nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In April the same year, the Mori army attacked Gassan Toda-jo Castle from three sides, but was defeated, and finally withdrew.
Japanese: 同年4月、毛利軍は3方向から月山富田城を攻撃したが、負け戦となり、撤退した。
English: It was envisaged that many soldiers would be holed up in the isolated castle, and their provisions would run out without fresh supplies.
Japanese: こうすることで、孤立した城内に多くの兵がこもることになり、補給のない中で城の兵糧が底をつくのを待つ作戦であった。
English: Seeing their provisions begin to run out, the Mori side accepted the offer of surrender, and dozens of the besieged soldiers formed a group and surrendered.
Japanese: そして兵糧が底をつき始めたところで降伏を認めると、尼子方の籠城兵が数十人ずつの一団となって投降するようになった。
English: Meanwhile, the Amago side continued the battle by secretly carrying provisions Hisakane UYAMA had bought with his own money into Gassan Toda-jo Castle from a side road.
Japanese: 一方の尼子側は宇山久兼が私財をなげうって購入した兵糧を密かに間道から月山富田城に運び入れつつ、奮闘を続けていた。
English: However, following an incident when Yoshihisa AMAGO killed Hisakane UYAMA after believing he had been slandered the army's spirits were gradually weakened.
Japanese: しかし、尼子義久が讒言を信じて宇山久兼を殺してしまうという一件があり、士気を沮喪していった。
English: The Mori side guaranteed the lives of the Amago family including Yoshihisa AMAGO, but Yoshihisa and others were taken away to Aki Province and were placed under confinement.
Japanese: 毛利側は尼子義久ら尼子一族の生命を保証し、義久らは安芸国に引き取られ幽閉された。
English: First, in 1568, they made Katsuhisa AMAGO, a grandson of Kunihisa AMAGO and a priest, quit the priesthood, and installed him as the head of the family.
Japanese: まず永禄11年（1568年）には、京都で僧籍にあった尼子国久の孫尼子勝久を還俗させて擁立。
English: They took part in various battles held in Izumo and Inaba Province, and even joined the army of the Yamana clan with the aim of restoring the Amago clan firmly in mind.
Japanese: 出雲国、因幡国を転戦し、尼子氏再興の志を秘めて山名氏の軍勢にも加わった。
English: They excelled militarily and defeated Takanobu TAKEDA, who rebelled against the Yamana clan and became holed up in Tottori-jo Castle.
Japanese: 山名氏に謀叛して鳥取城に篭った武田高信を討つなどの軍功を立てている。
English: After leaving the Yamana clan, Katsuhisa Amago and his party succeeded in recovering most of the occupied territory in Izumo Province, and they temporarily gained a foothold toward the restoration of the Amago clan.
Japanese: 山名氏を離れた後、尼子勝久らは出雲国の殆どを奪還に成功、一時的に尼子氏再興の足掛かりを築いた。
English: After the levy of troops in 1569, they attacked Gassan Toda-jo Castle which was protected by Takashige AMANO on Mori's side and attempted to drive the Mori clan out of Izumo Province.
Japanese: 旗揚げの翌年（1569年）には、毛利方の天野隆重が守る月山富田城を攻め、出雲国からの毛利氏排除を試みた。
English: Moreover, Yukimori, who had been defeated in the Battle of Fubeyama, was captured by Motoharu KIKKAWA in 1571.
Japanese: しかも元亀2年（1571年）には、布部山の戦いに敗れた幸盛が、吉川元春に捕らえられている。
English: However, Yukimori, who had been detained, pretended to contract dysentery and remained in the lavatory; seizing an opportunity, he reportedly escaped through the lavatory smeared with feces.
Japanese: その後、身柄を拘束された幸盛は、赤痢を装って厠に入り浸り、その隙に厠から糞にまみれながらも脱走したといわれている。
English: In 1577, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI advanced to Himeji-jo Castle in Harima Province to carry out the Oda army's strategy for subjugating the Chugoku district, Yukimori and his party entered Kozuki-jo Castle located to the west of Himeji-jo Castle.
Japanese: 天正5年（1577年）、織田軍の中国平定戦略を遂行すべく豊臣秀吉が播磨国姫路城に進出すると、幸盛たちは姫路城の更に西方の上月城に入城。
English: As this rebellion had repercussions in various regions in Harima Province, Hideyoshi had to attack Miki-jo Castle occupied by the Bessho clan before he could turn his attention to anything else (the Battle of Miki).
Japanese: さらに播磨国内の各地へも飛び火したため、秀吉は別所氏の三木城への攻撃優先を強いられてしまう（三木合戦）。
English: The Amago army in Kozuki-jo Castle, which had been besieged by the massive forces of the Mori clan, became isolated and helpless because they lost any remaining hope of Hideyoshi's support.
Japanese: 頼みとする秀吉の後援を喪失したため、毛利の大軍に攻囲された上月城の尼子軍は孤立無援。
English: In the end, the lives of castle defenders were spared in exchange for the suicide of the Amago family including Katsuhisa, and Kozuki-jo Castle surrendered (the Battle of Kozuki-jo Castle).
Japanese: 終には、勝久以下の尼子一門の自害を以って城兵を助命、開城降伏した（上月城の戦い）。
English: Yukimori was captured again; however, his dramatic escape was so firmly entrenched in the enemy's mind that he was killed while being escorted to prison.
Japanese: 幸盛は再び捕虜となるが、前回の脱走劇の印象が根強かったために、護送中に殺害されてしまった。
English: The death of Yukimori, who had continuously bothered the Mori clan, brought an end to the armed movement for the restoration of the Amago clan.
Japanese: 毛利氏を煩わせ続けた幸盛の死によって、尼子再興軍も終焉することとなった。
English: But, the use of the term such as 'Taisaku for energy savings' is not correct because it means 'Taisaku for preventing the implementation of energy savings.'
Japanese: なお、「省エネルギー対策」といった用法だと「省エネをさせないための対策」という意味になるので誤用である。
English: Taisaku was also called kensaku (recommended proposal), horyaku shi (exam for selecting government officials), shusai (or kakyo) shi, monjo tokugosho shi.
Japanese: 対策（たいさく）は、献策・方略試・秀才(科挙)試・文章得業生試ともよばれた。
English: In Tang Dynasty China, the Emperor gave current affairs or creed related tests called 'sakumon,' and warriors wrote answers to the Emperor's questions, which was called 'taisakumon.'
Japanese: 中国が唐の時代、「策問」と称して天子が時事または経義をもって出題し、士がこれに応じて奉る文章を「対策文」と称していた。
English: This program was introduced to Japan, and as Kidendo (called 'Monjodo,' a department of the Monjoin that was established to study Chinese-style poems or history) became popular in the early Heian period, exams were introduced and Monjo hakase (professors of literature and history at Daigaku-ryo, the Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) gave 'sakumon' to Monjo tokugosho and had them take this examination, known as 'taisaku.'
Japanese: この制度が日本に伝わり、平安時代初期、紀伝道（文章院で漢詩文または歴史を学ぶ学科、通称は「文章道」）が盛んになると、文章博士（大学寮で詩文・歴史を教授した教官）が「策文」を出して文章得業生（もんじょうとくごうしょう）に答えさせる試験が行われるようになり、この試験が「対策」といわれるようになった。
English: If they passed the test, they were hired as government officials, and this test was the highest level national exam for that time.
Japanese: この試験に合格すれば官吏に登用され、この試験は当時の最高国家試験であった。
English: Those Monjosho who were not Confucian and could not become Monjo tokugosho, made a special petition for Horyaku senshi (an imperial letter) to take the 'taisaku' exam.
Japanese: 儒家でない者で文章得業生になることができない文章生については、特に方略宣旨を申請して、「対策」を受験した。
English: Taisakumon drew Chinese historical events and was poor in content, and was gradually becoming formalized, but the test itself continued until the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 対策文は、中国の故事を引用した内容空疎なものであり、次第に形式化していったが、試験自体は室町時代まで行われた。
English: Ryoji refers to a document issued under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code by princes, empresses, etc.) for conveying orders of princes and three sango (Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress).
Japanese: 令旨（りょうじ）とは、律令制のもとで出された、皇太子・三后（太皇太后・皇太后・皇后）の命令を伝えるために出した文書。
English: In China (Tong), a document intended to convey orders of princes was called ryo, which was introduced into Japan.
Japanese: 中国（唐）では皇太子の命令を伝える文書を令といったが、それが日本に伝わった。
English: In Japan, such a document for conveying orders of princes came to be called ryoji, which also include documents issued by the Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress.
Japanese: 日本では皇太子の命令を伝える文書を令旨といい、太皇太后・皇太后・皇后の出す文書もこれに準じた。
English: In and after the mid Heian period, ryoji started to cover documents issued by other imperial families (nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), Princesses, and Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) in addition to princes and sango.
Japanese: 平安時代中期以降は、皇太子・三后以外の皇族（女院・親王・諸王）のものも令旨と呼ばれるようになった。
English: A historically famous ryoji is 'Prince Mochihito's order' issued to justify the Genji's raising of an army during the Genpei War.
Japanese: 歴史上、有名な令旨としては、「源平の争乱」の際に、源氏挙兵の正当性を表すものとして発令された、「以仁王の令旨」がある。
English: Fumyo means a form of collecting tax or a contractor for collecting tax under the system of the dynasty state which began sometime around the Heian period of Japan.
Japanese: 負名（ふみょう）とは、日本の平安時代ごろから始まる王朝国家体制のもとでの租税収取形態または租税収取を請け負った者をいう。
English: Around the tenth century, the Imperial Court abandoned the system of ruling over people which had originated in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and moved to a system based of taxation of land (the system of the dynasty state).
Japanese: 10世紀ごろ、朝廷は律令制に由来する人別支配体制を放棄し、土地課税に基礎をおく支配体制（王朝国家体制）へとシフトした。
English: The land that was reorganized into a unit of taxation on that occasion was called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and the contractor for the management of the myoden was called 'fumyo.'
Japanese: このとき、課税単位へ編成された土地を名田（みょうでん）といい、名田経営を請け負った者が「負名」と呼ばれるようになった。
English: The Ritsuryo system of Japan, which was officially inaugurated in the eighth century, was an administrative system based on the control over people and farmers by koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and the collection of land tax by Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was imposed in exchange for hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 8世紀から本格的に開始した日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳によって人民百姓を把握し、口分田を班給する代わりに租庸調を租税として収取する支配体制であった。
English: The reforms carried out by Emperor Kanmu from the late eighth century to the early ninth century also aimed at the above mentioned maintenance and enhancement of the Ritsuryo system domination.
Japanese: 8世紀末から9世紀初頭の桓武天皇による諸改革も上記のような律令制支配の維持強化を目的としていた。
English: However, by the first half of the ninth century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system began to crumble from the ground up because a significant increase in the number of farmers escaping or going missing.
Japanese: しかし、9世紀前期までには、百姓の逃亡・浮浪が著しく増大し、律令制の人別支配は根幹から動揺し始めていた。
English: In response to these social conditions, since the early part of the ninth century (during the period of administration of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu), there was a growing tendency to put emphasize on the tax on land.
Japanese: こうした社会状況を受けて、9世紀前期（藤原冬嗣執政期）から土地課税を重視する傾向が次第に強まっていった。
English: Although the policies to return back to the principles of the Ritsuryo system were implemented again from the late ninth century to the early tenth century (during the peaceful era of Kanpyo and the peaceful era of Engi), such policies eventually ended in failure.
Japanese: 9世紀末期～10世紀初頭（寛平の治・延喜の治期）には再び律令制の原則へ回帰する政策が採られたものの、結局それは失敗に終わった。
English: There is also another widely accepted theory alleging that the policies in Kanpyo and Engi era were not attempts to return to the Ritsuryo system but preparation for the shift towards the system based on land.
Japanese: なお、寛平・延喜の政策を、律令回帰ではなく土地中心体制への転換準備期と位置づける有力説も存在する。
English: The riso-fumyo system (a percentage/unit of the yearly land tax yield taken in by the manager of an estate), which appeared after the latter half of the ninth century, awarded the wealthy class a contract for suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the seventh through twelfth centuries).
Japanese: 9世紀後半から見られた里倉負名（りそうふみょう）体制は出挙を富豪の輩に請け負わせる手法であった。
English: In the Engi era, however, kokuga in various provinces shifted the system from the conventional direct control over koden (field administered directly by a ruler, such as kubunden or joden) in the territory to a new system in which the koden was divided into units called myo, and the administration of each myo was contracted out to tato that was called 'rich class' in those days.
Japanese: しかし、延喜年間になると諸国の国衙はそれまでの国内公田（口分田・乗田など）の直接支配から、その公田を名（みょう）という単位に分割し、それぞれの名の経営を当時「富豪の輩」と呼ばれていた田堵に請け負わせる体制に移行した。
English: Tato fumyo was under the obligation to distribute taxes and assignments, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) to the kokuga in exchange for holding a commission from the kokuga to administrate each myo.
Japanese: 田堵負名は、名経営を国衙から委任される代わりに、官物・雑役などの租税・課役を国衙へ進納する義務を負った。
English: This kind of tax collection system was called the fumyo system and formed the basis of the system of the dynasty state which had its origin during this period.
Japanese: こうした租税収取体制を負名体制といい、この時期に始まった王朝国家体制の基礎となった。
English: Therefore, it is said that tato fumyo played the both roles of the ruled and the rulers, which means that they were the ruled for the kokuga, and they were the rulers for the general farmers.
Japanese: そのため、田堵負名は、国衙から見れば被支配者、一般百姓から見れば支配者という二面性を持っていたとされている。
English: The contract for the myoden administration was terminable and expired in a year or a few years.
Japanese: また、名田経営の請け負いは1年ないし数年を期限とする有期的なものであった。
English: This was because kokuga tried to prevent tato fumyo from having a firm relationship with specific myoden.
Japanese: これは国衙が、田堵負名と特定の名田が固着化するのを避けたためである。
English: In the process of contracting out the myoden administration to tato fumyo by kokuga, the conditions, such as the rate and the item of taxation imposed on each myoden, became varied based on the situation in each area.
Japanese: 国衙が名田経営を田堵負名に請け負わせていく中で、地域の実情に合わせて各名田ごとに税率や税目などに差異も生まれていった。
English: This variation was a result of negotiation between tato fumyo and the then-current kokushi (provincial governors).
Japanese: この差異は、田堵負名とその時々の国司との間の折衝で生まれてきたものだった。
English: Among the successors of such kokushi, however, some ignored the precedent agreements and collected the regular or an even greater amount of land tax.
Japanese: しかし、後任国司の中にはこのような先例を無視して、規定通りの若しくは規定以上のの租税収取を行う者もいた。
English: Kokushi kasei joso, an appeal made by tato fumyo to the central government against lawless actions of kokushi, was the manifestation of the above situation and became conspicuous after the late tenth century.
Japanese: 田堵負名層が中央政府へ国司の非法を訴える国司苛政上訴は、こうした状況の表れであり、10世紀後期から顕著となっていった。
English: In the eleventh century, tato fumyo became reluctant to administrate the myoden because it imposed the kanmotsu and the zoyaku as taxes on them.
Japanese: 11世紀に入ると、田堵負名は官物・雑役が課税される名田経営を嫌うようになった。
English: As a result, they deliberately devastated the myoden, and linked themselves to the great and powerful (dominant nobility or dominant temples and shrines) by becoming their yoriudo (a dependent, frequently one who served a noble house or proprietor) to embark on reclamation of the run-down fields with them.
Japanese: そのため、故意に名田を荒廃させ、権門勢家（有力貴族・有力寺社）の寄人となることでこれらと結びついて、荒田の開発に乗り出すようになった。
English: Therefore, the central government under FUJIWARA no Michinaga promulgated numerous acts to curb such activities but failed to stem the above mentioned tide.
Japanese: そのため、藤原道長期の中央政府はこうした動きを抑制する法令を数々発したが、上記の流れは止まらなかった。
English: Therefore, since around the middle of eleventh century, the central government began to adopt realistic policies in order to secure its financial revenue.
Japanese: そのため、11世紀中期頃から中央政府は財政収入の確保を図って現実的な政策を採り始めた。
English: The bechimyo was the system in which the central government put local lords including tato fumyo under a obligation to pay a certain amount of kanmotsu instead of admitting their domination over the area that was far more vast than myoden and included uncultivated lands, fields and mountains.
Japanese: 別名とは、田堵負名を含む在地領主層に対して、名田よりも遥かに広域で、未墾地や山野を含む領域の支配を認める代わりに、一定の官物納入を義務づけるものである。
English: The central government also eliminated arbitrariness of kokushi and enforced Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) to fix the tax rate of kanmotsu in every province.
Japanese: また、国司の恣意を廃して、諸国の官物税率を固定化する公田官物率法を定めた。
English: Although the cases of Kokushi kasei joso were decreased by the implementation of these policies, the expansion of shoen was not curbed enough due to the advent of zoyakumen (exception from all levies except the regular land tax) shoen or Kokumen sho (a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in benpo or binho system) and so on.
Japanese: こうした施策によって国司苛政上訴は沈静化したものの、雑役免荘園や国免荘などの登場で荘園拡大は必ずしも十分に抑制されなかった。
English: They reorganized Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) by dividing it into units of taxation, such as Gun (country), Go (village), Ho (district) and Jo (street), each of which had originally been the myoden or the bechimyo.
Japanese: 名田や別名などを単位として、国衙領を郡・郷・保・条などの租税収取単位へと再編成していった。
English: In the organization of such Gun, Go, Ho, and Jo, the tato fumyo or the bechimyo contracted for the payment of land tax to the kokuga.
Japanese: 郡・郷・保・条の内部では、田堵負名や別名らが国衙への租税納入を請け負っていた。
English: However, the conventional contracting relationship for a limited period of time was highly unstable for the contractors like tato fumyo.
Japanese: しかし、従前のような有期的な請負関係は田堵負名らにとっては非常に不安定であった。
English: Therefore, kokuga, who also needed to stabilize their income by the kanmotsu, came to approve the semi permanent relationship between tato fumyo and specific myoden.
Japanese: また、国衙も、安定した官物収入を確保するために、田堵負名と特定の名田の半永続的な関係を認めるようになった。
English: In this way, the tato fumyo class became capable of fixing their rights to specific myoden, and it helped tato fumyo to develop into myoshu (owner of rice fields).
Japanese: こうして、田堵負名層は特定の名田に対する諸権利を固定化しうるようになり、田堵負名から名主（みょうしゅ）へと成長していったのである。
English: Kokushi kasei joso refers to acts and phenomena of appeals and armed struggles by Gunji (local magistrates), Tato (cultivators), Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and the farmer class in order to complain to the central government Daijokan (Grand Council of State) about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi (or Zuryo) (provincial governors), Chihokan (local officials) during the Heian period in Japan.
Japanese: 国司苛政上訴（こくしかせいじょうそ）は、日本の平安時代に郡司・田堵・負名・百姓階層が地方官である国司（受領）の苛政・非法を中央政府（太政官）へ訴えた行為、現象または闘争形態。
English: Gunji or farmers of provinces commonly visited the capital to complain to the Daijokan about tyrannies and illegal behaviors of Kokushi in front of Yomei-mon gate (the public gate of the Imperial Palace) of Daidairi (the Greater Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 地方の郡司・百姓らが上京し、大内裏の陽明門（内裏の公門とされていた）前で国司の苛政・非法を太政官へ訴えるという形態が通例であった。
English: The first historical record of Kokushi kasei joso was a case in which farmers in Owari Province complained to Daijokan about illegal behaviors of their kokushu, FUJIWARA no Tsurasada in 974.
Japanese: 史料上の国司苛政上訴の初見は、974年（天延2）に尾張国の百姓らが国守藤原連貞の非法を太政官へ訴えた事例である。
English: Originally under the Ritsuryo codes, farmers had a right of action but were prohibited from bringing a case without going through formalities (a direct appeal to a senior official).
Japanese: 本来、律令の規定によれば、百姓は訴訟権が認められていたが、規定外の機関への訴訟提起（越訴）は禁じられていた。
English: It is not unknown why Kokushi kasei joso, apparently a form of direct appeals, began to be accepted.
Japanese: 国司苛政上訴は明らかに越訴の形態をとっており、このような越訴が承認されるようになった理由は明らかでない。
English: However, some have suggested it was accepted as a compromise measure against Zuryo's growing control over entire Japan, while others have suggested that the Gunji class (local magistrates) was given the right to direct appeals in exchange for their lost conventional rights.
Japanese: しかし受領による国内支配の強化への妥協と見る説と、郡司層が旧来の権利を失った代替として越訴権が与えられたとする見解が提出されている。
English: Since the first case, the number of appeals only found in historical documents rose to more than twenty over about sixty years until the 1140's.
Japanese: その後、1140年代までの約60年間に渡り、史料に残るだけでも約20数件の事例が検出されている。
English: One of the most famous appeals was 'Owari no kuni (Owari Province) Gunji (a local government official) Hyakusho (farmers) ra no Gebumi (letter)' of November 8, 988, in which the Gunji and farmers in Owari complained their Kokushu, FUJIWARA no Motonaga's illegal behaviors as a breach of thirty-one articles of misconduct and violence.
Japanese: 中でも著名なのが988年（永延2）11月8日付けの「尾張国郡司百姓等解」であり、尾張の郡司・百姓層が国守藤原元命による非法・濫行横法31条を訴えた事例である。
English: Initially as described above, it was common that Daijokan approved claims of gunji and farmers and dismissed the kokushi.
Japanese: このように当初は太政官が郡司・百姓らの主張を認め、国司を解任することが基調となっていた。
English: However Daijokan headed by FUJIWARA no Michinaga became aware that some claims of Gunji and farmers are rather selfish and thus claims that won dismissal of the Kokushu dramatically dropped from about 50% to 20% during the period between the latter half of the 1110's and the 1120's.
Japanese: しかし、郡司・百姓層の要求が多分に自利的であることに藤原道長を首班とする太政官も次第に気付き始め、1110年代後期～1120年代にかけて国司解任に至る事例は約5割から約2割へと激減していった。
English: Eventually Kokushi kasei joso became rare after claims in the 1140's.
Japanese: そして、1140年代の事例を最後に国司苛政上訴はほとんど見られなくなった。
English: Before the war (before the 1940's) the Heian period was interpreted as a period when dynasty government was becoming a mere shell or dead letter and local government was devastating.
Japanese: 戦前（1940年代以前）は平安時代を王朝政治の形骸化・地方政治の荒廃が進んだ時期と解釈した。
English: Kokushi kasei joso was also commonly regarded as evidence of disrupting local governments with Juryoso (career provincial official class) seeking only for their own interests.
Japanese: 国司苛政上訴についても、受領層が私利私欲に溺れ、地方政治が混乱していたことの現れとする評価が一般的だった。
English: After the war fundamentally different evolutions were given to Kokushi kasei joso based on the dynastic polity theory.
Japanese: 戦後になると、王朝国家体制論のもとで国司苛政上訴に対して根本的に異なる評価が与えられた。
English: Around the former half of the 10th century, the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system was destructed in which people and farmers were controlled with family register and keicho (the yearly tax registers).
Japanese: 10世紀前期ごろから、人民百姓を戸籍・計帳により把握する律令制的な人別支配が崩壊した。
English: To ensure yields of tax, the Imperial Court introduced a new ruling system where Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in provinces were divided into units of myoden (rice field lots in charge of nominal holders) so that land lords of the wealthy class (Tato (cultivators)) undertook the management of myoden and land tax payment.
Japanese: 朝廷は租税収入を確保するために、諸国の国衙領を名田という単位へ分割し、在地の富豪層（田堵）へ名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる支配体制へと移行した。
English: This system is called the local tax manager system, which constitutes a foundation of the system of the dynasty state as a regime.
Japanese: これを負名体制といい、負名体制を基盤とする国家体制が王朝国家体制である。
English: In response to this shift of the system, the administration of Kokushi (provincial governors) was required only to pay certain taxes (such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and zatsueki (odd-job tasks)) with other tasks left to the discretion of the appointed head of the provincial governors.
Japanese: こうした流れの中で国司行政も、所定の租税（官物・雑役など）の納入のみが求められ、その他は現地赴任の筆頭国司の裁量に任されるようになった。
English: The Zuryo was entitled to control over his own province at their own discretion, allowing them to collect taxes strictly from Gunji (local magistrates), Tato, Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field), and farmers.
Japanese: 受領は、自らの判断で国内支配することが許されたため、郡司・田堵・負名・百姓層から苛烈な収奪をすることが可能となった。
English: Kokushi kasei joso was effective in having an effect on Daijokan's policies, resulting in the enactment of "Koden kanmotsu rippo" (fixing a limit of 3 to of rice per tan of land) in 1040 for fixing the tax rates in Japan.
Japanese: そして、国司苛政上訴が功を奏し、太政官の政策に影響を与え、国内の税率を固定化する「公田官物率法」が1040年代に制定された。
English: Therefore the post-war evaluation is that the disappearance of Kokushi kasei joso was because Zuryo's arbitrary administration had been controlled.
Japanese: 受領の恣意的支配が抑制されたため、国司苛政上訴も沈静化した、とする評価である。
English: Some have opinions different from above; Juryoso (career provincial official class) in those days did not necessarily suppress Gunji and farmers to pursue their own self-interest.
Japanese: 以上の考え方に対して、当時の受領層は必ずしも私欲的に郡司・百姓層を抑圧していたのではないとする考えもある。
English: Examining individual cases of Kokushi kasei joso, we can find law-abiding administrative stances of the sued Kokushi; some legally levied tax items not collected by customs or others levied local taxes, often collected in those days under a new system by the change of the emperors.
Japanese: 個別の国司苛政上訴事案を観察すると、訴えられた国司らは、慣例で免除されていた税目を法令どおりに課税したり、当時よく発令された天皇代替わり新制に伴う地方税制に則った課税を行ったりと、彼らの遵法的な行政姿勢が見て取れる。
English: Although FUJIWARA no Motonaga had been often regarded as a greedy Zuryo, some suggest that Motonaga only observed strictly the policy of Kazan shinsei (new laws issued by Emperor Kazan) under the new local tax system Emperor Kazan actively introduced immediately after his enthronement.
Japanese: 貪欲な受領とされることの多い藤原元命だが、当時、花山天皇が即位直後に地方税制の改革など積極的な政策展開を行っており、元命はこの花山新制の方針を遵守したに過ぎないとする見方もある。
English: These views have brought about an opinion that a contradiction intrinsic to the local tax manager system appeared in the form of Kokushi kasei joso.
Japanese: これらから、負名体制が本来的に有していた矛盾が国司苛政上訴という形態で現れたと評価する見解が提出されている。