nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Soldiers and robbers went to priests' quarters and poor priets ran away, after changing their robes into common clothes and hiding their gold, silver and tea utensils in their sleeves or pockets.
Japanese: 兵士や盗賊は僧院に赴き、哀れな僧侶は僧衣を俗衣に代え、袖や懐に自らが所持していた金銀・茶器を隠して逃げた。
English: However, they were robbed of these things and they were even attacked or forced, by torture, to tell the robbers where they had hidden gold and silver.
Japanese: そのために追剥ぎにあって所持品や衣服を奪われたうえ、暴行や拷問を受けて隠しておいた金銀の場所まで白状するように脅迫され、結局は白状した。
English: Soldiers and robbers brutally robbed people repeatedly or even children of their belongings and it was horrible to see their deeds.'
Japanese: 兵士や盗賊らは出会った男女や子供たちからその所持品を奪い取るために残虐な行為を繰り返したが、その行為を見るのはきわめて嘆かわしいことであった」
English: In Kubosama's castle, they saw Kamigyo destroyed and burned down and were deeply terrified and screamed.'
Japanese: 「公方様の城内では、すでに上京が破壊され焼失されたのを見ていたので、恐怖なり喚声に圧倒されて驚愕は非常なものであった」
English: On May 18 (April 7 in old lunar calendar), Nobunaga made peace with Yoshiaki according to Emperor Ogimachi's imperial command of reconciliation.
Japanese: そして4月7日、信長は正親町天皇から和睦の勅命が出されたことにより、義昭と和睦した。
English: On May 23 (Apri 12 in old lunar calendar), 1573, in Komanba in Shinano Province, Shingen TAKEDA died of illness, leading to dissolution of the coalition against Nobunaga.
Japanese: 元亀4年（1573年）4月12日、武田信玄が信濃駒場で病死し、信長包囲網は瓦解した。
English: In spite of that, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA abondoned the imperial command, raised yet another army and barricaded himself and his army in Makishima-jo Castle while making Fujihide MITSUBUCHI guard Nijo-jo Castle.
Japanese: にも関わらず、7月3日に足利義昭は勅命を破棄して再度挙兵し、二条城に三淵藤英を入れて守らせ、自らは槇島城に立て籠もった。
English: However, Nobunaga quickly retaliated and on August 17 (July 10 in old lunar calendar), Nijo-jo Castle, for fear of Nobunaga's force, surrendered to him without bloodshed.
Japanese: しかし信長は迅速な鎮圧作戦を行ない、7月10日に二条城は信長の勢威を恐れて無血開城した。
English: On August 23 (July 16 in old lunar calendar), Nobunaga attacked Makishima-jo Castle, killed about 50 soldiers of Ashikaga army, and destroyed almost all the castle's defenses.
Japanese: 7月16日、信長は填島城を攻撃し、足利軍の兵士50人ほどを討ち取り、填島城の防御施設をほとんど破壊した。
English: On August 25 (July 18 in old lunar calendar), horrified, Yoshiaki surrendered to Nobunaga, sending Yoshihiro, his eldest son, as a hostage to Nobunaga.
Japanese: これに怖気づいた義昭は、7月18日に嫡男の義尋を人質として差し出して降伏した。
English: On August 27 (July 20 in old lunar calendar), he exiled Yoshiaki to Wakae-jo Castle in Kawachi Province, where Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI, his brother-in-law lived.
Japanese: 7月20日に義昭を妹婿である三好義継の居城・河内国若江城に追放した。
English: With that, Muromachi bakufu practically went to ruin. (However, Yoshiaki was still in the position of Seii taishogun and held Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).)
Japanese: これにより、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡したのである（ただし、なおも義昭自身は征夷大将軍の地位にあり、従三位の位階も保っていた）。
English: On December 20 (November 16 in old lunar calendar), Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI was defeated by Nobunaga at the battle of Wakae-jo Castle and Yoshiaki was exiled to Kii Province.
Japanese: 11月16日に若江城の戦いで三好義継が信長に滅ぼされた後、義昭は紀伊国に追放された。
English: The City Ordinances on the Preservation of Vistaed View are ordinances in Kyoto City to 'create Kyoto's surrounding scenery and vistaed views, and preserve them for future generations' (Article 1).
Japanese: 京都市眺望景観創生条例（きょうとしちょうぼうけいかんそうせいじょうれい）とは、「京都の優れた眺望景観を創生するとともに，これらを将来の世代に継承することを目的とする」(1条)、京都市の条例である。
English: The ordinances have distinct features in terms of considerably strict regulations on the construction of new buildings and the extension and reconstruction of old buildings in order to protect surrounding scenery and vistaed views.
Japanese: 眺望、景観を守ることを目的としたものとして、かなり厳しい規制を建築物の新築・増改築に課すことに大きな特徴がある。
English: A total of eight types of surrounding scenery and vistaed views were selected, and the buildings in the restricted zones are subject to regulations in order to preserve them.
Japanese: 眺望景観として合計8種を定め、それを保全することを目的として、該当する地域の建築物などに対して規制がかけられる。
English: Eight types of the surrounding scenery and vistaed views include: in particular, the 'temple views' such as Kamo Wakeikazuchi-jinja Shrine, Kamo Mioya-jinja Shrine, To-ji Temple and Kiyomizu-dera Temple; the 'street views' such as the Oike-dori Street and the Shijo-dori Street; the 'waterfront views' such as the view from Lake Biwa Canal; the 'background garden view' such as Entsu-ji Temple (Kyoto City); the 'mountain views' such as the Higashi-yama mountains and the Kita-yama mountains; the 'symbol views' such as the Daimonji (huge kanji character "dai" formed by bonfire in the Daimonji Festival); the 'lookout views' such as the view from the bridge over the Kamo-gawa River; and the 'bird's-eye views' such as the view from Mt. Daimonji-yama.
Japanese: 眺望景観とは、具体的には賀茂別雷神社、賀茂御祖神社、東寺、清水寺などからの「境内の眺め」や、御池通、四条通などからの「通りの眺め」、琵琶湖疏水などからの「水辺の眺め」、円通寺(京都市)などからの「庭園の眺め」、東山・北山などに対する「山並みへの眺め」、大文字などに対する「しるしへの眺め」、鴨川にかかる橋からの「見晴らしの眺め」、大文字からの「見下ろしの眺め」の8種である。
English: When designated as one of these preservation zones, the area is subject to quite specific regulations: the shapes of roofs must 'be the kirizuma (gable-style), the yosemune (hip-style), or the irimoya (combination of the kirizuma and the yosemune)'; the roofs must be covered 'with either Japanese roof tiles or copper sheets;' and the ratio of the angle of roofs must fall between a specified range.
Japanese: こうした保全地域に該当した場合には、その地域ごとに、屋根の形状が「切妻、寄棟、入母屋であること。」、屋根の葺き方が「日本瓦又は銅板で」あること、屋根の勾配の比率が一定以上一定以下であること、かなり具体的な規制に服することになる。
English: When constructing (also extending and reconstructing) a building, one is required to have a plan examined to see whether it conforms to these regulations and approved by the mayor.
Japanese: 建築物を建築等(増改築を含む)する際には、こうした具体的な基準に適合しているかどうか、市長の認定を受けなければならない。
English: Ezo (also referred to as "Emishi" or "Ebisu") is an appellation for the people who once lived in the eastern and northern areas of what is now Japan, and who were considered by the Japanese to belong to a different ethnic group.
Japanese: 蝦夷（えみし、えびす、えぞ）は、日本列島の東方、北方に住み、日本人によって異族視されていた人々に対する呼称である。
English: There are various theories as to the origin of the word, and one of them asserts that "encu" (meaning "person" in the Ainu language of the Sakhalin Ainu) is its origin.
Japanese: 語源については諸説あり、中に樺太アイヌのアイヌ語で「人」を意味する「encu」と同語源とするものもある。
English: In ancient times, Ezo was written as "毛人" and read as "Emishi" or "Ebisu," but from the seventh century onward, it was written as "蝦夷."
Japanese: 古代の蝦夷ははじめ「毛人」と書いて「えみし」あるいは「えびす」と読み、7世紀から「蝦夷」と書かれるようになった。
English: Therefore, it is thought that the use of the characters "毛" and "蝦" isn't simply based on the sound but must have a particular meaning.
Japanese: 「毛」や「蝦」の字を用いたのは単なる音の転写ではなく、何らかの意味があると考えられる。
English: One theory explains that the Emishi had a lot of body hair (毛), which compares with the Ainu, who are hairy in general.
Japanese: ここで、毛人は蝦夷に体毛が多かったためだと解し、やはり体毛が多いアイヌと比べる説がある。
English: Regarding the use of the Chinese characters "蝦夷," one theory asserts that the people had some sort of name related to the sound "kai" (the Ainu were called "kui" by Mongolians and "kuriru" by Russians), and another asserts that the people had long beards and therefore resembled a prawn (蝦) or a lobster.
Japanese: 蝦夷については、カイという音（アイヌ人はモンゴル人から「クイ」ロシア人からは「クリル」と呼ばれた）に通じる呼び名があったためとも、蝦（エビ）に似て髭が長かったためだとも推測される。
English: In "Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued"), written by the Emperor Monmu in December 697, the Ezo who lived in Echigo Province (later Dewa Province) are referred to as "Kateki" (蝦狄).
Japanese: また、『続日本紀』文武天皇元年（697年）12月庚辰条には、越後国（後の出羽国を含む）に住む蝦夷を「蝦狄」（「かてき」）と称している。
English: This name is probably derived, like Toi, from a derogatory term used for a different ethnic group (狄) in the northern area.
Japanese: これは、東夷と同じく北方の異民族（狄）に対する蔑称に由来していると考えられている。
English: Incidentally, Makoto TAKEMITSU has a theory that "Emishi" was originally a word to describe a "warrior."
Japanese: また、武光誠氏は、「えみし」とは本来は「勇士」を表す言葉だったという説を唱えている。
English: This theory asserts that the Yamato Administration used the written expression "蝦夷" to call attention to China that the Yamato Administration was also holding the ethnic groups in subjection along with the expansion of the Administration.
Japanese: 大和政権が拡大するに従い、大和政権も異民族を服従させていることを当時の中国にアピールするため、「蝦夷」という悪字を当てるようにしたというものである。
English: "Emishi" in ancient times meant a group who lived in the eastern areas of Honshu and to the north, refusing to belong to or assimilate into Japan and regions under the control of the Japanese government, either politically or culturally.
Japanese: 古代の蝦夷（えみし）は、本州東部とそれ以北に居住し、政治的・文化的に、日本やその支配下に入った地域への帰属や同化を拒否していた集団を指した。
English: It is thought that a part of the group called Emishi became the medieval Ezo, that is the Ainu, and that another part of them became Japanese.
Japanese: 蝦夷と呼ばれた集団の一部は中世の蝦夷（えぞ）、すなわちアイヌにつながり、一部は日本人につながったと考えられている。
English: Because "Emishi" and "Ezo" are expressed by the same Chinese characters, they tend to be confused with one another; however, these two must be distinguished accurately because the periods in which these peoples appeared are completely different.
Japanese: 蝦夷（えみし）と蝦夷（えぞ）は同じ漢字を用いていることから混同されやすいが、歴史に登場する時代もまったく異なり、両者は厳密に区別されなければならない。
English: "Emishi" is an appellation that was used by the Imperial Court, but there are no recorded documents mentioning their awareness of the presence or absence of an ethnic group as "Emishi."
Japanese: 「えみし」は朝廷側からの他称であり、蝦夷側の民族集団としての自覚の有無に触れた史料はない。
English: Opinions are varied among researchers regarding the interpretation of whether the Emishi lacked a unified identity or if their ethnic consciousness was formed while they were negotiating with Japan.
Japanese: 蝦夷に統一アイデンティティーは無かったと解するか、日本との交渉の中で民族意識が形成されたであろうと想定するかは、研究者の間で意見が分かれている。
English: The oldest record of Emishi in form is introduced in Kumeuta (a kind of poem) composed in a "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan) Jinmu tosei (story in Japanese myth about the first generation of the Imperial family) as an Aibishi.
Japanese: 蝦夷「えみし」についての形式上最も古い言及は『日本書紀』神武東征記中に詠まれている来目歌の一つに愛濔詩として登場する。
English: (Translation: Although people have said that a person of the Emishi is equivalent to 100 soldiers, they were vanquished easily without resisting.)
Japanese: （訳：えみしを、1人で100人に当たる強い兵だと、人はいうけれど、抵抗もせず負けてしまった）
English: However, it isn't clear how accurately this Kumeuta reflects the history or whether "Emishi" in this poem means the same "蝦夷" that appeared in later history; instead, there are various theories about the characteristics as an ethnic group of an occupied zone of "蝦夷" in ancient times, but no one knows for sure.
Japanese: しかし、この来目歌がどの程度史実を反映するものかどうかは判然とせず、またここで登場する「えみし」が後の「蝦夷」を意味するかどうかも判然としないため、古い時代の蝦夷の民族的性格や居住範囲については諸説があり確かなことはわかっていない。
English: In "Sosho (Sung Shu) Wakokuden," the Chinese history book of the fifth century, the following sentence is seen as a Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) delivered from Waobu to Sung (Nan-Dynasty) in 478.
Japanese: 5世紀の中国の歴史書『宋書』倭国伝に、478年（順帝昇明2年）倭王武が宋(南朝)に届けた上表文として以下の記述がある。
English: Since early times, Sodei himself has been breaking through Kacchu (armor and helmet) and walking in the mountains and rivers, and never had a comforting place, and accordingly, he has conquered fifty-five countries of "毛人" to the eastern areas, sixty-six countries of "衆夷" to the western areas, and ninety-five countries by crossing the northern sea.
Japanese: 「昔から祖彌（そでい）躬（みずか）ら甲冑（かっちゅう）を環（つらぬ）き、山川（さんせん）を跋渉（ばっしょう）し、寧処（ねいしょ）に遑（いとま）あらず。東は毛人を征すること、五十五国。西は衆夷を服すること六十六国。渡りて海北を平らぐること、九十五国。」
English: Since early times, Sodei himself has been breaking through Kacchu (armor and helmet) and walking in the mountains and rivers, and never had a comforting place, and accordingly, he has conquered fifty-five countries of "毛人" to the eastern areas, sixty-six countries of "衆夷" to the western areas, and ninety-five countries by crossing the northern sea.
Japanese: 「自昔祖禰躬環甲冑跋渉山川不遑寧處東征毛人五十五國西服衆夷六十六國渡平海北九十五國」
English: From this Johyobun it can be confirmed that the presence of the Emishi and its rule went forward.
Japanese: これにより既にこの時代には蝦夷の存在とその支配が進んでいた様子を確認することが出来る。
English: As a description of the Emishi written by someone who lived during the same period in which they were present, a dialogue between a Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) and Gao Zong (Tang Dynasty) held in 659 is found in "Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan)."
Japanese: 蝦夷の生活を同時代人が正面から語った説明としては、659年（斉明天皇5年）の遣唐使と唐(王朝)の高宗(唐)の問答が日本書紀にある。
English: According to the dialogue, Niki-Emishi (quiet Emishi) lived closest, Ara-Emishi (rough Emishi) lived farther away, and Tsugaru was located farthest.
Japanese: それによると、日本に毎年入朝してくる熟蝦夷（にきえみし。おとなしい蝦夷）が最も近く、麁蝦夷（あらえみし。荒々しい蝦夷）がそれより遠く、最遠方に都加留（つがる）があった。
English: This Kento-shi explained that Emishi had eaten no cereal crops and built no houses but lived under the trees.
Japanese: この使者の説明では、蝦夷は穀物を食べず、家を建てず、樹の下に住んでいた。
English: However, this type of lifestyle contradicts other descriptions in the history books and the archaeological evidence presented to date, and therefore it seems to be an attempt to exaggerate Emishi's characteristics as barbarians.
Japanese: しかしこのような生活は史料にみえる他の記述とも現在の考古学的知見とも矛盾し、蝦夷を野蛮人と誇張するための嘘と思われる。
English: What can be said for sure from this description, which has no credibility, is that Tsugaru was a dominant group of the Emishi because its proper name was mentioned in the record.
Japanese: 信憑性に欠けるこの説明から確実にわかるのは、都加留（津軽）が固有名をあげられるほどの有力集団として存在したことである。
English: By the seventh century, the Emishi had lived broadly in the Tohoku region (from mid-Miyagi Prefecture through Yamagata Prefecture and to the north) and most of Hokkaido (local public entity), a part of which was included in the Japanese territory.
Japanese: 7世紀頃には、蝦夷は現在の宮城県中部から山形県以北の東北地方と、北海道(地方公共団体)の大部分に広く住み、その一部は日本の領域の中にあった。
English: As Japan expanded its territory, the Emishi often fought for self-defense, carried out revolts and performed attacks across borders.
Japanese: 日本が支配領域を北に拡大するにつれて、しばしば防衛のために戦い、反乱を起こし、又国境を越えて襲撃を行った。
English: The biggest battle took place in Isawa, between Japan and the Emishi who lived nearby; some of the names of leaders of the battle include KOREHARI no Azamaro, who is known from Hoki no Ran, in which he once took control of Taga-jo Castle in 780, and Aterui, who wiped out the expeditionary force in the Battle of Subushi in 789.
Japanese: 最大の戦いは胆沢とその周辺の蝦夷との戦いで、780年に多賀城を一時陥落させた宝亀の乱の伊治呰麻呂、789年に巣伏の戦いで遠征軍を壊滅させた阿弖流為（アテルイ）らの名がその指導者として伝わる。
English: Japan repeatedly set forth on expeditions with large armies, and eventually SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), subdued the enemy by building the Isawa and Shiwa castles.
Japanese: 日本は大軍で繰り返し遠征し、征夷大将軍坂上田村麻呂が胆沢城と志波城を築いて征服した。
English: In times of peace, trade was carried out between the Emishi and Japan; Emishi offered their specialties such as seaweed, horses, fur pelts and feathers, and in return they obtain rice, cloth and iron.
Japanese: 蝦夷は平時には交易を行い、コンブ・ウマ・毛皮・羽根などの特産物を日本にもたらし、代わりに米・布・鉄を得た。
English: The conquest of the Emishi carried out by the Imperial Court (Kansai) in the ninth century was discontinued in what is now the area of the mid-Iwate and Akita prefectures.
Japanese: 9世紀に蝦夷に対する朝廷（関西）からの征服活動は、現在の岩手県と秋田県のそれぞれ中部で停止した。
English: However, even after that the local bureaucracy and chiefs of Fushu kept getting involved in disputes within Emishi and spread their dominance through the local administration.
Japanese: しかしその後も、現地の官僚や俘囚の長たちは、蝦夷内部の紛争に関与し続け、地方権力から支配を浸透させた。
English: There have been two different theories concerning the characteristics of the Emishi, revolving around the relationship with the Ainu since the Edo period.
Japanese: 蝦夷の性格については、後のアイヌとの関係を中心に、江戸時代から学説が分かれている。
English: One is the "Emishi-Ainu Theory," which insists that the Emishi and Ainu were identical, and the other is the "Emishi-Frontiersmen Theory," in which the Emishi were part of the Japanese people.
Japanese: 蝦夷をアイヌ人とする蝦夷アイヌ説と、蝦夷を日本人の一部とする蝦夷辺民説である。
English: Nowadays, the leading hypothesis is derived from a theory that considers the issue from the perspective of cultural areas based on archaeology; another theory considers the continuity of Emishi after the seventh century with the Ainu, as examined from the perspective of toponyms of the Ainu language distributed in the northern Tohoku region.
Japanese: 現在では、考古学からする文化圏の検討と、北東北に分布するアイヌ語地名から、7世紀以降の蝦夷についてアイヌとの連続性を認める説が有力である。
English: In this case it is thought that the people who lived in the northern Tohoku region and Hokkaido and in the Satsumon period were the pure Emishi, but that those in Hokkaido turned into Ainu while the Emishi in the Tohoku region and the Fushu, who moved into the Japanese territory, became Japanese.
Japanese: この場合、北海道から北東北にかけての広がりを持った擦文時代を担った人々こそが蝦夷であったとみなし、北海道の蝦夷はアイヌ人に継承され、東北地方の蝦夷と国内に移配された俘囚は日本人に合流したとされる。
English: However, information in the document-based research and development of archaeological excavations show complexities in the expansion and actual condition of the Satsumon culture and the transition processes from the post-Jomon period to the Satsumon period or from the Satsumon period to the Ainu culture, resulting in more complex factual relationships than the above-mentioned theories, which should not so readily be regarded as the accepted concepts.
Japanese: しかし、文献史学の情報、考古学による発掘の進展などは擦文文化の広がりや実態、続縄文時代から擦文文化への、又擦文文化からアイヌ文化への移行過程がかなり複雑な様相を呈しており、前述の説ほど単純に割り切れるものではない事を浮かび上がらせつつあるため、単純にそのままの形では定説とみなされてはいない。
English: Thus there is still no definitive conclusion about the Emishi in all of the eastern Japan mentioned in "Nihon Shoki," nor about arguments concerning the relationship with people in the Jomon and Yayoi periods.
Japanese: 従って『書紀』が語る東日本全域の蝦夷や、遡って縄文人・弥生人等との関係についての議論では、未だ確定的な説はない。
English: In some historical documents it can be confirmed that a group called "Ezo," who seem to have been identical to today's Ainu, already lived in Japan by the thirteenth century through the fourteenth century.
Japanese: 13世紀から14世紀頃には、現在アイヌと呼ばれる民族と同一とみられる「蝦夷」が存在していたことが文献史料上から確認される。
English: Hokkaido, in which most of the Ainu lived then, was called "Ezoga-shima" or "Ezo-chi" in Japan and "Yezo" in the Western countries.
Japanese: アイヌの大部分が居住していた北海道は蝦夷が島、蝦夷地などと呼ばれ、欧米でも「Yezo」の名で呼ばれた。
English: It is thought that the Ainu culture was born by the fusion of the Okhotsk culture with the culture that succeeded from the previous Satsumon period, whereupon it gradually absorbed the culture in Honshu.
Japanese: アイヌ文化は、前代の擦文時代を継承しつつオホーツク文化と融合し、本州の文化を摂取して生まれたと考えられている。
English: It was probably established in the thirteenth century, when the word "Ezo" can be seen for the first time as mentioned above; however, the greatest difference between the Satsumon culture and the Ainu culture was the increase in imported items (especially ironware), meaning that it should be seen that Ainu had increased negotiations with Japan when the Ainu culture was born, because the Ainu culture was very reliant on trade with Japan.
Japanese: その成立時期は上記「えぞ」の初見と近い13世紀と見られており、また擦文文化とアイヌ文化の生活体系の最も大きな違いは、日本からの移入品（特に鉄製品）の量的増大にあり、アイヌ文化は交易に大きく依存していたことから、アイヌ文化を生んだ契機に日本との交渉の増大があると考えられている。
English: In the fourteenth century the Ezo group was divided into Watari-to (Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido, the predecessor of the Matsumae domain in modern history), Hinomoto (the Pacific Ocean side of Hokkaido (local public entity) and Chishima (Kurile Islands), or Higashi-Ezo in modern history), Karako (the Sea of Japan side of Hokkaido and Sakhalin, or Nishi-Ezo in modern history); and a record stating that Watari-to could communicate with Japanese and conducted trade with people in Honshu is seen in one document (Suwa Daimyojin Ekotoba).
Japanese: 14世紀には、「渡党」（北海道渡島半島。近世の松前藩の前身）、「日の本」（北海道(地方公共団体)太平洋側と千島。近世の東蝦夷）、「唐子」（北海道日本海側と樺太。近世の西蝦夷）に分かれ、渡党は和人と言葉が通じ、本州との交易に従事したという文献（『諏訪大明神絵詞』）が残っている。
English: Another record states that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region, was appointed as an Ezo Kanrei (or Ezo Daikan (local governor)) by the Hojo clan, the regent of the Kamakura bakufu, and that it controlled these three Ezo groups in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: また、鎌倉時代には津軽地方の豪族である安東氏が、鎌倉幕府の執権北条氏より蝦夷管領（または蝦夷代官）に任ぜられ、これら3種の蝦夷を統括していたとする記録もある。
English: From the fifteenth century to the sixteenth century, the Kakizaki clan, who was growing to become the feudal lord of the southern Oshima Peninsula by unifying Watari-to, was recognized as to the right of dominion and trade in the Ezo territory by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and thus became independent from the Ando clan in both name and reality; and the Kakizaki clan changed its name to Matsumae and was elevated to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), by which Watari-to became Japanese in Edo period.
Japanese: 15世紀から16世紀にかけて、渡党を統一することで渡島半島南部の領主に成長していった蠣崎氏は豊臣秀吉・徳川家康から蝦夷地の支配権、交易権を公認され、名実共に安東氏から独立し、江戸時代になると蠣崎氏は松前氏と改名して大名に列し渡党は明確に和人とされた。
English: Nihon-no-rekisi (literally, Japanese history) or Nihonshi (literally, Japan history) is used for indicating history of Japan or that of the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: 日本の歴史（にほんのれきし）、日本史（にほんし）とは、日本または日本列島における歴史である。
English: For more information about each period, refer to the term indicating each period (the link destination listed at the head of each section).
Japanese: 各時代の詳細は、各時代区分項目（各節の冒頭のリンク先）を参照されたい。
English: The history of the human race confirmed in the Japanese archipelago can be traced back to about 30,000 to 100,000 years ago.
Japanese: 日本列島において確認されている人類の歴史は、約10万年ないし約3万年前までさかのぼる。
English: About 34,000 years ago, stone tools called knife-type stone tools were brought to Japan from Northern China and were used throughout the Japanese islands.
Japanese: 約3万4千年前に華北地方からナイフ形石器と呼ばれる石器が伝わり、列島全域で広く使用された。
English: Then about 20,000 years ago, stone stools called microblades were brought to Japan from Siberia and were used mostly in eastern Japan.
Japanese: それから、約2万年前にシベリアから新たに細石刃と呼ばれる石器が主に東日本に広まった。
English: However, before long, microblades came to be used widely in western Japan as well, and knife-type stone tools had gone out of use rapidly around 15,000 years ago.
Japanese: しかしながら、ほどなく細石刃が西日本にも広まり、約1万5千年前ごろ、ナイフ型石器は急速に姿を消した。
English: Around 12,000 years ago, the ice age ended and the sea level began rising corresponding to rises in the atmospheric temperature, separating the Japanese islands from the Asian continent.
Japanese: 約1万2千年前頃、最終氷期が終わり急激な温暖化による海面上昇が始まると、日本列島はアジア大陸から分離した。
English: Consequently, the life and culture of the people living in the Japanese islands changed drastically, leading to the beginning of the Jomon period, except for the small islands in the southeast of the main islands of Japan.
Japanese: これにより、人々の文化や生活に大きな変化が生じ、南西諸島を除いて、次の縄文時代へ移行していった。
English: During this period, people in the Japanese islands made Jomon-style earthenware, and increasingly more people came to live in fixed places, mostly in pit dwellings.
Japanese: この頃の日本列島人は縄文式土器を作り、早期以降定住化が進んでおもに竪穴式住居に住んだ。
English: People in this period lived by hunting with bows and arrows, and fishing, as known from shell mounds or collecting fruit, and they used chipped stone tools, polished stoneware and bone tools.
Japanese: 弓矢を用いた狩猟、貝塚に見られる漁労、植物の採集などで生活を営み、打製石器、磨製石器、骨角器などを用いた。
English: In the small islands southeast of the main islands of Japan, life were characteristic of those during the Paleolithic Period in the first half of this period, but the shell mound period started around 60,000 years ago and continued until around the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: 南西諸島においてこの時期の前半は旧石器時代が継続していたが、約6千年前以降に貝塚時代に移行し、およそ平安時代末期まで続いた。
English: Agriculture-based society centered on rice cultivation was established and spread rapidly to various parts of the Japanese islands, from northern Kyushu to throughout Honshu, except for the northernmost part of the Honshu and the further northern territories.
Japanese: 稲作を中心とする農耕社会が成立し、北部九州から本州最北端以北を除く日本列島各地へ急速に広まった。
English: Corresponding to the advancement of an agriculture-based society, the sizes of the local communities had become larger, being surrounded-by-moat type settlements at their centers
Japanese: 農耕社会の発展とともに地域集団は大型化していき、その中心部には環濠集落が営まれた。
English: It is considered that many mound-type graves built during the period, a style was one of the grave styles characteristic of the Mayor period, and were for chiefs of these large-sized communities, and it is considered that society started becoming hierarchical.
Japanese: 当時多く築造された弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓は大型地域集団の首長墓と見られ、身分差が生じ始めていたことの現れだと考えられている。
English: Some of these large-sized communities established a relationship with the Chinese dynasty, and were called a nation by China.
Japanese: 大型地域集団の中には中国王朝と通交するものもあり中国から「国」と称された。