nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The stone chamber consists of layers of tuff cut stones with a corridor to the grave in the south and a plane stretching north-south.
Japanese: 石室は凝灰岩の切石を組み立てたもので、南側に墓道があり、南北方向に長い平面をもっている。
English: The stone chamber (inside) is about 265cm deep from north to south, about 103 cm wide from east to west, and 113cm high.
Japanese: 石室の寸法は南北の長さが約265cm、東西の幅が約103cm、高さが約113cm（いずれも内法寸法）である。
English: Classified into a type called Yokoguchishiki Sekkaku, the tumulus is a structure of a combination of flat stones on substrates.
Japanese: 横口式石槨と呼ばれる系統に入り、平らな底石の上に板石を組み合わせて造ってある。
English: Categorized into the Yokoguchishiki Sekkaku are Oni-no-Manaita Stone (The Devil's Chopping Board), kawaya (toilet), the Kengoshizuka Tomb thought to be the burial mound of the Empress Kogyoku, Noguchino Ono-haka-kofun Tumulus (the burial mounds of the Emperor Tenmu and the Empress Jito), and Kitora Tumulus.
Japanese: 横口式石槨の系譜には、鬼の俎板（まないた）・厠（かわや）、皇極天皇陵と推測されている牽牛子塚古墳、野口王墓（天武天皇・持統天皇陵）、キトラ古墳などが入る。
English: The mural paintings were found on the east, west, and north (deepest) walls and the ceiling, and drawn on few-millimeter plastered cut stones.
Japanese: 壁画は石室の東壁・西壁・北壁（奥壁）・天井の4面に存在し、切石の上に厚さ数ミリの漆喰を塗った上に描かれている。
English: The painting on the east wall depicts, from the near side, a group of men, a blue dragon (shijin) of the four gods with the sun above, and a group of women.
Japanese: 東壁には手前から男子群像、四神のうちの青龍(四神)とその上の日（太陽）、女子群像が描かれ、ている。
English: In contrast, the paining on the west wall depicts, from the near side, a group of men, a white tiger (one of the four gods), the moon above it, and a group of women.
Japanese: 西壁にはこれと対称的に、手前から男子群像、四神のうちの白虎とその上の月、女子群像が描かれている。
English: The number of the drawn men and women is four per group, totaling 16.
Japanese: 男子・女子の群像はいずれも4人一組で、計16人の人物が描かれている。
English: In particular a group of women on the west wall were vivid in colors (at the time of discovery) and have been presented by colored photos in textbooks of history and other various places.
Japanese: 中でも西壁の女子群像は（壁画発見当初は）色彩鮮やかで、歴史の教科書をはじめさまざまな場所でカラー写真が紹介されている。
English: The items carried by those figures match those carried by the toneri (a servant) and other government officials (especially one of low to medium rank) seen in "Jogan Gishiki (the ritual processes by the Jogan Codes)" who attended a ceremony of Choga (New Year's greetings or well-wishes offered by retainers to the Emperor) on New Year's Day.
Japanese: 人物群像の持ち物が『貞観儀式』にみられる元日朝賀の儀式に列する舎人（とねり）ら官人の持ち物と一致する。
English: It is likely that a Suzaku (red Chinese phoenix) was drawn on the south wall, but it was destoryed by grave thieves during the Kamakura Period.
Japanese: 南壁には四神のうち南方に位置する朱雀が描かれていた可能性が高いが、鎌倉時代の盗掘時に失われたものと思われる。
English: On the ceiling painting, round gold leaves represent stars and red lines connecting stars represent constellations.
Japanese: 天井画は、円形の金箔で星を表し、星と星の間を朱の線でつないで星座を表したものである。
English: The center represents Shibien consisting of five polestars and Shiho Shisei surrounded by 28 sei shuku (moon stations)..
Japanese: 中央には北極五星と四鋪四星（しほしせい）からなる紫微垣（しびえん）、その周囲には二十八宿を表す。
English: These are based on ideas of ancient China, in which Shibien in the center means the whereabouts of God of Hosts.
Japanese: これらは古代中国の思想に基づくもので、中央の紫微垣は天帝の居所を意味している。
English: Since the beginning of the excavation, studies have been done to compare the mural paintings with Mural Painting of Koguryo Tomb (world heritage)
Japanese: 壁画について、発掘当初から、高句麗古墳群（世界遺産）と比較する研究がなされている。
English: "The Mural Paintings of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus Asahi Symposium" was written and compiled jointly by Masao SUENAGA and Mitsusada INOUE, The Asahi Shimbun Company, 1972.
Japanese: 「高松塚壁画古墳朝日シンポジウム」末永雅雄、井上光貞　編　共著　朝日新聞社　1972年（昭和47年）
English: Although shijin was a motif originally characteristic of tombs of the Goguryeo style, it is pointed out that shijin on the painting of Shijin in Takamatsuzuka Tomb and Kitora Tomb are drawn in uniquely Japanese style different from the Goguryeo style.
Japanese: 四神はそもそも高句麗様式の古墳に特徴的なモチーフであるが、高松塚古墳およびキトラ古墳では高句麗の画風とは異なった日本独自の画風で四神図が描かれていることが指摘されている。
English: The painting of Tenku, in contrast, is pointed out to have been drawn possibly using an original drawing of Tenku coming from Koguryo.
Japanese: 一方で、天空図に関しては、高句麗から伝来した原図を用いた可能性が指摘されている。
English: It is also pointed out that the attires of the female figures are similar to those depicted on the murals of 愁撫塚 and 舞踊塚 of Koguryo Tomb.
Japanese: また、女子群像の服装は、高句麗古墳の愁撫塚や舞踊塚の壁画の婦人像の服装と相似することが指摘されている。
English: It was known from only a few remaining pieces of the coffin in the stone chamber that the coffin was made of lacquered wood.
Japanese: 石室に安置されていた棺は、わずかに残存していた残片から、漆塗り木棺であったことがわかった。
English: The stone chamber was unearthed by looters around the Kamakura period, but some burial goods and part of the coffin remained.
Japanese: 石室は鎌倉時代頃に盗掘にあっていたが、副葬品や棺の一部が残っていた。
English: The yields include, in addition to the remained pieces of the lacquered wooden coffin, metal fittings and bronze nails for the coffin, and burial items such as sword fittings, Kaiju Budo Kyo (bronze mirror with design of animals and grapes), and gems (of glass and amber).
Japanese: 出土品は漆塗り木棺の残片のほか、棺に使われていた金具類、銅釘、副葬品の大刀金具、海獣葡萄鏡、玉類（ガラス製、琥珀製）などがある。
English: Kaiju Budo Kyo of a Chinese style in the Sui and Tang Period and transparent metal fittings decorating the coffin are well known.
Japanese: 中でも隋唐鏡の様式をもつ海獣葡萄鏡と、棺の装飾に使われていた金銅製透飾金具がよく知られる。
English: The Agency for Cultural Affairs has been engaged in conservation and management activities, such as temperature and humidity control in the stone chamber and anti-fungal treatment, and has conducted annual inspections since 1981.
Japanese: 文化庁が石室内の温度や湿度の調整、防カビ処理などの保存管理、そして1981年以降年1回の定期点検を行ってきた。
English: In 2004, however, pictures taken between 2002 and 2003 revealed a significant loss and change of colors on the mural paintings caused by the entry of rain water and the growth of fungi, etc.
Japanese: しかし、2002年から2003年にかけて撮影された写真を調べた結果、雨水の浸入やカビの発生などにより壁画の退色･変色が顕著になっていることが2004年に明らかにされた。
English: The deterioration of the mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus had not been known to the public until the fact was unveiled in "Kokuho Takamatsuzuka kofun hekiga (Mural-paintings in the tumulus Takamatsuzuka)" published by the Agency for Cultural Affair in June 2004 and subsequently widely covered by newspapers.
Japanese: 高松塚古墳壁画のカビによる劣化が一般に知られるようになったのは、文化庁が2004年6月に出版した『国宝高松塚古墳壁画』により現状が明らかになり、新聞で大々的に報道されてからである。
English: When the mural paintings were discovered in 1972, the stone chamber was filled with sediment running from an opening in the south wall, which was made by looters.
Japanese: 1972年の壁画発見当時、石室内には南壁の盗掘孔から流れ込んだ土砂が堆積していた。
English: The most murals remained richly-colored, although some parts of the paintings such as the right half of a man in the mural of the east wall had been damaged by sediment and groundwater.
Japanese: 東壁の男子群像の右半分など、土砂や地下水の影響で画面が汚染されている部分もあったが、壁画の大部分には鮮明な色彩が残されていた。
English: These mural paintings were drawn not directly on cut stones but on a layer of plaster applied in few millimeters in thickness.
Japanese: これらの壁画は切石に直接描いたものではなく、切石の上に数ミリの厚さに塗られた漆喰層の上に描かれている。
English: When the stone chamber was opened to allow people to enter, there was grave concern about damages to the mural paintings due to environmental changes, such as varied temperatures and humidity conditions, the growth of fungi, and insects and other creatures.
Japanese: 石室が開口され、人が入り込むことによって温湿度などの環境変化、カビ、虫などの生物による壁画の劣化が懸念された。
English: Measures to prevent damage and pass the mural paintings to future generations have been discussed from different perspective since the discovery.
Japanese: 劣化をいかに食い止め、壁画を後世に伝えていくかについては、発見当初からさまざまに検討されていた。
English: Even if staff entered in the chamber for repairs and research for only a few hours, the temperature in the chamber elevated and the humidity decreased.
Japanese: 修理や調査のために人が短時間石室内に入っただけでも温度の上昇と湿度の低下をもたらした。
English: After studing many measures, including the way of detaching the mural paintings from the walls for restoration at a different place, it was finally decided to conserve them at the site without discomposing them.
Japanese: 石室から壁画を剥がして別途保存する方法を含め、さまざまな案が検討されたが、最終的には石室は解体せず、壁画は現地で保存することに決した。
English: After a while, a construction work started in 1974 to build an conservation facility having a air conditioner in the front space south of the chamber and ended in March, 1976.
Japanese: その後、石室南側の前室部分に1974年から空調設備を備えた保存施設の建設が始まり、1976年3月に完成をみた。
English: Consisting of an antechamber, vestibule, and machine room, the conservation facility was designed to monitor the temperature and humidity within the stone chamber and regulate the temperature and humidity in the antechamber to match those in the chamber.
Japanese: この保存施設は前室、準備室、機械室からなり、石室内部の温湿度をモニターしつつ、前室内の温湿度をそれに合わせて調整するものである。
English: It should be noted that this conservation facility is not designed to regulate the temperature and humidity in the stone chamber, but adjust those of the antechamber to the naturally varying temperature and humidity in the chamber.
Japanese: 留意すべき点は、この保存施設は、古墳の石室内の温湿度を直接的に制御するものではなく、石室内の自然の温湿度の変化に合わせて前室の温湿度を調整しているという点である。
English: In other words, the role of the conservation facility was to adjust the temperature and humidity in the facility to match those of the stone chamber so that the chamber was not subject to the outside conditions when staff entered the stone chamber.
Japanese: つまり、点検修理等のために石室に人が入る際に、外部の温湿度の影響を受けないように、保存施設内の温湿度をあらかじめ石室内と同様の条件に調整する役目をもっている。
English: The conservation and repair works of the mural paintings started in September 1976 and were conducted in three stages: the first, second, and third stages.
Japanese: 壁画の保存修理工事は1976年9月から第1次、第2次、第3次に分けて実施された。
English: During the works, a large amount of fungi grew, but the measure to remove them with chemicals was successful at that time.
Japanese: この間、1980年にカビの大量発生をみるが、この時は薬品等を用いた除去策が功を奏した。
English: In February in the same year, when the work to prevent the fall-off of the ceiling was done in the space called "Toriaibu" between the stone chamber and the conservation facility, staff entered the chamber without any protective clothing.
Japanese: 同年2月、石室と保存施設との間の取合部（とりあいぶ）と呼ばれる部分の天井崩落防止作業を行った際、作業員が防護服を着用せずに入室した。
English: The "Toriaibu" was a space between the conservation facility and the stone chamber, where soil is exposed.
Japanese: 「取合部」とは、保存施設と石室の境の、土がむき出しになっている部分である。
English: The deterioration of the mural paintings did not begin abruptly at that time but had gradually increased.
Japanese: 壁画の劣化はこの時に突如始まったものではなく、徐々に進行していたものである。
English: However, the Agency for Cultural Affairs did not disclose the fact that fungi had grown and the mural paintings had deteriorated, which aroused mistrust of the people.
Japanese: しかし、文化庁がカビ発生や壁画劣化の事実を公表していなかったため、国民の不審を招くこととなった。
English: On this day, a blank space below a group of men drawn on the painting of the west wall got damaged when a repair staff accidentally fell an air purifier.
Japanese: この日、修復に当たっていた担当者の一人が誤って空気清浄機を倒し、西壁男子群像の下の余白に傷をつけた。
English: On the same day, the plaster under the breast of a man drawn on the west wall came off when a different staff came in contact with an indoor lamp.
Japanese: 同日、別の担当者は室内灯に接触し、西壁男子像の胸の部分の漆喰が剥落した。
English: In the latter incident, the damaged area had been already soiled with sediment and the original colors of the murals had been lost at the time of discovery.
Japanese: 後者は壁画発見当時から流入土砂で汚損され、オリジナルの彩色が残らない部分であった。
English: Therefore the damaged areas were repaired with a solution of soil outside the stone chamber and the Agency for Cultural Affairs did not disclose these incidents and said that these were within the scope of "regular repairs."
Japanese: そのため、石室外の土を水で溶いたもので修理がなされたが、文化庁では「通常の修理」の範囲内であるとして、これらの事故を公表していなかった。
English: In August in the next year (2004), the word "emergency" was changed into "long-term" and a long-term conservation committee for the mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka tumulus was founded.
Japanese: 翌2004年6月には「緊急」を「恒久」に変えた国宝高松塚古墳壁画恒久保存対策検討会が発足した。
English: In June in the same year (2004), "National Treasure Takamatsuzuka Tumulus" (supervised by the Agency for Cultural Affairs and published by Chuo Koran Bijutsu Shuppan) revealed the deterioration of the mural paintings, in particular, the significant deteriorated "Byakko" on the west wall.
Japanese: 同じ2004年6月には『国宝高松塚古墳』（文化庁監修、中央公論美術出版刊）が発刊され、壁画の劣化、特に西壁の「白虎」の著しい劣化が明らかとなった。
English: The deterioration of "Byakko" was widely reported on the morning edition of "The Asahi Shinbun" dated on June 20, 2004 published by its Osaka headquarters.
Japanese: 2004年6月20日付け「朝日新聞」大阪本社版朝刊が「白虎」の劣化を大々的に報じた。
English: To repair and conserve the mural paintings in the future, every possible measure was sought after, such as the way of covering the entire tumulus with a conservation facility and the way of moving the murals to a different place to conserve them eternally.
Japanese: 将来へ向けての壁画の修復と保存のあり方については、古墳の墳丘全体を保存施設で覆う方法、壁画を取り出して他の施設で恒久保存する方法など、あらゆる可能性が追求された。
English: Finally a plan was adopted to discompose and relocate the stone chamber for repairs and put them back after completion of the repairs.
Japanese: 最終的に、壁画の描かれている石室をいったん解体・移動して修復し、修復完了後に元に戻すという方式が採用された。
English: On June 27, 2005, the long-term conservation committee for the mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka tumulus decided to adopt this plan.
Japanese: 2005年6月27日、国宝高松塚古墳壁画恒久保存対策検討会において、この方法を採用することが決定された。
English: Some suggested that, like Kitora Tumulus, the mural paintings be detached and conserved outside the tumulus, but the plan specified that they were returned to their original places.
Japanese: 一部には、キトラ古墳同様に壁画を剥ぎ取って古墳外で保存すべきだという意見もあるが、計画では修復後に現地に戻すことになっている。
English: In one view, discomposing the stone chamber and carrying out cut stones on which the mural paintings were drawn meant destruction of the tumulus designated as a special historic site.
Japanese: 石室を解体し、壁画の描かれた切石を取り出すということは、見方によっては、特別史跡である墳丘の破壊である。
English: On October 25 in the same year, Japanese Archaeological Association supported this view and issued "a statement to call for the conservation and protection of Takamatsuzuka tumulus as a special historic site" with a claim that the historic site be preserved at the site.
Japanese: これを受けて、同年10月25日、日本考古学協会は「特別史跡高松塚古墳の保全・保護を求める声明」を出し、史跡は現地で保存されるべきであると主張した。
English: On August 4 in the same year, Asuka Preservation Foundation submitted "a request for repairs at the site" to the Agency for Cultural Affairs and the conservation committee.
Japanese: 同年8月4日、飛鳥保存財団は「現地修復要望書」を文化庁と保存対策検討会に提出した。
English: On August 11 in the same year, Asuka Village Council also voted for the request to conserve the mural paintings at the site and submitted it to the Agency for Cultural Affairs also
Japanese: また明日香村議会は同年8月11日、壁画の現地保存対策要望を決議し、文化庁に提出した。
English: The third party investigation committee (the committee to investigate the work for preventing the collapse of the ceiling in the Toriaibu of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus and the damage incidents of the west wall of the chamber, headed by Yoshiaki ISHIZAWA, president of Sophia University) reinvestigated the growth of a large amount of fungi and the occurrence of damage incidents of the west wall between 2001 and 2002.
Japanese: 2001年から2002年にかけて起きたカビの大量発生と西壁の損傷事故については第三者による調査委員会（高松塚古墳取合部天井の崩落止め工事及び石室西壁の損傷事故に関する調査委員会、座長石沢良昭・上智大学学長）において再調査された。
English: The report pointed out harmful effects of the vertical sectionalism and low awareness of information disclosure in the Agency for Cultural Affairs.
Japanese: そこでは、文化庁の縦割りセクショナリズムの弊害、情報公開への意識の低さなどが指摘されている。
English: In case of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, the Monument and Site Division is in charge of the tumulus itself as a special historic site and the Art and Craft Division (whose name changed to Fine Art Division in January 2001) is in charge of the mural paintings as a national treasure.
Japanese: 高松塚古墳の場合、特別史跡である古墳自体は文化庁記念物課、国宝である壁画は美術工芸課（2001年1月より美術学芸課と改称）の管轄である。
English: The growth of a large amount of fungi associated with the works to prevent the collapse of the ceiling in February 2001 was reported to be caused by unsterilized preventive clothing of the workers.
Japanese: 2001年2月の天井崩落防止工事に伴うカビの大量発生については、作業員が滅菌した防護服を着用していなかったことが原因とされている。
English: The Monument and Site Division ordered the works and left the management at the site only to the Art and Craft Division with no attendance of the staff of the Monument and Site Division.
Japanese: この工事は記念物課が発注したが、現場の管理は美術学芸課にまかせきりで、記念物課の職員は工事に一切立ち会わなかった。
English: The workers did not know the presence of a "Manual of Conservation and Repairs," which specified that they had to wear protective clothing.
Japanese: また、防護服の着用などを定めた「保存修理マニュアル」の存在も現場に周知されていなかった。
English: Moreover, the fact that fungi grew was made public two years later.
Japanese: しかも、カビ発生の事実が公表されたのはそれから2年も後のことであった。
English: Although two portions of the west wall were damaged in January 2002 as mentioned above, the Agency for Cultural Affairs did not disclose this fact and repaired the colors so the damage became inconspicuous.
Japanese: 2002年1月には前述のとおり西壁の2箇所に損傷が生じているが、文化庁はこの事実を公表せず、傷が目立たないように補彩していた。
English: It was also revealed that the agency had provided newspaper companies with what they claimed were recent pictures of the (undamaged) mural, but these had actually been taken on March 21, 2000--two years before the damage to the west wall occurred.
Japanese: また、西壁損傷事故の2年前の2000年3月21日に撮影された（損傷前の）壁画写真を「最新の写真」と偽って新聞社に提供していたことも明らかになった。
English: In response to these situations, the Agency for Cultural Affairs started excavation and research of the tumulus to "conserve mural paintings in the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus eternally."
Japanese: この事態を受けて、文化庁により「国宝高松塚古墳壁画恒久保存対策」を目的とした古墳の発掘調査が始まった。
English: The surrounding burial mound and other buried constructions were discovered, which the tumulus has helped reveal how was originally structured.
Japanese: 埋もれていた周溝などが発見されて古墳の本来の形状が明らかにされつつある。
English: Many cracks possibly caused by past earthquakes were also found on the tumulus.
Japanese: また、墳丘からは過去の地震によると思われる亀裂が多数発見されている。
English: It was decided that the stone chamber was once discomposed and carried out to this renovation facility for repairs.
Japanese: 石室はいったん解体・搬出した後、この修理施設へ移され、修復が行われることになった。
English: On April 5, one of the four pieces of the ceiling stone were lifted with a crane to be moved with a dedicated vehicle to the renovation facility.
Japanese: 4月5日には4枚の天井石のうちの1枚がクレーンで吊り上げられ、専用車両で修理施設へと移された。
English: All of the four pieces ceiling stones and 8 pieces of the wall stones were relocated piece by piece and the wall called "west wall stone 3"--on which Asuka Bijin (Asuka beauties) was drawn--was moved on May 10 and 11.
Japanese: 以後、4枚の天井石と8枚の壁石は1枚ずつ移動され、5月10日・5月11日には「西壁石3」と呼ばれる、「飛鳥美人」が描かれた石が移動された。
English: It was on June 26 that the last 12th pieces of the wall stone (west wall stone 1) was carried out.
Japanese: 最後の12枚目の壁石（西壁石1）が移動されたのは6月26日のことである。
English: The relocated mural paintings are scheduled to be conserved and repaired in 10 years and, upon completion, carried back to where they were.
Japanese: 移動された壁画は、10年間かけて保存修理が行われ、修理完成後はもとの古墳へ戻される予定になっている。
English: On November 25, 2008 during repair works, an incident occurred in which the pigment of a group of women on the east wall was damaged with an analyzer when the pigment was being analyzed.
Japanese: 修理中の2008年11月25日に顔料分析中、東壁女子群像の顔料部分を機材で損傷する事故を起こしている。
English: The following special stamps were issued on March 26, 1973: two types of \20 plus \5 donation, a type of \50 plus \10 donation.
Japanese: 特殊切手20+5円付加金付きが2種類、50円+10円付加金付きが1種類、1973年3月26日に発行された。
English: As regards the shape, it is considered today that it was formed when the passage portion of the round tomb covered with a heap of earth developed and merged into the burial mound.
Japanese: 墳形については、現在では円形墳丘墓の通路部分が発達し墳丘と一体化したものであると考えられている。
English: The recent investigation has confirmed that they are also present in the southwestern Korean Peninsula where there was ancient Gaya.
Japanese: 近年の研究により、古代伽耶が存在した朝鮮半島西南部でも存在が確認されている。
English: There have been some discussions concerning keyhole-shaped tumuli originating in Japan.
Japanese: 日本が起源である前方後円墳についてこれまで幾つかの議論がおこなわれている。
English: The most famous theory is that they developed uniquely from the above-ground tombs of the Yayoi-period.
Japanese: 最もよく知れられているものは、弥生時代の墳墓から独自に発展したものであるという学説である。
English: According to this theory, a land bridge (or overpass) was created by leaving part of earth unexcavated when building a moat around the existing round barrow.
Japanese: この説においては従来より存在した円形墳丘墓の周濠を掘り残した陸橋部分（通路部分）が造られた。
English: This section developed and merged into the burial mound serving as a land bridge connecting the world of humans with a tomb (the world of death).
Japanese: これが発達し、墓（死の世界）と人間界を繋ぐ陸橋として墳丘と一体化したと考えられる。
English: In contrast, Sueji UMEHARA has proposed a theory arguing that it is the influence of mainland China.
Japanese: それに対して梅原末治らは中国大陸からの影響があったとの説を提起していた。
English: He claims that it originates in the altar and other things that lied anterior to the mausoleum of the first Quin Emperor, the pit filled with the Terracotta Army and the other objects.
Japanese: 梅原は秦始皇帝陵及び兵馬俑坑などの前方に設けられていた祭壇などに由来するとしている。
English: The term 'front-square rear-round' (pronounced zenpo koen in Japanese) was first used in "Sanryoshi" written by a Japanese classical scholar of the Edo Period, Kunpei GAMO, in the early nineteenth century.
Japanese: 「前方後円」の語は、江戸時代の国学者蒲生君平が19世紀初めに著した『山陵志』で初めで使われた。
English: GAMO reasoned from the name 'kurumazuka,' which is found in various places, that keyhole-shaped tumuli were modeled after a kyusha.
Japanese: 蒲生は、各地に残る「車塚」という名から、前方後円墳は宮車を模倣したものだと考えた。
English: However, it is considered today that such a car did not exist in the Kofun Period.
Japanese: しかし現在では古墳時代にそのような車は存在しなかったと考えられている。
English: Likewise, Kanji KIYONO hypothesized that the main barrow and a baicho (a small barrow next to a large-scale tumulus) were joined together to give the keyhole-shape.
Japanese: 同じく、清野謙次は主墳と陪塚が結合して前方後円墳になったと推測した。
English: In the present research, the rounded rear, or a mound used for a burial is considered to be the main mound.
Japanese: 現在の研究では、平面では円形をしている後円部が埋葬のための憤丘で主丘である。
English: And the projecting portion, whose plane surface is shaped like a plectrum, rectangle, square, trapezoid, etc., is collectively referred to as the square front.
Japanese: そして、平面が撥形・長方形・方形・台形などの突出部をひっくるめて前方部と呼ぶ。
English: Yet, the terms like keyhole-shaped tumuli, the front square, and the rounded rear are still used because of customs and convenience.
Japanese: しかし、慣習と便宜によって前方後円墳、前方部、後円部といった用語はそのまま使われている。
English: The front square of older keyhole-shaped tumuli is low and shaped like a plectrum, while the rounded rear is built high and big regardless of date of construction.
Japanese: 古い形の前方後円墳は前方部は低く撥方をしており、後円部は新古にかかわらず大きく高く造られている。
English: It is believed to have a plectrum-shape because either the right or the left ridgeline of the front square was extended to enable a funeral procession to travel on the slow sloping road.
Japanese: 撥形にしているのは、葬列が傾斜の緩やかな道を通れるように前方部の左右の稜線のどちらかを伸ばしたものと考えられている。
English: The only places where the presence of keyhole-shaped tumuli is not determinate are three prefectures in the north, namely Hokkaido, Aomori, and Akita, and Okinawa Prefecture in the south.
Japanese: 前方後円墳の存在が明確でないのは北方では北海道、青森県および秋田県の3県と南方の沖縄県のみにすぎない。
English: However, a few to a few hundred keyhole-shaped tumuli are known to exist in the other forty-three prefectures.
Japanese: だが、他の43の都府県では数百基から1、2基の前方後円墳が知られている。
English: It has been ascertained that there is little difference among the most recently constructed keyhole-shaped tumulus in each location in terms of date of their construction.
Japanese: 各地域で最後に建造された前方後円墳はその時期にほとんど差がないことが判明している。
English: With respect to areas outside the Japanese Archipelago, the recent research by Korean archeologists has revealed presence of the keyhole-shaped tumuli that seem to have been constructed in the fifth and sixth century in the southern and southwestern Korean Peninsula, which is considered to have been under the control of Wa (the oldest recorded name for Japan).
Japanese: 日本列島以外では、近年韓国における考古学者の研究によって倭の支配を受けていたと見られる朝鮮半島南部から南西部にかけて5、6世紀に建造されたと見られる前方後円墳の存在が明らかになっている。
English: Small-scale, keyhole-shaped tumuli or round and square barrows are built next to large-scale, keyhole-shaped tumuli that are commonly found throughout Japan with the Kinki region being the main area.
Japanese: 近畿地方を中心として日本全国に広く分布する大型の前方後円墳の周りには、小型の前方後円墳、あるいは円墳・方墳が寄り添うように建造されている。