nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The architect, Fumitaka NISHIZAWA, who surveyed the buildings and the gardens of the Itsukushima-jinja shrine said the contrast of the Jigozen-jinja Shrine on the opposite shore and Itsukushima-jinja shrine could be tasted, but are hard to illustrate.
Japanese: 対岸の地御前神社と厳島神社の対応に至っては、身をもって味わい得ても、図示することは不可能だったと、厳島神社の建築と庭園の実測を行った建築家西澤文隆の言葉がある。
English: The ritualistic-related remains of Jonokoshi-iseki excavated in Iga City, Mie Prefecture revealed architecture that provided information about form and structure showing a consciousness about the maintenance of scenery and its technique and was thus designated as national scenic beauty and historical site as well, and being protected.
Japanese: 三重県伊賀市で発掘されている祭事の関連遺跡である城之越遺跡は後の庭園の修景意識と技術にかんする遺構を有していたため国の名勝及び史跡に指定されて保護されている。
English: This remains are thought to be from the latter half of the 4th century which corresponds to the early Tumulus period, and three springs supply water to a large ditch that flows down near the colony, and the spring is surrounded by arrangement of stones and processed wood in a well-like fabrication and has bricks for supporting the embankment.
Japanese: この遺跡は古墳時代前期の4世紀後半に属するとみられ、3箇所からの涌き水が合流して大溝となって集落付近を流下し、涌き水点近くは石組みや加工木材で井戸状に囲い、貼り石護岸を有する。
English: At the cape where the water merges, are large stones and some of them are standing and it is thought that these were for arranging the scenery.
Japanese: 合流地点の岬部分は大石を配していくつかは立石として景を整える様子がうかがわれている。
English: It is said that this technique led to the consciousness of a method for adding stones at the bending point.
Japanese: これは後世の流の屈曲点に石を添える手法につながる工法意識であるとされる。
English: Its scene was composed in a waka poem by the moaning toneris (servants) of Kusakabe's Court for his premature death which was left in volume 2 of "Manyo-shu" (the Japanese oldest collection of songs, entitled "A Collection of a Myriad Leaves").
Japanese: その様子は「万葉集」に草壁皇子の早世を悲しんで春宮の舎人たちの詠んだ歌が『万葉集』巻二に残されている。
English: A pond was dug in the garden, and a combination of stones placed to simulate a rough shore line, between the stones are azalea, and at the center of the pond is an island thus his palace was called the Island Court of Tachibana (an inedible green citrus fruit native to Japan).
Japanese: 庭園には池がうがたれ、荒磯の様を思わせる石組みがあり、石組みの間にはツツジが植えられ、池中には島があり、このために「橘の島宮」と称せられたという。
English: In this way, representing the sea by digging a pond was adopted by Nihon teien of the coming age.
Japanese: このように、池を掘り海の風景を表そうとしたことは、以後の日本庭園にも長く受け継がれる。
English: It is significant that there are many portrayals of sea scenery such as; the seashore, the rough shoreline, and an islan, in records to evaluate it as a nucleus to form Nihon teien, and even in mountainous areas far removed from the sea, ocean scenery, especially from that of the Seto Inland Sea, was an object of remembrance and adoration since that time.
Japanese: 記録に海浜・荒磯・島など海景描写の多いことは日本庭園形成の基幹を位置付けるものとして重要で海からはるかに遠い山国にあっても海景とくに瀬戸内海の美しい風景はこのころから追憶、あこがれの対象であった。
English: Japanese people tried to reproduce them in gardens and effort was developed to compose a traditional form of Japanese garden with a small mountain, a pond, an island, white sand, a stream, and a water fall, and this was already positioned as a form during the period.
Japanese: これを庭園に再現する努力から筑山・池・島・白砂・水流・滝など自然要素で構成する日本の伝統様式に発展し、すでにこの時代に位置付けられていたことを示している。
English: Remains of Gardens in the Asuka Imperial Palace and Heijo-kyo (the capital of old Japan during the Nara era) are being excavated and knowledge that was not found in literature, has been added.
Japanese: 飛鳥宮や平城京跡の庭園発掘がすすみ、文献では得られない知見を加えている。
English: When a long and narrow pond of 55m in length and 5m in width with a lot of bends and round stones embedded in the bottom was excavated at Sakyo-sanjo-nibo-rokutsubo (the old address of the garden excavated in 1975), it drew attention that it was a garden that public kyokusui no en (the feast on a bent stream held in March 3 where attendants enjoyed composing poems while drinking) were held.
Japanese: 1975（昭和50）年に発掘された平城京の左京三条二坊六坪からは、長さ55メートル、最大幅5メートルの、細長く屈曲し、底に玉石を敷きつめた池が発掘され、公的な曲水の宴が催された庭園として注目された。
English: The pond is shallow and a boundary line between a pond and the land curves in a complicated manner, and the bottom of the pond is embedded with round stones and large stones are arranged around the edge of the pond, which suggests the gardening technique of the Nara period and the garden of the tim, when it was produced.
Japanese: 池の水深は浅く汀線が複雑に湾曲しており、池底に玉石を敷き池縁に石を立てるなど、奈良時代の作庭技法と当時の庭園の様子を伺うことができる。
English: While at the end of the 8th century, the capital was moved to Heian-kyo, the new capital Kyoto was surrounded by thick green mountains in three directions and rich pure water and it was a land of beautiful picturesque scenery.
Japanese: 8世紀末になって都が平安京に遷されたが、京都は三方が山に囲まれた濃い緑に囲まれる山紫水明の、清流にめぐまれた景勝の地である。
English: The mountains of three directions belonging to the Paleozoic strata have gentle ups and downs, and around the border in the basin, some independent small hills are seen here and there.
Japanese: 三方の山々は古生層に属してゆるやかな起伏をもち、また盆地縁辺にはいくつかの独立した小山も点在していた。
English: While from the mountains and rivers of the Paleozoic strata, beautiful garden stones and white sand were obtained, a natural environment like this could provide high quality gardening materials such as trees, stones, water, and sand, and the Heian-kyo was an ideal place for gardening because of its topography and available materials.
Japanese: この古生層の山河からは、美しい庭石と白砂がとれたがこうした自然環境は樹木・石・水・砂など良質の作庭材料を供給し、地形からも材料からも、庭園をつくるのに好適の地であったといえる。
English: It is said that in Kyoto, there were large gardens like the Shinsen-en garden, said to be as large as east to west approximately 218m and north to south approximately 436m, Reiszei-in imperial villa, Suzaku-in imperial villa and Junna-in imperial villa.
Japanese: 京には東西2町南北4町に及ぶとされる神泉苑や冷泉院、朱雀院、淳和院などの庭園があったとされている。
English: Today, only a small part of the Shinsen-en garden is left which reserves an ample amount of spring water and those who made it skillfully utilized it, which is reminiscent of the past.
Japanese: 現在、わずかにその一部を残す神泉苑に当時の豊富な湧水を貯えて巧みに利用した往時の姿をしのぶことができる。
English: It is said by choosing suburban beauty spots and building an imperial villa (detached palace) or a villa (country house) with gardens began around this time.
Japanese: また郊外の景勝地を選び離宮や別荘を営んで庭園をつくることはこの頃から始まっているとされる。
English: The Daikaku-ji Temple at Saga, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City is said to be the remains of the garden of an imperial villa built by Emperor Saga, thus the remains are a valuable example as a form of gardens from the early Heian period.
Japanese: 京都市右京区嵯峨にある大覚寺は、嵯峨天皇が離宮の苑池として作ったものの遺構とされ、平安時代初期庭園の貴重な遺構である。
English: Osawa-no-ike pond, which is main part of the garden, has two large and small islands near its north shore and a standing stone at the center of the pond, and Nakoso-no-taki water fall at the north, which shows us the broad-minded manner of the early Heian period today.
Japanese: その庭園の主要部である大沢の池は北岸に近い大小二つの中島と池中の立石、また北側の名古曽の滝跡とともに平安時代初期のおおらかな面影を今日にしのばせている。
English: The form of residence of the aristocracy during the Heian period is called shinden-zukuri and the form of the building is generalized, and the form of the gardens had been improved upon as shinden-zukuri gardens accordingly.
Japanese: 平安時代の貴族の邸宅の形式は寝殿造と呼ばれ、その建築様式は普遍化し、それに伴って庭園の様式も寝殿造り庭園としてその形式を整えていった。
English: At the Face (south) side of the shinden, a garden with a pond with an island in it, into which a stream from outside flows, was built.
Japanese: 寝殿の正面（南側）には遣水から中島のある池に水を流し込む庭園が設けられた。
English: And Udaijin (minister of the right) MINAMOTO no Toru's garden at his residence, Kawara-no-in imitated the sea scenery of Shiogama, Mutsu Province and Uki-shima island (one of the islands in Matsushima Bay) of Matsushima (the islands in Matsushima Bay), and Rokujo-in imperial villa imitated Amanohashidate (the sand spit in Miyazu Bay in Tango Province, known as one of the three best scenes in Japan), and all of these are extensions of shukukei (an artificial scene constructed in a garden, which mimicked a famous natural scene) technique from the previous era.
Japanese: また右大臣源融の邸宅河原院の庭園は奥州塩釜の海景や松島の浮島、六条院は丹後の天の橋立の模写などがそれであり、これらは前時代からの自然風景の縮景手法の延長線上に行われたことが伺える。
English: Shukukei gardens imitating sea scenery from the Nara period is widely used during the present period, too, however, the technique has changed from vague unspecified sea scenery to more specified sea scenery.
Japanese: 奈良時代から受け継がれてきた海景の縮景庭園はこの時代にも広く用いられているが、莫然とした海景の模写から特定の海景の模写へと変化していった。
English: Further, waka poem competitions were held by making garden scenery the subject of the poem, it is also characteristic of Nihon teien that the garden itself is literary and emotional, but there was a period of transition when life styles were changing from 'old-fashioned' to 'modern.'
Japanese: またこれらを主題に歌合せの催しが行われていることから日本庭園が文学的・情緒的であることも一つの特色といえるが、このころは「古めかしきもの」から「今めかしきもの」への変換期で、生活形式が変わりつつあったといわれる。
English: It was a time when Chinese painting imported from China became Japanized eventually and so-called Yamato-e (pictures in which Japanese scenery or customs were drawn or painted) was established around this period, and also literary works began to be written in kana (the Japanese syllabary) against Chinese poetry literature around this time.
Japanese: 中国から伝来した中国絵画がようやく日本化され、いわゆる「大和絵」の成立したのもこの時期であり、漢詩文に対し仮名書きの文学作品が書かれるようになるのもこの時代である。
English: And from the middle of the Heian period, the Jodo style garden that mimics the idea of Western Paradise under the doctrine of the Jodo thoughts of Buddhism (thoughts of going to heaven through praying to Amida Buddha) was prevailing.
Japanese: また平安時代中期から浄土教の影響で西方浄土の極楽に見たてた浄土式庭園が流行した。
English: Worshipers walked through Nanmon (south gate) and crossed an arched bridge to a temple via the island in the pond.
Japanese: 参拝者は南門をくぐって大池に架かった反り橋を渡り、中島を経て御堂に達するようになっていた。
English: The reason ponds and gardens were made in a fixed form is because their designs were based on the compositions of Jodo mandala.
Japanese: なお池や庭園がやや整形的になっているのが多いのは、浄土曼荼羅の構図がもとになっているためと推測されている。
English: Examples: the remains of the garden of the Daijo-in Temple (Nara City), the Byodo-in Temple (Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture), the garden of the Joruri-ji Temple, the Motsu-ji Temple (Hiraizumi Town, Iwate Prefecture), etc.
Japanese: 例：大乗院庭園跡（奈良）、平等院（京都府宇治市）、浄瑠璃寺庭園、毛越寺（岩手県平泉町）など。
English: The gardens during this time are particularly known today because "Sakutei-ki" (the oldest book about gardens in Japan) supposedly authored by TACHIBANA no Toshitsuna, remains available today.
Japanese: この時代の庭がとくに詳しくわかっているのは、当時の公家橘俊綱が書いたといわれる『作庭記』が残されているからである。
English: In the book of secrets "Sakutei-ki," that describes the technique of allocating space, water fall/stream, plant gardening written in the late Heian period, insists that the motif of a garden should come from natural scenery.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に庭園の地割、石組、滝・遣水、植裁等の技法について著された秘伝書『作庭記』には自然の風景からモチーフを得るという主張が貫かれている。
English: And the relationship between nature and the producer of a garden is described as "to follow as requested."
Japanese: また自然と作者との対応のしかたが＜乞はんに従う＞という言葉で表現されている。
English: This means that land forms and rocks of nature request the form of garden, and there is a unique Japanese view of nature in the idea that nature makes requests to humans.
Japanese: これは自然の地形や岩石が、人間に要求してくるというもので、自然が人間に要求するという感じ方に、日本人独特の自然観がみられる。
English: It means that nature is not an object opposed to human and to be overcome, but an object that a human adapts himself to and a human should produce gardens subject to nature.
Japanese: 自然が人間と対立し克服すべき対象となるのではなく、自然の中にとけこみ、自然に従いながら作庭しようとする意味である。
English: In this book, there are many techniques and ways to show the garden like "streams in the garden where there is no pond, should be exceptionally wide and long" and the description to show the garden is an expression leading to the techniques to produce a Japanese garden developed in later years.
Japanese: また＜池なき所の遣水は、事外にひろくながして＞とあるように見せ方を種々述べているが、その見せ方の記述に、後に展開される日本作庭手法の先駆的表現が示されている。
English: The book describes emotional world of literature like composing Japanese poems by incorporating each season, water falls, streams, a garden path mimicking a way in the field, plants in the garden arranged in and around the garden which Japanese like when producing a garden.
Japanese: 四季折々を歌に詠む情緒的な文学の世界と建物近くに配される滝・遣水・野筋・前栽については日本人の好む作庭感が述べられている。
English: As "Sakutei-ki" was written by a court noble, court nobles at the time were also first class landscape gardeners.
Japanese: 『作庭記』が公家自身の手で書かれたように、当時の公家は一流の作庭家でもあった。
English: It is said that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi produced the garden himself because he could not find a favorite gardening specialist when he tried to build a garden at the Byodo-in.
Japanese: 藤原頼通も庭園をつくろうとしたとき、気に入った専門家がなく、みずから作庭したといわれる。
English: MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who established the first samurai government also built the Eifuku-ji Temple garden of which form was following Jodo style garden in Kamakura (Kamakura City).
Japanese: 初めて武家政治を打ち立てた源頼朝も、鎌倉に浄土式庭園の形式を受け継いだ、永福寺の庭を造っている。
English: It is said that Yoritomo was much moved by the solemnity of the Chuson-ji Temple, Motsu-ji Temple, and the Muryoko-in Temple, he saw and heard of in Hiraizumu at the Battle of Mutsu province in July, 1189, he built the Eifuku-ji Temple to repose the souls of his younger brother Yoshitsune, FUJUWARA no Yasuhira and many other officers and men who died in the Battle.
Japanese: 頼朝が1189（文治5）年7月の奥州合戦で平泉を見聞した中尊寺、毛越寺、無量光院など精舎の荘厳さに感激し、合戦で死んだ弟義経や藤原泰衡ほか多くの将兵の鎮魂のために建立したと伝えている。
English: Excavation researches aiming principally at certification of remains of major temples mainly the Nikai-do Temple, the Amida-do Temple and the Yakushi-do Temple, and gardens spread in front of these temples have been continuously conducted by the Board of Education of Kamakura City since 1978.
Japanese: 1978年から鎌倉市教育委員会によって二階堂と阿弥陀堂、薬師堂を中心とする主要伽藍とこれら建物の前面に広がる庭園の遺構を確認することに主眼を定めた発掘調査が継続して行われている。
English: Approximately 12,000 square meters have been excavated up to 1993, and the position of temples and scale of the halls have gradually been determined.
Japanese: 1993年までに約12000平方メートルもの面積について発掘されその結果伽藍の配置や堂の規模、庭園の様子などは徐々に明らかになってきている。
English: In the early 13th century, a court noble and a Daijo-daijin (the Head of one of the highest administrative organizations) of the early Kamakura period, Kintsune SAIONJI acquired a feudal estate of Nakasuke-o, Kitayama-villa north west of Kyoto, and built Kitayama-dai (Kitayama residence) and invested a fortune to build a garden.
Japanese: 13世紀初めには京都の北西に鎌倉時代初期の公卿で太政大臣であった西園寺公経は仲資王の所領であった北山山荘の地を得て北山第を建てたが、公経はこの地に巨万の富を投入し、作庭した。
English: In the garden there was said to be a pond at the center and a number of halls and residences such as the main hall Saion-ji Temple were placed there, in front of the pond was a Tsuri-dono hall (a hall facing a pond which looks like a fishing rod) and in the pond was an island where pine trees were planted.
Japanese: 造られた庭園は変化に富んだ大きな池を中心に本堂西園寺をはじめ多くの御堂と住宅が配置されたもので、池に臨んで釣殿が配され、池中には中島を築き松が植えられていたとされる。
English: FUJIWARA no Teika who visited the villa in 1225 wrote with warm praise in the Meigetsu-ki (the Diary of FUJIWARA no Teika) that there was a water fall approx. 13.6m and the water of the pond was like lapis lazuli and the spring and the rocks were clear and really incomparable.
Japanese: 1225年にこの地を訪れた藤原定家は明月記に、45尺の滝があり池水は瑠璃のようで泉石は清澄、まことに比類がない、と記し激賞している。
English: Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Muromachi Shogun at the time took over Kitayama villa in 1397 and he was called Kitayama-dono (Lord Kitayama).
Japanese: 時の室町将軍足利義満は1397年に北山山荘の地を譲り受け北山殿と呼ばれた。
English: The scale was enlarged and the Villa Kitayama-dai (the Villa Kitayama hall) was managed and the famous Shari-den (a hall for placing a bone of the Buddha) Kinkaku (a golden pavilion) of a three-layer lofty building was constructed.
Japanese: さらに規模を拡大し、山荘北山第を営み、有名な三層楼閣の舎利殿（金閣）が建立された。
English: Kinkaku is a main building of the garden that was constructed to face the pond, and making it possible to look down on the garden from a lofty building, a new way to appreciate the garden, and traffic was possible between Kinkaku and Tenkyo-kaku.
Japanese: 金閣は庭の中心をなす建築物で池に望んで建てられ、これはこの時代から楼閣からの俯瞰という、庭園鑑賞の新たな視点を生み出しているとされるが、さらに北側に建つ天橋閣と往来が可能だったとされる。
English: The garden equipped with Ryumon-baku (Dragon-gate water fall), a spacious Kyoko-chi pond, Iwajima (an island in the pond, which consists of only rocks and stones) and Kusen-hakkai-seki (stones expressing nine mountains and eight seas) is near Western Paradise, and it is said that Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA praised its scenery as being no less beautiful than that of Saiho-ji Temple.
Japanese: 竜門瀑や広大な鏡湖池と池中の大小の島々や岩島・丸山八海石を配した庭園は西方極楽に変え難く、足利義政は西方寺にも劣らない風景であると賞したとされる。
English: Yoshimitsu modeled the garden for Sento-gosho (an imperial villa for retired emperors) and invited delegations from the Ming dynasty, and was honored by the visit of the emperor and he used the villa for official purposes.
Japanese: 義満はここを仙洞御所になぞられ、明の国史を迎えたり、天皇の行幸を仰ぐなどの公式の用に充てていたとされる。
English: After the death of Yoshimitsu, the Kitayama villa became Rokuon-ji Temple (the Kinkaku-ji Temple), and then in 1422, the it became a Zen temple, but a large part of the major buildings were reconstructed in a new location, and at the time, the garden seemed suffered considerable damage, it is said that broken garden stones were left there for a long time.
Japanese: 義満の死後、鹿苑寺（金閣寺）となり1422年には禅寺になっていくが、主要な建築物の大部分は移築されその際に庭園も相当な影響をうけたらしく破壊された庭石は長らく放置されていたという。
English: Today's scene of Kinkaku-ji Temple is one of repair and revival work led by the chief priest Joshu HORIN of the Edo period.
Japanese: 現在の景観は江戸時代における住職鳳林章承の修復、復興整備によるものである。
English: From the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, among the Zen monks at the gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) literature prospered, and suiboku-ga (a drawing in India ink) and sansui-ga (a landscape painting in Eastern Asia) were introduced from the Southern Song Dynasty, and including court nobles, they made a waka poetry club.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて五山を中心に禅僧たちの間に文学が隆盛し、また南宋から水墨画・山水画が伝来し、公家をも含めた詩会のためのサークルをつくっていた。
English: As places for these clubs, studies were quite often used, and as matter of course, gardens attached to studies developed.
Japanese: このサークルの場として禅寺の書院が使われることが多く、したがって書院の庭が当然発達することになった。
English: Condensed natural landscapes were created in the narrow space of front of small studies.
Japanese: この小さい書院の前庭としての狭い空間に、自然の山水を凝縮したような庭をつくりだした。
English: At the Daisen-in Temple, a garden is located in the east of the study, a standing stone was placed there, trim plants were planted, two-tier water fall rocks were arranged like rocky mountains, white sand representing a flowing current over which a stone bridge is built, rock island is in place, a stone dam is laid downstream, and a stone bridge crosses over it, and all of which are arranged within only 100 square meters.
Japanese: 大仙院の庭は書院の東側に位置し100平方メートル余の平面に岩石を立て、刈込みを配し岩山として2段滝の石を組み、白砂で表した流れには石橋を架け岩島を設け、石堰を横たえた下流に石橋を浮かべるといった景である。
English: Among them, the Saiho-ji Temple garden is a masterpiece and it is composed with a view of the world as seen from Zen sect Buddhism, and the influence of this garden on future gardens was immense.
Japanese: なかでも西芳寺の庭は、禅宗の世界観で構成された傑作で、この庭園が以後の庭園に与えた影響は測り知れないほどである。
English: While the garden somewhat resembles the scenery of a mountain village described in "Sakutei-ki," it reminds us of the strict world of Zen.
Japanese: ここは『作庭記』にいう山里の景に似ながら、きびしい禅の世界を思わせる。
English: Records show that Muso kokushi said to build a garden was not a pleasure, but part of an ascetic practice, thus he felt pain when it was required to destroy fields in order to build a garden.
Japanese: 夢窓国師が庭園を造るときは、それは遊興のためではなく修行の一部であり、庭園をつくるために田畑をつぶす苦しみを述べた記録も残されている。
English: It can be said the sophisticated gardens comparable with other first class art were born from this state of mind.
Japanese: 他の一流芸術に匹敵する庭園は、こうした心のあり方から生まれたともいえる。
English: His garden is a very suitable environmental composition for the front yard of a Zen hall, and it is a peak level of stone arrangement.
Japanese: 禅堂の前庭として非常に相応しい環境の構成であり、石組みの最高峰といえる。
English: Examples: Although it is said that gardens of the Saiho-ji Temple (Kyoto), Tenryu-ji Temple (Kyoto) and the Zuisen-ji Temple (Kamakura City, Kamakura) can be given as examples produced by Soseki MUSO, there is an explanation that a naturalized priest Doryu RANKEI was involved in building them, but this has not been confirmed.
Japanese: 例：夢窓疎石の作とされる庭園として西芳寺（京都）、天龍寺（京都）、瑞泉寺(鎌倉市)（鎌倉）などが挙げられるが、帰化僧の蘭渓道隆が関わったという説もあり確定されているものではない。
English: Typical karesansui gardens are those other than the Daisen-in of the Daitoku-ji Temple, there is a stone garden of the hojo (hojo is a space of three meter square) of the Ryoan-ji Temple (both are in Kyoto City).
Japanese: 代表的な枯山水庭園では、大徳寺大仙院のほか、龍安寺方丈石庭（ともに京都市）などがある。
English: Since the Muromachi period, chanoyu (tea ceremony) came into style among the merchant class town people of Kyoto and Sakai City, as a popular amusement.
Japanese: 室町時代から京都、堺市の町衆の間から「下々のたのしみ」としての茶の湯が流行した。
English: The house was located deep inside the town, and guest visiting in expectation of chanoyu walked down through an exclusive narrow path differing from a gate to a Japanese style room specifically for tea ceremony.
Japanese: それは町屋の奥まりに位置し、茶の湯を楽しみにやってくる客人は玄関とは別に、専用の細い通路を通り茶の座敷へと向かう。
English: The garden space where the lane and the house in the mountain town area are located are functionally fused together and called roji (the garden outside a ceremonial tearoom) for wabi-cha (a simple tea ceremony).
Japanese: これが路地であるが、この路地と市中の山居が機能的に融合させたわび茶のための庭園空間が露地と呼ばれる。
English: During the Edo period, Shogun (Head of the lords) or Daimyos (feudal lords) often constructed a landscape garden in the go round style within their castles and residences in Edo where they could walk around (Daimyo gardens are typical in ponds and Tsukiyama (artificial hill in the garden) and promenades in the garden and they were called Chisen-Kaiyu-shiki-teien (go around the pond style garden).
Japanese: 江戸時代、将軍あるいは大名は、城や（江戸の）屋敷を築く際に庭園内を回遊することができる廻遊式庭園を盛んに築いた（大名屋敷の庭園に代表される池、築山を中心にした回遊できる庭園は池泉回遊式庭園といわれる。
English: Examples: Koishikawa Koraku-en garden (Tokyo metropolitan area), Kenroku-en garden (Kanazawa City), Koraku-en garden (Okayama City), Ritsurin-koen park (Takamatsu City), Suizenji Joju-en garden (Kumamoto City), etc.
Japanese: 例：小石川後楽園（東京都）、兼六園（金沢市）、後楽園（岡山市）、栗林公園（高松市）、水前寺成趣園（熊本市）など
English: Some of the so-succeeded former daimyo residences have been maintained and passed under the fires of war, and opened to the public as Tokyo Metropolitan property or run by the Ward like Kyu-Yasuda Teien (the former Yasuda garden).
Japanese: そうして受け継いだ旧大名庭園のいくつかは整備され、戦火を潜り抜けて現在東京都の公園として、また旧安田庭園のように区立として公開されている。
English: With the influence of the West, the life style of the people and buildings had been changing, and there rose a new movement also regarding the gardens.
Japanese: また西洋の影響で生活様式や建築が変わり、それにつれて庭園にも新しい動きがみられた。
English: Former Daimyos, high officials of the government and new industrialists reproduced new Japanese gardens by replacing ponds with turf such as old Kyu-Iwasaki-Teien, Seibi-en garden in Aomori Prefecture and a second residence of Akitake TOKUGAWA, Tojo-tei garden.
Japanese: 大名庭園の池を芝に変えた旧岩崎邸庭園、青森の盛美園、徳川昭武の別邸戸定邸庭園など、旧大名や政府の高官、新しい実業家たちが日本庭園をつくった。
English: These gardens are bright and equipped with wide turf instead of wide water surfaces and have Western-style houses on them, and they are half Japanese style and half Western style, and it is said garden parties are taking place on occasion.
Japanese: 従来の池の広い水面の変わりに芝生面を広くとった明るい庭、園内に洋館を建てるなどの和洋折衷の庭で、ここで園遊会などが行われたとされる。
English: In the capital at the time, Tokyo, many daimyo-residences and attached gardens were destroyed one after another, and Keijiro OZAWA seeing this, collected records and data of these old gardens in his spare time outside his duties, and after his retirement, he researched these teiens and published Meiji Teien-ki (A Record of Gardens during the Meiji period) in 1915.
Japanese: 当時の首都東京では江戸時代の大名屋敷とそれに付随する庭園が次々と壊され、この現状を目の前にして小沢圭次郎は職務の余暇として古い庭園の記録と資料収集を行っており、退職してからはさらに庭園研究に励み、1915(大正4)年『明治庭園記』を発表するに至る。