nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Throughout the pre-war period there was almost a one-to-one ratio between the number of students per year at higher schools under the old system and that of the imperial universities.
Japanese: 旧制高校の1学年の定員と帝国大学のそれとは戦前期をつうじてほぼ1対1であった。
English: Therefore, as long as there was a diploma for completing a higher school, one could enter an imperial university without any examinations as long as he was not choosey about the field of study,
Japanese: そのため、高等学校の卒業証書さえあれば、専攻をえらばないかぎり、どこかの帝国大学に無試験で入学できた。
English: Because there was this type of 'guarantee of status' there were students who did not study hard but enjoyed their student lives.
Japanese: こうした「身分保証」があったため、勉強はそこそこに学生生活を謳歌した学生もいた。
English: Because staying in the same grade for three years meant expulsion from school, it is said that there was a student audacious enough to 'deliberately' repeat the same year once in each grade of the three years in advanced course, staying in school for six years.
Japanese: おなじ学年に3年とどまると放校（退学）となるため、「計画的」に高等科3年間の修業年限を1回ずつ落第し6年いつづけた猛者もいたという。
English: Moreover, it also served as an incubator for the elites in the pre-war society, and it was an institution that supported the foundation of social system at the time.
Japanese: また、戦前社会のエリート層揺籃の場として機能した面もあり、当時の社会制度の根底をささえる機関の一つであった。
English: However, it was a different institution, because unlike the higher school under the old system, there was a premise that the students would be admitted to specific universities under the old system.
Japanese: しかし、特定の旧制大学への進学を前提にするなど旧制高等学校とは違いがあり、別の機関である。
English: The instructors at the University of Tokyo in the early years were mostly foreigners hired from western countries at 'salaries higher than those of ministers.'
Japanese: 東京大学の初期の教官は「大臣よりも高い」俸給でやとわれた欧米のお雇い外国人たちがしめていた。
English: The curriculum was modeled after universities in Europe, and textbooks, lectures, notes and answers were all in foreign languages.
Japanese: カリキュラムはヨーロッパの大学にならい、教科書、授業、ノート、答案はすべて外国語という状態であった。
English: Therefore, in order to receive a specialized education, it was absolutely necessary to be highly proficient in languages such as English and German.
Japanese: このため、専門教育をうけるためにはまず英語やドイツ語等のたかい語学能力が不可欠であった。
English: University preparatory school was a preparatory educational institution to acquire such language skills.
Japanese: これを身につける予備教育機関としてつくられたのが大学予備門であった。
English: In order to improve the bureaucratic organization, Hirobumi ITO, who acquired power after ousting Shigenobu OKUMA at the coup in 1881, merged all of the national schools in Tokyo with the University of Tokyo, which had been created by Ministry of Education.
Japanese: 1881年の政変で大隈重信を失脚させて実権をにぎった伊藤博文らは、官僚機構を整備するため、東京にある官立諸学校を文部省のつくった東京大学にすべて併合した。
English: He renamed it an 'imperial university,' which was the only university, and he designated it as a training institution for government officials and scholars.
Japanese: そして、唯一の総合大学である「帝国大学」とあらため、ここを官吏、学者の養成学校とした。
English: The University of Tokyo becoming an 'imperial university' meant that a preparatory educational institution was to be placed in each of the five school districts throughout Japan.
Japanese: 東京大学が「帝国大学」となるとその予備教育機関は全国5学区にそれぞれおかれることになった。
English: Preparatory School of the University of Tokyo became the First Higher Middle School within District Number One (the Kanto region and the areas around it), and it later became the First High School under the old system by the Higher School Order.
Japanese: 東京大学予備門は第一学区（関東地方およびその周辺地域）の第一高等中学校となり、その後、高等学校令により第一高等学校(旧制)となった。
English: Among the higher schools under the old system whose number amounted to 39 throughout Japan in the end, the First through the Eighth Higher Schools (under the old system), which were established during the Meiji period, sent their graduates to the political and business worlds from early on.
Japanese: 最終的に全国39あった旧制高校のなかでも、明治期に創設された第一高等学校から第八高等学校(旧制)までは、早期から政財界に卒業生をおくりこんだ。
English: Because they were at an advantage compared to the schools that were established later, they were called 'number schools' (from 'n school') in order to distinguish them from other schools.
Japanese: 後発の学校よりも優位にたったため、他との区別で、特に「ナンバースクール」（「n高」から）とよばれた。
English: Therefore, even after the new system was put in place the honorific title such as 'number school elite school' remained in idiomatic usage.
Japanese: このため、新制に移行したあとも「ナンバースクールエリート校」という尊称のような慣用句的用法としてのこった。
English: Schools that are numbered, which are mainly public high schools (some private schools also), including the period of middle schools in each municipality under the old system, are sometimes locally called 'the number school of XX.'
Japanese: 各自治体での旧制中学時代もふくんだおもに公立高校を中心（一部では私立高校でも）に、数字のふされた学校をローカルに「○○のナンバースクール」などとよぶことがある。
English: After the Sixth Higher School (under the old system) the local eagerness to entice the schools had a large influence on its establishment.
Japanese: 第六高等学校(旧制)以降は地元の誘致の熱意もその設立におおきな影響をあたえた。
English: Moreover, for the establishment of the Ninth Higher School, a fierce enticement battle took place between Niigata and Matsumoto, and it became a series of smearing campaigns,
Japanese: また、第九高等学校の設立をめぐっては新潟と松本のあいだで熾烈な誘致合戦がおこり、中傷合戦にいたる泥仕合化した。
English: However, in the end, using the name 'the Ninth Higher School' was avoided, and the matter was settled by using the place name of Niigata Higher School (under the old system) and Matsumoto Higher School (under the old system).
Japanese: しかし、最終的に「第九高等学校」と命名するのはさけ、新潟高等学校(旧制)および松本高等学校(旧制)と地名をつけることで決着した。
English: This matter was taken into consideration in the naming of schools established since then, and the schools were named according to the location of the school.
Japanese: 以後の設立高校の命名にはこの事態を考慮し、学校所在地にならった命名になった。
English: As a way to contrast and distinguish these from the 'number schools' mentioned earlier, they were sometimes called 'chimeiko' (place name schools) or 'name schools.'
Japanese: これらをさきの「ナンバースクール」との対比・区別の意味で、「地名校」あるいは「ネームスクール」とよぶ場合もある。
English: The Second Higher School Order was proclaimed on December 6, 1918, and it was enforced on April 1, 1919.
Japanese: 第二次高等学校令は1918年（大正7年）12月6日に公布され、翌1919年（大正8年）4月1日に施行された。
English: As for the characteristic of the higher schools, it was laid out as 'a higher school is a place where one receives higher ordinary education.'
Japanese: 高等学校の性質についてはこれを「高等学校ハ高等普通教育ヲ授クル所トス」とした。
English: As for the structure of higher schools the standard was set as a seven-year system with three years of advanced course and four years of regular course.
Japanese: 高等学校の構成については高等科3年・尋常科4年の7年制を基本とした。
English: The graduates of advanced course were allowed to have a training period limited to one year in their specialty, and those who completed this training period was awarded with the title of tokugyoshi.
Japanese: 高等科卒業者のために修業年限1年の専攻科をおくことができるとし、その修了者には得業士の称号を与えることにした。
English: The qualification required for entering advanced course was completion of regular course at a higher school or about four years of middle school (before the reform, completion of middle school which was five years at the time), and shortening of the enrollment period was realized.
Japanese: 高等科の入学資格は高等学校尋常科修了または中学校第4学年修了程度（改正前は当時5年制であった中学校卒業程度）とし、年限短縮を実現した。
English: This shortening of the number of years spent on the training preexisted at the basis of the reform of higher school educational system.
Japanese: この修業年限短縮は以前から高等学校制度改革の根本にあったものである。
English: Therefore, it became common for the students wanting to enter higher schools to take the higher school entrance examinations, assuming that it would end in four years, and many people were accepted.
Japanese: このため高等学校進学希望者は4年修了見込で高等学校を受験するのが一般的になり、合格するものも数多くでた。
English: As primary examples, for private schools there are Musashi Koto Gakko (under the old system) of Nezu Zaibatsu (financial conglomerate) of Tobu Railway Co., Ltd., Seijo Koto Gakko (under the old system) (present-day Seijo Gakuen High School) by Masataro SAWAYANAGI who was the foremost educator of the generation, Seikei Koto Gakko (under the old system) by the Iwasaki family of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, and Konan Koto Gakko (under the old system) by a businessman in the Kansai region,
Japanese: おもな例として私立では東武鉄道の根津財閥が武蔵高等学校(旧制)、当代一流の教育家であった沢柳政太郎が成城高等学校(旧制)（現成城学園高等学校）、三菱財閥の岩崎家が成蹊高等学校(旧制)、関西地方の財界人が甲南高等学校(旧制)がある。
English: For public schools, there is Toyama Kenritsu Toyama Koto Gakko (Toyama Prefectural Toyama High School) (under the old system) which was established by a wealthy local family who donated an enormous amount of money to the prefecture.
Japanese: 公立では地元の素封家が県に莫大な寄付をして設立した富山県立富山高等学校(旧制)がある。
English: Furthermore, Gakushuin, established by Imperial Household Ministry during the Meiji period, was set up in order to educate the children of the peers, but after 1912, it became an institution equivalent to the higher schools under the old system.
Japanese: また、明治時代に宮内省が創設した学習院は華族の子弟の教育のために設立されたものであるが、1921年以降、制度的に旧制高等学校と同等に位置づけられた。
English: These schools consisted of a regular course (four years) and advanced course (three years), totaling seven years of higher school (Gakushuin consisted of eight years because of merging of five years of middle school, which was equivalent to the regular course), and once enrolled in the regular course a spot at an imperial university was guaranteed.
Japanese: これらの学校は尋常科（4年制）、高等科（3年制）からなる7年制高等学校（学習院は尋常科にあたる中等科5年を併設した8年制）であり、一度尋常科に入学すれば帝国大学への進学が保証された。
English: Many of the national higher schools, starting with the First Higher School, had only three years of advanced course, which was consistent with the structure of the original schools.
Japanese: 一高をはじめとする官立の高校のおおくは当初の形態通り3年制の高等科だけをおいた。
English: After World War II ended, with the influence of American occupation policy some higher schools under the former system began to admit women to enroll.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦終結後、アメリカの占領政策の影響もあって、女子の入学を許可する旧制高校があらわれだした。
English: Female students went to school wearing student's hats that were the same as the male student's, or they wore brimless student's hats.
Japanese: 女子学生は男子とおなじ学生帽あるいは庇をなくした学生帽をかぶって通学した。
English: In general, female students were treated well as guests, and many went on to imperial universities or universities under the new system, then became teachers and researchers.
Japanese: 女子学生は概してお客さん扱いで大事にされ、卒業後は帝大、新制大学に進学し、教職・研究職についたものがおおかった。
English: NANBARA was also a graduate of Ichiko (The First Higher School), and he later attested that during the three years at the former higher schools he slacked off, and the materials taught at school were merely repackaging of materials taught at former middle school, and therefore he had no attachment to education in former higher schools.
Japanese: 南原も一高出身であったが、旧制高校の3年間はあそんでばかりで、学習内容は旧制中学のものを手直しした程度のものだったとそれほど旧制高校の教育に執着をもっていなかったことをのちに証言している。
English: NANBARA repeatedly stated his commitment to Inazo NITOBE, the principal of Ichiko when NANBARA was a student there, who emphasized that men should be gentlemen.
Japanese: 南原は、ジェントルマンであれと強調した、一高時代の校長・新渡戸稲造への傾倒をくりかえしのべていた。
English: Because of the post-war educational reform, the former higher schools merged with former universities and other institutions of higher education, and many of them became parent organizations such as faculties of general education, literature or science at universities under the new system.
Japanese: 戦後の学制改革によって旧制高等学校は旧制大学や他の高等教育機関と統合して、そのおおくは新制大学の教養部や文理学部の母体となった。
English: Furthermore, Yoji YAMADA, a film director, encountered the educational reform while he was still a student at Yamaguchi Higher School, and he moved on to the University of Tokyo from Tokyo Metropolitan Koyamadai High School under the new system..
Japanese: また、映画監督の山田洋次は山口高等学校在学中に学制改革に遭遇し、新制東京都立小山台高等学校から東大にすすんだ。
English: Before the implementation of the educational reform, there was a movement to search for a way for the former higher schools to continue their existence as 'junior colleges' (equivalent to junior colleges after the reform), but it ended as a dream.
Japanese: 学制改革実施前、「ジュニアカレッジ（改革後の短期大学に相当）」としての旧制高等学校存続を模索するうごきもあったが幻におわった。
English: The graduates who reminisced over the former higher schools proclaimed the positive aspects of the former higher schools by holding Nihon Ryokasai (song festival held by the dormitory students) and by founding 'Association to Advance the Educational Revolution in Japan' even after the war.
Japanese: 旧制高等学校をなつかしむ卒業生は戦後においても日本寮歌祭をひらいたり、「日本の教育改革を進める会」を結成したりして旧制高等学校の長所をうったえた。
English: However, perhaps because they adamantly aspired to revive the former higher schools as national institutions of higher education, there were no movements toward establishing specialized higher schools and junior colleges for liberal arts education in private schools for the benefit of the elites.
Japanese: しかし、あくまで国立学校の高等教育機関としての復活を希求していたせいか、私立学校でエリートにたいする一般教養教育の短期大学や高等専門学校を設立するうごきはなかった。
English: Wakayama Prefectural Junior College of Sciences was one such school that was established in 1950 but it was abolished in 1955.
Japanese: 1950年に設立され、1955年に廃止された和歌山県立理科短期大学がそれである。
English: The establishment of the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts under the new system was a movement to preserve the tradition of liberalism in the former higher schools.
Japanese: 新制東京大学教養学部の設置は旧制高等学校の教養主義的な伝統をのこそうとしたうごきである。
English: Furthermore, the graduates of former imperial universities, such as the influential people, who were involved in the establishment of the College of Liberal Arts at International Christian University immediately after the war, were hopeful about the possibility of passing down the advantages of the former higher schools to the principles of liberal arts colleges.
Japanese: また、終戦直後に国際基督教大学(ICU)教養学部の設立にたずさわった旧帝国大学卒の有力者たちはそのリベラル・アーツ・カレッジの理念に旧制高等学校のよさを継承させられる可能性を期待した。
English: The 'Integrated Selection System' was abolished in 1908, but from the following year, the examination questions were standardized for all schools except for the Seventh High School.
Japanese: 「総合選抜制」は1908年廃止となったが、翌年から七高を除いた各校が試験問題を統一した。
English: From 1926, in order to accommodate the students taking examinations to go to national higher schools, the national higher schools were divided into two groups, and one school from each group was allowed to be specified.
Japanese: 1926年から官立高等学校受験者の便宜を考慮して、官立高等学校を2つの班に区分し、各班から1校ずつ志望指定できるものとした。
English: The first group consisted of the First, the Fifth, the Seventh, Niigata, Mito, Yamagata, Matsue, Tokyo, Osaka, Urawa, Shizuoka, Himeji and Hiroshima Higher Schools.
Japanese: 第1班は一高・五高・七高・新潟高・水戸高・山形高・松江高・東京高・大阪高・浦和高・静岡高・姫路高・広島高。
English: The second group consisted of the Second, the Third, the Fourth, the Sixth, the Eighth, Matsumoto, Yamaguchi, Matsuyama, Saga, Hirosaki, Fukuoka and Kochi Higher Schools.
Japanese: 第2班は二高・三高・四高・六高・八高・松本高・山口高・松山高・佐賀高・弘前高・福岡高・高知高。
English: University preparatory course was divided into the first division (law, literature), the second division (engineering, science, agriculture) and the third division (medicine).
Japanese: 大学予科は第一部（法・文）、第二部（工・理・農）、第三部（医）にわかれていた。
English: As for examples of classification, among the applicants of the law division, the faculty that focused on English was First Division English Law, the faculty that focused on German was the First Division German Law, and among the applicants to Faculty of Letters University the division that focused on English was First Division English Literature and the division that focused on German was First Division German Literature.
Japanese: 分類例をあげると、法科志願者のうち、英語を主とする科は一部英法、ドイツ語を主とする科は一部独法、文科大学志望者のうち、英語を主とする科は一部英文、ドイツ語を主とする科は一部独文などである。
English: It was roughly divided into humanities and sciences, and depending on the foreign language taken it was further divided into Faculty of Letters English category (English as the primary language), Faculty of Letters German category (German), Faculty of Letters French category (French), Faculty of Sciences English category (English), Faculty of Sciences German category (German), and Faculty of Sciences French category (French).
Japanese: 文科と理科に大別され、履修する外国語により、文科甲類（第一外国語が英語）、文科乙類（ドイツ語）、文科丙類（フランス語）、理科甲類（英語）、理科乙類（ドイツ語）、理科丙類（フランス語）と細分された。
English: However, the higher schools that had divisions with French as the primary foreign language were few in number, such as the First Higher School, the Third Higher School, Shizuoka Higher School, Fukuoka Higher School, Osaka Higerh School and Urawa Higher School.
Japanese: ただし、フランス語を第一外国語にする類をおいた高校は第一高等学校・第三高等学校・静岡高等学校・福岡高等学校・大阪高等学校・浦和高等学校など少数にとどまった。
English: The class composition at the Fourth Higher School in 1926 was two classes in English literature, one class in German literature, three science classes in English and one science class in German.
Japanese: 1926年の第四高等学校におけるクラス編成は文甲2クラス、文乙1クラス、理甲3クラス、理乙1クラスとなっていた。
English: The enrollment capacity at imperial universities was about the same as the number of graduates from the former higher schools, and therefore, as long as one was not picky about the desired field of study, enrollment at an imperial university after graduation was guaranteed.
Japanese: 帝国大学の入学定員は旧制高校の卒業者数とほぼおなじだったので、志望する学科を選り好みしなければ、卒業後の帝国大学進学を保証された。
English: Therefore, depending on the faculty at regional imperial universities and national colleges there was a shortage of students.
Japanese: このため、地方の帝国大学や官立大学では募集学科によって定員割れが生じていた。
English: Universities that were established later, such as Keijo Imperial University and Hokkaido Imperial University, independently took up strategies to set up 'yoka' (preparatory course) in order to ensure a pool of talented students from early on.
Japanese: 京城帝国大学や北海道帝国大学など後発大学では独自に「予科」を設けて早くから質のよい学生を確保する手法をとった。
English: In the 1920's, the national medical colleges that were established during the early period were upgraded to national medical universities.
Japanese: 1920年代になると、初期に設立された官立医学専門学校が官立医科大学へと昇格した。
English: As with imperial universities (except for the universities with their own preparatory courses such as Hokkaido Imperial University, Keijo Imperial University and Taipei Imperial University), the medical schools did not have their own preparatory courses.
Japanese: 帝国大学（独自の大学予科を持つ北海道帝大、京城帝大、台北帝大を除く）とおなじく医科大学なども独自の大学予科をもたなかった。
English: Because of the emergence of 'regional imperial universities with preparatory courses' and 'national medical colleges without preparatory courses,' equating graduation from former higher school and going to an imperial university no longer worked.
Japanese: このように「予科をもつ地方帝大」と「予科をもたない官立医大」の出現で旧制高校卒業＝帝国大学進学という図式はくずれた。
English: In general, because there were many applicants to the medical schools and to the popular divisions at the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, acceptance rate was often one out of two or one out of three.
Japanese: 一般的に医学部、東大京大の人気学科は志望者がおおいため、倍率が2倍、3倍となることもすくなくなかった。
English: The examination subjects in the case of Tokyo Imperial University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics, were foreign languages, mathematics, mechanics and physics, and in the case of Kyushu Imperial University, Faculty of Engineering, they were mathematics and mechanics, physics and chemistry, and in the case of Kyushu Imperial University, Faculty of Medicine, they were foreign languages (two out of English, German and French), mathematics, physics, chemistry, zoology and botany.
Japanese: 東京帝国大学理学部数学科の場合、外国語、数学、力学、物理であり、九州帝国大学工学部の場合、数学及力学、物理学、化学であり、九州帝国大学医学部の場合、外国語（英独仏ノ内二）、数学、物理、化学、動植物学であった。
English: Upon advancing to popular faculties and departments, more than a few people became ronin (those who could not pass the examinations to enroll at a university), and they were called white-line ronin.
Japanese: 人気学部・学科への進学においては浪人するものもすくなくなく、白線浪人とよばれた。
English: When there was an under-enrollment at imperial universities the capacity was filled preferentially by the graduates and the potential graduates of former higher schools.
Japanese: 帝国大学の定員割れは、旧制高校卒業・卒業見込者での充足が優先された。
English: During the applicant selection process at imperial universities priority was decided based on the applicant's educational history.
Japanese: 帝国大学などでは入学志願者選抜に際し、志願者の学歴によって優先順位を決定した。
English: The highest priority was given to the graduates of the department of letters at higher schools for the department of humanities at universities without preparatory courses, and to the graduates of department of sciences at high schools for faculty of sciences, and at universities with preparatory courses the highest priority was given to those who completed the preparatory courses.
Japanese: 予科をもたない大学の文系学部では高等学校文科卒業者に、理系学部では高等学校理科卒業者に、予科をもつ大学では予科修了者に、第一位の優先順位を与えた。
English: If the enrollment limit was exceeded by the applicant with first priority ranking, a competitive examination was given to those with first priority ranking.
Japanese: 優先順位第一位の志願者数が定員を超えた場合は、第一位の志願者のみを対象とする競争試験を実施した。
English: The ones who failed the tests became members of ronin, and they were sometimes called 'hakusen ronin' (ronin with white lines).
Japanese: この試験で不合格となり浪人する者が「白線浪人」と呼ばれることもあった。
English: If the enrollment limit was not met by the first priority applicants, then these first priority applicants were all accepted, and the shortage in the enrollment was filled by the second priority applicants.
Japanese: 優先順位第一位の志願者数が定員以下の場合は第一位全員を合格とし、欠員部分を優先順位第二位に振り向けた。
English: In many cases, the second priority and below were designated as 'people with educational history other than graduates of higher schools,' and those who enrolled in this manner were called 'people who were admitted through indirect enrollment.'
Japanese: 多くの場合、第二位以下に「高等学校卒業以外の学歴の者」が指定され、これにより入学した者は「傍系入学者」と呼ばれた。
English: Therefore, applicants from higher normal schools and higher technical schools were admitted to fill the enrollment capacity in form, but at imperial universities they were permitted to enroll, using the fill-ins as a reason and treating them as indirect enrollments.
Japanese: したがって、高等師範学校や高等実業学校からの進学希望者は形式的には欠員補充であったが、帝国大学では定員充足を理由に傍系入学というあつかいで入学を許可されていた。
English: With the changeover to the new system because of the educational reform, a measure was taken against the white-line ronin (November 29, 1949, notified by the Ministry of Education).
Japanese: 学制改革による新制切り替えに際し、白線浪人対策（1949年11月29日付文部省通達）が行われた。
English: Each university under the old system was divided into two terms, and in 1949, the selection examinations were given.
Japanese: 各旧制大学を二期に分け、1949年度（昭和24年度）選抜試験を実施した。
English: Each university under the old system increased the enrollment limit as much as possible, and in order to prevent double enrollment and rescinding of enrollment, the university made the announcement of acceptance as soon as possible for the first term.
Japanese: 各旧制大学は入学定員をできるかぎり増加させ、二重入学や入学取消などを防止するため第一期の大学は合格発表をできるだけ早く行った。
English: The actions taken against the white-line ronin by the universities under the old system ended with the entrance examination in 1950.
Japanese: なお、旧制大学が行う白線浪人対策は1950（昭和25）年入試で終了した。
English: When the Pacific War escalated the duraion of school was shortened by half a year to two and a half years in 1942 and 1943 as a temprary measure during emergency, and from the class entering in 1943 the term was officially shortened to two years by a legal amendment.
Japanese: 太平洋戦争が激化すると、非常時の臨時措置として1942年、1943年には半年繰り上げの2年半で、また、1943年入学の学年からは法改正により正式に修業年限が2年に短縮された。
English: However, in September, 1945, immediatey after the end of the war, the term was again changed to three years, and the only class that graduated in two years was the class that entered in 1943.
Japanese: ただし、終戦直後の1945年9月にふたたび修業年限3年にあらためられたため、2年の年限で卒業したのは1943年入学の学年だけである。
English: Entering in April, 1942 - tentative graduation in November, 1943 - graduation in September, 1944 (formally three years, shortened by half a year)
Japanese: 1942年4月入学→1943年11月仮卒業→1944年9月卒業（正規3年・半年短縮）
English: The typical outfit of a former higher school student consisted of a cap with white stripes, a cape and takageta (tall wooden clogs), and the sight of them walking around in town singing their dormitory song was highly admired by many students of middle schools under the old system.
Japanese: 白線帽にマント、高下駄は旧制高校生の典型的な身なりであり、寮歌を高吟して街をあるく姿はおおくの旧制中等学校生徒のあこがれであった。
English: However, some private higher school students under the old system did not have the white stripes on their caps, and students at Seijo High School who were unhappy about this started a 'White Stripes Movement.'
Japanese: しかし、旧制私立高校では帽子に白線がない学校もあり、成城高校では生徒がそれを不満として「白線運動」をおこしたという。
English: By this, national higher middle schools (precursor to higher schools under the old system) were established in each of the five school districts throughout Japan as well as in Yamaguchi and Kagoshima.
Japanese: これにより全国五学区の各学区および山口ならびに鹿児島に官立高等中学校（旧制高等学校の前身）が設立された。