nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Karoku refunding system was a system in which the government gave funds for starting business or farming to the warrior class who had refunded their Karoku voluntarily, and the government tried to make the warrior class be engaged in a job and boost economical efficiency.
Japanese: 家禄奉還制は、任意で家禄を返上したものに対して事業や帰農など就業のための資金を与えるもので、士族を実業に就かせて経済効率を図ろうとした。
English: This policy was accepted by most of the people, but some people disagreed with a usage of tax money, and some complained about a flat tax amount which ignored regional disparities, and some were afraid of social disruption caused by warriors who failed in getting a job.
Japanese: これらの政策は一般には受け入れられるが、禄税の使途や地域格差があるなかの一律施行に対する不満や、就業の失敗による混乱を危惧する意見も出る。
English: After the land-tax reform, farmers had to pay tax by cash, some prefectures started to pay Karoku by cash instead of rice quantity, and fluctuation of rice price caused social chaos and frustration of people.
Japanese: 地租改正で農民の納税が金納化され、それに伴い家禄支給を石代として金禄で支給する府県も出現し、また米価の変動による混乱や不満も生じていた。
English: The government issued an edict of Daijokan No.138 on September 7, 1875 which enforced a change of a payment method of the stipend into by cash.
Japanese: 政府は1875年9月7日の太政官布告138号において禄高の金禄化の切り替えを実施した。
English: Despite KIDO's opposition, OKUMA issued an edict of Daijokan No.108 on August 5, 1876 which enforced complete abolition of the stipend and an issuance of Kinroku-kosai Shosho Jorei (regulation of Kinroku government securities) for introducing Kinroku government securities.
Japanese: また木戸の反対を押し切る形で1876年8月5日の太政官布告108号において、禄制の全面的廃止と金禄公債切り替えのための金禄公債証書発行条例を公布した。
English: Following this edict, hereditary stipends were converted into money amount (the original amount of Kinroku [stipend in cash]) according to a tax amount of each prefecture in 1875.
Japanese: これに基づいて秩禄を受けていた者の禄高は1875年の府県ごとの貢納石代相場に応じて換算金額（金禄元高）が定められた。
English: And based on this exchange rate, amounts of the public bond was decided and a change to the public bond system was forcibly exercised from the next year.
Japanese: また、それに応じた金禄公債の金額が定められて翌年から強制的に行われるようになった。
English: Like peasant uprising caused by the land-tax reform, revolts by former samurai warriors, such as Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, a dissatisfied warrior group) and the Seinan War (1877), were led by former warriors who suffered from drastic reduction of their income caused by Chitsuroku-shobun.
Japanese: 地租改正による農民一揆と並び、神風連の乱や西南戦争（1877年）など明治初期の士族反乱は、秩禄処分により収入が激減した士族階級の不平が原因であった考えられている。
English: However, some people insists that most of the former warriors who joined the revolts had criticized the government since before the issuance of the public bond, and their reason for joining the revolts was not Chitsuroku-shobun.
Japanese: 一方で士族反乱に参加した士族の大半は金禄公債証書発行以前から政府を批判しており、また決起の趣旨に秩禄処分が挙げられているケースが少ない事も指摘されている。
English: As a remedy for former warriors, the government implemented a policy of Shizoku jusan, and launched development of Hokkaido by ex-legionary.
Japanese: 士族の救済政策として士族授産が行われ、屯田兵制度による北海道開発も実施された。
English: The per-diem rate of interest of Kinroku government securities is said to have been only one third of the lowest wages of workers in Tokyo (in case of a bond for lower-class warriors, which bore an interest of 7% per year), and many former warriors had to sell their bonds to cover living expenses.
Japanese: 金禄公債の金利（下級武士に充てられた7分付き公債の場合）の日割額は当時の東京の労働者の最低賃金の1/3であったとされており、金禄公債を売って生活の足しにする人も少なくなかった。
English: An report issued by Tottori Prefecture in 1882, which said that 90% of all the former warriors had already sold their public bonds, verified this fact.
Japanese: それは、1882年に鳥取県より出された全士族のうちの9割が既に金禄公債を売却してしまったという報告書に現れている。
English: According to the statistics in 1883, only 37.6% of about 418,000 former warriors could become a government employee (including a military man) or an eligible voter who could vote for prefectural assemblies (person who could pay tax of more than 5 yen).
Japanese: 1883年の統計によると、全士族約41.8万人のうち現職官公吏（軍人含む）もしくは府県議会の選挙権を持つ有権者（地租5円以上で非官公吏）の合算が全体の37.6％であったという。
English: The scandal over the sale of the property owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency was the incident that the decision to sell the property owned by the Agency made by Kiyotaka KURODA, the director of the Hokkaido Development Commission, was cancelled due to the heavy criticism from the public.
Japanese: 開拓使官有物払下げ事件（かいたくしかんゆうぶつはらいさげじけん）は、北海道開拓使長官の黒田清隆が開拓使の官有物払下げを決定したところ、世論の厳しい批判を浴び、払下げ中止となった事件を指す。
English: The incident triggered the Meiji juyonen no seihen (the political changes of 1881), in which Hirofumi ITO removed Shigenobu OKUMA from his government post.
Japanese: 明治十四年の政変のきっかけとなり、伊藤博文が大隈重信を政府から追放。
English: The Hokkaido Development Agency was the government office placed from July 1869 to February 1882 in order to develop the northern district of Japan.
Japanese: 開拓使は、北方開拓のために1869年（明治2年）7月から1882年（明治15年）2月まで置かれた官庁である。
English: KURODA submitted a proposal to the government that Japan should put more effort into the development of Hokkaido to enhance the national strength to oppose Russia.
Japanese: 黒田はロシアに対抗する国力を充実させるため北海道の開拓に力を入れるべきだという建議を行った。
English: Following the proposal, it was decided to carry out the so-called Kaitakushi Junen Keikaku (Ten-year project to develop Hokkaido), the big-budget project for which the total budget of one thousand ryo was prepared for ten years.
Japanese: これに従い、1871年（明治4年）8月19日に10年間1000万両をもって総額とするという大規模予算計画、いわゆる開拓使十年計画が決定された。
English: Having invited the hired foreigners, such as American Horace CAPRON and others, KURODA gave political advice and taught new techniques.
Japanese: 黒田は米国人ホーレス・ケプロンらのお雇い外国人を招いて、政策の助言と技術の伝習を行った。
English: They quickly cut short the basic development works such as land surveying and roadworks and put priority on the development of the industries.
Japanese: 測量・道路などの基礎的事業を早々に切り上げ、産業育成に重点をおいた。
English: In 1881 when the expiration date of the ten-year project was close, the policy to abolish the Hokkaido Development Agency was settled.
Japanese: 十年計画の満期が近くなった1881年（明治14年）に開拓使の廃止方針が固まった。
English: In order to take over the development businesses undertaken by the Hokkaido Development Agency, KURODA decided to make the government officials who worked under him retire to establish a company and sell the facilities and equipments belonging to the government at a low price.
Japanese: 黒田は開拓使の事業を継承させるために、部下の官吏を退職させて企業を起こし、官有の施設・設備を安値で払い下げることにした。
English: Among the properties to be sold, the ships, the storehouses, the plantations, the coal mining, the beer and sugar factories, etc. were included.
Japanese: 払下げの対象は船舶、倉庫、農園、炭鉱、ビール・砂糖工場などであった。
English: The plan was to sell the properties, into which approximately 14,000,000 yen had been invested, at a price of 380,000 yen (yearly installment for thirty years at 0 % interest).
Japanese: およそ1400万円の費用を投じたものを38万円（無利息30年賦）で払下げるというものであった。
English: Hokkaisya, a company established by Sadanori YASUDA, who was the great secretary of the Hokkaido Development Agency, and other members, conducted the development business such as the factory management.
Japanese: 開拓使大書記官であった安田定則らの作った北海社が工場経営などの事業に当たる。
English: However, due to a lack of financial resources, Kansai-boeki-shokai (a company run by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was from Satsuma just as KURODA) agreed to buy the properties.
Japanese: しかし資本がないため関西貿易商会（黒田と同郷で薩摩出身の五代友厚らの経営）が払下げを引受けることになった。
English: Some people criticized the sale of the properties even within the government, and especially OKUMA, the previous Minister of the Treasury who made a rule for sales of the properties, strongly opposed it.
Japanese: 政府内でも批判の声が起こり、特に払下げの規則を作った前大蔵卿の大隈が反対した。
English: When the plan of the sales was exposed by a newspaper article in July, OKUMA was suspected of having leaked the secret information.
Japanese: 7月に払下げ計画が新聞にすっぱ抜かれると、大隈が秘密を漏らしたのだろうと疑われた。
English: Before the event, Yataro IWASAKI, the founder of the Mitsubishi Co., applied for permission to sell the ship owned by the Hokkaido Development Agency but his request was rejected.
Japanese: これ以前に三菱の岩崎弥太郎が開拓使の船舶の払下げを願い出て却下された経緯があった。
English: Because of this, people thought that Mitsubishi joined hands with OKUMA in the opposition against Satsuma.
Japanese: このため世間では、三菱と大隈が結びついて、薩摩に対抗していると見られた。
English: In addition to that, because some bureaucrats of the Ministry of Finance who had been recruited by OKUMA submitted a request to stop the sale of the properties, it was rumored that OKUMA leaked the information to stop the sale.
Japanese: 更に大隈が登用した大蔵官僚の間にも払い下げ中止を求める意見が出された事から、払い下げ中止を目的として大隈が仕掛けたいう説が広まった。
English: Even the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, famous for blindly praising the policies of the government, criticized the government and the speeches to criticize the government were given in various places.
Japanese: 御用新聞の東京日日新聞までが政府批判を行ったほか、各地で弾劾の演説会が催された。
English: Women's suffrage, also known as woman suffrage, refers to the right of women to participate in national and local politics directly or indirectly.
Japanese: 女性参政権（じょせいさんせいけん）または婦人参政権（ふじんさんせいけん）とは、女性が直接または間接的に国ないし地方の政治に参加するための諸権利を言う。
English: The women's suffrage movement (also called the women's movement) in Japan identified the following three objectives, referring to them as the 'Three plans for women's suffrage' or the 'Three rights of women's suffrage':
Japanese: 日本の「婦人参政権運動（婦人運動）」の中では、次の3つを合わせ、「婦選三案」あるいは「婦選三権」と呼ばれてきた。
English: Although the election held during the French Revolution in the late 18th century is considered the world's first universal suffrage election, suffrage was granted only to men.
Japanese: 18世紀末のフランス革命で、普通選挙が実現したが、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
English: Western societies, like many societies elsewhere, were characterized by a strong belief that participation in the public arena was for men, and that women should be content to support men.
Japanese: 欧米社会にあっても、社会参加は男性が行い、女性は男性を支えていればよいとの意識が強かったのである。
English: It was in the nineteenth through to the end of the twentieth century that most countries in the West enfranchised women.
Japanese: 欧米の多くの国々でも、女性参政権が実現したのは、19世紀から20世紀末にかけてであった。
English: In world history, the first political entity to enfranchise women was the U.S. state of Wyoming.
Japanese: 世界で最初に女性の参政権を認めたのは、アメリカ合衆国ワイオミング州である。
English: Yet much like countries in the West around the time of the French Revolution, Japan enfranchised only men.
Japanese: しかし、フランス革命当時の欧米と同じように、参政権が付与されたのは男性のみであった。
English: Beginning in the last year of the Meiji period, momentum toward women's suffrage had gradually increased through the Taisho democracy period.
Japanese: 明治の末年から大正デモクラシーの時期にかけて、女性参政権を求める気運が徐々に高まってくる。
English: The group called 'Heiminsha' (Commoners' Society), which was headed by Toshihiko SAKAI and Shusui KOTOKU, began agitating for the revision of the Security Police Law.
Japanese: 堺利彦、幸徳秋水らの「平民社」による治安警察法改正請願運動が起こった。
English: Taking this agitation as their cue, and following the founding of Seitosha (the Bluestockings) by Raicho HIRATSUKA, the New Woman Association (founded in 1919), which was headed by Hiratsuka, Fusae ICHIKAWA and Mumeo OKU, and the Japan Women's Suffrage Association (founded in 1921, later renamed the Japan Woman's Christian Suffrage Association) headed by Tsuneko GAUNTLETT and Ochimi KUBUSHIRO began actively campaigning for women's suffrage (also known as the women's movement).
Japanese: それを嚆矢として、平塚らいてうの青鞜社結成を経て、平塚と市川房枝、奥むめおらによる新婦人協会（1919（大正8）年）や、ガントレット恒子、久布白落実らによる日本婦人参政権協会（1921年・大正10、後に日本基督教婦人参政権協会）が婦人参政権運動（婦人運動）を展開。
English: Subsequently, the major suffrage groups united to form the Women's Suffrage League (founded 1923) and the Association for the Winning of Women's Suffrage (founded 1924, later renamed the League for the Winning of Women's Suffrage) and began implementing further campaigns.
Japanese: 続いて各団体の大同団結が図られ、婦人参政同盟（1923年・大正12）、婦人参政権獲得期成同盟会（1924年・大正13、後に婦選獲得同盟と改称）が結成、さらに運動を推進した。
English: Yet in prewar Japan, these campaigns were unable to reach their primary goal of acquiring women's suffrage.
Japanese: これらの運動は、戦前の日本において、完全な女性参政権の獲得と言う大目標の達成には至らなかった。
English: Nevertheless, the campaigns did achieve some important results in acquiring political and social rights for women, for example the New Women's Association's successful campaign for the revision of Article five of the Security Police Law (1922), which banned women from joining political assemblies, and the amendment of the Lawyers Act (1933), whose revision enabled women to become lawyers.
Japanese: しかし、女性の集会の自由を阻んでいた新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動（1922年・大正11）や、女性が弁護士になる事を可能とする、婦人弁護士制度制定（弁護士法改正、1933年・昭和8）等、女性の政治的・社会的権利獲得の面でいくつかの重要な成果をあげた。
English: The House of Representatives provisionally passed a bill to enfranchise women in 1931, but it was defeated due to fierce opposition in the House of Peers (of Japan).
Japanese: 1931年には婦人参政権を条件付で認める法案が衆議院を通過するが、貴族院(日本)の猛反対で廃案に追い込まれた。
English: On October 10, 1945, after World War II ended, the Shidehara Cabinet decided to grant women's suffrage.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後の1945年10月10日幣原内閣で婦人参政権に関する閣議決定がなされた。
English: The following day, October 11, MacArthur's Five Great Reform directives were issued to the Shidehara Cabinet, one of which called for the 'emancipation of Japanese women by enfranchisement.'
Japanese: また、翌10月11日、幣原内閣に対してなされた、マッカーサーによる五大改革の指令には、「参政権賦与による日本婦人の解放」が盛られていた。
English: On August 25, 1945, ten days after the war ended, Fusae ICHIKAWA and her allies organized the 'Women's Committee on Postwar Policy' and submitted a resolution to the government and the major political parties which consisted of five demands, including the revision of the electoral law for House of Representatives members and the abolition of the Security Police Law.
Japanese: また、終戦後10日目の1945年（昭和20）8月25日には、市川房枝らによる「戦後対策婦人委員会」が結成され、衆議院議員選挙法の改正や治安警察法廃止等を求めた五項目の決議を、政府及び主要政党に提出する。
English: On November 3 of that year, the 'New Japan Women's League' (with Fusae ICHIKAWA as chairwoman; it was later renamed the Women's Suffrage League of Japan), dedicated to winning women's suffrage, was founded to revive the women's suffrage movement.
Japanese: 同年11月3日には、婦人参政権獲得を目的とし、「新日本婦人同盟」（会長市川房枝、後に日本婦人有権者同盟と改称）が創立され、婦人参政権運動を再開している。
English: The first victory came on November 21, 1945, when an imperial edict abolished the Security Police Law and recognized women's right to join associations.
Japanese: 1945年11月21日には、まず、勅令により治安警察法が廃止され、女性の結社権が認められる。
English: Next came the revised electoral law of the House of Representatives members, promulgated on December 17 of that year, which permitted women to participate in the national government.
Japanese: 次に、同年12月17日の改正衆議院議員選挙法公布により、女性の国政参加が認められる。
English: On April 10, 1946, during the first postwar election for the House of Representatives, thirty-nine women were elected to become the first female members of the National Diet of Japan.
Japanese: 1946年（昭和21）4月10日の戦後初の衆議院選挙の結果、日本初の女性議員39名が誕生する。
English: After deliberations during the 90th special assembly on May 16 of that year, a constitutional amendment was passed on October 7 (the Constitution of Japan was proclaimed on November 3 and came into force beginning on May 3, 1947).
Japanese: そして、同年5月16日召集の第90特別議会での審議を経て、10月7日憲法改正案成立となる（日本国憲法11月3日公布、翌1947年（昭和22）5月3日施行）。
English: Nonetheless, the long struggle by women's movements since the last year of the Meiji period had led to a desire for political rights among Japanese women.
Japanese: しかし、明治末年からの長い婦人運動苦闘の歴史を経て、日本女性の中には政治的権利を希求する意識が着実に醸成されていた。
English: It is reasonable to say that it was thanks to the legacy of those women's movements that women's associations were re-formed as early as a few days after the war ended, demands for women's suffrage began anew, and several female members were elected to the Diet during the general election held in the following year.
Japanese: 戦争終結後の数日目には、早くも新たな婦人団体が立ち上げられ、再び婦人参政権要求の声が上がり、翌年の総選挙で多数の女性議員が誕生したのも、そのような日本における婦人運動の成果であったと言えよう。
English: At the ward assembly election in 1878, a woman called Kita KUSUSE made the following protest against Kochi Prefecture:
Japanese: 1878年(明治11年)の区会議員選挙で、楠瀬喜多という一人の婦人が高知県に対して、次のように抗議した。
English: It is unreasonable that even those women who pay taxes as heads of household do not have the right to vote.'
Japanese: 「戸主として納税しているのに、女だから選挙権がないというのはおかしい。」
English: On September 20, 1880, after a three-month campaign by the Kamimachi town assembly, the prefectural governor gave in and permitted women's suffrage (of heads of household only), the first such breakthrough in Japan's history.
Japanese: そして1880年(明治13年）9月20日、3ヶ月にわたる上町町会の運動の末に県令が折れ、日本で初めて（戸主に限定されていたが）女性参政権が認められた。
English: Because in those days women's suffrage had been granted only in a few places worldwide, for example in Wyoming Territory in the U.S., British South Australia and the Pitcairn Islands, this movement was among only a handful of cases in the world where women's suffrage was won.
Japanese: この当時、世界で女性参政権を認められていた地域はアメリカ合衆国のワイオミング州準州や英領サウスオーストラリアやピトケアン諸島といったごく一部であったので、この動きは女性参政権を実現したものとしては世界で数例目となった。
English: Yet four year later, in 1884, the Japanese government revised the 'Local Government Assembly Law' and stripped away the right to establish regulations from the local government, whereupon women were again barred from participating in local government assembly elections.
Japanese: しかし4年後の1884年（明治14年）、日本政府は「区町村会法」を改訂し、規則制定権を区町村会から取り上げたため、町村会議員選挙から女性は排除された。
English: Imiki was one of the kabane (hereditary titles) established by Yakusa no Kabane (the eight hereditary titles) in 684, and it was placed as the fourth rank.
Japanese: 忌寸（いみき）は、684年（天武天皇13年）に制定された八色の姓（やくさのかばね）の制度で新たに作られた姓（かばね）で上から4番目。
English: Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) was raising of an army at Mt. Tsukuba on May 2, 1864 by the radical party of Sonno Joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) including Koshiro FUJITA, a feudal retainer of Mito Domain and others, as well as the following related conflicts occurred all over the country (the main leader surrendered on January 14, 1865).
Japanese: 天狗党の乱（てんぐとうのらん）とは、元治元年3月27日(旧暦)（1864年5月2日）に起きた、水戸藩藩士藤田小四郎ら尊皇攘夷過激派による筑波山での挙兵と、その後これに関連して各地で発生した争乱のことである（元治元年12月17日(旧暦)（1865年1月14日）に主導者投降）。
English: People other than samurai and from other domains than the Mito Domain joined the Tenguto no Ran and political propaganda was carried out during marching.
Japanese: 武士階級以外の階層や水戸藩領以外からも多くの参加があり、行軍中に政治的な宣伝も行った。
English: Since the time the second lord of the Mito Domain Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA started compilation of Dainihonshi (Great history of Japan) in Shoko-kan (a place for compilation of history books) until when Kuniyuki TOKUGAWA, the grandson of the tenth lord Yoshiatsu TOKUGAWA, completed it in 1906, many feudal retainers of the domain were engaged in this project for generations.
Japanese: 水戸藩藩主第2代徳川光圀が彰考館において大日本史の編纂を始めて以来、第10代徳川慶篤の孫徳川圀順が1906年（明治39年）に完成させるまで、代々多くの藩士が事業に携わることとなった。
English: As the compilation progressed, the system of thought came to be developed, which resulted in the formation of a school of learning called Mitogaku, and all the feudal retainers of Mito Domain were affected by the sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) of the Mitogaku.
Japanese: 編纂が進むにつれてその思想体系などが整備され、やがて水戸学と呼ばれる学問の一派へと成長し、水戸藩士は皆等しく水戸学の尊皇論の影響を受けることとなる。
English: However, this thought focused on sonnno (reverence for the emperor) respected the Imperial Family more than the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: しかし、この思想は尊皇を説くあまりに、幕府より皇室を重んじる傾向があった。
English: Therefore, this thought caused the bakufu to be suspicious about the Mito Domain, which resulted in the domain falling away from the center of the shogunate government.
Japanese: そのため幕府から猜疑の目で見られる原因となり、幕政の中心から遠ざかる原因ともなった。
English: The activities on the Dainihonshi compilation project, which became diminished during the middle of the Edo period, were revived by Suiken TACHIHARA.
Japanese: 大日本史の編纂事業は、江戸時代中頃に停滞期へ入ってしまうが、それを復興したのが立原翠軒であった。
English: A lot of disciples gathered to Tachihara, including Yukoku FUJITA, the son of Fujita-ya (second hand clothing store), who was allowed to become a disciple at the age of 10.
Japanese: 立原の下には多くの門人が集まり、その中には弱冠10歳で入門を許された古着商藤田屋の息子、藤田幽谷の姿もあった。
English: Yukoku showed his talent by submitting 'Seimeiron' upon request from the roju (senior councilor of the bakufu) Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA when he was 18.
Japanese: 幽谷は18歳で幕府老中の松平定信に求められて「正名論」を提出するなど才能を開花させる。
English: However, Tachihara made a break with Yukoku because they had different ideas about the compilation of Dainihonshi and Yukoku was dismissed since he submitted a written opinion sealed and presented to the lord of the Domain Harumori TOKUGAWA while he was suspended by Tachihara.
Japanese: しかし、立原との大日本史編纂を巡る考え方の違いや、立原に謹慎を申し渡されていた中で藩主徳川治保へ封事を提出して免職されるなどしたため、立原は絶交。
English: In 1797, the lord of the Domain Harumori decided to continue the compilation of Dainihonshi following Yukoku's idea, and Tachihara left the Shoko-kan.
Japanese: 1797年（寛政9年）、藩主治保は幽谷の考えに沿って大日本史の編纂を進めることを決定し、立原は彰考館を退職。
English: However, when Toko was killed by the Ansei Great Earthquakes in 1855, the dispute, without a mediator, quickly became mired in a mess.
Japanese: しかし、1855年に発生した安政の大地震にて東湖が圧死すると調停役を失った抗争は一気に泥沼化。
English: Because of these disputes, both factions lost their talented persons who could lead each faction, and they lost the power to resolve the issues and reconcile with each other.
Japanese: これら抗争によって両派とも巨頭になり得る人材を失い、問題の解決と関係の修復を行う力を失っていった。
English: The Emperor Komei, who got furious about the bakufu which signed the Treaty of amity and commerce between the United states and Japan by ignoring the Emperor's intention, joined the plan of the Mito Domain, which was trying to regain power in the shogunate government.
Japanese: 日米修好通商条約許さずの天意を無視する形で条約調印に踏み切った幕府に激怒した孝明天皇は、幕政における復権を画策していた水戸藩の朝廷工作に乗った。
English: On September 14, 1858, the Emperor took an extraordinary action of giving a chokusho (official document issued by Emperor) directly to the Mito Domain (for details, refer to the section 'Bogo no micchoku' ［a secret imperial decree］).
Japanese: 1858年9月14日（安政5年8月8日(旧暦)）、同藩に対して直接勅書を下賜するという異例の行動に出た（詳細は「戊午の密勅」を参照）。
English: The main group of the bakufu (which included Tairo ［chief minister］ Naosuke II), thought the secret Imperial command was actually regarding the plan of overthrowing the Shogunate, and ordered the Mito Domain to submit the chokusho to the bakufu.
Japanese: 大老・井伊直弼ら幕府主流派は密勅が倒幕を画策するものであると捉え、水戸藩に対して勅書の幕府への引渡しを命じる。
English: Meanwhile, the main group of the bakufu also put more oppression to the persons who took part in the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) in which the Mito Domain was playing the central role regarding the problem of a successor of the Seii Taishogun Iesada TOKUGAWA (Ansei no Taigoku ［suppression of extremists by the Shogunate］).
Japanese: 一方で、征夷大将軍徳川家定の後継者問題を巡る対立で水戸藩が中心となっていた、いわゆる一橋派に加担していた人物への弾圧を強めていった（「安政の大獄」）。
English: Regarding the order by the bakufu to submit the chokusho, there arose a conflict within the Mito Domain between the conservatives (which was formed by the people in the previous conservatives), which wanted to submit the chokusho, and the extremists (which was formed by the people in the previous reformers), which did not want to submit it.
Japanese: 幕府からの勅書返納命令に対し、水戸藩内は旧保守派を中心として返納する論（鎮派）と、旧改革派を中心とした反対論（激派）に分かれて対立する。
English: Following the order by the Imperial Court to return the chokusho in the next year, finally the opinion of the domain people was consolidated and the domain decided to return the chokusho directly to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 翌年に朝廷から出された返納の勅により、ようやく朝廷へ直接返納することで藩論が統一される。
English: Some of the extremists thought that the conservatives may secretly give the chokusho to the bakufu, and tried to leave the domain and resort to violence to stop it.
Japanese: また、激派の中には返納派が密かに幕府へ勅書を渡してしまうのではないかと疑い、脱藩して実力行使にて幕府返納を阻止しようと考える者もいた。
English: The roshi (masterless samurai) of the Mito Domain such as Taichiro TAKAHASHI gathered at Nagaoka (present Ibaraki machi, Higashiibaraki-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture) and several hundreds of comrades and farmers joined them.
Japanese: 高橋多一郎ら脱藩した水戸浪士達は長岡（現・茨城県東茨城郡茨城町）に集結し、同志・農民など数百人がこれに賛同して合流した。
English: They conducted inspections at Nagaoka-shuku Station holding a sign which said "Dainihon shidai shiko kusunoki-kou shokon hyo" and tried to stop the chokusho to be brought in Edo.
Japanese: 彼等は「大日本至大至忠楠公招魂表」と書かれた札を立てて長岡宿での検問を実施、江戸への勅書搬入を阻止しようとしたのである。
English: This action, which is later called 'Nagaoka tonshu,' had certain effect to warn against the conservatives.
Japanese: 後に「長岡屯集」と呼ばれるこの行動は、鎮派を牽制する程度の効果はあった。