nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The contour of all the coastlines and continental rivers was drawn in detail from Cape Soya in the north to Yakushima Island in the south, from Kunashiri Island in the east to the Goto Islands in the west.
Japanese: 北は宗谷岬、南は屋久島、東は国後島、西は五島列島までの海岸線および内陸河川の形状をつぶさに描く。
English: Besides, the names and borders of provinces and counties, the names of feudal lords, villages, the names of temples and rivers, the types of rocky shores and beaches, rice fields and vegetable fields, and salt farms are also on the maps, and not only the coastlines but also map information is shown in detail.
Japanese: その他、地図内には国郡名、境界線、領主名、村落、寺社名、河川名、磯・浜の種類、田畑、塩田なども記入し、海岸線のみならず、詳細な地図情報が記載されている。
English: For convenience of reduction, data shown on the medium-sized maps, including geographical names, are simplified to some extent compared with those on the large maps, but the lines of latitude and longitude are shown on these maps instead.
Japanese: 縮尺の都合上、大図と較べて地名などの記載内容は若干簡略化されているが、代わりに緯度・経度線が引かれている。
English: A meridian which crosses the calendar revision office in Nishisanjo, Kyoto is used as the prime meridian, the basis of longitude, and the lines that cross at right angles to each degree of latitude and longitude are drawn on the basis of actual measured values (Some theories insist that such a method is similar to Sanson projection of the West).
Japanese: 京都西三条改暦所を通る子午線を本初子午線として経度の基準とし、実測値を元に経度・緯度1度ごとに直交する度線を引いてある（西洋のサンソン図法に近いとされるが異説もある）。
English: However, as INO considered the earth to be a sphere (actually it is not a complete sphere but rather a spheroid), the maps have some errors both in latitude and in longitude.
Japanese: ただし、伊能は地球を球体として考えていた（実際には地球は完全な球ではなく回転楕円体に近い）ため、緯度・経度ともに若干の誤差が生じている。
English: Furthermore, while degrees of latitude are almost correctly measured on the basis of astronomical observation, degrees of longitude are less precise due to a lack of well-developed chronometers required for measurement, and lines of longitude deviate a little eastward from the actual position in marginal areas such as Hokkaido and the south Kyushu.
Japanese: また緯度については天体観測からほぼ正確に測定できているものの、経度については測定に必要なクロノメーターの未発達などの理由により若干精度が劣り、北海道や九州南部などの辺縁部では実際の位置よりもやや東方向にずれている。
English: They are drawn in half as large a scale as that of the medium-sized maps and encompass all parts of Japan only in three sheets, for the sake of usability.
Japanese: 利用しやすさを求め、中図よりさらに半分の縮尺で製図し、全国を3枚に収めた図。
English: Compared with the precision of the depiction of coasts and roadside areas, ridges are depicted in a bird's-eye way just as in traditional Domain Maps and their depiction is not so accurate because height of lands was not surveyed.
Japanese: なお沿海・沿道の精密さに較べ、土地の高低などは測定されなかったため、山稜の描写は従来の国絵図のごとく鳥瞰的に描写されており、正確とはいえない。
English: However, the complete map is precise, detailed and accurate, greatly advanced in terms of technique compared with the past Japanese maps, and almost comparable to Western maps in those days except for some defects.
Japanese: とはいえ、それまで日本で作成されてきた諸地図と較べ、技法の点から見て飛躍的に進歩した精密・詳細・正確な地図であり、いくつかの点を除けば、当時の西洋の地図にもほぼ遜色のない水準であった。
English: Ino map submitted to Bakufu was secretly kept in Momijiyama Library in the Edo-jo Castle and never disclosed to the public.
Japanese: 幕府に提出された伊能図は、江戸城紅葉山文庫に秘蔵され、一般の目に触れることはなかった。
English: This is because it was such a detailed map that Bakufu prohibited it from being leaked to the public from a viewpoint of national defense.
Japanese: あまりに詳細な地図のため、国防上の問題から幕府が流布を禁じたためである。
English: However, it was revealed that in 1828 Kageyasu TAKAHASHI who was shomotsu bugyo (archive commissioner) taking charge of Momijiyama Library presented Ino map to a doctor working at the Dutch trading house in Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866) in spite of a ban on possessing the map so Kageyasu TAKAHASHI was arrested and died in prison in March the following year (Siebold Incident).
Japanese: しかし、文政11年（1828年）紅葉山文庫を所管する書物奉行でもあった高橋景保が、長崎オランダ商館付の医師であるフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルト（1796年-1866年）に禁制品である伊能図を贈ったことが露顕し、高橋景保は逮捕され、翌年3月に獄死した（シーボルト事件）。
English: However, expelled from Japan, Siebold published "Map of Japan based on the original map by Japanese and the astronomical observation" by changing Ino map into Mercator projection in Holland in 1840, after he returned home.
Japanese: しかし、日本を強制退去となったシーボルトは帰国後の1840年に、伊能図をオランダでメルカトル図法に修正した「日本人の原図および天文観測に基づいての日本国図」を刊行している。
English: Precision of the map made some intellectuals in Europe realize Japanese advanced surveying technique.
Japanese: その精度の高さにより、当時のヨーロッパ識者の一部に日本人の測量技術の高さが認識されることになる。
English: In 1861, after the opening of Japan to the world, when the British navy survey ship Acteon tried forcibly to survey the Japanese coast, ignoring the warning by the Bakufu that said it would not be wise to fuel the principle of excluding foreigners, the leader of the ship was much surprised to see a copy of the Ino's small map which the Bakufu officials happened to possess, and agreed to give up the survey project by getting a copy of the map from the Bakufu.
Japanese: 開国日本の開国後の文久元年（1861年）、イギリスイギリス海軍の測量艦アクテオン号(Actaeon)が、「攘夷論をあまり刺激しない方が良い」との幕府の勧告を無視して日本沿岸の測量を強行しようとした際、たまたま幕府役人が所有していた伊能小図の写しを見て、その優秀さに大いに驚き、測量計画を中止して幕府からその写しを入手することで引き下がったという。
English: Based on the copy of Ino map acquired at that time "Map of Sea along the Coasts of Japan and Korean Peninsula" was published in Britain in 1863, and later it was brought back to Japan and published as "Rough Map of Sea along the Coast of Great Japan"in woodblock printing by Kaishu KATSU (1823-1899) in 1867.
Japanese: なお、このときの伊能図の写しを元に1863年にイギリスで「日本と朝鮮半島近傍の沿海図」として刊行され、日本に逆輸入されて、勝海舟（1823年-1899年）の手によって慶応3年（1867年）に「大日本国沿海略図」として木版刊行された。
English: As a result of this publication, it had no reason to hide Ino map any longer so Kaisei Gakko (Kaisei School) of the Bakufu published "The Surveyed Map of Japan, official edition" based on the Ino's small maps in that year, too and at last Ino map was disclosed to the public though it was only partially.
Japanese: これにより伊能図を秘匿する意味がなくなったため、同年には幕府開成学校からも伊能小図を元にした「官版実測日本地図」が発行され、小図のみとはいえようやく一般の目に供されるようになった。
English: After the Edo Bakufu collapsed by the Meiji Restoration, Ino map which had been kept by the Bakufu was transferred to the new government.
Japanese: 明治維新で江戸幕府が崩壊した後、幕府が保管していた伊能図も新政府に移譲された。
English: In 1870 Daigaku Nanko (literally, the Southern College of the University), a former Kaisei Gakko, republished "The Surveyed Map of Japan, official edition" and "Dainihon Enkai Jissokuroku" was also published.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）には開成所から名を変えた大学南校から「官版実測日本地図」が再版されるとともに「大日本沿海実測録」も刊行された。
English: However, the original of Ino map was burned down at the time of a huge fire at the Imperial Palace in 1873.
Japanese: しかし伊能図の原本は、明治6年（1873年）の皇居の大火災の際に焼失してしまう。
English: Thanks to this duplicate copy, "The complete map of Japan" was published by the Education Ministry on the basis of the Ino small maps in September 1877, and "Jissoku Kinai Zenzu" (the surveyed map of Kinai) was published by (Japan) Geographical Agency, the Interior Ministry on the basis of medium-sized maps in June 1878.
Japanese: この副本により明治10年（1877年）9月には小図を元に文部省から「日本全図」が発行され、明治11年（1878年）6月には中図を元に内務省(日本)地理局より「実測畿内全図」が発行された。
English: In addition, the said Agency published "Large complete map of Japan" on a scale of 1 to 864,000 on the basis of Ino small and medium-sized maps in 1880.
Japanese: さらに同局から中小図に基づいて明治13年には864,000分の1図である「大日本全図」が刊行される。
English: Furthermore, the Ino large and medium-sized maps became the basis of "Geographic map" made by the (Japan) Survey Department, Staff Headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army (one of the predecessors of Geographical Survey Institute) in 1884.
Japanese: そして明治17年（1884年）には大図・中図が大日本帝国陸軍参謀本部(日本)測量部（国土地理院の前身の1つ）によって作成された「地勢図」の基本図になった。
English: Besides, many jurisdictional maps made by various prefectures were based on the Ino large or medium-sized maps; therefore, the Ino maps made great contributions to administrative maps of modern Japan.
Japanese: 他にも各府県で作成された管内地図の多くが伊能大図・中図を元に作成されるなど、近代日本の行政地図において、伊能図は多大な貢献を果たした。
English: Later, the duplicate copy of Ino map dedicated by the Ino family was kept at Tokyo University Library, but it was also burned down at the time of the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923.
Japanese: その後、伊能家から献納された伊能図の控えは東京大学の附属図書館に保管されることとなったが、これも大正12年（1923年）の関東大震災ですべて焼失してしまった。
English: Ino map (especially large maps) had been long treated as a "Lost Map" since then, and only copies of the medium-sized maps possessed by Tokyo National Museum remained except the copies of about 60 sheets of the total 214 sheets, including a part of the copies kept by The Ino Tadataka Museum in Sawara City (today's Katori City), Chiba Prefecture.
Japanese: 以降、長きにわたって伊能図（特に大図）は「失われた地図」となり、千葉県佐原市（現在は香取市）の伊能忠敬記念館に保管されていた写しの一部など、全214枚のうち約60枚の写しのほかは、東京国立博物館が所蔵する中図の写しが残るのみとなっていた。
English: However, 207 sheets of the Ino large maps (169 sheets of which were colorless) were discovered at Library of Congress in the United States in March 2001.
Japanese: ところが、平成13年（2001年）3月にアメリカ合衆国議会図書館で、伊能大図のうちの207枚（うち169枚が彩色なし）が発見された。
English: It is believed that these maps were replicated as the framework for preparation of Syusei maps on a scale of 1 to 200,000 by the Army as stated above, and taken over and carried to the United States after the World War II.
Japanese: これは上記の陸軍による輯製20万分1図作成のための骨格基図として模写されたものが、第二次世界大戦後接収され米国に渡ったものと考えられる。
English: Of the remaining 7 sheets, two sheets were discovered at National Museum of Japanese History in Sakura City (No.34 Esashi-cho, No.35 Ezo and Okushiri Island, Ezo) and one at National Diet Library (No.107 Shizuoka City, Suruga Province).
Japanese: さらに残る7枚のうち、佐倉市の国立歴史民俗博物館で2枚（34番蝦夷江差町、35番蝦夷奥尻島）、国立国会図書館で1枚（107番駿河国静岡市）が発見された。
English: As to the other 4 sheets (No.12 Soya, Ezo, No.133 Yamashiro, Kawachi and Settsu Provinces, No.157 Bicchu and Fukuwama City, Bingo Provinces and No. 164 Bingo, Aki and Imabari City, Iyo Provinces), it was discovered in May 2004 that they were included in miniature copies kept by Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard.
Japanese: 最後に残った4枚（12番蝦夷宗谷、133番山城国・河内国・摂津国、157番備中国・備後国福山市、164番備後・安芸国・伊予国今治市）についても、2004年5月に海上保安庁海洋情報部で保管されていた縮小版の写しの中に含まれていることが判明した。
English: They were replicated by the department of navy channel, Empire of Japan (the predecessor of Japan Coast Guard) in the early Meiji period for the purpose of making sea charts.
Japanese: 海上保安庁の前身である旧水路部(日本海軍)が明治初期に海図を作製する目的で模写したものだという。
English: In response, Japan Map Center (administered by Geographical Survey Institute) published "Ino Taizu Soran" (comprehensive list of the Ino large maps) in May 2006 and disclosed Ino map to the public.
Japanese: これを受け、2006年5月に国土地理院所管財団法人日本地図センターが「伊能大図総覧」を刊行し、伊能図が一般の目にも触れられるようになった。
English: It is expected that a future study will extend to matters which were difficult to examine, including how Tadataka INO conducted his survey, through detailed examination of the large maps.
Japanese: 大図の詳細な検討によって、伊能忠敬による測量がいかに行われたかなど従来検証しづらかった点についても、今後の研究が期待される。
English: Considering that colorful replicas including three sheets of high-quality full-sized replicas were discovered at Japan Coast Guard again in January 2007, it is still possible to discover more copies of Ino map in good condition.
Japanese: なお、その後も2007年1月に、やはり海上保安庁から高画質の原寸模写図3枚を含む色彩模写図が発見されるなど、まだまだ状態の良い伊能図が発見される可能性はある。
English: "Yochi" of "Dainihon Enkaiyochi Zenzu" means the earth or the world.
Japanese: 「大日本沿海輿地全図」の「輿地」とは大地（地球）もしくは世界のことである。
English: It is also called "Kon-yo," comparing the ground to a palanquin on which all things are carried ("Kon" means the world, too).
Japanese: 地面を万物を載せる輿（こし）にたとえたもので、坤輿（こんよ）ともいう（坤も大地を表す）。
English: "Kon-yo Bankoku Zenzu" (A Map of the Myriad Countries of the World) by Matteo Ricci (1602) was named in the same manner.
Japanese: マテオ・リッチによる「坤輿万国全図」（1602年）なども同様の命名である。
English: As can be seen from the name "Enkaiyochi Zenzu" this complete map is focused on depiction of the coastlines and has some blank parts as to internal regions because it was made for the operations of the national defense.
Japanese: 「沿海輿地全図」の名の通り、国防上の事業として行われたため、本図は海岸線の描写が中心であり、内陸部に関しては空白も少なくない。
English: This complete map is different from "Map of Japan" published by Siebold in Europe in many points, because Siebold depicted internal regions with the help of the map operations by the Edo Bakufu (1645).
Japanese: シーボルトがヨーロッパで刊行した日本国図は、内陸部の記述については江戸幕府の地図事業（1645年）などで補っているため、異同が多い。
English: A copy of the Ino small maps brought back by the Acteon was possessed by the department of navy channel, the Royal Navy and now is kept at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
Japanese: アクテオン号が持ち帰った伊能小図の写しはその後も英国海軍水路部で所有され、現在ではグリニッジの国立海事博物館に保管されている。
English: An abandoned child Yokichi was raised by a thief Tsukinowano Okuma and became a chivalrous robber Nezumi kozo who steals money from daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and wealthy merchants and provides it to the poor.
Japanese: 捨て子の与吉は盗人・月の輪のお熊に育てられ、大名や豪商から金子を盗み貧者に分け与える義賊・鼠小僧となった。
English: Now he changed his name to Kozo INABA, and disguised himself as a fortune-teller Sazen HIRASAWA and lives in Kamakuranamekawa.
Japanese: 今では稲葉幸蔵と名も改め、易者平澤左膳に身を装して鎌倉滑川に潜んでいる。
English: One night, Kozo steals 100 ryo (currency unit) from a residence of Inage to save Shinsuke KATANAYA and his lover Omoto who are distressed because their money had been stolen by an evil stranger.
Japanese: ある晩幸蔵は、悪人に金を盗まれ悲嘆にくれる刀屋新助と愛人おもとの難儀を救うため、稲毛の屋敷から百両盗む。
English: However, Tsujiban Yosobe caught him and it turns out that Yosobe is his biological father.
Japanese: しかし辻番・与惣兵衛に見咎められ、しかも彼が実の父であることがわかる。
English: ozo, who is a thief now, cannot identify himself and leaves there crying.
Japanese: 今や盗人になった幸蔵は名乗ることもできず、涙ながらにその場を立ち去る。
English: Omoto and Shinzuke have been traced by the hallmark of the money stolen from the wakato (young samurai) of Inage and are both arrested.
Japanese: 稲毛の若党から盗んだ金子の極印から足がついて、おもとと新助が引っ拘えらえられた。
English: His estranged wife, who became blind, comes to visit him by chance, however, turns her away pretending to be a stranger, although that is not his intention.
Japanese: たまたまそこへ別れた女房が盲目となって訪ねてくるが、幸蔵は心ならずも他人のふりをして追い返す。
English: Moreover, it turns out that the person who stole money from Shinsuke in the first place was his foster mother Okuma.
Japanese: さらにそもそも新助から金を盗んで窮地に追い込んだのが養母のお熊だったことが分かる。
English: Kozo accepts all the facts and turns himself in, however, breaks out of prison since he got angry with the attitude of a ruthless officer Bansaku ISHIGAKI.
Japanese: すべてを覚悟した幸蔵は潔く自首するが、非情な役人石垣伴作の態度に腹を立て脱獄。
English: Nezumi komon haruno shingata is a Kabuki version of a kodan story written by Hakuen SHORIN, whose subject was a chivalrous robber Nezumi Kozo Jirokichi, who actually existed during the Tenpo era.
Japanese: 『鼠小紋東君新形』は、天保年間に実在した義賊・鼠小僧次郎吉を題材とした松林伯円作の講談の歌舞伎化。
English: The scene when Kozo and Yosobe talk and find out they are a father and son in Tsujibansho and the conversations between Kozo and Sankichi in Inaba are popular; these two scenes are mainly performed in these days.
Japanese: 辻番所で交わされる幸蔵・与惣兵衛の親子の名乗りと、稲葉内の幸蔵と三吉とのやり取りが人気で、今日ではもっぱらこの二幕が上演されている。
English: However, Nezumi Kozo Jirokichi appears for the first time in the third section 'Kamakura Nakano-cho Daikokuya no ba.'
Japanese: しかし、三幕目の「鎌倉仲之町大黒屋の場」で初めて鼠小僧次郎吉で登場する。
English: In addition, there are lots of descriptions that are related to 'nezumi' (mouse) in the script, which shows the writer's wit.
Japanese: また科白のなかに「鼠」にちなむ言葉が散りばめられており、作者の機知をうかがわせる。
English: At the very first performance, Sankichi, played by Kikugoro ONOE V at the age of 13, was an excellent performance and even Kodanji ICHIKAWA IV, who played Kozo, was impressed.
Japanese: 初演時に当時数え14歳の尾上菊五郎(5代目)が勤めた三吉は、幸蔵を勤める市川小團次(4代目)をも唸らせるほどの出来だった。
English: Uzaemon watched the move of shijimi-uri (fresh water clam peddler) in Fukagawa every day before the performance, and obtained some ideas.
Japanese: 羽左衛門は開幕前に毎日深川で蜆売りの一挙一動を観察してそれを舞台に活かしていたのである。
English: This triggered the advancement of Kikugoro ONOE V to became one of the greatest actors of the Meiji period.
Japanese: これが後に明治の名優としてその名を馳せる尾上菊五郎(5代目)の出世のきっかけともなった。
English: Yosobe played by Uzaemon ICHIMURA XVII was excellent and his performance as an old man was like the quintessence of the play dealing with the lives of ordinary people.
Japanese: このときは市村羽左衛門(17代目)の与惣兵衛が絶品で、世話物の真髄を凝縮したような老け役だった。
English: Similarly as a happi coat (a workman's livery coat) they usually have sleeves; some do not have sleeves as vests.
Japanese: 法被と同じように袖の着いたものが普通だが、ベストのような袖なしのものもある。
English: They put a piece of white cloth between their back and the Kannon-zo so that the statute would not come into direct contact with their clothes.
Japanese: が、着物が観音様が直に触れてはいけないとして、白い布を間に当てたのが起源となる。
English: The color white expresses a heart without impurities, as well as the elimination of various worries, doubts, and contamination.
Japanese: 白は穢れなき心を表し、様々な悩み、迷い、汚れを落とすという意味も持つ。
English: Later in the modern days people started to regard Byakue costumes as replacement of shrouds, burial outfit.
Japanese: その後近代になって、死に装束である経帷子の代わりに着用するという考えが生じた。
English: Or it expresses that they are in the next world (sacred world) in burial outfit, and they make pilgrimage of sacred ground as a man who once died and return with a new life.
Japanese: または、死に装束で他界（聖なる世界）を行く者であることを象徴し、巡礼者は一度死んだものとして霊場を巡り新たな生を得て蘇る。
English: Pilgrims wear tekko (covering for the back of the hand and wrist) and kyahan (gaiters) for the same reasons as burial outfit.
Japanese: 巡礼者が白い手甲と脚半を着けるのも死に装束に準じているものといえる。
English: Han-i is Byakue costume; it is not worn during pilgrimage but for receiving read seals at fudasho (temple where amulets are collected).
Japanese: 判衣（はんい）は白衣ではあるが巡礼中に着用するものではなく、札所で朱印を受けるものである。
English: When yourself or the one who is close to you die, it is said the person can go to the Buddhist paradise when he or she wears han-i with red seals as burial outfit.
Japanese: 自らや親しいものがなくなった際に朱印を受けた判衣を死に装束として着用させると極楽へ行けるといわれる。
English: For henro (pilgrimage), it is usually 南無大師遍照金剛 "Namu Daishi Henjo Kongo" that is hogo (to chant the name of Kanzeon Bosatsu and bow repeatedly) of Kobo Daishi (Kukai).
Japanese: 遍路の場合には弘法大師（空海）の宝号「南無大師遍照金剛」が一般的だ。
English: Sometimes depending on the sect, 南無阿弥陀仏 "Namu Amida Buddha" or 南無妙法蓮華経 "Nam-myoho-renge-kyo" is used.
Japanese: が、宗派によって「南無阿弥陀仏」「南無妙法蓮華経」のものを着用する場合もある。
English: The toji union is a union organized by toji (sake brewers) who are professionals of sake production.
Japanese: 杜氏組合（とうじくみあい）とは、日本酒の酒造技術者である杜氏が作る組合。
English: Several of the small toji groups form a union in partnership with the others in the surrounding area.
Japanese: 小さな杜氏集団では、周辺のいくつかの杜氏集団と共同で一つの組合を持っている。
English: This kind of instances are more in these days that the total number of toji has drastically decreased.
Japanese: 杜氏全体の数が激減している近年、むしろそうした例のほうが多いといっても良い。
English: There were sharp conflicts with brewery owners who were capitalists due to the labor-management relations from the early Meiji period to the early Showa period, but nowadays the union's main works are labor management, benefits, skill enhancement, training of successors, and so on.
Japanese: 日本酒の歴史明治時代前期から日本酒の歴史昭和時代前期にかけては、激しく資本家である蔵元と労使関係として対立することもあったが、近年はとみに同じ杜氏集団の労務管理、福利厚生、技術の研鑽、後継者の育成などが主な仕事となっている。
English: "Chiyogami" is square sheets of Japanese paper with crests or patterns used for a traditional play in Japan called "origami" (paper folding), making costumes of paper dolls, or covering handicraft or presentation box for decoration purpose.
Japanese: 千代紙(ちよがみ)とは、日本の伝統的な遊びである折り紙を作るために使われたり、紙人形の衣装、工芸品や化粧箱に装飾の目的で貼られる、紋や柄の豊かな和紙で作られた正方形の紙である。
English: In this section, those made of western paper is treated as "origami," and others made of Japanese paper as "chiyogami."
Japanese: この項では、洋紙で作られたものを折り紙とし、和紙で作られたものを千代紙として扱う。
English: Chiyogami often refers to square sheets of paper with Japanese traditional crests or patterns, and especially those made of Japanese paper are called "chiyogami."
Japanese: 正方形の日本の伝統的な紋や模様が入っているものを指す場合が多く、特に和紙で作られたものを千代紙と呼ぶ。
English: Generally, it is often called in the same way as origami but, today, those square sheets of paper made of western paper with patterns are called "origami" and those made of Japanese paper are called "chiyogami."
Japanese: 一般的に折り紙と同様の呼ばれ方をする場合も多いが、現代では特に洋紙で作られている正方形の模様が入った紙を折り紙、和紙で作られているものを千代紙と呼ぶ。
English: There are several theories for its origin: one is that ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) artists started to make it in the Edo period; the other is that it was started to be used in the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside); or that it was invented by Kenshoin (Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI's lawful wife) in the late Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 発祥は諸説あるが、江戸時代に浮世絵師が作り始めたとも、同時代に大奥で使われ始めたという説、戦国時代(日本)後期に山内一豊の妻、見性院(山内一豊室)により発明されたという説など、様々な説がある。
English: The muramai system refers to a sake rice dealing system which is concluded between sake rice production areas in Harima region and specific Kuramoto (sake brewer) including Nada gogo (five districts in Nada).
Japanese: 村米制度（むらまいせいど）は播磨地方の酒米産地と灘五郷をはじめ特定の蔵元との間で結ばれる、酒米取引制度（現酒造業者）のことを言う。
English: Because of the land-tax reform in 1875, the tax paid by farmers changed from rice to money, and farmers began to make a point of the harvest volume to reduce the quality of rice while demand for sake increased to have Kuramoto endeavor to secure rice for brewing sake.
Japanese: 1875年（明治7年）に地租改正により、農家が納める税金は米から金に変わり、農家では収量を重視するようになり、米の品質が落ちてきたが、一方で、酒の需要が増加し、蔵本では酒米を確保しようとした。
English: As a result, Kuramoto acquiring high-quality rice for brewing sake and the farmers looking for the stable buyers coincided on those desires to start this system.
Japanese: その結果、品質の良い酒米を求める蔵元と安定した販売先を求める農家の思いが一致し、この制度がはじまった。
English: However, there are two theories for its birthplace; one is that in 1894 Atsujiro YAMADA lived in the present Ichinose, Yoshikawa-cho, Miki City, Hyogo Prefecture, as the originator, negotiated with Etsuzo TATSUMA who was Kuramoto presently located in Nishinomiya City and started dealings, and another theory is that from 1891 to 1892 residents lived in Kamikume settlement, Yashiro-cho, Kato City started dealings with Honkano Shoten located presently in Nada Ward, Kobe City.
Japanese: しかし、発祥地は二説あり、明治26年に現在の三木市吉川町(兵庫県)市野瀬の山田篤治朗が発起人となり、現在の西宮市にある蔵元の辰馬悦蔵と交渉し、取引を開始した説と、明治24年から翌明治25年頃に現在の加東市社町上久米集落の住民が現在の神戸市灘区の本嘉納商店と取引を開始した説がある。
English: Even now there remains the muramai systems centering around Yoshikawa-cho, Miki City and is serving as a strong connection not only to deal rice for brewing sake, but also to help each other in the occurrences of disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, and so on.
Japanese: 現在も三木市吉川町を中心に、村米制度が残っており、干ばつや水害、また、震災などの災害にも互いに助け合うなど、単に酒米の取引だけでなく、強いつながりが続いている。
English: What is different from pickles made in rice-bran paste is that miso paste itself is for eating and seasoning.
Japanese: ぬかみそを用いる一般的な漬物と異なる点は、味噌そのものが食用、調味料として用いられる点である。
English: Pickled ingredients such as Japanese white radish, carrot, burdock root, or cucumber, are used after they are sun-dried or after kageboshi (drying a thing in the shade), or after once pickled in salt and drained.
Japanese: ダイコン、ニンジン、ゴボウ、キュウリなど漬け込む食材は日乾しか陰干ししたものを用い、またはいちど塩漬けののちに水分を切って漬ける。
English: For example, to make Misozuke of eggplants, pick eggplants in the beginning of fall and wash them with the calyx.
Japanese: 一例としてナスの味噌漬けについて述べれば、初秋に採り入れたナスをへたのついたまま洗う。
English: Pickle them in salty water of 3.6 liter of salt and 4.5 liter of water for three to four days with weight.
Japanese: 塩3.6リットル、水4.5リットルの塩水に3日間から4日間重しをして漬ける。
English: Pile up dark-brown miso paste of good quality with 1.26 to 1.44 liter of mirin (sweet cooking rice wine) and 3.75 kgs of the eggplants of the above alternately.
Japanese: 上等な赤味噌3kgを1.26リットルないし1.44リットルのみりんでゆるめたものと、上に述べたナス3.75kgと互い違いに層をなすように漬け込む。
English: It is quite different from food books written before the 16th century whose main themes were recipes and manners of ceremonial foods.
Japanese: 儀式料理のレシピや作法が中心だった16世紀以前の料理書と大きく異なる。
English: The original text is considered to be the one which was published in 1643 by collecting recipes and so on handed down as tales.
Japanese: 物語りとして伝聞されてきた料理法などをまとめ、寛永20年（1643年）に刊行されたものが底本とされる。
English: It is assumed that it was written by a merchant who was born in Osaka and lived in Kyoto, or by a famous cook for successors.
Japanese: 大阪出身で京都に住む商人が書いた、著名な料理人が後進のために書いたなどと推定されている。
English: It is also considered that a handwritten version dated March 12, 1636 was a prototype of the published book which was completed in Sayama by sorting out the materials.
Japanese: また寛永13年2月5日_(旧暦)（1636年3月12日）の日付が残る手書きの版もあり、これが刊本の原型になり、狭山で原稿を整理し完成させたとも考えられる。