nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Families other than kuge (court nobles), daimyo-ke (families of feudal lords) and upper-class warrior families were designated as heimin which were ranked below kazoku (nobility class) and shizoku (warrior classes).
Japanese: 公家・大名家及び上級武士を除く家が、平民という族称を享け、華族、士族の下位に置かれた。
English: Any one who was born in a family of kazoku or shizoku but did not succeed the family to set up a new branch was basically classified as heimin despite the designation of his parents' home (for example, Takashi HARA who was called a commoner prime minister became heimin after he was born as a son of the chief retainer of the Morioka domain.)
Japanese: 華族や士族の家に生まれた者も、家を継がず分家して一戸を創設する際には、生家の族称から離れて、原則として平民の族称を享けることとなった（平民宰相といわれた原敬がこの例で、盛岡藩家老の息子だったが平民となった）。
English: However, there were cases where some branch families of kazoku were also ranked as kazoku due to special considerations, and a son of a kazoku family who was not an heir of the family was adopted into some other kazoku family.
Japanese: もっとも、華族の分家には特旨により特に華族に列せられる例や、家を継がない華族の子には他華族家の養子となる例も見られた。
English: Designations of both shizoku and heimin indicated family lines without any legal privilege, since the edict No. 29 of Dajokan (the Grand Council of State) of May 1872 had ordained that 'any family of sotsu class (another family rank used before Meiji Restoration) which had continued two or more generations were transferred to shizoku class and other sotsu families within one generation were reclassified to heimin.'
Japanese: 士族、平民の称は、明治5年5月太政官布告第29号に「二代以上ノ卒ヲ士族ニ加ヘテ一代抱卒ヲ平民ニ復ス」とあり、両者はただその家系をしめす名称の別にとどまり、なんら法律上の特権などなかった。
English: The designation of shizoku is associated with each family but not with an individual person, and, therefore, it is no wonder that not only any one who left a family of shizoku and entered other family but also any one who established a separate branch family had to lose the designation of shizoku of his former family and became heimin (Edict No.73 of 1874.)
Japanese: 士族の称は家に従属するもので、人の一身に専属するものではないから、士族が家を去って他家に入ったときはもちろんのこと、分家したときも当然その称をうしない、平民となった（明治7年布告第73号）。
English: Kazoku could receive special treatments from the state under public laws, but they were treated in the same manner as shizoku and heimin under private laws.
Japanese: 華族は公法上は国家から特別待遇が与えられたが、私法上は士族、平民と同様であった。
English: Although Edict No.44 of March 1875, had decreed that 'people may sign their names and titles with designations of their family's ranks, either kazoku, shizoku or heimin, in a prefecture,' an actual register of families had clear descriptions of kazoku and shizoku but no designation of heimin (Article 18 of the former Family Registration Law).
Japanese: なお明治8年3月布告第44号には「人民署名肩書ハ何（府県）華族、士族、平民ト記載可致此旨布告候事」とあるが、旧戸籍簿には華族、士族は族称として明示するが、平民の称はこれを記載しなかった（旧戸籍法第18条）。
English: In the United Kingdom, people other than the King of England and peers are called commoners.
Japanese: イギリスでは、法律上、イギリス国王と貴族（ピアー、peer）以外の者を平民（コモナー、commoner）と呼ぶ。
English: In this context, the term "peers" refers to the holders of peerage, and the followings are commoners:
Japanese: ここで言う貴族とは、爵位(peerage)を持つ者の意味であり、以下のような者は平民である。
English: Any one without peerage, even if he is a member of a peer's family, is not a peer but a commoner.
Japanese: つまり、本人が爵位を持たなければ、単に爵位を持つ者の家族というだけでは貴族ではなく平民である。
English: Any one who holds a designation of either baronet, knight or other designation lower than baron is not a peer but a commoner, because neither of these designations are regarded as a peerage.
Japanese: 男爵より下の、準男爵、ナイトなどの称号は爵位とはみなされないため、これらの称号を持つ者は貴族ではなく平民である。
English: As in the case of William Mountbatten-Windsor, even a member of the British royal family without peerage is a commoner.
Japanese: ウィリアム・マウントバッテン＝ウィンザーのように、イギリス王室であっても爵位がなければ平民である。
English: In the Republic of Rome, citizens other than patrici (patricians) were called plebs (plebeians).
Japanese: 共和制ローマでは、貴族（パトリキ、patrici）以外の市民を平民（プレブス、plebs）と呼んだ。
English: For reference, slaves were not considered citizens so that they were neither plebs nor, of course, patricians.
Japanese: なお、奴隷は市民ではなく、したがって平民でも（もちろん貴族でも）ない。
English: Nagahama-jo Castle is a castle built by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in Koen-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 長浜城（ながはまじょう）は、滋賀県長浜市公園町にある豊臣秀吉が築城した城。
English: When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Hideyoshi HASHIBA) was given the territory owned by the ASAI clan as a reward for Hideyoshi's contributions to the battle against Nagamasa ASAI, Hideyoshi renamed the region from Imahama to Nagahama.
Japanese: 1573年（天正元年）に豊臣秀吉（豊臣秀吉）が浅井長政攻めの功で織田信長から浅井氏の旧領を拝領した際に当時今浜（いまはま）と呼ばれていたこの地を長浜に改名した。
English: He began building the castle by utilizing the material used at Kotani-jo Castle as well as wood and other material, which he found hidden at Chikubu-shima Island.
Japanese: 小谷城で使われていた資材や、あらかじめ、竹生島に密かに隠されていた材木などを見つけ出し、それらを使用し築城を開始した。
English: A stone wall was built in the lake so that ships could move in and out directly from the water gate of the castle.
Japanese: 湖水に石垣を浸し、城内の水門から直に船の出入りができるようになっていた。
English: This is the first castle that Hidoyoshi built to live in and where he culminated his thinking on the management of a castle city.
Japanese: 秀吉が最初に築いた居城であり、秀吉の城下町経営の基礎を醸成した所でもある。
English: After the incident at Honno-ji Temple, Katsutoyo SHIBATA, a nephew of Katsuie SHIBATA who gained the right to rule Nagahama at the Kiyosu Meeting, became the lord of the castle, but was attacked by Hideyoshi who clashed with Katsuie, and had to abandon the castle.
Japanese: 本能寺の変後、清洲会議で長浜の支配権を獲得した柴田勝家の甥の柴田勝豊が入城するも、まもなく勝家と対立した秀吉に攻められ落城した。
English: Then Nobunari NAITO followed by Nobumasa NAITO became the lords of the castle, but it was torn down in 1615 and most of the material was used for building the Hikone-jo Castle.
Japanese: 内藤信成・信正が城主になるが1615年（元和(日本)元年）に廃城になり資材の大半は彦根城の築城に流用された。
English: The daidokoro-mon gate of Daitsu-ji Temple in Nagahama City is said to have been the ote-mon gate of Nagahama-jo Castle, and scars made with spearheads can still be seen on the gate.
Japanese: その他、長浜市内にある大通寺の台所門は長浜城の大手門を移したものと伝えられ、今でも矢尻の跡が残っているを見ることができる。
English: The front gate of Chizen-in Temple in Nagahama City is said to have been the karamete-mon gate of Nagahama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 同市内にある知善院の表門は、長浜城の搦手門を移したものと伝えられている。
English: The current main building of the castle was rebuilt in 1983 modeled on Inuyama-jo Castle and Fushimi-jo Castle, and houses the City's Nagahama-jo Castle Historical Museum.
Japanese: 現在の天守は1983年に犬山城や伏見城をモデルにし模擬復元されたもので市立長浜城歴史博物館として運営されている。
English: The Yokoyama Party, centered in the Yokoyama-sho estate in Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Hachioji City, Tokyo), was an armed group from the same family that existed from the late Heian period to the Kamakura period, and based themselves in Musashi Province (Osato County, Hiki County, and Tachibana County) and the northern part of Sagami Province.
Japanese: 横山党（よこやまとう）は、平安時代後期から鎌倉時代にかけて、武蔵国多摩郡（現・東京都八王子市）横山庄を中心として、武蔵国（大里郡・比企郡-橘樹郡）および相模国北部に割拠した同族的武士団である。
English: Ienaga CHUJO, who was involved in the establishment of code of conduct for samurai as the first member of the Council of State, and Suetaka AIKO, who was a very skillful archer and slew Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were well known as members of the Party.
Japanese: 有名人としては、中条家長（初代評定衆として御成敗式目の策定に関与）や愛甲季隆（弓の名手。畠山重忠を討ち取る）が居る。
English: It is generally believed that the party were descendants of ONO no Takamura; however, Motohisa YASUDA carefully examined family trees, and calculated the number of years among generations, and studied appointments of kokushi (provincial governors) at that time, and consequently thought that this was contrived by later generations, and the party were actually descendants of kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land), and passively supported a view that the party may have been descendants of Musashinokuni-no-MIYATSUKO, which is a view found in the "Seishi Kakei Jiten" (Dictionary of Family Names and Lineages in Japan) by Akira OTA.
Japanese: 小野篁の後裔といわれているが、安田元久は諸系図の精査や世代間の年数の計算、当時の国司の任命状況から見て後世の作為で、実際は在地の開発領主の末裔であろうと推測し、太田亮の『姓氏家系辞典』での所見である武蔵国造の末裔ではないかという見解を消極的に支持している。
English: It is believed that the party was based in Yokoyama, Tama County, Musashi Province (the present Moto-Yokoyama Town, Hachioji City, Tokyo) and gave themselves the family name of Yokoyama.
Japanese: 武蔵国多摩郡横山（現・東京都八王子市元横山町）を本拠として横山姓を称したとされる。
English: At that time, 'yokoyama' referred to the Tama Hills and in "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of Japanese poetry) the hills are called 'yokoyama in Tama.'
Japanese: 当時「横山」とは多摩丘陵を指し、『万葉集』に「多摩の横山」と詠われている。
English: In 924, when the Ono clan arrived to take up Musashi no kami (Governor of Musashi Province), the clan erected Hachimanyakumo-jinja Shrine to transfer a divided tutelary deity of Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine to a new location.
Japanese: 924年（延長(日本)2年）、小野氏が武蔵守として着任した際、石清水八幡宮を勧請して、八幡八雲神社を建立した。
English: During the Hogen War in 1156, and the Heiji War in 1159, the party followed the troops under MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi's command (some say that the party was subordinate to the Hatakeyama clan) and they fought bravely.
Japanese: 1156年（保元元）の保元の乱および1159年（平治元）の平治の乱では、源義朝麾下（畠山氏に従属との説もあり）に従軍し活躍した。
English: When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), as a reward for military service Tokihiro YOKOYAMA from the Yokoyama Party received a fief and was approved as the landowner of the Yokoyama-sho estate.
Japanese: 源頼朝が鎌倉幕府を開くと、横山党の横山時広は軍功により横山庄の所領を安堵された。
English: At the Battle of WADA in 1213 Tokikane YOKOYAMA and his party reinforced Yoshimori WADA, and suffered a crushing defeat in Kamakura.
Japanese: 1213年（建暦3）、和田合戦で和田義盛に加勢した横山時兼とその一党は鎌倉で全滅した。
English: In 1214, OE no Hiromoto founded Yokoyama-jinja Shrine to enshrine Yoshitaka YOKOYAMA, the founder of the Yokoyama Party, in the precincts of Hachimanyakumo-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 1214年（建保2）、大江広元は横山党の始祖横山義孝を祀った横山神社を八幡八雲神社の境内に創建した。
English: Motohisa YASUDA assumes that with its many branch families the Yokoyama Party would have been proud of its power and influence.
Japanese: 安田元久は横山党の分家の多さから横山党が強勢を誇っていたのだろうと推測している。
English: The Kyoto Horse Racing Club was an organization which used to hold horse races.
Japanese: 京都競馬倶楽部（きょうとけいばくらぶ）は、かつて競馬を施行していた団体で競馬倶楽部の一つ。
English: It was founded as the Kyoto Horse Racing Association on March 15, 1907, and was renamed in 1910 and dissolved on May 31, 1937.
Japanese: 1907年3月15日に京都競馬会として設立、1910年に改称され1937年5月31日に解散した。
English: It was founded as the Kyoto Horse Racing Association in March of 1907 when sales of betting tickets (for public games) were tacitly allowed, and on May 16, 1908, horse racing started to be held at the Shimabara Race Track established in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 投票券(公営競技)発売が黙許されていた1907年3月に京都競馬会として設立され、翌1908年5月16日に京都市下京区に設けられた島原競馬場で競馬の開催が始まった。
English: In October of the same year, sales of betting tickets were prohibited and the autumnal events were held with subsidy from the government.
Japanese: 同年10月に馬券発売が禁止され秋季開催は政府からの補助金を受け開催。
English: In 1910, it was renamed Kyoto Horse Racing Club by the order of the administrator of Horse Administration, and the club began to host horse racing on June 18 of the same year.
Japanese: そして1910年には馬政長官からの命令を受け京都競馬倶楽部に改称し、同年6月18日から倶楽部としての競馬を始めた。
English: Since the lease contract for Shimabara Race Track expired at the end of 1912 and the Track was damaged by fire, the horse track was relocated to Shuchi-cho, Funai County Kyoto Prefecture (presently, Kyotanba-cho, former Tanba-cho) in 1913 and horse racing was held there until the spring of 1923.
Japanese: 1912年末には島原競馬場の賃借期限が迫り、また火災で競馬場が焼失する被害を受けたため、1913年に競馬場を京都府船井郡須知町（現京丹波町、旧丹波町）に移転し1923年春季まで競馬が開催された。
English: When the Horse Racing Act was promulgated in 1923, it was decided the horse track would be relocated to Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City in 1924, and horse racing was suspended in the same year.
Japanese: 1923年に競馬法が公布されたのを機に、1924年に競馬場が京都市伏見区に移転することが決まり同年の競馬開催は中止。
English: In the spring of 1925, Naruo Race Track of Hanshin Horse Racing Club was leased to hold horse racing, which was the first horse racing event accompanied by the sale of betting tickets based on the Horse Racing Act.
Japanese: 1925年春季は阪神競馬倶楽部の鳴尾競馬場を借りて代替開催をしたが、これが競馬法に基づき馬券発売の伴う初の競馬開催となった。
English: The present Kyoto Race Course was completed on December first of the same year and started to hold horse racing events on the fifth of the same month.
Japanese: そして同年12月1日に現在の京都競馬場が竣工し同月5日から競馬の開催が始まった。
English: In the spring of 1928, the mare version of the united race, united races for homebred mares, was founded and conducted until the autumn of 1937.
Japanese: 1928年春季には連合競走の牝馬版である各内国産牝馬連合競走が創設され1937年秋季まで施行された。
English: The Japan Racing Association was founded on December 10, 1936, the last race was conducted by the club in January of 1937, and the club was dissolved and consolidated into Japan Racing Association on May 31 of the same year.
Japanese: 1936年12月10日に日本競馬会が設立されたのに伴い、1937年1月に倶楽部主催として最後の競馬が開催され、同年5月31日に日本競馬会に統合される形で解散した。
English: The term "Shido-shogun" refers to four imperial (royal) generals who appeared in the Nihon Shoki (the Chronicle of Japan), namely Obiko no mikoto, Takenunakawa wake no mikoto, Kibitsuhiko no mikoto and tanbamichi nushi no mikoto.
Japanese: 四道将軍（しどうしょうぐん）は、『日本書紀』に登場する皇族（王族）の将軍で、大彦命（おおびこのみこと）、武渟川別（たけぬなかわわけのみこと）、吉備津彦命（きびつひこのみこと）、丹波道主命（たんばみちぬしのみこと）の4人を指す。
English: According to the "Nihon Shoki," each of these generals was dispatched to Kuga no michi (Hokuriku circuit), Umitsu michi (Tokai circuit), Nishi no michi (Sanyo circuit) and Tanba michi (Sanin circuit), in the 10th year of Emperor Sujin's reign (88 B.C. ?)
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によると、崇神天皇10年（紀元前88年？）にそれぞれ、北陸、東海、西道、丹波に派遣された。
English: They were appointed as generals to use armed force against and defeat those who would not accept the Emperor's precepts, and it was reportedly in the following year, the 11th year of Emperor Sujin's reign (87 B.C. ?) that these generals returned in triumph after subduing the local rebels.
Japanese: 教えを受けない者があれば兵を挙げて伐つようにと将軍の印綬を授けられ、翌崇神天皇11年（紀元前87年？）地方の敵を帰順させて凱旋したとされている。
English: For reference's sake, in the "Kojiki" (the Record of Ancient Matters), the generals were not collectively described and no designation of Shido-shogun was used although a description of each of the four generals appeared individually in some articles.
Japanese: なお『古事記』では、4人をそれぞれ個別に記載した記事は存在するが、一括して取り扱ってはおらず、四道将軍の呼称も記載されていない。
English: Takenunakawa wake no mikoto was also written about in the "Hitachi no kuni fudoki" (the topography of Hitachi Province), as well as Hikoimasu no miko, father of Tanbamichi nushi no mikoto, who was referred to in "Tango no kuni fudoki" (the topography of Tango Province).
Japanese: また、『常陸国風土記』では武渟川別が、『丹後国風土記』では丹波道主命の父である彦坐王が記述されている。
English: According to one explanation, the story of Shido-shogun is not merely a myth but a part of a narrative of conquest of a country by members of the royal family associated with the dispatch of Toyokiirihikono-mikoto and the legend of Yamato Takeru, thus suggesting how the royal power of the early Yamato dynasty had expanded its hegemony.
Japanese: 四道将軍の説話は単なる神話ではなく、豊城入彦命の派遣やヤマトタケル伝説などとも関連する王族による国家平定説話の一部であり、初期ヤマト王権による支配権が地方へ伸展する様子を示唆しているとする見解がある。
English: In fact, their route conquest almost overlaps regions where a number of large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds were propagated in the fourth century,.
Japanese: 事実その平定ルートは、四世紀の前方後円墳の伝播地域とほぼ重なっている。
English: Obiko no mikoto was born as the first prince of Emperor Kogen and Empress Utsushikome no mikoto.
Japanese: 大彦命は、孝元天皇の第1皇子で、母は皇后・鬱色謎命（うつしこめのみこと）。
English: He was an elder maternal-brother of Emperor Kaika and a maternal grandfather of Emperor Suinin, since his daughter Mimakihime no mikoto was an empress consort of Emperor Sujin.
Japanese: 開化天皇の同母兄で、娘は崇神天皇皇后の御間城姫命（みまきひめのみこと）、垂仁天皇の外祖父に当たる。
English: Ohiko no mikoto is enshrined in Funatsu-jinja Shrine (Sabae City, Fukui Prefecture), Aekuni-jinja Shrine (Iga City, Mie Prefecture), Isasumi-jinja Shrine (Aizu Misato-machi-cho, Fukushima Prefecture), Koshio-jinja Shrine (Akita City, Akita Prefecture) and other Shrines.
Japanese: 舟津神社（福井県鯖江市）、敢國神社（三重県伊賀市）、伊佐須美神社（福島県会津美里町）、古四王神社（秋田県秋田市）等に祀られている。
English: Takenunakawa wake no mikoto is enshrined in Tsu-jinja Shrine (Gifu City, Gifu Prefecture), Takedasuga-jinja Shrine (Yuki City, Ibaraki Prefecture) and other Shrines.
Japanese: 津神社（岐阜県岐阜市）、健田須賀神社（茨城県結城市）等に祀られている。
English: According to "Kojiki," Aizu was the place where Obiko no mikoto and Takenunakawa wake no mikoto joined together after having conquered Kuga no michi (Hokuriku region) and Umitsu michi (Tokai region) respectively.
Japanese: また『古事記』によれば、北陸道を平定した大彦命と、東海道を平定した武渟川別が合流した場所が会津であるとされている。
English: Philosopher Masatsune NAKAJI proposed the view that Obiko no mikoto had marched along the Agano-gawa river and Takenunakawa wake no mikoto along the Kinu-gawa river.
Japanese: このときの両者の行軍経路を阿賀野川（大彦命）と鬼怒川（武渟川別）と推察する見解が哲学者の中路正恒から出されている。
English: He is believed to have called himself Kibitsuhiko as he had suppressed Kibi Province, but there was no such name written in the Kojiki.
Japanese: 吉備国を平定したために吉備津彦を名乗ったと考えられているが、古事記には吉備津彦の名は出てこない。
English: Kibitsuhiko no mikoto is enshrined in Kibitsu-jinja Shrine (Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture,) Tamura-jinja Shrine (Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture) and so on.
Japanese: 吉備津神社(岡山市)（岡山県岡山市）、田村神社(高松市)（香川県高松市）等に祀られている。
English: Regarding Obiko no mikoto, the most convincing explanation is that he was most probably identical to Ohobiko or Ohohiko, a forefather of Owake no omi whose name was inscribed on Kinsakumei-tekken (an iron sword with gold-inlaid inscriptions) excavated at the Inariyama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Inariyama) in Saitama Prefecture.
Japanese: 大彦命に関しては、埼玉県の稲荷山古墳から発掘された金錯銘鉄剣に見える乎獲居臣（ヲワケの臣）の上祖・意冨比垝（オホビコ、オホヒコ）と同一人である可能性が高いとする見解が有力である。
English: This explanation may show that the tales of Shido-shogun are not fictional but composed of ancestral legends which were actually transferred by the forebears.
Japanese: このことから、四道将軍が創作された神話ではなく、実際に伝承された祖先伝説を元に構成されたことを示しているとも考えられている。
English: It is pointed out that Andon-yama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Andonyama) which is identified with the Mausoleum of Emperor Sujin (having a total length of about 242 m, and the rounded part having a diameter of about 158 m and height of about 23 m) is similar in shape to the referential mausoleum of Kibitsuhiko no mikoto (the Tomb of Great Kibitsuhiko no mikoto) which is called Nakayama Chausuyama kofun (an ancient tomb at Mt. Nakayama Chausuyama) (having a total length of about 120 m and the rounded part having a diameter of about 80 m and height of about 12 m), the ratio of which is about two to one.
Japanese: 崇神天皇陵に比定されている行燈山古墳（墳丘全長約242m、後円部直径約158m、後円部高さ約23m）と吉備津彦命の陵墓参考地（大吉備津彦命墓）である中山茶臼山古墳（墳丘全長約120m、後円部直径約80ｍ、後円部高さ約12ｍ）はサイズがほぼ2対1の相似形であることが指摘されている。
English: Haruto MAEDA, a contemporary historian, would not acknowledge the historical authenticity of the Shido-shogun stories, and instead advocates that 'shido' referred to the regional division designed by Yamato sovereignty before establishing the goki-shichido system (a geological classification composed of five provinces in the capital region and seven circuits outside), and that the tales of Shido-shogun were fictions created to explain the process of establishing the goki-shichido system.
Japanese: 前田晴人は四道将軍の神話自体は史実とは認めないものの、ここに描かれた「四道」を五畿七道成立以前のヤマト王権の地域区分であったとし、四道将軍はその成立を説明するために創作された説話であるとする説を唱えている。
English: Yamato-Genji, a branch of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), was started by MINAMOTO no Yorichika, the second son of MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka.
Japanese: 大和源氏（やまとげんじ）は清和源氏の一流であり、源満仲の次男の源頼親に始まる。
English: Yorichika became the kokushi (provincial governor) of the Province of Yamato, and extended his power across the Province; during this process he fought against the forces of Nanto (southern capital [Nara]), such as Kofuku-ji Temple, and was exiled.
Japanese: 頼親は大和国の国司となり同国に勢力を拡大、その過程で興福寺などの南都勢力と武力衝突を起こして流罪となった。
English: However, his descendants were scattered throughout Yamato Province; they were continuously in conflict with the forces of Nanto but were undergoing increased indigenization.
Japanese: しかしその子孫は大和一円に広がり、引き続き南都勢力との抗争を繰り返しながら土着傾向を強めていった。
English: Among them, those who fought on the side of the same family (Yamato-Genji) appeared in the historical record, such as the monk Shinjitsu, a fifth-generation descendant of Yorichika, who took the seat of honor in Kofuku-ji Temple--their old enemy--and joined the Nanto forces.
Japanese: 中には頼親から五代後の僧信実のように、宿敵であるはずの興福寺の上座となって南都勢力と同化し、同族の大和源氏と抗争する者までも出現した。
English: During the Hogen War in 1156, MINAMOTO no Chikaharu (Chikaharu UNO), who was also a fifth-generation descendant of Yorichika and a worthy opponent of Shinjitsu, supported the retired Emperor Sutoku; for this reason he became a prisoner of war, but due to the farsightedness of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, who wanted to discourage the expansion of the Nanto forces, he was pardoned and returned home.
Japanese: 信実の好敵手であった源親治（宇野親治、同じく頼親から五代後）は、保元元年(1156年)の保元の乱において崇徳上皇方についたため捕虜となるが、南都勢力の伸張を牽制したい後白河天皇の深謀遠慮により、罪を赦されて帰郷を果たしている。
English: In 1180, MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito joined forces and raised an army; the names of Chikaharu and his sons appeared among the group of the Minamoto clan that encouraged insurrection in many districts, and this shows that Yamato-Genji still maintained their power within the province.
Japanese: 降って治承4年(1180年)に源頼政が以仁王と語らって挙兵した際には、決起を促す諸国の源氏の一群の中に親治とその子達の名前が見え、なおも国内に一勢力を保っていたことが窺える。
English: However, Yamato-Genji didn't demonstrate much military prowess in the Jisho-Juei War, and subsequently they just continued as a powerful regional clan; throughout the middle ages they gradually lost their unity and spread out to other districts.
Japanese: しかし治承・寿永の乱において目立った活躍がなかった大和源氏は、これ以降は地方豪族の域を出ることができず、中世を通じて次第に纏まりを失い、諸国に拡散していった。
English: The following clans claimed to be the descendants of Yamato-Genji: the Uno clan from Yamato Province, starting from the above-mentioned Chikaharu; the Hijikata clan of Katsuhisa HIJIKATA, who served Nobukatsu ODA; the Kumabe clan of Higo Province; the Ishikawa clan of Mutsu Province; the Takagi clan of Mikawa Province; and Hikoshichi OMORI of Iyo Province, who is believed to have slain Masashige KUSUNOKI.
Japanese: 上述の親治にはじまる大和国の宇野氏をはじめ、織田信雄に仕えた土方雄久の土方氏、肥後国の隈部氏、陸奥国の石川氏、三河国の高木氏、楠木正成を討ち取ったとされる伊予国の大森彦七などが大和源氏の末裔を称している。
English: It was a division of the Imperial Japanese Army established in Kyoto Prefecture on July 18, 1905.
Japanese: 1905年（明治38年）7月18日に京都府で編成された大日本帝国陸軍の師団である。
English: When Japan mobilized all of the former divisions in the Russo-Japanese War, it resulted in a situation where there were no army divisions stationed on the mainland.
Japanese: 日露戦争で日本は従来の師団総てを動員した為、本土駐留師団がなくなる事態となった。
English: Other than the Sixteenth Division, the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Divisions (Imperial Japanese Army) were established on April 1, 1905, and Fourteenth Division (Imperial Japanese Army) was established on July 6 of the same year.
Japanese: 第16師団の他、1905年（明治38年）4月1日に第13師団(日本軍)と第15師団(日本軍)が、同年7月6日に第14師団(日本軍)が創設された。
English: The Sixteenth Division was dispatched to Manchuria on July 18, 1905 immediately after its formation but did not join the battle since it already ended and the peace treaty (Treaty of Portsmouth) was signed on September 5.
Japanese: 第16師団は、1905年（明治38年）7月18日に編成され直ちに満州に派遣されたが、戦闘は概ね終結しており9月5日には講和条約（ポーツマス条約）が締結された為、戦闘には加わっていない。
English: It temporarily returned to Japan, but was assigned to be stationed in Manchuria in 1929 and 1934.
Japanese: その後一旦帰国するが、1929年（昭和4年）と1934年（昭和9年）にも満州駐剳任務に就いた。
English: The division was incorporated into the second army (Imperial Japanese Army) under Toshizo NISHIO, who held the title of Chujo (Middle Captain) commander when the Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, and it was placed in the frontlines of the Northern China battle line before joining the Shanghai Expeditionary Army on the Shanghai City battle line in November of the same year to participate in the Battle of Nanking.
Japanese: 1937年（昭和12年）7月に日中戦争が勃発すると、師団は西尾寿造中将司令官の第2軍(日本軍)戦闘序列に編入され華北戦線に投入、同年11月上海派遣軍隷下上海市戦線に転じ南京攻略戦に参戦した。
English: It participated in the Japanese Northern China Area Army to fight in the Battle of Xuzhou from January 1938 and followed the Second Army again in July of the same year to fight in the Battle of Wuhan and was incorporated into the Eleventh Army (Imperial Japanese Army) in December.
Japanese: 1938年（昭和13年）1月から北支那方面軍隷下徐州会戦に参戦し、同年7月再び第2軍隷下となり武漢作戦攻略戦に参戦、12月には第11軍(日本軍)に編入された。