nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Under the Ritsuryo codes in Tang, the ministry called Chushosho, placed directly under the emperor, and the ministry called Monkasho, consisting of members from Kizoku, confronted political decisions.
Japanese: 唐律令では、天子直属の中書省と貴族代表の門下省とが政治決定の場において拮抗していた。
English: However, in the Ritsuryo codes in Japan, the Chumusho ministry, placed directly under the emperor, was placed under Daijokan.
Japanese: しかしながら、日本律令では天皇直属の中務省は太政官の下に置かれていた。
English: The Kizoku persons who participated in deliberations of state affairs in Daijokan were called Giseikan (legislators) (Kugyo - court nobles), and the typical clans that produced Giseikan officers in the eighth century, when the Ritsuryo system started, included following: the Abe clan, the Otomo clan, the Fujiwara clan, the Tajihi clan, the Ki clan, the Kose clan, and the Ishikawa clan.
Japanese: 太政官において国政審議に参与する貴族らを議政官（公卿）というが、律令制が開始した8世紀の代表的な議政官氏族を挙げると、阿倍氏、大伴氏、藤原氏、多治比氏、紀氏、巨勢氏、石川氏らであった。
English: It was customary that only one person from each clan could become a Giseikan officer, and therefore, the Giseikan was provided with the characteristics of a meeting of representatives from the clans.
Japanese: 慣例的に各ウヂから議政官となるのは1人だけとされており、議政官は氏族代表者会議としての性格を有していた。
English: However, as more than one person from the Fujiwara clan became Giseikan officers from about 730s, the number of Giseikan officers from other clans gradually diminished, corresponding to the increase in the number of Giseikan officers from the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: ところが、8世紀30年代ごろから藤原氏議政官が複数現れるようになると、藤原氏議政官が増加の一途をたどるのに対し、他氏族の議政官は次第に減少していった。
English: It is said that it was towards the end of the eighth century to the early ninth century that such a trend accelerated.
Japanese: こうした傾向に拍車がかかったのは、8世紀末-9世紀初頭の時期とされている。
English: Akiko YOSHIE proposes the theory that the locality and ryozokusei (両属性) having been possessed by clans was lost in this era, making the clans reorganize.
Japanese: 義江明子は、ウヂが持っていた在地性・両属性がこの時期に失われ、ウヂの再編が起こったとする。
English: Toshinori UNE proposes the theory that Emperor Kanmu changed family names of the clans based on a policy different from that in the past, and therefore the order of clans in the Kizoku society changed drastically, generating a new Kizoku society order with the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan, and the Tachibana clan at its pinnacle.
Japanese: 宇根俊範は、桓武天皇は従来と異なる方針で諸氏族の改賜姓を行い、このため貴族社会における各氏族の序列が大きく変化し、源平藤橘を頂点とする新たな貴族社会秩序が生じたとする。
English: Viewing the Giseikan officer names during the early Heian period, the names of clans that had not existed during the Nara period, such as the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, and the Sugawara clan, appeared suddenly, in addition of the name of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 平安時代初期の議政官を見ると、藤原氏のほか、源氏、橘氏、清原氏、菅原氏などのように、奈良時代には見られなかった氏族が急速に台頭していた。
English: About the 880s, the clan diversity of Giseikan officers was lost, with most of the officers being persons from the Fujiwara clan or from the Minamoto clan.
Japanese: 880年ごろには、議政官氏族の多様性が失われ、藤原氏・源氏が議政官のほとんどを占めるようになった。
English: Later, from the tenth century to the eleventh century, persons in the main linage of the Fujiwara clan (the Sekkan, indicating both Sessho and Kanpaku, family) were placed at the top of the Kizoku society by occupying the Sekkan posts for generations as a maternal relative of the emperor, or as a member of the Imperial family, establishing the political form called Sekkan politics from the tenth century to the eleventh century.
Japanese: 以降、10世紀から11世紀にかけて、藤原氏嫡流（摂関家）は、天皇の外戚、すなわちミウチとして代々摂関となって貴族社会の頂点に位置し、10世紀から11世紀にかけて摂関政治と呼ばれる政治形態を布いた。
English: However, contrary to the common understanding, the Sekkan families did not use their power exclusively for their own favors.
Japanese: ただし、通俗的な理解とは異なり、摂関家は専横的に権力を振るったわけではない。
English: Even persons at Sekkan families could not decide national political affairs autocratically, and all nationally important political affairs were decided through a conference, for example, Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council), whose members were Kugyo.
Japanese: 摂関といえど独裁的な国政決定を行なうことはできず、重要な国政決定はすべて陣定などの公卿会議を通じて行なわれていたのである。
English: In the era from the latter half of the ninth century to the tenth century when almost all of the upper Kizoku members became occupied by persons from the Fujiwara clan or from the Minamoto clan, as described above, other clan members started to find ways of remaining as middle or lower Kizoku class members.
Japanese: 先述したとおり、9世紀後半から10世紀にかけての時期に、上流貴族が藤原氏・源氏にほぼ限定されると、他氏族は中下流貴族として存続する道を模索し始めた。
English: In the early tenth century when the nation-governing system changed to an ocho kokka (royal-court state) system, the Kanshiukeoisei system, in which Ritsuryo-based functions and rights were entrusted to specific persons, began.
Japanese: 10世紀初頭、王朝国家体制への移行に伴い、律令機構や権能を特定者へ請け負わせる官司請負制が行なわれ始めた。
English: Then, middle or lower Kizoku members successfully entrusted with such a function or had the right position to acquire the function or the right to execute it as their family business, came to inherit it as a hereditary family business for generations.
Japanese: そうすると、機構・権能の請負いに成功した中下流貴族は、その機構・権能を家業と位置づけ、それを世襲する家業の継承を行なうようになった。
English: For example, middle or lower Kizoku families engaged in military art or military affairs were called "Tsuwamono no ie" (warrior families) and they became military Kizoku engaged in activities of seizing, searching, and capturing, or hunting down and killing criminals, constituting a base as samurai.
Japanese: 例えば、武芸・軍事を家業とする中下流貴族は「兵（つわもの）の家」と呼ばれ、押領・追捕・追討活動に従事する軍事貴族となり、武士の母体となっている。
English: Kanshiukeoi (actions based upon the Kanshiukeoisei system) and the inheritance of such family businesses came to appear widely in the Kizoku society during the eleventh century and later.
Japanese: この官司請負と家業の継承は、11世紀以降、貴族社会に広く見られるようになった。
English: Middle or lower Kizoku attempted to survive by inheriting such a family business or by acquiring a Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) post.
Japanese: 中下流貴族は、家業の継承や受領職の獲得などにより生き残りを図ったのである。
English: As family assets were accumulated through the inheritance of such a family business, the concept of "family" appeared in Kizoku society.
Japanese: 家業の継承を通じて、家産（家の財産）の蓄積が進み、貴族社会に「家」概念が登場することになった。
English: The first half of the tenth century, when Sessho and Kanpaku-based politics, the Kanshiukeoi system, and the inheritance of such a family businesses started, was also the era when standard styles of rituals in the Imperial court and religious rituals were established.
Japanese: 摂関政治、官司請負、家業の継承が始まった10世紀前半は、その後の貴族社会において最重要事項とされた朝廷儀式・宗教儀式の標準作法が形成された時期でもある。
English: For rituals consisting of numerous annual events, detailed etiquette and patterns were determined, and such books concerned with rituals like "Saikyuki" and "Hokuzansho" were written in order to smoothly execute these rituals.
Japanese: 非常に多数の年中行事からなる儀式は、細部まで作法・様式が決められており、儀式を滞りなく執り行うため、『西宮記』『北山抄』などの儀式書も作られた。
English: The "family" concept that appeared in Kizoku society reached the Emperor in the latter half of the eleventh century, starting the Insei political style in which the head of the Imperial family administered the affairs of the state as the retired emperor.
Japanese: 貴族社会に登場した「家」概念は、11世紀後半に天皇にまで及び、天皇家の家督者が上皇として政務に当たる院政の開始をもたらした。
English: The "family" concept spread widely among upper Kizoku members as well, and the shoen (manor) territories were accumulated as family properties and were inherited from the father-side lineage.
Japanese: 上流貴族の間にも「家」概念が浸透していき、荘園所領が家産として集積されるとともに父系継承された。
English: Until then, it was customary in Kizoku society to inherit assets from the mother-side lineage, but inheritance from the father-side linage became customary around the twelfth century.
Japanese: それまで、貴族社会では財産の母系継承が通例だったが、12世紀ごろから父系継承が慣例化していく。
English: Until around the eleventh century, a major economical base of Kizoku was placed on the iden and/or ifu supplied by the state, as in the Nara period, and not much income was available from shoen.
Japanese: 11世紀ごろまで、貴族の主たる経済基盤は、奈良時代と同様、国家から支給される位田・位封等であり、荘園からの収入は多くなかった。
English: In the era from the latter half of the eleventh century to the twelfth century, the number of shoen increased rapidly, and Kokugaryo (territories governed by a provincial government office) were reorganized correspondingly, establishing the medieval tax collection system called Shoen Koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
Japanese: 11世紀後半から12世紀にかけて、荘園が急速に増加するとともに、それに対応して国衙領が再編成され、荘園公領制という中世的収取体制が成立した。
English: In addition, as chigyo kokusei (the system in which Kizoku members or others were entitled to control a province through tax collection right and personnel appointment right) was also established, the economic base of Kizoku gradually shifted to shoen and chigyo-koku (provinces controlled by them).
Japanese: また並行して知行国制が成立すると、貴族の経済基盤は、荘園および知行国へとシフトしていった。
English: The start of the Insei political system introduced families to Kizoku society, and then strife for gaining leadership among family members gradually became intensified.
Japanese: 院政の開始により、貴族社会における家の登場に至ったが、家内部の主導権争いも徐々に現出し始めていった。
English: The political power struggle in Kizoku society was solved with arms, and this fact enabled the TAIRA no Kiyomori, clan, who achieved prominent accomplishments during the war, to rapidly gain power.
Japanese: 貴族社会の政争が武力解決されたことは、乱で活躍した平清盛一族の急速な台頭をもたらした。
English: Having been only a middle military Kizoku class member, TAIRA no Kiyomori could join upper Kizoku through the succeeding Heiji war.
Japanese: 平清盛は中流貴族の軍事貴族に過ぎなかったが、続く平治の乱を経て、上流貴族の仲間入りを果たした。
English: However, the TAIRA no Kiyomori clan became extinct after the Jisho-Juei civil war, and the government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who originated in Military Kizoku, won the war.
Japanese: しかし、平清盛一族は治承・寿永の内乱で滅亡し、軍事貴族に出自する源頼朝政権が勝利した。
English: However, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did not become a member of the upper Kizoku and was selected to become the ruler (Kamakura-dono) of the Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, the Kanto region in particular) government (Kamakura bakufu)
Japanese: しかしながら、源頼朝は上流貴族とはならず、東国政権（鎌倉幕府）の支配者（鎌倉殿）となることを選択した。
English: As the Kamakura bakufu, which served the Imperial court militarily, came to be called buke (military families), former Kizoku were called Bunkan, who served the imperial court in administrative affairs, or in other words, Kuge.
Japanese: 武力をもって朝廷に仕える鎌倉幕府が武家と呼ばれるようになると、従来の貴族は、政務一般で朝廷に奉仕する文官、すなわち公家と呼ばれるようになった。
English: While the bakufu, controlling the Togoku region, was called the Buke government, the Imperial court, located in the center of the nation, was called the Kuge government as well.
Japanese: 東国を支配する幕府を武家政権とするのに対し、中央の朝廷を公家政権ともいう。
English: From the twelfth to the thirteenth century, the social status of families in Kuge society became increasingly more fixed, with governmental posts that were reachable depended upon the social status of the family.
Japanese: 12世紀から13世紀にかけて公家社会の中で家格の固定化が進み、家格によって昇進できる官職が定まっていた。
English: The controllable areas of the Kamakura bakufu was initially limited to the Togoku region, not reaching the Saigoku (the western part of Japan) region that was under control of the Imperial court.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の勢力圏は当初東国に限られ、朝廷の勢力圏である西国まで及んでいなかった。
English: However, becoming dominant by winning the Jokyu war in 1221, the bakufu came to participate in the watch of the Imperial court as well as in deciding the person who would inherit the title of emperor, extending its control rights by advancing into the Saigoku region.
Japanese: しかしながら、承久3年（1221年）の承久の乱の勝利によって幕府が優勢となり、朝廷の監視や皇位継承者の決定への参与、西国への進出により支配権を広めていく。
English: The Imperial court (Kuge government) continued to exist thereafter as well, and sometimes made an effort, together with the bakufu (Buke government), to solve political problems, but gradually lost its political and governing powers.
Japanese: 朝廷（公家政権）はその後も存続してはおり、時には幕府（武家政権）と共同で政治問題の解決にあたったが、徐々に政治・統治能力を失っていくこととなった。
English: Major income sources of Kizoku during the Kamakura period were Shoen territories and chigyo-koku as in around the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の貴族の主要な収入源は、平安末期と同様、荘園所領及び知行国であった。
English: However, during this period, jito (Shoen managers) who were samurai came to erode the Shoen territories of Kizoku with their military power as a background.
Japanese: しかし、この時代は武士である地頭が、その武力を背景として貴族の荘園所領を侵食していった。
English: Because, entering the Muromachi period, strong power was given to Shugo (the military commander and administrator in a province), Shugo, replacing Jito, eroded shoen more conspicuously.
Japanese: 室町時代に入ると、守護に強力な権限が与えられたため、地頭に代わって守護による荘園侵食が著しくなった。
English: In this way, the control of Shoen (manors) and Koryo (public lands) by Kizoku was gradually lost, and the Shoen Koryo sei had almost collapsed by the latter half of the fifteenth century, the middle era of the Muromachi era,
Japanese: こうして貴族による荘園・公領支配は次第に失われていき、室町中期の15世紀後半までに荘園公領制はほとんど崩壊してしまった。
English: It was customary until the early Muromachi period for Kizoku to reside in the capital (Kyoto) and wait for an income that was to be brought to Kyoto from the shoen and Koryo concerned.
Japanese: 貴族は中央（京）に在住し、地方の荘園・公領からの収入が京進されるのを待つのが室町初期までの通例だった。
English: However, after that, they sent his Daikan (representative) directly to his Shoen manor (called Ukeoi-daikansei: literally, a Daikan-entrusting system), and there were even cases where a Kizoku member himself went to his Shoen manor to control it.
Japanese: しかしながら、それ以降は代官を直接荘園に派遣したり（請負代官制）、さらに自ら直接荘園に下向して支配に当たる例すらあった。
English: Furthermore, following the start of the Muromachi bakufu whose base was located in Kyoto, the functions of the Kuge government were transferred to the bakufu as well, and the Kuge government almost lost its function as a government in the era of the Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA administration.
Japanese: また、京都に基盤を置く室町幕府の開始とともに、公家政権の機能も幕府へと移っていく、足利義満執政期に公家政権は政権としての機能をほぼ失った。
English: Having lost the economic base as well as political power, persons in the Kizoku class suffered from dire poverty in the era from the middle of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan).
Japanese: 政治権力も経済基盤も失った貴族階層は、消滅するには至らなかったものの、室町中期から戦国時代(日本)にかけて特に困窮を極めた。
English: In early modern times, after the Edo bakufu was established, the attempt was made to restructure the social status system that had become scarcely functional during the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 近世においては、江戸幕府の成立以降、戦国時代にほぼ無秩序化した身分階級の再構築が図られた。
English: For persons in the Kizoku class, the bakufu established Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that were applied to the emperor and Kuge nobles), forcing the Kuge society to be controlled by the bakufu.
Japanese: 貴族階層に対しては、幕府から禁中並公家諸法度が制定され、公家社会は幕府の統制を受けるようになった。
English: However, entering the Edo period, the Kugyo (the top court officials) families from the Kamakura period were called Kyuke (old families), and those that joined Kugyo during the Azuchi-Momoyama period or later Shinke (new families), reorganized the Kuge family status.
Japanese: しかしながら、江戸時代になると鎌倉時代以来の公卿を旧家、安土桃山時代以降に成立した公卿を新家とし、公家家格の再編成が行なわれた。
English: Several hundred to 3,000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) of rice crops was allocated as a salary to each upper Kizoku class member, such as Kugyo, but only several tens koku of rice crop to each middle or lower Kizoku class member.
Japanese: 公卿などの上流貴族は3000石から数百石が扶持されていたが、中下流貴族は数十石程度の扶持しか与えられなかった。
English: On the other hand, even in the samurai class that had been fluid for a long period of time, the family status of each samurai family became fixed corresponding to the stabilization of the society, and the shogun family and daimyo class families, which had inherited their upper samurai class positions, came to form the so-called Buke-kizoku (samurai Kizoku).
Japanese: 一方、長らく流動的であった武士階級においても、社会の安定化に伴って、武士各家の家格が固定されていき、上流武士階級を世襲していった将軍家や大名層は、いわゆる武家貴族を形成するに至った。
English: In 1869, the Meiji government created the Kazoku system for the new Kizoku class.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）、明治政府は新たな貴族階級として華族制度を創始した。
English: Privileges in social statutes as well as in property were given to Kazoku members, and when the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was established in 1889, they were given the privilege of becoming members of the House of Peers (in Japan).
Japanese: 華族には身分上・財産上の特権が与えられ、明治22年（1889年）に大日本帝国憲法が制定されると、貴族院(日本)議員となる特権も与えられた。
English: However, when the Constitution of Japan, stipulating the prohibition of the Kizoku system and equality under the law, was enforced, the Kazoku system was abolished, ending the Kizoku status in Japan.
Japanese: しかし昭和22年（1947年）、貴族制度の禁止と法の下の平等を定める日本国憲法の施行とともに、華族制度は廃止され、日本における貴族身分は終焉を迎えた。
English: In republican Rome, citizens were divided into two classes of Kizoku (patricius) and common people (plebeius), and initially, politics were controlled by Kizoku, with administrative rulers, including members of the Chamber of Elders, exclusively occupied by Kizoku.
Japanese: 共和制ローマでは市民は貴族（patricius）と平民（plebeius）の2つの階級に別れており、当初は政治は貴族が握り、元老院議員を始めとして執政官（コンスル）は貴族が独占していた。
English: However, over time, the power of common people was strengthened, the tribune post was established, and common people could become administrative rulers.
Japanese: しかし、やがて平民の力が強まり、護民官が創設され、執政官にも平民が就くようになった。
English: Towards the end of republican Rome, the power of Kizoku and that of common people became almost equal, with only a few privileges remaining still.
Japanese: 共和制末期には、両者はほぼ同等となり、貴族にはわずかな特権が残っているだけだった。
English: As for political group names, the common people group and the Kizoku group existed, but these terms did not indicate their actual status.
Japanese: 派閥名として平民派、貴族派と使われたりしたが、この呼び名は実態を表しているわけではない。
English: Entering the Roman Empire period, the title of Kizoku was newly given to those who distinguishingly contributed to the empire, in addition to traditional Kizoku.
Japanese: 帝政ローマに入ると、従来の貴族に加えて、帝国に勲功のあったものに新たに貴族の称号を与えるようになった。
English: The titles of local government posts in the Roman Empire (duces and comes) became the origins of duke and count.
Japanese: また、帝政ローマの地方官名（duces、comes）が後のヨーロッパの公爵、伯爵の語源となっている。
English: Feudal Kizoku in Europe was based on the Germanic system, and the system in the Frankish kingdom in particular.
Japanese: ヨーロッパの封建貴族はゲルマン系、特にフランク王国の制度が基礎になっている。
English: Refer to peerage as well, to check the corresponding comparisons between the five peerage titles in Japan and the peerage titles in Europe.
Japanese: また爵位の呼称については日本の五爵を当てはめているため、爵位の項も参照のこと。
English: Each German Kizoku member attached "von" or "zu" before its name, and each French Kizoku member "de."
Japanese: ドイツの貴族は「フォン（von）」または「ツー（zu）」、フランスの貴族は「ド（de）」を名前に付けた。
English: With the Germanic tribe system still remaining in Germany, the tribe heads who possessed a vast territory become duke (a title).
Japanese: ドイツでは、ゲルマン部族制が残っており、広大な地域を領有する部族長がデューク(称号)となる。
English: In other regions, persons who are, for example, a member of a royal family and are given a vast territory, became duke.
Japanese: 他の地域では王族などで広大な領地を与えられたものが公爵となっている。
English: A Knight was initially a honorary title for warriors who fought on a horse, but later became one who held the no Kizoku title.
Japanese: 騎士は当初は騎馬で戦う戦士の名誉称号だったが、やがて貴族の称号を持たない者の称号となった。
English: On the other hand, the Kizoku system in city states in northern Italy (such as Venice and Florence) followed the tradition in republican Rome, and Kizoku consisted of hereditary members of the Chamber of Elders and new members of the Chamber of Elders who were selected by using money or due to their contributions.
Japanese: 一方、北イタリア等の都市国家（ヴェネツィア、フィレンツェ等）は共和制ローマの貴族の衣鉢を継いでおり、世襲で元老院議員となる者や、金や功績により新たに元老議員に選ばれた者などが貴族に当たる。
English: However, over time, powerful persons in many city states became signore, and also established small principalities by obtaining titles from the pope or from the Holy Roman Emperor (for example, the Medici family in Florence -> Grand duke of Toscana).
Japanese: しかし、やがて多くの都市国家で実力者が僭主（シニョーレ、signore）となり、さらにローマ教皇や神聖ローマ皇帝から爵位をもらって小公国を作るようになる（例：フィレンツェのメディチ家→トスカーナ大公）。
English: Entering early modern times, as the king's rights were strengthened and power became increasingly more centralized, feudal Kizoku lost their territories and became Kizoku in the court, and officers for King and persons who contributed significantly, militarily or administratively, were newly appointed to Kizoku.
Japanese: 近世に入り、王権が強化され中央集権化が進むと、封建貴族は支配地を失い宮廷貴族となり、王の役人や軍事的、政治的功績があった者が新たに貴族に任命されるようになった。
English: In England as well, most of present Kizoku were appointed newly to Kizoku in this era.
Japanese: イギリスにおいても現在の貴族の大部分は、この時期に新たに任命されたものである。
English: Through people's revolutions in modern times, titles of Kizoku were abolished in many nations, or remained nominally with no privileges allowed.
Japanese: 近代の市民革命により、多くの国で貴族の称号は廃止されるか、特権を持たない名前だけになった。
English: In the nations where a monarchy is still maintained (such as England, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, and the three Scandinavian nations), a few privileges of Kizoku still remain, but almost all of them are only nominal (some marquis family heads work as company employees or government officers).
Japanese: 王制を維持している国（イギリス、オランダ、ベルギー、デンマーク、スペイン、スカンディナヴィア3国等）では若干の特権が残っているが、ほとんどは形式的なものである（会社員や公務員勤めをしている侯爵家当主さえいる）。
English: Some nations (Italy and Portugal) maintain a Kizoku system, even though having abolished the monarchy.
Japanese: また王制は廃止されているが、貴族制度を存続している国（イタリア、ポルトガル）もある。
English: Refer to Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels or the category (CategoryAdelsgeschlecht)
Japanese: GenealogischesHandbuchdesAdelsやカテゴリー（CategoryAdelsgeschlecht）などを参照。
English: Azuma Hyakkan referred to a person's name that looked like a government post and was used by the samurai in the Kanto region.
Japanese: 東百官（あずまひゃっかん）は関東地方において武士が称した官職風の人名である。
English: However, Azuma Hyakka was not a formal government position of the Imperial Court, but was just a name created by imitating a government post of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 但し、朝廷における官職には存在せず、あくまで朝廷の官職を模倣してつくられたものである。
English: Azuma Hyakkan is also called Souma Hyakkan, and there is a legend that these names were introduced as a government post system by TAIRA no Masakado when he named himself a new emperor and formed a new government.
Japanese: 別名、相馬百官ともいい、平将門が新皇を称して新政権樹立を図った際に設けた官職体系であるという伝説もある。
English: In contrast to Hyakkan na based on the organization of government according to the ritsuryo codes of the Imperial Court, this government-post-like name used in Kanto was called Azuma Hyakkan or Buke Hyakkan.
Japanese: 朝廷の律令官制に基づいた百官名に対して、関東における官職風の人名であることから、東百官、武家百官ともいわれた。
English: Originally, a samurai's appointment to an officer was applied to the Imperial Court through the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); Baishin (indirect vassal) and Roju (vassal) were not given any government position.
Japanese: 本来、武士の任官は幕府を経由して朝廷に申請され、陪臣・郎従が官職を授かることは無かった。
English: After the Onin War, however, there were some cases that Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) gave Hyakkan na to their vassals without permission, and in other cases, they even created Nanori (a name one refers to himself) similar to actual Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).
Japanese: しかしながら、応仁の乱以後、大名が家臣に勝手に百官名を与える例が現れたほか、実際の四等官に類似した名乗り創作して与える場合もあった。
English: These government-post-like Nanori which were created without any historical background and used in the samurai society were called Azuma Hyakkan, and were distinguished from the actual names of government positions.
Japanese: こうした武家社会で用いられた歴史的な根拠のない創作の官職風の名乗りを東百官と呼んで実際の官職名と区別した。
English: Azuma Hyakkan was also used in the Edo period, and scholars in the Edo period criticized it by saying, 'You should not announce yourself as such without an ancient and honorable origin.'
Japanese: 江戸時代においても広く称され、江戸時代の学者は、「由緒正しからず、名乗るべからず」と評している。
English: The term "the six great educators in the Meiji period" refers to a special, collective title of six great educators who contributed a great deal to promoting the modern education in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 明治六大教育家（めいじろくだいきょういくか）は、明治期に近代教育を普及するに当たって功績の大きかった6人を特別にまとめて称した称号。
English: In 1907, a large national meeting of educators was jointly held by the Imperial Educational Society, the Educational Society of Tokyo Prefecture and the Educational Society of Tokyo City at the auditorium of Tokyo Kuramae Higher Technical School.
Japanese: 明治40年(1907年)に帝國教育會、東京府教育會、東京市教育会が連合主催で、全国教育家大集会が東京蔵前高等工業学校の講堂で開催された。
English: Four educators were selected on account of founding respected private schools that had been already given special treatment as 'the four great imperial private schools.'
Japanese: 既に「帝國四大私塾」として特別に扱っていた評価の高かった私学を創立したという基準で4人を選出した。