nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The route opened by this company between Maebashi Station and Akabane Station (later became Takasaki Line, Akabane Line, Yamanote Line) along with the state-owned railway line (Shinagawa Station - Yokohama Station) in 1885 made the first contribution to the industrial development by transporting raw silk and silk textile by providing a connection between the production area and shipping ports.
Japanese: この会社が1885年に開通させた前橋駅～赤羽駅～品川駅のルート（後の高崎線・赤羽線・山手線）は、官営鉄道（品川駅～横浜駅）と合わせて当時の主要輸出商品であった生糸や絹織物の産地と輸出港を結ぶ路線となり、鉄道による産業発展への貢献の第一号となった。
English: Sanyo Railway Company laid the line (present Sanyo Main Line) between Kobe Station (Hyogo Prefecture) and Bakan Station (present Shimonoseki Station) via Hiroshima Station.
Japanese: 山陽鉄道は、神戸駅(兵庫県)から広島駅を経由し、馬関駅（今の下関駅）に至る路線（今の山陽本線）を敷設。
English: The Sino-Japanese War started in August this year, and military troops and supplies were transported from various places in Japan to Hiroshima and Ujina that became the shipping base to the Chinese continent.
Japanese: この年の8月に日清戦争が始まり、中国大陸への船積み基地となった広島と宇品へ日本各地から軍隊や物資が輸送された。
English: From September of the same year, the Emperor Meiji stayed in Hiroshima and the Imperial headquarters moved there to command the war.
Japanese: 同年9月から明治天皇が広島に滞在し、大本営も広島に移動して戦争の指揮に当たった。
English: For transporting those people and goods, the transportation capacity of the government-owned Tokaido Line and private owned railways like Sanyo Railway Company and Nippon Railway was used.
Japanese: これらの人や物資の輸送には、官営の東海道線と私鉄の山陽鉄道や日本鉄道の輸送力が使われた。
English: In Sanyo provinces, a good financial turnout was expected because of heavy traffic of people and goods from ancient times.
Japanese: 山陽地区は古来人や物資の往来も多いため、建設後の収支見込も悪くないと判定された。
English: As a result, the government subsidy was very small as compared to that which was given to Nippon Railway and it was limited to 2,000 yen per mile for the construction cost.
Japanese: その結果、建設に際しての援助は日本鉄道に比べて大幅に少なく、建設費1マイル当たり2000円の補助金交付にとどまった。
English: Sanyo Railway Company was known for its innovative management style and was quicker than the government-owned railway in operating an express railway service (1894), a dining car service (1899), and connecting sleeping cars (1900).
Japanese: 山陽鉄道は積極的な経営で知られ、急行列車の設定（1894年）、食堂車の営業（1899年）、寝台車_(鉄道)の連結（1900年）などいずれも官営鉄道より早かった。
English: It also placed an emphasis on transportation capacity by constructing its line with a track gradient of less than 10 per millimeter except one segment (at Senohachi in Hiroshima Prefecture at 22.5 per millimeter), a curve radius of more than 300 meters.
Japanese: また輸送力を重視し線路は一区間（広島県内の瀬野八の22.5パーミル）除き、勾配は10パーミリ以下曲線は半径300m以上で建設された。
English: Kyushu Railway was founded to lay the lines between Moji Station (present Mojiko Station) and Yatsushiro Station, Misumi Station, Nagasaki Station (Nagasaki Prefecture), the line extended from Kokura Station (Fukuoka Prefecture) to Ikuhashi Station (later Kagoshima Main Line, Misumi Line, Nagasaki Main Line, Sasebo Line, Ohmura Line, Nippo Main Line).
Japanese: 九州鉄道は門司駅（今の門司港駅）から八代駅・三角駅・長崎駅(長崎県)、小倉駅(福岡県)から分かれて行橋駅へ向かう路線の敷設（後の鹿児島本線、三角線、長崎本線、佐世保線、大村線、日豊本線）を目指して建設された。
English: Under supervision of German engineer H. Rumushotteru and through the use of imported railway vehicles from Germany, the lines between Moji Station and Kumamoto Station, and Tosu Station and Saga Station were completed by 1891.
Japanese: ドイツ人のH・ルムショッテルの指導の下、ドイツより輸入した車輌を使って1891年までに門司駅～熊本駅間、鳥栖駅～佐賀駅間が完成。
English: From 1899 on, the cargo revenue exceeded the passenger revenue because of the coal transport from the Chikuho Coal Mines.
Japanese: 筑豊炭田の石炭輸送により、1899年からは貨物収入が旅客収入を上回った。
English: It continued its financial stability and thus did not agree to nationalization in 1907.
Japanese: その後安定した経営状態が続いたので、1907年の鉄道国有化には賛成しなかった。
English: Kansai Railway laid the line (a part of the line purchased from other companies) from Nagoya Station to Kusatsu Station along old Tokaido and the line separated at Tsuge Station via Kizu Station (Kyoto Prefecture) to Amijima Station (now abolished) and Minatomachi Station (later JR Namba Station).
Japanese: 関西鉄道は名古屋駅から旧東海道に沿って草津駅(滋賀県)に至る路線と、柘植駅で分かれて木津駅(京都府)を経由し、網島駅（今は廃止）・湊町駅（後のJR難波駅）に至る路線を敷設（一部は他社の買収による）。
English: It was founded in 1887 and all lines were opened between Amijima Station, Kizu Station (Kyoto Prefecture) (abolished), Aichi Station (abolished), and Nagoya Station in 1899.
Japanese: 1887年に設立され、1899年に網島駅～木津駅(京都府)（廃駅）～愛知駅（廃駅）～名古屋駅間が全通する。
English: The company competed with the government owned railway in speed and service such as speed competition between Osaka and Nagoya along with discounted fares and use of color bands below the windows for the class identification and myriad of other ideas to attract the passengers.
Japanese: 同社は官営鉄道と速度やサービスを競い、大阪～名古屋間のスピード競争に加え、運賃割引や車輌等級別に窓下に色帯を入れるなど、様々なアイデアで旅客を誘致した。
English: Those ideas implemented were largely owed to Yasujiro Shima who later worked for the Railway Bureau.
Japanese: これらの施策は、後に鉄道院入りした島安次郎に負うところが大きいといえる。
English: It was operated only between Tokyo and Yokohama, and Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe however it was greatly effective in transporting troops and supplies to the shipping ports.
Japanese: 当時京浜間と京阪神間のみの運転であったが、軍隊の集結や港への輸送に大きな効果があった。
English: The Sino-Japanese War fought between 1894 through 1895, and the Russo-Japanese War that began in 1904 and ended in 1905 were Japan's all out projects at the time and the railways greatly contributed to its war effort.
Japanese: 1894年から1895年に戦われた日清戦争、1904年に始まり1905年に終わった日露戦争は、明治維新後の日本が国の総力を挙げたプロジェクトで、鉄道も戦争遂行のために大きな役割を果たした。
English: Hiroshima was the west terminal of the railway at the time and was the closest to the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 当時の鉄道の西の終点に当たる広島は、大陸に最も近いターミナルとなった。
English: The Meiji Emperor stayed in Hiroshima to command the war from the Imperial headquarters and the nearby Ujina port was used to serve as a shipping port to the continent.
Japanese: 広島には戦争指揮にあたる明治天皇と大本営が滞在し、近くにある宇品港は大陸への積み出し港としての役割を担った。
English: The Russo-Japanese War was bigger than the Sino-Japanese War and thus the railway transport for the military supplies exceeded far more than that was required for the Sino-Japanese War.
Japanese: 日露戦争の規模は日清戦争よりも大きく、鉄道における軍事物資の輸送も日清戦争を大幅に上回った。
English: In all, it transported amount reached 886,000 passengers, 138,000 horses and 262,000 tons of cargo.
Japanese: 輸送した人員は88万6千人、馬13万8千頭、貨物26万2千トンに達した。
English: For example, Hirosaki Division known for its snow blizzard march incident was sent to the continent from Hirosaki Station to Fukushima Station (Fukushima Prefecture) which was operated by the government, then Fukushima to Shinagwawa which was operated by Nippon Railway, then Shinagawa to Kobe which was operated by the government, and Kobe to Hiroshima which was operated by Sanyo Railway and finally from Hiroshima to the continent by ship.
Japanese: 例えば八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件で有名な弘前師団の出征は、弘前駅-福島駅(福島県)が官営、福島-品川が日本鉄道、品川-神戸が官営、神戸-広島が山陽鉄道、広島から船で大陸へ渡った。
English: To carry out such a transport operation required an elaborate arrangement between the railway companies, railway vehicle scheduling, fare settlement after the transportation and other myriads of related tasks.
Japanese: これらの輸送の実施には、各鉄道間のダイヤや車輌の遣り繰りや事後の運賃精算等、煩雑な業務が発生した。
English: During the economic depression in 1891 and 1899, an economically strapped private railway company asked the government to take over the company but it was turned down twice.
Japanese: 1891年と1899年の経済不況時には経営困難に陥った私鉄サイドから買い上げの要望が出たが、2回とも見送られた。
English: Particularly in 1899, the government was preparing for the Russo-Japanese War and was financially unable to do so.
Japanese: 特に後者の場合、政府は日露戦争準備の軍備拡張を行っており財政的に無理であった。
English: The military (especially the Army) that learned the effectiveness of railway and the inconvenience caused by the autonomy of private railways during the Russo-Japan war expressed the need for nationalizing the railways.
Japanese: 日露戦争で鉄道の有効性と私鉄割拠による不便さを痛感した軍部（特に陸軍）は、戦争後に鉄道国有化を要望した。
English: In March 1906, the Diet passed the Railway Nationalization Act and it was resolved that 17 major private railway companies including the five large private railway companies as described above were to be nationalized (purchased).
Japanese: 1906年3月、国会で「鉄道国有法」が可決され、上記五大私鉄会社を含む大手私鉄17社の国有化（買収）が決まった。
English: The total service distance of the government-owned railway before the buyout was 2,459km and the total service line distance after the buyout was 4.806km.
Japanese: 買収前の官鉄の総営業距離は2459km、買収して国有化した路線の総営業距離は4806kmであった。
English: The buyout decision was made based on priority given to the line that could become a part of the main artery line.
Japanese: 買収の可否判断に際しては、国内輸送の基幹となる路線を優先することになった。
English: Nankai Railway operated between Namba Station and Wakayama City Station, and Tobu Railway operated between Kitasenju Station and Kuki Station, and both were considered for the buyout at one time, but as there were Kansai Railway in Wakayama district and the lines operated by Nippon Railway in Northern Kanto district which were both the buyout candidates, they were excluded from the buyout due to budgetary constraints.
Japanese: 当時、南海電気鉄道は難波駅-和歌山市駅間、東武鉄道は北千住駅-久喜駅間の営業を行っていたが、和歌山方面には買収対象である関西鉄道の路線、関東北部へは同じく日本鉄道の路線があったため、国有化の対象に一時は含まれたことがあったものの、最終的には予算問題もあって外された。
English: The first benefit of nationalization was establishing a long distance service like a direct train service between Tokyo and Shimonoseki, and a direct train service between Ueno and Aomori via Ohu Main Line.
Japanese: 最初の効果は長距離列車の設定であり、東京・下関間の直通列車や、奥羽線経由の上野・青森間直通列車などが設定された。
English: Also, the utilization of railway vehicles were maximized in keeping up with the demand of the local seasonal change.
Japanese: また車輌を全国的に運用して各地方の繁忙・閑散に応じた配置が可能になった。
English: On the other hand, it amassed a huge fleet of trains with 1,118 Model 174 locomotives, 3,067 passenger trains, 20,884 cargo trains and consequently faced an enormous difficulty for operation, maintenance, and repair.
Japanese: その反面、国鉄の保有する車輌は蒸気機関車だけでも174形式1118両、客車3067両、貨車20884両におよび、運用・整備・修理に大きな困難が発生した。
English: The first railroad was comprised of all foreign-made trains, track rails, and iron bridges while the tunnel digging, locomotive operation, and making of the timetables were conducted by foreign engineers.
Japanese: 最初の鉄道は、車輌もレールも鉄橋も外国製で、トンネル掘削はお雇い外人が指導し、機関車の運転もダイヤの作成もお雇い外国人が行った。
English: For tunnel construction, in 1880 the Japanese dug Osakayama tunnel between Kyoto and Otsu (664.8m) without the help of foreigners.
Japanese: トンネルでは、1880年に完成した東海道線の京都と大津間の逢坂山トンネル（664.8m）が、お雇い外人に頼らずに掘削された。
English: While the modifications of wooden passenger and cargo trains were done by Japanese craftsmen with woodworking skills from the start of the opening however, steam engine production made progress as they learned and gained the skills of modern technology.
Japanese: 車輌は、木造客車や貨車の改造は木工技術があったので開通当初から実行していたが、蒸気機関車の製作は近代技術の習得に応じて進んでいった。
English: In 1893, the domestically manufactured model 860 steam locomotive with an axis arrangement 1B1 tank machine was completed with a design and supervision by hired foreigners in Japan.
Japanese: 1893年、お雇い外国人トレビシックの設計・指導の下に官営鉄道神戸工場で軸配置1B1タンク機の国鉄860形蒸気機関車が完成。
English: In 1903, the Japan National Railways model 230 steam locomotive with an axis arrangement 1B1 tank machine was completed at Kisha Seizo founded by Masaru INOUE and his group.
Japanese: 1903年、井上勝が中心となって設立した汽車製造で軸配置1B1タンク機の国鉄230形蒸気機関車が完成。
English: In 1911, Japan National Railways model 6700 with an axis arrangement 2B Tenda machine was produced.
Japanese: 1911年、軸配置2Bテンダ機の国鉄6700形蒸気機関車が製造される。
English: This type was purely a domestic product designed by Japanese and 46 of them in total were manufactured at Kisha Kaisha and Kawasaki Zosen shipyard.
Japanese: このタイプは日本人の設計による純国産機で、汽車会社と川崎造船所で合計46両生産された。
English: In 1911, 60 locomotives for large express trains, which were the last imported locomotives, were imported.
Japanese: 1911年に本格的輸入機の最後となる大型の急行用機関車60両を輸入した。
English: The 4 models of imported steam locomotives consisted of 12 2C Tenda Japan National Railways model 8700 steam locomotives (England), 12 2C Tenda Japan National Railways model 880 steam locomotives and 12 Japan National Railways model 8900 steam locomotives (Germany), 24 2C1 Tenda Japan National Railways model 8900 steam locomotives (USA).
Japanese: 2Cテンダ国鉄8700形蒸気機関車12両（イギリス）、2Cテンダ国鉄8800形蒸気機関車12両と国鉄8850形蒸気機関車12両（ドイツ）、2C1テンダ国鉄8900形蒸気機関車24両（アメリカ）の4形式の蒸気機関車である。
English: With the exception of the 8700, all models used superheated steam which was the latest technology at the time and were placed in service to pull passenger trains on the Tokaido Line and Sanyo Line.
Japanese: 8700形以外は当時の最新技術である過熱蒸気を採用していたが、いずれも東海道線や山陽線の旅客列車を牽引した。
English: Josaku is a historical term for a government office with defending facilities that was located to govern the north part of present-day Niigata Prefecture and the Tohoku region under the ritsuryo system during the ancient Japan.
Japanese: 城柵（じょうさく）とは古代日本の律令制下、現代の新潟県北部及び東北地方を支配下に治めるために設置した防御施設を備えた官衙を指す歴史学用語。
English: Since it is referred to as 'XX jo' or 'XX saku' in historical documents, 'josaku' is used here as a generic term.
Japanese: 史料上では「○×城」、「○×柵」として記録されているところから、それらを城柵と総称する。
English: The saku that were located as military footholds by the Abe clan of Oshu and the Dewa Kiyohara clan during Zen Kunen no Eki (the Early Nine Years' War) and Gosannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War) were different in nature from 'josaku,' so they are generally not included in the 'josaku' discussed here.
Japanese: 前九年の役、後三年の役で安倍氏(奥州)や出羽清原氏が軍事拠点として設置した柵は成り立ちや性格が異なるので、一般的にはここでいう城柵には含めない。
English: The Nutari no Ki located about present-day Nutari, Niigata City in 647 is the first josaku ever recorded.
Japanese: 大化3年（647年）、渟足柵が現在の新潟市沼垂付近に設置されたのが記録に残る初見である。
English: In 648, Iwafune no Ki was located around today's Iwafune, Murakami City.
Japanese: 翌、大化4年（648年）には磐舟柵が現在の村上市岩船付近に設置された。
English: A josaku named Tsukisara no Ki is also mentioned in "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan), but it is unclear when and where it was located.
Japanese: また、斉明天皇4年（658年）には都岐沙羅柵という名が『日本書紀』に記されているが、いつどこに設置されたのかは全く不明である。
English: Additionally, since an article dated August 14, 709 of "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) records that weapons were transported to Dewa no Ki, it is suggested that Dewa no Ki had existed by then.
Japanese: 更に『続日本紀』の和銅2年7月1日(旧暦)（ユリウス暦709年8月10日）の条に出羽柵に武器を運搬したとの記載があることから、その時点には出羽柵が存在したことがわかる。
English: Although Dewa no Ki is considered to be located in Ideha gun, or the present-day Shonai region, its detailed location is unknown.
Japanese: 出羽柵は出羽郡（現庄内地方）に設置されたと思われるが、詳しい位置については不明である。
English: In addition, the fact that Ideha (another name for Dewa) gun was established in 708 suggests that it was located around this time period.
Japanese: また、和銅元年（708年）には越後国に出羽郡が設けられていることから、この前後の設置であろうと推測されている。
English: In 712, Ideha gun was promoted to Dewa Province, with Dewa no Ki being its provincial capital.
Japanese: 和銅5年（712年）、出羽郡は出羽国に昇格し、出羽柵が国府とされた。
English: Subsequently, it is considered that Dewa no Ki was relocated to present-day Akita City on February 8, 734, and was renamed Akita-jo Castle.
Japanese: その後、出羽柵は天平5年12月26日(旧暦)（ユリウス暦734年2月4日）に現在の秋田市に移設され、秋田城と改名されたと見られる。
English: However, with its location being in the middle of the northerners' residential area, it was subject to frequent attacks in conflicts with them.
Japanese: しかし、蝦夷の居住地域の真ん中に設置されたことから、度々蝦夷との抗争により攻撃を受けた。
English: Therefore, its provincial capital is believed to have been relocated to 'Kawabe no fu' in 804.
Japanese: このため、延暦23年（804年）に国府を「河辺府」に移設したとされる。
English: But Akita-jo Castle was not abandoned; with its military functions being reinforced, a provincial governor resided and took the initiative.
Japanese: 但し、秋田城は放棄されず、軍事機能を強化して国司が駐在して指揮した。
English: Although there are various theories as to where its provincial capital was located, it has been concluded that it was located in Kinowa no Ki in today's Sakata City.
Japanese: また、国府の移設場所には様々な説があるが、最終的には現代の酒田市にある城輪柵に移設されたと見られている。
English: The castle's detailed location is unknown, with some identifying it as the remains of Hotta no Ki, but it is widely believed that Hotta no Ki was never recorded in documents.
Japanese: 雄勝城の詳細な位置は不明で、払田柵跡をそれに比定する意見もあるが、払田柵跡は記録に現れていない城柵であるという意見が有力である。
English: Prior to this, the capital of Mutsu Province is considered to have been Koriyama Ruins in present-day Nagamachi, Sendai City.
Japanese: それ以前の陸奥国国府は現代の仙台市長町にある郡山遺跡であると見られている。
English: The names of Taga no Ki, Tamatsukuri no Ki, Shikama no Ki, Nitta no Ki and Ojika no Ki are seen in the article dated 737 of "Shoku Nihongi," which records that four josaku were located at almost the same time in present-day Miyagi Prefecture.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』の天平9年（737年）の記事には多賀柵、玉造柵、色麻柵、新田柵、牡鹿柵の名が見られ、当時多賀城が多賀柵と呼ばれていたこと、ほぼ同時に現宮城県内に4つの城柵が設けられたことがわかっている。
English: The late 8th century saw the foundation of Mono-jo Castle, Iji-jo Castle and Kakubetsu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 8世紀後半になると桃生城、伊治城、覚べつ城（かくべつじょう）などが設けられる。
English: In the 9th century, josaku were also started to be founded in the present-day Iwate region, as Isawa-jo Castle was founded by SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro in 802, to which Chinju-fu (Pacification and Defense Headquarters) were relocated from Taga-jo Castle.
Japanese: 9世紀にはいると現在の岩手県地域にも城柵が作られはじめ、延暦21年（802年）に坂上田村麻呂により胆沢城が設置され、鎮守府が多賀城から移された。
English: Shiwa-jo Castle was founded the following year, but being frequently damaged by flooding of Shizukuishi-gawa River, it was abolished in 811 and relocated to Tokutan no Ki, or Tokutan-jo Castle.
Japanese: 翌年には志波城が設置されたが、雫石川の氾濫により度々被害を受けたことから弘仁2年（811年）廃絶され、徳丹城に移設された。
English: Josaku acted as outposts designed to exterminate barbarians, and were located as military footholds in the areas that militarily brought northerners into submission.
Japanese: 城柵は征夷の最前線基地であり、軍事的に蝦夷を屈服させた地域に軍事拠点として設けられた。
English: Many immigrants called sakuto were sent from the Hokuriku and Kanto regions to these areas, which were under the ancient Japanese government, and which also served as a foothold for immigrants, an office for governance, and a site to hold banquets for subordinate barbarians who paid tributes to.
Japanese: また、律令政府の配下に置かれたそれらの地域には北陸や関東から柵戸と呼ばれる多くの移民が送り込まれたが、それらの移民の拠点、支配するための官衙、配下に置いた俘囚（服属蝦夷）が朝貢したり、それに対する饗応をする役目も負っていた。
English: In response to this, kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties about documents) and chinkan (officials in charge of pacification and defense) were assigned to manage and govern each josaku.
Japanese: それに対応するために各城柵には国司四等官・史生、鎮官などが城司に任命され、城柵を支配した。
English: Given the excavated materials, it is viewed that Akita-jo Castle served as a site to entertain foreign envoys from countries such as Bokkai, or Bohai, and to trade with the northern peoples, in addition to the functions described above.
Japanese: 秋田城についてはこれらの機能に加えて渤海(国)等の外国使節の饗応や北方諸民族との交易の場が設定されていたのではないかとする見解が、発掘結果等を踏まえて出されている。
English: The castle lords had great authority and shared a part of the power of kokushi (provincial governor), as they ruled gunji (local magistrates) appointed to the gun (province) and barbarians residing within, and had a command of an army of soldiers and barbarians.
Japanese: 城司の権限は大きく、国司の権限を分掌し、設置された辺郡の郡司や辺郡内に居住する俘囚を支配し、鎮兵や俘囚により編成された俘軍の指揮権を持った。
English: Mutsu was exempt from paying Soyochoyo (Yo of Soyocho tax system; Labor or alternative goods) to the central government, and those were used as financial resources for the management of josaku.
Japanese: 陸奥では中央に貢納する租庸調・庸の貢納が免除され、城柵の運営財源として使用された。
English: Sakuko, or immigrants, were located, according to where they were from, around josaku in which they lived and cultivated the land.
Japanese: 移民である柵戸は城柵の周辺に出身地域ごとに居住地を定められ、周辺を開墾したと見られている。
English: "Ruiju sandai kaku" (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns) indicates that Daijokanpu (official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) were issued in 811 to forbid confiscating peasants' newly cultivated land in Mutsu, Dewa provinces.
Japanese: 弘仁2年（811年）には陸奥出羽で百姓の墾田を収公するのを禁じる太政官符が出されたことが『類聚三代格』からわかる。
English: Other official notices were issued on several occasions to exempt sakuto from a portion of their land tax, thereby comforting them.
Japanese: その他にも度々柵戸の租税の一部を免除する布告を出し、慰留に努めている。
English: But josaku went into a rapid decline since around the 10th century along with the end of the government's policy against barbarians, and by the 11th century, it had disappeared from historical documents as well as archeological records.
Japanese: しかし、征夷政策の収束と共に10世紀頃から急速に城柵は廃れ、11世紀には史料上からも考古学的成果からも消滅する事が確認されている。
English: It is considered that the barbarians and immigrants had been increasingly intermingled since around the 10th century, which put the roles of josaku to an end.
Japanese: 10世紀頃から俘囚と移民の混雑が進み、城柵の役割が終わったものと見られる。
English: According to archaeological findings, a general josaku was consisted of an office mounted on an elevated hill, around which the residents of soldiers were located, with earthen walls and fences made of lumber around them, as wells as watchtowers to reinforce defenses.
Japanese: 考古学上の成果によると、一般的な城柵は小高い丘上に官衙が設置され、その周辺に鎮兵の住居を配置し、周囲を土塁、材木列塀などを巡らし、望楼を設けて防御を固めている。
English: In the surrounding area were outposts for immigrants, who retreated into the josaku in emergencies.
Japanese: また、周辺には移民の開拓地が置かれ、有事には移民は城柵に避難したようである。
English: For the most part, the descriptions '凡縁東辺北辺西辺諸郡人居、皆於城堡内安置。其営田之所、唯置庄舎。至農時堪営作者、出就庄田　謂、強壮者出就田舎、老少者留在堡内也。収歛訖勒還　謂、要勒而還於城堡也。' in Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code) correspond to what has been found in archaeology.
Japanese: 『養老令』によると「凡縁東辺北辺西辺諸郡人居、皆於城堡内安置。其営田之所、唯置庄舎。至農時堪営作者、出就庄田　謂、強壮者出就田舎、老少者留在堡内也。収歛訖勒還　謂、要勒而還於城堡也。」との記述があり、考古学の成果とほぼ一致する。
English: Dewa no Ki, about 760, Ideha gun, unknown, Ideha gun, relocated to Akita in February, 734, Dewa Kokufu (the provincial capital of Dewa Province)
Japanese: 出羽柵不明天平宝字4年（760年）頃出羽郡不明天平5年12月（734年2月）秋田に移設。出羽国府。
English: Akita-jo Castle, about 760, about 11th century, Akita gun, (located after abolition of Akita-jo castle, former site of Akita-jo Castle, its Kokufu function relocated in 804
Japanese: 秋田城天平宝字4年（760年）頃11世紀頃秋田郡（秋田城廃絶後に設置）秋田城跡延暦23年（804年）に国府機能は移設。
English: Yuri no Ki, unknown, unknown, Yuri gun, unknown, article dated August 23, 780 of "Shoku Nihongi"
Japanese: 由利柵不明不明由利郡不明『続日本紀』宝亀11年（780年）8月23日の条
English: Hotta no Ki, beginning of 9th century, end of 10th century, remains of Hotta no Ki, theories of Kawabe fu, Okachi no Ki, josaku unrecorded in documents, and second Ogaki no Ki
Japanese: 払田柵9世紀初頭10世紀末不明払田柵跡河辺府説、雄勝城説、史料未記録の城柵説、第2次雄勝城説
English: Taga-jo Castle, 724, medieval period, Miyagi gun, former site of Taga-jo Castle, Mutsu Kokufu, kokufu function moved to kokushi's residence in the vicinity in mid 10th century
Japanese: 多賀城神亀元年（724年）中世宮城郡多賀城跡陸奥国府。10世紀中頃には国府機能は周辺の国司館に移動。
English: Tamatsukuri no Ki, about 737, unknown, Tamatsukuri gun, possibly Kodera Ruins, later relocated to Tamatsukuri no Ki or possibly Miyazawa Ruins
Japanese: 玉造柵天平9年（737年）頃不明玉造郡小寺遺跡か後に玉造塞（宮沢遺跡？）へ移行か
English: Shiwa-jo Castle, 803, 811, possibly Shiwa gun, former site of Shiwa-jo Castle, relocated to Tokutan-jo Castle and abolished
Japanese: 志波城延暦22年（803年）弘仁2年（811年）志波郡か志波城跡徳丹城に移設廃止
English: Jogan no chi (Glorious Jogan rule) indicates the politics performed during the Jogan era (Tang, 627 - 649) and the reign of the second Emperor Taiso (Tang tai zong) in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) in China.
Japanese: 貞観の治（じょうがんのち）とは中国唐（618年-907年）の第2代皇帝・太宗(唐)の治世、貞観(唐)（元年-23年）時代（627年-649年）の政治を指す。
English: In the Dynasty period in which the name of an era was changed even due to a very slightly extraordinary event, the same gengo (an era name) was rarely used continually for as long as 23 years.
Japanese: 僅かな異変でも改元を行った王朝時代において同一の元号が23年も続くと言うのは稀であった。
English: The following words that represent this era are shown in shijitsugan (a history book of China, in which the historical fact of Warring States period to the late of five dynasties was written in chronological order): "－海内升平，路不拾遺，外戸不閉，商旅野宿焉".
Japanese: この時代を示す言葉として、『資治通鑑』に、「－海内升平，路不拾遺，外戸不閉，商旅野宿焉。」
English: It is said to be so safe that the doors of houses are never shut up and traveling merchants can sleep under the stars.
Japanese: 家の戸は閉ざされること無く、旅の商人は野宿をする（ほど治安が良い））との評がある。
English: The politics of this era was compiled in documents called "Joganseiyo" (a book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China) as assembled dialogues between Tang tai zong and ministers.
Japanese: この時代の政治は『貞観政要』（太宗と大臣の対話集）として文書にまとめられた。