nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Meanwhile, several defendants were re-imprisoned on December 23, just before the second public trial.
Japanese: ただし、第2回公判直前の12月23日に、複数の被告が再収監されていた。
English: Some researchers say it was because leading activists were arrested at the Incident and because peasants were afraid that they might also be arrested.
Japanese: 事件によって有力な活動家が拘束され、また、活動を行うと逮捕されるかもしれないという不安からったと考える研究者がいる。
English: However, some researchers say the Kawamata Incident or the trials of the Kawamata Incident had nothing to do with weakening of the opposition movement because two demonstrations, the fifth and the sixth, were staged after that.
Japanese: これに対し、第5回、第6回押出しが行われており、鉱毒反対運動の弱体化は、事件や裁判とは関係ないと考える研究者もいる。
English: Many of those researchers who supported this idea consider that the movement weakened when the peasants in the copper poisoned area had a rich harvest from autumn in 1903 onward.
Japanese: この説をとる研究者の多くは、1903年秋以降、鉱毒被害地が豊作になったことで運動が弱体化したと考えている。
English: On June 11, 1958, 56 years after the sixth demonstration the seventh demonstration was held.
Japanese: 第6回押出しの次の押出しが行われたのは56年後の1958年6月11日のことだった。
English: Shozo TANAKA, a member of the House of Representatives and a leader of the peasant movement, announced his departure from the Kenseihon Party which he was then affiliated when he was questioning the Kawamata Incident at the Diet meeting on February 15, 1900.
Japanese: 衆議院議員であり、農民運動の先導者であった田中正造は、1900年2月15日、事件に関する質問演説を行っている途中で、当時所属していた憲政本党を離党した。
English: Hundred years after the event, the monument of the Kawamata Incident was set up at the scene of the incident in Meiwa Town, Oura County, Gunma Prefecture on February 13, 2000.
Japanese: 事件発生百年後の2000年2月13日、群馬県邑楽郡明和町の事件発生現場に、川俣事件記念碑が建てられた。
English: Gunyoshuhyo is pseudo currency issued during wars for military forces to pay for commodities and other necessaries in its occupying areas or areas under their control.
Japanese: 軍用手票（ぐんようしゅひょう）とは、戦争時において占領地もしくは勢力下にて軍隊が現地からの物資調達及びその他の支払いのために発行される擬似紙幣である。
English: To be precise, it is a receipt; the government of the army has to pay the money to owners of it eventually.
Japanese: 正確には領収書であり、最終的には、その軍隊が所属する政府によって軍票所持者に対し債務支払いを行う必要がある。
English: When Japan was defeated in World War II, according to the international law of war at that time, defeated countries were not required to compensate for individual war damage and the Allies exempted Japan from the payment, which led to an international problem.
Japanese: また第二次世界大戦の敗戦国である日本の場合、かつて戦時国際法上、個人に対する戦争被害を敗戦国が補償する義務がなく、また連合国側が軍票の支払い義務を免除したため、後に国際問題になったことがある。
English: Therefore, in wars broken out in and after modern times, each country's military force purchased commodities using military currency.
Japanese: そのため近代以降の戦争では各国軍隊が軍票によって物資を購入するという形をとるようになった。
English: The reason a military force used their military currency instead of using their own country's monetary system was as follows; the total money supply might increase drastically, which could lead to inflation and economic disaster if they used their own country's currency; the country's currency might be used for power-keeping maneuver if their enemy country got it.
Japanese: このように軍隊が所属する国家の通貨制度とは分離して軍票を使用する制度を用いるのは、自国の通貨を使用すると通貨供給量が激増し、結果的にはインフレーションで経済破綻する恐れがあるほか、敵国に自国通貨が渡ると工作資金になる危険性があるなど、戦略面からの要請があるためである。
English: In addition, since military currency was a receipt, it was possible to get more commodities than the military force could actually buy with its precious metal.
Japanese: また領収書であるため、手持の貴金属による支払いに比べ、実際の経済力以上の物資の徴発が可能でもある。
English: As stated above, military currency was sometimes mistaken as a voucher since it had an appearance and a circulation system as if it were usual paper money; however, legally, it was only a receipt, not a legal tender or marketable securities, and had to be encashed by the government of the military force.
Japanese: 以上のように、軍票は通貨のような体裁と流通形態をしていて、商品券のような物と誤解される場合があるが、法律上の扱いは法定通貨でも有価証券でもなく領収書であり、最終的には相手国政府当局に提出して現金化する事が必要である。
English: It was only a receipt to show that the military force had to pay for the commodities and/or labor to the owners of the military currency.
Japanese: あくまで物資や労働力などを軍が受領し、軍に対して債権を持つことを証明する領収書に過ぎないものである。
English: However, there were some examples that military currency did work as real currency in limited periods and areas.
Japanese: ただし、期間と場所を限定した場合、軍票が通貨の代わりに流通した例もある。
English: During the WWII, the Allies issued their military currency, and after the WWII until the 1970's, the U.S.A. issued its military currency in US dollar and paid salary by that to the soldiers in U.S. military bases throughout the world.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦中には連合国側も発行していたほか、第二次世界大戦後もアメリカ合衆国が世界各地の米軍基地の兵士の給料として米ドル建ての軍票を、1970年代ごろまで支給し使用していた。
English: When the army of South Korea was dispatched to Vietnam, they issued their military currency that could be used there; the British Armed Forces also issued their military currency that could be used in British military bases throughout the world.
Japanese: またベトナム戦争に派遣された韓国陸軍もベトナムで使用する軍票を発行していたほか、イギリス軍も世界各国の基地内で使用する軍票を発行していたこともある。
English: During the WWII, Allied Military Currency was issued in the United States.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦中のアメリカではAlliedMilitaryCurrencyという軍用手票が発行されていた。
English: After the WWII through the end of the Vietnam War, Military Payment Certificate (MPC, for short) in US dollar was issued and circulated in Vietnam.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後からベトナム戦争の終わりまでMilitaryPaymentCertificate（略称MPC)という米ドル立て軍用手票が発行されベトナムで流通していた。
English: The military force of South Korea used the similar military currency (in US dollar) when dispatched to Vietnam.
Japanese: 同じくベトナム戦争に派遣された韓国軍も同様の軍票（アメリカ・ドル建）を使用していた。
English: In the 1990's, U.S. forces switched to a pre-paid card system instead of issuing paper military currency.
Japanese: 1990年代になるとアメリカ軍は紙の軍用手票の発行を辞めプリペイドカード方式へと移行した。
English: It is said that Saigo-satsu bill, issued by Takamori SAIGO during the Seinan War, was the first military currency in Japan.
Japanese: 日本においては、西南戦争の際に西郷隆盛が使用した西郷札が軍票の最初であるとされる。
English: Afterwards, during such wars against foreign countries as Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War and the First World War (the war for captureing Tsingtao), Japanese government issued its military currency in the occupied areas and during the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War), Japanese military currency was issued in the occupying areas, including China and Southeast Asia, based on the local currency.
Japanese: その後日清戦争や日露戦争、第一次世界大戦（青島攻略戦）などの対外戦争で日本政府が占領地で発行しており、太平洋戦争（大東亜戦争）では中国および東南アジアの占領地各地で現地通貨建てのものが使用された。
English: As mentioned above, military currency could be issued and circulated by the military force without the permission of Ministry of Finance or Bank of Japan.
Japanese: 前述のように軍票は、大蔵大臣や日本銀行の許可は要らず、軍が勝手に印刷して流通させることが出来る。
English: Therefore, during the WWII, each of Japanese army groups overissued the military currency by their own judgment, which resulted in economic chaos.
Japanese: そのため、第二次世界大戦では日本軍の各軍団が勝手に軍用手票を乱発して経済的混乱を招く結果となった。
English: Not only the military currency in Japanese yen used during the China-Japan battles, but also other kinds of military currency in various currency units such as peso and guilder were issued in the Japan-occupied areas.
Japanese: 中国戦線で使用した日本円以外にもペソやギルダーなどのさまざまな通貨単位の軍用手票が各占領地で発行された。
English: Some military currency was issued by a local financial institution such as 'The Southern Development Bank' which was established by Japanese government.
Japanese: 中には南方開発金庫などの日本が設立した現地金融機関が発行した場合もあった。
English: Military currency based on ruble was made experimentally on the assumption that they would fought with the Soviet Union, but it disappeared without being used at all.
Japanese: また、対ソ戦を想定しルーブル表示の軍票も試作されたが、実際に使われること無く消滅した。
English: According to "The Catalog of Japanese Coins and Bank Notes 2007" published by Japan Numismatic Dealers Association, the militay currencies issued by Japanese military force were classified into the following.
Japanese: 日本貨幣商協同組合『日本貨幣カタログ2007』によれば、日本軍が発行した軍票を次のシリーズに分類している。
English: The military currency used during Sino-Japanese War through Ko-go currency used during the China Incident, vertical style ones followed a design of the government-issued bank note called Meiji Tsuho was adopted, but bank-note styled military currencies were issued afterwards.
Japanese: なお、日清戦争から日華事変甲号軍票までは明治時代に発行された明治通宝とよばれる政府紙幣のデザインを踏襲した縦型のものを使っていたが、その後は銀行券スタイルのものが発行されるようになった。
English: The military currency in the currency of the Qing period; ten ryo, five ryo, one ryo, five sen, and two sen and five bu was issued in February, 1895 when Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1895.
Japanese: 1895年に勃発した日清戦争で発行、10両、5両、1両、5銭、2銭5分の清時代の通貨単位の軍票を1895年2月に発行した。
English: However, since the war was terminated earlier than expected and few military currency was issued, almost all of which were collected.
Japanese: が、戦争が予想よりも速く終結し、あまり軍票を発行することがなかったため、ほぼ全量が回収された。
English: Since Japanese government prepared that military currency before the war, due to the aggravated Russo-Japan relationship, it was issued in February 1905, soon after the beginning of the war.
Japanese: 日露関係険悪化のため、戦争開始前に用意されていたため、日露戦争開始直後の1905年2月に発行。
English: It was written in Hangeul so that it could be used in Qing and Korea.
Japanese: 清国や朝鮮で使用するために、朝鮮語（ハングル）による表記がされていた。
English: The currencies of 10 yen, 5 yen, 1 yen, 50 sen, 20 sen, and 10 sen were issued and distributed in large quantities.
Japanese: 10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行され大量に流通した。
English: Although most of them were collected after the war, quite a few Japanese soldiers who fought in the war brought back low-priced notes so the currency was relatively obtainable.
Japanese: 戦後多くが回収されたが、従軍した日本軍兵士が低額券を戦勝記念に持ち帰ったため、比較的入手しやすい。
English: In order to keep the nominal value of that military currency, the Japanese government made it possible for the owners to exchange the currency with silver at every branch of Yokohama Specie Bank, Ltd. located at the front, assigned depositories in Japan, detached offices of Korean depository, Yasen (open battle) Post Office, Japanese common post offices at Korea and nothern China and detached offices of First Bank.
Japanese: 戦地で軍票額面価格を維持するために、いつでも正銀貨と引換を希望すれば、戦地所在の横浜正金銀行各支店、内地指定の金庫、韓国金庫派出所、野戦郵便局、韓国、北中国所在の日本普通郵便局、第一銀行出張所で軍票を受入れた。
English: The issued amount of military currency reached 140,545,000 yen by the end of June, 1905.
Japanese: 明治38年6月末までに軍票の発行高は金1億4054万5000円であった。
English: At the outbreak of the WWI, Japan, based on Anglo-Japanese Alliance Treaty, declared war on German Empire.
Japanese: 第一次世界大戦勃発に伴い、日英同盟に基づき日本はドイツ帝国に宣戦布告。
English: When the Japanese military force executed a military operation in order to occupy the former German-leased territory in Shandong Peninsula of China, the military currency for 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen and 10 sen were issued to be used in the occupied territory in September, 1914.
Japanese: 当時ドイツが中国に持っていた山東半島の租借地を占領する軍事作戦を展開したが、この時に占領地で使用するために1914年9月に10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
English: Accordring to the statistics in 1926, the total amount of the military currency issued in sending troops to Tsingtao was 11,812, 197 yen, and 161,956 of which was not uncollected.
Japanese: 1926年の統計によれば青島出兵で発行された総金額は11,812,197円で、そのうち161,956円が未回収とされている。
English: At the end of the WWI, the Russian November Revolution broke out, which led to the birth of the first ever socialist regime.
Japanese: 第一次世界大戦末期にロシア11月革命が発生し、史上初の社会主義政権が誕生した。
English: The Emperor followers and revolutionary regime groups had the bitter civil strife, and world powers sent their troops to Syberia on the pretense of assisting Czechoslovakian military force.
Japanese: 皇帝派と革命政権派が激しい内戦が行われたが、世界の列強がチェコスロバキア軍救援を口実にシベリアに出兵した。
English: Japan also sent its troops to Syberia and issued the military currency (notes) such as 10 yen, 5 yen, one yen, 50 sen, 20 sen, and 10 sen to be used in Syberia and northern Manchuria, which were guaranteed convertible to gold, in August, 1919.
Japanese: 日本もシベリアに出兵したが、シベリアや北満州で使用するために1919年8月に金兌換を保証した10円、5円、1円、50銭、20銭、10銭が発行された。
English: After the Manchurian Inciden in 1931, anti-Japanese movements in China became more serious, and the Japanese military sent its troops to China to invade the country; the Japanese military went out of control on the pretense of keeping 'public security.'
Japanese: 1931年の満州事変以後、日本に対する中華民国の排日運動が激化していったが、日本軍部が「治安の維持」を口実に暴走し、中国大陸への派兵と侵略を進めていった。
English: The China Incident (China-Japan war) broke out in 1937, and escalated into an all-out war as a matter of practice.
Japanese: 1937年には日華事変（日中戦争）が勃発し、事実上全面戦争に突入した。
English: In those days, in Manchuria, Japan-related Korean bank notes (equivalent to Japanese yen) were circulated and in Shanghai, Japanese bank notes were circulated.
Japanese: 当時の中国では満州では日系の朝鮮銀行券（日本円と等価）が流通しており、上海では日本銀行券も流通していた。
English: So, Japanese military, according to the development of the war, used various kinds of military currency, as well as the bank notes issued by Federal Reserve Bank Of China and Central Reserve Bank Of China under the then puppet government.
Japanese: そのため、日本軍は戦争の進展に応じて様々な軍票や傀儡政権下の中国聯合準備銀行や中央儲備銀行が発行した銀行券も使用していた。
English: That currency was issued in 1937 but the total sum equivalent to only three million yen was used due to its commonplace design.
Japanese: 1937年に発行されたが、デザインが陳腐していたため、額面300万円しか使われなかった。
English: Otsugo-ken Notes; the letteres printed on the Japanese bank notes at that time were erased and the large letters of 'military currency' were printed on the surfaces to be issued.
Japanese: 乙号券　当時の日本銀行兌換券の文字を抹消し、「軍用手票」と大きく印刷して発行。
English: Heigo-ken Notes; the Japanese bank notes, which were not printed the letters of 'Bank of Japan,' were issued with the letters 'Military Currency by the Government of the Empire of Japan' printed.
Japanese: 丙号券　日本銀行の文字を印刷していない紙幣に「大日本帝国政府軍用手票」の文字を印刷して発行。
English: Teigo-ken Notes: the pictures of Chinese phoenix and dragons were printed and it was issued as 'Military Currency by the Government of the Empire of Japan.'
Japanese: 丁号券　鳳凰や龍といったデザインに変更した「大日本帝国政府軍票手票」として発行。
English: It is the military currency issued in various Asian Pacific areas where the Japanese army occupied after 1941.
Japanese: 1941年以後に日本軍が占領したアジア太平洋地域の各地で発行された軍票。
English: Since they were issued in many Japan-occupied areas, the monetary unit of military currency varied and there were various series and kinds.
Japanese: 各占領地域で発行されたため、軍票の通貨単位も異なり、多くのシリーズがあり、種類が多い。
English: Hague Convention, Article No. 52, says 'Contributions in kind shall as far as possible be paid for in cash; if not, a receipt shall be given and the payment of the amount due shall be made as soon as possible.'; military currency was used as the receipt mentioned above.
Japanese: ハーグ陸戦条約第52条に「現品を供給させる場合には、住民に対して即金を支払わなければならない」、「それが出来ない場合には領収書を発行して速やかに支払いを履行すること」と書かれており、この領収書として用いられているのが、軍用手票である。
English: According to 'the departmental order about the application procedure of permission such as the payment by the military script,' when a Japanese person living in Japan is required the payment by the military currency to a foreign country, that Japanese person has to get a permission from Finance Minister.
Japanese: 「軍票による支払等の許可の申請手続に関する省令」により、日本人が日本から外国に対して軍票による支払いを行う場合には、財務大臣の許可を受ける必要がある。
English: Nowadays, the application can be done online but no request has been made online so far.
Japanese: 現在ではこの手続きはオンラインでも受け付けているが、オンライン申請された実績は無い。
English: The military script in the order mentioned above means the military currency used by GHQ and US military in Japan, and not the military currency issued by the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: この省令が言うところの軍票とはＧＨＱと在日米軍が日本国内で使用した軍票の扱いに関してであり、大日本帝国が発行した軍票のことではない。
English: The purpose of the order was to determine the procedure for Japanese companies that were paid by American military currency to apply for the payment.
Japanese: 本来の趣旨はアメリカ軍から軍票による支払いを受けた日本企業がアメリカに対して支払いを行う場合の手続きを定めている。
English: At present, American army does not issue its military currency, so there seems to be no possibility of application.
Japanese: 現在、アメリカ軍は軍票を発行していないので、今後も申請されることは無いと思われる。
English: Since there was too much military currency issued, some of them became worthless due to inflation.
Japanese: 発行数量が多すぎたため、一部ではインフレーションで実質的価値が消滅したのもあった。
English: It is said that some currencies were used to wrap tabacco leaves in areas where inflation was especially severe.
Japanese: 特にインフレが激しかった地域では、タバコの巻紙に軍票が使われたといわれている。
English: It is considered that Japanese government was released from obligation to pay for its military currency since the Allies exempted Japan from the payment when Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
Japanese: 軍票に対する日本政府の支払い義務は、連合国がサンフランシスコ講和条約で請求権を放棄したため、消滅したとされている。
English: However, even after the WWII, in the Philippines and Hong Kong, some residents who were forced to change their money into the Japanese military currency demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.
Japanese: しかし、戦後もフィリピンや香港で日本軍が発行した軍票に強制的に両替させられた住民による、戦後補償を求める訴えがある。
English: Since Hong Kong had to accept the Japanese military currency circulated in China a brust, the residents who were forced to change their currency into the Japanese military currency were financially damaged.
Japanese: 香港では中国中に流通していた日本軍の軍票が一挙に流入させられたため、前述のように強制的に両替させられた住民は大きな経済的損害を受けた。
English: In fact, some of them instituted a civil suit in a court in Japan, demanding individual compensation from the Japanese government.
Japanese: 実際に、日本の裁判所で日本政府に対する損失補填を求める民事訴訟が起こされた。
English: On June 17, 1999, the Tokyo District Court rejected the plaintiff's claim because of the following reasons; the international law at that time had a principal that individual war damage would not be compensated; Japanese domestic law did not have a legislation that the govenment would exchange the former military currency with other currency.
Japanese: が、1999年6月17日に東京地方裁判所は、当時の国際法で戦争被害に対する個人の損害を補償しないという原則と、日本の国内法に軍票を交換する法律が存在しないことを理由に請求を棄却した。
English: Some of the remaining military currency issued in the areas around the Philippines had stamps that demanded individual compensation from the Japanese government.
Japanese: またフィリピン方面で日本軍が発行した軍票のうち、現存するものの中には日本に補償を求めるスタンプを押したものが存在する。
English: That is because the organizations, which was trusted by the owners of the military currency, issued the receipt and kept the currency by stamping on each note.
Japanese: これは軍票所持者から信託を受けた団体が受領書を交付し、団体ではスタンプを押して管理するというものであった。
English: But such notes were returned to the former owners, and were sold to many paper money collecters.
Japanese: しかし、現在では元の所有者に返され、多くの紙幣収集家の手元に納まっている。
English: One of three memorial stamps 'the 40th anniversary of the end of the WWII' issued by Dutch State Post Bureau in 1985 shows the picture of Dutch people kneeling down on the ground toward Japanese Imperial Palaceand and the military currency on it.
Japanese: オランダ郵政当局が1985年に発行した「第二次世界大戦終結40周年」記念切手3種のうちの1種には、オランダ人が日本の皇居に向けて土下座している姿とともに軍票が描かれていた。
English: Mokuryo refers to an institution that belonged to Kunaisho (Imperial Household Ministry) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Japan adopting the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 木工寮（もくりょう）は律令制日本の律令制において宮内省に属する機関。
English: Concretely speaking, its official duties were constructions and repairs of palace, repairs of public facilities within the imperial capital (esp. Kyoto), manufacturing of wooden products, and so on.
Japanese: 具体的には宮殿の建築・修理、京内の公共施設の修理、木製品の製作などである。
English: Even so, since work was troublesome and delayed, palace-related operations were transferred to newly-established Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) in 818, and civil engineering work within the imperial capital was transferred to newly-established Shuribojoshi around the same time, respectively.
Japanese: それでも業務が繁雑で滞りをみせたため、弘仁9年（818年）には宮殿関係の業務を新設の修理職へ、同時期に京内の土木工事を新設の修理坊城使にそれぞれ移譲した。
English: When the imperial capital was newly constructed, Zokyoshi had jurisdiction over the development of imperial capital, Zogushiki (Office of Making Palaces) (Zogusho [Ministry of Making and Mending Palaces]) had jurisdiction over the construction of palace, and each Zojishi (Officials in Charge of Building Temples) had jurisdiction over the construction of temple.
Japanese: なお、新たに京を造営する際は京の造成を造京司が宮殿の造営を造宮職（造宮省）が、寺院の建築は各造寺司がそれぞれ管轄していた。
English: Unlike other government officials in charge of work site operations, an appointment of Takumibe, the chief of construction work from tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group), was made according to their respective abilities, not by heredity.
Japanese: 他の現業官司とちがい、工事の主任である伴部の工部は世襲ではなく能力に応じて登用された。
English: Kajitsube (blacksmith's working place) that belonged to Kajishi (Office of Smithery) was transferred to Mokuryo as a result of merging Kajishi in 808, but it ceased to exist.
Japanese: 大同(日本)3年（808年）に鍛冶司を併合し付属していた鍛冶戸を木工寮へ移管したが消滅した。
English: Kushicho (general workers): All personnel remaining after staffing to authorities were assigned to this because a large number of personnel was required.
Japanese: 駆使丁　多大な人員を必要とするため諸官庁に配分した残りを全て配属させた
English: MINGEI (National Art) Movement is a movement started by the first issue of "Prospectus for establishment of the Japanese Folk Crafts Museum" in 1926.
Japanese: 民芸運動（みんげいうんどう）とは、1926年（大正15年）、「日本民芸美術館設立趣意書」の発刊により開始された.
English: The movement is unique to Japan in which "beauty of necessaries" in daily necessities used for handwork in everyday life, are found and used.
Japanese: 日常的な暮らしの中で使われてきた手仕事の日用品の中に「用の美」を見出し、活用する日本独自の運動。
English: Muneyoshi YANAGI, who was the founder and key figure of the Mingei (National Art) Movement worked hard to discover beauty of folkish art craftworks by unknown craftsman of ceramic ware, dyeing and weaving, lacquer ware, and woodwork such as daily use ware in various places in Japan and art crafts in Korean Dynasties period and Buddha statues of traveling monk or mokujiki in the Edo period which had not been fairly evaluated and not fine arts or expensive antiquities in the western sense and introduced them to public.
Japanese: 日本民藝館の創設者であり民芸運動の中心人物でもある柳宗悦は、日本各地の陶磁器、染織、漆器、木竹工など、無名の工人の作になる日用雑器、朝鮮王朝時代の美術工芸品、江戸時代の遊行僧・木喰（もくじき）の仏像など、それまでの美術史が正当に評価してこなかった、西洋的な意味でのファインアートでもなく高価な古美術品でもない、無名の職人による民衆的美術工芸の美を発掘し、世に紹介することに努めた。
English: (The term "Richo" was generally used in Japan when Yanagi was engaged in collection and Yanagi himself used "Richo", but in this section, the term "Korean Dynasties period" is used.
Japanese: （柳が収集活動を行っていた時代の日本では「李朝」という用語が一般的で、柳自身ももっぱら「李朝」を用いているが、本項では「朝鮮王朝時代」の表記を用いる）
English: Yanagi, who was a member of the magazine "Shirakaba" and introduced Western modern art, became interested in Korean art through meeting Noritaka ASAGAWA, a researcher of Korean clay, in 1914.
Japanese: 雑誌『白樺』の同人であり西洋近代美術の紹介者でもあった柳は、1914年（大正3年）、朝鮮陶磁研究家の浅川伯教との出会いを通じて朝鮮の美術に関心をもつようになった。
English: He worked hard to introduce the earthy beauty of white porcelains, folk paintings and furnitures in the Korean Dynasties period.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝時代の白磁、民画、家具などの素朴な美を世に紹介することに努めた。
English: In 1923, when Yanagi moved to Kyoto after the Great Kanto Earthquake, he expanded the so called "Mingei Movement" together with Shoji HAMADA and Kanjiro KAWAI.
Japanese: 1923年の関東大震災の大被害を契機として京都に居を移した柳は、濱田庄司、河井寛次郎らとともに、いわゆる「民芸運動」を展開した。
English: Yanagi, Hamada and Kawai worked hard to find real beauty in the folkish handicrafts by unknown craftsman such as articles for daily use in various places in Japan that were almost ignored in the art industry at that time.
Japanese: 柳、濱田、河井らは、当時の美術界ではほとんど無視されていた日本各地の日常雑器、日用品など、無名の工人による民衆的工芸品の中に真の美を見出し、これを世に広く紹介する活動に尽力した。
English: Yanagi, who was the key figure of the movement, actively traveled to various places in Japan to investigate and collect folkish handicrafts that had hardly been researched or evaluated as art.
Japanese: 運動の中心であった柳は、当時ほとんど研究が進んでおらず、美術品としての評価も定まっていなかった日本各地の民衆的工芸品の調査・収集のため、日本全国を精力的に旅した。
English: Yanagi did not think to make his collection of handicrafts private, but wanted to show it to the public.
Japanese: 柳はこうして収集した工芸品を私有せず広く一般に公開したいと考えていた。
English: At first, he was thinking about donating his collections to the Imperial Museum, but the museum refused the donation.
Japanese: 当初は帝室博物館（現在の東京国立博物館）に収集品を寄贈しようと考えていたが、寄贈は博物館側から拒否された。
English: After living in Kyoto for 10 years, Yanagi moved to Tokyo again, obtained financial help from Magosaburo OHARA (founder of Kuraray, Ohara Museum of Art and Ohara Institute for Social Research) and opened the Japan Folk Crafts Museum near his own house in Komaba, Tokyo in 1936.
Japanese: 京都に10年ほど住んだ後にふたたび東京へ居を移した柳は、実業家大原孫三郎（株式会社クラレ、大原美術館、大原社会問題研究所などの創設者）より経済面の援助を得て、1936年（昭和11年）、東京・駒場の自邸隣に日本民藝館を開設した。