nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Musashi province, there were many samurai groups such as the Kodamas who were related to the Hiki clan, the powerful local ruling family that died out in the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI; Tokimasa's attempt to conquer Musashi province after the demise of the Hiki clan meant entering territory controlled by Shigetada as the head of the samurai groups in Musashi, and Tokimasa and Shigetada came to have arguments over the conspiracy.
Japanese: 比企能員の変で滅ぼされた有力豪族比企氏の縁戚児玉党など、武蔵国には比企氏と繋がりをもつ者が多く、比企の跡を勢力下に収めようとした時政の武蔵進出は、武蔵武士団の棟梁である重忠の勢力圏への進入であり、比企の乱後の戦後処理を巡って時政と重忠は対立する関係となっていたのである。
English: According to the entry of February 27, 1204 in "Meigetsuki" (Chronicle of the Bright Moon), a rumor that Tokimasa HOJO had lost to Shigetada HATAKEYAMA and fled to the mountains and that Oe no Hiromoto had been killed had already spread; as relatives of Hiromoto panicked and moved out with their belongings, it was clear that there was bad blood between Tokimasa and Shigetada.
Japanese: 『明月記』元久元年（1204年）正月18日条によると、都で「北条時政が畠山重忠と戦って敗北し山中に隠れた。大江広元がすでに殺されたとの事だ。」という風聞が流れ、広元の縁者がそのデマに騒ぎ荷物を運び出す騒動になるなど、両者の対立は周知の事となっていた。
English: Behind the rebellion, there was a disagreement between Tokimasa and Tomomasa (provincial governor of Musashi province) and the Hatakeyama clan (acting provincial governors of Musashi province) over rule of the province.
Japanese: 乱の背景には武蔵国の支配を巡り、留守所畠山氏と国司朝雅を背景とした時政との対立があった。
English: Yoshitoki HOJO managed to avoid the brunt of criticism over the murder of the innocent Shigetada, by deserting his father, Tokimasa, who had supported Tomomasa, Maki no kata's son in law; he also took advantage of a chaotic situation and took control of Musashi province by sweeping Tomomasa, and powerful members of the Chichibu clan including Shigenari INAGE and Shigetomo HANGAYA, from power.
Japanese: 北条義時は牧の方の娘婿である朝雅を担ぐ父時政を切り捨てる事によって、無実の重忠を討ったという御家人達の憎しみの矛先をかわし、混乱に乗じて朝雅と秩父一族の稲毛重成・榛谷重朝ら有力者を一掃して武蔵国の掌握に成功した。
English: Although the Hojo family was well united to eliminate external political enemies such as Kagetoki KAJIWARA and Yoshikazu HIKI, due to the fact that they had no mutual enemies, internal conflicts arose such as the one between the children from his first marriage (Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO) and his second wife, Maki no kata, particularly after the Kamenomae Incident.
Japanese: 北条家内では梶原景時、比企能員など強力な政敵の排除には団結していたが、先妻の子義時・北条政子らと後妻牧の方との間には以前から亀の前事件などの諍いがあり、共通の敵が居なくなった事によって両者の対立が表面化していた。
English: As Tokimasa was exiled in the Makishi Incident which arose from the HATAKEYAMA Rebellion, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was switched from Tokimasa's autocracy to Yoshitoki and Masako's oligarchic autocracy.
Japanese: 畠山の乱に端を発した牧氏事件で時政を追放したことにより、幕府は時政の専制政治から義時・政子姉弟主導による寡頭体制によって専制政治が継続された。
English: In the compilation "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East), Kagetoki KAJIWARA was referred to as an evil person, whereas Shigetada was praised in many articles.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府北条氏による後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』において、梶原景時が悪人と断じられているのとは対照的に、重忠は賛美した記事が目立っている。
English: Although Yoshitoki protected Shigetada at the time of the rebellion, there was no evidence that he looked after Shigetada's children after his death; Shigetada's wife, who was a sister of Yoshitoki and Masako, was approved to inherit Shigetada's territories, however, she married Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, who then became head of the Hatayama clan, which in fact ended Shigetada's family line.
Japanese: 重忠討伐の際、重忠を擁護したという義時は、その後重忠の遺児を庇護したなどという形跡はなく、重忠の所領は義時・政子の姉妹である重忠の妻に安堵され、その妻は北条氏の縁戚足利義純に再嫁して畠山氏を継承し、重忠の血筋は断絶している。
English: Later, Shigetada's bereaved son, Chokei HATAKEYAMA, who became a priest, was executed in October 1213 on suspicion of planning a rebellion and the 3rd shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo said, "Innocent Shigetada died in vain."
Japanese: その後出家していた重忠の遺児畠山重慶は建保元年（1213年）9月に謀反の疑いを受けて殺害され、その際に3代将軍源実朝は「重忠本より過ちなくして誅を被る」と述べている。
English: It is thought that the entries that referred to Yoshitoki's protection of Shigetada and excessive praise of Shigetada in the "Azuma Kagami" were made up to defend the Hojo clan, which had destroyed the hero of the Musashi Province.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』における義時の重忠擁護、重忠の過剰な賛美記事は武蔵の英雄を滅ぼした北条氏弁護のための作為と考えられている。
English: Now, a monument to Shigetada HATAKEYAMA is situated near the Sotetsu line's Tsurugamine station in Asahi ward, Yokohama city, where he ended his life.
Japanese: 現在、横浜市旭区、相鉄線鶴ヶ峰駅の近くには畠山重忠の終焉の地として石碑が建てられている。
English: The Kagetoki KAJIWARA incident is a political incident caused in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the early Kamakura period from November 15, 1199 to February 6, 1200.
Japanese: 梶原景時の変（かじわらかげときのへん）は鎌倉時代初期、正治元年10月25日(旧暦)から翌正治2年1月20日(旧暦)（1199年11月15日-1200年2月6日）にかけて鎌倉幕府内部で起こった政争。
English: After the death of the first shogun, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, his right hand, Kagetoki KAJIWARA, was expelled from the bakufu due to the letter of covenant prepared by 66 gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) with common interests, and his clan was ruined.
Japanese: 初代将軍源頼朝の死後に腹心であった梶原景時が御家人66名による連判状によって幕府から追放され、一族が滅ぼされた事件である。
English: Kagetoki KAJIWARA, who was excellent both in literary and military arts, worked for the Kamakura bakufu as an administrator of the Board of Retainers while keeping an eye on the gokenins' activities for their performance review, as well as for law and order.
Japanese: 文武に優れた梶原景時は鎌倉幕府侍所別当として御家人たちの行動に目を光らせ、勤務評定や取り締まりにあたる目付役であった。
English: Although he was a loyal subject playing an important role to Yoritomo, who had established a tyrannical rule as the Lord of Kamakura, Kagetoki was in the invidious position of gokenin.
Japanese: 鎌倉殿専制政治をとる頼朝にとっては重要な役割を担った忠臣である一方、御家人たちからは恨みを買いやすい立場の人物であった。
English: In February 1199,Yoritomo suddenly died, and his legitimate child MINAMOTO no Yoriie succeeded to the head position in the family.
Japanese: 正治元年（1199年）正月、頼朝が急逝し、嫡子源頼家が家督を継いた。
English: Due to the gokenins' smoldering discontent with the dictatorship by the shogun, Yoriie was deprived of his voting right to lawsuits within only three months, and a council system by 13 senior vassals called shukuro was established to stop the dictatorship by the shogun.
Japanese: しかし将軍独裁体制に対する御家人たちの鬱積した不満により、頼家はわずか3ヶ月で訴訟の採決権を奪われ、代わって幕府宿老による十三人の合議制がしかれ、将軍独裁は押さえられた。
English: Kagetoki, on whom Yoriie relied as 'the number one vassal' following the reign of Yoritomo, also joined this movement.
Japanese: 頼朝時代に続き頼家が「一の郎党」として頼みとしていた景時もこれに加わった。
English: According to the entry of November 22 described in a historical book entitled "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East), in the autumn, six months after the establishment of the council system, Tomomitsu YUKI recalled Yoritomo's glory in the office of the shogun's palace, saying, 'I should have entered into priesthood at that point of time as the proverb says that loyal subjects do not serve two masters. I feel as if we were walking on thin ice these days.'
Japanese: 合議制成立の半年後の秋、『吾妻鏡』10月25日条によると、将軍御所の詰め所で結城朝光がありし日の頼朝の思い出を語り「忠臣二君に仕えずというが、あの時出家すべきだった。今の世はなにやら薄氷を踏むような思いがする」と述べた。
English: Two days later, Awa no tsubone (a daughter of Tokimasa HOJO) working at the palace as a court lady said to Tomomitsu, 'You are to be killed because Kagetoki KAJIWARA made a slanderous report to the shogun by regarding your talk as evidence of rebellion.'
Japanese: 翌々日、御所に勤める女官である阿波局(北条時政の娘)が朝光に「あなたの発言が謀反の証拠であるとして梶原景時が将軍に讒言し、あなたは殺される事になっている」と告げた。
English: Being surprised, Tomomitsu consulted with Yoshimura MIURA, and met together with Yoshimori WADA and other gokenin at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, where they requested that Nakanari NAKAHARA, kujibugyonin (magistrate), who held a grudge against Kagetoki, prepare a letter of condemnation.
Japanese: 驚いた朝光は三浦義村に相談し、和田義盛ら他の御家人たちに呼びかけて鶴岡八幡宮に集まると、景時に恨みを抱いていた公事奉行人の中原仲業に糾弾状の作成を依頼した。
English: Hiromoto kept the letter, having hesitated about whether or not to hand it to the shogun Yoriie, however, Yoshimori WADA made him do it.
Japanese: 広元は躊躇して連判状をしばらく留めていたが、和田義盛に強く迫られて将軍頼家に奏上した。
English: Although on December 8, Shogun Yoriie showed the letter of covenant to Kagetoki, expecting his explanation, Kagetoki made no excuse and went back to his manor in Ichinomiya, Sagami Province with his clan.
Japanese: 11月12日、将軍頼家は連判状を景時に見せて弁明を求めたが、景時は何の抗弁もせず、一族を引き連れて所領の相模国一宮に下向した。
English: Having gained the support of gokenin with his suspension, Kagetoki returned to Kamakura once on January 4, 1200, but he was ordered to be expelled from Kamakura on January 13 due to Yoriie's failure to defend him, and his mansion in Kamakura was destroyed by Yoshimori WADA, Yoshimura MIURA working as magistrates for Kagetoki's expulsion.
Japanese: 謹慎によって御家人たちの支持を得たので景時は12月9日に一端鎌倉へ戻ったが、頼家は景時を庇うことが出来ず、18日、景時は鎌倉追放を申し渡され、和田義盛、三浦義村が景時追放の奉行となって鎌倉の邸は取り壊された。
English: On January 24, Tomomasa OYAMA, an older brother of Tomomitsu YUKI, assumed the post of governor of Harima Province in place of Kagetoki, and the post of provincial constable of Mimasaka Province held by Kagetoki was given to Yoshimori WADA.
Japanese: 29日、結城朝光の兄小山朝政が景時に代わって播磨国守護となり、同じく景時の所有であった美作国の守護は和田義盛に与えられた。
English: On February 13, 1200, Kagetoki, who was heading for Kyoto with his clan, was found and attacked by local samurais including the Yoshikawa clan, who happened to be staying near the Kiyomigaseki checking station on the Tokiado Road in Suruga Province (now Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka City), which resulted in a battle at Kitsunegasaki.
Japanese: 翌正治2年（1200年）正月20日、景時は一族とともに京都へ上る道中で東海道の駿河国清見関（静岡市清水区）近くで偶然居合わせた吉川氏ら在地武士たちに発見されて襲撃を受け、狐崎において合戦となる。
English: His children, Saburo Kageshige (34 years old), Rokuro Kagekuni, Shichiro Kagemune, Hachiro Kagenori and Kuro Kagetsura were killed, but Kagetoki, the heir Kagesue (39 years old) and the second son Kagetaka (36 years old) lost their lives after retreating to the mountains.
Japanese: 子の三郎景茂（年34）・六郎景国・七郎景宗・八郎景則・九郎景連が討たれ、景時と嫡子景季（年39）、次男景高（年36）は山へ引いて戦ったのち、自害した。
English: The next day, the heads of Kagetoki and his two sons were found, and the heads of 33 clan members were hung over the road.
Japanese: 翌日景時と子息2人の首が探し出され、一族33名の首が路上に懸けられた。
English: According to the report from Nobumitsu TAKEDA mentioned in the section of February 21 of "Azuma Kagami," Kagetoki tried to rise in revolt by supporting Ariyoshi TAKEDA for the shogunate, saying that he was appointed as general commander of the provinces in Kyushu by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』正月28日条の武田信光からの報告によると、景時は朝廷から九州諸国の総司令に任命されたと称して上洛し、武田有義を将軍に奉じて反乱を目論んだという。
English: In Kyoto, Yoriie was criticized for the death of a loyal subject like Kagetoki, and this was seen as his greatest failure.
Japanese: 京都では忠臣であった景時を死なせたことは、頼家の大失策であると評された。
English: On March 6, 1201 after the ruin of Kagetoki, Nagamochi JO, who became gokenin (vassal) under the protection of Kagetoki went to Kyoto, where he attacked the accommodation of Tomosama OYAMA who was staying in Kyoto as the guardian of Kyoto.
Japanese: 景時滅亡後の正治3年（1201年）正月23日、景時が庇護して御家人となっていた城長茂が上洛し、大番役で在京していた小山朝政の宿所を襲撃する。
English: Nagamochi tried to obtain the imperial decree to defeat and kill Yoriie from Emperor Gotoba only to fail, and he was killed by the bakufu army in Yoshino.
Japanese: 長茂は後鳥羽天皇に頼家追討の宣旨を得ようとしたが叶わず、吉野で幕府軍に討たれている。
English: Three years after expelling Kagetoki, Yoriie was deprived of the post of shogun by the Hojo clan and was assassinated.
Japanese: 景時追放の3年後、頼家は北条氏によって将軍職を追放されたのち、暗殺された。
English: According to "Gyokuyo" (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO), a record on the Kyoto side (section of January 26, 1200), Kagetoki, against whom other samurais jealously held a grudge, reported to Yoriie the conspiracy of those supporting MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, a younger brother of Yoriie, for the shogunate, and confronted other samurais only to be accused of slander, which resulted in his expulsion from the clan.
Japanese: 京都側の記録である『玉葉』（正治2年正月2日条）によると、他の武士たちに嫉まれ、恨まれた景時は、頼家の弟源実朝を将軍に立てようとする陰謀があると頼家に報告し、他の武士たちと対決したが言い負かされ、讒言が露見した結果、一族とともに追放されてしまったという。
English: Although in "Azuma Kagami" a historical book edited by the Hojo clan of the Kamakura bakufu in later years, the names of Tokimasa HOJO and Yoshitoki HOJO do not appear in the letter of condemnation of Kagetoki, Tokimasa was the provincial constable of Suruga Province, where Kagetoki and his clan were attacked, and Awa no tsubone, a court lady, who triggered the accusation of Kagetoki, was a daughter of Tokimasa and the wet nurse of Sanetomo.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府北条氏による後年の編纂書である『吾妻鏡』では、景時弾劾状に北条時政・北条義時の名は見られないが、景時の一行が襲撃を受けた駿河国の守護は時政であり、景時糾弾の火を付けた女官の阿波局(北条時政の娘)は時政の娘で、実朝の乳母であった。
English: Being behind the gokenin in this incident, it is said that the Hojo clan started eliminating senior vassals with the expulsion of Kagetoki.
Japanese: この事件では御家人達の影に隠れた形となっているが、景時追放はその後続く北条氏による有力御家人排除の嚆矢とされる。
English: He compiled and edited various existing pedigree records and other documents, and the publication is considered a highly valuable historical source.
Japanese: 既存の系譜集や記録などを広く集めて再編纂しており、史料価値が高いとされる。
English: When compiling "Dainihonshi" (Great history of Japan), Mito Domain gathered information from around the country, including pedigree records.
Japanese: 水戸藩の『大日本史』編纂に対して諸国から情報が集められていたが、そのなかで系図も集まっていた。
English: Many pedigree records have different traditions and there are several versions of family trees.
Japanese: しかしこれらの系譜のなかには異なる伝承を持ち数種類の系図が存在するものも多かった。
English: "Sonpibunmyaku", a classic genealogy, was reedited according to "Shoka keizusan" (the genealogies of the various families), existing family trees, literature, local reports and records, such as "Kansei Choshu Shokafu" (genealogies of vassals in Edo Bakufu), "Hankanpu" (Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate), "Record of family trees", "Jigekaden" (a record of family trees of Jige, lower rank court officials, written by Kagefumi MIKAMI), were studied and referenced, and pedigree charts were compiled by family and clan, such as Miyake (house of an imperial prince), Fujiwara clan, Sugawara clan, Ki clan, Taira clan, and various Minamoto clans.
Japanese: 系図の古典たる『尊卑分脈』を『諸家系図纂』に結びつけて再編纂しただけでなく、『寛政重修諸家譜』『藩翰譜』『諸家伝』『地下家伝』など先行の系図集や文献・地誌・記録類を広く渉猟し参考にして、宮家、藤原氏・菅原氏・紀氏・平氏・諸源氏などの諸氏・諸家ごとに集大成している。
English: Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), main shogun's retainers, court nobles and shake (family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis) were covered and pedigree records were extended to the end of Edo period.
Japanese: また大名・主要な幕臣・公家・社家などを収録範囲とし、可能な限り幕末まで系譜を伸ばしている。
English: The precise year in which it was compiled is unknown, but since the earliest date is 1856 and the presumed author Iida died in 1860, it is considered that it was completed during this period.
Japanese: 正確な成立年は不明だが、内容の下限は安政3年（1856年）であることと、著者とみられる飯田が万延元年（1860年）に死去していることから、この時期に成立したとみられている。
English: A major feature is that differing theories are shown in family trees and differences between traditions of pedigree records are shown for future reference.
Japanese: また大きな特徴として、異説の系譜を本系図中途に併記しており、後世の参考になるように系譜伝承の違いが示されている。
English: Since it is a valued historical document that contains family trees from after the Kansei era and covers a wide range of materials, it can be said to be a "Sonpibunmyaku" of the late Edo period.
Japanese: 寛政期以降の系図を収録する貴重な史料であり、その収録内容の多さから「幕末期の『尊卑分脈』」ともいえるものである。
English: Since it was designed to be faithful to originals, existing pedigree records were used as they were, and there is a problem that some families were intentionally linked to famous families and such errors were not corrected.
Japanese: ただし原典に忠実であるようにしているため、従来の系譜をそのまま利用しており、自分の家を勝手に有名な系図へ結びつけるという系図の仮冒を、校正せずにそのまま書いているという問題も存在する。
English: Nenkiho (also referred to as Nenki no ho) is a legal principle for the statute of limitations developed under the Medieval samurai law.
Japanese: 年紀法（ねんきほう/ねんきのほう）とは、中世武家法の元で発達した時効法理。
English: It refers to confirming a person who has done the act in question as the legitimate right holder with the fact that he has possessed/occupied the land after a certain nenki (period) regardless of the real rights.
Japanese: 一定の年紀を過ぎると、その間の土地の所有・占有の事実をもって真実の権利関係如何を問わず、当該行為を行っていた者を正当な権利保持者として確認されること。
English: Nenkiho is also called '20-year Nenkiho' since the 'twenty-year chigyo (enfeoffment)' principle having 20-year enfeoffment (exercise of rights of possession/occupation) as its requirement of realization was introduced after the enactment of the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai).
Japanese: 御成敗式目以後、20年間の知行（所有・占有の権限行使）を成立要件とする「廿箇年知行」原則が導入されたことから、「二十箇年年紀法」とも呼ばれる。
English: However it is believed that later it also referred to a legal effect which would result after a certain period had passed.
Japanese: が、後においては一定の年数を経過した後に発生した法律効果のことも指すようになったと考えられている。
English: Since the life of the nobles in the Heian Period was separated from the agricultural community which was a place to produce, the legislation on the acquisition of rights including Nenki was not enacted.
Japanese: また平安貴族は生産の場である農村社会と遊離して生活していたため、年紀を含めて権利取得に関する法制が成立しなかった。
English: This can be seen from the fact that "Hososhiyo-sho" (The Essentials for the Judiciary), which is an accumulation of the Ritsuryo law and theories of Myobo-ke (scholars of the law), has no provisions for Nenki.
Japanese: これは律令法及び明法家学説の集積である『法曹至要抄』に年紀に関する規定が無いことからも分かる。
English: In the insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor), however, there existed the ideas of 'Tanen ryosho' (long-term territory reign) and 'Keinenjo' (order over time) as well as the existence of a deed as a basic criterion in lawsuits about lands in the Court noble society.
Japanese: ただし、院政期には公家社会における土地を巡る訴訟においては基本的な判断材料とされた証文の有無とともに「多年領掌」「経年序」の考え方も合わせて存在している。
English: Therefore it is unclear whether the idea about Nenki did not exist at all in the Court noble law, or Nenki was considered on a practical level.
Japanese: そのため公家法に年紀についての考えが全く存在しなかったのか、実務上においては年紀が考慮されていたのかについては定かではない。
English: The first provision known that the Nenkiho is written in is the "Goseibai-shikimoku" Article 8 ('Territory with no actual enfeoffment over time under the official document').
Japanese: 年紀法を明文化した最初の条文として知られているのは、『御成敗式目』第8条（「雖帯御下文不令知行、経年序所領事」）にある「当知行之後、過二十箇年者、任右大将家之例、不論理非、不能改替。
English: (After 20 years of such enfeoffment, returning is unnecessary without discussion according to the Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) family's case.
Japanese: 而申知行之由、掠給御下文之輩、雖帯彼状不及叙用（当知行の後、二十箇年を過ぐれば、右大将家の例に任せて理非を論せずに改替にあたわず。
English: However, a petition from a person who got the official document by claiming false enfeoffment is not taken up.)'
Japanese: しかるに知行の由を申して御下文を掠め給わるの輩、かの状を帯ぶるといえども叙用に及ばず）」というものである。
English: This means that a territory, newly given by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or with an official document approving the ownership (Andojo), which has not reigned by the owner in reality for over 20 years, does not allow the actual status changed without discussion about the legitimacy of the rights in accordance with the case of the Udaisho family (the precedent of the family of the MINAMOTO no Yoritomo).
Japanese: これは、鎌倉幕府から新恩あるいは本領安堵の御下文（安堵状）を得ている所領であっても、現実に知行しないまま年数を経たものについては、20年経過した場合には右大将家の例（源頼朝の家中の先例）に従って権利の正当性についての理非を問わずに現状を変更しない。
English: However, even if a person, who got the official document by disguising as enfeoffment, claims his rights on the ground of the official document, his petition will not be taken up, that is the aim.
Japanese: ただし、知行をしていると偽って御下文を得たものがそれを根拠として権利を主張したとしても、その訴えは取り上げないという趣旨である。
English: But there is another opinion that it is a provision ruling negative prescription by 'no enfeoffment,' an act of not exercising the authority of enfeoffment.
Japanese: が、知行の権限を行使しなかった行為――いわゆる「不知行」による消滅時効を定めた条文とする異説もある。
English: And the opinion is divided; this provision was based on the legal principle exercised indeed in the period of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; the common law before Yoritomo was also done after the period of Yoritomo; or the legal principle, established after Yoritomo or adopted for the first time for the Goseibai-shikimoku, was treated as the legal principle established by Yoritomo.
Japanese: 更にこの条文が実際に源頼朝の時代に行われていた法理を根拠とするものなのか、はたまた頼朝以前からの慣習法が頼朝の時代以後も行われたものなのか、更には頼朝以後に成立した又は御成敗式目で初めて採用した法理を頼朝によって定められた法理として仮託させたものなのかについては意見が分かれている。
English: The "Goseibai-shikimoku" Article 8 was epoch-making in the way of introducing 'twenty-year enfeoffment,' a certain Nenki (20 years) from just vague legal principles such as 'Tanen ryosho' and 'Keinenjo.'
Japanese: 『御成敗式目』第8条は単なる「多年領掌」「経年序」という漠然とした法理から「廿箇年知行」という一定の年紀（20年）を導入したという点で画期的である。
English: It is believed that it was an effective measure especially for disputes among gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)which increased sharply after the Jokyu War.
Japanese: 特に承久の乱後に急増するようになった御家人間の紛争に対する有効な手段であったと考えられている。
English: However, this provision was not applied for the lawsuits about the territories of temples and shrines immediately, and those of the Court nobles, though it was valid for the lawsuits about the territories of samurai families under the jurisdiction of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: ただし、この規定は鎌倉幕府が管轄する武家領における訴訟では有効であったが、寺社領や公家領に関する訴訟では直ちに適用されなかった。
English: Some think this shows that the Court noble society, which handled the lawsuits about the territories of the Court nobles, temples and shrines, had a negative attitude against the Nenkiho itself.
Japanese: これについては、公家領や寺社領に関する訴訟を扱ってきた公家社会が年紀法自体に否定的な姿勢を示していたとする考え方もある。
English: But the Goseibai-shikimoku Article 8 itself just shows the idea on the Nenkiho in the samurai society, and whether or not the Nenkiho was adopted in the Court noble society at the time is another issue.
Japanese: しかし御成敗式目第8条自体が単に武家社会における年紀法に関する考え方を示したに過ぎず、当時の公家社会において年紀法が採用されていたかどうかとは別次元の問題である。
English: Even in the samurai society, the Nenkiho was not supposed to be adopted for the land management of jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the estates into which the countryside was divided).
Japanese: なお、武家社会においても地頭の所務に関しては年紀法は適用されないものとされていた。
English: It was a measure to prevent a jito from neglecting the payment of nengu (land tax) to the lord of the manor for lengthy periods of time, and ultimately seizing the land for himself on the ground of Nenki, which was added in 1247.
Japanese: これは地頭が長期に渡って荘園領主への年貢の納入を怠って最終的に年紀を理由に自己のものとする押領行為を防ぐ措置で、宝治元年（1247年）に追加されたものであった。
English: Later, in the end of the Kamakura Period, the Nenkiho on '20 years' was executed widely including the Court noble society.
Japanese: その後、「20年」の年紀法は鎌倉時代末期には公家社会などを含めて広く行われるようになる。
English: Further, it was adopted for the expiration date of a deed itself (Monjo nenki) and that of a right to sue (Sosho nenki), which shows that it was well established as a universal legal principle in the medieval period.
Japanese: 更に証文自体に関する有効期限（「文書年紀」）や訴権の有効期限（「訴訟年紀」）にも応用されるようになるなど中世における普遍的法理として定着した。
English: The laws and ordinances of the Muromachi bakufu and Bunkokuho (law warring lords enforced in their own domain) also adopted the Nenkiho to have limits of 20 years.
Japanese: 室町幕府の法令や戦国大名の分国法でも20年を限度とする年紀法が採用された。
English: However, in the recent times, the land ruling system by the kogi (shogunate) was established, which made all the territory of samurai onkyuchi (land awarded by the lord), and all the agricultural land of peasants were registered in and managed by the cadastral register, so there was no room left for the Nenkiho to enact.
Japanese: が、近世に入ると公儀による土地支配体制が築かれ、武士の所領は全て恩給地となり、農民の耕地は全て検地帳に登録・管理されるようになったために、年紀法が成立する余地が無くなっていった。
English: On the other hand, separated from the Nenkiho mentioned above, "Goseibai-shikimoku" Article 41 stipulates that nuhi zonin (servant) shall be invalid after 10-year neglecting.
Japanese: 一方、以上の土地に対する年紀法とは別に『御成敗式目』第41条には奴婢雑人については10年放置すれば無効になることが定められている。
English: According to the later annotation, this takes a case of taking in and raising an abandoned child, and an escape of hereditary genin (manservant) into account.
Japanese: 後世の注釈によれば、捨子を拾って育てた場合や譜第の下人の逃亡などを念頭に置いたものとされる。
English: This principle was inherited by the Edo bakufu, which banned Eitai baibai (buying and selling permanently) of a person, and the Nenki of fudai genin (low-ranked people in the hereditary succession) was set to a maximum of 10 years on the ground of the "Goseibai-shikimoku" Article 41.
Japanese: この原則は江戸幕府にも継承され、人身の永代売買を禁じるとともに『御成敗式目』第41条を根拠に譜代下人の年紀は最大10年とされた。
English: Wayakushu aratame kaisho was an agency established by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during the Edo period, which performed quality control check on domestic (Japanese) materials of medicines.
Japanese: 和薬種改会所（わやくしゅあらためかいしょ）は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が設置した和薬種の品質管理のための鑑定を行った機関。