nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: With regard to the spear in itself, there was only one type of yari called suyari (simple spear) first, and improvement was made for several times depending on the taste of users.
Japanese: また槍自体も普通の素槍一種類から、使い手の好みによって改良が重ねられた。
English: There are various kinds of spears including Great Spear, whose ear tip (blade area) is long and Kamayari (spear with a sickle on both sides of the blade) whose root of the blade area is diverging, and Kamayari was further classified into Kata Kamayari (single-sided sickle spear) and Ryo Kamayari, which is often called Jumonji kamayari (a cross-shaped spear with a sickle on both sides of the blade), and other kinds of spears including Kudayari (tube spear), in which a mobile tube is attached to the tsuka (hilt) for easiness in sticking out, Hazuyari (a bow with a spearhead) in which a covering ear tip is applied to hazu (nock) of a Japanese bow, and Tetsukiyari (fishing spear), which has a short hilt.
Japanese: 穂（刃部）が長い大身槍、穂の根元が分岐している鎌槍（分岐の形状によって、片鎌槍や「十文字槍」と呼ばれる事の多い両鎌槍などに分類される）、柄に可動性の管を装着して突き出し易くした管槍、和弓の弭に被せ式の穂を装着した弭槍、柄が短い手突槍など、さまざまな種類がある。
English: Imperial Japanese Army established jukenjutsu (the martial art using the bayonet) in Nihon shiki (Japanese style) based on the traditional Japanese art of the spearmanship including Hozoin school and Saburi school, and the French-style jukenjutsu, which had been performed to that day, was abolished and was replaced with the new style.
Japanese: 大日本帝国陸軍は、宝蔵院流や佐分利流などの日本の伝統的な槍術を元にした日本式の銃剣術を制定し、それまで行われていたフランス式銃剣術を廃し、これに改めた。
English: The jukenjutsu of the former Japanese Army became jukendo (the martial art using the bayonet), which is a kind of Kyogi Budo (athletic martial arts) now and is performed as a training of combat techniques at the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) together with the Self-Defense Force 銃剣格闘 (bayonet drill and combat techniques).
Japanese: 旧日本陸軍の銃剣術は、現在は競技武道の銃剣道となり、陸上自衛隊で、戦後に制定された自衛隊銃剣格闘とともに戦技として訓練されている。
English: Nevertheless, some schools of comprehensive martial arts including the art of the spearmanship are still present today although the art of the spearmanship is not the specialty of such schools.
Japanese: 但し、槍術中心ではないものの、槍術を含む総合武術の流派なども存在する。
English: The term "Bojutsu" refers to the art of using a long stick as a weapon in Japanese martial arts.
Japanese: 棒術（ぼうじゅつ）は、日本武術において長い棒を武器とする術のことである。
English: In the martial arts of China and Ryukyu, it refers to the art which is called "konjutsu", which uses a stick with the little thicker center known as a 'kon,' instead of 'bo' (staff), and was devised as a martial art that originated from kenpo (martial art by hands).
Japanese: 中国武術や琉球の武術においては、「棒」ではなく中央が若干太いいわゆる「棍」を使用し拳法の延長としての武器術として創意工夫された『棍術』（こんじゅつ）と称される術である。
English: Martial techniques using a stick-shaped weapon existed or were introduced in various places across the world, which are called Bojutsu in Japanese because of the similarity to Bojutsu in Japanese martial arts.
Japanese: 世界各地に棒状の武器を使用する戦闘技法が過去に存在または伝来しており、それを日本では日本武術の棒術と類似するため棒術の語をあてる。
English: Bojutsu in Japanese martial arts is characterized by a staff about 180 cm in length, which is circular in its cross section and smoothly polished.
Japanese: 日本武術の棒術の特徴は、主として6尺（約180cm）前後の全て均一の太さで磨いて滑りやすくした断面が円形の棒を用いる武術である。
English: Most staff has a diameter of 2.4-3.3 centimeters.
Japanese: 直径が八分（約2.4cm）～一寸一分（約3.3cm）のものが良く見られる。
English: However, there are longer and shorter staffs, or staffs which are not circular in terms of their cross section; this depends on the styles and schools in which the staffs are used.
Japanese: ただし流儀・流派によってはそれより長い、または短い、断面が円形でない、均一の太さではないなど様々である。
English: Presently, the martial arts which use a staff of about 120 cm is called "Jojutsu" and those which use shorter sticks are called "hanbojutsu" (half-Bojutsu).
Japanese: 現在4尺前後の棒を使う武術は『杖術』、さらに短い場合は『半棒術』として分けられる場合がある。
English: Different schools use different names for the sticks based on their respective lengths, and both Jojutsu and hanbojutsu are considered a subset of Bojutsu.
Japanese: 棒の長さによる呼び名は流派によって様々であり、杖術も半棒術も棒術の一種である。
English: There are various kinds of materials and forms of staffs in Japan; for example, the "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) describes kashiwagibo (oak bar), kashinokibo (oak bar), iron club and tetsubo (iron bar), while in "Gikeiki" (a military epic about the life of Yoshitsune), unique sticks such as hakkakubo (octagonal bar) and chigiriki (a rather unique weapon consisting of a short staff and an attached weight) are described.
Japanese: 棒の種類や材質・形態は様々で、日本に於いて『太平記』では柏木棒、樫木棒、金棒、鉄棒などが出現し、『義経記』では八角棒・乳切木など、特殊な形態の棒が記されている。
English: From old times, Bojutsu has been related to religion, and a kind of Bojutsu has been performed in rites and festivals.
Japanese: 古くから棒術は宗教とかかわりがあり、祭礼で棒術に相当するものが古くから行われている。
English: While being one of the most ancient and simplest weapons, its origin is rather unclear due to fewer historical sources and literature than other martial arts such as swordplay.
Japanese: もっとも単純な武器の一つであり、その起源は古く、文献資料も剣術等に比べると少なく、良くわかっていない。
English: However, many schools believe that they originated from warriors having their spear point or naginata (Japanese halbred) broken while on the battle field, who was required to immediately fight with the handle.
Japanese: ただ、多くの流派で戦場で槍先、薙刀先を折られた時に、直ちにその柄をもって戦った事が発端となって編み出されたという謂れが伝わっている。
English: Since many schools of bojutsu have common names for techniques such as "goho" (literally, five methods, five directions, etc.), "sashiai" (literally, doing together, obstacle), "kasanoshita" (literally, under an umbrella), "gorinkudaki" (literally, crushing five wheels), and "mizuhiki" (decorative Japanese cord made from twisted paper), it seems that there has been some relationship among the schools.
Japanese: 多くの棒術流派で『ゴホウ(五法、五方、御方)』『サシアイ(指合、差合)』『カサノシタ(笠の下)』『（ゴリンクダキ）五輪砕』『（ミズヒキ）水引』等の技法名が共通している存在する事から、流派間に何らかの関連があると考えられている。
English: While Bojutsu in Japan also exist under the assumption that a given situation would involve two individuals carrying Bo, much like in Bojutsu found in other countries, forms also exist under the assumption that the opponent would be wielding a sword, as in other Japanese marital arts.
Japanese: 日本の棒術の特徴としては、他国の棒術のように棒対棒も存在するが、日本の他の武術種目と同じように、敵を剣術と想定している場合が多い事があげられる。
English: As mentioned in the section concerning the origin of Bojutsu, many schools are said to have originated from spear and naginata, and often have the techniques in common with the art of spearmanship, swordsmanship, and naginata.
Japanese: 棒術の由来で述べたように、槍や薙刀などから生まれたといわれる流派が多く、槍術・剣術・薙刀術の操法と共通項がある事が多い。
English: In addition, many schools of jujutsu (classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon) have their own Bojutsu or use Bojutsu from other schools.
Japanese: また、柔術の流派の多くで棒術を含んでいたり、または他流の棒術を併伝している例が多くみられる。
English: Jigoro KANO, the founder of the Kodokan Judo Institute, learned Bojutsu from the Yagyushingan school and other Bojutsu during his training period, and admitted its utility.
Japanese: 講道館創始者嘉納治五郎も修行時代に柳生心眼流の棒術やその他の棒を学び、その効用を認めている。
English: Some schools of comprehensive martial arts including Bojutsu in Japan consider Bojutsu as 'a subject to learn timing and distancing' in its curriculum.
Japanese: 日本国内の棒術を含む総合武術の中には、その教練体系内でこの術を「間合いの操作を学ぶためのもの」と位置づけているところもある。
English: It could be said that the above description has deep relations with the nature of the staff such that the staff can function as a handle and also an edge.
Japanese: これはその総てが柄であり総てが刃となる、棒という武器の特質と深い関わりがあると言えよう。
English: Bojutsu has been practiced widely without regard for status and class because of its character, and a lot of schools have appeared in various places of Japan.
Japanese: 棒術はその特性上、身分、階層を問わず広く修練されており、日本各地に多くの流派が存在した。
English: Even now, Bojutsu is often performed in rituals and festivals by the names of Bo no te (Japanese traditional dance), Bojutsu, bo-odori (bar dance) and shishimai (lion dance).
Japanese: 現在でも祭礼で棒術が棒の手や棒術、棒踊り、獅子舞などと呼ばれ演じられる例が多くある。
English: Some of them have succeeded as a martial art, although they are sometimes performed in rituals and festivals.
Japanese: 場合によっては、祭礼で演じられるが、伝承形態は武術そのものとして伝わっている例も散見される。
English: In addition, Bojutsu of many schools have succeeded as Bo no te, shishimai, bo-odori and a herald of festival in various regions.
Japanese: その他多くの流派が棒の手、獅子舞、棒踊りや祭りの露払いとして地方に伝わっている。
English: Its secrets of the art consisted of three points: (1) Develop a mind void of all ideas of good and evil; (2) Straighten one's posture to keep spirits up; (3) Close one eye and aim squarely at the target.
Japanese: 三箇条の相伝であるといい、それは、(1)「心を正しくして思邪なし」、(2)「身を直ぐにして気を正しくす」、(3)「一眼を眇して的に中す」であった。
English: Since Koshiro SHINOKAWA, a retainer of Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, learned this art, he had never missed the target.
Japanese: 種子島時堯の臣である篠川小四郞はこの術を習い、百発百中するに至ったという。
English: Matchlock guns were inferior in an accuracy rate and quick firing to archery, so that experts in shooting (a gunner) in the Sengoku period (the period of Warring States) invented Hojutsu, the art of shooting, in which accuracy and quick firing were highly valued.
Japanese: 砲術は、火縄銃が弓術と比較すれば命中率と速射が及ばない事に対し戦国時代(日本)の時点で射撃の名手(「砲術家」)が主に命中と速射に重点を置きあみだした射撃術である。
English: In the Edo period, the art of underarm firing of Japanese artillery, which was unique to Japan, was included.
Japanese: これに江戸時代に入ると日本独特と云われる大筒抱え打ちの業(大鉄砲)が加わった。
English: In the book of secrets, which part of the target to be aimed at in different shooting ranges is shown with illustrations; various 'shooting postures' for different purposes, how to distribute power of each part of the body in each shooting posture, and how to take a breath are also described; the desirable state of mind at sighting a target is expressed with a skillful metaphor as Kanya bunso (mental concentration that one can even sense the frosts coming in a winter night).
Japanese: 射距離によって標的のどの部分を狙うか、伝書に図入りで示され、目的に応じた各種の「射撃姿勢」が描かれ，各据銃姿勢による体の各部位の力の配分や、息遣い、また、「寒夜聞霜（照準時の心持として寒夜に霜を聞くことができるような精神統一）」等を名言として伝えた。
English: When aiming at a distant target, not only a front sight and a rear sight (Saki meate, Mae meate) but also a small sight device laid between them were used.
Japanese: また遠距離を狙う場合、単に照星、照門（先目当、前目当）での照準にとどまらず、二つの照準器の間に在る小型の照準器との兼ね合いで照準した。
English: There was also the art of shooting in which the secret attachment of a gunsight called 'Yagura' was attached to the rear sight to give an elevation.
Japanese: また、照門に「矢倉（やぐら）」と云う秘伝のアタッチメント「照尺」を付け、仰角をつけて撃つ等の業があった。
English: The combination ratio of gunpowder that varied with the distance, caliber, or season was introduced as another secret of the art.
Japanese: さらに、距離、口径、季節等の変化に対応した、火薬剤の配合比率等が秘伝として伝えられた。
English: During the Tenpo era, Western firearm strategy was brought by Shuhan TAKASHIMA; after its demonstration conducted in the open military drill held in Bushu Tokumarugahara (present-day Takashimadaira, Itabashi Ward, Tokyo), it was adopted as 'gunnery of Takashima school' by the Edo shogunate and the southwest strong domains, and spread quickly.
Japanese: 天保年間に高島秋帆によって西欧の火器用兵術が紹介され、殊に武州徳丸原（ぶしゅうとくまるがはら＝現、東京都板橋区高島平）での公開演練の後は、江戸幕府や西南雄藩において「高島流砲術」として導入され急速に普及した。
English: Unlike the existing art of gunnery, emphasis was placed not on a hitting accuracy but on a mass attack strategy like a heavy barrage of fire; it was characterized by the tactics plus gunnery for the use of firearms with a perfectly coordinated teamwork performed by 'Gorei,' which was absent in Japan by then (It was said that not 'Gorei' [a word of command] but 'Meirei' [order] existed in Japan).
Japanese: これはこれまでの砲術と異なって、命中精度より集団運用による所謂「弾幕を張る」等の用兵が主であり、それまで日本に無かった「号令」（日本には「命令」はあっても「号令」は無かったと云う）による一糸乱れぬチームーワークで火器を駆使するための戦術プラス銃砲術の性格を持ったものであった。
English: The Edo shogunate and the southwest strong domains translated the English and the French military drill handbooks independently and published them as "Eikoku hohei renpo" (英国歩兵練法) (English-style training method for infantry) or "Furansu hohei sorensho" (French-style infantry training text), which responded to the progress of small arms and military strategy.
Japanese: さらに江戸幕府及び西南雄藩では独自にイギリス、フランスの教練書を翻訳し、銃器や戦術の進歩に対応した『英国歩兵練法』『佛蘭西歩兵操練書』等の教練書を作成した。
English: The musket troops' were reorganized into 'the infantry corps' and 'the musket corps;' the Japanese-style gunnery disappeared as the expert gunners of the Japanese-style gunnery restudied the Western-style gunney.
Japanese: 「鉄砲組」は「歩兵隊」または「銃隊」へと改組され、これまでの和流砲術家達も洋式砲術を学びなおす等により和流砲術は消滅していった。
English: However, some of the schools remained as festival features in the Meiji period; demonstrations of gunfire were conducted by using blank shots.
Japanese: しかし、明治以降一部の流派は祭礼の行事として残り空砲による発砲演武が行われてきた。
English: After the World War II, the gunnery was prohibited like other martial arts; however, many events were restored in the process of Japan's postwar rehabilitation; in the opening ceremony for 'target shooting' in the Tokyo Olympics, the traditional demonstration of gunfire by the 'musket troops' in Yonezawa City, which dated back before the war.
Japanese: 第二次大戦後、他の武道と同様にそれらは禁止されたが、戦後復興と共に行事が復活し、東京五輪の「射撃競技」の開始式典で大戦前から伝統の米沢市の「砲術隊」等による演武が行われた。
English: Many of them claimed to be certain schools of gunnery; they were restored based on the books of secrets written in the period of domain duties.
Japanese: それらの中には砲術流派を名乗るものも多いが、それらは藩政時代の伝書からの再興によるものである。
English: The family crest of 'Kokumochi' nichirin-mon marked in the body of the armor worn by Nagamasa KURODA, the founder of the Fukuoka Domain, was later designated as the trademark of this school.
Japanese: 福岡藩の初代藩主である黒田長政の鎧の胴中紋の「コクモチ」日輪紋を流印として陽流と定める。
English: The founder of this school was Subeyoshi MORISHIGE, who came from Suetake, Suo Province (present-day Kudamatsu City, Yamaguchi Prefecture).
Japanese: 流祖は森重都由（もりしげすべよし）、周防国末武（現、山口県下松市）の出身。
English: After learning the naval battle tactics of Santo school, he left his hometown at the age of 18 and traveled around the country to learn the art of gunnery of various schools such as the Asaka, Nakajima, Ongoku, and Kinden; he mastered Hashizume Kaishinsai school Gobu-denpo (橋爪廻新斎流合武伝法), and military science in Koshu and Echigo.
Japanese: 三島流舟戦法を学び、18歳のとき故郷を出て諸国を回り安盛流、中島流、遠国流、禁伝流等の砲術を学び、橋爪廻新斎流合武伝法、甲州、越後の兵学を得た。
English: He wrote "the 28 volumes of Funaikusa yoho" (the method of a naval battle) and established naval science of Gobu-Santo school; its section of gunnery was later to be called Morishige school.
Japanese: 船戦要法28巻を著し、合武三島流軍船学（ごうぶさんとうりゅう）を興した、後にその砲術部門を森重流と呼ばれるようになった。
English: (As of 2006, that shooting range is provisionally closed because of construction, so the shooting range in the Chiba Prefecture General Sports Center is temporarily used as its training ground.)
Japanese: （2006年現在同射撃場は工事閉鎖中のため、千葉市の千葉県総合スポーツセンター射撃場を稽古場としている。）
English: Since the members of this school belong to the Muzzle Loaders' Shooting Association of Japan, they excel in firing matchlock guns with live shots; this school produced the medalist of the International Muzzle Loader Contest.
Japanese: 会員は日本前装銃射撃連盟の会員でもあるので、火縄銃の実弾射撃にも長けて、マズルローダー世界選手権のメダリストも居る。
English: Every year in the 'Nagashino Banner Festival' held in Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture, they conduct a demonstration of gunfire together with the Preservation Society of Traditional Gunnery of Yonezawa Domain and the Nagashino Shitaragahara Musket Corps.
Japanese: 毎年、愛知県新城市の「長篠合戦のぼりまつり」において、米沢藩古式砲術保存会・長篠設楽原鉄砲隊と競演で演武を行う。
English: They also have demonstrations in 'Nihon Kobudo Enbu Taikai' (an annual event) sponsored by the Japanese Classical Martial Arts Association of the Nippon Budokan (Nippon Budokan in 2004, Hyogo Prefecture Budokan in 2005, Kumamoto City General Gymnasium and Youth Center in 2007).
Japanese: また、（財）日本武道館・日本古武道協会主催の「日本古武道演武大会」でも公開している（2004年は日本武道館、2005年は兵庫県立武道館で演武、2007年熊本市総合体育館・青年会館）。
English: Seki studied under Moritsugu MARUTA (Kyuzaemon MARUTA)serving for the same family and after mastering the secrets of arts of gunnery of Kasumi school, he was permitted to call his school Seki.
Japanese: 同家中の丸田盛次（丸田九左衛門）に師事して霞流砲術の奥義を極め、関流を称することを許される。
English: After the Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) in the domain of Kururi, he moved to the domain of Tsuchiura, headed by the same Tsuchiya family, who was the lord of the domain of Kururi.
Japanese: 久留里藩改易ののちは久留里藩主・土屋家と同族の土屋家が藩主である土浦藩に移る。
English: As the gun used by this school has unique specifications, special orders were placed with Kunitomo Tanba and the gun smiths who learned the techniques.
Japanese: この流の銃は独自の仕様により、近江国の国友丹波ならびにこの技術を受け継いだ鉄砲鍛冶に特注した。
English: The school focuses on the skill of shooting the gun with a large diameter of the mouth of the guns, such as mochi zutsu (guns provided with their own money) held by those at the samurai class or above, ozutsu (Japanese artillery), and so on.
Japanese: 士分以上の持筒（もちづつ＝自費装備の銃）や大筒等の、口径が大きいものを撃つのを得意とする流儀である。
English: The school holds public displays either in December or in March in Tsuchiura City, organized mainly by the current iemoto (the head family of a school) (family head of Kuranosuke family).
Japanese: 現家元（内蔵助家当主）を中心に11月または3月に土浦市で公開演武が行われる。
English: Their arts are often demonstrated at 'Performance Convention of The Old-Fashioned Martial Arts' held some time around February, organized by the Nippon Budokan.
Japanese: 2月頃行われる日本武道館主催の「古武道演武大会」で披露されることも多い。
English: (Displays in November 2005, February 2006, display in Tsuchiura on November 5, 2006) Many of the members belong to Muzzle Loaders' Shooting Association of Japan.
Japanese: （2005年11月・2006年2月演武・2006年11月5日土浦にて演武)また、会員の多くは日本前装銃射撃連盟に所属しており、
English: Among them are medalists at the All Japanese Championships of Muzzle Loader's Shooting, which is a matchlock game organized by National Rifle Association of Japan and the medalist of International competition (world championship and Pan-Pacific Championship) of muzzle loader.
Japanese: （社）日本ライフル射撃協会主催の火縄銃競技である、全日本前装銃射撃選手権大会メダリストやマズルローダー（前装銃）国際大会（世界選手権・環太平洋選手権）のメダリストも居る。
English: Its original meaning was 'an instrument which is blown,' and such instruments are currently utilized for a variety of purposes including musical instruments, toys, signals and alarms.
Japanese: 元来「吹き鳴らすもの」を意味し、現在では楽器、玩具、合図、警報など広い用途で用いられる。
English: This term is said to have derived from fukie (吹柄) or fukue (吹枝), but there are many other theories.
Japanese: 語源は吹柄、吹枝（いずれもフキエないしフクエ）といわれるが異説も多い。
English: The term 'Ten no Toribue' (heaven's flute) is seen in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), but details such as its shape are unknown.
Japanese: 文献上の初出は日本書紀の「天之鳥笛」であるが詳しい形状などは不明である。
English: In the Nara and Heian periods, the term fue mainly referred to wind instruments for gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), including the ryuteki (literally, dragon flute), sho (笙, a traditional Japanese wind instrument), hichiriki (doubled-reed wind instrument), komabue (a flute imported from ancient Korea) and kagurabue (a six-holed horizontal flute) which are still used today, as well as the shakuhachi (vertical bamboo flute) and sho (簫, Chinese end-blown flute).
Japanese: 奈良時代・平安時代において笛というと主に雅楽の管楽器であり、現在の龍笛（竜笛）、笙、篳篥、高麗笛、神楽笛のほか尺八、簫（しょう）なども用いられていた。
English: In view of the fact that the kagurabue is also called the yamatobue (literally, Japanese flute), fue are believed to have existed in Japan even before ryuteki and komabue were imported from the Asian Continent.
Japanese: 神楽笛は大和笛とも呼ばれることから、大陸から龍笛や高麗笛が伝来する以前の日本に、すでに笛が存在していたと考えられる。
English: In fact, an instrument resembling the yokobue (a flute) was excavated at Hoshizuka-kofun Tumulus No.1 (late of Kofun period [Tumulus period]) in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 事実、奈良県天理市星塚一号古墳（古墳時代後期）から横笛と思しき遺物が出土している。
English: Various fue also appear in Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji), but the word fue usually refers to ryuteki when used alone and others are specifically called 'sakuhachi no fue' (shakuhachi), 'sau no fue' (sho [笙]) or 'komabue.'
Japanese: 源氏物語にも種々の笛が登場するが、単に笛という場合は龍笛（竜笛）を指すことが多く、そのほかは「さくはちのふえ」（尺八）、「さうのふえ」（笙）、「こまぶえ」（高麗笛）などのように限定している。
English: Among these, a fue was used as an important item relating to the secret of Kaoru's birth in the scene in which a fue which had belonged to late Kashiwagi was delivered to Kaoru through Yugiri.
Japanese: なかでも柏木の遺品となった笛が夕霧の手を介して薫の手に渡るという形で、薫の出生の秘密に関わる重要な小道具として扱われている。
English: As shown above, fue were indispensible musical instruments for male court nobles during the Heian period, and Emperor Murakami and Emperor Ichijo are said to have been masters of fue.
Japanese: このように平安時代、笛は貴族の男性にとって音楽の教養の基本とされた楽器であり、村上天皇や一条天皇は笛の名手であったといわれる。
English: A fue connected to TAIRA no Atsumori and MINAOTO no Yoshihira has been passed down as the 'Aoba no Fue' (literally, the flute of green leaves).
Japanese: また、平敦盛や源義平にまつわる笛はいずれも「青葉の笛」と呼ばれて伝えられている。
English: Dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting), which was created since the mid-Heian period, was performed mainly with tsuzumi (hand drums) and sho (鉦, gongs), but fue are seen in some picture scrolls.
Japanese: 平安中期以降の田楽は鼓や鉦を中心とするものであったが、絵巻物には笛も見られる。
English: Noh, which derived from dengaku and other folk entertainments, developed its style in the Muromachi period, and fue seem to have been introduced into Noh-hayashi (Noh musical accompaniment) around the time of Zeami.
Japanese: 田楽その他の芸能が発展して室町時代にその形を整えた能においても、世阿弥の頃までには能囃子の中に笛が取り入れられていたようである.
English: Historical sources in Portugal, state that the European flute was imported into Japan when Francis Xavier arrived at Kagoshima in 1549.
Japanese: ヨーロッパのフルートは1549年に鹿児島に到着したフランシスコ・ザビエルと共に日本に入ったことがポルトガル側の資料に残っている。
English: Shinobue were often used in the rites and festivals (matsuri-bayashi festival music) of common people, satokagura (kagura dances held at somewhere other than the imperial court) and the shishimai (lion dance), but ryuteki or Nohkan were used in some regions.
Japanese: 庶民の祭礼（祭囃子）、神楽里神楽（里神楽）、獅子舞には篠笛が多く見られるが、龍笛や能管を用いる地方もある。
English: Also, various types of fue which produce the sounds of birds or insects were invented in the Edo period, and they became popular toys for common people.
Japanese: また、鳥や虫などの擬音を出すさまざまな笛も江戸時代に登場し、庶民の玩具として人気となった。
English: A military band was on board Mathew Perry's fleet which arrived at Uraga in 1853, and many western instruments were imported into Japan after this time.
Japanese: 1853年に浦賀に着いたマシュー・ペリーの艦隊には楽隊が含まれており、この後、多くの西洋の楽器が日本に流入することになる。
English: Thereafter, woodwind instruments such as clarinets and oboes came to be called fue and brass instruments came to be called rappa.
Japanese: そしてクラリネットやオーボエなど木管楽器も総じて笛と呼び習わし、金管楽器はラッパ（らっぱ）と呼ばれるようになった。
English: The classification of fue shown below was made from several viewpoints since the coverage of the term fue is rather wide.
Japanese: 笛という語が表す範囲はかなり広いため、ここではいくつかの異なる観点から分類している。
English: It is also called ojo, yojo, or oteki (literally, transverse flute) or omobue (literally, main flute).
Japanese: 横笛（おうじょう、ようじょう、おうてき）あるいは主笛（おもぶえ）とも呼ばれる。
English: A shinobue is a yokobue that is used in festivals (matsuri-bayashi, satokagura, shishimai, and so on) stage music such as folk music, Kabuki and classical Japanese dance (hogaku-bayashi [orchestra of Japanese classical music]) and zashiki music (literally, music in tatami-room; hauta [a Japanese traditional song or ballad sung to the accompaniment of the samisen, Japanese banjo] and kouta [a ballad sung to samisen accompaniment], and so on).
Japanese: お祭り（祭囃子、神楽里神楽、獅子舞など）、民謡、歌舞伎・日本舞踊（邦楽囃子）などの舞台音楽、座敷音楽（端唄、小唄など）で用いられる横笛。
English: Also, it is a yokobue of 45 centimeters in length with six tone holes (eight tone holes in ancient times) that was used for gagaku at the court of Yi dynasty, Korea.
Japanese: または朝鮮の李王朝の雅楽に用いた横笛で、長さ45cm、音孔は6個（古くは8個）。
English: Mingaku is Chinese Ming Dynasty music that was imported into Japan in 1629 and it once became very popular among the people of high society in Kyoto.
Japanese: 明楽は1629年に日本に入った明朝の音楽で一時京都の上流社会で大流行した。
English: It is characteristic for hole used to cover with bamboo paper (the inner skin of bamboo) between its mouth and finger holes.
Japanese: 吹き口と指孔の間に竹紙（竹の内側の皮）を張るための響孔があるのが特徴。
English: Some shinobue with six tone holes that are used for Japanese matsuri-bayashi are thought to be simplified of minteki or shinteki.
Japanese: 日本の祭囃子に用いられる6孔の篠笛の中には、明笛あるいは清笛が簡素化したと思われるものもある。
English: Shingaku is Chinese Qing Dynasty music that was imported in the Bunka-Bunsei era (1786 to 1841) of the Edo period, and it became popular among ordinary people, also being called minshingaku (Ming and Qing-era Chinese music).
Japanese: 清楽は文化文政の幕末に入った清朝の音楽で世俗に流行し、明清楽とも言われるようになった。