nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Navy, various cares were taken for the food service by inventing and arranging the Western dishes for the taste of Japanese people; for example, curry dish was provided with Japanese rice; an eclectic dish such as the meat and potato pot dish in soy sauce taste was invented.
Japanese: このため海軍などでは米飯とカレーを組み合わせる・肉じゃがのように醤油味の折衷料理を開発するなど工夫を凝らした。
English: This curried rice was introduced to public as "Navy curry," and the meat and potato pot dish was also widely accepted by people outside of Navy.
Japanese: カレーライスは後に海軍カレーとして、また肉じゃがのような料理も軍港周辺部へと広がっていく。
English: Later in Showa period, those dishes became widely popular as family dishes.
Japanese: 時代を下がって昭和時代にもなると、一般的な家庭の味として広く受け入れられている。
English: In 1872, the train line between Shinbashi Station (later it became Shinbashi Historic Station, and later in 1986, it was discontinued from the actual usage) and Yokohama Station (later it was renamed to Sakuragi-cho Station) was established and and the operation of steam locomotives started.
Japanese: -明治5年（1872年）、新橋駅（後に新橋駅歴史となって1986年廃止）～横浜駅（後の桜木町駅）間が開通し、蒸気機関車が運行開始。
English: In 1871, a modern public postal service was established to connect between Tokyo and Osaka, and the service area was expanded throughout Japan in 1872.
Japanese: -1871年に東京～大阪間を結ぶものとして開始され、翌1872年には全国的に開始される。
English: Knocking on my head with a short-cut hair (after removing the topknot) we can hear the sound of civilization; knocking on your head with a long and knotted hair, (traditional hair style for young samurai) we would hear the sound of Imperial rules coming back; knocking on the head with a half-shaved hair style, (traditional and common samurai hair style) we would hear the sound of temporizing with old customs.'
Japanese: -「散切頭（ザンギリあたま）をたたいて見れば文明開化の音がする総髪頭（そうはつあたま）をたたいて見れば王政復古の音がする半髪（はんぱつ）頭を叩いてみれば因循姑息（いんじゅんこそく）の音がする」
English: Tenpo Calendar (Lunisolar Calendar) was utilized in public until December 2, 1872, and after the establishment of Solar Calendar, this Tempo Calendar became the unofficial, old (lunar) calendar.
Japanese: 天保暦（太陰太陽暦）は明治5年（1872年）12月2日(旧暦)まで使用、以後は旧暦となる。
English: Osaka no Eki (Siege of Osaka) refers collectively to Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka) and Osaka Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka[ended on June 4 or May 8 in the old calendar]), battles in which the Edo bakufu destroyed the Toyotomi clan (1614 - 1615).
Japanese: 大坂の役（おおざかのえき、慶長19年（1614年）〕-慶長20年（1615年））は、江戸幕府が豊臣氏を滅ぼした戦いである大坂冬の陣（おおざかふゆのじん）と大坂夏の陣（おおざかなつのじん）（6月4日（5月8日(旧暦)）終局）をまとめた呼称。
English: After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, one of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), strengthened his power in the Toyotomi administration, and at the Battle of Sekigahara in which a former member of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates) Mitsunari ISHIDA and others uprose in 1600, he commanded the Eastern Army and rebuffed Mitsunari's Western Army.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉死後の豊臣政権においては五大老の徳川家康が影響力を強め、慶長5年（1600年）に元五奉行の石田三成らが蜂起した関ヶ原の戦いで家康は東軍を指揮して三成ら西軍を撃破する。
English: On that occasion he punished the Toyotomi family by reducing their directly-controlled land; Toyotomi family's territory was limited to Settsu Province/ Kawachi Province/Izumi Province only with about 650,000-Koku (unit) level.
Japanese: この際、豊臣家の蔵入地（直轄地）を処分、豊臣家の所領は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の約65万石(単位)程度まで削がれた。
English: On March 24, 1603, Ieyasu assumed the post of Seiitaishougun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo) in Fushimi-jo Castle, established the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and started to strengthen his political power by performing construction projects including Edo Castle.
Japanese: 慶長8年2月12日(旧暦)（1603年3月24日）、家康は伏見城で征夷大将軍に就任、江戸幕府を開き、江戸城を始め普請事業を行うなど政権作りを始める。
English: Ieyasu's political goal was assumed to establish a long-term and firm government led by the Tokugawa clan, therefore, he was said to have begun to think how he could make the Toyotomi Family, which kept a lord-like position to the Tokugawa Family and an exceptional existence in the hierarchy of the bakufu, obey the Tokugawa clan or punish them if they would not obey him.
Japanese: 家康の政治目標は徳川氏を頂点とした長期的かつ安定した政権をつくることであったとされ、徳川家の主君筋に当たり幕府のヒエラルキー社会では別格的存在となる豊臣家に対し、服属させるか、それが拒絶された場合には処分する事を考え始めたという。
English: Senhime, a daughter of Hideyori TOYOTOMI, married Hideyori TOYOTOMI according to Hideyoshi's will in July (the old calendar) of the same year.
Japanese: 同年7月(旧暦)、徳川秀忠の娘である千姫が秀吉の遺言に基づき子の豊臣秀頼に輿入した。
English: On New Year's Day of 1605 Ieyasu visited Kyoto, followed by by Hidetada in February (the old calendar) with a large force of an estimated about 100,000 and 160,000 retainers including daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in Ou such as Masamune DATE.
Japanese: 慶長10年（1605年）正月に家康が、つづいて2月(旧暦)に秀忠が伊達政宗ら奥羽の大名を加え10万とも16万ともいわれる大軍を率いて上洛した。
English: It meant that the Toyotomi Family no longer ruled Japan, but the Tokugawa Family did, however, Hideyori also steadily kept rising in official court rank to be Udaijin (minister of the right), while Hidetada was Naidaijin (minister of the center) when he became Shogun.
Japanese: これは天下にはもはや豊臣家ではなく徳川家が君臨することを示すものであるが、秀頼も順調に昇任を重ね、将軍就任時の秀忠の官位が内大臣であったのに対し、秀頼は右大臣になっていた。
English: When Ieyasu was appointed Shogun, hearsay that Hideyori would be appointed Kanpaku at the same time was taken without any feelings of wrongness: therefore, Ieyasu could not ignore Hideyori, who might be appointed Kanpaku (chancellor) as Hideyoshi's child before his coming to age.
Japanese: 家康の将軍任官時には、同時に秀頼が関白に任官されるとする風聞が違和感なく受け止められており、元服を前に秀吉の子として関白就任への可能性を残していた秀頼の存在は無視できないものになっていた。
English: On May 8 (the old calendar), Ieyasu took friendly means such as asking Yodo-dono, Hideyori's real mother, through Kodai-in to tell Hideyori to swear vassal fealty to him.
Japanese: 5月8日(旧暦)、秀頼に対して臣下の礼を取るように高台院を通じて秀頼生母の淀殿に要求するなど友好的対話を求めた。
English: Yodo-dono then refused the meeting, which made their relationship bad, but Ieyasu sent Tadateru MATSUDAIRA to Osaka for reconciliation.
Japanese: この時、淀殿は会見を拒否し両者の関係は悪化するが家康は松平忠輝を大坂に遣わし融和に努めている。
English: In March (the old calendar), 1611 when Emperor Gomizunoo succeeded Emperor Goyozei, Ieyasu visited Kyoto and demanded a meeting with Hideyori at Nijo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 慶長16年（1611年）3月(旧暦)、後陽成天皇の譲位を受けての後水尾天皇即位に際して上洛した家康は二条城での秀頼との会見を要請する。
English: Although some objected to Ieyasu's demand, the meeting was realized through mediation of daimyo that had been favored by the Toyotomi Family including Kiyomasa KATO, Yoshinaga ASANO and others.
Japanese: 秀頼の上洛を求める家康に対し反対もあったが、加藤清正や浅野幸長ら豊臣家恩顧の大名らの取り成しもあり会見は実現する。
English: In April of the next month (the old calendar), Ieyasu gathered in Nijo-jo Castle 22 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) staying in Kyoto and made them submit written vows that they would not disobey orders from the bakufu.
Japanese: 翌4月(旧暦)、家康は在京の大名22名を二条城に招集させて幕府の命令に背かないという誓詞を提出させた。
English: Similar vows were taken from 65 daimyo in Tohoku/Kanto regions the next year, in 1612.
Japanese: 翌慶長17年（1612年）にも東北地方・関東地方などの大名65名から同様の誓詞をとっている。
English: However, when Nagamasa ASANO and Yoshiharu HORIO and Kiyomasa KATO died in 1611, and Terumasa IKEDA andYoshinaga ASANO in 1618, and Toshinaga MAEDA in 1619, the isolation of the Toyotomi Family became stronger and partly from the impatience the Toyotomi Family began to reveal a policy of confrontation to the bakufu such as receiving official ranks from the Imperial Court without permissions from the bakufu, gathering army provisions and ronin (masterless samurai), in addition, trying to enter into the friendly relations with Maeda clan and so on.
Japanese: しかし、慶長16年（1611年）に浅野長政・堀尾吉晴・加藤清正が、18年に池田輝政・浅野幸長、19年に前田利長が亡くなると、豊臣家の孤立はいっそう強まり、その焦りからか幕府に無断で朝廷から官位を賜ったり、兵糧や浪人を集めだし、更には前田氏と誼を通じようとするなど、幕府との対決姿勢を前面に押し出し始めた。
English: The Tokugawa family that chose a policy of reconciliation toward Toyotomi clan, but at the same time did not hesitate to prepare for war, ordered Kunitomo kaji (smithy in Kunitomo) to produce either odeppo (Japanese artilleries)/ozutsu (Japanese artilleries) as weapons for attacking a castle, and to cast ishibiya (Japanese artilleries) and ordered bronze artilleries/gunpowder/lead (materials of cannonballs) from England and Holland.
Japanese: 豊臣家に対し融和策をとる徳川家も戦の準備は怠らず、攻城兵器として国友鍛冶に大鉄砲・大筒の製作を命じ、他にも石火矢の鋳造、イギリスやオランダに対し青銅砲・焔硝・鉛（砲弾の材料）の注文を行っている。
English: Ieyasu also felt anguish about how he could solve an ethical problem of destroying the Toyotomi family, his master family, asking Razan HAYASHI about right and wrong of To-O (Tang Wang)/Bu-O (Wu Wang) (Zhou Dynasty China) Hobatsu-ron (a theory in ancient China about expelling a disqualified prince).
Japanese: また、家康は林羅山に湯王武王(周)放伐論の是非を問うなど、主家である豊臣家を討つことの倫理的な問題をどう解決すべきか苦悩している。
English: In such a situation Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell decisively deepend the confrontation between the Tokugawa/Toyotomi families (for details, see Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell).
Japanese: こうしたなかで発生した方広寺鐘銘事件により、両家の対立は決定的となる（方広寺鐘銘事件の詳細は方広寺鐘銘事件）。
English: In August (the old calendar), 1614 the Toyotomi family dispatched Katsumoto KATAGIRI to Sunpu for the explanation of a matter of the shomei (inscription on a bell) of Hoko-ji Temple Bell, but Ieyasu did not meet him.
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）8月(旧暦)、豊臣家は鐘銘問題の弁明のために片桐且元を駿府へ派遣するが、家康は且元と面会していない。
English: However, shortly afterward Ieyasu politely met the mother of Harunaga ONO, Okurakyo-no-tsubone, who was dispatched to Sunpu.
Japanese: しばらくして大野治長の母の大蔵卿局が駿府へ派遣されたが、家康は大蔵卿局とは面会して丁重に迎えている。
English: On September 6 (the old calendar) Ieyasu concluded that the distrust of the Toyotomi Family to the Tokugawa Family was a factor of such a problem, then sent Suden and Masazumi HONDA as envoys to the Toyotomi family, and at the meeting in company with Okurakyo-no-tsubone and Katsumoto, demanded that Toyotomi should discuss a measure for conciliation for the both families and come to Edo to account for the measure.
Japanese: 9月6日(旧暦)、家康は豊臣方の徳川家に対しての不信が問題の要因であるとし、崇伝と本多正純を使者として、大蔵卿局と且元とを同席させた上で、双方の親和を示す方策を講じ江戸に赴いて申し開きするよう要求したという。
English: Katsumoto returned to Osaka and offered the following three compromise proposals as a private plan on September 20 (the old calendar):
Japanese: 且元は大坂へ戻り、9月20日(旧暦)、私案として以下の3つの妥協案を進言した。
English: The Toyotomi Family, hearing this proposal, took this demand as a proclamation of war, because Osaka-jo Castle had been their castle since Hideyoshi.
Japanese: これを聞いた豊臣家では大坂城は秀吉公以来の居城であり、この要求を徳川家康の実質的の宣戦布告と受け取る。
English: The next year of the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out so-called Tenkabushin (Construction Order by the Tokugawa Shogunate: he ordered all daimyo to participate in construction projects including the construction of Zeze-jo Castle in 1601 as a starter, followed by the rebuilding and construction of Fushimi-jo Castle/Nijo-jo Castle/ Hikone-jo Castle/Sasayama-jo Castle/Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province)/Nagoya-jo Castle and the great renovation of Edo-jo Castle/Sunpu-jo Castle/Himeji-jo Castle/Ueno-jo Castle.
Japanese: 徳川家康は関ヶ原の戦いの翌年、慶長6年（1601年）に築城を始めた膳所城を皮切りに伏見城・二条城・彦根城・篠山城・亀山城(丹波国)・名古屋城の再建・造営や江戸城・駿府城・姫路城・上野城などの大改修など、諸大名を動員した建築事業、いわゆる天下普請を行った。
English: The Tenkabushin aimed not only to put daimyo in financial difficulties to lower the resistance power of daimyo to the bakufu, but also helped encircle the Toyotomi clan and give pressure to Saigoku daimyo.
Japanese: これにより諸大名の財政を圧迫させて幕府への抵抗力を削減すると共に、豊臣氏への包囲網と西国大名の押さえとした。
English: The bakufu offered a certain amount of expenses to daimyo who were ordered to do the fushin (Tenkabushin), however, the expenses impoverished daimyo; for example, the Saga clan had to reduce its retainers' horoku (salary) by 30% across-the-board.
Japanese: この普請には幕府からある程度の費用が与えられてはいたが、動員された大名は経済的に疲弊し、例えば佐賀藩では藩士の俸禄を一律三割減らすといった状態に陥っていた。
English: In the case of fushin (construction) of Nagoya-jo Castle, the Toyotomi family was ordered to be mobilized, however because of the rejection of Yodo-dono the order was canceled
Japanese: 名古屋城普請の際には豊臣家へも動員が命じられたが、淀殿がこれに拒否反応を示し、沙汰止みになっている。
English: Hideyori TOYOTOMI/Yodo-dono built or repaired temples and shrines mainly in Kinai region as memorial services for Hideyoshi after his death.
Japanese: 豊臣秀頼・淀殿は、豊臣秀吉没後から秀吉の追善供養として畿内を中心に寺社の修復・造営を行っている。
English: The major of them came up to 85 in number including Kondo hall of To-ji Temple/Enryaku-ji Temple Yokawa Chudo/ Atsuta Jingu Shrine/ Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine/Kitano Temmangu Shrine/Kurama Temple/Bishamon-do Temple and so on.
Japanese: 主なもので東寺金堂・延暦寺横川中堂・熱田神宮・石清水八幡宮・北野天満宮・鞍馬寺毘沙門堂など、85件にものぼった。
English: In 1608 Ieyasu recommended them to reconstruct Hoko-ji Temple Daibutsu-den Hall (which was built by Hideyoshi, but collapsed in 1596).
Japanese: 慶長13年（1608年）には、家康が方広寺大仏殿（秀吉が建立し慶長元年（1596年）に倒壊）の再建を勧めている。
English: Some assumed that due to such a large expenditure of money on construction, gold and silver that Hideyoshi left in Osaka Castle would run out, but the fact was not so.
Japanese: これら多くの造営で秀吉が大坂城に遺した金銀は底をつくのではないかという憶測も流れたが、実際には全く困窮していなかった。
English: Although the Toyotomi family spent a lot of money in Osaka no Eki, the bakufu confiscated 28,000 gold coins (about 280,000 ryo) and about 24,000 silver coins (about 240,000 ryo) after the surrender of Osaka Castle.
Japanese: 大坂の役で多くの戦費を消費したにもかかわらず、大坂城落城後、約2万8千枚の金貨（約28万両）と約2万4千枚の銀貨（約24万両）が幕府に没収されている。
English: The Hoko-ji Temple Daibutsu-den Hall in Kyoto that the Toyotomi family had been rebuilding since 1609 was almost completed in 1614, and a bonsho (temple bell) was completed in April in 1614 (the old calendar).
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）、慶長14年から豊臣家が再建していた京都の方広寺大仏殿はほぼ完成し、4月には梵鐘が完成した。
English: Katsumoto successively reported the selection of the inscription, the doshi (master priest) of the ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha, the date and time of the ceremony and so on, however, on July 29 (the old calendar) when the framework was nearly completed, Ieyasu postponed the ceremony, saying through Masazumi HONDA that there were ill-omend phrases in the bonsho inscription.
Japanese: 且元は駿府の家康への銘文の選定や大仏開眼供養の導師や日時の報告などを逐次行い上棟は間近であったが、7月29日(旧暦)、家康は家臣の本多正純を通じて、梵鐘銘文の文中に不吉な語句があるとして、大仏供養を延期させた。
English: Suden and others concluded that two phrases in the inscription included curses on the Tokugawa Family; One was the phrase "国家安康 (State's Peace)" which severed the imina (real personal name) of Ieyasu (家康), and the other "君臣豊楽 (State's Peace and Health) which prayed for the prosperity of the Toyotomi (豊臣) Family.
Japanese: 崇伝らは、文中に「国家安康」「君臣豊楽」とあったものを、「国家安康」は家康の諱を分断し、「君臣豊楽」は豊臣家の繁栄を願い徳川家に対する呪詛が込められていると断定した。
English: Razan HAYASHI also interpreted the phrase "右僕射源朝臣家康 (Ubokuya [Tang name for mister of the right] Minamoto no Ason Ieyasu)" as shooting (射る-iru) Ieyasu (家康).
Japanese: また、林羅山は「右僕射源朝臣家康」（右僕射は右大臣の唐名）を「家康を射る」ものであると解釈している。
English: This incident has been generally regarded as an incident that Ieyasu, Suden and others plotted and made an issue to find an excuse for attacking the Toyotomi family.
Japanese: この事件は、豊臣家攻撃の口実とするため、家康が崇伝らと画策して問題化させたものであるとの考え方が一般的である。
English: However, Seikan himself expressed an apology that the inscription was selected intentionally because it included a phrase with Ieyasu's imina hidden in it, and each priest in the Gozan reported that it was a problem that Seikan did not avoid Ieyasu's imina.
Japanese: しかし、清韓自身は家康の諱を「かくし題」とした意識的な撰文であると弁明しており、五山の僧の答申はいずれも諱を避けなかったことについて問題視している。
English: Therefore, the incident was not essentially the one that the Ieyasu side used the phrases in the inscription for the full excuse for attacking the Toyotomi's side, but took advantage of the thoughtlessness of the Toyotomi side.
Japanese: そのため、家康側が全面的に銘文の字句を口実としたものではなく、豊臣側の軽率な行為に乗じたものというという性格の方が強い。
English: On October 2 (the old calendar), 1614, the Toyotomi family began to prepare for war, sending out circulars to daimyo and ronin who had been favored by the Toyotomi family.
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）10月2日(旧暦)、豊臣家では旧恩ある大名や浪人に檄を飛ばし戦争準備に着手した。
English: On the same day they not only purchased army provisions, but also requisitioned kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains) from Kurayashiki-warehouses of the Tokugawa Family and other Daimyo.
Japanese: 同日に兵糧の買い入れを行うとともに、大坂にあった徳川家をはじめ諸大名の蔵屋敷から蔵米を接収した。
English: Using a great amount of gold and silver, they employed many ronin across Japan, however, no daimyo hastened to Osaka Castle to join them, and Masanori FUKUSHIMA alone connived at the requisition of army provisions from Kurayashiki-warehouses.
Japanese: 秀吉の遺した莫大な金銀を用いて浪人衆を全国から集めて召抱えたが、諸大名には大坂城に馳せ参じる者はなく、ただ福島正則が蔵屋敷の兵糧を接収するのを黙認するにとどまった。
English: They also purchased weapons for holding the Castle, repaired the sogamae (outer citadel) and constructed towers.
Japanese: また籠城のための武器の買い入れ、総構えの修理・櫓の建築なども行った。
English: The total number of soldiers including employed ronin was about 100,000 people and among them there were well-known ronin including Nobushige SANADA (Yukimura), Morichika CHOSOKABE, Mototsugu GOTO (Matabe), Katsunaga MORI, Takenori AKASHI (they were called gonin shu), Naoyuki BAN, Yoshiharu Otani and others.
Japanese: 集まった浪人を併せた豊臣方の総兵力は約10万人で、著名な浪人として真田信繁（幸村）、長宗我部盛親、後藤基次（又兵衛）、毛利勝永、明石全登（彼らは五人衆と呼ばれた）、塙直之、大谷吉治などがいた。
English: Some of them were eager to revenge the Tokugawa family, some aimed to make their names in the world, taking advantage of the disturbances of war and so on: there were many brave warriors who had experienced many battles and were high in morale, however, only a jumble of warriors lacked regulations, causing strategic confusions in real battles.
Japanese: 彼らは徳川家への復讐に燃える者、戦乱に乗じて一旗上げようとする者などで、歴戦の勇士が多く士気も旺盛だったが、いかんせん寄せ集めに過ぎないため統制がなかなかとれず、実際の戦闘では作戦に乱れが生じる元ともなった。
English: Their policy was staying in Osaka-jo Castle surrounded by double moats plus huge sobori (moats around a castle town) and fortified firmly, exhausting the Tokugawa army and gaining favorable pacification.
Japanese: 二重の堀で囲われさらに巨大な惣堀、防御設備で固められた大坂城に立て籠もり、徳川軍を疲弊させて有利な講和を引き出そうという方針である。
English: In contrast, Nobushige SANADA, one of the ronin shu, asserted a two-stage strategy that they should bring down Kinai region under control, then move troops to Yodo River in Omi Province, fight the Tokugawa Army coming from Kanto region and while the Tokugawa army were hung up they should win a number of daimyo over to their side, and if that was impossible, they should stay in the castle and fight them.
Japanese: これに対し浪人衆の真田信繁は、まず畿内を制圧し、近江国の淀川まで軍を進め、ここで関東から進軍してくる徳川軍を迎え撃ち、足止めしている間に諸大名を味方につけ、その見込みが無いときに初めて城に立て籠もって戦う、二段構えの作戦を主張した。
English: Mototsugu GOTO/Katsunaga MORI, basing their strategy on Sanada's, also insisted that they should send troops to Iga Province and the north-west region of Otsu City to stop the enemies from advancing; however, after all, the strategy of Harunaga ONO and other Toyotomi retainers was adopted, that they should build strongholds around the castle (in order to secure a guard/communication line), stay in the impregnable Osaka Castle.
Japanese: 後藤基次・毛利勝永も真田案を元に伊賀国と大津市北西にも兵を送り、敵を足止めすべしと主張して対立したが、結局、大野治長ら豊臣家臣の案である、周辺に砦を築きつつ（警戒・連絡線を確保する為）、堅固な大坂城に籠城する作戦が採用された。
English: In the same month the Toyotomi side is said to have tried to break the bank of Yodogawa River to make Osaka region down in water and make Osaka-jo Castle a floating castle.
Japanese: 同月、豊臣方は淀川の堤を切って大坂一帯を水没させ、大坂城を浮城にしようとしたという。
English: However, it was prevented by Tadamasa HONDA, Masashige INABA and others of the bakufu only to give a little trouble to their advances.
Japanese: しかし幕府方の本多忠政・稲葉正成などにより阻止され、被害は行軍に支障をきたす程度にとどまった。
English: Masazumi HONDA wrote that Ieyasu looked unusually younger when he decided to open this war.
Japanese: この開戦が決まると、家康はいつになく若やいだと本多正純は記している。
English: The mass of large forces of bakufu soldiers in Osaka reaching about 200,000 in number brought forth not a few confusions.
Japanese: 幕府方の動員した兵力は約20万に上り、この大軍が大坂に集結したため少なからず混乱が起こった。
English: It is said that the bakufu was afraid that people who have been favored by the Toyotomi family would betray the bakufu, however, it would not apply to Nagamasa KURODA, who contributed to the victory of the Eastern Army at the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: 豊臣家恩顧の者たちが豊臣方に寝返るのを恐れたといわれるが、関ヶ原の戦いで東軍勝利のために尽力した黒田長政に関してこれは当てはまらない。
English: Ieyasu left Nijo-jo Castle for Osaka by way of Nara on November 15 (the old calendar).
Japanese: 11月15日(旧暦)、家康は二条城を出発し、奈良経由で大坂に向かった。
English: On November 19 (the old calendar), 1614, a combat began in the fort of Kizugawa-guchi (the Battle of Kizugawaguchi, 1614).
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）11月19日(旧暦)、戦闘は木津川口の砦においてはじまる（木津川口の戦い(1614年)）。
English: The battle was followed by furious battles in Kamono/Imafuku on November 26 (the old calendar) (Battle of Kamono/Battle of Imafuku), and in Bakurobuchi, Noda/Fukushima on November 29 (the old calendar) (Battle of Bakurobuch, Battle of Noda/Fukushima).
Japanese: この後11月26日(旧暦)には鴫野・今福で（鴫野の戦い・今福の戦い）、11月29日(旧暦)には博労淵、野田・福島において激しい戦闘が行われた（博労淵の戦い、野田・福島の戦い）。
English: The Toyotomi's army, having lost several forts, abandoned the rest of the forts and withdrew to Osaka-jo Castle on November 30 (the old calendar).
Japanese: 数ヶ所の砦が陥落した後、11月30日(旧暦)に豊臣軍は残りの砦を破棄、大坂城に撤収する。
English: On December 2 (the old calendar) Ieyasu inspected the Chausu-yama camp, followed by the camp of each general's and ordered them to construct shiyori (faculities for attacking a castle).
Japanese: 家康は12月2日(旧暦)、茶臼山を、以降は各将の陣を視察し、仕寄（攻城設備）の構築を命じている。
English: From 4th on, each troop, building siyori such as taketaba (bamboo shields against firearms)/trenches/miniature hills and so on, approached up to 10 to 5.6 cho (1 cho = about 109 meters) to Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: 4日より各隊は竹束・塹壕・築山などの仕寄の構築を行いつつ大坂城に10町から5・6町まで接近していった。
English: Prior to that, Ieyasu had distributed iron shields manufactured in the furnaces in Hoko-ji Temple that he had ordered on October 22 (the old calendar).
Japanese: これ以前、家康は10月22日に命じた方広寺の炉で作成させた鉄盾を各将に配布している。
English: When they were approaching the Toyotomi army, the Tokugawa army was defeated and a number of their troops were damaged badly in the Battle of Sanada-maru (December 3 and 4 [the old calendar]), the greatest battle in besieging Osaka Castle, which was triggered by the provocation of the Toyotomi side.
Japanese: この接近時に豊臣方の挑発に乗って始められた、包囲戦における最大の戦いである真田丸の戦い（12月3日(旧暦)､4日）では、豊臣方が徳川軍を撃退、諸隊に大きな損害を与えた。
English: Hidetada, arriving at Okayama on 4th of the same day, and knowing that Ieyasu was thinking of pacification, advised Ieyasu to make an all-out attack, however, Ieyasu rejected it, telling him not to take the enemies lightly, but to think of winning without fighting.
Japanese: 秀忠は同日4日に岡山に着陣し、家康が講和を策している事を知り家康に総攻撃を具申するが、家康は敵を侮る事を戒め戦わずに勝つ事を考えよとこれを退けている。
English: On 5th Ieyasu moved the headquarters from Sumiyoshi to Mt. Chausu-yama and ordered troops that had arrived by 8th to construct shiyori (the old calendar).
Japanese: 5日、家康は住吉から茶臼山に本陣を移し、8日までに到着した部隊にも仕寄の構築を命じている。
English: On the same day Nagara Bridge, which Ieyasu orderd Tadamasa INA/, Tadakatsu FUKUSHIMA/Hidenari MORI/Soan SUMIKURA to build in order to switch the flow of Yodo River to Amagasaki City, was completed: although Yodo River did not dry up because of Yamato River, it went down below knee deep.
Japanese: 先月23日より伊奈忠政・福島忠勝・毛利秀就・角倉素庵に命じて建設していた淀川の流れを尼崎市に流す長柄橋がこの日竣工し、大和川がある為干上がる事はなかったが川の深さは膝下まで下がる。
English: Moreover, Ieyasu ordered troops to give a battle cry and shoot teppo (guns) three times every night at torino koku (about 17:00 -19:00)/ino koku (about 19:00 - 21:00)/torano koku (about 3:00-5:00) in order to prevent the enemies from sleeping (the battle cries reached as far as Kyoto).
Japanese: また、諸隊に命じて毎夜三度(酉・戌・寅の刻)、鬨の声を挙げて鉄砲を放たせ、敵の不眠を誘っている（この鬨の声は京まで届いた）。
English: Since about that time cannon shootings from the south to the sogamae of Osaka-jo Castle went into full swing, bakufu's shiyori approached near to the moat, Tadaakira Matsudaira troop 20 to 30 ken (one ken equals to about 1.8 meters) and Todo troop 7 ken.
Japanese: この頃より大坂城総構への南方からの大砲射撃も本格化し、幕府方の仕寄は堀際まで松平忠明隊は20から30間、藤堂隊は7間に近接している。
English: On 10th the Tokugawa side sent a yabumi (letter affixed to an arrow) with a message recommending them to surrender, and on 11th mobilized mine workers in Kai Province and Sado Province to begin to dig tunnels to destroy earthen walls/stone walls from the south side (the old calendar).
Japanese: 10日には降伏を促す矢文を送り、11日には甲斐国や佐渡国の鉱夫を動員して南方より土塁・石垣を破壊する為の坑道掘削を始めた。
English: The bombardments continued until a peace treaty was concluded; attacks with one hundred ozutu (Japanese artilleries) and ishibiya (Japanese artilleries) from Bizenjima in the north side alone to the oku-goten of Honmaru (the keep of a castle) and attacks from Tennoji-guchi in the south side to Goten Senjoshiki (a new target switched from sogamae) in the south of Honmaru.
Japanese: 北方の備前島だけで大筒100門と石火矢が本丸北側の奥御殿に、南方の天王寺口からはこれまでの総構から本丸南方の表御殿千畳敷に目標を変更した砲撃が和議締結まで打ち込まれ続けた。