nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The above is about the Gyojisho in the Heian period, and even today a Gyojisho is set in a big shrine or changed into a 'yaku.'
Japanese: 以上は平安時代の行事所であるが、現在でも大きな神社などの行事には行事所が置かれたり、「役」となったりしている。
English: Kimu Rokujo is the agreement between the Emperor Meiji and Hirobumi ITO (Prime Minister and Minister of the Imperial Households), who represented the cabinet (Japan) in September 7, 1886.
Japanese: 機務六条（きむろくじょう）とは、1886年9月7日に明治天皇と伊藤博文（内閣総理大臣兼宮内大臣）が内閣_(日本)を代表する形で交わした約束事。
English: It stipulated the relationship between Emperor and the cabinet in which the Emperor Meiji declared to renounce in effect the will for the direct imperial rule and accept the position as constitutional monarch.
Japanese: これによって、天皇と内閣の関係を規定すると同時に、明治天皇が親政の意思を事実上放棄して、天皇の立憲君主としての立場を受け入れることを表明した。
English: When the cabinet holds meetings on critical matters of state, the Emperor shall allow the Prime Minister to ask him to attend the meeting and ask for his opinion.
Japanese: 内閣に於て重要の国務会議の節は、総理大臣より臨御及上奏候上は、直に御聴許可被為在事
English: When the Emperor have questions about the reports from ministries, he shall call and directly ask questions to the minister or the vice-minister having jurisdiction over the issues.
Japanese: 各省より上奏書に付、御下問被為在候節は、主務大臣又は次官被召出、直接御下問被為在度事
English: The Emperor shall accept requests from the Prime Minister or the Minister of Foreign Affairs to have a dinner with qualified people here and abroad.
Japanese: 総理大臣又は外務大臣より、内外人至当之資格ある者に御陪食を願出候節は、御聴許可被仰付事
English: When the Emperor is ill in bed or stays in the Imperial Palace, Minister of State may be allowed to have audience with the Emperor at the Imperial Palace.It is very difficult to relay messages in writing or by supernumerary government officials and it may well ruin the opportunity to accomplish important duties.
Japanese: 御仮床又は入御之節は、国務大臣御内儀に於て拝謁被仰付事　但書面又は出仕等の伝奏にては到底事情を難尽、為めに機務を処理するに於て往々機会を失する虞有之候事
English: In the political situation after Toshimichi OKUBO died, the confrontation was going on between Meiji government with Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO and Minister of the Right Tomomi IWAKURA as leaders, and Councilors Hirobumi ITO and Shigenobu OKUMA as supporters, and the members of Freedom and People's Rights Movement, but there was a big problem within the Meiji government.
Japanese: 大久保利通死後の政局は、太政大臣三条実美・右大臣岩倉具視を擁して参議である伊藤博文・大隈重信らが支える明治政府と自由民権運動の対峙で推移していたが、明治政府の中では大きな問題が存在していた。
English: The Imperial Household Ministry was divided by the difference in policy course into the Imperial Court side, centering on jiho (an aide) who assisted and provided directions to the Emperor Meiji, and Dajokan (Grand Council of State) side, who managed practical affairs.
Japanese: 宮内省において明治天皇の補佐・指導を担当する侍補を中心とした宮中側と政策の実務を行う太政官の間で路線対立が生じたからである。
English: The Imperial Court side insisted that the Emperor Meiji should pursue the direct imperial rule as an oriental autocrat based on Confucianism and had provided the Emperor Meiji with the study to become an emperor accordingly.
Japanese: 宮中側は明治天皇が儒教に基づいた東洋的な専制君主として「天皇親政」を行うべきであると主張し、明治天皇への帝王教育もその路線で行ってきた。
English: This contradicted with the policy of Dajokan who hoped to put the Emperor at the center of a modern state as an western constitutional monarch in the future.
Japanese: これは将来的には天皇を西洋的な立憲君主として近代国家の中枢に据えようとする太政官の方針と矛盾したものであった。
English: So Iwakura and Ito eliminated the position of jiho to eradicate the course of direct imperial rule but the Emperor Meiji himself sided with jiho such as Nagazane MOTODA and Takayuki SASAKI, treating them as his private brains, and tried to realize their ideal monarch.
Japanese: このため、岩倉や伊藤らは侍補を廃止して親政路線を停止しようと図ったが、明治天皇自身が元田永孚・佐々木高行ら侍補に心を寄せて彼らを私的なブレーンとして遇し、彼らが期待する君主像を実現させようと試みた。
English: On March 10, 1879, the Emperor Meiji published 'Imperial Thoughts on Diligence and Thriftiness' to criticize the government's financial policy and also ordered Motoda to write 'Imperial Thoughts on Education' to criticize its education policy.
Japanese: 1879年3月10日、明治天皇が「勤倹の聖旨」を公布して政府の財政路線を批判し、続いて元田に「教学聖旨」を執筆させて教育政策を批判した。
English: While Ito and others attempted to change the relationship between the Emperor and the Imperial court, Sanjo and Iwakura were disinclined to completely suppress the power of Imperial court side including Motoda and Sasaki, in fear that their own status defended by the lineage of court noble would be undermined by the rapid establishment of constitutionalism, and they even cooperated with the Imperial court side to put pressure on the Dajokan side over the problem of the issuance of foreign bonds in the closing days of Okuma finance.
Japanese: 伊藤らは天皇と宮中側の関係を改めさせようとしたが、急速に立憲制が確立することで公家出身の門地に依存してきた自分の地位が危うくなることを危惧した三条や岩倉は、元田や佐々木らの宮中側勢力を完全に抑えることには消極的で、大隈財政末期の外債発行問題などでは宮中側と連携して太政官側を動かそうとする動きも見せたのである。
English: Ito started to improve such situation after Iwakura died and he was inaugurated as the Minister of Imperial Households in 1884.
Japanese: 伊藤がこうした状況の改善を試み始めたのは、岩倉が没した後の1884年に伊藤自らが宮内卿に就任した後であった。
English: Immediately after his inauguration, however, the Emperor began rejecting audiences with government officials for health reasons.
Japanese: だが、直後に天皇が「病気」を理由に伊藤ら政府要人との謁見を拒む出来事が発生した。
English: Ito was shocked to know that the reason of Emperor's rejection to return to public service was because the Emperor was upset about the informal appointment of Arinori MORI, a Christian, as Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) which he thought was a neglect of his 'Imperial Thoughts on Education', and that the appointment was reported to the Emperor by the close advisers in the Imperial court before the government.
Japanese: ところが、その背景にキリスト教の信奉者である森有礼が文部省御用掛に内定したことを天皇が「教学聖旨」を無視したものと不快感を示して公務への復帰を拒んでいたことが明らかとなり、しかもそれが政府が報告するよりも先に宮中の側近達から天皇に対して報告されていたことに伊藤は衝撃を受けたのである。
English: Ito immediately explained that the appointment of Mori was not to Christianize Japan, but it took the Emperor two months to accept his words and return to duty, which obstructed state services.
Japanese: 伊藤はただちに森任命の意図は日本のキリスト教化を意図したものではないと釈明したものの、天皇がこれを受け入れて復帰するまでに2ヶ月もかかり、国務にも支障を来たしたのであった。
English: After that, Ito introduced the cabinet system and took the position of Prime Minister by himself as well as that of the Imperial Households Minister.
Japanese: その後、伊藤は内閣制度を導入して自ら初代内閣総理大臣と宮内大臣を兼務する。
English: Ito explained to the Emperor that the introduction of constitutional monarchy and other Western systems and products of culture would not hurt the Emperor's authority, and in order to mediate between the Emperor and bureaucrats, he communicated to bureaucrats Emperor's questions and dissatisfaction about their works.
Japanese: 伊藤は天皇に対して立憲君主制など西洋の制度・文物を導入することが天皇の権威を損ねるものではないことを説く一方で、天皇が閣僚の仕事ぶりに疑問や不満を抱いた時にはその意向を閣僚に伝え、時には天皇と閣僚の仲裁にあたった。
English: Although he cut direct ties between the Emperor and his trusted close advisors in the Imperial court by assigning them to Imperial court councilor under the jurisdiction of Minister of the Imperial Households, he showed his respect for the Emperor and the close advisors' royalty for the Emperor by continuously treating Motoda, who gained both domestic and international prestige as a scholar of the Chinese classics, as the private advisor to the Emperor and by conferring the dignity of a peerage to other close advisors.
Japanese: また、天皇の信頼する宮中側近を宮内大臣の管轄下の宮中顧問官に任じて天皇との直接的な関係を絶ったものの、漢学者として内外の信望の厚い元田を引き続き天皇の私的顧問として遇し、他の側近には爵位を与えて天皇と彼らの天皇への忠誠心を尊重する姿勢も見せた。
English: Under such circumstance, the Emperor gradually accommodated Ito's policies and principles, for example, he no longer rejected the introduction of western protocols to the Imperial court which he would have shown negative response.
Japanese: こうした中で天皇も次第に伊藤の政策や方針を受け入れるようになり、以前は拒否反応を示していた宮中への欧米様式の儀礼導入にも反対しないようになった。
English: Kimu rokujo' was proposed by Ito in such surroundings to stipulate the relationship between the Emperor and the cabinet, whose contents the Emperor accepted with only a few conditions.
Japanese: そうした中で伊藤は天皇と内閣の関係を位置づけるために提案したのが「機務六条」であり、天皇も多少の条件を付けたのみで内容そのものは受け入れたのである。
English: In Dajokan days, (although there were only few actual cases,) the Emperor could attend cabinet meetings basically anytime he wished and was free to say his opinion, but the Article 1 confirmed that the Emperor would not attend the cabinet meeting unless requested by the Prime Minister and recognized the Prime Minister as the host of the cabinet meeting.
Japanese: 第1条では、太政官時代には（実際の事例は少ないものの）原則として天皇はいつでも閣議に臨御して自由に意見を述べることが出来たが、今後は総理大臣の要請がない限りは閣議には加わらないことになり、総理大臣が閣議の主宰者であることを確認した。
English: The Article 2 limited Emperor's national political advisors to the ministers and the vice-ministers having jurisdiction over the issues in question (Motoda was an exception but he was effectively forbidden to talk about other than education, his specialty, or Emperor's private problems).
Japanese: 第2条では、天皇の国政に関する顧問は所管大臣と次官に限定した（元田の存在は例外であったが、専門の教育問題や天皇の個人的な問題以外での発言は事実上封じられることになった）。
English: Article 3 and 4 won assurance that the Emperor would not reject ceremonies depending on his likes and dislikes.
Japanese: 第3条・第4条では、天皇が好き嫌いで儀式を拒絶したりしないことの確約を得た。
English: Article 5 and 6 stipulated, with due considerations to Emperor's health which was far from robust, that the Emperor would not immoderately reject audiences with ministers and other duties for health reason which would disrupt the flow of public service, to prevent national services from being affected (This placed importance in avoiding such situation as the Emperor would refuse to return to public service as was seen upon the appointment of Arinori MORI as Goyogakari).
Japanese: 第5条・第6条では決して壮健とは言い難い天皇の体調に配慮しつつも、健康問題を理由としてむやみに大臣との謁見を拒んだり、公務を滞らせる事態を最低限に留めて国務への影響を防ぐこととした（特に森有礼の御用掛任命の際の公務復帰拒否のような事態を防止する点が重要視された）。
English: After 'Kimu rokujo' came into practice, the Emperor proactively engaged himself in behaving as a constitutional monarch, for example, he started to meet directly with bureaucrats to ask about policies and also to accept the audiences with diplomatic corps which he would have been reluctant for fear of 'foreigners'.
Japanese: 「機務六条」が定められて以後、天皇は閣僚と直接謁見して政策について下問したりするようになり、また以前は「外国人」に対する恐怖から渋りがちだった外交団との謁見にも応じるなど、天皇自らが立憲君主としての振る舞いを積極的に行うようになった。
English: Thereafter, the Emperor Meiji eventually ceased to directly participate in the Cabinet's policy discussions unless requested by the cabinet to hold a conference in the presence of the Emperor, and clarified his position as a constitutional monarch.
Japanese: 以後、明治天皇は御前会議などの内閣の要請がない限りは、内閣の政策に直接参与することは次第になくなり、立憲君主としての立場を明確にするようになる。
English: The above-mentioned relationship between the Emperor and the cabinet was taken over by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Cabinet Organization Order almost in the same form.
Japanese: この天皇と内閣との関係は大日本帝国憲法・内閣官制においてもほぼそのまま引き継がれることになる。
English: The both sides established a strong mutual trust, respecting Ito as the leading figure of the Meiji government, despite their differences in opinion about the launch of Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO).
Japanese: また、伊藤を明治政府の中心的人物として重んじるようになり、立憲政友会結党の際に意見の相違はあったものの、両者の間に強い信頼関係を形成することになった。
English: Koshogumi (page corps) was an organization in the Edo bakufu and one of the bankata which took charge in the military affairs.
Japanese: 小姓組（こしょうくみ）とは、江戸幕府の組織で、軍事を司る番方のひとつ。
English: A similar organizations were called Gobankata (including koshogumi, shoinban [the castle guards], Shinban [New Guard], Oban [a group of guards in the Edo shogunate], Kojunin [Escort Guard]), in which koshogumi and shoinban were collectively called ryoban.
Japanese: 同様の組織として五番方（小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人）があり、小姓組はその中でも両番（小姓組、書院番）に含まれている。
English: It was established in November, 1606 and six people were appointed as Banto (heads of the group), namely Tadamoto MIZUNO, Masafuyu KUSAKABE, Masatake NARUSE, Noritaka OKUBO, Masanari INOUE, and Shigemune ITAKURA.
Japanese: 慶長11年(1606年)11月に設立され、水野忠元・日下部正冬・成瀬正武・大久保教隆・井上正就・板倉重宗の六人を番頭とした。
English: Their duty was in the wartime to serve as 直掩備 and cavalry for Shogun under the troops of hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun), and in the peacetime to guard of Shogun in the castle.
Japanese: 任務は戦時は旗本部隊に於いて将軍の直掩備・騎馬隊の任に就き、平時は城内の将軍警護に就く。
English: Together with shoinban, it was a kind of bodyguard in nature, so qualifications to become a Banshi (a samurai serving as a guard in the Edo period) were limited based on the Kakaku (family status) and post of his father.
Japanese: 書院番とともに親衛隊的性格を持つため、番士になる資格が家格や親の役職などで制限されていた。
English: Therefore, the status of Banshi was regarded as higher than the other bankata, thus the Banshi was likely to get higher post.
Japanese: そのため番士の格が他の番方より高いとみられ、その後も高い役職に就くことが多かった。
English: Kaechi was a political matter that essentially mere paperwork for the shogunate or feudal lord enacting the transfer.
Japanese: 政治が絡む替地は、施行する幕府・領主にあっては、単なる事務処理に過ぎない。
English: But for the people making their living on that plot of land, kaechi was a major event that often rode roughshod over their time-honored traditions.
Japanese: しかし、その土地で生活をする領民にとっては、永年の慣行をも無視される重大事件であった。
English: Seven years after Yoshiaki KATO, domainal lord of Iyo-Matsuyama domain, had his fief relocated, Tadatomo GAMO, who succeeded him as lord of the domain, died suddenly in Kyoto while on the way to Edo under the system of alternate attendance.
Japanese: 伊予松山藩主加藤嘉明転封の7年後、次の藩主蒲生忠知が参勤交代の途中、京都で急逝。
English: As Tadatomo had died heirless, on the eleventh day of the eighth month of 1634 the Edo bakufu (shogunate) confiscated Matsuyama castle (in Iyo Province) and the surrounding territory.
Japanese: 嗣子なく1634年（寛永11年）8月11日、松山城(伊予国)地は江戸幕府の没収するところになった。
English: Yasuoki KATO became the castellan of the castle, and while serving as the castellan, Kato, who also was the governor of Dewa province, Kato requested a kaechi (exchange of land) between scattered landholdings of Ozu domain in the Kazehaya and Kuwamura districts and a portion of the Iyo-Matsuyama territory, to which the bakufu granted official permission in the eighth month of 1636.
Japanese: 城在番は加藤泰興になり、城在番中に出羽ノ守は風早郡・桑村郡のうちの大洲市領は飛び地のため、伊予国松山領の一部と替地を申し出、1636年（寛永13年）8月に幕府が公許した。
English: As a result of this kaechi, seventeen villages from the Iyo district and twenty from the Ukena district of the Matsuyama territory were transferred into the Ozu domain.
Japanese: 松山市領地の伊予郡17村・浮穴郡20村が大洲藩の領地に替わったのである。
English: On the occasion of the kaechi, the shogunal envoys Katsutaka MATSUDAIRA and Genzaemon Kichiji SONE passed a verbal message to the residents of the transferred territory, saying "As for any issues concerning the terrain (literally "mountains and rivers"), they shall be the same as before."
Japanese: 替地にあたり、幕府の上使松平勝隆・曽根源左衛門吉次から、領民等に対して「山川諸事先規の通り」と言う申し渡しがなされてはいた。
English: Chief among such problems were, for farmers, disputes over common farming areas on hills and the Tobe Disturbance, while problems for fishermen included the Ajiro (wickerwork) Disturbance over ocean fishing rights.
Japanese: 入会山紛争、砥部騒動をはじめ諸農民問題、海上漁業権に関する網代騒動などがあった。
English: Europeanism is a policy (a policy of Europeanization) which the Meiji Government implemented to make an impression on Western countries by modernizing Japan, that is to say, by Europeanizing Japanese things, regulations, folkways, and customs in Japan in 1880s, and an active movement of thought and folkways of the times related to the policy.
Japanese: 欧化主義（おうかしゅぎ）とは、1880年代の日本において、明治政府が日本の文物・制度・風俗・習慣をヨーロッパ風にして欧米諸国に日本の近代化を認めてもらおうとして採った政策（欧化政策）とこれに関連して盛んに行われた思潮・風俗の動き。
English: They, led by Kaoru INOUE, Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry, the later Minister of Foreign Affairs [in Japan]), attempted to get recognized as part of civilized nations, regarded as subject to international law by Europeanizing Japanese culture in tandem with work on the compilation of a legal code such as The Constitution of Japan to achieve the revision of a treaty.
Japanese: 外務卿（後の外務大臣(日本)）井上馨を中心として条約改正の実現のために、憲法などの法典編纂と並行して、日本の文化をヨーロッパ風にすることで彼らが国際法の適用対象として見なす文明国の一員であることを認めさせようとしたのである。
English: INOUE himself acted as host to Rokumeikan and held rites and festivals such as an evening party gathering the peerages, high officials of the government, and the diplomacy corps.
Japanese: 井上自らが鹿鳴館の主人役を務め、華族・政府高官・外交団を集めて夜会などの行事を日夜開いた。
English: It was also planned to build a large-scale authority's town like the Prussian Kingdom in Hibiya though it did not come off.
Japanese: また、実現はしなかったものの、日比谷にプロシア王国風の大規模な官庁街を建設する構想が打ち立てられている。
English: Additionally, concerning a cultural aspect, activities of 'improvement' were actively addressed by the government and the people in harmony, and the 'Romaji Club' (supporting the use of Romaji [Roman alphabet]) by Ryokichi YATABE and Masakazu TOYAMA, and the 'Engeki Kairyo Kai' (Society for Theatre Reform) by Eichi SHIBUSAWA and Arinori MORI were set up in 1883, and another thing, a movement for creating academic societies became popular to imitate Europe and America.
Japanese: また、文化面でも「改良」運動が官民ぐるみで盛んになり、1883年に矢田部良吉・外山正一による「羅馬字会」や同じく渋沢栄一・森有礼による「演劇改良会」が結成され、また欧米を真似て学会を創設する動きも盛んになった。
English: In a very real sense, a background of a continuous policy of Europeanization was not merely 'the adoration of foreign countries' but also the measurable situation of the times, in which the Meiji Government felt a so srtong sense of danger for Japan's international status being extremely low at the time, that they could not take time to choose the means for improvement.
Japanese: 実は一連の欧化政策の背景を単なる「外国崇拝」ではなく、当時の極端に低い日本の国際的地位に明治政府が危機感を抱き、そのための手段を選ぶ余裕すらなかったという当時の状況を無視することは出来ない。
English: Kaoru INOUE actually noticed the fact that Japanese were treated as 'exotic beasts' as half undeveloped species judged from the appearances in Europe as he visited there many times (in fact, the early study of Japan in Europe and America fell into the categories of cultural anthropology and ethnology, and they were considered as the research object as the different race).
Japanese: 井上馨は度々ヨーロッパを視察して、現地では日本人が「見た目」によって半未開の人種として実は「珍獣扱い」されているという事実に気づいていた（事実、欧米での初期日本研究は文化人類学・民族学の範疇に属しており、自分たちとは違う人種として研究対象とされていたのである）。
English: INOUE and Hirobumi ITO found the truth that Japanese could not be recognized as a respectable partner of diplomatic negotiations until they showed the people abroad that they kept the same level of culture as Europe and America to avoid such treatment.
Japanese: 井上と伊藤博文らは日本人がこうした扱いから免れるようになるためには、欧米と同じ文化水準である事を海外に示さない限りはまともな外交交渉の相手としても認められないという事実に気づいていたのである。
English: Erwin von Bälz wrote that he was refuted by ITO's opinion, "Japanese women may be 'treated like dolls' without being seen as human beings by Wetern people as they appears wearing wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes like kimono)" when he retorted about Europeanizing women's costume.
Japanese: エルヴィン・フォン・ベルツが伊藤に婦人の服装の洋式化に対して反対意見を述べた際に、伊藤は「日本女性が和服で現れると、欧米人は彼女達を人間扱いせずに"御人形さん扱い"するではないか」と反論されたことを書き記している。
English: However, in practice, the public estimation of Japan in Western countries obviously changed after the policy of Europeanization.
Japanese: また、実際問題として欧米での日本に対する評価が明らかに欧化政策を境に変わっていった。
English: In 1882, Shuzo AOKI, who had accompanied Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito visiting Europe, sent a letter to ITO to tell him that he felt resentful about the cold shoulder the Imperial Prince received at the place where they stayed in, different from the treatment of a member of other European royal family, and on the other hand, in 1886, Yoshitane SANNOMIYA, who had traveled with Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito spending time in Europe, also sent a letter to ITO to let him know that he was moved by the kind treatment same as a member of the other European royal family where they stopped by.
Japanese: 1882年に有栖川宮熾仁親王のヨーロッパ訪問に同行した青木周蔵が、伊藤に対して親王が訪問先で他の欧州王室の一員と違った冷遇を受けた事への憤慨を記した手紙を送っているが、1886年に小松宮彰仁親王のヨーロッパ訪問に同行した三宮義胤が、伊藤に対して訪問先で他の欧州王室の一員と同様の礼遇を受けた事への感慨を記した手紙を送っている。
English: At the same time, this movement of Europeanization later made a fat target for attacks by right and left wings of an antigovernment party as it was domestically considered as 'aristocratic-ism' or 'Europeanization from above,' under the oppression of Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and under the circumstance of the serious deflation caused by the Matsukata Finance.
Japanese: だが、自由民権運動の弾圧、松方財政による深刻なデフレーションの状況下でのこの欧化の動きは国内的には「貴族主義的」あるいは「上からの欧化」と見られてやがて左右の反政府派の攻撃の格好の標的となった。
English: The party of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement accused of the government's claiming on the 'economic difficulties' though they spent taxes for Rokumeikan siphoned off from the people on unnecessary expenses.
Japanese: 自由民権派は鹿鳴館をもって民衆から搾り取った税金を冗費にあてているのに「財政難」と主張していると非難した。
English: People of the Minyusha (Friends of the Nation) including Soho TOKUTOMI, who insisted on Heimin Shugi (commoner-ism), advocated the 'Europeanization from below' by criticizing 'Aristocratic Europeanism' for being nonproductive.
Japanese: 平民主義を唱える民友社の徳富蘇峰らは「貴族的欧化主義」では何も生み出さないと批判して「下からの欧化」を唱えた。
English: Furthermore, nationalists such as the conservatives of the Imperial Court or Setsurei MIYAKE of Seikyo-sha also attacked the government by adding the criticism for treaty revision negotiation such as hiring foreign judges INOUE proceeded with, and people around Sanetomi SANJO known as the Minister of the Interior (including Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, Hisamoto HIJIKATA, and Saburo OZAKI) or even Kowashi INOUE and Tateki TANI, who were the important persons of the government, joined them.
Japanese: 更に宮中の保守派や政教社の三宅雪嶺らを中心とした国粋主義者も井上が進める外国人裁判官の起用といった条約改正交渉に対する批判も加えて政府を攻撃し、これに内大臣三条実美の周辺（東久世通禧・土方久元・尾崎三良ら）や政府の要人である井上毅や谷干城までが乗ったのである。
English: In addition, even a rumor went around that government officials sexually assaulted women in the fancy ball (according to the record of Michitsune MISHIMA) because they were accused of holding a costume ball in the prime minister's official residence on April 20 despite the death of Imperial Princess Shizuko HISANOMIYA on April 4, 1887, (in fact, they merely let a venue for the dance at the request of the minister to Britain), and were also accused of taking place Tenran Kabuki (Kabuki the royal family attend to watch) in the house of Kaoru INOUE on April 26.
Japanese: 更に1887年4月4日に久宮静子内親王が亡くなったにも関わらず、4月20日に首相官邸で仮装舞踏会を開催（ただし、実際は駐英公使の依頼により会場を貸しただけであった）し、4月26日に井上馨邸で天覧歌舞伎が行われた事に対する非難から、仮装舞踏会では政府高官による婦女暴行が行われているという風説（三島通庸の記録より）まで飛んだのである。
English: Although it was a simply baseless political aspersion on ITO who conducted the compilation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as a prime minister, the conservatives or Minkenha (a group for democratic movement) made active use of such rumor as materials for attacks on the First Ito Cabinet.
Japanese: これは大日本帝国憲法の編纂作業を指揮していた内閣総理大臣である伊藤に対する根拠のない政治的な中傷であったが、こうした風説でも保守派や民権派は第1次伊藤内閣攻撃の材料として積極的に活用した。
English: Consequently, the critical situation of ITO himself or his Cabinet then was called 'the crisis in Meiji 20' (in 1887)
Japanese: このため、この時の伊藤及び内閣の危機的状況を「明治20年の危機」とも呼ばれている。
English: ITO cleaned things up by replacing TANI and INOUE with Shigenobu OKUMA and Kiyotaka KURODA under unavoidable circumstances.
Japanese: こうした事態を受けて伊藤はやむなく谷と井上を更迭して大隈重信と黒田清隆を入閣させて事態の収拾を図った。
English: Nevertheless, after OKUBO, who stayed on as foreign minister in the following KURODA Cabinet, had failures in the revision of a treaty as he encountered terrorist explosions, Europeanism declined in an instant and Nationalism gained power.
Japanese: だが、次の黒田内閣でも外務大臣に留任した大隈が爆弾テロに遭遇して条約改正に失敗すると、たちまち欧化主義は衰退し、対外硬派に支えられた国粋主義が台頭することになる。
English: Having said that, however, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan had already been established then and Japan's international status was gradually getting high without depending on a shell of 'Europeanization.'
Japanese: もっともこの時には既に大日本帝国憲法が制定されており、見かけだけの「欧化」に依存しなくても日本の国際社会における地位は少しずつ上昇に向かっていたのである。
English: The Japan-Austria Treaty of Amity and Commerce was an agreement concluded between Japan and Austria/Hungarian empire on October 18, 1869.
Japanese: 日墺修好通商航海条約（にちおうしゅうこうつうしょうこうかいじょうやく）とは、日本とオーストリア＝ハンガリー帝国との間で1869年10月18日（明治2年9月14日(旧暦)）に締結された条約。
English: At the same time, it was said to be the achievement of an unfair treaty against Japan by western powers.
Japanese: だが同時に、欧米列強による日本に対する不平等条約の集大成とも言われている。
English: The abbreviation 'kyo,' which stands for Hungary, is sometimes added to the title of the treaty and is read, 'Nichioukyo' (Japan/Austria/Hungary).
Japanese: なお、ハンガリーの略表記である「洪（きょう）」を加えて「日墺洪（にちおうきょう）～」と表記する場合もある。