nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Chogen SHUNJOBO consecrated the newly made Great Buddha image in 1185 after overcaming numerous obstacles in its construction.
Japanese: 俊乗坊重源は幾多の困難を克服して大仏を鋳造し、1185年、開眼供養。
English: The architectural style of the Great Buddha Hall and other similar reconstructions by Chogen was quite unique and is said to have commonalities with the architectural style of Fujian Province and the surrounding area of China in those days (the Sung dynasty).
Japanese: 重源が再建した大仏殿などの建築様式は非常に独特なもので、当時の中国（宋）の福建省周辺の建築様式に通じるといわれている。
English: Although the architectural style, incorporating rational structure and a bold design, was suitable for the Great Buddha Hall, it was incompatible with the Japanese preference for a serene space, and so Daibutsu-yo lost popularity after the death of Chogen.
Japanese: その建築様式は合理的な構造、豪放な意匠で大仏殿にはふさわしいものであったが、日本人の好む穏やかな空間とは相容れない面もあり、重源が死去すると大仏様も衰えた。
English: The craftsmen who were engaged in the restoration of the Great Buddha Hall moved to various places after that project and a new Japanese architectural style, known as Setchu-yo (cross style) was born with the influence of Daibutsu-yo.
Japanese: 大仏殿再建に関わった職人は各地へ移り、大仏様の影響を受けた和様も生まれ、これを折衷様と呼ぶ。
English: In cultural history, the Momoyama period often refers to the time between 1573 when the Muromachi shogunate fell and 1615 when the Toyotomi family was overthrown.
Japanese: 文化史上、室町幕府が滅亡した1573年から、豊臣家が滅亡した1615年までを桃山時代とすることが多い。
English: During this period, castle architecture was developed; castle towers were built as a symbolic representation of power and splendid paintings were drawn on partitions to represent the era of unification of the country.
Japanese: 天下統一の時期にふさわしく、城郭建築が発達し、権力のシンボル的な天守閣が築かれ、御殿は華麗な障壁画で装飾された。
English: Tea ceremonies, which started in the Muromachi period, were developed to perfection by SEN no Rikyu and a new architectural style for chashitsu (tea room) was born.
Japanese: また、室町時代に始まった茶の湯は千利休によって大成され、茶室というジャンルが生まれた。
English: In the Edo period, when more popular culture flourished, a clear tendency towards secularism is also observed in the field of architecture.
Japanese: 江戸時代は全般に庶民文化の栄えた時代であるが、建築でも世俗化の傾向が顕著に見られる。
English: An example of this movement is the Sukiya-zukuri style, where chashitsu features were incorporated into residential structures as well as urban entertainment facilities such as theaters and brothels.
Japanese: 茶室を住宅に取り入れた数寄屋造りや、都市の娯楽施設である劇場建築・遊廓の建築などがその例である。
English: In the sector of temple architecture, large hondos (main halls), such as that of Zenko-ji Temple and Senso-ji Temple, were built to accommodate a large number of worshippers.
Japanese: 寺院建築の中でも、庶民信仰を背景に、善光寺・浅草寺など大多数の信者を収容する大規模な本堂が造られるようになった。
English: Residences, trading houses and churches for foreign residents were built in the foreign settlements which were established in the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Japanese: 幕末に居留地が開かれると、外国人の住居、商館、教会などが建てられるようになった。
English: The Glover Mansion, standing on a high point in Nagasaki, was built by Japanese people under instruction from Glover, but there were also some structures that were constructed by visiting foreign engineers.
Japanese: グラバー邸は長崎の高台に築かれ、グラバーの指示に従って日本人が建設したものだが、来日した外国人技師によるものも見られるようになった。
English: Inspired by these new structures in the foreign settlements, Japanese builders began to construct Western-style houses and buildings (Gi-yofu Kenchiku).
Japanese: これら居留地の建築に刺激を受けた棟梁たちが明治初期にかけて各地に見よう見まねの洋館を建てた（擬洋風建築）。
English: In the early Meiji period, the Japanese government was making desperate attempts to acquire Western architectural technologies in order to develop the cities required to modernize the country.
Japanese: 明治初頭、日本政府は近代化に必要な都市を築くため、西洋建築の技術を得ようと躍起になっていた。
English: Conder put his efforts into training Japanese architects at the Imperial College of Engineering and was therefore referred to as 'Father of Japanese architectural studies.'
Japanese: コンドルは工部大学校で日本人建築家の育成に努め、「日本建築界の父」ともいわれる。
English: With a plan to construct numerous government offices and realizing the need to develop specialists in the field of architecture, the Japanese government sought assistance from the German government, an advanced European nation that the Japanese admired.
Japanese: 政府による官庁集中計画が立てられると、専門家育成が必要になり、ヨーロッパの中でも日本がめざすべき先進国と考えられたドイツ政府に指導的人物を打診した。
English: The architectural design firm of Hermann ENDE and Wilhelm BECKMANN (Baufirma Ende & Boeckmann) was selected to assist with the project, and the two men were sent to Japan.
Japanese: ヘルマン・エンデ(HermannEnde)とヴィルヘルム・ベックマン(WilhelmBoeckmann)の共同設計事務所（エンデ・ベックマン事務所）が担当することになり、エンデとベックマンらが来日した。
English: Based on Ende and Beckmann's suggestion that some delegates be sent to Germany to study and acquire the necessary techniques required for building a modern state, the Japanese government sent a learning mission to Germany consisting of 20 young Japanese people including Yorinaka TSUMAKI, Yuzuru WATANABE, Kozo KAWAI and 17 senior workmen who specialized in stonemasonry, carpentry, artificial stonemasonry, brick-laying, painting, roofing and plastering.
Japanese: 彼らは近代国家建設に要する技術習得のために日本人のドイツ留学を時の日本政府に進言し、政府は建築技師として妻木頼黄・渡辺譲・河合浩蔵の3人、石工・大工・人造石左官・煉瓦職・ペンキ職・屋根職・石膏職の高等職人17人で構成された総勢20人の青年をドイツに留学・派遣した。
English: A good deal of knowledge was gained from the three-year mission and, after returning to Japan, many of the delegates played an important part in architectural circles, some became artists, while others became the first graduates of what is now known as the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Japanese: 3年の留学の後、知識と技術を得た彼らのうち数人は後に現東京工業大学の第1期卒業生となり、ある者は美術家となるが、彼らの多くは日本国内の建築分野で活躍した。
English: Kotaro SAKURAI deserved a special mention as the first Japanese person to obtain a licence as an authorized British architect in 1892 after studying abroad at London University.
Japanese: ほか特記事項として、ロンドン大学に留学した桜井小太郎が1892年（明治25年）に日本人初の英国公認建築士の資格を得ている。
English: Architecture was always considered a technology of modernization which was to be learned from the West and the concept of architecture as art has not developed in Japan
Japanese: 日本において建築とは、まず近代化のために西洋から学ぶべき技術として捉えられ、芸術・美術と捉える意識は薄くなった。
English: A great deal of damage was caused to brick buildings during the Nobi Earthquake and the Great Kanto Earthquake, which led to the development of quake-resistant technologies which are unique to Japan.
Japanese: また濃尾地震や関東大震災で煉瓦造建築に大きな被害が生じたことから、日本独自の耐震構造技術への関心が高まった。
English: Meanwhile, in 1920, the mid Taisho era, the first Japanese architectural design movement was beginning with a group of graduates from the Department of Architecture of Tokyo Imperial University including Sutemi HORIGUCHI, Mamoru YAMADA, Kikuji ISHIDA, Keiichi MORITA and Mayumi TAKIZAWA; it was called Bunri-ha Kenchikukai.
Japanese: 一方、大正中期の1920年に日本初の建築デザイン運動として、堀口捨己・山田守・石本喜久治・森田慶一・瀧澤眞弓等の東京帝国大学建築学科出身者が集まり分離派建築会の活動が始まった。
English: Having taken a severe blow during the Second World War, the Japanese architectural movement found opportunities for development during the postwar restoration and periods of high economic growth.
Japanese: 戦争で大きな打撃を受けた建築界は、戦後復興、高度経済成長の中で活躍の場を見出した。
English: The use of ferroconcrete became common and public facilities everywhere were being built in the modern architectural style.
Japanese: 鉄筋コンクリートの使用が一般的になり、各地にモダニズムの公共施設が建設された。
English: Frequent earthquakes was a problem in Japan, but, as quake-resistant technologies improved, the height restriction of 100 shaku (31m) was eased and more high-rise buildings were constructed.
Japanese: 地震の多いことが日本の課題の一つであったが、耐震構造技術が進み、かつては百尺（31m）に制限されていた規制も緩和され、超高層建築が建てられるようになった。
English: Japan began to foster many internationally renowned architects such as Kenzo TANGE, Fumihiko MAKI and Tadao ANDO, and the standard of modern architecture in Japan improved.
Japanese: 丹下健三、槇文彦、安藤忠雄など世界的な評価を得る建築家も増え、日本の現代建築のレベルは上昇した。
English: Meanwhile, apart from some architects in the Taisho and early Showa periods, the concept of scenic beauty in cities was all but lost during wartime and the postwar restoration periods.
Japanese: 一方、都市の美観という発想は、大正・昭和初期の建築家の一部に見られたものの、戦時体制・戦後復興の中でほとんど影をひそめてしまった。
English: Many of the traditional cityscapes and beautiful old buildings and structures were lost in the war or during the economic growth, and there was a growing number of cheap structures that emphasized economic rationality and repeated "scrap and build" constructions.
Japanese: 伝統的な街並みや過去の優れた建造物の多くが戦災や経済発展の中で失われ、経済性・合理性優先の安上がりな建築が多くなり、スクラップアンドビルドが繰り返された。
English: People began to voice concerns that Japanese cities had became ugly, and so some measures were taken, such as the allocation of preservation districts for groups of historic buildings and the development of Landscape Law, which emphasizes the aesthetics of cities and land.
Japanese: しかし「いつの間に日本の都市はこんなに醜くなったのか」と反省する声が大きくなり、重要伝統的建造物群保存地区の選定や景観法の制定など、美しい都市・国土への関心も高まりつつある。
English: - Conducted research on shrine architecture, and particularly advocated the style of 'Shin-no-mihashira' (the pillars of the main sanctuary [honden]) of the Grand Shrines of Ise and the Great Shrine at Izumo.
Japanese: -神社の研究を進め,特に伊勢神宮と出雲大社の心御柱に注目する見方を提唱した。
English: - Conducted nationwide surveys on antique architecture that centered around Nara and Kyoto, and contributed to the preservation of cultural properties.
Japanese: -奈良・京都を中心に全国の古建築の調査を行い,文化財保護に尽くした。
English: - Introduced modern architecture to Japan, making the style commonly known to the Japanese public, and studied a wide range of subjects including Asian modern architecture and 'kanban kenchiku' (literally 'signboard architecture' - a decorative façade with no eave, finished with mortar, copper plate, tiles, bricks, etc. which was mainly seen among shops in the Kanto area after the Great Kanto Earthquake).
Japanese: -全国の近代建築を紹介して一般に認知を広め,研究対象を看板建築やアジアの近代建築にも広げた。
English: Genroku Ako Incident is a modern expression for "revenge for their lord," describing an incident which occurred in mid Edo period.
Japanese: 元禄赤穂事件（げんろくあこうじけん）とは江戸時代中期に発生した主君仇討ち事件の現代的表現。
English: It used to be known as Ako Roshi's (lordless samurai of Ako Domain's) Revenge and a Raid upon the Kira-tei Residence, and is considered one of the 'Three Biggest Acts of Revenge in Japan' along with Revenge of the Soga Brothers and Igagoe Revenge.
Japanese: 古来赤穂浪士の仇討ち（あこうろうしのあだうち）、吉良邸討ち入り（きらていうちいり）などと呼ばれた事件で、曾我兄弟の仇討ち、伊賀越えの仇討ちと並んで「日本三大仇討ち」に数えられる。
English: On April, 21, 1701, although the lord of Ako Domain in Harima Province, Naganori ASANO, made an attempt to kill Yoshihisa KIRA, a member of the Koke-Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, who were in a privileged family under Tokugawa Shogunate), inside of the palace as an act of vengeance, he failed and was ordered to commit seppuku (Japanese ritual suicide).
Japanese: 元禄14年3月14日(旧暦)（グレゴリオ暦1701年4月21日、以下本記事中の年月日は旧暦、括弧内に西暦を添えた）に江戸城中で播磨国赤穂藩藩主の浅野長矩が高家旗本のに対して遺恨有りとして殿中刃傷に及ぶが、討ち漏らして切腹処分となった。
English: After that, 47 Ako Roshi (lordless samurai of Ako Domain), including Asano's surviving retainer Yoshio OISHI, made a raid upon Kira's residence to successfully kill Kira Kozuke no Suke as revenge for their lord on January 30, 1703, and presented his head to their lord's grave in Sengaku-ji Temple before committing seppuku by the order from the shogunate.
Japanese: その後、浅野の遺臣である大石良雄以下赤穂浪士47名（四十七士）が翌15年12月14日(旧暦)（1703年1月30日）に吉良屋敷に討ち入り、主君に代わって吉良上野介を討ち果たし、その首を泉岳寺の主君の墓前に捧げたのち、幕命により切腹した。
English: This incident is also commonly known as 'Chushingura' (The treasury of Loyal Retainers); however, the name does not indicate the actual event, since it came from a ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) play as well as a kabuki (traditional performing art) play called 'Kanadehon Chushingura' (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers) and the general term for other related materials.
Japanese: この事件は一般に「忠臣蔵」の名でも知られているが、この名称は本件を題材とした人形浄瑠璃と歌舞伎の『仮名手本忠臣蔵』の通称、およびそこから派生したさまざまな作品群の総称であり、本件自体を指す語ではない。
English: On March 3, 1701, the Edo bakufu appointed the lord of Ako Domain in Harima Province, Naganori ASANO, and the lord of Yoshida and Uwajima Domain in Iyo Province, Muratoyo DATE, to attend to Emperor Higashiyama's messenger Sukekado YANAGIWARA (former Dainagon (chief councilor of state)) who was planning to go down to Edo, Yasuharu TAKANO (former Chunagon (vice-councilor of state)), and Emperor Reigen's Inshi (a messenger from the retired emperor) Hirosada SEIKANJI (former Gon Dainagon (provincial chief councilor of state)).
Japanese: 元禄14年2月4日(旧暦)（1701年3月3日）、江戸下向が予定されていた東山天皇の勅使柳原資廉（前の大納言）、高野保春（前の中納言）ならびに霊元天皇の院使清閑寺熈定（前の権大納言）を接待するために江戸幕府は勅使饗応役として播磨国赤穂藩主の浅野長矩、院使饗応役として伊予国宇和島藩伊予吉田藩主の伊達村豊をそれぞれ任じた。
English: The Imperial messengers and Inshi arrived in Edo on April 18 and entered the bakufu's residence for imperial messengers (current location of the Industry Club of Japan).
Japanese: 勅使、院使は3月11日(旧暦)（同年4月18日）に江戸に到着し、幕府の伝奏屋敷（現在の日本工業倶楽部がある辺り）に入った。
English: Asano Takumi no Kami also entered the residence the previous day, and they were supposed to attend to the guests for the next few days under the instructions of Kira.
Japanese: 浅野内匠頭もこの前日には伝奏屋敷入りしており、以降数日間にわたり吉良の指南を受けながら勅使の饗応にあたるはずであった。
English: After arriving at Edo-jo Castle on April 19, Imperial messengers delivered the messages from the current and retired emperors to Seii Taishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians) Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 勅使たちは翌12日（4月19日）には江戸城へ登城の上、征夷大将軍徳川綱吉に勅宣、院宣を伝奏。
English: On April 21, there was supposed to be a ceremony in which Shogun Tsunayoshi giving his response to a messages delivered from the Imperial messengers and Inshi after their arrival to Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 3月14日(旧暦)（4月21日）、この日は勅使、院使が江戸城に登城して将軍綱吉が先の勅宣と院宣に対して返事を奏上するという奉答の儀式が執り行われる予定になっていた。
English: However, when Kira Kozuke no Suke and a bakufu hatamoto (direct retainer of the bakufu) Yoriteru KAJIKAWA were discussing the ceremony at the Great Pine Corridor in Honmaru Palace of Edo-jo Castle at around 10 a.m., Asano Takumi no Kami suddenly attacked Kira Kozuke no Suke with a small sword.
Japanese: しかし同日巳の刻（午前10時ごろ）、江戸城本丸御殿松之大廊下（現在の皇居東御苑）において吉良上野介と旗本梶川頼照が儀式の打合せをしていたところへ、突然、浅野内匠頭が吉良上野介に対して脇差による殿中刃傷に及んだ。
English: Although his back and forehead were slashed, Asano Takumi no Kami was immediately held down by a hatamoto, Yoriteru KAJIKAWA, and Kira was taken to the Sotetsu Room by other koke members, including Koreuji SHINAGAWA and Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA.
Japanese: 吉良上野介は額と背中を斬られるが、側にいた旗本の梶川頼照がすぐさま浅野内匠頭を取り押さえ、また居合わせた品川伊氏、畠山義寧ら他の高家衆が吉良を蘇鉄の間に運んだ。
English: Kajikawa later recorded that Asano attacked him by shouting 'do you know what this revenge is for?'
Japanese: 梶川がのちに記したところによると浅野はこの際に「この間の遺恨おぼえたるか」という叫びとともに斬りかかったという。
English: When he was captured and investigated by the bakufu's inspectors Shigetomo OKADO and Shigeoki KONDO, Okado stated as follows.
Japanese: 捕らえられた浅野は幕府目付の多門重共と近藤重興の取調べを受けたが、多門は以下のように記した。
English: Meanwhile, after his wounds were stitched up by the leading doctor in surgical department Dou KURISAKI, Kira Kozuke no Suke was also questioned by the bakufu's inspectors Tadashige OKUBO and Masakiyo KUME and said 'I do not remember doing anything to upset Takumi no Kami.
Japanese: 一方、外科の第一人者である栗崎道有によって傷口を数針縫いあわせ、軽傷ですんだ吉良上野介は、目付の大久保忠鎮、久留正清らから尋問を受けたが、「拙者は恨みを受ける覚えは無い。
English: Besides, I am an old man and can not remember everything even if I had done something.'
Japanese: またこの老体であるから、何を恨んだかなどいちいち覚えてはいない」と主張した。
English: Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA became very angry, since the ceremony with the Imperial court was ruined, and ordered Asano Takumi no Kami to commit seppuku on the same day, as well as the elimination of the Asano clan.
Japanese: 将軍徳川綱吉は朝廷との儀式を台無しにされたことに激怒し、浅野内匠頭を即日のうちに切腹、浅野氏の断絶を命じた。
English: Kira Kozuke no Suke, however, did not receive any punishment because not fighting back inside the palace was considered commendable behavior.
Japanese: 吉良上野介に対しては、殿中をはばかり手向かいしなかったことは殊勝であるとして何の咎めもなかった。
English: It was very rare for a feudal lord to commit seppuku on the same day, and although the inspector Shigetomo OKADO claimed the necessity to investigate this revenge, it was turned down by the lord chamberlain Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA.
Japanese: 大名が即日切腹というのは異例のことで、目付多門重共も遺恨の内容などについてもっと慎重な取調べが必要だと訴えたが、側用人柳沢吉保に退けられた。
English: It is thought that the reason Tsunayoshi rushed Asano's seppuku was to show the Imperial messengers and Inshi his loyalty to the emperor and thus not to cancel out his mother's, Keishoin's, long-desired Juichii (Junior First Rank).
Japanese: 綱吉が切腹を急いだのは、勅使や院使たちに対して自らの天皇への忠誠心をアピールして、母である桂昌院最大の念願である従一位叙任を取り消されないようにするためだったといわれている。
English: Asano Takumi no Kami was taken to Tatsuaki TAMURA's residence (domain of Ichinoseki in Mutsu Province) in Shibaatagoshita (current location of Shinbashi, Minato Ward, Tokyo) and was summoned and committed seppuku around 7 p.m. upon the arrival of Yasutoshi SHODA (ometsuke), Shigetomo OKADO (inspector) and Tadashige OKUBO (inspector) past 6 p.m.
Japanese: 浅野内匠頭は芝愛宕下（現東京都港区(東京都)新橋(東京都港区)）の田村建顕（陸奥国一関藩）屋敷にお預けとなり、庄田安利（大目付）、多門重共（目付）、大久保忠鎮（目付）らが到着して浅野内匠頭を呼び出したのが六つ過（午後6時過ぎ）、切腹は六つ半（午後7時前後）といわれる。
English: On April 22, the bakufu sentenced Nagahiro ASANO, who was an adopted son and Asano Takumi no Kami's brother, to home confinement.
Japanese: 幕府は翌3月15日(旧暦)（4月22日）、浅野内匠頭の弟で養子に入っていた浅野長広を閉門処分とした。
English: His cousins; the lord of Ogaki Domain in Mino Province, Ujisada TODA, the lord of Ogaki Nitta Domain, Ujinari TODA, the lord of Okabe Domain in Musashi Province, Nobumine ANBE, hatamoto Nobukata ANBE, Nagatsune ASANO, and Nagatake ASANO, were sentenced to enryo (prohibition on coming to Edo-jo Castle).
Japanese: また浅野内匠頭の従兄弟にあたる美濃国大垣藩主戸田氏定、大垣新田藩主戸田氏成、武蔵国岡部藩主安部信峯、旗本安部信方、浅野長恒、浅野長武らを遠慮（江戸城登城禁止処分）とした。
English: The lord of Tatsuno Domain in Harima Province, Yasuteru WAKISAKA, and the lord of Ashimori Domain in Bicchu Province, Kinsada KINOSHITA, were ordered to be in charge of the surrender of Ako-jo Castle, and hatamoto Masahane ARAKI and Masayoshi SAKAKIBARA were appointed as metsuke for the surrender.
Japanese: 播磨国竜野藩主脇坂安照と備中国足守藩主木下公定の両名には赤穂城収城使を命じ、また収城目付に旗本荒木政羽と榊原政殊を任じた。
English: Although this position was initially supposed to be given to Hirosada KUSAKABE, Sakakibara was chosen instead, since Kusakabe was distantly related to the Asano family.
Japanese: この役目は当初、日下部博貞の予定だったが、日下部は浅野家の遠縁にあたるので榊原に変更された。
English: On April 25, it was decided to send local governors Masauji ISHIHARA and Toshinobu OKADA to Ako to rule the place, since it was going to be a shogunal demesne for a while.
Japanese: 3月18日(旧暦)（4月25日）には、しばらく天領となる赤穂の統治のために幕府代官石原正氏と岡田俊陳の赤穂派遣が決定した。
English: It was early in the morning on April 27 when the message was delivered to Ako Domain.
Japanese: 赤穂藩に報が伝わったのは3月19日(旧暦)（26日）卯の刻（4月27日の日の出前）であった。
English: The first messengers from Edo, Mitsutaka HAYAMI and Shigezane KAYANO, arrived at the head of chief retainers, Yoshio OISHI's, residence located in Ako-jo Castle and gave the letter from Daigaku ASANO, which described Asano Takumi no Kami's attack against Kira Kozuke no Suke.
Japanese: 江戸からの第一の急使早水満尭と萱野重実が赤穂城内にある筆頭家老大石良雄の屋敷に到着し、浅野内匠頭が吉良上野介に刃傷に及んだという浅野大学からの書状を届けた。
English: Kura no suke (a position of the Bureau of Palace Storehouses) soon ordered about 200 feudal retainers of Ako to go to Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 内蔵助はすぐさま赤穂にいる200名ほどの藩士全員に登城命令を出した。
English: Heads of the groups - Naoyuki OKABAYASHI (1000 koku), Genzaemon SOTOMURA (400 koku), Goemon ITO (430 koku), Sadayoshi OKUNO (1000 koku), Shichiroemon TAMAMUSHI (400 koku)
Japanese: 番頭…岡林直之（1000石）・、外村源左衛門（400石）、伊藤五右衛門（430石）、奥野定良（1000石）、玉虫七郎右衛門（400石）
English: Chief foot soldiers - Denbei KAWAMURA (400 koku), Soemon YASHIMA (300 koku), Toshimoto SHINDO(400 koku), Yoshimoro OYAMA (300 koku), Iemon SATO (300 koku), (Mototoki HARA who was the express messenger from Edo, (300 koku)), Kanesuke YOSHIDA (200 koku) (who later arrived in Ako from Asano family's distant territory, Kato District)
Japanese: 足軽頭…川村伝兵衛（400石）、八島宗右衛門（300石）、進藤俊式（400石）、小山良師（300石）、佐藤伊右衛門（300石）、（江戸から急使として原元辰（300石）、浅野家飛領の加東群から吉田兼亮（200石）もこの後着穂）
English: Magistrates of spear - Jurozaemon INAGAWA (a little over 220 koku), Heisuke HAGIWARA (150 koku), Jiroemon KOBAYASHI (150 koku)
Japanese: 槍奉行…稲川十郎左衛門（220石余）、萩原兵助（150石）、小林治郎右衛門（150石）
English: Ometsuke - Masaaki MASE (200 koku with reward of 10 koku), Masakata TANAKA (150 koku with reward of 10 koku)
Japanese: 大目付…間瀬正明（200石役料10石）、田中正形（150石役料10石）
English: When all the feudal retainers gathered around, lower rank chief retainer Tomofusa ONO read out the urgent message.
Japanese: 家中がそろったところで、急報を末席家老大野知房が藩士達に読んで聞かせた。
English: This letter from Daigaku stated no information on Kira's survival, and thus they thought that Takumi no Kami murdered Kira.
Japanese: この大学の書状には吉良の存命については何も書かれておらず、藩士たちは内匠頭が吉良を討ち取ったと思い込んでいたといわれる。
English: Since there was not enough information, Yoshio OISHI sent Bunzaemon HAGIWARA (100 koku) and Yasuemon ARAI (15 koku with salary for 5 servants) to Edo at around 1 p.m.
Japanese: 大石良雄は、これだけでは詳細が何も分からないということで、午後1時頃、萩原文左衛門（100石）と荒井安右衛門（15石5人扶持）を江戸へ派遣した。
English: Although the third messengers, Mototoki HARA and Nobukiyo OISHI, arrived at around 11 p.m. and told the news about Takumi no Kami's seppuku, they still had no idea about Kira's survival and confiscation of their properties in Ako Domain.
Japanese: さらに戌の刻（午後11時頃）、原元辰と大石信清による第3の急使が到着して内匠頭切腹の情報が伝えられたが、吉良の生死や赤穂藩の改易については相変わらず何も書かれていなかった。
English: However, since it was predictable what would happen to the clan that caused such an attack, Oishi ordered the commissioner of finance Tsuneki OKAJIMA to deal with the money used in Ako Domain and established a few currency exchange offices on April 27, which allowed conversion of the money at the rate of 60%, in order to avoid economic confusion.
Japanese: しかし殿中刃傷を起こした家がどうなるかは予想がついたので、大石は藩札の処理を札座奉行岡島常樹に命じ、早くも翌3月20日(旧暦)（4月27日）には領内数箇所に藩札交換所を設けて六分率で交換させ、赤穂経済の混乱の回避に努めた。
English: On April 29, the fourth messengers arrived and delivered information about Nagahiro ASANO's confinement.
Japanese: 3月22日(旧暦)（4月29日）には町飛脚の第4報が到着し、浅野長広お預かりの情報が伝えられた。
English: On May 2, the fifth messengers reported information on confiscation of the Asano family's properties in Edo.
Japanese: 続く3月25日(旧暦)（5月2日）には町飛脚の第5報が到着し、これには江戸の浅野家上下屋敷が召し上げられたことが書かれていた。
English: Since there was still no news about Kira's survival at this stage, Kura no suke became doubtful of his death and sent ometsuke Masakata TANAKA to Edo and the head of the group Goemon ITO to Miyoshi Domain to investigate his death.
Japanese: この段階でも吉良の生死の情報はなく、いよいよ吉良の死を疑いだした内蔵助は、吉良の生死を確かめるために藩大目付の田中正形を江戸へ、番頭の伊藤五右衛門を三好藩へそれぞれ派遣した。
English: Meanwhile, Masatomo Shichiroemon OTA, a retainer of Hiroshima Domain, arrived in Ako that day, and Kuranosuke OISHI's uncle Yoshimizu OYAMA, who was also a retainer of Hiroshima Domain, came down to Ako on May 3.
Japanese: またこの日広島藩士太田七郎右衛門正友が赤穂に到着しており、翌3月26日(旧暦)（5月3日）にも大石内蔵助の叔父にあたる広島藩士小山良速が赤穂入りしてくる。
English: When Oishi was given the choice between the surrender or besiegement of the castle, he held a big meeting at a hall inside the castle over the next three days starting on May 4 in order to organize the retainers' opinions.
Japanese: 開城か篭城かの決断を迫られた大石は、家中の意見を統一するために3月27日(旧暦)（5月4日）から3日間にわたって城内広間において大会議を開催した。
English: In this meeting, there was a confrontation between the radicals who called for the besiegement of the castle and the moderates who called to surrender the castle and ask for the restoration of the clan.
Japanese: この会議では篭城を主張する抗戦派と、開城して御家再興を嘆願すべきとする恭順派に意見が分かれて対立した。
English: The radicals were led by a leader of foot soldiers Mototoki HARA and brothers of commissioner of finance Tsuneki OKAJIMA, whereas the moderates were led by Tomofusa ONO, the lowest rank chief retainer.
Japanese: 抗戦派の中心は足軽頭原元辰と札座奉行岡島常樹の兄弟であり、恭順派は末席家老の大野知房が中心となっていた。
English: The sixth messengers arrived during this meeting on May 5 and reported that Masahane ARAKI and Masayoshi SAKAKIBARA were appointed as inspectors for the surrender of the castle and Masauji ISHIHARA and Toshinobu OKADA as local governors of Ako.
Japanese: この会議中の28日に第6の急使が到着し、赤穂城の収城目付が荒木政羽と榊原政殊、赤穂代官が石原正氏と岡田俊陳になった旨が告げられた。
English: On March 29, Kuranosuke sent Kuzaemon TAGAWA and Jiemon TSUKIOKA to Edo to give the letter to the inspectors for the surrender of the castle, Masahane ARAKI and Masayoshi SAKAKIBARA, who stated as follows.
Japanese: 内蔵助は3月29日(旧暦)（5月6日）に収城目付荒木政羽と榊原政殊に対して以下の嘆願書を提出しようと多川九左衛門と月岡治右衛門を江戸に派遣している。
English: Ako retainers may not be sophisticated but have tremendous loyalty to their lord and would not try to leave Ako.'
Japanese: 「赤穂家臣は武骨な者ばかりにて、ただ主君一人を思い、赤穂を離れようとはしません。」
English: I am not asking to give punishment to Kira Kozuke no Suke; however, please give us the logical reasons which would convince our retainers.'
Japanese: 「吉良上野介様への仕置きを求めるわけではありませんが、家中が納得できる筋道をお立てください」