nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A second-rank policeman in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (due to death in action while staying on guard for Minister Resident Yoshimoto HANABUSA: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
Japanese: 外務省二等巡査(事由弁理公使花房義質を護衛中戦死：明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
English: Shohachiro TOYA A second-rank policeman in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882)
Japanese: 遠矢庄八朗外務省二等巡査(事由戦死：明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀)
English: A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action; fell on his own sword after getting two severe wounds when he was cut twice from one shoulder down to his opposite armpit: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 1, 1882)
Japanese: 私費語学生(事由袈裟かけに2箇所重症を負い自刃す戦死：明治15年11月1日靖国神社合祀)
English: A language student studying at his own expense (due to death in action: enshrined at the Yasukuni-jinja Shrine on November 2, 1882, one-thousand and five-hundred yen was given to his family to support them.)
Japanese: 私費語学生(戦死：明治15年11月2日靖国神社合祀扶助料千五百圓を賜う)
English: In August 1882, Daewongun was taken to Qing, and was confined in Tianjin City after a hearing by Li Hongzhang.
Japanese: 大院君は清に連行され、李鴻章による査問会の後、天津市に幽閉された(1882年8月)。
English: Officers such as Jeong Hyeon-deok, Jo Ta-ha, Heo Kon, and Jang Sun-gil, and Confucian scholars such as Pak Nak-kwan, Gim Jang-son, Jeong Eui-gil, Gang Myeong-jun, Hong Cheon-seok, Yu Bok-kal, Heo Min-dong, Yun Sang-yong and Jeong Ssang-gil were executed by slow slicing for having committed the crimes of 'high treason and lèse-majesté'.
Japanese: 「大逆不道罪」で、官吏である鄭顕徳・趙妥夏・許焜・張順吉、儒学者の白楽寛、金長孫・鄭義吉・姜命俊・洪千石・柳朴葛・許民同・尹尚龍・鄭双吉は凌遅刑により処刑された。
English: After the metric system was adopted in Japan, 1 sho was set at 1.8039 liters in 1891.
Japanese: 日本では、メートル法採用後の1891年（明治24年）に、リットルを基準にして1升を1.8039リットルと定めた。
English: In People's Republic of China, 1 sho (also called as sheng in pinyin) is equalized with 1 liter, and the liter as the unit of the International Unit System (SI) is also written as 'sho' (升) in a Chinese character.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国では、1升＝1リットルと定義し、また、SI単位としてのリットルにも「升」の字を宛てている。
English: To make a simple distinction, the Chinese sho is called sheng (private sho), and the international sho is called kosho (public sho), but usually, they are both simply called sho because they have the same quantity (refer to the article of Shizhi [Chinese System of Measurement]).
Japanese: 一応区別のために、前者を市升、後者を公升と称するが、同じ値であることから単に升と呼ばれることが多い（市制(単位系)も参照）。
English: At that time, the volume of 1 sho was about 200 milliliters, roughly a 10th of the present 1 sho.
Japanese: 当時の升は200ミリリットル程度、現在の升の10分の1程度であった。
English: As times went by, the size of 1 sho became larger, and at present, the quantity of 1 sho is roughly 10 times the size of the original.
Japanese: それが時代とともに大きくなっていき、現在は元々の量の10倍程度になっている。
English: Because of this origin, the character 升 came to represent 'masu' (a square, wooden measuring cup), and also sho, which is the unit of the volume measured with the masu, and in addition, it now represents the Japanese verb 'noboru' (means 'rise'), which came from the act of scooping something up with a ladle.
Japanese: そこから量を量る「枡」の意味、およびそれによって量られる容積の単位を意味するようになった（これとは別に、柄杓で物を掬い上げることから「のぼる」の意味もある）。
English: In later years, to make a distinction, masu became written as '枡' by attaching the left radical of tree (木) to '升,' but in reality, the distinction between 升 and 枡 seems to have been not so strict.
Japanese: 後に容器の方は「升」に木篇をつけて「枡」と書き分けるようになったが、実際にはあまり区別されていなかったようである。
English: As previously mentioned, the masu was not made to measure the unit of sho, but the 'sho' was defined by the existing masu to measure.
Japanese: 上述のように、1升という量があってそれを量る枡が作られたのではなく、先に物を量る枡が定められ、その量が「升」と定められた。
English: In China, 1 sho was roughly the same as today's 1 go in the ancient times, and it became roughly the same as today's 3 go in the age of the Tang Dynasty, and around when the unit was introduced into Japan, it became roughly the same as today's 4 go.
Japanese: 古代中国における1升は現代の1合程度であったが、唐代には3合程度になり、日本に伝わるころには4合程度になっていた。
English: Japan introduced the sho of the Tang Dynasty, and established both the unit of daisho (larger sho) that had the volume of about 0.71 liters (about 0.4 size of the new kyomasu [masu mainly used in Kyoto]) and the unit of shomasu (smaller sho) that had the volume of about 0.24 liters (a third of daisho, and about a 10th size of the new kyomasu), a theory says.
Japanese: 日本では、当時の唐の升を導入し、大升を約0.71リットル（新京升の約0.4倍）、その3分の1の小升を約0.24リットル（同0.1倍）としたとの説がある。
English: Including this, there exist various theories, thought out by scholars in the Edo and other periods, about how much the volume of 1 sho really was in the Nara period, and all of them were just the speculation, merely based on the depiction seen in the penal and administrative law of the period, and on the Chinese system of weights and measures.
Japanese: 以上を含め奈良時代の升量については、江戸時代の学者によるものをはじめ各種の説があるが、いずれも律や令の記述と中国の度量衡制度からの推定に過ぎなかった。
English: Exceptionally, however, Goichi SAWADA took a different approach of measuring the size of a granary in the Nara period, and found that 1 koku (a unit) then had 2800 cubic sun (寸; a Japanese traditional unit of length).
Japanese: しかし、澤田吾一は、奈良時代の穀倉の大きさから割り出し、当時の1石として2,800立方寸を得た。
English: 1 sho at that time was converted into 0.4 sho with today's standard ("the numerical study of the economy under the civil administration in the Nara period," written by Goichi SAWADA, republished by Kashiwashobo Co., Ltd.).
Japanese: 当時使われていた尺度から現在の升量に換算すると、当時の1升は現升の0.4升に当たる（澤田吾一『奈良朝時代民政経済の数的研究』、復刻柏書房）。
English: As Ritsuryo system (the system of the centralized regime based on the ritsuryo code) broke down, local provinces, later, local manors, began to use sho of their own.
Japanese: 律令制の崩壊につれ、各国、後に各地の荘園で勝手な升が使われるようになった。
English: Emperor Gosanjo enforced the reorganization of manors, and as a part of it, in 1072 he officially established a masu, which would be called Enkyu senji-masu (the standard masu set by the imperial order in the Enkyu era [1069 to 1074]) in later days.
Japanese: 後三条天皇は荘園整理を断行し、その一環として1072年、後に延久宣旨枡（せんじます）と呼ばれる公定の升を定めた。
English: Several records have descriptions of the volume, such as, with today's standard, 0.6270 sho (in "Irohajirui-sho" [a dictionary written by Tadakane TACHIBANA in the Heian period]), 0.8223 sho (in "the endorsement of a request about a fief of Moriyoshi AZUMA"), and 0.4932 sho (in "Junhai" [a document in Kamakura period]) (according to "the study of the history of quantitative system in Japanese medieval age," written by Keigo HOGETSU, published by Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. in 1961).
Japanese: 文献的には現升の0.6270（『伊呂波字類抄』）、0.8223（『東盛義所領注文案裏書』）、0.4932（『潤背』）とする記録が残されている（寶月圭吾『中世量制史の研究』、昭和36年、吉川弘文館）。
English: Hogetsu says 0.6270 sho in "Irohajirui-sho" is most trustworthy.
Japanese: 寶月はこのうち『伊呂波字類抄』による0.6270を最も信憑性の高い数値としている。
English: "Junhai," written in the last days of the Kamakura period, says that it was a masu with 4 sun square and 2 sun depth (32 cubic sun) and had 0.81 liters, which was 0.45 times of new kyomasu, however, it is considered to be unreliable since the book says it was made by 'Kanji senji' (the imperial order in Kanji era [1087 to 1094]) which was clearly contrary to the fact that the senji-masu was established in the Enkyu era.
Japanese: 縦横4寸、深さ2寸（32立方寸）の枡で、0.81リットル、新京枡の0.45倍の容積とするのは、鎌倉末期に成立した『潤背』によるものであり、これは本文で「寛治宣旨」となっており、延久年間に宣旨升が出されたことに明らかに反しており、信用できないとする。
English: However, some scholars adopt the theory of Junhai, saying that the masu in the Kanji era should have restored the ancient system ("the illustrated dictionary of units' history," written by Kesakatsu KOIZUMI, published by Kashiwashobo Co., Ltd.).
Japanese: ただ、古制を復古したはずだとする説によってこれを採用する研究者もいる（小泉袈裟勝『図解単位の歴史辞典』、柏書房）。
English: The Hogetsu's amount of 0.6270 sho is calculated with the standard kane-jaku (a carpenter's iron square) which was used commonly in medieval Japan, however "Irohajirui-sho" was compiled by the late Heian period at the latest when ritsuryo-jaku (the length measure established under the Ritsuryo system) was 0.97 times of the length of the kane-jaku, that is, it was 0.5722 sho in present day.
Japanese: ただ、寶月による0.6270も尺度を中世に普遍的に使われた曲尺として計算しているが、『伊呂波字類抄』は遅くとも平安末期には成立していたので、律令尺は、曲尺の0.97に当たるので現升の0.5722升に当たるものと推定される。
English: Some documents were written about senji-masu (the standard masu set by the imperial order) from the late Heian period until around the late Kamakura period, in Kyoto, Kanto, and Kyushu regions, but it is not clear to what extent the masu diffused.
Japanese: 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代末期ごろまで、京都から関東、九州まで宣旨升による文献が見いだされているが、どの程度普及したかは明かではない。
English: From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the authorization of senji-masu became rarely done, and instead, local provinces began to use masu of their own.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以降は宣旨枡の検定がほとんど行われなくなり、各地でその地域だけで通用する升が作られた。
English: But nevertheless, the energetic commerce naturally demanded the masu that could be commonly used in market.
Japanese: しかし、商業の活発化は、自ずと市場で共通する升を生み出すこととなった。
English: This masu for commerce, called mise-masu or machi-masu, seems to have been a bit smaller than new kyomasu, and to have had the volume similar to old kyomasu (according to the previously mentioned book written by Keigo HOGETSU).
Japanese: これが見世升とか町枡といわれる商業升であり、これは新京升よりやや小さく、古京升に近い量をもっていたと考えられる（寶月圭吾『前掲書』）。
English: According to "Tamonin Nikki" (The Diary compiled from 1478 to 1618 by Eishun and other Buddhist priests at Tamonin Temple), Kofuku-ji Temple officially established the standard masu in Nara, which had about 0.8 time the volume of new kyomasu and functioned in the market.
Japanese: 奈良においては､興福寺が標準となる升を公定していたため、新京枡の0.8程度の升が市場で使われていた（『多聞院日記』）。
English: This depiction is just about the then situation in Nara, so it is wrong to think that the situation was the same in Kyoto or other places all over Japan.
Japanese: これは、奈良における状況を示したものであり、これを京都もしくは全国にまで広げるのは誤りである。
English: When unification of the whole country was in process with the power of Nobunaga ODA and then Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, there was the need to standardize the masu used nationwide in common, because the standard of the masu (or sho) affected the amount of nengu (land tax) paid by farmers.
Japanese: 織田信長から豊臣秀吉へという全国統一の流れの中で、納める年貢の量に直結する「升」を量るための枡を全国共通のものにする必要が生じた。
English: In 1571, the historical document mentioning 'hansho' (the masu with 'kao' [written seal] of the publisher) appeared for the first time, and thereafter the depiction in the document about the 10 go masu became quite rare, which backs up the previously-mentioned official designation of the masu by Nobunaga.
Japanese: 元亀二年に「判枡」（発行者の花押を書いた枡）を利用する記述が初めて現れ、これ以降「十合枡」の記述が急減していくことから信長による升の公定が裏付けられる。
English: In November 1586, Gengo NAKABO, a local governor dispatched by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, prohibited the use of the masu that had been common until then in Nara, and enforced the use of a new masu.
Japanese: 天正14年10月、豊臣秀吉の代官中坊源五は、旧来奈良で使われていた升の使用を一切禁止し、新たな升の使用を義務づけた。
English: This new masu was used mainly in Kyoto at that time, so it was called kyomasu (literally, masu used in Kyoto).
Japanese: この新たな枡は、京都を中心に使われていた升であったことから京枡（きょうます）と呼ばれた。
English: Old kyomasu had 5 sun square, 2 sun and 5 bu (1 bu is a tenth of 1 sun) in width, with 62.5 cubic sun, and had the volume of 1.74 liters, that is, 0.964 size of new kyomasu.
Japanese: 古京枡は縦横5寸、深さ2寸5分で、62.5立方寸、容積は1.74リットル、新京升の0.964倍であった。
English: In 1669, Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) abolished edo-masu, which was used mainly in Edo and had the same volume as old kyomasu, and enforced the use of new kyomasu, which was a little larger than old kyomasu.
Japanese: 1669年、江戸幕府は、江戸を中心に使われていた江戸枡（古京枡と同じ量）を廃止し、古京枡より少し大きい新京升の採用を命じた。
English: The new kyomasu had 4 sun and 9 bu square, 2 sun and 7 bu in depth, and about 1.8039 liters in volume.
Japanese: 新京升は縦横4寸9分、深さ2寸7分、約1.8039リットルであった。
English: Edo bakufu, by reducing the length and the width by 1 bu while increasing the depth by 2 bu, wanted to trick the people into believing that the volume did not change, and the bakufu tried to conceal that the volume of the masu in real increased by about 3.7 percents, a theory says.
Japanese: 一説には、縦横が1分減り、深さが2分増えたのだから体積は変わらないと思わせて、実は体積が約3.7％増えているという策略であるとも言われる。
English: The uniformity of the volume was kept for about 300 years in the Edo period, because Edo bakufu strictly took control of the size of masu through 'masuza' (the masu guild) opened both in Edo and in Kyoto.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は江戸と京都に「枡座」を置いて枡の大きさを厳密に統制したので、江戸時代の約300年間大きさの統一が保たれた。
English: 1 sho measured with the new kyomasu with square of 49 bu times 27 bu in depth had the volume of 64,827 cubic bu, from 49 times 49 times 27.
Japanese: 新京升による1升は縦横49分、深さ27分であるので、49分×49分×27分64,827立方分となる。
English: In the Weights and Measures Act enacted after the ratification of the treaty of the meter, 1 shaku (a length unit) was set at 10 over 33 meter based on the metric system.
Japanese: メートル条約批准後に制定された度量衡法で、メートル法に基づいて1尺が(10/33)メートルと定められた。
English: 1 bu is a 100th shaku, so the volume of 1 sho is calculated by multiplying 64,827 of cube (10 over 33 times a 100th) times 3, that is, almost equal to 0.0018039 cubic meters, or almost equal to 1.8039 liters.
Japanese: 分は尺の100分の1であるので、1升=64,827立方分×（(10/33)（メートル/尺）×(1/100)（尺/分））3＝約0.0018039立方メートル(m3)＝約1.8039リットルとなった。
English: In 1959, the Measurement Act was enforced and the use of units other than the metric system was strictly prohibited, so sho ended in its official use.
Japanese: 1959年、計量法の施行によりメートル法以外の単位の使用は規制され、升は公式には使用されなくなった。
English: However, some kinds of alcohol, such as sake (Japanese liquor), are sold by the amount of 1.8 liters even today.
Japanese: ただし、今日でも日本酒などの一部の酒類は1.8リットル単位で取引されている。
English: In Japan, the glass bottle of the capacity of about 1.8 liters has been called 'Isshobin' (1 sho glass bottle) and it has been used for alcohol, cooking oil, soy sauce, and so on, but today, it tends to be replaced with the plastic bottle of the size other than 1.8 liters, so 1.8 liter glass bottle is, except for that for business use, fading away.
Japanese: 約1.8リットルの液体が入る瓶は「一升瓶」と呼ばれており、酒類の他、油脂食用油脂や醤油などにも用いられてきたが、近年はペットボトルに移行する傾向にあり、業務用のものを除き次第に廃れてきている。
English: 5 go is equal to a half of 1 sho (reads as 'hanjo' in Japanese), so Japanese people use this and pose a riddle how to read '2 masu 5 go,' and the answer is 'masu masu hanjo' (means 'more and more prosperous').
Japanese: また、5合は2分の1升にあたるため、「二升五合」を「ますますはんじょう（益々繁盛）」と判じ読みを行う。
English: On a teacup or something, they often write 'spring, summer, 2 masu 5 go, and winter' (no autumn), and these words read as 'akinai masu masu hanjo' (means 'business prospers more and more'), and the thing with these words is regarded as a good luck charm.
Japanese: しばしば、湯飲みなどに「春夏二升五合冬」と書いて、「商い（秋無い）益々繁盛」の縁起物とされる。
English: 1 to is equal to twice (reads as 'bai' in Japanese) 5 sho (reads as 'go sho' in Japanese), so Japanese people sometimes use this and do a wordplay how to read '1 to, 2 sho, and 5 go,' and the answer is 'goshobai masu masu hanjo' (means 'your business becomes more and more prosperous').
Japanese: また、1斗が5升の倍にあたることから、「一斗二升五合」と書き「五升倍升升半升」と解して「御商売益々繁盛」と洒落として読むこともある。
English: In Japan, 1 sho was set at 1.8039 liters in the Meiji period, so 1 to became 18.039 liters.
Japanese: 日本では、明治時代に1升＝1.8039リットルと定められたので、1斗＝18.039リットルとなる。
English: In China, 1 sho was set at 1 liter, so 1 to (dou in pinyin) became 10 liters.
Japanese: 中国では、1升＝1リットルと定められたので、1斗＝10リットルとなる。
English: However, the volume of to differs from time to time, and it tends to become larger as the time comes closer to today.
Japanese: ただし、時代によって異なり、時代が下るに連れ容積が大きくなる傾向にある。
English: In the age of the Later Han Dynasty, 1 to was reduced to 1.98 liters, but after that, the size continued to grow as 1 to was set at 2.02 liters in the age of the Wei and West Jin Dynasties, 5.94 liters in the age of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and was set at 10.74 liters, which was almost the same size as present, in the age of the Ming Dynasty.
Japanese: 後漢で1.98リットルに一度減るが、その後は魏(三国)・西晋で2.02リットル、隋・唐で5.94リットルなどと増え続け、明代には10.74リットルとほぼ現代と同じになった。
English: In Japan, the cuboid tin can of about 1 to volume was once called 'Ittokan' (can of 1 to).
Japanese: 約1斗の容積を持つ直方体形のブリキ缶は、日本ではかつて「一斗缶」と呼ばれていた。
English: After World War II, it was widely called as 'go-gallon kan' (can of 5 gallons), and later, it was formally renamed into 'Juhachi-liter kan' (can of 18 liters).
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後は「五ガロン缶」という名称が広まったが、後に「18リットル缶」が正式名称とされた。
English: The plastic tank for storing kerosene and other liquid (commonly called poli-tank [polystyrene tank]) was made as a replacement for Ittokan, of which volume is 1 to (18 liters) or a bit larger, 20 liters.
Japanese: 灯油などを入れるプラスチック製の容器（通称：ポリタンク）は一斗缶の代替として作られたものであり、その容積は1斗（18リットル）か、それより少し多い20リットルである。
English: Japan-Mexico Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation is a treaty concluded between Japan and Mexico on November 30, 1888.
Japanese: 日墨修好通商条約（にちぼくしゅうこうつうしょうじょうやく）とは、1888年11月30日に日本とメキシコの間で締結された条約。
English: It was the first equal treaty for Japan (with a non-Asian country), which did not include extraterritoriality but tariff autonomy, and the first treaty with an Asian country for Mexico.
Japanese: 日本にとっては初めての（アジア除く）（治外法権が無く、関税自主権のある）平等条約であり、メキシコにとってはアジアの国と初めて締結した条約であった。
English: It was negotiated between Munemitsu MUTSU, the Japanese plenipotentiary serving in Washington, D.C. at the time, and Romero, the Mexican Minister to the United States.
Japanese: 当時ワシントンD.C.在勤の日本全権陸奥宗光と、駐米メキシコ公使ロメロとの間で協議された。
English: Japan had unequal treaties, known as the Ansei Five-Power Treaties, that were imposed by the United States (the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan), the Netherlands (the Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity), Russia (the Treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan), Great Britain (the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty and the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce) and France (the Treaty of Peace and Amity between France and Japan), and had another one with Yi Dynasty Korea (the Treaty of Ganghwa, imposed by Japan) while the Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship was the only equal treaty that Japan had at the time.
Japanese: 当時は安政の五カ国条約として、アメリカ合衆国（日米和親条約、日米修好通商条約）、オランダ（日蘭和親条約）、ロシア（日露和親条約）、イギリス（日英和親条約、日英修好通商条約）、フランス（日仏和親条約）と不平等条約を、李氏朝鮮とは逆不平等条約（日朝修好条規、日本が有利）を結んでおり、平等条約は清と結んでいる日清修好条規のみだった。
English: The Japanese government was hoping to renegotiate the unequal treaties with the Western countries and solve the issues concerning extraterritoriality (consular jurisdiction) and tariff autonomy by concluding the first equal treaty with a non-Asian country as a precedent.
Japanese: 日本政府は治外法権（領事裁判権）、関税自主権の問題解決の足がかりとして、アジア以外の国の1つとまず対等条約を結び、それを前例として欧米諸国と再交渉することを考えていた。
English: Unexpectedly, Japan chose Mexico with which Japan had had a diplomatic relation before its national isolation with the aid of a governor-general of the Spanish-owned Philippines.
Japanese: 日本政府が白羽の矢を立てたのは、意外にも鎖国以前にスペイン領フィリピン総督を介して日本と外交実績のあるメキシコだった。
English: Mexico was also considering having a diplomatic exchange with Japan or Qing to start international trading with East Asia.
Japanese: ちょうどメキシコも、東アジアとの貿易の為に日本、または清と交流を持ちたいと思っていた矢先のことだった。
English: The Meiji Government offered a land for a diplomatic mission to Mexico in reward for the conclusion of the treaty.
Japanese: この平等条約締結の礼として、明治政府は1898年に在外公館の用地をメキシコに提供した。
English: The Chemulpo Treaty is a treaty concluded between Japan and Yi Dynasty Korea on August 30, 1882.
Japanese: 済物浦条約（さいもっぽじょうやく）とは、1882年8月30日に日本と李氏朝鮮の間で締結された条約。
English: The treaty was concluded to sort out the issues after the Imo (Jingo) Incident in which the Japanese diplomatic mission in Yi Dynasty Korea had been set fire.
Japanese: 壬午軍乱（壬午事変）での日本在外公館焼き討ち事件の事後処理の為に結ばれた。
English: The treaty stipulated the arrest and execution of the criminal of the incident, the solatium of 50, 000 yens and compensation of 500,000 yens for the bereaved families and the injured of the Japanese victims, the right of Japanese troops to station in Seoul Special City as guards for the legation, creation and repair of barracks at Korea's expense and the dispatch of envoys for an apology.
Japanese: 主な内容は、公使館襲撃事件の犯人の逮捕と処刑、日本側被害者の遺族、負傷者への見舞金5万円、損害賠償50万円、公使館護衛としてのソウル特別市での軍隊駐留権、兵営設置費・修理費の朝鮮側負担、謝罪使の派遣等である。
English: At the same time, adding to the Treaty of Ganghwa, Japan decided the expansion of their settlement, the addition of the market and the right of Japanese legation staff to tour in the Korean inland.
Japanese: また同時に日朝修好条規続約（追加条項）として、居留地の拡大、市場の追加、公使館員の朝鮮内地遊歴を認めさせた。
English: At first, Japan was demanding the cession of Geoje Island or Utsuryo Island, however, six days before the arrival of four warships and 1,500 soldiers led by Daitaicho (Battalion Chief) Masatake TERAUCHI, Qing had already subdued the rebellion and taken the initiative, and the United States of America had dispatched warships to put pressure on Japan, both of which led Yoshimoto HANABUSA, the Japanese Minister to Yi Dynasty Korea who was in charge of the negotiation, to change the original demands to the ones stipulated in the treaty, mediated by Jianzhong MA (a diplomatic secretary to Hung Chang LI, the captain of the army of Qing).
Japanese: 当初は巨済島または鬱陵島の割譲を要求していたが、軍艦4隻と寺内正毅大隊長が率いる兵1500人が到着する6日前に、既に清国が反乱を鎮圧し、主導権を握っていたことと、アメリカ合衆国が軍艦を派遣し威圧をかけてきた事から交渉担当の花房義質李氏朝鮮公使は方針を変更させ、馬建忠（在朝清軍の隊長李鴻章の外交秘書）の仲介を経て上記の内容に落ち着いた。
English: The imposition of the presence of Japanese troops on Yi Dynasty Korea was not only to prevent the next rebellion but also to warn against Qing that was asserting their suzerainty.
Japanese: 軍隊駐留権を認めさせたことは、暴動の再発防止の他に、宗主権を主張する清に対する牽制の意味合いもあった。
English: On July 18, 1885, the acting deputy chief at the Embassy TAKAHIRA confirmed the further effectivity of this treaty with official documents.
Japanese: これは1885年（明治18年）7月18日高平臨時代理公使の知照によって、以降も条約の有効性が確認されている。
English: Santo is a corrective term referring to the three largest cities, namely, Kyo, Osaka and Edo, out of those controlled under the direct administration of the shogunate during the Edo period.
Japanese: 三都（さんと）とは、江戸時代に江戸幕府直轄都市であった都市のうち、その規模が極めて大きかった京・大坂・江戸を指す。
English: Since the transfer of national capital to Kyoto (Heian-kyo) until the Muromachi period, the population in Kyoto is estimated to have ranged between a maximum of 200,000 and a minimum of 40,000, with sporadic fluctuations.
Japanese: 平安遷都以来室町時代まで京都は時期によって変動はあるものの、多い時で約20万人、少ない時で約4万人の間で推移したと推定されている。
English: It is considered that in the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, Osaka began to develop, while Kyoto, where the two separated dwelling areas, Kamigyo and Shimogyo, were unified through the gradual development of the contiguous area in between, had grown into a city of some 300,000 people.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に入り大坂が発達し、京都も長らく分離していた上京と下京の宅地が繋がって30万人規模に成長したと考えられる。
English: According to Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco who drifted down to a coast of Japan in 1609, at the beginning of the Edo period, the population in Kyoto was between 300,000 and 400,000, while 200,000 in Osaka and 150,000 in Edo.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ってすぐの1609年に日本へ漂流したロドリゴ・デ・ビベロは、京都の人口を30～40万人、大坂の人口を20万人、江戸の人口を15万人と伝えている。
English: During the Edo period, despite the slight demographic changes observed over the time, the estimated population was more than one million in Edo, and 400,000 in Kyoto as well as in Osaka.
Japanese: 江戸時代の三都の人口については時期によって変動はあるものの、多い時で江戸は100万人以上、京都、大坂は40万人の人口を有していたと推測されている。
English: Besides these three cities, the estimated population was 100,000 at the highest in Kanazawa and in Nagoya and more than 60,000 in Nagasaki City, Sakai City and Kagoshima City, respectively, while the population of any of other leading castle towns was approximately 50,000.
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じて三都以外では、金沢市と名古屋市が最盛期で10万人規模、長崎市や堺市、鹿児島市が6万人以上で、他の有力諸侯の城下町はいずれも5万人前後であった。
English: Such a difference between the three major cities positioned as national centers and the rest of the cities is believed to have been deliberately brought about by the bakufu's policy to secure the shogunate system, by concentrating the center of each domain into a single castle town, and by restricting the free economic expansion of the city beyond the sphere of the domain.
Japanese: 幕藩体制維持のため各藩の拠点は一箇所の城下町に固定化され、更に領外への経済圏の自由な拡大が制約されたため、全国的な拠点とされた三都との間に格差が生じたと考えられる。