nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In images such as statues and pictures, often Fudo Myoo is placed in the center, Gozanze Myoo at the east, Gundari Myoo at the south, Daiitoku Myoo at the west and Kongoyasha Myoo at the north.
Japanese: 彫像、画像等では、不動明王が中心に位置し、東に降三世明王（ごうざんぜみょうおう）、南に軍荼利明王（ぐんだりみょうおう）、西に大威徳明王、北に金剛夜叉明王を配する場合が多い。
English: Moreover, this arrangement is seen in Mikkyo (Tomitsu), which has been transmitted in the Shingon sect, but in the other Mikkyo (Daimitsu), which has been transmitted in the Tendai sect, Ususama Myoo is included in Godai Myoo instead of Kongoyasha Myoo.
Japanese: なお、この配置は真言宗に伝承される密教（東密）のものであり、天台宗に伝承される密教（台密）においては金剛夜叉明王の代わりに烏枢沙摩明王が五大明王の一尊として数えられる。
English: Statues of the Godai Myoo were actively produced in Japan, while in China a few works were made.
Japanese: 五大明王像は日本において盛んに造像されたが、中国でも若干の遺例を見ることができる。
English: In Japan, Mikkyo was very popular during the first stage of the Heian period, and Godai Myoo was enshrined as the principal image of Buddha in the Godanho ritual.
Japanese: 日本では、密教が平安時代前期に隆盛したことから、五壇法の本尊として五大明王が祀られた。
English: As a representative example in Japan, the statue, which was made in the first stage of the Heian period and is located at the auditorium of To-ji Temple, is well known (as a national treasure).
Japanese: 日本における代表的な造像例としては、京都の東寺講堂に安置されている平安時代前半の像（国宝）が知られる。
English: It is estimated that the statues was made around 839, when the auditorium was built.
Japanese: その造像は、講堂が創建された承和(日本)6年（839年）頃と推定されている。
English: As for the festivals related to Godai Myoo, Godairikisonninnoue is famous, and Kyoto Daigo-ji Temple performs it in February of each year.
Japanese: 五大明王に関する祭事では、京都醍醐寺が毎年2月に厳修する　五大力尊仁王会（ごだいりきそんにんのうえ）が有名。
English: In this festival, the power of Godai Myoo is magnified by burning a large ritualistic 'Saito Goma' outside, and on the last day the contest of strength by holding up a big Kagami-mochi of 150 kg has been held as a traditional event.
Japanese: 壮大な屋外大護摩「柴燈護摩」を焚き上げて五大明王の威力を讚えるこの祭事は、最終日に150キロもある超特大の鏡餅を持ち上げる力自慢大会が伝統行事として今に伝えられている。
English: An ama is an unmarried woman over the age of 20 or a woman who becomes a priestess after the period of Shamini (a female Buddhist novice), even though she has been married.
Japanese: 尼（あま）とは20歳以上の未婚、もしくは結婚経験があっても沙弥尼（しゃみに）の期間を経て出家した女性のこと。
English: The type of woman who had her hair cut around shoulders was called 'Amasogi,' and girls with such a hairstyle were called 'Ama' in some cases.
Japanese: 女性が髪を肩のあたりで切ったのを尼削（あまそぎ）というが、そのような髪形の童女を尼という場合がある。
English: Additionally, in recent times the word 'ama' was used in reference to a prostitute girl or woman.
Japanese: また近世以降少女または女性をいやしめて呼ぶときにも尼という語を用いた。
English: The origin of the word 'ama' could be considered a transcription of the slang expression of 'ambaa' in Sanskrit, which means 'a good woman.'
Japanese: 尼の語源は、サンスクリット語の「善良な女性」を意味するambaaの俗語形の音写ではないかと考えられる。
English: Originally it meant Bikuni (bhikSuNii in Sanskrit) and a female Buddhist disciple opposite Biku, a male Buddhist disciple.
Japanese: 本来は比丘尼（サンスクリット：bhikSuNii）のことであり、男性の出家修行者（比丘びく）に対して、女性の出家修行者をいう。
English: According to tradition, the first Bikuni were Makahajadai, Mahaprajapati, (Mahaaprajaapatii in Sanskrit), Shaka's adopted mother, and 500 women of the Shaka clan.
Japanese: 伝承では、最初の比丘尼は釈迦の養母の摩訶波闍波提（まかはじゃはだい、mahaaprajaapatii(sanskrit)）と500人の釈迦族の女性たちであった。
English: Shaka did not permit women to become priestesses at first, but admitted them based on their passion and meditationof Anan (Ananda) on the condition that they would keep eight promises, such as respecting Biku without slander.
Japanese: 釈迦ははじめ女性の出家を許さなかったが、彼女たちの熱意と阿難のとりなしによって、比丘を敬い、罵謗したりしないなど8つの事項を守ることを条件に、女性の出家を認めたという。
English: By this, Yashotara (Yashodhara), Shaka's ex-wife, Bhadraa-Kapilaanii, ex-wife of Daikasho (Mahakasyapa), and Sama (Ksemaa) who was the princess of Bimbisara, Sister Uppalavanna and others became priestesses one after another and established a priestess group.
Japanese: これにより釈迦の元妻である耶輸陀羅（やしょたら、ヤソーダラー）、大迦葉のかつての妻である妙賢（バドラー・カピラーニ）、ビンビサーラ王の妃であった差摩（さま、ケーマ）、蓮華色比丘尼（ウッパラヴァンナー）など次々と出家し尼僧集団が形成された。
English: In Japan Ama generally means a woman who becomes a priestess, shaves her head, puts on clerical garment and practices ascetic training at Ama-dera Temple.
Japanese: 日本では一般に、出家得度して剃髪し染衣をつけ、尼寺にあって修行する女性をさす。
English: The first ama in Japan were three women including Zenshin-ni, a daughter of Tatto SHIBA, who SOGA no Umako made them become priestess in 584.
Japanese: 日本最初の尼は、584年に蘇我馬子が出家させた司馬達等の娘善信尼ら3人である。
English: They crossed to Kudara in order to learn Buddhism precepts (戒法), and lived at Sakurai-ji Temple after their return to Japan in 590.
Japanese: 彼女たちは百済にわたって戒法を学び、590年に帰国して、桜井寺に住した。
English: At the beginning of Buddhism in Japan, the ama seemed to play the same role as a shrine maiden who worshiped God.
Japanese: 仏教伝来の当初、尼は神まつりする巫女と同じ役割を果たしたと思われる。
English: In 741 provincial monasteries were built around the country by an order of emperor Shomu, and provincial monasteries were built at the same time.
Japanese: 741年（天平13年）、聖武天皇の発願で国分寺が諸国に設けられたが、同時に国分寺も置かれた。
English: However, in accordance with the idea of the guard of nation becoming stronger, people tended to dislike that women (including ama) approached Buddhism from the standpoint of emphasizing that priests kept the precepts of Buddhism.
Japanese: しかし、鎮護国家の思想が強まるにつれて僧侶の持戒を重んじる立場から、尼を含めて女性が仏教に接することを厭う風潮が生まれた。
English: Therefore, giving Buddhist precepts (授戒) against ama was rejected and ama had been denied as priestess in Buddhism society for a long time in spite of the fact that there were many ama at that age.
Japanese: そのため、尼に対する授戒は拒絶され、当時大勢の尼が存在しながら、仏教界においては僧侶としては否認されるという扱いが長く続く事になる。
English: Against this situation, Princess Shoshi, the empress of Emperor Junna, tried to make Kaidan (Ama Kaidan), the Buddhist ordination platform for women, but due to objections she could not.
Japanese: これに対して淳和天皇の皇后であった正子内親王が女性のための戒壇（尼戒壇）を作ろうとするが反対に遭って果たせなかった。
English: FUJIWARA no Shoshi (a daughter of FUJIWARA no Michinaga), of the Palace of the Empress of Emperor Ichijo, placed Ama Kaidan at Hojo-ji Temple, which was built by Michinaga, when she became priestess in 1027, but it was lost in the devastation of the temple.
Japanese: 一条天皇の中宮であった藤原彰子（藤原道長の娘）が自身の出家を機に道長が建てた法成寺に尼戒壇を設置した（万寿4年（1027年））が、同寺の荒廃とともに失われた。
English: In medieval times, aristocratic women could become 'ama' called Sage Ama by having her hair cut around shoulders (of course they couldn't become ama formally because they could not be given the precepts of Buddhism).
Japanese: 中世には貴族出身者はさげ尼と称して、髪を肩の辺りで削いで「尼」となることができた（勿論、授戒が受けられないために正式な尼にはなれない）。
English: Subsequently this custom became widespread, and women who were bereaved of husbands, divorced or had grown old were called 'ama' based on their appearance.
Japanese: それ以降この風習が一般に広まり、夫と死別したり、離婚したり、老婆となった時など、姿かたちだけ「尼」となった。
English: For example, Masako HOJO, a wife of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, became an ama and was called Ama Shogun because she wielded influence over government.
Japanese: たとえば、源頼朝妻の北条政子は尼となり、権勢を振って尼将軍と呼ばれた。
English: Kamakura new Buddhism regretted the former position to depreciate women and preached to relieve women, and Honen showed deep sentiment against Ama Nyudo, which was seemed to be a slang term for fools, as it were.
Japanese: 鎌倉新仏教は、従来の女性軽視の立場を反省し、女性の救済を説いたが、法然は、当時、愚かものの代名詞の観すらあった尼入道に深い理解を示した。
English: In addition, Eison built Ama Kaidan at Hokke-ji Temple, which was the Great Head Temple of old provincial nunneries, when it was rebuilt (in 1249).
Japanese: また、叡尊もかつての国分尼寺の総本山であった法華寺再興の際に同寺に尼戒壇を設置した（建長元年（1249年））。
English: Influenced by the missionary works of his Shingon Risshu sect, giving Buddhist precepts to ama had been gradually admitted.
Japanese: 彼の真言律宗の布教の影響によって次第に尼への受戒が許容されるようになった。
English: A private shrine maiden, married with an itinerant Buddhist monk of Shugen, performed worship and divine revelation together, and also adopted the custom of having her hair cut so that a Shugen shrine maiden was called Bikuni.
Japanese: 民間の巫女は修験の山伏と夫婦になって祈祷や託宣を行ったが、剃髪の風習が巫女にも及び、修験巫女は比丘尼とよばれた。
English: Such bikuni went around the country, which led to the creation of the Haooyaku-bikuni (Yao-bikuni) legend.
Japanese: このような比丘尼は各地を遊行し、これを背景に八百比丘尼の伝説が生まれた。
English: Kumano-bikuni, who propagated the Kumano faith in various places, lectured on Rokudo-zu (i.e., paintings of the six paths of existence) are also called the "six realms" of reincarnation or Kumano Mandala (i.e., devotional paintings of the three shrines of Kumano).
Japanese: 熊野信仰を各地に広めた熊野比丘尼は六道図や熊野曼荼羅などを絵解きした。
English: During the Edo period, Uta Bikuni who served at a banquet appeared and some ama fell into prostitution.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると宴席にはべる歌比丘尼となり、売春に転落するものもいた。
English: Ama was seen in nearly every Buddhist sect in Japan, but after the Meiji Restoration the values of patriarchal authority based on Confucianism became widespread among people other than those of the former warrior class, so there was an example that ama was abolished, such as occurred in the Nichiren Shoshu sect in the Showa period, when nationalism also became influential.
Japanese: 尼は日本仏教のほぼ全ての宗派に置かれたが明治維新以降は儒教的な家父長制の価値観が旧武士階層以外にも広まり、これに加えて国粋主義も台頭した昭和期には日蓮正宗のように尼を廃止した例もある。
English: Arakan (arhat in Sanskrit) is a saint in Buddhism who is eligible to receive respect and charity.
Japanese: 阿羅漢(あらかん、サンスクリット：arhat)は、仏教において、尊敬や施しを受けるに相応しい聖者のこと。
English: It is also called 殺賊 (Setsuzoku), transferred from killing (殺す (han)) rebel (賊 (ari)) of earthly desires and '不生,' transferred from a（不）＋ruh（生ずる), which means not to relive in a wandering world (past, present and future existences, or three realms) after nirvana, but these are vulgar views of the origin of word.
Japanese: 煩悩の賊(ari)を殺す（han）から殺賊（せつぞく）と言われたり、涅槃に入って迷いの世界（三界）に生れない（a（不）＋ruh（生ずる））から「不生」と言われたりするが、これはいずれも通俗語源解釈である。
English: It is originally a derivative word of the root, arh-, which means 'valuable', 'respectable' and so on.
Japanese: 本来は「価値ある」「立派な」などの意味を持つ語根〈arh-〉の派生語である。
English: Originally, in the general sense it meant 'respectable disciplinant' in the Indian religion.
Japanese: 元々、インドの宗教一般で「尊敬されるべき修行者」をこのように呼んだ。
English: Arakan-ka, the state of full attainment of arhatship in which it isn't necessary to learn any more, is called 'Mugakui (無学位).'
Japanese: 学道を完成し、これ以上に学ぶ要がないので阿羅漢果を「無学位」という。
English: However, in Mahayana Buddhism it is referred to as two vehicles, and Arakan and Dokkaku are said to be unable to become 'Buddha.'
Japanese: しかし、大乗仏教では二乗と呼ばれて、阿羅漢と独覚（どっかく）は「仏」になれないとされた。
English: Additionally, there is a theory that they cannot even go to 'Hell' but must repeat reincarnation at the same level.
Japanese: さらには「地獄」へも堕ちることができず、その位のまま輪廻が繰り返されるとする論書さえある。
English: In China and Japan, 16 disciples who swore to keep Buddhism were respected as the 16 Rakans.
Japanese: 中国・日本では仏法を護持することを誓った16人の弟子を十六羅漢と呼び尊崇した。
English: Moreover, 500 disciples who gathered in the first editorial meeting of Buddhist sutra (結集（けつじゅう）were called the 500 Rakans and were eagerly respected.
Japanese: また、第1回の仏典編集（結集（けつじゅう））に集まった500人の弟子を五百羅漢と称して尊敬することも盛んであった。
English: Particularly, the Zen sect emphasized that Shaka's true dharma　(正法) was transmitted directly to Arakan, Daikasho (Mahakasyapa) and produced pictures of the 500 Rakans, and statues of Rakan idealized the figures of Shaka's disciples training, which were later worshipped to pray for keeping true dharma.
Japanese: ことに禅宗では阿羅漢である大迦葉に釈迦の正法が直伝されたことを重視して、釈迦の弟子たちの修行の姿が理想化され、五百羅漢図や羅漢像が作られ、正法護持の祈願の対象となった。
English: According to "Daiarakan Nandai Shosetsu (Hojuki)," it means sixteen Arakans who live in this world forever by Buddha's order and serve as redeemers of living things.
Japanese: 大阿羅漢難提多所説（法注記）によると、仏勅を受けて永くこの世に住し衆生を済度する役割をもった16人の阿羅漢といわれる。
English: Bindorabaradaja, Pindolabharadraja
Japanese: 賓度羅跋囉惰闍（びんどらばらだーじゃPindolabharadrāja）
English: There is a view that includes Binzuru as another Rakan among "the 18 Rakans" with Keiyu, who is regarded as having originated the idea of the 18 Rakans.
Japanese: 後に、賓頭盧を別の羅漢として、十六羅漢思想を創始したとされる慶友とあわせ十八羅漢とする場合もある。
English: Sutra,' of the Buddhist sutra (Kyoten, Kyoden, sutra in Sanskrit, sutta in Pali), means a record of Shaka's teachings among Buddhist scriptures.
Japanese: 経典（きょうてん、きょうでん、(サンスクリット語)sutra(सूत्र)sanskrit、(パーリ語)sutta）の、「経」とは仏教聖典の内、釈迦が説いた教えを記録しているもの。
English: The way of ascetic training and religious precepts is called 'vinaya'; commentaries of Buddhist sutra are called 'abhidharma'; and sutra, vinaya and abhidharma are collectively called 'Tripitaka.'
Japanese: 修行法や戒律に関するものは「律」、経典を注釈したものは「論」と呼ばれ、経・律・論を合わせて「三蔵」と呼ぶ。
English: Buddhist sutra' means only 'sutra' in a narrow sense, but in a broad sense it means all Buddhist scriptures.
Japanese: 「経典」という場合、狭義には「経」のみを指すが、広義には仏教典籍全般を指す。
English: The major Buddhist sutras include Hokku-kyo Sutra (Dhammapada), Agon-kyo Sutra, Hannya-kyo Sutra, Yuima-kyo Sutra, Nehan-kyo Sutra (Sutra of The Great Nirvana), Kegon-kyo Sutra, Hokke Sanbu-kyo Sutra (Threefold Lotus Sutra), the Three Sutras of the Pure Land (Jodosanbu-kyo Sutra), Kongocho-kyo Sutra, etc.
Japanese: 代表的な経典としては、法句経、阿含経、般若経、維摩経、涅槃経、華厳経、法華三部経、浄土三部経、金剛頂経などが挙げられる。
English: Primitive sutras include five sutras of Pali and the Agon-kyo Sutra group (as translated into Chinese), and it is said that portions of these sutras adhere relatively closely to Syakamuni's words.
Japanese: 原始仏典にはパーリ五部および漢訳の阿含経典群があり、その一部は釈尊の言葉を比較的忠実に伝えていると言われる。
English: The Mahayana sutras were created by Mahayana Buddhism religious associations beginning around the beginning of the A.D. epoch, so they have no direct relationship to the historical Syakamuni.
Japanese: 大乗仏典は西暦紀元前後以降、大乗仏教教団によって創作されたもので、すべて歴史上の釈尊とは直接関係のないものである。
English: As for languages, there are various translations ranging from Indian dialects such as Pali and Sanskrit to Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchurian, and a part of the sutra written in the Tangut language remains as well.
Japanese: 言語的には、パーリ語・サンスクリット語などのインドのものを初めとして、中国語、チベット語、モンゴル語、満州語のものがあり、西夏語のものも一部現存する。
English: Additionally, sutra, vinaya, abhidharma and their commentaries were edited into a series called "Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka)" or "Issai-kyo Sutra (Complete Buddhist Scriptures)."
Japanese: また、経・律・論および、その注釈書などは、大蔵経もしくは一切経と呼ばれる叢書にまとめられた。
English: These works were often implemented by order of the Emperor in China, where they set a tough standard to incorporate scriptures so that the scriptures that were not of the standard were called 'Zougai (蔵外).'
Japanese: この作業は、中国では皇帝名で行われることが多く、編入される書物の基準が厳格で、基準外のものは「蔵外（ぞうがい）」と称された。
English: Taisho Shinshu Daizo-kyo Sutra, edited in Japan in 1934, generally includes scriptures edited or written in China and Japan.
Japanese: 昭和9年（1934年）、日本で編纂された大正新脩大蔵経は、より広範囲に中国・日本撰述の典籍も含めている。
English: Once Shaka reached nirvana, in order to transmit his teachings correctly his disciples held a meeting to edit Buddhist sutras (Ketuju, 結集) and began to classify them.
Japanese: 釈迦の入滅後、教えを正しく伝えるために、弟子たちは経典編集の集会（結集（けつじゅう））を開き、経典整理を開始した。
English: However, from 100 to 200 years after Shaka's nirvana, the religious association split into many Hinayana, and each one came to succeed and keep its own Tripitaka.
Japanese: ところが、仏滅後100-200年ころには教団は多くの部派仏教に分裂し、それぞれの部派が各自の三蔵を伝持するようになった。
English: Only the Pali Buddhist sutra of Theravada Buddhism, which was transmitted to Sri Lanka, exists in complete form; it is used widely in the Southeastern Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand and Myanmar.
Japanese: 完全な形で現存するのは、スリランカに伝えられた上座部仏教系のパーリ語経典のみで、現在、スリランカ、タイ、ミャンマーなど東南アジアの仏教国で広く用いられている。
English: Vinayapitaka: Kyofunbetsu (経分別, Commentary on the Texts of Religious Precepts), Kendo (けん度, Systems and Rules of Religious Associations) and an appendix.
Japanese: 律蔵：経分別（戒律の本文解説）、けん度（けんど、教団の制度規定）、付録。
English: Abhidhamma-piTaka: the seven sections of DhammasaGgaNI, VibhaGga, DhAtukathA, Puggala-paJJatti, KathAvatthu, Yamaka and PaTThAna.
Japanese: 論蔵：法集論、分別論、界説論、人施設論、論事論、双対論、発趣論の7部。
English: These were written gradually until around 2 B.C. - 1 B.C. and are said to have been transmitted to Sri Lanka around 1 B.C.; subsequently, many commentaries, essentials and history books of Zogai were produced.
Japanese: これらは紀元前2世紀-紀元前1世紀ころまでに徐々に形成されたもので、前1世紀ころにスリランカに伝えられたといわれ、以後、多くの蔵外の注釈書、綱要書、史書等が作られた。
English: At the end of the nineteenth century, the Pali Text Society was founded in London and published a revised edition of original sutras, while in Japan the 65 volumes of "Nanden Tripitaka" (1935-1941), including some Zogai scriptures, were published as a complete translation.
Japanese: 19世紀末ロンドンにパーリ聖典協会（PāliTextSociety）が設立されて原典の校訂出版等がなされ、日本では若干の蔵外文献も含めて『南伝大蔵経』65巻（1935年-1941年）に完訳されている。
English: It should be remembered that Pali Buddhist sutra haven't necessarily kept the original words.
Japanese: 注意が必要なのは、パーリ語経典が必ずしも古い形を残しているとは限らない点である。
English: In "Agon-kyo Sutra," as translated into Chinese, there are descriptions that are older than those transmitted to Theravada Buddhism or those that seem to have been translated into Chinese from Sanskrit.
Japanese: 漢訳の『阿含経』には上座部に伝わったより古い形態のものがあったり、あきらかにサンスクリット語からの漢訳と考えられるものがある。
English: In that sense, it is not only a false expression but also an incorrect one to think the Pali Buddhist sutra keep the original forms.
Japanese: その意味で、パーリ語経典が原初の形態を伝えていると考えることは、間違いではないが正確な表現ではない。
English: In Tibet, the translation of individual Buddhist scriptures was begun by order of King Songtsan Gambo in the seventh century; the translation of Buddhist sutra into the Tibetan language was begun by Tonmisanboda (トンミサンボータ).
Japanese: チベットにおける個別の仏典翻訳は、7世紀ソンツェン・ガンポ王の命令で、経典のチベット語訳は、トンミサンボータによって始められたが、
English: In accordance with the ascendance of Buddhism as the national religion at the end of the eighth century, the translation of Buddhist scriptures became a national project of the kingdom; thus the work of collecting and translating Buddhist scriptures from India encyclopedically and systematically was begun and completed in the space of just a few decades.
Japanese: 八世紀末、仏教が国教となるのにともない、仏典翻訳は王国の国家事業となり、隣国インドより網羅的、体系的に仏典を収集し、翻訳する作業が開始され、数十年の短期間で一挙に完遂された。
English: In order to translate the original scriptures in Sanskrit, Tibetan grammar and vocabulary were set up, and due to the efforts of Shanyeshede (シャンイェシェデ), Kawaperutseku (カワペルツェク), Chokuroruigentsen (チョクロルイゲンツェン) and others it was completed in about 824.
Japanese: サンスクリット語の原典を正確に翻訳するためのチベット語文法と語彙の整備が行われ、シャンイェシェデ、カワペルツェク、チョクロルイゲンツェンらが作業に従事、824年、一応の完成をみた。
English: As for the classification of Buddhist sutras in Tibetan Buddhism, separation into two parts--'Bkah-hgyur' and 'Bstan-hgyur'--was given more value than that into the three parts of 'sutra, vinaya and abhidharma,' which is common to other Buddhist countries.
Japanese: チベット仏教における経典の分類は、他の仏教圏とも共通する「経・律・論」の三部分類よりも、「仏説部(カンギュル)」、「論疏部（テンギュル）」の２分類が重視される。
English: Bkah-hgyur means 'hgyur (translation)' of 'Bkah,' i.e., Syakamuni's word itself, and Bstan-hgyur means 'hgyur (translation)' of 'Bstan,' i.e., a commentary of 'Bkah' by scholars of Indian Buddhism such as Ryuju.
Japanese: カンギュルとは釈尊のことばそのものである「カー」をチベット語に「ギュル」（翻訳）したもの、テンギュルとは、竜樹らインドの仏教学者たちが「カー」に対してほどこした注釈である「テン」をチベット語に「ギュル」したもの、の意味である。
English: In Tibetan, Buddhist sutras were for a long time widely distributed as manuscripts in order to reveal religious devotion, but in 1410 Emperor Yongle of China's Ming dynasty ordered the carving of wooden blocks of the Tripitaka as souvenirs for Tibetan feudal lords and religious associations that sent messengers to China; this custom was incorporated into Tibet and subsequently led to the carving of various Buddhist sutras.
Japanese: チベットでは、経典は、信仰心を著わすものとしてながらく写本で流布していたが、中国の明朝の永楽帝は中国に使者を派遣するチベット諸侯や教団への土産として、1410年木版による大蔵経を開版、この習慣がチベットにも取り入れられ、以後、何種類かが開版されることになった。
English: Beijing edition: Bkah-hgyur of the Yongle edition (1410), Bkah-hgyur of Wanli (1606), Bkah-hgyur of the Kangxi edition (1692), Bstan-hgyur of the Yongzheng edition (1724)
Japanese: 北京版　永楽版カンギュル(1410年)、万暦版カンギュル(1606年)、康熙版カンギュル(1692年)、雍正版テンギュル(1724年)
English: Moreover, in China since the 1990s as part of the Chinese Tripitaka project, which will be published in the Western style, Bstan-hgyur (including many manuscripts and editions of past times) has been edited.
Japanese: また中国では、1990年代より、洋装本の形式で刊行される中華大蔵教事業の一部として、過去の諸写本、諸版の多くを校合したテンギュルの編纂が進められている。
English: The Tripitaka of Buddhist sutras in the above editions includes many commentaries on Mahayana Buddhism sutras, particularly late-stage Indian Buddhism documents of which the original scriptures and translations of Chinese do not exist, so that it has important meaning in the research of late-stage Indian Buddhism.
Japanese: 以上の諸版に収録されている教典群大蔵経には、大乗の経論、ことに原典も漢訳も現存しないインド後期仏教の文献が多く含まれており、インド後期仏教の研究にも重要な意味をもっている。
English: Tibetan translation is near to a literal translation of Sanskrit, and it is easy to deduce to original words, so that it is considered important to the research of original forms of Buddhist sutra that have been translated into Chinese, particularly when the originals no longer exist.
Japanese: チベット語訳がサンスクリットの逐語訳に近く、原形に還元しやすいので、原典のない漢訳経典の原型を探るためにも重要視されている。
English: The rNying-ma School, one of the four major religious sects in Tibet, characteristically has many sutras and abhidharmas, which insist that Buddhist sutras (gter-ma) hidden underground during a certain time were after a long time discovered by predetermined gter ston (people who excavated hidden Buddhist sutras).
Japanese: チベットの四大宗派のひとつニンマ派では、ある時期に埋蔵された経典（テルマgter-ma）が、時を経て、しかるべき定めを帯びたテルトン（埋蔵経典発掘者）によって発見されたとする経、論を多数有し、同派の特徴となっている。
English: The discovery of gter-ma (hiding Buddhist sutras) has continued since the medieval period, but it is often considered as fiction by persons involved in excavation from other sects.
Japanese: テルマ（埋蔵経典）の出現は、中世以来、現代に至るまで継続しており、他の宗派からは、発掘者による創作だと見なされることが多い。
English: This sect has its own Tripitaka, the contents and composition of which are different from those of the above editions.
Japanese: この派は上記の諸版とは内容、構成のことなる独自の大蔵経を有している。
English: A project for the translation of Buddhist sutras in China was begun in the latter period of the second century and continued virtually without interruption until the end of the eleventh century.
Japanese: 中国における経典の漢訳事業は2世紀後半から始まり、11世紀末までほぼ間断なく継続された。
English: In accordance with the progress of translation into Chinese, it became necessary to collect and classify the sutras of the Chinese editions and distinguish the true Buddhist sutras from the false ones, so that at the end of the fourth century Doan SHAKU wrote "Shuri Shu-kyo Mokuroku (亡佚)," the first record of sutra, and at the beginning of the sixth century Soyu edited "Shutsu Sanzo Kishu (the Chu sanzang ji ji)."
Japanese: 漢訳事業の進行に伴い、訳経の収集や分類、経典の真偽の判別が必要となり、4世紀末には釈道安によって最初の経録である『綜理衆経目録』（亡佚）が、6世紀初めには僧祐によって『出三蔵記集』が作成された。
English: These 衆経 (or Tripitaka) were said to be called 'Issai-kyo Sutra' in the northern Wei dynasty, meaning the Pei dynasty (China), while they were called 'Tripitaka' in Liang (Nanchao), meaning the Nan dynasty (China); both titles were established in Sui and the beginning of the Tang dynasty, and the form of manuscripts were determined as comprising 17 letters in a line.
Japanese: これらの衆経ないし三蔵を、北朝(中国)の北魏で「一切経」と呼び、南朝(中国)の梁(南朝)で「大蔵経」と呼んだといい、隋・唐初に及んで両者の名称が確立し、写経の書式も1行17字前後と定着した。
English: In the Sui and Tang periods many records of sutra were edited, such as "Daito Naitenroku" by Dosen, but what influenced later ages was the 20-volume "Kaigen Shakukyoroku," which was completed in 730 by Chisho.
Japanese: 隋・唐時代にも道宣の『大唐内典録』等の多くの経録が編纂されたが、後代に影響を与えたのは730年（開元18）に完成した智昇撰『開元釈教録』20巻である。
English: Following the classification of Buddhist sutra since the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China), this classified them into the Mahayana Tripitaka, Hinayana Tripitaka and Seiken Shuden (聖賢集伝) and decided that the number of Buddhist scriptures that should be edited into the Tripitaka as 5,048 volumes by designating Mahayana sutra as Godaibu (五大部) of Hannya, Hoshaku (宝積), Taishu (大集), kegon and nirvana.
Japanese: ここでは、南北朝時代(中国)以来の経典分類法を踏襲して大乗の三蔵と小乗の三蔵および聖賢集伝とに三大別し、そのうち大乗経典を般若、宝積、大集、華厳、涅槃の五大部としたうえで、大蔵経に編入すべき仏典の総数を5048巻と決定した。
English: the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China)
Japanese: ここに収載された5048巻の経律論は、北宋以後の印刷大蔵経（一切経）の基準となった。
English: The printing block of the first edition of the Tripitaka was carved at Shu (Sichuan Province) from 971 to 983 in the era of Kyoin CHO (Song Taizong) of the Northern Sung dynasty, and was printed at 'Sutra Printing Academy,' which was built in Kaifeng, the capital.
Japanese: 最初の大蔵経刊本は、北宋の趙匡胤・太宗(宋)の治世、971年-983年（開宝4-太平興国8）にかけて蜀（四川省）で版木が彫られ、都の開封に建てられた「印経院」で印刷された。