nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Other footprints were left when the giant put his feet on the peak area of Mt. Ino (in central area in Kagawa Prefecture) to discharge his urine.
Japanese: 小便をしようと飯野山(香川県中部)に足をかけた際に山頂付近に足跡が付いた。
English: The giant washed his shins in Tone-gawa River (He washed his loincloth in a theory.)
Japanese: 榛名山に腰掛けて、利根川で脛を洗った（ふんどしを洗ったという説もある）。
English: There is a legend that long before human beings appeared, Deidarabocchi sat down on Mt. Haguro (in Tochigi Prefecture) and washed his legs in Kinu-gawa River.
Japanese: 羽黒山(栃木県)には人間がまだ誕生しない大昔、でいだらぼっちが羽黒山に腰掛けて鬼怒川で足を洗ったという言い伝えがある。
English: It is believed that Yatsugatake Chushin highlands Quasi-National Park in Shiojiri City, Nagano Prefecture is where Daidarabocchi sat down and took a rest.
Japanese: 長野県塩尻市の八ヶ岳中信高原国定公園はダイダラボッチが腰を下ろして一休みした場所であるという。
English: Yokote Basin in Akita Prefecture was once a lake called Torinoumi, and when the lake was reclaimed, Daidarabocchi appeared and drained the water and shoveled the mud, by which the reclamation made much progress.
Japanese: 秋田県の横手盆地が湖であったので鳥の海の干拓を行った際、だいだらぼっちが現れて水をかき、泥を掬ったため工事がはかどった。
English: There is a place name called Dadahoshi, Kagiyamachi Town in southern area of Tokai City, Aichi Prefecture, where the legend still remains that the footprints of Daidarabocchi became ponds when the giant was moving on foot.
Japanese: 愛知県東海市の南側に加木屋町陀々法師（だだほうし）という地名があり、ダイダラボッチが歩いて移動する際に出来た足跡が池になったとして伝説が残っている。
English: The ponds used to be in the west side of Yawata Shinden Station of Nagoya Railroad, but the ponds were reclaimed and the trace does not exist now.
Japanese: 名古屋鉄道八幡新田駅西側にあったが頃に埋め立てられて現在はその形跡ない。
English: At the first obon following the death of a family member (hatsubon) the surviving family members tow boats called shorobune, which are decorated with bon-lanterns and imitation flowers and are believed to hold the spirits of the deceased on board, to a place called the nagashiba.
Japanese: 初盆を迎えた故人の家族らが、盆提灯や造花などで飾られた精霊船（しょうろうぶね）と呼ばれる船に故人の霊を乗せて、流し場と呼ばれる終着点まで運ぶ。
English: It starts at the dusk of August 15 every year amidst the bustle of shouts, sounds of gongs, and blasts of firecrackers.
Japanese: 毎年8月15日の夕刻から開催され、爆竹の破裂音・鉦の音・掛け声が交錯する喧騒のなかで行われる。
English: It is often misinterpreted as a festival, but it is actually a Buddhist memorial service for the deceased.
Japanese: 「祭り」と誤解されることもあるが、あくまでも故人を追悼する仏教の行事である。
English: Families who do not bear hatsubon do not make shorobune, and instead, they bring flowers and fruits (offerings) wrapped inside small bundles of straws to nagashiba.
Japanese: 初盆でない場合は精霊船は作らず、わらを束ねた小さなこもに花や果物（供物）を包み、流し場に持っていく。
English: They used to release shorobune and offerings on water towards the sea, but the practice was banned in Nagasaki City in 1871.
Japanese: 精霊船や供物は、以前は実際に海へと流されていたが、長崎市では1871年（明治4年）に禁止された。
English: Even today, they sometimes set shorobune afloat on rivers or on the sea in Shimabara City, Saikai City, Matsuura City, and Goto City.
Japanese: 現在でも島原市、西海市、松浦市、五島市などでは、実際に川面や海上に浮かべることもある。
English: Nagasaki City has a festival called Nagasaki-kunchi Festival, the hikimono (floats) of which have a structure that resembles that of the shorobune.
Japanese: 長崎市には長崎くんちという祭りがあり、精霊船の造りはくんちの出しものの一つである曳物に似ている。
English: Those floats are often pulled around in a circular motion in the performance, so some people who tow shorobune imitate them to give a similar effect.
Japanese: 曳物は山車を引き回すことがパフォーマンスで行われており、精霊船をそれを真似て引き回すことが一部で行われている。
English: Every year, Tetsuya ETCHU, a local history researcher, regularly comments that 'They may wreck them,' and considers that act as 'bad behavior' when he appears on a videotaped show of Nagasaki Broadcasting Company.
Japanese: 郷土史家の越中哲也は長崎放送の録画中継の中で「難破船になるですばい」と毎年、出演の旅に「悪しき行為」と解説している。
English: Many people do not like this behavior and the police usually caution people engaging in such behavior.
Japanese: この行為は一般的には好ましい行為と見られておらず、警察も精霊船を回す行為には制止を行っている。
English: At Ohato in Nagasaki City, a typical nagashiba, a heavy machine is ready to disassemble shorobune.
Japanese: 代表的な流し場である長崎市の大波止には、精霊船を解体する重機が置かれている。
English: After families and relatives of the deceased remove what are supposed to be kept at home, such as bon lanterns, photos of the deceased and the Buddhist mortuary tablets, the shorobune will be dismantled on site as the pullers of shorobune join their hands in prayer.
Japanese: 家族、親類らにより盆提灯や遺影、位牌など、家に持ち帰る品々が取り外され、船の担ぎ（曳き）手の合掌の中、その場で破壊される。
English: Some boats are private ones while some are jointly sponsored boats called 'moyai-bune' which are built by local organizations, such as a neighborhood residents' associations.
Japanese: 個人船と「もやい船」と呼ばれる自治会など地縁組織が合同で出す船である。
English: Up until 1955, most shorobune were 'moyai-bune' and only rich people made family shorobune boats.
Japanese: 昭和30年代以前は「もやい船」が主流であり、個人で船を1艘つくるのは、富裕層に限られた。
English: Some people believe making 'big' and 'glamorous' shorobune proves their social status, whether the boats are private or moyai-bune.
Japanese: もやい船、個人船に限らず「大きな船」「立派な船」を出すことが、ステータスと考えている人もいる。
English: The tradition of 'moyai-bune' is active today, examples of which are the shorobune construction led by hospitals or funeral companies in addition to those of local associations.
Japanese: 現代でも「もやい船」の伝統は息づいており、自治会で流す船のほか、病院や葬祭業者が音頭をとり流す船もある。
English: A procession to nagashiba is headed by hosts of the funerals holding lanterns with their family crests and town caretakers holding their town lanterns, followed by young people holding long marker poles with an elaborate lantern on the top end called a 'shirushi toro,' gongs, and at the end, the shorobune (most shorobune have wheels) hauled by several adults clad in white happi coats (workman's livery coats).
Japanese: 流し場までの列は家紋入りの提灯を持った喪主や、町の提灯を持った責任者を先頭に、長い竿の先に趣向を凝らした灯篭をつけた「印灯篭」と呼ばれる目印を持った若者、鉦、その後に、そろいの白の法被で決めた大人が数人がかりで担ぐ精霊船が続く（「担ぐ」といっても船の下に車輪をつけたものが多く、実際には「曳く」ことが多い）。
English: Since the custom launching the boats begins around 5 p.m. and often lasts until 10 p.m. or later, many shorobune are equipped with lamps for illumination.
Japanese: 精霊流しは午後5時頃-10時過ぎまで掛かる事も珍しくない為、多くの船は明かりが灯るように制作されている。
English: Many shorobune boats have lanterns with light bulbs in them powered by a battery on board.
Japanese: 一般的な精霊船では提灯に電球を組み込み、船に積んだバッテリーで点灯させる。
English: Some shorobune, such as small ones, use candles, but many use electric bulbs because of the danger of fire.
Japanese: 小型な船や一部の船ではロウソクを用いるが、振動により引火する危険があるため電球を用いる事が多い。
English: Some large scale shorobune, dozens of meters in length, are equipped with an electric generator.
Japanese: また、数十メートルの大型な船では発電機を搭載する大がかりな物もある。
English: Shorobune have a family crest or a family name on the bow and moyai-bune have the town's name on the bow.
Japanese: 精霊船は「みよし」と呼ばれる舳先に家紋や苗字（○○家）、もやい船の場合は町名が書かれている。
English: Moyai-bune has a symbol of its town on the sail (e.g., a neighborhood association in a town which has remains of Kameyama shachu (the first trading company in Japan led by Ryoma SAKAMOTO at the end of the Edo period) in its town posts a sail depicting Ryoma SAKAMOTO).
Japanese: もやい船の場合はその町のシンボルになるものがデザインされている（例町内に亀山社中跡がある自治会は坂本龍馬を描いている）。
English: A personal boat has a sail with a family crest or a drawing that indicates the idiosyncrasies of the deceased (e.g., a shogi piece (Japanese chess) for a shogi lover; or cartoon characters for a toddler).
Japanese: 個人船の場合は家紋や故人の人柄を示すもの（例：将棋が好きだった人は将棋の駒、幼児の場合は好きだったアニメキャラなど）が描かれる。
English: The boats vary in size, from one or two meters in length to long series of boats reaching 20 to 50 meters.
Japanese: 船の大きさは様々で、全長1-2m程度のものから、長いもので船を何連も連ね20-50mに達するものまである。
English: Although the basic structure of shorobune is, as mentioned above, influenced by the playful spirit of shirushi toro, nowadays, many so called alternative shorobune are made these days (e.g., yacht type shorobune for the dead who loved yachts; a bus type with a destination bound for the Western Pure Land for a bus driver).
Japanese: 精霊船の基本形は前述の通りであるが、近年では印灯篭の「遊び心」が船本体にも影響を及ぼし、船の形をなしていない、いわゆる「変わり精霊船」も数多く見られる（例ヨット好きの故人→ヨット型、バスの運転士→西方浄土行の方向幕を掲げたバス型など）。
English: Although there are several stories, common opinion holds that the practice of using firecrackers has been strongly influenced by the Chinese event of Saisen-nagashi (which was held to pay respects to deceased Chinese).
Japanese: 由来は諸説あるが、中国の彩船流しの影響が色濃くでているものとされている。
English: It is thought that if the use of firecrackers may have originated in China and signify amulets to purify the tracks shorobune that follow.
Japanese: また、流し場までの道行で鳴らされる爆竹は、中国が起源であるなら「魔よけ」の意味であり、精霊船が通る道を清める為とされる。
English: The meaning has faded away today, and more and more people believe 'the bigger the explosion is, the better' just like Chinese firecrackers at the lunar New Year which are causing problems in China.
Japanese: 近年ではその意味は薄れ、中国で問題になっている春節の爆竹と同様に、「とにかく派手に鳴らせばよい」という傾向が強まっている。
English: Dangerous acts, such as lighting cardboard boxes full of hundreds of firecrackers to set off a big fireball, are becoming a problem.
Japanese: 数百個の爆竹を入れたダンボール箱に一度に点火して火柱が上がったりする等、危険な点火行為が問題視されている。
English: Rocket fireworks are banned, because they often fly directly towards viewers.
Japanese: 観覧者を直撃する事が多くあるため、ロケット花火の使用は禁止されている。
English: If any members of a shorobune group went overboard in using fireworks, the police may call on a person (who has been trained on how to use fireworks at Shoronagashi beforehand) in charge of fireworks of the group to warn him or her.
Japanese: 度を過ぎた花火の使用をした場合、各船の花火取扱者（事前に精霊流しの花火についての講習を受けた者）に警察から指導が行く場合がある。
English: A good viewing spot in Nagasaki City is at the front of the Nagasaki Prefectural Government Office where the Nagasaki Broadcasting Company videotapes the event and many shorobune float past there, including many of the so-called 'alternative shorobune.'
Japanese: 長崎市の場合は長崎放送が中継録画を行う長崎県庁前には数多くの船が流れ、「変わり精霊船」も多く見られる。
English: Huge shorobune series of three or four boats can be seen in the area of the Nagasaki Municipal Office as many neighborhoods in that area preserve the tradition of moyai-bune.
Japanese: 一方、長崎市役所周辺ではもやい船の伝統が残る下町が多く、3連、4連の巨大な精霊船を見物することができる。
English: Approval of the chief of the police station under the jurisdiction is required to build a boat on a road or to parade a boat with a length of more than two meters.
Japanese: 道路上での船の作成や全長2m以上の船を流す場合は所轄の警察署長の許可が必要
English: The height is not the height of the body of the boat but the height when the boat is lifted up.
Japanese: なお、高さは本体高さでなく持ち上げたり担いだりしたときの高さとなる。
English: Each nagashiba can deal with a different maximum size of shorobune; and only a few places, such as Ohato, are capable of handling larger ones.
Japanese: 流し場で取り扱える精霊船の大きさは各所で異なり、大きいものは大波止など一部の場所でしか扱えない。
English: Traffic is stopped or re-routed at various places, such as at the center of Nagasaki City, during the parades of Shoronagashi; and buses and streetcars of Nagasaki Electric Tramway operate on routes different from usual.
Japanese: 精霊流しが行われる時間帯は長崎市中心部をはじめとする各所で交通規制が行われ、バスや長崎電気軌道は経路を変更する形で運行される。
English: After the Shoronagashi festival, in order for municipal offices to scrap shorobune, they cannot accept other large trash for a certain period.
Japanese: 精霊流しの後は自治体が精霊船の処分を行うため一定期間粗大ごみの搬入が停止される。
English: Masashi SADA, a singer from Nagasaki, once heard about a story of many people who died worrying, 'Who would put me aboard a shorobune after my death?' after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.
Japanese: 長崎出身の歌手さだまさしが聞いた話によれば、1945年8月9日の長崎原爆投下の際には多くの人が「自分が死んだら、誰が精霊船を出してくれるのだろうか」と気に懸けながら亡くなっていったという。
English: Masashi SADA created the hit song "Shoronagashi" having been inspired by Shoronagashi after his cousin's death.
Japanese: そのさだまさしは、自分の従兄弟の死に際して行なわれた精霊流しを題材にして、ヒット曲『精霊流し』を作った。
English: Tourists who have a sad image connecting the song and well-known toronagashi (ceremony in which paper lanterns that are believed to bear the souls of the deceased are floated down a river) are often said to be surprised to see with their own eyes boisterous parades of Shoronagashi of Nagasaki exclaiming that it is so different from the song.
Japanese: しかし、その歌と一般的な灯篭流しの情景を結び付け悲愴なイメージを作り上げてしまった観光客が実際に長崎の精霊流しを目の当たりにしてあまりの賑やかさに「歌と違う！」と驚くこともしばしばあるらしい。
English: Actually, Sada's lyrics includes 'Shoronagashi ga hanayakani' (spectacular Shoronagashi), and also his group's first album "Wasuremono" contains "Shoronagashi" which includes the sounds of firecrackers during its lead-in.
Japanese: 実は、さだも歌詞の中で「精霊流しが華やかに」と書いており、グレープのデビューアルバム『わすれもの』では『精霊流し』の導入部に爆竹の音が入っている。
English: Although he had intended to express sorrow behind the boisterous scenes, the anecdote above indicates how impressions of well-known events often overshadow the message.
Japanese: 賑やかさの奥底にある哀しみを描いているのだが、一般的な行事の印象が如何に強いかを物語るエピソードとも言える。
English: Butajiru (Tonjiru) is a Japanese cuisine that is prepared by stewing pork and vegetables with miso (bean paste).
Japanese: 豚汁（ぶたじる、とんじる）とは、豚肉と野菜を煮込んで味噌で調味した日本の料理。
English: Its characteristics are the combination of hard-to-chew vegetables such as root vegetables and bulbs, which are strong-tasting and harsh, and the flavor of lard and miso.
Japanese: 灰汁の強い根菜や球根を主とする噛み応えのある野菜、豚肉の脂や味噌の香りが特徴である。
English: The above harmony is also popular outside Japan, and it has unique characteristics that aren't seen in other kinds of soup cuisine.
Japanese: この調和は日本国外でも人気があり、他の汁物には見られない特徴のある料理である。
English: Since it's prepared with pork, after which the cuisine was named, and various kinds of fresh or processed vegetables, it can be eaten as a staple food instead of being eaten only as an accompaniment to a staple food.
Japanese: 名称の元となっている豚肉のほか、複数種の野菜、あるいはそれらの加工品を入れる為、単に副食としての汁物としてでは無く、単品で主食にもなり得る。
English: Although there are various opinions, it is thought that it was created during the Meiji period because pork is used as an ingredient.
Japanese: 諸説あるが、豚肉を具材として使用する特徴から、明治時代以降に発達した料理とみられている。
English: According to a nationwide poll conducted by NHK, 'Tonjiru' was used by 54% of the respondents while 'Butajiru' was used by 46%.
Japanese: NHKのアンケートによると、全国的には「とんじる」が過半数の54%、「ぶたじる」が46%であった。
English: Although the materials used in preparing Butajiru will differ according to the region or household, the following are commonly used:
Japanese: 豚汁に用いる材料には、地域差・家庭差があるが、ここでは一般的と思われるものを挙げる。
English: Once all materials have been boiled, add the pork to the pot again, turn off the heat and season to taste.
Japanese: 全体に火が通ったら、取り分けておいた豚肉を戻し、火を止め、味噌で味付けをする。
English: From my point of view, it seems to be a good idea to place the pork in the pot in two stages, namely pork for 'soup stock' first and pork for 'tasting' next.
Japanese: (個人的な見地からではあるが)豚肉を｢出汁取り用｣｢味わい用｣と分けて、投入するのも良いかもしれない。
English: Needless to say, pork for 'tasting' should be blanched in advance so that its strong odor is removed and its flavor is contained.
Japanese: もちろん｢味わい用｣は熱湯処理して臭みを取り、旨みを閉じ込めておいていただきたい。
English: In this case, however, the cost could increase depending on that decision, due to the increased amount of pork.
Japanese: この場合、判断によっては豚肉の量が多くなってコストがかさんでしまうことも考えられるが。
English: Based on individual preference, sprinkle a seasoning of ground pepper (cayenne pepper powder or shichimi togarashi [a mixture of cayenne pepper and other aromatic spices]).
Japanese: 好みにより、唐辛子を加工した調味料(一味唐辛子や七味唐辛子)をふりかける。
English: Solid tofu made from thin soybean milk is sliced into slender blocks like kaku-mochi (rectangular rice cakes), which are then fried twice in hot oil, first at low temperature from 110 to 120 degrees centigrade and again at high temperature from 180 to 200 degrees centigrade, in order to make aburaage.
Japanese: 薄い豆乳で作った硬い豆腐を、角もち状に薄く切り、110℃から120℃の低温の油で揚げ、さらに180℃から200℃の高温の油で二度揚げしてつくる。
English: Aburaage can be used for various dishes, thanks to its feature of easily drawing in broth and the like, and to its pouched form, which is convenient for wrapping other food ingredients.
Japanese: 出汁などを吸い込みやすく、袋状なので他の食材を包み込めるなどの特徴があり、さまざまな料理に利用される。
English: In Tsuruoka City (Shonai region) in Yamagata Prefecture, the term "aburaage" generally indicates atsuage, while thin, fried bean curd is called "usuage" or "kawaage" (literally, "skin-like fried bean curd").
Japanese: 山形県鶴岡市（庄内地方）では、一般に油揚げといえば厚揚げを指し、薄揚げのことは薄揚げまたは皮揚げという。
English: Aburaage made from tofu produced in the Tochio area of Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture, is locally called 'aburage,' which is thicker than standard aburaage.
Japanese: 新潟県長岡市栃尾市地域で作られる豆腐の油あげは、地元では「アブラゲ」と呼ばれ標準的なものよりも厚手である。
English: This can not only be used as a cooking ingredient but is also often served as-is, being a roasted snack with an aroma.
Japanese: また料理の材料とする他、香ばしくあぶった物をそのまま軽食として食べる事が多い。
English: In Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, people preserve dried aburaage, called "Matsuyama-age," as a nonperishable food.
Japanese: 愛媛県松山市には、松山あげという乾燥した油揚げがあり、保存食として利用される。
English: In the district of Maruoka Town, Sakai City, Fukui Prefecture, aburaage has been popularly eaten since the Taisho period.
Japanese: 福井県坂井市丸岡町地区では、大正時代より現在まで、油揚げがよく食べられている。
English: Even today, aburaage made in the Takeda district, is considerably large in size and thickness compared to the standard type.
Japanese: 特に、現在も竹田地区で作られる油揚げは、1枚の大きさ、厚みともに標準的なものよりもかなり大きい。
English: A phrase saying 'aburaage is taken away by a flying kit' is an analogy used to explain the fact that some very important item has suddenly been snatched away.
Japanese: 突然大事な物をさらわれる事を例えて「トビに油あげをさらわれる」と称する。
English: Any dish that uses aburaage as an ingredient is called "shinoda" in the Kansai region, referring to the legend of a fox that lived in the Shinoda Forest according to the folk story, 'Kuzunoha.'
Japanese: 油揚げを使った料理は信太・信田（発音は共にしのだ）と関西地方などで呼ばれるが、これは「葛の葉」という伝説にちなんだものである。
English: Zoni is a soup dish which contains mochi (rice cakes) and other ingredients, and it is usually eaten in the New Year.
Japanese: 雑煮（ぞうに）とは正月に多く食べられる、餅を主と具材をあしらった汁料理である。
English: There are two opposing views about the origin of zoni: the viewpoint of historians and the viewpoint of folklorists.
Japanese: 雑煮の由来については、歴史学を中心とする考え方と民俗学を中心とする考え方に大きな意見の相違が存在している。
English: This issue has not been settled yet, because the history of New Year's dishes has been insufficiently studied.
Japanese: そもそも正月料理の歴史そのものの研究が不十分であり、どちらが正しいかを判断するには至っていない。
English: It is considered to have been a dish of the samurai world prepared in battle fields by simmering mochi, vegetables, and dried foods in a pot.
Japanese: 元来は武家社会における料理であり、餅や野菜、乾燥食品などを一緒に煮込んだ野戦料理だったのでは無いかと考えられている。
English: The custom of eating mochi dishes in the New Year has been associated with the ceremony of 'Hagatame' (strengthening teeth) since ancient times, and this is considered to have given rise to zoni.
Japanese: 正月に餅料理を食する慣習は古代より「歯固」の儀式と結びついた形で存在しており、それと関連して発生したと見られている。
English: The word 'zoni' first appeared in "Suzukake-ki" (Journal of the Suzuka family) written in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 室町時代に書かれた『鈴鹿家記』に初めて「雑煮」という言葉が登場する。
English: This dish probably became one of the rituals in the samurai world, and later spread among common people.
Japanese: この料理が次第に武家社会において儀礼化していき、やがて一般庶民に普及したものとみられる。
English: Considering the fact that zoni is first served in the course of honzen ryori (a formally arranged dinner), it was probably an essential dish for banquets for welcoming guests in the samurai world.
Japanese: 本膳料理においては最初に雑煮が出され、武家社会における饗宴には欠かす事のできない料理であったと見られる。
English: In the Edo period, zoni of samurai families in Owari Domain and other domains of Tokai region contained only mochi and a type of brassica rapa (a kind of Chinese cabbage) called mochina.
Japanese: 江戸時代、尾張藩を中心とした東海地方の諸藩では、武家の雑煮には餅菜と呼ばれる小松菜の一種のみを具とした。
English: It is said to have been a practice of picking up mochi and a piece of vegetable together to eat, which was for good luck with a pun: 'mochi ageru' (raise a mochi = win), and 'na' (vegetable, or 'name' in Japanese) to make it 'win one's name.'
Japanese: 餅と菜を一緒に取り上げて食べるのが習わしで、「名（＝菜）を持ち（＝餅）上げる」という縁起担ぎだったという（上記の習わしが武家社会一般の作法だったという説は、誤伝による俗説）。
English: In response to this, folklorists present a theory that strongly contradicts those mentioned above.
Japanese: これに対して民俗学の観点からは、こうした考え方を強く否定する考え方が出されている。
English: This theory argues that zoni (without mochi) was one of the ritual dishes of the New Year among common people, and zoni containing mochi as essential ingredients was eaten only in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) before the early-modern times, and since then it has spread across the country.
Japanese: これは、餅を主体とする雑煮は近世以後に全国的に普及したもので、それ以前においては民衆社会に根ざした正月用の儀礼料理であり、餅主体の雑煮は畿内周辺にしか存在しなかったとするものである。
English: A day was thought to begin at dusk in old times; and the New Year's Day was thought to begin at the dusk of New Year's Eve.
Japanese: 古来においては一日は夕方から始まるとする風習があり、元旦は大晦日の夕方から始まると考えられていた。
English: Mochi and cooked rice were placed on the altars of deities as offerings in the evening of New Year's Eve, and they were taken down before dawn the next day and simmered with other ingredients to prepare a soup, which is believed to have been the origin of zoni.
Japanese: 大晦日の夕方に神仏に供えた餅や飯を日の出後に降ろして、具材を加えて煮た物が雑煮のルーツとされている。
English: It is also pointed out that, so called 'mochinashi shogatsu' (New Year days without mochi), a custom that made it taboo to offer mochi to deities or to eat them within the first three days of New Year, was widely practiced in farming regions before the early-modern times.
Japanese: また近世以前においては、「餅なし正月」と呼ばれる、正月三箇日に餅を神仏に供えたり食することを禁忌とする風習が、畑作地帯を中心として広く存在していたことも指摘されている。
English: The Kanto region, the Chubu region, the Chugoku region, and Shikoku region included these dry fields, where people cultivated fields or practiced slash and burn techniques for products other than rice, because those lands had not been suited for rice paddies in those days.
Japanese: こうした地域は関東地方・中部地方・中国地方・四国地方などに広がっており、その多くはかつては水田を作るには不適当であったため、米以外の作物で定畑や焼畑を行っていた地域とされている。
English: In these regions, rice and mochi were foreign foods which their fields did not produce, so it is considered to have been a taboo to use these foreign foods at those sacred rituals to pray for the fertility of their lands.
Japanese: これらの地域では、米及びそれを原料とする餅は自己の土地からは生み出されない外来の食物であり、神仏に土地の豊饒を願う儀式の場において、こうした外来の食物を用いることは禁忌であったと考えられている。
English: In these regions, indigenous products, such as buckwheat noodles or taro are thought to have been offered to the deities and these ingredients were probably used to prepare zoni.
Japanese: こうした地域は、蕎麦やサトイモなどの自己の土地から産する作物を神仏に捧げ、またこうした食材を主体として雑煮などを作っていたと考えられている。
English: Those rural areas where 'zoni without mochi' is made today are thought to have been part of the regions that had this taboo.
Japanese: 今日でも「餅を使わない雑煮」を作る地域には、かつてそうした禁忌のあった地方が含まれていると考えられている。
English: Eating mochi in the New Year is considered to have become a custom in more recent years in the regions of Tohoku and Kyushu, so zoni containing mochi as a main ingredient was eaten only in the Kinai region and other rural rice-producing areas.
Japanese: また、東北地方や九州地方では、正月に餅を食する習慣が成立したのは時代が下ってからと考えられており、それらの地域を除くと、餅を主体とした雑煮が食されていたのは畿内周辺及び地方の米作地帯に限定されることとなる。
English: It is argued that the reasons why zoni containing mochi became more common than zoni without mochi throughout the country include, not only the development of traffic and communication means, but also the transformation of these non-rice regions to rice-producing areas through the development of irrigation facilities and new rice paddies; and this was promoted through political and economic pressure on those farming regions to produce rice during the period of the Shogunate system based on the kokudaka system (tax system based on rice, measured by reference to the rated annual yield of the domain).
Japanese: こうした風習に代わって餅を主体とする雑煮が全国的に広がっていく背景には、交通や情報伝達の発達もさることながら、石高制に基づく幕藩制による米の生産への政治的・経済的な圧力が畑作地帯を含めて加えられ、実際に灌漑設備の整備や新田開発によって、こうした地域も米作地帯に転換していった影響が大きいとされている。
English: The typical ingredients are: Mochi, chicken fillets or chicken dumplings; greens (komatsuna, Japanese honewort, or spinach); boiled fish paste or carrots for color; and citron for flavor.
Japanese: 具材の代表的なものは、餅・鶏肉の切身または肉団子にしたもの・青味（小松菜、ミツバ、ホウレンソウ）・色気（彩りを添えるため）に蒲鉾やニンジン・香りにユズなどを載せる。
English: For example, in the north-eastern region of Chiba Prefecture, people eat zoni made with baked square mochi and strong soy-sauce soup sprinkled with 'Habanori no furikake' (dried and parched laver seaweed) (sometimes shaved bonito is mixed into it also).
Japanese: 例えば千葉県東北部では、濃口醤油の澄まし汁仕立てで焼き角餅のお雑煮に「ハバノリのふりかけ」（鰹節も混ぜる場合があり）をかけて食べる。