nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The main contents are of the preaching at Daibon-ji Temple performed in response to a request of the provincial governor Ikyo at the beginning of the period of Tang Dynasty in China.
Japanese: 唐代の初め頃、地方長官の韋據（いきょ、據の字は手偏のかわりに王偏・Unicodeでは璩）の求めに応じて、大梵寺において行った説法をおもな内容とする。
English: In 967, in the Sung Period in China, Ekin organized the text and divided it into two volumes, of which both have been read widely.
Japanese: 宋の時代、967年に恵昕（えきん）が文章を整理し、上下巻に分けた本が広く通用している。
English: Responding to the question posed to Goso Konin (fifth leader Konin)'s apprentices, the leading apprentice Shenxiu wrote a poem on a new white wall including the phrase "Bakushisenjinai" (do not let it be in the dust).
Japanese: 五祖弘忍の弟子たちへの問いかけに応じて、新しい白壁に筆頭弟子の神秀が書いた詩に「莫使染塵埃」（塵埃に染さしむること莫かれ）とあった。
English: When Eno, who was a footman and was not literate at that time, heard the phrase, he asked someone to write his poem next to the apprentice's.
Japanese: それを聞いて、読み書きできなかった下男の慧能は人に頼んでその隣に詩を書いた。
English: government led people to deprive the Buddhist force, which had significantly affected them until that time,
Japanese: つまり、一般的には心を清めて悟りに達すれば、塵など気にかからなくなると考えがちだ。
English: But Eno thought that a person in this situation would still have a consciousness of dust in their mind.
Japanese: しかし、慧能の考えでは、それではまだ心の中に塵を認識するものが残っている。
English: Nanpozen (Southern Zen) which preaches tongozen (zen of sudden enlightenment) is based on the doctrine of the "Rokusodankyo".
Japanese: それも捨て去っていったところで、始めてどこに塵があるのか、あるのはだたそのものだけじゃないかという境涯に達する。
English: One idea suggests that various dirtiness exists only as a symptom of delusion, and that without that delusion the world of Buddha can be found.
Japanese: 様々の汚れは妄想により存在するので、妄想を止めれば、そのものが仏の世界なのだという思想である。
English: This idea is clearly laid out in "Dankyo", although with a proviso of being compared with other Chinese Zen books.
Japanese: 『壇経』においては、その思想が明確に（中国禅の典籍にしては、という但し書きが付くが）語られている。
English: However, it is believed that Kataku Jinne, an apprentice to Eno, compiled the records of Eno's preaching "Rokusodankyo" based on the religious doctrine.
Japanese: というよりは、慧能の弟子の荷沢神会がその宗旨をもとに、慧能の説法の記録だった『六祖壇経』を編修したという説が有力である。
English: At the same time that the "Dankyo" was made, Hui-chung, an apprentice to Eno, had already expressed resentment, saying that the "Dankyo" was corrupted.
Japanese: 同時代すでに、慧能の弟子である慧忠が「『壇経』は改変された」と憤慨している。
English: Existing copies can be divided into two main branches, books excavated in Dun Huang and books compiled by Ekin.
Japanese: 現在残る本としては大きく分けて、敦煌出土本と、恵昕編集本の二つの系統が見られる。
English: The Dun Huang version is older but there is an opinion that the Ekin version is superior in regard to content.
Japanese: 時代的には敦煌出土本の方が古いが、内容では恵昕本の方が優れているとの指摘もある。
English: Connected to the above meaning, it came to mean a question given to a trainee in Buddhism in the Zen sect as one of the tasks to achieve enlightenment.
Japanese: 上記の意味から派生して、禅宗において、修行者が悟りを開くための課題として与えられる問題のこと。
English: Famous koan are such as 'Sekishu no koe' (the sound of one hand), 'Kushibussho' (whether a dog have the Buddha-nature) and 'Soshi Seiraii' (why the Dharma came from the west).
Japanese: 有名な公案として「隻手の声」、「狗子仏性」、「祖師西来意」などがある。
English: It is known generally that koan were used to control the religious system by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in ways such as that where a priest could not become chief priest unless he could solve a certain amount of koan, or that of koan being used to demonstrate the experience of a priest along with horo (the number of years from the time when a person became a priest and received the religious precepts).
Japanese: 近世には一定の数の公案を解かないと住職になれない等、法臘の他に僧侶の経験を表す基準となるなど、江戸幕府の宗教統制にも利用された事は一般に知られている。
English: It was described in detail in an article about the early times of the split of the sect in section six of "Kurinohana" (flower of chestnuts) which was spoken by the machi-shu (towns people) of Miya-machi in Azuchi.
Japanese: 安土の宮町衆が説いた『栗の華』六節に記載されていた宗派両断始期に詳しく掲載の物。
English: Originally 'genkan' was a Chinese term used in Taoism (in the Neidan, or spiritual alchemy method of Chinese alchemy, the genkan is the place where the ki [vital force that operates the body] first enters the body in order to circulate), and also a term used in Zen Buddhism (it is thought that when Daruma [Bodhidharma] brought Zen to Japan he directed that the word dhyana, meaning meditation, should be translated as "gen", which later became "zen"), and from these concepts 'genpinnokan' (gate leading to the road of genmyo [something black and not recognizable as to what it is but potentially spiritually deep]).
Japanese: 本来、中国の道教（錬丹術の内丹の法では体内にある気を巡らすための最初に気を通す場所のことである）、禅（達磨による禅の伝来の際、達磨の指示でディヤーナを玄（後に禪（禅）と訳す）と訳したともされる）などの用語で「玄関」とは「玄妙の道に入る關門」（「玄牝の関」）ことである。
English: In Japan, a genkan was an entrance constructed in Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a tokonoma), and in a kyakuden (guest hall) or hojo (abbot's chamber) at Zen temples.
Japanese: 日本では書院造、禅寺の客殿や方丈などへの出入り口として造られたものである。
English: It was from the Edo Period that residential houses began to have genkan when shoin-zukuri became popular as a residential house.
Japanese: 住居用に書院造の普及し始めた江戸時代以降に住宅に玄関が設けられたとされている。
English: Many Japanese think that in Europe and the United States people do not take off their shoes at home, unlike the Japanese who take off their shoes in the genkan of most houses they enter.
Japanese: 日本ではほとんどの家屋において玄関で靴を脱ぎ、欧米では脱がないものと思われている。
English: In a wide area, taking in East Asia, South-East Asia and Turkey, it is a custom to remove shoes before entering a building.
Japanese: また、東アジア、東南アジア、トルコなど広い地域で玄関で靴を脱ぐ習慣がある。
English: So, the custom of taking off shoes is not as unique as some Japanese think.
Japanese: 日本人が思っているほど、玄関で靴を脱ぐことを習慣とする文化は少なくない。
English: Hakuin Ekaku (January 19, 1686 - January 18, 1769) was a Zen monk in the Edo Period who is called Chuko no So (father of restoration) of the Rinzaishu sect.
Japanese: 白隠慧鶴（はくいんえかく、1686年1月19日（貞享2年12月25日(旧暦)）-1769年1月18日（明和5年12月11日(旧暦)））は、臨済宗中興の祖と称される江戸時代の禅僧である。
English: He was praised, for example, in the following poem: 'Suruga has two great assets that are too good for the province: one Mt.Fuji, the other Hakuin in Hara.'
Japanese: 「駿河には過ぎたるものが二つあり富士のお山と原の白隠」などと謳われた。
English: Hakuin, who was born as the third son of the Nagasawa family in Harajuku, Suruga Province (Tokai-do Road), the present-day Hara, Numazu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, and became a priest at the age of 15.
Japanese: 駿河国原宿(東海道)（現・静岡県沼津市原）にあった長沢家の三男として生まれた白隠は、15歳で出家した。
English: He was so praised that he was regarded as a great asset of the province in the following poem: 'Suruga has two great assets that are too good for the province: one Mt.Fuji, the other Hakuin in Hara.'
Japanese: 「駿河には過ぎたるものが二つあり、富士のお山に原の白隠」とまで歌われた。
English: 1708: He attained enlightenment through a koan (small presentations of the nature of ultimate reality, usually presented as a paradox) called 'Joshu muji' (a question asking whether it is possible for a dog to have the Buddha nature or not) as he studied under Shotetsu of Eigen-ji Temple in Takada, Echigo Province (present-day Niigata Prefecture).
Japanese: 1708年　越後国（新潟県）高田の英巌寺性徹のもとで「趙州無字」の公案によって開悟。
English: Later he attained great wisdom through studying Dokyo Etan (also known as Old Shoju) in Iiyama in Shinshu (present-day Nagano Prefecture) in order to inherit the dharma from the priest master.
Japanese: その後、信州（長野県）飯山の道鏡慧端（正受老人）のもとで大悟、嗣法となる。
English: 1710: He learned Naikanho from a hermit called Hakuyushi in Kitashirakawa in Kyoto, and recovered completely from Zenbyo (malady of meditation).
Japanese: 1710年　京都の北白川で白幽子という仙人に内観法を学び、禅病が完治する。
English: He regarded the questions 'Sekishunokoe' (the sound of one hand clapping) and 'Kushibussho' (a question asking whether it is possible for a dog to have the Buddha nature or not), which enlightened him, as the most important of all the koan.
Japanese: 中でも自らの悟りの機縁となった「隻手の声」と「狗子仏性」の問いを、公案の第一に位置づけた。
English: He is also called "Bodai Daruma" (written as 菩提達磨 in Chinese characters, बोधिधर्म in Sanskrit, and Pútídámó in pinyin), Darumasoshi, and Darumadaishi.
Japanese: 菩提達磨（ぼだいだるま、、ピンイン：Pútídámó）、達磨祖師、達磨大師ともいう。
English: While Daruma 達磨 can also be written as 達摩, 達磨 is used in the so-called Chinese Zen books, and 達摩 is used in old manuscripts.
Japanese: 達摩との表記もあるがいわゆる中国禅の典籍には達磨、古い写本は達摩と表記する。
English: It is considered that the reason for reading '達' ('dachi') as 'daru' is that the nissho (one of the four tones in Chinese) 't' of kango (words of Chinese origin) which was used in the Middle Ages changed into the liquid 'l' in the Korean pronunciation of kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations), and 達 'dat' changed into the sound 'dal' in the Korean Peninsula on its way to Japan.
Japanese: 「達（ダチ）」を「ダル」と読むのは中古漢語の入声tが朝鮮語漢字音で流音lに変化したため達datは朝鮮半島でdalに変わり、その音が日本に伝わったためとされる。
English: In pictures, Daruma is mostly drawn with a piercing look, beard, and earrings.
Japanese: 画像では、眼光鋭く髭を生やし耳輪を付けた姿で描かれているものが多い。
English: One of the goroku (sayings) which recorded his accomplishments as well as his words and deeds is "Ninyushigyoron".
Japanese: 彼の事績、言行を記録した語録とされるものに『二入四行論』などがある。
English: While many legends exist concerning Bodai Daruma, their historical credibility remains doubtful.
Japanese: 菩提達磨についての伝説は多いが、その歴史的真実性には多く疑いを持たれている。
English: Although it is said that he was born as the third son of a king called Koshi in Nantenjiku (South India) and became the 28th Bodhi Dharma of Buddhism after acquiring the teachings of Hannyatara, the oldest reference to Bodai Daruma is found in the "Rakuyo Garanki", which was compiled by Yogenshi in 547 and whose title was Togi Bugunfu Shima (Bungunfu Shima in Eastern Wei), and the record is regarded as the source of all the legends concerning Daruma.
Japanese: 南天竺国香至王の第三王子として生まれ、般若多羅の法を得て仏教の第二十八祖菩提達磨（ボーディダルマ）になったということになっているが、最も古い菩提達磨への言及は東魏撫軍府司馬楊衒之撰『洛陽伽藍記』（547年）にあり、全ての達磨伝説はここに始まるともいわれている。
English: <On the tower of Einei-ji Temple> kinbanhi ni kagayaki, hikari wa unpyo ni teri, hotaku no kaze wo fukumite tengai ni kyoshutsusuru wo mite, uta wo enjite jitsuni kore shinmyo nari to santansu.
Japanese: 〈永寧寺塔の〉金盤日に炫（かがや）き、光は雲表に照り、宝鐸の風を含みて天外に響出するを見て、歌を詠じて実に是れ神功なりと讚歎す。
English: Mizukara toshi hyakugojussai nari tote shokoku wo rekishoshi, amaneku mawarazarunaku, shikashite kono tera seirei ni shite kakufusho (land of deities) nimo nainari, gokubutsu/kyokai nimo mata imada arazaru to ieri.
Japanese: 自ら年一百五十歳なりとて諸国を歴渉し、遍く周らざる靡（な）く、而して此の寺精麗にして閻浮所（諸仏の国）にも無い也、極物・境界にも亦（ま）た未だ有らざると云えり。
English: Seeing the golden plates of the tower of Einei-ji Temple sparkle under the sun, the light shining above the clouds, and golden bells blown by wind ringing, and the sound reaching the sky, he sang words of admiration and highly praised the sight as an act of God.
Japanese: 永寧寺の塔の金盤が太陽に輝き、その光が雲表を照らしているのを見て、また金の鈴が風を受けて鳴り、その響きが中天にも届くさまを見、思わず讃文を唱えて、まことに神業だと讃嘆した。
English: He said that he was 150 years old, had traveled various places, and there was no place where he had not set his foot, but the beauty of this temple was like no other in man's world, and that something like this could not be found anywhere, however hard anyone searched; he put the palms of his hands together and uttered 'Namu' for a number of days.
Japanese: その自ら言うところでは、齢は150歳で、もろもろの国を歴遊して、足の及ばない所はないが、この永寧寺の素晴らしさは閻浮にはまたと無いもの、たとえ仏国土を隅なく求めても見当たらないと言い、口に「南無」と唱えつつ、幾日も合掌し続けていた。
English: Furthermore, the oldest goroku (saying) concerning Daruma is found in "Ninyushigyo ron" (literally, "the way to the two truths, and methods for the four practices"), which, being the original model for legends concerning Daruma, also conveys Daruma's thought.
Japanese: また、『二入四行論』が達磨に関する最も古い語録で達磨伝説の原型であるとともに達磨の思想をも伝えている。
English: According to this book, Emperor Wu Di of the Liang Dynasty was a devout believer of Buddhism and gladly welcomed Daruma as a high priest from India.
Japanese: この書では梁の武帝は仏教を厚く信仰しており、天竺から来た高僧を喜んで迎えた。
English: Teitoteiwaku: "Chin sokuishite irai, tera wo tsukuri, kyo wo utsushi, so (groups of monks, religious communities) wo watasu koto, agete shirusu bekarazu (too numerous to count). Nan no kotoku ari ya." (The Emperor asked: "Ever since I was enthroned, I have built temples, copied scriptures, and allowed people to become monks, and my deeds are too numerous to count; what merits do I get?")
Japanese: 帝問うて曰く「朕即位して已来、寺を造り、経を写し、僧（僧伽、教団）を度すこと、勝（あげ）て紀す可からず（数え切れないほどである）。何の功徳有りや。」
English: Shiiwaku: "Kore tada jinten (human world/celestial world) no shoka ni shite yuro no in nari (only creating the cause of earthly desires)." (The master said: "They are small accomplishments within spiritual darkness, and you are only creating the cause of earthly desires.)
Japanese: 師曰く「此れ但だ人天（人間界・天上界）の小果にして有漏の因なり（煩悩の因を作っているだけだ）。」
English: Later Emperor Wu regretted his actions and sent a man to call Daruma back, but he did not succeed.
Japanese: 後に武帝は後悔し、人を使わして達磨を呼び戻そうとしたができなかった。
English: It is said that in Suzan Shorin-ji Temple, Daruma faced the wall and continued meditating for nine years; however, there is also a theory that this legend resulted from a misperception of Daruma's hekikan (literally, "staring at the wall").
Japanese: 達磨は嵩山少林寺において壁に向かって9年坐禅を続けたとされているが、これは彼の壁観を誤解してできた伝説であると言う説もある。
English: Hekikan comprised the characteristics of Daruma's religious doctrine of 'looking by becoming like a wall', or in other words, 'Zen in which truth is discovered in an unmoving state like a wall'.
Japanese: 壁観は達磨の宗旨の特徴をなしており、「壁となって観ること」即ち「壁のように動ぜぬ境地で真理を観ずる禅」のことである。
English: This thought was assumed by the later established Chinese Zen; for example, it became the definition of zazen, which is said to be a word created by Rokuso Eno (sixth leader Eno).
Japanese: これは後の確立した中国禅において、六祖慧能の言葉とされる坐禅の定義などに継承されている。
English: On January 4, 529, a priest called Shinko showed his determination by cutting his arm and sought to study under Daruma.
Japanese: 大通(梁)2年12月9日(旧暦)（529年1月4日）、神光という僧侶が自分の臂を切り取って決意を示し、入門を求めた。
English: It is said that Daruma attained senge (the death of a priest of high virtue or a hermit) at the age of 150 on November 2, 528.
Japanese: 永安元年10月5日(旧暦)（528年11月2日）に150歳で遷化したとされる。
English: As is often the case with kosoden (biographies of high ranking monks) in China, the following story, which could be categorized as shikai (the idea that only through a hermit's power should a soul appear outside the body, with flesh left) in Taoism, was spread later.
Japanese: その没後には道教の尸解に類した後日譚が伝わるが、中国の高僧伝にはしばしば見られるはなしである。
English: According to the story, Soun, who was returning from the western region of China as a messenger from the Northern Wei Dynasty met Daruma in Pamir.
Japanese: それは当時、北魏の使者として西域からの帰途にあった宋雲がパミール高原で達磨に出会ったというものである。
English: When Soun asked Daruma where he was heading, Daruma replied that he was "going to India" and informed Soun that Soun's lord was "already dead".
Japanese: 宋雲が「どこへ行かれるのか」と問うた所「西天へと行く」と答え、また「あなたの主君はすでにみまかっている」と伝えたというのである。
English: When Koso Tei (the ancient Chinese emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty who reigned from 528 to 530 AD) had Daruma's grave dug up, there was only an issekibaki in the coffin.
Japanese: 孝荘帝が達磨の墓を掘らせると、棺の中には一隻履のみが残されていたという。
English: It is said that Zen was introduced to China by Daruma and was passed down even to Rokuso Eno.
Japanese: 達磨により中国に禅宗が伝えられ、それは六祖慧能にまで伝わったことになっている。
English: Soshi Seiraii (The reason why Darma came from the west) according to Zen is in essence the 'fundamental meaning of Buddhism'.
Japanese: 禅宗で「祖師西来意」（そしせいらいい：達磨大師が西から来た理由）と言えば、「仏法の根本の意味」ということである。
English: Based on the myth that Daruma's arms and legs became rotten from sitting in the Zen sitting meditation of facing the wall for nine years, the Daruma-doll was created.
Japanese: 達磨が面壁九年の座禅によって手足が腐ってしまったという伝説が起こり、玩具としてのだるまができた。
English: Shugendo is a Japan-specific Konko-shukyo (a religion combining Buddhism, Shintoism and other religions) whose objective is to do ascetic practice while confining oneself in the mountains, in order to obtain various shirushi (evidence) which indicate that certain practice levels have been reached.
Japanese: 修験道（しゅげんどう）とは、山へ籠もって厳しい修行を行う事により、様々な「験」（しるし）を得る事を目的とする日本独特の混淆宗教である。
English: It is a Japan-specific religion combining various religions, such as Buddhism, Taoism, Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) with Kannabi (an old form of Shintoism) and Iwakura (a form of mountain worship) in which a life or divine spirit is considered to reside in everything.
Japanese: 森羅万象に命や神霊が宿るとする、古神道の一つである神奈備（かむなび）や磐座（いわくら）という山岳信仰と仏教、道教、陰陽道などが習合して確立した日本独特の宗教である。
English: This religion became strongly connected to Esoteric Buddhism that was brought to Japan in the early Heian Period, and in the era from the latter half of the Kamakura Period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), its unique position was established.
Japanese: 平安初期に伝来した密教との結びつきが強く、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代(日本)には独自の立場を確立した。
English: The Edo bakufu established Shugendo Hatto (Shugendo Law) in 1613, making it a rule that Shugendo had to belong either to the Tozan school related to the Shingonshu sect or to the Honzan school related to the Tendaishu sect.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は，慶長十八年（1613）に修験道法度を定め，真言宗系の当山派と、天台宗系の本山派のどちらかに属さねばならないことにした。
English: Following the Ordinance Distinguishing Shinto and Buddhism in 1868, a law banning Shugendo was introduced, prohibiting Shugendo practice.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）の神仏分離令に続き、明治5年、修験禁止令が出され、修験道は禁止された。
English: Attempting to diminish their Buddhist characteristics in the Meiji Period and after, some Shugendo-related religious associations of lay believers came to belong to Sect Shinto.
Japanese: 修験系の講団体のなかには、明治以降、仏教色を薄めて教派神道となったものもある。
English: These Shinto sects were mainly Ontake-kyo, Fuso-Kyo, Jikko-Kyo, and Maruyama-Kyo, and some remnants from the period when Buddhism and Shintoism were syncretized, such as the chanting of mantras of Fudo-son and chanting of Hannya Shingyo (Heart Sutra), are still observed.
Japanese: 御嶽教、扶桑教、実行教、丸山教などが主で、不動尊の真言や般若心経の読誦など神仏習合時代の名残も見られる。
English: The systems of Shugendo teaching are largely classified into the Tozan school related to the Shingonshu sect and the Honzan school related to the Tendaishu sect.
Japanese: 修験道の法流は、大きく分けて真言宗系の当山派と、天台宗系の本山派に分類される。
English: The Tozan school was founded by Shobo Rigen Daishi (a Shingon priest who lived in the early Heian Period) who established Sanbo-in at Daigo-ji Temple, and the Honzan school came to be formed after Zoyo at Onjo-ji Temple built Shogoin Temple and enshrined the Sansho Gongen (three deities) of Kumano there.
Japanese: 当山派は醍醐寺三宝院を開いた聖宝理源大師に端を発し、本山派は園城寺の増誉が聖護院を建立して熊野三所権現を祭ってから一派として形成されていった。
English: However, because Shugendo affected the general public, the roles of Shugensha and yamabushi were important.
Japanese: しかしながら、修験道においては一般民衆との関わりを持っていた点で、修験者（山伏）の役割は重要であった。
English: The major sites of worship are Kinpusen-ji Temple (of the main Shugen sect) on Mt. Yoshino, Nara Prefecture, Shogoin Temple (of the Honzan Shugen sect) in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, and Sanbo-in at Daigo-ji Temple (of the Daigo school of the Shingon sect) in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 奈良県吉野山の金峯山寺（金峰山修験本宗）、京都市左京区の聖護院（本山修験宗）、同伏見区の醍醐寺三宝院（真言宗醍醐派）などを拠点に信仰が行われている。
English: Visible objects for worship include Gongen (where gongen, a god or Buddha appearing in a temporary shape, is enshrined) and Oji (a place to conduct rituals en route to pilgrimage).
Japanese: 表現形態として、権現（神仏が仮の姿で現れた神）などの神格や王子（参詣途上で儀礼を行う場所）がある。
English: In the Kumano set of beliefs, Sansho (three-place) Gongen, Gosho (five-place) Oji, and Yonsho (four-place) Miyano-saishin (an enshrined deity of a miya, or royal person) occupy important positions, and the Kujuku (ninety-nine) Oji which stem from here are famous.
Japanese: 熊野信仰においては、三所権現・五所王子・四所宮の祭神が重要な位置を占めており、これを勧請した九十九王子が有名である。
English: Sogi (funeral ceremony) or Soshiki (funeral ceremony) is a part of Saigi (ceremony) or Sosei (funeral system) to mourn the passing of the deceased.
Japanese: 葬儀（そうぎ）、葬式（そうしき）とは、人の死を弔うために行われる祭儀、葬制の一部である。
English: The style of funeral ceremony deeply depends on the view of life and death and the outlook on religions of the people who hold it, and this difference of religion means a difference in funeral style.
Japanese: 葬儀の様式にはそれを行う人たちの死生観、宗教観が深く関っており、宗教の違いがそのまま葬式の様式の違いになる。
English: A funeral ceremony is held not only for Kojin (the deceased) but also has a strong implication for the bereaved.
Japanese: また葬儀は故人のためだけでなく、残されたもののために行われるという意味合いも強くある。
English: It is a funeral ceremony that helps the bereaved to react, regard and manage someone's death.
Japanese: 残された人々が人の死をいかに心の中で受け止め、位置付け、そして処理するか、これを行うための援助となる儀式が葬儀である。
English: In that sense, funeral ceremonies are religious acts which had been observed since Paleolithic Period before religions were created in civilization.
Japanese: その意味で葬儀は、宗教が文明に発生する以前の旧石器時代から行われてきていた宗教的行為であるといえる。
English: However, the Buddhism-connected image brought up by funeral ceremonies in Japan is unique to Japan (except the Ainu tribe and Ryukyu).
Japanese: ただし、日本の葬儀で連想される仏教との結びつきは、日本（アイヌや琉球を除く）独特のものである。
English: It is said that it started when Risso (monks following Rishu) and the Jishu school promoted it as a Buddhist ritual for the common people in the early medieval period and it took hold in the Edo period when Terauke seido (the system of organizing whole temples in Japan with registration of follower families) was established.
Japanese: 中世前期に律僧や時衆が庶民の仏教典礼として促進したことにはじまり、定着をみたのは、寺請制度のできた江戸時代からと言われている。
English: The remains of a funeral ceremony which was discovered in Shanidar Cave in Iraq is said to be the first of that kind in history.
Japanese: 現在、発見されている歴史上初めての葬儀跡と言われている物が、イラク北部にあるシャニダール洞窟で見つかっている。
English: Skeletons of Neanderthals estimated as approximately 60,000 years old were discovered in the cave and it was reported that pollen had been found around the cave, which was impossible.
Japanese: この洞窟の中には約6万年前と推定されるネアンデルタール人の骨が見つかっており、その周辺にはこの洞窟から見つかるはずの無い花粉が見つかったと報告されている。
English: Someone must keep all-night vigil (allowed to take turns) to not let Tomyo (votive light) and the incense sticks go out until dawn (it also acts as an amulet).
Japanese: 誰かが寝ずの番をして（交代でもよい）、夜明けまで灯明や線香の火を絶やさないようにしなければならない（魔除けの意味がある）。
English: In recent years, as fire stations sometimes issue administrative guidance not to make a fire in a ceremonial hall at night, Tsuya is sometimes observed in the form called Hantsuya (hold a wake for half a night) rather than keeping all-night vigil in urban ceremonial halls and the bereaved members of the family go home.
Japanese: 近年では消防署の指導などにより、式場では夜間の火は焚かないよう指導が入ることもあり、都市部の式場では夜通しではなく、半通夜と呼ばれる形態で夜は遺族が帰ってしまう場合もある。
English: Even if it is difficult to do so because the road goes straight, one should make efforts not to use the same road as much as possible.
Japanese: 一本道で難しい場合であっても、可能な限り同じ道を通らないように努力しなければならない。
English: After a funeral ceremony, salt is scattered to purify, which is called 'Furishio.' (However, it is a custom that originated from Shinto and some believe that it goes against the doctrine of Buddhism which does not regard death as Kegare (impurity).
Japanese: 葬儀終了後に「振り塩」と呼ばれる清めの塩を撒く（ただし、これは神道由来の慣習であって、死を穢れとみなさない仏教の教義に反すると考える意見もある。
English: In recent years, some do not observe this, with Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) which has not observed this custom playing a leading role).
Japanese: 元来これを行っていなかった浄土真宗を中心に、近年では行われないケースもある）。
English: This is called Mamorigatana (a sword for protection) due to the implication of cutting down evil spirits with a sword in the society of the samurai class and because cats avoid shining objects which were regarded as a magic creatures.
Japanese: これを守り刀と呼ぶ由来は武士の社会で、刀によって魔を斬るといった意味や魔物の使いとされていた猫が光り物を嫌がるので刀を置くことが魔よけとされた。
English: The number of dumplings is different by regions and one theory has it as six, coming from Roku Jizo (six Jizo) and Rokudo (six posthumous worlds) and another as 13 coming from Jusanbutsu (Thirteen Buddha), etc.
Japanese: 数は地域によって差があり、六地蔵、六道から六個とする説と、13仏などからとった13個とする説がある。
English: In some regions, 49 dumplings are offered adding one each day from the day of death to Chuin (a period of mourning lasting seven weeks).
Japanese: なくなった日から一個ずつ増やして中陰までお供えし、49個飾る地域もある。
English: Generally speaking, Tomobiki (the day where friends are "pulled in" according to superstition) is avoided for Kokubetsushiki so as to 'not pull a friend (to death).'
Japanese: 一般に告別式は友引の日を避けるが、これは俗に“友を（死に）引かない”よう配慮するためとされる。