nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On the other hand, the common name that Tokyo officially uses, is "Tokyo Metropolis" (note, metropolis means capital, metropolis, big city or main city, central city), and the Governor of Tokyo attends the international conferences as "Governor," so Tokyo is treated as a single autonomous body and there is no meaning to separate the Tama area and islands area from the 23 boroughs.
Japanese: 一方、自治体としての東京都が公式に用いている「東京都」の英称は"TokyoMetropolis"（metropolisは首都･首府･大都市、あるいは主要都市･中心市）で、都知事は"Governor"（知事）として国際会議に出席するなど、東京都という1つの自治体で都市の扱いになっており、対外的に23区と多摩地域や島嶼部を分離する意味はない。
English: In these ways, it is common that domestically the 23 boroughs concentrated of capital functions are treated as a capital, while internationally the Tokyo Prefecture including Tama area and islands are regarded a capital.
Japanese: このように、国内的には中枢的な首都機能が集中する23区に限定して首都とすることもあるが、対外的には多摩地域や島嶼部を含めた東京都全域をもって首都とする例が多い。
English: In ancient times, in many cases, capitals were located in places near Kyoto, Nara and their surrounding area, and areas including Yamashiro Province, Yamao Province, Settsu Province, Kawachi Province and Izumi Province (part of Kyoto Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture and part of Hyogo Prefecture) were collectively called the Kinai region (which means within the wall) (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: 古くは京都や奈良、及びその周辺に都（みやこ）が置かれていたことが多く、山城国、大和国、摂津国、河内国、和泉国（京都府の一部、奈良県、大阪府、兵庫県の一部）は併せて畿内（「畿」はかきね・門の内側。
English: In Japanese history, besides the Imperial Court ruled by the Emperor, existed military governments such as Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun): bakufu was headed by a shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo in official name) who was called at times "the King of Japan" or "the Emperor of Japan", and therefore, there are various discussions and understandings as to what a capital is defined as, including both the capital systems of Tokyo and Kyoto.
Japanese: 日本では歴史上天皇による朝廷の他に、国際的には時に「日本国王」「日本国大君」とも称された征夷大将軍による幕府のような武家政権が存在したことや、東京と京都の両京制などの面から首都の議論があり、様々な首都論・首都認識がある。
English: The view stating that Tokyo acquired the position of capital with the appointment of Tokyo Castle (Edo Castle) as the Imperial Palace and the movement of Dajokan (Grand Council of State) to Tokyo, and Tokyo acquired the first position in the order among prefectures in 1871, with which Tokyo acquired the position of capital.
Japanese: 明治2年に東京城（江戸城）が皇城とされ太政官が東京に移されたことと、明治4年府県の順序で東京が第一とされたことで東京が首都の地位を得たとするもの。
English: The view asserting that both Kyoto and Tokyo are regarded as imperial capitals, but Kyoto is originally the capital and Tokyo is the place where Emperor exists for convenience'sake.
Japanese: 京都も東京も帝都だが、本来首都は京都であり、東京は施政の便宜上天皇がいる場所だというもの。
English: The view stating that during the Edo period, Kyoto had been the capital because Shogun was appointed in Kyoto, while Kamakura and Edo were not capitals, although Bakufu were located in these cities.
Japanese: 江戸時代の首都は将軍の任命が行なわれた京都であり、幕府があった鎌倉・江戸は首都ではなかったとするもの。
English: Relocation of capital should be accompanied with the movement of zasho (a room for a noble person) (an account in the Diet by prime minister Ryutaro Hashimoto in 1996)
Japanese: 首都移転は皇室の座所の移動（御動座）を伴うものだとするもの（1996年の橋本龍太郎内閣総理大臣の国会答弁）。
English: The view asserting that the plan for Fukuhara-kyo by the Heike family was a plan for a system of multiple capitals with Heiankyo, and that Kamakura, where Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) was located, bore the functions of a capital with Kyoto, therefore, the multi-capital system existed in Kamakura era.
Japanese: 平氏政権による福原京の計画が平安京との複都構想だったとし、また鎌倉幕府の置かれた鎌倉が、京都と首都機能を分担した事実上の複都制であるとするもの。
English: The view stating that Edo was regarded as a capital because of its political location, but in the end of the Edo period, Kyoto became the capital because it came to be the center of politics, before the capital moved to Tokyo (Edo) again.
Japanese: 江戸は政府の所在地で首都と意識されていたが、幕末に政治の中心となった京都が首都となり、更にそれが東京に移ったとするもの。
English: The view that in Edo era Edo was recognized as the center of politics and administration and functioned as the capital, and it was also recognized by foreigners as the capital.
Japanese: 江戸時代に江戸は政治・行政の中心と認識され、首都として機能もし、外国人も江戸を首都と認識していたとするもの。
English: According to "Kaiyuroku" written by Sin Yu-han, a member of Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary), the capital in Japan was first located in Yamato, and after that Hideoyoshi TOYOTOMI moved it to Osaka and then Ieyasu TOKUGAWA transferred it to Edo.
Japanese: 1719年の朝鮮通信使申維翰の『海遊録』によれば、都（首都）は初め大和にあり、その後豊臣秀吉が大坂に、徳川家康が江戸に移したと認識されていたという。
English: As of 2009, there is no existing law which directly prescribes the capital in Japan.
Japanese: 2009年（平成21年）現在、日本の首都を直接定める現行法令は存在しない。
English: Therefore, some advocates do not take Tokyo as the only capital of Japan by interpreting the difference between old laws, existing laws and common laws.
Japanese: そこで、旧法、現行法及び慣習法の読み方によって、東京（東京都）を唯一の首都と解さない論者もいる。
English: In the imperial edict (shosho), issued at the time of imperial visit to Tokyo from Kyoto in 1868, there was no word for 'capital.'
Japanese: 1868年（明治元年）、天皇が京都から東京へ行幸するに際して発せられた江戸ヲ称シテ東京ト為スノ詔書には、「首都」の語はない。
English: According to the leading view that because of giving the area name 'Kyo' which means 'capital,' Tokyo was established as the capital with this edict, but there are opposing views.
Japanese: 首都を意味する「京」を地名に付したことから、この詔書によって、東京を首都に定めたと見るのが有力だが、反論もある。
English: Concerning this edict, another view asserts multiple capitals in which Tokyo is the capital along with Kyoto.
Japanese: この詔書の趣旨について、東京を京都と並び首都とすること（複都論）を定めたに過ぎないと解する立場がある。
English: " Edo is the biggest city in eastern Japan and the Emperor decides that Edo is renamed Tokyo ".
Japanese: 朕今萬機ヲ親裁シ億兆ヲ綏撫ス江戸ハ東國第一ノ大鎭四方輻湊ノ地宜シク親臨以テ其政ヲ視ルヘシ因テ自今江戸ヲ稱シテ東京トセン是朕ノ海内一家東西同視スル所以ナリ衆庶此意ヲ體セヨ
English: In the imperial edict (September 12th, 1923) issued just after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the following statement expressed Tokyo as the capital, and that it should be transformed and developed further.
Japanese: 1923年（大正12年）に発せられた関東大震災直後ノ詔書（大正12年9月12日）では、東京がすでに首都であることを既定のこととして記載された文言が出てくる。
English: "Tokyo is the capital of the empire and the political and economic center, and the source of Japan's culture. Tokyo suffered an enormous disaster this time and can not cling to its old situation, but still holds status as capital of the empire, therefore, it is necessary not only to restore it to what it used to be but also have it undergo a complete new transformation."
Japanese: …抑モ東京ハ帝国ノ首都ニシテ政治経済ノ枢軸トナリ国民文化ノ源泉トナリテ民衆一般ノ瞻仰スル所ナリ一朝不慮ノ災害ニ罹リテ今ヤ其ノ旧形ヲ留メスト雖依然トシテ我国都タル地位ヲ失ハス是ヲ以テ其ノ善後策ハ独リ旧態ヲ回復スルニ止マラス進ンテ将来ノ発展ヲ図リ以テ巷衢ノ面目ヲ新ニセサルヘカラス…
English: In Tokyo, a regulation established in 1943 (law No. 89, 1943), explained the stage of its legislation as follows: "Tokyo aims to enforce an effective administration."
Japanese: 1943年（昭和18年）に制定された東京都制（昭和18年法律第89号）では、「効率的な首都行政を行うことを目的とする」と、立法段階で説明されている。
English: However, in the Local Autonomy Law, "Metropolis system" is stipulated along with the prefectural system, but it is not stipulated that application of the Metropolis system is limited only to Tokyo, and there is no regulation says the Metropolis system should be applied only to the municipality near the location of Tokyo.
Japanese: ただし、地方自治法において、「都」制度が道府県制度と並び規定されているが、都制度の適用があるのは、現在の東京都を区域とする地方自治体に限定されるとは規定されず、また、いわゆる首都の所在地の自治体に適用されるという規定もない。
English: In 1950, Capital Construction law was established expressly ruling Tokyo as the new capital of Japan.
Japanese: 1950年（昭和25年）には、東京都を日本の新しい首都とすることが明確に定められた首都建設法が制定された。
English: Article 1: This law aims to plan and construct Tokyo Metropolis so as to develop fully the functions of politics, economy and culture of Tokyo as the capital of the peace state.
Japanese: 第一条　この法律は、東京都を新しく我が平和国家の首都として十分にその政治、経済、文化等についての機能を発揮し得るよう計画し、建設することを目的とする。
English: Article 12: Concerning the city planning activities enforced depending on the area of Tokyo Metropolis, related administrative ministries such as the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Transport and others can execute those activities, if they are recognized to be necessary, based on Tokyo being considered to be the Capital of Japan.
Japanese: 第十二条　東京都の区域により行う都市計画事業については、東京都が国の首都であることにかんがみて必要と認めるときは、建設省、運輸省その他その事業の内容である事項を主管する行政官庁がこれを執行することができる。
English: In these cases, it is necessary to obtain consent from Tokyo and the related local public body in that area.
Japanese: この場合においては、東京都及びその区域内の関係地方公共団体の同意を得なければならない。
English: Although this law was abolished later, it was not because Tokyo ceased to be the capital, but because the objective of the law (construction of capital) was accomplished and it was necessary to expand the area of city improvement from the capital to the capital and its surrounding region; the succeeding law, 'national capital region improvement law,' has a continuity and unity with the abolished law.
Japanese: のちに同法は廃止されたが、廃止理由は、東京都が首都でなくなったからではなく、あくまで同法の目的（首都の建設）が達成され、整備の対象を「首都」から「首都とその周辺地域」に広げるための発展的なものであり、後継の首都圏整備法とは連続性、一体性を有するものである。
English: For this reason, they did not establish a new abolition law, but instead chose to add rules in the following law.
Japanese: そのため、新規に廃止法を制定するのではなく、後継法の附則により廃止する形を採った。
English: The national capital region refers to the region 'the capital and its surrounding area,' but in the succeeding law, it is clearly defined that 'national capital' part is 'Tokyo Metropolis' established in predecessor law (abolished law) and it imposes the obligation of Diet vote in order to change that part, and concerning 'the surrounding area' the new law took over predecessor law, in the way to delegate the lower rank act (government ordinance) and not to require Diet vote and flexibly change 'the surrounding area' part.
Japanese: 首都圏とは「首都＋圏（その周辺地域）」のことであるが、後継法では「首都」部分は前身法で既に首都と定めた「東京都」と明確に定めることで、その変更には国会の議決を義務付け、「その周辺地域」部分は下位法令（政令）に委任することで、国会の議決なく柔軟に変更できる余地を残す形で、前身法の首都の定義を継承している。
English: Article 2: In this law, 'national capital region' means the wide area incorporating Tokyo and its nearby area.
Japanese: 第二条この法律で「首都圏」とは、東京都の区域及び政令で定めるその周辺の地域を一体とした広域をいう。
English: In history, Japanese capital was determined by the address of the Imperial Palace, the Emperor's residence.
Japanese: 歴史上、日本の首都は、天皇の住まいである皇居の所在によって定められた。
English: After Tumulus period, it became to carry out the construction of the Imperial Palace and improvement of urban areas simultaneously and to build a city suitable to a capital in a well-planned way.
Japanese: 古墳時代以降は、皇居のための宮殿（御所）建設と周辺の市街地整備を一体として行い、首都にふさわしい都市を計画的に建設するようになった。
English: Until the Nara period, even imperial palaces and residences of nobles were earthfast post architecture, and hence did not last very long.
Japanese: 宮殿や貴族の邸宅であっても、奈良時代までは基本的に掘立柱建物だったため、建物の耐用年数が短かった。
English: It is thought that the frequent transfer of the capital and new construction of a palace were due to the influence of their short architectural lives in addition to political motives.
Japanese: 古代の頻繁な遷都や宮殿の移転・新築は、政治的な思惑の他にも建築物の耐用年数の影響が考えられる。
English: In Fujiwarakyo capital, Heijokyo capital, and Heiankyo capital which introduced a Chinese city plan, and promoted as a place for common folk, were of earthfast architecture, therefore the wetlands and shores of rivers prone to flooding were abandoned due to their being unfit for living, changing the location of the cities from the original plans.
Japanese: 中国風の都市計画を持ち込んだ藤原京・平城京・平安京などでは、計画的な庶民の居住を促しても、家が掘立柱建築だったために、地下水位の高い低湿地や河川の氾濫原は居住に適さないとして放棄され、いずれも当初の計画とは異なる都市へと変化した。
English: According to "Records of Ancient Matters" and "Chronicles of Japan" edited in Nara period, it is thought that as an initial stage of capital, cities centering around palaces sprang up, because the palaces of successive great kings (Yamato sovereignty) (the ancient Japan sovereignty) were constructed in multiple places including Shiki, Iware (Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture), Nanba and Kawachi Provinces (Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: 奈良時代に編まれた記紀によれば、歴代大王(ヤマト王権)の宮室が磯城・磐余（奈良県桜井市）のほか、難波・河内国地方（大阪府）などに複数営まれたため、各々の宮室を中心に萌芽的な都邑が形成されていたことも考えられる。
English: In addition, in the Asuka and Nara periods, there were eras in which systems of multi-capital (which might be called the second capital) were established in order to complement capital functions in economics and transportation.
Japanese: なお、飛鳥-奈良時代には、首都機能を経済・交通の面で補完する第二首都とも言うべき複都制（陪都）が設けられていた時期があった（首都世界の首都）。
English: As examples, Naniwanomiya Palace of Emperor Tenmu who took this system for the first time, 'Beijin' Horanomiya (detached palace) of Emperor Junnin (Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, 761-764) and 'Nishikyo' Yugenomiya (detatched palace) of Empress Shotoku (Yao City, Osaka Prefecture, 769-770) are known.
Japanese: 例としては、最初にこの制度を採用した天武天皇の難波宮を始め、淳仁天皇の「北京」保良宮（滋賀県大津市、761年-764年）、称徳天皇の「西京」由義宮（大阪府八尾市、769年-770年）が知られている。
English: Horanomiya and Yugenomiya were short lived, but Naniwanomiya Palace maintained its position as secondary capital city until the transfer of the national capital to Nagaoka.
Japanese: 保良宮と由義宮は短命に終わったが、難波宮は長岡京遷都まで副都の地位を保ち続けた。
English: From the standpoint of negative capital, on the actual condition of 'Transfer of the capital to Fukuhara' talked in the literary work such as "the Tale of Heike," some insist that the Taira clan government set Angu (tentative capital) in Fukuhara only for the purposes of transfering the captial toward Wada (Kobe City), and since Heian-Kyo did not lose any function as a traditional capital, Fukuhara ended up being the sub-capital to complement Kyoto in military and trade functions.
Japanese: 首都否定論の立場からは、『平家物語』などの文学作品に語られる「福原遷都」の実態については、平氏政権が和田（神戸市）方面への遷都を目的として福原に行宮を置いたに過ぎず、それによって平安京が従来の首都機能を失った様子も特に見られないことから、建前はどうあれ、福原は京都の機能を軍事・貿易面で補完する事実上の副都に留まった、とする主張がある。
English: In fact,the edict for the transfer of the capital to Fukuhara was not issued, and rites and festivals were conducted in Kyoto even while Angu was set up in Fukuhara,and after the capital transfer plan came to a sudden stop, the policy of setting the capital in Kyoto was decided by the chief executives of the government.
Japanese: 実際、福原への遷都宣言が出されたことはなく、行宮滞在中も行事は京都で行われている上、遷都計画が頓挫した後は、京都を首都とする方針が政権中枢にて決定されている。
English: While the Chodo-in and government office were proposed in Fukuhara, they were not carried out in the end ("Gyokuyo" (Diary of Kanezane KUJO, July 16th, August 4th, 11th, Jisho era 4) (the old lunar calendar)
Japanese: これに反し、福原には朝堂院や官衙の整備計画も持ち上がったが、結局実行されなかった（『玉葉』治承4年7月16日条・8月4日条・11日条・29日条）。
English: During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (1336-1392), except for the short time of Kanno Disturbance (1351-1352), Heian-Kyo was the capital of the Northern Court (Japan).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)（1336年-1392年）は、「観応の擾乱正平一統」（1351年-1352年）の短期間を除き平安京が北朝(日本)の首都である。
English: But it is presumed that the headquarter of Southern Court was treated as Angu (a tentative foothold), and Heian-Kyo was regarded the official capital.
Japanese: ただし、南朝(日本)の本拠は全て行宮、すなわち仮の拠点として扱われ、正式な首都は平安京と見なしていたと推測される。
English: During the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Emperor Meiji visited Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture and the Imperial headquarters was also transferred there.
Japanese: 日清戦争中の1894年には、広島県広島市に明治天皇が行幸して、大本営も移った。
English: In Hiroshima City, the Imperial Diet was opened and capital functions were tentatively transferred to this location, and Hiroshima City temporarily assumed the status of capital.
Japanese: 帝国議会も開催されるなど、一時的に首都機能が移転し、臨時首都の様相を呈した。
English: In 1944 at the end of Pacific War, the Army of the Great Empire of Japan started a plan to move the Imperial Palace and the Imperial headquarters to Matsushiro Machi, Nagano Prefecture (present Nagano City), but the plan was suspended due to the end of the war (Matsushiro Imperial headquarters).
Japanese: 太平洋戦争末期の1944年には、皇居と大本営を長野県松代町(長野県)（現長野市）に移転させる計画が大日本帝国陸軍により始められたが、敗戦により中止された（松代大本営）。
English: An ancient capital can be defined as a place which has been the national capital since the ancient times or a place which was once the national capital city.
Japanese: 古都（こと）とは、ある国における古くからの都、または昔に都がおかれていた場所のことである。
English: In addition, Asuka-mura (Asuka-kyo), Osaka City (Naniwa-kyo) and Kobe City (Fukuhara-kyo) can be referred to as ancient capitals, since there were once Imperial residences in those areas in the ancient times.
Japanese: また、古代の皇宮所在地として明日香村（飛鳥京）、大阪市（難波京）、神戸市（福原京）なども当然古都と呼ばれるべき都市である。
English: Though Kamakura cannot be referred to as an ancient capital when seen from the standpoint that 'an ancient capital' must be a place where Imperial residence existed, the Tokyo media often describe Kamakura as an ancient capital, since Kamakura was once a political center of the Kamakura Shogunate which held the reigns of government.
Japanese: 皇居の所在地を都とする見方に照らせば鎌倉は古都とは言えないが、幕府の所在地が実質的政治の中心だったという歴史から東京のマスコミなどでは鎌倉を古都と称する場合が多い。
English: It seems a definition of an ancient capital is not exact, because there is a tendency to call even old cities like Dazaifu and Hiraizumi, or so-called little Kyoto towns established in the medieval period, or castle towns of the early-modern times such as Kanazawa City and Matsue City with many historic sites as ancient capitals, though they had never been the center of national administration.
Japanese: 加えて、全国政権の所在地ではないが大宰府や平泉町といった古代の主要都市や、中世以降のいわゆる小京都、更には金沢市や松江市など史跡に恵まれた近世の城下町をも「古都」と美称する傾向があり、その定義は必ずしも厳密ではない。
English: In any countries, many of ancient capitals (Gyeongju City, Xian City, Naples and Venice, and so on) have become today major tourist spots, for they have abundance of historic buildings.
Japanese: 日本内外問わず、古都とされる場所には歴史的建造物などが残されている場合が多いため（慶州市・西安・ナポリ・ヴェネツィアなど）、多くは観光地となっている。
English: According to 'Koto Hozon ho' (The Ancient Capitals Preservation Law,) it is the ordinance of local governments that designates a city or a town or a village as 'an ancient capital,' and once it was designated as 'an ancient capital' development is restricted in the specified area.
Japanese: 「古都保存法（古都における歴史的風土の保存に関する特別措置法）」により、政令で定める市町村」が「古都」とされ、指定地区内の開発制限などが課せられている。
English: Meanwhile, 'an ancient capital' under 'Koto Hozon ho' is a self-designated ancient capital and is not objectively confirmed.
Japanese: なお、「古都保存法」が指す「古都」とは客観的な視点によるものではなく、あくまでも各都市の自称の「古都」である。
English: Not all cities designated as 'ancient capitals' under 'Koto Hozon ho' have old history or old townscapes.
Japanese: 古都保存法が施行されている都市が古都の歴史や景観をもつとは限らない。
English: Inyoka is a philosophy group regarded as one of Shoshi hyakka (the Various Masters of the 100 Schools: Thinkers of Ancient China), and one of the six major schools.
Japanese: 陰陽家（いんようか）は諸子百家の一つで、六家の一つに数えられる思想集団である。
English: Inyoka taught the yin yang concept, in which the generation and change of everything in the world were categorized into two types, yin and yang.
Japanese: 世界の万物の生成と変化は陰と陽の二種類に分類されると言う陰陽思想を説いた。
English: The representative thinkers include Zou Yan (騶衍 or 鄒衍) and Koson(公孫発).
Japanese: 代表的な思想家として騶衍（すうえん。騶は{馬芻}。鄒衍と表記する場合もある）や、公孫発などが挙げられる。
English: Later, at the end of the Warring States Period (in China), it was incorporated with Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory), and it spread across the East Asian cultural sphere as Inyo [Onmyo] gogyo shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Hsing Idea).
Japanese: 後、戦国時代(中国)末期に五行思想と一体となった陰陽五行思想として東アジア文化圏に広まった。
English: The Angaryo family is the collective name of the Abe clan and the Kamo clan which are the head families of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).
Japanese: 安賀両家（あんがりょうけ）とは陰陽道の宗家である阿倍氏と賀茂氏の総称。
English: Later changing the family names, the Abe clan called itself 'Tsuchimikado family,' while the Kamo clan 'the Kadenokoji family.'
Japanese: 後に改姓し安倍氏流は「土御門家」に賀茂氏流は「勘解由小路家」と名乗る。
English: Each and every year from the time of the Emperor Jinmu to 1868, it listed names of those who held the rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher which were the so-called Kugyo (the top court officials) including Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), Sessho Kampaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left), Udaijin (the Minister of the Right), Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior), Dainagon (Major Counselor), Chunagon (Middle Counselor), Sangi (advisor on the Council of State), and Hisangi (advisor at large).
Japanese: 神武天皇の時代から明治元年まで各年毎に、従三位以上で太政大臣・摂政・関白・左大臣・右大臣・内大臣・大納言・中納言・参議・非参議のいわゆる公卿に相当する者の名を官職順に列挙してある。
English: The authorship and the time when Kugyo-bunin came into existence has not yet been ascertained, but it is believed to be based on 'Rekiunki' and names had been added from the time of Konin.
Japanese: 公卿補任の作者は未詳であり成立年代も不明であるが、「歴運記」を基に弘仁以後の分を書き足されていったものと考えられる。
English: Establishment of Kugyo-bunin in the form of a book with a detailed personal record of the later years is believed to be around Owa to Shoryaku era.
Japanese: 後年の詳細な尻付（しつけ）を伴った形態しての本書の成立は、応和から正暦あたりとみられている。
English: This is the most coherent historical material on appointment, but some of its part is said to have been rewritten (appointment by retroactive date and so on) due to inaccuracy of the article from the early Heian period and for political reasons.
Japanese: 任官についてもっとも纏まった史料ではあるが、平安時代前期における記事の不正確さや政治的な事情から書き直し（遡った期日での任官など）が行われた部分もあるといわれている。
English: Chugushiki was the office which belonged to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) and was in charge of the consort's household affairs under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 中宮職（ちゅうぐうしき）は、律令制において中務省に属して后妃に関わる事務などを扱う役所。
English: It was originally in charge of the affairs of all consorts' households, but later Taikotaigogushiki, Kotaigogushiki and Kogogushiki were separately established for Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager and Empress respectively (Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 元来は、全ての后妃の世話を行うために設置されたが後には皇后と中宮､皇太后などとの並立によりそれぞれに太皇太后宮職、皇太后宮職、皇后宮職と専属の職(律令制)が置かれる。
English: (it seems that Chugu Gon no taijo (or Gon no taishin) also existed because Yorisada TADA, a close aid of the Emperor Godaigo, was appointed as Kotaigogu Gon no taijo. His court rank was Jurokui.)
Japanese: （中宮権大進（ごんのたいじょう、「ごんのたいしん」とも言う。）もあったと思われ、後醍醐天皇側近の多田頼貞が皇太后宮権大進に叙任している。位階は従六位従六位と思われる。）
English: Chugu Gon no shojo (or "Gon no shoshin") (provisional junior secretary of the Consort's Household office): one person.
Japanese: 中宮権少進（ごんのしょうじょう、「ごんのしょうしん」とも言う。）は定員1名。
English: Under shosakan, there were lower class employees called Shisho, Shikisho, Shibu and Jikicho, security officers called Samurai no osa and Samurai, and female employees called 'Nyoju' (a court lady in a lower rank).
Japanese: 少属の下に「史生」（しせい）→「職掌」（しきしょう）→「使部」（しぶ）→「直丁」（じきちょう）の下級職員と「侍長」（さむらいのおさ）→「侍」（さむらい）の警備職員､および「女孺」（にょじゅ）の女官が存在する。
English: The Conservative Revolution (Konservative Revolution) is a general name that Armin Mohler, a German intellectual historian, gave to a set of anti-Nazi and nationalist intellectual trends during the Weimar Republic.
Japanese: 保守革命（ほしゅかくめい、KonservativeRevolution）とは、ドイツの思想史家のアルミン・モーラー(ArminMohler)がヴァイマル共和政時代の、非ナチス的でナショナリズム的な一連の思想に与えた総称である。
English: It also refers to the title of Mohler's book written about it ("The Conservative Revolution in Germany" [Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland]).
Japanese: また、それについてのモーラーの著書のタイトル（『ドイツの保守革命DiekonservativeRevolutioninDeutschland』）。
English: Friedrich Engels used the word 'conservative revolution' (konservative revolution) for the first time in 1848.
Japanese: 「保守革命」（konservativeRevolution）という語は1848年にフリードリヒ・エンゲルスが最初に用いた。
English: Then, in the late 1920's, Hugo von Hofmannsthal used the word in his speech, 'Literature as the Nation's Spiritual Space' ('Das Schrifttum als geistiger Raum der Nation'), at Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München).
Japanese: 後に1920年代後半フーゴー・フォン・ホフマンスタールがミュンヘン大学の講演「国民の精神的空間としての著作」において述べた。
English: Conservative Youth faction: advocating the reconstruction of an 'empire' (Reich) in the supranational space of medieval Germany.
Japanese: 青年保守派中世ドイツの超国家的広域圏としての「ライヒ(Reich)」の再建を主張。
English: National Revolutionary faction: advocating the creation of a nihilist revolutionary and a labor state through full mobilization.
Japanese: 国民革命派総動員体制によるニヒリズム革命の戦士・労働者国家の創造を主張。
English: Youth League: nationalist and militaristic youth movement that was spiritually under the influence of various youth movements and the George Circle (George-kreis).
Japanese: 青年同盟青年運動やゲオルゲ派の精神的影響を受けた愛国的・軍国的青年運動。
English: The Meiji Restoration in Japan is regarded as a typical conservative revolution, and Yukio MISHIMA's 'bunka boei ron' (Discussion on the Defense of Culture) is also said to have been a conservative revolutionary ideology.
Japanese: 日本の明治維新も典型的な保守革命とされ、三島由紀夫の「文化防衛論」も保守革命的思想といわれる。