nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: No one had been appointed as either a regent or a chancellor for a long time after Mototsune's death, but considering the Emperor's youth, Tadahira was appointed as a regent when Emperor Suzaku (the son of his sister, FUJIWARA no Onshi) succeeded to the throne in 930.
Japanese: 延長8年（930年）に朱雀天皇（姉の藤原穏子の子）が即位すると、基経の没後は長く摂政関白が置かれなかったが新帝が幼少であるため摂政に任じられた。
English: In 936 he became the grand minister of state, and by 939 his status was equal to that of the three empresses.
Japanese: 承平6年（936年）太政大臣に昇り、天慶2年（939年）准三后となる。
English: He resigned from the regency after Emperor Suzaku's coming-of-age in 941, but he was entrusted by imperial edict with the continuing management of court affairs and was appointed to serve as the chancellor.
Japanese: 天慶4年（941年）朱雀天皇が元服しため摂政を辞すが、詔して引き続き万機を委ねられ、関白に任じられた。
English: During this period TAIRA no Masakado, who had once served in his household, together with his distant relative FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, rose up in the rebellions of the Shohei and Tengyo eras, but in the end they were put down.
Japanese: この間かっての家人、平将門と遠戚である藤原純友による承平天慶の乱が起きたが、いずれも最終的には鎮圧された。
English: When Emperor Murakami succeeded to the throne in 946, he continued to govern as the chancellor.
Japanese: 天慶9年（946年）村上天皇が即位すると引き続き関白として朝政を執った。
English: He was old by this time and was prone to illness; consequently, he often requested to be allowed to resign, but each time he was persuaded not to do so.
Japanese: この頃には老齢して病がちになり、しばしば致仕（引退）を願うが、その都度慰留されている。
English: There is a theory that he was out of favor with the eldest brother Tokihira, because his wife, MINAMOTO no Junshi, was the daughter (or the adopted daughter by some theories) of Emperor Uda, and because he was on good terms with the Emperor's close advisor SUGAWARA no Michizane, both of whom were in conflict with Tokihira. (It is also possible that Junshi was Michizane's niece; see MINAMOTO no Junshi for the details.)
Japanese: 妻・源順子は宇多天皇の皇女（養女とする説もある）であり、宇多天皇側近であった菅原道真とも親交があった（順子が道真の姪であった可能性がある。詳細は源順子を参照のこと）ために、宇多天皇や道真と対立していた長兄・時平からは疎んじられていたという説がある。
English: It is said that after the deaths of his brother Tokihira and MINAMOTO no Hikaru (a court noble), who together had undermined Michizane, when Emperor Daigo became prone to illness and his father, the Cloistered Emperor Uda, returned to government, Tadahira achieved rapid advancement as his advisor.
Japanese: 逆に兄・時平や共に道真を陥れた源光(公卿)が亡くなり、醍醐天皇が病気がちとなり、天皇の父である宇多法皇が再び国政に関与するようになると、忠平は法皇の相談役として急速な出世を遂げたと言う。
English: In fact, through the deaths of these two he had reached the highest court rank at the age of just 35, retaining that rank for 35 years until he passed away; moreover, due to his longevity (considered impressive for the time) Tadahira and his descendants became the direct line of descent in place of Tokihira and succeeded to the posts of regent and chancellor until the beginning of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 実際前述の2人の死により、早くも35歳にして臣下最高位となり、死去するまで35年間その地位を維持したが、当時としては長寿を全うした事で忠平とその子孫は時平に代わって嫡流となり、摂関職を明治時代開幕まで継承することとなった。
English: It is also said that the early restoration of Michizane's reputation was attributable not only to 'Michizane's vengeful ghost' but also to the conflict between Tadahira and the deceased Tokihira.
Japanese: そして、道真の名誉回復が早い時期に実現したのも「道真怨霊説」だけでなく、亡き時平と忠平との確執が背景にあったと言われている。
English: He had since childhood been known for his intelligence, and when his father Mototsune was about to build the Gokuraku-ji Temple Tadahira pointed out a certain spot, saying, 'If you build a Buddhist temple, this is the place.'
Japanese: 幼くして聡明で知られ、父の基経が極楽寺を建てたとき、忠平は「仏閣を建てるならばこの地しかありません」と一所を指さした。
English: Then, seeing Tadahira at a lower seat, the physiognomist pointed him out and praised him highly, saying, 'Spirit, cleverness, knowledge, appearance: he is outstanding in them all; so, if there is anyone who will serve the court for a long time and maintain its glory and respect, this is him.'
Japanese: ところが、下座にあった忠平を見て、相工はこれを指さして「神識才貌、全てが良い。長く朝廷に仕えて、栄貴を保つのはこの人であろう」と絶賛した。
English: The Cloistered Emperor Uda already liked Tadahira, and after hearing this story he prized him all the more and had his princess (MINAMOTO no Junshi) marry him beneath her rank ("Kojidan" (Talks of Ancient Matters)").
Japanese: 宇多法皇はかねてから忠平を好んでいたが、この話を聞いて、ますます重んじ、皇女（源順子）を降嫁せしめたという（『古事談』）。
English: It is also said that Tadahira was so generous and full of affection that there was no one who did not mourn his death ("Eiga monogatari (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes)").
Japanese: 忠平はまた、寛大で慈愛が深かったので、その死を惜しまぬものはなかったという（『栄花物語』）。
English: Gozan Bungaku (the Literature of the Five Mountains) was literature in Chinese developed in Zen temples from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 五山文学（ござんぶんがく）は、鎌倉時代末期から室町時代にかけて禅宗寺院で行われた漢文学である。
English: Literature occupied a very important place in the Zen temples of the Northern Song and Yuan dynasties, and once the Zen style was introduced to Japan by monks who had been to the Song and Yuan, there was a collective rise in literary aspirations.
Japanese: 北宋元(王朝)禅林においても文学が占める位置は非常に大きかったが、入宋僧や入元僧らにより、その禅風が伝来すると、こぞって文学志向が高揚することとなった。
English: Accordingly, and in addition to the necessity of drafting the shogunate's diplomatic documents, it was considered important to compose hogo (Zen instructional literature) and Chinese poems written in shirokubun (a style of alternating four- and six-character lines), whereby the Literature of the Five Mountains flourished in Kamakura Gozan and Kyoto Gozan (the five great Zen temples of Kamakura and Kyoto).
Japanese: 鎌倉五山や京都五山（京五山）では、幕府の外交文書を起草するという必要性も伴い、四六文を用いた法語や漢詩を作る才が重視されたことも関係して、五山文学が栄えることとなった。
English: The representative miscellanies of prose and poetry include "Kugeshu (Sky Flowers Collection)," by Gido Shushin, "Shokenko," by Zekkai Chushin, etc.
Japanese: 代表的な詩文集に、義堂周信の『空華集』、絶海中津の『蕉堅稿』などがある。
English: Particularly in the late fourteenth century, Shunoku Myoha and others actively expanded the activity of printing at Unkyo-an in Tenryu-ji Temple and at Rinsen-ji Temple in Kyoto.
Japanese: とりわけ、14世紀後半、京都の天龍寺雲居庵や、臨川寺で、春屋妙葩らが盛んに出版活動を展開した。
English: Most of them were the reprinted editions of the Song or Yuan printings that had been introduced into Japan; many of them depict the past, and they are of great value as materials in studying woodblock printing.
Japanese: その大多数は、日本に伝わった宋版や元版を覆刻したものであり、古様を伝えるものも多く、版本学的な資料価値が非常に高い。
English: FUJIWARA no Kinzane (1053 - December 29, 1107) was a court noble and poet of Heian period.
Japanese: 藤原公実（ふじわらのきんざね、天喜元年（1053年）-嘉承2年11月14日(旧暦)（1107年12月29日））は、平安時代の公卿、歌人。
English: Among his brothers and sisters were FUJIWARA no Yasuzane, FUJIWARA no Nakazane and FUJIWARA no Ishi (Emperor Horikawa's concubine and mother of Emperor Toba).
Japanese: 弟妹に、藤原保実・藤原仲実と、藤原苡子（堀河天皇女御、鳥羽天皇生母）らがいる。
English: Because Emperor Shirakawa was his cousin, he was deeply trusted by the Imperial Court and served Emperor Horikawa as a trusted vassal, while his wife FUJIWARA no Mitsuko served as a wet nurse for the emperors Horikawa and Toba.
Japanese: 白河天皇とは従兄弟に当たるため朝廷の信任も篤く、堀河天皇に近臣として仕え、妻藤原光子は堀河・鳥羽二代の乳母となった。
English: He was also very active in poetry circles, composing a poem for the imperial collection of 1105, "Horikawa-in On-toki Hyakushu Waka" (Horikawa Hundred Poems); additionally, his poem was chosen for the Goshui wakashu, the fourth imperial anthology of waka poetry, which was edited while he was still alive.
Japanese: 歌壇でも活躍し、長治2年(1105年)頃奏覧の『堀河院御時百首和歌』に出詠し、生前編纂された第四勅撰後拾遺和歌集の作者にもなった。
English: According to an anecdote told about Kinzane, when his nephew acceded to the throne as Emperor Toba in 1107, Kinzane insisted that, as the father of the young Emperor's wife, he himself should become the emperor's regent rather than the head of the Fujiwara regent's line, FUJIWARA no Tadazane (who he despised for his youth), but MINAMOTO no Toshiakira, the superintendant of the court of the retired Emperor Shirakawa, refused his demand, saying, 'How foolish you are to desire to become regent now, having held the rank of shodaibu through four generations of emperors.'
Japanese: 公実の逸話として、嘉承2年（1107年）に甥が鳥羽天皇として即位した時、彼は摂関家の当主藤原忠実の若年なるを侮って、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自らこそ摂政に就任すべしと主張し、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴されたという話がある。
English: However, Kinzane's power and influence were directly reflected in the success of his children （Saneyuki SANJO became the grand minister of state, Saneyoshi TOKUDAIJI became the minister of the right and the youngest daughter, FUJIWARA no Shoshi, became the empress to Emperor Toba).
Japanese: しかし、公実の権勢は、その子供たちの出世にそのまま反映された（三条実行は太政大臣、徳大寺実能は右大臣、末娘藤原璋子は鳥羽天皇中宮）。
English: Kinzane was also the common ancestor of three of the nine Seiga court families: the Sanjo family, the Saionji family and the Tokudaiji family.
Japanese: 公実はまた、三条家・西園寺家・徳大寺家の三清華家の共通の祖先である。
English: "Azuma Kagami" is a history book completed in the Japanese medieval times, or the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』（あづまかがみ）とは、日本の中世・鎌倉時代に成立した歴史書。
English: It is the primary historical material used in Kamakura period research, although some of the dates were compiled inaccurately, and there are also misrepresentations in its writing done to justify the Hojo-Tokuso family, the main line of the Hojo family.
Japanese: 年を間違えて編集している処、また北条得宗家の正当化の為の曲筆など注意が必要なものの、鎌倉時代を研究する上での前提となる基本史料である。
English: It is unknown what the book was called when it was originally completed, but there is a conjecture that the title was 'Kamakura Jiki,' which can be seen in a letter preserved in the Kanazawa Library.
Japanese: 編纂された当時になんと呼ばれていたのかは不明であるが、金沢文庫に残る書状に「鎌倉治記」と出てくるのがそれではないかとの説もある。
English: The book starts where Prince Mochihito's order issued on April 9, 1180 is sent to the Hojo manor house in Izu where MINAMOTO no Yoritomo stays.
Japanese: 1180年（治承4年）4月9日東国の武士に挙兵を以仁王の令旨が出され、それが源頼朝の居る伊豆の北条館に届くところから始まる。
English: The work was written in a mixed writing style of Japanese and Chinese loanwords or passages just like diaries written by court nobles, and it takes the form of a chronicle of the Kamakura shogun, containing records of 87 years, which begin with the Jisho-Juei War through the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Jokyu Disturbance, until the middle of the 13th century of Imperial Prince Munetaka's arrival at Kyoto on July 20, 1266, who was a retired shogun expelled from Kamakura.
Japanese: そしてその後の治承・寿永の乱、鎌倉幕府成立、承久の乱を経て13世紀半ば、鎌倉を追われた前将軍宗尊親王が京都に到着する1266年（文永3年）7月20日の条までの87年間を、武家政権や社会の動きを鎌倉幕府将軍の年代記というスタイルで、貴族の日記と同じように和風漢文で記述されている。
English: According to the Hojobon, which is to be mentioned later, out of a total of 52 volumes, Yoritomo takes the part of the main character in the first 15, and the reign of the Minamoto clan which spanned three generations is dealt with in subsequent volumes up to the 24th.
Japanese: 後に述べる北条本をベースとすれば、全52巻の内15巻までが頼朝を主人公とし、24巻までが源氏三代。
English: The book shows respect to Yoritomo to some extent, but sometimes severe comments are made about the Minamoto clan's reign.
Japanese: また源氏三代については、頼朝にはそれなりの敬意は払っているもののかなり手厳しいところもある。
English: Hisashi HOSHINO, who published "A Review of Azuma Kagami" in 1889, was the first historian who regarded "Azuma Kagami" as an important historical material.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』を重要な歴史史料として最初に評価したのは1889年（明治22年）に『吾妻鏡考』を発表した歴史学者の星野恒である。
English: Nine years later in 1898, Katsuro HARA published "The Nature of Azuma Kagami and Its Worth as a Historical Material," emphasizing the importance of 'criticism of the historical materials' and warning people not to believe them easily and blindly.
Japanese: それから9年後の1898年（明治31年）に、原勝郎(歴史家)は、『吾妻鏡の性質及其史料としての價値』を表し、歴史研究における「史料批判」の重要性を強調して、安易に盲信することへの警鐘を鳴らした。
English: From the late Meiji to Taisho periods, Hidematsu WADA and Kuniji YASHIRO, scholars in The Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University (old Historiographical Office of Tokyo Imperial University), introduced the Yoshikawabon and other variant texts which had been unknown until then.
Japanese: 明治末期から大正時代にかけて、現在の東京大学史料編纂所、当時の帝国大学史料編纂掛の二人の研究者、和田英松と八代国治が、それまでは知られていなかった吉川本その他の諸本を紹介した。
English: Referring to records of Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry, in the Kamakura bakufu and even diaries of the Kamakura bakufu in Kyo, they thought seriously about the question raised by Katsuro HARA and the criticism of the historical materials, revealing that Azuma Kagami wasn't a chronological record as had been originally thought, and was instead compiled in later ages, which means that it contains many errors and misrepresentations in writing.
Japanese: 二人は、原勝郎の問題提起、史料批判をさらに押し進め、それが当初思われていたような逐次記録ではなく、鎌倉幕府の政所や問注所の残る記録のみならず、京の鎌倉幕府の日記類まで参照しながら後世に編纂されたものであり、またそのなかには多くの誤りや曲筆があることを明らかにする。
English: After that, "A Study of Azuma Kagami" written by Kuniji YASHIRO in 1913 had been the primary study of "Azuma Kagami" for a long time.
Japanese: 八代国治が1913年（大正2年）に著した『吾妻鏡の研究』はその後長い間『吾妻鏡』研究のベースとなった。
English: In recent years, a study was conducted by Fumihiko GOMI from 1990 to 2000, which deepened the analysis by Kuniji YASHIRO, considering when and by whom those diaries and the written records which became a foundation of "Azuma Kagami" were written.
Japanese: 近年では1990年から2000年までの五味文彦の研究があり、八代国治の分析を更に進める形で、『吾妻鏡』のベースとなった日記、筆録がどの時代の誰であったかの推論を行う。
English: It was Kuniji YASHIRO and Fumihiko GOMI who conducted an excellent study on the original source material for Azuma Kagami.
Japanese: 吾妻鏡の原資料についての際だった研究を行ったのは、八代国治と五味文彦である。
English: According to Fumihiko GOMI, there are three historical sources for "Azuma Kagami," but the fourth one will also be added here for convenience.
Japanese: 五味文彦は『吾妻鏡』の原史料として3つの類型が浮かび上がるとするが、ここでは説明の都合上、4つ目を追加しておく。
English: Accounts that were handed as evidence or histories of lawsuits by Military Land Stewards, shogun's vassals, temples and shrines, or ones that were offered in accordance with requests.
Japanese: 地頭・御家人、寺社などから多くは訴訟の証拠、由緒として提出された文章や、求めに応じて提供された文章
English: These are considered to be the accounts specially preserved in Mandokoro and Monchujo, or official documents passed down in the officials' houses.
Japanese: 政所や問注所に特別な形で保管されていた文章、あるいは事務官僚の家に伝わった公文書類もあると思われる。
English: The book is basically based on No. 1 to No. 3 mentioned above, but it partly referred to No. 4, diaries of court nobles in Kyo represented by FUJIWARA no Teika's "Meigetsuki," and accounts of incidents occurred in Kyo were sometimes copied word for word into the book.
Japanese: 基本的には上記の1.から3.がベースとなるが、部分的には4.の京の貴族の日記、代表的には藤原定家の『明月記』などから、京での事件などか丸写しされたりもしている。
English: The most important source material will be dealt with in the following order: records of battles, and then each record of shogun, with their distinctions and authors being examined, too.
Japanese: まず1番目のベースとなる原史料の部分をまずは合戦記、それから各将軍記毎に、その特徴も織り交ぜながら、それぞれのベースとなる筆録が誰であったかを見ていく。
English: The parts mentioned most frequently in "Azuma Kagami" would be the ones overlapping with the "Tale of the Heike," and the scenes of the battle of Oshu, the Wada battle, the Jokyu Disturbance, and the Hoji battle.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』の中で一般にもっとも多く参照されるのはちょうど『平家物語』などとかぶる部分、そして奥州合戦、和田合戦、承久の乱、宝治合戦であろう。
English: Although the processes of the battles remain unknown, the descriptions of the battles themselves seem to have been based on the records written by military commissioners to report the grant of honors or distribution of rewards according to the merits, and also on the records of the letters on details of exploits of wars (or distinguished services).
Japanese: 合戦に致る過程についてはともかく、合戦そのものについては、当時の軍奉行がまとめた論功行賞のための合戦記、勲功次第注文などの記録が元になっていると思われる。
English: Among these records, it is almost possible to identify the military commissioners in the battle of Oshu, the Wada battle, and the Jokyu Disturbance.
Japanese: このうち奥州合戦、和田合戦、承久の乱については、ほぼその軍奉行が推定出来る。
English: A military commissioner in the battle of Oshu seems to have been Yukimasa NIKAIDO, in the Wada battle, Yukimasa NIKAIDO's son Yukimura NIKAIDO, and in the Jokyu Disturbance, Mototsuna GOTO.
Japanese: 奥州合戦記は二階堂行政、和田合戦記はその二階堂行政の子二階堂行村、承久合戦記は後藤基綱と思われている。
English: The most difficult time to make an assumption about the kind of source material and its author is between 1180 and 1184, around the time of the Genpei War.
Japanese: ベースとなる原史料の種類・著者を推定することの最も困難な時期が、ちょうど源平合戦の時代1180年から1184年頃である。
English: It can be said that even though the book takes the style of diary, it is not a diary at all.
Japanese: 言えることといえば、日記形式ではあっても絶対に日記ではないというぐらいである。
English: Although it would be the second classification, several writings and family traditions which were handed down in the families of shogun's vassals seem to have been used for the whole record of Shogun Yoritomo.
Japanese: またこれは第2の分類になるが、頼朝将軍記の時代全般に渡って、いくつかの御家人の家に伝わる文書や家伝書のようなものが利用されたと思われる。
English: FUJIWARA no Kunimichi was a senior officer of writing when the army was raised, but after around 1184, the middle and lower class officials serving the Imperial court such as FUJIWARA no Toshikane, Yukimasa NIKAIDO, OE no Hiromoto, and Yasunobu MIYOSHI went down to Kamakura to be in charge of Monchujo and Kumonjo, the Office of Administration which later became Mandokoro.
Japanese: 挙兵当時から右筆として居たのは藤原邦通だが、1184年頃から藤原俊兼、二階堂行政、大江広元、三善康信らの京史、つまり朝廷に仕えていた中・下級実務官僚が鎌倉に下り、後に政所となる公文所や問注所の担い手となる。
English: As to the reign of Shogun Yoritomo since then, Yukimasa NIKAIDO's written records are considered to be the most likely source material for the foundation of "Azuma Kagami" at this time, although FUJIWARA no Toshikane also appears a lot as a senior officer of writing in the book.
Japanese: それ以降の将軍頼朝の時代については、藤原俊兼も頼朝の右筆として沢山出てくるが、この時期の『吾妻鏡』のベースとしては、二階堂行政の筆録が有力とされる。
English: It seems to have been based on the written records by Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, who was a son of Yukimasa NIKAIDO and the first to be an under secretary of Mandokoro from a commissioner of Mandokoro, and also supplemented by records written by Yasunobu MIYOSHI and Yukimura NIKAIDO, who was a military commissioner of the Wada battle as mentioned above.
Japanese: 二階堂行政の子で初めて政所執事となった政所奉行人二階堂行光の筆録をベースに、三善康信や、和田合戦で軍奉行であった前述の二階堂行村の記録などにより補ったと思われる。
English: However these records of Shogun Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo contain a lot of misrepresentations in writing to justify the Hojo clan.
Japanese: ただしこの頼家・源実朝将軍記の時期は北条氏を正当化する曲筆が非常に多い。
English: Therefore it is considered that even though the book was generally based on the written records by Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, it contains considerable additions and revisions in its descriptions of Yoriie, Sanetomo, and the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 従って、二階堂行光の筆録が一般的にはベースであったとしても、頼家・実朝と北条氏の関係に関する部分では相当の加筆・修整がなされていると考えられている。
English: Compared with the record of shogun Genji, which readers can enjoy as a story, the fluency of the writing is quite different.
Japanese: 読み物としてもとても面白かった源氏三代将軍記と比べて、その文章の流暢さは大きく異なる。
English: And it also contains many articles about ceremonies, extraordinary natural phenomena, festivals and prayers.
Japanese: また儀式に関する記事、天変、地異、祭礼、祈寿に関する記事が多くなる。
English: Kuniji YASHIRO commented, 'the description is mediocre, and the writing lacks fluency, so it is as monotonous as reading a mere diary.'
Japanese: 八代国治はそれを評して「叙事は平凡にして、文章も流暢ならず、日記を読むが如く無味乾燥にして興味少なし」という。
English: Katsuro HARA argued that it seemed to be compiled by one person referring to written records by various families from Kenryaku to Eno eras (1210 - around 1240), or the reign of priestess shogun as they were called, to those of Shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune and regent Yasutoki HOJO.
Japanese: 原勝郎は、建暦前後より延応の前後まで（1210～1240年前後）、俗にいう尼将軍の時代から将軍藤原頼経の代、執権はほぼ北条泰時の時代について諸家の筆録をベースに一人が編纂したように見受けられるとした。
English: Moreover, he considered that the records were almost as true to the written records as to the years of 1240 to 1266, or the reigns of FUJIWARA no Yoritsune to Shogun Prince Munetaka around the Eno era to the late Eno era.
Japanese: そして延応前後より終りまで、つまりほぼ藤原頼嗣将軍記から次の宗尊親王将軍記にあたる1240年から1266年については、筆録そのままだろうとする。
English: Studies conducted thus far have denied his opinion, as far as compiling the work itself for posterity is concerned, but it is accepted in that the virtually intact source material has survived.
Japanese: 現在までの研究ではそれは否定されるが、しかしそれは後世の編纂の有無に関してであり、原史料が比較的に生の形で残っているということについてまさしくその通りといえる。
English: As to the authorship of the written records, Fumihiko GOMI considers that it is mainly attributed to two commissioner of the grant of honors, Morokazu NAKAHARA, and Mototsuna GOTO, who was also a military commissioner in the previously mentioned Jokyu Disturbance.
Japanese: では誰の筆録がベースとなったのかについては、五味文彦は恩賞奉行（恩沢奉行）の中原師員。同じく恩賞奉行で前述の承久合戦軍奉行であった後藤基綱の筆録が中心とする。
English: He also considers that records written by FUJIWARA no Sadakazu and TAIRA no Moritsuna (Saburo-hyoenojo), retainers of the Tokuso family, might have supplemented the work.
Japanese: それを補うものとして藤原定員や、得宗家被官平盛綱(三郎兵衛尉)の記録も考えられる。
English: The 'tediousness' of the writing and contents pointed out by both Kuniji YASHIRO and Katsuro HARA, was taken to extremes during this time.
Japanese: 八代国治や原勝郎が指摘した文章・内容の「つまらなさ」が極まったのがこの時期である。
English: However although it means that the contents written in the record are reliable, it doesn't necessarily mean that everything of the political situation in those days was written honestly.
Japanese: 但しあくまで書いてある内容についてであり、当時の政治情勢が正直に全て書かれていると言うことではない。
English: Fumihiko GOMI conjectures that this part is mainly based on the written records of the commissioner of Shogunate affairs, and the records dated until July 5, 1263 were written by Yukikata NIKAIDO, and the records after that were written by Morotsura NAKAHARA, who succeeded to the commissioner of Shogunate affairs.
Japanese: 五味文彦は、この部分は御所奉行の筆録が中心で、1263年（弘長3年）7月5日まで二階堂行方、その後はその御所奉行を引き継いだ中原師連の記録と推定している。
English: The second ones are documents which seem to have been submitted from military land stewards, shogun's vassals, temples, and shrines as evidence and a history of the lawsuit.
Japanese: 2番目は地頭御家人、寺社などから、訴訟の証拠、由緒として提出されたと思われる文書である。
English: These documents are interweaved into the body of the text, preceded by lines like 'today such a document as follows has been issued by a superior,' and the original documents are sometimes cited or reproduced in the records.
Japanese: 文中では「今日こういう下文が下された」という形で地の文の中に織り込まれているものや、引用・転載のような生の形で記されていることもある。
English: Although not all of them were forged documents, some were.
Japanese: しかし全てとは言わないが、それらの中には明らかに偽文書と思われるものが混じっている。
English: Because of this, it is assumed that almost no documents were actually preserved in the government and they were selected and recorded from the documents handed later as evidence for the 'Soron' lawsuit.
Japanese: そのことから、幕府の中に保管されていた文書は実はほとんど無く、相論と呼んだ訴訟の証拠として後世に提出された書類から採録したものであろうと推測される。
English: In trials conducted in those days, a plaintiff had to prepare all the documents and evidence such as kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office), gosho (writings or letters of superior), and even the related laws in order to take somebody to court.
Japanese: 当時の裁判は、下文、御書などの証拠書類も、関連法令までも、全て訴訟人が揃えて訴えを起こた。
English: A judge distinguished the true from the false by the form of those submitted documents and so on, then decided the case based on the information in them.
Japanese: 裁判官は提出された書類の形式などから真偽を判断し、その書類の情報の中で判決を下すというものであった。
English: Even though the dates public notices were sent is written in "Azuma Kagami," most of the documents seem not to have been preserved in the government office since that day.
Japanese: 何月何日にこういうお達しがあったと『吾妻鏡』に書いてあっても、その書類はその日から幕府の役所に保管されたものではない場合が殆どと推定される。
English: In fact, such documents were often not written on the date they were supposed to, which means they were forged documents.
Japanese: そればかりかそれは書かれている日付のその日に書かれたものでない、つまり後世の偽文書であることもままある。
English: But in truth, analyzing such forged documents reveals when "Azuma Kagami" was compiled.
Japanese: 実はこうした偽文書の分析から『吾妻鏡』の編纂時期が明らかになってゆく。
English: There are many Kudashibumi issued by Yoritomo which were related to Yukihira SHIMOKOBE and Masayoshi SHIMOKOBE, and public commendations of Yukihira SHIMOKOBE, the Chiba clan, and Yoshitsura SAHARA of the Miura clan often appear, saying something like how he was admired or praised by Yoritomo.
Japanese: また、頼朝の下文についても下河辺行平、下河辺政義が絡むものが多数あり、頼朝に感心されたとか褒められたという顕彰記事が、下河辺行平、その他千葉氏、三浦氏の佐原義連など沢山出てくる。
English: "Sonpi Bunmyaku" (Biographies of Nobles and the Humble) has an entry dated October 10, 1193, which says that a biological son of Yukihira SHIMOKOBE, Tokikazu SAITO's coming of age ceremony was held, so there is a possibility that the descendant of Tokikazu SAITO (Tokikazu NOMOTO) handed the family tradition or history to the compiler of "Azuma Kagami."
Japanese: 特に『尊卑分脈』の系図に下河辺行平の実子とある斎藤時員の元服が『吾妻鏡』1193年（建久4年）10月10日条に見えることもあり、この斎藤時員（野本時員）の子孫からその家伝・由来が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者の下に提出された可能性もあるという。