nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Concerning the first letter sent by the Yuan Dynasty, most scholars of eastern history think that it is surprisingly polite compared to letters by other Chinese dynasties, but scholars of Japanese history are said to have a tendency to see it as authoritative.
Japanese: 元が最初に送った国書であるが、これに関しては東洋史学者は概ね他の歴代中国王朝の国書と比べて驚くほど低姿勢であると見ているのに対して、日本史学者は高圧的と見る傾向にあると言われる。
English: Meanwhile, the reply that the Japanese Imperial Court intended to give, though it was not given because Tokimune HOJO opposed to it, is said to have contained rather aggressive phrases, saying "Japan is a country protected by the gods, originating from Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess), and thus there is no reason to obey a foreign country."
Japanese: ちなみに、北条時宗の反対で出される事はなかったものの、朝廷がクビライに出そうとした返書は「日本は天照大神以来の神国であって、外国に臣従する謂れはない」とするかなり過激な内容だったとも伝えられている。
English: Concerning the killing of the envoys, some consider that the reason was because they were acting as spies.
Japanese: また使者に対する殺害に関して、彼らがスパイ行為を行っていたためと言う見解がある。
English: Before Bunei no Eki, envoys were rather free and could gather various information during their trips.
Japanese: 文永の役以前の使者の行動はかなり自由で、道中では色々な情報を集めることができた。
English: "Hachiman Daibosatsu Gudokun" (another title of Hachiman Gudokun) reads, "they looked around Chikushi Province in the night and wrote instructions about the place for naval battle, position and the way to escape" and in addition, the records on Liang-pi CHAO in "Genshi" also says, "envoy to Japan Liang-pi CHAO reached Dazai-fu and returned with detailed information about Japanese titles granted to vassals, the number and names of provinces, customs and products."
Japanese: 『八幡大菩薩愚童訓』には「夜々ニ筑紫之地ヲ見廻、船戦之場懸足逃道ニ至マテ、差図ヲ書」とあり、『元史』趙良弼伝にも「使日本趙良弼、至太宰府而還、具以日本君臣爵号、州郡名数、風俗土宜来上」とある。
English: After Bunei no Eki, Japan killed envoys, probably being afraid of such spying.
Japanese: こういった間諜行為が考慮されてか、文永の役以降は使者を斬るようになる。
English: Some also consider that a decision was made, trying to solve the problem by force of arms, taking into consideration the nature of Kamakura bakufu as a military government, or trying to prepare the defense system by alerting its people about a threat from foreign countries.
Japanese: また、武家政権である鎌倉幕府の性格からの武断的措置であるとする解釈や、対外危機を意識させ防戦体制を整える上での決定的措置であるとする考え方などがある。
English: At the time it occurred, it was criticized by Nichiren, and in a later era, there were both arguments for and against; some criticized it as a reckless act that gave the enemy a reason for the second invasion of Japan, and others affirm it, including Sanyo RAI and "Dainihonshi" (Great History of Japan), which states that it did not influence the Yuan's second invasion of Japan and is a good example to be followed when tackling a crisis of the nation.
Japanese: 同時代では日蓮が批判し、後世の評価では2回目の日本侵攻の口実になった暴挙であると評価する論者と、元の2回目の対日侵攻には影響を与えなかった、あるいは国難に対しては手本にするべき好例であると肯定的に評価する『大日本史』や、頼山陽らがいる。
English: Concerning the withdrawal of the Mongol army, Japanese historical materials only state the fact that the Mongol fleet disappeared the next morning.
Japanese: 文永の役における蒙古軍の撤退に関して、日本側の史料には一夜明けると蒙古船が消失していた事実が記されているのみとされる。
English: "Kanchuki," the Diary of noble Kanenaka HIROHASHI, reads that people then said that the upwind had blown.
Japanese: 公家の広橋兼仲の日記『勘仲記』には、伝聞として逆風が吹いたことを記されている。
English: The historical materials of Goryeo, including "Koraishi," says that a storm occurred during their withdrawal and stranded many ships.
Japanese: 高麗の史料、『高麗史』などには、撤退途中に風雨が起きて多数が座礁した事が記されている。
English: According to meteorology, there is no statistical record of the past that a typhoon came then, and therefore, some consider that it was a weather phenomenon other than a typhoon.
Japanese: 気象学的には過去の統計に台風の渡来記録が無いことから、台風以外の気象現象という見解もとられている。
English: Today, most people think that it is unlikely to have been a typhoon in relation to Bunei no Eki.
Japanese: 文永の役に関しては、台風の可能性はほぼなかったと、今日では見なす者が多い。
English: Also in Koan no Eki, what had destroyed the Southern Yangtze Army, which Japan could not know then, is said to have been a typhoon or tropical cyclone, but there is a theory that the Eastern Route Army staying offshore near Hakata perished due to a different reason.
Japanese: 弘安の役においても、当時の日本が知り得なかった江南軍壊滅の理由を台風や熱帯低気圧の影響としながらも、博多沖の東路軍は、それとは違った理由で壊滅したという説もある。
English: Nowadays, there are many doubts about Bunei no Eki, including whether there was any serious damage, but what destroyed both armies of the Eastern Route and Southern Yangtze in Koan no Eki is still now widely considered to have been a typhoon, because there are diaries and records stating that even Kyoto had a furious storm from August 15, 1281 to August 16.
Japanese: 文永の役については現在では壊滅的な被害があったかについても含め多くの疑問が持たれているが、弘安四年七月三十日から翌閏七月一日（1281年8月15日-8月16日）にかけては京都でも激しい風雨に見舞われたことが日記類などの記録にあるため、弘安の役での東路・江南両軍の壊滅の原因は台風であるとの説は現在でも有力視されている。
English: A military song called 'Genko' contains the lyric of "in the summer of the fourth year of Koan (1281)" but does not mention Bunei no Eki at all.
Japanese: なお、軍歌の「元寇(軍歌)」の歌詞にも『弘安四年夏の頃』という一節があるが、文永の役に関しては何も触れてはいない。
English: It used to be said that Japan at that time fought basically by means of one-to-one battle against the Yuan army which fought in organized groups.
Japanese: かつては元軍の集団戦術、いわゆる組織戦闘に対して、当時の日本側は一騎打ちを基本とした戦い方をしていたと言われていた。
English: It is also said that the Yuan army fought far better, by using weapons that the Japanese army did not have, such as poison arrows and guns.
Japanese: また元軍は毒矢・てつはう（鉄火砲）など、日本側が装備しない武器を活用したことにより、各地で日本軍は圧倒されたと言われている。
English: However, present studies have confirmed that both parties suffered damage, and therefore, there would have been cases in which Japan could employ a fairly large number of warriors and fought well.
Japanese: しかし、現在の研究では双方共に被害を出していることが判明していることから、日本側もある程度まとまった兵力を投入できた局面などでは、一方的に圧倒されたわけではないケースもあったと考えられる。
English: It is considered to have been a kind of act called 'building castle walls' in the Kamakura period (which meant preparing for a battle).
Japanese: 鎌倉期でいう「城郭を構える」と呼ばれる行為に類するものと考えられる。
English: It was called 'attack in the night' and prohibited under the laws of Kamakura bakufu, but in Koan no Eki, bakufu proactively used this method.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府法では禁圧対象となっている「夜討ち」と呼ばれる行為だが、弘安の役では幕府側が積極的に活用した。
English: The Southern Yangtze Army, which was to join the Eastern Route Army, was delayed about one and a half months because the army was disorganized due to the substitution of the commander-in-chief and confusion caused by a large number of soldiers.
Japanese: 合流するはずだった江南軍は、総司令官の交替と多人数による混乱により統率が取れず、東路軍との合流が1ケ月半ほど遅れた。
English: On the other hand, the Eastern Route Army was forced to stay at sea near Hakata by successive attacks by Japanese commandoes, and soon became exhausted by the situation that would 'drive them into starvation,' due to the shortage of food and water as well as an epidemic.
Japanese: 一方、東路軍は度重なる日本軍のコマンド作戦により、博多沖の海上で釘付け状態となり、やがて食料や水不足と発生した疫病により「兵糧攻め」と同じ状態になって疲弊していた。
English: The later departure of the Southern Yangtze Army coincided with the period of typhoon attacks, and the army was almost destroyed before it joined the other.
Japanese: 江南軍が遅れて出発したが、そのために台風時期と重なり、合流前にほぼ壊滅状態。
English: The Eastern Route Army is also considered to have perished shortly after that, due to the same typhoon or tropical cyclone.
Japanese: 博多沖の東路軍も時間差で、同じ台風ないしは熱帯低気圧によって壊滅したと見なされている。
English: Although various other reasons are considered to have led to the defeat, one of the reasons was the fact that the Japanese army attacked the Yuan army in boats or on shore, before it disembarked, including the attacks described above.
Japanese: その他、敗因はさまざまに語られるが、上記のとおり重複する点も含めて、日本軍が元軍の上陸前に船や陸上から攻撃を与えたことも要因の一つである。
English: Since the Mongols were a nomadic people, they were not familiar with conducting battle in ships, and also could not use their cavalry, which they had been using well to achieve successive victories.
Japanese: 遊牧民族であるモンゴル人は船上の戦法を心得ておらず、モンゴル軍が有効に活用し、連戦連勝を重ねてきた得意の騎馬隊を上陸戦のため使うことができなかった。
English: It is also said that the fact that their ships had been made by people of subjected countries, such as Goryeo and Vietnam, was one of the reasons why many ships were so easily destroyed by the storm.
Japanese: また、暴風雨によって多くの船がもろくも沈んだ理由として、船を服属させた高麗人や越人（ベトナム人）に作らせたことにあるとされる。
English: They were already frustrated at the dominance of Mongols, and because constructing transport ships was an urgent mission, they cut corners to complete it early.
Japanese: 彼らはすでにモンゴル人支配の不満を募らせており、輸送船の造船は急務でもあり、突貫工事的に手抜きによって建造されていた。
English: The army also seems to have had a low morale because it consisted of various ethnic groups, including people of Goryeo and Han who had been conquered.
Japanese: また、兵士も占領した高麗人や漢民族を徴用した多民族軍であったため、士気が低かったと思われる。
English: According to a series of books written by Masaaki SUGIYAMA and page 449 of "Chugokushi 3" (The History of China, Volume 3) (published by Yamakawa Shuppansha) says that a purpose for organizing most of the Southern Yangtze Army with soldiers from the former Southern Sung Dynasty was to get rid of them, and they would cause social anxiety if left alone (in fact, to support this idea, no ship in which Mongol commanders were on board sank, and tombs of the soldiers joined in the Southern Yangtze Army have not been found in the former territory of the Southern Sung Dynasty).
Japanese: 江南軍のほとんどが嘗ての南宋の兵であり、放っておけば社会不安の要因となる彼らを厄介払いする目的もあったと言われる杉山正明の一連の著作、『中国史3』P449など（山川出版社）（それを裏付けるように、モンゴルの司令官たちが乗った船は一隻も沈んでおらず、江南軍に従軍した兵士達の墓も旧南宋の領内では確認されていない）。
English: Meanwhile, the records on Bang-gyeong KIM in "Koraishi" says that Goryeo constructed the warships in Goryeo style, because constructing them in Southern Sung style was too expensive and would not be completed in time, and the situation was totally different from that suggested by King Chungnyeol, who told Kublai that the warships were ready to conquer Japan.
Japanese: また、『高麗史』金方慶伝によると、高麗は軍船を建造するのに「蛮様」（南宋様式）の船にしたのでは建設費がかさみ期限には間に合わないので、高麗様式の船を造船したとされており、軍船の準備が整っているので日本を征服しましょうとの忠烈王によるクビライへの進言は実態とまったく異なることであったことが記されている。
English: The Battle of Anegawa refers to the battle which took place in the region around Anegawa kawara, Azai-gun, Omi Province (the present Nomura-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture (around former Nomura, Azai-machi, Higashiasai-gun)) on August 9, 1570 during the Warring States Period.
Japanese: 姉川の戦い（あねがわのたたかい）は、戦国時代(日本)の元亀元年6月28日(旧暦)（1570年8月9日）（ユリウス暦1570年7月30日）に近江国浅井郡姉川河原（現在の滋賀県長浜市野村町（旧：東浅井郡浅井町野村域）付近）で行われた合戦である。
English: Both Oda and Azai sides called this battle 'Nomura battle' while Asakura side called it 'Mitamura battle.'
Japanese: 因みに、当時は織田、浅井方ともこの合戦を「野村合戦」と、朝倉方では「三田村合戦」と呼称していた。
English: The descriptions of the battle can be found in the book "Nobunaga's biography", but many of them have only brief materials and have a lot of unclear details on the battle.
Japanese: 『信長公記』などに合戦の記述があるが、簡潔な内容にとどまる資料が多く、合戦の詳細については不明な部分が多い。
English: Nobunaga ODA, a feudal lord from Owari Province (the western part of Aichi Prefecture), fought off the Imagawa clan of Suruga Province and seized Mino Province from the Saito clan, then they invaded Omi in order to go to the capital.
Japanese: 尾張国（愛知県西部）出身の戦国大名である織田信長は、駿河国の今川氏を撃退し、斎藤氏から美濃国を奪取したのち、上洛を目的として近江に侵攻した。
English: Prior to the invasion, he had his sister Lady Oichi marry to Nagamasa AZAI, who governed Kitaomi, to establish a relationship between the Azai and the Oda clan.
Japanese: 侵攻に先立ち、北近江を治める浅井長政には、妹であるお市の方を娶らせて織田氏との縁戚関係を結んでいた。
English: Gaining reinforcements from the Aｚai clan, Nobunaga defeated Yoshikata ROKKAKU parent and child, who were powerful feudal lords of Minami Omi and also a common enemy of Nobunaga and the Aｚai clan (the Battle of Kannonji Castle), and accomplished to go to the capital under Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 信長は、浅井氏からも援軍を得て、共通の敵である南近江の有力大名である六角義賢親子を破り（観音寺城の戦い）、足利義昭を奉じての上洛を果たした。
English: Later, because, in June 1570, Nobunaga started invading Echizen Province against the Azai clan of the province, who refused his demands such as gathering for going to the capital and came to have a conflict with him, Nagamasa, who had also close relationship (alliance and lord-vassal relationship) with Asakura, seceded from Nobunaga and attacked Oda troops from behind.
Japanese: その後、信長からの上洛参集要求などを拒んで対立した越前国の朝倉氏に対し、元亀元年（1570年）4月には信長が越前への侵攻を開始すると、朝倉との縁（同盟関係、主従関係とも）も深かった長政は信長から離反し、織田軍の背後を襲った。
English: The dominant situation completely changed and Nobunaga plunged into crisis after being pincer-attacked suddenly; however, he was barely saved by so-called 'Battle of Kanagasaki' which was a desperate retreat battle of his vassals.
Japanese: 優位から一転、突如挟撃された信長は危険な状況に陥ったが、「金ヶ崎の戦い」と呼ばれる配下たちの決死の退却戦によって、一命を救われている。
English: Yoshikage ASAKURA dispatched troops led by one of his clans Kagetake ASAKURA as supreme commander to Oda troops that were coming up to Odani-jo Castle which was the base of the Aｚai clan.
Japanese: 浅井氏の本拠である小谷城へ迫る織田軍に対して朝倉義景は一族の朝倉景健を総大将とする兵を派遣した。
English: The next day 9th, allied forces of 28,000 (a theory says they were 27,000 or 30,000) of Nobunaga ODA and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA fought with those of 18,000 (a theory says they were 17,000) of Azai and Asakura across Anegawa River emptying into Lake Biwa.
Japanese: 翌28日、姉川河原で織田信長・徳川家康の連合軍28,000（27,000、30,000とする説もあり）と、浅井・朝倉同盟軍18,000（17,000とする説もあり）が琵琶湖へ注ぐ姉川を挟んで戦った。
English: First, the troops of Tadatsugu SAKAI and Nobuoki OGASAWARA from Tokugawa side attacked Asakura troops, then the battle broke out.
Japanese: 徳川方の酒井忠次、小笠原信興の隊が朝倉軍に攻撃したのを皮切りに合戦が開始された。
English: Although Asakura and Azai troops were understrength, Azai's elite troops led by its top Kazumasa ISONO broke through those of Oda's top Masahisa SAKAI, Tsuneoki IKEDA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Katsuie SHIBATA one after another, and in fact, they launched fierce attacks to knock down eleven out of thirteen layers of military reserves.
Japanese: 兵力的には劣る朝倉・浅井両軍であったが、浅井側先鋒磯野員昌率いる浅井家精鋭部隊が織田方先鋒坂井政尚、続いて池田恒興、豊臣秀吉、柴田勝家の陣を次々に突破し13段の備えのうち実に11段までを打ち破る猛攻を見せた。
English: Those attacks were fierce enough to be described as follows: 'In fierce attacks, friend or foe, Ise divers dive into the sea, gives me a feeling, breathing in their own way.'
Japanese: その激戦ぶりは、「火花を散らし戦ひければ、敵味方の分野は、伊勢をの海士の潜きして息つぎあへぬ風情なり」と伝えられるほどであった。
English: However, Yoshimichi INABA, who surrounded Yokoyama-jo Castle as a Oda's rear guard, and other warriors rushed to help save them from the crisis.
Japanese: しかし、織田側後詰として横山城の抑えについていた稲葉良通らが援軍にかけつけ危機を救う。
English: Tokugawa's hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) elite troops led by two leaders, Tadakatsu HONDA, who burst through head-on forcibly while having a tough time, and Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, who went the way around to attack Asakura forces from the side, joined Tokugawa troops, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's main force followed them, which caused Asakura forces to lose out at last.
Japanese: 徳川軍は苦戦しつつも正面突破を強行した本多忠勝や、迂回して朝倉勢を横撃した榊原康政の2将が率いる徳川旗本精鋭隊が加わり、徳川家康の本隊がこれに加わったことで遂に朝倉軍は敗れ去った。
English: Ittetsu INABA, who had belonged to Tokugawa side, and others such as Bokuzen UJIIE and Morinari ANDO, who had been attacking Yokoyama-jo Castle, rushed over there to reinforce Oda troops and attacked Azai's vulnerable side, which eventually made Azai troops start collapsing from its right side.
Japanese: 徳川方に参加していた稲葉一鉄、更に横山城を攻めていた氏家卜全、安藤守就らが織田軍の増援として駆けつけ、浅井軍の無防備な側面を突くと浅井軍も右翼から崩れ始めた。
English: It is said that the battle started at five in the morning and lasted until two in the afternoon, and the estimated death toll was 1,800 on Azai and Asakura sides and 800 on Oda and Tokugawa sides, and the wounded was three times as much on each side.
Japanese: 戦闘は午前5時に始まり午後2時まで続いたと伝えられており、死者は浅井朝倉方で1800人、織田徳川方で800人、負傷者は各方その3倍と推定されている。
English: A theory suggests that because Nagamasa's daughter (Sugenin) had married to one in the Tokugawa clan, later the performance of Azai side was exaggerated deliberately by the Tokugawa clan and, in reality, Oda side overwhelmed Azai from the beginning.
Japanese: 徳川家が長政の娘（崇源院）を娶っている関係上、徳川家の意により後に浅井側の活躍を誇張したもので実際は始めから織田側が圧倒していたとする説。
English: A theory suggests that there was a description that Oda troops were losing ground in order to indicate that they won the battle because of the performance of Tokugawa's.
Japanese: 徳川軍の活躍により合戦に勝利したことを示すため織田軍が押され気味であったと記述しているとする説。
English: Similar to the above, a theory suggests that, for the Tokugawa clan, which took over the authority of the Oda clan, it was necessary to trumpet Nobunaga as not a top grade samurai, and in the light of the circumstances, they had to emphasize Oda troops was on the backfoot.
Japanese: 上記に類似するが、後に織田家の権力を乗っ取った徳川家としては、信長を一流の武将でないと喧伝する必要があり、その事情から織田軍の劣勢を強調する必要があったとする説。
English: A theory suggests that, as above stated, if the war death was 800 on Oda and Tokugawa sides and the wounded three times as much as the former, the war wounded of Oda's was too low for their successful attacks on eleven-layer reserves.
Japanese: 上記のように戦死者は織田徳川方で800人、負傷者はその3倍であるとすれば、11段もの陣を崩したにしては織田軍の戦傷者が少なすぎるとする説。
English: A theory suggests that it was no wonder that Oda troops fought an uphill battle against Azai troops because they fought the same against the Saito clan of Mino, and Hongan-ji Temple,
Japanese: 斎藤氏美濃斎藤氏や本願寺との戦いでも苦戦していた織田軍であるから浅井軍との戦いに苦戦していても何らおかしくはないとする説。
English: A theory suggests that Asai and Asakura troops, which were outnumbered by Oda's, provoked a night attack against Oda troops and were backing away from them, but they made the enemy retreat with the back-up troops from Tokugawa and Yokoyama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 数に劣る浅井・朝倉軍が織田軍に対して夜襲を仕掛け浮き足立っていたが徳川や横山城からの救援により敵軍を撤退させたという説。
English: A theory suggests that because there was the fact that Nobunaga devoted himself to estrange Kazumasa after the Battle of Anegawa, he had trouble with Kazumasa.
Japanese: 信長が姉川の合戦後員昌の離間に心血を注いでいたことから員昌に手を焼かされたとみる説。
English: Because historical materials on the situation of the battle that the Oda clan has had provide only brief descriptions, the truth is unknown.
Japanese: 姉川の合戦の戦況に関する織田家の史料は簡潔な記述にとどまっていることから真実は定かではない。
English: The damage caused by the battle was so devastating that a number of samurais who played the central role in the Azai clan such as a senior vassal Naotsune ENDO, whom, they say, Nagamasa had trusted the most, Nagamasa's own younger brother Masayuki AZAI, Iezumi YUGE and the Imamura clan were killed.
Japanese: 姉川の合戦における浅井家の被害は甚大で、長政が最も信頼していたと言われている重臣遠藤直経や長政の実弟浅井政之をはじめ、弓削家澄、今村氏直ら浅井家で中心的役割を果たしていた多くの武将が戦死した。
English: Later, the allied forces of Aｚai and Asakura partnered with warrior monks of Enryaku-ji Temple and uprisings of Ikko sect followers and repeated fierce battles in the region such as Shiga-gun, Kosai.
Japanese: その後、浅井朝倉連合軍は延暦寺の僧兵衆や一向一揆と手を結び、湖西の志賀郡などで激しい攻防戦が繰り返された。
English: In these battles, the damage at Oda side was not minor one, and senior warlords including Nobunaga's younger brother Nobuharu ODA, Yoshinari MORI and Masanao SAKAI were killed.
Japanese: これらの戦いでは織田方の被害も決して軽微なものとはいえず、信長の実弟織田信治をはじめ森可成・坂井政尚などの古参諸将を失った。
English: Nobunaga, who was exasperated at such losses at the battle, decided to wipe out enemy powers nearby by carrying out the fire attack (in 1571) against Mt. Hiei which supported Aｚai and Asakura.
Japanese: 業を煮やした信長は浅井・朝倉を支持する比叡山焼き討ち(1571年)するなど、周辺敵勢力の掃討に打って出た。
English: Nobunaga, who decided that it would be hard to capture the enemies only with forces, framed a conspiracy to cause internal divisions in the Aｚai clan.
Japanese: また、軍事力だけでは攻略は困難と判断した信長は諜略によって浅井家の内部分裂を謀った。
English: Because the feudal lords' territories had been divided from north to south due to the battle, warriors including Kazumasa ISONO, who guarded Sawayama-jo Castle in Inukami-gun, became isolated and had a hard time even receiving goods.
Japanese: 姉川の合戦により領国が南北に分断されてしまっていたため犬上郡の佐和山城を守備する磯野員昌らは孤立してしまい物資の補給すらままならない状態であった。
English: Hideyoshi, who had an eye on that situation, spread a rumor to the members of the Aｚai clan that Kazumasa was a betrayer, and succeeded in making Nagamasa and others having suspicion against Kazumasa.
Japanese: そこに目をつけた秀吉が浅井家家中に員昌内通の風説を流し、長政らに員昌に対する疑念をもたせることに成功した。
English: Because Nagamasa rejected all of the repeated requests for supplies of goods from Kazumasa, Kazumasa's military provisions ran low and finally surrendered to Oda side, which determined the course of the collapse of the Azai clan.
Japanese: 長政は再三にわたる員昌からの物資補給の要請をすべて拒絶し、兵糧が残り少なくなった員昌はついに織田方に投降し浅井滅亡の流れを決定付けることとなった。
English: Hideyoshi gave the family name Ooka to a landlord family living near Odani-jo Castle who sheltered Oichi and other three girls upon their rescue.
Japanese: 秀吉が、お市他三人の娘を助け出す際にかくまったとされる小谷城近くの地主の家に大岡という姓をあたえた。
English: The Battle of Nagashino is a battle fought on June 29, 1575 between the Nobunaga ODA - Ieyasu TOKUGAWA allied forces of 38,000 soldiers and the Katsuyori TAKEDA forces of 15,000 men over Nagashino-jo Castle in Mikawa Province (current Nagashino, Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture).
Japanese: 長篠の戦い（ながしののたたかい、長篠の合戦・長篠合戦とも）は、天正3年5月21日(旧暦)（1575年6月29日）、三河国長篠城（現愛知県新城市長篠）をめぐり、織田信長・徳川家康連合軍3万8000と武田勝頼軍1万5000との間で行われた戦い。
English: It is also referred to as the Battle of Shitaragahara as it was fought in Shitaragahara and Arumihara (according to "Hankanpu" (Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate) and "Shinchoko-ki" (The Biography of Nobunaga ODA)).
Japanese: 決戦地が設楽原（設楽ヶ原、したらがはら）および有海原（あるみ原）（『藩翰譜』、『信長公記』）だったため長篠設楽原（設楽ヶ原）の戦い（ながしのしたらがはらのたたかい）と記す場合もある。
English: A standard theory is that Takeda's cavalry which was regarded as the most powerful at that time was overwhelmingly defeated by the Oda forces which were equipped with 3,000 then state-of-art teppo (matchlock guns), and which employed a new tactics of "sandan-uchi" (in which the gunners were arranged in three lines).
Japanese: 通説では、当時最新兵器であった鉄砲を3000丁も用意、さらに新戦法の三段撃ちを実行した織田軍を前に、当時最強と呼ばれた武田の騎馬隊は成すすべも無く殲滅させられたとされる。
English: After the death of Shingen TAKEDA, in August 1573, Sadamasa OKUDAIRA (later known as Nobumasa OKUDAIRA), who was a vassal of the Takeda family, switched to the TOKUGAWA side with his all family members and retainers, following his father Sadayoshi OKUDAIRA who made the bold decision.
Japanese: 1573年8月、武田家家臣であった奥平貞昌（後の奥平信昌）は武田信玄の死に際し、父・奥平貞能の英断により一族郎党を連れて徳川方へ寝返る。
English: Ieyasu stationed Sadamasa in Nagashino-jo Castle, which he had just won from the Takeda family (which means that he placed Sadamasa in the battle front against Takeda).
Japanese: 家康は武田家より手に入れたばかりの長篠城に貞昌を配した（つまり対武田の前線に置いた）。
English: Two years later, in April 1575, Katsuyori TAKEDA led a large army of allegedly 15,000 men to lay siege on the castle.
Japanese: このため、2年後の1575年4月、武田勝頼は1万5000と号する大軍を率いて長篠城を包囲する。
English: Equipped with 200 teppo and demi-cannons, it fiercely resisted and tormented the Takeda forces.
Japanese: だが200挺の鉄砲や大鉄砲を有しており、抵抗は激しく武田軍を苦しめた。
English: However, after the army provisions storeroom was destroyed, they were pushed into a desperate situation where the castle would have fallen if reinforcements had not arrived within a few days.
Japanese: しかし、兵糧蔵を落とされたことで数日以内に援軍が来なければ落城必至という状況に追い詰められた。
English: Suneemon TORII, a vassal of Sadamasa, secretly escaped from the castle, and asked Ieyasu in Okazaki-jo Castle to send reinforcements.
Japanese: 貞昌の家臣・鳥居強右衛門が密かに脱出し、岡崎城の家康に後詰を要請した。
English: Leaving Gifu with 30,000 soldiers on July 1 Nobunaga was already in Okazaki Castle.
Japanese: 信長は既に5月13日には3万の軍勢を率いて岐阜を出発し、岡崎城に到着していた。
English: Torii immediately headed for Nagashino-jo Castle to inform that reinforcements would come, but he was captured by the Takeda army.
Japanese: なお、援軍が来ることを伝えるべく即日、長篠城に向かった鳥居だったが、武田軍に捕らえられてしまう。
English: Takeda offered to save his life if he falsely told the soldiers in the castle that 'reinforcements would not come' to lower their morale, and Torii agreed.
Japanese: 武田方は城兵の士気を挫くべく「援軍は来ない」と伝えれば助命すると提案し、これを鳥居は承諾する。
English: There is an episode, however, that Torii was executed as he had a last minute change of heart to say, 'reinforcements will come in a few days,' uplifting the morale of the soldiers in the castle.
Japanese: しかし、鳥居は直前で約定を反故にし「援軍は数日以内に来る」と伝えて城の士気を高めたため、処刑されたという逸話が残っている。
English: Although the 'hara' of Shitaragahara means a plain, Shitaragahara was a hilly place along the river and did not provide a visibility enough to overlook the entire enemy camp.
Japanese: 設楽原は原と言っても川に沿って丘陵地が幾つも連なる場所であって、相手陣の深遠まで見渡せるほど視界の良い場所ではなかった。
English: Nobunaga nevertheless chose Shitaragahara as the battle field, and proceeded to construct a defense camp, using the stream (Rengo-gawa River) as moat.
Japanese: だが、信長はこの地を戦地に選定し、小川・連吾川を堀に見立てて防御陣の構築に努める。
English: This was an unusual field fornication in then Japan as the river banks were cut to create steep escarpments and a stockade was erected on the triple mound.
Japanese: これは、川を挟む台地の両方の斜面を削って人工的な急斜面とし、さらに三重の土塁に馬防柵を敷くという当時の日本としては異例の野戦築城だった。