nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As it is shown that "Kontemutsusu Mundi" was printed and published in Kyoto for it to be sold, Goto-ban (Goto editions) was also published for the purpose of earning profits, and more reader-friendly books were made; it is known that the main emphasis was placed on the broad propagation and education for Japanese people, and education of practical Japanese language for missionaries coming to Japan.
Japanese: 『こんてむつす・むん地』が京都で販売を目的として印行され、後藤版も利益を目的とした出版で、より読みやすい書物を作ったことからもわかるとおり、日本人に対する広汎な布教・教育と、来日宣教師に対する実践的な日本語教育が主な主眼であったことが知られる。
English: For that purpose, the Roman script version of the Jesuit Mission Press referred to books as a tool for learning a language for missionaries coming to Japan, and the Japanese script versions of Jesuit Mission Press were published for Japanese.
Japanese: ために、ローマ字本は来日宣教師のための語学書であり、国字本は日本人むけに出版されたのであっった。
English: Therefore, such difference was found in the editing, and a special edited version for general believers was given to Goto-ban.
Japanese: そのため、編集上にもそれがあらわれて、特に後藤版などで一般信者に向けた編集がなされている。
English: In terms of language, in addition to Kirishitan-ban that was published, manuscripts were also included in the target of study.
Japanese: 語学に於いては、刊行されたキリシタン版だけではなく、写本類をも範疇として研究がなされている。
English: The Roman script version of Jesuit Mission Press, which was written in Roman characters along with the pronunciation marks, and was considered to strictly follow phonographic writing, was mainly used to conduct the analyses as data on colloquial expressions.
Japanese: 発音符号を伴ったローマ字表記で、厳密な表音主義に乗っ取ると考えられたローマ字本を中心に、口語資料として分析されてきた。
English: Especially in terms of phoneme, the Roman script version of Jesuit Mission Press and various kinds of materials had many distinctive characteristics such as detailed descriptions of unvoiced and voiced consonants, and open and closed prolonged sounds.
Japanese: 特に、音韻では清濁や長音の開合のことが細かく記されているなど、ローマ字本において諸資料において特に顕著に見いだされるものが多々あった。
English: The big and small grammar books of Japanese languages which described not only phoneme and vocabularies but also dialects and grammar gained recognition.
Japanese: 大小の日本文典は、音韻・語彙だけではなく、方言や文法についても言及されているため、重要視される。
English: From the viewpoint of differences from the Roman script version of Jesuit Mission Press, a study was also conducted based on the Japanese script versions of Jesuit Mission Press.
Japanese: また、ローマ字本との差異をとらえて、国字本をもとに研究もなされている。
English: Printed books of Japanese letters version of Jesuit Mission Press especially gave detailed descriptions and were very canonical so as for speakers of other languages to learn and write Japanese language more efficiently.
Japanese: これらは他言語話者が日本語を効率よく学習、表記するために版本において特に詳細であり、規範性が強いものである。
English: Kirishitan-ban was the first publication by typographical printing in Japan, and at the same time, the number of printing machines brought from Europe which was one at the beginning increased to three by the year of the relocation to Macau.
Japanese: キリシタン版は日本で最初の活版印刷による出版であったと同時に、ヨーロッパより招来された印刷機は、当初1台であったが、マカオに移送された年には3台にまで増えていた。
English: The printing machine bought could only type Roman characters (which had 'three types' for each big and small character, but no italics).
Japanese: 印刷機と共に将来されたのはローマン体活字のみであった（その種類は大小「三種」であり、イタリックなどはなかった）。
English: Most calligraphic styles were not the most recent, and some of them were not even used in the same period in Western Europe, which showed that the art of printing was not sophisticated.
Japanese: そのほとんどの書体は最新のものではなく、西欧において同時代の使用が見られないものさえあり、印刷術として高度な物はなかった。
English: However, it showed good proficiency to have also achieved the manufacturing of Japanese types in a short period.
Japanese: しかし、短期間で、日本語活字の製造をもなしえたことは、その習熟の早さを物語ることである。
English: The printing machine that was bought was similar to an Andonbuta (covered light) type which was common in old times, and such printing machines were considered to be large enough to print and publish Mino-ban (Mino editions).
Japanese: 将来印刷機は、往事一般的であった行灯蓋型を用いたもので、美濃版の印行も可能な大きさであったと考えられている。
English: For Western types, Canon (approx. 48 American points) and Assendonika, or Double Pica (approx. 22 points) and Paragon (approx. 11 points) which were brought through the use at Goa and Macau were used from the beginning.
Japanese: 欧文活字は、キャノン（約48アメリカン・ポイント）・アッセンドニカ或はダブル・パイカ（約22ポイント）・パラゴン（約11ポイント）の、ゴアやマカオでの使用を経て将来されたものが当初より使われた。
English: Since they were never brought, italic characters were manufactured from punches in Japan.
Japanese: イタリック体はついに将来されることなく、日本において父型から製造された。
English: They had three sizes equivalent to Paragon (approx. 20 points), 18 points, and Pica (approx. 11 points).
Japanese: その大きさはパラゴン（約20ポイント）と18ポイント相当のもの、パイカ（約11ポイント）の3種である。
English: It is identified that Japanese scripts were printed and published in two sizes including big and small kanji (Chinese characters) and hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters), and in kanji and katakana.
Japanese: 日本語文字では、漢字平仮名の大小2種類、及び漢字片仮名による印行が確認されている。
English: It is identified that matters printed and published in kanji and hiragana, and were made in order of size.
Japanese: 漢字平仮名の印行物に関しては活字による印行で、かつ、大小の順に作られたことが認められている。
English: A theory that katakana was used for printing and publication at first is accepted by the majority, and this is based on a letter written by Valignano in 1584 in which he requested Mekisuta (メキスタ) for katakana matrices.
Japanese: 片仮名が最初に印行されたとする説が強いく、これはヴァリニャーノの1584年の書簡に片仮名母型をメキスタに要望しているのによっている。
English: Although it was sometimes considered that katakana and large-sized prints were based on woodcut printing or wooden characters, a thesis written by Toshi ARAI concluded that all were based on metal characters.
Japanese: 片仮名や大型活字については整版や木活字によると考えられたこともあったが、新井トシによる論攷ですべてが金属活字によるとされた。
English: The only exceptional case was Kyoto-ban (Kyoto editions) where a theory of woodcut printing was advocated and supported by a theory on printing and publishing using wooden characters.
Japanese: 京都版に限っては例外で、整版説なども唱えられたが、木活字による印行だという説が支持されている。
English: Many authorities did not doubt that for the manufacturing of characters, the western characters were manufactured from punching.
Japanese: 活字の製作について、欧文活字についてはパンチから製造されたことは諸家に疑いがない。
English: Although some support a theory that they were also manufactured from punching, a theory that original letters were engraved on wooden pieces has been adopted.
Japanese: またパンチであると支持するものもあるが、、原字を木の駒に彫ったとする説が採られつつある。
English: Close examination of that theory showed that a matrix was made through processes of engraving letters on wooden pieces, and pressing them on clay materials.
Japanese: その説を委しく見ると、木駒に字を彫込み、塑材に押しつけて母型とする。
English: A vertical size is fixed for the western types, but when applying those to Japanese types, they were turned around to fix the horizontal size.
Japanese: 欧文活字は天地幅を一定にするが、日本語活字に応用するときにそれを回転し、左右幅を固定した。
English: This made it easy to reproduce scribal types of which the vertical size changed more drastically than the horizontal size.
Japanese: これにより左右よりも天地の大きさの変動が激しい筆写体の再現が容易になるのである。
English: It is known that wooden characters were used as supplements in books printed using small-sized characters such as "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace).
Japanese: 『太平記』などの小型活字本などには木活字による補充があることが知られる。
English: Some publications of Kirishitan-ban were destroyed, and as stated above, the definition differed according to an advocate, and the number of books discovered also differed.
Japanese: キリシタン版は、湮滅したものもあり、また前述の通り論者によって定義が異なるし、発見し得た点数も異なる。
English: 21 books were listed in the first bibliography by M. Léon Pagès, and Satow identified seven of them, and added seven books.
Japanese: レオン・バジェスの最初の書誌に掲載された点数は21種で、サトウはそのうち7種を確認しさらに7種を付け加えた。
English: Based on a proclamation by Tominaga and others that only the books printed and published in Japan were called Kirishitan-ban, there are 32 books which are called Kirishitan-ban at present.
Japanese: 日本において印行されたものをきりしたん版と呼ぶ富永らの定義に遵うと、現在キリシタン版として呼ばれているのは32点である。
English: The catalogue of books is organized in order of year of publication (however, names of some books are common names).
Japanese: 刊行年順に書目を一覧する（ただし書名は通称によるものも含まれている）。
English: A list of printed books of "Kirishitan Bunko" by Laures is often referred to.
Japanese: また、ラウレスの“KirishitanBunko”の版本一覧もよく参照される。
English: Some examples of the conceivable problems are how the books were published from the transcription data left by Christians, from which data were the books published, and which contents took precedence or how they differed in the Japanese script version and the Roman script version of Jesuit Mission Press that were published based on the same original book.
Japanese: たとえば、キリシタンが遺した写本資料からどのように、またどれをもとにして出版したのか、同じ原書に対してローマ字本と国字本がある場合どちらの内容が先行し又どのように違うか、ということが考えられる。
English: The copyright page and a letter written by the Jesuit suggested that "Santosu no Gosagyo no uchi Nukigaki" (Excerpts from the Acts of the Saints [Sanctos no gosagveono vchinvqigaqi]) had been translated by Paulo YOHOKEN and his son, Vicente.
Japanese: 刊記と会士の書簡により『サントスの御作業のうち抜書』の訳者は養方（甫）軒パウロとその子ヴイセンテとされる。
English: Although one of the episodes mentioned that there were transcripts described in Japanese script and in Roman script, a lack of materials makes it difficult to make researches on the issue of the process of establishing each transcript.
Japanese: このなかの一伝には日本語文字による写本とローマ字による写本とがあり、それぞれがどのように成立したかという問題は資料の欠如もあり考究が難しい。
English: Yoshio YAMADA and Izuru SHINMURA regarded "Taiheiki Nukigaki" (Excerpts from Taiheiki) as a mere excerpt from the group of popular editions of Taiheiki, and a study to specify that it was part of Keicho-ban (Keicho editions) kokatsuji-bon (old movable type imprints) as the original text was conducted.
Japanese: また、『太平記抜書』においては、山田孝雄や新村出などが太平記流布本系からの単純な抄出と看做し、のちに底本として慶長版古活字本の一本に特定する研究がなされた。
English: However, Ichiro MIYAJIMA pointed out the changes of the anti-Christian expressions, and insisted that the editor of the "Nukigaki" (Excerpts) still exists.
Japanese: しかし、宮嶋一郎が反キリスト教的表現の改変を指摘し、『抜書』についての編者の存在を主張した。
English: "Japanese Bibliography" (Bibliographie Japonaise ou catalogue des ouvrages relatifs au Japon. Paris Benjamin Duprat, 1859) by M. Léon Pagès took up the prehistory of the study on Kirishitan-ban.
Japanese: レオン・パジェス(M.LéonPagès)による『日本図書目録』(BibliographieJaponaiseoucataloguedesouvragesrelatifsauJapon.ParisBenjaminDuprat,1859.)に取り上げられたのがキリシタン版の研究前史である。
English: After Pagès and Petitjean introduced the literatures, the basis for the study was laid out by the thesis written by Ernest Mason Satow and "The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591-1610" (London privately printed, 1888).
Japanese: パジェスやプチジャンの諸文献の紹介の後、アーネスト・サトウの論攷、『日本イエズス会刊行書誌』(TheJesuitMissionPressinJapan,1591-1610.Londonprivatelyprinted,1888.)によって、研究の礎が築かれた。
English: Although Basil Hall Chamberlain implemented a pioneering introduction as materials for the history of Japanese language, a full-fledged study started after Izuru SHINMURA appeared.
Japanese: また、バジル・ホール・チェンバレンによる日本語史資料としての先駆的紹介はあったものの、本格的な研究は新村出の登場を俟ってからであった。
English: Shinmura who officially traveled to Western Europe introduced various kinds of materials, and also pioneered various studies such as the creation of bibliographical matters.
Japanese: 新村は西欧を外遊し、さまざまな資料を紹介するとともに、書誌的事項の整備など諸研究の先駆をなした。
English: Shinmura enforced Satow's theory that these were the printed editions, treated Christian literature as materials for the history of the Japanese language, and showed that these Christian literature materials were useful.
Japanese: 新村はこれらが活字版であるとするサトウの論を補強するとともにキリシタンの文献を日本語史の資料として扱い、キリシタンの文献が有用であることを示した。
English: Although the study focused on printed books, studies by Tadao DOI and Kunimichi FUKUSHIMA made a significant contribution to the discovery of a unique problem also in the transcripts.
Japanese: 主に版本の研究が中心だったのが写本にも独自の問題が見いだされるようになったのは土井忠生や福島邦道らの諸研究によるところが大きかった。
English: In addition, a comparison with a transcript clarified that the Japanese-based Roman script version of Jesuit Mission Press of Kirishitan-ban was described in an organized and prescriptive manner, and that it departed from the actual phenomenon.
Japanese: また、写本との比較により、キリシタン版の日本語ローマ字本は整理された規範的表記であり音韻の実態と離れていることも明らかにされた。
English: After Shinmura, a bibliographical study on Kirishitan-ban was conducted as part of creating materials for Christian and linguistic studies.
Japanese: キリシタン版の書誌学研究を巡っては、新村ののち、キリシタン研究や言語研究の資料としての整備の一環として研究されてきた。
English: "Kirishitan Bunko" (A Manual of Books and Documents on the Early Christian Mission in Japan) (1940, and 1957 [the third edition]) by Johannes Laures, was the most comprehensive bibliography.
Japanese: ヨハネス・ラウレスによる『キリシタン文庫』（1940年、1957年（三版））はその最も包括的な目録である。
English: These described observations about problems of Kirishitan-ban as part of the Christian study or linguistic study.
Japanese: これらはキリシタン研究や、言語研究の一環としてキリシタン版の問題を考えたものであった。
English: Under such circumstances, in the Tenri Central Library which came to possess many books of Kirishitan-ban due to collection by the second Shinbashira (the head of the Tenrikyo Church) Shozen NAKAYAMA, bibliographical studies were implemented by Makita TOMINAGA, Director of the library, and library staff, including Toshi ARAI and Sadao OUCHIDA, and significant results were achieved especially in studies on printing technique and publishing projects.
Japanese: そのなかで、天理教の2代真柱である中山正善による蒐集によってキリシタン版を多く所蔵するようになった天理大学附属天理図書館において、館長富永牧太以下の新井トシや大内田貞郎などの館員によって書誌学的研究が進められ、とくに印刷技法や出版事業の研究において重要な成果がもたらされた。
English: Many of the results were announced in the TCL journal, "Biblia," and were compiled in "Kirishitan-ban no kenkyu" (studies of books printed by the Jesuit Mission Press in Japan) (1973) and "Kirishitan Ban Monjiko" (1977) by Makita TOMINAGA.
Japanese: その成果は同館機関誌『ビブリア』に多く発表されたほか、『きりしたん版の研究』（1973年）、富永牧太の『きりしたん版文字攷』（1977年）とまとめられた。
English: Based on an indication of a relationship between an old edition and the Kirishitan-ban given by Ouchida, as well as researches on printing techniques by Osamu MORIGAMI and Tadao YAMAGUCHI, many research papers on the Japanese script version of Jesuit Mission Press have been published.
Japanese: 大内田による古活字版とキリシタン版の関係の指摘から、森上修と山口忠男の印刷技法についての考究から、国字本についての研究が多く出ている。
English: First slice raw fish or make "itozukuri" (cut into strips) or "hanezukuri," and wash the pieces in cold water (ice water) to shrink and tighten them to make "arai."
Japanese: さく切りした魚を薄いそぎぎりや糸作り、はね作りにし、冷水（氷水）に潜らせ身を引き締めて食べさせる調理法である。
English: The process not only gives crispy texture but also washes away extra fat of fish.
Japanese: 身を引きしめて歯切れのよい弾力性が出るとともに、脂分が抜けさっぱりと食べることができる。
English: In order to keep its unique flavor as well as to create the cool atmosphere, it is usually served in a bowl which is made of ice.
Japanese: 見た目の涼しさや独特の食味を保つため、氷鉢に入れて供される事が多い。
English: Fresh white fish such as carp, crab and perch are used.
Japanese: コイ（鯉）やカニ（蟹）、スズキ(魚)食材（鱸）など鮮度のよい白身の魚を用いる。
English: First dip the carp slices in warm water of around 50 degrees centigrade for one minute, and dip them in cold water because the flesh of a carp is hard.
Japanese: 鯉は身が硬いので、まず50℃程度の温湯に1分程度つけてから冷水に潜らすとよいとされる。
English: It is said to have appeared during the Genpei period (late 11th century - late 12th century CE) as something more like a kind of preserved food or portable provisions rather than a confectionery, and have developed over time into a confectionery like the present day.
Japanese: 源平の時代に生まれたとも伝えられ、菓子というよりも保存食・携帯食に近いものであったとされ、時代と共に現在のようなお菓子へ変化したといわれている。
English: Today, it can be separated into those which are categorized under chinmi (food with a delicate flavor) and those which are categorized under a type of steamed cakes of Japanese confectioneries.
Japanese: 現在では珍味に分類されるものと、和菓子で蒸し菓子の一種に分類されるものに分けられる。
English: After the upper part of citron is cut away, the citron is hollowed and is stuffed with miso, Japanese pepper, walnut, and the like; then the upper part which was first cut away is placed on top as a lid.
Japanese: ユズの上部を切り取った後、中身をくり抜き、この中に味噌、山椒、クルミなどを詰めて、切り取った上部で蓋をする。
English: When eating yubeshi, straw is removed, and yubeshi is cut into pieces appropriately to be served as an accompaniment to sake or a side dish for rice.
Japanese: 食べる際には、ワラを外して適宜に切り分け、酒の肴やご飯の副食物として用いる。
English: Yubeshi has existed since ancient times, and a process of making yubeshi as an accompaniment to sake is recorded in a cooking book titled "Ryori Monogatari" ("Tale of Food"), which was written in the Edo period.
Japanese: 古来からある料理で、江戸時代の料理書『料理物語』には酒肴としてゆべしの製法が記されている。
English: An upper part of citron fruit is cut away and the fruit is hollowed to create a yuzu (citron) cup, into which a mixture of citron flesh, glutinous rice flour, rice powder, white bean paste, and sugar, etc. are stuffed, and then the yuzu cup is steamed.
Japanese: ユズの実の上部を切り取り、そこから中身をくり抜いて柚釜を作り、そこにユズの果肉、もち米粉、上新粉、白味噌、砂糖などを混ぜたものを入れて蒸したもの。
English: Since the process of making yubeshi requires a repetition of steaming and drying for twenty to thirty times until the citron cup turns yellowish-brown, it takes a period of three to four months.
Japanese: 蒸しと乾燥を20～30回、飴色になるまで繰り返す製法のため3～4ヶ月の期間を要する。
English: Furthermore, since the citron which is used for the yuzu cup must not have any damages and be of good quality, yubeshi is often served as luxurious chaka (a cake served with tea) at chaseki (tea ceremony seat).
Japanese: また、柚釜に使用されるユズも傷のない、上質なものが必要とされるため、贅沢な茶菓として茶席で供される機会も多い。
English: According to a widely-accepted theory, Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture became famous as a typical production area of Maru Yubeshi because peddlers of wajima-nuri lacquerware carried it as portable food and also as a calling present to customers.
Japanese: 丸ゆべしの代表的な産地に石川県輪島市が有名になったのは、輪島塗の行商人が携行食として、また顧客への手土産として広まったとの説が有力である。
English: A mixture of minced citron skin, glutinous rice flour, rice powder, white bean paste, soy sauce, and sugar, etc. is steamed and wrapped with a bamboo sheath.
Japanese: ユズの皮を刻んだものともち米粉、上新粉、白味噌、醤油、砂糖などを混ぜて蒸し、竹の皮に包んだもの。
English: Also, the reason for adding walnut is due to the fact that walnut was easily obtained as an ingredient.
Japanese: また、クルミを入れるが、これはクルミが材料として入手しやすかったからである。
English: Sendai yubeshi is flavored basically with soy sauce and has a sweet and salty taste because of the sweetness of sugar/muscovado sugar.
Japanese: 味付けは醤油ベースであり、砂糖・黒砂糖の甘みにより、甘じょっぱいものになっている。
English: In the Tohoku region, yubeshi is regarded as a kind of rice cake sweets instead of the original citron confectionery.
Japanese: 東北において、ゆべしは、本来のユズの菓子ではなく、餅菓子となっている。
English: In Sendai City, Morioka City, and Yamagata City, etc., rod-shaped "Kurumi Yubeshi" (walnut yubeshi) and "Goma Yubeshi" (sesame yubeshi) are cut into pieces and served.
Japanese: 仙台市、盛岡市、山形市などでは、棒状の「くるみゆべし」や「胡麻ゆべし」を切ったものが食される。
English: In Koriyama City, triangle manju-gata (style of bun with bean-jam filling) yubeshi which is made by wrapping the paste with yubeshi dough is widely known.
Japanese: 郡山市では、餡をゆべし生地で包んだ、三角の饅頭型ものが広く知られている。
English: Soy sauce is added, and it is heated at an extremely low heat for one hour, and for additional two hours after kelp broth and sugar are added.
Japanese: 醤油をくわえ極弱火で加熱し一時間煮、コンブの出汁と砂糖を加えさらに二時間。
English: Although it is called 'yaki' (stir-frying), it is completely different from the so-called yaki udon noodles (stir-fried udon noodles) and is actually in the category of hot pot.
Japanese: 「焼き」の名を持つが、いわゆる焼きうどんとは全く異なり、実態は鍋料理の範疇に入る。
English: Broth flavored with soy sauce and udon noodles is cooked in an individual-sized, small earthenware pot or iron pan, with shiitake mushroom, kamaboko (fish minced and steamed), vegetables such as carrots and onions, shrimp tempura, raw egg, fu (breadlike pieces of wheat gluten), and other ingredients are placed on top.
Japanese: 一人用の小型の土鍋や鉄鍋に醤油味のだし汁とうどんを入れ、その上にシイタケ、かまぼこ、ニンジンやネギなどの野菜類、エビの天ぷら、生卵、麩などの具を乗せて煮たもの。
English: A product consisting of a set of noodles, broth, and ingredients packed together in a disposable aluminum pan is also available.
Japanese: 使い捨て可能なアルミ箔製の鍋に、麺とだし汁、具材をひとまとめにパックした商品も作られている。
English: While it is a regular item on menus at soba noodle restaurants and udon noodle restaurants, it is rarely served at stand-up stalls because cooking it takes time and effort.
Japanese: 蕎麦屋やうどん屋でも定番のメニューであるが、調理に時間や手間がかかるため、立ち食い形式の店ではほとんど見られない。
English: In addition to the two long-established restaurants located downtown, restaurants in various locations of the city serve nabeyaki-udon.
Japanese: 市内中心街には老舗店が2店あるほか、市内各地に鍋焼きうどんを出す店がある。
English: Characteristics that are common to these restaurants include an aluminum pan (not the disposable types available as commercial products, but a small pan for cooking), soft noodles, and rather sweet broth.
Japanese: その特徴として、アルミ鍋（市販の商品で使用される使い捨てタイプのものではなく調理用の小型鍋）、やわらか麺、甘めのだし汁が共通項として挙げられる。
English: According to a survey conducted by a local magazine in the autumn of 2006, nabeyaki-udon was listed on menus at over 120 restaurants that serve udon noodles.
Japanese: 2006年秋の地元誌の調べによると120軒余りのうどん店でメニューに載っている。
English: Jakuemon NAKAMURA the Fourth (August 20, 1920 -) is an actor and Kabuki actor.
Japanese: 四代目中村雀右衛門（よだいめなかむらじゃくえもん、大正9年(1920年)8月20日-）は、俳優、歌舞伎役者。
English: As a youth, he appeared in many movies under the name of Tomoemon OTANI the Seventh and became quite popular.
Japanese: 青年時代は七代目大谷友右衛門として、多数の映画に出演し人気を博した。
English: He is an only Kabuki actor appointed as a board member of Traditional Culture Broadcasting that manages 'Kabuki Channel' of CS broadcasting.
Japanese: CS放送「歌舞伎チャンネル」を運営する伝統文化放送では、歌舞伎役者で唯一取締役に就任している。
English: He came back to the stage as an actor of female roles, by playing the roles of Koman in "Genpei Nunobiki no Taki" and Oshu in "Gosho no Gorozo" at the Mitsukoshi Theater.
Japanese: -三越劇場にて『源平布引滝』の小万,『御所五郎蔵』の逢州で女形として舞台に復帰。
English: Juni-hitoe is a formal attire of a Japanese noblewomen who emerged around the tenth century in the Heian period.
Japanese: 十二単（じゅうにひとえ）は、平安時代の10世紀から始まる女性貴族用の正装。
English: It is formally called "itsutsuginu karaginu mo" (meaning "a costume consisting of five uchigi robes, a Chinese style jacket and a train") or "nyobo shozoku" (meaning "women's court costume").
Japanese: 正式名は五衣唐衣裳（いつつぎぬ、からぎぬ、も）、または女房装束（にょうぼうしょうぞく）という。
English: The word "juni-hitoe" first appeared in the book of "Genpei Seisuiki" (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans).
Japanese: 「十二単」という言葉が書物に初めて現れたのは、『源平盛衰記』である。
English: In the chapter which Kenreimonin drowns herself, it is written that she was wearing juni-hitoe of mauve gradation as it was the end of March (wisteria season).
Japanese: 建礼門院入水の段で「弥生の末の事なれば、藤がさねの十二単の御衣を召され」と書かれている。
English: Noshi is a kind of costumes for Japanese noblemen, but the word "noshi" originally meant "just ordinary clothes."
Japanese: 男性用装束の種類の一つである「直衣」は、もともと「ただの衣」（平常着）という意味である。
English: Until the late Heian period, noblewomen wore Monogu shozoku (most formal attire) which was an equivalent costume to noblemen's sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress).
Japanese: 女性の「束帯」に当たる装束として「物具装束」が平安後期まで存在した。
English: Each layer of Kasane (adding colors) showed a little at the wrist openings and the hem, so women elaborated their styles in dressing with Kasane.
Japanese: 襲は袖口・裾などに衣がすこしずつ覗き、十二単の着こなしの工夫が多くなされたところでもある。
English: One nyobo was so absorbed in Kasane (adding colors) that she layered more garments than usual, but she became unable to walk for the heavy weight of the garments.
Japanese: ある女房は襲に凝り、通常よりも多くの衣を重ねたが衣の重さのために歩けなくなったとある。
English: The combinations of outer materials and linings of Kasane (layer) had specific names for each, which were categorized by season.
Japanese: 重ねの色目には裏と表の取り合わせで固有の呼び名があり、春夏秋冬に分類されていた。
English: Typical Kasane appearing frequently in Japanese classics are "aonibi" (blue for both outer material and lining) in mourning and "haru no kobai" (spring plum red) (red outer material combined with purple or dark red lining.)
Japanese: 古典でしばしば言及される代表的な重ねとして、服喪の際の青鈍（あをにび。表裏とも濃い縹色）、春の紅梅（表は紅、裏は紫または蘇芳）などがある。
English: There were also rules and specific names for the color combinations of Kasane (adding colors) as well.
Japanese: 襲も同様で、色の重ね方に決まりがあり、それぞれに固有の呼び名があった。
English: Both Kasane sometimes share the same name and this leads to confusions in the research of Japanese classics.
Japanese: ただし、重ねと襲には同じ名称のものもあるため、古典研究の際の混乱の元にもなっている。
English: Juni-hitoe was worn with Kasane (adding colors) which was suitable for each season, but some Kasane were used all year round.
Japanese: 十二単では季節ごとに対応する色目の襲を着用したが、通年使われるものもあった。
English: When a wife of an Emperor gave birth, it was conventional that she and her nyobo wear all-white juni-hitoe (according to the "Murasaki Shikibu Nikki" [The Diary of Lady Murasaki]).
Japanese: また天皇妃が出産する際には、妃はもちろん、その世話をする女房も白づくめの十二単をまとう慣例になっていた（『紫式部日記』）。