nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Then the descendants of the former head family who had been permitted to return to Edo were allowed to restore the family and returned to Gokin Aratame-yaku to control kin-za until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: そこで江戸に帰還を許されていた旧宗家の末裔が再興を許されて御金改役に復帰して幕末まで金座を管理していた。
English: At first, in addition to Edo, kin-za was also installed in Sunpu, Kyoto and Sado (later in Kofu), but it was integrated in Edo later.
Japanese: 当初は江戸以外にも駿府・京都・佐渡（後には甲府）にも置かれたが、後に江戸に一本化された。
English: However, kin-za located in Anekoji Kurumaya-cho, Kyoto, where casting was stopped in 1791, was not abolished and gold working for official business of the Imperial Palace and control of gold workmen in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) and so on were performed under the control of the Goto family until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: ただし、寛政3年（1791年）に鋳造を停止された京都・姉小路車屋町にあった金座はその後も廃止されず、禁裏御用の金細工及び上方における金職人統制などを後藤家の支配に従って幕末まで行っている。
English: Officially, they were abolished when kin-za and gin-za in Edo were occupied by the government army in May 9, 1868.
Japanese: 公式には慶応4年4月17日(旧暦)（1868年5月9日）に官軍によって江戸の金座・銀座が占領された時に廃止された。
English: However, the requisitioned kin-za was actually under the regulation of Kaheishi (currency office) of a new government and cast gold coins to be used by the new government until February of the following year to apply the money to payment of military expenditure of the Meiji Government.
Japanese: ただし、実際には接収された金座は新政府貨幣司の統制下となり明治政府の軍費支払に充てるために翌年2月まで新政府が用いる金貨を鋳造していた。
English: However, because the fact that kin-za was casting inferior gold coins in violation of kaizei-yakusho (revised agreement on trade attached to the Ansei Five-Power Treaties) was revealed, it met with protests by many foreign countries and kin-za was abolished because the Meiji Government decided full switchover to dajokansatsu (government note) and construction of the mint bureau.
Japanese: しかし、改税約書違反の悪質な金貨を鋳造していた事実が明らかとなったために諸外国からの抗議を受け、明治政府が太政官札への全面切り替えと造幣局(日本)建設を決めたために廃止された。
English: There is an avenue called Kinza-dori avenue around the Bank of Japan in present Chuo Ward, Tokyo (Tokyo Prefecture), which is the site where kin-za previously stood.
Japanese: 金座の跡地である現在の東京都中央区(東京都)の日本銀行の周辺には金座通りという道路が存在する。
English: Also, in Shizuoka City, the place where koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) was casted still remains as a town name of Kinza-machi.
Japanese: また、静岡市には、現在も小判が鋳造された場所が金座町という町名として残っている。
English: After 1765, kin-za and zin-za (see the article of gin-za [history]) also were in charge of the operation of casting coins and as a result gin-za which had been a contracting business by private merchants was under the regulation of kin-za.
Japanese: 明和2年（1765年）以降は金座および銀座(歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、それまで主に民間の商人による請負事業であった銭座が金座の統制下に置かれる事となった。
English: Especially, Tenpo-tsuho issued following the advice of Mitsunori GOTO who was Gokin Aratame-yaku was casted at the initiative of kin-za.
Japanese: 特に天保6年（1835年）に御金改役の後藤光亨の建策により発行された天保通寳は金座主導により鋳造された。
English: Mountain golds purchased from gold mines, old gold coins and imported gold ingots were melted, and then salt and sulfur were added thereto to react with silver included in gold and then refine to produce a certain carat of pure gold.
Japanese: 金鉱山より買い入れた山出金、古金貨、輸入印子金などを鎔解し、塩および硫黄を加えて含まれる銀と反応させ精錬して一定の品位の焼金とした。
English: Then pure gold and hanafuri-gin (pure silver) were weighed, combined so as to achieve a specific carat, and melted in a melting pot to produce sao-gane.
Japanese: 次に焼金および花降銀（純銀）を規定品位になるよう秤量し取り組み、坩堝で鎔融して竿金とした。
English: Kin-za nin (people in kin-za) received these bullions, which were cut off in a given weight and beaten out in a form of koban.
Japanese: 金座人がこの地金を受け取り、一定の目方に切断され小判型に打ち延ばされた。
English: After the surface of koban was chiseled and weighing and inspection were performed, hallmarks of toryo (master) and zanin (hereditary officers of kin-za and gin-za in the Edo period) were punched and koban were handed over to Goto-tedai.
Japanese: 表面に鏨目が打たれ、計量検査が行われた後、棟梁および座人の験極印が打たれ、後藤手代に渡された。
English: Koban were further inspected and hallmark of paulownia with a fan-shaped frame and hallmark of its face value were punched on koban, then koban were returned to kin-za nin.
Japanese: さらに検査が行われ、扇枠の桐極印、額面などの極印が打たれ、金座人に戻された。
English: For finishing, enhancement of the color was performed by applying agent such as salt, niter, chalcanthite, melanterite or kunroku (a sort of resin) to koban and warming koban over a flame to make gold color complete.
Japanese: 仕上げは、小判に食塩、硝石、胆礬、緑礬、薫陸などの薬剤を塗り火で焙って色揚げが行われ金色が整えられた。
English: Zeniza is an organization or agency which minted coins including Kanei Tsuho during the Edo period.
Japanese: 銭座（ぜにざ）とは、江戸時代に寛永通寳を始めとする銭貨を鋳造した組織あるいは機関である。
English: The organization which was established during the Aska period for the purpose of minting Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins cast in Japan) emitted from the Nara to Heian period was called Jyusenshi.
Japanese: 飛鳥時代、奈良時代から平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭を鋳造するために設置された組織は、鋳銭司（じゅせんし・ちゅうせんし）と称した。
English: In the early Edo period, mintage of coins including Kanei Tsuho was conducted mainly by private contractors, based on the bakufu's approval.
Japanese: 江戸時代前期は、寛永通寳などの銭貨鋳造は民間の商人らによる請負事業であり、江戸幕府の許可制によるものが中心であった。
English: That is, when there was a demand for coins, the bakufu publicly sought contractors who were willing to mint coins, and placed an order for coins with a definite deadline with those who were capable of mass production of coins.
Japanese: すなわち、銭貨の需要が生じたとき幕府は随時、鋳銭希望者を公募し、銭貨を大量生産する能力を持つ者に期限を区切って鋳銭を命じたのであった。
English: Such contractors included Gofuku-ya kimono shops, itowappu nakama (the thread tally union), officers of gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) and other influential townspeople.
Japanese: このような請負人には呉服屋、糸割符仲間、銀座役人などの有力町人が名を連ねている。
English: Zeniza was made to pay to the bakufu 5 to 20% of the amount of mintage, about 10% in principle, as Unjo (one of the taxes which were assessed on workers in all kinds of industries except for the agriculture industry).
Japanese: これらの銭座には鋳造高の5～20%、原則として10%程度を運上として幕府に上納させている。
English: But Kanei Tsuho, minted by more than sixty zeniza all over the Japan, was of great variety in production and raw materials, and lacked integrity of appearance.
Japanese: しかし全国六十箇所以上に上る各銭座により鋳造された寛永通寳の製作および素材は多種多様であり、外観上の画一性を欠くものとなっていった。
English: As kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-za concurrently took charge of mintage of coins after 1765, zeniza was established as a fixed guild and the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage and tried to homogenize coins.
Japanese: 明和2年（1765年）以降は金座および銀座(歴史)が鋳銭事業を兼任することになり、定座としての銭座が確立し、鋳銭に対する幕府の支配が強化され、銭貨の均質化が図られた。
English: After the Genroku era (from 1688 to 1703) production of copper began to decline and the bakufu was running out of copper for export, which was one of the reasons the bakufu strengthened the control of mintage.
Japanese: また元禄年間を過ぎた頃から銅の産出に陰りが見え始め、輸出用の御用銅が不足し始めたことも鋳銭事業に対する幕府の管理体制を強化させた一因である。
English: Kanei Tsuho was born when Shinsuke SATO, a wealthy merchant in Mito City, asked the bakufu and the Mito Domain for permission to mint copper coins due to a short supply of coins in 1626, and was granted such permission.
Japanese: 寛永3年（1626年）、水戸市の豪商である佐藤新助が銭貨の不足を理由に銅銭の鋳造を幕府および水戸藩に願い出て、許可されたのが寛永通寳の始まりであった。
English: Although Kanei Tsuho was no more than privately-minted coins at this point, possibly Keicho-tsuho in 1606, which was said to be ordered by the bakufu, and Genna Tsuho, minted in 1617 were on the same level with Kanei Tsuho.
Japanese: この時点では寛永通寳は私鋳銭の域を出ないが、幕府が鋳造を命じたとされる慶長11年（1606年）鋳造の慶長通宝、および元和(日本)3年（1617年）鋳造の元和通宝なども、これと同列のものである可能性がある。
English: Ten years after, in 1636, it was decided that the bakufu carried on a full-scale operation of mintage of Kanei Tsuho as a result of an increase in production of copper from copper mines including Ashio Copper Mine, and three zeniza were established; Hashiba in Asakusa, Edo, Tsuna-nawate in Shiba (Minato Ward, Tokyo) and Sakamoto in Omi Province (Otsu City).
Japanese: 10年後の寛永13年（1636年）、足尾銅山などからの銅の産出が増大したことを受け、幕府が本格的に寛永通寳の鋳造を司ることになり、このとき設置された銭座は江戸浅草橋場、芝(東京都港区)網縄手および近江国坂本(大津市)の3座であった。
English: In 1637, for the purpose of securing the sufficient number of coins for circulation, in addition to the three zeniza stated above, eight more zeniza were established in Mito, Sendai, Mikawa-Yoshida domain in Mikawa Province, Matsumoto City, Takada City, Hagi City in Nagato Province, Okayama City in Bizen Province and Takeda City in Bungo Province.
Japanese: 翌年の寛永14年（1637年）、流通のために充分な量の銭貨を確保するため3座に加えて、水戸、仙台、三河国三河吉田藩、松本市、高田市、長門国萩市、備前国岡山市、および豊後国竹田市の8座が増設された。
English: In addition another zeniza was established in Inomiya, Suruga Province in 1639, but mintage was temporarily prohibited in all the zeniza in 1640 because of a drop in the value of a copper coin in the previous year, and because many coins were too light.
Japanese: さらに寛永16年（1639年）、駿河国井之宮に銭座が設けられたが、寛永17年（1640年）、前年に銭貨の相場が下落したことを受け、また軽薄な品が少なくないという理由から一旦、全銭座における鋳造停止が命じられた。
English: In 1656, however, in order to make up for scarcity of coins due to the subsequent economic development, the bakufu established zeniza in Torigoe, Asakusa, Edo (Taito Ward) and in Kutsunoya, Suruga Province and ordered mintage.
Japanese: しかし、その後の経済発展により生じた銭貨不足を補うため、明暦2年（1656年）、幕府は江戸浅草鳥越(台東区)および駿河国沓谷（くつのや）に銭座を設け鋳銭を命じている。
English: It is said that zeniza was also established in Kennin-ji Temple in Kyoto in 1653, but it is uncertain.
Japanese: また寛永13年および承応2年（1653年）、京都の建仁寺にも銭座が置かれたというが、定かではない。
English: Kanei Tsuho which had been minted by this time was called Kokanei, and had a better quality than imported coins which had been widely circulated.
Japanese: ここまでに鋳造された寛永通寳は古寛永と呼ばれ、以前に広く流通した輸入銭と比較して良質のものであった。
English: As the bakufu prohibited Kanei Tsuho from being exported in 1659, zeniza in Nakajima, Nagasaki City minted copper coins imitating Chinese coins only for the purpose of international trade, and those coins were called Nagasaki Boeki-sen.
Japanese: 万治2年（1659年）、幕府は寛永通寳の輸出を禁止したため、長崎市中島銭座では貿易取引専用に中国の銭貨を模した銅銭を鋳造し、その一連の銭貨は長崎貿易銭と呼ばれる。
English: Later, during the period from 1668 to 1683, Nuinosuke GOTO, Gofuku-ya kimono shop, undertook mintage, establishing large zeniza in Kameido, Edo, and Kanei Tsuho which was minted in this period, called Bunsen, had homogeneous and excellent qualities.
Japanese: その後、寛文8年（1668年）から天和(日本)3年（1683年）までの期間に呉服屋の後藤縫之助らが鋳銭を請負い、江戸亀戸に大規模な銭座が設けられ、このとき鋳造された寛永通寳は文銭と呼ばれ、均質で良質なものであった。
English: Zeniza in Kameido also minted coins during later Genroku and Hoei eras, from 1714 to 1718, and during Gembun era.
Japanese: 亀戸の銭座では後の元禄から宝永年間、正徳(日本)4年（1714年）から享保3年（1718年）まで、さらに元文年間にも鋳銭が行われている。
English: Because the value of copper coins rose against that of gold and silver coins, whose quality level had decreased and whose circulation had increased since the remintage of koban (oval gold coin) and Chogin (collective term for silver), and also because Besshidozan Copper Mine started to produce more copper, zeniza was established in Shichijo by members of itowappu nakama (the thread tally union) in Kyoto from April 1700 to January 1708 to mint a thin and small type of Kanei Tsuho, and Hoei Tsuho after February 1708.
Japanese: 元禄から宝永にかけての小判および丁銀の改鋳以降、品位が低下し通貨量が増大した金銀貨に対し銭相場が高騰し、また別子銅山からの銅の産出が増大したことを受け、元禄13年（1700年）3月から宝永5年（1708年）1月にかけては京都糸割符人により七条に銭座が設けられ、薄肉小型の寛永通寳が鋳造され、同年の2月からは宝永通宝が鋳造された。
English: Kanei Tsuho which was minted in Shichijo, Kyoto and also in Kameido, Edo after 1697, was called Ogiwara-sen, being turned into a thin and small type as a result of policies set by Shigehide OGIWARA.
Japanese: 京都七条および元禄10年（1697年）から江戸亀戸で鋳造された寛永通寳は荻原重秀の建策により薄肉小型なものに変更されたため荻原銭と呼ばれる。
English: Furthermore, after 1714, zeniza were established to mint Kanei Tsuho in Kameido (Edo), Aikawa-cho (Sado Province), Juman-tsubo (hundred thousand tsubo) in Fukagawa, Edo (Koto Ward), Nanba (Osaka), Sendai, Yodo Toba Yokooji (Outskirt of Kyoto), Koume (Edo), Sarue (Shimousa Province), Uzu (Kii Province), Fushimi, Nikko City (Shimotsuke Province), Ani Copper Mine in Akita, Ishinomaki, Fujisawa City (Sagami Province), Kozu (Osaka) and Ashio (Shimotsuke Province).
Japanese: さらに正徳4年以降、江戸亀戸、佐渡国相川町、江戸深川_(江東区)十万坪、大坂難波、仙台、淀鳥羽(洛外)横大路、江戸小梅、下総国猿江、紀伊国宇津、伏見、下野国日光市、秋田阿仁銅山、石巻、相模国藤沢市、大坂高津、下野足尾などに銭座が設けられ、寛永通寳が鋳造された。
English: The bakufu tried to specify the location of mintage by making letters indicating the location of mintage cast on the back side of coins and by making letters on coins different according to the location of mintage, for the purpose of maintaining the quality of coins and strengthening copper regulation, which was in urgent demand.
Japanese: このとき幕府は銭貨の質の管理および、需要が逼迫していた銅の統制を強めていた関係上から、銭の背面に鋳造地を示す文字を鋳出させたり、また面文に特徴を持たせて鋳銭地の明確化を図った。
English: After 1765, zeniza was brought under control of kin-za and gin-za and became a fixed guild of mintage, a permanent organization different from before.
Japanese: 明和2年以降は銭座は金座および銀座の監督下に置かれ鋳銭定座となり、以前と異なり常設のものとなった。
English: Some of the old local zeniza continued mintage, but they were also brought under control of kin-za.
Japanese: 以前の地方の銭座の中には引き続き鋳銭事業が継続された所もあるが、これらについても金座の監督下に置かれた。
English: After that, Kanei Tsuho was produced mostly in iron, and a great number of iron coins were minted in zeniza in Kameido, Fushimi, Ishinomaki and Ota City, Hitachi, Hitachi Province which were under direct control of kin-za.
Japanese: これ以降、寛永通寳は鉄銭が中心となり、金座直轄の亀戸、伏見、石巻および常陸国常陸太田市などの銭座で大量の鉄銭が鋳造された。
English: Copper coins were minted especially for international trade in Nagasaki after 1767, but their quality was poor.
Japanese: 明和4年（1767年）より長崎で主に貿易専用に銅銭が鋳造されたが質は悪いものであった。
English: Under the policy set by Hisataka KAWAI, Kanei Tsuho Shimonsen brass coins started to be minted in Shinden, Fukagawa-senda (Koto Ward), Edo under the control of gin-za after in 1768.
Japanese: 明和5年（1768年）からは銀座の監督下、川井久敬の建策により、江戸深川千田(江東区)新田において寛永通寳真鍮四文銭の鋳造が始まった。
English: In 1821 zeniza in Hashiba, Asakusa started to mint Shimonsen coins, and after 1865 zeniza in Morioka, Sendai, Mito, Tsu City (Ise Province) and Hiroshima City (Aki Province) minted Shimonsen iron coins.
Japanese: 文政4年（1821年）からは浅草橋場の銭座で四文銭の鋳造が行われ、慶応元年（1865年）から盛岡、仙台、水戸、伊勢国津市および安芸国広島市などの銭座で精鉄四文銭の鋳造が行われた。
English: Furthermore, under the policy set by Sanemon GOTO, okane-aratame-yaku (a money inspector), Tenpo Tsuho started to be minted in kin-za and Hashiba, Asakusa in 1835.
Japanese: また天保6年（1835年）からは御金改役の後藤三右衛門の建策により金座および浅草橋場で天保通寳の鋳造が始まった。
English: Bunkyu Eiho was minted in zeniza in Higashi-Daiku-machi, Fukagawa, Edo under the control of gin-za in March 1863, and also in zeniza in Masaki and Kosuge under the control of kin-za in January 1864.
Japanese: 幕末の文久3年（1863年）2月には銀座監督下の江戸深川東大工町の銭座において文久永宝が鋳造され、同年12月からは金座の監督下の真崎および小菅の銭座でも鋳造が始まった。
English: First, the prescribed amount of raw materials, that is, copper, tin, lead and shirome (antimony or bismuth), was measured, dissolved in crucibles and made into alloy.
Japanese: 最初に原料である金属すなわち、銅、錫、鉛、および白目または白鑞（しろめ）（アンチモンまたはビスマスなど）を規定量秤りとり取組みが行われ、坩堝で鎔解されて合金がつくられる。
English: Raw materials of 14 kan (unit of volume, approx. 3.75 kg) were processed at a time as hitohuki (one blow), and the alloy thus produced was crashed, divided into lumps of 500 monme (a unit of weight, approx. 3.75 g) and sent to Zenibuki-sho.
Japanese: 一度に14貫を一吹きとし作業が行われ、出来上がった地金は破砕されて500匁毎に小分けされ、銭吹所に送られた。
English: Next, matrix coins, which would serve as a mold, were pressed onto the sand, routes in which melted copper would flow were made on the sand, and then the sand was burned and made into a mold.
Japanese: 次に砂地に鋳型である母銭を複数押し付け、さらに鎔銅の流れる湯道をつけ、これを焼いて鋳型が作られる。
English: A matrix coin, which was a prototype of a coin, was made by using a hand-carved matrix coin, and mass production of homogeneous coins was made possible by the process of transcriptive molding from a carved matrix coin to a tin matrix coin, then to a copper matrix coin, and then to a coin in currency.
Japanese: 銭貨の原型である母銭は、手彫りにより製作された彫母銭を原型とし、彫母銭→錫母銭→銅母銭→通用銭という順で鋳写される工程が採られ、均質な銭貨が大量生産されるようになった。
English: After cooling, a so-called edasen (money tree), which consisted of many coins at pointed ends of the sprue runner rod, could be taken out of the molds.
Japanese: 冷却後、中身を取り出すと、湯道棒の先に多数の銭が結合した、いわゆる枝銭ができる。
English: Coins were removed from edasen, threaded onto a rectangle section bar, and the edges of coins were filed at one time in order to get rid of burr (disambiguation).
Japanese: 銭を取り外し角棒に通し、まとめて縁に鑢がけを行いバリ(曖昧さ回避)を取る。
English: Furthermore, in a process called 目戸切, the hole at the center of a coin was finished, and then a coin was boiled in a bean soup in order to remove sand which was attached on it and scuffed with a rope in order to gloss it.
Japanese: さらに目戸切と称して中央の穴を仕上げ、豆の汁で煮て付着した砂を取り、縄でこすり光沢を出して仕上げた。
English: When finished, coins were sent to the inspection center, and accepted coins were threaded, made into a bundle called zenisashi and then stored in the kanegura (gold storehouse).
Japanese: 出来上がった銭貨は検査場にまわされ、合格したものは銭緡（ぜにさし）にまとめて金蔵に納められた。
English: The rice riots in 1918 were riots due to a sharp rise in rice prices in which lasted in prewar Japan from the Edo period.
Japanese: 1918年米騒動（1918ねんこめそうどう）とは、近世から近代にかけての日本における米価格急騰にともなう暴動。
English: A rice price which tumbled down just after the First World War had begun in 1914 was about the same for three and a half years although prices of other things gradually rose, however, from mid-1918, it started sharply rising.
Japanese: 1914年の第一次世界大戦開始の直後に暴落した米価は、周りの物価が少しずつ上昇していく中で、約3年半の間ほぼ変わらない値段で推移していたが、1918年（大正7年）の中ごろから急激に上昇しはじめた。
English: According to the record of Dojima rice exchange in Dojima, Osaka Prefecture, the rice price that had been 15 yen per 1 koku (about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) in January, 1918 rose above 20 yen in June and then 30 yen on July 17, which was an abnormal circumstance.
Japanese: 大阪堂島の堂島米会所の記録によれば、1918年の1月に1石15円だった米価は、6月には20円を超え、翌月7月17日には30円を超えるという異常事態になっていた。
English: The retail price of polished rice soared to 50 sen (One sen is 1/100 of one yen) per 1 sho (1.8 liter) on August 7 since sessions on exchanges in various places were cancelled from the end of July to the beginning of August and the rice supply from the countryside was reduced.
Japanese: 7月末から8月初めにかけては各地の取引所で立会い中止が相次ぎ、地方からの米の出回りが減じ、8月7日には白米小売相場は1升50銭に暴騰した。
English: The booming economy affected by the First World War (War economy) caused not only population growth of urban areas and an increase of industrial laborers but also a change of a diet that farmers whose income was increased by sericultural industry and so on started to eat rice, not barley or barnyard millet that they had used to have.
Japanese: 第一次世界大戦の影響による好景気（大戦景気）は都市部の人口増加、工業労働者の増加をもたらしたほか、養蚕業などによる収入の増加があった農家は、これまでのムギやヒエといった食生活から米を食べる生活に変化していった。
English: Thus, the sharp rise in rice prices was caused by decreased amount of imported rice due to the influence of the War in addition to the loss of personnel from the farming industry and the increase in consumption of rice.
Japanese: このように、農業界からの人材流出と米の消費量の増加が続いた事に加え、大戦の影響によって米の輸入量が減少した事も重なり、米価暴騰の原因となった。
English: As the rice price soared, landlords and merchants started to speculate in rice and gradually withholding of rice and the buyout occurred.
Japanese: 米価格が高騰することにより、地主や商人は米を投機へまわすようになり、次第に売り惜しみや買い占めが発生しはじめた。
English: Ren NAKASHOJI, the minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who took the matter seriously, issued the 'Bori (Excessive profits) act' against cornering and speculative stocking of rice, iron, coal, cotton, paper, dye and medicines on September 1, 1917 but it was not successful.
Japanese: 事態を重く見た仲小路廉農商務省(日本)は1917年9月1日に「暴利取締令」を出し、米、鉄、石炭、綿、紙、染料、薬品の買い占め、売り惜しみを禁止したが、効果はなかった。
English: The colloquial verbs 'boru (rip off)' and 'borareru (ripped off)' expressing the extraordinary commercially-minded behavior derive from the 'bori' of this Bori act (From Kojien dictionary).
Japanese: 常軌を逸した商魂を表わす口語の動詞「ぼる」「ぼられる」（暴る、暴られる）は、この暴利取締令の「暴利」に由来する（広辞苑）。
English: In April, 1918, the 'Foreign Rice Regulations Ordinance' was issued and mass of foreign rice was imported by the seven designated companies including Mitsui & Co., Ltd. and Suzuki & Co., however, the rice price did not drop.
Japanese: 1918年4月には「外米管理令」が公布され、三井物産、鈴木商店など指定七社による外国米の大量輸入が実施されたが、米価引下げには至らなかった。
English: The sharp rise in rice prices made ordinary citizens' lives hard and grew the social anxiety since the newspapers reported the rise in rice prices daily and fueled it.
Japanese: 米価の暴騰は一般市民の生活を苦しめ、新聞が連日米の価格高騰を知らせ煽った事もあり、社会不安を増大させた。
English: Although Prime minister Masatake TERAUCHI had mentioned the hard living of citizens at the provincial governor meeting held in 1918, the grant-in-aid for the relief work in budgeting of that year was only 35,000 yen and his worry was not particularly reflected to the budgeting.
Japanese: 寺内正毅内閣総理大臣は1918年5月の地方長官会議にて国民生活難に関して言及したが、その年の予算予算編成において救済事業奨励費はわずか35,000円のみであり、寺内の憂慮を反映した予算編成になっているとは言えなかった。
English: As a result, the policy to quell fears of the social situation by increasing the number of police officers was adopted and 3,000 patrol officers were added to the 5,300 officers already existing.
Japanese: この為、警察の増加をもって社会情勢の不安を抑え込む方針が取られ、それまで5,300人であった巡査を3,000人増員するという措置が取られた。
English: In times like that when there were not even basic labor rights in Japan, the common people who struggled against hard suppression and living directed their anger to high-income people, especially rice marketers and merchants gradually.
Japanese: 労働者の労働基本権日本における労働基本権すらなかったこの時代、厳しい抑圧と、苦しい生活に喘ぐ一般庶民の怒りの矛先は、次第に高所得者、とくに米問屋や商人に向けられるようになっていった。
English: As the rice price was gradually rising, the Terauchi Cabinet announced the dispatch of troops to Siberia as the foreign policy on August 2, 1918.
Japanese: 米価が徐々に上昇していく中、寺内内閣は1918年8月2日、対外政策としてシベリア出兵を宣言した。
English: This announcement caused the situation which distributors and merchants sought steep price rise of goods by war-time special procurements and further accelerated the withholding.
Japanese: この宣言は流通業者や商人などが戦争特需における物資高騰を狙い、売り惜しみをさらに加速させていくという状況を発生させた。
English: In fact, in the market price at Kobe City rice exchange, the price which had been 34 sen 3 rin (one-hundredth) per 1 sho on July 2 soared to 40 sen 5 rin on August 1 and to 60 sen 8 rin on August 9.
Japanese: 事実、神戸市米会所における相場では7月2日に1升34銭3厘だった相場が8月1日には40銭5厘、8月9日は60銭8厘と急騰している。
English: Also, since a riot occurred in Toyama Prefecture coincidentally, some pointed out the direct consequence between the dispatch of troops to Siberia and the rice riot.
Japanese: また、時を前後して富山県での騒動が発生していることなどから、シベリア出兵と米騒動の直接的な因果関係を指摘するものもある。
English: At night on July 22, 1918, 'Ibukimaru' ship made a port call at Uozu Port in Uozu town, Shimoniikawa County, Toyama Prefecture to transport rice to Hokkaido.
Japanese: 1918年7月22日の夜間、富山県下新川郡魚津町の魚津港に、北海道への米の輸送を行うため、「伊吹丸」が寄航。
English: More than a dozen housewives and others who lived in Uozu town gathered in front of a warehouse of Juni Bank where Ibukimaru had been loaded, and they pleaded to cancel the loading of rice and sell it to people.
Japanese: 伊吹丸への荷積みを行っていた十二銀行の倉庫前へ魚津町の主婦ら十数人が集まり、米の船積みを中止し、住民に販売するよう求める嘆願がなされた。
English: They had been broken up by patrolling officers at that time, but people started to have meetings and the number of people who demanded to sell rice increased further, and moreover, nearly 200 residents gathered in Mizuhashi-machi town, Nakaniikawa County on August 3 to ask rice marketers and wealthy people to stop transporting rice and sell it.
Japanese: この時は巡回中の警官によって解散させられたが、住民らは集会をはじめるなど、米の販売を要望する人数はさらに増加していき、翌月8月3日には中新川郡水橋町で200名弱の町民が集結し、米問屋や資産家に対し米の移出を停止し、販売するよう嘆願した。
English: On August 6, the movement increasingly escalated and over 1,000 people including residents in Mizuhashi-machi town and Namerikawa City joined it.
Japanese: 8月6日にはこの運動はさらに激しさを増し、水橋町、滑川市の住民も巻き込み、1,000名を超える事態となった。
English: They prevented the rice transportation by force and forced a sale of rice, which had been from 40 sen to 50 sen per 1 sho at that time, for 35 sen.
Japanese: 住民らは米の移出を実力行使で阻止し、当時1升40銭から50銭の相場だった米を35銭で販売させた。
English: This movement was reported as 'Uprising of women in Ecchu Province' in nationwide newspaper via local paper.
Japanese: この件は地方新聞を通じ、全国の新聞に「越中女一揆」として報道された。
English: The sharp rise in rice prices never stopped and it rose above 35 yen per 1 koku on August 1, 1918, 40 yen on August 5 and to over 50 yen on August 9.
Japanese: 米価の暴騰はとどまりを見せず、1918年8月1日には1石35円を超え、同5日には40円を超え、9日には50円を超えた。
English: On August 10, rice riots broke out in major cities, starting with Kyoto City and Nagoya City.
Japanese: 8月10日には京都市と名古屋市を皮切りに全国の主要都市で米騒動が発生する形となった。