nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to the description in the "Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicles of Japan), the priests in provincial monasteries in various districts were ordered to 'chant the Kongo Hannya-kyo Sutra for seven days' for Emperor Sudo (Imperial Prince Sawara).
Japanese: このとき崇道天皇（早良親王）のために諸国の国分寺の僧に命じて「七日金剛般若経を読まわしむ」と『日本後紀』に記述されている。
English: The offerings for higan in Japan include rice and sweet bean paste cake called 'botamochi' or 'ohagi' which is a ball of lightly crushed steamed rice, thickly coated with sweet bean paste less than 10 centimeters in diameter.
Japanese: 日本で彼岸に供物として作られる「ぼたもち」と「おはぎ」は同じもので、炊いた米を軽くついてまとめ、分厚く餡で包んだ10cm弱の菓子として作られるのが一般的である。
English: Apparently these names originated from the peony tree (in spring) and bush clover (in autumn) which bloom around the week of the Spring and Autumn equinox respectively.
Japanese: これらの名は、彼岸の頃に咲く牡丹（春）と萩（秋）に由来すると言われる。
English: On September 12, 1271, Nichiren was brought to the execution ground at Tatsunokuchi in Kamakura.
Japanese: 1271年（文永8年）9月12日、日蓮が鎌倉の龍口の刑場へ引き立てられていった。
English: It is said that a nun in the audience who heard the news quickly made a rice cake coated with soybean flour and sesame for the last meal of Nichiren and served him because she had no time to make sweetened red bean paste.
Japanese: 急を聞いた桟敷の尼が、なにか最後のご供養をと考えたが、急であったため餡をつくる時間が無く、きな粉と胡麻をまぶして牡丹餅を作り日蓮に献上したという。
English: In memory of this event, the Nichiren sect offers the botamochi coated with sesame which is called 'the rice ball of danger' on September 12 of the old lunar date.
Japanese: この故事にちなみ陰暦9月12日、日蓮宗では「御難の餅」という胡麻のぼたもちを作って供える。
English: Hangesho (the eleventh day after the Summer solstice) is one of the seasonal days (zassetsu) in the Japanese calendar and is so-called because it falls around the time that the medicinal herb Lizard's Tail (Crowdipper) flowers (the leaves of the hangesho (also called katashirogusa) also turn white on half the leaf around this time).
Japanese: 半夏生（はんげしょう）は雑節の一つで、半夏（カラスビシャク）という薬草が生えるころ（ハンゲショウ（カタシログサ）という草の葉が名前の通り半分白くなって化粧しているようになるころとも）。
English: It is a calendar day adopted from Hangeshozu which is one of the 72 divisions of the solar calendar and was formerly the eleventh day after the Summer solstice, and currently is the day that the sun passes overhead at an ecliptic longitude of 100 degrees.
Japanese: 七十二候の一つ「半夏生」（はんげしょうず）から作られた暦日で、かつては夏至から数えて11日目としていたが、現在では天球上の黄経100度の点を太陽が通過する日となっている。
English: It is an important day for farmers and in some areas they finish their planting by this day and then rest for a period of five days.
Japanese: 農家にとっては大事な節目の日で、この日までに農作業を終え、この日から5日間は休みとする地方もある。
English: It was said that bad air descends from the heavens on this day, so people put lids on the wells to protect them from the atmosphere or avoided eating vegetables picked on this day.
Japanese: この日は天から毒気が降ると言われ、井戸に蓋をして毒気を防いだり、この日に採った野菜は食べてはいけないとされたりした。
English: In some regions of Japan, it is said that the supernatural being called Hange roams about and this is a warning not to do farm work at this time.
Japanese: また地方によってはハンゲという妖怪が徘徊するとされ、この時期に農作業を行う事に対する戒めともなっている。
English: In Kansai octopus is eaten on this day while in Sanuki they eat udon, and in Ono City, Fukui Prefecture they have a custom of eating grilled mackerel on this day.
Japanese: 関西ではこの日にタコを、讃岐国ではうどんを、福井県では大野市などで焼きサバを食べる習慣がある。
English: Rain falling on this day is called Hange rain and it is often heavy rain.
Japanese: この頃に降る雨を「半夏雨」（はんげあめ）といい、大雨になることが多い。
English: Throughout Japan, it is believed that the deity of Fushimi Inari-jinja Shrine in Kyoto, the headquarters of the Inari-sha shrines, descended on this day in 711.
Japanese: 全国で稲荷神の本社である京都の伏見稲荷神社の神が降りた日が和銅4年のこの日であったとされている。
English: Hatsu-uma was originally observed on the first horse day in February according to the old lunar calendar; now, however, it is observed on the first horse day in February according to the new calendar.
Japanese: 本来は旧暦二月の最初の午の日であるが、現在では新暦2月の最初の午の日とされている。
English: As a result, even though it started as an early spring festival, it is now held on the coldest day in winter.
Japanese: そのため、元々は春先の行事だったのが、冬の一番寒い時期の行事となってしまった。
English: Although the festival used to be held on the first day of the horse after the beginning of spring (according to the lunar calendar) in ancient times, it is now generally accepted that the festival is held on the first day of the horse in February.
Japanese: また今では二月最初の午の日とされるが、古来は、立春以降の最初の午の日に行われていた。
English: The second horse day in February is called Ni-no-uma and the third horse day is called San-no-uma.
Japanese: 2月の2回目の午の日を二の午（にのうま）、3回目を三の午（さんのうま）と言う。
English: Festivals are also held on one or both of these days in some areas.
Japanese: これらの日にも祭礼を行う地方や、二の午もしくは三の午にのみ祭礼を行う地方もある。
English: In Nara Prefecture, it is a custom to have Hataame (flag candy) on the day of Hatsu-uma.
Japanese: また、奈良県では、この初午の日に、旗飴(はたあめ）という習慣がある。
English: This is an event like Halloween when children call on neighbors (or nearby shops in some areas) to receive a present of Hataame.
Japanese: これは、子供たちが近所の家（地域によっては商売を行っている家)を訪ね廻り、旗飴をもらうというハロウィンに似たものである。
English: Hatsu-uma originated from praying for a good harvest for the year, which was later combined with the worship of Inari (god of harvest).
Japanese: 初午は、その年の豊作祈願が原型で、それに稲荷信仰が結びついたものである。
English: Superstition has it that unless it rains on either the day of Hatsu-uma or the night of the rape blossom festival, which falls on the first day of the serpent in April, a fire will break out.
Japanese: 4月初めの巳の日の菜の花祭りの夜と初午のいずれかに雨が降らないと火に祟られるという俗信がある。
English: In some areas, fire brigade members visit each house to call for the inhabitants to beware of fire, handing over a talismanic strip of paper (ofuda) to avert fire on the day of Hatsu-uma every year.
Japanese: また、初午の日に、消防団員が各家庭を回って火の用心を呼びかけ、火の用心のお札を配る習慣がある地方もある。
English: According to inyo-shiso (a Chinese ideology of dual cosmic forces, the active and passive), odd numbers are regarded as active numbers, among which the number nine is the ultimate, so that dual nine (September 9) means the highest level of activeness and is written in Chinese characters as "cho" (meaning "doubled") and "yo" (meaning "activeness").
Japanese: 陰陽思想では奇数は陽の数であり、陽数の極である9が重なる日であることから「重陽」と呼ばれる。
English: Any month and date of dual odd numbers was considered ominous due to its extraordinary active energy.
Japanese: 奇数の重なる月日は陽の気が強すぎるため不吉とされ、それを払う行事として節句が行なわれていた。
English: In order to expel such inauspicious energy, the Sekku Festival was performed especially with a heavy load caused by the number nine, which is the highest single-digit odd number.
Japanese: 九は一桁の数のうち最大の「陽」であり、特に負担の大きい節句と考えられていた。
English: In the hope of eliminating evils and achieving longevity, people celebrated the Choyo Festival by decorating their houses with flowers of chrysanthemum and pouring sake for each other with corollas of chrysanthemum floating on them.
Japanese: 邪気を払い長寿を願って、菊の花を飾ったり、菊の花冠を浮かべた酒を酌み交わして祝ったりしていた。
English: Additionally, people had the custom of cleansing their bodies with wet cotton that had been placed on chrysanthemums to draw up the evening dew prior to the day of the Choyo Festival.
Japanese: また前夜、菊に綿をおいて、露を染ませ、身体をぬぐうなどの習慣があった。
English: In China, Emperor Cao Pi of the Wei Dynasty (during the Three States period) was reported to have presented chrysanthemum flowers to Zhong Yao (a Chinese calligrapher and politician of the Wei Dynasty) according to the "Yiwenleiju" (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally "Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories").
Japanese: 中国では、『芸文類聚』に魏(三国)の曹丕が鍾繇へ菊花を贈った記事が見える。
English: Along with the above-mentioned custom of using chrysanthemum, people would dangle bags containing berries of sansho (Japanese pepper) and go on picnic to suburban hills or other high places offering distant views, in an activity called "toko" (literally, "climbing to a height").
Japanese: 上記の菊を使った習慣の他に、茱萸（グミではなくサンショウ）の実を入れた袋を肘に下げたり、郊外の丘など高い場所へピクニックに出掛け遠くを見る（これを登高と呼ぶ）ことが行われた。
English: Originally it used to be celebrated on the 5th day of the 5th month (the old lunar calendar); at present, however, it is held on May 5 of the Gregorian calendar (the new calendar).
Japanese: そもそもは5月5日(旧暦)に祝われたが、今日の日本ではグレゴリオ暦（新暦）の5月5日に行われる。
English: In Japan, there is a custom of holding variety of events praying for the healthy growth of boys on the day of Tango no sekku, and May 5 is a national holiday, called 'Children's Day.'
Japanese: 日本では端午の節句に男子の健やかな成長を祈願し各種の行事を行う風習があり、国民の祝日「こどもの日」になっている。
English: It is said that in the old lunar calendar, as May is the month of the horse (refer to the item of 12 signs of the Chinese zodiac), and the first horse day of the month was celebrated as the sekku.
Japanese: 旧暦では午の月は5月にあたり（十二支を参照のこと）、この午の月の最初の午の日を節句として祝っていた。
English: Especially because the day May 5 consists of two fives, the day came to be called as 'Tango no sekku.'
Japanese: その中でも数字が重なる5月5日を「端午の節句」と呼ぶようになったともいう。
English: Just like the above, the days of the odd numbered months on which the month number and the date number are the same (i.e. March 3, July 7 and September 9) are also determined as sekku.
Japanese: 同じように、奇数の月番号と日番号が重なる3月3日、7月7日、9月9日も節句になっている。
English: Qu Yuan, an aide of the King of Chu, was a popular politician, but he fell from the position and jumped into the river in despair.
Japanese: 楚の国王の側近であった屈原は人望を集めた政治家であったが失脚し失意のうちに川に身を投げることとなる。
English: The people of Chu who came to know about the incident threw chimaki (a rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves) into the river so that the fish would not eat the dead body of Qu Yuan.
Japanese: それを知った楚の国民達は粽を川に投げ込み魚達が屈原の遺体を食べるのを制した。
English: In China, that day was the day to purge noxious vapor and to pray for people's health, and there were customs where people went out to fields and picked herbs, decorated dolls made of mugwort and drank wine made of sweet grass.
Japanese: 中国においては邪気を払い健康を祈願する日とされ、野に出て薬草を摘んだり、ヨモギで作った人形を飾ったり、ショウブ（しょうぶ）酒を飲んだりする風習があった。
English: Even in today's Japan, the customs remain where a bundle of Japanese iris and mugwort are hung under the eaves and people take a Shobuyu (bath in which bundles of Japanese iris are floating).
Japanese: 現代の日本においても菖蒲や蓬を軒に吊るし、菖蒲湯（菖蒲の束を浮かべた風呂）に入る風習が残っている。
English: In Japan, there was a ritual called Satsukiimi (literally, accursed May) where all the men went out of the house and only women stayed inside to lustrate the impurities and purify themselves before rice planting.
Japanese: 日本においては、男性が戸外に出払い、女性だけが家の中に閉じこもって、田植えの前に穢れを祓い身を清める儀式を行う五月忌み（さつきいみ）という風習があった。
English: In the Imperial Palace, people wearing a Japanese iris in their hair got together at the Butokuden (a palace building) and were granted a Kusudama (literally, ball of medicine made of conglobed herbs and a decoration was added) by the emperor.
Japanese: 宮中では菖蒲を髪飾りにした人々が武徳殿に集い天皇から薬玉（くすだま薬草を丸く固めて飾りを付けたもの）を賜った。
English: Because the word for Japanese iris was pronounced same as the word for martial spirit (both were pronounced "shobu") and also the shape of leaves of Japanese iris remind people of swords, tango was determined as the sekku for boys and people prayed for the healthy growth of boys.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代ごろから「菖蒲」が「尚武」と同じ読みであること、また菖蒲の葉が剣を形を連想させることなどから、端午は男の子の節句とされ、男の子の成長を祝い健康を祈るようになった。
English: The typical way to celebrate tango no sekku is to display armor, helmet, sword, doll warrior, or gogatsu-ningyo dolls (literally, dolls of May) modeled after Kintaro (a famous brave boy in a nursery tale) in a tiered stand in a room, and to fly Koinobori (carp streamers) are flown on a pole in the front yard.
Japanese: 鎧、兜、刀、武者人形や金太郎を模した五月人形などを室内の飾り段に飾り、庭前に鯉幟（こいのぼり）を立てるのが、典型的な祝い方である。
English: The custom of displaying koinobori is originated from the Chinese tradition and it is to pray for the success in life of boys (also refer to the item, koinobori.)
Japanese: こいのぼりをたてる風習は中国の故事にちなんでおり、男子の立身出世を祈願している（鯉幟の項）。
English: Typical koinobori is made of a five-color fukinagashi (a tubular streamer) and three (or more) carp streamers.
Japanese: 典型的なこいのぼりは、5色の吹き流しと3匹（あるいはそれ以上の）鯉のぼりからなる。
English: It is said that the custom to eat chimaki on that day is originated from the fact that the patriot poet Qu Yuan of the Chu dynasty in the Warring states period (China) died on May 5 and people who loved and respected him threw chimaki into the Miluo river where he jumped into, in order to calm down his soul and as bait for fish so the fish would not eat his body.
Japanese: 粽を食べるのは、中国戦国時代(中国)の楚の愛国詩人屈原の命日である5月5日に彼を慕う人々が彼が身を投げた汨羅江（べきらこう）に粽を投げ入れて供養したこと、また、屈原の亡骸を魚が食らわないよう魚の餌としたものがちまきの由来とされる。
English: It spread as a bringer of good luck because kashiwa (oak) leaves never fall before new burgeons have roots in the tree, and that inspired the idea that 'family line never fails.'
Japanese: カシワは新芽が出るまで古い葉が落ちないことから「家系が絶えない」縁起物として広まっていった。
English: In the Chinese language bloc, even today people still take part in row boat races (ryusen or dragon boats) as Dragon Boat Festival that was associated with the fact that people took to the water in boats trying save Qu Yuan.
Japanese: 中国語圏では、現在も屈原を助ける為に船を出した故事にちなみ、龍船節として手漕舟（龍船あるいはドラゴンボート）の競漕が行われる。
English: The custom of displaying a bundle of yomogi or mugwort (in Chinese, ai or ai-hao) at the gateway of a house as an amulet is also widely carried out.
Japanese: ヨモギ（蓬、中国語：艾（アイ）または艾蒿（アイハオ））の束を魔よけとして戸口に飾る風習も、広く行なわれている。
English: Also, for a family that has a baby boy, May 5 is the baby's 'first sekku,' thus it is common that the day is celebrated by all the member of the clan.
Japanese: なお、男の赤ん坊をもつ家庭にとっては「初節句」となるため、親族総出で祝われることも多い。
English: As May 5 is a national holiday and in the middle of the Golden Week holidays (early-May holiday season in Japan), the day is usually celebrated by members of the clan more so than the Dolls' Festival (March 3, a sekku for girls).
Japanese: 5月5日が祝日であり、さらに前後に祝日を伴う大型連休期間中にあるため、雛祭り以上に親族総出で祝われる。
English: In November 2005, the Republic of Korea asserted that the 'tango no sekku' that has continued for nearly 2,000 years in the Chinese language bloc has an origin in their country.
Japanese: 2005年11月、漢字文化圏にて2000年近く続いている「端午の節句」について、大韓民国が起源を主張。
English: They re-named tango no sekku as 'The Gangneung Danoje Festival' and applied to list this festival as the country's Intangible Cultural Heritage with UNESCO, and it has been registered.
Japanese: 名称を「江陵市端午祭」とし国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界無形遺産に申請し、選定されてしまった。
English: Upon hearing about this registration, many organizations such as the mass communication media in the People's Republic of China, where the real origin is, have protested vehemently.
Japanese: この選定を受け、実際の起源の中華人民共和国のマスコミをはじめとする諸団体は猛反発した。
English: It particularly refers to the eggs harvested from salmon just before spawning and that have been removed from the membrane.
Japanese: 筋子の卵巣膜（卵を包む薄い膜）を取り除き、産卵前の熟した卵を1粒ずつに分けた物を特に指して呼ぶ。
English: The term ikura is derived from the Russian word 'ikra' which means roe or small round things.
Japanese: 語源はロシア語で、「魚卵」・「小さくて粒々したもの」という意味である。
English: In Russian, caviar and cod roe are also called 'ikra' however in Japan ikura refers only to salmon roe.
Japanese: ロシア語ではキャビアもたらこもすべてイクラであるが、日本ではサケ類の卵をばらした物のみを指す。
English: The Russian way of eating salmon roe entered Japan in the Taisho period when the Karafuto Prefecture (now Sakhalin) Fisheries Experimental Station test produced a salt cured product based on the manufacturing method from Russia.
Japanese: ロシア式サケの卵の食べ方が日本に伝わったのは大正時代で、ロシアから伝えられた製法を樺太庁水産試験場が保存の利く塩蔵品を試験的に製造したのが始まりであった。
English: Now salmon roe is usually eaten with a little sweet soya sauce and is often used in dishes such as salmon roe on rice (ikura-don) or in sushi.
Japanese: 現在ではやや甘口の醤油漬けが主流になり、イクラ丼やイクラの寿司として使われている。
English: In Japan the most common roe is salmon roe however in Russia they use the roe of pink salmon (karafuto-masu), and products made with pink salmon in Japan are distinguished by names such as 'masu-ko' or 'masu-ikura.'
Japanese: 日本においてはサケの卵が主流であるが、ロシアで使用されるのはカラフトマス（ピンクサーモン）の卵であり、これを原料とした物を日本では特にマスコ、マスイクラとして区別する場合がある。
English: Sujiko roe is roe that is left in the sack whereas cod roe has been removed from the sack.
Japanese: 筋子はたらこの様に粒が薄膜に包まれているのではなく、すべての粒がごく薄い膜でつながっている。
English: Therefore, to process sujiko into ikura (salmon roe) it is necessary to rub it over a fine net like a racket.
Japanese: この為、これをイクラに加工するには、ラケットのような目の粗い網の上に抑えつけて揉む必要がある。
English: The membrane of the immature eggs is still soft and not suitable for this processing method, which is more suited to mature eggs.
Japanese: 未熟卵はまだ皮が弱く、この工程に適しておらず、ある程度成熟した物がイクラの加工に適した物となる。
English: However, the eggs of fish that have already returned to rivers and started to swim upriver are virtually about to be let go and are very hard and not suitable for eating.
Japanese: ただし、すでに河川に入り遡上をはじめた魚の物は、ほぼ完全に卵がほぐれて、ゴムまりのように硬くなっており食用には適さない。
English: Salmon head south from the northern pacific around Kamchatka when it is time to spawn.
Japanese: サケは産卵のために、北太平洋のカムチャツカあたりから南へ下ってくる。
English: There is a little variation in the maturing period between the spawning regions, however on average in around October the eggs are mature and suitable for processing into ikura (salmon roe).
Japanese: 産地によって成熟時期に差異はあるが平均的に10月くらいになると、卵が成熟してきて、イクラに適した状態になってくる。
English: If they mature further, the egg membrane will become too hard and remain in the mouth when eaten.
Japanese: さらに成熟が進むと、粒の皮が堅くなりすぎて、食べたときに口に残るようになる。
English: As the membrane of the salmon roe is difficult to digest, it is a protein likely to become an allergen.
Japanese: なお、イクラの皮は消化されにくいため、食物アレルギー源となりやすい蛋白質である。
English: In Hokkaido, families enjoy the taste of Fall by making ikura (salmon roe) from the sujiko, and they do this by putting the sujiko in hot water and carefully removing the membranes to make the 'barako' or loosened roe.
Japanese: 北海道では秋の味覚として家庭で生筋子からイクラを作るが、その際には湯につけて手で丁寧に皮を取り除き、ばらこにする。
English: There are not many regions in the world other than Japan that consume salmon roe as it contains a lot of cholesterol.
Japanese: コレステロールが高いためか、日本以外ではイクラを食用とする地域はあまりない。
English: Even in Russia, which is the origin of the method of manufacture of salmon roe in Japan, people do not eat it as often as in Japan.
Japanese: 日本にイクラの製法を伝えたとされるロシアでも日本ほど日常食にはしていない。
English: Most salmon roe harvested in these regions is processed for export to Japan.
Japanese: これらの地域では、収穫された鮭の卵のほとんどが日本への輸出用に加工される。
English: Even the Inuit, who are said not to waste any resources, do not have the custom of eating salmon roe and discard the roe together with the innards as soon as they have caught the fish.
Japanese: 資源を無駄にしないと言われているイヌイットでもイクラを食用とする習慣が無く、漁をしたその場でサケの卵は内臓と共に捨ててしまう。
English: In the United States and Canada salmon roe is not eaten but is canned in sugar and sold as fish bait.
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国、カナダは食用にはならないが、砂糖漬けの瓶詰めイクラが釣り餌として売られている。
English: In recent years Japanese food has experienced a boom in the United States and salmon roe has come to be well-known as a sushi topping.
Japanese: 近年は欧米でも日本食ブームにより、寿司ネタの一種としてイクラが良く知られるようになって来た。
English: It is not common however packets of well preserved salmon roe can occasionally be found as delicacies at supermarkets.
Japanese: 一般的ではないがたまに高級食材としてスーパーなどにも保存性の良いイクラのパックが陳列されている。
English: These days, as the yield of natural salmon roe is insufficient, an alternative artificial salmon roe made from salad oil and seaweed extract available.
Japanese: 現在では、収穫量の少ない天然物の代わりに、サラダ油と海草エキスを主原料とした人工イクラ（人造イクラ）も出回っている。
English: The look, texture and taste are virtually indistinguishable from the real salmon roe however the real salmon roe turns white when put in hot water due to changes in the protein.
Japanese: 見た目、口当たり、味、ともに本物のイクラとほとんど見分けがつかないが、本物のイクラは熱湯をかけるとタンパク質が変化して表面が白く濁る。
English: However, one of the ingredients, carrageenan, has been identified as having an adverse affect on the immune system.
Japanese: 但し、その原料の一部であるカラギーナンは免疫系に悪影響を及ぼす事が指摘されている。
English: Jiuta is a musical piece with shamisen (a three-stringed banjo-like Japanese musical instrument) that was played in the areas of Kyoto and Osaka.
Japanese: 地歌（ぢうた、地唄）は、上方で行われた三味線を用いた音曲（三味線唄）である。
English: It has the longest history even among the many shamisen musical numbers that exist, and it is the origin of many shamisen musical compositions.
Japanese: 多くの三味線音楽の中でも、最も古くまで遡ることができ、多くの三味線音楽の祖である。
English: Nagauta and various schools of joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment), such as Gidayubushi, are considered to have developed originally from jiuta.
Japanese: 義太夫節など各派浄瑠璃や長唄も、もともと地歌から派生したとみなすことができる。
English: Among the many pieces of modern traditional Japanese music that developed in association with stage entertainment, such as ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) and kabuki, jiuta is relatively independent from stage entertainment.
Japanese: 多くが人形浄瑠璃や歌舞伎といった舞台芸能と結びついて発展してきた近世邦楽の中で、舞台芸能とは比較的独立している。
English: However, with the popularization of joruri music such as Katobushi, jiuta in its original form was gradually played less and less.
Japanese: また河東節などの浄瑠璃音楽の普及によって、本来の地歌そのものはしだいに演奏されなくなっていった。
English: By the end of the Edo period it was played mainly in Kyoto and Osaka, as well as in areas ranging from Nagoya in the east and Chugoku and Kyushu in the west.
Japanese: 幕末までには、京阪を中心に東は名古屋、西は中国、九州に至る範囲で行われた。
English: Therefore, it is often considered to have the graceful atmosphere of jiutamai (jiuta dance).
Japanese: そして、地唄舞が持つ「はんなり」とした雰囲気を持つ曲という印象を持たれがちである。
English: However, jiutamai was created by adding dance movements to jiuta, so jiuta was not composed initially for the dance.
Japanese: しかし、地唄舞は地歌に舞を付けたものであって、最初から舞のために作曲されたものはない。
English: Moreover, the numbers played as jiutamai are only a part of the jiuta that have been passed down.
Japanese: また地唄舞として演奏される曲目は地歌として伝承されている曲の一部である。
English: When all the musical compositions of jiuta are considered, they are the most technical pieces among shamisen music, and many pieces emphasize their the instrumental characteristics.
Japanese: 地歌の楽曲全体をみれば、音楽的には三味線音楽の中でも技巧的であり、器楽的な特徴を持つ曲も少なくない。
English: Meanwhile, within the world of sankyoku focus is placed on 'tegotomono,' in which the instrumental aspect developed during the Edo period and which was also influenced by the Western music that was introduced since the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 一方、三曲界内部においては、明治維新以来の西洋音楽の導入に伴って、その器楽的部分に影響を受け、江戸時代を通じて器楽的に発達していた「手事物」に注目されることも多い。
English: However, the jiuta that developed as an 'utaimono' also has the aspect of traditional vocal music.
Japanese: しかしながら「歌いもの」の一つとして発達した地歌は伝統的な声楽としての側面も持っている。
English: Generally, in the world of jiuta and sankyoku shamisen is often referred to as sangen (three strings).
Japanese: 一般的に地歌、三曲の世界では三味線を三弦と称する場合が多い（三絃とも書く）。
English: A Chinese stringed instrument called the sangen was introduced to Sakai, Osaka, through Ryukyu toward the end of the Warring States period (Japan).
Japanese: すなわち、戦国時代(日本)末期に琉球を経由して中国の弦楽器三弦が大阪の堺に入ってきた。
English: The blind musicians (Biwa hoshi) of Todo-za (the traditional guild for the blind), who were passing down Heikyoku (a narrative music for the Tale of the Heike played with a Heike biwa (a Japanese lute used to play the Tale of the Heike)), perfected the shamisen as an instrument.
Japanese: 平曲（平家琵琶平家物語の語り物音楽）を伝承していた当道座の盲人音楽家（琵琶法師）たちが改良して三味線を完成させた。
English: Jiuta, as a form of sangen music, is considered to have started when shamisen took the form of being played with the plectrum used to pluck the biwa.
Japanese: 琵琶を弾く撥によって弾き始めるという形で、三弦音楽としての地歌は始まったと考えられる。
English: After that, jiuta was composed, played and passed down mainly by the blind musicians of Todo-za.
Japanese: その後も地歌は、主に当道座の盲人音楽家たちによって作曲、演奏、伝承されてきた。
English: The oldest group of songs that still exist is 'shamisen kumiuta' (for example, 'Ryukyu gumi' (Ryukyu group) and 'Hinda gumi' (Hinda group)), which was completed early in the Edo period.
Japanese: 現存で最も古い楽曲としては、江戸時代初期に完成されたと考えられる「三味線組歌」がある（「琉球組」「飛騨（ひんだ）組」など）。
English: However, people eventually grew tired of them, and by the Genroku era 'nagauta' pieces, which have consistent themes throughout the songs, were composed.
Japanese: しかし、やがて飽きられ、元禄の頃には一貫した内容を持つ「長歌」が作曲されるようになる。
English: Furthermore, nagauta became an accompaniment to Kabuki dance in Edo, and it developed into nagauta.
Japanese: また長歌は江戸で歌舞伎舞踊の伴奏としても使われるようになり、長唄へと発展して行く。
English: However, from this time on the composition of not only songs but also pieces with instrumental music sections between songs emerged, such as 'Sarashi' (Bleached Cloth), 'Sandan Jishi' (Triple Lion) and 'Rokudan Renbo.'
Japanese: いっぽうこの頃から、歌ばかりでなく、「さらし」「三段獅子」「六段恋慕」など、歌の間にまとまった器楽部分を持つ曲が作られるようになる。
English: At first there were only a few tegotomono numbers, and musically speaking most of them were relatively simple.
Japanese: 手事ものは初めの頃はまだ曲も少なく、音楽的にも比較的単純なものが多かった。