nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the center of this area located is Hozan-ji Temple visited by so many devotees, and the presence of this temple seems to have influenced the foundation of Korean Temples concentrated in this area.
Japanese: この地域の中心には大きな信仰を集める宝山寺が存在し、この存在が朝鮮寺がこの地域に集中して創設されたことに影響を及ぼしていると見られる。
English: The first and the second correspond to Daeungjeon Hall and Samseonggak Hall in Buddhist temples of Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 前者二つは朝鮮半島における仏教寺院中における大雄殿、三聖閣に該当する。
English: Its Honzon (principal object of worship at a temple) and main hall enshrining Bosatsu (Buddhist saint) were different from the general Buddhist temples of Japan in terms of appearance, and they would be almost mistaken for folk dwelling or gathering place on first visit.
Japanese: 本尊および諸菩薩を祀る本堂は日本の通常の仏教寺院本堂の外観とは異なり、一見して民家または集会所と区別が付かない場合が多い。
English: In Shichiseido, God of the mountain, God of the sea and so on are enshrined with God of the stars in the center, and all Shichiseido is located on a geographically higher location than the main hall.
Japanese: 七星堂では星神を中心にして、山神、海神などが祀られ、いずれの寺院でも本堂よりも地理的に高い箇所に設けられている。
English: God of the stars and God of the sea are also worshipped in Korean Peninsula to pray for happiness and wealth respectively, which shows syncretization in their beliefs.
Japanese: 星神と山神については朝鮮半島においても同様に信仰されており、それぞれ現世での幸福と金銭を祈祷する習合性を現している。
English: Sainokami-jo is a place where the belief in material benefits like Shamanism is carried on, and miko (shrine maiden or male attendant) holds a ceremony dedicated to gods or Buddha to pray for devotees' benefits of this world.
Japanese: 賽神場は、朝鮮においてクッ（賽神）と称されるシャーマニズム的現世信仰が行われる場所であり、諸神および諸仏に巫女（男も存在する）が信者の現世における利益をかなえさせる儀式が行われる。
English: In numerous believes in Korean Temple, the importance of Buddhism and Sainokami differs depending on each temple.
Japanese: 数多くの朝鮮寺における信仰において、仏教と賽神が占める重要度は各々の寺院によって異なっている。
English: In the precincts, hokora (small shrine) and fall used for gyoba (ascetic practice place) are usually situated, making use of natural landform.
Japanese: 境内には地形を利用して祠や行場としての滝などが併設されている場合が多い。
English: The actual overview of temple mentioned above doesn't vary according to any religious school that a Korean Temple belongs to.
Japanese: 前項に示したような実際の寺院の概観において、その朝鮮寺が属する宗派による違いは存在しない。
English: In addition to the fact that they are not affected by any systematic or religious influence, Korean Temples have no relation to the ceremony for dead, therefore, it can be considered to belong to Buddhism for prayer, worshipping material benefits.
Japanese: このように体系性、宗派性が低い事実とあわせ、朝鮮寺は死者儀礼とも無関係であることがほとんどであり、現世利益の祈祷仏教に属すると考えられている。
English: The representative annual event is Bussho-e (Buddhist mass celebrating Buddha's Birthday) of April 8, Shichiseisai Festival of July 7 and Setsubun (the traditional end of winter) of winter solstice (all date according to old lunar calendar) where dozens people gather to take part in ceremony or festival.
Japanese: 代表的な年中行事としては4月8日の仏生会、7月7日の七星祭、冬至の節分など（暦はいずれも旧暦）において数十人の信者が集まり、儀式、祭が行われる。
English: In these annual events, any magical element is rarely seen, and prayer for family's safety remains at the core.
Japanese: これらの年中行事においては呪術的な要素はあまり見られず、自身の家族における家内安全の祈願が中心となる。
English: On the other hand, ceremony of sainokami conducted by temple and miko upon request by devotees who suffered through a disaster has features of shamanism.
Japanese: これに対して、災いが生じた信者が寺院と巫女（ポサル）に依頼してその都度行われる賽神の儀式は、明らかにシャーマニックな特徴を備えている。
English: This ceremony carries out the process in the following way; at first, calling the ancestor's spirit that caused the family disaster, then, asking it to stop the torture in exchange of for dance, offerings or money, finally sending it back to its original place.
Japanese: この儀式は、家族の災いの原因である祖先の霊を呼び寄せ、舞や供物、供銭などでそれをもてなして災いをかけないように頼み、最後に霊を送り届ける一連の過程にそって執り行われる。
English: Sometimes, more than two spirits show up, so a-few-day ceremony costs 150,000 yen, and a-week ceremony costs 1,000,000 yen, that is paid by a devotee.
Japanese: 複数の霊が登場することも多く、数日の儀式では15万円、一週間ほどのものになると100万円以上の費用が依頼者から支払われる。
English: The expense includes food, drink and transportation fee for miko who stays overnight at the temple during the ceremony, and money offerings repeatedly done during the ceremony.
Japanese: この費用は、儀式の際に寺院に泊り込む巫女の飲食費や交通費、そして賽銭として儀式中で繰り返し供えられる金銭が含まれている。
English: In the ceremony, monk and miko stay side by side, and miko performs dance and exchange of spirits.
Japanese: 賽神の儀式においては僧侶とポサルが並び、ポサルは舞や交霊をとりおこなう。
English: Miko is highly respected by devotees and called by a title of honor.
Japanese: ポサルは信者から強い尊敬の念を持って遇されており、「先生」、「ポサル様」等の敬称で呼称されている。
English: On the other hand, although Buddhist monks wear general uniforms of a monk, they are only expected to serve to authorize sainokami with Buddhism, so there is no difference in the ceremony carried out between each religious school.
Japanese: それにたいして僧侶は一般的な僧服等を身に着けているものの、賽神を仏教によって権威付ける存在として扱われ、宗派による儀式の違いなども存在しない。
English: Many existing miko are supposedly dozens of middle-aged or old-age women, and some of them reside as chief monk in Korean Temple, and the others are living in their own residence equipped with an altar.
Japanese: 数十人存在すると見られるポサルの多くは中年から老年の女性であり、住職として朝鮮寺に居住する者のほかに自宅に祭壇を設け巫行を行っているものも多い。
English: In general, men, the head of family, serve to hold funerals and festivals in consistency with Confucianism, while women show their belief by visiting Korean Temples.
Japanese: 一般的には、一家の家長である男性が儒教にのっとった葬祭を領分とするのに対して、主婦は朝鮮寺における信仰を奉じている場合が多いとされる。
English: Very few temples in Korea participated in the danka seido (parishioner system), and most devotees of such temples assembled after hearing of the reputation miko had for providing this-worldly benefits.
Japanese: 檀家制度が存在する寺はほとんど存在せず、現世利益がどの程度あったかというポサルの評判を聞き集まった信者が中心となる。
English: Koge…Carried on as disciplinary action due to the unfavorable results in the service evaluation.
Japanese: 考解（こうげ）…勤務評定による成績が悪いことを理由として、懲戒処分として行われる。
English: Hanzaige…In the case that an government official who had committed a crime corresponding to penal servitude or deportation received any alternative criminal sentence, or that he received the punishment of expulsion or dismissal.
Japanese: 犯罪解（はんざいげ）…官人が徒刑・流刑に相当する罪を犯した場合の換刑や除名・免官等の処分を受けた場合。
English: Although much of the Imperial property of ancient times remains unknown, some remains as miyake (Imperial-controlled territory), mikuriya (manors and powerful shrines of the Imperial family), and so on.
Japanese: 古代における皇室財産の実態は不明な部分も多いが、屯倉・御厨などの所有の形で保持されてきた。
English: According to the "Nihonshoki" (the Chronicles of Japan), the first miyake was established in 3 B.C.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の記述を信じるならば、垂仁天皇27年（紀元前3年）に最初の屯倉が設置されたとされている。
English: After the ritsuryo system was introduced, those miyake came under the jurisdiction of the Oiryo (the Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household) and the Naizenshi (the Imperial Table Office), which removed them from immediate control of the Imperial family.
Japanese: これらは律令制以後は大炊寮・内膳司の管理下に置かれて皇室の直接支配からは離れた。
English: During the Heian period, instead of miyake, they established chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land) and chokushimaki or chokushiboku (mandate pastures, or Imperial pastures).
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、これらに替わるものとして勅旨田・勅旨牧などの設定が行われた。
English: Also because provinces under control of ingu (ex-emperors, ex-emperors who became monks, imperial ladies, grand empress dowagers, empress dowagers, empress consorts, and crown princes) were established, the retired emperor in power became a great lord of Shoen, running huge quantities of Imperial property, including Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government offices), estates of nyoin (close female relatives of the Emperor or women of comparable standing), estate of goganji (temples for the Imperial Family), and so on.
Japanese: また院宮分国の確立によって、治天の君が一大荘園領主となるとともに国衙領や女院領・御願寺領などを含めた膨大な皇室財産を運営するようになった。
English: Following the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) seized much of the Imperial family's estate and divided it among ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of Imperial families)--restitution was later made to Gotakakura-in.
Japanese: その後、承久の乱に伴う鎌倉幕府による皇室領の大量接収（後に後高倉院に対して返還される）や両統迭立に伴う皇室領の分裂などが行われた。
English: As a result, during the peaceful era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties established in the Meitoku treaty, most of the Imperial estate fell into the hands of the Fushiminomiya family, which was considered a direct descendant of Jimyoin-to line.
Japanese: その結果、明徳の和約による南北朝時代(日本)の統一によってその大半が持明院統の嫡流とされた伏見宮家の元に集中された。
English: Although Emperor Gokomatsu had fought against the Fushiminomiya family, aiming to deprive them of their shoryo (territory) and triggering a conflict with the Muromachi Bakufu, the conflict ultimately resulted in the extinction of the Gokomatsu line and the succession of the Fushiminomiya family to the Imperial throne (Emperor Gohanazono).
Japanese: だが、同家と嫡流の地位を争っていた後小松天皇が伏見宮家から所領を悉く奪い、室町幕府を巻き込んだ内紛となるが、後小松系統の断絶と伏見宮家への皇位継承（後花園天皇）によって漸く安定した。
English: Around this time, to distinguish the property from kubo goryo (Imperial property), the Muromachi bakufu began to call the acquired property "kinri goryo" or "koushitsu goryo."
Japanese: この時期になると、室町幕府の公方御料と区別する意味で・禁裏御料・皇室御領などと呼ばれるようになる。
English: Between the period of peace between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Muromachi period, shoshiryo (the property of officials) was established, as well as regulations on storehouses of taxable products and kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial household), the income of which made up the deficit.
Japanese: また、南北朝時代(日本)から室町時代にかけて諸司領や、率分所・供御人制度が設けられてそこから上納される金銭収入で不足を補うようになっていった。
English: However, in the Sengoku period (the period of Warring States), shoen, which were still Imperial property, were confiscated by local warlords and kokujin ryoshu (local samurai), which left the Imperial family without income, rendering them so impoverished that they couldn't hold a funeral for Emperor Gotsuchimikado for over a month after his death.
Japanese: だが、戦国時代(日本)に入ると禁裏御料であった各地の荘園が地元の戦国大名や国人領主に侵奪され、収入の滞った皇室では後土御門天皇の葬儀が1ヶ月以上も開けずに遺体が放置されるなどの深刻な状況となった。
English: Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI exchanged part of their shoryo for 7,000 koku of Imperial property.
Japanese: 織田信長・豊臣秀吉は皇室に所領の一部を献上して漸く7千石分の禁裏御料を確保した。
English: After that, the Edo bakufu offered 10,000 koku of shoryo in 1623 and 1705, ultimately securing 30,000 koku of Imperial property.
Japanese: 以後江戸幕府は1623年と1705年にそれぞれ1万石ずつ所領を献上して以後3万石の禁裏御料が確定する。
English: Aside from that, the Edo bakufu procured income from silver jishi (land taxes under the ritsuryo system) in Kyoto--established in the period of the Toyotomi government--and a tax on tea (chayaku) in Ujitawara-cho, Uji city.
Japanese: その他に豊臣政権時代に定められてそのまま継承された京都の銀貨地子や宇治市・宇治田原町の茶に対する賦課（茶役）などによる収入があった。
English: Kuge (court nobles) who served the Imperial court in those places were paid living expenses in the form of territory that is said to have amounted to 100 thousand koku.
Japanese: この他に朝廷に奉仕する公家の生活費が公家領の形で与えられてそれが約10万石あったとされている。
English: However, all of this fell under the control of the Kyoto Gundai (the Kyoto deputy), who maintained shioki (public administration and administration of justice) over the territory.
Japanese: ただし、それらの所領は一括して京都郡代の管理下に置かれ、その仕置（行政・司法）は京都郡代によって行われた。
English: In1867, just before the Taisei Hokan (the transfer of power back to the Emperor), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA attempted unsuccessfully to reestablish a connection with the Imperial Court through 230,000 koku of Imperial property.
Japanese: 大政奉還直前の1867年、徳川慶喜は山城国一国23万石を禁裏御料として献上する事で朝廷との関係をつなぎ止めようとするが、失敗に終わっている。
English: During the Boshin War, the Imperial Court confiscated 1,500,000 koku from the domains of the bakufu and the Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), incorporating all of it into Imperial property.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争によって朝廷は幕府及び佐幕派諸藩より計150万石を没収して禁裏御料に編入している。
English: Under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, Imperial property was called "goryo" (Imperial property) or "goryochi" (Imperial estate) and was left outside of Imperial Diet control.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法下で皇室財産は御料（ごりょう）あるいは御料地（ごりょうち）と呼ばれ、帝国議会の統制外にあった。
English: However, since goryo as such had existed before the Constitution, Takayoshi KIDO, Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI, Nagazane MOTODA and others submitted a written opinion looking to improve imperial holdings, but most goryo was deeply linked with the formulation of the Constitution.
Japanese: 御料そのものは憲法制定以前から存在し、明治維新後に木戸孝允・徳大寺実則・元田永孚らによってその充実を求める意見書が出されていたが、大部分の御料の形成は憲法制定に深いかかわりがあった。
English: Establishment of the National Diet and formulation of the Constitution in Japan had an aspect of compromise with the Freedom of Rights Movement, and as such, it became necessary to gain the approval of the Diet for the state budget.
Japanese: 日本における国会開設と憲法制定は、自由民権運動への譲歩という側面を持ち、そこでは国家予算が国会の承認を要することになった。
English: Tomomi IWAKURA, who disagreed with this, aimed to transfer a considerable portion of state property to Imperial property and block it from the Diet.
Japanese: これを嫌った岩倉具視は、国会開設前に国有財産の相当部分を皇室財産に移し、国会から遮断することを考えた。
English: In 1898, most government-owned forests were made Imperial forests, and a large supplement of state property was made into Imperial property.
Japanese: そこで、1898年（明治22年）頃にそれまでの官有林（国有林）は大部分が御料林にされ、他の形でも国の財産が皇室財産に大規模に転換された。
English: With a proposal from Masayoshi MATSUKATA, the Bank of Japan and Yokohama Specie Bank presented their state-owned shares to the Imperial family in 1884, as did Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha in 1887.
Japanese: また、1884年に大蔵卿松方正義の建議によって日本銀行・横浜正金銀行、続いて1887年には日本郵船の政府保有株式を次々と皇室に献上されている。
English: The administration of Imperial property was defined by the Imperial Property Act, which took the form of a Koshitsu-rei (the Imperial Families' Act), rather than a law.
Japanese: 皇室財産の管理については法律ではなく皇室令という法形式をとる皇室財産令が規定した。
English: Goryo were separated into hereditary goryo and normal goryo, after which it was made illegal to acquire the former through any means but direct inheritance.
Japanese: 御料は世伝御料と普通御料に分かれ、世伝御料はその名の通り代々受け継がれるべきもので、旧皇室典範第45条により分割譲与を禁じられた。
English: Under the Constitution of Japan, Imperial property belongs to the State, and the expenses of the Imperial family fall under a budget that is voted upon in the Diet (Article 88).
Japanese: 日本国憲法では、憲法上の明文により、皇室財産は国に属するものとされ、皇室の費用は予算に計上して国会_(日本)の議決を経ることとなった（日本国憲法第88条）。
English: Goryochi were remade national forests, and other Imperial property was changed to state property on a large scale.
Japanese: 御料地は国有林に戻され、他の皇室財産も大規模に国の財産に転換された。
English: Under Article 3 of the present National Property Act, state property was differentiated into administrative assets with intended purpose and "the assets for the Imperial family."
Japanese: 現在の法律では、国有財産の管理について規定する国有財産法第3条が、国有財産を目的が定まった行政財産とそれ以外の普通財産に分け、行政財産の一種に「皇室用財産」をおく。
English: State property under this act does not include general movable property, but is limited to real estate and its appurtenant, ships and aircraft, stocks and bonds, and so on.
Japanese: この法律がいう国有財産は、不動産とその従物、船舶・航空機、株券・債券などに限られ、一般の動産は入らない。
English: Under Article 8 of the Constitution of Japan, any property that may be transferred or gifted to the Imperial family requires a passing vote in the Diet.
Japanese: 日本国憲法第8条は、皇室に財産を譲り渡し、皇室が財産を譲られたり与えたりする際には、国会の議決を経なければならないとした。
English: In practice, however, rather than voting on each individual change in property, it is stipulated that no vote is necessary for private acts of buying and selling, foreign currency exchange, or hereditary gifts, given that the total amount stays within the yearly limit established in the Imperial House Economy Act.
Japanese: 実際には個々の財産変動に個別に議決が行われるわけではなく、皇室経済法第2条が、売買などの通常の私的経済行為、外国交際の贈答、遺贈・遺産の賜与には国会の個別の議決を必要としないと定めているほか、1年度の総額が皇室経済法施行法に基づく限度額内に収まる場合は、個別の議決を行っていない。
English: The Imperial House Economy Act requires a passing vote in the Diet for any single amount or total amount in a year that exceeds the limit established in Section 13, Paragraph 2 of the National Property Act.
Japanese: なお、皇室経済法の例外に入るものでも、一度の額か一年度の総額が国有財産法第13条2項に定められたそれぞれの限度額を越えると、国会の議決が必要になる。
English: Under Article 7 of the Imperial House Economy Act, historic property handed down with the Imperial Throne, such as three sacred imperial treasures, must be handed down to the Crown Prince along with the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: 三種の神器など皇位とともに伝わるべき由緒ある物は、皇位とともに皇嗣が受けることが皇室経済法第7条に定められている。
English: Local Administrative Assemblies was the assembly of prefectural governors summoned and established by the Meiji government in 1874.
Japanese: 地方官会議（ちほうかんかいぎ）とは、1874年（明治7年）に設置された、明治政府が招集した府県長官の会議のことである。
English: Prefectural governors gathered three times since 1875 to learn of the living conditions of people in district areas.
Japanese: 1875年（明治8年）以来3回、地方民情を知るために、県令および府知事を招集した。
English: They discussed about various matters of district administration related to the local assembly and three local new laws.
Japanese: 地方民会や三新法など地方自治に関係のある、地方行政を巡る諸問題を審議した。
English: It was the lower house of the Genroin (Japanese Senate) was actually the assembly of administrative official appointed by government.
Japanese: なお、元老院(日本)に対する下院のつもりであるが、実質は官選の事務官会議であった。
English: It was abolished in 1881 due to the imperial mandate for establishing a Diet.
Japanese: その後、1881年（明治14年）、国会開設の勅諭によって廃止となった。
English: The Beipu Incident was an anti-Japanese incident in Taiwan that occurred during the period of Japanese rule (in Taiwan) and that was instigated by Tsai Ching-Lin, one of the Hakka people.
Japanese: 北埔事件（ほくふじけん）は、日本統治時代(台湾)の台湾で発生した客家人の蔡清琳による抗日事件。
English: Tsai Ching-Lin, who was the leader of the incident was originally a police officer but resigned due to a conflict with his ideology.
Japanese: 事件のリーダーである蔡清琳は、元々警官であったが理念の違いから辞めてしまっていた。
English: Tsai Ching-Lin lied to the Han living in the mountains of Beipu, Hsinchu County and the Saisiyat of the indigenous people of Taiwan in November 1907, that the 'great army of Qing will soon land in Hsinchu', while himself 'the president of the restoration of Yonhap.'
Japanese: 1907年11月、蔡清琳は新竹県北埔郷の山岳部にいる漢人と台湾原住民であるサイシャット族の者たちに対して、「聯合復中興の総裁」と自称し、「清の大軍がまもなく新竹に上陸する」と騙した。
English: He also induced 大打祿 (his Chinese name was 趙明政), who was the chief of 大隘社 of the Saisiyat, and cleverly gathered people by showing the big reward for assassination (for example, 'twenty yuans in compensation for stealing Japanese patrol officer's sword').
Japanese: また、サイシャット族大隘社の頭目であった大打祿（漢名は趙明政）を誘い、高額な殺害報酬（例として「日本人巡査の剣を奪えば賞金20元」など）を示して巧みに人を集めた。
English: On November 14, Tsai Ching-Lin raised a riot by instigating the assembled crowd and attacked the Beipu district to kill 57 people such as Japanese police officers and citizens.
Japanese: 11月14日、蔡清琳は群集を煽動して暴動を起こし、北埔地区を襲撃して日本人警察官や市民など57人を殺害した。
English: He was later killed by people of the Sai si yat supporting him when they knew that they were deceived.
Japanese: その後、蔡清琳に同調していたサイシャット族の者たちは騙されていたことを知り、蔡清琳は殺害されてしまう。
English: The police officers of the Governor General of Taiwan headed to assist Beipu after the incident and arrested about 100 people.
Japanese: 事件後、台湾総督府の警察は北埔の支援に向かい、100人あまりを逮捕した。
English: The outcome of the trial resulted in the execution of nine ringleaders of the affair by the Governor General of Taiwan, and more than 97 people were sentenced to imprisonment for a definite term or an administrative punishment.
Japanese: 裁判の結果、事件の首謀者9人が台湾総督府によって死刑に処され、有期刑や行政処分にあった者も97人を数えた。
English: However, only guns were seized from the Saisiyat in accordance with the conciliatory policy on the indigenous people at that time.
Japanese: しかし、当時の原住民族に対する懐柔政策により、サイシャット族はわずかに銃などを没収されるだけにとどまった。
English: Many of the people who uprose in this anti-Japanese incident were the Han soldiers stationed at Ai-Yun Line (Guardsmen Line) or the indigenous people residing outside the line.
Japanese: この抗日事件で蜂起した者の多くは、隘勇線の漢人兵か隘勇線外に住む原住民であった。
English: However, the bigger Wushe Incident later occurred as the anti-Japanese movement by the Taiwanese indigenous people.
Japanese: しかしながら、その後も台湾原住民による抗日事件として、さらに大きな霧社事件が起きることとなる。
English: Kaisho literally means a place where a kind of reunion, party, event, assembly or meeting was held.
Japanese: 会所（かいしょ）とは、文字通り解釈すれば、なんらかの会、催し物、寄合・会合が行われるところである。
English: However, in Japanese early-modern times the term 'kaisho' was sometimes used for an independent structure like a merchants association, or a public local gathering hall, office and exchange market, mostly in the urban areas.
Japanese: しかし、日本の近世期においては、主として町方において商人組合や地域の公的な集会所・事務所・取引所として用いられた独立した建物が「会所」と名づけられることもあった。
English: In kaisho, Machiyakunin (municipal officials) stayed in order to assemble people and notify the regulations issued by the town magistrate office and others, such as 'machibure' (laws for merchants and artisans), or on the contrary, in order to undertake office work such as preparing the application forms for residents.
Japanese: 町役人が詰めて、町内の住民を集めて奉行所などからの「町触」などの規則を伝達したり、逆に住民が提出する届書を作成する事務を行った。
English: The system of kaisho varies from town to town; in Osaka 'so-kaisho' (general kaisho) was set up as a higher institution in each one of the three areas collectively called 'Osaka sango' (three areas of Osaka), on the other hand, in Edo the town headman's official residence was used as 'machi-gaisho.'
Japanese: 都市によってもその仕組みに違いがあり、大坂ではいわゆる「大坂三郷」を構成する各郷ごとに上部機関として「惣会所」が設置されたが、江戸では町名主の役宅が町会所が兼ねた。
English: After the Kansei Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in the Kansei era), a system of shichibutsumikin (accumulated fund) was introduced in Edo, and a place to manage the fund was called 'machi-gaisho.'
Japanese: 寛政の改革以後、江戸では七分積金の制度が導入され、積金を管理する場所を「町会所」と呼んだ。
English: On the other hand, a special kaisho was established in Saruya-cho Town in Edo (Saruya-cho Kashikin Kaisho), as a financing institute for fudasashi (a trader who received or sold kuramai [storage rice] on behalf of the government for commission revenue).
Japanese: これとは別に江戸猿屋町には札差に対する融資を行う会所が特別に設置された（猿屋町貸金会所）。
English: This was aimed to alleviate the economical blow that fudasashi received by Kienrei (a debt relief measure to help gokenin [an immediate vassal of the shogunate] and hatamoto [a direct retainer of the Shogun] who fell into economic difficulties during the Edo period) along with quieting the complaints of fudasashi to avoid their reluctance to provide fund to the samurai families.
Japanese: これは棄捐令によって打撃を受けた札差の経済的打撃を緩和するとともに、彼らを宥めて武家に対する貸し渋りを回避することを目的としていた。
English: The control and management of this machi-gaisho was carried out by the official exchangers licensed by the finance ministry.
Japanese: なお、この町会所の実際の管理・運営は勘定所御用両替商があたっていた。
English: An office or a gathering place for kabunakama (a merchant guild) was called 'kaisho,' and the officers or clerical staff who were stationed there carried out management of the guild, its member merchants and dealing commodities, including the management of common properties, negotiations with outside parties, communication and management of its member merchants, organization of meetings for crucial decisions, quality check of commodities, etc.
Japanese: 株仲間における事務所・集会所を会所と呼称し、役員や事務職員などが詰めて共有財産の管理や外部との交渉、所属商人との連絡や管理、重要決定を定める会合の招集、商品の品質検査など、株仲間や所属商人、取扱商品に関する管理などを行った。
English: Kaisho served as an exchange market and a trading office, where the exchange market rate was determined for exchanging gold and silver currencies and the trading of such as commodities as rice, cotton and oil was undertaken.
Japanese: 金銀貨の両替や米・綿・油などの商品の取引相場を定めて取引を行う、取引所・事務所としての役割を果たした。
English: Establishment of kaisho, in particular, as a dealing place of rice was spread out throughout the country; and among them Kome-kaisho (rice kaisho) in Dojima area of Osaka, where Kurayashiki (feudal lords' residence with adjoining warehouse) were especially concentrated, and Nagasaki-kaisho in Nagasaki City, where imported goods were treated, were well known.
Japanese: 特に米の取引所としての会所の設置は全国各地で行われ、特に蔵屋敷が集中していた大坂堂島の米会所や長崎貿易による輸入品を扱った長崎市の長崎会所などは良く知られている。
English: It was practically a domain-run commercial organization and called 'sanbutsu-kaisho' (local products kaisho) or 'kokusan-kaisho' (provincial products kaisho), and occasionally it was also called 'so-and-so kaisho' using a specific name of the product traded there.
Japanese: 藩が運営する事実上の商業組織であり、「産物会所」・「国産会所」と呼ばれ、あるいは産物名より「○○会所」とも呼ばれた。
English: After Japan's opening up the country to the world, some domains established 'han-kaisho' (domain kaisho) as a trade institution at the ports opened for foreign trading, and obtained arms and other equipment by exporting their products.
Japanese: また、開国後には開港所に藩営の貿易機関として「藩会所」を設置して産品を輸出して武器や器械などを入手する藩もあった。