nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Ueda is located in Chiisagata-gun in eastern Shinano, and this area had been unstable before Ueda-jo Castle was built because it was the border of the Takeda clan, Uesugi clan, and the Gohojo clan.
Japanese: 上田は東信濃の小県郡にあり、この付近は上田城築城以前から武田氏・上杉氏・後北条氏の国境として不安定な地域であった。
English: After Masayuki SANADA subdued Numata, Agatsuma-gun, Kozuke Province under the Takeda clan, he subdued Chiisagata-gun under the Tokugawa clan and built Ueda-jo Castle.
Japanese: 真田昌幸が武田氏の下で上野国吾妻郡・沼田を平定後、徳川氏の下で小県郡を平定し、上田城を築城した。
English: In this battle, Masayuki SANADA was mainly secluded in Ueda-jo Castle to fight, so it is also called the Battle of Ueda-jo Castle or the Siege of Ueda-jo Castle.
Japanese: この戦いで真田昌幸は主に上田城に籠もり戦ったことから、上田城の戦い、上田城攻防戦などとも呼ばれる。
English: To be precise, however, it is reasonable to call it the Battle of Ueda because it was an all-out war fought not only around Ueda-jo Castle but also included other mountain castles scattered in Ueda Chiisagata such as Toishi-jo Castle and Maruko-jo Castle.
Japanese: ただし、正確には上田城のみならず戸石城や丸子城など上田小県に点在する山城も含めた総力戦であったため上田合戦と呼ぶ方が相応しい。
English: In April 1582, the Takeda clan fell due to subjugation of Takeda done by Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）3月、織田信長が行った武田征伐により武田氏は滅亡。
English: The property of the Takeda clan that spread from Kai to Shinano to Ueno was distributed to Oda vassals, and Shinano Kokujin-shu (local samurais) who had been Takeda vassals who came to serve the Oda government.
Japanese: 甲斐から信濃、上野に及んだ武田遺領は織田家家臣に分与され、武田旧臣の信濃国人衆らは織田政権に臣従した。
English: The Hojo clan, who had an amicable relationship with the Oda clan, invaded Oda's territory Ueno with army 56,000 strong led by Ujinao HOJO, defeated the army 20,000 strong lead by Kanto Kanrei (A shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, one of the big four of Oda, at the Battle of Kannagawa River, and Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed to his home ground Ise.
Japanese: 織田家と友好関係だった北条家が、北条氏直率いる5万6,000の兵で織田領上野に侵攻し、織田四天王の１人で関東管領・滝川一益率いる２万を神流川の戦いで撃破し、滝川一益は本拠地の伊勢まで敗走する。
English: As Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was routed, Oda's territory Shinano, Kai, and Ueno became void at once, and neighboring forces such as Kagekatsu UESUGI in Echigo, Ujinao HOJO in Sagami, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Mikawa invaded, and Tenshojingo no ran (Tenshojingo Rebellion) occurred in the former Oda territory.
Japanese: 滝川一益の敗走により、織田領である信濃、甲斐、上野が一気に空白状態となると、越後の上杉景勝や相模の北条氏直、三河の徳川家康など近隣勢力が侵攻し、旧織田領を巡る天正壬午の乱が起こる。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who conquered Kai invaded southern Shinano, the Uesugi clan invaded northern Shinano, and the Hojo clan invaded eastern Shinano from Kozuke Province through Usui-toge Pass.
Japanese: 甲斐を制圧した徳川家康が南信濃へ、上杉氏は北信濃へ、そして北条氏は上野国から碓氷峠を越えて東信濃へと侵攻した。
English: At this time, Masayuki SANADA who had influence from eastern Shinano to Nishiueno belonged to the Hojo side, but when Tokugawa invaded eastern Shinano, he switched to the Tokugawa side.
Japanese: このとき東信濃から西上野に勢力を保っていた真田昌幸は北条方に属するが、徳川が東信濃に侵攻してくると徳川方に寝返る。
English: In October, Tokugawa and Hojo made peace, and as a condition for the peace, they decided to exchange Numata City, Kozuke Province of the Sanada clan and Saku County, Shinano Province conquered by the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 10月には徳川・北条の間で和睦が成立するが、その和睦条件として徳川傘下となっていた真田氏の上野国沼田市領と北条氏が制圧した信濃佐久郡を交換することとした。
English: In the next year 1583, Masayuki started building Ueda-jo Castle and he was fighting against the Hojo clan for the Numata and Azuma territories.
Japanese: 翌天正11年から昌幸は上田城の築城に着手しており、沼田領や吾妻領を巡り北条氏と争っていた。
English: In 1585, Ieyasu arrived at an encampment in Kai and requested that Masayuki hand over Numata territory to the Hojo clan, but Masasuke rejected the request on the grounds that the territory was not given by the Tokugawa clan, and communicated with the Uesugi clan who was in a hostile relationship with him.
Japanese: 天正13年（1585年）には甲斐へ着陣して昌幸に沼田領の北条氏への引き渡しを求めるが、昌幸は徳川氏から与えられた領地ではないことを理由にして拒否し、さらに敵対関係にあった上杉氏と通じた。
English: In July of that year, Ieyasu, who returned to Hamamatsu and got to know about the rebellion of Masayuki, started the subjugation of Sanada and sent an army about 7,000 strong including his vassals Mototada TORII, Tadayo OKUBO, and Chikayoshi HIRAIWA to the base of the Sanada clan, Ueda-jo Castle.
Japanese: 同年7月、浜松に帰還した家康は昌幸の造反を知ると八月に真田討伐を起こし、家臣の鳥居元忠、大久保忠世、平岩親吉ら約7000の兵を真田氏の本拠・上田城に派遣する。
English: Tokugawa's army proceeded from Kai to Hokkoku Kaido Road through Suwa-do Road and deployed troops near Kokubun-ji Temple in the Ueda Basin.
Japanese: 徳川軍は甲斐から諏訪道を北国街道に進み、上田盆地の国分寺付近に兵を展開。
English: They say that Sanada's side was about 1200 strong, and Masayuki was besieged in Ueda-jo Castle, and his oldest son Nobuyuki was besieged a branch castle Toishi-jo Castle.
Japanese: これに対して真田方は約1200人であったと言われ、昌幸は上田城に、長男の信幸は支城の戸石城に篭城した。
English: In the branch castles of the Sanada Main Castle, Masayuki's cousin Yoriyasu YAZAWA and Uesugi's enpei (reinforcements) were besieged.
Japanese: また支城の真田本城真田本城の支城群には、昌幸の従兄弟矢沢頼康が上杉の援兵と共に篭城した。
English: On September 25, Tokugawa's army was close to Ueno-jo Castle and proceeded to Ninomaru (second bailey), but met a counter attack and was beaten back.
Japanese: 閏8月2日に上田城に攻め寄せた徳川方は、二の丸まで進むがここで反撃を受け撃退される。
English: In addition, they were chased by the castle side army as they retreated, Nobuyuki in Toishi-jo Castle also attacked from the side, and the army finally collapsed.
Japanese: 更に後退の際に城方の追撃を受け、戸石城の信幸も横合いから攻めるに及びついに壊乱した。
English: It is said that Tokugawa's 1300 soldiers were killed by this tactic utilizing the home-court advantage of the Sanada side.
Japanese: この真田方の地の利を活かした戦法により、徳川軍は1300人もの戦死者を出したと言われる。
English: The following day, Tokugawa's army attacked Maruko-jo Castle where a neighboring small local ruling family, the Maruko clan, (served Sanada clan later) who sided the Sanada clan was besieged, but again, they were blocked by a fort and robust resistance and kept the position for about twenty days.
Japanese: 翌日、徳川方は近隣の小豪族で真田氏に味方した丸子氏（後、真田氏に臣従）の篭る丸子城を攻めるが、これも要害と頑強な抵抗に阻まれ攻略できず、以後20日間程対陣を続ける。
English: During this time, upon skirmishes against reinforcements of the Uesugi Army and news of additional reinforcements, Ieyasu delivered reinforcements (5000 soldiers led by Naomasa II (some troops joined the battle from the beginning), Yasutaka OSUGA, and Yasushige MATSUDAIRA) while ordering a temporary retreat, and as a result, Tokugawa's army retreated from Ueda on October 21.
Japanese: この間に上杉勢援軍との小競り合いや更なる増援の報に接し、家康は援軍（井伊直政（一部部隊は当初より参陣）、大須賀康高、松平康重の5000）を出すと共に一時撤退を下令、これを受け徳川軍は28日に上田より撤退した。
English: After that, warlords including Tadayo OKUBO stayed in Komoro-jo Castle and repeated skirmishes against Sanada's army, but in December, a senior fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) Kazumasa ISHIKAWA ran away to the Toyotomi family, leading to a complete retreat.
Japanese: その後も、大久保忠世ら諸将は小諸城に留まり真田勢と小競り合いを繰り返すも、11月には譜代の重臣石川数正が豊臣家に出奔する事態に至り、完全に撤退することになる。
English: The battle is recorded in "Sanada Gunki" (a war chronicle) of the Sanada family as well as "Mikawa Monogatari" (Tales from Mikawa) of the Tokugawa side.
Japanese: 合戦の記録は真田家の『真田軍記』ほか、徳川方の『三河物語』にも記されている。
English: In addition, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA recognized the Sanada clan highly through this battle, and as a result, he had Tadakatsu HONDA's daughter Komatsuhime marry into Nobuyuki SANADA for conciliation.
Japanese: また、この合戦によって徳川家康の真田氏に対する評価は高まり、結果として本多忠勝の娘である小松姫を真田信之へ嫁がせて懐柔するきっかけともなった。
English: The Sanada clan later served the Toyotomi government, and it is indicated that diplomatic relations with various influences and expansion of power to control several districts was the process of the Sanada clan growing from a small feudal lord to daimyo (major territorial lord).
Japanese: 真田氏はその後豊臣政権に臣従しており、上田合戦に至るまでの諸勢力との外交や数カ郡を支配する勢力拡大は、真田氏が小領主から大名化していく過程であると指摘される。
English: From October 1585 to June 1586, in conjunction with the Battle of Ueda, the Hojo clan attacked Numata-jo Castle several times, but Masayuki's uncle Jodai (the keeper of castle) Yoritsuna YAZAWA (father of Yoriyasu YAZAWA) succeeded to fight them off.
Japanese: 尚、この上田合戦に連動して天正13年（1585年）9月から天正14年（1586年）5月まで間、沼田城にも北条氏が数回に渡って攻撃を仕掛けていたが、昌幸の叔父にあたる城代矢沢頼綱（矢沢頼康の父）が撃退に成功している。
English: The Gohojo clan fell from the conquest started in 1590 (the Siege of Odawara) and Ieyasu was transferred to Kanto.
Japanese: 後北条氏は天正18年（1590年）からの征伐（小田原の役）により滅ぼされ、家康は関東に移封された。
English: In 1598, Hideyoshi died and the influence of Ieyasu, in the position of the head of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), increased.
Japanese: 慶長3年（1598年）、秀吉が死去し、豊臣政権では五大老筆頭の地位にあった家康の影響力が強まる。
English: Anti-Tokugawa powers gathered together around one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA, and when Ieyasu commanded an army for conquest of Aizu in July 1600, Mitsunari organized the Western Camp with Terumoto MORI as the supreme commander, and rose up in arms (the Battle of Sekigahara).
Japanese: 反徳川勢力は五奉行の石田三成を中心に結集し、慶長5年（1600年）6月、家康が会津の会津征伐の兵を起こして大坂を離れると、三成は毛利輝元を総大将として西軍を組織し挙兵した（関ヶ原の戦い）。
English: Masayuki served Ieyasu leading the Eastern Camp, but in September 1600, he fell out with his second son Yukimura SANADA in Shimotsuke and went back to Ueda to side with the Western Camp.
Japanese: 昌幸は東軍を率いる家康に従っていたが、慶長5年（1600年）7月下旬、下野で次男・真田幸村とともに離反して上田に帰還し西軍に与した。
English: According to a popular theory, they parted so that the Sanada family could survive regardless which of the Eastern and Western Camps won.
Japanese: 通説では、西東軍どちらが勝利しても真田一族が残れるよう分かれたとされる。
English: The Eastern Camp led by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA came to know the rise of the Western Camp of Mitsunari and others in Oyama City, Shimotsuke Province and returned the army to the west.
Japanese: 徳川家康率いる東軍は、下野国小山市において三成ら西軍の挙兵を知って、軍を西に返した。
English: At this time, the main force of Ieyasu and the advance party of daimyo who were assisted by Toyotomi proceeded on Tokai-do Road, but 38,000 troops led by Hidetada TOKUGAWA went west on the Nakasen-do Road.
Japanese: この時、家康の本隊や豊臣恩顧大名などの先発隊は東海道を進んだが、徳川秀忠率いる3万8000人の軍勢は中山道を進んで西に向かった。
English: Hidetada ordered Nobuyuki SANADA, Masayuki's legitimate son, to innocuously ask Masayuki to surrender the castle.
Japanese: 秀忠は昌幸の嫡男・真田信之に命じて、まずは無難に昌幸に対して開城を求める。
English: It is said that Hidetada, after vainly spending several days, knew Masayuki's intent and was inflamed with rage, and resolved to capture Ueda-jo Castle.
Japanese: 秀忠は数日を空しく費やした後で昌幸の真意を知り激怒、上田城攻略を決意したとされる。
English: At this time, Masanobu HONDA and one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and others proposed that they should not downgrade the outnumbered Sanada clan, but pass Ueda-jo castle in silence and hurry to the major battlefield against the Western Camp (Sekigahara), but because there were many generals who were unfamiliar with battlefields including Toshikatsu DOI, they could not reverse Hidetada's decision.
Japanese: このとき本多正信や徳川四天王の一人・榊原康政などは寡兵の真田氏を侮ることはせず、上田城を黙殺して西軍との主戦場（関ヶ原）に急ぐべきだと進言するが、土井利勝を始めとする戦場に疎い将が多かったこともあり、秀忠の決断を覆すことは出来なかった。
English: Then, as soldiers led by Yasushige MAKINO (the lord of the Ogo domain) were provoked by Masayuki's dare and triggered the battle, Masayuki agitated and threw out Tokugawa's army with an army of only 3500 strong.
Japanese: そして牧野康成(大胡藩主)率いる手勢が昌幸の挑発に乗ったのをきっかけに戦端が開かれると、昌幸はわずか3500の兵力で徳川軍をかき回して混乱に陥れた。
English: Although Tokugawa's army had an overwhelming number of troops, they could not utilize the advantage of the troops due to the geological conditions, but the local Sanada's army who completely held control of the geological area tossed Tokugawa's army with ingenuity and defeated.
Japanese: 兵力的に圧倒する徳川軍であったが、地形的に兵力の優勢を生かし切れず、逆に地形を完全に掌握している地元の真田軍に巧みに翻弄され、敗北を喫したのである。
English: "烈祖成蹟" describes this as 'Our army defeated badly and had countless casualties.'
Japanese: このときのことを『烈祖成蹟』は「我が軍大いに敗れ、死傷算なし」と記している。
English: Hidetada was surprised that Ueda-jo Castle was so robust beyond expectations and decided to hurry to his destination leaving the closer troops at Ueda-jo Castle.
Japanese: 秀忠は上田城が予想外に頑強であることに驚き、上田城に押さえの兵を残して先を急ぐことにする。
English: However, not only this delay at Ueda, but also bad weather along the way caused harm, and he made a cataclysmic gaffe to be late for the main battle of Sekigahara on October 21.
Japanese: しかし、この上田での遅延だけでなく道中の悪天候も災いして、遂に9月15日の関ヶ原本戦に遅参するという大失態を犯してしまった。
English: Ieyasu became furious at this gaffe and it is said that he did not even allow Hidetada to see him for a while.
Japanese: この失態に家康は激怒し、秀忠にしばらくは対面することすら許さなかったと言われている。
English: Yasunari and his son Tadanari MAKINO (the first lord of the Echigo Nagaoka Domain), who made the cause of huge defeat in hindsight, ran away protecting their followers, so they were temporarily suspended.
Japanese: また、結果的に大敗のきっかけを作った康成・牧野忠成(越後長岡藩初代)父子は部下を庇って出奔したため、一時謹慎となった。
English: In this battle, Masayuki succeeded to cause Hidetada's army to be late for the Battle of Sekigahara in Mino Province, but in the battle of Sekigahara itself, the West Camp was defeated, and Masayuki and Nobushige who were on the Western Camp's side were sentenced to death.
Japanese: この戦いで、美濃国で行われた関ヶ原での決戦に秀忠軍を遅参させることに成功したが、肝心の関ヶ原では西軍の敗北に終わり、西軍に与した昌幸と信繁は戦後処理で死罪を命じられた。
English: However, thanks to a plea for sparing lives made by Nobuyuki and his father-in-law Tadakatsu HONDA, they escaped death and were exiled to Mt. Koya first, and then, because Yukimura wished to have his wife accompanied, to Kudoyama Town.
Japanese: しかし、信幸とその岳父である本多忠勝の助命嘆願などもあって、一命を助けられてはじめ高野山、のち幸村が妻を同行させることを願ったため九度山町に流罪となった。
English: The first one stemmed from territorial issue of Numata territory due to reconciliation of the Tokugawa clan and Hojo clan, and it can be considered as a territorial battle (ego battle) between the Tokugawa clan who requested the hand over of the Numata territory and the Sanada clan who rejected it.
Japanese: 第一次は徳川氏と北条氏の和睦に伴う沼田領の帰属問題に端を発し、北条氏への沼田領引き渡しを求める徳川氏とそれを拒絶する真田氏の領地争い（意地の張り合い）の色合いが濃い。
English: Especially for the Sanada clan, it was most important to be recognized as an independent power in Shinano by old retainers of Takeda, so they continued being stubborn till the last.
Japanese: 殊に真田氏にとっては、武田の旧臣から信濃の独立勢力として認められることが最重要であり、最後まで意地を張り通すことになる。
English: As a result, they succeeded in having the name of Sanada be known to major lords including the Toyotomi clan by fighting off Tokugawa.
Japanese: 結果的に徳川を撃退することで、真田の名を豊臣氏を始めとする有力緒将に知らしめることに成功した。
English: However, the second battle, under a situation where military conflict (the Battle of Sekigahara) between the Toyotomi side (Western Camp) and Tokugawa side (Eastern Camp) was inevitable, stems from the fact that Masayuki and his second son Nobushige sided with Toyotomi side (Western Camp).
Japanese: しかし、第二次では豊臣方（西軍）と徳川方（東軍）の軍事衝突（関ヶ原合戦）が避けられない状況下で、昌幸と昌幸の二男信繁が豊臣方（西軍）についたことが起因している。
English: There are several theories why Masayuki and Nobushige dared to side with the Western Camp while the daimyo in Shinano Province all sided with the Eastern Camp, and it is said that the matrimonial relation Masayuki and his son Nobushige had (Masayuki's fifth daughter married into the Uda clan, which is the family home of the wife of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Masayuki's second son Nobushige, being associated with Mitsunari, married with a daughter of Yoshitsugu OTANI who sided with the Western Camp) had a significant influence on their choices.
Japanese: 信濃国の大名がこぞって東軍に与するなか、あえて昌幸と信繁が西軍に与した理由は諸説あるが、昌幸の五女が石田三成の妻の実家である宇田氏に嫁いでおり、しかも昌幸二男信繁も三成と親交があり西軍に与した大谷吉継の娘を妻にしているという姻戚関係が、昌幸・信繁父子の選択に重要な影響を及ぼしたと言われている。
English: On the other hand, because Masayuki's eldest son Nobuyuki SANADA married Komatsuhime, who was an adopted daughter of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he joined the Hidetada TOKUGAWA's army as the Eastern Camp to attack Ueda.
Japanese: 逆に、昌幸の長男真田信之は徳川家康の養女である小松姫を妻にしていたため、東軍として上田攻めの徳川秀忠隊に加わっている。
English: They say this choice was made valuing survival of their family name as a daimyo family above everything else, which is fundamentally different from the first choice made for publicity seeking.
Japanese: この選択は、大名家としての家名存続を最優先と考えていたともされ、「名を売った」第一次とは根本的に異なる。
English: Through these two battles, the name of the busho (Japanese military commander) Masayuki SANADA became known nation wide.
Japanese: この2度の戦い通じて、真田昌幸という武将の名は「戦巧者」として全国に知られることになる。
English: Umekita ikki (Umekita Uprising) is an uprising instigated by Kunikane UMEKITA, a vassal of the Shimazu clan in July 1592.
Japanese: 梅北一揆（うめきたいっき）とは、文禄元年（1592年）6月に、島津氏家臣・梅北国兼が起こした一揆である。
English: At the time of the first invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Bunroku Campaign), Kunikane UMEKITA was in Ashikita-cho, Ashikita County, Higo Province under the pretext of waiting for the boat for the Nagoya-jo Castle in Hizen Province, which was the frontline base.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉による1回目の朝鮮半島出兵（文禄の役）の際、梅北国兼は前線基地である肥前国名護屋城へ向かう船を待つ名目で肥後国葦北郡芦北町に留まっていた。
English: On July 23, 1592, he seized the Sashiki-jo Castle while the castellan of the Higo-Kumamoto area, Kiyomasa KATO, who controlled Ashikita, was away fighting in Korea.
Japanese: 文禄元年6月15日、葦北を治める肥後熊本城主加藤清正の朝鮮出征中の隙を突く形で佐敷城を占拠する。
English: Other vassals of the Shimazu clan, such as Tashima TAJIRI, Genso IJUIN, Tadanori KATSURA, and Jinuemon TOGO and their followers also joined the uprising, and the number of the rebel group was said to have been 700, while a different source records 2,000, which included peasants and townsmen.
Japanese: この一揆には田尻但馬、伊集院元巣、桂忠詮、東郷甚右衛門といった島津家臣が参加し、それぞれの手勢に農民や町人が加わった反乱軍の人数は七百人であったとも二千人であったともいわれる。
English: It was believed that the uprising was suppressed after a mere three days, as Kunikane was fooled by the false surrender of Yaemon YASUDA and others who protected the Sashiki-jo Castle in the absence of its lord, and was killed by the sword of Zenzaemon SAKAI on July 25.
Japanese: これまで、国兼は佐敷城の留守を預かっていた安田弥右衛門らの偽りの投降に油断し、6月17日に境善左衛門によって斬殺され、一揆はわずか3日で鎮圧されたとされていた。
English: However, a current theory has it that the rebel group occupied the Sashiki-jo Castle for 15 days.
Japanese: しかし、最近になって一揆勢は佐敷城を15日にわたって占拠していたという説も浮上している。
English: In any case, the rebel group, which unsuccessfully attacked the Yashiro-jo Castle (now in the remains of the Mugishima-jo Castle) north of Sashiki, was suppressed by the armies of the Kato clan and the Sagara clan which ruled the Higo Hitoyoshi-jo Castle, and the uprising ended in the death of Kunikane.
Japanese: いずれにしても一揆勢は佐敷の北の八代城（現在の麦島城跡）を攻めたが失敗に終わり、加藤氏や肥後人吉城主相良氏の軍勢によって鎮圧され、国兼は死亡した。
English: Kunikane's head was sent to the Nagoya-jo Castle and left on the beach as an example, and his body was buried in Gohonmatsu, Sashiki.
Japanese: 国兼の首は名護屋城に届けられて浜辺に晒され、胴体は佐敷五本松に埋められたという。
English: Umekita ikki caused the further delay in sending of troops from the Shimazu clan that was already late in the Bunroku Campaign, as Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, the head of the Shimazu clan, recognized it as 'the slowest dispatch of troops in the country.'
Japanese: この梅北一揆はもともと遅れ気味であった島津氏の文禄の役参陣をさらに遅らせてしまう結果となり、島津義弘をもってして「日本一の遅陣」と言わしめるほどの失態につながった。
English: This delay in dispatching of troops increased the mistrust of the Toyotomi administration, and the thorough land survey in the territory of the Shimazu clan was carried out by Nagamasa ASANO and Yusai HOSOKAWA, who were sent by the administration.
Japanese: この遅陣は島津氏に対する豊臣政権の不信を招き、島津領内では豊臣政権の遣わした浅野長政や細川幽斎らによる徹底した検地が行われることになる。
English: In addition, Toshihisa SHIMAZU was accused of being the mastermind behind the uprising by Hideyoshi and was hunted and killed by Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, and Koremitsu ASO was also decapitated as a punishment for his vassals joining the uprising.
Japanese: さらに島津歳久が秀吉によって一揆の黒幕とみなされ、島津義久の追討を受けて死亡したほか、一揆に家臣が参加したという理由で肥後の阿蘇惟光が斬首された。
English: Although the political status of the Shimazu clan had fallen to the extremely precarious state as a result of Umekita ikki, the land survey by the administration and the fall of the local lords which was triggered by it actually strengthened the authority of the Shimizu clan as a feudal lord as a result, and in the Keicho Campaign, the Shimizu clan reclaimed its reputation for their distinguished military service.
Japanese: 梅北一揆によって島津氏の政治的な立場は極度に悪化したが、検地やそれに伴う国人領主層の没落は結果として島津氏の大名権力を強化する事につながり、慶長の役で軍功をあげ名誉を挽回する契機となった。
English: Those who took parts in Umekita Ikki were severely punished, including the Otomo clan of Bungo Province which was deprived of their fief.
Japanese: またこの後の豊後国大友氏の改易事件などとともに,事件後の処罰は苛烈だった。
English: It is said that this had an effect on feudal lords in Kyushu, who had been hitherto skeptical of the Toyotomi administration, to successfully subjugate them under the political system.
Japanese: このことから、豊臣政権になじまなかった九州の諸勢力を政権体制下に組みふせる効果があったとされる
English: On the other hand, Kunikane UMEKITA was worshiped as a deity in his former territory, and today there remains Umekita-jinja Shrine which deifies Kunikane in Kitayama, Aira-cho, Aira-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture.
Japanese: 一方、国兼は旧領において神となり、現在も鹿児島県姶良郡姶良町北山に国兼を祀る梅北神社が残っている。
English: Heredity means that a specific status or title (e.g. official rank, peerage) held by a parent or their occupation or the like is passed on to their children, family members or in-laws, thus ensuring that such successors obtain social power and authority.
Japanese: 世襲（せしゅう）とは、親の手にしている特定の地位や肩書き(官位や爵位など)、職業等を、その子や係累が引き継ぎ、それによって社会的な権力や権限を得ることである。
English: When a title, a court rank or position is passed down through a family, this is called Shui; heredity of the family name or the like is known as Shumei.
Japanese: 家に伝わる爵位を継承する場合、襲爵、位階・地位などを世襲することを襲位、先祖伝来の名跡などを世襲することを襲名という。
English: In the ancient world, with regard to the status of an Emperor of the Roman Empire the legitimacy of authority was maintained by a successor keeping up the appearance of continuity by becoming the adopted child of the last Emperor; on rare occasions a blood relative succeeded by representation.
Japanese: 古くはローマ帝国の皇帝の地位は後継者が先代皇帝の養子となる体裁をもつことや、まれに実際の血族に代襲させることで権威の正当性を継続させていた。
English: The Roman Empire was rather exceptional; often in other regions, empires and kingdoms of the ancient and medieval world the status of an emperor, king, aristocrat, administrative official, or knight was strictly passed on through a blood line.
Japanese: むしろ古代ローマ帝国は例外的で、古代・中世世界における他の地域の多くの帝国、王国における皇帝や国王、貴族や行政官、騎士などの地位は、厳密な血縁関係を軸とした排他的な継承によって独占的に占有されてきた。
English: This custom resulted in a distinct differentiation between the class of rulers and those who were ruled, their subjects.
Japanese: それにより、社会の中で支配する階層（支配者）と支配される階層（被支配者、臣民）の分化が生じてきた。
English: In Japan, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulated the heredity of the Imperial throne of the Imperial family (unbroken line), and the heredity of a person's social status such as member of the peerage, warrior class or commoner; the only way to overcome this system of differentiation was through marriage and claiming a connection by blood line.
Japanese: 日本においても大日本帝国憲法下では天皇家の皇位始め（万世一系）、身分（華族・士族・平民）の世襲が定められており、これを打破するには閨閥を繋ぐ他なかった。
English: For example, children of a pharmacy owner or medical practitioner will aim to enter a school of medicine, dentistry or pharmaceutical sciences in order to take over the clinic or pharmacy run by their parents, and if a biological child is not able to take over, then often an adopted child will become the successor.
Japanese: たとえば、薬局経営者・開業医の子が親の営む薬局・診療所を継ぐ為に医・歯・薬学部を目指したり、実子が後を継がない場合養子が跡継ぎになったりすることがよく見られる。
English: Even though it is not an independent enterprise, to take the same occupation as the parent is advantageous in terms of the succession of intangible assets such as goodwill, personal networks and the knowledge required in the course of their work; therefore, many of those occupations or positions that are regarded as socially outstanding such as politicians, diplomatic officials, academics, and entertainers tend to be passed on through the generations.
Japanese: 自営業でなくても、親と同じ職種につくことは人脈や職務上必要とされる知識といった無形の財産をひきつぐ上で有利であるため、政治家、外交官、大学教員、芸能人など、社会的に突出した職業や地位の多くに、事実上の世襲が多くなる傾向がある。
English: Particularly with regard to the traditional performance arts, court nobles and the founders of a particular style of performing art (philosophy) would pass on the knowledge and skills of their tradition to their descendants; this would result in a kind of family business and even today heredity is commonly found in Kabuki, Noh drama, Kyogen (farce played during a Noh play cycle), swordsmanship, martial arts, Japanese archery and manners.
Japanese: ことに伝統芸能については公卿やその芸道(哲学)の開祖が子々孫々その伝統を継承したことから家業となし、今日でも歌舞伎、能、狂言をはじめ、剣術・武道、弓術、礼法などでは世襲が一般的にみられる。