nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This memo came to be issued to relevant people, then stylized as a document, and became Senji.
Japanese: このメモが、当事者へ発給されるようになり、文書として様式化していき宣旨となった。
English: Although only Benkan and Shi put their signatures to the documents, such documents were recognized and treated as documents reflecting the emperor's intents.
Japanese: 文書には、弁官・史などの署名しか記されなかったが、天皇の意を反映した文書として認識され、取り扱われた。
English: Since the authority was added to the sentences without inji (royal seal), and false imperial decrees came to be issued often at the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 印璽なき文章に権威が付加されることになり、幕末しばしば偽勅が発せられることになった。
English: Originally, Shosho (imperial edict, decree) and Chokushi (imperial order) existed as orders issued by the emperor as specified in the Ritsuryo codes, but, by reason that the issuing of such orders was limited to those cases of important issues, and the format was regulated strictly, the issuance was allowed only at special occasions.
Japanese: 本来、律令に規定されている天皇発給の命令書としては、詔書・勅旨があったが、これらの発給は重要な案件の場合に限定されており、また形式が厳密に定められており、特定の機会にしか発給ができなかった。
English: Senji was issued only after the processes of transmission from the emperor to Naikikyoku (Secretaries' Office of the Central Affairs), via Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants), Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), Shokei (court nobles who work at Imperial Court as high rank post) in charge, Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office of the Council of State) and Benkan.
Japanese: 発給手続きは、天皇が内侍司に伝え、そこから蔵人頭に、蔵人頭から担当上卿に上卿から外記局、弁官、内記局などに伝えられて初めて発給された。
English: A document transmitted from Naishi (a maid of honor to the emperor) to Kurodo no to was called 'Naijisen,' which developed to 'Nyobo hosho' (letters sent by the court ladies by imperial order) in and after the 'Kamakura period.'
Japanese: 内侍から蔵人頭に伝えられる文書は「内侍宣｣と呼ばれ、｢鎌倉時代｣以降に｢女房奉書｣へと発展する。
English: Orders and intents which were, in principle, transmitted orally to Shokei from Kurodo no to were called 'Kuzen' (oral decree), but those which were put into document form later were called 'Kuzenan' (a paper that was made to tell imperial order).
Japanese: また、蔵人頭が上卿に伝える時は、口頭が原則で「口宣｣と呼ばれたが、後に文書化され、「口宣案」とよばれた。
English: In the Heian period, the emperor's orders and intents put into document form under the name of Gekikyoku which was originally in charge of examination of Shochoku, also came to be called Senji.
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、元々詔勅の検討を担当していた外記局が、天皇の命令・意向を自らの名で文書化したものも宣旨と呼ばれるようになった。
English: A document which was issued by Benkan under its name by the order and intent of Giseikan (Legislature) (Kugyo [court noble]) instead of official Dajokanpu, was called Kansenji (a government edict).
Japanese: また、弁官が議政官（公卿）の命令・意向を受けて、正式な太政官符の代わりに弁官名で発給した文書は官宣旨（かんせんじ）と呼ばれた。
English: From the insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor) until after the Kamakura period, the number of Inzen issued came to exceed that of Senji issued.
Japanese: 院政期から鎌倉時代以降は、次第に院宣の発給が宣旨の発給を上まわるようになった。
English: Rinji, which was issued through more simplified procedures than Senji came to be issued.
Japanese: また、宣旨をさらに手続きのうえで簡略化した綸旨も出されるようになった。
English: Initially, it referred to Naishi who transmitted Kuzen to Kurodo (Chamberlain) when Senji was proclaimed, but later came to be called regardless of imperial proclamation of Senji.
Japanese: 当初は宣旨が下される際、その口宣を蔵人に伝える内侍をさしていたが、のちには宣旨の宣下に関係なく呼称されるようになった。
English: Roju Hosho was the official document issued by roju (a senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) in the Edo period.
Japanese: 老中奉書（ろうじゅうほうしょ）は、江戸時代の老中が発給する伝達文書。
English: In, who was the chief of the agency, was an official equivalent to Junior third court rank, and in many cases Imperial princes were appointed to the position and called Danjo no Miya.
Japanese: 長官たる尹は従三位相当官で、親王が任ぜられることが多く弾正宮などど呼ばれた。
English: Since the position of kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) was established during the era of Emperor Saga, danjodai was gradually shorn of its authority and became titular.
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇時代に検非違使が創設されて以来、徐々に権限を奪われ有名無実化した。
English: In addition, Nobunaga ODA came from a clan whose successive lords called themselves 'danjo no chu' (Kiyosu sanbugyo [three magistrates of Kiyosu] danjo no chu family), and the clan was a branch family of Oda clan, the shugodai (deputy military governor) of half part of Owari Province (also called Kiyosu sanbugyo in Owari province shugodai family or the Oda Yamatonokami family).
Japanese: なお織田信長は、尾張国半国守護代たる織田氏（清洲三奉行尾張国守護代家/織田大和守家とも）の分家で代々の当主が「弾正忠」を自称していた一族（清洲三奉行弾正忠家と称される）の出身である。
English: In addition to Nobunaga, the well-known busho (Japanese military commander) who called themselves danjo no chu are Hidehisa MATSUNAGA who was one of the most fierce warriors in Sengoku period (period of warring states) and the three danjo in the vassals of Takeda clan: Masanobu KOSAKA (the nige [fleeing] danjo), Yukitaka SANADA (the seme [offensive] danjo) and Masatoshi HOSHINA (the yari [spear] danjo).
Japanese: その他に弾正忠を称した武将としては戦国きっての梟雄・松永久秀や武田氏家臣の三弾正こと高坂昌信（逃げ弾正）、真田幸隆（攻め弾正）、保科正俊（槍弾正）などが特に知られている。
English: In the Meiji Period, in 1869 it was newly established in Kyoto City as an inspection agency of the new government.
Japanese: 明治時代に入り、1869年（明治2年）に新政府の監察機関として改めて京都市に設置された。
English: When it was established, the agency employed many radical discontented elements in the party of Sonno Joi (advocating respecting the Emperor and excluding of foreigners) in order to conciliate them, who had been beyond control of the new government that were advancing the policy of "opening the country."
Japanese: 設置に際しては、維新後、開国政策を進める新政府にとってもてあまし気味の存在となっていた過激尊皇攘夷派の不平分子らの懐柔を目的に、彼らを多く採用したいきさつがあった。
English: Therefore, as the radicals often opposed the reform policy of the new government, they were increasingly confronted with other agencies in the government.
Japanese: したがって新政府の改革政策に反対する方針を採ることもしばしばであったため、他の官庁との対立が深まった。
English: Sonno Joi party in danjodai that was out of the mainstream had to be content with only severely criticizing kaikokuha (the opening country wing) which was their rival by nominally accusing other agencies and fu-han-ken (prefectures) of their wrong doings.
Japanese: 主流派から外された弾正台の尊攘派は、府藩県・各省の非違を糾すという名目で、彼らの政敵たる開国派をやり玉に挙げる程度で満足しなければならなかった。
English: (In one instance, daigaku daijo [chancellors of universities] Hiroyuki KATO [later president of Tokyo University]) was accused by danjodai and suspended because he was absent from the event of tencho setsu (the birthday of the reigning emperor).
Japanese: （なお当時大学大丞であった加藤弘之（後の東京大学綜理）も天長節儀式に欠席したことを弾正台に指弾され、謹慎処分を受けている）。
English: Especially, in the case of assassination of Shonan YOKOI and Masujiro OMURA, Juro KOGA and Nobuyoshi KAIEDA in danjodai who should have cracked down on it criticized the policy of Yokoi and Omura.
Japanese: とりわけ横井小楠および大村益次郎の暗殺事件においては、取り締まるべき弾正台の古賀十郎や海江田信義が横井・大村の政策を非難した。
English: They insisted that Yokoi and Omura got what they deserved, and so far as to ask for the assassin's reduced sentence.
Japanese: 暗殺は彼らの自業自得であると主張、あまつさえ暗殺犯の減刑までも主張するに至った。
English: In May, 1870, Koga who was extremely radical and eight other Dai junsatsu were dismissed in the name of the reduction of personnel.
Japanese: 1870年（明治3年）5月、特に過激であった古賀のほか大巡察8名が人員削減を名目に免官となった。
English: And with the decision to integrate danjodai into Gyobusho (the department of criminal punishments), danjodai itself was integrated into the Ministry of Justice.
Japanese: そして弾正台自体も刑部省への統合が決定され、1871年（明治4年）司法省に統合された。
English: In addition, dismissed Koga with Michiteru OTAGI were sentenced to exposure of their severed heads in 1872 on the charge of the attempt to topple the government (Nikyo Jiken [The Incidents triggered by two court nobles]).
Japanese: なお免官となった古賀は翌1872年、愛宕通旭らとともに新政府転覆のための挙兵を企てた（二卿事件）ことをもって梟首に処せられている。
English: The Choshu Conquest was the battle between the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Choshu clan, which was fought twice in the latter half of the Edo period.
Japanese: 長州征討（ちょうしゅうせいとう）とは、江戸時代後期に江戸幕府と長州藩の間で2次に渡って行われた戦いである。
English: The second Choshu Conquest is also known as the second Bakucho War (Bakufu-Choshu War), or if it is viewed from the Choshu side, it is called Shikyo War (Four Borders War), as the bakufu army attacked Choshu from four directions.
Japanese: 第二次の長州征討は第二次幕長戦争とも、また幕府軍が4方から攻めたため、長州側では四境戦争と呼ばれる。
English: The failure of the second conquest made it public knowledge that the military power of the bakufu was a paper tiger, and as a result, the bakufu had almost lost the power to interfere in the Choshu Domain and the Satsuma Domain.
Japanese: 第二次征伐の失敗によって幕府の武力が張子の虎であることが知れ渡ると同時に長州藩と薩摩藩への干渉能力がほぼ無くなる結果を招いた。
English: Some materials argue that the defeat in this war was the final blow that led to the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Japanese: そのため、この敗戦が徳川幕府滅亡をほぼ決定付けたとする資料も見られる。
English: The Choshu clan was committed to the political activities in Kyoto, advocating the ideas of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and Kobu-Gattai (integration of the imperial court and the shogunate) to overthrow the Shogunate.
Japanese: 長州藩は尊皇攘夷・公武合体の倒幕思想を掲げて京都の政局に関わっていた。
English: However, the Choshu clan was expelled from Kyoto in a coup called 'the political upheaval on August 18' (upheaval occurred on September 30 on the western calendar) launched jointly by the Emperor Komei, the court nobles supporting Kobu-Gattai, the Satsuma clan and the Aizu clan in 1863,.
Japanese: しかし1863年（文久3年）に孝明天皇・公武合体派の公家・薩摩藩・会津藩による八月十八日の政変により京より追放される。
English: When the Kinmon no Hen (Conspiracy of Kinmon) occurred in 1864, in which the Choshu clan advanced its army toward Kyoto in order to ask for the Imperial Court's pardon for its lord and his son, the Imperial Court branded the Choshu clan as the Emperor's enemy for the reason that its soldiers fired at Kyoto Imperial Palace, and gave an imperial order to the bakufu to conquer the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 1864年（元治元年）には藩主父子の赦免などを求めて京へ軍事的に進行する禁門の変が起こると、朝廷は長州藩が京都御所へ向かって発砲を行ったことを理由に長州を朝敵とし、幕府に対して長州征討の勅命を下す。
English: The bakufu appointed Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the former lord of the Owari Domain) to the commander, Mochiaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Echizen domain) to the vice commander, and Takamori SAIGO (the feudal retainer of Satsuma) to the general staff, respectively, and marshaled 150,000 soldiers from 36 clans in Hiroshima to made them advance toward the Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 幕府は前尾張藩主徳川慶勝を総督、越前藩主松平茂昭を副総督、薩摩藩士西郷隆盛を参謀に任じ、広島へ36藩15万の兵を集結させて長州へ進軍させる。
English: On the other hand, the opinions within the Choshu Domain were divided after the Shimonoseki War, and the conservatives (conventional party) were controlling the administration of the domain.
Japanese: 一方、長州藩内部では下関戦争の後に藩論が分裂し、保守派（俗論派）が政権を握る。
English: Takamori SAIGO, the general staff to the commander of the Choshu Conquest, proposed the bakufu army's withdrawal to Choshu in exchange of three conditions, namely, seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of three chief retainers (Chikasuke KUNISHI, Kanenobu MASUDA, Mototake FUKUHARA) to show their responsibility for the Incident of Kinmon no Hen, demotion transfer of five nobles including Sanetomi SANJO to other clans, and abandonment of Yamaguchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 征長総督参謀の西郷隆盛は、禁門の変の責任者である三家老（国司親相・益田兼施・福原元僴）の切腹、三条実美ら五卿の他藩への移転、山口城の破却を撤兵の条件として伝えた。
English: Although the bakufu side was not satisfied with this deal, the commander ordered the withdrawal of the troops in January 1864 (表記の変更).
Japanese: 幕府側はこの処置に不満であったが、12月には総督により撤兵令が発せられる。
English: In 1865 in the Choshu Domain, Shinsaku TAKASUGI who was a graduate from Shokason Juku (a private school to foster young intellectuals), raised an army in Bakan to stage a coup to beat the conservatives in the domain, and established a domain government to overthrow the bakufu (raising an army at Kozan-ji Temple).
Japanese: 1865年（慶応元年）、長州藩では松下村塾出身の高杉晋作らが馬関で挙兵して保守派を打倒するクーデターを起し、倒幕派政権を成立させる（功山寺挙兵）。
English: Takasugi, who organized a militia group adopting a Western-style military system named Kiheitai and consolidated the existing military units in the Choshu Domain, carried out a military reform by appointing Masujiro OMURA, equipping the army with the latest weapons like Gewehr rifles and Minie rifles changing tactics.
Japanese: 高杉らは西洋式軍制を採用した民兵である奇兵隊や長州藩諸隊を整備し、大村益次郎を登用してのゲベール銃やミニエー銃など新式兵器の配備、戦術の転換など軍事改革を行う。
English: Although it is known as Shikyo War (Four Borders War), the original plan of the bakufu was to attack Choshu from five directions.
Japanese: 四境戦争とも呼ばれている戦争だが、幕府は当初5方面から長州へ攻め入る計画だった。
English: However, the Satsuma clan, which was ordered to attack Choshu from the Hagi-kuchi route, had formed a secret alliance with Choshu (Saccho meiyaku [pact between Satsuma and Choshu]) through the mediation of Ryoma SAKAMOTO of Tosa Domain and refused to dispatch the troops.
Japanese: しかし萩口を命じられた薩摩藩は、土佐藩の坂本龍馬を仲介とした薩長盟約で密かに長州と結びついており出兵を拒否する。
English: For this reason, the bakufu was not able to attack Choshu from Hagi-kuchi, but attacked it from four other directions.
Japanese: そのため萩口から長州を攻めることができず、4方から攻めることになった。
English: Naoyuki NAGAI, Ometsuke (chief inspector) of the bakufu, interrogated the representative of Choshu to determine the sanctions, and appointed Nagamichi OGASAWARA as the plenipotentiary to deliver the ultimatum to Choshu, but the Choshu side postponed the reply to prepare for engaging the enemy.
Japanese: 幕府は大目付永井尚志が長州代表を尋問して処分案を確定させ、老中小笠原長行を全権に内容を伝達して最後通牒を行うが、長州は回答を引き延ばして迎撃の準備を行う。
English: On July 18, 1866 (表記の変更), the fleet of the bakufu opened fire on Suo-oshima Island, and fights started successively in Geishu-guchi on July 24 (表記の変更), Sekishu-guchi on July 27 (表記の変更), and Kokura-guchi on July 28 (表記の変更).
Japanese: 1866年（慶応2年）6月7日に幕府艦隊の周防大島への砲撃が始まり、13日には芸州口・小瀬川口、16日には石州口、17日には小倉口でそれぞれ戦闘が開始される。
English: The Western style infantry of the bakufu and the soldiers of the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain landed from Oshima-guchi, and occupied Oshima.
Japanese: 大島口では、幕府陸軍の洋式歩兵隊と伊予松山藩の兵が、大島に上陸し占領した。
English: After that, although the Choshu army lead by Shuzo SERA managed to recapture Oshima, the mop-up operation to capture the remnants of the bakufu army spread out around the island continued until the end of the war.
Japanese: その後、世良修蔵指揮下の長州軍が大島の奪還を果たすも、島内に逃げ散った幕府軍残党の掃討が終戦まで続く。
English: The Choshu clan and the Iwakuni clan fought against the bakufu's infantry and the Kishu clan army in Geishu-guchi.
Japanese: 芸州口では、長州藩と岩国藩が幕府歩兵隊や紀州藩兵などとの戦闘が行われる。
English: Although the Hikone clan and the Takada clan were destroyed instantly in Ozegawa, the bakufu's infantry and the army of the Kishu clan took over them to fight back, and the situation became a stalemate with a slight predominance of the bakufu and Kishu clan side.
Japanese: 彦根藩と高田藩が小瀬川であっさりと壊滅したが幕府歩兵隊と紀州藩兵が両藩に替わって戦闘に入ると幕府・紀州藩側が押し気味ながらも膠着状況に陥る。
English: In Sekishu-guchi, OMURA lead the Choshu army (Motozumi MORI of the Kiyosue Domain was the commander), passed through the Tsuwano Domain that took a neutral position, advanced to the Hamada Domain where the younger brother of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was the lord of the domain, and took control of the Hamada-jo Castle on July 29 (表記の変更).
Japanese: 石州口では、大村が指揮し（指揮役は清末藩毛利元純）、中立的立場を取った津和野藩を通過して徳川慶喜の弟が藩主を務める浜田藩へ侵攻し、18日に浜田城を陥落させる。
English: In Kokura-guchi, the alliance of Kyushu domains lead by the commander Nagamichi OGASAWARA and the Choshu clan lead by Shinsaku TAKASUGI and Aritomo YAMAGATA had several armed contacts across the Kanmon-kaikyo Strait (Ogura War).
Japanese: 小倉口では、総督・小笠原長行が指揮する九州諸藩と高杉晋作、山縣有朋ら率いる長州藩との戦闘（小倉戦争）が関門海峡をはさんで数度行われた。
English: And at one point the Higo clan of the bakufu side fought an even battle (the Battle of Akasaka/Torigoe, near Kitakyushu City Sakuragaoka Primary School).
Japanese: 一時肥後藩が互角の戦いを見せた（赤坂・鳥越の戦い。現在の北九州市立桜丘小学校付近）。
English: However, the Saga Domain did not dispatch the troops, the commander Ogasawara's leadership did not work, and the domains of the alliance withdrew their troops one by one.
Japanese: しかし佐賀藩は兵を出さず、小笠原の指揮よろしきを得ず、諸藩は随時撤兵。
English: Although the battle between the Kokura clan and the Choshu clan continued even after that, the Choshu conquest practically ended with the total defeat of the bakufu army.
Japanese: その後も小倉藩と長州藩の戦闘は続くが、これで事実上、幕府軍の全面敗北に終わる。
English: In addition, since each domain stockpiled the provisions of rice for their army, the rice price soared, and as a result, uprising and destructive urban riots (Yonaoshi Ikki, a series of uprisings calling for social reforms) occurred in various places all over Japan.
Japanese: 更に戦いの長期化に備えて各藩が兵糧米を備蓄した事によって米価が暴騰し、全国各地で一揆や打ちこわしが起こる原因となった（世直し一揆）。
English: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA declared Ouchikomi (a grand attack) in which he himself would lead the troops to the front, however, the fall of the Kokura clan dispirit him and he called off the attack.
Japanese: 徳川慶喜は大討込と称して、みずから出陣して巻き返すことを宣言したが、小倉陥落の報に衝撃を受けて大討込を中止した。
English: He officially announced the death of Iemochi, and asked the Imperial Court to issue an imperial words document to call cease-fire.
Japanese: 家茂の死を公にしたうえで、朝廷に働きかけ、休戦の御沙汰書を発してもらう。
English: Kaishu KATSU, on behalf of Yoshinobu, had a meeting with Saneomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE of the Choshu Domain in Miyajima, and they agreed on a cease-fire.
Japanese: また慶喜の意を受けた勝海舟と長州の広沢真臣・井上馨が宮島で会談し停戦が行われた。
English: Kubizuka (tomb of heads) is a tomb for the repose of those souls whose heads (kubi; literally means neck in Japanese) were severed because they were killed in battles and the likes, or captured, or punished by beheadings.
Japanese: 首塚（くびづか）とは、合戦などにおいて討ち取られた者の首、捕虜に取られた者の首、あるいは斬首刑にされた罪人の首を供養するための「塚」の事である。
English: In Japan war performances were verified by identifying the heads of those killed in the battle; in order to console those heads, many Kubizuka were built.
Japanese: 日本では戦功を首実検で確認していたため、その首を弔うものとして多数の首塚が作られた。
English: There are Kubizuka enshrining a single person (like an enemy samurai commander) who was feared to become Onryo (a vengeful ghost) later, and also there are Kubizuka enshrining many solders killed in one battle (in a huge battle like the Battle of Sekigahara) together even though they were zohyo (common soldiers); a great number of both types of Kubizuka still exist throughout Japan.
Japanese: 首塚には、後に怨霊となる恐れがある単独の者（敵武将など）のものや、雑兵であっても多数の戦死者が出た場合（関ヶ原の戦いなど大きな戦い）のものなどがあり、今なお、全国各地に多数存在する。
English: Mimizuka (tomb of ears) is a tomb where the ears of the killed persons in the Bunroku-Keicho War were said to be gathered and buried as the substitute of heads, because it was impossible to bring back the severed heads from overseas; it has the same meaning as Kubizuka.
Japanese: 耳塚　豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役の際、海を隔てて首しるしを持ち帰れないために、その代わりとして持ち帰った耳を集めて葬ったものと伝えられる塚で、首塚と同様の意味合いをもつ。
English: It is located near the front of present-day Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City), where originally was in front of the gate of Hoko-ji Temple in Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 京都市東山区の旧方広寺門前、現在の豊国神社(京都市)の正面傍らにある。
English: Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) is a politically-motivated incident, which occurred during movement of the Freedom and People's Rights and dispute regarding creation of a constitution in government, especially between Hirobumi ITO, who recommended Bismarck's constitution, which preserves the royal prerogative and Shigenobu OKUMA, who recommended constitution from England, which has parliamentary system of government, as a result of the incident in which Shigenobu OKUMA was banned from government.
Japanese: 明治十四年の政変（めいじじゅうよねんのせいへん）は、1881年（明治14年）自由民権運動の流れの中、憲法制定論議が高まり、政府内でも君主大権を残すビスマルク憲法かイギリス型の議院内閣制の憲法とするかで争われ、前者を支持する伊藤博文が、後者を支持する大隈重信を政府から追放した政治事件をさす。
English: The incident resulted in later formulation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, which modeled after the Constitution of the German Empire, which preserves the royal prerogative.
Japanese: この事件により後に制定される大日本帝国憲法は君主大権を残すドイツ憲法を範とされることが決まったといえる。
English: After the death of Toshimichi OKUBO, there was a dispute among the government regarding transitional period to constitutional government system.
Japanese: 大久保利通亡き後、明治政府はいつ立憲体制に移行するかという疑問が持ち上がっていた。
English: Under the condition, the dispute regarding introduction of constitutional government system was led by Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right, who was in a passive attitude, Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, who aimed gradual introduction (Choshu clique), and Shigenobu OKUMA (Sangi, Okura-kyo [Minister of the Treasury], from Hizen Domain), who aimed earlier introduction.
Japanese: そのような状況下で、消極論者の右大臣岩倉具視を擁しながら、漸進的な伊藤博文・井上馨（長州閥）とやや急進的な大隈重信（参議・大蔵卿・肥前藩出身）を中心に運営されていた。
English: Among the government, Shigenobu OKUMA was opposed to Masayoshi MATSUKATA, regarding his financial policy (After the Seinan War, OKUMA aimed to overcome financial deficit by foreign debt).
Japanese: 大隈重信は政府内にあって、大隈財政（西南戦争後の財政赤字を外債によって克服しようと考えていた）を巡って松方正義らと対立していた。
English: In addition, conservative Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) bureaucrats required "direct rule by the emperor" and intervened in the government, at that time political situation was unstable.
Japanese: 更に宮中にいた保守的な宮内省官僚も「天皇親政」を要求して政治への介入工作を行うなど、政情は不安定であった。
English: From 1880, Iwakura, who was in a passive attitude to constitutional government started to request opinions from Sangi (councilor) and ministers to deal with the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
Japanese: 1880年に入ると、立憲体制に消極的であった岩倉も自由民権運動への対応から、参議や諸卿から今後の立憲体制導入の手法について意見を求めることにした。
English: Ito submitted written opinion and proposed gradual reform and reform of new peerage system to set up a upper house (IWAKIRA, who was from court noble family disliked the latter opinion but ITO submitted this daringly).
Japanese: 伊藤は同年暮れに意見書を提出し、漸進的な改革と上院設置のための華族制度改革を提議した（後者は公家出身の岩倉が嫌う点であるが、伊藤は敢えて提出したのである）。
English: Before and after Ito's submission, opinions were proposed by Sangi but only Okuma postponed submission of his opinion.
Japanese: 伊藤に相前後して参議らから次々に意見書が出され、様々な意見が出される中で1人大隈だけが意見書の提出を先延ばしにしていた。
English: In March 1881, finally Okuma secretly submitted opinions to Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, Minister of the left (higher rank than Iwakura), recommended constitutional monarchy from England and insisted on earlier issue of constitution and establishment of the National Diet in two years.
Japanese: 1881年3月、漸く大隈が左大臣（岩倉からみて上位）の有栖川宮熾仁親王に対して「密奏」という形で意見書を提出、その中でイギリス流の立憲君主制国家を標榜し、早期の憲法公布と国会の2年後開設を主張したのである。
English: In May, Iwakura came to know the contents of the proposal, got very angry about the contents and the fact that Okuma ignored Iwakura, and submitted the written proposal to Imperial Prince Taruhito, and then Iwakura consulted with Kowashi INOUE.
Japanese: 5月に内容を知った岩倉はその内容とともに自分を無視して熾仁親王に極秘裏に意見書を出した経緯に激怒、太政官大書記官の井上毅に意見を求めた。
English: Kowashi INOUE pointed out the similarities between Okuma's proposal and Minken-ron (democratic right theory) ("Minjo-isshin" [The transition of people's way of thinking]) by Yukichi FUKUZAWA and recommended to propose a counter plan as soon as possible.
Japanese: 井上毅は大隈案と福澤諭吉の民権論（『民情一新』）との類似点を指摘して、一刻も早い対抗策を出す事を提言した。
English: Inoue made a proposal that a state system modeled after the Kingdom of Prussia, which established German Empire and had the royal prerogative, was appropriate.
Japanese: 岩倉の命令を受けた井上はドイツ帝国を樹立したプロシア王国式に倣った君権主義国家が妥当とする意見書を作成した。
English: However, because the details of the secret proposal made by Okuma and the written opinions by Iwakura and Inoue were not disclosed to government leaders, Ito finally came to know the situation at the end of June.
Japanese: だが、大隈の密奏も岩倉・井上毅の意見書も他の政府首脳には詳細が明かされなかったために、伊藤がこの事情を知ったのは6月末であった。
English: Ito got very angry not only at Okuma but also the fact that Iwakura and Inoue planned to introduce Prussia style secretly, so he took down Kowashi INOUE when Inoue came to visit him to explain (on June 30) and told his own resignation to Sanetomi SANJO, Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister).
Japanese: ただし、伊藤は大隈に対してのみではなく、岩倉・井上毅が勝手にプロシア式の導入を進めようとしていた事に対しても激怒して、説明に来た井上毅を罵倒した（6月30日）上で太政大臣三条実美に辞意を伝えた。
English: Iwakura asked Ito not to resign and Kowashi INOUE recommended and asked for the approval of the plan to switch to parliamentary Cabinet system from England after stabilizing state infrastructure; however, Ito didn't made a decision on whether to adopt England style or Prussia style and did not agree with banishment of Okuma, either.
Japanese: 岩倉は伊藤に辞意の翻意を求め、井上毅も国家基盤を安定させてからイギリス流の議院内閣制に移行する方法もあるとして、自説への賛同を求めたが、伊藤はイギリス式かプロシア式かは今決める事ではないとして、岩倉が唱える「大隈追放」にも否定的であった。