nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There are detailed descriptions in 'Gishiwajinden' of the states of Tsuma, Iki, Matsura, Ito, Na, Fumi and Toma.
Japanese: 対馬国、一大国、末盧国、伊都国、奴国、不彌国、投馬国に関しては、「魏志倭人伝」に詳しい記述がある。
English: Also, there are descriptions of the states of Shima, Iwaki, Iya, Toki, Mina, Okada, Fuko, Sana, Tosu, Sagana, Ogi, Kanasakina, Ki, Igo, Kina, Yama, Kuji, Hari, Kiku, Ana and Na.
Japanese: その他、斯馬国、百支国、伊邪国、都支国、彌奴国、好古都国、不呼国、姐奴国、對蘇国、蘇奴国、呼邑国、華奴蘇奴国、鬼国、爲吾国、鬼奴国、邪馬国、躬臣国、巴利国、支惟国、烏奴国、奴国がある。
English: There were states outside of the territory, especially the southern state of Kuna, where a king called Himikoko ruled, and was feuding and at war with Yamatai.
Japanese: 領域外の国々もあり、特に男王卑弥弓呼が治める南の狗奴国とは不和で戦争状態にあった。
English: One position called taisui (general) was established, responsible for monitoring the northern states of Yamatai.
Japanese: 邪馬台国の北方の諸国には一大率（一支率）という官が置かれ、諸国を監視していた。
English: The Ito state was the centre of diplomacy, where envoys and translators from Wei and Han stayed and had their written materials and gifts checked to send to the queen.
Japanese: 伊都国は外交の中心地で、魏や韓の国々の使節や通訳は、ここに停泊して文書や贈物の点検を受け女王に送っていた。
English: The land tax and Fueki (tax paid in the form of labour) were collected, and each state built storehouses to store the land tax.
Japanese: 租税や賦役の徴収が行われ、国々にはこれらを収める倉がつくられていた。
English: Queen Himiko sent envoys to Wei through Daifang Commandery a couple of times after 239, and she was appointed as the ruler of Wa by the Emperor.
Japanese: 女王は景初2年（239年）以降、帯方郡を通じ数度にわたって魏に使者を送り、皇帝から親魏倭王に任じられた。
English: An official called Zhang Zheng (Chang Cheng) was dispatched from Daifang Commandery because of a dispute with the state of Kuna in 248.
Japanese: 正始(魏)8年（248年）には、狗奴国との紛争に際し、帯方郡から塞曹掾史張政が派遣されている。
English: According to the description in Gishiwajinden, Yamatai apparently exchanged envoys with countries on the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 魏志倭人伝の記述によれば、朝鮮半島の国々とも使者を交換していたらしい。
English: After her death, although a man became king, people didn't obey him and a domestic conflict ensued which led to the deaths of 1,000 people.
Japanese: その後、男王が立てられたが、人々はこれに服さず内乱となり1,000人が死んだ。
English: As a result, Iyo (壹与 [台与]), a 13-year-old girl who was a relative of Himiko, was appointed as queen.
Japanese: そのため、卑弥呼の親族で13歳の少女だった壹与（台与）が王に立てられた。
English: Zhang Zheng (Chang Cheng), who had been dispatched to Wa before, encouraged Iyo to follow what he advised; Iyo sent envoys to Wei too.
Japanese: 先に倭国に派遣された張政は檄文をもって壱与を諭しており、壹与もまた魏に使者を送っている。
English: There is a record of the diplomatic relations between Yamatai and Wei through Daifang Commandery in 'Gishiwajinden.'
Japanese: 「魏志倭人伝」には、帯方郡を通じた邪馬台国と魏との交渉が記録されている。
English: In June 238 or 239, Queen Himiko sent Commissioner Nashime and deputy Tsushi Gori to Daifang Commandery in order to ask for an audience with the Emperor.
Japanese: 景初2年（238年）または同3年（239年）の6月、女王は大夫の難升米と次使の都市牛利を帯方郡に派遣し、天子に拝謁を願い出た。
English: Governor-General Liu Xia of Daifang Commandery in Korea sent them to the capital of Wei, and the envoy gave the Emperor presents of 4 male slaves, 6 female slaves and a textile product which was 53 centimeters in width, 24.2 meters in length.
Japanese: 帯方太守の劉夏は彼らを都に送り、使者は男の生口（奴隷）4人と女の生口6人、班布2匹2丈を献じた。
English: The Emperor of Wei (Cao Rui [Emperor Ming] if it was in 238 and Cao Fang in 239), who was pleased with this, conferred the title of the ruler of Wa (Japan) upon Queen Himiko and endowed her the Gold Seal with Purple Ribbon, as well as enormous gifts including 100 bronze mirrors.
Japanese: 悦んだ魏の皇帝（景初2年だとすると曹叡、景初3年だとすると曹芳）は女王を親魏倭王とし、金印紫綬を授けるとともに銅鏡100枚を含む莫大な下賜品を与えた。
English: On 23rd August, Gongsun Yuan, who had controlled Daifang and Lelang Commandery (an ancient county in the northern Korean Peninsula), was beheaded by Sima Yi.
Japanese: 8月23日帯方郡と楽浪郡を支配していた公孫淵が司馬懿により斬首される。
English: In 240, Governor-General Gong Zun of Daifang Commandery dispatched Ti Zhun, a commandant of the Imperial Guard, with the imperial rescript and ribbon seal to Wa, conferring upon Himiko the title of the ruler of Wa (Japan), along with other gifts.
Japanese: 正始(魏)元年（240年）、帯方太守弓遵は建中校尉梯儁らに詔書と印綬を持たせて倭国へ派遣し、倭王の位を仮授するとともに下賜品を与えた。
English: In 244, the queen sent envoys, such as Commissioner Iseri and Ekiyaku, to Wei again and gave the Emperor slaves and textile product as presents.
Japanese: 正始4年（244年）、女王は再び魏に使者として大夫伊聲耆、掖邪狗らを送り、生口と布を献上。
English: In 246, Emperor (King of Qi) gave Nashime a yellow streamer via Daifang Commandery.
Japanese: 正始6年（246年）、皇帝（斉王）は帯方郡を通じ難升米に黄幢（黄色い旗さし）を下賜した。
English: In 248, Queen Himiko sent an envoy, Sashiuetsu, to Governor-General Wang Qi to inform him of the war against the state of Kuna.
Japanese: 正始8年（248年）、女王は太守王頎に載斯烏越を使者として派遣して、狗奴国との戦いについて報告。
English: They went to the capital of Wei and gave the Emperor 30 slaves (male and female), 5,000 pearls, 2 jades and a figured fabric with exotic patterns which was 53 centimeters in width, and 184 meters in length.
Japanese: 掖邪狗らはそのまま都に向かい男女の生口30人と白珠5,000孔、青大句珠2枚、異文の雑錦20匹を貢いだ。
English: There is also a description in one of the documents that recorded the Emperor's life, sayings and doings, in "Jin Shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty), which was cited in the Jingu section of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), of envoys from the queen of Wa bringing a tribute to the Chinese court in 266.
Japanese: また、『日本書紀』の「神功紀」に引用される『晋書』起居註に、泰始2年（266年）に倭の女王の使者が朝貢したとの記述がある。
English: Because there is an account that the Eastern barbarians brought a tribute to the Chinese court in the same year and made preparations for Zenjo (one of the forms of the emperor replacement whereby the emperor was not decided by succession but instead the throne moved to the most virtuous person) according to 三少帝紀 in Wei chih, this queen must have been Iyo and her envoys apparently brought a tribute to the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty (Sima Yan) which was established after Wei.
Japanese: 魏志の魏書三少帝紀によれば、同じ年に東夷が朝貢して禅譲革命の準備がなされたという記事があるので、この女王は壹与で、魏に代って成立した西晋の皇帝（司馬炎）に朝貢したと考えられている。
English: The Jisai waited for the ship to return without seeing anybody in the meantime, catching lice, letting their clothes get dirty and without eating any meat.
Japanese: 持衰は人と接さず、虱を取らず、服は汚れ放題、肉は食べずに船の帰りを待つ。
English: When a law was broken, a person whose crime was relatively minor would have his wife and children confiscated, while someone committed a serious crime would have his whole lineage eradicated.
Japanese: 法を犯した場合、軽い者は妻子を没収し、重い者は一族を根絶やしにする。
English: After Iyo's bringing tributes to the court in the middle of the 3rd century, there is no record concerning the Wa state in Chinese history books for nearly 150 years, until the bringing of tributes in 413 by the Wa king San (The five kings of Wa).
Japanese: 3世紀半ばの壱与の朝貢を最後に、義熙9年（413年）の倭王讃による朝貢（倭の五王）まで150年近く、中国の史書から倭国に関する記録はなくなる。
English: The account of a Yamatai state features in 'Gishiwajinden' and there are also descriptions of it in other Chinese history books.
Japanese: 邪馬台国があったとされる根拠は、「魏志倭人伝」に残されている（参照→魏志倭人伝）ほか、これ以外の中国の史書にも記載がある。
English: However, not only do the notation systems of Chinese characters depend on the materials available, there is also no unified understanding as to whether 'Yamataikoku (the state of Yamatai in Japanese)' is the right way to read according to Chinese-style reading of characters in the time when the books were written.
Japanese: ただ、史料によって漢字の表記方法にぶれがある上、その書物が記された時代の音読として「やまたいこく」が正確かどうかも統一的な理解はない。
English: Also, because there are not enough descriptions in the official history books of Japan, "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and "Chronicles of Japan," in order to discern the reality of Yamatai and Himiko, long-standing discussions about the location and the relationship with the Yamato Dynasty continue.
Japanese: また、日本国の正史である『古事記』や『日本書紀』に、邪馬台国や卑弥呼の実像を明確にするには記述が不十分であることなどから、その場所や大和朝廷との関係について長期的な論争が続いている。
English: These controversies began in the late Edo period, when Hakuseki ARAI discussed the Yamato Province theory in 'Koshitsuwakumon' and offered the Yamato County in Chikugo Province theory in 'Gaikokunokoto shirabegaki.'
Japanese: この論争が始まったのは、江戸時代後期、新井白石が「古史通或問」において大和国説を説き、「外国之事調書」では筑後国山門郡説を説いた。
English: After that, a scholar of Japanese classical literature, Norinaga MOTOORI, taking the viewpoint that 'it is unlikely that the Japanese Imperial family took tributes to China,' in 'Gyoju Gaigen,' he claimed that Yamatai was a small state in Chikushi (Kyushu), distinct from Yamato Province, and that Himiko was a female chief of Kumaso (a tribe living in the ancient Kyushu district) who assumed the false name of Empress Jingu.
Japanese: その後、国学者の本居宣長は「日本の皇室が中国に朝貢するなどありえない」という立場から、「馭戎概言」において大和国とは別の筑紫（九州）にあった小国であり、卑弥呼は神功皇后の名を騙った熊襲の女酋長であると説いた。
English: Since then, the controversies, which have involved amateur researchers as well as academic societies, have carried on.
Japanese: これ以来、学界はもちろん在野研究者を巻き込んだ論争が現在も続いている。
English: Apparently, it was the scholar of Japanese classical literature, Norinaga MOTOORI, who was the first to read '邪馬台' as 'Yamatai.'
Japanese: この「邪馬台」を「やまたい」と読んだのは国学者の本居宣長が最初であると考えられている。
English: Given that Hakuseki ARAI suggested that the location was in Yamato Province and Yamato County in his writing 'Koshitsuwakumon' and 'Gaikokunokoto shirabegaki,' it is understandable that Hakuseki read it as 'Yamato.'
Japanese: 新井白石が記した「古史通或問」や「外国之事調書」では、その場所を大和国や山門郡と説いていることから、白石は「やまと」と読んでいたことがわかる。
English: Norinaga MOTOORI, however, denied the identification with the Yamato Dynasty from the point of view of Japanese classical literature and dared to read it 'Yamatai.'
Japanese: しかし本居宣長は国学の立場から大和朝廷との同一性を否定し、あえて「やまたい」と読んだ。
English: This reading of 'Yamataikoku' is mixed up with two kinds of different reading systems of Chinese characters, the Han reading and the Wu reading.
Japanese: この「やまたいこく」という読みであるが、これは二種の異なった体系の漢音と呉音を混用している。
English: It is not the right way to read because, for example, it would be Yamadai or Yamedai if it was read all in the Wu reading, and it would be Yabatai in the Han reading.
Japanese: 例えば呉音ではヤマダイ又はヤメダイ、漢音ではヤバタイとなることから、必ずしも正確な読み方ではない。
English: Furthermore, it is unclear how it was read at the time when the ancient Chinese "Sanguo Zhi" (History of the Three Kingdoms) (Gishiwajinden) was written.
Japanese: ましてや古代中国の『三国志（魏志倭人伝）』が記された時代に、どう読まれていたかも正確なところは不明である。
English: It is written '邪馬壹國' or '邪馬一國' (both 'Yamaichikoku' in Japanese reading) in printed books of "Sanguo Zhi" (Gishiwajinden).
Japanese: 『三国志（魏志倭人伝）』の版本では「邪馬壹國」または「邪馬一國」（日本語読みはともに「やまいちこく」）と書かれている。
English: It appeared as '邪馬臺国' in accounts of Wa in "Hou Han Shu" (History of the Later Han Dynasty) which was written in the fifth century after "Sanguo Zhi," '祁馬臺国' in accounts of Wa in "Liang Shu" (History of the Liang) in the seventh century, and '都於邪靡堆 則魏志所謂邪馬臺者也' in "Sui Shu" (the Book of the Sui Dynasty) in the seventh century.
Japanese: 『三国志』より後の5世紀に書かれた『後漢書』倭伝では「邪馬臺国」、7世紀の『梁書』倭伝では「祁馬臺国」、7世紀の『隋書』では「魏志にいう邪馬臺（都於邪靡堆則魏志所謂邪馬臺者也）」となっている。
English: There are theories about the indefinite nature of the notation: a theory that '壹' is a writing error of '臺,' an alternative theory that they were written distinctly to avoid confusion, which can be guessed from '壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,' and another theory that the letter '臺,' which indicated the place in which the emperors of Wei lived, was not supposed to be used for the country name of the eastern barbarians.
Japanese: 表記のぶれをめぐっては、「壹」を「臺」の誤記とする説のほか、「壹與遣,倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人送,政等還。因詣臺,」から混同を避けるために書き分けたとする説、魏の皇帝の居所を指す「臺」の文字を東の蛮人の国名には用いなかったとする説などがある。
English: There is a theory that both '邪馬壹國' and '邪馬臺国' are phonetic equivalents for 'Yamato' because of the close pronunciations.
Japanese: 「邪馬壹國」と「邪馬臺国」のいずれも、発音の近さから「やまと」の宛字ではないかとする説がある。
English: However, a theory that '邪馬壹國' is 'Yamaikoku', and 'Yamato' is a different state, still enjoys currency among amateur researchers.
Japanese: しかし、「邪馬壹國」は「やまいこく」であり、「やまと」とは別の国であるとする説も在野に根強く残っている。
English: Also, some people say that Yamai (ya・ma・i) is not natural because there were no consecutive vowels in ancient Japanese.
Japanese: また、古い日本語では同一語根内に母音が連続しないことから、やまい（ya・ma・i）は不自然とする意見もある。
English: The body of Chinese characters assumes the reading in the 3rd century, so it was apparent that '壹' was pronounced 'to' as well as 登 or 澄 because the body of '壹' is '豆.'
Japanese: 三世紀の音符は【旁】にあり【壹】の旁は【豆】となっている事から、登あるいは澄と同様に「と」と発音されていたものと思われる。
English: The presumed location of Yamatai has been interpreted variously because Yamatai is supposed to be in the middle of the ocean, farther south of the Japanese islands, if you follow the direction and the distances written in 'Gishiwajinden.'
Japanese: 邪馬台国の比定地については、「魏志倭人伝」に書かれている方角表記や距離表記をその通りにたどると、日本列島のはるか南方の海中になるため、様々な解釈がなされてきた。
English: In ancient times, the editors of "Chronicles of Japan" identified the Yamatai and Yamato Dynasty and also Himiko and Empress Jingu.
Japanese: 古くは『日本書紀』の編者により邪馬台国と大和朝廷、卑弥呼と神功皇后は同一であるとされた。
English: In the Edo period, Hakuseki ARAI and Norinaga MOTOORI delivered their own theories about the presumed location and the journey.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、新井白石や本居宣長らが比定地や行程などに関する独自の説を発表した。
English: Although the controversies were originally among scholars, the Yamatai controversy became a 'Yamataikoku boom,' triggered by a book called "Yamatai: the Phantom Kingdom" (Kodansha), by Kohei MIYAZAKI, published in 1967: the controversies now spread to the general Japanese population.
Japanese: もともとは学者間の論争であったが、1967年に発表された宮崎康平の『まぼろしの邪馬台国』（講談社）という書籍によって邪馬台国論争は「邪馬台国ブーム」となり、日本人一般にまで波及した。
English: About the location of Yamatai, although there are some who seek the location worldwide instead of in Japan, academics are mainly divided between two theories: 'the Kinai region theory' and 'the Kyushu theory.'
Japanese: 邪馬台国の所在地については日本国内どころか世界各地までにもその地を求める論者がいるが、学界の主流は「畿内説」と「九州説」の二説に大きく分かれている。
English: The Kinai region theory was found among many researchers who thought the direction written in 'Gishiwajinden' was incorrect ('the contiguous journey theory,' mainly found in connection with Kyoto University).
Japanese: かつて、畿内説は「魏志倭人伝」の方角表記が誤っていると考える研究者（「連続説」、主に京都大学系）に多く見られた。
English: The Kyushu theory was found among researchers who doubted the description of distance ('the writing error theory,' mainly held in connection with the University of Tokyo; see Kurakichi SHIRATORI and Konan NAITO for details) or researchers who took 'the radial journey theory' as represented by Kazuo ENOKI.
Japanese: 九州説は距離表記が誤っていると考える研究者（「誤記説」、主に東京大学系、白鳥庫吉及び内藤湖南を参照）あるいは榎一雄に代表される「放射説」を取る研究者に多く見られた。
English: Also, recent Kinai region theory tends to see archaeological findings as more certain than interpretations of 'Gishiwajinden,' which easily fall into barren controversies.
Japanese: また、最近の畿内説は、水掛け論に陥りやすい「魏志倭人伝」の解釈より考古学による知見のほうが確実と見なす傾向がある。
English: The 'contiguous journey theory' (reading the journey contiguously), which is used in the Kinai region theory, uses the directions and distances described in Gishiwajinden: after setting out from Daifang Commandery, passing through the state of Kuyakan, Tsuma, Iki to northern Kyushu, and taking the land route through the state of Matsura, Ito, Na, Fumi and Toma to Yamatai.
Japanese: 畿内説で用いられる「連続説」（連続読み）とは、魏志倭人伝に記述されている方角や距離に従って比定していく読み方で、帯方郡を出発後、狗邪韓国・対馬国・一支国を経て北部九州に上陸し、末廬国・伊都国・奴国・不弥国・投馬国・邪馬台国までを順にたどる。
English: On the other hand, although 'the radial journey theory' (reading the journey radially), which is used in the Kyushu theory, takes the same route as the contiguous reading until the state of Ito, after that it takes Ito as the starting point, such as Ito to Na, Ito to Fumi, Ito to Toma, and Ito to Yamatai.
Japanese: 一方、九州説で用いられる「放射説」（放射読み）は、伊都国までは連続読みと同じだが、その先は伊都国から奴国、伊都国から不弥国、伊都国から投馬国、伊都国から邪馬台国というふうに、伊都国を起点にする読み方である。
English: In addition, Kohei MIYAZAKI caused a stir in the academic world at that time, where there were discussions concerning the coastline of the time, by pointing out the route and journey and saying 'it should be recalled that the ancient coastline was different from the one at present.'
Japanese: なお、宮崎康平は、道程に関して「古代の海岸線は現代とは異なることを想起しなければならない」と指摘し、現在の海岸線で議論を行っていた当時の学会に一石を投じた。
English: However, even if you look at the possible locations on the basis of the ancient coastline, it is no longer a very influential part of the contiguous journey theory or the radial journey theory because it would imply only minor alterations to distances where likely locations are concerned (Kinai region and Kyushu), thus, it is not treated as an issue to be discussed anymore.
Japanese: しかし、古代の海岸線を元に考察しても、有利となる場所の相互間のみで変化があるだけで連続説あるいは放射説の根本部分に大きな影響を与えるほどの学説ではないことから現在ではこの点に関しては問題とはされていない。
English: Because of the archaeological achievements of recent years, especially the new date estimations of dendrochronology, the theory which suggests the establishment of an embryonic nation in Yamato Region going back to about the 2nd century, contemporary with Yamatai, has come to be dominant.
Japanese: また、近年の考古学的成果、特に年輪年代学による新しい年代観により、大和地方での初期国家の成立が邪馬台国と同時代の2世紀頃までさかのぼるとの説が有力になっている。
English: As a result, the focus of the controversy is now whether pre-Yamato kingdom (the ancient Japan sovereignty) is connected directly with Yamatai (or whether the embryonic Yamato kingdom is actually the same as Yamatai).
Japanese: これを踏まえ、現在ではプレ大和王権と邪馬台国と直接結びつくのか（あるいは初期の大和王権と邪馬台国が同一のものなのか）が論争の焦点となっている。
English: This is because not only is dendrochronology limited to determining the maximum possible age of remains in principle, but also the number of experts is still small.
Japanese: 年輪年代学では原理的に遺跡の年代の上限しか決定できない上に、まだ専門家の数が少ない。
English: Sufficient independent verifications also can't be done because assessment of the average annual growth rings in trees is made by just one research group in Japan.
Japanese: また、日本の標準年輪曲線は一つの研究グループによって作成されているために、独立した検証が不十分なためである。
English: If you go by the Kinai region theory, you could at least say that a power which could ensure traffic routes from Yamato to the continent may have existed in Japan in the 3rd century.
Japanese: 畿内説に立てば、3世紀の日本に少なくとも大和から大陸に至る交通路を確保できた勢力が存在したことになる。
English: This leads to the notion that a power which held great influence all around western Japan, centering upon Yamato - that is to say, Yamato kingdom - had already been established at that time.
Japanese: つまり、大和を中心とした西日本全域に大きな影響力を持つ勢力、即ち大和王権がこの時期既に成立していたとの見方ができる。
English: If you take another theory, the Kyushu theory, Yamatai was just a provincial power in Kyushu and it becomes doubtful as to whether Yamato kingdom existed in the 3rd century.
Japanese: 一方の九州説の立場を取ると、邪馬台国は九州の地方王権に過ぎないことになり、3世紀に大和王権が存在していたかどうか疑わしくなる。
English: The controversy over the location of Yamatai is integral to clarifying the establishment of Japan.
Japanese: 邪馬台国の位置を巡る論争は、日本国家の成立を解き明かす上でも重要な位置を占めている。
English: Within the Kinai region theory, there are theories that point to the lakeside of Lake Biwa and Osaka Prefecture as the capital of Yamatai, but the theory which points to the Makimuku ruins near Mt. Miwa in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture, as the capital of Yamatai is popular because of the following reasons.
Japanese: 畿内説には、琵琶湖湖畔、大阪府などの説があるが、その中でも、奈良県桜井市三輪山近くの纏向遺跡（まきむくいせき）を邪馬台国の都に比定する説が、下記の理由により有力とされる。
English: As the dendrochronological data suggests, because the dates inscribed in mirrors, such as the Gamontai Shinju-kyo Mirror (Mirror with figures of deities and sacred animals which was excavated from Makimuku ruins) correspond with the time of Yamatai, it is apparent that the construction of the original buildings had already begun in the time of Yamatai, and they were in their prime from the late Yayoi period to Tumulus period, which matches the dates of Yamatai.
Japanese: 年輪年代学の成果により、画文帯神獣鏡などの記年鏡の年代も一致したことから、邪馬台国の時代にすでに遺跡の築造が始まっていたとみられ、最盛期が弥生時代終末期～古墳時代であり、邪馬台国の時代と合致すること。
English: Large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds of an early date apparently constructed using the techniques of groups in Kibi and Asan (East Shikoku) were distributed centering in Yamato, and spread throughout Japan in subsequent years.
Japanese: 吉備、阿讃（東四国）の勢力の技術によると見られる初期の前方後円墳が大和を中心に分布しており、時代が下るにつれて全国に広がっていること。
English: It can be seen from earthenware from all over northern Kyushu to southern Kanto excavated from the Makimuku ruins that these buildings played roles such as exchange centers controlling most of the Japanese Islands at that time.
Japanese: 北九州から南関東にいたる全国各地の土器が出土し、纏向が当時の日本列島の大部分を統括する交流センター的な役割を果たしたことがうかがえること。
English: Triangular-rimmed mirrors inscribed 景初三年 or 正始元年 (Chinese names of an era, 239 or 240), which apparently commemorated Himiko's dispatching of envoys, were distributed centering upon Kinai region, and also many tumuli from which these mirrors were excavated presumed to have been constructed in the 3rd century - according to the findings of dendrochronology - which match with the dates of Yamatai.
Japanese: 卑弥呼の遣使にちなんだと見られる景初三年、正始元年銘の三角縁神獣鏡が畿内を中心に分布、かつこれらが発掘される古墳の多くは年輪年代学等の結果により3世紀に築造されたと見られ、時代が合致すること。
English: About 4,000 mirrors from Yayoi period to Tumulus period have been unearthed, and 12 of 13 date-inscribed mirrors amongst them featured dates between 235 and 244, and were distributed around the Kinai region.
Japanese: 弥生時代から古墳時代にかけておよそ4,000枚の鏡が出土するが、そのうち紀年鏡13枚のうち12枚は235年～244年の間に収まって銘されており、かつ畿内を中心に分布していること。
English: The account of Empress Jingu in "Chronicles of Japan" connected the queen of the Wa state in Wei chih and "History of the Later Han Dynasty" directly with Empress Jingu.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』神功紀では、魏志と『後漢書』の倭国の女王を直接神功皇后に結び付けている。
English: In Chinese history books, the Imperial Record in "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty) referred to Yamatai as 'eastern Wa.'
Japanese: 中国の史書においても、『晋書』帝紀では邪馬台国を「東倭」と表現していること。
English: Also, "Sui shu," which features reliable geographical information, without any question identifies the capital Yamato as 'Yamatai written in Wei chih'.
Japanese: また、正しい地理観に基づいている『隋書』では、都する場所ヤマトを「魏志に謂うところの邪馬臺なるものなり」と何の疑問もなく同一視していること。
English: That is, while 'Wei chih' was based on written records from the Sung era, it is possible that some manuscripts before then described the south and east correctly.
Japanese: すなわち「魏志」がすべて宋時代の刊行本を元としているのに対し、それ以前の写本の中には、南を東と正しく記載したものがあった可能性もある。
English: The ethnic customs and folkways described in 'Gishiwajinden' give an impression of the south, which, it has been pointed out, are characteristics shared in common with Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) based in southern Kyushu.
Japanese: 「魏志倭人伝」に記述された民俗・風俗がかなり南方系の印象を与え、南九州を根拠とする隼人と共通する面が指摘されていること。
English: While 'Gishiwajinden' discussed small states in northern Kyushu in detail, it didn't mention anything about Kibi Province or Izumo Province, which should have existed in the west of Kinki Region at this time, so it is questionable as to whether this discussion was describing locations as far away as Kinki Region.
Japanese: 「魏志倭人伝」の記述は北九州の小国を詳細に紹介する一方で、近畿以西に存在したはずの吉備国や出雲国には全く触れられておらず、近畿圏まで含む記述とみなすのは不自然。
English: Taking 'Gishiwajinden' by itself, it can be inferred that Yamatai existed to the south of the states in northern Kyushu, such as Ito and Na.
Japanese: 「魏志倭人伝」を読む限り、邪馬台国は伊都国や奴国といった北九州の国より南にあったように読めること。
English: The following are some theories upon which emphasis is no longer placed but which used to be aspects of the Kinai region theory.
Japanese: かつて、畿内説の根拠とされていたが、今は重要視されていないものは以下のものである。
English: However, because more than 400 mirrors have been found and Zhongshu WANG, who was director of the Institute of Archaeology under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, insisted that 'they are not Han mirrors,' this theory was refuted by researchers of the Kyushu theory, who said that 'all the triangular-rimmed mirrors are forged.'
Japanese: しかし、既に見つかったものだけでも400枚以上になること、中国社会科学院考古学研究所長である王仲殊が「それらは漢鏡ではない」と発表したことなどから、九州説の側から「三角縁神獣鏡は全て偽作」との反論を受けた。
English: There is a theory that pointed out the similarity between Ikima, a Yamatai high ranking officer, and 'Ikume,' the name of Emperor Suinin, but details such as the names of envoys by Himiko are not specified in the "Record of Ancient Matters" and the "Chronicles of Japan," the history books of Yamato Dynasty.
Japanese: 邪馬台国長官の伊支馬（いきま？）と垂仁天皇の名「いくめ」の近似性を指摘する説もあるが、大和朝廷の史書である記紀には、卑弥呼の遣使のこと等具体的に書かれていない。
English: The Kyushu theory doesn't contain a specific potential site like the Makimuku ruins for the Kinai region theory.
Japanese: 九州説は畿内説における纏向遺跡のような有力な具体的候補地はまだない。
English: Instead, there are many different theories which suggest places in Kyushu as the capital, such as areas around Dazaifu-tenmangu Shrine in Fukuoka Prefecture, Usa-jingu Shrine in Oita Prefecture and the Saitobaru Burial Mounds in Miyazaki Prefecture.
Japanese: 福岡県の大宰府天満宮、大分県の宇佐神宮、宮崎県の西都原古墳群など、九州各地に、それぞれ近辺を都とする諸説が乱立している。