nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The more the maiko makeover services expand, the more tourists dressed up like maiko, for example, when they are dining in the city, are taken for real maiko by other tourists who do not know such services.
Japanese: 舞妓変身のサービス業の拡大につれ、舞妓の衣装を着けた観光客が市内で飲食を行う姿などが、事情を知らない他の観光客から本物の舞妓と勘違いされる場面が増えた。
English: For this reason, the more exactly a tourist maiko is dressed up to look like a real maiko, the less freedom she will be allowed in strolling in the city.
Japanese: そのため、本物に近い扮装を施す場合ほど、観光舞妓の自由な街歩きを制限する傾向にある。
English: There are many dress codes for a real maiko, including what types of kimono, hairstyle, makeup and kanzashi should be used and how, based on their careers and the seasons, while a kanko maiko is dressed up without being bound by such dress codes.
Japanese: 着物や髪型、化粧、簪など、本物の舞妓衣装には、経験年数や季節感に基づいた多くの約束事があるが、観光舞妓の場合、これを無視した取り合わせになっている。
English: A real maiko makes her hairstyle only with her own hair while a tourist maiko uses a wig (whole or half wig).
Japanese: 本物の舞妓は髷を自髪で結うが、観光舞妓の場合は鬘である（全カツラと半カツラがある）。
English: A real maiko holds the right and left skirts of her kimono jointly in her left hand when walking while a tourist maiko need not do so because the skirts of the kimono are hitched up and tied so as not to bother tourists who are not used to kimono having long skirts.
Japanese: 本物の舞妓は着物の両方の褄（つま）を合わせて左手で持つが、観光舞妓の場合、着物の長い裾の取り扱いに慣れない観光客のために褄をからげてある場合が多い。
English: The white makeup of a real maiko fades naturally towards the hairline on her forehead while that of a tourist maiko is thick all over to the hairline.
Japanese: 舞妓の白化粧は、額の生え際に向かってきれいなぼかしになっているが、観光舞妓の化粧は生え際までべったり白いことが多い。
English: Basically, real maikos in Gion are trained not to show their teeth to their customers (when they smile or eat).
Japanese: 祇園の舞妓は基本的に歯を客に見せないようにしつけられる（歯を見せて笑わない、食べない)。
English: Such customs have survived only in some old-established families and are not commonly observed today.
Japanese: これらの風習は、一部の旧家などで見られるのみで現在では殆ど見られない。
English: Toshi-otoko means a man who plays the leading role in family events such as the New Year festival.
Japanese: 年男（としおとこ）　正月を中心とした家族行事の主役を務める男性をさす。
English: Especially, as far as the New Year festival event is concerned, toshi-otoko presides the event by directing all particulars such as the year-end cleaning, the New Year decorations, water drawing on the New Year's day, offerings for "toshigami" (the god of the incoming year), and "osechi" food (special food for the New Year).
Japanese: 特に正月に限っては、一家の行事すべてを「年男」が取り仕切り行い、正月が近づいた暮れの大掃除をはじめ、正月の飾りつけ、元旦の水汲み、年神の供物をととのえたり、御節料理の準備など一切を取り仕切った。
English: In the old times, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Edo bakufu used to appoint a man well versed in old rituals as toshi-otoko while in ordinary households, the head of a family used to take on the role, which gradually shifted to the eldest son, a servant or a young man.
Japanese: かつて、「年男」は室町幕府や江戸幕府では、古い儀式に通じた者が任じられていたが、一般の家では、主として家の家長がその任にあたり、次第に長子や奉公人、若い男性が当たるようになった。
English: Warigo is a kind of portable tableware which is made of thinly stripped plain wood boards such as hinoki (Japanese cypress).
Japanese: 破籠（わりご）とはヒノキなどの白木を薄くはいだ板で作られた運搬用食器の一種。
English: Various types of lids are available such as solid wood, covering lids, round shape lids and square lids.
Japanese: ふたは一枚板か、かぶせぶた、円形、四角形など様々のものが作られていた。
English: It appears in "The Tale of Genji" as a hiwarigo lunch box (a partitioned wooden lunch box) and also in "Wamyo Ruijusho" (a dictionary of Japanese names).
Japanese: 『源氏物語』にも桧破籠（ひわりご）として現れており、また『和名類聚抄』にも記述されている。
English: Sando (three ways) often means 'Sado' (tea ceremony), 'Kado' (flower arrangement) and 'Kodo' (traditional incense-smelling ceremony), and also it often includes Shodo (calligraphy).
Japanese: 三道（さんどう）とは、日本における、「茶道」、「華道」、「香道」の三つを指すことが多いが、これに「書道」を加えることも多い。
English: If Shodo is included, either Sado, Kado, or Kodo may be excluded instead but it is not certain.
Japanese: 書道を加えた場合、茶道、華道、香道のいずれかを外すことがあるが、それは定かとされていない。
English: Syakuhashi is the name of the bridge which appears on the Milky Way in a Chinese legend on the day of Tanabata star festival, the seventh of July in the old lunar calendar.
Japanese: 鵲橋（しゃくはし）とは、中国の伝説で旧暦の7月7日(旧暦)の七夕の日に天の川上にできる橋の名前である。
English: If making tea outdoor conforms to a traditional Japanese style like Sado, they are all called Nodate.
Japanese: 茶道など日本古来の様式にしたがっている場合には一律にこのように呼ばれる。
English: In some cases, Nodate is an event easy to participate in where detailed manners are simplified although they are valued in an indoor tea ceremony.
Japanese: 屋内での茶道では重視される細かいマナーが簡略化された気安い催しの場合もある。
English: Nodate is held mostly in spring and autumn when the climate and temperature is mild, the weather is good and the sun is not too strong for such an outdoor event.
Japanese: 野点は、主に気温や天気の面から屋外で過ごし易い春または秋の、天気が良くさりとて日差しが強すぎない時期に行われる催し物である。
English: Refreshments (Japanese confectionery) may be served with tea but the main purpose of Nodate is to enjoy tea not food.
Japanese: 茶菓子（和菓子）が出る場合もあるが、茶が主体であり食事は主体ではない。
English: These activities are for people to feel and enjoy the change of the seasons, and have been performed since early times in Japan where the spectacle of nature varies greatly between seasons.
Japanese: こういった活動は、戸外で季節の移り行く様子を楽しむために行われるもので、四季の変化が自然の様々な表情を生み出す日本において、古くから行われている。
English: Nodate derives from the outdoor tea breaks that bushos (Japanese military commanders) in the Sengoku period (in Japan) and daimyos (feudal lords) in the Edo period enjoyed during expeditions and hunting respectively.
Japanese: 由来は戦国時代(日本)の武将が遠征の途中で、あるいは江戸時代の大名らが狩猟の傍ら、戸外での休憩をかねて茶を楽しんだことである。
English: When you have to get some fuel outdoors to boil water for tea, it seems that one can have a valuable experience which is difficult to gain in an indoor tea ceremony as indicated by the anecdote of the tea ceremony in Hakozaki.
Japanese: これを沸かすための燃料も野に求めた場合、例えば箱崎茶会の逸話が示すとおり、屋内での茶会では得難い体験ともなるようである。
English: If smoke from the outdoor fuel gives a flavor to the hot water, that is called 'fusube' (smoked).
Japanese: なおこういった煙の香りが湯に風味を与えている場合を指して「ふすべ」（くすんでいる状態）と呼ぶ。
English: This is a tea ceremony held by Toyotomi Hideyoshi while he was staying at Hakozakigu Shrine for some time to scale town planning in Hakata after the Kyushu Conquest.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉が豊臣秀吉九州征伐の後、暫く筥崎宮に滞在して博多の町割りを行っていた折に催した茶会。
English: It is said that the smoked scent was pleasant beyond description and added some flavor to the tea ceremony when pine wood was used as fuel to boil the water.
Japanese: マツを燃料に湯を沸かした際に、煙となって立ち上るえもいわれぬ芳香が茶会に風情を添えたという。
English: SEN no Rikyu dedicated a garden lantern to the Hakozakigu Shrine to commemorate this tea ceremony.
Japanese: なお利休はこの茶会を記念して、筥崎宮に灯籠（灯篭）を一基奉納している。
English: However, in the notes to Iwanami paperback edition of "Nanporoku" (tea book), 'fusube tea' is mentioned as 'Fusube Chanoyu' (fusube tea ceremony) and described as 'a poor tea just something smoked.'
Japanese: ただ「ふすべ茶」に関しては、岩波文庫版『南方録』注釈において「ふすべ茶の湯」とした上で「ものを燻べる（くすべる）ような粗末な茶」としている。
English: After Japan was modernized, Nodate still survives as one of outdoor amusement which one can often enjoy.
Japanese: 日本が近代化して以降でも野点はしばしば戸外で楽しむ行楽の様式として存続している。
English: It is presented as a part of a cultural activity related to cherry blossom or autumn leave viewing, as a main event in a garden (Japanese garden) or as an entirely open-air event.
Japanese: 花見や紅葉紅葉にまつわる文化のような行楽の一部として、または野点を主体として庭園（→日本庭園）から完全な野外に至るまで様々な場所で催されている。
English: Even when making powdered green tea, all you need is basically tea bowls and a tea whisk as tea utensils and a kettle to boil water.
Japanese: 抹茶を点てる場合でも、道具は基本的に茶碗と茶筅があればよく、あとは湯を沸かす鍋釜があれば事足りる。
English: Having a cooking stove evolved as outdoor cookware or portable equipment for camping and also having a thermos bottle which retains heat, we can now enjoy tea easily using this equipment.
Japanese: こと現代ではキャンプ用の屋外調理器具や携帯機器としての焜炉も発達しており、また保温性の高い魔法瓶もあることから、これらを利用することでより簡便に楽しむことも可能である。
English: To be more authentic, tea is made by boiling water with a chagama (iron tea ceremony pot) placed on a mobile or temporary fire, but it is limited to large-scale Nodate.
Japanese: より本格的には、茶釜を移動式ないし仮設のかまどに載せて湯を沸かすなどして点てるが、これはやや大規模な野点に限定される。
English: In a non-powdered green tea ceremony, a teiran (basket for storing and carrying a set of tea utensils) is available.
Japanese: 煎茶道の場合は、道具一式を収納して持ち運ぶための提籃と呼ばれる籠がある。
English: In order to make tea, these utensils are usually used in combination with a bofura (earthen kettle) and a ryoro (brazier) to boil water.
Japanese: これに湯を沸かすためのボーフラ・涼炉を組み合わせて茶を淹れるのが普通である。
English: Since Nodate is based on a free-wheeling style that makes it difficult to present a zestful tea ceremony, it seems difficult for even a master of tea ceremony to present zestful Nodate.
Japanese: しかしその自由さが趣のある茶会とするには難しい側面を含んでいて、名人と呼ばれる茶人にあっても真に趣を備えたものにするのは困難であるらしい。
English: As tea book "Nanporoku" ('31' (三一) and '32' (三二)) says that 'there is an existing method because there is no existing method; neither being too carried away with scenery nor indulging in amusement like chat is favorable, and only a great master can be successful.
Japanese: 茶道の指南書である『南方録』（「三一」および「三二」）では「定法なきがゆえに定法あり」と示されており、景観に心を奪われ過ぎるのも雑談など行楽に興じてしまうのも芳しくなく、相当な名人でもなければ難しい。
English: Nanporoku shows useful hints such as choosing a graceful (that is, refreshing) site when making selection, giving first priority to keep tea utensils to be used clean by flushing them out.
Japanese: なお『南方録』によれば、場所の選定にあたっては、その土地で「いさぎよき所」（「清々しい場所」の意味）を選ぶ他、使用する器物（茶道具）は水で濯いで清潔にすることを第一とするなどの心得が示されている。
English: Therefore, what utensils you use depends on where you are now though using good utensils is preferable.
Japanese: 上等な道具を使うことを良しとしながらも、その場に応じて執り行うべきだともしている。
English: However it says that in order to behave naturally you must be the one who does not have philistine attitude and arrived at a deep awareness of things, and then amateurs should follow such a unworldly person.
Japanese: ただ自然に振舞うには、俗なところが無く悟った境地にある者でないと難しいともしており、未熟者はそういった脱俗の境地にいる者をまねるべきだとしている。
English: A person or a doll dressed in a chigo (a boy acolyte) costume called Hitotsumono participates in a divine procession or performs a rite.
Japanese: 稚児などの扮装した人あるいは人形がヒトツモノと呼ばれ、神幸祭などに加わるものと、何らかの儀式を行うものがある。
English: Hitotsumono is written as "一つ物" or "一ツ物" in common, and also as "一物"or "一者" in the historical materials.
Japanese: 一般的には一つ物、一ツ物などと表記されており、文献史料では一物、一者とも表記されていた。
English: In the Japanese folklore, there is an established theory that Hitotsumono is a yorishiro (a spiritualistic medium), or a relic of a yorishiro while there is a different theory that Hitotsumono originates in furyu (divine dance).
Japanese: 民俗学において依坐やその名残であるという説が定着しているが、元々は風流であるとの説もある。
English: According to the historical documents and pictures, "Umaosa" dressed in a similar costume was sometimes described as Hitotsumono.
Japanese: 文献・絵画史料から馬長をヒトツモノと記した事例があることや類似した装束であったことが確認されている。
English: Umaosa was furyu, a divine dance performed by a child who rode on a horse dedicated by the Imperial Court, that was held in goryoe (a spirit-pacifying ceremony) of the Yasaka-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 馬長は祭礼において朝廷などが寄進した馬に乗る役目をもった風流で、八坂神社の御霊会などで行われていた。
English: In the late Heian period, Hitotsumono first appeared in the historical documents, for example, in the description of the Ujigami-jinja Shrine in the "Cyuyuki" (a diary of a court official).
Japanese: 史料にヒトツモノが見られるようになるのは平安時代後期からで、『中右記』の宇治上神社の記述などが挙げられる。
English: Hitotsumono has been frequently held along with other performances such as denraku (ritual dance and music), yabusame (horseback archery), horse racing, sumo, the king dance and shishimai (lion dance).
Japanese: 田楽・流鏑馬・競馬・相撲・王の舞・獅子舞などとともに行われていた事例が多い。
English: In the late Heian period, like the king dance, as one of such a series of performance arts, Hitotsumono was established in the festivals or Buddhism gatherings in the countries near Kyoto, and in the Medieval Period, it spread to various regions.
Japanese: 王の舞と同じように、これら一連の芸能を構成する一つの芸能として平安後期の畿内の祭礼・法会でヒトツモノは成立し、中世に各地に伝播していったと考えられている。
English: Hitotsumono is generally characterized by a child performing a role, riding a horse (in some rituals, setting his foot on the ground was taboo), wearing a hat decorated with tail feathers of a mountain bird or paper strips, and being made up.
Japanese: 一般的に童児が勤めること、ウマなどで移動することが多く、中には地面に足をつけることを禁忌としている事例があること、ヤマドリの尾羽や紙垂をつけた笠を被り、化粧をしていることなどがヒトツモノの特徴として挙げられている。
English: The above characteristics were considered to be the influence of a belief that worships young children, for example, not setting his foot on the ground signified his divinity, and the decoration and make-up were the implements for a yorishiro (a spiritualistic medium).
Japanese: これらの特徴を幼童信仰の影響、地面に足をつけないのは神聖視されているため、装飾と化粧は依坐になるための道具と考察した。
English: Also, occupying a significant position in the divine procession, and not performing arts, Hitotsunomono was interpreted as a yorishiro.
Japanese: また神幸行列において重要な位置を占めていると考えられたことや芸を伴わないことなどから、依坐であるという解釈がなされた。
English: Hitotsumono is considered to mean "one thing" or "fewness" from the above interpretation.
Japanese: この解釈のもとではヒトツモノという名称は一つ・少数を意味すると考えられている。
English: On the other hand, there is a different interpretation that Hitotsumono was not a yorishiro because the characteristics described previously didn't have special religious meanings; a horseback riding in a divine procession was not unique, and furyu also had decoration and make-up.
Japanese: 一方で、神幸行列などにおいて馬上であることは特別なことではなく、また装飾と化粧は風流でも見られるものであり、前述の特徴は宗教的な意味が特に強いものではなく、ヒトツモノは依坐ではなかったとの解釈もある。
English: According to this interpretation, it is thought Hitotsumono meant "the most prominent thing" and furyu, once in fashion, was called Hitotsumono.
Japanese: この解釈のもとでは、ヒトツモノという語は一番目立つという意味で、かつては流行した風流のことをヒトツモノと呼んでいたと考えている。
English: In this explanation, Umaosa, which was a popular furyu, was initially called Hitostumono and furyu itself came to be called Hitotsumono, which was latterly recognized as yorishiro due to the transformation of folklore in various regions.
Japanese: 流行の風流であった馬長をヒトツモノと呼んだが、それそのものがヒトツモノと呼ばれるようになり、後に各地で民俗変容が起き、依坐であると認識されるようになったと説明している。
English: In some regions, there is the festival of Hitotsumono, or possibly Hitotsumono.
Japanese: ヒトツモノ、あるいはヒトツモノであると考えられている行事がいくつかの地域で行われている。
English: A person becomes Hitotsumono in shrines such as Kasuga Wakamiya On-Matsuri festival (Nara City), Agata-jinja Shrine (Uji City), Kogawa-dera Temple (Kogawa town), Sone-tenmangu Shrine, Arai-jinja Shrine, Takasago-jinja Shrine (Takasago City), Itate hyozu-jinja Shrine, Oshio tenmangu Shrine (Himeji City), Kotohiki-hachimangu Shrine (Kannonji City), Kumaoka-hachimangu Shrine and Uga-jinja Shrine (Mitoyo City).
Japanese: 春日若宮おん祭（奈良市）、縣神社(宇治市)（宇治市）、粉河寺（粉河町）、曽根天満宮・荒井神社・高砂神社（高砂市）、射楯兵主神社・大塩天満宮（姫路市）、琴弾八幡宮大祭（観音寺市）、熊岡八幡宮・宇賀神社（三豊市）などは人がヒトツモノとなる事例である。
English: In Kumano hayatama-taisha Shrine (Shingu City), Daihou-hachimangu Shrine (Shimozuma City) and Hachioji-sya Shrine (Konan City), a doll becomes Hitotumono.
Japanese: 熊野速玉大社（新宮市）、大宝八幡宮（下妻市）、八王子社(江南市)（江南市）などでは人形をヒトツモノとしている。
English: In Daihou-hachimangu Shrine, the event of mushiokuri (torch procession), which drives impurity away, and the influence of hitomigoku (a human sacrifice) are seen in the festival.
Japanese: 大宝八幡宮の事例では虫送りのような穢れを流す行事と人身御供の影響が見られる。
English: This tea is made by mixing burgeons, footstalks, stems of sprouts taken from a tea plant (Camellia sinensis).
Japanese: チャノキ(Camelliasinensis)から採れる茶の若枝、茶葉の柄、新芽の茎を混ぜて作られる。
English: It can also be produced by collecting stems removed during the process of non-powdered green tea or powdered green tea production.
Japanese: 煎茶や抹茶を製造する過程で取り除かれた茎を回収することで茎茶を製造する場合もある。
English: Such a high-grade tea is especially called Karigane or Shiraore twig tea.
Japanese: そのような高級な茎茶のことを特に雁ヶ音（かりがね）、白折（しらおれ）と呼ぶ。
English: It is considered appropriate to brew for 3 minutes in hot water at 70 to 80 degrees C (Celsius) or 155 to 180 degrees F (Fahrenheit).
Japanese: 70℃から80℃（華氏155度から180度）の湯で3分間浸出すると良いとされる。
English: If it takes too much time for brewing or the temperature of the hot water is too high, it will have a bad taste (which is common in any tea to some extent).
Japanese: 抽出時間を長くとりすぎたり、湯の温度が高すぎたりすると、味が悪くなる（これはある程度どの緑茶でも共通している）。
English: It is also used for macrobiotics, and may be used in mixture with juice.
Japanese: またマクロビオティックにも使用され、ジュースに混ぜて用いられることもある。
English: Chofuku is the clothes that government officials wore from the Aska period to the Heian period when they came to work at the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 朝服（ちょうふく）は、飛鳥時代から平安時代にかけて、官人が朝廷に出仕するときに着用した衣服である。
English: According to wafuku (traditional Japanese clothes) glossary, there were two types of ho (robe or jacket): hoeki no ho (robe with sides being stitched) for civil officers and ketteki no ho (robe without sides being stitched) for military officers.
Japanese: 上衣である和服用語集には脇の縫われた文官用の縫腋袍と、袖付けから下が縫い合わさせておらず、脇が開いている武官用の闕腋袍とがあった。
English: As the system of chofuku was established under the influence of the Tang dynasty, it is estimated that chofuku looked like the ones in China for some time.
Japanese: 唐の服飾に影響されて制定されたが、制定されてからしばらくの間は、唐風の見栄えであったと想像されている。
English: Though chofuku had been established by the period of the Emperor Kotoku, it was temporarily abolished at the period of the Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 孝徳天皇の時代には既に制定されていたが、天武天皇の時代に一時期廃された。
English: During the period of the Emperor Monmu, with the establishment of Taihoryo (Taiho Code), the system of raifuku (formal court attire), chofuku and seifuku (uniform) was introduced.
Japanese: 文武天皇の時代に大宝令の制定とともに服飾も一新され、新たに礼服(宮中)（らいふく）・朝服・制服の制が定められた。
English: According to the stipulation by 'ebukuryo' (The garment code) of "Yoro ritsuryo code (the code promulgated in the Yoro period)," the ho (robe) of civil officers was called 'e (衣)' while ho of military officers was called 'ou (襖),' which seems to have been ketteki no ho.
Japanese: 奈良時代の『養老律令』の「衣服令」が定めるところによると、文官の袍が「衣」と呼ばれるのに対し、武官の袍は「襖」と呼ばれ、この「襖」が闕腋袍であったとみられる。
English: According to the ritsuryo code, from Ippon Shinno (the first-ranked Imperial Prince) down to subjects the tojiki (the color corresponding to one's official rank) of chofuku was the same as that of raifuku (formal attire).
Japanese: 令制によれば、一品親王以下、臣下の位階に至るまでは、当色（とうじき＝服の色目）は礼服と同じであった。
English: For subjects, it was stipulated that the color of ichii (first rank) was deep purple, nii and sanmi (second and third rank) pale purple, shii (fourth rank) deep scarlet, goi (fifth rank) pale scarlet, rokui (sixth rank) deep green, shichii (seventh rank) pale green, hachii (eighth rank) dark blue and shoi (initial rank) azure blue, respectively.
Japanese: 臣下は一位深紫、二位・三位は浅紫、四位は深緋、五位は浅緋、六位は深緑、七位は浅緑、八位は深縹、初位は浅縹と定められた。
English: The officials of the fifth rank or higher wore kuri no usuhara skullcap, geshaku (ivory tablet), sash decorated with gold and silver, white hakama (a formal divided and pleated skirt for men) and uhiri (black leather shoes).
Japanese: 五位以上は、皀羅頭巾（くりのうすはたのときん・くりのらのときん）、牙笏、金銀装腰帯、白袴、烏皮履（くろかわのくつ・うひり）を着けた。
English: And the officials of the sixth rank or lower wore kuri no katori skullcap, mokushaku (wooden tablet), black sash, white hakama, shirotozu (white tabi, or socks) and uhiri.
Japanese: 六位以下は、皀縵頭巾（くりのかとりのときん）、木笏、烏油腰帯、白袴、白襪（しろしとうず）、烏皮履を着けた。
English: The stone attached to the sekitai was found at the ruins of government offices around Japan.
Japanese: この石帯に付けられていた石が、日本各地の官衙跡地の遺跡から出土している。
English: Over time chofuku gradually changed into sokutai, and with the change, chofuku came to be regarded as more important than before changing its role from the normal working clothes for government officials to the ceremonial dress and formal attire.
Japanese: 時代を経ると次第に束帯へと変化していき、それに伴い、官人の勤務服から儀式の際の式服や正装へと地位の昇格が起きた。
English: In January, 774, the color of chofuku for the second-rank Ministers was decided as medium purple, and in July, 806 the color for shichii (seventh rank) was changed to deep green, the same as rokui (sixth rank), and the color for shoi (initial rank) was changed to dark blue, the same as hachii (eighth rank), and in September, 810 the dress color for Shoo (prince who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) was changed from pale purple to medium purple and the color for the second rank Ministers was changed from medium purple to deep purple and the color for nii and sanmi (second and third ranks) was changed from the pale purple to medium purple.
Japanese: 当色は宝亀5年正月に大臣で二位は中紫とし、大同(日本)元年7月には七位を六位と同じく深緑とし、初位を八位と同じく深縹とし、弘仁元年9月に諸王二位以下の浅紫を中紫に、大臣で二位を中紫から深紫に、二位三位の浅紫を中紫に改めるなどのことがあった。
English: With the changing method of dyeing, the Kanko era and later the three colors were decided, that is, for shii (forth-rank) or higher as black, the gou (fifth-rank) as dark red and rokui (sixth-rank) or lower as hanada (light blue).
Japanese: 染色技術の変遷とあいまって寛弘年間以降は四位以上は黒、五位は蘇芳、六位及び六位以下は縹の3色となった。
English: This article describes Japanese traditional horse racing (running horses for the speed competition and then deciding which horse is superior), called kurabeuma, kisoiuma, or komakurabe.
Japanese: この項目では、競馬（くらべうま/きそいうま）、または駒競とも呼ばれる日本の古式競馬（馬を走らせてその走行速度を競わせてその馬の優劣を定める競技）について記述する。
English: According to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), in the article of 679 during the ear of the Emperor Tenmu there is a description about actual horse racing to appreciate excellent horses.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によれば、天武天皇8年（679年）の記事に良馬の駿足を鑑賞するために実際に馬の走り比べを行ったとする記事が存在している。
English: However, this appreciation event developed differently as hashiriuma (horse racing) at festivals.
Japanese: ただし、こうした鑑賞行事は祭会の際の走馬（はしりうま）として別個の発展を遂げた。
English: Aside from this, horse racing to compete on the horses' speed came to be held as a court function at sechie (seasonal court banquet) on May 5 through 6.
Japanese: これとは別に馬の速さを競う宮中行事として毎年5月5日の節会に際して6日までの2日間かけて騎射（うまゆみ）とともに行われるようになった。
English: In the horse racing as a court function, the match called norijiri in which the riders competed how skillfully they were able to ride the unhandled horses and run through the course was mainly taken.
Japanese: 宮中行事としての競馬は主に未調教の馬を騎手が巧みに操って無事に走行させるかという乗尻（のりじり）という方法が主に行われた。
English: The horse racing was held by a pair of horses (left side, right side) with ten races to compete for winning the race, obstructing norijiri or the opponent horse itself.
Japanese: 2騎1組（左方・右方）で計10番の競走を行い一定区間の間に相手の乗尻行為あるいは馬そのものの進行妨害しながら、先着を競った。
English: They came into the match, each of the left and right rider wearing uchikake in Chinese style (long outer robe of a formal dress for military officers) representing tojiki (the color corresponding to one's official rank) of military officers with different colors and patterns on them.
Japanese: 武官の当色（とうじき）とする唐様の裲襠（うちかけ）装束を左方・右方によって色目文様を相違した衣装を身に付けて競技に臨んだ。
English: The horse racing was held in Butokuden in the Imperial Palace till the mid Heian period, but it was sometimes held in an angu (temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit), a rikyu (detached palace), a residence of kugyo (the top court officials) and precincts of a shrine.
Japanese: 平安時代中期までは宮中の武徳殿で行われていたが、行宮・離宮・公卿の邸宅・神社の境内などで臨時の競馬が行われることもあった。
English: According to "Hanazonoin Shinki" (The Diary of the Emperor Hanazono), the emperor made ironical remarks on January 13, 1325 about the incident that both Jimyoin party that the emperor belonged to and Daikakujito party, the rival of Jimyointo, sent emissaries to Kamakura in order to obtain the favorable judgment over the validity of the succession to the Imperial Throne between the Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi and the Emperor Godaigo from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) one after another, saying "It looks like a horse racing."
Japanese: 花園院の日記である『花園院宸記』には、正中2年正月13日条の記事として花園院が属する持明院統のライバルである大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇と皇太子邦良親王が皇位継承の正当性を巡って鎌倉幕府からの有利な裁定を求めて互いに鎌倉に使者を相次いで派遣した有様を「世に競馬と号す」と皮肉っている。
English: In the case of kisha (to shoot an arrow while riding a horse), the course was set up so that the wooden pillars could be placed on the left side of the course, and on each pillar matokake (shooting target) was attached as boji (sings placed at the borders of territories).
Japanese: 騎射の場合には左側が射向（いこう）となるように木を埒の左側になるようなコースを設定し、それぞれに的懸（まとかけ）の牓示を行う。
English: In the case of horse racing, the first wooden pillar was set as umadashi (the start line of a horse race), the second one as a marker 'shobu no ki (wooden pillar for winning or losing)' to horsewhip, and the third one as umatodome (the stop line of a horse race), which is a goal, with a hoko (long-handled Chinese spear) placed for deciding the winner.
Japanese: 競馬の場合、最初の木を馬出（馬場本）とし、2番目を鞭を入れて競いあう「勝負の木」とし、最後の木に勝負決定の標（しめ）を置いて傍に矛を立てて馬駐（うまとどめ）すなわちゴールとする。