nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: They destroyed small and large buildings of the Kiyomizu-dera Temple, carried the mikoshi (portable shrine carried in festivals), and burst into the oidono (kitchen hall), In-Gosho (the imperial palace for retired and cloistered emperors), to demand that the gon shosozu (Junior lesser prelate) Jikkaku should be banished.
Japanese: 清水寺の堂舎を破壊して神輿をかつぎ、院御所である大炊殿におしかけ興福寺の権少僧都・実覚の流罪を要求した。
English: The governor of Dewa Province, MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni, the governor of Tango Province, TAIRA no Masamori, and Saemon no jo (third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi guarded the dairi (Imperial Palace) and In-Gosho.
Japanese: 出羽守・源光国、丹後守・平正盛、左衛門尉・源為義が院御所・内裏を警固した。
English: The Kofuku-ji Temple was outraged by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's makeshift handling of the situation and acceptance of the request to punish Jikkaku, and submitted to the Emperor the three pleas that Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect) Ningo and Head priest of Hossho-ji Temple Kankei be banished; that the Gion-sha Shrine be a subordinate shrine of the Kasuga-taisha Shrine; and that Jikkaku's banishment be halted.
Japanese: その場しのぎの対応で法皇が実覚処分の要求を飲んだことから興福寺が激怒、天台座主・仁豪と法性寺座主・寛慶の流罪、祇園社を春日大社の末社にすること、実覚の配流停止といった3ヵ条を奏上として提出した。
English: To prevent monks from entering the capital, TAIRA no Masamori, TAIRA no Tadamori and MINAMOTO no Shigetoki were deployed to Uji, and MINAMOTO no Mitsukuni and FUJIWARA no Morishige to Nishi-Sakamoto.
Japanese: 大衆の上洛を防ぐため、宇治に平正盛・平忠盛・源重時が、西坂本に源光国・藤原盛重が配備された。
English: When both of the sides faced each other in Uji, a deer, which was believed to be a messenger from the deity of the Kasuga-taisha Shrine, appeared in front of them; one solder tried to shoot it and this incident caused the battle to begin, resulting in a large number of casualties among the side of the monks.
Japanese: 宇治において双方が対峙中にたまたま現れた鹿（鹿は春日大社明神の使として信仰されていた）を兵士が射ようとしたことから合戦となり、大衆側に多数の戦死者が出た。
English: Masamori, Tadamori and Shigetoki, who were deployed to Uji, were the kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but they were ordered to be deployed by the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa without an instruction from FUJIWARA no Munetada, the kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police).
Japanese: 宇治に出動した正盛・忠盛・重時は検非違使だったが、検非違使別当・藤原宗忠の指示を介さず法皇の命令で派兵された。
English: The Jisho Sannen no Seihen was an incident where TAIRA no Kiyomori led an army to conquer Kyoto and stalled the government by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa in December (November in old lunar calendar) 1179.
Japanese: 治承三年の政変（じしょうさんねんのせいへん）は治承3年（1179年）11月、平清盛が軍勢を率いて京都を制圧、後白河院政を停止した事件。
English: The relation between Emperor Goshirakawa and TAIRA no Kiyomori came into crisis due to the Shikagatani Incident in 1177, but Kiyomori limited the scale of the incident to the execution of FUJIWARA no Narichika and Saiko, who were the heads conspirators, and the exile of participants, and did not put the blame on the emperor at this time.
Japanese: 治承元年（1177年）の鹿ケ谷事件により後白河天皇と平清盛の関係は危機的状況となったが、この時は清盛も首謀者の藤原成親・西光の処刑と参加者の配流にとどめ、法皇自身の責任は問わなかった。
English: The cloistered emperor tried to reconcile with Kiyomori on the surface, and the opposition between both parties seemed to soften.
Japanese: 法皇も表面は清盛との友好関係を修復することにつとめ、両者の対立は緩和されたかに見えた。
English: Empress TAIRA no Tokuko gave birth to the imperial prince of Emperor Takakura in December 1178 (November 1178 in old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 治承2年（1178年）11月、中宮・平徳子が高倉天皇の皇子を出産する。
English: Kiyomori demanded to make the imperial prince as the crown prince to the cloistered emperor, and Shinno senji (a letter of the order of the emperor which demanded the inauguration of crown prince) was carried out to name the imperial prince as Emperor Antoku (Tokihito) on January 14 (December 9 in old lunar calendar), and he was formally installed as the Crown Prince on January 20 (December 15 in old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 清盛は皇子を皇太子にすることを法皇に迫り12月9日、親王宣旨が下されて安徳天皇（ときひと）と命名され、15日、立太子した。
English: The position of guardian and togu-no-fu (an official in charge of education of the Crown Prince) was assigned to FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), and as the staff of Togubo (Crown Prince's Quarters) was assigned to TAIRA no Munamori, Togu no Daibu (a chief officer of Togubo), Kanemasa KASANNOIN, Gonno Taifu (vice chief officer), TAIRA no Shigehira, suke (an assistant secretary of an office), TAIRA no Koremori, gon no suke (provisional assistant master), who were the Taira family and the court nobles close to the Taira clan.
Japanese: 皇太子の後見人・東宮傅（とうぐうのふ）は左大臣・藤原経宗が任じられ、春宮坊の職員には、春宮大夫・平宗盛、権大夫・花山院兼雅、亮・平重衡、権亮・平維盛と一門と親平氏公卿で固められた。
English: The close servants of cloistered emperor were removed from around the crown prince, and the cloistered emperor began to hold a disapproval and was wary of Taira Clan.
Japanese: 皇太子周辺から法皇近臣は排除され、法皇は平氏に対して不満と警戒を強めることになった。
English: Shigemori asked for the life of FUJIWARA no Narichika to be spared but was not heard, and he lost interest in politics consequently dissapearing from the center stage of politics.
Japanese: 重盛は鹿ケ谷事件で清盛に藤原成親の助命を頼んで聞き入れられず、政治への意欲を失い表舞台に出なくなっていた。
English: Moriko inherited most of the estate of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) after the death of her husband, FUJIWARA no Motozane, and Kanezane KUJO mentioned in his diary, "Gyokuyo," 'Since she forcefully took away the estate of Fujiwara clan despite being someone of an opposite gender, there was a divine punishment from Kasuga Daimyojin (the Shinto deity).'
Japanese: 盛子は夫・藤原基実の死後、摂関家領の大部分を相続していて、九条兼実は「異姓の身で藤原氏の所領を押領したので春日大明神の神罰が下った」（『玉葉』）と日記に記している。
English: The estate of Sekkan-ke managed by Moriko was thought to be handed over to FUJIWARA no Motomichi (the son of Motozane) or Emperor Takakura whose junbo (a woman who was given the status equivalent to the emperor's birth mother) was Moriko, but the cloistered emperor assigned Shirakawa-dono Kuraazukari (the finance of the palace of Emperor Shirawaka) to FUJIWARA no Kanemori, who was his trusted vassal, and confiscated all of the estate in reality.
Japanese: 盛子の管理していた摂関家領は藤原基通（基実の子）もしくは、盛子が准母となっていた高倉天皇が相続すると思われていたが、法皇は白河殿倉預（くらあずかり）に近臣・藤原兼盛を任じて、事実上その所領の全てを没収してしまった。
English: Shigemori passed away on September 9 (July 29 in old lunar calendar), but FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, who was the trusted vassal of the cloistered emperor, became Governor of Echizen Province in Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) of November 16 (October 9 in old lunar calendar), and chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) of Shigemori after 1166 was confiscated.
Japanese: 7月29日には重盛が死去するが、10月9日の除目で院近臣の藤原季能が越前守となり、仁安(日本)元年（1166年）以来の重盛の知行国が没収されてしまう。
English: In addition, Moroie MATSUDONO, who was the eight year old son of Motofusa MATSUDONO, Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), became Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) in place of twenty years old Motomichi.
Japanese: しかも、この日の人事で関白・松殿基房の子で8歳の松殿師家が20歳の基通をさしおいて権中納言になった。
English: Motofusa, whose Sekkan-ke estate was taken away in addition to being involved in the Denkanoriai Incident, became the foremost leader in the anti-Taira clan force.
Japanese: 基房は摂関家領を奪われた上に、殿下乗合事件に巻き込まれたこともあり、反平氏勢力の急先鋒となっていた。
English: This staff reassignment was intended to destroy the reputation of Kiyomori, who made his own daughter, TAIRA no Hiroko, marry Motomichi and supported him.
Japanese: この人事は自らの娘・平寛子を基通に嫁がせ支援していた清盛の面目を潰すものだった。
English: The anti-Taira clan forces gained enough power in the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was close to the Taira clan, to cause civil war, causing events to become unpredictable.
Japanese: さらに親平氏の延暦寺でも反平氏勢力が台頭して内部紛争が起こるなど、情勢は予断を許さないものになった。
English: Motofusa and Moroie were dismissed from their posts on 22nd (15th in old lunar calendar), and Moromichi was appointed to be the Kanpaku, Naidaijin, and Uji no choja (the head of the clan).
Japanese: 15日、基房・師家が解官され、基通が関白・内大臣・氏長者に任命された。
English: The cloistered emperor was surprised by the firm attitude of Kiyomori, and used the Joken (the son of Shinzei) as the messenger, and said that he would not interfere with political duties hence forwards, and it was interpreted that the dismissal of Kanpaku father and son from their posts made the cloistered emperor and Kiyomori reconcile temporarily.
Japanese: 清盛の強硬姿勢に驚いた法皇は、静憲（信西の子）を使者として今後は政務に介入しないことを申し入れたため、一時は関白父子の解任で法皇と清盛が和解するのではないかという観測も流れた。
English: However, Kakukai, who was the head priest of the Tendai sect of Buddhism was dismissed from his post on 23rd (16th in old lunar calendar) and Myoun of the pro-Taira clan party was reassigned, and FUJIWARA no Moronaga, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), MINAMOTO no Suketaka, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Mitsuyoshi, Sangi (councillor), FUJIWARA no Chikanobu, Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), FUJIWARA no Sueyoshi, Governor of Echizen Province, TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, Okurakyo (Minister of the Treasury), FUJIWARA no Norisue, Governor of Mutsu Province were dismissed from their court official posts on 24th (17th in old lunar calendar).
Japanese: しかし、16日、天台座主・覚快が罷免となり親平氏派の明雲が復帰、17日、太政大臣・藤原師長、大納言・源資賢、参議・藤原光能、大宰大弐・藤原親信、越前国守・藤原季能、大蔵卿・高階泰経、陸奥国守・藤原範季らが解官。
English: Furthermore, TAIRA no Yorimori and TAIRA no Chikamune of TAIRA clan, and also their relative, KASANNOIN Kanemasa were dismissed from their court posts of Uemon no Kami (the chief of a government office called "uemonfu"), Uchuben (dupty minister of department overseeing some major ministries), and Togu no Daibu.
Japanese: さらに平氏一門の平頼盛・平親宗、縁戚の花山院兼雅も、それぞれ右衛門督・右中弁・春宮大夫の官職を解かれた。
English: Up to thirty-nine people were dismissed from their office on this day (eight Kugyo (court nobles), Tenjobito (a courtier allowed to enter the Imperial Palace), Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), thirty-one Kebiishi (police and judicial chief)).
Japanese: この日、解官された者は39名（公卿8名、殿上人・受領・検非違使など31名）に及んだ。
English: There was a wide shift in the zuryo of each province, and chigyokoku of Taira clan increased to thirty-two from seventeen provinces prior to the coup d'état; 'Japan Akitsu-shima (literally, "Land of Dragonflies") has only sixty-six provinces, and Heike (Taira family) chigyokoku became thirty-something provinces, already half the size of a country' ("The Tale of the Heike").
Japanese: 諸国の受領の大幅な交替も行われ、平氏の知行国はクーデター前の17ヶ国から32ヶ国になり、「日本秋津島は僅かに66ヶ国、平家知行の国三十余ヶ国、既に半国に及べり」（『平家物語』）という状態となった。
English: Motofusa was demoted to Dazai gon no sochi (Provisional Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) as exiled on 25th (18th in old lunar calendar), and it was decided that Moronaga and Sukekata would be exiled as well.
Japanese: 18日、基房は大宰権帥に左遷の上で配流、師長・資賢の追放も決まった。
English: These measures were revealed in Jimoku and since the shosho or senmei (an imperial edict) which were the official commands of the emperor, were distributed, Emperor Takakura was already under control of Kiyomori.
Japanese: これらの処置には除目が開催され、天皇の公式命令である宣命・詔書が発給されていることから、すでに高倉天皇が清盛の意のままになっていたことを示している。
English: The Toba Dono was heavily guarded by samurai such that only the sons of FUJIWARA no Shinzei (FUJIWARA no Shigenori, FUJIWARA no Naganori, and Joken) and their wives were allowed to go in and out, and it was these conditions that were put to a stop by the government of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 鳥羽殿は武士が厳しく警護して藤原信西の子（藤原成範・藤原脩範・静憲）と女房以外は出入りを許されず幽閉状態となり、後白河院政は停止された。
English: The dismissal of close vassals of the cloistered emperor, the arrest and confiscation of estates started, and close vassals of cloistered emperor, Yasunari OE, who had the title of Kebiishi, lit his own palace on fire and committed suicide, FUJIWARA no Kanemori, who was the Shirakawa-dono kuraazukari, had his wrists cut off, and Tameyuki, who was the former governor of Bingo Province, and Tameyasu, who was the former governor of Kazusa Province, were assassinated and pushed into the ocean.
Japanese: 次々と院近臣の逮捕・所領の没収が始まり、院に伺候していた検非違使・大江康業は自邸に火を放ち自害、白河殿倉預の藤原兼盛は手首を切られ、備後前司・為行、上総前司・為保は殺害されて海へ突き落とされた。
English: The third crown prince of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Prince Mochihito, also faced his estate being confiscated, and this became a direct cause for the Prince Mochihito to mobilize the army.
Japanese: 後白河法皇の第三皇子である以仁王も所領没収の憂き目にあい、このことが以仁王の挙兵の直接的な原因となった。
English: However, Kiyomori was also not planning the military dictatorship from the beginning, and he accepted the positions of the upper class kugyo such as FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, who had the title of Sadaijin, Kanezane, who had the title of Udaijin (Minister of the Right), and Sanesada TOKUDAIJI, who had the title of Sadaisho (Major Captain the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) and sought cooperation.
Japanese: ただ、清盛も当初から軍事独裁を考えていたわけではなく、左大臣・経宗、右大臣・兼実、左大将・徳大寺実定など上流公卿には地位を認めて協力を求めた。
English: Emperor Takakura passed his position over to Imperial Prince Tokihito (Emperor Antoku) in March (February in old lunar calendar) 1180, and the government by the Cloistered Emperor Takakura started as a puppet of the Taira clan.
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）2月、高倉天皇は言仁親王に譲位（安徳天皇）、平氏の傀儡としての高倉院政が開始された。
English: The act of grabbing hold of power by confining the cloistered emperor led to the birth of many opposition forces.
Japanese: 法皇を幽閉して政治の実権を握ったことは、多くの反対勢力を生み出した。
English: Kofukuji-Temple, which opposed to the exile of Motofusa, Kanpaku, and Onjo-ji Temple which had a close relationship with the cloistered emperor were representatives.
Japanese: 関白・基房の配流に反発する興福寺、法皇と密接なつながりをもつ園城寺が代表である。
English: There was a clash between the Kokushi (provincial governors) and samurai within provinces within newly born chigyokoku of Taira clan.
Japanese: さらに新しく平氏の知行国となった国では、国司と国内武士の対立が巻き起こった。
English: Tsunehiro KAZUSA and Yoshiaki MIURA of the powerful government officers of the alternated Kazusa and Sagami Provinces, were pressurized by Mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) of Taira clan, and this became a trigger for them to greatly contribute to the mobilization of the army of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
Japanese: 特に、この時に交替した上総国・相模国では有力在庁の上総広常・三浦義明は平氏の目代に圧迫を受け、源頼朝の挙兵に積極的に加わる要因となった。
English: According to the entry written on December 24 (November 17 in old lunar calendar), 1179 in "Sankaiki" (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary), the following thirty-nine people were dismissed from their positions in the emergency Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials).
Japanese: 『山槐記』治承3年（1179年）11月17日条によれば、臨時除目より以下の39名が解官された。
English: In-no-hyojo was an agreement presided by the retired emperor or cloistered emperor during his post-retirement government.
Japanese: 院評定（いんのひょうじょう）とは、院政において太上天皇あるいは法皇が主宰した議定のこと。
English: At the end of the Heian period, with the development of government by a retired emperor, the abdicated emperor and cloistered emperor came to make important decisions after formulating agreements at their own residence, replacing the reign of the emperor at the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 平安時代末期、院政の進展に伴って内裏における陣定に代わって、上皇や法皇が自分の御所内において議定を行って重要な決定を行うようになった。
English: Not all court nobles were allowed to join the decision-making processes, and only specific court nobles and In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) could join.
Japanese: この際に参加出来たのは公卿全般ではなく、上皇・法皇が認めた特定の公卿並びに院近臣達であった。
English: Gosagain revised the government by a retired emperor in 1246 during his post-retired government.
Japanese: 後嵯峨院による院政下の寛元4年（1246年）に院政の改革が行われた。
English: Similarly to the hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), five members including Saneuji SAIONJI were appointed to hyojoshu, and the 'In-no-fu-dono,' Fumidono (the retired emperor's Documents Bureau) in the In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) was designated as the venue.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の評定衆に倣って西園寺実氏ら5人の評定衆が任命されるとともに開催場所も院庁の文殿である「院文殿（いんのふどの）」と定められた。
English: Lawsuits and political issues were processed at the venue, and the venue also served as Kirokujo (Land Record Office) of the in-no-fu-dono.
Japanese: ここで訴訟や政治問題などの処理が行われるとともに、院文殿に記録所の機能が兼ね揃えられた。
English: The venue was staffed with middle to low-ranked court nobles who were versed in the Ritsuryo codes and Confucianism to assist and facilitate the in-no-hyojo processes.
Japanese: 律令法や儒教に詳しい中下級公家が職員として置かれて、院評定を円滑に行うための補助的業務を行うようになった。
English: Since then, the in-no-hyojo at the In-no-fu-dono became the central organization for the government by a retired emperor until its political authority was deprived by the Muromachi bakufu at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 以後、院文殿における院評定が院政の中枢機関として活動するようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)末期に室町幕府によってその政治的権限を奪われるまで続いた。
English: The Honjo Soemon Oboegaki is a record sent by Soemon HONJO, a samurai serving Mitsuhide AKECHI during the Honnoji Incident, to three people who are thought to be his relatives, during his late years in the Edo period.
Japanese: 本城惣右衛門覚書（ほんじよそうえもんおぼえがき）は、本能寺の変で明智光秀に従軍していた光秀配下の武士本城惣右衛門が、江戸時代に入って晩年、親族と思われる三人の人物に宛てた記録である。
English: The record became known when the full text appeared in bulletin No.57 of the Tenri Central Library, 'Biblia' in June 1974.
Japanese: 天理図書館報「ビブリア」NO.57昭和49年6月に全文が掲載され注目を集めた。
English: In January, 1930, Wakaki HAYASHI, a collector of historical books, purchased the Honjo Soemon Oboegaki from an unknown person and published it in the magazine 'Nihon oyobi Nihonjin' (Japan and the Japanese); it's existence finally becomes known.
Japanese: 1930年（1930年）1月古典籍の収集家林若樹氏により不明者から購入、雑誌「日本及日本人」に発表されその存在が知られる。
English: Incidentally, Honno-ji Temple at the time was used as an exclusive guesthouse for Nobunaga and thus the monks were temporarily removed; with only about one hundred men on the premises of the vast temple, Honno-ji Temple was nearly deserted.
Japanese: なお、このとき本能寺は織田信長の専用宿舎として僧侶は他に出されていたため、広大な寺域に百人程度の供回りしかおらず無人に近かった。
English: If someone were to claim that he broke in the Honno-ji Temple earlier than ourselves, when Akechi revolted against Nobunaga and forced him to commit seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), that would be a complete lie.
Japanese: 明智が謀反をして、信長様に切腹させたとき、本能寺に我らより一番乗りに侵入したというものがいたらそれはみな嘘です。
English: Akechi was expected to proceed to the Yamazaki region, but instead headed for Kyoto.
Japanese: ところが山崎の方に行くと思いましたのに、そうではなくて京都へ命じられた。
English: We were thinking Akechi was going to attack Ieyasu TOKUGAWA because Ieyasu had visited Kyoto.
Japanese: 我らはその時は家康様が御上洛しておられるので、家康様を討つとばかりに思っていました。
English: We entered inside (the premises of the Honno-ji Temple) across the bridge; the gate was open and not even a mouse was to be seen.
Japanese: そこより(本能寺の)内へ入りましたが、門は開いていて鼠ほどのものもいませんでした。
English: Yaheiji (Mitsuhide AKECHI) and a member of the horo shu (elite courier guards), who had probably entered the premises of the temple from the north side, told us to discard the head, and so we followed his order and threw the head under the temple; we entered the temple from the front entrance, but could not see anyone in the main hall.
Japanese: おそらく北の方から入った弥平次殿と母衣衆の二人が、「首はうち捨てろ」とおっしゃるので従い、堂の下へ投げ入れ、(堂の)正面から入りましたが、広間にも一人も人がいないでした。
English: We captured one woman in kimono (traditional Japanese clothing) with hair hanging down her back in the kuri (monk's living quarters or the kitchen at a temple), but not a single samurai.
Japanese: 庫裏の方より、下げ髪の、白い着物を着た女一人を我らは捕らえましたが侍は一人もおりません。
English: The woman said to us, 'Uesama (honorific title for emperors or shoguns) wears white kimono,' but we did not know she was referring to Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: （女は）「上様は白い着物をお召しになっています」と申しましたが、それが信長様だとは存じませんでした。
English: Two or three members of the hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate), Nobunaga's retainers, entered the temple in hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine stripes) and kataginu (short sleeveless garment made of hemp), tucking the sides of the hakama around the gaps, called momodachi, into the obi (kimono sash) to shorten the length.
Japanese: （信長様の家臣である）御奉公衆は袴に片衣で、股立を取り、二三人が堂の中へ入ってきました。
English: We hid behind the hanging mosquito nets and slashed the person, coming out of the backroom, from behind when he passed by us.
Japanese: 我らは吊ってある蚊帳の陰に入り、この者が出てきて通り過ぎようとしたときに後ろから切りました。
English: "Nanakuchi no seki" refers to the checkpoints which were set on the seven roads leading to Kyoto from outlying regions (Kyoto nanakuchi, Kyoto's seven entrances) during medieval times.
Japanese: 七口の関（ななくちのせき）とは、中世に地方より京都に入る7つの街道（京都七口（きょうとななくち））に設置された関所のこと。
English: It is thought that Kyoto nanakuchi were originally set as entrances to the roads connecting Kyoto and seven circuits, and are said to be the Oohara entrance (the Ohara Entrance, the Yase entrance: the Hokuriku road), the Kurama entrance (the Izumo road entrance), the Awata entrance (the Higashi-sanjo entrance: the Tokai road), the Fushimi entrance (the Uji entrance, the Kohata entrance: the Nankai road), the Toba entrance (the Saikai road), the Tanba entrance (the Nishi-shichijo entrance, the Shichijo entrance: the Sanin road) and the Nagasaka entrance (the Tanba road); however, this theory came about after the Edo Period and when such checkpoints had been abolished, so there are doubts surrounding whether these are historical facts.
Japanese: 京都七口は元来、京都と七道を結ぶ街道の入口として設置されたと考えられ、大原口（小原口・八瀬口→北陸道）・鞍馬口（出雲路口）・粟田口（東三条口→東海道）・伏見口（宇治口・木幡口→南海道）・鳥羽口（→西海道）・丹波口（西七条口・七条口→山陰道）・長坂口（→(丹波道)）の7つと言われているが、これは関所が廃止された江戸時代以後の説で史実に即しているのか疑問を持たれている。
English: Other than the checkpoints above, some documents and historical materials name the Kita-shirakawa entrance (the Imamichi michishita: the Higashiyama road), the Higashi-dera entrance (the Sanyo road), the Hossho-ji entrance (the Nankai road) and the Nishi-sanjo road (the Saga road) as one of the Nanakuchi.
Japanese: また、上記の関以外にも北白川口（今路道下→東山道）、東寺口（→山陽道）、法性寺口（→南海道）、西三条道（→(嵯峨道)）を七口の1つとして挙げている文書・史料も存在する。
English: Therefore, studies to extrapolate the Nanakuchi no seki in the medieval times was conducted, but it is certain that more than seven checkpoints existed in reality, and even existing records have different points corresponding to the Nanakuchi, which lead to an opinion that it makes no sense to identify the seven checkpoints.
Japanese: そこで中世の七口の関について比定する研究も行われたが、実態として7つ以上の関所が存在したのは確実で、かつ現存記録でさえ七口に該当する場所がまちまちである以上、7つを特定することには意義はないとする見解もある。
English: After the Kamakura Period, due to the decline of the Imperial Court's finance, expansion of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and progress in transportation, checkpoints were set up to take certain tolls to help in the repair of the Imperial Palace, temples and shrines.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以後、朝廷財政の衰微と荘園の拡大、交通の発達によって、内裏や寺社の修繕のために一定の通行料を取る関所が設置されるようになった。
English: Especially in the Period of Northern and Southern Courts, as financial difficulties became more serious, the Imperial Court commanded each government office to set up Dairi-ritsubunseki (Imperial pro rata checkpoints, also called Dairi-ritsubunsho) in order to ensure their income.
Japanese: 特に南北朝時代_(日本)によって財政難に拍車がかかると、朝廷が収入を確保するために各官庁に命じて内裏率分関（だいりりつぶんぜき・内裏率分所（だいりりつぶんしょ））を設置した。
English: The actual operation was entrusted to nobles that worked as administrators of inherited government offices, and further undertaken by locally assigned magistrates.
Japanese: 実際の運営は諸官庁の長官を世襲していた公家に任され、更に代官を任じてこれを請け負わせた。
English: A local magistrate of a checkpoint collected pro rata goods or a certain amount of money as passenger tax (sekisen, checkpoint charge) from goods coming to Kyoto, and people and cargoes passing up and down, except delivery of land taxes, political operations and ceremonies by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 関所の代官は年貢・公事の納入以外で京都に入る商品や往来する人馬から率分に応じた商品あるいは一定の金額を通行税（関銭）として徴収した。
English: People in Kyoto and its neighboring regions including Yamashiro Province, who suffered from the expensive tolls, often created uprsisings and demanded the abolishment of the checkpoints, sometimes demolishing the checkpoints by force.
Japanese: 高い通行料に苦慮した京都や山城国など周辺部の民衆は度々一揆を引き起こして関所の廃止を要求して、実力で関所を破壊することもあった。
English: On the other hand, the Imperial Court and nobles repeated political measures to have the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) reject the people's demands.
Japanese: 一方、朝廷・公家側も室町幕府に対して民衆の要求を拒絶するように政治工作を繰り返した。
English: Therefore, the establishment and abolishment of the checkpoints occurred repetedly, which only served to show the reduction in the political authority held by the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: このために、関所の設置と廃止が繰り返され、結果的には室町幕府の政治的権威の低下を示すことになってしまった。
English: Furthermore, the bakufu itself set up a checkpoint in 1459 for the purpose of funding the reconstruction of Ise Jingu Shrine, and then in 1478, again set up checkpoints for the purpose of funding the reconstruction of the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: そればかりか、長禄3年（1459年）に伊勢神宮再建を名目に幕府自らが関を設置され、続いて文明_(日本)10年（1478年）には内裏再建を名目に再度関を設置した。