nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Because kagami-mochi has been offered to deities, 'cutting' it with a knife or other implement is considered discourteous and a bad omen.
Japanese: 神様に供えたものであるので、包丁などで「切る」行為は礼を欠き、縁起が悪いとされる。
English: In Jodo Shinshu sect, kagami-mochi is taken down after the devotional exercises are performed on the morning of January 4th, after shusho-e (for lay believers, during January 1-3), whereupon the rice cakes are made into shiruko, etc., and eaten.
Japanese: 浄土真宗では、修正会（在家の場合は、1月1日～3日）後の1月4日朝の勤行後に下げ、汁粉などにして食べる。
English: Hishihanabira Mochi (Water chestnut petal sticky rice cakes) are a traditional Japanese confectionary made by wrapping burdock root, white miso paste and pink colored mochi (sticky rice cake) in either sticky rice cake or Turkish delight.
Japanese: 菱葩餅（ひしはなびらもち）は、ゴボウと白味噌餡とピンク色の餅を、餅もしくは求肥で包んだ和菓子である。
English: At New Year Feasts, participants prayed for longevity, covered sticky rice cakes with red colored water chestnut rice cakes and placed on top of this boar meat, giant white radish (daikon), salted sweetfish (ayu) and gourd which were then consumed.
Japanese: 歯固めの儀式では長寿を願い、餅の上に赤い菱餅を敷き、その上に猪肉やダイコン、アユの塩漬け、ウリなどをのせて食べていた。
English: However, over time the ingredients were gradually simplified to foods that could be wrapped in stick rice (mochi) cake (so called imperial new year soup of vegetables and sticky rice cakes) which was distributed to the nobility and in particular, burdock root was used instead of sweetfish and, the soup took the place of sticky rice cake and miso paste.
Japanese: だんだん簡略化され、餅の中に食品を包んだもの（宮中雑煮とよばれた）を、公家に配るようになり、さらには鮎はごぼうに、雑煮は餅と味噌餡を模したものとなった。
English: During the Meiji period, Gengensai, 11th master of the Urasenke school permitted it to be used when holding the first tea ceremony in the new year.
Japanese: 明治時代に裏千家家元十一世玄々斎が初釜のときに使うことを許可された。
English: At this ceremony, this became the traditional confectionary to be consumed and came to be produced by traditional Japanese confectionary makers across Japan.
Japanese: 新年のお菓子として使われるようになり、全国の和菓子屋でも作られるようになった。
English: "Hatsuuri" means that retailers start business for the first time in the new year.
Japanese: 初売り（はつうり）とは、年が変わって最初に小売店が営業を始めることをいう。
English: Unlike their normal business, "Hukubukuro"(grab bags) are sold in many stores, by which customers can try their luck for the year.
Japanese: 通常の営業と異なり、その年1年間の運試しの意味合いをかねた、福袋が販売されることが多い。
English: Going to a New Year's "Hatsuuri" and doing the first shopping in the year is called "Kaizome" (first shopping).
Japanese: 正月の初売りに出かけて、その年の初めての買い物をすることを買い初め（かいぞめ）などと呼ぶ。
English: Before (until 1980s), many retailers did "Hatsuuri" on or after January 4, when government administration offices start work (Shigoto hajime); however, now, the number of 24-hour convenience stores has increased and "Hatsuuri" of January 1 by supermarkets and specialty stores are not unusual, and so most retailers, which are closed on January 1, have come to do "Hatsuuri" on January 2.
Japanese: 昔（1980年代頃まで）は、官公庁の業務が開始される(仕事始め)1月4日以降に初売りを行う小売店が多かったが、24時間営業のコンビニエンスストアが増えた現在では、スーパーマーケットや専門店での元日の初売りも珍しくなくなり、元日に休業するほとんどの小売店も1月2日までに初売りを行うようになっている。
English: The cases of fashion buildings and department stores that have a winter sale after their "Hatsuuri" have increased in recent years, which makes stores even busier preparing for the sale with "Shogatsu henjo" (giving up their New Year's holiday).
Japanese: ファッションビルや百貨店などでは、近年初売りの後に冬のバーゲンセールを行うケースも増えており、店側はまさに『正月返上』で準備に追われることとなる。
English: In some areas, "Hatsuuri" takes place on a large scale as a local event, and the ones of Sendai City and Sasebo City are well-known.
Japanese: 初売りが地域のイベントとして大々的に行われているところがあり、仙台市や佐世保市の初売りが有名である。
English: It has been used for a labor or business as a mean to get food for living as well as for praying and rituals.
Japanese: 生活の糧（かて）を得る手段として労働や生業（なりわい）に使用され、祈祷や神事にもつかわれる道具。
English: Both in history and at present, it has been a weapon for military as well as an arm for military art and a tool for sports.
Japanese: 歴史上または、現在も軍事の上での武器でもあり、武芸としての武具や競技（ゲーム・スポーツ）用具である。
English: A bow is made of a curved thin material (or a material which does not curve) with a string stretched between the tips.
Japanese: 弓は湾曲する細長い素材（もしくは湾曲しない素材）の両端に弦を張って作られる。
English: Releasing the arrow after strongly pulling back the string, the arrow flies forward by its elasticityand hits a faraway target.
Japanese: 矢とともに弦を手で強く引いてから離すと、その弾性から得られた反発力で矢が飛翔し、遠方の的や標的を射抜く物をさす。
English: The term "Yumiya" (弓矢) is also read as 'Kyushi' and also written as '弓箭' (Yumiya or Kyushi).
Japanese: 弓矢とは「きゅうし」とも読み「弓箭」（ゆみや・きゅうし）とも表記する。
English: The term "Yumiya" refers to arms or weapons, martial arts, battles (military) or ikusa (war) themselves.
Japanese: 弓矢は、武具や武器、武道や武術、戦い（軍事）や戦（いくさ）そのものを意味する。
English: Especially, concerning battles or wars, it is said that the term 'ikusa'(射交矢) comes from the words '射交わす矢(いくわすさ)' (ikuwasusa, that is, arrows which are shot) (the word "矢・箭" is pronounced as "sa" in the ancient word).
Japanese: 特に戦に限っては「いくさ」の語源が弓で矢を放ち合う事を表す「射交わす矢（いくわすさ）」（矢・箭は古語ではサと読む）が、「いくさ（射交矢）」に変化したといわれる。
English: In addition, the term "的" (target) was pronounced as 'ikuha' in ancient word and referred to Yumiya itself, which comes from the word '射交わ' (ikuwa).
Japanese: また的は古くは「いくは」と読み、弓矢そのものであり、「射交わ」が語源となっている。
English: Yumiya is a very popular tool for hunting and has been used for more than 10,000 years.
Japanese: 弓矢は狩猟の道具としては非常に一般的なもので、一万年以上前から使われてきた。
English: Except for Aborigines in Australia (where the boomerang is used instead of Yumiya), it has been used not only for hunting but also for fishing, for games and fighting all over the world.
Japanese: オーストラリアのアボリジニ（ブーメランが弓矢の位置を占める）を除き、世界中で狩りはもちろんのこと、時には漁りにも使われ、競技や戦いの場で普及してきた。
English: Therefore, it has been related to culture, civilization, gods and religions in various parts of the world, and often represented in art, sculpture, historical stories and tradition universally.
Japanese: その為、世界各地の文化文明や神々や宗教と繋がり、美術や彫刻、歴史的な物語や故事などにもよく登場する普遍的な物でもある。
English: It has an indirect origin as a part a fire making tool or harp, and it is thought to be often related as the origin of stringed instruments in various places of the world.
Japanese: 間接的には一部の火起し器の起源であり、またはハーブ（竪琴）の起源であり、世界各地にある弦楽器の発祥とも関連がある場合が多いと考えられている。
English: The basic form of a bow is classified into the curviform bow of a circular arc and the bending recurved bow of an M-shaped curve.
Japanese: 弓の基本的形状は、円弧を描くだけの湾曲形と、M字を描く屈曲形のリカーブボウに分けられる。
English: In addition, it is classified by length; in Japan it is classified into Chokyu (long bow, which refers to the Japanese bow and also called Daikyu long bow, which bends easily) and short bow (curviform short bow), while in Western countries, it is classified as a long bow and a composite bow (short and bending compound bow).
Japanese: また弓丈により、日本では長弓（和弓を指し、大弓ともいい、緩やかに湾曲とも屈曲ともとれるぐらいに曲する）と小弓（短弓で湾曲形）という名称で分類し、欧米ではロングボウとコンポジットボウ（短弓で屈曲形の複合弓）に分類している。
English: This is a general classification, and the way and meaning of classification in Japan does not always correspond to that found in Western Countries.
Japanese: この分類は大まかであり、また日本と欧米の分類方法やその意味が、必ずしも一致するものではない。
English: In addition, a bow which Yugara (wooden or bamboo part between Motohazu (the lower top of the bow) and Urahazu - the top of the bow) is flat and the cross-section surface is rectangular, and this is called a flat bow, distinguishing it from others.
Japanese: また弓幹（ゆがら）が板状で断面形状が長方形をなすものをフラットボウと呼称し、それ以外と区別している。
English: Flat bows include those bows used by coastal Southeast Asian people, Japanese bow, a composite bow used by indigenous people around the Amur River basin northeast of Japan, and a compound bow and a cable backed bow (a bow adding tensioning force) used by American Indians on the north American continent.
Japanese: フラットボウに含まれる弓は、海洋系東南アジアの人々が使う弓と日本の和弓と日本より北東のアムール川周辺地域の先住民の複合弓とさらに東の北米大陸のインディアンが使用する複合弓及びケーブル・バックドボウ（緊張力を付加した弓）などが挙げられる。
English: Various bows and also arrows have been developed from Yumiya such as blowguns, darts (called nageya in Japan), crossbows (machine bow), varistor (weapon) and so on.
Japanese: 弓矢から派生したものとして吹き矢・ダーツ（日本では投げ矢という）・クロスボウ（機械弓のこと）・バリスタ(兵器)などがある。
English: The big machine bow disappeared and Yumiya (Japanese bow, Yokyu or Western-style archery, and so on), blowguns, darts, and crossbows are presently enjoyed as sports.
Japanese: 現在では大型の機械弓は消滅し、弓矢（和弓・洋弓など）・吹き矢・ダーツ・洋弓銃はスポーツとして楽しまれている。
English: In addition, Yumiya and blowguns are used for hunting as a tool to get food in various parts of the world.
Japanese: また弓矢と吹き矢は、世界各地で現在も生活の糧を得るため狩猟で使われている。
English: The structure and effect (flying capability) of Yumiya has been developed by trial and error in various parts of the world since the period when the idea of dynamics and parabola (differential and integral calculus) were not created, which led to the development of early machine engineering by producing the machine bow and the catapult.
Japanese: 弓矢の構造や効果（飛翔性）は、力学や放物線（微分・積分）という概念がない頃から世界各地おいて、それらについて試行錯誤されてきた道具であり、初期の機械工学の発展の要因（機械弓、カタパルト）である。
English: In Japan, both bow and arrow were basically made of various kinds of 'bamboo,' used differently depending on the physical nature of the materials.
Japanese: 日本においては、基本的には弓・矢ともに様々な種類の「竹」を主材とし、その物性（物質の性質）において使い分けている。
English: In addition, a laminated bow made by bonding various types of bamboo and wood together, has contributed the development of gelatin (glue) which is important for light industry in Japan, and has created a special bond called 'nibe' (drumfish, the origin of the word 'nibemonai' (flat refusal)).
Japanese: また様々な竹と木材を張り合わせた積層弓は、日本の軽工業に欠かせない、ゼラチン（にかわ）の発展にも寄与し「にべ」（「にべもない」という語源になっている）と言う特殊な接着剤も生み出した。
English: This laminated bow made with nibe and glue has basically the same structure as laminated lumber and is bonded together, and is the present constructional material for building made of laminated wood.
Japanese: この鮸（にべ）や膠による積層弓は、現在の積層木製建築構造材である集成材や集積材と基本的には同じである。
English: The structure of the cable backed bow also has the same basic principle as various high-tension beams seen in construction techniques at present.
Japanese: ケーブル・バックドボウの構造も、現在の建設技術としての様々な緊張梁（ハイテンション・ビーム）と基本原理は同じである。
English: It is a representative military art in Japan that includes ideas from the Zen sect (a Buddhist sect that strongly maintains the spirit of awaking through ascetic training in India) such as ho-shin (absentmindedness), shi-shin (adherence (to something)), mu-shin (a state of mind free from delusion), zan-shin (physical and spiritual alertness after delivering a strike or thrust), tan-shin (sincerity) and ren-shin (training the mind) with Shinto and Taoism and established them as an unique 'kokorone' (feelings) in Japan.
Japanese: 放心・止心・無心・残心・丹心・錬心など禅宗（インドの苦行開眼精神を色濃く残す仏教の一派）の概念を神道や道教などと渾然一体となし、日本独自の「心根」にした代表的な武芸である。
English: In addition, the feeling of 'happiness' originated from hunting and fishing and was called sachi (Yumiya or a feeling of happiness), and the word 'shako-shin' (speculative spirit) which shows the idea that feeling was developed from the words 'Shinto rituals of Yumiya' and 'an action for shooting (射的行為).'
Japanese: また「しあわせ」という心の感情は、狩り（かり）や漁（いさり）から生まれ、幸（弓矢や幸心のこと）と言い、「弓矢の神事」や「射的行為」から「射幸心」という心の概念を表す言葉に派生した。
English: As for ho-shin, shi-shin, mu-shin (a state of mind free from delusion, shikisokuzeku - form is emptiness, matter is void, all is vanity, and I exist because I think), zan-shin, tan-shin and ren-shin, see the article of Kyudo (Japanese art of archery) or Kyujutsu (Japanese art of archery) for details.
Japanese: 放つ心・止める心・無の心（無我の境地、色即是空、我考える故我在り）・残す心・丹ずる心・錬る心について詳しくは弓道または弓術を参照。
English: Yaba and yokyuba archery ranges run by matoya (stall-keepers) were closely related with yujo (a prostitute) and gambling (a pleasure place for winning prizes such as rifle ranges of smart ball, hot-spring resort, and hotels), that led to the establishment of an Act Regulating Adult Entertainment Businesses, etc..
Japanese: 的屋（まとや）が営む矢場や楊弓場が遊女と懸け物｛景品交換式遊技場（スマートボールや温泉場や宿場の射的場）｝との密接な関わりから、風営法の設立の主な要因となった。
English: The important factors of its necessity and transition were the selection of materials for bows and their combination, in particular, to find 'the elastic modulus and elastic limits against the ratio of length of the bow and cross-sectional dimension' (when the cross-section is not point symmetry, add 'the elastic modules and elastic limit against the cross-section and the direction of bending'), and 'the least power to pull and the longest flying distance,' as well as the difference of conditions such as 'shooting from the ground or from horseback,' and 'the mechanization and the ability of automatic fire.'
Japanese: その変遷や必要性において重要な要因は、弓の素材の選定やその組み合わせであり、具体的には「長さ（弓丈）と断面積の比率に対しての弾性率・弾性限界」（断面形状が点対称でない場合は「断面形状と曲げる方向に対しての弾性率・弾性限界」も加味する）や「最小限の引く力と最大限の飛距離」など、条件の妥協点を見出す事にあり、その他には「地上やウマ上から矢を射る」という条件の違いや、「機械化と連射性能」などである。
English: It is an important assumption for Yumiya to be light and easy to carry both when hunting and when on the battle field.
Japanese: これらの諸条件の前提として、軽く持ち運びしやすいことが狩りや戦いにおいても重要である。
English: It should be elastic and not brittle with reguard to both strength and toughness.
Japanese: 撓やか（しなやか）であるが、脆くない事であり、強度と靭性を兼ね備えていること。
English: The combination of different materials were selected for strength and flexibility, difficult to break and the ability to return to the original form without having to increase the size of the cross-section.
Japanese: -異なる素材の組み合わせることで、断面積を大きくする事なく、良く撓り（しなり）折れにくく、元の形状に戻るという条件を満たすよう工夫された。
English: On the other hand, the length of the bow was made longer so not to decrease flying distance, and the flying distance increased in depending upon the same puller's force.
Japanese: その反面、飛距離が落ちないよう、弓丈が大きくなったが、同じ引き手の力で比較すると飛距離も伸びた。
English: This is a bow made of layers of flat pieces of wood, bamboo and some wood sections bonded together to provide strength and toughness in the right places.
Japanese: -板状の異なる木または竹の1本または短片を複数張合わせ、それぞれの部分に強度と靭性を分担させた弓。
English: It is also called a composite bow, where parts are strengthened by covering them with leather or metal to withstand the stress of movement and to provide more force in propelling the arrow by using a tendon of animal for the bow string, adding tonicity.
Japanese: -合成弓ともいい、モーメント応力を考え強度が必要な箇所を革や金属などで被い補強したものや、動物の腱を使い緊張力を付加する事により反発力を高めた弓。
English: If the cross-section is larger, the elastic limit becomes higher, but the elastic module becomes lower and the puller needs more strength to pull the bowstring.
Japanese: -弓の断面積が大きいと弾性限界は高くなるが、弾性率は低くなり引き手の力もより必要になり重くなる。
English: As the bow length becomes longer, the elastic module becomes higher based upon the cross-section and the same pulling power and the elastic limit becomes lower and the weight becomes lighter, but the flying distance increases.
Japanese: -弓丈が長くなると同じ断面積で、引く力が同じなら弾性率は上がるが、弾性限界は低くなり重量も重くなるが、飛距離は伸びる。
English: As a result of pursuing flying distance, destructive power, shooting more than one arrow at the same time, the bow was mechanized by utilizing the principles of levers and pulleys or incorporating gear, pulley and spindle and the increase in size accordingly.
Japanese: -飛距離・破壊力・複数の矢の同時発射などを追求した結果、梃子の原理や滑車の原理を利用し、歯車や滑車・錘などを弓に組込み、機械化またはそれに伴い大型化した。
English: Some shafts are devised to be broken if it hits a hard ground surface or a wall in order not to be utilized in return by the enemy.
Japanese: 敵に再利用されないように、硬い地面や壁に当れば、折れるよう工夫された矢柄もある。
English: The highest instant rate for an arrow is about 90 meters per second except with particular bows such as the machine bow, which depends more on the ability of bow, the form of arrow and how strong a bow string is pulled.
Japanese: -機械弓など特殊な弓以外では、矢の瞬間最高速度は、秒速約90ｍ位有るが、弓の性能、矢の形状、引き具合などの要因で、速くも遅くもなる。
English: And the selection, direction and development were greatly differentiated between Japan and other countries.
Japanese: そして、その選択と方向性や発展は、日本と日本以外では大きく違っていった。
English: The first form of bow was simple with a bending form and a short length, which was common anywhere in the world.
Japanese: 弓の始まりは、世界中どこでも押並べて変わらず、湾曲形の単弓（和弓）であり、短弓であった。
English: It was made of single piece of flexible wood and others were curved, and were short in length.
Japanese: 具体的には単一素材で弾性のある木材等を使用した弓で、湾曲させただけの丈も短い物であった。
English: This was because in early times when using Yumiya, it was used mainly for hunting and sometimes for fishing, and men were strong enough to handle Yumiya and hunting was usually a job for men, although the required flying distance was different depending upon the field of vision.
Japanese: このことは弓矢の初期の利用が、狩りや時には漁（いさり）中心であり、狩りにおいては、視界が開けているか、いないかによって、求められる飛距離は違ったが、ほとんどの地域で狩りは男性の仕事であったので、腕力で十分補う事が出来た。
English: In addition, this is also because the battles between different regions did not always happen so, there was no risk to life, and they did not need to improve Yumiya if they could obtain enough food for living.
Japanese: また常に地域間で戦いがあった訳ではなく、切迫した命の危険がない事と日々の糧が十分得られれば、弓矢を改良する必要がなかったからである。
English: In the existing primitive religions in various parts of the world, Yumiya and blowguns were not only a tool for hunting, but also a tool for praying, fortune-telling, magic and so on performed by a shaman who was the same as a chief.
Japanese: 世界各地に残る原始宗教において弓矢や吹き矢は狩りの道具であるとともに酋長などが兼任する、祈祷師（シャーマン）の祈祷や占い、呪術などの道具でもある。
English: The reason for this is considered to be dipping arrowheads in poison (it is said that there is no custom to dip arrows in poison with regard to Yumiya in Japan).
Japanese: これは鏃に毒薬を塗る事（日本では弓矢に毒を塗る習慣はないとされる）が要因であると考えられている。
English: The preparation and knowledge of medicine herbs are commonly regarded as the main role of shaman in each region.
Japanese: 薬草の調合や知識が主にシャーマンの役割である事がどの地域でも共通している。
English: In addition, in polytheistic civilizations in various parts of the world, Yumiya is considered to be a tool with spiritual power and a curse and is described in the mythologies on ancient Greece, Hinduism, Japanese Shinto, and so on.
Japanese: また世界各地の多神教文明において弓矢は霊力や呪詛が宿る道具として考えられており、古代ギリシアやヒンドゥー教や日本の神道などの神話に記述されている。
English: However, along with the development of civilization, the gradual increase of population, and the establishment of social structure such as countries and land, large wars had occurred all over the world.
Japanese: しかし文明が発達し人口も徐々に増え、国家や領土という社会構造が出来るにつれ、世界中で大規模な争いが起きるようになってゆく。
English: One of the tactics created in order to take advantage during a war was attacking from a faraway place, and Yumiya played an important role on the battlefield.
Japanese: ここで戦いを有利に進める為に、考えられた戦術の一つが遠戦であり、弓矢は戦場において重要な役割を持つようになる。
English: And the short bow had been improved because it was suitable for shooting from horseback (such soldiers were called Mounted Archers).
Japanese: そして戦いに馬を利用し、馬上から弓を引き、矢を射る事（騎馬弓兵という）から、短い弓のまま改良されていった。
English: However, although there were examples in which a long bow was used in places other than in Japan, they were usually simple bows which were hard and heavy, and used by specially disciplined foot soldiers that had power, instead of being used on horseback.
Japanese: ただし日本以外でも、丈のある弓が使用された例があるが、ほとんどが単弓で硬く重い為、馬上から用いる事はなく、腕力のある特別に訓練された弓歩兵が、その弓を使用した。
English: In addition, there was a bow which sent an arrow further than Japanese Yumiya, but it was atypical and lacked of versatility.
Japanese: また飛距離においても、日本の弓矢を凌ぐ物は存在したが、特殊なものであり汎用性はなかった。
English: On the other hand, in the production of the Japanese bow, a particular gelatin (glue) was created, which led to the development of a compound bow (also called a laminated bow) made of laminated compound materials such as bamboo and wood using gelatin to bond it together.
Japanese: 一方、日本の和弓は、特殊なゼラチン（にかわ）を開発し、接着剤として用いて竹と木材を繋ぎ合わせ、積層状の合成素材で作られた複合弓（積層弓でもある）が進歩していった。
English: The long bow was light, provided a long flying distance and was easy for women to pull, and was called Chokyu (long bow).
Japanese: 軽く飛距離があり、女性でも引く事が出来る丈の長い弓のことで長弓といった。
English: In addition, it could be used on horseback because it was light, flexible and had effective long range and because setting an arrow was changed from the middle point to a lower position.
Japanese: また軽く弾性もあり飛距離もある事と、矢を番える（つがえる）高さも丈の中間ではなく、下方に出来るよう改良していったので、馬上でも使用出来る様になった。
English: Although the long bow itself was unique in the world, the unique style to use Chokyu on horseback was established in Japan.
Japanese: 長弓自体が世界的にも珍しいにも拘らず、馬上での長弓の使用という日本独自の方法を確立していったのである。
English: In addition, the material of bamboo was changed to the one which had different characteristics (closer to presently used carbon fiber) by adding heat or other processes, and the composition of Chokyu became complicated.
Japanese: そして竹材も熱を加える事などで、同じ竹でも物性の違う材料（現在の炭素繊維やカーボンファイバーに近いもの）を生み出し、構造も複雑になっていった。
English: A bow came to be made of compound materials in countries other than Japan, but was short and totally different from the point of selected materials, the method of improvement, construction, and directionality.
Japanese: 日本以外でも複合素材で作られる様になっていったが、丈が短い事と素材選択やその改良や接合方法やその方向性は、日本とは全く違っていた。
English: It was proven in the war between Japan and neighboring countries such as during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, in which the flying range provided by the Japanese bow was greater than the Mongolian bow.
Japanese: この事は日本と近隣諸国との戦争（元寇）などで実証済みで、日本が飛距離でまさっていた。
English: In European and Chinese civilizations, a mechanized bow and a large machine bow was invented which provided destruction power and a long range, and cannonballs were also used with them as well as arrows.
Japanese: ヨーロッパや中華文明圏では、機械弓や大型機械弓も発明され、破壊力や飛距離のあるものも作られ、矢だけではなく砲弾などが使用された。
English: It is said that they showed great efficiency in an attack against a castle constructed of hard stone.
Japanese: 堅牢な石の組積造でできた城の城攻めにおいては多大な効果を発揮したといわれる。
English: In the history of militaries in various parts of the world it had been used by nations in various strategies, and the effects had been transmitted through books on strategy, pictures and so on.
Japanese: 世界各地の国家覇権による軍事史においては、様々な軍事兵法として用いられその効果は兵法書や絵画などで伝承される。
English: However, since machine bows came with the problem of weight and the capability of automatic fire, it was difficult to use them on the usual battlegrounds and especially in sea battles.
Japanese: ただし、機械弓は重さや連射性に問題がある為、通常の陸上戦や特に海上戦では使用が難しかった。
English: In addition, in Japan, although the techniques of the mechanized bow were transmitted from the Chinese continent, it was not necessarily used because the efficiency of the Japanese bow did not flourish after the introduction of the matchlock gun.
Japanese: また日本では機械弓が大陸から技術が伝わっていたが、和弓の利便性から必要性がなく、火縄銃の伝来によりその活躍もなかった。
English: And the invention of gun caused Yumiya to disappear from the battlefields all over the world except for some machine bows.
Japanese: そして銃の発明で世界中で、戦いの場から一部の機械弓を除き弓矢は無くなって行った。
English: In addition, this was also true in Japan, but Yumiya developed into Japanese archery, Kyudo (Japanese archery), used in rites and festivals and culture during the Edo period so, it did not disappear.
Japanese: またそれは日本でも同じであるが、江戸時代には弓術や弓道、祭礼や文化になり消え去る事はなかった。
English: Now in various parts of the world, archery games with Yokyu (Western-style archery) and Kyudo with the Japanese bow have been often performed as sports or a method of training the body and the mind.
Japanese: 現代の世界各地ではスポーツや心身鍛錬として、洋弓によるアーチェリー競技や、和弓の弓道がよく行われている。
English: For examples, yabusame (horseback archery) in which a person shoots an arrow from a galloping horse, toshiya (long-range archery) and hamaya (ritual arrows to drive away devils) can be seen in almost the same style as those in past times.
Japanese: 疾走する馬上から矢を射る流鏑馬（やぶさめ）や通し矢、正月の破魔矢などがその姿をほとんど変えることなく見る事が出来る。
English: In addition, hunters who try to live together with nature and live humbly get food for living by Yumiya even today.
Japanese: そして世界各地には自然と共生をはかり、慎ましやかに暮らしている狩猟民族が、今日も日々の糧を弓矢で得ている。
English: In ancient times, Yumiya (like a fishing rods and hooks) were called 'sachi' (happiness) because hunting brought sustenance for life.
Japanese: 古くには弓矢（釣竿と釣針も同様）は、狩りが収穫を齎すことから、「サチ（幸）」といった。
English: The word 'sa' was an old sound of the Chinese character "箭"(矢) which meant arrow or hook, and the word 'chi' was written as "霊" which showed spiritual power.
Japanese: 「サ」は箭（矢）の古い読みで矢や釣針を意味し、「チ」は霊と表記し霊威を示す。
English: It is a typical tool to express the unique view of religion in Japan which is expressed in the phrase, 'God exists even in tools and tools have lives' (seen in the custom of having a memorial service for dull and broken needles and the graves for tools).
Japanese: 日本独特といわれる「道具にも神や命が宿る」という宗教観（針供養・道具塚）をあらわす根源的なものである。
English: In addition, in accordance with the changingf social structure, the word Yumiya came to refer to 'ikusa' itself and eventually refered to the 'military' itself.
Japanese: そして社会構造の変化と共に「いくさ」そのものを指し、延いては「武」そのものに転化した。