nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On December 24, 1464, Yoshihiro made up his mind to return to secular life as Yoshimasa had even prepared a written oath "Even if a son is born to me, I will make him become a Buddhist priest and not allow him to succeed the headship of the family" and tried to persuade Yoshihiro once again to inherit the office of Shogun; renaming himself Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, the younger brother decided to move to the Imadegawa residence under the guardianship of Katsumoto.
Japanese: 1464年12月24日（寛正5年11月26日）、義尋は、義政が『今後男子が生まれても僧門に入れ、家督を継承させることはない』と起請文までしたため、再三、将軍職就任を説得したことから、意を決して還俗し名を足利義視と改めると勝元の後見を得て今出川邸に移ることにした。
English: In July 1466, at the recommendation of his aides including Sadachika ISE and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshimasa suddenly deprived Yoshikado SHIBA of the Shiba Buei family headship and bestowed it on Yoshitoshi SHIBA.
Japanese: 1466年（文正元年）7月、突然、義政は側近の伊勢貞親・季瓊真蘂らの進言で斯波武衛家の家督を斯波義廉から取り上げ斯波義敏に与えた。
English: Sozen, who was a relative of Yoshikado, supported Yoshikado in alliance with Yoshinao ISSHIKI and Shigeyori TOKI among others and as Sadachika circulated a rumor of planned rebellion in an attempt to expel Yoshimi; in response, Katsumoto who was the guardian of Yoshimi cooperated with Sozen to expel Sadachika to Omi, and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Masanori AKAMATSU among others, involved in the coup, were also expelled from the capital in a temporary deposition.
Japanese: 義廉と縁戚関係にあった宗全は、一色義直や土岐成頼らとともに義廉を支持し、さらに貞親が謀反の噂を流して義視の追放を図ったことから、義視の後見人である勝元は宗全と協力して貞親を近江に追放、このとき、政変に巻き込まれた季瓊真蘂、斯波義敏、赤松政則らも一時失脚して都を追われた。
English: While Sozen, having contributed to the pacification of Kakitsu Incident, was against the reinstatement of the Akamatsu family who had masterminded the incident, he and his son-in-law Katsumoto came to an outright confrontation as Katsumoto appointed Masanori AKAMATSU shugo of Kaga Province in 1458 with a view to weakening Sozen's influence.
Japanese: 嘉吉の乱鎮圧に功労のあった宗全は主謀者赤松氏の再興に反対していたが、1458年、娘婿の勝元が宗全の勢力削減を図って赤松政則を加賀国守護職に取立てたことから両者は激しく対立するようになっていた。
English: Though they had worked together on the same side in the Bunsho Coup, the two had also been archrivals as each was deeply involved in a fight for succession of a shugo daimyo position.
Japanese: 文正の政変で協力した二人であったが、それぞれ守護大名の家督争いに深く関わっていたため、強烈に対立する二人でもあった。
English: When Yoshihisa (later renamed Yoshihiro) ASHIKAGA was born on December 11, 1465 between Yoshimasa and Tomiko, the latter, eager to have her own son Yoshihisa succeed the Shogunate, approached Sozen in secret maneuvers to prevent Yoshimi from assuming that position.
Japanese: 1465年12月11日（寛正6年11月23日）、義政と富子との間に足利義尚（のち義煕）が誕生すると、実子義尚の将軍職擁立を切望する富子は、宗全に接近し義視の将軍職就任を阻止しようと暗躍する。
English: Naturally, Sozen opposed Katsumoto, Yoshimi's guardian, and the rivalry for Shogunate succession divided the shugo daimyos in the whole country into two camps, those of Katsumoto and of Sozen, making collision between them inevitable.
Japanese: 当然、宗全は義視の後見人である勝元と対立し、将軍家の家督争いは全国の守護大名を勝元派と宗全派に二分化させて、その衝突は避けられないものとなった。
English: About that time, a fight over family heirship between Masanaga HATAKEYAMA of the Katsumoto camp, who was then the Shogun's deputy, and Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA of the Sozen camp intensified, and Yoshimasa's caprice added fuel to their strife.
Japanese: この頃、管領職にあった勝元派の畠山政長と宗全派の畠山義就との間にあった家督継承権をめぐる闘争が激化し、さらに義政の気紛れが両派の対立に油を注いだ。
English: Yoshinari, who had been the authorized heir of the Hatakeyama family in or around 1455, was expelled by Yoshimasa as a result of a plot by Katsumoto, and his cousin Masanaga replaced Yoshinari as the authorized heir of the family.
Japanese: 1455年（康正元年）のころ畠山家総領であった義就は、勝元の策謀によって義政から追放され、従兄弟である政長が替わって畠山家総領を継承した。
English: Afterwards, when Yoshinari relied on Sozen in petitioning for his reinstatement, Yoshimasa, placated by Sozen, on February 6, 1467 invited Yoshinari to Hana no Gosho (or Muromachi-dai) of the Shogun's residence and remitted him without consulting Masanaga or Katsumoto.
Japanese: その後、義就が宗全を頼って復権を願い出ていたところ、1467年2月6日（応仁元年正月2日）、宗全に懐柔された義政が、政長や勝元に断ることなく、将軍邸の花の御所（室町第）に義就を招いてこれを赦免した。
English: As if to make a further attack on Masanaga, Yoshimasa canceled his "gracious visit" to the Kanrei's residence, a regular New Year event, and instead attended a banquet Yoshinari held at Sozen's residence three days later.
Japanese: 義政は政長へ追い討ちをかけるように、正月恒例の管領邸への『お成り』を中止して、3日後に義就が宗全邸で開いた酒宴に出席した。
English: Then Yoshimasa recognized Yoshinari as the authorized heir of the Hatakeyama family, and told him to demand from Masanaga the surrender of the residence at Kasuga Marinokoji.
Japanese: そこで義政は、義就の畠山家総領を認め、政長に春日万里小路の屋敷の明け渡しを要求させる。
English: Katsumoto intended to have Yoshimasa issue an order to hunt down and dispose of Yoshinari, but Yoshimasa's wife Tomiko HINO sensed the circumstances and prevented his scheme by intentionally leaking the information to Sozen.
Japanese: 勝元は義政から義就追討令を出させようとするが、義政夫人の日野富子が事情を察知して宗全に情報を漏らして失敗する。
English: Having steered the political situation in his favor, Sozen mobilized many samurai of allied shugo daimyos, besieged the Imperial Palace and Hana no Gosho, and requested Yoshimasa to expel Masanaga and Katsumoto among others.
Japanese: 政局を有利に運んだ宗全は、自邸周辺に同盟守護大名の兵を多数集め、内裏と花の御所を囲み、義政に政長や勝元らの追放を願い出た。
English: Though not agreeing to expel Katsumoto, Yoshimasa approved Yoshinari's attack on Masanaga on condition that none of the daimyos should side with either camp.
Japanese: 義政は勝元の追放を認めなかったものの、諸大名が一方に加担しないことを条件に、義就による政長への攻撃を認めた。
English: Deprived of heirship and condemned as a rebel by Yoshimasa, Masanaga sought for support by Katsumoto, but Katsumoto refused the request in expectation of a counter-offensive at a later opportunity.
Japanese: 義政から廃嫡され賊軍扱いされた政長は勝元に援軍を求めたが、勝元は後日の反撃を期してこれを断った。
English: On February 22, 1467, Masanaga set on fire his own undefended residence, led samurai and took up a position at Kami Goryo Shrine (in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City).
Japanese: 1467年2月22日（応仁元年1月18日）、政長は無防備であった自邸に火を放つと、兵を率いて上御霊社（京都市上京区）に陣を敷いた。
English: Yoshimasa forbade involvement in the personal strife within the Hatakeyama family, but Sozen arranged for keeping Emperor Gotsuchimikado and the Retired Emperor Gohanazono sheltered in Muromachi-dai, and gave support to Yoshinari.
Japanese: 義政は畠山の私闘への関わりを禁じるが、宗全は後土御門天皇や後花園上皇らを室町亭に避難させ、義就に加勢する。
English: Goryo Shrine was surrounded by a bamboo grove, with the Hosokawa River flowing to its west and the moat of Shokoku-ji Temple located to its south.
Japanese: 御霊社は竹林に囲まれ、西には細川が流れ、南には相国寺の堀が位置していた。
English: Yoshinari launched his offensive from Shakado (Sakyamuni Hall), and the supporting troops of Yoshikado SHIBA, Masatoyo YAMANA and Takakage ASAKURA (the seventh family head) also made attacks.
Japanese: 義就は釈迦堂から出兵し、加勢した斯波義廉、山名政豊、朝倉孝景(7代当主)らもそれぞれ攻撃。
English: The battle continued until the evening, and Masanaga set the shrine on fire late at night; he is said to have pretended suicide and escaped to take refuge in Katsumoto's residence.
Japanese: 戦いは夕刻まで続き、政長は夜半に社に火をかけ、自害を装い逃走、勝元邸に匿われたと言われる。
English: After Goryo Gassen, Katsumoto HOSOKAWA mobilized troops from nine provinces in Shikoku and, among the daimyos on the Hosokawa side, Masanori AKAMATSU invaded Yamana's territory in Harima and recaptured the position of shugo.
Japanese: 御霊合戦ののち、細川勝元は領地の四国9カ国から兵を集結させ、細川派の大名では赤松政則が播磨で山名領へ侵攻して守護職を奪還した。
English: In May, the troops of Nobukata TAKEDA and Shigeyuki HOSOKAWA among others invaded the Isshiki family's territory in Wakasa and, in the capital too, the residences of Yoshinao ISSHIKI and generals of the Western camp were attacked, while Yoshitoshi SHIBA invaded Totoumi from Owari.
Japanese: 5月には武田信賢、細川成之らが若狭の一色氏の領地へ侵攻、都でも一色義直の邸や西軍諸将の屋敷を襲撃、斯波義敏は尾張から遠江へ侵攻する。
English: In May, Katsumoto successfully called on his allies nationwide, including Masanaga who had taken refuge in Hokuriku, to occupy Hana no Gosho, took into custody the Shogun and others on the pretext of protecting them from warfare, and invited the incumbent and retired emperors to Muromachi-dai.
Japanese: 5月、勝元は北陸に落ちていた政長を含む全国の同盟者に呼びかけ、花の御所を制し、戦火から保護するという名目で将軍らを確保、天皇、上皇を室町亭に迎える。
English: Katsumoto located the headquarters in his own residence at Imadegawa, and in June at his request Yoshimasa conferred him with a gaki (flag with an ivory ornament at the top symbolizing the emperor or the shogun), which gave his troops an appearance of a regular government army.
Japanese: 勝元は今出川邸の自邸に本陣を置き、6月には義政に要請して牙旗を授与され、官軍の体裁を整えた。
English: The Eastern camp had 160,000 samurai and the Western, 110,000 or more, according to "Oninki" (The Record of the Onin War), but some suspect these figures may be exaggerated.
Japanese: 兵力は、『応仁記』によれば東軍が16万、西軍が11万以上であったと記されているが、誇張があるとも指摘されている。
English: Whereas the military leaders having gathered in Kyoto had mostly come from Hokuriku, Shinetsu, Tokai, and Kyushu provinces of Chikuzen, Bungo, and Buzen, the Eastern camp had a geographical advantage because not only members of the Hosokawa family were shugos in the provinces around the capital and in Shikoku but also shugos affiliated with the family were appointed in neighboring areas.
Japanese: 京都に集結した諸将は、北陸から信越、東海、九州の筑前、豊後、豊前が大半であったが、「東軍」には細川氏一族が畿内と四国の守護を務めていたことに加えその近隣地域にも自派の守護を配置していたため、地理的には優位を占めていた。
English: Conversely, the Western camp comprised the Yamana family and local forces were increasingly alarmed by the growing presence of the Hosokawa family and its allies,
Japanese: 逆に「西軍」は山名氏始めとしてこうした細川氏とその同盟勢力の台頭に警戒感を強める地方の勢力が参加していた。
English: Many of the latter's associates including Yoshinao ISSHIKI had taken part in it on account of discord with Nobukata TAKEDA in spite of their being aides to Yoshimasa or out of not-so-relevant circumstances, such as Takayori ROKKAKU and Shigeyori TOKI, leaving uncertainty about their obedience to leadership.
Japanese: 中には義政側近でありながら武田信賢との確執から西軍に奔った一色義直や六角高頼・土岐成頼のように成り行き的に参加したものも多く、その統率には不安が残されていた。
English: On the other hand, in some regions including Kanto, Tohoku and Southern Kyushu, large-scale conflicts had already begun among influential samurai families within individual territories already out of central control, and these areas were already in a state of war irrespective of the battle in and around the capital region (for further information on Kanto, see the article on Kyotoku Incident).
Japanese: 一方関東地方や東北、九州南部などの地域においては、既に中央の統制下から離れた状態のまま、各地域内部において有力武家間の大規模な紛争が発生しており、この戦いとは全く無関係に戦乱状態に突入していた（関東については享徳の乱を参照のこと）。
English: At first, the Eastern camp was dominant, favored by the circumstances that it called itself the "imperial army" winning the support of Yoshimasa, that it drove the Western camp away from the surroundings of the Imperial Palace and Hana no Gosho to secure the Imperial Family and Yoshimasa and that the territories of the Hosokawa family and its supporters were concentrated in the surrounding areas of the capital; but by June Yamana's 80,000-member troops having conquered Hosokawa's Tanba Province had come up to Kyoto and by August Masahiro OUCHI had entered Kyoto, leading not only the troops of Michiharu KONO's and others' seven provinces in Shikoku, but also suigun (navy) squadrons, resulting in recovered power of the Western camp.
Japanese: 当初、東軍が義政の支持を受けて「官軍」と号し、内裏や花の御所周辺から西軍を駆逐して皇室と義政を確保したこと、細川氏及びその支持者の領国が畿内周辺に集中していた事が幸いして戦いを有利に進めたが、6月には細川領丹波国を制圧した山名軍8万が上洛、8月には周防から大内政弘が四国の河野通春ら7カ国の軍勢をはじめ、水軍を率いて入京、西軍が勢力を回復する。
English: In the Battle of Shokoku-ji Temple, many were killed or wounded on both sides, but neither camp achieved a decisive victory.
Japanese: 相国寺の戦いは激戦で両軍に多くの死傷者が出たものの勝敗を決することは出来なかった。
English: On September 27, 1467, Yoshimi suddenly ran away from the Eastern camp and took refuge with Noritomo KITABATAKE of Ise Province.
Japanese: 1467年9月27日（応仁元年8月29日）、突然、義視が東軍を出奔して伊勢国の北畠教具の元に身をおく。
English: Yoshimi's escape is partly attributed to the reinstatement of his archenemy Sadachika ISE, who had been expelled as a consequence of Buei sodo, in the Bakufu, but the main reason seems to be that Yoshimasa and guardian Katsumoto had inclined by then to favor the disinheritance of Yoshimi and the appointment of Yoshihisa as Shogun.
Japanese: 義視出奔の原因は、武衛騒動で追放されていた宿敵伊勢貞親が幕府に復権したことが一因とされるが、このころ義政や後見人の勝元が自らの廃嫡と義尚の将軍職就任に傾いたことが主な原因であろう。
English: Yoshihisa had grown up without entering priesthood, watched over by Yoshimasa who would not hand over the Shogunate as promised, guardian Katsumoto and Tomiko who would make no active move to place Yoshimi in the position of Shogun.
Japanese: 約束どおり将軍職位譲を行わない義政、義視将軍就任のために積極的に動かない後見人勝元、富子に見守られ僧門に入ることもなく成長して行く義尚。
English: Since the very moment of the birth of Yoshihisa, Yoshimi had virtually lost his place in the Bakufu.
Japanese: 義視は、義尚誕生のときから幕府に身の置き場所をなくしていたのである。
English: After staying for some time in Ise Province, Yoshimi was persuaded by Katsumoto and Yoshimasa into returning to the Eastern camp, but he ran away again and went to Hiei-zan temple.
Japanese: その後、しばらく伊勢国に滞在した義視は、勝元や義政に説得されて東軍に帰陣するが、再度出奔して比叡山にのぼった。
English: The truth seems to be that Katsumoto, having changed his posture in favor of Yoshihisa as the next Shogun, virtually expelled Yoshimi from the palace in a sugarcoated way.
Japanese: 義尚擁立に転じた勝元が、穏便な形をとって義視を御所から事実上追放したのである。
English: On December 19, 1467, the Western camp sent an envoy to Hiei-zan to invite Yoshimi as the "new Shogun," who gave this camp a resemblance of legitimate Bakufu, and confronted with the Eastern camp.
Japanese: 1467年12月19日（応仁元年11月23日）、西軍は比叡山に使いを出して義視を迎えいれると“新将軍”に奉り幕府の体裁を整え東軍に対抗した。
English: In such a situation, few were ready to sacrifice themselves to contribute to victory, and the war between the Eastern and Western camps had fallen into a stalemate.
Japanese: このような状況下で、身を賭して戦いに貢献しようとする者は少なく、東西両軍の戦いは膠着状態に陥っていった。
English: Meanwhile, ashigaru (common foot soldier) Doken HONEKAWA of the Eastern camp attempted guerrilla tactics such as harassing the rear, but after all his corps, nothing more than rabble comprising of many thieves and vicious criminals, was unable to break through the stalemate.
Japanese: その中で東軍配下の足軽骨皮道賢が後方攪乱などのゲリラ戦を試みたが、所詮、盗賊や凶悪人を多く含んだ集団に過ぎず、戦局を打開することは出来なかった。
English: By 1469, Kanetaka MASUDA, a high-ranking vassal of the Ouchi family and known as a general distinguished in both literary and military arts, severed from his lord in Iwami Province and, joining hands with Chikashige OTOMO and Masasuke SHONI in Kyushu, invaded Ouchi's territory on the Western side under the banner of Noriyuki OUCHI; though this action was subdued, in 1471 Takakage ASAKURA who, in spite of his status as shugodai (deputy shugo), had led the main force of the Western camp, was personally appointed by Yoshimasa to the position of shugo of Echizen and went over to the Eastern side.
Japanese: 1469年（文明元年）になると、大内氏の重臣で文武両道の名将として知られた益田兼堯が石見国で離反、九州の大友親繁・少弐政資とともに大内教幸を擁して西軍方の大内領に侵攻、この動きは鎮圧されたものの、1471年（文明3年）には守護代でありながら西軍の主力となっていた朝倉孝景が義政自らの越前守護職補任をうけて東軍側に寝返ったのである。
English: The urban area of Kyoto was reduced to a vast stretch of ruins by the protracted war and the rampancy of thieves who also committed arson.
Japanese: 長引く戦乱と盗賊の跋扈によって何度も放火された京都市街地は焼け野原と化して荒廃した。
English: The warfare further expanded to involve even the home territories of shugo daimyos who had been in Kyoto, making it impossible for them to concentrate on battles in the capital.
Japanese: さらに上洛していた守護大名の領国にまで戦乱が拡大し、諸守護大名は京都での戦いに専念できなくなった。
English: In 1473, Sozen and Katsumoto successively died, respectively on March 18 and May 11, and on December 19 Yoshimasa retired, handing over the Shogunate to Yoshihisa.
Japanese: 1473年（文明5年）になると、3月18日に宗全が、5月11日に勝元が相次いで死去し、12月19日には義政が義尚に将軍職を譲って隠居した。
English: On April 19, 1474, a rapprochement was reached between Masatoyo YAMANA, Sozen's son, and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, Katsumoto's son.
Japanese: 1474年4月19日（文明6年4月3日）に、宗全の子山名政豊と勝元の子細川政元の間に和睦が成立した。
English: Minor inertial fights continued between the Eastern camp mainly comprising the forces of Masanaga HATAKEYAMA and Masanori AKAMATSU and the Western camp primarily made up of the troops of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA and Masahiro OUCHI, but the warfare in Kyoto came to an end when Masahiro OUCHI retreated to Suo Province on December 16, 1477, resulting in virtual disbandment of the Western camp.
Japanese: その後も東軍は畠山政長・赤松政則、西軍は畠山義就・大内政弘を中心に惰性的な小競り合いを続けていたものの、1477年12月16日（文明9年11月11日）に大内政弘が周防国に撤収したことによって西軍は事実上解体し京都での戦闘は収束した。
English: Nine days later, the Bakufu held a banquet in celebration of Tenka seihitsu (pacification of the whole country) to mark the end of the major civil war that had continued for 11 good years.
Japanese: その9日後に、幕府によって「天下静謐」の祝宴が催され11年に及ぶ大乱の幕が降ろされた。
English: However, in spite of the 11-year duration of the war involving an aggregate of hundreds of thousands of soldiers mobilized into the capital, it was a war continued by inertia, tolling the life of none of major military leaders; moreover, the authority of the Bakufu power itself, which shugo daimyos had been vying for, was already lost, eventually nothing for them to win.
Japanese: だが、延べ数十万の兵士を都に集結させて11年にもわたり戦闘が続いたにも関わらず、主だった将が戦死することもなく、ただ惰性的に争いを続けてきた挙句に守護大名たちが獲得を目指していた幕府権力そのものが権威を失墜させてしまい、結果的に獲得するものは何もなかったのである。
English: The Onin War was mainly fought in Kyoto, but its latter half saw the expansion of fronts involving localities far from the capital.
Japanese: 応仁の乱は京都が主戦場であったが、後半になると地方へ戦線が拡大していった。
English: The expansion was mainly a consequence of tactics of Katsumoto to Western camp daimyos (including the Ouchi and Toki families) to harass the rear, and the expansion included substantially the whole country except the provinces of Ou, Kanto, Echigo, and Kai.
Japanese: これは勝元による西軍諸大名（大内氏・土岐氏など）に対する後方撹乱策が主な原因であり、その範囲は奥羽・関東・越後・甲斐を除くほぼ全国に広がっていった。
English: Shugo daimyos and influential local lords who participated in the Eastern and Western camps will be listed below, but it has to be noted that the same persons sometimes belonged to a different side.
Japanese: ここでは東西両軍に参加した守護大名や豪族を列挙するが、時期によっては去就が異なる場合がある。
English: Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and the greater Hosokawa family: Settsu Province, Izumi Province, Tanba Province, Awaji Province, Sanuki Province, Awa Province and Tosa Province
Japanese: 細川勝元および細川氏一門：摂津国・和泉国・丹波国・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波国・土佐国
English: Ienaga OGASAWARA, Ietoyo KISO, Nobumitsu MATSUDAIRA, Yoshizane KIRA, Junson TSUTSUI, Tsunemoto KIKKAWA, Nobuyori YOSHIMI, Kanetaka MASUDA, Noriyuki OUCHI, Hirohira KOBAYAKAWA, Norimichi KONO, Nagatsugu SAGARA and so on
Japanese: 小笠原家長、木曽家豊、松平信光、吉良義真、筒井順尊、吉川経基、吉見信頼、益田兼堯、大内教幸、小早川煕平、河野教通、相良長続など
English: Mochitoyo YAMANA and greater Yamana family: Tajima Province, Inaba Province, Hoki Province, Mimasaka, Harima, Bizen and Bicchu Province (except Koretoyo YAMANA)
Japanese: 山名持豊および山名氏一門：但馬国・因幡国・伯耆国・美作・播磨・備前・備中国（ただし、山名是豊を除く）
English: Yoshifuji KIRA, Anegakoji (or Anekoji) family of Hida Province, Kochiyo TOGASHI, Toyomoto MORI, Mototsuna TAKEDA, Takehara-Kobayakawa clan, Tadashige SHIBUKAWA, Suehisa SHIMAZU, Tokiie ISSHIKI and so on
Japanese: 吉良義藤、飛騨国姉小路家、富樫幸千代、毛利豊元、武田元綱、竹原小早川氏、渋川尹繁・島津季久、一色時家など
English: The Onin War served to accelerate the downfall of Shoguns and shugo daimyos and to raise the status of true strongmen, as symbolized by the acquisition by Takakage ASAKURA, who had been a deputy shugo, of the rank of shugo daimyo.
Japanese: 応仁の乱は将軍や守護大名の没落を促進し、守護代であった朝倉孝景が守護大名の地位を得たことに象徴されるように、真の実力者の身分上昇をもたらした。
English: As remaining outdated systems, including the manorial system, began to collapse quickly, social powers having new values came to the fore.
Japanese: 残存していた荘園制度等の旧制度が急速に崩壊し始めると、新しい価値観を身につけた勢力が登場した。
English: Even after the end of the Onin War, Masanaga and Yoshinari continued to fight each other in Yamashiro Province, but the successive battles brought common people together around kokujin (indigenous samurai) and they, backed by Katsumoto's successor Masamoto, rose up in Yamashironokuni Ikki (Yamashiro Province uprising) and succeeded in driving the two warring forces out of the province.
Japanese: 応仁の乱終了後も政長と義就は山城国で戦い続けていたが、度重なる戦乱に民衆は国人を中心にして団結し、勝元の後継者であった政元の後ろ盾も得て、山城国一揆を起して両派を国外に退去させた。
English: A key feature that characterizes the whole Muromachi period is 'the downfall of the old and the rise of the new powers.'
Japanese: 室町時代をつらぬくキーワードは、「旧勢力の没落と新興勢力の台頭」である。
English: Since the late Kamakura period, old-established ruling powers including celebrated samurai families and court nobles suffered gradual deprivation of their vested interest by kokujin, merchants, and farmers, who had been gaining power along with the enhancement of productivity, and were in a consistent process of downfall.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代後期から、名門武家・公家を始めとする旧来の支配勢力は、生産力向上に伴い力をつけてきた国人・商人・農民などによって、その既得権益を侵食され没落の一途をたどっていた。
English: Furthermore the Muromachi bakufu, which was a coalition government of shugo daimyos based on a consultative principle, had provided no solid basis for the Shogun's power since its very beginning except under the rule of the Third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, and shugo daimyos were under the strong influences of emerging shugodais and their key vassals.
Japanese: また、守護大名による合議制の連合政権であった室町幕府は、3代将軍足利義満と6代将軍足利義教のときを除いて、成立当初から将軍の権力基盤は脆弱であり、同じように守護大名も台頭する守護代や有力家臣の強い影響を受けていた。
English: This circumstance, coupled with the still incomplete establishment of the system of family headship inheritance by the eldest son, often gave rise to rivalry for heirship or other 'oie sodo' (family feuds) in the families of the Shogun and shugo daimyos.
Japanese: こうした環境は、当時、長子による家督権継承が完全に確立されていなかったことも相まって、しばしば将軍家・守護大名家に後継者争いや「お家騒動」を発生させる原因になった。
English: Court nobles and common people driven away from Kyoto by the Onin War took refuge in Yamashina Ward, a peripheral area of Kyoto, neighboring cities of Uji, Otsu, Nara, and Sakai, and local estates.
Japanese: 応仁の乱によって京都を追われた公家や民衆は京都周辺の山科区や宇治市、大津市、奈良市、堺市といった周辺都市や地方の所領などに疎開していった。
English: In 1479, after the Onin War, the reconstruction of Muromachi-dono (the Shogun's residence) and the Imperial Palace was started, but the absence of shugo daimyos and their vassals (who had played a more or less substantial role as urban consumers) who had previously lived in Kyoto, but later returned to their politically unstable territories, on top of the frequent occurrence of epidemics, fires, burglaries and uprisings in the deteriorated environment of the devastated city, prevented the reconstruction of Kyoto from steady progress.
Japanese: 応仁の乱後の文明11年（1479年）に室町殿や内裏の造営が開始されたものの、都市の荒廃による環境悪化によって疫病や火災、盗賊、一揆などの発生が頻発したこと、加えて在京していた守護大名やその家臣達（都市消費者として一定の役割を果たしていた）が領国の政情不安のために帰国したまま帰ってこなかったこともあり、京都の再建は順調とは言えなかった。
English: The successive changes of the imperial era name (Chokyo, Entoku, and Meio) attributed to these disasters endorse this observation.
Japanese: こうした災害を理由とした改元（長享・延徳・明応）が相次いでいるのもそれを裏付けていると言える。
English: Also, the resumption in 1500 of the Gion Festival, which had been acclaimed for the townsmen's initiative behind it, may be considered to have been motivated in part by the social unrest prevailing then, given the history that the Gion Festival had originally been an event of prayer for recovery from epidemics.
Japanese: また、町衆主導によって行われたと評価されてきた明応9年（1500年）の祇園祭の再興も本来祇園祭が疫病平癒の祭りであったことを考えると、逆に当時の社会不安の反映が祇園祭再興を促したという側面も考えられるのである。
English: On the other hand, townsmen's acceptance of the Hokke Sect of Buddhism then could be associated with a rise in religious faith among them, who were worried by the social unrest.
Japanese: また、当時町衆における法華宗受容も社会不安からくる信仰心の高まりと関連づけられる。
English: Yet, considering that the sum of jishi sen (miscellaneous taxes imposed on fields and houses under the manorial system) collected from Kyoto residents from around 1498 and the issuance of a Bakufu order for a more strict collection of sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by the Muromachi Bakufu) in 1508, the population of Kyoto presumably began to increase steadily again; the few years before and after the Gion Festival in 1500 are regarded as the phase of the real recovery of the city.
Japanese: それでも明応7年（1498年）頃より京都の住民に対する地子銭徴収が次第に増加していったこと、永正5年（1508年）以後の酒屋役徴収の強化命令が幕府から出されている事から、この時期に京都の人口回復が軌道に乗り出したと考えられ、明応9年の祇園祭の前後数年間が京都の本格的な復興期と考えられている。
English: The Hogen Disturbance occurred during the first year (1156) of the Hogen era in the Heian period, when Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Goshirakawa had a dispute, and the Emperor's side made a surprise attack on the retired emperor's side.
Japanese: 保元の乱（ほうげんのらん）は、平安時代の保元元年（1156年）に崇徳天皇と後白河天皇が対立し、上皇側に天皇側が奇襲を仕掛けた事件である。
English: In 1141, Emperor Toba made Emperor Sutoku, his son with FUJIWARA no Shoshi, abdicated and had Imperial Prince Narihito, his son with FUJIWARA no Tokushi and a younger brother of retired Emperor Sutoku, ascend the Imperial Throne (Emperor Konoe).
Japanese: 永治元年（1141年）、鳥羽天皇は藤原璋子との子である崇徳天皇を退位させ、藤原得子との子である躰仁親王（崇徳上皇の弟）を即位させた（近衛天皇）。