nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: An entrance with a vallate square space and double gates was called a masugata koguchi (square entrance).
Japanese: 虎口に塁壁で四角形の空間を形成して門を2重に構えたものを桝形虎口（ますがたこぐち）という。
English: A small kuruwa surrounded by a moat was built as a bridgehead on the opposite side of the moat outside the komuchi and was called umadashi (a type of defensive gateway barrier of castles).
Japanese: 虎口の外側にある堀の対岸に、橋頭堡（きょうとうほ）としてさらに堀で囲まれた小さな曲輪を造ることがあり、これを馬出（うまだし）といった。
English: An earth-paved bridge or wooden bridge was built over the moat at the koguchi that faced enemies, the plates of the wooden bridge were removed or broken to separate the inside from the outside of the castle or the inside from the outside the citadel, or a special bridge designed to be mobile was moved.
Japanese: 敵と対面する虎口の堀には土橋や木橋が架けられ、必要に応じて城内と城外、城内と郭外を遮断すべく木橋の板をはずす、もしくは、破壊、特殊な場合はあらかじめ可動式にして移動した。
English: Mobile bridges include hikuhashi (wheeled bridge that could be retracted to prevent enemies from entering), such as sorobanbashi (alias of 引橋 (hikuhashi)) and kurumabashi (a type of 引橋 (hikuhashi)), hikihashi leading to the inside of the citadel, and drawbridge (a bridge that could be pulled up with gateposts of koguchi).
Japanese: 移動方法には算盤橋（そろばんばし）や車橋（くるまばし）などの引橋（ひくはし）のほか、郭内に引き入れる引橋、虎口の門柱によって橋を釣り上げる桔橋・跳橋（はねばし）などがあった。
English: Mud walls, wooden fences, nurikomi-bei and so on were used in the medieval period and plastered walls and namako-kabe (a wall with flat tiles nailed down on the wall surface and jointed with plaster) were used to prevent a fire in modern times.
Japanese: 中世には土塀・板塀・塗込塀などが、近世には防火のため、漆喰塀・海鼠塀が用いられた。
English: Fences and turrets had small windows or loopholes called 'sama' or 'hazama' to fire a gun or launch an arrow.
Japanese: 塀や櫓には矢・弾丸などを射出するための小窓が設けられ、これを狭間（さま・はざま）といった。
English: There were circular loopholes, rhombic loopholes, loopholes shaped like a shogi piece, shinogi hazama (triangular loophole), hako hazama (box-shaped loophole), and so on according to the shape of windows, as well as ishisama (stone loophole used to fire a gun through the castle wall) that was cut in the top of a stone wall under a fence.
Japanese: その窓の形により丸狭間・菱形狭間・将棋駒形狭間・鎬狭間・箱狭間などと呼ばれ、塀の下の石垣の最上部に切込みを入れるようにあけられた石狭間もあった。
English: Turrets were usually named by giving them numbers or directions, such as tatsumi-yagura, ushitora-yagura, and inui-yagura turret, and some turrets were called tsukimi-yagura turret (used for monitoring a castle entrance), tsukimi-yagura turret, taiko yagura (drum turret) and so on according to their use.
Japanese: 櫓は通常、番号、方位を冠して巽（たつみ）・艮（うしとら）・乾（いぬい）櫓などといい、また用途などによって着見・月見・太鼓櫓などと呼ばれるものもあった。
English: Two-story turrets were normally used in modern citadels and small three-story turrets were used for large castles for the sumi yagura (corner towers) that were built at corners of a citadel, but were cases in which a turret that had a structure equivalent to tenshu (castle tower) were built, for example, the three-story turret in the honmaru (the keep of a castle) of Osaka-jo Castle and the five-story turret in Kumamoto-jo Castle.
Japanese: 郭の角にある隅櫓は、近世城郭では通常二重櫓、大きな城などでは小規模な三重櫓が用いられることもあったが、中には大坂城本丸にあった三重櫓や熊本城にある五階櫓のように天守に匹敵する構造を持つ櫓があげられていた例がある。
English: The tenshu that was positioned as the final strongpoint of a citadel and a symbol of a castle was said to be evolved from a large watchtower turret.
Japanese: 城郭の最終防衛拠点と位置付けられ、城の象徴でもある天守は、大型の望楼櫓が発展したともいわれる。
English: There is a theory that states that it was named after enshrinement of Tamonten, Bonten, or Taishakuten (gods) of Buddhism or that the house of a castellan was called 'densu' (taking care of the tasks in the Buddha hall and the main hall).
Japanese: 名称の由来は、仏教の多聞天、梵天、帝釈天（＝天主）を祀ったところから命名されたものという説、城主の館を「殿主」「殿守」といったところから来たという説などがある。
English: There is a theory that states that the first appearance of the word tenshu in literature is Settsu-Itami-jo Castle or Yamato Tamonyama-jo Castle of Hisahide MATSUNAGA or the tenshu of Azuchi-jo Castle of Nobunaga ODA, but its origin is not clear.
Japanese: しかも、天守の文献上の初見は、摂津伊丹城とするものや松永久秀の大和多聞山城とするもの、また、織田信長の安土城の天主とするものなどの説があり、起源については未だに十分解明されていない。
English: Tenshu with various forms and shapes were built, but the peak of castle construction was the Battle of Sekigahara, and castles 20 to 30 meters high, like Himeji-jo Castle, were built in western Japan the in those days.
Japanese: 多様な形式・形状の天守が築かれたが、築城のピークは関が原の合戦前後で、特に西日本には姫路城天守のように高さ20メートル前後から30メートル前後のものが築かれたのも特徴である。
English: There were gusuku (Okinawan castles or fortresses) in the former Ryukyu Kingdom area of Okinawa Prefecture and Amami Islands.
Japanese: 沖縄県や奄美諸島の旧琉球王国領域では、城（しろ）にあたるものとしてグスクが挙げられる。
English: Chinenmori-gusuku Castle is said to be a castle in which a god appeared for the first time in Okinawan poetry anthology "Omoshirososhi" (Interesting Literature).
Japanese: 知念森城（ちねんもりぐすく）は沖縄の歌集『おもろさうし』に神が初めに現れた城として登場する。
English: Shuri-jo Castle whose buildings or relics are being restored are the largest existing remains among citadels in the Ryukyu islands, and was selected as a world cultural heritage together with Naka-gusuku Castle and Nakijin-gusuku Castle.
Japanese: 建物や遺跡の復元整備が進められている首里城（しゅりぐすく、しゅりじょう）は、琉球諸島の城郭の内、現存するものでは最大規模の遺構であり、中城（なかぐすく）や今帰仁城（なきじんぐすく）とともに世界文化遺産に登録されている。
English: They were basically used as fortresses to fight with other Ainu groups, wajin (Japanese: persons whose origin is the Japanese mainland) or Uilta.
Japanese: 基本的に城砦として使用され、アイヌ間の抗争や対和人、対ウィルタにも利用された。
English: Fortress construction technology changed greatly with the advance of explosives, cannons and guns in the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries.
Japanese: 城塞の技術は、15世紀-16世紀の火薬、大砲、銃の活躍によって大きく変化した。
English: Enemies were prevented from entering the walls and the enemies were attacked from towers by taking advantage of their height, which increased the power of arrows, while simple stones and logs could be used as weapons when gravity was used.
Japanese: 壁により敵の侵入を防ぎながら、塔から高さを生かした攻撃を行うもので、重力を利用すれば、弓矢の威力は増し、単なる石や丸太も武器と化すことができた。
English: The attackers would attempt to destroy the walls, but it took much labor and time and the defenders had precedence.
Japanese: 攻撃側は、壁を壊すための攻城戦を工夫したが、いずれも大がかりで時間のかかるもので、守備側の優位は堅かった。
English: However, when cannons and guns came into use, the power of bullets with gunpowder reduced the superiority of height and the relatively thin walls were destroyed easily with cannons.
Japanese: しかし、大砲、銃が使われ出すと、火薬を使った銃弾の威力は高さの優位を減少させ、大砲により高いが比較的薄い壁は容易に打ち壊されるようになった。
English: The functions of the fortress were separated from the functions of the castle, thickness took precedence over height for the fortress, and star-shaped ryoho shiki (a style based on the fortification of Vauban in France) fortresses became dominant as permanent fortresses and trenches became dominant as field fortresses.
Japanese: このため要塞と城の機能は分離されるようになり、要塞は高さより、厚さを重視するものになり、永久要塞としては星型(稜堡式)要塞が、野戦要塞としては塹壕が主流となった。
English: On the other hand, the castles that emphasized interior comfort, grandeur and luxury rather than defense functions, were elegant and had many windows built into them.
Japanese: 一方、城は防衛機能より居住性や壮大さや豪華さを重視した、優雅で窓の多いものが作られるようになる。
English: When civilization developed and cities were built in the area including the Near and Middle East, a castle wall was built around a city to defend the city and establish a military base.
Japanese: 中近東を含めた地域では文明が興り都市が形成されるとその周囲に城壁を巡らしていたが、これは街の防護と戦時の拠点とするためだった。
English: Such sights could be seen in many places, not only in lands around the periphery of the Mediterranean Sea (which was the center of culture at the time), but also in other places; for example, the "Gallic War" by Gaius Julius Caesar described many scenes in which Gallic cities built on sites with a steep slope were attacked.
Japanese: こうした様相は当時文明の中心であった地中海周辺ばかりでなく、例えばガイウス・ユリウス・カエサルの『ガリア戦記』には険阻な地形に築かれたガリア人の都市を攻略する様子が度々登場するように広く見られるものである。
English: Areas where the Roman forces built up temporary strong points with sufficient defense capabilities to support their marches could be regarded to be a kind of castle.
Japanese: また一時的なものであるが、ローマ軍などは進軍した先で十分な防御能力を備えた陣地を構築しており、これも城の一種と見ることもできる。
English: The materials of castle walls vary according to regions, times and degrees of construction techniques, for example, sun-dried bricks, burnt bricks, stones, wood and earth.
Japanese: 城壁の素材は地域や時代・建築技術の程度によって様々で、日干しレンガや焼きレンガ・石・木・土など様々である。
English: The Gallic castle walls described in the "Gallic War" mainly comprised of wood, and stone buildings were fully introduced into Northwest Europe after being Romanized.
Japanese: なお『ガリア戦記』に記されているガリアの城壁は木を主体としたものであり、北西ヨーロッパに本格的に石造建築が導入されるのはローマ化以降のことである。
English: When the Frankish kingdom split and loosened its grip and the invasion by Normans and Magyars intensified, local lords became independent and reinforced the defense of their territories and residences.
Japanese: フランク王国が分裂して中央の支配力が緩みだし、ノルマン人やマジャール人の侵入が激しくなると、各地の領主は半ば自立して領地や居舘の防備を強化しはじめた。
English: At first a fence was built or a moat was dug around a residence, and structures called castles were built starting at the end of the tenth century.
Japanese: 当初は居館の周りに屏を作り、濠を掘る程度だったが、10世紀の終わり頃から城と呼べる建築物を作るようになった。
English: Most castles were simple and composed of wood, and Motte and Bailey type were typical (refer to Figure a.).
Japanese: 多くは木造の簡易なもので、代表的な形態がモット・アンド・ベーリー型である（図a参照)。
English: A moat (mostly empty) was built by digging a plain or hill and a mound or knoll was built with the removed earth.
Japanese: 平地や丘陵地域の周辺の土を掘りだして、濠(空濠が多かった)を形成し、その土で小山と岡を盛り上げた。
English: The mound was solidified with clay and a wooden or stone tower (keep) was built on top of it, and the knoll was surrounded with a wooden outside wall to create castle facilities, such as warehouses and houses.
Japanese: 小山は粘土で固めてその頂上に木造または石造の塔(天守)を作り、岡を木造の外壁で囲んで、貯蔵所、住居などの城の施設を作るものである。
English: This castle could be constructed very easily and there was a case in which it was built in eight days with a sufficient number of people.
Japanese: これは非常に簡単に建築でき、十分な人数が有れば8日間で建築した例もある。
English: These castles were used in the western part of France and also built all over England after the Normal Conquest.
Japanese: フランス西部で多く使われていたが、ノルマン・コンクエストによりイングランド全土に建設された。
English: Castles with keeps and outside walls composed of stone were built in the eleventh century, but since the construction of stone castles was time-consuming (several years) and expensive, they were mainly built by kings or nobles, and wooden castles remained in local regions.
Japanese: 11世紀には、天守や外壁が石造りの城が建築されるようになるが、石造りの城は建造に長期間(数年)かかり費用も高額になるため、王や大貴族による建設が中心であり、地方では木造の城も多く残っていた。
English: In the age of Christian Crusade in the twelfth century, the Byzantine and Arabian techniques in the Middle East were introduced and castle construction technology changed drastically.
Japanese: 12世紀の十字軍の時代には、中東におけるビザンティン、アラブの技術を取り入れ、築城技術に革新的変化がみられた。
English: Concentric castles were designed so that an inner wall was built inside an outer wall, two or more walls were built concentrically around the keep, and inner walls became higher so that the inner defense was effective even if the outer wall was destroyed.
Japanese: コンセントリック(集中)型と呼ばれる城は、外壁の内側にさらに内壁を加え、天守から同心円状に2重以上の壁をはりめぐらせ、内側に行く程、壁を高くして、外壁を破られても内側の防御が有利になるよう工夫されている。
English: Concentric castles evolved into Edward type castles in the thirteenth century, which Edward I (King of England) built to govern Wales.
Japanese: コンセントリック型をさらに発展させたのが、13世紀のエドワード式でイングランドのエドワード1世(イングランド王)がウェールズ支配のために多く築かせた。
English: A gate house came to have the functions of the conventional keep.
Japanese: 城門の守備塔（ゲートハウス）が従来の天守の機能を有するようになった。
English: However, when cannons and guns came into wider use in the fifteenth century, the power of bullets with gunpowder reduced the superiority of height, while cannons destroyed high and relatively thin walls with ease while high buildings became excellent targets for cannons.
Japanese: しかし、15世紀にはいり大砲、銃が活躍し出すと、火薬を使った銃弾の威力は高さの優位を減少させ、大砲の使用により高いが比較的薄い壁は容易に打ち壊され、また高い建造物は大砲の標的となった。
English: The thickness of castle walls was considered more important than their height, and the height of inner structures was made low, and there was no space for government offices and houses.
Japanese: このため城壁は高さよりも厚さを重視するようになり、内部の建造物も低く作られるようになったため、政庁や住居を兼ねるためのスペースが無くなってしまった。
English: As a result, a fortress that functioned as a military base was separated from those that functioned as a castle, such as houses of nobles and government offices, and low star-shaped ryoho shiki (a style based on the fortification of Vauban in France) fortresses were built.
Japanese: 結果として軍事施設である要塞と、貴族の住居および政庁である城の機能は分離されるようになり、背の低い星型(稜堡式)要塞が作られるようになった。
English: On the other hand, the castles that emphasized interior comfort, grandeur and luxury rather than defense functions, were elegant, and many windows were installed.
Japanese: 一方、城は防衛機能より居住性や壮大さや豪華さを重視した、優雅で窓の多いものが作られた。
English: The image of the present European castle originated from those built in modern times.
Japanese: 現在のヨーロッパの城のイメージは、近世に建築された城によるものである。
English: A castle in China originally meant a castle wall and referred to the defense facilities surrounding residences, such as cities and villages.
Japanese: 中国における城とは、本来城壁のことを意味し、都市や村など居住地全周を囲む防御施設を指すことが多い。
English: In Chinese, cities are called 城市 (fortified towns) and the castles found in Europe and Japan were called 城堡 (castles and forts).
Japanese: そのため中国語では都市のことを城市といい、欧州や日本に見られるような城は城堡という。
English: A large castle was divided into an inner castle that surrounded a palace where the governor lived and an outer castle that surrounded the entire city, and the inner castle was called a castle and the outer castle was called an enclosure, and the whole structure was called a citadel.
Japanese: 大規模なものは、宮殿など支配者の住む場所を囲む内城と、都市全域を囲む外城に分かれており、内城は城、外城は郭と呼ばれ、併せて城郭といわれる。
English: Barriers that are located at strategic points of traffic are important as fortresses with long, large and strong walls, though they are not called castles.
Japanese: また、城とは呼ばれないが長大堅固な城壁を持つ要塞として、交通の要所におく「関（かん）」が重要である。
English: Castle walls were originally mud walls made using wood frames and the wall of Chang'ancheng of T'ang-Dynasty was a long and large dosho (mud wall) with a total length of 27 km.
Japanese: 城壁は当初、版築による土壁であり、唐長安城の城壁も全長27kmに及ぶ長大な土牆（どしょう）であった。
English: The strength of castle walls came to be more important later in the period, and most castle walls after the Ming dynasty which remain as ruins in various parts of China were made of solid bricks.
Japanese: 時代が下るとさらに城壁の強度が求められ、現在中国各地に遺構として残る明以後の城壁はその多くが堅牢なレンガ造りである。
English: There was a passway where soldiers could move on the top of the wall and a mud wall called josho was built with slits to shoot enemies climbing on the wall.
Japanese: 城壁の上部は城兵が往来可能な通路となっており、城壁に取り付いた敵軍を射撃するために「堞」（女牆）と呼ばれるスリットの入った土塀が備えられていた。
English: There were projections called 'bamen' (overhang of a castle wall) at regular intervals, which were used as forts for attacking enemies from the side.
Japanese: 城壁は一定間隔ごとに「馬面」という突出部を持ち、これが堡塁の役目を果たして敵を側面から攻撃するのを助けた。
English: The stone foundation was excavated to form a tunnel ('Ketsu' (gate provided with Rokaku (multi-storied building) in ancient China)), on which a wooden multi-storied building was constructed with a 'tablet' showing the name of the gate.
Japanese: 石造りの土台をくり抜き、トンネル状として（これを「闕（けつ）」という）その上部に木造重層の楼閣が建てられ、その上には門の名称を記した「扁額」が掲げられた。
English: Most gates have a double structure and a small semispherical enclosure in front of the gate to drive away the enemy.
Japanese: 城門はその多くが二重構造となっており、城門の手前に敵を食い止める目的で半円形の小郭が設けられていた。
English: This is called 'ojo' (fortress or a checkpoint in ancient China) which is found universally in all parts of the world, and corresponds to 'koguchi' in citadels in Japan.
Japanese: これは「甕城（おうじょう）」と呼ばれ、洋の東西を問わず普遍的に見られる防御構造であり、日本城郭では「虎口」がこれに相当する。
English: Since the enemy must enter the ojo to attack the city, soldiers could shoot them from walls and jiànlóu (watchtower built on ojo).
Japanese: 外敵が城内に攻め入るためにはまず、この甕城で足止めされることになるため、城兵は城壁や箭楼（甕城に設けられた櫓）から銃撃をしかけることができた。
English: When the People's Republic of China was founded, walls were demolished in most cities to make way for the expansion of city areas or as a result of criticism for blocking modernization, but the walls are preserved in some cities, such as Xian City and Pingyao.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国時代に入って、市域拡張のため、また近代化の妨げになるという批判もあり、ほとんどの都市では城壁は取り壊されたが、西安や平遥のように保存されている都市も多い。
English: The castles in the Korean peninsula are classified into two types: mountain castle in a form specific to Korea and upuson with city walls, which are greatly influenced by China, but dominated later in the period.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島の城は、朝鮮固有の形式である山城の他に中国の影響を強く受けた都市城壁を持つ邑城（ウプソン）の2形式があるが時代が下るとともに邑城へと移行した。
English: There are few perfect upuson because of the mountainous terrains, and many of them are small fortresses with an eclectic style.
Japanese: しかし山がちな地勢上、完全な邑城は少なく山城との折衷形式のものが多く見られる。
English: Enan-jo Castle that withstood the siege of the Japanese military during the Bunroku-Keicho War, and Jinju Castle that also held against Japan's attack are an example of those castles with an eclectic style.
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役で日本軍の攻囲に耐えた延安城、また一旦は日本軍の攻撃を退けた晋州城攻防戦はその折衷形式のものである。
English: It is said that Suwon Castle in the Suwon city of South Korea for now aimed at the originality of Yi Dynasty Korea.
Japanese: 現在の大韓民国水原市にある水原城は、李氏朝鮮の独自性を狙った造りだともいわれる。
English: There were many castles built by Japanese forces in the southern region during the Bunroku-Keicho War, but they are known as wagon (Japanese-style castles), due to the considerable economic development in recent years in South Korea, many of these wagon have been destroyed despite being important historical sites, due to the strong anti-Japanese sentiment.
Japanese: また文禄・慶長の役で南岸域を中心に日本軍が造った城も多く存在し、それらは倭城と呼ばれているが、近年の韓国の経済発展に伴う各種造成工事でその少なからぬものが根強い反日感情もあって重要な史跡とみなされることなく毀損されているという現状がある。
English: On April 6 The Japan Castle Foundation established the "Day of the castle" project in the fiscal year 1974.
Japanese: 財団法人日本城郭協会が、昭和49年度（1974年度）の事業として4月6日を「4月6日記念日・年中行事」と定めた。
English: It conducted a nationwide campaign in 1992, and now has much to do, such as holding free admission to events around the towers in the castle.
Japanese: 平成4年（1992年）に全国的な普及キャンペーンを行い、現在では各地の城でも天守の無料開放などの行事を行うことが多くなっている。
English: With a focus on events in Himeji-jo Castle (an event in Himeji Castle) the inside of the turret was opened to the public since 1990.
Japanese: 1990年から姫路城を中心としたイベント（姫路城イベント）を行い、通常は公開されていない櫓の内部の公開などをしている。
English: The Takamatsuzuka Tumulus is a tumulus located in Asuka-mura, Takaichi-gun, Nara Prefecture (state-run Askuka Historical National Government Park).
Japanese: 高松塚古墳（たかまつづかこふん）は、奈良県高市郡明日香村（国営飛鳥歴史公園内）に存在する古墳。
English: It is the two-layer round barrow tumulus with its diameters of 23 meters (lower layer) and 18 meters (upper layer) and height of 5 meters.
Japanese: 直径23m（下段）及び18m（上段）、高さ5mの二段式の円墳である。
English: With the discovery of a richly colored (gaudy) mural paintings in 1972, it came into the spotlight in a single bound.
Japanese: 1972年に極彩色の壁画が発見されたことで一躍注目されるようになった。
English: Around October 1970, a farmer in the village digging a hole to store gingers discovered old hewn stones, which led to the start of the excavation.
Japanese: 発掘の始まったきっかけは、1970年の10月ごろ村人がショウガを貯蔵しようと穴を掘ったところ、穴の奥に古い切石が見つかったことである。
English: The Asuka-mura government raised the fund and Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture took charge of the excavation and research.
Japanese: 明日香村が資金を捻出し奈良県立橿原考古学研究所が発掘調査することになった。
English: The Asuka-mura government was the project owner, while Archaeological Institute of Kashihara was in charge of the excavation.
Japanese: 発掘は明日香村が事業主体となり、橿原考古学研究所が実際の発掘を担当した。
English: In those days the Asuka-mura government was promoting activities to excavate uninvestigated archaeological sites to edit an anthology of the village in commemoration of its fifteenth anniversary of foundation.
Japanese: 当時、明日香村では村の発足15周年を期に村史を編纂するため、未調査の遺跡の発掘を進めていた。
English: Under the supervision of Masao SUENAGA, the head of Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, the excavation works at the site were conducted by Muneyasu DATE (an archaeologist) and a group of researchers and students of Kansai University and Ryukoku University headed by Yoshinori ABOSHI, a professor of Kansai University.
Japanese: 奈良県立橿原考古学研究所所長の末永雅雄の指揮のもと、現場での発掘は伊達宗泰(考古学者)と関西大学助教授の網干善教を中心とした関西大学と龍谷大学の研究者・学生グループによって行われた。
English: On March 21 in the same year, a stone chamber was identified, in which richly colored mural paintings were discovered.
Japanese: 石室（せきしつ）が検出され、鮮やかに彩色された壁画が発見されたのは同年3月21日のことである。
English: The tumulus was designated as a special historic site on April 23, 1973, and the richly colored murals were designated as national treasures on April 17, 1074.
Japanese: 古墳は1973年4月23日、特別史跡に、また極彩色壁画は、1974年4月17日に国宝に指定されている。
English: The tumulus suffered from grave thieves around the Kamakura period; the southern wall of the stone chamber had an opening for grave thieves.
Japanese: 古墳は鎌倉時代頃に盗掘を受けており、石室の南壁には盗掘孔が開けられていた。
English: However the richly colors of the mural paintings kept intact and part of burial goods that escaped grave robbing were discovered at the time.
Japanese: しかし壁画の彩色は鮮やかに残り、盗掘をまぬがれた副葬品の一部もこの時検出された。
English: The emergence of the richly colored mural paintings became the front page news as the big discovery unparalleled in history.
Japanese: 極彩色壁画の出現は考古学史上まれにみる大発見としてトップニュースとなった。
English: Soon after the discovery of the mural paintings, Takamatsuzuka Tumulus Emergency Conservation Research Committee was set up and the first academic investigation was conducted on April 6 and 17, not later than a month after the discovery.
Japanese: 壁画発見からほどなく高松塚古墳応急保存対策調査会が設置され、発見から1か月も経たない1972年4月6日と4月17日に初の学術調査が実施された。
English: Separately from the Emergency Conservation Research Committee, Takamatsuzuka Tumulus General Science Research Committee consisting of experts in archaeology, art history, and conservation science was set up.
Japanese: また、応急保存対策調査会とは別に、考古学、美術史、保存科学などの専門家から構成される高松塚古墳総合学術調査会が設置された。
English: The facility for burying bodies in the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus can be classified as "Yokoguchishiki Sekkaku" in terms of archeology.
Japanese: なお、高松塚古墳の埋葬施設は考古学的分類では「横口式石槨」（よこぐちしきせっかく）と呼ばれるものである。
English: A bronze mirror and other items that escaped grave thieves and remained suggested that the tumulus was built in the Final Kofun period between the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century.
Japanese: 盗掘を逃れて残っていた銅鏡などから7世紀末から8世紀初めの終末期と推定されていた。
English: In the excavation and research in 2005, however, it was estimated to have been built in Fujiwara-kyo (694 - 710).
Japanese: しかし、2005年の発掘調査により、藤原京（694年～710年）の間だと確定された。
English: The typical experts who support Osakabe no Miko as the candidate include Kojiro NAOKI (emeritus professor of Osaka City University), Kanekatsu INOKUMA (professor of Kyoto Tachibana University), and 王仲珠 (a researcher of Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Science).
Japanese: 忍壁皇子説を唱える代表的な人物は、直木孝次郎（大阪市立大学名誉教授）、猪熊兼勝（京都橘女子大学教授）、王仲珠（中国社会科学院考古研究所研究員）ら。
English: One of the grounds is that the estimated age of the unearthed human bones is close to the age at which Osakabe no Miko is thought to have died.
Japanese: 根拠は46、7歳で死亡したと見られる忍壁皇子が出土人骨の推定年齢に近いこと。
English: The typical experts who support Takechi no Miko/Prince Takechi as the candidate include Dairoku HARADA (an archeologist), Kunihiko KAWAKAMI (deputy director of Nara Prefecture-run Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture and currently a professor of Kobe Women's University), and Aritsune TOYOTA (a writer).
Japanese: 高市皇子説を唱える代表的な人物は、原田大六（考古学者）、河上邦彦（奈良県立橿原考古学研究所副所長、現神戸女子大学教授）、豊田有恒（作家）ら。
English: The typical experts who support Yuge no miko (Prince Yuge) as the candidate include Fuminori SUGAYA (professor of The University of Shiga Prefecture) and Takeshi UMEHARA (a philosopher).
Japanese: 弓削皇子説を唱える代表的な人物は、菅谷文則（滋賀県立大学教授）、梅原猛（哲学者）ら。
English: However, the teeth and jaw bones of the unearthed body suggest an elderly man between the 40's and 60's.
Japanese: しかしながら、出土した被葬者の歯やあごの骨から40代から60代の初老の人物と推測されている。
English: Therefore the possibility of Yuge no miko thought to have died relatively young at the age of the 20's can be low.
Japanese: したがって、20代という比較的若い頃に没したとされる弓削皇子の可能性は低いと考えられる。
English: Kenichi OKAMOTO (professor of Kyoto Gakuen University) and Taichiro SHIRAISHI (Professor of Nara University) support ISONOKAMI no Maro as the candidate.
Japanese: 岡本健一（京都学園大学教授）、白石太一郎（奈良大学教授）らは石上麻呂説を主張する。
English: Keiichi HOTTA (professor of Koyasan University) suggests that a royal class member of the Goguryeo was buried.
Japanese: 堀田啓一（高野山大学教授）は高句麗の王族クラスが被葬者であると主張している。