nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Exceptionally, the ruling classes were granted titles of kozoku (the Imperial Family), kazoku (the peerage), and shizoku (samurai family) which they put on their family register.
Japanese: ただし、支配階層には皇族・華族・士族の称号が付与され、戸籍に明記された。
English: As senmin were incorporated into heimin, some inherent heimin opposed this act, resulting in an ikki uprising in Okayama Prefecture to protest the treatment of the former senmin as heimin.
Japanese: 賎民も平民に組み入れられたが、本来の平民からは反発する者が続出し岡山県では旧賎民の平民扱いに反対する一揆も起きた。
English: Historians after the Meiji period started to take the term shi-no-ko-sho as the real class system in the Edo period.
Japanese: 明治時代以降の歴史学者は士農工商の言葉を江戸時代の実際の身分制度を表すものと解釈するようになった。
English: Then, shi-no-ko-sho became an important concept in history, which created the common idea that there had been the order 'shi-no-ko-sho-eta-hinin (non-people)' by adding eta and hinin to shi-no-ko-sho.
Japanese: そして士農工商は歴史学上の重要概念となり、さらに士農工商の下に穢多（えた）や非人（ひにん）を付けて「士農工商穢多非人」という序列があったとする俗説も生まれた。
English: This kind of historical view after the Meiji period may have reflected the opinion of samurai who were based on Confucianism.
Japanese: ただし、こうした明治以降の歴史観は儒教観念に基づく武士の見地を反映したものといえる。
English: After World War II, Marxian history began to define samurai as the ruling class and the peasants as the ruled class, emphasizing the misery of the peasants' life and the existence of a class struggle derived from this misery, with merchants as the bourgeoisies who accumulated property (capital) which ushered in the modern age.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後はマルクス主義的な歴史認識により、武士を支配階級、農民を被支配階級と定義し、農民生活の悲惨さとそれに由来する階級闘争の存在が強調され、商人は財産（資本）を蓄積したブルジョワ階級であり、近代への幕を開く歴史的存在として捉えられるようになった。
English: Around 1990s, an empirical study, which critically verified the above-mentioned concept of shi-no-ko-sho and used the primary sources of the same period as a basis, started to present a new concept of the class system in the Edo period.
Japanese: 1990年代ごろになると、こうした士農工商像を批判的に検証し、同時代の一次史料に基づく実証的な研究によって、新たな江戸時代の身分制度像が提示されるようになった。
English: The term shi-no-ko-sho is currently a word which is prohibited on radio and television because the term has been associated with buraku-sabetsu (contemporary discrimination against burakumin (people who come from or live in special hamlets)).
Japanese: しかし、士農工商の言葉は部落差別を連想させるとして、現在は放送禁止用語として扱われている。
English: This is a Jiuta piece in the Tegotomono style, composed for koto by a blind musician Matsuua Kengyo around the Bunka-Bunsei eras.
Japanese: 文化(元号)文政の頃、京都で活躍した盲人音楽家松浦検校作曲の手事物地歌、箏曲。
English: This piece is considered a difficult piece of music with its complicated modulations, due to the shamisen's sophisticated technique for the long movement in the middle.
Japanese: 中間に長い手事があり、三味線の技法も凝っており、複雑な転調と共に演奏の難しい曲とされる。
English: The comparison of shi-no-ko-sho to spring, summer, autumn, and winter may be associated with the concept of Wuxing (The Five Practices), and it is quite interesting that shi-no-ko-sho are compared to a cycle of four seasons so as to arrange the social statuses in a row instead of putting them in a hierarchical order.
Japanese: 士農工商を春夏秋冬に当てはめるのは五行思想と関連していると思われるが、四季という循環性のあるものになぞらえ、身分を階級序列というよりは順次並列させているところが興味深い。
English: Azuchi-jo Castle was a flatland-mountain Japanese castle (hirayamajiro) located at present Shimotoira, Azuchi-cho, Gamo County, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 安土城（あづちじょう）は、現在の滋賀県蒲生郡安土町下豊浦にあった日本の城（平山城）。
English: Azuchi-jo Castle was built on now Mt. Azuchi, presenting dignified appearance for its unprecedented large-scaled castle tower (or Azuchi-jo Castle keep) and others.
Japanese: 安土城は現在の安土山に建造され、大型の天守（現地では「天主」と表記）を初めて持つなど威容を誇った。
English: However, it was burnt down for some unknown reason soon after the rebellion against Nobunaga ODA plotted by his vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI in 1582, which is called "Honno-ji Temple Incident" (raid on the Honno-ji Temple), becoming an abandoned castle.
Japanese: しかし、家臣明智光秀の信長への謀反、いわゆる本能寺の変後まもなくして何らかの原因によって焼失、その後廃城となった。
English: However, the records made by a missionary Luis FROIS and others, who had actually visited the castle in those days, enable us to imagine its atmosphere.
Japanese: しかし、当時実際に城を観覧している宣教師ルイス・フロイスなどの記録によってその様子をうかがい知ることができる。
English: The castle construction technology cultivated in this construction became the model of modern castles that were constructed nationwide one after another from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the beginning of the Edo period.
Japanese: ここで培われた築城技術が安土桃山時代から江戸時代初期にかけて相次いで日本国中に築城された近世城郭の範となった。
English: The stone masonry group called 'Ano-shu Guild,' which had engaged in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle, later took part in constructing stone walls of castle throughout the country, which contributed to the diffusion of the castle adopting the stone wall nationwide.
Japanese: そして普請を手がけたとの由緒を持つ石垣職人集団、いわゆる「穴太衆」はその後全国的に城の石垣普請に携わり、石垣を使った城は全国に広がっていった。
English: The Nio-mon Gate (Deva gate) and a three-storied pagoda survive retaining their original forms within the precinct of Soken-ji Temple situated halfway up the mountain.
Japanese: 当時の建築としては城山の中腹に所在する総見寺の境内に仁王門と三重塔が残っている。
English: Excavation of the Ote michi-road connecting the southern foot of Mt. Azuchi and Honmaru (the keep of a castle), the resident attributed to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and that attributed to Toshiie MAEDA, both of which were adjacent to pathway, as well as the Hon-maru Palace modeled after Seiryo-den (an imperial summer palace) in the Imperial Palace which were constructed for the Imperial visit, is disclosing the castle's appearance in those days.
Japanese: 南山麓から本丸へ続く大手道、通路に接して築造された伝豊臣秀吉邸や伝前田利家邸、天皇行幸を目的に建設したとみられる内裏の清涼殿を模った本丸御殿などの当時の状況が明らかとなりつつある。
English: In addition, this castle was constructed as a fortress against an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Echizen Province and Kaga Province, because it was situated at the strategic point on the route from Hokuriku-kaido Road to the capital.
Japanese: 加えて北陸街道から京への要衝に位置していたことから、越前・加賀の一向一揆に備えるためでもあった。
English: According to the descriptions made by Gyuichi OTA and the missionary, the scale and appearances of the castle symbolized Nobunaga's task of unifying the whole country that was expressed in his policy "Unify Japan by the military government."
Japanese: その規模、容姿は太田牛一や宣教師の記述にあるように天下布武、信長の天下統一事業を象徴する城郭であった。
English: It is believed that Nobunaga lived in the castle tower constructed on the top of the mountain, his family lived in the vicinity of the Hon-maru, and his vassals lived in residences constructed on the mountainside or in the town developed around the castle.
Japanese: 山頂の天守に信長が起居、その家族も本丸付近で生活し、家臣は山腹あるいは城下の屋敷に居住していたとされる。
English: In 1576, Nobunaga ODA appointed Nagahide NIWA to the Sofushin Bugyo (head of shogunate administrator concerned with the construction works) involved in the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle on Mt. Azuchi, where the subsidiary castles of Kannonji-jo Castle had been situated.
Japanese: 織田信長は観音寺城の支城のあった安土山に建造する安土城の総普請奉行に丹羽長秀を据えた。
English: Luis FROIS recorded in his book "Nihonshi" (The History of Japan) that Honmaru was burnt down due to a lightning strike around the year 1579.
Japanese: 頃に、落雷により本丸が焼失したと、ルイス・フロイスが著書『日本史』に記している。
English: Notified that Nobunaga was killed in the Honnoji Incident, Katahide GAMO and his son Ujisato GAMO had Nobunaga's family and others evacuate from Azuchi to their stronghold Hino-jo Castle, then they left Azuchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 本能寺の変による信長の横死後、蒲生賢秀・蒲生氏郷父子は本拠地日野城に信長の妻子などを安土から移動させ退去。
English: After the Battle of Yamazaki, following the withdrawal of Akechi's army led by Hidemitsu AKECHI from Azuchi-jo Castle, castle tower and surrounding structures (mainly Honmaru) were burnt down.
Japanese: 山崎の戦いの後、明智秀満率いる明智軍の退却後、天主とその周辺建物（主に本丸）を焼失した。
English: The castle worked as a stronghold of the Oda clan mainly centered around the Ninomaru for a while after the Honnoji Incident; for example, Nobunaga's heir Hidenobu ODA made a triumphal entry into the castle after the Kiyosu conference.
Japanese: 本能寺の変以降もしばらく織田氏の居城として、信長の嫡孫織田秀信が清洲会議の後入城するなどと、主に二の丸を中心に機能していた。
English: However, after Hideyoshi's adopted son Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI built Yawata-jo Castle, Azuchi-jo Castle was reportedly abolished in 1585.
Japanese: しかし、秀吉の養子豊臣秀次の八幡城築城のため、をもって廃城されたと伝わっている。
English: In 1926, the site of Azuchi-jo Castle was designated as a historical spot by the Law for the Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monuments enforced in 1919.
Japanese: に施行された史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法により、安土城址が史蹟に指定される。
English: Afterwards, Shiga Prefecture erected stone markers at the site of Ote-mon Gate and other places, as well as restored the site of Ninomaru, and excavated and investigated the sites of castle tower and Honmaru.
Japanese: その後、大手門跡等に標石を建てたり、二の丸跡の復旧、城内石段の改修や天主・本丸跡の発掘調査を行う。
English: In 1992, a part of Azuchi-jo Castle tower (the fifth and sixth floors), which had been restored referring to 'Tenshu sashizu' (a blueprint of Azuchi-jo Castle keep), was exhibited at the World Exposition in Seville.
Japanese: セビリア万国博覧会に、「天主指図」を基に復元された安土城天主の一部（5・6階部分）が出展された。
English: In 2005, a project team in Azuchi-cho Town went to Rome in Italy in search of a painting on a folding screen, which is believed to be 'Painting depicting the Azuchi-jo Castle,' but in vain.
Japanese: 安土町のプロジェクトチームがイタリアのローマに渡り、「安土城之図」と伝わる屏風絵を探したが発見には至らなかった。
English: Then, presenting the Pope with a miniature of the folding screen produced by Toshiaki ONO, the team asked the Pope for help in searching the folding screen.
Japanese: しかしローマ教皇に大野俊明氏が模写したミニ屏風絵を寄贈し、屏風絵の捜索を依頼した。
English: As mentioned above, the castle tower of Azuchi-jo Castle and surrounding structures including Honmaru were burnt down soon after the Battle of Yamazaki.
Japanese: 前述したように、安土城天主及びその周辺の本丸等の建造物は、山崎の戦いの後まもなくして焼失している。
English: Azuchi-jo Castle could fulfill its function sufficiently only by the Ninomaru, which is shown by the fact that Hidenobu ODA made a triumphal entry into the Ninomaru even after other structures were burnt down.
Japanese: 後に織田秀信が二の丸に入城したように、二ノ丸をもって十分に機能していた。
English: A theory suggests that when the troops of Nobukatsu ODA set a fire at the foot of the castle to burn out the remnants of the Akechi's party, it spread to the castle tower.
Japanese: 織田信雄軍が明智の残党を炙り出すために城下に放火したのが天主に延焼したという説。
English: This is based on the description made by a missionary in those days, which says, 'Nobukatsu ODA was so foolish that he directed his troops to set fire.'
Japanese: これは当時の宣教師の記述によるもので、その記述には「織田信雄が暗愚だったので放火した」とある。
English: However, when Hidemitsu committed suicide at Sakamoto-jo Castle, he set fire after having a lot of cultural assets evacuated from the castle.
Japanese: しかし秀満は坂本城での自刃の際、多くの文化財を明け渡してから放火している。
English: Some documents describe that the natives set fire not only to the castle but also to the castle town, but they are wrong.
Japanese: 資料によっては城下町にも放火したとの記述が見られるが、これは誤りである。
English: A lot of relics relating to the Buddhism were excavated by these projects, which established a new theory that in fact, Nobunaga was quite tolerant toward Buddhism and only tried to separate religion and military affairs, although he had long been believed to be strict in Buddhism.
Japanese: これらの事業により、仏教に関連するものが多く発掘されたことから、これまで仏教に対して厳しい姿勢を取っていたと思われていた信長が実はかなり寛容であり、単に宗教と軍事とを分離しようとしていただけという説も出始めている。
English: Studies on the substantial appearance of the castle tower have been pursued for many years, and many researchers have proposed various ideas for restoration one after another.
Japanese: 天主のその具体的な姿については長年研究が続けられており、多数の研究者から復元案の発表が相次いでいる。
English: Referring to 'Shinchoko-ki' (Biography of Nobunaga ODA) and 'Azuchi Nikki' (diary of Azuchi) written by the people living in those days, they uniformly adopted the description made by Jesuit missionaries.
Japanese: 基本的には同時代人の記述にかかる「信長公記」や「安土日記」に基づき、イエズス会宣教師の記述を加味するところまでは一致している。
English: There is a record that a gilded folding screen with a painting of Azuchi-jo Castle produced by Eitoku KANO under the instruction of Nobunaga aiming to show off his power was presented to Alessandro VALIGNANO.
Japanese: 信長が権力を誇示するために狩野永徳に安土城を描かせた金箔の屏風がアレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノに贈られたと記録にある。
English: Furthermore, the folding screen was later sent to Europe by Tensho Ken-o Shisetsu (mission to Europe of 1582), who traveled with Alessandro VALIGNANO when he left Japan, and is now preserved at the Roman Curia, the record says.
Japanese: 彼の離日に同行した天正遣欧使節によりヨーロッパに送られて教皇庁に保管されているとの記録がある。
English: Regarded as the critical evidence to know the appearance of Azuchi-jo Castle, the folding screen has been searched, but not yet discovered.
Japanese: それは安土城の姿を知る決め手の一つと考えられ、現在に至るまで捜索が行われているが、未だに発見されていない。
English: Portuguese Jesuit missionary Luis FROIS described the castle tower in his book "Nihonshi" as follows.
Japanese: ポルトガル人イエズス会宣教師であるルイス・フロイスは著書『日本史』に、天主に関して次のように記している。
English: In the center of the castle town, there was a kind of tower that people called "Tenshu," which was more elegant and magnificent than the towers we know.
Japanese: 中心には、彼らがテンシュと呼ぶ一種の塔があり、私たちの塔より気品があり壮大な建築である。
English: Actually, regarding the inside of the tower, many colorful paintings covered the whole wall in all directions.
Japanese: 事実、内部にあっては、四方に色彩豊かに描かれた肖像たちが壁全面を覆い尽くしている。
English: One floor had Japan's traditional white plaster wall with black lacquered windows, which created exquisite beauty.
Japanese: あるものはこの日本で用いられている黒い漆塗りの窓が配された白壁であり、これが絶妙な美しさを持っている。
English: Roof of this Tenshu, like other residences, was covered with the most gorgeous flat tiles among we know.
Japanese: このテンシュは、その他の邸宅と同様に我らの知る限りの最も華美な瓦で覆われている。
English: Very elegant, elaborate and magnificent-shaped roof ornamentation of an ogre face was installed on the roof.
Japanese: 屋根にはとても気品のある技巧を凝らした形の雄大な怪人面が付けられている。
English: Gyuichi OTA, a vassal of Nobunaga, wrote in the chapter on February 1579 of "Azuchi Nikki" as follows by quoting the description made by Sadakatsu MURAI about castle tower.
Japanese: 信長の家臣であった太田牛一は、天正7年1月『安土日記』に村井貞勝による天主に関しての記述を次のように引用して記している。
English: The next room was an eight-mat room with a representation of Xuyou washing his ears and Chaofu thereupon returning home with his ox, as well as the sight of their native village.
Japanese: 次八畳敷、きよゆう耳をあらへは、そうほ牛を牽き帰る所、両人之出たる古郷之躰。
English: In the east, there was a twelve-mat Japanese room, which was surrounded by a six-mat room, a three-mat room, as well as two eight-mat Japanese rooms used for meal, a six-mat-sized storage room, and a six-mat room.
Japanese: 東十二畳敷、御縁六てう敷、次三てう敷、其次八てう敷御膳を拵申所、又其次八畳敷御膳拵申所、六てう敷御南戸、又六畳敷。
English: Besides, a sketch of a structure made by Philips Van Wing who is believed to have depicted a part of Azuchi-jo Castle keep now exists, which was apparently a rough sketch for a folding screen later sent to the Vatican.
Japanese: ほかに、バチカンへ送られた屏風に描かれたとする安土城天主の一部と見られている建物がフィリップス・バン・ウインゲによりスケッチされているものが残っている。
English: There are also various historical materials, including 'Tenshu sashizu' that has been handed down among carpenters in the Kaga Domain, which are believed to be blueprints of the Azuchi-jo Castle keep.
Japanese: また、加賀藩大工に伝わる「天守指図」等があり、それを安土城天主の平面設計図であるとした。
English: Some restoration plans such as the one proposed by Akira NAITO suggest that a stairwell going through all floors was installed, as well as a Buddhist pagoda was erected in the basement.
Japanese: 内部には階層を貫く吹き抜けが造られ、地階に仏塔があったなどとする復元案（内藤晶案など）もある。
English: The following is a part of ideas for the restoration or the summary of imaginary pictures proposed by scholars and researchers, etc. on the basis of various evidences, testimonies, documents and so on.
Japanese: 以下は、様々な証拠や証言、文書の記述などを参考に各学者・研究者などより出されている復元案の一部または想像図の概要である。
English: The fifth story above ground was octagonal, carrying the sixth story, a lookout tower with a square ground plan, veranda and balustrade, which is believed to be similar to the castle tower of Kumamoto-jo Castle.
Japanese: 5・6重は八角堂に熊本城天守のような内高欄廻縁の四方の望楼が乗るような姿である。
English: This story carried a completely gilded sixth story, a lookout tower with a square ground plan and Irimoya (also called shikoro roof) like Kinkaku-ji Temple, which is carrying a Kirizuma-yane (gable roof) roofed with shingles.
Japanese: 金閣を模した杮葺の切妻を載せたような入母屋屋根（しころ屋根）で全面金箔貼の四方平面の望楼が乗る姿である。
English: Fee for the special viewing of Hondo (main hall) in Soken-ji Temple: 1000 yen (from April, open only on Sunday and holidays: closed in case of rain).
Japanese: 総見寺本堂特別拝観1000円（４月より日曜祝日のみ開堂：雨天時閉堂）
English: Closed: Mondays (except for holidays on Monday), the following days of holidays (the museum is open in the case where the day falls on Saturday or Sunday), December 28-January 4
Japanese: 休館日　月曜（休日の場合は除く）、休日の翌日（土曜日・日曜日の場合を除く）、12月28日～1月4日まで
English: The Battle of Shizugatake was a war which occurred in 1583 between Hideyoshi HASHIBA (later Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) and Katsuie SHIBATA near Shizugatake Mountain in Ika District of Omi Province (present Ika County, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 賤ヶ岳の戦い（しずがたけのたたかい）とは天正11年（1583年）、近江国伊香郡（現：滋賀県伊香郡）の賤ヶ岳附近で行われた羽柴秀吉（のちの豊臣秀吉）と柴田勝家との戦いである。
English: It was a fierce battle that split the power of the Oda in two, after which the victor Hideyoshi consolidated his legitimacy to succeed to the authority and system that had been built up by Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 織田勢力を二分する激しい戦いとなり、秀吉はこの戦いに勝利することによって織田信長の作り上げた権力と体制の継承者となることを決定づけた。
English: On July 1, 1582, Nobunaga ODA and Nobutada ODA, Nobunaga's heir and the family head, were killed by Nobunaga's senior vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple (aka. 'Honnoji Incident' [the Raid on the Honno-ji Temple]).
Japanese: 天正10年6月2日(旧暦)（1582年6月21日）、織田信長とその嫡男で当主の織田信忠が本能寺の変で重臣の明智光秀によって殺害される。
English: On the heels of that incident, Hideyoshi HASHIBA destroyed Mitsuhide in the Battle of Yamazaki, gaining even greater clout among Nobunaga's old retainers.
Japanese: その後間もない山崎の戦いで光秀を倒した羽柴秀吉が、信長旧臣中で大きな力を持つに至った。
English: On July 26, a conference was held in Kiyosu-jo Castle to determine the successor of the Oda clan, which had lost its leader (the Kiyosu conference).
Japanese: 6月27日(旧暦)（7月16日）、当主を失った織田氏の後継者を決定する会議が清洲城で開かれた（清洲会議）。
English: In the conference, there was an intense conflict between Katsuie SHIBATA, who fielded Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga, and Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who backed Sanboshi (later Hidenobu ODA), the son of Nobutada ODA.
Japanese: 会議では、信長の三男・織田信孝を推す柴田勝家と織田信忠の子である三法師（のちの織田秀信）を推す羽柴秀吉との間で激しく対立した。
English: At last, approval of Sanboshi's candidacy by Nagahide NIWA, Tsuneoki IKEDA, and others who attended the conference tentatively brought an end to this succession problem.
Japanese: 結果的には同席した丹羽長秀・池田恒興らが三法師擁立に賛成したためにこの後継者問題はひとまず決定した。
English: Furthermore, Hideyoshi organized and performed a large-scale funeral for Nobunaga the following month, and in August, he appointed Nagamasa ASANO and Ietsugu SUGIHARA, both of whom belonged to his own clan, as the Kyoto magistrates.
Japanese: さらに秀吉は翌月に自らの主催で大規模な信長の葬儀を執り行い、8月には京都奉行として自らの一門筋である浅野長政・杉原家次をすえた。
English: Katsuie, Nobutaka, and others became extremely wary of and hostile toward Hideyoshi, since they believed Hideyoshi had performed this series of actions in an attempt to establish his own administration.
Japanese: 勝家や信孝らは秀吉のこれらの一連の行動を自らの政権樹立のためであると考え、激しく警戒し、敵意を抱いた。
English: While both sides then actively devised various stratagems in order to win over the surrounding powers, the situation became slightly advantageous to Hideyoshi HASHIBA, due to his gaining allies in Kagekatsu UESUGI, the man behind the Shibata clan in Hokuriku (the northern region), and Ittetsu INABA, a powerful commanding officer in Mino Province, the stronghold of Nobutaka.
Japanese: この後双方とも周囲の勢力を自らの協力体制に持ち込もうと盛んに調略を行うが、北陸の柴田氏の後方にある上杉景勝や信孝の地盤である美濃国の有力部将・稲葉一鉄が羽柴秀吉になびくなど、やや秀吉に有利な状況にあった。
English: Meanwhile, Katsuie won over Motochika CHOSOKABE of Shikoku and Saigashu (Ikko adherents of Saiga) of Kii Province, the latter of which especially threatened the rear regions through actions such as attacking castles including Kishiwada-jo Castle in Izumi Province while Hideyoshi was on another battlefield.
Japanese: 一方で勝家は四国の長宗我部元親や紀伊国の雑賀衆を取り込み、特に雑賀衆は秀吉の出陣中に和泉国岸和田城などに攻撃を仕掛けるなど、後方を脅かしている。
English: As an aside, it was perhaps this story of the battle for Kishiwada-jo Castle which became a legend, evolving into the tradition of Octopus Jizo, where a priest riding on a giant octopus beat off Saigashu and Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple).
Japanese: なお、おそらくこの際の岸和田城攻防戦が伝説化され、大蛸に乗った法師が雑賀・根来衆を追い払ったとする蛸地蔵伝承へと変化した。
English: In November, Katsuie dispatched Toshiie MAEDA, Nagachika KANAMORI, and Katsumitsu FUWA to Hideyoshi to negotiate a reconciliation.
Japanese: 11月、勝家は前田利家・金森長近・不破勝光を秀吉のもとに派遣し、秀吉との和睦を交渉させた。
English: In fact, this was a false truce offer plotted by Katsuie, who feared being locked up in his territory in Hokuriku by heavy snows once winter came.
Japanese: これは勝家が北陸に領地を持ち、冬には雪で行動が制限されることを理由としたみせかけの和平であった。
English: On December 26, Hideyoshi, who had earlier assigned Keijun MIYABE to the Sanin region and Masakatsu HACHISUKA to the Sanyo region to deal with the Mori clan, broke the truce and led his large army to Omi Province, attacking Nagahama-jo Castle (Omi Province).
Japanese: 12月2日(旧暦)（12月26日）、秀吉は毛利氏対策として山陰は宮部継潤、山陽は蜂須賀正勝を置いた上で、和睦を反故にして大軍を率いて近江国に出兵、長浜城(近江国)を攻撃した。
English: Katsuie could not send reinforcements due to the deep snow in Hokuriku, and moreover, the castle commander Katsutoyo SHIBATA, who was also Katsuie's adopted son, readily surrendered to Hideyoshi after only a few days.
Japanese: 北陸は既に雪深かったために勝家は援軍が出せず、さらに勝家の養子でもある城将柴田勝豊は、わずかな日数で秀吉に降伏してしまった。
English: Hideyoshi's force then occupied Mino Province and took hostages from Ittetsu INABA and others, finally forcing Nobutaka ODA in Gifu-jo Castle to surrender on January 13, 1583.
Japanese: さらに秀吉の軍は美濃に進駐、稲葉一鉄などから人質を収めるとともに、12月20日(旧暦)（1583年1月13日）には岐阜城にあった織田信孝を降伏させた。
English: On January 24, 1583, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA of Ise Province raised his army and conquered Mine-jo Castle and Kameyama-jo Castle, clearly demonstrating his support of Katsuie SHIBATA.
Japanese: 翌天正11年（1583年）正月、伊勢国の滝川一益が柴田勝家への旗幟を明確にして挙兵し、峯城や亀山城を落城させた。
English: After a temporary withdrawal of his army to Kyoto due to diplomatic maneuverings and diversions to other powers, Hideyoshi resumed the attack next month, followed by attacks in the middle of March on Nagashima-jo Castle, a base of Kazumasu, along with Mine-jo Castle and Kameyama-jo Castle, leading to the surrender of Kameyama-jo Castle on April 24.
Japanese: 秀吉は諸勢力の調略や牽制もあり、一時京都に兵を退いていたが、翌月にはこれらへの攻撃を再開、2月中旬には峯城・亀山城と一益の本拠である長島城を攻撃し、亀山城は3月3日(旧暦)（4月24日）に開城した。
English: Meanwhile, Katsuie SHIBATA, who had been trapped in Fukui-jo Castle in Echizen due to heavy snows but could no longer stand the situation, finally departed with his army for Omi Province at the end of February, digging their way out of the snow.
Japanese: 一方で越前・福井城にあった柴田勝家は雪のため動けずにいたが、これらの情勢に耐え切れず、ついに2月末、残る雪をかきわけつつ近江に向けて出陣した。
English: On May 3, Katsuie arrived at Yanagase in Omi Province with his army of 30,000 men including Toshiie MAEDA and Morimasa SAKUMA, completing the deployment.
Japanese: 3月12日(旧暦)（5月3日）、勝家は前田利家、佐久間盛政ら3万の軍勢を率いて近江国柳ヶ瀬に到着し、布陣を完了させた。
English: Hideyoshi immediately sent in troops as well, and deployed his army, said to number 50,000, at Kinomoto on May 10.
Japanese: 秀吉も直ちに兵を出し、3月19日(旧暦)（5月10日）には5万といわれる兵力を率いて木ノ本に布陣した。
English: Neither side launched an attack immediately, focusing on building trenches and forts for a while instead (some structural remnants of that time still exist today).
Japanese: 双方直ちに攻撃に打って出ることはせず、しばらくは陣地や砦を盛んに構築した（遺構がある程度現在も残る）。
English: With the battle lines in a stalemate, Hideyoshi returned with part of his army to Nagahama-jo Castle on May 18.
Japanese: 3月27日(旧暦)（5月18日）、戦線の膠着もあり秀吉は一部の軍勢を率いて長浜城へ帰還した。
English: On June 6, Nobutaka ODA, who had at one point surrendered to Hideyoshi, raised his army again, joining forces with Kazumasu TAKIGAWA and heading for the town of Gifu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 4月16日(旧暦)（6月6日）、一時秀吉に降伏していた織田信孝が滝川一益と結んで再び挙兵して岐阜城下へ進出した。
English: Although Hideyoshi hastened back to Mino with his army the following day, June 7, flooding of the Ibi-gawa River forced him to enter Ogaki-jo Castle.
Japanese: 秀吉は翌4月17日(旧暦)（6月7日）直ちに美濃に進軍するも、揖斐川の氾濫により大垣城に入った。
English: With the majority of Hideyoshi's forces gone from Omi Province, Katsuie, seeing the situation as an opportunity, accepted a proposal from commanding officer Morimasa SAKUMA to mount an immediate attack on Oiwayama Fort on June 9.
Japanese: 秀吉の軍勢が多く近江から離れたのを好機と見た勝家は部将・佐久間盛政の意見具申もあり、4月19日(旧暦)（6月9日）、盛政に直ちに大岩山砦を攻撃させた。
English: Oiwayama Fort, defended by Kiyohide NAKAGAWA, was unable to hold out and finally fell, while Nakagawa was killed.
Japanese: 大岩山砦を守っていたのは中川清秀であったが、耐え切れず陥落、中川は討死。