nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Kanda Myojin-Shine which enshrined TAIRA no Masakado, a renown samurai who sought the independence of the Kanto region and who said to have later turned into a vengeful ghost, was relocated from Ote-mon Gate (The area surrounding the present day Kubi-zuka [Mound of Heads]) to Surugadai to the northeast of Edo Castle which was known as a kimon (Literally translated as the "demons gate," which signified an inauspicious direction in Onmyodo [yin-yang philosophy]), and enshrined their as a Shinto deity and protector of Edo.
Japanese: 関東の独立を掲げた武将で、代表的な怨霊でもある平将門を祭る神田明神は、大手門前（現在の首塚周辺）から、江戸城の鬼門にあたる駿河台へと移され、江戸惣鎮守として奉られた。
English: Additionally, the Sanno Gongen (present-day Hie-jinja Shrine) was relocated from the castle compound to Akasaka in the southwest where the Urakimon (literally translated as the back-demons' gate) during the reconstruction of Edo Castle.
Japanese: また、江戸城の建設にともなって城内にあった山王権現（現在の日枝神社）は裏鬼門である赤坂へと移される。
English: Moreover, Ieyasu entrusted land in Ueno-Shinobugaoka which faced the kimon to the Tenda sect monk Tenkai, who erected a stupa in the likeness of Mt. Hiei which contains the demon's gate (kimon) and founded the Kanei-ji Temple in 1625.
Japanese: 更に、家康の帰依していた天台宗の僧天海が江戸城の鬼門にあたる上野忍岡を拝領、京都の鬼門封じである比叡山に倣って堂塔を建設し、1625年に寛永寺を開山した。
English: The "sango" (A name bestowed to each temple.) for Kanei-ji Temple was Toei-zan, which meant the Mt. Hiei of the east; and its "jigo" (temple name) was the era in which the temple was erected-- akin to Enryaku-ji Temple (in Mt. Hiei) which was built in the Enryaku era.
Japanese: 寛永寺の山号は東叡山、すなわち東の比叡山を意味しており、寺号は延暦寺と同じように建立時の年号から取られている。
English: Water security became an issue for Edo as it grew, since it was a town built over reclaimed shoreline, and digging wells alone could not secure ample fresh water.
Japanese: 江戸は海辺を埋め立てて作られた町のため、井戸を掘っても真水を十分に得ることができず、水の確保が問題となる。
English: As a solution, the Kanda Waterworks that was fed by water from from Inokashira Pond, and a prexisting reservoir in Akasaka were used to supply water to the city.
Japanese: そこで、赤坂に元からあった溜池が活用されると共に、井の頭池を水源とする神田上水が造られた。
English: As a population of Edo grew larger, these two systems could no longer supply enough water to the populace, and the city faced serious water shortages.
Japanese: やがて江戸の人口が増えて来るとこれだけでは供給し切れなくなり、水不足が深刻になって来た。
English: The water works were a source of pride for the peoploe of Edo, and they are noted as saying that "[they] used tap water to give [their] newborns [their] first bath."
Japanese: 水道は江戸っ子の自慢の物の一つで、「水道の水を産湯に使い」などと言う言葉がよく使われる。
English: The reconstruction of the Edo Castle was completed in 1640, marking one end point in the urban development of Edo.
Japanese: 1640年には江戸城の工事が最終的に完成し、江戸の都市建設はひとつの終着点に達した。
English: However, most of the city including the tenshu (tower) of Edo Castle was destroyed during the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657.
Japanese: しかし、1657年に明暦の大火が起こると江戸の町は大部分が焼亡し、江戸城天守も炎上してしまった。
English: After the fire, the bakufu revised its urban planning policies to minimize the risk of fire hazards.
Japanese: 幕府はこれ以降、火事をできるだけ妨げられるよう都市計画を変更することになった。
English: Daimyo residences such as as those of the Tokugawa gosanke in Fukiage were relocated to Kioi-cho Town outside the Manzo-mon Gate, and large empty lots and gardens were established to prevent fires from spreading to neighboring areas.
Japanese: これまで吹上にあった御三家の屋敷が半蔵門外の紀尾井町に移されるなど大名屋敷の配置換えが行われ、類焼を防ぐための火除地として十分な広さの空き地や庭園が設けられた。
English: The town of Edo recovered as daimyo reconstructed their residences and as an ever increasing number of samurai migrated to the city in accordance to the Sankinkotai system, the town of Edo rapidly recovered to support their needs; but in practical terms, the town of Edo could not longer be contained within its outer moat.
Japanese: 大名屋敷が再建され、参勤交代のために多くの武士が滞在するようになると、彼らの生活を支えるため江戸の町は急速に復興するが、もはや外堀内の江戸の町は狭すぎる状態だった。
English: It is within this context that the town of Edo began to expand, urbanization spread beyond the banks of the Sumida-gawa and Fukagawa-rivers, and advanced to Eitai-jima.
Japanese: こうして江戸の町の拡大が始まり、隅田川の対岸、深川・永代島まで都市化が進んでいった。
English: The urbanization also began in the south, west and north of Edo, and Ueno (Taito Ward) and Asakusa on the peripheries of Edo developed into amusement districts, and the Yoshiwara yukaku (red-light district) became located outside of this area.
Japanese: 南・西・北にも都市化の波は及び、外延部の上野(台東区)、浅草が盛り場として発展、さらに外側には吉原遊郭が置かれていた。
English: The Weights and Measures Act, promulgated in 1891, set the weight of 1 monme at 3.75 grams.
Japanese: 1匁は明治24年（1891年）公布の度量衡法により3.75グラムと規定されている。
English: It was only in the Meiji period that the name monme officially began to be used as the weight unit, and until then, "sen" had been used instead.
Japanese: この単位の公式の名称が「匁」になったのは明治時代のことで、それまでは銭と呼んでいた。
English: In China in and after Northern Sung Dynasty, a coin was minted in a manner that the weight of 10 coins of Tang dynasty called Kai Yuan Tong Bao (or Kai Tong Yuan Bao) equaled 24 zhu, that is to say, 1 ryo (tael), and a weight of the one coin was called 'sen' (銭).
Japanese: 北宋代以降の中国では、開元通宝（開通元寳との説もあり）と呼ばれる唐代の銭貨10枚の質量が24銖すなわち1両という基準でつくられ、1枚あたりの質量を「銭」と呼んだ。
English: However, mass-produced metallic currency was difficult to be equalized in weight (at worst, the disparity was as large as almost twice) so Kai Yuan Tong Bao could not be said the standard of the weight of currencies.
Japanese: ただし大量生産される鋳造貨幣というものは質量を一定に製作することは困難で（最大2倍程度のばらつきはある）、質量の基準が開元通寳というわけではない。
English: When this unit sen was introduced into Japan, it was called 'monme,' which was an abbreviation for mekata (weight) of 1 mon-sen.
Japanese: この単位が日本に伝わり、日本では、一文(通貨単位)銭の目方であることから「文目」（もんめ）とも呼んだ。
English: The Chinese character '匁' (monme) is said to have originated from the cursive style writing as '泉,' a homonymy of 銭, or from the Chinese character '文' (mon) attached 'メ' (me), a character of katakana (the square form of kana [Japanese syllabaries]).
Japanese: 「匁」という文字は銭と同音の「泉」の草書体、あるいは「文メ」を続けて書いたものに由来するとされている。
English: In the Edo period, the currency value of Hyoryo ginka (the silver coin used as the currency by weight) depended on its weight, and in 1700, 60 monme of chogin (silver coin) was officially equalized in value with 1 ryo of koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape), however, it was actually floating rate by the market economy.
Japanese: 江戸時代には秤量銀貨の実測値が通貨単位として使用され、元禄13年（1700年）に丁銀60匁は小判1両に相当すると公定されたが、実態は市場経済による変動相場であった。
English: In 1665, the Japanese weight units were standardized, and thereafter, Shirobei GOTO and his descendants monopolized the right to produce counterweights used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of counterweights were prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
Japanese: 寛文5年（1665年）に度量衡の「衡」が統一され、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
English: For these counterweights, 'ryo' was used as a base unit and 'monme' a secondly, while 'monme' and 'kan' were used for the currency unit for Hyoryo ginka, to avoid being mixed up with 'ryo,' the currency unit for koban.
Japanese: この分銅は「両」を基本単位としており、「匁」は補助単位であるが、秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
English: At that time, 1 monme was set between 3.74 to 3.75 grams, slightly lighter than 3.75.
Japanese: この当時の1匁は3.75グラムよりやや小さく3.74から3.75グラムの間である。
English: In the Meiji period, sen was ranked the secondary currency unit of a hundredth value of 1 yen in Japan.
Japanese: 明治に入り、銭(曖昧さ回避)は円(通貨)の1/100の日本の補助貨幣の単位として使用することとなった。
English: Instead, monme was officially adopted as the weight unit by the New Currency Act in 1871 (though sen was used in parallel before World War II) and 1 monme was equalized with a thousandth kan, and the weight of 1 monme was set at 3.756521 grams.
Japanese: これに伴い、明治4年（1871年）の新貨条例では質量の単位には匁が公式に採用され（ただし、第二次大戦前までは銭も併用されていた）、匁は貫の1000分の1と規定され、1匁＝3.756521グラムと定められた。
English: After that, for convenience in conversion among units, the Weights and Measures Act set 1 kan at 3.75 kilograms, so 1 monme became equal to 3.75 grams.
Japanese: その後、単位換算の便宜を図るため明治24年の度量衡法により、1貫＝3.75キログラムと定められたので、1匁＝3.75グラムとなる。
English: And in China, whose weight units influenced Japanese counterparts through commerce from ancient times, 1 sen was set at 4.1762 grams in Sui dynasty, and at 3.7301 grams in the Tang dynasty, says "History of Chinese Weights and Measures" written by Wu Chengluo.
Japanese: また古くから交易のあった中国の単位と、日本国内のものとは密接な関係があったわけであるが、呉承洛の『中国度量衡史』による隋代の1銭は4.1762グラム、唐代の1銭は3.7301グラムである。
English: 1000 times 1 monme is 1 kan, and 10 times 1 monme is 1 ryo, and a tenth of 1 monme is 1 fun, and a hundredth of 1 monme is 1 rin, and a thousandth of 1 monme is 1 mo.
Japanese: 1匁の1000倍が貫（かん）、10倍が両（りょう）、10分の1を分(数)（ふん）、100分の1を厘（りん）、1000分の1を毛(数)（もう）という。
English: And here, it is called 'fun' rather than 'bu' to avoid mixing up with bu which was used as the currency unit of a gold coin, ichibu-kin (a former Japanese gold coin of 1 bu).
Japanese: また「分」を「ぶ」と発音せず「ふん」と呼んだのは金貨の通貨単位である一分金（ぶ）との混同を避けるためである。
English: Originally, for decimals in Chinese numeral, a tenth is represented as bu, a hundredth as ri, and a thousandth as mo, while a rate to represent a tenth is 'wari' in Japan which is the base of the rate unit, and a hundredth becomes bu and a thousandth ri.
Japanese: 本来小数を表す漢数字は10分の1を分（ぶ）、100分の1を厘、1000分の1を毛（もう）で表すが、日本では1/10を表す歩合は「割」であり、これを基準にそれぞれ10分の1、100分の1とするため割合としての単位は100分の1が分、1000分の1が厘となる。
English: The Japanese Measurement Act has abolished almost all units used under the traditional system of weights and measures, but it allows monme (written in 'もんめ' in hiragana [the cursive form of kana, the Japanese syllabary]) to be used merely for weighing a pearl.
Japanese: 日本の計量法では、尺貫法の単位はほぼ全廃されているが、匁だけは真珠の質量の計量に限定して使用して良い単位となっている（ただし表記は平仮名の「もんめ」である）。
English: Incidentally, when the unit's digit is zero, monme (匁) is occasionally replaced with 'me' (目).
Japanese: なお、匁で表した値の1の位が0である場合には、匁の代わりに「目」（め）と書くことがある。
English: However, the me used as '10 me,' '100 me' and others is not a weight unit, so, for example, 232 monme cannot be written as 200 me plus 32 monme.
Japanese: ただし、この「十目」「百目」は単位というわけではないので、例えば232匁を二百目三十二匁などとは書かない。
English: In China, 'sen' serves as the weight unit even today, and after the metric system was adopted, 1 sen was set at 5 grams.
Japanese: 中国では現在でも「銭」が質量の単位となっており、メートル法採用後、1銭＝5グラムと規定した。
English: Haihan-chiken was an administrative reform implemented on August 29, 1871 through which the Meiji government abolished feudal domains and established prefectures that were under the control of the central government.
Japanese: 廃藩置県（はいはんちけん）とは明治維新期の明治4年7月14日(旧暦)（1871年8月29日）に、明治政府がそれまでの藩を廃止して地方統治を中央管下の府と県に一元化した行政改革である。
English: Osei-fukko (Restoration of Imperial Rule) declared on January 3, 1868 was a coup through which the actual power of central government was shifted from the Edo bakufu to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日(旧暦)（1868年1月3日）に勃発した王政復古(日本)のクーデターは事実上の中央政府が江戸幕府から朝廷へ移っただけに過ぎなかった。
English: In order to establish a centralized administrative system, however, there still remained the problem surrounding the existence of daimyo (domains) territory throughout the nation.
Japanese: 中央集権を進めるには各地に未だ残る大名領（藩）の存在をどうするかが問題であった。
English: After hanseki-hokan (return of lands and people to the emperor) was ordered to 247 daimyo (feudal lords) on July 25, 1869, the Meiji government became the ruler of the lands and people.
Japanese: 明治2年6月17日(旧暦)（1869年7月25日）、274大名に版籍奉還が行われ土地と人民は明治政府の所轄する所となった。
English: However, daimyo continued to rule domains (former territory of daimyo) as chihanji (hanchiji), and this system was the same as that of the Edo period though it was a step forward towards abolishing the eudal system.
Japanese: しかし、各大名は知藩事（藩知事）として引き続き藩（旧大名領）の統治に当たり、これは幕藩体制の廃止の一歩となったものの現状は江戸時代と同様であった。
English: On the other hand, bakufu-owned land and hatamoto (bakufu's direct retainer) territory became land directly controlled by the central government and prefectural governors (chifuji/chikenji) were dispatched from the central government.
Japanese: 一方、旧天領や旗本支配地等は政府直轄地として府と県が置かれ中央政府から都道府県知事（知府事・知県事）が派遣された。
English: In the meantime, "han" (domain) was a system newly established at that time and "han" didn't exist as a system of the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: なお「藩」という制度上の呼称はこのとき初めて定められたものであり、江戸幕府下の制度として「藩」という呼称はない。
English: Therefore, "han" is a system that existed only for two years from the time of hanseki-hokan in 1869 to the time of haihan-chiken in 1871.
Japanese: したがって、公式には「藩」とは明治2年（1869年）の版籍奉還から明治4年（1871年）の廃藩置県までの2年間だけの制度である。
English: As the regions of han and those of prefectures (land directly controlled by the government) became linked to each other at the time, this made fu-han-ken sanchisei inefficient.
Japanese: 当時、藩と府県（政府直轄地）の管轄区域は入り組んでおりこの府藩県三治制は非効率であった。
English: The main objective of haihan-chiken was to enable the new government to collect nengu (land tax), in other words to establish a centralized administrative system and stabilize state finance.
Japanese: 廃藩置県の主目的は年貢を新政府にて取り総める、即ち中央集権を確立して国家財政の安定を目的としたものである。
English: However, haihan-chiken was the policy that led to massive dismissal of hanshi (retainers of domain), which was said to be about two millions across the nation.
Japanese: しかし、廃藩置県は全国約200万人に上るとも言われる藩士の大量解雇に至るものであった。
English: The government's army at the time was comprised of armies dispatched from domains and lacked solidarity.
Japanese: また軍制は各藩から派遣された軍隊で構成されており、これも統率性を欠いた。
English: Some domains asked that domains be abolished due to the deteriorating financial conditions (Yoshinori IKEDA, Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA, Morihisa HOSOKAWA, Nanbu domain etc).
Japanese: 藩の中には財政事情が悪化し、政府に廃藩を願い出る所も出ていた（池田慶徳、徳川慶勝、細川護久、南部藩など）。
English: On February 8, 1871, Shigenobu OKUMA, okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of treasury), submitted a proposal on "the adoption of nationally-unified governance system" to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and obtained approval.
Japanese: 明治3年12月19日(旧暦)（1871年2月8日）、大蔵大輔・大隈重信が「全国一致之政体」の施行を求める建議を太政官に提案して認められた。
English: In order to construct the new nation, the above proposal argued the necessity of establishing four systems, namely a "military system" (military), an "education system" (education), a "judicial system" (judiciary) and a " financial/accounting system" (finance), and pointed out the inefficiency of the fu-han-ken sanchisei and proposed to adopt "sanchi-icchi" (conformation of tripartite governance) system under which fu, han and ken would adopt the same system.
Japanese: これは新国家建設のためには「海陸警備ノ制」（軍事）・「教令率育ノ道」（教育）・「審理刑罰ノ法」（司法）・「理財会計ノ方」（財政）の4つの確立の必要性を唱え、その実現には府藩県三治制の非効率さを指摘して府・藩・県の機構を同一のものにする「三治一致」を目指すものとした。
English: In unifying three different systems, it was obvious that the different nature of "han", which were governed by chihanji and hanshi unlike "fu" and "ken" that were governed by the government officials, became the biggest obstacle for "sanchi-icchi".
Japanese: 3つの形態に分かれた機構を共通にしようとすれば既に中央政府から派遣された官吏によって統治される形式が採られていた「府」・「県」とは違い、知藩事と藩士によって治められた「藩」の異質性・自主性が「三治一致」の最大の障害となることは明らかであった。
English: Although there was a shared understanding within the government at that time that Haihan-chiken had to be carried out in order to move towards a centralized administrative system, Takayoshi KIDO (who insisted on radical reform) and Toshimichi OKUBO (who insisted on moderate reform) continued to hold differing views concerning practical procedures.
Japanese: 当時、中央集権体制を進めるために廃藩置県の必要があることは政府内の共通認識となっていたが、その実施に向けた方策について急進的な木戸孝允と漸進的な大久保利通との対立が続いていた。
English: Also, Kido empahasized the ability of individuals and appointed, along with Okuma, a former retainer of shogun Junzo GO and Eiichi SHIBUSAWA to posts within the new government.
Japanese: また木戸は能力を重視して大隈とともに旧幕臣の郷純造や渋沢栄一らを新政府に登用した。
English: Okubo couldn't understand Kido's decision because he thought that the corruption among the retainers of the shogun was the cause of the Edo bakufu's fall and young people of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen who strived to bring about the Meiji Restoration should be utilized for the new government.
Japanese: このことは、旧幕臣の腐敗こそが江戸幕府の滅亡の原因で維新のために尽力した薩長土肥の若い人材こそが政府に必要であると考える大久保には理解できなかった。
English: Okubo urged Takamori SAIGO, who was staying in Kagoshima in order to reform the politics of Satsuma domain, to serve for the government, tried to stabilize the new government and regain his power.
Japanese: 大久保は薩摩藩の藩政改革のために鹿児島市にいた西郷隆盛に政府出仕を促して、新政府そのものの安定と自己の勢力の挽回を図ろうとした。
English: When Aritomo YAMAGATA's plan of establishing goshimpei (army to convoy the Emperor) surfaced, Okubo went to Kagoshima as the Imperial envoy along with Tomomi IWAKURA and successfully persuaded Saigo to serve the government in order to establish goshimpei.
Japanese: 折りしも山縣有朋の御親兵設置構想が浮上すると大久保は岩倉具視とともに勅使として鹿児島に入って西郷説得に成功し、御親兵設置の企画推進のための出仕同意を取り付けたのである。
English: However, the opinion which Saigo submitted before starting to work for the government ("Kichinosuke SAIGO's opinion") caused great controversy.
Japanese: ところが、出仕の際に西郷が出した意見書（「西郷吉之助意見書」）が大きな波紋を呼んだ。
English: Saigo argued that what was necessary for the new government was a strong military power based on samurai and an agriculture-oriented nation management.
Japanese: 西郷は新政府に必要なのは士族を中心とした軍備強化と農本主義的な国家経営であると主張した。
English: He further denounced the government as something like "a merchant" since it promoted modern industries and the construction of railways.
Japanese: そして、近代工業や鉄道などの建設を推進する政府は「商人」のようであると糾弾した。
English: The above was mainly targeted at Okuma, who was a key person in a series of policy planning, rather than the former retainers of shogun whom Okubo criticized.
Japanese: それは大久保が批判対象とする旧幕臣を飛び越して一連の政策立案の中心である大隈をその最大の対象とした。
English: This was also implicitly a denunciation of Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE (who supported Okuma), and Kido (who recommended Ito and Inoue).
Japanese: またこれを補佐する伊藤博文・井上馨ら、更に伊藤・井上を推挙した木戸に対する糾弾であった。
English: Saigo came to Tokyo in January 1871, and immediately understood the plan to appoint the persons of Satsuma etc. who rendered meritorious service in the Restoration to Governments posts.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）1月に西郷は上京し、薩摩などの維新功労者の新政府登用策の受け入れのみで一旦は了承した。
English: Saigo, however, was dissatisfied with the government's policy of national enrichment and the bureaucrats of Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury), including Okuma, who led this policy.
Japanese: しかし、西郷の新政府への不満はその富国政策とその指導にあたる大隈ら大蔵官僚にあった。
English: The new government began to experience turmoil due to the revolt of Gentaro DAIRAKU of Choshu domain, the assassination of Masaomi HIROSAWA that was said to have been done by the supporters of Gentaro DAIRAKU, and the plot to overthrow the new government that was attempted by court nobles Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA (Nikkyo Jiken).
Japanese: また、長州藩の大楽源太郎による反乱やその支持者によると言われる広沢真臣暗殺、公家の愛宕通旭・外山光輔による新政府転覆計画発覚（二卿事件）など新政府内部は更に混乱の様相を見せ始めた。
English: Okubo reshuffled the cabinet on August 11 and appointed only Saigo and Kido as sangi.
Japanese: 大久保は6月25日(旧暦)（8月11日）に政府人事の大幅改造を断行して参議を西郷と木戸の2人に限定した。
English: When Yasukazu YASUBA, Okura Taijo (senior secretary of the Minister of the Treasury) who was recommended by Saigo, voiced his opinioin that Okuma should be impeached, Okuma and his supporters, including Shimpei ETO and Shojiro GOTO, uniformily opposed the move.
Japanese: しかし、西郷によって推挙された大蔵大丞・安場保和が大隈弾劾の意見書を提出したために大隈やこれを支持する江藤新平・後藤象二郎らが結束してこれに対抗した。
English: Although the above impeachment was denied by Saigo and Okubo who didn't want to clash with Kido, the new government was on the verge of being split into the Saigo group and Kido group.
Japanese: 弾劾は木戸との全面衝突を望まない西郷や大久保の反対で否決されたものの新政府は西郷派と木戸派に分裂しつつあった。
English: On August 19, Koyata TORIO and Yasushi NOMURA (both belonging to the Kido group), who were driven by a sense of crisis, proposed that Yamagata implement haihan-chiken immediately.
Japanese: 7月4日(旧暦)（8月19日）、山県の下に居合わせた鳥尾小弥太と野村靖（いずれも木戸派に相当する）が会話のうちにこの状況に対する危機感に駆られて山県に対して廃藩置県の即時断行を提議した。
English: They intended to reunify both groups recuperate its centripetal force by making the new government face off against the domains.
Japanese: 新政府を諸藩と対峙させることによって政権両派の再統一と求心力を回復させようとしたのである。
English: They also intended to confirm whether Saigo intended to support the government in cooperation with Kido, a person who was pushing through haihan-chiken.
Japanese: これは、西郷が廃藩置県推進派の木戸と協力して新政府を支える意図があるのかどうかを確かめる目的もあった。
English: The next day, the two persons won over Inoue, and on August 21, Inoue and Yamagata obtained the approval of Kido, Saigo, Okubo and Okuma.
Japanese: 翌日には2人は井上を味方に引き入れ7月6日(旧暦)（8月21日）、井上は木戸を、山県は西郷を説得して更に大久保や大隈にも同意を取り付けた。
English: In order to break the political stalemate, Saigo also wanted to change the atmosphere of the government by implementing haihan-chiken.
Japanese: 西郷も現状の政局を打破するために廃藩置県によって政府内の流れを変えることを望んだのである。
English: On August 24, the plan of haihan-chiken was secretly worked out at Kido's residence by seven people from Satsuma and Choshu, Takamori SAIGO, Okubo, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Iwao OYAMA, Kido, Inoue and Yamagata, and it was approved by Sanetomi SANJO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Taisuke ITAGAKI and Okuma etc.
Japanese: かくして7月9日(旧暦)（8月24日）、西郷隆盛、大久保、西郷従道、大山厳、木戸、井上、山県の7名の薩長の要人間で木戸邸で密かに練られた廃藩置県案は三条実美・岩倉具視・板垣退助・大隈らの賛成を得たのである。
English: At 2 pm on August 29, 1871, the Meiji government gathered chihanji at the Imperial palace and ordered the implementation of haihan-chiken.
Japanese: 明治4年7月14日（1871年8月29日）14時、明治政府は在東京の知藩事を皇居に集めて廃藩置県を命じた。
English: At 10 am, the government gathered chihanji of Kagoshima domain Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, Motonori MORI, chiji of Saga domain Naota NABESHIMA and Itagali, a proxy of chiji of Kochi domain Toyonori Yamanouchi, and read the Imperial edict of haihan.
Japanese: 10時に鹿児島藩知藩事・島津忠義、山口藩知事・毛利元徳、佐賀藩知事・鍋島直大及び高知藩知事・山内豊範の代理の板垣を召し出し、廃藩の詔勅を読み上げた。
English: Thereafter, the Imperial edict was given to chiji of Nagoya domain Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA, chiji of Kumamoto domain Morihisa HOSOKAWA, chiji of Tottori domain Yoshinori IKEDA and chiji of Tokushima domain Mochiaki HACHISUKA.
Japanese: ついで名古屋藩知事・徳川慶勝、熊本藩知事・細川護久、鳥取藩知事・池田慶徳、徳島藩知事・蜂須賀茂韶に詔勅が宣せられた。
English: In the afternoon, chihanji of 56 domains, in addition to the above chihanji, who were in Tokyo were called and given the Imperial edict.
Japanese: 午後にはこれら知藩事に加え在京中である56藩の知藩事が召集され、詔書が下された。
English: On the same day, it was declared that hansatsu (bills usable only in a particular domain) be exchanged for government bills at the market rate of the day.
Japanese: なお同日、各藩の藩札は当日の相場で政府発行の紙幣と交換されることが宣された。
English: Since domains simply replaced prefectures, the number of prefectures was larger than those today; namely three fu (prefectures) and 302 ken (prefectures).
Japanese: 当初は藩をそのまま県に置き換えたため現在の都道府県よりも細かく分かれており、3府302県あった。
English: Under these circumstances, the number of prefectures decreased to three fu and 72 ken during the period of October to November in 1871.
Japanese: そこで明治4年（1871年）10～11月には3府72県に統合された。
English: Thereafter, the number of ken decreased to 69 (1872), 60 (1873), 59 (1875), and 35 (1876) (the number of fu was unchanged).
Japanese: その後、県の数は69県（明治5年（1872年））、60県（明治6年（1873年））、59県（明治8年（1875年））、35県（明治9年（1876年））と合併が進み（府の数は3のままである）。
English: However, as the size of prefectures increased, various problems, including confrontation between regions and an increase in clerical jobs, came to light.
Japanese: だが、今度は逆に面積が大き過ぎるために地域間対立が噴出したり事務量が増加するなどの問題点が出て来た。
English: Therefore, prefecture division was implemented and the number of prefectures finally became three fu and 43 ken (exclusive of Hokkaido) in 1889.
Japanese: そのため次は分割が進められて、明治22年（1889年）には3府43県（北海道を除く）となって最終的に落ち着いた。
English: It is said that the kokudaka (territorial land value) of prefecture was determined to be 300,000 to 600,000 goku (later 900,000 goku) so that prefectures could afford administrative expenses.
Japanese: また、石高で30～60万石程度（後には90万石まで引き上げられた）にして行財政の負担に耐えうる規模とすることを心がけたと言う。
English: In order to appoint persons who had no relation with a former domain to a senior post such as kenrei, a policy to not appoint those that hailed from prefecture in question was adopted.
Japanese: また、新しい県令などの上層部には旧藩とは縁のない人物を任命するためにその県の出身者を起用しない方針を採った。
English: However, this policy wasn't strictly applied to some powerful domains (nonetheless, most of kenrei hailed from the same prefecture were abolished by 1873).
Japanese: しかし、幾つかの有力諸藩ではこの方針を貫徹できなかった（とはいえ、明治6年（1873年）までには大半の同県人県令は廃止されている）。
English: For example, Tsunayoshi Oyama, kenrei of Kagoshima Prefecture, served as kenrei for several years as if he had extraterritorial rights.
Japanese: たとえば、鹿児島県県令の大山綱良のように数年に渡って県令を務めて一種の治外法権的な行動をする者もいた。