nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Additionally, Omi explains that 'Ara' is an ancient word for iron and Shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts), which was actually involved in iron production using mountain iron sand and collecting other minerals, incorporated Arahabaki beliefs, and 'Habaki' is related to the 'Habaki' (shin guard) which Yamabushi (a mountain priest) considers holy and therefore Arahabaki eventually transformed into a 'god of feet,' considering 'your legs get better if you worship at the shrine.'
Japanese: また近江は、「アラ」は鉄の古語であるということと、山砂鉄による製鉄や、その他の鉱物採取を実態としていた修験道はアラハバキ信仰を取り入れ、「ハバキ」は山伏が神聖視する「脛巾」に通じ、アラハバキはやがて「お参りすると足が良くなる」という「足神」様に変容していったと述べている。
English: Tsunetada MAYUMI explains that the aforementioned 'sae no kami' originally meant 'Sahi (iron) no kami' and here 'sae no kami' and the god of iron production is linked.
Japanese: なお、真弓常忠は先述の「塞の神」について、本来は「サヒ（鉄）の神」の意味だったと述べていて、「塞の神」と製鉄の神がここで結びついてくる。
English: It has been suggested that Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka City, which was the first large temple built in Japan by Prince Shotoku when he battled and defeated MONONOBE no Moriya over accepting Buddhism, has a relationship with Arahabaki and Jomon culture.
Japanese: 聖徳太子が物部守屋との仏教受容をめぐる戦いを制し建てた、日本初の大寺である大阪市の四天王寺について、アラハバキ及び縄文系との関わりが指摘されている。
English: The original place name of Shitennoji was presumably 'Arabaki' and it is said to have been the land of the Mononobe clan who were considered as the branch of Jomon culture.
Japanese: 四天王寺の地の元来の地名は「荒墓邑」(アラバキ？)であり、場所は縄文系説が言われる物部氏の地に立てたと伝えられる。
English: Iwafune-jinja Shrine (place where Nigihaya no mikoto descended to earth) is said to have been located at the north side of the present Shitenno-ji Temple.
Japanese: 現四天王寺の北側に磐船神社(饒速日命の降臨地)が元々あったとされる。
English: Considering the fact that the Mononobe clan consider their founding father as Nigihaya no mikoto, the land where Shitenno-ji Temple is located seems to be originally the holy place where the Mononobe clan started.
Japanese: 物部氏は饒速日命を始祖とする一族であるから、この四天王寺の地は本来、物部発祥の聖地であったと考えてよさそうである。
English: Konpira (金毘羅) is a water god and demon god of Mt. Ryojusen in India, and is the head of the Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities) of Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha).
Japanese: 金毘羅（こんぴら）は、水神で、天竺霊鷲山の鬼神で、薬師如来十二神将の筆頭である。
English: The Hindu god of the Ganges River, Kunbi-ra became incorporated into Buddhism and became Kubira Taisho and with the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, Konpira Daigongen was established as the Suijakushin (provisional Buddha) for Miroko Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present) (other theories say Eleven-faced Kannon [Goddess of Mercy]).
Japanese: ヒンドゥー教のガンジス川の神クンビーラが仏教に取り入れられ宮比羅大将となり、神仏習合によって、弥勒菩薩（他に十一面観音など諸説あり）の垂迹神として金毘羅大権現が成立した。
English: Kunbi-ra is often confused with another Hindu god Kubi-ra, who was the predecessor of Bishamonten (Vaisravana) because their names are similar, but they are completely different from each other.
Japanese: なお、クンビーラは同じくヒンドゥー教の神で毘沙門天の前身であるクベーラと名前が似るためよく混同されるが両者は全くの別物である。
English: Kunbi-ra originally was a water god transformed into a god from crocodiles in the Ganges River and in Japan is considered to be in snake form.
Japanese: クンビーラは元来、ガンジス川に棲むワニを神格化した水神で、日本では蛇型とされる。
English: Kubi-ra is the Va-hana (riding object) of the goddess Ganger who controls the Ganges River and has been worshiped in Japan as the protective god of sea transportation.
Japanese: クビーラはガンジス川を司る女神ガンガーのヴァーハナ(乗り物)でもあることから、日本では海上交通の守り神として信仰されてきた。
English: She is especially worshiped by sailors and ordinarily enshrined on mountain tops that overlook large harbors.
Japanese: 特に舟乗りから信仰され、一般に、大きな港を見下ろす山の上に祀られている。
English: The understanding in Shinto is that Konpira Daigongen is Omono nushi (a Japanese ancient god), Susanoo or Emperor Sutoku.
Japanese: 神道側の解釈として金毘羅大権現は大物主とも牛頭天王（スサノオ）とも、また崇徳天皇ともされた。
English: Even though it is contradictory to say Emperor Sutoku is Konpira Daigongen because of the time period, there was such a belief.
Japanese: 崇徳天皇を金毘羅大権現とするのは年代的に明らかに矛盾するのであるが、そういう信仰があったのである。
English: Kotohira-gu Shrine in Kotohira-cho, Kagawa Prefecture is the head shrine for the 600 or so Konpira-jinja Shrines (Konpira-san) in Japan and in the late Edo period, it was popular to visit Kotohira-gu Shrine and this was called Konpira-mairi.
Japanese: 香川県琴平町の金刀比羅宮が全国に約600社あるの金比羅神社（こんぴらさん）の総本宮となっており、江戸時代後期には、金刀比羅宮に詣でる金毘羅参りが盛んになった。
English: The Oei Invasion (known in Korea as the Gihae Eastern Expedition, with Gihae being a reference to the year 1419) refers to a raid on the Japanese island of Tsushima by Joseon Korean forces that occurred in 1419 (the 26th year of the Oei era, from which the Japanese name is taken), meaning that it took place during the Muromachi period according to the standard classification of Japanese history.
Japanese: 応永の外寇（おうえいのがいこう、朝鮮では己亥東征と称す）とは、日本史の時代区分では室町時代の1419年（応永26年）に起きた、李氏朝鮮軍による対馬国襲撃をさす。
English: Around the fourteenth century, Wako (specifically, the early Wako), a multiethnic group of pirates that included Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, began increasing their activities in the seas from northern Kyushu in Japan to those around the Korean peninsula and along the coast of China; in addition to the formal tributary trade missions, it was now also permissible for trade to be conducted between Japan and Korea by private merchants, adding a more international flavor to the maritime world of East Asia during this period.
Japanese: 14世紀前後の北九州から朝鮮半島、中国沿岸などでは日本人、中国人や朝鮮民族らの多民族構成とする倭寇（前期倭寇）が活発化し、日朝貿易においては朝貢貿易に加えて民間貿易も許可されていたため、東アジアの海上世界は民族雑居状態が存在していた。
English: During the days of the early Wako, the Korean peninsula was not only one of the Wako's principal targets, but also their base of operations, and because the Joseon dynasty had only just been established in Korea, the new government lacked the independent ability to preserve peace, making it extremely difficult for them to suppress Wako pirate activity.
Japanese: 倭寇の中心的活動の一つで拠点であった前期倭寇当時の朝鮮半島は李氏朝鮮が成立直後であった事もあり、自立的な治安維持能力が不足し倭寇活動を抑制する事が困難であった。
English: At this point, the Joseon dynasty wanted to cull society of its multiethnic character, which had been the norm during the Goryeo period (918 - 1392), and achieve a monopoly over trade profits by bringing trade under government control, so they requested that the Muromachi bakufu, the tandai (military commissioner) of Kyushu, and Sadashige SO, the de facto ruler of Tsushima island, bring both Wako activity and private trade under control.
Japanese: そこで李氏朝鮮は高麗時代からの民族雑居状態の解消と、官営貿易で利益を独占する事を望み、室町幕府や九州探題、対馬の実質的な支配者である宗貞茂に対して倭寇および私貿易の取締りを要求した。
English: However, Sadashige SO, who had tried hard to restrict Wako activity, fell gravely ill in September 1417 before eventually dying of this illness in April 1418, and when Sadamori SO succeeded Sadashige as ruler of Tsushima, the So clan's ability to police the seas around Tsushima was hampered and weakened by Sadamori's youth and inexperience; this meant that the Wako, who had been held in check by Sadashige, erupted into fresh activity near Tsushima, inflicting heavy damage on Japan and Korea.
Japanese: しかし、倭寇の取り締まりを積極的に行っていた宗貞茂が1417年9月、病に倒れ翌1418年4月に病没し、宗貞盛が跡目を継ぐと、若年の当主のため対馬の周辺海域の警察力が弱体化し、活動を抑制されていた倭寇は再び活発化し、日本や朝鮮で多大な被害が出ていた。
English: With King Sejong the Great having ascended to the throne in Joseon Korea only the previous year (1418), former King Taejong still held de facto power, and it was Taejong who decided to launch an expedition against Tsushima in June 1419 under the pretext of pacifying the Wako, dispatching a fleet of 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers to invade Tsushima, with general YI Jong Mu in command.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮では前年に世宗(朝鮮王)が即位していたが、実権は太宗(朝鮮王)が握っており、太宗は倭寇撃退を名目にした対馬遠征を決め、永楽17年（西暦1419年）6月、李従茂率いる227隻、17,285名の軍勢を対馬に侵攻させた。
English: At this point in time, it was known by Korean military planners that the most powerful inhabitants of Tsushima were away on voyages to Ming China and elsewhere, and moreover as the invasion was launched they ordered the simultaneous internment of all Japanese merchants living and operating within Korea, revealing how carefully they had planned this assault to take advantage of the weakness of Tsushima's defensive preparations and target the general population (not only the Wako).
Japanese: この時期は対馬の有力者が明などに渡航し不在であることを知り、また同時に朝鮮国内の在留商人らを一斉に抑留するなど、防備の弱体に乗じ一般民衆を標的にした周到な計画であったことが知られる。
English: Moreover, Taejong included the unfounded claim that 'according to ancient texts, Tsushima is historically a vassal state of Gyeongsang province' in his order to attack.
Japanese: また、太宗は号令の中で「古書によれば対馬は慶尚道に隷属する」と根拠に欠ける主張を掲げた。
English: On June 17, the invasion fleet set sail from Geoje island, but the headwind soon drove them back, leading to a second departure on June 19.
Japanese: 6月17日に巨済島を出航したが逆風ですぐに引き返し、6月19日に再出航している。
English: At around noon on June 20, the Korean army landed in the vicinity of Osaki inlet (according to the True Record of the Joseon Dynasty, it was at Mamejiru inlet).
Japanese: 朝鮮軍は6月20日昼頃に対馬の尾崎浦（朝鮮王朝実録には豆知浦とある）附近へ上陸。
English: Of the ordinary ships in this area, they burned 129 and captured 20, and burned down 1939 dwellings as well as killed 104 inhabitants of Tsushima (or according to the True Record, they took a total of 114 heads).
Japanese: 一帯の一般船舶129隻を焼き払い20隻を奪い、民家1939戸を焼き払い、また104（実録には首級114）の島民を殺害したとされる。
English: But around June 26, Korean forces fell into an ambush by warriors from Tsushima in the Nii district (or the Amaro district according to the True Record), in which they suffered significant casualties, prompting Jong Mu YI to withdraw his army back to Osaki inlet and leaving the outcome of the war an uneasy stalemate.
Japanese: しかし6月26日頃には、仁位郡（実録では尼老郡）で対馬側の伏兵に遭い多大な損害を受け、李従茂の軍は尾崎浦まで退却、戦局は膠着状態に陥った。
English: On June 29, an envoy from the Korean forces was sent to the So clan demanding among other things that they agree to convert Tsushima into a vassal state of Korea, but the So clan refused.
Japanese: 6月29日に朝鮮側は宗氏に対して対馬の属州化などを要求する使者を送るが宗氏に拒絶された。
English: The military situation had reached a stalemate thanks to the counterattack by Tsushima forces, and the escalated casualties among the Korean army prompted them to accept the peace proposal sent by the Tsushima forces and carry out a complete withdrawal back to Geoje Island on July 3.
Japanese: 戦況は対馬側の反撃により膠着し、損害の大きくなった朝鮮側は対馬側の和平提案を受け入れ7月3日に巨済島へ全面撤退した。
English: Korean casualties exceeded 2500 dead or wounded according to Japanese sources, while one entry in the Record of Seojong's Reign lists 100 and some dozens more killed, and another later entry lists 180 killed.
Japanese: 朝鮮側の被害は日本の資料では死傷者2500以上、世宗実録ではの記録では死者百数十人、の記録では180人とされている。
English: But as this would amount to only about 1% of their total force, it is difficult to imagine why the Korean army would have made peace, leading some to suspect that actual casualties were much higher, a possibility reinforced by the Korean's own records clearly indicate that this invasion was a defeat.
Japanese: しかし総数の1％程度の被害で和平を受け入れるとは考えにくく、敗戦と自ら明記していることからも、実際の被害はもっと多かったと思われる。
English: According to the entry in the True Record of the Joseon Dynasty for the fifth day of the eighth month, the Japanese forces suffered 20 dead in the fighting, while the Korean army had suffered over 100, demonstrating that in battles between the two countries' regular armies, the Korean forces were no match for the Japanese.
Japanese: 8月5日の記録では日本の戦死者20人に対し朝鮮側が百余名とされており、正規軍での対戦では朝鮮軍は日本軍に歯が立たなかった。
English: The weakness of the Korean army was further attested to in an entry discussing Chinese captives that they had rescued from Tsushima which said 'Having seen in detail the weakness of our army in Tsushima, we cannot allow our captives to return to China,' as well as by the fact that Sil PAK was held responsible for the defeat and imprisoned; it may be surmised that only the influence of the Korean people enabled Jong Mu YI to escape responsibility.
Japanese: このような弱小ぶりは、保護された中国人の扱いにおいて「対馬での朝鮮軍の弱小ぶりを詳細に見たことから中国に返還できない」というや、朴実が敗戦の罪により投獄され、李従茂が国民への影響を理由に免罪となった事からも窺える。
English: Furthermore, a report reached the Koreans on July 3 saying that several dozen Wako ships from China were active in the sea around Hwanghae province (located in Korea) and had begun rampaging along the coast, after which a discussion ensued as to whether this should be used as a pretext for a second punitive expedition against Tsushima, but no such invasion was ever launched.
Japanese: また7月3日の黄海道沖に中国からの倭寇数十隻が沿岸を荒らし回っていると言う報告を受け、これを口実にした対馬再征も検討されたが実行されなかった。
English: Due to this incident, the various daimyo of Tsushima and northern Kyushu became even more repressive, and as a result of conciliatory measures intended to win the allegiance of the pirates (such as the offer to naturalize them as Japanese citizens), the power of the early Wako faded away.
Japanese: この事件により対馬や北九州の諸大名の取り締まりが厳しくなり、倭寇の帰化などの懐柔策を行ったため、前期倭寇は衰退していく。
English: When news of the Korean attack on Tsushima reached mainland Japan, speculation ran rife that this was the second advent of the earlier Mongol invasions.
Japanese: なお、この事件の報が日本本土に伝わった際、元寇の再来との憶測が流れた。
English: Consequently, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) sent envoys to Korea to conduct an investigation into whether the rumors of a new invasion from mainland China were accurate, and had the envoys endeavor to get to the bottom of the matter.
Japanese: そのため、室町幕府は事実究明のため朝鮮へ使者を送り、その真偽を確かめさせた。
English: In both the 'Ying huan zhi lue' by the Qing-period Chinese writer Jiyu XI and the 'Tongsa kangmok' by the Joseon-era Korean writer Chong Bok AN, the motivation of the Wako is considered to be retribution for Goryeo-era Korea's participation in the two invasions (by the Mongols) of Japan, and as such some have argued that the actions of the early Wako, who appeared before the Oei Invasion, should be considered a local effort to recapture lost wealth and a war of vengeance against Korea and China, so these pirates should not be called Wako (Japanese pirates); according to this theory, only pirates appearing after this point should be considered 'Wako,' or Japanese pirates.
Japanese: 清の徐継畭の『瀛環志略』や李氏朝鮮の安鼎福の『東史綱目』には、倭寇の原因は日本に対する侵略行為(元寇)を行った高麗（朝鮮）への報復である、と記述されており、応永の外寇以前の前期倭寇は局地的な奪還・復讐戦であるとして『倭寇』と呼ばず、これ以降の後期倭寇を『倭寇』と考える説もある。
English: On June 17, 2005, in the city of Masan in South Gyeongsang province in the Republic of South Korea, the date of June 19 of every year was declared "Tsushima Day" by the local government, with more than 400 citizens of Masan participating in "the proclamation ceremony."
Japanese: 2005年（平成17年）6月17日、大韓民国慶尚南道馬山市では、毎年6月19日を『対馬の日』とする条例が宣布され、400人以上の市民が参加し『宣布式』が催された。
English: It was such a sudden announcement that both the Japanese and South Korean governments expressed surprise, and this act was viewed by some in Japan as retaliation for the establishment of 'Takeshima Day' in Shimane Prefecture, which happened just before the Korean proclamation.
Japanese: 突然の報に日本と韓国政府は驚きを見せたが、直前に島根県が制定した『竹島の日』への報復的な意味合いがあったと見られる。
English: Some Koreans advance the claim that Tsushima was a vassal state of Korea during the Joseon dynasty and should therefore be under South Korea's territorial control; proponents of this view cite 'the military expedition to suppress the Wako' that was sent against Tsushima during the Oei Invasion as proof of this.
Japanese: 韓国人の間では、対馬は朝鮮王朝の属国であり、韓国に領有権があるとの主張がなされることがあるが、その根拠の一つに、応永の外寇における対馬への『倭寇討伐』が上げられている。
English: However, the sole purpose of the expeditionary force's invasion was to subjugate the Wako pirates, and Joseon Korea's demand that Tsushima become a vassal state was only an attempt to reassert Korea's titular control over Tsushima as an "outer domain" in order to encourage them to bring the Wako under control; it is difficult to find evidence of any suggestion that the Koreans were planning to make Tsushima a permanent vassal state.
Japanese: だがこの遠征は倭寇制圧を目的とした侵攻に過ぎず、対馬の属州化要求も対馬が朝鮮の形式的な『外藩』であることを再確認させ倭寇を禁圧させるためのもので、恒久的な属国化を図る朝鮮側の意思は見出しがたい。
English: Moreover, the Korean army withdrew after their invasion ended in a stalemate, and the focus of the agreement reached in subsequent negotiations and its execution was once again the suppression of the Wako, making this expedition an extremely weak justification for asserting that Tsushima had been a vassal state of Korea.
Japanese: また朝鮮軍は戦線膠着のため撤退し、その後の交渉で合意・実現に至ったのも倭寇の取り締まりであり、この遠征を理由に対馬を朝鮮の属国と見做すことは非常に論拠が薄い。
English: On September 17, 2006, three volumes analyzing military strategy as far back as Joseon-era Korea were published by a research group that compiles Korean military annals, one of which (a "compilation of Joseon-era military strategy") exmines the Oei Invasion.
Japanese: 2006年9月17日、韓国軍の戦史編纂研究所は、李氏朝鮮までの軍事戦略を分析した資料3冊を発刊し、うち「朝鮮時代の軍事戦略」編で応永の外寇の分析を行った。
English: According to this volume, militarily "the expedition" was a failure, but did win them the following document of capitulation: 'Tsushima's land is barren, making it difficult to eke out a living there.
Japanese: それによると、軍事的には『討伐』には失敗したが、「対馬は土地が不毛で生活が苦しい。
English: If you would allow us islanders to live on Geoje Island and its neighboring islands, and honor us by viewing Tsushima as being under Korea's dominion and granting us a new provincial label and seal, we, as your grateful retainers, will obey your orders accordingly."
Japanese: 島民を巨済島などに住まわせ、対馬を朝鮮領土と見なして州郡の名称と印信を賜れば、我々は適切に臣下の礼をもって命令に従う。
English: As such, the analysis concludes that the expedition was a success politically and diplomatically.
Japanese: 」との降伏文書を出させたとし、政治・外交的には成功したと結論付けた。
English: The analysis further concluded that in granting Tsushima's So clan a seal that bore the inscription "So clan of Yugawara City" in July 1420, Joseon Korea failed to gain recognition for their sovereignty over Tsushima; if at that time Korea had refused to recognize Tsushima's autonomy, and instead sent an official to put Tsushima's government under their direct control, Tsushima would almost certainly be under Korea's territorial control today (as reported in a Rengo news broadcast of September 17, 2006).
Japanese: 1420年7月、李氏朝鮮が宗氏に「宗氏都都雄瓦」という印信を授け、対馬領主としての地位を認たことは失敗であり、その時に李氏朝鮮が対馬の自治権を認めず、役人を派遣して直接支配下に組み込んでいれば、現在の対馬は韓国領になっていたはずだと結論付けた（2006年9月17日聯合ニュース配信）。
English: The True Record of King Sejong's Reign expressly states that the invasion ended in military defeat, and it also contains an entry for the tenth day of the intercalary first month of 1420 that says, "What Shiokatsu had said was indeed spoken;" yet no mention is made of the content of the above-mentioned document of capitulation.
Japanese: 世宗実録で自ら敗戦と明記していることや、『世宗実録』1420年閏1月10日には「時応界都が言うには（曰）」と記録されており、上記の降伏文書にあたるものは見あたらない。
English: Moreover, although he claimed to be an emissary of Korea, Shiokatsu (also known as Keido SHIN) is believed to have been an imposter, and in the entry for the seventh day of the fourth month of 1420, Anri KYU, the official envoy of Sejong, is recorded as having been highly critical of Shiokatsu, saying: "What Shiokatsu has said is rash and thoughtless. To attack Tsushima is to attack Japan."
Japanese: 更に時応界都（辛戒道）は偽使者とされており、1421年4月7日に正式な宗氏の使者である仇安里が「時応界都（辛戒道）の言ったことは妄言である。対馬を攻めるのは日本を攻めるのと同じだ」と強く否定している。
English: Furthermore, Hui Gyeong SONG, the special envoy dispatched to Japan from Korea, tried to vindicate Korea's invasion of Tsushima by saying "We believed our actions would please the King of Japan," which resulted in the incident being considered a diplomatic failure as well.
Japanese: また、日本に派遣された朝鮮の回礼使の宋希璟は「日本国王が喜ぶと思ってやったこと」と釈明しており、外交的にも失敗だったと考えられる。
English: But the analysis conducted by the research center that compiles Korean military annals ignores the entry in the True Record of King Sejong's Reign that describes the expedition as a military defeat, focusing exclusively on the words of a man who claimed to be an emissary, leading to doubts about whether they intentionally distorted historical records to support their explanation.
Japanese: 戦史編纂研究所の分析は、世宗実録の敗戦記述を無視して偽使者の言葉のみを取り上げており、意図的に史料を歪曲して解釈している疑いがある。
English: Also, on July 13, 2007, Sung Man KIM, a former high-ranking officer specializing in naval tactics (specifically, a vice-admiral in the Navy reserve) spoke out on the Korean National Security Net against the claim of sovereignty over Takeshima island (by Shimane Prefecture) made in Japan's Self-Defense white paper, and also requested that he be allowed to draw up a plan for the invasion of Tsushima.
Japanese: また、2007年7月13日には、金成萬（キム・ソンマン）前海軍作戦司令官（予備役海軍中将）が、KoreanNationalSecurityNetで日本の防衛白書の竹島(島根県)領有問題の記載に対しての反論および、対馬侵略計画を作成するよう主張している。
English: In 2008, 50 members of the South Korean National Diet submitted a resolution calling for a referendum over whether Tsushima should be returned to Korean sovereignty, and 50% of South Korean people supported the proposal.
Japanese: 2008年には韓国国会議員50名による対馬島返還要求決議案が韓国国会に提出され、韓国国民の50%が支持している。
English: Tonden refers to a system or the place/region where soldiers who were made to plow new fields were recruited at war time but farmed the land to sustain themselves at peace time.
Japanese: 屯田（とんでん）は、一般に、兵士に新しく耕地を開墾させ、平時は農業を行って自らを養い、戦時には軍隊に従事させる制度、またその場所や地域を言う。
English: This was not in the outlying areas but inland and had ordinary citizens farm land that had not been used (Minton) and was originally started around Xuchang and then spread to other regions.
Japanese: これは、辺境地帯でなく内地において、荒廃した田畑を一般の人民にあてがって耕作させるもの（民屯）で、当初は許都の周辺で行われ、のち各地に広まった。
English: The citizens under the Tonden system were controlled separately from ordinary agricultural management and linked to military organizations by the Tennochurosho in each district, Tennotoi in each prefecture.
Japanese: 屯田制下の人民は、各郡の典農中郎将、各県の典農都尉によって、一般の農村行政とは別に軍事組織と結びついた形で統治された。
English: With the suggestion of Sima Yi, Gunton were developed near the borders with the Go (Three States Period) (area along the Huai River) and Shu (Guanzhong), countries that they had long been in battle with, and Wei was able to have a stable supply of provisions, which was advantageous in fighting these two countries.
Japanese: 司馬懿の提言で、長期にわたる抗争を繰り広げていた呉(三国)・蜀それぞれの国境付近（淮河流域、関中）でも軍屯が展開され、これにより安定した食糧供給を維持した魏は、両国との争いを有利に進めた。
English: Such attempts of direct control and management of land and people by the government can be considered to be linked with the Kinden system of later years.
Japanese: こうした国家が土地・人民を直接に管理・支配しようとする試みは、のちの均田制にも通じるものであったといえる。
English: Tonden in Kita Ward, Sapporo City, Higashi Tonden-dori Station and Nishi Tonden-dori Street in Yamahana, Chuo Ward, Sapporo City were place names because tonden soldiers stayed there.
Japanese: 札幌市北区にある屯田(札幌市北区)（とんでん）、中央区(札幌市)山鼻の東屯田通駅、西屯田通は、屯田兵が駐屯したことから付けられた地名である。
English: Many of the place names that are called 'Tonden,' 'Tonda' and 'Tomita' scattered throughout the country are considered to be a transformation from Tonden.
Japanese: 全国に点在する「富田」（とんでん・とんだ・とみた）と呼ばれる地名は、その多くが屯田が転じたものであると考えられている。
English: The za, established mainly by merchants, manufacturers and entertainers, refers to the guilds that existed from the Heian period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 座（ざ）は、平安時代から戦国時代(日本)まで存在した主に商工業者や芸能者による同業者組合のこと。
English: These guilds were granted the privilege of exclusive rights to market and sell in exchange for payment to the Imperial Court, nobles, temples, and/or shrines.
Japanese: 朝廷や貴族・寺社などに金銭などを払う代わりに営業や販売の独占権などの特権を認められた。
English: There are two theories about the origin of the name za: one argues that the name originated from a word which represented a specific seat in an official place or a marketplace, and the other maintains that it came from a word which meant meeting place for people in the same industry.
Japanese: 座という呼び名の由来については、公的な場所や市場内における特定の座席という意味に由来するとする説と同業者による集会の場という意味に由来するとする説の2説がある。
English: These theories have been discussed over a long period of time (this discussion is called 'the za debate'), and the current dominant theory explains that the word "za" originally indicated a place where certain qualified persons gathered all together and thus the word included both the meanings.
Japanese: これらは、長年議論の対象となってきた（「座論争」）が、今日では座とは本来は一定の有資格者が一同に会する場を指し、両方の意味合いを有していたとする説が有力である。
English: Local-based za were sometimes established; for example, village-based za called 'sato-za' and town-based za called 'machi-za' were formed.
Japanese: また、地縁的結合をもって結成される場合もあり、「里座」・「町座」と呼ばれる里単位・町単位の座も結成された。