nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: These official ranks in the military government were used to differentiate the status of families, such as by determining the seating order in shikoseki (anteroom seats for feudal lords and direct retainer of the shogun at the Edo-jo castle), and by securing some seats for daimyo at the forth order or above, etc.
Japanese: これらの武家官位について、伺候席席次を官位の先任順としたり、一部の伺候席を四品以上に昇進する大名家一覧以上の席とするなどして、格差をつける。
English: Also the gap between the status of families was created by subtly adjusting their initial posts or the speed of their promotion.
Japanese: その上で、大名家により初官や昇進の早さを微妙に変えるなどして家格の差を生ぜしめた。
English: Under the rule of the official rank in the military government, use of the post such as "kami"'〜守' or "kami"'〜頭' was not recognized as an official rank and regarded as the identification used by those who were conferred as Jugoinoge.
Japanese: なお、武家官位では、「〜守」「〜頭」等の官名名乗りは官位とはされず、叙爵された者が称しているものとされた。
English: However, use of the post required the permission of the bakufu, and they used it as a tool to control daimyo by setting special exceptions for some posts.
Japanese: ただし、この官名名乗りにおいても幕府の許可が必要であり、一部の官名に特例を設けるなどして大名統制に利用している。
English: Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) for Sendai Domain, Satsuma no kami (the governor of Satsuma Province) for Satsuma Domain, Chikuzen no kami (the governor of Chikuzen Province) for Fukuoka Domain, and Hizen no kami (the governor of Bizen Province) for Saga Domain, or the like.
Japanese: 仙台藩の陸奥守、薩摩藩の薩摩守、福岡藩の筑前守、佐賀藩の肥前守など。
English: There are also examples of Hidenari MORI being Nagato no kami (the governor of Nagato Province), Mitsuakira ASANO being Aki no kami (the governor of Aki Province), etc at the time of foundation of the bakufu, however, later on Jiju was the highest rank ever given to these families.
Japanese: この他幕府創成期には毛利秀就の長門守、浅野光晟の安芸守などの例もあったが、これらの家では後に侍従が極官となっている。
English: There were special exceptions such as the Matsuura family in Hizen Province (Hizen no kami, also Iki no kami), the Sanada family in Shinano Province (Shinano no kami, also Izu no kami), and the So family in Tsushima Province (Tushima no kami), etc. who were allowed to use their territory names.
Japanese: 肥前国の松浦氏（肥前守、他には壱岐守）、信濃国の真田氏（信濃守、他には伊豆守）、対馬国の宗氏（対馬守）等は例外として許可
English: A ban on the use of the post such as Mikawa no kami (only allowed for the Tuyama Matsudaira family), Musashi no kami and Yamashiro no kami (from March 25th, 1867)
Japanese: 三河守（津山松平家のみ可）や武蔵守や山城守（慶応3年3月25日より）の禁止
English: It seems strange that the post of Kozuke no suke which had an ominous impression was used by many daimyo and shogunal vassals, and those such as Masazumi HONDA, Masanobu HOTTA, Yoshihisa KIRA and the Mikawa Oguri family all had a miserable end of their lives.
Japanese: 不吉なはずの上野介はなぜか多くの大名や旗本が次々と名乗り、本多正純・堀田正信・吉良義央・三河小栗氏などが不幸な末路になっているのは不思議と言える。
English: Also there is no record that the post of Hyuga no kami (Mitsuhide AKECHI) was especially detested, since it was used for generations by the Mizuno family of Yuki Domain who were the descendants of Katsunari MIZUNO known as Oni-Hyuga (a devil in Hyuga) and also by the Echizen Matsudaira family who were the branch family of the Matsudaira family of Itoigawa Domain.
Japanese: また、日向守（明智光秀）は水野勝成「鬼日向」の子孫である結城藩水野氏や越前松平家の分家である糸魚川藩松平氏が代々使用しており、特に忌諱された形跡はない。
English: The post of Uemon no jo (Nagamori MASHITA) was avoided because of his opportunistic attitude towards both Eastern and Western troops, and the post of Uhyoe no jo (Masakage YAMAGATA) was avoided because he got promotion by the betrayal of his own brother, while the post of Uemon no suke (Hisamichi MATSUNAGA) was also avoided because both he and his father rebelled against the ruler of the nation at the time twice and killed themselves as a result of that.
Japanese: 右衛門尉（増田長盛）は東西両陣営に日和見、右兵衛尉（山県昌景）は実兄を密告し栄達、右衛門佐（松永久通）は親子で天下人に二度も謀反のうえ自害という理由で避けられた
English: However, the posts such as Sahyoe no jo (Hisama ASAI and Nobushige OYAMADA who made a wrong decision and had an unexpected miserable end), Saemon no kami (Yoshikage ASAKURA and Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA who disintegrated their family state) and Saemon no suke (Nobushige SANADA who fought against the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Battle of Osaka) were accepted without any bad impression and used by the Mito Tokugawa family, the Shonai Sakai family, the Kitsuregawa family (the Ashikaga family), the Kira family, and the Toyama family etc.
Japanese: しかし、左兵衛尉（浅井久政・小山田信茂など、判断を誤り予期せぬ最期を遂げた）、左衛門督（朝倉義景・小早川秀秋など、家を潰した）、左衛門佐（真田信繁、大坂の陣で徳川幕府に敵対）などが特に悪い印象を持たれず、水戸徳川、庄内酒井、喜連川（足利）、吉良、遠山などに使用された。
English: Shodaibu is the name of class of government officials (especially one of low to medium rank), which was used from ancient times through medieval period to the early-modern times in Japan.
Japanese: 諸大夫（しょだいぶ）は日本の古代から中世、近世にかけての官人の階層の名称。
English: Under the original Ritsuryo system, shodaibu in ocho kokka (royal-court state) referred to jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility) of shii or goi (fourth or fifth rank), or government officials from minor aristocrats who only got promoted to shii (Fourth Rank).
Japanese: 本来の律令体制下、王朝国家における諸大夫は、四位・五位の地下人(じげにん)、または四位までしか昇進出来ない家柄の低い貴族の家に属する官人を指した。
English: Top ranking officials for practical works, who supported the system of the dynasty state from tenth century to twelfth century, were mainly from the families of this class.
Japanese: 10世紀から12世紀にかけての王朝国家体制を支えた実務官人の上層部は主としてこの階層の家柄から供給された。
English: After getting promoted again and again in bureaucracy and being appointed as goi, it was standard practice that they worked at local region as the head of kokushi (provincial governors) who went to the spot or Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), they became the person responsible for ruling local region and invoked the power of the state and strived to make a fortune.
Japanese: 官界で昇進を重ねて五位に叙されると、現地赴任国司の筆頭官、即ち受領として地方勤務に就き、地方統治の責任者になって強権を振るうと共に蓄財に励むのが習いであった。
English: And also, as you can see that Sei Shonagon and Murasaki Shikibu who developed dynastic style literature were court ladies from this class, people from this class were the important bearers of the culture of dynasty.
Japanese: また王朝文学を発展させた清少納言や紫式部らがこの階層に出自した女官であったことからわかるように王朝文化の重要な担い手であった。
English: High-ranking warriors in this period also belonged to this class as officials for practical works in charge of military art, and supervised general samurai in samurai class by making them Kenin (retainers).
Japanese: この時代の上級武士も、武芸担当の実務官人としてこの階層に属しており、侍身分の一般武士を家人とすることで統括していた。
English: In recent times, Keishi (household superintendent) such as hereditary house of prince and Sekke (line of regents and advisers) were considered to be equivalent to this class in the Imperial Court and became the official title for them.
Japanese: 近世になると公家においては世襲親王家・摂家などの家司(けいし)がこの階層とされ、これらの職名となった。
English: In samurai family, fifth rank daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) were equivalent to this official court rank and called with this official title.
Japanese: 武家においては五位の大名・旗本が、この官位相当であるためこの職名で呼ばれた。
English: Goshi is historical terminology referring to samurai hierarchy that existed during the Edo period.
Japanese: 郷士（ごうし）とは、江戸時代にあった武士身分の階級の一つをさす歴史学用語。
English: Although it is difficult to establish a common definition because actual rank and method of rule differed depending between the bakufu (shogunate) and each clan.
Japanese: 幕府・各藩により身分や支配の実態が異なる為、共通する定義を打ち立てるのは難しい。
English: Typically during the Edo period samurai warriors tended to live gather together in castle towns (` jokashi` (castle town men) or hanshi (feudal retainer of a domain)), whereas, the goshi (rural samurai) generally indicated a lower level samurai warrior residing in a village or hamlet.
Japanese: 通常、江戸時代における武士は原則的に城下町に集住する（こちらを城下士あるいは藩士という）のに対し、村（在、または在郷）に住む武士を呼ぶ。
English: The status of Goshi (rural samurai) was generally middle class: somewhat lower than samurai (hanshi) residing in castle towns but, higher than peasants.
Japanese: 身分は概ね城下に住む武士（藩士）より下、百姓より上という身分的中間層である。
English: There were examples of goshi who held the rank of samurai prior to the `heinobunri` system (separation of samurai from farmer roles) coming into effect, but continued to reside in rural areas while maintaining the rank of samurai.
Japanese: 兵農分離以前に武士身分であった者が武士身分を維持しながら農村に居住し続けたケース。
English: The goshi (rural samurai) experienced a change in status of their main residences, were forced to relocate or were not permitted to leave their local area and were given permission by the feudal lord to be goshi.
Japanese: 主家が改易または転封になったものの、在地を離れず、新たな領主から郷士と認められた者。
English: There were some families of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) forced to become Kaieki or senior vassals who settled and took up farming again, but most of them belonged to the rank of their branch family or jizamurai (local samurai).
Japanese: 改易された戦国大名の一族や重臣が仕官せず土着・帰農した者も散見されるが、多くはそれらの庶家や地侍クラスである。
English: These people were influential local leaders, and there were many examples where a new feudal lord made such people goshi in the samurai class, as an appeasement policy, instead of giving them a farming rank.
Japanese: こうした者は在地における実力者であり、新たな領主がその懐柔策として百姓身分ではなく、士分としての郷士に取り立てたことが多い。
English: Because there were no forced relocations of daimyo families from the middle ages onwards, there was insufficient separation of samurai and farmers amongst the ranks of vassals and as such, the fiefs of provincial samurai perpetuated and the goshi continued to live in rural villages..
Japanese: 中世以来、大名家の転封が無かったため、家臣団の兵農分離が不十分で、地侍の地方知行が存続し、農村に居住し続けた。
English: Individuals who were peasants and townspeople (eg. prosperous merchants or wealthy farmers) were awarded samurai status (by becoming goshi) as a reward for monetary tributes paid to the daimyo or in recognition of developments in new pursuits.
Japanese: 富商、豪農など百姓・町人身分であった者が、大名家に対しての献金や新田開発の褒美として士分としての郷士に取り立てられた者。
English: Those prosperous merchants or wealthy farmers were often decedents of provincial samurai or family/vassals of daimyo who was punished during the Sengoku (Warring States) period by being dispossessed of their lands.
Japanese: これら富商、豪農も出自は地侍、改易された戦国大名の一族や家臣である事が多い。
English: There were some examples of lower-ranking samurai who could not survive just living on their Karoku (hereditary stipend) in a castle town because of their low status and because they were not allowed to farm in agricultural villages or the outskirts of the castle town.
Japanese: 下級武士がその低い身分故に城下で家禄のみによって生計を維持できず、城下郊外又は農村で農業を営むことを許されたケース。
English: The above goshi were categorized depending on the process by which they became goshi, however the essential elements they had in common were categorized as follows:
Japanese: 以上は郷士となった経緯によって分類したものだが、これらに共通する本質的な性質は以下のように整理できる。
English: The leading researcher of the goshi, Motoi KIMURA defines goshi as having the following 4 characteristics:
Japanese: 郷士研究の第一人者である木村礎は、郷士とは以下の4点を併せ持つ者としている。
English: All or a part of a goshi`s land forming their fief was given to them and was the basis of their livelihood.
Japanese: 所持地の全部、または一部を「知行」として与えられ、生活の基礎をそれに置くこと
English: Within a the hierarchy of a grouping of vassals, an individual was given a formal ranking of `goshi`.
Japanese: 家臣団の身分階層性のなかに「郷士」（名称は各様）として正式に位置付けられていること
English: Moreover, KIMURA (the academic mentioned above) points out that there are individuals who are easily mistaken for goshi, however, those individuals who are difficult to be considered as goshi as mentioned as follows:
Japanese: また、木村は郷士と混同されやすく、しかも郷士とは言い難いものとして以下の者を挙げている。
English: It is particularly easy to confuse goshi with individuals in this third category: upper-rung peasants and wealthy merchants, dressed the same as samurai, permitted to adopt a surname and wore a pair of swords.
Japanese: 特に混同しがちなのは3点目の上層農民や豪商などで苗字帯刀御免など武士並の格式をもつ者であろう。
English: In this case, the foundation of this 3rd group's livelihood was the possession of agricultural land or a commerce, and they did not belong to the ranks of vassals.
Japanese: この場合、生活の基礎はあくまでも農民的土地所有や商業にあり、また家臣団には入っていない。
English: Although they were not of goshi status, peasants and city dwellers with special rights allowing them to use a surname and wear swords existed in every province.
Japanese: このような郷士身分ではないものの苗字帯刀を許された特権的な百姓・町人は全国的に存在した。
English: Although of peasant status, such individuals held regional power, were appointed as village officials (eg. headman) at the lowest end of the ruling structure, or their children were used as common foot soldier by the Satsuma clan.
Japanese: 百姓身分ではあるが、彼らは地域の有力者として支配の末端に位置する庄屋などの村役人に任ぜられたり、あるいはその子弟が足軽（薩摩藩）として用いられたりした。
English: Such individuals received special dispensation to use a surname and wear swords by virtue of their responsibilities and contribution to the fringes of the fief's finances and control.
Japanese: 支配の末端に連なるその役儀や藩財政への貢献ゆえ、特権として苗字帯刀を許されたのである。
English: Amongst such individuals there were people who gave themselves the (unofficial) private title of `Goshi` however this was not formal arrangement, but instead, a private title, and therefore such individuals can be easily confused with `true` goshi when considering goshi from an academic standpoint.
Japanese: 彼らの中には、非公認の自称や私称として「郷士」を名乗る者も存在したが、制度ではなく私称であるので、学術的に郷士を考える際に混同すべきではない。
English: For example, there are differentiations made based on whether a goshi was a Kyuzoku goshi (of ancient pedigree) and Toritate goshi (appointed goshi) owner of land or landless, receipt of a stipend (in the form of rice) from the fief), and whether or not they held a village role etc.
Japanese: 例としては、旧族郷士と取立郷士の別や給田・知行高、村役の有無などである。
English: Furthermore, in various periods/provinces, legitimate samurai below the rank of Kishi (mounted samurai) that held special military rights were referred to as `goshi` (like titles given to an English Esquire or a Spanish Hidalgo, etc.).
Japanese: なお、他の各時代・国において正規の武士、騎士より下位の軍事的特権階級を郷士と表記することがある（イギリスのEsquire、スペインのhidalgo等）。
English: The Uesugi clan in the Yonezawa domain was a Dai-daimyo (a grand feudal lord) family of a 1.2 million koku income subordinate to the Toyotomi government, however, after the Battle of Sekigahara, their wealth was reduced to 300,000 koku.
Japanese: 米沢藩上杉氏は豊臣政権下120万石の大大名家であったが、関ヶ原の戦いで30万石に減封された。
English: On top of this, in 1664 the third lord of the clan (Tsunakatsu UESUGI) died suddenly leaving no successor.
Japanese: さらに、1664年（寛文4年）に3代藩主上杉綱勝が嫡子がないまま急死した。
English: Normally, a change in the rankings would result in grain tributes being reduced by half to 150,000 koku but, special permission was given to Tsunanori UESUGI (son of Yoshinaka KIRA) to become an adopted son.
Japanese: 本来なら改易になるところを、石高を半分の15万石として吉良義央の子上杉綱憲を末期養子に迎えることが特別に許された。
English: Due to rice stipend being reduced in half and no vassals pressed into service, the lower ranked samurai clansmen (who had been living in the confiscated Fukushima-jo Castle) were allocated homes and farmland on the outskirts of the castle town below Yonezawa-jo Castle,.
Japanese: 石高が半減したのに家臣の召し放ちを行わなかったため、没収された福島城に詰めていた下級藩士は、米沢城城下の郊外に屋敷の他に農地が当てられた。
English: The clansmen were not allocated a domain as such, nor given an amount sufficient for the upkeep up their household, but were told instead to concentrate on working their farmlands in normal times, and were only required to perform military duties on an ad hoc basis.
Japanese: 彼らには知行が全くまたは家計を維持できない程度しか与えられない代わり、普段は農地の経営に専念でき、臨時の軍役にのみ従事すればよいとされた。
English: In the pictorial map of the castle provided to the shogunate, the districts where people lived on the plains were marked as residential areas of samurai.
Japanese: なお、幕府に提出する城絵図には原方衆が居住する地域も武家地と明記されている。
English: Prior to the Battle of Sekigahara, as a conciliatory gesture, older vassals of the Chosokabe clan (that controlled the Shikoku region and who had been farmer-warriors) were made goshi.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い以前に四国を支配していた長宗我部氏の旧臣一領具足層を懐柔するため郷士に取り立てた。
English: On the other hand, goshi were created from high ranking eminent samurai (also called `kakegawashu` and `yamauchi` (monk) samurai, had been vassals since the time when Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI was the lord of Kakegawa-jo Castle, or master-less `ronin` samurai taken from Osaka jail prior to entering Tosa ranks.
Japanese: 一方、掛川衆や山内侍と呼ばれる上士は、山内一豊が掛川城主だった時からの家臣や土佐入封前に大坂牢人を取り立てたものである。
English: Whilst it can be said the goshi from Tosa domain were samurai, they suffered from systematic discrimination compared to other domains resulting in a situation where although the upper samurai ranks of Tosa were domain samurai all the same, there was latent confrontation and antagonism.
Japanese: 土佐藩における郷士は武士とはいえ、他藩に比べると徹底した差別下にあったため土佐藩上士とは同じ藩士とはいえ潜在的には対立、敵対関係にあったとされる。
English: At the end of the Edo period, when the authority of the bakufu and the clans had diminished, many of the Tosa goshi committed themselves to a movement whose rallying cry was ' Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians`.
Japanese: 幕府や藩の権威が衰えた幕末には土佐郷士達の多くが尊皇攘夷運動に身を投じた。
English: Famous personalities included: Hanbeta TAKECHI, who organized the Tosa goshi, and formed the Tosa kinnoto (loyalist clique of Tosa), and Ryoma SAKAMOTO, who formed Kaientai association, mediated the union of the Satsuma clan and the Choshu clan and made great efforts towards the realization of transfer of power back to the Emperor, as well as Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA, who was the first Speaker of Japan's House of Representatives.
Japanese: 著名な人物には土佐郷士をまとめ土佐勤王党を結成した武市半平太や、海援隊(浪士結社)の結成や薩長連合の斡旋、大政奉還の成立に尽力した坂本龍馬、初代衆議院議長の中島信行がいる。
English: Also in the domain there was a policy of conciliation whereby the Tosa goshi were honored with the special title of `Shirofuda` (based on family line or merit) so they would receive the same treatment as upper ranking samurai..
Japanese: また藩には土佐郷士の懐柔政策の一つとして、特別な家系や功績によっては上士扱いの白札とする制度があった。
English: Initially because of a need for administration of rural areas etc, samurai status was conferred upon surviving retainers of the previous domain rulers (Konishi and Kato clans) who had returned to farming as well as local clans.
Japanese: はじめは農村行政等の必要性から前領主、小西・加藤氏の帰農遺臣や土豪に士格を追認したのは他藩と同様である。
English: Furthermore, foot soldiers who returned to faming were given goshi` (rural samurai) status and as such were permitted use a surname and wear swords as well as guard province borders and to patrol frontier areas..
Japanese: また、足軽を帰農させ軽格の「郷士」として苗字帯刀を許し、国境・辺境警備に当たらせた。
English: Examples of this include a regional regiment of unpaid/honorary fusiliers called 'Jizutsu and Korizutsu'.
Japanese: こうした例に「地筒・郡筒（じづつ・こうりづつ）」の鉄砲隊があり、これは無給に等しい「名誉職」であった。
English: In reality, it was a fusilier regiment in name alone and its members were mobilized to serve as local officials lower ranking samurai to work on an ad-hoc basis in Edo (now modern day Tokyo).
Japanese: 実際、鉄砲隊とは名ばかりで、地役人や臨時の江戸詰め藩卒として動員されたりした。
English: In a strange twist, inquisitive sons of goshi (rural samurai) made use of these arrangements to volunteer as foot soldiers to serve in Edo as a means to broaden their horizons.
Japanese: 逆に、好奇心旺盛な郷士の子弟は、それらの制度を利用して、見聞を広めるために江戸詰め足軽に志願することもあった。
English: Also, from the middle of the Edo period onwards, clans tended to confer goshi` (rural samurai) status in large numbers in return for a monetary contribution which came to form part of the clan's revenue; this practice of certain amounts of money changing hands to obtain particular titles became institutionalized and the practice was known as 'Sunshi Gokenin' (literally meaning `gifted low ranked vassal`).
Japanese: また江戸時代中期以降、藩は献金に応じ郷士格を乱発する傾向となり、昇格する格式によって金額まで定められ藩の収入の一部ともなり「寸志御家人」として制度化された。
English: Basically, the status conferred this way almost identical with that of the foot soldiers (with the exception of 'Ichiryo-ippiki' (goshi senior Hosokawa clansmen) and upper-rank rural based samurai).
Japanese: それによって与えられる身分は、「一領一匹」と「地士」以外は概ね「足軽格」程度であった。
English: From the Meiji period onwards, their descendants who in turn had inherited warrior class status were sniped at as 'Kaneage shizoku' (literally meaning `give you money samurai descendants`).
Japanese: 明治以降もそれらの子孫で士族となった者は「カネ上げ士族」といわれた。
English: Goshi (rural samurai) were considered part of the ranks of vassals because the daimyo of ancient clans believed that the goshi samurai had lived outside the castle grounds since mediaeval times and, resided in castle support towns (on a stipend) which was different to arrangements in a large number of other clans.
Japanese: 旧族居付大名であるため、外城制の存在などに見られるように中世的であり、城下集住・俸禄制をとる大多数の藩とは異なった。
English: Furthermore, samurai such as those who were minor provincial lords at the time of the Sengoku (Warring States) period, regional samurai, and those in the unified Shimazu clan army in Kyushu were included in the ranks of vassals as goshi.
Japanese: 戦国時代における国人、在地武士、そして島津氏の九州統一戦で傘下に入った武士等が郷士として家臣団に組み込まれた。
English: At the beginning of the Edo period, there was negligible difference between samurai calling themselves 'Kagoshima shuchu' (living near Kagoshima-jo Castle) and Tojoshi (samurai living outside a castle) going by other local/hamlet demarking titles ('Izumi shuchu' or 'Kokubu shuchu').
Japanese: 江戸時代初期は、鹿児島城下に住む武士は「鹿児島衆中」と呼ばれ、外城士は所属する郷によって「出水衆中」、「国分衆中」と呼ばれ、大した区別はされていなかった。
English: However, from the middle of the Edo period onwards (especially after Shigehide SHIMAZU instituted reformation of domain responsibilities), the 'Kagoshima shuchu' (literally meaning samurai resident in the Kagoshima area) were given the title 'jokashi' (literally meaning samurai outside the castle) which brought about an awareness of rigid status distinctions between 'Jokashi' and 'Goshi'.
Japanese: しかし、中期以降（特に島津重豪の藩政改革以降）、「鹿児島衆中」は「城下士」と呼ばれるようになり、「城下士」と「郷士」の間には厳格な身分差意識が誕生したといわれる。
English: However, even after that, there were still changes in status because of adoptions between goshi and jokashi and commuting relationships.
Japanese: 但し、その後も城下士との間に養子縁組による身分の移動や通婚関係はあった。
English: Also, there were many examples of individuals becoming `goshi` (regional samurai) after migrating from the Kagoshima region to other areas following the setting up of formalized `jokashi` (literally meaning samurai outside a castle) structured family systems.
Japanese: また、城下士が家制度家の設立、消滅後に「鹿児島」から他郷へ移住し、郷士となる例も多かった。
English: Moreover, there was a hierarchical difference amongst goshi: middle and upper ranks resided in samurai residential districts called `fumoto` and in effect ran the local government administration.
Japanese: 更に、郷士内部でも身分の上下があり、上中級郷士は麓と呼ばれる武家屋敷街に住み、事実上地方行政を取り仕切った。
English: Also, when a samurai became a senior ranking goshi they controlled vast farming lands, forests and mountains, and moreover, it was possible for them to trade produce among samurai in the Satsuma clan.
Japanese: また、上級郷士ともなると多くの農地山林を抱え、さらに薩摩藩では武士同士の石高の売買が出来た。
English: This led to many goshi (rural samurai) using their trading right to the limits allowed and, although of lower status, many goshi lived more prosperous lives than their higher-ranked jokashi (samurai outside castles) counterparts.
Japanese: そのため、持高制限一杯まで石高を買い集めるなどして、身分は低くとも城下士以上に豊かな者が多かった。
English: These unsubsidized `Mudaka` goshi made their livings by pursuing those professions permitted by the clan (carpentry, cottage industries) and, amongst the goshi there were individuals who maintained their senior goshi status whilst working as tenant farmers.
Japanese: これらの郷士は、藩に許可されていた大工や内職で生計を立て、中には武士身分のままで上級郷士の小作人になる者もいた。
English: Following the Meiji Restoration, there were many goshi who successfully purchased and accumulated land holdings in contrast to jokashi/clan samurai who lost their stipends and were ruined.
Japanese: 明治維新後は俸禄を失い没落した城下士（藩士）に対し、郷士は農地を買い集め地主として成功した者が多かった。
English: Afterwards, many jokashi (outside castle samurai) departed Kagoshima/home towns and leveraged clan links in pursuit of careers as central-government bureaucrats or in the military whereas those of goshi origin formed cliques within the police.
Japanese: その後、城下士出身者の多くは郷里・鹿児島を離れ、藩閥の力で中央官吏や軍人として立身を目指し、一方の郷士出身者は警察で派閥を形成した。
English: Many goshi who did not relocate to urban centers often pursued careers in local areas as: public servants, teachers, police officers, or firefighters.
Japanese: また、中央に出られない者は地元で公務員、教師、警察官や消防吏員の道に進むものが多かった。
English: It is said that in pre-war Kagoshima Prefecture, it was extremely difficult for 'Heimin' (commoners) to secure public service roles in a new government.
Japanese: 戦前の鹿児島県においては新政下で「平民」に置かれた者がこれらの公職に就くことは至難の道であったといわれる。