nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In addition, the Yamauchisudo clan of Bingo Province had an emblem made from a pledge in 1351, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to serve Fuyuji ASHIKAGA by unifying eleven members that became less unified due to divided inheritance.
Japanese: また、備後国の山内首藤氏は、南北朝時代(日本)の1351年（貞和7）に、分轄相続によって結束力の薄れた一族11人が、一致団結して足利冬直につくことを誓約した文章が残っている。
English: Matsuurato in northern Kyushu also famous for wako (Japanese pirates) could be interpreted as 'to' from outside, but it did not have same systemized actions, and unified for the first time during the uprising of Shimo Matsuura Party (Lower Matsuura Party) by Ryoshun IMAGAWA, who participated in the Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the order of signature of the contract for the uprising was decided by lottery in 1384.
Japanese: 倭寇としても有名な九州北部の松浦党は、外部からは「党」と見られるが、その実ほとんど組織的な共同行動はとらず、南北朝時代に九州探題であった今川了俊の働きかけによって最初の下松浦党の一揆団結が行われるが、1384年（永徳4）の一揆誓約書の署名の順番はクジ引によって決たという。
English: Several bushi of Kamimatsuura received the Kawasoe no Sho Residence of Hizen Province in 1346 for a reward for fighting along side the Ashikaga several times.
Japanese: それより前の1346年（貞和2）にも、上松浦の何人かの武士が、度々足利方について戦った恩賞として、肥前国河副庄の配分をうけたことがある。
English: In other words, adjustment within was impossible and had to be decided by lottery.
Japanese: 要するに内部での調整は不可能、クジ引で決めるしかなかったということである。
English: According to the former academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA, the master and servant relationship between the local bushidan and toryo of bushi of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) began from the time of the Gosannen War (the Later Three Years' War) of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, but the power of Yoshiie to be master over his retainers seen in "Oshu-gosannen-ki" (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu) was connected with samurai in Kyoto.
Japanese: 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、源義家の後三年の役の頃から、「武士の棟梁」たる清和源氏と、在地武士団との主従関係が生まれ始めたとするが、『奥州後三年記』に見える義家の郎党の主力は京武者コネクションである。
English: Kagemasa KAMAKURA (Kagemasa) and Heitaro-tametsugu of Miura viewed as the representatives of the Sagami Province may have participated due to the connection they had with samurai in Kyoto from their parents' generation.
Japanese: 相模国の武士の代表として見られていた鎌倉景政（景政）、三浦の平太郎為次にしても、おそらくは親の代からの京武者コネクションによる参加と見てもおかしくはない。
English: It was hard to prove that the Fujiwara clan of Takata County, Aki Province, Taira clan of Yunogo, Tanba Province, Hasetsukabe clan of Nabari County, Iga Province, and Chiba clan of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch), Shimosa Province that developed as the kaihatsu-ryoshu between eleventh-twelfth century, and other examples proven by many historical manuscripts, had master and servant relationships with the military aristocrats called 'toryo of bushi' at that time.
Japanese: 11-12世紀の間に、開発領主として発展していったことが豊富な資料で裏付けられる安芸国高田郡の藤原氏、但馬国温泉郷（ゆのごう）の平氏、伊賀国名張郡の丈部（はせつかべ）氏、下総国相馬御厨の千葉氏、その他の例をみても、彼らが当時の「武士の棟梁」と言われた軍事貴族と人格的な主従関係をもっていたと証明することは非常に困難とされる。
English: This master and servant relationship was not found other than in "Azuma Kagami" of later periods and what was passed down through gokenin.
Japanese: その主従関係は、後の時代の『吾妻鏡』や、御家人の伝承の中にしか見いだすことが出来ない。
English: As described above, the Chiba clan and descendants of Gongoro Kagemasa, and Oba clan considered to be a clan varied from 'transmission of Kenin' mentioned in "Azuma Kagami."
Japanese: 千葉氏や、権五郎景正の子孫、ないしは一族とされる大庭氏などにおいては、『吾妻鏡』にある「相伝の家人」が、事実と相違することは既に見てきた通りである。
English: The situation of kaihatsu-ryoshu in the Kanto region that later appeared as 'bushi' in the late eleventh century used soryo ruling through gunji, goji, and other public duties to start cultivating and forming villages and was not up to a saturated level to quarrel constantly with neighboring kaihatsu-ryoshu over the ruling and expansion of manors.
Japanese: 後に「武士」として登場する、関東の開発領主達の11世紀末までの状況がどうだったかといえば、当時はその所領支配は、郡司、郷司などの公的な職の体系を媒介として、開墾を行い、村落を形成することを課題としはじめた頃であり、領地支配、あるいはその拡大において、隣接する開発領主との抗争が日常化するほどの飽和点にはまだ至ってはいない。
English: However, they supposedly held special existence before that 'made military art a job.'
Japanese: しかし彼らは依然として「武芸をもって業とする」特種な存在であったといえる。
English: It was just a small fight, far from a quarrel, between samurai in the case of the Chiba clan of a special existence, the clan of Gongoro kagemasa KAMAKURA, descendants of frontier military aristocracy, and even in the incident of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch).
Japanese: その特種な存在であった千葉氏や、鎌倉権五郎景正の一族ら、辺境軍事貴族の子孫達が絡む、例えば大庭御厨の事件にしても、武士同士の戦乱とはほど遠い小競り合いにすぎない。
English: However, "Gonijo Moromichi ki" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi) entry on May 3, 1099 (May 31, 1099 in solar calendar) stated the order of Emperor Shirakawa, 'have many weapon yielding warriors in various districts and used force when the imperial decree was given.'
Japanese: とはいえ、『後二条師通記』康和元年（1099年）5月3日条に、白河天皇より「諸国に兵仗多く満つ、宣旨を下され制止を加ふべし」との指示が記されている。
English: These 'various districts' were probably those of the Kinki region, but social conditions of self-help that began around that time could be seen within direct petitions that occurred frequently.
Japanese: この「諸国」は近畿でのことと思われるが、世相として自力救済的な様相を帯び始めたということは当時頻発した強訴の中にも見てとれるかもしれない。
English: There were "Shigisan engi emaki" (Picture Scroll of the Legends of Mount Shigi) and "Kokawadera Engiemaki" (Picture Scroll of Legends of Kokawa-dera Temple) for historical documents not embellished by later generations and these mentioned the transformation of social concentration of bushidan at peasant villages.
Japanese: 後の世の粉飾が入らない資料の中で、農村での武士団の社会密度の変化がうかがえるもとして、『信貴山縁起絵巻』（しぎさんえんぎえまき）と、『粉河寺縁起絵巻』（こかわでらえんぎえまき）がある。
English: The former were supposedly works of the early period of Emperor Toba Insei period and the early 12th century, and latter during the Insei period of Emperor Goshirakawa of the late twelfth century.
Japanese: 前者は12世紀前半の鳥羽天皇院政前期、後者は12世紀後半の後白河天皇院政の頃の作品とも言われる。
English: These picture scrolls of Shigisan depicted the residence of the head of the Yamato Province, and Kokawadera depicted that of Kii Province, Kinai, and neighboring regions, but latter had samurai guards, karabori (dry moat) before the gate, and tower over the gate while former lacked them.
Japanese: それらの絵巻には、信貴山は大和国、粉河寺は紀伊国、と畿内でも隣接した地方の長者の家が描かれているが、前者には警護の武者も、門の前の空堀も、門の上の櫓も無いのに対し、後者ではそれらが描かれている。
English: Akio YOSHIE interpreted that weapon preparation (bushidan formation) of local heads or cultivation lords developed between the early and later periods despite being the same twelfth century.
Japanese: 義江彰夫は同じ12世紀ながら、その初期と後期との間に地方の長者、すなわち開発領主の武装（武士団化）が進んだとしている。
English: "Kokawadera Engiemaki" is said to have been created by Emperor Goshirakawa, but not certain, but as for its completion, there were various theories that stated between the late twelfth century to the early thirteenth century.
Japanese: 『粉河寺縁起絵巻』は後白河天皇のプロデュースとも言われるが、はっきりはぜず、その成立時期は、12世紀後半から13世紀初頭までと諸説ある。
English: Even if "Gosannene" (the picture scroll depicting the Gosannen War - the Later Three Years' War) of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, which was the Joan version of "Oshu-gosannen-ki" (A Chronicle of Later Three Year's War in Oshu), was written around same period of year 1171, it was close to ten years after 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' written in "Shigisan engi emaki" to "Gukansho" by Jien as 'revolutions in Japan that led to the world of musa (samurai).'
Japanese: 仮に後白河法皇の奥州後三年記後白河法皇の承安版『後三年絵』と同時期の1171年（承安(日本)1）前後としても、『信貴山縁起絵巻』から、『愚菅抄』において慈円が「日本国の乱逆と云ふことはをこりて後、むさ（武者）の世になりける也」と書いた「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を挿んで、更にその10年近く後ということになる。
English: Even if the later theory of the thirteenth century was correct, it was definitely after the Genpei War.
Japanese: また仮にもっとも遅い13世紀説が正しいとすれば、当然源平の争乱の後ということになる。
English: It truly depicted a common image of lords of the Kinai region transforming from the unarmed existence to the those armed with samurai and military tools within a span of several decades, and became a servant that was similar to gokenin and jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the manors into which the countryside was divided) that protected residences during Kamakura period.
Japanese: その何十年かの間に、畿内の領主の一般像が、武装せぬ存在から、武士と武具を常備し、屋敷の守りも固める鎌倉時代の御家人・地頭にも似た、あるいはその御家人の姿に変貌していったことを如実に物語っている。
English: Two picture scrolls were just circumstantial evidence, but the expansion of bushidan started around the time when entering twelfth century and 'Hogen Disturbance' and 'Heiji Disturbance' were the first phrase and reached the peak with the Genpei War if asked about when it started.
Japanese: ２つの絵巻は傍証にしか過ぎないが、武士団の蔓延はいつから、という問いに対しては、ちょうど12世紀に入ろうとする頃から、「保元の乱」、「平治の乱」を第一の節目として、更に源平の争乱においてピークに達したと見られている。
English: The military power of the political structure of regent families where the samurai in the imperial capital of Kyoto was based, disintegrated after experiencing two wars, and the Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) terminated its function due to a single victory of Taira family.
Japanese: 二つの乱により、それまで京武者のよりどころであった摂関家家政機構の中の武力は解体し、一方の北面武士は平家の一人勝ちにより機能停止する。
English: Furthermore, the Taira family performed duties in Kyoto and Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) of bushi of various provinces perhaps through kokuga in order to guard dairi (Imperial Palace) of Kyoto.
Japanese: そして平家は京の内裏警護の為に、おそらくは国衙を通じて、諸国の武士の在京勤務、大番役を始める。
English: While it proved to be a heavy burden for district lords, it was the place of 'hare' (the non-ordinary space and time of ceremonies), and they were eager to obtain power and connections of the central government, and also attain the 'establishment of samurai social status.'
Japanese: これは地方の領主達にとって負担も確かに大きいものの、一方で「ハレ」の場であり、中央の勢力とのコネクションを得る為にもと意気込み、それがまた「武士身分の獲得」ともなった。
English: As a result, the Taira family collected 'soldiers' from kugyo (court nobles), Zuryo, and various manors of an influential families under the command of Emperor Takakura after mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180.
Japanese: そして、1180年の源頼朝の挙兵以降、平家は高倉天皇の命として、公卿、受領から「兵士」を徴収、更に権門の諸荘園からも「兵士」を徴収する。
English: The invading army of Yoshinaka KISO supposedly consisted of samurai from noble families as well as 'even the Buyaku (laborer) of Togoku samurai had Kyusen' that even laborers served as archers when joining battle.
Japanese: また、それを攻める木曽義仲軍は、由緒正しい武士ばかりか「東国武士は夫（人夫）までが弓箭にたづさいて候えば」と報告されるように、人夫までが弓箭を携えて戦闘に参加する。
English: In addition, the side of Yoritomo that conquered Kyoto in 1184 extensively gathered and mobilized 'those with high abilities.'
Japanese: 更に1184年に京を制圧した頼朝方も「器量に堪えたる輩」を広範に招集・動員する。
English: However, even the Genpei War lasted only five years and gradually shifted the battle field from east to west.
Japanese: しかし、それでも源平の争乱は僅かに5年であり、しかも東から西に漸次戦場を移していった。
English: The next expansion of the bushi class began from the fall of Kamakura bakufu to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and all Japan entered the period of war that lasted for a long time.
Japanese: その次ぎの武士層の拡大は、鎌倉幕府の崩壊から南北朝時代(日本)であり、この段階で日本全国が長年に渡る争乱の時代へと突入する。
English: There were no big transformations of weapons and battle formations from the Heian to the Kamakura period and the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 武器と戦闘様式から見ても、平安時代から鎌倉時代、鎌倉幕府の滅亡までの間ではそう大きな変化は無い。
English: Furthermore, Shinichi SATO described that battle formation transformation as the last spread of the 'bushi' class that had 'akuto' (rebel or a villain in medieval times) and 'aburemono' (a good-for-nothing) as their predecessors.
Japanese: また佐藤進一はその戦闘様式の変化を、槍の登場と合わせて「悪党」や「溢者」を前身とする「武士」層の末広がりとされる。
English: There was an increase of people called 'akuto' and their participation in wars during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) at least from former powers, and Enshin AKAMATSU and Masashige KUSUNOKI were their representatives.
Japanese: 南北朝時代には少なくとも旧勢力からは「悪党」と呼ばれる者の増加と参戦があり、例えば赤松円心や、楠木正成は代表的な悪党とされる。
English: However, the problem was that many 'akuto' that did not have bushi social status joined the bottom most bushi class.
Japanese: しかし問題はそれよりも、もっと下層の武士の中に、それまでは武士身分を持たなかった多数の「悪党」が加わっていったことだろう。
English: Keiji NAGAHARA stated that military power of the bushi lord of a manor from the twelfth century to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when the formed bushidan had a house of the same clan as its unit and the army unit cohort consisted of several dozen to two hundred military forces, and many militaristic conquest of a vast area structured the union of house army.
Japanese: 永原慶二によれば、武士団が成立した12世紀から南北朝時代にかけての在地領主の軍事力は、同族的なイエを単位とするものであり、数十人から200人程度の兵力が単位軍団であり、大地域の軍事的統領はこうしたイエ軍団の連合を組織した。
English: They were 'Shirahata Ikki,' 'Kikyo Ikki,' and revolutions of other provinces that were already mentioned.
Japanese: 既に触れた「白旗一揆」や「桔梗一揆」、その他の国一揆などはみなそうであるとする。
English: For an example, 'castle' was 'line the shields and pull the spiny ivy' or the emergency barricade tower to shoot arrows from until then and was not a permanent facility in contrast to a permanent 'castle' facility built after fifteenth century.
Japanese: 例えば「城郭」は、それまでは「かいだてを掻き、さかもぎを引いて」と言う臨時のバリケードと矢を射かけるための櫓であり、恒常的な設備ではなかったのに対し、15世紀以降から恒常的な施設として「城」が築かれるようになる。
English: It was because the war spread nationwide and became something of a norm from instantaneous regional events between the Heian to Kamakura periods.
Japanese: それは平安時代から鎌倉時代のように、戦乱は限られた地方で一瞬起こるものから、全国的、かつ常態となったこと。
English: This was the same period when lords began to accept the turmoil or war as something that they could not escape from.
Japanese: そしてのそ戦乱の危機を領主達が、逃れられないものとして受け入れた時期とも言える。
English: Kajishi (land rent) shutokuken (right to collect land rent) was bought and gathered from even a peasant class with the development of the circulation and expansion of farm production power, and there was a wide range of classes born with the release from everyday farming.
Japanese: 農業生産力の発達と流通の拡大によって、百姓身分の層の中からも、加地子収取権を買い取り集め、日常的営農から解放される層が広範に生まれる。
English: That class became connected with the feudal lord class, and they themselves became jizamurai (local samurai) as small lords to hold a master and servant relationship with the shugo daimyo (Japanese provincial military governor feudal lords) and kokujin (local samurai) (former jito), exempted from a part of nengu (land tax) and served 'Yoriko' (bushi that served under feudal lords during the Period of Warring States) class military roles during battles.
Japanese: その層が、地域の封建領主層に結びついて自らも小領主化して地侍となり、守護大名や国人（旧地頭層）と主従関係を持って年貢の一部免除を受けて合戦時には「寄子」クラスの軍役を務める。
English: Gunekishu' (military service people) of the Takeda clan in Kai Province, 'Nakakeshu' of the Date clan, 'Ikkoshu' of the Mori clan were the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period that formed the outskirts of the military power.
Japanese: 戦国大名が軍事力の裾野として組織していった甲斐国武田氏の「軍役衆」、伊達氏の「名懸衆」、毛利氏の「一戸衆」「一所衆」などはみなその類のものである。
English: The growth of small lords from villages, and the fusion of that daimyo and kokujin ended the weakened, but bearing a lasting shoen system.
Japanese: そして、そうした農村からの小領主層の成長と、その大名・国人との結合が、それまで弱体化されつもかろうじて残っていた荘園制にとどめを刺したといわれる。
English: If 'bushidan' is treated not simply as a simple term but an historical term different from 'bushi,' it could be organized as it ranged from the late eleventh century to the fifteenth to the sixteenth century as a similar form of family army and replaced by 'Yoriko' originating from farming villages of the Sengoku Period.
Japanese: 「武士団」を単なる一般用語としてではなく、「武士」とは別の歴史用語としてあつかうならば、その範囲は11世紀後半から15-16世紀までの、イエ軍団をその類型として、それが戦国時代の、農村から生まれた「寄子」衆に置き換えられていったとも整理することが出来よう。
English: "Jisha honjoryo no koto" was a law enforced by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on July 10, 1368.
Japanese: 寺社本所領事（じしゃほんじょりょうのこと）は、応安元年6月17日(旧暦)（正平(日本)23年/1368年7月2日）に室町幕府によって出された法令。
English: It was also called Oan no taiho (an important legislation in the Oan era) and Oan no hanzeirei (an Oan era hanzeirei (law allowing military governors to collect half of the taxes from manors and domains as military funds to protect them)).
Japanese: 応安大法（おうあんのたいほう）・応安の半済令（おうあんのはんぜいれい）とも。
English: Jisha honjoryo no koto was formulated at the first hyojohajime (a ceremony within the bakufu conducted at the first held conference gathering of government officials on New Year's day or at the inauguration of a new shogun) after the inauguration of the third Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍足利義満が就任して最初の評定始の際に定められた法令である。
English: It was regarded as a law that established standard policies on territorial litigation of the Muromachi bakufu as well as a law that drew the line on the Hanzeirei of the past.
Japanese: また、後述のように室町幕府の所領訴訟に対する基本方針を定めた法令とされる。
English: In the year before the enactment of the law on December 25, 1367, the second Shogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA fell critically ill.
Japanese: この法令が出される前年貞治6年11月25日(旧暦)（正平22年/1367年12月17日）に2代将軍足利義詮が危篤となった。
English: This lead to his ten year old legitimate son, Yoshimitsu, succeeding the head of the family with Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA being appointed as Kanrei (Shogun's Deputy) to look after him.
Japanese: そのため、10歳の嫡男義満が家督を継承し、その後見のために細川頼之が管領に就任した。
English: These conditions lasted until Yoshimitsu reached the age of 18 years old in 1375 (although it was not until the Koryaku Coup that direct administration of Yoshimitsu was instituted both nominally and virtually).
Japanese: その状態は18歳を迎える永和(日本)元年（天授(日本)/1375年）まで継続される（もっとも、名実ともに義満親政が始まるのは康暦の政変以後のことである）。
English: Immediately following the establishment of the law, a Migyosho was issued to the Omi Shugoshiki (provincial constable of Omi Province) Rokkaku Ujiyori where it was mentioned that the law had been accompanied by imperial sanction authorized by Emperor Gokogon of the Northern Court (Japan).
Japanese: この法令の直後に頼之が近江国守護職六角氏頼（六角氏頼）に対して発給した御教書がある。その中で、この法令に北朝(日本)後光厳天皇の勅許が付けられている旨が述べられている。
English: The law can be said to be unique due to the fact that it was ratified in the form of an imperial sanction by the Emperor that was ordered by the bakufu (The word 'taiho' is also said to imply the meaning, 'a significant law enacted by both the bakufu and the Imperial Court').
Japanese: 幕府の命令を天皇が勅許の形で追認するという形式が取られている（「大法」という言葉には幕府・朝廷両方から出された重要法令の意味もあるとされている）という点でも特異な法令であると言える。
English: The law repealed hanzei that had been implemented on territories owned by the Emperor, the Retired Emperor and Sekken-ke (families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) as well as on Ichien Chigyo territories (lands of nobles that were managed by honjo (proprietor of a manor) with full title) with a temple or shrine for a honjo.
Japanese: 天皇・太上天皇・摂関家の所領及び寺社を本所とする一円知行地に対する半済は撤廃する。
English: Territories in other various districts owned by honjo were divided in half between a honjo's zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) and an azukarinin (person left in charge of one's belongings, etc.) of a samurai family that had occupied the territory taking advantage of Hanzeirei (This could be virtually regarded as Shitaji chubun, which means a "physical division of the land").
Japanese: その他の諸国の本所領については当分の間、本所の雑掌と預かり人（半済令によって所領を占拠している武家）が半分ずつに分割する（事実上の下地中分）。
English: If an azukarinin disobeyed the law and seized more than half of the territory, they were punished severely and forced to return the entire territory back to the honjo.
Japanese: 預かり人が命令に従わず、全部あるいは半分以上を所領とした場合にはこれを厳罰として本所領は全て本所側に返還する。
English: However, if it was land managed by a commoner who had borrowed the name of a noble, even if it was Ichien Chigyo territory, the annulment of hanzei did not apply.
Japanese: ただし、一円知行地であっても、俗人が名前を借りて知行しているだけのものであれば、撤廃の対象にはならない。
English: Whether it was either Ichien Chigyo territory that was to be subjected to the repeal or territory in which hanzei continued to be officially implemented, half of the land was to be immediately handed over to a honjo's zassho.
Japanese: （撤廃される）一円知行地でも、（引き続き）半済が公認されている地であっても速やかに本所の雑掌に半分を引き渡すこと。
English: Regardless of the provisions of the law, hanzei was not to be applied to Ichien Chigyo territory that had not been subjected to Hanzeirei up to that time.
Japanese: これまで半済令の対象となっていなかった一円知行地についてはこの法の規定に関わらず今後も半済を行ってはならない。
English: Within Ichien Chigyo territories with a temple or shrine as a honjo, there were a number of territories in which the bakufu approved the implementation of hanzei by mistake.
Japanese: 寺社を本所とする一円知行地のうち幕府が誤って半済を認めた所領がある。
English: These territories were to be divided in half, each part owned by the honjo and the samurai family respectively until the bakufu could find alternative territories.
Japanese: それについては、幕府が代替地を見つけるまで当面は本所と武家が半分ずつ領有する。
English: In some cases, the Jito occupying a territory of a honjo was not a samurai family, but a Kuge (court noble) who was given the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of a manor) as a reward by the bakufu for meritorious service
Japanese: 半済令によって本所領を占拠している地頭が武家ではなく、幕府より勲功によって地頭職を与えられた公家の場合もある。
English: When this happened, in contrast to other common territories where the honjo was a Kuge acting as the lord of a manor, the Kuge was obliged to follow the provisions of the law in the same manner as a samurai family playing the role of Jito.
Japanese: その場合であっても、公家を地頭とする一般の本所領とは区別して武家の地頭と同様にこの法令の規定に従う義務を有する。
English: During this period, the Muromachi bakufu was facing a critical situation in its conflict with the Southern Court (Japan) even though the shogun was still an infant.
Japanese: この時期、室町幕府は幼少の将軍を擁して南朝(日本)側と対峙している状況にあり、危機的状況に置かれていた。
English: The Muromachi bakufu made attempts at getting over the crisis by developing stronger partnerships with temples and shrines, influential families such as the Sekken-ke and the Northern Court (Japan), which it had been supporting.
Japanese: そのような中で室町幕府が擁する北朝及び有力権門である摂関家や寺社との連携を強化することでこの危機を乗り切ろうとした。
English: While this law was categorized as a hanzei law, its contents demonstrated policies concerning territories of the Muromachi bakufu as well as the attitude toward litigation on the inside and outside of the bakufu.
Japanese: 更にこれは半済法でありながら、その内容は室町幕府の所領に関する政策と訴訟に対する姿勢を内外に示した法令であった。
English: The Hanzeirei was enforced in order to secure provisions for the army under the long-lasting conflict with the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 長い間続いた南北朝時代(日本)の中で兵糧確保のために出された半済令であった。
English: As a repercussion, however, samurai families, such as the Shugo, were effectively seizing land in various districts, including Shoen.
Japanese: しかし、これによって守護などの武家が各地の荘園などに事実上の押領を行うこととなった。
English: As a result, honjo, such as those living in Kyoto, became unable to receive nengu.
Japanese: その結果、京都などにあった本所は年貢収入を受け取ることは出来なくなった。
English: In order to put an end to a situation where territories were seized by samurai families for long periods of time, the law ordered a division of the territories between the honjo and the samurai families, causing honjo to lose half of their territories.
Japanese: この法令では長年のこの押領状態を解消するために本所と武家による所領の分割を命じたのである。
English: The bakufu obtained an imperial sanction in order to eliminate resistance of honjo consisting of traditionally influential families, such as Kuge.
Japanese: そのため、天皇の勅許を取り付けて公家などの伝統的勢力から構成される本所の抵抗を排除した。
English: Samurai families who had occupied territories and monopolized income from nengu, on the other hand, were obliged to contribute half of their income to the honjo without question in exchange for official approval of their supremacy over the remaining half of their territories.
Japanese: その一方で半済令を盾に所領を占拠してその年貢収入の全てを握っていた武家に対してもその半分の支配権が公に認められた代わりに残り半分に相当する年貢を必ず本所に供出する義務を負う事となった。
English: In response, samurai families, supported by their military power, did not accept Shitaji chubun (a physical division of the land) and refused to return territory that had originally belonged to temples, shrines and Kuge, setting aside the Imperial Court's territories.
Japanese: そのために朝廷の所領についてはともかく、寺社・公家の所領に関しては武家は軍事的実力を背景に下地中分・返還には応じなかった。
English: Additionally, in contrast to the former series of Hanzeirei which defined their time frame as 'this year's crop' and enforced in areas deemed 'provinces in a state of war,' this law defined the time frame as 'for the time being' and the areas as 'various districts.'
Japanese: 更に従来の半済令が期限を「当年一作」、施行地域を「戦乱の国々」としていたのに対して、この法令では期限が「暫く（当分の間）」、施行地域を「諸国」と文面が改められた。
English: This provided the legal grounds to authorize and perpetuate the usurpation of territories and hanzei that had been enforced by Shugo in various regions on the pretext of war without approval from the bakufu.
Japanese: そのため、各地の守護が戦乱などを口実に幕府の許しを得ずに行ってきた半済・押領を追認・永続化させる法的根拠を与えた。