nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Karamono elegantly refers to Chinese products which were esteemed from medieval times to recent times.
Japanese: 唐物（からもの）とは、中世から近世にかけて尊ばれた中国製品の雅称である。
English: In this case, 'kara' broadly refers to China and does not mean that the products were made during the Tang period.
Japanese: なおこの場合の「唐」は広く中国のことを指し、唐時代に作られたという意味ではない。
English: In Ashikaga Shogun Family, doboshu (the shogun's attendants in charge of entertainment) such as the parent and child of Noami, Geiami, and Soami selected the excellent items as connoisseurs of karamono.
Japanese: 足利将軍家では、同朋衆である能阿弥、芸阿弥、相阿弥の親子が唐物目利として優品の選定を行った。
English: They, san-ami (three-ami) for three generations, edited "Kundaikan Sochoki" (catalogue of the shogunal collection with display instructions) in which the set of values of karamono in such a shitsurai was described.
Japanese: 彼ら三阿弥が3代にわたって編纂した『君台観左右帳記』は、こうした室礼における唐物の価値体系を伝えている。
English: In addition to the painters in the art institution such as Emperor Huizong, Ma Yuan and Li Di, it is important that the excellent works by an art monk Muqi were preferred in Japan.
Japanese: また徽宗や馬遠、李迪といった画院画家の他にも、逸品とされる牧谿のような画僧の作品が日本では好まれた点が重要である。
English: Generally speaking, it means that the objects are deteriorated by the wild nature for a long time or that we find some beauty, omomuki (taste, meaning) or mood in the fragile, the simple or the empty which are created by Japanese four seasons per se and feel it in our minds.
Japanese: 一般的に、長い時間を経て大自然によりもたらされる物体の劣化や、本来あるべき日本の四季が造り出す、儚いもの、質素なもの、空虚なものの中にある美しさや趣や情緒を見つけ、心で感じるということ。
English: However, the term 'fuzei' can also be used to refer to matters concerning a person's personal history, education, or aesthetic sensibilities, so it is a fairly ambiguous word that can not be precisely defined.
Japanese: しかしながら「風情」とは個々人の生い立ちや教養や美意識の問題でもあり、一概にこれであると定義することはできない曖昧な言葉である。
English: Recently, as a typical example, Japanese admire England which is supposed to be a country of gentlemen and likewise, lots of foreigners come to like Japan admiring 'fuzei' with the global trend of Japonism.
Japanese: また近年、典型例を挙げれば日本人が紳士の国イギリスに憧れを抱く如く、世界的ジャポニズムの流れによって「風情」に憧れを抱き日本を好きになる外国人も少なくない。
English: A kumade (rake) is a type of Japanese farm tool used in farming or for raking gardens that consists of rough comb-like teeth that are vertically attached to a handle.
Japanese: 熊手（くまで）とは、農業や庭の掃除に使われる、短い歯を粗い櫛状にならべた棒を垂直に柄に取り付けた農具。
English: Kumade is used in various ways such as collecting dead leaves or dried plants, softening or flattening soils and so on.
Japanese: 熊手は枯れ葉を集めたり干し草をかき寄せたり、土を柔らかくしたり平らにならしたりなど、いろいろな用途に使われる。
English: The tines of modern kumade are made from iron steel, plastic and so on, but in previous times some of them were from wood or cast iron.
Japanese: 現代的な熊手は、歯が鋼鉄、プラスチックなどで作られていているが、かつては木や鋳鉄で作られていたものもあった。
English: Sometimes in the traditional kumade like the one made from bamboo, the tine parts are long and made in the form of a folding fan.
Japanese: 竹製のものなど伝統的な形の熊手は、歯の部分が長くて扇子のような形で作られていることもある。
English: For large kumade that are classified as being agricultural machinery, the bar on which the curved steel teeth are mounted is equipped with wheels, enabling it to be pulled by a tractor.
Japanese: 農業機械に分類されるような巨大な熊手は、湾曲した鋼鉄製の歯を取り付けた棒を車輪に搭載し、トラクターで牽引して使用する。
English: This type of machine form has been passed down from the age of farm horses before the development of farm machines.
Japanese: この形のものは、農業機械が発達するまえの農耕馬の時代から伝わっている。
English: In Japan, kumade is sometimes put up as an auspicious object for prosperous business in the sense of 'kakiatsumeru' (collecting) luck or economic fortune.
Japanese: 日本では、幸運や金運を「かき集める」という意味を込めて、商売繁盛の縁起物として熊手を飾る事がある。
English: Mostly it is sold in the Tori no ichi (cock market) at the shrines on Tori no hi (Days of the Cock) in November every year.
Japanese: 主に毎年11月の酉の日に神社で開催される酉の市などで販売されている。
English: It is said that buying the larger kumade than that of the previous year leads to prosperous business and so on every year.
Japanese: 毎年、昨年度の物より大きい物を購入するのが商売繁盛等につながるとされている。
English: Kumade which equipped iron steel nails with the handle, imitating a hand of bear, was used as a weapon from the last days of Heian period.
Japanese: 長い柄の先に熊の手を模した鉄製の爪をつけたもので、平安時代末期より武器として使用された。
English: A kumade was used to hook the top of TAIRA no Yorimori's kabuto (helmet), and another was used to prevent TAIRA no Tokuko from drowning himself.
Japanese: 平頼盛は兜の頂に熊手を掛けられ、また、平徳子は入水自殺を熊手によって阻まれた。
English: Japanese taru and oke have very similar forms, but as a material the board of plain-sawn timber is used for the trunk of taru.
Japanese: 日本の樽と桶は良く似た形であるが、樽は胴体の材料として板目材の板を使用する。
English: On the other hand, in the case of oke which is the container for liquid such as furo oke (bath tub) and so on, the quarter-sawn timber is used for the purpose of preventing the leak.
Japanese: いっぽう、桶の場合、風呂桶など液体のものを入れるための容器であることから、液体を逃がさないように柾目材を使用する。
English: There are many exceptions, but the lid of sakadaru (wine cask or barrel) is constantly closed for preservation and in the case of furo oke the lid is usually opened when taking a bath.
Japanese: 例外も多いが、酒樽などは保存のためフタが閉じられた状態が常であり、風呂桶はフタが開けられた状態で使用することが普通である。
English: In Japan, oke made from wood was invented as a container instead of bottle, ceramic ware, lacquer ware and so on and popularized during the Heian period.
Japanese: 日本ではビン、陶磁器、漆器などに代わる容器として木製の桶が発明され、平安時代には一般に広まった。
English: It was also called 'magemono' (wooden bucket), in which thin boards were circularly bended and bonded.
Japanese: これは、「曲物」（まげもの）とも呼ばれ、薄い板を円状に曲げ接着されたものであった。
English: At first, it is said to have been used as a tansu (笥; chest of drawers) for storing hemp (麻) yarn and the ancient spelling '麻笥' and '麻の笥' (oke, bucket) exist.
Japanese: 当初は麻糸をしまうための笥として用いられたとも言われ、「麻笥」・「麻の笥」と書く古い表記も存在する。
English: The oke produced by the influence of the one imported from China is called yuioke (wooden bucket with a bottom), which is a present-day wooden oke.
Japanese: 中国から輸入された桶に影響を受け誕生したものが「結桶」（ゆいおけ）と呼ばれる、現在の木製の桶である。
English: It has the structure where elongated boards are circularly lined up and tied with 'taga' (hoop) which consists of spirally bundled bamboo, and does not use the adhesive.
Japanese: 細長い板を円状に並べ、竹などをらせん状に束ねた「たが」で結う結物構造となっており、接着剤等は使用しない。
English: In modern Japan, the case to use oke for the purpose of transportation or preservation has decreased and instead furo oke (bath tub) or yuoke (bucket for hot water; also called senmenki (wash basin) depending on the purposes) are used in a daily life.
Japanese: 現代日本では運搬や保存の用途で桶が用いられる機会は減り、日常的に用いられるのは風呂桶（バスタブ）や湯桶（ゆおけ。用途によっては洗面器とも）程度である。
English: Also, as a musical instrument, a yuoke made from hinoki (Japanese cypress) is used as a kind of percussion instrument that is incorporated in percussion sets; this is done by turning the yuoke upside down and attaching sticks or other suitable objects to its base to act as supports.
Japanese: また、楽器としてもパーカションの一種として使われ、檜製の湯桶を裏底を表にして棒等の支えを裏に取り付けて、パーカッションセットに組み込んでいる。
English: Teishitsu Gigeiin was a system for honoring craftspeople and artisans, which had been operated by the Imperial Household Ministry since 1890 until right after the end of the war (World War II).
Japanese: 帝室技芸員（ていしつぎげいん）は、明治23年（1890年）から終戦直後まで宮内省によって運営されていた、美術・工芸作家の顕彰制度である。
English: The people certified as Teishitsu Gigeiin included Japanese-style painters, Western-style painters, sculptors, metalworkers, potters, lacquerers, swordsmiths, photographers, and so on.
Japanese: 日本画家や西洋画家、彫刻家の他、金工や陶工、漆工といった諸工芸作家に加えて、刀工と写真家なども認定されている。
English: It is said that a confrontation between Ryuchikai (Ryuchi party) and Kangakai (Kanga party) in the late 1880's was the background to the establishment of the system.
Japanese: その成立の背景には、明治20年前後の龍池会と鑑画会の対立があると言われる。
English: The latter was a group on the side of Ministry of Education, which included Fenollosa and Tenshin OKAKURA who later found Tokyo School of Fine Arts together in 1889.
Japanese: 後者は明治22年（1889年）に東京美術学校を創立するフェノロサと岡倉天心ら文部省系のグループである。
English: The reform movement by this group, generally called 'shinpa' (a new school), brought 'kyuha' (the old school) of Ryuchikai-line to a crisis, driving them to seek the patronage of the Imperial Household Ministry with the intention of protecting traditional paintings.
Japanese: 通常「新派」と称されるこの革新派の運動に危機意識をいだいた龍池会系の「旧派」は、伝統絵画を護るという意図から宮内省の庇護を求めた。
English: Ryuchikai members started Japan Art Association with Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito as the president in 1887.
Japanese: 龍池会のメンバーは明治20年（1887年）に有栖川宮熾仁親王を総裁に迎えて、新たに「日本美術協会」を発足させる。
English: They granted certification as 'Kunaisho Kogeiin' (craftsperson of the Imperial Household Ministry) the following year, which is said to be the predecessor of Teishitsu Gigeiin, but unfortunately the true nature of it is unclear because of insufficient historical materials.
Japanese: 翌年には帝室技芸員の前身とされる「宮内省工芸員」を認定しているが、残念ながら資料が不足しておりその実態は明らかとなってはいない。
English: In the system, a craftsperson was nominated by the judges appointed by Imperial Household Minister, and then he or she was appointed by the conference summoned by the president of Imperial Museum.
Japanese: その形態は宮内大臣により任命された選択委員により作家が推薦され、帝室博物館館長の召集した会議によって任命されるというものである。
English: The quota for Teishitsu Gigeiin was 25, and they received production costs for the work by an official order in addition to a pension.
Japanese: 定員は25名であり、年金の他に下命された制作に対しては制作費が受給された。
English: At first, there was a tendency to appoint authorities of Japan Art Association as Gigeiin in order of seniority.
Japanese: 確かに当初の技芸員は、日本美術協会の重鎮が年功序列で任命を受けるという傾向にあった。
English: However, with the first president of Tokyo School of Fine Arts, Arata HAMAO on the list of the judges, even the original 10 appointees actually included 3 professors of Tokyo School of Fine Arts: Gaho HASHIMOTO, Koun TAKAMURA, and Natsuo KANO.
Japanese: しかし実際には東京美術学校初代校長である浜尾新が選択委員に名を連ねており、最初に任命された10名にも橋本雅邦、高村光雲、加納夏雄ら東京美術学校の教授が3名も含まれていた。
English: On top of that, after Naohiko MASAKI joined the judges in 1913, Seiho TAKEUCHI and other craftspeople, who were popular in exhibitions sponsored by Ministry of Education, came to be appointed.
Japanese: さらに大正2年（1913年）には正木直彦が選択委員に加わり、竹内栖鳳ら官展系の人気作家が任命されるようになる。
English: Although 79 people had been appointed until 1944, the system died after the war (World War II) with the reorganization of Cabinet Office and the Imperial Household Ministry.
Japanese: 昭和19年（1944年）までに計79名が認定されたが、戦後になって内閣府と宮内省の改変に伴い消滅した。
English: However, the system for honoring craftspeople is partially succeeded by the systems such as Order of Culture, Important Intangible Cultural Property, recognition as a member of the Japan Art Academy, and so on.
Japanese: しかしこうした作家の顕彰行為は、一面としては文化勲章や重要無形文化財制度、あるいは日本芸術院会員への認定などに引き継がれている。
English: In shigin, prose and poetry are not sung with the rhythm and melody of a song, but are instead expressed more effectively through the addition of a unique melody after the prose and poetry have been read aloud, basically without any attention being paid to the meaning.
Japanese: いわゆる歌のように、詩文をリズム、メロディに乗せて歌うのではなく、詩文の素読（朗読）を基本とし、素読の後に特有のメロディ（節調という）を加えることで、より効果的に詩情を表現する。
English: To be more precise, the first line of the poem Kojyono Tsuki (Moon Over the Castle Ruins) would be recited not as 'haaa ruuu kooo ooo jooo ooo nooo, haaa naaa nooo eee nnn,' but as 'haruuu (melody) kooo jooo nooo (melody), hananooo (melody) ennn (melody),' with the vowel ending of a word extended to provide the melody.
Japanese: 具体的には、「はーるーこーおーじょーおーのー、はーなーのーえーんー」と歌うのではなく、「はるゥーー（節調）こーじょーのォーー（節調）、はなのォーー（節調）えんンーー（節調）」というように、語尾の母音を長く引き、そこで節調を行うことになる。
English: Because of the historical reason (see below) the object on which shigin recites is chiefly Chinese poetry, but waka, haiku and new-style poetry are often recited.
Japanese: 詩吟が、その吟詠（吟ずること）の対象とするのは、その歴史的経緯（下記参照）から主として漢詩であるが、和歌や俳句、新体詩を吟ずることも少なくない。
English: However, the one which is too long is not preferred and in the reciting of Chinese poetry, shichigon zekku (a Chinese poem of four lines, each of seven characters) is common.
Japanese: ただし、あまり長いものは好まれず、漢詩の吟詠であっても七言絶句が一般的である。
English: During the late Edo period, when reading Chinese poetry without comprehending, they uniquely melodized it in some of the private schools in house or the hanko (a domain school), which is the direct origin of the present-day shigin.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期、一部の私塾や藩校において漢詩を素読する際に独特の節を付すことが行われたのが、今日の詩吟の直接のルーツである。
English: The melodizing especially in Kangien in Hita or Shoheiko in Edo was spread across Japan by many disciples.
Japanese: 特に、日田の咸宜園や江戸の昌平黌において行われていた節調が、多数の門人によって全国に広められた。
English: From the Taisho to the early Showa period, the ginei masters such as Gakufu KIMURA and Katsuyoshi YAMADA were active and they became the originators of several present-day schools.
Japanese: 大正から昭和初期にかけては、木村岳風、山田積善といった吟詠家が活躍し、現在の諸流派の祖となった。
English: During the war shigin was encouraged because of enhancing national prestige, but after the war they came to appreciate the good poetry of all time and emphasize the artistic aspects pursuing the expression by beautiful Japanese.
Japanese: 戦争中は、詩吟は国威高揚に資するものとして奨励されていたが、戦後は、古今の名詩を味わい、美しい日本語をもって表現するという芸術的な側面が前面に出されるようになった。
English: For this reason, shigin which started from reading without comprehending has now come to emphasize the accent or melody as well as spiritual aspect.
Japanese: このため、素読から始まった詩吟も、精神面に加え、今日ではアクセントや音楽性が重視されるようになっている。
English: Also for the health-conscious reason, vocalization by abdominal respiration is sometimes taken up.
Japanese: また、健康志向から、腹式呼吸による発声という側面が取り上げられることもある。
English: Shigin is originally performed by dokugin (vocal solo), but other gineis such as rengin (duet) where several reciters recite in turn and gogin (group reciting) where many reciters recite in chorus are often performed as well.
Japanese: 独吟といい、一人で吟ずるのが本来の姿であるが、複数人で順に吟ずる連吟や、合唱のように声を合わせる合吟といったかたちでの吟詠もよく行われている。
English: Also, ginei is basically unaccompanied, but is sometimes accompanied by koto (a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings) or shakuhachi bamboo flute and during the early 21st century the accompaniment by the recorded compact disc was also widely used.
Japanese: また、無伴奏が基本であるが、琴や尺八による伴奏を付けることもあり、21世紀初頭には、あらかじめ録音されたコンパクトディスクによる伴奏も普及した。
English: In some scale of performance, kikakukoseigin (reciting which is planned and framed, also simply called koseigin) is also performed.
Japanese: ある程度の規模の公演においては、企画構成吟（単に、構成吟とも）が行われることがある。
English: It is a comprehensive theatrical art where several repertoires are combined under the specific theme and the renditions such as narration, background music and stage lighting are also elaborated.
Japanese: これは、特定の主題のもとに複数の吟目が組み合わされ、ナレーションやバックグラウンドミュージック、舞台照明といった演出にも工夫が凝らされる総合的な舞台芸術である。
English: As many high-ranked disciples became independent, declared themselves to be headmasters and established a school, some have a nation-wide organization and others are very small-scale schools.
Japanese: 高弟が独立して新たに宗家を名乗り、一流を立てることが多く行われたためであり、全国的な組織を有する流派もある一方で、きわめて小規模の流派も少なくない。
English: And as a nation-wide organization concerning the promotion of shigin, Nippon Ginkenshibu Foundation exists and under that Ginkenshibudo Sorenmei exists in each prefecture.
Japanese: なお、詩吟の振興に関する全国的な組織として、財団法人日本吟剣詩舞振興会があり、その傘下に各都道府県の吟剣詩舞道総連盟がある。
English: As many people start shigin as a hobby when old, those who do shigin do not have youthful image.
Japanese: 老後に趣味で詩吟を始める人が多いため、詩吟をやる人にあまり若いイメージはない。
English: However, even among young people shigin is not unpopular and many universities across Japan have a traditional shigin club.
Japanese: しかし若い人の間でも詩吟は決して人気がないわけではなく、全国の大学には伝統ある詩吟サークルが存在するところも多い。
English: Waseda University Togin Kai, Meiji University Shigin Kenkyu Club, Kansai University Shigin Club and Okayama University Shigin Club respectively have over 50 years of history.
Japanese: 早稲田大学稲吟会、明治大学詩吟研究部、関西大学吟詩部、岡山大学吟詩部はいずれも50年以上の歴史を持つサークルである。
English: As the other famous universities, there exist Tokyo University Shigin Kenkyu Kai, Keiogijuku University Keigin Kai, Tokyo University of Agriculture Noyu Kai Shigin Club, Yamaguchi University Ginei Club, Kinki University Shigin Club and so on.
Japanese: 他の有名大学では東京大学詩吟研究会、慶應義塾大学慶吟会、東京農業大学農友会詩吟部、山口大学吟詠部、近畿大学詩吟部などが存在する。
English: National Student Shigin League is the organization which controls these universities' shigin clubs, but is managed mainly by the universities such as Meiji University or the universities in the west Japan like Kansai University and all the shigin clubs do not belong to the league.
Japanese: これらの学生詩吟部を統括する組織として全国学生詩吟連盟（全吟連）が存在するが、明治大学や関西大学を始めとする西日本の大学が中心に活動しており、全ての詩吟部が全吟連に所属するわけではない。
English: As characteristics of gakuseigin, very strong uchikomi (the Scooping Point) or very high number of times are raised.
Japanese: 学生吟の特徴として、打ち込みが非常に激しいことや本数が非常に高いことが挙げられる。
English: Also, many universities formerly belonged to a specific school, but now have parted from it.
Japanese: また、昔は特定の流派に所属していたが、今では袂を分かった大学も多い。
English: Waseda University Togin Kai performs ginei incorporating kensenbu (dancing with sword, folding fan or both of them) or tate (sword battle), which is uncommon in gakuseigin.
Japanese: ちなみに早稲田大学稲吟会は、学生吟では珍しく剣扇舞や殺陣を取り入れた吟詠も行う。
English: The club is learning shigin under a specific teacher of suifu ryu (suifu style), which is also uncommon in gakuseigin.
Japanese: 同会は水府流の特定の師範について吟を習っているが、これも学生吟では珍しい。
English: Also, the characteristics of shigin clubs vary from one university to another, for example, Tokyo University Shigin Kenkyu Kai actively researches Chinese poetry and Meiji University Shigin Kenkyu Club has frequent interactions with National Student Shigin League or shigin organizations in Kansai region and so on.
Japanese: また、東京大学詩吟研究会は漢詩研究が盛んであったり、明治大学詩吟研究部は全吟連や関西の詩吟団体との交流が盛んであったりと、各大学のサークルによって特色が異なる。
English: Shigin is one of many 'classical performing arts,' but many of so-called 'geinojin' (entertainer) in present-day engage in shigin.
Japanese: 詩吟は数ある「古典芸能」の中の1つであるが、現代のいわゆる「芸能人」たちの中にも、詩吟と関わっている人は少なからず存在する。
English: The most famous entertainer who engages in shigin is Takuhiro KIMURA in manzai konbi (comic duo) 'Tenshin,' and he is an assistant instructor of one school (when KIMURA was comically talking about shigin, his father watched it and told KIMURA not to reveal the school name at any cost and so the name is hidden).
Japanese: 最も有名なのは吉本興業の漫才コンビ「天津(お笑い)」の木村卓寛であり、とある流派（テレビで詩吟ネタをやっているのを見た父親から絶対に流派の名前は出すなと言われたため、伏せられている）の師範代である。
English: And he shows the material called 'ero shigin' (in early times it was called 'sex aruaru shigin').
Japanese: そして「エロ詩吟」（初期は「SEXあるある詩吟」と呼んでいた）というネタを披露している。
English: The family of Tomoko NAKAJIMA in comic duo Osero opens shigin class and she openly says that she has a knack for shigin.
Japanese: オセロ(お笑い)」の中島知子は家族が詩吟の教室を開いており、特技が詩吟であることを公言している。
English: The performance of Tetsu and Tomo is the form where they show the material with singing and their singing ability which seems to have been developed by shigin is highly evaluated.
Japanese: テツandトモの芸は、歌いながらネタを披露するという形式のものであり、詩吟で培ったと思われる歌唱力は評価されている。
English: However, sokutai was not suitable for Tonoi (night guard) since it was sekitai (leather belt) and hence constrictive.
Japanese: しかし束帯は石帯で体を締め付けるなどして窮屈であったため、宿直（とのい）には不向きであった。
English: The basic structure of ikan is the same as sokutai, but charactalistically, its underclothing is drastically simplified from sokutai.
Japanese: 基本的な構成は束帯と同じであるが、束帯の下着類を大幅に省いているのが特徴。
English: While sekitai is worn over ho (round-necked robe worn by members of nobility and the Imperial Court) in sokutai, in ikan, kukehimo (narrow sausages of silk cloth) of common cloth is worn over ho, and hakama was loose sashinuki (pleated trousers for formal wear).
Japanese: 束帯では和服用語集を締めるのに石帯を使用するが、衣冠では共布のくけ紐で袍を締め、袴もゆったりとした指貫とした。
English: Unlike sokutai, there is no difference between ikan for civil officers and military officers, and military officers also wear hoeki no ho (robe with a round collar, stitched sides and a ran, worn by the emperor and high-ranking officials).
Japanese: なお、束帯とは違い衣冠には文官と武官の区別が無く、武官であっても縫腋袍を用いる。
English: Over time, sokutai became the ritual accouterments and ikan became established as the work clothes in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 時代を経るにつれて束帯は儀式用の服装となり、衣冠は宮中での勤務服として定着した。
English: In addition, you didn't have to obtain imperial sanction for sandai (a visit to the Imperial Palace) if you were wearing ikan.
Japanese: また、衣冠姿であれば参内（御所への出入り）に勅許を得る必要は無かった。
English: As the 'Dairi koban' (night guard in the Imperial Court) system was established in the early-modern times, noshi (everyday clothes for nobles) and ikan became common as daily work clothes other than ceremonies.
Japanese: 近世に宮中の宿直である「内裏小番」の制度が確立すると、儀式以外の日常の勤務服として直衣・衣冠が一般化した。
English: In the Edo period, they sometimes wore ho directly over shiro kosode (a kind of white underwear) without wearing hitoe under ikan or noshi, or 'sashiko' (a kind of quilted trousers) or kiri-bakama (short fringe hakama) was worn instead of sashinuki for ordinary serving.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、全くの平常の出仕には衣冠・直衣の下に単を用いず白小袖の上に直接袍を着たり、指貫に代えて切袴の「指袴（さしこ）」を着たりすることもあった。
English: Therefore, ikan clothing wearing hitoe is also called 'ikantan' or 'ikanhitoe' (kimono and ancient head-dress with a layer).
Japanese: そのため単を着用しての衣冠姿を「衣冠単（いかんたん・いかんひとえ）」とも言う。
English: In kuge-nikki (noblemen's diaries) in the early-modern times, there are articles that describe someone wearing sashiko while serving who suddenly needed to change his clothes to sashinuki to say thank the emperor.
Japanese: 近世の公家日記には、指袴で出仕中急に天皇に御礼言上する必要が生じたので指貫に着替えたといった記事もみられる。
English: Even in this period, in ceremonies that were not government affairs such as New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Parties or New Year Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) Recitals or private ceremonies such as genpuku (celebrate one's coming of age), they wore official ikan or noshi layering hitoe or kinu and sashinuki.
Japanese: この時代でも御会始（歌会始）や御楽始（雅楽始）など、政務ではない儀式や私家の元服などの儀式には単や衣（あこめの類）を重ね、指貫をつけた正式な衣冠・直衣を着用した。
English: Since 1872, European clothes have become the formal attire and ceremonial dresses in the Imperial Court and the government, so now ikan is used by Shinto priests in shrines as formal attire, besides the imperial families and ceremonial staffs wear ikan as ceremonial attire in court rituals and ceremonies.
Japanese: なお、明治5年に宮中や官界では正装・礼装を洋服に改めたため、現在では、宮中祭祀・儀式の際に諸皇族方や掌典職が祭服として着用するほかは、神社界の神職が正装として衣冠を着用する。
English: In literature in the medieval period, sokutai and ikan were not precisely distinguished, but the word 'ikan' may be used to simply mean formal attire of nobles as in the 'ikan tadashiki' (properly wearing ikan).
Japanese: 中世の文献では「衣冠正しき」姿というように、束帯・衣冠を厳密に分けずに、単に貴人の正装の意味でこの言葉を使うこともある。
English: In diaries and writings on records of the past, the word is usually used strictly, and in documents of theory about classic Japanese poem and legends of temples and shrines, the word is often used in the vague way.
Japanese: 日記や故実書では厳密な使い方が普通で、歌論書や寺社縁起などではあいまいな用法が多い。
English: Also in common parlance, general term of the figures wearing ho is sometimes called 'ikan-sokutai,' but fundamentally, ikan and sokutai should be strictly distinguished by the structure of the shozoku (costume) and occasions in which they are worn.
Japanese: また、俗な表現として袍を着用した姿の総称を「衣冠束帯」と呼ぶことがあるが、装束の構成や着用する場面に於いて、本来は衣冠と束帯は厳密に区分される。
English: One theory says that uniforms became lax in and after the mid Heian period and there were examples of 'ikan no sokutai' and 'noshi no sokutai' where ikan or noshi was used as an alternative of sokutai, and the particle 'no' was omitted from the former phrase, which was misused and then became established.
Japanese: 一説には平安中期以降、服制が曖昧になり、衣冠や直衣を束帯の代用とした「衣冠の束帯」「直衣の束帯」という例があり、前者の語から接助詞の「の」が省かれて誤用され、定着してしまった結果であるとされる。
English: However, when there are expressions such as 'noshi sokutai' in kuge diaries, they may mean 'there is someone in noshi or someone in sokutai' when you closely read them, and it is known there were shozoku called 'noshi sokutai' (composed of noshi no ho [round-necked robe]), ue no hakama (outer trousers), sekitai, shitagasane (long inner robe), etc. in the mid Heian period, so the theories above require rigorous verification.
Japanese: ただし、公家の日記に「直衣束帯」などの表記がある場合も、丁寧に解釈すると「直衣を着た者や束帯を着た者がいる」の意味である場合もあり、平安中期には「直衣束帯」という装束（直衣の袍・表袴・石帯・下襲等より成る）があったことも知られるなど、上記の説については厳密な検証が必要と思われる。
English: There are theories about the origin of the word (an etymology) Saibara including that it comes from Mago-uta (a horseman's song) or Togaku music, but it is not certain.
Japanese: 催馬楽の語源については馬子唄や唐楽からきたとする説などがあるが定かではない。