nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: (Masamune made a scheme to block the movement of bakufu army by flooding the southern part of Sendai after blocking the water of the Sendai-gawa River [today it is called Natori-gawa River], and then intercept the bakufu army by luring into a narrow place. In addition to that, Masamune planned to induce groups of ikki [revolt of peasants] to disturb the enemy into a confusion from behind.)
Japanese: （仙台川（現在の名取川）を堰き止めて仙台南部を水浸しにして幕府軍の進軍を阻止し、さらに狭隘地に幕府軍を誘い込んで迎撃する。一方で、一揆衆を幕府軍後方で扇動し、後方を撹乱するつもりだった）。
English: I shall say this is a place the destiny of my lord would be settled, naturally, this means all the luck of my lord ran out and the wish can not be fulfilled, then it is the time when my lord shall head for the final destination, Zuigan-ji Temple as your soul will rest.'
Japanese: 「御定かかりの地と申候。自然御運命尽夫も不被為叶時節に候はば。御最期之場と思召にて、瑞巌寺御菩提所に御取立被成候よし」
English: (In case if Masamune looses against the bakufu army, he was going to commit suicide at the Zuigan-ji Temple in Matsushima).
Japanese: （政宗は幕府軍に敗れた場合は、松島瑞巌寺にて自害するつもりだった）。
English: Consequently, his ambition to overthrow the bakufu was not realized since; Nagayasu OKUBO, who was a vassal of Tokugawa clan and had close relationship with Masamune, was punished after his death along with his all family members (Nagayasu OKUBO Incident); the son-in-law of Masamune, Tadateru MATSUDAIRA (6th son of Ieyasu) was deprived his status as a feudal lord and forfeited the territory; the attempt of Masamune to ally with Spain ended in failure.
Japanese: しかし、政宗と親密であった徳川家の家臣、大久保長安が死後に一族もろとも処罰され（大久保長安事件）、娘婿の松平忠輝（家康の六男）が改易され、スペインとの同盟が不調に終わり、倒幕は実現されなかった。
English: It is considered bakufu was always keeping an eye on Masamune while he was alive, whether he would rise in revolt against bakufu or not.
Japanese: 幕府は政宗存命中は、政宗がいつ謀叛を起こすかと常に警戒していたといわれている。
English: On March 10, 1616, during the late years of Ieyasu, the director of a British merchant office in Japan, Richard Cocks wrote in his diary as follows;
Japanese: 家康晩年の元和(日本)2年（1616年）1月23日のイギリス商館長・リチャード・コックスの日記では、以下のように記されている。
English: "According to rumors, the war between the Emperor (Ieyasu) and his son, lord Karusa (Kazusa no suke [Governor of Kazusa Province] Tadateru MATSUDAIRA) was about to break out, and the father-in-law of lord Karusa, Masamune would give support for lord Karusa".
Japanese: 「風評によれば、戦争は今や皇帝（家康）とその子カルサ様（松平上総介忠輝）との間で起こらんとし、義父政宗殿は、カルサ殿の後援をなすべし云々」
English: On April 16, 1628, Masamune invited Hidetada TOKUGAWA to the Edo office of Sendai Domain and entertained him.
Japanese: 寛永5年（1628年）3月12日、政宗は徳川秀忠を仙台藩江戸屋敷に招待して供応した。
English: During the visit, Masamune himself served dishes to Hidetada; then the close vassal of Hidetada, Masashige NAITO spoke to Masamune saying, "I'd like you lord Masamune to taste food before serving for proving poison free."
Japanese: このとき、政宗自らが秀忠の前に膳を運んだのだが、そのとき秀忠側近の内藤正重が、「伊達殿に鬼見（毒見）をしてほしい」と声をかけた。
English: According to "the wise saying of the lord Masamune," it is described that Masamune was outraged by this request and responded as follows;
Japanese: 政宗はこれに対して、激怒して以下のように返答したと、『政宗公御名語集』に記されている。
English: Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State [Masashige]) speaks of unreasonable thing when someone such as Masamune asked your visit and serves dishes myself.'
Japanese: 「外記（正重）言はれぬ事を被申候。政宗程の者が御成を申自身御膳を上るうへ。」
English: Whereas even 10 years ago, I swear to gods of Japan that I would never utilize a cowardly method such as poisoning, and never think of murdering.'
Japanese: 「十年前にも,日本の神かけて毒などにて。殺し奉るべきとは夢々思はぬぞ。
English: In other words, he was saying that Masamune would have plotted a revolt if it was 10 years ago (1618), (since the foundation of Tokugawa Shogunate was not stable and solid yet), but Masamune would not utilize such trivial method as poisoning even at that time, but to fight directly in a battle.
Japanese: つまり、10年前の元和4年（1618年）なら、（徳川幕府の基盤がまだ磐石ではなかったため）謀反を起こす気もあったが、その時でさえ、この政宗は毒殺などというせせこましいことはせず、一槍交えて戦おうとしただろうと言っている。
English: Hidetada heard their exchanges behind a bamboo blind, and shed tears in saying, "that is just what the lord Date, a lofty, admirable man."
Japanese: 秀忠は御簾の向こうでこのやりとりを聞き、「さすがは伊達の親父殿よ」と涙したという。
English: According to "the wise saying of the lord Masamune," Hidetada TOKUGAWA, who died in January, 1632, called Masamune at his deathbed and spoke as follows;
Japanese: 徳川秀忠は寛永9年（1632年）1月に死去したが、このとき秀忠は政宗を枕元に呼び、次のように述べたと『政宗公御名語集』にはある。
English: During the time I have my consciousness, every happy events and incidents between you and me from the past until today, Lord Hidetada did not even forget any details of our happy times.'
Japanese: 「少も本心の有内に。其方へ掛御目度事は昔より今日至迄。御心指一ツとしてわするる事なし。」
English: When the illness of my lord Ogosho (Ieyasu) was serious and he was held at his residence in the Sunpu-jo Castle, an ill-informed person told us that you rose in revolt against bakufu.
Japanese: 大御所（家康）様駿河の御殿にて御病気重き折節悪き者の申入候にて、己に其方謀反のよし其聞へ候間。
English: (When Ieyasu was on his deathbed at the Sunpu-jo Castle, he heard a rumor that Masamune would rise in revolt, thus Ieyasu was going to organize a punitive force to Oshu regardless of his illness.
Japanese: （家康が駿府城で死の床に臥していたとき、政宗が謀反を起こすという噂が立ったので、家康は自分の病気にかまわず奥州討伐のための軍を起こそうとしていた）。
English: "When I was young, I run through battlefields on a horseback, but once the world became peaceful, I grew old and my hair gradually turned gray.
Japanese: 「若い頃は馬に乗って戦場を駆け抜けたが、世は太平になり自分にも白髪が増えた。
English: However, the last phrase allows two completely different ways of interpretation as "what am I supposed to do without enjoying it," or "what is the reason that I cannot enjoy it?"
Japanese: しかし最後の句は「楽しまずんば是いかん（これを楽しまずしてどうしようか）」あるいは「楽しまず是如何に（楽しいとは思えないのはどうしたことか）」と全く違う二通りの解釈ができてしまう。
English: It is said that Masamune intentionally composed the last phrase in such manner in order to leave the room for interpretation in either way; this is a big mystery, which Masamune left.
Japanese: 政宗自身がどちらともとれるように作ったとも言われているが、政宗の残した大きな謎となっている。
English: Masamune recommended his family members and vassals to move to a castle built on a flat land after his death, since he thought such mountain castle as the Sendai-jo castle was not suitable for governing in a peaceful times.
Japanese: 仙台城は山城で平和な世の治世には適さぬとして、自分の死後、平城へ移ることを奨めていた。
English: In other words, this indicates and allows to say that Masamune did not give up his ambition in his lifetime until the moment of his death, to acquire the right of ruling Japan.
Japanese: 逆に言えば生前は死の前まで天下を取る野心を捨てていなかったといわれる。
English: As described above, Masamune, who persistently sought for acquiring the right of ruling in any possible opportunity, was cautiously watched by bakufu all the time.
Japanese: 上述のように隙あらば天下を取ろうと狙っていた彼は、中央から常に警戒されていた。
English: It is said that he was always chagrined and said, "if only I was born twenty years earlier... (I could conquer Japan)"
Japanese: 彼は「あと20年早く生まれていれば……（天下が取れたのに）」と悔しがっていたといわれる。
English: On the other hand, there is an anecdote describing his opinion, quoted as "once I sought for acquiring the right of ruling Japan, but now I am in the position to support Iemitsu" when bakufu came under the administration of Iemitsu.
Japanese: その一方で、家光の代においては「かつては天下を狙っていたが、今は家光を支える立場である」という事を示す逸話が見られる。
English: "Unlike my grandfather and father, I am shogun by birth, therefore every feudal lord shall swear allegiance and show deference to me from now on.
Japanese: 「祖父、父とは違い、自分は生まれながらの将軍であるから、大名方は今後は臣従の礼をとるべきだ。
English: To those words of Iemitsu, it is said that Masamune immediately responded saying, "there is no way anyone here has objection to your lord, of course Masamune as well," and everyone presented at the inauguration prostrated themselves.
Japanese: 政宗はこれに対し「政宗はもとより、異論のある者などおるはずがありませぬ」と即座に継ぎ、その場の皆が平伏したとされている。
English: There are some possibilities regarding the context of this incident, as one states this speech of Iemitsu was based on the advice of Masamune, or another suggests the cabinet members of bakufu asked Masamune in advance to reply to the words of Iemitsu on the spot.
Japanese: この家光の発言は政宗の助言によるものだったとも、あるいは幕閣が政宗に予め根回して即座に返答するよう依頼したとも言われている。
English: When cabinet members of bakufu were at a loss, since Iemitsu was enthusiastic about falconry and frequently away overnight, they requested Masamune to persuade Iemitsu to stop being away overnight.
Japanese: 家光が鷹狩に没頭し、下宿（外泊）を頻繁に行うのに困った幕閣が政宗に説得を頼んだ。
English: This nickname first appeared in "Dokuganryu Masamune DATE" (written by Shien TAKAHASHI, emended by Tenzui KUBO, published by Shobido: Osaka in September, 1901).
Japanese: 『独眼竜伊達政宗』（高橋紫燕・著，久保天随・校、大阪：鍾美堂，明34（1901）9月刊行）が出典。
English: Those nicknames of Masamune as "Dokuganryu Masamune DATE" or "the Conqueror of Ou" were not the nickname of his days, but the naming in later years.
Japanese: 独眼竜伊達政宗、奥羽の覇王、いずれも、伊達政宗存命中の呼称ではなく、後世の命名である。
English: Before this nickname was applied to Masamune, the name Dokuganryu had referred to Motoharu YAMAJI, the lieutenant general of the Imperial Japanese Army and the divisional commander of the 1st Army Division.
Japanese: なお、それに先駆け、独眼竜とは旧陸軍第一師団長・陸軍中将・山地元治を指す。
English: The source of this example is a book called "Heroes of the Conquest in Shina (China)" (written by Saku HORIMOTO, published by Toundo Tokyo, in November, 1894).
Japanese: 出典は『支那征討英傑伝』（堀本柵・著、東京：東雲堂，明27（1894）11月刊行）。
English: The nickname of Masamune, "Dokuganryu Masamune DATE" was used for the title of a NHK (Nihon Hoso Kyokai, Japan National Broadcasting Corporation) historical drama in 1987, and also for the movie of the Daiei Motion Picture Company.
Japanese: 『独眼竜政宗』は1987年のNHK大河ドラマのほか、1942年の大映映画などでもタイトルとして使用されている。
English: The books mentioned above can be found and accessed for their details through the Digital Library from the Meiji Era of the National Diet Library.
Japanese: 上記著書は、国立国会図書館近代デジタルライブラリーで原文の詳細を読むことができる。
English: Among those major vassals, Shigezane DATE, Kagetsuna KATAKURA and Tsunamoto ONINIWA are sometimes referred as the three outstanding vassals of Date clan, while Kagetsuna KATAKURA and Shigezane DATE are named as the two finest vassals of Date clan.
Japanese: このうち、伊達成実・片倉景綱および鬼庭綱元を伊達三傑、片倉景綱と伊達成実を伊達の双璧と言うことがある。
English: The way of thriftiness is to endure various inconveniences; however, you do not feel any hardship once you consider yourself as a visitor to this world.
Japanese: 倹約の仕方は不自由なるを忍ぶにあり、この世に客に来たと思へば何の苦しみもなし。
English: Let go of the passing day, exchange greetings with your descendants and brothers, with the words of taking your leave for this world.
Japanese: 一、今日行くをおくり、子孫兄弟によく挨拶して、娑婆の御暇申すがよし。
English: Shinsaku TAKASUGI (September 27, 1839 - May 17, 1867) was a Japanese samurai of the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 高杉晋作（たかすぎしんさく、天保10年8月20日(旧暦)（1839年9月27日）-慶応3年4月14日(旧暦)（1867年5月17日））は、日本の武士（長州藩士）。
English: He used various aliases including Senzo TANI, Umenosuke TANI, Sukeichiro BINGOYA, Wasuke MITANI, Taro HORI, Gyoma SHISHIDO and Matsusuke NISHIURA.
Japanese: 変名を谷潜蔵、谷梅之助、備後屋助一郎、三谷和助、祝部太郎、宍戸刑馬、西浦松助など。
English: He was born on Kikuya Yokocho Street in Hagi-jo Castle Town, Nagato Province (now Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) as the first son of Kochuta TAKASUGI (an upper-class samurai with a stipend of 200 koku) and Michi.
Japanese: 長門国萩城菊屋横丁（現・山口県萩市）に萩藩・高杉小忠太（大組・200石）・みちの長男として生まれる。
English: After studying at a private school of Chinese classics, he entered a hanko (public school for the children of samurai), Meirinkan, in 1852 and learned swordplay as well.
Japanese: 漢学塾を経て、嘉永5年（1852年）に藩校の明倫館に入学、剣術も学ぶ。
English: In 1857, he entered Shoka Sonjuku, a private school headed by Shoin YOSHIDA, and in 1858 was sent by the clan to study in Edo.
Japanese: 安政4年（1857年）には吉田松陰が主宰していた松下村塾に入り、安政5年（1858年）には藩命で江戸へ遊学した。
English: When his teacher Shoin was arrested during the Ansei Purge in 1859, Takasugi visited him in jail.
Japanese: 安政6年（1859年）には師の松陰が安政の大獄で捕らえられるとその獄を見舞う。
English: Takasugi returned home in December 1860 and married the second daughter of Yamaguchi town magistrate Heiemon INOUE, Masa, who was said to be the most beautiful lady in Suo and Nagato Provinces.
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）11月に帰郷、防長一の美人と言われた山口町奉行井上平右衛門の次女、まさと結婚する。
English: In April 1861, he undertook naval training on the clan's warship Heishinmaru, and travelled to Edo.
Japanese: 文久元年（1861年）3月には海軍修練のため、藩の所蔵する軍艦丙辰丸に乗船、江戸へ渡る。
English: In May 1862, by order of the clan, he departed Nagasaki for Shanghai City, China, with Tomoatsu GODAI and others, accompanying the shogunate envoys.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）5月には藩命で、五代友厚らとともに、幕府使節随行員として長崎から中国の上海市へ渡航した。
English: There he learned about the state of the Qing dynasty's colonization by the West and of the Taiping Rebellion, a popular uprising that had continued since 1854.
Japanese: 清が欧米の植民地となりつつある実情や、1854年からの民衆反乱である太平天国の乱を見聞した。
English: He then returned home in July, having been greatly influenced by the journey, according to his diary "Yu-shin Goroku" (Five Accounts of a Voyage to China).
Japanese: そして7月に帰国、日記の『遊清五録』によれば大きな影響を受けたとされる。
English: In the Choshu clan, during the absence of Takasugi, Uta NAGAI and others of the old guard faction were ousted and the Sonno Joi faction (those who advocated reverence for the Emperor and expulsion of foreigners) became dominant.
Japanese: 長州藩では、高杉の渡航中に守旧派の長井雅楽らが失脚、尊王攘夷(尊攘)派が台頭した。
English: Takasugi also joined the Sonno Joi movement with Kogoro KATSURA (Takayoshi KIDO) and Yoshisuke KUSAKA (Genzui KUSAKA) and launched a campaign in Kyoto espousing loyalty to the Emperor, nullification of treaties and the expelling of foreigners, in cooperation with royalists from other clans.
Japanese: 高杉も桂小五郎（木戸孝允）や久坂義助（久坂玄瑞）たちと共にともに尊攘運動に加わり、江戸・京師（京都市）において勤皇・破約攘夷の宣伝活動を展開し、各藩の志士たちと交流した。
English: In 1862, Takasugi argued, 'The Satsuma clan has already seen results in expelling foreigners by killing them in Namamugi, and yet our clan is still advocating for reconciliation between the imperial court and the shogunate. We must find some way to get results in expelling foreigners. If the clan government cannot take a decisive action to do it...'
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、高杉は「薩藩はすでに生麦に於いて夷人を斬殺して攘夷の実を挙げたのに、我が藩はなお、公武合体を説いている。何とか攘夷の実を挙げねばならぬ。藩政府でこれを断行できぬならば......」と論じていた。
English: Just at that time, Takasugi and his comrades (Genzui KUSAKA, Yahachiro YAMATO, Kurata NAGAMINE, Monta SHIJI, Gozo MATSUSHIMA, Chuzaburo TERAJIMA, Kumajiro ARIYOSHI, Mikinojo AKANE, Yozo YAMAO and Yajiro SHINAGAWA) conspired to kill the foreign ministers who often holidayed in Kanazawa in Musashi Province (Kanazawa Hakkei).
Japanese: 折りしも、外国公使がしばしば武州金澤（金澤八景)で遊ぶからそこで刺殺しようと同志（高杉晋作、久坂玄瑞、大和弥八郎、長嶺内蔵太、志道聞多、松島剛蔵、寺島忠三郎、有吉熊次郎、赤禰幹之丞、山尾庸三、品川弥二郎）が相談した。
English: However, Kusaka told the plan to Hanpeita TAKECHI of the Tosa clan, who made it known to the head of the Tosa clan Yodo YAMAUCHI, and from him the news reached the head of the Choshu clan Sadahiro MORI, who stopped them from carrying it out recklessly, and ordered them to confine themselves at home.
Japanese: しかし久坂が土佐の武市半平太に話したことから、これが土佐藩主山内容堂を通して長州藩主毛利定広に伝わり、無謀であると制止され実行に到らず、櫻田邸内に謹慎を命ぜられる。
English: In this process, Takasugi formed the idea of Choshu nationalism, thinking that only the royalists from the Choshu clan were trustworthy.
Japanese: この過程で、高杉は頼りになるのは長州の志士だけだとする長州ナショナリズムを形成した。
English: The Choshu clan's cooperation and negotiation with the imperial court and other clans came to be handled by Katsura and Kusaka exclusively.
Japanese: 長州藩と朝廷や他藩との提携交渉は、専ら桂や久坂が担当することとなる。
English: On January 31, 1863, Takasugi and his comrades attacked and burned the British legation building under construction in Gotenyama, Shinagawa, in order to protest the shogunate's acting against the intentions of the Emperor.
Japanese: 文久2年12月12日には、幕府の異勅に抗議するため、同志とともに品川御殿山に建設中の英国公使館焼き討ち事件を行う。
English: Takasugi also transferred the remains of Shoin, who had been executed as a rebel against the shogunate, from Odawara to Setagaya in broad daylight, and held a funeral service.
Japanese: また、幕府の罪人として処刑された松陰の遺骨を白昼堂々小塚原から世田谷に移して会葬する。
English: Being afraid that such radical actions might irritate the shogunate, the clan recalled Takasugi from Edo.
Japanese: これらの過激な行いが幕府を刺激する事を恐れた藩では高杉を江戸から召還する。
English: On June 25, 1863, after the deadline for the expulsion of foreigners that had been set by the shogunate upon the demand of the imperial court, the Choshu clan fired cannons at foreign ships in the Kanmon-Kaikyo Strait, but was overwhelmingly defeated by the American and French counter-attack.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）5月10日、幕府が朝廷から要請されて制定した攘夷期限が過ぎると、長州藩は関門海峡において外国船砲撃を行うが、逆に米仏の報復に逢い惨敗する。
English: In July, at the residence of Shoichiro SHIRAISHI who was a wholesaler in the port, Takasugi formed the Kiheitai militia, consisting of voluntary soldiers of any social rank, with its headquarters at Amida-ji Temple (next to Akama-jingu Shrine).
Japanese: 6月には廻船問屋の白石正一郎邸において身分に因らない志願兵による奇兵隊を結成し、阿弥陀寺（赤間神宮の隣）を本拠とする。
English: In Kyoto, the Choshu clan was ousted in the Coup of August 18, by a coalition of the Satsuma and Aizu clans in the imperial court.
Japanese: 京都では薩摩藩と会津藩が結託した宮廷クーデターである8月18日の政変で長州藩が追放された。
English: In February 1864, Takasugi tried to dissuade the radical Matabei KIJIMA from his plan to fight the Satsuma and Aizu in Kyoto, but failed and then left the domain to hide in Kyoto himself.
Japanese: 文久4年（1864年）1月、高杉は京都進発を主張する急進派の来島又兵衛を説得するが容れられず、脱藩して京都へ潜伏する。
English: In September, a combined fleet of warships from four nations — England, France, the United States of America and the Netherlands — attacked Shimonoseki and occupied the gun battery there.
Japanese: 8月には、イギリス、フランス、アメリカ、オランダの4カ国連合艦隊が下関を砲撃、砲台が占拠されるに至った。
English: In the peace conference, the coalition countries demanded "lease of Hiko-shima Island" as well as various other terms.
Japanese: この講和会議において、連合国は数多の条件とともに『彦島の租借』を要求してきた。
English: Takasugi accepted almost all terms proposed, but persistently refused this "lease of territory" and finally succeeded in eliminating it.
Japanese: 高杉はほぼ全ての提示条件を受け入れたが、この『領土の租借』についてのみ頑として受け入れようとせず、結局は取り下げさせることに成功した。
English: Takasugi, having seen the situation of the Qing dynasty, understood that the "fixed-term lease of territory" was a method of colonization.
Japanese: これは清国の見聞を経た高杉が『領土の期限付租借』の植民地化を深く見抜いていたからである。
English: Later generations have concluded that if this demand had been accepted, Japanese history would have turned out very differently.
Japanese: もしこの要求を受け入れていれば日本の歴史は大きく変わっていたであろうと後世に分析されている。
English: As the shogunate planned the first conquest of Choshu, a moderate faction advocating reconciliation with the shogunate became dominant in the Choshu clan and Takasugi escaped to Fukuoka in October.
Japanese: 幕府による第一次長州征伐が迫る中、長州藩では俗論派が台頭し、10月には福岡へ逃れる。
English: He was sheltered in the Hirao Sanso Mountain Villa, but returned to Shimonoseki on hearing that the moderate faction had executed a chief retainer of the reformist faction.
Japanese: 平尾山荘に匿われるが、俗論派による正義派家老の処刑を聞き、再び下関へ帰還。
English: On the night of January 12, at Kozan-ji Temple, Takasugi raised an army made up of various corps of the Choshu clan, including the Rikishitai led by Hirobumi ITO and the Yugekitai led by Kojiro ISHIKAWA.
Japanese: 12月15日夜半、伊藤博文（伊藤博文）率いる力士隊、石川小五郎率いる遊撃隊ら長州藩諸隊を率いて功山寺挙兵。
English: Other corps later joined as well, including Kiheitai, and in March 1865 they ousted the leader of the moderate faction, Tota MUKUNASHI, and seized power in the clan.
Japanese: 後に奇兵隊ら諸隊も加わり、元治2年（1865年）3月には俗論派の首魁椋梨藤太らを排斥して藩の実権を握る。
English: In the same year, Takasugi contacted an English merchant named Glover in Nagasaki, in an attempt to go abroad, but Glover rejected the proposal.
Japanese: 同月、海外渡航を試みて長崎でイギリス商人グラバーと接触するが、反対される。
English: Takasugi then pressed for the opening of Shimonoseki Port to foreigners, which led both the reformist and moderate factions to try to kill him, and in April he escaped to the Shikoku region with his mistress Ono (later called Baishoni), relying on the support of Enseki KUSANAGI there.
Japanese: 4月には、下関開港を推し進めたことにより、攘夷派・俗論派に命を狙われたため、愛妾・おうの（後の梅処尼）とともに四国へ逃れ、日柳燕石を頼る。
English: On February 6, 1865, Shinsaku was disinherited by the Takasugi family and treated as 'Hagukumi' (peasant who became a samurai through a system unique to the Choshu clan).
Japanese: 慶応元年（1865年）1月11日付で晋作は高杉家を廃嫡されて「育（はぐくみ）」扱いとされた。
English: On May 3, 1867, he was awarded a stipend of 100 koku and became the first head of the Tani family.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）3月29日には新知100石が与えられ、谷家を創設して初代当主となる。
English: On March 7, 1866 (March 8 according to another theory), an alliance between the Satsuma and Choshu clans, which Shinsaku had been promoting with Kogoro KATSURA, Kaoru INOUE and Shunsuke ITO, was concluded at the residence of the Satsuma clan in Kyoto, with Ryoma SAKAMOTO, Shintaro NAKAOKA and Hisamoto HIJIKATA from the Tosa clan acting as intermediaries.
Japanese: さらに慶応2年（1866年）1月21日（一説には1月22日）、土佐藩の坂本龍馬・中岡慎太郎・土方久元を仲介として、晋作も桂小五郎・井上馨・伊藤俊輔たちと共に進めていた薩長同盟が京都薩摩藩邸で結ばれる。
English: In June, he was ordered to go to Satsuma with Shunsuke ITO, and in Nagasaki independently purchased a warship called the Otentosamamaru.
Japanese: 5月には伊藤俊輔とともに薩摩行きを命じられ、長崎で丙寅丸（オテントサマ丸）を単独購入。
English: In July, at the time of the second conquest of Choshu by the shogunate (the Shikyo War), he boarded the Otentosamamaru as chief commander of the Navy.
Japanese: 6月の第二次長州征伐（四境戦争）では海軍総督として丙寅丸に乗り込んだ。
English: He attacked at night and defeated a shogunate fleet moored in the sea near Suo-oshima Island, and recaptured the island in cooperation with other corps, such as the second Kiheitai unit led by Hanshichi HAYASHI.
Japanese: 周防大島沖に停泊する幕府艦隊を夜襲してこれを退け、林半七率いる第二奇兵隊等と連絡して周防大島を奪還。
English: In the area of Kokura City, he began the attack by commanding his warships to fire cannons at the coast of Moji and Tanoura.
Japanese: 小倉市方面の戦闘指揮では、まず軍艦で門司・田ノ浦の沿岸を砲撃させた。
English: With this support, he landed Kiheitai and Hokokutai troops and destroyed the gun battery and magazine of the shogunate, whose army then took flight.
Japanese: その援護のもと奇兵隊・報国隊を上陸させ、幕軍の砲台、火薬庫を破壊し幕府軍を敗走させた。
English: He then tried to attack further, but meeting a furious counter-attack by the Higo clan in front of Kokura-jo Castle, he temporarily ceased the assault.
Japanese: その後さらに攻勢に出るも小倉城手前で肥後藩の猛反撃に合い、一時小康状態となる。
English: However, various clans supporting the shogunate withdrew from time to time, being furious about the timidity and indecisiveness of the shogunate chief commander Nagamichi OGASAWARA.
Japanese: しかし、幕府軍総督小笠原長行の臆病な日和見ぶりに激怒した幕府軍諸藩が随時撤兵した。
English: In August, Ogasawara was informed that the Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA had died, and taking this opportunity, he withdrew from the battle.
Japanese: 7月には将軍徳川家茂の死去の報を受けた小笠原がこれ幸いと戦線を離脱した。
English: This defeat eroded the authority of the shogunate in a dramatic fashion and marked a turning point towards the restoration of Imperial rule in November 1867.
Japanese: この敗北によって幕府の権威は大きく失墜し、翌慶応3年（1867年）11月の大政奉還への大きな転換点となった。
English: He died at the age of 27, on May 17, 1867, assured that the Edo shogunate would end, but without witnessing the restoration of Imperial rule.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）5月17日（太陽暦）、江戸幕府の終了を確信しながらも大政奉還を見ずしてこの世を去る（享年27）。
English: A story says that his father, mother, wife and son came to see him, and Motoni NOMURA, Aritomo YAMAGATA and Kensuke TANAKA also witnessed his death, although its details are unclear, as Tanaka's diary says that he was in Kyoto on that day.
Japanese: 臨終には、父・母・妻と倅がかけつけ、野村望東尼と山縣有朋、田中顕助が立ち会ったとされるが、田中の残した日記によれば、彼はその日京におり、詳細は定かではない。
English: He was also enshrined and honored at Tokyo Shokonsha Shrine, which is currently Yasukuni-jinja Shrine, by Takayoshi KIDO and Matsujiro OMURA, together with Shoin YOSHIDA, Genzui KUSAKA, Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA.
Japanese: なお、木戸孝允・大村益次郎らによって、現在の靖国神社に、東京招魂社時代の始めから吉田松陰・久坂玄瑞・坂本龍馬・中岡慎太郎たちと共に表彰・鎮魂され、祀られている。
English: The last part of the poem, 'It depends on what the heart sees' is said to have added by Motoni NOMURA.
Japanese: 下の句は看病していた野村望東尼が「すみなすものは心なりけり」とつけたと言われている。
English: However, another theory claims that this is not true, since there is a record indicating that the poem was created one year previously.
Japanese: しかし、この句は前年にすでに読んでいたという記録も残っており、正確ではないという説もある。
English: A dodoitsu song (Japanese popular love song in the 7-7-7-5 syllable pattern), 'I want to kill the crow of the Three Thousand Worlds, and sleep with you in the morning' is widely considered to have been penned by Shinsaku (or Takayoshi KIDO according to another theory).
Japanese: 都々逸（どどいつ）の「三千世界の烏を殺し、主と朝寝がしてみたい」は一般に晋作の作であると言われている（木戸孝允作の説も有り）。
English: This dodoitsu song is still sung today as the lyrics of folk songs in Hagi City, such as 'Otoko nara' and 'Yoishokosho bushi.'
Japanese: この都々逸は、現在でも萩の民謡である「男なら」や「ヨイショコショ節」の歌詞として唄われている。