nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, as civilization advanced, and people came to use simple and easy furnaces for cooking, such as small cooking ranges and gas ranges, that used other fuels as heat sources for cooking, kamado gradually completed their role and disappeared.
Japanese: しかし次第に文明が発達していく中で、調理用の熱源として焜炉ガスコンロのような他の燃料による簡便な調理用の炉が利用されるようになると、次第にその役目を終えて竈は姿を消していった。
English: The kamado in Japan nowadays is hardly used except by some people, and even in local farming communities people have let it collect a thick coat of dust.
Japanese: 現在の日本では、一部を除いてほとんど利用されなくなっており、地方農村でも埃をかぶるに任せられているのが現状である。
English: And yet, because kamado were still used in Japan until a half century ago (around the 1950's), methods of cooking by kamado, such as how to cook rice, and so on, are still, passed down by word of mouth, and some contemporary rice cookers reproduce them with 'tips on how to cook rice better.'
Japanese: しかしそれでも日本では半世紀程度前（1950年代頃）までは使われていたため、飯の炊き方などにこの竈による調理方法が口伝などの形で残されており、これらは現代の炊飯器でも「美味しいご飯の炊き方」として再現されている。
English: In India, they have a traditional kamado called a tandoor, and you can see how tandoor is used in practice at Indian restaurants in Japan (see the articles tandoori chicken or nan).
Japanese: この他、インドなどではタンドールという伝統的な竈があり、日本の本格インド料理店などにいくと、このタンドールが実用に供されているところが見られる（→タンドリーチキン・ナン）。
English: In Japanese food culture, some high-class restaurants that give special attention to their dishes have specially reproduced this Japanese-style kamado and use it for cooking.
Japanese: また和食文化でも、こだわりのある高級飲食店では、わざわざ日本式の竈を再現して煮炊きに利用しているところもあるようだ。
English: Although it is usually called 'hettsui' in the Kansai region, in Kyoto it was also called 'okudo-san.'
Japanese: 関西では「へっつい」と呼ばれることが多いが、京都では「おくどさん」という名称が使われていた。
English: Kamado became widespread because people were able to make it from simple materials, it was durable for long-term use, and repairing it was relatively easy.
Japanese: 竈は簡単な材料で作ることが可能で、使用耐久も長く、修理も比較的簡単なため、広く普及した。
English: The structure of the kamado is simply a single unit built into a wall for enclosing the fire and a holder above it for placing cooking utensils such as pots or pans.
Japanese: 構造としては単純なものでも火を被う囲いと、その上部には鍋や釜といった調理器具を置くための台が一体化している。
English: Also, a popular type of kamado used inside the house included a chimney to keep the smoke from filling the house, the high-temperature smoke exits outside through this chimney, while the radiant heat warms the bottom of cooking utensils.
Japanese: また屋内に設置されているものでは戸内に煙が充満しないよう、室外に煙突が設けられ、温度の高い煙は煙突から外へ、放射熱は調理器具の底を熱するようになっている形態が一般的である。
English: It has an opening at the side for adding fuel and for raking out cinders (ash, and others), and used to adjust the fire and to see if it is burning properly.
Japanese: 側面には燃料を投入するためと燃え滓（灰など）を掻き出すための口が設けられており、火の加減を調節するために利用される。
English: Many kamado had this opening at ground level, and Japanese-style kamado were placed mainly on the bare ground.
Japanese: この口は地面と同じ高さになっている物も多く、主に土間に設置されていた日本の竈では、竈のすぐ下が土の露出した地面となっていた。
English: With improvements added, some had metal lids for openings to put fuel into the kamado, or a cinder outlet located outside the house.
Japanese: やや高度化すると、燃料を投じる口に金属製の蓋が設けられたり、燃え滓の排出口が戸外に設けられるなどしたものもみられる。
English: Japanese-style kamado increased in variation with the advancement of society, and they had been used widely for a long time before the portable cooking charcoal stove developed.
Japanese: 日本の竈も社会の高度化に伴って多様化し、七輪のような移動の簡便な焜炉が発展する以前より、長く広く利用されていた。
English: Also, in Europe, Western Asia and the Middle East, there were many kamado using phase and heat transition.
Japanese: またヨーロッパや西アジア・中東方面では、相転移転移熱を使う種類のかまども多い。
English: It does not heat pots and pans directly by fire, but by burning a lot of firewood inside and heating up the stone furnace itself first, then, once the furnace is hot enough, pushing the ashes aside, placing a pot or a pan with ingredients inside it on the hot stones, and cooking the dish with the heat inside the furnace.
Japanese: こちらは火によって調理器具を加熱するのではなく、炉の中でいったん大量の薪などの燃料をくべて石造りの炉自身を加熱、炉が十分に過熱されたところでまだ熱い灰を左右に押しのけ、焼けた石のうえに鍋や金型などの調理器具に食材を載せ、炉内の熱で調理する。
English: Also because it was suitable for cooking large quantities of food (in fact inconvenient when cooking small quantities) it was used especially to provide meals for workers and farmers during the busy season, and because the temperature would not rise above a certain amount, it was sometimes used to keep food warm, leaving the food inside the pot.
Japanese: また加熱中は一定以上に過熱されることがないことから放っておけ、また大量調理にも適している（むしろ少量調理には不便である）ため、特に農繁期の労働者に食事を提供するためにも利用され、鍋に入れた料理が冷めないよう保温に利用することもあった。
English: A wood-fired oven in the scene where a fish pie was being baked in "Kiki's Delivery Service" (produced by Studio Ghibli, Inc.) so people in Japan might be able to imagine what it was like even if they have not seen the real thing.
Japanese: 薪オーブンは、日本では『魔女の宅急便(スタジオジブリ作品)』で魚のパイを焼くシーンに登場したので、実物は見たことは無くても、どんなものかイメージし易い人も多いことだろう。
English: The simplest shape of the fireplace was made of stones stacked up around a fire and is still familiar camping trips and cooking meals in a mess tin, and seems to have already appeared in the Stone Age because traces of it have been found in ancient structural remnants from that period.
Japanese: もっとも単純な形の炉は、石を火の周囲に積み上げた物で、今日でもキャンプなどの飯盒による調理などでおなじみだが、既に石器時代にはそのような炉が登場していたと見られ、当時の遺構にその痕跡が見られる。
English: The more people became permanently settled following the development of a culture based on agriculture (see the articles of Agricultural people or Farming) the larger and more permanent fireplaces became by combining mud and stones, and others, in the process of which the cooking furnace was formed.
Japanese: 農耕文化の発達（→農耕民族・農業）に伴う人の定住化とともに、次第に土と石を組み合わせるなどして炉も常設化・大型化していったが、その過程でこの竈になったと考えられる。
English: Although the shape varies depending on the climate and natural weather of the region, permanent fireplaces for cooking have been in existence all over the world for a long time.
Japanese: これらはその土地の気候・風土によって様々な形態があるが、調理用の常設の炉が世界各地に古くから存在している。
English: In ancient Rome, there was the goddess of the kamado (Vesta) and there were the Vestal Virgins who kept fire constantly burning in the hearth.
Japanese: 古代ローマでは竈の女神（ウェスタ）もおり、竈の火が消えないように管理する巫女も存在した。
English: Although the kamado has completed its role in present-day Japan, there are people in some countries such as in Africa or Southeast Asia where have not developed the infrastructure of their society because of conflicts or political disorder, and people who live primitive lives like in ancient times, who cook over open fires outside.
Japanese: 現代日本ではその役割を終えた竈ではあるが、アフリカや東南アジアなどといった紛争や政治的混乱により社会整備が進んでいない国や、また古代さながらの原始的生活をしている民族もおり、これらの人々は戸外で裸火による調理をしている。
English: But these countries have limited fuel sources such as trees, and when the number of inhabitants in one area increases excessively due to refugees, and so on, secondary environmental devastation has occurred; the neighboring trees are cut down recklessly and die off over a short period of time, among other things.
Japanese: しかしこれらの国における樹木などの燃料資源は限られ、難民などの形で一極集中が起きた際には、瞬く間に周囲の樹木が乱伐採され枯れ果てるなどの二次的な環境破壊も発生している。
English: More efficient cooking tools and methods are being sought in such regions due to the above reason, and it is said that in response to this, there are some campaigns to bring the methods of building Japanese-style kamado to the local people.
Japanese: このためそのような地域では、より効率の良い調理手段が求められてもおり、これに応じて現地に日本式の竈の作り方を伝えるなどといった運動をしているという話も聞かれる。
English: They seem to have a good reputation for being effective in the preservation of forests, including the use of charcoal.
Japanese: これらでは炭の使用も含めて、森林保護に効果があると評されている模様だ。
English: In 1994, Kesa KISHIDA, a Japanese food nutritionist living in Kenya and a member of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), built a Japanese-style kamado at the village of Enzaro in Kenya, using the materials available there and improving it in order to meet local needs.
Japanese: 国際協力機構(JICA)に所属しケニア在住の日本人食物栄養学者である岸田袈裟は、1994年に同地のエンザロ村で、其処にある材料で現地の需要に則して改良した日本式の竈を作り上げた。
English: It is said that the local people call it 'Enzaro Jiko' (Jiko means cooking furnace in Swahili) and it has a good reputation.
Japanese: これが現地で「エンザロ・ジコ」（ジコはスワヒリ語で竈の意）と呼ばれて、好評を呼んでいるという。
English: She brought the methods for making the kamado after surveying the local kitchens and as part of regional aid, and the local people have been teaching each other how to build it.
Japanese: 彼女は現地家庭の台所事情の調査の傍らや地域援助の際にこの竈作りを伝え、更にその竈の作り方は現地の人々の間で伝え合われている。
English: This kamado is made by making a rough shape with stones, covering it up with mud and shaping it properly, which takes only a few hours to finish, and the amount of firewood consumption dropped to one-fourth of what it was before.
Japanese: この竈は石で大まかな形を作って泥を塗り込んで形を整えて作られるが、僅か数時間で完成する上に薪の消費量が四分の一になった。
English: Furthermore, people were able to cook three dishes at one time, while the previous hearth using an open fire could provide only one dish at a time, thus reducing housewives' workload as well.
Japanese: 更に従来の裸火を使った炉では1度に1つの料理しか作れなかった所が1度で3種類の調理が行えることから、家庭の主婦の労力削減にもなった。
English: In addition, infants had been at risk of getting sick and dying due to drinking unboiled river water, containing household waste products, but now people were able to prevent diseases because they were able to give children water that had been boiled and then cooled.
Japanese: また従来は生活廃水も流入するような川の水をそのまま飲んでいたために乳幼児が感染症に掛かり死亡する危険性があったところを、湯冷ましを与えられるようになって病気の発生を予防できるようになったという。
English: According to the report in the Sankei Shinbun News Paper in January 2007, 100,000 households included in the same village were using Enzaro Jiko.
Japanese: 2007年1月に産経新聞が伝えた所では、同村をはじめ10万世帯がエンザロ・ジコを利用している模様だ。
English: According to JICA, besides Enzaro Jiko, staff at other places where technical cooperation projects are being conducted have been introducing Japanese-style kamado, using materials available in the local area.
Japanese: JICAによると、エンザロ・ジコ以外にも同機構の技術協力プロジェクトの派遣先にて日本式竈を現地にある材料で使いながら伝える活動が行われていると言う。
English: The method of making kamado has been introduced in the Republic of Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Rwanda and Tanzania, in Africa, Mexico in Latin America, Bolivia in South America, and so on.
Japanese: アフリカのマリ共和国・ニジェール・ブルキナファソ・ルワンダ・タンザニアのほかラテンアメリカのメキシコ、また南アメリカではボリビアなどでも竈作りが伝えられている。
English: In some areas, people use brick as well as spreading mud on a stone frame like in Enzaro Jiko, and there seems to be some examples of retrofitting existing simple fireplaces to use as kamado.
Japanese: こちらはエンザロ・ジコのような石組みに土を塗る方式以外にも煉瓦を利用している地域もあるようで、従来からある煉瓦を流用した簡易炉を竈風に組み直す活動も見られる。
English: These activities are said to not only promote local people's health, but also to save time for housewives restricted by their housework, improving local agricultural productivity and with an improving effect on the status of women.
Japanese: こういった活動は地域の健康を促進するだけではなく、同時に家事に束縛される主婦の時間を節約させ、地域の農業生産力が向上したり、女性の地位向上にも影響を与えているとのことである。
English: Kado is a type of Ikebana, an art of combining plants such as flowers and trees, with the aspect of Geido (accomplishments).
Japanese: 華道（かどう）とは、草花や樹木などの植物材料を組み合わせて構成し、鑑賞する芸術であるいけばなに、芸道としての側面を加えたもの。
English: However, 'Kado' places more emphasis on the aspect of Gudo (seeking for the teachings of Buddha) than 'Ikebana.'
Japanese: ただし「華道」という呼称には「いけばな」よりも求道的側面が強調されている。
English: For example, while many schools set the rule that the object is viewed from the front, other schools try to represent a three-dimensional space in two dimensions.
Japanese: 例えば、見る方向は正面と定められている流派も多くあり、3次元の空間を、2次元で最大限に表す流派もある。
English: In Western floral decoration, flowers are arranged to create a unified form when viewed from any of three dimensions.
Japanese: 欧米のフラワーデザイン(FloralDesign)は、3次元のどこから見ても統一したフォルムが感じられるように生けると言われている。
English: Also, Ikebana and Kado of Japan is distinctively different from the concept of flower arrangement in the Western countries, in that not only colorful flowers, but also all plants such as leaves and moss, as well as beautiful expressions of foliage and tree trunks, are collectively called 'hana' (flower) and are appreciated.
Japanese: また、日本のいけばな・華道では、色鮮やかな花だけでなく、枝ぶりや木の幹の美しい表情、葉や苔まで、自然植物すべてを総じて「はな」と呼び鑑賞するのも、海外のアレンジの概念とは一線を画す。
English: A widely-accepted theory is that Kado originated from floral offerings being presented at a Buddhist alter, together with the introduction and development of Buddhism.
Japanese: 華道は、仏教の伝来と発展に伴い、仏前に花を手向ける供花に由来するという説が有力である。
English: However, there is also a study that points out the trend of ancient animism in the act of reconstructing the botanical material, which has been collected, in a space under the control of human intellect.
Japanese: だが、採取した植物材料を人間の知の監督下である空間にて再構成する行為に、古代のアニミズムの流れを指摘する研究もある。
English: It is not surprising that a type of mystery was seen in plants, differing from animals, in that they recharged themselves with fresh vitality if they were treated appropriately even after they were cut down.
Japanese: 動物と異なり、切り落としても適切に処置すれば溌剌とした生命力を漲らせる植物になんらかの神秘を見たとしても、それは不思議なことではないであろう。
English: This notion parallels in tree worship; maybe it was an attempt to control a mystic power seen as beyond human control, comprehensively in a vase.
Japanese: それは常緑樹信仰にも通じ、人間の手の及ばない神秘の力を、花器の上で包括的に管理してしまおうとする試みであったかもしれない。
English: Today, 'Kado' often refers to flower arrangement that prevailed in the Bunka-Bunsei era during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 今日、「華道」といえば江戸時代後期、文化(元号)文政の時代に流行した生花、挿花のことを指すことが多い。
English: The custom of admiring cut flowers placed in a vase like a bud vase, extends back to the Heian period, and traces can be found in literature such as "Makura no soshi" (the Pillow Book).
Japanese: 一輪挿しなどに挿した花を愛でる習慣は、古くは平安時代あたりまで遡り、たとえば『枕草子』などの文献資料からたどることができる。
English: Existing containers were used at first, and special vases were created later.
Japanese: 当初は既存の器を利用していたが、後に専用の花器が製作されるようになった。
English: Since these monks resided on the banks of ponds for generations, they were called 'Ikenobo' (literally "monks of ponds"), which later became the name of the school.
Japanese: 代々池のほとりに住まいしていたことから「池坊（いけのぼう）」と呼ばれ、それがのちに流派の名前となる。
English: The style called 立花 (Tachibana) (also written as '立華' (Rikka), literally, standing flowers) was perfected during the mid Edo period by Iemoto (head family of a school), Soke (originator), and the like.
Japanese: 家元、宗家らによって江戸時代中期にかけて立花（たちばな、りっか「立華」とも書く）と呼ばれる型が大成されていった。
English: Later during the mid and late Edo period, the art, which had until then been enjoyed solely by the upper class or the samurai class, became popular among the common people as Shoka (also known as Seika (a more free style compared to Tachibana)).
Japanese: その後、江戸中期から後期になるとそれまでの上流階級・または武家階級のものから広く庶民のたしなみへと変化し、生花（しょうか、せいか）を中心に広く愛された。
English: Many masters in techniques appeared especially from schools such as Misho School group, Koryu (Traditional school) group, and Enshu Group, and this led to further separation into many other schools.
Japanese: とくに未生流系、古流系、遠州系などの流派は技巧の達人・名手が多く登場し、多くの流派にわかれていくきっかけとなる。
English: From the end of the Edo period until the early Meiji period, Kado and Ikebana was introduced to the West as a result of the worldwide Nippon (Japanese) culture boom, and this had an influence on European floral decoration as a technique of vertical arrangement.
Japanese: 江戸末期から明治時代初期の頃、世界的なニッポン文化ブームにより華道・いけばなが欧州に紹介され、ヨーロッパのフラワーデザイン(FloralDesign)にラインアレンジメントの手法として影響を与えた。
English: In Japan, the flower shape eventually developed with the trends of the times; various styles such as Nageire-bana (literally "throwing in flowers") and Mori-bana (literally "inserting flowers") were created.
Japanese: 国内ではやがて花姿は時代の流れに即し、なげいれ花、盛花（もりばな）などさまざまな型が編み出された。
English: As of March 2005, the 392 schools are registered in the Nihon Ikebana Geijutsu Kyokai (Japan Ikebana Association).
Japanese: 2005年3月現在、その数は日本いけばな芸術協会に登録されているだけで392流派ある。
English: Ikenobo: The name is taken after the originator, Senkei IKENOBO, who was a monk of Rokkakudo Ikenobo (Ikenobo of Rokkaku-do Hall).
Japanese: 池坊（いけのぼう）開祖・池坊専慶が京都の六角堂池坊の僧侶だったことに因む
English: Kado Enshu: The founder was Kobori ENSHU, a multi-artist and chajin (master of the tea ceremony) during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 華道遠州（かどうえんしゅう）江戸後期のマルチアーティスト・茶人の小堀遠州公を祖とする
English: It is generally said that the Tengu is clothed as a Yamabushi monk, has a red face and long nose, and flies on wings through the air.
Japanese: 一般的に山伏の服装で赤ら顔で鼻が高く、翼があり空中を飛翔するとされる。
English: The Tengu were originally Chinese monsters; correspondingly, the way a shooting star or a comet tail passes looked like a canine, which was called "Tengu," meaning a canine of the sky.
Japanese: 元来は中国の物怪で、流星または彗星の尾の流れる様子が狗（いぬ）に似ていることから、天の狗、すなわち天狗と呼ばれた。
English: It means 'Tengu came down in Chinese,' and this Tengu was translated from Ulkā (憂流迦 in Chinese characters), a name for a comet in the Sanskrit of ancient India.
Japanese: 魏言天狗下」とあり、これは古代インドのサンスクリット語のUlkā（漢訳音写：憂流迦）という彗星の名を、天狗と翻訳したものである。
English: In Japan, the word "Tengu" was seen in "Nihon Shoki" for the first time, and it mentions that, in 634, a person from Tang said of something flying in the sky with a strange noise (it might be a shooting star, which fell fairly close to the ground), 'It is not a shooting star, it is Tengu-Amakitsune.'
Japanese: 日本において天狗の言葉が初めて見られるのは『日本書紀』で、634年、怪音をたてて空を飛来するもの（かなり地表まで落下した流星か）を唐から来た人が、「流星にあらず、これ天狗アマキツネなり」と呼んだという記載がある。
English: Tengu from the Nara period to the early Heian period meant a fox of the sky as the shape described in "Sankaikyo," so ultimately it is considered to indicate a comet or a shooting star.
Japanese: 奈良～平安時代初期における天狗とは、『山海経』の形状の通り天狐であり、やはり彗星あるいは流星を指したと考えられる。
English: After Kukai and Enchin introduced esoteric Buddhism to Japan, it was extended to the worship of the constellations on the Womb World Mandala, and was also combined with mountain worship, having been performed by Ennogyoja since the Nara period.
Japanese: 空海や円珍などにより密教が日本に伝えられると、後にこれが胎蔵界曼荼羅に配置される星辰・星宿信仰と付会（ふかい）され、また奈良時代から役行者より行われていた山岳信仰とも相まっていった。
English: During the Kamakura period, the Yamabushi monks of Shugendo were also called Tengu.
Japanese: そして鎌倉時代になると、修験道の山伏（山伏）をも天狗と呼ぶようになった。
English: This is because their appearance and training were unique, and the existing religious schools called them so with contempt.
Japanese: これは、その風体や修行法が独特であることから、既成の宗派から軽蔑されて呼んだものである。
English: A Yamabushi monk was supposed to be worldly minded, arrogant and self-centered, and was supposed to transmigrate after death, but some people assumed and interpreted the realm of Tengu as a sort of devildom.
Japanese: 山伏は名利を得んとする傲慢で我見の強い者として、死後に転生し、魔界の一種として天狗道が、一部に想定されて解釈された。
English: Meanwhile, among the public, people living in flatlands were in awe of the mountains as a different world, and they associated the mysterious phenomena happening there with the image of Tengu.
Japanese: 一方民間では、平地民が山地を異界として畏怖し、そこで起きる怪異な現象を天狗のイメージに付託した。
English: This brought forth a tendency to consider Tengu as a mountain god, and in some regions the aspect regarding the image of various Tengu as "Guhin," "Yamando" or "a mountain god" still exists.
Japanese: ここから天狗を山の神と見なす傾向が生まれ、各種天狗の像を目して狗賓（ぐひん）、山人、山の神などと称する地域が現在でも存在する。
English: Therefore, the characteristics that have generally been passed on till today--a long nose and red face, wearing the attire of a Yamabushi monk, and wearing wooden clogs with single support, flying freely in the sky with a leaf fan and having evil design--have been interpreted since the middle ages, and it is considered to be the superstitious blending of originally quite different characteristics.
Japanese: したがって、今日、一般的に伝えられる、鼻が高く（長く）赤ら顔、山伏の装束に身を包み、一本歯の高下駄を履き、葉団扇を持って自在に空を飛び悪巧みをするといった性質は、中世以降に解釈されるようになったもので、本来まったく性質の異なったものが習合された俗信であるとされる。
English: In fact, the figure of the Tengu of the period was not fixed; most often it would resemble a monk, but some had the figure of a child or a goblin.
Japanese: 事実、当時の天狗の形状姿は一定せず、多くは僧侶形で、時として童子姿や鬼形をとることもあった。
English: Since they flew through the air, they were often perceived in the image of a kite.
Japanese: また、空中を飛翔することから、鳶（とび）のイメージで捉えられることも多かった。
English: "Tales of Times Now Past," written during the late Heian period, described many tales of Tengu, such as a devil called 'Hawk' that would fly through the sky and possess people, and one having the face of Tengu with a human body and a pair of wings.
Japanese: 平安末期成立の『今昔物語集』には、空を駆け、人に憑く「鷹」と呼ばれる魔物や、顔は天狗、体は人間で、一対の羽を持つ魔物など、これらの天狗の説話が多く記載された。
English: The corrupted image of the monks of the seven major temples of the day, including Kofuku-ji Temple and Todai-ji Temple, is depicted as a satire.
Japanese: ここには当時の興福寺や東大寺など7大寺の僧侶が堕落した姿相が風刺として描かれている。
English: Gohomao-son, or Kurama Tengu of Kurama-dera Temple, in "Otogi-zoshi, Tengu no Dairi," allegedly created during the Muromachi era, was the first model of the appearance of these Tengu, but it is considered to have probably changed after the early Muromachi period.
Japanese: これら天狗の容姿は、室町時代に成立したとされる『御伽草子・天狗の内裏』の、鞍馬寺の護法魔王尊あるいは鞍馬天狗などが、その初期の原型であり、おそらく室町時代初期以降に変化したものと考えられている。
English: The Tale of the Heike describes, 'It's a human but not a human, a bird but not a bird, a dog but not a dog, and it has human arms and legs, a dog's head and a pair of wings, and it flies'; moreover, in the Kamakura period Tendai monks flaunting miraculous efficacy made it an objective to prove the transcendence of Buddhism, and some books, including "Zegaibo Emaki," mention stories that Tengu challenged a Tendai monk to a fight and was defeated miserably.
Japanese: 『平家物語』では、「人にて人ならず、鳥にて鳥ならず、犬にて犬ならず、足手は人、かしらは犬、左右に羽根はえ、飛び歩くもの」とあり、鎌倉時代になると、験力を誇示する天台僧らに、仏教の超越性を証明する為の標的とされ、『是害坊絵巻』を始めとする書物に、天台の僧に戦いを挑み、無残に敗退する天狗の物語が伝えられるようになる。
English: Also, 'Comments on Tengu' in "A Study on Shrines," by Razan HAYASHI, and "A Study on Monsters of All Ages," by Atsutane HIRATA, describe the souls that appeared in "Taiheiki," including Sanuki-in （the Retired Emperor Sutoku) having turned into a gold kite as the god enshrined in 'Shiramine jingu Shrine' in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, the Retired Emperor Gotoba having turned into a shamon with long wings, and Emperor Go-Daigo driving Ryusha (an Emperor's car), as Tengu.
Japanese: また、林羅山の『神社考』「天狗論」、また平田篤胤の『古今妖魅考』に、京都市上京区に存在する「白峯神宮」の祭神である金色の鳶と化した讃岐院（崇徳上皇）、長い翼を持つ沙門となった後鳥羽上皇、龍車を駆る後醍醐天皇ら、『太平記』に登場する御霊が天狗として紹介される。
English: In the Middle Ages there was the realm of Tengu other than the six realms of Buddhism, which was assumed and interpreted as Avici for those who were not going to fall into Hell because they had learned Buddhism but were not going to Heaven either because they had done wrong.
Japanese: 中世には、仏教の六道のほかに天狗道があり、仏道を学んでいる為地獄に堕ちず、邪法を扱うため極楽にも行けない無間（むげん）地獄と想定、解釈された。
English: As described above, there is more than one stream contributing to the formation of the Tengu, so they vary in type and appearance.
Japanese: 前述のように、天狗が成立した背景には複数の流れがあるため、その種類や姿もさまざまである。
English: Among them, the ones with long noses are called 'Great Tengu' and the ones with sharp noses are called 'Small Tengu' or 'Crow Tengu.'
Japanese: このうち、鼻の高いのを「大天狗」、鼻先が尖ったのは「小天狗」あるいは｢烏天狗｣という。
English: As for types, some are interpreted as 'Hajun,' which try to regain human form after living in infamy as Tengu; or as 'Maen,' which gather together, linked by pride and arrogance.
Japanese: 種類としては、天狗として世にあだなし、業尽きて後、再び人身を得ようとする「波旬」、自尊心と驕慢を縁として集う「魔縁」と解釈される場合もある。
English: Its folklore has been handed down in many regions, but among the more rare are 'Kujin (flying god),' which wears white clothing like a Yamabushi monk and flies freely in the sky, as described in Kishu; and 'Suneka' in southern Iwate Prefecture, 'Nagomi' or 'Nagomitakuri' in northern Iwate Prefecture, which appears in order to rip a spot that is believed to appear on a lazy person's shin on the fifteenth day of the new year.
Japanese: またその伝承も各地に伝わっており、変わったものとして、紀州に伝わる、山伏に似た白衣を着、自由自在に空を飛ぶ「空神」、岩手県南部では「スネカ」、北部では「ナゴミ」「ナゴミタクリ」という、小正月に怠け者のすねにできるという火まだらをはぎとりに現われる天狗などが伝えられる。
English: "Anmo," which flies from the Pacific Ocean and arrives unseen on the moonlit night of May 15th, is also of this sort, and it is said to come and rip the skin with a brown spot which a lazy child simply warming himself at the hearth will have on his shin.
Japanese: 姿を見た者はいないが、五月十五日の月夜の晩に太平洋から飛んでくる「アンモ」もこの類で、イロリにばかりあたっている怠け童子の脛には、茶色の火班がついているので、その皮を剥ぎにくるという。
English: "Shokoku Satobitodan" mentions, in the Oi-gawa River, Shizuoka Prefecture, 'Konoha Tengu' also known as 'Sakaidori,' having eyes on the front of the face like a human, 180cm long wings when spread, and a size and appearance similar to a human, but with a beak, and describes it as flying over the river late at night, catching fish.
Japanese: 静岡県大井川では、『諸国里人談』に、一名を「境鳥」といい、顔は人に似て正面に目があり、翼を広げるとその幅約6尺、人間と同じような容姿、大きさで、嘴を持つ「木の葉天狗」が伝えられており、夜更けに川面を飛び交い魚を取っていたと記されている。