nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On March 11, 1776, she went down to the Satsuma Domain; in August of 1789, her nickname was changed from Ochimanokata (or Ochimasama) to Gonaishosama (refer to "Shimazu-ke Reccho Seido" Vol. 27, Ch.1678 and 1732).
Japanese: 安永5年1月22日（1776年3月11日）に薩摩国に下向、寛政元年（1789年）8月に呼称を「お千万様」から「御内証様」に改められる（『島津家列朝制度』巻之二十七－一六七八、一七三二）。
English: Her posthumous Buddhist name was Shunkoin-shingetsu-seiryo-daishi; she was buried in Daien-ji Temple (Suginami Ward, Tokyo), later re-buried in Fukusho-ji Temple of Satsuma (present Kagoshima City, Kagoshima Prefecture).
Japanese: 法号「春光院心月清涼大姉」、墓所は大円寺(杉並区)、後に福昌寺(鹿児島市)に改葬。
English: Yasutake YOKOYAMA (1843 - August 22, 1870) was an indignant person who served in Kagoshima Domain.
Japanese: 横山安武（よこやまやすたけ、天保14年（1843年）-明治3年7月26日(旧暦)（1870年8月22日））は、鹿児島藩の慷慨家。
English: YOKOYAMA recommended the son of Hisamitsu for traveling to study outside of the domain, and YOKOYAMA accompanied him to Saga and Yamaguchi regions; however, YOKOYAMA was involved with an incident during this trip that some members of the Kiheitai Army dropped out of the party, and when he went back to Kagoshima for reporting the incident without getting permission of his return, he was dismissed from his position by Hisamitsu.
Japanese: そして久光の子に藩外での遊学を勧め、佐賀や山口に同行するが、その際奇兵隊の一部の隊士の脱退騒動が発生し、安武は騒動を報告するため無断で鹿児島に帰国したが、久光に免職された。
English: In August 1870, YOKOYAMA directly appealed at the gate of Shugiin (a legislative body in the early Meiji period) building with a list of 10 items describing the corrupt practices of those days; after this incident, he committed seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) and died in front of the residence of Tsugaru Domain.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）7月、時弊10箇条を挙げた書を集議院門扉に公示し、津軽藩邸前で屠腹して果てた。
English: His appeal did not reach the top officials of Meiji government.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）7月、時弊10箇条を挙げた書を集議院門扉に公示し、津軽藩邸前で屠腹して果てた。
English: He was a son of Tsuneie KIRA, the third head of the early Tojo-Kira clan in Kiranosho, Hazu County, Mikawa Province (Kira-cho, Hazu County, Aichi Prefecture) and became the first head of Kira clan of Oshu Kanrei (governor of Oshu [Mutsu province]), working towards repression of the Southern Court (Japan) force in Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 三河国幡豆郡吉良荘（愛知県幡豆郡吉良町）の前期東条吉良氏の第三代吉良経家の子で、奥州管領吉良氏の初代となり、陸奥国の南朝(日本)勢力の鎮撫に努めた。
English: As a legitimate child of Tsuneie of the early Tojo-Kira clan, he is considered to have lived in Tojo-jo Castle in Hazu County, Mikawa Province, but the details about this period is unknown because of lack of historical materials.
Japanese: 前期東条吉良氏の経家の嫡子として三河国幡豆郡の東条城に居城したと考えられるが、この時期の詳細については史料が乏しく不明である。
English: At the Genko War, he is considered to have followed the head family of Ashikaga along with other Kira family members, at Kenmu Restoration, he went down to Kanto region, following Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, younger brother of Takauji ASHIKAGA, and he was appointed as the third tonin (the director) of the six banshu (guards) of Kanto Hisashi ban (people who keep the night watch staying under the eaves of building) in February 1334, getting the assignment to guard Imperial Prince Nariyoshi.
Japanese: 元弘の乱では他の吉良一族とともに足利宗家に従ったと考えられ、建武の新政期に足利尊氏の弟・足利直義に従い関東に下向、建武(日本)元年正月（1334年2月）に関東廂番（かんとうひさしばん）六番衆の第三番の頭人に任ぜられ、成良親王警護の任を負った。
English: At the Coup of 1335, He followed Takauji ASHIKAGA and moved from place to place to fight in Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Saigoku (western part of Japan [usually referring to Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]); when Takauji, who had run away from the Southern Court army and hidden out in Kyushu, recovered Kyoto by counterattack, he was appointed as shugoshiki (provincial constable) of Inaba Province and Tajima Province, and also held a position of the second tonin of the hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and naidanshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) of five-turn system.
Japanese: 建武2年（1335年）の政変に足利尊氏に従い畿内・西国を転戦、南朝軍に追われ九州に出奔していた尊氏が反攻で京都を回復すると、因幡・但馬両国の守護職に任じられまた、室町幕府評定衆・五番制内談衆の二番頭人をも歴任した。
English: In 1345, he was appointed as Oshu Kanrei along with Kuniuji HATAKEYAMA, and went down to Taga-jo Castle, the kokufu (provincial office) of Oshu to assume the post, where he fought against the Southern Court army including the Kitabatake clan which had been developing anti-Northern Court activities based in Oshu.
Japanese: 貞和元年（1345年）、畠山国氏(奥州管領)とともに奥州管領に補任され、奥州国府の多賀城に下向・着任、奥州を拠点に反北朝(日本)活動を展開する北畠氏等南朝軍と戦う。
English: At the Kanno Disturbance, on Tadayoshi's side, he confronted the Hatakeyama clan who was on Takauji's side, in March 1351, he attacked Kuniuji HATAKEYAMA and his father Takakuni HATAKEYAMA at Iwakiri-jo Castle in Mutsu Province (present-day Rifu-cho, Miyagi Prefecture) and made them commit suicide, but he was temporarily forced to leave Taga-jo Castle when he was attacked by Akinobu KITABATAKE of the Southern Court who took advantage of infighting in the Northern Court.
Japanese: 観応の擾乱には直義方として尊氏方の畠山氏と対立、観応2年2月（1351年3月）畠山高国・国氏父子を陸奥岩切城（現宮城県利府町）に攻めて自刃させたが、北朝方の内訌の機に乗じた南朝方北畠顕信に攻められ一時、多賀城を退去。
English: However, in April 1352, he recaptured Taga-jo Castle, and in June 1353, he took control of Uzumine-jo Castle, a stronghold of the Southern Court, wiping out the Southern Court force in Oshu.
Japanese: しかし文和元年3月（1352年4月）に多賀城を奪回、翌年5月（1353年6月）には南朝方の拠点宇津峰城を陥落させて奥州の南朝勢力を崩壊させた。
English: As for what happened to him after that, there are no historical materials about Sadaie after 1354, so he seems to have died around that time.
Japanese: その後の動向は文和3年（1354年）以降には貞家の現れる史料が存在しなくなるため、この頃に死没したと推定されている。
English: Inabanokuni no Miyatsuko Kiyonari no Musume (born unknown and passed away on October 15, 796) was a person from the Nara period to the Heian period.
Japanese: 因幡国造浄成女（いなばのくにのみやつこきよなりのむすめ、?-延暦15年（796年）10月15日(旧暦)）は奈良時代から平安時代初頭にかけての人物。
English: Although it was not known exactly when, she was sent to the Imperial Court as Uneme (the ancient court hostess) and served for Emperor Kammu (Imperial Prince Yamanobe).
Japanese: 時期は不明だが、朝廷に釆女として貢上され、桓武天皇（山部親王、後の桓武天皇）に仕えた。
English: In Imperial Prince Yamanobe's favor, she was exceptionally promoted for a maiden of local clans.
Japanese: 山部王の寵愛を受けた浄成女は、地方豪族出身者としては異例の昇進を遂げた。
English: In January, 771, her rank was raised from Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and in February 771, she, together with some of the same clan, was given the family name of Inabanokuni no Miyatsuko.
Japanese: 宝亀2年（771年）正月、正六位上から従五位下に叙せられ、同年2月には同族の者数名と共に因幡国造姓を賜った。
English: Even after Imperial Prince Yamanobe became Emperor Kanmu, she was loved by him; in January, 785, she was appointed to Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and in July, 794, was given rice plants so that she could build her residence in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).
Japanese: 山部親王の即位後も引き続きその寵愛を受け、延暦4年（785年）正月には従四位上に叙せられ、延暦13年（794年）7月には平安京に屋敷を造営するため稲が与えられた。
English: Although Kiyonari no Musume, in Emperor Kanmu's favor, was expected to give a birth to an heir/heiress by Emperor Kanmu as well as others, she passed away on October 15, 796; she did not have a child at all.
Japanese: 寵愛を一身に受けた浄成女は、桓武天皇だけでなく、周囲からも皇子女の誕生を期待されていたが、延暦15年（796年）10月15日、遂に産むことはなく没した。
English: Her final official rank was Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank Upper Grade); it is easy to imagine how deeply Emperor Kanmu loved her and how shocked he was when she passed away.
Japanese: 最終的な官位は正四位上という顕位にまで叙せられており、桓武天皇の寵愛ぶりがうかがえると同時に浄成女の死は相当な衝撃と悲しみを桓武天皇に与えたことは想像に難くない。
English: It is said that Inaba Kuninomiyatsuko family became influential, based on Kiyonari no Musume's status, but that their power declined after Senri (Chigane) INABA was murdered in 1007.
Japanese: 一方、因幡国造一族はこれを背景に着実に勢力を増していき、寛弘4年（1007年）の因幡千里（千兼）殺害による勢力の衰退まで権勢を振るったとされている。
English: Motohide KAWABATA (1606 – March 8, 1664) was a court noble of the early Edo period.
Japanese: 河鰭基秀（かわばたもとひで、慶長11年（1606年）-寛文4年2月11日(旧暦)（1664年3月8日））は、江戸時代前期の公卿。
English: Motomasa JIMYOIN and Yorinao TOMINOKOJI (an adopted son of Hidenao TOMINOKOJI) were Motohide's brothers; the wife of Motosada JIMYOIN was his sister.
Japanese: 兄弟に持明院基征・富小路頼直（富小路秀直養子）・持明院基定室がいる。
English: The Kawabata family had died out once since Kimitora KAWABATA (Tokiyoshi NISHINOTOIN) had left the family and inherited the Nishinotoin family; then Motohide came in and restored the Kawabata family.
Japanese: 河鰭公虎（西洞院時慶）が西洞院家を相続したために中絶していた河鰭家を再興した。
English: Later he was raised to Shosanmi Hisangi (post not involved in the council at senior third rank), however, on December 9, 1663 (in old lunar calendar), he became a priest, and on March 8 of the very next year, he died.
Japanese: その後、正三位非参議に至ったが、寛文3年（1663年）11月10日に出家し、翌年の2月11日に薨去した。
English: Fujiko TSUCHIMIKADO (1842? – July 13, 1875) was a court lady and a high-rank housekeeper of O-oku (the inner palace of Edo-jo Castle) from a noble family, and active in the period since the late Edo period until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 土御門藤子（つちみかどふじこ、1842年（天保13年）?-1875年（明治8年）7月13日）は、江戸時代後期～幕末の公家の女性、女官、大奥女中。
English: Initially Fujiko came in Kyoto Gosho (Imperial Palace) as a court lady and served Tsuneko HASHIMOTO (Kangyoin) who was Naishi no suke (handmaid) for Emperor Ninko.
Japanese: 土御門藤子は、仁孝天皇の典侍・橋本経子（後の観行院）付の女官として京都御所に上がる。
English: In 1860, when the imperial court and the Tokugawa shogunate decided the marriage of Emperor Komei's sister Kazunomiya to Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Fujiko was ordered to attend Kazunomiya to go to Edo (the hub of the shogunate).
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）孝明天皇の皇妹和宮親子内親王の将軍徳川家茂への降嫁が決まると、和宮の乳母である土御門藤子は、和宮付きを命ぜられてともに江戸へ下った。
English: At O-oku (the inner palace of Edo-jo Castle), she called herself Momonoi and served Kazunomiya very well as a close adviser as well as Kangyoin, Tsuguko NIWATA and Katsuko ICHO; following Kangyoin's death in 1865, she cooperated with Tsuguko and even devoted herself to the difficult role to protect Kazunomiya who suffered from the bitter complaints by elder influential women such as Tenshoin.
Japanese: 江戸城大奥では桃の井と称し、和宮の側近として、観行院、庭田嗣子、鴨脚克子らと共に大いに貢献し、慶応元年（1865年）に観行院が死去すると、それまで以上に和宮に尽くし、庭田嗣子と共に和宮を批判する天璋院ら大奥老女と対立した。
English: In 1868, the new government army (the imperial court) decided to march to Edo, then, Fujiko was appointed to the envoy and went to Kyoto bearing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's petition and Kazunomiya's letter to Saneakira HASHIMOTO and to his son Saneyana HASHIMOTO.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）新政府軍が江戸への進軍を決定すると、和宮の使者として橋本実麗、橋本実梁父子に宛てた宮の直書と徳川慶喜の嘆願書を持ち京に上がる。
English: She brought Kazunomiya's letter and met higher officials and councilors to plea the continuance of the Tokugawa family, however, they stopped her from handing in the letter to Emperor.
Japanese: 議定や参与に面会し、宮の直書を携え徳川家存続を嘆願するも、御所に宮の直書を出すことのないようにと諌められる。
English: She made every effort and asked related nobles and court ladies, then, after twelve days stay in Kyoto, she finally got the permission of the continuance of the Tokugawa family directly from the court with the condition that Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA should obey the court orders.
Japanese: しかし、縁ある公卿や女官を頼りに奔走し、１２日間の京での滞在の結果、ついに｢慶喜が恭順の道に尽くすなら｣と徳川家存続の内旨を得た。
English: Kintsura KAWABATA (October 19, 1773 – October 10, 1819) was a court noble of the late Edo period.
Japanese: 河鰭公陳（かわばたきんつら、安永2年9月4日(旧暦)（1773年10月19日）-文政2年8月22日(旧暦)（1819年10月10日））は、江戸時代後期の公卿。
English: He didn't have a biological child, but had adopted children including Sanekiyo KAWABATA (a son of Masatake ASUKAI, Gon Dainagon, but died at the age of 17) and Sanetoshi KAWABATA (1800-1850, a son of Motoatsu JIMYOIN, Ukon no shosho [minor captain of the right division of inner palace guards]).
Japanese: 実子はなく、養子に河鰭実清（権大納言飛鳥井雅威の子だが、17歳で夭折）・河鰭実利（右近少将持明院基敦の子。1800年－1850年）がいた。
English: In 1815, he was appointed to Sangi (councilor), later raised to Junii Konoefu (inner palace guard at junior second rank).
Japanese: 文化12年（1815年）参議となり、その後、従二位近衛府まで昇進した。
English: Kinakira KAWABATA (February 12, 1829 – September 21, 1864) was a court noble of the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 河鰭公述（かわばたきんあきら、文政12年1月9日(旧暦)（1829年2月12日）-元治元年8月21日(旧暦)（1864年9月21日））は、江戸時代末期の公家。
English: Sanefumi KAWABATA was a son of Naidaijin (minister of the center) Sanetsumu SANJO, later he was adopted by Kinakira and became the 25th family head of the Kawabata family; Kimiatsu KAWABATA was Kinakira's natural son, later he was adopted by Sanefumi KAWABATA and became the 26th family head of the Kawabata family.
Japanese: 子に河鰭公篤（後に実文の養子縁組となり、河鰭家第26代当主となる）らがおり、養子に第25代河鰭実文（内大臣三条実万の子）がいた。
English: In 1858, Kinakira opposed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan and participated in Teishin Hachiju-hachi-kyo Ressan Jiken (the demo of eighty-eight retainers of imperial court).
Japanese: 安政5年（1858年）日米修好通商条約勅許に反対し、廷臣88人の列参に加わった（廷臣八十八卿列参事件）。
English: Besides, in 1862, he cooperated with the thirteen court nobles of the group of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) on impeaching Tomomi IWAKURA and his sympathizers of urging the lawful marriage of convenience between Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako and the Tokugawa shogun.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）尊攘派公家13人とともに和宮親子内親王降嫁を進めた岩倉具視らを弾劾した。
English: In 1864, he was raised to Shoshiinoge Konoefu (imperial palace guard at senior fourth rank, lower grade), however, on August 21 of the same year, he died.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）、正四位下近衛府となるが、同年8月21日卒去した。
English: Sanefumi KAWABATA (May 10, 1845 – July 16, 1910) was a court noble and a statesman active in the period since the end of the Edo period until the Meiji era.
Japanese: 河鰭実文（かわばたさねふみ、弘化2年4月5日(旧暦)（1845年5月10日）-明治43年（1910年）7月16日）は、幕末から明治時代にかけての公家・政治家。
English: Kinmutsu SANJO and Sanetomi SANJO were his brothers; Kazuhime who was engaged to Toyoatsu YAMAUCHI, and Mine who was the lawful wife of Yoshikuni HOSOKAWA, were his sisters.
Japanese: 兄弟に三条公睦・三条実美・数姫（山内豊惇婚約者）・峯（細川韶邦正室）がいる。
English: He didn't have natural child, so he adopted Kimiatsu KAWABATA (a son of Kinakira KAWABATA) and Sanehide KAWABATA (a son of Sanetomi SANJO).
Japanese: 子はなく、養子に河鰭公篤（河鰭公述の子）・河鰭実英（三条実美の子）がいた。
English: In the Boshin War, he served at Nishikinohata Bugyo (magistrate in charge of taking care of the imperial banners), and in April of 1868, he entered the Edo-jo Castle attending Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争では錦旗奉行となり、慶応4年（1868年）4月には有栖川宮熾仁親王に従って江戸城に入った。
English: In 1870, he became Tokyo-fu Gonnosho Sanji (junior councilor of Tokyo Prefecture), later held important posts such as Naimu Gonnosho Shokikan (junior secretary of the department of home affair).
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）東京府権少参事となり、その後、内務権少書記官などを務めた。
English: In 1873, he went to England and studied; after coming home, he became Kazoku-kaikan Fukukanji (assistant secretary of the Nobility Hall).
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）イギリスに留学し、帰国後、華族会館副幹事となった。
English: Motosada JIMYOIN (May 5, 1607 – December 2, 1667) was a court noble of the early Edo period.
Japanese: 持明院基定（じみょういんもとさだ、慶長12年4月10日(旧暦)（1607年5月5日）-寛文7年10月17日(旧暦)（1667年12月2日））は、江戸時代初期の公家。
English: In spite of the status of the court nobles, Motohisa JIMYOIN and his son Motomasa JIMYOIN participated in the Siege of Osaka; the father and son entered the Osaka-jo Castle and died in the final battle at Tennoji Okayama (some historian says that they escaped alive).
Japanese: 持明院基久、持明院基征父子は、公家の身分でありながら、大坂の役に参加し大坂城に入城し、最終決戦の天王寺・岡山の戦いで戦死した（落ち延びたという説もある）。
English: On April 25, 1646, he was sent to Nikko Toshogu Shrine (enshrining the first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA) as Rinji-Hoheishi (a special messenger for making an offering to a Shrine).
Japanese: 正保3年（1646年）3月10日、臨時奉幣使として日光東照宮に派遣された。
English: Ariyoshi TAKEDA (year of birth unknown - 1200?) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who existed from the end of Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 武田有義（たけだありよし、生年不詳-正治2年（1200年）?）は平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期にかけての武将。
English: He was the fourth son (maybe the eldest or the third son) of Nobuyoshi TAKEDA who was Toryo (leader) of MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan).
Japanese: 清和源氏源義光流、甲斐源氏の棟梁・武田信義の四男（あるいは長男、三男）。
English: There was an incident in which Kai-Genji uprose as well in Jisho-Juei War that occurred in 1180, and during the battle, someone killed Ariyoshi's wife and children in Miyako (capital) and exposed their heads at a prison gate on December 24, 1180.
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）の治承・寿永の乱に際して甲斐源氏も蜂起し、その中で同年12月24日に有義の妻子が都で何者かに殺害され、獄門される事件が起きている。
English: This is considered to have been retaliation by Taira clan which was at war with Kai-Genji since Kai-Genji was in partnership with Omi-Genji (Minamoto clan) during the battle of Omi and so on, or by other clout close to Taira clan.
Japanese: 近江攻防などで近江源氏と連携していた甲斐源氏に対する平氏かそれに近い勢力による報復行動と考えられる。
English: However, he was oppressed by Yoritomo who was afraid that Kai-Genji might increase their power, and in that situation, Ariyoshi's brother Tadayori was killed and Kanenobu was exiled to be overthrown.
Japanese: しかし、甲斐源氏の勢威拡大を恐れる頼朝からの圧迫の中、兄弟の忠頼は誅殺され、兼信は配流され失脚する。
English: Ariyoshi became a pillar of the family after them, however, it is said that he reduced the centripetal force after he was abused to lose his face by Yoritomo at the site of the memorial service for Dai-hannyakyo Sutra at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine in 1188.
Japanese: 彼らの後を受け一族の中心的存在となった有義であったが、文治4年（1188年）、鶴岡八幡宮における大般若経の供養の式の場において、頼朝によって面罵され面目を失うと、その後は求心力を失ったという。
English: In 1200, when the Kagetoki Kajiwara Incident occurred after Yoritomo died, Ariyoshi was suspected that he supported Kagetoki.
Japanese: 降って正治2年（1200年）、頼朝の死後における梶原景時の変に際して、梶原景時と同心したという嫌疑をかけられた。
English: According to "Keizu sanyo" (pedigree charts of Edo period), Ariyoshi died in the same year, but the details are not specified.
Japanese: 『系図纂要』によると同年死去したとされるが、その詳細は明らかではない。
English: Naojiro HARADA (October 12, 1863 - December 26, 1899) was a Western-style painter.
Japanese: 原田直次郎（はらだなおじろう、文久3年8月30日(旧暦)（1863年10月12日）-明治32年（1899年）12月26日）は、洋画家。
English: Naojiro took care of Kumao HARADA, who was a bereaved child of Toyokichi and would become secretary to Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was a Genro (elder statesman).
Japanese: 兄の遺児で、のちに元老西園寺公望の秘書となる原田熊雄を引き取っていた。
English: Naojiro HARADA was born as the second son of Ichido HARADA, who was a Bansho-wage Goyo Shutsuyaku (government officer for the translation of foreign books), and his wife Ai at his mother's family home in Koishikawa in Edo.
Japanese: 1863年8月30日、蛮書和解御用出役の原田一道と妻あいの次男として、江戸小石川の母の実家で誕生した。
English: In the same year, his father accompanied Nagaoki IKEDA, who was appointed ambassador to Europe, and he remained there to study for four years.
Japanese: 同年、遣欧使節に任命された池田長発に父が随行し、そのまま4年間留学した。
English: In 1870, he entered the Osaka Kaisei Gakko (Kaisei School) to study French and, in 1873, he was admitted to the French Department of the Tokyo Gaikokugo Gakko (Tokyo School of Foreign Language [old education system]) in Kanda.
Japanese: 1870年には大阪開成学校に入学してフランス語を学び、1873年には、神田の東京外国語学校(旧制)フランス語科に入学した。
English: From the age of 11, he studied under Nariaki YAMAZAKI, a Western-style painter, and at the age of 20, he became a pupil of Yuichi TAKAHASHI, who was a leading Western-style painter at that time.
Japanese: 11歳の頃から、洋画家の山﨑成章につき、20歳で当時洋画家の最高峰であった高橋由一の門に入った。
English: In 1884, aged twenty-one, he went to Germany to study under Gabriel von Max, who was a painter and a friend of his brother Toyokichi HARADA, and registered himself as an auditing student at the Munich Academy (art school).
Japanese: そして1884年、21歳でドイツに渡り、兄原田豊吉の友人画家ガブリエル･マックスに師事し、ミュンヘン･アカデミー（美術学校）に聴講生として登録。
English: At the same time, he was influenced by the style of German romanticism, and also showed a strong interest in fin-de-siècle taste.
Japanese: 同時にドイツ浪漫派主義の作風に影響を受け、世紀末趣味にも強い関心を示した。
English: In Munich, he established friendships with Ogai MORI, who was an overseas student sent by the Department of War, and with Julius Exter, who was an art student.
Japanese: またミュンヘンでは、陸軍省派遣留学生の森鴎外幅の広い文芸活動と交際や画学生ユリウス･エクステルと交友を結ぶ。
English: In the summer of 1886, he lived together with Marie, who was working at the café on the first floor of Naojiro's boarding house, and went on a trip with her to do some sketching as well as to avoid the heat.
Japanese: 1886年夏、下宿先の1階にあるカフェ店で働くマリイと同棲し、避暑をかねて写生旅行に出かけた。
English: In around October, he acted as a guide for Arata HAMAO, who was chief of the Bureau of Professional Education in the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and who had been ordered to inspect the art scene during a visit to Europe.
Japanese: 10月頃、欧州出張中に美術事情の視察も命じられた文部科学省専門学務局長の浜尾新を案内した。
English: On November 22, Naojiro left Munich, leaving pregnant Marie behind (Marie saw Naojiro off.)
Japanese: 11月22日に妊婦のマリイを残してミュンヘンを発った（マリイは直次郎を見送った）。
English: He traveled via Switzerland and met Moritoshi NAGANUMA in Venice and Hisashi MATSUOKA in Rome, and he moved to Paris the following year.
Japanese: スイスを経由し、ヴェネチアでは長沼守敏に、ローマでは松岡寿に会い、翌年パリに移った。
English: In Paris, Naojiro became an auditing student of Ecole des Beaux-Arts, though for a short period, and left France in May.
Japanese: パリでは、短期間ながらエコール･デ･ポザールの聴講生になり、5月にフランスを後にした。
English: Following the foundation of Tokyo University of the Arts without a Western-style painting department in October (it opened in February 1889), Naojiro joined the nationalistic Ryuchi kai (Ryuchi party) in November, which was the base for Tenshin OKAKURA and Fenollosa.
Japanese: 10月に洋画科を置かないまま東京藝術大学が設立されると（ただし開校したのは1889年2月）、11月に直次郎は岡倉天心とフェノロサの支持母体で国粋主義的な龍池会に入会した。
English: On November 19, Naojiro gave a lecture in a regular meeting of the Ryuchi kai held at Kazoku-kaikan, in which he criticized Fenollosa's painting improvement theory (Western-style painting expulsion theory) and the Kano school (the lecture is recorded in Issue thirty-one of "Ryuchi kai hokoku (Ryuchi party report)" as a 'Painting Improvement Theory').
Japanese: 同月19日、華族会館での龍池会例会で、フェノロサの絵画改良論（洋画排斥論）と狩野派を批判する講演をした（「絵画改良論」として『龍池会報告』第31号に収録）。
English: He then continued to be a member of Ryuchi kai and the Japan Art Association, a reorganized group of Ryuchi kai, for a while and exhibited oil paintings in art exhibitions that were aimed to promote Japanese-style paintings.
Japanese: その後も、龍池会とその改組された日本美術協会にしばらく留まり、日本画の振興を目的とした美術展覧会に油彩を出品した。
English: Although such enlightenment activity in the Japanese art world was not rewarded and Naojiro was isolated as an outsider, he did not give up easily.
Japanese: そうした日本画壇での啓蒙活動は、当然のように異分子として孤立し、報われることが少なかったものの、直次郎は頑張った。
English: In January 1889, one month before Tokyo Fine Arts School would start accepting students, Naojiro opened a private art school 'Shobikan' at his home art studio at 6 chome Hongo (for free).
Japanese: なお、東京美術学校が学生を受け入れる1ケ月前の1889年1月、本郷6丁目の自宅アトリエで画塾「鐘美舘」を開いた（無料）。
English: Until the school was closed in 1894, Naojiro taught students including Mango KOBAYASHI, Yoshihiko ITO, Eisaku WADA, Kokki MIYAKE, and Tojiro KINOSHITA.
Japanese: 1894年に閉鎖されるまで小林万吾、伊藤快彦、和田英作、三宅克己、木下藤次郎などを指導した。
English: Naojiro moved his base to a Western-style painting organization the 'Meiji Art Society,' and with his friends acted for the foundation of a Western-style painting department in the Tokyo Fine Arts School.
Japanese: 西洋画の団体「明治美術会」に活動の拠点を移し、仲間とともに東京美術学校に洋画科を開設するよう運動した。
English: In 1890, he exhibited historical paintings 'Kiryu Kannon' (Kannon Bodhisattva Riding the Dragon) and 'Portrait of Takachika MORI' in the only government-sponsored exhibition that accepted Western-style paintings, the Third Exhibition - History of Japanese Exhibitions.
Japanese: 1890年、唯一洋画家も出品できる官展、博覧会日本の博覧会の歴史（第三回）に歴史画「騎龍観音」と「毛利敬親肖像」を出品。
English: Although the former large painting attracted attention, it did not win any awards (it was designated an important cultural property in 2007.)
Japanese: 前者は、大作で人々の注目を集めたにもかかわらず、何も賞を受けなかった（2007年重要文化財に指定）。
English: Harada was an examiner representing Western-style painters, but because Ryuichi KUKI, who was backing the expulsion of Western-style paintings, was the chief examiner, the examination results were unfavorable for Western-style paintings.
Japanese: 原田は、洋画家の代表として審査官であったものの、審査委員長が洋画排斥の後ろ盾九鬼隆一であり、洋画に厳しい審査結果となった。