nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Lower than fifth grade ranking ladies such as Sangun (尚宮) were court ladies who were engaged in duties of work at the Kokyu palaces.
Japanese: 尚宮（、サングン）を始めとする正五品以下は職務に従事する女官たちであった。
English: In Japan, the 'Gokuu kaninryo' (regulation codes for Kokyo palace; later, Yoro ritsuryo code [code promulgated in the Yoro period) changed this regulation code into 'Gokuu shikiinryo.') was established by the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
Japanese: 日本では、大宝律令において「後宮官員令」（養老律令では「後宮職員令」と改称）が定められた。
English: In case there were several empresses later, a chugu mostly referred to all empresses chosen from the second wife downward.
Japanese: 後に複数の皇后が立てられた際は、2番目以後の者を指すことが多かった。
English: Nyogo: Originally a nyogo referred to another name for Hin (a mistress) but this term evolved into a position of one in pursuit of the rank of an empress and chugu; therefore, a lady who planed to become an empress or a chugu became a nyogo first, according to custom.
Japanese: 女御（にょうご）…本来は嬪の別称であったが、後に皇后・中宮に次ぐ地位とされてこれらの地位に昇る予定の女性でもまず女御になるのを慣例とした。
English: Koi (nyokan [court lady]): Originally, a koi was a court lady who served at the 'benden' (emperor's temporary place of sojourn [a temporary stay]) but later the koi served in the emperor's bed room and was elevated into the position of consort next to the nyogo.
Japanese: 更衣(女官)（こうい）…本来は「便殿」詰めの女官であったが、後に天皇の寝室にも奉仕して女御に次ぐ地位の配偶者に改められた。
English: Miyasudokoro: Originally, a miyasudokoro was a nyokan in service of the emperor's bedchamber (bedroom) but changed the meaning later to a miyasudokoro who served at emperor's bedroom and elevated to the position of a consort next to koi.
Japanese: 御息所（みやすんどころ）…本来は「御息所」詰めの女官であったが、後に天皇の寝室にも奉仕して更衣に次ぐ地位の配偶者に改められた。
English: Later, a miyasudokoro changed the meaning and referred to the nyokan who received an emperor's favor, and a consort of a Prince or Imperial Prince.
Japanese: 後に転じて天皇の寵愛を受けた女官や、皇太子・親王の配偶者のことも指すようになった。
English: Mikushigedono: Originally a nyokan served at the 'Mikushirodono' (a place to prepare the wardrobe of an emperor) but changed the meaning later to a mikushigedono who served in the emperor's bedroom and was elevated to the position of a consort next to koi.
Japanese: 貞観殿（みくしげどの）…本来は「御匣殿」詰めの女官であったが、後に天皇の寝室にも奉仕して更衣に次ぐ地位の配偶者に改められた。
English: The highest rank of mikushigedono was called 'betto' and in some cases, a lady who planed to become a nyogo worked as a mikushigedono betto first.
Japanese: その最上位のものは「別当」と称し、後に女御に昇る予定の女性がまず御匣殿別当に就く事もあった。
English: Gunga (county district offices) was a government office attended to the affairs of state by government officials (lower or middle ranked) of the counties (called Gunji) under the kodai Ritsuryosei (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance) in Japan.
Japanese: 郡衙（ぐんが）は、日本の古代律令制度のもとで、郡の官人（郡司）が政務をとった役所である。
English: A Gunga was a kind of Kanga (government office) facility as well as a Kokufu (ancient provincial office or capital) and Eki (an ancient station, supporting facilities for a traffic system under Ritsuryo system) and also pronounced in several ways such as Guuke, Gunge, Kooge and Gunin.
Japanese: 国府や駅とともに地方における官衙施設で、郡家（ぐうけ・ぐんげ・こおげ）・郡院（ぐんいん）という。
English: Additionally, it consisted of other elements, such as a shoso (public repository) which maintained the collection of all denso (rice field tax) and a shozei suiko to (loaned rice plant as the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) and other architectural structures reserved for lodging.
Japanese: ほか、田租・正税出挙稲を保管する正倉、宿泊用の建築などから構成される。
English: Since the Kokufu where kokushi (provincial governors) resided controled Gunga indirectly, most of Gunji were members of powerful local families such as the old kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor).
Japanese: 国司の所在する国府から間接支配程度の統制が行われ、郡司は旧国造などの在地有力豪族であることが多い。
English: It is also believed that there was a betsuin (branch facility, branch temple) for conducting supportive political affairs, in case a gun's (county) area was too large to manage through a central office.
Japanese: また、郡域が広域にわたる場合には別院の政治的拠点が存在していたと考えられている。
English: Unlike the location of a Kokufu, process to pinpoint the location of Gunga ruins has not progressed because many of the Gunga establishments were relocated due to circumstances of establishment for a Gun (county) and political transitions.
Japanese: 郡衙は国府所在地と異なり、郡衙所在地は立郡事情や政治的変遷により移転していることもあり、その特定がなかなか進んでいない。
English: In recent years the excavation and research has been progressing in archaeology and these well-known remains have been reexamined.
Japanese: 近年は考古学における発掘調査の進展や既知の遺跡の再検討がされている。
English: Many remains related to kanga (government office) have been found by findings of excaveted remains such as massive building construction ruins, an ink writing earthenware and Saishi (religious service) vestige which related to kanga facilities.
Japanese: 官衙施設に関係する大型建築跡や墨書土器、祭祀遺物などの出土遺物により、多数の官衙関係遺跡が発見されている。
English: As a result of these discoveries, an ancient transportation system connected between the Kokufu and the Gunga, and between the Gunga and another Gunga has been emerged.
Japanese: これらの成果により、国府と郡衙間、または郡衙と郡衙間を結ぶ古代の交通体系がわかってきている。
English: These remains were proof that around the late ninth century, the kokushi (provincial governors) acquired greater authority and significant power and began to administrate like a Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) in their actual practice, and the effect of this fact upon the Gunji was a dramatic reduction in power and authority so the Gunga system declined in Japan.
Japanese: 9世紀後半頃、国司の権限が大幅に強化され、受領化するとともに、郡司の権限は大幅に縮小され、全国的に郡衙が衰退したことがわかってきている。
English: Additionally, an office of gun (county) in the modern period of Japan (the Meiji and Taisho periods), formed by Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (Act for the alignment of local government system) enacted in 1878, was called gunyakusho.
Japanese: なお、1878年の郡区町村編制法によって編制された近代（明治・大正期）の郡の役所は郡役所と称する。
English: In ancient Japan, it meant the rice fields owned by the Imperial family or the Imperial Court, and the meaning varies according to the times.
Japanese: 古代日本において天皇家・朝廷が所有する田地を言い、時代によって異なる。
English: "Yoro ritsuryo Code" provided that kanden was the fields to produce food for emperor's meal in the four provinces of Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: 『養老律令』制において、畿内4国に設置された天皇供御（くご）の食料田が官田として規定された。
English: It originated from Mita or Miyake before Taika, and was called Mita and Miyaketa in "Taiho Ritsuryo Code" and "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), respectively.
Japanese: 大化以前の屯田（みた)・御宅（みやけ）に由来し、『大宝律令』では屯田といい、『延喜式』では三宅田という。
English: A total of 100 cho (about 9920 ares) of rice paddies established in the provices of Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi and Yamashiro were under the control of the Imperial Household Ministry, and shoshi (officials) of the Imperial Household Ministry such as tomo no miyatsuko (Servant of the Court administering a group) and shibe (low rank bureaucrats) were dispatched as 田司 (屯司 in theTiho Code) to manage the fields, which were cultivated by the peasants of alloted farmland as zoyo (irregular corvee).
Japanese: 大和国、摂津国、河内国、山背国に設置された、宮内省が管理する総計100町の水田で、宮内省所管諸司の伴部、使部等が田司（大宝令は屯司）として派遣されて経営にあたり、班田農民の雑徭によって耕作された。
English: "The Engishiki" provided 86 cho including Izumi Province, and some rice fields were managed by the Imperial Household Ministry and others were managed by each province but the persons in charge of the management were authorized by kokushi (provincial governors).
Japanese: 『延喜式』では和泉国を含めて86町あり、宮内省営田と各国営田があるが、経営の責任者は共に国司に委された。
English: In 879, a total of 4000 cho of kanden was established in Gokinai capital region to allot for the salary of government officials.
Japanese: 元慶3年（879年）に五畿内諸国に設置された官人給与に充てる計4000町の官田が設定された。
English: Kanden had two systems: a direct administration system that contracted farm work out to 正長 and gave eiryo to collect a certain amount of crop, and the system of jishi or chinso (land taxes under Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: この官田は正長に請け負わせ、営料を与えて所定の穫稲を収取する直営的経営の方式と、地子制または賃租制による方式とがある。
English: In 881, the system was revised to allocate a part of kanden for shoshiyogekiryo (originally given to busy gekikan, but became common later) and banjororyo.
Japanese: 元慶5年（881年）には、官田の一部を割いて、諸司要劇料（しょしようげきりょう、元は多忙な劇官のみに支給、後に一般化した）と番上粮料等に充てるよう、制度改正が為された。
English: At the same time, government officials were permitted to establish tax-exempted lands that were provided to cover the labor cost of shoshi (officials) and the lands were alloted for officials' salary.
Japanese: なお、この時に官司による諸司田の設置も認められるようになり、当該官司の職員の給与の一部にあてられた。
English: In the middle of the eighth century, Ryozeiho (taxation law in enforcement in China until Ming Dynasty) was enacted and the rate of taxation on individuals owned the lands was reduced to a lower level than before.
Japanese: 8世紀半ばに両税法が施行され、土地を所有する個人への課税率がそれまでと比較して低率に抑えられた
English: On the other hand, however, more central government officials were employed through Kakyo (Imperial Examination) in earnest, and surrounding different ethnic groups were exhibiting disquieting behavior, and as a result, military expenditure and the cost for personnel affairs swelled.
Japanese: が、その一方で、中央官僚は科挙による人材登用が本格化して増加し、周辺異民族も不穏な動きを見せているため、軍事費、人事経費が膨大なものとなった。
English: To cover them, the Imperial Court restored monopolization and tried to rebuild the finances and established areas which were under the direct control of the state (kanden) to lease them to private hands and collected a high-rate tax as a farm rent.
Japanese: これを賄うために、朝廷は専売制度を復活させて財政の立て直しを図る共に、国家の直接所有地（官田）を設定して民間に貸し出し、小作料である高税率の公課（租）を徴収するようになった。
English: Unlike private estates which were managed by local governments such as zhou (prefecture) and xian (county), Kanden in the Song period was under the control of central authorities and the state collected land taxes from contracted tenant farmers, but in more recent years in Yaun and Ming, most kanden were controlled by local governments as well as private estates.
Japanese: 宋代の官田は、民田が州・県などの地方政府によって管理されるのに対し、官田を専管する中央官庁の下に置かれ、国家は契約した小作人（官佃戸）から租を徴収していたが、元、明と時代が下るにつれて、官田の多くは民田と共に地方政府によって管理されるようになった。
English: Some of the landlords were entrusted with the management of kanden on a massive scale by the state because of their privileges and wealth.
Japanese: 彼ら地主層の中には、特権的地位と財力に物を謂わせて大量の官田の経営を国家から委ねられる者もいた。
English: The right to cultivate kanden, like that of private estates, was tradable, and landlords collected the rights.
Japanese: また官田の耕作権は、民田の所有権と同様に売買が可能であり、地主層による官田の耕作権の集約も行われた。
English: In this way, landlords undertook tenant farming of kanden from the state and entrusted the work to tenant farmers.
Japanese: 地主は、こうして国家から官田の小作を請け負い、これを又小作に出した。
English: Accordingly, the tenant famer system (landlord-tenant farmer system) developed with kanden as well as with private estates.
Japanese: 従って、官田においても、民田の場合と同じく小作制（地主佃戸制）が発達した。
English: Kanden were established throughout the country; in the delta land on th south side of the lower Yangtze River, a great deal of land which had the highest agricultural productivity had been kanden since the Southern Song Dynasty, and in the early Ming period, 45% of farmlands in the six prefectures of Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Suzho city, Songjiang city, Huzhou and Jiaxing were kanden.
Japanese: 官田は全国各地に置かれたが、最も農業生産力が高い長江下流南岸のデルタ地帯では、南宋の頃から多くの土地が官田化され、明代の初めには、常州、鎮江、蘇州市、松江市、湖州、嘉興市の6府の農地の45%が官田で占められた。
English: The tax on kanden in the Ming period was lower than private farm rent, but in Suzhou Prefecture, for example, the average tax rate per ridge was 40% of it and the cost of transportation to government warehouses was paid by themselves.
Japanese: 明代の官田の税は民間の小作料よりは低かったが、それでも例えば蘇州府では1畝当たりの平均税率がその4割にも達し、官倉への輸送費用も自弁であった。
English: Therefore, the burden was so heavy that various preferential treatments for kanden-tax payers could not correct the difference in burden between kanden and private estates.
Japanese: そのため、その負担はかなり重く、官田の税の納入者への様々な優遇措置も、官田と民田との負担格差を是正する事は出来なかった。
English: Because of that, there were a succession of delinquency, desertation, illicit change of registration to private estate by small scale farmers and small or medium-sized landlords, and the state were unable to ensure the stable income.
Japanese: そのため、小規模農民や中小規模の地主を問わず、滞納や逃亡、民田への不正な登録変更などが相次ぎ、国家は安定した収入を得る事が出来なくなった。
English: In the early 16th century, tax standardization between kanden and private estates was promoted everywhere by the prefectures, and kanden basically disappeared by the middle of the century.
Japanese: 16世紀前半には、各地で県を単位とした官田と民田の税率一本化が進められ、中頃には官田は基本的に消滅した。
English: In the Ming and Qing periods, there were areas which were under the direct control of the Imperial Household (the imperial menor in the Ming period, the menor of the Imperial Household Department in the Qing period) as a part of kanden, and settlements of ex-legionary were established in military camps and important places on the frontier, and 学田 were established in public schools in local areas such as provincial, prefectural and county-owned schools..
Japanese: 明・清代においては、官田の一部として皇室の直轄地（明代皇荘、清代内務府官荘）があるほか、両時代とも各軍営や辺境の要地には屯田が置かれ、府学、州学、県学など地方の官立学校にも学田が付設された。
English: However, these lands were, in nature, not the state lands like the general kanden in the period from Song to mid-Ming which supported the national fisacal revenue, and except 学田, they were in the nature of private properties held by individuals who were permitted to use.
Japanese: しかしこれらには宋～明中葉の一般官田のように国家財政収入を支える国有地としての意味はなく、学田を除くと、利用を許可された個人の私有地の性質を帯びた。
English: The disappearance of kanden was mainly due to societal demand for equalization of taxes on land which spread through various regions around the delta of the Yangtze River in the late Ming period.
Japanese: 官田の消滅には、明代後半期から長江デルタ地帯を中心に各地で強まった、土地に対する公課負担均等化への社会的要請が大きい。
English: Tax payment by silver begining with Kinkagin imposition and the standardization of tax payment by gold with Ichijobenbo were promoted as important opportunities for solving kanden problems.
Japanese: 金花銀（きんかぎん）賦課を嚆矢とする租税の銀納化や一条鞭法（いちじようべんぼう）による金公課の一元化も官田問題の解決を重要な契機として推進された。
English: Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) is a system made in ancient Japan in which the Imperial Court gave the nobles living in the capital and the powerful local clans a clan name and a hereditary title according to each person's degree of contribution to the state (Yamato Sovereignty) and the position the person occupies in the Government of the Imperial Court and let them kept the special privilege by the hereditary system.
Japanese: 氏姓制度（しせいせいど）とは、古代日本において、中央貴族、ついで地方豪族が、国家（ヤマト王権）に対する貢献度、朝廷政治上に占める地位に応じて、朝廷よりウヂの名とカバネの名とを授与され、その特権的地位を世襲した制度。
English: It is also called 'Uji Kabane no Sei' (System of Uji and Kabane); 'Shisei' is the Chinese style reading of the same kanji ('on' reading).
Japanese: 「氏姓の制（ウヂ・カバネのせい）」ともいい、「氏（ウヂ）・姓（カバネ）」を音読して「氏姓（しせい）」ともいう。
English: When Japan formed a nation under the ritsuryo codes after the Taika Reforms, the clan names and the hereditary titles became given to Bemin (people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty); in other words, the system of clans and hereditary system was expanded to the general public and Uji and Kabane came to a way to reveal one's social position in the hierarchy of the state.
Japanese: 大化の改新ののち、律令国家の形成におよぶと、古代の戸籍制度によって、氏姓はかつての部民（べみん）、つまり一般民衆にまで拡大され、すべての階層の国家身分を表示するものとなった。
English: The basis of the system of clans and hereditary titles was an extended family as a kin group, but it was reorganized as a political system of the state.
Japanese: 氏姓制度の基盤は、血縁集団としての同族にあったが、それが国家の政治制度として編成し直された。
English: The characteristic of this system of clans and hereditary titles is that a specific person within the same extended family was given a position which included Omi, Muraji, Tomo no miyatsuko, Kuni no miyatsuko, Momo amari yaso no tomo and Agata-nushi, and the Imperial Court granted the clan name and the hereditary title that corresponded each position.
Japanese: 同族のなかの特定の者が、臣（おみ）、連（むらじ）、伴造（とものみやつこ）、国造（くにのみやつこ）、百八十部（ももあまりやそのとも）、県主（あがたぬし）などの地位をあたえられ、それに応ずる氏姓を賜ったところに特色がある。
English: The clans who were given the title of Omi were powerful clans that were once in the position to stand on par with the royal family and occupied the highest position in the Yamato sovereign, including such clans as the Katsuragi clan, the Heguri clan, the Kose clan, the Kasuga clan, and the Soga clan (these clan names were the place names in Yamato (around Nara Basin).)
Japanese: 葛城氏（かつらぎ）、平群氏（へぐり）、巨勢氏（こせ）、春日氏（かすが）、蘇我氏（そが）のように、ヤマト（奈良盆地周辺）の地名を氏（ウヂ）の名とし、かつては王家と並ぶ立場にあり、大和王権においても最高の地位を占めた豪族である。
English: The clans who were given a position of Muraji were clans from powerful families and were subordinates of Yamato Sovereign as government officials and the duty they had in the court was made with their clan names and they played an important role in establishing the Yamato sovereignty; these clans included the Otomo clan, the Mononobe clan, the Nakatomi clan, the Inbe clan, and the Haji clan.
Japanese: 大伴氏、物部氏、中臣氏（なかとみ）、忌部氏（いんべ）、土師氏（はじ）のように、ヤマト王権での職務を氏（ウヂ）の名とし、王家に従属する官人としての立場にあり、ヤマト王権の成立に重要な役割をはたした豪族である。
English: The clans who were given the position of Tomo no miyatsuko overlaps with those of clans who were given the position of Muraji; mainly these clans were powerful families who shared the duties of the divisions of the Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: 連（むらじ）とも重なり合うが、おもにそのもとでヤマト王権の各部司を分掌した豪族である。
English: The clans that were given the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko included the representative naturalized clans such as the Hata clan, the Yamato no Aya clan, the Kawachi no Aya clan as well as the clans such as the Yuge clan, the Yazume clan, the Hatori clan, the Inukai clan, the Tsukishine clan and the Shitori clan.
Japanese: 秦氏（はた）、東漢氏（やまとのあや）、西文氏（かわちのあや）などの代表的な帰化氏族、それに弓削氏（ゆげ）、矢集氏（やずめ）、服部氏（はとり）、犬養氏（いぬかい）、舂米氏（つきしね）、倭文氏（しとり）などの氏（ウヂ）がある。
English: The clans who received the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko had the hereditary titles such as Muraji, Miyatsuko, Atai, and Kimi.
Japanese: 連（むらじ）、造（みやつこ）、直（あたい）、公（きみ）などの姓（カバネ）を称した。
English: The clans that received the position of Momo Amari Yaso no Tomo were beneath the Tomo no Miyatsuko in its rank; many clans who received this title directly took control of common people.
Japanese: さらにその下位にあり、部（べ）を直接に指揮する多くの伴（とも）をさす。
English: The clans who received the position of Momo Amari Yaso no Tomo had the hereditary titles such as Obito, Fuhito Sukuri, and Sukuri.
Japanese: 首（おびと）、史（ふひと）、村主（すくり）、勝（すくり）などの姓（カバネ）を称した。
English: The clans who received the position of Kuni no Miyatsuko were representative local clans; in certain aspect they were integrated into the local offices of the Yamato Sovereignty so that there were some clans that were in the position of Tomo no Miyatsuko in local sense and took control of the common people in the region.
Japanese: 代表的な地方豪族をさし、一面ではヤマト王権の地方官に組みこまれ、また在地の部民（べみん）を率（ひき）いる地方的伴造の地位にある者もあった。
English: Most of the hereditary titles of Kuni no Miyatsuko were Kimi, and Atai; there were some clans that had the title of Omi.
Japanese: 国造には、君（きみ）、直（あたい）の姓（カバネ）が多く、中には臣（おみ）を称するものもあった。
English: As descried above, the system of clans and hereditary titles was born by making the 'Naoi no Uji' (naming of the title revealing what the person does); people with these titles constituted the Yamato sovereign and took responsibility by working in the various functions which are hereditary and these hereditary titles included Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, Momo Amari Yaso no Tomo in that order in the rank.
Japanese: このように、氏姓制度とは、連―伴造―伴（百八十部）という、王のもとでヤマト王権を構成し、職務を分掌し世襲する、いわゆる「負名氏」（なおいのうじ）を主体として生まれた。
English: Clan name and hereditary title were originally held by people of the governing classes and these titles were such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, Kuni no Miyatsuko composing Yamato Sovereignty (the king and his family were excluded).
Japanese: 氏姓は元来はヤマト王権を構成する臣・連・伴造・国造などの支配階級が称したものである（王とその一族を除く）。
English: These common people were ruled and controlled by the Imperial Court namely Emperor, Empress, Imperial princes, and powerful families such as Omi and Muraji, and so forth.
Japanese: これらの一般の民は、朝廷すなわち、天皇、后妃（こうひ）、皇子らの宮、さらに臣、連らの豪族に領有・支配されていた。
English: For this reason, naturally there came a group of people who worked for the Yamato Regime for various functions; these people included Shinabe who worked at the Imperial court, Nashiro and Koshiro who worked for king and prince, and Tabe who worked for the demesne as farmers.
Japanese: そのため、一般の民の中から、朝廷に出仕して、職務の名を負う品部（しなべ）、王名、宮号を負う名代（なしろ）・子代（こしろ）、屯倉（みやけ）の耕作民である田部（たべ）などが必然的に生まれた。
English: They were organized making each house one unit in an advanced community of people who belonged to the Yamato Regime; in the sixth century, their family name and hereditary titles were written down in their register book; in this way they had an official family name and hereditary title.
Japanese: 彼らは先進的な部民共同体の中で戸を単位に編成され、6世紀には籍帳に登載されて、正式に氏姓をもった。
English: In contrast to people who directly belonged to the Yamato Regime, Kakibe, who were under the control of powerful local clans needed to go through the head of the local clan and to be included to Be (group of common people to work for the Yamato Regime in various functions) while keeping their original form of community; and the service of labor offered to the Yamato Regime were often done through the head of the clan.
Japanese: これに対し、地方豪族の支配下にあった民部（かきべ）は、在地の族長を介して、共同体のまま部（べ）に編入し、族長をへて貢納させる形のものが多かった。
English: Therefore, it is not certain that the giving of clan names (family names) and hereditary titles was extended to the common people under the control of powerful local clans in the sixth century.
Japanese: そのため、地方豪族の支配下にあった一般の民にまで6世紀の段階で氏姓が及んでいたかどうかは定かではない。
English: The Yamato Regime reorganized positions such as Omi, Muraji, Tomo no Miyatsuko, and Kuni no Miyatsuko under the system of clans and hereditary titles into bureaucrats of the nation under the ritsuryo codes and changed Bemin into citizen and made them uniformly belong to the nation by Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 大化の改新により、氏姓制度による臣・連・伴造・国造を律令国家の官僚に再編し、部民を公民として、一律に国家のもとに帰属させた。
English: This edict tried to revise the official rank existed since the Taika Reforms in that it tried to establish Ouji clan, Kouji clan, and Tomo no Miyatsuko clan and to clarify the clan head of each clan and the extent of clan members belonging to each clan.
Japanese: これは、大化以来の官位を改め、大氏（おおうじ）、小氏（こうじ）、伴造氏（とものみやつこうじ）を定め、それぞれの氏上（うじのかみ）と、それに属する氏人（うじびと）の範囲を明確にしようとするものであった。
English: In other words, in this edict Daikini (Ouji) and Shokini (Kouji) namely clans who had the clan head whose rank can be positioned more than the fourth rank and the fifth rank in the ritsuryo system were established; by this prescription the Emperor tried to interlock the official rank system in the Imperial Court and the system of clans and hereditary titles.
Japanese: つまり、官位の改定によって、大錦位（大氏）・小錦位（小氏）、つまり律令の四、五位以上に位置づけられる氏上をもつ氏を定めたものであり、これによって朝廷内の官位制度と全国の氏姓制度とを連動させようとした。
English: Furthermore, the edict limited the clan members who belong to the clan head to the direct blood kin by the paternal line and clarified the vague definition of the extent of each clan which were either by the principle of paternal line or maternal line up to that time.
Japanese: さらにこのような氏上に属する氏人を父系による直系親族に限ることとし、従来の父系あるいは母系の原理による漠然とした氏の範囲を限定することとした。
English: As a result, in principle, the compound surnames such as Mononobe Yuge, Abe no Fuse, and Soga no Ishikawa were to disappear after this edict.
Japanese: これにより、物部弓削（もののべゆげ）、阿倍布勢（あべのふせ）、蘇我石川（そがのいしかわ）などの複姓は、これ以後原則として消滅することとなる。
English: In 684, 'Yakusa no Kabane' (eight official titles to be conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu) was established.
Japanese: 684年（天武13）に、「八色の姓（やくさのかばね）」が制定された。
English: The object was to establish four hereditary titles of higher rank and they were Mahito, Ason, Sukune, and Imiki.
Japanese: その目的は、上位の4姓（カバネ）、つまり真人（まひと）、朝臣（あそん）、宿禰（すくね）、忌寸（いみき）を定めることである。
English: It is said that the rank of Mahito is given to clans that are within the fifth generation from the Emperor Keitai and in this way clans close to the Imperial Family that are next to princes, princes who did not receive any proclamation to be an Imperial prince were specified; this method is common with the Asuka Kiyomihara Code (a collection of governing rules compiled and promulgated in 689 [late Asuka period]) in which the Code distinguished the official rank between princes, princes who did not receive any proclamation to be an imperial prince and nobles who served the Emperor.
Japanese: 真人は、継体天皇より数えて5世以内の世代の氏に与えられたといわれ、皇子・諸王につぐ皇親氏族を特定したので、飛鳥浄御原令で官位を皇子・諸王と貴族（諸臣）とで区別したことと共通する。