nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Moreover, somewhat ironically, the very daimyo that had begun by making light of the Shogun's authority found that when that shogunal authority was truly lost, their own authority and sovereignty as shugo (governors) vanished, and many were overthrown by their deputies or by commoners from their provinces in the phenomenon known as gekokujo (the lower overthrowing the higher); worse yet, peasant uprisings and religious leagues, of which the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a religious league of commoners in Kaga) and a similar Ikki in Yamashiro Province are representative examples, began to threaten the lords' control over their lands.
Japanese: また、皮肉にもこれまで将軍の権威をないがしろにしてきた諸大名も将軍の権威が本当に失われてしまった事でそこに由来していた守護としての統治権そのものの権威までが失われてしまい、配下であった守護代や国人衆による下克上、更には加賀一向一揆や山城国一揆に代表される民衆の一揆からもその領国支配を脅かされるようになっていくのである。
English: The Onin War completely eclipsed shogunal authority and stripped the bakufu of much of its power, but the Shogun was able to hold onto some measure of de facto authority through his military power.
Japanese: 応仁の乱で将軍の権威は完全に失墜し幕府の権力は衰退したが、将軍の軍事的な実権はある程度保たれていた。
English: After the war, the Shogun's former authority transferred to the Kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who rose to prominence as a figure of tremendous power.
Japanese: 乱のあと、将軍の権威に変わる形で管領細川政元が絶大的な権力者として台頭するようになった。
English: Following Yoshihisa's death, the position of Shogun passed to Yoshimi's son Yoshitane (more commonly known as "Yoshiki") ASHIKAGA, but when Masamoto, who was embroiled in a conflict with Yoshiki, struck down the former Kanrei Masanaga HATAKEYAMA, who was allied with Yoshiki, the Meio Coup began; Yoshiki was driven into exile and Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA was installed as the new Shogun.
Japanese: 義尚の死後、将軍の座は義視の子・足利義稙が継承していたが、義材と対立した政元は、義材と結ぶ元管領畠山政長を討つと、明応の政変を引き起こして義材を追放して足利義澄を新将軍に擁立した。
English: The view that the Sengoku period began with the Onin War was the dominant one for a long time, but recently the view holding that the Sengoku period began with the Meio Coup has become more prevalent.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の始まりは長らく応仁の乱がきっかけとされてきたが、今日では明応の政変をきっかけにして戦国時代が始まったとする説が有力になっている。
English: With this coup, in which the Kanrei, a retainer of the Shogun, deposed the Shogun, Masamoto managed to create a hereditary monopoly over the position of Kanrei for his Keicho branch of the Hosokawa clan, and moreover arrogated to himself the right to depose and appoint the Shogun, but such a state of affairs did not continue for long.
Japanese: 家臣である管領が将軍を廃したこの事件によって政元は細川京兆家による管領職の世襲化と独占状態を確立し、さらに将軍の廃立権をも手中に収めたのだが、その天下も長くは続かなかった。
English: Thereafter, the two candidates seeking to inherit the position of Kanrei, Masamoto's adopted sons Sumimoto and Takakuni HOSOKAWA, began to fight over who would be chosen.
Japanese: 以後、政元の養子である細川澄元と細川高国が後継管領を巡って争いを始めた。
English: When the former Shogun, Yoshitane (Yoshiki), learned of this internecine struggle in the Hosokawa clan, he marched on the capital together with Yoshioki OUCHI, and after receiving a welcome from Takakuni HOSOKAWA, he reclaimed his former position as Shogun.
Japanese: これを知った前将軍義稙（義材改め）は、大内義興とともに上洛、細川高国の出迎えを受けて将軍位に復した。
English: But when Yoshioki OUCHI was forced to return to his home provinces due to unrest there, Takakuni took Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, the orphan son of Yoshizumi, who had died in exile, and raised him up as the new Shogun, defeating the combined armies of Yoshitane and Sumimoto.
Japanese: だが、大内義興が本国情勢によって帰国すると、高国は亡命先で没した義澄の遺児足利義晴を新将軍に擁立して義稙と澄元連合軍を破った。
English: In the end, Takakuni was crushed by Sumimoto's son Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who forced all to acknowledge Yoshiharu as the new Shogun and took the position of Kanrei for himself, thereby putting an end to the internecine strife that had plagued the Hosokawa clan for over twenty years.
Japanese: 最終的に澄元の子・細川晴元が高国を倒し、義晴を新将軍と認めその管領になる事で20年以上にわたる内紛に終止符を打った。
English: But as a result of this series of internal squabbles, the bakufu itself had fallen into decline, and was now capable of exerting control only over the area immediately surrounding Kyoto, transforming into an institution that just barely managed to take the place of the shugo and survive as the titular authority over the Sengoku-period daimyo who each struggled to defend his authority over his own territory.
Japanese: 結局、一連の内紛で幕府そのものが衰微し京都周辺を収めるだけの地方政府へと転落し、辛うじて守護に代わって全国に割拠した戦国大名への権威付け機関としての存在感を示すだけのものと化した。
English: However, Harumoto's murder of the meritorious retainer Motonaga MIYOSHI, who had climbed to the highest rungs of power within the government, had a profound backlash in later years.
Japanese: だが、晴元が政権獲得の最終段階で功臣・三好元長を殺害した事が後年大きく裏目に出る。
English: Nagayoshi (Chokei) MIYOSHI, Motonaga's son, raised an army along with his brothers to hunt down Harumoto, who was driven into exile, while the Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was converted into a mere puppet.
Japanese: 元長の子である三好長慶兄弟が晴元に対して挙兵、晴元を追放して将軍足利義輝を傀儡化した。
English: Chokei raised another puppet up to be Harumoto's successor as Kanrei, meanwhile usurping the Kanrei's authority himself, and managed personally to seize the full power and authority of the shogunal government from his position as one of the Shobanshu (Shogunal advisor).
Japanese: 長慶は晴元の後任に傀儡の管領を立ててその職権を奪い、相伴衆の一員として幕政の全権を掌握した。
English: Shogun Yoshiteru observed these events and resolved, even as he accepted the support of Sengoku daimyo families closely allied with the Shogun, especially Kenshin UESUGI (the Kanrei of the Kanto region), to try to wrest back the power and prestige of the office of Shogun, only to be assassinated during a coup d'etat (known as the Eiroku Incident) by the faction led by Matsunaga, who was the primary target of Yoshiteru's efforts.
Japanese: この状況を見た将軍・義輝は上杉謙信（関東管領）をはじめとする親将軍家の戦国大名の支援を受けながら、将軍権威の再建に努めるが、その矢先松永一派のクーデター（永禄の変）によって暗殺された。
English: Yoshiteru's younger brother Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA--supported by Nobunaga ODA, a former vassal of the Kanrei Shiba clan--entered the capital and forced Matsunaga and his followers to capitulate before being appointed Shogun.
Japanese: その弟・足利義昭は管領斯波氏の元家臣織田信長の支援を受けて上洛して松永らを降伏させて将軍に就任する。
English: But eventually, Nobunaga, who aimed to create a new system of government consistent with his motto of 'Tenka fubu' (warriors rule all under heaven), and Yoshiaki, who was trying to revitalize the old system of Shogun and bakufu, were bound to become enemies, and in 1573 Yoshiaki was driven out of Kyoto by Nobunaga, and with this, the bakufu system was dismantled and absorbed into a new governmental system created by Nobunaga.
Japanese: だが、やがて「天下布武」を唱えて新秩序形成を目指す信長と旧来の将軍・幕府中心の秩序の再建を目指す義昭は敵対し、1573年に義昭は信長によって京都を追放されて幕府組織は信長の築いた政治機構に解体・吸収された。
English: Thereafter, using the fact that Yoshiaki had never officially been dismissed from the post of Seii taishogun as a pretext, movements did arise in various provinces to restore the bakufu to power, but against the momentum of the new governmental structure created by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, such efforts were entirely fruitless, and so the Muromachi bakufu--and the Muromachi period itself--is considered to have ended at the point Yoshiaki was driven from Kyoto.
Japanese: その後も義昭は征夷大将軍職を解任されていない事を盾に各地で幕府再建運動を行うが、信長、そして豊臣秀吉による新秩序形成の勢いを前には全くの無力であり、義昭の京都追放の時点をもって室町幕府および室町時代の終期と看做されている。
English: New agricultural techniques were gradually introduced to the Kanto from western Japan, including irrigation techniques that utilized the planting of two crops a year, oxen and horses to plow, and water wheels, as well as increased production and use of manure fertilizer, leading to improved crop production; moreover, more concentrated and diverse agricultural efforts were launched thanks to advances in agricultural technology, which led to the development of a system of villages that spurred the growth of self-reliance among farmers.
Japanese: 西日本から関東地方に波及した二毛作の技術や牛馬耕、水車などを利用した灌漑施設の整備や肥料の発達などは生産力を向上させ、さらに農業技術の進歩で集約的・多角的な農業を行い、自立農民の成長を促して郷村制の成立をもたらす。
English: And starting in the sixteenth century or thereabouts, cotton, which heretofore had had to be imported, began to be cultivated locally in Mikawa Province.
Japanese: また、それまでは輸入に頼るのみであった木綿の栽培も16世紀頃から三河国地方において栽培されはじめる。
English: As farmers made progress towards political independence, artisans also were freed from the control of the imperial court--which had dominated their livelihoods until this point--and achieved independence, leading to the general proliferation of handicrafts and the establishment of markets.
Japanese: 農民の自立が進むと、それまで宮廷に属していた工人も解放されて自立し、手工業が一般的に行われ市場が成立する。
English: Many of the products considered specialties of specific prefectures today have their origins in the Muromachi period, including Nishijin silks, luxury items that were made in the Nishijin district of Kyoto from raw silk imported from Ming China.
Japanese: 今日各地方の特産物と呼ばれるものは室町時代が起源であるものも多く、京都の西陣では明から輸入した生糸を利用して高級織物である西陣織がつくられた。
English: Increased agricultural production and the growing independence of artisans caused markets to spring up and expand in places ideally situated for commerce between or within cities.
Japanese: 農業生産力の向上や手工業の独立は市場を成立させ、都市や交通の要地とされる場所では市場が発達した。
English: Market types ranged from the Kamakura-period Sansai markets, which were held three times a month, to Rokusai markets that were held regularly, six times a month, and in urban areas many types of stores sprang up, ranging from permanent shops with display shelves to wholesale markets and wholesale stores that sold only one specific product.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の三斎市から月に6回定期的に開かれる六斎市など定期市や、都市部での見世棚をもった常設の店舗に、特定商品のみの卸売市場、卸売業を営む問屋も発生する。
English: From about the Heian period onwards, there was an insular, monopolistic system of commerce centered around the za (guilds), under which each za had exclusive rights to sell their products tax-free to specific noblemen and/or temples and shrines, but with the free market, open guild system introduced thanks to the rise of the sengoku daimyo, who started to allow independent (i.e., non-guild) businesses to be created, progress was made towards ending the oppressive guild system.
Japanese: 平安時代あたりから公家や寺社を本所として販売の独占権や関税の免除などの特権を得る座と呼ばれる閉鎖的な商業独占体制は、成長する戦国大名によって自営営業を許す楽市楽座によって廃止の方向へ向かう。
English: The standard currency in use during the period was the Eiraku tsuho (Chinese Ming-dynasty copper coins); the Muromachi bakufu never minted its own coins, instead importing these Ming copper coins by means of Japan's trade with Ming China and then having them circulate.
Japanese: 標準貨幣は永楽通宝であったが、室町幕府は貨幣を鋳造せずに日明貿易で明銭を輸入して流通させていた。
English: But the coins in circulation were insufficient, leading to the circulation of both privately minted and bad currency (which contained less than the full amount of copper), which prompted the bakufu to issue a series of laws singling out low-quality coins and banning them from use; the bakufu also set an exchange rate between the different currencies in circulation.
Japanese: 流通貨幣は不足しており私鋳銭など悪貨が流通しており、幕府は度々撰銭令で悪銭を指定し、流通貨幣との交換比率も定めていた。
English: Moreover, during the Muromachi period the pilgrimage to the Grand Shrine at Ise, as well as the pilgrimage to the Thirty-Three Temples in Kinki with a statue of Avalokitesvara, were very much in vogue, and combined with the construction opportunities afforded by the fighting and conflagrations of the Onin War, this contributed to the growth and development of a wide variety of urban areas.
Japanese: また、室町時代には伊勢詣や西国33ヵ所など寺社参りが流行し、応仁の乱の戦火などは各種都市の発達をもたらした。
English: Cities like Sakai (part of the Osaka metropolitan area today) and Hakata (the modern-day Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture) were free cities self-governed largely by the egoshu, associations of merchants, and beginning with the Onin War, such cities armed themselves and bolstered their defensive capabilities, developing quite an autonomous, free spirit.
Japanese: 堺市（大阪府堺市）や博多（福岡県福岡市）などでは会合衆を中心に自治的な都市運営を行っており、応仁の乱以後は武装して防衛をしており自治的性格をもっていた。
English: Sakai, a representative example of the free cities in the medieval period, was rated by missionaries in some surviving accounts as 'the Venice of the East,' and continued its autonomy until it was later forced to capitulate to Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 中世の代表的自治都市である堺は宣教師も「東洋のベニス」と評価する文書を残しており、織田信長に屈服するまで自治を行う。
English: A similar style of autonomy could be seen in the character of Jinaicho (temple towns), religious communities that coalesced around temples of the Ikko sect.
Japanese: 同じく自治的性格を持っていのは、一向宗の寺院を中心に形成された寺内町である。
English: Representative examples of Jinaicho included those in Ishiyama of Settsu Province (modern-day Osaka Prefecture), in Yoshizaki Mibo of Echizen Province (Fukui Prefecture today), and in the city of Tondabayashi (present-day Tondabayashi City, Osaka).
Japanese: 代表的寺内町には摂津国石山（大阪府）や越前国吉崎御坊（福井県）、富田林市（大阪府富田林市）などがある。
English: Due to the dissemination of the money-based economy and (economic) growth among the commoners, provincial cities also began to develop, and the highways were maintained to boost circulation of goods and trade in remote areas and facilitate the collection of the annual taxes, which led to lively cultural exchanges in rural culture.
Japanese: 貨幣経済の浸透や庶民の成長による地方都市の発達、遠隔地の商品流通や年貢輸送のために街道が整備され、地方文化の交流も活発になる。
English: Land-based trade relied on ground transportation traders like bashaku (who used packhorses) and shashaku (who used carriages), while sea-based trade was dependent on monmaru (shipping agents), relay traders who utilized light trading vessels to transport goods or items sold via consignment.
Japanese: 陸上交通では馬借、車借などの陸上輸送業者、海上交通では廻船を用いて輸送や委託販売を行う中継業者の問丸が活躍する。
English: Barriers and checkpoints were erected by the bakufu or by influential temples, shrines, or local lords at key points around ports and on highways, collecting tolls (sekisen) for land and customs (tsuryo) for sea travel and trade.
Japanese: 港や街道の要所には幕府や寺社、地方領主らにより関所が設置され、関銭や津料を徴収していた。
English: Pirates who held no allegiance to any state, called Wako (Japanese pirates), were active during the Muromachi period; the term "early Wako" is used to describe such pirates in the fourteenth century, while "later Wako" refers to Wako of the fifteenth century.
Japanese: 室町時代には倭寇と呼ばれる無国籍海上勢力が活動し、14世紀の倭寇は前期倭寇、15世紀の倭寇は後期倭寇と呼ばれる。
English: The Wako were active throughout East Asia, along the coasts of China and the Korean peninsula to Southeast Asia, and were involved in acts of piracy and smuggling.
Japanese: 倭寇は朝鮮半島や中国沿岸部、東南アジアにわたる東アジア地域で活動し、海賊行為や密貿易などを行った。
English: Moreover, this period witnessed, in terms of international history, the dawning of the age of exploration, which meant that Europeans, notably the Portuguese and the Spanish, began to be active in East Asia.
Japanese: さらに世界史的には大航海時代を迎えており、ポルトガルやイスパニアなどのヨーロッパ人も東アジアで活動を広めていた。
English: Licensed trade missions--to be distinguished from smuggling and piracy by Wako--set sail from Hakata, Sakai, and Bonotsu (today's Bonotsu-machi, Satsuma City, Kagoshima Prefecture), and goods were checked and inspected upon arrival in Ningbo, China.
Japanese: 勘合貿易で倭寇と区別博多、堺市、坊津（鹿児島県南さつま市坊津町）から出航し、寧波で勘合符を照査させる。
English: The Hosokawa and Ouchi clans clashed over who would hold true authority over the trade (in what was called the Ningbo Turmoil); following this, the Ouchi clan managed to seize de facto control over the China trade.
Japanese: 細川氏と大内氏が実権を巡り衝突（寧波の乱）して、以後大内氏が貿易の実権を握った。
English: Embassies from Korea: after an envoy and royal missive was sent to Korea by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, a reply was dispatched to Yoshimitsu via an emissary from Shin (Yoshimi) in 1375, thereby opening official communications.
Japanese: 朝鮮通信使・・・足利義満からの使者と国書に対する返礼で1375年に足利義満に対して信（よしみ）を通わす使者として派遣されたのが始まりである。
English: The Sanpo Disturbance: an insurrection by the Japanese settlers living in Sanpo (the city of Naijiho, today known as Jinhae city) and Fuzanho (the city of Busan, or Shiho).
Japanese: 三浦の乱・・・三浦（乃而浦（鎮海市）、富山浦（釜山市）、塩浦）に定住する日本人が反乱。
English: When the Sho clan, the royal family of Chuzan (the middle mountain), unified the Sanzan (Three Mountains) and established the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1492, they received an official seal from the Ming court of China.
Japanese: 1492年に中山王尚氏が三山を統一して琉球王国を建国すると、明朝の冊封を受けた。
English: In addition to Ming China, on whom the Ryukyu Kingdom was dependent economically and for trade, the kingdom was also involved in a unique form of transit trade throughout a wide swathe of East Asia, including Korea, the kingdom of Malacca (modern-day Malaysia), the Pattani Kingdom, and the kingdoms of Annam (today's Vietnam) and Ayutthaya.
Japanese: 国家の経済を貿易に頼る琉球王国は明のほか、朝鮮、マラッカ王国やパタニ王国、安南やアユタヤー王朝などの東南アジアにも及ぶ広範囲で独自の中継貿易を行っていた。
English: In 1414, the Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA responded to the tributary gifts sent to him from the Ryukyu Kingdom with an official letter, while in 1441, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA declared the Ryukyu islands to be a vassal state of the Shimazu clan, lords of Satsuma Province; furthermore, the bakufu created the office of Ryukyu Hoko (shogunal magistrate of the Ryukyus) in an attempt to exert control over Ryukyu trade, meaning that it was during the Muromachi period that the Ryukyus began to be seen as part of Japan.
Japanese: 1414年には将軍足利義持が琉球王の献上物に対する返礼の書状を贈っており、1441年には足利義教が琉球を薩摩国の島津氏の属国とする事を認めており、さらに幕府には琉球奉行が設置されて貿易の統制を行おうとしており、室町時代には琉球が「日本」として認識されていた。
English: In the closing days of the Kamakura period, a revolt by the people of Ezo had thrown the Kamakura bakufu into turmoil, and after the bakufu's collapse, the Ando clan had created flourishing strongholds out of thirteen ports, but eventually the Ando clan was brought to ruin by the rising fortunes of the Nanbu clan.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期には蝦夷の反乱が鎌倉幕府を揺るがし、幕府滅亡後には安東氏が十三湊を本拠地に栄えるが、やがて南部氏の興隆により没落する。
English: The power and influence of ethnic Japanese (wajin) in Ezo (modern-day Hokkaido) began to spread, leading to a clash with the native inhabitants, the Ainu people.
Japanese: 蝦夷地（北海道）ににおいては和人（本土人）の居住勢力が広まり、土着のアイヌ民族との衝突が起こる。
English: In 1457, the Ainu tribes, led by the great Ainu chieftain Kosamaynu, rose in revolt, engaging in battle with the Kakizaki clan and with Nobuhiro TAKEDA.
Japanese: 1457年にアイヌの酋長であるコシャマイン率いる部族が蜂起して、蠣崎氏や武田信広らと戦う。
English: Two distinct cultures flourished during the Muromachi period, the Kitayama culture of Yoshimitsu's day and the Higashiyama culture of Yoshimasa's time.
Japanese: 室町時代は、義満の時代と義政の時代に特徴的な文化が栄え、北山文化・東山文化と呼ばれることがある。
English: Given the energy and vitality of the Northern and Southern Court period, the (Kitayama) culture during the reign of the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu, was centralized and authoritarian, influenced both by aristocratic and warrior culture and by Chinese culture, while by contrast, the (Higashiyama) culture during the reign of the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa, was based in commoner culture and was heavily influenced by Zen Buddhism, for example in the twin aesthetic principles of wabi-sabi (the beauty and pathos of loneliness, simplicity, and imperfection).
Japanese: 南北朝時代の活力が背景にあり、3代将軍義満の時代（北山文化）は中央集権的で公家文化と武家文化の影響や中国文化の影響があるのに対し、8代将軍義政の時代（東山文化）は庶民的で「侘び・寂び」という禅宗などの影響が強いのが特色といわれる。
English: Taking advantage of the fact that the capital, Kyoto, lay in ruins as a result of Onin War, culture began to spread out into the provinces, and even disseminated down to the commoners, who had been advancing socially thanks to the development and growth of soson (peasant villages) and new urban areas in the provinces.
Japanese: 応仁の乱での京都の荒廃を機に地方伝播し、惣村や都市の発達により成長していた庶民にも文化が浸透していった。
English: Many aspects of Japanese culture today considered iconic of Japan, including the tea ceremony, Noh theater, and shoinzukuri (a traditional Japanese architectural style) were created during this period.
Japanese: 茶の湯・能楽・書院造など今日、文化の原型と考えられているものがこの時代に確立された。
English: In terms of architectural design, Rokuon-ji (Kinkaku-ji) Temple, which Yoshimitsu had built in the Kitayama region of Kyoto, was a blend of palatial Heian style and Zen Buddhist style architecture, and as such is an excellent example of Kitayama culture.
Japanese: 建築では、義満が北山に建造した鹿苑寺は寝殿造と禅宗仏殿を融合させたもので、北山文化を代表する建築である。
English: Within Jisho-ji Temple, the room called the Togudo Dojinsai was a four and a half tatami mat room; it is in what has been called early shoinzukuri-style, and is a prototypical example of Japanese-style architecture.
Japanese: また慈照寺内の東求堂同仁斎は四畳半の座敷で、初期書院造といわれ、和風建築の原型になっている。
English: Renga poetry, a form of waka where the first and last stanzas of the poem are linked together, had been growing in popularity beginning in the Kamakura period, but in the Muromachi period it entered a golden age.
Japanese: 上句と下句を連ねていく和歌である連歌は鎌倉時代から発達し、室町時代に最盛を迎える。
English: Renga masters like Sogi, Yoshimoto NIJO, Socho and Shinkei appeared, and daimyo as well as nobles began to gather at temples and shrines for renga parties.
Japanese: 宗祇や二条良基、宗長や心敬らの連歌師が出現し、大名や公家僧侶が寺社に集まり連歌会が催された。
English: Regarding the tea ceremony, the tocho (tea leaf contests) and cha yoriai (tea parties) held in the Northern and Southern Court period developed, thanks to Shuko MURATA, into wabicha (a tea ceremony characterized by an affecting rusticity and simplicity) in the Higashiyama period, which was perfected by Sen no Rikyu in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 茶の湯は、南北朝時代に行われていた闘茶や茶寄合が、東山時代に村田珠光により侘び茶が開始され、戦国時代に千利休が完成させる。
English: In terms of painting, the Higashiyama period saw the emergence of Sesshu, who surpassed monk-painters like Mincho, Josetsu, and Shubun and perfected the art of ink painting.
Japanese: 絵画では東山時代に画僧である明兆・如拙・周文らを経て雪舟が水墨画を完成させる。
English: Kanami and his son Motokiyo ZEAMI, who both enjoyed the patronage of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, were able to take the Sarugaku (a style of comedy) and Dengaku (a musical, rhythmic ritual dancing concerned with rice) that had existed from the Kamakura period and perfect them into Noh theater.
Japanese: 足利義満の保護を受けた観阿弥・世阿弥元清の親子が鎌倉時代から行われていた猿楽・田楽を能楽として大成させる。
English: The Muromachi period can be described as the era in which, thanks to the establishment of the soson (peasant villages) and the development and growth of urban areas, the cultural mantle passed to commoners.
Japanese: 室町時代は惣村の成立や都市の発達により庶民が文化の担い手になってくる時代でもあった。
English: Among the common people, otogizoshi (fairy-tales), collections of short tales, were available to be read, while Kyogen, kouta (ballads) and kowakamai (a type of dance) were all popular forms of entertainment for commoners.
Japanese: 庶民の間では短編の読み物集である御伽草子が読まれ、狂言や小唄、幸若舞などの庶民芸能が流行する。
English: With the exception of soy sauce (which had not widely proliferated throughout western Japan until the early Edo period nor spread into Edo itself until the mid-Edo period), these were items that had been introduced from China and then disseminated thanks to the commercial and industrial growth seen during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 醤油を除き、中国から伝わっていた要素で、室町時代の商工業発達によって普及した（醤油の普及はやや遅れ、関西では江戸時代初期、江戸では中期）。
English: Research into both Chinese literature and neo-Confucianism was conducted mainly in the Gozan (the five great Zen temples) of Kyoto, leading to the appellation "Gozan literary scholarship."
Japanese: 京都の五山を中心に禅僧の間で漢文学や朱子学の研究が行われ、五山文学と呼ばれる。
English: The Gozan temples enjoyed the patronage of the bakufu, and in fact served as advisors and diplomats for Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in the trade between Japan and Ming China.
Japanese: 五山は幕府の保護を受け、日明貿易を行う足利義満の外交的顧問役でもあった。
English: The now effectively powerless nobility busied themselves by researching the intricacies of court practices, waka poetry, and classical literature, and indeed, it is thanks to the efforts of aristocrats like Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, Tsuneyori TO, and Sanetaka SANJONISHI that the classical canon was preserved.
Japanese: 無力化した公家は有職故実や和歌、古典の研究を行い、一条兼良や東常縁、三条西実隆などの公家より古典文化が守られた。
English: When Kyoto was reduced to ruins during the Onin War, nobles and Zen monks relocated to the countryside, further spreading scholarship and culture in the provinces and advancing commoner culture as well.
Japanese: 応仁の乱で京都が荒廃すると、公家や禅僧は地方に移り、学問や文化の地方波及や庶民化が進む。
English: The Kanpaku (chief imperial advisor) Kaneyoshi ICHIJO moved into the household of the Asakura clan in Echizen Province, while his son settled permanently in Nakamura of Tosa Province, thereby founding the Tosa branch of the ICHIJO clan.
Japanese: 関白一条兼良は越前国朝倉氏のもとへ身を寄せ、子は土佐国中村に土着して土佐一条氏となる。
English: Genju KEIAN was invited to come to both Higo and then Satsuma provinces, leading him to found the Satsunangaku school, a school of Neo-Confucianism, there in the countryside, which fell into decline during the Edo period; Baiken MINAMIMURA was invited to Tosa, where he created the Kainangaku school, which was also a school of Neo-Confucianism.
Japanese: 桂庵玄樹は肥後国及び薩摩国に招かれ、現地で朱子学の一派である薩南学派を開くが江戸時代には衰亡南村梅軒は土佐に招かれて、同じく朱子学の一派の海南学派を開く。