nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Some court nobles belonging to the Southern Court were appointed as government officials in the Northern Court, however most of the positions were filled with members from Northern Court, many of those court nobles from the Southern Court were not able to return to the society of the court nobles.
Japanese: 南朝に属していた公家は一部は北朝で任官したが、官職は既に北朝の公家で占められており、多くは公家社会への復帰が適わなかったと考えられている。
English: However after Emperor Gokomatsu's Prince, Emperor Shoko succeeded to the throne in 1412, the agreement on sharing the succession to the throne was cancelled.
Japanese: だが、1412年（応永19年）には後小松皇子の称光天皇が即位して、両統迭立の条件は反故にされている。
English: Furthermore, although the direct line of descent from the Jimyoin Imperial lineage was discontinued after Emperor Shoko died, the Northern Court appointed Emperor Gohanazono from a branch family, the Fushiminomiya family, again the agreement was not being honored in the proper manner.
Japanese: 更に称光の死によって持明院統の嫡流は断絶したにも関わらず、傍流である伏見宮家から後花園天皇を迎えて再び約束を反故にした。
English: The descendants or aides from the Southern Court who were against this, continued to fight against the Imperial Palace and the bakufu until the end of the fifteenth century.
Japanese: これに反発した南朝の後胤や遺臣らは、朝廷や幕府に対する反抗を15世紀後期まで続けた。
English: Imperial Princess Sakahito (754 - September 25, 829) was Emperor Konin's Princess.
Japanese: 酒人内親王（さかひとないしんのう、天平勝宝6年（754年）-天長6年8月20日（829年9月25日））は、光仁天皇の皇女。
English: In 770 after her father, Prince Shirakabe (Emperor Konin) succeeded to the throne, she was appointed as Sanbon (the third rank of Imperial Princess) on December 1.
Japanese: 宝亀元年（770年）、父白壁王（光仁天皇）が即位したため、11月6日に三品に叙せられる。
English: On April 13, 772, her mother, Imperial Princess Inoue lost her position as Empress as she was suspected of putting a curse on Emperor Konin, her younger brother, Imperial Prince Osabe was also involved in this and he lost his position as Crown Prince on July 6.
Japanese: 宝亀3年（772年）3月2日には母の井上内親王が、光仁天皇を呪詛したとして皇后を廃され、5月27日には連座で弟の他戸親王も皇太子を廃されてしまう。
English: On December 5, Imperial Princess Sakahito quickly decided to become Saio in accordance with the advice given by a fortune-teller.
Japanese: その最中の11月13日、突如酒人内親王は19歳で伊勢の斎王にト定された。
English: Then it was decided for her to live in Kasuga Saigu for a while to use as a Nonomiya (a temporary palace to live in order to purify oneself, before serving at a shrine) to purify herself before she left for Ise Province.
Japanese: そして伊勢国への下向に先立ち、潔斎のためしばらくこもる野宮として春日斎宮に住まう事になった。
English: On June 3, 775, due to the sudden death of Imperial Prince Inoue and Imperial Prince Osabe, where they were confined, Imperial Princess Sakahito resigned her position from Saio.
Japanese: 宝亀6年（775年）4月27日、井上内親王と他戸親王の幽閉先での急死により、斎王を退下した。
English: It is presumed that Imperial Prince Yamanobe's political group tried to win over the other political group of Imperial Princess Inoue and Imperial Prince Osabe to their own side.
Japanese: おそらく、この結婚によって山部親王側が井上内親王・他戸親王派の抱き込みを狙ったものと考えられる。
English: Imperial Princess Sakahito became the Empress of Emperor Kanmu, who obtained his position as Crown Prince after confining and killing the Princess's mother and younger brother.
Japanese: 酒人内親王は､自分の母と弟の幽閉と死によって皇太子の座についた桓武天皇の妃になったのである。
English: Although there is no definitive proof as to whether this is true or not, according to the 'Mizukagami' (The Water Mirror), Emperor Konin planned to have Imperial Princess Sakahito become the Crown Princess; if true, this must have made Emperor Kanmu and his circle extremely wary of her.
Japanese: また、信憑性にはやや欠けるものの、「水鏡」によれば光仁天皇が酒人内親王の立太子を検討していたとも言われ、もしそれが事実ならば桓武天皇やその周辺にとっては警戒すべき相手であったとも言える。
English: Emperor Kanmu's political group paid its respects to Imperial Princess Inoue's political group by twice moving Imperial Princess Inoue's remains to another grave site during this time.
Japanese: 井上内親王派への桓武天皇側の配慮は、この時期2回にわたって行われた井上内親王の改葬にも現れている。
English: It was quickly decided that Imperial Princess Asahara should become Saio, there were three generations in the same family, grandmother, mother, and the daughter Princess Asahara who became Saio.
Japanese: やがてこの朝原内親王も斎王になる事となり、祖母・母・娘と実に3代にわたる斎王となった。
English: Then the Chief (or director) of 造斎官 was appointed on June 8, 785, and the 斎宮頭 was appointed on September 3, Emperor Kanmu went from Nagaokakyo (the ancient capital of Nagaoka) to the former Heijokyo (the ancient capital of Heijo) to see Imperial Princess Asahara off on her journey to Ise on October 5.
Japanese: そして延暦4年（785年）4月23日には造斎官長官が任命され、7月21日には斎宮頭が任命され、8月24日には朝原内親王の伊勢下向を見送るため、桓武天皇が長岡京から旧都の平城京に行幸した。
English: On October 18, after Emperor Kanmu and all the government official's aides came to see Imperial Princess Asahara off at the boarder of Yamato Province, she left for Ise accompanied by the Chief of the Saigu Office, Kamo no Asomi Hitomaro and a lady-in-waiting for Saigu, Jugoinoge (Junior Firth Rank, Lower Grade), FUJIWARA no Asomi Eishi, and other wet nurse and court ladies.
Japanese: 9月7日、7歳の朝原内親王は大和国国境で桓武天皇と百官の臣下達に見送られ、斎宮寮頭賀茂朝臣人麻呂や斎宮内侍・従五位下藤原朝臣栄子・その他乳母・女官達に付き添われ伊勢へ下向した。
English: However, although there had been no sudden crisis such as a death in her family, an Imperial messenger was sent to Saigu to dismiss Imperial Princess Asahara from her position as Saio/Itsukinomiko on April 1, 796; some time later on April 30, an Imperial messenger called TACHIBANA no Asomi Irii, who held the titles of Sashoben (Minor Controller of the Left) and Sahyoe no suke (Assistant Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards), was sent to Saigu to ask her to return to Kyoto.
Japanese: しかし身内の不幸もなかったにも関わらず、突如朝原内親王は延暦15年（796年）2月15日、朝原内親王の斎王解任のため、斎宮では奉幣使が立てられ、3月15日には平安京から朝原内親王の帰京を求める奉迎使左少弁兼左兵衛佐橘朝臣入居が、斎宮に派遣された。
English: It is presumed that the reason why Imperial Princess Asahara was forced to leave her position of Saio was to have her marry Imperial Prince Ate.
Japanese: 朝原内親王の斎王解任はおそらく安殿親王と結婚させるための解任だと思われる。
English: However Imperial Princess Asahara resigned her position as Empress without having any children, she died on May 18, 817 when she was thirty nine years old.
Japanese: しかし朝原内親王は子のないまま後に妃を辞し、弘仁8年（817年）4月25日、39歳で亡くなった。
English: Her mother, Imperial Princess Sakahito grieved over the death of her only daughter, she showed her grief in her will which she ordered to Kukai to write in her late years.
Japanese: 母の酒人内親王は、この一人娘の死を大変に悲しんだようで、晩年に空海に依頼して作らせた遺言状にもその悲しみを表している。
English: In May and June, 818, in accordance with Imperial Princess Asahara's will, the private land of Daihannyakyo, (the Greater Sutra of the Perfection of Transcendent Wisdom; the Great Wisdom Sutra)Atsuminosho in Mino Province, Yokoenosho in Echizen Province, Tsuchiinosho in Echigo Province were donated to the Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 弘仁9年（818年）3月には朝原内親王の遺言に従い、東大寺に大般若経や美濃国厚見庄・越前国横江庄・越後国土井庄の領地を施入した。
English: Imperial Princess Sakahito said to her adopted Shikibukyo, Okurakyo, Imperial Princess Ate, 'My body should be buried, not cremated, and only a small number of things can be buried with the body.'
Japanese: 酒人内親王は養子にした式部卿・大蔵卿・安勅内親王の三人に、「葬儀は火葬ではなく土葬にし、共に埋葬する品々は､わずかな物でよい。
English: All of my other possessions can be given to the Keishi (imperial household superintendents) and ladies-in-waiting who have long served me.'
Japanese: その他の物は、長年仕えてくれた家司と侍女達に分け与える」と遺言している。
English: Imperial Princess Sakahito lived through the eras of eight different Emperors and died on September 25, 829 when she was seventy six years old.
Japanese: 酒人内親王は天長6年（829年）8月20日、実に8代の天皇の御世を生き、76歳で亡くなった。
English: Her sexual moral decadence was becoming worse and it was hard to stop her behavior,' it said.
Japanese: 婬行（あるいは媱行）はいよいよ増して、制する事は能わず」と伝えられている。
English: It was said, her sexual moral decadence was becoming worse, but she could not stop it by herself.
Japanese: その婬行（あるいは媱行）はいよいよ増して、自制する事はできなかった」という意味である。
English: In common view, 婬行 (Inko) or (媱行) is pronounced as Inco, and often means a woman who does not have strict sexual morals.
Japanese: 「婬行（あるいは媱行）」の部分について、通説では「婬行」と読んで「性的にしまりがなかった女性」とするものが多い。
English: However according to the printed and published book of 'the record of Todai-ji Temple,' it was often written as '媱行,' because the character '媱' has the meaning of walking with one shoulder down, of which then the meaning was changed to 'good looking' or 'dances beautifully' or 'playing,' it can be presumed that Princess Sakahito was a woman who was described as 'she was a big spender and preferred to go to luxurious functions like Mando e or socializing with wealthy friends.'
Japanese: しかし｢東大寺要録」の版本や刊本には「媱行」と書かれているものが多く、「媱」の字には「肩を曲げて歩くさま」から転じて「見目良い」「美しく舞う」「戯れる」といった意味があるため、むしろ「浪費が激しく、豪華絢爛な交友や、万燈会などの華やかな催しを好んだ女性」とみるのが適切であろう。
English: It is said Imperial Princess Sakahito often organized Mando e at the Todai-ji Temple and prayed for her mother, Imperial Princess Inoue and her younger brother, Imperial Prince Osabe who both had tragic deaths.
Japanese: 酒人内親王は、万燈会を東大寺で度々催して、悲劇的な最期を迎えた母の井上内親王と弟の他戸親王を弔ったという。
English: Her behavior seemed selfish on the surface however it could have been her small resistance to go against her life which was continued to be tossed about by politics.
Japanese: 一見、わがままと見られる彼女の言動も、政争に翻弄され続ける自分の運命に対する、ささやかな抵抗だったように思われる。
English: The reason why her husband, Emperor Kanmu did not stop his wife's selfish behavior could have been due to the fact that the Emperor felt beholden to her because of an incident that happened to Imperial Princess Inoue and Imperial Prince Osabe.
Japanese: また夫帝桓武がそれを止めなかったのも、井上内親王と他戸親王の事件で負い目を感じていたからであろう。
English: Imperial Princess Asahara, also pronounced Ashitahara (779 - May 18, 817) was the Princess of Emperor Kanmu and Imperial Princess Sakahito.
Japanese: 朝原内親王（あさはら（あしたはら）ないしんのう、宝亀10年（779年）-弘仁8年4月25日（817年5月18日））は、桓武天皇と酒人内親王の皇女。
English: On October 5, 785, a ceremony to send off Itsukinomiko was held in the former city, Heijokyo (the ancient capital of Heijo), Emperor Kanmu went from Nagaokakyo (the ancient capital of Nagaoka) to the former city, Heijokyo to see Imperial Princess Asahara off on her trip to Ise.
Japanese: 延暦4年（785年）8月24日、斎王派遣の儀式を旧都の平城京でおこない、朝原内親王の伊勢下向を見送るため、桓武天皇は長岡京から旧都の平城京へ行幸した。
English: On October 18, Imperial Princess Asahara went to Itsukinomiya of Ise after having Emperor Kanmu and many other aides see her off.
Japanese: 9月7日、朝原内親王は父の桓武天皇と大勢の臣下達に見送られ、伊勢の斎宮へと下向していった。
English: On April 1, 796, an Imperial messenger arrived at the Shinto shrine in Itsukinomiya to give Itsukinomiko some time off from her position, there were other Imperial messengers, Sashoben and Sahyoenosuke, TACHIBANA no Asomi Irii, who were sent from Heijokyo (the ancient capital of Heijo), to have Itsukinomiko return to Kyoto on April 30.
Japanese: 延暦15年（796年）2月15日、斎宮で斎王解任のための奉幣使が立てられ、3月15日には平安京から朝原内親王の帰京を求める奉迎使左少弁兼左兵衛佐橘朝臣入居が派遣された。
English: On January 20, 797, Emperor Kanmu came to visit Imperial Princess Asahara's Palace on his way to visit Kyoto, she gave gifts to people who were more than Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 12月14日には桓武天皇が京中巡幸の途中、朝原内親王邸を訪ねて、従五位以上の人々に物を賜った。
English: On November 5, 798 Imperial Princess Asahara was given two hundred fifty cho (about 610 acres) of rice fields in Echigo Province.
Japanese: 延暦17年（798年）9月19日、朝原内親王は越後国の田地二百五十町を与えられた。
English: After Emperor Kanmu died on April 13, 806, Emperor Heizei succeeded to the throne in May and July and she became the Empress.
Japanese: 大同元年（806年）3月17日には桓武天皇が崩御し、5月には平城天皇が即位したため、それに伴い妃となる。
English: At the Kusuko Incident, Imperial Princess Asahara did not accompany the Retired Emperor Heizei, she resigned the position of Empress, and her half sister, Imperial Princess Oyake also left her position as Empress at the same time in June and July 812.
Japanese: ｢薬子の変」の際、朝原内親王は平城上皇には同行せず、弘仁3年（812年）の5月、異母姉妹の大宅内親王と揃って妃の位を辞した。
English: Although Emperor Saga sent six monks to pray for Imperial Princess Asahara's illness, she died on May 18, when she was thirty nine years old.
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇が遣わした六人の僧達が、朝原内親王の病気平癒を祈ったが、4月25日、39歳で亡くなった。
English: She left her will to donate all her private land to Todai-ji Temple, to organize Daihannyakyo (the Great Sutra of the Perfection of Transcendent Wisdom) for the sake of her father, Emperor Kanmu in spring, and to chant Kongohannyakyo (the Diamond Sutra) for her mother, Imperial Princess Sakahito in Autumn.
Japanese: 朝原内親王は、自分の諸領地を東大寺に施入させる事と、春には父の桓武天皇のために大般若経を、秋には母の酒人内親王のために金剛般若経を唱えさせる事を遺言した。
English: Rikyu is an Imperial villa which is separate from the Imperial Palace or Palace.
Japanese: 離宮（りきゅう）とは、皇居や王宮とは別に設けられた宮殿のことである。
English: Generally Rikyu is built on different land from the Imperial Palace of the Royal Family and the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 一般的には王族・皇族等が居住するために建設された宮殿とは別の敷地に建設される。
English: A good example of this is after Crown Prince becomes an adult and is married, he will have separate palace from the Emperor and the Empress, in this case the palace will be called Rikyu.
Japanese: 例えば皇太子などが成人・結婚し、天皇・皇帝と別に住居を構える場合などが当たる。
English: In Japan a villa with a certain size of land including the villa itself, is called Rikyu, and the one of smaller size are called goyotei (Imperial villa).
Japanese: 日本では一定規模の建造物と敷地を有するものを離宮とし、小規模のものを御用邸と称している。
English: Before the Meiji period, there were Rikyu built as a villa for a retired emperor and cloistered emperor for after their retirement, which were called 'Goin,' and there were exclusive officials to look after these places.
Japanese: また、明治以前には太上天皇や法皇の退位後の離宮として「後院」と呼ばれる離宮が築かれて専属の役人が置かれた。
English: Chiten no Kimi was the word for the retired emperor or emperor who took control of politics as the head of Imperial Family from ancient times to the Medieval period.
Japanese: 治天の君（ちてんのきみ）は、日本の古代末期から中世において、天皇家の家督者として政務の実権を握った太上天皇又は天皇を指す用語。
English: While a retired emperor governed the cloistered government as Chiten no Kimi, it was called Shinsei (Emperor's directly ruled government) when the current emperor takes control of the politics.
Japanese: また上皇が治天の君として行う院政に対して、現役の天皇が治天として政務に当たることを親政という。
English: Chiten no Kimi was also called Chitenka, Chiten, Seimu.
Japanese: 治天の君は、治天下（ちてんか）、治天（ちてん）、政務（せいむ）などとも呼ばれた。
English: Until then, the regency government was run by the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan who took the actual control of politics as regent and chancellor (acted as Emperor's proxy or supporter).
Japanese: それまでは、藤原北家が摂政・関白（天皇の代行者・補佐者）として政治実権を持つ摂関政治が行われていた。
English: It was the Emperor who was at the top position of the organization of government, according to the ritsuryo codes, it was the source of regent and chancellor's authority to act as Emperor or to support the emperor.
Japanese: あくまで律令官制の最高位に君臨するのは天皇であり、その天皇を代行・補佐することが、摂関の権力の源泉となっていた。
English: However, after Emperor Shirakawa started his cloister government, the retired Emperor still took the control of politics to use his direct paternal rights after he passed the position to his son, there was no basis for regency government to exist any longer.
Japanese: しかし、白河天皇に始まる院政では、上皇が子へ譲位した後も、直接的な父権に基づき政治の実権を握るようになったため、摂関政治はその存立根拠を失った。
English: This change in politics could be seen as political power was taken away by the retired emperor who was the Emperor's paternal line, from the regent and chancellor families who were from maternal line of the Emperor.
Japanese: この変遷は、天皇の母系にあたる摂関家が、天皇の父系にあたる上皇に、権力を奪われたものとみることができる。
English: From around the mid to the end of Heian period, it was gradually becoming popular for one noble family to succeed a certain government official positions in one family within the society of court nobles.
Japanese: 平安中期から後期頃から、特定の官職を一つの家系で担うことが貴族社会の中で徐々に一般化しつつあった。
English: To succeed the official government position means to have the right to receive profit that came with the position, the head of the family of the official government position had a right and a duty to contribute the profit to the family.
Japanese: 官職に就くことは、その官職に付随する収益権を得ることも意味しており、官職に就いた家系の長（家督者）は、収益を一族へ配分する権限・義務を持った。
English: This kind of social trend influenced the Imperial Family, it was presumed that the head of the Imperial Family started using authority that Emperor originally had.
Japanese: このような社会的な風潮が天皇家へも影響し、天皇家の家督者となった者が、本来の天皇の権限を執行するようになったのだろうと考えられている。
English: This person, head of the Imperial Family was in fact the Emperor, he started to be called Chiten.
Japanese: この天皇家の家督者が、実質的な国王であり、治天と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Although there were times when some retired emperors existed, only one person was called Chiten, there was even an incidents of fighting between a retired emperor and the emperor to take the position of Chiten (the Hogen War).
Japanese: 複数の上皇が併存することもあったが、治天となりうるのは1人のみであり、治天の地位を巡って上皇・天皇同士の闘争さえ発生した（保元の乱）。
English: When Chiten became the actual Emperor, the Emperor was called as if he was Crown Prince.
Japanese: 治天が実質的な国王になると、天皇はあたかも東宮（皇太子）のようだ、とも言われた。
English: As the result of this, it was necessary to become Chiten to pass the Imperial succession to his descendant, therefore it was a matter of life and death to obtain the position of Chiten.
Japanese: この結果、治天になれなければ、自らの子孫へ皇位継承できないことを意味しており、治天の座を獲得することは死活問題であった。
English: It was said the establishment of Chiten was when Emperor Shirakawa passed the Imperial succession to his biological son, Emperor Horikawa and started the cloistered government in 1086.
Japanese: 1086年（応徳3年）に白河天皇が実子の堀河天皇へ譲位し、院政を開始した時が、治天の成立だと考えられている。
English: After Shirakawa died, the Retired Emperor Toba, who passed the throne to Emperor Sutoku, became Chiten and started the cloistered government.
Japanese: 白河が没すると、崇徳天皇に譲位し既に上皇となっていた鳥羽が治天となり、院政を開始した。
English: Both Shirakawa and Toba worked to positively develop politics, it was criticized as the typical style of despotic cloistered government or the golden age of the cloistered government.
Japanese: 白河も鳥羽も積極的な政策展開を行い、専制的な院政の典型とも、院政の最盛期とも評されている。
English: In 1156 after Toda died, the brothers of Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Goshirakawa fought against each other to take the position of Chiten, Emperor Goshirakawa won the battle (The Hogen War).
Japanese: 1156年（保元元年）、鳥羽が没すると、崇徳天皇と後白河天皇の兄弟が治天の座を巡って争い、後白河が勝利した（保元の乱）。
English: After Goshirakawa abdicated from the throne two years later in 1158, he started the cloistered government, there were incidents that happened when Kiyomori TAIRA stopped the cloistered government or when Emperor Takakura took control of the cloistered government during this period, however Goshirakawa was in the position of Chiten until he died in 1192.
Japanese: 後白河は2年後の1158年に退位すると院政を開始し、途中、平清盛による院政停止や高倉天皇院政などがあったものの、1192年（建久3年）に没するまで治天の地位にあった。
English: After the late era of Retired Emperor Shirakawa's government, there were many donations of private estates (owned by a noble, a temple or a shrine) to the retired Emperor's Palace, it caused the Imperial Palace to have an enormous financial base.
Japanese: さて、白河院政の後期以降、院への荘園寄進が非常に集中するようになり、天皇家は莫大な経済基盤を得ることとなった。
English: These private estates were sorted by some groups and succeeded to different families individually.
Japanese: これらの荘園はいくつかのグループに分けられ、別々に相続されていった。
English: Examples of above are seen in groups of private estates, Hachijoin estate, in which Toba let his daughter Hachijoin to succeed, and others are the the estates of Chokodo which Goshirakawa donated to the temple called Chokodo.
Japanese: 例としては、鳥羽が娘の八条院に相続した荘園群である八条院領、後白河が長講堂という寺院に寄進した長講堂領などがある。
English: Chiten had a right to control those enormous groups of private estates as the head of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 治天は天皇家の家督者として、これらの厖大な荘園群を総括する権限を有していた。
English: In 1180 as the result of the Jisho, Juei War, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) was established in the eastern province and had their own right to rule the government, however Gotoba who had the absolute power to direct a despotic government as Chiten, he could not stand the existence of the bakufu.
Japanese: 1180年代の治承・寿永の乱の結果、東国に鎌倉幕府が成立し、独自の支配権を獲得していたが、治天として専制を指向する後鳥羽には、幕府の存在が我慢ならないものだった。
English: Toba attempted to overthrow the bakufu with armed force since he thought the bakufu was in an insecure condition without having the Seii Taishogun, but his forces lost the battle against the bakufu. (The Jokyu War)
Japanese: これにより征夷大将軍不在となった幕府の体制を不安定と見た後鳥羽は、幕府の武力排除を試みたが、幕府軍に敗北してしまった（承久の乱）。
English: Due to this, Gotoba and other retired Emperors and Emperors who were direct line of Gotoba, had their positions taken away, and Emperor Gohorikawa succeeded to the throne.
Japanese: これにより、後鳥羽及びその直系の上皇・天皇は追放され、後堀河天皇が即位した。
English: Gohorikawa's father, Imperial Prince Morisada, was decided to become Chiten as the head of the Imperial Family, however the Prince had never been an Emperor and, therefore, did not satisfy conditions to become Chiten.
Japanese: 後堀河の父守貞親王が天皇家の家督者として、治天に就任することとなったが、守貞親王は天皇位に就いたことがなく、治天の資格要件を欠いていた。
English: However it was considered that as an emergency, he became an exceptional Chiten, he started ruling the cloistered government as Gotakakurain. (Following the example of the Emperor, he received in go title (a posthumous title given to an emperor) after death.))
Japanese: しかし、緊急事態であることが考慮され、特別に治天となり、後高倉院（天皇の例に倣い没後に院号を贈られた）として院政を布いた。
English: After the Jokyu War, Chiten did not have absolute political authority like it use to have, it became common to have meetings with the bakufu to decide an important issue.
Japanese: 承久の乱以降、治天がそれ以前と同等の権力を有することはなく、重要事項は幕府と協議した上で決定することが常態化した。
English: After middle of thirteenth century, there was a conflict between Emperor Gofukakusa's line (Jimyoin Imperial line) and Emperor Kameyama's line (Daikakuji Imperial line) to succeed to the next position of Chiten, but Emperor Gosaga died and left his will to have Emperor Kameyama's line succeed to the throne, Emperor Gofukakusa's line was against it and asked the bakufu to support their force.
Japanese: 13世紀中期には、次代の治天の座を巡って後深草天皇の系統（持明院統）と亀山天皇の系統（大覚寺統）が対立したが、治天である後嵯峨天皇は亀山系による皇位継承を遺言して没し、後深草系はこれに反発して幕府に力添えを頼んだ。
English: Finally, the bakufu worked as mediator between the two parties, and it was decided to have Ryoto tetsuritsu (sharing the Imperial succession) become Chiten by turns.
Japanese: 最終的には幕府が仲介に入って双方が交互に治天の地位に就く両統迭立が行われるようになった。
English: Originally Chiten would have appointed the next successor to the position, but the authority to appoint the successor was requested to the bakufu, this proved that Chiten's authority became weak and the bakufu partly acted to use the authority of Chiten.
Japanese: 本来なら治天が次代の治天を指名するべきところ、その指名を幕府に委ねたという事実は、治天の権威が低下しただけでなく、治天の権限の一部を幕府が代行していたことも意味している。
English: In 1318 Emperor Godaigo of Daikakuji Imperial line dramatically changed the above situation.
Japanese: 1318年（文保2年）に即位した大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は、上記の状況を大きく変革した。
English: First of all, he stopped his father, Emperor Uda's cloistered government and started to rule the government directly by himself, he tried to overthrow the bakufu twice although he failed, it was presumed that these attempts were both aimed at having concentrated political power (unification of authority).
Japanese: まず、父であり治天でもある後宇多天皇の院政を停止し自ら政務に当たる親政を始め、また、2度にわたって倒幕を企てたが、いずれも天皇位への権力集中（権力の一元化）を指向したものだと見られている。
English: The Kenmu Restoration started by Emperor Godaigo in 1333, ended in just a few years, the person in power at that time, Takauji ASHIKAGA was to open the bakufu (the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)).
Japanese: 1333年（元弘3年）に始まる後醍醐の建武の新政は数年で失敗に至り、当時最大の実力者だった足利尊氏が幕府政権を樹立することとなった。
English: At that time Takauji himself became Seii Taishogun, while he appointed Emperor Kogon, of the Jimyoin Imperial line, as Chiten, and also appointed his younger brother, Emperor Komyo as Emperor.
Japanese: その際、尊氏は、持明院統の光厳天皇を治天とし、その弟の光明天皇を即位させ、自らは征夷大将軍に就任する。
English: Although Emperor Godaigo denied the need for the position of Chiten, it showed that it was necessary for society.
Japanese: 後醍醐は治天の地位を否定したけれども、社会はそれを必要としていたことを表している。
English: Later on Military governor of Mino Province, Yorito TOKI threw an arrow at the Retired Emperor Kogon, Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was asked to deal with this incident from Takauji, did not take the advice of other people inside and outside of the bakufu to save Yorito's life, and forced the death penalty on him.
Japanese: 後に美濃国守護土岐頼遠が光厳上皇に矢を射掛ける事件を起こした際に、尊氏から事件の処理を任された弟の足利直義は幕府内外から起こる頼遠助命の声を無視してその斬首を強行した。
English: Tadayoshi understood that only authority from the Retired Emperor Kogon as Chiten, would have proved the legitimate political power of the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 直義は光厳上皇の治天としての権威のみが、室町幕府の政治的な正統性を保障していることを理解していたのである。