nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It further says that at the midnight, about thirty people in white came out from burning Hakozaki-gu Shrine and shot arrows at the Yuan soldiers, who were horrified and hurriedly withdrew in their ships without waiting for dawn, and in this chaotic flight, the ships are said to have wrecked in the Genkai-nada Sea (even Korean envoys in the Edo period avoided crossing the Genkai-nada Sea at the night).
Japanese: また夜中、炎上する筥崎宮より出た白装束の者30人ばかりが矢を射掛けたところ、元兵は恐怖し夜明けも待たず（朝鮮通信使のころでも夜間の玄界灘渡海は避けていた）我先にと抜錨し撤退は壊走となり玄界灘で遭難した、という。
English: However, these 'people in white' are so 'uncanny' that they are considered as a kind of 'manifestation of the power of the God of War in Hakozaki-gu Shrine' and not the warriors of the Kamakura shogunate nor any other actual force.
Japanese: ただし、この「白装束の者」たちは「白装束」という甚だしく「異形の者」たちであるため、鎌倉武士団その他の実際の軍勢では無く、「筥崎宮の八幡神による神威の顕現」の類いを描写したものと考えられる。
English: According to "Hachiman Gudokun" and a copy of "Kanchuki," the Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanenaka (Kanenaka KADENOKOJI), the Yuan fleet disappeared on the following day and thus Bunei no Eki ended.
Japanese: 『八幡愚童訓』や藤原兼仲（勘解由小路兼仲）の日記『勘仲記』の一写本によると、翌日、元の船団は姿を消しており、文永の役は終結する。
English: "Genshi" do not particularly mention the damage suffered then in its 'Seiso Honki' (Records on Kublai) and 'Nihon Den' (Records on Japan), but "Koraishi" and "Koraishi Setsuyo" (Digested History of Goryeo) states that there was a storm at midnight, which caused shipwreck and damage, and more than 13.5 thousand people of the expeditionary force did not return to Gappo on December 26.
Japanese: 『元史』では「世祖本紀」や「日本伝」などにこの時の損耗については特に述べられていないが、『高麗史』、『高麗史節要』では夜中に大いに風雨があり、艦船が難破するなどして損害があり、十一月二十七日（12月26日）に合浦に帰還した際には、派遣軍の不還者は1万3500余人に登ったという。
English: The well accepted theory says that Japanese samurai easily lost, because the only fighting method they knew was one to one battle by declaring their names, but fortunately the Yuan fleet was forced to withdraw within that night because of a storm, the so-called Kamikaze (divine wind).
Japanese: 定説では、日本の武士は名乗りを上げての一騎打ちしか戦い方を知らず一方的に敗退したが、幸運にも暴風雨、いわゆる神風が起きて、元の船団はその夜のうちに撤退したとされる。
English: The Yuan army withdrew, and then the war with the Southern Sung Dynasty reached an important phase so, it was decided to send its main forces to the southern area of the Yangtze River.
Japanese: 元は撤退し、対南宋戦争が佳境に入ったことから、ひとまず主力は江南に向けられる事になった。
English: This theory is persistent, based upon the following facts; the army of the Mongol Empire in many cases performed several reconnaissances in a phased manner before a serious invasion, with a number of soldiers varying from a hundred to ten thousand; arrows run short soon in the Yuan army as described in 'Nihon Den' of "Genshi;" and the number of soldiers was small, about thirty thousand (including non-soldiers).
Japanese: 根拠として、本来モンゴル帝国の軍事行動では、事前に兵力100〜1万規模での敵地への威力偵察を数度段階的に行った後、本格的な侵攻を行う場合が多く、また『元史』「日本伝」には元軍の矢がすぐに尽きたという記述が見られることと、3万人程度（中には非戦闘員もいる）という少ない兵力からこの説も根強い。
English: The Yuan Dynasty itself recorded in 'Nihon Den' of "Genshi" that arrows had run short, and therefore it is considered highly reliable.
Japanese: 『元史』「日本伝」は元側の記録であり、自分達で矢が尽きたと記録しているため信憑性は高いと見られる。
English: It is difficult to believe that it seriously tried to invade and conquer, or subject, with only about thirty thousand men and such a small number of arrows that soon run short, which was the main weapon of that time.
Japanese: 本格的に侵攻し領土とする、または服属させるには、3万人程の人数で、当時の主力武器である弓の矢がすぐに尽きる程度の準備で来るとは考えにくい。
English: Even in an open battle on the continent, one of the main tactics of the Yuan army was to damage the enemy by shooting arrows from horseback, maintaining certain distance from it and taking advantage of the mobility of the cavalry.
Japanese: 元軍は大陸での野戦でも、騎馬兵の機動力を生かし、敵と一定の距離を保って馬上からの騎射で相手を損耗させる事を主な戦法の一つにしている。
English: In 1275, Kublai sent envoys again to Japan, with assistant minister of rites Shizhong DU as chief envoy.
Japanese: 1275年（日本の建治元年・元の至元十二年）、クビライは再び礼部侍郎杜世忠を正使とする使者を日本に送る。
English: Tokimune HOJO executed Shizhong DU and other four men at Tatsunokuchi Execution Site (near Eno-shima Island) (it is said to have been because the envoys were mostly spies in nature, recording and investigating the conditions of Japan in detail).
Japanese: 北条時宗は鎌倉の龍ノ口刑場（江ノ島付近）で杜世忠以下5名を斬首に処した（これは、使者が日本の国情を詳細に記録・偵察した、間諜（スパイ）としての性質を強く帯びていたためと言われる）。
English: In 1279, without knowing the execution of the envoys, the Yuan Dynasty sent envoys again with Shufuku as their chief, in accordance with a proposal by Wen-hu FAN, who was the chief commander of the Southern Yangtze Army and used to be a vassal of the Southern Sung Dynasty, but all the envoys were executed in Dazai-fu (five in total according to the most accepted theory).
Japanese: 1279年（日本の弘安二年・元の至元十六年）、元は江南軍司令官である南宋の旧臣范文虎の進言により、使者が殺されたことを知らないまま周福を正使とする使者を再度送ったが、大宰府にて全員斬首に処される（総計、5名という説が有力）。
English: The conquest of the Southern Sung Dynasty in that year made it unnecessary for the Yuan Dynasty to align itself with Japan or warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty (refer to the relative paragraph described below), and further, Kublai became upset by the information brought by an escaped sailor about the execution of the envoys, particularly of Shizhong DU, who held a higher position (assistant minister of rites) than usual envoys, and consequently he planned to invade Japan again and in 1280 established the Eastern Expedition Field Headquarters to prepare for the invasion.
Japanese: この年に南宋を完全征服した元は、日本との同盟や南宋への牽制の必要もなくなった（後項参照）うえ、クビライは逃げ出した水夫より使者の処刑の報を知り、特に、通常の使者よりも高位（礼部侍郎）であった杜世忠の処刑に腹を立て、日本への再度の侵攻を計画し、1280年には侵攻準備のため征東行省を設置している。
English: In 1281, an army of 140 thousand soldiers in total departed for Japan, consisting of the Eastern Route Army of 40,000 soldiers mainly from the Yuan and Goryeo army and the Southern Yangtze Army of 100,000 soldiers mainly from the former Southern Sung army.
Japanese: 1281年（日本の弘安四年・元の至元十八年）、元・高麗軍を主力とした東路軍4万と、旧南宋軍を主力とした江南軍10万、計14万の軍が日本に向けて出発した。
English: It had built defense walls along Hakata Bay about twenty kilometers long to guard against the attack (Genko Borui).
Japanese: 博多沿岸に約20kmにも及ぶ防塁（元寇防塁）を築いてこれを迎えたのである（）。
English: The strongest part of these defense walls is said to have measured three meters high and more than two meters thick.
Japanese: この防塁はもっとも頑強な部分で高さ3メートル、幅2メートル以上ともされている。
English: The Eastern Route Army arrived earlier and disembarked Shika no shima Island where there was no defense wall, but they were attacked by the Japanese army.
Japanese: いち早く到着した東路軍は防塁のない志賀島に上陸するが、日本軍の斬り込みを受ける。
English: The Japanese army, having learned the Yuan army's tactics in Bunei no Eki, fought with advantage and forced the Yuan army to withdraw into the sea.
Japanese: 文永の役によって元軍の戦法を周知していた日本軍は優勢に戦い、元軍を海上に撤退させた。
English: In addition, the Yuan army was bothered by many samurai attacking in small boats (while some of them, like Michiari KONO, suffered severe injuries from stone arrowheads).
Japanese: さらに小舟での襲撃などにより元軍を悩ませる武士も少なくなかった（一方で河野通有などのように石弓によって重傷を負った武士もいた）。
English: The Southern Yangtze Army arrived later than the Eastern Route Army, for reasons including the substitution of commander-in-chief Arakan, who was the minister of the right and suffering from a disease, by Atahai, and the both armies joined near Taka-shima Island, Hirado.
Japanese: 江南軍は、総司令官右丞相阿刺罕が病気のため阿塔海に交代したこともあり、東路軍より遅れてやってきたが、両軍は、平戸鷹島付近にて合流した。
English: Then a storm occurred and the Yuan fleet could do nothing, but float.
Japanese: しかしここで暴風雨が襲来し、元の軍船は浮いているだけの状態となった。
English: Most Yuan soldiers who had managed to disembark also perished by a surprise attack on Taka-shima Island by Suenaga TAKEZAKI and others on July 7 according to old lunar calendar (July 23 according to the Julian calendar).
Japanese: 辛うじて陸地にいた元軍兵士も、旧暦7月7日（ユリウス暦7月23日）の竹崎季長らによる鷹島奇襲などでほぼ消滅した。
English: The Yuan soldiers who were able to return home are said to be from ten to twenty percent of the total number, including captives who were released later.
Japanese: 元軍で帰還できた兵士は、のちに解放された捕虜を含めて全体の1、2割だと言われる。
English: The Japanese army is said to have killed people of Goryeo, Mongol, and Han, not trying to capture them, but saved people of the Southern Sung Dynasty, with which it had exchanges, and protected them with care.
Japanese: なお、日本軍は高麗人とモンゴル人、および漢人は捕虜として捕らえず殺害したが、交流のあった南宋人は捕虜として命を助け、大切に庇護したという。
English: In this battle, more than two-thirds of the Yuan navy forces were lost, and a considerable number of the battleships were also destroyed.
Japanese: この戦いによって元軍の海軍戦力の3分の2以上が失われ、残った軍船も、相当数が破損された。
English: The number of soldiers who fought in Koan no Eki is said to have been about 140,000 held by Yuan and Goryeo (40,000 of the Eastern Route Army and 100,000 of the Southern Yangtze Army) and about 40,000 held by the Kamakura shogunate.
Japanese: なお、弘安の役における両軍の兵力は、元・高麗軍が約14万（東路軍4万、江南軍10万）、鎌倉軍が約4万だとされる。
English: "In November 1274, the Mongol Empire attacked Tsukushi Province. People on Tsushima Island put up a defense, but Sukekuni SO and others escaped. As for the peasants, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or captured. No one was spared. They also did the same at Iki Province."
Japanese: 《去文永十一年（太歳甲戊）十月ニ、蒙古国ヨリ筑紫ニ寄セテ有シニ、対馬ノ者カタメテ有シ、総馬尉（そうまじょう）等逃ケレハ、百姓等ハ男ヲハ或八殺シ、或ハ生取（いけどり）ニシ、女ヲハ或ハ取集（とりあつめ）テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付（むすびつけ）或ハ生取ニス、一人モ助カル者ナシ、壱岐ニヨセテモ又如是（またかくのごとし）、》
English: It states that as for 'peasants,' meaning ordinary people, 'men were killed or captured' and in addition, 'women were gathered and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, or were captured.'
Japanese: 「百姓」＝一般人は「男ヲハ或ハ殺シ、或ハ生取ニシ」ている状況とともに「女ヲハ或ハ取集テ、手ヲトヲシテ船ニ結付、或ハ生取ニス」とある。
English: It then continues, 'no one was saved,' which would mean neither men nor women.
Japanese: そして、「男」と「女」に懸かるのであろうか、「一人モ助カル者ナシ」と書かれている。
English: The editor of 'Fukutekihen,' which contains this historical material, gives his comments as 'my opinion.'
Japanese: この史料を取めている「伏敵編」には、「按（あんずるに）」として、編者のコメントがある。
English: He here explains that making a hole in the palms to lace a rope through was a traditional act continuing from ancient times in the Korean peninsula, taking 'Baekje,' which was the predecessor of Goryeo, for example.
Japanese: ここでは、高麗の前身の国家である「百済」を引き合いに出し「手掌ヲ穿傷......」（手の平に穴をあけてそこへ縄を通す」の意）云々のやり方を、朝鮮半島において古来より続く伝統的行為としている。
English: The editor concludes that this cruelty is the evidence of these acts having been committed by people of Goryeo.
Japanese: まさに、この残虐行為を証拠として高麗人の仕業、と編者は判断している。
English: Nichiren mentions the tragedies in Tsushima, Iki, or mainland Kyushu in various sections in "Koso Ibun Roku."
Japanese: 日蓮は、対馬や壱岐、あるいは九州本土における惨劇を『高祖遺文録」の各個所で言及している。
English: Volume 5 'Mongol Invasion' of "Nichiren Chugasan" (Illustrated Biography of Nichiren) reads 'in Futajima, men were killed or captured. Women were gathered at one place and hung on the ships' sides with their hands laced through, and all captives suffered harm. In Hizen Province, several hundred people of the Matsuura Party were killed or captured. The people of this province, whether men or women, suffered the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima.'
Japanese: 『日蓮註画讃巻第五「蒙古來」篇』に「二島百姓等男はあるいは殺あるいは虜、女は一所に集め、手を徹、舷に結付虜の者は一人も害さざるなし。肥前国松浦党数百人伐虜さる。この国の百姓男女等、壱岐・対馬の如し。」
English: "It brings me to tears to think that everyone may suffer the same fate as the people in Iki and Tsushima at that time." ('Ruisan Koso Ibun Roku' [Collected Records of the Writings Left Behind by the Founder], whose revised title is 'Ruisan Nichiren Shonin Ibunshu Heiseiban' [Collected Records of the Writings Left Behind by Saint Nichiren, Heisei Edition])
Japanese: 《皆人の当時の壱岐対馬の様にならせ給（たま）はん事思ひやり候へば涙も留まらず。》（「類纂高祖遺文録」、改題「類纂日蓮聖人遺文集平成版」）
English: He also states in another section, "in Iki, Tsushima and the nine provinces of Kyushu, numerous soldiers and people, whether men or women, were killed, captured, threw themselves into the sea, or fell off a cliff" (the same book as mentioned above).
Japanese: また他所で、《壱岐対馬九国の兵士並びに男女、多く或は殺され或は擒（と）られ或は海に入り或は崖より堕（お）ちし者幾千万と云ふ事なし。》（同右書）とある。
English: Hachiman Gudoki' (another title of "Hachiman Gudokun" and contained in "Fukutekihen") reads, "on the same day of sixteenth and seventeenth, many men and women were captured near Noko-no-shima Island in Hirado and Taka-shima Island. The Matsuura Party was defeated."
Japanese: 「八幡愚童記」（伏敵編」所収）には、《同十六日、十七日平戸能古、鷹島辺（あたり）の男女多く捕（とらわ）らる。松浦党敗北す。》とある。
English: "Men and women were captured" surely means that the enemy brought them home as captives.
Japanese: 「男女」が「捕らる」のだから、捕囚され強制連行されたことにほかならない。
English: At the time of Genko, Japanese people were scared by the attacks of the Mongol and Goryeo army, saying, 'moko kokuri no oni ga kuru' (the devils of the Mongol and Goryeo will come), which phrase later came to represent something scary, and thus a tradition spread to the whole country to scare children by saying 'mukuri kokuri, oni ga kuru' to make them behave themselves.
Japanese: その後の日本では、元寇の時、蒙古・高麗軍が日本を襲ったことを、「蒙古高句麗の鬼が来る」といって怖れたことから、転じて恐ろしいものの代表として子供の躾けなどで、「むくりこくり、鬼が来る」とおどす風習などとなり全国に広がった。
English: There is a lullaby called Mokko no Komoriuta (in Kizukuri-machi, Aomori Prefecture) with lyrics of 'if you cry, Mongols will come from a mountain, don't cry and sleep,' representing the fear of the past Mongol invasion, and there are also other folk traditions across the country manifesting the fear of the cruel acts described above.
Japanese: モッコの子守唄（青森県　木造町）のように「泣けば山がらモッコくるね、泣がねでねんねしな」などと、昔の蒙古襲来の怖さを子守唄にしたものなど、上記の残虐行為への恐怖を証明する民間伝承は全国に存在する。
English: There is a theory that Genko provoked wako (Japanese pirates) to active operation in revenge (for details, refer to Wako).
Japanese: また元寇への復讐の意味合いから倭寇の活動が活発化したきっかけとも言う説がある（詳細は倭寇を参照）。
English: Kublai seriously planned the third invasion of Japan and established again the Eastern Expedition Field Headquarters, which had been dissolved in 1287, appointing King Chungnyeol of Goryeo as minister.
Japanese: クビライは本格的に3度目の日本侵略を計画し、1287年に一旦解散した征東行省を再度開設し、高麗忠烈王が丞相に就任した。
English: However, the successive occurrence of rebellions in the Yuan Dynasty during this period made it impossible to send an army to Japan, and following the death of Kublai, the plan was completely abandoned.
Japanese: しかし、この時期に元の内部でも反乱が続き、日本へ軍が出せる状態ではなくなり、クビライの死と共に完全に頓挫した。
English: Meanwhile, in November 1301, foreign ships appeared offshore near the Koshikijima Islands in Satsuma Province, and one of them made an attack.
Japanese: なお、正安3年11月（1301年）に薩摩国甑島列島の沖に異国船が出現し、うち1隻から襲撃を受けている。
English: They are considered to have been the Yuan fleet that accidentally reached there and attempted to disembark.
Japanese: これについては、元の艦隊が偶発的に同地に辿り着いて上陸を試みたものと見られている。
English: However, Japan gained nothing materially out of this war, and the rewards granted to vassals did not satisfy them.
Japanese: しかしこの戦いで日本側が物質的に得たものは無く、見返りとしての恩賞は御家人たちの満足のいくものではなかった。
English: Some vassals, like Suenaga TAKEZAKI, even went to Kamakura to make a direct appeal to bakufu to obtain a reward.
Japanese: 中には竹崎季長などのように鎌倉まで赴いて直接幕府へ訴え出て、恩賞を得るといったケースもあった。
English: After Koan no Eki, in order to prepare for the next attack by the Yuan army, bakufu tried to strengthen its control over the vassals, but the vassals came to live in debt because they did not receive sufficient rewards in Koan no Eki as well as Bunei no Eki.
Japanese: 弘安の役後、幕府は元軍の再度の襲来に備えて御家人の統制を進めたが、文永の役に続き弘安の役においても十分な恩賞給与がなされなかったため、戦費で窮迫した御家人達は借金に苦しむようになった。
English: Bakufu issued a tokuseirei (debt cancellation order) to save the vassals from debt, but their frustration was not completely relieved.
Japanese: 幕府は徳政令を発布して御家人の困窮に対応しようとしたが、御家人の不満は完全には解消されなかった。
English: Meanwhile, people in Japan then commonly believed, "what brought us the victory over the Yuan Dynasty was the power of language in poems created by nobles for victory and peace" or "it was shakubuku (to correct another's false views and awaken that person to the truth of Buddhism) and prayers performed by Buddhist and Shinto priests."
Japanese: 一方、当時の日本に「元に勝ったのは、公家などの貴族たちが、勝利や平和についての歌を作って詠んだ、言霊の結果である」あるいは「僧侶や神官らの折伏（しゃくぶく）や祈祷による結果である」との認識が広く存在していた。
English: In fact, from 1281 to the following year, a kind of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) called 'Shinryo Kyogo' was issued for various shrines in Kyushu and Ise-jingu Shrine, ordering all land formerly owned by shrines, including the land granted to bakufu's vassals by its official letter, to be returned to the shrines.
Japanese: 実際に弘安4年から翌年にかけて九州の諸社及び伊勢神宮に対して「神領興行」と呼ばれる一種の徳政令が発布されて、幕府の安堵状が出されている御家人領も含めた全ての旧神領を神社へ返還するよう命じられている。
English: In Japan at that time, people had a common idea of seeing the war against the Yuan Dynasty as the war between the Japanese gods and Yuan gods, and believed that the power of the Japanese gods would be strengthened by creating poems and performing shakubuku and prayers in shrines.
Japanese: 当時の日本国内では、対元戦争を日本の神と元の神の争いと見る観念が広く共有されており、歌詠みや諸社による折伏・祈祷は日本の神の力を強めるものと認識されていた。
English: It is called Tenjin Sokan Shiso (Idea of Correlation between Heaven and Man), and according to a widely-accepted theory, this idea led people to call the storm that saved Japan Kamikaze.
Japanese: これを天人相関思想というが、日本を救った暴風雨を神風と呼ぶこととなったのも、この天人相関思想に起因するという説が有力となっている。
English: It is also said that the event in which Kamikaze saved Japan led Japanese to widely believe in "Shinkoku Shiso" (the idea that Japan will never lose because it is a country protected by the gods), which became the grounds for the irrational idea held by the Japanese army and people at the end of the Pacific War, causing many tragedies, including Kamikaze Special Attack Units.
Japanese: また、神風によって日本が救われたという出来事は「神国思想」（＝日本は神国なのだから負けるはずがないという考え）を日本人に広く浸透させ、それが太平洋戦争末期の日本軍や国民思想の非合理性の温床となり、神風特別攻撃隊をはじめ数々の悲劇を生んだとも言われている。
English: Changes in Japanese society having been progressing since the middle thirteenth century, such as the development of the monetary economy, hierarchization of the peasant class and formation of rural communities, were further accelerated by the influence of Genko.
Japanese: 貨幣経済の浸透や百姓階層の分化とそれに伴う村落社会の形成といった13世紀半ばから進行していた日本社会の変動は、元寇の影響によってますます加速の度合いを強めた。
English: The class of Gokenin began to fall, and to the contrary, a new class of Akuto (a villain in the medieval times) emerged, and this change later led to the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: そして、御家人階層の没落傾向に対して新興階層である悪党の活動が活発化していき、この動きは鎌倉幕府滅亡へとつながっていく。
English: The reason for Bunei no Eki is considered to have been to warn against the Southern Sung Dynasty, and at least, in the beginning, Kublai did not desire to invade Japan.
Japanese: 文永の役の理由については南宋への牽制であり、少なくともクビライは最初から日本侵略を望んでいたわけではないと考えられている。
English: There is also a theory that they voluntarily withdrew after a short period.
Japanese: また、短期間での帰還理由についても、自主的撤退とする説が出されている。
English: It is called, in a military term, 'reconnaissance in force,' which is one of the very basic tactics.
Japanese: これは、軍事的に言えば「威力偵察」と呼ばれているものであり、ごく基本的な戦術のひとつである。
English: Their aim was to damage Japan to some extent and force it to accept their demands in later negotiations.
Japanese: ある程度の損害を与え、その後の交渉で日本に要求をのませるようにするため。
English: It is a tactic that the Yuan Dynasty often employed and this case seems to be in accordance with it.
Japanese: これは、元がたびたび使っている戦法であり今回もそれに準じたものということである。
English: It seems to be very reasonable, taking into consideration the reason for Yuan's sending envoys to Japan then and its circumstances.
Japanese: これは、当時の元が日本に使者を送った理由や情勢を考えると、至極妥当だとする考えである。
English: Supporting evidence of the Yuan's purpose having been reconnaissance in force is a record in the Yuan Dynasty stating that the Yuan navy then had not prepared for a long battle so that it used all their arrows within one day and left.
Japanese: 威力偵察目的であったと言う傍証として、時の元の水軍には長期戦略に対する装備の用意はなく、そのため一日で矢を撃ち尽くして去っていったという、元側の記録が残っている。
English: An unusual one says that the purpose was to weaken the former Southern Sung army, after its conquest, by forcing it to attack Japan.
Japanese: 珍しいものとしては、南宋を降した後に旧南宋軍を日本攻撃にあたらせ、消耗させるためと言うものがある。
English: The former Southern Sung army had no loyalty to the Yuan Dynasty, because it was a conquered army, and furthermore, it had recruited soldiers through payment so that its soldiers were large in number but simple people who had low morale, loyalty, and fighting strength.
Japanese: 旧南宋軍は被征服者のため元への忠誠心も全く無く、さらに元々南宋は金で兵士を募集する募兵という形をとっており、数は多いが所詮は寄せ集めであり、士気・忠誠心も低く、戦闘能力も高くなかった。
English: It is also said that dissolving the army would cause social anxiety by producing numerous unemployed soldiers, but the Yuan Dynasty often sent local conquered soldiers to the next war and it could not be particularly emphasized only in the case of war with Japan.
Japanese: また軍を解散させると職を失った大量の兵士達が社会不安の要因となってしまうというものだが、征服した現地兵を次の戦争に投入することは元ではよく行われており、日本との戦いのときのみことさら強調すべきこととは考えにくい。
English: Recent studies have found forks and spades used for farming in the Yuan's warship discovered at the bottom of Hakata Bay.
Japanese: 近年の調査では、博多湾の底で見つかった元の軍船から、農業用の鋤や鍬などが見つかっている。
English: Nihon Den of "Genshi," in the article of January 1281, says that Kublai, before sending the expedition army, summoned his commanders such as Arakan, Wen-hu FAN, Dou XIN, and Da-gu HONG, to Dadu and gave them an imperial order.
Japanese: 『元史』日本伝　至元十八年正月条によると、クビライは遠征に先立って大都に遠征軍の指揮官である阿剌罕、范文虎、忻都、洪茶丘らを召集し勅を下している。
English: He then said, "I have heard that people of Han say, 'to seize home and country of others, you need to obtain peasants and land. If you kill all the peasants, for what use is the land that is obtained?'"
Japanese: そのなかで「朕、漢人の言に聞くに、『人の家、国を取るには百姓土地を得んと欲す。もし尽く百姓を殺さば徒に地を得るも何に用いん』」とも述べている。
English: It is considered, therefore, that he would have been thinking about a long-term occupation and ruling of Japan for the purpose of land cultivation after winning the war of Koan no Eki.
Japanese: このため、弘安の役で戦争に勝利した暁には屯田を目的として長期的な日本の占領・支配することを意図していたのではないかと考えられている。
English: Some people consider that it indicates his intention of invasion, and out of 140,000 soldiers, whose number was excessively large, 100,000 soldiers of the Southern Yangtze Army, consisting of the former Southern Sung soldiers, would have been immigrants as well as soldiers.
Japanese: これをもって侵攻の意図と見る見解があり、14万人という過剰な人員のうち、旧南宋の兵員からなる江南軍10万人は軍隊兼移民団だったのでは、と言う見解も出されている。
English: According to "Koraishi," in 1272, Crown Prince Sim of Goryeo (later King Chungnyeol) gave his opinion to Emperor Kublai of the Yuan Dynasty, "I think that Japan has not yet leant the virtues of the Emperor. Therefore, an imperial order should be issued to use the army, warships and provisions for this purpose. If you commission your vassals to do it, we will do our best to support the imperial army."
Japanese: 『高麗史』によると1272年に、高麗の王世子の諶（しん、後の忠烈王）が、元(王朝)のクビライ皇帝に「惟んみるに、日本は未だに聖化を蒙らず。故に詔使を発し、軍容を継耀かし、戦艦兵糧まさに、須いる所あらん、もし此事を以って臣に委ねなば、勉めて心力を尽くして　小しく王師を助くるに庶幾（ちか）からん」と具申したとある。
English: In addition, "Genshi" states that Genko began with King Chungnyeol of Goryeo "persistently recommending an expedition to the east to Yuan's emperor in order to force Japan to become its subject."
Japanese: また「元史」によると、元寇の発端は、高麗王の忠烈王が「元の皇帝に執拗に、東征して日本を属国にするよう勧めた」との記述がある。
English: Before the invasion by the Mongols, the king of Goryeo was a puppet ruler, with warrior vassals controlling the government, but the king regained power by obtaining support from the Mongol army.
Japanese: 高麗はモンゴルの侵攻前は武臣が王を傀儡化して政権を執っており、王はモンゴルの兵力を借りることによって王権を奪い返した。
English: After that, the king of Goryeo became almost a member of the Mongol Empire, having received a Mongol name and become a son-in-law of the Mongol imperial family of Kublai (kuregen or guregen) by marrying his daughter, and thus Goryeo became 'Mongol's son-in-law kingdom of Goryeo.'
Japanese: それ以後、高麗王はほとんどモンゴルと一体化し、モンゴル名を貰い、モンゴル皇帝の娘を王妃にしモンゴル皇帝であるクビライ王家の娘婿（キュレゲン、グレゲン）となる姻族、「駙馬高麗国王家」となっていた。
English: People objecting to it raised a rebellion, which was subdued by the Mongol, but some of them still continued fierce resistance.
Japanese: これに反対する勢力は反乱を起こし、モンゴルにより鎮圧されるが、一部はなお激しい抵抗を続けていた。
English: Some consider that King Chungnyeol gave that opinion in order to preserve the power of the king, by attracting the intention of Kublai.
Japanese: 忠烈王の発言は王権を保つためにクビライの意を迎えようとしたとする見解がある。
English: In addition, the reason for recommending the route via Goryeo among the three plans described above might have been to prevent the Mongol army from leaving Goryeo.
Japanese: 上述の3策のうち、高麗ルートを選ばせたのもモンゴル兵力が高麗から離れてしまうことを恐れたためとも考えられる。