nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Moreover, records from the mid-Tang Dynasty state that 'the people have become wealthy in the Jiangnan region because the peasants in this region are exempted from military service,' proving that the fubing system was not strictly enforced throughout the country.
Japanese: また、唐中期には「江南地方が裕福になったのは、この地方の百姓が府兵の負担を免除されているからだ」とする記録もあり、府兵制の実施が徹底していなかったことが判明している。
English: Still, the Ritsuryo system worked as a government system until the middle of the Tang Dynasty, but it began collapsing during the reign of Xuanzong in the middle of the 8th century.
Japanese: それでも、唐中期までは律令制が統治機能を果たしていたが、8世紀中ごろの玄宗(唐)期になると律令制が徐々に崩壊し始める。
English: First, the fubing system stopped functioning, and the mubing mercenary system and Jiedushi military governors were adopted.
Japanese: まず府兵制が機能しなくなり、募兵を中心とする募兵制・節度使が導入された。
English: Allotment of cultivated lands to the peasants which had been the basis of the equal-field system, was gradually neglected, leading to the zuyongdiao system becoming neglected and, in 780, being replaced with the liangshui system.
Japanese: 均田制の根幹となる百姓への耕作地の支給は、次第に実施されなくなり、それに伴って租庸調制が立ち行かなくなったため780年に税制は両税制へと移行した。
English: In 758, state monopolies on salt and iron were established to provide new revenue for the troubled national finances.
Japanese: また、758年には困窮する国家財政の新たな財源として、塩と鉄の専売制が開始している。
English: The bureaucracy that operated the Ritsuryo system changed drastically so that a lot of posts not prescribed in the Ritsuryo system were established.
Japanese: 律令制を運営する官僚制度も大きく変容し、律令に規定のない令外の官が非常に多数生まれていた。
English: Against the backdrop of these changes, there occurred developments such as the emerging regional landholders gaining large tracts of land and the rise of the bureaucrats.
Japanese: こうした変化の背景には、地方の新興地主層による大土地所有や官僚進出の進展があった。
English: This led to the start of large-scale social changes, which caused the existing government system, the Ritsuryo system, to become dysfunctional and eventually collapse.
Japanese: これにより、社会が大きく変動し始めたため、従来の統治制度である律令制が機能不全に陥り、崩壊に進んでいった。
English: In all of these countries, the Ritsuryo system began disappearing or became a dead letter from the latter half of the 8th century to the early 9th century.
Japanese: いずれの国においても、8世紀後期から9世紀にかけての時期に、律令制は死滅あるいは形骸化していった。
English: During the reign of his successor, Emperor Yang, the revised "Daye Ritsuryo," which differed only slightly from the "Kaihuang Ritsuryo," was promulgated.
Japanese: 次の煬帝の代には、その改正である『大業律令』が頒布されたが、『開皇律令』と大差がなかった。
English: Li Yuan, the founder of the Tang Dynasty, promulgated the "Wude Ritsuryo" based on the "Kaihuang Ritsuryo."
Japanese: 唐の創業者である李淵は、『開皇律令』に基づいて『武徳律令』を頒布した。
English: The Ritsuryo system was revised during the reign of every successive Tang emperor, and "Kaigen nijugonen Ritsuryo" distributed in 737 during the reign of Emperor Genso was followed in the East Asian countries.
Japanese: その後も代々改正が加えられ、玄宗(唐)朝の開元25年（737年）に頒布された『開元二十五年律令』は、東アジア諸国でも踏襲された。
English: In reality, the regulations of the Ritsuryo system were becoming estranged from the real world, and more importance came to be placed on the Kyakushiki, which supplemented the Ritsuryo.
Japanese: 但し、実情は律令の規定は現実社会とは乖離しつつあり、律令を補なう格式が重視されるようになった。
English: Therefore, although the original texts of the Ritsuryo were dispersed and lost early on, the ritsu penal code was recorded in the commentary "Tanglu Shuyi" written by Linfu LI and others, and the ryo administrative code was recorded in "Torei Shui" written by Noboru NIIDA, a Japanese historian of Chinese legal history, in 1933 by collating missing writing from Japanese and Chinese classical books.
Japanese: よって、律令の本文は早くに散逸したが、律については李林甫らによる注釈書『唐律疏義』が残り、令については、1933年、日本の中国法制史学者である仁井田陞が、和漢の典籍より逸文を輯逸し、『唐令拾遺』を著している。
English: The Ritsuryo system in Japan was generally enforced from the latter half of the 7th century (the latter half of the Asuka period) to the 10th century.
Japanese: 日本の律令制は、概して7世紀後期（飛鳥時代後期）から10世紀頃まで実施された。
English: During that period, the Ritsuryo system was at its zenith from the beginning to the middle and latter half of the 8th century.
Japanese: そのうち、8世紀初頭から同中期・後期頃までが律令制の最盛期とされている。
English: According to some theories, attempts were made to adopt the Ritsuryo system during Empress Suiko's reign, from the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century.
Japanese: 6世紀末期から7世紀初頭の推古天皇の時代に、律令制を指向する動きがあったとする見解がある。
English: Constitutional reforms such as the establishment of the twelve cap rank system were carried out during this period, although they were not so influential as to drastically change the political and social systems.
Japanese: 確にこの時期に冠位十二階の制定などの国制改革が行われたが、政治・社会体制を大きく変革するものではなかった。
English: The Imperial Court of the time had the opportunity to learn about the Ritsuryo system and its basic concepts through talks with the Sui Dynasty (envoys to the Sui Dynasty, including Einichi, returned Japan in 622 and reported to Empress Suiko on the Tang Dynasty's Ritsuryo system) but they were not capable enough to put this knowledge into practice.
Japanese: 当時の朝廷は、隋との交渉の中で、律令制とその基本理念を知る機会はあった（622年に帰国した遣隋使の恵日らが推古天皇に唐の律令制について報告している）が、それを実行に移す能力は未だ朝廷に備わっていなかった。
English: In the political reforms known as the Taika Reforms advanced by Emperor Kotoku and Emperor Tenji from 646, four Action Plans were shown.
Japanese: 646年から孝徳天皇や天智天皇らが進めた政治改革、いわゆる大化の改新において、4つの施策方針が示された。
English: Until the second half of the 20th century, it was understood that the Taika Reforms were an epoch in the introduction of the Ritsuryo system into Japan, but since the latter part of the 20th century, they have not necessarily been considered an important epoch in the history of the Ritsuryo system as it has proven that the measures of the Taika Reform were later embellishments.
Japanese: 20世紀中後期頃までは、大化の改新が日本の律令制導入の画期だったと理解されていたが、20世紀後期頃から、大化の改新の諸政策は後世の潤色であることが判明しており、必ずしも律令制史上の画期とは見なされなくなってきた。
English: For example, although the establishment of state ownership of both land and people was recognized as the first objective of the Taika Reform, the view that this was merely a proclamation of the concept of odo omin and that the system of state ownership of land and people was not established at the time of the reforms has been gaining prominence.
Japanese: 例えば、改新の第一の方針は公地公民制を確立したものとして評価されてきたが、これは王土王民の理念を宣言したのみに過ぎず、改新時に公地公民制という制度は構築されなかったとする見解も有力となりつつある。
English: It is now widely held that the Taika Reforms were not so epoch-making as to have been depicted in the "Nihon shoki" ("Chronicles of Japan") and that the movement toward reform later stagnated.
Japanese: 大化の改新は日本書紀に描かれるほどの画期的な改革ではなく、その後、改革への動きは停滞したとする見解が広範な支持を集めているのである。
English: Due to the fall of Baekche in 660 and Japan's defeat in the Baekche restoration war (the Battle of Hakusukinoe) in 663, antagonism with Tang and Silla worsened irrevocably and the Imperial Court of Japan faced a serious international crisis.
Japanese: 660年の百済滅亡と、663年の百済復興戦争（白村江の戦い）での敗北により、唐・新羅との対立関係が決定的に悪化し、倭国朝廷は深刻な国際的危機に直面した。
English: The ruling classes shared the sense of crisis and began to unite and reconcile with each other, while the emperor at the time, Emperor Tenji, energetically pushed forward nationwide constitutional reforms by reorganizing powerful clans and rapidly organizing the bureaucracy.
Japanese: 危機感を共有した支配階級は団結融和へと向かい、当時の天智天皇は豪族を再編成するとともに、官僚制を急速で整備するなど、挙国的な国制改革を精力的に進めていった。
English: It is believed that the Omi Code, which is said to have been compiled in this period, was a general name for the group of laws enforced for promoting the constitutional reforms.
Japanese: この時期に編纂されたとされる近江令は、国制改革を進めていく個別法令群の総称だったと考えられている。
English: The constitutional reforms led by Emperor Tenji extended throughout the country, with administrative districts called ryoseikoku being formed in this period.
Japanese: 天智天皇による国制改革は全国に及んでおり、令制国と呼ばれる地方行政区画が形成されたのもこの時期である。
English: Accordingly, rule over the people was strengthened throughout the country and around 670, against the backdrop of increasing control over the provinces, the ancient family register system, which is considered to be the first family register in Japan, was created.
Japanese: こうして、地方での人民支配が次第に深化していき、670年頃になると地方支配の浸透を背景に、日本史上最初の戸籍とされる古代の戸籍制度が作成された。
English: As the family register was an essential element for implementing various elements of the Ritsuryo system, the widely-accepted view is that the rice field allotment system was started after Emperor Tenji's reign and not at the time of the Taika Reform.
Japanese: 戸籍は、律令制の諸制度を実施するために必要な要素であり、最初の戸籍がこの時期に作成されているという事実は、班田収授制が大化の改新時に始まったのではなく、天智天皇以後に始まったことの反映であるとする見解が有力となっている。
English: Following Emperor Tenji's death, Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the throne in the Jinshin War, placed priority on military affairs and implemented an autocratic style of government.
Japanese: 天智天皇の死後、壬申の乱を経て政権を奪取した天武天皇は、軍事を政治の最優先項目に置き、専制的な政治を推進していった。
English: Emperor Tenmu appointed princes, instead of the usual powerful clans, to major political posts and established laws for regulating the appointment, evaluation, and selection of officials working under the princes.
Japanese: 主要な政治ポストには従来の豪族ではなく諸皇子をあてて、その下で働く官僚たちの登用・考課・選叙など官人統制に関する法令を整備していった。
English: This trend resulted in the establishment of a systematic Ritsuryo code, and in 681, Emperor Tenmu issued an Imperial edict ordering enforcement of the Ritsuryo.
Japanese: こうした流れは、体系的な律令法典の制定へと帰着することになり、681年に天武天皇は律令制定を命ずる詔を発出した。
English: Although the Ritsuryo was not completed during Emperor Tenmu's lifetime, the ryo administrative codes were completed and enforced in 689 during the reign of Empress Jito.
Japanese: 天武天皇の生前に律令は完成しなかったが、689年の持統天皇の時代に令が完成・施行された。
English: It is considered that the ryo anticipated enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, and not full-scale enforcement of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: この令は、律令制の本格施行ではなく先駆的に施行したものと考えられている。
English: Details of the ryo are unknown as the text no longer exists, but it is believed that the framework of the Ritsuryo system including the creation of family registers every six years (rokunen ichizo), the local government system grouping 50 households into units called ri, and the regulations of the rice field allotment system was formed in the ryo.
Japanese: 令原文が現存していないので、詳細は判明していないが、戸籍を6年に1回作成すること（六年一造）、50戸を1里とする地方制度、班田収授に関する規定など、律令制の骨格がこの令により形成されたと考えられている。
English: The Taiho Ritsuryo was the first full-scale Ritsuryo code in Japanese history and with it, the Japanese Ritsuryo system was consolidated.
Japanese: 大宝律令は、日本史上最初の本格的律令法典であり、これにより日本の律令制が確立することとなった。
English: Even in those days, it was considered that the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making and historical project, and almost at the same time, the name 'Nippon' and the first official era name 'Taiho' were formally promulgated.
Japanese: 大宝律令の施行は、当時としても非常に画期的かつ歴史的な一大事業と受け止められており、律令施行とほぼ同時に、日本という国号と最初の制度的元号（大宝(日本)）が正式に定められた。
English: Furthermore, soon after the establishment of the Taiho Ritsuryo, Heijokyo, a walled city on an unprecedented scale was constructed over nine years.
Japanese: さらに、大宝律令の制定後まもなく、空前規模の都城である平城京が、9年の歳月で建設された。
English: All of these things show that the enforcement of the Ritsuryo was likened to the founding of a dynasty (or the establishment of a country).
Japanese: これらの事実は、律令施行があたかも一つの王朝の創始（または国家建設）に擬せられていたことを表している。
English: FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who played a key role in compiling the Ritsuryo, was promoted to Dainagon (Major Counselor of State) and then to Udaijin (Minister of the Right), becoming the most influential person in the political center and laying the foundations for the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 律令編纂に中心的な役割を果たした藤原不比等は、その後、大納言・右大臣へ昇進し、政府の中枢において最大の権力者となり、藤原氏繁栄の基盤を作った。
English: Along with the establishment of the Ritsuryo system, other projects carried out included the compilation of an authorized history, the "Nihon shoki," the compilation of 'fudoki' (descriptions of regional climate, culture, etc.), the defining of weights and measures, and the minting of coins.
Japanese: 律令制定に伴って、正史日本書紀の編纂、風土記の撰上、度量衡の制定、銭の鋳造などが行われた。
English: Although these projects were not directly based on the Ritsuryo, all of them were indispensable to the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: これらは律令に直接の根拠を持つものではないが、いずれも律令制に不可欠な構成要素であった。
English: The Taiho Ritsuryo was compiled based on the Tang Dynasty's Yonghui Ritsuryo (established in 651).
Japanese: 大宝律令は、唐の永徽律令（えいき-、651年制定）をもとに作られた。
English: As the Tang Ritsuryo did not exactly match the social conditions of Japan, alterations were made in a good number of places to match Japanese conditions.
Japanese: しかし、唐律令には、日本の社会情勢と適合しない箇所もあったため、多くの箇所で日本の国情に合わせた改変がなされている。
English: After the establishment of the Taiho Ritsuryo, the compilation of the Ritsuryo was kept to match it the Japanese conditions, and the achievements were established as the Yoro ritsuryo and enforced in 757.
Japanese: 大宝律令制定後も、日本の国情に適合させるよう律令の撰修が続けられ、その成果が養老律令としてまとめられ、757年に施行された。
English: The Japanese Ritsuryo system is considered to have been at its zenith from the beginning to the middle and the latter half of the 8th century.
Japanese: 日本の律令制の最盛期は、8世紀初頭から8世紀中期・後期頃までとされている。
English: There are several opinions on how thoroughly the Ritsuryo system was enforced during its peak.
Japanese: ただし、この最盛期において律令制がどの程度まで徹底して施行されていたかについては議論が分かれている。
English: The ideal was for the Ritsuryo system to be uniformly enforced across the country, but this was not necessarily realized.
Japanese: 全国どこでも一律に律令通りの施政がなされることが律令制の理想ではあったが、それが貫徹されていたとは考えられていない。
English: There are various opinions about the enforcement of the Ritsuryo system, with some theories claiming that the stipulations of the Ritsuryo system were strictly enforced, and others that common law was still used in ruling the country.
Japanese: 律令の規定がかなりの程度で徹底実施されていたとする説や、依然として慣習法による統治もなされていたとする説など、様々な意見が出されている。
English: Towards the end of 8th century, some systems were becoming ineffective and others had fallen out of use.
Japanese: 8世紀末頃になると、実効性が薄れて来た制度や、実際に運用されなくなった制度が見られるようになってきた。
English: They remained unaltered though, which placed a heavy burden on the Ritsutyo government both from the viewpoint of finances and human resources.
Japanese: これら制度の放置は、律令政府に対して財政的かつ人的な負担として重くのしかかっていた。
English: Therefore, the reigning Emperor Kanmu carried out large-scale administrative reforms to replace these systems with simpler and more effective ones.
Japanese: そのため、当時の桓武天皇はこうした制度を廃止し、別個の簡素かつ実効的な制度に置換するという大規模な行政改革を行った。
English: Though aimed at restoring the Ritsuryo system, these reforms, ironically, significantly transformed it.
Japanese: この改革は、律令制の再興を意図したものだったが、これにより律令制は大きく変質することとなった。
English: During Emperor Kanmu's reign, the capital was relocated to Nagaoka-kyo and then to Heian-kyo, and aggressively pursued the conquest of Ezo.
Japanese: 桓武天皇の時代には、長岡京・平安京への遷都や、対蝦夷戦争への積極的な遂行が実施された。
English: It is generally accepted that the aim was to establish a system of government different from the one that had existed up till then by reorganizing the Ritsuryo system, although there is another opinion that Emperor Kanmu's reign marked the end of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: これらは、従来とは異質の統治体制を築こうとするものであり、律令制の再編成とする見解が多数派だが、桓武天皇の時代期をもって、律令制の終焉とする論者もいる。
English: From the first half to the middle of the 9th century, momentum toward re-establishment of the Ritsuryo system accelerated.
Japanese: その後、9世紀の前期から中期にかけて、律令制を再整備しようとする動きが活発となる。
English: After the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo, a number of kyaku, the amendments to the Ritsuryo, and shiki, the regulations for enacting the ritsuryo and kyaku, still remained and in 820, these were collected and compiled into the Konin Kyakushiki Code.
Japanese: 律令の修正法である格（きゃく）と律令格の施行細則である式（しき）が、大宝律令の施行以後、多く残されていたが、820年にそれらを集成した弘仁格式が編纂された。
English: In 830, the Tencho Kyakushiki Code was compiled, and in 834, "Ryonogige" an official explanatory manual of the ryo, came into effect.
Japanese: 更に830年には、天長格式が撰修され、834年には令の官製逐条解説である『令義解』（りょうのぎげ）が施行された。
English: However, over time, the Ritsuryo system was losing its teeth, in other words, it was transforming into another system, the most obvious sign of which was the breakdown of the rice field allotment system.
Japanese: しかし、律令制の弛緩、換言すれば別の統治体制への移行は、時代を追うたびに進展し、特に班田制の崩壊が著しかった。
English: Under these circumstances, in 870, the Jogan Kyakushiki Code was compiled and distributed, and in 868, "Ryonoshuge," a private explanatory manual that collected various commentaries on the provisions of the Ritsuryo, was compiled by KOREMUNE no Naomoto.
Japanese: こうした状況下で、870年前後に貞観格式が編纂・頒布されるとともに、868年には、律令条文の多様な解釈を集成した私的律令解説本の『令集解』（りょうのしゅうげ）が惟宗直本により記された。
English: It is widely maintained that the Ritsuryo-based state changed into an Imperial Court state (the earlier Imperial Court state) that relied on a form of contracted out government.
Japanese: 律令制に基づく律令国家から請負統治に依拠する王朝国家（前期王朝国家）へ転換したとする見解が広範な支持を得ている。
English: The extinction of the Ritsuryo system does not necessarily mean the extinction of the Ritsuryo codes or Ritsuryo law and, although the time when the Ritsuryo ceased to exist in name is also important, it should be noted that it was the system based on the Ritsuryo that collapsed.
Japanese: ただし、律令制の死滅は、律令もしくは律令法の死滅を必ずしも意味していないので、律令の名目上の完全な終焉時期も重要であるが、制度としての律令制が崩壊したことに注意する必要がある。
English: In fact, there were several movements toward revival of the Ritsuryo system, such as the Kenmu Restoration of Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: そして、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政のように、律令制への回帰を求める動きも少なからず何度も出現していた。
English: However, the concepts of odo omin and ikkun banmin, which were the basis of the Ritsuryo system, were incompatible with the feudal system, which was the basis of the samurai government and therefore it could not be denied that the Kenmu Restoration was, in a sense, an outdated political system.
Japanese: しかしながら、律令制の根幹を成す王土王民思想や一君万民思想は武家政治の根幹を成す封建制とは相容れない存在であり、建武の新政は謂わば時代遅れの政治体制であったことは否めなくなっていた。
English: One example is Dajokan system (the Departments of State system), which continued until it was abolished in 1885.
Japanese: 例として太政官制があり、1885年（明治18年）に廃止されるまで続いた。
English: The extant Yoro Ritsuryo Code does not contain any provisions regarding the Emperor (this is considered to have been the same for the Taiho Ritsuryo Code).
Japanese: 現存する養老律令には、天皇を規定する条文がない（大宝律令も同様と考えられている）。
English: But the Ritsuryo system contained regulations concerning Imperial edicts and their handling, meaning the emperor's conduct was in fact restricted.
Japanese: ただし、天皇が発する命令やその手続きについては、律令に規定があり、天皇の行為は律令の制約を受けていた。
English: Moreover, unlike the Tang system, the emperor had no direct control over those organizations that corresponded to the Tang's Three Departments and Six Ministries (i.e., the Two Departments and Eight Ministries), since the Grand Council of State existed between them, which meant the emperor's authority was limited by the Grand Council of State.
Japanese: 更に唐制のように天皇が三省六部に相当する諸機関（二官八省）を直接統括しておらず、太政官が間に入る形となったために、太政官によってその権限が制約されていた。
English: The Ritsuryo system also stipulated that an emperor who abdicated while still alive was to be the Daijo Emperor (or Joko [the Retired Emperor]), which was an original aspect of the Japanese Ritsuryo system and not seen in the Chinese one.
Japanese: また、皇位を生前譲位した者は太上天皇（上皇ともいう）と規定されていたが、これは中国律令にない独自の地位である。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, it was generally accepted that the status of the Daijo emperor was equal to that of the reigning emperor, although in fact, the Daijo emperor was often ranked higher than the reigning emperor.
Japanese: 律令上、太上天皇を天皇と同等の地位と解釈することが通例とされており、実際には太上天皇が天皇よりも上位とされることも多かった。
English: For example, in the Nara period, Emperor Shomu was ranked higher than Empress Koken, and it was the same in the cloistered governments that started at the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: 例えば、奈良時代の聖武天皇は、実質的に孝謙天皇よりも上位者とされていたし、平安後期に始まる院政も同様である。
English: The structure of government established under the Ritsuryo was largely divided into two departments, the Department of Worship, responsible for religious affairs, and the Council of State, responsible for general political affairs.
Japanese: 律令に定める統治機構は、祭祀を所管する神祇官と、政務一般を統括する太政官の二官に大きく分けられていた。
English: In the Chinese Ritsuryo, the agency responsible for religious services was placed in the same category with the agencies responsible for general affairs, but in the Japanese system, the creation of the Department of Worship clearly separated religious and political affairs.
Japanese: 中国律令では、祭祀所管庁が通常の官庁と同列に置かれていたが、日本律令は、神祇官を置くことで祭祀と政務を明確に分離した。
English: Under the Council of State, eight ministries were placed in charge of actual administration, and in each ministry, the work was divided between agencies known as shiki, ryo, tsukasa, and tokoro.
Japanese: 太政官の下には、実際の行政を担当する八省が置かれ、更に各省の下に個々の事務を分掌する職・寮・司・所などの諸官庁が置かれた。
English: The Daijokan (Council of State) was the most important decision-making organization of the government and consisted of a legislative department composed of the Daijo Daijin (Grand Minister), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), and Dainagon (the Major Counselorof the state) (later, Chinagon [vice-councilor of state］ and Sangi [minister] were added), and the departments that assisted them in their work, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), the Left and Right Benkan's (Controller) Offices, and the Gekikyoku's (Secretarie) Office.
Japanese: 太政官は、国政の意思決定を行う最も重要な機関であり、太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣・大納言（後に中納言・参議が加わる）による議政官組織とそれを実務面で補佐する少納言・左右弁官局・外記局から構成されていた。
English: The Giseikan (legislative department) deliberated on the most important government matters before they were sanctioned by the emperor.
Japanese: 議政官は政務の重要な案件を審議し、最終的な裁可は天皇が行うとされていた。
English: As such, the giseikan had very important duties and virtually controlled political decision-making.
Japanese: このように議政官の任務は非常に重要であり、実質的に国政の意思決定を左右する組織であった。
English: Matters approved by the emperor or the sanctioned by the giseikan following its deliberations were sent to the benkan who drew up the official documents to be issued by the daijokan (Grand Council of State) and put into practice.
Japanese: 天皇が裁可、もしくは議政官が審議して決裁された案件は、弁官に回付され、弁官が太政官符を作成して実行に移された。
English: Since the office of the benkan took charge of the practical business at the center of political affairs, it too was considered an important post.
Japanese: 弁官は国政中枢の実務を担っていたため、これも重要な官職と見られていた。
English: When the emperor proposed a motion, he ordered the Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) to draw up an imperial edict, the draft of which was then checked by the gekikyoku's office and sent to the emperor or the office of benkan and therefore the gekikyoku's office was also considered an important office.
Japanese: また、天皇が案件を提起する場合は、天皇から中務省へ命じて詔書が作成され、中務省が起案した詔書の文案は、外記局で点検を受けて天皇または弁官へ回付されており、外記局も重要な部署と認識されていた。
English: Approved policies were put into practice by the eight ministries, of which the Left Benkan's Office and the Right Benkan's Office were in charge of four each..
Japanese: 決裁された政策を実行するのが八省であり、左弁官と右弁官が四省ずつ担当していた。
English: The above-mentioned organization of the daijokan was adapted with many changes from the Tang Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 以上に見る太政官の組織形態は、唐律令のそれを大きく改変したものである。
English: In the Tang Ritsuryo system, the government's decision-making organization consisted of the Secretariat that planned and formulated policy by order of the emperor, the Chancellery that discussed the plan formulated by the Secretariat, and the Department of State Affairs that executed the policy approved by the Chancellery.
Japanese: 唐律令では、国政の意思決定機構は、天子の命を受けて政策を企画立案する中書省、中書の立案を審議する門下省、門下省が同意した政策を実行する尚書省から構成されていた。
English: The Secretariat was closely connected with the emperor, whereas the Chancellery represented the intentions of the noble class; the Secretariat competed with the Chancellery for influence.
Japanese: このうち、中書省は天子とのつながりが強かったが、門下省は貴族層の意思を代表する機関であり、中書と門下の力が拮抗していた。
English: When compared with Japan, the Secretariat corresponds to the Nakatsukasasho, the Chancellery corresponds to the Giseikan, and the Department of State Affairs corresponds to the Left and Right Benkan's Offices and the eight ministries under them; therefore, it is clear that the Daijokan had considerable influence in that it served concurrently as both the Chancellery and the Department of State Affairs and also controlled the Nakatsukasasho, which corresponds to the Secretariat, and above all, the Giseikan, i.e. the nobility, corresponding to the Chancellery, played a very important role in Japan.
Japanese: 日本と比較してみると、中書省が中務省、門下省が議政官、尚書省が左右弁官およびその下の八省に当たる、日本では太政官が門下・尚書の両省を兼ねて更に中書省である中務省を指揮するなど強力な権限を有し、とりわけ門下省に当たる議政官、即ち貴族層の役割が非常に大きかったことが判る。