nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On January 29, 1598, allied forces of Ming and Korea consisting of 56,900 soldiers attacked Ulsan Waeseong (Japanese style castle), just before its completion, and began a siege.
Japanese: 12月22日、完成直前の蔚山倭城（日本式城郭）を明・朝鮮連合軍5万6,900人が襲撃し、攻城戦を開始した。
English: But, the allied forces suffered a large casualties and faced an uphill battle because of the strong defense by the Japanese army including Kiyomasa KATO who hurried to enter the castle.
Japanese: 急遽入城した加藤清正を初め日本軍の堅い防御の前に大きな損害を被り苦戦を強いられた。
English: At that time, the Ulsan Castle had not yet been completed and therefore the Japanese army was put in a difficult position trying to hold the castle with insufficient food supplies.
Japanese: このとき蔚山城は未完成であり、食料準備も出来ていないままの籠城戦で日本軍は苦境に陥る。
English: During February the following year (1598), Ulsan Castle was run down to just about to fall because of starvation.
Japanese: 年が明けた翌慶長3年（1598年）1月になると蔚山城は飢餓により落城寸前まで追いつめられていた。
English: On February 8, however, rescue forces headed by Hidemoto MORI and so on arrived and, on the next day, February 9, attacked and routed the allied Ming and Korean forces and caused 20,000 casualties and won the battle (the Battle of Ulsan).
Japanese: しかし、1月3日毛利秀元等が率いる援軍が到着し、翌4日水陸から明・朝鮮連合軍を攻撃敗走させ2万人の損害を与えて勝利した（蔚山城の戦い）。
English: After this battle, thirteen commanders including Hideie UKITA submitted a proposal to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI on their plan to give up three castles, Ulsan, Suncheon, and Yangsan, located in projecting positions, because of the difficulty in sending a rescue force, but Hideyoshi rejected this proposal and scolded those who made the proposal.
Japanese: 戦いの後、宇喜多秀家など13人は、立地上突出している蔚山・順天・梁山の三城を援軍の困難さを理由として放棄する案を豊臣秀吉に上申しているが、秀吉はこれを却下し上申者を叱責した。
English: Although Hideyoshi announced the plan of attack during the next year, 1599, Hideyoshi died on October 7 and the significance of continuing the war disappeared.
Japanese: 秀吉は翌慶長4年（1599年）の攻勢計画を発表していたが、秀吉が8月18日に死去すると戦役を続ける意義は失われた。
English: Under this situation, preparations for retreat from Korea were commenced in secrecy by the Gotairo (Five Elders) and Gobugyo (five major magistrates).
Japanese: そのため五大老や五奉行を中心に、密かに朝鮮からの撤収準備が開始された。
English: However, Hideyoshi's death was kept secret and it was not even informed to the Japanese army which had been dispatched to Korea.
Japanese: もっとも、秀吉の死は秘匿され朝鮮に派遣されていた日本軍にも知らされなかった。
English: In October, the Ming and Korean allied forces began all-out attacks to Ulsan, Sacheon and Suncheon.
Japanese: 9月に入ると明・朝鮮連合軍は蔚山、泗川市、順天へ総力を挙げた攻勢に出た。
English: The intercepting Japanese army was helped by the strong defense with castles constructed in the coastal area and, in the second Battle of Ulsan, succeeded by beating back the Ming and Korean forces.
Japanese: 迎え撃つ日本軍は沿岸部に築いた城の堅固な守りに助けられ、蔚山城の戦い第二次蔚山城の戦いでは明・朝鮮連合軍を撃退し防衛に成功。
English: In the Battle of Suncheon, the troops of the Shimazu clan made a rush by taking a chance in the confusion caused by an accidental burst of gun powder on the Ming side and inflicted large scale damage sending the Ming and Korean forces flying.
Japanese: 泗川の戦いは島津氏軍が明軍の火薬の暴発事故による混乱に乗じて一斉に突撃し、明・朝鮮連合軍に大打撃を与え潰走させた。
English: Since it was located in the extreme left wing of the Japanese camp, it was attacked fiercely both from sea and land, but he succeeded in defending their position and forced the Ming and Korean forces to retreat (the Battle of Suncheon Castle).
Japanese: 日本軍最左翼に位置するためあらたに派遣された明水軍が加わり水陸からの激しい攻撃を受けるが防衛に成功し、明・朝鮮連合軍を後退させた（順天城の戦い）。
English: The Japanese army repulsed attacks to Ulsan, Sacheon, and Suncheon, but, since Hideyoshi had already died in October, the significance of continuing the war had been lost.
Japanese: 蔚山、泗川、順天への攻勢を退けた日本軍であったが、既に秀吉は8月に死去しており戦争を継続する意義は失われていた。
English: Finally, on December 2, a withdrawal order in the name of Gotairo was issued keeping Hideyoshi's death a secret.
Japanese: そこでついに10月15日、秀吉の死は秘匿されたまま五大老による撤退命令が発令された。
English: Having received the withdrawal order, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded in December to obtain a promise of bloodless withdrawal through negotiations with and by bribing the Ming and Korean commanders of the army and navy.
Japanese: 撤退命令を受領した小西行長は11月、明・朝鮮の陸水諸将と交渉や買収で無血撤退の約束を取り付ける。
English: Actually, the Ming and Korean navy did not retreat, but continued the naval blockage and obstructed withdrawal by sea.
Japanese: 実際には明・朝鮮水軍は後退せずに海上封鎖を継続しており、海路撤退を妨害した。
English: After confirming the Konishi clan troops were obstructed, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, who had retreated from Sacheon, and other commanders such as Muneshige TACHIBANA, Hirotaka TERASAWA and Yoshitomo SO organized the naval troops and made an attack to rescue the Konishi clan troops.
Japanese: 小西軍の脱出が阻まれてていることが確認されると泗川から撤退してきた島津義弘の他、立花宗茂、寺沢広高、宗義智らの諸将は救援に向かうために水軍を編成して進撃した。
English: Knowing that Yoshihiro SHIMAZU's rescue forces were approaching, the Ming and Korean navy lifted their naval blockade of Suncheon and intercepted them.
Japanese: 島津義弘の救援軍が近づくのを知ると明・朝鮮水軍は順天の海上封鎖を解いて迎撃を行った。
English: Shimazu clan's navy had a hard time in the Naval Battle of Noryang, but on the side of Ming and Korea, multiple top officials including the adjutant general of the navy of Ming and Yi Sun-sin, who was the Naval Commander of Three Provinces of the navy of Korea died in this war.
Japanese: この露梁海戦で島津水軍は苦戦したが、明・朝鮮も明水軍の副将、や朝鮮水軍の三道水軍統制使の李舜臣を含む複数の幹部が戦死した。
English: Knowing that naval blockade of Suncheon was lifted because of the sorties of the Ming and Korean navies, Yukinaga KONISHI succeeded to escape by sea avoiding the area of the on-going naval battle.
Japanese: また、明・朝鮮水軍の出撃で順天の海上封鎖が解けたことを知った小西行長は海戦海域を避けて海路脱出に成功している。
English: Thus, the daimyo that went to war from Japan withdrew and returned to Japan and the expedition to Ming and the conquest of Korea intended by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was not achieved and was ended by Hideyoshi's death.
Japanese: こうして、日本の出征大名達は朝鮮を退去して日本へ帰国し、豊臣秀吉の画策した明遠征、朝鮮征服計画は成功に至らぬまま、秀吉の死によって終結した。
English: Peace talks were carried out between the So clan in Tsushima, who was entrusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and the government of Korea.
Japanese: 和平交渉は徳川家康によって委任を受けた対馬の宗氏と朝鮮当局の間で進められる。
English: It began with the approach to restore diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty in Korea from Japan to Korea for sounding out the dispatch of Tsushinshi (Emissary).
Japanese: 断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
English: It was in 1604, six years after the withdrawal of the Japanese army, that an interview of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA took place, who was seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), with an envoy from Korea.
Japanese: 征夷大将軍徳川家康と朝鮮側の使節との会見が実現したのは日本軍撤兵から6年後の慶長9年（1604年）であった。
English: It was in 1607 that Chosen Tsushinshi to Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was dispatched and formal peace was made.
Japanese: 江戸幕府に対する朝鮮通信使が派遣されて正式の和平が果たされたのは慶長12年（1607年）であった。
English: Ming was ruined without having diplomatic relations with Japan and Qing, which began to control China after Ming, because Japan adopted a national isolation policy, conducted only trade, but had no official diplomatic relations.
Japanese: 明は日本と国交を結ばないまま滅亡し、明に代わって中国を支配するようになった清は、すでに日本が鎖国を取ったため貿易は行うが、正式な国交を持とうとはしなかった。
English: The war which lasted for six years including a cease-fire period, made a serious impact on Korea, Japan, and Ming.
Japanese: 休戦を挟んで6年に及んだ戦争は、朝鮮・日本・明の三国に重大な影響を及ぼした。
English: On Korean Peninsula, which was the battle field, public safety deteriorate because of disorderly governance in addition to battles between troops of Japan, Korea, and Ming as well as their presence there.
Japanese: 戦場となった朝鮮半島では日本軍、朝鮮軍、明軍の戦闘や駐留の他、統治不全によって治安が悪化した。
English: Therefore, revolts and uprising of discontented yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea), discriminated classes, impoverished farmers, and thieves occurred and got suppression by the Korean army during their cleanup and executions occurred out of struggles for power in the Korean court were conducted and the such turmoil created further misery in the midst of the war damage.
Japanese: その為、不平両班や被差別階級、困窮した農民、盗賊による反乱、蜂起、及び朝鮮軍によるその鎮圧、また朝鮮王朝内部の政争による粛正や処刑などが行われ、混乱は戦災を更に悲惨なものとした。
English: Productivity of governance by Yi Dynasty Korea was so low that such situations called shunkyu (literally, poverty in springtime) in which farmers starved in the spring time because of class discrimination and exploitation and national land development was neglected.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮は階級差別と搾取によって農民が春窮と呼ばれる毎年春に飢える状況が常態となっているほど生産性の低い統治を行っており、国土開発を怠っていた。
English: In addition, as distribution economy had not developed, selling and buying using currency such as silver did not exist and procurement of food had to be conducted by barter exchange with Korean people who had been living by self-sufficient economy.
Japanese: また、流通経済が発達しなかったため銀などの貨幣による売買が成立せず自給自足が基本の朝鮮民とは物々交換などで食料の調達を行わなければならなかった。
English: After the war began, because of the consumption of food locally procured by troops of Japan, Ming, and Korea and the deteriorated safety, farmers gave up cultivation and roaming people created further roaming people, and starved people tried to keep hunger at bay by robbing both from enemies and by obtaining favors.
Japanese: 戦争が開始され、日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍による現地調達による食料消費と治安悪化のために農民が耕作を放棄することで流民が流民を生み、飢えた民衆は敵味方より略奪することで飢えを凌ごうとした。
English: As it was decided in negotiations between the armies of Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea thet, with respect to supply of provisions to the area on the Korea side from the Yalu River, Yi Dynasty Korea was responsible for procurement and transportation, Yi Dynasty Korea cruelly conducted confiscation of goods and services from common people including maintenance of both their own army and the government.
Japanese: また、明軍と李氏朝鮮との交渉により鴨緑江より朝鮮側の兵糧供給は李氏朝鮮側の調達及び輸送と取り決められたため、自軍と政府の維持も含めて李氏朝鮮は民衆から過酷な食料調達を行った。
English: Therefore, together with despoliation by troops of Ming, even Pyeongan Province, in which no Japanese troops entered, went to pot and could not feed the population just before the commencement of the war and the population decreased drastically.
Japanese: そのため、明軍の略奪と合わせて日本軍が一歩も足を踏み入れていない平安道も荒廃して開戦当初の人口を養いきれずに人口が激減した。
English: Common people attacked the troops of Korea, Ming and Japan disorderly looking for food and the latter, which suffered short supply of food, conducted local procurement from common people of Korea.
Japanese: 民衆は無秩序に食料を求めて朝鮮・明軍・日本軍を襲い、食料調達が不足した日本軍・明軍・朝鮮軍は朝鮮民衆から現地徴発を行った。
English: As food was preferentially supplied to the Ming troops, Korean troops ability to wage battle was quite degraded.
Japanese: 明軍に優先的に食料供給が行われたことから、朝鮮軍の戦意低下は少なからぬものがあった。
English: In the last stage of the war and, after the war, despoliation by the Ming troops, stationed for assuring security even after the war, was widespread.
Japanese: 戦役の後期から戦後の安全保障のための明軍の朝鮮駐屯による略奪なども横行した。
English: Therefore, later, there were certain persons among Korean common people who, while naming Japan as the top invader, criticized the Ming army as the second invader.
Japanese: そのため、後に朝鮮の民衆の中には日本を一番の侵略者としながらも、明軍に対しても第二の侵略者として評する人間も出てきた。
English: During confusion in wartime, various powers destroyed and despoiled palaces, tombs of kings, governmental offices and cultural properties.
Japanese: また戦時下での混乱により諸勢力による宮殿・王陵、官庁、文化財の破壊や略奪が行われた。
English: It is known from materials in Korea that Korean common people who suffered from class discrimination set fire to governmental offices and documents on discriminated classes.
Japanese: 特に身分差別に苦しんだ朝鮮民衆は緒戦の混乱に乗じて官庁や被差別身分を示す書類を焼き払った例が朝鮮側資料により知られている。
English: Furthermore, as Japanese troops had a hard time with the resistance that disturbed the peace and conducted guerrilla attacks, it often slaughtered inhabitants and burned villages in order to ensure security.
Japanese: また日本軍は治安を乱しゲリラ攻撃を仕掛ける義勇軍の抵抗に手を焼いたため、治安確保のために住民の虐殺や村の焼き討ちなどを行うことも多かった。
English: This is known from the mutilation of a person's nose done as evidence of their military exploits, there were many persons in Korea who lost their noses for certain period after that.
Japanese: 戦功の証明として行われたはなそぎによってその後しばらくの間朝鮮に鼻のない人間が多く見られたということが知られている。
English: However, this was conducted only after the Keicho war began when disruptive people were recognized as members of the insurgency.
Japanese: しかしこれらは不穏民衆を一揆と認識して討伐した慶長の役が始まった後の話である。
English: At the beginning, it was understood that Korea was a territory that should be included in the territories under control of Japan and, same as a war in Japan, common people who were noncombatants should be the object of protection and it was prohibited to kill them.
Japanese: 当初は朝鮮は戦後には支配下に繰り入れられるべき領土であり、日本の国内戦同様に非戦闘員である民衆は保護の対象であり殺戮は禁止されていた。
English: Mutilation of a person's nose was conducted mainly during the time of the Keicho War in 1597, but it has been said that it was act of barbarism conducted throughout the war.
Japanese: はなそぎも1597年の慶長の役の頃が主体であるが、これまで戦争全般を通じた蛮行であるがごとく語られてきた。
English: On Hokkantaishohi, which is a monument raised in Hangyong Province after the war to commemorate repulsion of the Japanese army, it is recorded that 825 left ears were cut from Japanese soldiers killed by the sword in the battle in Kaba for the King of Korea.
Japanese: また戦後に咸鏡道に建てられた日本軍撃退記念碑の北関大捷碑には加坡の戦闘で斬殺した日本兵から左耳825個を切り取って朝鮮王へ送った記録が残っている。
English: Furthermore, as a prize was offered for the heads of Japanese soldiers, it is reported there were situations in which a large number of bodies without heads of Korean people taken by the Korean and Ming troops in urban districts.
Japanese: さらに、日本兵の首に賞金を掛けたため都市部で朝鮮軍・明軍による朝鮮領民の首無し死体が続出するなど荒廃した状況が伝えられる。
English: After the war in general, among Korean people, hostility against Japan was generated and the So clan which wished a peaceful trade relationship took strong precautions, the visit of a Japanese diplomat to the capital was prohibited and Japanese people visited for the purpose of trading were also restricted in their activities and were forced to stay in Wakan (consular office) established in Busan.
Japanese: 戦役以後、総じて朝鮮人の間では日本に対する敵意が生まれ、平和な貿易関係を望む対馬の宗氏も朝鮮王朝に強く警戒され、日本使節の上京は禁じられ、貿易に訪れた日本人も釜山に設けられた倭館に行動を制限された。
English: Many Japanese captives (kowa - literally, surrendered Japanese) were put in iron rings to prevent them from escaping and this made their status as a humble person.
Japanese: また日本人捕虜（降倭）の多くは、鉄輪をはめられ逃げ出すことも出来ない状態にされたうえで、その身分を賎民とされた。
English: On the other hand, among yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea) (ruling class) of Korea, understanding that Korea could narrowly avoid ruin thanks to reinforcements from Ming ("再造之恩") was underscored and the thought to attach importance to gratitude towards Ming spread widely.
Japanese: 一方、朝鮮の両班階層（支配層）の間では明の援軍のおかげにより朝鮮は滅亡を免れたのだという意識（「再造之恩」）が強調され、明への恩義を重視する思想が広まった。
English: During the later period in the shift from Ming to Quin, this made an important impact on the track of foreign diplomacy between the Quin Dynasty and Ming.
Japanese: これは後の明清交代期に於いて、清朝と明との間での朝鮮外交の針路に多大な影響を与えることとなった。
English: Red pepper, brought to Japan through trade with Spain and Portugal, was introduced to the Korean Peninsula by the troops of Japan in the Bunroku-Keicho War and established the basis of Korean cuisine such as kimchi.
Japanese: 南蛮貿易により日本にもたらされた唐辛子は、文禄・慶長の役の日本軍によって朝鮮半島にももたらされ、キムチ等の韓国・朝鮮料理の礎を築いた。
English: Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) was conducted for territories of daimyo who were absent and the governing power and bureaucratic group of the Toyotomi government were strengthened.
Japanese: 留守中の大名領地に太閤検地が行われ、豊臣政権の統治力と官僚的な集団が強化された。
English: For certain daimyo, vassals were disunited, or internal insurrection occurred resulting in weakening the foundation of the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: 家臣団が分裂したり内乱が勃発する大名も出るなど、かえって豊臣政権の基盤を危うくする結果となった。
English: On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had the largest Kokudaka (assessed yield; tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain) among daimyo, but as he had been moved to Kanto just before, he only headed troops to Kyushu, but was exempt from going to Korea to fight in order to consolidate new territory, came to have latent powers.
Japanese: 一方で、諸大名中最大の石高を持ちながら、関東移封直後で新領地の整備のために九州への出陣止まりで朝鮮への派兵を免れた徳川家康が隠然たる力を持つようになった。
English: Ieyasu, who became the top of Gotairo, gained the control of the peace talks after Hideyoshi's death and pushed his way up to the virtual operator of the government.
Japanese: 五大老の筆頭となった家康は秀吉死後の和平交渉でも主導権を握り、実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がってゆく。
English: Such rapid growth of the bureaucratic group and Ieyasu developed to confrontation between the bureaucratic group that tried to maintain the Toyotomi government and Ieyasu who had been looking to the next government resulting in the Battle of Sekigahara (1600).
Japanese: この官僚集団と家康の急成長は、豊臣政権存続を図る官僚集団と次期政権を狙う家康との対立に発展し、関ヶ原の戦い（1600年）に至った。
English: Having achieved overwhelming victory, Ieyasu secured an impregnable position in Japan and he was appointed in 1603 to seii taishogun.
Japanese: 戦いに圧勝した家康は日本国内で不動の地位を得、1603年に征夷大将軍に任ぜられた。
English: New aspects were added to Japanese culture by intercommunion in scholarship and calligraphy and painting as well as creative writing with Korean Confucians who were brought to Japan by daimyo who took part in dispatch to Korea and transmission by potters of manufacturing process of continental ceramics and the decoration of roof tiles.
Japanese: また、出兵に参加した大名たちによって連れてこられた朝鮮人儒学者との学問や書画文芸での交流、そして陶工が大陸式の磁器の製法、瓦の装飾などを伝えたことで日本の文化に新たな一面を加えた。
English: On the other hand, many Korean captives were roped into working as replacements of lost domestic labor for the war and some were sold overseas as slaves.
Japanese: その一方、多くの朝鮮人捕虜が戦役で失われた国内の労働力を補うために使役され、また奴隷として海外に売られたこともあった。
English: When involvement in situations in the continent became inevitable as a result of the establishment of diplomatic relationships by opening Japan in the last days of the Edo and the Meiji periods, same as commanders at the time of war were reminded of sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), dispatch of troops by Hideyoshi came to be closed up and many came to consider advancing into the continent was conduct following Hideyoshi's wishes.
Japanese: 江戸時代末期・明治時代の開国による外交関係の樹立から大陸情勢への関係が不回避となると、当時の武将達が三韓征伐を想起したように、秀吉の朝鮮出兵もクローズ・アップされるようになり、大陸への進出は豊臣秀吉公の遺志を継ぐ行いだと考えるものも多くなった。
English: Reinforcement troops for Korea were called 'Three Expeditions in the Banreki Period' together with suppressing two other concurrent uprisings by local ethnic chiefs, Bobai in Ningxia and You Ouryu in Banshu (Sichuan Province).
Japanese: 朝鮮への援兵を、同時期に行われた寧夏のボバイ、播州（四川省）の楊応龍の二人の辺境地方の地元民族首長反乱の鎮圧とあわせて、「万暦の三征」と呼んでいる。
English: Such military expenditure and extravagance by the emperor, Banreki, worsened the financial conditions of Ming and it is considered to be a serious cause of rapid weakening of Ming that could not bear growth of Jurchen during the first half of the seventeenth century.
Japanese: これらの軍事支出と皇帝万暦帝の奢侈は明の財政を悪化させ、17世紀前半の女真の強大化に耐え切れないほどの、明の急速な弱体化の重要な原因となったと考えられている。
English: Many of those who belonged to Wakae Hachinin-shu later served Mitsunari ISHIDA, and they pledged their loyalty to their master and fought in the Battle of Sekigahara, as a result of which most of them died.
Japanese: 後に石田三成に仕えたものが多く、その多くが忠誠を誓い、関ヶ原の戦いで奮戦し、ほとんどが戦死した。
English: Although most of members of Wakae Hachinin-shu were originally military commanders who served Yasunaga MIYOSHI as his retainers, they came to serve Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, who was a prospective successor of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, personally chosen by Hideyoshi himself.
Japanese: 多くの武将は三好康長に仕えていた家臣であるが、豊臣秀吉が人選して甥で後継者候補の豊臣秀次の配下にしたものである。
English: However the situation changed completely as a result of the birth of Hideyoshi's son, Hideyori in 1593, and the status of Hidetsugu as Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor) became insecure.
Japanese: しかし文禄2年（1593年）に秀吉に嫡男・豊臣秀頼が生まれると事態は急変し、関白の地位に就いていた秀次の立場は微妙になった。
English: Hidetsugu, who was frightened for his own future, caused incidents of tsujikiri (killing ordinary people in the street to test a new sword; it is said that he killed a blind person without a reason) in Kyoto and other places, and the incidents labeled him as 'Sessho Kanpaku' (Killer-Kanpaku).
Japanese: 秀次は将来に不安を抱き、京都などで辻斬り（一般人を殺傷する事件、盲目の人間を故なく殺害したとされる）などを起こし「殺生関白」という悪名を広めたとされる。
English: It is thought that Hideyoshi started to consider punishment for Hidetsugu around this time, and the rumor about Hidetsugu as a rebel started to spread after this.
Japanese: このころ秀吉は秀次の処分を考え始めたとされ、その直後に秀次の謀反の噂が広まった。
English: Mitsunari ISHIDA, in particular, tried everything to save the life of Hidetsugu, and pleaded the 'innocence of the lord Hidetsugu' (according to "Buso-ki") directly to Hideyoshi.
Japanese: 特に石田三成は秀次助命のために奔走し、秀吉に「秀次公は無実であること」（武宗記）を直訴した。
English: Hideyoshi, however, had already decided on the ultimate retribution for Hidetsugu, and he expelled Hidetsugu to Mt. Koya, and forced him to commit seppuku (suicide by disembowelment).
Japanese: しかし秀吉は元々秀次の処分を考えていた事もあって、高野山へ追放にした上、切腹させてしまった。
English: As the Hidetsugu's family line of the Toyotomi family became extinct, many military commanders, including Wakae Hachinin-shu became ronin (masterless samurai).
Japanese: 秀次の豊臣家が断絶したため、若江八人衆を含め、多くの武将が連座し浪人となった。
English: Mitsunari ISHIDA, who felt the need to prevent the social instability that may result from the increasing number of ronin, took pity on the former vassals of Hidetsugu and accepted them into the Ishida clan.
Japanese: 石田三成は無実であった秀次家臣団を哀れみ、また、浪人増加による社会不安を防ぐため、多くの秀次家臣団を石田氏に受け入れた。
English: The members of Wakae Hachinin-shu were also grateful for Mitsunari who tried his best to save Hidetsugu's life, and in return, they fought to protect the army headquarters of Mitsunari ISHIDA during the Battle of Sekigahara, which started in 1600 (However, not all the members served Mitsunari, as there were exceptions such as Yoshimasa TODO who served his cousin Takatora TODO and Kinai YASUI who served Yoshinaga ASANO).
Japanese: また、若江八人衆も秀次助命のため最後まで奔走した三成に感謝し、慶長5年（1600年）の勃発した関ヶ原の戦いでは石田三成軍の本陣を死守する獅子奮迅の戦いをしている（ただし、藤堂玄蕃は従兄弟の藤堂高虎に仕え、安井喜内は浅野幸長に仕えるなど、必ずしも全員が三成に尽くしたわけではない）。
English: Ecchu TAKANO (He fought for the Ishida squad and survived the Battle, and later served Yukinaga ASANO.)
Japanese: 高野越中（関ヶ原では石田隊で奮戦して生き残り、戦後は浅野幸長に仕えた）
English: In another case, Takasada TOMITA, who served Hidetsugu closely, later served Toshinaga MAEDA and died during the Battle of Sekigahara, was included as a member, and depending upon the historical documents, the number of the members were seven, and not eight, and there was a case in which even the members themselves were different.
Japanese: また、構成員の中には秀次の近侍として仕えた富田高定（前田利長に仕えて、関ヶ原で北陸にて戦死）を含める場合もあるなど、史料によっては八人ではなく七人ともされ、さらにメンバーも変わることがある。
English: Kyoto Dento was a Japanese electric power company founded in 1888.
Japanese: 京都電燈株式会社（きょうとでんとう）は、1888年（明治21年）に創立された日本の電力会社。
English: Kyoto Dento contributed to the widespread installation of electric lamps by lowering the cost of power generation and the price of electric lamps by drawing on the large amount (for that time) of electricity generated at the Keage Power Plant (run by Kyoto City) on Lake Biwa Canal, which was the first commercial hydraulic power generation in Japan.
Japanese: 日本初の営業用水力発電である琵琶湖疏水の蹴上発電所（発電所は京都市営）から生み出される当時としては大量の電力を背景として、発電コストを低下させ電灯料金も引き下げ、電灯の本格的普及に貢献した。
English: The large amount of electricity supplied by Kyoto Dento also greatly contributed to the industrial development of Kyoto City, as it led to the inauguration of Kyoto Electric Railway (later sold to Kyoto City Trams), which was the first Japanese electric tramway, in 1895.
Japanese: また京都電燈から供給される豊富な電力は、京都市の産業振興に大きく貢献し、日本初の路面電車である京都電気鉄道（後に京都市電へ買収）を1895年（明治28年）に走らせる事にもつながった。
English: Kyoto Dento was established as Kyoto Dento Gaisha in April 1888.
Japanese: 京都電燈は、1888年（明治21年）4月、京都電燈会社として創立した。
English: On July 21 in the following year of 1889, the business started as the forth electric power company in Japan, and the company headquarters were built on the west bank of Takase-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 翌1889年（明治22年）7月21日に全国で4番目の電燈会社として、高瀬川(京都府)西岸に社屋を設け営業を開始した。
English: At that time, coal-fired thermal power was generated within the company premises, and short-distance, low-voltage power distribution, operated on direct current, was carried out.
Japanese: 当初は会社敷地内で石炭による火力発電を行い、直流による近距離低圧配電を行った。
English: When Keage Power Plant on Lake Biwa Canal started its city-run business, Kyoto Dento applied in 1892 to have its power supply from Keage Power Plant in order to stop thermal power generation, and their application was accepted.
Japanese: 琵琶湖疏水の蹴上発電所が市営事業として営業を開始した後、1892年（明治25年）に京都電燈は火力発電を廃止し蹴上発電所からの電力の供給を受けることを願い出、許可を受けた。