nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the 1970s, with the advancement of the research on local lords, some scholars started to point out that the Ishimoda theory was not enough to capture the whole picture.
Japanese: 1970年代に入ると、在地領主の研究の進展に従い石母田の理論のみでは在地領主を十分には捉えきれないとする指摘が出されるようになった。
English: For example, it was gradually revealed that the local lords could be divided into two types - those who transformed into Kokujin ryoshu who dominated a wide region by controlling local distribution systems and local kinship connections, and those so-called Sonraku ryoshu, such as local ruling families and village headmen, who were the equivalent of local lords within rural communities.
Japanese: 例えば、在地の流通機構への支配拡大や地縁的・血縁的結合を利用することで広範な地域支配者としての国人領主へと転換していく者と反対に在地領主が村落内部において再生産されていく村落領主と称すべき土豪・名主層に分けられることが明らかとなってきた。
English: Moreover, some researches pointed out that the evidence showing that samurai were not always equal to the local lord, the existence of local lords who were not local resident samurais, and the fact that the local people who were supposed to be dominated by the local lord did not always bear hardship, but were autonomous and self-determined.
Japanese: 更に武士が必ずしも在地領主であった訳ではない事例や在地領主ではない在地居住の武士（「村の侍」）の存在、そして領主に支配される在地の民衆が必ずしも支配を甘受するだけの存在ではなく主体的・自律的性格を併せ持った存在であったことなども指摘されるようになった。
English: Also, the following ideas were presented: to link the local lord's authority to control over the job system, to look at it as an extension of control by 'Ie' (Japanese private family system), to place emphasis on its role as a 'wise elder,' who was managed local security and public functions.
Japanese: また、在地領主の支配の権限を職の体系と結びつける考え方、私的な「イエ」支配の延長線上に捉える考え方、地域の安全保障・公共機能の支配・維持者である「長老」としての役割を重視する考えかたなどを重視する考え方なども出されることとなった。
English: Some critics have argued that since Ishimoda's theory emerged, the samurai's function as local lords had been emphasized too much, and the fact that the local lord was a part of a violent military system of samurai had been forgotten.
Japanese: そして、石母田以来武士の領主的な性格を重要視する余り、在地領主が武士という暴力装置であることを無視されているとする批判も出されるようになった。
English: Since the second Shikken Yoshitoki HOJO started serving also as Samuraidokoro-betto (board of retainers), Shikken practically became the highest post in the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 2代執権の北条義時が侍所の別当を兼ねてからは、事実上、幕府の最高の職となった。
English: After the third generation Sanetomo MINAMOTO died and the rule of Minamoto Shoguns came to an end, Shikken took the control of the bakufu.
Japanese: 源氏の将軍が3代の源実朝で途絶えてからは、執権が幕府の実権を握るようになった。
English: After the sixth generation Nagatoki HOJO, Shikken had become appointed also from those other than Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), which was a mainline of the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 6代の北条長時以降は、北条家の家督を継いだ得宗以外からも執権に就任するようになった。
English: Tokuso and the post of Shikken had become separated since then, and the actual power in the bakufu was held by Tokuso, then Shikken became only a nominal post.
Japanese: これ以降、得宗と執権が分離し、実際の権力は得宗が持つようになり、執権は名目上の地位となった。
English: Moreover, during the days of Takatoki HOJO, the Nagasaki family at the butler-like position for the Hojo clan, which was called Uchi-Kanrei (head of Tokuso Family), started seizing power.
Japanese: さらに、北条高時の時代になると、北条家の執事とも言うべき内管領の長崎氏が権力を握るようになった。
English: Tozama daimyo were daimyo who were incorporated into the ruling system of the TOKUGAWA clan before and after the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: 外様大名とは、関ヶ原の戦い前後に徳川氏の支配体系に組み込まれた大名を指す。
English: Many of tozama daimyo ruled large domains, however, they were basically not stationed in the vicinity of the locations of strategic importance including Kanto region with Edo in the center, Kyoto, Osaka and those along the Tokaido Road.
Japanese: 大領を治める大名も多いが、基本的に江戸を中心とする関東や京都・大阪・東海道沿い等の戦略的な要地の近くには置かれなかった。
English: In the early Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was wary of tozama daimyo, and condemned them for minor deficiencies, which often resulted in sanction called kaieki: sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties.
Japanese: 江戸時代の初期には江戸幕府に警戒され些細な不備を咎められ改易される大名も多かった。
English: Tozama daimyo were generally not appointed to key positions among the cabinet officials of the shogunate such as roju, apart from some exceptions including the SO clan of Tsushima Province, who had traditionally played a significant role in diplomatic relations with Korea, and the SANADA and MATSUMAE clans, who were appointed key positions in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 外様大名は一般に老中などの幕閣の要職には就けないとされていたが、対馬国の宗氏は伝統的に朝鮮との外交に重きを成し、また江戸後期になると真田氏、松前氏のように要職へ就く外様大名も現れた。
English: The other such exceptional tozama daimyo included the TODO clan, who served as the TOKUGAWA clan's spearhead and was, in the military, ranked as high as the II clan of the Fudai Hitto (Principal fudai daimyo), and Terumasa IKEDA was ranked as high as shinpan (TOKUGAWA's relatives) and was once expected to serve as the Commander-in-Chief in the Sieges of Ozaka.
Japanese: また、藤堂氏は徳川氏の先鋒とされ軍事的には譜代筆頭の井伊氏と同格であり、池田輝政は親藩と同格とされ大坂の役の総大将を勤める予定だったといわれる。
English: In addition, there is a theory that the TOKUGAWA shogunate distinguished between pre-Sekigahara tozama daimyo such as IKEDA, KURODA and HOSOKAWA clans who had maintained close relationship with TOKUGAWA clan well before, and post-Sekigahara tozama daimyo such as MORI, SHIMAZU and UESUGI clans who had submitted themselves to the TOKUGAWA clan's rule after the Battle of Sekigahara, so as to treat the two parties differently.
Japanese: また、同じ外様大名でも比較的早い時期から徳川家と友好関係があった池田氏・黒田氏・細川氏などと関ヶ原の戦い後に臣従した毛利氏・島津氏・上杉氏などでは扱いが違ったとの説もある。
English: Incidentally, some tozama daimyo, who were the TOKUGAWA clan's blood relatives or persons of high achievement, were treated equivalently to fudai daimyo, and were also conveniently called jun-fudai daimyo (quasi fudai daimyo).
Japanese: なお、血縁関係や功績などにより譜代に準ずる扱いを受けている外様大名について、便宜的に準譜代大名と呼ぶこともある。
English: Today the word 'tozama' is often used to mean a stranger.
Japanese: 「外様」という語句は、現在では余所者という意味で使われることがある。
English: Fudai daimyo were a class of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) in the Edo period defined according to their ancestry.
Japanese: 譜代大名（ふだいだいみょう）とは、江戸時代の大名出自による分類の一である。
English: Originally called 'fudai-no-shin (hereditary vassals),' fudai daimyo were daimyo who had been vassals of the Tokugawa clan for generations (the reason these daimyo were given this name was that a fudai, which can be written as 譜第 or 譜代 in Japanese, is a written genealogy proving one's ancestry), and were involved in all aspects of managing their master's affairs, from running his household to the supervision of estates and commerce within his territory.
Japanese: もともと「譜第（譜代）の臣」と言うように、数代にわたり主家に仕え（譜第/譜代）、家政にも関わってきた家臣のことをさす。
English: Fudai daimyo had a strong vassal relationship with their master, so they were often reproached if they switched allegiance to a new master in the event of their master losing power.
Japanese: 主家との君臣関係が強く、主家滅亡時に離反すると、世間から激しく非難されることが多かった。
English: The origin of fudai daimyo comes from the fact that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, when transferred to Kanto region under the TOYOTOMI regime, granted land to build a castle and a position of daimyo to his major military commanders in the hereditary vassalage, thus making them serve as hanpei (the guarding wall of the sovereign) to support the TOKUGAWA clan.
Japanese: 譜代大名のはじまりは徳川家康が豊臣政権のもとで関東地方に移封された際に、主要な譜代の武将に城地を与えて大名格を与えて徳川氏を支える藩屏としたことに由来する。
English: On the other hand, the other vassals were regrouped to be the direct controlled army of the TOKUGAWA clan, thus becoming the roots of the later-established hatamoto (bannermen, or direct retainers of the Shogun, with the privilege to have an audience with the Shogun), gokenin (housemen, or direct retainers of the shogun, without the privilege to have an audience with the Shogun) and early-modern gokenin.
Japanese: それに対してそれ以外の家臣は徳川氏の直轄軍に編成されて後の旗本や御家人近世の御家人の元となった。
English: Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted, except shinpan (TOKUGAWA's blood relatives), tozama daimyo and their branch domains (branch families).
Japanese: 徳川氏により取り立てられた大名のうち、親藩及び、外様大名と、その支藩（分家）を除いたものを指す。
English: Fudai daimyo were the daimyo, whom the TOKUGAWA clan had promoted from among the TOKUGAWA vassals at the service from before the Battle of Sekigahara (Sekigahara no Kassen).
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い（関ヶ原の合戦）以前より、徳川氏に臣従して取り立てられた大名を指す。
English: For hatamoto who were granted a larger stipend to become daimyo or those who were newly promoted by the Shogunate to become daimyo—such as the leaders of the HOTTA, INABA and YANAGISAWA clans and Ujinori ARIMA, all of whom were born baishin (indirect vassals)—the first definition above applies, so they were classified as fudai daimyo.
Japanese: 旗本が加増され大名となった場合や、陪臣出身の堀田氏・稲葉氏・柳沢氏・有馬氏倫のように、幕府によって新たに取り立てられ大名になった場合は1の定義にあてはまり、譜代大名となる。
English: On the other hand, daimyo who belonged to a branch family of tozama daimyo or those who had originally been tozama daimyo but had been stripped of their position, privileges, and property due to a sanction called kaieki and then regained power later, such as Muneshige TACHIBANA and Naoyori SHINJO, were classified as tozama.
Japanese: 一方で外様大名家からの分家や、立花宗茂・新庄直頼のように、改易された外様大名が再興した場合は外様となる。
English: Families founded by Ieyasu's patrilineal descendants were in principle called shinpan, but not fudai.
Japanese: 家康の男系子孫の建てた家は基本的に親藩とされ、譜代とは呼ばれなかった。
English: Another example shows that, as in the case of the Aizu-Matsudaiara family and the Takatsukasa-Matsudaira family, some families which should have been classified as fudai daimyo could irregularly be classified as shinpan because of being the TOKUGAWA's blood relatives.
Japanese: 一方、会津松平家や鷹司松平家のように譜代大名に定義されるべき家柄であっても、徳川家との血縁を考慮されて親藩となることもある。
English: By contrast, Narihiro HACHISUKA, a biological son of the shogun, was adopted by tozama, and so remained his status.
Japanese: 一方で、蜂須賀斉裕のように将軍の実子が養子となっても外様のままの場合もある。
English: When illegitimate children of Gosanke (the three privileged branches of the TOKUGAWA family including the OWARI, KII and MITO families) and Gosankyo (the three privileged branches of the TOKUGAWA family including the TAYASU, HITOTSUBASHI and SHIMIZU families) were adopted by fudai daimyo, they did not become shinpan in terms of status, but they were often treated as equally well as shinpan.
Japanese: 一方、御三家、御三卿の庶子を譜代大名が養子としても親藩にはならないが、親藩待遇となることがあった。
English: Besides, some families which were originally tozama daimyo could irregularly be treated as fudai because of blood relationship or great achievements for the shogunate.
Japanese: また本来外様大名である家も、血縁関係や幕府への功績を考慮されて譜代扱いとなることもある。
English: Examples of the negai-fudai included the WAKISAKA clan, Naeki domain, the TOZAWA clan, the ARIMA clan, the HORI clan, the SOMA clan, the KATO clan in Yoshiakira KATO's line, and the AKITA clan.
Japanese: 脇坂氏・苗木藩・戸沢氏・有馬氏・堀氏・相馬氏・加藤氏加藤嘉明系・秋田氏などがその例である。
English: At Edo-jo castle, the aforementioned daimyo attended shikoseki (anteroom seats for feudal lords and direct retainers of the shogun at Edo-jo castle) which were selected in accordance with kakaku (family status), including "tamari-no-ma" chamber, "teikan-no-ma" chamber, "kari-no-ma" chamber, and "kiku-no-ma hiro-en (kiku no ma enkyo)" chamber.
Japanese: 江戸城ではこれらの大名は家格により、『溜の間』、『帝鑑の間』、『雁の間』、『菊の間広縁（菊間縁頬）』の各席に伺候席している。
English: Narrowly-defined TOKUGAWA fudai consisted of the families that had been in hereditary vassalage to the MATSUDAIRA family, and the families that were promoted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 狭義の徳川家譜代は、代々松平家に仕えた家や、徳川家康に取り立てられた家を指す。
English: Those families were further divided according to the length of vassalage period into the 'Anjo fudai (fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Anjo castle),' the 'Okazaki-jo fudai (fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Okazaki-jo castle)' and the 'Sunpu-jo fudai (fudai daimyo who had been serving Ieyasu since he was in Sunpu-jo castle.'
Japanese: これらの家は臣従した時期をさらに細分化して、『安城譜代』、『岡崎城譜代』、『駿府城譜代』などと称されている。
English: As the longest-serving fudai, the Anjo fudai were favorably treated at the shikoseki, and in case they should have been sanctioned, their family names were in many cases restored in some form soon.
Japanese: 特に最古参の安祥譜代は伺候席で厚遇され、ひとたび取り潰されても、またすぐに何らかの形で家名が再興されることが非常に多かった。
English: However, Yasunaga ISHIKAWA and Yasukatsu ISHIKAWA of the Anjo-fudai born ISHIKAWA clan ended in tozama daimyo due to their background that they had betrayed Ieyasu once and switched the sides before finally joining the Ieyasu's Eastern Army.
Japanese: 但し、安祥譜代出身でも石川氏の石川康長・石川康勝は豊臣氏に寝返った後に関ヶ原の合戦で東軍についたという経歴のため、外様大名とされた。
English: "Ryuei hikan" (a series of books giving an account of political annual events, custom, bylaw, formality, historical events, precedent and ritual complied in the mid-eighteenth century) divided the TOKUGAWA fudai into three groups of the Anjo fudai (consisting of seven families), the Okazaki fudai (consisting of sixteen families) and the Suruga fudai, and later, into four groups with an additional family.
Japanese: 『柳営秘鑑』では、安祥譜代（7家）、岡崎譜代（16家）、駿河譜代の3区別、そのほか後世追加された家の4種類に分別している。
English: "Mikawa Monogatari (Mikawa Stories)" written by Hikozaemon OKUBO referred to the classification of the fudai into three groups of the Anjo fudai, the Yamanaka fudai and the Okazaki fudai, wherein as with the "Ryuei hikan," the longest-serving Anjo fudai was said to have served Nobumitsu MATSUDAIRA, Chikatada MATSUDAIRA, Nobutada MATSUDAIRA, Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA and Hirotada MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 『三河物語』（大久保彦左衛門著）では、安祥譜代、山中譜代、岡崎譜代という3つの譜代区別に記載があり、柳営秘鑑と同様に、最古参の安祥譜代は、松平信光、松平親忠、松平信忠、松平清康、松平広忠に仕えた家臣という。
English: In addition, the Yamanaka fudai and the Okazaki fudai had entered vassal relationship to the MATSUDAIRA since the time Kiyoyasu had captured Yamanaka-jo Castle and Okazaki-jo Castle to be made his honryo (the main domain).
Japanese: また、山中譜代および岡崎譜代とは、清康が、山中・岡崎を攻略して本領とした時代からの家臣という。
English: "Mikawa Go Fudoki (The Topographical Records of Mikawa Province)" had an article under the heading of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA with the description of the 'seven Anjo fudai families or the fudai of Okazaki and Yamanaka.'
Japanese: 『三河後風土記』の松平清康の項目では、安祥の七譜代、或は岡崎山中の譜代という記述が見える。
English: Incidentally, other than the above, some studies by the scholars of the later generations occasionally used the terms 'Matsudaira-go (Matsudaira village) fudai' and 'Iwatsu fudai,' but these were not found in either "Ryuei hikan" or "Mikawa Monogatari."
Japanese: なお、上記とは別に後世の学者の研究書には、『松平郷譜代』、『岩津譜代』なる用語が散見されるが、柳営秘鑑、三河物語いずれにもこれらの用語の記載はない。
English: Since the parent of the TOKUGAWA family was the ANJO-MATSUDAIRA family, vassals having served the ANJO-MATSUDAIRA family were historically regarded as the longest-serving, who were followed by vassals having served the other cadet branches of the house of MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 徳川家の母体となったのが、安祥松平家であるため、歴史的には安祥松平家に仕えていた家臣を最古参とし、他の松平の分家に仕えていた家臣を次としている。
English: The terms 'Matsudaira-go fudai' and 'Iwatsu fudai' were both newly created by a scholar taking into consideration of the whole Matsudaira clan including the Anjo-Matsudaira family, thereby failing to be a historical term.
Japanese: 松平郷譜代、岩津譜代なる用語は安城松平家を含む松平氏全体を考えて研究者が新たに定義した用語で歴史的用語ではない。
English: First, fudai daimyo are characterized by being eligible to an important post of the cabinet officials of the shogunate including the posts of roju (senior councilors in the Edo bakufu) and wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu).
Japanese: 第一に譜代大名は、老中・若年寄をはじめとする幕閣の要職に就く資格があることである。
English: As the shogunate was supposedly the household manager of the shogun family, there was such a strictly abided unwritten rule that all important posts of the shogunate went to fudai daimyo, except for the cases of the bakumatsu period (the last days of the shogunate) and the Ochi-Matsudaira family.
Japanese: 幕府は将軍家の家政機関であると言う建て前上、幕閣の要職には、幕末及び越智松平家の例外を除き譜代大名以外からは、登用しない慣行が不文律として厳格に守られた。
English: It is a major characteristic of the TOKUGAWA regime to appoint members from shinpan to the posts of the shogunate, and to avoid some powerful tozama daimyo with a large domain from joining the politics of the shogunate as a political adviser.
Japanese: 親藩出身者を幕府の役職に就任させたり、外様の大藩を政治顧問として、幕政に参与させないのが、徳川政権の大きな特徴でもある。
English: Some points out that it was an exception that Masayuki HOSHINA served the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA as his koken (the guardian), but this guardianship was unofficial because Masayuki was not appointed to any post of the shogunate.
Japanese: 保科正之の4代将軍徳川家綱の後見は、例外的だとする指摘もあるが、この後見も、何らかの幕府の役職に就任して行われたものではない。
English: (A likely explanation is that Masayuki was appointed to the post of tairo or the official post of the shogun's guardian, but this is not applicable to the case of shinpan daimyo becoming a cabinet official of the shogunate, because the Hoshina family, which became the Aizu-Matsudaira family later, was not a shinpan yet at that time.)
Japanese: （正之は大老またはきちんとした役職としての将軍後見役に任じられていたという説もあるが、この時点では保科家＝後の会津松平家は親藩ではなく未だ譜代扱いなので、親藩大名が幕府要職につく例には当たらない）。
English: When tozama daimyo and fudai daimyo were stationed in the same province, the fudai daimyo were not required to stay in Edo under the sankin kotai system (the alternate residence system), but instead had to remain at their residence (in their hometown).
Japanese: 外様大名が置かれているときは、同じ国内にいる譜代大名は、参勤交代で、同時に江戸表には在府させず、必ず在所（国許）に残る譜代大名を置いた。
English: However, if a tozama daimyo was the 'lord of the province' and possessed the entire province as his fiefdom, a neighboring fudai daimyo or shinpan would perform his role during his absence.
Japanese: もっとも、外様大名が「国主」で、一カ国の全てを知行しているときは、近隣の譜代大名や、親藩がこれに当たった。
English: According to the Edo bakufu, when a member from the eighteen Matsudaira families which were Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's patrilineal relatives became daimyo, he was not a 'shinpan' but 'fudai daimyo.'
Japanese: 江戸幕府では、徳川家康の男系親族である十八松平の内、大名になった者は「親藩」ではなく「譜代大名」とする。
English: The eighteen Matsudaira families had had the same roots and split into branches by the time of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA, who was Ieyasu's grandfather.
Japanese: 十八松平とは家康の祖父である松平清康の時代までに分家したルーツを持つ十八家である。
English: The Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family of Ieyasu's younger maternal half-brother was, needless to say, a fudai daimyo but not a shinpan.
Japanese: 家康の異父弟の久松松平家は、言うまでもなく、親藩ではなく譜代大名である。
English: Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who was a grandchild of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, was adopted by the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family of Shirakawa Domain of Mutsu Province, and therefore, Sadanobu carried out the Kansei Reform as a roju from fudai daimyo.
Japanese: 徳川吉宗の孫の松平定信は、陸奥国白河藩の久松松平家に養子に出た者であるから、出自は親藩ではなく、譜代大名として、老中となり寛政の改革にあたったのである。
English: Among the members of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family, the family line including the dominant lord of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain of Iyo Province and the lord of Kuwana Domain of Ise Province (who was transferred from Takada han to Shirakawa han temporarily) was fudai daimyo, but treated as shinpan because the both lord's families adopted sons from Munetake TAYASU as their lords, respectively.
Japanese: 久松松平家の中で、最も有力であった伊予国伊予松山藩主と、伊勢国桑名藩主（一時、高田藩→白河藩）の家系は譜代大名ながら、両家は田安宗武の男子を養子とし、藩主として迎えたので、親藩待遇となった。
English: The other domains related to the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family (<1. Ogaki Domain of Mino Province => Komoro Domain of Shinano Province => Nasu Domain of Shimotsuke Province=> Nagashima Domain of Ise Province; transfer due to kaieki> 2. Imabari Domain of Iyo Province; 3. Tako Domain of Shimofusa Province had fudai daimyo as their lords.
Japanese: その他の久松松平家の諸藩（＜1.美濃国大垣藩→信濃国小諸藩→下野国那須藩→伊勢国長島藩、改易＞・2.伊予国今治藩・3.下総国多古藩）は、譜代大名である。
English: (See above for a description of Jun-fudai daimyo [not distinguished from fudai in the Edo period].)
Japanese: ただし準譜代大名（江戸時代に区別は無かったため譜代扱い）は上記当該項目を参照。
English: Anjo fudai (seven families) - the Sakai clan, the Okubo clan, the Honda clan, the Abe clan (Tokugawa fudai), the Ishikawa clan, the Aoyama clan and the Uemura clan; however, the Osuga, Sakakibara and Hiraiwa clans are occasionally included instead of the Abe, Ishikawa and Aoyama clans.
Japanese: 安祥譜代（7家）-酒井氏、大久保氏、本多氏、阿部氏(徳川譜代)、石川氏、青山氏、植村氏（阿部氏、石川氏、青山氏の代わりに、大須賀氏、榊原氏、平岩氏が入る場合もある）
English: Okazaki fudai (sixteen families) - the Ii clan, the Sakakibara clan, the Torii clan, the Toda clan, the Nagai clan, the Mizuno clan, the Naito clan, the Mikawa-Ando clan, the Kuze clan, the Osuga clan (extinguished), the Inoue clan, the Mikawa-Inoue clan, the Abe clan, the Akimoto clan, the Watanabe clan (Hakata Domain), the Itami clan and the Yashiro clan.
Japanese: 岡崎譜代（16家）-井伊氏、榊原氏、鳥居氏、戸田氏、永井氏、水野氏、内藤氏、三河安藤氏、久世氏、大須賀氏（断絶）、井上氏、三河井上氏、阿部氏、秋元氏、渡辺氏（伯太藩）、伊丹氏、屋代氏
English: Fudai, as from December, 1684 - the Mizutani clan (concurrently appointed so as the Akita, Arima and Soma clans of jun-fudai)
Japanese: 貞享元年12月より譜代-水谷氏（準譜代の秋田氏・有馬氏・相馬氏と同時）
English: The Matsudaira ichimon (family) - the Ogyu-Matsudaira family, the Katahara-Matsudaira family, the Sakurai-Matsudaira family, the Takiwaki-Matsudaira family, the Taketani-Matsudaira family, the Nagasawa-Matsudaira family (the Okochi-Matsudaira family), the Nomi-Matsudaira family, the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira family (except for Iyo-Matsuyama Domain and Ise-Kuwana Domain), the Fukozo-Matsudaira family and the Fujii-Matsudaira family
Japanese: 松平一門-大給松平家、形原松平家、桜井松平家、滝脇松平家、竹谷松平家、長沢松平家（大河内松平家）、能見松平家、久松松平家（伊予松山藩・伊勢桑名藩以外）、深溝松平家、藤井松平家
English: Gokenin is a word used to describe the samurai retainers of the shogun but its meaning differed between the middle ages and early modern period.
Japanese: 御家人（ごけにん）は、征夷大将軍の家人である武士の身分を指す語であるが、中世と近世では意味合いが異なる。
English: During the Heian period, samurai in the service of an aristocrat or samurai chief were called 'kenin' (retainers) and with the establishment of the Kamakura period, those warriors who served as attendants to the Lord of Kamakura came to be called 'gokenin' out of respect for the Lord of Kamakura.
Japanese: 平安時代には、貴族や武家の棟梁に仕える武士を「家人」と呼んでおり、鎌倉幕府が成立すると鎌倉殿と主従関係を結び従者となった武士を、鎌倉殿への敬意を表す「御」をつけて御家人と呼ぶようになった。
English: In exile Yoritomo had very few retainers to call upon so, when he raised an army in 1180, he attempted to entice samurai from the South Kanto region to serve as `inherited gokenin` on the basis they had previously served his father (MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo) as retainers.
Japanese: 流人だった頼朝の家人はごくわずかであり、1180年の挙兵の際、父源義朝の家人だった南関東の武士たちを「累代の御家人」として誘引した。
English: However, the relationships between leader and subordinate that existed previously were characterised by individual bonds and, many samurai subsequently elected not to subordinate themselves to Yoritomo.
Japanese: しかし、当時の観念では主従関係は個々に結ぶものであり、頼朝に従属しない武士も多かった。
English: With the subsequent establishment in Kamakura of political power in the Eastern provinces, one by one the samurai in various provinces came under Yoritomo`s control.
Japanese: その後、鎌倉に東国政権を樹立すると、各地の武士が続々と頼朝支配下へと入っていった。
English: The order of Prince Mochihito was used to control and organize the rapidly increased number of samurai.
Japanese: 急速に増加した支配下の武士を秩序だって組織化するため、以仁王の令旨が利用された。
English: Those samurai who obeyed this order and came under the control of Yoritomo were all regarded as gokenin.
Japanese: すなわち、令旨に従って頼朝の支配に入った武士は、一律に「御家人」として組織された。
English: During the turmoil of the Jisho-Juei Civil War, it was necessary to designate samurai as gokenin (retainers of a shogun) even more around the country as opposed to the shogunate's stronghold in the east of Japan.
Japanese: 治承・寿永の内乱期には、本拠である関東のみならず、各地の武士をより多く御家人として組織化する必要があった。
English: As such, those samurai who obeyed the order to kill members of the Taira clan were recognized as gokenin (shogun retainers) and many were given recognition and guarantees of ownership of their principal residences in an act known as `Hontaku Ando` (confirmation of a family's possession of its residence and the immediately adjacent land).
Japanese: そのため、平氏追討に従う武士を御家人として認定し本宅を安堵する「本宅安堵」が多く行われた。
English: In contrast to the many gokenin (samurai retainers) in the Kanto region who achieved the status through Yoritomo's Shoryo Ando (act providing authorization of land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure), it was honjo (domain owning governors) or kokushi (provincial governors), and lords of manors, who had secure tenure of their territories and authority over the Hontaku Ando (residential tenure) retainers
Japanese: 関東の御家人の多くが頼朝の所領安堵を通じて御家人となっていたのに対し、本宅安堵の御家人に所領安堵する権限を有していたのは荘園領主たる本所や国司だった。
English: In light of this, Yoritomo did not impinge on the governors` jurisdiction but made retainers gokenin by guaranteeing status to these gokenin samurai retainers.
Japanese: そのため、頼朝は本所・国司の権限を侵すことなく、地位を安堵することで御家人を組織したのである。