nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The more that fusuma papers were produced in the Echizen region, the more techniques, like the processing of a wrinkle pattern and incorporating new patterns were improved, and it became the major production area of fusuma paper.
Japanese: 越前での大判の襖紙の製造が増えるにつれて、皺紋加工や漉き模様加工の技術が改良され、襖紙の有数の産地となっていく。
English: Fusuma-size torinoko paper with suminagashi processing (staining method by which Sumi or a pigment is dropped onto water surface, and the appearing pattern is transferred to paper or cloth) was favorably received and even exported around 1897.
Japanese: 明治30年（1897年）ころには襖判鳥の子紙に、墨流し加工して好評を得て、輸出までしている。
English: In addition, at the Japan-British Exhibition held in London in 1910 Japanese paper such as; mizutama-shi (waterdrop paper), unka-shi (also known as unga-shi, literally, cloud flower paper), and sukikomi-shi (pattern-put on paper), were entered and gained a high reputation.
Japanese: さらに明治43年（1910年）には、ロンドンで開催された日英博覧会には、水玉紙・雲華紙・漉込紙等が出品されて高い評価を受けている。
English: According to the "Echizen seishi-annai" (guide to paper manufacturing in former Echizen province) written in 1918, Echizen washi (Japanese paper made in former Echizen province) in the previous year occupied such an important place as the amount of production was ranked fourth after hanshi (standard-size Japanese writing paper), coated paper, and hoshogami.
Japanese: 大正7年（1918年）の『越前製紙案内』によると、前年の越前和紙の生産額は、襖紙が半紙・光沢紙・奉書紙に次ぐ四位の生産高を記録するほどに重要な位置を占めている。
English: The bijutsu-shi was invented by Heizaburo IWANO of Iwano paper industry, who was regarded as a master craftsman of paper making, using various techniques, many of which were applied to the decoration of fusuma-size torinoko paper.
Japanese: 越前の名紙匠と讃えられている岩野製紙の岩野平三郎が、大正期から昭和期にかけて考案した美術紙にはさまざまの技法が用いられ、その多くが襖判鳥の子紙の装飾加工にも応用されている。
English: In the sample book of Echizen fusuma paper published around 1934, there are various names of paper such as Taisho mizutama-shi (Taisho waterdrop paper), shimofuri-shi (pepper and salt paper), tairei-shi (paper of a extreme beauty) (大麗紙), taiten-shi (paper of a great ceremony), kinsen-shi (paper with gold in hiding), ginsen-shi (paper with silver in hiding) and rakka-shi (paper of falling cherry-blossom petals) (落花紙) other than arima-shi (fusuma paper including buckwheat chaff), tofu-shi (paper of east wind) (東風紙), sumire-shi (paper of a violet) (すみれ紙), tobikumo-gami (indigo-blue and purple fiber-included paper which looks like flying clouds), hiryu-shi (paper of a flying dragon) (飛龍紙), tanabata-gami (paper of the Star Festival) (七夕紙), nowaki-gami (paper of a storm), and the major papers among these were invented by Heizaburo IWANO.
Japanese: 昭和9年（1934年）頃に発行された越前襖紙の見本帳には、有馬紙。東風紙・すみれ紙・飛雲紙・飛龍紙・七夕紙・野分紙そのほか大正水玉紙・霜降紙・大麗紙・大典紙・金潜紙・銀潜紙・落花紙などの多彩な紙名が見えるが、このなかの主要なものは、岩野平三郎が考案したものである。
English: The Echizen bijutsu-shi used various complicated techniques with dexterity such as kumogake (covering with clouds) including traditional uchigumo (paper with a lying cloud), incorporating a wrinkle pattern, additional fibers in the paper, making paper from two types of fibers, crumpling, incorporating the black bark of a kozo, adding gold and silver lines, adding texture, waterdrop and running on the water.
Japanese: 越前美術紙には、伝統的な打雲などの雲掛け、皺紋入れ、漉き込み、漉き掛け、漉き合わせ、揉み、楮（こうぞ）黒皮入れ、金銀線入れ、布目入れ、落水と水流しなど複雑で多様な技法が巧みに利用されている。
English: Tradition and these developments of skillful techniques improved the reputation of Echizen as a production area of fusuma paper, and its production rapidly expanded by the increased demand due to revival after the Pacific War, and it has been the mainstream of fusuma paper until now in accordance with the prevalence of power-driven shoshi-ki machines.
Japanese: このような伝統と巧みな技術開発により、襖紙産地としての名声を高め、太平洋戦争後の復興需要で、生産量が飛躍的に拡大し、機械抄紙機の普及にともなって、現在に至るまで襖紙の主流を占めている。
English: Today, in the former Echizen Province a handmade paper is called 'hon-torinoko' and machine-made paper is called 'torinoko.'
Japanese: 現在、越前国では手漉き紙を「本鳥の子」といい、機械漉き紙を「鳥の子」という。
English: In addition, the papers are distinguished by various materials as follows; the type made of only ganpi is called special paper, the type made of ganpi and mitsumata is the first type, paper made of only mitsumata is the second type, paper made of mitsumata and wood pulp is the third type, and paper made of Manila hemp and wood pulp is the fourth type.
Japanese: さらに、紙料によって、雁皮だけで漉いたものを特号紙といい、雁皮と三椏の混合を一号、純三椏を二号、三椏と木材パルプを三号、マニラ麻とパルプで漉いたものを四号と区別している。
English: Moreover, all handmade paper with a pattern added is called 'genuine patterned torinoko paper.'
Japanese: さらにすべて手漉きで、漉き込み模様を付けたものを、「本鳥の子漉き模様紙」という。
English: It consists of the two layers, that is, the foundation layer of Japanese paper and the surface layer into which patterns are incorporated (uwagake (a cover)).
Japanese: 下地になる和紙の層と漉き込み模様を施す表の層（上掛け）の二層構造になっている。
English: The surface layer into which patterns are put is made of mitsumata and kozo and its patterns incorporated by various techniques such as pouring.
Japanese: 漉き込み模様の表の層は、主として三椏や楮などの紙料で、流し込みなどのさまざまな技法で模様がつくられる。
English: The 'hon-torinoko,' a traditional handmade Echizen paper, is a synonymous with high-quality fusuma paper, which keeps its unique taste and rather, exhibits a more refined touch as it ages.
Japanese: 伝統的な手漉き越前和紙の「本鳥の子」は、高級襖紙の代名詞であり時間が経つほどに鳥の子の肌は独特の風合いを保ち、むしろ新しいものよりも上品な肌合いになる。
English: There are various kinds of machine-made torinoko with various qualities, ranging from those made of kozo and mitsumata of bast fiber to those made of wood pulp.
Japanese: 機械漉きの鳥の子でも、紙料は本鳥の子と同様の靱皮（じんぴ）繊維の楮や三椏を使ったものからパルプを使ったものまで品質もさまざまである。
English: High-quality machine-made torinoko, with a touch is close to that of handmade torinoko, since the fibers are tangled with one another sufficiently by making the shoshi-ki machine run at a very slow rate in order to create a handmade feel, is often more favored for use than the handmade hon-torinoko because of its homogeneity of fibers in the paper.
Japanese: 上質なものは、手漉きの風合いをつくりだすために、抄紙機を非常に緩慢な速度で動かし、繊維の絡みを十分に行うように漉くため、紙の肌合いが手漉きに近いものができ、その紙質の繊維の均質さから、用途によっては手漉きの本鳥の子よりも好まれることも多い。
English: The iro-torinoko (colored torinoko) of suki-zome (mixing dyed fibers when paper-making) has a variety of colors and has been used for various houses as a major high quality torinoko which is generally distributed.
Japanese: 漉き染めした色鳥の子は色数も豊富で、一般に流通している高級な鳥の子の代表としてさまざまな住宅に使用されている。
English: In addition, there is a laminated pattern torinoko paper, the foundation layer of which is made by a shoshi-ki machine as described above, and the pattern of the surface layer of which is made the same way as handmade paper is made.
Japanese: また下地の層になる和紙を前述のような抄紙械で漉き、上の層（上掛け）の模様を手漉きと同様な技法でつける、鳥の子漉き模様紙もある。
English: The price is cheaper than pure handmade paper because the foundation layer is made with a shoshi-ki machine, and the patterns laminated on top become gentle and have variety because they are handmade using various traditional techniques.
Japanese: 下地の層を抄紙機で漉く分、純手漉きに比べると価格は安くなるが、漉き込み模様は手漉きのために柔らかな表現ができ、伝統的なさまざまの技法を用いた多彩な表現ができる。
English: The higher quality torinoko has a stronger property as paper, and when it is used for construction, enough care should be taken for preparing the basic frame and materials for pasting.
Japanese: 上質な鳥の子ほど紙の性質は強く、施工に際しては下地骨や下貼りに十分な配慮が必要になる。
English: For the common groundwork, hone-shibari (bonding of the frame), uchitsuke-bari (paste the paper to prevent light penetration, and so on), mino-bari (paste paper by placing glue its top and middle, but not bottom, as if making layers similar to a straw raincoat) (2 or 3 times), beta-bari (spread the paste evenly all over the paper), fukuro-bari (spread the paste only along the edge of the paper) (twice), kiyo-bari (pasting paper or cloth over fukuro-bari), uwa-bari (pasting paper or cloth for the final finishing touch) are applied, and for high-quality finishing ten pasting processes are needed.
Japanese: 代表的な下貼りは、骨縛り、打ち付け貼り、蓑貼り（2～3回）、べた貼り、袋貼り（2回）、清貼り（上貼りにより行う）と行い、高級な仕上げでは十遍貼りを行う。
English: Japanese fusuma made with such care and effort can last for well over one hundred years.
Japanese: このような丁寧につくられた和襖は、ゆうに100年を越える使用に耐える。
English: Besides, the other mass produced products completely machine-made are 'joshin-torinoko' (the upper class of new torinoko) and 'shin-torinoko' (new torinoko).
Japanese: このほかにも、全て機械漉きの量産されているものに、「上新鳥の子」と「新鳥の子」がある。
English: Joshin-torinoko is a popular edition of torinoko and because of its low price and homogeneity it is used for conventional homes.
Japanese: 「上新鳥の子」は、鳥の子の普及品で、全て機械漉きのため比較的価格が安く均質なため、一般住宅に用いられている。
English: Among Japanese fusuma papers, it has the widest variety such as the plain paper that makes use of the touch of torinoko, the pattern put into paper by machine and patterns accomplished by later additional processing.
Japanese: 鳥の子の肌合いを活かした無地、機械による漉き模様、後加工による模様付けなど、和紙ふすま紙のなかでは最も種類が多い。
English: The 'shin-torinoko' is the cheapest product among fusuma papers at present, made of wood pulp and recycled paper by machines consistently from paper manufacturing to pattern painting.
Japanese: 「新鳥の子」は、現在襖紙の中では最も廉価な製品で、パルプと古紙を原料とし、製紙から模様絵付けまで一貫して機械生産されている。
English: Paper manufacturing methods are almost the same as for Western paper, and can be made very quickly.
Japanese: 製紙方法も殆ど洋紙と同じような方法で生産され、非常な高速で抄紙される。
English: The shoshi-ki machine can produce specified double layer-combinations, and the pattern painting of the surface is done by a high-speed rotary press and small concave and convex wrinkle patterns done by an embossing machine in order to make a tasteful style of paper.
Japanese: 抄紙機械は、特殊な二層漉き合わせ機械を用い、表面の模様絵付けも、高速の輪転印刷機で行い、紙の風合いをつくるために、エンボス機を通して紙に小さな皺紋状の凹凸を付けている。
English: It is presently the largest mass-produced product made industrially, and used massively for conventional homes such as an apartment building constructed by the Housing Corporation and for rental apartments.
Japanese: 現在最も工業的に量産されている製品で、公団住宅や賃貸住宅をはじめとして一般住宅に大量に使用されている。
English: Shin-torinoko' is used for almost all domestically glued fusuma paper.
Japanese: 近年の家庭用の糊付きふすま紙も殆どはこの「新鳥の子」を使用している。
English: Najio in Settsu Province (Najio, Shiose-cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo Prefecture) is known as a famous production area of torinoko paper.
Japanese: 摂津国の名塩（兵庫県西宮市塩瀬町名塩（なじお））は、鳥の子紙の名産地として知られている。
English: The first appearance of the term Najio torinoko is in section 1638 of the "Kefukigusa," and there is a description about 'Najio torinoko being a good souvenir for both Arima and the hot spring mountains,' showing that the hankiri (a short sheet of paper for letters) of Najio and torinoko colored paper were sold as souvenirs of the Arima hot springs where visitors to the spa from various districts crowded together.
Japanese: 名塩鳥の子の名の初出は『毛吹草』寛永15年（1638年）篇で「名塩鳥子有馬引物湯ノ山引共云、宜シ」とあり、諸国より入湯者の参集する有馬温泉の土産として、名塩の半切り・鳥の子色紙が売られていたことが記されている。
English: In the section 1655 of the "Sesshu meisho ki" (a guide to noted places of Settsu province) there is a description of 'Najio being a place where torinoko-gami was made in the past. They make paper as skillfully as people in Echizen province and there are various types of paper.,' which shows that the paper manufacturing in Najio had already been developed in the early part of the 17th centuries during 1652 and 54 when it was written.
Japanese: 『摂州名所記』承応4年（1655年）篇には「名塩、鳥の子紙、昔よりすき出す所也、越前にもおとらさる程にすく、或いは色々紙有り」とあり、同書が書かれた承応年間（1652～54年）より以前の十七世紀前半には、名塩で紙業が発展していたことが分かる。
English: In the "Eiri Arima meisho ki" (an illustrated guide to noted places of Arima) (絵入有馬名所記) published in 1672, there is the description; 'It is the most famous after Echizen that not only torinoko, but also five-colored paper and kumo-gami (a type of torinoko which has blue cloud patterns in the upper part and purple ones in the lower part) are made in Najio.'
Japanese: 『絵入有馬名所記』寛文12年（1672年）刊には「名塩紙　鳥の子を始めて五つの色紙・雲紙までもすき出す事、越前につきてハ世にかくれなき名塩なるべし」とある。
English: This means it is the most famous after Echizen and not only torinoko, but also five-colored paper and kumo-gami are made in Najio.
Japanese: 名塩において、鳥の子をはじめ五つの色の色紙、雲紙までも漉かれていることは、越前についで世に知られている。
English: It is the first appearance in literature that suggests the origin of Najio paper was Echizen Province.
Japanese: 名塩の紙の始まりを越前と記しているのは、名塩紙に関する文献としては同書が初出である。
English: There is a theory that when the holy priest, Rennyo, who came to this place for missionary work through Tanba province, founded Kyogyo-ji Temple in 1475 and made his son, Rengei (蓮芸), maintain it, he introduced the technique of paper making around that time.
Japanese: 名塩鳥の子紙の起源について、丹波国を経てここに布教した蓮如上人が、文明_(日本)7年（1475年）に教行寺を開いてその子の蓮芸に守らせたが、そのころ紙漉きの技術を伝えたという説がある。
English: Hisao WATANABE speculated in the section of 'Searching for the originator of paper-making' in his book, "Wasurerareta nihon-shi" (forgotten history of Japan) that 'the paper-maker, Yaemon HIGASHIYAMA' might be Yaemon who ran away from Iwamoto-mura village in 1598, judging from the death register of a family of the Jogan-ji Temple in the Iwamoto-mura village, Echizen Province (Iwamoto, Imadate-cho, Fukui Prefecture).
Japanese: 渡辺久雄著『忘れられた日本史』の「紙祖の発掘」の章で、「紙漉東山弥右衛門（やえもん）」は越前国岩本村（福井県今立町岩本）の成願寺の過去帳から、慶長3年（1598年）岩本村から出奔した弥右衛門（やえもん）ではないかと推測している。
English: It is said that a paper making engineer left the Iwamoto-mura village, a famous production area of Echizen torinoko, for some reason, and reached Najio, another production area, and invented doromaniai-shi (fusuma paper that incorporates soil).
Japanese: 越前鳥の子の名産地の岩本村で、紙漉きの技術者が何らかの事情で村を出て、紙漉きの名塩に辿り着き、泥間似合紙を工夫開発したものといはれている。
English: There are other theories in that say he learned the technique of paper making and started production in Najio.
Japanese: このほかにも説があるが、いずれも越前で紙漉きの技術を習得して、名塩で紙漉きをはじめたという説である。
English: Yaemon HIGASHIYAMA has usually been seen as the originator of Najio paper manufacturing by local residents, and a monument to honor his contribution as the originator of paper-makers (a monument to the originator of paper-making) was built by his colleagues in 1855.
Japanese: 地元では名塩紙業の始祖として東山弥右衛門が定着しており、安政2年（1855年）に、漉屋仲間がその徳を讃えて建てた紙職元祖碑がある。
English: 'After his descendant, Shakujo (釈浄) (a posthumous Buddhist name), died on November 28, 1789, a ceremony to pray for Yaemon ceased.'
Japanese: 「ただ弥右衛門の子孫の釈浄（戒名）が、天明九年十月十二日に没して、弥右衛門を祀る者が絶えてしまった。」
English: 'There is no one who has not benefited from Yaemon irrespective of farming, industrial, or merchant families in the hundreds of houses in Najio.'
Japanese: 「名塩の地の数百戸の家ゝは、農・工・商家といえども弥右衛門の恩恵を受けていない者はない。」
English: 'We hope that anyone who wants to repay the benefit will regard the day of the descendant's death as a day of a new beginning.'
Japanese: 「今後其の恩に報いる者は、弥右衛門の子孫の没した日を、その始まりの日としてほしい。」
English: You worried about the insufficient cultivated land in your home village during the Bunmei Era and you taught paper making methods to the local people, and finally successful production was achieved in subsequent generations.
Japanese: 文明年間居村ニ耕地ノ乏シキヲ患ヒ民ニ製紙ノ業ヲ授ケ遂ニ一方物ヲ成ス後生（き）
English: It seems that this was given to a person who had rendered distinguished service based on a report by the kocho-yakuba (a village office whose head was appointed by government) in Najio-mura village.
Japanese: これは当時の名塩村戸長役場よりの上申に基づき、功労者として授与されたものと思われる。
English: This certificate shows the fame of Najio paper and prosperity of paper manufacturing in those days.
Japanese: この授与証により、当時の名塩紙の名声と当時の紙業の隆盛がくみ取れる。
English: Long time ago, there was a person named Yaemon HIGASHIYAMA, who went to Echizen Province in his younger days and was adopted as the husband for a daughter of a certain paper maker to acquire the technique of paper-making. After acquisition, he returned to his hometown, Najio, leaving his wife and children. He began to produce paper in Najio. On the other hand, although his wife, in the wake of and longing for Yaemon, visited him, the people in the village tried to drive her away, and never permitted her to come in to their community. She held a grudge against those cruel and cursed them saying; 'may sickness prevail forever in this village!,' and died.'
Japanese: 「何時の頃にや、東山弥右衛門といへる仁あり、若くして越前に至り、さる製紙家の婿養子となって製紙の法を拾得す。習い得て後、妻子を置き去りて郷里名塩に帰る。これより名塩の地に紙をだす。然るに妻女、弥右衛門の跡を慕ひて来たりしに、里人之を追うて村に入れず。妻女その無情を恨み「村に癩（らい）者絶やさず」と呪い言して死す。」
English: The deserted wife in Echizen Province visited Najio going a long way, longing for Yaemon, but the people in the village never allowed her to come in because they were afraid that Yaemon would leave and the paper manufacturing industry which had just started with great difficulty would collapse.
Japanese: 越前に残された妻は、弥右衛門を慕ってはるばる名塩を訪れてきたが、村人たちは弥右衛門に今去られては、せっかく始まった紙業が崩れてしまうのを恐れて妻を村に入れなかった。
English: According to the document, she held a grudge against the cruel village people and threw herself into a river and died, leaving a curse.
Japanese: 妻は村人達の無情を恨み、呪い言葉を残して、川に身を投げて死んだと言うのである。
English: This tragic tradition was novelized with a title of 'Najio-gawa River' by Tsutomu MIZUKAMI in 1969, and enjoyed a great reputation.
Japanese: この悲劇的伝承は、昭和四十四年水上勉によって「名塩川」と題して小説化され、非常な好評を受けた。
English: It was broadcasted in gidayu (a style of reciting dramatic narratives) by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), and also performed at 'Miyako Odori' (a dance performance of Gion Kobu district) in Kyoto and the Takarazuka Revue (titled 'Kamisuki koiuta' (Love song of paper making) in 1976).
Japanese: NHKからも義太夫で放送され、また京都の「都おどり」および宝塚歌劇（昭和51年（1976年）題名「紙すき恋歌」）にも上演されている。
English: Although there are other traditions about Yaemon as the originator of Najio torinoko, the following view is the most persuasive in the light of factual historical.
Japanese: 名塩鳥の子の始祖としての弥右衛門に関しての伝承は他にもあるが、史実としては以下の説が最も説得性がある。
English: According to the eidaikyo hono kifuda (a wooden plate certifying the dedication of eternal and essential Buddhist scriptures) (永大経奉納木札) of Gensho-ji Temple in Najio and the documents of Gensho-ji Temple, it is sure that Yaemon existed in Najio during 1772 and 1788.
Japanese: 名塩の源照寺の永大経奉納木札や源照寺文書によって、安永・天明のころに弥右衛門が名塩にいたことは確かである。
English: Before 1772, when Yaemon appeared in Najio, there were two Yaemon families, one living in Iwamoto-mura village and the other in Otaki-mura village in the Echizen go-go (the five areas in Echizen Province) (also called Okamoto go-ko (the five places in Okamoto)).
Japanese: 名塩に弥右衛門が現れる安永年間以前に、越前五郷（岡本五箇ともいう）の岩本村に弥右衛門家、と大滝村にも弥右衛門家があった。
English: During 1751 and 1771, Echizen go-go suffered from serious famine because of unsettled weather such as a floods from heavy rain and also a long drought.
Japanese: 安永年間より前の宝暦・明和年間（1751～71年）は、越前五郷地方は天候不順がつづき、大雨による洪水や日照り続きの干ばつによって農産物は大凶作となった。
English: Not only agricultural products but also wild plants such as kozo and ganpi that were the resources used to make paper, became difficult to collect, and because especially the ganpi used for torinoko was impossible to cultivate, paper manufacturing fell into extreme poverty because of the difficulty of obtaining materials.
Japanese: 農産物の大凶作とともに製紙原料の楮（こうぞ）や雁皮（がんび）などの自生植物も採取が困難となり、特に鳥の子に用いる雁皮は栽培が不可能で、製紙業も原料入手難から困窮を極めた。
English: Therefore, many farmers (persons managing a farm by employing farm workers) were forced to sell their farms and became peasants.
Japanese: このため高持ち百姓のうちには田畑を手放して水呑み百姓に転落するものが続出した。
English: It seems that there was the Yaemon family in the Iwamoto or Otaki-mura village among them.
Japanese: その転落者のなかに、岩本の弥右衛門家か大滝村の弥右衛門家がいたと思われる。
English: Perhaps some people who could not endure the ruin, left the village and moved to Najio, looking for connections in the same trade.
Japanese: そのなかに没落に耐えきれず村落ちして、縁故をたどって同業の名塩の地へ移った者がいたと考えられる。
English: There were some temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) in the Echizen go-go, and the Gensho-ji Temple in Najio was also a temple of the Jodo Shinshu Sect.
Japanese: 越前五郷には浄土真宗派の寺院があり、名塩の源照寺なども真宗派であった。
English: It seems he also used the name Yaemon in Najio, taught the superior technique of torinoko manufacturing in Echizen, and made efforts in improving and disseminating it, so his achievements were highly esteemed and he was admired as the originator of Najio torinoko.
Japanese: 名塩でも弥右衛門を名乗り、優れた越前の鳥の子の製紙技術を指導し、さらに改良や普及に尽力して、その業績を高く評価されて名塩鳥の子の始祖と讃えられるようになったと思われる。
English: The prototype for Tome-suki was the ancient paper making method used since the Nara period, so it has a long history.
Japanese: 留め漉きは、奈良時代の紙漉きの伝来以来の古代の製紙法が原型であり、古い歴史を有している。
English: Characteristically of Tome-suki is the method of laying reeds together with arranged material against 'an upright board' and adhering the fibers together by draining the water remaining in the newly formed paper after the material is evenly arranged.
Japanese: 留め漉きの特徴は、紙を漉き上げたのち、漉き桁を「スラシ板」にもたせかけ、生紙に残っている水を垂らしつつ、繊維の密着を図る方法である。
English: On the contrary, almost all production areas of Japanese paper adopted the method of 'Nagashi-suki' (poured water-disposing paper making) that was established at Kamiyain, a national paper making place during the Heian period.
Japanese: これに対して、ほとんどの和紙生産地は、平安時代の官立の紙漉き場の紙屋院で確立された「流し漉き」を用いている。
English: When paper is made, the materials are scooped by those in a boat and shaken to spread them several times over the surface of a bamboo screen made of reed.
Japanese: 紙を漉くとき、透き舟の前に立って透き舟より紙料を掬い、紙料が漉き桁の竹簀の全面にいきわたるように数回揺り動かす。
English: In the case of Nagashi-suki, after new paper is formed on a screen, water is poured out by tilting the reeds and the remaining water is splashed swiftly by tilting it towards the left.
Japanese: 流し漉きの場合は、簀の上に生紙が形成されると、漉き桁を手元の方へ傾けつつ水を流し、さらに漉き桁を左に傾けて勢いよく残り水を跳ね上げる。
English: This process is called 'throwing the water away,' by which the impurities including dust are removed.
Japanese: これを「捨て水」といい、この操作によって塵やそのたの不純物が除かれる。
English: This process of throwing the water away is characteristic of 'Nagashi-suki' and the extremely quick-action of aibika added to the paper material, makes it possible.
Japanese: この捨て水こそが「流し漉き」の特徴であり、紙料に添加する粘材のトロロアオイの強力な速効性によって可能と成っている。
English: For these reasons, in many production areas there were 'paper-making women' who made paper using their delicate hands.
Japanese: こうしたことから、多くの紙漉き産地では繊細な女子の手によって漉かれ、これがいわゆる「紙漉き女」である。
English: The soil-contained method puts soil into the fibers of ganpi, adheres, and fixes it to the paper instead of mixing in white soil for coloration as done with some Japanese paper.
Japanese: その泥入りは、一部の和紙のように単に着色のために、白土を混入するのではなく、混入する土を雁皮繊維の間に漉き入れて密着固定させている。
English: The method of making Najio paper is to swing the reeds in all the directions including back and forth, right, left and diagonally.
Japanese: 名塩紙の漉き方は、漉き桁を流し漉きのように前後を中心に揺り動かすだけでなく、さらに左右や斜めにあらゆる角度にも揺する操作をおこなう。
English: For this reason, labor required to swing the reeds is much harder than that for making Nagashi-suki and is too much of a heavy load for women, so that it is done by men.
Japanese: このため漉き桁を動かす労力は流し漉きに比較して非常に大きく、女子では負担が過重なので男子によって漉かれている。
English: The soil incorporated into Najio paper is a tuff consisting of separative volcanic ash and volcanic sand, special products for Najio (Nishinomiya City) that do not adhere to the fibers unless the new paper on the screen is left untouched on 'an upright board' for a while after the process is completed.
Japanese: 漉き入れる泥土は、名塩（西宮）の特産の遊離性をもつ火山灰や火山砂で構成されている凝灰岩であり、漉き上げたのち一時、簀の上の生紙を「スラシ板」にもたせかけて静止しておかなければ泥土が繊維に密着しない。
English: Therefore, panicled hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Siebold) that acts slowly is used for 'neri' (an adhesive), instead of aibika that acts extremely fast.
Japanese: このために粘材の「ネリ」も、速効性をもつトロロアオイを用いず、反応のゆるやかなノリウツギを用いる。
English: The characteristic of Najio torinoko paper is Tome-suki because of soil-contained torinoko.
Japanese: 名塩鳥の子の漉き方は、泥入り鳥の子であるために、留め漉きを特徴としている。
English: Then, it is significant that it is a soil-contained torinoko using soil specially prepared in Najio, and it became famous all over Japan and was used as doromaniai-shi for various goods such as fusuma, screens, folding screens as well as a han-fuda bill (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan), paper to prevent drafts, paper for foil making and paper for making a medicine bag.
Japanese: そして、名塩特産の泥入り鳥の子であることが大きな特質であり、全国にその名が知れて、特質を活かした泥間似合紙として襖、屏風、衝立などに用いられ、さらには藩札や手形用紙、箔打ち用紙、薬袋紙などさまざまに用いられた。
English: According to "The history of Nishinomiya City," paper produced in Najio is classified into three types; torinoko, hankiri type, and miscellaneous purpose types.
Japanese: 『西宮市史』によると、名塩製紙の種類を鳥の子類、半切り類、雑紙類の三つに分けて記している。
English: The torinoko type includes maniai-shi, colored maniai-shi, paper for folding screens, cloud-patterned paper for folding screens, torinoko paper, five-colored torinoko paper, cloud-patterned torinoko paper, wide torinoko paper and soil-contained torinoko paper.
Japanese: 鳥の子類には、間似合紙、色間似合紙、屏風紙、雲屏風紙、鳥の子紙、五色鳥の子紙、雲鳥の子紙、広鳥の子、土入り鳥の子紙などがある。