nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For assisting the administrative work, shashoshu who copied books or sokoshu who did bookbinding belonged to this.
Japanese: 管理事務を補助するため書物を書き写す写書手や書物の装丁を行う装潢手が属していた。
English: In the actual work of compiling history books, the office work was done by establishing the institution (Senkokushisho [History Compilation Bureau]) (and official documents and records which were necessary for compiling history books were collected in Naiki [secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs] or Geki [Secretary of the Grand Council of State], which was the reason why Zushoryo did not involve with the work of compiling history books).
Japanese: 実際の撰史事業はその都度機構（撰国史所）を設けて事務を行っていた（また、撰史に必要な公文書・記録類が集められたのが内記や外記であったということも図書寮が撰史事業に関わらなかった理由として挙げられる）。
English: Also, during the Heian period the administration of library was taken over to the institutions such as Gosho-dokoro (an office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Uchi no goshodokoro(the place that keeps Emperor's books), Ippon-goshodokoro and so on and lost substance.
Japanese: また図書の管理も平安時代には御書所・内御書所・一本御書所などの機関に実権を奪われ形骸化した。
English: Kamiyain mainly produced paper in bessho (affiliated organization) of Zushoryo.
Japanese: 紙屋院（かみやいん）は図書寮の別所（付属機関）で紙の製造を主任務としていた。
English: Led by Zusho no kami (Director of the Bureau of Drawings and Books), it edited and controlled Kotofu (the genealogy of the Imperial Family) or fact records and so on, and administered the authentic texts of Imperial family-related laws such as Imperial House Act and so on, or precious books kept in Imperial Court.
Japanese: 図書頭を長として皇統譜や実録などの編纂及び管理、皇室典範などの皇室関連法令の正本や貴重な宮中保管書籍の管理などを行った。
English: Gakoshi (Painting Office) was one of the institutions belonging to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 画工司（がこうし）は、日本の律令制において中務省に属する機関の一つである。
English: Thus, eshi (limner) of government official system during the Ritsuryo system period and ekakibe (person dealing with paintings) of tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group) belonged to Gakoshi.
Japanese: そのため画工司には律令制期の官吏制度の画師（えし）と伴部の画部（えかきべ）が所属している。
English: Nairaishi (Palace Etiquette Office) was one of the institutions belonging to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 内礼司（ないらいし）は日本の律令制において中務省に属する機関の一つである。
English: (Sodan) It was a kind of special force police unit in the Imperial Court, but as for jurisdiction, it just judged a misdemeanor in the organization as well as the other institutions.
Japanese: （奏弾）宮中における特別警察的な存在であるが裁判権は他の機関と同じく､組織内部の軽罪を裁く程度しか持っていない。
English: In addition to the institution which had "inside" and "outside" like this, there were Daizenshiki (Office of the Palace Table) and Naizenshi (Imperial Table Office), Naiyakushi (private doctors for the Emperor) and Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), Uchi no Kanimori no Tsukasa (Inner House Keeping Office) and Kanimori no Tsukasa (Housekeeping Office), and Efu (a palace guard) and so on.
Japanese: このように「内」と｢外｣が対になっている機関は他に大膳職と内膳司､内薬司と典薬寮､内兵庫と兵庫寮、内掃部司と掃部司､衛府などがある。
English: Otoneriryo was one of the institutions belonging to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 大舎人寮（おおとねりりょう）は律令制において中務省に属する機関の一つである。
English: During the early Ritsuryo system period, right and left Otoneriryo were set up, but in 808 left Otoneriryo and right Otoneriryo were integrated into the Otoneriryo.
Japanese: 律令制初期においては左右の大舎人寮が設定されていたが、大同_(日本)3年（808年）に左大舎人寮と右大舎人寮が統合されて、大舎人寮となった。
English: Otoneri was paired with udoneri (Ministerial equerry) and accompanied the Emperor and kept night watch and performed several odd jobs.
Japanese: 大舎人は内舎人（うどねり）と対になっており､天皇に供奉して宿直や様々な雑用をこなした。
English: During the Heian period some of otoneri sometimes became naiju (government official especially one of low to medium rank as royal pages) or vice versa.
Japanese: 平安時代にはときどき大舎人のうち何人かが内豎になったりまたその逆もあった。
English: Starting in Kosuge (which was located on the site of today's Tokyo Detention House) and Miyagi (the predecessor of Miyagi Prison) in 1879, Shujikan were built across the country under the direct control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan).
Japanese: 1879年に内務省(日本)直轄の集治監が小菅（現在の東京拘置所の敷地にあった）と宮城（宮城刑務所の前身）を皮切りに全国各地に作られた。
English: Due to mounting criticism of forcing hard labor on prisoners, forced labor was gradually abolished since around 1894, and Shujikan were renamed Kangoku and dissolved to form new facilities after 1903.
Japanese: 収容者に強制労働を強いたことに批判が集まったこと、1894年頃から徐々に強制労働的な受刑者の使役を廃止、1903年以降は監獄と名を改め発展的に消滅した。
English: In Hokkaido, more facilities were established per capita than in other areas because the reclamation of Hokkaido was an urgent need to counter Russia's southward expansion.
Japanese: 北海道では、ロシアの南下政策に対抗するため開拓が急務とされており、人口比で他の地域以上の施設が作られている。
English: Shujikan was built at key places within Hokkaido, including Kabato (Tsukigata-cho Town), Sorachi (Mikasa City), and Kushiro (Shibecha-cho Town [the Abashiri prison was a branch of Kushiro Shujikan]), and prisoners were engaged in labor for reclamation.
Japanese: 樺戸（月形町）、空知（三笠市）、釧路（標茶町、網走は釧路の分監）など、北海道内の要所要所に作られ、受刑者は開拓のための労働に従事した。
English: The prisoners were mobilized for road building in Kabato and Abashiri, and for the labor in coal or sulfur mines (in Mt. Atosanupuri and so on) in Sorachi and Kushiro.
Japanese: 樺戸や網走では道路建設が、空知や釧路では炭鉱、硫黄鉱山（アトサヌプリなど）の労働などに動員された。
English: Kamikawa Road (present National Route 12) is renowned as the road which was constructed by the prisoners in Kabato Shujikan and Sorachi Shujikan.
Japanese: 樺戸集治監及び空知集治監の受刑者による上川道路（現在の国道12号）建設が名高い。
English: Many of the first inmates at the Shujikan tended to have been imprisoned for ideological offenses; these inmates included fuhei shizoku (discontented former samurai) who had been captured during the Seinan War, and in later years, those who had been arrested due to their participation in the Kabasan Incident, the Chichibu Incident, and so on.
Japanese: 当初の受刑者には、西南戦争などで捕縛された不平士族、後年には加波山事件や秩父事件などに参画して逮捕された者など、思想犯的な傾向を持つ収容者も多かった。
English: As for the reason why many Shujikan were built in Hokkaido, it has been said that there was an intention to keep prisoners to stay in Hokkaido after their release in order to increase Hokkaido's population which was fewer at that time.
Japanese: 北海道に多くの集治監が作られた背景は、出所後も現地に留まらせ、当時少なかった人口の増加につなげる思いもあったと伝えられる。
English: However, in fact prisoners did not contribute to the increase of the population because many of them died due to hard work or ran back to their hometowns after release.
Japanese: しかし、実際は過酷な労働が原因で多くの者が命を落としたり、出所後は早々に故郷に逃げ帰る者が多く、人口の増加に貢献をすることは無かった。
English: Since many ideological offenders were locked up in Shujikan, it gradually attracted public attention, which resulted in the abolition of forced labor.
Japanese: 集治監に少なからず思想犯が収容されたことから、次第に世間の注目を浴びるようになり、強制労働的な使役は廃止された。
English: However, in land reclamation projects in Hokkaido and at the labor site of coal mines in Kyushu (the Mitsui Miike coal mine in relation with Miike Shujikan), Takobeya (labor camp) Rodo, a form of labor under which general workers were placed in confinement and exploited to make up for the shortage of workforce, developed.
Japanese: しかし、北海道では開拓事業や九州の炭鉱労働（三池集治監の三井三池炭鉱）の現場では労働力不足を穴埋めするように一般労働者を監禁して酷使するタコ部屋労働が発展した。
English: Kyotoshi (Vessels Office) was one of the institutions belonging to Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 筥陶司（きょとうし）は律令制において宮内省に属する機関の一つである。
English: Kyotoshi managed and produced mainly the dinnerware and containers such as earthenware, wooden product, box and so on as its official duty.
Japanese: 筥陶司は陶器・木器・箱など、主に食器類・容器類の管理・生産を職掌とする。
English: "Hako" is considered as a round box made with bamboo and hakohe, who was Zakko (special technicians), produced wooden product and bamboo product.
Japanese: 「筥」は竹でつくられた円い箱であると考えられ､雑戸である筥戸が木器・竹器類の生産にあたった。
English: It is known that Kyotoshi existed as suetsukuribe before Ritsuryo system, but it is unknown that Kyotoshi was born because of the spread of producing technique of earthenware or not, and for years to come, except for the special containers used for ritual and so on, the government is considered to have stopped producing earthenware and it is not sure what happened to suetsukuribe under the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 律令制以前には陶作部（すえつくりべ）として存在していたことが分かっているが、陶器の生産技術の広まりによるものか、後世においては祭祀などに使う特殊な器を除いて官で陶器の生産を行うことはほとんど無くなったと考えられ、陶作部が律令制のもとでどうなったかも定かではない。
English: The theories of existing official documents or scholars of the law in "Ryonoshuge" (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) says that earthenwares, used in the Imperial Court or government officials except for special earthenwares used for rituals, were provided by tributes of cho (tributes) and nenryo zakki (ware paid as a tribute) or shozei koeki (provision by shozei [the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse]) and kyotoshi is considered to have only managed and done cashier job for earthenwares collected in the central government.
Japanese: 現存する公文書や『令集解』における明法家の説からは、祭祀に使う特殊な陶器を除いた宮中及び官司で用いられる陶器類は調・年料雑器による貢納や正税交易（正税を用いた調達）によって賄われ、筥陶司は中央に集められた陶器の管理・出納業務のみを行っていたと考えられている。
English: Genba-ryo was one of the institutions belonging to Jibusho (the Ministry of Civil Administration) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 玄蕃寮（げんばりょう）は、日本の律令制において治部省に属する機関である。
English: It managed Meiseki (card showing official rank, name and age) of monks and nuns such as the issuance of the Official certificate or kaicho (Certificates of Reception of Buddhist Commandments, supervised butsuji (Buddhist memorial service) or hoe (Buddhist mass), did the courtesy and entertaining work for foreign delegates, wined and dined barbarians in Kyoto and administered Korokan as its duty.
Japanese: 度牒や戒牒の発行といった僧尼の名籍の管理、宮中での仏事法会の監督、外国使節の送迎・接待、在京俘囚の饗応、鴻臚館の管理を職掌とした。
English: Dokoshi produced building materials (caustic lime, tile and so on) in particular for building operations of Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry).
Japanese: 土工司は木工寮の建築事業に対して土木事業､特に建築資材（石灰・瓦等）の生産を行っていた。
English: For this reason, nuribe and nuriko (plasterer) of government official system during the Ritsuryo system period belonged to Dokoshi and produced them.
Japanese: そのために律令制期の官吏制度である泥部（ぬりべ）と律令制期の官吏制度である泥戸（ぬりこ）が付属しており生産にあたった。
English: In the Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Mokuryo already had an official duty of dokoshi and thus the time is estimated to have been before that.
Japanese: 延喜式にはすでに土工司の職掌を木工寮が担っているためおそらくそれ以前のことと推測される。
English: "Enchi" was one form of the land described in Denryo (the law about providing rice fields), which was one of ryo (administrative code), and Enchishi is considered to have produced vegetables and fruits.
Japanese: 「園地」は令の一編である田令に記載された土地の一形態で野菜・果物をつくっていたと考えられる。
English: The situation is not clear, but Enchishi controlled such a enchi, too.
Japanese: その実態は不明であるが､園池司はこのような園地の管理も行ったらしい。
English: There was Kaenshi, who was a similar government official, but it was set up only for a short time and considering the name, the duty was considered to have been specialized in the management of gardens.
Japanese: 似たような官司に花苑司（かえんし）があるがこれは短期間設置されただけあり､また名称などから考えるに庭園管理に特化したものではないかと考えられる。
English: Shusuishi (moitori no tsukasa) was one of the institutions belonging to Kunaisho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 主水司（しゅすいし・もいとりのつかさ）は律令制において宮内省に属する機関の一つである。
English: For delivery Moitoribe was put as Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official) and Moitoriko as Zoshiki (low-level functionary government official).
Japanese: 調達のために官人雑任として水部（もいとりべ）官人雑色人として水戸（もいとりこ）が置かれた。
English: Kushicho (general workers) was put in the field department of heavy labor and seems to have struggled very hard to transport ice.
Japanese: 駆使丁は重労働の現業部門に置かれ、氷の運搬が非常に苦労したとみられる。
English: Ice was produced in winter and thus, for keeping it until summer, himuro was built up.
Japanese: 氷は冬場に製造するため夏までの間保管しておく場所として氷室が設置された。
English: The Bunkyu Reform was a series of policy changes covering personnel affairs, office organization and various rules and regulations carried out by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862.
Japanese: 文久の改革（ぶんきゅうのかいかく）は、文久2年（1862年）に江戸幕府で行われた一連の人事・職制・諸制度の改革を指す。
English: Although the bakufu shifted to the quasi-emergency regime due to the chaotic political situation since the opening of the country to the world in 1854, such change was not initiated by the bakufu itself (the cabinet officials of the Shogunate) but was forced under the pressure from the imperial envoy dispatched by the initiation of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU who was the father of the the lord of the Satsuma Domain as well as the court nobles supporting Kobu Gattai (an idea of uniting the court and the shogunate), so the reality was that the shogunate had no option but to carry out the reform.
Japanese: 1854年の開国以来の混沌とした政治情勢を受けて半ば非常時の体制へ移行したものであるが、その主導者は幕府自身（幕閣）ではなく、薩摩藩主の父・島津久光および朝廷の公武合体派公卿らに主導されて出された勅使による圧力の下、やむを得ず改革を迫られたというのが実情である。
English: In the midst of the political turmoil including an intensification of the Sonno Joi movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) caused by the change from the national isolation to the opening of the country to the world as well as the dispute over shogun's successor between the Hitotsubashi group (which supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) and the Nanki group (which supported Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA), the enlightened and farsighted daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) had been advocating the necessity of the political reform of the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕政の改革は、鎖国体制から開国への移行に伴う尊王攘夷運動の激化、将軍継嗣問題を巡る一橋派・南紀派の対立などの政治的混乱の中で、薩摩藩主・島津斉彬や越前藩主松平慶永ら、開明的な大名らの間ではつとに必要性を叫ばれていた。
English: But the reforms hit a setback due to the oppression on reformists such as Ansei no Taigoku or the sudden death of Nariakira SHIMAZU.
Japanese: しかし大老・井伊直弼による安政の大獄における改革派の弾圧、島津斉彬の急死などにより頓挫していた。
English: After his older brother Nariakira died, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU became Kokufu (father of the country) (also called "Lord of the Second Citadel") to assist his son Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, who became a new lord, and he carried out his older brother's last wish to move up to Kyoto with the troops, which his older brother could not accomplish, attempting to promote the bakufu's political reform by having the imperial court dispatch the envoy.
Japanese: 兄・斉彬の死後、藩主となった子の島津忠義を補佐する国父（副城公）の立場となった島津久光は、兄の遺志を継ぎ、兄の果たせなかった率兵上京を敢行し、朝廷から勅使を出させることで幕政の改革を推し進めようと図った。
English: The troops headed by Hisamitsu left Kagoshima on March 16, 1862 and arrived in Kyoto on April 13 (hereinafter the date is based on the old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）3月16日鹿児島を発した久光の軍勢は4月13日に入京する（以後、すべて日付は旧暦による）。
English: If the bakufu had had absolute political power as it used to, the situation that "Saburo (the third son) SHIMAZU", who was a tozama daimyo (non hereditary feudal lord) having no special rank or title even though he was the father of the lord, went to Kyoto with his troop and approached the court nobles without the bakufu's permission would have been deemed as unforgivably reckless, but the bakufu which was losing its authority since the Sakuradamongai Incident did not have the power to stop it.
Japanese: 藩主の父ではあるが、外様大名でしかも無位無官である「島津三郎」が兵を率いて京へ入り、幕府に無断で公家と接触するなどという事態は、幕府健在の頃であれば許されざる暴挙であったが、桜田門外の変以来権威の失墜しつつあった幕府体制にそれを阻止する力はなかった。
English: On the other hand, a radical group of the low ranking samurai, roshi (masterless samurai) and others supporting the Sonno joi movement was expanding its influence in Kyoto mistook that Hisamitsu coming to Kyoto with his troops would take the lead for realizing the Sonno joi and overthrow the bakufu by the military power initiated by the imperial court.
Japanese: 一方、京都で勢力を高めつつあった尊王攘夷派の志士ら過激な下級武士・浪士は、久光の率兵上京を朝廷主導による武力での尊王攘夷実現・幕府打倒の先兵であると誤解していた。
English: Hisamitsu's true intent was the political reform of the bakufu and Kobu Ichiwa (union of the shogunate and the imperial court, another way of calling Kobu Gattai) from the beginning, so he ordered the purge of the extremists of the domain such as Shinshichi ARIMA (Teradaya Incident on April 23).
Japanese: 久光の真意は、あくまで幕政の改革・公武一和であったため、これら志士たちとの間に摩擦を生じ、自藩の急進派有馬新七らの粛清を命じた（寺田屋事件、4月23日）。
English: Hisamitsu approached the court nobles such as Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Tadafusa KONOE, Giso Tadayoshi NAKAYAMA, Sanenaru Ogimachi-SANJO and submitted a petition.
Japanese: 久光は権大納言・近衛忠房や議奏・中山忠能、正親町三条実愛らの公家に工作を働きかけ、建白書を提出。
English: The contents of the petition included the remission and reinstatement of those punished due to Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the shogunate), Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, former lord of the Echizen Domain, to assume Tario (chief minister), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA to act as guardian for Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians", also called as Shogun) and the crackdown of the roshi who radically supported Sonno joi.
Japanese: その内容は、安政の大獄の処分者の赦免および復権、前越前藩主松平慶永の大老就任、徳川慶喜を征夷大将軍後見とする、過激派尊攘浪士を厳しく取り締まる、などから成っていた。
English: Hisamitsu's petition was accepted by the Emperor Komei and it was decided that Shigetomi OHARA would be dispatched as imperial envoy to Edo on May 9.
Japanese: 久光の建白は孝明天皇に受け入れられ、5月9日、勅使として大原重徳を江戸へ派遣することが決定された。
English: On June 7, Shigetomi OHARA, accompanied by 1000 Satsuma troops led by Hisamitsu, went to Edo and started the negotiation with the bakufu.
Japanese: 6月7日、久光ら薩摩兵1000人が随行し大原重徳は江戸へ入り、幕府との交渉を開始する。
English: For the bakufu which had been fully entrusted with the administration of the country, being ordered to reform by the imperial court was an unprecedented event and the bakufu got confused, but it had to finally accept almost all of the order.
Japanese: それまで国政を全面委任されていた幕府に対し、朝廷から改革の指示が下るという前代未聞の事態に幕府内は混乱するが、結局その大部分を受け入れざるを得なかった。
English: To assist the young shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA who was the head of the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family, was assigned as a guardian.
Japanese: 若年の将軍徳川家茂を補佐する役として一橋徳川家当主・徳川慶喜を将軍後見職に任命。
English: Separate from the above reforms, the Kyoto shugoshoku (military governor of Kyoto) as a separate post from the existing Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy) was newly created to keep security in Kyoto, which was deteriorated by radical party of Sonno Joi, and the Lord of the Aizu Domain Katamori MATSUDAIRA assumed office.
Japanese: これとは別に、京都における尊王攘夷過激派の擡頭によって悪化した治安の取り締まりのため、従来の京都所司代とは別に京都守護職を新設し、会津藩主松平容保を任命した。
English: The Sankin-kotai that required the daimyo to reside in Edo every other year was changed to every three years and the residence period in Edo was shortened to 100 days.
Japanese: －それまで隔年交代制であった大名の参勤交代を三年に一度に改め、江戸在留期間も100日とした。
English: The daimyo's wives and children who were forced to live in Edo as hostages were allowed to return to their domain.
Japanese: また人質として江戸に置かれていた大名の妻子についても帰国を許可することとなった。
English: This was a change of the bakufu's fundamental system since its establishment, which meant the bakufu to be losing its authority.
Japanese: これは幕府制度確立以来の根本制度の変革であり、幕府権力の低下も意味していた。
English: The government increased support "Bansho shirabesho" (the Institute for the Investigation of Barbarian Books) to "Yosho shirabesho" (the Institute for the Investigation of Western Books) as well as sent the Takeaki ENOMOTO and Amane NISHI (illuminator) to study in the Netherlands.
Japanese: -それまでの蕃書調所を洋書調所と改め洋学研究をてこ入れするとともに、榎本武揚・西周(啓蒙家)らをオランダへ留学させた。
English: The military reform included the introduction of western military system (tactics of the three combat arms) and the issuance of Heifu rei (ordinance to draft farm soldiers or collect money from Hatamoto [direct retainers of the bakufu] depending on their kokudaka [a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period]).
Japanese: 西洋式兵制（三兵戦術）の導入、兵賦令（旗本から石高に応じて農兵もしくは金を徴収する）の発布などが行われた。
English: On April 15 (old calendar), the "Fukusei henkaku no rei" (Ordinance of dress code reform) was issued, which stipulated that naganoshi (stretched dried abalone used as a betrothal gift) and naga-hakama (long hakama trailing the ground) that had been used for ceremonial clothing since the beginning of the bakufu be discontinued, as a result, the official ceremonies became simpler with more practical ceremonial clothing.
Japanese: 4月15日_(旧暦)に出され、幕府初期以来礼服に用いられてきた長熨斗・長袴が廃止され、より実用的な服装による形式的な服装・儀礼の簡素化が行われた。
English: As Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, who had been forced to retire from the forefront of politics since Ansei no Taigoku, returned to the political scene, the reform of the bakufu was expected to be promoted, but eventually the difference of the opinion with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU surfaced and led to the confrontation.
Japanese: 安政の大獄以来、逼塞に追い込まれていた徳川慶喜・松平慶永らが表舞台に復帰したことにより幕府の改革は進むかに見えたが、やがて島津久光との意見の相違が明らかとなり、対立することとなる。
English: Even though there was a need for reform, the fact that the reform was forced under the pressures from the father of a tozama daimyo as well as the imperial court that had had no real power in politics until that time gave a tremendous damage to the bakufu's authority.
Japanese: 改革の必要があったとはいえ、外様大名の父の圧力、およびそれまで政治的実権を有していなかった朝廷の圧力により改革を強要されたことは、幕府の権威に著しいダメージを与えた。
English: On the contrary, the authority of the imperial court relatively increased, and the bakufu was forced to accept the imperial command which ordered Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA to come to Kyoto next year.
Japanese: それとともに朝廷の権威は相対的に上昇し、幕府は翌年の徳川家茂将軍上洛要求の勅命にも屈することとなる。
English: With the shogun going to Kyoto as a turning point, the bakufu leadership was divided into two: Edo and Kyoto, and the divided bakufu was not fully returned to its previous state until the collapse of the bakufu, which played a part in cutting short the life of the bakufu.
Japanese: そして将軍上洛を契機に幕府の権力も江戸と京都に分裂し、幕府崩壊に至るまで分裂状態は完全に回復されないままとなり、幕府の寿命を縮めることになった。
English: On the other hand, due to the influence by Hisamitsu's actions, the Teradaya Incident and so on the confrontation intensified over the initiative of the Kyoto government between a party of Kobu gattai (reformists of the shogunate government) led by Satsuma, Aizu and other domains and a party of Sonno joi advocators led by the Choshu Domain, Izumi MAKI and other samurai.
Japanese: 一方、京都でも久光の行動と寺田屋事件などの影響により、薩摩藩・会津藩などを中心とする公武合体（幕政改革）派と、長州藩や真木和泉らの志士などを中心とする尊王攘夷派の間で、京都政界の主導権を巡る対立が激しさを増していく。
English: The success of the imperial orders caused the young and vigorous court nobles, who had been prohibited from voicing their political opinions, to increase their influence and the group of Kobu gattai led by Imperial prince Nakagawa no miya Asahiko and the group of sonno joi court nobles led by Sanetomi SANJO and Kintomo ANEGAKOJI fiercely confronted.
Japanese: また勅命の成功によってそれまで政治的発言を封じられていた少壮公卿もまた発言力を増大させ、中川宮朝彦親王・二条斉敬ら公武合体派と三条実美・姉小路公知はじめとする尊攘派公家が激しく対立。
English: A series of these events led to the Coup of August 18 in the next year and the Kinmon no Hen (Conspiracy of Kinmon) in the year after next.
Japanese: これらの動きが翌年の八月十八日の政変、翌々年の禁門の変などにつながっていくことになった。
English: Shigi Kenpo are draft constitutions created by nongovernmental bodies before the issuance of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 私擬憲法（しぎけんぽう）とは、明治時代の大日本帝国憲法発布以前に、民間で検討された憲法の私案のこと。
English: The oldest Shigi Kenpo was the Dai Nippon Seiki (Government Policy of Great Japan) (1872) written by Shuzo AOKI.
Japanese: もっとも古い私擬憲法は、青木周蔵の起草による大日本政規（1872年）とされる。
English: With the growing demand for the establishment of the National Diet, the need for a constitution began to be recognized, and in response to the decision made in the second Kokkai Kisei Domei (League for Founding a national Assembly) in November 1880 to assemble draft constitutions the next year, many Shigi Kenpo were created in the following year, 1881.
Japanese: 国会開設運動の高まりに伴い、憲法の必要性が認識されるようになり、1880年11月の国会期成同盟第2回大会で、翌年に憲法草案を持参することを決議したため、翌1881年に多数の私擬憲法がつくられた。