nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Eventually, more than 3 million copies were sold, and we can estimate one out of ten Japanese people read the publication at that time, given the country's population at the time was 30 million.
Japanese: 最終的には300万部以上売れたとされ、当時の日本の人口が3000万人程であったから実に10人に1人が読んだことになる。
English: It was an amazing best-seller book in the period of time when no major distribution routes nor nationwide advertizing campaigns were available.
Japanese: 現在のような大規模な流通販路の確保や広告宣伝が難しかった時代においては驚異的ベストセラーであったと言える。
English: "The heaven does not create one man above or under another man" could be the most famous passage from this book.
Japanese: 「天ハ人ノ上ニ人ヲ造ラズ人ノ下ニ人ヲ造ラズト云ヘリ」という一節はあまりに有名である。
English: This is often misunderstood, but this sentence is composed using the form of "it is said" (in Japanese meaning), and is not complete, rather it continues.
Japanese: 誤解される事が多いが、この「云ヘリ」は、現代における「云われている」ということで、この一文のみで完結しているわけではない。
English: This is not FUKUZAWA's original idea, but a citation from the Constitution of the United States of America.
Japanese: しかも、この言葉は福澤諭吉の言葉ではなく、アメリカ合衆国のアメリカ独立宣言からの引用である。
English: "However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise, the fool, the poor, the rich, the noble, and the common, and find differences between them, they are as different as cloud and mud."
Japanese: 「サレドモ今広クコノ人間世界ヲ見渡スニ、カシコキ人アリ、オロカナル人アリ、貧シキモアリ、富メルモアリ、貴人モアリ、下人モアリテ、ソノ有様雲ト泥トノ相違アルニ似タルハ何ゾヤ」である。
English: The heaven does not create one man above or under another man, which means there is no difference by nature between the noble and the common.
Japanese: 「天は人の上に人を造らず人の下に人を造らずと言われている__人は生まれながら貴賎上下の差別ない。
English: However, looking around the world of human beings, we can see the wise and the fool, the rich and the poor, and the noble and the common.
Japanese: けれども今広くこの人間世界を見渡すと、賢い人愚かな人貧乏な人金持ちの人身分の高い人低い人とある。
English: There is no difference in nature between the noble and the common, but just those who work hard to gain knowledge will be noble and rich, and those who do not will become poor and uncivilized.
Japanese: 人は生まれながらにして貴賎上下の別はないけれどただ学問を勤めて物事をよく知るものは貴人となり富人となり、無学なる者は貧人となり下人となるのだ。」という事である。
English: Those passages are included in the first edition, and we can understand his intention to clarify complicated boundaries between the ideal and real worlds.
Japanese: これらの言葉は初編からの引用であるが、虚実渦巻く理想と現実の境を学問によって黎明するといった意図が読み取れる。
English: The book generally emphasized how education affects people's life, and indicated a road for the Japanese of that time to take.
Japanese: 大意として学問の有無が人生に与える影響を説いており、日本国民の行くべき道を指し示した。
English: Fukuzawa denied the idea of exclusion of foreigners when the idea was pervasive across the country, and maintained that: a government is established by its own people, a good government is chosen by good people and a bad government is chosen by unwise people;
Japanese: 彼は攘夷の気分が蔓延していた当時に攘夷を否定し、また、「政治は国民の上で成り立っており、愚かな人の上には厳しい政府ができ、優れた人の上には良い政府ができる。
English: Laws and regulations are also changed by the activities of people; if the ignorant people who have no interest in learning resort to direct petitions or uprisings and always make it work to his advantage, I think this is shameless; and
Japanese: 法律も国民の行いによって変わるもので、単に学ぶ事を知らず無知であるのに強訴や一揆などを行ったり、自分に都合の良い事ばかりを言う事は恥知らずではないか。
English: thus, it's completely unreasonable to break the law only to satisfy their own demands without appreciating that they live under the protection of the law (paraphrased).
Japanese: 法律で守られた生活を送っていながら、それに感謝をせず自分の欲望を満たすために法律を破る事は辻褄の合わない事だ。
English: The way of thinking that he had presented was very advanced at the time when the Taisei Hokan, a transfer of power back to the Imperial family, was achieved only four years back.
Japanese: 」（意訳）等と、大政奉還から約4年半後の世相を考えれば、かなり先進的な内容だったといえる。
English: Fukuzawa also encouraged to acquire certain skills that could be practically used in everyday life, such as reading and writing, calculation, fundamental ethics, rather than learning Chinese and classics that had long been encouraged to learn but were rather abstruse and unpractical, and were good and appropriate only for Confucian or Neo-Confucian scholars, while Fukuzawa never denied the value of those classics, just implying that they were good, but were not the subjects you really had to study diligently.
Japanese: 更に漢文・古文などを「よきものではあるがそこまでして勉強するものではない」（意訳）として、その意義を否定こそしないが、世間で扱われている程の価値があるものではない、と言って儒学者や朱子学者が言う様な難しい字句のある漢文や古文を学ぶより、まず日常的に利用価値のある、読み書き、計算、基本的な道徳などの「実学」を身につけるべきだと書かれている。
English: Actually he even said that "When I write something, I'm trying to write in a way that even monkeys can understand".
Japanese: 「私は文章を書く時は猿にもわかるように書いている」と言った福沢諭吉らしい文章だと言えるかもしれない。
English: Like many authors of the time, he used many figurative expressions, particularly humorous metaphors.
Japanese: 当時の文章に多く見られる特徴と同じように、比喩的な表現が多く、特にユーモラスな比喩が多い。
English: Many interesting expressions, such as "an arm broken by a sumo wrestler", or "a son of a merchant who took his father's business ruins the business", can be found in his writing, providing good insights for us to review how the society of the time worked, and to understand Fukuzawa himself.
Japanese: 「力士に腕を折られる」や「商家の跡取り息子が身代を潰す」等、福沢諭吉の人間性を見る上でも、当時の世相を見る上でも興味深い表現が多い。
English: In each chapter, his writing was plain and concise, explaining a main topic using metaphors, events and figures in history, and even foreign words.
Japanese: また一編、一編が簡潔で、一つの論旨を比喩や故事、時に外来語まで用いて説いている。
English: Harsh critiques against Gakumon no Susume at the time were focused on the sixth volume "Kokuho no totoki wo ronzu" (Consideration of the importance of national laws), and the seventh volume "Kokumin no shokubun wo ronzu" (Consideration of the jobs of people).
Japanese: 『学問のすすめ』への批判は、特に第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」と第7編「国民の職分を論ず」に集中していた。
English: Critical reviews became rampant in 1873 to 1874, one account explains the situation as "a barrage of severe criticisms became abusive at the end of 1874, and he received intimidating letters from across the country, even endangered his friends who tried to give advice to Fukuzawa.
Japanese: 『』（巻之一）の「」によると、批判の評論は1873年（明治6年）から1874年（明治7年）にかけて激しくなり、「明治七年の末に至りては攻撃（こうげき）罵詈（ばり）の頂上（ちやうじやう）を極め遠近（ゑんきん）より脅迫状（けふはくじやう）の到來（たうらい）、友人の忠告（ちうこく）等今は殆んど身邊（しんぺん）も危（あやう）きほどの塲合（ばあい）に迫り」というほどであった。
English: In the sixth volume "Consideration of the importance of the national laws", Fukuzawa described the action by Ako Roshi as a private sanction, thus not a right thing to do.
Japanese: 第6編「国法の貴きを論ず」において、赤穂浪士の討ち入りは私的制裁であって正しくないと論じている。
English: And he went on to say that the judgment by the government was not adequate to make ASANO Takumi-no-kami to kill himself, leaving the other party KIRA Kozuke-no-suke non-guilty; the ideal closing should have been to bring the case to the government to resolve by court.
Japanese: さらに、浅野内匠頭が切腹になったのに吉良上野介が無罪になったことの不当性を、本来は幕府に訴えて、裁判により明らかにすべきであると論じている。
English: This part became the target of criticism because it was interpreted that Fukuzawa did not regard the Ronins as true loyal warriors.
Japanese: この部分が、赤穂浪士を真の義士でないと称した論として、批判の対象となった。
English: In the seventh volume "Consideration of the jobs of people", he painted a very loyal hero who sacrificed himself to his lord, and an ordinary man who killed himself because he could not uphold the order from his lord, with the same brush.
Japanese: 第7編「国民の職分を論ず」において、主君のために自分の命を投げ出す忠君義士の討死と、主人の命令を守れなかったために首をくくった権助の死を同一視している。
English: Moreover, he discussed that both died to satisfy their own demands, not helping civilization to progress.
Japanese: さらに、共に私的な満足のための死であり、世の文明の役には立たないと論じている。
English: This part could easily be attributed to a national hero Masashige KUSUNOKI, who died in the battle of Minatogawa, and was criticized by an interpretation that Fukuzawa identified Kusunoki's death as useless as an ordinary man's death.
Japanese: この部分が、英雄の楠木正成（楠公）が湊川の戦いで討死したことと、権助の死を同じく無益な死と論じたものと解釈されて、批判の対象となった。
English: Fukuzawa responded to those views, by posting an article of "A review on Gakumon no Susume" which appeared in an additional edition of Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper on November 5, 1874, under the name of Kokuro Senban (which nearly sounds "thanks for your efforts") of Keiogijuku.
Japanese: 福澤は、上記の批判に対して、慶應義塾　五九樓仙萬（ごくろうせんばん）というペンネームで「学問のすすめ之評」という弁明の論文を記して投稿し、『郵便報知新聞』明治7年11月5日号付録に掲載された。
English: And the review appeared again on Choya Shinbun newspaper on November 7, Nisshin Shinji-shi on November 8 to 9, and Yokohama Mainichi Shinbun newspaper on November 9.
Japanese: さらに、『朝野新聞』同年11月7日号に「学問ノススメ之評」として転載され、『日新眞事誌』同年11月8～9日号、『横浜毎日新聞』同年11月9日号にも掲載された。
English: Since those postings, the barrage of criticism ceased, and the situation became quire calm.
Japanese: この投書が掲載されてから、「物論（ぶつろん）漸く鎭（しづ）まりて爾来（じらい）世間に攻撃（こうげき）の聲を聞かず」という事になった。
English: An appendix to Gakumon no Susume, Iwanami Shoten (Iwanami Bunko), 1994, ISBN 978-4000071543
Japanese: 『学問のすゝめ』　岩波書店〈岩波文庫〉、1994年、ISBN978-4000071543の付録
English: The 3rd volume of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Masanori KOMURO and Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keiogijuku University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-4766408799
Japanese: 小室正紀・西川俊作編　『福澤諭吉著作集〈第3巻〉学問のすゝめ』　慶應義塾大学出版会、2002年、ISBN978-4766408799
English: The 12th volume, Fukuo Jiden (autobiography) of the works of Yukichi FUKUZAWA edited by Kinichi MATSUZAKI, Keiogijuku University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-4766408881
Japanese: 松崎欣一編　『福澤諭吉著作集〈第12巻〉福翁自伝　福澤全集緒言』　慶應義塾大学出版会、2003年、ISBN978-4766408881
English: Gakumon no Susume is so well-known that there are many works and products that have titles in a parody of this publication.
Japanese: 有名な作品であるため、他の作品・商品に本書をもじった名前が使われることがある。
English: "Bakusho-mondai no Susume", a broadcasting program by Sapporo TV and NTV groups.
Japanese: テレビ番組『爆笑問題のススメ』（札幌テレビ放送・日本テレビ放送網系列）
English: The first edition of Gakumon no Susume was reprinted in 1968 as "Great books reprinted series, Modern museum of literature, the first half of the Meiji period, 29", from Nihon Kindai Bungakukan.
Japanese: 1968年に日本近代文学館から「名著複刻全集　近代文学館　明治前期　29」として『学問のすすめ　初編』が復刻されている。
English: The seal placed on the first copies of the first edition of Gakumon no Susume can be found in a book by Masanori KOMURO and Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, Keiogijuku University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-4766408799
Japanese: 小室正紀・西川俊作編　『』　慶應義塾大学出版会、2002年、ISBN978-4766408799には、『学問のすゝめ　初編』初版本の影印が収録されている。
English: The Battle of Hakusukinoe (also known as the Battle of Hakusonko) was a battle that took place between the allied forces comprised of Wakoku (later to be named Japan) and the surviving people of Kudara against Silla-Tang allied forces on August 663 in Hakusonko (the current outskirts of South Korea) on the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 白村江の戦い（はくすきのえのたたかい、はくそんこうのたたかい）は、663年（天智2）8月に朝鮮半島の白村江（現在の錦江(韓国)近郊）で行われた倭国（後の日本）と百済の遺民の連合軍と唐・新羅連合軍との戦い。
English: This military campaign took place in the midst of the major transformation of power relationships in East Asia caused by the rise of the super power of the Tang Dynasty in mainland China, and although there were no territorial concessions made from Wakoku (Japan), the event had enough impact to cause substantial changes in Wakoku's defense system as well as its political system.
Japanese: 大陸に超大国唐が出現し東アジアの勢力図が大きく塗り変わる中で起きた戦役であり、倭国（日本）も領土こそ取られなかった物の、国防体制・政治体制の変革が起きるなど大きな影響を及ぼした。
English: In practice, Hakusonko is pronounced 'Hakusukinoe' using the Japanese 'kun' reading as opposed to the Chinese 'on' reading.
Japanese: 日本では白村江（はくそんこう）は、慣行的に「はくすきのえ」と訓読みされることが多い。
English: The reading of 'Hakusuki' was picked up by the Japanese from hearing the Kudara people pronounce '白村,' which was the area name at that time in the Kudara language.
Japanese: なお、「はくすき」は当時の地名の「白村」の百済語発音を日本側が聞き取ったものである。
English: From the 6th century to the 7th century, the Korean Peninsula was comprised of the three kingdoms of Koguryo, Kudara, and Silla, but Silla was constantly under pressure from the other two kingdoms.
Japanese: 6世紀から7世紀の朝鮮半島では高句麗、百済、新羅の三国が鼎立していたが、新羅は二国に圧迫される存在であった。
English: It is written in "The Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) that Wakoku wielded influence over the southern part of the peninsula through the region then known as Mimana.
Japanese: 倭国は半島南部の任那を通じて影響力を持っていたと『日本書紀』は書いている。
English: Similarly, even on the mainland side, 'Mimana' appears at the very beginning of the Article of year 400 of the Gwanggaeto Stele, and from "Sungshu" (Book of the Sung Dynasty), 'Byeonjin' disappears, and 'Mimana' appears in the Article of year 438, and lastly, in the Article of year 451, the two countries of 'Mimana, Gaya' are written down together.
Japanese: また、大陸側でも、広開土王碑400年条の「任那」が初出で、『宋書』では「弁辰」が消えて、438年条に「任那」が見え、451年条に「任那、伽耶」と2国が併記されている。
English: The same pattern continues in subsequent years and since the two countries are written down together in "Nanseijo," (Book of Southern Qi) as well, it is clear that Wakoku maintained close relations with Mimana and Gaya.
Japanese: その後も踏襲され、『南斉書』も併記を踏襲していることから、倭国が任那、加羅と関係が深いことはほぼ明らかである。
English: However, this area was weakened as a result of its cession of territories to Kudara by the local rulers, and through the invasion of Silla; in 562 (although it is thought to have been earlier than this), they were destroyed by Silla.
Japanese: しかし、この地域は豪族による百済への割譲と新羅の進出によって弱体化し、562年に（もう少し早いと考えられるが）新羅に滅ぼされた。
English: On the other hand, the Sui Dynasty, which was founded in 581, unified mainland China, but their failure to achieve any results even after conducting four large scale expeditions to Kyoguryo during the reign of Yo Ken (Yang Jian) and Yo-dai (Emperor Yang) served as a major cause of its decline and finally its demise when Yo-dai was assassinated in 618.
Japanese: 一方、581年に建国された隋は中国大陸を統一し楊堅・煬帝の治世に4度の大規模な高句麗遠征を行ったもののいずれも失敗し、これが有力な原因となって弱体化、618年に煬帝が殺害されて滅んだ。
English: The Tang Dynasty, which was founded in the same year, went on to attack Kyoguryo three times (644 - 648) during the periods ruled by Taiso (Tang) and Gao Zong (Tang) after brining the nation under control in 628, but following the same fate as the Sui Dynasty, they failed.
Japanese: 同年に建国された唐は628年に国内を統一した後、二代太宗(唐)・高宗(唐)の時に高句麗を3度（644年～648年）にわたって攻めたが隋同様失敗した。
English: Their assistance could not be secured as they were in the midst of a civil war, but the Tang Dynasty and Silla grew close as Koguryo and Kudara turned hostile towards them when the Tang Dynasty sent an expeditionary force to Koguryo.
Japanese: この時は唐が内戦の最中なので成り立たなかったが、高句麗遠征にて高句麗・百済が唐に対して敵対的になったことで唐と新羅との関係が親密化した。
English: Afterwards, Kim Chunchu (later to become King Taejong Muyeol), who gained a lot of power under Princess Sondoku (632 - 647), proactively adopted the Tang Dynasty system, and when he took the throne as King Taejong (654 - 661) in 654, their kingdoms grew even closer.
Japanese: その後善徳女王（632年～647年）のもとで実力者となった金春秋（後の太宗武烈王）は積極的に唐化政策を採用するようになり、654年に武烈王（～661年）として即位すると、更に両国の間は親密化する。
English: The news of their overtures traveled to Wakoku as well, and although Wakoku was in the midst of the Taika Reforms, they grew alarmed.
Japanese: この動きは倭国にも伝わり、大化改新最中の倭国内部でも警戒感が高まった。
English: In 651, the Minister of the Left Kose no Tokuda counseled Prince Naka no Oe (later to become Emperor Tenchi), who was the actual head of state at the time, to send a punitive force to Silla, but this plan was not adopted.
Japanese: 白雉2年（651年）に左大臣巨勢徳陀子が倭国の実質的な首班となっていた中大兄皇子（後の天智天皇）に新羅征討を進言したが採用されなかった。
English: In 660, the Tang Dynasty mobilized their army as Silla requested their assistance, and in the same year Kudara was destroyed by the allied forces of Tang and Silla.
Japanese: 660年（斉明天皇6年）、新羅よりの救援要請を受けて唐が軍を起こし、同年に唐・新羅連合軍によって百済が滅亡。
English: The Tang Dynasty put the old territories of Kudara under the county and prefecture system, but an uprising by the surviving members of Kudara soon took place.
Japanese: 唐は百済の旧領を郡県制支配の下に置いたが、すぐに百済遺民による反抗運動が起きる。
English: In 660, after Kudara was destroyed by the Silla-Tang allied forces, Fukushin KISHITSU and Joshi KOKUSHI led the surviving members of Kudara to take up arms for Kudara's restoration, and sought help from Wakoku to enthrone the King of Kudara, Prince Fuyo Hosho, who was residing there at the time.
Japanese: 660年（斉明天皇6年）に唐・新羅連合軍の攻撃によって百済が攻め滅ぼされたのち、百済の遺臣は、鬼室福信・黒歯常之らを中心として百済復興の兵をあげ、倭国に滞在していた百済王の太子扶余豊璋を擁立しようと、倭国に救援を要請した。
English: After the war, this resulted in a temporary strengthening of Wakoku's influence over Kudara, but assistance from Kudara's old ally Wakoku was indispensible for their restoration.
Japanese: これは戦後、一時的にせよ倭国が百済への影響力を増大させることを意味していたが、百済再興の為には古くからの同盟国である倭国の助けが不可欠だった。
English: Prince Naka no Oe, who was the head of state of Wakoku, approved their request, and in 661 Empress Saimei departed with the expeditionary force from Naniwa to Kyushu, but she met an untimely death at Kuni no Tsu (there a theory that she was assassinated).
Japanese: 倭国を率いていた中大兄皇子はこれを承諾、661年に斉明天皇は難波から九州へ出兵するも、邦の津にて急死する（暗殺説あり）。
English: The Prince did not take the throne, but assumed imperial affairs, and appointed Echi no Hata no Miyatsuko (in charge of ship building) as the commander by fully backing him.
Japanese: 皇子は皇位に就かず称制し、朴市秦造田來津（造船の責任者）を司令官とし全面的に支援した。
English: Wakoku's military strategy was first to bring home King Hosho to strengthen the Kudara restoration force, then, after crushing the Silla force, to wait for the arrival of the reinforcements to fight against the Tang forces.
Japanese: 倭国軍の戦闘構想は、先ず扶余豊璋を帰国させて百済復興軍の強化を図り、新羅軍を撃破した後、後続部隊の到着を待って唐軍と決戦することにあった。
English: Although there was an incident where King Hosho killed Fukushin in 663, by gaining the assistance of the Wakoku army, the allied forces of Wakoku and Kudara successfully drove out the Silla forces that invaded southern Kudara.
Japanese: 663年、豊璋王は福信と対立しこれを斬る事件を起こしたものの、倭国の援軍を得た百済復興軍は、百済南部に侵入した新羅軍を駆逐することに成功した。
English: The Silla-Tang allied forces decided to wipe out the allied forces of Wakoku and Kudara in one blow by simultaneously advancing via land and sea.
Japanese: 唐・新羅連合軍は、水陸併進して、倭国・百済連合軍を一挙に撃滅することに決めた。
English: The land forces were commanded by the Tang generals Sonjinshi and Ryujingen as well as by Silla's Kimhobin (King Munmu).
Japanese: 陸上部隊は、唐の将、孫仁師、劉仁原及び新羅王の金法敏（文武王）が指揮した。
English: Ryujinki, Toso and the former Kudara Prince Fuyo Ryu led approximately 170 boats of sea warriors down the Ungjin River and merged with the land forces to attack the Wakoku military from both flanks.
Japanese: 劉仁軌、杜爽及び元百済太子の扶余隆が率いる170余隻の水軍は、熊津江に沿って下り、陸上部隊と会合して倭国軍を挟撃した。
English: Due to the Fukushin Incident, the arrival of the allied forces of Wakoku and Kudara at Hakusonko was delayed by 10 days.
Japanese: 倭国・百済連合軍は福信事件の影響により白村江への到着が10日遅れた。
English: It is said that the Wakoku forces were organized as three parties and attacked their enemies four times, but incurred heavy losses due to the time differences in making fire attacks and from the fall of the tide.
Japanese: 倭国軍は三軍編成をとり4度攻撃したと伝えられるが、火計、干潮の時間差などにより大敗を喫した。
English: At the same time, the Silla-Tang allied forces beat the land forces of Wakoku and Kudara, resulting in the demise of the Kudara restoration force.
Japanese: 同時に陸で唐・新羅の軍は倭国・百済の軍を破り、百済復興勢力は崩壊した。
English: Out of the 1000 Wakoku ships that were gathered in Hakusonko, approximately 400 were burnt down and Chikushi no Kimi Sachiyama was taken as hostage by the Tang forces.
Japanese: 白村江に集結した1000隻余りの倭船の中で400隻余りが炎上し、筑紫薩夜麻が唐軍の捕虜になった。
English: The Wakoku sea warriors who lost heavily at the Battle of Hakusukinoe saved those Wakoku soldiers who were fighting in other areas as well as the surviving members of Kudara who were hoping to defect, and had difficulty returning to Japan while being pursued by the Tang sea warriors.
Japanese: 白村江の戦いで大敗北した倭国水軍は、各地で転戦中の倭国軍および亡命を望む百済遺民を救い出して船に乗せ、唐水軍に追われる中やっとのことで帰国した。
English: At that time, the Tang Dynasty was conquering many territories in various places, and at this point the sphere of Tang's reach of power was the largest in the history of China.
Japanese: 当時の唐は至るところで諸民族を征服しており、丁度このころの唐の勢力圏は中華史上最大のものであった。
English: Emperor Tenchi prepared for reprisal and invasion from the Tang and Silla forces, and built mizuki castles (castles on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) in the local government capital in Northern Kyushu, installed defensive structures in the old mountain castles in each area of West Japan, and posted soldiers on the sea line of Northern Kyushu.
Japanese: 天智天皇は唐・新羅による報復と侵攻に備え、北部九州の大宰府の水城（みずき）や西日本各地の古代山城などの防衛施設を築き、北部九州沿岸には防人（さきもり）を配備した。
English: In 665, Ryutokuko, who was a Junior Fifth Ranking (Lower Grade) official of Gishu and the head of state of Shiba, came to Wakoku as an envoy to process post-war matters and left after three months.
Japanese: 665年に唐の朝散大夫沂州司馬上柱国の劉徳高が戦後処理の使節として来日し、3ヶ月後に劉徳高は帰国した。
English: In order to send Ryutokuko back to Tang, Wakoku dispatched MORI no Oishi and others as the Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: この唐使を送るため、倭国側は守大石らの送唐客使（実質遣唐使）を派遣した。
English: It is said that the team of envoy made a pledge to become vassals of the Tang Dynasty in Gao Zong (Tang territory) during the Taizan Hozen ceremony (a ceremony thanking for the peace and harmony to the heavens by the king).
Japanese: その大使らは、唐の高宗の泰山封禅儀式の際に唐に対しての臣従を誓ったとされる。
English: On this occasion (there are two competing theories suggesting 665 and 671 as the time of occurrence), it is said that the 2000 strong army of the Tang Dynasty advanced to Wakoku.
Japanese: この際（665年もしくは671年の両説有り）に、2000名の唐の軍隊が倭国に進駐したとされる。
English: There are numerous points of views regarding what took place during the processing of post-war matters, but at any rate, it is certain that Wakoku accepted the peace accord.
Japanese: 唐との戦後処理については様々な見解があるが、いずれにしても倭国がその和平条件を受け入れたことは確かである。
English: In February 665, due to the meritorious deeds of the First Ranking official Fukushin KISHITSU of Kudara, the rank of Shokinge was conferred to his relative Shushi KISHITSU; he was sent to Gamo County, Omi Province in 669.
Japanese: 天智4年（665年）2月（即位元年起算よると天智10年正月）、百済官制（百済の1等官）鬼室福信の功によりその縁者である鬼室集斯（きしつしゅうし）に小錦下の位を授けた（天智8年（669年）に近江国蒲生郡に送られる）。
English: In 667, Emperor Tenchi transferred the capital from Naniwa to Otsu-kyo on the inland side, and completed construction of the defensive lines.
Japanese: 667年、天智天皇は都を難波から内陸の大津京へ移し、防衛網を完成させた。
English: It is written in "The Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) that in 667, Ryujingan, who was the Tang general stationed in Kudara, ordered the Ungjin governor-general capital (one of the 5 governor-general offices created by the Tang Dynasty in Kudara after the occupation) to send the Japanese hostages to the Chikushi governor-general capital.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の667年には、唐の百済鎮将劉仁願が、熊津都督府（唐が百済を占領後に置いた5都督府のひとつ）の役人に命じて、日本側の捕虜を筑紫都督府に送ってきたという記載がある（「十一月丁巳朔乙丑百濟鎭將劉仁願遣熊津都督府熊山縣令上柱國司馬法聰等送大山下境部連石積等於筑紫都督府」）。
English: Tanra, a territory that was under the influence of Kudara, also sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty, and it is speculated that Wakoku and Kudara was involved in this matter at some level.
Japanese: 百済の影響下にあった耽羅も戦後、唐に使節を送っており倭国・百済側として何らかの関与をしたものと推定される。
English: On the other side, on the Korean Peninsula, the Silla-Tang allied forces started to attack Koguryo in 666, and they successfully destroyed it in 668 at the second attempt.
Japanese: 一方、朝鮮半島では唐と新羅が666年から高句麗攻撃に入っており、2度の攻勢によって668年についにこれを滅ぼした。
English: Fuyo Hosho of Kudara, who lost his kingdom in the Battle of Hakusukinoe, defected to Koguryo, but was captured and imprisoned.
Japanese: 白村江の戦いで国を失った百済の扶余豊璋は、その後高句麗へ亡命していたが、捕らえられ幽閉された。
English: After the war, the Tang Dynasty occupied the former territories of Kudara and Koguryo and put political pressure on Silla as well, but this did not continue for long.
Japanese: 戦後、唐が百済・高句麗の故地を占領し、新羅に対しても政治的な圧力をかけていたが、それも長くは続かなかった。
English: Silla assisted the surviving retainers of what was formerly Koguryo, and they organized an uprising against Tang in 669.
Japanese: 新羅は旧高句麗の遺臣らを援助し、彼らは669年に反唐の蜂起を行った。
English: While the Tang forces were trying to quell the uprising, the Silla forces invaded the former Kudara territories in 670 and drove the Tang forces out.
Japanese: 唐がこの掃討を行っている隙に、新羅自身も670年に旧百済領に侵攻し、唐軍を駆逐した。
English: In the meantime, the Silla forces sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty seeking a settlement, and dealt with the Tang Dynasty by a two-pronged strategy of force and negotiation.
Japanese: 他方で唐へ使節を送って和議を願い出るなど、武力と交渉の両面をもって唐と対峙した。
English: As a result of several battles, Silla became a vassal under the Tang Dynasty again, and the two parties reached a reconciliation by Tang giving the territory south of Seisenko River.
Japanese: 何度かの戦闘の結果、新羅は再び唐の冊封を受け、唐は現在の清川江以南の領土を新羅へ与えるという形式をとって両者の和睦が成立した。