nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: (Later ITO justified himself by saying that he delivered a secret letter from Keido MATSUMOTO to Tomomi IWAKURA; however, when one considers the relationship between Tomomi IWAKURA and Keido MATSUMOTO, the above is an unlikely circumstance; Senzo MORI, a great scholar who shares his hometown with Mitsuya ITO declares, 'It is no more than an excuse made by an escapee Mitsuya.')
Japanese: （後に伊藤は松本奎堂の密書を岩倉具視に届けたと弁明しているが、岩倉具視と松本奎堂の関係を考えればあり得ないことである。伊藤三弥と同郷の碩学森銑三は「脱走者三弥の言い訳に過ぎない」と断じている）。
English: This escape of Mitsuya ITO is often quoted as an example to show weakness of Tenchu-gumi.
Japanese: この伊藤三弥の脱走は天誅組の脆弱さを示す一例としてしばしば引用される。
English: On October 17, Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA joined Torataro YOSHIMURA and others again, and came back to headquarters of Ten no Tsuji.
Japanese: 9月5日、中山忠光が吉村寅太郎らに再度合流して天の辻の本陣へ帰った。
English: The soldiers of various domains began to move; on October 18, the soldiers of Kishu Domain arrived at Fuki Village, upon which Tenchu-gumi set a private house on fire to disturb.
Japanese: 諸藩の藩兵が動き出し、6日、紀州藩兵が富貴村に到着、天誅組は民家に火を放って撹乱した。
English: The soldiers of various domains, reaching as many as 14,000 in total, marched on from every direct; Tenchu-gumi fought well, however, because the orders of the commander-in-chief Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA were confusing and incoherent, soldiers became panic-stricken and Tadamitsu completely lost popularity.
Japanese: 総兵力14000人に及ぶ諸藩兵は各方面から進軍、天誅組は善戦するものの、主将の中山忠光の命令が混乱して一貫せず兵たちは右往左往を余儀なくされ、忠光は人望をすっかり失ってしまった。
English: On October 26, soldiers of Kishu Domain and Tsu Domain attacked Ten no Tsuji that was defended by Torataro YOSHIMURA, leading him to abandon Ten no Tsuji.
Japanese: 14日、紀州・津の藩兵が吉村寅太郎らの守る天の辻を攻撃、吉村は天の辻を放棄した。
English: Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA was going to fight a decisive battle relying on a mountain fortress, but the Imperial Court gave an Imperial address to Totsukawa Village declaring Tadamitsu as an insurgent; samurai in Totsukawa Village changed their mind, and called for withdrawal to Tadamitsu.
Japanese: 中山忠光は天険を頼りに決戦しようとするが、朝廷は十津川村に忠光を逆賊とする令旨を下し、十津川郷士は変心して忠光らに退去を要求する。
English: Remnants of Tenchu-gumi walked a rough road in the mountain and tried to escape, but Torataro YOSHIMURA, who bore a serious wound, dropped out of the party.
Japanese: 天誅組の残党は山中の難路を歩いて脱出をこころみるが、重傷を負っていた吉村寅太郎は一行から落伍してしまう。
English: On November 5, at Washiyaguchi (Higashiyoshino Village, Nara Prefecture) which is located next to Washio Mountain Pass, the party met the soldiers from Kishu Domain and Hikone Domain.
Japanese: 24日、一行は鷲尾峠を経た鷲家口（奈良県東吉野村）で紀州・彦根藩兵と遭遇。
English: Shingo NASU organized a death squad in order to make Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA flee, entered into an enemy camp and died in battle; Tesseki FUJIMOTO was also killed in battle; Keido MATSUMOTO who had lost eye sight from an injury committed suicide.
Japanese: 那須信吾は中山忠光を逃すべく決死隊を編成して敵陣に突入して討ち死に、藤本鉄石も討ち死にし、負傷して失明していた松本奎堂は自刃した。
English: Torataro YOSHIMURA who was behind the party was shot to death at Washiyadani on November 8 by a soldier of Tsu Domain.
Japanese: 一行から遅れていた吉村寅太郎は27日に鷲家谷で津藩兵に撃たれて戦死。
English: Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA had a narrow escape from enemy's heavy siege and arrived at Osaka on November 8; soon after he was sheltered in a residence of Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 中山忠光は辛くも敵の重囲をかいくぐり脱出に成功、27日に大坂に到着して長州藩邸に匿われた。
English: He escaped to Choshu and was hiding himself in Shimonoseki City, but he was strangled in November of 1864 by the deference faction (Zokuron-to) which came to have the actual power within the domain after the Kinmon Incident.
Japanese: 忠光は長州に逃れて下関市に隠れていたが、禁門の変の後に長州藩の実権を握った恭順派（俗論党）によって元治元年（1864年）11月に絞殺された。
English: After the incident, Kuniomi HIRANO attacked the magistrate's office in Ikuno-cho in Tajima Province in November 1863 and raised an army.
Japanese: 事件の後の文久3年(1863年)10月に平野国臣が但馬国生野町で代官所を襲撃して挙兵。
English: Tenchu-gumi's uprising failed, but the fact that this incident became a fuse of the Meiji Restoration has been highly evaluated.
Japanese: 天誅組の挙兵は失敗したが、この事件が明治維新の導火線になった点は高く評価されている。
English: The Ikuno Incident was an incident that occurred when the Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctrine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) raised an army in Ikuno, Tajima Province (Ikuno City, Hyogo Prefecture) in the latter Edo period in October 1863.
Japanese: 生野の変（いくののへん）は、江戸時代後期の文久3年（1863年）10月に但馬国生野（兵庫県生野町）において尊皇攘夷派が挙兵した事件である。
English: In August 1863, the Tenchugumi (Heavenly Avenging Force,) a group of masterless samurai (roshi) who revered the emperor like Torataro YOSHIMURA, Keido MATSUMOTO, and Tesseki FUJIMOTO, raised an army in order to charge ahead of Emperor Komei's Imperial Trip to the Yamato Province and, led by ex-chamberlain Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA, they went to Yamato Province and attacked the magistrate's office in Gojo City on August 17.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）8月、吉村寅太郎、松本奎堂、藤本鉄石ら尊攘派浪士の天誅組は孝明天皇の大和行幸の魁たらんと欲し、前侍従中山忠光を擁して大和国へ入り、8月17日に五條市代官所を襲撃して挙兵した。
English: The Tenchugumi occupied the magistrate's office, calling themselves 'the government' and decided that Gojo tenryo (directly controlled land by bakufu) should be controlled by the Imperial Court (Tenchugumi incident).
Japanese: 代官所を占拠した天誅組は「御政府」を称して、五条天領を天朝直轄地と定めた（天誅組の変）。
English: The court noble Sanetomi SANJO, fearing the radical actions of the Tenchugumi, sent Kuniomi HIRANO (who had left Fukuoka Domain) who worked in the Gakushuin (the educational institution of the Imperial Court,) to Gojo to keep their movement under control.
Japanese: 天誅組の過激な行動を危惧した公卿三条実美は暴発を制止するべく、学習院出仕の平野国臣（福岡藩脱藩）を五条へ送った。
English: The Aizu Domain and the Satsuma Domain joined forces to influence the emperor to postpone the Imperial Trip to the Yamato Province and to dismiss the Choshu Domain, who were guarding the Imperial gates (Coup of August 18).
Japanese: 会津藩と薩摩藩が結んで孝明天皇を動かし、大和行幸の延期と長州藩の御門警護を解任してしまう（八月十八日の政変）。
English: As the situation became unfavorable for the Choshu Domain, they left Kyoto and also seven court nobles of the Joi-ha (expel the barbarians) including Sanetomi SANJO were exiled from Kyoto (Shichikyou ochi.)
Japanese: 情勢が不利になった長州藩は京都を退去し、三条実美ら攘夷派公卿7人も追放された（七卿落ち）。
English: Hirano arrived in Gojo on 19, not knowing about the calamity, he met the leader of the Tenchugumi and found him as kindred spirit, but soon he heard about the sudden political change in Kyoto.
Japanese: 変事を知らない平野は19日に五条に到着して、天誅組首脳と会って意気投合するが、その直後に京で政局が一変してしまったことを知る。
English: The Tenchugumi recruited samurai from the Totsugawa area and had more than one thousand men under arms, but were poorly equipped.
Japanese: 天誅組は十津川郷士を募兵して1000人余の兵力になるが、装備は貧弱なものだった。
English: In September they were attacked by neighboring domain and, being greatly outnumbered, they were defeated at various places and were annihilated on September 27.
Japanese: 9月に入って周辺諸藩からの討伐を受け、多勢に無勢で各地で敗退し、9月27日に壊滅した。
English: The Ikuno Silver Mine in the province is famous, but by the end of the Edo Period, silver production had decreased and the residents of this mountainous region were poor.
Japanese: 同国の生野銀山が有名だが、幕末の頃には産出量が減少し、山間部のこの土地の住民は困窮していた。
English: Xenophobia was strong in Ikuno tenryo, as the wealthy farmer Kunimichi KITAGAKI proclaimed the 'Noheiron' (Farmers to the arms doctrine) which said that conscripted farmers should defend the coast and the magistrate of Ikuno Itaro KAWAKAMI favored this movement.
Japanese: 生野天領では豪農の北垣国道が農兵を募って海防にあたるべしとする「農兵論」を唱え、生野奉行の川上猪太郎がこの動きに好意的なこともあって、攘夷の気風が強かった。
English: Ex-Satsuma samurai Sanpei MITAMA (who had escaped from the Teradaya Incident) cooperated with Kitagaki in organizing an army of conscripted farmers.
Japanese: 薩摩藩脱藩の美玉三平（寺田屋事件で逃亡）は北垣と連携し、農兵の組織化を図っていた。
English: A plan was made to raise an army in Ikuno by Hirano who together with the feudal retainers Yasushi NOMURA of the Choshu Domain and Masata MATSUDA of the Tottori Domain joined, Kitagaki who was very popular in Tajima.
Japanese: 平野は長州藩士野村靖、鳥取藩士松田正人らとともに但馬で声望の高い北垣と結び、生野での挙兵を計画。
English: After Hirano arrived in Tajima, he held a meeting with his comrades at the house of the wealthy farmer Tarobee NAKAJIMA on September 19, where they decided to hail one of the seven Joi-ha nobles protected in Mitajiri, Nagato Province as leader and raise an army on October 10 and to arrange a supply of weapons and ammunition from Choshu.
Japanese: 但馬に入った平野らは9月19日に豪農中島太郎兵衛の家で同志と会合を開き、10月10日をもって挙兵と定め、長門国三田尻に保護されている攘夷派七卿の誰かを迎え、また武器弾薬を長州から提供させる手はずを決定する。
English: On 28, Hirano and Kitagaki went to Mitajiri, Choshu Province where they conversed with the seven court nobles and the heir of the Choshu Domain Sadahiro MORI and decided to appoint court noble Nobuyoshi SAWA as commander-in-chief.
Japanese: 28日に平野と北垣は長州三田尻に入り、七卿や藩主世子毛利定広を交えた会合を持ち、公卿沢宣嘉を主将に迎えることを決めた。
English: Hirano furthermore asked the domain to go along with their undertaking, but the leaders of the domain were reluctant.
Japanese: 平野らは更に藩としての挙兵への同調を求めるが、藩首脳部は消極的だった。
English: On October 2, Hirano, Kitagaki and Sawa left Mitajiri and prepared a boat, thirty-seven roshi including Yaichi KAWAKAMI (former administrator of the Kiheitai Army,) who revered the emperor, set sail.
Japanese: 10月2日、平野と北垣は沢とともに三田尻を出立して船を用意し、河上弥市（元奇兵隊総管）ら尊攘浪士を加えた37人が出港した。
English: The Tenchugumi in Yamato was annihilated by then and some argued to give up, but while Hirano insisted to postpone, the hard-liners like Kawakami, who wanted to take revenge for the Tenchugumi, won the argument and it was decided to raise an army.
Japanese: この時点で大和の天誅組は壊滅しており、挙兵中止も議論され、平野は中止を主張するが、天誅組の復讐をすべしとの河上ら強硬派が勝ち、挙兵は決行されることになった。
English: The magistrate's office in Ikuno was of course aware of their movement, but because the magistrate Itaro KAWAKAMI just happened to be on a tour of duty, they surrendered without resistance to Hirano.
Japanese: 生野代官所は彼らの動きを当然察知していたが、代官の川上猪太郎が出張中なこともあり、代官所を無抵抗で平野らへ明け渡した。
English: Unlike a domain, a magistrate's office of a shogunal demesne controlled a wider area and armaments were relatively weak, in fact at the time when the Tenchugumi raised an army, the magistrate's office in Gojo was occupied by just about forty roshi.
Japanese: 藩と違い、天領の代官所は広い地域を支配している割には軍備が手薄であり、天誅組の挙兵の際も五条代官所は40人程の浪士に占領されている。
English: Hirano, Kitagaki and others issued an official notice by Nobuyoshi SAWA under the name 'this public office,' calling for recruits all over the shogunate's land and because Kitagaki had already been advocating the 'farmers to arms doctrine,' around two thousand farmers gathered in Ikuno town at noon on that day.
Japanese: 平野、北垣らは「当役所」の名で沢宣嘉の告諭文を発して、天領一帯に募兵を呼びかけ、かねてより北垣が「農兵論」を唱えていたこともあり、その日正午には2000人もの農民が生野の町に群集した。
English: This happened right after the Tenchugumi rebellion, so the reaction of the shogunate was quick, as soon as they received reports from the keeper of the magistrate's office, they set the Toyooka Domain, the Izushi Domain and the Himeji Domains, a day after the rising of the army on the thirteenth, nine hundred soldiers from the Toyooka Domain and one thousand soldiers from the Himeji Domain marched to Ikuno.
Japanese: 天誅組の変の直後とあって、幕府側の動きは早く、代官所留守から通報を受けるや豊岡藩、出石藩、姫路藩が動き、挙兵の翌13日には出石藩兵900人と姫路藩兵1000人が生野へ出動している。
English: The roshi already began talking about dissolution, because of those quick actions of the domains.
Japanese: 諸藩の素早い動きに対して、浪士たちからは早くも解散説が持ち上がった。
English: Dissolution of the army was desisted by the pressures from hard-liners like Hirano and Kawakami but the crucial commander-in-chief Nobuyoshi SAWA, together with the pro-dissolution-party, fled from the headquarter on the night of 13.
Japanese: 強硬論の平野、河上らに圧されて解散は思いとどまるが、13日夜に肝心の主将の沢宣嘉が解散派とともに本陣から脱走してしまった。
English: Kawakami who was on Mt. Myoken with his men for the battle formation, tried to die heroically in Ikuno Town, but the farmers, who thought they had been deceived, got angry, execrated them as 'fake roshi' and attacked them.
Japanese: 妙見山に布陣していた河上は生野の町で闘死しようとするが、騙されたと怒った農民たちが「偽浪士」と罵って彼らに襲いかかった。
English: Hirano dissolved the army and headed to Tottori, but he was caught and sent to Rokkaku prison house in Kyoto.
Japanese: 平野は兵を解散させると鳥取へ向かったが捕らえられ、京の六角獄舎へ送られる。
English: In July 1864, Hirano was killed by a shogunate official in Rokkaku prison house, when the Kimmon no Hen (Conspiracy of Kimmon) occurred.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）7月の禁門の変の際に平野は幕吏によって六角獄舎で殺害された。
English: Raising an army quickly failed, but this army as well as the army of Tenchugumi, are appraised for being a trigger for the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 生野での挙兵はあっけなく失敗したが、この挙兵は天誅組の挙兵とともに明治維新の導火線となったと評価されている。
English: : "Une" refers to ridges in a field, or rows of a long and narrow mound for cultivating agricultural products, running in parallel with a space in between.
Japanese: --畑で、作物を作るために（何本も間隔を空けて）細長く直線状に土を盛り上げた所のこと。
English: Though using the same Chinese character (畝), the Japanese unit and the Chinese unit are completely different in reading ('se' in Japanese and 'ho' in Chinese), in size, and in origin.
Japanese: 日本のものは「せ」、中国のものは「ほ」と読み、同じ字を使うがその値や成り立ちが異なり、全く別のものである。
English: Se as the Japanese unit is simply a unit of multiples of tsubo (bu) and 1 se is equal to 30 bu.
Japanese: 日本の畝（せ）は単純に坪（坪）の倍量単位となっており、30歩のことを指す。
English: In the Meiji period, 1 shaku (a Japanese unit of length) was set at 10 over 33 meter, so 1 bu (calculated by multiplying 6 shaku by 6 shaku) was roughly equal to 3.305785 square meters, so 1 se became about 99.174 square meters.
Japanese: 明治時代に1尺＝(10/33)メートルと定められたので、1歩＝約3.305785平方メートルとなり、1畝＝約99.174平方メートルとなる。
English: This figure is quite close to 1 are (a unit) equivalent to 100 square meters, so the switch of se into are (unit) of the metric system was quite smooth.
Japanese: この値は1アール＝100平方メートルに非常に近く、畝からメートル法のアールへの移行はスムーズに行われた。
English: Se (ho or mu in pinyin) as the Chinese unit was in ancient times the square measure of the area that had sides of 10 bu (here, bu is a unit of length, and 1 bu is 6 shaku) or 100 square meters (3600 square shaku ['chi' in pinyin]).
Japanese: 中国の畝（ほ、ムー）は、古くは10歩(尺貫法)四方（この歩は長さの単位で6尺のこと）の面積すなわち100平方歩（3600平方尺）のことを指した。
English: Although the square measure of 1 se varied according as the length of 1 shaku itself varied from time to time, 1 se was roughly equal to 6 ares.
Japanese: 尺の長さ自体が時代によって異なるので畝の面積も異なるが、おおむね6アール程度であった。
English: In the present Chinese system of measurement, a 15th hectares (about 6.67 ares) is equalized with 1 se.
Japanese: 現在の市制(単位系)においては、1/15ヘクタール（約6.67アール）を1畝としている。
English: The Chinese character 畝 is also applied to the unit of acre which is used in the yard-pound system, and so, to make a distinction, the unit of the Chinese system is called shi mu in pinyin and the unit of the yard-pound system is called ying mu in pinyin.
Japanese: また、ヤード・ポンド法のエーカーにも畝の字を宛てており、区別のため、前者を市畝（市亩）、後者を英畝（英亩）という。
English: Une in a field is the mounds made for cultivating agricultural products.
Japanese: 畑の畝、畦（どちらも、うね）は、作物を生育させるために土を盛り上げた所。
English: Whether it is necessary to make une in the first place and how the une should be made depends on the kind of products and the condition of soil.
Japanese: 作物や土の状態によって、畝が必要でなかったり、畝の形状を変更したりする。
English: But in winter, the sunshine alone is sometimes not enough to warm up the soil, so une is made from east to west so that the soil can bask in the long sunshine.
Japanese: しかし、冬の天候では土が十分温まらないこともあり、光が当たる面積を増やす目的で畝が東西に立てられる。
English: A tuber of potato grows underground, and when it is exposed to the sunshine, it produces chlorophyll and solanine.
Japanese: ジャガイモの塊茎は地面の下に成長するが、これが光を受けた場合クロロフィルとソラニンを生成する。
English: Therefore, when potato is in the growth period, une is made; in other words, the tuber is covered with soil, not to be discarded.
Japanese: したがって、ジャガイモの成長期は畝を立て（土をかぶせ）、廃棄することがないようにしている。
English: The flattened area is not so wide as the plateau type, so this mountain type is applied to the root crops and the like, which are easy to dig up for the shape of une.
Japanese: 台型のように平たくないため、根菜類などの作物などの山型にすることで掘り起こすことが容易になるものに適用される。
English: Occasionally, une should be remade if soil crumbles as the product grows.
Japanese: 作物が生育するに従って土が崩れ落ちてくるため畝を直さなければならない場合がある。
English: Kokudaka refers to the figure of land productivity shown with koku (a unit), which was used in the early modern ages of Japan.
Japanese: 石高（こくだか）とは、近世の日本において、土地の生産性を石(単位)という単位で表したもの。
English: From the time of Taiko kenchi through the Edo period, the economic value of all kinds of land such as rice (or vegetable) field and residential area, was converted into the productivity of rice, and the productivity, whose unit was koku, was calculated by multiplying the land size by a fixed figure called kokumori (land's productivity per 'tan' [a Japanese area unit]).
Japanese: 太閤検地以後江戸時代を通じて、田畑や屋敷などの土地の価値に至るまで、面積に石盛という一定の計数をかけて米の生産力に換算して石単位で表示するようになった。
English: This was called kokudaka system, and the output of crops other than rice and seafood was converted into the output of rice of the same economic value as those products.
Japanese: このような制度を石高制と言い、米以外の農作物や海産物の生産量も、米の生産量に換算されて表された。
English: Kokudaka was used to show the income of samurai including daimyo gained from their territory, and to show the retainers' salary given from the lord as well.
Japanese: 大名をはじめとする武士の所領からの収入や俸禄を表す場合も石高を用いられた。
English: Kokudaka system is sometimes called 'hyakusho takashoji' (system to measure the property of a farmer with kokudaka) when mentioned for the farmer, or called 'kokudaka chigyo system' (system to measure the annual stipend of a samurai with kokudaka) when mentioned for samurai (especially daimyo).
Japanese: 特に領民の場合には「百姓高所持」、武士（特に大名）の場合には「石高知行制」と称されることがある。
English: 1 koku was equal to the amount of rice consumed by an adult man in a year, so if 1 koku of rice is equated with the reward for a soldier, the kokudaka multiplied by the rate of nengu (land-tax) implies the number of soldiers fed.
Japanese: 一石は大人一人が一年に食べる米の量に相当することから、これを兵士たちに与える報酬とみなせば、石高×年貢率と同じだけの兵士を養えることになる。
English: The order of military service issued by bakufu in the Edo period enforced daimyo to mobilize about 200 people (including noncombatants) for every 10,000 koku of omote-daka (kokudaka officially recognized by the Edo bakufu).
Japanese: 江戸時代の軍役令によると、大名は幕府の命に応じて表高1万石あたり概ね2百人程度の軍勢（非戦闘員を含む）を動員する義務を課せられていた。
English: The following is only the figure officially recognized by the Edo bakufu (omote-daka) of local domains, and their uchi-daka (real figure of rice harvest) was quite different from their omote-daka in many cases.
Japanese: これらは、あくまで幕府公称の数字（表高）であり、実際の収穫高である内高とは、かなりの乖離がある藩も多い。
English: (This figure does not include 3 million koku of kokudaka, gained from the fiefs of hatamoto, including kotai-yoriai (the hatamoto which had alternate-year residence in Edo).
Japanese: （この数字に知行所を持つ旗本・交代寄合の石高300万石は含まれない）。
English: In the Meiji period, 1 monme was set at 3.75 grams, so 1 kin became 600 grams.
Japanese: 明治時代に1匁＝3.75グラムと定義されたので、1斤は600グラムとなる。
English: The unit name karame was used for 1 kin equivalent to 160 monme, yamatome for 1 kin to 180 monme, ome for 1 kin to 200 monme, shirome for 1 kin to 230 monme, and yamame for 1 kin to 250 monme.
Japanese: 160匁の斤は唐目（からめ）とも呼ばれ、他に180匁の大和目（やまとめ）、200匁の大目（おおめ）、230匁の白目（しろめ）、250匁の山目（やまめ）があった。
English: And for foreign goods, 1 kin was equalized with 120 monme (450 grams), since it was nearly equal to 1 pound (453.6 grams), which was called eikin (British kin).
Japanese: また舶来品に対しては、1ポンド(質量)（453.6グラム）に値が近い120匁（450グラム）を1斤とし、これを英斤（えいきん）と呼んだ。
English: Today, 'kin' is used only as the weight unit of a loaf of bread in Japan, which originated from the British catty.
Japanese: 今日では「斤」は食パンの計量の単位としてのみ使われているが、これは英斤によるものである。
English: But today, 1 kin of bread commonly weighs from 350 to 400 grams, which is less than 1 eikin, and the fair competition codes just prescribes that 1 kin should be more than 340 grams.
Japanese: ただし、今日の食パンの1斤は、1英斤よりも少ない350～400グラムが一般的であり、公正競争規約では340グラム以上と定められている。
English: In the past, Taiwan had the age of the rule of the Japanese Empire, when Japanese system of weights and measures influenced that of Taiwanese, so here, 1 kin is equivalent to 600 grams as in Japan.
Japanese: 台湾では、日本統治時代(台湾)があったことから日本の尺貫法の影響を受け、日本と同じ1斤＝600グラムとなっている。
English: In Hong Kong, 1 kin is equivalent to 604.78982 grams, called 'shima kin' (sima jin).
Japanese: 香港では「司馬斤」と呼ばれる604.78982グラムの斤が使用されている。
English: Set in the agreement concluded between the Qing Dynasty and other countries on units for trade, the unit of shima kin is still used today, and 1 shima kin is equal to 1 pound that is standardized in the yard-pound system.
Japanese: これは、清代に外国との貿易のために各国と結んだ単位についての協定における定義がそのまま使われているもので、ヤード・ポンド法のポンド(質量)に等しい。
English: Also, kati, a unit originated from the English word catty, is used in Southeast Asia.
Japanese: 英語ではcattyといい、これに由来するkatiという単位が東南アジア一帯でも使用されている。
English: In People's Republic of China, 1 kin (catty) was kept equal to 16 ryo (tael) for long, but under the present Chinese system of weights and measures, 1 kin (shi-kin) is equalized with 1 ryo (shi-ryo), and 1 shi-kin is set at 500 grams.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国でも長らく1斤＝16両とされていたが、現行の市制(単位系)では1斤（市斤）＝10両（市両）とされており、1市斤は500グラムと規定されている。
English: Han in terms of Japanese history is a historical term that refers to the territories ruled by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) who possessed a domain of 10,000 or more goku crop yields in the Edo period and the governance structure.
Japanese: 日本史で言う藩は、江戸時代に1万石以上の領土を保有する封建領主である大名が支配した領域と、その支配機構を指す歴史用語である。
English: Because the term Han was not the official name of a system in the Edo period, only some people used it, and it occasionally appeared after Genroku era (e.g. Hakuseki ARAI's books "Hankanpu" [Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate] and "Tokugawa jikki" [The True Tokugawa Records].)
Japanese: 藩と云う呼称は、江戸時代には公的な制度名ではなかったためこれを用いる者は一部に限られ、元禄年間以降に散見される程度だった（新井白石の『藩翰譜』、『徳川実紀』等）。
English: Originally, the term 'Han' referred to the territories ruled by the lords who were allowed to govern a certain country by the emperors of the Zhou Dynasty, ancient China, and the Japanese Confucian scholars in the Edo period compared the Japanese system to this, calling the daimyo who were (thought to be) subject to the TOGUGAWA Shogun family and given the territories by the shogun 'Shoko,' and their domains 'Han.'
Japanese: そもそも「藩」の語は、古代中国で天子である周の王によってある国に封建された諸侯の支配領域を指し、江戸時代の儒学者がこれになぞらえて、徳川将軍家に服属し将軍によって領地を与えられた（と観念された）大名を「諸侯」、その領国を「藩」と呼んだことに由来する。
English: In the Edo period, the term 'Han' was a nickname in Confucian literature so that it was not used in official systems and other names, such as 'XX kachu (family),' were used instead.
Japanese: 江戸時代には「藩」の語は儒学文献上の別称であって、公式の制度上は藩と称されたことは無く、「何某家中」のような呼称が用いられていた。
English: In modern historical terms, the daimyo who were feudal lords of Han are called 'Hanshu', and the daimyo's vassals were called 'Hanshi.'
Japanese: 今日の歴史用語では藩の領主である大名のことを「藩主」、大名の家臣のことを「藩士」と言う。
English: In addition, direct control territories of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) are called 'Tenryo' in modern historical terms in comparison to Han, and Daikan (local governor) or Gundai (intendant of a region or administrator of a town) collected land taxes there.
Japanese: やはり現代歴史用語ではあるが、藩に対して幕府の直轄領のことを「天領」と呼び、代官や郡代が年貢の徴収を行った。
English: However, for instance, retainers of the governor in Mutsu Province were rarely called 'Sendai Hanshi' in the Edo period, and they were officially called 'Matsudaira Mutsu no kami no Kerai' (retainers of the governor of Mutsu Province) (the Date family was given the cognomen of 'Matsudaira' by the shogun family.)
Japanese: しかし、江戸時代には、たとえば「仙台藩士」とはほとんど言わず、公的には松平陸奥守家来（伊達家は将軍家より松平姓を賜っていた）と称された。
English: In addition, many daimyo families preferred to call themselves 'Soshi' rather than 'Hanshi', both were of Chinese origin.
Japanese: また漢語的呼称でも、「藩士」より「惣士」と好んで呼んだ大名家も多かった。
English: In many cases, daimyo were called by their domain names with 'Ko' (lord), rather than 'Hanshu.'
Japanese: また「藩主」より、封地名に「侯」をつけて呼び現されることが多かった。
English: Certain self-sustained politics, economy and society were well organized inside Han within a framework of the authority of the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and the Edo bakufu, so the inside of Han functioned like a small country.
Japanese: 藩の内側は征夷大将軍と江戸幕府の権威・権力の枠の内側で一定の自立した政治・経済・社会のまとまりを持ち、小さな国家のように機能した。
English: Han started when shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) dismantled manors and employed local lords-grade samurai who had owned a territory in each farming village and the village headmen who had become local samurai as their vassals, firmly building a system to rule the whole region in their territory.
Japanese: 藩は、守護大名が荘園を解体し、各農村に所領を持つ国人級の武士や、武士化した名主層（地侍）を被官化し、一円的領域支配を築いていったことに始まる。