nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The clans to whom such land was entrusted were limited to Shinpan (clans whose lords were a relative of the shogun family), fudai-daimyo (whose family was a retainer of the Tokugawa family from before the Battle of Sekigahara), and fairly large clans of tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord), such as Kanazawa and Anotsu, who were deeply trusted by the bakufu.
Japanese: また、預けられた藩も親藩・譜代大名や金沢藩・安濃津藩などの幕府の信頼が厚い外様大名の大藩に限られていた。
English: Furthermore, the bakufu consistently avoided increasing the number of custodians, aiming to switch control through the local governors of the bakufu as far as possible, and once, in 1713, abolished all of the custodians, switching the control of the area to that by local governors.
Japanese: 更に幕府は一貫して預所の増加を避け、出来る限り幕府代官を通じた支配への切替を目指しており、1713年（正徳(日本)3年）には一旦全ての預所を廃止して代官支配地に切り替えている。
English: However, because it was impossible to place a local governor in every remote area, the system of Azukarichi was restored seven years later.
Japanese: だが、遠隔地の統治にまで代官の手が回らなかったために7年後に預地を復活させた。
English: Even so, the ratio of Azukarichi in all bakufu territories was restricted to 10% to 20%.
Japanese: それでも幕府領に占める預地の割合は全体の10-20％程度に抑制されていた。
English: For example, in 1757, the amount of rice crop from all bakufu territories was 4.42 million koku (approx. 180 litres/koku), compared with 580,000 for the Azukarichi.
Japanese: 例えば、宝暦7年（1757年）には、幕府領全体で442万石あったのに対し、預地は58万石であった。
English: Nichigenn-boueki was the trade relationship held between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty.
Japanese: 日元貿易（にちげんぼうえき）とは、日本と元(王朝)の間で行われた貿易関係のこと。
English: There is a strong impression that the relationship between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty was under the severe strain since there were two Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
Japanese: 日本と元の関係は2度にわたる元寇の発生によって両国間は政治的に強い緊張関係にあったという印象が強い。
English: However, one of the reasons why Yuan Dynasty wanted to invade Japan was to gain the economic advantage; therefore, Yuan Dynasty was eager to establish the economic ties with Japan and Japan also had a strong desire to maintain the economic ties with the Chinese continent established by the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China.
Japanese: だが、元の日本侵略の要因として経済的な利権を求めたことが挙げられるように、元側に日本との経済的関係を望む意向が強く、反対に日本側も日宋貿易によって確立された中国大陸との経済的関係の維持を望む意向が強かった。
English: Therefore, over the period between the trade between Japan and China's Sung Dynasty ended and the trade between Japan and China's Ming Dynasty was established (between the late Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan), the economical and cultural exchanges had become active between Japan and the Yuan Dynasty despite of the political tension between the two countries.
Japanese: このため、日宋貿易終焉後、日明貿易成立に至る時期（日本の鎌倉時代後期・南北朝時代(日本)に相当）も日本と元の間には政治的対立とは全く別に経済的・文化的交流が盛んになっていった。
English: The merchant ship on which the person named 'Totaro Nyudonine' was aboard was wrecked off the coast of Hinoshima (present-day Hinoshima, Shinkamigoto-cho, Nagasaki Prefecture) in 1298 and it is assumed that the luggage belonged to the persons concerned the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan were among the luggage tossed into the sea ("aokata monjo," the written records of the Aokata clan).
Japanese: 永仁6年（1298年）に「藤太郎入道忍恵」という人物が乗る商船が樋島（現在の長崎県新上五島町日島）沖にて大破したが、流出した荷物の中には北条氏得宗家関係者の荷物も含まれていたとされている（『青方文書』）。
English: Also, the merchant ship sank off the coast of present-day Sinan, Jeollanam-do, in the South Korea around 1323 was discovered in 1976 and the goods appeared to be imported from the Yuan Dynasty to Japan, a large amount of Chinese pottery and the copper coin, as well as a lot of relics made in Japan and China were discovered (the wrecked ship found in Shinan, South Korea).
Japanese: また、元亨3年（1323年）頃に現在の韓国全羅南道新安郡沖で沈んだ商船が昭和51年（1976年）に発見され、元から日本への輸入品とみられる大量の中国製陶磁器や銅銭をはじめ、日本・中国製の遺物が多数発見された（新安沈船）。
English: Yuan Dynasty adopted the policy to allow Japanese merchant ships to travel and trade in their country; for example, the Japanese merchant ship returned safely home from Mingzhou (Qingyuan) in 1276 when Yuan Dynasty conquered Rinan, the capital of Southern Sung Dynasty, and took over the major part of the country.
Japanese: 元が南宋の首都臨安を攻略してその国土の主要部を奪った日本の建治2年（1276年）に日本の商船が明州（慶元）から無事帰国しているのを始めとして、元は日本商船の来航と貿易を容認する政策を採った。
English: The Koan War temporarily halted the trade; however, the quasi-official trade relationship came to be established since Japan promoted the trade actively by dispatching the trading vessels, Kenchojibune (the trading vessels dispatched to cover the costs of repair and construction on Kencho-ji Temple) and Tenryujibune (the trading vessels dispatched to cover the costs of repair and construction on Tenryu-ji Temple), to Yuan Dynasty in order to raise funds to build a temple or a shrine with permissions of the Japanese Imperial Court and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the end of the 13th century while increasing the guard against Yuan Dynasty.
Japanese: 弘安の役はこれを一時的に中断させたが、13世紀終わりには日本の朝廷や鎌倉幕府の許可の下に勧進活動を名目とした寺社造営料唐船（建長寺船・天龍寺船など）が派遣されるなど、日本側は元に対する警固体制を強化しつつも貿易については積極的にこれを奨励したため、準公式な貿易関係も成立するようになった。
English: On the other hand, because some Yuan Dynasty's government officials imposed high tariffs on Japanese merchant ships and put unjustified pressures on Japanese crews after Mongol failed to invade Japan, Japanese armed and rebelled against them; thus, they turned into the early wako (Japanese pirates).
Japanese: だが、一方で元寇（日本遠征）の失敗後、元の官吏の中には日本商船に高い関税をかけたり乗員に不当な圧迫をかけたりしたため、日本側も武装してこれに抵抗、初期倭寇の原因となった。
English: Exported goods from Japan were gold, silver, copper, mercury, sulfur, swords, fans, raden (shell inlay) and makie (Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder) products and imported goods from Yuan Dynasty were copper coins, pottery and chinaware, tea, books, calligraphic works and paintings, Buddhist scriptures, stationeries, medicinal materials, perfume materials, silks interwoven with gilt threads, baldachin, twill fabrics, and brocades.
Japanese: 日本からの輸出品には金、銀、銅、水銀、硫黄、刀剣、扇、螺鈿・蒔絵製品などがあり、元からの輸入品には銅銭、陶磁器、茶、書籍、書画、経典、文具、薬材、香料、金紗、金襴、綾、錦などだった。
English: Also, there were cases of Japanese Zen monks to hitch rides on merchant ships and migrate to the Chinese continent to undergo training.
Japanese: 他にも日本の禅僧が貿易船に便乗して中国大陸に渡り修行する例もあった。
English: Exporting minerals and handicrafts and importing "karamono" (Chinese goods) represented by cultured and luxury goods had great impacts on the Japanese economy and culture.
Japanese: 鉱物、工芸品を輸出し、教養品・嗜好品に代表される「唐物」を輸入したことによって日本の経済・文化に大きな影響を与えた。
English: Also, the practice of exporting copper materials and importing copper coins (the Yuan currency) indicates the Japan's special circumstance, the fact that Japan did not have the ability to cast copper into coins at the time.
Japanese: また、銅材を輸出して銅銭（元銭）を輸入するという構造も当時、貨幣を鋳造することが出来なかった日本の特殊事情を反映したものである。
English: In addition, Japanese swords were cherished as arms in the Yuan Dynasty and continued to be exported to the Chinese continent in the future generations.
Japanese: 更に日本刀は元において武具として珍重され、後世まで中国大陸への輸出が行われるようになった。
English: Nittoboeki (日唐貿易) is the trade that was carried on between Japan and Tang dynasty China.
Japanese: 日唐貿易（にっとうぼうえき）とは、日本と唐の間で行われた貿易関係のこと。
English: Although the trading at that time was mainly the tribute trade (tribute, and gift returns, purchases to conform it) along with the dispatch of Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty China, it does not mean that there were no private trading ships.
Japanese: この時代の貿易は遣唐使に付随して行われる朝貢貿易（朝貢に対する回賜・購入）が主であったが、必ずしも民間の交易船が存在しなかったことを意味するものではない。
English: For instance, there is a definition about the nation's right of preemption in the trading between Japan and gaiban (derogatory expression of foreign countries and foreigners) in Genshi Ryo (regulations of markets and checking stations) of Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code).
Japanese: 例えば、養老令の関市令には外蕃に対する無条件の国家による先買権の存在が記されている。
English: It is said that the private trade relationship came to exist in the late Nara period at the latest, and also the trade relationship that relayed Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and Bo Hai seems to have existed.
Japanese: 遅くても奈良時代後期には民間による貿易関係は成立していたとされ、新羅・渤海国などを中継した貿易関係も存在したと考えられている。
English: The existence of these Shiragi merchants, Jang Bogo and 金珍, who helped Ennin trying to do Nitto Guho (travelling the Tang for seeking the teaching of Buddhism), was known in history.
Japanese: 歴史上において、円仁の入唐求法を助けた新羅商人張保皐・金珍の存在が知られた。
English: An episode that a monk in Tang sent a letter addressed to Michizane by a Shiragi merchant, has been also written in the proposal for stopping Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China ("Kanke bunso" [an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane]) that reported to the Imperial Court by SUGAWARA no Michizane.
Japanese: また、菅原道真が遣唐使廃止について上奏した「請令諸公卿議定遣唐使進止状」（『菅家文章』）にも在唐中の僧侶が唐の商人に道真への手紙を託したことが記されている。
English: Today, many potteries, the flagship product of karamono (things imported from China) that time have been excavated from the remains of Heiankyo, and many think that although the number of the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China declined, and even after the transfer of national capital to the city of Heiankyo, many potteries were brought from China into Japan and many of those were brought by private merchants.
Japanese: 更に今日かつての平安京からは当時の唐物の代表的商品である中国製陶器が多数発掘されており、遣唐使の減少にも関わらず平安遷都以後においても中国から大量の陶器が流入しており、それらの多くは民間の商人の手によってもたらされていたと考えられている。
English: When a vessel with foreigners such as envoys and merchants arrived at Kyushu, Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region) reported the Imperial Court about it and the Imperial Court ordered Dazaifu to stop the foreigners and give them warm welcome in the facilities such as Korokan at Hakatanotsu, Kyushu.
Japanese: 実際において唐など外国からの使者や商人などの来航者を乗せた船が九州に到着すると、大宰府から朝廷に報告が出され、これに対して、朝廷では大宰府に命じて来航者を博多津に置かれていた鴻臚館などの施設に引き止めて手厚く待遇した。
English: The nation's right of preemption was asserted by the Imperial Court by either sending people, such as benkan (officials of the dajokan) or kurodo (Chamberlain), assigned to serve as karamono no tsukai (Supervisor of Chinese goods) to the ports of call, or by the government officials (esp. ones of low to medium rank) directly negotiating and purchasing from the merchants based on the detailed list of necessary goods made by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: その後、弁官や蔵人を唐物使に任じて寄港地に派遣し、あるいはあらかじめ朝廷から送られた希望商品の明細に基づいて大宰府の官人が直接来航者と交渉・購入する形での国家による先買権の行使を行っていた。
English: However, those aristocrats with the information about the foreign merchants often ordered their servants or related merchants to reach out them, and traded with before Dazaifu.
Japanese: にも関わらず、情報を入手した中央の貴族が家来や商人に命じて大宰府よりも先に来航者と接触して交易を行う例がしばしば見られた。
English: Although the Imperial Court issued the prohibition against these kinds of acts that violate the nation's right of preemption, it did not have much effect on it since many of the aristocrats who enacted the prohibition could not curb the desire for karamono, and violated the prohibition by themselves.
Japanese: 朝廷はこうした振る舞いを国家の先買権を犯すものとして禁令を出したが、禁令を制定する貴族が唐物に対する欲求からこうした違反行為を行った例が多かったために効果は乏しかった。
English: Later, trading posts were built up by the merchants from Tang and Shiragi in the northern shore area of Kyushu centering on Hakatanotsu.
Japanese: やがて、博多津などを中心とする九州北部沿岸に唐や新羅商人による交易場が形成されるようになっていった。
English: The regulators such as the government officials at Dazaifu also participated in this kind of trading.
Japanese: また、大宰府の官人など取り締まる側もこうした交易に参画するようになった。
English: FUNYA no Miyatamaro, Chikuzen no kami (governor of Chikuzen Province), who built up contact with Jang Bogo was a major example of them.
Japanese: 例えば、張保皐と接触を持っていた筑前守文室宮田麻呂が代表的な例と言える。
English: The fact that silver, textile fabrics, cloths and threads were brought to Tang Dynasty from Japan as tribute, and textile fabrics, spices, medicines, Buddhist objects, scriptures and books were brought into Japan from Tang, is seen in records as ones written by the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China.
Japanese: 遣唐使などの記録を見ると、日本より唐に対しては銀や織物、糸や布が朝貢され、唐より織物や香料、薬品、仏具、経典・書籍などが将来されたことがわかる。
English: Some of the karamono that were brought into Japan can be assumed from the treasures in Todaiji Temple Shosoin or "Nihonkoku genzaisho mokuroku" (Catalogue of Present Books in Japan).
Japanese: 日本への将来した唐物の一端は東大寺正倉院の宝物や『日本国見在書目録』から推定可能である。
English: Rokkakushi Shikimoku was established when the Rokkaku clan lost their authority despite their intention to increase their power because of the Kannonji family feud which broke out in 1563.
Japanese: この制定の背景には、永禄6年（1563年）に起こった観音寺騒動により、権力拡大を目指していた六角氏が逆に権威を失墜させていたことがあった。
English: Under the diminishing authority of the Rokkaku clan, Rokkakushi Shikimoku was established after Sadahide GAMO and other major vassals drafted the shikimoku (law codes in the itemized form, which were used in the medieval Japan) and Yoshikata ROKKAKU and Yoshisuke ROKKAKU, father and son, approved it.
Japanese: 六角氏の権威が弱まる中で、蒲生定秀ら有力家臣が式目を起草し、六角義賢・六角義弼父子が承認することで成立した。
English: Also, the agreement to swear the strict observance of the shikimoku was exchanged between Shotei and Yoshisuke, father and son, and 20 vassals.
Japanese: また承禎・義弼父子と20名の家臣との間で、式目の遵守を誓う起請文を相互に取り交わす形式を取っている。
English: As a rule, common laws of a local land were respected; however, Rokkakushi Shikimoku established the way to promote solidarity of a feudal lord.
Japanese: 原則として在地の慣習法を尊重しているが、一方で領主の結束を図る手段も規定されている。
English: Rokkakushi Shikimoku restricted an arbitrary deprivation of people under a domain by a feudal lord; at the same time, it also prohibited actions such as organized looting by village people against their feudal lord.
Japanese: 領民に対しては、領主層の恣意的収奪を規制する体裁をとる一方、打ち壊しなど惣村の反領主行動を禁止するものとなっている。
English: Japan Post Office was post offices in Korea, which were placed in Korean Peninsula by Japan in Meiji Period.
Japanese: 在朝鮮日本郵便局（ざいちょうせんにほにゅうびんきょく）とは、明治時代に日本が朝鮮半島に設置していた郵便局である。
English: Japan concluded Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity with Korea in 1876; as a result, Japan acquired an enclave in Busan.
Japanese: 1876年、日本と朝鮮の間に日朝修好条規が締結され、これにより日本は釜山に居留地を獲得した。
English: However, this was because a modern postal service was not practiced in Korea at the time, and this was the first example of modern postal service implemented in Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: しかし、これは当時の朝鮮には近代的郵便事業が行われていなかったためであり、朝鮮半島に近代的な郵便事業が実施された最初の事例である。
English: Starting with the launch of Busan post office on November 10, 1876, Japan set up post offices in various places of Korea; Wonsan in 1880, Incheon in 1883, and Seoul in 1888.
Japanese: 1876年11月10日の釜山郵便局を皮切りに、1880年に元山、1883年に仁川、1888年にソウルと朝鮮各地に日本による郵便局が設置された。
English: A modern postal service was established in Korea in 1884 under the leadership of Hong Young Shik, which had to be closed due to Gapsin Coup.
Japanese: なお朝鮮では1884年に洪英植の指導の下で近代的郵便事業が開始されていたが、甲申政変の影響で閉鎖された。
English: However it was reopened in 1895, and Korea joined the Universal Postal Union in 1900.
Japanese: しかし、1895年には再開され、1900年には万国郵便連合に加盟した。
English: In 1905, postal services all over Korean Peninsula were taken over by Japan under Japan-Korea Joint Communication Service and unified into Japan Post Office in Korea.
Japanese: 1905年には日韓通信業務合同によって朝鮮半島全土の郵便事業が日本に接収され、在朝鮮日本郵便局に一本化された。
English: Aobyoshi is a book on the customs and manners of samurai, written by Hiroki ONO (also called Gonnojo or Ninken), a shogun's retainer and a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 青標紙（あおびょうし）とは、江戸時代後期の幕臣・国学者の大野広城（権之丞・忍軒）が著した武家故実書。
English: This was a small-sized folded book to be placed in a pocket, in which the customs and manners necessary for the samurai serving the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) were compiled.
Japanese: 江戸幕府に仕える武士に必要な知識である武家故実についてを編集して懐中用の小型折本としたもの。
English: The contents consisted of Buke shohatto (laws for the samurai families), osadamegaki (regulations by the bakufu), military orders and various other regulations concerning military services, kinban (regular duty), arms, processions, passing checking stations, the dress code system, and falconry, and frequently enquired questions and answers for them were also explained there using the enquiry format for Roju (senior councilor) or Metsuke (inspector) (the book could also be used for Shosatsurei (Epistolary Etiquette)).
Japanese: 武家諸法度・御定書・軍令・軍役・勤番・武具・行列・関所通行・服制・鷹狩などに関する諸規定から成り、しばしば発生する疑問やそれに関する回答について老中や目付に対する伺書の書式を用いて解説している（書札礼の役目も兼ねる）。
English: Because the Edo bakufu firmly prohibited laws and regulations from being known by the general public at that time, Ono "limited the number of the books to be published to 300" cautiously.
Japanese: 当時、江戸幕府は法令が一般に知られることを固く禁じていたため、大野も慎重を期して「300部限定」として刊行している。
English: However, it had been suspected that Ono's research about the customs and manners of samurai might have violated the regulation at the stage of publishing "Tonoibukuro" and "Taihei-nenpyo" (a chronicle of the Edo period).
Japanese: だが、大野の武家故実の研究がその規定に反する疑いが先著である『殿居囊』・『泰平年表』刊行の段階で持たれていた。
English: Then the inclusion in "Aobyoshi" of laws and regulations, including Buke shohatto, constituted a decisive evidence, and on July 7, 1840, Ono was placed in the custody of the Ayabe clan for life, with the publication of the book prohibited and the publisher punished as well.
Japanese: 『青標紙』の刊行で武家諸法度などの法令を掲載したことが決定的な証拠とされて、天保11年（1840年）6月9日大野は綾部藩に永預となり、著書は発行禁止とされ、刊行に関わった版元なども処分された。
English: However, the books already published could not be recalled completely, and it is possible to know all of the contents through "Edo-sosho" (Books on the Edo period) published in the Taisho period.
Japanese: だが、刊行された書を完全に回収することは出来ず、大正時代に刊行された『江戸叢書』によって全容を知ることが可能である。
English: "Karyaku no sodo" (Karyaku rebellion) refers to a conflict in 1326, towards the end of the Kamakura period, between Nagasaki Takasuke, a minister to the Tokuso family and the Adachi clan, whose head was a maternal relative of the Tokuso family over inheriting the head post of the Tokuso family within the Hojo clan, which was regent to the Kamakura bakufu shogunate.
Japanese: 嘉暦の騒動（かりゃくのそうどう）は、鎌倉時代末期の正中(元号)3年（1326年）、鎌倉幕府の執権である北条氏得宗家の家督継承を巡る内管領の長崎氏と、外戚安達氏の抗争による内紛。
English: On April 24, 1326, Takatoki HOJO, the 14th shikken (regent to the shogun) became a priest due to illness at the age of 24.
Japanese: 正中3年（1326年）3月13日、14代執権北条高時が病のために24歳で出家する。
English: Nagasaki Takasuke, uchikanrei (head of Tokuso Family) recommended Kunitoki HOJO, Takatoki's eldest son born in December the previous year and whose mother was Troika no Mae, a sister of Muneshige GODAIIN, who was also a retainer of the Tokuso family as the next head of the Tokuso family, and he also recommended Sadaaki HOJO, head of the branch Hojo clan as a temporary 15th shikken (regent to the shogun) until Kunitoki became able to inherit the regency.
Japanese: 内管領長崎氏は、同じ得宗被官である五大院宗繁の妹常葉前を母として前年12月に産まれた高時の長子北条邦時を得宗家の後継者に推し、執権職を継承するまでの中継ぎとして北条氏庶流の北条貞顕を15代執権に推挙する。
English: As Takatoki became a priest, on five occasions Sadaaki also asked if he could become one, but was persuaded not to do so by Nagasaki.
Japanese: 貞顕は高時の出家に伴い5度に渡って出家を願い出たが、長崎氏によって慰留されていた。
English: Takatoki's legal wife was Tokiaki ADACHI's daughter, and Adachi, being a maternal relative of the Tokuso family, showed displeasure even at the birth of Kunitoki (whose mother was a retainer of the Tokuso family), and neither Kakukai Enjo, Takatoki's mother, nor anybody from the Adachi clan made an appearance either at the birth or in front of Takatoki.
Japanese: 高時の正室は安達時顕の娘であり、外戚である安達氏は得宗被官を母とする邦時の誕生の際にも不快の態度を示し、高時の母覚海円成と安達一族は御産所にも高時の前にも姿を現さなかった。
English: To prevent Kunitoki from inheriting the head post of the Tokuso family, the Adachi clan recommended Yasuie HOJO, Takatoki's younger brother and son of Okatadono (Kakukai Enjo), as the successor to Takatoki.
Japanese: 安達氏側は邦時の家督継承を阻止するべく、高時の弟で大方殿の子北条泰家を高時の後継として推していた。
English: Many people did the same thing as Yasuie, showing that a lot of people were dissatisfied with the decision to appoint Sadaaki to the Shikken post.
Japanese: 泰家に続いて多くの人々が出家し、これらは貞顕の執権就任に不満を抱く人々が多かった事の表れであった。
English: It was rumored that an angry Yasuie and Okata (his mother) contemplated an attempt on Sadaaki's life, and forced into a corner, Sadaaki resigned his position as the 15th regent to the shogun on May 7, to become a priest.
Japanese: 憤った泰家とその母大方殿が貞顕を殺そうとしているという風説が流れ、窮地に立たされた貞顕は3月26日に15代執権を辞任し、出家を遂げた。
English: While no person in the HOJO clan wanted to take up the regency, fearing the wrath of Yasuie and the Adachi clan, Moritoki HOJO, the chief of Hikitsukeshu (coadjustors of the high court), was at last appointed to the post on June 3, becoming the last Shikken of the HOJO clan.
Japanese: 貞顕の出家後、泰家と安達氏の憤りを恐れて北条一門に執権のなり手がいない中、ようやく4月24日に引付衆一番頭人北条守時が就任し、これが最後の北条氏執権となる。
English: It was decided that Shikken Moritoki should help Kunitoki, Takatoki's legitimate son, and in accordance with the precedent, Kunitoki paid a visit to Hachiman-gu Shrine when he was five to be inaugurated head of the Tokuso family.
Japanese: 高時の嫡子邦時は執権守時が扶持する事になり、先例によって5歳で八幡宮参詣が行われ、得宗の後継者としての儀式が行われた。
English: The successor to the position of head of the Tokuso family became a relative of a retainer of the Tokuso family, creating the situation wherein the Hojo clan became engulfed by retainers of the Tokuso family.
Japanese: 得宗の後継者が得宗被官の血縁となり、北条氏は得宗被官に飲み込まれていく事態が発生していた。
English: Around the same time, in the Imperial court in Heian-kyo Capital as well, the struggle between Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Fukakusa) to succeed the emperor had become serious.
Japanese: 同じ頃、平安京の朝廷でも大覚寺統と持明院統による皇位継承争いが激化していた。
English: Therefore, the internal strife in the Hojo clan made the political situation increasingly confusing, leading to the demise of the Kamakura bakufu in June, 1333.
Japanese: そのため、北条一族の内紛は政局混迷の度合いを深め、やがて正慶2年（1333年）5月の鎌倉幕府滅亡へと繋がっていく。
English: Kugoden refers to rice fields to cultivate rice (Kugomai) for emperor's meals (Kugo).
Japanese: 供御田（くごでん）とは、天皇の食膳（供御）に出す米（供御米）を作る田地。
English: In the ritsuryo system, Kanden (imperial estates) undertook that role and was controlled by Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household), but incomes became unstable by reasons that Kanden was lost in various places due to decline of the ritsuryo system and expansion of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan), and nonpayment of tribute of Kugomai continued.
Japanese: 律令制においては官田がその任を担って大炊寮が管轄していたが、律令制の衰微と荘園の拡大によって各地で官田の喪失、供御米の未進が相次ぐなど収入が不安定になった。
English: Therefore, in the insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor), independent Miineta/Kugoden and Kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) managing such Miineta/Kugoden were established mainly in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: そこで院政期に入ると畿内を中心として独自の御稲田・供御田とこれを経営する供御人が設置された。
English: According to the "Honcho seiki" (Chronicle of Imperial Reigns), Kugonin managing Miineta in Ishikawa County, Kawachi Province, came up to Kyoto and complained of difficult situations in 1149.
Japanese: 『本朝世紀』によれば、久安5年（1149年）に河内国石川郡(河内国)の御稲田の供御人が上洛愁訴に至っている。
English: Saikudokoro (or called Saikusho) refers to an institution or craft center for handicraft industry which was permanently or temporarily established by Kenmon (an influential family) in the medieval period.
Japanese: 細工所（さいくしょ/さいくどころ）とは、中世権門が恒常的あるいは臨時に設置した手工業のための機関及び工房のこと。
English: Saikudokoro appeared after the mid Heian period when a craft center under government management which was established under the ritsuryo system declined.
Japanese: 律令制のもとで設けられた官営の工房が衰退した平安時代中期以後に出現した。
English: Workmen such as Kaji (smith), Bansho (builder), Himonoshi (hinoki cypress craftsman), Imonoshi (caster) and so on were gathered under the supervision of Betto (administrator of a Buddhist temple), Azukari (an additional post to the chief of Naizenshi [imperial table office]), Bugyo (magistrate) and so on, and gave their service by manufacturing handicrafts, tools and instruments for Kenmon.
Japanese: 別当や預(役職)、奉行などの監督の下に鍛治・番匠・檜物師・鋳物師などの職人が集められ、権門のために工芸品や道具・器具を製造して奉仕した。
English: After the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Saikudokoro was dissolved along with the independence of merchants and traders, but was used as a name of za (guild) of workmen in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以後に商工業者の自立とともに解体されるが、室町時代には職人の座の名称として用いられた。