nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since karat of these silvers was different, a government order of cupellating silver of Shotoku on May 15, 1714, stipulated that the incremental volume of old silver to eiji-chogin, mitsuho-chogin and yotsuho-chogin should be 10% for shotoku-gin and keicho-gin, 30% for futatsu-hogin and 60% for genroku-gin.
Japanese: これらは銀品位が異なるため、正徳4年（1714年）5月15日の正徳銀吹立の触書には古銀の割増通用が附記され宝永永字丁銀、宝永三ツ宝丁銀、宝永四ツ宝丁銀は正徳銀、慶長銀に対しすべて10割増、宝永二ツ宝銀に対しては3割増、元禄銀に対しては6割増と定められた。
English: However, it was impossible to distribute three types of hoei-gin of which karat was different at the same value,and it was discriminated in the market.
Japanese: しかし品位の異なる宝永銀三品を同価値で通用させるには無理があり市場では差別通用となっていた。
English: Therefore, in October 1718, the system was changed to be based on the silver amount contained where addition was made to shotoku-gin and keicho-gin by the following rate: Genroku-gin by 25%, Futatsuho-gin by 60%, Eiji-gin by 100%, Mitsuho-gin by 150% Yotsuho-gin by 300%, and it confirmed the market.
Japanese: 享保3年（1718年）閏10月には正徳銀、慶長銀に対し元禄銀は2割5分増、二ツ宝銀は6割増、永字銀10割増、三ツ宝銀15割増、四ツ宝銀30割増と含有銀量に基づくものに変更となり市場を追認する形となった。
English: In November, silver coin (eiji-gin, mitsuho-gi, and yotsuho-gin) for trading by silver was changed to new silver (shotoku-gin).
Japanese: また11月には銀目取引の通用銀建（永字銀、三ツ宝銀、四ツ宝銀）が新銀建（正徳銀）と変更された。
English: The articles for sales in the store had several price lists subject to several types of cho-gin, and in 1718, "List of Exchange of Six Types of Silver", the exchange list of several types of chogin, was published.
Japanese: 店頭の商品は諸種の丁銀による複数の価格表示が掲げられ、享保3年（1718年）には諸種の丁銀の間での換算表である、『六品銀交易一覧』が刊行された。
English: Seijun KURATA said that "it was so complicated that I could not stand"in Sehodenroku (Record of Treasure).
Japanese: 倉田聖純は『世宝古伝録』の中で「其紛ハシキ事言ニ絶ヘタリ」と述べている。
English: Bakufu proclaimed in March 1720 that genroku-gin and four types of hoei-gin were stopped to be distributed by the end of 1721, but it was postponed to April, 1722 and actually it was stopped at the end of 1722.
Japanese: 享保5年（1720年）3月に幕府は、元禄銀および宝永銀4種の通用を6年末（1721年）限りと布告したが、6年4月に延期され、享保7年（1722年）末に通用は停止された。
English: On March 17, 1737, it was proclaimed that kyoho-gin and keicho-gin were stopped in January 1738, but it was postponed to the end of April in 1738.
Japanese: 享保銀および慶長銀の通用停止は元文2年（1737年）3月17日に3年（1738年）1月限りと布告したが、延期され、元文3年（1738年）4月末となった。
English: The karat of kyohomameita-gin and shotokumameita-gin was the same as that of kyoho-chogin (shotoku-chogin) where hallmark of "(daikokuzo), joze" or "joze, ho"was inscribed and its style was the same as that of keicho-chogin keichomameita-gin, and many were flat and round with few numbers of deformed one.
Japanese: 享保豆板銀/正徳豆板銀（きょうほうまめいたぎん/しょうとくまめいたぎん）は享保丁銀（正徳丁銀）と同品位の豆板銀で、「（大黒像）、常是」または「常是、寳」の極印が打たれ、慶長丁銀慶長豆板銀と同形式であるが、平たい円形のものが多く変形したものは少ない。
English: The lead contained in this miscellaneous was 2 to 3%, which means that its containment was larger than keicho-gin, and a large amount of lead must have remained by cupellating method to seperate silver and bronze, a nanban (Western Europe) -style cupellating method.
Japanese: 尚この雑分中の鉛の含有率は2～3%と慶長銀と比較して高くなっており、南蛮吹による銀銅吹分けに伴いかなりの鉛が残存したものと考えられる。
English: Suijiroku (collection of documents focusing on finance in Edo period) says that the total amount of cho-gin and mameita-gin up to April 1736 was a little more than 331,420 kan (about 1,242 ton).
Japanese: 『吹塵録』によれば享保21年（1736年）4月までの累計で、丁銀および豆板銀の合計で331,420貫余（約1,242トン）としている。
English: Tsukidokenbunroku (document describing society between 1697 to 1734) says that, among which, 223,080 kan 571 monme (unit of weight) was cupellated by July 1721.
Japanese: 『月堂見聞集』では享保6年（1721年）7月までに、この内223,080貫571匁を吹き立てたとしている。
English: Buichi-gin of shotoku-gin, which was an income of ginza when cho-gin was cupellated from cupellated silver and collected old silver, was reduced to 3% of minted amount that is the same as that of keicho-gin, and it was impossible to make a profit by reminting because they had to cupellate to upgrade karat, causing ginza and joze financial crisis.
Japanese: 灰吹銀および回収された旧銀から丁銀を吹きたてる場合の銀座の収入である分一銀（ぶいちぎん）は正徳銀では慶長銀と同じく鋳造高の3%に引き下げられ、品位を向上させる吹替えのため改鋳利益も得られず銀座役所、常是役所伴に困窮したという。
English: Bakufu kaigun (navy) was a navy with western-style armaments which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to accomplish battles at sea as a mission.
Japanese: 幕府海軍（ばくふかいぐん）とは、江戸幕府が設置した、海上戦闘を任務とした西洋式軍備の海軍である。
English: It was engaged in battles including the Choshu Conquest, and the bakufu kaigun led by Takeaki ENOMOTO continued battles in the Boshin War even after the bakufu was overthrown in Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
Japanese: 長州征討などで活動し、江戸幕府が大政奉還で消滅した後も戊辰戦争において榎本武揚に率いられ戦闘を続けた。
English: In order to respond to foreign ships that often came to Japan, in 1845, roju (member of shogun's council of elders), Masahiro ABE established Goyo-gakari for coastal defense (coastal defense department) to implement military reforms.
Japanese: 異国船の来航が頻繁になったことに伴い、弘化2年（1845年）、老中・阿部正弘は海岸防禦御用掛（海防掛）を設置し軍制改革を実施した。
English: However, the coastal defense measure defined that the coastal defense organization used the farmer force, which was insufficient to protest against the forces of other countries abroad.
Japanese: しかし、海防策では海防組織に農兵隊を編成するなどの内容であり、諸外国の圧力に抗するには不十分であった。
English: In 1853, Bakufu lifted `the ban on the production of big ships,' and encouraged each domain to produce warships.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）に幕府は「大船建造禁令」を解除し、諸藩に軍艦建造を奨励した。
English: After the arrival of the Black Ships, in 1854, Masahiro ABE recruited Ichio OKUBO (Ichio) to the metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers) of coastal defense department.
Japanese: 黒船来航後の安政1年（1854年）、阿部政弘は大久保一翁（一翁）を海防掛目付に登用した。
English: In his statement, he suggested the establishment of navy, followed by the purchase of warships for the navy and training of navy trainees.
Japanese: その内容は海軍の創設と、そのための軍艦購入と、海軍生養成の提言である。
English: In July, 1855, the bakufu founded Nagasaki Kaigun Denshu-sho (Japanese Naval School in Nagasaki) in which `kanko maru,' a steam boat donated by the Dutch Navy for training was used and Nagasaki Kaigun Denshu-sho had 22 officers dispatched from the Dutch Navy including Heruharuto Berusu Raiken dajo in Nagasaki.
Japanese: 安政2年（1855年）7月、幕府はオランダから寄贈を受けた蒸気船「観光丸」を練習艦とし、オランダ海軍から派遣されたヘルハルト・ペルス・ライケン大尉以下22名を教官とする長崎海軍伝習所を開設した。
English: It was located within Nagasaki Bugyo West office (Sotoura-cho town, present day Edo machi-town, Nagasaki City where Nagasaki Prefectural Government is located).
Japanese: 所在地は長崎奉行西役所（外浦町、現・長崎市江戸町の長崎県庁舎所在地）。
English: Naoyuki NAGAI was appointed to the supervisor for students, and among the students, Ko YATABORI, Kojiro NAGAMOCHI, Kaishu KATSU were selected as governors (supervisors for students).
Japanese: 伝習諸取締に永井尚志が任命され、伝習生から総督（学生監督）に矢田堀鴻、永持亨次郎、勝海舟が選ばれた。
English: In March 1857, Naoyuki NAGAI and other 105 students boarded `kanko maru' and left Nagasaki for Kanagawa.
Japanese: 安政4年（1857年）3月、永井尚志と105名の生徒は「観光丸」で長崎を出港し、神奈川に入港した。
English: In August in the same year, they founded a warship school within Tsukiji kobusho, together with `kanko maru.'
Japanese: 同年7月（旧暦）、彼らと「観光丸」によって築地講武所内に軍艦教授所が開設された。
English: Kaishu KATSU, who remained in Nagasaki, took charge of 'yaban go,' (Kanrin Maru [the first Japanese ship ever to cross the Pacific]) which was purchased from Holland and the second troop with 36 teachers including Willem Johan Cornelis ridder Huijssen van Kattendijke as a head, who boarded 'yaban go.'
Japanese: 勝海舟は長崎に残り、幕府がオランダに発注した「ヤパン号」（咸臨丸）と、それに同乗するヴィレム・ホイセン・ファン・カッテンディーケを団長とする36名の第二次教師団を待つことになった。
English: `Yaban go' arrived in October in the same year, and 27 students in the second term from Edo boarded the `yaban go.'
Japanese: 「ヤパン号」は同年9月（旧暦）に到着し、江戸からの27名の第2期伝習生を迎えた。
English: In January 1860, to exchange the ratification of The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, delegates to the United states boarded `bo hatan go,' the American warship (USS Powhatan [1850])to cross the Pacific.
Japanese: 安政7年（1860年）1月、日米修好通商条約の批准書を交換するため遣米使節団一行を乗せアメリカ軍艦「ポーハタン号」（USSPowhatan(1850)）にて太平洋を横断した。
English: The vice-envoy, Kaishu KIMURA, Kyojyugata Toriatsukai (captain rank), Kaishu KATSU, and 11military personnel including Brook taijo (enJohn Mercer Brooke) boarded 'Kanrin maru,' and left for the United states, and they accomplished tasks such as practical training on ocean navigation by Japanese crewmen, and visit to the American Navy.
Japanese: 「咸臨丸」も副使・木村芥舟、教授方取扱（艦長格）・勝海舟、ブルック大尉（enJohnMercerBrooke）以下アメリカ海軍軍人11名などを乗せて出航し、日本人乗組員の遠洋航海実習、アメリカ海軍の実情視察という成果を上げた。
English: In May 1861, 10 gakari for military reforms were appointed to proceed military reforms.
Japanese: 文久1年（1861年）5月、軍制改革を推進するため10名の軍制掛が任命された。
English: In terms of Navy, a military reform plan was formulated, centering on gunkan bugyo (the government's naval magistrate), Kimura Settsu no kami (the governor of Settsu Province) who was a member of gakari for military reforms.
Japanese: 海軍に関しては軍制掛の一人である軍艦奉行・木村摂津守を中心に改革の計画立案が行われた。
English: In July in the same year, Gunkangumi was established, and Ko YATABORI, Tomogoro ONO, and Tetsutaro BAN were appointed to the todori (chief) of gunkan.
Japanese: 同年6月（旧暦）、軍艦組が設置され、軍艦頭取に矢田堀鴻、小野友五郎、伴鉄太郎が任命された。
English: Later, Ikunosuke ARAI, Hamagiro HIDA, Keigo KINOSHITA (Izawa) were additionally appointed to the todori (chief) of gunkan.
Japanese: 後に荒井郁之助、肥田浜五郎、木下（伊沢）謹吾らが軍艦頭取に加えられた。
English: In July, 1862, Funategumi (a seamen's guild) was incorporated into Gunkangumi while 288 members of Kobushin-gumi (samurai without official appointments who receive small salaries) were incorporated into Gunkangumi in August in the same year.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）7月、船手組が、同年8月（旧暦）、小普請組288名が軍艦組に編入された。
English: Furthermore, they dispatched students to Holland, and ordered gunkan (warships) from abroad (`Fujiyama' [warship], 'Higashikan' from the United States, `Kaiyo Maru Warship' from Holland).
Japanese: さらに、留学生のオランダ派遣、軍艦の海外発注（アメリカ「富士山(軍艦)」「東艦」、オランダ「開陽丸」）を実施した。
English: In August, 1862, a plan on the expansion of kaigun (Navy) to increase the number of warship to 370 and to increase the number of crewman to 61,205 was suggested, however, it was never adopted.
Japanese: 文久2年閏8月、艦船370艘、乗員61,205人という海軍大拡張計画が提案されたが、採択されることはなかった。
English: After the defeat in the second conquest of Choshu clan, from August, 1866, the second large-scale military reform was executed under Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 第二次長州征討の敗戦後の慶応2年（1866年）8月以降、将軍徳川慶喜の下で再び大規模な軍制改革が行われた。
English: The kaigun (navy) agency was established by introducing the presidency (roju [member of shogun's council of elders]) system to the central organization of bakufu, and the president of kaigun coequal to roju (member of shogun's council of elders) was additionally placed in the existing organization of kaign.
Japanese: 幕府中枢への総裁江戸幕府の総裁制度導入により海軍局が設置され、従来の海軍組織の上に乗るかたちで老中格の海軍総裁が置かれた。
English: When the former bakufu kaigun was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who stayed in Osaka-jo Castle, boarded 'kaiyomaru' to Edo, without permission from Shogun's retainer of war party, and they moved to Edo.
Japanese: 鳥羽伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北すると、大坂城にいた徳川慶喜らは、主戦派の幕臣に無断で旗艦「開陽丸」に乗って江戸へ引き揚げたため、江戸に移った。
English: When the new government army occupied Edo, Kaiyo Maru Warship, Kaitenmaru Warship, Banryu Maru, Chiyodagatamaru led by the former retainers of the resistance force who were dissatisfied with the treatment of the Tokugawa family by the new government, including Takeaki ENOMOTO and other four transport ships (Kanrin Maru, Chogei Maru, Shinsoku Maru, Mikaho Maru) (the first Japanese ship ever to cross the Pacific) which accommodated the soldiers of rikugun (army) including commando unit escaped Shinagawa oki (coast).
Japanese: 新政府軍が江戸を占領すると、徳川家に対する政府の処置を不満とする榎本武揚ら抗戦派の旧幕臣に率いられ、開陽丸、回天丸、蟠竜丸、千代田形丸は、遊撃隊など陸軍兵を乗せた運送船4隻（咸臨丸・長鯨丸・神速丸・美賀保丸）を加えて品川沖を脱走。
English: It accommodated the Shinsengumi (literally, the newly selected corps, referring to a special police force for the Tokugawa regime), Ou-reppan allied force, Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA and escaped into Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu); Ezo (Hokkaido).
Japanese: 新選組や奥羽列藩同盟軍、松平定敬らを収容し蝦夷地（北海道）に逃走した。
English: In 1869, the following year, they were defeated in Hakodate war, and the remained warships were transferred to the new government.
Japanese: 翌、明治2年（1869年）、箱館戦争に敗北し、残された所属艦船は新政府に引き渡された。
English: Iro (old retainers) in the Kansei era refers to politicians who led the bakufu such as Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Mikawa-Yoshida domain), who were chosen by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA after his downfall.
Japanese: 寛政の遺老（かんせいのいろう）とは、寛政の改革を主導した松平定信失脚後、定信によって取り立てられた松平信明(三河吉田藩主)ら幕政を主導した政治家たちのことを指す。
English: When Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA resigned as roju (senior councilor) in 1793, Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA became the head of roju.
Japanese: 寛政5年（1793年）、松平定信が老中を辞任すると、新たに老中首座には松平信明が就任した。
English: As the shogunate Ienari TOKUGAWA was too young, the next bakufu was led by roju who were hired by Sadanobu during the Kansei Reform, such as Saneakira, Ujinori TODA, Tadakazu HONDA, Tadakiyo MAKINO, Sukeyoshi OTA, and Nobunari ANDO.
Japanese: 将軍・徳川家斉は若年のため、その後の幕政は信明をはじめ、戸田氏教、本多忠籌、牧野忠精、太田資愛、安藤信成ら寛政の改革時代に定信によって登用された老中たちによって主導されていくこととなった。
English: However, Saneakira died in 1817, and other roju such as Tadakiyo MAKINO left bakufu for the reason of old age.
Japanese: しかし文化(日本)14年（1817年）に信明が死去し、牧野忠精ら他の老中らも老齢などの理由のために幕政から遠ざかることとなる。
English: As a result, bakufu was governed by the close adviser of Ienari TOKUGAWA, Tadaakira MIZUNO, however, bribes became rampant during his government; Ienari's luxury was also added to that, which unstabilized the bakufu government and brought about its corruption.
Japanese: このため、幕政は徳川家斉の側近・水野忠成に掌握され、その忠成のもとで収賄が横行し、家斉の奢侈も加わって幕府財政は大きく傾くこととなり、幕政は腐敗していくこととなる。
English: Keicho Koban had been issued since 1601, during the early period of the Edo period,and was currency by table having one Ryo value per one Koban.
Japanese: 慶長小判（けいちょうこばん）とは江戸時代の初期すなわち慶長6年（1601年）より発行された小判で一両としての額面の計数貨幣である。
English: Keicho Koban and Keicho Ichibuban are called Keicho Kin,and generally, Keicho-Oban is also included.
Japanese: また慶長小判および慶長小判慶長一分判を総称して慶長金（けいちょうきん）と呼び、一般的には慶長大判も慶長金に含めることが多い。
English: Keicho Chogin and Keicho Koban are called Keicho Kingin (gold and silver of Keicho), having vital importance as the early currency by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), representing domination of the whole country by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: さらに慶長丁銀と伴に慶長金銀（けいちょうきんぎん）と呼ばれ、徳川家康による天下統一を象徴する、江戸幕府による初期の貨幣として重要な位置を占める。
English: One theory has it the first casting of Keicho Kin (Keicho gold) was the same time when gin-za (literally, silver za, or silver mint) was built and the casting of Keicho Gin started, establishing currency system in 1601, the other has it the casting had already started in 1600.
Japanese: 慶長金の初鋳は銀座(歴史)が設立され慶長銀の鋳造が始まり、幣制が成立した慶長6年と同時期とされるが、前年の慶長5年（1600年）より既に鋳造が始まっていたとする説もある。
English: It has chiseled mark like straw matt on its head, there are fan shape frame above and under the Kiri-mon (paulownia patterns), hallmark of 'Ichiryo' on upper part of the center and of Mitsutsugu (Kao ［written seal mark］) on lower part, Kao (written seal mark) on the center of the tail, test hallmark of Kobanshi (a Koban master) on the right or left part of lower part, and test hallmark of Fukisyo (in where Koban were casted).
Japanese: 表面には鏨（たがね）による茣蓙目が刻まれ、上下に桐紋を囲む扇枠、中央上部に「壹两」下部に「光次（花押）」の極印、裏面は中央に花押、下部の右ないし左端に小判師の験極印、さらに吹所の験極印が打印されている。
English: Many kobans have only one test hallmark of Kobanshi without that of Fukisho.
Japanese: 小判師の験極印一個のみで吹所の験極印が打たれていないものも少なくない。
English: The Kao (written seal mark) on the tail is bigger than that of Shotoku Koban or Kyoho Koban and simple on the whole.
Japanese: 裏面の花押は正徳小判および享保小判より大きく全体的に素朴なつくりである。
English: Keicho Kobans with fine straw matt mark were casted in the early period and the ones made coarsely and uniformly resembling Genroku Koban (oval coin) were thought to be cast in the late period, after the Great Fire of Meireki, and during about 95 years of issuance of Keicho Koban, it was presumed that it was cast in large number in the eary period, but became less in the late period according to the declining volume of gold production, and actually now more Keicho Koban in the late period remain.
Japanese: 茣蓙目の細かいものは前期、粗目で均質な製作となった元禄小判に類似するものは明暦の大火以降に鋳造されたと推定され後期鋳とされるが、約95年に亘る発行とはいえ初期に多量に鋳造され、その後産金の減少に伴い鋳造が衰退したと推定されることもあり、現実に後期のほうが現存数は少ない。
English: They are sometimes classified according to hallmark of casting into 'Edoza', 'Kyoza' or' Surugaza', however, it has no evidence and the classification according to casting site is unknown.
Japanese: また、極印および製作などにより「江戸座」、「京座」、「駿河座」などに分類されることもあるが根拠に乏しく、鋳造地別の分類は未解明である。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had won the Battle of Sekigahara, made the improvement of currency system one of the most important tasks before the foundation of Bakufu, ordering Shosaburo Mitsutsugu GOTO to cast Koban which were supposed to be circulated across the country.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の合戦に勝利した徳川家康は幕府設立に先立ち、貨幣制度の整備を重要課題の一つとし、後藤庄三郎光次に全国流通を前提とした小判の鋳造を命じた。
English: In the the Keicho Period, Kobanshi leaded Fukiya craftmen, submitting bankin (gold coins) they had made to Goto office, selling it to exchanger after correcting a carat and ryome (a weighed value) and having hallmark printed on it, which was called the form of Temaebuki.
Japanese: 慶長期は小判師が吹屋職人を率い、各自で製造した判金を後藤役所に持参し、品位および量目（質量）を改めた上で極印の打印を受け両替商に売却することにより発行されるという、いわゆる「手前吹き」という形式であった。
English: Goto office and Kobanza got to be called as kin-za (literally, gold za, or gold mint) later.
Japanese: 後藤役所（ごとうやくしょ）および小判座（こばんざ）は後に金座と呼ばれるようになる。
English: Edo bakufu improved three currency system (Koban, Chogin ［collective term of silver］and coin) to unify the currency of the whole country: it consited of the existing currency circulation; hallmark silver which was a silver-by-weight standard used by mainly merchants in Osaka and Torai-sen (imported currency from China) used among commers, and the currency unit, 'Ryo' 'Bu' and 'Shu', based on quarternary system of Koshu gold which was cast by the order of Shingen TAKEDA whom Ieyasu looked up to.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は貨幣の全国統一を行うべく、三貨制度（小判、丁銀、銭貨）の整備を行ったが、これは既存の貨幣流通すなわち、大坂の商人を中心とする極印銀すなわち秤量銀貨の流通と、庶民の渡来銭の使用に加えて、武田信玄が鋳造させた甲州金の貨幣単位である「両」、「分」、「朱」を踏襲したものであり、家康の尊敬する武将であった信玄の甲州金の四進法の体系を採用したのであった。
English: Koban was circulated mostly in Kanto region around Edo as it was called 'financial habit of Edo', because in Togoku, there were many gold mines such as Kurokawa Kinzan (Kurokawa Gold Mine) in Kai Province, Doi Mine in Izu Province, Hitachi Province and Mutsu Province, in addition, the preparation of metal for currency casting was completed as Insu gold was imported mainly from China against the outflow of the large sum of silver from Japan in the early Edo period, and Ieyasu planned to make gold basic currency after the Koshu gold.
Japanese: 東国には甲斐国の黒川金山を始めとして、伊豆国の土肥鉱山、常陸国および陸奥国と金鉱山が多く偏在し、さらに江戸時代初期は多額に上る銀の日本国外流出に対し、主に中国から印子金（いんすきん）が輸入されていたため貨幣鋳造用地金の準備も整い、また家康は甲州金を手本とし基本通貨を金貨とする方針であったことから、「江戸の金遣い」と呼ばれるように、小判は江戸を中心とする関東地方で主に流通した。
English: One of the reasons why Koban was circulated around Edo was there were many samurai residences in Edo and high-ranking warriors used mainly Koban in a large amount transactions.
Japanese: また江戸は武家屋敷が多く点在し、上級武士が大口取引に主に小判を使用したことも江戸を中心として流通した一因である。
English: Like that, Ieyasu's ideal was the unification of the currency of the whole country using currency unit'Ryo' based on Koban, however, he was forced to follow the existing system due to cumbersome calculation of quaternary and powerful merchants who used a silver-by-weight standard for real value reasons who couldn't be supressed by authority.
Japanese: このように家康は小判を基軸とする「両」の貨幣単位による通貨の全国統一を理想としたが、四進法の計算の煩雑性、実質を重視する観点などから秤量銀貨を使用する商人の力は依然として強大で権力で抑えるまでには至らず、既存の体系を其のまま踏襲する形となったとされる。
English: In 1609, bakufu decided the market price of three currency as 1ryo=silver 50 monme = Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) 1 kanmon=Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away) 4 kanmon, however, it was introduced just as criterion and in reality, it was flexible rate which was left to market, and was intervened by the government in the case that the rate went too far.
Japanese: また慶長14年（1609年）に幕府は三貨の御定相場として金一両＝銀五十匁＝永楽通宝一貫文＝鐚銭四貫文と定めたが、これは目安とされ実態は変動相場制で市場に委ね、相場が行き過ぎた場合は幕府が介入するというものであった。
English: And in the previous year, 1608, furegaki (bakufu orders) which banned the use of Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) was issued, which meant actual abolishment of gold 1ryo=Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) 1 kanmon, making gold 1ryo=Kyosen 4 kanmon, which was set as lower zeni compared to the rate at that time: it aimed to show the authority of bakufu by setting the value of Koban high.
Japanese: また前年の慶長13年（1608年）に永楽通宝の通用を禁止する触書が出され、これは事実上、金一両＝永樂通寳一貫文とする通用の廃止であったため、金一両＝京銭四貫文となり、これは当時の銭相場より銭安に設定されており、小判の価値を高く設定することにより、幕府の権威を示す狙いがあった。
English: Since 1636, bakufu had made zeni-za (an organization in charge of minting coins during the Edo period) across the country cast Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty), whose value was set the same as Bitasen (low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away), though it was good quality coin.
Japanese: 寛永13年（1636年）より幕府は各地銭座に寛永通寳の鋳造を請負わせたが、これは良質の銭貨であったにも拘らず、価値は鐚銭と等価に設定されたのであった。
English: Casting of Koban started in Edo during the time of Ieyasu's territory currency, then kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) was built in Kyoto around 1601, in Suruga Province between 1607 and 1616 and in Sado Province, which boasted the largest amount of gold mining.
Japanese: 小判の鋳造は当初、家康の領国貨幣時代は江戸から始まったが、慶長6年(1601年)頃から京都、慶長12年(1607年)から元和(日本)2年(1616年)頃までは駿河国、さらに、元和7年（1621年）から当時最大の産金を誇った、佐渡国にも金座が設立され鋳造された。
English: Sado ban (Sado version) had a character '佐' as hallmark of Sujimiyaku (inspector) on the place of test hallmark of Kobanshi, along with characters '神' and '当' as test hallmark of Fukisho.
Japanese: 佐渡判は小判師の験極印の位置に筋見役（すじみやく）の極印「佐」、吹所の験極印は「神」、「当」のものがそれであるとされる。
English: The Karumekin which was broken, chipped and chafed were increasing, having been circulated more than 90 years, and such Koban was mended in kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) by adding gold.
Japanese: 流通は90年以上に亘る長期間であったため、折れ、欠け、磨耗による軽目金が次第に多くなり、このようなものは金座で足し金を行い修理が行われた。
English: That was called 'Honnaoshi (mending properly), with engraved mark 'Hon' on it.
Japanese: これは「本直し」と呼ばれ、「本」の刻印が打たれたものが見受けられる。
English: In the early Edo period, Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight) such as cupellated gold and silver which had hallmark on metal, was circulated widely, and bakufu banned cupellation of gold and silver (isolation and ore refining) in feudal lord's territories around the country in 1668, controlling major gold and silver mines as tenryo (a shogunal demesne) under the direct control of bakufu to organize territory currency like Hyodo kahei and unify them into Keicho gold and silver.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期は依然として、灰吹金および灰吹銀といった地金に極印を打った秤量貨幣が広く通用しており、幕府はこのような領国貨幣を整理して、慶長金銀に統一するため、各地の有力金銀鉱山を幕府直轄の天領として管理し、寛文8年(1668年)年頃には諸国での金銀吹分け（分離・精錬）を禁止した。
English: In May 1697, furegaki (bakufu orders) saying Hyodo kahei was to be uncurrent by March of Genroku 11 (in lunar calender, which was April 1698) was issued, however, there were many people who stored away as exchange didn't progress, and in December 13, bakufu changed the date to March of Genroku 12 (in lunar calender, which was March 1699), though it couldn't make it uncurrent.
Japanese: 元禄10年（1697年）4月に11年（1698年）3月限りで通用停止とする触書を出したが、引換が進捗せず退蔵する者が多かったため、11年1月に通用を12年（1699年）3月限りと改めたが、通用停止には至らなかった。
English: In June 1738, premium class on the currency at that time was stopped once after reminting of a coin in Gembun era, however, it wasn't stopped completely as the price of premium class had been set again and again until end of Edo period.
Japanese: 元文の吹替え後の元文3年（1738年）4月末に当時の通用金に対する割増通用が一旦停止されたが、その後も完全な通用停止とはならず、幕末に至るまで事あるごとに再び割増通用の価格が定められる始末であった。