nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Heian Junior High and High School Attached to Ryukoku University-In 2008, its former name "Heian Junior High and High School" changed.
Japanese: 龍谷大学付属平安中学校・高等学校-2008年度より「平安中学校・高等学校」から改称した。
English: Harvard University-As the 350th anniversary from their foundation came around almost the same year, Harvard and Ryukoku University jointly held the commemoration and the Japan-U.S. International Symposium.
Japanese: ハーバード大学-同時期に創立350周年を迎えた本学と共同で大学創立記念会や日米国際シンポジウムを開催。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, offerings were given by the Imperial court for Kinen-sai and other festivals to many shrines listed in the Engi-shiki Jimmyo-cho; but that number has been reduced to a special few shrines after the decline of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 律令制では、祈年祭などの祭事に朝廷から奉幣をする神社が延喜式神名帳などにより多数定められていたが、律令制の衰退などにより次第に少数の特定の神社にのみ奉幣されるようになった。
English: That number and the shrines in it changed many times and came to include some newly established shrines, before being finalized as the following 22 Shrines in 1081.
Japanese: その数と神社は変化を繰り返しながら、やがて新興の神社も含んだ以下の二十二社が永保元年（1081年）頃確定した。
English: Although the movement at the end of the Heian period to include Itsukushima Shrine was not successful, that shrine received offerings from the imperial court until the latter part of the Muromachi period, and even in the Edo period in the event of disasters.
Japanese: 平安時代末期には厳島神社をこれに加えようという動きが有ったが結局加わらず、室町時代後期まで朝廷により奉幣がされ、江戸時代にも災害等が起こった際に奉幣がなされた。
English: Osho (Sanskrit: upādhyāya) is an honorific title for Buddhist priests.
Japanese: 和尚（おしょう、サンスクリットupādhyāya）とは、仏教の僧侶の敬称である。
English: The original meaning was a teacher who regularly gave instruction to a priest who has been ordained and entered the priesthood.
Japanese: 本来の意味は、出家して受戒した僧侶が、日常親しく教えを受ける教師を指す。
English: In Japan the title of Daiosho (Great Osho) was given to Ganjin, who came over to teach the precepts in 758, and later was used as a title of respect for high level priests, and eventually for those at the level of chief priest and above.
Japanese: 日本では天平宝字2年(758年)に戒師として渡来した鑑真に対して「大和尚」の号が授与されており、その後、高僧への敬称として使用され、更に住職以上の僧侶への敬称となった。
English: The manner of writing and pronunciation varies by sect, and in some regions the word is even shortened to 'Ossan' or 'Ossama' (with the accent in the beginning).
Japanese: 宗派によって書き方・読み方が異なり、一部地域では更に言葉が詰まって「おっさん」「おっさま」（アクセントは前）と呼ばれている。
English: * In broadcasting, the pronunciation of 'Osho' is generally differentiated by sect.
Japanese: ※「和尚」の読み方は一般に宗派の区別により放送上も読み分けられている。
English: Though some points are unclear about Dogen's birth, all accounts agree that he was born in the line of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO (MINAMOTO no Michichika or Michichika KOGA).
Japanese: 道元の出生には不明の点が多いが、内大臣土御門通親（源通親あるいは久我通親）の嫡流に生まれたとする点では諸説が一致している。
English: Although it is generally accepted that he was born in Shoden Sanso in Kohata, Kyoto, to Michichika and FUJIWARA no Ishi, the daughter of Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State) Motofusa MATSUDONO (FUJIWARA no Motofusa), recent research suggests that he may have been the son of Michitomo HORIKAWA, who was presumed to be his adoptive father.
Japanese: 定説では京都木幡の松殿山荘で通親と太政大臣松殿基房（藤原基房）の娘藤原伊子の子として生まれたとされているが、近年の研究では定説では養父とされている堀川通具の実子とする説が有力になりつつある。
English: According to the biography "Kenzeiki", he lost his father (Michichika) at 3 years of age, his mother at 8, and was adopted by his half brother Michitomo HORIKAWA.
Japanese: 伝記である『建撕記』によれば、3歳で父（通親）を、8歳で母を失って、異母兄である堀川通具の養子になった。
English: Yet another account tells that his maternal uncle Moroie MATSUDONO (former Regent and Interior Minister) wanted to adopt him as an heir after his parents died, but Dogen, feeling the uncertainty of the world, declined.
Japanese: また、一説によれば両親の死後に母方の叔父である松殿師家（元摂政内大臣）から松殿家の養嗣子にしたいという話があったが、世の無常を感じていた道元が断ったとも言われている。
English: There is a story that he was acquainted with Shinran, the founder of Shin Buddhism, as they were related via their mothers; but there is no proof.
Japanese: 浄土真宗の開祖親鸞とは、互いに母方の縁戚にあたり面識があったとする説があるが確証はない。
English: Some have said that the "Life and Death" section of his "Shobogenzo" was written for Shinran.
Japanese: 著作『正法眼蔵』の「生死」の巻は、親鸞に向けて書かれたものであるとする説がある。
English: 1214 - Entered the priesthood under Koen, the head of Tendai Buddhism, and took the name Buppobo Dogen.
Japanese: 建保2年（1214年）天台座主公円について出家し、仏法房道元と名乗る。
English: 1223 - Left from Hakata with Myozen to Southern Song China and visited Jozan, where he received a certificate of dharma transmission from Soto Zen's Tendo Nyozo.
Japanese: 貞応2年（1223年）明全とともに博多から南宋に渡って諸山を巡り、曹洞宗の天童如浄より印可を受ける。
English: July,1243 - Moved to Echizen Shihi-no-sho at the invitation of Yoshishige HATANO, lord of Echizen Province.
Japanese: 寛元元年（1243年）7月越前国の地頭波多野義重の招きで越前志比荘に移転。
English: On the way, he stopped in Kutsuki at the invitation of the village chief, Nobutsuna SASAKI (this is the origin of Kosho-ji Temple in Takashima City).
Japanese: 途中、朽木村の領主佐々木信綱の招きに応じ、朽木村に立ち寄る（興聖寺(高島市)の由来）
English: Around this time he went to Kamakura to teach, at the invitation of Regent Tokiyori HOJO and Yoshishige HATANO.
Japanese: この頃、執権北条時頼、波多野義重らの招請により教化のため鎌倉に下向する。
English: Although he only spent half of a year in Kamakura, it was the beginning of a genuine flourishing of Zen in the Kanto region.
Japanese: 鎌倉での教化期間は半年間であったが、関東における純粋禅興隆の嚆矢となった。
English: 1253 - After falling ill and turning over Eihei-ji to his disciple Koun Ejo, he died at the house (Takatsuji-dori Nishinotoin-dori, Kyoto) of a lay disciple, Kakunen, at age 54.
Japanese: 建長5年（1253年）病のため永平寺を弟子の孤雲懐奘に譲り、俗弟子覚念の屋敷（京都市高辻通西洞院通）で死去、享年54（満53歳没）。
English: He emphasized that Buddhahood is not something that is completed once one has attained a certain level; rather, continuing to seek further Buddhahood through endless training, even after one has become a Buddha, is the essence of Buddhahood (Shusho Ichinyo); and the highest form of training is to be like the Sakyamuni and simply do sitting meditation (Shikan Taza).
Japanese: 成仏とは一定のレベルに達することで完成するものではなく、たとえ成仏したとしても、さらなる成仏を求めて無限の修行を続けることこそが成仏の本質であり（修証一如）、釈迦に倣い、ただ坐禅にうちこむことが最高の修行である（只管打坐）と主張した。
English: Most of Kamakura Buddhism affirmed the notion of the decadent age, but in his Shobogenzo Zuimonki he wrote "I tell you now, this is completely false.
Japanese: 鎌倉仏教の多くは末法思想を肯定しているが、正法眼蔵随聞記には「今は云く、この言ふことは、全く非なり。
English: The idea of the decline of true Buddha-dharma is only a temporary means for teaching.
Japanese: 仏法に正像末（しょうぞうまつ）を立つ事、しばらく一途（いっと）の方便なり。
English: Don't think that you are not qualified. If you train according to the teaching, you will surely attain enlightenment." He thus noted that the disciples at the time of Sakyamuni were not all outstanding people, denying the decadent age by saying that it is nothing more than a skillful means.
Japanese: 非器なりと思ふ事なかれ、依行せば必ず得べきなり」と、釈迦時代の弟子衆にもすぐれた人ばかりではなかったことを挙げて、末法は方便説に過ぎない、と末法を否定した。
English: "Shobogenzo, Shobogenzo Zuimonki: Japanese Classic Literature Collection 81" Commentary by Minoru NISHIO et alia. Iwanami Shoten, 1965.
Japanese: 『正法眼蔵,正法眼蔵随聞記日本古典文学大系81』（西尾実ほか校注.岩波書店,1965年）
English: "Shobogenzo in Modern Japanese (1-12)" Translation by Wafu NISHIJIMA. Kanazawa Bunko, 1970.
Japanese: 『現代語訳正法眼蔵（一）～（一二）』（西嶋和夫訳.金沢文庫,1970年）
English: "Tenzo Kyokun: Fushuku Hanho" Translation and commentary by Shohachi NAKAMURA et alia. Kodansha Scholastic Collection, 1991.
Japanese: 『典座教訓　赴粥飯法』（中村璋八ほか全訳注.講談社学術文庫,1991年）
English: "Shobogenzo Zuimonki" Ejo Edition - Lectures by Dogen.
Japanese: 『正法眼蔵随聞記』（しょうぼうげんぞうずいもんき）懐奘編-道元の講義録。
English: "Shobogenzo Zuimonki: New Annotated Edition" Commentary by Doshu OKUBO. Sankibo Buddhist Books, 1958.
Japanese: 『正法眼蔵随聞記　新校註解』（大久保道舟校註.山喜房仏書林,1958年）
English: Aishin IMAEDA: "Dogen: A Shamon's Life of Zazen" NHK Books, 1976
Japanese: 今枝愛真『道元坐禅ひとすじの沙門』日本放送出版協会(NHKブックス)1976
English: Ryotaro SHIBA: "Dogen: The Roads of Echizen", in 18 On The Road no. 49-61, Asahi Shimbun
Japanese: 司馬遼太郎「道元」『越前の諸道』街道をゆく18、朝日新聞、49～61頁。
English: The Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum is a preservation and display facility for steam locomotives, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West Japan), located in Kankiji-cho, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 梅小路蒸気機関車館（うめこうじじょうききかんしゃかん）は、京都府京都市下京区観喜寺町にある西日本旅客鉄道（JR西日本）が運営する蒸気機関車の鉄道保存展示施設である。
English: On October 10, 1972, the Japan National Railway opened a semicircular garage at the Umekoji engine yard in Shimogyou-ku, Kyoto in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the first railway in Japan. The first of its kind, this facility preserves working steam locomotives, honoring them as precious artifacts of industrial culture that supported the Japanese rail transport system.
Japanese: 1972年10月10日、日本国有鉄道により日本の鉄道開業100周年を記念して京都市下京区にある梅小路機関区の扇形庫を活用して開設され、1世紀にわたり、日本の鉄道輸送を支え続けた蒸気機関車を貴重な産業文化財と位置づけ、その動態保存を目的とした日本初の施設である。
English: The facility itself is also an active depot (Umekoji Railyard), and carries out inspections and maintenance on steam locomotives and Japanese National Railways Diesel Locomotive Class DE10 owned by Sagano Scenic Railway.
Japanese: また、この施設自体が、現役の車両基地（梅小路運転区）であり、蒸気機関車や嵯峨野観光鉄道所有の国鉄DE10形ディーゼル機関車の検査・修繕も行なわれている。
English: Initially, this facility was established for working preservation of steam locomotives, which had begun disappearing rapidly in the latter half of the 1960s.
Japanese: そもそも、この施設が開設されるきっかけとなったのは、1960年代後半から急速に姿を消していった蒸気機関車の動態保存を行うためであった。
English: The Koyama engine yard at Koyama Station in Tochigi Prefecture was the best candidate for the locomotive preservation area because it was close to the capital, but the Umekoji engine yard was chosen in 1970 for its central location in Japan and the presence of other historic spots in the area.
Japanese: 当初は首都圏に近いということで栃木県小山駅構内にあった小山機関区が保存機関区の最有力候補であったが、「日本の中央部」に立地していることと、「周辺に名所旧跡がある」という観点から、1970年に梅小路機関区（当時）が保存機関区に正式に選定された。
English: Reviews had been made to select, in principle, lowest-numbered extant steam locomotives (#1 if possible) for preservation, but there are some steam locomotives, such as the Class C62 #2, that were not originally planned for preservation.
Japanese: 保存対象車両は原則として現存するもっとも若番の車両（できれば1号機）を選定するよう検討を重ねられていたが、C62形2号機のように、当初は保存予定になかった車両もある。
English: The facilities consist of the Steam Locomotive Display Hall, taking advantage of the semicircular garage and turntable of the former Umekoji Engine Depot, and the Educational Display Gallery at the former Nijo Station building which was moved and rebuilt at this location.
Japanese: 施設は、旧梅小路機関区の扇形庫及び転車台を活用した『蒸気機関車展示館』と、旧二条駅舎を移築・復元した『資料展示館』からなる。
English: The semicircular garage of reinforced concrete construction (built in 1914) was designated as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese Government on December 10, 2004, along with its 5-ton electric ceiling crane (completed in 1915) and access rails.
Japanese: 扇形庫は、1914年に建設された鉄筋コンクリート製のもので、2004年12月10日に5t電動天井クレーン（1915年完成）、引き込み線とともに国の重要文化財に指定された。
English: In 2006, the former Nijo Station building (gallery) and the semicircular garage, along with the preserved steam locomotives as well as inspection and maintenance equipment, etc. were designated as Railway Memorial Objects and Railway Semi-memorial Objects by JR West Japan.
Japanese: 2006年にはJR西日本より旧二条駅舎（展示館）と扇形車庫・保存されている蒸気機関車一式・点検修理の工具一式などが、鉄道記念物準鉄道記念物に指定された。
English: The former Nijo Station building, built in 1904 by the Kyoto Railway Company to double as a headquarters building, is now the oldest 2-story, wooden, Japanese-style station building, and was modeled after Heian Jingu Shrine with harmony with the surrounding landscape in mind.
Japanese: 旧二条駅舎は、1904年に京都鉄道が本社社屋を兼ねて建設した日本現存最古の木造2階建和風駅舎で、景観に配慮しながら平安神宮を模して造られた。
English: It was used as a station building by Japanese National Railways and JR West Japan after Kyoto Railway Company was nationalized in 1907; but its use as a station building ended in 1996, following the elevation of the Sanin Line (Sagano Line) between Nijo and Hanazono Stations (in Kyoto Prefecture), and in 1997 was rebuilt on this site to be used as an entrance, with its original indoor facilities such as ticket windows being used as a gallery.
Japanese: 京都鉄道は1907年に国有化され、以後NationalRail、次いでJR西日本の駅舎として利用されたが、1996年の山陰本線（嵯峨野線）二条～花園駅(京都府)間高架化にともなって駅舎としての役目を終え、1997年に本館敷地内に移築・復元して玄関口として使用、内部は昔の切符売り場などを残し、資料展示館として活用している。
English: The semicircular garage houses and displays 18 steam locomotives (originally 17 when the facility first opened) of 16 different classes - all manufactured in Japan from the Taisho to Showa periods.
Japanese: 扇形庫には、大正から昭和にかけて製造された国産蒸気機関車16形式18両（開館当初は16形式17両）が収容・展示されている。
English: When this museum opened, there was a rule that locomotives should be preserved in working conditions. In fact, 15 locomotives excluding the two (Class C53 #45 and Class C51 #239) were registered for operation. However, the scope of locomotives to be preserved has been reconsidered several times since then. As of 2006, 7 locomotives of 7 different classes are preserved in working conditions.
Japanese: 開館当初は動態保存が原則であり、C53形45号機とC51形239号機の2両を省き15両に車籍があったが、その後保存対象車両の見直しが何度か行われ2006年現在、動態保存機は7形式7両となっている。
English: Of those, 5 steam locomotives of 5 different classes are still registered for operation, and 2 (Class C57 #1 and Class C56 #160) are in service to pull trains on main lines such as the Yamaguchi on the Yamaguchi Line and the Kita Biwako on the Hokuriku Main Line.
Japanese: うち、5形式5両は現在も車籍を有し、2両（C57形1号機、C56形160号機）は、山口線「やまぐち(列車)」や北陸本線「北びわこ(列車)」など、本線上での列車牽引に供されている。
English: The others in working conditions are registered but cannot run on the main lines because they have not undergone general inspections.
Japanese: この2両以外の動態保存機は車籍こそあるものの、全般検査を受けていないため本線上での走行はできない。
English: Also, the SL Steamliner - pulled by a locomotive being preserved in working conditions for display in the museum - is running on the tracks of the museum site.
Japanese: また、館内展示用の動態保存機の牽引による「SLスチーム号」を館内の線路で運転している。
English: This display track once stretched north from the garage to the northern edge of the grounds, where there is now a parking lot for large vehicles (where a rest facility for the museum and a park were once located). In line with relocation of the former Nijo Station building, it was rearranged to go through the southern edge of Umekoji Park and under the Sagano Line tracks.
Japanese: この展示運転線は、かつては車庫から北、現在大型車駐車場になっている敷地（かつて館内の休憩施設と公園があった）の北端に掛け延びていたが、旧二条駅駅舎の移築に併せ、現在の梅小路公園南端を嵯峨野線を潜り併走する形に変更された。
English: After the closing of West Japan Railway Company's Takatori Plant, the facility has also taken over maintenance of steam locomotives.
Japanese: さらに西日本旅客鉄道鷹取工場閉鎖後は蒸気機関車の整備も受け持っている。
English: All the steam locomotives, except for Class C62 #1 that was designated in 1976, were designated as Railway Semi-memorial Objects together with its logs and maintenance tools in 2006.
Japanese: 1976年に指定されていたC62形1号機を除く全車が、2006年、その車歴簿、保守用工具とともに準鉄道記念物に指定されている。
English: Unless otherwise noted, the steam locomotives were transferred from the previous engine depots in 1972.
Japanese: 特記事項のないものは1972年に前所属機関区から転入の手続きがとられている。
English: Preserved in a disassembled state as educational material at the Niigata Railway Campus, and restored at the Nagano General Rolling Stock Center when moved to Umekoji.
Japanese: 新潟鉄道学園に教材として切開状態で保管されていたものを梅小路移設に際し長野総合車両センターで復元。
English: Preserved from 1961 at the Modern Transportation Museum after being held at the Japanese National Railways Suita Training Center.
Japanese: 国鉄吹田教習所保管を経て1961年から交通科学博物館に保存されていたもの。
English: Image D50 140 with Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum mg540: Class D50 #140
Japanese: 画像D50　１４０ほか梅小路蒸気機関車館mg540D50型140号機
English: Image D51-1 and C62-1 Umekoji: Class D51 #1 and C62 #1
Japanese: 画像D51-1andC62-1UmekojiD51形1号機とC62形1号機
English: At first glance it seems to be in its original shape, but piping of household air conditioners is arranged in the back, with a row of outdoor units.
Japanese: 一見原形を留めているが裏側に家庭用クーラーの配管がされており室外機が並んでいる。
English: Umekoji: 90 Years of History (West Japan Railway Company, 2004) ISBN 4777050718
Japanese: 『梅小路90年史』（西日本旅客鉄道、2004年）ISBN4777050718
English: Japanese National Railways Rolling Stock 12: Tokaido Line III (Hoikusha, 1984) ISBN 458653012X
Japanese: 『国鉄の車両12東海道線III』（保育社、1984年）ISBN458653012X
English: Railway Fan (Magazine) (Koyusha), December issue, 1994, No. 404 Special Feature: The Age When Umekoji's Steam Locomotives Were In Service
Japanese: 交友社『鉄道ファン(雑誌)』1994年12月号No.404特集・梅小路蒸機の現役時代
English: The issue featured development of Umekoji Park and acceptance of C62 #1 in 1994, and carried the logs of respective steam locomotives preserved.
Japanese: 1994年に梅小路公園の整備とC621号機入館を記念、保存各機の車歴。
English: Gomyo refers to five academic fields - Shomyo (phonology and grammar), Kugyomyo (technics and technology), Ihomyo (medical science), Inmyo (ethics) and Naimyo (study of a scholar's religion, as in Buddhism for a Buddhist).
Japanese: 五明とは、声明（音韻学・文法学）・工巧明（工芸・技術論）・医方明（医学）・因明（倫理学）・内明（自己の宗旨の学問、仏教者の場合は仏教学）の5種類の学問分野を指す。
English: There is a record that a Buddhist ceremony involving the use of Shomyo was held at the opening ceremony for the Todai-ji Temple Great Buddha Eye in 754, so it is believed that Shomyo flourished during the Nara period.
Japanese: 754年（天平勝宝4年）に東大寺大仏開眼法要のときに声明を用いた法要が行われた記録があり、奈良時代には、声明が盛んにおこなわれていたと考えられる。
English: During the early Heian period, Saicho and Kukai introduced Shomyo and founded Tendai Shomyo and Shingon Shomyo, respectively.
Japanese: 平安時代初期に最澄・空海がそれぞれ声明を伝えて、天台声明・真言声明の基となった。
English: Buddhist sects other than the Tendai-shu and Shingon-shu sects also have their own Shomyo, each of which has been handed down to the present day.
Japanese: 天台宗・真言宗以外の仏教宗派にも、各宗独自の声明があり、現在も継承されている。
English: However, Hakase was a reference to chant, and in order to learn Shomyo, kuden (also called roi, or direct initiation by an instructor) was necessary; therefore, conservation and inheritance were impossible from the perspective of a master to a disciple.
Japanese: しかし博士は、唱えるための参考であり、声明を習得しようとすれば、口伝（ロイとも言う）（指導者による面授）が必要であり、師から弟子への流派の維持・継承は出来ない。
English: In 1109, Ryonin built Raigoin Temple (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) in Ohara, Kyoto.
Japanese: 1109年（天仁2年）に、良忍は、京都・大原に来迎院(京都市左京区)を建立した。
English: Raigoin Temple, in Ohara, was called Gyozan as the temple's title, having been named after Gyozan, the birthplace of Shomyo in China.
Japanese: 大原の来迎院の山号を、中国の声明発祥の地・魚山（ぎょざん）に擬して、魚山と呼称された。
English: Before long, Raigoin Temple and Shorinin Temple were known as the dojos of Ohara School Gyozan Shomyo.
Japanese: やがて、来迎院・勝林院の2ヶ寺を大原流魚山声明の道場として知られるようになった。
English: There were numerous schools until the Kamakura period, but the princely priest Kakusho reorganized them into four: the Honsoinryu School, Shinsoinryu School, Daigoryu School and Nakagawa-Daishinryu School.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代までは多くの流派があったが、覚性法親王により、4派（本相応院流・新相応院流・醍醐流・中川大進流）にまとめられた。
English: Currently, it is divided into Chizan Shomyo (Chishakuin, Kyoto), Buzan Shomyo (Hase-dera Temple, Nara), Nanzan-shinryu School (Mt. Koya-san and Kogi Shingonshu sect temples, Kyoto).
Japanese: 現在では、智山（ちざん）声明（京都・智積院）、豊山（ぶざん）声明（奈良・長谷寺）、南山進流（なんざんしんりゅう・高野山、京都・古義真言宗寺院）に分別される。
English: Chizan Shomyo and Buzan Shomyo (Shingi (new) Shingonshu sect Shomyo):Shomyo of Chizan-ha Buddhists, Shingon-shu sect and that of Buzan-ha Buddhists, Shingon-shu sect were originally derived from the Nakagawa-Daishinryu School.
Japanese: 智山声明・豊山声明（新義真言宗系声明）真言宗智山派・真言宗豊山派、両派の声明は、もとは、中川大進流に由来する。
English: In 1585, when Negoro-ji Temple (Wakayama Prefecture) was burned down by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and went into decline, the Chizan and Buzan schools formed a school based on the traditional school of Daigo.
Japanese: 1583年（天正13年）根来寺（和歌山県）が豊臣秀吉に焼き討ちされて衰微すると、智山・豊山の両派は、醍醐の古流をもとにして、一派を形成するに至った。
English: During the years 1232 and 1233, Shoshin, of Sanboin Temple in Renge-dani (Mt. Koya-san), moved his stronghold to Mt. Koya-san.
Japanese: 貞永年間（1232～1233）に高野山蓮華谷・三宝院の勝心が本拠地を高野山に移した。
English: Empress Suiko (626) - Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) (January 10, 672)
Japanese: 推古天皇34年（626年）-天智天皇10年12月3日（672年1月7日）。
English: Kokufu Shigo is Amemikoto hirakasuwake no mikoto/Amatsumikoto sakiwake no mikoto
Japanese: 国風諡号は天命開別尊（あめみことひらかすわけのみこと／あまつみことさきわけのみこと）。
English: It is presumed that he was once called Kazuraki no miko (Katsuragi no miko).
Japanese: 生前は葛城皇子（かづらきのみこ/かつらぎのみこ）と呼ばれていたと思われる。
English: He is generally known as Nakano Oe no Oji (Naka no Oe no Miko).
Japanese: 一般には中大兄皇子（なかのおおえのおうじ／なかのおおえのみこ）として知られる。
English: The Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) plotted a rebellion with NAKATOMI no Kamatari and seized power in a coup to kill SOGA no Iruka, by which his uncle Emperor Kotoku came to power and he became a prince.
Japanese: 中臣鎌足らと謀り、クーデターを起こして蘇我入鹿を殺害し、叔父・孝徳天皇を即位させ、自身は皇太子となった。
English: He established a new era--the Taika--and made many reforms during this period (he was a key person in the Taika reforms and Itsushi no hen).
Japanese: そして大化という元号を制定し、様々な改革を行なった（大化の改新の中心人物、乙巳の変）。
English: He devised a plan to trap an opposition group that included Arima no Miko, who might have caused a coup in the future, and they were executed.
Japanese: また、有間皇子などのちのちクーデターを起こしそうな勢力を罠に嵌めて死刑とした。
English: As Baekje was destroyed by the Silla (Kingdom) and Tang in 660, the Baekje prince, Buyeo Pung, who was staying at the Imperial Court, was sent back to his country to save Baekje.
Japanese: 百済が660年に唐・新羅に滅ぼされたため、朝廷に滞在していた百済王子・扶余豊璋を送り返し、百済復興を図った。
English: The Emperor stayed at Tsukushi to send covert troops to Baekje, but Empress Saimei died in 661.
Japanese: 百済救援を指揮するために筑紫に滞在したが、661年、斉明天皇が崩御（死去）した。
English: Eventually, the Emperor took control of the government without having an enthronement ceremony, but then he was severely defeated in the Battle of Hakusukinoe and moved to Otsu City to be enthroned in 663.
Japanese: その後、長い間皇位に即かず称制したが、663年、白村江の戦いで大敗を喫した後、大津市へ遷都してそこで即位した。
English: After the Battle of Hakusukinoe a castle surrounded by water was built, and Noroshi and Sakimori (the conscript soldier system in the old days) were organized to protect the territory.
Japanese: 白村江の戦以後は、国土防衛の政策の一環として水城や烽火・防人を設置した。
English: Moreover, the system of ranking officials was changed from 19 levels to 26 levels.
Japanese: 又、冠位もそれまでの十九階から二十六階に制度改革などを行なっている。
English: In 670 the first national family registry, "Kogo-nenjaku," was introduced.
Japanese: また、670年には我が国最古の全国的な戸籍「庚午年籍」を作成させている。
English: According to "Chronicles of Japan (Nihon Shoki)," the Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) wanted the first prince, Otomo no Miko, to be his successor.
Japanese: 天智天皇は、第一皇子・大友皇子に皇位を継がせたかったと日本書紀は伝える。
English: However, after the death of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) his brother, Oama no Miko (Emperor Temmu), defeated Otomo no Miko in the Jinshin War (the Jinshin Disturbance) and was enthroned.
Japanese: しかし、天智の死後に起きた壬申の乱において　弟・大海人皇子（天武天皇）が大友皇子に勝利して即位した。
English: After the death of Empress Shotoku, Sirakabe no Okimi, a grandchild of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) was enthroned as Emperor Konin and subsequently Emperor Tenchi's (Tenji's) ancestry stayed in power.
Japanese: 称徳の死後、天智の孫・白壁王が光仁天皇として即位し、それ以降は天智系統となる。
English: It is said that because Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) took Nukata no Okimi away from Oama no Miko (Emperor Temmu), he sent his four daughters to Oama no Miko (Emperor Temmu) to become princesses for an expiation.
Japanese: 大海人皇子から額田王を奪ったので、罪滅ぼしとして（自分の）娘4人を大海人皇子の元に妃として送り込んだと言われている。
English: (According to "Fuso-Ryakki", he died from an illness, but another explanation that has been offered is that he went missing in the mountains and that Emperor Temmu had him assassinated.)
Japanese: （『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云天皇駕馬幸山階鄕更無還御永交山林不知崩所只以履沓落處爲其山陵以往諸皇不知因果恒事殺害」とあり山中で行方不明になったとされることから天武天皇側による暗殺説もある）
English: It was one of the mysteries of the mid-seventh century that Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) did not stay in power for a long time.
Japanese: 天智天皇が長く即位しなかったことは、7世紀中葉の政治史における謎の一つである。
English: There was an accepted theory that Emperor Temmu was a younger brother of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji), but this is denied; another theory is that Emperor Temmu was Aya no Miko, whom Empress Kogyoku had before she married Emperor Jomei, and that he was an older half-brother of Emperor Tenchi (Tenji).
Japanese: 即ち、従来定説とされてきた、天武天皇は天智天皇の弟であるというのは誤りで、皇極天皇が舒明天皇と結婚する前に生んだ漢皇子であり、彼は天智天皇の異父兄であるとする説に基づくものである。
English: It is apparent that Emperor Temmu was older than Emperor Tenchi (Tenji) after tracing back their ages according to the Emperor Tenchi's (Tenji's) age at death in "Chronicles of Japan (Nihon Shoki)" and the Emperor Temmu's age at death in other history books.
Japanese: 確かに、『日本書紀』の天智天皇と一部の歴史書に掲載される天武天皇の享年をもとに生年を逆算すれば、天武が年長となってしまう。
English: The information is consistent in the same historical records, and there are eight to nine years of age difference between the two emperors.
Japanese: しかし、同一史料間には矛盾は見られず、8～9歳程度の年齢差を設けている史料が多い。