nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although it was a general rule that students needed to study at least two books other than the two compulsory books "Rongo" and "Kokyo" and pass the Myogyoshi (the Myogyo examination - later revised into the "Myogyo Tokugyoshi") before being appointed and conferred a rank, there were many reported cases of students receiving their rank and appointment without taking the test.
Japanese: そして必修である『論語』『孝経』の他に最低二経を学習した明経生は明経試（後に明経得業試に改められた）に受験・合格してから叙位・任官するのが原則だったが、明経試を経ないで叙位・任官するケースも多かったらしい。
English: There were a total of ten questions in the Myogyo examination, three questions from each of the two compulsory books and three or four questions from two other books; in order to pass the test, students were required to correctly answer six questions.
Japanese: 明経試は必修の2経から計3問と他の2経から3または4問出されて計10問から出題され、6問以上合格する必要があった。
English: During the early Heian period, Myogyodo separated into the two schools called "Sanraigaku" and "Sandengaku" and debates took place between them; the arguments stagnated after the middle of the Heian period, however, once Myogyodo itself came to have the characteristics of a training course for becoming a professional on Confucianism.
Japanese: 平安時代初期には三礼学派・三伝学派という流れが成立して両者の間で論争が行われたが、平安時代中期以降は明経道そのものが儒教の専門家養成コースのような性格を持つようになって学術論争が沈滞していった。
English: Myogyodo lost its position as a regular course due to the position of Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature; a position that was originally affiliated with Myogyodo as a lecturer), who handled Kidendo, was placed higher than Myogyo hakase.
Japanese: また、その地位も紀伝道を掌る文章博士（元は明経道に附属して直講1名が回されたもの）の地位が上昇して明経博士を追い越したために本科としての地位を失った。
English: Even so, Myogyodo retained itself as a regular course, and in 969, a Myogyo hakase named Yuzo Toichi (十市有象) (the founder of the Nakahara clan) wrote an official letter that included a sentence criticizing Kidendo and Myohodo as 'small courses' (this letter is included in "Ruiju Fusensho" [A collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093]).
Japanese: それでも、明経道の本科としての意識は強く、明経博士を務めた十市有象（中原氏の祖）による安和2年（969年）の解文には、紀伝道と明法道を「小道」と非難する一文が載せられている（『類聚符宣抄』所収）。
English: Furthermore, there were many cases of students from other departments, such as Monjo (Literature), taking courses on Myogyodo since the subject had become a required general subject.
Japanese: また、文章生など他の学生に対しても一般常識としての儒学教養を求めたために他学生による明経道の講義の聴講が行われる場合が多かった。
English: In 993, as a result of the Myogyo hakase NAKAHARA no Munetoki applying to put eight to ten students in the position of Myogyo Monjasho (students in a secondary position to Tokugyosho), these students were able to receive qualification as government officials like Tokugyosho if they passed the examination.
Japanese: また、正暦4年（993年）には、明経博士中原致時の申請によって明経得業生に准じる地位として、8から10名でなる明経問者生が設置されて、試験に合格すれば得業生に准じる資格で官吏になることが出来た。
English: Before long, the position of Myogyodo lecturer became conventionally inherited by the Nakahara and Kiyohara clans and Myogyodo itself became the study of Kunkogaku (annotation and interpretation of classical books) as well.
Japanese: やがて明経道の教官職は中原氏・清原氏による世襲が事実上慣例化し、明経道そのものも専ら訓詁学研究に終始したようである。
English: During the Edo period, the Funabashi and Fusehara families, as descendants of the Nakahara clan, inherited the position of hakase (professor); the inherited position was in name only, however, since it had become the golden days of the newly emerged Sogaku (Song-period neo-Confucianism).
Japanese: 江戸時代には清原氏の子孫である舟橋家・伏原家が博士の職を世襲したが、儒教の中でも新興の宋学全盛の時代にあっては名目のみの官となっていった。
English: Kuramaichichigyo, also known as Kuramaikyuyo, was a system in which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and domains provided kuramai (written as 蔵米 or in the case of the bakufu as 廩米 - rice preserved in a depository) to their vassals as horoku (salary) instead of chigyo-chi (territory).
Japanese: 蔵米知行（くらまいちぎょう）とは、蔵米給与（くらまいきゅうよ）とも呼ばれ、江戸幕府や藩が家臣に対して、俸禄として知行地の代わりに蔵米（幕府の場合は特に廩米とも）を支給すること。
English: Samurai society was originally based on Jigatachigyo (feudal governments or domains providing land to retainers as salary), where lords would give a portion of their shoryo (territory) to vassals as their chigyo-chi.
Japanese: 本来、武士においては主君は家臣に対してその所領の一部を知行地として与える地方知行が基本であった。
English: During the early Edo period, however, more and more lords gave up Jigatachigyo in favor of Kuramaichigyo; this was due to land ruling power being concentrated in the hands of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"); it was also due to financial reasons, such as a decrease in income as a consequence of rice falling in price caused by competition between domains and vassals in annual rice tax sales.
Japanese: だが、江戸時代に入ると、主君である征夷大将軍あるいは大名への土地支配権力の集中や藩中央と家臣の年貢米売却の競合による米価下落に伴う換金収入減少など財政上の都合から、地方知行を止めて蔵米知行に切り替える場合が増加した。
English: Vassals received kuramai directly at first, but later on a system was adopted in which fudasashi (traders who received and sold kuramai on behalf of the government for a commission) would receive kuramai, sell it at an official price, then deduct the commissions and pay the proceeds to the vassals.
Japanese: 当初は蔵米が直接家臣に渡されたが、後には札差が公定価格で引き取って手数料を差し引いた後に家臣に代金を渡す方式も取られるようになった。
English: Due to reforms in the salary system accompanied by the return of the lands and people from the feudal lords to the Emperor in 1869, all types of Jigatachigyo, including those of the daimyo, were banned and only Kuramaichigyo remained.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）の版籍奉還に伴う禄制改革によって、大名も含めた全ての地方知行が廃止され、蔵米知行のみとなる。
English: However, this system was also completely abolished in 1876 by Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition measure of Hereditary Stipend) after Haihan chiken.
Japanese: だが、それも廃藩置県を経て明治9年（1876年）の秩禄処分によって完全に廃されることとなった。
English: Shibun was the term for persons with the full social rank as bushi (warrior) class among the bushi during the Edo Period.
Japanese: 士分（しぶん）とは、江戸時代の武士のうち正規の武士身分を持った者を指す。
English: In some domains, retainers were classified into 3 classes, 'Joshi, Kachi, Sotsu or Ashigaru,' but the top two classes (Kishi and Kachi) were considered Shibun.
Japanese: 諸藩には「上士・徒士（かち）・卒または足軽」と藩士を3階級に分ける制が見られるが、このうち上層2身分（騎士と徒士）が士分とされる。
English: Kishi (Joshi) were upper class bushi who were allowed to ride horses and, for example, in the case of the Hiroshima domain, bushi who were given more than one hundred koku were considered to belong to this class.
Japanese: 騎士（上士）は騎乗を許された上層武士であり、例えば広島藩の場合、百石以上の知行を与えられた武士がこれに当たるとされた。
English: Kachi (Kashi) were lower class bushi who were not officially allowed to ride horses, and Sotsu were in principle foot soldiers, and this was the term for Ashigaru (common foot soldier).
Japanese: 徒士（下士）は公的に騎乗を認められない下層武士であり、卒は歩卒を原義としており足軽を指す。
English: Kishi with a fief and vassals were allowed to have an audience with the Shogun, whereas Kachi were given kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains) and were not allowed to have an audience with the Shogun, and in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Hatamoto corresponded to Kishi and Gokenin corresponded to Kachi.
Japanese: 騎士は知行取り、御目見得であるのに対し、徒士は蔵米取り、御目見得以下とされており、幕府でいえば旗本が騎士、御家人が徒士に対応する。
English: Ashigaru and below were called 'Keihai' (a person of low rank) and were not considered Shibun, so there was a large difference between the two.
Japanese: 足軽以下は「軽輩」などと呼ばれ、士分とは見なされないため、両者の間には大きな境界線があった。
English: Below the Ashigaru class were servants of a bushi family called Chugen (rank below common soldier), Komono (a lower servant) who were privately hired by Shibun.
Japanese: また足軽の下位には士分の者に私的に雇用された中間、小者等と呼称された武家奉公人があった。
English: Some Ashigaru were allowed Myojitaito, and depending upon their achievements, some were allowed to rise to Kachi, but Chugen and below were never allowed such privileges and there was a clear boundary between these two as well.
Japanese: 足軽には苗字帯刀を許されたものもおり、功績によっては徒士への昇格も許されていたが、中間以下にはそういったことが一切許可されないなど、この両者の間にもはっきりとした境界線があった。
English: Domain constituents (retainers) strictly indicated those that had Shibun, and even in a wide definition may have included Ashigaru, but Chugen and Komono were never considered retainers.
Japanese: 藩の構成員（藩士）とは厳密には士分を持つものを指し、拡大解釈した場合でも足軽までを指したのであって、中間、小者は藩の構成員とはみなされていなかった。
English: Some commoners who helped domain finances or were wealthy merchants were given Shibun and allowed Myojitaito.
Japanese: 庶民の中には、大商人や藩財政に貢献があったものなどに士分が与えられ、苗字帯刀を許されるものもあった。
English: There were differences such as privileges for one generation only or for all subsequent generations, only family names or only carrying swords.
Japanese: これには一代許可・永代許可・苗字または帯刀のみの許可などの別があった。
English: Because it would have been difficult distinguish between houses if farmers and townspeople had no family name, the unofficial practice of using landmarks etc. as family names was common.
Japanese: また、農民や町人も苗字なしでは家の区別がつかなかったため、地形地物の名などを苗字として私称することが公然と行われていた。
English: Among the 47 Akaho warriors, only Kichiemon TERASAKA was not Shibun but Ashigaru class.
Japanese: 赤穂四十七士のうち寺坂吉右衛門ただ一人は士分を有さない足軽身分であった。
English: The custom at that time was that only people of Shibun were allowed Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) and Zanshu (beheading) was for Ashigaru upon execution.
Japanese: 当時の作法では切腹は士分の者にしか許されず、足軽は斬首と定められていた。
English: Kuranosuke OISHI thought this was unfortunate and was said to let Kichiemon TERASAKA be the messenger and survive after the raid.
Japanese: 大石内蔵助はそのことを不憫に思い、討ち入りの後、寺坂吉右衛門を伝達役として生き延びさせたといわれている。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, Shibun became Shizoku and Sotsu were taken into Sotsuzoku, but later hereditary Sotsu became Shizoku and one generation only Sotsu were considered commoners.
Japanese: 士分は明治維新後、士族に、卒は卒族に編入されたが、のち世襲の卒は士族に、一代抱えの卒は平民とされた。
English: Soma-mikuriya was one of the medieval shoen (manor in medieval Japan) holdings of the commendation type in areas that are today's Toride City and Moriya City, Ibaraki Prefecture, and Kashiwa City, Nagareyama City, and Abiko City, Chiba Prefecture.
Japanese: 相馬御厨（そうまみくりや）は現在の茨城県取手市、守谷市、千葉県柏市、流山市、我孫子市のあたりにあった中世の荘園寄進地系荘園の一つ。
English: Soma-mikuriya, which was established by Tsuneshige CHIBA, was donated to the Ise-jingu Shrine but threatened by FUJIWARA no Chikamichi and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
Japanese: 千葉常重によって成立した相馬御厨は伊勢神宮に寄進されたが、藤原親通や源義朝から脅かされる。
English: Tsunetane CHIBA recaptured Soma-mikuriya and donated it again to the Ise-jingu Shrine, but when the Heike government took over the regime, it was captured by Yoshimune SATAKE.
Japanese: 千葉常胤はこれを回復し、再度伊勢神宮に寄進するが、平家政権になると、佐竹義宗に奪い取られてしまう。
English: Soma-mikuriya is often raised as an exemplary case of: bitter struggles with kokushi (provincial governors) and mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) during the transformation of local officials to local lords; donation by the local lord classes to defend their vulnerable positions; and the limits of the protection by donation, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 相馬御厨は在庁官人が在地領主に変貌していく過程で、国司や目代と激しく対立した事、在地領主層が脆弱な地位を守るために寄進を行った事、寄進による保護にも限界があり、鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながって行った事の例示としてよく取り上げられる。
English: In July 1124, TAIRA no Tsuneshige (hereinafter "Tsuneshige CHIBA"), who was a founder of the Chiba clan, was adopted by his uncle Goro SOMA, TAIRA no Tsuneharu and given the Soma county, Shimosa Province, and in November 1124, he became Soma gunji (district managers of the Soma county).
Japanese: 天治元年（1124年）6月、千葉氏の祖である平常重（以下千葉常重）は叔父・相馬五郎平常晴の養子とされ、相馬郡(下総国)を譲られて、10月には相馬郡司となった。
English: Six years later, he donated his shoryo (territory) 'Fuse-go village, Soma county' to the Ise-jingu Shrine on July 24, 1130, and became a local official to manage it.
Japanese: そして6年後の大治(日本)5年（1130年）6月11日、所領の「相馬郡布施郷」を伊勢神宮に寄進し、その下司職となる。
English: Donated to the Ise-jingu Shrine were 'profits from use of the land,' (about 27 liters per a tan [an old unit indicating an area of land, which is 991.7 square meters] of a rice paddy and about nine liters per a tan of a field of crops other than rice, which are significantly high rates for that time), and 'local products,' (100 Japanese pheasants and 30.03 meters of salted salmon).
Japanese: 「地利の上分」（田１段（反）につき1斗5升、畠１段につき5升、当時としてはかなりの高率）と、「土産のもの」（雉100羽、塩曳き鮭100尺）を、伊勢神宮に納める
English: Nobuaki ARAKIDA, a mediator Shinto priest (corresponding to ryoke [a lord of the manor]) took half of the donation, and the other half was taken in the form of an offering of money for festivals by the top negi ([one comprehensive term for shrine priests]; corresponding to the honke [head family]) Motochika.
Japanese: その半分を口入りの神主（領家に相当）・荒木田延明がとり、半分を供祭料の名目で一の禰宜（本家に相当）元親が取る
English: When becoming the local official, Tsuneshige was permitted a privilege of taking 'kajishi' (land rent) of fields of rice and other crops as a 'landlord,' and the position of the local official and the privilege of Tsuneshige was to be inherited by his descendants.
Japanese: 常重は下司職となると同時に、「地主」として「田畠の加地子」を取る権利を認められ、常重の下司職と権利は子孫に相伝される
English: This Mikuriya was officially permitted in September 1130 by an official notice from the Shimosa no kami (provincial governor of Shimosa Province), FUJIWARA no Chikamichi.
Japanese: この御厨は、同年8月に、下総守（藤原親通）の庁宣によって正式に認められた。
English: The foregoing was supposed to ensure the territorial right of the Chiba clan over the 'Fuse-go village, Soma county,' which roughly corresponds to today's Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture.
Japanese: これで、「相馬郡布施郷」（大雑把に茨城県北相馬郡）の千葉氏の領有権は確実なものになるはずだった。
English: However, on August 21, 1136, Shimosa no kami, FUJIWARA no Chikamichi arrested Tsuneshige and confined him, for the reason that kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) from koden (field administered directly by a ruler) of the Soma county was not paid to the national treasury.
Japanese: しかし、保延2年（1136年）7月15日、下総守藤原親通は、相馬郡の公田からの官物が国庫に納入されなかったという理由で常重を逮捕・監禁。
English: It is unknown for how many years the unpaid tributes were, but it is said to be probably retrospective (it should be noted, however, that there is an aspect that the enclosure of the estate cannot be simply judged as good or bad).
Japanese: それが何年分の未進というのかは不明だが、おそらくは、過去に遡ってのものであったろうといわれる（ただし、領地の囲い込みについては単純に善玉・悪玉とは出来ない面もある）。
English: Chikamichi compelled Tsuneshige and acquired a deed stating that in place of kanmotsu, the Soma-go and Tachibana-go villages were offered to Chikamichi, thereby making the villages his private land.
Japanese: そして、常重から相馬郷・立花郷の両郷を官物に代わりに親通に進呈するという内容の新券（証文）を責め取って、自らの私領としてしまう。
English: It was MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, the father of Yoritomo, who intervened in 1143.
Japanese: 更に康治2年（1143年）に介入してきたのが源義朝（頼朝の父）であった。
English: Yoshitomo, who was at the Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi's place in Kazusa Province at the time, compelled Tsuneshige and acquired an eviction notice, or a letter of transfer, for the Soma-gun village, or Soma-go village, using a 'groundless rumor' of Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi.
Japanese: 義朝はこのころ上総国の上総介常澄の処に居たが、義朝は上総介常澄の「浮言」を利用して、常重から相馬郡（または郷）の避状（さがりじょう：譲状）を責め取る。
English: In April 1145, which was the year after 'the disturbance in the Obamikuriya estate,' Yoshitomo donated this Soma-go village to the Inner Shrine and the Outer Shrine of the Ise-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: そして、「大庭御厨の濫妨」の翌年の天養2年（1145年）3月、義朝は、その相馬郷を伊勢内宮外宮に寄進する。
English: The area of the village is believed to be almost the same as that donated by Tsuneshige in 1130.
Japanese: その領域は大治5年（1130年）の常重の寄進のときとほぼ同じと見られる。
English: It is uncertain, however, what interests MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo and the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi, who compelled Tsuneshige to acquire a deed of the Soma-go village, had at that occasion, but Yasuo MOTOKI assumes that since the Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi was in a position dependent of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the Emperor), he captured the mikuriya using the authority of his head master FUJIWARA no Tadazane.
Japanese: ただ、このときの源義朝と、常重から相馬郷の新券（証文）を責め取った下総守藤原親通の利害関係はよく判らないが、元木泰雄は下総守藤原親通が摂関家に従属する位置にあったので、大殿・藤原忠実の権威を利用して押さえたと想定している。
English: Tsunetane CHIBA, a son of Tsuneshige, struggled to fight back against such a circumstance.
Japanese: こうした事態に対して常重の子・千葉常胤はそうした事態に必死で立ち向かう。
English: In May 1146, Tsunetane first paid the unpaid kanmotsu according to Shimosa no kokuga (local government of Shimosa), which was '30 hiki (one hiki is approx. 10.6m in length and approx. 34 cm in width) of high-quality silk cloths, 70 hiki of low-quality silk cloths, 12 ryo (an old unit of a weight) of clothes, 32 ryo of sakin (gold dust), 30 dan (an old unit of area) of high-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, 50 dan of high-quality medium-quality printed textile dyed with various shades of indigo blue, two horses, and 30 saddled horses,' and recovered '其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務' and the position of Soma gunji.
Japanese: 久安2年（1146年）4月に、常胤はまず下総国衙から官物未進とされた分について「上品八丈絹参拾疋、下品七拾疋、縫衣拾弐領、砂金参拾弐両、藍摺布上品参拾段、中品五拾段、上馬弐疋、鞍置駄参拾疋」を納め、「其時国司以常胤可令知行郡務」と相馬郡司職を回復した。
English: Restitution of the Soma-go village to the Chiba clan was '且被裁免畢' and realized, but the Tachibana-go village was not brought back.
Japanese: また相馬郷については「且被裁免畢」と千葉氏のもとへの返却を実現するが、立花郷は戻ってこなかった。
English: Having recovered the position of Soma gunji and the Soma-go village, Tsunetane donated the Soma-gun (presumably, Soma-go) village again to the Ise-jingu Shrine on September 24.
Japanese: 相馬郡司の地位と相馬郷を回復した常胤は、8月10日、改めて相馬郡（郷？）を伊勢神宮に寄進した。
English: A letter of the donation remains, which makes the circumstances during that occasion known to us today.
Japanese: その寄進状が残っていることから、そこからその間の事情が今に知られることになる。
English: Although the donation was already made by Yoshitomo in April 1145, Tsunetane offered money for festivals to the feudal lord Masatomi of the Ise priest family, a Shinto priest of the Ise-naiku (inner shrine), in accordance with 'a deed of father Tsuneshige,' and offered the Ise-jingu Shrine a deed stating that kajishi and the position of a local official to manage a shoen estate would be inherited by his children and descendants.
Japanese: すでに天養2年（1145年）3月、義朝による寄進があったが、常胤は「親父常重契状」の通り、領主・荒木田神主正富（伊勢内宮神官）に供祭料を納め、加地子・下司職を常胤の子孫に相伝されることの新券を伊勢神宮へ奉じた。
English: Meanwhile, there is evidence that the 'Shishi' of that occasion was broader to the south than in the past.
Japanese: ところで、このときの「四至」は、それまでの「四至」よりも南に大きく広がっていた形跡がある。
English: While the land donated in the past was around the Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture, the area was extended toward the Minamisoma-gun, Chiba Prefecture, which was presumed to be a broad region of 7 km in the east and the west and 20 km in the north and the south.
Japanese: これは、かつての寄進地が茨城県北相馬郡近辺であったものから、千葉県南相馬郡側に広がり、推定では、東西7km、南北20kmに及ぶ広大な地域となっている。
English: Since the time when the position of gunji (de facto feudal rights) was captured by zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) and Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi in 1136, Tsunetane and his family were likely to have struggled to develop the southern part.
Japanese: 保延2年（1136年）に受領・下総守藤原親通に郡司職（事実上の領主権）を奪われて以降、常胤一族は必死になってその南部を開発していたのかもしれない。
English: In any case, this shows the fact that donation of Soma-mikuriya by different persons occurred twice.
Japanese: いずれにしても、ここに相馬御厨は別の人間から2重に寄進されたことになる。
English: Thus, there is a point of view that Yoshitomo's action was 'mediation' in the conflict, but since a deed of donation that was prepared by Tsunetane CHIBA immediately thereafter stated '源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言,自常重之手,康治二年雖責取圧状之文,' it can be inferred that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was also an invader for Tsunetane CHIBA.
Japanese: このことから、義朝の行為は紛争の「調停」であったとする見方もあるが、その直後の千葉常胤の寄進状には「源義朝朝臣就于件常時男常澄之浮言、自常重之手、康治二年雖責取圧状之文」とあり、千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝もまた侵略者の一人であることが判る。
English: In the article 'Kodaimakki no togoku ni okeru kaihatsuryoshu no ichi' (the Position of kaihatsu-ryoshu [local notables who actually developed the land] in Togoku [the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region] in the late ancient times) included in "Chibashi no kenkyu" (the Study of the Chiba clan) edited by Minoru NOGUCHI, Koichiro KURODA discusses that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not toryo (head of the clan) at that stage, and that there is evidence that he attempted to capture the territory as a person of the same level.
Japanese: また、野口実編『千葉氏の研究』に収録されている論文「古代末期の東国における開発領主の位置」において、黒田紘一郎は、源義朝はその段階では棟梁などではなく、同じレベルで領地を奪おうとした形跡があると論じられている。
English: He also discusses that since the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo could donate Soma-mikuriya, it was not just a piece of paper and indicated a contract for the local collection of tax, and the donation could not have been made independently from the de facto land ruling.
Japanese: 源義朝が相馬御厨を寄進しえたということは、単なる書類上のことだけではなくて、現地での徴税の請負の意味をもっていた以上、事実上の在地支配を離れて可能であったはずはない。
English: He further discusses that it should be understood that there was a de facto domination and an act and a deed for land to legally guarantee the domination.
Japanese: 事実上の支配があって、その支配を法的に保証するのが土地証文、と考えるべきだとする。
English: It is unknown how Tsunetane CHIBA and MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo were settled thereafter, but Tsunetane CHIBA's name appears, together with Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi's son Hirotsune, in the Kanto forces led by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in the Hogen War.
Japanese: その後、千葉常胤と源義朝の間でどういう決着を見たのかは不明であるが、保元の乱では千葉常胤は源義朝の率いる関東の兵の中に、上総介常澄の子広常とともに名が見える。
English: Thus, it is also possible to infer that Tsunetane CHIBA was affiliated with MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo in an attempt to maintain his territory.
Japanese: このことから、千葉常胤が、源義朝の傘下に入ることによって千葉常胤は領地の保全を図ったとの見方も可能である。
English: Further, there was Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA, who was a son of Kazusa no gon no suke (provisional assistant governor of Kazusa Province) Tsunezumi and a younger brother of Hirotsune KAZUSA, and there is a possibility that the old Soma-mikuriya (Kitasoma [northern Soma]), which was donated by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo, and Minamisoma (southern Soma), which was added when Tsunetane CHIBA made the donation and included many regions with surnames of branch families of the Chiba clan, were separately dominated, and that Kazusa no gon no suke Tsunezumi's son Kuro Tsunekiyo SOMA administered MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo's regions of influence.
Japanese: また、上総権介常澄の子で上総広常の弟に相馬九郎常清がおり、源義朝の寄進した旧来の相馬御厨（北相馬）と、千葉常胤が寄進したときに追加され、かつ千葉氏庶流の名字の地の多い南相馬とが、それぞれ分割支配されて、上総権介常澄の子・相馬九郎常清が源義朝支配地を管理していた可能性もある。
English: For example, when Yoshimune SATAKE aggressively dominated the entire region of Soma-mikuriya later, he stated in "MINAMOTO no Yoshimune's letter of donation" that '常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉,是背法令,大非常之上,大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等 凡不可在王土者也,' indicating that Kazusa no suke Tsunezumi and Chiba no suke Tsunetane both rebelled.
Japanese: 例えば、後に佐竹義宗が強引に相馬御厨全域を支配したとき、その『源義宗寄進状』には「常澄常胤等何故可成妨哉、是背法令、大非常之上、大謀叛人前下野守義朝朝臣年来郎従等　凡不可在王土者也」と、上総介常澄、千葉介常胤、が共に反抗していることが伺える。
English: These affairs provide evidence of changes of zaichokanjin to kaihatsu-ryoshu and fierce conflicts between kokushi and mokudai, especially the local lord class's destabilization and limitations.
Japanese: この事件は、当時における在庁官人＝開発領主の変貌と、国司＝目代との対立の激しさ、とくに在地領主層の弱体と限界を如実に示している。
English: First, possession of a territory by kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by kokuga in association with the positions such as gunji and goji.
Japanese: まず、開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という、役職において国衙から保証されたものだということ。
English: However, since such possession was guaranteed in association with the positions such as gunji and goji, kokushi had a right to dismiss, which was in fact executed in the Soma-go village.
Japanese: しかし、それが、郡司、郷司という、役職において保証されたものである限り、国司側はその任を解く権限を持っており、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
English: A donation of shoen was made to secure its stable state, and on this occasion, the area of the shoen was defined by inclusion of not only their regions of direct influence but also nearby public land cut off by about a village unit to increase the area.
Japanese: 安定な状態を、確実なものにしようと、荘園の寄進を行うが、その段階で、自分の直接支配地だけでなく、郷の単位ぐらいに、周辺の公領も切り取って規模を拡大して立荘する。
English: This is easy to understand if considered as an action to stabilize not only their original private land but also their domination and share as gunji.
Japanese: それは、根本私領だけでなく、郡司としての自分の支配、取り分を固定化しようとする行為と考えると解しやすい。
English: However, it is obvious from these affairs of Soma-mikuriya, and also affairs of Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch), such domination of shoen was not sufficient to ensure the guarantee.
Japanese: しかしその荘園寄進も、それだけで確実なものではないことは、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中からも見てとれる。