nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Emperor Sutoku was rumored to be a son of Emperor Shirakawa, Cloistered Emperor Toba's grandfather, and it is believed that Cloistered Emperor Toba loathed Emperor Sutoku, calling him 'uncle child.'
Japanese: 崇徳天皇が鳥羽法皇の祖父白河天皇の子だとする風説が流布されており、鳥羽法皇は崇徳天皇を「叔父子」と呼んで忌み嫌っていたとされている。
English: However, this account is found only in "Kojidan (Collection of Folklore)," but there are theories that discredit its authenticity.
Japanese: しかし、これは『古事談』のみの記述であり、信憑性を疑問視する学説もある。
English: Retired Emperor Sutoku hoped to get his son, Imperial Prince Shigehito, to ascend the Imperial Throne when Emperor Konoe died in 1155, but his father, Cloistered Emperor Toba, got Imperial Prince Masahito (another brother of retired Emperor Sutoku), who was supported by Bifukumonin and FUJIWARA no Michinori, to ascend the Imperial Throne instead.
Japanese: 久寿2年（1155年）に近衛天皇が崩御すると崇徳上皇は御子の重仁親王の即位を望むが、父・鳥羽法皇は美福門院や近臣の藤原通憲の推す雅仁親王（崇徳上皇のもう一人の弟）を後白河天皇として即位させてしまう。
English: In the family of the regent of the Emperor there was a fight between the chief adviser to the Emperor, FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, and the minister of the left, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who were brothers, and then Tadamichi and Yorinaga each approached Emperor Goshirakawa and retired Emperor Sutoku.
Japanese: 摂関家でも関白藤原忠通と左大臣藤原頼長の兄弟が争い、忠通は後白河天皇に、頼長は崇徳上皇に接近した。
English: MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, MINAMOTO no Yorikata, MINAMOTO no Tametomo, MINAMOTO no Yorinori (Yorinori TADA) and TAIRA no Tadamasa sided with the retired emperor, while MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, TAIRA no Kiyomori, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and MINAMOTO no Yoshiyasu (Yoshiyasu ASHIKAGA) sided with the Emperor.
Japanese: 上皇方には源為義、源頼賢、源為朝、源頼憲（多田頼憲）、平忠正らが、天皇方には、源義朝、平清盛、源頼政、源義康（足利義康）らが味方する。
English: The clash between the two sides was inevitable when Cloistered Emperor Toba died, on July 20, 1156.
Japanese: 保元元年（1156年）7月2日(旧暦)、鳥羽法皇が崩御すると、両派の衝突は不可避の情勢となった。
English: On July 31, 1156, TAIRA no Motomori, the second son of Kiyomori, on the task of guarding Uji City, apprehended MINAMOTO no Chikaharu (Chikaharu UNO) of the Yamato-Genji, who was to join the retired emperor's side.
Japanese: 保元元年（1156年）7月6日(旧暦)、宇治市の警護にあたっていた平基盛（清盛の次男）が、上皇方に参陣しようとしていた大和源氏の源親治（宇野親治）を捕える。
English: On August 4, the two armies faced each other across the Kamo-gawa River, with the headquarters of the retired emperor's side in the Shirakawakita-dono Palace and those of the Emperor Goshirakawa's side in the Takamatsu-dono Palace (.Emperor Goshirakawa was in the Takamatsu-dono Palace).
Japanese: 7月10日(旧暦)、両軍は賀茂川を挟んで対峙、上皇方は白河北殿、天皇方は東三条殿に本陣を置き、後白河天皇は高松殿にあった。
English: On the retired emperor's side, Tametomo planned to seize the Emperor in a night raid on the Takamatsu-dono Palace, but Yorinaga rejected the plan on the grounds that a battle over the Imperial Throne should be fought proudly in broad daylight.
Japanese: 上皇方では為朝が高松殿を夜討して天皇を奪うことを献策したが、頼長が皇位をかけた戦いは白昼堂々と行うものだとしてこれを退けた。
English: (In "Gukansho," Tameyoshi is described as having made three plans, such as a preemptive attack to occupy the Imperial Palace.)
Japanese: （『愚管抄』では為義が先手を打って内裏を占領するなど三策を献策したことになっている。）
English: Before dawn on August 5, the Emperor's army made a surprise attack on Shirakawakita-dono Palace in the three separate forces: Kiyomori led approximately 300 cavalry, Yoshitomo 200 cavalry and Yoshiyasu 100 cavalry.
Japanese: 7月11日(旧暦)未明、天皇方は清盛300余騎、義朝200余騎、義康100余騎の3隊に分かれて白河北殿を奇襲。
English: The emperor's side deployed Yorimasa's, MINAMOTO no Shigenari's, and TAIRA no Nobukane's forces, but the retired emperor's side fought hard at each gate and fierce battles continued.
Japanese: 天皇方は頼政、源重成、平信兼らの軍兵を投入するが、上皇方は各門で奮戦して激闘が続く。
English: Yoshitomo submitted the use of fire in the battle for Imperial sanction of Emperor Goshirakawa, and once the sanction was received the Emperor's army set fire to the FUJIWARA no Ienari's residence to the west of Shirakawakita-dono Palace; the fire spread to the palace, causing the retired emperor's soldiers to scramble to escape.
Japanese: 義朝は後白河天皇に火攻の勅許を求め、これが許されると天皇方は白河北殿の西隣にある藤原家成邸に放火、火が燃え移ったため上皇方の兵は先を争って白河北殿から逃走。
English: The death penalty, in the first place, had not been imposed for more than 200 years since the Kusuko Incident (Kusuko-no-Hen), but it was reinstated by Shinzei.
Japanese: そもそも死罪は薬子の変以来200年以上行われていなかったが、信西が復活させたものである。
English: No one opposed Shinzei's decision, because he was knowledgeable enough about law to write "Hosso-ruirin" (a collection of legal documents).
Japanese: 『法曹類林』を著すほどの法知識を持った信西の裁断には反対するものはなかった。
English: Tametomo escaped but was later captured and was allegedly banished to Izu-oshima Island after his arm tendon was removed to keep him from ever drawing a bow (his claim to fame).
Japanese: 為朝は逃れたが、後に捕まり、自慢の弓を射ることができないよう、左腕の筋を抜かれてから伊豆大島に流されたと言われている。
English: People at that time, however, were surprised by the fact that the internal conflict of the Imperial Court was resolved militarily, particularly in a battle in the urban area of Kyoto, and the death penalty was imposed for the first time in hundreds of years; commoners as well as nobles were left with a strong impression of samurai power.
Japanese: しかし、宮廷の対立が戦闘によって解決したこと、とりわけ京都市街を戦場とし、数百年ぶりに死刑が執行されたことは、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与え、貴族から庶民まで武士の力を強く印象づけることとなった。
English: "Gukansho," a history book in the Kamakura period, describes this disturbance as the beginning of the 'warrior's world' and a turning point in history.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の歴史書『愚管抄』は、この乱が「武者ノ世」の始まりであり、歴史の転換点だったと論じている。
English: The disturbance, one of the underlying causes of the Heiji Disturbance (Heiji-no-ran) that occurred three years later, led to the establishment of Japan's first samurai-dominated government--that of the Taira clan--and the Kamakura shogunate based on the kanto warrior bands.
Japanese: この乱は、3年後の平治の乱の遠因ともなり、さらには日本最初の武士政権である平氏政権の成立、また関東武士団を基盤とする鎌倉幕府の成立をもたらすこととなる。
English: Shiramine,' a story in "Ugetsu Monogatari" (Tales of Moonlight and Rain), is a supernatural tale about the ghost of the retired Emperor Sutoku, who was defeated in the Hogen Disturbance.
Japanese: 『雨月物語』に含まれる小説「白峰」は、保元の乱に敗れた崇徳上皇の亡霊を題材にした怪談。
English: The Boshin War from 1868 to 1869 was a civil war in Japan in which the new Meiji government, brought about by the restoration of the Japanese monarchy, eradicated the power of the Edo Shogunate.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争（ぼしんせんそう、慶応4年/明治元年-明治2年（1868年-1869年））は、王政復古(日本)で成立した明治新政府が江戸幕府勢力を一掃した日本の内戦。
English: As a result of the war, members from the Sat-Cho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) and their supporting domains (the Saga and Tosa Domains) played an active role in the Meiji government, and Japan was to head for the modern system of centralized government.
Japanese: この戦争の結果、薩長、薩長協力藩（佐賀藩、土佐藩等）出身者が明治政府の主体となり、日本は近代的な中央集権国家への道を歩んでいった。
English: The Boshin War was roughly divided into three phases: the Battle of Toba and Fushimi phase which arose from the power struggle between the Sat-Cho and the Shogunate under the new government; the Tohoku War phase, including the Hokuetsu War and the Aizu War, which arose from the issue of punishment meted out to Aizu and Shonai Domains; and the Hakodate War phase in which the members of the former Shogunate staged a final revolt.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争は、新政府下での薩長と幕府の主導権争いに起因する「鳥羽・伏見の戦い」の段階、会津藩・庄内藩の処分問題に起因する「東北戦争（北越戦争と会津戦争を含む）」の段階、旧幕府勢力の最後の抵抗となった「箱館戦争」の段階の3段階に大きく区分される。
English: Each of the camps may be referred to as the Imperial forces, the Seigun (forces in the west) and the Sat-Cho forces on the new government's side, and the Togun (forces in the east) on the former Shogunate's side, but, in this section, they are conveniently referred as to the new government's forces and the former Shogunate forces.
Japanese: 陣営の呼称として、新政府側については官軍、西軍、薩長軍、旧幕府側については東軍、といった呼び方もなされるが、本項目では便宜上新政府軍と旧幕府軍に呼称を統一する。
English: Amid political turmoil, at the end of the Edo period, the 15th Shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA returned political power to the Imperial Court (Taisei Hokan), and diminished the legitimate reason for the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Japanese: 幕末の混乱した政局の中、第15代将軍徳川慶喜は朝廷に統治権を返上する大政奉還を行い、倒幕運動の大義名分を失わせた。
English: The former Shogunate was to continue to take hold of the government even under the new government, for the Imperial Court did not have any administrative functions.
Japanese: 朝廷が行政能力をもっていないため、引き続き旧幕府が新政府下の実質的な政権を担う予定であった。
English: In response, the anti-Shogunate group (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains, and some of the court nobles such as Tomomi IWAKURA) plotted a coup to overcome the political weakness.
Japanese: これに対し討幕派（薩摩藩・長州藩や岩倉具視らの一部公家）は、政治上の劣勢を挽回すべくクーデターを計画。
English: This was the core of the new regime based on the Sat-Cho group, but exclusive of the former Shogunate and upper-class court nobles.
Japanese: これは旧幕府と上級公家を廃して薩長派を中心とした新体制の内容であった。
English: Moreover, at an assembly, it was decided to make the demand (jikan-nochi) that Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA resign from the position of inner minister (naidaijin)and return a part of his domain.
Japanese: さらに会議で徳川慶喜に対し内大臣の官位辞退と領地の一部返上（辞官納地）の要求を決定した。
English: Furthermore, the former Shogunate forces advanced to pacify Kyoto under the banner of 'the statement to the Emperor on avenging Satsuma' (to-satsu-hyo) because the Satsuma Domain had ordered its retainers to cause a disturbance in Edo.
Japanese: さらに薩摩藩は藩士に命じ江戸で騒擾を起こさせたため、旧幕府軍は討薩表を掲げて、京都を軍事力によって鎮定するべく兵を進めた。
English: It is wrong to say that the former Shogunate forces lost to the new government because they could not match the latter's modernized forces; in fact, they had westernized their forces from early on, and thus did not lag behind the new government's forces.
Japanese: 「近代化を進めた新政府軍に対して、遅れた旧幕府側の軍隊が対抗できなかったために敗れた」というのは誤りで、実際は旧幕府軍も早くから軍隊の西洋化に取り組んでおり、新政府軍に対して劣っていなかった。
English: At the beginning of the war, the former Shogunate forces were far superior in military strength and logistics, but later were severely defeated by the new government's forces accustomed to battle with rifles.
Japanese: 開戦時での兵力や兵站は旧幕府軍が圧倒的に優勢であったが、小銃での戦闘に習熟した新政府軍に対応できず大敗した。
English: The former Shogunate forces, while they had far superior military strength and had westernized troops, were demoralized and disintegrated because Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA fled, leaving his officers and soldiers behind.
Japanese: それでも旧幕府軍の兵力は上回っており洋化部隊も温存されていたのだが、徳川慶喜が将兵を置き去りにしたまま脱出したこともあり士気が低下し自壊した。
English: Afterwards, since Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA lived in surrender and obedience, the former Shogunate forces, which had still continued to rebel, lost the core of the movement and were unable to unite their forces.
Japanese: 以降、徳川慶喜が降伏恭順に徹したため、反抗を続ける旧幕府勢力は糾合の核を欠き、戦力の結集が行えなかった。
English: In the Tohoku War, many domains of the Ou alliance lagged behind in armaments due to financial difficulties and delay in political reform, and differed greatly in military strength compared with the new government's forces.
Japanese: 東北戦争では奥羽同盟に参加した藩の多くが、改革の遅れや財政難から軍備が立ち後れており、新政府軍とは兵力での開きが大きかった。
English: Even the elite units of the former Shogunate forces which had joined the alliance were forced to use old rifles when they ran short of ammunition.
Japanese: 同盟に合流した旧幕府軍の精鋭部隊も弾薬が欠乏すると、旧式の小銃を使用せざるをえない状況に追い込まれた。
English: Not only the regular soldiers consisting of retainers but also mixed forces consisting of townspeople, peasants, outlaws, and retainers from other domains played an active part in their military forces.
Japanese: 兵力として藩士からなる正規兵だけでなく、町民や農民、無頼の徒や他国藩士によって結成された混成部隊が戦力とされ活躍した。
English: Shinsaku TAKASUGI who organized the Choshu militia (Choshu Kiheitai) is said to have thought that his soldiers were superior to the samurai who had been corrupted in time of peace.
Japanese: 長州奇兵隊を結成した高杉晋作は「太平の世で堕落した武士より戦力になる」と考えていたとされる。
English: The act of setting fire, requisition of goods on site, the use of lynch law against prisoners of war, and the punishment meted out against fellow soldiers were prevalent.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争においては、焼き討ちや物資の現地接収、捕虜の私刑、味方への制裁も多く発生している。
English: Moreover, there were many recorded incidents of war crimes such as pillage, violent assaults, arson, rapes and massacres.
Japanese: また、略奪、暴行、放火、強姦や殺戮のような戦争犯罪が行われた記録も多い。
English: There were even records of these acts, not only by mixed forces comprising a large number of so-called outlaws, but also by regular soldiers within their own and allied domains.
Japanese: いわゆるガラの悪い人物の多い混成部隊ではもちろんの事、藩兵が同盟領内や自国内で行った記録すら残されている。
English: However, notions of these acts and pillage, at the time, differed from modern ethics.
Japanese: なお、これらの兵の素行や略奪に関する概念は近代の倫理観と落差があった。
English: The new government's forces received military training and weapons mainly from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland while the former Shogunate forces from the French Second Empire.
Japanese: 新政府軍は主にグレートブリテンおよびアイルランド連合王国から、旧幕府軍は主にフランス第二帝政から、軍事教練や武器供与などの援助を受けていた。
English: Military intervention and interference in domestic affairs by powerful western nations were, however, avoided since both sides did not request them to deploy troops.
Japanese: しかし両陣営とも外国の軍隊の派兵を要請することはなかったため、欧米列強による内政干渉や武力介入という事態は避けられた。
English: The decision of the jikan-nochi against Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA by the new government, after restoring the monarchy, increased opposition to the Satsuma Domain among those on the former Shogunate side.
Japanese: 旧幕府陣営では王政復古後の新政府による、徳川慶喜に対する辞官納地の決議により薩摩藩に対しての反発が強まっていた。
English: Moreover, the Satsuma Domain had allowed Takamori SAIGO order his retainers to cause a disturbance in Edo by committing robbery and violence in order to cause chaos in the former Shogunate and start a war.
Japanese: さらに薩摩藩は旧幕府側を混乱させ戦端を開かせる誘いとして、西郷隆盛の命令で江戸で藩士に強盗や狼藉を行わせ騒擾を引き起こしていた。
English: The Shonai Domain, given the task of guarding Edo City, along with the Kaminoyama Domain burned down the Satsuma residence where the retainers of the Satsuma Domain were based.
Japanese: 江戸市中警護の任についていた庄内藩は上山藩と共同し、この薩摩藩士の拠点となっていた薩摩邸を焼き討ちした。
English: This incident gathered momentum among the former Shogunate to fight against the Satsuma Domain; with the statement to the Emperor declaring that they would avenge Satsuma's wrongs (to-satsu-hyo), the Shogunate infantry of the former Shogunate and warriors of the Aizu and Kuwana Domains advanced from Osaka to pacify Kyoto and they clashed with the forces of the Satsuma and Choshu Domains in Toba and Fushimi on the outskirts of southern Kyoto on January 27, 1868.
Japanese: これにより旧幕府では薩摩打倒の機運が高まり、「薩摩の不法行為を誅する」とした上奏表（討薩表）を携え、京都を兵力で抑えるべく、旧幕府側の幕府歩兵隊、会津藩兵、桑名藩兵などが大阪から進軍し、薩摩藩・長州藩の軍勢と慶応4年1月3日(旧暦)（1868年1月27日）、京都南郊外の鳥羽と伏見で衝突した。
English: As described above, the former Shogunate forces were superior in military strength at the beginning of the war, and in fact, the new government's forces had reportedly reviewed the option of withdrawing from Kyoto with the Emperor.
Japanese: 前述の通り、開戦時の兵力では旧幕府軍が上回っており、新政府軍では天皇を連れて京都から撤退することも検討していたと言われる。
English: The former lost the will to fight because during the battle the latter raised the Imperial standard as proof of their being the Imperial forces.
Japanese: 新政府軍は戦闘中に官軍の証である錦の御旗を掲げたため旧幕府軍の戦意が低下した。
English: The new government's forces won decisively since the former Shogunate did not use their westernized troops nor did they command their forces well.
Japanese: 洋化部隊が温存されたことや指揮そのものも稚拙であったため、新政府軍の圧勝に終わった。
English: At this stage, the former Shogunate forces were still far superior in military strength in total and were supposedly going to take the offensive in no time; Yoshinobu, however, escaped from Osaka Castle on January 30 and fled to Edo by sea, abandoning his army.
Japanese: この時点での総戦力では未だに幕府軍が圧倒的に上回っており、巻き返すのも時間の問題と思われたが、慶喜は軍を捨てて大坂城を脱出（1月6日）、海路で江戸へ逃走した。
English: Yoshinobu accompanied Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu Domain), his brother Sadaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana Domain) and his favorite concubine.
Japanese: このとき慶喜は、松平容保（会津藩主）と松平定敬（桑名藩主）の兄弟および愛妾を同道させた。
English: Because Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was the Commander in Chief and the core of the conflict, deserted the army in the face of the enemy, the former Shogunate forces disintegrated and stopped fighting; each of the domains brought their troops home.
Japanese: 最高指揮官であり当事者であるはずの徳川慶喜が敵前逃亡したことにより、旧幕府軍は自壊し、抗戦をやめて各藩は兵を帰した。
English: After arriving in Edo, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA confined himself to the Ueno Kanei-ji Temple and tried to show that he had no intention of revolting against the Emperor.
Japanese: 江戸へ到着した徳川慶喜は、上野寛永寺にて謹慎し、天皇に反抗する意志がないことを示そうとした。
English: The new government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito as the supreme commander and organized the expeditionary forces to the east; the forces were then divided into the Tokaido-gun army, the Tosando-gun army, and the Hokurikudo-gun army, and they all advanced to Edo.
Japanese: しかし、新政府は有栖川宮熾仁親王を大総督宮とした東征軍を組織し、東海道軍・東山道軍・北陸道軍に別れ、江戸へ向けて進軍した。
English: The former Shogunate forces organized the Koyo-Chinbutai infantry led by the commanders such as Isami KONDO, and planned to seize Koshu Castle.
Japanese: 旧幕府軍では、近藤勇らの率いる甲陽鎮撫隊を組織して甲府城を押さえようとした。
English: Advancing along the Tosando to Shinshu, the Tosando-gun army led by Taisuke ITAGAKI (a retainer of the Tosa Domain) and Masaharu IJICHI (a retainer of the Satsuma Domain) sent a detachment led by Taisuke ITAGAKI to Koshu to contain the movement of the former Shogunate forces; the detachment arrived earlier than the Koyo-Chinbutai infantry and seized Koshu Castle.
Japanese: 東山道を進み信州にいた土佐藩士板垣退助・薩摩藩士伊地知正治が率いる新政府の東山道軍は、この動きを封じるために板垣退助が指揮する東山道軍の別働隊を甲州へ向かわせ、旧幕府軍よりも早く甲府城に到着し接収した。
English: The Koyo-Chinbutai infantry advanced to the Kofu basin, but was defeated by the new government's forces on March 29, 1868.
Japanese: 甲陽鎮撫隊は甲府盆地へ兵を進めたが、慶応4年3月6日(旧暦)（同3月29日）新政府軍に敗れた。
English: The main forces of the Tosando-gun army advancing along the Tosando arrived at Yanada-juku (currently Ashikaga City) on March 31, and made a surprise attack on a unit (the shohotai) consisting of deserters from the former Shogunate Infantry, and defeated it on April 1.
Japanese: 一方、東山道を進んだ東山道軍の本隊は、3月8日に武州熊谷宿に到着、3月9日に近くの梁田宿（現・足利市）で宿泊していた旧幕府歩兵隊の脱走部隊（衝鋒隊）に奇襲をかけ、これを撃破した。
English: The Tosando-gun army of the new government, which had advanced to Sumpu, decided at a council of war on March 29 to launch a full-scale attack on Edo Castle on April 7 and began preparing for it.
Japanese: 駿府に進軍した新政府の東海道軍は、3月6日の軍議において江戸城総攻撃を3月15日と定め、準備を始めた。
English: With the full authority of the former Shogunate as a member of the kyojun-ha (pro-surrender group), Kaishu KATSU (commander in chief of the Shogunate army) sent a retainer of the Shogunate, Tesshu YAMAOKA as an emissary to Takamori SAIGO, the staff of the tosei supreme commander's office, for negotiation; Katsu relayed the terms of surrender: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's confinement to Bizen (Bizen-azuke) and the surrender of weapons and warships.
Japanese: 恭順派として旧幕府の全権を委任された陸軍総裁の勝海舟は、幕臣山岡鉄舟を東征大総督府参謀の西郷隆盛に使者として差し向け会談、西郷より降伏条件として、徳川慶喜の備前預け、武器・軍艦の引渡しを伝えられた。
English: Saigo visited the residence owned by the Satsuma Domain in Takanawa on April 5 and afterwards, negotiated the surrender of Edo Castle with Katsu.
Japanese: 西郷は3月13日、高輪の薩摩藩邸に入り、同日から勝と西郷の間で江戸開城の交渉が行われた。
English: The following day, Katsu delivered the former Shogunate's demands that Yoshinobu retire and be confined to Mito, and that Edo Castle be entrusted to the Tayasu-Tokugawa family after the surrender; Saigi promised to review them in the commander's office and the plan for the full-scale attack on April 7 was halted.
Japanese: 翌日勝は、慶喜は隠居の上、水戸にて謹慎すること、江戸城は明け渡しの後、即日田安徳川家に預けること、等の旧幕府としての要求事項を伝え、西郷は総督府にて検討するとして15日の総攻撃は中止となった。
English: As a result, on April 26, the Imperial envoy (the spearhead commander, Saneyana HASHIMOTO and the deputy spearhead commander, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA) entered Edo Castle, and delivered the Imperial order that Yoshinobu be confined to Mito, and that Edo Castle be entrusted to the Owari-Tokugawa family; on May 3, the bloodless surrender was accepted, and the weapons and Edo Castle were each placed under the supervision of the Owari and Higo Domains.
Japanese: 結果、4月4日に勅使（先鋒総督橋本実梁・同副総督柳原前光）が江戸城に入り、慶喜は水戸にて謹慎すること、江戸城は尾張徳川家に預けること等とした条件を勅諚として伝え、4月11日(旧暦)（同5月3日）に江戸城は無血開城され、城は尾張藩、武器は肥後藩の監督下に置かれることになった。
English: On May 13, the tosei supreme commander, the Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito entered Edo Castle, and the castle was placed under the control of the new government.
Japanese: 21日には東征大都督である有栖川宮熾仁親王が江戸城に入城して江戸城は新政府の支配下に入った。
English: This virtually marked the end of the Edo Shogunate which lasted for over 260 years.
Japanese: ここに江戸幕府は事実上「滅亡」し、家康以来続いた260余年の支配に終止符が打たれた。
English: Some retainers of the former Shogunate, who were opposed to the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle on May 3, 1868, fled towards Chiba Prefecture and set up a camp in Funabashi Daijingu, and on May 24, they clashed with the new government's forces around the area of Ichikawa City, Kamagaya City, and Funabashi City.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）4月11日に行われた江戸城無血開城に従わぬ旧幕臣の一部が千葉県方面に逃亡、船橋大神宮に陣をはり、4月3日(旧暦)（5月24日）に市川市・鎌ヶ谷市・船橋市周辺で両軍は衝突した。
English: At the beginning of the battle, the former Shogunate forces, which outnumbered the new government's forces, were superior, but the military situation shifted in favor of the new government's forces with their modern military equipment, and the war ended in a victory for them.
Japanese: この戦いは最初は数に勝る旧幕府軍が有利だったが、戦況は新装備を有する新政府軍へと傾き、新政府側の勝利で幕を閉じた。
English: After the battle, no mass revolt against the new government took place in the area to the east of Edo.
Japanese: この戦い以後、江戸以東における新政府に対する集団的な抵抗はなくなった。
English: Even though Edo Castle surrendered, many hard-core Shogunate retainers who continued to resist escaped from Edo, and moved from place to place in northern Kanto to fight.
Japanese: 江戸城は開城したものの、徹底抗戦派の幕臣は大量に江戸を脱走し、北関東を転戦した。
English: Along the way, former Shogunate forces such as the Denshu-tai (French-trained special unit) fought against the new government's forces around Oyama Castle in Shimotsuke Province and at Utsunomiya Castle.
Japanese: その道中、小山城(下野国)付近や宇都宮城で伝習隊などの旧幕府軍と新政府軍が戦った。
English: The former Shogunate forces captured Utsunomiya Castle on May 11, but withdrew towards Imaichi City and Nikko City after the castle was recaptured by the new government's forces.
Japanese: 4月19日(旧暦)、（同5月11日）に旧幕府軍が宇都宮城を占領するも、奪い返され、今市市、日光市方面に退却した。
English: The hard-core resistant Shogi-tai from the former Shogunate forces gathered at the Ueno Kanei-ji Temple where Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA had confined himself, and, from their base at the temple, they often clashed with soldiers of the new government's forces.
Japanese: 徳川慶喜が謹慎していた上野寛永寺には、旧幕府徹底抗戦派の彰義隊が集結して反政府軍の拠点となっており、しばしば新政府軍の兵士と衝突した。
English: Takamori SAIGO, the commander of the Tosando-gun army of the new government which successfully brought about the bloodless surrender and virtually abolished the Shogunate, was criticized for his leniency toward the Shogi-tai because of his relationship with Kaishu KATSU, a soft-liner from the former Shogunate.
Japanese: 「江戸無血開城」に成功し、事実上幕府を滅亡させた新政府の東海道軍を率いる西郷隆盛は、旧幕府穏健派の勝海舟との関係から、彰義隊への対応の甘さが指摘されていた。
English: On June 20, OMURA dismissed the former Shogunate from the task of patrolling the Edo-futyu, and attacked the Shogitai on July 4 right after the Sendai Domain-led Northern government (Ouetsu-reppan alliance) was established in the Tohoku Region and Echigo.
Japanese: 大村は5月1日、旧幕府による江戸府中取締の任を解き、東北地方、越後で仙台藩主導による北部政府（奥羽越列藩同盟）が誕生した直後の5月15日(旧暦)（同7月4日）、彰義隊を攻撃した。
English: As a result, the new government gained control of the region to the east of Edo, and Edo was renamed as Tokyo in September.
Japanese: これにより、新政府は江戸以西を掌握することとなり、7月には江戸が東京と改称された。
English: The purpose of the Ouetsu-reppan alliance at the time of the Shiraishi pact was to petition for the pardon of the Aizu and Shonai Domains.
Japanese: 奥羽越列藩同盟は白石盟約の時点では会津藩・庄内藩の赦免嘆願のを目的としていた。
English: After the alliance killed Shuzo SERA, the chinbushi (temporary provincial superintendent), and began to engage in full-scale battles in Shiraishi-guchi, the nature of the alliance was changed to a military one.
Japanese: 新政府の鎮撫使（世良修蔵）を殺害し、白石口で既に本格的な攻防戦が開始されていたことから軍事同盟へと変化した。
English: Because some domains joined the alliance out of sympathy or for opportunity, and others joined it because of pressure from large domains or from coercion by the former Shogunate forces, they were not closely united; accordingly, one domain after another defected from the alliance as the situation worsened.
Japanese: 両藩への同情や日和見的に雰囲気から参加した藩だけでなく、大藩の圧力や旧幕府軍の恫喝を受けて参加した藩もあり、結束が固いとは言い難く、戦況が劣勢になるにつれ次々と同盟から脱落していった。
English: In 1868, the new government rejected the Yonezawa domain's surrender with arms, and ordered the powerful domains in Tohoku such as; the Sendai and Yonezawa Domains, to deploy their forces to crush the Aizu Domain.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）、新政府は会津藩の武装恭順を認めず仙台藩・米沢藩をはじめとする東北の雄藩に会津藩追討を命じ、鎮撫使と軍の部隊を派遣した。