nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Nuka-zuke was established using rice bran instead of grain and soybeans which were produced at the time of rice milling during the Edo Period.
Japanese: 江戸時代になって精米の際に出る米糠をこの穀類と大豆の代わりに使ったのが糠漬けである。
English: It is thought that vitamin B1 of the rice bran being absorbed by vegetables prevented beriberi to some extent that was prevalent in those days.
Japanese: 糠のビタミンB1が野菜に吸収されるのを利用して、当時流行していた脚気の被害をある程度防いだと考えられている。
English: Add a 15% salt solution, cooled after boiled once, to rice bran (sometimes used after roasted) of an appropriate amount.
Japanese: 適量の糠（炒ってから使う場合もある）に一度煮沸してから冷した15%濃度の食塩水を加える。
English: Putting it with cayenne pepper (red pepper) and konbu (a kind of kelp used for Japanese soup stock) into a pot or a plastic container and making the surface smooth and flat, nuka-doko is ready.
Japanese: 唐辛子、昆布とともに壺やタッパー等に詰め、表面を平らにならして糠床の準備ができる。
English: Fermentation advances by pickling the vegetables and daily attention will enhance the flavors.
Japanese: 野菜を漬けこみ毎日手入れすることで発酵がすすみ、風味が増していくのである。
English: Because matured nuka-doko is sold in a container in a large grocery store makes it convenient.
Japanese: もっとも大型食料品店などで熟成済みの糠床が入れ物ごと売られているので、これを利用すれば手間がかからない。
English: In addition, given a small quantity of nuka-doko (called toko-wake - bed sparing), it is possible to make matured nuka-doko in a realtive short time.
Japanese: また、熟成した糠床を少量分けてもらうこと（床分けという）で短期間で熟成した糠床を作ることもできる。
English: Pickling vegetables washed well and rubbed with salt in the finished nuka-doko, nuka-zuke is ready.
Japanese: 完成した糠床に、よく洗って塩で揉んだ野菜を漬けると糠漬けの完成である。
English: The time of pickling depends upon the size of the vegetables and the season; for example, a whole cucumber can be ready in half a day.
Japanese: 漬けこむ時間は野菜の大きさや季節によっても変わるが、丸のままの胡瓜なら半日ほどで漬けあがる。
English: If it is not pickled very much, add some soy sauce and eat it, and if it is too pickled, cut it into small pieces and juice it a little to add as ingredients for boiled rice with tea poured over it or add it to fried rice.
Japanese: あまり漬かっていなければ醤油をたらして食べ漬かり過ぎている場合は細かく刻んで軽く絞り、お茶漬けやチャーハンの具にしてもよい。
English: Generally it is eaten after washing, but sometimes eaten with rice brain without washing.
Japanese: 普通は洗ってから切って食べるが、洗わずに糠のついたまま食べる場合もある。
English: In order to prevent nuka-doko from rotting, it is necessary to stir it every day from the bottom and mix the part which touched the air into the depths.
Japanese: 糠床の腐敗を防ぐため、毎日底からかき混ぜて空気に触れていた部分を奥へと混ぜ込む必要がある。
English: If you finish stirring it, level the surface of nuka-doko, wipe rice bran on the edge and cover it lightly.
Japanese: かき混ぜ終わったら平らにならしてふちについた糠を拭き、蓋を軽く置いておく。
English: In addition, because is easy for nuka-koko to break down like water with pickled vegetables, absorb the water with a dish towel or newly add rice bran and salt once a week to bring back the hardness.
Japanese: また、野菜を漬けていると糠床が水っぽくなり腐敗しやすくなるので1週間に1度は窪みを作って布巾で吸い取るか、新たに糠と塩を加えて硬さを元に戻しておく。
English: When you can not take care for a long time because of a trip, etc, you can prevent it from rotting for a while by adding extra amounts of salt on the surface and then placing it in the refrigerator.
Japanese: 旅行などでどうしても長期間手入れが出来ないときには、表面に塩を多めに振って冷蔵庫に入れておくとしばらくは腐敗が防げる。
English: When fermentation advances too much and nuka-zuke becomes too sour, add crushed eggshell.
Japanese: 発酵が進み過ぎて糠漬けが酸っぱくなったときは、卵の殻を砕いて入れる。
English: When you want to make the color of eggplants' skin bright, insert an iron nail or an iron utensil which is sold exclusively for this purpose.
Japanese: 茄子の皮の色を綺麗に出したいときは鉄釘か専用の鉄製器具が売られているのでそれを入れておく。
English: If you put in an iron nail with a sharp point, there is danger that you'll get injured when you stir it, so it is necessary to blunt it for safety.
Japanese: 鉄釘を入れる場合、先端が尖ったまま入れてしまうとかき混ぜるときに負傷する恐れがあるので、手を傷つけない程度に丸めておく必要がある。
English: When there is a pungent smell (similar to the smell of glue made of synthetic resin or a smell of thinner), you may pour in some salt water and stir it.
Japanese: 強い刺激臭（セメダイン臭とかシンナー臭とも形容される）がする場合は、塩水を入れてよくかき混ぜるとよい。
English: In addition, nuka-doko cared for properly gives out a peculiar smell of fermentation which is not unpleasant, so that you had better put it in a cool, dark, and well-ventilated place.
Japanese: なお、きちんと手入れされた糠床は不快ではないが若干独特の発酵臭がするため、冷暗所で換気の良いところに置いた方がよい。
English: Because nuka-zuke is a preserved food and includes a lot of salt, obviously you should take care not to eat too much that would that would result in an over consumption of salt.
Japanese: 糠漬けは保存食品であり当然塩分が多いため、塩分の過剰摂取にならないよう気をつけるべきである。
English: Since rice bran uses a few agricultural chemicals, it is advisable to newly remake nuka-doko every year to prevent the accumulation of agricultural chemicals in nuka-doko.
Japanese: 農薬が少ない米糠を使うのはもちろんのこと、糠床に農薬が蓄積することを防ぐために毎年新たに糠床を作りなおしたほうがいいと言う人もいる。
English: "Ukai" is one traditional fishing method used to catch ayu (sweetfish) by using a cormorant.
Japanese: 鵜飼い・鵜飼・鵜養（うかい）は、鵜（ウ）を使ってアユを獲る伝統的な漁法のひとつ。
English: In Japan, Ukai has been practiced in various places such as Gifu, Aichi, Kyoto, and Ehime Prefectures, among which especially Ukai in the Nagara-gawa River is the most famous one.
Japanese: 日本では岐阜県、愛知県、京都府、愛媛県などで行われているが、特に長良川での鵜飼いが最も有名である。
English: Ukai has an old history; in the section on Emperor Jinmu in "Nihonshoki," there is a description about the division of Ukai, 'there was a man who caught fish by making yana (a fish trap), and the Emperor asked him about it. He answered that he was a child of Nihemotsu (Hoshotan), who was the founder of the division of cormorant farming in Ada,' and in "Kojiki" there are also songs and ballads on Ukai.
Japanese: 鵜飼いの歴史は古く、『日本書紀』神武天皇の条に「梁を作つて魚を取る者有り、天皇これを問ふ。対へて曰く、臣はこれ苞苴擔の子と、此れ即ち阿太の養鵜部の始祖なり」と、鵜養部のことが見え、『古事記』にも鵜養のことを歌った歌謡が載っている。
English: In addition, in the section of 600 in "Zuisho" (the Book of the Sui dynasty), Ukai was introduced as a strange fishing method which an envoy from the Sui saw in Japan.
Japanese: また中国の史書『隋書』開皇二十年（600年）の条には、日本を訪れた隋使が見た変わった漁法として紹介されている。
English: In "Wamyosho" there is a description about Ukai in the Katagata District, Mino Province, in "Shukaishakubekki" there were 37 Ukai houses and in "Shinsenminoshi" there were 9 villages in Ukai, Katagata District.
Japanese: 『和名抄』には美濃国方県郡の鵜飼が掲げられ、『集解釈別記』には鵜飼37戸とあり、『新撰美濃誌』には方県郡鵜飼の郷9箇村とある。
English: In the Bunmei era, there is a record outlining Kaneyoshi ICHIJO's stay at Shoho-ji Temple (正保寺) when he watched Ukai.
Japanese: 文明(日本)年間、一条兼良が美濃の正保寺に滞在し鵜飼を見物した記録がある。
English: In the Engi era there were 7 Ukai houses on the bank of the Nagara-gawa River, and FUJIWARA no Toshihito, Kokushi (a providence governor), made the 7 Ukai houses present ayu to the Emperor, who appreciated it and gave him seven villages of Katagata District as compensation for Ukai, so that they came to be called the seven Ukai villages.
Japanese: 延喜年間には長良川河畔に7戸の鵜飼があり、国司藤原利仁は7戸の鵜飼にアユを献上させ、時の天皇の気に入り、方県郡七郷の地を鵜飼に要する篝松の料としてたまわり、鵜飼七郷とよんだ。
English: When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was routed with Yoshitomo at the Heiji Revolt, he got separated from Yoshitomo and wandered around the banks of the Nagara-gawa River, and stayed at the house of Hakumyo, the head of Ukai and satisfied his hunger by eating delicious ayu sushi there.
Japanese: 平治の乱で源頼朝が義朝と敗走するとき、義朝とはぐれて長良川河畔をさまよい、鵜飼の長である白明の家にやどり、そこで食したアユすしの美味に飢えをいやした。
English: When he went to Kyoto as Udaisho (as full general) in 1192, he called a child of Hakumyo to repay an old kindness and ordered him to send ayu sushi to Kamaukura every year.
Japanese: 建久3年右大将として上洛するさい、白明の子をよびだして恩に報い、また毎年アユすしを鎌倉に送るよう命じた。
English: In 1564 Nobunaga ODA saw Ukai at the Nagara-gawa River and gave the name of ujo (a cormorant master) to each Ukai and treated them the same as takajo (a falconer) and gave 10 bales of rice as stipend for each house.
Japanese: 永禄7年、織田信長は長良川の鵜飼を見物し、鵜飼それぞれに鵜匠の名称をさずけ鷹匠と同様に遇し、1戸に禄米10俵あて給与した。
English: In 1615 Ieyasu TOKUGAWA saw Ukai and was impressed by the taste of ayu baked on hot pebbles, so that it became a custom to present ayu to Edo Castle every year and 21 Ukai houses were each given 10 ryo as a salary.
Japanese: 元和(日本)元年徳川家康が鵜飼を見物し、石焼きのアユに感賞し、以来、江戸城に毎年アユを献上するのが例となり、鵜匠21戸に戸ごとに10両の扶持を給せられた。
English: When presented, ayu were sent with three seals bond of roju (an administrator) to Edo for two days and nights.
Japanese: その献上の際には老中の三判証文をもって継立て江戸まで2昼夜で送致した。
English: After that, Ukai declined to 12 houses in 1805, but it recovered again by giving those 12 houses 120 goku and 532 ryo and 2 bu every year.
Japanese: その後、鵜飼はおとろえ、文化(元号)2年には12戸となり、その12戸に毎年120石、532両2分を給与するとして、ふたたび回復した。
English: Although Ukai declined temporarily at the time of the Meiji Restoration, ayu of Ukai was often ordered and presented to daizenshiki (the Office for meals in the Imperial Court) during Meiji Period, and in 1890 a total of 1471 ken in Furutsu, Nagara Village, Inaba District and each village of Mugi and Gujo Districts was incorporated as an ayu fishing ground for the Imperial Court by Imperial Household Ministry.
Japanese: 明治維新で一時衰退したが、明治天皇の代にしばしば沙汰があり、大膳職に上納され、明治23年から稲葉郡長良村古津その他武儀郡、郡上郡の各村で延長1471間を宮内省の鮎漁の御猟場に編入された。
English: The fish caught by Ukai are not hurt and are very fresh because it is unconscious from being in the esophagus of the cormorant.
Japanese: 鵜飼漁で獲れる魚には傷がつかず、ウの食道で一瞬にして気絶させるために鮮度が非常に良い。
English: Therefore, Ukai ayu were particularly-prized as special present so that Ukai had been preserved by the Shogunate and the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) after the Azuchi-Momoyama Period.
Japanese: このため、鵜飼鮎は献上品として殊のほか珍重され、安土桃山時代以降は幕府および各地の大名によって鵜飼は保護されていった。
English: The securing of ujo and the fishing grounds was very important for the daimyo, and it was concerned with their honor.
Japanese: 鵜匠と漁場の確保は、大名達にとっても面子に関わる一大事であったのである。
English: However, Ukai was not necessarily an efficient fishing method so that Ukai, which lost supporters from among the daimyo after the Meiji Restoration, disappeared all over the country one after another, and only a few Ukai presently remain.
Japanese: しかしながら、鵜飼は決して漁獲効率のよい漁法ではないため、明治維新後に大名等の後援を失った鵜飼は全国から次々と姿を消していき、現在は数えるまでにその規模を縮小している。
English: Today's Ukai is mostly practiced in the tourist industry rather than as a direct way to earn a living as tourists enjoy watching it from a roofed pleasure boat.
Japanese: 現在の鵜飼は、客が屋形船からその様子を見て楽しむというように、漁による直接的な生計の維持というよりはもっぱら観光事業として行われている。
English: For example, Ukai held in the Hiji-kawa River in Ozu City, Ehime Prefecture, began as 'Ozu sightseeing Ukai' in 1957.
Japanese: 例えば、愛媛県大洲市の肱川で行われている鵜飼は、戦後の昭和32年に「大洲観光うかい」として始まったものである。
English: However, Ukai also is an important aspect of preserving intangible cultural heritage at the same time.
Japanese: しかしながら鵜飼は同時に、無形文化財の保護という大切な側面も併せ持っている。
English: Its costume is a traditional style of Kazaori-eboshi, a kind of eboshi (formal headwear for court nobles), ryofuku (clothes for fishing), bib and a grass skirt.
Japanese: その装束は風折烏帽子、漁服、胸あて、腰蓑という古式ゆかしいものである。
English: For example, while in kachi-u (cormorant fishing on foot) one ujo uses one or very few cormorants, in the general Ukai on a small boat one ujo uses 5 to 10 cormorants at a time.
Japanese: 例えば、徒歩鵜では鵜匠ごとに1羽ないし極数羽のウを操るが、小船を用いた一般的な鵜飼においては、1人の鵜匠が5羽から10羽程度のウを一度に操る。
English: The fishing period is approximately from late spring to early autumn, and it often begins with the opening of the fishing season of ayu.
Japanese: 漁期はおおむね晩春から初秋にかけてであり、鮎漁の解禁日にあわせて漁が始まることが多い。
English: In Ukai, the ujo builds a bonfire at the bow of small boat with a flat bottom and makes cormorants swallow ayu, which come close to the light.
Japanese: 鵜飼いでは、平底の小船の舳先でかがり火を焚き、光に集まってきたアユをウに飲ませる。
English: With a rope tied around it's neck, a cormorant can not completely swallow the ayu that is bigger than a certain size, and the ujo makes the ayu spit it out.
Japanese: ウののどには紐が巻かれており、ある大きさ以上のアユは完全に飲み込むことができなくなっており、鵜匠はそれを吐き出させて漁獲とする。
English: Ujo decides the size of ayu to catch by the way of tying the rope and smaller ayu enter the cormorant's stomach.
Japanese: 紐の巻き加減によって漁獲するアユの大きさを決め、それより小さいアユはウの胃に入る。
English: However, if ujo continues fishing using the same cormorant of Ukai, the bird gradually loses its drive.
Japanese: しかし、鵜飼いの鵜にいつものどに紐をまいて漁をしていると鵜はだんだんやる気をなくしていってしまう。
English: The reason why it is not done on the day with full moon is to prevent ayu confusing the moon with the bonfire.
Japanese: 満月の日に行われないのは、かがり火に集まってくるアユが月明かりに惑わされるのを防ぐためである。
English: The cormorant used for Ukai is a Temminck's cormorant, and all Ukai of the 11 places in Japan except for Arida City, Wakayama Prefecture and Masuda City, Shimane Prefecture use the Temminck's cormorant which is caught on Ishihama Beach in Hitachi City, Ibaraki Prefecture (former Juo Town).
Japanese: 鵜飼いに使われるウはウミウであり、和歌山県有田市と島根県益田市を除く全国11ヶ所全ての鵜飼は、茨城県日立市（旧十王町）の伊師浜海岸で捕獲されたウミウを使用している。
English: In addition, the common cormorant is preserved as a natural treasure, but in Aichi and Gifu Prefectures the reduction of ayu caused by an over abundance of common cormorants has become serious so, it is allowed to got rid of some of the cormorants in Gifu Prefecture.
Japanese: また、天然記念物として保護されているカワウであるが、愛知・岐阜では大量のカワウによる鮎の食害が深刻化しており、岐阜県では有害鳥獣として少数だが駆除が認められている。
English: The way to catch them is to make a decoy cormorant sightless temporarily by sewing its eyelids closed.
Japanese: 捕獲法は、最初おとりとなる1羽の鵜の両眼の瞼を縫って仮に盲目とする。
English: Putting this on an outcrop and placing torimochi-hago (a trap with birdlime) around it, ujo catches migrating cormorants which come close to it.
Japanese: これを海上に露出する巌頭に置き、付近に黐ハゴを装置し、これに近づく渡りの鵜を捕まえるのである。
English: This is called shima-u (island cormorant), which is bigger than common cormorant, and is about 2 shaku high, 8 or 9 sun long of neck length and weighs 650-860 monme.
Japanese: これは島鵜とよんで、普通の鵜よりもやや大きく、身長約2尺、頸長8寸～9寸、体重650匁～860匁になる。
English: The cormorant which is caught is carried to the place where Ukai is held with its eyelids sewn temporarily, and it has it's flight feathers on it's wings cut in half and is trained gradually, swimming tethered with rope.
Japanese: 捕まえた鵜も瞼を仮縫いして使用地まではこび、風切羽5,6枚を半ばから切り取り、縄付きで泳がせ、だんだん訓練する。
English: The pole which tomonori (a rower at the stern) uses is 450cm long (tomozao (a stern pole)) and the one which nakanori (rower at the center) uses is 323cm long (nakazao (a center pole)).
Japanese: 棹は艫乗りの使うものは長さ1丈5尺（艫棹）、中乗の使うものは長さ8尺5寸（中棹）。
English: However, sail and sho are used only when a boat rows upstream and there is no direct relationship with Ukai.
Japanese: ただし帆と檣は上流へさかのぼるときに用いるだけで、鵜飼と直接の関係はない。
English: A cord, 'tsumoso,' which is made of whale fiber, 36.3cm long, is spliced to the top of the rope and is tied to the cormorant's neck using a Shimada knot.
Japanese: 縄の端に鯨でつくった「ツモソ」という長さ1尺2寸の紐を付け、その末を島田にまげて鵜をつなぐ。
English: Hakekago (a throw up basket) is a bamboo basket where the cormorant spits ayu into, and is 39.4cm caliber and 37.9cm deep.
Japanese: 吐籠は鵜の呑んだ鮎を吐出させる竹籠で、口径1尺3寸、深さ1尺2寸5分、。
English: Morobuta is a tray to place ayu on, which is made by hinoki (Japanese cypress) and 21.9cm wide, 36.4cm long and 4.5cm deep.
Japanese: 諸蓋は鮎を盛る器で、横7寸2分、縦1尺2寸、深さ1寸5分の檜製の盆。
English: Kagari is made by iron and hikago (a fire basket) is 30.3cm deep, 18.1cm bottom caliber and 42.2cm caliber, and it is put on the bow with a shaft of 227cm long.
Japanese: 篝は鉄製で、火籠の深さ1尺、底径6寸、口径1尺4寸、これに長さ7尺5寸の柄をそえて、舟の舳に差し出す。
English: Matsu-wariki (chopped pine), is used for the bonfire, it is pine firewood, 36.3cm long, and 5 bundles weighing 22.5kg each are provided on each boat.
Japanese: 松割り木は篝火用で、長さ1尺2寸ほどの松薪6貫匁を1束として、1艘に5束ずつそなえる。
English: A cormorant basket is a container to carry cormorant, woven by sakitake (chopped bamboo) of 0.9cm wide into a basket of 3.0cm square with 1 line long and 2 lines wide, and its cover is made by shibuita (1.2cm - thick) of hinoki.
Japanese: 鵜籠は鵜の運搬具で、幅3分の割竹で、縦1筋、横2筋、方1寸くらいの籠目に編みつくり、檜の4分板で蓋とする。
English: A keeping basket is used to put two cormorants each in after they are used, and is made the same way a cormorant basket is made.
Japanese: 留籠は使用後の鵜を1籠に2羽ずついれて鳥部屋に置くもので、製法は、鵜籠と同様である。
English: Ayu grow a little 50 days after the beginning of spring (the first day of spring according to the lunar calendar), and begin to go up to fresh water from the mouth of a river, and grow up to about 9cm long in May.
Japanese: 鮎は立春後およそ50日を経れば、やや成長し海口から河川の淡水にのぼりはじめ、5月になれば3寸くらいに成長する。
English: Each Ukai house starts preparation before that, and ujo does fishing from the upper reaches to the lower reaches after the moon sets on the day of a waxing half moon and before the moon rises on the day of a waning half moon because Ukai is done only in the dark of night, avoiding moonlight.
Japanese: 鵜飼各戸はこれより前に準備するが、鵜飼は暗夜にかぎる漁法であるから、月夜を嫌い、上弦の夜は月入後、下弦の夜は月出前、上流から下流へ漁して下る。
English: The 12 boats of Ukai fish divided into two groups, but sometimes they pitch a fishing camp together and do fishing at the same time (karami - work together).
Japanese: 鵜飼舟は毎夜12艘が二手に分かれて漁するが、ときに連合し漁陣を張り、一斉漁業することもある（搦み）。
English: On one Ukai boat there is one ujo, one nakanori, and two tomonori, that is, a total of four persons, and ujo uses twelve cormorants at the bow, nakanori uses four cormorants at the center and tomonori is in charge of piloting a boat at the stern.
Japanese: 鵜飼舟1隻には鵜匠1人、中乗1人、艫乗2人、計4人が乗り組み、鵜匠は舳で12羽の鵜をつかい、中乗は中央で4羽の鵜をつかい、艫乗は艫で舟の進退旋回の任にあたる。
English: Ujo notices the moment when a cormorant swallows ayu, pulls the cormorant up immediately and makes it spit out into the hakekago.
Japanese: 鵜匠は鵜の鮎を呑んだ瞬間手応えでそれとさとり、ただちに引き上げ、吐籠に吐かす。
English: Sometimes all the cormorants swallow ayu at the same time, but ujo takes care of them without delay.
Japanese: 豊漁の際には全部の鵜が一時に鮎を呑むこともあるが、鵜匠はいささかの遅滞もなく、それを取りさばく。
English: Being in charge of very busy operation, ujo takes care to add firewood to the kagari or pilot the boat jealously.
Japanese: 鵜匠はその多忙のうちにあってなおあるいは篝の薪を添え、あるいは舟の進退に注意し、ひと呼吸の油断もない。
English: Ukai on the banks of Nagara-gawa River in Gifu City and Seki City, Gifu Prefecture, is performed by ujo of shikibu-shoku, Imperial Household Agency.
Japanese: 岐阜県岐阜市ならびに関市の長良川河畔における鵜飼は、宮内庁式部職である鵜匠によって行われている。
English: There are 6 ujo in Nagara, Gifu City and 3 ujo in Oze, Seki City, and these are all succeeded by heredity.
Japanese: 鵜匠は岐阜市長良に6人、関市小瀬に3人おり、これらは全て世襲制である。
English: In the Ukai of Nagara-gawa River, one ujo conducts fishing using 12 cormorants at once.
Japanese: 長良川の鵜飼では、1人の鵜匠が一度に12羽もの鵜を操りながら漁を行う。
English: The origin of Ukai of the Nagara-gawa River can go back to about 1300 years and it had been done during the Edo shogunate and the Owari-Tokugawa family.
Japanese: もともと長良川の鵜飼はその起源を1300年ほど前までさかのぼることができ、江戸時代においては江戸幕府および尾張徳川家の庇護のもとに行われていた。
English: After the Meiji Restoration it was once patronized by the house of the Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya, but in 1890 it belonged to shuryo-ryo (the Division of Imperial Hunting) of Imperial Household Ministry and was under direct control of the Imperial Household Ministry (present Imperial Household Agency).
Japanese: 明治維新後は一時有栖川宮家御用となるも、1890年に宮内省主猟寮属となり、長良川鵜飼は宮内省（現宮内庁）の直轄となった。
English: Therefore, "Goryo Ukai" is the Ukai patronized by the Imperial Family, and in a narrow sense it refers to fishing done at the fishing grounds for the Imperial Household Agency eight times from May 11 to October 15 every year.
Japanese: すなわち、御料鵜飼とは皇室御用の鵜飼であり、狭義には毎年5月11日から10月15日まで行われる漁のうち特に宮内庁の御料場で行われる8回の漁を指す。
English: The ayu caught at Goryo Ukai is not only presented to Imperial Palace, but also dedicated to Meiji-jingu Shrine and Ise-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 御料鵜飼で獲れた鮎は皇居へ献上されるのみならず、明治神宮や伊勢神宮へも奉納される。
English: The Ukai held in the Fuefuki-gawa River, Fuefuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture and in the Arida-gawa River, Arida City, Wakayama Prefecture is called 'Kachi-u.'
Japanese: 山梨県笛吹市の笛吹川や和歌山県有田市の有田川で行われている鵜飼は、「徒歩鵜（かちう）」と呼ばれるものである。
English: This is the Ukai in where ujo uses one or two cormorants and conducts fishing by fording a river without using any boats.
Japanese: これは小船等を用いず、鵜匠が1羽ないし2羽のウを連れて直接浅瀬に入って漁をする鵜飼である。
English: The Ukai held in the Takatsu-gawa River, Masuda City, Shimane Prefecture is the only Ukai called 'hanashi-ukai' all over the country, in which cormorant fishing is done without using a rein.
Japanese: 島根県益田市の高津川で行われている鵜飼は、全国で唯一の「放し鵜飼」と呼ばれるもので、ウに手綱をつけずに漁を行う。
English: In addition this Ukai is done to win ujo's livelihood so that its stance is different from that of other sightseeing Ukai.
Japanese: また、この鵜飼はあくまで鵜匠の生計のための漁であり、そのスタンスは他の観光鵜飼とは異なる。
English: In order to prevent indiscriminate fishing, the fishing period is determined to be from the autumn when general Ukai finish to the next spring.
Japanese: 乱獲防止のため、漁期は一般の鵜飼が終わる秋ごろから翌初春にかけてである。
English: At the age when Ukai was described in 'Zuisho' (600), it was an uncommon fishing method, but later cormorant fishing was also established in China.
Japanese: 隋書に書かれた時代（600年）には鵜飼いは中国人にとって珍しい漁法だったが、その後中国においても鵜飼い漁法が定着した。
English: According to theory, the record of Ukai in China goes back to a passage in a poem written by Ho TO (712-770).
Japanese: 中国における鵜飼いの記録は、一説には杜甫（712年-770年）の詩の一節にまで遡るという。
English: It is translated as 'every house keeps cormorant and eats yellow fish for every meal,' which is said to mean Ukai.
Japanese: 「家々では鵜を飼い、毎食黄魚を食べる」と訳されるこれが鵜飼いの事であるという。
English: However, there are many divergent opinions against the theory that monster crows mean cormorant, and even if it meant cormorant, yellow fish were considered as sturgeon so, that it is difficult to think that a cormorant swallows such big fish like a sturgeon; therefore, the theory that this poem is an evidence of Ukai remains in doubt.
Japanese: ただし、烏鬼というのが鵜を表すという説には異論も多く、仮に鵜であったとしても黄魚とはチョウザメであるとされていることから、鵜がチョウザメのような巨大な魚を捕れるとは考えにくく、これを鵜飼いの証拠とする説には疑問が持たれている。
English: The oldest certain record is a description that the fishermen in Toto (city of Taihei-fu (Taihei district) (太平府), Anki-sho (Anki province)) 'use very alert cormorant for fishing' in "Seiiroku (清異録)" (965) written by Koku TO (陶穀), a literary man in the 10th century.
Japanese: 確実な記録として最古の物は、10世紀の文人・陶穀が残した『清異録』（965年）において、当塗（安徽省太平府の都市）の漁民が「魚を捕らえるのに非常に機敏な鵜を使う」と記述されているものである。
English: In addition, in the text in which Chin HAN, a literary man in the latter part of the 11th century, wrote, there is a description about a fishing method almost as same as the one which was done in China in the 20th century.
Japanese: また、11世紀後半の文人・范鎮が残した文章にも、20世紀の中国で行われていたのととほぼ同じ漁法が描かれている。
English: While a Temminck's cormorant is used in Japan, a common cormorant is used in China.
Japanese: 使用される鵜の種類が、日本ではウミウであるのに対し、中国ではカワウを使用する。
English: In Japan the cormorant for fishing is an adult bird which is captured and disciplined, but in China it is completely domesticated.
Japanese: 日本では漁のための鵜は成鳥を捕獲して訓練するが、中国では完全に家畜化されている。
English: Both in Japan and China a ring is put around the neck of cormorant to prevent the bird from swallowing the fish, but in China a cormorant is not tied to a rope and comes back to ujo by itself, which is different from that in Japan.
Japanese: 魚を飲み込めないように鵜の喉に輪を装着するのは日本も中国も同じだが、中国では日本のように鵜を綱に繋がず、魚を捕らえた鵜は自発的に鵜匠の元に戻ってくる。
English: While in Japan Ukai has remained stylized so that usually only ayu are caught, in China Ukai has continued as a general fishing method so that any size of fish which cormorant can get are caught.
Japanese: 日本では鵜飼いは様式化して残ったため、捕る魚はほぼアユのみだが、中国では一般漁法として存続しているため、鵜が捕れるサイズのありとあらゆる魚を捕る。
English: From these points, Berthold Laufer guesses that Ukai in China developed independently rather than obtaining the know-how from Ukai in Japan, which started earlier than in China.
Japanese: これらの観点から、中国の鵜飼いは歴史的に先行している日本の鵜飼いからそのノウハウを得たのではなく、独自に発達したものではないかとベルトルト・ラウファーは推測している。
English: In Europe from the end of 16th century to the beginning of 17th century, Ukai spread as a sport mainly among the people of the Court in England and France.
Japanese: 16世紀末から17世紀初めにかけての一時期、ヨーロッパでも鵜飼いがスポーツとして、主にイギリスとフランスの宮廷を中心として広まった。
English: There are records that in 1609 Ukai was performed before Louis XIII, King of France, when he was the Crown Prince, and that in 1618 a grower barn and pond for cormorant, osprey, and otter of James I, King of England was planned to be built in Westminster.
Japanese: 1609年、皇太子だったルイ13世(フランス王)の前で鵜飼いが実演され、1618年にはジェームズ1世(イングランド王)が飼っている鵜・ミサゴ・カワウソ（いずれも漁用動物）のための飼育小屋と池をウェストミンスターに作ろうとした記録が残っている。
English: However, it should be noted that these Ukai did not succeed the know-how of fishing method from Japan and China, but that it was conducted by almost the same method of Taka-gari falconry.
Japanese: ただし、一概に言えることは、これらの鵜飼いは日本や中国から漁法のノウハウを受け継いだものではなく、鷹狩りの手法の延長で行われたということである。
English: A blindfolded cormorant was led to fishing ground and a blindfold was removed only at the time of fishing.
Japanese: 鵜は目隠しをされたまま漁場に連れてこられ、漁の時だけ目隠しを外された。