nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: 1,000 koku... Taisuke ITAGAKI (a feudal retainer of Kochi Domain), Tatewaki KOMATSU (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Tomozane YOSHII (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Masaharu IJICHI (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Michihira IWASHITA (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Shojiro GOTO (a feudal retainer of Kochi Domain), Sanenaru SAGA (a court noble), Shigetomi OHARA (a court noble), Shigemi OHARA (a court noble), Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE (a court noble), Chikayuki IKOMA (the lord of Yashima Domain)
Japanese: 1000石...板垣退助（高知藩士）、小松帯刀（鹿児島藩士）、吉井友実（鹿児島藩士）、伊地知正治（鹿児島藩士）、岩下方平（鹿児島藩士）、後藤象二郎（高知藩士）、嵯峨実愛（公卿）、大原重徳（公卿）、大原重実（公卿）、東久世通禧（公卿）、生駒親敬（矢島藩主）
English: 800 koku... Michitaka KUJO (a court noble), Nobuyoshi SAWA (a court noble), Tsunayoshi OYAMA (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Kimimasa YURI (a feudal retainer of Fukui Domain)
Japanese: 800石...九条道孝（公卿）、沢宣嘉（公卿）、大山綱良（鹿児島藩士）、由利公正（福井藩士）
English: 600 koku... Aritomo YAMAGATA (a feudal retainer of Yamaguchi Domain), Issei MAEBARA (a feudal retainer of Yamaguchi Domain), Akiyoshi YAMADA (a feudal retainer of Yamaguchi Domain), Tadayuki DAIGO (a court noble)
Japanese: 600石...山県有朋（山口藩士）、前原一誠（山口藩士）、山田顕義（山口藩士）、醍醐忠敬（公卿）
English: 450 koku... Seiichiro KINASHI (a feudal retainer of Yamaguchi Domain), Sakuma KAWADA (a feudal retainer of Tottori Domain), Kiyoshi WATANABE (a feudal retainer of Omura Domain), Seiichiro MAEYAMA (a feudal retainer of Saga Domain)
Japanese: 450石...木梨精一郎（山口藩士）、河田佐久馬（鳥取藩士）、渡辺清（大村藩士）、前山精一郎（佐賀藩士）
English: 300 koku... Kinmochi SAIONJI (a court noble), Takauta SHIJO (a court noble), Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA (a court noble), Tsugumichi SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Tomosada IWAKURA (a court noble)
Japanese: 300石...西園寺公望（公卿）、四条隆謌（公卿）、柳原前光（公卿）、西郷従道（鹿児島藩士）、岩倉具定（公卿）
English: 200 koku... Toshiaki KIRINO (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Takatoshi IWAMURA (a feudal retainer of Kochi Domain), Mamoru FUNAKOSHI (a feudal retainer of Hiroshima Domain), Takatoshi SHIJO (a court noble), Tamekazu SAWA (a court noble), Saneyana HASHIMOTO (a court noble), Michitsune KOGA (a court noble), Kiminari NISHIYOTSUTSUJI (a court noble), Motoosa MIBU (a court noble), Takatsumu WASHINOO (a court noble), Tomotsune IWAKURA (a court noble)
Japanese: 200石...桐野利秋（鹿児島藩士）、岩村高俊（高知藩士）、船越衛（広島藩士）、四条隆平（公卿）、沢為量（公卿）、橋本実梁（公卿）、久我通久（公卿）、西四辻公業（公卿）、壬生基修（公卿）、鷲尾隆聚（公卿）、岩倉具経（公卿）
English: 150 koku... Kuranosuke NAKAMUTA (a feudal retainer of Saga Domain), Sukenori SOGA (a feudal retainer of Yanagawa Domain), Motoharu YAMAJI (a feudal retainer of Kochi Domain)
Japanese: 150石...中牟田倉之助（佐賀藩士）、曽我祐準（柳川藩士）、山地元治（高知藩士）
English: 100 koku... Hisamoto HIJIKATA (a feudal retainer of Kochi Domain), Shinpei ETO (a feudal retainer of Saga Domain), Yoshitake SHIMA (a feudal retainer of Saga Domain), Michifusa MADENOKOJI (a court noble), Tsunenori HONAMI (a court noble)
Japanese: 100石...土方久元（高知藩士）、江藤新平（佐賀藩士）、島義勇（佐賀藩士）、万里小路通房（公卿）、穂波経度（公卿）
English: 8 koku... Shinsuke BEPPU (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Shiro IKENOUE (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Kunimoto SHINOHARA (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain), Shichinojo TAKI (a feudal retainer of Kagoshima Domain)
Japanese: 8石...別府晋介（鹿児島藩士）、池上四郎（鹿児島藩士）、篠原国幹（鹿児島藩士）、高城七之丞（鹿児島藩士）
English: 5000 ryo... Tadakazu MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Shimabara Domain), Naotora NABESHIMA (the lord of Ogi Domain), Yuzuru OGYU (the lord of Tanokuchi Domain), Sadayasu MAKINO (the lord of Kasama Domain), Kazukiyo OTAWARA (the lord of Otawara Domain)
Japanese: 5000両...松平忠和（島原藩主）、鍋島直虎（小城藩主）、大給恒（田野口藩主）、牧野貞寧（笠間藩主）、大田原一清（大田原藩主）
English: 2000 ryo... Mochiaki HACHISUKA (the lord of Tokushima Domain), Sadanori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Imabari Domain), Masayuki OKUDAIRA (the lord of Nakatsu Domain), Yasunobu YANAGISAWA (the lord of Koriyama Domain), Ujiyoshi TODA (the lord of Ogaki Shinden domain), Naoyasu II (the lord of Yoita Domain), Yukiyoshi HORI (the lord of Shiiya Domain), Yorinao NAITO (the lord of Takato Domain), Yoshisato SATAKE (the lord of Kubota Shinden domain), Ujihiro ARIMA (the lord of Fukiage Domain), Tadabumi TORII (the lord of Mibu Domain), Chikahisa HONDO (the lord of Shizuku Domain)
Japanese: 2000両...蜂須賀茂韶（徳島藩主）、松平定法（今治藩主）、奥平昌邁（中津藩主）、柳沢保申（郡山藩主）、戸田氏良（大垣新田藩主）、井伊直安（与板藩主）、堀之美（椎谷藩主）、内藤頼直（高遠藩主）、佐竹義理（久保田新田藩主）、有馬氏弘（吹上藩主）、鳥居忠文（壬生藩主）、本堂親久（志筑藩主）
English: Ninjindai Oko Chogin refers to silver coins minted from 1710 for exclusive use for trade of Korean ginseng, and it was a silver-by-weight standard.
Japanese: 人参代往古丁銀（にんじんだいおうこちょうぎん）とは宝永7年（1710年）から、高麗人参貿易取引専用に鋳造された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨である。
English: Mameitagin (one of Edo-period coins) which corresponded to this coin was not minted, and Ninjindai Oko Chogin is also called Ninjindai Okogin or merely Okogin or Ninjin Chogin.
Japanese: 対応する豆板銀は鋳造されず、人参代往古銀（にんじんだいおうこぎん）あるいは単に往古銀（おうこぎん）また人参丁銀（にんじんちょうぎん）とも呼ぶ。
English: The coin has a Chinese character of 寳 (pronounced as ho, which means treasure) and an effigy of the god of wealth named Daikoku on its surface, and its hallmark is the same as that of Hoei Yotsuho Chogin (the silver coin minted since 1711); however, it has no seal of a Chinese character which represents the era name such as '宝,' and the grade of this coin is the same as that of Keicho Chogin.
Japanese: 表面には、「寳」字および大黒図柄が打たれ、その極印は宝永四ツ宝丁銀のものと同一であるが、「宝」字などの年代印は無く、品位は慶長丁銀と同一である。
English: As Japanese people did not have knowledge about how to grow Korean ginseng, which was expensive because it had excellent beneficial effect used as a medicine in the early Edo period, its supply depended solely on the import from the Korean Peninsula, and the Tsushima Domain was in charge of this trade and the settlement was done by Keicho Chogin.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期、優れた薬効があり高価であった高麗人参は日本国内で栽培することができず、もっぱら朝鮮半島からの輸入に頼り、この貿易は対馬藩が担当し決済は慶長丁銀で行われていた。
English: When reminting of currency was done and Genroku Chogin with low silver content was issued in October 1695, the Tsushima Domain did not inform Korea of this reminting and continued to pay for Korean ginseng with Keicho Chogin with good quality; however, it gradually became difficult for the Tsushima Domain to secure Keicho Chogin, so the trade of Korean ginseng was terminated.
Japanese: 元禄8年（1695年）9月に貨幣吹替え（改鋳）が行われ、品位が低下した元禄丁銀が発行された際、この吹替えのことを朝鮮側に伝えず、対価支払い用には依然良質な慶長銀を確保して支払いに充てていたが、やがて慶長丁銀の確保が困難となり、一旦人参貿易が打ち切られた。
English: Afterward, the domain negotiated with the Korean side for two years, and in May 1699, they agreed that the domain should pay additional 27% of the price besides to the stated price when the domain would pay with Genroku Chogin.
Japanese: 対馬藩の朝鮮側との2年越しの交渉の末、元禄12年（1699年）5月に、元禄銀による支払いは、慶長銀の2割7分増しで決済することで合意がなされた。
English: Considering the amount of contained silver, 25% of the stated price was a proper additional amount, but the reason why this agreement was made was that the Tsushima Domain received a report from the Korean side in which they found out the percentage of silver content did not meet the defined amount after their analysis of the grade.
Japanese: 含有銀量で換算すれば2割5分増しであるが、これは元禄銀の品位を分析した結果、含有率が規定量に満たないなどの申し出が朝鮮側からあったなどのやり取りによるものであった。
English: However, in 1706 the grade of Chogin was further lowered, and the Tsushima Domain tried to negotiate with the Korean side by paying additional payment according to the grade of the silver content; however, along with the low grade of the coin, the amount of ginseng harvested fell because of the bad weather, and so the negotiation fell apart and the Tsushima Domain received a termination notice of the trade from the Korean side again.
Japanese: しかし、宝永3年（1706年）に丁銀の品位はさらに下げられ、宝永丁銀による取引も純銀量に応じて割増すことで取引を試みたが、低品位であったことに加え、天候不順などによる人参の収穫高の低下などの背景から交渉は決裂し、対馬藩は再び取引中止を朝鮮側から通告された。
English: Responding to the request from the Tsushima Domain, the Shogunate ordered Ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver coins during the Edo period) to mint silver coins which had the same grade as that of Keichogin, exclusively for the ginseng trade, in 1710.
Japanese: 対馬藩の申し出により宝永7年（1710年）9月27日、幕府は銀座(歴史)に対し人参取引専用に慶長銀と同品位の丁銀を鋳造することを命じた。
English: This was Ninjindai Oko Chogin, and the term 'oko' meant return.
Japanese: これが人参代往古丁銀であるが、「往古」とは復帰するという意味である。
English: It is said that the Tsushima Domain did not use this name in the trade and used another name 'Tokuchugin' (the silver coin minted for special purposes) to avoid misunderstanding for Genrokugin by Korean side; that is, the Tsushima Domain did not want the Korean side to think that payments up to that point was intentionally made by using low quality silver coins.
Japanese: これまでの元禄銀による支払いは故意に悪質の銀貨を渡していたとの誤解を避けるため、対馬藩では貿易取引において「特鋳銀（とくちゅうぎん）」と称したという。
English: Every Ninjindai Okogin was minted in Ginza in Kyoto, and the primary material of these coins was cupellated silver of Sado Gold Mine, Ikuno Silver Mine and Iwami Silver Mine.
Japanese: 人参代往古銀はすべて京都の銀座において鋳造され、吹元銀は佐渡金山、生野銀山、および石見銀山の灰吹銀であった。
English: According to "Ginza Kakitome" (The Record of Ginza), the Shogunate was to hand the Tsushima Domain 1,417 kan (one kan is approximately 3.75 kg) 500 monme (one monme is approximately 3.75 g) of Ninjindai Oko Chogin per year from 1710.
Japanese: 『銀座書留』によれば宝永7年（1710年）より1年当り1,417貫500匁の人参代往古銀を対馬藩に渡すように記している。
English: Afterwards, in 1714, Shotoku Chogin, whose grade was the same as the one of Keicho Chogin, was issued, and accordingly, minting of Ninjindai Oko Chogin was abolished as it was no longer needed.
Japanese: その後、正徳(日本)4年（1714年）に品位を慶長銀に復帰させた正徳丁銀を発行した際、人参代往古銀の鋳造の必要はなくなり中止された。
English: However, the Tsushima Domain still did not receive Ninjindai Oko Chogin allocated for the year of 1713 after this reminting, and they thought paying with Shotoku Chogin would hinder the trade because the hallmark differed from that of Ninjindai Oko Chogin although Shotoku Chogin was good quality, and therefore, they petitioned the Shogunate repeatedly for Ninjindai Oko Chogin to be delivered to the Tsushima Domain and they finally received the coin in 1714.
Japanese: が、この正徳の改鋳後も対馬藩はまだ、正徳3年（1713年）分の往古銀を受け取っておらず、正徳銀は良質とはいえ極印が異なることから交易に差し支えるとして陳情に努め、正徳4年（1714年）7月にようやく従来の往古銀を受け取った。
English: When Genbun Chogin with the silver content of inferior grade was issued in 1736, minting of Ninjindai Oko Chogin was resumed.
Japanese: 元文元年（1736年）に再び品位の低下した元文丁銀が発行された際、往古銀の鋳造が再開された。
English: However, from around that time domestic cultivation of Korean ginseng became enabled as a part of policy in which new industry is encouraged by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, and consequently, minting of Ninjindai Okogin declined.
Japanese: しかしこの頃から、徳川吉宗による殖産興業の一環として進められた政策により高麗人参の国内栽培が可能となり、人参代往古銀の鋳造は衰退した。
English: The amount of the coin minted from the Hoei era to the time when Shotoku Chogin was issued was 5,337 kan 156 momme 4 bu (20.00 ton).
Japanese: 宝永年間から正徳丁銀発行までの京都の銀座における鋳造高は5,337貫156匁4分（20.00トン）であり、この内、対馬藩に渡された丁銀は5,197貫500匁（19.47トン）である。
English: The breakdown of the amount delivered to the Tsushima Domain was 445 kan in 1710 and the stipulated amount of 1,417 kan 500 monme in 1711, 1712, and 1713, but delivery was always delayed one or two years.
Japanese: 渡高の内訳は宝永7年（1710年）分が945貫、正徳元年（1711年）、2年（1712年）、3年（1713年）はそれぞれ規定額の1,417貫500匁であったが受け渡しは1～2年遅れるのが常であった。
English: Buichigin was an income that Ginza received when they minted Chogin from the cupellated silver used for the Shogunate, and this income was set to 3% of cupellated silver they received.
Japanese: 公儀灰吹銀から丁銀を吹きたてる場合の銀座の収入である分一銀（ぶいちぎん）は渡された灰吹銀に対する3%と設定された。
English: Naisenshi was an institution belonging to Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 内染司（ないせんし）は律令制において宮内省に属する機関の一つである。
English: With the elimination and consolidation of government officials on February 23, 808, it was incorporated into Nuidonoryo (Bureau of the Wardrobe and Court Ladies) belonging to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) (the said part of "Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan) was partly lost, but it was written in "Kanshoku hisho" (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the imperial court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200) and so on.
Japanese: 大同(日本)3年1月20日（808年）に行われた官司の統廃合により、中務省所属の縫殿寮に統合される（『日本後紀』の当該部分は一部失われているが、『官職秘抄』などに記されている）。
English: In the Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), 'Gofukusome tsukuridokoro' (the center for dyeing clothes), which succeeded to the function of Naisenshi, was put in Nuidonoryo and six Somete (dyer), who seems to have been later forms of Someshi (dyer), were staffed.
Japanese: 延喜式には縫殿寮に内染司の機能を継承したとみられる「御服染作所（ごふくそめつくりどころ）」が設置され、染師の後身と見られる染手6名が配属されている。
English: Chiho Kahei was a currency issued principally to be used within a territory and was issued by various domains in the Edo period, and particularly, gold and silver coins issued by various daimyo to be used within their territories from the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) to the early Edo period were also called Ryogoku Kahei.
Japanese: 地方貨幣（ちほうかへい）とは、江戸時代に各藩により原則として領内通用として発行された貨幣であり、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、各大名が自国領内通用として発行した金貨銀貨は特に領国貨幣（りょうごくかへい）とも呼ばれる。
English: Since the monetary system of the Keicho era, which was started by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in the Edo period, was aimed at create a national monetary system, any local currencies should not exist.
Japanese: 江戸時代、徳川家康により整備の始められた慶長の幣制は、貨幣の全国統一をはかるものであり、本来地方貨幣は存在するべきものではない。
English: However, Ieyasu used Ryogoku Kahei issued by Shingen TAKEDA as the basis of 'ryo,' the monetary system of koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) in the early period of Edo period, and for this reason, he permitted issue of Koshukin, a successor of the local currency established by Shingen TAKEDA, with the condition that the currency was only to be used within the Kai Province.
Japanese: が、江戸時代前半には小判の通貨体系としての「両」の基となった、武田信玄による甲斐国の領国貨幣を引き継いだ甲州金に限り領内通用を条件に発行が認められた。
English: Minting of Kanei Tuho coins and Tessen coins was done in Zeniza (organization in charge of minting coins during the Edo period) of various regions such as Kameido in Edo and Shichijo in Kyoto, and many of such coins were Kochusen, coins permitted by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which were supposed to be used throughout the country, and therefore, these coins were usually not treated as a local currency.
Japanese: 寛永通宝銭貨および鉄銭は、江戸の亀戸および京都の七条を中心として、全国各地の銭座で鋳造が行われたが、これらの大部分は江戸幕府の許可による公鋳銭で全国通用を目的とし、通常地方貨幣としては扱わない。
English: When the Tenmei Famine occurred in 1784, the Sendai Domain used this Famine as an opportunity and petitioned the bakufu to grant a permission to mint the Sendai Domain's own currency in order to save people in the domain's territory, and the domain received the permission to mint their own currency called Sendai Tsuho.
Japanese: また天明4年（1784年）に起こった天明の大飢饉を契機に領内救済を理由に、同年11月に仙台藩が幕府に鋳造を申し出、許可を取り付けた仙台通宝。
English: In addition, another example was Hakodate Tsuho, and the minting of this coin was approved when the port of Hakodate was about to open to the United States based on the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan agreed in November in 1856.
Japanese: これを始め安政3年（1856年）11月に日米和親条約に伴う開港を機に発行の許可を取り付けた箱館通宝が存在した。
English: Furthermore, at the end of the Edo period, in 1862, the Satsuma Domain petitioned the bakufu for the issuance of Ryukyu Tsuho Hyaku (hundred) Mon coins with an issue limit of 3 years in order to save Ryukyu and this petition was granted, but this petition was carefully prepared by the Satsuma Domain to secretly cover up minting of Tenpo Tsuho secretly to recover the Domain's weak finance.
Japanese: さらに幕末の文久2年（1862年）、薩摩藩は琉球の救済を名目に、3年の年限つきで琉球通宝當百文(通貨単位)銭の発行を申し出て許可されたが、これは藩財政の建て直し目的とした天保通宝密鋳の隠れ蓑とて用意周到に準備されたものであった。
English: Most local currencies were issued between the Bunkyu era and the end of the Edo period, and its reasons were that the bakufu shifted governmental duties such as the naval defense to various domains, various domains faced with financial difficulties due to expenses for measures for riots, there was shortage of coins in provinces, metal currencies were issued due to the weakening of trustworthiness of Hansatsu (paper currency issued in various domains), various domains established an independent political system because the bakufu became less influential, and Imperial proclamation of minting of coin was issued.
Japanese: 地方貨幣の発行は文久年間から幕末に集中しており、海防充実などの幕府事業の各藩への転化、一揆などの騒動対策による藩財政の逼迫、地方における銭貨の払底、藩札の信用低下による金属貨幣の発行、幕府の権力低下による各藩独立体制の進化、および朝廷による鋳銭宣下などが挙げられる。
English: The Tohoku region suffered from cold-weather damage by the cold-weather and famine repeatedly, but on the other hand, there were many mines in the region and metal resources were abundant, so at the end of the Edo period, the Morioka Domain and the Kubota Domain secretly minted many coins of silver, copper, and lead without a permission from the bakufu because the bakufu no longer had enough power to control these activities.
Japanese: 東北地方は度重なる冷害、飢饉にあえいだ一方で鉱山が多く金属資源は潤沢であったことから、幕末期に盛岡藩および久保田藩を中心に銀判および當百文銅銭および鉛銭など、数多くの貨幣が密鋳されたが、幕府には既にそれを取り締まる力はなかった。
English: In addition, various domains that had financial difficulties aggressively minted coins such as two-bu kin gold coin, one-bu gin silver coin, one-shu gin gold coin, and the currency called Tenpo Tuho secretly.
Japanese: そればかりでなく、財政難にあえぐ各藩による二分金、一分銀、一朱銀および天保通寳などの密鋳が横行した。
English: In particular, the amount of secretly minted Tenpo Tsuho was so abundant that its amount came to occupy one-third to one-fourth of the total amount of Tenpo Tsuho circulated at that time.
Japanese: 特に天保通寳は密鋳によるものが流通高の約1/3～1/4を占めるに至った。
English: As these were nominal money of which the breadth of profit gained by minting was big, minting without official permission was accelerated, and those minted coins included many inferior quality coins such as silver coins with gold plating, silver coins which contained much ink and lead, and so on.
Japanese: これらは鋳造による出目の幅が大きい名目貨幣であることが密鋳に拍車をかけ、銀台に金を鍍金したものや、亜鉛および鉛分を多く含む銀貨など悪質なものが多く見受けられる。
English: Furthermore, regarding Kanei Tsuho, iron Tessen coins which were imitations of regular Kanei Tsuho coins and copper coins containing much lead were made for a long time, and these coins are called Bouchusen.
Japanese: さらに寛永通寳についても公鋳銭を鋳写した鉄銭および鉛分を多く含む銅銭などが古くから密鋳され、彷鋳銭（ぼうちゅうせん）と呼ばれる。
English: There are not many historical materials left with records on local currencies and Bochusen because they were minted secretly.
Japanese: このような地方貨幣および彷鋳銭は密鋳故に古文書による記録史料が乏しい。
English: There are also some doubtful Ryogoku Kahei that are thought to have been created by someone in later generations, and such currencies are also listed on "Kingin Zuroku" (A Record of Gold and Silver in Picture), which was published in 1810.
Japanese: また、領国貨幣の中には後世による創作によると考えられる素性の不確かな物も存在し、そのような物も文化(元号)7年（1810年）刊行の貨幣解説史料である『金銀図録』に掲載されている。
English: Some of such coins are used as a gift or for personal enjoyment and there are some coins that experts differ in their opinions.
Japanese: 玩賞品（がんしょうひん）として扱われるものや、専門家の間でも議論の分かれる物も存在する。
English: Sendai Kozuchigin and Aizu Ginban are elaborate in their designs as a currency, and as there is no consistency in weight and nominal value with those of a general currency these coins are thought to have been used as Shukuchusen (coins to celebrate) rather than for circulation.
Japanese: また、仙台小槌銀および合津銀判などは通貨としては手の込んだつくりであり、質量および額面は一般の通貨との整合性が見られないことから、流通目的というよりは祝鋳銭の部類と考えられている。
English: Furthermore, currencies such as Isawa Kaichin, Kaetsuno Tuyo, Ashu Tuho, and Tosa Kanken stayed in the trial phase of currency minting, and there are few actual coins left without any evidence of actual use.
Japanese: さらに、膽澤開珎、加越能通用、阿州通宝および土佐官券の類は試鋳貨幣にとどまり現存も数品を数える様な稀少なものがほとんどであり、流通した形跡は全く確認されていない。
English: The Tosa Domain minted Tenho Tuho secretly without permission on a large scale, and the trial minting should be regarded as camouflage of their secret minting
Japanese: 土佐藩は寧ろ天保通寳の密鋳を大々的に行い、試鋳はそのカモフラージュと考えられるべきものである。
English: Reginal currencies that are thought to have been widely circulated are just Sendai Tuho, Hakodate Tuho, Akita Tubasen, Akita Namisen, and Ryukyu Tuho.
Japanese: 地方貨幣で広く流通したと考えられるのは仙臺通寳、箱館通寳、秋田鍔銭、秋田波銭および琉球通寳ぐらいのものである。
English: These currencies were widely circulated, and in particular, Ginsatsu took an initiative for silver transaction by weight by acting as a substitute of silver coins whose value was determined by weight such as Chogin, which were decreased in circulation in the later Edo period.
Japanese: これらは広く流通し特に銀札は江戸時代後期に流通高が減少した丁銀などの秤量銀貨の代役を務め、銀目取引の主導権を握った。
English: The prototype of kanshi in Japan is thought to be an organization in which several Tomonomiyatsuko (chiefs of various departments at the Imperial Court) shared the affairs of public administration of Yamato dynasty, mobilized and managed their Benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) in order to perform duties.
Japanese: 日本の官司の原型はヤマト王権（大和朝廷）の行政事務を複数の伴造が分掌して部民を動員・管理して業務を遂行した組織体であったと考えられている。
English: Later, an organization of government officials (hito-sei) that managed Benotami and performed practical work of administration was formed under tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group).
Japanese: その後、部民を管理して行政事務の実務を遂行する官人組織が伴部の下に形成された（人制）。
English: After the Taika Reforms, organizations of officials under the ritsuryo system, such as shitokan-sei (the fundamental structure of the bureaucracy system of the ritsuryo system), were formed instead of benotami-sei, but they were not completed until after the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo.
Japanese: 大化の改新以後、部民制に代わって四等官制度など律令制に基づく官司組織が形成されるようになるが、それが一応の完成をみたのは大宝律令の制定以後のことである。
English: Unlike in Tang Dynasty, however, highly systemized control systems among officials were not formed, and there existed honkan, who had independent authorities in spite of being under each ministry, and Ryoge no kan, which was newly established outside the framework of the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: ただし、唐のような高度に体系化された官司間の統属関係は形成されず、一応は各省の下にあるものの独立した権限を有した品官や律令制の枠外に新たに設置された令外官などが存在した。
English: Shakui was conducted when an official was given an assignment which should be performed by higher-ranking officials, and in some cases he was formally promoted to that higher rank if he succeeded in the assignment.
Japanese: 本来の位階よりも高い位階が担当すべき任務を命ぜられた場合に行われ、その任務の成果次第によってはその位階が正式に叙せられる場合があった。
English: Common cases of shakui were appointment of officials as Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) or as an envoy to receive foreign messengers, and shakui against gunji (district managers) for the purpose of stabilizing the local administration; in the latter cases, if gunji governed his district well, he was actually promoted in some cases.
Japanese: 主に行われたのは遣唐使のような遣外使節や逆に外国使者の送迎使節に対して任命される例、地方行政の安定化のために郡司などに対して借位を行い、その統治の成績によって実際に叙位する場合があった。
English: Naizenshi was an institution belonging to Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) in Japanese government-regulated organization or facility, etc.
Japanese: 内膳司（ないぜんし）は、日本の日本の官制において宮内省に属した機関。
English: Before the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), it was a government office called Zenshiki, but when the Taiho Ritsuryo was formulated it was divided into Daizenshiki which cooked and served foods in a feast and Naizenshi which cooked, served and delivered foods for the Emperor's daily diet.
Japanese: 大宝律令以前は膳職という官司であったが、大宝律令制定時に、饗宴における食事の調理と配膳を担当する大膳職と分かれて、天皇の日常における食事の調理と配膳および食料の調達を担当する官司として設立された。
English: In addition to the institution which had 'inside' and 'outside' like this, there were Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), Naiyakushi (Palace Medical Office) and so on.
Japanese: このように「外」と｢内｣が対になっている機関は他に典薬寮と内薬司などもある。
English: Later in 896, it absorbed Enchishi (Gardens and Ponds Office) that belonged to Kunaisho as well.
Japanese: 時代は下って、寛平八年（896年）には、同じ宮内省被官の園池司を吸収した。
English: Before the establishment of Naizenshi the Takahashi clan (later, the Hamashima family) and the Azumi clan were in charge of serving foods to the Emperor and both clans were in charge of the director post as 'buzen' and 'Kami' was not put, but later the director post was assigned to the other clans, where the other clans identified themselves as 'Kami.'
Japanese: 内膳司が設置される前から高橋氏（のちの濱島家）・安曇氏が天皇の食膳を担当していたので、両氏が「奉膳」として長官職を担当し、「正」を置かずにいたが、後に、他氏からも長官職が任命されるようになり、その場合、他の氏は「正」を名乗った。