nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Hoei Futatsuho (or Futatsutakara) Chogin (August 1706, approximately 1043 t, 50%)
Japanese: 宝永二ツ宝丁銀（宝永3年（1706年）7月、278,130貫余、50%）
English: Hoei Mitsuho (or Mitsutakara) Chogin (April 1710, approximately 1389 t, 32%)
Japanese: 宝永三ツ宝丁銀（宝永7年（1710年）4月、370,487貫余、32%）
English: Hoei Yotsuho (or Yotsutakara) Chogin (September 1711, approximately 1505 t, 20%)
Japanese: 宝永四ツ宝丁銀（正徳(日本)元年（1711年）8月、401,240貫余、20%）
English: Kyoho Chogin (Shotoku Chogin) (September 1714, approximately 1243 t, 80%)
Japanese: 享保丁銀（正徳丁銀）（正徳4年（1714年）8月、331,420貫余、80%）
English: Genbun Chogin (July 1736, 1970 t, 46%)
Japanese: 元文丁銀（元文元年（1736年）6月、525,465貫900匁、46%）
English: Bunsei Chogin (June 1820, 844 t, 36%)
Japanese: 文政丁銀（文政3年（1820年）5月、224,981貫900匁、36%）
English: Ninjindaioko Chogin (September 1710, 20 t, 80%)
Japanese: 人参代往古丁銀（宝永7年（1710年）9月、5,337貫156匁、80%）
English: At that time, the formal name used at Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) was 'Kodamagin,' but in the books of old coinage, such as "Kinginzuroku" (Gold & Silver catalog) and "Sanka zui" (Illustrations of the three types of money), it was recorded under the name of 'Mameitagin'.
Japanese: 当時、銀座(歴史)において用いられた正式名称は「小玉銀」であるが、『金銀図録』および『三貨図彙』などの古銭書には「豆板銀」という名称で収録されている。
English: Shaped like small silver slugs with a weight of between about 1 monme (approx. 3.75 g) to 10 monme (approx. 37.5 g), Mameitagin are silver coins that were valued by weight.
Japanese: 形状は小粒の銀塊で、重量は不定だが1匁（約3.75グラム）から10匁（37.5グラム）程度の秤量銀貨である。
English: There were also very small ones called Tsuyugin (dewdrop-beads) with a weight of 0.1 monme and used to adjust the weight.
Japanese: 0.1匁程度の小粒のものも存在し露銀（つゆぎん）と呼ばれ、僅かな目方の調整に用いられた。
English: Some of these coins had precise markings ('常是' [pronounced "joze"], which was the heredity name of a refiner, and '寳' {pronounced "ho"], meaning "valuable") and the year they were made, while others were inscribed with the image of Daikokuten (Great Black God) on one or both sides, probably to indicate that they were prizes or gifts.
Japanese: 表面には「常是」および「寳」に加えて年代を現す文字極印が打たれ、また片面ないし両面に大黒天像の極印が丁寧に打たれたものが存在し、恩賞および贈答用とされる。
English: For example, Mameitagin were sometimes added to small Chogin to give a combined weight of 43 monme (approx. 161.25 g) and then wrapped in paper for use together.
Japanese: 例えば、小さな丁銀に豆板銀を加えて重量を43匁（約161.25グラム）にあわせ、紙に包んで封印し、まとめて使用する事も行われた。
English: Chogin were often used in the form of Hogin for large size transactions, but were hardly used on their own because they were too valuable to use in everyday life.
Japanese: 丁銀は包銀の形で大口取引に使用されることが多く日常生活で使用するには高額過ぎ、裸で使用されることはほとんどなかった。
English: Mameitagin were used widely, as they enabled each payment by weighing them with a portable Ginbakari (scale for silver) and were exchanged into silver coins at money changers as needed because they were easier to carry than cash in Zenisashi (a string to bundle coins).
Japanese: 豆板銀については持ち運び可能な銀秤（ぎんばかり）により随時秤量しての支払いが可能であり、また現金を銭緡（ぜにさし）で持ち歩くよりも携帯に便利で、適宜両替商で銭貨に替えて使用するなど、重宝された。
English: Since Keicho Mameitagin around 1620, Mameitagin had been steadily minted in the same quality as Chogin until Ansei Mameitagin in 1859 throughout the Edo Period.
Japanese: 元和(日本)6年（1620年）頃に鋳造された慶長豆板銀に始まり、安政6年（1859年）の安政豆板銀まで常に丁銀と同じ銀品位で鋳造され、江戸時代を通じて発行された。
English: Hoei Futatsuho (or Futatsutakara) Chogin Hoei Futatsuho (or Futatsutakara) Mameitagin (August 1706, 50%)
Japanese: 宝永二ツ宝丁銀宝永二ツ宝豆板銀（宝永3年（1706年）7月、50%）
English: Hoei Mitsuho (or Mitsutakara) Chogin Hoei Mitsuho (or Mitsutakara) Mameitagin (April 1710, 32%)
Japanese: 宝永三ツ宝丁銀宝永三ツ宝豆板銀（宝永7年（1710年）4月、32%）
English: Hoei Yotsuho (or Yotsutakara) Chogin Hoei Yotsuho (or Yotsutakara) Mameitagin (September 1711, 20%)
Japanese: 宝永四ツ宝丁銀宝永四ツ宝豆板銀（正徳(日本)元年（1711年）8月、20%）
English: Kyoho Chogin Kyoho Mameitagin (Shotoku Mameitagin) (September 1714, 80%)
Japanese: 享保丁銀享保豆板銀（正徳豆板銀）（正徳4年（1714年）8月、80%）
English: Ryo served as a weight unit in the traditional East Asian system of weights and measures, and also served as a currency unit in Japan and in China; in Japan, the unit of gold coins in the early modern ages, and in China, the unit of hyoryo ginka (silver coin used as currency by weight).
Japanese: 両（りょう）は、尺貫法における質量の単位であり、また、近世の日本における金貨、および中国における秤量銀貨の通貨単位である。
English: As a weight unit, ryo had a heavier scale than monme (former Japanese weight unit) and a lighter scale than kan and kin (kan and kin were both former Japanese weight units), and in Japan, 1 ryo, 10 monme, 0.01 kan, and a 16th kin were equalized.
Japanese: 質量の単位としての両は、匁の倍量（貫、斤の分量）単位で、日本では1両＝10匁＝1/100貫＝1/16斤とされた。
English: Under the Taiho Code promulgated in the Nara period, the weight of 1 ryo was set around 41to 42 grams, following the standard of the Sui Dynasty (or the early Tang Dynasty) China, and when the weight of 1 ryo was reduced by around 11 percents into 37.3 grams in Tang Dynasty, Japan followed China again and took almost the same standard.
Japanese: 奈良時代に公布された大宝律令では隋代（唐代初期か）の一両に準じて、おおむね41～42グラムくらいであったが、唐代になり11%程度減少し37.3グラムとなり、日本国内でもこれに近い値となった。
English: As the currency unit of gold coins, ryo was established by Koshu-kin (the gold coin minted in Koshu Province), which Shingen TAKEDA ordered to coin, and handed down to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); 1 ryo was equalized with 4 bu, or 16 shu (bu and shu were former Japanese currency unit).
Japanese: 金貨の通貨単位としての両は武田信玄により、鋳造を命じられた甲州金により確立され、江戸幕府に継承されたもので、1両は4分に等しく、また16朱に等しい。
English: 1 ryo had currency value as 1 koban (former Japanese gold coin of oval shape) which 1 ryo was equivalent to 2 nibu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 2 bu), 4 ichibu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 1 bu) or ichibu-gin (former Japanese silver coin of 1 bu), 8 nishu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 2 shu) or Nanryo nishu-gin (former Japanese silver coin of 2 shu), 16 isshu-kin (former Japanese gold coin of 1 shu) or isshu-gin (former Japanese silver coin of 1 shu) accordingly.
Japanese: 小判1枚の貨幣価値に相当し、したがって二分金2枚に、一分金、一分銀4枚に相当し、また二朱金、南鐐二朱銀8枚に、一朱金、一朱銀16枚に相当する。
English: In the Meiji period, yen was introduced as the currency unit, however, '1 yen was equivalent to 1 ryo' in changeover phase, so 'yen' was called 'ryo' for a while.
Japanese: 明治時代に通貨単位として円(通貨)（円）が導入されたが、切り替え時に「1圓は1両と等価」とされ、しばらくの間は「圓」のことを「両」とも呼んでいた。
English: And from around the Bunsei era (1818 to 1830) in the Edo period, it is said some called 'yen' as 'ryo' habitually.
Japanese: また江戸時代にも文政年間頃から「両」のことを俗称として「圓」と呼ぶ習慣が一部にあったという。
English: In short, the volume of an kosho pipe (= 1 yaku) is the same as the volume of 1200 proso millet grains, and the weight of the 1200 grains was set equal to 12 shu (銖; 朱 in abbreviation), and twice the 12 shu, or 24 shu, was set equal to 1 ryo.
Japanese: 黄鍾管の体積が一龠部（やく）であり、これに入る黍1200粒を12銖（しゅ。朱はこれの略字）とし、これを二つ合わせた質量すなわち24銖を1両とした。
English: Under the Tang Dynasty, the system of larger ryo, which was three times larger than ryo, was established that larger ryo weighed 11 sen and 4 bu, which was three times as much as 3 sen and 8 bu.
Japanese: 唐代にこれの3倍を大両とする制度ができたが、大両は3銭8分の3倍（11銭4分）である。
English: And later in Tang Dynasty, the weight standard of 'kin' and 'ryo' was reduced and Kaigen Tsuho ('Kai Yuan Tong Bao' in pinyin, a coin of the Tang Dynasty China) was minted at the weight of a 10th of 1 ryo which was equivalent to 10 sen (or 10 monme).
Japanese: 後の唐代に「斤」、「両」の質量が縮小し、開元通宝が1/10両の基準で鋳造されたため、10銭（匁）と等しいとされるようになった。
English: When we weigh 1 ryo with chia-liang standard measure in "Book of Han, Treatise on rhythm and the calendar," actual measured value was 14.167 grams which equivalent to 1 'smaller ryo.'
Japanese: 嘉量による1両は『漢書律歴志』の記述に基づく実測の結果は14.167グラムであり、これは「小両」に相当する。
English: And when we weigh 1 ryo with the standard of Sui Dynasty China in "History of Chinese Weights and Measures," written by Wu Chengluo, the value was 41.762 grams, which was about three times as much as the previously-mentioned weight with chia-liang, and with the standard of the Tang Dynasty, 1 ryo weighed at 37.301 grams which equivalent to 1 'larger ryo.'
Japanese: 呉承洛の『中国度量衡史』による隋代の1両は41.762グラムであり嘉量の約3倍、唐代の1両は37.301グラムであり、「大両」に相当する。
English: This Tang Dynasty's 'ryo' was introduced into Japan to be used until the early Edo period, then in 1661, the Japanese weight units were standardized.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期までは、この唐代の「両」が日本に伝えられ用いられていたが、寛文元年（1661年）に度量衡の「衡」が統一された。
English: And thereafter, Shirobei GOTO family was only allowed to produce fundo (counterweight) used at an exchange house, and the production and use of other kinds of fundo was prohibited strictly for the prevention of illegal exchange.
Japanese: 以後、両替商で用いられる分銅は後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許され、これ以外のものの製作および使用は不正を防止するため厳禁とされた。
English: However, to avoid mixing up 'ryo' of the currency unit for koban, 'monme' and 'kan' were used as the currency unit for hyoryo ginka.
Japanese: ただし秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、小判の通貨単位の「両」との混同を避ける意味から「匁」および「貫」が用いられた。
English: By an actual measured value of the fundo, 1 ryo in the Edo period was around 37.46 to 37.47 grams.
Japanese: 江戸時代の1両は分銅の実測によると37.46から37.47グラム程度である。
English: When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1858, the fact that about 8.6-gram ichibu-gin was coincidentally equivalent to around one fourth ryo in weight, which was worth of one fourth ryo of silver at face value, provided Townsend Harris with the excuse of insisting unfavorable exchange rate for Japan that three ichibu-gin coins changed one-dollar silver coin which was about three fourth weight of Chinese one ryo of silver and led koban flow out.
Japanese: このため、安政5年（1858年）の日米修好通商条約締結の際、約8.6グラムの質量を持つ一分銀は偶然にも質量としての一両の約1/4であることから額面通り銀1/4両であり、中国の銀一両の約3/4の質量である1ドル銀貨＝一分銀3枚という日本側に不利な交換比率を主張する口実をタウンゼント・ハリスに与えることになり、小判流出の一因となった。
English: When the New Currency Act was promulgated in June 1871, the weight of 1 sen (monme) was set at 3.756574 grams at first, and then in October of the same year, it was reset at 3.756521 grams, so the weight of 1 ryo became 37.56521 grams.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）5月、新貨条例公布の際、当初1戔（匁）＝3.756574グラムとされたが、同年9月に訂正され1戔＝3.756521グラムと定められたため、1両＝37.56521グラムとなる。
English: Afterward, the metric system was introduced into Japan for convenience in conversion among units, and in 1891, the Weights and Measures Act set 1 kan at 3.75 kilograms, so 1 ryo became equal to 37.5 grams.
Japanese: その後、換算の便宜のため、メートル法基準となり、明治24年（1891年）の度量衡法により1貫＝3.75キログラムと定められたので、1両＝37.5グラムとなる。
English: From the Meiji period in Japan, however, only 'kan' and 'monme' became used in the traditional Japanese system of weights and measures, and 'ryo' became rarely used because it was neither mentioned in the New Currency Act nor in the Weights and Measures Act.
Japanese: しかし明治時代以降は日本国内では尺貫法としては専ら「貫」、「匁」が使用され、「両」は新貨条例にも度量衡法にも登場せず、ほとんど使用されなくなった。
English: The Weights and Measures Act was abolished in 1951, and later, the Measurement Act standardized Japanese measurement units into the metric system, when ryo was ended in its official use.
Japanese: その度量衡法も昭和26年（1951年）に廃止され、その後の計量法ではメートル法に統一され公式には使用されなくなった。
English: As the weight standards of drugs, 1 ryo was commonly equalized with 4 monme (that is, 1 smaller ryo), but occasionally, 1 ryo was equalized with 4 monme and 4 bu, or 5 monme for some drugs.
Japanese: 薬種の量目としては1両を4匁（すなわち小両）とするのが一般的であったが、薬種によって4匁4分や5匁とするものもあった。
English: "Shugaisho" (an ancient encyclopedia), which is said to have been compiled around 1300, has an article that it is related to daho (a system of weight units, seen for the load carried by a horse).
Japanese: 馬一頭が運ぶ荷物の目方（質量）を表す駄法と関連があるとされる記事が、1300年頃に編纂されたとされる『拾芥抄』の中にある。
English: And the article says that ome (the weight standard that set 200 monme equal to 1 kin) was used for weighing powdered calcium carbonate, a lump of pewter, copper, and iron, floss silk red (絲綿紅), and sappan wood red, and it also says that kome (the weight standard smaller than the usual one) was used for weighing gold, silver, crystal, Radix Aristolochiae (a kind of herbal medicine), lapis lazuli, malachite, and pottery.
Japanese: そこには、胡粉、白鑞（しろめ）、銅鉄、絲綿紅、蘇芳は大目を用い、金銀、水晶、青木香、ラピスラズリ、緑青、陶器は小目を用いる、とある。
English: And the article also says that there existed a weight units' system peculiar to those things, in which '6 shu were equivalent to 1 bu, 4 bu to 1 ryo, 12 ryo to 1 ton, 16 ryo to 1 small kin, and 3 kin to 1 large kin.
Japanese: そしてこれらにつき「6銖を1分、4分を1両、12両を1屯、16両を小1斤、3斤を大1斤」とする単位系が記述されている。
English: The book says that the existence of the previously-mentioned system was just a popular belief, while just the same system is said to have existed in daho of the Tang Dynasty China.
Japanese: 同書ではこれは俗説であるとしているが、唐の駄法にも全く同一の単位系が存在するという。
English: ryo' and 'bu,' which were incorporated into Koshu-kin and the currency system of the Edo period, were highly likely to have been based on the previously-mentioned system, and the weight units' system of drugs was modeled after that of gold and silver.
Japanese: 甲州金および江戸時代の通貨体系となった「両」および「分」は、これを基に定められた可能性が高く、薬種の量目も金銀の単位体系に準じたものである。
English: In China, the government of the Nationalist Party promulgated the Weights and Measures Act in 1929, and in the provision, '1 tan (dan in pinyin) was equivalent to 100 kin, 1 kin to 16 ryo, 1 ryo to 10 sen, and 1 sen to 10 bu,' and the weight of 1 ryo was set at 37.301 grams, modeled after the standard in the Tang Dynasty China.
Japanese: 中国では国民党政府の時代、1929年に度量衡法を公布し、「1担＝100斤、1斤＝16両、1両＝10銭、1銭＝10分」と規定し、1両は唐代に準じて37.301グラムと規定された。
English: Today, 10 times the weight of 1 sen (or 1 monme in Japan) is equivalent to 1 ryo (or 1 liang in pinyin), and 10 times the weight of 1 ryo is equivalent to 1 kin (or 1 jin in pinyin).
Japanese: 現代では銭（日本の匁に相当）の10倍を両（市両）とし、両の10倍を斤（市斤）としている。
English: But it was only in the age of People's Republic of China that 10 ryo was equalized with 1 kin, and until then, 16 ryo had been equalized with 1 kin.
Japanese: ただし、10両を1斤としたのは中華人民共和国となって以降のことで、それまでは16両を1斤としていた。
English: But in Hong Kong, which was under the British rule as of 1929, the weight of 1 kin and 16 ryo are equally 600 grams even today, in other words, the weight of 1 ryo is set at 37.5 grams.
Japanese: 1929年当時イギリス領だった香港では現在も1斤16両600グラム、1両37.5グラムである。
English: Originally, 1 ryo of gold meant 1 ryo (or 1 small ryo under the Taiho Code, 10 monme under the Engi Code and thereafter) of gold dust.
Japanese: 金一両は元来一両（大宝律令では小両、延喜式以降は10匁）の質量の砂金という意味であった。
English: But as times went by, the weight of ryo became far apart from the value of ryo; in Kamakura period 1 ryo of gold was equivalent to 5 monme and that of silver 4.3, then in the late Kamakura period, 1 ryo of gold turned to be 4.8 monme from 4.5.
Japanese: だが次第に質量と額面が乖離するようになり鎌倉時代には金一両は5匁、銀は4.3匁となり、鎌倉後期には金一両が4.5から4.8匁へと変化している。
English: In 1484, Muromachi bakufu officially established 1 ryo of Kyome (the weight standard used in and around Kyoto, applied to the gold currency) was equivalent to 4.5 monme (about 16.8 grams) then in Azuchi Momoyama period (or Genki and Tensho eras [1570 to 1592]), 1 ryo of Kyome was changed to 4 monme and 4 bu (about 16.4 grams) and the weight standards other than Kyome were called Inakame.
Japanese: 文明(日本)16年（1484年）、室町幕府により京目一両は4.5匁（約16.8グラム）と公定され、安土桃山時代すなわち元亀、天正年間には、京目一両は4匁4分（約16.4グラム）と変更され、京目以外の基準は田舎目と呼ばれた。
English: Koshu-kin was produced based on 1 ryo of Inakame, that is, 4 monme (about 14.9 grams), and the currency units became the basis for koban's face value, 1 ryo.
Japanese: 甲州金は田舎目一両すなわち4匁（約14.9グラム）を基準としてつくられ、この通貨単位が小判の額面1両の基となった。
English: The currency units of Koshu-kin had the quaternary numeral system, in which '1 ryo, 4 bu, 16 shu, and 64 itome were equalized.'
Japanese: 甲州金の通貨単位は「1両＝4分＝16朱＝64糸目」という四進法の単位系であった。
English: 10 ryo (or 44 monme) of gold was called 1 tsutsumi, or 1 mai, which later became the weight standard of oban (former Japanese large gold coin of oval shape), and similarly, 10 ryo (or 43 monme) of silver was called 1 tsutsumi or 1 mai as well, which later became the weight standard of chogin.
Japanese: 金拾両（じゅうりょう、44匁）は一裹（つつみ）あるいは一枚と呼ばれ、後に大判の量目（質量）の基準となり、銀拾両（43匁）は同じく一裹あるいは一枚と呼ばれ、後に丁銀の量目の基準となった。
English: After that, however, reminted koban became inferior both in percentage of gold and in weight, then ryo as the weight unit became far apart from ryo as the currency unit.
Japanese: しかしその後、改鋳により含有率、質量とも劣る小判が発行される様になり、質量単位としての両と通貨単位としての両の乖離は拡大することなった。
English: The Japanese word 'ryogae' (exchange) came from changing (in Japanese, 'kae' or 'gae') 1 ryo of koban at an exchange house into various other coins, such as hyoryo ginka and the copper coin.
Japanese: 「両替」という言葉は両替商で一両小判を秤量銀貨や銭貨に換（替）えたことに由来する。
English: Another theory says it came from what is called nanryogae that is the exchange of silver by cupellation with chogin at gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period).
Japanese: また銀座で灰吹銀を引取り丁銀と交換した、いわゆる南鐐替（なんりょうがえ）が変化したものであるとする説もある。
English: In the Tensho era (1573 to 1592), 1 ryo was almost equal to the following things in value, that is, 4 koku of rice, 1 kanmon (former Japanese currency unit) of Eiraku Tsuho (Yong Le Tong Bao in pinyin, a copper coin minted in Ming dynasty China), and 4 kanmon of bad copper coins.
Japanese: 天正年間の1両は米4石(単位)、永楽通宝1貫文、鐚銭4貫文とほぼ等価であった。
English: Meanwhile, Edo bakufu set the mint par of exchange, proclaiming in 1609 that 1 ryo of gold was equalized to 50 monme of silver (about 187 grams), or to 4 kanmon (or 4000 mon) of copper, then later in 1700, proclaimed again that 1 ryo of gold became 60 monme of silver (about 225 grams), or 4 kanmon of copper.
Japanese: 一方江戸幕府は御定相場として慶長14年（1609年）に、金1両は、銀50匁（約187グラム）、銭4貫文（4,000文(通貨単位)）に等価と布告し、後の元禄13年（1700年）に、金1両は、銀60匁（約225グラム）、銭4貫文と改正した。
English: But such interventions of the bakufu were implemented only when the exchange market overheated, and usually the exchange business was left into the hands of the market.
Japanese: ただ幕府は相場が行き過ぎた場合のみ介入し、普段は市場経済に委ねていた。
English: Although some fluctuations were seen under the influence of reminting, famine, and others, the price of 1 koku rice (nearly equal to the amount consumed by a person per year) was around 1 ryo from the Genroku era (1688 to 1704) until just before the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate when the Japanese society became unstable.
Japanese: また、貨幣吹替および飢饉の影響などによる変動はあったものの、米1石(当時の人一人の一年分の米消費量にほぼ相当する）の価格は1両前後であり、元禄年間から幕末の世情不安に至る前まで、ほぼこの前後の水準で推移した。
English: Relatively, the value in Keicho era was different in more than one digit from that in the end of Edo period by its sharp depreciation, moreover, since the life style was completely different from that of today, it varied greatly whether it was the standard of wage or commodity price which differed from items.
Japanese: 相対的な価値は慶長期と急激な下落を見た幕末期では概ね一桁以上は異なる上に、生活様式が現在と全く異なるため物価基準であるか賃金基準であるかにより、さらに物価も品目により大きく異なる。
English: According to the web site of Currency Museum at Bank of Japan's Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, with the standards in Genbun era (1736 to 1741), 1 ryo is equivalent to about 40,000 yen in rice price, to 300,000 to 400,000 yen in wage, and to 120,000 to 130,000 yen in buckwheat noodles price.
Japanese: 日本銀行金融研究所貨幣博物館のサイトによると、元文期を基準として米価では1両＝約4万円、賃金で1両＝30～40万円、そば代金では1両＝12～13万円に相当するとの事である。
English: Meanwhile, in China, a mass of silver, called silver sycee, served as the currency, whose value depended on its weight, and its currency unit was ryo (also known as ginryo or tael).
Japanese: 一方、中国においては銀錠と呼ばれる銀の塊の重量を測り、それに基づいて貨幣としての価値を決定した（銀両/テール）。
English: The shape of the silver sycee varied depending on the age and area it was minted as it was issued by private sector.
Japanese: だが、銀錠は民間によって発行されていたため、時代や地域によって形状が異なっていた。
English: Nanryo Nishu Gin was a type of silver coin circulated in the Edo period and was high-quality Nishu (1/8 of 1 Ryo) gin issued in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 南鐐二朱銀（なんりょうにしゅぎん）とは、江戸時代に流通した銀貨の一種で、初期に発行された良質の二朱銀を指す。
English: Nanryo' was also called 'Nantei' meaning high-quality cupellated or pure silver, and in fact the purity of Nanryo Nishu Gin was quite high at that time by 98%.
Japanese: 「南鐐」とは「南挺」とも呼ばれ、良質の灰吹銀、すなわち純銀という意味であり、実際に南鐐二朱銀の純度は98パーセントと当時としては極めて高いものであった。
English: They were minted on the instructions of Hisataka KAWAI, Kanjo Bugyo (commissioner of finance), who received the order from Okitsugu TANUMA in September 1772.
Japanese: 明和9年(1772年)9月に田沼意次の命を受けた勘定奉行の川井久敬の建策により創鋳される。
English: After the re-mint in 1824, new Nanryo Nishu Gin of similar quality were issued.
Japanese: 文政7年(1824年)には改鋳されてほぼ同質の新型の南鐐二朱銀が発行された。
English: Documents such as "Ginza Kakitome" (a collection of copies of documents from the organization in charge of casting and appraising silver during the Edo period) describe its formal name as 'Nishu no Buban', or 'Nishu Ban' for short.
Japanese: 正式名称については『銀座書留』などに「貮朱之歩判（にしゅのぶばん）」あるいはこれを略して「貮朱判（にしゅばん）」と記述してある。
English: Some believe that "Nanryo Nishu Ban" would be a more appropriate term to describe this currency as it belongs to the same category as Koban (flat, oval gold coins that were used in the Edo period) and Ichibukin (flat gold coins with a value of 1/4 of 1 ryo Koban).
Japanese: そのため、小判および一分金に並ぶ貨幣として南鐐二朱判（なんりょうにしゅばん）と呼ぶべきとする説がある。
English: Until the end of Meiwa period, not only were used silver coins in western Japan and gold coins in eastern Japan commonly, but also the exchange rate between those coins were flexible and unstable.
Japanese: 明和年間までは、西日本で銀貨、東日本で金貨が一般的に用いられ、しかも両者の為替レートは変動相場制で、不安定だった。
English: To improve this, Tamura proposed that issuing silver coins with the value of Nishu gold coins, and fixing the exchange rate between silver and gold coins, would eventually unify the currency system.
Japanese: これを改める為に、金貨の通貨単位である2朱に相当する銀貨を発行して、金貨と銀貨の為替レートを固定、事実上の通貨統一を果たそうというのが田沼の狙いだった。
English: Out of regret that Gomon gin silver coins had not circulated, it was Meiwa Nanryo Nishu Gin that was issued by some alterations, such as increasing the silver content and engraving 'Exchangeable to 1 ryo Koban with 8 of these' on it instead of a face value.
Japanese: 五匁銀が普及しなかった反省から、銀純度を上げる、額面の代わりに「8枚で小判1両に換える」と表記するなどの工夫がされ発行されたのが明和南鐐二朱銀（めいわなんりょうにしゅぎん）であった。
English: For money exchangers however, who were making profit from the flexible rate between Koban and Chogin, the issue of Nanryo Nishu Gin was a matter of life and death and was feircely opposed.
Japanese: しかし、小判と丁銀相互の変動相場制による両替を元に利益を上げていた両替商にとって南鐐二朱銀の発行は死活問題であり、両替商の抵抗は激しいものであった。
English: They asked for a 25% fee when exchanging Nanryo Nishu Gin to Koban and/or Chogin.
Japanese: すなわち南鐐二朱銀の小判および丁銀への両替に対し、2割5分の増歩を要求するというものであった。
English: While 1 ryo of Nanryo Nishu Gin contained 21.6 monme (81g) of silver, the silver coins in currency (Gembun Chogin) did 27.6 monme (103.5g) when 1 ryo of these was considered as 60 monme (225g).
Japanese: 南鐐二朱銀一両の純銀量が21.6匁であるのに対し、通用銀（元文丁銀）は一両を60匁として、27.6匁の純銀量であった。
English: So for business people, to whom value was important, nominal money was something hard to accept and they wanted to trade on the basis of silver content.
Japanese: そのため、実質を重視する商人にとって名目貨幣は受け入れ難く、含有銀量をもって取引しようとするものであった。
English: So the Edo bakufu (shogunate) gave priority to exchangers and business people who dealt with Nanryo Nishu Gin.
Japanese: そこで江戸幕府は取り扱う両替商および商人への南鐐二朱銀に対する優遇措置を行った。
English: For example, it was '4 bun when selling, 8 bun when buying' which means when money changers sell Nanryo Nishu Gin silver coins they would give 4 ichibu gin coins per ryo (0.6%) to the buyers but when they were buying they charged 8 ichibu gin coins (1.2%) to the sellers of Nanryo Nishu Gin.
Japanese: 例えば「売上四分、買上八分」すなわち、両替商が南鐐二朱銀を売るとき買手に一両当り銀四分を与え、買上げるときは南鐐二朱銀の売り手から銀八分を徴収するよう取り決めた。
English: For business people, the Nanryo Nishu Gin loans were up to 10,000 ryo in Edo (Tokyo) and 40,000 ryo in Osaka, no-interest and no-collateral for three years.
Japanese: また商人に対して南鐐二朱銀による貸付の場合は江戸では一万両、大坂では四万両を限度として3年間、無利子、無担保とした。
English: Due to this development or not, it was gradually integrated in western Japan where a silver-by-weight standard had been familiar and was driving out Chogin and Mameitagin slowly
Japanese: その甲斐あってか、秤量銀貨に馴染んでいた西日本でも徐々に浸透、丁銀、豆板銀といった秤量銀貨を少しずつ駆逐していった。
English: Another reason for Nanryo Nishu Gin circulating well was that auxiliary currency in between was much in demand because Kanei Tsuho Ichimon Sen (a coin currency unit) had been the only lower face value than Ichibu Ban (Koban) before the Meiwa era.
Japanese: また、明和期以前は一分判より低額面のものは寛永通寳一文(通貨単位)銭であったため、この中間を補佐する貨幣の需要が高かったことも流通が普及した要因である。