nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is said that it was introduced to Koguryo, which was the northernmost country, as early as in 372 during the era of the King Shojurin from Former Qin.
Japanese: 最も北にあり、中国に近かった高句麗へは早くも372年、小獣林王の時代に前秦から伝えられたとされる。
English: In Baekje, which became an ally of Wa, the King Chinryu invited a high priest Marananta from the Eastern Jin in 384, which was a little later than the spread to Koguryo.
Japanese: 倭と盟友関係となる百済では、これより若干遅れて、384年に枕流王が東晋から高僧の摩羅難陀を招来した。
English: In 392 King Ashin (阿シン) declared an order to believe Buddhism within the country.
Japanese: 392年には阿シン王（阿華王）が仏教を信仰せよとの命を国内に布告している。
English: However, it was at the beginning of the sixth century, one century later, that Buddhism was really spread in Baekje.
Japanese: ただし、百済国内に本格的に仏教が普及するのはそれより1世紀ほど遅れた6世紀初頭である。
English: In the other country, Silla, it is said that Buddhism was introduced from Koguryo around the beginning of the fifth century, which was later than the introduction in the above two countries.
Japanese: 残る新羅においては上記2国よりも遅れ、5世紀始めごろに高句麗から伝えられたという。
English: After it was officially admitted in the era of King Hoko, Buddhism promotion policy was implemented by the nation combined with exchange with the Liang of the Southern Dynasty.
Japanese: 法興王の時代に公認された後は、南朝梁との交流もあり、国家主導の仏教振興策がとられるようになっていた。
English: In the ancient Japan, toraijin had continuously come to Japan and most of them were from the Korean peninsula.
Japanese: 古代の倭へは、古くから多くの渡来人（帰化人）が連綿と渡来してきており、その多くは朝鮮半島の出身者であった。
English: It seems that they brought Buddhism as a private belief inside the clan, and that some people worshipped Buddha.
Japanese: 氏族内の私的な信仰として仏教をもたらし、信奉する者もいたと思われる。
English: It seems that Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures had been already brought by them before the official introduction of Buddhism.
Japanese: 彼らの手により公伝以前から、すでに仏像や経典はもたらされていたようである。
English: Datto SHIBA (the grandfather of KURATSUKURI no Tori), who was considered to have come to Japan in 522, was a good example.
Japanese: 522年に来朝したとされる司馬達等（鞍作止利の祖父）などはその好例である。
English: According to "Fuso Ryakki" (A Brief History of Japan), he placed honzon (principal image of Buddha) at the Takaichi County in the Yamato Province and worshipped 'Chinese god.'
Japanese: すでに大和国高市郡において本尊を安置し、「大唐の神」を礼拝していたと『扶桑略記』にある。
English: After the latter part of the fourth century, Koguryo, Baekje, and Silla repeated cooperation and conflict each other.
Japanese: 4世紀後半以降、高句麗・百済・新羅は互いに連携・抗争を繰り返していた。
English: King Sei, who was enthroned in the early part of the sixth century, was conferred 'Jisetsu, Totoku, Military affairs of Baekje, Suito Shogun, Kudarao' (持節・都督・百済諸軍事・綏東将軍・百済王) by Han Wudi of the Liang of Southern Dynasty of China and held out against Koguryo with Silla at first.
Japanese: 6世紀前半即位した百済の聖王（聖王）は、中国南朝梁の武帝から「持節・都督・百済諸軍事・綏東将軍・百済王」に冊封され、当初新羅と結んで高句麗に対抗していた。
English: However, he had gradually been oppressed by Silla and the situation became tight as he was forced to change the capital from Ungjin to Shibi in 538.
Japanese: が、次第に新羅の圧迫を受け、538年には都を熊津から泗ビへ移すことを余儀なくされるなど、逼迫した状況にあった。
English: Baekje's transmission of Buddhism to Wakoku (Japan) had an aspect that he utilized it as a tool to take an advantage in diplomacy with deepening the relationship by introducing the latest culture to Japan and gaining the favor of Han Wudi of Liang, who was fascinated with Buddhism, with a result of propagation to the eastern country.
Japanese: 百済が倭国へ仏教を伝えたのも、倭へ先進文化を伝えることで交流を深めること、また東方伝播の実績をもって仏教に心酔していた梁武帝の歓心を買うことなど、外交を有利にするためのツールとして利用したという側面があった。
English: It is known that there are two kinds of theories on the year of official introduction of Buddhism to Japan, 552 and 538.
Japanese: 日本への仏教公伝の具体的な年次については、古来から有力な説として552年と538年の2説あることが知られている。
English: However, not only these two theories but also various theories on the official introduction of Buddhism have been proposed to date.
Japanese: しかしこの両説に限らず、仏教公伝の年次については近年も様々な説が提唱されている。
English: But it seems that there is little doubt that it was introduced in the era of the Emperor Kinmei, judging from the descriptions of various historical materials.
Japanese: ただし各史料の記述から、欽明天皇期に伝来したことは疑いないと思われる。
English: According to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) (hereafter, written as Shoki), the King Sei of Baekje sent a messenger in November 552 and presented Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) to praise kudoku (merit) of propagating Buddhism with Buddha statue and Buddhist scriptures.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』（以後、書紀と記す）では、欽明天皇13年（552年、壬申）10月に百済の聖王（聖王）が使者を使わし、仏像や経典とともに仏教流通の功徳を賞賛した上表文を献上したと記されている。
English: This Johyobun is highly possible to be a modification in later years and there is a great doubt whether or not the descriptions of Shoki focused on Johyobun are reliable.
Japanese: この上表文に関しては後世の文飾の可能性が高く、上表文を核とした書紀の記述自体の信憑性に大きく疑問が投げかけられている。
English: However, some people say that the fact of the introduction in 552 must be true, because even if there was a modification of contents in later years, it cannot deny the existence of Johyobun itself immediately.
Japanese: ただし、十七条憲法や大化の改新と同様、文章の内容が後世の装飾であったとしても上表文の存在そのものを否定する材料とまでは言えないとして、552年伝来の事実そのものはあったとする見方もある。
English: According to "Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu" (Biography of Shotoku Taishi) and "Gangoji Garan Engi" (The origin of the buildings of the Gango-ji Temple), Buddhism was introduced by Sho Myoo of Baekje in the 'Bogo year' during the era of the Emperor Kinmei.
Japanese: 『上宮聖徳法王帝説』や『元興寺伽藍縁起』においては、欽明天皇の「戊午年」に百済の聖明王から仏教が伝来したとある。
English: However, since there was no Bogo year of the Oriental zodiac during the reign of the Emperor Kinmei (540-571), it is thought that the nearest Bogo year, 538 (according to Shoki, the third year of the Emperor Senka) was most possible.
Japanese: しかし書紀での欽明天皇治世（540年-571年）には戊午の干支年が存在しないため、最も近い戊午年である538年（書紀によれば宣化天皇3年）が有力と考えられた。
English: For the reason why Shoki described 552 as the year of introduction, various theories have been discussed since ancient times.
Japanese: 書紀が壬申年（552年）を伝来の年とした理由については、古くから様々な説が唱えられた。
English: In research of the Sanron sect line in later Nanto Buddhism, there appeared the reasons that that year was the 1501st year after the death of Shakyamuni and the first year of Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma), and that it corresponded to the first year of the second segment (Tazo toji kengo [the age of building temples and stupas]) of Zobo (Age of the Semblance Dharma) based on the separation of 500-year periods in "Mahsamnipata sutra."
Japanese: 後の南都仏教の三論宗系の研究においては、この年が釈迦入滅後1501年目にあたり、末法元年となることや、『大集経』による500年ごとの区切りにおける像法第二時（多造塔寺堅固）元年にあたることなどが重視されたため、などの理由が考えられた。
English: Therefore, the description of Shoki is considered to be fact-based and the theory of 538 is more influential.
Japanese: そのため書紀の記述が作為的と考えられ、538年説のほうが有力となっている。
English: In addition, Han Wudi of Liang of the Southern Dynasty, who was dedicated to the spread of Buddhism, was confined at the Kokei's (侯景) War (548) and died in the following year, 549.
Japanese: また仏教拡大に熱心であった南朝・梁の武帝は、侯景の乱（548年）により幽閉され、翌549年にすでに死去していた。
English: This means that there was no more diplomatic meaning of the transition of Buddhism against Liang by Baekje as mentioned above, so that the theory of 552 by Shoki seems to have a problem.
Japanese: このため、既述のような仏教伝達による百済の対梁外交上の意義が失われることからも、書紀の552年説は難があるとされる。
English: However, some recent research considers that "Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu" and "Gangoji Garan Engi," which were thought to be written before Shoki and to have little modification, were written after Shoki (partly because the title of 'emperor' which was used in later years was already seen), so that their positions have not been established.
Japanese: ただし、書紀以前に成立した書とされ、作為が少ないと思われた『上宮聖徳法王帝説』や『元興寺縁起』についても、近年の研究において書紀以後の成立とする説も現れ（後世に用いられた「天皇」号が記載されているなど）、その地位は確定していない。
English: In addition, the emperor of Wa in 538 was the Emperor Senka, according to Shoki, which is inconsistent with the descriptions of books as 'Buddhism was officially introduced in the era of the Emperor Kinmei.'
Japanese: また、538年における倭の天皇（大王）は、書紀によれば宣化天皇であって、「仏教は欽明天皇代に公伝した」とする各書の記述と矛盾する。
English: As a result, Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA and others even insisted a theory that Shoki modified the year in order to hide the fact that the Imperial Court was split into a group which supported the Emperor Ankan and the Emperor Senka and another which supported their younger half brother Emperor Kinmei (a theory of collateral two Imperial Courts) (For details, refer to the article on the Emperor Kinmei).
Japanese: そのため、安閑天皇・宣化天皇を擁立する勢力と、異母弟の欽明天皇を奉ずる勢力の間で朝廷が分裂しており、書紀がその事実を隠蔽するために年代をずらしたとの林屋辰三郎らによる説（二朝並立説）まで登場した（→詳細は欽明天皇の項を参照）。
English: The Emperor Keitai, who was those three emperor's father, was suspected of legitimacy because of his origin, so that he could not set a palace at Yamato for 20 years.
Japanese: 3天皇の父である継体天皇がその出自から正統性を疑われ、20年間大和の地に宮を設置できなかった。
English: In addition, in Shoki there is a description that 'The Japanese Emperor, the crown prince, and a prince were died at the same time,' which was cited from "Original records of Baekje."
Japanese: また書紀に引用された『百済本記』の記述として「日本天皇・太子・皇子が同時に崩御す」とある。
English: At one time, there were various theories on not only the year of the Emperor Kinmei's enthronement but also that of Shoo of Baekje, ranging from 513 to 527 ("Samguk Sagi" [History of the Three Kingdoms], Shoki, "Book of the Liang dynasty," "Shusho" [one of Nijushishi, 24 dynastic histories in China, in which a history of Northern Zhou is given], and "History of Northern Dynasties").
Japanese: かつては上記の欽明天皇即位年次のみならず、百済の聖王もまた513年から527年に至るまで即位年代に諸説が存在した（『三国史記』、書紀、『梁書』、『周書』、『北史』）。
English: However, some people say that the Baekje side considered 'the 26th year of Shoo' was the introduction year of Buddhism to Wa, because 538 corresponds to the 26th year of Shoo based on the theory that he was enthroned in 513, and 552 also corresponds to the 26th year of Shoo based on the theory that he was enthroned in 527.
Japanese: しかし例えば513年即位説に従えば538年は聖王26年となり、527年説では552年がやはり聖王26年となることから、百済側では「聖王26年」を倭への仏教伝来年次と考えていたとする見解もある。
English: Recently, it is almost sure that Shoo was enthroned in 523, according to which the 26th year of Shoo corresponds to 548, so that some people say that this is the year of the official introduction of Buddhism.
Japanese: 近年では聖王が523年に即位したことはほぼ確実となったため、これに従えば聖王26年は548年にあたり、これを仏教公伝年とする説も浮上している。
English: In addition, in Shoki there is a description that a Baekje king had a Buddha statue of 4.8m height produced for a Japanese emperor and presented it to Mimana in September 545.
Japanese: また書紀には、545年9月に百済王が日本の天皇のために丈六（一丈六尺）の仏像を作成し、任那に贈ったとの記述もある。
English: If this is true, it shows that the Wa side had already prepared to accept Buddhism, so that some theories emphasize this year.
Japanese: 事実とすればこの時期倭の側に仏教受け入れの準備ができていたことを示すことから、この年を重視する説もある。
English: On the other hand, other people say that it is not so important to define any official introduction year among various theories, because the gifts of Buddha statue and Johyobun of the Baekje King were only a symbolic incident and the Buddhism itself was intermittently introduced many times without regard to the distinction between official or nonofficial.
Japanese: いっぽう、百済王の仏像贈与・上表文などは象徴的事件に過ぎず、実際には仏教の伝来自体は公伝・私伝の区別無くこの時期に断続的に何度も行われたとみて、公伝の年次をいずれかに確定することにそれほど意義を見出さない論者もいる。
English: In any event, each theory above has an advantage and disadvantage and it is difficult to say that the year of the official introduction of Buddhism has been defined.
Japanese: いずれにせよ上記各説は一長一短があり、仏教公伝年次は今なお確定しているとは言い難い。
English: It would be an overall understanding to say that 'Buddhism was introduced by Shoo of Baekje in the era of the Emperor Kinmei around the sixth century' by integrating the common points of the respective theories.
Japanese: 各説の共通点を総合した「6世紀半ば頃の欽明天皇代に百済の聖王によって伝えられた」というのが最大公約数的な理解であろう。
English: The process of acceptance of Buddhism, which was introduced from Baekje through the above process, was not necessarily smooth in Wa after that.
Japanese: 上記の経緯によって百済から公式に伝来した仏教ではあったが、その後の倭における受容の経緯は必ずしも順調とは言えなかった。
English: It seems that before Buddhism was introduced to Wa, there existed primitive Shinto (the Ancient Shinto) as a local religion (faith).
Japanese: 仏教が伝来する以前、倭には土着の宗教（信仰）として原始神道（古神道）が存在したと思われる。
English: It is not difficult to imagine that incarnations of Buddha, such as Nyorai (Tathagata), Bosatsu (Bodhisattva), and Myoo in newly coming Buddhism, were understood as the same entities as these gods.
Japanese: 新たに伝来した仏教における如来・菩薩・明王などの仏も、これらの神といわば同列の存在と把握されたことは想像に難くない。
English: It seems that these were understood as 'Adashikuninokami,' 'Imakinokami' or 'Butsujin' by common Japanese people.
Japanese: これらは一般的な倭人にとって「蕃神（あだしくにのかみ）」「今来の神（いまきのかみ）」「仏神」として理解されたようである。
English: Partly because the process of acceptance took the following twists and turns, the dharma of Buddhism itself as a different religion from Shinto began to be understood mainly after the seventh century.
Japanese: 受容の過程が下記のように紆余曲折を経たこともあり、神道とは違う仏教の宗教としての教義そのものの理解は、主として7世紀以降に進められることとなる。
English: Among Gozoku (local ruling family) of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), there were many clans who were in charge of primitive Shinto.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の豪族の中には原始神道の神事に携わっていた氏族も多かった。
English: The Mononobe clan and the Nakatomi clan were famous among them and it is said that they were negative against the acceptance of Buddhism which was newly introduced.
Japanese: 物部氏・中臣氏などはその代表的な存在であり、新たに伝来した仏教の受容には否定的であったという。
English: On the other hand, the Soga clan, Daigozoku (big local ruling family), was said to work together with toraijin group, to have an international vision, and to be aggressive to accept Buddhism because of the relationship with the countries of the Korean peninsula.
Japanese: いっぽう大豪族の蘇我氏は渡来人勢力と連携し、国際的な視野を持っていたとされ、朝鮮半島国家との関係の上からも仏教の受容に積極的であったとされる。
English: The Emperor Kinmei, who was introduced to Buddhism by the Baekje's king, was especially moved by the beauty of Buddha statue and asked his retainers, '"Buddha" of west countries has a look of dignity which I have never seen. I wonder whether we should worship it or not.'
Japanese: 欽明天皇は百済王からの伝来を受けて、特に仏像の見事さに感銘し、群臣に対し「西方の国々の『仏』は端厳でいまだ見たことのない相貌である。これを礼すべきかどうか」と意見を聞いた。
English: Against this, SOGA no Iname recommended to accept it; 'All people in west countries believe in Buddhism. How can only Japanese people be against it?'
Japanese: これに対して蘇我稲目は「西の諸国はみな仏を礼しております。日本だけこれに背くことができましょうか」と受容を勧めた。
English: On the contrary, MONONOBE no Okoshi, NAKATOMI no Kamako, and others were said to oppose this as 'There are 180 gods in the world of this county under the king. If we worship Adashinokuninokami, we might suffer from the anger of this country's gods' (The dispute on the worship or the exclusion of Buddha).
Japanese: これに対し、物部尾輿・中臣鎌子らは「我が国の王の天下のもとには、天地に180の神がいます。今改めて蕃神を拝せば、国神たちの怒りをかう恐れがあります」と反対したという（崇仏・廃仏論争）。
English: However, after the prevalence of plague just after that, the Mononobe clan, the Nakatomi clan, and others told the emperor that the plague broke out because the country's god got angry against 'Butsujin.'
Japanese: しかし、直後に疫病が流行したことをもって、物部・中臣氏らは「仏神」のせいで国神が怒っているためであると奏上。
English: However, a discovery of ancient structural remnants of Uji-dera Temple (temple built for praying clan's glory) (Shibukawa abolished temple) from the site of the residence in Kawachi, which was the base of the Mononobe clan, raised the possibility that even the Mononobe clan, whose official job was performing Shinto rituals, believed in Buddhism in private.
Japanese: が、近年では物部氏の本拠であった河内の居住跡から、氏寺（渋川廃寺）の遺構などが発見され、神事を公職としていた物部氏ですらも氏族内では仏教を私的に信仰していた可能性が高まっている。
English: As a result, there are some theories which suspect the conventional common theory; for example, a theory that the dispute on the worship or the exclusion of Buddha was not a conflict on the acceptance or rejection of Buddhism, but a difference on whether or not to define Buddhism as an official 'national religious service', and another that the difference of the opinion against Buddhism was only a superficial problem and it was actually a power struggle between the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 結局のところ、崇仏・廃仏論争は仏教そのものの受容・拒否を争ったというよりは、仏教を公的な「国家祭祀」とするかどうかの意見の相違であったとする説や、仏教に対する意見の相違は表面的な問題に過ぎず、本質は朝廷内における蘇我氏と物部氏の勢力争いであったとする説も出ており、従来の通説に疑問が投げかけられている。
English: A conflict between SOGA no Iname and MONONOBE no Okoshi over Buddhism succeeded to their children SOGA no Umako and MONONOBE no Moriya.
Japanese: 仏教をめぐる蘇我稲目・物部尾輿の対立は、そのまま子の蘇我馬子・物部守屋に持ち越される。
English: MONONOBE no Moriya, NAKATOMI no Katsumi, and others insisted that the plague was caused by worship of Buddhism by the Soga clan, and implemented a large-scale Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism).
Japanese: 物部守屋・中臣勝海らはこれを蘇我氏による仏教崇拝が原因として、大規模な廃仏毀釈を実施した。
English: It is said that they not only abandoned Buddha statues and burnt down temples but also violently took clothes of nuns and beat them with rods at Tsubakichi (or Tsubaichi) market place.
Japanese: 仏像の廃棄や伽藍の焼却のみならず、尼僧らの衣服をはぎ取り、海石榴市で鞭打ちするなどの暴挙に出たという。
English: However, it could be said that this was not a problem over Buddhism, but a conflict between the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan combined with the selection of the next emperor as a root.
Japanese: だがこれも、仏教の問題というよりは、次期大王の人選も絡んだ蘇我氏・物部氏の対立が根底にあったといえよう。
English: The next emperor, Yomei, was deeply interested in Buddhism and when he was dying he asked his retainers whether or not he should believe in Buddhism.
Japanese: 続く用明天皇は仏教に対する関心が深く、死の床に臨んで自ら仏法に帰依すべきかどうかを群臣に尋ねた。
English: However, by the same reason as the one in the age of the Emperor Kinmei, MONONOBE no Moriya was strongly against it (the second dispute on the worship of Buddhism).
Japanese: が、欽明天皇代と同様の理由により物部守屋は猛反対した（第二次崇仏論争）。
English: After all, the conflict between the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan was concluded by the Teibi War in 587 when SOGA no Umako, who gained adherents from some princes, destroyed MONONOBE no Moriya with military force.
Japanese: 結局、蘇我・物部両氏の対立は587年の丁未の役により、諸皇子を味方につけた蘇我馬子が、武力をもって物部守屋を滅亡させたことにより決着する。
English: In the era of the Emperor Suiko, Umako had Asuka-dera Temple, a half official Uji-dera Temple which had a full-scale building, built.
Japanese: 推古朝では、馬子によって本格的な伽藍を備えた半官的な氏寺・飛鳥寺が建立された。
English: In addition, it is said that Prince Shotoku (Prince Umayado), who was famous for the construction of the Shitenno-ji Temple and the Horyu-ji Temple, carried out politics based on the ethics of Buddhism.
Japanese: また四天王寺・法隆寺の建立でも知られる聖徳太子（厩戸皇子）が馬子と協力しつつ、仏教的道徳観に基づいた政治を行ったとされる。
English: However, only a part of Imperial family and Gozoku, who supported the Imperial Court, worshipped Buddhism.
Japanese: しかし、この時期において仏教を信奉したのは、朝廷を支える皇族・豪族の一部に過ぎない。
English: It is difficult to say that Buddhism became a national religion (of course, this did not mean that common people had no relation with Buddhism).
Japanese: 仏教が国民的な宗教になったとは言い難い（もちろん民衆と仏教が全く無関係であったわけではないが）。
English: In the Nara period, provincial monasteries had been built and monks and nuns were placed in various provinces under the idea of nation protection.
Japanese: 奈良時代には鎮護国家の思想のもとに諸国に国分寺が設置されて僧・尼僧が配された。
English: In addition, the Great Buddha of the Todai-ji Temple was constructed and the Ritsu sect was introduced by inviting Jianzhen from China, but Buddhism was not spread very widely.
Japanese: さらに東大寺大仏の建立、鑑真招来による律宗の導入などが行われたが、いまだ本格的な普及には遠かった。
English: In the Heian period, Esoteric Buddhism became popular in accordance with the introductions of the Tendai sect by Saicho and the Shingon sect by Kukai, and Mappo-shiso (the "end of the world" belief) and Jodo-shinko (the Pure Land faith) were in full flourish, and as a result, more and more nobles and people around the capital came to believe in Buddhism.
Japanese: 平安時代には最澄による天台宗、空海による真言宗の導入による密教の流行、末法思想・浄土信仰の隆盛などの契機を経験し、貴族層や都周辺の人々による仏教信仰は拡大しつつあった。
English: However, after all, it was after the medieval period that Buddhism was spread among common people all over the country.
Japanese: が、結局全国にわたって庶民段階にまで仏教が普及するのは、中世以降まで待たなければならなかった。
English: The appearance of Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura Period) triggered the prevalence of Buddhism among samurai and common people all over the country, and Japan's own Buddhism was developed after that.
Japanese: 鎌倉仏教の登場などの刺激により、全国の武士や庶民階層への普及が定着していき、以後は日本独自の仏教が発展していくことになる。
English: Shinku (1231 - February 28, 1316) was a Buddhist monk of the Shingon Ritsushu sect in the late Kamakura period.
Japanese: 信空（しんくう、寛喜3年（1231年）-正和5年1月26日(旧暦)（1316年2月20日））は、鎌倉時代後期の真言律宗の僧侶。
English: Having listened to the lecture given by Eison, who was invited to his home, Shinku became a disciple of Eison at the age of 12 and entered the priesthood at Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).
Japanese: 12歳の時、自宅に招かれた叡尊の講話を聴いてその門人となり、西大寺_(奈良市)で出家する。
English: In 1290, Shinku succeeded to the manager of Saidai-ji Temple, following the will of his dying master Eison.
Japanese: 正応3年（1290年）、死の床にあった師の叡尊の遺言によって西大寺の寺主を継承した。
English: He imparted Gusokukai, the full precepts, to Emperor Gouda and Dantenmonin ITSUTSUJI no Chushi and also conducted propagation in various places, including Bonmo fusatsu (self-reflection and penitence according to the Brahmajala Sutra) in Mt. Jubu in Sanuki Province in 1306.
Japanese: 後宇多天皇・談天門院五辻忠子に具足戒を授けた他、徳治元年（1306年）讃岐国鷲峰山において、梵網布薩を行うなど各地で布教を行う。
English: He also restored provincial monasteries in various places together with his senior apprentice Ninsho from Gokuraku-ji Temple (Kamakura City) and made these monasteries branch temples of Saidai-ji Temple and Gokuraku-ji Temple.
Japanese: また兄弟子である極楽寺(鎌倉市)の忍性とともに各地の国分寺を再興して西大寺・極楽寺の末寺とした。
English: After his death, Shinku was given the posthumous title of senior priest Jishin by Emperor Godaigo, the son of Emperor Gouda and Dantenmonin.
Japanese: 没後、後宇多天皇と談天門院の子である後醍醐天皇によって慈真和尚の諡号が贈られた。
English: Tenjikugoshoja is five vihara (monasteries or temples) of early Buddhism in the ancient India.
Japanese: 天竺五精舎（てんじくごしょうじゃ）とは、古代インドにあった初期仏教の5つの精舎（伽藍・寺院）をいう。
English: The place was a wealthy person Kalanda 's grove that was first lend to the Jains, but later when Kalanda became a believer of Shakyamuni, it became a Buddhist monastery.
Japanese: カランダ（迦蘭陀）長者の所有する林園で最初はジャイナ教に貸与していたが、カランダ長者が釈迦仏に帰依してからは仏教徒の僧園となった。
English: A wealthy person Sudatta, who had given alms to those who had no kith or kin, bought a woods from Prince Jeta and built a monastery.
Japanese: 身寄りのない者に施しをしていたスダッタ（須達多）長者が、ジェータ（祇陀）太子が所有する森を譲り受けて建立した精舎。
English: A lecture hall in a big woods near the lake Mikochi in Vesali in the Central India, which was also used as a monastery to give a sermon--Mikochi was named after Miko, a big monkey, a lot of which lived in the area.
Japanese: 中インド、ヴェーサリー（毘舎離）の獼（彌）猴池（みこうち、彌猴とは大きな猿で、その池にたくさんいた）の附近の大森林中にあった講堂、また説法の時に使用していた精舎。
English: A monastery on Mt. Ryoju (or, Grdhrakuta) in the capital Oshajo (or, Rajagaha) of the country Magadha.
Japanese: マガダ国の王舎城（ラージャガハ）の霊鷲山（グリドラクータ）にあった精舎。
English: A monastery built in a mango orchard contributed by Amrapali.
Japanese: アンバーパリー（漢訳：菴摩羅女＝あんまらにょ、マンゴーのこと）が所有していた、マンゴー樹園を寄進して建てられた精舎。
English: There is a variation of Tenjikugoshoja or Tenjikugozan as follows:
Japanese: なお、五精舎あるいは五山の名称には差異があり、以下の5つをいう場合もある。
English: Seitarinshoja was written as '誓多林' or '逝多林' which referred to Gionshoja that was built in the woods once belonged to Prince Jeta, and it made the total of temples four instead of five.
Japanese: ただし「誓多林」は「逝多林」とも書き、Jeta（ジェータ）太子が所有していた林園に建てられた祇園精舎のことをいい、これでは4つになってしまうので五精舎にはならない。
English: Following suit to the Tenjikugoshoja or Tenjikugozan, what were called 'Shinagozan and Shinajussatsu (five great monasteries and ten temples in China)' were built during the Sung dynasty China, and 'Kamakuragozan (five monasteries in Kamakura),' 'Kyotogozan (five monasteries in Kyoto)', and 'Nihonjussatsu (ten temples in Japan)' were built during the Kamakura period in Japan.
Japanese: この天竺五精舎（また五山）が、中国南宋の時代に模せられ、いわゆる「支那五山・支那十刹」ができ、また日本の鎌倉期の「鎌倉五山」、「京都五山」や「日本十刹」が起こったとされる。
English: Makashikan (Mahayana Practice of Cessation and Contemplation), one of the textbooks on Buddhism, is a commentary on Shikan (a type of meditation).
Japanese: 摩訶止観（まかしかん）は、仏教の論書の1つで、止観（禅定の1種）についての解説書。
English: It was lectured by Zhiyi, the founder of the Tien tai sect, in the Yuquan Temple in Jing Province (present Hubei Province), China in 594 and then compiled by his disciple, Guanding.
Japanese: 594年に中国荊州（現在の湖北省）玉泉寺で天台宗の開祖智ギによって講義され、弟子の灌頂によってまとめられた。