nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The area around the pond is said to be covered with more than 100 varieties of moss, which are believed to have started growing not at the time of Muso Soseki but in the late Edo Period.
Japanese: 池の周囲を埋め尽くす100種類以上といわれる苔は夢窓疎石の時代からあったものではなく、今のような苔庭になったのは江戸時代も末期のことといわれる。
English: In addition to the two-storied reliquary hall, the pond area also includes Jojaku-an, Shonan-tei, Tanhoku-tei, Morikiyo-ryo, Togetsukyo Bridge and the Godosen tomb.
Japanese: 池の周辺には2層の舎利のほかに、釣寂庵、湘南亭、潭北亭、貯清寮、邀月橋、合同船があった。
English: It could be said that the garden incorporates a lot of architecture relative to its size, but on crossing the Togetsukyo Bridge with its pavilion, one will step atop a long whale that makes it look as though one is floating in the sea.
Japanese: 広さに比して建築的要素の多い庭といえるがこの邀月橋は亭をもった亭橋で、これを渡ると長鯨にのって大海に浮かんだようだといわれた。
English: Atop the stone staircase through Kojokan gate sits a Zen hall known as Shito-an with an large stones on the hillside that have been arranged to symbolize a waterfall.
Japanese: 向上関より石段を上がった所に指東庵という禅堂があり、この山腹に巨石を組み、滝を象徴している。
English: Tenryu-ji Temple is the headquarters of the Tenryu-ji branch of the Rinzai Sect, located in Sagatenryuji-susukinobaba-cho, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 天龍寺（てんりゅうじ）は、京都府京都市右京区嵯峨天龍寺芒ノ馬場町（すすきのばばちょう）にある、臨済宗天龍寺派大本山の寺院。
English: It was founded by Kaiki (founding patron) Takauji ASHIKAGA and Kaisan (first chief priest) Soseki Muso, and dedicated to the principal image Shakyamuni.
Japanese: 本尊は釈迦如来、開基（創立者）は足利尊氏、開山（初代住職）は夢窓疎石である。
English: As a Zen temple related to both the Ashikaga Shogun family and Emperor Godaigo, the temple is built on a magnificent scale and held in high esteem, and is ranked number one among the Kyoto Gozan (Five major temples of Rinzai sect in Kyoto).
Japanese: 足利将軍家と後醍醐天皇ゆかりの禅寺として壮大な規模と高い格式を誇り、京都五山の第一位とされてきた。
English: In the early Heian period, Empress TACHIBANA no Kachiko (786 - 850), wife of Emperor Saga, founded a temple called Danrin-ji Temple on the site of present-day Tenryu-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天龍寺の地には平安時代初期、嵯峨天皇の皇后橘嘉智子（たちばなのかちこ、786－850）が開いた檀林寺があった。
English: Danrin-ji Temple fell into disrepair over the next four hundred years and Emperor Gosaga (reigned 1242 - 1246) and his son Emperor Kameyama (reigned 1259 - 1274) turned the area into an Imperial villa which they called 'Kameyama-dono Palace.'
Japanese: その後約4世紀を経て荒廃していた檀林寺の地に後嵯峨天皇（在位1242－1246）とその皇子である亀山天皇（在位1259－1274）は離宮を営み、「亀山殿」と称した。
English: The name 'Kameyama' (Turtle Mountain) was selected due to the shape of Mt. Ogura, known for its red autumn leaves, which lies to the west of Tenryu-ji Temple and is said to resemble the shape of a turtle's shell.
Japanese: 「亀山」とは、天龍寺の西方にあり紅葉の名所として知られた小倉山のことで、山の姿が亀の甲に似ていることから、この名がある。
English: Kameyama-dono Palace as an Imperial villa of the Daikaku-ji line (line of Emperor Godaigo) was converted into Tenryu-ji Temple by Takauji ASHIKAGA in memory of Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: 足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の菩提を弔うため、大覚寺統（後醍醐天皇の系統）の離宮であった亀山殿を寺に改めたのが天龍寺である。
English: Emperor Godaigo died in Yoshino the following year, 1339.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇が吉野で死去したのは、その翌年の暦応2年/延元4年（1339年）である。
English: Takauji ASHIKAGA is the person who opposed the Kemmu Restoration initiated by Emperor Godaigo and rose in revolt against the emperor, and the emperor decreed that Takauji be hunted down and executed.
Japanese: 足利尊氏は、後醍醐天皇の始めた建武の新政に反発して天皇に反旗をひるがえした人物であり、対する天皇は尊氏追討の命を出している。
English: When Takauji ASHIKAGA's enemy Emperor Godaigo died, Zen priest Muso Soseki, who was highly revered by samurai families of the time, strongly recommended that Takauji construct a temple in his memory.
Japanese: いわば「かたき」である後醍醐天皇の死去に際して、その菩提を弔う寺院の建立を尊氏に強く勧めたのは、当時、武家からも尊崇を受けていた禅僧・夢窓疎石であった。
English: It is said that the temple was originally going to be named 'Ryakuo Shisei-zen-ji' but Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, supposedly had a dream about a golden dragon prancing around the Oi-gawa River (also known as the Hozu-gawa River), which lies south of the temple, and the temple was instead named 'Tenryu Shisei-zen-ji' ('Tenryu' meaning 'sky dragon').
Japanese: 寺号は、当初は年号をとって「暦応資聖禅寺」と称する予定であったが、尊氏の弟・足利直義が、寺の南の大堰川（保津川）に金龍の舞う夢を見たことから「天龍資聖禅寺」と改めたという。
English: It is well known that trading vessels named Tenryu-ji-bune were launched in order to raise the funds to build the temple.
Japanese: 寺の建設資金調達のため、天龍寺船という貿易船が仕立てられたことは著名である。
English: As the temple flourished as number one among the Kyoto Gozan (Five major temples of Rinzai sect in Kyoto), the temple grounds expanded to roughly 330,000 square meters, extending all the way to present-day Keifuku Electric Railroad Katabiranotsuji Station, and is said to have included some 150 sub-temples.
Japanese: 天龍寺は京都五山の第一として栄え、寺域は約33万平方メートル、現在の京福電鉄帷子ノ辻（かたびらのつじ）駅あたりにまで及ぶ広大なもので、子院150か寺を数えたという。
English: However, the temple has been continuously ravaged by fire and all of the original buildings have been destroyed.
Japanese: しかし、その後のたびたびの火災により、創建当時の建物はことごとく失われた。
English: During the Middle Ages, the temple met with fire on six occasions; in 1358, 1367, 1373, 1380, 1447, and in 1467.
Japanese: 中世には延文3年（1358年）、貞治6年（1367年）、応安6年（1373年）、康暦2年（1380年）、文安4年（1447年）、応仁元年（1467年）と、6回も火災に遭っている。
English: After being destroyed during the Onin War and subsequently rebuilt, the temple enjoyed a brief period of tranquility but was lost to yet another fire in 1815 (Edo period) before being severely damaged during the Hamaguri Rebellion (Conspiracy of Kimmon) of 1864, so that now most of the buildings as we see them today are reconstructions dating from the latter half of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 応仁の乱による焼失・再建後、しばらくは安泰であったが、江戸時代の文化(元号)12年（1815年）にも焼失、さらに幕末の元治元年（1864年）、蛤御門の変（禁門の変）で大打撃を受け、現存伽藍の大部分は明治時代後半以降のものである。
English: The garden (Special Place of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Site) to the west of the Hojo (the chief priest's room), created by Muso Soseki, retains only slight traces of its original design.
Japanese: なお、方丈の西側にある夢窓疎石作の庭園（特別名勝・史跡）にわずかに当初の面影がうかがえる。
English: The layout of Tenryu-ji Temple is contrary to the general layout of Zen temple grounds that face south with major buildings aligned along the north-south axis.
Japanese: これは、通常の禅宗寺院が原則として南を正面とし、南北に主要建物を並べるのとは異なっている。
English: Sub-temples line both sides of the path, which leads to the Hatto (lecture hall), behind which are numerous buildings including the Ohojo (large abbey), Kohojo (small abbey), Kuri (priest's quarters), Sodo (meditation hall), and Taho-den - all of which are modern reconstructions.
Japanese: 参道両側に塔頭（たっちゅう、山内寺院）が並び、正面に法堂、その奥に大方丈、小方丈、庫裏（くり）、僧堂、多宝殿などがあるが、いずれも近代の再建である。
English: Hatto (lecture hall): Unusually for a Zen temple, the lecture hall is located at the center of the precinct and is a single-storey Yosemune-zukuri style building constructed in 1900.
Japanese: 法堂（はっとう）－禅寺の中心堂宇としては珍しい、寄棟造単層の建物で、1900年（明治33年）の再建。
English: Garden: The garden created by Muso Soseki features a circular promenade centered around Sogen-chi Pond.
Japanese: 庭園－曹源池（そうげんち）を中心とした池泉回遊式庭園で、夢窓疎石の作庭。
English: Near Kyoto City Bus Arashiyama Tenryu-ji-mae stop or a 1 minute walk from Arashiyama Station on the Keifuku Electric Railroad.
Japanese: 京都市営バス嵐山天龍寺前下車すぐ、京福電鉄嵐山駅(京福電気鉄道)下車徒歩1分
English: Kozan-ji Temple is a Buddhist temple situated in Toganoo-cho, Umegahata, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 高山寺（こうざんじ）は、京都市右京区梅ヶ畑栂尾（とがのお）町にある寺院。
English: It is said to have been founded in the Nara period, but the actual Kaiki (patron of a temple in its founding) was Kamakura period monk Myoe.
Japanese: 創建は奈良時代と伝えるが、実質的な開基（創立者）は、鎌倉時代の明恵である。
English: In addition to 'Choju-Jinbutsu-Giga' (Scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans), the temple is renowned for its numerous cultural properties including paintings, ancient writings and documents.
Japanese: 「鳥獣人物戯画」をはじめ、絵画、典籍、文書など、多くの文化財を伝える寺院として知られる。
English: The temple precinct has been designated both a national historic site and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto.
Japanese: 境内が国の史跡に指定されており、また古都京都の文化財の一部として世界遺産に登録されている。
English: The Toganoo area in which Kozan-ji Temple is located is even deeper in the mountains than Takaosan Jingo-ji Temple - known for its red autumn leaves, has long been a place of mountain asceticism and is thought to have once been the site of many small temples.
Japanese: 高山寺のある栂尾は、紅葉の名所として知られる高雄山神護寺からさらに奥に入った山中に位置し、古代より山岳修行の適地として、小寺院が営まれていたようである。
English: Since the Nara period, the current site of Kozan-ji Temple has been home to temples including 'Togao-ji' and 'Togao-bo,' and it is said that it was constructed in the year 774 by the imperial decree of Emperor Konin, but the accuracy of these claims remains unclear.
Japanese: 今の高山寺の地には、奈良時代から「度賀尾寺」「都賀尾坊」などと称される寺院があり、宝亀5年（774年）、光仁天皇の勅願で建立されたとの伝えもあるが、当時の実態は明らかでない。
English: In the Heian period, the temple became a branch temple of the nearby Jingo-ji Temple and became known as Jingo-ji Jumujinin Temple.
Japanese: 平安時代には、近隣の神護寺の別院とされ、神護寺十無尽院（じゅうむじんいん）と称されていた。
English: The individual responsible for restoring Kozan-ji Temple and considered to be the official Kaiki (patron of a temple in its founding) is Kamakura period Kegon Sect monk Myoe.
Japanese: 高山寺の中興の祖であり、実質的な開基とされるのは、鎌倉時代の華厳宗の僧、明恵（みょうえ）である。
English: Myoe-bo Koben (1173-1232) was born in the Arida District of Kii Province, which is equivalent to modern day Aridagawa-Cho in Wakayama Prefecture in 1173.
Japanese: 明恵房高弁（1173－1232）は承安(日本)3年（1173年）、紀伊国有田郡は現在の和歌山県有田川町にあたる場所で生まれた。
English: After the death of his parents, Myoe left home aged 9 and entered the Buddhist priesthood under the guidance of his maternal uncle, the monk Jokaku (1147－1226) of Jingo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 幼時に両親を亡くした明恵は、9歳で生家を離れ、母方の叔父に当たる神護寺の僧・上覚（1147－1226）のもとで仏門に入った。
English: Myoe was severely critical of Honen's exclusive nenbutsu practice and strived toward the revival of the Kegon Sect.
Japanese: 明恵は、法然の唱えた「専修念仏」の思想を痛烈に批判し、華厳宗の復興に努めた。
English: In an 'age of decadence' in which Buddhism's standing was weakening, the teachings of 'exclusive nenbutsu' that people are not saved by the aspiration for Buddhahood and that, with the exception of nenbutsu, there is no other method of being reborn in paradise were in contradiction to the beliefs Myoe who emphasized discipline and the attainment of enlightenment.
Japanese: 「専修念仏」とは、仏法が衰えた「末法」の時代には、人は菩提心（さとり）によって救われることはなく、念仏以外の方法で極楽往生することはできないという主張であり、これは菩提心や戒律を重視する明恵の思想とは相反するものであった。
English: In the year 1206 aged 34, Myoe was granted land at Toganoo by Emperor Gotoba who also conferred upon the temple the name 'Hi-idete-mazu-terasu-Kozan-no-tera' (First Mountain Temple Illuminated by the Rising Sun).
Japanese: 明恵は建永元年（1206年）、34歳の時に後鳥羽天皇から栂尾の地を与えられ、また寺名のもとになった「日出先照高山之寺」の額を下賜された。
English: The temple's name was taken from a line in the 'Avatamsaka sutra' which states 'Hi, idete, mazu takaki yama wo terasu' which means 'When the sun rises, it first casts its light upon the highest mountain,' and is believed to have been chosen in the hope that the temple would be illuminated as described in the passage.
Japanese: 「日出先照高山」（日、出でて、まず高き山を照らす）とは、「華厳経」の中の句で、「朝日が昇って、真っ先に照らされるのは高い山の頂上だ」という意味であり、そのように光り輝く寺院であれとの意が込められていると思われる。
English: Since the medieval period, Kozan-ji Temple has been destroyed numerous times by conflict and fire and the only Kamakura period building to survive is Sekisui-in.
Japanese: 高山寺は中世以降、たびたびの戦乱や火災で焼失し、鎌倉時代の建物は石水院を残すのみとなっている。
English: A surviving diagram of the Kozan-ji Temple precinct (Important Cultural Property, housed at Jingo-ji Temple) was created in 1230, over 20 years after its 1206 revival, and has been extremely valuable in verifying the layout of the temple at the time.
Japanese: 建永元年の中興から20数年を経た寛喜2年（1230年）に作成された高山寺境内の絵図（重文、神護寺蔵）が現存しており、当時の様子が具体的にわかる点で貴重である。
English: From the diagram, we know that Kozan-ji Temple originally consisted of a large outer gate, a main hall, a three-storied pagoda, an Amitabha hall, an Arhat hall, a bell tower, a scripture hall, and a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tutelary deity of the area, but all of these buildings have since been destroyed with he exception of the 'scripture hall,' which is now known as 'Sekisui-in.'
Japanese: それによると、当時の高山寺には、大門、金堂、三重塔、阿弥陀堂、羅漢堂、鐘楼、経蔵、鎮守社などがあったことが知られるが、このうち、当時「経蔵」と呼ばれた建物が「石水院」として現存するほかは、ことごとく失われている。
English: The stone walls lining both sides of the path that leads from Sekisui-in to Kaizan-do (it is also pronounced Kaisan-do) is reminiscent of the halls and sub-temples that once stood on the site.
Japanese: 石水院から開山堂に至る道の両側に残る石垣は、かつての諸堂や塔頭を偲ばせている。
English: The exterior is in a residential style, but it appears to have been converted from a structure which originally served as a sutra hall.
Japanese: 外観は住宅風だが、本来は経蔵として造られた建物を改造したものと見られる。
English: It was originally located atop the stone staircase that remains to the back right of the main hall, but was relocated to its current position in 1889.
Japanese: もともとは金堂の右後方に残る石段の上に建っていたが、明治22年(1889年)に現在地に移築したものである。
English: Additionally, today's Kozan-ji Temple also contains a main hall that was relocated from Ninna-ji Temple and a Kaizan-do which houses a wooden statue of Myoe (Important Cultural Property), but both are modern reconstructions.
Japanese: 他に、仁和寺から移築した金堂、明恵の肖像彫刻（重文）を安置する開山堂などがあるが、いずれも近世の建築である。
English: The story claims that the varieties of tea were obtained by Rinzai Sect founder Eisai in Southern Song period China in the early Kamakura period and granted to Myoe following his return to Japan.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期に臨済宗の開祖栄西が、当時の中国の南宋において種を得て、帰国後に明恵に贈ったものと伝える。
English: It is also said that Myoe planted these on Mt. Toganoo from where they spread to other areas including Uji.
Japanese: 明恵はこれを初めは栂尾山に植え、その後宇治その他の土地に広まったという。
English: The temple possesses numerous cultural properties, but the majority of them except buildings have been deposited at the national museums in Tokyo and Kyoto.
Japanese: 数多くの文化財を所蔵するが、建造物を除く指定文化財の大部分は東京および京都の国立博物館に寄託されている。
English: Unlike ordinary picture scrolls which include images and writing, they consist of pictures only.
Japanese: また、普通の絵巻のように絵と詞（ことば）が交互に現われる形式ではなく、絵のみで構成される。
English: The first scroll depicts anthropomorphosized rabbits, frogs and monkeys and is the best known of the four scrolls.
Japanese: 甲巻は兎、蛙、猿などの動物を擬人化したもので、4巻の中でもっともよく知られる。
English: The second scroll illustrates sketches of animals, the third depicts caricatures of people engaging in a variety of competitions and games in the first half with animal caricatures in the second half, and the fourth consists of rough human caricatures.
Japanese: 乙巻は写生風の動物絵、丙巻は前半が各種の競技やゲームに興じる人物の戯画で、後半は動物戯画、丁巻は荒々しいタッチの人物戯画である。
English: There are numerous theories regarding the circumstances of their creation and themes, but the humorous animal caricatures of the first volume are particularly outstanding and considered to be the origin of modern Japanese Manga culture.
Japanese: 制作事情、主題等については諸説あるが、特に甲巻のユーモラスな動物戯画は秀逸で、現代日本の漫画文化のルーツとも見なされる。
English: Those on display at the temple are copies, as volumes 1 and 2 are currently deposited at Tokyo National Museum and volumes 3 and 4 are deposited at Kyoto National Museum.
Japanese: 現在は甲・丙巻が東京国立博物館、乙・丁巻が京都国立博物館に寄託されているため寺で見られるのは模本である。
English: In contrast to the standard image of a Buddhist monk, this picture depicts a tiny Myoe surrounded by a mountain landscape.
Japanese: 通例の祖師像と異なり、明恵の姿は山中の自然景の中に小さく表現されている。
English: Yupian Volume 27: A Tang Dynasty copy of a Chinese character dictionary 'Yupian' created during the Liang Dynasty.
Japanese: 玉篇（ぎょくへん）巻第廿七－中国梁代成立の漢字辞書「玉篇」の、唐時代の写本。
English: Tenrei Bansho Meigi: Valued as the only remaining copy of a Chinese character dictionary believed to have been compiled by Kukai.
Japanese: 篆隷万象名義（てんれいばんしょうめいぎ）－空海の編さんとされる漢字辞書の唯一の古写本として貴重。
English: Ming Bao Ji: This copy of a Tang Dynasty collection of Buddhist tales is believed to have been transcribed in the late Tang Dynasty, 2 centuries after being first written.
Japanese: 冥報記（めいほうき）－唐代成立の仏教説話集の写本で、成立から2世紀ほど後の唐代末期の写本とされる。
English: The attendants were removed from the temple during the Meiji period, with the statue of Suryaprabha now at the Tokyo National Museum and the statue of Chandraprabha at the university museum of the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music.
Japanese: 両脇侍像は明治時代に寺外に流出し、日光菩薩像は東京国立博物館、月光（がっこう）菩薩像は東京藝術大学大学美術館に所蔵されている。
English: Deer are messengers of Kasuga-Myojin and it is believed that these statues were placed in front of the Kasuga Myojin shrine that once stood within Kozan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 鹿は春日明神の使いとされ、高山寺鎮守の春日明神の神前に置かれたものと思われる。
English: Byakkoshin is thought to be an Indian God that was enshrined within the Kozan-ji Temple shrine along with Zenmyoshin (Chinese God) and Kasuga-Myojin (Japanese God).
Japanese: 白光神は、インドの神とされ、善妙神（中国の神）、春日明神（日本の神）とともに高山寺の鎮守神として祭られた。
English: As the name Byakkoshin (lit. White Light God) indicates, the statue is painted entirely in white from its clothing to the pedestal, which is said to represent the snow of the Himalayas.
Japanese: 名前の通り、着衣から台座まで真っ白に塗られているが、これはヒマラヤの雪を象徴するものという。
English: The Kozan-ji Temple Archive containing 9,293 items: Incorporates all documents including Buddhist texts and records which have been stored at Kozan-ji Temple from the Heian period to modern times.
Japanese: 高山寺典籍文書（もんじょ）類9,293点－高山寺に伝来する平安時代から近世に至る仏典、記録等を一括指定したもの。
English: A record that Myoe kept of his dreams, the religious experiences of which are said to have greatly influenced his way of thinking.
Japanese: 明恵が自分の見た夢を記録した日記であり、夢の中での宗教的経験が彼の思想に大きく影響していることがわかる。
English: The surviving records span the period from 1196 (age 23) to 1223 (age 51).
Japanese: 建久7年（1196年、23歳）から貞応2年（1223年、51歳）までのものが残っている。
English: The following is a complete list of Important Cultural Properties possessed by Kozan-ji Temple (including those described above).
Japanese: 以下は高山寺所有の重要文化財の一覧である（上に略説したものも重出している）。
English: 1 pair of wooden deer, 1 wooden horse, 1 wooden dog (Note: the 'horse' and 'dog' were additionally designated in 2001)
Japanese: 木造鹿　一対、木造馬　1躯、木造犬　1躯（注：「馬」と「犬」は2001年度追加指定）
English: 1. Jingo-ji Temple is the successor of the Koyasan Shingon Sect head temple located in Takao, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 1.神護寺（じんごじ）は、京都市右京区高雄にある高野山真言宗遺跡（ゆいせき）本山の寺院。
English: 2. Prior to the Edo period, a Jingo-ji Temple was a Buddhist temple that was permitted to become attached to and manage a Shinto shrine under the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.
Japanese: 2.神護寺（じんごじ）とは、神仏習合が許されていた江戸時代以前、神社に付属しこれを管理した寺のこと。
English: Jingo-ji Temple is the successor of the Koyasan Shingon Sect head temple located in Takao, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City and has the sango (literally, "mountain name"), which is the title prefixed to the name of a Buddhist temple, 'Takaosan.'
Japanese: 神護寺（じんごじ）は、京都市右京区高雄にある高野山真言宗遺跡（ゆいせき）本山の寺院で、山号を高雄山と号する。
English: The mountain temple stands half way up Mt. Takao-san in the Atagosan mountain range (Kyoto City) (924 m) located in the northwest of Kyoto city and is famous for its autumn foliage.
Japanese: 京都市街の北西、愛宕山(京都市)（924メートル）山系の高雄山の中腹に位置する山岳寺院で、紅葉の名所として知られる。
English: All temple buildings including the main hall, 2-storey pagoda and Daishi-do are situated in the mountains at the end of a long path beginning at the Takao-hashi Bridge that spans the Kiyotaki-gawa River.
Japanese: 清滝川に架かる高雄橋から長い参道を歩いた先の山中に金堂、多宝塔、大師堂などの堂宇が建つ。
English: Jingo-ji Temple occupies an important position within Japanese Buddhism, with Kukai briefly staying here before going on to manage To-ji Temple and Koyasan, and Saicho having conducted a Lotus Sutra lecture at the temple.
Japanese: 神護寺は空海が東寺や高野山の経営に当たる前に一時住した寺であり、最澄もここで法華経の講義をしたことがあるなど、日本仏教史上重要な寺院である。
English: However, this section will refer to the temple by the name 'Jingo-ji Temple' as this is the name used in the temple's historical archives such as 'Jingo-ji Ryakuki' and the National Treasure 'Mongaku-shonin Yonjugo-kajo-Kiseibun' and also the name written on the Romon Gate at the temple's entrance.
Japanese: しかし、寺の根本史料である「神護寺略記」や国宝の「文覚上人四十五箇条起請文」などにももっぱら「神護寺」とあり、寺の入口の楼門に架かる板札にも「神護寺」とあることなどから、本項でも「神護寺」の表記を用いる。
English: Jingo-ji Temple is believed to have been established in the year 824 as a merger of two private Wake clan temples 'Shingan-ji Temple' and 'Takaosan-ji Temple.'
Japanese: 神護寺は、いずれも和気氏の私寺であったと思われる「神願寺」と「高雄山寺」という2つの寺院が天長元年（824年）に事実上合併してできた寺である。
English: Of these two preceding temples, Shingan-ji Temple was constructed at the end of the 8th century by WAKE no Kiyomaro (733-799), but the Kawachi theory and Yamato theory both make different claims regarding its location and neither have been proven correct.
Japanese: 2つの前身寺院のうち、神願寺は、和気清麻呂（733－799）により8世紀の末頃に建てられた寺であるが、その所在地については河内説、大和説など諸説あり、いずれも決め手を欠いている。
English: WAKE no Kiyomaro was a high-ranking bureaucrat at the end of the Nara period and the beginning of the Heian period, and his close ties to successive emperors meant that he was involved in the relocation of the capital city to Heian-kyo.
Japanese: 和気清麻呂は奈良時代末期～平安時代初期の高級官僚で、歴代天皇の側近として平安京遷都などに力を発揮した。
English: It is also known that he became embroiled in the issue of succession to the Imperial Throne involving the monk Dokyo and subsequently sent into exile.
Japanese: また、僧・道鏡の皇位継承問題にからんで流罪になったことでも知られている。
English: The monk Dokyo, who had the ultimate trust of Empress Shotoku (an empress regnant, a second enthronement of Empress Koken), obtained a revelation from Hachiman-Daibosatsu stating 'Dokyo is to be the next Emperor' but Empress Shotoku dispatched WAKE no Kiyomaro in order to reaffirm the divine will to Usa-jingu Shrine in Kyushu where Hachiman-Daibosatsu was enshrined.
Japanese: 称徳天皇（女帝・孝謙天皇重祚）の信任が厚かった僧・道鏡は「八幡大菩薩のお告げ」により皇位を継ぐ者とされていたが、称徳天皇は神意を再確認すべく、和気清麻呂を八幡大菩薩が鎮座する九州の宇佐神宮へ派遣した。
English: On returning from Usa, Kiyomaro reported to the Empress that 'Hachiman of Usa does not wish a retainer to ascend the Imperial throne.'
Japanese: 宇佐から戻った清麻呂は「宇佐八幡は、臣下の者が皇位に就くことを望んでいない」と奏上した。
English: This enraged Dokyo who had Kiyomaro exiled to Osumi Province and his elder sister WAKE no Hiromushi (Hokin-ni) exiled to Bingo Province in the year 769.
Japanese: これが道鏡の怒りにふれ、清麻呂と姉の和気広虫（法均尼）は神護景雲3年（769年）それぞれ大隅と備後へ流罪となった。
English: The truth of whether or not Dokyo aspired to the Imperial throne is unclear but after Empress Shotoku died in 770, Dokyo was demoted and Kiyomaro and Hiromushi were forgiven and returned to the capital.
Japanese: 道鏡が実際に皇位を望んでいたのかどうか、事件の真相には不明な部分もあるが、翌宝亀元年（770年）には、称徳天皇が死去し、天皇の信望厚かった道鏡は左遷され、入れ代わるように清麻呂と広虫は許されて都に戻ってきた。
English: It is said that Kiyomaro applied for the construction of the private temple of the Wake clan, Shingan-ji Temple, 10 years later in the 780, but the date has also been put at after 782.
Japanese: 清麻呂が和気氏の私寺である神願寺の建立を願い出たのはそれから10年後の宝亀11年（780年）とも言い、少し後の延暦年間（782年～）とも言われる。
English: The name 'Shingan-ji Temple' (lit. God Wish Temple) refers to a temple that was constructed based on the divine will of Hachiman of Usa-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 神願寺という寺号は宇佐八幡の神意に基づいて建てた寺という意味である。
English: A report (included in 'Ruiju-kokushi') exists that 'a new rice field of approximately 92 acres in Noto Province was donated to Shingan-ji Temple' in the year 793, making this the latest possible year of the temple's construction.
Japanese: 延暦12年（793年）には「神願寺に能登国の墾田五十町が寄進された」旨の記録（「類聚国史」所収）があり、この年が神願寺建立時期の下限とされている。
English: The other preceding temple Takaosan-ji Temple (or Takao-ji Temple) has long existed on the current site of Jingo-ji Temple.
Japanese: もう1つの前身寺院である高雄山寺（または高雄寺）は、現在の神護寺の地に古くから存在した寺院である。
English: It can be determined from the presence of WAKE no Kiyomaro's tomb within the Jingo-ji Temple precinct that this temple is also connected to the Wake clan, but the time and circumstances of its founding are unclear.
Japanese: 和気清麻呂の墓所が今の神護寺境内にあるところから、ここも和気氏ゆかりの寺院であることは確かだが、創立の時期や事情については明確でない。
English: According to legend, it was constructed along with numerous other mountain temples when Atago-Gongen enshrined at Takagamine (Takagamine, Kita Ward, Kyoto City) in Rakuhoku was relocated to Mt. Atago-san.
Japanese: 伝承では、洛北の鷹ヶ峯（京都市北区鷹峯）に鎮座していた愛宕権現を愛宕山に移座した際に、他のいくつかの山岳寺院とともに建立されたという。
English: It was in this year that the then head of the Wake clan, WAKE no Hiroyo (the first son of Kiyomaro), invited Saicho to Takaosan-ji Temple to conduct a Hokke-e (Lotus Sutra lecture) to mark the 3rd anniversary of the death of his aunt WAKE no Hiromushi (Hokin-ni).
Japanese: この年、和気氏の当主であった和気弘世（清麻呂の長男）は伯母に当たる和気広虫（法均尼）の三周忌を営むため、最澄を高雄山寺に招請し、最澄はここで法華会（ほっけえ、法華経の講説）を行った。
English: In the year 812, Kukai resided at Takaosan-ji Temple where he held the Abhiseka Ritual (an important esoteric Buddhist ceremony).
Japanese: 弘仁3年（812年）には空海が高雄山寺に住し、ここで灌頂（密教の重要な儀式）を行った。