nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Under the Ritsuryo system where Sanmi or higher was considered kugyo, many of the collateral family members of the Fujiwara clan and non-Fujiwara clan middle class nobles held the court rank, Shii.
Japanese: 三位以上を公卿とする律令制下においては、四位は藤原氏傍系にあたる者や非藤原氏の中級貴族に多くがこの位階にあった。
English: When the starting rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and the highest rank was Shoshii for the leading samurai, Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (Taira clan), even those in the lineage of eldest son were not promoted unless there were some deeds of arms.
Japanese: 武門の棟梁である清和源氏、桓武平氏が従五位下を初叙とし正四位を以って極位とされた時代にあっては、嫡流でもいくばくかの武勲がなければ昇ることがなかった。
English: However, in the Kamakura period, since the Hojo clan, who gained power since the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established and succeeded in exterminating their political enemies, seized shikken (regent for shogun) posts in the bakufu, those in the lineage of eldest son in the Hojo clan began being promoted to Shoshiinojo, and Hojo clan members and powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) were promoted to court ranks such as Jushiinoge.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉時代以降となると鎌倉幕府成立以降、実力をつけて次々に政敵駆逐を果たした北条氏が幕府の執権職を掌握して以降は、北条氏嫡流が正四位上まで昇るようになり、北条氏一門や有力御家人が従四位下などの官位に昇るようになった。
English: Furthermore, from the Muromachi period onward, it was granted to dominant Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable).
Japanese: さらに、室町時代以降となると有力な守護大名に叙せられるようになっていった。
English: In particular, the Ashikaga clan, who served as sankanrei shishiki (three families assigned as assistants of shogun and four families serving as director of samurai-dokoro (Board of Retainers)), and dominant Shugo (provincial constable), or noble shugo families were granted the Jushiinoge.
Japanese: 特に三管領四職を務める足利氏や有力守護、或いは名門たる守護の家柄が従四位下に叙せられた。
English: Additionally, in the Ashikaga shogun family, court ranks such as Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor), which were equivalent to kugyo, were the starting ranks, but in the late Muromachi period, conflict occurred within the Ashikaga shogun family over who would succeed as shogun, and the 13th Shogun, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, etc., became seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") as Jushiinoge, and there were cases where they were listed as kugyo while being Jushii, without becoming Shoshii.
Japanese: また、足利将軍家においては代々、権大納言など公卿相当の位階を初叙としたが、室町時代後期には足利将軍家の中で後継将軍の跡目を巡る争いが起きるようらになり、13代将軍　足利義輝、足利義昭などが従四位下で征夷大将軍となり、正四位にならず従四位のまま公卿に列するような例も見られた。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), the Miyoshi clan, who were a vassal of sankanrei Hosokawa clan and a family of Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), were listed as Shobanshu (officials who accompany the Shogun) of the bakufu and were granted Jushiinoge, and this led to their vassal, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, also being promoted to Jushiinoge like his master family, and appointments were made according to real abilities rather than parentage or social status.
Japanese: 戦国時代に入ると、そもそもは三管領細川氏の家臣で守護代の家柄であった三好氏が幕府相伴衆に列し従四位下に叙せられたのに伴い、その家臣である松永久秀も主家同様に従四位下に昇るなど家柄や身分によらず実力に応じた除目も行われるようになった。
English: When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI conquered the country as a successor to Nobunaga ODA, who overthrew the Muromachi bakufu, but died a violent death with the conquering of the country in sight, Hideyoshi advanced to kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor), while chief vassals such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Toshiie MAEDA were granted Nii (Second Rank) and Sanmi (Third Rank), and Jushii began being issued as court ranks for their legitimate children and chief vassals.
Japanese: 室町幕府を滅ぼし天下人を目前に控えて横死した織田信長の後継として、豊臣秀吉が天下人となると、秀吉は関白に昇り、徳川家康や前田利家などの重臣が二位・三位に叙せられると、従四位はその嫡子や重臣の位階として発令されるようになる。
English: Additionally, when Ieyasu established the Edo bakufu, kamon daimyo (feudal lords who are relatives of the shogun, but neither sanke (three families of the Tokugawas) nor sankyo (three Tokugawa clan families who separated from the clan)) and fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) who held executive positions such as roju (member of shogun's council of elders, koke (privileged family under Tokugawa Shogunate), tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) who were daimyo of 100,000 koku or more, were granted this court rank.
Japanese: さらに、家康が江戸幕府を開くと、家門大名や譜代大名のうち老中などの重役に昇る者、高家、外様大名のうち10万石以上の国主がこの位階に除せられた。
English: In the Meiji period, Jushii corresponded to the first court rank granted to a baron in the title for nobility, and in the army and navy, it corresponded to lieutenant general.
Japanese: 明治時代には、従四位は華族の爵位では男爵の初叙位階に相当し、陸軍・海軍では中将相当とされた。
English: Currently, the court rank is issued to the deceased who made achievements, and is granted to government workers who made achievements, university professors with achievements in performing arts, cultural activities, academic research, etc.
Japanese: 現在は功績のある物故者に位階が発令されており、公務員として功績のある者や芸能・文化活動、学術研究に功績のある大学教授などが叙せられている。
English: Many Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) (officials corresponding to Shoichii or Juichii) and kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor), which are Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), normally not included in the hierarchy of court ranks, were granted Juichii or Shoichii.
Japanese: 太政大臣（正従一位相当官）や、本来は位階の序列に含まれない令外官である関白の多くが従一位ないし正一位に叙せられた。
English: Additionally, later when kugyo (court noble) who could not serve as ministers were promoted to Juichii, it became a common practice that they were granted Jun-daijin (Vice Minister) by imperial proclamation.
Japanese: また後に、本来は大臣の職に就くことができない公卿が従一位に昇叙した際には准大臣が宣下される慣習も定着した。
English: In the Edo period, when seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") retired as ogosho and then granted Daijo-daijin, he were promoted to Juichii.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、征夷大将軍が引退し大御所となり、さらに太政大臣に叙せられた場合には従一位に昇叙した。
English: An example is Keishoin, the mother of the fifth Shogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, and her title of honor was 'Ichii-sama' after being promoted to Juichii.
Japanese: 五代将軍徳川綱吉の母である桂昌院はその例であり、従一位昇叙後「一位様」と敬称された。
English: Juichii corresponded to the first rank granted to Dukes, and those with a title of Duke or lower could be promoted to Juichii depending on their age.
Japanese: 従一位は公爵の初叙に相当し、公爵以下の爵位の者も年齢により従一位に昇叙することができた。
English: There are no cases of Shoichii granted after World War II, thus, today it is virtually the highest rank as a court rank of honor.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦は正一位叙位の例がないため、今日では事実上、栄典としての位階における最高位である。
English: Kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor) and Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), or those who rendered distinguished service as seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and others who accomplished great deeds for the nation were granted this rank.
Japanese: 関白や太政大臣、あるいは征夷大将軍として功労をなした者その他、国家に対する偉勲の著しい者が叙されている。
English: However, only a few in history were granted the rank in life, and most cases were conferred posthumously.
Japanese: ただし、生前に叙された者は史上でも数人しかおらず、没後の贈位に用いられた場合がほとんどである。
English: Even today, although it is defined by the code for court ranks, the highest rank in fact granted is Juichii (Junior First Rank), which is one rank lower.
Japanese: 現在も位階令で規定されてはいるものの、実際に授けられる位階の最高位は一階下の従一位である。
English: In principle, shinkai (ranks granted to Shinto gods) were never reduced, and unlike humans whose lives come to an end, gods have unlimited life-spans, which led to many shrines becoming Shoichii with time.
Japanese: 神階は原則として格下げられることがなく、また、いつか寿命がくる人と違い、神には寿命がないので、年を経るごとに多くの神社が「正一位」となってしまった。
English: Originally, shinkai were granted to shrines and were not inherited by a shrine which the enshrined deity was moved to, but with the fall of the Ritsuryo system, these shrines also carried the shinkai of their original shrines.
Japanese: 本来神階は神社に対して授けられるもので分祀先には引き継がれないが、律令制の崩解とともに分祀先でも元の神階を名乗るようになった。
English: In particular, the Fushimi Inari-taisha Shrine, the chief shrine for the Inari god, is Shoichii, and therefore, the Inari-jinja Shrines nationwide which were transferred to enshrine from there, also identify themselves as Shoichii, and 'Shoichii' has become a synonym of Inari god.
Japanese: 特に、稲荷神の総本社である伏見稲荷大社が正一位であることから、そこから勧請を受けた全国の稲荷神社も正一位を名乗っており、「正一位」は稲荷神の異称のようになっている。
English: The skin has a unique flavor, and when boiled thoroughly to make crushed beans, the soft texture of the skin balances well with the bean paste, thus it is often used in upscale Japanese confectionery.
Japanese: 皮に独特の風味があり、煮込んで粒あんにすると柔らかな皮の食感が餡と調和するため高級和菓子で良く使われている。
English: "Dainagon" (chief councilor of state) is a post ranking below Sadaijin (minister of the left), Udaijin (minister of the right), and Naidaijin (inner minister) in Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the highest organ in the Imperial Court, and corresponds to Suke (assistant director) in the Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).
Japanese: 大納言（だいなごん）は、朝廷組織の最高機関、太政官の職の一つで、左大臣・右大臣・内大臣に次ぐ官位で、四等官の中の次官（すけ）に相当する。
English: It is referred to as 'Ryusaku no kan' ('龍作の官', post created by a dragon), due to the note 'Dragon, create a nagon!' in Shokyo (one of the five classic texts of Confucianism).
Japanese: 「龍作の官」と呼ばれるのは書経に「龍、なんじ納言（言をいれる）を作（な）せ」とあるのによる。
English: In the Edo period, the Tokugawa Shogun family, Owari Tokugawa family, Kishu Tokugawa family, and Sunpu Tokugawa family (discontinued) of the Tokugawa clan were assigned.
Japanese: 江戸時代には徳川氏のうち徳川将軍家および尾張徳川家、紀州徳川家、駿府徳川家（廃絶）が任じられた。
English: The main function was to assist the tasks of the minister and to attend and execute court councils, and the number of regular personnel was originally four, but reduced to two in 705 when Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) was reintroduced.
Japanese: 主な職掌は、大臣の仕事を補佐し朝議に加わりそれを施行することで、定員は始め4人であったが、705年の中納言の復活と共に2人に減らされる。
English: However, during the Heian period, Gon Dainagon (temporary Dainagon with three regular personnel, which was later increased) was established, and the number of regular personnel practically increased.
Japanese: しかしながら平安時代に権大納言（大納言の権官で定数は3人。のちに増員）が置かれ、定員は実質増員されている。
English: Later, eight personnel, at the most, were assigned, but since the reign of Emperor Gotoba, the number of regular personnel was fixed at six, and in many cases, Gon Dainagon was assigned without the official Dainagon.
Japanese: 後世では多いときでは8人が任じられていたが、後鳥羽天皇の治世以降定員は6人と定められ、もっぱら権大納言のみが置かれて正官の大納言は置かれないというケースが増えてきている。
English: "Chunagon" (vice-councilor of state) is a post ranking below Dainagon (chief councilor of state) in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the highest organ in the Imperial Court, and is Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), corresponding to Suke (assistant director) in the Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks).
Japanese: 中納言（ちゅうなごん）は、朝廷組織の最高機関、太政官の職の一つで、大納言に次ぐ官位で、四等官の中の次官（すけ）に相当する令外官。
English: The most famous is Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, the second head of the clan, and 'Mito Komon' generally refers to Mitsukuni.
Japanese: もっとも有名なのは2代藩主徳川光圀であり、通常「水戸黄門」と言った場合は光圀のことを指す。
English: It was abolished on March 21, 701 (old calendar), when Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was enforced, but was restored as Ryoge no kan on April 17, 705 (old calendar).
Japanese: 大宝(日本)元年（701年）3月21日(旧暦)の大宝律令の施行で廃止されたが、慶雲2年（705年）4月17日(旧暦)に令外官として復活している。
English: The main function was to fill in for the Dainagon, present imperial letters to the emperor, wait for inquiries, and to attend conferences at the Daijokan, much the same as Dainagon, but unlike Dainagon, they could not act on behalf of the minister.
Japanese: 職掌は大納言の不足を補い、宣旨を奏上し、下問を待ち、太政官の合議に参加する、というもので、大納言とほぼ同様であったが、大納言のように大臣の代行をすることはできない。
English: On February 1, 761 (old calendar), the kani soto was revised to Jusanmi, since the salary was low despite heavy responsibilities.
Japanese: 天平宝字5年（761年）2月1日(旧暦)、重責にも関わらず、季禄が少ないということで官位相当を従三位に改める。
English: Later, the number of personnel assigned varied with time, and reached ten when highest, but was fixed at eight during the reign of Emperor Gotoba.
Japanese: その後、時代によって任官者は増減し、多いときには10人にのぼることもあったが、後鳥羽天皇の治世に8人と定められる。
English: According to the "Kanshoku konan" ("官職今案") by Tomokiyo TAKADA, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), as with Dainagon, there were only temporary personnel and official personnel were nonexistent.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以降は大納言と同じく権官ばかりで正員がなくなったことが高田与清（たかだともきよ）『官職今案』に見えている。
English: The basic condition to be assigned as Chunagon is to have experience serving one of the following posts.SangiSadaiben/Udaiben (major controller of the left/right)Sakone no chujo/Ukone no chujo (Middle Captain of the Left/Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police)
Japanese: 中納言に任官されるための基本的な条件は参議左大弁・右大弁左近衛中将・右近衛中将検非違使別当のうちいずれかひとつに任官した経歴をもつことである。
English: Additionally, it was customary for the sons of Sekke (line of regents and advisers) to be assigned as Chunagon from Chujo (Middle Captain) without experiencing Sangi.
Japanese: また摂家の子息は参議を経ないで中将から中納言に任官される慣例ができていた。
English: "Choteki" refers to those who inflict vengeance on the emperor (imperial line) in Japan.
Japanese: 朝敵（ちょうてき）とは、日本において天皇（皇統）に仇なす者を意味する呼称。
English: Similar to 'traitor,' it is a word chanted by those supported by, or who won over the emperor or Imperial Court in the era, to conspire political elimination of the political (or at times, military) adversary.
Japanese: 「逆賊」などと同じで、各々の時代において、天皇、朝廷の支持を得た側、味方に取り込んだ側が、政治的（時には軍事的）対立者の政治的抹殺を謀って唱えた言葉。
English: When the side claiming to be the government army was dominant, no matter for what reason, those who were called this name was considered 'evil' in Japanese politics, at the time.
Japanese: 官軍を主張する側が有力な場合には、いかなる経緯があろうともこの呼称で呼ばれたものは当時の日本の政治上「悪」とされた。
English: Imperial Princes sometimes called one another choteki when they were in conflict, and it was considered a claim for legitimacy or declaration of war.
Japanese: 親王同士が対立した場合などにも相互に朝敵と呼び合う場合があり、正統性の主張や宣戦布告であるとみなされる。
English: This, in turn, came to mean the imperial palace of an abdicated emperor (retired emperor or cloistered emperor), it was then also used as a synonym for a retired or cloistered emperor.
Japanese: そこから転じて退位した天皇（上皇・法皇）の御所をいい、さらに転じて上皇・法皇の異称としても使われた。
English: Mountain hermit is an idealized human figure, believed in China since ancient times, and because he lives secluded deep in the mountains, away from this world, it was used as a word praising the residence of abdicated emperors.
Japanese: 仙人とは中国で古くから信じられた理想的な人間像で、俗世を離れて深山に隠遁することから、退位した天皇の住まいの美称として用いられるようになった。
English: Retired and cloistered emperors typically retired from the dairi (Imperial Palace) and moved to the sento gosho after abdicating, and the satodairi (a temporary palace) was often used for this purpose.
Japanese: 上皇・法皇は退位後、内裏から退去して仙洞御所に移るのを常とし、里内裏が多くそれにあてられた。
English: Sento gosho was also called 'in,' and this was also used as a synonym for retired and cloistered emperors.
Japanese: 仙洞御所はまた「院（いん）」とも呼ばれ、これも上皇・法皇の別称として使われた。
English: At the sento gosho, innocho (Retired Emperor's Office), an agency for the household, was placed, as well as 'Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) and later, Saimen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the west side), as imperial guards for Emperor Shirakawa.
Japanese: 仙洞御所には家政機関としての院庁（いんのちょう）が置かれたほか、白河天皇の時には近衛として「北面の武士」のちに「西面の武士」が設置された。
English: Today, in the Kyoto Imperial Garden in Kyoto City, sento gosho is located southeast of the Kyoto Imperial Palace,
Japanese: 現在、京都市にある京都御苑内には京都御所の南東に仙洞御所が位置している。
English: This was built in 1627 for Emperor Gomizunoo, and its official name is Sakuramachiden.
Japanese: これは1627年（寛永4）に後水尾天皇のために造営されたもので、正式名称は桜町殿という。
English: The buildings of the sento gosho were not rebuilt after the fire in 1854, and only the garden remains today.
Japanese: 仙洞御所の建築群は1854年（安政1）の火災後再建されず、現在では庭園のみが残っている。
English: The Omiya gosho lying northeast of the sento gosho was originally built as the nyoin gosho (imperial palace of close female relatives of the emperor or a woman of comparable standing) for Tofukumonin, who was the chugu (wife of an emperor) of Emperor Gomizunoo.
Japanese: なお、仙洞御所東北に隣接する大宮御所は後水尾天皇の中宮であった東福門院の女院御所として造営されたものが元となっている。
English: "Kugyo" is a term referring to court noble posts responsible for national politics as the top-ranking officers of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) based on provisions of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), namely, the top officials (collectively called giseikan), Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Sadaijin (minister of the left), Udaijin (minister of the right), Dainagon (chief councilor of state), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), and Sangi (imperial advisor) (or Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher).
Japanese: 公卿（くぎょう）とは公家の中でも日本の律令の規定に基づく太政官の最高幹部として国政を担う職位、すなわち太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣・大納言・中納言・参議ら（もしくは従三位以上）の高官（総称して議政官という）を差す用語である。
English: "Kugyo bunin," a list the personnel assigned to these posts, was created annually, and was used until Daijokan was abolished during the Meiji period.
Japanese: それらの職に就いた者を収載する『公卿補任』が年毎に作成され、明治時代に太政官が廃止されるまで使われた。
English: The Ritsuryo System was put into place after the sankokyukei (administrative posts in the Qin and Han eras in China) in the Chinese rules governing administrative organizations, and the high officials were called kugyo.
Japanese: 中国の官制にある三公九卿に倣い律令制が整備され、高官を公卿と称した。
English: When military rule was established and the pretension of government services went unchallenged, bukekani (official court titles for samurai), hyakkanna (court rank-like names used by warriors), and azumahyakkan (court rank-like names used by warriors in the Kanto region), which were identities imitating those for government services were established (the Tokugawa Shogun family and Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) were promoted to Jusanmi or higher to qualify for kugyo despite being buke families).
Japanese: 武家政治が成立し、官職の僭称（勝手に名乗ること）がまかり通るようになると武家官位、百官名、東百官という官職を模倣した名乗りが成立するようになる（もちろん、徳川将軍家や徳川御三家などは武家でありながら従三位以上に昇って公卿の資格を得ている）。
English: As the title of honor for kizoku (noble), ason was added after the family name and ko was added after the first name for Daijodaijin, Sadaijin, Udaijin, Naidaijin (inner minister), and for kizoku or Sangi official of the third rank or higher, ason was added after the family name and kyo was added after the first name to honor them.
Japanese: ちなみに貴族の敬称としては太政大臣、左大臣、右大臣、内大臣の名の下に氏の下に朝臣、名の下に公とつけて敬称し、三位以上の貴人や参議の官にある者に対しては氏の下に朝臣、名の下に卿とつけて敬称した。
English: When sekke (line of regents and advisers) were established among court nobles starting at the end of the Heian period, and the social status and family status became fixed, the so called genpeitokitsu, or the Minamoto clan, Taira clan, Fujiwara clan, and Tachibana clan, became the only four family names allowed to become kugyo (Later, the Sugawara clan, Abe clan, and Kamo clan were allowed, but limited to those in the lineage of eldest son).
Japanese: 平安時代末期より公家の中で摂家が確立するに至り、貴族の格式、家格が固まってくると公卿になれるのは源氏・平氏・藤原氏・橘氏のいわゆる源平藤橘の四姓だけになった（後に菅原氏・阿倍氏・賀茂氏なども嫡流に限って認められた）。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), some local daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period and their vassals announced themselves using these family names to be granted court ranks authorized by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)においては、地方の戦国大名やその家臣らの中には朝廷による権威づけの官位を得るためにこれらのウジを名乗る者も現れるようになる。
English: Nobunaga ODA was originally from the Inbe clan, but is said to have changed his family name to Taira due to the genpeikotairon (Minamoto and Taira clans rotation theory).
Japanese: 織田信長はもともとは忌部氏であったが、源平交代論のために平氏に姓を変えたと言われている。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI first referred to himself as Taira, but received the Fujiwara family name by becoming the adopted child of the Konoe family, one of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku), and became kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor).
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉ははじめ平氏を称していたが、五摂家の一つ・近衛家の猶子になることで藤原氏の姓を貰い関白になった。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was originally from the Kamo clan, but he first referred to himself as Fujiwara, and then requested the Nitta clan rewrite the family tree and changed his family name to Minamoto.
Japanese: 徳川家康はもともとは賀茂氏であったが初め藤原氏を名乗り、のちに新田氏に依頼して系図を書き換え源氏に姓を変えたと言われている。
English: "Kokujin" are the samurai class, mainly originating from the jito (manager and lord of manor) class in the Kamakura period, who engaged in the development of provinces from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 国人（こくじん）とは、主に鎌倉時代の地頭層から発し、南北朝時代(日本)から室町時代にかけて諸国の開発を推進した武士層のこと。
English: Kokujin is a general term used for the shokan (an officer governing shoen), gunji (district chief), goji (hamlet chief), and hoshi (chief of imperial fief) ranks who became managers of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) under the late dynasty state system established in the middle of the Heian period, and the feudal lords in the province who belong to the family tree of the jito since the Kamakura period who often originated from there, and is a term used for documentation at that time.
Japanese: 国人は、平安時代中期に成立した後期王朝国家体制の下で荘園と国衙領の管理者となった荘官・郡司・郷司・保司の階層や、そこに出自することの多かった鎌倉時代以降の地頭の系譜を引く在国の領主の一般的呼称で、同時代的に使われた資料用語である。
English: It was used to refer to the residing forces who were in rivalry with outside rulers such as the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shugo (provincial constable), and manor lords, and who aimed for their own regional dominance.
Japanese: 幕府や守護、荘園領主など外部の支配層に対抗する在地勢力の意味で使われ、独自の領域支配をめざした。
English: The name 'kokujin' is found here and there, since the Kamakura period, as a word referring to 'samurai with their own power centered around a chief residing in the area.'
Japanese: 「国人」という呼称は、「在地に居住した惣領を中心に独自の勢力を持つ武士」を指す言葉として、鎌倉時代から散見される。
English: Their direct origin are the samurai who were jito during the Kamakura period, who indigenized and became resident feudal lords.
Japanese: 彼らの直接の源流は鎌倉時代の地頭職の武士にあり、そうした武士たちが土着し、在地領主となったものである。
English: During the Kamakura period, they were sometimes referred to as 'akuto' (rebels), implying they are rebellious against the rulers.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には、支配層に反抗する者の意味を含む「悪党」という名で呼ばれることもあった。
English: It was around the time from the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and especially after the Kanno Disturbance, that this class of samurai became significant.
Japanese: この層の武士たちが重要な存在となったのは鎌倉幕府滅亡の前後から南北朝時代にかけてで、特に観応の擾乱の頃からである。
English: During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), provincial politics and military affairs were led by feudal lords based in the province.
Japanese: 南北朝時代には、諸国の政治・軍事は国元に腰を据えている領主たちによって動かされた。
English: Kokujin rose to become a residing force with power reserved to influence the actions of the Muromachi bakufu, shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and manor lords.
Japanese: 国人は室町幕府や守護大名・荘園領主の行動を左右する実力を蓄積する在地勢力にまでに成長したのである。
English: Behind this were the strengthening of the rule against the farmers which arose during the turbulence of the South and North Courts, opposition against ruling and intervention by Muromachi bakufu and shugo daimyo, and the expansion of a distribution economy and the local economy due to development of transport businesses such as bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) and toimaru (specialized wholesale merchants.
Japanese: この背景には、南北朝の動乱期に目覚めた支配下の農民層への支配力の強化、室町幕府や守護大名の支配や干渉への対抗、馬借や問丸といった運送業の発達に伴う流通経済・地域経済の伸張がある。
English: Regarding the management of their territory, the kokujin ryoshu who were resident feudal lords in a province or region, advanced from a jito feudal lord-style governance where they would rule regions by scattering in places, to a central regional governance centered around the original fief.
Japanese: 領地の経営では、在国あるいは在地領主としての国人領主は、各所に散在して地方を支配するという地頭領主型の支配形態から一歩進み、本領を中心に集中性を持つ領域支配をするようになった。
English: The kokujin class intervened in conflicts between the manor lord and the jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility), and at times, undertook posts such as daikan (local government representative) and shomu (land management).
Japanese: 国人層は荘園領主と地下人の対立に介入し、代官職や所務職などを請け負うこともあった。
English: Regional governance by kokujin ryoshu was stronger against land and farmers compared to governance by the resident feudal lords before them.
Japanese: 国人領主の領域支配は、それ以前の在地領主と比べて土地と農民の支配がより強固である。