nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The organizational form of the army under the Ritsuryo system had an open senior officer and subordinate relationship while 'bushidan' was the group of people called 'tsuwamono' that served privately in the Heian period or was the combination of such groups.
Japanese: 律令体制下の軍団での組織形態は、国家の組織の中での公な上官と部下であるに対し、「武士団」は平安時代に「兵（つわもの）」と呼ばれるた者達が私的に従える集団、またはその集団の結合体である。
English: To begin with, the word 'bushi' itself was not commonly used from the Heian period.
Japanese: そもそも、「武士」という言葉自体が平安時代から常用されていたのかというとそうでもない。
English: The word 'busha' appeared in the famous phrase, '松影是雖武者子孫' (Matsukage was the true descendant of busha), in "Oraimono" (a textbook for common people) during the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 「武者」という言葉なら平安時代中期の『往来物』の、有名な「松影是雖武者子孫（松影はまことに武者の子孫なりと雖も）」という下りにも出てくる。
English: The "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have been written in the early twelfth century, but it was called 'Tsuwamono' (written as 兵) or 'rich person.'
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』は12世紀初頭の成立といわれるが、呼ばれ方は「兵（つわもの）」「豪の者」である。
English: There were many 'busha' and 'Kyusen persons' (archers) while 'bushi' was rarely mentioned even during the period of the Jisho-Juei Civil War or during the late twelfth century.
Japanese: 治承・寿永の乱の時代、つまり12世紀末でも「武者」「弓箭の輩」が多く、「武士」と出てくるのは希であった。
English: The front running historian specialized in medieval history immediately after World War II considered 'bushi' as 'bushidan' when studying 'bushi' since bushidan formed the basis of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and paired it with the form of medieval estate control as something crucial for the 'formation of the medieval era.'
Japanese: 戦後初期の第一線の中世史の研究者が「武士」を問題とするとき、その対象は鎌倉幕府成立の基盤としてとらえられた「武士団」であり、それが中世的な在地支配の形態とセットで、「中世の成立」と不可分なものとして研究されてきた経緯がある。
English: The theory of bushi lord of manor in early post-war period considered bushi the same as bushidan.
Japanese: その戦後初期の武士在地領主論では、武士を武士団と同義ととらえている。
English: Despite this, the period of 'bushidan' was from the late Heian to the Muromachi period, and there was reference to 'bushi' during the modern Edo period, but not 'bushidan.'
Japanese: いずれにしても、「武士団」の時代は平安時代後期から室町時代までであり、その境はあいまいながらも、少なくとも近世、江戸時代については「武士」ではあっても「武士団」として語られることはない。
English: Looking back at the medieval history studies conducted after World War II, we can see that the theories of bushi and bushidan shared by the first post-war generation, which started off with "Chuseiteki Sekai no Keise" (The Formation of the Medieval World) by Tadashi (also pronounced Sho) ISHIMODA, focused greatly on the lord of the manor.
Japanese: 戦後の中世研究史を振り返ると、石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』に始まる第一世代での武士・武士団論は在地領主に主眼を置いたものだった。
English: Motohisa YASUDA, who was the main critic of that argument, considered bushidan as one form of a special structural aspect for 'a fixed period.'
Japanese: その代表的な論客である安田元久は、武士団を「一定の時代」における、ひとつの構造的特質をもったものととらえる。
English: Because it lasted for a 'fixed period' it meant that it had already established a fundamental existence within society, and bushi that formed the core of bushidan embodied not simply someone who practiced martial arts, but had a fixed 'social and class aspect.'
Japanese: 「一定の時代」に存在するということは、その時代の社会構造の中に存在基盤を持つということであり、武士団の中核たる武士は、単なる武芸者ではなく一定の「社会的・階級的特質」を体現している。
English: It was called 'bushidan' when such bushi grouped together for battle.
Japanese: そうした武士が戦闘目的の為の集団を組織したときそれを「武士団」と呼ぶとする。
English: This type of 'bushidan' was 'a militarily ruled society that was centralized around estate owners supporting medieval feudal society, centrally formed on a master and servant hierarchical relationship.'
Japanese: こうして「武士団」を「中世封建社会の担い手となる在地領主層を中核とする戦闘的権力組織で、内部構造としては、主従的な、階層関係（ヒエラルヒー）が認められるもの」と規程する。
English: It could be interpreted easily from this statement that the 'bushi theory' of the early post-war (post-World War II) period of Motohisa YASUDA and others considered that bushi 'was the manor lord' and a social class that stood opposed to the aristocrats.
Japanese: 安田元久ら、戦後初期の「武士論」は「まず在地領主ありき」であり、そして古代貴族に対立する階級としてとらえていたことがこの一文から良くわかる。
English: Furthermore, the warped theory about the origin of bushi of Yasuda and others written in textbooks in elementary and middle schools taught as follows.
Japanese: 尚、この安田氏らの武士発生論をデフォルメしたものが教科書の世界に定着し、小中学校では以下のように教えられてきた。
English: This argument was corrected recently, but researchers have been reexamining it among themselves from nearly forty years ago.
Japanese: それが修整され始めたのは比較的最近のことであるが、しかし研究者の間では40年近く昔から見直しが進んでいる。
English: Shinichi SATO firmly stated in "A disturbance of Northern and Southern Courts" published in 1965 that bushi was 'the vocational individual or group that served the ruling class with martial arts.'
Japanese: 佐藤進一は1965年の『南北朝の動乱』の中で、武士を「武芸をもって支配階級に仕える職能人もしくは職能集団」と言い切る。
English: This was not included within the main part of the developed samurai theory, but a lightly stated sentence related to how the bushi families split into enemies and allies during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) that left a great impact in later bushi and bushidan studies since that time.
Japanese: この一文は、武士論を正面から展開する中でのものではなく、南北朝時代に武士の家が敵味方に分裂したことに関連してサラッと書かれた一文なのだが、しかしその後の武士・武士団研究に大きなインパクトを与えた。
English: In addition, Yoshimi TODA argued that bushi was on the ruling side in opposition to the peasants from the start in contrast to the argument by Tadashi ISHIMODA and Motohisa YASUDA stating that the bushi class formed by breaking free from ancient social class of peasants as influential families.
Japanese: 更に、戸田芳実は石母田正や安田元久らの、武士階級は農村から権門など古代階級を打ち破る階級として生まれるとする見解に対して、武士は初めから農民と対立する支配者側であったと主張する。
English: The interview was in 1974, but Yoshimi TODA announced "The Formation Process of the Kokuga Forces System" at Japan Legal History Association Conference of December 1969 and 'aristocrats with regional army,' 'aristocrats with frontier army,' and the 'kokuga forces system' debated there and greatly affected the later bushi theory.
Japanese: 引用した対談は1974年のものであるが、それに先立つ1969年12月の法制史研究会総会で、戸田芳実は『国衙軍制の形成過程』を発表、そこで述べた「地方軍事貴族」または「辺境軍事貴族」という概念、そして「国衙軍制」への着目はその後の武士論に大きな影響を与えた。
English: Susumu ISHI (historian) also announced the "kokuga forces system during the period of governance by the retired Emperor" in the same study group.
Japanese: その同じ研究会で石井進(歴史学者)も『院政期の国衙軍制』を発表する。
English: Although having the same kokuga forces system theme, Toda argued about the state of origin of bushi during the middle of the early Heian period while Ishii argued for the later Insei period (period of a rule by the retired emperor).
Japanese: 同じ国衙軍制のテーマであるが、戸田は平安時代初期中期の武士発生段階を、石井はその後の院政期について論じた。
English: Susumu ISHI talked in "Japanese History Volume 12, Armed Groups in the Medieval Period" published in 1974 about the famous army of the governor and local ruling families as follows:
Japanese: その石井進は1974年の『日本歴史第12中世武士団』の中で、有名な国司軍と地方豪族軍のを行いながら、次ぎのように述べる。
English: These academic theories are called the 'Theory of Samurai Function,' and Masaaki TAKAHASHI appeared later as a radical debater.
Japanese: それらの学説は「武士職能論」と呼ばれ、その後髙橋昌明がラディカルな論客として登場する。
English: For example, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI who argued that bushi centered around 'the kokuga forces system' to develop 'the theory of the kokuga forces system' and greatly opposed 'the theory of samurai function' of Susumu ISHII.
Japanese: 例えば石井進の国衙軍制論を発展させるとして、「国衙軍制」を中心に武士を論ずる下向井龍彦は「武士職能論」を激しく批判する。
English: "The Establishment and Development of the Ise Taira Clan" (Taira Clan at Ise Province) published in 1975 by Masaaki TAKAHASHI who wrote in detail that they were low to middle class officials of hoefu (a collective name of soldiers in the Imperial Guard) in public, and were private 'samurai' of high class aristocrats and were a type of captain of mercenaries.
Japanese: 髙橋昌明は、1975年の『伊勢平氏の成立と展開』において、彼らが公的には諸衛府の官人、私的には高貴な貴族の「侍」、世間的には一種の傭兵隊長であったことを、資料に基づき詳細に明にした。
English: In addition, he stressed that bushi originated from aristocrats in Kyo (Kyoto), and martial arts that centered mostly around cavalry and archery passed down through aristocrats of the ruling class and their surrounding members during the Nara and Heian periods down to the medieval bushi.
Japanese: そして武士は京の貴族から生まれた、つまり騎馬と弓箭を中心とした武芸が、奈良・平安時代を通じて、支配階級である都の貴族とその周辺に面々と受け継がれ、それが中世の武士に引き継がれたと言うことを強調した。
English: Takahashi first divided social rank into 'birth' and 'job' ranks as a premise of the samurai theory.
Japanese: 高橋はその武士論の前提として、身分を「出生身分」と「職業身分」にまず分ける。
English: The 'birth rank' was a social rank of the 'house' and referred to lower class aristocrats and its supplying army and samurai class that served kuge (aristocrats).
Japanese: 「出生身分」とは「イヘ」の社会的格付けであり、公家に仕える下級貴族とその予備軍・侍階級とか言う場合に該当する。
English: The 'job rank' referred to the specialized social job of the upper class during the late Heian period such as the writer or the house of yin-yang where the job function of 'art' became fixed to a 'house' as a family business, the court position became hereditary, at the same time as a similar form of bushi social rank was born.
Japanese: そして職業身分とは、平安時代後期の上層階級での社会的分業が、「イヘ」への職能として固定し、その文士、例えば陰陽の家とかいう形で「芸能」としての家業が固定され、官職までが世襲されるようになる段階で、同様に武士という職業身分の類型が生まれるとする。
English: The 'house of tsuwamono' (written as 兵 - soldier) or 'tsuwamono passed down in the family' was an example of this.
Japanese: 「兵（つわもの）の家」「家ヲ継ギタル兵（つわもの）」がそれにあたる。
English: Their economical base is not a main problem here.'
Japanese: 「彼らの経済的基盤がいかなるものであるかは、ここでは中心的な問題ではない。」
English: However, while the samurai theory of Masaaki TAKAHASHI said the origin theory was based on "bushi as a job performance' origin theory, he recognized the two sides of 'bushi' existence and the social background of the late Heian period.
Japanese: しかしそれは髙橋昌明の武士論は自ら語るように、発生論、「武士という職能」の発生論だからであって、髙橋昌明は、「武士」の存在の2つの側面、平安時代後期における社会的背景も十分に承知している。
English: However, Masaaki TAKAHASHI firmly declared in 1999, 'Will Answer Your Criticism, Ladies and Gentlemen' in response to constant criticism and misinterpretations from other researchers.
Japanese: ただし髙橋昌明がそうはっきり述べたのは1999年になって、他の研究者からの相次ぐ批判・誤解への回答「諸氏の批判に応える」の中においてである。
English: The title indicates the trend after the theory, but it should be noted that even in 1972 before the theory was out, there was indication among scholars that 'more comprehensive view' was needed.
Japanese: 以降と言いながら、時代を遡ってしまうが、1972年の段階で、既に「より総合的な視点が」という指摘はなされていた。
English: Masataka UWAYOKOTE introduced in a keynote report of "Japanese History Symposium 5" about the 1971 short thesis of Masaaki TAKAHASHI, 'Concerning the Evaluation of Masakado's War' as follows.
Japanese: 上横手雅敬は、髙橋昌明の1971年当時の小論『将門の乱の評価をめぐって』での主張を『シンポジウム日本歴史5』の基調レポートにおいてこう紹介した。
English: However, the existence of estate owners cannot be ignored in order to understand 'bushi' existence and 'the real origin of existence' mentioned by Masaaki TAKAHASHI, but excluding 'the theory of origin of bushi performance' that he pointed out in 'this' is not a central problem.'
Japanese: しかし髙橋昌明が「ここでは中心的な問題ではない」というその「ここ」、つまり「武士職能の発生論」ではなくて、「武士」という存在全体、髙橋昌明がいうところの「存在の真の根拠」を理解しようとするときには、在地領主としての存在も無視する訳にはいかない。
English: Since the 1980s, Akio YOSHIE, Yukihiko SEKI, Yasuo MOTOKI, and others have passionately debated those two arguments from their respective points of view to develop each other's theory.
Japanese: その後の1980年代以降では、義江彰夫、関幸彦、元木泰雄その他の方が、それら両論の成果を発展させるべくそれぞれの視点から積極的に論を展開している。
English: It is important to review 'bushidan' after understanding such movements.
Japanese: そうした流れを踏まえた上で「武士団」を振り返ってみることが重要である。
English: The 'literati' in contrast to 'warrior,' 'civil officer' in contrast to 'military officer' were referred a little during Nara and early Heian periods but not as a work duty nor connected to later 'bushi.'
Japanese: 「文人」に対する「武人」、「文官」に対する「武官」と同じような使い訳で、「文士」に対する「武士」といういわれ方は奈良・平安時代初期にも僅かに見られたが、職能としてはともかくとして、それは後の「武士」につながるものではない。
English: People we considered as 'bushi' were called 'tsuwamono' during the Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代、我々が一般に「武士」と認識している者達は「兵（つわもの）」と呼ばれた。
English: "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" (The Tale of Times Now Past) is said to have written in the early twelfth Century, but 'bushi' was referred as 'tsuwamono.'
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』は、12世紀初頭ぐらいの成立とされているが、その中で、「武士」を語るときは「兵（つわもの）」と呼ばれる。
English: For an example, TAIRA no Masakado, TAIRA no Sadamori, and others stated 'there is a person called tsuwamono,' and FUJIWARA no Yasumasa wrote a very brave soldier 'does not exist in the house of tsuwamono.'
Japanese: 例えば平将門、平貞盛その他は「といふ兵（つわもの）あり」、また藤原保昌は「兵（つわもの）の家にあらねども」凄い武勇の士で、というように書かれている。
English: The origin of the word 'tsuwamono' is uncertain, but Rizo TAKEUCHI referred to it as 'the abbreviation of tsuwamono (guard) or a weapon mentioned especially when there is a tsuba (sword guard)' in "Daigenkai" (literally, great sea of words, a Japanese dictionary) by Fumihiko OTSUKI, and applied to weapons until the ninth century without a doubt and became a synonym for 'busha' from the tenth century.
Japanese: 「つわもの」の語源は明らかではないが、竹内理三は、大槻文彦が『大言海』の中で「鍔物（つみはもの）の略にて、兵器、特に鍔（つば）あれば云うとぞ」と書かれていることを紹介しながら、9世紀頃までは武器を指した言葉であることは間違いがなく、10世紀頃から「武者」と同義になるとする。
English: There were warriors called 'tsuwamono' recorded that appear in folklore around the tenth century.
Japanese: ちょうど、その10世紀頃に、「兵」（つわもの）と呼ばれる武人が、記録や伝承の上に姿を現す。
English: Previously, there were frequent martial conflicts between the kokuga (provincial government offices), rich clans, and social classes, or posterity of a vassal including servants of previously assigned governors during the ninth century.
Japanese: それに先立つ9世紀には、地方においては国衙と在地の郡司・豪族・富裕層、あるいは前任国司の子弟などを含む王臣子孫達との武力衝突が多発する。
English: In addition, an 'increase in robberies' occurred frequently and Kanbyo-Engi-Togoku-no-ran (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the period between Kanbyo and Engi) and Shuba Party in the Kanto region (area around Tokyo Prefecture) were famous.
Japanese: また「群盗蜂起」も多発し、関東では寛平・延喜東国の乱、僦馬の党（しゅうばのとう）が有名である。
English: FUJIWARA no Toshihito, who lived earlier, TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) that entered Kanto region even earlier than all of them sent one within the aristocratic society of Kyoto that excelled in martial arts to travel to districts to deal with the 'increase in robberies' for the sake of public peace.
Japanese: 先の藤原利仁も、平将門の祖父の平髙望も、あるいはそれ以前に関東進出を果たしていた嵯峨源氏も、そうした「群盗蜂起」に対する治安維持の為に、京の貴族社会の中で武勇に優れたものが下向し、治安維持に当たったものと見られている。
English: Aristocrats of the ruling class originally trained in 'martial arts' as well, and there were many 'heroic samurai' that appeared within the 'obituaries' of aristocrats during the early Heian period.
Japanese: 貴族は支配階級であり、支配階級たる貴族は本来「武」を兼ね備えており、平安時代初期の貴族の「卒伝」の中にも、そうした「武勇の士」は沢山出てくる。
English: In addition, there were 'family soldiers' along with provincial soldiers' where military power was systemized as '威猛之具.'
Japanese: また、「諸国兵士」と並び称せられる「諸家兵士」があるように武力も組織し「威猛之具」としていた。
English: When looking at the social situation in districts of the early tenth century, the former gunji (district managers) force weakened simultaneously with the rise of the new power consisting of the posterity of vassals and wealthy farmers.
Japanese: その10世紀初頭の地方社会経済に目を転じると、旧来の郡司の勢力が弱体化しはじめると同時に、王臣子孫も含めた新興勢力・有力農業経営者が台頭を始める。
English: The conflict of interests amongst those managers of shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families), gunji started to weaken, but still held constant power, and kokushu (head of provincial governors) and kokuga (provincial government offices) powers that became stronger was more apparent.
Japanese: それら私営田経営者、そして弱体化し始めたとはいえ、いまだ一定の勢力を保つ郡司と、強化された国守・国衙の権力との利害対立が顕在化していく。
English: Among such conflicts in interest seen in neighboring provinces of Kyoto was the famous "Owari no kuni Gunji Hyakusho ra no Gebumi" (Letter from a local government official of Owari Province to farmers) sent against FUJIWARA no Motonaga for Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi - provincial governor taken by farmers), but many did not develop into military conflict, but were rather settled with negotiations.
Japanese: その利害対立は、京の都の近国においては藤原元命に対する「尾張国郡司百姓等解文」で有名な国司苛政上訴として現れるが、多くは武力による衝突までにはならずに調整が図られる。
English: However, Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) far away from Kyoto had less hope for settlement within the imperial court or among aristocrats.
Japanese: しかし、京より遠い東国においては、朝廷や貴族間における調停などの調整は期待出来ない。
English: In addition, many of those conflicts that occurred between shieiden managers related to aristocrats of Kyoto and the classes of gunji (district managers), kokuga (provincial government offices), or amongst managers of shieiden themselves that occasionally exploded and used of military force.
Japanese: そして、その多くは京の貴族の縁者である私営田経営者と、郡司層と国衙の利害対立、あるいは私営田経営者同士の対立は往々にして実力行使として爆発する。
English: There was an anti-zuryo (provincial governor) conflict in Kozuke Province in February 915 caused by KAMITSUKENU no Motomune, Sadanami (貞並), FUJIWARA no Tsurae, with the title of Daijo, and they assassinated FUJIWARA no Atsunori, who was the Zuryo.
Japanese: 915年（延喜15）2月、上野国で上毛野（かみつけぬの）基宗、貞並らに大掾藤原連江（つらえ）らが加わる反受領闘争があり、受領藤原厚載（あつのり）が殺される。
English: The imperial court ordered the kokuga of Shimonotsuke Province to exile FUJIWARA no Hidesato and eighteen of his party since FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who was the junin (cultivation manor lord) of neighboring province of Shimonotsuke Province may have participated in the assassination.
Japanese: この事件に隣国下野国の住人藤原秀郷も荷担していたのか、朝廷は下野国衙に秀郷とその党18人の配流を命令する。
English: In 929, the kokuga of Shimotsuke Province made a claim against the violent actions of Hidesato, and the imperial court sent the command to take Hidesato to kokuga of Shimotsuke Province and its neighboring five provinces, but there was no evidence that Hidesato was defeated.
Japanese: 更に929年には下野国衙は秀郷らの濫行（らんぎょう）を訴え、朝廷は下野国衙と隣国五カ国に秀郷の追討官符を出すが秀郷らが追討された形跡はない。
English: The battles of bushi mainly consisted of mounted warrior archers from the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) to the period of the "Tale of Heike."
Japanese: 前九年の役から『平家物語』の時代まで、武士の戦闘は騎馬武者の弓射が中心である。
English: Of course, there was reference to foot soldiers in 'seventy cavalry and thirty foot soldiers' within the 'Story about Punishing TAIRA no Koremochi and FUJIWARA no Morotoo' in Section five of Volume twenty-five of "Konjaku Monogatari Shu," but there were no battle scenes depicted of foot soldiers.
Japanese: もちろん、『今昔物語集』巻第25第5「平維茂、藤原諸任を罰ちたる語」に、「騎馬の兵70人、徒歩の兵30人」とあるように、歩兵もいるが、歩兵の戦闘描写は見られない。
English: There were not many examples of single-hand to hand combat, cavalry with archers were the basic battle formation based on battles between individuals.
Japanese: 一騎討ちの例は実はそれほど多くはないとされるが、基本的に、騎馬武者による弓射戦が戦闘の基本形態であり、個人戦がベースである。
English: This began to change in the period of "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the Kamakura period ended.
Japanese: それが変化してくるのは、鎌倉時代も終わった南北朝時代(日本)、『太平記』の時代である。
English: While the study of samurai had two schools of theory, the 'local lord' and 'function,' it was apparent from the continuous characteristics seen from the military system under the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi by examining the function and especially techniques (cavalry and archery).
Japanese: 武士論研究には「在地領主論」と「職能論」という2つの流れがあることは述べたが、職能、特にその技能（弓馬）に着目すれば、律令制下の軍制から中世武士までの連続性がかなり明らかになってきている。
English: Certainly, there seemed to be a higher ratio of foot soldiers by looking at mandatory military service where one member of a family (average of around 30 members for the administrative unit) had to go for less that sixty days of military training and service, but it was the confirmed presence of cavalry that held the central military power.
Japanese: 確かに国民皆兵性のような1戸（行政上の単位、平均30人ぐらい）から1名、年間60日の軍事訓練を受けるという段階では歩兵の比率が高そうに思えるが、騎兵部隊も確認され、軍事力の中核はそちらが担っていたようである。
English: The 'kondei' (regular soldiers guarding kokubu - ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)) that managed the army after the dismantling cohort in 792 was basically cavalry with archers.
Japanese: 792年（延暦11）の軍団解消以降、軍事を担った「健児」も基本的には弓射騎兵である。
English: The dismantling of cohort was the dismissal of foot soldiers, and the higher ranking cavalry continued as 'the Kondei system' in districts despite lowered in numbers.
Japanese: 軍団解消は、軍団歩兵の解消であって、上兵である騎兵は、人数としては縮小されながらも諸国においては「健児制」として継承されたとも言える。
English: The cavalry busha was not a specific right of medieval bushi, but a tradition of having cavalry with archers as the main military force that continued uniformly throughout from the cohort of the Ritsuryo system to medieval bushi.
Japanese: 騎馬武者は中世武士の専売特許ではなくて、弓射騎兵が武力の中心という伝統は律令軍団から中世武士までの一貫したスタイルである。
English: Only a handful of special skill unit forces existed during the late Heian period, that could go through horseback training, wear armor, and practice horseback skills that could stand battle, and could shoot arrows while riding a horse.
Japanese: 戦闘に堪え得る乗馬と鎧、そして馬を乗りこなしての騎射（弓）の訓練ができる者とは、平安時代後期ではごく一握りの特種技能集団でしかあり得なかったはずである。
English: In addition, one will led to the 'busha' or 'the house of tsuwamono,' who performed a distinguished service during Tengyo era, by following the 'toryo' (head of the clan) level bushi, but it is not definite by following 'bushidan.'
Japanese: また、「棟梁」級の武士を追えば確かに天慶の勲功者につながる「武者」「兵の家」の者だが、「武士団」を追えば必ずしもそればかりではない。
English: For example, all small bushidan that were called Musashi-shichito Parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) did not originate from the 'house of tsuwamono.'
Japanese: 例えば、南北朝時代(日本)に武蔵七党と呼ばれた小武士団は、明らかに「兵の家」の出身と言えるものばかりではない。
English: The bushi of the Heian and Kamakura periods were a 'functional group that specialized in martial arts,' and the 'center of martial arts was cavalry and archery.'
Japanese: 平安・鎌倉時代の武士は「武芸を特業とする職能集団」であり、その「武芸の中心は騎馬と射技（弓）」であった。
English: The Shuba Party was the military group that used cavalry as the basis for maximizing their mobile power, and the 'tsuwamono' that tried to defeat it should have been samurai with cavalry.
Japanese: 僦馬の党は騎馬をベースとした機動力を最大限に発揮した武装集団であり、それを鎮圧しようとする「兵（つわもの）」もまた騎馬武者でなければならなかっただろう。
English: The presence of the horse was the first requirement for being tsuwamono, and the 'meiba' (famous horse) was the most important property of a bushi.
Japanese: 馬は兵が兵たるための第一の条件であり、そのため「名馬」は武士の一番の財産であった。
English: The requirements for the bushi of Heian period were horse back riding and archery, but it did not mean that one had to have just any horse.
Japanese: 平安時代の武士の必要条件が騎馬と射技であったが、特に馬は馬でさえあれば良かった訳ではない。
English: Indigenous horses of Japan from that time were as small as a modern day pony, but bushi sought a good horse that was the biggest and strongest among them.
Japanese: 当時から日本在来馬は今でいうポニーぐらいの小型のものだっだから、武士は先を争ってその中でも大きくて体力のある良馬を求めた。
English: The 'maki' (pasture for horses and cattle, written as '牧') was originally defined as a horse farm (written as 牧場) in Kanto region and provided the condition where a handful of bushi with special units could formalize if only a few of those horses could stand training.
Japanese: 馬の中のごく一部がそれに堪えられたとすれば、武士という一握りの特種技能集団が成立し得る条件を備えているのは、関東においてはそもそもが馬の牧場を意味する「牧」であった。
English: The "Engishiki" (an ancient book of codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) during the early tenth century designated maki around Japan, but maki was concentrated around Shinano, Kozuke, and Musashi provinces.
Japanese: 十世紀始めの「延喜式」には全国の牧が定められているが、牧は信濃国、上野国、武蔵国に集中している。
English: The military officers of the imperial court were represented by Konoehei Rokuefu (Six Imperial Guards) Sayu Konoefu (the left and right divisions of the Inner Palace Guards), Hyoe (palace guard), emon (Outer Palace Guards), and Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) formed part of being a military officer, and many 'maki' connected to meryo that existed in the Shinano and Kanto regions.
Japanese: 朝廷の武官は左右近衛、兵衛、衛門の近衛兵六衛府を代表とするが、馬寮も武官の一部を構成し、信濃、関東に多くあった「牧」はその馬寮とつながっていた。
English: The jurisdiction of meryo was 'Mimaki' (chokushiboku - mandate or imperial pastures) and those 'Shokumaki ' (maki of various provinces) called 'Kanboku' (state-owned sock farm) were under the control of Hyobusho (ministry of the military), but the management of horses from there was done by meryo, and meryo was entrusted with a care of maki related to it, and Kanboku of Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: 馬寮の所轄は「御牧（勅旨牧）」で、「官牧」と呼ばれる「諸国牧」は兵部省の管轄であったが、そこから献上された馬の管理は馬寮であり、馬寮は直属の牧の他、畿内の官牧に管理を委託していた。
English: The powerful bushidan of the Kanto region had many managers of 'maki' horse pastures for the imperial court.
Japanese: 実際、関東の有力武士団は、朝廷の馬の放牧地「牧」の管理人が多かった。