nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1990, the building and garden were restored, and presented in mostly their original form from its most prominent era in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: そして1990年に建物と庭園の復元が完了し、江戸時代中期のもっとも栄えた時分の様子が再現された。
English: There have been controversy over how the Ashikaga School was founded and how the system had its beginning, because no records were left.
Japanese: 足利学校の成立や、初期の体制については記録が残っておらず、しばしば論争になった。
English: A theory that supports the longest history of the Ashikaga School says it was the provincial schools of Shimotsuke Province according to folk tradition.
Japanese: 創設時期をもっとも古くとる説では、伝承によればかつて足利学校は下野国の国学であった、という。
English: Hiroki KAWAKAMI who made the claim in the Meiji period said the school was established with kokufu (provincial office) of Tsuga District but was relocated to a place in connection with the Ashikaga family when it became the Shogun family.
Japanese: 明治期にこの説を唱えた川上廣樹によれば、当初、都賀郡の国府に併設されていたが、足利家が将軍家となると、ゆかりの地に国学を移設したのだという。
English: In contrast to this, some argued that the kokufu was too far from the provincial school of Shimotsuke Province and there is no record describing the relocation.
Japanese: これに対し、国府と国学の位置が離れすぎており、当時移設したという記録もないという反論が出された。
English: A theory advocating that the school originates from a provincial school says it was relocated to the present -day Shohei-cho, Ashikaga City in 1467 according to"Kamakura Ozoshi (Military chronicle written during the Muromachi period in mid 15th century)."
Japanese: なお、国学起源説では、15世紀に編纂されたといわれる『鎌倉大草紙』の記述により、足利市昌平町の現在地に移転したのは、1467年であるとしている。
English: In recent years, Terumasa MAEZAWA announced a new theory advocating that the school originated from a provincial school; when Shimotsukenu no kuni (later Shimotsuke Province) was established, the kokufu was placed near present-day Iseminami-cho, Ashikaga City along with the provincial school, which was the origin of Ashikaga School.
Japanese: 近年、前澤輝政は、下毛野国（のちの下野国）が作られた際、国府は現在の足利市伊勢南町付近に置かれたとし、このときに国府に併設して国学がおかれ、これが足利学校の由来で、創立は8世紀であるとの新しい国学起源説を明らかにしている。
English: MAEZAWA listed the basis of his theory; the defunct place name of the area around Ise-cho and Iseminami-cho, Ashikaga City was "Kono" and "Gakkojisaki;" tiles with a mark of "國" was unearthed; and the old map shows the area belonged to a school.
Japanese: 前澤は自説の論拠として、現在使われていない古い地名で、足利市伊勢町・伊勢南町の境界付近が「国府野」「学校地先」と呼ばれていたことと、「國」などと刻印された瓦がここで出土したこと、江戸時代まで、この地が学校領であったことが古地図で確認できることなどを挙げている。
English: However MAEZAWA did not give any reasons as to why the provincial school of Ashikaga was not abolished and remained when kokufu and the provincial school were relocated to the Tsuga District (toward present-day Tochigi City).
Japanese: ただし、前澤は、国府と国学は都賀郡（現在の栃木市方面）に移転したが、何故、足利の国学が廃絶せずに残ったのかについては理由を述べていない。
English: In addition, there is no convincing evidence such as literature, which backs the theory that the kokufu may have been located in Ashikaga.
Japanese: また、足利に国府が置かれたかもしれないというのも、文献などによる有力な証拠がない。
English: A book titled "No no Kokugaku" having a stamp by the Ashikaga School has been cited as the basis for the theory that Ashikaga School originated from a provincial school.
Japanese: 古くからの国学起源説の論拠として挙げられるものに、「野之国学」と記された足利学校の蔵書印の存在がある。
English: Some have suggested that the stamp was a forgery made in later years because such stamps were put only on books written in the Edo period and the stamp itself was lost.
Japanese: この印影は江戸期の一部の蔵書にしか使われておらず、印そのものも紛失していることから、後代の偽造であるとされてきた。
English: On the other hand, KAWAKAMI and Terumasa MAEZAWA (described later) said they could not get over the idea that the stamp may be genuine because Seisai KONDO described in his "Yubun Koji (writings about bibliography in the Edo period)" in 1817 that the stamp had been unearthed from an area around present-day Ise-cho, Ashikaga City
Japanese: これに対しては、川上と後述する前澤輝政は、この印は現在の足利市伊勢町付近から出土した、という記述を近藤正斎が『右文故事』（1817年）中に残しており、本物である可能性も捨てきれない、と主張している。
English: However some argued back in the Meiji period that the stamp had been faked and that folklore supporting the validity of the stamp had been created.
Japanese: しかし、これに対しては既に、印が偽造されたあとにそれらしい伝説が作られたのではないかという反論が既に明治にされている。
English: Another theory regarded as very likely on the basis of Kamakura Ozoshi (Military chronicle written during the Muromachi period) is that ONO no Takamura founded the school around 839 (or 842) in the Heian period
Japanese: 別に有力視されている説は、『鎌倉大草紙』に基づき、平安時代の小野篁（おののたかむら）によって839年（または842年）ごろに創設されたというものである。
English: However some suggest this theory is not credible because Takamura did not take a post in relation with Shimotsuke Province and was exiled in the year when the school is claimed to have been built.
Japanese: ただし、篁が下野国に関連する役職に就いたことはなく、また、設立年とされる年には流刑になっていることから、この説には信憑性がないという主張が強い。
English: This theory is based on a description in Section 7 of Koya shunju hennen shuroku (The Springs and Falls of Mt.Koya) (1719) that Yoahikane ASHIKAGA had founded a temple (present Banna-ji Temple) and a school in Ashikaga around Bunji era of late 12th century.
Japanese: この説は、『高野春秋編年輯録』巻七（1719年）に、12世紀末の文治年間ごろ、足利義兼が足利に寺（現在の鑁阿寺）と学校を持っていた、という記述があることを根拠にしている。
English: However, Banna-ji Temple had no record of it although it remains today.
Japanese: ただし、現存するにもかかわらず、鑁阿寺側には該当する記録が残っていない。
English: In addition, some advocates of both theories which say that the school originated from the provincial school and that ONO no Takamura founded it, regard Yoshikane ASHIKAGA as the person responsible for reviving the school.
Japanese: なお、国学起源説、小野篁創設説の場合でも、足利義兼は復興させた人物であるとみなすことがある。
English: An extreme argument goes that the Ashikaga School was founded by Norizane UESUGI, and it did not exist before 1432.
Japanese: 極端な主張では、足利学校は上杉憲実が開設したもので、1432年以前には存在しなかったという説もある。
English: It should be noted that "Dainihonshi," history of great Japan, when read in detail, states that Ashikaga School had existed before Uesugi's time.
Japanese: ただし、厳密に読んでいくと、上杉以前の時代に足利に学校があったことを意味する記述も大日本史中に存在することに注意する必要がある。
English: On March 3, 1921, "Ashikaga School (the site of Ashikaga School, including the shrine and the other related buildings) "was designated as a national historical site.
Japanese: 1921年（大正10年）3月3日、「足利学校跡（聖廟および附属建物を含む）」として国の史跡に指定された。
English: Kyoto Jinbun Gakuen (Kyoto Humanism School) founded in 1964 immediately after the end of World War II in Kyoto through private educational movements.
Japanese: 京都人文学園（きょうとじんぶんがくえん）は、第二次世界大戦直後の1946年、京都において設立された民間教育運動のひとつである。
English: Although education in Japan had been promoted as a measure to enrich and strengthen a country on the basis of Imperial Prescript on Education since the Meiji period, it was aimed at drastic democratization after World War II under the educational reform policies of the General Headquarters (GHQ).
Japanese: 明治以後、富国強兵策に基づき「教育勅語」を規範として進められた日本の教育は、第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の教育改革政策のもとで、「教育基本法」により抜本的な民主化をめざした。
English: Kyoto Jinbun Gakuen (Kyoto Humanism School) is the result of private educational movements which occurred all over the country during a transitional period until the establishment of the country's new educational system.
Japanese: 京都人文学園は、新学制が整備を見るまでの過渡期に各地に興った民間教育運動のひとつである。
English: The school was intended to reeducate young men and women who had been mobilized as soldiers, factory workers, and farmers during the war and deprived of educational opportunities
Japanese: 戦争で軍隊、工場、農村に動員され学業を奪われた青年男女の再教育を意図した。
English: The school sponsored by Tomohiro HORIE called on teachers including Etsuji SUMIYA, Takeshi SHINMURA, Osamu KUNO, Hideo AOYAMA, Tokio SASAKI, who were all instructors for Kyoto University, aiming at bringing up global citizens having matching desires and actions, by providing human education mainly based on humanism..
Japanese: 堀江友広の資金で、ヒューマニズムによる人間教育を軸とした思考と行動の一致する世界市民の育成をめざし、住谷悦治、新村猛、久野収、青山秀夫、佐々木時雄らを中心として主に京都大学と兼任の教師陣を結集した。
English: The school opened at the Buddhist Center next to the Kyoto Imperial Palace as its provisional schoolhouse in 1946.
Japanese: 1946年（昭和20年）、京都御所脇の仏教会館を仮校舎として開校した。
English: Kyoto Jinbun Gakuen was a three-year vocational school, whose education mainly consisted of general education and professional education (liberal arts).
Japanese: もっぱら一般教育と専門教育（一般教養）を教科内容とする3ヵ年制の各種学校であった。
English: Its educational policy was revolutionary; it encouraged self-education, recognized thorough student autonomy, adopted coeducation system, and had no examinations (instead paper work), no school regulations, and no penalties.
Japanese: 自学を重視し、大幅な生徒自治、男女共学、無試験（レポート制）、無規則、無処罰等、革新的な教育活動を試みた。
English: The school once managed to avoid dissolution with donations by benefactors but were forced to disband in 1950.
Japanese: 篤志家の寄付で校舎を獲得し解散を免れたが、1950年（昭和25年）、閉校に追い込まれた。
English: It started an evening school course for working students at its facility in 1949, which took over its educational policy.
Japanese: 1949年（昭和24年）、勤労青年を対象に同校舎で夜間部を発足させ教育理念を受け継いだ。
English: Also a preparatory school Kamogawa Gakuen, which was founded in 1951 as a means to cover the deficit of Kyoto Kinrosha Gakuen, thrived as Kansai Bunri Gakuen.
Japanese: また、赤字財政補填事業として1951年（昭和26年）に開設した予備校鴨川学園は、関西文理学園として隆盛を見ている。
English: Located at Miyagawa-cho, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Higashiyama Joshi Gigei Gakko (Higashiyama Girls School of performance arts) is an educational organization for maiko (apprentice geisha) and geisha girls.
Japanese: 東山女子技芸学校（ひがしやまじょしぎげいがっこう）は、京都市東山区宮川町にある舞妓・芸妓のための教育施設。
English: It was licensed as an educational corporation in 1969 under the name of the Higashiyama Joshi Gakuen
Japanese: 昭和44年に学校法人の認可を受け、学校法人東山女子学園を設立している。
English: Subjects taught there are classical Japanese dance (Wakayagi school), nagauta (long epic song with shamisen accompaniment), Tokiwazu (a performance of Joruri (the Japanese-type puppet play)), fue (Japanese flute), tea ceremony, narimono (musical instrument), jiuta and koto music, kouta (a ballad sung to samisen accompaniment/hauta (a Japanese traditional song or ballad sung to the accompaniment of the samisen).
Japanese: 授業科目は日本舞踊（若柳流）、長唄、常磐津、笛、茶道、鳴物、箏曲・地歌、小唄・端唄である。
English: (Compulsory subjects are classical Japanese dance, shamisen [a three-stringed Japanese banjo], hayashi [musical accompaniment played on traditional Japanese instruments] [narimono and fue], and tea ceremony.)
Japanese: （そのうち、日本舞踊、三味線、囃子（鳴物、笛）茶道が必須科目である。）
English: The results of this education can be seen in their routine ozashiki (banquets in which guests are attended by geisha) as well as on stage at the "Kyo Odori (Kyoto Dance)" held every April at Miyagawa-cho Kaburenjo Theater and "Mizuekai dance performance" held every October.
Japanese: ここでの教育の成果は普段の「お座敷」はもちろん4月に宮川町歌舞練場にて開催される「京おどり」や10月に開催される「みずゑ会」の舞台で観ることができる。
English: Extra meetings are held to study dance and narimono, although it is not known if their performances are made available to the public
Japanese: そのほか、公開されているかは不明だが、舞踊や鳴物の勉強会も開かれている。
English: Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Ashiu Forest Research Station (abbreviated to "Ashiu Forest Research Station, Kyoto University") is a research facility of Kyoto University, located in Miyama-cho, Nantan City, Kyoto Prefecture (Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター森林ステーション芦生研究林（きょうとだいがくふぃーるどかがくきょういくけんきゅうせんたーしんりんすてーしょんあしうけんきゅうりん、略称：京都大学芦生研究林）は、京都府南丹市美山町(京都府)にある京都大学の研究施設である。
English: Origin: In 1921, Kyoto Imperial University acquired the surface rights to approx. 4,200 ha of a jointly owned forest in Kukeji of Chii Village, Kitakuwada County; this area became the university's first domestic research forest and was given the name the "Ashiu Research Forest."
Japanese: 1921年に当時の京都帝国大学初の国内演習林として北桑田郡知井村九ヶ字共有林約4,200haに地上権を設定し、同地を芦生演習林と称したことから始まった。
English: Following this, the agriculture department was established, and the forest was used for academic research and field work by researchers and students.
Japanese: その後1923年の農学部設置に伴い学生や研究者向けの学術研究及び実地研究の場として活用された。
English: In addition, the income from selling wood obtained from cutting down trees in the forest, and from charcoal-making business was used to create income for the university.
Japanese: ほか、大学の財産形成の場として、伐採に伴う用材収入や製炭事業などでの収入が用いられた。
English: Because it includes some virgin forests in, it is sometimes called the Ashiu virgin forest or the Ashiu woods.
Japanese: 中には原生林もあることから、芦生原生林や芦生の森とも呼ばれることがある。
English: In the following descriptions, "research forest" is basically used to refer to this particular forest, but "field practice forest" is also used when referring to historical descriptions.
Japanese: この項では、基本として「研究林」の呼称を使うが、歴史的な記述を中心に「演習林」の呼称も併用する。
English: This research forest is located around the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River in the north-east part of Kyoto Prefecture, that is approx. 35 km north-north east from the central part of Kyoto City and borders Fukui and Shiga Prefectures.
Japanese: 当研究林の所在地は、京都市内中心部から北北東に約35km離れた福井県・滋賀県両県と接する京都府北東部の由良川源流域である。
English: Its southern and southeastern areas border the Hirogawara (in Kyoto City) area and Kuta area in Sakyo Ward of Kyoto City, the northeastern area borders Kutsuki-mura, Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture, and the northern area borders the former Natasho-mura in Oi-cho, Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: 南部及び南東部は京都市左京区の広河原(京都市)及び久多地区に、北東部は滋賀県高島市の朽木村に、北部は福井県おおい町の旧名田庄村にそれぞれ接している。
English: There are points dotted around with altitude over 900m, such as Mikuni-dake Mountain (959m) the highest point, then Karakasa Pass (935m), and Mt. Onomurawaridake (931.7m) located in its southern to eastern part, about two thirds of the entire area is at an altitude of between 600m to 800m.
Japanese: 三国岳(959m)を最高地点に、傘峠(935m)や小野村割岳(931.7m)など標高900m以上の地点が南部から東部にかけて点在し、標高600-800mの部分が全体の約2/3を占める。
English: The altitude is lower in the west, for example, 356 m at research forest administration building, with the lowest altitude being 355 m.
Japanese: 標高は西に向かって低くなり、研究林事務所では356m、最低地点では355mである。
English: The initial portion of the Yura-gawa River flows in the shape of a U within the forest, and little or big streams along the valleys flow into the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River.
Japanese: また、林内を由良川の源流がU字形に流れ、谷筋には大小の河谷が由良川源流に注ぎ込んでいる。
English: As a whole, the land is shaped by its cycle of erosion, as seen in various areas in the Tanba highland; however, the inclination of the slopes are rather steep at 30 to 40 degrees.
Japanese: 全体的には丹波高地の各所で見られる地形輪廻状の地形であるが、斜面部の傾斜は30～40度と比較的急峻である。
English: The geographical feature is formed from sedimentary rock on the chert layer that extends in the east-west direction on the base rock of the sand stone and mudstone (shale) belonging to the Mesozoic/Paleozoic layer called the Tanba belt.
Japanese: 地質は丹波帯と呼ばれる中・古生層に属する砂岩や泥岩（頁岩）の基盤岩に東西に延びるチャート(岩石)層を挟む、堆積岩で形成されたものである。
English: Most of the soil is brown forest soil, but Podzol is also found locally in ridges higher than an altitude of 800 m.
Japanese: 土質は大部分が褐色森林土であるが、標高800m以上の稜線部には局所的にポドゾル土壌が認められる。
English: This research forest belongs entirely to the transitional area between the climate on the Japan Sea side and that of the Pacific coast side, with lots of rain falls throughout the year.
Japanese: 当研究林全体が日本海側気候と太平洋岸気候の移行帯に属しており、年間を通じて降水量が多い。
English: The yearly air temperature average in the administration building is 11.7℃, which is 3 to 4 degrees lower than the central area of Kyoto City, and the yearly average of rain fall amount there is 2,353 mm, approx. 1.6 times that of the central area of Kyoto City.
Japanese: 事務所構内の年平均気温は11.7℃、降水量は2,353mmで、京都市内に比べると平均気温で3-4℃低く、降水量は約1.6倍である。
English: At Chojidani (at an altitude of 640 m) in the eastern part, located approx. 300 m higher in the altitude than the premises of the administration building, the yearly air temperature average is approx. two degrees lower than the average for the administration building, and the yearly average of rain fall is around 400 mm to 600 mm more than the average for the administration building.
Japanese: 標高が事務所構内より約300m上昇する東部の長治谷(標高640m)では、事務所構内に比べて年平均気温が約2℃低く、降水量も400-600mm程度多くなる。
English: The place is also known for heavy snowfall, with approximately 1 meter of snow accumulating in the administration building area and more than 2 meters around Chojidani.
Japanese: また、豪雪地帯としても知られており、事務所構内の積雪深は1m前後、長治谷では2mを超える。
English: Although it changes depending on the climate for the year, the first snow of the season generally falls in November and can continue to fall until as late as April.
Japanese: その年の気候にもよるが、初雪は11月に降り、4月に入っても雪が舞うこともある。
English: The snowfall from December and later mostly remains without melting, and many areas of the forest, including Chojidani, remain covered in snow from December to early April.
Japanese: 12月以降に降った雪は根雪となることが多く、長治谷をはじめ林内の多くの地域が12月から4月初めまで根雪に閉ざされてしまう。
English: Since, as described above, this research forest belongs to the transitional area between the climate on the Japan Sea side and that of the Pacific coast side, the flora there also belongs to the transitional area between the warm-temperate forest and the cool-temperate forest, which houses various species of plants.
Japanese: 前述のように当研究林が日本海側気候と太平洋岸気候の移行帯に位置していることから、植生区分の上でも暖温帯林と冷温帯林の移行帯に属し、植物の種類が多い。
English: Within this research forest, 243 species of trees, 532 species of grass, and 85 species of fern-related plants have been found.
Japanese: 当研究林内で確認されている種数は、木が243種、草本が532種、シダ植物が85種を数える。
English: They include academically important plants whose names include the geographical name of "Ashiu," such as Ashiu-sugi (Cryptomeria japonica var. radicans) and Ashiu-tennansho (Arisaema robustum var. ovale) that produce their offspring in the following way specific to areas with heavy snowfall: When snow accumulates on their lower branches, they come to touch the ground due to the weight of the snow, causing this part to become independent and grow on its own from the ground.
Japanese: その中には、下枝が雪の重みで接地することで茎伏せし、やがて一個体として独立して増殖する、多雪地帯に特有の伏条更新を行うことで知られるアシウスギやアシウテンナンショウのように「芦生」の地名を冠した学術上貴重な植物が含まれている。
English: Plants, such as Daphniphyllim macropodum var. humile, Aucuba japonica var. borealis, Ilex leucoclada, and Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana, which are specific to heavy snow areas grow here naturally.
Japanese: また、多雪地帯に特有のエゾユズリハ、ヒメアオキ、ヒメモチ、ハイイヌガヤなどの植物が自生しているほか、氷河期の遺存種であるニッコウキスゲやリュウキンカも生育している。
English: In addition, Hemerocallis middendorffii var. esculenta and Caltha palustris var. nipponica, all of which are species remaining from the ice age, also grow here.
Japanese: そのほか、氷河期の遺存種であるニッコウキスゲやリュウキンカも生育している。
English: Furthermore, due to the heavy rainfall throughout the year, a variety of mushrooms, including nameko mushroom, oyster mushroom and Lampteromyces japonicus, grow here.
Japanese: この他、年間降水量が多いことから、ナメコやヒラタケ、ツキヨタケをはじめ多様なキノコが繁殖している。
English: In the natural forest, plants in warm-temperate forests, such as konara oak, Quercus salicina and Ilexpedunnculosa, are found in areas lower than 600 m above sea level.
Japanese: 天然林では標高600m以下ではコナラやウラジロガシ、ソヨゴといった暖温帯林構成種が見られる。
English: In areas higher than this, plants in cool-temperate forests, including beech and Mongolian oak, are found.
Japanese: それ以上の標高になるとブナ、ミズナラなどを主体とした冷温帯林構成種が見られる。
English: On the slopes, various types of trees grow corresponding to the height as in the following: The upper area is densely packed with Ashiu-sugi, while the middle area is primarily populated by beech followed by Mongolian oak, and Japanese horse chestnut and Japanese wing nut grow mostly in the valleys,
Japanese: また、斜面に対応して樹木が分布しており、斜面上部ではアシウスギの分布密度が高く、中腹ではブナを主としてミズナラなどが優先し、沢筋ではトチノキやサワグルミなどが多く分布する。
English: It is known that,Takenoshin NAKAI, a botanist and professor at Tokyo University wrote in a research journal as "People studying botany should visit the Ashiu forest for field practice of Kyoto University" because of its diversity in flora.
Japanese: このような植生の多様性から、植物学者で東京大学教授の中井猛之進が『植物ヲ学ブモノハ一度ハ京大ノ芦生演習林ヲ見ルベシ』と研究誌に書いたことでも知られている。
English: In addition to cutting down trees for wood, around Nodabata, clearings were burnt off to be used as hayfields.
Japanese: 木材の伐採のほか、野田畑周辺では茅場として使用するために火入れが行われていた。
English: After the field practice forest was established, trees were cut down mainly around the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River, where a forest tramline was opened before the war, then Japanese cedar trees were planted at the site afterwards.
Japanese: 演習林の開設後は、戦前は森林軌道が開通した由良川源流域を中心に伐採が行われ、伐採跡にはスギの造林が行われた。
English: After the war, trees were cut down on a large scale as forest roads were laid out, which reached its peak around the latter half of 1950s to the middle of 1960s.
Japanese: 戦後は林道の開設に伴って大規模伐採を実施、1950年代後半から1960年代中期にかけてピークを迎えた。
English: After that, the amount of tree cutting diminished, and almost no trees have been cut since the 1990s.
Japanese: その後伐採規模は縮小し、1990年代以降はほとんど伐採されることがなくなった。
English: Currently, the natural forest, which has not been touched at least since the the field practice forest opened covers 2,150 ha, approx, half of the total area of 4,200 ha of this research forest, and there are virgin forests within it that are considered to be untouched by humans ever since the forest was formed.
Japanese: 現在、当研究林の総面積4,200haの約半分に当たる2,150haは少なくとも開設後は手の入っていない天然林で、この中には森林の成立以降人為的な力の加わっていないと考えられる原生林がある。
English: Of the former natural forest where trees were cut down, approx. 1,800 ha which covers its majority has become a natural forest (secondary forest) that regrew after the logging, and the artificial afforestation which is mostly Japanese ceder trees covers approx. 250 ha.
Japanese: 天然林の伐採跡地のうち、大半の面積を占める約1,800haは伐採後再生した天然林（二次林）で、スギを主体とした人工造林の面積は約250haである。
English: The mammals living here include small ones, such as the Japanese dormouse and flying squirrels, in addition to mid to large animals, such as black bears, Japanese serows, Japanese monkeys, Japanese sika deer, wild boars, raccoon dogs, red foxes, badgers, and Japanese hares.
Japanese: 哺乳類ではツキノワグマやニホンカモシカ、ニホンザル、ニホンジカ、イノシシ、タヌキ、キツネ、アナグマ、ニホンノウサギなどといった中大型の哺乳類をはじめ、ヤマネ、ムササビといった小型の哺乳類も生息している。
English: In particular, mammals living there also include such precious species as black whiskered bats and Japanese mountain moles.
Japanese: その中にはクロホオヒゲコウモリやミズラモグラなどの貴重な種も生存している。
English: Regarding birds, there are screech owls, crested kingfisher and mandarin ducks, and raptors are also found such as goshawks and sparrow hawks.
Japanese: 鳥類ではコノハズクやヤマセミ、オシドリなどをはじめオオタカやハイタカなどの猛禽類も見られる。
English: For reptiles, one can find Japanese copperheads, Japanese grass snakes, Japanese rat snakes, Japanese striped rat snakes, Japanese grass lizard, Japanese pond turtle, burrowing rat snakes, and Oriental odd-tooth snakes.
Japanese: 爬虫類ではニホンマムシやヤマカガシ、アオダイショウ、シマヘビ、ニホンカナヘビ、ニホンイシガメ、ジムグリ、シロマダラを見ることができる。
English: For amphibians, as well as the Japanese giant salamanders, which are a protected species, one can find Japanese clawed salamanders, Hida salamander, forest green tree frogs and Japanese singing frogs.
Japanese: 両生類では特別天然記念物であるオオサンショウウオをはじめ、ハコネサンショウウオやヒダサンショウウオ、モリアオガエルやカジカガエルなどを見ることができる。
English: For insects, in addition to the Japanese rhinoceros beetles, stag beetles, and Alpine black swallowtail, a variety of insects, from large ones to small ones, popular to precious ones, live here.
Japanese: 昆虫もカブトムシやクワガタ、ミヤマカラスアゲハをはじめとした大型の個体から小型の個体まで、多く見られる種から貴重な種まで多種多様な昆虫が生息している。
English: When establishing this forest for research, the university paid attention to the following three points:
Japanese: 大学は当研究林の設立時に、事前調査等を通じて以下の3点に注目していた。
English: Actually, the number of plant species found in the virgin forest, one of the major ones in Western Japan, is approx. 900, including Ashiu-sugi and Ashiu-tennansho as named after Ashiu.
Japanese: 実際、西日本有数の原生林の中で現在までに確認された植物の種類は約900種を数え、その中には前述のアシウスギやアシウテンナンショウのように「芦生」の名を冠されたものもある。
English: It can be said that the famous quote "The persons studying flora should once visit the Ashiu forest for field practice of Kyoto University," was based on the diversity of its flora.
Japanese: この豊富な植物相の中から、「植物ヲ学ブモノハ一度ハ京大ノ芦生演習林ヲ見ルベシ」という、今に至るまで人口に膾炙する名言が生まれたといっていい。
English: However, as described later, although the forest was a research facility for the university, it was expected to derive a certain amount of profit as an income resource.
Japanese: しかし、後述するように大学の研究施設でありながら財産形成の場として一定の利益を上げることを求められた。
English: Therefore, in the process of pursuing the contradictory themes that research had to be done and profits had to be gained as well, compromises had sometimes to be made both in the research and in the business.
Japanese: したがって、研究と利益確保の矛盾する命題を追う過程で、研究と施業の双方で妥協せざるを得ない場面に遭遇することもままあった。