nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It can also be considered that the description of "Sadatoki was holding a meeting at the Morotoki's residence for deciding a measure to handle the rumor that Tokimura was killed by an order of Munekata--" in "Sanemikyoki" corresponds to this situation.
Japanese: というのが『実躬卿記』にある「時村殺害は宗方の命令であるという噂に対処するため、貞時が師時亭で評定を...」という下りと見る事も出来る。
English: To prevent the disturbance from expanding further, Sadatoki decided that an intrigue by Munekata should be responsible for all of the disturbances.
Japanese: 貞時はこれ以上の争乱を避ける為に、全ては宗方の陰謀ということにした。
English: Then he sent a letter by post horse to Kyoto, which included the message that all of the disturbances had been terminated and therefore, "persons in Kyoto and jito and gokenin in the western region" should not come to Kamakura.
Japanese: そして、京に早馬を走らせ、全て終わったから「在京人ならびに西国地頭御家人等」は鎌倉に来てはならぬと伝言させる。
English: Even with the efforts, the rumor that a war might occur again any time, for example, the saying that "A war may occur any day," was circulated in Kamakura, with a tense situation remaining and with regular council meetings not being held virtually, and kuge (court nobles) in Kyoto wrote that "Kanto was not quiet."
Japanese: それでも鎌倉には「尚逐日可有合戦之由」と、再び合戦が起こるという風聞が飛び交う緊張した状況が続き、定例の評定は事実上流会となり、京の公家には「関東しづかならず」と書かれる。
English: Then on July 22, the next month, Munenobu HOJO, the general for chasing and killing Munekata, was appointed to assistant to shikken in place of Masatoki HOJO who had been killed, making the situation calm at last.
Japanese: そして更に翌月の7月22日に、宗方討伐の大将北条宗宣が殺された北条政時の後任として連署に就任してやっと事態は沈静化する。
English: Whether you consider the above description right or not depends on whether you place importance on descriptions in "Horyakukanki" of after ages or on the real-time information received in Kyoto in several days' delays.
Japanese: そう読むかどうかは、後世の『保暦間記』に軸足を置くか、それとも数日遅れで京に伝わった、その範囲でリアルタイムな記録に軸足を置くかによって変わってくる。
English: In his "History of Japan Vol. 8, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan" published in 1965, Toshio KURODA introduced an outline of Kagen War written in "Horyakukanki," and wrote that "However, this strategy is not good, and when everything comes to a dead end, even the power struggle becomes absurd as well."
Japanese: 黒田俊雄は1965年の『日本の歴史8　蒙古襲来』で、『保暦間記』に書かれている嘉元の乱のあらすじを紹介して、「しかしこの作戦はまったくまずい...すべて行きづまってくると、権力欲の争いもくだらないやりかたになってくる」と書かれている。
English: Yoshihiko AMINO says that Sadatoki confronted Munekata who tried to win the confidence of Shogunal retainers through becoming Ossotonin (the head of legal institutions of Kamakura bakufu and Muromachi bakufu).
Japanese: 網野善彦は、貞時と越訴頭人となって御家人たちの衆望を集めようとした宗方の対立があったとする。
English: Shinichiro TAKAHASHI says that Tokimura's position in this incident was forced to take "due to confrontation between two persons supporting the Tokuso family-based government" as in the Shimotsuki incident (November disturbance), and that "Kagen War was reproduction on a diminished scale of the Shimotsuki incident."
Japanese: 高橋慎一朗は、この事件における時村の立場を、霜月騒動と同様の「得宗政権を支える二者の対立に起因する」も、「嘉元の乱は霜月騒動の縮小再生産だった」としている。
English: In his "A basic research on the Hojo clan in the Kamakura period" as well as "The rise and fall of the Hojo clan in the Kamakura period," Takayuki OKUDOMI explains the incident based on descriptions in "Horyakukanki," although he withholds the judgment of whether the descriptions were true or not.
Japanese: 奥富敬之の『鎌倉北条氏の基礎的研究』でも『鎌倉北条氏の興亡』でも真偽のほどは保留しながらも、事件は『保暦間記』に沿って説明している。
English: The descriptions in "Horyakukanki" are included in 'Shikken Sadatoki HOJO' (written by Katsuo GOMI), on the 313th page of "The lives of shikken to shoguns in the Kamakura period" (compiled by Motohisa YASUDA in 1974), where descriptions of the incident in other historical documents are included as well.
Japanese: 『保暦間記』の記述は『鎌倉将軍執権列伝』（安田元久編、1974年）内の「執権北条貞時」（五味克夫）313頁にあり、その他の史料でどう書かれているかも紹介されている。
English: In "Remonstration by TAIRA no Masatsura" written in August, 1308, in three years after the incident, the following requests for working harder for the bakufu's administration or candid advices are included: "It was an apparently strange incident, and the persons concerned had been punished appropriately, and therefore, you should attend important council meetings;" "It would not be too hard to request you not to fail in attending the monthly regular council meetings for five days, the meetings called "Yoriai" for two days and working for Soji (compiling official documents to be sent to the emperor)-related matters for six days."
Japanese: それから3年後の1308年（徳治3）8月の「平政連諫草」には、「天下の珍事国中の大体は併せて成敗にあり、怠慢なかるべし、随ってまた評定の大事はなを御出仕をまつ」「毎月御評定の内五ケ日、御寄合二ケ日奏事六ケ日ばかりは、闕かさず御勤仕あらんの条、強いて窮屈の儀なからんか」と幕政への精励を要請、というか苦言を呈している。
English: From the description of "早相止連日酒宴,可被催暇景遊事" in it, we can know that Sadatoki lost interest in politics and almost always drank sake while he was awake.
Japanese: その中に「早相止連日酒宴、可被催暇景遊事」と貞時が政治への関心を失い酒に明け暮れていた様を知る事が出来る。
English: The Keicho Tsuho was a copper coin issued by the Edo Shognate in 1606. (different theories exist.)
Japanese: 慶長通宝（けいちょうつうほう）は、慶長11年（1606年）に江戸幕府によって発行された銅銭（異説もある）。
English: In Japan, it was considered as the first mintage issued by the central government after many years, since the 'Kocho -Jyunisen' coin (the twelve types of coins minted by the imperial court) was discontinued in the Heian Period.
Japanese: 日本では平安時代の皇朝十二銭以来久しく途絶えていた中央政府による鋳造貨幣であるとされる。
English: One was comparably big and good quality with well-raised letters, and the other was small and bad quality, a private mint coin made in the molds which had originally been used for the 'Eiraku Tsuho coin' but were modified for the 'Keicho Tsuho coin' by changing the letters of 'Eiraku' to 'Keicho.'
Japanese: 一つは大形で文字も整った比較的良質なものであり、もう一つは小型で質も劣悪であり永楽通宝から「永樂」を削除し「慶長」を嵌め込み変造した鋳型を用いたと思われる私鋳銭である。
English: The former was mostly used in around the Edo and Kyoto areas, and the latter was mainly used in the Kyushu area.
Japanese: 前者は主に江戸や京都周辺で用いられ、後者は主として九州方面にて用いられている。
English: However, along with Sung coins, Ming coins, and Ryukyu currency, 66 Keicho Tsuho coins were excavated in the Kango remains in Sakai City.
Japanese: 一方で、堺市の環壕遺跡からは宋銭、明銭、および琉球貨幣などに混じって66枚の慶長通寳が出土している。
English: Some theories suggest that from around 1596 to 1597, the coins had been minted in Osaka, and in Sakai City, where cheap coins had been actively minted.
Japanese: 慶長元年（1596年）から2年（1597年）頃に掛けて大坂あるいは鐚銭の鋳造が盛んであった、堺で鋳造されたとする説もある。
English: However, considering the act enacted by the government in 1608 that banned the use of the Eiraku Tsuho coins, it is reasonable to think that other appropriate copper coins would have existed.
Japanese: だが、慶長13年（1608年）に永楽通宝の使用を禁ずる法令が幕府から出されている事から、永楽通宝に代わる然るべき銅銭が存在したと考えるのが妥当である。
English: In the next year, as Osadame soba (a system of officially fixed prices), the exchange rate was decided as one ryo of gold to 50 monme of silver to one kanmon of the Eiraku Tsuho coin to four kanmon of the 'Kinsen' coin.
Japanese: 翌年に御定相場として金1両＝銀50匁＝永楽通宝1貫文＝「京銭（きんせん）」4貫文の交換比率が定められている.
English: This 'Kinsen' is considered as the Keicho Tsuho coin (some people say it was 'Bitasen,' low quality coins whose surfaces were worn away.)
Japanese: この「京銭」が慶長通宝に当たるのではと考えられている（これについても、鐚銭の事とする説もある）。
English: Although the use of the Eiraku Tsuho coin was banned, the amount of mintage of the Keicho Tsuho was definitely not sufficient to substitute for the Eiraku Tsuho.
Japanese: また永楽通宝の使用を禁ずる法令を出したものの、慶長通寳の鋳造量が絶対的に不足し永楽通宝に代えるには不十分であった。
English: Therefore, some theories say that this act was practically to prohibit the preferential use of the Eiraku Tsuho, which had been exchanged at the rate of one ryo of Gold to one kanmon of Ei.
Japanese: ことから、この禁令は事実上、永楽通宝の永勘定（金1両＝永1貫文）としての優位的使用を禁止したものであったとの説もある。
English: The Edo Shognate had in fact just been established at the time, and it seems that the Keicho Tsuho coins were not distributed nationwide because Osaka and Sakai, the most economically developed cities, had been ruled by the Toyotomi Clan, who had felt hostility against the Edo Shogunate; the national economy had not been fully understood; and private low quality coins had been distributed.
Japanese: だが、当時の江戸幕府は成立したばかりであり、国内最大の経済都市である堺市・大坂を幕府と敵対する豊臣氏が支配していた事や全国経済の把握が進んでいなかった事、更に悪質な私鋳銭も出回ったこともあって、全国的な流通には至らなかったものと考えられている。
English: Nationwide currency by the Edo Shogunate was not established until the Kanei Tsuho coin, which was issued after the Edo Shogunate established the government of the entire nation when the Toyotomi clan was ruined.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が全国的な貨幣統一を確立するのは豊臣氏が滅亡してその全国支配が確立した後に発行された寛永通宝の発行まで待つ事になる。
English: Kura-bugyo was an administrator who controlled the government rice storehouses located in major cities in the Edo period, including one in Asakusa, Edo (Asakusa Okura).
Japanese: 蔵奉行（くらぶぎょう）は、江戸時代に江戸浅草（浅草御蔵）をはじめとする主要都市にあった幕府の御米蔵の管理を司った奉行。
English: The first appearance of the word 'kura-bugyo' is said to have been 1610 and Asakusa Okura in Edo is said to have been established in 1620.
Japanese: 蔵奉行という言葉の初出は慶長15年（1610年）とされ、江戸の浅草御蔵の成立は元和6年（1620年）成立と言われている。
English: However, the kura-bugyo system was established earlier in the economically advanced area of Kamigata - to be specific, in 1621 in Osaka and in 1625 in Kyoto (being under the control of Kyoto machi-bugyo or Kyoto City Magistrate till 1790), while it was not until in 1636 that the system was established in Edo.
Japanese: ただし、蔵奉行の組織の成立は経済的先進地であった上方の方が先んじており、大坂では元和7年（1621年）、京都では寛永2年（1625年、ただし寛政2年（1790年）までは京都町奉行支配下）、江戸では寛永13年（1636年）の事であった。
English: In addition, kura-bugyo was established once in Shimizu City of Suruga Province, Otsu City of Omi Province and Takatsuki City of Settsu Province, but only three, namely ones in Edo, Kyoto and Osaka, continued to exist till the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: また一時期は駿河国清水市・近江国大津市・摂津国高槻市にも設置されたが、幕末まで存続したのは江戸・京都・大坂の3ヶ所のみである。
English: In addition to hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogun) who are provided with jigata-chigyo (provision of a fief to retainers as salary) as referred to as 'holding a fief yielding such and such koku of rice,' there were gokenin (who are also direct retainers of the shogun) and some hatamoto who received 'kirimai' (an annual stipend of rice) in three seasonal installments from 'kuramai' (rice stocked in the government storehouses) as in a description such as 'receiving 30 bales of rice and a ration for two people.'
Japanese: 何百石取りというように知行地のある地方知行の旗本とは別に、三十俵二人扶持というように蔵米から3季に分けて切米を俸禄として貰う御家人（一部の旗本も含む）たちがいた。
English: Kuramai-dori type of gokenin cashed surplus rice over and above their own consumption through fudasashi (Tokugawa-period merchants who obtained the right to provide cash on the security of a vassal's rice stipends) who had their shops in front of government rice storehouses.
Japanese: 蔵米取りの御家人は自家消費分以外の切米（米穀）を、御米蔵の前に店を構える札差を通じて現金化した。
English: Shoho-gocho is a statistical book which the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ordered daimyo (feudal lords) to prepare by ryoseikoku (province), putting together the names and muradaka (total yields) of villages.
Japanese: 正保郷帳（しょうほうごうちょう）は、日本の江戸幕府が諸大名に命じて令制国単位で作らせた郷帳で、村の名と村高（村の生産力）をまとめた統計書である。
English: The bakufu ordered preparation of gocho in 1644, and it took several years for daimyo to submit gocho for each province.
Japanese: 1644年に作成が命じられ、それから数年がかりで国ごとに提出された。
English: At that time, domain maps (Shoho-kuniezu), pictorial maps of the castle (Shoho-shiroezu), a model of the castle and an account book of kaido (roads) were prepared along with gocho.
Japanese: このときには国絵図（正保国絵図）、城絵図（正保城絵図）、城模型、街道の帳簿もあわせて作られた。
English: On December 30, 1644, Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") Iemitsu TOKUGAWA instructed Ometsuke Masashige INOUE and Masayoshi MIYAGI to order daimyo to prepare and submit gocho.
Japanese: 正保元年（1644年）12月2日に、征夷大将軍徳川家光が郷帳の作成と提出を大名に命じるよう大目付井上政重と宮城和甫に指示した。
English: On January 13, 1645, Inoue and Miyagi started to summon rusui (caretaker or keeper [official post in the Edo era]) of daimyo and order them to submit gocho within that year and gave the same instructions to daikan (local governor) of the bakufu.
Japanese: 16日から井上と宮城が諸大名の留守居を呼び出して来年中の提出を命じ、また幕府の代官にも同様の指示を発した。
English: On this occasion, the documents required to be submitted were domain maps, pictorial maps of the castle and michi-no-cho, in which land and sea routes and old castles were illustrated, as well as gocho.
Japanese: このとき提出を命じられたのは、郷帳のほかに、国絵図、城絵図、海陸の道筋と古城を書いた道之帳である。
English: Daimyo who had a castle along Tokai-do Road were ordered to submit a wooden model of their castle as well.
Japanese: 東海道筋の城持ち大名は、さらに城の木製模型を作って提出するよう求められた。
English: It took several years for many provinces to submit gocho, and some gocho were submitted as late as during the Shoho era (1644 to 1648) or later.
Japanese: 多くの国では提出まで数年かかり、正保年間（1644年-1648年）より後にずれこむものもあった。
English: Gocho generally recorded total yields of each village, but the bakufu instructed to make the total sum equal to omote-daka of each daimyo in preparing Shoho-gocho.
Japanese: 郷帳は村単位の高を記すものだが、正保郷帳作成にあたり幕府は総計を各大名の表高に一致させるよう指示した。
English: Omote-daka was kokudaka (crop yield) specified at the time of grant of territory, and it was different from actual crop yields.
Japanese: 表高は大名が領地を与えられたときに記された石高で、実際の石高とは異なる。
English: The bakufu tried to avoid changes in the rank order and social status of daimyo represented by kokudaka, rather than to comprehend the actual state of production of daimyo.
Japanese: 大名の実際の生産力を把握することよりも、表高で測られる大名の序列や格式の変更を嫌ったことになる。
English: In principle, gocho were prepared per province, but Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu), Ryukyu and Shodo-shima Island were each treated as one province, and Mutsu Province was divided into seven parts.
Japanese: 作成単位は原則として国だが、蝦夷地、琉球、小豆島がそれぞれ一単位となり、陸奥国は7つに分割された。
English: In provinces governed by several daimyo, the leading daimyo was ordered to orchestrate preparation, or several daimyo shared the task.
Japanese: 複数の大名がある国では、有力大名がとりまとめ役にされたり、複数大名が分担協同したりした。
English: Most of the gocho stored by the bakufu were lost, but gocho which were left in the house of daimyo who had prepared them remain in some provinces.
Japanese: 幕府が保管していたものは大半失われたが、作成にあたった大名家に残ったものが国単位で残る。
English: Gocho which remain locally are relatively easy to see, because they are contained in the history book of the prefecture or of the municipalities, or published as materials by libraries and research groups in various areas.
Japanese: 各地方で県史、市町村史が資料として採録したり、図書館や研究団体が資料として出版しているので、地元の分だけを閲覧するのは比較的容易である。
English: The incident had a tremendous impact on the society, by raising controversy over treatment to mental patients and sensational reporting by newspapers that had emerged at the time.
Japanese: 精神病患者への処遇や、新興新聞によるセンセーショナルな報道の是非を巡り、世間へ大きな影響を与えた。
English: Tomotane SOMA, the former lord of the Soma-Nakaura Domain, was suffering mental disorder, reputedly schizophrenic, and the condition got worse.
Japanese: 旧相馬中村藩主、相馬誠胤（そうまともたね）の統合失調症（推定）の症状が悪化。
English: In 1879, the Soma family reported to the Imperial Household Ministry to take Tomotane under custody, and did so for awhile, but eventually Tomotane was hospitalized to the Tenkyoin, a mental clinic of the time.
Japanese: 1879年に家族が宮内省に自宅監禁を申し入れ、以後自宅で監禁、後に癲狂院（現在の精神科に相当）へ入院。
English: This was revealed to the public in 1883 when Takekiyo NISHIGORI, a former member of the Soma Domain, started to doubt the condition of his former master and accused the persons concerned, including Naomichi SHIGA, the steward to the family (grandfather of Naoya SHIGA, a famous novelist), of inappropriate custody.
Japanese: 1883年、旧藩士の錦織剛清（にしごりたけきよ）が主君の病状に疑いを持ち、家族による不当監禁であるとして家令・志賀直道（志賀直哉の祖父）ら関係者を告発したことから事件が表面化した。
English: At that time, diagnosis of mental illness was still immature, and even prominent university professors could reach inconsistent results.
Japanese: 当時は精神病の診断も未熟であり、高名な大学教授等による精神病の診断がまちまちの結果となった。
English: NISHIGORI was accused of unlawful entry and was punished by imprisonment, and the public criticized his actions as paranoia.
Japanese: 錦織は、家宅侵入罪に問われ禁固処分を受けるとともに、偏執的な行動が批判を受ける。
English: NISHIGORI asserted that Tomotane was poisoned and filed a suit against the concerned persons of the SOMA family, and tried to exhume the corpse to prove that was a murder by poisoning.
Japanese: 錦織はこれを毒殺によるものとし、1893年、再び相馬家の関係者を告訴、遺体を発掘して毒殺説を裏付けようとした。
English: On the back of the incident, general concerns on how to treat people with mental illness, particularly on custody and protection, increased only to establish the Mental Patient Custody Act in 1900.
Japanese: 相馬事件がきっかけとなり、精神病者の監護（監禁および保護）の手続きについて問題意識が高まり、1900年に精神病者監護法が制定された。
English: The law was made not for the purpose of human rights protection or for treatment of mental patients, rather for isolating the patients, by settling a rule to place them either in hospitals specialized for mental patients, or at private residents (guest houses of shrines or temples, and private or public accommodations for mental patients are categorized as 'private resident' in some cases).
Japanese: これは精神病者の人権保護や治療を目的とするものではなく、精神病院（精神病室）および私宅（神社仏閣における参籠所や公私立の精神病者収容施設なども「私宅」のカテゴリーに含まれる場合もあった）における監置を法によって規定するといった隔離を主眼にするものであった。
English: In the history of the postwar Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement, it has been raised as a good example to criticize the Emperor system from the point of view of Buraku problems.
Japanese: 戦後の部落解放運動の歴史のうえで、部落問題の視点による天皇制批判の好材料としてたびたび議題に上げられてきた。
English: From the foot to the slightly upper area of Mt. Unebi overlooking the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu (Misanzai-kofun Tumulus) at its foot, there used to be a village called Hora (Edago Hora, Oaza Yamamoto, Shirakashi-mura, Takaichi County, Yamato Province).
Japanese: 麓に神武天皇陵（ミサンザイ古墳）を見据える畝傍山の麓からやや上方にかけて、かつて洞（ほら、大和国高市郡白橿村大字山本枝郷洞）と呼ばれる村が存在した。
English: This village was located on the south side of the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu, just around the area overlooking the mausoleum, and it was a discriminated community which was said to be a hamlet for Shuko, so-called grave keepers, of this mausoleum, with approximately 120 households as of 1854 and over 200 households as of 1920.
Japanese: この村は、神武陵の南手、ちょうど同陵を見下ろす場所に位置する、嘉永7年（1854年）の時点でおよそ120戸、大正9年（1920年）の時点でおよそ200戸を数えた、同陵墓の守戸―いわゆる墓守の集落と伝わる村で、被差別部落であった。
English: Shortly after the beginning of Taisho period, the government started official improvement of the area around the mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu, and due to the expansion of the area and so on, Hora Village was forced to relocate.
Japanese: 大正時代に入って間もない頃、国の主導による本格的な神武陵一帯の整備が始まると、その拡張の必要などにともなって、洞村は自体の移転を余儀なくされる。
English: After experiencing many difficulties in deciding the new place to settle, the village was relocated to a nearby plain region in 1917.
Japanese: その後移転先の決定について難航を重ねた末に大正6年（1917年）に付近の平野部に移転した。
English: It was after the World War II, in the late 1960's, that the history of Hora Buraku first came to attention.
Japanese: 洞部落の歴史に初めて光が当てられたのは第二次世界大戦後、1960年代後半のことである。
English: Being focused on under "Tennosei to Buraku sabetsu" (Emperor system and Buraku discrimination) by Ryo SUZUKI, this problem became recognized as an important issue to attribute the cause of Buraku problem to the Emperor system, with the theory that it was a good example of domineeringness by the state power having the emperor at its center.
Japanese: 『天皇制と部落差別』と題して鈴木良により採り上げられたことをきっかけとして、天皇を主軸とした国家権力による横暴の好例であるとの論旨をもって、部落問題の原因を天皇制に求めるうえでの重要議題として認知されるに至った。
English: Although the relocation of Hora Buraku was considered to have been forcibly executed by the state power, Masanori TSUJIMOTO (later became a member of the central executive committee at Buraku Liberation League), who was born and brought up in this buraku after relocation, disproved this recognition.
Japanese: 国家権力によって強制的に執行されたものであるとされてきた洞部落移転問題であったが、この認識に対する反証を行ったのが移転後の部落に生まれ育った辻本正教（後の部落解放同盟中央執行委員）であった。
English: According his rebuttal, the people in Hora Village was not enforced to move but voluntarily decided to relocate in awe of the imperial mausoleum and so on.
Japanese: 氏による反証では、強制執行は行われておらず、洞村の人々が陵墓への畏怖心などから自主的に移転を決めたとの事実が明らかにされた。
English: The area formed after the relocation was subsequently assigned as a target area for antidiscrimination measures, and currently still exists as Dowa chiku (a designated area where Buraku people live).
Japanese: 移転先に形成された地区はその後同和対策事業の対象地区とされ、現在も同和地区として存在している。
English: The Tokyo period is a notion devised as a way to refer to the period after 1868, when the Edo bakufu collapsed and the Meiji restoration was started, within the framework of periodization of Japanese history.
Japanese: 東京時代（とうきょうじだい）とは、日本の歴史における時代区分のうちで、江戸幕府が崩壊して明治維新が開始された1868年以後についての呼称として考え出された概念の一つ。
English: Today, the history after the Meiji restoration is generally periodized with the use of gengo (name for an emperor's period of reign), such as the Meiji period, Taisho period, Showa period and Heisei period, but the history before the Meiji restoration is normally periodized with the use of names of political centers, such as the Kamakura period and Edo period (except for the periods for which the political center cannot be ascertained, such as the Yayoi period and Sengoku period); thus there comes up a view that calling the periods after the Meiji restoration with their gengo is inappropriate.
Japanese: 現在、日本においては明治維新以後の時代区分を明治時代・大正時代・昭和時代・平成時代と元号を冠して用いるのが一般的であるが、日本の歴史における時代区分において明治維新以前には鎌倉時代・江戸時代などといった政治の中心地から取られて呼称が用いられている（弥生時代、戦国時代(日本)のようにその中心地が確定できない時代を除く）が通例なのに明治以後は元号で分けるのはおかしいという意見がある。
English: From that viewpoint, the period of time after the Meiji restoration should be collectively referred to as the "Tokyo period" because the political center has existed in Tokyo since the restoration.
Japanese: その意見に基づけば、明治維新以後は政治の中心が東京にあったのであるから、「東京時代」として一括されるべきではないかというのである。
English: However, the term "Tokyo period" is not used in general, except in some books that use the term to refer to modern or contemporary Japan, probably because there is a big difference in political systems between Japan under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and Japan under the present Constitution of Japan, and because it may seem unnatural to call a period that stretches beyond 100 years with the same name.
Japanese: しかし、東京時代と言っても大日本帝国憲法下と日本国憲法下では政治体制に大きな違いがある事や、100年以上前と現在を一括した呼称となるだけに違和感を抱かれる事が多いのか、一部の本で近現代（近代と現代）の日本を指す呼称として用いられるケースもあるものの、一般においては全く使われていない。
English: And the periodization is a method to distinguish the present day from the past.
Japanese: こうした時代区分法は、現在から過去の歴史を区分して用いられる方法である。
English: However, it cannot be denied that the present framework of periodization may change in the future according to changing times.
Japanese: だが、時代の変遷により、将来的に現在の時代区分の枠組みが変化する可能性は否定出来ない。
English: For example, if the capital is relocated from Tokyo or if Tokyo is renamed, the term "Tokyo period" may be used for collectively referring to the period since the Meiji era in order to distinguish the times before and after such relocation or rename.
Japanese: 例えば将来的に東京からの首都移転が行われた場合、東京の改称が行われた場合などに、それ以前と以後を区別する必要性から、明治以後の歴史の一括表現としてこの言葉が用いられる可能性があると考えられている。
English: Aka-hata Jiken is an incident that clamped down on socialists, occurred on June 22, 1908.
Japanese: 赤旗事件（あかはたじけん）とは、1908年（明治41年）6月22日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
English: It is also called 'Kinki-kan Theater Incident' and 'Kinki-kan Theater Red Flag Incident.'
Japanese: 別名「錦輝館事件（きんきかんじけん）」、「錦輝館赤旗事件（きんきかんあかはたじけん）」。
English: In the Meiji period of Japan, social movements became active including the formation of Rodo Kumiai Kiseikai (association for establishment of labor unions) as a backlash against extremely harsh labor environments.
Japanese: 明治の日本では、極めて過酷な労働環境への反発から労働組合期成会が結成されるなど、社会運動が高まりを見せていた。
English: In response to such movements, the government started to control social movements by establishing the Security Police Law in 1900.
Japanese: これに対し、政府側は1900年に治安警察法を制定して運動の規制に乗り出した。
English: The Social Democratic Party, which is the first socialist party in Japan, was established by six founders, including Iso ABE, Sen KATAYAMA, Shusui KOTOKU, Kojiro NISHIKAWA, on May 20, 1901 but was banned by the fourth Ito Cabinet immediately after the establishment.
Japanese: 1901年5月20日、安部磯雄、片山潜、幸徳秋水、西川光次郎ら6名を発起人として、日本初の社会主義政党「社会民主党(日本1901年)」が結成されるが、第4次伊藤内閣は直後にこれを禁止した。
English: The Socialist Association, established by ABE and others in 1900, was also forced into dissolution by the first Katsura Cabinet four years after the establishment.
Japanese: 1900年にやはり安部らが結成した社会主義協会(1900年)は、4年後に第1次桂内閣により解散の憂き目に遭っている。
English: On January 7, 1906 Kinmochi SAIONJI became prime minister, replacing Taro KATSURA, and the first Saionji Cabinet was started.
Japanese: 1906年1月7日、桂太郎に替わって西園寺公望が首相に就任、第1次西園寺内閣が発足した。