nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The works enlisted here are only those owned by the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage or those under the custody of the Kyoto National Museum.
Japanese: 独立行政法人国立文化財機構所有・京都国立博物館保管の物件のみを収録対象とする。
English: Therefore there may be slight differences between these names and the names used in museum exhibit explanations and catalogues.
Japanese: このため、博物館における展示説明、カタログ等で使用されている名称とは若干異なる場合もある。
English: Letters and records, six volumes (letters related to Ryoma SAKAMOTO and records of his company Kaientai), and four relics (hanging scroll paintings of plums and camellias stained with the blood of Ryoma SAKAMOTO, a folding screen decorated with calligraphy and painting fragments, a tissue pouch used by Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and formal kimono with a family crest (black habutae silk)).
Japanese: 書状・記録類6巻（坂本龍馬関係書状類、海援隊日史等）、遺品類4点（血染掛軸、書画貼交屏風、三徳、黒羽二重紋服）
English: Architectural Materials Related to the Former Imperial Museum of Kyoto: four buildings (Main building, Main gate, North ticket office and adjacent sodebei wall, South ticket office and adjacent sodebei wall)
Japanese: 旧帝国京都博物館4棟（本館、表門、北札売所及び袖塀、南札売所及び袖塀）
English: Architectural Drafts of the Former Kyoto Imperial Museum (630) (Naishoryo (Bureau of Skilled Artisans) affiliated to the Museum), Models for the Roof of the Special Exhibition Hall (2), Capital Ornament Model (1), Gable Decoration Models (3), Frame Ornament Models (1), and Construction Tag (1)
Japanese: 附内匠寮京都博物館建築工事図面630枚、本館小屋組模型2箇、柱頭装飾木彫原型1箇、破風装飾木彫原型3箇、額縁装飾木彫原型1箇、棟札1枚
English: Iwakiji-jo Castle is a castle situated on a steep mountain in Iwakiri, Miyagino Ward, Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture.
Japanese: 岩切城（いわきりじょう）は、宮城県仙台市宮城野区岩切にある、峻険な山城である。
English: The castle is situated on steep terrain, with an elevation of approximately 500m in the east and west, and approximately 400m in the north and south.
Japanese: 東西約500メートル、南北約400メートルの天険の地を城域としている。
English: The ridge of the 106m high Mt. Takamori was flattened into three or four steps and the central walls were created.
Japanese: 標高106メートルの高森山の尾根を3段ないし4段に削平して中心となる曲輪を設けた。
English: Defenses was reinforced by the building of castle walls on each of the hills and plateaus that separate the plateaus and valleys of successive peaks, and the construction of ditches.
Japanese: 峰続きの台地や谷を隔てた丘陵や台地の各所にも曲輪を置いて堀割を造って防御をかためている。
English: In ancient times, Iwakiri was located at the intersection of Oku-omichi Road which led to Taga-jo Castle, the kokufu (provincial office), in Mutsu province.
Japanese: 岩切は古代、奥大道が陸奥国の国府、多賀城へ続く道との、交差地点に位置した。
English: The Mutsu Shogunfu (local government of Mutsu) was established in the early Northern and Southern Courts period when Emperor Go-Daigo dispatched his son - Imperial Prince Norinaga (who later became Emperor Go-Murakami), Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) Akiie KITABATAKE and others to Taga-jo Castle which served as the provincial office of Mutsu province.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)の初期、後醍醐天皇が皇子・義良親王（後の後村上天皇）を陸奥守、北畠顕家らとともに陸奥国府、多賀城へ派遣すると、多賀城に陸奥将軍府が樹立された。
English: In Kyoto, the Ou-gun Army fought against Takauji ASHIKAGA of the Northern Court faction and forced them to retreat to Kyushu.
Japanese: 奥羽軍は京都で北朝(日本)方の足利尊氏らと戦い、尊氏を九州へ敗走させた。
English: However, during this time, Kuniuji HATAKEYAMA - lord of Iwakiri-jo Castle and Oshu Kanrei (shogunal deputy of the northern regions), and Sadaie KIRA - who was also an Oshu Kanrei, attacked Taga-jo Castle as representatives of the Northern Court, and drove Imperial Prince Norinaga and his men from Taga-jo Castle to Ryozen in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture.
Japanese: しかし、このとき、奥州管領の岩切城主・畠山国氏(奥州管領)、同じく奥州管領・吉良貞家は、北朝方として多賀城を攻撃し、義良親王一向を多賀城から福島県伊達郡霊山へ追いやった。
English: But at the Northern Court, an internal discord between Takauji ASHIKAGA and his younger brother Naoyoshi led to the Kanno Disturbance.
Japanese: ところが、北朝では足利尊氏と弟・足利直義が仲間割れをし、観応の擾乱となった。
English: Takauji ASHIKAGA, who killed his brother Naoyoshi and was victorious in the Kanno Disturbance, held back the expedition into the Kinai region by Ou-gun Army from Ryozan, at Shirakawa, and recaptured Taga-jo Castle.
Japanese: 一方、弟・足利直義を殺して観応の擾乱に勝利を収めた足利尊氏は、霊山から出撃した奥羽軍の畿内遠征を白河で食い止めると、多賀城を再び攻略した。
English: From the Northern and Southern Courts period to the Muromachi and Sengoku (warring states) periods, Iwakiri-jo Castle was known as the residence of the Rusu clan.
Japanese: 南北朝時代から室町時代を経て戦国時代(日本)にかけての岩切城は、留守氏の居城として知られている。
English: It is thought that the Rusu clan gradually maintained Iwakiri-jo Castle while they owned it.
Japanese: 岩切城はその間、留守氏によって少しずつ整備が進められたものと考えられる。
English: Between 1570 and 1573, Masakage relocated to Rifu-jo Castle, and wakiri-jo Castle became abandoned.
Japanese: 元亀年間(1570年～1573年)、政景は居城を利府城に移し、岩切城は廃城となった。
English: Iwakiri-jo Castle was designated a national historical site and in August 1982, currently occupies part of the Kenmin no Mori Forest Park, and is one of the most famous cherry blossom viewing spots in Sendai.
Japanese: 1982年（昭和57年）8月、岩切城跡は国の史跡に指定されており、現在は県民の森の一画をしめ、仙台有数の桜の名所となっている。
English: It stands on a hill with the old Shinori-gawa River to the west, valleys and dales to the east and the sea to the south.
Japanese: 西には旧志苔川があり、東は溪沢に連なっており、南方は海に面した丘陵上に立地する。
English: Excavations were conducted by the Hakodate City Board of Education from 1983 to 1985.
Japanese: 1983年から1985年にかけて函館市教育委員会によって発掘調査が行われた。
English: The ruins take advantage of the natural terrain, surrounded by earthen walls and a dry moat shaped like a yagen mortar or box yagen mortar.
Japanese: 館跡は、自然地形を活かし、四方に土塁と薬研（やげん）または箱薬研状の空堀が巡らされている。
English: The interior measures approximately 70-80m from east to west, and approximately 50-65m from north to south, with a surface area of approximately 4,100 square meters.
Japanese: 内部は東西約70-80メートル、南北約50-65メートルで、約4,100平方メートルの広さがある。
English: The earthen walls are about 4.0 to 4.5 meters high in the northern side and about 1.0 to 1.5 meters high in the southern side.
Japanese: 土塁の高さは、北側で約4.0-4.5メートル、南側で約1.0-1.5メートルである。
English: In the northern and western sides, which are outside of the earthen walls, there is a dry moat that is approximately 3.5m deep at its deepest point.
Japanese: 土塁の外側にあたる北側と西側には幅約5-10メートルの空堀が設けられ、最も深い所で約3.5メートルの深さをもつ。
English: Excavations have unearthed ceramics and porcelain including celadon porcelain, white porcelain, Suzu-yaki pottery, Echizen-yaki pottery and Koseto style pottery which mainly date from the first half of the 15th century.
Japanese: 発掘調査では、15世紀前半ごろを主体とする青磁・白磁・珠洲焼・越前焼・古瀬戸様式などの陶磁器が出土している。
English: The ages of these artefacts are consistent with the date of the fall of Shinoridate Castle (1457) in the Battle of Koshamain of the same year recorded in "Shinra no Kiroku".
Japanese: これらの遺物の年代は『新羅之記録』に記された長禄元年のコシャマインの戦いにおける志苔館陥落の時期（1457年）と矛盾しない。
English: In May 1971, the koshiguruwa (compound bounded by earthen walls), the moat, valleys and dales were additionally designated as a national historic site.
Japanese: 腰曲輪、濠、溪沢全体に指定地が及ぶようにするため、1971年（昭和46年）5月に追加指定がなされている。
English: In 1968, three large Echizen-yaki and Suzu-yaki jars which are assumed to have been buried were excavated at a site 100m southwest of Shinoridate Castle.
Japanese: 1968年、志苔館の南西方向100メートル地点から、埋納されたと推定される越前焼、珠洲焼の大甕3個が出土した。
English: They were nationally designated an Important Cultural Property as "Hokkaido Shinori Chusei Iko Shutsudosen" (lit. Coins Excavated from Medieval Remains in Shinori, Hokkaido), and are deposited at Hakodate Municipal Museum.
Japanese: 「北海道志海苔中世遺構出土銭」として国の重要文化財（考古資料）に指定され、市立函館博物館に所蔵されている。
English: Nikka-mon (or jikka mon) Gate was one of the naikaku-mon gates that comprised the dairi (Imperial Palace) and was located on the east side of the south garden of the Shishinden Hall (Throne Hall).
Japanese: 日華門（にっかもん・じっかもん）は、内裏を構成する内閤門のうちの一つで、紫宸殿南庭（なんてい・だんてい）の東側の門である。
English: It was also called "Higashi no Chu-mon" (lit. eastern inner gate) and "Sakonfu no Jin" (lit. Post of the Inner Palace Guards) because it was assigned to serve as a post for the Konoefu (Inner Palace Guards).
Japanese: 東の中門ともいい、近衛府の陣に充てられたため、左近陣（さこんのじん）ともいう。
English: During the Sekkan period (period of regents and advisors), the Court Council (Jin no Sadame; ancient cabinet council) chaired by regents and advisors was frequently held in the Sakone (Left Division of Inner Palace Guards) court in the roofed corridor that led from the Shishinden Hall to the Giyoden Hall.
Japanese: 摂関期には摂関を座長とする朝議（陣定）が、紫宸殿から宜陽殿に続く軒廊（こんろう）にある左近衛陣座で盛んに行われた。
English: Jijuden Hall (or Jinjuden Hall) was one of the halls of the dairi (Imperial Palace) in the city of Heian-kyo.
Japanese: 仁寿殿（じじゅうでん・じんじゅでん）とは、平安京の内裏における殿舎のひとつ。
English: Situated almost at the center of the Imperial Palace, this hall was located north of the Shishinden Hall (Throne Hall), south of the Shokyoden Hall and east of the Seiryoden Hall.
Japanese: 内裏のほぼ中央にあり、紫宸殿の北、承香殿の南、清涼殿の東に位置する。
English: It is for this reason that Jijuden Hall also had an ishibai-no-dan (lime altar) at which the emperor would pray in the direction of Ise-jingu and other shrines each morning.
Japanese: そのため仁寿殿にも天皇が毎朝、伊勢神宮などを遙拝する石灰の壇（いしばいのだん）があった。
English: After the emperor's residence was moved to Seiryoden Hall, Jijuden Hall was used for various events including Sumai no Sechie (the Imperial ceremony of Sumo wrestling), naien (private dinners) and genpuku (male coming-of-age ceremonies).
Japanese: 天皇の住まいが清涼殿へ移ってからは、相撲節会、内宴、元服の儀式など各種行事を行う場所になった。
English: The Kurododokoro (Chamberlain's Office) was located in the north of the nishibisashi (western outer area) and the Kyoshodokoro Bureau which was responsible for the organization of documents was located in the south of the nishibisashi of Kyoshoden Hall.
Japanese: 校書殿西廂の北には蔵人所が置かれ、西廂の南には書籍、文書を整理する校書所が置かれていた。
English: In the south of the Higashibisashi (eastern outer area) was the Ukon-no-Jin-no-Za which served as an office for Ukonefu (Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) officers.
Japanese: また、東廂の南には右近衛府の職員の詰め所である右近陣座（うこんのじんのざ）が置かれた。
English: Shunkyoden（Syunkoden) Hall was one of the 17 halls of the dairi (Imperial Palace) in the city of Heian-kyo.
Japanese: 春興殿（しゅんこうでん、しゅんきょうでん）は、平安京内裏十七殿の一。
English: Situated to the southeast of Shishinden Hall (Throne Hall) and to the south of Nikka-mon Gate, this hall faced Anpukuden Hall in the west across a large garden.
Japanese: 紫宸殿の南東、日華門の南にあり、西の安福殿と大庭をへだてて相対する。
English: The central area of the hall measured 3.6m east-west by 12.6m north-south, the kitabisashi (northern outer area) measured 3.6m east-west by 1.8m north-south, the higashibisashi (eastern outer area) measured 1.8m east-west by 14.4m north-south, and the eastern magohisashi (a narrow additional aisle) measured 1.8m east-west by 10.8m north-south.
Japanese: 身舎は東西2間、南北7間、北廂は東西2間、南北1間、東廂は東西1間、南北8間、東の孫廂は東西1間、南北6間である。
English: However, its location is different from that of Shunkyoden Hall in the Heian period.
Japanese: しかしながら、平安時代の頃の春興殿とは、位置関係が異なる場所に建てられている。
English: A taimenjo was a place provided in samurai residences since the Muromachi period, and was used during the meeting ceremony between master and servant.
Japanese: 対面所（たいめんじょ）とは、室町時代以後の武家屋敷内に設置された施設で、主従関係にある者との対面儀礼の際に用いられた。
English: The meeting ceremony was conducted when the master-servant relationship was established or confirmed, and was one of events considered important by not only samurai families but also the shogun who was the head of the samurai.
Japanese: 対面儀礼は主従関係の成立・確認の際に行われ、武家にとっては重要な儀式の1つであったが、武家の棟梁である征夷大将軍もその例外ではなかった。
English: It was ruled that the ceremony was held at Samurai-dokoro (the hall of the Board of Retainers) under the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and at a kaisho (meeting place) under the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府では侍廊、室町幕府では会所(中世)で対面儀礼を行うのが定制になっていた。
English: However, when building Hana no Gosho (lit. Flower Palace), Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA had the taimenjo constructed separately from the kaisho.
Japanese: しかし、足利義政が花の御所を新造したときに会所とは別に対面所を設置した。
English: As social order among samurai based on the master-servant relationship came to be considered important from the Sengoku period (the period of warring states) (Japan) to the Edo period, an importance was placed on the taimenjo as a core facility of samurai residences.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代にかけて主従関係を基本とした武家間の身分秩序が重要視されると、武家屋敷の中心施設の1つとして重要視された。
English: A noted example is when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held a meeting ceremony for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in the taimenjo of Osaka Castle and made his authority known.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉が大坂城の対面所で徳川家康と対面儀礼を行って、その権威を知らせしめたのは著名な例である。
English: However, no taimenjo were constructed at Edo-jo Castle or Nijo-jo Castle - major strongholds of the Edo bakufu established by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, where meeting ceremonies were held in large halls.
Japanese: だが、徳川家康が開いた江戸幕府の主要拠点であった江戸城・二条城では、対面所を設置せずに大広間を対面儀礼の施設として用いた。
English: It is because of this that even taimensho at samurai residences came to be called hiroma (lit. hall) or shoin (lit. reception hall).
Japanese: そのため、以後その他の武家屋敷でも対面所のことを広間もしくは書院と呼称するようになった。
English: Teiji-no-in is the palace in which Emperor Uda who reigned during the Heian period resided after his abdication located on the western side of Nishinotoin-dori Street, in 13-cho and 14-cho, 7-jo/2-bo (where a "jo" is row of sections running east-west and a "bo" is a column of sections running north-south) in Sakyo (the left (eastern) side of the city).
Japanese: 亭子院（ていじのいん）は、西洞院通の西側、左京七条二坊の十三町十四町に位置した平安時代に在位した宇多天皇の譲位後の後院である。
English: It is known that banquets and other events such as Teijinoin Uta-awase (a waka poem contest held at Teijinoin) and Teijinoin Sake Kassen (a sake drinking contest held at Teiji-no-in) in which famous men of literature and omiyabito (courtiers at the Imperial Court) would participate were held there.
Japanese: 亭子院歌合、亭子院酒合戦など著名な文人や大宮人を召いては宴や催しが行われたことで知られる。
English: It was also called Higashi Shichijo no Miya (lit. Palace the seventh jo on the east side) according to the jo-bo system of naming sections of the city, and is also known as the palace of Emperor Uda's wife FUJIWARA no Onshi.
Japanese: 条坊制による区画名により東七条宮とも称し、宇多天皇の中宮藤原温子の御所としても知られる。
English: During the lifetime of Cloistered Emperor Uda, the word "Teiji-no-in" was widely used to refer to the cloistered emperor in the diaries and poetry collections written by famous courtiers, as well as in "Nihongi Ryaku" (Summary of Japanese Chronologies).
Japanese: また宇多法皇在命中の間は、法皇自身を指す人称として、日本紀略をはじめとして著名な大宮人らの日記、歌集等に広く記されていた。
English: When Cloistered Emperor Uda was going to add new buildings in the premises to make Higashi shichijo no Miya his Goin Palace in 899, a statue of Fudo-son was found in an old well.
Japanese: 昌泰2年（899年）、宇多法皇が、東七条宮を後院とすべく区画内に新たな建物を加えようとした際、古井戸から不動尊像がみつかった。
English: It was found that, because this block corresponded to the kimon (the northeastern (unlucky) direction) of Toji-Temple which had been granted to Kobo Daishi (Kukai), Kukai sculpted a Fudo-son image out of a stone possessing spiritual force that he had found, and buried the image there so that it could not be seen.
Japanese: これは、当該の区画が古くは弘法大師空海が賜った東寺の鬼門にあたり、空海自身が発見した霊力ある石に不動尊像を掘り付け、人目に触れぬよう埋めたものだと判った。
English: In August 903 when SUGAWARA no Michizane died, it was recorded that "Kotaifujin (the title for the wife of a retired emperor) FUJIWARA no Onshi moved to Higashi shichijo no Miya.
Japanese: 菅原道真の死去した延喜3年（903年）8月に、「皇太夫人藤原温子、東七条宮に遷御あらせらる」という記録がある。
English: After Cloistered Emperor Uda died on September 8, 931, Teiji-no-in became used not as goin palace but as a temple.
Japanese: 承平(日本)元年7月19日(旧暦)（931年9月3日）の宇多法皇崩御後、後院として使われることはなく寺院となった。
English: The Yokooji family house is a historical example of architecture located in Kaminofu, Shingu-machi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka Prefecture.
Japanese: 横大路家住宅（よこおおじけじゅうたく）は福岡県糟屋郡新宮町上府にある歴史的建造物。
English: It is a magariya (bent house) with a thatched roof supposedly constructed in the early Edo period (mid-seventeenth century), but there are no extant materials that indicate the exact period of the construction.
Japanese: 茅葺屋根の曲家で江戸時代前期（17世紀半ば）の建築ではないかと考えられているが、明確な建築年代を示す史料は残っていない。
English: According to tradition, when Saicho, the founder of the Nihon Tendai sect, founded Tokko-ji Temple in 805 after arriving at the area following his studies in Tang (China), he endowed ancestors of the Yokooji family, who cooperated in the founding of the temple, with 法火 (hori no hi flame) and Bishamon-ten-zo (statue of Bishamon-ten (Vaisravana)) as a token of gratitude.
Japanese: 伝承によれば、805年（延暦24年）、日本天台宗の開祖である最澄が唐での留学を終え、当地に上陸し、独鈷寺（新宮町立花口）を開基した際、協力した横大路家の先祖にお礼として法火（法理の火）と毘沙門天像を授けたという。
English: When 法火 at Mt. Hiei was burnt out in the fire attack waged by Nobunaga ODA against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei in 1571, 法火 was supposedly carried from the Yokooji family house to Mt. Hiei, and 法火 is still burning in the kamado (kitchen range) of the house, having been protected for more than a thousand years so that the original flame would not go out.
Japanese: 織田信長の延暦寺比叡山焼き討ち(1571年)の際には、比叡山の法火が消えたため、ここから火を比叡山へ運んだといい、現在でも、火は家の竈にあり、種火が消えないように千年以上も守り続けているという。
English: The finish of the components suggests that the construction of the house dates back to the mid-seventeenth century, making it one of the oldest folk dwellings in the Kyushu region.
Japanese: 部材の仕上げなどから、創建は17世紀半ば頃までさかのぼり、九州地方最古級の民家建築と思われる。
English: Although at the beginning the house was constructed in Kudo-zukuri style, in which the ridge is U-shaped, in the early nineteenth century it was modified into the current magariya.
Japanese: 当初は棟をコの字形に造る「くど造」であったが、19世紀前半頃に現在のような曲家となった。
English: When the house was taken apart and repaired, the roof tiles on the hisashi (eaves) and Shoji-to (sliding paper door) at the entrance were removed to restore the assumed form of the house that existed in the early nineteenth century.
Japanese: 解体修理に際しては庇の瓦、入口の障子戸などを撤去し、19世紀前半頃の姿に推定復元された。
English: The shikorobuki is a form of sheeting a two-tier roof; firstly, sheeting the roof from the omune ridge to the end of the top tier, and then to eaves, instead of sheeting a plane roof in whole.
Japanese: 大棟から軒まで一枚の面ではなく、一段の区切りをつけてすぐその下から軒までを葺く形式である。
English: It may be interpreted as a gable roof with sheeted roofs (may be called the eaves) on all four sides but is also used in yosemune-zukuri style roofs (a square or rectangular building, covered with a hipped roof) such as that of Todai-ji Temple Nenbutsudo Hall.
Japanese: 切妻造の屋根の4方向に葺き下ろしの屋根（庇とも）を付けたものと解釈されることがあるが、東大寺念仏堂のように寄棟造の屋根にも用いられている。
English: The word "shikoro" refers to the fabric or lacing that was hung from the bottom of a helmet or hood in order to protect the back of the head.
Japanese: 錣（しころ）とは、兜や頭巾などの下部に布や縅などを垂らし後頭部を保護する覆いのことである。
English: In architecture, ha-ita and yoroi-ita louver boards are called "shikoro-ita,"
Japanese: 建築では板に段をつけて並べたもの「羽板（はいた）、鎧板（よろいいた）」のことを「錣板（しころいた）」ともいう。
English: `Shikorobisashi' (a pent-roof added to a main building whose roof is at a lower level than the pent-roof) is the roof boards of eaves shingled in Haita-board pattern utilizing the method of the`Shikoroita-board.'
Japanese: これを応用し、庇の屋根板を羽板の要領で葺いたものを「錣庇（しころびさし）」という。
English: Tamamushi-no-Zushi (the "Beetle Shrine") (dating from the first half of the Nara period) at Horyu-ji Temple is regarded as the one of the oldest buildings with a Shikoroyane roof.
Japanese: 錣屋根を用いたものとして最古のものと見られているものに、法隆寺にある玉虫厨子（奈良前期）がある。
English: In architecture, second tier of the roof of Shitenno-ji Temple Kondo Hall in Osaka and the roof of Shishinden Hall of Kyoto Imperial Palace are in this form.
Japanese: 建築では、大阪にある四天王寺金堂の2重目屋根や京都御所の紫宸殿などがこの形式である。
English: Muchikake are composed of eight small wooden members, four of which project to the left and four of which project to the right, from the hafu (bargeboard) located underneath the ridge and beside the sasuzao (diagonal braces used to form the triangular frame in many gable pediments) on shinmei-zukuri style buildings.
Japanese: 鞭懸（むちかけ）は、神明造で、棟の下、扠首竿（さすざお）の左右に当たって破風面から、左右4本ずつ突き出した、計8本の小さい木である。
English: It has been suggested that the name "muchikake" originated because the pegs were used on which to hang whips (muchi), and it has also been said that they were used on which to hang bundles of rice for offerings to Shinto kami but it is not certain what they were used for.
Japanese: 鞭懸という名称はこれに鞭を懸けたものであろうというのから出たとも、御饌料のイネ束などを懸けたものかともいうが、明確でない。
English: According to Shinto, they represent the wind and light of the gods of heaven and earth, the longevity of the people, the defense of the nation, and control over the public.
Japanese: 神道では、天神地祇の風光、衆人の寿命、国の擁衛、人民の轡策であるなどという。
English: It was also called "Nishi no Chu-mon" (lit. western inner gate) and "Ukon no Jin" (lit. Post of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) because it was assigned to serve as a post for the Ukonfu (Right Division of Inner Palace Guards).
Japanese: 西の中門ともいい、右近衛府の陣に充てられたため、右近陣（うこんのじん）ともいう。
English: Situated in the southeast of the Imperial Palace, this hall was located to southeast of Shishinden Hall (Throne Hall), south of Ryokiden Hall, and to the north of Shunkyoden Hall beyond Nikka-mon Gate.
Japanese: 内裏の南東にあり、紫宸殿の東南、綾綺殿の南、日華門を挟んで春興殿の北に位置する。
English: Nobori-ishigaki was a method of building stone walls adopted to fortify the defense of Japanese castles that were constructed on the Korean peninsula during Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 登り石垣（のぼりいしがき）は、豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役の際、朝鮮半島の倭城の防備を固めるために採られた石垣普請の手法である。
English: Japanese castles were built on the Korean peninsula during the Bunroku-Keicho War in order to serve as headquarters for the invading daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), and many of these were constructed near to shorelines and rivers in order to secure landing sites for supply ships from Japan.
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役において、大名たちの侵攻の拠点として朝鮮半島に倭城が築かれたが、その多くは日本からの補給口となる船着場を確保するため、海岸や河川に近いところであった。
English: While castle towers were built on small hills or mountains with a good view of the surrounding areas, structures such as soldiers' residences were constructed on flatland near ports: in order to defend the area between the castle towers and soldiers' residences, Japanese style stone walls (ishigaki) were constructed from flatlands to hills and mountains, finally surrounding the main castle.
Japanese: 天守は、見晴らしの良い小高い丘や山にあったが、兵の居住建物等は補給口に近い平地にあったため、その間の防備のため、丘や山に石垣を登らせるように本丸まで取り囲む日本式の石垣を築造した。
English: Although the idea of preventing enemies from invading from mountainsides dates back to at least the Great Wall of China, nobori-ishigaki were localized structures with the purely military objective of protecting combatants.
Japanese: 山腹からの敵の進入を防ぐという考え方は中国の万里の長城に通じるものであるものの、目的は極めて軍事的で、戦闘員保護のための局地的なものだった。
English: The major style of castles were Hirayamajiro (castles built on a hill in a plain) whereas Kuruwa (walls of a castle) styles included Renkaku style (second compound and third compound surround the main compound at the center), Teikaku style (main compound is placed adjacent to the castle walls, and additional walls are placed surrounding the main compound), and Rinkaku style (the second compound and third compound surround the main compound at the center).
Japanese: また、築城の形体はほとんど平山城であるが、曲輪の形態としては連郭式、梯郭式、輪廓式などがあった。
English: Although after the withdrawal of Japanese forces from the Korean Peninsula, most Japanese castles were destroied, the Republic of Korea has been conducting investigations and research about those castles as valuable ruins that suggest historical relationships between the castle architecture in China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan.
Japanese: なお、倭城は日本の撤兵後、ほとんど破壊されたが、近年、中国・朝鮮半島・日本の築城交流史をうかがえる貴重な遺構として、大韓民国でも調査・研究が進んでいる。
English: It is said that Yoshiaki KATO who resided at the Angolpo Castle and Yasuharu WAKISAKA and some other Daimyo who came back from the Korean Peninsula adopted the nobori-ishigaki method when constructing and renovating castles, but many castles were demolished after Ikkoku Ichijo Rei (Law of One Castle per Province) or around the Meiji Restoration, and the history of nobori-ishigaki is not fully understood yet; locations in which they were constructed.
Japanese: 安骨浦城にいた加藤嘉明や脇坂安治など朝鮮半島から帰国した大名が、国内での築城や改修の際、その手法を用いたとされるが、一国一城令や明治維新前後に破却された城郭が多く、登り石垣の歴史的過程については、築かれた箇所などを含め、まだ充分に解明されていない。
English: When Yoshiaki KATO started the castle construction in 1602, he built the country's largest nobori-ishigaki but the northern part was demolished around the Meiji Restoration for some reasons, and only the southern part has been preserved intact.
Japanese: 1602年から加藤嘉明が築城を開始した際、国内最大級の登り石垣を築いたが、明治維新前後に北側の部分は何らかの理由で取り壊されており、南側のみ完全な状態で保存されている。