nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Shinbun nibuban started to be casted from April in 1818 and issued from June 10 of the same year, which was nibuban with a kaisho-tai (square (block) style of writing) letter 'bun' on the back side and also called shinji nibukin.
Japanese: 真文二分判（しんぶんにぶばん）は文政元年（1818年）4月から鋳造が始まり同年6月10日より発行された二分判で、裏には楷書体の「文」字が刻まれ、真字二分金（しんじにぶきん）とも呼ばれる。
English: Shinbun nibuban had half the ryome (weighed value) of Genbun koban (which was in circulation at that time), and it was 14% lower in terms of its karat value; it was positioned as a subsidiary currency since it was issued to make a profit through recoining.
Japanese: 当時流通していた元文小判の1/2の量目であるが、品位が約14%低く出目獲得を目的とし、補助貨幣に位置すべきものであった。
English: However, as Bunsei koban (which was to be issued the following year) was the same karat as nibukin and double ryome, advance notice of the upcoming issuing of the Bunsei koban was given.
Japanese: が、翌年発行された文政小判は真文二分金と同品位で量目が2倍であることから、文政小判発行を予告するものであった。
English: There was also a pretext to exchange Genbun koban for free which had been distributed for more than 80 years becoming damaged.
Japanese: 80年以上に亘り流通し損傷が著しくなった元文小判を無料で引き換えるという名目でもあった。
English: Buichikin that was casting commission of kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) was 1000 ryo for Toryo (leader) and 10 ryo for assistant manager and 4 ryo 3 bu for fukisyo toryo like the case of Genbun koban.
Japanese: 金座における鋳造手数料である分一金（ぶいちきん）は元文小判と同様に鋳造高1000両につき、手代10両、金座人10両2分、吹所棟梁4両3分であった。
English: Sobun nibuban was issued on January 2, 1829 during the Bunsei era as Shinbun, the ryome was also same as Shinbun nibuban, however the karat was even lower to earn profit by recasting.
Japanese: 草文二分判（そうぶんにぶばん）は文政11年（1828年）11月27日と真文と同じ文政年間発行であり、量目も真文二分判と同等であるが、品位はさらに下げられた改鋳による出目獲得を目的としたものである。
English: A letter 'bun' was also engraved on the back side, however the style was sosho-tai (cursive style writing), therefore it is also called soji nibukin.
Japanese: やはり裏面に「文」字が刻まれているが草書体となっているため、草字二分金（そうじにぶきん）とも呼ばれる。
English: Ansei nibuban was started to be casted from June, 1856 and issued from July 29 of the same year and the ryome was 1/2 of Tenpo koban, however the karat was only over 1/3, low karat gold coin next to isshukin to earn profit by recasting.
Japanese: 安政二分判（あんせいにぶばん）は安政3年（1856年）5月から鋳造が始まり、同年6月28日より発行され、量目は天保小判の1/2であるが、金品位は1/3強に過ぎず低品位金貨としては一朱金に次ぐものであり、改鋳による出目獲得を目的としたものである。
English: Manen nibuban was issued from May 30, 1860 and the ryome of two coins was more than Manen nibuban that was issued at the same time, however it was nominal money having the least content of gold through the Edo period and the issued amount was much more than Manen koban taking initialtive of gold coin distribution and it was positioned as standard coin in effect in place of koban.
Japanese: 万延二分判（まんえんにぶばん）は万延元年（1860年）4月10日より発行され、2枚の量目では同時に発行された万延小判を上回るが、含有金量では劣る名目貨幣で一両あたりの含有金量では江戸時代を通じて最低のものであり、発行高は万延小判をはるかに凌ぎ、金貨流通の主導権を握り、小判に代わり事実上の本位貨幣的地位を制した。
English: When Kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamasa OGURI planed construction of Yokosuka Iron Factory, he tried to cover the cost by the profit of recasting nibuban, therefore it was also called Oguri nibukin.
Japanese: 勘定奉行の小栗忠順は幕府が慶應元年（1865年）に横須賀製鉄所の建設を計画した際、その建設費をこの二分判による改鋳利益で賄おうと企てたため、小栗二分金（おぐりにぶきん）とも言われた。
English: Kaheishi nibuban was casted for 10 months as a progress measure until opening of minting authority when the New Meiji Government took over kin-za in 1868 and is called Meiji nibukin.
Japanese: 貨幣司二分判（かへいしにぶばん）は明治元年（1868年）明治新政府が金座を接収し、造幣局(日本)の開局までの経過措置として10ヶ月の期間鋳造されたもので、明治二分金（めいじにぶきん）とも呼ばれる。
English: It is recorded that 608,000 ryo of the total casted amount 3,809,643ryo 2bu was nibukin with low karat.
Japanese: 総鋳造量3,809,643両2分の内、608,000両はより金品位の低い劣位二分金との記録がある。
English: It was recorded that the karat was 170 monme (25.88% gold) in the early times and later it was changed to 240 monme (18.33% gold), however an example in Mint Museum has 200 monme (22.00% gold), which is considered as common.
Japanese: 金品位は初期は170匁位（金25.88%）で後に240匁位（金18.33%）に変更されたとされるが、造幣博物館に展示されている手本金では二百匁位（金22.00%）となっており、これが一般的とされる。
English: Also from the end of the Edo period, each domains were in economic difficulties, therefore forged nibukin were distributed and it is considered that existing silver coins with gold finish are some of those.
Japanese: さらに幕末から、財政難の各藩による偽造二分金が横行し、今日現存する銀台にめっきしたものがそれであると推定される。
English: In the collecting world, if the upper part of the letter 'bu' (分) of 'nibu' (二分) which was engraved on the surface of the coin did not end with a upward brushstroke ('tomebu'), it was considered to be a Meiji nibukin and if it did end with an upward brushstroke ('hanebu'), it was considered to be a Manen nibukin.
Japanese: 収集界ではこれまで、表面の「二分」の「分」字の「止め分」を明治二分金、「撥ね分」を万延二分金としてきた。
English: It is because gold plating silver coins are considered as lower rank nibukin of kaheishi which are mostly with 'tomebu'.
Japanese: これは銀台金メッキのものは貨幣司による劣位二分金と考えられ、これは「止め分」が多いからである。
English: The example of standard karat of Manen nibukin in Mint Museum is 'tomebu', however it was engraved 'rokko no san' (the third of six) and the others are not existing, therefore it is not considered as the evidence.
Japanese: 一方、造幣博物館に展示保存されている万延二分金の金品位の標準となる手本金は「止め分」であるが、「六箇之三」と記されており、他のものの現存が確認されていないことから決め手にならないとされてきた。
English: There is another theory that is gradually becoming more popularity: since there are a lot of extant 'tomebu' that had been considered to be Meiji nibukin, they are now considered to be Manen nibukin, which had a greater circulation, and few extant 'hanebu' are considered to be kaheishi nibukin (Meiji nibukin).
Japanese: しかし、これまで明治二分金とされてきた「止め分」は圧倒的に現存数が多く、こちらが発行高が多い万延二分金であり、現存数の少ない「撥ね分」は貨幣司二分金（明治二分金）であるとする方が整合するとの説が有力になりつつある。
English: In general, this term refers to a period of Japanese history lasting from the 4th century to the 6th century, but it can sometimes refer to a period lasting from after the Yayoi Period to just before the Nara Period, including the Asuka Period (from the latter half of the 6 century to the 7 century).
Japanese: 一般的には4世紀頃から6世紀頃までを指すが、時に飛鳥時代（6世紀後半-7世紀）をも含め、弥生時代の後、奈良時代の前をいうこともある。
English: In recent years, however, this term has become used less often, and the term "Kofun Period", which coincides with the Yamato Period, is now commonly used (kofun is the Japanese word for ancient burial mounds).
Japanese: 但し、近年では時代が重なる古墳時代の方が一般的となり、余り使われなくなった時代区分でもある。
English: The period is marked by a strengthening of Yamato royal authority and control, the frequent construction of grand burial mounds (round burial mounds, and those square at one end and rounded at the other), and the settlement of the basis of the ancient Japanese state.
Japanese: ヤマト王権による支配が強まり、壮大な古墳（前方後円墳・円墳）が盛んに作られ、古代国家の基礎が整えられた時期にあたる。
English: But through a law introduced by Prince Shotoku (the Seventeen Article Constitution of the Asuka Period) and government organizational reform (the system of twelve courtly ranks), after the Taika Reform of 645 the political system shifted to an emperor-centered system.
Japanese: しかし、聖徳太子の法律(十七条憲法)・官制改革(冠位十二階)を経て、大化の改新（645年）後、天皇中心の政治へ変換していった。
English: The Imperial Court made efforts to introduce a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo codes by reforming the system of clans and hereditary titles, enforcing the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor, and introducing a uniform tax system (taxes in kind or service).
Japanese: 朝廷はそれまでの氏姓制度を改め、公地公民制や統一的税制（租庸調制など）を施行し、地方行政機構を改組して中央集権化するなど、律令制の導入を図った。
English: In addition, Buddhism was introduced into Japan from the Korean Peninsula in the first half of the 6th century (cf. the article on Japanese Buddhism) and through dispatches of missions to Sui and Tang Dynasty China technological developments were made in many areas including agriculture, iron working, and architecture.
Japanese: また、6世紀前半には仏教が朝鮮半島より伝来し(日本の仏教の項を参照)、さらに遣隋使・遣唐使の派遣もあって、農業・鍛鉄・建築など多方面にわたって技術が発展した。
English: The formal name is koban, which was clearly mentioned in "Sankazue" (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), however, ancient coin books including "Kinginzuroku" (Gold & Silver catalog) and "Dainihon Kaheishi" (Great history of Japanese coins) called it kobankin.
Japanese: 公式な呼称は小判であり『三貨図彙』では「小判」と明記されているが、『金銀図録』および『大日本貨幣史』などの古銭書には小判金（こばんきん）という名称で収録されている。
English: It was oval called kobangata and on the surface Gosan no Kiri mon (paulownia patterns) were engraved in fan-shaped frame on the top and the bottom and at the top center '壹两, or ichi ryo (one ryo)' was engraved and at the bottom a hallmark, '光次, or Koji (Kao written seal mark)', was engraved.
Japanese: 形状は、小判形と呼ばれる楕円形で表面には上下に扇枠に囲まれた桐紋（ごさんのきり）、中央上部に「壹两」下部に「光次（花押）」の極印が打たれている。
English: Before his unification of the whole country, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA had planned to issue a form of currency for general distribution that would be smaller than the oban and would have an engraving instead of ink writing.
Japanese: 天下統一に先立ち、徳川家康は大判より小型のもので墨書を極印に改め一般流通を想定した通貨を発行する構想を持っていた。
English: Starting with the Keicho koban (which Ieyasu ordered the Goto family to cast in 1601), 10 kinds of koban were issued before the issue of the Manen koban in 1860.
Japanese: 慶長6年(1601年)に徳川家康が後藤家に命じて鋳造させた慶長小判を嚆矢とし、万延元年(1860年)発行の万延小判まで10種が発行された。
English: It was planned to circulate nationwide, however, the distribution was mainly in Kanto Region because gold mines were located in Hitachi, Kai, Izu and Sado Provinces and the policy of circulating gold coins in public was newly adopted by Ieyasu.
Japanese: 全国通用を前提とするものであるが、金鉱山が主に常陸国、甲斐国、伊豆国および佐渡国などに位置し、金貨の一般通用は家康により新たに取り入れられた政策であったため主に関東地方を中心に流通した。
English: This meant gold dust in weight of 1 ryo which was originally a mass unit, but in the Kamakura period kin 1 ryo was 5 monme and gin (silver) 1 ryo was 4.3 monme and in 1484 the Muromachi bakufu determined Kyome kin 1ryo as 4.5 monme (about 16.8 gram) and the others as inakame (unit of measure in old Japan).
Japanese: これは本来質量単位としての一両の目方の砂金と言う意味であったが、鎌倉時代には金一両は五匁、銀一両は4.3匁と変化し、文明(日本)16年（1484年）、室町幕府により京目（きょうめ）金一両は4.5匁（約16.8グラム）と公定され、それ以外のものは田舎目（いなかめ）とされた。
English: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, to set the currency unit based on the quaternary notation system, kyome kin 1 ryo was changed to 4 monme 4 bu and inakame kin 1 ryo was changed to about 4 monme.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代には四進法の通貨単位の便宜を図るためか、京目金一両は四匁四分と変化し、田舎目金一両は四匁前後となった。
English: Keicho koban was made based on the principle of kyome 1ryo, however, later, due to economic policies of different periods except in Shotoku Kyoho period, it became often made worse both in karat (content rate of gold) and ryome (a weighed value).
Japanese: 慶長小判はこの京目一両の原則に沿っていたが、後世、正徳(日本)享保期を除き、時代ごとの経済政策により品位（金含有率）・量目ともに改悪されることが多かった。
English: Also in the end of Edo period, exchange ratio between gold and silver abroad was so different from domestic one that extremely small Manen koban was casted to adjust the gap.
Japanese: また、幕末には、海外での金銀比価が日本国内と大きく異なったため、これを調整しようとして極端に小さな万延小判に改鋳された。
English: In the Edo period, there were nibukin, ichibukin, nishukin and isshukin as gold coins of counting currency like koban.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、小判同様の計数貨幣の金貨として、二分金、一分金、二朱金、一朱金がある。
English: The currency units of koban and bukin were based on the adopted quaternary (ryo, bu, shu) of Koshu gold which was territorial currency employed by Shingen TAKEDA.
Japanese: この小判および分金の通貨単位は武田信玄による領国貨幣である甲州金の四進法（両、分、朱）を取り入れたものであった。
English: Among those, ichibu bankin was issued with the same karat as koban and in 1/4 ryome as standard coin, being a small amount currency of koban, had same karat as koban and 1/4 ryome being issued as standard coin, while the other ones with less karat and ryome than koban were issued as subsidiary currencies.
Japanese: この内、一分判金は、小判の小額貨幣として常に小判と同品位、四分の一の量目でもって本位貨幣的に発行され、他の額面の貨幣は、品位すなわち含有される金の量目が小判に対して額面より少なく、補助貨幣的に発行された。
English: As opposed to koban, oban (obankin) (large-sized old Japanese gold coin) were also issued through the Edo period, it was not general currency but as reward grants and gifts in the standard of kin 1 mai (44 monme) and was traded not as counting currency but as oban market rate based of the karat, ryome and demand.
Japanese: 小判に対し、大判（大判金）も江戸時代を通して発行されていたが、大判は一般通貨ではなく、恩賞、贈答用のもので金一枚（四十四匁）という基準でつくられ、計数貨幣としてではなく、品位と量目および需要を基に大判大判相場によって取引された。
English: When you come right down to it, it was more like a currency by weight and modernly interpreted, it was equivalent to ingot.
Japanese: （強いて言えば秤量貨幣に近く、現代的に解釈すれば、金地金（インゴット）に相当するものと言える。
English: Also during the Tenpo period, goryoban was issued as a medieval currency between oban and koban, however it was seldom distributed.
Japanese: また、天保年間に大判と小判の中間的な貨幣として五両判が発行されたが、ほとんど流通しなかった。
English: Since the Meiji period, the New Currency Act became effective and 1 ryo was determined as equivalent to 1 yen (the value of contained amount of gold and silver of nibukin and purity of gold of 1 yen coin were almost equivalent).
Japanese: なお、明治以降新貨条例が施行され、1両は1円(通貨)と等価とされ、（二分金の金銀含有量の実質価値と日本の金貨一円金貨の純金含有量の価値がほぼ等しかった。
English: Old gold and silver were exchanged to new currencies in exchange rates based of contained amount of gold and silver.
Japanese: ）古金銀はそれぞれの含有金銀量に基づいて定められた交換比率で新貨幣と交換された。
English: Koban are on display in Currency Museum Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ and Currency Museum of the Bank of Japan and Mint Museum systematically.
Japanese: 三菱東京UFJ銀行貨幣資料館、貨幣博物館および造幣博物館には小判が体系的に展示されている。
English: Keicho koban surugagaki koban (in 1595 [unspecified], 4,5 monme, 84%)
Japanese: 慶長小判駿河墨書小判（するがすみがきこばん・するがぼくしょこばん）（文禄4年（1595年）（確定的でない）、4.5匁、84%）
English: Keicho koban musashisumigaki koban (around 1595, 4,8 monme, 84%)
Japanese: 慶長小判武蔵墨書小判（むさしすみがきこばん・むさしぼくしょこばん）（文禄4年（1595年）頃、4.8匁、84%）
English: Keicho koban (around 1601, 14,727,055 ryo [estimation] 4.76 monme, 84.3%=>86.8%)
Japanese: 慶長小判（慶長6年（1601年）頃、14,727,055両（推定値）、4.76匁、84.3%→86.8%）
English: Genroku koban (October 1695, 13,936,220 ryo 1 bu, 4.76 monme, 57.4%)
Japanese: 元禄小判（元禄8年（1695年）9月、13,936,220両1分、4.76匁、57.4%）
English: Hoei koban (April 1710, 11,515,500 ryo, 2.5 monme, 84.3%)
Japanese: 宝永小判（宝永7年（1710年）4月、11,515,500両、2.5匁、84.3%）
English: Shotoku koban (June 1714, 213,500 ryo, 4.76 monme, 84.3%)
Japanese: 正徳小判（正徳(日本)4年（1714年）5月、213,500両、4.76匁、84.3%）
English: Kyoho koban (September 1714, 8,280,000 ryo, 4.76 monme, 86.8%)
Japanese: 享保小判（正徳4年（1714年）8月、8,280,000両、4.76匁、86.8%）
English: Genbun koban (June 1736, 17,435,711 ryo 1 bu, 3.5 monme, 65.7%)
Japanese: 元文小判（元文元年（1736年）5月、17,435,711両1分、3.5匁、65.7%）
English: Bunsei koban (July 1819, 11,043,360 ryo, 3.5 monme, 56.4%)
Japanese: 文政小判（文政2年（1819年）6月、11,043,360両、3.5匁、56.4%）
English: Tenpo koban (July 1837, 8,120,450 ryo, 3 monme, 56.8%)
Japanese: 天保小判（天保8年（1837年）7月、8,120,450両、3匁、56.8%）
English: Ansei koban (June 1859, 351,000 ryo, 2.4 monme, 56.8%)
Japanese: 安政小判（安政6年（1859年）5月、351,000両、2.4匁、56.8%）
English: Manen koban (February 1860, 666,700 ryo, 0.88 monme, 56.8%)
Japanese: 万延小判（万延元年（1860年）2月、666,700両、0.88匁、56.8%）
English: Chogin is the name of the silver coins which were in circulation, mainly for business transaction, from the late Muromachi period to the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
Japanese: 丁銀（ちょうぎん）とは、日本国内において主に商取引用として室町時代後期から明治維新まで流通した銀貨である。
English: According to "Kinginzuroku" (Gold & Silver catalog), originally Chogin written as 鋌銀 meant silver bars, later the character was changed to 挺銀, then to 丁銀, although all were pronounced as Chogin.
Japanese: 丁銀という名称は『金銀図録』の記述によれば棒状の銀塊の意味である鋌銀（ちょうぎん）が挺銀（ちょうぎん）を経て変化したものとされる。
English: Chogin were various seacucumber-shaped silver ingots; although their rime (weighed value or mass) were not the same, they were approximately 161.25g.
Japanese: 形状は、ナマコ形と呼ばれるやや不揃いな棒状の銀塊で、量目（質量）は不定だがおおよそ43匁（約161.25グラム）前後。
English: They did not have any face value but they were a silver-by-weight standard in which the value was decided by the weight.
Japanese: 額面は記載されておらず、量目によって貨幣価値が決まる秤量銀貨である。
English: Chogin, whose value was determined by its actual weight in ryome (a weighted value) using a balanced scale, was the currency unit for Ginme (silver grain) trade, and it was referred to as "Silver X kan" (1 kan=3.75 kg) or "Silver X monme" (1 monme=3.75 g).
Japanese: 額面は天秤による量目の実測値で、商取引において銀何貫、銀何匁と表記される銀目取引の通貨単位であった。
English: At that time, the mass unit for the fundo (counterweight) was called 'ryo' but it was also the unit for oval gold coins so, to avoid any confusion, the 'ryo' unit was not used in weighing Chogin.
Japanese: なお、当時用いられた分銅の質量単位は「両」であったが、小判の通貨単位との混同を避けるため「両」は用いられなかった。
English: In the People's Republic of China at that time, the 'ryo' unit was used to show the face value of silver-by-weight standard coins.
Japanese: 一方中華人民共和国では、当時秤量銀貨（銀錠）の額面単位に「両」を用いていた。
English: Before the Edo period, refined silver coins and hallmarked silver coins were circulated with the hallmarks of wealthy coiners and money-exchange businessmen.
Japanese: 江戸時代以前には、灰吹銀および極印銀が、鋳造者である富商や両替商の極印によって流通した。
English: At that time, a silver coin with a hallmark was introduced, and this was made by beating silver that had been refined by cupellation into a leaf shape.
Japanese: やがて、灰吹銀を譲葉のような形状に叩き伸ばして極印を打った銀貨が登場した。
English: From the mid sixth century, the silver production in Japan increased rapidly because of silver mine development and the development of cupellation-refining skills.
Japanese: 16世紀中頃から銀山の開発および灰吹法の普及により国内の銀の産出が急増し始めた。
English: Ginya (also known as Kanaya, or Kaneya) who dealt with the silver ingot trade and Ginfukiya, silver refiners, appeared and became the predecessor of the later Ginza (silver mint) and money-exchange businesses.
Japanese: 銀屋（ぎんや/かなや/かねや）あるいは銀吹屋（ぎんふきや）と呼ばれた銀地金の売買および精錬などを手掛ける者が現れ、後の銀座(歴史)および両替商の前身となった。
English: In Nanryoza, Sakai City, the silver craftsman Sakube YUASA had been collecting refined silver coins and selling them again after engraving hallmarks, but with other craftsmen, he was asked to make samples to show Ieyasu TOKUGAWA before the shogun opened the Ginza in Fushimi town.
Japanese: 堺市の南鐐座の銀細工師湯浅作兵衛らは諸国の灰吹銀を集め極印を打って売買していたが、銀座(歴史)伏見・銀座町設立前に徳川家康の上覧に供するための丁銀を試鋳した。
English: The purity of the refined silver coins and Kochogin were mostly higher than 90%, although it varied depending on which mines produced the silver.
Japanese: 極印銀および古丁銀の銀品位は各地の銀山により不定であったが、おおむね90%以上であった。
English: Among them, Sekishu silver coin (Soma Silver) (from Sama), which was made of silver produced in Iwami silver mine, was in high quality and abundant; however, the quality in general was inconsistent according to mines, causing quite inconvenience in trade.
Japanese: 中でも石見銀山産出の銀で作られた、石州銀（ソーマ銀）（佐摩）は良質で量的にも潤沢であったが、銀産地による品位のバラつきは取引上甚だ不便なものであった。
English: In 1601, Keicho Chogin (oval silver coins) were made in Fushimi Ginza (silver mint) and since then, Chogin of a consistent standard had been coined by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and after the Genwa era, Mameitagin (small coins) of the same quality were made as a permanent small currency unit.
Japanese: 慶長6年（1601年）には、伏見銀座から慶長丁銀が鋳造され、以後、江戸幕府によって品位を一定に定められた丁銀が発行され、元和(日本)年間以降は常に小額通貨である同品位の豆板銀（小玉銀）を伴って発行された。
English: Sampling checks were constantly conducted on Chogin to ascertain the percentage of silver in them by applying the process of cupellation after lead had been added to remove any impurities; those which did not meet the required quality standard were refined again.
Japanese: 銀座では常に鋳造された丁銀は灰吹法による糺吹（ただしふき）すなわち銀品位の抜き取り検査が行われ、規定の品位の基準を満たさないものは吹き戻され作り直された。
English: In the Edo period, Chogin were circulated widely in western Japan mainly in the Osaka and Hokuriku and Tohoku regions.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、主に大坂を中心とした西日本および北陸、東北と広域に亘って流通した。
English: Because Chogin did not have a face value and was Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight) and their Ryome needed to be weighed every time they were used, they were inconvenient, so they were used in the form of Hogin.
Japanese: 丁銀は額面の記載されていない秤量貨幣で、本来は使用のごとに量目を量る必要があるが、それでは扱いづらいため、包銀の形で用いられた。
English: A Hogin was a sealed paper bag that contained both Chogin and Mameitagin of the same quality that had been combined to attain a certain ryome (e.g. one silver sheet of 43 monme for a prize or present and 500 ryome for business transactions).
Japanese: これは、丁銀と同品位の少額貨幣である豆板銀を合わせて一定の量目（恩賞および献上用には銀一枚43匁、商取引用には五百目など）にし、紙に包んで封印したものである。
English: Chogin, which had a value that was several dozens of times higher than that of monme, were too high in value to be used in everyday life, so unlike Mameitagin, they were hardly ever used as they were for payment unless they were sealed in the form of Hogin.
Japanese: 銀数十匁にもなる丁銀は日常生活には高額過ぎ、豆板銀と異なり包封していない裸銀として支払いに用いられることはほとんど無かった。
English: Deciding the ryome of silver-by-weight coins and packing them in bags was one of the important jobs for money-exchangers.
Japanese: 秤量銀貨の量目を定め、包封することは両替商の重要な仕事のひとつである。
English: The name given to money exchangers who were appointed to calculate the revenue from each domain's annual rice tax and to manage money for the purchasing of goods was "Kakeya"; this name was also used for persons in charge of reapplying the ryome for cupellated silver that had been produced in the Iwami Ginzan and Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mines (which were located in lands owned by the bakufu) and paid to the authorities.
Japanese: 諸藩における年貢米の売り上げ、物品購入代金の管理を任命された両替商、および天領である石見銀山、生野銀山などで産出される上納灰吹銀の量目を掛け改めた役職は掛屋（かけや）とも呼ばれた。
English: In May 1868, the Meiji Restoration government officially announced the abolition of Ginme (silver grain) and Chogin circulation ceased.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）5月に、明治維新政府は銀目廃止の布令を出し、丁銀は流通停止となった。
English: Hagiko Chogin: Chogin without a hallmark, also called as Sekishu Chogin, are thought to be made in Hagi City.
Japanese: 萩古丁銀（はぎこちょうぎん）：無銘の丁銀で石州丁銀（せきしゅうちょうぎん）ともいい、出土地にちなみ萩市と称される。
English: Yuzuriha Chogin: These are Chogin in a longer Yuzuriha leaf shape than Hagiko Chogin.
Japanese: 譲葉丁銀（ゆずりはちょうぎん）：萩古丁銀より細長い譲葉の様な形状のもの。
English: Otoriosame Chogin: Yuzuriha Chogin with '御取納' (Otoriosame) hallmarked and were presented by the Mori clan at the Emperor Ogimachi's enthronement ceremony in 1560.
Japanese: 御取納丁銀（おとりおさめちょうぎん）：譲葉丁銀に「御取納」の極印が打たれ、毛利氏が永禄3年（1560年）、正親町天皇の即位礼のとき献上したもの。
English: Bunrokusekishu Chogin: These Chogin were ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1593 as a present for each territorial Daimyo at the Bunroku War.
Japanese: 文禄石州丁銀（ぶんろくせきしゅうちょうぎん）：文禄2年（1593年）、文禄の役で豊臣秀吉が諸大名への賞賜用として鋳造させたもの。
English: Gokuyo Chogin: Chogin with '御公用' (Gokuyo) hallmarked and were presented by the Mori clan to the Chotei (Imperial Court).
Japanese: 御公用丁銀（ごくようちょうぎん）：「御公用」の極印が打たれ、毛利氏が朝廷に貢納したもの。
English: Hakatagokuyo Chogin: Chogin with '御公用' (Gokuyo) and '文禄二中山与左衛門' (Second year of the Buroku era, Yozaemon NAKAYAMA) hallmarked and were said to be ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI at the Bunroku War.
Japanese: 博多御公用丁銀（はかたごくようちょうぎん）：「御公用」「文禄二中山与左衛門」の極印が打たれ、文禄の役の際、豊臣秀吉が鋳造させたとされる。
English: Tenmataichi Chogin: These Chogin are thought to be made in 1593 by Yamabugyo (manager of a mountain) Mataemon AMANO and from 'Ichinosaka Silver Mine' in the Suo Province.
Japanese: 天又一丁銀（てんまたいちちょうぎん）：文禄2年（1593年）鋳造で山奉行、天野又衛門および周防国の「一の坂銀山」を指すとされる。
English: Daiyodai Chogin: These are Chogin with '大与大' (Daiyodai Kao [a written seal mark])'.
Japanese: 大与大丁銀（だいよだいちょうぎん）：「大与大（花押）」の極印が打たれる。
English: Kikuichimonji Ingin: These Chogin were presented to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA by a craftsman of Nanryoza, Sakai City in 1598 when Ieyasu was planning to produce Keicho Chogin coins.
Japanese: 菊一文字印銀（きくいちもんじいんぎん）：慶長3年（1598年）頃に堺の南鐐座職人により慶長丁銀の鋳造にあたり、家康の上覧に供されたもの。
English: Ebisuichimonji Ingin: These are sample Chogin and were presented to Ieyasu by a craftsman of Nanryoza, Sakai City when Ieyasu was planning to produce Keicho Chogin coins.
Japanese: 夷一文字印銀（えびすいちもんじいんぎん）：南鐐座職人により慶長丁銀の鋳造にあたり、家康の上覧に供されたもの。
English: Kukurihakama Chogin: These Chogin, with an image of Daikokuten (Great Black God) with the hems of his Hakama pants bound, were made by Sakube YUASA of Nanryoza and presented to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA when Ieyasu was planning to produce Keicho Chogin coins and this was the one that was selected.
Japanese: 括袴丁銀（くくりはかまちょうぎん）：南鐐座の湯浅作兵衛が慶長丁銀の鋳造にあたり、家康の上覧に供され選定されたもので、大黒天の袴の裾が括られている。
English: Omodaka Chogin: These Chogin were thought to be sample made by Sakube YUASA before the circulation of Keicho Chogin and had hallmarks with characters for '常是' (Joze [Sakube's heredity name]) and '寳' (Ho [valuable]) and an 'image of Daikoku' as well as the Kamon (family crest) of Omodaka.
Japanese: 澤瀉丁銀（おもだかちょうぎん）：湯浅作兵衛が慶長丁銀の発行に先立って試鋳したものと推定され、「常是」、「寳」および「大黒像」に加えて家紋の一覧沢瀉（おもだか）の極印が打たれる。
English: Keicho Cogin (July 1601, approximately 4500 t, 80%)
Japanese: 慶長丁銀（慶長6年（1601年）7月、1,200,000貫（推定値）、80%）