nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Basara represents a particular aesthetics in which people disregarded social class or rank, laughed scornfully at authorities such as court nobles or the Emperor, and esteemed fashionable and glamorous garments or behaviors; it was considered to be a type of behavior that was manifested in gekokujo (an inversion of the social order in which the lowly people reigned over the elite), which flourished in the subsequent Sengoku period (the period of warring states).
Japanese: 身分秩序を無視して公家や天皇といった時の権威を嘲笑し、粋で華美な服装や振る舞いを好む美意識であり、後の戦国時代における下剋上的行動の一種とされる。
English: Takauji ASHIKAGA prohibited the act of basara in "Kenmu-Shikimoku", which was issued as the basic policy of the government.
Japanese: 足利尊氏は幕府の基本方針である『建武式目』においてばさらを禁止する。
English: The writer of the classic epic "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) was clearly critical about basara, and in it, the basara-like behaviors the people such as KO no Moronao, a head steward of the Genke Ashikaga clan, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji) of Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), and Yorito TOKI of Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture), are described
Japanese: ばさらに対して批判的な古典『太平記』には、源家足利氏筆頭執事の高師直や近江国（滋賀県）の佐々木道誉（高氏）や美濃国（岐阜県）の土岐頼遠などのばさら的な行動が記されている。
English: The Japan-Ming trade indicates the trade carried on between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 日明貿易（にちみんぼうえき）は、日本の室町時代に日本が中国の明王朝に行った貿易を指す。
English: Japan-Ming trade was also called the tally trade, because Kangofu (certificate to show that the ship is lawfully registered by Ming) was used in the trade.
Japanese: 貿易の際に、許可証である勘合符を使用することから勘合貿易（かんごうぼうえき）とも呼ばれる。
English: The Ming Dynasty in China, founded by Gensho SHU (Emperor Kobu) in 1368, demanded that Japan should suppress the wako (Japanese pirates, early wako) ravaging East Asia.
Japanese: 1368年に朱元璋（洪武帝）が建国した明朝は、東アジアで活動していた倭寇（前期倭寇）の禁圧を日本に対して要求した。
English: In those days, Japan was in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the Northern Court in Kyoto supported by the Ashikaga clan confronted the Yoshino Court (the Southern Court).
Japanese: 日本では足利氏が奉じる京都の北朝と吉野朝廷（南朝）が対立する南北朝時代(日本)であった。
English: The Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi taking sides with the Southern Court, who worked in the northern Kyushu, had been conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' in return for the tributes he paid to the court of the Ming Dynasty.
Japanese: 北九州で活動していた南朝方の懐良親王は明に朝貢し、「日本国王」に冊封されていた。
English: Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), sent Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) to Kyushu, having him expel the members supporting the Southern Court.
Japanese: 室町幕府3代将軍の足利義満は、九州へ今川貞世（了俊）を派遣して南朝勢力を駆逐した。
English: Then, he started negotiations with the Ming Dynasty, however the diplomatic relationship between Japan and Ming was not established at that time due to "the Koiyo no goku" (the incident in which Koiyo was executed on the suspicion of espionage) broke out in the Ming in 1380.
Japanese: 対明交渉を開始するが、1380年には明で胡惟庸の獄が起り、胡惟庸が通牒している疑惑などがあり、日明関係は成立しなかった。
English: Yoshimitsu accomplished the unification of the Southern and Northern Courts in 1392, and then defeated Yoshihiro OUCHI in the Oei War in 1399 who had individually carried on private trade.
Japanese: 義満は1392年に南北朝合一を行い、1399年（応永6）には独自に私貿易を行っていた大内義弘を応永の乱で討つ。
English: Adopting the recommended proposal made by a Hakata merchant Koitomi, he sent a Buddhist priest Soa and Koitomi as envoys to the Ming Dynasty in 1401.
Japanese: 1401年（応永8）に博多商人肥富の献策で、僧祖阿と肥富を使節として明へ派遣する。
English: The fourth Shogun, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, who assumed the post of Shogun after Yoshimitsu's death, and a former Kanryo (shogunal deputy) Yoshimasa SHIBA and others were dissatisfied with the system that Japan had to pay tributes to the court of Ming unilaterally.
Japanese: 義満死後の4代将軍足利義持や前管領の斯波義将らは朝貢形式に不満を持った。
English: They stopped trading temporarily in 1411, but the trade between two countries was resumed in the period of the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 1411年（応永18）貿易を一時停止するが、6代将軍足利義教時代に復活する。
English: After the Onin War, the trade was managed by the Hosokawa clan; a Kanryo Family (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) putting headquarters in Sakai, the Ouchi clan that had won Hyogo as a reward after the war, as well as influential merchants in Hakata and Sakai City.
Japanese: 応仁の乱以降には堺を本拠とする管領家の細川氏や、乱で兵庫を得た大内氏、博多や堺市などの有力商人が経営するようになった。
English: After Yoshitaka was killed in a rebellion (the revolt of Daineiji) plotted by a retainer Harukata SUE in 1551, Yoshinaga OUCHI (younger brother of Yoshishige OTOMO), who had succeeded Yoshitaka as the lord of the Ouchi clan, issued orders with his brother Yoshishige OTOMO and sent an envoy to the Ming in 1556 and 1557 for seeking the resumption of trade (from "Ming jitsuroku" [authentic account on the Ming]).
Japanese: 1551年（天文(元号)20）に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢による謀反（大寧寺の変）によって滅亡すると、後を継いだ大内義長（大友義鎮の弟）は、1556年（弘治(日本)2）と翌年に兄・大友義鎮とともに貿易再開を求める使者を派遣した（『明実録』）。
English: Thereby the possibility of resuming the trade was thwarted, with the result that the illegal trade carried on by wako (late wako) became the key trade in East Asia.
Japanese: これによって、貿易再開の見込みが絶たれ、東アジアでは倭寇（後期倭寇）による密貿易が中心となった。
English: The Japan-Ming trade took the form of having the Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu conferred a peerage of 'King of Japan' by the Ming emperor, and in return he paid tributes to the emperor.
Japanese: 室町幕府将軍が明皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け、明皇帝に対して朝貢する形式で行われた。
English: This trade was a restricted trading, carried out 19 times from 1401 to 1549.
Japanese: 制限貿易で、1401年（応永8）から1549年（天文18）まで19回に渡り行われる。
English: After 1404, the Ming Dynasty distinguished the official traders from wako by issuing Kangofu to Japan, limiting the trade to the kangosen (trading vessels with Kangofu between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period) because it was easily confirmed as an official vessel of Kenminshi (Japanese envoys to Ming Dynasty China).
Japanese: 1404年（応永11年）以降は日本に対して交付される貿易許可証である勘合符を所持する事で倭寇と区別し、正式な遣明使船である事が確認できる勘合船に限られるようになった。
English: Powerful merchants in Hakata and Sakai, etc. also got on Kenminsen, carrying on private trades with merchants who had obtained permission from the Ming government.
Japanese: 遣明船には博多や堺などの有力商人も同乗し、明政府の許可を得た商人との間で私貿易が行われていた。
English: Imported materials including textiles, calligraphic works and paintings influenced the culture in the Muromachi period such as the Kitayama culture and the Higashiyama culture.
Japanese: 輸入された織物や書画などは北山文化や東山文化など室町時代の文化にも影響した。
English: The reason for this discrepancy was that China had been chronically suffering from copper shortage since the beginning of its history, as well as the copper imported from Japan contained silver in no small measure.
Japanese: この理由としては、中国の歴史上慢性的とも言えた銅の不足の他に、日本の銅には銀が少なからず含有していた。
English: Japan in those days did not have the technology for extracting silver from copper the Ming had.
Japanese: 当時の日本にこれを抽出する技術を持っていなかったが、明はそれを持っていたためである。
English: Tonoi was to guard the Imperial Palace, Kanshi (government officials) and the nobility under the ancient Ritsuryo Code (criminal and civil laws).
Japanese: 宿直（とのい）とは、律令法において宮中・官司あるいは貴人の警備を行うこと。
English: Originally under the Shikisei-ritsu (Office Penal Laws) (Zaikan Ochoku Fuchoku no jo (在官応直不直条, the article of guarding activities)) the guarding activity during the day was expressed as '宿' and the night activity as '直' and the combination of '宿直' was read as 'Tonoi,' but later it only came to mean the guarding activity during the night, which was described '宿直' or '殿居' and both were read as 'Tonoi.'
Japanese: 元来、職制律（在官応直不直条）においては昼の警備を「宿」、夜の警備を「直」と書いて「とのい」と読ませていたが、後世においては、夜の警備を「宿直」もしくは「殿居」と書いて「とのい」と読ませた。
English: According to Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) (Hyakkan-tonoi no jo (百官宿直条, the article of Tonoi for all the officials)) all the Kanshi (government officials) except Dainagon (chief councilor of state) or higher officials and ministers of Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) were supposed to assume the obligation of Tonoi in alternate shifts for the section to which they belonged.
Japanese: 公式令（百官宿直条）によれば、大納言以上及び八省卿を除く全ての官人に対して、その所属する官司に対して交代で宿直する義務を負った。
English: The time table for Tonoi was made by jo (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period) of each section (which were corresponding Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) and Benkan (officials of the dajokan) in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Taijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) in Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), and jo (provincial governor) in local governments) and was submitted to Benkan every day.
Japanese: 宿直の時間割は各官司の判官（太政官では少納言・弁官、八省では大丞・少丞、国司では掾がこれに相当する）が行い、毎日弁官に対してその名簿を提出した。
English: Besides above, as a part of their duties, Hyoe (palace guard) and udoneri (Ministerial equerry) guarded the Imperial Palace, and Otoneri (Royal Attendant), Togu Toneri (Officer of the Crown Prince's palace) and Chugu Toneri (Officer of the Household of the Empress) guarded the Emperor, Togu (Crown Prince's Palace) and Chugu (Empress's Palace) respectively in alternate shifts.
Japanese: また、これとは別に職務の一環として兵衛・内舎人は宮中を、大舎人・東宮舎人・中宮舎人は、それぞれ天皇・東宮・中宮を警備するために交代で宿直した。
English: According to "Engishiki " (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Sakonefu (Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) took the duty from I-no-koku to Ne-no-koku (from nine o'clock in the evening to one in the morning), and Ukonefu (Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) did from Ushi-no-koku to Tora-no-koku (from one o'clock to five in the morning).
Japanese: 『延喜式』によれば、亥の刻・子の刻は左近衛府が、丑の刻・寅の刻は右近衛府が担当している。
English: Kanjin (government officials) in Konoe-fu patrolled crying out their own names, and this was called Tonoi-moshi.
Japanese: 近衛の官人は巡回の際に自らの姓名を叫びながら見回りを行ったが、これを宿奏（とのいもうし）と称した。
English: In spite of the provisions of the Ritsuryo Code, ministers and Dainagon, along with Chunagon, Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), stayed at Tonoidokoro (Tonoi's station) and Jikiro (ministers and counselors' station for attendance) in the Imperial Palace during the night in order to prepare for an emergency.
Japanese: また、律令の規定に関わらず大臣・大納言は中納言・蔵人頭・近衛大将とともに内裏内に置かれた宿直所（とのいどころ）・直盧（じきろ）に宿直して緊急事態に備えた。
English: The warrior class was a status given to hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) and high-ranking warriors of the Edo period after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 士族（しぞく）とは、明治維新以降、江戸時代の旗本と上級武士に与えられた身分階級の族称である。
English: The status of those belonging to this class was described as 'the warrior class' in "Jinshin-koseki" (family registries in Jinshin).
Japanese: 士族階級に属する者には、『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と身分表示が記された。
English: After the return of lands and people to the emperor in 1869, the status of those belonging to the clan was classified into the peerage (Chihanji such as a former daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Tokugawa Shogun family), the warrior class (hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun), a feudal retainer of domain, and upper-ranking goshi (country samurai)), low-ranking samurai called sotsuzoku (keihai (a person of low rank) such as ashigaru (common foot soldier) and doshin (a police constable)).
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）の版籍奉還の後、藩に属する者の身分階級は華族（元大名・徳川将軍家などの知藩事）、士族（旗本、藩士、上級郷士）、卒族（足軽・同心などの軽輩）に編成された。
English: The warrior class was indicated in Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) complied in 1872.
Japanese: 1872年（明治5年）に編製された戸籍『壬申戸籍』に‘士族’と記載された。
English: In 1884 when a title was introduced to the peerage, Tomomi IWAKURA and others considered establishing a title for the warrior class.
Japanese: なお、1884年の華族令で華族に爵位が導入された際、岩倉具視らを中心に士族の爵位を創設することも検討された。
English: However, a title for the warrior class could not be established due to the complexity of adding another title to Gotoshaku (a five-rank peerage system), and through efforts made by genkun (the statesmen who contributed in the Meiji Restoration) who wanted to be treated as the peerage, like Court nobles and daimyo (Japanese territorial lords).
Japanese: しかし華族の五等爵をさらに増やすことによる制度の煩雑化と、公家や大名と同様、華族としての待遇を望む元勲の勢力によって、士族の爵位創設は頓挫した。
English: Those who rendered distinguished service in the Meiji Restoration were raised to the Nobility of Merit (new nobility) from the warrior class (the peerage was privileged to become a member of the House of Peers through mutual vote).
Japanese: 明治維新の功労者らは勲功華族（新華族）として士族から昇格していった（華族は互選で貴族院議員になるなど、特権身分である）。
English: From the Meiji period to the early Showa period, families through successive generations ｗere recorded in the same family register, including all the brothers, sisters, spouses, their children and grandchildren of those families over about four generations.
Japanese: 明治から昭和の初めまでは、明治初期からの代々の家族が全て同じ戸籍に記され、4代くらいに渡って兄弟姉妹、配偶者、其々の子供、子孫ら家族全てが記されていた。
English: Sisters who married into another's family were segregated from family registers, but never men.
Japanese: 他家に嫁いだ姉妹のみ結婚後は籍を移すが、男子が分籍することはなかった。
English: Segregation from family registers was limited to somewhat special occasions, and family registers usually recorded large families.
Japanese: 分籍するのは何らかの特別な事情がある場合に限り、通常は大所帯の戸籍であった。
English: Because the head of a family was exempt from conscription, he was segregated from the family register, became the head of a family and was admitted as a commoner.
Japanese: 徴兵制度の戸主は兵役義務から免除される規定を受けるため、20歳のときに分籍して戸主となり「平民」に編入された。
English: On the other hand, samurai received horoku (salary), i.e. karoku (hereditary stipend), from his lord, and had privileges such as Myojitaito (the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword).
Japanese: 一方、主君より世襲の俸禄（家禄）を受け、名字帯刀などの身分的特権を持っていた。
English: These old privileges posed an impediment to the Meiji Government's policies like the equality of all people and modernization.
Japanese: こうした旧来の特権は、明治政府が行う四民平等政策や、近代化政策を行うにあたって障害となっていた。
English: Because the supply of chitsuroku (hereditary stipend) to the warrior class was a serious financial burden, and a sense of feudalistic entitlement was detrimental to the establishment of the national army, the disorganization of the warrior class was a political issue.
Japanese: 士族への秩禄支給は大きな財政負担となっており、国民軍の創設などにおいても封建的特権意識が弊害となっていたため、士族身分の解体は政治課題であった。
English: Universal conscription was established through the enactment of conscription in 1873, and a decree banning the wearing of swords was issued in 1876.
Japanese: 1873年には徴兵制度の施行により国民皆兵を定め、1876年には廃刀令が実施された。
English: All people, not only those in the warrior class and affluent merchants and farmers, were allowed to have their surnames regardless of their titles (Kokumin kaisei).
Japanese: 士族や富裕商人、富裕農民だけではなく、身分を問わず苗字を付けることが認められた（国民皆姓）。
English: There were some who started working for the government and government agencies, or who became military men or teachers, but there were many who became impoverished without work.
Japanese: 政府や諸官庁に勤めたり、軍人、教員などになる者もいたが、職がなく困窮する例も多かった。
English: Those who started an unfamiliar business and failed in the business were ridiculed because of Shizoku no shoho (the former-samurai way of business).
Japanese: 慣れない商売に手を出して失敗すると「士族の商法」と揶揄されることもあった。
English: Shizoku no hanran (a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors) was instigated by families or persons who were the ancestors of samurai and complained about the new government's policies in various parts of the country after the issue of a decree banning the wearing of swords, until 1877 when Seinan War, a revolt by families or persons with samurai ancestors in Satsuma, occurred.
Japanese: 廃刀令以降、1877年の薩摩士族の反乱である西南戦争まで、各地で新政府の政策に不平を唱える士族反乱が起こった。
English: In addition, the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (also called Shizokuminken) was initiated mostly by fuhei shizoku (dissatisfied former samurai).
Japanese: また、初期の自由民権運動は不平士族が中心になっていた（士族民権ともいわれる）。
English: The description of the warrior class (warrior class of XX Prefecture) remained in resumes and social registers.
Japanese: 履歴書や『紳士録』の類には士族という記載が残った（「○○県士族」）。
English: The practice of describing one's status in family registers was abolished in 1914, and it was determined not to describe one's status after World War II when the Family Registration Law was amended, but the description of the status remained in original family registers.
Japanese: 戸籍の族籍記載は1914年（大正3年）に撤廃され、第二次世界大戦後の戸籍法改正で表記しないことに定まったが原本には残っていた。
English: Because of this, when obtaining an official copy of the family register until around 1975, one was able to see the description of the warrior class.
Japanese: そのため1975年（昭和50年）頃までは旧戸籍謄本を取得した場合には「士族」と明記されていた。
English: In no cho kudashibumi were the documents issued by Incho (Retired Emperor's Office) during the Insei (government by cloistered emperor) during the Heian period.
Japanese: 院庁下文（いんのちょうくだしぶみ）は、平安時代院政期に、院庁が発給した文書。
English: According to the the Ritsuryo codes, the government's final decision was supposed to be issued as a form of Shochoku (emperor's rescript) or Daijokanpu (documents issued by Department of State).
Japanese: 律令によれば、政府の最終決定意思は、天皇が裁可した上で、詔勅または太政官符により表示することと規定されていた。
English: However, in the later Heian period, when the Insei political system started, where the retired emperor took power and administered all affairs of state as a de facto emperor, it was required to establish a way to express its own political will instead of Daijokanpu.
Japanese: しかし、平安後期に太上天皇が治天の君（事実上の国王）として君臨し、政務を取り仕切る院政が開始すると、詔勅や太政官符に代わる、政治意思の表示方式を確立する必要が生じた。
English: Therefore, In no cho kudashibumi issued by Incho that was established as the de facto government came to be treated as powerful as Shochoku and Daijokanpu.
Japanese: そこで、治天の政務機関として設置された院庁の発給する文書、すなわち院庁下文が、詔勅や太政官符と同等の効力を持つものとして取り扱われるようになった。
English: While Inzen took the strong nature of the personal documents of the cloistered emperor and was quickly responsive and flexible, In no cho kudashibumi was to deal with important affairs, as was the case of Shochoku or Daijokanpu.
Japanese: 院宣は私的な文書としての性格が強く、即応性・柔軟性の高い文書だったのに対して、院庁下文は、詔勅・太政官符のように、重要事項について対応するための文書だった。
English: Daijokanpu (also known as Dajokanpu) were official documents issued by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) to lower agencies and Kokuga (local offices of the state) under the Ritsuyo system (ancient government system).
Japanese: 太政官符（だいじょうかんぷだじょうかんぷ）は、日本の律令制のもとで太政官が管轄下の諸官庁・諸国衙へ発令した正式な公文書。
English: Pu (符, also referred as fu) originally indicated the documents of orders and instructions that government agencies gave to their lower rank agencies, which meant that any agencies, including Daijokan, were able to issue it, but because Daijokan, in principle, was able to issue it to all the other agencies and the important laws like Kyakushiki (supplementary laws of Ritsuryo code) were sometimes issued in the form of Daijokanpu, it was taken very seriously.
Japanese: 符とは、元来官庁が自己の管轄下にある下位の官庁に出す命令文書を指し、太政官以外の官庁でもこれを出すことが出来たが、太政官は原則として他の全ての官庁に対して符が出せたこと、格式のような重要な法令も太政官符の書式を用いて出されることがあったことから、極めて重みを有した。
English: These documents were sent to the agencies and Kokuga and became practically effective.
Japanese: この文書が各官庁、国衙などの政務機関に送られ、実務上の効力を発揮した。
English: For example, during the Heian period Daijokanpu and Minbushofu (official documents issued by Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs]) was needed to get approval to establish a new Shoen (manor) and these manors were called Kanshofu no sho (government-approved manors).
Japanese: 例えば、平安時代において荘園新立の承認を受けるには太政官符及び民部省符が必要とされており、こうした荘園を官省符荘と呼んだ。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, in principal, the drafts of government official documents were approved by the emperor or Daijokan Conference (also referred as Giseikan [top bureaucrats] or Kugyo [court nobles] Conference), then the document was produced by Benkankyoku (the agency that directly belonged to Daijokan) and were delivered to central agencies and local government offices.
Japanese: 太政官符は、天皇の裁可もしくは国政の枢要を担う太政官会議（議政官会議、公卿会議とも）での決定を受けて、弁官局で文書が作成され諸司諸国へ発給されるのが律令上の原則だった。
English: During the early period under the Ritsuryo system, it is considered that Daijokanpu was issued in accordance with the principles following the decision of the Giseikan Conference, but in the middle of the Heian period, Daijokanpu came to be issued based on Jin no Sadame (one of the Imperial conferences) hosted by Shokei (court novels who work at Imperial Court as high rank post) (the top official of Daijokan).
Japanese: 律令初期は原則どおり議政官会議における決定を受けて太政官符が発給されたと考えられているが、平安中期頃になると、上卿（太政官筆頭）が主宰する陣定での決定をもとに太政官符が発給されるようになった。
English: In the late Heian period, Kansenji (simplified Kanpu) and Inzen (decree of cloistered government) under Insei (the cloistered government) became popular and Kanpu fell into disuse.
Japanese: 平安後期になると、官符よりも簡易な形態の官宣旨（かんせんじ）や院政下での院宣が主流となり、官符は廃れていった。
English: A Shinden (also referred as Kanda) is a rice field whose produce is used to pay for the costs of a Shinto shrine's Saishi (religious services).
Japanese: 神田（しんでん、かんだ）とは、日本において、神社の祭祀などの運営経費にあてる田のことをいう。
English: It is also called Mitoshiro, Omita (御神田), Onta, or Omita (大御田).
Japanese: 御戸代（みとしろ）、御神田（おみた、おんた）、大御田（おおみた）とも。
English: The origins of Shinden are not clearly known, but Shinden are believed to have already existed before 646.
Japanese: 神田の起源は明らかとされていないが、大化（646年ごろ）以前から存在したと考えられている。
English: Even when the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes) was established in the late seventh century and rice fields were integrated into Kubunden (rice fields allotted to people by the central government) under the Handen Shuju no ho Law (the law of rice field allotment system), Shinden and Jiden (rice fields owned by temples) were exempted from the law.
Japanese: 7世紀後半に律令制が整備され、田地が口分田などの班田収授法の体系に組み込まれていっても、神田（および仏教寺院の運営にあてる寺田）のみは、班田の対象外とされた。
English: This exemption was made based on the belief that Shinden and Jinden were not the property of Shrines and Temples, but of deities.
Japanese: これは、神田および寺田が、神社や寺院の所有物ではなく、神仏に帰属するものと認識されていたことによる。
English: Under the Taiho Ritsuryo Code and Yoro Ritsuryo Code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) established in the eighth century, Shinden was stated in Jingiryo (the part of the code that dealt with all matters relating to Shinto) and Denryo (the law about providing rice fields).
Japanese: 8世紀に成立した大宝律令・養老律令では、神祇令・田令などに神田の規定が置かれた。
English: According to the laws, in order to cultivate Shinden, Jinko (the administrative households that was considered as belonging to deities) was stipulated and Soyocho system (a tax system, corvee) imposed on Jinko was supposed to be used for the purpose of building and managing shrines and to be exempted from Handen Shuju no ho Law.
Japanese: それによると、神田を耕作するために、神戸（神に帰属する戸）が設定され、神戸にかかる租庸調は、神社の造営・運営経費にあてること、そして6年1班の班田収授の対象から除外することが規定されていた。
English: Since Fuyu no ken (the right to tax exemption) was granted to Shinden even after the collapse of the Ritsuryo System from the eighth to ninth century, Tato (dominant farmers or lords cultivating new rice fields) who were then collecting rice fields around them tried to obtain Fuyu no ken Right by donating their rice fields to shrines or temples.
Japanese: 9世紀～10世紀に律令制が崩壊した後も、神田には不輸の権（租税免除の権利）が認められていたため、墾田や買収などで付近の田地を集積していた田堵（有力農民）＝開発領主は、自分の経営する田地を有力な神社（または有力寺院）へ寄進することで、不輸の権(日本)を獲得しようとした。
English: After that, from the 11th century through the 13th century with the establishment of the Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates), Shinden was positioned as one of Joden (tax-exempted rice fields) of Shoen or Kokuga (local government office)
Japanese: その後、11世紀から13世紀ごろに荘園公領制が成立すると、荘園や国衙領の除田（じょでん、免税田を意味する）の一つとして神田が位置づけられた。
English: The tax imposed on Shinden was not regarded as the income of the Lord of the manor, but was used for shrines' religious services or festivals.
Japanese: 神田にかかる年貢・公事は、領主の収入とはならず、神社の祭祀・祭礼の経費にあてられた。
English: This custom continued through history and even today many Shinto shrines have Shinden or Omita as the rice fields to offer Kugo (food for deities).
Japanese: こうした慣行はその後も続き、現代でも多くの神社で神に供御するための田として、神田・御神田が存続している。
English: As Shinden was spread throughout Japan, the place-name Shinden is seen everywhere in Japan.
Japanese: 神田は日本各地に存在したため、地名としての神田も日本全国に分布している。
English: Kakitsu Treaty was a trade agreement concluded between Korean Dynasties and Sadamori SO of Tsushima Province in 1443, the Muromachi period in Japan.
Japanese: 嘉吉条約（かきつじょうやく）とは、日本史での室町時代、1443年（日本暦嘉吉3年）に朝鮮王朝と対馬国の宗貞盛との間で結ばれた貿易協定である。
English: With this trade agreement, it was confirmed that 50 saikensen (ship to dispatch an envoy to Korea) be permitted from Tsushima per year, and 200 koku of rice per year be given out from the Korean Dynasties in return.
Japanese: 対馬からの歳遣船は毎年50隻を上限とし、代わりに歳賜米200石を朝鮮王朝から支給されることが確認された。