nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: By doing so, the government intended to reduce disputes associated with the change of kokushi and improve the quality of kokushi's administration.
Japanese: これにより、国司交替時の紛争を抑制し、国司行政の品質改善を図ったのである。
English: Kageyushi was once abolished in 806, and instead Kansatsushi, whose duty was to inspect local administration on gokishichido (five provinces and seven circuits) basis, was created.
Japanese: 806年（大同(日本)元年）、勘解由使は一旦廃止され、代わりに五畿七道単位で地方行政を監察する観察使が設置された。
English: Before long, however, Kageyushi was recreated in 824 because the number of disputes associated with the change of kokushi was on the increase.
Japanese: その後ほどなくして、国司の交替時における紛争が増加傾向となったため、824年（天長元年）、勘解由使が再置されることとなった。
English: Later, officials of naikan were also obliged to prepare Geyujo when they changed, and such Geyujo was added to the target of Kageyushi's inspection.
Japanese: この後、国司のみならず内官（京都の各官職）の交替時にも解由状を作成することとされ、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。
English: Also, when the handing over of a job was not carried out successfully, a predecessor and a successor were obliged to prepare Fuyo-geyujo in which the reason thereof and the arguments of both parties were described.
Japanese: また、事務引継ぎが不調に終わった場合、その理由と前任・後任両者の主張を併記した不与解由状（ふよげゆじょう）を作成することも新たに定められた。
English: Thus, Kageyushi became an important post which was in charge of the inspection and supervision of both central and local administration.
Japanese: こうして勘解由使は、中央行政と地方行政を監査・監督する重要な職となった。
English: Its duty included dispute settlement when Fuyo-geyujo was submitted as well as compiling Kotaishiki, a code concerning the change of officials.
Japanese: 職務には、不与解由状が発行されたときの紛争処理、官吏の交替に関する法規集である交替式（こうたいしき）の編纂などがあった。
English: Kageyushi's inspection was called Kanpan at the time, and its record (Kageyushi-kanpanjo) was compiled in "Seiji yoryaku" (examples of the politics in the Heian period), a reference book for politics.
Japanese: 当時、勘解由使による監査を勘判と呼んでおり、政務の参考書籍として編まれた『政事要略』に勘判の記録（勘解由使勘判抄）が所載されている。
English: One theory asserts that the significance of Kageyushi gradually waned in the middle to late Heian period because official posts increasingly became 'family business,' in other words, a certain post was exclusively inherited by a member of specific family.
Japanese: 平安中期～後期頃から、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、勘解由使の存在意義は次第に薄れていったとする見解がある。
English: On the other hand, another theory asserts that as Zuryo (the head of provincial governors) was actively appropriating public properties at that time, Kageyushi's principal role shifted to the supervision of Zuryo.
Japanese: 一方で、同時期には受領が事実上の地方官として積極的な収奪活動を展開しており、そうした受領を監督することが勘解由使の主要な役割となっていったとする見解もある。
English: It is considered that Kageyushi continued to play a role in inspection until the end of the Heian period when Zuryo was active.
Japanese: 勘解由使は、受領の活躍が見られた平安末期ごろまで、監査機関としての機能を担い続けたと考えられている。
English: Kami (Minister) (corresponded to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)): One person, high-ranking officials, such as Sangi (councillor) or Benkan (controller), were often appointed to this post.
Japanese: 長官（正五位下相当）…1名　参議、弁官といった高官が充てられることも多かった。
English: Tsuibushi was set up for the first time in 932, in order to clean up pirates and barbarians who often haunted Nankaido (Southern Sea Region).
Japanese: 最初に設置されたのは932年（承平(日本)2年）で、当初南海道で頻繁に出没していた海賊･凶賊を掃討する目的で設置された。
English: The term "tsuibu" meaning 'pursuing and apprehending' in Japanese, Tsuibushi did not originally have a military role, but often fought in actual battles in order to get pirates or rebellions under control.
Japanese: 「追捕」は「追い捕らえる」の意で、元々軍事的役割を含んでいなかったが、海賊、反乱などを鎮圧するという目的から、実際に戦闘に当たることが多かった。
English: ONO no Yoshifuru is famous as Tsuibushi, who subdued FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War in the Johei and Tengyo War.
Japanese: 追捕使になったものとしては、承平天慶の乱で藤原純友の乱の鎮圧に当たった小野好古が有名。
English: After Tsuibushi was permanently established in each province, Kokushi (provincial governor) concurrently served as Tsuibushi, or Gozoku (local ruling family) was appointed to be Tsuibushi in many cases.
Japanese: その後、諸国に常設されるようになると、国司を追捕使に兼任させたり、地方の豪族を任命したケースが多かった。
English: At the end of the 12th century, a government post named Sotsuibushi was established take charge of police and military affairs, and took over the functions of Tsuibushi.
Japanese: 12世紀末ごろになると、惣追捕使（総追捕使）として一国の警察・軍事的役割を担う官職があらわれ、追捕使の職務は引き継がれた。
English: Then, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to be Nihonkoku-sotsuibushi (literally, sotsuibushi of Japan) in 1190 and the appointing power of Sotsuibushi was transferred to Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura), and the post of Sotsuibushi gradually evolved into Shugo (military governor).
Japanese: さらにその後、1190年に源頼朝が日本国惣追捕使に任命され、惣追捕使の任免権が鎌倉殿に移り、守護に発展していった。
English: Kansatsushi refers to a government post which was established in Tang Dynasty China, in Yi Dynasty Korea, and in Japan in the early Heian period, for the purpose of inspecting the local administration.
Japanese: 観察使（かんさつし）は、唐の中国、李氏朝鮮、および平安時代初期の日本が設置した地方行政監察のための官職。
English: In the period of Genso (Tang), Do (administrative district) of which the number had been 10 was increased to 15, and saihoshochishi (auditor) were placed in each Do.
Japanese: 唐玄宗(唐)代にそれまで10あった道(行政区画)を15に増やしてそれぞれに採訪処置使を置いた。
English: Kansatsushi was a nominal post for inspection, but, effectively held authority on the inside of Do.
Japanese: 観察使は名目上は監察のための役職であったが、実質的に道内の行政権を握った。
English: Many kansatsushi who concurrently assumed the post of Setsudoshi (military governor) established around the same time also controlled the administration and military, and held a lot of power.
Japanese: 同時期に設置された節度使は多くが観察使を兼ね、行政・軍の双方を兼ね、強大な力を持った。
English: In Japan, in around 797 in the initial Heian period, Emperor Kanmu aiming at the thorough performance of local administration established Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners) which audited the administrative performance by chihokan (a local official) (kokushi (provincial governor)).
Japanese: 日本では、平安時代最初期の797年頃、地方行政の遂行徹底を狙う桓武天皇により、地方官（国司）の行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。
English: Kageyushi strictly audited the administration by kokushi, and attained some progress in improving the local administration.
Japanese: 勘解由使は国司行政を厳正に監査し、地方行政の向上に一定の効果を上げていた。
English: However, when Emperor Kanmu died in 806, Emperor Heizei, the successor, advocated innovating politics, and in June of the same year, he abolished Kageyushi as part of this innovation, and newly established kansatsushi.
Japanese: しかし、806年（大同1）、桓武天皇が没すると、後継した平城天皇は政治の刷新を掲げ、同年6月、その一環として勘解由使を廃止し、新たに観察使を置いた。
English: At first, kansatsushi was established in each of Rokudo (six districts) (Tokaido, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido) excluding Tosando, and was also called Rokudokansatsushi.
Japanese: 観察使は当初、東山道を除く六道（東海道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道）ごとに設置され、六道観察使とも呼ばれた。
English: It seemed that kansatsushi enthusiastically inspected the local administration, and "Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicle of Japan) had recorded that each kansatsushi took various measures to reduce people's burdens.
Japanese: 観察使による地方行政の監察は、精力的に実施されていたようで、『日本後紀』には、各観察使が民衆の負担を軽減するため、様々な措置を執っていたことが記録されている。
English: Under circumstances where a relation between Emperor Heizei who abdicated from the throne in the previous year, 809, and Emperor Saga was aggravated in 810, Emperor Saga issued the imperial edict to abolish kansatsushi and bringing back sangi in July of the same year.
Japanese: 810年（弘仁1）、前年に譲位した平城上皇と嵯峨天皇の関係が悪化していく中、同年6月、嵯峨天皇は、観察使を廃止して参議を復活する詔を発令した。
English: 蔵人, Chinese characters of kurodo, also refers to one of hyakkan na (a name taken after his or her family's official rank) or person's name, and in this case, it was pronounced as 'Kurando.'
Japanese: また、蔵人は百官名或いは人名の一つで、この場合は「くらんど」と読む。
English: In 809, Emperor Heizei assigned his throne to Emperor Saga, and moved to Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) as the Retired Emperor Heizei.
Japanese: 大同(日本)4年（809年）、平城天皇が嵯峨天皇に譲位し、平城上皇として平城京に移り住んだ。
English: At this time, his choki (a favorite mistress), FUJIWARA no Kusuko of kokyu (empress's residence), and her older brother, FUJIWARA no Nakanari accompanied him, but, FUJIWARA no Kusuko was in the position of kami (director) (naishinokami (or shoji; Principal Handmaid) of naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants) which played a role of secretary to the emperor.
Japanese: この時、後宮の寵妃藤原薬子やその兄藤原仲成も同行したが、藤原薬子が天皇の秘書である内侍司の長官（尚侍）であった。
English: Therefore, Emperor Saga who were in Heian-kyo without a secretary had a problem in documentation and clerical work.
Japanese: そのため、平安京にいた嵯峨天皇は秘書を欠いて書類事務に支障をきたした。
English: Furthermore, since there was a conflict with the Retired Emperor which brought about the Kusuko Incident, in 810, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu and KOZE no Notari were appointed as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and Mano KIYOHARA was appointed as kurodo, as new secretaries.
Japanese: その上、薬子の変へと繋がる上皇との対立もあり、新たな秘書役として大同5年（810年）に藤原冬嗣と巨勢野足を蔵人頭に、清原真野らを蔵人に任命した。
English: Thereafter, the authority was strengthened during the periods of Emperors Koko and Uda, and the organization was expanded.
Japanese: のち光孝天皇・宇多天皇にいたってその権威は強化され、組織も拡充されるにいたった。
English: As a domestic governing institution of the Imperial Family, Kurododokoro was originally in charge of management of documents and gyobutsu (Imperial treasures), handling of confidential documents, and handling of suits.
Japanese: 蔵人所はもともと天皇家の家政機関として、書籍や御物の管理、また機密文書の取り扱いや訴訟を扱った。
English: Eventually, Kurododokoro stopped handling suits, but became an institution handling everything handled by tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) such as transmission of Shochoku (imperial edict) and Joso (report to the throne), guard, clerical work, routine tasks and so on.
Japanese: やがて、訴訟には関与しなくなるが、詔勅、上奏の伝達や、警護、事務、雑務等殿上人におけるあらゆる事を取り仕切る機関となった。
English: In the mid Heian period, Kurododokoro came to handle matters concerning all domestic governing institution of the Imperial Family which were called '-sho' or '-dokoro' such as Naijudokoro (Royal Pages Office), Mikushige-dono (the place handling clothes in the Imperial palace), Shinmotsudokoro (Serving Office), Outadokoro (an organization that provided the education and management for ancient Japanese music, Uta, and traditional instruments), Gakusho (chamber of music), Tsukumodokoro (a palace office responsible for making accessories and furnishings), Goshodokoro (an office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Ippon-goshodokoro, Uchi no goshodokoro (the place that kept Emperor's books), Edokoro (Imperial office treating about pictures) and so on.
Japanese: 平安時代中期になると内豎所・御匣殿・進物所・大歌所・楽所・作物所・御書所・一本御書所・内御書所・画所など「所」といわれる天皇家の家政機関一切をも取り扱うようになる。
English: In most cases, one was selected and appointed among Benkan (officials of the dajokan), and was called 'Tono Ben,' and the other was selected and appointed among Konoe no chujo (middle captain of the palace guards), and was called 'Tono Chujo.'
Japanese: たいていは弁官から1名が補任されて「頭弁（とうのべん）」と呼ばれ、もう1名は近衛中将から補任され「頭中将（とうのちゅうじょう）」と呼ばれた。
English: The role was to perform that of a secretary like taking charge of transmitting Chokushi (imperial orders) and Joso jointly with Kurodo no to.
Japanese: 勅旨や上奏を伝達する役目を蔵人頭と受け持つ等、秘書的役割を果たした。
English: Gundai （a magistrate of a region or an administrator of a town) is the name of a post set in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and in clan domains from the Muromachi period to the Edo period.
Japanese: 郡代（ぐんだい）とは室町時代から江戸時代にかけての幕府・諸藩に置かれた職名。
English: The post of Gundai was created when a Shugodai (deputy of Shugo; provincial constable) who had been exercising military and police powers during the Kamakura period began taking charge of affairs related to taxation (tax collection) as well at the start of the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代、郡を単位として軍事・警察権を行使していた守護代（守護の代官）が室町時代に入り、租税関係（年貢の徴収）も行うようになったことに始まる。
English: Gundai or Koribugyo was generally used to refer to a Daikan (local governor) who controlled a unit of Gun (country) under the direction of a Shugodai, but there were also times when these terms were also used to refer to a Shugodai.
Japanese: 一般的には守護代の支配を受けて郡単位で支配した代官を郡代・郡奉行と呼んでいたが、守護代そのものを郡代・郡奉行と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: Early on during the Edo period, aside from the Kanto region, a Gundai post was set in almost all of the provinces, including Kamigata, Amagasaki, Mikawa, Tanba and Kawachi.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期には関東郡代のほかに上方、尼崎、三河国、丹波国、河内国などほぼ1国単位に郡代が置かれた。
English: In 1642, the Kanjogashira sei (a system controlled by a chief financial officer) was established, which put Gundai and Daikan under its jurisdiction, but Kanto Gundai was brought under the control of the Roju (members of the Shogun's council of elders) later on.
Japanese: 1642年（寛永19年）勘定頭制の施行に伴い、郡代・代官はその管轄下に置かれたが、その後関東郡代は老中支配となった。
English: After the middle Edo period, the number of Gundai was reduced to four: Kanto Gundai, Mino Gundai, Saigokusuji Gundai (Kyushu region) and Hida Gundai.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期以降は、関東郡代・美濃郡代・西国筋郡代・飛騨郡代の4郡代となった。
English: The status and rank of a Gundai was higher than that of a Daikan, but the scope of the work between the two was nearly the same.
Japanese: 郡代の身分・格式は、代官よりも上であるが、職務内容については代官とほぼ同じであった。
English: In the early Edo period, the post called Koridaikan (local governor of a country) was set up under control of the Roju and had nearly all the same duties, but was abolished in 1668.
Japanese: なお、江戸幕府初期には老中支配の郡代官が設置されて郡代とほぼ同様の職掌を扱ったが、寛文8年（1668年）に廃止されている。
English: Bugyo is the name of a profession for a samurai family from the Heian period to the Edo period.
Japanese: 奉行（ぶぎょう）とは、平安時代から江戸時代にかけて武家における職名の一つ。
English: Originally, it was a verb that meant 'to duly execute the respectful order of one's superior,' and the infinitive form was 'bugyo-suru' (to do bugyo).
Japanese: 元来上司からの命令を奉じてそのこと執り行うことを「奉行する」といい、動詞であった。
English: In the Heian period, the first reference to bugyo appeared in a document referring to a provisional position to carry out public events and court functions.
Japanese: 平安時代、公事や宮中行事を司る臨時の職として定められたのが初見である。
English: At first it was used to refer to an officer whose rank was below court noble, but later on came to be used for other responsible parties in charge of practical affairs, such as a Kurodo (Chamberlain), Benkan (Oversight Department - a division of the "daijokan" which was responsible for controlling central and provincial government offices), and Geki (the Secretary of the Grand Council of State).
Japanese: 当初は責任者である公卿以下の官人を指したが、後には実務を担当する蔵人・弁官・外記などを指すようになった。
English: After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, bugyo was designated as an official duty in charge of domestic bakufu economies, Shugo (provincial constables) and Kokujin (local samurai).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府成立以降は、幕府、守護、国人の家政を司る職掌のひとつとして定められた。
English: The post of bugyo established by the bakufu and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) was a kind of middle-ranking executive or official, but when the same post was set up by a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) it was often referred to a position equivalent to chief vassal or chief retainer who was the main assistant of a lord and supervised the domestic economy.
Japanese: 幕府や守護大名が定める奉行職は中堅幹部や吏僚としての性質が強かったが、国人領主における奉行職の場合は主に領主を補佐し、家政を総覧する宿老や家老級の地位を指す場合が多い。
English: During the Edo period, not only in the bakufu, but also in territories controlled by Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), and from the middle of the period, strong governing systems with the characteristics of a bureaucracy called Han (or Domain) were formed.
Japanese: 江戸時代は幕府はもとより、大名の領国支配においても、江戸時代中期以降、藩と称されるような官僚制的な性質の強い統治機構を形成するようになった。
English: Many people employed by the bakufu and Daimyo families had the position of bugyo with various ranks, from senior executive to lower executive.
Japanese: 奉行は幕府や大名家において上級幹部から下級幹部に至るまで、その職名に多く採用されることとなった。
English: After the death of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, a civilian group composed of the families who had served as bugyo within the former Kamakura bakufu, along with families of hereditary vassals of the Ashikaga Shogun family organized the Bugyo-shu, from which it was regularly practiced to elect bugyo.
Japanese: 足利義満の死後、旧鎌倉幕府以来の奉行の家柄や足利将軍家の譜代家臣の家柄から構成された文官集団である奉行衆（ぶぎょうしゅう）が組織され、そこから奉行人が選出されるのが定例となった。
English: In present-day Japan, it is used as the name for a role used in a rite or festival held at a shrine in which local residents and their children participate in the ritual.
Japanese: 現代の日本においては、神社の祭礼において、その神社の氏子、神社付近の住民及びその子女に神事の一端に携わらせる場合に、その役名として用いられる。
English: When someone is essentially in charge of preparing nabe (a Japanese dish served in a hot pot), which is cooked with the participation of everyone at the table, they are commonly referred to as "nabe-bugyo."
Japanese: 共同で料理し食する鍋料理を実質的に取り仕切る者を俗に「鍋奉行」ということがある。
English: The Kyoto Fuchishu were samurai warriors who established master-subordinate relationships with the Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Muromachi Period in the Kanto (currently, Tokyo and six other prefectures) and Tohoku (north of the Kanto region) regions.
Japanese: 京都扶持衆（きょうとふちしゅう）とは、室町時代に室町幕府の征夷大将軍と直接主従関係を結んだ関東地方・東北地方の武士。
English: In the Muromachi Period, the Kanto region was ruled by Kamakura Kubo, who was the representative of the Seii Taishogun and acted in the role as head of the Kamakura-fu.
Japanese: 室町時代の関東地方は、鎌倉公方と呼ばれる征夷大将軍の代理人が鎌倉府の長として統治した。
English: The Kamakura Kubo was gradually confronting the bakufu and finally came to desire the shogun post.
Japanese: 鎌倉公方は次第に幕府と対立するようになり、将軍の位も望むようになる。
English: To put a stop to these actions by Kamakura Kubo, the bakufu formed master-subordinate relationships directly with influential samurai warriors who were opposed to Kamakura Kubo in the Kanto and Ou area.
Japanese: このような鎌倉公方の動きを牽制するため、幕府は鎌倉公方と対立している関東や奥羽の有力武士と直接主従関係を結んだ。
English: Although they were samurai warriors from a province under the jurisdiction of the Kamakura Bakufu, they were not obliged to go and serve the Kamakura-fu and were put under the direct direction/control of the shogun, and were not directed by the Kamakura Kubo.
Japanese: 鎌倉府の管轄国内の武士でありながら、鎌倉府に出仕する義務はなく、鎌倉公方の指揮も受けず、直接将軍の指揮下に入った。
English: The Muromachi Bakufu superficially criticized the activities of the Fuchishu, whilst at the same time actually providing mental and material support.
Japanese: 室町幕府は表ではこうした扶持衆の行動を批判したものの、実際にはこれに物心様々な援助を与えていた。
English: Individuals who actually became Kyoto Fuchishu were of the Takeda clan of Kai Province, the Yamairi clan, Oguri clan, Makabe clan and Daijo clan of Hitachi Province, the Utsunomiya clan, Nasu clan and Onodera clan of Shimotsuke Province and the Sasagawa Palace, Date clan, Ashina clan, Nanbu clan and Shirakawa Yuki clan of Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 実際に京都扶持衆となったのは、甲斐国武田氏、常陸国山入氏、小栗氏、真壁氏、大掾氏、下野国宇都宮氏、那須氏、小野寺氏、陸奥国篠川御所、伊達氏、蘆名氏、南部氏、白河結城氏などである。
English: When Zenshu UESUGI, former kanrei of Kanto (a deputy to the shogun in the Kanto region) attacked Mochiuji ASHIKAGA (a warlord in Kamakura) in the War of Zenshu UESUGI, these clans supported Zenshu or maintained a neutral stance, ignoring Yoshimochi's order to put down Zenshu.
Japanese: これらの家々は鎌倉公方足利持氏が元関東管領上杉禅秀に攻められた上杉禅秀の乱において、義持の禅秀討伐令を無視して禅秀を支援し、あるいは中立的態度を取った。
English: Moｒeover, though Yoshimochi issued the order of subjugation, Yoshimochi implicitly approved these acts in order to weaken Mochiuji's influential power.
Japanese: しかも、これは追討令を発した義持自身が持氏の勢力弱体化のために秘かに認めた行為であった。
English: When Mochiuji learnt this, he killed Mitsushige OGURI to scare the Kyoto Fuchushu (War of Mitsushige OGURI).
Japanese: これを知った持氏は小栗満重を討伐して京都扶持衆に対する見せしめとした（小栗満重の乱）。
English: Yoshimochi aggressively suggested it as being a 'personal war', which led to asking Sankanrei (three deputies), Tokihiro YAMANA and Mitsusuke AKAMATSU about whether the killing Mochiuji would be right or wrong.
Japanese: 義持はこれを「私戦」として激しく非難して三管領や山名時煕・赤松満祐に持氏討伐の是非を諮問する騒ぎとなっている。
English: However, while the bakufu was trying to prevent Mochiuji from strengthening his influential power using the warrior Kyoto Fuchishu as an intermediary, Mochiuji was attempting to put them down, and such continued confrontations became a cause that lead to Eikyo no Ran (Eikyo War).
Japanese: 以後も京都扶持衆を介在させて持氏の勢力拡大を阻もうとする幕府と彼らの討伐の機会を狙う持氏の対立は続き、永享の乱の原因の1つとなった。
English: After the fall of Kamakura Kubo in the Eikyo War, the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family, kanrei of Kanto, who were sympathizers of the bakufu, seized power to control Kanto, so it is believed that the warrior Kanto Fuchishu disappeared naturally.
Japanese: 永享の乱による鎌倉公方の滅亡後、親幕府派の関東管領山内上杉家が関東の支配権を握ったために関東扶持衆は自然消滅したと考えられている。
English: Jusenshi (also referred as Chusenshi) was one of Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) established in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 鋳銭司（じゅせんし・ちゅうせんし）は古代日本に置かれた令外官の一つ。
English: This was established for the first time in the period of Emperor Jito, and was also established continuously while changing its name thereafter.
Japanese: 持統天皇の時代に初めて置かれ、以後も名前を変えながら断続的に設置された。
English: From 819 to 825, Jusenshi (administrative officer who oversaw the minting of coins) was assigned in Nagato Province, and concurrently assumed the duties as Nagato no kuni no kokushi (officer in charge of regional administration in Nagato Province).
Japanese: また819年から825年には鋳銭使が長門国に置かれ長門国司の職務も兼ねた。
English: When the minting of coins was stopped in the late Heian period, Jusenshi (mint) was no longer established.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に貨幣鋳造が行われなくなると鋳銭司が設置されることもなくなった。
English: Kobushichishoku refers to a collective name of craftsmen engaged in seven processes in manufacturing the Hikone Buddhist altar.
Japanese: 工部七職（こうぶしちしょく）とは彦根仏壇の製造における、7種の工程の職人の総称。
English: Hakuoshishi' (craftsman of foil-stamping) does not exist, and nushi puts foil after finishing the processes from lacquering to drying, and implements assembly.
Japanese: 「箔押師」が存在せず、塗師が漆塗り～乾燥を終えた後に箔押しを行い、組立てまで実施する。
English: There are 'Kumitateshi' who conduct finishing work incorporated in the work of the Buddhist altar shop in Hikone.
Japanese: 彦根では仏壇店の業務に組み込まれている最終組立てを行う「組立師」が存在する。
English: There are Roiroshi who are dedicated solely to 'roiro' (polish) which is one of the processes conducted by nushi in Hikone.
Japanese: 彦根では塗師が行う一工程である「呂色」を専門的に行う呂色師が存在する。
English: Chokokushi is divided into maeborishi (dedicated solely to sculpting transom) and uchiborishi (dedicated solely to sculpting parts other than transom).
Japanese: 彫刻師が前彫師（欄間を専門的に製作）と内彫師（欄間以外を製作）に分かれている。
English: Kazarikanagushi (craftsman for metal ornament) is divided into omotekanagushi (in charge of outside embrowned metal fittings) and uchikanagushi (in charge of glided or not glided metal fittings of shoji (a paper sliding door) and of the inside).
Japanese: 錺金具師が表金具師（外側の茶系色付け金具）と内金具師（金メッキまたは消しメッキで、障子および内部の金具）に分かれている。
English: There are 'Shitateshi' exists, who are dedicated solely to the final assembly which is incorporated in the work of Buddhist altar shop in Hikone.
Japanese: 彦根では仏壇店の業務に組み込まれている最終組立てを専門的に行う「仕立師」が存在する。
English: It is not clear when Naikyobo was established, but, it is found that Naikyobo existed at least during the period of Emperor Junnin (from 758 to 764).
Japanese: 内教坊は設置時期は明らかではないが少なくとも淳仁天皇の時代には存在していたことが分かっている。
English: Naikyobo existed even in later days, and when assuming the post of betto (the superintendent), Chikafusa KITABATAKE said, 'it was my great honor.'
Japanese: 時代が下っても存続し､北畠親房は別当に就任し「非常な栄誉だ」と語っている。
English: Niedono stored and managed local specialties of each region presented to the emperor from provinces as nie (foods presented to the emperor).
Japanese: 贄殿は諸国から贄（天皇家に進献する食物）として上納された各地の特産物を保管・管理する。
English: Kiden hakase refers to a post established in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) in the early Heian period and taught Kidendo (the study of the histories), but, was integrated into Monjo hakase (Professor of Literature) later.
Japanese: 紀伝博士（きでんはかせ）とは、平安時代の初期に大学寮に置かれた役職で紀伝道を講じたが、後に文章博士に統合された。
English: On March 8, 808, the post of Kiden hakase was established by appointing one person from Myogyo chokko (teacher of Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics)) (another group of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics)).
Japanese: 大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)（808年3月4日）に明経直講（明経博士の別枠）より1名を割いて設置された。