nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Suruga Sumigaki Koban consists of a large-sized old Japanese gold coin with hammer tone resembling Tensho-Oban and a oval koban with the same style as Oban,having written 'Suruga kyoumoku ichiryo (kao)' in ink, called Kyoume Ichiryo Koban or Suruga Sumiban, and a theory has it that it was daimyos' own territory currency Ieyasu ordered to cast after he moved to Suruga Province in Tensho era, however, which is not clear.
Japanese: 駿河墨書小判（するがすみがきこばん/するがぼくしょこばん）は天正大判と類似の槌目（つちめ）で大判と同形式の楕円形の小判であり「駿河京目壹两（花押）」と墨書され、京目一両小判（きょうめいちりょうこばん）あるいは駿河墨判（するがすみばん）とも呼ばれ、家康が天正年間に駿河国に移ってから鋳造させた領国貨幣との説があるが定かでない。
English: According to "Kinginzuroku" (Gold & Silver catalog) and "Dainihon Kaheishi" (Great History of Japanese Currency), it was cast in 1595, however, this was contradictory to the theory that Suruga Sumigaki Koban was initiated by Ieyasu; therefore, another theory holds that it was ordered to cast by Kazuuji NAKAMURA, vassal of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』によれば、文禄4年（1595年）鋳造となっているが、この説を採ると駿河墨書小判が家康のものであることと矛盾が生じ、豊臣秀吉の家臣である中村一氏が鋳造させたものであるとの説もある。
English: Its ryome (a weighed value) is Kyome (old Japanese unit of measure used around Kyoto) or 4 monme 5 bu as instructed in ink equivalent to the actual measurement value, 16.7 to 16.9 gram, of the one exists now.
Japanese: 量目は墨書通り当時の京目一両すなわち4匁5分であり、現存品の実測値である16.7～16.9グラムと符合する。
English: Musashi Sumigaki Koban is also called Musashi Sumiban, the same style koban as Suruga Sumigaki Koban, which has 'Musashi Ichiryo Mitsutsugu (kao)' in ink, and it's shape is oval with adjusted ryome by filled metal or oblong.
Japanese: 武蔵墨書小判（むさしすみがきこばん/むさしぼくしょこばん）は「武蔵壹两光次（花押）」と墨書された駿河墨書小判と同形式の小判であり武蔵墨判（むさしすみばん）とも呼ばれ、楕円形のもので埋め金により量目調整されたものおよび、長楕円形の形状のものがある。
English: It was also casted in 1595 according to "Kinginzuroku (Gold & Silver catalog)" and "History of great Japan currency"(widely-accepted theory has it that it was casted in 1596), regarded as daimyos' own territory currency for Kanhasshu (the Eight Provinces of Kanto region) ordered to cast after Ieyasu moved to Edo, thought to be the original of Keicho Koban based on its ryome and gold carat.
Japanese: 『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』によれば、これも文禄4年（1595年）鋳造とされ（文禄5年（1596年）鋳造との説も有力である）、家康が江戸に移ってから鋳造させた関八州通用の領国貨幣とされ、その量目および金品位から慶長小判の元祖とされるものである。
English: There actually exists Keicho Koban which is thought to be recast of these Sumigaki Koban.
Japanese: 実際にこれらの墨書小判を作り直したと考えられる慶長古鋳小判が現存している。
English: Its ryome is only 4 monme 8 bu (17.8gram) likely to be 4 monme 7 bu 6 rin which is defined ryome of Keicho Koban,and gold carat is only approximately 52 monme 2 bu (84.3%).
Japanese: 量目は4匁8分（17.8グラム）程度で慶長小判の規定である4匁7分6厘である可能性が高く、金品位も五十二匁二分位（84.3%）程度とされる。
English: Enbukin was oval gold coin which had Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the center of head, Kiri-mon of Gokasho around it, Kao (written seal mark) of Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO on the center of tail, hallmark of Kiri-mon of Gokasho around it, and its western gold coin shape was unusual for Japanese gold coin.
Japanese: 円歩金（えんぶきん）は表面中心部に桐紋、さらに周囲にも五箇所の桐紋、裏面は中心に後藤庄三郎光次の花押、周囲に五箇所の桐紋の極印が打たれた円形の金貨であり、形状は西洋金貨風で日本の金貨としては異例のものである。
English: It was thought to be one of Itibuban and cast from the end of Tensho era to Keicho era, though it is not clear.
Japanese: 一分判の一種とされ、鋳造時期は不明であるが天正年間末期から慶長年間までと考えられる。
English: Its ryome is likely to be only 1 monme 2 bu (4.5gram) and gold carat is approximately 52 monme 2 bu (84.3%), and it was also inherited by Keicho Ichibuban.
Japanese: 量目は1匁2分（4.5グラム）程度、金品位も五十二匁二分位（84.3%）程度とみられ、これも慶長一分判に継承されていると考えられる。
English: It had been called Taiko (retired imperial regent) Enbukin once, however, the theory it was not related to Hideyoshi is prevailing now.
Japanese: かつて太閤円歩金（たいこうえんぶきん）と呼ばれてきたが、秀吉とは無関係であるとの説が有力となりつつある。
English: Gaku Ichibuban is a rectangular reed-shaped gold coin with the same shape as Keicho Ichibuban.
Japanese: 額一分判（がくいちぶばん）は長方形短冊形の金貨で慶長一分判と同じ形状である。
English: Its ryome is ouly 1 monme 2 bu (4.5gram) the same as Enbukin, gold carat is approximately 52 monme 2 bu (84.3%).
Japanese: 量目は円歩金同様に1匁2分（4.5グラム）程度、金品位も五十二匁二分位（84.3%）程度とみられる。
English: It appears to have nothing to do with Hideyoshi, though it had been also called Osaka Ichibukin once.
Japanese: これもかつて大坂一分金（おおさかいちぶきん）などと呼ばれてきたが、秀吉との関連は薄いものと見られる。
English: Keicho Kochu Koban is defined as the early Keicho Koban, cast based on Ieyasu's plan, changing sumigaki of Musashi Sumigaki Koban to hallmark, around 1600, previous year in which the currency system of Keicho was established, supposed to be circulated publicly.
Japanese: 慶長古鋳小判（けいちょうこちゅうこばん）は初期の慶長小判と位置付けられるもので、慶長5年（1600年）頃、慶長の幣制の成立の前年に家康の方針により武蔵墨書小判の墨書を極印に改め一般流通を前提として鋳造させたものとされる。
English: It was also called Nagakoban due to its oblong shape, irregular and minute hammer tone of U shape cross section while ordinary Keicho Koban has straw matt tone of V shape cross section, and its ryome and gold carat followed that of Musashi Sumigaki Koban, being inherited by the early Keicho Koban later.
Japanese: 一般の慶長小判がV字型断面の鏨目になっているのに対し、不規則で細密なU字型断面の槌目で形状が縦長であり古朴な印象を受けるもので、長小判（ながこばん）とも呼ばれ、量目および金品位は武蔵墨書小判のものが踏襲され、その後の初期の慶長小判に引き継がれたものと思われる。
English: It has many variations such as revised Musashi Sumigaki Koban and newly cast bankin (gold coins), and many theories about the time of casting, the borderline between Kochu Koban and the early Keicho Koban and others.
Japanese: 武蔵墨書小判を改造したものおよび、新たに判金を製作したものなど変化に富み、また鋳造時期、古鋳小判と通常の前期慶長小判との境界を何処までの範囲とするかなど諸説ある。
English: Keicho Nibuban has hammer tone and the same style as Keicho Kochu Koban, and its ryome is about half as much as it, 2 monme 4 bu (8.9gram),called also Keicho Nibukoban.
Japanese: 慶長二分判（けいちょうにぶばん）は慶長古鋳小判と同じつくりで槌目であり、量目はほぼ半分の2匁4分（8.9グラム）程度のもので、慶長二分小判（けいちょうにぶこばん）とも呼ばれる。
English: There is fan shape frame around Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the upper part of its head, 'Nibu' with rectangular frame on the upper center, 'Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) 'on the lower part, Kao on the center of tail, imprinted hallmark which likely to be Kobanshi's on the lower left, and it is thought to be like a proof coin because it scarcely exists now, one of which Mint Museum owners.
Japanese: 表面上部に桐紋を囲む扇枠、中央上部に長方形枠の「貮分」、下部に「光次（花押）」、裏面は中央に花押、左下に小判師のものと思われる極印が打たれ、現存極めて稀少であり一枚は造幣博物館が所蔵しているが、試鋳貨幣的な存在であったと考えられる。
English: Hachiryoban is a gold coin with rectangluar frame around 'Oban' on the upper center, 'Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) ' on the lower part, small 12 Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) hallmarks are imprinted on outer circumference.
Japanese: 八両判（はちりょうばん）は中央上部に長方形枠の「大判」、下部に「光次（花押）」、外周に小型の桐紋極印が十二箇所打たれた大判形の金貨である。
English: Mint Museum and Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan own them, which are thought to be all Hachiburyouban exist now.
Japanese: 現在、造幣博物館および貨幣博物館が所蔵し、現存はこれのみと見られる。
English: Its ryome is 38 monme 8 rin according to the document of Kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period), which is just 8 times as much as Koban's, 4 monme 6 rin, thus it is called Hachiryoban.
Japanese: 量目は金座の記録に三拾八匁八厘とあり、小判の四匁七分六厘の丁度8倍であることから八両判といわれる。
English: It appears to have nothing to do with Hideyoshi, though it was also called Taiko (retired imperial regent) Oban.
Japanese: これもかつて太閤大判（たいこうおおばん）と呼ばれたが秀吉との関連はなさそうである。
English: The document of kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) at the time of Genroku Oban Reminting said they cast Oban by remitting 160 Hachiryoban, which is thought to be the Hachiryoban, and others.
Japanese: 金座の元禄大判吹替え当時の記録に八両判160枚その他を吹潰して大判を鋳造したとあり、これがその八両判であるとされる。
English: Along with Ichiryo Koban, Ichibukin whose value is one fourth of Ichiryo Koban, was cast constantly during Edo period at the same time of Koban, and its gold carat is the same as Koban, ryome is one fourth of Koban,used as standard money like Koban.
Japanese: 一両小判に加えて、その1/4の額面にあたる一分金が江戸時代を通じて常に小判と同時に鋳造されたが、これは金品位は小判と同一であり、量目は小判の1/4につくられ、小判と同様、本位貨幣的な性格を有するものであった。
English: Keicho Ichibuban is a rectangluar reed-shape ichibuban with the same carat and one fourth ryome of Keicho Koban, having fan shape Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the upper part of its head, 'bu ichi' in horizontal writing on the center, Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns) on the lower part, imprinted hallmark of Mitsutsugu (Kao[written seal mark]) on the tail.
Japanese: 慶長一分判（けいちょういちぶばん）は慶長小判と同品位、1/4の量目でもってつくられた長方形短冊形の一分判であり、表面は上部に扇枠の桐紋、中央に横書きで「分一」、下部に桐紋が配置され、裏面は「光次（花押）」の極印が打たれている。
English: There are Ichibukin called 'Katahon', which has imprinted hallmark of 'Hon' on the right part of the tail, and 'Ryobon' which has a one on the upper right and left part, which means they are 'hon-naoshi', mended Ichibuban broken or chafed by being used long time in kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period).
Japanese: 裏面の右上に「本」の極印が打たれた「片本」および上部左右に二箇所打たれた「両本」と呼ばれる一分判が存在し、これは長年の流通により磨耗、破損した一分判を金座において修理した「本直し」であることを意味する。
English: Ichibuban's casting time and place are also not clear, though they are classified as 'Koch' 'Edoza' 'Kyoza' 'Surugaza' and called so.
Japanese: 一分判についても「古鋳」、「江戸座」、「京座」、「駿河座」などに分類され、そのように称されているものの、時期および鋳造地には諸説あり確定されていない。
English: Koban's regular ryome (mass) is 4 monme 7 bu 6 rin (17.76 gram), and Ichibuban's is 1 monme 1 bu 9 rin (4.44 gram).
Japanese: 小判の規定量目（質量）は四匁七分六厘（17.76グラム）であり、一分判は一匁一分九厘（4.44グラム）である。
English: That regular ryome appears to be derived as follows based on kyome 1 ryo or 4 monme 4 bu.
Japanese: この規定量目は京目一両すなわち四匁四分を基に以下のように導かれたものであるとされる。
English: The raw materials of Koban is gold ten ryo (currency unit), that is silver 8 monme 2 bu added to genuine gold 44 monme considering a carat is about 52 monme 2 bu,deducting Buichikin 4 monme 4 bu from it equals 47 monme 8 bu, deducting 2 bu which is the amount reducing during the casting, making it 47 monme 6 bu.
Japanese: 小判十両分の素材が品位を五十二匁二分位として、京目で金十両すなわち四十四匁の生粋金に銀八匁二分を加えたものであるから、これより分一金四匁四分を差し引くと四十七匁八分となり、吹き減り分二分を差し引いて、四十七匁六分となることによる。
English: The price of the Oban whose ryome is 44 monme 2 bu evaluated as 8 ryo 2 bu,10 ryo of which equals 52 monme, deducing Ichibukin 4 monme 4 bu as commission charges for kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) equals 47 monme 6 bu, making 1 ryo equal 4 monme 7 bu 6 rin.
Japanese: また、量目が四十四匁二分の大判の道具値段が八両二分と評価されており、十両分では五十二匁となり、金座の貨幣鋳造手数料にあたる分一金四匁四分を差し引き四十七匁六分となり、一両では四匁七分六厘とする説もある。
English: Its regular carat was around 52 monme (84.6%) in the early time (52 monme 2 bu [84.29%]is average), rising to 50 monme 7 bu (86.79%) which is 'the value of Mimasu' around the time of the 3rd Shosaburo Yoshishige GOTO, after Kanei era, later.
Japanese: 規定品位は初期は五十二匁位（84.6%）前後（五十二匁二分位（84.29%）は平均値とされる）であったが、後の三代目後藤庄三郎良重の頃すなわち寛永年間以降は、「見増の位」五十匁七分位（86.79%）に上昇した。
English: The content percentage of currency was top secret and analysing the currency privately was banned in Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代の貨幣の金および銀の含有率は、極秘事項とされ、民間での貨幣の分析は厳禁とされた。
English: However, the exchangers analysed it using touch stone because the imformation of the contained amount of gold and silver was important for them, and it came to merchants' knowledge.
Japanese: しかし両替商にとって、この金銀含有量は重要な情報であり、試金石などを用いて分析が行われ、商人の知るところとなっていた。
English: The content percentage of gold was displayed as ryome of mixed metal, adding silver to genuine gold 44 monme, for the convenience of the workplace in kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period).
Japanese: 金の含有率の表示は、金座における作業場の便宜を図るため生粋金（純金）四十四匁に差銀した合金の量目で表示された。
English: For example, 50 monme 7 bu is mixed metal of gold and silver made by adding cupellated silver (genuine silver) 6 monme 7 bu to genuine gold 44 monme, and its carat is 44/50.70.8679.
Japanese: たとえば五十匁七分位とは四十四匁の生粋金に六匁七分の灰吹銀（純銀）を加えた金銀合金であり、品位は44÷50.70.8679となる。
English: Impurity of copper is called 'douke', lead 'rouke', removing during the casting as best, and having much iridium made it difficult to cast.
Japanese: 銅の不純物は「銅気」（どうけ）、鉛分は「鑞気」（ろうけ）と呼ばれ精錬の過程で可能な限り除かれ、またイリジウムが多いと硬く加工しにくいものとなった。
English: The currency (koban and chogin[collective term of silver]) in the Keicho Period was issued by such process as follows, goldsmiths got bare metal by themselves calling it 'Temaebuki', casting it into the shape of currency, submitting it to kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period), then, hallmark was imprinted on it to issue it.
Japanese: 慶長期の貨幣すなわち（小判および丁銀）は「手前吹き」と称して、金細工師が自己責任で地金を入手し、貨幣の形に加工した上で、金座に納め、極印が打たれ発行される形式であった。
English: There exists no document about the correct number of casted Keicho Kin and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coin) due to the destruction of "Document of Goto Office" by fire during the Great Fire of Meireki.
Japanese: また明暦の大火による『後藤役所書留』などの焼失も重なり慶長金慶長丁銀の正確な鋳造数の記録は無い。
English: On the other hand, Koban and Ichibukin were cast 14,727,055 ryo in total,estimating the amount of circulation in the country 100,000 ryo and in the foreign countries 4,100,000 ryo and the amount of the reminted coin such as Genroku Koban 10,527,055 ryo, according to " The Book of interrogation copy about the year and old high gold and silver coinage".
Japanese: 一方、明治8年（1875年）に大蔵省が刊行した『新旧金銀貨幣鋳造高并流通年度取調書』の中で、世上流通高を10万両、海外流出高を410万両と見積もり、元禄小判などへの改鋳高を10,527,055両として推定した数値によれば、小判および一分金の合計で14,727,055両である。
English: However,"catalogs money in Japan" estimated the amount of currency exported to foreign countries 13,024,000 ryo, adopting 2,397,600 ryo based on "Honcho Houka Tsuyoujiryaku", saying "The Book of interrogation copy about the year and old high gold and silver coinage"estimates it too high.
Japanese: しかしながら『図録日本の貨幣』では海外流出高を高く見積もりすぎているとして、輸出高として『本朝寳貨通用事略』による2,397,600両を採用し、13,024,000両としている。
English: The amount of casting Sadoban between 1621 and 1695 is estimated about 138 ryo of koban and about 70,000 ryo (280,000 pieces) of Ichibuban.
Japanese: 佐渡判については元和7年（1621年）より元禄8年（1695年）までの鋳造高は小判約138万両、一分判約7万両（28万枚）と推計される。
English: After the Great Fire of Meireki in 1659, about 170,000 ryo of koban was cast using burnout gold and silver of Gokinzo (the treasure house in Edo-jo Castle) in third bailey of Edo-jo Castle, when koban with coarse straw matt tone was cast and it is specifically called Edoban.
Japanese: 明暦の大火以降、万治2年（1659年）、江戸城三の丸の地で御金蔵の焼損金銀を用い約170万両の小判が鋳造され、茣蓙目（ござめ）の粗いものがこのとき鋳造されたものとされ、これを特に江戸判（えどばん）という場合がある。
English: And Buichikin, which was commission charges for kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period), was 10 ryo for clerk, 10 ryo 2 bu for workman of Kinza and 4 ryo for toryo (leader) of Fukisyo.
Japanese: また金座における鋳造手数料である分一金（ぶいちきん）は鋳造高1000両につき、手代10両、金座人10両2分、吹所棟梁4両であった。
English: The family line was descended from FUJIWARA no Uona in the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and Onuki clan was a descendant of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who subjugated TAIRA no Masakado.
Japanese: 家系は藤原北家の藤原魚名の流れを汲み、平将門を征伐した鎮守府将軍藤原秀郷の末裔にあたる。
English: Michihaku ONOSAKI, the second son of the 13th family head Michiharu ONOSAKI, who was the 20th head of the family after Hidesato, introduced himself as Michihaku Onuki in Onuki-mura Village, Kuji District, Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 秀郷より20代目にあたる小野崎氏第13代当主小野崎通春の次男・通伯が常陸国久慈郡小貫村にあって小貫通伯を名乗った。
English: According to a different opinion, Michichika who was the third son of FUJIWARA no Kinmichi, the four generations from Hidesato, was the ancestor of Onuki clan.
Japanese: 異説として、秀郷より4代藤原公通の三男通近を小貫氏の祖とするものもある。
English: During the Heian period, although the Onosaki clan was treated as the hereditary vassal of Satake clan since Michimori ONOSAKI and Michinaga ONOSAKI who were the head family of Onosaki clan had been serving the Satake clan, Onosaki clan established the position as a senior vassal of Satake clan in the 'Battle of Satake'.
Japanese: 平安期、小野崎氏宗家の小野崎通盛・小野崎通長が佐竹氏に臣従して以来、小野崎氏は佐竹氏の譜代家臣として遇されてきたが、小野崎氏が佐竹氏の重臣としての地位を確立した戦いが「佐竹の乱」である。
English: In the 15th century, government family of Satake clan repeatedly struggled with the influential family the Yamairi clan, and the struggle continued over 100 years; the Onosaki clan positively participated in this dispute and after many twists and turns as the position of the original local samurai lord, the Onosaki clan finally supported the head family of Satake clan.
Japanese: 15世紀、佐竹惣領家と有力一族である山入氏との間の抗争が繰り返され、その戦いは100年間にも渡ったが、小野崎氏はこの戦いに積極的に参加し、元の国人領主としての立場から様々な曲折を経ながらも最終的に佐竹宗家を支持した。
English: As a result, the Onosaki clan completely parted with Yamairi clan and contributed to the collapse of Yamairi clan in 1504, therefore, it led to the end of domestic conflict for 100 years.
Japanese: 結果、小野崎氏は山入氏と完全に袂を分かち、永正元年（1504年）の山入氏の滅亡に貢献、100年の内乱は終熄した。
English: Michishige from Ishigami-onosaki clan entered Kume-jo Castle, which had been the castle of Yamairi clan, because his sons Michiyasu and Michimuro did not have a child of their own, Sadaharu the son of the same family Yorishige ONUKI succeeded to the family name.
Japanese: 山入氏居城の久米城には石神小野崎氏の通重が入ったが、その子の通安・通室ともに子がなかったため、同族の小貫頼重の子・定春が名跡を継いだ。
English: After the domestic conflict of Satake clan, Onosaki clan took its place among the Satake family, and Onuki clan also played an active part as chief vassals.
Japanese: 佐竹氏の内乱以降、小野崎氏は佐竹氏一門衆にも列し、小貫氏も宿老として活躍している。
English: During the days of Yoshishige SATAKE (the 18th head of the family) and Yoshinobu SATAKE (master of the Western Capital Offices) at the height of its prosperity, the Onuki clan produced Yorihisa ONUKI, who assumed office as one of the three chief retainers of the Satake family together with Akitame WADA and Fujimichi HITOMI who was from the same family.
Japanese: 佐竹氏全盛期の佐竹義重(十八代当主)・佐竹義宣(右京大夫)時代には和田昭為、一門筋に当たる人見藤道とともに佐竹家の三家老を勤めた小貫頼久を輩出する。
English: Because the lord Yoshinobu SATAKE was unwilling to join the Eastern Camp in the Battle of Sekigahara of 1600, the territory of Satake was diminished from the Hitachi Province with 545,000 koku crop yields to the Dewa Province with 205,000 koku crop yields due to the postwar treatment and accordingly Yorihisa followed his master family and was transferred to Akita.
Japanese: 慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いで、主君佐竹義宣が東軍参加を渋ったことから、戦後処理で常陸国54万5000石から出羽国20万5000石に減封されるに伴い、頼久も主家に従い、秋田に転籍した。
English: In the Edo Period, Onuki clan produced military officers, Bugyo (magistrate), Kanjogata (accounting officer) and swordplay masters as chief vassals of hereditary daimyo of Akita Domain.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、秋田藩譜代重臣として軍事方、奉行、勘定方、剣術指南役などを輩出している。
English: Many ancient documents remained, such as documents that proved full proficiency in the swordplay or gunnery in the Onuki family of Akita Domain.
Japanese: 秋田藩小貫家には、剣術・砲術等の免許皆伝書などの多くの古文書が残存している。
English: Kyoryuchi Keisatsu (the Foreign Settlement Police) refers to the police force placed in the foreign settlements throughout the Empire of Japan prior to treaty revision.
Japanese: 居留地警察（きょりゅうちけいさつ）とは、条約改正前の大日本帝国の外国人居留地に置かれた警察。
English: There were two types of foreign settlement police: the first kind (present at the foreign settlements in Tsukiji, Yokohama, and Nagasaki) was under the jurisdiction of the ongoku bugyo (magistrates of distant provinces) in the Edo period and the prefectural police departments during the Meiji period, while the second kind of foreign settlement police force (like that in place at the foreign settlements in Kawaguchi and Kobe) was established autonomously by the inhabitants and was entirely unsupervised by Japan's Ministry of Home Affairs.
Japanese: 江戸時代の遠国奉行や明治の府県警察部の管轄下にある居留地警察（築地居留地・横浜居留地・長崎居留地）と、居留地の自治組織によって設置され、内務省(日本)が全く関知しない居留地警察（川口居留地・神戸居留地）の二通りの警察組織が存在する。
English: In Tsukiji Settlement, the bette gumi (auxiliary troop), which had been established by the Edo bakufu (shogunate) to provide foreigners with bodyguards, also carried out security and police duties.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が外国人警護のために設けた別手組が築地居留地の警備を行った。
English: The bette gumi was disbanded in 1872, after which responsibility for security and police duties in the settlement fell to Tokyo Prefecture (and later the Metropolitan Police Department (of the Ministry of Home Affairs)).
Japanese: 1872年に別手組は廃止されて、東京府（後に警視庁(内務省)）が警備を担当することになった。
English: But because communication between patrolmen and inhabitants proved difficult due to the multiple languages spoken there, in 1864 the bakufu concluded an arrangement with the four countries of Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Netherlands, under which the autonomous settlement organization called the 'Settlement Party' would establish a police force.
Japanese: しかし言語等で意思の疎通を欠いていたため、1864年に幕府はイギリス・アメリカ合衆国・フランス・オランダの四カ国と協定を結び、居留地の自治組織である「居留地会」が警察を設置することになった。
English: The Settlement Party ran into difficulties raising funds to cover the administration and operation of a police force, however, so they relinquished their police powers to the magistrate of Kanagawa.
Japanese: しかし、警察を運営する資金調達に難航したことから、居留地会は神奈川奉行に警察権を返上した。
English: The magistrate of Kanagawa reestablished the 'Settlement Patrol' and appointed a resident of the settlement the chief of police.
Japanese: 神奈川奉行は「居留地見廻役」を再設置し、居留地在住の外国人を長官に任命した。
English: As of 1871, the personnel of the Mimawariyaku included 20 foreigners (of which seven were subjects of Qing China) and 41 Japanese.
Japanese: 1871年時点での居留地見廻役の職員は、外国人20人（うち清国人が7人）、日本人41人の陣容であった。
English: In November of 1871 the Settlement Patrol was disbanded, whereupon a special dedicated section of the Kanagawa Prefectural Police Department was established to police the Settlement.
Japanese: 1871年11月に居留地見廻役は廃止され、神奈川県警察部に専門の部署が設けられた。
English: But after the Meiji Restoration, the Nagasaki Settlement gradually fell into decline, and it consequently became difficult to continue to maintain a police force; as a result, in 1879 the settlement relinquished its police powers to the Nagasaki Prefectural Police Department.
Japanese: しかし明治維新後、長崎居留地は次第に衰退し警察の維持が難しくなったため、1879年に長崎県警察部に警察権を返上した。
English: In the immediate aftermath of the foreign settlement's establishment, the troops known as the 'Naniwatai' (Osaka Group) and the 'Torishimari Bansotsu' (Supervisory Guardsmen), who later became sections of the Osaka Metropolitan Police Department, carried out security and police duties in the settlement.
Japanese: 居留地設置直後は、後に大阪府警察部の警察官となる「浪華隊」や「取締番卒」が居留地の警備を行っていた。
English: However, in 1873 the 'Gyojikyoku' (the Events Department), a self-governing body of the settlement, created its own dedicated police force, which it called the 'Kyoryuchi torishimari kakari-in' (Settlement Supervisors).
Japanese: ところが、居留地の自治組織である「行事局」が、1873年に「居留地取締掛員」という行事局独自の警察を設けた。
English: And then in 1875, with the enactment of the 'Municipal Police Regulations,' entry into the settlement by police officers of the Japanese police force was restricted.
Japanese: 続いて1875年には「ミュニシパル警察規則」を制定し、以降、日本側警察官の立入が制限された。
English: Immediately after the foreign settlement was established, three settlement police forces existed simultaneously, the 'Gaikoku keihoboyaku' (the 'troop handling the pursuit, apprehension and death of the foreign(ers)) and the 'Kyoryuchi mawarigata' (Settlement Patrolmen) representing Japan's police and the Kyoryuchi torishimari kakari' (Settlement Supervisors) which had been established by the 'Gyojikyoku,' the self-governing body of the settlement.
Japanese: 居留地設置直後は、日本側の「外国掛捕亡役」「居留地廻方」と居留地の自治組織である「行事局」が設置する「居留地取締掛」が並立していた。
English: But in 1871, the 'Gaikoku keihoboyaku' and the 'Kyoryuchi mawarigata' were disbanded, leaving the 'Kyoryuchi torishimari kakari' with exclusive police jurisdiction over the settlement.
Japanese: しかし、1871年に「外国掛捕亡役」「居留地廻方」が廃止となり、「居留地取締掛」が単独で居留地の警察を専管することとなった。
English: As of 1894, the personnel of the Kyoryuchi torishimari kakari included four foreign and thirteen Japanese police officers.
Japanese: 1894年時点での居留地取締掛の職員は、外国人4人、日本人13人の陣容であった。
English: Hoei tsuho is a kind of coin minted in Edo period, which was issued in 1708.
Japanese: 宝永通宝（ほうえいつうほう）とは、江戸時代に鋳造された銭貨の一種で宝永5年（1708年）に発行された十文銭である。
English: The name of the coin is "Kanei tsuho"(coin of kanei) (kanei is the name of era in Edo period), on which characters of "permanent use" and hallmark of "chin"(珍) between the characters were inscribed at the back..
Japanese: 銭文は「寳永通寳」であり、背（裏面）には「永久世用」と鋳込まれ、その字間に「珍」の極印が打たれている。