nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The reason for above is unknown, although there are some possibilities of the following, 'since Emperor Chuai's death was not announced officially after he died, and it was temporary measure,' or 'there was no particular reason, the word Shosei was being used as a custom, since it also meant Regent after all,' or 'Shosei meant temporarily government since Emperor Ojin was officially considered as proper Emperor and he was called Emperor Taichu (Taichu means inside mother's womb).'
Japanese: その理由は、「仲哀天皇がいまだ崩御していないという建前をとったためその代理だから」という意味か、または「特に理由はなく、称制も広義の摂政の中の一種という建前でただ慣習的に称制という言葉が使われなかっただけ」というわけなのか、あるいは「応神天皇は胎中天皇と称されたように胎児の頃からすでに正式な天皇であってその代理」という主旨なのか、いずれにしてもよくわからない。
English: According to the Nihonshoki, after Emperor Seinei died, since two Imperial successors, Emperor Ninken and Emperor Kenzo made mutual concessions and could not decide who to succeed to the throne, Itoyo no himemiko took control of the government, who was said to be their sister or aunt.
Japanese: 日本書紀によると、清寧天皇の崩御後、世継ぎの候補である仁賢天皇（おけのみこと）と顕宗天皇（おけのみこと）の兄弟が互いに皇位を譲り合って後継が定まらなかったために、その姉とも叔母とも言われている飯豊皇女が政務を執ったといわれている。
English: According to Shoku Nihongi (Chronicle of Japan Continued), after Emperor Monmu died, since the successor, Emperor Shomu was too young to enthrone and the issue as to who should succeed to the throne was raised, it was decided that Ahe no Himemiko rule the government temporarily, who was Emperor Monmu's mother and Emperor Tenchi/Tenji's Princess.
Japanese: 続日本紀によると、文武天皇の崩御後、世継ぎの聖武天皇が幼少であったため後継問題が浮上し、そこで文武天皇の母で天智天皇の皇女にあたる阿閉皇女が仮に政務を執った。
English: However, the successor to the throne was not officially decided, and two months later, she was asked by the vassals and temporarily occupied the throne as Emperor Genmei until Obito no Miko (Prince Obito) become old enough to succeed to the throne.
Japanese: だが、後継は定まらず、2ヵ月後に諸臣の要請を受けて首皇子成人までの中継ぎとして元明天皇として即位した。
English: It was considered to be a period of two months, after Emperor Ahe no Himemiko died that she succeeded to the throne, and the official Shosei of Ahe no Himemiko was established, however, the government itself was not ruled properly during this short period of time.
Japanese: 息子である天皇の崩御から元明天皇即位までの2ヶ月間は形式的には阿閉皇女の称制が成立していたと考えられているが、期間が短かったために、称制としての実質はほとんどなかったと考えられている。
English: FUJIWARA no Takaiko (842 - April 18, 910) was the Nyogo (imperial consort) of Emperor Seiwa during the Heian period.
Japanese: 藤原高子（ふじわらのたかいこ、承和9年（842年）-延喜10年3月24日（910年4月18日））は、平安時代、清和天皇の女御。
English: When Emperor Seiwa was Crown Prince, she might have been served at the Emperor's grandmother, Empress Dowager, FUJIWARA no Junshi's Palace.
Japanese: 清和天皇が東宮であったころ、天皇の祖母である皇太后藤原順子の邸にて出仕か。
English: In 859, she acted as Gosechi no Maihime at the Daijo-sai festival (a festival to celebrate the succession of an emperor) when nine-year old Emperor Seiwa succeeded to the throne, and she was given Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 貞観_元年（859年）9歳の清和天皇即位にともなう大嘗祭において、五節舞姫をつとめ従五位下に叙された。
English: After two years of Emperor Seiwa's coming-of-age ceremony in 866, she made an Imperial Consort entry into court for the Emperor and became Nyogo when she was twenty five years old, then she gave birth to Imperial Prince Sadaaikira (later called Emperor Yozei).
Japanese: 清和天皇元服の二年後の貞観8年（866年）、25歳で入内し女御となり貞明親王（後の陽成天皇）を産む。
English: She became Kotaifujin (title for previous retired emperors' wife) in 877 and became Empress Dowager in 882.
Japanese: 元慶元年（877年）皇太夫人、元慶6年（882年）には皇太后と称された。
English: She was under suspicion of having an affair with zasu (temple's head priest), Zenyu of Toko-ji Temple which she ordered to be built during Emperor Uda's era and she lost her position as Empress Dowager in 896, however she took back her position again in 943.
Japanese: 寛平8年（896年）宇多天皇の時、自らが建立した東光寺の座主善祐と密通したという疑いをかけられ皇太后を廃されたが、没後の天慶6年（943年）に復位されている。
English: It is said in the "Tale of Ise" and the "Tale of Yamato," that she had a love affair with ARIWARA no Narihira before she made an Imperial Consort entry into court.
Japanese: 伊勢物語、大和物語などからは入内する以前、在原業平と恋愛関係があったと推測される。
English: MINAMOTO no Kiyohime (810 - August 3, 856) was Emperor Saga's Princess.
Japanese: 源潔姫（みなもとのきよひめ、弘仁元年（810年）-斉衡3年（856年）6月25日）は、嵯峨天皇の皇女。
English: She was the first Princess who became the wife of a husband who was a subject with a historical record, although she married after being demoted from nobility to a commoner, due to regulations issued by the Emperor, the Princesses (Imperial Princesses) were only allowed to marry Princes up to the third generation (the Emperor's grandchildren).
Japanese: 臣下に降籍してからという形を取ったが、史料上確実な「臣下の妻となった初めての皇女」である（令の規定により皇女（内親王）は三世王（天皇の孫）までにしか嫁げないことになっていた）。
English: She only gave birth to FUJIWARA no Akirakeiko (Meishi) (Somedono no Kisaki) who later became the Empress of Emperor Montoku as Yoshifusa's child, since Yoshifusa did not have another concubine, he adopted his nephew, FUJIWARA no Mototsune as his successor.
Japanese: 良房との間に産んだのは後に文徳天皇妃となった藤原明子(染殿后)ただ一人であり、他に側室も迎えられず後嗣に恵まれなかった夫・良房は甥の藤原基経を猶子とした。
English: Called the descendants of the Sun Goddess who reigned and ruled the government under the eternal oracle of god in an unbroken line, due to such a government, Shinkoku means the nation promised to be forever protected by god by having belief in the Imperial family to support such a government, and also nation who were descendants of various gods that have a close relationship with politics and Shinto rituals.
Japanese: 即ち天照大神の末裔である天皇が現人神として君臨し、万世一系と天照大神の神勅のもとに永久に統治を行い、これを支え続けてきた皇室、更にこれに臣属した諸神の末裔である国民との緊密な結合と全ての政治は神事をもって第一とする理念によって神々の加護が永遠に約束された国家の事。
English: In the old days, the Japanese nation and the land was said to be created and protected by various gods based on this belief (the thoughts of Shinkoku or divine land).
Japanese: かつて、日本の国家と国土はこの理念（神国思想（しんこくしそう））に基づいて神々によって作られて守られてきたものであるとされてきた。
English: Originally it came from a belief based upon farming, following agricultural ceremonies, but later on it was connected with the chosen people and it changed into nationalism, anti-foreignism, and hegemonism.
Japanese: 本来は農業国が持つ農耕儀礼に基づく信仰に由来するものであったが、後に選民と結びつき、更には国粋主義・排外主義・覇権主義的な思想へと転化していった。
English: The first time the word 'Shinkoku' appeared was in the "Chronicles of Japan," it was said when Empress Jungu raised an army at 'Sankan Seibatsu' (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), the king of Silla (Kingdom) proclaimed 'it was an army from Shinkoku' and surrendered without fighting.
Japanese: 「神国」という言葉の初出は『日本書紀』の神功皇后のいわゆる「三韓征伐」の際、新羅王が皇后の軍勢を見て「神国の兵である」として戦わずに降伏したという記事である。
English: It is said that this incident was always quoted when confronting cases of crisis against other countries and this was the reason the belief of the Shinkoku was established in Japan.
Japanese: これが後に対外的危機の際には必ず引用されて神国思想を高揚させる一因となったと言われている。
English: After Buddhism was introduced, Shinkoku was taught by the Mononobe clan who believed in Shinto, however the conflict between the belief of Shinkoku and Buddhism were temporarily eased after synchronization of Shinto with Buddhism was introduced.
Japanese: 仏教伝来直後は、物部氏など神道を崇拝する人々によって唱えられた事もあったが、神仏習合の普及以後は一時的に対立は緩和していった。
English: After the Heian period, as government ceremonies, according to the Ritsuryo codes, became more popular, it was mentioned in literature such as "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), or 'Koshigoe-jo' (Yoshitsune's letter sent from Koshigoe) written by MINAMOTO no Yoshitusune.
Japanese: 平安時代以後、律令政治の発展による儀礼の深化とともに『日本三代実録』などの文献などに見られるようになり、源義経の「腰越状」にもその行が見える。
English: However, from the late Heian period, there was a belief to deny the current world such as Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) or spread of the New Kamakura Buddhism founded during, and after people were experiencing the crisis of having a ceremony centered government that was becoming estranged, instead of having a realistic government, the belief of Shinkoku became popular among the nobility and the Imperial family.
Japanese: ところが、平安時代末期より鎌倉時代にかけて末法思想や鎌倉新仏教の広がりによって現世を否定する思想が広がり、実社会と乖離した儀礼中心の政治が打ち続く戦乱によって存亡の危機に立たされると貴族社会を中心に皇室とそれを支える貴族社会の由来を神国思想に求める考え方が出現した。
English: Furthermore, there was an incident where the Mongolian Invasions were twice repulsed by what was called the "Kamikaze" (divine wind) in later periods which greatly influenced the above.
Japanese: 更にこれに一大変革を与えたのは2度にわたる元寇がいずれも後世「神風」と称される嵐によって撃退されたという出来事である。
English: There was a legend that prayer organized in various shrines such as the Ise-jingu Shrine, used to beat the opposition worked well, and also the fact, that Samurai who struggled to fight back against the former dynasty's group tactics and asked for protection from god, further spread the idea within Japan that Japan was Shinkoku.
Japanese: この嵐が伊勢神宮をはじめとする諸神社によって盛んに行われた異敵調伏の祈祷と成果とする喧伝と実際に戦闘を行った武士達が元王朝の集団戦法に苦戦して神への加護を求めていたという事実が、日本を神国とする認識を国内各層に浸透させる事となった。
English: Due to this, Pure Land Buddhism and the New Kamakura Buddhism seemed to change in order to adopt this tendency, Japanese Buddhism changed with the idea that protection of the gods come first, the teaching of saving the Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) was established based on the idea that Japan was the country of Shinkoku, including Hokke sect which taught that gods were subordinate to Buddha.
Japanese: このため、浄土思想・鎌倉新仏教側もこれを取り入れていく方向に変化して行き、神々は仏に従属するとした「仏教の超越性」を唱えていた法華宗を含めて、日本の仏教は神々の加護によって初めて成立しており末法の世を救う教えも日本が神国であるからこそ成立したという主張に転換していく事になる。
English: It is typical example of assertion that 'Mahayana (great vehicle) Buddhism was completed in Japan' in "Genko-Shakusho" (History of Buddhism of the Genko era) by Kokan Shiren.
Japanese: 虎関師錬の『元亨釈書』の「大乗仏教は日本において完成した」という主張はその典型である。
English: Furthermore, it was Chikafusa KITABATAKE, the author of "Junno shotoki" (Record of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Emperors), who declared the 'Japanese Empire is Shinkoku' in one phase.
Japanese: 更にこれを「大日本は神国である」という一つのフレーズで言い切ったのが『神皇正統記』の著者・北畠親房である。
English: Chikafusa influenced the coming age by clearly insisting that the nation of Japan was maintained with emperors who were legitimate descendants of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess).
Japanese: 親房は天照大神の正統な末裔である天皇によって日本という国家が維持されているという主張を簡潔に述べて後世に影響を与えた。
English: In the Edo period, once the study of ancient Japanese thought, classics, and Shinto became popular under the view point of criticizing beliefs from overseas like Confucianism and Buddhism, the belief of Shinkoku was widely accepted, it developed the principle of excluding foreigners in the face of pressure from Western ships coming to Japan in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the movement of "Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians" (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of the barbarians or foreigners) was established which caused of the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 江戸時代には儒教や仏教などの外来思想に批判的な立場から古典や神道を研究する国学が盛んになると、神国思想もまた広く受け入れられるようになり、それが幕末の黒船来航などの外的圧力の増大とともに攘夷論へと発展し、尊王攘夷運動が展開されてやがて江戸幕府滅亡の原因となった。
English: After the Meiji period, national shinto was supported and at the same time it was patriotic to go against Europeanized thought and the route to modernism.
Japanese: 明治以後は国家神道を支える理念的思想となるとともに欧化・近代化路線に対抗する国粋主義と結びつく事になる。
English: However this belief changed to anti-foreignism after the expansion of Japanese militarism, the extension of the colony.
Japanese: だが、日本の帝国主義・軍国主義路線の膨張、植民地の拡大とともに排外主義へと転化していくようになる。
English: The movement reached it's pinnacle in the Greater East Asia (Asian) War (the Pacific War), it caused the death of many people from Kamikaze suicide attacks (suicide corps), homeland defense war (the Hondo Kessen) under the belief of 'Shinshu Fumetsu' (the Immortal Divine Land).
Japanese: そして、大東亜戦争（太平洋戦争）においてその動きは最高潮に達し、「神州不滅」の主張の元に玉砕・神風特攻隊・本土決戦などが横行して多くの人命が失われる結果となった。
English: At the end of the War, even though it was apparent that Japan was going to lose, it is said some people truly believed that 'soon there would be "Kamikaze" (divine wind) and it would sink the enemy fleet into the sea.'
Japanese: 戦争末期、敗北が目に見えても、民衆の中には“いずれ神風が吹いて、敵艦隊をまとめて沈めてくれる”と本気で考えていた者がいたという。
English: Considering the above, the strict principle of separation of government and religion, and the freedom of religion in the Constitution of Japan were later introduced to rid Shinkoku belief from politics, and it appeared that belief in Shinkoku was wiped from the surface of Japanese society.
Japanese: こうした経緯から戦後の日本国憲法では政治の場から神国思想を排除するために、政教分離原則の厳格化と信教の自由の導入が行われ、日本社会の表舞台から神国思想は退く事になった。
English: On May 15, 2000, it became a current topic when Yoshiro MORI (Prime Minister at that time) announced 'Japan is county of god with the Emperor as the centre of the country' (please refer to the chapter concerning the announcement of the country of god).
Japanese: 2000年5月15日、森喜朗（当時内閣総理大臣）が「日本は天皇を中心とした神の国」と発言して話題になった（神の国発言を参照）。
English: "Omoidasu koto nado" (Remembrances) by Soseki NATSUME, October 1910 - April 1911
Japanese: 夏目漱石『思い出す事など』1910年（明治43年）10月～1911年（明治44年）4月
English: It was one of the miracles that often occurred in the country of god, Japan from three thousand years ago.'
Japanese: 「兎に角、それは、三千年の昔より、神国日本に、しばしば現れたる天佑の一つであった。」
English: All had to perform duties as the descendants of god to maintain the basic belief that "we are a nation of god," even Buddhist monks.'
Japanese: 「仏徒たりとも神国の神民である以上、神孫の義務を尽くして根本を保全しなければならぬ。」
English: The conservative Japanese government officials tried to keep the traditional Shinkoku spirit in any form and for any occasion.'
Japanese: 「保守的な日本官僚はあらゆる形であらゆる機会に伝統的神国精神を保守しようとしている。」
English: Imperial Prince Akihira (954 - August 7, 1013) was an Imperial family member in the Heian period.
Japanese: 昭平親王（あきひらしんのう、天暦8年（954年）－長和2年6月28日_（1013年8月7日））は、平安時代の皇族。
English: He was the fifth Prince of Emperor Murakami, and his mother was Koi (secondary imperial consort) (court lady), FUJIWARA no Masahime (Sadaijin (Minister of the left), FUJIWARA no Arihira's daughter).
Japanese: 村上天皇の第5皇子で、母は更衣(女官)藤原正妃（まさひめ、左大臣藤原在衡の娘）。
English: He had coming-of-age ceremony at his grandfather, FUJIWARA no Arihira's villa on September 25, 968, and he was appointed as Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) on December 24 in the same year.
Japanese: 安和元年8月25日（968年）に祖父・藤原在衡邸にて元服を行い、その年の11月27日_には従四位上兵衛府に任じられた。
English: However there were no other Imperial Princes of Emperor Murakami's including his real brothers who were demoted from nobility to subject except for Akihira.
Japanese: ところが、村上天皇所生の親王の中で、同母兄弟も含めて昭平以外の親王が降下する事はなかった。
English: After that it was decided to take Akihira back into the Imperial family on May 7, 977, his position changed from Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) to Shihon (Fourth Order rank for Imperial Princes), Shinno-Ningoku (provinces whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: そこで、貞元_2年4月17日_（977年5月7日）に昭平は再び皇族に戻される事になり、正四位下から四品親王常陸国親王任国に転じた。
English: After Emperor Enyu, Akihira's half younger brother, who was in power at that time, considered Akihira's situation who was the only one among the brothers that had to be demoted from nobility to subject, he made Akihira come back to the Imperial family.
Japanese: これは、当時の円融天皇が母親が違うとはいえ、兄である昭平が兄弟の中で一人だけ臣下の礼を取らなければならない状況を憂慮して皇族身分に戻したものであった。
English: However it is said there was another reason (that Akihira had to be demoted from the nobility to subject) which was that Sadaijin (the Minister of the left), MINAMOTO no Kaneakira (Akihira's uncle and former Imperial Prince Kaneakira) returned to the Imperial family on the same day, and he received the position of Nakatsukasakyo (chief of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
Japanese: だが、もう一つの背景として言われているのは、同じ日に左大臣であった源兼明（昭平の叔父で元の兼明親王）が皇族に復帰して中務卿に遷された点が指摘されている。
English: Since FUJIWARA no Kanemichi, who was Kanpaku Daijo Daijin (the Chief Adviser to the Emperor) at that time, had to oppose to his younger brother, Dainagon (chief councilor of state), FUJIWARA no Kaneie, Kanemichi needed to have Udaijin (Minister of the right), FUJIWARA no Yoritada (Kanemichi's male cousin) on his side, since he was in a strong position to be able to compete against both Kanemichi and Kaneie within the Fujiwara.
Japanese: これは、当時関白太政大臣であった藤原兼通が実弟である大納言藤原兼家と対抗するために、当時の藤原氏内部において兼通・兼家双方と対抗出来る立場にあった右大臣藤原頼忠（兼通の従兄弟）を味方につける必要性があった。
English: In order for Kanemichi to accomplish the above, he needed to have MINAMOTO no Kaneakira return to the Imperial family, (at that time there was a custom that the Imperial family was not allowed to become Sadaijin) and promote Yoritada as his successor.
Japanese: そのためには現職左大臣であった元皇族の源兼明を皇族に戻して（当時、左大臣は皇族が就けない慣習であった）頼忠をその後任として昇格させる必要があった。
English: However it did not look good from the outside to have only Kaneakira return to the Imperial family, since it seemed like the 'Fujiwara clan had pushed Kaneakira aside.'
Japanese: だが、兼明一人を皇族に戻したのでは、「藤原氏が兼明を追い落とした」かのように見られて外聞が悪かった。
English: It was considered to have been planned to make it look like there was not much political influence, by having Akihira return to the Imperial family at the same time, which Emperor Enyu had wished to do previously.
Japanese: そこで、円融天皇がかねてから望んでいた昭平の皇族復帰を同時に行うことによって、政治的な印象を薄めようとしたのだと考えられている。
English: After that the Imperial Prince entered into priesthood to Onjo-ji Temple in 984 having Gon-no-Shojo Chiben as his mentor.
Japanese: その後、永観2年（984年）に親王は園城寺にて権僧正智弁を師として出家している。
English: He then moved to and lived in Daiun-ji Temple in Iwakura, Otagi District, Yamashiro Province (current Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) and died there.
Japanese: その後山城国愛宕郡岩倉（現在の京都市左京区）の大雲寺(京都市)に移り住み、そこで病没した。
English: Emperor (Tenno) is a position, or an individual who is at the position, seen as the symbol of Japan that integrates the Japanese people under the Constitution of Japan.
Japanese: 天皇（てんのう）は、日本国憲法において、日本の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴と定められる地位、もしくはその地位にある個人。
English: In this section, the matters concerning the position and the individual successive Emperors following the first Emperor, Emperor Jinmu, will also be described.
Japanese: 本項目では、初代神武天皇以降の歴代天皇の地位および個人に関する事柄も扱う。
English: There is a theory stating that it was adopted from 'Teno daitei' or 'Fuso Taitei Tokofu,' which means the Polestar in ancient China and was also adopted into Taoism.
Japanese: 古代中国で北極星を意味し道教にも取り入れられた「天皇大帝」（てんおうだいてい）あるいは「扶桑大帝東皇父」から採ったという説。
English: There is a theory stating that the Gao Zong of Tang (reigned 649-683) once called himself 'Tenno,' not Emperor, originated from Taoism like mentioned above, and was introduced into Japan.
Japanese: 唐の高宗(唐)（在位649年-683年）は皇帝ではなく前述の道教由来の「天皇」と称したことがあり、これが日本に移入されたという説。
English: There is a theory stating that around 5th century, they were called 'Kai Daio,' 'Kikoku Daio,' or simply 'Daio' (great king) externally, but it was fixed to 'Tenno' in the Reign of Empress Suiko or the Reign of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 5世紀頃には対外的に「可畏天王」、「貴國天王」あるいは単に「天王」等と称していたものが推古朝または天武朝に「天皇」とされた等の説。
English: The theory stating that it was first adopted in the Reign of Empress Suiko (theory by Sokichi TSUDA before the war) is also persistent.
Japanese: はじめて採用されたのは推古朝という説（戦前の津田左右吉の説）も根強い。
English: However, the theory stating that it was adopted in the period of Emperor Tenmu in latter half of 7th century, which was right after the usage of the title by Emperor Gao Zong of Tang mentioned above, has the power, after the mokkan (wood strip), which has the Emperor's handwriting written on, was founded in the Asukaike Ruins in 1998.
Japanese: しかし、7世紀後半の天武天皇の時代、すなわち前述の唐の高宗皇帝の用例の直後とするのが、1998年の飛鳥池遺跡での天皇の文字を記した木簡発見以後の有力説である。
English: In recent year studies, the theory stating that the title 'Tenno' was adopted sometime after the period of Emperor Tenmu (latter half of 7th century) is a powerful one.
Japanese: 近年の研究では、「天皇」号が成立したのは天武天皇の時代（7世紀後半）以降との説が有力である。
English: Before the title Tenno was born, they called the position of Emperor 'Yamato Okimi' or 'Teno' domestically, and called 'Wao,' 'Wakokuo,' 'Daiwao,' and so on externally, in Wakoku (name of the country before it was called Japan).
Japanese: 天皇という称号が生じる以前、倭国（「日本」に定まる以前の国名）では天皇に当たる地位を、国内ではヤマト大王あるいは天王と呼び、対外的には「倭王」「倭国王」「大倭王」等と称された。
English: Before that, they were called Suberagi, Sumeragi, Sumerogi, Sumeramikoto, Sumemimanomikoto, and so on.
Japanese: 古くはすべらぎ（須米良伎）、すめらぎ（須賣良伎）、すめろぎ（須賣漏岐）、すめらみこと（須明樂美御德）、すめみまのみこと（皇御孫命）などと称した。
English: The death of Tenno is called Hogyo, the present Emperor is called Kinjo-Tenno, and the departed Emperor is called Taiko-Tenno until his posthumous name is decided.
Japanese: 死没は崩御といい、在位中の天皇は今上天皇（きんじょうてんのう）と呼ばれ、崩御の後、謚が定められるまでの間は大行天皇（たいこうてんのう）と呼ばれる。
English: Further, according to "Shoku-Nihongi" (the chronicles of Japan II), in Nara period (762-764), kanpu-shigo (Chinese style posthumous name) was chosen for the Emperors of forty-one generations, from Emperor Jinmu to Empress Jito, and for Empress Genmei and Empress Gensho at once by OMI no Mifune, but those are shigo (names for the individuals) and the title 'Tenno' doesn't directly concerns with them.
Japanese: なお、奈良時代、天平宝字6年（762年）～同8年（764年）に神武天皇から持統天皇までの41代、及び元明天皇・元正天皇の漢風諡号である天皇号が淡海三船によって一括撰進された事が『続日本紀』に記述されているがこれは諡号（一人一人の名前）であって「天皇」という称号とは直接関係ない。
English: After the Heian period until the Edo period, they were called in various ways such as Mikado, Kinri, Dairi, Kinchu, and so on.
Japanese: 平安時代以降、江戸時代までは、みかど（御門、帝）、きんり（禁裏）、だいり（内裏）、きんちゅう（禁中）などさまざまに呼ばれた。
English: Mikado' originally means the gate of the Imperial Palace, and Kinri, Kinchu, and Dairi mean the Imperial Palace itself.
Japanese: 「みかど」とは本来御所の御門のことであり、禁裏・禁中・内裏は御所そのものを指す言葉である。
English: Tencho is a word meaning Tenno Dynasty, but its meaning shifted and came to be used for the Imperial Court, Japan itself, or rarely Tenno himself.
Japanese: 天朝（てんちょう）は天皇王朝をさす言葉だが、転じて朝廷、または日本国そのもの、もしくはまれに天皇をいう場合にも使う。
English: They were also called Sumeramikoto, Sumerogi, Suberaki, and so on, and these words remained as gago (sophisticated words).
Japanese: すめらみこと、すめろぎ、すべらきなどとも訓まれ、これらは雅語として残っていた。
English: Kinjo-Tenno was also called Togin no Mikado, and retired Daijo-Tenno was shortly called Joko, and was also called 'Sento' or 'In.'
Japanese: 今上天皇は当今の帝（とうぎんのみかど）などとも呼ばれ、譲位した太上天皇は上皇と略称され、仙洞や院などともいった。
English: After Emperor Kokaku abdicated the throne to Emperor Ninko, the position in fact didn't exist in the political system in and after Meiji period.
Japanese: 光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して以後は事実上、明治以降は制度上存在していない。
English: This is because the present and former Imperial House Act didn't provide the rule for the abdication, and stated that the Koshi (Crown Prince) would be enthroned after the Hogyo of Tenno.
Japanese: これは現旧の皇室典範が退位に関する規定を設けず、天皇の崩御（死去）によって皇嗣が即位すると定めたためである。
English: The title of Emperor was unified into 'Tenno' for the first time by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution).
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法（明治憲法）において、はじめて天皇の呼称は「天皇」に統一された。
English: However, in diplomatic documents and so on, 'Nihonkoku Kotei' (Emperor of Japan) was used afterwards, too, and several similar expressions can be found in official domestic documents, also (look at 'Nihonkoku Kotei' for the usage of the expression).
Japanese: ただし、外交文書などではその後も「日本国皇帝」が多く用いられ、国内向けの公文書類でも同様の表記が何点か確認されている（用例については別項「日本国皇帝」を参照）。
English: As a result, it can be thought that the title was not unified completely as 'Tenno' (Tenno still was sometimes called Tenshi-sama by common people).
Japanese: そのため、完全に「天皇」で統一されていたのではないようである（庶民からはまだ天子様と呼ばれる事もあった）。
English: Conversationally, euphemistic expressions such as Okami or Shujo, Okami or Seijo, Togin, Kashikokiatari, and Kamigoichinin and so on, were also used.
Japanese: 口語ではお上、主上（おかみ、しゅじょう）、聖上（おかみ、せいじょう）、当今（とうぎん）、畏き辺り（かしこきあたり）、上御一人（かみごいちにん）、などの婉曲表現も用いられた。
English: Further, generally in the press and other media, the honorific title used for the Emperor is 'Heika,' regulated in the Imperial House Act, and called 'Tenno Heika' (his Imperial Majesty).
Japanese: なお、一般的に各種報道等において、天皇の敬称は皇室典範に規定されている「陛下」が用いられ、「天皇陛下」と呼ばれる。
English: To avoid the confusion with the other Emperors, the name 'Kinjo Heika,' other than 'Tenno Heika,' is also used in the official documents of the Imperial Household Agency and so on.
Japanese: 宮内庁などの公文書では「天皇陛下」のほかに、他の天皇との混乱を防ぐため「今上陛下」と言う呼称も用いる。
English: When called as the second person in conversation, most of the time is simply called Heika if it is clear whether the individual is the Emperor or the Empress from the context of conversation.
Japanese: 会話における二人称では、前後関係から天皇であるか皇后であるかが明らかな場合に単に陛下と呼ぶことが多い。