nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) whose rank is set higher than for other hakase (masters) as astronomy was considered the most difficult discipline of those among onmyo.
Japanese: 正七位下、陰陽諸道の中では天文学が最も難しいとされていたため、他の博士よりも位が高く設定されている。
English: Performs duties to design/manage rokoku (water clock), to lead shushincho to operate the water clock and to read graduations to manage time.
Japanese: 漏刻（水時計）の設計・管理を指導し、実際に守辰丁を率いて漏刻を稼動させ、その目盛りを読み時刻を管理する職務。
English: Persons responsible for reading the water clock under the supervision of the master of the clock and announcing the time by using instruments (drums and bells) on the hour.
Japanese: 漏刻博士の管理の下で漏刻を測り、毎時ごとに鳴り物（太鼓、鐘）を打ち鳴らして時報を知らせる実務担当者。
English: Of the hogi belonging to Onmyoryo, onmyoji specialized in senzei/chiso, may be defined 'narrowly as onmyoji,' whereas, all of the other hogi, including tenmon hakase, onmyo hakase, onmyoji, reki hakase and rokoku hakase may be defined 'broadly as onmyoji.'
Japanese: 陰陽寮に配置されていた方技のうち、占筮・地相の専門職であった陰陽師を「狭義の陰陽師」、天文博士・陰陽博士・陰陽師・暦博士・漏刻博士を含めた全ての方技を「広義の陰陽師」と定義付けることができる。
English: Additionally, thereafter, the group of broadly defined onmyoji was sometimes referred as 'Onmyodo.'
Japanese: また、これ以降、この広義の陰陽師集団のことを指して「陰陽道」と呼ばれることもあった。
English: The ritsuyo system strictly prohibited all outsiders (everybody, not only oracles and monks but also general civil servants and private citizens) except for the persons appointed as trainees at Onmyoryo to learn astronomy, onmyo, reki, or measuring hours, or to discuss the occurrence of disasters, unusual phenomenon or auspicious events, it also prohibited any equipment relating to astronomical observation and measuring time, or documents about the various arts of onmyo, to be removed from Onmyoryo, and it even forbade private individuals from owning any of the foregoing equipment or documents.
Japanese: 律令においては、陰陽寮の修習生に登用された者以外の一切の部外者（神官・僧侶はもちろん一般官僚から民間人に至るまでの全て）が、天文・陰陽・暦・時間計測を学び災異瑞祥を説くことを厳しく禁止しており、天文観測や時刻測定にかかわる装置ないし陰陽諸道に関する文献について、陰陽寮の外部への持ち出しを一切禁じ、私人がこれらを単に所有することさえ禁じられていた。
English: Onmyodo was, therefore, managed as a state secret under the exclusive control of Onmyoryo until early Heian Period in the beginning of the 9th century, while the ritsuryo system was being rigorously observed.
Japanese: このため、律令制が比較的厳しく運営されていた9世紀初頭の平安時代初期まで、陰陽道は陰陽寮が独占する国家機密として管理された。
English: Thereafter, in keeping with the trends of the time, 'kaku' and 'shiki' (enforcement orders to amend details of the ritsuryo) began to be frequently issued, causing the number of staff at government offices to balloon and the number of staff at Onmyoryo to increase substantially up until the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: その後、時代の趨勢に合わせるために律令の細部を改める施行令である「格」・「式」がしばしば発令されるようになり、各省ともに官職の定員が肥大化する傾向を見せると、陰陽寮においても平安時代中期までに、かなりの定員増がはかられるようになった。
English: Onmyo no jo, the position of judge overseeing general internal affairs split into 2 positions; Onmyo no daijo and Onmyo no shojo.
Japanese: 内部事務一般を管理する判官である陰陽允は、正式に陰陽大允・陰陽少允のダブル配置となった。
English: The number of these positions was one each with the court rank being Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) for both but Onmyo no shojo's role was to assist Onmyo no daijo.
Japanese: 定員はそれぞれ1名で、官位は双方同格の従七位上に設定されたが、陰陽小允は陰陽大允を補佐する立場をとった。
English: Gon no shoku' (a staffing practice not prescribed in the ritsuryo while in reality, 'gon no shoku' did not initially perform any of the corresponding duties, it was set up as an honorary interim job title having the status of "Gon no X" when assigned to someone other than a formal appointee for that job and later when it was made a permanent post, it had the authority equivalent or close to that of the official position) was made a permanent position.
Japanese: 本来は員外配置である「権職（ごんのしょく）」（律令本来の定めにはない運用法で、当初の実態は該当職務を行わないにもかかわらず該当職と同等の待遇とする暫定名誉職位で、正式な○○職任命者以外に任命された『権（ごんの）○○』と呼称する○○職待遇のことであったが、後に常設化されると正職官と同等かそれに近い権限を持つようになった）が、常態化された。
English: Onmyo no gonsuke, which was a temporary government post 'suke,' was made a permanent position at the Jurokui (Junior Sixth Rank), similar to the formal position Onmyo no suke for assisting Onmyo no kami, this effectively split Onmyo no suke into 2 positions.
Japanese: 次官職である「助」の員外配置である陰陽権助が、正職位の陰陽助と同様従六位を与えられる常設職となって陰陽頭の補佐を行うようになり、実態として陰陽助はダブル配置となった。
English: With respect to hogi (gikan), 'gon no shoku' was set up in conjunction with each hakase and Tenmon gon no hakase, Onmyo gon no hakase, Reki gon no hakase, and Rokoku gon no hakase, were made permanent positions.
Japanese: 方技（技官）においても、各博士に「権職（ごんのしょく）」を置き、天文権博士・陰陽権博士・暦権博士・漏刻権博士が常設化された。
English: However, their court rank, was set up one rank lower than for each of the regular hakase and they acted as regular hakase's assistants.
Japanese: しかし、官位はすべて各正博士よりも一段階低く設定され、その実務は正博士を補佐する立場をとった。
English: After the model of staffing practice with students in Daigakuryo (students who, having completed specialized study, remained in Daigakuryo aspiring to be hakase working towards the level of academic achievement equivalent to a Master's or Doctoral program of today), Tenmon tokugyo no sho (tenmon student) (number of positions: 2), Onmyo tokugyo no sho (onmyo student) (number of positions: 3), and Reki tokugyo no sho (reki student) (number of positions: 2) were set up as official candidates for the positions of the respective hakase and onmyoji.
Japanese: 大学寮の修業生（学を修め大学寮に残って博士を目指す者、現代における大学院修士課程ないし博士課程に相当）の運用にならって、天文得業生（定員2名）、陰陽得業生（定員3名）、暦得業生（定員2名）が、各博士職や陰陽師職の公認候補として設置された。
English: With respect to administrative jobs, Onmyo no shisho (number of positions unknown) was set up to perform messenger services such as; copying documents and delivering hingisho (meeting agenda) within the bureau.
Japanese: 庶務職においても、陰陽史生（おんみょうのししょう）（定員不明）が設置され、文書の複写や寮内で稟議書を届けて回る伝令として用いられた。
English: While it was explained that part of jibu, initially prescribed in the ritsuryo, was transferred or Onmyo no shisho was set up as a new job classification, the truth remains unknown as the existing records are insufficient.
Japanese: 本来律令で定められた使部の一部が転用されたとする説や、新規に職制として設置されたとする説があるが、現存する記録が不充分でその実態は明らかにされていない。
English: Among hogi (gikan) generally given a lower court rank in every department, that for hogi in Onmyoryo, albeit on the low side, was set up higher compared to their counterparts belonging to the other departments.
Japanese: 一般的に各省で方技（技官）がおしなべて位階を低めに設定されていた中で、陰陽寮の方技の官位は低目とはいっても各省管轄下の方技に比較すれば高めに設定されていた。
English: However, since Onmyoryo was Shoryo (lower ranking in the tsukasa system) under Nakatsukasasho, the court rank for the administrative officer Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrat ranking) was lower compared to similar positions in other departments and what was called, around the mid Heian Period, Tenjobito known as Senseki who were allowed to come to the palace and address the emperor was only Onmyo no kami with a Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) while all others were Jigenin who were not allowed to enter the palace.
Japanese: ただ、陰陽寮が中務省の小寮であったため、当然ながら行政官である四等官の官位は本省のそれに比べて低めとなっており、後の平安中期で言う、昇殿して天皇に奏上できる仙籍と呼ばれるいわゆる殿上人は従五位下格の陰陽頭のみであり、その他はすべて、後に昇殿を許されない地下人あった。
English: When the ritsuyo system was originally implemented, toraijin scholar monks, who came to Japan from other advanced nations, were exclusively appointed as hogi including the various masters and onmyoji, whereas, qualified persons among secular people (people who have not entered the priesthood or lay people) gained appointments as trainees such as students of astronomy, students of onmyo, and students of reki.
Japanese: 律令制定当初は、方技である各博士や陰陽師には、もっぱら先進各国から来日した渡来人の学僧が任命されていたが、修習生である天文生・陰陽生・暦生には俗人（出家していない人・在家）の人材が登用された。
English: This was precipitated in an effort to develop human resources with no restrictions attached to their employment and working conditions in the Imperial Court by training bureaucrats from the secular class because; considering the nature of the priesthood, it was impossible to have scholar monks work in the Imperial Court that governed a secular society, and since it seemed unlikely to force priests to leave the priesthood (to return to the lay personhood) other than to issue an imperial ordinance an ordinance like this one could not be issued lightly.
Japanese: これは、出家に属する学僧を俗世間の政権である朝廷に出仕させて自由に使役することは僧籍者に対する待遇上不可能であり、かつ僧籍にある者に対して還俗（僧籍を脱して俗人に戻ること）を能動的に強要するには勅令をもってしか考えられず、このような勅令を乱発することもはばかられることから、俗人官僚に陰陽諸学を習得させ、朝廷において自由な出仕・使役が可能な人材を育成しようとの目的によるものである。
English: Originally, Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrat ranks) (administration officer) and hogi (gikan) were appointed with strict distinctions from one another and, up until the latter half of the 7th century, a scholar monk appointed to the post of gikan, such as hakase or onmyoji, would leave the priesthood by imperial decree.
Japanese: 当初は四等官（行政官）と方技（技官）は厳密に区別して任命されていたほか、7世紀後半まで、技官である各博士ないし陰陽師に任命された学僧が就任する際には勅令によって還俗していた。
English: This practice, however, became increasingly lax, with some scholar monks being appointed as hogi without leaving the priesthood and who subsequently transferred or held an additional post of a senior Shitokan position (particularly kami and suke) while working as administration officers.
Japanese: ただ、次第にこの運用はあいまいになり、学僧が還俗しないまま方技に任命され、四等官上位職（特に頭・助）に転任または兼任を命じられて、行政官としても実働することも見られるようになっている。
English: Due to the fact that the rank could not be raised within the job classification of hogi according to the general rule governing 'suitable court rank,' basic to the ritsuryo system, a measure was taken to raise the court rank by appointing the incumbent to an additional post of senior Shitokan as 'Gon no shoku' (a temporary position) when raising the rank of a scholar monk hogi while remaining in the priesthood.
Japanese: ただ、基本的には還俗しない学僧方技の位階を上げる場合には、律令制度の基本である「官位相当」の原則によって方技の職制のままでは位階を上げることが出来ないため、「権職（ごんのしょく）」（定員外配置）によって四等官上位職を兼務させることで位階を上げる方法がとられた。
English: Further, as training progressed, the number of hogi who were bureaucrats from the secular class increased and personnel exchanges began to take place more freely.
Japanese: また、修習生の育成が進むと、俗人官僚の方技が増え更に自由な人事交流がなされるようになった。
English: In any event, transfers or double assignments as an administration officer among gikan in Onmyoryo were quite common and many former or active gikan held the additional post of Onmyo no kami, or chief of that bureau as well, developing a characteristically strong technical government office from Nara to early Heian Period.
Japanese: いずれにしても、陰陽寮における技官の行政官への転任や兼任は非常に多く、長官である陰陽頭も技官出身者や技官による兼務が数多く見られ、奈良時代から平安時代初期を通じて技術系の官庁としての色彩を強めた。
English: However, with discontinuation of Kentoshi after the last delegation in 838 (some argue that 894 was the last year of Kentoshi but it is widely accepted that since Ambassador SUGAWARA no Michizane recommended the cancellation to the emperor, there was no Kentoshi in that year), opportunities to invite fine toraijin from Tang in the continental mainland were lost (Japan's relationship with the United Silla was not as close as that with Baekje).
Japanese: しかし、838年を最後に遣唐使が廃れた（894年を最終回の遣唐使とする説もあるが、この回は大使・菅原道真が中止を勧上して実際には行われなかったとする説が有力）ことにより、大陸本土の唐から優秀な渡来人を招聘する機会が失われた（朝鮮半島の統一新羅とはかつての百済ほどの親密性はなかった）。
English: As a result of Onmyoryo's policy to continue exclusive development of only 30 selected trainees to become hogi (gikan), the number of gikan in Onmyoryo and the number of posts in that office gradually decreased, while a power struggle among court nobles intensified during the early Heian Period of 9th century.
Japanese: わずか30名の修習生にしぼって閉鎖的に方技（技官）の育成を続けた結果、9世紀の平安時代初期には、次第に陰陽寮の技官人材が乏しくなったと見られたことや、公家の勢力争いの激化にともなう役職不足も見られた。
English: In light of the above, Onmyo no kami, the only job classification equivalent to tenjobito in Onmyoryo, began to be used as another post for court nobles instead of for gikan like the various hakase, and since that position was at the bottom of the senseki class being a Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), it tended to be a post given to the disadvantaged minor court nobles whose careers tended to be sidetracked.
Japanese: 陰陽寮で唯一の殿上人相当職制である陰陽頭は、各博士などの技官からの登用ではなく、単に公家の一ポストとして利用されることが多くなり、それも長官職としては従五位下という仙籍格としては末席の地位であったことから、比較的境遇の悪い傍流の公家に対する処遇ポスト化する傾向を見せた。
English: Around that time, temporary assignments started to become particularly common which subsequently were made permanent positions, however, it was not due to respect for those in the priesthood but mainly for the purpose of offering job satisfaction to court nobles.
Japanese: この時代から特に員外配置が多く見られ常設化するようになったが、これはもはや僧籍者への配慮の一環としてではなく、単なる公家へのポスト充足を主目的とするものであった。
English: Afterwards, in the early 10th century, when the Kamo clan and the Abe clan began to pass their respective jobs down exclusively by succession, people from these families virtually monopolized the higher positions including Onmyo no kami in Onmyoryo.
Japanese: 後に10世紀に入って、後述の賀茂氏と阿倍氏の2家による独占世襲が見られるようになると、陰陽頭以下、陰陽寮の上位職はこの両家の出身者がほぼ独占するようになった。
English: Since the various arts of Onmyo performed by the both families became a quasi-religion going beyond their original official capacity, and since their art was favored by the nerve center of the Imperial Court, despite the fact that the Kamo clan and the Abe clan only performed the art of Onmyo, they were appointed to higher government posts over others, climbing to the Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) which exceeded Onmyoryo-related positions as stipulated by the ritsuryo which was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) being the highest.
Japanese: また、両家の行う陰陽諸道は本来の官制職掌を越えて宗教化し、これが朝廷中枢に重用されたため、賀茂氏と安倍氏は、その実態がもっぱら陰陽諸道を執り行う者であるにもかかわらず、律令においては従五位下が最高位であると定める陰陽寮職掌を越えて、他のより上位の官職に任命され従四位下格にまで昇進するようになった。
English: The Abe clan, in particular, were assigned to high Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) in the 11th century and in addition, in the 12th century, during the Muromachi Period, to receiving the classification of Tosho-ke, which was generally assigned to kugyo (the 3rd court rank or above) by relying on the patronage of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA as a stepping stone, thereby referring to themselves as members of the Tsuchimikado family.
Japanese: 特に安倍氏は後の11世紀には従四位上格にまで取り立てられるようになり、12世紀の室町時代には、将軍足利義満の庇護を足がかりに常に公卿（三位以上）に任ぜられる堂上家の家格にまでなり土御門家を名乗るようになった。
English: While experiencing a decline between the late Muromachi Period and the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), in more recent years the Tsuchimikado family was given regulatory rights across the country over onmyoji by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and they enjoyed their prosperity until the beginning of the Meiji Period.
Japanese: その土御門家は、室町時代後期から戦国時代には一時衰退したものの、近世において江戸幕府から全国の陰陽師の差配権を与えられるなど、明治時代初頭まで隆盛を誇った。
English: In the early 9th century, during the Heian Period, beginning with the relocation of the capital from Nagaoka-kyo to Heian-kyo prompted by Emperor Kanmu's constant fear of demons caused by frequent disasters and deaths around him after the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, belief in ghosts suddenly spread in and around the imperial court.
Japanese: 9世紀平安時代に入ると、藤原種継暗殺事件以降に身辺の被災や弔事が頻発したために悪霊におびえ続けた桓武天皇による長岡京から平安京への遷都に端を発して、にわかに朝廷を中心に怨霊である御霊信仰が広まった。
English: Interest in seeking the benefit of powerful magic to drive demons away became strong, creating an atmosphere in which theistic Seishin worship (worshipping the sun, moon, stars) or magic with a strong undertone of Taoism such as reifu in addition to the Koshinto (ancient Shinto) religion started to attract more attention.
Japanese: 悪霊退散のために呪術によるより強力な恩恵を求める風潮が強くなり、これを背景に、古神道に加え、有神論的な星辰信仰や霊符呪術のような道教色の強い呪術が注目されていった。
English: Jugon hakase and Jugonshi in Tenyaku no ryo was established as an agency in charge of Shini (prediction), Taoism, and Buddhism, particularly Jugondo with its element of esoteric Buddhist prayers as a healing art were eliminated or consolidated into Onmyoryo during FUJIWARA no Kamatari's generation, who was Inyoka.
Japanese: 讖緯思想・道教・仏教特に密教的な要素を併せ持った呪禁道を管掌し医術としての祈祷などを行う機関として設けられていた典薬寮の呪禁博士や呪禁師らが、陰陽家であった藤原鎌足の代に廃止され陰陽寮に機構統合された。
English: Given this, Onmyodo possessed elements that started to show the various features of Taoism or Buddhism (particularly, the magic of esoteric Buddhism introduced at the end of the 8th century and an astrology called Suiyodo which accompanied magic to Japan) to Koshinto combined, but in time Goryo started to show more diversity.
Japanese: このため陰陽道は道教ないし仏教（特に8世紀末に伝わった密教の呪法や、これにともなって伝来した宿曜道とよばれる占星術）から古神道に至るまで、さまざまな色彩をも併せもつ性格を見せ始める要素を持っていたが、御霊信仰の時勢を迎えるにあたって更なる多様性を帯びることとなった。
English: For example, magic such as katatagae (fortune telling based upon directions) and monoimi (abstaining from contact with the unpure) that became common in the Onmyodo practice in the latter half of the 9th century and ceremonies such as Taizanfukun-sai originating from Taoism, whereas, sanmai (throwing rice), norito (shinto prayer) and uho (a method of incantation) derived from Koshindo.
Japanese: 例えば、9世紀後半以降に陰陽道の施術において多く見られるようになった方違え・物忌などの呪術や泰山府君祭などの祭祀は道教に由来するものであり、散米・祝詞・禹歩などは古神道に由来するものである。
English: Additionally, while Fujiwara hokke (Northern household of the Fujiwara clan) was in the process of expanding and establishing their clout in the imperial court, power struggles among court nobles became considerably intensified and Onmyodo was used to concoct slander or false accusations aimed at bringing down the rival power from time to time.
Japanese: さらに、藤原北家が朝廷における権力を拡大・確立してゆく過程では、公家らによる政争が相当に激化し、相手勢力への失脚を狙った讒言や誹謗中傷に陰陽道が利用される機会も散見されるようになった。
English: This trend became prevalent as FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa gained power during the eras of Emperor Ninmyo and Emperor Montoku (833 - 858) and aside from Emperor Uta being personally familiar with the art of divination (shueki (eki established in the Zhou Dynasty)), FUJIWARA no Morosuke was so well versed in Onmyodo that he wrote 'Kujodonoikai' and 'Kujo nenchugyoji' (Kujo annual events) incorporating many taboos and manners based upon the principles of Onmyo into guidebooks.
Japanese: 仁明天皇・文徳天皇の時代（833年‐858年間に藤原良房が台頭するとこの傾向は著しくなり、宇多天皇は自ら易学（周易）に精通していたほか、藤原師輔も自ら「九条殿遺誡」や「九条年中行事」を著して多くの陰陽思想にもとづく禁忌・作法を組み入れた手引書を示したほどであった。
English: This environment produced some charismatic onmyoji including SHIGEOKA no Kawahito and YUGE no Koreo and, also, a change of era name to eliminate the effect of disaster based upon 'Shinisetsu' (a periodical prediction theory) preached by the Chinese classic scholar Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI was implemented in 901, which thereafter became a custom, further strengthening the influence of Onmyodo in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: この環境により、滋岳川人、弓削是雄(ゆげのこれお)らのカリスマ的な陰陽師を輩出したほか、漢文学者三善清行の唱える「讖緯説（しんいせつ）」（周期的予言説）による災異改元が取り入れられて901年（延喜元年）以降恒例化するなど、宮廷陰陽道化がさらに進んだ。
English: Further, the fact that persons such as Kugyo FUJIWARA no Morosuke and the Chinese classic scholar Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI, who did not belong to Onmyoryo, but who had mastered astronomy, Onmyo, the art of divination, and the art of the calendar, shows that the national secret policy prescribed in the ritsuryo whereby the arts of Onmyo were prohibited from being taken out of Onmyoryo, had failed by this time.
Japanese: あわせて、公卿の藤原師輔や漢文学者の三善清行など、陰陽寮の外にある人物が天文・陰陽・易学・暦学を習得していたということ自体、律令に定めた陰陽諸道の陰陽寮門外不出の国家機密政策はこの頃にはすでに実質的に破綻していたことを示している。
English: Before long, as the ritsuryo system became more relaxed after the mid-Heian period, with the Sekkan seiji (politics run by the sessho and kanpaku) and the shoen (manor) system becoming widespread, a custom developed in which 'illegal onmyoji,' who were not bureaucrats that belonged officially to the Onmyoryo, openly violated the ritsuryo by privately getting close to noblemen, starting what became a common practice of them secretly performing divinations to judge good and bad luck or ceremonies to prevent disasters; in some cases, people would even contract them to cast a spell to kill an adversary.
Japanese: やがて平安時代中期以降に、摂関政治や荘園制が蔓延して律令体制がさらに緩むと、堂々と律令の禁を破って、正式な陰陽寮所属の官人ではない「ヤミ陰陽師」が私的に貴族らと結びつき、彼らの吉凶を占ったり災害を祓うための祭祓を密かに執り行い、場合によっては敵対者の呪殺まで請け負うような風習が横行した。
English: As a result, a steady stream of the 'official onmyoji' in Onmyoryo subsequently began to go along with the flow of the times and their actions were far from their duties as prescribed by the original ritsuryo and by arbitrarily indoctrinating lucky and unlucky directions or aspects of stars, they intruded into controlling private activities of the Emperor/Royal family and kugyo/kuge (court noble) and started to manage the inner space of the nerve center of the Imperial Court, working behind the scenes in the shadow of the administration going beyond the normal duties based on the official system.
Japanese: すると陰陽寮の「正式な陰陽師」においてもこの風潮に流される者が続出し、そのふるまいは本来律令の定める職掌からはるかにかけ離れ、方位や星巡りの吉凶を恣意的に吹き込むことによって天皇・皇族や、公卿・公家諸家の私生活における行動管理にまで入り込み、朝廷中核の精神世界を支配し始めて、次第に官制に基づく正規業務を越えて政権の闇で暗躍するようになっていった。
English: In the 10th century, KAMO no Tadayuki and his son KAMO no Yasunori, and his student ABE no Seimei, having a mastery of all astronomy, Onmyodo, and calendar-making, appeared, and being an exception to people with an onmyoji hogi background who generally advanced to the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), they climbed to the Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) by winning the trust of the very nerve center of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 10世紀に入ると、天文道・陰陽道・暦道すべてに精通した陰陽師である賀茂忠行・賀茂保憲親子ならびにその弟子である安倍晴明が輩出し、従来は一般的に出世が従五位下止まりであった陰陽師方技出身者の例を破って従四位下にまで昇進するほど朝廷中枢の信頼を得た。
English: KAMO no Yasunori taught everything there is to know about the art of calendar-making to his heir KAMO no Mitsuyoshi and astronomy to his student ABE no Seimei, and since both turned their learning into an esoteric art which was passed down by succession within their own respective families, ABE's astronomy acquired an extremely specific characteristic of forecasting disasters and auspicious signs, whereas, the art of calendar-making of the KAMO family changed into an art with a distinctively strong flavor of Sukuyodo rather than rekido in its pure form.
Japanese: そして賀茂保憲が、その嫡子の賀茂光栄に暦道を、弟子の安倍晴明に天文道をあまなく伝授禅譲して、それぞれがこれを家内で世襲秘伝秘術化したため、安倍家の天文道は極めて独特の災異瑞祥を説く性格を帯び、賀茂家の暦道は純粋な暦道というよりはむしろ宿曜道的色彩の強いものに独特の変化をとげていった。
English: As a result, the point was reached where onmyoji came exclusively from the Kamo and Abe clans and when ABE no Akichika, the grandson of ABE no Seimei, was assigned as Onmyo no kami, a policy was announced to permanently appoint the Kamo family members to reki hakase and the Abe family members to tenmon hakase and thereafter, the Kamo and Abe clans virtually monopolized all of the posts in Onmyoryo that were originally not designed to be inherited by succession.
Japanese: このため、賀茂氏・安倍氏からのみ陰陽師が輩出されることとなり、安倍晴明の孫安倍章親が陰陽頭に就任すると、賀茂家出身者に暦博士を、安倍家出身者に天文博士を常時任命する方針を表し、その後は賀茂氏と阿倍氏が、本来世襲される性格ではない陰陽寮の各職位を両家の世襲でほぼ独占した。
English: Further, when these families began to assume even higher government posts, surpassing the role of Onmyoryo while remaining onmyoji in reality, the official Onmyoryo became totally reduced to a shell and onmyoji became the charismatic spiritual rulers identified exclusively by their religious magic and ceremonies and thereby dominating the Imperial Court.
Japanese: さらにはその実態を陰陽師としながらも陰陽寮職掌を越えて他のさらに上位の官職に付くようになるに至って、官制としての陰陽寮は完全に形骸化し、陰陽師は朝廷内においてもっぱら宗教的な呪術・祭祀の色合いが濃いカリスマな精神的支配者となり、その威勢を振るうようになっていった。
English: With respect to policymakers in the nerve center of the Imperial Court between the 10th and 11th centuries, in particular, onmyoji played a significant role in various affairs, from politics and staffing to an Emperor's abdication from the throne, including being instrumental in the incident when Sadaijin (minister of the left) FUJIWARA no Tokihira demoted SUGAWARA no Michizane from a ministerial office to Dazai no gon no sochi (Shotai Incident).
Japanese: 特に、10世紀から11世紀における朝廷中枢の為政者に対しては、左大臣藤原時平が菅原道真を大臣職から太宰権帥に左遷した際（昌泰の変）に深く関与したことをはじめとして、政治運営や人事決定から天皇の譲位に至るまで多大な影響を及ぼした。
English: Additionally, it was about this time when persons performing onmyoji acts outside Onmyoryo, that were originally supposed to be prohibited by the ritsuryo, became common in localities other than the capital and numerous charismatic onmyoji, including Doman ASHIYA, appeared in the private sector.
Japanese: また、本来律令で禁止されているはずの陰陽寮以外での陰陽師活動を行う者が都以外の地方にも多く見られるようになったのもこの頃であり、地方では蘆屋道満などをはじめとするカリスマ民間陰陽師が多数輩出した。
English: Throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, numerous masters came from the Abe family that specialized in astronomy, considered the most difficult among the arts of Onmyo, and a pattern was established making Onmyo no kami and Onmyo no suke the positions to be succeeded by the Abe and Kamo clans, respectively.
Japanese: 11世紀-12世紀を通じて、陰陽諸道のうちで最も難解であるとされていた天文道を得意とする安倍家からは達人が多数輩出され、陰陽頭は常に安倍氏が世襲し、陰陽助を賀茂氏が世襲するという形態が定着した。