nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, according to Kenjiro UME, one of the drafting committee members of Minpoten (the legal code that stipulates basic regulations related to Civil Code), in Old Civil Codes drawn up by Gustave Emile BOISSONADE it was stipulated as 30 years based on the legislation of the time, but it became easier to figure out distant properties thanks to better transportation and also it was necessary to determine the rights more quickly because of more frequent transactions, it was shortened to 20 years, and he didn't mention the links to the old law in Japan.
Japanese: ただし、民法典の起草委員の一人である梅謙次郎によれば、ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナード起草の旧民法では当時の立法例に則して30年となっていたものを、交通の便が開けたことにより遠くにある財産の把握が容易になったこと、取引が頻繁にされることにより権利の確定を早期に行う必要があることから20年に短縮したものと説明されており、日本の旧来の法には触れていない。
English: The Shoshikai is the name of a salon or a group of intelligent people (a think tank) established by people gathered, such as a wide range of scholars or artisans, including those of Western studies or Confucianism, and government officials during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 尚歯会（しょうしかい）とは、江戸時代後期に蘭学、儒学者など幅広い分野の学者・技術者・官僚などが集まって発足したサロンであり頭脳集団（シンクタンク）の名称。
English: It mainly consisted of the members such as the graduates of Narutakijuku, who learned from Philipp Franz Balthasar von SIEBOLD, or people who learned through Choshuku YOSHIDA, such as Choei TAKANO, Sanei KOSEKI, Kazan WATANABE, Hidetatsu EGAWA, and Toshiakira KAWAJI.
Japanese: メンバーは高野長英、小関三英、渡辺崋山、江川英龍、川路聖謨などで、フィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトに学んだ鳴滝塾の卒業生や江戸で吉田長淑に学んだ者などが中心となって結成された。
English: It was supposedly originally set up to take measures against a series of famine like the Tenpo Famine.
Japanese: 当初は天保の大飢饉などの相次ぐ飢饉対策を講ずるために結成されたといわれる。
English: According to the traditional prevailing view, it was considered as a group centered on Western learning, but it seems to have been actually a group based not only on the Dutch, but also on a wide range of varied learning as the promoter, Katsusuke was a Confucianist.
Japanese: 従来の通説では西洋の学問を中心にした集まりとされたが、主宰の勝助は儒学者であり、蘭学に限らない、より幅の広い集団であったようである。
English: It was accepted to study Western learning to some extent during the national isolation period at that time, but there were some restrictions imposed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 鎖国下の当時、西洋の学問を学ぶことはある程度容認されていたが、幕府によって制限が設けられていた。
English: For this reason, they officially called themselves the Shoshikai by using a Japanese word "shoshi"(尚歯) meaning "to value dental care," to make them out to be a group of aged hermits, wisdoms, or people who were attached to those of them.
Japanese: そのため表向きには『歯を大切にする』という意味の『尚歯』を会の名前に使い、尚歯会と名乗って高齢の隠居者・知恵者やそれを慕う者の集まりとした。
English: The topics discussed in the Shoshikai covered a wide range of fields, not only merely medical science which was a mainstream of Western learning then, language, mathematics, astronomy, but also politics, economics, and national defense.
Japanese: 尚歯会で議論される内容は当時の蘭学の主流であった医学・語学・数学・天文学にとどまらず、政治・経済・国防など多岐にわたった。
English: Tadakuni MIZUNO, who took up a post as a Roju (member of shogun's council of elders), paid attentions to this group and attempted to pick their brains in order to take measures against the West.
Japanese: 一時は老中水野忠邦もこの集団に注目し、西洋対策に知恵を借りようと試みていた。
English: However, this caused harm to them, got them broken up because they were falsely accused of a rebellion by Yozo TORII, who was a key figure of conservative factions deprecating Western learning within the bakufu.
Japanese: しかしこれが災いして、幕府内の蘭学を嫌う保守勢力の中心であった鳥居耀蔵によって謀反の濡れ衣を着せられ、解散させられる。
English: Especially, Choei broke out of prison after he was imprisoned and then was killed after escaping by the capturers, Sanei committed suicide for fear of being arrested, and Kazan met his tragic end by committing suicide by disembowelment after he was sentenced to imprisonment (being confined to his house).
Japanese: 特に長英は投獄後に脱獄し、逃亡の果てに捕り方によって殺害され、三英は逮捕をおそれて自殺、崋山は禁固（蟄居）後に自ら切腹するという悲劇的な最期を遂げる。
English: The series of incidents is called Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning), which has been, until recent years, treated as an important event to crack down on thought during the Edo period, but in fact, it can be said that it was an incident of a false charge to exclude people regarded as political enemies, caused by Yozo TORII as mentioned above.
Japanese: この一連の出来事は蛮社の獄と呼ばれ、近年までは江戸時代における一大思想弾圧事件として取り扱われていたが、上述のように実態は鳥居による政敵とみなされた者への排除のための冤罪事件といえる。
English: Although Shoshikai itself lasted only for a short period of time, their thoughts and last wishes were taken over by the rest of the members, who survived fortunately such as Egawa or Kawaji, gave impacts on members of a reformist group including Kaishu KATSU or Shozan Sakuma.
Japanese: 尚歯会そのものは僅かの期間で消滅したが、その思想や遺志は江川や川路などの幸運にも生き残ったメンバーによって伝えられ、幕末の日本において勝海舟や佐久間象山など進歩派に大きな影響を及ぼすことになる。
English: Fujiwara Shikike is a sub branch of Fujiwara family, started by FUJIWARA no Umakai, the third son of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
Japanese: 藤原式家（ふじわらしきけ）とは、右大臣藤原不比等の三男藤原宇合を祖とする家系。
English: Umakai, founder of the Fujiwara Shikike, was promoted to sangi (councilor) after the Conspiracy of Nagayao and led the government during the Emperor Shomu's era with other brothers, but he died of smallpox which spread in 737.
Japanese: 祖の宇合は長屋王の変の後参議に昇進し、藤原四兄弟たちと共に聖武天皇朝で政権を主導したが、天平9年（737年）の天然痘蔓延により病没してしまう。
English: FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the eldest son of Umakai and was demoted to Dazai no shoni (Junior Assistant Governor-General of Dazai-fu offices) after his father's death, rose in revolt in Kyushu, known as the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740, but was killed in defeat.
Japanese: さらに直後に大宰少弐に左遷された宇合の長男藤原広嗣は天平12年（740年）九州にて反乱を起こしたが、敗死してしまった（藤原広嗣の乱）。
English: Due to these situations, Fujiwara Shikike had been subordinate to the so-called Fujiwara Nanke (Southern House of the Fujiwara clan) led by FUJIWARA no Toyonari and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, as well as the Fujiwara Hokke (Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) led by FUJIWARA no Nagate, during the eras of Emperor Koken and Emperor Shotoku.
Japanese: この為孝謙天皇～称徳天皇朝にかけて、藤原南家（藤原豊成・藤原仲麻呂）や藤原北家（藤原永手）の後塵を許す時期がしばらく続いた。
English: FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu and FUJIWARA no Momokawa, younger brothers of Hirotsugu, were successful in helping Emperor Konin to succeed Emperor Shotoku, and rose in the heart of the government instead of Dokyo and KIBI no Makibi.
Japanese: 広嗣の弟である藤原良継や藤原百川は称徳天皇の後継に光仁天皇を擁立することに成功し、道鏡・吉備真備に代わって政権の中枢に躍り出た。
English: Yoshitsugu and Momokawa also each married their daughters, FUJIWARA no Otomuro and FUJIWARA no Tabiko, to Imperial Crown Prince Yamanobe (who later became Emperor Kanmu) and directed Kokyu (empress's residence) policies.
Japanese: また、彼らはそれぞれ自分の娘（藤原乙牟漏・藤原旅子）を皇太子山部親王（のちの桓武天皇）の妃とし後宮政策も行った。
English: Both Yoshitsugu and Momokawa died before the enthronement of Emperor Kanmu, but Otomuro became empress and gave birth to Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga while Tabiko became mother of Emperor Junna, building the base of prosperity of the Fujiwara Shikike during the early Heian period.
Japanese: 彼ら兄弟はいずれも桓武天皇の即位を見ないまま亡くなったが、乙牟漏は皇后となり平城天皇・嵯峨の両天皇を、旅子は淳和天皇を産み、平安時代初期の式家繁栄の礎を築いた。
English: During the Emperor Kanmu period, family members of Fujiwara Shikike were appointed to important positions; FUJIWARA no Tamaro, the forth son of Umakai, was promoted to Sadaijin (Minister of the left) which was practically the highest position among vassals, while FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, son of Umakai's third son FUJIWARA no Kiyonari, was in charge of building Nagaoka-kyo (Japan's short-lived eighth century capital).
Japanese: 桓武朝では式家一族は重用され、宇合四男の藤原田麻呂は事実上の臣下最高位であった左大臣にまで昇進し、三男藤原清成の子である藤原種継は長岡京造営の事業を一任されるなどした。
English: FUJIWARA no Otsugu, son of Momokawa and younger brother of FUJIWARA no Tabiko (nyogo [a consort of an emperor]) of Emperor Kanmu), took charge of building Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) and proposed to suspend punitive expedition to Ezo after he was promoted to sangi at the age of 29.
Japanese: 百川の子で桓武天皇の義弟（姉の藤原旅子は天皇の女御）でもあった藤原緒嗣もわずか29歳で参議に昇進すると、長岡京の後に建設された平安京造宮と蝦夷征伐の中止を進言した。
English: During the Emperor Heizei era, FUJIWARA no Otsugu worked on political reforms, including establishment of the system of inspecting local governments, and rose to higher positions during the era of Emperor Junna (emperor after Saga) as uncle of Emperor (mother of Emperor Junna was FUJIWARA no Tabiko, sister of Otsugu), eventually was appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) in a row.
Japanese: 平城朝においては観察使制度の設置等政治改革に積極的に取り組み、嵯峨朝を経て旅子を母とする淳和天皇が即位するとその外伯父として累進し、右大臣ついで左大臣に至った。
English: However, Fujiwara Shikike gradually went under and was overwhelmed by Fujiwara Hokke after the era of Emperor Saga, partly due to the extinction of the Yoshitsugu family (maternal relatives to Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga) caused by the death of FUJIWARA no Takumi, the only son of Yoshitsugu.
Japanese: しかし、嵯峨朝以降式家は徐々に北家に圧倒されていくが、その一因として、良継の一人息子である藤原託美の事故死による、平城・嵯峨両天皇の外戚である良継系の断絶があった。
English: Furthermore, the Kusuko Incident, a failed rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakanari and his sister Kusuko who was a daughter of Tanetsugu and held power as naishi no tsukasa (a female palace attendant) for Emperor Heizei, as well as the rise of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu from Fujiwara Hokke who won trust of Emperor Saga and TACHIBANA no Kachiko, also led to the decline of Shikike.
Japanese: また、嵯峨朝になると、種継の子で平城天皇の内侍司として権勢を握った藤原薬子とその兄藤原仲成が反乱を企てて断罪された薬子の変の発生に加え、嵯峨天皇・橘嘉智子の信頼を受けた北家の冬嗣の台頭も背景にある。
English: In addition, Hokke family won deep trust of the Retired Emperor Saga and Empress Dowager, shown by the fact that Fuyutsugu's son, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, got married with MINAMOTO no Kiyohime, Imperial princess of the Retired Emperor Saga, while Shikike family failed to produce influential figures due to incidents such as the death of FUJIWARA no Ieo, the eldest son of Otsugu.
Japanese: さらに、冬嗣の息子である藤原良房が嵯峨上皇の皇女源潔姫を降嫁されるなど、父同様上皇と皇太后に深く信任されたのに対し、緒嗣は長男の藤原家緒に先立たれる等、式家はその後有力な人材を出すことができなかった。
English: Otsugu still eventually maintained the head seat of Taikaku (cabinet) more than 15 years after the death of Fuyutsugu during the eras of Emperors Junna and Ninmyo, while his cousin's son FUJIWARA no Yoshino also left accomplishments as a local officer, and was promoted to Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
Japanese: それでも、緒嗣は冬嗣の死後、淳和・仁明天皇朝において15年以上も台閣の首班の座を維持し、従兄弟甥にあたる藤原吉野も地方官として治績を挙げ、中納言に昇進した。
English: However, Yoshino lost his position during the Jowa Incident, and right after the downfall of Yoshino, Otsugu died, making Shikike step aside the center of the politics afterwards.
Japanese: しかしながら、吉野は承和の変で失脚し、その直後には緒嗣が亡くなる等の条件も重なり、以後は式家が再び政治の中枢に立つ事は無くなった。
English: Thereafter, Fujiwara Shikike produced FUJIWARA no Tadabumi, who put down FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War, and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo, who was involved with the Ako Incident, but from the middle of the Heian period, only a couple of families managed to keep their lines known as those that rose on the basis of Confucianism, and few could remain until the Kamakura period.
Japanese: その後は、藤原純友の乱を平定した藤原忠文や、阿衡事件に関与した藤原佐世等を輩出したものの、平安時代中期以降は儒学によって立身する家系として数家がしばらく血統を保つのみとなり、鎌倉時代まで続いた家はほとんどなかった。
English: Fujiwara Kyoke is a sub branch of Fujiwara family, started by FUJIWARA no Maro, the forth son of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
Japanese: 藤原京家（ふじわらきょうけ）とは、右大臣藤原不比等の四男藤原麻呂を祖とする家系。
English: The reason is that Maro was the youngest of Fujiwara four brothers and had less number of children (and many of them suffered of premature death), as well as that FUJIWARA no Hamanari, the only person in Kyoke to be appointed to sangi (councilor), was exiled because of his implication in HIKAMI no Kawatsugu's War, which put an end to the political life of the Kyoke family.
Japanese: 麻呂が藤原四兄弟で一番年下だったこと、兄たちよりも子女の数が少なかった（しかも早世者も多かった）ことに加え、唯一参議に昇った藤原浜成が氷上川継の乱に連座して流罪になったことで、一族全体の政治生命が絶たれてしまったためである。
English: During the Heian period, Kyoke produced many talents in culture and art: FUJIWARA no Sadatoshi (biwa, Japanese lute), FUJIWARA no Fuyuo (Confucianism), FUJIWARA no Okikaze (waka, Japanese poetry), and FUJIWARA no Tadafusa (waka and bugaku, or Japanese court dance and music) among others.
Japanese: 平安期には、藤原貞敏（琵琶）・藤原冬緒（儒学）・藤原興風（和歌）・藤原忠房（和歌、舞楽）など、文化・芸術面で多くの人材を輩出した。
English: Since Imperial Prince Nakano, son of FUJIWARA no Kawako who was a consort of Emperor Kanmu, became a maternal grandfather of Emperor Uda, family lineage of Fujiwara Kyoke is still inherited to present.
Japanese: また、桓武天皇の後宮に仕えた藤原河子が天皇との間に儲けた仲野親王は宇多天皇の外祖父となったことから、現在でも京家の血脈は受け継がれている。
English: Tsuko-tegata was a certificate for people in the Edo period to prove that they were traveling with permission.
Japanese: 通行手形（つうこうてがた）は、江戸時代の人（一部例外を除く）が旅をしようとするときに、許可を得て旅行していることを証明した物。
English: Travelers were obliged to carry it as a proof of the permission during their travels, and it is equivalent to the present passport and identity card.
Japanese: その許可の証として旅行中所持していることを義務付けられ、現代のパスポートや身分証明書に相当する。
English: In the Edo period, sekisho (checking stations) and kuchidome-bansho (checkpoints) were set up at various places to strictly control the movement of people.
Japanese: 江戸時代には各地に関所や口留番所が設置され、人の移動は厳格に制限された。
English: There were various reasons for travels, such as house moving, official or commercial trip, visiting temples and shrines, a hot-spring cure, and in cases of women, marriage and live-in domestic service.
Japanese: 引っ越しや公用・商用の旅、参詣や湯治などの遊行、女性の場合には婚姻や奉公など様々な理由での旅がある。
English: Generally, however, traveling was not allowed with ease except for a pilgrimage to Ise Shrine that was permitted unconditionally.
Japanese: しかし、一般に旅行は伊勢参りなど無条件に許される例外を除いて自由ではなかった。
English: Visits to famous shrines and temples, such as Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine and Zenko-ji Temple, were allowed in most cases.
Japanese: その他に日光東照宮参拝、善光寺参拝など、有名寺社の参詣旅も概ね許された。
English: However, unlike in modern times, there were no tourist resorts developed then, therefore the visits to shrines and temples themselves were pleasure trips.
Japanese: もっとも，現代と違って整備された行楽地があるわけでなく，寺社への参拝が行楽旅行そのものであったということ。
English: Traveling, in the first place, was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the common people (like traveling abroad before the high-growth period).
Japanese: そもそも旅行自体が庶民にとっては一生に何回できるかどうか（高度成長期以前の海外旅行のような位置づけであろう）。
English: However, according to a different theory, people were actually able to travel without restraint as long as they made notification, which is like traveling abroad after getting a passport in modern times, considering the fact that domains in the Edo period were like semi-independent states..
Japanese: また江戸時代の藩は，半独立国的存在であったことを考えれば，現代においてパスポートを取得して海外旅行に行くようなもので，事実上届出さえすれば自由に旅行は可能であったとの見方もある。
English: Identity of the person who carried the tsuko-tegata, purpose of travel (such as visiting temples and shrines in various provinces), request for passing sekisho, request for convenience and protection to related officers, identity and address of the issuer and the like were written on it.
Japanese: 通行手形持参人の身元、旅行の目的（諸国寺社参拝等）、関所通過の要請、関係諸官への便宜・保護要請、発行者の身分所在地等、などが記載されている。
English: Daijoin Nikki Mokuroku is the book recording the politics, social events, culture, and the history of religion written by Jinson, the 27th Daisojo (highest ranked priest among Japanese Buddhist monks) of Daijoin-Temple, which is the related temple of the nobility oriented/established Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 大乗院日記目録（だいじょういんにっきもくろく）とは、奈良興福寺の門跡寺院である大乗院の、第27代大僧正尋尊が当時の政治・社会・文化・宗教史等について記した書物。
English: The book contains the historical records of the period from 1065 to 1504.
Japanese: 1065年（康平3年/治暦元年）-1504年（文亀3年/永正元年）の史料である。
English: It is Hyoki kahei, whose face value is written on the coins, while Chogin (collective term of silver) and mameitagin (a kind of Edo-period coins) are Hyoryo kahei (currency valued by weight), whose currency value is determined by weight.
Japanese: 丁銀や豆板銀が重量を以て貨幣価値の決まる秤量貨幣であったのに対し、額面が記載された表記貨幣である。
English: It is treated as equal to Nishu kin gold, a gold coin, in currency value and worth 1/8 ryo, that is, 1/2 bu.
Japanese: その貨幣価値は金貨である二朱金と等価とされ、1/8両に相当し、1/2分に相当する。
English: A sentence was written on the surface of Nanryo Nishu gin silver which said "Eight coins of Nanryo can be exchanged with a koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of 1 ryo," but merely a simple word "Nishu gin" was written on that of Ansei Nishu gin silver.
Japanese: 南鐐二朱銀の貨幣面の表記は「以南鐐八片換小判一兩」であったが、安政二朱銀では「二朱銀」と単刀直入なものになった。
English: Ansei Nishu gin silver was Keisu ginka (a silver coin whose value is determined by the amount written on it) minted only for international trade after June 25, 1859, with an intention to prevent the outflow of koban to foreign countries in preparation to the opening of Yokohama Port scheduled for July 1, 1859, due to Japan-U.S. Treaty of Peace and Amity, and it was also called Boeki Nishu (Nishu for international trade).
Japanese: 安政二朱銀（あんせいにしゅぎん）は日米和親条約による安政6年（1859年）6月2日の横浜港の開港に備えて、同年5月25日より小判の海外流出防止の目的で貿易取引専用に鋳造された計数銀貨であり、貿易二朱（ぼうえきにしゅ）とも呼ばれる。
English: It was also called Baka (fool) Nishu, because in spite of its large size it had only half the face value of ichibu-gin silver, which were smaller in size.
Japanese: また大きいばかりで、より小型の一分銀の半分の額面価値でしか通用しなかったことからバカ二朱（ばかにしゅ）とも呼ばれる。
English: It is said that it got this name from the failure to achieve its original purpose of the issue.
Japanese: またこの名称は本来の発行目的を果たすことができなかったからであるともいわれる。
English: In 1853 the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was forced to open its port as a result of the arrival of Kurofune (The Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) at Uraga offshore, and on June 12, 1854, a negotiation was started at Ryosen-ji Temple in Shimoda City concerning exchange rates between Japanese and Western currencies.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）、浦賀沖の黒船来航により江戸幕府は開港を迫られ、安政元年（1854年）5月17日より、下田市了仙寺にて日本貨幣と西洋貨幣との交換比率の交渉が行われた。
English: The United States of America insisted that equivalent weights of gold coins and equivalent weights of silver coins should be exchanged.
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国側は金貨、銀貨はそれぞれ同一質量をもって交換すべきあると主張した。
English: A twenty-dollar gold coin weighing 8.8 monme (about 33g) can be converted to 627g of silver because 1 monme (3.75g) of gold coin is equal to 71.25g of silver, and so one dollar is valued at 31.35g of silver.
Japanese: 8.8匁の量目の20ドル金貨は1匁当り銀19匁すなわち1枚あたり、銀167.2匁と評価され、1ドル当たりでは銀8.36匁である。
English: As a one-dollar silver coin, a foreign silver coin, is regarded as bare metal, its pure silver content, 23.2g, is valued at 60g of common silver currency (Tenpo Chogin), because 10 monme (37.5g) of pure silver is purchased at silver mint for 97.5g of Tenpo Chogin.
Japanese: また1ドル銀貨すなわち外国銀貨は地金と見做されるため純銀量6匁2分（23.2グラム）に対し二六双替である通用銀（天保丁銀）16匁と評価される。
English: In addition, an ichibu-gin silver coin is nominal money and equivalent to the coin certificate of koban, which is a standard coin containing the same amount gold as gold coins worth four dollars.
Japanese: また一分銀は名目貨幣であり、金貨4ドル分の金を含有する本位貨幣である小判の兌換券に相当するものである。
English: Of those arguments, gold coins were left out of the negotiation because they were too lowly valued, and the negotiation was focused on silver coins.
Japanese: これらのうち不当に低く評価された金貨は問題外とされ、論争の焦点は銀貨へと絞られた。
English: On October 7, 1856, a conference was held with Townsend HARRIS, American consul general, at Shimoda Goyo-sho (a government office), and he argued as follows.
Japanese: 安政3年（1856年）9月9日に下田御用所においてアメリカ合衆国総領事のタウンゼント・ハリスとの協議が行われ、ハリスは次のように主張した。
English: As Tenpo ichibu-gin silver in circulation weighs 2.3 monme (8.62g) and a one-dollar silver coin weighs 26.73g, one hundred dollars are equal in value to 310 ichibu-gin silver coins.
Japanese: 市中に流通している天保一分銀は2.3匁（8.62グラム）であり、1ドル銀貨は26.73グラムであるから100ドルは一分銀310枚に相当する。
English: Thus three ichibu-gin silver coins, weighing about one third of a one-dollar silver coin, should be converted to one dollar, he argued.
Japanese: 従って1ドル銀貨の約1/3の量目（質量）である一分銀3枚を持って1ドルに換えるべきであると主張した。
English: In the end, HARRIS won the dispute by insisting that nominal silver coins to which a higher value than their real value was attached would not be internationally accepted, and forced the bakufu to accept an exchange rate of 3 bu to the dollar where the same quantity of the same material was being exchanged.
Japanese: 結局、実質価値に満たない名目貨幣としての銀貨は国際的には通用しないとハリスに押し切られ、同種同量交換の1ドル＝3分の交換比率を承諾することになる。
English: HARRIS, familiar with the trade with China, considered 1 ryo in Japan to be 1 ryo (tael; 37.3g) of silver just as 1 ryo in China, and drew his conclusion also from the fact that a one-dollar silver coin weighed about three fourths of a tael and an ichibu-gin silver coin happened to weigh about one fourth of a tael.
Japanese: また中国との交易に精通していたハリスは日本の一両も中国と同様に銀一両（テール/37.3グラム）と考え、1ドル銀貨は約3/4テールの量目に相当し一分銀の量目が偶然にも約1/4テールであったことも1ドル＝3分の根拠としての口実となった。
English: Thus the bakufu emitted Ansei koban, which had been made lighter to four fifths of Tenpo koban, and Ansei Nishu gin silver coins, which weighed almost half as much as a one-dollar silver coin, on June 30, 1859, in an attempt to shift to an exchange rate of 1 bu to the dollar and to modify the exchange ratio between gold and silver to 17:21, a ratio a little more favorable to gold than the international standard.
Japanese: そこで幕府は、安政6年（1859年）6月1日より、天保小判の量目の4/5倍に低下させた安政小判と、量目がほぼ1ドル銀貨の半分である安政二朱銀を発行し、これにより1ドル＝一分に誘導し、かつ金銀比価を国際水準に対しやや金高に設定された17.21に是正しようと試みた。
English: Meanwhile, as Nishu gin silver coins contained about four thirds of silver in spite that its face value was half of ichibu-gin silver, the bakufu decided to limit the use of those coins to international trade because it could not emit a large quantity of good money, accustomed to emitting bad money for the purpose of acquiring marginal gain.
Japanese: 一方、二朱銀については一分銀の半分の額面にもかかわらず、約4/3倍の含有銀量であり、出目獲得を目的とした悪貨の発行に慣れた幕府にとって良貨は多量に発行できるものでなかったため、貿易取引に限定するものとした。
English: It is said that the bakufu had to emit Ansei Chogin with its quality of silver lowered, in order to secure the sufficient amount of silver required to mint the Nishu gin silver coins.
Japanese: またこの二朱銀を鋳造するために必要な銀を賄うために、銀品位を下げた安政丁銀を発行することになったといわれる。
English: However, Ansei Chogin was emitted on January 19, 1860, after mintage of Ansei Nishu silver coins was terminated.
Japanese: しかし安政丁銀の発行は安政二朱銀の鋳造停止後の同年12月27日であった。
English: These Nishu gin silver coins started to be exchanged with one-dollar silver coins at treaty ports on June 2, but they could be used only in those ports and lacked functions of a common currency because they had to be exchanged into ichibu-gin silver coins for domestic use, for it was difficult to distribute Nishu gin silver coins, which contained comparatively much silver, all over Japan in the first place, and ichibu-gin silver coins were still generally in circulation.
Japanese: 開港場では6月2日より1ドル銀貨との引き換えが始まったが、この二朱銀は開港場のみでしか通用せず、もともと日本国内全般に含有銀量の多い二朱銀を流通させることが困難であり、一般に流通しているのは依然一分銀であったため、国内では一分銀に両替しないと通用しないと定められた大凡貨幣としての機能を欠くものであった。
English: Such Japanese policies, in which one-dollar silver coins were exchanged with coins which were not generally circulated in Japan and the buying strength of one-dollar coins in Japan was lowered to one-third, provoked harsh protests from foreign ambassadors including HARRIS and Rutherford ALCOCK, who insisted that such policies violated the treaty, and so the bakufu, admitting its mistake, ordered kaikojo-bugyo (commissioner of treaty port) to exchange a one-dollar silver coin with three ichibu-gin silver coins from June 22, and terminated circulation of Ansei Nishu silver coins on the next day, June 23.
Japanese: 交換された貨幣が日本国内において一般に流通するものではなく、かつ1ドル銀貨の日本国内での購買力を1/3に低下させるというこの政策にハリスおよびラザフォード・オールコックら外国人大使は条約違反であると強く抗議し、6月22日、幕府は手落ちを認め以後は1ドル銀貨を一分銀3枚で引き換えるよう開港場奉行に申し渡し翌23日に通用が停止された。
English: Thus Ansei Nishu silver coins circulated only for twenty-two days, and Ansei koban was minted only for less than four months.
Japanese: したがって安政二朱銀の通用は僅か22日間で終わり、安政小判についても4ヶ月足らずで鋳造停止となるに至った。
English: As a result, foreign ambassadors could make a large profit by first exchanging a one-dollar silver coin into three ichibu-gin silver coins, further exchanging four ichibu-gin silver coins into koban at ryogaesho (money exchangers), taking koban out of Japan and selling them as bare metal.
Japanese: このため外国人大使は1ドル銀貨をまず一分銀3枚に交換し、両替商に持ち込んで4枚を小判に両替して、国外に持ち出し地金として売却すれば莫大な利益が得られるというものであった。