nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: At present, a facility named The Japan Falconiformes Center located at the same place is not open to the public and the actual conditions of its organization, activity, and finance are not known, but it is said to have 22 million annual budget and its envelop mentions that its head office is located in the General Affairs Department of Chubu Electric Power Company.
Japanese: 現在同一地所にある日本ワシタカ研究センターなる施設は公開されておらず、組織・活動実態と財産状況は不明であるが、年間予算2200万円とされ、所用の封筒には中部電力総務部が本部事務局として表記されている。
English: However, after Meiji Period in the Tohoku Region, Taka-gari in the snowcapped mountains using mountain hawk-eagle had spread among the warrior class, rich farmer, and Matagi hunter groups, at an early stage.
Japanese: 一方、明治以降、東北地方において、当初士族層・一定の資力のある農民・マタギの間でクマタカによる雪山の鷹狩が広がりを見せた。
English: Feeding of mountain hawk-eagle itself has been seen since Kamakura Period (Kokon-Chomonju (Collection of Folk-Literature)), and in the book on falconry in medieval times there is a description about the 'Kumataka (Mountain hawk-eagle).'
Japanese: クマタカの飼育自体は鎌倉時代から見られ（古今著聞集）、中世の鷹書においても「角鷹」への言及が見られる。
English: The origin of 'hawker' in the Tohoku Region is not clear, although some people guess that it started before the Meiji Period, and it seems that Taka-gari practiced by warriors was indigenized because both have common or similar equipment and names.
Japanese: 東北地方の「鷹使い」の起源は明らかでなく、幕末以前に遡る見方もあるが、用具とその名称に共通・類似するものがあることから、武士の鷹狩が土着化したものと見られる。
English: A past master, Tsunekichi MIURA (三浦恒吉) (1863-1938), who was descended from Densuke (伝助) of Innai, also communicated with Jinsuke SASAKI of the Takajo family, the domain of the former Shinjo.
Japanese: 名手として知られた三浦恒吉(1863-1938)は、院内の伝助なる人物の流れを汲むが、旧新庄藩鷹匠家の佐々木甚助とも親交があった。
English: The 'hawker' in the Tohoku Region developed as Takajo of a regular vocation, but declined rapidly because of the change in the economy after the World War II, so only Hidetoshi MATSUBARA, who learned from Asaji KUTSUZAWA (1896-1983) for a year, remains as a present day hawker.
Japanese: 東北地方の「鷹使い」は生業鷹匠として発展したが、第二次世界大戦後の経済状況の変化で急速に衰亡し、現在では沓澤朝治(1896-1983)の下で1年間学んだ松原英俊1人が残っているにすぎない。
English: Onryo are common supernatural or ghostly phenomenon that cannot be seen by human eyes that harbor ill will and vengeance towards humans.
Japanese: 怨霊（おんりょう）とは一般的に、人間の目には見えず、人間に対して敵意や悪意を抱いているとされる、超自然的、あるいは霊的存在。
English: Onryo refers to supernatural phenomenon and the religious idea (in some parts) or spiritual notion that if a person dies in an accident or incident, dispute, suffers punishment or execution, or dies after suffering from excessive mental or physical stress caused by another person, and does not reach heaven or nirvana, but remains in this world saddled with strong feelings (grudges, described below),
Japanese: ある人間が、事故や事件、争乱、刑罰や処刑、他者からの過度な精神的または肉体的圧迫などによって死に至った場合、いわゆる昇天や成仏をせず、強い念（＝怨念。
English: the spirit may curse the person who caused their death and in some cases drive that person to death, and in this way seek retaliation.
Japanese: 後述）を抱いたままこの世に留まり、自らを死に至らしめた相手を呪い、時にはその相手を死にまで至らしめることによって、自らの仕返しの思いを遂げるという、（一部の）宗教上あるいは心霊上での概念やその超自然的存在自体を指す。
English: It is also a term used in storytelling, comics, movies, and dramas and in this kind of fiction the spirits are portrayed as having a physical presence in order to heighten the effectiveness of the story.
Japanese: またそれらをテーマとした講談、マンガ、映画、ドラマなどで用いられる用語であり、こういったフィクションなどではその効果を高めるために怨霊の物質化が描写されることもある。
English: Onnen indicates a feeling held by a supernatural being that results in a curse that affects another person.
Japanese: 怨念（おんねん）とは、その超自然的存在のもつ、あるいはその超自然的存在そのものである、「祟りの結果として表面化し、相手に影響を及ぼすに至る」とされる「思念」を指す。
English: In Japan, examples include the curses of SUGAWARA no Michizane and Emperor Sutoku during the Heian period and during the Edo period Nanboku TSURUYA, the fourth used the 'incident of a wife, Oiwa's murder which in fact happened in the Tamiya fafmily' as a ghost story in his play 'Tokaido Yotsuya Ghost Stories.'
Japanese: 日本においては、平安時代の菅原道真や崇徳天皇の祟りや、江戸時代に「田宮家で実際に起こった、妻のお岩にまつわる一連の事件」を、四世鶴屋南北が怪談として脚色した「東海道四谷怪談」などが挙げられる。
English: Also, there were also phenomenon reportedly witnessed by an unspecified number of people in connection with onryo ghosts such as the reported happenings in Tokyo during the Meiji Period in connection with the transfer of "a tomb for the head" of TAIRA no Masakado inside an old undisclosed ministry and related curses.
Japanese: また、明治時代に東京で起きたとされる、某・旧省庁内における「平将門の『首塚(くびづか)』移転などにまつわる数々の祟り」など、怨霊に関する、不特定多数の人間によって確認されたとされる現象もあった。
English: The usual understanding is that 'there are cases where the place or grave where the person who is said to have became an onryo died, is vandalized or people who merely inadvertently pass such a place become cursed.'
Japanese: 概して、「その怨霊化したとされる者の死んだ場所や墓所を荒らしたり、不用意にそういった場所の近くを通りかかっただけの生きた人間に対してさえも祟りが降りかかる場合がある」といった見解がとられることも多い。
English: It is said that there have been different viewpoints throughout the ages in Japan and across different regions including that 'the dead become sacred beings', 'the dead become beings to be abhorred' or that 'people who die of unnatural causes become revengeful ghosts and curse the living.'
Japanese: 日本の各時代や地域によっても「死者は聖なる存在」「死者は忌み嫌うべき存在」「自然死以外は、悪霊化し、生者に祟る」など様々な見解がとられていたといわれている。
English: Some analysis of folklore suggests that 'even during the Edo Period people generally harbored feelings of awe and fear to the dead.'
Japanese: 「江戸時代に至ってもなお、庶民は一般的に怨霊に対する畏怖感、恐怖感を抱いていた」という民俗学上の分析もある。
English: As can be seen from the above explanation the spirits of the deceased have some ambiguous aspects and in contrast to revengeful ghosts are the ancestral spirits which are honored.
Japanese: 上に挙げた死者の霊は両義的側面を持っていることが分かるが、怨霊と反対に祝い祀られているのが祖霊である。
English: Also while not completely unrelated to folklore, the philosopher Takeshi UMEHARA is noted for his work 'History of Onryo' which looks at Japanese history from the point of view of the appeasement of revengeful ghosts.
Japanese: また民俗学と全く関係ないわけでもないが哲学者の梅原猛は日本史を怨霊鎮めの観点から捉えた「怨霊史観」で著名である。
English: In Indian Buddhism there are no revengeful ghosts as there are seven opportunities for reincarnation, one each seven days after death, so all the deceased without exception are thought to be reincarnated within 49 days.
Japanese: インドの仏教では人は7日に1度ずつ7回の転生の機会があり、例外なく49日以内に全員が転生すると考えられているために人間の怨霊は存在しない。
English: However in Japan a mixture of Buddhism and Shinto is widespread so some Japanese Buddhist monks and nuns find a source of income in such practices as exorcising spirits.
Japanese: しかし、日本では神仏習合が幅広く行われているため、日本の仏教の僧侶・尼のなかには除霊などを収入源としている者も存在する。
English: Examples of appearance of onryo prior to the Heian Period include the Hayato burial mound at which it is said the Yamato Government mourned the spirits of the enemy during its conquest of the region.
Japanese: 平安時代以前の怨霊とみられるものとしては、大和政権が征服を進める際に敵方の霊を弔ったという隼人塚がある。
English: Furthermore, quite a few researchers hold the view that at various shrines and temples, even in the case of historic figures who once lived and are now enshrined (excepting some imperial family members and warriors), 'at first the enshrined people were murdered or died in rebellions and the people were fearful of these people becoming ghosts and placing curses so they deified them.'
Japanese: また、いくつかの神社などにおいて、実在した歴史上の人物（一部の皇族や武将を除く）が、神として祀られている場合でも、「当初、その（祀られている）人物が、暗殺や反乱などによって殺害されたもので、それが怨霊化して祟りをなすことを畏怖して、祀った結果によるもの」という見解を持つ研究者も少なくない。
English: In fact, the three greatest onryo and the places at which they are enshrined include: SUGAWARA no Michizane, at Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine (Dazaifu City, Fukuoka Prefecture) and Kitano Tenmangu Shrine (Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto), TAIRA no Masakado at Tsukudo-jinja Shrine (Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo) and Kanda Myojin Shrine (Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo) and Emperor Sutoku at Shiramine-jingu Shrine (Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto).
Japanese: 実際に、日本三大怨霊とされる、菅原道真は、太宰府天満宮（福岡県太宰府市）や北野天満宮（京都市上京区）、平将門は、築土神社（東京都千代田区）や神田明神（東京都千代田区）、崇徳天皇は、白峯神宮（京都市上京区）にそれぞれ祀られている。
English: The term Kyujutsu refers to a technique or a martial art to put an arrow in the target from a bow (weapon).
Japanese: 弓術（きゅうじゅつ）は、弓(武器)を用いて矢で的を射る技術、武術、技法の事。
English: Japanese Kyujutsu is the art of shooting a bow (Wakyu -Japanese bow classified as Chokyu, or long bow), and arrow.
Japanese: 以降は日本古来の武術、弓(武器)の中でも長弓に分類される和弓を用いて矢を射る日本の弓術のことを述べ、またこれを指して弓術とする。
English: Japanese Kyujutsu developed independently and has its own technique, culture, and history, and is totally different from modern sports like archery, based upon Tankyu (short bow) from Europe.
Japanese: 日本の弓術は独自の発展を遂げ、ヨーロッパでの短弓を用いる技術体系を元に成立した現代スポーツのアーチェリー等とは全く異なり、日本独特の技法・文化・歴史を持つ。
English: Historically known as; Kyujutsu, Shajutsu, or Shagei, but at present, traditional Yumiire/Kyusha (弓射) culture in Japan is called 'Kyudo (Japanese art of archery)' and the term 'Kyujutsu' is often used to distinguish the old martial art before it changed to 'Kyudo.'
Japanese: 歴史的にはほぼ同義語的に弓術、射術、射芸等とも呼ばれていたが、現在では日本における伝統的な弓射文化を総称して「弓道」と呼称されており、「弓術」とは「弓道」へ改称する以前の古武術との意味合いで使われることが多い。
English: However, some schools are still in existence which use the term 'Kyujutsu' to maintain a strict Tradition and others use the term 'Kyudo' even though they maintain a Traditional School, so, the borderline between 'Kyudo' and 'Kyujutsu' is not necessarily clear nor classified clearly from the aspect of concept and technique.
Japanese: ただし現在でも「弓術」を名乗り古流を厳格に維持する流派や、また古流を維持しながらも「弓道」とする流派・団体も有り、「弓道」「弓術」の境界は必ずしも明確にあるものではなく、思想・技術面から見ても明確に分類できるものではない。
English: In this section, we call the Japanese ancient technique and culture of Yumiire, (the basis of Kyudo becoming a modern martial art), 'Kyujutsu,' and describe the situation mainly before the Meiji Restoration and before the Kyujutsu schools changed the name to Kyudo.
Japanese: 本項では現代武道としての弓道の母体となった、日本古来の弓射技術・文化を指して「弓術」とし、明治維新までを中軸とした一部弓道改称時点までの事情を記述する。
English: It's not sure when Japanese Kyujutsu was systematized as a "technique" not only because of the lack of clear records, but also partly because the use of the bow and arrow began in prehistoric times.
Japanese: 日本の弓術がいつ頃『術』として体系化されたか、また起源など弓矢の始まりが先史時代という事もあり明確な資料に乏しく定かにはなっていない。
English: It is possible that in the Yayoi Period a technique existed for shooting a bow and arrow which was the original present day Wakyu (long bow with long upper half and short lower half - mentioned below) used in battle, but the details are not known.
Japanese: 弥生時代には現在の和弓の原形（長尺・上長下短：後述）が現れ戦争に使用される等、何らかの射術技法があったと推察する事も可能だが、やはり詳細は不明である。
English: Reisha (礼射) thought originates from "Jarai (ceremonial shooting)" in culture and seems to have been created sometime in between the Asuka Period and the Nara Period, when basic policies of state were implemented, following China as a model.
Japanese: 礼射思想については大陸文化の『射禮』を取り入れたものであり、大陸に習って国家としての基本を作り上げて行った飛鳥時代～奈良時代にその起源があると考えられる。
English: At the end of the Asuka Period, since the establishment of "Taisha-rokuho" by Emperor Monmu, Reisha and rules of decorum for Yumiire began to be gradually organized and the technique was also systematized and established as "Kyujutsu" at the same time, based on the simple technique of shooting.
Japanese: 飛鳥時代末期には文武天皇により『大射禄法』が定められた辺りを皮切りに、朝廷の間で次第に弓射に関する礼射、礼法が整理され、また同時に技術も体系化、単なる射術から『弓術』として成立していったものと思われる。
English: On the other hand, not only was a bow used as a weapon for hunting and for battle, but also Yumiya/Kyushi (bow and arrow) were believed to have spiritual power, so that in Nara Period dedications of Yumiya and Yumiire shrine rituals were performed, which became the origin of present festivals and shrine rituals in various places.
Japanese: 一方で弓は武器として狩猟、戦場で用いられた事は勿論だが、人々の間で弓矢には霊妙な力があると信じられており、奈良時代には弓矢の奉納、弓射神事が行われ、またそれらを起源とした祭りや神事が現在でも各地に残っている。
English: In the Heian Period some schools of Kyujutsu were founded and each school had their own technique, lesson style, and mannerisms.
Japanese: 平安時代には弓術流派が興り、各種流派にはそれぞれに独自の技術・教え・作法が存在した。
English: In the battlefields, festival events and Kojitsu (ancient practices of customs) or annual events at the Imperial Court, each school of Kyujutsu had flourished and developed.
Japanese: 戦場、祭礼行事、朝廷での故実・年中行事などに於いて弓術流派はそれぞれに活躍、発展していく。
English: Around the middle of the Sengoku Period (inJapan), the introduction of firearms retired bows and arrows from actual fighting in battlefields, but Kyujutsu kept the same status as a martial art even after departing the actual fighting, and remained popular as a martial art for Samurai and a way to discipline the mind and body in the peaceful Edo Period.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)中頃には鉄砲の登場により弓は戦場の一線から退くが、実戦から離れても弓術は武術としての地位は変わることなく、時代を経た泰平の江戸時代の世においても弓術は武士の武術(日本)として、また心身鍛錬の道として依然人気は高かった。
English: Over time, its technique and equipment had been improved and each school developed individually at the same time.
Japanese: 時代と共に技術、道具共に研鑽が重ねられ、また同時に諸流派それぞれに独自、或は相互に発展を遂げた。
English: As some schools had lesson which simulated actual battlefield conditions, their lessons were more varied than those of today's Kyudo.
Japanese: 流派によっては実際の戦場を想定した稽古もあるなど、その稽古内容は今日に見る弓道よりも多彩である。
English: However, around the end of the Edo Period the basic system of technique for Kyujutsu among each school became similar and the Yumiire technique for using Wakyu is essentially the same with very minor differences.
Japanese: ただし、江戸時代末期頃には弓術の基本的な技術体系は各種流派それぞれに通じる所もあり、特徴としての差異はあっても和弓を用いる根本的な弓射技術は各種流派とも大同小異である。
English: It's not an exaggeration to say that Kyujutsu, that led to today's Kyudo, was completed in the Edo Period both for technique and equipment.
Japanese: 今日の弓道に繋がる弓術は技術、道具共に江戸時代に大成したと言っても過言ではない。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, because of the disappearance of Samurai hierarchy together with the demise of the bakufu, Japan's feudal government, and the influence of the modernization policy of the Meiji Government, martial arts were considered to be out of fashion and declined rapidly.
Japanese: 明治維新後、幕府崩壊と共に武士階級の消滅、明治政府による近代化政策の煽りから武術は時代遅れとされ急激に衰退する。
English: Martial art volunteers, who considered this situation seriously, founded the Dainippon Butoku-kai association in 1895 and tried to spread martial arts.
Japanese: これを重く見た当時の武道・武術家有志により明治28年（1895年）大日本武徳会が結成され、弓道含め各武道の普及を図る。
English: In 1919 Kyujutsu changed the name to Kyudo, and Butoku-kai tried to integrate the different ways of shooting, but failed, and they dissolved after the World War II.
Japanese: 大正８年には弓術は弓道へと改称、武徳会は幾度か射法統一を試みるが普及せず、第二次世界大戦後に解散。
English: After that, the representative Kyudo-ka (those who practice Kyudo) at that time, established Kyudo-shaho Hassetsu (eight arts of shooting an arrow), where the process of shooting was explained divided into eight sections in each proceeding, and Kyudo was revived as a modern martial art.
Japanese: その後当時を代表する弓道家らにより、射の過程をその推移に順応して８つの節に分けて説明される弓道射法八節が定められ、弓道は現代武道として復活を遂げる。
English: What is the most distinct feature is the length of Wakyu (bow), which is far longer than the height of a person.
Japanese: 他国の弓術と比較した時にまず目を引くのが、人間の身長より遥かに長い和弓である。
English: The length of a normal Wakyu is 221cm long, which is said to be the longest for a bow, in the world.
Japanese: 和弓は世界最大とも言われる標準で七尺三寸（221cm）の長さを持つ。
English: It is said that Wakyu was made long for durability and strength because it was made from plant material such as wood and bamboo which were less elastic, while Tankyu was made from animal material which were more elastic.
Japanese: これは高い弾性限界を持つ動物素材を用いる短弓と違い和弓は弾性限界の低い木・竹を張り合わせる植物素材で作られているため、耐久性と威力を求めた結果、長大になったとも言われる。
English: In addition, another distinct feature is that the grip is on the under side of Yugara (wooden or bamboo part between Motohazu (the lower top of the bow) and Urahazu (the top of the bow)).
Japanese: またもう１つの目立つ特徴として弓幹中央より下側に握りが来るように造られている。
English: This asymmetricity upper and lower sides produce a difference in the power of the bow, which results in the characteristic technique of Kyujutsu, and, Wakyu is made to take advantage of this technique.
Japanese: この上下非対称の構造のため握りの上下で弓の反発力に差が生じるが、この反発力の差を利用した弓術独特の技術が生まれ、またその技術をより活かす為の造りをしている。
English: Moreover, in foreign countries the bow string is usually pulled back as far as the archer's neck, in Japanese Kyujutsu it is pulled all the way back to the archer's ear..
Japanese: また世界の射術を見ると概ね弦を首元までしか引かないのに対し、日本の弓術は弦が耳の後ろに来るまで大きく弦を引き取る。
English: Left - "Mediterranean style": the torikake-ho (way to shoot an arrow using Torikake hook) seen mainly in Europe and an arrow rides on the left side of the bow.
Japanese: 左-『地中海式』：主に欧州で見られる取り掛け法で、矢は弓の左側に来るよう番える。
English: Middle - "Pinch form": the style often seen among lower tribes and also seen in Shihan-mato (四半的) Kyudo.
Japanese: 中-『ピンチ式』：未開部族等で見られる引き方で、また四半的弓道でもこの方法を取る。
English: Right - "Menggu (Mongol) style": the style seen in Turkey, Mongolia, Korea, Japan and so on, in which an arrow generally rides on the right side of the bow.
Japanese: 右-『蒙古式』：トルコ、モンゴル、朝鮮、日本等で見られ、矢は弓の右側に来るよう番えるのが一般的である。
English: In some regions a ring like thimble is used to keep the thumb from catching on the string.
Japanese: 弦の食い込みから親指を保護するための指貫の様な指輪を付ける地域もある。
English: When a person sets an arrow to the bow, he sets it on the right side of the bow and adopts the "Mongol form (figure.3)" for Torikake hook, in which Torikake is held at the root of right thumb, hooking the bow string.
Japanese: 矢を番える際は、矢を（身体から見て）弓の右側に番え、取り掛けは右手親指根で弦を引っ掛けるようにして保持する『蒙古式（モンゴル式）（図Fig.3）』を採る。
English: (Yokyu (Western-style archery) adopts "Mediterranean style (figure.1)" in which a string is held with the forefinger, mid finger and annular finger.) The Torikake of Menggu style is seen commonly in regions where Tankyu is used such as Turkey, Mongolia, China, and Korea, and in the Menggu style of shooting an arrow is often set on the right side of the bow.
Japanese: （洋弓は人指し指から薬指を使って弦を保持する『地中海式（図Fig.1）』を採る）蒙古式の取り掛けはトルコ・モンゴル・中国・朝鮮など短弓を使用する地域にも共通して見られ、また蒙古式を採る射法では多く矢を弓の右側に番える。
English: It is said that this was devised so not to lose an arrow from the opposing wind on a running horse.
Japanese: これは一説では疾走する馬上で向かい風を受けても矢を取りこぼさないように工夫したためとも言われる。
English: However, in Kasagake (archery to shoot an arrow while riding on a galloping horse) and Inu-oumono (a practice for Kisha, chasing and shooting dogs) an arrow is released against the right side of the direction of movement, so that it is not necessarily applied to all.
Japanese: ただし、笠懸や犬追物などでは進行方向右側に向かって矢を放つ場合もあり、一様に当てはまる根拠ではない。
English: While in foreign countries Tankyu is used because of it's advantage on horseback, Wakyu of Chokyu has been used in Japan as an exception.
Japanese: 世界的には馬上での弓はその取り回しのし易さから短弓が用いられるが、日本では例外的に長弓の和弓が使用されてきた。
English: A warp called "Iriki" is set on Wakyu in order to push the arrow along the right side of a bow, and the technique of shooting called "Tunomi (the balance of tension at the root of the thumb)" was developed to take advantage of it.
Japanese: 和弓には弓の右側に位置する矢を真っ直ぐに押し出す為の『入木』という反りが付けられており、射法もそれを活かす為に『角見（つのみ）』の技術が発達してきた。
English: In addition, after the Edo Period the form of Yugake leather glove worn on the right hand had largely changed, which also stimulated a particular form and technique in Japan.
Japanese: また江戸時代以降は右手に嵌めるゆがけの構造が大きく変化し、これも日本独特の構造、独特の技術を生む切っ掛けとなった。
English: The bow and arrow had been used for military purposes and for hunting from ancient times, it also was popular as a game, and as a shrine ritual.
Japanese: 弓矢は古くから軍事・狩猟に使用され、競技・遊戯・神事にも使用された。
English: The characteristics of Kyujutsu in Japan is that the cultural aspect of Yumiire was developed under the influence of China.
Japanese: 日本弓術の特徴は、中国の影響を受けて弓射の文化的要素が発達したことである。
English: In Kyujutsu there are various ways and styles of shooting depending upon differences between schools, while focused on the 'principle' and 'shooting style' of Yumiire, they are generally classified as follows;
Japanese: 弓術には流派間の違いやその特徴によって様々な射法、様式が存在するが、これらの特徴を弓射の「理念」および「射法」に着目して整理した以下の分類が一般的である。
English: The classification into 'Kisha (to shoot an arrow while on horse back),' 'Busha (歩射)' and 'Dosha (堂射),' from the difference of Gyosha (行射) style and how to shoot an arrow from a bow.
Japanese: 行射形式、射術方法による違いから、「騎射（きしゃ）」、「歩射（ぶしゃ）」・「堂射（どうしゃ）」の3種。
English: Each school has their own philosophy and teaching methods which emphasize the above (1) (2) varieties from different historical processes that distinguish each school.
Japanese: 実際には各流派には様々な歴史的経緯の上で、上記(1)・(2)の各種に重点を置いた思想・教えがあり、それが流派の特徴となっている。
English: In recent times Kyujutsu usually had both aspects so, it can not easily be divided into two categories (See the characteristics of Kyujutsu in resent times).
Japanese: ただし近世の弓術はこの両側面を備える場合が多く、単純に二分できるものではない（近世弓術の特徴参照）。
English: The text 'a wise man doesn't participate in shooting contests' in the middle of the fifth line of the right page shows the origin of Reisha thought.
Japanese: 右頁五行目中段から「君子争う所無し〜」とあり、礼射思想の淵源が見て取れる。
English: Sha shooting was one of the six arts in ancient China and was considered to be an essential quality among the noble hierarchy.
Japanese: 射は古代中国において六芸の一つに数えられ、貴族層に必須の素養とされた。
English: This Yumiire philosophy was transmitted to Japan from ancient times, has been consistent and has greatly influenced present day Kyudo.
Japanese: こうした弓射思想は古くから日本にも伝わり、その後も一貫して存在し続け、現代の弓道の思想にまで大きな影響を与えている。
English: In the Imperial Court, Emperor Tenmu (at the latter part of the 7th century) held Taisha (Jarai) as an annual event, and various 'ceremonial shooting exhibitions (Reisha)' were performed.
Japanese: 朝廷では天武天皇（7世紀後半）には既に年中行事として大射（射礼〈じゃらい〉）が行われるなど、種々の“儀礼の射”（「礼射」）が行われた。
English: It is natural in the Samurai world that the practical aspect of Yumiire was emphasized, but high value was placed upon the ceremonial aspect and various codes of etiquette developed based upon Yumiire ceremonies of court nobles.
Japanese: 武家社会においては、弓射の実利的側面が重視されたのは当然であるが、同時に儀礼的側面も重んじられ、公家の弓射儀礼を基礎としつつ様々な礼式が発達した。
English: It is said that some clans such as the Henmi clan, Takeda clan, Ogasawara clan, Ise clan, and the Kira clan had originated the code of etiquette.
Japanese: こうした礼式には逸見氏・武田氏・小笠原氏・伊勢氏・吉良氏などの家々に独自の伝があったとという。
English: After the middle of the Muromachi Period the Ogasawara clan played the center role of Yusoku Kojitsu (a study of traditional code) (有職故実).
Japanese: 室町時代中期以降は小笠原氏その他の小笠原一族が有職故実の中心となった。
English: The Ogasawara school inherited a shooting tradition based upon the code of etiquette from the Samurai world and the 'Reisha group' in today's Kyudo means the code or style of shooting originating from the Ogasawara school.
Japanese: その伝統を受け継ぐ小笠原流は武家社会での礼式に則った射の流れを汲む流派であり、今日の弓道で「礼射系」といえば、小笠原流に由来する作法や射法のことをいう。
English: Busha reveals the aspect of Yumiire as a weapon and a lineage of Kyujutsu which was assumed in actual battle.
Japanese: 武射とは弓射の武器としての側面であり、実際の戦場を想定した弓術の系統である。
English: The bow and arrow was highly valued as the most prevailing weapon in Japan before the introduction of firearms, so technique had been developed and their equipment and strength of the arrow improved to improve the hitting ratio.
Japanese: 鉄砲伝来まで弓矢は最有力の武器であったことから重んじられ、的中と矢の威力を高めるため、技術の発展と道具の改良がなされてきた。
English: The Yumiire technique, centered on Busha (歩射), was greatly advanced by the Heki school founded in the early Sengoku Period, and various actual fighting techniques were devised such as Toya flight shooting, Ya'awase (矢合せ), shooting through the side of a spear and shooting through a narrow space.
Japanese: 戦国時代初期に発生した日置流により歩射を中心とした弓射技術は大きく進歩し、様々な実戦的技術、たとえば遠矢や矢合せ、槍の脇からの射、狭間からの射などが工夫された。
English: Even after the peaceful Edo Period, some schools had placed high value on actual fighting and continued to learn Yumiire tactics and practiced while wearing armor.
Japanese: 泰平の世となった江戸時代以降も流派によっては実戦的価値に重きを置き、弓射戦術や甲冑を着用しての稽古が行われてきた。
English: Many Heki schools retain strong characteristics of Busha (武射) so, today mentioning the 'Busha group' immediately brings to mind the various Heki schools and their manners, and way of shooting.
Japanese: 日置流には武射傾向の強い流派が多く、今日「武射系」といえば、日置流諸派やそれに由来する作法・射法のことである。
English: In the peaceful Edo Period when the bow and arrow declined as the role of a weapon, the lineage of the Busha group incorporated rules of decorum so that both aspects of Bunsha and Busha were combined and Kyuju became the essential military art for the Samurai hierarchy.
Japanese: 江戸時代、太平の世にあって弓矢が武器としての役割を後退させる中で、武射系統も礼法を摂取することにより文武の両側面は融合し、弓術は武士階級に必須の武芸となっていった。
English: There is a book that illustrates an overview of this age, Gosha-Rokka (five major shooting techniques and six theories) written by Kazan MORIKAWA, Founder of the Yamato school.
Japanese: この時代の弓術の概観を示す物として、江戸時代初期の大和流流祖森川香山のよる五射六科がある。
English: Gosha (five major shooting techniques) describes representative styles of shooting, and Riku-ka (six subjects) describes what Kyujutsu-ka (those who practice Kyujutsu) should acquire.
Japanese: 五射は代表的な射法を、六科は弓術家として身につけるべき事項を挙げたものである。