nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Kayanarumi is a female deity whose name is written 賀夜奈流美 in "Izumo kokuso kamuyogoto" (Divine Words of the Ritual Priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine), which can be found in the section on prayer rituals in the "Engishiki" (Regulations and Laws of the Engi Era), and 加夜奈留美 at Asukani Imasu-jinja Shrine and Kayanarumi-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: カヤナルミとは、『延喜式』「祝詞式」にある『出雲国造神賀詞』では賀夜奈流美、飛鳥坐神社・加夜奈留美命神社では加夜奈留美とされている女神。
English: "Izumo kokuso kamuyogoto" contains a sentence indicating that Kayanarumi was one of the guardian gods of the Imperial family, along with 'Omononushikushikamikatama no mikoto', 'Ajisukitakahikone no mikoto', and Kotoshironushi no mikoto.
Japanese: 『出雲国造神賀詞』には「賀夜奈流美命乃御魂乎飛鳥乃神奈備尓坐天皇孫命能近守神登貢置天」とあり、「大物主櫛長瓦玉命」、「阿遅須伎高孫根乃命」（アヂスキタカヒコネ）、事代主とともに天皇家を守護する神として述べられている。
English: Still, it is believed that Kayanarumi is related to Torinarumi or Nunoshitomitorinarumi (both are male deities), who are mentioned in the genealogy of Okuninushi in the "Kojiki."
Japanese: が、古事記の大国主の系図に登場する鳥鳴海神（トリナルミ）や布忍富鳥鳴海神（ヌノシトミトリナルミ）（どちらも男神）との関連が考えられる。
English: According to "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts)," Kayanarumi no kami was promoted from Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) on January 27, 859 (according to the lunar calendar).
Japanese: 『日本三代実録』によると貞観元年(859年)正月二七日に大和国の賀夜奈流美神を従五位下から正四位下にしたとある。
English: However, according to the sixth addendum to the "Nihonshoki," 'Kotoshironushi no kami transformed into Yahiro no Kumawani to marry Mishima no Mizokuihime, also called Tamakushihime, and the child was born named Himetataraisuzuhimenomikoto, who became the wife of Kamuyamatoiwarehiko Hohodemino sumeramikoto.'
Japanese: ただし『日本書紀』第6の一書には「事代主神化爲八尋熊鰐通三嶋溝樴姫或云玉櫛姫而生兒姫蹈鞴五十鈴姫命是爲神日本磐余彦火火出見天皇之后也」との記述がある。
English: And the "Kujihongi" (Ancient Japanese History) states 'Tsumihayae kotoshironushinokami transformed into Yahiro no Kumawani to marry the daughter of Mishima no Mizokuihime, Ikutamayorihime, and had a boy and a girl,' indicating Kotoshironushi no kami transformed into Yahirowani.
Japanese: 『旧事本紀』では「都味歯八重事代主神化爲八尋熊鰐通三嶋溝杭女活玉依姫生一男一女（略）」とあり事代主神が八尋鰐と化したことの記述がある。
English: Ichikishimahime (or Itsukishimahime) is a deity of water that appears in Japanese mythology.
Japanese: イチキシマヒメ（イツキシマヒメとも）は、日本神話に登場する水の神である。
English: When Amaterasu challenged Susanoo to prove his good faith at Amanomanai (the 'ukei' of Amaterasu and Susanoo), five male and three female deities were produced from Susanoo's sword (the female deities are collectively called Munakata Sanjoshin), and Ichikishimahime is one of them.
Japanese: アマテラスとスサノオが天真名井で行った誓約（アマテラスとスサノオの誓約）の際に、スサノオの剣から生まれた五男三女神、(うち、三女神を宗像三女神という）の一柱である。
English: According to the "Kojiki," Ichikishimahime, who was also called Sayoribime no mikoto, was the second-born deity and was enshrined at Nakatsunomiya Shrine, part of Munakata Taisha Shrine (Munakata City, Fukuoka Prefecture).
Japanese: 古事記では2番目に生まれた神で、別名が狭依毘売命（さよりびめのみこと）であり、宗像大社（福岡県宗像市）の中津宮に祀られているとしている。
English: According to the main text of the "Nihonshoki," Ichikishimahime was the third-born, but the second addendum mentions she was the first-born, and the third addendum describes her as being born first with the name of Okitsuhimabime.
Japanese: 日本書紀本文では3番目に、第二の一書では最初に生まれたとしており、第三の一書では最初に生まれた瀛津嶋姫（おきつしまびめ）の別名が市杵嶋姫であるとしている。
English: Ichikishima' refers to 'Itsuki shima' (the island of worship), so 'Ichikishimahime' means 'female (goddess) of the island of worship'.
Japanese: 神名の「イチキシマ」は「斎き島」のことで、「イチキシマヒメ」は神に斎く島の女性（女神）という意味になる。
English: Hetsumiya Shrine is not on an island, so the descriptions in the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" that she is the enshrined deity of the Nakatsumiya or Okitsumiya Shrine are closer to the origin of the name.
Japanese: 辺津宮は陸上にある宮であり、その意味では、中津宮・沖津宮の祭神とする記紀の記述の方が神名の由来に近いことになる。
English: She is also the enshrined deity of Itsukushima-jinja Shrine (Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture), and it is believed that the shrine name 'Itsukushima' is derived from 'Ichikishima.'
Japanese: 厳島神社（広島県廿日市市）の祭神ともなっており、「イツクシマ」という社名も「イチキシマ」が転じたものとされている。
English: Ichikishimahime is also enshrined, together with Tagitsuhimenomikoto and Tagirihimenomikoto, at the Nino Goden (the middle one of three shrine buildings) of Usa-jingu Shrine in Oita Prefecture.
Japanese: なお大分県の宇佐神宮にも、多岐津姫命（たぎつひめのみこと）・多紀理姫命（たぎりひめのみこと）とともに二之御殿（3つ並んだ御殿の真ん中）で祀られている。
English: According to the records of the reign of Empress Suiko in the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), in the summer of the seventh year of her reign (599 C.E.), a large earthquake struck the center of Yamato and an order was issued to offer worship to 'the deity of earthquakes' (Nainokami).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の推古天皇紀に、推古天皇7年（599年）夏に大和地方を中心とする大地震があり、その後、諸国に「地震神」（なゐのかみ）を祀らせたとある。
English: Nai refers to earthquakes, so 'Nainokami' is not a shinmei (name of deity) but a term of divinity like 'No no kami' (the deity of fields) or 'Umi no kami' (the deity of the sea).
Japanese: 「なゐ」は地震のことであるので、これは神名ではなく「野の神」「海の神」のような神格を表したものである。
English: In later periods, legends about the "kanameishi", a stone which is supposed to suppress earthquakes, at Kashima-jingu Shrine led to the belief that the shrine's central deity, Takemikazuchi, was a guardian against earthquakes.
Japanese: 後に鹿島神宮にある要石（かなめいし）が地震をおさえているとの伝承から、鹿島神宮の祭神であるタケミカヅチが地震を防ぐ神とされるようになった。
English: Some have suggested that Nai-jinja Shrine in Nabari City, Mie Prefecture, which is listed in the Engishiki (a 10th century book of laws and regulations), was originally dedicated to Nainokami of Iga Province (now western Mie Prefecture).
Japanese: 三重県名張市に式内社の名居神社（ないじんじゃ）があり、これが伊賀国における「なゐの神」を祀る神社であったとする説がある。
English: Magatama (also written with the characters for "curved jewels") have been used for personal adornment in Japan since ancient times.
Japanese: 勾玉（まがたま、曲玉とも表記）は、古代の日本における装身具の一つである。
English: Regarding the shape of the magatama, there is a theory that the magatam was originally made in the form of an animals tusk, a theory that maintains it represents a yin-yang diagram (a figure of Taiji), and a theory that it represents the fetus at an early stage of development in the mothers womb.
Japanese: その形状は、元が動物の牙であったとする説や、太極図を表すとする説、母親の胎内にいる初期の胎児の形を表すとする説などがある。
English: At present, it is thought that ketsujo mimikazari (an earing resembling Chinese glassware called 'ketsu') from the incipient stage of the Jomon Period represents the original form, and that the magatama discovered at Jomon Period remains are the oldest,
Japanese: 現在では縄文時代極初期の玦状耳飾りが原型であると考えられており、日本の縄文時代の遺跡から発見されるものが最も古い。
English: The magatama was also transmitted to the Korean peninsula, and examples of magatama made from amazonite during the Mumon pottery period from the 6th century B.C. to the 3rd Century are known.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島へも伝播し、B.C.6世紀から3世紀初頭の無文土器時代に微斜長石天河石製の勾玉が見られる。
English: Examples of magatama fashioned from talc or pyrophyllite from the end of the incipient stage to the beginning of the early stage of the Jomon Period have been discovered, and magatama in the shape of the letter C are known from the middle of the Jomon Period; from the later part through to the end of the Jomon Period, magatama become more complex, and the types of materials from which they were fashioned also became diversified.
Japanese: 縄文時代早期末から前期初頭に滑石や蝋石のものが出現し、縄文中期にはC字形の勾玉が見られ、後期から晩期には複雑化し、材質も多様化する。
English: With entry into the middle part of the Yayoi Period, a more evolved from of the magatama is first made, the so-called "classical magatama", which was a more refined form than the crude forms of early magatama including zoomorphic magatama and ojimegata (a kind of fastener shape) magatama that had been made through the early part of the Yayoi Period, and from around the Kofun Period, possession of a magatama was considered to be a mark of prestige.
Japanese: 弥生時代中期に入ると、前期までの獣形勾玉、緒締形勾玉から洗練された定形勾玉と呼ばれる勾玉が作られ始め、古墳時代ごろから威信財とされるようになった。
English: In 1993, a 7.4 cm jade magatama was excavated from the later Yayoi Period remains at the Yotsuba Ruins, in Itabashi Ward, Tokyo.
Japanese: 1993年に東京都板橋区四葉遺跡の弥生末期の方形周濠墓から長さ7.4センチメートルのヒスイの勾玉が出土している。
English: Although the larger of the magatama excavated from tombs are in the 3-4 cm range, a magatama of 6 cm in length was excavated from the imperial mausolea and tombs of Tsukamawari (which might be a Baifun (tombs of the vassals and their famlies) of imperial mausolea and tombs of Oyama) in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture in 1912.
Japanese: 古墳出土の勾玉の大きなもので3～4センチメートルであるが、1912年発掘の大阪府堺市の塚周り古墳（大山古墳の陪墳か）出土の大勾玉は、長さ約6センチメートルである。
English: The first two magatama that form an X shape when put together back-to-back discovered in the country were found in remains at Bakuro-machi, from the early part of the Kofun Period.
Japanese: 古墳時代前期の博労町遺跡から、全国初の2個が背中合わせになったX字形の勾玉が発掘された。
English: The Yasakani no magatama is included as one of the three Sacred Treasures (Imperial Regalia) passed along within the Imperial family.
Japanese: 天皇家に伝わる三種の神器の一つに、八尺瓊勾玉という勾玉が数えられる。
English: In addition, magatama have been excavated at royal tombs in Korea, such as those at Tomb of King Muryong, and the theory that these originated in Japan is widely accepted.
Japanese: また武寧王陵など大韓民国内の王墓からも発掘されており、これらは日本から伝来したものという説が有力である。
English: Musuhi, a concept embraced in Shinto, refers to a spiritual influence that produces all the things in the universe and helps them develop and complete their cycle.
Japanese: むすひは、神道における観念で、天地・万物を生成・発展・完成させる霊的な働きのことである。
English: It is said that the prefix 'musu' comes from the word 'umusu (産むす)' meaning 'to arise spontaneously,' with the letter 'u' being removed.
Japanese: 「ムス」は「ウムス（産むす）」の「ウ」が取れたものとされ、自然に発生するといった意味がある。
English: In Shinto, it is considered that all the things in the universe are produced and develop by the power of 'Musuhi'.
Japanese: 神道においては、万物は「むすひ」の働きによって生じ、発展すると考える。
English: Musuhi is one of important briefs in Shinto, and the meaning of Musuhi was discussed by the study of Japanese classical literature after the Edo period.
Japanese: 神道において重要な観念の一つであり、その意義は江戸時代以降の国学によって論じられた。
English: There are many deities whose "shinmei" (the name of god) contains the word 'Musuhi (Musubi).'
Japanese: 「ムスヒ（ムスビ）」を神名に含む神は多数おり、いずれも「むすひ」の働きをする神と考えられる。
English: When Amaterasu shut herself in "Ama no iwato" (Cave of heaven), Takamimusubi ordered legions of deities to lure Amaterasu out and brought her back whereas Kamimusubi resuscitated Okuninushi, who had been murdered.
Japanese: タカミムスビはアマテラスが天岩戸に隠れた時に諸神に命じてアマテラスを帰還させており、カミムスビは殺された大国主を蘇生させている。
English: From these episodes, we can understand that gods whose names contains the word 'Musuhi' were endowed with power to reinvigorate diminishing souls (in other words, a symbol of life force).
Japanese: これらのことから、むすひの神には衰えようとする魂を奮い立たせる働き（すなわち生命力の象徴）があるとされたことがわかる。
English: Among eight gods who were enshrined in the "Hasshinden" (eight shrines) in the Imperial Court, five gods have the word 'Musuhi (Musubi)' in their names.
Japanese: 宮中で祀られていた宮中八神のうち5神にも、神名に「ムスヒ（ムスビ）」が含まれている。
English: Those five gods are: Tamatsumemusubi, Ikumusubi, and Tarumusubi, in addition to the above-mentioned two deities, Kamimusubi and Takamimusubi.
Japanese: うち2神は神産日神（カミムスビ）と高御産日神（タカミムスビ）で、あとは玉積産日神（タマツメムスビ）、生産日神（イクムスビ）、足産日神（タルムスビ）である。
English: Tamatsumemusubi (玉積産日神) and Tamatsumemusubi (魂留産霊) described in "Kogo-shui" (History of the Inbe clan) are the same god, and the word 'tamatsume (tamatome)' has the meaning of 'to fix a spirit to the body (repose of souls).'
Japanese: 玉積産日神は古語拾遺の「魂留産霊」と同神で、「タマツメ（タマトメ）」は魂を体に留める（鎮魂）という意味である。
English: The word 'iku' in Ikumusubi and the word 'iki' ('life,' or 'breath') have same origins, whereby those words are used to admire the influence of Musuhi.
Japanese: 生産日神の「イク」は「イキ」（生き、息）と同根で、むすひの働きを賛える語である。
English: The word 'taru' in Tarumusubi refers to a state in which a place is filled with the influence of something (being sufficient).
Japanese: 足産日神の「タル」は、その働きが満ち溢れている（足りている）様子を示す。
English: Raging against the accident, Izanagi (the husband of Izanami) stabbed Kagutsuchi to death, but a host of gods were born on this occasion.
Japanese: それを怒ったイザナギはカグツチを斬り殺すが、その際に多数の神が化生している。
English: From this point, it becomes clear that Musuhi can also be defined as a symbol of the continuity of life in that a host of lives are produced even after death.
Japanese: ここから「むすひ」の、死んでもなお多くの命を生み出すという、生命の連続性の象徴という意味が見えてくる。
English: Shinobu ORIKUCHI explains, 'The action of 'mizu o musubu' (to take a sip of water from your palms, which you fold like a bowl) is to take souls and spirits into human body and unite them.
Japanese: 折口信夫は「水を掬ぶとは、人間の体の中へ霊魂を入れ、結合させることである。
English: In fact, to let souls and spirits get into water and to let them get into human body are the techniques of Musuhi.'
Japanese: つまり、水の中へ霊魂を入れ、それを人間の体の中に入れるというのが産霊の技法である」と述べている。
English: Kegare is a notion in Buddhism and Shinto and means a dirty, bad, not clean state, such as being unclean, impure etc.
Japanese: 穢れ（けがれ）とは、仏教、神道における観念の一つで、不潔・不浄等、清浄ではない汚れて悪しき状態のことである。
English: Originally, it simply referred to becoming injured as a modern term 'Kega (怪我) (injury)' was written in Manyo-gana (a form of syllable used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves.)
Japanese: 元来は現代語の「怪我」が万葉仮名で書かれるように、単に負傷する事を示した。
English: Yogoru is a temporary and shallow impurity that can be removed by acts of cleaning, but 'Kegaru' is a continuous and inner impurity and a type of impurity which seems to be removed by ritual ceremonies such as 'Kiyome,' etc.
Japanese: 「よごる」が一時的・表面的な汚れであり洗浄等の行為で除去できるのに対し、「けがる」は永続的・内面的汚れであり「清め」等の儀式執行により除去されるとされる汚れである。
English: Kegare and sin are often collectively called as 'Tsumi Kegare' and while Tsumi is caused by man, Kegare is thought to arise naturally.
Japanese: 罪と併せて「罪穢れ」と総称されることが多いが、罪が人為的に発生するものであるのに対し、穢れは自然に発生するものであるとされる。
English: Upon attachment of Kegare to someone's body, it was believed that Kegare would disturb the order of both the person and the community the person belonged to and generate troubles for both.
Japanese: 穢れが身体につくと、個人だけでなくその人が属する共同体の秩序を乱し災いをもたらすと考えられた。
English: While Kegare increased even in ordinary daily lives, Kegare was thought to attach to people's body from death, plagues, child birth, period and crimes, and persons with Kegare were prohibited to be involved in ritual ceremonies, conduct Chosan (a visit of a government official to the imperial court) and enter mountains to hunt, char-grill lumbers, etc.
Japanese: 穢れは普通に生活しているだけでも蓄積されていくが、死・疫病・出産・月経、また犯罪によって身体につくとされ、穢れた状態の人は祭事に携ることや、宮廷においては朝参、狩猟者・炭焼などでは山に入ることなど、共同体への参加が禁じられた。
English: Ethnic studies in recent years show an idea that 'Kegare (ケガレ)' is '気枯れ,' which is the state in whicht Ke and Hare (noticeably cheerful and formal situations or such places) disappeared, and Ke has to be recovered (remove Kegare, 'Ki o yomeru (気を良める)'=>Kiyomeru (clean)) by holding Hare ceremonies such as a festival.
Japanese: 近年の民俗学では、「ケガレ」を「気枯れ」すなわちケとハレがカレた状態とし、祭などのハレの儀式でケを回復する（ケガレをはらう、「気を良める」→清める）という考え方も示されている。
English: This was an act to remove Kegare which had attached to him in Yominokuni, and gave birth to a lot of Kami (god) during the course of Misogi.
Japanese: これは、黄泉の穢れを払う行為であり、その最中に何柱もの神々が誕生した。
English: The first appearance of Kegare was 'Kegare of death' which was related to the death of Tomomewarawa (servant) appearing in a tradition where Susano directed Ama no fuchigoma Horse to break into Amaterasu's residence.
Japanese: スサノオがアマテラスの屋敷に天斑駒を乱入させた故事に於いて従女の死である「死の穢れ」が初出である。
English: Both Shinto and Buddhism are conscious of Kegare, but the biggest difference between the both is the notion of death, and while Shinto considers death and blood as Kegare, Buddhism does not regard death as Kegare like Shinto does.
Japanese: 両者とも穢れに対する意識はあるがもっとも異なるのは、死そのものに対する考えで、神道では死や血を穢れとするが仏教では神道のようには死を穢れとみなさない。
English: A Buddhism funeral may be held at a temple, and a Shinto funeral is held at a place other than a shrine which is regarded as the holy precincts.
Japanese: 葬式などは、仏教では寺で行うこともあるが、神道では神域たる神社ではなく各家で行う。
English: This depends on what the holy thing is, and salt for purification is intended to remove Kegare.
Japanese: これは神聖なものがなんであるかの違いであり、また、清めの塩は穢れを清めているものである。
English: This Kegare refers to death itself rather than a dead person.
Japanese: この穢れは死者ではなく、死という事象が穢れていると感じた精神的な物である。
English: In Buddhism, death represents the Rinne (the wheel of life) world in reincarnation takes place, and there is no concept to deny this.
Japanese: 仏教では、死は次へ転生する輪廻という世界の有り様であり、これを否定するような概念は存在しない。
English: Buddhism dislikes that Kegare is accumulated in a form of karma, that is based on logic.
Japanese: 仏教での穢れは、業として蓄積されることを嫌うものであり、こちらは論理的根拠に基づく。
English: In other religions, there is some logical basis for all things that are disliked such as Kegare.
Japanese: 他にも宗教では、すべて穢れなど嫌う物に対しなんらかの論理的根拠を持っている。
English: Other notions of Kegare (a sense of discomfort) which have been established since ancient times in Japan can be seen in people's ordinary life.
Japanese: 他にも日本古来の土着的な穢れ(何を嫌っているか)の概念は、普段の生活に垣間みることができる。
English: Such notions are thought to have been ancient shamanism which indigenously existed all over the world, but they, in many ways, have become vague or ambiguous as a result of the spread of religions and people's relocations in the world.
Japanese: また、このような概念は古代のシャーマニズムとして世界中に土着し存在していたと考えられるが、それは世界的な様々な宗教の流布や民族の流れによってうやむやになってしまっているところも多い。
English: Kami (god) was mythical and venerable for Japanese people (Goryo-shinko (a folk religious belief of avenging spirits.))
Japanese: 日本人にとって神は超自然的な物であり、畏れられると共に敬われもした(御霊信仰など)。
English: People appeased Kami, who inspired a sense of fear in them, by enshrining and worshipping them as holy spirits.
Japanese: 神を斎き祀るとは、恐怖としての神を信仰し御霊とすることで鎮めることにある。
English: The Emperor was believed to be from Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) regarded as Kososhin (Imperial ancestor) and a respectful person as well as Kami.
Japanese: 天皇は皇祖神である天照大神の血を引いているとされ、神々と同じく尊い方であるとされた。
English: Shrines to enshrine such Kami were a temporary place where Kami descended from Iwakura (dwelling place of a god, usually in reference to a large rock) or Kinsokuchi (tabooed land,) and ritual ceremonies were performed, but gradually, Haiden (a hall of worship) was built as a substitute for Kinsokuchi and Honden (a main shrine) was built to let Kami reside there.
Japanese: それら神々を祀る神社は、神を磐座や禁足地より降臨させ祭り事を執り行う臨時のものであったが、次第に禁足地に対して拝殿が、そして神そのものが常駐するという本殿が造営されるようになった。
English: Such Kami and Kegare are not compatible, and that is why Chozusha (purification trough) is placed at a shrine to remove outside Kegare from visitors.
Japanese: これらの神と穢れは相成り得ないものであり、神社での手水舎は、外界での穢れを祓うために設置されている。
English: Syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism exists in many places in Japan and the ideas and concepts of both are somewhat mixed up or confused (Torii (an archway to a Shinto shrine) and construction style at a shrine.)
Japanese: 日本での仏教は神道との習合がいたるところで存在し、両者での考えが入り乱れていることもある(寺院における鳥居、建築様式など)。
English: The notion that death, child birth and blood were Kegare originated in Hinduism, and flowed into Buddhism which had arisen in India as well.
Japanese: 死、出産、血液などが穢れているとする観念は元々ヒンドゥー教のもので、同じくインドで生まれた仏教にもこの思想が流入した。
English: Particularly, most Buddhism imported to Japan in the Heian period had this thought, and the notion of Kegare spread from Kyoto to all other places in Japan.
Japanese: 特に、平安時代に日本に多く伝わった平安仏教は、この思想を持つものが多かったため、穢れ観念は京都を中心に日本全国へと広がっていった。
English: Before that time, there also was a caste system in Japan such as Nuhi system in Yamatai-Koku kingdom and Goshiki no sen (Ryoko, Kanko, Kenin, Kunuhi, Shinuhi) in the Nara period, and was a way of exhibiting disdain (a way of looking down.)
Japanese: これ以前の日本にも、邪馬台国の奴婢制や奈良時代の五色の賤など、身分差別は存在したが、それは賤視（下へ見下す見方）であった。
English: On the other side, after the arrival of the notion of Kegare, discrimination against discriminated people changed, in that they were seen as unclean (to see them Kegare.)
Japanese: これに対し、穢れ観流入後の被差別民に対する差別は、不浄視（穢れ視する見方）へと変化した。
English: It is represented by the fact that the most typical humble people in the Edo period were called Eta (meaning much Kegare.)
Japanese: 江戸時代の最も代表的な賤民が穢多（穢れが多いと言う意味）と呼称されたのは、その象徴である。
English: There is a theory that though Kegare was a notion which had been originally brought into Japan with Buddhism as mentioned above, it was gradually syncretized with the concept of Shinto in which the Emperor was seen as holy, and as a result, the discriminated were thought to be Kegare people who were at the opposite end of the Emperor.
Japanese: 上記のように、穢れは元々仏教により日本にもたらされた観念であるが、次第に天皇を神聖視する神道の考えと結びつき、被差別民は神聖な天皇の対極に位置する穢れた民と見なされるようになったという説がある。
English: There were discriminated people called 'Hakucho' (inferior servants) in Korean Peninsula who were engaged in slaughtering cows and horses and leather industry, and in medieval Germany, there were cases in which books were burnt in a slaughterhouse of cows and horses.
Japanese: だが、朝鮮半島においても、牛馬の解体・皮革産業に従事する被差別民「白丁」が存在し、中世ドイツでも焚書を牛馬の解体場で行うなどの例があった。
English: Close relations between discriminated people and the Emperor were clarified through research by scholars such as Yoshihiko AMINO, etc.
Japanese: また、学者の網野善彦などの研究により、被差別民と天皇との密接な結びつきが明らかとなっている。
English: Masao TAKATORI thinks that the notion of 'Kegare' changed because of the notion of uncleanness in Buddhism ("Shinto no seiritsu" (Formation of Shinto.))
Japanese: 高取正男は仏教の不浄観によって「ケガレ」の観念が変容したと見ている（『神道の成立』）。
English: A notion corresponding to Kegare or uncleanness exists in many cultures on one nature and level or another.
Japanese: 穢れまたは不浄に相当する観念は世界的に見られ、質・程度の差こそあれ多くの文化に存在する。
English: It was an important view for people living before the modern period or in uncivilized areas in which there was no scientific knowledge as we have now.
Japanese: 特に現代のような科学知識のない近代以前や未開の人々からみれば重要な概念である。
English: It was thought that upon physical or mental contact to a thing with Kegare, the Kegare was infected.
Japanese: 穢れたものは、それに物理的または精神的に触れることによって穢れが「伝染」すると見なされている。
English: It can be explained to modern people that cleaning one's hands and body aims to wash away viruses, but it did not mean so for ancient people, and rather, the purpose was both to take off visible dirt and remove Kegare.
Japanese: また現代人にとっては、手や体を水で洗うことは病原体を洗い流すためと説明できるが、古代人にとってはそのような意味はなく、目に見えるよごれを落とすと同時に、穢れをはらうことでもあると考えられた。
English: This remains in various religious ceremonies such as purification ceremony, Kanjo (the esoteric Buddhist ritual of pouring water on the top of a monk's head) and being christened.
Japanese: これは現代でも禊、潅頂や洗礼を始め様々な宗教儀式に名残を留めている。
English: It is believed that a conception of treating sin and Kegare in the same way like 'sin and Kegare' in Shinto was not a special one in ancient periods.
Japanese: 神道の「罪穢れ」のように罪と穢れを同列に扱う考え方も、古代には特殊なものではなかったと考えられている。
English: Typical things with Kegare are death, disease, injury, women and all things related to the four mentioned above.
Japanese: 穢れているとされる対象としては、死・病気・怪我・女性ならびにこれらに関するものが代表的である。
English: Though they may differ depending on the culture and religion, some concrete examples are egested things, rotten things, blood, body fluid, period, child birth, particular or general animals and foods, all contacts and acts between women and between men and women (very rarely, sexual relations and acts between men and people of the same sex,) people outside own community (people of other prefectures, foreigners and different races,) culture, people of particular blood line or rank (scheduled castes,) particular occupations (entertainment, financial and meat industries) and particular parts of a human body (a left had can not be used for eating, etc.)
Japanese: 具体例を挙げると、文化・宗教によって大きく異なるが、排泄物・腐敗物、血・体液・月経・出産、特定または一般の動物・食物、女性・男女間のあらゆる接触ならびに行為（ごくまれに男性、同性間の性関係ならびに行為）・自らの共同体以外の人（他県人・外国人・異民族）やその文化・特定の血筋または身分の人（不可触賎民など）・特定の職業（芸能、金融業、精肉業等）・体の一部（左手を食事に使ってはならない等）などがある。
English: These are not necessarily absolute Kegare, and differ in many cases depending on acts (e.g. it is alright to touch a certain animal, but eating it is prohibited, etc.)
Japanese: これらは必ずしも絶対的な穢れのみというわけではなく、行為などによって異なることが多い（例えば、ある動物に触れるのは構わないが食べてはいけない、など）。
English: In Judaism, various notions of Kegare have been determined in detail for a long time, and this affected Islam in regard to the food taboo and also have left imprints on many people's life styles even in modern times.
Japanese: ユダヤ教では古くから様々な穢れの観念が事細かに規定され、これは食タブーなどに関してイスラム教にも影響を与え、現代でも多くの人々の生活様式に影響を残している。
English: A notion of Kegare in Brahmanism was succeeded by modern Hindu and also left imprints on Buddhism.
Japanese: バラモン教の穢れ観念は現代のヒンドゥー教に受け継がれ、また仏教にも影響を残した。