nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is also called 'Kaminari-sama' (Mr. Thunder), 'Raiden-sama' (Mr. Thunderbolt), 'Narukami' (The Rolling God) or 'Rai-ko' (Duke Thunder).
Japanese: 「雷様（かみなりさま）」「雷電様（らいでんさま）」「鳴神（なるかみ）」「雷公（らいこう）」とも呼ばれる。
English: In Japan, adults scare children by saying, 'Kaminari-sama would come to pick your bellybutton,' when the children's bellies are uncovered in summer.
Japanese: 日本の子どもは夏に腹を出していると「かみなりさまがへそを取りにくるよ」と周りの大人から脅かされる。
English: There are some methodologies to escape from Kaminari-sama; the methods such as escaping into a mosquito net, repeating the word "kuwabara (this comes from a tradition that Kaminari-sama, who was the ghost of SUGAWARA no Michizane, caused serious damage in the capital, but Kuwabara, the territory of Michizane, was never hit by thunder)" have been believed as effective.
Japanese: 雷さまから逃れるための方法論としては、蚊帳に逃げ込む、桑原（くわばら：菅原道真の亡霊が雷さまとなり、都に被害をもたらしたが、道真の領地の桑原には雷が落ちなかったと言う伝承から由来）と唱える、などが伝えられる。
English: In Japan, as Sotatsu TAWARAYA's Fujin Raijin zu (The Wind and Thunder Gods: a folding screen), a representative example, shows, Kaminari-sama holding a cow's horn, wearing the tiger leather fundoshi, and beating a drum being possessed by the god of thunder is the Raijin's well-known image.
Japanese: 日本では俵屋宗達の風神雷神図(屏風)を代表例に、雷さまは鬼の様態で、ウシの角を持ちトラの皮革のふんどしを締め、太鼓（雷鼓）を打ち鳴らす姿が馴染み深い。
English: In Otsu-e (Otsu paintings, named after the town of Otsu in Shiga Prefecture), Kaminari-sama is depicted in a humorous way; for example, Kaminari-sama trying to hook the drum that he dropped from the cloud is depicted there.
Japanese: 大津絵のなかでは雷さまは雲の上から落としてしまった太鼓を鉤で釣り上げようとするなどユーモラスに描かれている。
English: - Honoikazuchi no Kami (the god of fire-causing thunder)・Oikazuchi no kami・Wakeikazuchi no kami, etc.
Japanese: -火雷神（ほのいかづちのかみ）・大雷神（おおいかづちのかみ）・別雷神（わけいかづちのかみ）など
English: List of season words: Raijin is a season word of 'the late summer', like 'lightning,' 'violent thunder,' and 'thunderclap.'
Japanese: 季語一覧：雷神は「雷」「はたたがみ」「雷鳴」などと同じく「晩夏」の季語である。
English: Narukami (The Rolling God)' of Kabuki program is a part of 'Narukamifudo Kitayamazakura.'
Japanese: 歌舞伎演目の「鳴神（なるかみ）」は「雷神不動北山桜（なるかみふどうきたやまざくら）」の一部
English: God of lightning' appears in the world's mythologies such as Zeus of Greek mythology, Jupiter of Roman mythology, Thor of Norse mythology.
Japanese: ギリシア神話のゼウス、ローマ神話のジュピター、北欧神話のトールなど、世界各地の神話に「雷の神」が現れる。
English: Not limited to the reign of the family, it means to give his or her position to another person and live a leisurely life.
Japanese: または家督に限らず、それまであった立場などを他人に譲って、自らは悠々自適の生活を送ることなどを指す。
English: With reference to the Civil Codes of Japan, inkyo means that the head of the family hands over his reigns of the family to the heir before his death, and in accordance with the enforcement of the law regarding emergent measures on Civil Codes due to enforcement of the Constitution of Japan (No.74 laws in 1947), head of the family system and inkyo system were abolished at the same time as the enforcement of the Constitution of Japan (May 3, 1947).
Japanese: 日本の民法上の制度としての隠居は、戸主が生前に家督を相続人へ譲ることを指し、日本国憲法の施行に伴う民法の応急的措置に関する法律（昭和22年法律第74号）により、日本国憲法の施行（1947年5月3日）と同時に、戸主制の廃止と共に隠居の制度は廃止された。
English: Inkyo in the Civil Codes was stipulated in the old Civil Codes drafted by Gustave Emile Boissonade and announced officially in 1890 (Civil Codes on the acquisition of property and on person (No.98 laws of 1890) which was abolished without enforcement).
Japanese: 民法上の隠居は、1890年（明治23年）にギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードが起草し公布された旧民法（民法財産取得編人事編（明治23年法律第98号）。施行されずに廃止された。）にも見られる。
English: Later, inkyo was institutionalized by Civil Codes No.4 and No.5 (No.9 laws in 1898) publicly announced and enforced in 1898, it was in effect by 1947 when Civil Codes were revised.
Japanese: その後、1898年（明治31年）に公布・施行された民法第四編第五編（明治31年法律第9号）により制度化され、1947年（昭和22年）に改正されるまで続けられた。
English: In the Civil Codes before the revision, the right to govern and direct the family i.e. the right of family head was assigned to the head of the family, and the title of the head of the family was called Katoku, the reigns of the family.
Japanese: 改正前の民法では、家族の統率・監督を行うための権限である戸主権を戸主に与え、戸主たる地位を家督と言った。
English: Inkyo was one of the causes for succession of the reigns of the family to a successor.
Japanese: 家督を家督相続人に承継させる制度が家督相続であって、隠居は家督相続の開始原因の一つである。
English: When a retiree and his successor of the reigns of the family submit an application of inkyo based upon a declaration of an intention to retire, succession of the reigns of the family commences while the current head of the family is still living.
Japanese: 隠居者およびその家督相続人が、隠居の意思表示に基づく届出を行うことにより、戸主の生前に家督相続が開始する。
English: The Civil Code before the revision, in and after article 752, the conditions of inkyo was stipulated, except for the due circumstances beyond their control as follows.
Japanese: 改正前民法では752条以下で隠居について定め、戸主が隠居できる条件として、やむを得ない場合を除き、以下を挙げていた。
English: For example, Emperor Shirakawa in the Heian period handed over his throne to his son, Emperor Horikawa, he became Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor) and held the real political power until 1129 when he died.
Japanese: たとえば平安時代の白河天皇は、皇子の堀河天皇に皇位を譲って太上天皇となったが、1129年に崩御するまでは政治の実権を掌握していた。
English: It is a so-called Insei (rule by the retired Emperor), thus it is also a kind of inkyo that emperor becomes an retired or cloistered emperor.
Japanese: いわゆる院政であるが、天皇が上皇、または法皇となることも、一種の隠居と言える。
English: However, these are examples of just retiring from the public duties of the Ritsuryo codes, and in fact they retained the position of the head of the family and the real political power as the position of the ruler exercising his power as patriarch of the Imperial family
Japanese: ただしこれはあくまで律令上の公職からの隠退であり、治天の君として皇室の家督の地位はなお保持し、政治の実権を握っていた。
English: There were only a few examples of those who retired as a ruler exercising his power as patriarch over the Imperial family while he lived, like Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Gouda.
Japanese: 在世中に治天の君の地位をも退いた例は後鳥羽天皇や後宇多天皇などごく僅かにとどまる。
English: In the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), although FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, a Sekke Shogun (Shogun from a regent family) was forced to quit his position as shogun, and handed it over to his heir, FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu, he was still called Otono and acted as a guardian of the new shogun.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府では、摂家将軍の藤原頼経が、将軍職からの離職を迫られて嗣子の藤原頼嗣に将軍職を譲ったものの、なお大殿と称され、将軍の後見人として振舞った。
English: And after Tokiyori HOJO, Tokuso (reign of original household of the Hojo family) who retired shikken (Shogunal Regent) he retained the real power, and this became the common style during the reign.
Japanese: また北条時頼以降は執権を退いた得宗（北条宗家の家督）が実権を保持する例が常態となった。
English: In the Muromachi bakufu, the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA abdicated from his position as shogun and gave it to his 9-year old legitimate eldest son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA in 1394, and became a priest and also moved his residence to Kitayama Gosho (Kitayama Palace).
Japanese: 室町幕府では、第3代将軍・足利義満が1394年、まだ9歳の嫡男・足利義持に将軍職を譲って出家し、居所も北山御所に移している。
English: However, Yoshimitsu also retained the real power until he died at 51 in 1408.
Japanese: しかし義満も1408年に51歳で死去するまでは、政治の実権を握り続けた。
English: After that, Yoshimochi handed over the shogunship to Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA and Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA did the same to Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA while retaining the real power, all these were aimed at establishing the succession of shoguns.
Japanese: この後も義持が足利義量に、足利義政が足利義尚に将軍職を譲りながらも実権を保持したが、これらは将軍後継を確定させる意図によるものである。
English: Yoshitane ASHIKAGA was forced to quit as shogun by his own subordinate Masamoto HOSOKAWA and became a powerless retiree, and after this incident, shoguns became almost powerless puppets of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and his former subordinates, finally the Muromachi bakufu was ruined by Nobunaga ODA in 1573.
Japanese: 足利義稙（義稙）は家臣の細川政元により将軍職を追われて実権のない隠居となり、以降政治の実権のない守護大名およびその家臣の傀儡という立場に等しい将軍が続き、最終的には1573年、織田信長によって室町幕府は滅ぼされた。
English: Nobunaga tried to unify Japan, and in 1576, he handed over the right of the head of the family to his legitimate eldest son Nobutada ODA and retired to a new residence, Azuchi-jo Castle from Gifu-jo Castle.
Japanese: その信長であるが、順調に天下布武を進めていた1576年、嫡男の織田信忠に家督を譲って隠居し、居城も岐阜城から安土城に移している。
English: Although he assigned the right of the reigns of the family, Nobunaga retained the actual power of politics until he died in the Honnoji Incident in 1582, and Nobutada's succession to the reigns of the family was just for form.
Japanese: しかし家督は譲ったといっても、信長は1582年に本能寺の変で死去するまで、政治の実権を握り続けており、信忠の家督相続は形式的なものに過ぎなかった。
English: According to one estimate, Nobunaga only gave the right of the reigns of the family to Nobutada because he wanted to establish Nobutada's position as the heir while he was living.
Japanese: 一説では、信長が存命中から後継者の立場を明確にしておきたかったため、信忠に譲ったのだとも言われている。
English: Among the other Warring lords, almost all family heads of the Gohojo clan retired while living and handed over the reigns of the family to the next generation, trying to stabilize the future generation.
Japanese: そのほかの戦国大名では、後北条氏の歴代当主のほとんどが存命中から隠居して、家督を次代に譲って、次代の体制作りに務めている。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who established the Edo bakufu retired in 1605, only 2 years after he became shogun, and handed the position over to his third son Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and moved his residence to the Sunpu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 江戸幕府を開いた徳川家康も1605年、つまり将軍職に就任してからわずか2年で、三男の徳川秀忠に将軍職を譲って居城を駿府城に移している。
English: However, what Ieyasu did was only to show that the shogunship was hereditary in the Tokugawa clan afterwards to daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and the Imperial court, and he also retained the real power of politics until he died, just like Nobunaga did.
Japanese: ただし、これは将軍職が以後は徳川氏によって世襲されるものであるということを諸大名や朝廷に知らしめるために行なわれただけであり、家康も信長と同じく、死ぬまで政治の実権は握り続けていた。
English: In fact, although he gave his position to his son while he was living, he never gave away the title of 'Genji choja' (the top of the Minamoto clan) to Hidetada.
Japanese: 現に、家康は存命中に将軍職は譲ったが、「源氏長者」の立場は決して秀忠に譲らなかった。
English: Later, Hidetada, Yoshimune Tokugawa, Ienari Tokugawa and so on handed over their positions to their sons and retired, and retained the real power of politics as Ogosho.
Japanese: その後、秀忠や徳川吉宗、徳川家斉なども将軍職を息子に譲って隠退し、大御所として政治の実権を握り続けている。
English: However, in case of the lords of domains, a few of them retained the real power after inkyo, and there are many cases where the reason of the inkyo was illness
Japanese: しかし藩主においては、隠居して後も実権を握っていた例は少なく、また隠居したのも病気を理由にという例が少なくない。
English: Further, some of the lords were forced to quit their positions by a group of subordinates due to his misconduct, and handed their reigns to their successors (forced inkyo).
Japanese: また、藩主の不行跡などで家臣団からの反発を受けて、強制的に後継者に家督を譲って隠居する（強制隠居）例もある。
English: During the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, there were many cases of retired former daimyo retaining or regaining real power, acting substantially as lords of the domains.
Japanese: 幕末には隠居した元藩主が実権を保持または回復し、実質的な藩主として振舞った例が多い。
English: During the Meiji period, because of 'each emperor one era system,' an era name was used until emperor died and it is not considered that emperor in fact retired and became a retired emperor.
Japanese: 明治時代では、一世一元の制などから、天皇が死去するまではその元号が用いられ、天皇が隠退して上皇になることなどもない。
English: Some sects place successor priests, and other sects accepts the inkyo and place the vice priests who takes over the operation of the temples.
Japanese: その場合は後任の住職をつける場合と、住職のまま隠居して副住職をつけ、副住職に寺務を代行させる場合がある。
English: In the case of hossu (the chief priest) of Taiseki-ji Temple, the Head Temple of Nichiren Sho Sect, as a principle, he has to retire as inkyo after deciding the successor and gives over the position of the highest priestship to the successor.
Japanese: 日蓮正宗総本山・大石寺の法主は隠居する場合、原則として後継者を定めて猊座を譲り、隠居することになっている。
English: The hossu in inkyo may play the role of the incumbent archbishop and work as the head priest at the time of a Buddhist sermon or make a copy of the principal image of the temple when the incumbent is absent because of a trip or illness.
Japanese: 隠居しても、当代の法主が出張で不在の場合や体調不良等で代理で法要の導師を務めたり、本尊を書写したりする場合もある。
English: In the case of the line of emperors in China, although Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Sung Dynasty and Qian Long of the Qing Dynasty retired and handed over the reigns to their successors and became Retired Emperors, in contrast, most emperors kept their reigns until their death.
Japanese: 中国歴代の皇帝などでは、南宋の孝宗_(宋)や清の乾隆帝などが、皇位を後継者に譲って隠退し、上皇となっているが、ほとんどの歴代皇帝は、崩御するまで皇帝の位にあった。
English: Although fewer cases are found in Europe, Karl V of the Great Roman Empire who doubles as the king of Spain as Carlos I, retired due to the fatigue of state affairs and illness, and spent the rest of his life in a monastery.
Japanese: ヨーロッパではさらに例が少ないが、神聖ローマ帝国とスペイン王を兼任したカール5世(神聖ローマ皇帝)（スペイン王としてはカルロス1世）は政務への疲労と病気のため退位し、残りの人生を修道院で送っている。
English: Other than these example, most European kings and emperors, monarchs of Asian regions retain their reigns of power until death, and there are few cases where they retired while they were alive.
Japanese: このほかの欧米の国王や皇帝、アジア地域の君主のほとんども、自身が死去するまで王位・皇位についており、存命中に隠退したということはほとんどない。
English: However, there are examples where kings and emperors were dethroned by the persons in authority at the time, and the monarchy could not administer the affairs of state due to physical limitations and handed over the throne to the another person.
Japanese: ただし、国王や皇帝が時の権力者によって廃されたり、その君主の身体的理由で政務を執れないということから、政治の実権を別の人物に譲っているという例はある。
English: Merits of inkyo is that with this system, an excellent successor could be mentored, or the successor could be prepared physically and mentally.
Japanese: 隠居のよいところは、優れた後継者を作りやすい、もしくはその後継者を身体的にも精神的にも鍛え上げることができるということである。
English: For example, while Nobunaga and Ieyasu retained the real power of politics, even after being retired, minor things were left for their sons.
Japanese: たとえば信長、家康などは嫡男に家督を譲って隠居した後も政治の実権は握り続けていたが、小さいことなどは息子に任せていた。
English: At the battles after Nobunaga retired, such as the punitive battle of the Takeda clan in 1582, Nobunaga designated Nobutada as head of the army.
Japanese: 1582年の武田氏追討戦をはじめとする隠居後の戦いにおいては、信長は信忠を総大将にしている。
English: Also after Ieyasu handed over his position to Hidetada, he designated the closest retainers, Masanobu HONDA and Tadachika OKUBO as supporters of successor Hidetada and let them build him up.
Japanese: 家康も秀忠に将軍職を譲った後、側近中の側近である本多正信と大久保忠隣などを守役としてつけて、秀忠の後継者としての養育に当たらせている。
English: Also famous is successful inkyo Terumune DATE in 1584 when he was just 41 in his virility, he handed over the reigns of the family to his legitimate eldest son Masamune DATE, and brought under control of the conflict between Masamune and his younger brother Kojiro DATE for succession, and it gave Masamune a chance to take a giant step.
Japanese: また、天正12（1584）年に41歳の男盛りだった伊達輝宗が嫡男の伊達政宗に家督を譲ったことで、政宗とその弟伊達小次郎の後継者争いを抑え、政宗が飛躍する足がかりを作ったことも、隠居の成功例として有名だ。
English: For example, when retired person A continues to retain real power and B who newly holds the reigns of the family is only a puppet of A.
Japanese: 例えば隠居したAという人物が、なおも実権を握り続けたために、新たに家督に就いた人物Ｂはただの傀儡に過ぎないという例があったとする。
English: Then B who is discontent with formal inkyo may cause a rebel against A.
Japanese: すると、このような形式的な隠居に不満を持ったBが、Aに対して反乱を起こすということもある。
English: In the history of Japan, the example of Yoshishige OTOMO and Yoshimune OTOMO of the Bungo Province during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), may be typical.
Japanese: 日本の戦国時代では、豊後国の大友義鎮と大友義統の例が挙げられるかも知れない。
English: Sorin (Sorin OTOMO) handed over the reigns of the family at an early stage to his legitimate eldest son, Yoshimune and became a priest, however, he continued to retain the real power.
Japanese: 宗麟は早くに嫡男の義統に家督を譲って出家したが、なおも実権は握り続けていた。
English: Because of that, Yoshimune was a nominal monarchy and it is said that the relationship with his father, Sorin, was not good around 1580, and the reason why the Otomo clan was one-sidedly pushed by the Shimazu clan invasion was not only for losing the war at the battle of Mimikawa, but also the infighting of the Otomo clan.
Japanese: そのため、義統は形式的な君主に過ぎず、1580年頃には宗麟と義統の関係は不和だったと言われているし、大友氏が島津氏の侵攻に一方的に押されたのも、耳川の戦いにおける敗戦だけではなく、家中における権力闘争も原因だったと言われている。
English: Further, there is the example of Shingen TAKEDA who retained real power until his death and failed to mentor the next generation's successor to maintain the system, and was finally ruined.
Japanese: また、武田信玄のように隠居せずに死去するまで実権を握り続け、次代の後継者作りや体制作りを忘れたがために滅びた例もある。
English: The reason why the Takeda clan was ruined only within nine years after the death of Shingen is said to be that the inner system for Katsuyori TAKEDA of the next generation was not established.
Japanese: 信玄の死後、武田氏が9年で滅びたのは、次代の武田勝頼における体制作りが行なわれていなかったためとも言われている。
English: Because of the above, there was friction inside the Takeda family between the old vassals group from the time of Shingen and the close retainers group from the time of Katsuyori.
Japanese: このため、武田家内部では信玄時代の老臣派と、勝頼時代の側近衆による不和も起きている。
English: Because there were cases where inkyo was problematic and the whole family ruined, inkyo has to be considered carefully.
Japanese: 隠居が問題で、その家が滅んだ例もあるほどで、隠居は言わば慎重に考える必要があると思われる。
English: It represents a simple tea ceremony performed in a 4.5 tatami-mat tea room or less, compared to the more gorgeous tea ceremony performed in a shoin room (formal reception room).
Japanese: 書院における豪華な茶の湯に対し、四畳半以下の茶室を用いた簡素な茶の湯を指す。
English: The term 'wabicha' came into use during the Edo period, and is not a concept developed when Juko MURATA and SEN no Rikyu were alive.
Japanese: 「わび茶」という言葉が出来るのは江戸時代であり、村田珠光や千利休らが存命であった時代に成立した概念ではない。
English: It is also believed that it was called 'wabisuki' during the Momoyama period when Rikyu was alive.
Japanese: 利休が生きていた桃山時代には「侘数寄」「わび数寄」と呼ばれたという説もある。
English: In 'Nanporoku' (Southern Record) written around 1688 to 1703, there is a term 'wabichayu' which is likely to be synonymous with 'wabicha.'
Japanese: なお元禄時代ごろ成立の「南方録」には「わび茶」と同義と思われる「侘茶湯」という語が見える。
English: In the later Muromachi period, drinking tea was popular even among ordinary people, while in formal tea ceremonies, expensive Chinese utensils called 'karamono' (particularly, utensils with popular names were called 'Meibutsu (tea utensils)') were in use.
Japanese: 室町時代後期、喫茶は庶民の間まで広まっていたが、正式な茶会では高価な中国製の道具である「唐物」（特に愛称の付けられた道具を「名物(茶道具)」と呼んだ）が用いられていた。
English: Contrary to the trend appreciating such expensive karamono, Juko was using humble utensils such as inexpensive Chinese ceramics (inexpensive celadon ceramics called 'Juko Seiji' were typical) and Joo Takeno, Rikyu's teacher, was fond of Shigaraki-yaki ware and Bizen-yaki ware.
Japanese: このように高価な唐物を尊ぶ風潮に対し、珠光は粗製の中国陶磁器（「珠光青磁」と呼ばれる安価な青磁が代表的）などの粗末な道具を使用したし、利休の師であった武野紹鴎は信楽焼や備前焼を好んだ。
English: Wabicha was thought to evolve from rejecting an existing set of values appreciating the karamono.
Japanese: このような様式としてのわび茶は、唐物を尊ぶ既成の価値観への反抗を母体として発生したといえる。
English: It is believed that Soju, one of Juko's disciples, and Joo Takeno contributed to the development of wabicha and that SEN no Rikyu completed the style of wabicha.
Japanese: 珠光の弟子の宗珠、武野紹鴎らがわび茶を発展させ、千利休がこれを完成させたと考えられている。
English: Since there are few historical materials written or recorded by these four people including Juko, much of the information now available is based on legend and it is hard to really know the nature of their styles of tea ceremony.
Japanese: ただし、珠光を含めこれら４名は、本人による文献史料がほとんど残っておらず、多くが伝承であり、その茶の本質を知るのは困難である。
English: Only in the case of Rikyu, there are densho (books on the esoterica) written by his disciples and offspring about his activities, from which we are able to obtain some information.
Japanese: 唯一利休については多くの弟子や子孫が書き残した伝書があるため概要を知ることが出来る。
English: SEN no Rikyu endeavored to develop wabicha further, and had professionals produce utensils based upon the designs he drew to use for his tea ceremonies in addition to his ordinary Japanese utensils.
Japanese: 千利休はわび茶をさらに発展させ、国産の道具を用いるだけでなく自身で器具を積極的にデザインし、職人につくらせた。
English: During the Rikyu era, Rakujawan made at Rikyu's request was regarded as a bad utensil unlike Tenmoku Chawan (tea bowl) which was a typical karamono.
Japanese: 利休の時代、利休が作らせた楽茶碗は、代表的な唐物である天目茶碗と違って粗末な道具とされていた。
English: Also, Rikyu was using imported goods such as Kourai Chawan (Korean tea bowl) and Luzon (Philippines) pots, which were mass produced and regarded as poor utensils.
Japanese: また利休は高麗茶碗や呂宋壺などの輸入品も用いたが、これらは産地では雑器扱いの大量生産品であった。
English: The tea room conception as a modern idea was established after the modern ages began, and during the Rikyu's period, the space to enjoy tea drinking was called 'Zashiki,' 'Kakoi,' or 'Sukiya.'
Japanese: 現在でいう茶室の概念が成立したのは近代以降であり、利休の時代には茶を飲む空間は「座敷」「囲い」「数寄屋」と呼ばれていた。
English: Basically, that space was arranged by installing tatami mats in a room in Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a tokonoma).
Japanese: これは基本的には書院造の部屋に畳を持ち込んで茶席とするものであった。
English: On the other hand, Rikyu designed an extremely small tea room only intended for making and drinking tea, as represented by 'Machi-an.'
Japanese: 一方、利休は「待庵」に代表される、極端に狭く、茶を立てて飲む、茶だけのために設計された茶室を作った。
English: As it is popular as a current tea room, the idea of a square door called nijiriguchi (crawling entrance) was developed by Rikyu, and before that, people entered a tea room by shoji (a paper sliding door) situated between the tea room and engawa (a veranda or terrace surrounding the house in Japanese architecture).
Japanese: 現在の茶室でよく見られる躙り口も利休の考案であり、彼以前には縁側から障子を開けて茶席に入っていた。
English: As a matter of fact, the person who advanced Rikyu's tea style and completed it to the one very close to the image of current 'wabicha' was Rikyu's grandson, SEN no Sotan.
Japanese: 実際に利休の茶をさらに進め現在の「わび茶」というイメージにもっとも近いものに創り上げたのは、利休の孫、千宗旦である。
English: On the other hand, Shigechika KANAMORI and Enshu KOBORI were pursuing a bit freer and more colorful and gorgeous tea ceremony style, as if they were acting against Sotan's behaviors.
Japanese: 一方、それに反発するかのように金森宗和や小堀遠州はいくぶん華やかで伸びやかな茶を追求することになる。
English: Originally, they started wabicha to oppose the use of expensive karamono such as Meibutsu and, instead, were using inexpensive utensils including rakujawan, bamboo vases and lacquered tea container natsume (tea utensil), but as the head family of the school was taking power in the Edo period, such inexpensive tea utensils became Meibutsu because of hakogaki (description written on tea utensil's case), records of history and naming.
Japanese: 本来は高価な唐物名物を用いた茶の湯への反抗であり、楽茶碗や竹製の花生、量産の漆塗り茶入である棗(茶器)といった安価な道具を用いるものであったが、江戸時代に家元が権威化すると、箱書や伝来、命銘などによってこれらの道具も名物へと転化してしまった。
English: In addition, a koma (a small tea room) originally supposed to be sotai (simple) became ceremonial during the modern age due to the spread of large-scaled tea ceremonies, and a reversal phenomenon occurred, where people love to use shintai (true) utensils such as a karakane (Chinese copper) flower vase and karamono tea leaf container in a koma.
Japanese: また近代以降は大寄せの茶会の普及によって、本来草体である小間の格式が上がってしまい、真体である唐銅の花生や唐物茶入を好んで小間に用いるという逆転現象も発生している。
English: The oldest existing painting is wall paintings drawn on the walls of caves (cave paintings) taking advantage of its concave-convex surface, and since humans started constructing buildings, paintings were being applied to their walls and became inseparable parts of the walls of living and divine space.
Japanese: 人類の最も古い絵画は、洞窟の凹凸を利用して描いた壁画（洞窟壁画）であり、人類が建物を作るようになって以後もその壁面に絵画が描かれるなど、絵画は居住空間や神聖な空間の壁と切り離せない存在だった。
English: Paintings began to be gradually drawn on wooden panels and cloth (tableau) existing separately and independently from the walls of caves and buildings.
Japanese: 絵画は次第に洞窟や建物の壁面から離れ、独立した板や布（タブロー）に描かれるようになった。
English: In fact, a number of ceiling and wall paintings are still produced, providing the effect that wall and ceiling paintings are enjoyable for many viewers at the same time and able to turn the whole space to the one likely to make the viewers feel surrounded by the atmosphere.
Japanese: しかし、多くの人が同時に見ることができ、しかも空間全体を変容させて見る人を包み込む効果のある壁画・天井画は、今でも数多く制作されている。
English: Paintings drawn on the ceilings and cave walls during the Stone Age are the oldest existing ones.
Japanese: 石器時代の洞窟の天井や側面に描かれた洞窟壁画は、現存する人類最古の絵画である。
English: These cave wall paintings, produced using various kinds of colored soil pigments, taking advantage of the cave's concave-convex surfaces, seem to have played a certain role in ceremonies.
Japanese: これら洞窟壁画はさまざまな色の土を顔料に使い、洞窟内の凹凸を利用して描かれ、おそらく祭祀などに使われたものと思われる。
English: In Asia, Buddhist wall paintings were created in stone caves in India and Central Asia, which influenced Buddhist art in China, Korea, and Japan.
Japanese: アジアではインドや中央アジアの石窟などに仏教壁画が描かれ、中国や朝鮮、そして日本の仏教美術に影響を与えた。