nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For example, Benkankyoku of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was held by Ozuki clan and the Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office of the Council of State) was held by the Nakahara clan.
Japanese: 例えば、太政官の弁官局は小槻氏、同じく外記局は中原氏が請負、世襲的に継承するようになる。
English: In the same way, technical and academic official positions were also held by certain clans such as the Kamo clan and Abe clan of the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Sugawara clan and Oe clan of the Daigakuryo Kidendo (the study of the histories) (Bunsho hakase) with the background of the establishment of Kagaku.
Japanese: 同様に技術系・学術系の官職においても、陰陽寮の賀茂氏・阿倍氏、大学寮紀伝道（文章博士）の菅原氏・大江氏のように家学の成立を背景とした世襲的な継承が行われるようになった。
English: Furthermore, in the twelfth century, the management and accompanying profit of Kanji and Kanjiryo that was maintained as the funds for the job (Kangaryo) began to be privately owned by the hereditary clans as part of the job system including the position itself and used as 'Chigyo (enfeoffment).'
Japanese: 更に12世紀に入ると、官司の運営とそれに伴う収益、そうした業務の財源として確保されてきた官司領（官衙領）が世襲氏族によって官職そのものを含めた「職の体系」として私的に所有されるようになり、「知行」として行使されるようになった。
English: In the same way, the highest position for the aristocrats, Sekkan, was hereditarily passed among the Mido branch within the Fujiwara clan, Northern house, Kujo branch and this branch monopolized the position as the chief of the Toshi and associated Kangakuin and denka no watari-ryo (the land which the Fujiwara family hereditarily succeeded).
Japanese: 同様に公家の最高位と言える摂関においても藤原北家九条流更にその中の御堂流によって世襲的に継承され、藤氏長者の地位やそれに付随する勧学院・殿下渡領なども独占的に支配するようになった。
English: Furthermore, as the aristocratic society was restructured during the cloistered government, promotion path to official positions and the final achievable position/rank became determined more by birth, and the aristocratic clans from the ancient times differentiated into each mon and transformed into the "Ie (family, house)" of the middle ages.
Japanese: 更に院政期において公家社会が再編される中で官職昇進次第や極位極官が出自によって決定される傾向が強まっていくと、古代からの貴族諸氏は一門に分化して中世的な「家」へと変質していく。
English: The mongyo that a mon had became kagyo that was passed down the ie, in other words, transformed into Kashoku.
Japanese: ここに一門の持つ門業は家ごとに相伝される家業、すなわち家職へと転換されるようになった。
English: During the thirteenth century, the Sekkan position was passed in turn among the heads of the five families determined by paternal succession among the Mido branch, in other words, the Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families), became systemized.
Japanese: 13世紀に入ると、摂関の地位は、父子継承によって決定された御堂流のうちの5家、すなわち五摂家当主による巡任が体制化された。
English: A system of relatively stable Kasho and position promotion path for the head of one or several families depending upon the family class became established as a system for every layer of the aristocracy.
Japanese: 家格に基づいて、1家もしくは少数の家の家督継承者の相対的に安定した家職及び官職昇進次第が保証された制度が公家社会各層において確立した。
English: The establishment of 'Ie' was also seen among the resident landowner class and the parent-child inheritance of 'shoku (occupation)' accompanied by rights was commonplace.
Japanese: また、「家」の成立が在地領主層の間でも見られるようになり、得分権を伴う「職」の親子間継承が行われるようになった。
English: The court of the middle ages was maintained by establishing Yusokukojitu (precedent cases and stories about court protocol) of Chogi as a Kagaku and the various aristocratic families became in charge of it as Kashoku and if the family had no successor, such families were reestablished by taking members in by adoption.
Japanese: 中世の朝廷は朝儀に関する有職故実を家学化して、公家の諸家がそれを家職として分掌することで維持され、万が一断絶に至った場合にはそうした家を養子縁組によって再興・継続させる方針が採られていった。
English: However, with the collapse of court finances after the Onin War, Chogi was terminated and many aristocratic families were not reestablished once they had no successors.
Japanese: だが、応仁の乱以後は朝廷財政の崩壊とともに朝儀は廃絶し、断絶したまま再興されない公家も少なくなかった。
English: On the other hand, for buke (military class) and resident landowners, the concept of 'Ie' became recognized as the basic unit of ordinary society during the Sengoku period after the Onin War.
Japanese: その一方、武家や在地においては応仁の乱以後の戦国時代(日本)に「家」が一般社会の構成単位として認識される傾向が強まっていった。
English: With this, the Toyotomi government which unified Japan used Kashoku of the aristocracy, military, officials and public as a method of maintaining civil order.
Japanese: これを受けて日本全国を統一した豊臣政権は社会秩序の維持のための手段として公武官民の家職を利用した。
English: Towards the aristocracy, the 'On okite tsuika (additional regulations)' in 1595 ordered diligence towards their Kashoku and Kogi as mandatory in exchange for guaranteeing or increasing land.
Japanese: 公家社会に対しては文禄4年（1595年）に「御掟追加」によって家職をたしなみ、公儀に奉公することを義務付け、その代償に所領を保証・加増した。
English: On the other hand, the government reinforced Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katanagari (sword confiscation) on the public and asked it to devote itself to Kashoku.
Japanese: 一方、民間に対しては太閤検地や刀狩などを通じて家職への専念を求めた。
English: The Tokugawa government followed and reinforced this approach and issued the 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles) for the aristocracy and reconfirmed and guaranteed the promotion path accompanying Kashoku and made it clear that the Tokugawa shogun family itself would make the shogun position as its Kashoku.
Japanese: 徳川政権もこの路線を継承、徹底させ、公家に対しては禁中並公家諸法度によって家職に付随する「諸家昇進之次第（官職昇進次第）」を再確認・保証するとともに、徳川将軍家自体が将軍職を家職とすることを明らかにした。
English: In addition, for the buke and public, the government considered devotion and maintaining each family's Kagyo (family business) as their Kashoku and made this widespread throughout society to make this a method of controlling class and maintaining societal order.
Japanese: また、武家や民間に対してはそれぞれの家業への専念と維持、継承に努めさせることをそれぞれの家職とし、それを社会全体に徹底させることで身分統制・社会秩序維持の手段とした。
English: Furthermore, religious persons and craftsmen were to come from specific aristocratic families and temples (Inke) for which it was Kashoku.
Japanese: 更に宗教者・職人などを特定の公家や寺院（院家）に家職として統制させることを図った。
English: Documents such as "Hagakure (The Book of The Samurai" (bushi), "Choninbukuro" "Moanjo"(monk) encouraged people that staying and succeeding in their Kashoku/Kagyo was a societal responsibility.
Japanese: 『葉隠』（武士）や『町人嚢』、『盲安杖』（僧侶）などはそれぞれの立場からの家職・家業を全うさせる事が社会的義務であることを説いた書物であった。
English: After the establishment of the Meiji government, with the aim of the modernization of national management systems and utilizing human resources, the court system of hereditary positions held by the aristocracy was considered as an 'evil old custom.'
Japanese: 明治政府の成立後、国家統治機構の近代化と人材登用を標榜して、公家の官職世襲によって支えられてきた朝廷のシステムを「悪しき遺制」と捉えた。
English: The Meiji government tried to separate the court and government and proceeded in taking away the class restrictions that were already starting to become fluid and allowed the public to have the right to select an occupation.
Japanese: 明治政府は宮中と政府の分離を図るとともに既に流動化しつつあった身分規制の撤廃を進めて国民に職業選択の自由を認めた。
English: Upon the ratification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, Hirobumi ITO wrote in the "Kenpo Gikai" that the custom of 'officials affiliated with an Ie and passing down positions amongst their clan,' in other words, Kashoku, was against the rights and obligations of the people.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法制定に際し、伊藤博文は『憲法義解』の中で「官が家に属し、族によって職を世襲」する陋習（すなわち、家職）を臣民権利義務規定に反するものとした。
English: The nineteenth article of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan states 'Japanese citizens can equally be appointed as administrative/military officials and other official positions according to the criteria determined by law.'
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第19条で「日本臣民ハ法律命令ノ定ムル所ノ資格ニ応シ均ク文武官ニ任セラレ及其ノ他ノ公務ニ就クコトヲ得」と定めた。
English: However, in actuality, the Kazoku (peerage) system had elements of Kashoku, and dukes and marquis were in principle eligible for a seat in the Kizokuin.
Japanese: だが、実際には華族制度は家職的な要素を含み、特に公爵・侯爵は原則的に貴族院(日本)に議席を有することが出来た。
English: Under the influence of the Ie system, the maintenance of Kagyo continued to be prioritized among the public and this could be considered as a relic of Kashoku.
Japanese: また、家制度の元で家業の維持が優先されたのも民間における家職の残滓と言える者であった。
English: Currently, the fourteenth article of the Japanese Constitution clearly negates the concept of Kashoku.
Japanese: 現在では日本国憲法第14条において家職の概念は明確に否定されている。
English: The only position that could be considered as recognized by the nation is the Emperor, who is not guaranteed the same human rights as a citizen.
Japanese: 国家において認められた家職とみなしうるものは、国民としての人権保障の枠外に置かれている天皇のみであるとも言える。
English: However, if the Emperor is considered as the sovereign, it would be difficult to consider the position of Emperor as 'shoku (occupation).'
Japanese: ただし天皇を君主とみなすのであれば、天皇の地位が「職」であるとは言い難い。
English: Chinju-fu is an office in charge of military affairs in ancient Japan, located in Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 鎮守府（ちんじゅふ）は、陸奥国に置かれた古代日本における軍政を司る役所である。
English: As the word "shogun," its commander-in-chief, was first mentioned in 729, it is assumed that an institution equivalent to the Chinju-fu was established in some area in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) in the early Nara period.
Japanese: その長官である将軍の名が729年に初めて見えることから、奈良時代前半には鎮守府相当の機関が東国のいずれかの地に設置されたものと推測される。
English: It is generally assumed that the predecessor of Chinju-fu was Chinjo (Pacification headquarters) mentioned in Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which was attached to Taga-jo Castle where Mutsu kokufu (the provincial capital of Mutsu province) is supposed to have been located.
Japanese: 一般的に、鎮守府の前身は『続日本紀』に見える「鎮所」（ちんじょ）であり、陸奥国府があったとされる多賀城付近に併設されていたものと推測されている。
English: Later, in 802, SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro built Isawa-jo Castle, and then Chinju-fu was moved to Isawa-jo Castle.
Japanese: そして802年に坂上田村麻呂が胆沢城を築城し、この時に鎮守府は胆沢城に移されたと言われている。
English: In 759, it was decided that payment of remuneration and provision of servants for the shogun and for his subordinate officers should be the same as those for Kokushi (provincial governor) of Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 759年には、将軍以下の俸料と付人の給付が、陸奥の国司と同じと決められた。
English: In those days, the shogun generally doubled as Azechi (inspector of the provincial government) or as Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province), and some even held three positions at once.
Japanese: この時期の将軍は按察使または陸奥守を兼任するのが通例で、中には3官を兼任する場合もあった。
English: For expeditions to fight barbarians, Seii Taishi (great general who subdues the barbarians) or Seito Taishi (great general who subdues the eastern barbarians) was appointed and Seitogun (expeditionary force) was organized under him.
Japanese: 征夷の際には、征夷大使（将軍）や征東大使（将軍）が任命され、征討軍が編成された。
English: The Chinju-fu is said to have been in charge of military affairs in Mutsu Province, including ordinary defense and the construction and maintenance of josaku (official defense site).
Japanese: 鎮守府は通常の守備と城柵の造営・維持など陸奥国内の軍政を主な任務としていたと言われる。
English: In 802, when SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro built Isawa-jo Castle, Chinju-fu was relocated from Taga-jo Castle to Isawa-jo Castle.
Japanese: 802年、坂上田村麻呂によって胆沢城が造営されると、多賀城から鎮守府が移された。
English: After this relocation the institutional structure was proactively organized and, for example, in 812, the number of officials composing Chinju-fu was clearly specified; one shogun, one gungen (assistant deputy general), two sergeants, one doctor and one do-shi (commissioned officer of big bow).
Japanese: この移転頃から機構整備も積極的に進められ、たとえば812年には、鎮守府の定員が将軍1名、軍監（ぐんげん）1名、軍曹2名、医師・弩師（どし）各1名と定められた。
English: The official seal of Mutsu Province had been used in the Chinju-fu but in 834 an official seal of the Chinju-fu was created and supplied.
Japanese: 834年には、元は陸奥国印を使っていたのが新たに鎮守府印を賜っている。
English: Thus the Chinju-fu after the relocation served as a second kokufu, which operated separately from the Mutsu kokufu located in Taga-jo Castle, and controlled Isawa (south of Iwate Prefecture).
Japanese: このように、移転後の鎮守府は、多賀城にある陸奥国府と併存した形でいわば第2国府のような役割を担い、胆沢の地（現在の岩手県南部一帯）を治めていた。
English: Thus the Chinju-fu was originally designed to serve as a peacetime governing institution, not to subdue barbarians in emergencies.
Japanese: このように、鎮守府の本来の性格は、正にこの平常時での統治であり、非常時の征討ではない。
English: So after the mid Heian period the true function of the Chinju-fu was forgotten and only the title of Chinju-fu shogun remained, being granted as military glory.
Japanese: したがって、平安時代中期以後になると、鎮守府本来の役割は失われ、鎮守府将軍の位のみが武門の誉れとして授けられた。
English: Although the origin of Noh is not clear, it is generally believed that Noh originated from gigaku (ancient pantomime in which performers wear masks), Japan's oldest theatrical art that was introduced from China during the seventh century, and sangaku (form of theater popular in Japan during the eleventh to the fourteenth century) introduced from the Asian continent during the Nara period.
Japanese: 能の起源について正確なことはわかってはいないが、7世紀頃に中国大陸より日本に伝わった日本最古の舞台芸能である伎楽や、奈良時代に大陸より伝わった散楽に端を発するのではないかと考えられている。
English: Later, it became popular among ordinary people and developed into a comical performance/short play centered on mimics after it combined with a previously-existing ancient art.
Japanese: やがて民衆の間に広まり、それまでにあった古来の芸能と結びつき、物まねなどを中心とした滑稽な笑いの芸・寸劇に発展していった。
English: Such art came to be called "sarugaku" before long and became the prototype of the art which is currently known as Noh.
Japanese: それらはやがて猿楽と呼ばれるようになり、現在一般的に知られる能の原型がつくられていった。
English: Apart from the above, dengaku, which originated from the ceremony of Shinto religion, and ennen, which was performed at Buddhist temples, were created in the middle of Heian period and they also developed independently.
Japanese: 一方、平安時代中期頃より、神道的宗教行事が起源の田楽や、仏教の寺院で行われた延年などの芸能も興り、それぞれ発達していった。
English: Performers of such art were originally farmers or Buddhist monks, but some of them were organized into professional artists groups at the end of Heian period.
Japanese: これらの演者は元々農民や僧侶だったが、平安末期頃から専門的に演じる職業集団も成立していった。
English: During the twelfth to thirteenth century, 'Za', a kind of trade organization, was organized and protected by temples.
Japanese: 12世紀・13世紀頃から同業組合として「座」が生まれ、寺社の保護を受けるようになる。
English: In the fourteenth century, samurai families, instead of temples, came to protect dengaku and its theatrical costumes, properties and stages became luxurious.
Japanese: 14世紀になると、代わって武家が田楽を保護するようになり、衣装や小道具・舞台も豪華なものになっていった。
English: Under such circumstances, Kanami of Yusakiza, a troupe of Yamato sarugaku, introduced melodious 'kusemai' (music and dance with a fan along with a tsuzumi, a Japanese traditional hand drum) (the art of shirabyoshi - a woman who performs Japanese traditional dance called shirabyoshi) and innovated traditional sarugaku.
Japanese: そのような状況のなか、大和猿楽の一座である結崎座より観阿弥（觀阿彌）が現れ、旋律にとんだ「曲舞（くせまい）」（白拍子の芸）などを導入して従来の猿楽に大きな革新をもたらした。
English: One of the background of the above innovation is considered to be 'Tachiai Noh' which was often held at the time.
Japanese: このような革新の背景の一つと考えられているのが、当時行われていた「立ち会い能」と呼ばれる催しである。
English: This was a competition where sarugaku and dengaku troupes compete with each other over their skills and advances in 'Tachiai Noh' directly linked with the secular success of a troupe in question.
Japanese: これは猿楽や田楽の座がお互いに芸を競い、勝負を決するというもので、「立ち会い能」で勝ち上がることは座の世俗的な成功にを競いしていた。
English: In a sense, Kanzeza aimed to advance in 'Tachiai Noh' by innovating its sarugaku.
Japanese: 観世座における猿楽の革新も、この「立ち会い能」を勝ち上がる為という側面があった。
English: In 1375, shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA watched Nohgaku performed by Kannami and his son Zeami (Zeami) at Imakumano in Kyoto.
Japanese: 1375年、将軍足利義満は、京都の今熊野において、観阿弥とその息子の世阿弥（世阿彌）による猿楽を鑑賞した。
English: Being impressed by their performance, Yoshimitsu protected Yusakiza (Kanzeza) headed by Kannami and Zeami.
Japanese: 彼らの芸に感銘を受けた義満は、観阿弥・世阿弥親子の結崎座（観世座）を庇護した。
English: As a result, they gained a patron, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, as well as an audience, the people of the samurai society.
Japanese: この結果、彼らは足利義満という庇護者、そして武家社会という観客を手に入れることとなった。
English: Further, they also made contact with the people of the court noble society in Kyoto, including Yoshimoto NIJO, and further refined sarugaku by absorbing the culture of the aristocracy.
Japanese: また二条良基をはじめとする京都の公家社会との接点も生まれ、これら上流階級の文化を取り入れることで、彼らは猿楽をさらに洗練していった。
English: Thus, successive Kanze Dayu (a chief of Kanzeza) completed the prototype of contemporary Noh while linking themselves to the power of the times.
Japanese: こうして歴代の観世大夫たちは時の権力と結びつきながら、現在の能の原型を完成させていった。
English: In the meantime, four troupes of Yamato sarugaku which were organized in the Muromachi period, Tobiza, Yusakiza, Sakadoza and Enmaiza, are collectively called Yamato-shiza.
Japanese: なお、室町期に成立した大和猿楽の外山座（とびざ）・結崎座（ゆうさきざ）・坂戸座（さかどざ）・円満井座（えんまいざ）を大和四座（やまとしざ）と呼ぶ。
English: The theory asserting that each of the above troupes later became Hoshoza, Kanzeza, Kongoza, and Konparuza respectively is being widely accepted.
Japanese: それぞれ、後の宝生座・観世座・金剛座・金春座につながるとする説が有力である。
English: It is believed that the arts of Noh didn't make any particular progress during the Sengoku period (Japan).
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には能の芸の内容に大きな発展は無かったと考えられている。
English: According to "Uno Mondo Nikki," Nobunaga, together with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, watched sarugaku performed by the Umewaka family at Soken-ji Temple in Azuchi in 1582 and it is said that he himself was fond of kotsuzumi (a Japanese traditional small hand drum).
Japanese: 『宇野主水日記』によると、信長は1582年に安土の総見寺で徳川家康とともに梅若家の猿楽を鑑賞しており、自身も小鼓をたしなんだと言われる。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who became a person of supreme power in Japan after Nobunaga, performed Noh eagerly during his last days.
Japanese: 信長に続き日本の最高権力者となった豊臣秀吉は、晩年熱心に能を演じた。
English: In October 1593, Hideyoshi performed several Noh and kyogen (farce played during a Noh play cycle) in front of Emperor Goyozei for three consecutive days.
Japanese: 1593年10月には秀吉は後陽成天皇の前で3日間連続で何番もの能や狂言を演じている。
English: On the other hand, however, Hideyoshi was not interested in sarugaku performed by troupes other than Yamato-shiza, and as a result many sarugaku troupes ceased to exist during that time.
Japanese: しかしその一方で、秀吉は大和四座以外の猿楽には興味を示さなかった為、この時期に多くの猿楽の座が消滅していった。
English: In other words, the existing schools of Noh are the ones that were selected by Hideyoshi out of the many schools of sarugaku.
Japanese: 言わば、秀吉によって現在に続く能がそれ以外の猿楽から選別されたのである。
English: As successive shogun, including Ieyasu Tokugawa, Hidetada TOKUGAWA and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, favored Noh, sarugaku had a big implication during the Edo period as the culture of the samurai society.
Japanese: 江戸期には徳川家康や徳川秀忠、徳川家光など歴代の将軍が能を好んだ為、猿楽は武家社会の文化資本として大きな意味合いを持つようになった。
English: Also, Sarugaku became the official music (shikigaku - the music and plays for official ceremonies) for ceremonies held in samurai society, and each domain employed their own sarugaku-shi (sarugaku player).
Japanese: また猿楽は武家社会における典礼用の正式な音楽（式楽）も担当することとなり、各藩がお抱えの猿楽師を雇うようになった。
English: Akifusa MANABE is well-known as a person who was eventually promoted to daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) though he was originally sarugaku-shi.
Japanese: 猿楽師出身でありながら大名にまで出世した間部詮房という人物も知られている。
English: As with Hideyoshi, the Tokugawa family protected Yamato-shiza, but Hidetada protected Kita Shichidayu Nagayoshi, sarugaku-shi who seceded from Yamato-shiza, and approved the establishment of the Kita school during the Genna era.
Japanese: なお、徳川家も秀吉と同じく大和四座を保護していたが、秀忠は大和四座を離れた猿楽師であった喜多七太夫長能に保護を与え、元和年間に喜多流の創設を認めている。
English: Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, however, preferred the Hosho school, and it is said that the Kaga and Owari domain replaced their sarugaku-shi belonging to the Konparu school by those belonging to the Hosho school during the period of Tsunayoshi's administration.
Japanese: しかし、徳川綱吉は宝生流を好んだ為、綱吉の治世に加賀藩や尾張藩がお抱え能楽師を金春流から宝生流に入れ替えたと言われている。
English: On the other hand, ordinary people's chances to watch sarugaku gradually decreased because it became the shikigaku of samurai society.
Japanese: その一方、猿楽が武家社会の式楽となった結果、庶民が猿楽を見物する機会は徐々に少なくなっていった。
English: However, yokyoku (Noh song) became popular among merchant class people as a subject of learning and many books on yokyoku were published (some of them were used as a textbook at terakoya - temple elementary school during the Edo period).
Japanese: しかし、謡曲は町人の習い事として流行し、多くの謡本が出版された（寺子屋の教科書に使われた例もある）。
English: Although they had few chances to watch, ordinary people were very interested in Noh, and it is said that Kanjin Noh, which was held to raise subscriptions for the construction of temples/shrines, attracted many spectators.
Japanese: 実際に見る機会は少ないながらも、庶民の関心は強く、寺社への寄進を集める目的の勧進能が催されると多くの観客を集めたという。
English: Although Noh performance was conducted when The Duke of Edinburgh visited Japan in 1869, a government order was issued in 1872 by which Noh/kyogen that 'mocks or insults the Emperor' was prohibited.
Japanese: 1869年にはエジンバラ公爵の来日に際して能が演じられたが、1872年（明治5年）には能・狂言の「皇上ヲ模擬シ、上ヲ猥涜」するものが禁止された。
English: The Emperor Meiji, however, constructed Noh stage at Aoyama Palace in 1878 and watched a lot of Noh performances.
Japanese: しかし、明治天皇は1878年には青山御所に能舞台を設置し、数々の能を鑑賞した。
English: Tomomi IWAKURA got Noh actors to perform Noh in 1879 when he invited Ulysses Grant to his residence.
Japanese: また岩倉具視は1879年にはユリシーズ・グラントを自邸に招いて能を上演させた。
English: Further, he established Nohgakusha (the Noh Association) and constructed Shiba Nohgakudo (Noh theater) (completed in 1881).
Japanese: 更に能楽社（のちの能楽会）の設立や芝能楽堂（1881年落成）の建設を進めた。
English: Thus, the crisis right after Meiji Restoration was over, but each school became increasingly exclusive and the exchanges between schools or joint performances vanished.
Japanese: こうして明治維新直後の危機は過ぎ去ったが、やがて各流派はお互いに排他的姿勢を見せるようになり、流派間の交流や共演は消滅していった。
English: With militarism gaining momentum, Noh came under scrutiny since many of its stories featured the Imperial family and the Safety Division of the Metropolitan Police Department banned in 1939 the performance of 'Ohara Goko' on the grounds of irreverence for the Emperor.
Japanese: その後、軍国主義が激しさを増すと、天皇家を多く題材とした能には厳しい目が注がれるようになり、1939年（昭和14年）、警視庁保安課は不敬を理由に「大原御幸」を上演禁止とした。
English: Meanwhile, shinsaku Noh (new Noh) which featured the Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War, and the Second World War were also created.
Japanese: その一方で、日清戦争、日露戦争、第二次世界大戦を題材とした新作能も作られるようになった。
English: Because many Noh stages were burnt down during the war, Noh actors, who separately played Noh based on their schools until then, began to conduct joint practice beyond the difference of schools using Noh stages that remained unburned.
Japanese: 戦災によって多くの能舞台が焼失した為、それまで流派ごとに分かれて演能を行っていた能楽師たちが、流派の違いを超えて焼け残った能舞台で共同で稽古を行いだしたのである。
English: As a result, young Noh actors had an opportunity to learn from excellent Noh actors of other schools and received a lot of stimulation.
Japanese: その為、若手の能楽師たちは他流派の優秀な能楽師からも教えを受けることが多くなり、大いに刺激を受けるようになった。
English: At that time, Hideo KANZE, who was the second son of Tetsunojo KANZE, was shocked by the difference in the body theory of the Kanze school compared to that of other schools.
Japanese: 観世銕之丞家の次男であった観世栄夫は、この時、観世流と他流の身体論の違いに大きな衝撃を受けた。
English: Eventually, he changed to the Kita school as geiyoshi (talented disciple adopted as a child of the master) of Roppeita KITA and called himself Hideo GOTO.
Japanese: 結果的に芸養子という形で喜多流に転流して喜多六平太の養子となり、後藤栄夫を名乗った。
English: Shizuo KANZE, who was the younger brother of Hideo, who became Tetsunojo KANZE Ⅷ, also mentioned about the depth of shock caused by the exchange with other schools which took place at that time.
Japanese: また栄夫の弟で八世観世銕之丞となった観世静夫も、この時期の他流との交流開始の衝撃の大きさを語っている。
English: One of the Noh stages where such exchanges took place at the time was Tamagawa Noh stage (it is now located at Tessankai Nohgaku Kenshujo).
Japanese: なお、この時期にこうした交流の場となった能舞台としては多摩川能舞台（現在は銕仙会能楽研修所に移築）などが挙げられている。
English: Hyakki yagyo emaki is a type of Japanese picture scrolls.
Japanese: 百鬼夜行絵巻（ひゃっきやぎょうえまき）は、日本の絵巻物の一種である。
English: The most famous one is 'Hyakki yagyozu' (important cultural property, Shinjuan-bon) owned by Shinjuan, one of sub-temple located in the site of Daikoku-ji Temple in Kyoto City and is associated with Ikkyu Sojun.
Japanese: 代表作とされてきたのは、京都市大徳寺山内の塔頭、一休宗純ゆかりの真珠庵に所蔵される「百鬼夜行図」（重要文化財、真珠庵本）である。
English: As seen from its name, Hyakki yagyo emaki is a collective name of picture scrolls where the appearance of 'Hyakki yagyo' (Night Parade of One Hundred Demons) is drawn.
Japanese: 百鬼夜行絵巻とは、その名の通り、「百鬼夜行」のさまを描いた絵巻物の総称である。
English: Provided, however, that this name was created by contemporary researchers and was not originally in use.
Japanese: 但し、その名称は、現代の研究者等が名付けたものであって、当初よりの名称ではない。
English: Therefore, even though similar pictures are drawn, some picture scrolls are called 'Yokai emaki' (picture scroll of specter) if they are not confirmed as the appearance of Hyakki yagyo.
Japanese: そのため、百鬼夜行のさまであると確定し得ない場合は、同様の図像が描かれた絵巻であったとしても、「妖怪絵巻」と名付けられている場合も見受けられる。
English: Though these types of picture scrolls are owned by many institutions around the world, the most famous one is Shinjuan-bon.
Japanese: 国の内外を問わず、各地に所蔵される絵巻であるが、著名なのは、真珠庵本である。