nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although the Edo bakufu didn't take a favorable view to domains' monopoly, considering it as the cause of steep price rise.
Japanese: 江戸幕府はこうした諸藩の専売を物価高騰の原因として好意的には見ていなかった。
English: However, the bakufu itself promoted a concept of 'shoshiki-kaisho' (daily commodity kaisho) in order to establish semi-nationalized distribution system of shoshiki (daily commodities) in the very last years of the Edo period (although the concept was never put into practice due to the collapse of the Edo bakufu).
Japanese: だが、最末期には幕府自らが諸色（生活物資）の流通機構を半国営化する「諸色会所」構想を推進した（もっとも、江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった）。
English: Taishimichi refer to Japan's ancient roads that are taken by Prince Shotoku and which have common name.
Japanese: 太子道（たいしみち）とは、日本の古代道路、街道のうち、聖徳太子が通ったとされ、その通称がつけられたものをさす。
English: The Tajihi-michi road' which connected Shitenno-ji Temple in Naniwa and Asuka region through Kawachiasuka (Refer to the article of Takenouchi Kaido Road).
Japanese: 難波・四天王寺と飛鳥地方を河内飛鳥経由で結んだ「丹比道」（竹内街道参照）
English: The Shibukawa Road' and 'the Tatsuta-michi Road' which connected Shitenno-ji Temple in Naniwa and Horyu-ji Temple (Refer to the article of Tatsutagoe-Nara-kaido Road).
Japanese: 難波・四天王寺と法隆寺を結んだ「渋川道」「龍田道」（竜田越奈良街道参照）
English: Ono clan was a clan which was active from the early seventh century to the middle of the Heian period.
Japanese: 小野氏（おのうじ）は、7世紀前半から平安時代中期にかけて活躍した氏族。
English: The ancestor was Ame no Oshitarashihiko no Mikoto, who was Prince of the Emperor Kosho.
Japanese: 孝昭天皇の皇子である天押帯日子命（あめのおしたらしひこのみこと）を祖とする。
English: It is thought that Ono-go, Otagi County, Yamashiro Province (present day Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) was also under the control of the Ono clan; there is the gravestone of ONO no Emishi in Sudo-jinja Shrine in Kamitakano-Saimyojiyama, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: なお、山城国愛宕郡小野郷（現在の京都市左京区内）も支配下にあったと考えられており、京都市左京区上高野西明寺山の崇導神社内には小野毛人の墓碑がある。
English: Including ONO no Imoko who became Kenzuishi (a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China), many people from the Ono clan worked as officials who established relations with China such as Kentoshi (a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China); also many people from the Ono clan worked as local officials in such regions as Tohoku and Kyushu regions.
Japanese: 小野氏は、遣隋使となった小野妹子をはじめ、遣唐使などを務めたものが多く、東北や九州などの地方官僚などを務めたものも多い。
English: Yura clan (Yokose clan), a family member of Yokoyama clan (Inomata clan) and who called themselves Nitta clan, also said that Ono was their real name.
Japanese: 横山氏（猪俣氏）の一族で、新田氏と自称した由良氏（横瀬氏）も小野を本姓としている。
English: Shozei (Taizei) refers to tokoku (rice grains plucked off the straws, with chaff on) and eito (reaped rice plants holding grains) stored in shoso (public repository) in ryoseikoku (province) under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 正税（しょうぜい・大税（たいぜい））とは、律令制の下において令制国内にある正倉に蓄えられた稲穀・穎稲（えいとう）のこと。
English: Sometimes it refers to only the part of suiko honto (rice equivalent to principal of suiko [government loans made to peasants]) of them.
Japanese: 特にそのうちの出挙本稲（元本部分）の部分のみを限定して指す場合もある。
English: It was mainly consisted of the yearly yield of tax and the interest on suiko from shozei.
Japanese: 主として毎年の租税収入と正税からの出挙による利息分から構成されている。
English: As fudokoku (staples for an emergency), it was stored in shoso in kokuga (provincial government office compounds) and gunga (county government offices) (the ideal amount was 30 years' worth of denso [rice field tax] income [equivalent to yearly yield]).
Japanese: 不動穀として、国衙や郡衙の正倉に貯蔵する（理想として、田租収入30年分（年間収穫量に匹敵）の備蓄が想定されていた）。
English: The yield of tax was mainly allotted to fudokoku staple as tokoku (when needed, it was allotted to the emergency expense for disaster and famine, and the fund to refill or enhance the eito), and the interest on suiko was to suiko honto and sundry expenses as eito (shozeito [rice paid as shozei] or suikoto [loaned rice plant]).
Japanese: 主に租税収入は稲穀として不動穀（必要に応じて災害・飢饉に対する臨時出費及び穎稲の補充・増強に回す場合もある）に、出挙の利息は穎稲（正税稲/出挙稲）として出挙本稲及び諸経費にあてることが行われた。
English: Shozei, initially called 'taizei,' appeared in 691 during the period of Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state).
Japanese: 正税は本来、「大税」と呼ばれて飛鳥浄御原令期の691年に登場している。
English: It is not clear, despite the various theories, about its connection to gunto (rice stored in a county) that used to belong to kori (provincial administrative organization), and the relation to miyake (a governing system in Yamato sovereignty [the ancient Japan sovereignty]) that was older than the first, but it can be considered that land tax, suiko and hyoto (rice in kori) stored in miyake and Kuninomiyatsuko-ryo (territory of the heads of local governments) were integrated or separated into taizei and gunto in the process of reorganization after the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 以前には評に所属していた見られる郡稲との関係やそれ以前から続く屯倉との関連性については様々な学説が出ており、屯倉や国造領に納められていた租税や出挙、評稲などが大化改新以後に再編される過程で大税と郡稲に統合・分離したと考えられるということ以外には不明である。
English: After the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), taizei was put under the control of Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), then, in 708, the system of Fudokoku staple was put in operation.
Japanese: 大宝律令の制定後、大税は民部省の監督下に置かれて708年には不動穀の制度が開始された。
English: However, kanto below gunto was integrated into taizei with the change of its formal name to 'shozei' in 734, and ekikito that had been considered exception was also integrated in 739.
Japanese: ところが、734年に郡稲以下の官稲が大税に統合されて「正税」が正式な名称となり、例外とされた駅起稲なども739年には統合された。
English: Afterward, it was unified to shozei, so the word 'taizei', which used to be used in conjunction with the word 'kanto', also died out.
Japanese: 以後、正税に一本化されたために官稲と併称する呼称であった「大税」という言葉も用いられなくなった。
English: Incidentally, as an episode showing the abundance of shozei at the time, Daijokanpu (official documents from Daijokan to local governments) dated August 31, 808 compiled in "Sandairuijukyaku" (a law code) tells that, in 740, Fudokoku staple of shoso that had never been put outside to respect the regulations was found decomposed one after another, so that an order was issued to replace the old rice by the same volume of new rice.
Japanese: ちなみに当時の正税の豊富さのエピソードとして740年には規定通りに忠実に守って絶対に外部に出されることがなかった正倉の不動穀が腐敗しているのが見つかる事故が相次いだために、いくら不動穀と言えども古い稲を同量の新しい稲には入れ替えるようにという命令が出されていたことが『三代類聚格』に集録された大同3年8月3日（808年8月27日）付太政官符に記されている。
English: However, in 744, for building Kokubun-ji Temple and Kokubun-ni-ji Temple, each ryoseikoku (province) was ordered a senyu (offer something to a temple) of 20 thousand bunches of shozei to provide each temple respectively as well as a diversion of suiko interest into construction costs.
Japanese: ところが、744年に国分寺・国分尼寺造営のために、各令制国がそれぞれに正税2万束ずつの施入と出挙利息の造営費転用が命じられた。
English: In the following year, Kugaito (rice as local source of revenue) was established with the fund diverted from shozei; 4 hundred thousand bunches from Taigoku (major provinces), 3 hundred thousand bunches from jogoku (second-biggest provinces next to Taigoku), 2 hundred thousand bunches from chugoku (middle sized provinces) and 1 hundred thousand bunches from gekoku (minor provinces), thus, suiko which was supposed to be allotted to kokushi's salary began to be set separately from shozei.
Japanese: 続いてその翌年には、大国40万束・上国30万束・中国20万束・下国10万束を正税から割いて公廨稲が設置され、国司らの給与などにあてる出挙が正税とは別個に開始された。
English: Then, kokushi began to focus on suiko of kugaito connected with their income, leading to the consequence of the growth of provincial finances while the control of shozei began to be neglected.
Japanese: すると、国司は自己の収入につながる公廨稲の出挙に力を入れたために、結果的に地方財政が増加する一方で正税管理が疎かになり始めた。
English: In addition, the Imperial Court focused on ensuring that there was a sufficient quantity of fudokoku, and they tried to cover the cost of this with shozei, even though it was supposed to be made up with tributes to the central government.
Japanese: 加えて朝廷も不動穀の充実振りに目を付けて本来であれば中央に上げられる上供分で賄うべき経費を正税から得ようとした。
English: Therefore, they introduced 'nenryo shomai' (rice made by pounding it in a mortar and paid in kind for the taxes) and 'nenryo betsuryo sokoku' (denso stored in shoso separately from fudokoku to supply in case of central government's financial difficulties) that could bring them extra eito, and 'nenryo soshomai' (tax payment in milled rice) that could cover tairomai (rice given to low-ranking staff under the Ritsuryo system) with eito of shozei, accordingly, a large amount of shozei brought in the central government.
Japanese: そのため、臨時に穎稲を上供させる「年料舂米」・「年料別料租穀」や大粮米を正税の穎稲で補う「年料租舂米」などが導入されたために大量の正税が中央に運ばれた。
English: Besides, the corruption of local governments became more critical as reflected on the shoso burned out by sacred flame, therefore, shozei in each province was running short rapidly ('Shozei yojin').
Japanese: 更に神火による正倉焼失などに反映される地方政治の腐敗も深刻化して、各地の正税は急速に不足するようになった（「正税用尽」）。
English: Thus, in Heian period, Imperial Court began to launch political measures to recover the shozei for the purpose of maintaining the tribute-to-central system, such as introduction of 'shozei ritsubun (the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto] were supplied to the tax storage called "ritsubun-do")' that made up the shortage of shozei with the interest on kugaito and establishment of 'shozei shikisu' in which kokushi's minimum liability for shozei suiko (compulsory loaning to and collecting repayments from peasants) was prescribed in kyakushiki (a kind of law in the ritsuryo system).
Japanese: そこで平安時代に入ると、朝廷も公廨稲の利息より正税の不足分を補わせる「正税率分」の導入や格式に必要最低限の正税出挙に対する国司の支出義務（農民への強制的な貸付強制と徴収（返済）の義務化）を定めた「正税式数」を規定するなど、中央への上供体制維持を目的とした正税回復政策を取り始めた。
English: However, the decline of the ritsuryo system and the unpaid land tax and suiko led shozei system to the virtual corruption in the mid Heian period.
Japanese: しかし、律令制の荒廃による租税・出挙未納もあり、平安時代中期には事実上崩壊することになった。
English: Shozeicho refers to one of the account books that kokushi (provincial governor) submitted to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the ritsuryo system every year, a balance sheet of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices warehouse) in ryoseikoku (province).
Japanese: 正税帳（しょうぜいちょう）は、律令制のもとで国司が毎年太政官に対して提出する帳簿の1つで、令制国における正税の収支決算書。
English: In here, the related shozei henkyakucho (registers recording tax income allocation to the provinces) shall be also described.
Japanese: ここでは、関連する正税返却帳（しょうぜいへんきゃくちょう）についても解説する。
English: Shozeicho was created in three copies a year; one of those was kept by kokufu to serve as material used for succession at the time of replacement of kokushi, and for creation of shozeicho of the following year, and the two of those were submitted to Daijokan attached to some related material (shibun) that could confirm the balance of financial affairs including denso, suiko, almsgiving, and building and preservation cost of Kokubun-ji Temple, by February 30 each year (in the old lunar calendar) except Dazaifu where by May 30 (in the old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 正税帳は毎年3通が作成され、1通は国府に留めて国司交替時の引継や次年度の正税帳作成の資料とし、残り2通は毎年2月30日_(旧暦)（ただし、大宰府のみは5月30日_(旧暦)）までに田租や出挙、賑給、国分寺造営・維持費など財政収支を裏付ける関連資料（「枝文」）を添えて太政官に提出された。
English: Also, the envoy who handed over the shozeicho to Daijokan was particularly called Shozeichoshi.
Japanese: なお、正税帳を太政官に提出する使者を特に正税帳使（しょうぜいちょうし）と呼ばれた。
English: Once kankai (audit) had been done at Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) of Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) to make sure there was no digital inconsistency, unpaid or deficit compared to the related material, Minbusho issued and handed over the hensho (a document as receipts, but also as proof of delivery or transport when presented goods and paid money to government office) to Shozeichoshi, or if there was any problem, shozeicho was sent back along with shozei henkyakucho.
Japanese: 正税帳は民部省主税寮において勘会（監査）を受けて、関連資料との数値の不一致や未納・欠損が生じていないことが確認されると、民部省から正税帳使に託する形で返抄（請取書・領収書）が送付され、問題がある場合には正税帳は正税返却帳を添えられて送り返された。
English: Shozei henkyakucho refers to gebumi (letter) written by Shuzeiryo to the attention of Minbusho to make a suggestion on the shozeicho's return to ryoseikoku, in the case that the shozeicho contains any defective mention, or that the amount was insufficient due to the unpaid or deficit of shozei.
Japanese: 正税返却帳（しょうぜいへんきゃくちょう）とは、正税帳の記載内容に不備があったり、正税に未納や欠損などが生じて不足が存在する場合に主税寮から民部省に対して令制国に返却する旨を上申した解文（文書）。
English: When any kanshutsu (difference) occurred in the amount of rice by ten thousands bunches and above for taikoku, eight thousands and above for jogoku, six thousands and above for chugoku and four thousands and above for gekoku compared to any other account book and material, shuzeiryo made a shozei henkyakucho containing a mention on the reason of return and submitted to Minbusho, and if Minbusho judged it as convincing, it was signed and sent to ryoseikoku along with shozeicho to be returned.
Japanese: 正税帳と他の帳簿・資料などを照合して、正税帳と他の帳簿・資料との間に稲穀数の差が大国で1万束、上国で8千束、中国で6千束、下国で4千束以上の差（「勘出」）が発生した場合に、主税寮が返却事由を記した正税返却帳を作成して民部省に提出、民部省がこれを適切と判断すれば押署の上で正税帳の返却時に令制国側に送付された。
English: Gekisei refers to a system that Kugyo (high court nobles) who were ministers read moshibumi (a general term for a request or petition submitted by a lower authority to a higher) from shoshi (officials), had conferences and gave decisions on them at Geki Cho, an office of Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State).
Japanese: 外記政（げきせい）とは、大臣以下の公卿が外記の事務所である外記庁において諸司の申文を披見して協議・裁定を行うこと。
English: Under the early ritsuryo system such conferences usually took place in the chodo-den (Imperial court), however, in the Heian period, they were held more frequently closer to a dairi (Imperial Palace) as emperors led their lives mainly in a dairi.
Japanese: 律令制初期においてこうした会議は朝堂殿で行われることになっていたが、平安時代に天皇の生活が内裏中心になるにつれてより内裏に近い場所で会議が開かれることが増えていった。
English: At first they were called kansei because they were held in the Daijokan Cho (Great Council of State), however, in the latter half of the Heian period they were already transferred to the closer Geki Cho.
Japanese: 当初は太政官庁で行われていたために官政（かんせい）と呼ばれていたが、平安時代前期には早くもより近い外記庁に移されていくことになる。
English: Whether it was kansei or gekisei, a shonagon (lesser councilor of state), a benkan (a controller of the Oversight Department) and a geki gathered a little before the conference and conducted a katanashi (ritual for reading out bound documents on the government affairs before the actual work of the government affairs started) in advance.
Japanese: 官政・外記政いずれの場合も、会議開始前に少納言・弁官・外記が先に集合して結政（かたなし、文書の整理分類）を予め行う。
English: When the starting time came, kugyo entered and sat down, and then a benkan told an official to read a monjo (written material).
Japanese: 続いて開始時刻に公卿が入場し着座が終わると、弁官が史に命じて文書を読み上げる。
English: Subsequently after kugyo discussed the cases on monjo and gave a decision to them, they set a seal on the decisions and left the room, which meant the end of the conference.
Japanese: 続いて公卿が文書について協議・裁決を行い、請印（押印）を行った後に公卿が退席して終了となった。
English: As a principle the conference was held every day excluding five holidays a month (days 6, 12, 18, and the last day of each month), however, it was reduced to several times a month in the middle Heian period, and was replaced by Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council).
Japanese: 原則として月5日の休日（毎月6・12・18・24・晦日）を除いて毎日開催されることになっていたが、平安時代中期には月数回にまで減少し、陣定などに代わった。
English: Thereafter, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga intended to restore the kansei only to fail, and it was abolished due to his death in Hogen War.
Japanese: その後、官政は藤原頼長が再興を志すも保元の乱での敗死によって挫折して廃絶した。
English: Gekisei was also changed into a formal court function and moreover, in "Kemmu Nenchu Ghoji" (books about annual events of the Imperial court) that Emperor Gohanazono wrote by his own handwriting, a note of 'Interrupted' is written.
Japanese: 外記政も一種の形式的な宮中行事と化して更に後花園天皇が直筆で書写した『建武年中行事』には「中絶」という注記が記されている。
English: Yamato Katsuragi Hozan-ki (大和葛城宝山記) is a Shinto book written from the point of view of Buddhism, especially Shugendo (Japanese ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites).
Japanese: 大和葛城宝山記（やまとかつらぎほうざんき）とは仏教、特に修験道の立場から書かれた神道書。
English: It contains the words of "edited by Gyoki Bosatsu" in the beginning of the book, and "April 1, 745" and "written and provided by Ninso (a Buddhist monk) of Kofuku-ji Temple" at the end of the book.
Japanese: 巻頭に「行基菩薩撰」、また巻末に「天平17年（745年）辛酉4月1日」と書かれ、さらに「興福寺の仁宗（僧）が之を記し伝う」と書かれている。
English: In "Koro Kujitsu-den" written by Yukitada WATARAI in 1300, the book is recorded as "a postscript of Ise-jingu Shrine Hiki (secret record of Ise-jingu Shrine) of several hundred volumes" together with Asuka-ki, Taiso Hifu, Shin no Mihashira Hiki, and Jinno Jitsuroku.
Japanese: 正安二年（1300年）に成立した度会行忠の『古老口実伝（ころうくじつでん）』に、飛鳥記、大宗秘府、心御柱秘記、神皇実録と共に、「伊勢神宮秘記　数百巻　内　最極書」とされている。
English: For the above reason, the prevailing orthodoxy is that it was written by a Buddhist priest of the Shingon Sect line in the late Kamakura period.
Japanese: 上記のことなどから、鎌倉時代後期に、真言宗系の僧侶によって書かれたとするのが通説となっている。
English: In the book, Shinto is interpreted uniquely, which greatly affected Shinto Gobusho (five-volume apologia of Shinto) later.
Japanese: 神道について、独自の解釈を行っており、後の神道五部書等に大きな影響を与えた。
English: "Hozan" in the title of the book is the Katsuragi mountain ranges (Mt. Nijo, Mt. Iwahashi, Mt. Yamato Katsuragi, Mt. Kongo, etc.) running north and south around the border between Osaka and Nara prefectures.
Japanese: 本書の題名にある「宝山」とは、大阪府・奈良県境に南北に連なる、葛城連山（二上山、岩橋山、大和葛城山、金剛山等）である。
English: Also, Amenominakanushi no Mikoto is enshrined in Toyuke no Miya in Ise, which suggests Amenominakanushi no Mikoto is the same as Toyouke no Okami in Geku (the outer shrine of Ise).
Japanese: また、天御中主尊は伊勢の止由気ノ宮に祭ると記され、外宮の豊受大神と同一であることを示唆している。
English: This explains the order of Saishi (religious service) (Geku Sensai: an old custom that Geku precedes in Saishi over Naiku [the inner shrine of Ise] and is not known exactly why) as well as Geku practically predominating over Naiku.
Japanese: これが、外宮が内宮に祭祀の順番（外宮先祭：内宮より外宮の祭祀が先行する古くからの習慣。何故そうするのか謎とされている。）だけでなく、実質優越する根拠となった。
English: Also, Amaterasu (the Sun Goddess), who are supposed to be enshrined in Naiku, is the same as Dainichi Nyorai (same as Todaiji rushanabutsuzo [the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple]?).
Japanese: また、内宮に祀られているはずのアマテラスは、大日如来（東大寺の東大寺盧舎那仏像と同じ？）と同一としている。
English: It is notable that the book uses the names of Ohirumemuchi no Mikoto and Amaterasu, which were supposed to be the same, as if they were different gods.
Japanese: 大日孁貴尊と天照太神は同一のはずだが、別神であるかの様に名前を使い分けていることも注目に値する。
English: Moreover, as the god enshrined in Katsuragi region, Izanagi no Mikoto, Izanami, Amenominakanushi no Mikoto, Katsuragi Futakami no mikoto (two gods of Toyofutsu no Mitama and Kunitama; the relationship with Katsuragi Futakami-jinja Shrine is notable), etc. are mentioned.
Japanese: その他、葛城地方に祀られる神として、伊弉諾尊、イザナミ、天御中主尊、葛木二上尊（豊布都霊神と国魂の２神：葛木二上神社との関係が注目される）等を挙げている。
English: It is also written that Toyofutsu no Mitama is also Takemikazuchi, Hoki Bosatsu, and Kumano Gongen.
Japanese: 豊布都霊神はタケミカヅチであり、法起菩薩であり、熊野権現でもあると記す。
English: The book points out that Toyouke no Okami has a deep relationship with Katsuragi and the word "中" (naka) in the god's another name, Amenominakanushi no Mikoto (天御中主尊), may have some deep meaning in it.
Japanese: 本書は、豊受太神が、葛城と縁の深いことを示唆し、別名とする天御中主尊の『中』に、何か深い意味が隠されていることを示している可能性もある。
English: It is also notable that the word "豊" (toyo) is affixed to Futsuno Mitama (布都御魂) to describe as Toyofutsu no Mitama (豊布都霊神).
Japanese: また、布都御魂に『豊』を付けて豊布都霊神と記していることも注目に値する。
English: The Battle of Kanegasaki, was a battle between the troop of the Southern Court (Japan) led by Yoshisada NITTA who held Kanegasaki-jo Castle in Echizen Province (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture), and the troop of the Northern Court (Japan) led by Takatsune SHIBA who attacked the castle, from 1336 to 1337 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 金ヶ崎の戦い（かねがさきのたたかい）は、南北朝時代(日本)の1336年（延元元年/建武(日本)3年）から翌1337年（延元2年/建武4年）にかけて、越前国金ヶ崎城（福井県敦賀市）に籠城する新田義貞率いる南朝(日本)方の軍勢と、それを攻撃する斯波高経率いる北朝(日本)方の軍勢との間で行われた戦いである。
English: In May 1336, the Southern Court (Japan) side was defeated by the Northern Court (Japan) side led by Takauji ASHIKAGA in the Battle of Minato-gawa River, and escaped to Mt. Hiei.
Japanese: 1336年（建武(日本)3年）5月、湊川の戦いで足利尊氏率いる北朝(日本)方に敗北した南朝(日本)方は、比叡山に逃れた。
English: Yoshisada NITTA descended the mountain with two imperial princes of the Emperor Godaigo: the Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi and the Imperial Prince Takayoshi, and successfully escaped to the Hokuriku region where they were welcomed by Ujiharu KEHI who was Guji (chief of those who serves shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) of Kehi-jingu Shrine, then entered Kanegasaki-jo Castle in Echizen Province (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture) on November 24.
Japanese: 新田義貞は、後醍醐天皇の二人の皇子恒良親王と尊良親王とを伴って下山し、北陸へ落ち延び、氣比神宮の宮司である気比氏治に迎えられ、10月13日_(旧暦)に越前国金ヶ崎城（福井県敦賀市）に入城した。
English: Immediately after Yoshisada entered the castle, the Northern Court led by Echizen no kuni shugo (the Governor of Echizen Province) Takatsune SHIBA besieged the Kanegasaki-jo Castle.
Japanese: 義貞の入城直後、越前国守護斯波高経が率いる北朝方は金ヶ崎城を包囲した。
English: The following year, in 1337, Takauji sent reinforcements including KO no Moroyasu and carried out the violent attacks.
Japanese: 翌1337年（延元2年/建武4年）、尊氏は高師泰ら援軍を派遣し、厳しく攻め立てる。
English: In order to call for reinforcements for them, Yoshisada escaped from the Kanegasaki-jo Castle where the provisions had run out, leaving the two imperial princes and his eldest son Yoshiaki NITTA.
Japanese: 義貞は援軍を求めるため、二人の皇子と長男新田義顕らを残し、兵糧の尽きた金ヶ崎城を脱出する。
English: Johei (castle garrisons) were killed one after another due to famine and fatigue caused by the starvation tactics, and the castle fell on April 15.
Japanese: 兵糧攻めによる飢餓と疲労で城兵は次々と討ち取られ、3月6日_(旧暦)落城する。
English: Rissho Ankoku-ron is a treatise written in 1260 by Nichiren, who founded the Nichiren sect of Buddhism, to be submitted to Tokiyori HOJO, a former regent to the shogunate, who was the head of the major lineage of the Hojo family.
Japanese: 立正安国論（りっしょうあんこくろん）は、日蓮宗を開いた日蓮が文応元年（1260年）に得宗（元執権）北条時頼に提出するために撰述した文章。
English: A copy of the treatise presumed to have been transcribed by Nichiren himself in 1269 remains at Hokekyo-ji Temple (national treasure) and there exist many other copies transcribed by his direct disciples and other followers.
Japanese: 日蓮本人が文永6年（1269年）に筆写したとされる本が法華経寺にあり（国宝）、他にも直弟子などによる写本が多数伝わる。
English: Out of his concern as a religious leader, Nichiren, who lived in Kamakura at the time, wrote the treatise at Jisso-ji Temple (in present-day Fuji City) in Suruga Province, following his "Shugo Kokka-ron" (Treatise on the Protection of the Nation) published the previous year, to present his arguments on political and religious ideals to Tokiyori HOJO, who was the actual leader of the Kamakura Shogunate government at the time.
Japanese: 当時鎌倉にいた日蓮は立正安国論撰述の前年『守護国家論』を撰述したのに続いて、宗教家としての憂慮から政治・宗教のあるべき姿を当時鎌倉幕府の事実上の最高指導者である北条時頼に提示するために駿河国実相寺(富士市)に籠って執筆した。
English: In his treatise, Nichiren criticized other competing Buddhist sects, arguing that these sects, including Jodoshu (Pure Land Buddhism), which led people to believe in false teachings (evil teachings) other than the Lotus Sutra, the only true teachings of Buddhism, were the reason for the disasters, that leaving Jodoshu and other heretical sects unattended would lead to a civil war in Japan and invasion by foreign countries and that the only way to provide the nation and the people with peace and security would be to establish the Lotus Sutra as the true religion.
Japanese: この中で日蓮は災害の原因を人々が正法である法華経を信じずに浄土宗などの邪法（邪悪な教え）を信じているからであるとして対立宗派を非難し、法華経だけではなく鎮護国家の聖典とされた金光明最勝王経なども引用しながら、このまま浄土宗などを放置すれば国内では内乱、外国からは侵略を受けると唱え、逆に正法である法華経を中心とすれば（「立正」）、国家も国民も安泰となる（「安国」）と主張したのである。
English: More specifically, Nichiren argued for the validity of the Lotus Sutra, which captures the essence of nature, based on the fact that the philosophy of the Ezo people (northern Japanese natives), which was handed down to Japanese fishermen at the time, had the same theory of numbers as the teachings of the Lotus Sutra.
Japanese: 具体的には、当時の漁民に継承された蝦夷の哲学と法華経に秘められた数の奥義が一致することから、自然界の妙法を説いた法華経の正当性を説いたもの。
English: Based on the belief that the female menstruation cycle was the same as the rotation cycle of the sun, the philosophy of the Ezo people taught that everyone born by a woman embodies cosmic principles and receives benefits from the sun.
Japanese: なお、蝦夷の哲学とは、女性の大虫の周期が日の自転周期に一致する事から、その胎から生まれたなん人にも宇宙の理が備わり、日の恩恵を受けているという考え方。