nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The article on March 1 (January 16 by the lunar calendar), 742, in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) states that boys and little girls performed toka dances, which indicates toka seems to have become popular by then.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』の742年（天平14年）1月16日の記事に少年童女が踏歌を行ったとあるから、この頃までには広まっていたものと考えられる。
English: From February 21 (January 14 by the lunar calendar), 889, otoko toka was held mostly on January 14 (by the lunar calendar), but in 955, toka dances were temporarily halted.
Japanese: 889年（寛平元年）に男踏歌が1月14日におこなわれてから、多くは1月14日に男踏歌が行われたが、955年（天暦9年）に一時、踏歌は中止される。
English: Toka dances were restarted under the reign of Emperor Reizei, but on March 6 (January 14 by the lunar calendar), 983, otoko toka ceased being performed, and just onna toka continued to be held annually.
Japanese: 冷泉天皇の代から再び行われるようになったが、983年（永観元年）1月14日に行われた踏歌を最後に男踏歌は中止され、女踏歌だけが毎年行われるようになった。
English: For a decade after 1012, even onna toka was halted.
Japanese: その間にも、1012年（長和元年）から約10年間（寛仁年間）までは女踏歌も中絶した。
English: In 1519, even onna toka was no longer performed due to the prolonged turbulent times that year, and during the Edo period, formal toka dances were rarely performed.
Japanese: その後、1519年（永正16年）以後、乱世が続くに及んで女踏歌も廃絶し、江戸時代は、正規のものはほとんど行われなかった。
English: Performing gagaku (ancient Japanese court music), toka dancers came from the forecourt of Shishinden, went under Senka-mon Gate, and entered the forecourt of Seiryoden.
Japanese: 踏歌の舞人は右近陣前庭から楽を奏しつつ仙華門をはいって庭前にすすむ。
English: Two naishi (ladies-in-waiting to the emperor) cooperatively divided the kisewata, and Rokui no Kurodo (the Chamberlain of Sixth Rank) received the divided kisewata from the naishi behind a bamboo blind, and gave it to the wagon (Japanese harp) players and others in the forecourt as a reward for their performance.
Japanese: 内侍2人が左右から被綿をわかち、和琴を弾くもの以下に、六位蔵人が御簾中からこれを伝取し、庭中でこれを被（かづ）く。
English: Similar to the Ganjitsu no sechie (New Year's Festival), the emperor appeared on Nanden (another name of Shishinden), invited a large number of his retainers, including the okei, and provided them with sake and food.
Japanese: 天皇は南殿に出御し、王卿以下群臣を召し、酒饌をたまわるのは元日節会とおなじである。
English: After moving in a clockwise motion, they divided into two groups and moved south, then north and then exited to the eastern forecourt of Kyoshoden.
Japanese: 右廻一匝にしてまた左右にわかれて南行し、さらに内から北行して校書殿東庭にとどまる。
English: Nensho geigi refers to a young geigi (a woman who gives fun with a song, dance or music instrument at a feast; geisha) who is not yet a full-fledged, or a girl who appears in ozashiki (banquets in which guests are attended by geisha) in hanamachi (geisha districts) as a geigi apprentice.
Japanese: 年少芸妓とはまだ芸妓としては一人前でない若い芸妓、または芸妓見習いとして花街のお座敷に出ている少女を指す。
English: Nensho geigi is characterized by the typical style which emphasizes their young age; they wear kimono with long, trailing sleeves, that are removed the tucks at the shoulders and hemmed up, and haneri (neckpiece on a kimono), that is embroidered in red or reddish color, and pokkuri-geta (lacquered tall clogs), and their hair is done in the Japanese coiffure style for girls (such as momoware [literally, split peach; a hairstyle that the bun is split and a red fabric woven in the center], tojinmage [maiden hairstyle around Meiji period, characterized by separating the upper knots from the lower, decorated with fabric], yuiwata [hair style like cotton wrapped up], wareshinobu [a hairstyle characterized by a bagel-shaped, rolled knot worn high on her head, decorated with ribbons, ornaments and silk flowers], and ofuku [female hair style in kimono that the bun is split and a red fabric woven in the bottom]) using hana kanzashi (flower kanzashi [a decorative hair-pin]).
Japanese: 肩揚げ、袖揚げをした振袖の着物に紅系統の刺繍の半衿、ぽっくり下駄、少女向きの日本髪（桃割れ、唐人髷、結綿、割れしのぶ、おふく、といったもの）、花かんざしといったいかにも幼さを強調したいでたちであるのが特徴である。
English: Formerly they earned half 'the hanadai' (fee for geisha) of geigi (also referred as gyokudai or senkodai), since their status was considered to be 'half' of that of geigi (excluding the geigi in Kyoto).
Japanese: かつては「半人前」の身分であるとして「花代」（玉代、線香代とも）が芸妓の半分であることもあった（京都の舞妓はそうではない）。
English: Names for nensho geigi include 'hangyoku' (literally, half gyokudai), 'oshaku' (お酌 or 雛妓, person who pours sake liquor), 'maiko' (舞妓, apprentice geisha), 'akaeri' (red collar), 'kingyo' (goldfish), 'hinatsuko' (little geigi), and 'furisode' (a kimono with long, trailing sleeves).
Japanese: 呼称としては「半玉」「おしゃく（お酌とも雛妓とも書く）」「舞妓」「赤襟」「金魚」「雛妓（ひなつこ）」「振袖」など。
English: Also, in some places, 'younger geigi,' including hangyoku, are called by terms of endearment such as 'kirariko-san' (in Hakone Yumoto Hot Spring Resort, Kanagawa Prefecture) and 'karariko-san' (Aizu Higashiyama Hot Spring Resort, Fukushima Prefecture).
Japanese: また、半玉も含めての「若手芸妓」を「きらり妓さん」（神奈川・箱根湯本温泉）「からり妓さん」（福島・会津東山温泉）といった愛称で呼ぶところもある。
English: Temariuta (written in Japanese as てまりうた, 手まり唄, 手毬歌, 手毬唄, etc.) is a kind of children's song or play song to which girls sing along as they bounce temari balls (balls of cotton wound tightly around with threads of many colors).
Japanese: 手鞠歌（てまりうた、手まり歌、手まり唄、手毬歌、手毬唄などとも表記）は、少女たちが手まりをつきながら歌った童歌、遊び歌の一種である。
English: Temari is a toy which existed since the Edo period; in the beginning, it was made by merely winding threads around a ball, but since around the end of the 16th century, beautiful threads were geometrically wound around a spherical body, which was more elastic because of the zenmai cotton (cotton made of flowering fern) used.
Japanese: 手鞠とは、当初は、芯に糸を巻いただけの物であったが、16世紀末頃より、芯にぜんまい綿などを巻き弾性の高い球体を作り、それを美しい糸で幾何学的に巻いて作られた江戸時代からの玩具。
English: Since these balls were very elastic and bounced well, girls played by bouncing them on the ground during New Year's Holidays (for example, a hard ball in baseball similarly contains a core of cork wound by threads and covered with leather).
Japanese: これらのまりは、非常に弾性が高くてよく弾み、正月の日の遊びとして少女らが地について遊んだ（例えば野球の硬球も中はコルクに糸を巻き付けたものを革で包んだ物である）。
English: As rubber became cheaper since around the middle of the Meiji period and bouncy rubber ball became common, temari came to be played all year around, not only during New Year Holidays.
Japanese: 明治の中期頃からゴムが安価になり、よく弾むゴムまりがおもちゃとして普及してからは、正月だけでなく通年の遊びとなった。
English: Many songs were made to accompany the rhythmical moves of temari, and they are known today as children's songs in various areas.
Japanese: そのリズミカルな運動にあわせた、さまざまな歌が作られ、童歌として各地に伝わる。
English: Since Edo period, temariuta has been sung in yukaku (a red-light district), and so on, however many of them remained today are settled on the subject matters of the Russo-Japanese War or popular literally works during the middle and late Meiji period when it became widespread as children's play.
Japanese: なお、江戸時代から遊郭などには手毬歌なるものがあったが、日露戦争や、明治中・後期に話題になった文芸作品に題材を取ったものが多く残るのは、子供の遊びとして広く普及してからと思われる。
English: Often, various 'finishing' styles are taken at the end of a song, such as the player hiding the temari under her skirt, or catching the temari behind her back.
Japanese: 歌の最後でスカートで手まりを隠したり、後ろ手に取ったりなど様々な「フィニッシュ」をとることが多い。
English: Up until the 1950s, girls could be seen on alleys bouncing balls and singing temariuta; however, as cars also began to drive through alleys and less children play outside after the spread of television, it is almost forgotten today.
Japanese: 1950年代までは、路地で手まり歌を歌いながら毬をつく少女の姿が見られたものだが、路地にも車が入るようになり、また、テレビが普及して、子供が戸外で遊ぶことが少なくなったことから、今ではほとんど忘れられている。
English: Marutake ebisuni oshioike, Anesan rokkaku takonishiki, Shiaya buttaka matsuman gojo, Setta charachara uonotana, Rokujo hitcho torisugi, Hatcho koereba tojimichi, Kujo ojide todomesasu
Japanese: まるたけえびすに　おしおいけ、あねさんろっかく　たこにしき、しあやぶったかまつまんごじょう、せったちゃらちゃらうおのたな、ろくじょうひっちょうとおりすぎ、はっちょうこえればとうじみち、くじょうおうじでとどめさす
English: Names of streets running horizontally in Kyoto are included as follows: Marutamachi, Takeyamachi, Ebisugawa, Nijo, Oshikoji, and Oike; Anekoji, Sanjo, Rokkaku, Takoyakushi, Nishiki, Shijo, Ayanokoji, Bukkoji, Takatsuji, Matsubara, Manjuji, and Gojo; Settayacho (current Yobai-dori Street) and Uonotana; Rokujo; Shichijo, Hachijo, and Kujo.
Japanese: 丸太町・竹屋町・夷川・二条・押小路・御池、姉小路・三条・六角・蛸薬師・錦・四条・綾小路・佛小路・高辻・松原・万寿寺・五条、雪駄屋町（今の楊梅通）・魚の棚、六条、七条・八条・九条の横の通りをうたう。
English: It takes the form of a counting song by including the sound of numbers in the lyrics, i.e., ichi, ni, san, shi, and so on (having the same sound as the Japanese words for one, two, three, and four, and so on) at the head of each verse.
Japanese: イチ、ニ、サ、シ…と各句の頭に数字を読み込んだ数え歌の形をとっている。
English: Although it is unclear what 'ichiretsu' refers to, some say that it is a corruption of the ichigatsu (January, when the last negotiation failed in January, 1904 immediately before the start of the Russo-Japanese War), or a corruption of 'nichiretsu' (referring to nichi (Japan) verses rekkyo (powerful countries).
Japanese: 「一列」は意味不明だが、「一月」（日露開戦直前の1904年1月に最後の交渉が決裂したことを指す）の転訛とも、「日列」（＝日本対列強）の転訛ともいう。
English: Tsubazeriai means warding off (and pushing back) each other's sword with one's own sword guard in a duel, this is also synonymous with "neck-and-neck" competition.
Japanese: 鍔迫り合い（つばぜりあい）とは、互いに相手の打った刀を自分の刀の鍔で受け止め、押し合うこと、転じて激しい試合のこともさす。
English: Tsubazeriai in kendo is where, during a duel, each opponent wards off (and pushes back) the other's bamboo sword with their own bamboo sword guard, this is also when hikiwaza (a technique performed while stepping backward) is attempted.
Japanese: 剣道において鍔迫り合いは、打ち合わせた竹刀を刀同様鍔で受け止め、押し合う状態で、引き技はこの状態から打つ。
English: This book and others mention the term 'tsubazeriai,' which was originally described as sokuizuke (in Chinese characters, "即位付") or gedanzuke; incidentally, sokuhizuke (sokuizuke's synonym, written in Chinese characters as "続飯付"), used in Maniwanen-ryu, Kashimashin-ryu, and Mugai-ryu (these tree are kobudo schools), means "sticky like the paste made from boiled rice."
Japanese: この文献その他において、元来「一刀流」における即位付（そくいづけ。馬庭念流、鹿島神流、無外流などでは続飯付（そくひづけ）という。なお、続飯とは炊いた飯を練ったのりのこと。）、下段付、とあったのが「鍔迫り合い」に置き換わっている。
English: Wakigamae zuke (How to fight with your bamboo sword pointed to your side): --- when a fencer tries to thrust at their opponent's throat; the opponent raises their wrist to avoid the thrust, and thus they often become locked in tsubazeriai.
Japanese: 「脇構え付け（中略）故咽突込む（註　敵太刀を挙げて突をさける故鍔ぜりとなる）。
English: --- To avoid a thrust, the attacked fencer raises their wrist, often locking the two fencers in tsubazeriai; if the attacking fencer can strike the opponent's wrist from above, it is counted as a successful strike, called 'migi kote utase' (the stroke to the right wrist).
Japanese: （中略）突を受け小手を挙るゆへ、鍔迫となる処を上よりくじく、右小手うたせ。」
English: Temoto do: This refers to a strike to the torso, which is attempted when a fencer in tsubazeriai sees an opening in their opponent's guard.
Japanese: 「手元胴　双方鍔ぜりあいになりたる時、向うの透きを見て立ちながら胴を打つをいう。」
English: Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department kendo refereeing draft rules (made in 1926): Article 6. The refereeing shall be based on the following sections;
Japanese: 警視廰劍道審判規定案（大正15年）第6條　審判員ハ左ノ各項ニ準墟シ審判ヲナスヘシ。
English: --- Section 5. When players come near each other, become locked in tsubazeriai, and press their own bamboo sword against their opponent's shoulder, one of them may thrust (or forcibly topple over) their opponent at the moment of separation, but this is not recognized as a valid strike.
Japanese: （中略）5、間合接近シテ鍔糶合トナリタルトキ太刀ヲ互ニ肩ニ掛ケ離レ際ニ撃突シ又ハ無理ニ倒スモ之ヲ採ラス。
English: Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department kendo refereeing rules (established in 1933, and revised in 1934): Article 8. Fencers shall not do things listed in the following sections;
Japanese: 警視廰劍道審判規定（昭和8年（1933年）、昭和9年（1934年）改定）第8條　試合中左ノ事項ヲ禁止ス。
English: The refereeing rules of the kendo matches held in the presence of Emperor Showa for the celebration of the 2,600th year of the Imperial reign: (matches were held from June 18 to the 20 in 1940) Article 9. --- Section 44. When fencers come near each other, become locked in tsubazeriai, and press their own bamboo sword against their opponent's shoulder, one of them may thrust (or thrust after forcibly toppling over) the opponent at the moment of separation, but it is not recognized as a valid thrust.
Japanese: 皇紀2600年奉祝昭和天覧試合剣道試合審判規定（昭和15年6月18日～20日）第9條（中略）4４、間合接近シテ鍔糶合トナリタルトキ太刀ヲ互ニ肩ニ掛ケ離レ際ニ撃突シ又ハ不正ニ倒シテ撃突スルモ勝ト認メス。
English: Students' kendo match rules (established in 1943): --- Article 5. The referee shall pay close attention to the following sections;
Japanese: 學徒劍道試合規定（昭和18年（1943年）（中略）5、審判の要領トシテ左記各項ニ特ニ留意スベシ。
English: Kendo game rules (established in March 1950) --- Article 3. Referee --- B. Refereeing Method --- Section 5. In the event that tsubazeriai continues for five seconds, the referee shall stop the match, make the fencers return to the mark, and restart the match.
Japanese: 撓競技法（昭和25年（1950年）3月）（中略）3審判（中略）（ロ）審判法（中略）（5）鍔競合5秒以内に及ぶ場合は試合を中止させ、出發線まで戻して再び開始させる。
English: The Seven Wonders of Shimabara are wonders taught in Shimabara (the entertainment area in Kyoto City).
Japanese: 島原七不思議（しまばらななふしぎ）または嶋原七不思議は、京都市の花街嶋原に伝えられている七不思議の一つ。
English: The tayu (highest-ranking geisha) plays on its Japanese homograph 'tayu,' the honorific title of Joruri-Katari, who would recite the Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted in accompaniment with shamisen [the three-stringed Japanese banjo] music).
Japanese: 「太夫（大夫）」が浄瑠璃語りの芸人の敬称でもあることにひっかけてある
English: Fushin (普請), where fu (普) means widely and shin (請) means asking for help, refers to a request for widespread and equal community service (monetary support, labor support, financial assistance), where a whole community is asked to build and maintain public infrastructures.
Japanese: 普請（ふしん）とは、普く（あまねく）請う（こう）とも読み広く平等に奉仕（資金・労力・資金の提供）を願う事であり、社会基盤を地域住民で作り維持していく事を指す。
English: Today, fushin refers to the construction (建設) (including building and engineering), repair, and maintenance of public infrastructure with the assistance of community residents who will benefit from it and other public works projects.
Japanese: 現在では公共の社会基盤を受益する共同の人々または公共事業により建設（建築と土木を併せ建設という）および修繕、維持する事。
English: To put it plainly, it refers to asking for mutual service or mutual aid, and labor or monetary support to construct, repair and remodel facilities needed for the autonomy of the community.
Japanese: 端的にいえば互助活動や相互扶助や自治としての建設（修繕、模様替も含まれる）の為の労力や資金の提供を求める事をさす。
English: The word "建設" (kensetsu) was created by translating the English word into Japanese during the Meiji period, and replaced the previous word "普請"(fushin).
Japanese: 建設と言う言葉自体が明治時代に外来語を翻訳した時に出来た和製熟語でありそれ以前は普請と言った。
English: Before the development of a monetary economy, people built houses with the help of their neighbors, so even today building houses is referred to as fushin, or more specifically 'ya fushin' (construction of houses).
Japanese: 貨幣経済の発達前には、近隣の協力を得て家屋を立てたことから、現在においても家を建てることを普請するともいうが、具体的には「家普請」という。
English: In some communities there were traditionally many carpenters, while in other communities with smaller populations, it was natural that the residents would be proactive in supporting each other when building the framework of a house (framework raising) which is very labor intensive, and due to the social obligation called jubu-no-tsukiai (adequate relationship) those who did not cooperate may be ostracized or become "murahachibu."
Japanese: 地域の事情により古くから大工と言う職業が多数存在する地域もあったが、自治単位の人口の少ないところでは、十分の付き合い（相互扶助のこと村八分と言う言葉で知られる）の一つとして建前（上棟）には人手がいるためお互い様として地域住民が積極的に手伝う事が当然であった。
English: Kaya fushin is when neighbors, without compensation, help repair thatched roofs.
Japanese: 萱普請は萱葺き屋根の葺き替えを近隣に無償にて作業してもらう事である。
English: Mizo fushin is commonly known as the cleaning of ditches (or drains) by the residents.
Japanese: 溝普請は用水路や排水路（どぶ）などを地域住民で清掃することが一般的に知られている。
English: In some communities, those who cannot participate in fushin may be expected to pay for food or something to distribute among the participants.
Japanese: なお様々な理由で参加できない者は炊き出しなどの費用として金銭を支払うなどとする所もある。
English: Residents taking turns cleaning a garbage site may also be considered a newly established form of fushin (or yui).
Japanese: ごみ集積場の清掃作業の持ち回りも新たに出来た普請（結い）といえるだろう。
English: For local autonomy, machi bugyo (town magistrates) were established in the Edo period, and autonomy was given to each machi (town).
Japanese: 自治としては江戸時代の町奉行の設立により、町単位で自治が認められた。
English: Thus, the public infrastructure was supported financially by chonin (similar to present day rich local legislators) as well as odana (rich merchants), and was constructed by carpenters, scaffolding men, and timber merchants.
Japanese: それに伴い社会基盤は自前で行う範囲が発生した資金を町人（現在の地方議員と金持ちを兼ねた様な存在）を始めとする大店（おおだな）などが負担し、おもに大工、鳶、木材商などに従事する者が行った。
English: Specifically, fushin included the construction of roads, stone walls, wells, wooden aqueducts, drain ditches, building bridges for kujirabunesayamawashi goyo (service rendered through the use of a whaling ship), and fire fighting by machi hikeshi (firemen).
Japanese: 具体的には、道や石垣、井戸や上水道の木管の敷設や排水溝（どぶ）の布設、鯨舟鞘廻御用での橋梁建設や町火消での消火活動などが挙げられる。
English: Also, in villages and towns, jisha (temples and shrines) were the center of matsurigoto (celebrations as well as governing), so the fushin performed there was called "jisha fushin."
Japanese: 村や町においても自治の政（祭り、政治の事）の中心的な存在として寺社がありその普請を寺社普請といった。
English: In areas where the key industries were agriculture, forestry, and fishing, various forms of fushin were executed through public works projects by the local government, such as fushin for constructing irrigation canals, ponds, logging roads, rafting routes, harbors and breakwaters.
Japanese: 農林水産業などが基幹産業である地域で自治や公共事業として灌漑用水路や溜池、林道や筏場、港湾や防波堤などの普請が行われてきた。
English: In a broader sense, fushin may include establishing public utilities in major towns such as oceanic cargo shipping executed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), reclaiming land for population growth, constructing levees and dikes to improve river embankments for unloading cargo; it may also include such projects as promoting planting cherry trees to help maintain reclaimed land and embankments, encouraging fireworks display, establishing yukaku (red-light district), and so on.
Japanese: 主要都市の公共事業としては幕府が行った海運荷役や人口増加の為の埋め立てや治水や河川荷役の為の護岸工事を始めとし、埋立地や護岸の締め固めを目的とした桜の植樹や花火の打ち上げの奨励や遊郭の設置なども広義では普請と言えるだろう。
English: From a historical point of view, it can be said that public gambling and lotteries operated by national and local governments are also a form of fushin monopolized by national and local governments following the model of jisha fushin.
Japanese: 国や地方自治体が行う公営賭博や宝くじも、歴史的に見れば寺社普請を真似た上に、国や地方自治体が独占した普請の手段と言える。
English: Fushin (普請) is from Buddhist terminology and the reading "fushin" was introduced through Zen Buddhism, therefore To-on (Japanese reading of kanji [Chinese characters] imported from China by Zen priests) (唐音) is used (See Dipankara and similar works).
Japanese: 普請は仏教用語で、ふしんの読み仮名は禅宗が伝えた為、唐音が使われる（燃燈仏などを参照）。
English: Fushin (普請), generally meaning (普) asking (請) people for help, referred to group projects by believers of Zen Buddhism, and later, came to include work done by the beneficiaries of jisha or a community.
Japanese: 普く（あまねく）人々に請う（こう）ことであり、禅宗の信者が力を合わせて作業に従事するという意味であったが、後には寺社普請としてまたは、集落において受益者が合意して作業に従事することも指すようになった。
English: Fushin was also used as a title for laborers during castle construction and so forth in the Muromachi and Edo periods.
Japanese: 室町幕府、江戸幕府などで、築城などの役務・役職名として普請も用いられた。
English: This form of fushin differs from the original voluntary community service, rather, it is a form of economic stimulus provided by the bakufu for those who are destitute and in need of work.
Japanese: これは本来の用法である自らの意思に基づく社会参加とは意をことにするものであるが、幕府による景気対策や生活困窮者の救済措置である側面を持つ。
English: Incidentally, the issuing of licenses for botefuri (stallholder or peddler) by the bakufu, put high priority on the physically weak, and was another form of relief provided for destitute people.
Japanese: ちなみに幕府による、棒手売（街商や物売りのこと）の鑑札の発行も弱者優先であり生活困窮者の救済の政策であった。
English: Kujikata were in charge of civil suits and tax collection, while the 'kattekata' managed fushin such as bridge construction.
Japanese: -税の徴収や訴訟を扱う公事方に対し、「勝手方」という部署が河川の橋梁などの普請を取り仕切っていた。
English: Fushin bugyo were in charge of constructing the stone walls and moats around castles, jinawa hari (marking and roping off a construction site), building and engineering foundations, as well as constructing water supply pipes.
Japanese: -城下や城の石垣や堀、土木や建築物の地縄張りや基礎工事および上水道の管理
English: Kobushin shihai is a post to hire temporarily gokenin (low ranking vassal) or hatamoto (shogun's retainer) with low income and no official position as a part of relief measures and manage them when carrying out kobushin.
Japanese: -小普請をする際に収入が少なく役職の無い御家人や旗本を救済する意味も兼ねて臨時雇用しその采配をする役職。
English: Some machiya fushin were organized after disastrous fires; a well known example of this is the machiya fushin in Kyoto after the Great Fire in Tenmei.
Japanese: -大火の後に実施することもあり、京都における天明大火の町屋普請などが知られる。
English: Daimyo tetsudai fushin is fushin where each daimyo is charged with rebuilding or repairing after a flood, such as the fushin after the flood in Kanpo in the Kanto region
Japanese: -関東における寛保洪水の後に行われた各大名に負担させた洪水の復興や修繕の為の普請。
English: Land reclamation projects and levee construction to prevent floods, which were both standard policies of the Edo bakufu, were included in osukui fushin.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の基本政策である埋め立てや治水のための護岸工事がこれにあたる。
English: It is also called 'yui,' and implies fundamental mutual aid regardless of one's occupation or position, and is supposed to be voluntary, so it can be considered a social obligation in relationship with one's neighbors (or jubu relationship).
Japanese: -「結い」ともいい、職業や立場など関係ない根源的な相互扶助であり、無償である事が前提である普請で近所付き合い（十分の付き合い）ともいえる。
English: Jisha fushin aimed to construct, repair and manage jisha (temples and shrines) and specifically, it included holding festivals or fairs along the sando (the road approaching a temple), inside the precincts, or in the temple town; they also collected a portion of the sales from street vendors as rent for their stalls, proceeds from tomikuji (lottery), precursor to today's takarakuji, and terasen (fee charged to a gambling salon) as rent from gambling halls in the days when gambling held by common people was legal.
Japanese: -寺社の造営、修繕や維持管理を目的としたもので、具体的には参道や境内、門前町において祭りや縁日を開催し、出店者から売り上げの一部を、場所代として提供してもらう事や、宝くじの元となった富くじの収益や、庶民が自ら行う賭博が合法であった時代には、賭博開帳の場所代としての寺銭などが挙げられる。
English: Mura fushin refers to the development of facilities and infrastructures in villages where the key industries include agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Japanese: -農林水産のいずれかが基幹産業である場合が多く、その付帯施設や基盤整備を指す。
English: However, some mura fushin were executed through a managerial position called mura fushin kata by the okami in each community or municipality.
Japanese: ただし村普請方という役職もあり御上（おかみ）主導で集落や自治単位の負担で行われる村普請もあった。
English: Machi fushin refers to the development of the public infrastructure of a town, though, unlike mura fushin, it was supported financially by chonin or odana and was carried out by a staff of specialists, and therefore was not widely (fu) asked (shin) for.
Japanese: -町の社会基盤の整備であるが、村普請と違う点は出資者が町人や大店であり、労役は専門職の者が行ったので普く請う形ではなかった。
English: The carpenters and scaffolding men in charge of machi fushin were called machi carpenters and machi scaffolding men, and as an unwritten rule, having 'machi' in front of their titles gave them priority when accepting orders from the community.
Japanese: 大工や鳶は町大工や町鳶と呼ばれ「町」という冠が付いた事と、地域の仕事は優先的に受注できるという、不文律を得る為の手段でもあった。
English: Ta bushin and shinden bushin are fushin related to river improvement, water use for large rice paddy fields, and building new rice fields, that can not be covered by jifushin.
Japanese: -自普請で賄えない規模の田んぼの治水用水に係わる普請や新たな田園の造営。
English: In the Edo period, the bakufu assigned this fushin to each daimyo regularly in order to prevent each daimyo from accumulating wealth.
Japanese: その後江戸時代には幕府が各大名が蓄財出来ない様に定期的にこれを行わせた。
English: Also, castle construction during the Sengoku period developed techniques such as civil engineering and masonry construction related to castle walls and these techniques formed the foundation for the civil engineering techniques of hikiya gyo or dote ninsoku, who later became scaffolding men during the Edo period.
Japanese: また戦国時代の築城は城壁に纏わる土木・組石造などの技術が培い、その後の江戸時代のとび職の祖となった曳き屋業や土手人足などの土木技術の礎となった。
English: Fushin doraku refers to a dilettante or a person who has an interest in architecture who spends large sums of money for building a house in sukiya zukuri style (in the style of a tea ceremony house) and the like, or for rebuilding a house many times over.
Japanese: -好事家や趣味人が蓄財を数奇屋造りなどの建築に費やしたり次々に住まいなどを建て替える事。