nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In response, the captain's attorney, (an Englishman) countered, 'If this slave contract is not acknowledged, why is a more cruel form of slavery practiced in Japan under severe circumstances? It's a contract on yujo (prostitute).' and submitted a copy of a prostitute's contract and medical records from Yokoyama hospital.
Japanese: また、この裁判の審議で船長側弁護人（イギリス人）が、「日本が奴隷契約が無効であるというなら、日本においてもっとも酷い奴隷契約が有効に認められて、悲惨な生活をなしつつあるではないか。それは遊女の約定である」として、遊女の年季証文の写しと、横浜病院医治報告書を提出した。
English: Human trafficking' for prostitute was practiced openly in Japan, and it was in no position to condemn slavery; after this criticism, Japan was forced to abolish prostitution, and in October of the same year, an emancipation edict was issued, freeing all prostitutes.
Japanese: 日本国内でも娼妓という「人身売買」が公然と行われており、奴隷売買を非難する資格がないとのこの批判により、日本は公娼制度を廃止せざるを得なくなり、同年10月に芸娼妓解放令が出される契機となった。
English: In February of next year, the Peruvian Government sent the navy minister to Japan and demanded an apology and compensation in terms of Maria Luz-related issues from the Japanese government.
Japanese: 翌年2月にペルー政府は海軍大臣を来日させ、マリア・ルス問題に対して謝罪と損害賠償を日本政府に要求した。
English: To resolve this dispute between the two countries, an arbitration agreement was signed and an International Court of Arbitration (measures taken because of nonexistence of the Permanent Court of International Justice) was held by a third party, the Russian Empire.
Japanese: この両国間の紛争解決の為に仲裁契約が結ばれ第三国のロシア帝国による国際仲裁裁判（当時は常設の国際司法裁判所がなかったための措置）が開催されることになった。
English: In June of 1875, the International Court held by Alexander ll, the Russian Czar, ruled that 'the measures taken by Japan were appropriate conforming to all international laws and treaties,' and he dismissed the appeal by Peru.
Japanese: ロシア皇帝アレクサンドル2世による国際裁判は1875年6月に「日本側の措置は一般国際法にも条約にも違反せず妥当なものである」とする判決を出し、ペルー側の訴えを退けた。
English: Gaertner Cultivation Treaty Incident or Gaertner Incident is a diplomatic incident that occurred over the cultivated land in Nanae Town in the first year of Meiji period.
Japanese: ガルトネル開墾条約事件（がるとねるかいこんじょうやくじけん）あるいはガルトネル事件（がるとねるじけん）とは、明治初年に、七飯町の開墾地をめぐって発生した外交事件である。
English: The Prussian trader, Gaertner had been engaged in cultivation business in Nanae town since the last days of Edo period.
Japanese: プロシアの貿易商R.ガルトネルは、幕末より七飯で開墾事業を行っていた。
English: In 1868, the Ezo Republic occupied Hakodate and in 1869, a 99-year lease was signed between Gaertner and the Ezo Island government.
Japanese: 1868年に蝦夷共和国が箱館を占領し、1869年ガルトネルは蝦夷島政府との間で99年間の貸借契約を締結した。
English: Later that year, in the aftermath of the Battle of Hakodate, the contract was taken over by the Hakodate government, which terminated the contract by paying a penalty fine to Gaertner in 1870.
Japanese: 同年、箱館戦争終結後、箱館府がこの契約を引き継いだが、翌1870年にガルトネルに対して賠償金を支払うことで契約を解除した。
English: Hatamoto-yoriaiseki was kakaku (family status) of high-ranking hatamoto with income of 3,000 koku or greater without official appointment, or retirees (known as yakuyoriai) who possessed social standing higher than hoi (those with the rank who wore clothes that did not bear family crests) in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 旗本寄合席（はたもとよりあいせき）は、江戸幕府の3,000石以上の上級旗本無役者・布衣以上の退職者（役寄合）の家格。
English: Kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period) was included in hatamoto-yoriaiseki, and although yoriai-oyakukin (a kind of tax) had to be paid, they were under the control of roju (senior councilor).
Japanese: 交代寄合は旗本寄合席に含まれ、寄合御役金を支払うが、老中支配である。
English: Yoriai had been under the control of rusui (caretaker or keeper [official post in the Edo period]; rusui is under the control of rojyu [senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate]), but it became under the control of wakadoshiyori in June 1719, and in 1740, hatamoto with income of 3,000 koku or greater was appointed as yoriai.
Japanese: 享保4（1719年）年6月、留守居支配（留守居は老中支配）より若年寄支配の寄合となり、元文5（1740年）年、3,000石以上の旗本を全て寄合とした。
English: Even if the karoku was 3,000 koku or less, the following generation of rusui (caretaker or keeper [official post in the Edo era]), oban (obangumi unit [castle guards of hatamoto]), shoinban (the castle guards) and koshogumi (page corps) were considered as yoriai.
Japanese: 家禄3,000石以下であっても留守居・大番・書院番・小姓組の次代は寄合に入る
English: Retirees who had served a post of 3,000 koku or less with a rank higher than hoi were included in yoriai as yakuyoriai.
Japanese: 家禄3,000石以下布衣以上の役職を勤め、無役となった者は役寄合として寄合に入る
English: Yoriai-kimoiri without official appointment was selected from yoriai in 1790, and they recommended and made intercessions in appointing posts and assigning additional posts from yoriai.
Japanese: 寛政2（1790年）年に寄合より非役職の寄合肝煎が選出され、寄合より役職・出役への推薦・斡旋を行うようになる。
English: Yoriai-oyakukin, which was equivalent to kobushinkin (a kind of tax), was paid by installments in August and February at the rate of 2 ryo per 100 koku.
Japanese: 小普請金にあたる、寄合御役金は100石に付き金2両の割合で8月と2月の分納であった。
English: The movement to create Aimi Prefecture was a movement that people requested to create a new prefecture, and the movement was centered in Yonago City, Tottori Prefecture from 1890 to 1891.
Japanese: 会見県設置運動（あいみけんせっちうんどう）は明治23年（1890年）から翌24年（1891年）にかけて鳥取県米子市を中心に起きた新県設置運動のこと。
English: The west part of Tottori Prefecture, especially the district called 'Nishi Hoki' in Hoki Province (old provincial name) had close relationship with Izumo Province and people there speak the same dialect so called Unpaku dialect today.
Japanese: 鳥取県の西部、旧伯耆国のなかでも「西伯耆」と呼ばれた地方は古くから出雲国との密接な交流が存在し、現在でも同一の雲伯方言を話している。
English: In 1881, by 'the movement to request to reconfigure the territory of Tottori prefecture' supported by shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) in Tottori city, Tottori Prefecture was reconfigured with Inaba Province and Houki Province, however people lived in Yonago district wished incorporation of the district into Shimane Prefecture because they considered the relationship with people in Shimane Prefecture was important.
Japanese: 明治14年（1881年）、鳥取市の士族などによる「鳥取県再置運動」により因・伯2国を以って鳥取県が再置されたが、依然として島根とのつながりを重視する米子地方の人々は島根県への編入を求めていた。
English: In that period, because the prefectural system was issued and 'the right of petition' was introduced through the establishment of the Imperial Diet, the movement to create a new prefecture was growing.
Japanese: そのような中での府県制の公布と帝国議会開設による「請願権」の獲得は新県設置に向けた運動を高まらせる要因となった。
English: The previously-existing conception of creating a new prefecture grew rapidly after the right of petition was obtained, and in the summer of 1890, 2 ideas such as 'incorporating Aimi, Aseri and Hino counties into Shimane Prefecture' and 'incorporating Tottori and Shimane Prefecture and create Aimi Prefecture' were presented.
Japanese: 以前からくすぶっていた新県構想は請願権の獲得によって一気に高まり、明治23年（1890年）の夏頃には「会見郡・汗入郡・日野郡3郡の島根県編入案」と「鳥取・島根両県を合併させ、会見県を新設する案」の2つが示された。
English: Especially, because the latter idea was to incorporate Iwami Province in Shimane Prefecture into Hiroshima Prefecture and establish the Prefectural Office in Yonago town, Aimi County, and at the same time, a request was made by residents in Iwami district to incorporate the district into Hiroshima Prefecture, a lot of petitions were made to the parliament and cabinet.
Japanese: 特に後者の案は島根県の石見国を広島県に編入させ、会見郡米子町に県庁を設置するものであり、同時期に石見地方から広島県への編入を求める請願がなされたこともあり、議会や内閣に対して盛んに請願が行われた。
English: The leaders of the movement were former chief retainers of Tottori Domain and a castellan of Yonago-jo castle, 荒尾成勲, Heibei SAKAGUCHI (founder), Haruhiko ENDO, 清太 KONISHI, Mosaburo NOSAKA, 小倉直人 and Shigeo KADOWAKI, and they were prominent figures in Yonago district.
Japanese: これらを主導していた人物は元・鳥取藩家老で元・米子城主の荒尾成勲、坂口平兵衛(初代)、遠藤春彦、小西清太、野坂茂三郎、小倉直人、門脇重雄などの米子地方を代表する名士達であった。
English: On February 1, 1891, a council meeting was held by 146 of voluntary members, then Haruhiko ENDO was elected as a chairman and they hit the ground running using 400 yen funded by donations of 1sen(hundredth of a yen) by each family in Aimi and Aseri counties.
Japanese: 翌24年2月1日には有志146名が集まって協議会が開かれ、議長に遠藤春彦を選出、会見・汗入両郡の各戸より1銭ずつ出してもらって集めた400円の活動資金をもとに本格的に活動を開始した。
English: As a benefit of creating a new prefecture, reduction of local tax by 30,000 to 40,000 yen was expected (at that time, the amount of land tax and load per household in Shimane Prefecture were cheaper than those in Tottori Prefecture, for example, the difference was 8 sen for land tax, and 48 sen for load per household).
Japanese: この他、新県設置による利点として3～4万円の地方税負担の減少（当時の鳥取県は島根県と比較して、地租と一戸あたりの負担が地租で8銭、一戸あたりで48銭の差が存在していた）が挙げられていた。
English: In October 1891, a petition was made again but the movement was held only in Yonago district and other districts such as Tottori and Kurayoshi didn't show much interest, and the petition was not accepted because the movement didn't grow in all districts in the prefecture,.
Japanese: 明治24年10月には再び請願が行われたが、運動が米子地方に限られたものであり、他の鳥取・倉吉地方は総じて冷淡な反応を示し、県下全域に広がるものではなかったため、結局実現には至らなかった。
English: After that, the conception of creating a new prefecture was not abolished, and a proposal requesting incorporation of two prefectures was submitted to the prefectural assembly in Taisho Period.
Japanese: その後も完全に新県構想が絶えた訳ではなく、大正時代には県議会に両県の合併案が提出されている。
English: Today, there is a movement to incorporate Yonago City, Sakaiminato City and Matsue City to create a new city called Nakaumi City at the introduction of a regional system, and it would appear that this movement came from the conception of 'Aimi Prefecture'.
Japanese: 現在、道州制導入に際して米子市・境港市・松江市などを合併して「中海市｣を誕生させる動きがあるが、それもこの「会見県」構想に端を発するものと思われる。
English: Election interference means interference to election made by ruling party to eliminate their opponents.
Japanese: 選挙干渉（せんきょかんしょう）とは政権保持者が反党勢力を排除するために、不正に選挙に干渉すること。
English: Election interference at the second Lower House general election in 1892 conducted by Yajiro SHINAGAWA, the prewar Home Minister of the first Matsukata cabinet
Japanese: 1892年の第2回衆議院議員総選挙において、第1次松方内閣内務大臣品川弥二郎が行ったもの。
English: Election interference at the 12th Lower House general election in 1915 conducted by Kanetake OURA, the prewar Home Minister of the second OKUMA cabinet
Japanese: 1915年の第12回衆議院議員総選挙において、第2次大隈内閣内務大臣大浦兼武が行ったもの。
English: Election interference at the 16th Lower Hose general election in 1928 conducted by Kisaburo SUZIKI, the prewar Home Minister of Giichi TANAKA cabinet
Japanese: 1928年の第16回衆議院議員総選挙において、田中義一内閣内務大臣鈴木喜三郎が行ったもの。
English: Of couse, regarding other elections, there were cases that a prewar Home Minister openly or secretly put pressure on opponents because a prewar Home Minister had authority over personnel issues of prefectural governors and top officials of police and could mobilize government official and police.
Japanese: ただし、これ以外の選挙でも、内務大臣が府県知事や警察幹部の人事を握っていた事を利用して、人事権を盾に地方の官吏や警察を動員して公然・非公然の圧力をかけるケースがあった。
English: Especially there were strong adverse effects at the time of party cabinets, at every regime change, for upcoming election, the party in power replaced prefectural governors and top officials of police who had been appointed by the previous ruling party (the opponent) and appointed bureaucracy who supported own party, and this kind of appointments of personnel was called 'adverse effect of a party' and criticized.
Japanese: 特に政党内閣期にはその弊害が強く、政権交代が起きるたびに予め来るべき選挙に備えて反対党の前政権が任命した知事や警察幹部を更迭して、自党を支持する内務省(日本)官僚を任命する人事が横行し、こうした人事は「党弊」と呼ばれて非難を浴びた。
English: Dajokan bills are paper currency issued by the Meiji government from May 1868 until June 1868.
Japanese: 太政官札（だじょうかんさつ）は、明治政府によって明治元年閏4月から翌2年5月まで発行された紙幣。
English: Dajokan bills were issued based on the proposal of Hachiro MITSUOKA (also known as Kimimasa YURI), who was a Sanyo (government consultant) and accountant, in order to compensate for the lack of funds caused by the Boshin War (civil war) and to support the Meiji government in implementing its policy of promoting new industries.
Japanese: 明治政府が戊辰戦争に多額の費用を要し、殖産興業の資金が不足したので、参与兼会計事務掛三岡八郎（由利公正）の建議によって、発行された。
English: The total amount of Dajokan bills produced at the time was 48,973,973 ryo 1 bu 3 shu ("bu" and "shu" are units of currency), of which 973,973 ryo 1 bu 3 shu was incinerated before they were issued to the public.
Japanese: 当時製造された太政官札は総額4,897万3,973両1分3朱であったが、このうち97万3,973両1分3朱は発行せず、焼棄した。
English: The amount of bills actually issued was 48 million ryo, and the types of bills issued and the respective amounts were as follows:
Japanese: 実際に発行されたのは4,800万両であり、その種類と金額は次の通り。
English: The government decree issued on May 11, 1868 promised that Dajokan bills would be redeemed for hard currency within 13 years after their issuance.
Japanese: その回収は明治元年4月19日の布告をもって13箇年をかぎり、正貨に交換すべきことを約した。
English: However, since the Japanese people were not used to paper currency at the time and the new Meiji government had not yet gained public trust, the circulation of these bills was seriously restricted, and 100 ryo of Dajokan bills was often exchanged for 40 ryo of hard currency.
Japanese: だが、当時、国民は紙幣に不慣れで、また政府の信用が強固でなかったため、流通は困難で、紙幣100両をもって正金40両に交換するほどであった。
English: To overcome these difficulties, the government forbade gaining profits from the difference in value between the bills and hard currency and ordered that payments of taxes and tributes be made in Dajokan bills and that domains redeem these bills for hard currency.
Japanese: このため政府は、紙幣と正金とのあいだに差価をたてて打歩をとることを禁じ、租税および諸上納に金札をもちいるべきことを命じ、諸藩に石高貸付を命じるなど方法を講じた。
English: On July 7, 1869 (old lunar calendar), the government announced that the total amount of Dajokan bills issued would not exceed 32.5 million ryo and that the money printing machine would be subsequently incinerated.
Japanese: 明治2年5月28日、太政官札の発行を3,250万両に限止し、その製造機械を焼棄することを布告した。
English: The government also shortened the redemption period to 5 years and promised that Dajokan bills left unredeemed after the redemption period would be redeemed with 6% annual interest.
Japanese: そして交換期限を5箇年に短縮し、もし期限にいたって交換未済のものがあるときはこれに対し1箇年6分の利子を交付することを約した。
English: In order to fulfill this promise, the government issued decrees in September 1872 and in March and July 1873, thereby implementing its policy of redeeming Dajokan bills for government bonds (inscribed four types of bonds with a face value of 1,000 yen, 500 yen, 100 yen and 50 yen and three types of coupon bonds with a face value of 500 yen, 100 yen and 50 yen).
Japanese: この公約を実行するために明治5年8月、6年3月、7月、の布告をもって、金札交換公債證券（記名證書、1,000円、500円、100円、50円の4種。利札證書、500円、100円、50円の3種）に換えて回収する方針をとった。
English: However, the amount of Dajokan bills that were redeemed for government bonds was limited and most of the bills were redeemed for newly issued bank notes.
Japanese: だが、これによって公債證券に換えられたのはごくわづかで、大部分は新紙幣との交換であった。
English: To summarize how the bills were circulated during this period, circulation was restricted at the beginning of the period due to the fact that the Japanese people were not familiar with, and did not have trust in Dajokan bills.
Japanese: また流通の状況を概括すると、初めは国民が太政官札に不馴れであったのと、これを信用しなかったため流通は梗塞した。
English: Although circulation increased in the middle of the period due to an increase in the credit of Dajokan bills, circulation decreased once again at the end of the period as a result of the frequent appearance of counterfeit bills, which were difficult to distinguish from genuine bills.
Japanese: 中頃は2分金の贋物が多かったのと、この札の信用が増加したため、流通は疎開したが、終わりにはこの札の贋物がしきりに行われ、真贋の区別が難しくなったため、流通は再び梗塞した。
English: Bakufu rikugun is a military organization with western-style armaments which was organized by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in the Edo Period to accomplish battles on land as a mission.
Japanese: 幕府陸軍（ばくふりくぐん）とは、幕末に江戸幕府が編成した陸上戦闘を任務とした西洋式軍備の軍事組織である。
English: In 1882, it was established in order to defend the nation against attacks from outside and to maintain the system in the nation.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、幕府の軍制改革で対外防衛と国内体制維持を目的として創設された。
English: Many troops of bakufu rikugun continued battles in Boshin War even after the bakufu was overthrown in Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor).
Japanese: 大政奉還により幕府が消滅した後も所属部隊の多くが戊辰戦争で戦闘を続けた。
English: Edo bakufu maintained the system that lasted since the Sengoku period (period of warring states), with hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) and gokenin (shogunal retainers), as a military power under its direct control.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は、直轄の軍事力としては、旗本や御家人からなる戦国時代以来の体制を続けてきた。
English: These hatamoto comprised traditional military organizations including koshogumi (page corps) and Oban.
Japanese: これらの旗本などにより小姓組・大番などの伝統的な軍事組織を構成していた。
English: The bakufu, which gradually developed a sense of crisis as they gained the information on the Opium War, appointed Shuhan TAKASHIMA and Hidetatsu EGAWA to the instructors of gunnery, commencing studies on the western-style armament.
Japanese: アヘン戦争の情報などから次第に危機感を覚えた幕府は、高島秋帆や江川英龍らを砲術師範などに登用して西洋式軍備の研究を開始した。
English: In 1845 after the arrival of the Black Ships, a bureau of military system improvement was placed under the reform by Masahiro ABE, roju (member of shogun's council of elders).
Japanese: 黒船来航後の安政元年（1854年）には、老中の阿部正弘による改革で軍制改正掛が置かれた。
English: As a result of review by the bureau of military system improvement, the establishment of Kobu jo (later known as kobu sho) which was the training agency for younger family members of bakufu hatamoto and gokenin was determined.
Japanese: 軍制改正掛の検討で、旗本・御家人の子弟を対象とした武芸訓練機関である講武場（後に講武所）の設置が決まった。
English: In the Kobu jo which opened in April 1856, not only ancient swordplay but also the western-style gunnery and tactics were studied.
Japanese: 安政3年（1856年）4月に開場された講武所では、古来の剣術などだけでなく、西洋式の砲術や戦術学の研究も行われた。
English: In November 1855, about the same time as the establishment of kobu-jo, kachi (Foot Guards) was obliged to study gunnery, while Kojunin (Escort Guard) was obliged to study gunnery in February 1856, under 江川英敏 who was the grandmaster of gunnery, thus, the training of western-style gunnery was commenced.
Japanese: さらに講武所の設置と前後して、安政2年（1855年）9月には徒士、安政3年（1856年）1月には小十人に対して砲術師範の江川英敏への入門が義務付けされ、洋式銃砲の訓練が始められた。
English: The location of training to them was changed to the gunnery training center in Kobu sho after the establishment of Kobu sho and the training to them was carried on.
Japanese: この徒組等への訓練は、講武所設置後には、その中の砲術習練所へと移って続けられた。
English: However, after Naosuke II assumed the post of Tairo (chief minister), the deployment of western-style armament slowed down.
Japanese: しかし、井伊直弼が大老に就任すると、西洋式軍備の導入は停滞してしまった。
English: In 1862, after the Sakuradamongai Incident, `rikugun,' the full-scale western-style army as a part of Bunkyu Reform, was established.
Japanese: 桜田門外の変の後、文久2年（1862年）に、文久の改革の一環として本格的な西洋式軍隊である「陸軍」の創設がされた。
English: The three members, foot soldier Bugyo, horse soldier Bugyo, and Army Bugyo as a head, were placed, and the three soldiers tactics using foot soldiers, horse soldiers, and artillery were introduced.
Japanese: 陸軍奉行を長として、その下に歩兵奉行3人と騎兵奉行を置き、歩兵・騎兵・砲兵の三兵戦術を導入した。
English: However, the rikugun, which was established through such process, was an organization which was collaterally existed with the traditional military organization.
Japanese: ただし、こうして誕生した陸軍はあくまで従来の軍制と並立する組織であった。
English: The foot soldiers were classified into `hohei' who were equivalent to senretsu foot soldiers who form rows and `sappei' who were equivalent to 軽歩兵.
Japanese: 歩兵は、横隊などを組む戦列歩兵に該当する「歩兵」と、軽歩兵に該当する「撒兵（さっぺい）」に分類された。
English: Among them, foot soldier troops (infantry) were comprised of soldiers called heifu who were dispatched from hatamoto based on their rokudaka (stipend).
Japanese: うち歩兵隊は、旗本から禄高に応じて供出させた兵賦（へいふ）と称する人員から構成された。
English: The heifu in infantry stayed in the camp in Edo, and their salaries were paid by their respective hatamoto.
Japanese: 歩兵隊の兵賦は江戸に設けられた駐屯地に入営し、給与だけは各旗本が個別に支給する方式が取られた。
English: On the other hand, the sappei-tai troops were composed of gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) such as Kobushin-gumi (samurai without official appointments who receive small salaries) in the rank below omemie (the title with the privilege to have an audience with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.), and it was referred as gojikodutsu-gumi until 1866.
Japanese: 他方の撒兵隊は御目見以下の小普請組などの御家人から構成され、慶応2年（1866年）までは御持小筒組と称した。
English: The horse soldier troops were composed of Kobushin-gumi in the rank over omemie such as yoriki (a police sergeant) or hatamoto, while artillery was composed of doshin (a police constable).
Japanese: 騎兵は与力や旗本である御目見以上の小普請組から、砲兵は同心から編成された。
English: After August 1866, after the defeat in the second conquest of Choshu clan, the second large-scale military reform was executed under Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 第二次長州征討の敗戦後、慶応2年（1866年）8月以降、将軍徳川慶喜の下で再び大規模な軍制改革が行われた。
English: As the presidency (roju) system was introduced to the central organization of bakufu, a director-general of rikugun who was coequal to roju was established over the existing organization of rikugun.
Japanese: 幕府中枢への総裁江戸幕府の総裁（老中）制度導入により陸軍局が設置され、従来の陸軍組織の上に乗るかたちで老中格の陸軍総裁が置かれた。
English: The military organizations which were directly controlled by bakufu were unified and the existing prior organizations including Oban (a group of guards in the Edo shogunate) were dismissed or shrunk.
Japanese: そして、幕府直轄の軍事組織の一元化が進められ、大番などの旧来型組織は解体ないし縮小された。
English: Among redundant soldiers, excellent members were transferred to rikugun as soldiers of okuzume musket unit, which was a kind of bodyguard organization, or as soldiers of Yugekitai (command unit who backs up okuzume).
Japanese: 余剰人員のうち優秀な者が親衛隊的な性格の奥詰銃隊や遊撃隊（奥詰の後身）などとして陸軍へと編入された。
English: Hachioji Sennin Doshin (junior officials in Hachioji), which was already westernized to a certain degree, was also incorporated, changing its name to Hachioji Sennin tai.
Japanese: すでに一定の洋式化が進んでいた八王子千人同心も編入され、八王子千人隊と改称されている。
English: As the organization expanded, the chain of command was improved, such as upgrading Army Bugyo to wakadoshiyori, the establishment of foot soldier Bugyo nabi and Sappei Bugyo nabi.
Japanese: 組織の拡大にあわせて、陸軍奉行の若年寄格への昇格、歩兵奉行並や撒兵奉行並の設置など指揮系統も整備された。
English: Direct training by French military advisors including senior lieutenant Charles Chanoine was introduced, and Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) was newly organized to be instructed by them.
Japanese: また、シャルル・シャノワーヌ大尉らフランス軍事顧問団による直接指導も導入され、その訓練を受ける伝習隊が新規に編成された。
English: Aside from existing infantry that was comprised of heifu, the system of corporative musket units was established, under which each hatamoto was obliged to consolidate a musket unit according to his rokudaka, and several musket units were combined to organize platoons or battalions.
Japanese: 従来の兵賦による歩兵隊のほか、旗本に禄高ごとに銃隊を整備させて、数家分を組み合わせて小隊や大隊級の銃隊を編成する組合銃隊の制度も施行された。
English: Unlike infantry, the solders of cooperative musket units had to stand by in the residence of each hatamoto in peacetime.
Japanese: 組合銃隊用の兵員は、歩兵隊とは異なり、平時は各旗本の屋敷に待機することとされていた。
English: However, in January 1866, the system of heifu was abolished and hatamoto paid cash instead of heifu, and bakufu directly hired soldiers with the cash (the bakufu infantry became a mercenary).
Japanese: しかし、翌1866年1月に、兵賦については金納をもって替え、その資金で幕府が直接に雇用する形態となった（幕府歩兵隊の傭兵化）。
English: Furthermore, in September of the same year, cooperative musket units were changed to infantry hired using the cash paid by hatamoto due to the financial circumstances of bakufu.
Japanese: さらに同年9月に組合銃隊についても、幕府の財政事情などから金納による歩兵隊へと変更された。
English: Eventually, the bakufu rikugun became the largest western-style military organization in Japan, centering on 8 regiments of infantry and 3 battalion of learning infantry (some sais that it should be 9 regiments as the sixteenth regiment was established in the territory of Harima of Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family).
Japanese: 最終時点で、幕府陸軍は歩兵隊8個連隊（一橋徳川家の播磨領で第16連隊が編成されて、計9個連隊であるとも言われる。）と伝習歩兵隊3個大隊を中核に、日本最大の西洋式軍事組織となっていた。
English: The battle of Yashu-Yanada: the escaping troops (Shohotai) led by Sakuzaemon FURUYA suffered a severe defeat to the new government army (the Tosando force).
Japanese: 野州梁田の戦い：古屋佐久左衛門率いる脱走部隊（衝鋒隊）が新政府軍（東山道軍）に大敗。
English: The battles of Kita Kanto (Northern Kanto): the escaping troops (Denshutai etc.) led by Keisuke OTORI fought against the New government army in various places such as Utsunomiya Castle in Oyama, Imaichi, Fujiwara (the Battle of Utsunomiya Castle).
Japanese: 北関東の戦い：大鳥圭介率いる脱走部隊（伝習隊など）が、小山・宇都宮城、今市、藤原など各地で新政府軍と戦う(宇都宮城の戦い)。
English: They had received trainings including the training on the battle of foot soldiers from the marines among the Dutch army's instructors who visited for navy training.
Japanese: 海軍伝習に訪れたオランダ海軍の教師団のうちの海兵隊員らから、歩兵戦闘や隊員の指導を受けたこともあった。