nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, in gassho-zukuri, materials from both sides lean against each other in the shape of the Chinese character 人 cross at the ridgepoles.
Japanese: それに対し、合掌造りでは両側から「人」の字形に寄りかかった部材が棟木の点で交差する形状となっている。
English: It is a truss structure and ideal considering the characteristics of wooden material because it reduces bending moments and concentrates tensile strength of the beams.
Japanese: トラス構造であり、梁材に与える曲げモーメントを低減し、引張力に集中させるという点で、木材の性質上、優れた構造である。
English: Around the middle of the Edo period, farmers started to place shelves for raising silkworms in this space under their roof when the sericultural industry grew.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期頃、養蚕業が活発化すると、この空間を利用し、農家の住居の屋根裏で養蚕の棚を設置するようになった。
English: However, it is thought that the roof was made higher and steeper to increase the space available for shelves to raise silkworms.
Japanese: 3層・4層という具合に養蚕棚の空間を大きく取るために、屋根がさらに高く切り立ったと考えられている。
English: The work to renew or repair a thatched roof is conducted in cooperation with people in the community.
Japanese: 茅葺屋根の葺き替えや補修作業では、地域住民の働力提供による共同作業で行われる。
English: Shaka-do hall is a denomination given to the Buddhist stature hall or temples in which a statue of Shaka Nyorai (Buddha Shakamuni) is enshrined as the principle image.
Japanese: 釈迦堂（しゃかどう）は、釈迦如来像を本尊とする仏堂または寺院に付せられる名称。
English: However, it should be noted that not all of the Buddhist statue halls that enshrine a statue of Shaka Nyorai (Buddha Shakamuni) as the principle image are called 'Shaka-do hall.'
Japanese: なお、釈迦如来像を本尊とする仏堂のすべてが「釈迦堂」と呼称されるわけではない。
English: Kayabuki is a type of roof structure using kaya (grass) (Japanese pampas grass or cogon) as the material for thatching and is also called kaya-thatched roof.
Japanese: 茅葺（かやぶき）とは、カヤ(草)（ススキやチガヤなど）を材料にして葺く家屋の屋根の構造の一つで、茅葺き屋根、茅葺屋根ともいう。
English: It is sometimes called straw-thatching or grass-thatching depending on the material used.
Japanese: 用いる材料により藁葺（わらぶき）・草葺（くさぶき）と呼び区別する場合もある。
English: It is also thought that dwellings using only a thatched roof were built in the Jomon period of Japan.
Japanese: また日本でも縄文時代には茅を用いた屋根だけの住居が作られていたと考えられている。
English: The possibility that buildings in the Nara period onwards might have been kokera (bark tiles)-roofed or bark-roofed has been investigated; but restorations of the roofs of pit dwellings from Yayoi or earlier periods ruins (for example, Toro Ruins) are usually thatched.
Japanese: 奈良時代以降の場合はこけら葺や樹皮葺であった可能性が検討されるが、弥生時代以前の遺跡（登呂遺跡など）で復元される竪穴式住居などの屋根は通常茅葺とされる。
English: They are used after sufficient drying until spring but are sometimes smoked before being use to increase their durability.
Japanese: 春になるまで充分乾燥させてから使用するが、耐久性を高めるために使用前に燻したりすることもある。
English: When a kamado (kitchen range, cooking stove) and/or a fireplace (a sunken hearth) is used within a building, it increases the durability of such a roof.
Japanese: 建物の内部で竈や囲炉裏を使用すると煙で燻されることにより耐久性が高められる。
English: However, shrine buildings are shorter-lived than private houses because fire is rarely used inside the building.
Japanese: しかしながら、神社建築の場合は建物内部で火を使うことがまずないため、民家に比べると寿命が短くなる。
English: However, its disadvantage is its short life and the fact that it may easily catch fire from neighboring fires.
Japanese: しかし、寿命が短い・近隣で火災が生じた場合に容易に類焼してしまうといった短所を併せ持つ。
English: In Japan, as communities grew larger and developed into densely-packed urban areas, its flammability was a serious disadvantage, therefore, such roofs disappeared rapidly in urban areas, and town houses along roads to be replaced by tiled roofs.
Japanese: 日本では集落が発展し、建物が密集する都市が形成されるにつれて火災に弱い短所が嫌われ、都市部や街道沿いの町屋などでは瓦の普及などにより早期に姿を消した。
English: On the other hand, it was easier to obtain the material such as Japanese pampas grass, cogon or rice straw in villages and it was possible to jointly gather these materials and repair roofs during the agricultural off-season.
Japanese: 一方村落では材料のススキ・チガヤ・稲藁などの入手が容易であり、農閑期に共同作業で材料の入手と屋根の補修を行なうことができた。
English: Therefore, many thatched houses existed in villages in mountainous areas until around the middle of the 20th century in Japan.
Japanese: そのため20世紀中ごろまで日本各地の山間部の農村に茅葺が数多く残っていた。
English: Compared to mountainous areas, thatched roofs decreased earlier in areas where typhoons are severe because thatched roofs cannot withstand strong winds.
Japanese: 台風の被害の大きい地域では、台風などによる強風に弱い短所が嫌われ、山間部に比べて早期に減少していた。
English: After the Second World War, thatched roofs disappeared rapidly because of the decrease in population in farming areas made it difficult to jointly re-thatch roofs, introduction of regulations that complicated new buildings and the price of wood, such as Japanese cedar, temporarily increased and kaya-growing areas were converted to artificial forests.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後は農村の過疎が進み、共同作業として行う葺き替えが困難になったこと、規制等により新たに建造することが簡便ではないこと、また、スギなどの木材価格が一時的に高騰し茅場が人工林化したことなどから急激に姿を消した。
English: At present in the 21st century, most of the thatched roofs have been replaced by metal roofs, such as tin roofs; but a small number of buildings with thatched roofs still remain.
Japanese: 21世紀現在、もともと茅葺であった建物の大部分はトタンなどの金属葺屋根に改修されているが、わずかに茅葺が維持されている建物も残っている。
English: Newly built thatched private houses are extremely rare, but many temple/shrine buildings, such as the Shogu (main shrine) and Betsugu (sub-shrine) of Ise-jingu Shrine maintain thatched roofs according to old customs.
Japanese: 民家では新規に建築されることはほとんどなくなったが、伊勢神宮正宮・別宮などの寺社建築では古式に則り茅葺を維持している例が多い。
English: Thatched roof designs are sometimes used in commercial facilities to give character to their exterior, but some use reinforced plastic that look similar to thatch instead.
Japanese: 外観に特徴を与える意匠として商業施設などに採用される場合があるが、茅葺に見えるような繊維強化プラスチックなどの屋根が採用されることもある。
English: Ishinomaki City of Miyagi Prefecture relaxed the regulations for thatched roofs based on Clause 1, Article 22 of the Building Standard Law starting on November 1, 2006, opening the way for building new thatched roofs.
Japanese: なお、宮城県石巻市では2006年11月1日より、建築基準法第22条1項の規制区域を緩和することによって、「茅葺き屋根」新築の道を開いた。
English: This has led to stimulation of local industries through the use of reeds, a specialty of the Kitakami-gawa River, which flows through the city.
Japanese: これは市内を流れる北上川特産のヨシを利用することにより、地場産業を活性化させることにつながる。
English: It also is attracting attention because it would induce people who wish to live in rural areas to live in Ishinomaki City by allowing new buildings with thatched roofs, which are of high cultural value.
Japanese: また文化的価値が高い「茅葺き屋根」の新築を可能にすることによって、田舎暮らしを目指す人々を石巻市内に呼び込む道を開いたものとして注目される。
English: Ishinomaki City initially applied to the national government for a special area to allow new buildings with thatched roofs.
Japanese: ちなみに、当初石巻市は「茅葺き屋根」新築のための「特区」を国に申請していたが、
English: The national government expressed the view that the city could deal with deregulation to allow the construction of new thatched roofs by redesignation of nonflammable materials for preventing the spread of fire specified in Article 22 of the Building Standard Law.
Japanese: 国は市独自の判断で、火災の延焼防止を目的に住宅に不燃材使用を定めている建築基準法の２２条の指定を見直すことで、「茅葺き屋根」新築のための規制緩和に対応できるとの見解を示した。
English: Outside of Japan, use of such roofs in private houses has decreased in West Europe (such as Germany, Denmark and Holland).
Japanese: 日本以外では、西ヨーロッパ（ドイツ・デンマーク・オランダ等）においては一般民家等は少なくなってはいる。
English: However, newly built thatched houses are still relatively numerous because it is a symbol of wealth among the rich and Japanese craftsmen visit these countries for training.
Japanese: しかし、富裕層では裕福の象徴的な意味もあり、新築で建てるなど比較的数が多く、日本の職人も研修などで訪れたりもする。
English: Kirizuma-zukuri style (an architectural style with a gabled roof): The roof has a book opened facedown shape and is thought to have developed in Japan from takayukashiki-soko (warehouse on stilts).
Japanese: 切妻造本を開いて伏せたような形状の屋根で、日本では高床式倉庫から発展したと考えられる。
English: Gassho-zukuri (a house built of wooden beams combined to form a steep thatched roof that resembles two hands together): This type is usually classified as Kirizuma-zukuri, but is sometimes classified as irimoya style (building with a half-hipped roof) when the eaves of the gable are large.
Japanese: 合掌造は通常切妻に分類されるが、妻の庇が大きい場合は入母屋とされる場合がある。
English: Yosemune-zukuri (a square or rectangular building, covered with a hipped roof): This style is found throughout Japan and is thought to have developed from prehistoric pit dwellings.
Japanese: 寄棟造竪穴式住居から発展したと考えられる形状で、日本各地で見られる。
English: Irimoya style: A structural style where a gable and large eaves are integrated into one with windows for taking in light and letting smoke out are added to yosemune-zukuri.
Japanese: 入母屋造切妻に大きな庇が一体化したものと、寄棟に明かり取り、煙出の窓を備えた構造。
English: Kogaimune structure: Kaya is piled on the ridge and is fastened to wood protruding from the roof.
Japanese: 笄棟（こうがいむね）茅を棟に積み重ね、屋根から突き出させた木材に締めて固定する構造。
English: Shibamune structure: Trees and grasses are grown intentionally to use their roots to prevent the ridge from loosening.
Japanese: 芝棟（しばむね）意図的に木や草を生やし、その根で棟の弛みをなくす構造。
English: Depending upon the location and usage, the entire roof is commonly renewed around once every 20 to 40 years.
Japanese: 場所や使用状態にもよるが20-40年程度で屋根全体を葺き替えることが多いようである。
English: Regarding securement of material, Japanese pampas grass fields called kayaba existed in the periphery of villages in the past.
Japanese: 材料の確保については、元来は村落周辺に茅場と呼ばれるススキ草原があった。
English: These Japanese pampas grass fields were maintained by stopping the progress of transition (biology term) by cutting the grass regularly as food for domestic livestock.
Japanese: これは、家畜の餌などとして定期的に刈り入れを行うことで、遷移(生物学)の進行を止めてススキ草原を維持していたものである。
English: However, use of the fields has been abandoned and most of them lost with the change in lifestyle since the end of the Second World War.
Japanese: しかし、第二次大戦以降の生活の変化によって利用されなくなったことから、ほとんどが失われた。
English: Some building companies have started to train young craftspeople in thatch-roofing, and therefore, the decrease of craftspeople has begun slow.
Japanese: 職人の確保も、若手を育成している建築会社が出現するなど、減少に歯止めが掛かろうとしている。
English: However, the shrine acquired land during the Taisho period in Watarai-cho, Watarai-gun especially for growing kaya (kayaba for the shrine).
Japanese: 大正時代に茅を育成するための用地（神宮萱場）を度会郡度会町に確保した。
English: The former method uses only a half or third of kaya compared with the latter method and is easier because kaya does not slide down.
Japanese: 前者は後者に比べ茅の使用量を2〜3分の1に押さえる事が出来、茅が滑り落ちない為施工が簡単である。
English: Although the cost depends on the area, it is said that the typical market price is roughly around \120,000 per 3.3 square meters (around \5 M in total).
Japanese: 費用は地域差もあるが、大体1坪あたり12万円前後（屋根全体で500万円程度）掛かるのが相場という。
English: Iwaki-shijuhachi-date is a term used to generally refer to forty-eight castles built by the Iwaki family.
Japanese: 岩城四十八館（いわきしじゅうはちたて）は、岩城氏によってにおかれた四十八の館の総称。
English: Honmaru is a term used to refer to a kuruwa (castle compartment) at the center of a Japanese castle.
Japanese: 本丸（ほんまる）は、日本の城の中核となる曲輪（くるわ）の名称である。
English: For castles built in the middle ages, it is said that they were called Honjo, Mijo, Tsumenomaru, etc., depending on the castle.
Japanese: 中世城郭では、本城、実城、詰丸など、城によって呼び名が異なるとされている。
English: Accordingly, the term Honmaru is sometimes used to refer to the essence of matters, the core of an organization, etc.
Japanese: また、これを由来に、物事の本質、組織の中核等の事を言う場合にもに用いることがある。
English: In some castles, the honmaru was used as a living or administration quarters for the castle owner, by building gorgeous buildings such as a honmaru-goten.
Japanese: 本丸御殿といった豪華な建物が建てられ、城主の日常生活や政務を行う場として使われる場合があった。
English: In other castles, such functions were provided in a Ninomaru (second central castle compartment) or a Sannomaru (third central castle compartment), and the honmaru was a small area which functioned as a tsumenomaru during battle.
Japanese: そうした機能は二の丸・三の丸に置き、本丸は面積を狭くして戦時における詰の丸としての機能を持つ場合もあった。
English: A small kuruwa with a tenshu inside or outside the honmaru is sometimes called Tenshu-kuruwa or Tenshumaru.
Japanese: 本丸の内または本丸と別に、天守の建てられた小規模な曲輪を天守曲輪または天守丸ということもある。
English: It is said that according to the physiognomy of a house, Ote-mon (main gate) should be located to the south-east of the center of the castle (honmaru or goten), and a corner located to the north-east (direction of demon's gate) of the center of the castle should be removed by carrying out Sumikaki (corner cutting) in order to avoid the influence of the demon.
Japanese: 本丸の中心、若しくは、御殿の中心を中央として、大手門を南東に、鬼門となる北東には角を立てずに鬼門除けとなる隅欠きをするとよいといわれていた。
English: However, very few of them have been realized, due to shortage of historical records and lack of cultural impact.
Japanese: しかし、資料の不足やインパクトに欠ける面から復元されることはまれである。
English: Satoyama is a word referring to the state in which there exists an ecosystem that is influenced by peoples in the hills and mountains adjacent to a settlement or habitat, or similar geographical conditions.
Japanese: 里山（さとやま）とは、集落、人里に接した山、あるいはこうした地形において人間の影響を受けた生態系が存在している状態を指す言葉である。
English: It first appeared in academic material in June 1759, in a document titled 'Kiso Onzaimoku-Kata' (Kiso-style Lodging) (木曽御材木方)compiled by the domain of Owari.
Japanese: 文献上、最初に「里山」という単語が現れるのは1759年6月に尾張藩が作成した「木曽御材木方」という文書においてである。
English: In this document, Satoyama was defined as 'satoyama means a mountain close to a rural settlement habitat.'
Japanese: これによると里山とは「村里家居近き山をさして里山と申候」と定義されるものである。
English: On the other hand, it can be said that Tsunahide SHIDEI, who was a teacher at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University and Kyoto Prefectural University among others, was the person who defused the concept of Satoyama through his speech and writing activities that lead to the present reevaluation of Satoyama.
Japanese: 一方、現在のような里山の再評価に直接繋がる言論活動を開始した人物という意味では、京都大学農学部・京都府立大学などの教官を務めた四手井綱英がいる。
English: It is said that Shidei created the usage of the word 'Satoyama' in the context familiar to us nowadays.
Japanese: 四手井は今日的な意味での「里山」という言葉の使い方を考案したと言われる。
English: The first forest where continuous human activity can be seen in Japanese archipelago dates back at least to the Jomon period.
Japanese: 日本列島において、継続的に人間の手が入る森林が出現した時期は、少なくとも縄文時代までは遡ることが出来る。
English: Thanks to the study on Sannai-Maruyama site, it was revealed that a group of people called Jomons living in this site, cultivated chestnut and lacquer trees in the woods close to their settlement and made use of these plants.
Japanese: 三内丸山遺跡の研究によって、この遺跡に起居していた縄文人集団が近隣の森に栽培種のクリやウルシを植えて利用していたことが明らかとなっている。
English: However, as historic period begins, Satoyama in the Japanese archipelago underwent repeated cycles of destructive exploitation and protection.
Japanese: しかし歴史時代に入るとともに日本列島の里山は乱伐と保護を繰り返していくこととなる。
English: The first destruction caused by the over-forestation of Satoyama became obvious in Kinai (the five provinces surrounding the ancient capital of Nara and Kyoto), and according to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), an imperial edict to prohibit logging in the mountains such as Mount Minamibuchi and Mount Hosokawa, was issued in 676.
Japanese: 最初に里山のオーバーユースによる森林破壊が顕在化したのは畿内であり、日本書紀によると、天武天皇の6年（676年）には南淵山、細川山などで木を伐採することを禁じる勅令が出されている。
English: However, the destruction of forests had advanced, and it is thought that by the year 800, a considerable part of the forests in Kinai had been lost, and by around the year of 1000, the destruction had been extended to the forests of Shikoku region and by the 1550's, 25% of the forests in the whole Japanese archipelago had been lost.
Japanese: だが日本列島における森林破壊は進行し、800年代までには畿内の森林の相当部分が、また1000年頃までには四国の森林も失われ、1550年代までにこの二つの地域の森林を中心にして日本列島全体の25％の森林が失われたと考えられている。
English: During the administrations of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (Azuchi Period and Momoyama Period (1568 - 1600)) as well as during in the Edo Period (1603-1868), the destruction of forests did not stop, and in Honshu (main island), Shikoku, Kyushu and southern Hokkaido regions, the major part of the forest exploitable by the technology available at that time had been lost.
Japanese: 織豊政権期、江戸時代に入っても日本列島の森林破壊は留まる所を知らず、1710年までには本州、四国、九州、北海道南部の森林のうち当時の技術で伐採出来るものの大半は失われた。
English: This drastic destruction was accounted for by an increased demand for construction materials owing to a nationwide population explosion and the large-scale construction of temples, shrines and castles that were carried out successively.
Japanese: こうした激烈な森林破壊の背景には日本列島の人口の急激な膨張による建材需要や、大規模な寺社・城郭の造営が相次いだことがあったと考えられている。
English: This means that until the 18th century, the Satoyamas in the Japanese archipelago had undergone constant over forestation (please refer to the section 'Hageyama' (treeless hill)), and Satoyama had not been used in a 'sustainable' manner.
Japanese: すなわち、18世紀にまで日本列島の里山は継続的に過剰利用の状態にあった（「はげ山」参照）のであり、「持続可能な」利用が為されていたわけではない。
English: Such an extensive forest destruction not only threatened the supply of timber, but also triggered various disasters in the Japanese archipelago, including increased wildfires, intensified damage by typhoons, and frequent river flooding.
Japanese: こうした広範な森林破壊は木材供給の逼迫をもたらしただけでなく、山林火災の増加、台風被害の激甚化、河川氾濫の増加など様々な災厄を日本列島にもたらすことになった。
English: Worried about the situation, the Tokugawa shogunate decided to adopt a forest protection policy in 1666, and launched an initiative to recover and promote forest resources, setting up strict regulations towards logging and distribution.
Japanese: このような状況を憂慮した徳川幕府は1666年以降、森林保護政策に乗りだし、森林資源の回復促進と厳格な伐採規制・流通規制をしいた。
English: As a result of such measures, the forest resources in Japan gradually recovered, enabling the sustained logging of Satoyama.
Japanese: こうした対策の結果、日本列島の森林資源は回復に転じ、里山の持続可能な利用が実現した。
English: The first crisis took place in the pre- and post-Meiji Restoration periods, when the forest of Satoyama had been rapidly lost due to widespread timber piracy and destructive logging, which broke out with the collapse of the old system.
Japanese: 最初の危機は明治維新前後で、旧体制の瓦解とともに木材の盗伐・乱伐が横行し、里山の森林が急激に失われた。
English: Afterwards, the vegetation of Satoyama recovered as the society stabilized, but when the Pacific War (World War II) broke out, Satoyama again underwent excessive logging due to the lack of materials, and many of the hills and mountains were left treeless around the country.
Japanese: その後、社会の安定とともに里山の植生は一定の回復を見たものの、太平洋戦争が始まり物資が欠乏すると再び過度の伐採が行われ、各地に禿げ山が出現した。
English: Recovery from the destructive exploitation suffered during the war and post war periods was not initiated until the national tree-planting campaign, which began in 1950, and started to give results.
Japanese: 戦中・戦後の乱伐からの回復は、1950年に始まる国土緑化運動の成果を待たなければならなかった。
English: The domestic use of fuels began to shift to chemical fuels around 1955 and the fuel transition was completed around 1975, and since then, the firewood and charcoal for domestic use have disappeared except for those used for enjoyment.
Japanese: 1955年頃から始まった家庭用燃料の化石燃料化が1975年頃には完全に完了し、家庭用燃料としての薪・木炭は娯楽用途を除きほぼ姿を消していた。
English: Then, Satoyama, which lost its economic value, was converted into a housing lot one by one in the 1960's and gradually disappeared.
Japanese: こうして経済価値を失った里山は、1960年代に入ると次々に宅地化されて消滅した。
English: Construction of new towns such as Senri New Town, Kozoji New Town, Tama New Town and Chiba New Town were examples of a series of large-scale conversions of the Satoyama into housing lots.
Japanese: 中でも大規模なのが千里ニュータウン、高蔵寺ニュータウン、多摩ニュータウン、千葉ニュータウンなどのニュータウン群であった。
English: Housing land development in the suburban areas was promoted to give places to live for the influent labor force in urban areas during an era of high-speed economic growth.
Japanese: これら郊外の宅地化は、高度経済成長時代に都市に流入した労働力に住居を供給する為のものだった。
English: And lack of human commitment to Satoyama caused not only changes in vegetation (shift into a forest of climax community (community of plants which has reached a steady state) or shift into a bamboo forest by the invasion of Moso-chiku (Phyllostachys edulis)), but also contaminated it through illegal dumping of trash and industrial waste.
Japanese: 人間の関与が失われたことによる植生の変化（極相林化や孟宗竹の侵入による竹林化）、不法投棄される粗大ゴミや産業廃棄物による汚染にさらされている。
English: It served not only as a supply source of timber, their fallen leaves and underbrush were used as manure for farmlands.
Japanese: 単に木材の供給源としてだけでなく、落ち葉や下生えは田畑の肥料に利用されていた。
English: Moreover, it was the easiest way to earn cash income for farmers in recent times to collect firewood and mushrooms in Satoyama by making use of their spare time.
Japanese: また農作業の合間に里山に入って薪やキノコを得ることは、近世の農民にとって現金収入を得る最も簡便な方法であった。
English: Parts of Satoyama were kept safe from logging as water catchment forests and supply sources of timber and sources of cash income in emergency situations.
Japanese: 緊急時の木材・現金供給源を兼ねた水源涵養林として意図的に森林の伐採を行わない里山もあった。
English: An exceptional usage of Satoyama was in its use as a fuel source for salt production.
Japanese: 珍しい里山の利用法としては、製塩の為の燃料の供給源というものもある。
English: For salt production, a great volume of fuel is required (to consecutively operate salt production during an entire year, it is necessary to consume an entire forest 75 times larger than the salt field itself as fuel), therefore, for salt manufacturers, it was a life-and-death matter to secure a Shiokiyama (塩木山).
Japanese: 製塩は大量の燃料を必要とする（年間通して操業する場合、塩田の面積の75倍の広さの森林を全て燃料として1年で消費しなければならない）為、製塩業にとって塩木山の確保は死活問題であった。
English: It is recorded that there had existed Shiokiyama (塩木山) since the latter 8th century as a form of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) owned by big temples such as Todai-ji Temple and Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).
Japanese: 記録では8世紀後半から東大寺や西大寺(奈良市)などの大寺院の荘園として塩木山が存在していることが知られている。
English: In recent years, sales of firewood as the fuel for salt production had expanded especially in the Sanyo region.
Japanese: 近世になると製塩業向けの燃料としての薪販売は、特に山陽地方において盛んとなった。
English: In such cases, the firewood was produced in mountain villages connected with downstream salt fields by a river.
Japanese: このようなケースでは、薪を生産するのは河川によって塩田と結ばれた山間地の村であった。
English: Thus, the people living in a mountain village processed the trees of their Satoyama to firewood and sold it as an article of commerce in exchange for silver.
Japanese: つまり山間地の村の住人が里山の木を薪に加工し、商品として銀と引き替えに売り渡すのである。
English: This is a prime example of the fact that Satoyama was not only used to sustain the self-sufficient community economy.
Japanese: これは、里山が村内の自給自足経済の為にのみ利用されていたのではない事の好例である。
English: This way of fueling salt production continued until the early 19th century when coal began to be used, and the scarceness of the forest resources caused by over forestation, which was carried out whilst ignoring the forest reproduction speed, sometimes provoked conflicts.
Japanese: こうした製塩業向けの燃料供給は石炭が一般化する19世紀初頭まで続いたが、森林再生速度を超えた伐採の為に森林資源が逼迫し、争いになることもあった。
English: In addition to the consumption by the salt production industry, trees in Satoyama were massively consumed as fuels for tatara iron-making and ceramic firing.
Japanese: 製塩業の他にも踏鞴製鉄用の燃料や陶磁器焼成の為の燃料として、里山の木は大量に消費された。
English: This refers to a whole hill or mountain being made up as a field under grass by purposely cutting all the trees.
Japanese: これはある山の樹木を意図的に皆伐し、山全体を草のみで覆ったものである。
English: In recent times, since dried grass was an important manure for paddy cultivation, in order to secure the necessary amount of dried grass, sometimes a small-scale Kusayama was prepared and kept free from being re-forested.
Japanese: 近世の水田耕作では枯れ草が重要な肥料であった為、村に必要な枯れ草を賄う為に草山が設定され、樹木を生やさないように管理されていた。
English: In some paddy fields, an individual Kusayama was set up, and this type was called 'Tatsuki kusayama' (attached Kusayama to paddy).
Japanese: ある特定の水田に専用の小規模な草山を設定することもあり、これは「田付草山」と呼ばれた。
English: In addition to the uses mentioned above, according to Takashi UCHIYAMA, in the times before the Showa Period, there were impoverished families who had thoroughly recovered their livelihood after several years' retired stay in Satoyama, due to a self-sufficient life over the course of several years by completely suppressing the disbursement of cash (there are some cases in Ueno Village, Gunma Prefecture).
Japanese: 以上のような里山の利用法の他、内山節によると、困窮した家が数年間、里山に籠もって自給自足の生活を行い、現金支出を徹底的に抑えて家計を立て直すという行動が昭和以前に見られたという（群馬県上野村の事例とされる）。
English: Broadleaf trees: every 10 to 20 years they were cut down with their roots left to make firewood and charcoal.
Japanese: 広葉樹林の場合：10年から20年ごとに根を残して伐採され、薪や木炭に利用された。
English: As sprouts grew from the left-over roots, the trees were repeatedly utilized in the same manner for 10 to 20 years.
Japanese: 残された根からは再び芽が出るので、再び10年から20年が経過すると同じようにして利用された。
English: The trees selected for replantation were broadleaf trees, such as sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) and Japanese oak (Quercus serrata), because they were suitable for charcoal.
Japanese: 好んで植えられたのはクヌギやナラなどの落葉樹であったが、これは木炭にするのに好適な材だったからである。