nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although Iemochi was only thirteen at the time he became shogun, since he was a cousin of the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA and more closely related to the former shogun, he was chosen even over Yoshinobu whose blood relationship ran back to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first shogun of Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 家茂はこの時13歳という若年であったが、第13代将軍・徳川家定の従兄弟に当たり前将軍の最近親ということから、血縁を徳川初代の徳川家康まで遡らなくてはならない慶喜を抑えて将軍に就任したのである。
English: Iemochi's authority was inhibited, however, due to Yoshiyori TOKUGAWA serving as Shogun-kokenshoku until 1862, followed by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: とはいえ、文久2年（1862年）までは徳川慶頼が、その後は徳川慶喜が「将軍後見職」に就いていたため、その権力は抑制されていた。
English: In 1862, Iemochi was married to Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako as a part of a union of the Imperial Court and the Shogunate.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）に公武合体策の一環として和宮親子内親王と結婚。
English: Although their marriage was political, they had a good relationship with him showing many kindnesses to her such as presenting her with gifts on many occasions.
Japanese: 政略結婚ではあるが、和宮に対してたびたび贈り物をするなど細やかな気配りをし、2人の関係は良好であった。
English: It was said that out of successive husbands and wives in the Tokugawa family, Iemochi and Kazunomiya were the most happily married.
Japanese: 徳川家歴代の将軍と正室の中で最も夫婦仲が良かったのは家茂・和宮といわれたほどである。
English: In 1863, Iemochi went to the capital (Kyoto) as Shogun, something which had not occurred for 229 years, and made a pledge to Emperor Komei, his brother-in-law, to expel foreigners from Japan.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）には将軍としては229年振りとなる上洛を果たし、義兄に当たる孝明天皇に攘夷を誓った。
English: In 1865, when a roju (a member of the shogun's council of elders) named Masato ABE and a group his supporters were punished by the Chotei (Imperial Court) for making the decision to open the port in Hyogo, Iemochi offered his resignation from the shogunate to the Chotei on his own.
Japanese: 慶応元年（1865年）、兵庫開港を決定した老中・阿部正外らが朝廷によって処罰されると、自ら将軍職の辞意を朝廷に上申している。
English: Purportedly, Emperor Komei was very surprised by this, making Iemochi withdraw from his intention to resign and promised from then on not to intervene in the affairs of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: このとき孝明天皇は大いに驚き慌てて辞意を取り下げさせ、その後の幕府人事への干渉をしないと約束したという。
English: In 1866, Iemochi suffered from a disease in Osaka Castle during the second conquest of Choshu.
Japanese: 慶応2年（1866年）、家茂は第2次長州征伐の途上大坂城で病に倒れた。
English: When Emperor Komei was informed of this, he dispatched two doctors from the Tenyakuryo (Bureau of Medicine) named Tsuneyoshi TAKASHINA and Sadanori FUKUI to Osaka to give Iemochi medical treatment.
Japanese: この知らせを聞いた孝明天皇は、典薬寮の医師である高階経由と福井貞憲の2人を大坂へ派遣し、その治療に当たらせた。
English: Among others, Daizen no suke (title of the person in charge of meals in the court) Kogen-in, Taki Yoshun-in (Antaku TAKI), Choan TODA, Yuan TAKASHIMA and Sohaku ASADA, all who served the Tenshoin and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako as court physicians who normally stayed in the castle at all times, were urgently dispatched to Osaka from Edo Castle.
Japanese: 江戸城からは、天璋院や和宮親子内親王の侍医として留守をまもっていた大膳亮弘玄院、多紀養春院（多紀安琢）、遠田澄庵、高島祐庵、浅田宗伯らが大坂へ急派された。
English: Shogun Iemochi was loved by his retainers for his discerning and serious attitude, and it is said that in his grief, Kaishu KATSU said 'The Tokugawa shogunate is ruined because of his death.'
Japanese: 将軍家茂は英明さと真摯さで幕臣達に慕われており、勝海舟などは「家茂さまの御薨去をもって徳川幕府は滅んだ」と嘆息したと伝えられる。
English: At the time of his death, Iemochi left a will designating Iesato TOKUGAWA (the Tayasu family) as the next family head and shogun of the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 家茂は死に際し、徳川家達（田安家）を次期徳川家の当主・将軍として指名し、遺言とした。
English: Iemochi allegedly thought that although Yoshinobu was smart, this made it highly possible that he would end up outsmarting himself, while Kamenosuke on the other hand, was young having him as shogun would create the best management of the bakufu possible through agreement of the cabinet officials of the Shogunate.
Japanese: 家茂は、慶喜は優秀ではあるが、それゆえに自策に溺れる可能性が高いのに対し、亀之助は幼少であるがゆえに幕閣の合議により最上の幕府の運営が出来ると考えていたとされている。
English: It seems that Iemochi thought that more loyalty could be generated from the bakufu hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun) and fudai daimyo (daimyo and hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) with Kamenosuke, who was related to himself and his father-in-law Iesada TOKUGAWA, than Yoshinobu, whose blood relationship did not seem to be closely tied to successive shoguns aside from his relation to the first Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: また亀之助は、血統の上でも自分や義父である徳川家定と最近親の徳川家の家族であり、初代徳川家康まで遡らなければ、歴代将軍達と血が繋がらないような慶喜よりも旗本および譜代大名の忠誠心を引き出せると考えていたようである。
English: Although Iemochi only lived for twenty years, he was highly valued for coping with the tumultuous time during the end of Edo Period.
Japanese: 家茂はわずか20年の生涯であったが、幕末の動乱期の中をその若さで潜り抜けていることは高く評価されている。
English: Kaishu KATSU praised Iemochi saying, 'Though he was at the mercy of the period because of his youth, if he had lived a little bit longer, he might have earned his place in history as a great monarch in addition to his excellent military prowess.'
Japanese: 勝海舟からは、「若さゆえに時代に翻弄されたが、もう少し長く生きていれば、英邁な君主として名を残したかもしれない。武勇にも優れていた人物であった」と評価されている。
English: It is also said that he held great prestige among the shogunal retainers, and various anecdotes told by former retainers from the late Meiji Period tell that he had fortitude and firmness of character, yet he was very kind to everyone, from vassals and women to animals.
Japanese: また、幕臣からも信望が厚かったと言われ、家臣や女性や動物たちに至るまで非常に優しい態度で接する一方、剛毅な一面を持つ人柄が明治以後に旧幕臣たちなどから様々な逸話で伝えられている。
English: Iemochi liked sweets, such as yokan (a bar of sweetened and jellied bean paste), rock candy, compeito (confetti), castella sponge cake, monaka (a wafer cake filled with bean jam) and three-color sweets.
Japanese: 羊羹、氷砂糖、金平糖、カステラ、最中、三色菓子など甘いものを好んだ。
English: His remains tell that he had a narrow face, a very long nose and warped teeth.
Japanese: 遺骨から面長で極めて鼻が高く、歯は反り歯であったことが分かっている。
English: According to "The Tokugawa Shogun family's tombs in Zojo-ji Temple and the remains and articles left by the deceased," Iemochi's blood type was A.
Japanese: 『増上寺徳川将軍家墓とその遺品・遺体』によると、家茂の血液型はA型である。
English: According to "Bones Talk: The Tokugawa Shogun Family/The Daimyo Family" by Hisashi SUZUKI, who carried out research on the remains at the reburial of the Tokugawa Shogun family grave in Zojo-ji Temple between 1958 and 1960, when Iemochi died, he had not shaved his head and put his hair in a topknot, and he looked young with thick hair.
Japanese: 昭和33年（1958年）から35年（1960年）に増上寺の徳川将軍家墓地改葬の際に徳川家の人々の遺骨の調査を行った鈴木尚の著書・『骨は語る徳川将軍・大名家の人びと』によれば、家茂は死亡した時点ではさかやきを剃っておらず、若々しく豊富な髪の持ち主であったという。
English: His teeth were so badly rotten that thirty of his thirty-one teeth had cavities.
Japanese: また家茂の歯の虫歯の度合いは酷く、残存する31本の歯の内30本が虫歯にかかっていた。
English: By piecing together records, Iemochi's teeth enamel was found to be naturally extremely thin, made worse by his love for sweets.
Japanese: 記録などから総合するに、家茂はもともと歯のエナメル質が極端に薄い体質であったうえ、大の甘党でもあった。
English: It is suggested that what claimed his life, along with his bad teeth that weakened his stamina and heart failure from beriberi, were the conflicts in diagnosis between doctors (traditional Chinese medicine doctors, such as Takashina, diagnosed him with beriberi but western medical doctors, such as those from the bakufu, insisted he had rheumatism).
Japanese: その虫歯が家茂の体力を弱め、脚気衝心、さらには医師間の診断内容の相違（高階ら漢方の典医は脚気との診断を下したが、西洋医の幕府奥医師たちはこれをリウマチだとして譲らなかった）も加わり、家茂の命を奪ったのではないか、と指摘している。
English: According to the book, although the long hair of a woman completely different from Iemochi's hair was included in the casket, since the hair type was different from that of Kazunomiya, it is assumed that the casket was sealed in Osaka.
Japanese: また同書に寄れば、家茂の物とは明らかに違う女性の物らしき長髪が棺の中に同封されていたが、和宮の髪とは髪質が異なる点、棺の封は大坂で為された物と推測される。
English: Due to the fact that it was impossible for Kazunomiya to have put her hair in the casket since she had been living in Edo at the time, it is assumed that the hair belonged to a woman, perhaps a concubine, who accompanied Iemochi and was close to him.
Japanese: しかし、当時江戸在住だった和宮が髪を入れることは不可能だった点から、この髪の持ち主は家茂に同行し、家茂に近かった女性-つまり側室-のものではないか、と推測されている。
English: During the reburial of the Tokugawa Shogun family, a photograph of a man who seems to be Iemochi was found in Kazunomiya's grave.
Japanese: また墓地改葬の際に、和宮の墓の中から家茂と思われる男性の肖像写真が発見された。
English: Until that time, it was believed that Iemochi followed Emperor Komei, his brother in law, in not having his photo taken.
Japanese: これまで家茂は義兄の孝明天皇に倣い写真は撮影していなかったと思われていた。
English: The photo seems to have been taken in Osaka Castle right before his death and then sent to Kazunomiya in Edo.
Japanese: この写真は死の直前に大坂で撮影され、江戸にいる和宮に贈られたものとみられる。
English: When an attempt was made to examine the photo the day after the discovery, the image was lost, likely due to getting hit by sunlight, and there was nothing but a glass plate.
Japanese: 発見の翌日に写真を検証しようとすると日光のためか画像は失われており、そこにはガラス板があるのみだった。
English: However, when he reached manhood as the shogun at the age of thirteen, he gave up these pleasures and made an effort to acquire both the literary and military arts.
Japanese: しかし13歳の時に将軍として元服すると、それらの楽しみを捨てて文武両道を修めるように努めた。
English: Even though he had a weak constitution, he gave up trivial pleasures and set his heart on being a good shogun, and it is said that the shogunal retainers were impressed with his attitude before and even after his death.
Japanese: 病弱な体なのにささやかな楽しみすら捨て、良い将軍であろうと心がけていた姿は幕臣たちを当時も没後も感激させたという。
English: Yasukiyo TOGAWA, a shogunal retainer and known master of calligraphy, was an old man over seventy years old but served Iemochi as a recommended teacher of calligraphy.
Japanese: 書の達人として知られていた幕臣戸川安清は70歳を過ぎた老人ながら、推されて家茂の習字の先生を務めていた。
English: One time while he was giving a lesson, Iemochi suddenly poured water used for Chinese ink over Yasukiyo's head, laughed while he clapped his hands and left the lesson saying, 'Let's do the rest tomorrow.'
Japanese: ある時家茂に教えていた最中に、突然家茂が安清の頭の上から墨を摺るための水をかけ手を打って笑い、「あとは明日にしよう」と言ってその場を出て行ってしまった。
English: While the close associates present at the time were lamenting over Iemochi's unusual behavior, Yasukiyo cried.
Japanese: 同席していた側近たちがいつもの家茂にも似ぬことをすると嘆いていると、当の安清が泣いていた。
English: When they asked him if he was crying over Iemochi's bad behavior, he answered that he had a sudden bout of incontinence due to his age.
Japanese: 家茂の振る舞いを情けなく思ってのことかと尋ねると、実は老齢のため、ふとしたはずみで失禁してしまったと安清は言った。
English: Since it was a custom of those days to invariably and severely punish someone having incontinence while teaching a shogun, Iemochi realized this and hid the accident by mischievously pouring water on Yasukiyo, expressing that he would overlook the incident by saying, 'You have to attend at the court tomorrow as well.'
Japanese: 当時の習慣として将軍に教えている真っ最中に尿を漏らしたとなると厳罰は免れないので、それを察した家茂は水をかけるいたずらをすることでその失敗を隠し、「明日も出仕するように」と発言することで不問に処することを表明したのである。
English: It is said that he answered that he was crying because he was impressed by Iemochi's scrupulous attention (Zanka TOGAWA, a relative of Yasukiyo, wrote in 'Bakumatsu Shoshi' (Small History in the end of Edo Period).
Japanese: その細やかな配慮に感激して泣いているのだと答えたという（安清の親戚だった戸川残花が「幕末小史」の中に記している）。
English: In April, 1863, Iemochi traveled to Osaka by a Jundo Maru Warship in preparation for carrying out an order of the Imperial Court to expel foreigners.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）4月、家茂は朝廷に命じられた攘夷実行への準備として、幕府の軍艦順動丸に乗って大坂視察を行っている。
English: During this time, the commander named Kaishu KATSU explained to Iemochi the functions of the warship and Iemochi showed excellent understanding.
Japanese: この時順動丸を指揮していた勝海舟から軍艦の機能の説明を受け、非常に優れた理解力を示した。
English: On this occasion, Katsu directly asked him to train personnel who could operate warships and Iemochi immediately ordered the establishment of Kobe Navy Training Center.
Japanese: その折に勝から軍艦を動かせる人材の育成を直訴されると、即座に神戸海軍操練所の設置を命令した。
English: Additionally, Iemochi incorporated Katsu's advice for the procession to the capital in December of the same year, deciding to use Jundo Maru (the reason being that the previous procession to the capital by land took twenty-two days, but took only three days when they went back to Edo by Jundo Maru.
Japanese: さらに同年12月に上洛の際、勝の進言を容れて順動丸を使うことを決断した（その理由として前回の上洛において往路だった陸行では22日を要したのに対し、帰路順動丸を使った時にはわずか3日で江戸に帰れた事実がある。
English: Furthermore, although people were continuing to get seasick due to rough seas during the voyage and close associates recommended changing the plan to go by land, Iemochi strictly ordered to 'leave it to the gunkan bugyo (the government's naval magistrate) for issues on the sea' and expressed unchanged trust for Katsu.
Japanese: さらに航海の途中で海が荒れて船に酔う人が続出したため、側近から陸行への変更を奨められたが、この時「海上のことは軍艦奉行に任せよ」と厳命し、勝への変わらぬ信頼を表した。
English: It is said that Katsu was greatly impressed with the confidences bestowed upon him and gave his loyalty to Iemochi from the bottom of his heart for the rest of his life.
Japanese: これらの信任に勝は感激し、家茂に対する生涯の忠誠を心中深く誓ったという。
English: In his disappointment after Iemochi's death, Katsu was so upset that he wrote in his diary, 'Today, the Tokugawa family fell into ruin.'
Japanese: 家茂の死去した際絶望のあまり、日記に「徳川家、今日滅ぶ」と記したほどである。
English: Even after Iemochi passed away, Katsu continuously made efforts toward the continuance and rehabilitation of the Tokugawa family until his later years by struggling to save the life of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, whom with he did not get along well, to protect the Tokugawa family and make it last.
Japanese: その後も勝は徳川家の保護と存続のため、気が合わなかった徳川慶喜の助命に奔走し、晩年に至るまで徳川家の存続と名誉回復に尽力し続けた。
English: It is said that in his later years, tears would fall from his face upon hearing the mention of Iemochi, and he would say 'My heart bleeds for him,' thinking of his life with such a burden in a turbulent age with poor physical health.
Japanese: 晩年は家茂の名を聞いただけで、病弱な体で激動の時代に重責を背負わされた家茂の生涯に「お気の毒の人なりし」と言って目に涙を浮かべたという。
English: In France and Italy, known production areas of silk in Europe, silkworm infectious disease caused by the protist called Nosema broke out during the 1850's, devastating the sericultural industry in both countries.
Japanese: 欧州における絹の産地として知られたフランス・イタリアでは、1850年代にノゼマと呼ばれる原生生物が原因とするカイコの伝染病が流行し、両国の養蚕業は壊滅状態になった。
English: When Iemochi heard of this news, he collected silkworm eggs from farmers and donated them to Louis NAPOLEON.
Japanese: これを知った家茂は、蚕の卵を農家から集めてナポレオン3世に寄贈した。
English: In France, Louis PASTEUR studied Japanese silkworms based on advice from Jean-Henri FABRE, figured out the cause of the disease and made improvements by breeding the surviving silkworms.
Japanese: フランスではルイ・パスツールがジャン・アンリ・ファーブルの助言を元に、日本の蚕を研究して病気の原因を突き止めるとともに、生き残った蚕同士を掛け合わせて品種改良を行った。
English: In 1867, Louis NAPOLEON presented twenty-six Arabian horses to the bakufu for breeding improvements of their military horses as a gift.
Japanese: ナポレオン3世は謝礼として慶応3年（1867年）に、幕府に対して軍馬の品種改良のためのアラビア馬26頭を贈呈した。
English: Although training for taking care of the horses was also done at the same time, with plans to raise them carefully in Koganemaki (Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture), the horses became scattered during the Boshin War.
Japanese: 飼育の伝習も同時に行われ、小金牧（千葉県松戸市）で大切に飼育される予定だったが、戊辰戦争で散り散りになった。
English: Iemitsu TOKUGAWA was the third Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") from 1623 to 1651 of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 德川家光（とくがわいえみつ）は江戸幕府の第三代征夷大将軍（在職1623年-1651年）。
English: There were only three children born from lawful wives of the fifteenth Tokugawa Shoguns, including Ieyasu, Iemitsu and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 徳川十五代将軍の内、（父親の）正室の子は、徳川家康・家光・徳川慶喜の三名のみ。
English: Iemitsu was born on July 17th, 1604 in Edo Castle as the second son of Hidetada TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 慶長9年（1604年）7月17日、徳川秀忠の次男として江戸城に生まれる。
English: Although Iemitsu's father and second Shogun Hidetada had his first son Chomaru in 1601, because Chomaru died young, Iemitsu was treated as the heir and was given the childhood name of "Takechiyo," the same childhood name of his grandfather, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 徳川家の世継であった父・秀忠には慶長6年に誕生した長男・長丸がいたが、既に早世していたため世子として扱われ、祖父・徳川家康と同じ幼名竹千代を与えられた。
English: Following the birth of Iemitsu, the daughter of Toshimitsu SAITO named Fuku, who was a vassal to Mitsuhide AKECHI (the wife of Masanari INABA, a vassal of the Kobayakawa clan; later given the name Kasuga no Tsubone) became the wet nurse for Iemitsu, while Masakatsu INABA and Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA became his pages.
Japanese: 誕生に伴い、明智光秀家臣・斎藤利三の娘である福（小早川氏家臣稲葉正成室、のちの春日局）が乳母となり、稲葉正勝・松平信綱らの小姓が付けられる。
English: In 1605, Ieyasu abdicated the position of shogun to Hidetada and he became the leading figure in the bakufu.
Japanese: 慶長10年（1605年）、家康は秀忠に将軍職を譲位して大御所となる。
English: Iemitsu was weak during his childhood, was apt to stammer and it is said that he was not very attractive.
Japanese: 幼少時の家光は病弱で、吃音（きつおん）があり容姿も美麗とは言えなかったと言われる。
English: According to "Bunoshokudan." Hidetada and others who favored Tadanaga and Fuku felt it was dangerous to disinherit Takechiyo and appealed to Ieyasu in Sunpu, but Ieyasu, who was anxious over the struggle, made the elders first rule absolute, making Iemitsu the definite heir.
Japanese: 『武野燭談』に拠れば、秀忠らは忠長を寵愛しており、竹千代廃嫡の危機を感じた福は駿府の家康に実情を訴え、憂慮した祖父・家康が長幼の序を明確にし、家光の世継決定が確定したと言われる。
English: These stories are based on gossip after the death of Iemitsu, and from an examination of historical materials from that era, it is thought that the decision for Iemitsu to be the heir was completed in 1615.
Japanese: これらは家光死後に成立した巷説（こうせつ）であるが、同時代史料の検討から、家光の世継決定は元和(日本)年間であると考えられている。
English: In May, 1616, Tadatoshi SAKAI, Kiyotsugu NAITO and Tadatoshi AOYAMA were appointed as councilors to look after Iemitsu.
Japanese: 元和2年（1616年）5月には、竹千代の守役として酒井忠利・内藤清次・青山忠俊の3人が家光付けの年寄となった。
English: In September, more than sixty junior vassals were designated as pages, constituting the group of assistants and vassals to look after the affairs of Iemitsu.
Japanese: そして、9月には60数名の少年が小姓として任命され、家光の年寄衆・家臣団となる。
English: In 1617, Iemitsu moved to Nishinomaru of Edo Castle where he received an envoy from the Imperial Court in 1618 and was seen attending an official event.
Japanese: 元和3年には西の丸へ移り、元和4年には朝廷の勅使を迎えており、公式の場への出席が見られる。
English: Celebration of Iemitsu's coming of age was held in 1620, extended due to Ieyasu's death in 1616, where he assumed the new name "Iemitsu" from Takechiyo and was appointed to Junior Third Rank, supernumerary chief councillor of state.
Japanese: 元和2年（1616年）の家康が死去で延期されていた元服は元和6年（1620年）に済ませ、竹千代から家光に改め、従三位権大納言に任官する。
English: His new name was going to be "Ietada," but because this was the same name as the founder's of the Kazanin family, "Iemitsu" was chosen.
Japanese: 当初は「家忠」とされたが、花山院家祖の名乗りであったことから、「家光」が選ばれた。
English: In 1623, after the death of Kiyotsugu NAITO, Tadayo SAKAI and Tadakatsu SAKAI (the lord of Obama Domain, Wakasa Province) became the successors and were appointed as councilors for Iemitsu.
Japanese: 元和9年（1623年）には死去した清次の穴埋めとして酒井忠世・酒井忠勝(若狭国小浜藩主)が年寄として付けられる。
English: In June, 1623, Iemitsu went to Kyoto with his father Hidetada where he received his appointment to shogun and designated as Senior Second Rank, Inner Minister in July.
Japanese: 同年6月には父秀忠とともに上洛し、7月27日に伏見城で将軍宣下を受け、正二位内大臣となる。
English: At first, the daughter of Nagamasa KURODA was reported as Iemochi's marriage partner, but in August of 1623, Takako TAKATSUKASA of the Takatsukasa family (a line of regents and advisers) came down to Edo, and in December of the same year she was married into the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 家光の結婚相手としては黒田長政の娘との噂もあったが、元和9年（1623年）8月には摂家鷹司家から鷹司孝子が江戸へ下り、同年12月には正式に輿入れする。
English: Even after Hidetada transferred political power to his son, he continued to have the real power where he had the bakufu put under a dual policy by mutual consent between assistants in the keep of the castle and the secondary enclosure of the castle.
Japanese: 秀忠は政権移譲した後も、大御所として軍事指揮権等の政治的実権は掌握し続け、幕政は本丸年寄と西の丸年寄の合議による二元政治のもとに置かれた。
English: When Emperor Gomizunoo visited Nijo-jo Castle in July of 1626, Iemitsu and Hidetada went up to Kyoto with Hidetada leading many feudal lords and direct retainers of the shogun, including Masamune DATE and Yoshinobu SATAKE.
Japanese: 寛永3年（1626年）7月には後水尾天皇の二条行幸のために上洛するが、将軍家光に対して大御所秀忠は伊達政宗・佐竹義宣(右京大夫)ら多くの大名、旗本らを従えての上洛であった。
English: During their audience with Emperor Gomizunoo at Nijo-jo Castle, Hidetada was promoted to Grand Minister and Iemitsu to the Minister of the Left, respectively.
Japanese: 家光は二条城において後水尾天皇に拝謁し、秀忠の太政大臣に対し家光は左大臣に昇格した。
English: When Hidetada died in January of 1632, the diarchy was dissolved and Iemitsu began direct rule as the shogun.
Japanese: 寛永9年（1632年）1月に秀忠が死去すると二元政治は解消され、将軍から公方として親政を始める。
English: In May of 1632, he summoned feudal lords who were not hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and issued an order to deprive Tadahiro KATO, the lord of Kumamoto Domain, Higo Province, of his official status and territory.
Japanese: 1632年5月には外様系大名を招集し、肥後国熊本藩主加藤忠広の改易を命じている。
English: He established the system of senior councilor, junior councilor, administrator and inspector general, as well as the feudal government system headed by a shogun as the person in paramount authority.
Japanese: 老中・若年寄・奉行・大目付の制を定め、現職将軍を最高権力者とする幕府機構を確立した。
English: In the revision of Laws for Warrior Houses in 1635, he added the rule requiring feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year.
Japanese: 寛永12年（1635年）の武家諸法度の改訂では、大名に参勤交代を義務づける規定を加える。
English: In foreign affairs, he strengthened the trade control and crackdown on Christians with the aim of monopolizing trade profits in Nagasaki, and through the Shimabara Rebellion in 1637, he established the national isolation policy until 1641.
Japanese: 対外的には長崎貿易の利益独占目的から、貿易統制ならびにキリシタン弾圧を強化し、寛永14年（1637年）の島原の乱を経て寛永18年（1641年）までに鎖国体制を完成させた。
English: These series of high-handed policies taken by the Edo bakufu are called "ruling backed with military force."
Japanese: これらの、家光の代までに取られた江戸幕府の一連の強権政策は「武断政治」と言われる。
English: Iemitsu's legitimate son, Takechiyo, was born in 1641 (he later became Shogun Ietsuna).
Japanese: 寛永18年（1641年）には嫡男の竹千代（のちの将軍家綱）が生まれる。
English: In 1642, the great famine of the Kanei era occurred, but the ruling system of the bakufu was not shaken.
Japanese: 寛永19年（1642年）からは寛永の大飢饉は起こるが、幕府の支配体制が揺らぐことはなかった。
English: In 1644, the bakufu ordered feudal lords all across the country to draw up maps of their domains and castle, and issued a ban on buying and selling fields to control farmers.
Japanese: 正保元年（1644年）には全国の大名に郷帳・国絵図（正保国絵図）・城絵図（正保城絵図）を作成させ、農民統制では田畑永代売買禁止令を発布した。
English: In 1650, Iemitsu ordered Ietsuna TOKUGAWA to act for him in ceremonies due to illness, and in April of 1651 he died in Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 慶安3年（1650年）には病気から諸儀礼を徳川家綱に代行させ、翌年4月に江戸城内で死去する。
English: In May, 1651, he was posthumously conferred the rank of Senior First Rank, Grand Minister, and was given the Buddhist name "Daikenin."
Japanese: 同年5月には正一位・太政大臣が追贈され、法名は「功崇院」の案もあったが、大猷院に定められた。
English: On March 5, 1623, he was appointed to Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards and Inspector of the Right Division Bureau of Horses.
Japanese: 元和(日本)9年（1623年）3月5日、右近衛大将・右馬寮御監兼任。
English: After the death of Hidetada, Toshikatsu DOI, Tadakatsu SAKAI and Tadayo SAKAI remained in their posts as senior councilors to the shogun.
Japanese: 秀忠の死後、前代からの老中（老中）である土井利勝、酒井忠勝、酒井忠世が引き続き年寄となった。
English: Iemitsu changed the rules of Hidetsugu's system from having a single senior councilor reporting decisions to the shogun to having the reports given after a conference between three councilors.
Japanese: 家光は今まで年寄一人ができたことも、年寄3人での合議が無ければ将軍への披露を認めないことにした。
English: The councilor conference system caused delays in government affairs and territorial lords were no longer able to freely send even small gifts to the bakufu.
Japanese: そのため政務は渋滞を来たし、諸大名が幕府にちょっとした進物を出すこともままならなくなった。
English: In 1634, the conference system was changed to a system where each of the three councilors would take turns on a monthly duty system and six assistants (predecessors of junior assistants system) were appointed to support the business of the councilors.
Japanese: 寛永16年（1634年）には制度を改め、年寄り3人の担当を月番制とし、六人衆（若年寄の前身）をその補佐として置いた。
English: This system went smoothly at first, but councilors gradually became apt to put off their decisions to the following month, causing further delays in government affairs.
Japanese: 当初はこの制度は円滑に動いていたが、後に年寄たちが案件を翌月に先送りするようになり、さらに渋滞を招いた。
English: Later on, the system of having six assistants was changed, Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA and Tadaaki ABE became senior councilors and Toshikatsu DOI and Tadakatsu SAKAI assumed the posts of Chief Master, dealing only with important matters.
Japanese: その後六人衆から松平信綱や阿部忠秋らが老中となり、土井利勝や酒井忠勝は重要な事項のみ扱う大老となった。