nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: One person was in charge of totaling the amount of the soyochoyo (labor or alternative goods collected as tax) and soyouchocho (textiles collected as tax) and the calculation of the yodo (supplies), while the other person totaled the soyochoso (rice collected as tax).
Japanese: 前者は租庸調庸・租庸調調の集計と用度の算出、後者は租庸調租の集計を担当した。
English: Their ranks were equivalent to Juhachinoge and in 719 they were given permission to carry a shaku (wooden mace).
Japanese: 位階相当はともに従八位下で、養老3年（719年）に把笏が許されている。
English: One person was appointed to the Daizafu (become 2 people from 814 onwards) and their rank was equivalent to Juhachinoge.
Japanese: 大宰府の算師は定員は1名（弘仁5年（814年）以後2名に増員）、位階相当は従八位下である。
English: This person's totaled-up the taxes for the entire Kyushu area and in 822 he it became mandatory for this person to bring the tax accounts to the capital and report them.
Japanese: 九州全域の租税の集計を扱い、弘仁13年（822年）には税帳使として上洛して状況報告が義務付けられた。
English: A sanshi post was established in the Shurikishi in 822, then in the Mokuryo (the exact year of the latter is unknown, but it was before the compilation of the Engishiki (an ancient book of codes and procedures)).
Japanese: 弘仁13年（822年）には修理職に、続いて年代は不詳であるが延喜式編纂以前に木工寮にも算師が置かれた。
English: One person was appointed to each of the posts, and their treatments, including their rank, were set to the same as those at Kazueryo and Shuzeiryo.
Japanese: 定員はそれぞれ1名、位階などの待遇は主計寮・主税寮と同じとされていた。
English: In addition, a Sanshi post was sometimes placed also in each of the fields of finance, civil engineering and construction as Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 他にも財政・土木・造営関係の分野において令外官として算師が設置されることがあった。
English: In the early Nara period, a Sanshi post was placed in the construction ministry that was established for the construction of Heijo-kyo Capital.
Japanese: 奈良時代初期に平城京造営のために設置された造宮省には算師が設置された。
English: It is recorded how in 755, four people were appointed as sanshi in both Sakyo and Ukyo (the areas to the right and left of Heijokyo (the ancient capital), as well as in the Kawachi, Settsu and Yamashiro provinces; this was done to ensure the smooth implementation of the Handen Shujo law (a law for periodically reallocation rice land).
Japanese: 天平勝宝5年（755年）には班田収授法の円滑な実施のため、平城京の左右両京・河内国・摂津国・山城国にそれぞれ4名ずつの算師が任命されたことが記録されている。
English: A Sanshi post was sometimes provided to determine boundaries among handen (allotted farmlands), Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and Shoen (manors) or to design buildings, gardens, etc.
Japanese: 他にも班田や公田と荘園の境界画定、造営に伴う設計などの分野で算師が任じられる場合があった。
English: 30 students (known as sansho) took classes using the Kyushosanjutsu and the Shuhisankei (Chinese mathematics books) as textbooks, and a prescribed number of students who passed the test were appointed to sanshi posts.
Japanese: 30名の算生が『九章算術』・『周髀算経』などを教科書として講義を受けた後、所定の試験合格者が算師に任命された。
English: However, it is likely that the necessity of advanced mathematics was not recognized keenly in Japan at that time, and it is said that what was learned was only basic pragmatical arithmetic and no advanced mathematics were involved.
Japanese: ただし、当時の日本では高度な数学の必要性に対する認識が低かったらしく、実務的な基本的な算術学習に留まり、高等数学などは扱わなかったと言われている。
English: "Otomoshu" were a group of busho (military commander) attendants who proceeded to the ancient capital of Kyoto from Kamakura and devoted themselves to raising Shogun Takauji ASHIKAGA's army.
Japanese: 御供衆（おともしゅう）とは、足利尊氏の挙兵にお供をして鎌倉から上洛した武将たちのことである。
English: Bugyoshu, also called Yuhitsukata, were of group of Bugyonin (magistrates) who were lawyers of the bureaucracy within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 奉行衆（ぶぎょうしゅう）は、右筆方（ゆうひつかた）とも呼ばれ、室町幕府の法曹官僚である奉行人の集団である。
English: Bugyonin had already existed within the Kamakura bakufu, and upon its collapse, a number of them followed Takauji ASHIKAGA and joined the Muromachi bakufu to be employed as Bugyonin.
Japanese: 奉行人は鎌倉幕府より存在しており、鎌倉幕府滅亡後に足利尊氏に従って室町幕府に参加した者の中には引き続き、奉行人として用いられる者もいた。
English: At first, Bugyonin were referred to as Yuhitsu (private secretary), were assigned to the judicial institution called Hikitsuke and were put in charge of drafting hosho (documents informing lower-ranked people of decisions made by those in the upper ranks) and migyosho (documents to inform people of decisions made by those in the Third Rank or above).
Japanese: 当初、引付と呼ばれる裁判機関に右筆と呼ばれる奉行人を配置して奉書・御教書などを作成した。
English: In addition, Bugyonin were also assigned to various judicial institutions established in the Muromachi bakufu, such as the jinseigata (authority of a relief system for judicial decision of the litigation by hikitsukeshu, coadjutor of the high court), teichugata (authority of a relief system for mistakes of the litigation in the Middle Ages, later becoming direct appeal to the shogun) and Naisogata (one of the legal institutions set up in the early stage of Muromachi bakufu).
Japanese: また、仁政方・庭中方・内奏方などの各種訴訟機関も設置されて奉行人が配置された。
English: However, after the downfall of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA, who played the leading role in planning for a new administration that carried over from the Kamakura bakufu system, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA consecutively became the In no betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's office) and Daijodaijin (Grand Minister) absorbing the political functions of the retired emperor's office and Imperial Court into the structure of the bakufu.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉幕府の体制を引き継いだ政権構想を主導してきた足利直義の没落、足利義満が院別当・太政大臣などを歴任することで院政・朝廷の政治機能が幕府機構に吸収された。
English: Hikitsuke were effectively made obsolete and Yuhitsu (amanuensis, secretary) were stationed at places such as the Mandokoro (Administrative Board), the Samuraidokoro (Board of Retainers), Monchujo (Board of Inquiry) and Onshokata (department that handled reward duties).
Japanese: 引付が事実上廃止されて、政所・侍所・問注所・恩賞方などに右筆が配置された。
English: A number of Bugyonin were appointed to a post in charge of special assignments and were referred to as 'Betsu-bugyo' (extra bugyo).
Japanese: 「別奉行」と呼ばれる特命を担当する役職に任命される奉行人が現れるようになる。
English: Influential figures among the Yuhitsu were called Gozenbugyonin (also Gozenshu, Gozensatashu and Onshokatashu) and were allowed to participate in Gozensata (Shogunal hearings) that were presided over by the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians").
Japanese: 征夷大将軍が主宰する御前沙汰にも御前奉行人（御前衆・御前沙汰衆・恩賞方衆）と呼ばれる右筆中の有力者が参加を許されるようになった。
English: Gozensata, primarily set up at the Onshokata, had the characteristics of being the Shogun's private meetings when compared to conferences consisting of Hyojoshu (members of the Council of State) and Hikitsukeshu (also called Naidanshu) (a line-up of officials who practiced trial and litigation for the bakufu).
Japanese: 御前沙汰とは本来、恩賞方に設置されて評定衆・引付衆（内談衆）による会議の中でも将軍の私的会議としての性格の強いものであった。
English: Within Gozensata meetings, Bugyonin initially held the position of preparing drafts for judicial decisions called ikenjo (reports submitted by underlings to answer the Shogun's inquiries), but Gozenbugyonin were later personally authorized by the Shogun to participate in Gozensata and state their opinions directly.
Japanese: 奉行人は御前沙汰においては意見状と呼ばれる判決原案を作成する立場にあったが、後には将軍の私的権限において御前奉行人が御前沙汰に参加する事が許されて直接意見を述べるようになった。
English: As it became the era of Yoshinari ASHIKAGA, the Shogun began making important decisions at Gozensata meetings in order to control officers of lesser or equal rank to Kanrei (Shogunal deputy); Gozenbugyonin, who were well versed in legislation, precedents and Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), formally handled drafting and putting the seal on the hosho (papers) (Bugyonin hosho) that had the Shogun's mandates.
Japanese: 足利義教の時代になると、将軍が管領以下を抑制するために御前沙汰によって重要決定を行うようになり、法制や先例、有職故実などに詳しい御前奉行人は公的には将軍の命令書である奉書（奉行人奉書）の作成・加判を行った。
English: Under such circumstances, their opinions at Gozensata meetings began to have a serious influence on the Shogun's decisions and they gradually established themselves as private consultants of the Shogun.
Japanese: そうしたなかで、御前沙汰などでの意見は将軍の裁決に重大な影響を与えるようになり、次第に将軍の私的顧問としての性格も有するようになった。
English: Of particular note was the highest-ranking Gozenbugyonin, referred to as Kuninbugyo, who together with having control of the Yuhitsu and Bugyonin became a member of the Hyojoshu.
Japanese: 特に御前奉行人のうち最高位の者を公人奉行と呼んで右筆・奉行人を統括するとともに評定衆の一員に列せられた。
English: Following suit were several high-ranking Gozenbugyo who also received treatment equal to that of the Hikitsukeshu (Naidanshu).
Japanese: これに続く上位数名も引付衆（内談衆）に準じた待遇を受けるようになる。
English: In this period, the Saito, Matsuda, Iio and Fuse clans made it a family tradition to pass on the knowledge learned from the descendents of the Ota and Miyoshi clans, who were the Bugyonin of the Kamakura period, generation after generation through a limited ancestry and came to dominate the positions of Yuhitsu and Bugyonin in addition to forming the groups of Bugyoshu and Yuhitsukata.
Japanese: この頃になると鎌倉時代の奉行人であった太田氏・三善氏らの子孫で、代々こうした知識を家伝・家学として伝えてきた斎藤氏・松田氏・飯尾氏・布施氏など限られた家系によって右筆・奉行人などの地位が独占されるようになり、彼らは奉行衆・右筆方として集団を形成していくことになる。
English: In spite of the importance of their role, they could only be promoted up to Kaigo (Deputy Chief of the office) or Shitsujidai (deputy steward), which were equivalent to an assistant director of an organization within the formal structure of the bakufu.
Japanese: 彼らはその重要性にも関わらず幕府本来の機構の中では組織の次官に当たる開闔・執事代にまでしか昇進できなかった。
English: In addition, Bugyonin (Gozensatashu), who were no higher than Gozenbugyonin, were collectively called Gozenmisanshu.
Japanese: なお、奉行人のうち御前奉行人（御前沙汰衆）に達しない者をまとめて御前未参衆と称した。
English: Furthermore, there were a number of individuals within these families who were unable to assume an official bakufu post, but there were also a few who were employed by influential shugo daimyo (provincial military governors becoming daimyo (Japanese feudal lords)) and demonstrated their abilities within the fields of justice and document preparation.
Japanese: さらに、こうした家々の庶流の中には幕府の役職には就けなかった者もいたが、そうした者の中には有力な守護大名に登用されて司法や文書作成など分野においてその能力を発揮した者も存在した。
English: It is believed that one of these individuals was Tsunehisa IIO (Hikoroku Saemon no jo), who served the Hosokawa clan Shugo (governor) of Awa Province and composed a poem depicting Kyoto in burnt ruins after the Onin war.
Japanese: 阿波国守護細川氏に仕えて応仁の乱後の京都の焼け野原の有様を詠ったとされる飯尾常房（彦六左衛門尉）もその一人であるとされている。
English: Even after the Yoshinori Era, the Bugyoshu increased its influence within the bakufu, and while Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA was the shogun, for all practical purposes the Bugyoshu constituted the virtually supreme advisory board of the bakufu in place of existing official posts such as the Hyojoshu.
Japanese: 義教以後も幕府内部における奉行衆の発言力は増大して、足利義政の頃には評定衆などの既存の幕府制度上の役職に代わって、事実上の幕府最高諮問機関を構成することになる。
English: Under these circumstances, a clash occurred between the Bugyoshu and Hokoshu in 1485.
Japanese: こうした中で、文明_(日本)17年（1485年）には奉行衆と奉公衆の間で衝突を起こすまでに至っている。
English: While the Hokoshu as a group of military officers were dissolved by the Coup of Meio due to the Kanrei aiming to take over the authority of the bakufu, the value of the Bugyoshu, who were in charge of preparing documents and judicial matters, continued to exist as long as the structure of the bakufu existed.
Japanese: 武官である奉公衆は管領による幕府権力の掌握を目指した明応の政変を機に解体に向かうものの、文書作成・裁判行政を担当する奉行衆の価値は幕府機構が存在する限りは引き続いて存在した。
English: Entering the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) when Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA both stood as shogun, the Bugyoshu divided as well and mutually existed in both bakufu structures.
Japanese: 戦国時代_(日本)に入って足利義稙・足利義澄の2人の将軍が並立した時期には奉行衆も分裂して双方に幕府機構が存在した。
English: The shogun seldom attended Gozensata during this period and the Naidanshu (Assistants for Council) (denchu moshitsugi (transmitter or transmitting of messages of the palaces), Naidankata), reorganized by close associates to the shogun, transmitted decisions made by the Bugyoshu to the shogun and obtained approval.
Japanese: また、この時期になると御前沙汰に将軍が出席するのも稀となり、将軍の側近集団によって新たに再編された内談衆（殿中申次・内談方）が奉行衆による沙汰の結論を将軍に伝えて裁可を仰ぐようになった。
English: It believed that it was in this manner that the Bugyoshu continued to exist as an entity that supported the administrative structure of the Muromachi bakufu until its collapse.
Japanese: このように奉行衆は室町幕府の行政機構を支える存在として幕府滅亡まで存続したと考えられている。
English: Naidanshu were in charge of judging trials dealing with land-related issues in hikitsukekata or naidankata (both are offices of adjudication) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 内談衆（ないだんしゅう）とは、室町幕府の引付方あるいは内談方において所務沙汰の審議にあたった構成員。
English: It was also called the hikitsukeshu as it was a successor to the system of hikitsukeshu set up by the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府に置かれた引付衆の後身的存在であるため、引付衆（ひきつけしゅう）とも呼ばれた。
English: Naidan originally meant meetings in the departments held within the various sections of the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 内談（ないだん）とは、室町幕府の諸機関それぞれで行われていた部局内の会議のことであった。
English: After Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA reorganized the hikitsukeshu to set up naidankata(judges) in departments which exclusively handled territorial problems, naidan came to refer to a member of the naidankata, which was continued even after Tadayoshi lost his position and the hikitsukekata were restored.
Japanese: 足利直義が引付衆を再編して所領問題を扱う専門部局して内談方を置いて以後、内談方の構成員を指すようになり、更に直義の失脚で引付方が復活した後も継承された。
English: Additionally, Jinseigata (a court in Muromachi bakufu) and Teichugata (office of direct petition) were also set up for the purpose of retrial, instruction and supervision.
Japanese: また、再審・指揮監督を目的として仁政方・庭中方が合わせて設置された。
English: Naidanshu (council of judges) were divided into No. 3 (naidankata) and No. 5 (hikitsukekata) for each assigned region, and about 10 to 20 members from the Ashikaga family and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) were appointed under the director ('tonin').
Japanese: 内談衆は担当地域ごとに3番（内談方）あるいは5番（引付方）に分けられて、足利氏一門や守護大名を代表である頭人のもとに約10-20名が任命された。
English: Many of them were descendants of hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State), hikitsukeshu, and bugyonin (a magistrate) of the Kamakura bakufu, and some served concurrently as hyojoshu or bugyonin in the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: その多くは鎌倉幕府の評定衆・引付衆・奉行人の末裔であり、室町幕府の評定衆や奉行人を兼ねるものもいた。
English: They held meetings at the deputy's house about six times a month and handled trials in connection with territory except for areas controlled by the Kamakura bakufu that were administered by kanrei (shogunal deputy) and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and Kyushu (including cases of nengu (land tax) and water).
Japanese: 彼らは月に6回程度、頭人邸にて内談を開き、管領や政所が受理した鎌倉府支配地域及び九州を除く所領に関する訴訟（年貢・用水訴訟も含む）の処理にあたった。
English: In deliberations, the oldest bugyonin (magistrate) participated, or Kaigo (post), second to the tonin (vice minister and executive officer) explained the case and then council members stated their opinions in the order decided by drawing lots.
Japanese: 審議は最古参格の奉行人が頭人に次ぐ開闔（次官及び事務局長格）が案件を説明し、籤の抽選順で内談衆が意見を述べていった。
English: However, after the latter half of the 14th century, a shogun began to handle problems in formal consultations headed by himself rather than in deliberations by hyojoshu or naidanshu (councils), and further, bugyonin (magistrates) who were in charge of office work and judicial affairs obtained qualification to participate directly in deliberations as bugyoshu.
Japanese: ただし、14世紀後半頃から将軍が評定衆や内談衆による審議よりも、自らが主宰する御前沙汰などによって問題処理を図るようになったこと、事務・法務職員であった奉行人が奉行衆として直接審議に参加できる資格を得るようになった。
English: Accordingly, the hikitsukekata became a mere façade and were no longer appointed from the early fifteenth century.
Japanese: このことから形骸化してしまい、15世紀前半には引付方は有名無実と化した。
English: Incidentally, naidanshu (councils) appeared again in the shogunate government headed by Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, which placed close advisers of the shogun; who supported Yoshiharu and later constituted the Yoshiharu government, in place of bugyoshu, while conferring new classes and benefits on the naidanshu (council members), irrespective of origin and rank, or positions such as bugyoshu (magistrate) or hokoshu.
Japanese: なお、足利義晴の頃より内談衆が再び幕政に登場するようになるが、義晴の擁立に参画してその後奉行衆に代わって義晴政権を構成した「殿中申次」などと呼ばれていた将軍側近集団を組織化するとともに、彼らの出自身分や・奉行衆・奉公衆などの職制の枠に捉われない新たな格式・待遇を与えるためであったと考えられている。
English: The Daijokan chuke essentially indicated the kitchen that belonged to the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), but in ancient times the term referred to the government officials who administered the Daijokan kitchen.
Japanese: 太政官厨家（だいじょうかんちゅうけ）は、本来は太政官に付属する厨房を指すが、古代においてはこれを管理する官司を指した。
English: The primary duties of the Daijokan chuke were to provide any equipment or novelties needed in order to prepare food served at conferences and events in the Daijokan.
Japanese: 太政官における会議や行事の際に出される食事の準備やそのために必要な用具・雑貨などの調達などを本来の職務としていた。
English: Concurrently, other duties included the administration of jishi (land rent paid by farmers) on koden (or joden) (field administered directly by a ruler) that were set aside to cover their food and expenses, they also handled payments of wages in rice and jifuku (seasonal clothing) for everyone from Daijokan officials under the Benkan (division of the Daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) to servants who did menial labor.
Japanese: 同時にその食料や費用に充てる公田（乗田）地子の管理や弁官以下の太政官官人や雑用を行う召使までの禄米・時服などの給与の支払なども行った。
English: According to the Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), one officer at a time from the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), Benkan (oversight department), Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and Shi (Officials in charge of records) each held the position of Betto as the person in charge concurrently with their normal position.
Japanese: 延喜式によれば、責任者である別当（べっとう）は少納言・弁官・外記・史_(律令制)からそれぞれ1名が兼務した。
English: Following this example, officers were assigned one at a time as an azukari (deputy) of Shisho (official in charge of miscellaneous documents) at the Shonagon and Benkan bureaus.
Japanese: これに続く預（あずかり）は少納言局・弁官局の史生より各1名ずつが充てられた。
English: Koden Jishi (land taxes) were delivered to the Daijokan chuke in the form of shomai (rice that has been pounded in a mortar) and keika (軽貨) along with reishinnomotsu (例進納物) from various provinces.
Japanese: 公田の地子を舂米・軽貨の形で送られて太政官厨家に納められた他、諸国から集められた例進納物もここに納められた。
English: Later on, however, due to the collapse of the handensei (state controlled land allotment system), the increase of iden (fields allotted according to court rank) and Kokushi (provincial governors) converting jishi to shozei (rice taxed by provincial offices), the number of joden, which were essentially the extra fields of handen (allotted fields), were gradually decreased along with their jishi.
Japanese: だが、後に班田制の崩壊と位田などの増加、国司による地子の正税などへの転用によって本来は班田の余剰田であった乗田及びその地子も減少するようになった。
English: Although it was originally intended for the Daijokan chuke to be administered jointly by the Shonagon and Benkan bureaus, it ended up being solely administered by the Benkan bureau once the Shonagon and Shonagon bureau lost their substance due to the establishment of the Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists).
Japanese: また、本来太政官厨家は少納言局と弁官局が共同で管理することになっていたが、蔵人所の設置で少納言及び少納言局の職掌が形骸化すると、専ら弁官局が管理するようになった。
English: In addition, remaining joden and Ben no ho effectively became territory of the Ozuki clan who passed their service as Kanmu (also known as Sadaishi which was the senior recorder of the left) from one generation to the next.
Japanese: 更に残された乗田や便補保も代々官務（左大史）を務めた小槻氏の事実上の所領となっていった。
English: Ichinokami was the head of the Kugyo (top court officials) and usually referred to the Minister of the Left.
Japanese: 一上（いちのかみ）とは、筆頭の公卿（一ノ上卿）という意味で、通常は左大臣のことを指す。
English: The Ichinokami was the highest-ranking minister among the Kugyo, except for Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), who received direct instructions from the Emperor, and Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), who acted for the Emperor.
Japanese: 天皇の師傳である太政大臣と天皇の代理である摂政関白を除いた公卿の中で最高の地位にある大臣がこれを務めた。
English: Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) usually served as ichinokami, however, in the case where the position of Sadaijin was vacant or Sadaijin served concurrently as Sessho Kanpaku (Sessho Kanpaku was not qualified as ichinokami), Udaijin (minister of the right) was appointed as ichinokami.
Japanese: すなわち、通常は左大臣が務めるが、もしも左大臣が欠員もしくは摂政関白を兼ねる（一上資格がない）場合には右大臣が任じられることになっていた。
English: Otherwise, Naidaijin (minister) was appointed as ichinokami; and very occasionally the Dainagon (Major Counselor) was appointed as ichinokami.
Japanese: それも不可能な場合には内大臣が任じられることになっていた（極稀に大納言が任命される例も存在はする）。
English: In addition, ichinokami were in charge of Kurodo (Chamberlains) other than the Head Chamberlain, as they served concurrently as Kurodo-betto (superintendent of Chamberlains), as well as Onmyo-ryo betto (superintendent of the Bureau of Divination).
Japanese: また、一上は蔵人別当を兼務して蔵人頭以下の蔵人を指揮し、陰陽寮別当が設置された場合にはこれも兼務した。
English: Incidentally, an imperial decree was usually issued to appoint an Ichinokami however if a Sadaijin resigned from ichinokami by taking the position of Sessho Kanpaku, the Sadaijin occasionally appointed their successor.
Japanese: なお、一上任命の際には「一上宣旨」と呼ばれる勅宣が出されるのが通例であったが、一上であった左大臣が摂政関白に就任したことによって一上を退く場合には、後継の一上を指名する場合もあった。
English: An exceptional case was when FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who served as Sadaijin and Ichinokami, resigned from the post of Ichinokami by taking the position of Sessho (regent), and he decided that the person who came in to work the earliest on the day would serve as ichinokami for the day among the seven kugyo, who were in the position between Udaijin (FUJIWARA no Akimitsu) and Dainagon (article of March 16, 1016, "Shoyuki" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke)).
Japanese: 特殊なケースとして左大臣（一上）であった藤原道長が摂政就任によって一上を退く際には右大臣藤原顕光以下大納言以上の7人の公卿のうち、その日最も早く出勤した者がその日の一上職務を行うこととした例（『小右記』長和5年3月16日条）がある。
English: This was done because FUJIWARA no Michinaga was worried that Akimitsu and Naidaijin FUJIWARA no Kinsue were too old to serve as ichinokami.
Japanese: これは顕光及び内大臣藤原公季が高齢で老耄の気があることを道長が気にかけたための対策であったという。
English: In 1147, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga became ichinokami due to the vacancies of Ministers of the Right and the Left, and attempted to restore government affairs, thus taking over power from his brother FUJIWARA no Tadamichi.
Japanese: 久安3年（1147年）、左右両大臣の不在によって一上となった藤原頼長が大いに政務の再興を図って、兄の摂政藤原忠通を圧倒している。
English: Shomyo means a samurai family which was not ranked as high as daimyo.
Japanese: 小名とは、大名に対する言葉で、大名ほど家格の高くない武家を意味する。
English: The term shomyo itself appeared as early as the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and referred to vassals who controlled a castle, or daimyo with a low stipend.
Japanese: 小名という言葉自体は、すでに戦国時代(日本)から使われており、御家人のうちで城主格の者を指したり、石高の低い大名のことを指していた。
English: In the Edo period, Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses) initially prescribed that 'daimyo is an owner of a castle with a stipend of not less than 50,000 koku of rice' and 'shomyo is a regional government officer (jinya) with a stipend of under 50,000 koku.'
Japanese: 江戸時代になると、初期の武家諸法度に「5万石以上の石高の城主を大名」「5万石未満の陣屋クラスを小名」と分けた。
English: Accordingly, daimyo with a stipend of under 50,000 koku or jinya daimyo were sometimes referred to as shomyo.
Japanese: このため、石高が5万石未満の大名や、陣屋大名を、とくに小名と表現する場合がある。
English: Myoho hakase was an official post affiliated with the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) under the ancient Japanese ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 明法博士（みょうほうはかせ）は、古代日本の律令制下において大学寮に属した官職の一つ。
English: In a kyakushiki (amendment of the ritsuryo code) on September 3, 728, Myoho hakase was instituted at the same time as Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature).
Japanese: 神亀5年7月21日(旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において文章博士とともに設置された。
English: The post was originally called Ritsugaku hakase (Professor of Law) but the name was changed shortly after the Myohosho (students studying law) was established on April 22, 730.
Japanese: 当初の名称は律学博士（りつがくはかせ）であったが、天平2年3月27日(旧暦)（730年4月18日）に明法生が設置されてから遠くない時期に明法博士と改称されたとされている。
English: Its official position was to teach the law (Myobodo (the study of codes)) at a university in addition to compiling and interpreting the ritsuryo code and kyakushiki.
Japanese: 大学において法律（明法道）を教授する役職で、律令法や格式の編纂や解釈にも携わった。
English: 2 Myoho Tokugyosho (distinguished scholars) and 10 Myohosho (later becoming 20) were placed as pupils under a Myoho hakase.
Japanese: 明法博士の下には明法得業生（みょうほうとくぎょうしょう）2名と明法生（みょうほうしょう）10名（後に20名）があった。