nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: First of all, with regard to legislation, pursuant to Article 5, it stipulated that the Emperor exercised the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet.
Japanese: 第一に、立法であるが天皇は第五条において帝国議会の協賛を以って行使すると規定された。
English: The Emperor's job duties, however, were generally limited to give Imperial sanction to laws which required the countersignature of the Minister of State.
Japanese: しかしその職務は概ね、法律を裁可することのみであり、またその裁可には国務大臣の副署が必要とされた。
English: In other words, unless countersigned by the Minister of State, the law was invalid and, further, while it was formally possible for the emperor to refuse to give sanction, it was practically impossible for him to do so.
Japanese: つまり、大臣副署がなければその法律は無効であり、さらに天皇が裁可を拒むことは形式上可能であっても、事実上は不可能であった。
English: Additionally, the Imperial Diet consisted of 2 houses including the House of Representatives composed of the Members of the Diet who carried election and the House of Peers (Japan) comprised of the peerages.
Japanese: また、帝国議会は選挙で選ばれる国会議員から成る衆議院と華族から成る貴族院(日本)の二院で構成された。
English: In second place, with regard to administration, pursuant to Article 55, unlike the subsequent Constitution of Japan which is defined as collective responsibility, it prescribed that the respective Ministers of State would give their advice to the Emperor and be responsible for it.
Japanese: 第二に、行政であるが、後の日本国憲法と異なり連帯責任ではなく、第五五条で各国務大臣は天皇を輔弼し、個別に責任を負うものであった。
English: In the third place, with respect to the judicatory power, pursuant to Article 57, it was stipulated to be exercised by the Courts of Law according to law, in the name of the Emperor.
Japanese: 第三に司法権であるが、第五七条で天皇の名において法律により裁判所が司法権を行うものであった。
English: First, there was a prescript in Section 11 that the Emperor had supreme command over the Army and Navy.
Japanese: 第一は、第一一条に規定されている天皇は陸海軍を統帥するという規定であった。
English: The foregoing prescript precluded the Cabinet and the Imperial Diet from involving directly with the military (which, later on, caused a political dispute over interference of the supreme command).
Japanese: 内閣や帝国議会は軍部に対し直接関与できなかった（これが、後の統帥権干犯問題を引き起こすこととなる）。
English: Second, it stipulated the rights of Japanese subjects that, pursuant to Article 21, they had the liberty within the limits of the law (but restrictive measures such as the Maintenance of Public Order Law subsequently came into effect to quality the rights of the subjects).
Japanese: 第二は、第二一条で規定された法律の範囲内において自由であるという臣民の権利であった（後に治安維持法などで権利の制限を行うようになる）。
English: Additionally, showing 'political stance of the government which aspired to take equitable measures being uninfluenced by and detached from movements of political parties,' Prime Minister Kiyotaka KURODA came into collision with the Diet.
Japanese: また、黒田清隆首相は「政党の動向に左右されず、超然として公正な施策を行おうとする政府の政治姿勢（超然主義）」を示し、議会と対立した。
English: Afterwards, in conjunction with proclamation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan in 1889, the Election Law of the Member of the House of Representatives was issued thereby implementing a limited election allowing male subjects who paid 15 yen or more directly in general tax and who were over 25 of age (that accounted for approximately 1.1% of the total population of Japan at the time) to vote and, on November 25, 1890, the inaugural Imperial Diet (the first parliamentary session) convened.
Japanese: その後、明治22年（1889年）の大日本帝国憲法公布にともない、衆議院議員選挙法が公布され、直接国税15円以上を納税した25歳以上の男子のみ（当時の全人口の1.1%）に選挙権を与えた制限選挙を実施し、に最初の帝国議会（第一議会）が開会された。
English: Successfully reforming itself to a modern nation without becoming a colony of another country, in 1894, Japan accomplished a treaty revision with England which started the process of terminating an unequal treaty that had existed since the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 植民地化されずに自力で近代化への改革をなした日本は、明治27年（1894年）にはイギリスと条約改正を成し遂げ、これを皮切りに江戸時代末期以来の不平等条約の解消を進めた。
English: Negotiations conducted by Gaimukyo (Chief of Foreign Ministry) Munenori TERASHIMA (1876 - 1878): While the United States agreed to the recovery of the tax revenue source, England and Germany opposed the same and the negotiation was aborted.
Japanese: 外務卿寺島宗則による交渉（明治9年（1876年）-明治11年（1878年））：税権の回復にアメリカは賛成するが英独が反対し頓挫。
English: Negotiations conducted by Foreign Minister Kaoru INOUE (1882 - 1888): Measures to Europeanize such as construction of Rokumeikan Hall and installment of judges from foreign countries at the court were proposed but due to objections raised by Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, Tateki TANI and the nationalist group in addition to the unfortunate handling of the Normanton Incident, Inoue resigned.
Japanese: 外相井上馨による交渉（明治15年（1882年）-明治21年（1888年））：鹿鳴館の建設による欧化政策、裁判所に外国人判事を採用など→ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードや谷干城、国粋主義者の反発、ノルマントン号事件に対する不首尾もあり、井上辞任。
English: Negotiations conducted by Foreign Minister Shigenobu OKUMA (1888 - 1889): The planned recruitment of judges from foreign countries to the post at Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan) was leaked to the London Times.
Japanese: 外相大隈重信による交渉（明治21年（1888年）-明治22年（1889年））：大審院にのみ外国人判事を採用することがロンドンタイムズ紙にリークされる
English: Negotiations conducted by Foreign Minister Shuzo AOKI (1889 - 1891): England agreed with recovery of jurisdiction but the negotiations were aborted due to the Otsu Incident.
Japanese: 外相青木周蔵による交渉（明治22年（1889年）-明治24年（1891年））：法権回復にイギリスは賛成したが、大津事件で頓挫。
English: The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894): Foreign Minister Munemitsu MUTSU obtained an agreement from England to abolish exterritoriality (whereby consular jurisdiction was repealed).
Japanese: 日英通商航海条約（明治27年（1894年））：外相陸奥宗光、イギリスに治外法権の撤廃（領事裁判権の撤廃）を認めさせる。
English: The Japan-US commerce and navigation treaty (1911): Foreign Minister Jutaro KOMURA obtained an agreement by the U. S. to the Japanese tariff autonomy.
Japanese: 日米通商航海条約（明治44年（1911年））：外相小村寿太郎、アメリカに日本の関税自主権を認めさせる。
English: The subsequent Imo Incident in 1882 and the Gapsin Coup in 1884 triggered hostility over Korea between Japan and China and, touched off by the subsequent Donghak Peasant Revolution, began the Sino-Japanese War in 1894.
Japanese: 日本は、明治15年(1882年)の壬午軍乱、明治17年(1884年)の甲申事変を契機に朝鮮を巡り、清と対立し、甲午農民戦争を契機に、明治27年(1894年)に日清戦争が勃発した。
English: China had stronger national power in all aspects including wealth, warships, arms and the number of soldiers but Japan with higher morale and better training won thereby obtaining the agreement of China on the following conditions by signing the Treaty of Shimonoseki:
Japanese: 当時の国力では財力、軍艦、装備、兵数すべてにおいて清の方が優位であったが士気と訓練度で勝った日本は勝利し、下関条約によって以下の内容を清に認めさせた。
English: As a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China's sovereignty over Korea was renounced whereby the traditional tributary system which was the international order in East Asia came to an end (and the Yi Dynasty Korea attained independence as the Korean Empire).
Japanese: 下関条約の結果、清の朝鮮に対する宗主権は否定され、ここに東アジアの国際秩序であった冊封体制は終焉を迎えた（李氏朝鮮は大韓帝国として独立した）。
English: Due to the Triple Intervention of Russia, France and Germany, however, Liaodong Peninsula was returned to China (in exchange for 30 million teal in compensation paid to Japan) that consequently was perceived as an insult and fueled retaliatory sentiment among Japanese people (as in a proverb it was struggling against difficulties for the sake of vengeance).
Japanese: しかし、遼東半島は露仏独の三国干渉により返還させられた（代償として3000万両を獲得）結果、国民に屈辱感を与え、報復心が煽られた（臥薪嘗胆）。
English: As a result of this war, Japan joined the ranks of powerful countries gaining recognition from powerful Western nations.
Japanese: 結果としてこの戦争により日本も諸列強の仲間入りをし、欧米列強に認められることとなった。
English: In the meantime, the defeat of China, dubbed 'the sleeping lion,' resulted in the acceleration of activities by various powerful countries which aimed to colonize the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 他方、「眠れる獅子」と言われた清が敗戦したことから、諸列強の中国大陸の植民地化の動きが加速されることとなった。
English: Additionally, the result of the Sino-Japanese War also had an economic impact with the war reparations serving as the source to implement the gold standard system and provided funds for building (and establishing) the Yahata Iron Factory.
Japanese: 加えて、日清戦争の賠償金は、の金本位制施行の源泉となり、八幡製鉄所造営（開設）の資金となるなど、戦果は経済的にも影響を与えた。
English: After the Sino-Japanese War ended, the Russian Empire put pressure on China making Lushun in Liaodong Peninsula and Dalian City leased territory of Russia.
Japanese: 日清戦争終了後、ロシア帝国は清に圧力をかけ、遼東半島の旅順、大連市を租借した。
English: Russia, in addition, constructed the Trans-Siberian Railway and its branch line Chinese Eastern Railway to advance their agenda to move southward.
Japanese: また、シベリア鉄道及びその支線である東清鉄道を建設し南下政策を進めていった。
English: After the Boxer Uprising, in particular, Russia maintained stationary troops in Manchuria to secure their rights and interests in that region.
Japanese: とりわけ、義和団事件以降、ロシアは満州に軍隊を駐留させ、利権を確保していった。
English: This alliance attracted considerable attention worldwide because England, the greatest empire on earth at the time and had previously adhered to the principle of 'Splendid Isolation,' entered into an alliance for the very first time and also because the other party in question was Japan, an emerging country in Asia.
Japanese: 当時世界第一の大帝国で「栄光ある孤立」を貫いていたイギリスが初めて同盟を締結したということと、アジアの新興国家である日本が相手ということから世界の注目を受けた。
English: In Europe, there was a caricature depicting England using Japan, an upstart of the Far East as its pawn to pick up a hot chestnut in fire (meaning China).
Japanese: ヨーロッパでは、極東において成り上がりの日本を手先にして火中の栗（中国）を拾わせようとするものとする風刺も見られた。
English: Later on, the Russo-Japanese War broke out over the rights and interests concerning Manchuria and Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: その後、満州、朝鮮半島の利害が対立したロシア帝国相手に日露戦争が勃発した。
English: Coming ashore in Liaodong Peninsula, the Japanese army succeeded by a narrow margin to force the Russian army using overwhelming superiority to back off during the siege of Lushun and the Battle of Mukden.
Japanese: 陸軍は遼東半島上陸後、旅順攻囲戦、奉天会戦と圧倒的物量で上回るロシア陸軍を辛うじて後退させることに成功した。
English: In the meantime, the Japanese Navy ultimately destroyed the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Battle of Tsushima.
Japanese: 一方、海軍は最終的には日本海海戦でロシアのバルチック艦隊を撃滅した。
English: Russia still sustained the army but, due to the fact that much of the sea power had been lost and a revolutionary movement was developing within the country, it leaned towards making peace with Japan.
Japanese: ロシアはなお陸軍は維持していたが、海軍力の大半を失い、国内でも革命運動が発展していたため講和に傾いた。
English: As Japan was not yet economically developed enough to adequately sustain a long drawn-out war, Foreign Minister Jutaro KOBAYASHI began negotiations for the peace treaty under the mediation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
Japanese: 日本も長期戦には耐えうる経済発展を達成していなかったので、外相小村寿太郎は米大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトに仲介を頼み、講和に持ち込んだ。
English: Japan was leased Lushun and Dalian City within the territory of China and the Russian rail system in the area south of Changchun including the relative rights thereof.
Japanese: 清領内の旅順、大連の租借権及び、長春以南の鉄道とその付属の権利を日本に譲渡する。
English: Due to the fact, however, that no monetary indemnity was received, the anger of Japanese people exploded causing the Hibiya riots.
Japanese: しかし賠償金は全く取れなかったため、日本国内では国民の怒りが爆発し、日比谷焼打事件が起こった。
English: Additionally, Toshihiko SAKAI and Sen KATAYAMA started an anti-war movement and Akiko YOSANO and Kanzo UCHIMURA from the Christian viewpoint spoke of pacifism.
Japanese: また堺利彦・片山潜らの反戦運動や与謝野晶子やキリスト教の立場からする内村鑑三の非戦論も唱えられた。
English: Japan's winning the Russo-Japanese War was significant in the course of world history because it was a victory of a small colored country over a big white country as well as a triumph of a constitutional monarchy over a country under an absolutistic ruler.
Japanese: 日露戦争における日本の勝利は、白色人種の大国に対する有色人種の小国の、また絶対主義国家に対する立憲君主国家の勝利であり、世界史上の意義も大きかった。
English: (There was a historical precedence where the Ethiopian Empire was victorious over the Kingdom of Italy in the First Italy–Ethiopian War but it was made possible by a full-scale military support of England and France.)
Japanese: （ちなみに第一次エチオピア戦争で、エチオピア帝国がイタリア王国に勝利した先例があるが、これは英仏の全面的な軍事的支援によるものであった。）
English: (It can be said that, consequently, Japan's winning the Russo-Japanese War was the first victory by independent military forces of a colored country over a white country in modern times.)
Japanese: （そのため、日露戦争における日本の勝利は、有色人種国家独自の軍隊による、白色人種国家に対する近代初の勝利と言える。）。
English: Kantototokufu (Japan's Guandong Governor-General Office) and South Manchuria Railways Company (Mantetsu) were installed for the southern Liaodong Peninsula (Guandong) and the Chinese Eastern Railway in south of Changchun, respectively, that Japan had received under the conditions stipulated by the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905.
Japanese: また、のポーツマス条約で獲得した遼東半島南部（関東州）及び長春以南の東清鉄道に対し、それぞれ関東都督府、南満州鉄道株式会社（満鉄）が設置された。
English: Later, in July, the second administration of the Katsura Cabinet approved the annexation of Korea and when Ito arrived in Harbin on October 26 during his visit to Manchuria for a talk with the Russian Empire, he was assassinated by Ahn Jung-geun who was an activist for the independence of the Korean Empire.
Japanese: その後、７月、第2次桂内閣が韓国併合を閣議決定、10月26日、伊藤はロシア帝国との会談を行うため渡満し、ハルピンに到着した際、大韓帝国の独立運動家安重根に暗殺された。
English: On August 22, 1910, annexing the Korean Empire by signing the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, Japan hereby became the country under imperialism rising to join the ranks of powerful countries.
Japanese: には日韓併合条約を結び、大韓帝国を併合し、ここに諸列強と並ぶ帝国主義国家にのし上がった。
English: Japan's victory over the major power Russia made an impact abroad but there was an opinion that its objective to develop itself to become a modern nation comparable to Western powerful countries after the earth-shattering visit by Kurofune during the Kaei era (1848-1854) was at least accomplished.
Japanese: 大国ロシアに対して戦勝を記録したことは、諸外国にも反響を与えたが、嘉永年間以来の黒船の衝撃と、その後目指した西欧列強に並ぶ近代国家づくりの目標は一応達成されたとする説もある。
English: Later, as a result of the Treaty of Versailles signed to conclude the peace process after the World War I, the League of Nations was founded with Japan participating as a permanent member whereby it became one of the powerful countries in the world in mere fifty years or thereabouts since the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: その後第一次世界大戦の講和により完成したヴェルサイユ条約の世界で、に設立された国際連盟に常任理事国として参加し、日本は明治維新から約50年という速さで列強国のひとつに数えられることになった。
English: Sugoroku is a boardgame that a player throws a dice to move a piece as many squares as the numbers shown on the rolled dice.
Japanese: すごろく（雙六・双六）とは、サイコロを振って、出た目に従って升目にある駒を進めて上がりに近づけるボードゲーム。
English: One theory shows that the name, Sugoroku was derived from '雙六' or '双六', literary double sixes, because in the Sugoroku game, the maximum numbers on the two dices, which were used in the game, controls the situation.('雙' and '双' have the same meaning, double).
Japanese: その名の由来はさいころを2個振り、双方とも最大値である6のゾロ目がいかに出るかが形勢を左右したゲームであったため、「雙六」あるいは異字体として「双六」という字が当てられるようになった（「雙」・「双」は同じ意味を持つ）という説がある。
English: In Japan, there were two types of Sugoroku, one was a board Sugoroku written as '雙六' and another was '双六', simply called Sugoroku or picture Sugoroku, which appeared in later years.
Japanese: 日本では「雙六」と書かれた盤双六（ばんすごろく）と後世に発生して単に「双六」と称した絵双六（えすごろく）の2種類があった。
English: In the beginning, they were clearly distinguished, however, in the Edo period, both 雙六 (board Sugoroku) and 双六 (picture Sugoroku) were just called as 双六 (Sugoroku), then the name became vague.
Japanese: 両者は古くは峻別されていたが、江戸時代には雙六（盤双六）と双六（絵双六）が双方共に双六と称されていたため、混乱が生じた。
English: Koichi MASUKAWA, who is a pioneering researcher of Japanese playgames in history says that although both are equally called Sugoroku, they are completely different playgames so it's not adequate to use a notation of '双六' for '雙六(board Sugoroku)'
Japanese: なお、日本の遊戯の歴史における先駆的な研究家である増川宏一は、、両者は同じ「すごろく」であっても全く別な遊戯であり、雙六（盤双六）に「双六」という表記を用いるのは不適切であると唱えている。
English: For example, before the Edo period, in the documents such as journals, '雙六' and '双六' were clearly different except with a few exceptions by errors.
Japanese: 江戸時代以前の日記などの記録類においては誤記と思われる少数例を除けば「雙六」と「双六」の使い分けがはっきりとしている事からである。
English: In other languages besides Japanese, different words are mostly used to indicate the board Sugoroku type game and the picture Sugoroku type game.
Japanese: 日本語以外の言語でも盤双六系遊戯と絵双六系遊戯にはそれぞれ違う単語があてられているのが殆どである。
English: In this article, a common word 'Sugoroku' is used for the title, and to describe each, they are referred to as 'board Sugoroku'/ '雙六' and 'picture Sugoroku'/ '双六' respectively.
Japanese: 本項目においては、項目名は共通する「すごろく」を採用し、個々の記述に関しては今日の主流な呼び方である「盤双六」/「雙六」と「絵双六」/「双六」の名称で解説する。
English: Also, see the article of 'Backgammon' as a reference of 'board Sugoroku' (盤双六, 双六).
Japanese: また、「盤双六（雙六）」に関しては「バックギャモン」の項目もあわせて参照のこと。
English: The original form of the board Sugoroku was considered as a board game with 12x2 grid played in the Roman Empire.
Japanese: 後の盤双六の原型と呼べるものはローマ帝国で遊ばれた12×2マスの遊戯盤とされている。
English: In the Shosoin Treasure House of the Todai-ji Temple, a board Sugoroku, with which Emperor Shomu may have played, is kept.
Japanese: 東大寺正倉院には生前の聖武天皇が遊んだとされる盤双六が納められている。
English: However, it is said that the board Sugoroku, which became widely popular afterward, was the one that had been improved by introducing Chinese board Sugoroku after the middle age.
Japanese: ただし後世において広く遊ばれた盤双六は中世以後に中国の盤双六を取り入れて改良されたものであると言われている。
English: The board Sugoroku (雙六) was a Japanese name for old type backgammon that was widely popular from the Nara period through to the Edo period.
Japanese: 盤双六（ばんすごろく、雙六）というのは、奈良時代から江戸時代にかけて広く行われた古い形のバックギャモンの和名である。
English: According to the numbers shown on the two dices, two stones were moved, or one stone was brought forward as many points as the total numbers on the two dices.
Japanese: さいころの目にあわせて二つの石を動かすか、あるいは一つの石を目の合計数進めることができる。
English: When a stone was hit, it was removed and placed outside, and the hit stone needed to be back by priority before other stones were moved.
Japanese: 切られた石は外に置かれ、切られた側は自分の番が来たとき、まずこの石を動かして戻さねば他の石を動かせない。
English: When the stone was hit and steamed, or closed out, the game ended.
Japanese: 石が切られて蒸される、つまりクローズアウトされた時点でゲームは終了。
English: The board Sugoroku was played as a gamble because the game highly depended on the chance of the rolled dices besides the complicated thoughts.
Japanese: この盤双六はゲームの進行に際して複雑な思考と同時にさいころの偶然性に頼る要素が大きく、賭博として行われた。
English: In the Heian period, the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa also mentioned 'the dices on the board Sugoroku' as one of the three subjects beyond his control.
Japanese: また平安時代の白河法皇も「雙六の骰子（盤双六のさいころ）」を天下の三不如意のひとつとして挙げたとされている。
English: (However, some theories say that this indicated not a ban of the Sugoroku but the Cloistered Emperor's dice rolling technique.)
Japanese: （ただし、これを雙六の禁止令ではなく、法皇自身の雙六の腕とする説もある）。
English: However, besides, as already mentioned above, the board Sugoroku played by Emperor Shomu as an evidence, the historical record says that 'Sugoroku-betto (a head office for Sugoroku)' was placed in the provincial government in the Kaga Domain,.
Japanese: だが、先に紹介された聖武天皇の盤双六の例を初め、平安時代の加賀国の国衙に「雙六別当」と称される部署が存在したと言う記録が残されている。
English: Moreover, in the journals of Kinhira SAIONJI, who was an influential person in the Kamakura period, Imperial Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa in the Muromachi period, and Tokitsugu YAMASHINA in the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) the board Sugoroku was also described.
Japanese: 更に鎌倉時代の宮廷の実力者西園寺公衡や室町時代の伏見宮貞成親王、戦国時代_(日本)の山科言継の日記にも盤双六の記録が残されている。
English: Also, as a court function regarding childbirth, there was a custom of playing the board Sugoroku (or, just rolling dices).
Japanese: また、出産にまつわる宮中行事として盤双六を行う（単にさいころを振るのみの場合もあった）慣習があった。
English: Until around the end of the Edo period, in some regions, when a woman got married, a Sugoroku board was traditionally brought with her as one of her belongings.
Japanese: 女性のいわゆる「嫁入り道具」の一つとして雙六盤（盤双六を遊ぶ盤）を持たせる慣習のある地域が江戸時代後期頃までは存在していた。
English: After the Edo period, due to popularity of Shogi (Japanese chess) and Igo game (board game of capturing territory) with less gambling elements could make the board Sugoroku decrease, as it is said.
Japanese: 江戸時代以後にはより賭博性の低い将棋や囲碁の台頭によって衰微したと言われ、昭和時代初期にはその痕を絶ったと言われている。
English: After the war, the similar 'Backgammon' was played, however, it is considered that there is no historical continuity between the board Sugoroku and Backgammon.
Japanese: 戦後、同系統の「バックギャモン」が遊ばれるようになるが、盤双六とバックギャモンの歴史的な連続性は乏しいと考えられている。
English: The picture Sugoroku (双六) was a game that was developed with the board Sugoroku influence.
Japanese: 絵双六（えすごろく、双六）というのは、盤双六の影響を受けて発達した遊戯である。
English: On the picture drawn on paper, the players roll a dice to move pieces forward to the goal.
Japanese: 紙に絵を描いてさいころを振って絵の上のマスの中にある駒を進めて上がりを目指すものである。
English: However, in the early stage, it was developed separately from the board Sugoroku (which was occasionally a gambling tool).
Japanese: ただし、かなり早い段階で（賭博の道具でもあった）盤双六とは別箇の発展を遂げていった。
English: However, in the Jodo Sugoroku (a kind of Buddhist Sugoroku), which is considered to be the oldest, the Buddhist terms and morals were written on it, instead of pictures.
Japanese: ただし、最古のものとされる浄土双六には絵の代わりに仏教の用語や教訓が書かれていた。
English: That means, in the late Muromachi period (the late 15th century), the Jodo Sugoroku is considered to have been played.
Japanese: それゆえ、室町時代後期（15世紀後半）には浄土双六が遊ばれていたとされる。
English: With its name and the contents, the Jodo Sugoroku is considered to have been made by the monks of Jodo (Pure Land) sect in origin, and the Jodo Sugoroku often appeared in the works (such as "Koshoku ichidai otoko (Life of a Sensuous Man)) by Saikaku IHARA.
Japanese: なお、その名称や内容から元は浄土宗系統の僧侶によって作られたとも言われ、江戸時代の井原西鶴の作品（『好色一代男』などには）浄土双六がしばしば登場する。
English: In the Bunsei era, according to "Tanki manroku (Random Record of the Society of Those Addicted to Curiosity)" by Bakin TAKIZAWA, there were roughly four types of Jodo Sugoroku.
Japanese: 文政年間の滝沢馬琴の『耽奇漫録』によれば、当時浄土双六には大きく分けて4種類あったとしている。
English: According to the "Sukigaeshi" (literally reconstituting paper from old scraps) by Tanehiko RYUTEI written around the same time, 'the Buppo Sugoroku', which was produced for the first practices for the Tendai-shu sect monks, was its roots.
Japanese: ほぼ同時期に書かれた柳亭種彦の『還魂紙料』には元は天台宗で初学の僧侶の学習のために作成された「仏法双六」が原型であったとする説を伝えている。
English: During the Genroku era in the Edo period, the picture Sugoroku such as 'Dochu Sugoroku' (a Sugoroku with pictures from the 53 stations of the Tokaido Road) and 'Yaro Sugoroku or Shibai Sugoroku' (a Sugoroku with actors' pictures), were played.
Japanese: 江戸時代の元禄年間には、道中双六・野郎双六（芝居双六）などが絵入りの双六が遊ばれるようになった。
English: Latterly, the Sugoroku with themes such as moralistic or social success subjects, or gorgeous Sugoroku by Ukiyo-e artists appeared.
Japanese: 後期になると勧善懲悪や立身出世などのテーマ性を持ったものや浮世絵師による豪華な双六も出現するようになる。
English: On the other hand, as some Sugoroku had erotic arts or gambling elements, Sugoroku was banned during Tempo Reforms and so on.
Japanese: その一方で、春画などを用いたり、賭博性を持たせた双六も存在したため、天保の改革などにおいては禁圧の対象となっている。
English: After the Meiji period, the Sugoroku with such themes as bunmei kaika (civilization and enlightenment), and fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) appeared and it was used as means to tighten the people.
Japanese: 明治時代以後は文明開化・富国強兵をテーマにしたものも現れ、次第に国民教化の手段として用いられるようになっていった。
English: Still nowadays, there are many games, such as board games and video games that use dices (or a roulette, in place of dices) and they can be regarded as improved and evolved forms of the Sugoroku game.
Japanese: しかし、今日のボードゲームやテレビゲームの中にさいころ（あるいは代用品としてルーレット）を用いてゲームを進行させる作品が多く存在しており、これらを双六の進化・発展した姿であると考える事も出来る。
English: The picture Sugoroku itself is a particular Japanese game, however, the Western countries also have played a game such as 'the Game of the Goose', which was considered to have been influenced by Backgammon, since the 14th century and was similar to Sugoroku.
Japanese: なお、絵双六そのものは日本独自のものであるが、西洋にもバックギャモンの影響を受けたと見られる、鵞鳥のゲーム（GameoftheGoose）と呼ばれる双六に近い趣旨のゲームが14世紀頃から行われている。
English: From the 20th century, the Monopoly appeared through the influence of these games.
Japanese: 20世紀に入ってこうしたゲームの影響を受けてモノポリーが発明される事となった。
English: Hyakunin Isshu (one hundred waka poems by one hundred poets) is a poetry anthology containing one hundred waka (classical Japanese poems), one each by distinguished poets from ancient times; in the past, it had been called 'Hyakunin-shu.'
Japanese: 百人一首（ひゃくにんいっしゅ、故実読みはひゃくにんしゅ）とは、古来の代表的な歌人百人について、一人一首を選んでつくった詞華集のことである。
English: Presently, it usually refers to "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu," one of shisen wakashu (personal collection of poetry) compiled by FUJIWARA no Teika (Sadaie), gathering a hundred tanka (classical Japanese poem in 31 syllables) by a hundred outstanding poets from the 600s until about 1205 when "Shinkokin Wakashu" (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) was compiled.
Japanese: 現在の日本においては通常、その中でも、小倉百人一首と通称される、藤原定家撰による新古今期までの代表的な歌人百人について作られた私撰和歌集を指す。