nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Therefore, a post to deal with litigation related to temples, shrines and local provinces far from the capital was established in 1635.
Japanese: そのため、寛永12年（1635年）、寺社や遠国における訴訟担当の諸職として創設された。
English: At first, this post was under the direct control of Shogun, then the Roju system (member of shogun's council of elders) was established and the roju controlled the post.
Japanese: 諸職ははじめ将軍直轄であったが、老中制の確立とともに老中の所管となった。
English: However, it came under the direct control of the Shogun again in 1662 during the reign of Shogun Ietsuna.
Japanese: しかしながら、将軍家綱時代の寛文2年（1662年）に将軍直属に戻る。
English: In principle, fudai daimyo (daimyo as hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) with more than 10,000 koku were appointed to Jisha-bugyo, simultaneously serving as Sojaban (officials in charge of ceremonies).
Japanese: 原則として一万石(単位)以上の譜代大名が任命され、奏者番を兼任していた
English: [It was an exception that Tadasuke OOKA, who was Hatamoto (direct retainer of the shogun), achieved the rank of daimyo and became Edo machi-bugyo (town magistrate of Edo) without serving as a Sojaban.]
Japanese: （例外として、江戸町奉行の大岡忠相が旗本のまま大名格となり、奏者番を兼ねずに勤めたことがある）。
English: Among the three magistrates (Jisha-bugyo, Kanjo-bugyo, Machi-bugyo), Jisha-bugyo was the top-ranked, because Kanjo-bugyo and Machi-bugyo were under the control of roju.
Japanese: いわゆる「三奉行」のうちでは、勘定奉行・町奉行が老中所轄であるため、筆頭格といわれる。
English: Being a member of Hyojosho (conference chamber) as well as Kanjo-bugyo and Machi-bugyo, Jisha-bugyo was in charge of litigation regarding not only temples and shrines, but also many territories, except for Kanhasshu (the Eight Provinces of the Kanto region).
Japanese: 勘定奉行・町奉行と共に評定所を構成し、寺社領のものの他に関八州以外の地における複数の知行地にまたがる訴訟を担当した。
English: In addition, the Jisha-bugyo controlled temple town citizens, people in the domains of temples and shrines, folk religious leaders such as ascetic Buddhist monks and philosophers, and artists such as poets.
Japanese: 門前町民や寺社領民、修験者や陰陽師らの民間宗教者、さらに連歌師などの芸能民らも管轄した。
English: As temples and shrines controlled the family registration of common people at that time, the role of Jisha-bugyo, which managed litigation and family registration, was similar to the present Ministry of Justice.
Japanese: 当時の庶民の戸籍は寺社が全て管理していた為、訴訟・戸籍の管理という点で、現在の法務省のような役割を果たした役職である。
English: In period dramas, tharey are often scenes where doshin (police constable) and yoriki (police sergeant) of the Machi-bugyo are annoyed at a criminal who has escaped into the grounds of a temple or shrine, because these territories were under the control of Jisha-bugyo.
Japanese: 時代劇で町奉行同心や与力が犯罪者を追いかけ、その犯罪者が寺社に逃げ込み「寺社奉行が束ねているので手出しが出来ない」と地団駄を踏むシーンが登場する。
English: When a criminal entered the territory of a temple or shrine, Machi-bugyo applied, using certain procedures, to the Jisha-bugyo to handover and/or capture the criminal.
Japanese: 犯罪者が寺社に逃げ込んだ際には、町奉行所側が寺社奉行に対し一定の手続きや捜査協力の申し出をする事によって『下手人の引き渡し』や『捕縛権の執行・代行』が行われていた。
English: Hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata (literally, "investigative division for arson and organized robbery) could investigate or capture the criminals within the domain of a temple oｒ a shrine without Jisha-bugyo's prior approval.
Japanese: また火付盗賊改方は寺社奉行による事前了解が無くても、寺社地に立ち入っての犯罪者の捜査や捕縛をする事が認められていた。
English: When a temple or a shrine protected a criminal, Jisha-bugyo investigated it strictly and sometimes took the priests into custody.
Japanese: 寺社側が犯罪者と結託してかばうような行為が明白な場合、寺社奉行によって厳しく取り調べられ、僧侶・神官を捕縛する事もあった。
English: Kamakura kubo was an administrator post in Kamakura Government which was established as an outpost position for the ten provinces of the Kanto region by the Seii taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians) of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 鎌倉公方（かまくらくぼう）とは、室町時代に室町幕府の征夷大将軍が関東十ヶ国における出先機関として設置した鎌倉府の長官。
English: Kamakura kubo is categorically a historical term which a Kamakura kubo used to call himself but was not used in general during that period.
Japanese: 鎌倉公方はあくまでも歴史学用語及び鎌倉公方の自称であって当時の一般呼称ではない。
English: Rather than being an official government position designated by the Shogun, a Kamakura kubo was no more than substitute position while the Shogun was absent from Kamakura.
Japanese: また、鎌倉公方は将軍から任命される正式な幕府の役職ではなく、鎌倉を留守にしている将軍の代理に過ぎない。
English: The first person to take the post was Motouji ASHIKAGA in 1349 who went to Kamakura to take over the duties of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA when Yoshiakira had to return to Kyoto in order to administer affairs of state instead of Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA who had entered into conflict with Takauji ASHIKAGA, his older brother (this conflict lead to the 'Kanno Disturbance').
Japanese: 1349年に足利尊氏と弟の足利直義が対立（「観応の擾乱」に発展）した際、直義に代わって政務を執るために上京した足利義詮の後を継いで鎌倉に下向した足利基氏を初代とする。
English: As Kamakura kubo, Motouji controlled ten provinces in the Kanto region (later controlling Mutsu Province and Dewa Province as well) along with the Kantokanryo (estate officer of Kanto）as his assistant, but with each generation conflict became more serious with the bakufu in Kyoto.
Japanese: 関東管領を補佐役として関東十ヶ国を支配した（後に陸奥国・出羽国も管轄した）が、代を重ねるに従って京都の幕府と対立するようになった。
English: When the Eikyo War broke out, the Kamakura kubo entered into conflict with the Kantokanryo as well, and after losing the battle in 1439, the fourth Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA was defeated and ordered to commit suicide leading to the post being temporarily discontinued.
Japanese: 永享の乱の際には関東管領とも対立し、第4代鎌倉公方足利持氏が敗れ、1439年に自害させられたことで一旦断絶した。
English: Nariuji later came into conflict with the bakufu, and in 1455 moved his headquarters to Koga Country in Shimousa Province and called himself the 'Koga kubo' (Kyotoku War).
Japanese: 後に幕府と対立した成氏が、1455年に下総国古河市を本拠として「古河公方」と名乗るようになった（享徳の乱）。
English: The fifth Kamakura kubo: Nariuji ASHIKAGA 1449-1455; moved to Furukawa, Shimousa Province in 1455 and became Koga kubo.
Japanese: 五代足利成氏1449年～1455年1455年下総国古河に移り、古河公方となる
English: It is believed that the post of Kebiishi was created during the Heian period in 816 as this was the first time it appeared.
Japanese: 平安時代の弘仁7年（816年）が初見で、その頃に設置されたと考えられている。
English: As a Kebiishi could become a Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) the post became a measure of success for a samurai when they were placed in goi (Fifth Rank).
Japanese: 五位から昇殿が許され殿上人となるため、武士の出世の目安となっていた。
English: Kebiishi took more and more official duties from other authorities such as Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) who was responsible for the judiciary branch, Danjodai (Board of Censors) who was responsible for police and inspections, Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau) who controlled administrative security and other judiciary branches related to the capital, and exercised enormous power.
Japanese: 司法を担当していた刑部省、警察・監察を担当していた弾正台、都に関わる行政・治安・司法を統括していた京職等の他の官庁の職掌を段々と奪うようになり、検非違使は大きな権力を振るうようになった。
English: In the late Heian period, 'Cho-Rei' (a common law called a historical custom of the Kebiishicho), different from the Ritsuryo Code, was applied in order to exercise the authority of the Kebiishi in criminal cases.
Japanese: 平安時代後期には刑事事件に関する職権行使のために律令とはちがった性質の「庁例」（使庁の流例ともいわれた慣習法）を適用するようになった。
English: Around that time, clerical work for the Kebiishicho were taken care of at the residence of Betto (Superintendent).
Japanese: また、この頃から検非違使庁における事務は別当の自宅で行われるようになった。
English: At the end of the Heian period, Kebiishi were replaced by Imperial Palace Guards for the North Side, who were a militant organization of Insei (ruled by the retired Emperor).
Japanese: 平安時代末期になると院政の軍事組織である北面武士に取って代わられた。
English: During the Muromachi period, the bakufu was placed in Kyoto and authority became held by the Samuraidokoro (Board of Retainers).
Japanese: そして、室町時代には幕府が京都に置かれ、侍所に権限を掌握されることになった。
English: There was only one Betto post and was held by the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) or the Sangi (counselor) who also held the posts of either Saemon no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Uemon no Kami (Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) or Sahyoe no Kami (Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards) or Uhyoe no Kami (Captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards).
Japanese: 定員は1名で、左右衛門督と左右兵衛督のいずれかを兼ねる中納言・権中納言または参議が務めるのが慣例であった。
English: Kebiishi no Betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) held the highest authority of the Kebiishi but was not personally a Kebiishi.
Japanese: なお、検非違使別当は検非違使を統轄する最高責任者ではあるが、自身は検非違使ではない。
English: As a general rule, Uemon Gon no Suke and Saemon no Gon no Suke were Gonkan (a powerful official post) and served as Kebiishi, but the Saemon no Suke (Assistant Captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) and Uemon no Suke (Assistant Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) were Seikan (a regular official post) and never served as Kebiishi.
Japanese: なお、原則として検非違使を務めるのは権官である左右衛門権佐であり、正官である左右衛門佐が検非違使を務めることはない。
English: There was also a post of Kurodonosuke (assistant official of the Kurodo) who double posted as a Kurodo (Chamberlain) and a Kebiishi no Suke (assistant official of the Police and Judicial Chief), as well as a Sanji Kentai (a post that filled three positions) that held the post of Kurodo, Benkan (official of the Daijokan) and a Kebiishi no suke.
Japanese: 蔵人で検非違使佐を兼ねる蔵人佐や、蔵人・弁官・検非違使佐を兼ねる三事兼帯もいた。
English: Kadonoosa was responsible for controlling the prison, locking up criminals, and later responsible for capturing criminals.
Japanese: 罪人を収監する監獄を管理する役であったが、後に罪人を捕縛する役になる。
English: There was a player character from an early computer game called "Heiankyo" that was modeled after Kebiishi.
Japanese: 初期のコンピュータゲーム『平安京エイリアン』のプレイヤーズ・キャラクターは検非違使という設定であった。
English: The term "Gonkan" means official court posts that were created beyond the prefixed number of personnel.
Japanese: 権官（ごんかん）は、朝廷の官職について、正規の員数を越えて任命する官職。
English: Many court nobles were appointed to gonkan in the Heian period and the posts of gonkan were always occupied by someone.
Japanese: 平安時代には、公卿においては多数の権官が存在し、権官の席は常時誰かに占められていたとも言える。
English: At that time, there was a custom where family heads or sons of prestigious families, including the Fujiwara family, were automatically given official ranks, regardless of their ability, when they reached a certain age.
Japanese: 藤原氏をはじめとして名家の子弟や家長などは、一定の年齢に達すると、その実力とは別に、自動的に官位が与えられるのが慣習となっていた。
English: When we compare gonkan and regular posts, taking the example of Dainagon (chief council of state) and Gon Dainagon (provisional chief council of state), there were cases where both had the same authority as well as cases where one had authority while the other was a nominal post.
Japanese: 権官と正規の官のあいだで、例えば、大納言と権大納言を較べると、両者ともに同格の権力を有した場合と、一方は実力を持つが、他方は名前だけの官職であった例などがある。
English: A nominal title of gonkan was sometimes used in order to demote one's political rival, such as the case of SUGAWARA no Michizane.
Japanese: 政敵を打倒するため、名目名の権官とすることもあり、その例が、菅原道真である。
English: He lost his position through a conspiracy perpetuated by the Fujiwara clan and was appointed to 'Gon no sochi' (provisional governor-general) of Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region), the gonkan of Dazai no sochi (the head of Dazaifu).
Japanese: 彼は藤原氏の陰謀により失脚し、大宰府の長官である大宰帥の権官に当たる「権帥」とされた。
English: Though the post itself was a high-rank, he was actually banished to Kyushu where Dazaifu was located.
Japanese: 高い官位は維持したが、事実上は大宰府のある九州の地への流罪であった。
English: After the Northern and Southern courts period, according to "Kanshoku konan" written by Tomokiyo TAKADA, only gonkan existed, instead of regular ones, in the case of Dainagon and Chunagon (vice-council of state).
Japanese: 高田与清（たかだともきよ）の『官職今案』によると、南北朝時代(日本)以降は、大納言や中納言は権官ばかりで正員がなくなった。
English: However, Chikafusa KITABATAKE, who was Genji choja, explained in his book "Shokugensho" that being the Shogakuin betto satisfied the requirement to become Genji choja (in this case, the deputy becomes the Junnain betto).
Japanese: しかし、自身も源氏長者だった北畠親房の『職原鈔』によれば、奨学院別当のみでも要件を満たす（その場合、次席が淳和院別当となる）と解説している。
English: However, judging from the fact that the post of Junnain betto was created in 881 and Shogakuin itself was founded in the same year, it is presumed that either MINAMOTO no Toru, who was then the highest-ranking court noble among the people of Saga-Genji as well as the whole of Minamoto clan, or his son MINAMOTO no Noboru was the first person who concurrently assumed the betto of both schools and Genji choja.
Japanese: ただ、淳和院への別当設置と奨学院そのものの設置はともに元慶5年（881年）のことであり、当時の嵯峨源氏及び源氏全体の筆頭公卿であった源融またはその子の源昇が両院別当と源氏長者を兼ねた最初の人物であったと推定されている。
English: Provided, however, that as Shogakuin itself was the facility for all of kobetsu-shizoku (families branched out from the Imperial family), there is a possibility that its betto was not Genji choja but the choja of all such families including the Taira clan and the Ariwara clan.
Japanese: もっとも、奨学院自体は皇別氏族全体の施設でありその別当は源氏長者のそれとは異なり、平氏や在原氏などを含めた全体の長者であった可能性もある。
English: In other words, there is a possibility that Genji choja was not identical with the betto of both Shogakuin and Junnain.
Japanese: つまり源氏長者と奨学院別当及び淳和院別当の同一性は必ずしも保持されていなかった可能性もあることになる。
English: (according to "Shigenki" (dated August 1, 1188), MINAMOTO no Michichika mentioned that there were cases where persons whose maternal grandfather belonged to the Minamoto clan were appointed to the betto (of both schools or of Shogakuin), and cited the name of FUJIWARA no Tasumoto and FUJIWARA no Yukinari as examples. They may have been Genji choja concurrently, but there is no firm evidence)
Japanese: （なお、『姉言記』（文治4年6月30日条）には源通親の話として過去に源氏を外祖父に持つ者が院別当（両院もしくは奨学院）に補された例があり、代表例として藤原扶幹や藤原行成らを挙げている。彼らが源氏長者を兼ねていた可能性もあるが明証は無い）。
English: Further, Genji choja in early times were limited to being the court noble of Saga-Genji ("Saikyuki" volume 13), and the court nobles of Saga-Genji dominated this position up to the last court noble of Saga-Genji, MINAMOTO no Hitoshi (provided that FUJIWARA no Tasumoto once assumed this position concurrently with the In no betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's Office).
Japanese: 更に当初の源氏長者は嵯峨源氏の公卿に限定されており（『西宮記』巻13）、嵯峨源氏最後の公卿である源等までは同氏が独占していた（ただし、途中に藤原扶幹の院別当兼務期を挟む）。
English: Later, Imperial prince Shigeaki and MINAMOTO no Takaaki (Daigo-Genji), whose maternal grandfather was a person of Saga-Genji, were appointed to Genji choja.
Japanese: その後、嵯峨源氏を外祖父とする重明親王及び源高明（醍醐源氏）が源氏長者に任じられた。
English: Since then, persons of Daigo-Genji typified by MINAMOTO no Takaaki and those of Uda-Genji typified by MINAMOTO no Masanobu were appointed to this position alternately.
Japanese: 以後は源高明に代表される醍醐源氏と源雅信に代表される宇多源氏がかわるがわる補任された。
English: Thereafter, MINAMOTO no Morofusa (adopted son of kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Yorimichi) of Murakami-Genji was appointed as Genji choja, and since then, MINAMOTO no Masasada and his descendants, namely persons of the Koga family, the Horikawa family, the Tsuchimikado family and the Nakanoin family who were deemed as the direct descendants of Morofusa, inherited this position.
Japanese: やがて村上源氏の源師房（関白藤原頼通養子）が源氏長者となり、以後は村上源氏のなかでも師房子孫の嫡流とされた源雅定の子孫に継承され、久我家・堀川家・土御門家・中院家の四家から選ばれることとなった。
English: (except for the case where Michisuke KARAHASHI, a son of MINAMOTO no Michichika, and Masanori KARAHASHI, Michisuke's son, were appointed after the death of MINAMOTO no Michichika, the case where Michiteru KOGA's son Masatada NAKANOIN (a different family from the Nakanoin family) was appointed in the era of the Emperor Kameyama, the case where Chikafusa KITABATAKE of Kitabatake family, a branch family of Nakanoin family, was appointed in the era of the Emperor Godaigo due to the lack of appropriate person in the four families, and the case where Arimitsu ROKUJO of Rokujo family, a branch family of the Koga family, was appointed in the era of the Emperor Komyo)
Japanese: （例外として、源通親の没後に弟の唐橋通資・唐橋雅規親子が任じられた例や亀山天皇の時代に久我通光の子中院雅忠（中院家とは別家）が任じられた例、四家に適任者がいないという理由で後醍醐天皇の時に中院家の分家である北畠家の北畠親房が、同じく光明天皇の時に久我家の分家である六条家の六条有光が任命されている）
English: Thanks to the extinction of both families of Horikawa and Tsuchimikado, the decline of Nakanoin family and the political maneuver by Arimitsu ROKUJO, who had a sense of crisis for the appointment of Chikafusa KITABATAKE and Arimitsu ROKUJO, the monopolization of Genji Choja by the Koga family of Murakami-Genji became firm in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 室町時代に堀川・土御門両家は断絶し、中院家が衰退したことと北畠親房や六条有光の任命に危機感を抱いた久我長通の政治工作によって村上源氏における久我家の源氏長者独占が確立した。
English: The Ashikaga Shogunal family and the Tokugawa Shogunal family starting from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA became Genji choja while being samurai family (they insisted that they were the descendants of the Nitta family of Seiwa-Genji).
Japanese: 足利将軍家と徳川家康に始まる徳川将軍家（清和源氏の新田氏の流れと称す）は武家のまま源氏長者になっている。
English: After Yoshimitsu, however, only four of the Ashikaga shogun were appointed to Genji choja, namely Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, and the total number was five persons inclusive of Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, who was de facto choja (He served as the betto of both Junnain and Shogakuin. Some people asserts that he served as Genji-choja as well).
Japanese: ただし、義満以後、源氏長者に就任した足利将軍は足利義持・足利義教・足利義政・足利義稙の計4名、長者の宣旨を受けなかった事実上の長者（淳和奨学両院別当のみ務めた。ただし、宣旨を受けたとする説もある）足利義尚を含めても5名であった。
English: Actually, Ashikaga family of Seiwa-Genji and Koga family of Murakami-Genji served as Genji choja alternately (the former's tenure was longer than that of the latter).
Japanese: 実態としては清和源氏足利家と村上源氏久我家が交替で務めていた（在任は前者の方が長い）。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), persons from the Koga family of Murakami-Genji were appointed to Genji choja.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)にはいると再び村上源氏久我家から源氏長者が任ぜられている。
English: Provided that Tomohiko OKANO presumes that Tatemichi KOGA once became Genji choja at the time of disorder in the end of Edo period.
Japanese: ただし、岡野友彦は、幕末維新の混乱期に一時久我建通が源氏長者となったのではないかと推測している。
English: Genji choja was merely the highest title among Minamoto clans after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 律令制度が崩壊した後の源氏長者は源氏のなかの最高権威に過ぎなかったが。
English: On the other hand, there is a theory, which is based on the theory of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA equals the King of Japan, that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA saw the advantage of its authority, and changed himself from Fujiwara cognomen to Minamoto cognomen, obtaining power equivalent to that of the King of Japan by becoming both seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians) and Genji choja and used such power for controlling both court nobles and samurai families (Tomohiko OKANO).
Japanese: 一方、徳川家康はその権威に着目し、藤原姓を源姓に改め征夷大将軍と源氏長者を一身に兼ねることにより日本国王に相当する権威を手に入れて公家と武家の掌握に利用した、という足利義満＝日本国王論に依拠した説がある（岡野友彦）。
English: A term "Shitsuji" generally means a person who oversees a clerical job, and in the case of prestigious families or temples/shrines, it means a person who presides over household affairs or administration.
Japanese: 執事（しつじ）は、一般に事務を管轄する者を意味し、高位の人物の家や寺社で家政・事務を執りしきる者を指す。
English: In English, for example, it corresponds to butler, chamberlain, archdeacon and deacon etc., and the latter two are job titles used in Christianity.
Japanese: 例えば英語でこれに当たる語には、、、などがあり、後二者はキリスト教における職位を指す用語である。
English: In Japan, shitsuji was introduced by the peerage and wealthy families since the Meiji period, and they wielded great power as the head of employees.
Japanese: 日本でも明治以降、華族、資産家が導入し、従者たちに指示する管理職として大きな力を振るった。
English: Male shitsuji who is the head employee is often called 'ji' (literally, old man) in fictional stories.
Japanese: 使用人頭としての男性の執事は、フィクションではよく「爺（じい）」と称されることがある。
English: It refers to a person who was the head of mandokoro keishi (officers in charge of the administration of the family affairs) of Sekkan-ke, which was also the head of Toshi choja (the head of Fujiwara clan), and its another name was shigyo keishi.
Japanese: 藤原氏一門の長である藤氏長者を兼ねていた摂関家の家政を掌握する政所家司の筆頭で執行家司（しぎょうけいし）の別名を持つ。
English: Persons of Hino line or Kanjuji line, which were powerful among various lines of Fujiwara clan, were appointed to this post and engaged in the management of Sekkan-ke's territory etc.
Japanese: 諸流の公家の中でも有力な日野流あるいは勧修寺流の実力者が任命されて、摂関家領の管理などを行った。
English: This post was called either In no shitsushi or Shitsushi-betto and was the head of In no betto (administrator of the Retired Emperor's office).
Japanese: 院執事（いんのしつし）あるいは執事別当（しつしべっとう）と呼ばれ、院別当の筆頭。
English: FUJIWARA no Kuniaki, FUJIWARA no Akitaka and FUJIWARA no Mototaka of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa' office, FUJIWARA no Kinnori of the Retired Emperor Toba's office and FJIWARA no Ieaki, FUJIWARA no Takasue and FUJIWARA no Kanemasa of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa's office are well-known.
Japanese: 白河院の藤原国明・藤原顕隆・藤原基隆、鳥羽院の藤原公教、後白河院の藤原家明・藤原隆季・藤原兼雅らが知られる。
English: When in no hyojo (council presided by the Retired Emperor) came to be held regularly in the era of the Retired Emperor Gosaga, a person in this post became a responsible person of a rule by a Retired Emperor as a leading figure among hyojoshu (members of the Retired Emperor's council).
Japanese: 後嵯峨院院政の時代に院評定が積極的に開催されるようになると、評定衆の中心人物として院政の実務の責任者となった。
English: After the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu, Moronao KO of Ko clan, which had served as kasai (main retainer) of Ashikaga clan for generations, became responsible for the household management of Ashikaga shogunal family and was called shitsuji.
Japanese: 室町幕府の成立後には代々足利氏の家宰を務めてきた高氏の高師直がそのまま足利将軍家の家政を預かって執事と呼ばれるようになった。
English: However, since the structure of the bakufu itself had an aspect of the household management organ of shogunal family, he came to be involved in important political matters like onsho (reward grants) and shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues).
Japanese: だが、幕府という仕組みそのものが将軍家の家政機関としての側面を持っていたことから、恩賞や所務沙汰など重要な政務にも関与するようになった。
English: After Moronao KO was killed in a war, persons of the Ashikaga clan, such as those of the Niki clan and the Hosokawa clan, were appointed to shitsuji.
Japanese: だが、高師直はその後攻め滅ぼされ、以後は仁木氏や細川氏といった足利一族が執事に就任する。
English: The title of Kanrei came to be in use when Kiyouji HOSOKAWA was appointed to shitsuji.
Japanese: 細川清氏が執事に任命された際に管領（かんれい）という別称が用いられるようになった。
English: When Takatsune SHIBA suceeded the position, he called himself 'Kanrei,' gave the title of 'shitsuji' to his eldest son Yoshimasa SHIBA and jointly administered the affairs of state.
Japanese: 続いて斯波高経が後任となった際に自らは「管領」を名乗り、嫡男斯波義将に「執事」の称号を名乗らせて共同で政務を執った。
English: Needless to say, Takatsune, who was a father and Kanrei, held a real power and Yoshimasa, who was shitsuji, was merely an assistant.
Japanese: 当然父である管領・高経が実権を持ち執事・義将はその補佐役に過ぎなかった。
English: In 1367 when Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA became the adviser/guardian of newly-inaugurated shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA according the will of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, he seized full power of bakufu as Kanrei.
Japanese: 貞治6年（1367年）、細川頼之が足利義詮の遺言によって新将軍・足利義満の補佐・後見を任されると、管領として幕府の全権を掌握した。
English: While Monchujo gradually became a mere façade, shitsuji of Mandokoro effectually became the hereditary post of the Ise clan, which achieved a remarkable result in fiscal reconstruction in the late 15th century.
Japanese: 問注所は次第に形骸化していったが、政所では15世紀後半より財政再建などで実績を挙げた伊勢氏の事実上の世襲となった。
English: In the meantime, the post of Kanto-kubo (governor-general of the Kanto region) (Kamakura-kubo) and Kanto shitsuji were set at Kamakurafu (Government office in Kamakura), and KO no Morofuyu, Noriaki UESUGI, Kunikiyo HATAKEYAMA and KO no Moroari were appointed to Kanto-shitsuji one after another.
Japanese: 一方、鎌倉府においても関東公方（鎌倉公方）・関東執事が置かれ、高師冬・上杉憲顕・畠山国清・高師有が相次いで任じられる。
English: After Noriaki UESUGI returned to the post of Kanto-shitsuji, his son Toshinori UESUGI succeeded this post and it became the hereditary post of the Uesugi clan.
Japanese: その後、上杉憲顕が関東執事に復帰し、続いてその子上杉能憲が後を継いで上杉氏による世襲が確立する。
English: When Kamakura-kubo (Koga-kubo) Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, who was at odds with Kanto-Kanrei Uesugi clan in Kyotoku War, was searched and killed by the bakufu, Masatomo ASHIKAGA, a younger brother of shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, was appointed as new Kamakura-kubo.
Japanese: なお、享徳の乱によって関東管領である上杉氏と対立した鎌倉公方（古河公方）足利成氏が幕府の追討を受けると、将軍足利義政の弟足利政知が新しい鎌倉公方として鎌倉に下った。
English: At that time, Noritomo UESUGI and Yoshikane SHIBUKAWA were ordered to support Masatomo and were appointed to the post of Kanto-shitsuji.
Japanese: その際、補佐役に付けられた上杉教朝・渋川義鏡が関東執事職を任命された。
English: However, Yoshikane became upset with the Kanto-kanrei Uesugi clan because he killed Noritomo UESUGI with the aim of depriving the Uesugi clan of its power.
Japanese: だが、義鏡が関東管領である上杉氏の権力を剥奪しようとして上杉一門である教朝を倒したことから、上杉氏の反感を買ってしまった。