nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: And, there is a country like Korea where even if the economy has relatively grown, the poorly-fed children becomes a social problem.
Japanese: また、韓国のように、比較的経済が発展しているにも関わらず、欠食児童が社会問題となっている国も存在する。
English: Imperial Defense Policy was the basic guidelines for military strategy in the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 帝国国防方針（ていこくこくぼうほうしん）とは、大日本帝国における軍事戦略についての基本的な方針を定めたもの。
English: The guidelines were composed of three parts; the Imperial Defense Policy, the military force for national defense, and the guidelines for imperial tactics.
Japanese: 帝国国防方針、国防に要する兵力、帝国軍の用兵要領の三部から構成されている。
English: In the first part, the policies for national defense outlined the national goal and strategy, objective and policy for national defense, imagined enemy, situational judgment, and required armaments.
Japanese: 第一部の国防方針は国家目標と国家戦略、また導かれる国防目的と国防方針、仮想敵国と情勢判断、所要軍備などについて述べられている。
English: In the second part, the numerical targets such as the number of divisions and warships were set as the specific goal of the required military force and military policy.
Japanese: 第二部には所要兵力、即ち軍事政策の具体的な目標としての師団数、軍艦数などの数値目標が定められている。
English: In the third part, the outline of individual operation plans for a Japanese military doctrine and the imagined enemy was stated.
Japanese: 第三部には日本の軍事ドクトリンと仮想敵国に対する個々の作戦計画大綱が述べられている。
English: The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) presented a plan to formulate a comprehensive national defense policy for Army-Navy operations, and it was approved by the Emperor Meiji on April 4, 1904, and was revised in accordance with changes in the international situation, etc.
Japanese: 大日本帝国陸軍が陸海軍作戦の統合的な国防方針を策定しようと発案したことがきっかけとなり、明治40年4月4日明治天皇により裁可されたのが最初となり、以後国際情勢の変化などに応じて変更された。
English: However, in fact, the situation never changed in which the Japanese Army considered Russia as the imagined enemy and the Imperial Japanese Navy considered the United States of America as the imagined enemy, and therefore the original intentions to unify the ideas of national defense was achieved imperfectly.
Japanese: しかし、事実上は日本陸軍はロシア、大日本帝国海軍はアメリカ合衆国を仮想敵国とする事態は変わらず、その国防思想を統一するという当初の狙いは不十分にしか達成されなかった。
English: Following the revision of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in August, 1905, just after the end of the Russo-Japanese War, it was the beginning of the Imperial Defense Policy that Aritomo YAMAGATA reviewed the action policy of the Japanese army if the war between Great Britain and the Russian Empire should start.
Japanese: 日露戦争終結直後の1905年8月日英同盟の改訂が行われた事を受けて、イギリスとロシア帝国との間で開戦となった場合の日本軍の対処方針について山縣有朋を中心に検討したのがルーツとされている。
English: The possibility of the war was lost due to the conclusion of the Triple Entente and the Russo-Japanese Agreement, but Yamagata who regarded it as the golden opportunity to break through the situation of 'Navy is a major, Army is a minor' in the longtime national defense, aimed at the final draft of the formulation.
Japanese: その後、三国協商・日露協約締結によってその可能性は失われたものの、長年の国防における「海主陸従」状態の打破の好機と見ていた山縣はあくまでも策定の成案を目指した。
English: It was the draft by Giichi TANAKA who was a Lieutenant Colonel of the army based on the Yamagata's draft.
Japanese: 山縣の原案を元に当時陸軍中佐であった田中義一が草案を作成したものであった。
English: The navy side also drew up a similar plan against this, and the Army and Navy submitted the plans.
Japanese: 海軍側もこれに対抗して同様の計画を作成して陸海軍揃って提出するに至ったのである。
English: Considering the imagined enemies as Russia, the United States of America, German, and France, the army demanded 25 divisions in peace time and 50 divisions in wartime, and the navy demanded the deployment of 8 battleships and 8 armor-clad cruisers.
Japanese: 仮想敵国をロシア・アメリカ・ドイツ・フランスとし、陸軍は平時25個師団・戦時50師団体制を、海軍は八八艦隊の創設を謳っていた。
English: Then Prime Minister Kinmochi SAIONJI was permitted only to give advice on the policy for national defense and to access the required military force, and for the tactics manifesto, his involvement was blocked on the strength of the supreme command.
Japanese: 当時の西園寺公望内閣総理大臣は、国防方針への意見と所要兵力の閲覧のみが許され、用兵綱領に関しては統帥権を盾に関与が阻まれた。
English: To exclude the prime minister from the final decisions on the policy for national defense meant that the implementation of the policy could not be guaranteed by the government and, in fact, adding two more divisions was rejected due to the financial problem.
Japanese: だが、国防方針の最終決定から首相を排除したことは、逆に政府から国防方針の実行を迫る保証が取れなくなってしまう事を意味し、実際に2個師団増設問題を財政問題を理由に拒絶されるなどの問題点も浮上した。
English: With the firm commitment to enlarge the military force, it became a problem that the situation of the imagined enemies did not reflect the circumstances surrounding Japan.
Japanese: また、軍事力強化を優先する余り、仮想敵国の状況が現実の日本を取り囲む状況を反映しないというという点も問題とされた。
English: (In the revision in 1918, the assumption of Germany's victory and the military alliance between Germany and Russia in the First World War brought the problem to put the policy back on the drawing board due to the Russia Revolution.)
Japanese: （大正7年の改訂では、当初第一次世界大戦において、ドイツの勝利と独露軍事同盟を想定してロシア革命で白紙に戻すという事態を招いている。）
English: Therefore, in the revision in 1918 and in 1923, the military submitted the policy to the Cabinet and requested the agreement, and in the revision in 1936, it showed willingness to compromise with the government to formulate a coherent imagined enemy based on the opinion from the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Japanese: このため、大正7年と12年の改定では閣議に提出して同意を求め、昭和11年の改定では外務大臣(日本)に意見を求めて整合性のある仮想敵策定を行うなど、軍側から政府へと歩み寄る姿勢も見せた。
English: The Imperial Defense Policy was revised in 1918, in 1923, and in 1936, but there were no significant changes.
Japanese: 帝国国防方針は大正7年、12年、昭和11年に改定されたが大きな変化はなかった。
English: However, the order of the imagined enemies had been changed from Russia, the United States of America, and China to the United States, China, and the Soviet Union, and in the third revision, it was changed to the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China.
Japanese: ただし仮想敵国はロシア・アメリカ・中国から、アメリカ・中国・ソ連、第三回の改定ではアメリカ・ソ連・イギリス・中国に順序が若干変化した。
English: The Guidelines for Imperial tactics' and 'the Annual operation plan' were drawn up based on the Imperial Defense Policy.
Japanese: この帝国国防方針に基づいて、「帝国軍ノ用兵要領」、さらに「年度作戦計画」が作成された。
English: The policy for national defense formulated on April 4, 1907, stated two points; to firstly expand the sovereign right as the national goal based on a national virtue which was the opening of Japan, and to promote national interests and people's welfare.
Japanese: 明治40年4月4日に初めて策定された国防方針においては、まず国家目標として開国進取の国是に則って国権の拡張を図り、国利民福の増進に勤める二点にと定められた。
English: The national strategy based on the national goal was specified to protect and expand the interests which were implanted in Manchuria and the Korean Empire and the development of resources of a nation which was extending to the Southeast Asia and China.
Japanese: そしてこの国家目標に基づく国家戦略としては、満州及び大韓帝国に扶植した利権と東南アジア・中国に拡張しつつある民力の発展の擁護と拡張であると定められたのだった。
English: Therefore, the policy for national defense stated that the national defense by the Imperial Army would take the offensive against countries that attempted to violate Japan's national strategy in East Asia, and clearly rejected the defense-only policy due to the establishment of interests in Manchuria and Korea.
Japanese: したがって国防方針は帝国軍の国防は東アジアにおいて日本の国家戦略を侵害しようとする国に対して攻勢を取ることを定め、さらに満州や韓国に利権を扶植したので、国土での専守防衛を明確に否定している。
English: The official text of the policy for the national defense on June 29, 1918, was incinerated at the end of the war, and the contents of the policy were conjectured with the relevant documents.
Japanese: 大正7年6月29日の国防方針の正文は終戦時の焼却処分で失われ、その内容は関連資料による推測に依存している。
English: Since there was no great change in the national goals which were the opening of Japan and the promotion of national interests and people's welfare, and in the national strategy which was the invasion of China and Southeast Asian in the previous policy, the policy was not significantly changed.
Japanese: 以前の国防方針で定められた開国進取や国利民福の国家目標や中国・東南アジアへの進出という国家戦略に大きな変化が見られなかったために国防方針も大きく変化するものではなかった。
English: However, the First World War influenced the Japanese military doctrine and Japan recognized the need for all-out war system.
Japanese: しかしながら第一次世界大戦は日本の軍事ドクトリンに影響し、総力戦体制の必要性が認識されるようになっている。
English: The policies described in the revision of February 28, 1923 were prioritized according to the following order: national virtue, national goal, national strategy, and policy for national defense.
Japanese: 大正12年2月28日の改定においては、従来の国是、国家目標、国家戦略、国防方針の順序で記述された。
English: Although consistency in the political strategies was emphasized, the national virtue and the national strategy were omitted, and they were summarized as the principal doctrine for national defense.
Japanese: 政戦略の一致が重視されていたが、国是や国家戦略が省略され、国防の本義として要約される形となっている。
English: The primordial doctrine was described only the guarantee of independence, the protection of national interests and sovereign right, the national development, and the promotion of people's welfare as the national goal in principle, and there was no specific definition for the national strategy as before.
Japanese: 国防の本義は国防の目的として自主独立の保障、国利国権の擁護、国家の発展、国民の福祉増進という原則的な記述にとどまり、国家戦略の部分については従来のような具体的な記述はない。
English: As the military doctrine it emphasized the offensive of short-term operation with consideration of all-out war.
Japanese: また軍事ドクトリンとしては総力戦に配慮しながらも短期決戦の攻勢が強調されている。
English: The military doctrine of the offensive operations was stated which were to beware of foreign countries where conflicts occurred after avoiding international isolation, to endeavor to have an advantage in the war with a close alliance while preventing the enemy countries from uniting, and to defeat the enemies in a foreign country and bring the war a rapid end.
Japanese: また国際的な孤立を回避した上で対立がもっとも激しい外国に対しては警戒し、敵国が結合することを防ぎながら同盟を密接にして戦争遂行で優位に立つように努め、敵を海外において撃破して速やかに終結するという攻勢作戦の軍事ドクトリンが述べられている。
English: In the revision on June 3, 1936, it was constructed from the previous revised version; the national virtue, national goal, and national strategy were summarized as the primordial doctrine for the national defense.
Japanese: 昭和11年6月3日の改定では前回の改定から国是、国家目標、国家戦略が国防の本義としてまとめられる構成となっている。
English: The primordial doctrine for the national defense was the principal which was to enhance the national authority and to promote economic prosperity.
Japanese: その国防の本義とは、国家の権威を高めることと経済的な繁栄にあるという原則的な記述となった。
English: And the policy for national defense stated to ensure national development in diplomacy and to set first-strike principal and short-term operation in a military contingency as the military doctrine.
Japanese: そして国防方針は外交で国家の発展を確保し、その上で有事においては先制主義と短期決戦を軍事ドクトリンとすることが定められた。
English: Preparation for military force in peace time which was necessary for the short-term operation was emphasized with consideration of long-drawn-out and all-out war.
Japanese: また持久戦・総力戦に配慮しながらも短期決戦に必要な平時における軍事力の準備が強調されている。
English: The Incident of Kunitake KUME was the incident in which a thesis, 'Shinto wa saiten no kozoku' (Shinto Is a Remnant of the Ancient Custom of Worshiping Heaven) was reprinted in 1892, in "Shikai" (Ocean of History) which Ukichi TAGUCHI edited, which caused a problem, and Kume lost his position as professor at the Imperial University.
Japanese: 久米邦武筆禍事件（くめくにたけひっかじけん）とは、久米邦武の論文「神道ハ祭天ノ古俗」を1892年（明治25年）に田口卯吉が主宰する『史海』に転載したのをきっかけに問題となり、帝国大学教授職を辞することとなった事件。
English: This incident raised a question on the relationship between the academic (especially, historical) freedom and the nation's political system.
Japanese: この問題は、学問の自由（特に歴史学）と国体とのかかわり方について一石を投じた。
English: He wrote, 'I read the article and believed that true Shintoists in our country must not be silent with this article, if they keep quiet over this issue, I shall assume that they must be overwhelmed.' and provoked the Shintoist.
Japanese: 「余ハ此篇ヲ読ミ、私ニ我邦現今ノアル神道熱心家ハ決シテ緘黙スベキ場合ニアラザルヲ思フ、若シ彼等ニシテ尚ホ緘黙セバ余ハ彼等ハ全ク閉口シタルモノト見做サザルベカラズ」と述べ、神道家を挑発する。
English: On February 28, 1892, Jikyu KURAMOCHI, Sadao HONGO, Tatsuji FUJINO, and Morio HANYUDA who were Shintoist pressed Kunitake KUME on the issue.
Japanese: 1892年2月28日　神道家の倉持治休、本郷貞雄、藤野達二、羽生田守雄は久米邦武に詰め寄る。
English: On March 5, 1892, the 23rd, 24th, and 25th issues of the "Journal of the Historical Science", the second edition, and the 8th issue of "Shikai" were banned from publication, and it finally came to a tentative settlement.
Japanese: 1892年3月5日　『史学雑誌』第二編第23、24、25号及び『史海』第8号に発禁処分となり、一応の決着となる。
English: And on the following day, it was decided the History Compilation Bureau was abolished and on April 7, Arata HAMAO, the president of Imperial University, was notified of the decision of the abolishment.
Japanese: そして、翌日、史誌編纂掛を廃止を決定し、4月7日に帝国大学総長浜尾新に通達する。
English: Stone axes were a kind of stone tools that were axes made of stone attached to wooden handle.
Japanese: 石斧（せきふ・いしおの）は石器の一種で、木の柄に取り付けた石製の斧。
English: Stone axes were mainly used for felling of trees, soil digging and farming in the Paleolithic period, the Jomon period and the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 旧石器時代・縄文時代・弥生時代時代において主に樹木の伐採や土掘り、農耕用として使われた。
English: In pre-earthenware culture stone axes were called 'ax-shaped stone tool' or 'elliptic stone tool,' and these were made by striking the nearby spots of flat pebble or broken pieces that big gravel shattered into.
Japanese: 先土器文化における石斧は「斧形石器」「楕円形石器」と呼ばれているが、扁平な円礫あるいは大きな礫を打ち割った剥片の周辺を打撃して形を整えたものである。
English: From the end of pre-earthenware period to the beginning of the Jomon period, single-edged mikoshiba-style stone axes that assumed the sectional triangular or semi cylindrical shapes became popular.
Japanese: 先土器時代の末期から縄文時代の草創期にかけては断面三角形またはカマボコ形を呈する片刃の御子柴型石斧が盛行する。
English: These are believed to be the relics deeply connected with Russian maritime provinces and Siberian region.
Japanese: これはロシア沿海州やシベリア地方との関連の深い遺物と考えられている。
English: Partly ground stone axes of which edge part was ground in the Paleolithic period gradually disappeared.
Japanese: 旧石器時代からの刃部のみの研磨された局部磨製石斧はだんだん姿を消していく。
English: A technique for cutting by rubbing based on grindstone shaped tool was developed from the beginning to the early Jomon period in Northern Japan.
Japanese: 縄文時代早期から前期にかけての北日本では、砥石状工具を用いた擦切技法（すりきりぎほう）が発展する。
English: Although regularly curved stone axes also appeared with the stone axes based on the technique for cutting by rubbing, it is in the end of the middle Jomon period that these stone axes had regular shape with wide diffusion and a large amount of excavation.
Japanese: 擦切技法の石斧とともに定角式磨製石斧も現れるが、この石斧が定型的な形を持ち、広い分布と出土量の多さを示してくるのは縄文中期末頃である。
English: In the late Jomon period miniature ground stone axes with the length of 2 to 2.5 centimeters appeared.
Japanese: 縄文後期になると、長さ2～2.5cmの磨製石斧のミニチュアがみられるようになる。
English: Many of them were small but very elaborate, and well-polished and beautiful ones increased.
Japanese: 小さいながらきわめて精巧にできているものが多く、研磨も行き届いて美麗なものが増える。
English: Because in the end of the Jomon period occult relics developed remarkably, it was believed that ground stone axes increased the meaning as ceremonial vessels and accessories.
Japanese: 縄文後期・晩期になると呪術的な遺物が著しく発達することからも、磨製石斧も儀器や装飾品としての意味合いを濃くしたものと考えられる。
English: On the other hand, as for chipped stone axes single-edged stone axes of which sharp broken side was blade area, in the form of shamisen (a three-stringed Japanese banjo) stick, were found in the Northern Japan in the end of the early Jomon period, and these are called 'direct blade ax' or 'tranche-style stone tool,' and these are believed to be used as 'hand ax' in the following times.
Japanese: いっぽう打製石斧は、縄文時代早期末に、三味線の撥（バチ）に似た形状で、鋭い剥離面を刃部とした片刃の石斧が北日本にみられ、それは「直刃斧」あるいは「トランシェ様石器」といわれ、後世の「手斧」のような使用が考えられる。
English: After the middle of the middle Jomon period the number of chipped stone axes increased explosively in the Kanto and Chubu regions; many of these assumed the reed, plectrum or counterweight shapes, and not suitable for 'axes' that were vertically brought down.
Japanese: 縄文中期中葉以降、関東地方や中部地方では打製石斧の数量が爆発的に増加するが、形状は短冊形、撥形、分銅形のものが多く、これらは垂直に打ち下ろす「斧」には向いていない。
English: These chipped stone axes were believed to be digging tools because there were other tools more suitable for felling such as mortar shaped ground stone ax or regularly curved ground stone ax.
Japanese: 乳棒状磨製石斧や定角式磨製石斧など伐採具に適した道具が他にあることからも土掘りの道具と考えられている。
English: Partly ground stone axes in the Paleolithic period were used for a wide range of applications such as hunting and disorganizing large-size animals, felling and cutting of trees, and soil digging; that these were partly ground was because when ax was pulled out of the soil and trees, these were able to be pulled out more smoothly.
Japanese: 旧石器時代の局部磨製石斧は、大型獣の狩猟や解体、木の伐採や切断、土掘りなど多目的に用いたもので、局部を磨いたのは土や木から斧を抜き取る際、いくらかでもスムーズに抜けるよう工夫したものであろう。
English: When permanent residence became common in the Jomon period, chipped stone axes, ground stone axes, and stone axes that were various in size and shape were manufactured for various purposes.
Japanese: 縄文時代に入って定住生活が一般化すると、用途に応じた打製石斧・磨製石斧、大小や形状さまざまの石斧がつくられるようになった。
English: Although once some people spoke on 'farming in the Jomon period' on the basis of this, we can at least safely say from this that gathering root and stalk held the important position in lives of people in the Jomon period.
Japanese: このことからかつて「縄文農耕」が唱えられたこともあったが、少なくとも根茎類採集が生活において重要な位置を占めるに至ったことを示すものであることは確かとみられる。
English: The world's largest ground stone ax (made of green tuff) with the length of 60.2 centimeters and weight of 4.4 kilograms was unearthed from the Uwahaba-iseki Remains of Higashinaruse Village, Akita Prefecture.
Japanese: 秋田県東成瀬村の上掵遺跡からは、長さ60.2cm、重さ4.4kgの世界最大級の磨製石斧（緑色凝灰岩製）が出土している。
English: Although it is regarded as a relic in the early Jomon period, it showed no sign of having been used, so it is seen as a relic for religious service.
Japanese: 縄文時代前期の遺物とみられるが、使用痕跡もなく、祭祀のための遺物と考えられる。
English: Ground stone ax made of pumice was unearthed from the Kitakogane-kaizuka Shell Mounds of Date City, Hokkaido Prefecture.
Japanese: 北海道伊達市(北海道)の北黄金貝塚からは、軽石製の磨製石斧が出土している。
English: Some cartoons such as 'GON, THE STONE-AGE BOY' depicts the scene such as characters uses the tools in which stone ax is fastened to wood handle with string, for capture and killing of animals or fighting; however, only fastening to wooden handle with string is insufficient in strength and durability and unavailable.
Japanese: 「ギャートルズ」など一部の漫画で、木の柄に紐で石斧をくくり付けた道具が、動物の捕殺や闘争などに使われる場面が描かれているが、柄に紐で固定しただけでは強度・耐久性が不充分で使用に耐えない。
English: From the early to the middle of the Paleolithic period, stone tools called Akufu (hand axes) were found in great numbers in Europe.
Japanese: 旧石器時代前期から中期にかけて、握斧（あくふ　handaxe）と呼ばれる石器がヨーロッパなどで多数見つかっている。
English: Akufu resembled stone axes in shape, and Akufu were used for a variety of applications: Literally gripping these to dig the soil, disorganize animals and shave wood.
Japanese: 形は石斧によく似ているが、文字通り手に握って、土を掘ったり動物を解体したり木を削ったり、その他多様な用途に用いられたと考えられる。
English: The original stone axes fit into wood handle appeared after the late Paleolithic period.
Japanese: 木の柄にはめ込んだ本来の石斧が現われるのは後期旧石器時代に入ってからである。
English: Sekizoku was developed as the usage of Yumiya (a bow and arrow) started in the Jomon period and it was used during Jomon and Yayoi periods mainly as a hunting tool.
Japanese: 縄文時代に弓矢の使用とともに現れ、縄文・弥生時代時代において主に狩猟具として使われた。
English: Sekizoku is classified into three structural types depending on the shape of ki-hen (the base); Hei-ki (flat base), which had a straight base, concave base, which had a depression, and convex base, which had a projection.
Japanese: 石鏃を、底辺（基辺）の形状が直線になっているものを平基、くぼむものを凹基、突出するものを凸基の3種に分けられる。
English: Sekizoku can be also classified into the following four types depending on the presence or absence of nakago (a stem; a projection area); the flat base type (without nakago), the concave base type (without nakago), the convex base type without nakago, the convex base type (with nakago).
Japanese: 更に、茎（なかご）の有無で分けると、全体を平基（無茎）式、凹基（無茎）式、凸基無茎式、凸基有茎式の4形式に分類することができる。
English: Konohagata (a leaf-shape) Sentoki was used as a lance and Yuzetsu Sentoki (points with projection) was used as a dart.
Japanese: 木葉形尖頭器が突槍(lance)で、有舌尖頭器が投げ槍(dart)である。
English: On the other hand, arrowheads of the mid-Yayoi period in the Kinki region were made to be thick and heavy and most were leaf-shaped while some were triangular-shaped.
Japanese: それに比べ、弥生時代中頃の近畿地方の鏃は分厚くて重く、中には三角形のものもあるが、大多数は木の葉型である。
English: Arrowheads of the early Jomon period were made light, so they were able to fly fast and far to hunt deer and wild boar effectively.
Japanese: 縄文時代にはシカやイノシシを獲るには軽く、速く、遠くへ飛ぶ鏃で充分有効であった。
English: Light weight arrowheads were used until beginning of the Yayoi period; however, the bigger and heavier arrowheads which could penetrate deeper started to be used in the Kinki region between the first century before Christ and the first century of the Christian era.
Japanese: しかし、弥生時代に入っても初めのうちは軽い鏃を使っていたが、紀元前1世紀から1世紀ごろの近畿地方から香川県にかけて形が大きく重さも重くなり、深く突き刺さる鏃が現れるようになった。
English: The majority of Sekizoku weighed less than two grams and was between one and three centimeters in size throughout the time until the beginning of the Jomon period to the beginning of the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 石鏃は、縄文の初めから弥生前期まで一貫して大多数が2グラム未満、1～3センチメートルの範囲に収まっている。
English: These findings revealed that there were no major changes in the overall design of hunting equipment for a long period of time.
Japanese: このことから、長期にわたって狩猟具が、特に大きな変化がなかったといえる。
English: Sekizoku, which was easy to penetrate deeper, suddenly appeared in the Kinki region during the Yayoi period as upland settlements were built and many of such Sekizoku have been unearthed.
Japanese: それが突如として弥生中期に、深く突き刺さりやすい形の石鏃が高地性集落の出現とともに近畿地方に出現し、大量に出土している。
English: A human skeleton embedded many arrowheads were found inside the Kamekan (an earthenware jar-coffin) in the Yoshinogari Ruins.
Japanese: 吉野ヶ里遺跡で発掘された甕棺の中から多くの鏃が突き刺さった一体の人骨が見つかっている。
English: 10 arrowheads made from partially grinded stone, chipped stones, or shark teeth were embedded in the skeleton.
Japanese: それらの鏃は、部分的に磨いた石鏃、打製の石鏃、サメの牙で造った鏃などが10本刺さっていた。
English: Picture shows a Sekizoku without a projection (Mukei Sekizoku), although there are Sekizoku that have a projection opposite the pointed top of an arrowhead and these are called Yukei Sekizoku (Sekizoku with projection).
Japanese: 写真は突起をともなわない石鏃（無茎石鏃）であるが、矢の先端の反対側に突起（茎）をもつものもあり、これは有茎石鏃と呼ばれる。
English: Sekizoku during the Jomon period was produced by chipping an ore followed by sharpening it to the form of Sekizoku.
Japanese: 縄文時代では、原石を打ち欠いて剥片をつくり、それに細部の調整を加えて製作した。
English: It is thought that Sekizoku was attached to the shaft by tying it to tubulous plants in its hollow areas using string.
Japanese: 矢柄（やがら）への取り付けは、管状の植物の凹み部分などを利用し、ヒモなどで縛ったものであろうと考えられる。
English: For Yukei Sekizoku, it is thought that the projection was attached to the depression area to increase the strength.
Japanese: 有茎石鏃の場合は、突起部分を凹み部分とかみあわせて強度を増したものであろう。
English: Moreover, asphalt was often detected on Sekizoku pieces found in the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions; thus, natural asphalt from oil mines in the Akita Prefecture is thought to be distributed throughout northern Japan by trade.
Japanese: なお、東北・北海道地方では、石鏃からアスファルトが検出される場合も多く、秋田県の油田から湧出する天然アスファルトが交易の結果、北日本一帯に流通していたことが判明している。
English: Sekizoku is thought to be attached to the top part of a rotary-type separation head harpoon (a bone tool) when it was used as a fishing tool.
Japanese: その場合は、骨角器である回転式離頭銛の先端に付けたものと考えられている。
English: However, chipped stone tools similar to Yukei Sekizoku, excluding its thick base (projected part) and poor construction, were seldom excavated.
Japanese: しかし、沿岸部ではまれに有茎石鏃に似ているが基部（茎の部分）が太く、粗いつくりの打製石器が出土することがある。
English: Sekisen are rarely found; therefore, many of its details including the usage, are not clear.
Japanese: 石銛は出土量そのものが乏しいので、使用法も含めて解明されていない部分が多い。
English: Aikyu is a term meaning a form of territory in the early-modern times when the murauke system (a system of village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) was established.
Japanese: 相給（あいきゅう）は村請制が確立した近世期における領知の一形態を表す言葉である。
English: Although this ownership form was also found in territories of court nobles, temples and shrines, and vassals of domains, it was most typically found in Kanto region where chigyo-chi (territories) of the hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with a small stipend (fiefdom) were concentrated, because the Edo bakufu obliged them to live in Edo (except for those assigned to provinces) in order to ensure the control of them.
Japanese: 公家や寺社、諸藩の家臣の所領にも存在するが、最も代表的なのは江戸幕府が旗本の支配を確実にする事と彼らの江戸居住（地方在勤者を除く）を義務付けたために、小禄旗本の知行地（知行所）が集中した関東地方に多く見られる。
English: Aikyu was the form of ownership used for not only the territory of hatamoto, but also that of territorial lords, temples and shrines, and the bakufu.
Japanese: 領主の種類は旗本には限定されず、諸大名、諸寺社、幕府領、そして旗本領などで構成された。