nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Nitobe had meetings with educators there and found the loss of religious education in Japan and as a result he published "Bushido" in English in 1900.
Japanese: 新渡戸は現地の教育関係者との会談において日本における宗教的教育の喪失に突き当たった結果、『武士道』（BushidoTheSoulofJapan）を明治33年（1900年）に英語版で刊行した。
English: The book was read by a lot of people abroad including American politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt, presiding John F. Kennedy and a founder of Boy Scout Robert Baden-Powell and the Japanese version translated by Tadao YANAIHARA who was a disciple of Nitobe that was published by reimport and created a boom in 'Bushido'.
Japanese: 本書はセオドア・ルーズベルト、ジョン・F・ケネディ大統領など米国の政治家のほか、ボーイスカウト創立者のロバート・ベーデン・パウエルなど、多くの海外の読者を得て、逆輸入される形で新渡戸門下生の矢内原忠雄の訳により日本語版が出版され「武士道」ブームを起こした。
English: Of course, before "Bushido" Uchimura and Nitobe observed carefully the advantages and disadvantages of Japanese culture and also seeing that the disciples of Nitobe participated in the council of the Fundamental Law of Education, obviously Bushido became a major basis of democracy after the war.
Japanese: 無論、『武士道』以前より内村や新渡戸は日本文化における長所と短所について突き詰めた観察をしているし、戦後の教育基本法の審議委員に新渡戸門下生が加わっていた点を見ても戦後デモクラシーの大きな基盤となった点は間違いない。
English: However as Kiyoko TAKEDA advocated, Nitobe's comparison of different culture as a tolerant educator was not strict enough when compared to Kanzo UCHIMURA and Masahisa UEMURA.
Japanese: 但、武田清子が主張するように、新渡戸は教育者としての寛容さで異文化との比較、検討をしている点は内村鑑三や植村正久の厳しさと比べると甘さが残る。
English: Also Nitobe pointed out that Bushido was not based on Japanese tradition because it became outdated soon and was an ideology of governing class that consisted only a small percent of the population, but "Bushido" of Nitobe which reinterpreted the inheritance of Japanese tradition built an image of Japanese samurai in abroad with 'Hagakure' of Jocho YAMAMOTO.
Japanese: また、新渡戸は武士道が速やかに廃れたこと、人口の数パーセントを占める支配階級の理念でしかないことから、日本人の伝統に根ざしたものではないとも指摘しているが、日本人の伝統として受け継いだ内容を再解釈した新渡戸の『武士道』は山本常朝の「葉隠」とともに、海外における日本の侍のイメージを決定づけた。
English: Because of the Nitobe's book, Bushido is a common word in the world.
Japanese: 新渡戸の著作の影響もあり、Bushidoは、世界でそのまま通じる言葉となっている。
English: Taihei Gyoran is one of the encyclopedias from the early Northern Song Dynasty.
Japanese: 太平御覧（たいへいぎょらん）とは、中国北宋代初期に成立した類書の一つである。
English: Together with "Extensive records of the Taiping era," "Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau" and "Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature," they are called the four great compilations of the Northern Song dynasty.
Japanese: 同時期に編纂された『太平広記』、『冊府元亀』、『文苑英華』と合わせて四大書と称される。
English: This is a volume compiled by Li Fan and others under an imperial order between 977 and 983 (between the second and eighth years of the era of Taiping Xingguo).
Japanese: 李昉等による奉勅撰、977年から983年（太平興国2-8年）頃の成立。
English: Although its original name was '太平総類,' as Song Taizong (Song Dynasty) read three volumes every night, the name was changed to the current one.
Japanese: もとの名を「太平総類」というが、太宗(宋)が毎晩3巻ずつを閲読していたことから、今名に改められたという。
English: The number of books being cited was 1690 according to the catalog of books at the front of the book, although there are some items counted more than once.
Japanese: 引用する書物の数は、巻頭にある書目によれば、1690種とするが、多少の重複が見られる。
English: Meanwhile, most of these quotations were so-called quotations within quotations from earlier encyclopedias such as "Hsiu-wen-tien yu-lan" (one of the sources in the preparation of "Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era") (issho (lost book)) from the Northern Qi Dynasty and "Geimon-ruiju" (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally "Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories") and "Wensi Boyao" from the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 但し、原典からの引用ではなく、先行する類書である北斉の『修文殿御覧』（佚書）や、唐代の『芸文類聚』、『文思博要』（佚書）からのいわゆる孫引きであることが多い。
English: Still, now that most of these quoted books have been lost, it has a high value as historical material.
Japanese: ただ、引用書の大半が亡佚してしまった今となっては、資料的価値が高い。
English: As a printed book, there are known to be 945 volumes left from the set printed in Shu which came to Japan in 1199.
Japanese: 版本としては、日本に伝来した1199年（慶元5年）の蜀刻本の残本945巻が知られる。
English: Based on these, there are 景宋本 which was included in "四部叢刊三編" (Shanghai City Commercial Press, 1935) supplemented by books printed in Sung which belonged to other lines and its 重印本 (Zhonghua Book Company, 1960).
Japanese: これに基づき、別系統の宋本で補った『四部叢刊三編』（上海市商務印書館,1935年）所収の景宋本、および、その重印本（中華書局,1960年）が見られる。
English: Kei-En era (or Kei-On era) was the 8-year period from 1905 to 1912 during which Taro KATSURA, who belonged to the faction led by Aritomo YAMAGATA of the Imperial Japanese Army, and Kinmochi SAIONJI, who assumed the position of president of Rikken seiyukai (a political party) as a successor of Hirobumi ITO, gained power alternately.
Japanese: 桂園時代（けいえんじだい/けいおんじだい）とは、大日本帝国陸軍・山縣有朋閥に属する桂太郎と、伊藤博文の後継者として立憲政友会総裁に就いた西園寺公望が、政権を交互に担当した1905年から1912年の8年間をいう。
English: In the Kei-En era, bureaucrats and military typified by Katsura and a leading political party Rikken seiyukai typified by Saionji built a collaborative system called 'emotional agreement' and they alternately served as the prime minister (In the meantime, there was a move to field Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Tosuke HIRATA as prime minister, but none of them had stronger foundations of administration than those of the two, so they were forced to give up).
Japanese: 桂園時代は、桂に代表される官僚・軍部と西園寺に代表される有力政党である立憲政友会が「情意投合」と呼ばれる連携体制を組んで交互に内閣総理大臣に就任した（この間にも松方正義や山本権兵衛、平田東助などを首相に擁する動きはあったものの、両者以上の政権基盤を持たずにいずれも断念に追い込まれている）。
English: This era is said to have been politically stable, and both the 10th general election of members of the House of Representatives and the 11th general election of members of the House of Representatives were held at the expiration of terms of office during this period.
Japanese: 特に政治的に安定した時期とされ、期間中に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙、第11回衆議院議員総選挙は、いずれも任期満了に伴うものである。
English: Only in this era, general elections at the expiration of terms of office were held twice in a row in the history of Japanese constitutional government.
Japanese: 2回連続で任期満了・総選挙が行われたのは、日本憲政史上においてこの時代だけである。
English: In addition, the word 'Kei-En' has an another meaning, a name of a school of waka poetry. (the Keien school founded by Kageki KAGAWA, who was a kajin (waka poet) in the late Edo period. Keien was Kagawa's pseudonym.)
Japanese: なお、「桂園」は和歌の流派名（桂園派。江戸時代後期の歌人、香川景樹が創始した。香川の号が桂園）とも係っている。
English: The Keien school was a conservative school which valued tradition such as innocuous "Kokin Wakashu" (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) against venturous modern tanka which was coming into fashion at that time.
Japanese: 桂園派は、当時流行しつつあった冒険的な近代短歌に対して、当たり障りのない『古今和歌集』などの伝統を重んじる保守的な流派である。
English: Relating its innocuousness to the cozy relationship between Katsura and Saionji, the period was named Kei-En era.
Japanese: その当たり障りのなさと、桂・西園寺間の馴れ合いをかけて、これを桂園時代と呼んだもの。
English: FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu raised an army in Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) in Kyushu due to his complaints against the government, but the rebellion was suppressed by the government army.
Japanese: 政権への不満から九州の大宰府で藤原広嗣が挙兵したが、官軍によって鎮圧された。
English: Fujiwara four brothers who ruled the politics of the Imperial Court died of smallpox one after another in 737.
Japanese: 天平9年（737年）朝廷の政治を担っていた藤原四兄弟が天然痘の流行によって相次いで死去した。
English: TACHIBANA no Moroe administered the affairs of state instead of them and employed KIBI no Makibi and Genbo who came back to Japan from China.
Japanese: 代って政治を担ったのが橘諸兄であり、また唐から帰国した吉備真備と玄ボウが重用されるようになった。
English: In 738, the oldest son of FUJIWARA no Umakai, Hirotsugu (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan) was assigned to Dazai no sochi from Kokushi (provincial governor) of 大養徳 (Yamato Province) and went to Dazai-fu.
Japanese: 天平10年（738年）藤原宇合の長男・広嗣（藤原式家）は大養徳（大和国）国司から大宰帥に任じられ、大宰府に赴任した。
English: Hirotsugu criticized politics and sent a memorial to the emperor to look for punishment of KIBI no Makibi and Genbo on September 28, 740.
Japanese: 天平12年（740年）8月29日、広嗣は政治を批判し、吉備真備と玄昉の処分を求める上表を送った。
English: Emperor Shomu assigned ONO no Azumahito to Daishogun (commander-in-chief) and gave him a setto (a sword given by the emperor in the symbol of his trust to the appointment of someone to a mission), and assigned KI no Iimaro to Fuku-shogun (sub commander-in-chief).
Japanese: 聖武天皇は大野東人を大将軍に任じて節刀を授け、副将軍には紀飯麻呂が任じられた。
English: He ordered to mobilize military forces of five roads (Tokai-do Road, Tosan-do Road, Sanin-do Road, Sanyo-do Road, and Nankai-do Road) of 17,000 soldiers.
Japanese: 東海道、東山道、山陰道、山陽道、南海道の五道の軍1万7,000人を動員するよう命じた。
English: The Imperial Court donated heihaku (paper or silk cuttings or red and white cloth are presented to the gods) to Ise Jingu Shrine and ordered all provinces to build Kanzeon Bosatsu (the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy) and copy 10 volumes of Kanzeon-kyo sutra to pray for victory.
Japanese: 朝廷からは伊勢神宮へ幣帛が奉納され、また、諸国に観世音菩薩像をつくり、観世音経10巻を写経して戦勝を祈願するよう命じられた。
English: ONO no Azumahito who arrived at Nagato Province on October 20 asked for permission to use personnel and equipment of Silla ships moored there.
Japanese: 9月21日、長門国へ到着した大野東人は、同地に停泊している新羅船の人員と機器の採用の許可を求めた。
English: Imperial messengers Tsunehito SAEKI and ABE no Mushimaro led 24 soldiers of Hayato and 4,000 soldiers and crossed the sea and attacked Itabitsuchin (Kiku-gun, Buzen Province) on October 21.
Japanese: 9月22日、勅使佐伯常人、阿倍虫麻呂が隼人24人、兵4,000人を率いて渡海して、板櫃鎭（豊前国企救郡）を攻略。
English: Hirotsugu led 5000 soldiers of Osumi Province, Satsuma Province, Chikuzen Province and Bungo Province, and marched on Kurate-do Road; his brother FUJIWARA no Tsunate led 5000 soldiers of Chikugo Province and Hizen Province, and advanced from Bungo Province; and TAGO no Komaro marched on the Tagawa-do Road; their tactic was to siege the government army from three sides.
Japanese: 広嗣が大隅国・薩摩国・筑前国・豊後国の兵5000人を率いて鞍手道を進軍、弟の藤原綱手は筑後国・肥前国の兵5000人を率いて豊後国から進軍、多胡古麻呂が田河道を進軍して三方から官軍を包囲する作戦であった。
English: Several gunji (district managers) with 500 horsemen and groups of 80 and 70 soldiers surrendered to the government army on October 24.
Japanese: 9月25日、豊前国の諸郡司が500騎、80人、70人と率いて官軍に投降してきた。
English: On October 28, the emperor issued an imperial decree to the government officials and farmers in Kyushu provinces, stating 'Hirotsugu was a gyakuzoku (rebel). He was making people suffer by raising unjustifiable rebellions. He would incur divine punishment due to extreme disloyalty. Those who followed him should return to their former allegiance immediately. If you killed Hirotsugu, you would receive goi (Fifth Rank) or higher.'
Japanese: 9月29日、「広嗣は凶悪な逆賊である。狂った反乱を起こして人民を苦しめている。不孝不忠のきわみで神罰が下るであろう。これに従っている者は直ちに帰順せよ。広嗣を殺せば5位以上を授ける」との勅が九州諸国の官人、百姓にあてて発せられた。
English: On November 6, 10,000 horsemen of the Hirotsugu army arrived at Itabitsuchin (Kitakyushu City) and lined up at the western side of the river.
Japanese: 10月9日、広嗣軍1万騎が板櫃河（北九州市）に至り、河の西側に布陣。
English: Hirotsugu dismounted from his horse and said 'I do not oppose to any order of the Imperial Court. I just wish to punish two persons (KIBI no Makibi and Genbo) who disturb the Imperial Court. If I protest an order of the Imperial Court, the gods of heaven and earth will punish me.'
Japanese: すると、広嗣は下馬して拝礼し「わたしは朝命に反抗しているのではない。朝廷を乱す二人（吉備真備と玄昉）を罰することを請うているだけだ。もし、わたしが朝命に反抗しているのなら天神地祇が罰するだろう」と言った。
English: On hearing this, three soldiers of Hayato of the Hirotsugu army jumped into the river, crossed the river to the side of the government army, and were helped by Hayato of the government army.
Japanese: この問答を聞いていた広嗣軍の隼人3人が河に飛び込んで官軍側へ渡り、官軍の隼人が助け上げた。
English: The surrenderers reported a strategy of Hirotsugu to siege the government army from three sides and notified of the government army that the armies of Tsunate and TAGO no Komaro had not arrived yet.
Japanese: 投降者たちは3方面から官軍を包囲する広嗣の作戦を官軍に報告し、まだ綱手と多胡古麻呂の軍が到着していないことを知らせた。
English: Hirotsugu went to Chikano-shima Island, Matsuura-gun, Hizen Province (the Goto Islands) by ship and tried to escape to Silla.
Japanese: 広嗣は船に乗って肥前国松浦郡値嘉嶋（五島列島）に渡り、そこから新羅へ逃れようとした。
English: The ship stopped near the Tanra-to Island (Jeju), and was blown back by the wind that changed its direction.
Japanese: ところが耽羅嶋（済州島）の近くまで来て船が進まなくなり、風が変わって吹き戻されそうになった。
English: Hirotsugu prayed and said 'I am a loyal subject. Divine spirit will not abandon me. God, stop wind and waves.', and threw ekirei (a bell needed for the exercise of imperial power) into the sea, but the wind and waves intensified further and he was pushed back to Chikano-shima Island.
Japanese: 広嗣は「わたしは大忠臣だ。神霊が我を見捨てることはない。神よ風波を静めたまえ」と祈って駅鈴を海に投じたが、風波は更に激しくなり、値嘉嶋に戻されてしまった。
English: Hirotsugu who was hidden in Chikano-shima Island was arrested by ABE no Kuromaro on November 20.
Japanese: 10月23日、値嘉嶋に潜伏していた広嗣は安倍黒麻呂によって捕らえられた。
English: ONO no Azumahito killed the brothers, Hirotsugu and Tsunate, in Karatsu, Hizen Province (present Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture) on November 28.
Japanese: 11月1日、大野東人は広嗣と綱手の兄弟を、肥前国唐津（現・佐賀県唐津市）で斬った。
English: Emperor Shomu thought of going to Kanto suddenly and left the capital before a report of suppression of the war arrived at the Heijo-kyo.
Japanese: 乱の鎮圧の報告がまだ平城京に届かないうちに、聖武天皇は突如関東に下ると言い出し都を出てしまった。
English: Emperor Shomu traveled to Iga Province, Ise Province, Mino Province and Omi Province and went to the ancient capital of Kuni-kyo (Yamashiro Province).
Japanese: 聖武天皇は伊賀国、伊勢国、美濃国、近江国を巡り恭仁京（山城国）に移った。
English: He moved to Naniwanomiya Palace and returned to the Heijo-kyo repeatedly.
Japanese: その後も難波宮へ移り、また平城京へ還って、と遷都を繰り返すようになる。
English: It is said that this was because Emperor Shomu was extremely afraid of the rebellion of Hirotsugu which occurred far in Kyushu.
Japanese: 遠い九州で起きた広嗣の乱を聖武天皇が極度に恐れたためであったとされる。
English: The punishment of the rebellion was determined in January, 741; capital crime 16 persons, confiscation 5 persons, deportation 47 persons, imprisonment 32 persons, and flogging 177 persons.
Japanese: 天平13年（741年）1月、乱の処分が決定し、死罪16人、没官5人、流罪47人、徒罪32人、杖罪177人であった。
English: Owada no tomari refers to the port which existed in Hyogo ward, Kobe city, Hyogo Prefecture and corresponds to a part of current Kobe port west side.
Japanese: 大輪田泊（おおわだのとまり）は兵庫県神戸市兵庫区に所在していた港で、現在の神戸港西側の一部に相当する。
English: It is also called Wada no tomari and formerly was also called Muko no minato.
Japanese: 輪田泊（わだのとまり）ともいい、古くは務古水門（むこのみなと）とも称した。
English: Owada no tomari was located in the east side of Cape Wada, formed a natural good port and was an important port for passage through Seto Inland Sea from the Nara period.
Japanese: 大輪田泊は、和田岬の東側にいだかれて天然の良港をなし、奈良時代から瀬戸内海を航行する際の要津であった。
English: Cape Wada was a sand spit which was formed by earth and sand, tidally accumulated, which was carried by Minato-gawa River (Hyogo prefecture), Karumo-gawa River and Myohoji-gawa River coming from Rokko mountains to current Osaka Bay.
Japanese: 和田岬は、六甲山地から現在の大阪湾に流下する湊川(兵庫県)・苅藻川・妙法寺川によって運ばれた土砂が、さらに潮汐によって集積して形成された砂嘴であった。
English: Owada no tomari is described in "Iken Fuji Junikajo" (twelve opinions to the Emperor Daigo) by Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI in 914 and was one of Seppan Gohaku which were built by a daisojo (a Buddhist priest of the highest order) Gyogi during the Nara period.
Japanese: 大輪田泊は、延喜14年（914年）の三善清行の『意見封事十二箇条』に、奈良時代に大僧正行基が築いたとして記される行基摂播五泊のひとつである。
English: All of them were located from Settsu Province to Harima Province and thus called 'Seppan Gohaku.'
Japanese: いずれも摂津国から播磨国にかけて所在するため、「摂播五泊」とも称される。
English: And the place-name 'Owada' is considered to have semantically originated from staying at a ferry and similar place-names remain across Japanese islands like a place-name 'Chibune-eki' which exists in the mouth of Kanzaki-gawa River in Settsu Province in Kawajiri no tomari mentioned above, and among them, simply 'Owada' mostly refers to Muko no minato, which is, they think, because this land was regarded as the most important port (ferry).
Japanese: なお、「大輪田」の地名は津泊の意におこるとも理解されており、上記河尻泊の所在した摂津国神崎川の河口にも「千船駅」の地名があるのをはじめ日本列島各地に同様の地名がのこり、そうしたなかで単に「大輪田」といえば概ね務古水門のことをさすのは、この地が古くから最重要港湾として認められていたことを示しているとも考えられる。
English: During the Heian period, as the reconstruction of Owada no tomari is described in the June 812 chapter in "Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicle of Japan), Zo Owada funaseshi was set up and the reconstruction work was always done like building stone dikes (iwakura) for storm and wave prevention and so on and to cover the cost, shosairyo (custom duty for freight) or funaseshodento was levied, which is confirmed in various documents (historical study).
Japanese: 平安時代には、『日本後紀』の弘仁3年（812年）6月条に大輪田泊修築のことが記されるのをはじめ、造大輪田船瀬使がおかれ、防風と防波を兼ねて石の堤（石椋）を築くなど、たえず修築がおこなわれ、その経費を充当するため勝載料もしくは船瀬庄田稲を徴収していたことのあったことが各種の文献資料(歴史学)で確認されている。
English: In particular, there was Cape Wada to the west of tomari and thus the ocean waves were safe when the wind was in the west, but when in the southeast the ships were often wrecked because the southeast direction of tomari was open to the ocean.
Japanese: とくに、泊の西方向には和田岬があって西風の波浪には安全であったが、南東方向は海にひらけており南東風のため諸船がしばしば難破した。
English: And funase (funadamari – dock) was built at national expense, but with the decline of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes the reconstruction discontinued and lied neglected.
Japanese: そこで国費で船瀬（船だまり）をつくって修理が加えられたが、律令国家の衰えとともに修築はおこなわれなくなり、放置されるようになった。
English: TAIRA no Tadamori, who was confided in by Emperor Toba, began the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China through chigyo (enfeoffment) of Kanzaki-no-sho in Bizen Province, which was Goin Palace's manor (territory of Emperor's retreat), and came to be admitted as In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) by presenting imported goods.
Japanese: 鳥羽天皇の信任の厚かった平忠盛は、後院領荘園（天皇の隠居所の所領）であった肥前国神埼荘の知行を通じて日宋貿易を開始し、舶来品を院に進呈して院の近臣としてみとめられるようになった。
English: Then, Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), which controlled foreign relations, criticized these as unauthorized activities, but Tadamori suppressed the criticism through inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor).
Japanese: その際、対外交渉を統括する大宰府が、これを越権行為として批判したが、忠盛は院宣によりこれを抑えた。
English: TAIRA no Kiyomori, a son of Tadamori, held Aki no kami (governor of Aki Province), Harima no kami (governor of Harima Province) and Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and after the Heiji War in 1159, established the Taira clan government.
Japanese: 忠盛の子、平清盛は安芸守、播磨守、大宰大弐を歴任し、平治元年（1159年）の平治の乱ののちに平氏政権を成立させた。
English: Kiyomori exported silver produced in Ise Province which was his power base and opened and cut Ondo no seto in Aki Province and so on to secure the channel in Seto Inland Sea and further he took over the right of foreign relations of Dazai-fu.
Japanese: 清盛は勢力基盤であった伊勢国で産出する銀などを輸出し、安芸国の音戸瀬戸を開削するなど瀬戸内海航路を確保し、さらに大宰府の対外交渉権の接収をおこなった。
English: In 1162 Kiyomori got Settsuyatabe manor in Fukuhara (Kobe City).
Japanese: 応保2年（1162年）、清盛は福原(神戸市)のある摂津八部（やたべ）荘を手に入れた。
English: Then, or before that, Owada no tomari also seems to have been under his control.
Japanese: このとき、あるいはそれに先だって大輪田泊もかれの管轄下に入ったものとみられる。
English: Considering the importance of Owada no tomari, Kiyomori built an artificial island in front of the port because, as mentioned before, traditionally the southeast wind and wave often destroyed the port facilities, and to build a safe dock, he began the reconstruction work by spending his own money.
Japanese: 大輪田泊の重要性を深くみとめた清盛は、上述したように、従来、南東風による風浪が港湾施設を破壊することが多かったため、湊の前面に人工島を築いて安全な碇泊地を設けようと、私費を投じて修築工事に着手した。
English: The first construction work was started in February 1162 during the time of Kiyomori Gon Chunagon (Provisional vice-councilor of state), but in August the strong wind devastated the construction work.
Japanese: 最初の工事は応保2年2月、清盛権中納言のときに開始されたが、同年8月に大風があり、工事はそのため水泡に帰した。
English: In 1163 the construction work restarted, but it was difficult work, which gave rise to various legends.
Japanese: 翌長寛元年（1163年）3月に工事を再開したが、難工事であったため、その際さまざまな伝説が生じている。
English: When the construction work nearly ended but the sun was about to set, Kiyomori invited the setting sun back, or he refused the opinion that the construction work be started after burying human sacrifice and he made them write kyomon (sutras) of Issai-kyo (Complete Collection of Scriptures) on stones and immersed the stones as bases, which was why the artificial island was called 'Kyogashima Island' and so on.
Japanese: もう少しで工事完成というそのときに日が暮れそうになったため、清盛が沈む太陽を招き返した、あるいは、人柱を沈めてから工事をしようという意見をしりぞけて、諸人に一切経の経文を書かせた石を沈めて基礎を築いた、そのため、この人工島を「経が島」と称したなどである。
English: In 1168 Kiyomori entered into priesthood, took the name of 'Jokai,' and after that, he built a villa (Fukuhara mountain villa) in Fukuhara, Settsu Province and he always lived there and managed the circumference.
Japanese: 仁安(日本)3年（1168年）、清盛は出家して「浄海」と名乗ったのち摂津福原に別荘（福原山荘）をかまえ、常時ここに住んで周辺一帯を経営した。
English: This is because he seems to have chosen a convenient place for foreign trade using Owada no tomari.
Japanese: これは、大輪田泊を利用して外国貿易をおこなうのに便利な地を選んだものと思われる。
English: Through Kiyomori's invitation, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa often visited Kiyomori's villa in Fukuhara and received Sung people in audience.
Japanese: 後白河法皇は清盛の招きで福原の清盛別荘をしばしば訪れ、宋人に引見している。
English: In 1172 Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and Kiyomori received the sovereign's message and presents from the chihokan (a local official) in Mingzhou (Ningbo) in China.
Japanese: 承安(日本)2年（1172年）、中国明州（寧波）の地方官より、後白河法皇と清盛に国書と贈り物がとどいた。
English: In 1173 Kiyomori sent toreishi (errand to return call or visit), got the license for passage of merchant ships to Owada no tomari from Goshirakawa, made the Sung merchant ships pass through Seto Inland Sea and expanded the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China because Goshirakawa gave a present to the Sung messenger in return and the diplomatic relations with Sung were officially opened.
Japanese: 翌承安3年（1173年）、清盛は答礼使を派遣し、また、後白河院からは大輪田泊までの商船通航許可を得て宋の商船に瀬戸内海を航行させ、また、後白河院が宋の使者に答物を贈ったことによって、宋とのあいだに正式に国交が開かれて日宋貿易が拡大した。
English: The Sung currency which Kiyomori and so on imported in high volume caused a temporary inflation and had a large impact on the medieval Japanese economy, promoting the development of money economy and so on.
Japanese: 清盛らが大量に輸入した宋銭は、一時はインフレーションを起こし、貨幣経済の発展をうながすなど中世の日本経済に大きな影響をあたえた。
English: In 1174 the construction work for an artificial island Kyogashima Island, whose estimated area was 37 hectares, was started and in 1175 the reconstruction work ended.
Japanese: 承安4年（1174年）、推定面積37ヘクタールの人工島経が島が竣工し、翌1175年には修築工事を終えた。
English: The head of the construction work for Kyogashima Island was Shigeyoshi TAGUCHI, who was a member of Gozoku (local ruling family) in Awa Province, a hard core of the Haira Navy.
Japanese: 経が島の工事責任者は、平氏水軍の中核をなす阿波国の豪族田口成良であった。
English: Kiyomori purchased "Taihei Gyoran" (a Chinese ancient encyclopedia) in 1179, made them copy it, kept the copy in hand, presented the printed one to Emperor Takakura who was his daughter's husband and tried to introduce new knowledge.
Japanese: 清盛はまた、治承3年（1179年）に『太平御覧』を購入して人に書写させ、写本は手元において、印刷本（摺本）は女婿にあたる高倉天皇に献上するなど、新知識の導入にも努めた。
English: Kiyomori incarcerated Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and cleared the opponents through a military coup in December 1179.
Japanese: 清盛はこの年の11月、軍事クーデターをおこし、後白河法皇を幽閉、反対派を一掃した。
English: Takakura, who abdicated the throne and became the retired emperor in March 1180, firstly started Shasan (visit to shrines or temples) in Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province, which broke the traditional custom, from April to early May in that year.
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）2月に譲位して上皇となった高倉の最初の社参が、その年の3月から4月上旬にかけて、従来の慣例を破って安芸の厳島神社でおこなわれた。
English: The reconstruction work so far was done by private fortune of the Taira clan, but this plan was by the use of government power.
Japanese: それまでの改修が平家の私財によったのに対し、今回の計画は国家権力をあげてのものとなった。
English: That July, with Kiyomori's initiative, a new Emperor Antoku, who was still three years old, and the Retired Emperor Takakura, who was Antoku's father, and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, who was his grandfather, paid a visit to Fukuhara and the Angu (temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit) was set up there.
Japanese: この年の6月、平清盛の主導により、まだ3歳の新帝安徳天皇、父高倉上皇、祖父後白河法皇の福原行幸がおこなわれ、行宮もその地に置かれた。
English: Kiyomori planned to build 'Wada-kyo' in Owada neighboring Fukuhara and also planned a permanent reconstruction of Owada no tomari by efficacious powers of each province.
Japanese: 清盛は福原に隣接する大輪田の地に「和田京」の造営を計画し、国々の功力による大輪田泊の永久的修築をも企図した。
English: The construction plan of 'Wada-kyo', including Owada no tomari in good condition, ended in just a plan because of geographical constraints, but Kiyomori forced the capital relocation by building Fukuhara-kyo in the foothills overlooking Owada no tomari.
Japanese: 整備なった大輪田泊をそのうちに取り込む「和田京」造営計画は地形的制約もあって計画のみに終わったが、清盛は、大輪田泊を見下ろす山麓に福原京を築いて遷都を強行した。