nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Japan at that time (the Sengoku period [period of warring states]), unlike in Europe, there were no tactical ideas of using artillery barrage to hold back enemies.
Japanese: しかし、戦国時代(日本)の日本にはヨーロッパのように弾幕で敵を阻止する戦術思想がなかった。
English: At the time of a battle in Japan, gunners (teppo-ashigaru, foot soldiers fighting with firearms) were organized in small groups under the command of high-ranking warriors, and these units vied for exploits of war, therefore accuracy rate of individual gunners was of high concern.
Japanese: 日本の合戦では戦闘時、上級武士の指揮下に少人数ずつの銃手（鉄砲足軽）が組織化されて、この戦闘単位ごとに勲功を競うといった運用形態をとっていたこともあり、個々の銃手の命中率が重要視されたのである。
English: It is considered that there was no room for gradual discharge matchlock with low accuracy to take hold in Japan for that reason.
Japanese: そのため、日本には命中率の低い緩発式火縄銃が定着する余地がなかったと考えられている。
English: Furthermore, in the pacific Edo period, matchlocks were mass-produced for 'gunnery,' a part of martial arts that became an education for samurai warriors and for hunting to exterminate mammalian pests, therefore the accuracy rate was valued in a sophisticated way.
Japanese: さらに平和な江戸時代においては武術として、武士の教養と化した「砲術」と百姓の害獣駆除のため猟銃として量産された火縄銃はより洗練された形で命中にこだわった。
English: Under the gun-related circumstances in Japan, wheel lock and flintlock guns had already been imported during the Sengoku period, but in spite of the fact that they had a similar explosion mechanism to that of instantaneous discharge matchlock, the spring action was so strong that the barrel was unstable, and there was a time-lag between sparking and ignition, which caused a low accuracy rate.
Japanese: こうした日本の銃運用の事情により、瞬発式火縄銃と同系譜のばねによる撃発機構を持つものの、ばねの力が強すぎて撃発時の振動が大きくなるため銃身がぶれたり、火花が飛んでから火薬に点火するまでのタイムラグがあるため、命中率が低くなるホイールロック式銃やフリントロック式銃も、既に戦国時代には輸入された。
English: As a result they failed to take root in Japan and the matchlock guns were used until they were cleared out in the upheavals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Japanese: しかし定着せず、幕末の動乱で一掃されるまで火縄銃が使われ続けた要因になったと考えられている。
English: However this is now in favor of Japanese competitors in the event of matchlock of muzzle loader since most European competitors use Japanese matchlock which is familiar to Japanese ones, it is easier for the Japanese to obtain medals.
Japanese: 今となってはこれが幸いしてか、マズルローダー競技（前装銃競技）のマッチロック（火縄銃）種目では、欧米人の選手の多くが日本製の火縄銃を使用し、当然これを使い慣れた日本人選手もメダルを獲得し易い。
English: Gradual discharge matchlock is a gun with a type of matchlock explosion mechanism, 'gradual discharge.'
Japanese: 緩発式火縄銃（かんぱつしきひなわじゅう）は火縄銃の撃発機構の一種「緩発式」機構を備えた銃。
English: There are two types of explosion mechanism: 'instantaneous discharge' and 'gradual discharge' with matchlocks, and Japanese matchlocks are classified as instantaneous.
Japanese: 火縄銃の撃発方式には「瞬発式」と「緩発式」があり、日本の火縄銃は瞬発式に分類される機構を持っている。
English: Matchlock is fired when a match-mounted arm called 'serpentine' is set in motion by pulling the trigger to ignite the priming powder in the flashpan.
Japanese: 火縄銃は、火縄を装着した「火挟み」と呼ばれるアームが、引金を引くことにより作動し火皿の火薬に点火することで発砲する仕組みとなっている。
English: The mechanism which makes the arm move slowly at the rate of pulling the trigger to ignite the priming in the flashpan is called 'gradual discharge.'
Japanese: このアームが、引金を引く速度によって連動してゆっくり動き火皿に点火する機構を「緩発式」。
English: The system in which the arm instantly strikes the flash pan driven by the lock mechanism is called 'instantaneous discharge.'
Japanese: 引金を引くと、ロック機構により瞬時にアームが火皿を叩く方式を「瞬発式」という。
English: The gradual discharge is said to have small risk of accidental discharge by touching the trigger alone but have lower accuracy.
Japanese: 緩発式は引金に触れるだけでは作動しないため暴発し難いが、命中精度に劣ると言われる。
English: The arm which remains to be lifted by spring action is gradually pressed down by pulling the trigger, therefore if the trigger is released, the arm returns to the lifted position.
Japanese: ばねの力で常にアームが上がったままになっているものを、引金を引くことでゆっくり「押し下げる」方式であるから、引金を引く途中で指を戻せばアームが上に戻るという特性を持つ。
English: Flash pan is a receptacle sticking out from the side of the barrel for priming powder in matchlock guns and flintlock guns.
Japanese: 火皿（ひさら、英語：Flashpan）とは、火縄銃（マッチロックガン）や燧石式銃（フリントロック式）の銃身薬室側面に張り出したように付けられた点火用の口薬を盛るための皿状の部位のこと。
English: The flash pan has a cover called 'hibuta' so that gun powder would not be touched by a source of fire by mistake.
Japanese: 火皿に盛った口薬（火薬）に間違って火種が接触しないように火皿を覆う蓋「火蓋（ひぶた）」がある。
English: Mimaki Domain is a domain which was in Mimaki, Kuse County, Yamashiro Province (present-day Kumiyama-cho, Kuse-gun, Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 御牧藩（みまきはん）は、山城国久世郡御牧（現在の京都府久世郡久御山町）に存在した藩。
English: Nobunari Tsuda was related to Nobunaga ODA's family, and after the death of Nobunaga, he served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and possessed a territory worth 13,000 koku (crop yields).
Japanese: 津田信成は織田信長の一族で、信長没後は豊臣秀吉に仕えて山城御牧に1万3000石を領していた。
English: Although after Hideyoshi died, he had been serving Hideyori TOYOTOMI, he made advances to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA just before the Battle of Sekigahara and joined the Eastern Army.
Japanese: 秀吉没後は豊臣秀頼に仕えていたが、関ヶ原の戦い直前に徳川家康に急接近して東軍に与した。
English: Ieyasu, however, accused Nobunari TSUDA of the incident which, in 1607, he and Michishige INABA from the Shimizu Domain of Mino Province, visited Gion in Kyoto and committed an outrage, sexually abusing seventy-eight beautiful women including the female proprietor of the tea house.
Japanese: しかし慶長12年（1607年）、美濃国清水藩の稲葉通重と共に京都の祇園に赴いたとき、茶屋の女房をはじめとする美女七十八名に乱暴狼藉を働いた経緯を家康に咎められた。
English: A hayago is a pouch for gun powder and bullet which was used to simplify the loading process for muzzle loaders (guns where bullets were loaded from the muzzle) such as matchlock and other guns, presumably from the latter part of the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) or from the Azuchi Momoyama period.
Japanese: 早合（はやごう）は火縄銃等のマズルローダー（銃口から弾を込める方式の銃）の装填を簡便にするために用いられた「弾薬包」であり、戦国時代後期もしくは安土桃山時代から使用されていたと云われる。
English: A hayago is cylinder shaped, made of wood, bamboo, leather or paper strengthened by lacquer and made into that shape, and holds the bullet and gun powder.
Japanese: 早合は、木、竹、革または紙を漆で固め、それを筒状に成型し、その中に弾と火薬を入れた筒状の物である。
English: The top of the cylinder is smaller than the diameter of the ball and is closed with cotton wrapped in leather, a wooden stopper or a lid.
Japanese: 頭部は弾丸の径よりも小さく造られており、口は革製のたんぽ、木栓、またはキャップ状の蓋等で塞がれている。
English: When loading, the lid or the stopper of a hayago is removed, gun powder and the bullet are loaded from the muzzle of a gun held vertically, then they are further pushed into the gun chamber using a rod.
Japanese: 早合を装填する場合は、先ず蓋または栓をとり、立てた銃の銃口へ蓋をとった一端から火薬とそれに続く弾を一気に注ぎ込み、更に搠杖(かるか、または、さくじょう)を使って薬室に衝き込むという方法がとられた。
English: Hayagos were carried with guns either in pouches called doran or by stringing them on ropes and hanging the ropes from a shoulder across the chest.
Japanese: 携行は｢胴乱（どうらん）」と呼ばれるポーチ状の物に入れたり、紐に数珠繋ぎとして肩から袈裟懸けにする等の方法がとられ、これを銃と共に携行した。
English: In the West, 'paper cartridges,' which were similar to hayagos, were used since around 1550, twenty years before the first use of a hayago in Japan.
Japanese: 西欧でも日本で早合が使用される20年程前の1550年頃から、「ペーパーカートリッジ」と呼ばれる早合と似た物が使用されていた。
English: But there is no conclusive view as to whether the hayago originated in paper cartridges or was invented quite separately.
Japanese: しかし日本の早合はこれを真似したものか、或いは独自に考案されたものであるかは、定説が定まっていない。
English: Paper cartridges consisted of gun powder and a bullet wrapped like a sausage, and like hayago, the side without the bullet was bitten off, the gun powder was inserted from the muzzle, then the bullet and the rest of the paper were pushed in after it with a rammer or a ramrod.
Japanese: ペーパーカートリッジは、火薬と弾を紙でソーセージ状に包んだ物であるが、使用するときは早合と同じように、カートリッジの弾の入ってない側を歯で噛み破って、中身の火薬を銃口から入れ、そののち弾と残りの紙を搠杖（英語ではランマーまたはラムロッド）で押し込んだ。
English: During the matchlock gun era in the West, the user of the gun would hang a number of wooden hayagos joined together in a socket and spigot style with two fine ropes from a belt, which was hung across his chest.
Japanese: 西欧では火縄銃時代においては、木製の早合を2本の細紐で印籠繋ぎにしたものを多数ベルトに吊るしそれを袈裟懸けに掛けて携行した。
English: Once flintlock guns began to be used, paper cartridges wrapping gun powder and a bullet like sausages were carried in a pouch, and this continued until the percussion era in the mid 19th century.
Japanese: フリントロック時代には火薬と弾をソーセージ状に包んだペーパーカートリッジをポーチに入れて携行するようになり、それが19世紀半ばのパーカッション時代まで続いた。
English: In Kavkaz, there is a men's national costume designed with a number of pencil-like objects, which are wooden cartridges, lined along the chest.
Japanese: またカフカスの男性用民族衣裳で、胸に鉛筆状のものが並んだデザインのものがあるが、これは、「木製カートリッジ」を並べたものである。
English: The name "Omi-Genji" refers to the clan who originated from Genji (Minamoto clan) and settled in Omi Province as their home base in the Medieval period.
Japanese: 近江源氏（おうみげんじ）とは、中世に近江国に土着し本拠とした源氏の流れを汲む一族の呼称。
English: In the early Kamakura period, the children of Nobutsuna SASAKI, the seventh family head from Nariyori, divided into four families; the Rokkaku clan, the Kyogoku clan, the Ohara clan and the Takashima clan.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期に成頼から数え7代後の佐々木信綱の子らが四家に分かれ六角氏、京極氏、大原氏、高島氏となった。
English: Shisen no Tatakai was one of the Japanese battles which occurred during the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 泗川の戦い（しせんのたたかい）とは文禄・慶長の役における日本の合戦一覧の一つ。
English: Seven thousand army soldiers of the Shimazu clan led by Yoshihiro SHIMAZU fought against the tens of thousands of soldiers (mentioned afterwards) of Ming and Korean Allied Forces led by TON Yi Yuan, who was the busho (military commander) of Ming, in Sacheon City on Korean Peninsula in October 1598.
Japanese: 慶長3年9月（1598年10月）、朝鮮半島の泗川市で島津義弘率いる島津氏軍7千が明の武将董一元率いる数万（後述）の明・朝鮮連合軍と戦って撃退した戦い。
English: It was known as the legendary battle that led weak Shimazu army to victory despite the great difference in the size of the armies, but there were various theories depending on sources that the Ming army number ranged from thirty-seven thousand to two hundred thousand soldiers, and the number of casualties ranged from several thousand to eighty thousand soldiers.
Japanese: 圧倒的な戦力差があるにも関わらず、劣勢な島津軍が勝利した伝説的な戦いとして知られているが、その時の明軍の数が3万7千から20万と諸説あり、明軍の死者の数も数千から8万と資料ごとにかなりの開きがある。
English: The Ming and Korean Allied Forces simultaneously attacked Suncheon Waeseong (Yukinaga KONISHI army), Sacheon Waeseong (Sacheon Japanese Castle) (Shimazu army), and Ulsan Waeseong (Ulsan Japanese Castle) (Kiyomasa KATO army) from the west between early to mid-October 1598.
Japanese: 慶長3（1598）年9月末から10月初めにかけて明と朝鮮の連合軍は西から順天倭城（小西行長軍）、泗川倭城（島津軍）、蔚山倭城（加藤清正軍）、に対して同時攻勢を掛けた。
English: Two hundred thousand soldiers of Ming and Korean Allied forces led by the Ming General TON Yi Yuan carried out a siege on Sacheon Waeseong.
Japanese: このうち明将董一元率いる20万と号する明・朝鮮連合軍が泗川倭城に攻め寄せた。
English: Since Sacheon City was located midway between Busan Metropolitan City of the supply base of the Japanese army and Suncheon Waeseong and Namhae Waeseong (Namhae Japanese Castle) at the extreme left wing of the Imperial Japanese Army, the communication with the army on the western side would be cut off if the city fell.
Japanese: 泗川は日本軍の策源地であった釜山広域市と日本軍最左翼の順天倭城・南海倭城の中間に位置する為、ここを落とされると西方にいる軍との連絡が分断される可能性があった。
English: There were only seven thousand soldiers of Shimazu army led by Yoshihiro SHIMAZU and Tadatsune SHIMAZU stationed in this Shisen.
Japanese: この泗川に駐屯していたのは島津義弘と島津忠恒率いる島津軍7千のみであった。
English: Yoshitoshi SO and Muneshige TACHIBANA armies tried to send the supporting army, but Yoshihiro rejected this offer and clashed with huge Ming and Korean army with only the Shimazu clan force.
Japanese: 宗義智軍や立花宗茂軍が援軍を申し入れるが義弘はこの申し出を断り、島津家の軍勢だけで明・朝鮮の大軍を迎え撃つこととなった。
English: Shimazu Army provided several hundred soldiers to Tadazane KAWAKAMI to defend the old Sacheon Waeseong and left ten thousand koku (1 koku=180.4 liters) worth of food.
Japanese: 島津軍は川上忠実に数百の兵を与えて泗川古城を守らせ、およそ1万石の食糧を置いた。
English: In addition, Tadazane KAWAKAMI ordered Shigeharu SETOGUCHI to burn down the food warehouse of the enemy and succeeded.
Japanese: また川上忠実は瀬戸口重治に命じて敵の食糧庫を焼き討ちさせ、これに成功した。
English: The allied forces with a great number of soldiers faced food deficiency and got into a difficult situation further by having their food supply burnt down and had to make the battles short.
Japanese: 大兵力の連合軍は食糧が不足していたが、食料庫を焼かれたことでさらに窮地に陥り、短期決戦を余儀なくされた。
English: Yoshihiro used a massive amount of firelocks and buried land mines to retaliate against the attacks of allied forces and defended most attacks.
Japanese: 連合軍の攻撃に対し、義弘は大量の火縄銃を使用したり、地雷を埋めるなどして対抗し、よくこれを防いだ。
English: When the Allied forces attacked, Yoshihiro had his soldiers carry out an ambush to confuse and scatter the enemy formation before shifting to the main battle formation that attacked the enemy.
Japanese: 連合軍が攻めあぐねたところへ、義弘は伏兵を出動させて敵の隊列を寸断して混乱させ、義弘本隊も攻勢に転じた。
English: According to the Shimazu side, they 'beheaded thirty-thousand heads and an unknown amount of people were killed and cast aside.'
Japanese: 島津側では「討ち取った首は3万余、打ち捨てた死体数知れず」といわれている。
English: Yoshihiro SHIMAZU was feared as 'Oni-Shimazu' (Shimazu ogre) and his bushi name spread across not only Korea but Ming Dynasty.
Japanese: この戦いにより島津義弘は「鬼石蔓子」（おにしまづ）と恐れられ、その武名は朝鮮だけでなく、明国まで響き渡った。
English: According to Ehon Taikoki, the one that defended Sacheon Waeseong (Old Sacheon Waeseong) was Sadamasa (his name was written as 定正 or 貞昌 with same pronunciation), who had the title of Ise Hyobu shoyu (junior assistant minister of the Hyobusho Ministry of War in Ise Province).
Japanese: 絵本太閤記では、泗川城（泗川古城）を守備していたのは伊勢兵部少輔定正（貞昌）となっている。
English: Furthermore, 'Oni-Shimazu' (Ogre Shimazu) was written as 'Osoroshi no Shimanzu' (Fearsome Shimanzu).
Japanese: また「鬼・島津」ではなく、「怕ろし（おそろし）のしまんず」となっている。
English: The military force of the Shimazu army consisted of six thousand and three hundred soldiers that included around five thousand Yoshihiro soldiers, one thousand soldiers of Tadatsune, three hundred soldiers of Sadamasa, who had the title of Ise Hyobu shoyu.
Japanese: 島津軍の兵力は、義弘の5千余、忠常の1千余、伊勢兵部少輔定正（貞昌）の3百余、併せて、6千3百余である。
English: Shimazu army with a castle would have faced the defeat with a long war due to the difference in their military strengths.
Japanese: 篭城側の島津軍はその戦力差のため長期戦になれば不利になる恐れがあった。
English: On the other hand, Ming army with at least several ten thousand soldiers that surrounded the castle lacked food required to move the huge army and lost the food warehouse from the surprise attack of Shimazu army.
Japanese: 一方、包囲側の明軍も最低でも数万以上と推測される大軍を長期間展開するだけの食糧は無かった上に、島津軍の奇襲によって食料庫を焼失している。
English: Looking from the morale perspective, it was difficult to give out commands since the Ming and Korean army was the allied force and was difficult to rally once the confusion occurred due to any unpredicted events.
Japanese: 心理面においては明・朝鮮軍が連合軍であるために指揮統制が難しく、一度不測の事態によって混乱すると収拾が難しかったと思われること。
English: In addition, they must have been optimistically confident since their enemy forces were extremely small, consisting of only seven thousand soldiers.
Japanese: そして敵軍がわずか7千と圧倒的に劣勢だったため、勝利を楽観視していたのではないかと思われること。
English: On the other hand, the Shimazu army strongly recognized that if they lost this battle, the formation of Japanese army would crumble and many of their allies would lose their escape route.
Japanese: 一方島津軍は、この戦いに敗れれば日本軍の連携が崩壊し、多くの味方が逃げ場を失うことを強く認識していたものと思われる。
English: Since Shimazu was greatly experienced with traditional guerilla attacks, the minds of the army as a whole seemed to have been united as well.
Japanese: また島津の伝統的な釣り野伏せの戦術で劣勢を覆した経験が幾度もあったことで、全軍の意思も統一されていたと考えられる。
English: In addition, since they were cut off from the supporting army of their comrades and only the soldiers of Shimazu family fought, there was an extremely strong morale as the army in spite of being small in size.
Japanese: さらに味方の援軍を断って島津家の兵だけで戦ったことにより、少数ながらも軍としてのまとまりが非常にあったものと思われる。
English: It could be assumed that the outnumbered Shimazu army was able to face a victory due to a combination of various factors mentioned earlier and the successful surprise and ambush attacks that led the allied force into confusion and fell.
Japanese: 上記の要因が複合し、島津軍の奇襲作戦や伏兵などが成功して連合軍が混乱し瓦解したため、寡兵の島津軍が勝利しえたと推測できる。
English: In addition, using a great amount of guns as defense to increase the strength of Shimazu army became a great factor contributing to victory.
Japanese: また島津軍が大量の鉄砲を防御に使用し、効果を挙げたことも大きな要因である。
English: The seize of the Ming force in the Battle of Shisen was not certain, but the record of the defeated Ming side mentioned 'eighty thousand war casualties.'
Japanese: ちなみに泗川の戦いでの明軍の兵力ははっきりしていないが、敗戦側の明の記録では「戦死者約8万人」とある。
English: Since eighty thousand war casualties was large even when compared to past wars, the general on the losing side normally reported smaller numbers of casualties since there was a possibility of being executed.
Japanese: 1つの会戦における戦死者が8万人というのは戦争一覧でもかなり多い数字であり、当時敗軍の将は責任をとって処刑される場合もあるため、戦果は過大に損害は過少に申告するのが普通であった。
English: It is likely that a smaller number of casualties were reported, but in reality this remains uncertain due to the great difference in numbers for which the Japanese army proclaimed over thirty thousand casualties.
Japanese: これでも戦死者を過少報告している可能性もあるが、日本側の死者3万余との記録とも大きく食い違うため実体は今なお不明である。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI passed away on August 18 before the Battle of Shisen, and his death was kept secret and the Japanese army was ordered to retreat on October 15.
Japanese: 泗川の戦いに先立つ8月18日、既に豊臣秀吉は死去していたが、その死は秘匿されており、その後、10月15日付で日本軍に撤退命令が下る。
English: Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) highly regarded the fine deeds of the Shimazu family, who defeated the Ming army and permitted the systematic retreat of its allies and assisted an escape of the Konishi army in the Battle of Noryang (they killed Korean Marine General Yi Sun-sin in the process) which occurred soon after, and the Shimazu family was the only one that was awarded with the estate among various daimyo that participated in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 島津家がこの泗川の戦いで明軍を撃退して味方の組織的な撤退を可能にしたこと、また直後の露梁海戦で小西軍の脱出を可能にした(その際に、朝鮮水軍大将李舜臣を討取った)という功績は五大老達から高く評価されており、島津家は文禄・慶長の役に参加した諸大名で唯一の加増に預かった。
English: There is a dance called 'Wadaiko-odori Dance' passed down in Kobayashi City, Miyazaki Prefecture, praising the victory at Shisen.
Japanese: 現在でも宮崎県小林市にはこの泗川での戦勝を記念して「輪太鼓踊」という舞踊が今に伝えられている。
English: "Moko Shurai Ekotoba" is a pair of picture scrolls by an unknown author.
Japanese: 蒙古襲来絵詞（もうこしゅうらいえことば）は、筆者不明の全2巻の絵巻物。
English: It is said that Suenaga TAKESAKI, a "gokenin" (vassal of the shogun) in Higo Province, ordered to make the picture scrolls to describe his distinguished service in Mongol invasion attempts against Japan in the later Kamakura period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代後期の作で、肥後国の御家人竹崎季長が元寇における自分の戦功を描かせたものとされている。
English: The pair of picture scrolls is one of the old Imperial treasures and, owned by Imperial Household Agency, is now preserved in the Museum of the Imperial Collections in the East Garden of Edo-jo Castle, Chiyoba Ward, Tokyo.
Japanese: 旧御物で、現在は宮内庁の所蔵となっており、東京都千代田区江戸城東御苑内の三の丸尚蔵館に保管されている。
English: It is known as the only visual material to show Mongolian soldiers fighting in infantry formations, battle ships, or guns and other arms used in the battles.
Japanese: 歩兵・集団戦術で戦う蒙古兵の姿や、軍船、使用した「てつはう」などの兵器が描かれた唯一の画像史料として知られる。
English: The date 'February in the first year of the Einin era' (which corresponds to March of 1293 in the western calendar) as well as family precepts, is written down at the end of the picture scrolls.
Japanese: 末尾には家訓とともに「永仁元年二月」（1293年）の日付が記されている。
English: Although the pair of picture scrolls itself is thought to have been made in the Medieval period, some people argue that it was later revised, altered or edited, considering some differences between depictions of Mongolian soldiers and Japanese mounted samurai warriors.
Japanese: なお、絵巻物自体は中世のものと考えられているが、蒙古兵と日本騎馬武者の描写の違いなどから、後世の加筆、改竄、または編纂があったとする説も提唱されている。
English: Especially the three Mongolian soldiers standing face to face with Suenaga (refer to the picture above) are thought to have been added in the early-modern period, because they are apparently different in their equipages, or depicted in different ways from other Mongolian soldiers in the same picture scrolls.
Japanese: 特に、季長と対峙する3人の蒙古兵（上の画像）は同じ絵巻の他の蒙古兵と装備や絵のタッチが明らかに異なり、近世に加筆されたと考えられている。
English: It was a mizu-shiro (castles on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) built on Zezezaki, the land that protruded into Lake Biwa near the mouth of Sagami-gawa River.
Japanese: 相模川河口付近にあった膳所崎と呼ばれる琵琶湖に突き出た土地に築かれた水城である。
English: Zeze-jo Castle is included in a list of the three typical castles in Japan and one of the ukishiros (castles built over and into the water) of Lake Biwa along with Otsu-jo Castle, Sakamoto-jo Castle, and Seta-jo Castle.
Japanese: 日本三大一覧城の一つに数えられ、また大津城、坂本城、瀬田城と並ぶ「琵琶湖の浮城」の一つである。
English: While the Sannomaru (outer part of the castle) was situated inland, the Ninomaru (second bailey), the Kita-no-maru (north compartment of the castle), and the Honmaru (the keep of a castle) were built over and into the water.
Japanese: 陸続きの部分に三の丸を配し、二の丸・北の丸・本丸が琵琶湖に突出していた。
English: A popular song among local people applauded its reflection in the water saying, 'While Seta no Karahashi Bridge is adorned with karagane-giboshi (bronze ornamental railing top), the water is adorned with the reflection of Zeze-jo Castle.'
Japanese: 水面に映える姿は里謡に「瀬田の唐橋からねぎぼし、水に浮かぶは膳所の城」と謡われていた。
English: In 1600, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara and succeeded in becoming a ruler both in name and reality.
Japanese: 徳川家康は、慶長5年（1600年）関ヶ原の戦いに勝利し名実共に天下人となった。
English: The following year, in 1601, he had Otsu-jo Castle demolished and another castle built in Zezezaki to hold control over the Tokai-do Road.
Japanese: 翌、慶長6年（1601年）東海道の押さえとして、大津城を廃し膳所崎に城を築かせた。
English: Zeze-jo Castle was the first castle built by Tenkabushin, a construction order given to territorial lords by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 膳所城は天下普請として江戸幕府が諸大名に号令し築いた城の第1号である。
English: It is said that Ieyasu chose this place for its proximity to Seta no Karahashi Bridge.
Japanese: 家康がこの地を選んだ理由として、瀬田の唐橋に近い場所であったからであると言われる。
English: In the year it was built, Kazuaki TODA, the lord of Otsu-jo Castle, was allowed to settle in it and have a territory worth 30,000 koku crop yields, which marked the establishment of the Zeze Domain.
Japanese: 築城された年に大津城主戸田一西を3万石で入城させここに膳所藩が成立した。
English: In 1617, his son, Ujikane TODA, was ordered to change the territory to the Amagasaki Domain in Settsu Province.
Japanese: その子の戸田氏鉄は元和(日本)3年（1617年）に摂津国尼崎藩に転封となった。
English: In 1651, his son Noriyuki ISHIKAWA was ordered to change the territory to the Ise-Kameyama Domain in Ise Province.
Japanese: 子の石川憲之は慶安4年（1651年）に伊勢国伊勢亀山藩に転封となった。
English: Since Zeze-jo Castle was built on the lakeside, it later suffered water erosion consistently.
Japanese: 膳所城は湖沿岸に建造された城であるため、時間を経ると波による浸食に悩まされ続けることとなった。
English: So the renovation of the castle was constantly required, which put a heavy burden on the clan's finances.
Japanese: このため絶えず城の補修を余儀なくされ、これが藩の財政を逼迫させる一因となっていた。
English: In 1870, on the day after the Dajokan Fukoku (Decrees of the Cabinet) which ordered demolition of castles, the feudal retainers of the domain who wanted a quick change of government tore down the castle, including the tenshu.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）新政府の早期実現を望む藩士達により、廃城の太政官布告が出された翌日より天守以下の建物の解体・移築が行われた。
English: The castle gates are now situated in Zeze-jinja Shrine, Shinozu-jinja Shrine, and Muchisaki-jinja Shrine, all of which are designated national important cultural assets.
Japanese: 城門は膳所神社、篠津神社、鞭崎神社に現存しており、それぞれ国の重要文化財に指定されている。
English: The Korai-mon Gate was moved to land in Matsunohama, Izumiotsu City, Osaka Prefecture, property owned by Hosomi Museum.
Japanese: なお、高麗門は大阪府泉大津市松ノ浜の「細見美術館」が所有する地に移築されている。
English: In 2006, the guard house for the Setaguchi main gate which was moved to private property was demolished.
Japanese: 平成18年（2006年）には民家に移築されていた瀬田口総門番所が取り壊された。
English: The Battle of Ueda is a generic name for the battles between the Sanada clan and the Tokugawa clan fought around Ueda-jo Castle in Shinano Province (present day Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) and neighboring mountain castles, and around Kan-gawa River that runs north-south in the eastern part of Ueda City, etc.
Japanese: 上田合戦（うえだかっせん）は、信濃国の上田城（現：長野県上田市）と近隣の山城周辺、上田市の東部を南北に流れる神川付近などで行われた真田氏と徳川氏の戦いの総称である。
English: There were two battles between the Sanada and Tokugawa clans around these places, and the battle in 1585 is called the first stage and the battle in 1600 is called the second stage.
Japanese: この地で真田氏と徳川氏の戦は2回行われ、1585年（天正13年）の戦を第一次、1600年（慶長5年）の戦を第二次とし区別する。