nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Change in the vegetation due to the warm temperature worsened the habitat environment for large mammals such as mammoths, reindeer, Naumann elephants, and elks; as a result, these large mammals were almost driven to extinction by approximately 10,000 years ago in the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: また、温暖化による植生の変化は、マンモスやトナカイ、あるいはナウマンゾウやオオツノジカなどの大型哺乳動物の生息環境を悪化させ、約1万年前までには、日本列島から、これらの大型哺乳動物がほぼ絶滅してしまうことになる。
English: For example, looking at the stone tools, large ground stone axes, stone spear-heads, inserted stone blades, half-moon shaped stone tools, pointed stone tools, shaft abraders, and stone arrowheads were invented during this period.
Japanese: 例えば、石器群では、大型の磨製石斧、石槍、植刃、断面が三角形の錐、半月系の石器、有形尖頭器、矢柄研磨器、石鏃などが、この期に出現する。
English: The obsolete stone tools were replaced with the new stone tools in rapid succession.
Japanese: 使われなくなっていく石器群、新しく出現する石器群がめまぐるしく入れ替わった
English: The new tools were invented quickly in succession to accommodate environmental changes such as vegetation and animal fauna due to the rapid change in climate and shoreline migration.
Japanese: 急激な気候の変化による植生や動物相、海岸線の移動などの環境の変化に対応した道具が次々に考案されていった
English: The productivity improved dramatically with the establishment of three regular vocations, hunting, gathering, and fish catching.
Japanese: 狩猟・植物採取・漁労の三つの新たな生業体系をもとに生産力を飛躍的に発展させた
English: The people in the Paleolithic period in the Japanese archipelago hunted large, medium, and small mammals.
Japanese: 日本列島の旧石器時代の人々は、大型哺乳動物や中・小型哺乳動物を狩猟対象としていた。
English: The large mammals migrated extensively by the season; therefore, the people in the Paleolithic period followed migration patterns and frequently moved from one place to the next setting up camps along the way.
Japanese: 大型の哺乳動物は季節によって広範囲に移動を繰り返すので、それを追って旧石器時代人もキャンプ生活を営みながら、頻繁に移動を繰り返していた。
English: Several thousand sites with slaughter-houses and blocks, with mounds of small stones and charcoal remains were discovered in the Japanese archipelago; however, the remains with facilities such as tateanajukyogun were hardly discovered.
Japanese: キル・サイトやブロック、礫群、炭の粒の集中するところなどは日本列島内で数千カ所も発見されているが、竪穴住居などの施設をともなう遺跡は、ほとんど発見されていない。
English: The people in the Paleolithic period frequently traveled from one place to the next while engaged in camping and nomadic life until the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
Japanese: 旧石器時代の人々は、更新世の末まで、キャンプ生活・遊動生活を営みながら頻繁に移動生活を繰り返してきた。
English: Then, during the incipient period, the transitional period from the Paleolithic period to the Jomon period, people came to settle temporarily in specific locations and lived in semi-sedentary settlements.
Japanese: そして、旧石器時代から縄文時代への移行期である草創期には一時的に特定の場所で生活する半定住生活を送るようになってた。
English: At the Kakuriyama remains (from the beginning of earlier Jomon period) in Kagoshima City, the remains of tateanajukyogun with sixteen dwellings, of the thirty-three fire pits with smoke paths, and of the seventeen underground pit ovens were discovered.
Japanese: 鹿児島市にある加栗山遺跡（縄文時代早期初頭）では、16棟の竪穴住居跡、33基の煙道つき炉穴、17基の集石などが検出されている。
English: The number of remains of tateanajukyogun greatly increased, the dwellings were expanded, the dwelling sites were overlapped and these remains of the dwellings and other structural remnants were placed around an open space in the center at the Kakuriyama remain which is different from the Sojiyama remains or the Maeda remains from the incipient period.
Japanese: この遺跡は草創期の掃除山遺跡や前田遺跡の場合と違って、竪穴住居跡の数の大幅な増加、住居の拡張、重複した住居跡、これらの住居跡やそのほかの遺構が中央広場を囲むように配置されている。
English: The remains of tateanajukyogun with forty-six dwellings and many other structural remnants were discovered at the Uenohara remains in Kirishima City, Kagoshima Prefecture built during the same period as the Kakuriyama remains.
Japanese: 加栗山遺跡とほぼ同時期の鹿児島県霧島市にある上野原遺跡では46棟の竪穴住居をはじめ多数の遺構が検出されている。
English: The thirteen out of fourty-six dwellings were covered within the Sakurajima Island's stratum, the volcanic ash originated in Sakurajima Island; therefore, it is assumed that they existed during the same time period.
Japanese: このうち13棟は、桜島起源の火山灰桜島桜島の地層に覆われていることから、同じ時に存在したものと推定できる。
English: Since these 13 dwellings were arranged in a semi-circle, it is assumed that the sedentary settlement of a considerable scale was established by the beginning of the earlier period.
Japanese: そして、この13棟は半環状に配置されていることから、早期初頭には、既に相当な規模の定住集落を形成していたと推定される。
English: Until now, sixty-five remains were found with tateanajukyogun and the total number of dwellings exceeded 300.
Japanese: 現在まで、竪穴住居が検出された遺跡は65カ所、その数は300棟を超えている。
English: The tateanajukyogun with twenty-four dwellings and many pits arranged in a semi-circle were discovered at the Musashidai remains in Fuchu City, Tokyo, one of the largest remains in scale among these sixty-five remains.
Japanese: そのうちで最も規模の大きな東京都府中市武蔵台遺跡では24棟の竪穴住居と多数の土坑が半環状に配置されて検出されている。
English: In the remains found in the southern Kanto region and southern Kyushu in the first half of the earlier period, the cookware for plant foods such as stone dishes, mill stones, hammer stones, and heat-treated earthenware grew in size and the number of excavated objects increased.
Japanese: 南関東や南九州の早期前半の遺跡では、植物質食料調理器具である石皿、磨石、敲石、加熱処理具の土器も大型化し、出土個体数も増加する。
English: The main food source is thought to be of plant foods especially nuts during the sedentary life.
Japanese: 定住生活には、植物質食料、特に堅果類が食料の中心になっていたと想像されている。
English: It is assumed that not only plant gathering activities but also the fish catching activities played important roles in establishing sedentary settlements in the southern Kanto region.
Japanese: そして、南関東の定住集落の形成には、植物採集活動だけでなく、漁労活動も重要な役割を果たしていたと考えられている。
English: Meanwhile in the north, at the Nakano B remains from the middle of earlier Jomon period in Hakodate City, Hokkaido Prefecture, the remain of tateanajukyogun with over 500 dwellings, many remains of tateanajukyogun, hole-shaped graves, pitfalls, many pieces of earthenware, stone dishes, mill stones, hammer stones, stone sinkers were excavated; the total number of items reached over 400,000.
Japanese: 一方、北に目を転じれば、北海道函館市中野B遺跡からは縄文早期中頃の500棟以上の竪穴住居跡、多数の竪穴住居跡、土壙墓、陥し穴、多数の土器、石皿、磨石、敲石、石錘などが出土し、その数は40万点にも上っている。
English: The Nakano B remains were located on the plateau facing the Tsugaru Channel; therefore, it is assumed that sustaining a sedentary life over a long period of time was possible since the fishing was the activity pursued.
Japanese: 津軽海峡に面した台地上に立地するこの遺跡では、漁労活動が盛んに行われ、長期にわたる定住生活を営むことが出来たと考えられる。
English: In addition, at the Wakamiya remains in Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture, the early example of the sedentary settlement in the Tokai region, the tateanajukyogun with twenty-eight dwellings and many other groups of structural remnants along with approximately 18,000 pieces of earthenware and stone tools were excavated.
Japanese: また、東海地方の早期の定住集落、静岡県富士宮市若宮遺跡は28棟の竪穴住居をはじめとする多数の遺構群とともに、土器と石器が18，000点ほど出土している。
English: The big difference between the Wakamiya remains and other remains from the earlier period is that 2,168 pieces of Sekizoku (flint arrowheads) for hunting were excavated at the Wakamiya remain.
Japanese: この遺跡が他の早期の遺跡と大いに違い点は、狩猟で使用する石鏃2168点も出土したことである。
English: The Wakamiya remains were located at the foot of Mt. Fuji where many small valleys were formed and the terrain was covered with continuous tongue-shaped plateaus and was just the right living environment for mammals.
Japanese: 富士山麓にあるこの遺跡では、小谷が多く形成され、舌状台地が連続する地形こそ、哺乳動物の生息に適した場であった。
English: Therefore, it is assumed that the Wakamiya remains were blessed with favorable conditions such as a good environment and plenty of prey for maintaining a sedentary life.
Japanese: つまり、若宮遺跡では、環境に恵まれ、獲物にも恵まれて定住生活を営む上での条件がそろっていたと推定される。
English: The transition from nomadic life to a sedentary life brought one big change in the environment.
Japanese: 移動生活から定住的な生活への変化は、もう一つの大きな変化をもたらした。
English: The semi-sedentary life, settling temporarily in specific locations, didn't afford the reclamation effort of surrounding areas; however, when the Jomon people adopted a sedentary life, they cut down the laurel and deciduous forests surrounding their settlements and cleared the space for secondary forests (secondary vegetation) of chestnut, walnut, and other trees.
Japanese: 一時的に居住する半定住的な生活の仕方では、周辺地域の開拓までに至らなかったが、定住的な生活をするようになった縄文時代人は居住する周辺の照葉樹林や落葉樹林を切り開いたことにより、そこにクリやクルミなどの二次林（二次植生）の環境を提供することとなった。
English: The Jomon people had an impact on the forest floor plants, co-called undergrowth, around the settlements by adopting the sedentary life.
Japanese: 定住化によって、縄文人は、集落の周辺に林床植物と呼ばれる、いわゆる下草にも影響を与えた。
English: Plants such as brackens, flowering ferns, Japanese butterburs, Japanese arrowroots, yams, and Japanese garlics grew and prospered easily in the newly created secondary forest environment, the new environment known as copses, and became steady food resources for the Jomon people.
Japanese: ワラビ、ゼンマイ、フキ、クズ、ヤマイモ、ノビルなどの縄文人の主要で、安定した食料資源となった有用植物が繁茂しやすい二次林的な環境、つまり雑木林という新しい環境を創造したことになる。
English: By observing the relics excavated from the remains, it is assumed that chestnut trees were used predominantly for building materials and fuel in the Jomon period; it is also certain that chestnut forests surrounded the settlements during the Jomon period.
Japanese: 縄文時代の建築材や燃料材はクリが大半であることは遺跡出土の遺物から分かり、縄文時代の集落の周辺にクリ林が広がっていたことも確かである。
English: There is not a universal definition of the Jomon culture: therefore, it is not possible to define the geographical distribution of the Jomon culture that applies uniformly.
Japanese: 縄文文化の定義は一様ではない為、縄文文化が地理的にどのような範囲に分布していたかを一義に決定することは出来ない。
English: Using the criteria based on the distribution of the Jomon earthenware, the northern limit is Cape Soya and the Kurile Islands and the southern limit is the islands of Okinawa; the Jomon earthenware is not distributed in Miyakojima Island and the Yaeyama Islands (the earthenware found in Miyakojima Island and the Yaeyama Islands belongs to the family of the earthenware found in Taiwan).
Japanese: 縄文土器の分布を目安とした場合、北は宗谷岬と千島列島、南は沖縄島を限界とし、宮古島や八重山諸島には分布しない（宮古島や八重山諸島は台湾島の土器と同系統のもの）。
English: In other words, the distribution of the Jomon earthenware is not confined strictly within the border of today's Japan.
Japanese: すなわち、現在の日本国の国境線とは微妙にズレた範囲が縄文土器の分布域である。
English: The Jomon period experienced a large-scale climate change since it extended for a long period of 10,000 years.
Japanese: 縄文時代は1万年という長い期間に渡った為、大規模な気候変動も経験している。
English: The Japanese archipelago is extremely elongated from north to south and its topography varies considerably; therefore, regional differences in the climate and vegetation were large during the Jomon period as is today.
Japanese: また日本列島は南北に極めて長く、地形も変化に富んでいる為、現在と同じように縄文時代においても気候や植生の地域差は大きかった。
English: As a result, the cultural style of the Jomon period is not uniform both historically and regionally and it came to take many different forms.
Japanese: 結果として、縄文時代の文化形式は歴史的にも地域的にも一様ではなく、多様な形式を持つものとなった。
English: The temperature of the earth gradually warmed from the end of the last glacial age to approximately 4,000 B.C.
Japanese: 最後の氷河期が終わってから紀元前4000年頃までは、地球の気温は徐々に温暖化していった時期である。
English: The Japanese archipelago experienced a rise in the sea level of over 100 meters during this period; today it is called the sea level rise of the Jomon period.
Japanese: この間に日本列島は100メートル以上もの海面上昇を経験しており、今日では縄文海進と呼ばれている。
English: The Japanese archipelago during the incipient period was cold and the vegetation cover was mostly dry meadows; however, forests of deciduous trees appeared in some regions.
Japanese: 縄文草創期当時の日本列島の植生は冷涼で乾燥した草原が中心であったが、落葉樹の森林も一部で出現していた。
English: In terms of geography, Hokkaido and Sakhalin were connected, Tsugaru Straits was frozen in the winter, and Hokkaido was connected to the present Honshu Island.
Japanese: また地学的に見ても、北海道とサハリンは繋がっていたし、津軽海峡は冬には結氷して北海道と現在の本州が繋がっていた。
English: The Seto Inland Sea didn't exist yet and Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, and Tsushima Island were connected and existed as one big island.
Japanese: 瀬戸内海はまだ存在しておらず、本州、四国、九州、種子島、屋久島、対馬列島は一つの大きな島となっていた。
English: Later, due to the sea level rise in the above mentioned, the waterway between Tsushima Island and the Korean peninsula widened and became the Korea Strait; as a result, Tsushima Danryu (warm current) came to flow into the Sea of Japan.
Japanese: その後、温暖化により海面が上昇した結果、先に述べた対馬・朝鮮半島間の水路の幅が広がって朝鮮海峡となり、対馬暖流が日本海に流れ込むこととなった。
English: The change in the current resulted in a snowy area and the forests of beech and other trees were formed with the abundant snowmelt on the Sea of Japan side in the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: これにより日本列島の日本海側に豪雪地帯が出現し、その豊富な雪解け水によって日本海側にはブナなどの森林が形成されるようになった。
English: The sedentary settlements appeared in the earlier Jomon period; in addition, several new cultural elements such as the start of the full-fledged fishery and of traveling on the outer sea in the Kanto region were added.
Japanese: 縄文早期には定住集落が登場した他、本格的な漁業の開始、関東における外洋航行の開始など新たな文化要素が付け加わった。
English: The oldest sedentary settlement was discovered in the southern Kyushu region; it is assumed that seasonal settlement began approximately 11,000 years ago and permanent settlement throughout the year began by approximately 10,000 years ago.
Japanese: 最も古い定住集落が発見されているのが九州南部で、およそ11000年前に季節的な定住が始まり、10000年ほど前に通年の定住も開始されたと推測されている。
English: The reason for adopting sedentary life is assumed that the problems the Jomon people had in order to adopt the sedentary life up to that time were being solved; in fact, the Jomon people were able to solve problems of securing food, waste disposal issues, and the need to come to terms with the view of life and death in the sedentary life.
Japanese: 定住が開始された理由としては、それまで縄文人集団が定住を避けていた理由、すなわち食料の確保や廃棄物問題、死生観上の要請などが定住によっても解決出来るようになったためではないかと見られる。
English: The earthenware in this time period is classified into three styles, Northeast Asia, North/Center China and South China and in terms of the distribution, the Northeast Asian style earthenware was excavated in Hokkaido to eastern Japan, the North/Center China style earthenware was excavated in western Japan, and the South China style earthenware was excavated in southern Japan.
Japanese: この時期の土器は北東アジア系、華北・華中系、華南系の3系統に分けられており、分布面から見ると北東アジア系は北海道から東日本に、華北・華中系は西日本、華南系は南日本から出土している。
English: In terms of vegetation, the laurel forests were limited along the coasts of Kyushu and Shikoku as well as the coast of the Pacific from the Kanto region and to the west in the first half of the earlier Jomon period; the deciduous forests were predominant in other regions.
Japanese: 植生面から見ると、縄文早期前半は照葉樹林帯は九州や四国の沿岸部および関東以西の太平洋沿岸部に限られており、それ以外の地域では落葉樹が優勢であった。
English: From the early to middle Jomon period was the time when the most typical Jomon culture flourished; the characteristics of this Jomon culture can be observed in the belongings of the Jomon people who lived at the remains called Sannai-Maruyama today.
Japanese: 縄文前期から中期にかけては最も典型的な縄文文化が栄えた時期であり、現在は三内丸山遺跡と呼ばれる場所に起居した縄文人たちが保持していたのも、主にこの時期の文化形式である。
English: It is assumed that roughly the nine cultural regions were established in the Japanese archipelago during this period (mentioned below).
Japanese: この時期には日本列島に大きく分けて九つの文化圏が成立していたと考えられている（後述）。
English: The sea level was three meters higher and the climate was warmer than today in the middle of the early Jomon period.
Japanese: 海水面は縄文前期の中頃には現在より3メートルほど高くなり、気候も現在よりなお温暖であった。
English: Kensaku HAYASHI pointed out that during this period good fishing grounds emerged in coastal regions because of the so-called the sea level rise of the Jomon period and marine products became easily available.
Japanese: この時期のいわゆる縄文海進によって沿岸部には好漁場が増え、海産物の入手も容易になったと林謙作は指摘している。
English: The tidelands, good fishing grounds for shellfish, diminished rapidly in the Kanto region and the shell mounds disappeared together.
Japanese: 関東では貝類の好漁場であった干潟が一気に縮小し、貝塚も消えていくこととなった。
English: On the other hand, the wetland areas expanded in western Japan and the Tohoku region; as a result, the cultural style suitable for the wetlands had developed.
Japanese: 一方、西日本や東北では低湿地が増加した為、低湿地に適した文化形式が発達していった。
English: In addition, the analysis of pollen revealed that the main crop changed from buckeye to buckwheat at the Kamegaoka remains in Aomori Prefecture.
Japanese: その他にも、青森県の亀ケ丘遺跡では花粉の分析により、トチノキからソバへと栽培の中心が変化したことが明らかになっている。
English: It is pointed out that the Jomon culture was not uniform in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago, but was a collection of cultural styles representing many regional differences.
Japanese: 縄文文化は日本列島のどの地域でも同質のものだったのではなく、多様な地域性を備えた文化群であったことが指摘されている。
English: The earthen figures created by the Jomon people were not used universally in all the regions in the Japanese archipelago through all the time of the Jomon period; their use was limited in terms of both the periods and the regions.
Japanese: 縄文人が製作した土偶は、縄文時代の全期間を通して日本列島各地で満遍なく使われていたのではなく、時期と地域の両面で限定されたものであった。
English: In fact, the use of the earthen figures had disappeared for a time in the middle of the Jomon period after they were used extensively in the east part of the Kanto region in the first half of the earlier Jomon period.
Japanese: すなわち、縄文早期の更に前半期に関東地方の東部で集中的に使用された後、縄文中期に土偶の使用は一旦消滅している。
English: On the other hand, earthen figures appeared in the northern Kyushu and Chubu regions during the end of the Jomon period; the use of the earthen figures had not seen in Kyushu until then.
Japanese: 一方、それまで土偶の使用が見られなかった九州においては、縄文後期になって九州北部および中部で土偶が登場している。
English: Fujio explains that the regionality of the earthen figure use might be related to the difference in the main food supplies available in the regions, the difference between the regions where the main food supplies were the nuts, beech, oak, chestnut and buckeye etc., from the deciduous trees (that is, these regions covered with deciduous forests) and the regions covered with laurel forests in much of the western Japan.
Japanese: こうした土偶の使用の地域性について藤尾は、ブナ、ナラ、クリ、トチノキなどの落葉性堅果類を主食とした地域（つまりこれら落葉樹林に覆われていた地域）と、西日本を中心とした照葉樹林帯との生業形態の差異と関連づけて説明している。
English: Fujio presumes that the nuts from deciduous trees such as acorns and the chestnuts were harvested during a relatively brief period of time in autumn; therefore, a consolidated labor by a fairly large settlement was necessary and the Jomon people used the earthen figures to conduct religious services in order to promote solidarity in the society.
Japanese: 落葉性堅果類、いわゆるドングリや栗は秋の一時期に集中的に収穫される為、比較的大きな集落による労働集約的な作業が必要となる為、土偶を用いた祭祀を行うことで社会集団を統合していたのではないかという考え方である。
English: As mentioned above, it is assumed that nine cultural regions were established in the Japanese archipelago by the early Jomon period.
Japanese: 前述のように、縄文前期には日本列島内に九つの文化圏が成立していたと考えられている。
English: Sea animals such as sea lions, earless seals, and fur seals lived in the cold current and were abundant; the tool to catch them, a harpoon with a detachable screw-head, was developed.
Japanese: トド、アザラシ、オットセイという寒流系の海獣が豊富であり、それらを捕獲する為の回転式離頭銛が発達した。
English: The nuts from the trees such as Mizu-nara (Quercus mongolica var. crispula), Ko-nara (Quercus serrata), walnut, chestnut, and buckeye were actively harvested.
Japanese: ミズナラ、コナラ、クルミ、クリ、トチノキといった堅果類の採集が盛んに行われた。
English: People in this region hunted sea animals with a harpoon with a detachable screw-head; however, unlike the people living eastward of Ishikari, they also hunted mammals, antelopes and wild boars, on land.
Japanese: 回転式離頭銛による海獣捕獲も行われたが、カモシカやイノシシなどの陸上のほ乳類の狩猟も行った点に、石狩以東との違いがある。
English: Deer and wild boar from the land as well as skipjacks, tunas, sharks, and dolphins from the sea were the main sources for animal-derived foodstuff.
Japanese: 動物性の食料としては陸上のシカ、イノシシ、海からはカツオ、マグロ、サメ、イルカを主に利用した。
English: Unlike the second cultural region, the warm current was dominant offshore in this cultural region; therefore, the sea animal hunting in the cold current was not possible.
Japanese: 前2者とは異なり、この文化圏の沖合は暖流が優越する為、寒流系の海獣狩猟は行われなかった。
English: The plant-derived foods from the laurel forests and fish catching in the inner bay areas were the characteristics of this cultural region; especially, approximately sixty percent of shell mounds excavated in the entire Japanese archipelago were from this cultural region.
Japanese: 照葉樹林帯の植物性食料と内湾性の漁労がこの文化圏の特徴で、特に貝塚については日本列島全体の貝塚のうちおよそ6割がこの文化圏のものである。
English: Clams and the littleneck clams were gathered from the sea; in addition, the sea basses and the giltheads were consumed in large quantities.
Japanese: 海からはハマグリ、アサリを採取した他、スズキやクロダイも多く食した。
English: These marine products were caught in the inner bay areas and nets with earthenware sinkers were used.
Japanese: これらの海産物は内湾で捕獲されるものであり、土器を錘とした網による漁業を行っていた。
English: Vegetation cover was mostly deciduous broad-leaved forests (buckeye and oak); since it was a snowy area, the houses grew in size.
Japanese: 植生は落葉広葉樹（トチノキ、ナラ）で、豪雪地帯である為に家屋は大型化した。
English: The main game for hunting were deer and wild boar; the vegetation cover was mostly deciduous broad-leaved forests, but yams and lily bulbs were consumed as food.
Japanese: 狩猟対象はシカとイノシシで、植生は落葉広葉樹であるが、ヤマノイモやユリネなども食用とした。
English: The main game for hunting were deer and wild boar and the vegetation cover was mostly deciduous broad-leaved forests and chinquapin and oak were also found.
Japanese: 狩猟対象はシカとイノシシで、植生は落葉広葉樹に照葉樹（シイ、カシ）も加わる。
English: In terms of fishery, the use of stone sinkers with slits (the sinkers for nets shaped out of stone) was the characteristic of the region; it is assumed that the technique of using earthenware sinker pieces in the Kanto region was handed down and lead to the use of the stone sinkers with slits.
Japanese: 漁業面では切目石錘（石を加工して作った網用の錘）の使用が特徴であるが、これは関東の土器片による錘の技術が伝播して出現したと考えられている。
English: The most notable characteristic was open sea fishing in the archipelago that extended between Kyushu Island and South Korean peninsula; the characteristic fishing tool was the assembled fishing needle and Ishinoko (a stone saw) which was unique to northwest Kyushu region.
Japanese: 最大の特徴は九州島と韓半島の間に広がる多島海を舞台とした外洋性の漁労活動で、西北九州型結合釣り針や石鋸が特徴的な漁具である。
English: The assembled fishing needle was the large fishing needle made of several different components tied together and the fishing needle conceived from the same idea was used in ancient Polynesia; however, the distribution range of the fishing needle found in this cultural region overlaps the region in the east shore of the South Korean peninsula where the Osanri-type assembled fishing needle was found.
Japanese: 結合釣り針とは複数の部材を縛り合わせた大型の釣り針で、同じ発想のものは古代ポリネシアでも用いられていたが、この文化圏のそれは韓半島東岸のオサンリ型結合釣り針と一部分布域が重なっている。
English: The Kikai caldera erupted violently in the southern Kyushu region at the end of the earlier Jomon period; the eruption caused the catastrophic damage to the area which was thought to be virtually annihilated.
Japanese: 九州南部は縄文早期末に喜界カルデラの大噴火があった為、ほぼ全滅と考えられる壊滅的な被害を受けた。
English: The fishing in the coral reef was one of the characteristics of the region; as for the fishing tools, shells, tridacna shells, and porcelain shells, were used for sinkers for fishing nets.
Japanese: 珊瑚礁内での漁労も特徴であり、漁具としてはシャコ貝やタカラガイなどの貝殻を網漁の錘に用いた。
English: Makoto WATANABE points out that variances among these nine cultural regions are not differences within one cultural region known as the Jomon culture, but rather these nine cultural regions have to be thought of as 'independent regional cultures with the similar developmental characteristics.'
Japanese: これら九つの文化圏の間の関係であるが、縄文文化という一つの文化圏内での差異というよりは、「発展の方向を同じくする別個の地域文化」と見るべきであるとの渡辺誠による指摘がある。
English: In other words, all of these cultural regions didn't share a common set of cultural elements differing only in details; instead, each cultural region selected and maintained several cultural elements suited for the environment in each region.
Japanese: つまり、これら全ての文化圏のいずれもが共通の、しかし細部が若干異なる文化要素のセットを保持していたのではなく、それぞれの文化圏が地域ごとの環境条件に適合した幾つかの文化要素を選択保持していた。
English: Therefore, it is not surprising to know that an element found in one cultural region might not be found in another region.
Japanese: そのため、ある文化圏には存在したが別の文化圏には存在しなかった文化要素も当然ながら見られるのである。