nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For him, who was a missionary, translation of "Bankoku Koho" was a part of his missionary activities for Christianity in a broader sense.
Japanese: すなわち宣教師であった彼にとって、『万国公法』の訳出は広い意味でキリスト教伝道活動の一部であった。
English: With respect to international law, Martin said, "International law is applied among various countries and it cannot owned by a single country" (legend in "Bankoku Koho") and he understood that these official rules existed among European and American countries were as one of the best results generated by Christian civilization.
Japanese: マーティンは国際法について「諸国間に行われ、一国が私することができない」（『万国公法』凡例）と述べ、欧米各国間に存在するこの公的なルールこそキリスト教文明が生み出した最良の成果の一つと捉えていた。
English: He intended to correct gradually assumption by Sinocentrism that deemed the western world as iteki by making international law widely understood in China (through translating work for "Bankoku Koho").
Japanese: その国際法を（『万国公法』の訳出を介して）中国に普及することで、西欧を夷狄視する中華思想的思いこみを徐々に是正していこうと考えたのである。
English: He had a vision that it will become an advantage later for mission of Christianity.
Japanese: そしてそのことは後々キリスト教の伝道にプラスになるとの展望をもっていた。
English: It can be said that such religious sense of responsibility was the core of motivation for the translating work (張嘉寧 1991, Sato 1996).
Japanese: このような宗教的使命感こそが翻訳動機の核であったといえる（張嘉寧1991、佐藤1996）。
English: After publication of "Bankoku Koho," Martin assumed the job of teacher for English language, international law and politics in Tongwen Guan, which was a public language school established in 1865 with a purpose to bring up interpreters in the field of diplomacy, and, later, he was promoted to the school master.
Japanese: マーティンは『万国公法』刊行後、1865年に設立された同文館という外交における通訳者養成を目的とする公立語学校の英語・国際法・政治学の教師の職に就き、後日校長に昇進している。
English: He often used the name, "International Law and Language School" as English name of Dobunkan.
Japanese: 彼はこの同文館の英語表記を"InternationalLawandLanguageSchool"とすることが多かった。
English: From this, it can be understood that he did not look at Dobunkan as a mere training institute for bringing up interpreters but as a bases for making international law widely understood (Sato 1996).
Japanese: このことから同文館を単なる通訳養成機関とは見ておらず、国際法普及の拠点と見なしていたことがわかる（佐藤1996）。
English: In fact, following "Bankoku Koho," translations of international law such as "星軺指掌," "公法便覧 (Introduction to the Study of International Law)," and "公法会通" were translated and published by Dobunkan.
Japanese: 実際、この同文館では『万国公法』に続き『星軺指掌』・『公法便覧』・『公法会通』といった国際法の翻訳が行われ刊行されていった。
English: They became a part of momentum to communicate various regions in Asia what was international law and establish a foundation of modern countries.
Japanese: これらはアジアの諸地域に国際法の何たるかを伝え、近代国家の礎を築く契機のひとつとなった。
English: "Bankoku Koho" consisted of four volumes which contains 12 chapters covering 231 subsection and it was published by 北京崇実館.
Japanese: 『万国公法』は、全4巻12章231節から成り、北京崇実館から刊行された。
English: Items treated in "Bankoku Koho" covers a wide range of subjects such as subjects and objects of international law, source of law, relation between international law and domestic law, relation between treaties, diplomacy and consular, explanation of territory and waters as a scope to which sovereignty of a nation covers, rules for treating international conflict and rules for peace talk, and neutrality of third party countries during war and, therefore, it can be called a book of systematic commentaries for international law.
Japanese: 『万国公法』で扱われる内容は、国際法の主体及び客体、法の淵源、国際法と各国内の法との関係、条約・外交と領事の関係、主権の及ぶ範囲としての領土や領海の説明、国際紛争が発生した際のルール及び和平交渉のルール、戦時における第三国の中立のあり方など多岐にわたり、国際法をまさに体系的に解説したものといって良い。
English: In order to show particular cases of international law, political systems and history of western countries were often referred to and, therefore, it functioned as a source of information on situations in Europe and America which were thirsted at that time.
Japanese: また国際法の具体的事例を示すために、欧米各国の政治制度や歴史をしばしば引用しており、当時渇望されていた欧米事情の供給源ともなった。
English: In comparing the original article and translation, we have to pay attention which version of the original article is used as the original text.
Japanese: 原著と翻訳を比較する際、まず注意を払わねばならないのは、原著の第何版を底本としたのかという点である。
English: With respect to versions of the original article, "Elements of International Law," the first and second versions were issued in London and Philadelphia in 1863, the same year.
Japanese: 簡単に原著『国際法原理』(ElementsofInternationalLaw)の版本について触れると、『国際法原理』初版と第二版は、同じ1836年にロンドンとフィラデルフィアで刊行された。
English: The only difference between them was that while the former was issued in two volumes, the latter was published as one-volume book, and, other than that, there was no difference in contents for example.
Japanese: 違いは前者が2巻に分けられているのに対し、後者は1巻本として出版されたことであり、それ以外に内容などには全て異同がない。
English: The fourth edition (1848) was published in Paris, France and the fifth edition (1852) was German edition.
Japanese: さらにフランスのパリで刊行されたものが第四版（1848年）、ドイツ語版が第五版（1852年）にあたる。
English: The author, Wheaton, took part in revision up to the fourth edition and, after that, his friend, W.B. Lawrence succeeded revision work resulting in the sixth edition published in 1855.
Japanese: 著者ホイートンが直接手を加えたものは第四版までであり、それ以後は友人であったW.B.ローレンスが改訂を引き継ぎ、これが1855年に出た第六版である。
English: In 1864, Lawrence published the seventh edition, but, as a trouble occurred between Wheaton's bereaved family and Lawrence, revision work was left to R.H. Dana.
Japanese: その後ローレンスは1864年に第七版を出したが、ホイートンの遺族とローレンスの間に齟齬が生じ、改訂は以後R.H.ダナに委ねられた。
English: Judging from the timing of publication, the version which could be referred to for Chinese translated "Bankoku Koho" is up to the seventh version.
Japanese: 漢語訳『万国公法』が参照しえた版は刊行の時期からいって第七版までである。
English: Taking transportation condition at that time in consideration, however, arrival of the seventh version in Asia was very late compared to the year of publication, it is understood that the reference to the seventh version was difficult.
Japanese: 当時の交通事情を勘案すると第七版がアジアにもたらされたのは刊行年より非常に遅く、実際には参照が難しかったと考えられている。
English: As it is quite sure that Dana version was published only after the publication of "Bankoku Koho,"the original text for "Bankoku Koho" must have been one up until the sixth version.
Japanese: ダナ版は、『万国公法』が刊行された後に出版されていることは確実であることから、『万国公法』の底本は第六版までのどれかということになる。
English: As it was not described in "Bankoku Koho" what was the original text, it cannot be identified clearly.
Japanese: 何を底本にしたかという点について、『万国公法』にはその記載はなく正確には不明である。
English: Judging from the timing of translation, paragraph construction, captions and sentences, the opinion that believe the sixth edition was the original text is most popular (Sumiyoshi 1973, 張嘉寧 1991).
Japanese: しかし訳出時期や段落構成、見出し、文章から勘案して第六版（1855年刊）を底本としたとする説が有力である（住吉1973、張嘉寧1991ほか）。
English: The first characteristics to be noticed is that "Bankoku Koho" is bold translation of which certain parts can be called free translation.
Japanese: 特徴としてまず気づくのが、『万国公法』は時に意訳ともいえる大胆な訳となっている点である。
English: As Martin himself admitted, the translation was such that summarized the original using its drift, and detailed explanation of cases, data on timing and commentaries shown in the original were often omitted.
Japanese: マーティン自身も認めるように、翻訳は原典の大意を生かしつつ要約したものであり、原典に挙げられた事例の詳細な説明や時日、注釈は省略されていることが多い。
English: In introducing concepts in foreign culture, the largest difficultly exists in harmonization between such culture and culture of the own country.
Japanese: 異文化の概念を紹介するに当たって、もっとも苦心を要するのが自文化とのすり合わせといえる。
English: Translation is a work in which the drift of the original is grasped at first and, then, words of the own language that is the closest to it, and the sentences are revised to make them natural ones, but, the shorter the history of translation is, the more such difficulties increase.
Japanese: 翻訳とは、原文の大意をつかんだ上で、原文のことばに最も近い自国語を探し出し、それを自然な文章へと改める作業であるが、翻訳の歴史が浅ければ浅いほど、その困難さは増えていく。
English: The reason why is that, in order to introduce new concept that has not existed in the own culture, the translator is obliged to create new word and, then, if too many such new words are used, the translation becomes incomprehensible.
Japanese: 何故ならそれまで自文化に無かった新概念の紹介のために新語をひねり出す必要にまず駆られ、次にそうした新語ばかり使用すると意味不明な訳文となるためである。
English: The troubles which were experienced by Martin and Yan Fu, who translated many documents later, or, even in Japan, many intellectual persons who were involved n translation works in the end of Edo Period and Meiji Period are beyond our imagination.
Japanese: このマーティンや後に多くの翻訳に手を染めた厳復、あるいは日本でも幕末・明治期翻訳に従事した知識人たちの辛苦は想像以上のものがある。
English: Representative new words were "kenri (rights)," "shuken (sovereign rights)," and "minshu (republic)" and so on.
Japanese: 代表的な訳語を挙げると、「権利」(rights)・「主権」(sovereignrights)・「民主」(republic)などがある。
English: They have been used until today not only in China but also in Japan and, by that fact, we can say that we who are living in the present world have been enjoying the benefits of "Bankoku Koho."
Japanese: どれも現在に至るまで中国のみならず、日本でも使用されていることばであって、その意味では現在に生きる我々もまた『万国公法』の恩恵を受けているといえる。
English: One thins we have to note is that such newly created words settled down in China as they were.
Japanese: ただ一つ注意せねばならないのは、こうした新造語がそのまま中国に定着したのではないということである。
English: As the influence of "Bankoku Koho" worked very slowly in China, it did not occur so that new vocabulary used in it became popular in China and then they were disseminated to Japan.
Japanese: 中国において『万国公法』の影響は緩慢であったため、その中で使用されている新語彙が中国で普及し、それが日本に伝播したわけではない。
English: After "Bankoku Koho" was brought to Japan, most of new vocabulary was once settled down in Japan and they were brought back to China by Chinese students who visited Japan on the occasion of booming of studying in Japan occurred after the Sino-Japanese War (林 1995).
Japanese: 新語彙のほとんどは、『万国公法』が日本に伝えられた後に一旦日本で定着し、日清戦争後に起きた留学ブームによって日本に訪れた中国人留学生が再度中国に持ち込んだものである（林1995）。
English: Transliteration of the word "president" to "伯理璽天徳" (pīnyīn: Bólĭxĭtiāndé) is one example.
Japanese: 一例を挙げると"President"は「伯理璽天徳」（拼音Bólĭxĭtiāndé）と音訳された。
English: Today, it is translated as "大統領" to mean a head of republic, but, at that time, since readers had no knowledge of that kind, it was considered that, even if they used a newly created word, readers could not understand correctly and it was determined to express pronunciation of the work in Chinese characters.
Japanese: 現在では共和国元首という意味で「大統領」と訳されるが、当時にあっては読者にそういう知識は無かったので新造語をあてても、正確に読者に伝わらないと考えられ、そのまま言語の音を漢字に置き換えたものである。
English: This "transliterated" word was disseminated to Japan and used, but gradually replaced with the translation "大統領."
Japanese: この「音訳」も日本にまで伝播し使用されたが、次第に「大統領」という訳語に駆逐されていった。
English: Most important feature to be noted is that this translation had strengthened nature of natural law compared to the original text.
Japanese: 最も注目すべき特徴は、この翻訳が原著よりも一層自然法的性格を強めていることにある。
English: As mentioned in the section for Wheaton, at the beginning, the original text was based on both of natural law and positive law, but enlargement to strengthen the nature of positive law side was made in its third edition.
Japanese: ホイートンの箇所で述べたように原著は元々自然法と実定法双方に軸足をおいた著作であったが、第三版において実定法的性格を強める増訂が為されている。
English: In this "Bankoku Koho," however, contrarily to the original text of Wheaton, the posture to understand international law attaching importance to natural law.
Japanese: 然るにこの『万国公法』では、ホイートン原著とは逆に自然法を強調して国際法を理解する姿勢が打ち出された。
English: This was a bias resulting from Martin's religious sense of mission in which international law was grasped as metaphysical norm like natural law in translating "Bankoku Koho" as Martin himself wrote in his letter to his friend, "My job is to make this atheistic government (Qing dynasty ［note by the writer］) to recognize God and God's eternal justice. I would be able to give them spirit of Christianity to some extent."
Japanese: これはマーティンが友人宛の手紙で「私の仕事は、この無神論的政府（加筆者注：清朝のこと）をして、神と神の永遠の正義を認めさせることにある。そしておそらく彼らにキリスト教精神のいくらかを与えうるだろう」と書いているように、『万国公法』翻訳における、自然法という形而上学的な規範として国際法を捉える向きはマーティンの宗教的使命感からくる偏向であった。
English: It is believed that selection of vocabulary by four government officials who were dispatched from sorigamon and revised translation also affected to this tendency of attaching importance to natural law (張嘉寧1991).
Japanese: またこうした自然法を強調する翻訳傾向は総理衙門から派遣され訳書を校訂した4人の章京たちによる語彙選択も影響していると考えられている（張嘉寧1991）。
English: Although we call it natural law, one in "Bankoku Koho" shows, while it is based on Christian way of thinking, strong Confucian color.
Japanese: しかし自然法といっても、『万国公法』のそれは、キリスト教的色彩をベースにしながら儒教的色彩も強く帯びている。
English: This is because that Martin and so on tried to add stress on "universality" by fully utilizing Confucian terms in order to make international law easily understandable to Chinese.
Japanese: これはマーティンたちが、中国人にとって国際法を受容しやすくするために、儒教的用語を駆使して「普遍性」を演出したためである。
English: Under Sinocenturism, imported concept was never accepted unless it was understood to be "true" (to be excellent universally) and "being originated in itself (to be of Chinese origin) at the same time (Sato 1996).
Japanese: 中華思想のもとでは、外来概念は「真であること」（「普遍」的に優れている）と「自己に由来すること」（中国起源であること）の二つが同時に認められない限り、受容されることはない（佐藤1996）。
English: In the case where such concept was accepted, it was often disguised with respect to its origin of the object of acceptance so that mental resistance could be reduced on Chinese side.
Japanese: 受容される場合には、中国側の心理的抵抗が少ないように受容対象の発生起源の偽装が施されることが多い。
English: It appeared as a twisted argument such that Lao-tzu went to India and became Shakyamuni (legend of Lao-tzu becoming an Indian), and natural science in western countries was theory of Mozi which had been transferred to the west and flourished there.
Japanese: たとえば老子がインドに赴いて釋迦になった（老子化胡説）、西欧の自然科学は墨子の説が西伝して開花したものである（西学中源説）等の附会説となって現れる。
English: "Universality" mentioned above was ensured by "finding" in Confucian scriptures such as Rongo (Analects of Confucius) that concepts of international law existed in fact in old China.
Japanese: さきの「普遍性」とは、国際法的観念が実は過去の中国にもあったことを論語などの儒教の経典などに「発見」することによって保証される。
English: Through such "discovery," readers became to have an impression that the origin of international law and Confucianism had affinity with each other and, as a result, "bankoku koho" (modern international law) was accepted as one with global "universality" including China.
Japanese: 「発見」によって、国際法の法源と儒教とは親和性を持つかのような印象を読者に与え、その結果「万国公法」（＝近代国際法）は中華も含めた世界規模の「普遍性」を持ったものとして受容されていった。
English: Inclination of "Bankoku Koho" to natural law is conspicuous in the section for description of the source of law which explained from what the law was originated.
Japanese: 『万国公法』の自然法への傾斜は、法が何に由来するのかといった法源についての説明箇所で著しい。
English: In terms of international law, words with Confucian words such as "性" and "義" were used in combination with "法" and, therefore, the structure became such that made Chinese easily understand international law bringing it closer to natural law.
Japanese: 国際法の用語には、「性」・「義」といった儒教的なことばが法と接続して使用され、中国人が国際法をより自然法に近づけて理解しやすい構造となっている。
English: For example, although "natural law" is translated as "自然法," in modern language, Martin gave it a translation "性法."
Japanese: たとえば"Naturallaw"とは現代語では「自然法」と訳すが、マーティンは「性法」という訳語を与えた。
English: This "性" means the basic principle of Confucianism, "理" and, if "理" which is considered to be the origin of all beings and to be a rule dwells in individual thing, it is "性."
Japanese: この「性」とは、儒教の根本原理「理」のことであって、万物の根元であり法則とされる「理」が、個々の事物に宿るものが「性」である。
English: In the case of human being, it means types of virtue, "five constant virtues" (benevolence, justice, courtesy, wisdom and sincerity).
Japanese: 人の場合、それは「五常」（仁・義・礼・智・信）という徳目を意味する。
English: Accordingly, when people at that time saw the word "性法," it was accepted with understanding that modern international law was (Confucian) morality and law which were blended together.
Japanese: したがって、当時の人々が「性法」ということばを眼にした時、近代国際法とは（儒教的）道徳と法とが渾然一体ものとして理解され受容されていくことになった。
English: Namely, although modern international law including "Bankoku Koho" is such that prescribes rights and obligations between nations, it was understood to be such that was universal and metaphysical rule which should be abided by nations all over the world.
Japanese: すなわち本来、『万国公法』をはじめとする近代国際法は、国家間の権利や義務を規定するものであるのに、まるで全世界の国々が遵守すべき普遍的・形而上的な規範として理解されるようになったのである。
English: The tendency of translation by Martin as described above affected acceptance of international law in east Asia and, in Japan, it was understood combined more deeply with Confucian concept of natural law.
Japanese: 以上のようなマーティンの翻訳傾向は、東アジアにおける国際法受容に大きな影響を及ぼし、日本ではより一層儒教的自然法概念と結合し理解されていった。
English: China and neighboring countries learned diplomatic concepts, which had not existed before that, from "Bankoku Koho."
Japanese: 中国や周辺諸国は、それまでなかった外交概念を『万国公法』から学んだ。
English: Diplomatic concepts used today in Asian countries including Japan and China was brought with this translation.
Japanese: 現在日本や中国などのアジア諸国において用いられている外交概念は、この翻訳書とともにもたらされたものである。
English: The following diplomatic concepts function not only as mere knowledge written in books but also concrete requirements or guideline to determine whether a nation is "civilized country" accepted by the modern international law.
Japanese: そして以下に挙げる外交概念は単なる書物に書かれた知識というだけでなく、近代国際法が認める「文明国」かどうかを見定める具体的な要件・目安ともなっている。
English: It was understood that modern international law was not applicable or it was restricted in application to any nation which did not share same diplomatic concepts.
Japanese: 外交概念を共有しない国家は近代国際法が適用されない、もしくは制限を受けるものと解された。
English: "Bankoku Koho" attaches weight to that each nation has sovereignty and the sovereignty was an indispensable requirement for the appearance of nation and in the first half of the book, spaces were spent most for sovereignty.
Japanese: 『万国公法』はまず国家には主権というもの備わっていること、主権とは国家という体裁に必要不可欠な要件であることを強調し、書の前半は主権に関する部分に最も紙幅を費やしている。
English: Sovereignty in international law means that the nation is independent externally, has the supreme power internally and can reject any interference from something other than them.
Japanese: 国際法における主権とは、対外的に独立し、対内的には至高の権力を有し、それ以外からの干渉を排することができることを指す。
English: In more concrete terms, it means to have authority to control territory, people and properties and other rights such as law-making, administration and judiciary and the borderline that divides areas to which such rights are applicable and not applicable were made clear.
Japanese: 具体的には領土・人民・財産に対する支配権や立法・行政・司法の諸権を有することであるが、どこまでそれら諸権が及び、あるいは及ばないかという境界線が明確となっている。
English: When any country has traffic with other countries in the same treaty system, they should associate with each other equally regardless of the size of nation.
Japanese: 条約体制に参加した諸国家が他国と往来する時、その国の大小に関係なく平等に交際しなくてはならない。
English: For example, when dispatching ministers, not only one party dispatches a minister, but, in usual case, both countries dispatch ministers to each other.
Japanese: たとえば公使を派遣する場合、一方のみが派遣するのでなく相互に公使を派遣しあうのが通例とされる。
English: It is also required that, in concluding any treaty, languages used and signatures are required to be equal.
Japanese: あるいは条約締結の際記載される言語や署名も平等であることが求められる。
English: It was acknowledged with each other that ministers in foreign countries have diplomatic privileges such as one for not easily arrested and guarantee of status for ministers were promised.
Japanese: また外国における公使は、容易に逮捕されないなど外交特権をもつことを相互承認し、公使の身分保障を約束されていた。
English: Traffic and association between nations are conducted based on concluded treaties and, if the nations have no intention and capability to abide by it, conclusion of such treaty has no meaning.
Japanese: 国家間の往来・交際は締結した条約に基づくものであるが、それを遵守し続ける意志と能力がなければ締結の意味がない。
English: Therefore, if treaties or international commitment is not (or, cannot be) abided by, it is deemed inappropriate as a "civilized country."
Japanese: したがって条約や国際公約を遵守しない（あるいはできない）ということは、「文明国」としては不適切であると見なされる。
English: Whether or not a foreigner staying in the country could be protected anytime was understood to be a criterion whether or not the country was a "civilized country" with respect to governance of the nation and consideration for foreign countries.
Japanese: たとえばその国にいる外国人をいかなる時も保護できるかどうかは、国家の統治能力と外国への配慮という点で「文明国」かどうかの判断の材料とされた。
English: Together with them, many thoughts were made to be known by people in Asian countries.
Japanese: それに付随して、多くの思想がアジア諸国の人々に知られるようになった。
English: Although traditional way of thinking which understood that laws should be prepared and enacted by an emperor ("national laws are family laws of an emperor") was dominant until that time, new conception of heaven-sent law without mediation by an emperor was brought in.
Japanese: それまで法とは、皇帝がつくり制定するものである（「国法とは皇帝の家法」）とする伝統的な考え方が支配的であったが、自然法という皇帝を介さない天与の法という観念が伝わった。
English: In explaining domestic laws of each country, "Bankoku Koho" often mentions political systems such as monarchy and republic making Chinese people, who knew only monarchy, know that there were various political systems in the world.
Japanese: 『万国公法』は、各国の国内法を説明する際に、君主制や共和制といった政治体制に言及することが多く、それまで君主制しか知らなかった中国に世界には様々な政治体制があることを知らしめた。
English: Other than those, "Bankoku Koho" contains a map of the world, which was not included in the original book, at its top showing that China was a part of the world and a country among a large number of countries.
Japanese: この他、『万国公法』は原著にない世界地図を本冒頭に挟み、中国が世界の一部、万国の一国であることを示した。
English: Although modern international law including "Bankoku Koho" was known to governmental officials and intellectuals, those who did not become the majority in a short period of time in China.
Japanese: 『万国公法』を含む近代国際法は、官僚・知識人に知られてはいたものの、中国においてその意義を積極的に認める者はすぐには多数派とならなかった。
English: However, the number of officials who were dispatched to overseas countries as diplomats increased and interest in "Bankoku Koho" among such people was increased.
Japanese: ただし外交官として海外に派遣される官僚が増加してくると、そうした人々の間では『万国公法』への関心が高まっていった。
English: Due to expectation for such demands, "Bankoku Koho" was reprinted and there are several editions including 上海申昌石印本 (1898) and pirate editions.
Japanese: その需要を見越して『万国公法』は再版されており、上海申昌石印本（1898年）や海賊版など幾つかの刊本が出回っている。
English: Before long, it started to be adopted as a text book for jurisprudence in newly established schools where Western studies (Western and American knowledge) was taught (田 2001).
Japanese: やがてそれは当時新たにつくられ始めた洋学（欧米学問）を教授する学校の法律用教科書として採用されるようになっていった（田2001）。
English: It was after the Sino-Japanese War that "Bankoku Koho" had been accepted and recognized more widely (林 1995).
Japanese: 「万国公法」がさらに広く受容・認知されるようになったのは、日清戦争後である（林1995）。
English: Because of increase in interest after the War on Japan in the Meiji Period and resulted booming of study in Japan, it was disseminated to the continent that there was a close relationship between acceptance of modern international law and fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).
Japanese: 戦後における明治日本への関心の高まりと、それに比例して起こった日本への留学ブームによって、近代国際法の受容と富国強兵の間には密接な関係があることが大陸へと伝えられていった。
English: Chinese students not only tried by themselves to absorb new knowledge in universities in Japan but also published own magazines in which their translations were published and also published their articles in the form of books.
Japanese: 留学生たちは、自らが日本の大学で新知識の吸収に努めたばかりでなく、雑誌を自ら立ち上げてそこに翻訳を掲載したり、書物にまとめて刊行したりした。
English: Later, they were brought to the continent and gave significant influences in politics and thoughts.
Japanese: それらは大陸にももたらされ、政治や思想方面に大きな影響を与えるに至ったのである。
English: In this period, a large number of translations (not limited to those related to laws) were brought from Japan to the continent and, for the convenience of people looking for new knowledge, several book catalogs were made.
Japanese: この時期、日本より大陸にもたらされた翻訳書は法律方面に限らず多数に上るため、新知識を求める人々の便となるように幾つか書籍目録が作成された。
English: For example, when looking for books which relate to pedagogy and have been translated into Chinese, such catalogs were used to find the name of book.
Japanese: たとえば教育学について中国訳されている本を探す場合、こうした目録を紐解いて書名を調べたのである。
English: Representative catalogs at that time were "日本書目志" (1898), "増版東西学書録" (1902年), "訳書経眼録" (1934) and so on, and we can find in such catalogs a large number of books related to international law.
Japanese: 当時の代表的な目録は『日本書目志』（1898年）、『増版東西学書録』（1902年）や『訳書経眼録』（1934年）などであるが、その中に書名がみえる国際法関連の書物は多数ある。
English: Some of them are shown below and we can know from the large number of translated books in Japan that such translation played a certain role to make Chinese people accept modern international law at the end of Qing dynasty.
Japanese: うちいくつかを以下に挙げるが、その数の多さから日本における翻訳書が清末の人々の近代国際法受容に一役買っていたことがわかる。
English: "Bankoku Koho Yoryaku" by (英)労麟賜, four volumes, translated by 林学知, published by 広智書局 ("労麟賜" means W. B. Lawrence who was involved in revision of the original article.)
Japanese: （英）労麟賜著・林学知訳『万国公法要略』全四巻、広智書局（「労麟賜」とは、原著改定に携わっていたW.B.ローレンスを指す）