nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A large balance for exchange known as 'hariguchi tenbin' was used to weigh the tsutsumigin packets.
Japanese: これには大型の針口天秤（はりぐちてんびん）（両替天秤）が用いられた。
English: Many of these coins were hallmarked by the Kinza and Ginza as well as money changers.
Japanese: これらの貨幣には金座および銀座による極印以外に両替商極印が多数打たれたものが見受けられた。
English: The balances allowed to be used for this type of exchange were those produced by Hakariza in Kyoto that received a hereditary privilege in 1653.
Japanese: この両替に用いられる天秤は、承応2年（1653年）に世襲的特権を与えられた、京都の天秤座（はかりざ）で製作されたもののみ使用が許された。
English: The family of Shirobei GOTO whose profession was metal carving and who was granted a hereditary privilege in 1661 was the only authorized maker of the counterbalances.
Japanese: また分銅については、寛文元年（1661年）に世襲的特権を与えられた彫金を本職とする、後藤四郎兵衛家のみ製作が許された。
English: Monme as the unit of weight was therefore kept homogeneous throughout the Edo period.
Japanese: そのため量目の単位としての匁は江戸時代を通じて均質性が維持されている。
English: The family of Shozaburo GOTO who consistently undertook to produce oban coinage issued by the Toyotomi family through the Tokugawa family was a branch of the Shirobei GOTO family.
Japanese: また豊臣家から徳川家に至るまでの大判の製作を一貫して請け負った後藤庄三郎家は、後藤四郎兵衛家の分家にあたる。
English: Rather, in Europe, Islamic world and China where currencies frequently came to and went from the countries through land and sea traffic, the records of money changers' activities predated those of the Japanese counterpart's.
Japanese: むしろ、陸上・海上交通によって自国・外国間の貨幣の流入・流出が盛んであったヨーロッパ・イスラム世界・中国などでは日本よりも以前から両替商の活動が記録されている。
English: In the Middle Ages an inflow of currencies from the East continued although commerce declined in Europe.
Japanese: 中世期に入ると、ヨーロッパの商業は衰退を見せるが、東方からの貨幣流入は継続された。
English: In the 10th century the money changer played a more important role as the commercial network was rebuilt between Europe and remote places.
Japanese: 更に10世紀に遠隔地商業網が再建されると再び両替商の役割が大きくなった。
English: In France the money changers and gold- and silversmiths were gathered around the Grand-pont in 1141.
Japanese: フランスでは1141年にパリの両替商・金銀細工師をグラン・ポン橋の周辺に集めた。
English: That is why the bridge came to be called the Pont de Change (the Bridge of Exchange).
Japanese: このため、この橋はポン・ド・シャンジュ（両替橋）と呼ばれるようになった。
English: At about the same time city states in northern Italy began to issue their own currencies, giving rise to the money changer who changed a city's currency for another's.
Japanese: 同じ頃、北イタリアの都市国家は独自貨幣を発行するようになり、都市間の貨幣の交換を行う両替商が生まれた。
English: The money changers installed a platform called "banco" on which they weighed or exchanged currencies.
Japanese: 彼らは都市の広場にバンコ（banco）と呼ばれる台を設置してその上で貨幣の量目を計ったり、交換業務を行った。
English: This word "banco" seems to have been the origin of the term "bank" which later assumed the meaning of 'bank' as financial establishment.
Japanese: 後に「銀行」を意味するバンク（bank）という言葉はバンコに由来すると言われている。
English: Italian money changers went to more economically advanced areas or major cities in Europe such as England, Flanders and Champagne.
Japanese: イタリアの両替商はイングランド・フランドル・シャンパーニュなどヨーロッパ経済の先進地帯や主要都市に進出をした。
English: They created the matrix of the later banking business, collecting tithes and providing transit and money transfer services.
Japanese: 十分の一税の徴税・輸送業務や為替業務をも合わせて行い、後の銀行業の母体となった。
English: The Fugger family in South Germany and the Medici family in North Italy are the typical examples of the money changers who later became bankers.
Japanese: 南ドイツのフッガー家や北イタリアのメディチ家は、両替商から銀行家へと発展した典型的な例である。
English: In late medieval times, money changers appeared in the Flanders, Catalonia and Switzerland.
Japanese: 中世後期になると、フランドル・カタルーニャ州・スイスにも両替商が勃興した。
English: Those who had survived fierce competition advanced into banking.
Japanese: やがて過酷な生存競争を生き延びた業者は銀行業へと転進することとなる。
English: In the Age of Exploration, the financial center gradually shifted from North Italy which was on the decline, failing to catch up with the volatile economy, to London, the capital of England.
Japanese: 大航海時代になると金融の中心は経済の変動に追いつけずに衰退しつつあった北イタリアから、次第にイングランドの首都ロンドンへと移るようになる。
English: London had since been the center of world economy and finance up to the 20th century.
Japanese: 以後、ロンドンは20世紀まで世界経済及び金融の中心的地位を占めることになった。
English: In Europe Mark (the Evangelist) has been venerated as the guardian saint of the money changers.
Japanese: なお、ヨーロッパではマルコ(福音記者)が両替商の守護聖人として彼らの間で崇敬を集めていたとされている。
English: As the caliphate expanded, regional trade flourished in addition to the traditional intermediate trade between Europe and Asia.
Japanese: イスラム帝国の拡大に従って、従来からのヨーロッパとアジアを結ぶ中継貿易の役目に加えて、地域内の交易も盛んになった。
English: In the 9th century money changers called 'sarraf' came into being to facilitate the exchange of such foreign currencies.
Japanese: こうした通貨間の交換を図るために9世紀にはサッラーフ（şarrāf）と呼ばれる両替商が成立した。
English: Subsequently, they made sealed packets of ingot currencies such as small pieces of silver, gave them certain monetary value and circulated them.
Japanese: 後に砕銀・粒銀などの秤量貨幣をまとめて封印を施して、一定の貨幣価値をもって流通させたた。
English: Money dealers called 'jahbadh' changed the currencies and bullions collected in various places as taxes into the official currencies, which they delivered to the government.
Japanese: また、地方から租税として集められた貨幣や地金を公式の通貨に換金して政府に納入するジャフハズ（jahbadh）と呼ばれる御用業者もあった。
English: However, the partition of the nation and the chronic shortage of copper led to the usage of light coins including gold, silver or silk as substitutes.
Japanese: 国家の分裂や慢性的な銅銭不足によって金銀や絹などの軽貨が代用貨幣として用いられていた。
English: At first they produced and sold gold and silver work, and later began to appraise gold and silver and undertook to hold them in safekeeping as requested by their clientele.
Japanese: 金銀鋪は元は金細工・銀細工などの製造販売を手がけていたが、後に顧客からの依頼を受けて金銀の鑑定や保管業務なども引き受けた。
English: Money changers, known as 銭荘 (Qian-zhuang) or 銀楼, who specialized in exchange between silver sycee and copper coins appeared.
Japanese: 銀錠と銅銭の交換を専門に行う銭荘・銀楼などと呼ばれる両替商も出現するようになった。
English: A money changer is a window or store at an airport that exchanges the currency of one country for that of another at exchange rates on behalf of those who leave or arrive at the country for a commission.
Japanese: 空港などにおいて、主に入国者および出国者を対象に、2国間の通貨を手数料を徴収して、為替相場に応じて外貨両替を行う窓口または店舗を両替商と呼ぶ。
English: In former times only the authorized foreign exchange banks were allowed to handle foreign exchange and foreign money exchange in Japan.
Japanese: 日本国内では以前、外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるのは外国為替公認銀行に限られていた。
English: After 'The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law' was revised in April 1998, the former restriction was lifted, enabling any commercial company to deal with foreign exchange and foreign money exchange.
Japanese: 平成10年（1998年）4月の「外国為替及び外国貿易法」の改正により規制が緩和され、一般企業でも外国為替および外貨両替を扱うことができるようになった。
English: While banks and exchange bureaus at airports mainly handle foreign money exchange in Japan, foreign exchange dealers are also found in major cities and sightseeing spots outside Japan.
Japanese: 日本で外貨両替を扱っているのは、主に銀行および空港などの両替窓口であるが、海外ではこれに加えて大都市および観光地などでも両替商を多く見かけるのが一般的である。
English: In some countries the travellers need to exchange money at an authorized foreign exchange dealer to obtain a certificate of exchange when they enter the countries.
Japanese: 国によっては入国時に公認両替商で両替を行い両替証明書を発行してもらわないといけない。
English: In failing to do so, they may not be able to change surplus money back into their own currencies when they leave the countries.
Japanese: そうしないと出国時に余剰の貨幣を再両替することができないこともある。
English: Higisho is a kind of ordeal believed as God's judgment conducted in Japan during the medieval period and modern times, also being referred to as Tekka (red-hot iron) or Kasei (oath of fire).
Japanese: 火起請（ひぎしょう）とは、中世・近世の日本で行われた神判の一種で、鉄火（てっか）・火誓（かせい）とも称する。
English: People catched red-hot iron (an iron piece or bar) with their hands and walked to kamidana (a household Shinto altar) carrying it, and if they succeeded in the trial, their claim was judged to be right.
Japanese: 赤く焼けた鉄（鉄片・鉄棒）を手に受けさせ、歩いて神棚の上まで持ち運ぶなどの行為の成否をもって主張の当否を判断した。
English: Higisho was mostly conducted during disputes over the boundaries of territories from the Sengoku (civil war) period to the early Edo period, for the purpose of seeking God's judgment when such disputes cannot be settled.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけての境相論の際に行われることが殆どであり、相論の是非が定まらなかった場合に、神の判断を仰ぐ意図の元に行われた。
English: Representatives who were selected from each of the disputing groups, after purifying themselves by abstaining from eating meat, spread Gohoins (talisman) on their palms, held red-hot iron onto them and carried the iron with their bare hands in front of presenting government officials, then validity of the claims from their belonging groups was determined according to the degree of their accomplishment.
Japanese: 相論の対象となる集団からそれぞれ代表者を指名し、代表者は精進潔斎の上に立会いの役人らの前で掌に牛王宝印を広げ、その上に灼熱した鉄を乗せて、それを素手で持ち運びその完遂の度合いによって所属集団の主張の当否が判断された。
English: If a representative failed, his group was deemed to lose the dispute and he was dragged around the city or decapitated as punishment for trying to deceive God, or in extreme cases, he was torn apart into five pieces (hands, legs and head) and several mounds under which the torn pieces of mortal remains were buried were built in a line and defined as boundaries.
Japanese: もし、成功しなかった場合はその集団の敗北とされ、代表者は神を欺いた罰として引廻・斬首などになり、極端な場合には五体引き裂かれた上に引き裂かれたままの遺骸を埋めた塚を複数個設置してその線上を境界線とした例もあった。
English: Even if a representative won, he got maimed due to burn injuries in many cases.
Japanese: また、勝った代表者も火傷などによって不具になる場合も珍しくなかった。
English: Therefore, it was commonly considered that a group should be responsible for taking care of its representative who had undergone higisho and his family, whether he won or not.
Japanese: このため、勝っても負けても火起請を行った代表者あるいはその家族はその集団が責任をもって面倒を見るべきものとされた。
English: Records of higisho were left all over Japan, including the Aizu Region and the Omi Province, and mounds called "tekka zuka" (a grave for red-hot iron), which are said to have been built as a result of higisho, remain in some areas.
Japanese: 火起請の記録は会津地方や近江国など各地に見られ、また火起請の結果築かれたと伝えられる「鉄火塚」と呼ばれる塚が残っている地域も存在する。
English: Located in Nara City, Todai-ji, now the head temple of the Kegon sect, is a large temple built during the Nara period.
Japanese: 東大寺は、奈良市にあり、現在では華厳宗の大本山の、奈良時代から続く歴史ある大寺院である。
English: This temple is well known for its statue of Birushana Buddha called the Great Buddha of Nara.
Japanese: 奈良の大仏（東大寺盧舎那仏像、るしゃなぶつ）があることで有名である。
English: This temple has not been called Todai-ji since the foundation, and it is in "Todai-ji shakyosho no ge" (Details of the Sutra Copying Office of Todai-ji Temple), one of the Shoso-in archives dated February 2, 748, that the word 'Todai-ji Temple' was referred to for the first time.
Japanese: この寺は、創建当初から東大寺と呼ばれてきたわけではなく、「東大寺」の名がはじめて見えるのは、天平19年（747年）12月25日日付の正倉院文書のひとつ、『東大寺写経所解』（とうだいじしゃきょうしょのげ）である。
English: The name represents a large public temple located in the east of the Heijo-kyu Palace, but this is not sure.
Japanese: 命名の由来は、平城宮の東に位置する官大寺、となろうが、はっきりしない。
English: The name 'Todai-ji' is considered to 'have been used spontaneously' during the construction of the Great Buddha.
Japanese: この「東大寺」という名は、大仏の建立をしている間に、「自然発生的に出てきたもの」であると推測されている。
English: Over its 1200-year history, Todai-ji Temple has had great influence not only on Japanese temples but also on the country itself.
Japanese: 東大寺は、現在まで約千二百年の歴史でもって、寺内に留まらず、日本に大きく影響力を振るってきた。
English: According to Jokai HIRAOKA, there are the following four perspectives on the history of Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 平岡定海によれば、東大寺の歴史を見ていくとき、次の四つの視点があるという。
English: That is, the first is political history, the second is religion, the third is temple history, and the last is art history.
Japanese: 羅列すると、まず、政治史的立場、つぎに、宗教的立場、そして、寺院史的立場、最後に、美術史的立場、となる。
English: Seen from a viewpoint of political history, Todai-ji Temple was founded expecting protection of the nation by belief, and even in crises of decline due to two wars and natural disasters, Todai-ji Temple tried to maintain its large temple complex by soliciting contributions with support from the dynasty and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 政治史的立場から見ると、東大寺は、鎮護国家の思いをこめられて創建され、二度の戦乱や羅災などで衰退の危機にあっては、王朝や幕府の力を借りつつも、勧進をするとこによって、その大伽藍を保ってきた。
English: The power of the monks (Buddhism) of Todai-ji Temple was too great to be ignored together with that of Kofuku-ji Temple located next to Todai-ji Temple, and their visits to the capital Kyoto had bothered the man in power since the Heian period.
Japanese: 東大寺の大衆(仏教)の力は隣接する興福寺とともに大きなものがあり、平安時代から彼らの上洛は時の権力者の頭を悩ませ続けた。
English: From a religious point of view, Todai-ji Temple was characteristic of ancient Esoteric Buddhism inherited from one of its predecessor temples, Konshu-ji Temple (mentioned in detail later in "Predecessor Temples").
Japanese: 宗教的立場から見ると、東大寺は、前身寺院のひとつ、金鐘寺（こんしゅじ、などと呼ぶ、前身寺院で詳述）の古密教としての性格があった。
English: In addition, Todai-ji Temple was regarded as a place for learning about the six sects in Nanto, and then as the center of the Kegon sect or study on the Kegon sect, on which emphasis was put in the Heian period and thereafter, when the temple was called a place for 'interdisciplinary study on the eight sects' including the Tendai and the Shingon sects, by attracting attention from people in power of the times and the common people with its principal image representing the philosophy, the statue of Birushana Buddha.
Japanese: また、いわゆる南都六宗の教学、さらに平安時代以降は、天台宗、真言宗などが同居して「八宗兼学」と呼ばれながら、なかでも重視した華厳経華厳経学の中心地とも見られ、その教えを体現する本尊の東大寺盧舎那仏像盧舎那仏像でもって、時の権力者や、庶民からの信仰をあつめてきた。
English: Seen from a perspective of temple history, Todai-ji Temple maintained earnings through the management of its manors, and repaired the temple buildings by using the wood cut down from its own forests.
Japanese: 寺院史的立場から見ると、東大寺は、荘園経営などで経済を保ち、保有する杣から切出した木材で伽藍の修繕をしている。
English: The repair of the temple buildings was managed by the Office of Todai-ji Temple Construction, the successor organization of the Agency of Todai-ji Temple Construction that was responsible for the foundation of the Temple.
Japanese: 修繕は、創建を担当した造東大寺司の後釜である、造東大寺所の管轄だった。
English: But the organization was integrated into the Office of Administration as the repair section in order to put much effort into maintenance and repair of the deteriorating temple buildings since much attention had been paid to the priests' private quarters due to the power transition to individual monks during the mid Heian period.
Japanese: しかし、平安時代中頃から僧一人一人の力が強くなると私僧房ばかりに目が行くようになって力がなくなると、組織を政所内部に組込んで修理所とし、荒廃が進んでいた堂宇の営繕に努めるようになった。
English: In addition to its manors scattering throughout Japan, the province that was designated to offer its wealth for major repair supplemented the resources depleted from its existing lumber production forests.
Japanese: 荘園は全国におよび、大修理の際には、一国全体を任されることもあり、既存の杣の山林資源が枯渇していたのを補った。
English: However, during the Edo period, Todai-ji Temple declined even further since the bakufu deprived the Temple of its manors, and the Temple was not integrated into the bakufu system of governance using temples, subsequently in the Meiji period, Tonan-in Temple, an influential branch temple (in Nara City) was ruined.
Japanese: しかし、江戸時代にはいって、荘園が取上げられ寺請制度の一翼を担わなかったこともあって、衰退がすすみ、明治時代にはいると大きな勢力を誇っていた子院の東南院(奈良市)も滅んだ。
English: Although Todai-ji Temple had belonged to the Jodo sect, it became independent in 1886 as the head temple of the Kegon sect and has been maintained through tourism revenues and so on.
Japanese: 浄土宗に属していたこともあったが、1886年に独立し、華厳宗の大本山となり、観光収入などで寺院経営を行っている。
English: From a standpoint of art history, sculptured masterpieces during the Nara period are placed in the Hokke-do Hall (Sangatsu-do Hall and Kensaku-do Hall) of Todai-ji Temple, which was established during the Nara period (for details, see "Predecessor Temples").
Japanese: 美術史的立場から見ると、東大寺法華堂（三月堂、羂索堂）は、奈良時代から続く堂で（前身寺院にて詳述）、内部には奈良時代彫刻の優品が多く安置されている。
English: An array of sculptures were produced by Buddhist sculptors from the Kei school, who were esteemed highly by Chogen in the revival period of the Kamakura era, and they are regarded as very important today together with those from the Kofuku-ji Temple.
Japanese: また、鎌倉時代の復興期には、重源に重用された慶派の仏師による彫像群が造られ、興福寺のとともに、大変に重要視されている。
English: It is confirmed that there were several temples, including Konshu-ji Temple, Fukuju-ji Temple, Tenchi-in Temple (Horen-ji Temple), there before Todai-ji Temple was built.
Japanese: 東大寺創建前、当地には、金鐘寺、福寿寺、天地院（法蓮寺）などの寺々の存在が、確認されている。
English: Research on the Konshu-ji and Fukuju-ji Temples has been going on with the study of literature and the excavation of the sites in order to clarify their relationships with Todai-ji Temple built later.
Japanese: このうち、金鐘寺と、福寿寺については文献研究や発掘調査による研究がすすんでいて、この二寺院が、後の東大寺とどういう関係にあったのか、調べられている。
English: This temple is generally called 'Konshu-ji' or 'Konju-ji,' and customarily 'Kinshu-ji,' which is particularly familiar at Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 読みについても諸説あって、「こんしゅじ」、「こんじゅじ」と読まれたり、また、慣用的に、「きんしゅうじ」とも呼ばれ、この読みについては、東大寺内で特によく親しまれている。
English: "Todai-ji yoroku" (The Digest Record of Todai-ji Temple) says that Konshu-ji Temple was built by Roben in 733, but the negative theory advanced by Toshio FUKUYAMA has become popular now.
Japanese: 金鐘寺は、天平5年（733年）、良弁によって建立された、という記述が『東大寺要録』にあるが、これについては現在、福山敏男の否定説が通説である。
English: In addition, Sadakichi KITA also says that the description in "Todai-ji yoroku" was forged later.
Japanese: また、喜田貞吉も、この『東大寺要録』の記述は「後の偽作説である」と述べている。
English: Another theory mentioned in "Zoku nihonshoki" (A Sequel to the Chronicles of Japan) is that FUNYA no Kiyomi, grandson of Emperor Tenmu, built the temple while he was director for construction of the temple, in order to pray to Buddha for the happiness of Crown Prince Motoi, the only son between Emperor Shomu and Empress Komyo, who died young in 728.
Japanese: 別の説が『続日本紀』に書かれていて、そこには、聖武天皇と光明皇后の間に生まれた唯一の男子で皇太子となったが、神亀5年（728年）に夭逝した基王の菩提を弔うのを目的として、天武天皇の孫に当たる文室浄三が造山房司長官となって山房を建立した、というものである。
English: Shinji YOSHIKAWA and Tetsuo HISHIDA theorized that the West Maruyama ruins in the Maruyama area had been the precincts of Konshu-ji Temple according to their research and excavation on the site.
Japanese: 吉川真司と菱田哲郎は、丸山地区丸山西遺跡を調査、発掘し、金鐘寺の境内地であると推定した。
English: As for the year it was founded, Towao SAKAEHARA supposes that it was in March or April 738 according to the planning or construction was implemented from the interpretation of the Shoso-in archives, where the name of the temple was referred to for the first time.
Japanese: 創建年代については、栄原永遠男によってその名の初見であった正倉院文書の解釈がなされ、天平10年3月には建立の立案、もしくは工事がされたであろう、という推論がだされている。
English: In the Fukuju-ji Temple, there was an office for copying complete Buddhist scriptures (according to the Shoso-in archives dated April or May 741).
Japanese: 福寿寺には、福寿寺写一切経所があった（正倉院文書天平13年閏3月）。
English: It seems that this office was the Sutra Copying Department of the Queen-consort's Household Agency relocated to the temple.
Japanese: この写経所は、皇后宮職写経司が、寺内に移されてできたものである、と見られている。
English: Based on these descriptions in the Shoso-in archives, the construction work seems to have been completed in April or May 741 as shown in the documents.
Japanese: この正倉院文書の記述から、工事の完成は、文書の日付の天平13年閏3月のことであろう。
English: As for the location in the precincts, Ikuo MORI identified the site of the Amida-do Hall, one of the Fukuju-ji Temple buildings, around the site of the building called "bussho-ya" (where offerings to the Buddha were prepared) of Nigatsu-do Temple through excavation and research done on that site.
Japanese: 境内の位置であるが、森郁夫は二月堂仏餉屋付近の発掘調査から、福寿寺の堂舎のひとつであったとされる阿弥陀堂の場所をここに求めた。
English: This is because the view that the temple was in the Jo-in area, where Nigatsu-do Temple is now situated, is widely accepted.
Japanese: そこから、いまの二月堂のある上院地区にあったという見方が広く賛同を集めている。
English: Then, Konshu-ji Temple and Fukuju-ji Temple were integrated into a state-supported provincial temple of Yamato Province, which was called Yamato no kuni Kinkonmyo-ji.
Japanese: そして、金鐘寺と福寿寺の二つの寺院がのちに統合され、大養徳国金光明寺（やまとのくにこんこうみょうじ）と呼ばれる大和国の国分寺となっていったのである。
English: The decree to build provincial temples was issued from the Shigaraki no Miya Palace on March 9, 741.
Japanese: 国分寺建立の詔は、紫香楽宮から、天平13年（741年）2月14日に出されている。
English: For reference, the decree to make a wish for the construction of the Great Buddha was also issued from the Shigaraki no Miya Palace on November 9, 743, two years and a half after that.
Japanese: ちなみに、大仏造立発願の詔が出たのは、同じく紫香楽宮の、この2年半後の天平15年（743年）10月15日のことである。
English: Unlike other provincial temples, Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province was not newly built, and the existence of its predecessor temple was confirmed.
Japanese: 大養徳国金光明寺は、各国の国分寺の中では珍しく、新たに建立されたのではなく、明らかに前身となった寺院が認められていることになる。
English: The integration is considered to have been done around August 742 since there are documents showing the name change from the complete Buddhist scriptures copying office of Fukuju-ji Temple to that of Konmyo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 統合の時期であるが、福寿寺一切経写経所の名が金光明寺一切経写経所と改名されたことが分かる文献もあり、天平14年7月頃と推測されている。
English: This issue has been intensively argued, but in recent years the theory of Mahito UEHARA, where the Hokke-do Hall (the Sangatsu-do Hall and the Kensaku-do Hall) was regarded as the Kon-do Hall of Konmyo-ji Temple, has been attracting attention.
Japanese: いままでこの問題だけで論争がおこっていたが、近年注目されているのが、上原真人の法華堂（三月堂、羂索堂）金光明寺金堂説である。
English: Focusing on the roof tiles of the Hokkedo Hall, Uehara estimated that the foundation of the hall was some time between early summer of 741 and August 742, and presented a theory that this hall was the Kon-do Hall of Fukuju-ji Temple and then used as the Kon-do Hall of Konmyo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 上原は、法華堂に葺かれている瓦に着目して堂の創建年代を天平13年初夏から14年7月頃と見、この堂が福寿寺の金堂であり、さらには金光明寺の金堂にもなった、という説をだした。
English: Pointing out the discrepancies and unnatural points of this theory, Shinji YOSHIKAWA refers to another potential site of the Kon-do Hall due to a possibility that the Fukuju-ji Temple may have been merged with the Konshu-ji Temple.
Japanese: 吉川真司は、この説に不備、不自然な点があることを指摘し、また、福寿寺は金鐘寺に吸収されて合併した可能性から、金堂の推定地について他の候補をあげている。
English: Kinkonmyo-ji Temple's appearance had not been maintained since its predecessor temple, began expanding its scale before constructing the Great Buddha as the principal image.
Japanese: 金光明寺は前身寺院があるとはいえ、そのままの寺観だったわけではなく、大仏を本尊とする前から規模を大きくしていった。
English: If the provincial temple was constructed mainly by the provincial government also in Yamato Province like in other provinces, the issue is that how the provincial government actually functioned as the leading administrative body in Yamato Province is unknown.
Japanese: 他国の国分寺の整備主体が各国の政庁だったように、大養徳国でもそうであったとすると、問題は、大養徳国の行政主体となるべき国庁の実態が不明であることである。
English: The actual political system in Yamato Province of those days is not known, and it is not clear how the provincial government was involved in the construction plan of Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province.
Japanese: この当時の大養徳国の政治の実態はよく分かっておらず、どう大養徳国金光明寺の建設計画に関っていたのか、疑問が残るところである。
English: The description in the year 743 of "Shoku nihongi" (A Sequel to the Chronicle of Japan) says, 'a commendable association was organized specially at Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province as a good example to the world,' shows that special treatment was given to Kinkonmyo-ji Temple in Yamato Province as an influential temple, putting aside the Great Buddha.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』の天平15年の記述に、「別に大養徳国金光明寺に殊勝の会を設け奉りて、天下の摸（ためし）と為さむとす」とあって、大養徳国金光明寺が特別な扱いを受けていることを見ることもでき、大仏は別にしてこの国分寺が有力であったことが分かる。
English: However, there is another theory that the provincial temple in Yamato was Kokubun-ji Temple now located in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture ("Yamatoshi" [Topography of Japan] in 1734, etc.), not Todai-ji Temple and its predecessor temple, and historical dictionaries also adopt these two theories as for the location of the provincial temple in Yamato.
Japanese: もっとも、大和国の国分寺を、東大寺及びその前身寺院ではなく、現在の奈良県橿原市にある国分寺(橿原市)（現在は浄土宗）に求める説（『大和志』（享保19年（1734年））など）もあり、歴史事典類でも大和国国分寺の場所については両説がある。
English: For example, "Kokushi daijiten (Showa-jidai)"(Great Dictionary of National History [Showa Period]) published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. says in the section of 'Provincial Temples' (author: Kaoru INOUE [historian]) that Todai-ji Temple was the provincial temple of Yamato while "Heian jidaishi jiten" (Dictionary of the Heian Period History) published by Kadokawa Group Publishing Co., Ltd. states in the section of 'Provincial Temples' (author: Bunei TSUNODA) that Kokubun-ji Temple was the provincial temple of Yamato.
Japanese: 例えば、吉川弘文館『国史大辞典(昭和時代)』の「国分寺」（執筆者井上薫(歴史学者)）は東大寺を大和国国分寺としているのに対し、角川書店『平安時代史事典』の「国分寺」（執筆者角田文衛）は国分寺を大和国国分寺としている。
English: Construction of the Great Buddha, the center of Todai-ji Temple, started in 745, which was planned separately from the construction of the provincial temple.
Japanese: 東大寺の中心である大仏造立は天平17年からのことであるが、これは、国分寺建立とは別にあった計画である。