nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There were several letters discussing nengu (land tax) exchanged between Intonosho manor owned by the father of Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Tsunezumi, SUGAWARA no Sadataka, who was the 'azukaridokoro' (a deputy of "Shoen" manor lord), in shihai monjo (an old document which was written on the other side of a piece of used paper) of "Daigo-zojiki" (records of the history of Daigo-ji temple) that clarified that 'villages' that formed Intonosho manor had Goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and Sonshi (村司) with surnames of 'Fujiwara', 'Nakatomi,' 'Funya,' 'Taira,' and 'Katta.'
Japanese: 上総介広常の父・常澄の所領である印東庄において、「預所」菅原定隆との、年貢をめぐった相論に関する文書数通が、『醍醐雑事記』の紙背文書（しはいもんじょ）に見つかり、それによって、印東庄を構成する「村郷」には、「藤原」「中臣」「文屋」「平」「刈田」などの本姓をもつ郷司、村司が居たことが知られる。
English: Taira' maybe the same clan of TAIRA no Tsunezumi with the title of Kazusa no suke (Vice Minister of Kazusa Province), but 'Fujiwara' from the beginning, and 'Nakatomi' and 'Funya' that appeared in early Heian period were middle ranked aristocratic clans.
Japanese: 「平」は上総介平常澄の同族かもしれないが、「藤原」はもとより、「中臣」、「文屋」も、平安時代前期には中流貴族として出てくる氏（うじ）である。
English: Katta' was not known as an aristocrat of the capital, but a person with the same surname appeared as gunji hogandai (a district manager and administrative official of the Retired-Emperor's Office) in "Katori Monjo" (Katori document).
Japanese: 「刈田」は中央の貴族としては知られないが、『香取文書』には同姓のものが郡司判官代として出てくるという。
English: They were also the estate owners of that 'village' at the same time they were lower ranking officers of Shoen that ruled over peasants despite being in a small scale unit.
Japanese: 彼らもまた、小さい単位ながら、農民を支配する側の荘園下級役職者であると同時に、小規模ながら、その「村郷」の領主であった。
English: They may not have been bushi but many were in a position to rush in while wearing armor, holding bows, and staffed as cavalry busha leading dozens of retainers when mobilized by TAIRA no Tsunezumi, who was Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province) that also served as Into no Shoji (administrator of a manor of Into no sho).
Japanese: 彼らは、元々は武士では無かったかもしれないが、印東庄司を兼ねる上総介平常澄から動員が掛かれば、鎧を着、弓箭・兵仗を帯びて、何人か十何人かの郎党とともに騎馬武者として駆けつける立場の者も相当含まれていたと思われている。
English: The 'gozoku-style lord' that owned a great estate that spanned over multiple counties and manors also ruled over counties, villages of beppu, manors and villages under it and each step consisted of small 'bushidan.'
Japanese: 複数の郡、荘園にまたがる広大な領地を知行する「豪族的領主」は、その下に郡や別府の郷、そして荘園、更にその下の村郷に支配が及び、それぞれの段階が小規模な「武士団」である。
English: According to "The Tale of Heike," Taro KAWARA and Jiro brothers, who were the junin (kaihatsu-ryoshu) of Musashi Province, and were told, 'a daimyo could gain the honor of deeds made by servants even if a daimyo does not directly become involved, but someone like us must get involved ourselves firsthand.'
Japanese: 『平家物語』で、武蔵の国の住人（開発領主）河原太郎・次郎の兄弟に「大名は自ら手を下さなくても、家来の手柄を名誉とすることができるが、われらのようなものは自分で手を下さなくてはどうしようもない。」
English: The 'daimyo' mentioned was a 'gozoku-style lord' that led that 'daibushidan.'
Japanese: そういわれたその「大名」は、その「大武士団」を率いた「豪族的領主」である。
English: From this, researchers of the first generation born after World War II focused greatly on multilayered combination relationships between manor lords and 'bushidan' as well as the growth of social and district economics mediated by the estate that led to it.
Japanese: このことから、戦後第一世代の研究者は、この領主と「武士団」の、領地を媒介とした重層的結合関係と、そこに至たる社会経済・地方経済の成熟を重要視した。
English: Of course, it was believed to be the driving force of the Kamakura bakufu or the 'period of samurai.'
Japanese: もちろん、それが後に鎌倉幕府、いわゆる「武士の時代」の原動力にとなったと考えたからである。
English: The 'bushidan' that established the multilayer relationship from there became 'bushi' and the earlier steps from there was called as 'tsuwamono' and these became customarily used as academic terms.
Japanese: そしてそこから「武士団」が重層的な関係を築く段階以降を「武士」と、そしてそれに至る前段階を「兵（つわもの）」と学術用語として定義したのである。
English: An incident that occurred during the mid-twelfth century involving a disturbance at the Obamikuriya estate of Sagami Province and Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) of Shimousa Province realistically depicted the transfiguration of the Zaichokanjin being the local lord at that time, harsh conflicts between governors and mokudai (deputy provincial governor), and the fragility of the lord of the manor class.
Japanese: 12世紀の中葉に起こった相模国の大庭御厨の濫妨と、下総国の相馬御厨の事件は、当時における在庁官人＝在地領主の変貌と、国司・目代との対立の激しさ、在地領主層の地位の脆弱さと限界を如実に示してる。
English: First, the territorial possession of kaihatsu-ryoshu was guaranteed by governor and kokuga as a 'job structure' called as gunji (district managers) and goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system), but the governor side had the power to dismiss them from the position as in the case of Soma County.
Japanese: まず開発領主の領地領有とは、郡司、郷司という「職の体系（しき）」において国司・国衙から保証されたものであるが、しかしそうである限り国司側はその任を解く権限を持っおり、それは相馬郡において現実に行使された。
English: Soma-mikuriya were owned by Tsunezumi of Kazusa no Gon no suke (provisional governor of Kazusa Province) of the same clan and were owned by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
Japanese: 相馬御厨については最初の段階では同族の上総権介常澄、そして源義朝である。
English: The kaihatsu-ryoshu donated manors in order to stabilized that unstable condition.
Japanese: そうした不安定な状態を確実なものにしようと、開発領主は荘園の寄進を行う。
English: The common form of donated manors did not just involve a private manor, but (Kano) a style that carved out Kokugaryo and was not under control of the local lord.
Japanese: もっとも、寄進系荘園の一般的形態は、自分の私領だけの寄進ではなく、その周辺の国衙領も切り取る（加納）形で行われるし、必ずしも在地領主の主導で行われた訳ではないことにも注意は必要である。
English: As this was already explained, we will begin to take the point of view of a local lord, but the incidents of this Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) and Oba no mikuriya (private estate of Oba ranch) indicated that donation of manors did not always provide security.
Japanese: それを踏まえた上で、ここでは在地領主の側から見ていくことにするが、しかしその、荘園寄進もそれだけでは確実なものではないことが、この相馬御厨、そして大庭御厨の事件の中に見てとれる。
English: The Taira clan became the head of several dozen chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) and put the pressure on other bushidan and kaihatsu-ryoshu through bushidan consisting of Taira clan servants.
Japanese: 平家は数十ヵ国の知行国主となるとともに、平家の家人となった武士団を通じて、他の武士団・開発領主を圧迫する。
English: This materialized for Tsunetate CHIBA as the robbery of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) of Yoshimune SATAKE that supported Heike by force in February 1161.
Japanese: それは千葉常胤にとっては、1161(永暦2)年正月の平家を後ろ盾とした佐竹義宗の相馬御厨強奪として現れる。
English: The conflict between Satake, Chiba, and Kazusa clans started here and was solved with the mobilization of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in 1180 where Chiba no suke (assistant governor of Chiba Province) and Kazusa no suke clans gathered, defeated Taira clan in 'the Battle of Fujikawa River,' attacked the Satake clan of Hitachi, and made them flee after losing the battle.
Japanese: 佐竹氏と、千葉氏、上総氏一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、1180年の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、「富士川の戦い」に平家を破ったあと、転じて常陸に佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させるまで待たなければならなかった。
English: The reason why Chiba and Kazusa no Suke clans supported Yoritomo was not only because they both were the servants of Minamoto clan as beautified by "Azuma Kagami," but to repel the invasion of the Fujiwara clan of Shimousa Province and the Satake clan of Hitachi Province by supporting Yoritomo and to recover their stolen estate as a gamble to turn things around from facing a complete defeat.
Japanese: 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』が美化して伝えるような、両氏が代々源氏の家人であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総国の藤原氏、そして常陸国の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであった。
English: By looking at the progress of Soma-mikuriya (private estate of Soma ranch) not written in "Azuma Kagami," Tsunetate CHIBA was especially not the person whom MINAMOTO no Yoritomo felt 'indebted' to.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』には書かれていない相馬御厨での経緯を見れば、特に千葉常胤にとって、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではなかったことは明らかである。
English: Later the army was mobilized by Yoritomo in 1180, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo did 'honryo-ando' (acknowledged the inherited estate) that his father MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo tried to snatch away by force.
Japanese: 1180年（治承4）の源頼朝挙兵の後、その父源義朝が暴力的に奪い取ろうとしたものを、源頼朝は「本領安堵」した。
English: It could be said that 'leader of samurai family' did not exist, at least before Yoritomo in Kanto region.
Japanese: 関東においては、「武家の棟梁」は、少なくとも頼朝の以前には居なかったと言える。
English: In addition, their estates became vulnerable as favor and service when Yoritomo submitted the 'honryo-ando' kudashibumi (edict from a senior official in government or military which had the status of a binding official document) almost without consent.
Japanese: そして頼朝が、ある意味勝手に「本領安堵」の下文（くだしぶみ）を出すだけで、それを御恩と奉公ほど、彼らの所領は危ういものであったと言える。
English: The level of unification of bushi and bushidan was very mild and completely unrelated to bushidan imported from Confucianism during the Edo period such as 'be faithful to one's master and be dutiful to one's parents' as well as being far from the image of Sengoku period (Japan).
Japanese: 武士、または武士団の結合度は、「忠君孝親」というような江戸時代に儒教から輸入された武士道とは全く無縁であるのはもちろん、同じように武士道とは無縁であった戦国時代(日本)のイメージからもほど遠く、極めて緩やかなものであった。
English: For an example, MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka had his base in Tada-no-sho estate of Settsu Province and MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka performed the military training of his servants through hunting.
Japanese: 例えば源満仲の拠点は摂津国の多田荘であり、源満仲はそこで狩りなどを通じて家人の軍事訓練を行っている。
English: Furthermore, MINAMOTO no Mitsutaka was grieved by his own child that went through shukke (to become a Buddhist monk) 'if there is someone who defies your will, you kill him as though he was an insect, and cut off his arms and legs for a minor crime' in the 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (governor of Settsu Province) and underwent shukke (become Buddhist Priest)' in Volume 19 Story 4 of "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" (The Tale of Times Now Past).
Japanese: そして、『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」で源満仲は出家した我が子に「我が心に違う者有れば、虫などを殺すように殺しつ、少し宜しと思う罪には手足を切る」と嘆かれている。
English: While bushi could easily kill his servant, the power to decide life and death of servants and kenzoku (disciples or followers of Buddha) was not limited to bushi at that time.
Japanese: 簡単に家人を殺すのは武士ならではであっても、しかしその家人・眷属に対する生殺与奪の絶対的権力は当時では武士に限った話しではない。
English: On the other hand, bushi that became independent to support the family had a hierarchical relationship, but were similar to being an 'ally.'
Japanese: それとは別に、互いに独立して家を構える武士同士の場合は、上下関係はあっても、「同盟」に近いものがある。
English: In other words, it was the subcontracted company that worked together under a contract unlike a life time worker that served their master's company.
Japanese: いわば、主人の会社の終身雇用の社員ではなくて、契約に基づく協力会社、下請け企業である。
English: It was a norm for subcontractors to receive jobs from multiple contractors, and the bushidan's hierarchical relationship was similar to this.
Japanese: 下請け企業が複数の元請け企業に仕事をもらうのは当たり前であり、当時の武士団の上下関係もまたそのようなものであった。
English: Nagakiyo KAGAMI of Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) saw a limit to the power of Taira clan and decided to return to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) by asking TAIRA no Tomomori (the fourth son of TAIRA no Kiyomori) using an excuse of the illness of his elderly mother, but his request was not granted, but TAIRA no Moritsuna, who was the Takahashi no hangan (inspector - third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period) advised TAIRA no Tomomori 'not to force him to stay like Kenin' despite knowing his true intention and he finally gained permission from Tomomori.
Japanese: 要するに、平家を見限った甲斐源氏の加々美長清が、老母の病を口実に東国へ帰ろうと考え、それを平知盛（平清盛の四男）に申し出たところ許しては貰えなかったが、高橋判官平盛綱はその真意に気づきながらも、「家人のように抑留すべきでない」と平知盛に口添えをしてくれて、やっと知盛の許しを得たという話し。
English: It was a norm to serve under several masters by submitting a register not only in the world of 'tsuwamono' but within the aristocratic society.
Japanese: 当時、複数の主人に名簿（みょうぶ）を差し出して臣従することも、「兵」の世界だけでなく、貴族社会一般のごく普通のことであった。
English: The level of unity differed with the value of what could be gained by myobu submission.
Japanese: 名簿（みょうぶ）を差し出すことによって得られる対価が何であるかによってもその結合度が変化するのは当然である。
English: There was no donation of estates (shinon-kyuyo - granting of new domains) or a guaranteed ownership of the estate (honryo-ando - acknowledgment for an inherited estate) in the world of bushi until at the end of Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代も末期とならない限り武士の世界において領地を与える（新恩給与）、あるいは領地の所有権を保証（本領安堵）するなどはありうべくもない。
English: The method to maintain the estate was to become the Zaichokanjin of gunji, goji, kokuga of that estate, or to donate shoen to kenmon (an influential family).
Japanese: 領地の安堵の手段はその地の郡司、郷司、国衙の在庁官人となるか、あるいは権門に荘園として寄進するかである。
English: The strongest bonding strength was 'blood relation' without a doubt if one contemplated about the unification of bushidan of the late Heian period or the mid-twelfth Century.
Japanese: 平安時代末期、それこそ12世紀中頃の武士団の結合はどうだったのかというと、一番強い結束力はやはり「血縁」だったようである。
English: However, 'blood relation' should be interpreted without the modern preconception of the 'house.'
Japanese: しかし、ここでも近世における「家」からの先入観は一旦捨て去った上で、「血縁」を考える必要がある。
English: There was no notion of 'house' that is imagined in modern days until the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代中期までは現在想像されるような「家」という概念はあまり無かった。
English: The 'blood relationship' was not a 'house' but a blood relationship of a wife and husband, parent and child as well as grandchild, and was referred often as 'ie' (currently defined as house) or 'miuchi' (currently defined as close relatives).
Japanese: そこでの「血縁」は、「家」ではなく、嫁と夫、親と子・孫という血縁であって、よく「イエ」と「ミウチ」という言い方をされる。
English: It was the world of 'miuchi' during the period of regents and their families or a person who became the 'miuchi' of the emperor who became a regent and had no notion of a legal son.
Japanese: 摂関時代は「ミウチ」の世界であり、それ故に摂関家自体、天皇の「ミウチ」になった者が摂関となるのであり、嫡男などという概念は無い。
English: It could be interpreted easily by observing the period between FUJIWARA no Mototsune, who was said to have built the foundation of the regent family, to the golden age of FUJIWARA no Michinaga as an example.
Japanese: 例えば摂関家の礎を築いたといわれる藤原基経から、最盛期の藤原道長までの間を見るとそのことが良く解る。
English: The period of 'bushidan' was mainly after that insei period, and the union by 'house' and inheritance became stronger gradually but will be misinterpreted if one is looking too much at 'a direct descendant' and 'honke' (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) and 'paternal family system' notion of later generation.
Japanese: 「武士団」の時代は、主にその院政時代以降であり、その意味では「イエ」による結合、継承は徐々に強まってはいたが、しかし後の世の「嫡流」、「本家」というような「父系家族制度」の概念に捕らわれ過ぎるとこの時代を見誤る。
English: If they had a relationship of a parent and child, child had an absolute obedience to the parent, but rivalry became stronger between brothers.
Japanese: 親子の関係なら、子は親に絶対服従だが、兄弟となると互いにライバルな要素が強くなる。
English: It is better to think of Heian period as a time when 'paternal family structure' and 'maternal family structure' were intermingled.
Japanese: 実は「父系家族制度」と「母系家族制度」が混在していたのが平安時代と考えておいた方が良いと思う。
English: It originally started with the 'family the groom married into' uncles of the TAIRA no Masakado, and uncles of TAIRA no Masakado built a structure in Kanto region especially in Hitachi, Kazusa, Shimousa, and Musashi Provinces, and there was a trace that the conflict of interest between 'places where the grooms married' led to the struggle between TAIRA no Masakado, his uncle, and cousins.
Japanese: そもそもの発端は、平将門の叔父達の「婿入り先」であって、それによって平将門の叔父達は関東、特に常陸国、上総国、下総国、武蔵国などに地盤を築いたと見られ、その「婿入り先」同士の利害対立が、平将門と叔父、従兄弟同士の抗争に結びついていった形跡がある。
English: The 'paternal family' notion became stronger when entering the twelfth century, but there were something similar to 'the child having absolute servitude to the parent,' and a similar strong relationship between the father-in-law and the groom by marriage.
Japanese: 12世紀に入ると「父系家族」の色彩は強くなるが、「子は親に絶対服従」に近いものがあると同時に、それ以前と同様に婚姻による義父と婿もまた強い絆とみなされている。
English: It was not a political marriage between families, but was for a private purpose, and it did not differ greatly from thinking that a father and grandfather of a partner was at a similar level as one's own father or grandfather, and brother-in-law was at the same level as brothers.
Japanese: それは家と家との政略結婚というよりは個人的であり、配偶者の父、祖父はじぶんの父、祖父にも準ずる、義理の兄弟は兄弟に準ずるという範囲で理解していれば大きくは違わない。
English: In other words, the world of 'relatives' of the period of regents partially remained.
Japanese: その意味では摂関時代の「ミウチ」の世界が、まだ一部には残っていたという見方も出来る。
English: The relationship of bushidan and range of power of Sagami Province was described in detail from the disturbance in Obamikuriya estate to the Battle of Ishibashiyama Mountain by looking at the matrimonial relation of kaihatsu-ryoshu prior to the mobilization call by Yoritomo in "Soga Monogatari" (the tale of Soga) (Manabon - a book written only in Chinese characters) despite being just literature.
Japanese: 物語ではあるが、『曽我物語』（真字本：まなぼん）に見る頼朝挙兵前の開発領主の姻戚関係を見ると、大庭御厨の濫妨から、石橋山の合戦までの相模近辺の武士団の関係、勢力範囲がよく表されている。
English: The kaihatsu-ryoshu union of the Kanto region had a strong inclination to be maintained by marriage.
Japanese: 関東の開発領主の連合は、婚姻関係によって維持されていた形跡が極めて強い。
English: The allied activities and a group that shared same fate differed from the political marriage of the Sengoku Daimyo (daimyo of the Warring States Period) the maternal relatives of Miura clan from mobilization call of Yoritomo to its fall in Battle of Hoji could be seen.
Japanese: 三浦氏の頼朝挙兵から宝治合戦での滅亡までの間の外戚についても、戦国大名の政略結婚とはまた違った、婚姻関係による共同行動、運命共同体がよく見てとれる。
English: The main family line started as the inheritance of a 'house' became fixed to an estate and was passed down generations.
Japanese: 嫡流は「イエ」の財産が領地として固定化され、それを継承するところから始まる。
English: Since the last part of the Heian period, the manor shokan, gunji, and goji business structures based themselves on their shoryo (territory) ownership, and the main line formed by inheriting such job structure.
Japanese: 平安時代後期からは、地方においては例えば荘園の荘官、郡司や、郷司の職の体系がその所領領有の根拠であり、その職の体系を引き継ぐことによって嫡流が形成される。
English: However, other inheritance was to be divided among children as a custom from the Heian period and continued until the Kamakura period.
Japanese: しかし、それ以外の財産については諸子に分割するのが平安時代からの習わしであり、それは鎌倉時代まで引き継がれた。
English: In addition, the end of Heian period was still in the developmental period, and brothers cultivated their own territories and created new myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) in the Kokugaryo became equal to Kokuga.
Japanese: また、平安時代末期はまだ開発の時代であり、兄弟がそれぞれの地で開拓を進め、国衙領において新たに名田を形つくる場合には、国衙との関係においては対等になる。
English: The soryo made a master and servant relationship with bakufu through favor and service, and indirectly ruled over illegitimate children.
Japanese: 幕府はその惣領と御恩・奉公による主従関係を結び、間接的には庶子をも支配した。
English: Although it was called a divided succession, soryo had some level of control toward that illegitimate child of a clan.
Japanese: 分割相続とは言っても、惣領はその一族の庶子に対してある程度の支配権は持っていると見なされる。
English: Although there was a right to control soryo, it was not absolute as could be seen in the case of the Miura clan during Kamakura period.
Japanese: むろん惣領の統制権はあった、しかし鎌倉時代においてさえ、それほど絶対的なものではなかったことは三浦氏の例にも見てとれる。
English: During that Rebellion of Yoshimori WADA, Yoshimura MIURA, who was the Soryo of the Miura clan, made it seem as if he agreed with Yoshimori WADA by writing even kishomon (sworn oath), but stood on the side of Yoshitoki HOJO when the real war began.
Japanese: その和田義盛の乱において、三浦氏の惣領三浦義村は和田義盛に同心すると見せかけ、起請文まで書いたが、実際に乱が始まると、北条義時の側に立った。
English: When that Miura clan was defeated by the Adachi and Hojo clans during the Battle of Hoji in 1247, Moritoki SAHARA of the clan stood on the side of Hojo clan and later became the soryo of the Miura clan.
Japanese: その三浦氏が、1247年（宝治元）の宝治合戦で、安達氏・北条氏に滅亡させられたとき、一族の佐原盛時は北条氏について、後に三浦氏の惣領となった。
English: The soryo system made divided succession a requirement and had a clear clan union in contrast to other clans.
Japanese: 惣領制は分割相続を前提としていて、他氏に対する族的結合のもっともはっきりとしたものでもある。
English: The patriarchal system differed later, but the union as the bushidan was close to having a clan gathering with the soryo as a leader of the clan.
Japanese: その後の家長制とはいささか趣きが異なるが、武士団としての結集はその一族が惣領を盟主として結集するに近いものがある。
English: That soryo system and divided succession system transformed into a single inheritance by a legitimate son mainly from the end of the Kamakura period to period of Southern and Northern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: その惣領制、分割相続制が、嫡男による単独相続に変化するのは主に鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代(日本)である。
English: Its earliest example was Hidemoto KAMATA of the Hitachi Daijo clan, who passed his estate of four villages over to his legitimate child, Tomohide in 1234.
Japanese: そのもっとも早い例は、1234年（天福(日本)2）に常陸大掾氏の一族・烟田（かまた）秀幹が、その相伝の所領４ヶ村を、嫡子朝秀への継がせた譲状である。
English: This meant that subdivided soryo of gokenin spread as far as it could reach with the divided succession of each generation.
Japanese: これは代々分割相続によって細分化されていった御家人の所領が行き着くところまでいったということでもある。
English: The example of the Kamata clan was at the early stage, but the Kamata clan itself was a branch family of the Kagoshima clan branch family that deviated from the Hitachi Daijo clan, and this could be interpreted that its estate had a few, but four villages.
Japanese: 烟田氏の例は、確かに時期は早いが、烟田氏自体が、常陸大掾氏からの分流である鹿島氏の庶流であり、その所領は僅かに４ヶ村であったことにも見てとれる。
English: The single inheritance by legal son continued to later Edo period as the normal 'family estate' or 'house' connotation.
Japanese: 嫡男による単独相続はその後江戸時代に続く一般的な「家督」、つまり「家」のイメージである。
English: The soryo system was sustained during Kamakura period, but as heavy presence of Kamakura period disappeared, Kenmu government subdivided into south and north as well as the conflict began to rise between the legitimate child and illegitimate child as 天下三分 formed, and illegitimate child and branch family that was on the winning side started to surpassed the head family of the main line.
Japanese: それでも惣領制は鎌倉時代にはともかくも維持されていたが、鎌倉幕府という重しが消滅し、建武政権が南北に分列し、更に天下三分の形勢となるに及んで、嫡子、庶子の分裂も見られるようになり、更には勝った側についた庶子・庶家（しょけ）が嫡流の宗家を凌駕する事態も訪れる。
English: The unification of bushidan by the Soryo System did not have absolute sovereignty, but there was bushidan called 'to' (party) for a looser bonding group.
Japanese: 惣領制における武士団の結合も、決して絶対君主的な統制があった訳ではないが、更にゆるやかな団結と言えば、「党」と呼ばれる武士団もある。
English: For an example, there were Kamakura clan, Musashi-shichito Parties (seven parties of samurai in Musashi Province), Watanabe Party of Settsu Province, Matsuura Party of Kyushu, and Kishu (area near current Wakayama Prefecture).
Japanese: 例えば鎌倉氏、武蔵七党、摂津の渡辺党、九州の松浦党、また、紀州のなどが知られる。
English: While that bonded the clan to a certain extent, they had characteristics similar to an alliance or a union based upon a fixed area and economic unit.
Japanese: それらはある程度は一族の族的結合でもありながら、しかし一定の地域、経済単位に基づく協同組合、あるいは同盟に似た性格のものが多い。
English: It formed around the same clan at the beginning, but outsiders began to join and became the regional union or the uprising clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: はじめは同族を中心に形成されていたが、異姓がしだいに加わり、南北朝時代には一族一揆という地域連合になってゆく。
English: The forming member of the to had a relatively conflicting relationship, and soryo had the position to represent that, but the controlling power was not so strong.
Japanese: 党の構成員は、比較的対等な関係であり、惣領がその党を代表する立場にはあったが、その統制力はそれほど強力ではない。
English: The unified 'bushidan' that was not called as 'to' also had similarities in some characteristics.
Japanese: 「党」とは呼ばれないまとまりのある「武士団」においても、そうした性格の一部はある程度は共通している。
English: Most imagine a 'peasant's revolt' when hearing 'uprising,' and not many know about the uprising of bushi.
Japanese: 「一揆」というと、誰もが思い出すのは「百姓一揆」であり、武士の一揆などほとんどの人は知らない。
English: However, the 'uprising' is defined as 'taking the same action' or take a pledge on it.
Japanese: しかし「一揆」とは、「同一行動をとること」あるいはそれを誓約することである。
English: The famous ones were 'Shirahata Ikki' (Uprising of the White Flag) in Musashi Province and 'Musashi hei Ikki' (Musashi Hei Uprising) during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and 'Kikyo Ikki' (Kikyo Uprising) of Mino Province that appeared in "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace).
Japanese: 有名なのは南北朝時代(日本)の武蔵国での「白旗一揆」、同じく「武蔵平一揆」、そして『太平記』に出てくる美濃国の「桔梗一揆」などである。
English: These small feudal bushi lords that weakened individually due to divided inheritance unified together to form a force that would not be pushed down by other forces, joined the battle as one bushidan to gain reward, and names of 'Shirahata Ikki' and 'Kikyo Ikki' came from the emblem on flags.
Japanese: これらは分轄相続によって、個々には弱小化してしまった小領主たる武士達が、他の勢力に飲み込まれないために、協力してまとまった勢力をつくりあげ、ひとつの武士団として戦に参加し、恩賞を得ようというものであり、「白旗一揆」や「桔梗一揆」はその旗印を名前とした。