nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Despite the policy of full-scale abolishment of umakai and zakko developed and implemented in 744, "review of and changes in the reform path" were pursued in 752 probably because military goods, in the manufacturing and procurement of which zakko had been involved, were usually in no demand from (or forbidden to) ordinary citizens, unlike luxury and sophisticated goods produced by shinabe, which caused problems in meeting the demand for the military goods and in handing down skills.
Japanese: 恐らくは、天平16年当時には馬飼雑戸の全面廃止の方針が立てられて実施されたものの、雑戸が関わっていた軍事物資の生産・調達は品部が生産していた奢侈品や高度な製品と違って民間での需要が無かった（あるいは禁止されていた）物が多かったために、その需要を賄うこと及び技術伝承に支障をきたしたと考えられ、「改革路線の見直し・修正」を図ったのが天平勝宝4年であったと考えられている。
English: In addition, the rank of former zakko people was not changed from the citizen to zakko again, as is obvious from the fact that zakkoseki was not prepared after the Tenpyo-shoho era, thus they are thought in fact to have served government offices within the scope of zoyo defined under the ritsuryo codes even when requisitioned (this can also be assumed from the subsequent treatment of umakai which followed the similar emancipation process.)
Japanese: しかも旧雑戸の人々は身分的に公民から雑戸に戻された訳ではない事は天平勝宝年間以後に雑戸籍が作成された事実が無いことからも明らかであり、旧雑戸の人々が徴用されたとしても、実際には律令で定められた雑徭の範疇で官司に奉仕したと考えられる（これは同様の解放経過を辿った馬飼のその後の待遇からも推定できる）。
English: "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) provides for 372 Kajitsube under Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), 166 Shiko under Samaryo, 127 Shiko under Umaryo, and 310 Zokuko under Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouses), which are believed in fact to have been in the peasant class supported by government offices.
Japanese: 『延喜式』には木工寮に鍛治戸372戸、左馬寮に飼戸166戸、右馬寮に同127戸、兵庫寮に雑工戸310戸が規定されているが、実際には官司の資養を受けた農民層であったと見られている。
English: Additionally, the theory advocated at one time after the war that senmin in the medieval period has its roots in zakko is far from true, and it is presumed that zakko system was effectively abolished in 744 and had become nominal ever since.
Japanese: 更に戦後の一時期において唱えられた雑戸を中世の賎民の源流とする説は成立しがたく、雑戸制度の実質は天平16年の時点で事実上廃止され、以後は名目化の一途をたどっていったと思われる。
English: Banyu Enzetsu is a speech made by Navy Minister Sukenori KABAYAMA in the second Imperial Diet in December 1891.
Japanese: 蛮勇演説（ばんゆうえんぜつ）は、1891年（明治24年）12月に第2回帝国議会で行われた樺山資紀海軍大臣の演説。
English: He stressed validity of the Satsuma-Choshu-dominated government and criticism of minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated), which triggered strong backlash from minto and partly contributed to dissolution of the House of Representatives.
Japanese: 薩長藩閥政府の正当性と民党批判を力説し、民党側の強い反発を引き起こして衆議院を解散させる一因となった。
English: In November 1891, the first Matsukata cabinet submitted a budget proposal for the next year to the Imperial Diet, but it increased 6.5 million yen from the previous fiscal year, including 2.75 million yen for building a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy and 2.25 million yen for building a steel works.
Japanese: 1891年11月、第1次松方内閣が翌年の予算案を帝国議会へ提出したが、これは大日本帝国海軍艦艇建造費275万円・製鋼所設立費225万円を含む前年度比約650万円増となっていた。
English: For this budget proposal, minto maintained their policy 'rest for people, reduction of government's expense' that they had been asserted from the previous First Yamagata cabinet.
Japanese: この予算案に対し、民党は、前の第1次山縣内閣時からの主張「民力休養・政費節減」を継続した。
English: And saying that the budget proposal could not be accepted without enforcement of the law of the land in the Navy, they submitted a revised budget proposal down by about 8 million yen including a cost of building a Navy warship and a steel works.
Japanese: そして海軍内の綱紀粛正がなされなければ予算は認められないなどとして、海軍艦艇建造費・製鋼所設立費を含む約800万円を削減した予算改定案を出した。
English: Navy Minister Kabayama became indignant at this revised budget proposal because it ignored the Navy's demand, and at a plenary session of the House of Representatives on December 22, he made a speech, 'You call us Satsuma-Choshu government or something, but who do you think contributed to keep this country safe and quiet today, and protected national security regardless of 40 million lives?', stressing validity of the Satsuma-Choshu-dominated government, refuting the criticism of the Navy and the government by minto.
Japanese: 海軍要求を無視するこの改定案に樺山海相が激高、12月22日の衆議院本会議で、「薩長政府トカ何政府トカ言ッテモ、今日国ノ此安寧ヲ保チ、四千万ノ生霊ニ関係セズ、安全ヲ保ッタト云フコトハ、誰ノ功カデアル。」という演説を行い、薩長藩閥政府の正当性と民党の海軍・政府批判に反論した。
English: This speech that outright rejected the minto's cost reduction policy, brought a fierce backlash from members of the House of Representatives belonged to minto, triggered utter turmoil on the scene.
Japanese: 民党の経費削減方針を真っ向から否定するこの演説の結果、民党側議員が猛反発してその場は大混乱となった。
English: After that, minto expressed further strong opposition to the government, and the budget proposal based on the revised proposal was passed in the House of Representatives.
Japanese: その後、民党の政府への反発が強まり衆議院で改定案を原案とする予算案が可決された。
English: Consequently, prime minister Masayoshi MATSUKATA dissolved the House of Representatives for the first time on December 25.
Japanese: このため松方正義首相は12月25日に衆議院解散を初めて行うこととなった。
English: Shutosho (vaccination institute) is the name of the medical institute established for the purpose of prevention and treatment of smallpox in Japan.
Japanese: 種痘所（しゅとうしょ）とは、日本において天然痘の予防及び治療を目的に設立された医療機関。
English: The "Otamagaike Shutosho" (today's University of Tokyo, Faculty of Medicine), opened in 1858 and is one of Japan's most famous institutes.
Japanese: 特に1858年に開設された「お玉ヶ池種痘所」（東京大学医学部発祥の地）が有名である。
English: The first Shutosho was opened in Nagasaki on July 20, 1849 by Otto Gottlieb Johann Mohnike.
Japanese: 初の種痘所は、1849年7月20日にオットー・モーニッケ（deOtto_Gottlieb_Mohnike）によって長崎に開設された。
English: After that, the vaccine was sent from Naomasa NABESHIMA, the lord of the Saga Domain, to Saga Domain doctors in Edo (Tokyo) and Teisai HINO in Kyoto.
Japanese: その後、佐賀藩主である鍋島直正から江戸の佐賀藩医や京都の日野鼎哉へと痘苗が送られた。
English: This vaccine was propagated, which enabled Shutosho to be opened in many places in Kanto, Tohoku and Kansai areas.
Japanese: この痘苗をもとに分苗され、関東、東北、関西の各地に種痘所が開設されることとなった。
English: "Machiyakunin," also pronounced as "choyakunin," refers to an administrative organization in urban areas which existed during the Edo period.
Japanese: 町役人（ちょうやくにん・まちやくにん）とは、江戸時代都市部における行政的な組織(社会科学)である。
English: Names for this position and their organizations differed from region to region; in fact, they had chonanushi (town headman) as well as machiyakunin in Edo, and in Osaka, they had similar positions called sodoshiyori and machidoshiyori.
Japanese: 町役人の名称や組織については地域によって異なり、江戸では江戸町役人以下町名主などが置かれ、大阪では総年寄以下町年寄などが置かれた。
English: In addition, a representative of a town was called chodai, kendan, or such in some regions.
Japanese: そのほか、地域によって町の代表者を町代、検断などと呼ぶこともあった。
English: Also, each city had its own rule about the number of officials and their term of office, and as for the term of office, they were replaced every few years in some regions or cities while the position was hereditary in some other cities.
Japanese: また、人数や任期についても地域やその都市によって異なり、特に任期については、数年で交代するところから世襲によるところもあった。
English: The duty of a machiyakunin included informing town people of furegaki (bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] orders) from a magistrate's office and submitting people's appeals to the office.
Japanese: 町役人の職務については、奉行所からの触書を町民に知らせたり、町民からの訴えを奉行所に取り次いだりすることなどであった。
English: Mokkan (also read as Bokkan) is one of supplementary punishments in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and it refers to the confiscation of corpus or property by the authority.
Japanese: 没官（もっかん/ぼっかん）とは、律令法において科された付加刑の1つで、人身または財物を官が没収すること。
English: Not only it was recorded in Chinese history books such as "Gishiwajinden" (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty") and "Zuisho; Suishu" (the Book of the Sui Dynasty), it was already established as a common law as it was referred to in Shasho (decree of amnesty) which was used during the time of the Emperor Temmu ("Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), the Article of Mizuno-e, the eighth month of the fifth year of the Emperor Temmu).
Japanese: 『魏志倭人伝』や『隋書』などの中国の歴史書に書かれているだけではなく、天武天皇期に用いられた「赦書」にも登場する（『日本書紀』天武天皇5年8月壬子条）など、慣習法として確立していた。
English: As examples of confiscation of corpus, the father and children as well as the retainers of a rebel and traitor were confiscated (those over the age of 80 and seriously ill or disabled were exempted), and they became kannuhi (government-owned slave) under Kannushi (an office belonged to the Imperial Household Ministry under the Ritsuryo system, which administered kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer) and Meiseki (cards that showed official ranks, names and ages)) (Zokutoritsu or criminal punishments on serious crimes such as rebellion, murder, burglary and human trafficking).
Japanese: 人身の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の父子・家人（ただし、80歳以上あるいは篤疾者は免除）は没官となり、官奴司に配属されて官奴婢となる（賊盗律）。
English: Also, in the case of pregnancy as results of consensual sexual intercourses between the retainers, slaves, masters and their relative within the 5 degree of relationship, the resulting child was also confiscated (in the case of rape, however, this rule was not applied, as it was regarded as benign case).
Japanese: また、家人・奴が主及びその5親等以上の親族と和姦して子供をなした場合の子も没官とされた（ただし、強姦の場合は良人扱いを受けるため、この規定の対象外となる）。
English: As examples of confiscation of properties, the properties of traitors, possessions, stolen goods, bribes, illegally obtained goods such as goods brought in by contraband trades (what fall under the category of illegally obtained goods here, however, is fewer than that of aganaimono (stolen goods) defined in the modern Penal Codes), and prohibited objects (goods which were banned among the general public) were confiscated, and baizo (the penalty which was given to a thief to recompense by paying back twofold of what he/she stole) was given.
Japanese: 財物の没官としては、謀反・大逆者の財産、盗品や賄賂、密貿易などによる不法取得物（その範疇は近代刑法典の贓物よりは狭い）、犯禁の物（民間での所持が禁じられた物）、倍贓（盗品を盗んだ者に対して倍にして償う罰）に対して科された。
English: These goods were confiscated by Aganaimono no tsukasa (office which deals with stolen goods), and weapons were kept in Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouses), valuable goods were kept in Okura-sho (Bureau of the Treasury), books were kept in Zushoryo (Bureau of Books and Drawings), and some were used to maintain the prison houses and as daily necessities for prisoners at the Gyobusho (Bureau of Criminal Punishments) which oversaw Aganaimono no tsukasa.
Japanese: これらは贓贖司が没収して兵器は兵庫寮、財物は大蔵省、図書は図書寮などに分配され、一部は贓贖司を所管する刑部省のために獄舎の維持や囚人の生活物資として用いられた。
English: After the late Heian period when the Ritsuryo Code was in decline, properties and possessions were confiscated from the influential elites as punishments for not only rebellions, but also for other serious crimes.
Japanese: 律令法が衰微した平安時代後期以後には、謀反以外にも重犯罪を理由として権門などからの所領・財物の没収が盛んに行われるようになった。
English: Particularly, there were cases in which the large-scale manors confiscated from manor lords brought a large sum of revenue to the court.
Japanese: 特に大規模な荘園領主から没官した荘園などが朝廷にも大きな収入をもたらす場合があった。
English: To give an example, the massive territories of FUJIWARA no Tadazane and FUJIWARA no Yorinaga who were recognized as rebels during the Hogen Disturbance were confiscated.
Japanese: 例えば、保元の乱において謀反人と認定された藤原忠実・藤原頼長の膨大な所領が没官された。
English: Later the large parts of territories which were originally belonged to Sekkan-ke (the line of regents and advisers) and Tadasane were returned on the condition that they were inherited by FUJIWARA no Tadamichi.
Japanese: 後に摂関家伝来の所領や忠実所有の所領の多くは藤原忠通が継承することを条件に返還された。
English: The manors which belonged to Yorinaga were transferred, together with the territories of TAIRA no Tadamasa and TAIRA no Masahiro who were killed during the Disturbance, to the property of the retired emperor, and later the income from these territories supported the finance of the cloister government of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 頼長所有の荘園はこの乱で殺された平忠正・平正弘などの所領とともに後院領に編入されて、後の後白河天皇院政を支えた。
English: Although as a general rule, Mokkan was carried out upon receiving the emperor's special permission, Heike Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family) during the time when the Emperor Antoku was kidnapped by the Taira family in Jisho War was carried out upon receiving the permission from the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 没官は原則として天皇の宣旨によって行われていたが、治承の乱において安徳天皇が平家に連行された最中に行われた平家没官領の没官は後白河法皇の院宣によって実施された。
English: Around this period, on the other hand, Mokkan was carried out by the manor lords according to honjo-ho (the law for the proprietors of manor) alongside with the executions and banishments of the serious criminals such as murderers.
Japanese: 一方この頃になると、荘園領主などが本所法によって殺人などの重罪人の処刑・追放と併せて没官が行われた。
English: During Jisho War, the influential anti-Heishi (anti-Taira clan) group such as MINAMOTO no Yoritomo declared to confiscate the Taira territories which they occupied, and distributed them to their own gokenin (immediate vassals), which was later permitted by the Imperial Court as a part of the subjugation of the Taira family.
Japanese: また、治承の乱においては、源頼朝などの反平氏勢力が独自に占領地の平家領の没官を宣言して御家人に配分し、後に朝廷も平家討伐の一環として容認した。
English: When later Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the right to judge criminal cases was taken on by the bakufu, Mokkan was widely carried out using the authority as bakufu, gokenin were appointed as jito (manager and lord of manor) of the confiscated territories.
Japanese: 後に頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開き、検断権が幕府に移行するようになると幕府の権限で没官を行って御家人などを地頭にすることが広く行われるようになった。
English: The right to control territories on the part of the Imperial Court was practically diminished to none after the Muromachi period, and only the bakufu had authority to confiscate.
Japanese: 室町時代以後、朝廷の土地支配権が実質上消滅すると、幕府のみが没官権限を有するようになった。
English: Mokkanden refers to fields which were confiscated by the authority as punishment.
Japanese: 没官田（もっかんでん）とは、没官処分によって官に没収された田のことである。
English: Later when the confiscations of territories such as manors were started, and the term Mokkanryo was employed.
Japanese: 後に荘園などの所領単位での没収が行われるようになると没官領（もっかんりょう）という呼称が用いられるようになった。
English: According to "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Mokkanden was managed as Yujishiden (fields with which the part of harvest was paid as tax), but they were also often used as special prizes as well as donations to temples.
Japanese: 『延喜式』によれば、没官田は輸地子田として経営されたが、時には賞賜や寺社への施入などの対象に用いられることが多かった。
English: It is known that the confiscation of rice fields were carried out during the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro (the map of donated fields in Ishiawa Village, Tonami County, Ecchu Province), and "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) also records the fact that Mokkanden was donated to Shitenno-ji Temple in 767.
Japanese: 橘奈良麻呂の乱の際に田地の没官が行われたことが知られ（「越中国礪波郡石粟村官施入田地図」）、『続日本紀』にも神護景雲元年（767年）に没官田を四天王寺に施入したことが記されている。
English: The rice fields, which belonged to the late OTOMO no Yakamochi and were confiscated as a result of the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, were given to Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) and were turned into kangakuden (fields provided in order to cover expenses and provision of students).
Japanese: 後に藤原種継暗殺事件によって没官された故大伴家持の田地が大学寮に与えられて勧学田とされた。
English: However, they were returned forcibly as a result of appeal of Iemochi's innocence by Yoshio TOMONO who was of the head of the Tomono clan (the Otomo clan).
Japanese: しかし後に家持の無罪を訴えた伴氏（大伴氏）宗家の伴善男が返還を強引に実現させた。
English: Yet during the Otenmon Incident the property owned by Yoshio was confiscated and used as the fiscal resource for improving roads for Heiankyo (the ancient capital in current Kyoto) (according to "Sandaijitsuroku").
Japanese: ところが応天門の変で今度は善男が所有した財産が没官され、平安京の道路整備の財源などに用いられた（『三代実録』）。
English: Yoshio's confiscated property included fields such as newly cultivated rice fields and farmlands, mountains and forests, 庄家稲, beaches for drying salt and stoves for making salt.
Japanese: 没官された善男の財産は墾田・陸田などの田地、山林、庄家稲、製塩に必要な塩浜及び塩釜などによって構成されていた。
English: But as the former kangakuden which was included in Yoshio's confiscated property was given to Kokusoin (Imperial Granary), a conflict between Daigakuryo and Kokusoin occurred, and this became the motivation for establishing Gakumonryo (the scholarship for Monjosho who study at Daigaku-ryo in the Heian period).
Japanese: しかしその中に含まれていた旧勧学田が穀倉院に与えられたため、大学寮と穀倉院の間で紛争が起き、後の学問料設置のきっかけとなった。
English: During the late Heian period, territories such as manors were confiscated as punishment for not only rebellions and treacheries but also other serious crimes, the term 'Mokkanryo' was started to be used.
Japanese: 平安時代後期には謀反・大逆以外にも重大な犯罪を理由とした没官処分によって荘園などの所領が没収され、「没官領」という呼称が用いられるようになる。
English: Mokkanryo was given not only to the Imperial Court and its institutions, but also to those who contributed to search and kill criminals as rewards.
Japanese: また、没官領は朝廷及びその機関のみならず、没官対象者の追討に活躍した者への恩賞となる場合もあった。
English: During the Hogen Disturbance, 40 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to FUJIWARA no Yorinaga and TAIRA no Tadamasa became Goinryo (lands attached to the palace of a retired emperor), and during the Genpei War, 500 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to the Taira clan were given to MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka at first and then after the downfall of Yoshinaka, they were given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
Japanese: 保元の乱の際の藤原頼長・平忠正らの没官領40ヶ所が後院領となり、源平合戦時の平家没官領500ヶ所は当初は源義仲に与えられその没落後は源頼朝に与えられた。
English: After the Jokyu War, 5,000 locations of Mokkanryo which belonged to nobility and samurai who served the retired Emperor Gotoba were given to gokenin who particiated in the war, and they were dispatched as jito (or Shinpo-Jito (new estate steward for territories confiscated from the Imperial Court)).
Japanese: 承久の乱後には後鳥羽上皇及び彼らに仕えた貴族・武士らの没官領5000ヶ所が合戦に参加した御家人らに与えられ、地頭として派遣された（新補地頭）。
English: What really was regarded as Mokkanryo, however, varied from honke shiki (the right which belonged to the head family), geshi (lower ranking officer) to kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank), as it depended on the actual post and responsibility (the post within the manor as well as various rights that came with the responsibility) held by the original owner of the confiscated land.
Japanese: もっとも、没官領の実態は没官された者が持っていた職の体系（荘園内の役職とそれに付随する諸権利）であるため、同じ没官領でも本家職から下司・公文まで様々な内容を有していた。
English: Kogosho Conference is a meeting on national politics held at Kyoto Palace in Kyoto on January 3, 1868 in the end of Edo Period.
Japanese: 小御所会議（こごしょかいぎ）は、江戸時代末期（幕末）の慶応3年12月9日(旧暦)（1868年1月3日）に京都の京都御所で行われた国政会議。
English: It was the first meeting to be held by the three offices (president, legislature, councilor) whose posts were newly-established by the Restoration of Imperial Rule announced on that day.
Japanese: 同日に発せられた王政復古の大号令で、新たに設置された三職（総裁・議定・参与）からなる最初の会議である。
English: Together with the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule, it is also called 'Coup of the Restoration of Imperial Rule' because the meeting accepted the resignation of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, whose power had already been transferred back to the Emperor, as a government official (Minister of the Center) as well as reduced-stipend of Tokugawa Family, thus the resolution of the conference was made in accordance with the plot to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Japanese: すでに大政奉還していた徳川慶喜の官職（内大臣）辞職および徳川家領の削封が決定され、倒幕運動の計画に沿った決議となったため、王政復古の大号令と合わせて「王政復古クーデター」と呼ばれることもある。
English: Meanwhile, it also had an aspect as a goal of controversy over the parliamentary regime promoted by major domains, which had repeatedly emerged and broken down by then.
Japanese: その一方で、この時期までにしばしば浮上しては頓挫した、雄藩連合による公議政体論路線の一つの到達点という面も持ち合わせていた。
English: Learning from the failure of Shiko-kaigi (four major lords' meeting) in May, Toshimichi OKUBO, Kiyokado KOMATSU and Takamori SAIGO from Satsuma Domain gave up the traditional parliamentary regime policy and shifted their policy to overthrowing the Shogunate by military power.
Japanese: 薩摩藩の大久保利通・小松清廉・西郷隆盛らは、5月の四侯会議の失敗から、従来の公議体制路線を改め、武力倒幕路線に転換する。
English: Toshimichi OKUBO and others, in cooperation with Tomomi IWAKURA, a court noble who was under house arrest, was beginning to work on the Imperial court to obtain secret Imperial command for overthrowing the Shogunate.
Japanese: 大久保利通らは謹慎中の公家岩倉具視と連携し、討幕の密勅を得るべく朝廷に工作を始めていた。
English: Amid the intensifying military tension, Shojiro GOTO in Tosa Domain, who received advice from Ryoma SAKAMOTO (Senchu hassaku [the basic outline of the new regime drawn up by Ryoma Sakamoto]), proposed Taisei Hokan theory which would avoid armed clash to Yodo YAMAUCHI, the former lord of domain.
Japanese: 軍事的緊張が高まるなか、土佐藩では坂本龍馬の助言（船中八策）を受けた後藤象二郎が、武力激突を回避する大政奉還論を前藩主山内容堂に提案。
English: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, a shogun who wished to continue to hold his political clout, accepted this theory and convened feudal retainers of local domains living in Kyoto to Nijo-jo Castle on October 13 to consult Taisei Hokan (which was reported to the Emperor next day).
Japanese: 自らの政治的影響力を保持したいと考えた将軍徳川慶喜はこれを受け入れ、10月13日在京の諸藩士を二条城に招集し、大政奉還を諮問した（翌日、朝廷へ奏上）。
English: The Taisei Hokan took place when the secret Imperial command to attack the shogunate was just about to be given to Satsuma Domain on the same day (it was supposed to reach Choshu Domain the next day), forestalling tobakuha (anti-Bakufu, crushing-the-Bakufu faction).
Japanese: 同じ13日、薩摩藩へ（翌日には長州藩へ）討幕の密勅が下される寸前に、倒幕派の機先を制した恰好となった。
English: Nobuyoshi had an ulterior motive that, even after he returned the administration to the Imperial court, he should be able to exercise his political clout as the chairman or as a powerful councilor of the lords conference which was to be organized later, because the Emperor Meiji was too young (in his 16th year) to have the ability to hold the reins of government, so was the Imperial court.
Japanese: 慶喜としては、まだ年若い明治天皇（当時数え年16歳）を戴く朝廷に政権担当能力はなく、やがて組織されるであろう諸侯会議で自らが議長もしくは有力議員となるなどの手段で、政治的影響力を行使できるはずという目論見の上での政権返上であった。
English: Certainly, the power of tobakuha was still weak, so the Imperial court commanded to cancel the secret Imperial command to attack the shogunate on October 21 and issued the notification to recognize that the diplomatic right still belonged to the shogunate on 23.
Japanese: 果たして倒幕派の勢力はまだ弱く、10月21日朝廷は討幕の密勅の中止を指示、23日には外交権がまだ幕府にあることを認める通知を出す。
English: Against such backdrop, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA submitted his letter of resignation as shogunate on October 24, obviously anticipating to be refused and was, in fact, put on hold by the Imperial court.
Japanese: こうした状況下、10月24日徳川慶喜は将軍職の辞表を提出するが、これは当然不受理となることを見越した上でのものであり、実際朝廷から保留されている。
English: Tobakuha issued the order of Imperial court to domains to come up to the capital, Kyoto, but few responded as most of them remained watching the drastically changing political situation.
Japanese: 倒幕派は朝命で諸藩へ上京を命じるが、政局の激変を様子見している藩が多く、応じる藩は少なかった。
English: While 3,000 Satsuma troops led by Tadayoshi SHIMAZU (lord of Satsuma domain) went up to Kyoto in December 8, other domains were slow to follow (Choshu Domain of the same tobakuha group was not allowed to enter Kyoto since it had been regarded as the Emperor's enemy after the Kinmon Incident).
Japanese: 11月13日島津忠義（薩摩藩主）率いる薩摩軍3000人が上京するが、他藩の動きは鈍かった（なお同じく倒幕派の長州藩は禁門の変以来朝敵となっており、入京を許可されていなかった）。
English: To break the above-mentioned deadlock, Toshimichi OKUBO and Tomomi IWAKURA secretly plotted a coup.
Japanese: 上記のような閉塞状況を打破するため、大久保利通や岩倉具視は秘かにクーデター計画を練る。
English: In the Court Council held from the evening of till late in the night of January 2, 1868, it was decided that Takachika MORI (lord of the Choshu clan) and Motonori MORI (Takachika's heir) were allowed to restore their official rank and to enter Kyoto, and the five court nobles, including Sanetomi SANJO who had been expelled since the Coup of August 18, obtained absolution, and also court nobles, including Tomomi IWAKURA who had been under house arrest, were freed from punishment.
Japanese: 12月8日夕方から深更にかけて行われた朝議で、毛利敬親（長州藩主）・毛利元徳（同世子）の官位復活と入京許可、三条実美ら八月十八日の政変で追放された5人の公卿の赦免、および岩倉具視ら謹慎中の公卿の処分解除が決定された。