nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The oldest existing copy was a two-part manuscript (which is missing the section from the opening sentence to the start of Volume 1) that belonged to the Kujo Family, and that is believed to have been created during the Kamakura Period.
Japanese: 現存する最古のものは、九条家に伝えられていた鎌倉時代後期に書写されたと見られる写本上下巻（冒頭から巻一神祇官の前半部を欠落）がある。
English: The idea of compiling the various laws had been explored since the time of Emperor Kanmu, but only began during the rein of Emperor Saga when a "Kyakushiki (law) compilation office" was established.
Japanese: 格式編纂の構想は、桓武天皇の頃から存在したが、嵯峨天皇の時代に「造格式所」を設置した。
English: The compilation project was formally launched with FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu as a president, and responsibilities distributed between FUJIWARA no Kadonomaro, AKISHINO no Yasuhito, FUJIWARA no Mimori, TACHIBANA no Tsunenushi, and OKIHARA no Miniku.
Japanese: そして、藤原冬嗣を総裁として藤原葛野麻呂・秋篠安人・藤原三守・橘常主・興原敏久らと事にあたらしめてから編纂事業が本格化した。
English: On June 9, 820, both the Konin-kyaku Code and the Konin-shiki Code were submitted.
Japanese: 弘仁11年4月21日(旧暦)（820年6月5日）に弘仁格・弘仁式が同時に撰進された。
English: After revisions and corrections were made to it, it was resubmitted 10 years later on October 30, 830, and put into effect on December 9 of the same year.
Japanese: その後修訂が加えられて10年後の天長7年10月7日(旧暦)（830年10月26日）に改めて撰進され、同年11月17日(旧暦)（同年12月5日）に施行された。
English: As flaws were found in the finalized edition, it was amended and the revised version was distributed on May 28, 840 under the new title, "Kaisei Irohibyu Kyakushiki" (Revised and improved edition of the law).
Japanese: しかし、その後完成した格式にも不備が見つかったために、更に筆削が行われ、承和(日本)7年4月20日(旧暦)（840年5月24日）に「改正遺漏紕繆格式」として改めて頒行が行われた。
English: Regulations and codes were created by either the Grand or government officials and included such laws as the "Hachijyu-hachi-rei" (the 88 Regulations), the "Shikibu-sho-rei" (regulations for the Ministry of Ceremonies), and "Minbu-sho-shiki" (codes for the Ministry of Popular Affairs).
Japanese: 従来、『八十一例』・『式部省例』・『民部省式』など、必要に応じて太政官及び諸官司で例もしくは式を作成していた。
English: The codes and their precedents were gathered and chosen from, then filed by the appropriate official.
Japanese: ここにおいてこれら官司の例式や古事先例などを集めて取捨選択を行って改めて官司ごとに排列した。
English: Even after the "Jogan-shiki code" was established, the "Konin-shiki Code" was still referred to for matters that were not specified in the "Jogan-shiki", and it was the source of much confusion.
Japanese: 『貞観式』制定後も同式に規定のない事項については、従来通り『弘仁式』を用いる事となっていたために混乱が生じた。
English: A unified "Engi-shiki" was created, and the "Konin-shiki" and "Jogan-shiki" were discarded.
Japanese: このため、改めて統一的な『延喜式』が編纂されて、以後『弘仁式』・『貞観式』は用いられなくなった。
English: The original "Konin-shiki" volumes were since lost, but some of it's texts were on the back of the pages in the Kujo family's copy of the "Engi-shiki" (which was declared a national treasure and is currently stored at the Tokyo National Museum).
Japanese: 原文は全巻亡失おり、九条家本『延喜式』（現在国宝、東京国立博物館所蔵）の紙背文書に偶々遺された。
English: Only fragments from the second part of the "Shikibu-sho" (the Ministry of Ceremonial) in Volume 19, and the first part of the "Shuzeiryo" (Bureau of Taxation) in volume 25 remain, along with quotations mentioned in various books.
Japanese: 巻十九式部省下と巻二十五主税寮上の断簡及び、諸書に見える逸文のみが知られているに過ぎない。
English: Shokage/Seikage was a request form for leave in style of ''ge'' (official document), which the government officials under the ritsuryo system of ancient Japan submitted to the chief priests of Shinto shrines (Guji) they belonged to.
Japanese: 請假解（しょうかげ/せいかげ）とは、古代日本において律令制の官人が、所属する官司（本司）に提出した解(公文書)形式の休暇届。
English: Under the ritsuryo system, "ka" (leave) regulations for the government officials were provided in Kenyo-ryo (Leave and Home-visiting Code).
Japanese: 律令制の官人に対しては仮寧令によって假（休暇）規定が定められていた。
English: In addition to regular leave such as "Joka" and "Bekka" and statutory special holidays, leave of extra three days were allowed for the government officials of the Goefu (five guards organization) and of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher, five days for officials of sanmi (Third Rank) and higher among the officials of Capital, and ten for those who were of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher.
Japanese: 通常の休暇である常假・別假や法定の特別休暇の他に、五衛府の官人と五位以上は3日、京官の三位以上は5日、五位以上は10日の規定外の臨時休暇を取る事が許されていた。
English: If they needed additional leave, there were some cases where officials were permitted to take maximum of fifteen days off by reporting to the Emperor.
Japanese: また、それ以上の休暇を必要とする場合には天皇への奏聞を経て最大15日まで認められる場合があった。
English: There were also some cases where government officials of low ranks, who were not guaranteed "Joka" and "Bekka," submitted Shokage once in several months to request their leave.
Japanese: また、身分が低く、常假・別假などが保障されていない下級官人も数ヶ月に1度は請假解を出して休暇を請う場合があった。
English: In Shosoin Monjo (document collection of the Nara period kept in Shosoin Treasure House) of Todai-ji Temple, there remain many "Shokage" by sutra-copying officials, which show different reasons for leave such as sickness of themselves or their family members, deaths of family members, laundry, religious services for their deities, and denso (rice field) tax paying.
Japanese: 東大寺の正倉院文書には、写経生の請假解が多数残されており、本人の病気や家族の病気や不幸、衣服の洗濯、氏神の祭祀、田租の納入など様々な理由が付けられている。
English: The Mannyaku-yama incident was the incident in which a dispute concerning a pine tree in the Kume-mura village in Suo Province caused a territory boundary-related dispute, further developing to the abolishment of the Tokuyama clan in 1715.
Japanese: 万役山事件（まんにゃくやまじけん）は、正徳(日本)5年（1715年）、周防国の久米村万役山の松の木一本を巡る争いから、領界の争論を生じ、徳山藩改易にまで発展した事件。
English: The place, where the dispute concerned with a pine tree occurred, was called the Hashinoo-yama mountain in the Hagi domain territory and the Ozaki-yama mountain in the Tokuyama domain territory, and was located in a boundary between the Nishi-Kume-mura village in So family's territory in the Hagi domain and the Tokuyama domain.
Japanese: 宗家の萩藩領の西久米村と徳山藩との境界に存在し、松の木を巡る争いが起こった地点を萩藩領では箸ノ尾山と呼び、徳山藩領では尾崎山と呼んでいた。
English: However, according to an old document named "Tokuyama Gokanpu Ikken" of the Tokuyama clan, the place in question was located in less than 18 meters inside or outside the boundary.
Japanese: しかしながら、徳山藩の旧記『徳山御還附一件』によると問題の場所はわずか10間足らずの出入りに過ぎなかったようである。
English: In returning home after having weeded in their farm field in the Nishi-Kume-mura village on June 6 (in the old calendar) in 1715, Kihei, a farmer in the village, Soemon, his eldest son, and Sannojo, his second eldest son cut a pine tree that they had planted, and tried to bring the tree back for repairing ridges between rice fields.
Japanese: 正徳5年6月6日(旧暦)（1715年）、西久米村の百姓･喜兵衛、その長男･惣右衛門、次男･三之允が田の草をとっての帰りがけに、かつて植えておいた小松1本を切り取り、田の畦修理のために持ち帰ろうとした。
English: Spotting the scene, Riuemon IZAWA and Kyusuke, both ashigaru (a common foot soldier) of the Tokuyama clan who were patrolling the mountain area, blamed the conduct, which led to the incident.
Japanese: それを、徳山藩の山回り足軽である伊沢里右衛門と久助が見つけて咎めたのが事件の発端である。
English: In a document submitted later to the Edo bakufu by Yoshimoto MORI, the lord of the Hagi domain, he wrote that the situation was as follows and it was Riuemon who started a violent action first.
Japanese: 後に萩藩主･毛利吉元が江戸幕府へ提出した願書によると、下記のように里右衛門が先に手を出したとある。
English: After Kihei cut the pine tree that he himself had planted, Riuemon and Kyusuke happened to came to the site and blamed the conduct, but Kihei rejected Riuemon's accusation saying that he himself had planted it.
Japanese: 喜兵衛らが自ら植えた松を切り取ったところに里右衛門と久助が通りかかり、咎めたところ、喜兵衛は自分が植えた松であるといい、里右衛門に従わなかった。
English: Then Riuemon hit Soemon twice with his stick, but dropped it when trying to hit him the third time and therefore held his short sword.
Japanese: すると、里右衛門は持っていた棒で惣右衛門を2度打擲し、3度目を打擲しようとしたところ、棒を取り落としたため、脇差に手をかけた。
English: Therefore, Riuemon returned to the site and inflicted three wounds on Sannojo, and when Kihei tried to rescue his son, Riuemon decapitated Kihei.
Japanese: そこで、里右衛門は戻り、三之允に3箇所傷を負わせたところ、喜兵衛が助けようとし、里右衛門は喜兵衛の首を刎ねた、
English: According to "Tokuyama Gokanpu Ikken," the situation was as follows and it was Soemon who started a violent action first.
Japanese: 『徳山御還附一件』によれば、下記のように里右衛門が先に手を出したことになる。
English: First, immediately after Kihei cut a pine tree, Riuemon happened to come to the site, and ordered Kihei to leave the cut pine and the sickle as evidence.
Japanese: 初め喜兵衛らが松を切ったところに里右衛門が行き掛かり、切った松と証拠の鎌を置いていけと命じた。
English: Then Soemon suddenly grappled the back of Riuemon and tried to pull him down by grasping his hair, so Riuemon pulled him forward and injured him slightly with his short sword.
Japanese: すると、惣右衛門が突然里右衛門に後ろから組み付き、髪を取って引き倒そうとしたので、里右衛門は惣右衛門を前に引き寄せ、脇差を抜いて少々傷をつけた。
English: Being astonished, Soemon fell, and taking this opportunity, Sannojo fled with the drawn sword.
Japanese: これに驚いた惣右衛門が倒れた隙に、三之允は里右衛門の抜き身を取って逃げ帰った。
English: However, solely hoping to rescue Soemon, Kihei rushed at Riuemon and hit him, so Riuemon decapitated Kihei.
Japanese: しかしながら、喜兵衛は惣右衛門を救いたい一念から里右衛門に打ってかかったため、里右衛門は喜兵衛の首を打ち落とした。
English: Uhei INOUE, the daikan (the bakufu-representing officer at a clan) of the Hagi clan, reported the Hagi clan about the details of the incident, and sent an inquiry letter to the Tokuyama clan.
Japanese: 萩藩の代官･井上宇兵衛は事件の顛末を萩藩に報告し、徳山藩に詰問状を発した。
English: For this, Gihei YONEDA, the daikan of the Tokuyama clan, adamantly insisted that the site where the incident occurred was within the Tokuyama domain territory.
Japanese: これに対し、これに応対した徳山藩の代官･米田儀兵衛は問題の場所が徳山藩領に相違ないと主張して譲らなかった。
English: To settle the situation peacefully, Mototoshi URA and Hiromichi KOKUSHI, who were in charge of political affairs in the Hagi clan at that time, sent Yozaemon NAGOYA (an uncle of Genba NAGOYA, a chief retainer of the Tokuyama clan, and of Satondo NAGOYA, a samurai retainer of the Tokuyama clan), who had a close connection with senior retainers of the Tokuyama clan, to the Tokuyama domain as a special envoy, but the Tokuyama clan expressed no apology specifically.
Japanese: この時萩藩で政務を担当していた浦元敏と国司広通は事を穏便に解決しようと、徳山藩の重臣と縁故の深い奈古屋与左衛門（徳山藩家老･奈古屋玄蕃と徳山藩士･奈古屋里人の叔父）を特使として徳山藩に派遣したが、別段謝罪の意思を表明しなかった。
English: Then, in a new negotiation with the chief retainers of the Tokuyama clan, Mototoshi URA requested that Riuemon, who was apparently the murderer, be sentenced to death as a solution, but the negotiation failed again.
Japanese: そこで、浦元敏は改めて徳山藩の家老に交渉し、解決策として、明らかに下手人と見られる里右衛門の死罪を要求したが、これもまた不調に終わる。
English: Over time, the situation in the Nishi-Kume-mura village became so serious that the farmers almost caused an uprising, because ownership of the mountain, which they had considered their own for generations, was claimed by the Tokuyama clan and they were frustrated since only Kihei had been blamed and no punishment had been given to Riuemon.
Japanese: そのうちに、西久米村の百姓らは、年来自分たちの山だと信じてきた山を徳山領と主張され、非を喜兵衛らのみに帰して、里右衛門に咎めがないのを不満とし、一揆にも及びかねない形勢となった。
English: For this, Satondo NAGOYA, a samurai retainer at the Tokuyama domain, admonished Mototsugu severely, but Motonobu did not take the advice and ordered him to be deported from the Tokuyama-jo Castle area.
Japanese: これに対し徳山藩士･奈古屋里人は強く元次を諫めたが、元次は聞き入れず、徳山城下からの追放を命じた。
English: Motohira MORI, the lord of the Kiyosue domain, who had worried about the situation that even a clue to a solution was not found in almost half a year after the incident occurred, stayed in Edo together with Yoshimoto in the Sankinkotai system (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo).
Japanese: 事件発生から半年ほど経過しても、なお解決の糸口さえ見つからないのを憂慮した清末藩主･毛利元平は吉元と共に江戸に参勤していた。
English: Then, in 1716, Mototsugu also came to Edo in the Sankinkotai system.
Japanese: そこへ、正徳6年春（1716年）に、元次もまた参勤のために江戸に上ってきた。
English: Therefore, without losing this opportunity, Motohira visited Mototsugu together with Hiromasa MORI, a chief retainer at the Hagi domain, and tried to persuade him the last time, but failed again.
Japanese: そこで、元平はこの機を逃さず、萩藩の家老･毛利広政と共に元次を尋ねて最後の説得を試みたが、これも失敗に終わった。
English: Then, on May 31, 1716, Yoshimoto reported the situation to the bakufu, and requested that Yoshitsugu should be resigned from the post and the family head post should be inherited by Momojiro (later Mototaka MORI), the 15-year-old heir.
Japanese: そこで、正徳6年4月11日(旧暦)（1716年）に、吉元は幕府へ報告し、元次に隠居を命じ、15歳になる元次の嫡子･百次郎（後の毛利元堯）に家督相続を許されるように願い出た。
English: Masataka ABE, Masamine INOUE, Shigeyuki KUZE, and Tadazane TODA, all at the Roju post (the second highest post in the bakufu government), immediately deliberated about the matter, and decided the following: The problem could not be settled in Mototsugu's resignation from the post as Yoshimoto's request in the petition; The Tokuyama domain should be abolished, Mototsugu should be taken care of by the Shinjo domain, and Momojiro, his heir, Sanjiro (later Hirotoyo MORI), his second son, and Kohime (a wife of Mototsura MORI) should be taken care of by the Hagi domain.
Japanese: 老中の阿部正喬、井上正岑、久世重之、戸田忠真は直ちに審議し、吉元の請願通り元次の隠居では済ませず、徳山藩の改易、元次の新庄藩お預け、嫡子･百次郎、次男･三次郎（後の毛利広豊）及び幸姫（毛利元連室）らは萩藩にお預けすることを決定した。
English: When the Tokuyama domain was abolished, the former retainers of the lord family was astonished by the unexpected development of the incident, and disputed the situation between the hard-liners and soft-liners.
Japanese: 徳山藩が改易されると、徳山の家中は事の意外な発展に驚き、硬軟両派に分かれて論争した。
English: Consequently, to avoid conflicting with the Hagi clan any further, they handed over Riuemon to the Hagi clan, responding to their demand, and also agreed on the seizure of his residence.
Japanese: そこで、これ以上の摩擦を防ぐために、萩藩の要求に応じ、里右衛門を引き渡し、屋敷の接収にも応じた。
English: The former retainers of the Tokuyama family were ordered to vacate their residences by November 13, and moved to their relatives residences in other places including Hagi.
Japanese: 徳山の家中は9月30日(旧暦)を限って立ち退きを命じられ、萩その他の縁故者を頼ってそれぞれ移転した。
English: At this occasion, Yoshimoto paid each retainer of the Tokuyama family the moving expenses depending on their status, and handled the area of the former Tokuyama domain as an administrative area.
Japanese: この時吉元は徳山家中の身分に応じて引越料を支給し、立ち退きの終了した旧徳山藩領を一つの行政区画とした。
English: Initially, Satondo NAGOYA and others, who sought to restore the Tokuyama domain, gathered farmers from villages and tried to appeal to the Hagi domain directly.
Japanese: 徳山藩再興を目指す奈古屋里人らは初め村々から百姓を集め、萩藩に直訴しようとした。
English: After this, having decided to appeal directly to the bakufu, Satondo communicated with his fellows who had spread to various areas, including Edo, Osaka, Tokuyama, Hagi City, and waited for an appropriate timing while gathering information concerned.
Japanese: そこで、今度は直接幕府に訴えることにした里人は京都を拠点として、江戸･大坂･徳山･萩市など各地に散らばった仲間と連絡を取り合い、情報を集めながら時期を待った。
English: Then, on February 1719, Satondo sent a petition with a signature of "Farmers in the Tokuyama territory in Suo" to three persons: Tadayuki MIZUNO, a Roju officer, Shigematsu YOKOTA, an Ometsuke officer (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate), and Shichirozaemon CHIBA, an Metsuke officer (inspector of foot soldiers).
Japanese: 享保4年1月(旧暦)（1719年）、里人は「周防徳山領百姓中」と署名し、嘆願書を老中･水野忠之、大目付･横田重松、目付･千葉七郎右衛門の3人宛てに投書した。
English: This petition gained sympathy of the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, and the restoration of the Tokuyama clan was decided, because there was the opinion that the punishment to abolish the had been too severe.
Japanese: この嘆願書は幕閣の同情を勝ち取り、改易は処置が重過ぎるという意見が出て、徳山藩再興が決定した。
English: On July 15, taking the form of request from Yoshimoto, Mototsugu was freed from the taken-care-of state, resigned from the lord post, as Yoshimoto requested in the previous year, and it was permitted for Momojiro to inherit the family head position.
Japanese: 吉元から内願した形式をとった後、5月28日(旧暦)に元次のお預けを免じ、先年の吉元の願い通りに、元次の隠退と百次郎の家督相続を許可した。
English: In the Jogan era, the times of Emperor Seiwa, it was compilated by eight members: FUJIWARA no Ujimune, MINABUCHI no Toshina, OE no Otondo, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, KI no Yasuo, OOKASUGA no Yasunaga, FURU no Michinaga, and YAMADA no Hiromune.
Japanese: 清和天皇の貞観(日本)年間に藤原氏宗・南淵年名・大江音人・菅原是善・紀安雄・大春日安永・布瑠道永・山田弘宗の8名によって編纂が行われた。
English: Then on September 13, 871, the Jogan-shiki Code was submitted to the Emperor, and on December 7 the same year it went into effect as an Imperial Ordinance.
Japanese: そして貞観13年8月25日(旧暦)（871年9月13日）に奏進され、同年10月22日(旧暦)（同年12月7日）の勅によって施行された。
English: The Jogan-shiki Code was compiled from the existing "Konin-shiki Code" (the supplemental law determined in the Konin era), unifying corrected and supplemented rules and detailed regulations, and both codes were used together without abolishing the "Konin-shiki Code".
Japanese: 既存の『弘仁式』を増訂・追補した諸規定・細則を集めて編纂し、『弘仁式』を廃止することなく、両方を併用する方式を採った。
English: Also, in case of revising articles of Konin-shiki, people were supposed to write''sakinoshiki (previous code)'' in the article, and after that ''Ima mazuruni (present idea)'' as the starting phrases and then write the content.
Japanese: なお、『弘仁式』にある条文を改訂した場合には、その条文に「前式（さきのしき）」と明示して、その後に「今案（いまあんずるに）」という書き出しを用いて改訂内容を記載する表記法を取った。
English: On the other hand, both the "Konin-shiki Code" and the "Jogan-shiki Code" had to be referred to.
Japanese: その一方で『弘仁式』と『貞観式』の両方を参照しなければならなかった。
English: As a result, it became less practical, which would later make a reason to compile the fully-revised ''Engishiki Code (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers)'' and to abolish the "Konin-shiki Code" and the "Jogan-shiki Code".
Japanese: そのため却って不便を生じ、後に全面的改訂を施した『延喜式』を編纂して、『弘仁式』・『貞観式』の施行を停止する一因となった。
English: Gakunodo is a name for a facility inside an armed camp during the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 額の堂（がくのどう）は、戦国時代(日本)、陣営における設備の名称である。
English: Two bamboo sticks were bent in the center, inserted in the ground, and then a paper treated with astringent persimmon juice was attached like a curtain.
Japanese: タケ2本を中央で折りたわめ、地に差し込み、その上に渋紙を天幕のように張った。
English: It was used as a shelter from the rain for a sentry at the front-line or when guarding the headquarters of Daisho (Major Captain).
Japanese: 前線において哨兵の時、また大将の本陣を警衛する時、雨露をしのぐのに用いられた。
English: In the Yamaga style, it was similar to the Koshu style except for the paper treated with astringent persimmon juice was attached on the framework made by bamboo sticks.
Japanese: 山鹿流においては、タケを編んだ骨組の上を渋紙で張り、以下、甲州流と同様である。
English: Miya-ichi was a market provided in the Imperial court in the ancient Japan that imitated the Chinese system.
Japanese: 宮市（みやいち）は、古代日本において中国の制度を模倣して設けられた宮廷内の市場をいう。
English: In China, from the age of the former Han dynasty to the age of Tang Dynasty, the courts of the kings and lords had the markets called Palace markets.
Japanese: 中国では前漢代から唐代にかけて王・諸侯の宮廷に宮市という市場が設けられた。
English: At first, they were just temporary markets provided in the courts, and were very much like entertaining-type.
Japanese: これらは当初は、単にその宮廷内に臨時の市場を設けたという娯楽的色彩の濃いものだった。
English: However, in the times of Emperor Dezong (Tang Dynasty), they had adverse effects as eunuchs forced to buy necessary items for the court from common people.
Japanese: しかし、唐の徳宗(唐)の時代になると、宦官が庶民から宮廷に必要な物品を強制的に買い上げるものとなり、多くの弊害が生じた。
English: In Japan, imitating these markets, the Miya-ichi were provided in 839, in the early Heian Period ("Shoku Nihon Koki" [Later Chronicle of Japan Continued, from the article on October 25, 839]).
Japanese: 日本でもこれを模し、平安時代前期の承和(日本)6年（839年）に宮市を設けたことがある（『続日本後紀』承和6年10月25日条）。
English: In this case, exchanges (referred to as Miya-ichi) were conducted with government officials from the Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) and court ladies from Kokyu palace (which was an imperial harem that included the empress's residence) in three buildings built in front of the Kenrei-mon gate that displayed imported Chinese goods.
Japanese: この場合、建礼門前に三個の帳舎を建て、舶来の唐物を陳列し、内蔵寮の官人と後宮女官等をして交易させたものを宮市と称している。
English: Also in 765 in the Nara Period, a market on the beach provided by Emperor Shotoku, along with the route of the Imperial visit for Kii Province, and another market that the same Emperor Shotoku ordered merchants from Kawachi Province to open, at the time of the Imperial visit for Yugenomiya detached palace in 769, were known (the articles of October 19, 765 and October 21, 769, according to the "Shoku Nihongi" [Chronicle of Japan Continued]).
Japanese: ちなみに、奈良時代においても、天平神護元年（765年）に称徳天皇が紀伊国行幸の途路に浜辺で市を開かせたことや、神護景雲3年（769年）に同じく称徳天皇が由義宮行幸の際に、河内国の市人に市を開かせたことが知られる（『続日本紀』天平神護元年10月19日条・神護景雲3年10月21日条）。
English: Judging from the above, it is considered that adverse effects due to forced sales by the power were less, and the market was more entertaining for the Emperor as a temporary open market in Japan.
Japanese: 以上から、日本では権力者の強制売買による弊害は少なく、むしろ天皇の娯楽的な臨時公開市場的な性格が強いと思われる。
English: "Daijokan-so" meant for Daijokan (the Grand Council of State) to submit its reports to the Emperor, or the relevant reports, which were operative within the framework of Ritsuryo system (a centralized government system under the Ritsuryo Code).
Japanese: 太政官奏（だいじょうかんそう）とは、律令制において太政官から天皇に奏上を行うこと、あるいはその文書を指す。
English: It was also called 'Kanso' which, subsequently, became the term for Daijokan (the Grand Council of State) to submit to the Emperor any petition regarding local administration that the Daijokan had received from any provincial government under Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 単に官奏（かんそう）とも呼ばれるが、後には令制国から出された地方行政に関する要請を太政官から天皇に奏上することを「官奏」と称するようになった。
English: According to Kushiki-ryo (the law concerning official documentary forms) contained in "the Yoro Ritsuryo Code" under the Ritsuryo law system, there existed three kinds of Daijokan-so, namely Ronso, Soji and Binso.
Japanese: 『養老律令』公式令(律令法)によれば、論奏・奏事・便奏の3種類が存在した。
English: Ronso meant for Daijokan (the Grand Council of State) to submit its report to the Emperor on state rituals, establishment or abolition of provinces, districts or government offices, execution of deportation or expulsion, allotment of more than 100 war horses, and other important matters proposed or discussed by ministers and other members of Daijokan, except for such matters as particular to Daijokan itself that were excluded from the subjects of Ronso.
Japanese: 論奏（ろんそう）とは、国家祭祀、令制国郡や官司の設置・廃止、流罪や除名以上の処分の執行、兵馬100疋以上の差発など、太政官において大臣以下によって発議あるいは審議される重要事項に関する奏上（ただし、太政官自身の機構そのものに関する奏上は出来ないとされる）である。
English: A documentary form of Ronso was stipulated in Daijokan-so as to start with an opening sentence 'Daijokan kashiko mosu'(Daijokan has much pleasure in this writing), being accompanied by signatures of Daijo-daijin (the Grand Minister of State) and other legislatures including ministers and dainagon (Chief Councilors of State), and then followed by Sobun (a report to the throne), thus taking a form to report collective opinions of all legislatures of Daijokan.
Japanese: 書式上においては、「太政官謹奏（かしこもうす）其事」と書き出し、続いて太政大臣以下の各大臣・大納言ら各議政官が連署してその次に奏文を書くという太政官議政官の総意による奏上の形式を採った。
English: When approved by the Emperor, the document of Sobun (reports to the Emperor) would be marked up with gokaku, an imperial ideogram in Chinese character Kanji of 'Bun' or 'Ka' (literally, 'listened' or 'permitted') below the date of approval (though this procedure was sometimes simplified by the Emperor's oral reply only.)
Japanese: 裁可された場合には、年月日の次に「聞」あるいは「可」という御画を加えた（簡略化されて単に勅答をもって裁可とする例もある）。
English: Soji meant for Daijokan (the Grand Council of State) to submit its report to the Emperor on the affairs which had been decided by any official or any province and reported to Daijokan in the form of Ge (a style of official documents made by any government official or province and addressed to Daijokan).
Japanese: 奏事（そうじ）とは、各官司や諸国で決定されて解(公文書)として太政官に挙げられた事項を奏上することである。
English: Though Daijokan could add any opinion on the document of Soji, it basically had an opening sentence "Daijokan kashiko mosu" ("The Grand Council has much pleasure in this writing"), being followed by the contents of Ge document, and finally closed by signatures of legislatures.
Japanese: 太政官は解の内容に意見を付す場合もあるが、基本的には「太政官謹奏」の後に解の記述がそのまま奏文として記載され、最後に議政官の署名で締められる。
English: Binso meant for Shonagon (the Minor Councilor of State) to submit his report to the Emperor on daily affairs including miscellaneous duties in the imperial court.
Japanese: 便奏（びんそう）とは、宮中における雑事など日常の細かな事項に関して、少納言から天皇に奏上することである。
English: Ronso and Soji documents were usually drafted by Dainagon (the Chief Councilor of State), and their closing words were 'Kashikokumo mosikiku tokorowo motte kashiko mosu' (literally, Respectfully we have reported what we have respectfully heard).
Japanese: 論奏・奏事の奏官は大納言が務める事が通例であり、奏文の書止が「謹以申聞謹奏」にて終わることになっていた。