nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Mitsunari ISHIDA, who saw the military presence within the territories in the vicinity of the capital as an opportunity, massed various anti-Ieyasu Daimyo, such as Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA and Yoshitsugu OTANI, raised an army, and on July 17, purged the Rusuiyaku (persons representing the master during his absence), who remained in the western citadel of Osaka-jo Castle on orders from Ieyasu, and then thrust 13 articles of impeachment upon Ieyasu.
Japanese: 畿内に軍事的空白が生まれたことを好機と見た石田三成は、毛利輝元、宇喜多秀家、大谷吉継ら反家康派の諸大名を糾合して挙兵し、7月17日、家康が大坂城西の丸に残していた留守居役を追放して、家康に対する13か条の弾劾状を叩きつけた。
English: On the next day, July 18, an order to surrender Fushimi-jo Castle was issued to the defending general, Mototada TORII, in the name of Terumoto MORI, the commander-in-chief of the western army.
Japanese: 翌7月18日には、西軍総大将である毛利輝元の名で、伏見城の守将・鳥居元忠に対して伏見城を明け渡すように命令が出された。
English: Mototada, who had been told to defend the castle to the death by Ieyasu, refused this order, and the western army surrounded Fushimi-jo Castle and started attacking.
Japanese: 家康に死守を命じられていた元忠はこれを拒絶し、西軍は大挙して伏見城を包囲、攻撃を開始した。
English: The army, which was attacking Fushimi-jo Castle, consisted of 40,000 soldiers led by Hideie UKITA, the commander-in-chief, and Hideaki KOBAYAKAWA, the adjutant general, with other members including Hidemoto MORI, Hiroie YOSHIKAWA, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU, Morichika CHOSOKABE, Masaie NAGATSUKA and Katsushige NABESHIMA.
Japanese: 伏見城攻めの総大将は宇喜多秀家、副将は小早川秀秋で、その他に毛利秀元、吉川広家、小西行長、島津義弘、長宗我部盛親、長束正家、鍋島勝茂などが攻城側に参加し、総勢4万人の大軍であった。
English: Fushimi-jo Castle was a huge building built by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and the battle should have come to an end in a short period of time given the difference in the size of the forces; however, the attacking force faced a hard time against the defensive force.
Japanese: 伏見城は豊臣秀吉が築き上げた巨郭であったが、兵力差から考えれば短時日で決着するはずの戦いであったが、攻城側は苦戦を強いられた。
English: The reasons for this include the facts that Mototada TORII, the commander-in-chief, and his troop fought back unexpectedly against the attacking force and that the besieging army had some soldiers who had been forced to join the western army by Mitsunari and some other people and thus had little will to fight.
Japanese: 城将の鳥居元忠とその兵達が予想外の奮戦を見せ、また包囲軍の内部にも三成らに強制的に西軍として与させられた者がおり、戦意が上がらなったなどの要因があったためとされる。
English: To bring an end to this situation, Yoshihiro SHIMAZU had his subordinate, Masaie NAGATSUKA, round up the wives and children of the Koga group in the castle and ordered him to threaten the Koga group by saying that they would crucify the wives and children unless they surrendered the castle.
Japanese: 状況を打開するため、島津義弘は配下の長束正家に伏見城内にいた甲賀衆の妻子一族を捕縛させ、内通しなければ家族を磔にすると脅迫することを命じた。
English: Because Masaie was the feudal lord of the Minakuchi-okayama-jo Castle in Omi Province, he had close ties to Koga people, and there were some people of Koga County as well as people of the Tokugawa clan from Iga Province in the castle.
Japanese: 正家は近江国水口岡山城の領主であったため、甲賀衆とも親しい仲にあり、伏見城内には徳川氏の伊賀国衆の他に甲賀郡衆もいた。
English: Mototada, who was cornered by this betrayal, died in battle on August 1 and Fushimi-jo Castle was finally surrendered.
Japanese: この裏切りによって支えきれなくなった元忠は8月1日に討死し、伏見城はようやく落城した。
English: This battle was a preliminary skirmish of the main Battle of Sekigahara, which took place on September 15.
Japanese: この戦いは、9月15日に行なわれることになる関ヶ原本戦の前哨戦であった。
English: The western army's delay in occupying Fushimi-jo Castle, which was expected to be completed within a few days but in fact took 10 days, is said to have been a factor in the delay of attacking Mino Province and Ise Province, to which the western army was going to proceed after taking Fushimi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 本来なら数日で落とせたはずの伏見城に10日以上もの期間をかけたため、西軍のその後の美濃国・伊勢国方面に対する攻略が大きく遅れる要因となったとされる。
English: It is also said that the reason why Ieyasu TOKUGAWA left such a small defensive force including Mototada TORII, in the castle and proceeded to the Aizu Domain was because he was aiming to let anti-Ieyasu people such as Mitsunari ISHIDA raise an army.
Japanese: また、徳川家康が鳥居元忠らわずかな守備兵を伏見城に残して会津攻めに向かったのは、石田三成ら反・家康派を挙兵させる狙いがあったからだとも言われている。
English: In fact, Ieyasu was actually in Edo-jo Castle on July 18 and finally left for Aizu Domain with his army on July 21.
Japanese: 事実、家康は7月18日の時点ではまだ江戸城にあり、7月21日になってようやく会津に向かって進軍を開始していた。
English: The Battle of Tanabe-jo Castle is a battle that erupted over Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province (present-day Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture) from August 27 to October 12, 1600.
Japanese: 田辺城の戦い（たなべじょうのたたかい）とは、慶長5年7月19日(旧暦)（1600年8月27日）から9月6日(旧暦)（1600年10月12日）にかけて、丹後国の田辺城(丹後国)（現在の京都府舞鶴市）をめぐり起こった戦い。
English: After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was seeking the post of tenkabito (the ruler of the kingdom), began invading the Aizu Domain to attack Kagekatsu UESUGI's army in 1600, claiming that UESUGI was a treacherous retainer who rebelled against the administrative authority because he had often ignored the order to go to the capital.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉の死後、次の天下人の座を狙う徳川家康は慶長5年（1600年）、度重なる上洛命令に応じない会津の上杉景勝を逆臣として討伐すべく、会津攻めを開始した。
English: After Ieyasu's army proceeded to the east, the territories in the vicinity of the capital became an area with no military presence.
Japanese: そして家康らが軍勢を率いて東に向かったため、畿内一帯は軍事的空白地域となった。
English: Seeing this situation, Mitsunari ISHIDA, who had been taking sides against Ieyasu, raised an army in advocacy of the Toyotomi clan.
Japanese: これを見て、かねてから家康と敵対していた石田三成は、豊臣氏擁護の立場から挙兵した。
English: This marked the beginning of the battle between the eastern army lead by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and the western army lead by Mitsunari ISHIDA.
Japanese: これにより、徳川家康率いる東軍と、石田三成率いる西軍による東西合戦が幕開けすることとなる。
English: The western army lead by Mitsunari ISHIDA first tried to gain ascendancy over various Daimyo who were on Ieyasu's side, in the territories in the vicinity of the capital to conquer their territories.
Japanese: 石田三成ら西軍は、まずは畿内を制圧すべく、家康方についた畿内の諸大名の制圧に務めた。
English: Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was one of the Budanha (Budan factions) of the Toyotomi clan and had been taking sides against Mitsunari ISHIDA.
Japanese: 細川忠興は豊臣氏の武断派の一人で、石田三成とはかねてから対立していた。
English: Therefore, while Tadaoki HOSOKAWA was joining the army to attack the Aizu Domain as a member of the eastern army, Mitsunari ISHIDA raised an army of 15,000 soldiers mainly consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba Province and Tajima Province, such as Shigetsugu ONOGI (Kimisato ONOGI), Shigekatsu MAEDA, Nobukane ODA, Yoshimasa KOIDE, Nagafusa SUGIHARA, Moritomo TANI, Nagakatsu FUJIKAKE and Nagamasa HAYAKAWA, all of whom were members of the western army, to attack and capture Tanabe-jo Castle.
Japanese: このため、東軍に与して会津攻めに参加していたのだが、石田三成はその田辺城を制圧するために、西軍に与した小野木重次（小野木公郷）・前田茂勝・織田信包・小出吉政・杉原長房・谷衛友・藤掛永勝・早川長政ら、丹波国・但馬国の諸大名を中心とした軍勢、1万5000人に攻撃させたのである。
English: At this time, Tanabe-jo Castle was protected by the remaining 500 soldiers lead by Yusai HOSOKAWA, the father of Tadaoki.
Japanese: このとき、田辺城は忠興の父・細川幽斎が留守の兵、500人で守備していた。
English: Despite the intense resistance of Yusai, it was unlikely that Yusai and his soldiers would have been able to fight equally against ISHIDA's army due to the lack of hope of support and the visible difference in force size, and accordingly, the battle to capture the castle started on July 19, and the castle was nearly captured by the end of July.
Japanese: 幽斎は頑強に抵抗したものの、やはり援軍の見込みのない籠城戦の上、兵力の差がありすぎたため、7月19日から始まった攻城戦は、7月末には落城寸前となったのである。
English: However, there were quite a few soldiers including Onogi, who looked up to Yusai as their mentor of tanka poetry, in the western army.
Japanese: しかし、小野木ら西軍の諸将の中にも、幽斎を歌道の師匠として仰いでいる者も少なくなかった。
English: Yusai was a successor of tanka poetry, who relayed the arcana, from ancient to modern, by Kineda SANJONISHI.
Japanese: なぜならば、幽斎は三条西公条から歌道の奥義を託された古今伝授の中継ぎ継承者だったからである。
English: Therefore, the Emperor sent a vassal to tell Yusai to surrender the castle, but Yusai refused because of his own personal honor as a samurai and gave the anthology of waka poems from ancient to modern times with the certificate to the Emperor and Imperial Prince Hachijonomiya Toshihito (younger brother of Emperor Goyozei).
Japanese: そのため、天皇は家臣を遣わして開城を勧めたが、幽斎にも武士としての面目があったためにこれを拒絶し、古今相伝の和歌集に証明状を添えて天皇や八条宮智仁親王（後陽成天皇の弟）に進呈するに留まった。
English: It was because Yusai had been not only a master of tanka poetry but also a familiar person among the court nobles since the period of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: なぜならば、幽斎は歌道の達人だっただけではなく、足利義昭時代から公家とも親密な関係にあったからである。
English: For this reason, the Emperor sent Saneyo SANJONISHI (Chief Councillor of State), Michikatsu NAKANOIN (Vice-councillor of State) and Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU (Konoefu naibukanshoku (a post guarding inside the palace and imperial families)) as Imperial messengers to both the eastern army and western army at Tanabe-jo Castle in order to propose a royal peace command.
Japanese: そのため、天皇は三条西実世（大納言）と中院通勝（中納言）、烏丸光広（近衛府内部官職）の三人を勅使として田辺城の東西両軍に派遣し、勅命講和を命じたのである。
English: The western army with Onogi, which was becoming dominant, was not able to refuse the royal command because it was a command from the Emperor, and Yusai surrendered Tanabe-jo Castle to the western army and entered Kameyama-jo Castle, the lord of which was Shigekatsu MAEDA, the enemy general, in Tanba on September 6.
Japanese: 勅命ということで、優位であった小野木ら西軍も拒絶することがでず、9月6日に幽斎は西軍に田辺城を開城して明け渡し、敵将・前田茂勝の居城である丹波亀山城に入った。
English: The western army won the Battle of Tanabe-jo Castle in terms of results but lost in strategic terms.
Japanese: この田辺城の戦いは結果的には西軍の勝利であるが、戦略的には敗北であった。
English: This is because the western army with Onogi, consisting of various Daimyo of Tanba and Tajima, did not make it to the Battle of Sekigahara, which started 9 days after the western army captured the castle from Yusai on September 6.
Japanese: なぜならば、9月6日に幽斎を降した小野木らの丹波・但馬の諸大名を中心とした西軍は、それから9日後の関ヶ原の戦いに間に合わなかったからである。
English: The Arson Case of Kinkaku-ji Temple was an arson case which occurred at Rokuon-ji Temple (commonly called Kinkaku-ji Temple) located in Kinkakuji Town, Kamigyo Ward (present-day Kita Ward), Kyoto City early on July 2, 1950.
Japanese: 金閣寺放火事件（きんかくじほうかじけん）とは、1950年7月2日未明に、京都市上京区（現・北区(京都市)）金閣寺町にある鹿苑寺（通称・金閣寺）において発生した放火事件である。
English: Fortunately, no one was hurt, but Shariden (Kinkaku), a national treasure, was completely burned down and six other cultural properties such as a wooden statue of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (national treasure at the time), the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the founder of Kinkaku-ji Temple, a statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Merciful Godess), a statue of Amitabha Tathagatae and Buddhist canons were also lost in the fire.
Japanese: 幸い人的被害はなかったが、国宝の舎利殿（金閣）が全焼し、創建者である室町幕府3代将軍、足利義満の木像（当時国宝）、観音菩薩像、阿弥陀如来像、仏教経巻などの文化財6点も灰燼に帰した。
English: When the firefighters arrived on the scene of the fire, Shariden was already bursting into flames and was beyond help, resulting in complete destruction of 182 square yards of architectural structure by fire.
Japanese: 消防隊が駆けつけた時には、既に舎利殿から猛列な炎が噴出して手のつけようがなく、46坪の建築物が全焼した。
English: In the investigation at the scene, when the police investigated temple staff on suspicions of arson, due to the fact that there were no sources of fire in the temple and that bedclothes were found near the scene of the fire, they found that Shoken HAYASHI, a monk of apprentice of the temple and a college student (from Maizuru City, Kyoto Prefecture, 21 years old at the time), was missing and thus searched for his whereabouts.
Japanese: 鎮火後現場検証したところ、普段火の気がない事、そして寝具が何故か付近に置かれている事から、不審火の疑いがあるとして同寺の関係者を取り調べたところ、同寺子弟の見習い僧侶であり大学生の林承賢（京都府舞鶴市出身・当時21歳）がいない事が判明し行方を捜索した。
English: In the evening of the same day, police found Hayashi crouching in the Hidaridaimonji Mountain lying at the back of Kinkaku-ji Temple after having taken the poison Calmotin, and committed seppuku, and arrested him.
Japanese: 夕方になり金閣寺の裏にある左大文字山の山中で薬物のカルモチンを飲み切腹してうずくまっていた林を発見し放火の容疑で逮捕した。
English: At first, he said in a deposition that his motive was to create disorder in society or that he had sought revenge against society.
Japanese: 逮捕当初動機として「世間を騒がせたかった」や「社会への復讐のため」などと供述した。
English: However, the truth was that it was much more complicated because HAYASHI was pessimistic towards life, based on him being rather sickly with serious dysphemia, while his mother had placed extremely high hopes on him.
Japanese: しかし実際には自身が病弱である事、重度の吃音である事、実家の母から過大な期待を寄せられている事、同寺が観光客の参観料で運営されており、僧侶よりも事務職の方が幅を利かせるなどの現実から、厭世感情からくる複雑な感情が入り乱れていた。
English: For this reason, some literary works, covered later, written in an attempt to unravel his complex feelings.
Japanese: そのためこの複雑な感情を解き明かそうとして後述のような文学作品が創作された。
English: Yukio MISHIMA analyzed the motives behind his conduct and said 'The young man set fire because he had great admiration for beauty of and felt antipathy toward Kinkaku-ji Temple, contrasting his dysphemia and unhappy background,' while Tsutomu MIZUKAMI said, 'He set fire to Kinkaku-ji Temple, which was a symbol of beauty for him, owing to the antilogy of how temples and Buddhism should be.'; however, the truth was in fact never clarified.
Japanese: これらの中で三島由紀夫は「自分の吃音や不幸な生い立ちに対して金閣における美の憧れと反感を抱いて放火した」と分析し、水上勉は「寺のあり方、仏教のあり方に対する矛盾により美の象徴である金閣を放火した」と分析したが、実際のところ真相は解き明かされる事はなかった。
English: Later, his mother was called to Kyoto by Kyoto Prefectural Police for questioning by a police, and as she heard how the case occurred, she suffered tremendous shock, which disquieted the detective, so he brought her younger brother to Kyoto to have him stay with her.
Japanese: 事件後、彼の母親は京都府警の事情聴取のため京都に呼び出されたが、捜査官から事件の顛末を聞かされて衝撃を受け、不穏なものを感じた係官は実弟を呼び寄せて付き添わせた。
English: However, the mother jumped from the train of the Sanin Main Line into Hozukyo (Hozu Gorge), located in Umahori, Kameoka City, to end her life on her way back home in Oe (present day Yosano-cho, Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: だが母親は実家がある大江（現京都府与謝野町）への帰途、山陰本線の列車から亀岡市馬堀付近の保津峡に飛び込んで自殺した。
English: The person who conducted a psychiatric test of Hayashi was Kiyoshi KATO, who later established a psychiatry in National Kyoto Hospital and became the hospital director.
Japanese: 林の精神鑑定を行ったのは後に国立京都病院に精神科を設立、医長となる加藤清である。
English: Hayashi's condition got worse as he developed tuberculosis and a serious mental disorder in prison, so he was transferred from Kakogawa Prison to Kyoto Prefectural Rakunan Hospital to be hospitalized for treatment, but died on March 7, 1956.
Japanese: しかし服役中に結核と重度の精神障害が進行し、加古川刑務所から京都府立洛南病院に身柄を移され入院したが1956年3月7日に病死した。
English: The grave of Hayashi and his mother is located in Yasuoka, Maizuru City, which is kept clean with flowers even now.
Japanese: 親子の墓は親戚のいた舞鶴市安岡にあるが、墓はいまも清掃され花が手向けられている。
English: The existing Kinkaku-ji Temple was rebuilt in 1955, 5 years following the case, with assistance extended by the nation and Kyoto Prefecture and donations from local businesses
Japanese: 現在の金閣は国や京都府の支援、地元経済界などからの浄財により、事件の5年後の1955年に再建されたものである。
English: It was possible to reproduce Kinkaku-ji Temple precisely because a detailed drawing had been created when Kinkaku-ji Temple was repaired greatly in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 金閣は明治時代に大修理が施されており、その際に詳細な図面が作成されていたことからきわめて忠実な再現が可能となった。
English: However, according to people from the time, the old Kinkakuji was plain and showed little gold with most of it worn and beaten, looking little like the current one which is gold and magnificent.
Japanese: ただ当時の関係者によると、焼失直前の旧金閣はほとんど金箔の剥げ落ちた簡素な風情で、現在のように金色に光る豪華なものではなかったという。
English: Later, some literary works on the theme of this case, including "Kinkaku-ji Temple" by Yukio MISHIMA and "Gobancho-yugiriro (Evening mist Tower of the Fifth Town)" and "Kinkakuji enjo" (Flare of Kinkaku) by Tsutomu MIZUKAMI, were produced.
Japanese: 後にこの事件を題材に三島由紀夫の小説『金閣寺(小説)』や、水上勉の小説『五番町夕霧楼』、『金閣炎上』などの文学作品が作られた。
English: Mizukami gathered information and material from various quarters about this case for the nonfiction novel 'Kinkakuji enjo' (Flare of Kinkaku) in which details of the case and criminal's life, including his background as a son of a Zen temple in Naryu, a poor village in Wakasa, how the case occurred, and how the criminal died, were described.
Japanese: 水上はこの事件を題材に各方面に取材を重ね、ノンフィクション「金閣炎上」を書き、若狭の寒村・成生の禅寺の子として生まれた犯人の生い立ちから事件の経緯、犯人の死まで事件の全貌を詳細に描き出している。
English: Hokucho (Northern Court) was the Imperial Court of the Jimyo-in line supported by many samurai led by the Ashikaga clan during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 北朝（ほくちょう）とは、日本の南北朝時代(日本)に、足利氏を頂点に、全国の多くの武士が支持した持明院統の朝廷である。
English: The counterpart was the Nancho (Southern Court, Yoshino Imperial Court Japan) of the Daikakuji line, established at the same time in Yoshino, Nara.
Japanese: 同時期に奈良の吉野に立った、大覚寺統の南朝(日本)（吉野朝廷）に対比する。
English: Takauji ASHIKAGA separated from the Kenmu Government set up by Emperor Godaigo in Kyoto after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and received an Imperial decree by the Retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyo-in line, after which he captured Kyoto in July and August 1336 and led the Retired Emperor into Kyoto.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に京都に成立した後醍醐天皇の建武政権から離反した足利尊氏は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を受け、建武3年（1336年）6月に京都を確保すると上皇を奉じて入京する。
English: Takauji started to establish a samurai government, but Emperor Godaigo escaped to Mt. Hiei and continued to rebel, and the accession to the throne of Imperial Prince Toyohito (Emperor Komyo) in September and October was performed without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 尊氏は武家政権の構築に着手するが、後醍醐天皇は叡山に逃れて抵抗しており、8月の豊仁親王（光明天皇）践祚は三種の神器を欠いたままで行われた。
English: A peace treaty was signed in November of that year (old calendar), and Godaigo returned the Sacred Treasures to the Ashikaga clan and abdicated, as Emperor Komyo ascended the throne.
Japanese: 同年11月には講和が成立し、後醍醐は神器を足利方に渡して譲位し、光明天皇が即位。
English: Towards the end of that year (old calendar), the Northern Court issued the "Kenmu Code" and declared the establishment of a samurai government but Godaigo escaped Kyoto to hide in Yoshino and claimed that the Sacred Treasures he gave to the Northern Court were fake and rebelled by establishing the Southern Court.
Japanese: 同年末、北朝は『建武式目』を発布して武家政権の成立を宣言するが、後醍醐は京都を脱出して吉野に逃れ、北朝方に渡した神器は贋物であると宣言し、吉野朝廷を成立させて対抗する。
English: The Kanno Disturbance occurred due to an internal conflict within the Ashikaga government, and in 1351, the Northern and Southern Courts made peace and the Shohei itto (Unification) was established.
Japanese: 足利政権内部の紛争から観応の擾乱が起こると、正平6年（1351）に北朝は南朝との和睦を行い、正平一統が成立した。
English: The next year, following the Southern Court's attack on Kyoto and Kamakura, together with the kidnaping of the three Retired Emperors, Kogon, Komyo and Suko, and the deposed Crown Prince Imperial Prince Naohito, the unification was nullified.
Japanese: 翌正平7年、南朝は京都と鎌倉への侵攻と光厳・光明・崇光の三上皇と廃太子直仁親王の拉致を行い、一統は破棄される。
English: Although Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA tried to re-establish the Northern Court when he recaptured Kyoto, the Chiten could not be chosen because the retired Emperors were absent and the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family were taken by the Southern Court.
Japanese: 京都を奪還した足利義詮は北朝再建を試みるものの上皇の不在により治天を定めることができず、三種の神器も南朝方に渡っていた。
English: The Ashikaga government brought out the previous example of Emperor Keitai and made Kogon's biological mother, Kogimonin the Chiten and made Kogon's prince, Imperial Prince Iyahito ascend the throne as Emperor Gokogon without the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family in September and October.
Japanese: 足利政権では古代の継体天皇の先例を持ち出し、光厳生母の広義門院を治天とし、8月に三種の神器のないまま光厳皇子の弥仁親王の践祚を行い、後光厳天皇として即位させる。
English: During the rule of Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and constable Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, the Bukeshisso (coordinator for the Northern Court and the Ashikaga government) would intervene with Imperial Court matters, and when in 1370, Emperor Gokogon expressed his wish to abdicate the throne to his prince, Imperial Prince Ohito, retired Emperor Suko claimed that the ascension of his legal child, Imperial Prince Yoshihito was more appropriate and a conflict over Imperial succession occurs.
Japanese: 将軍足利義満、管領細川頼之時代には武家執奏による朝廷への口入がみられ、応安3年（1370年）に後光厳天皇が自らの皇子緒仁親王への譲位意思を表すると、崇光上皇は正嫡である実子栄仁親王の即位が妥当であると主張し、皇位継承問題が起こる。
English: In 1392, peace was established with Emperor Gokameyama of the Southern Court and with the return of the Sacred Treasures, the Northern and Southern Courts were integrated.
Japanese: 明徳3年（1392年）、南朝の後亀山天皇との和睦が成立し、神器は返還され南北朝合体が実現。
English: In 1911, the so called Nanbokucho Seijun-ron (argument about which dynasty is legal) was settled by the Imperial sanction of the Emperor Meiji who chose the Southern Court.
Japanese: 1911年（明治44年）、いわゆる南北朝正閏論を収拾するため、明治天皇の勅裁により南朝が正統とされた。
English: Among the 6 emperors of 6 eras in the Northern Court, only Emperor Gokomatsu is counted as one of the 125 past emperors to this day, the rest being excluded because of this sanction.
Japanese: これにより、北朝の6代6人の天皇のうち後小松天皇を除く5代5人は、今日に至る125代の歴代天皇に含まれないこととなった。
English: Kanpyo no chi is the name of the rule by Emperor Uda in the mid-Heian Period (late 9th century) which was largely regarded as ideal.
Japanese: 寛平の治（かんぴょうのち）は、平安時代中期（9世紀後期）の宇多天皇の治世を理想視した呼称。
English: Emperor Uda did not appoint Sekkan (regents and advisers) after the death of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Mototsune in 891, and carried out various political reforms using MINAMOTO no Yoshiari as a virtual leader, promoting trusted vassals such as FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, and TAIRA no Suenaga.
Japanese: 宇多天皇は、891年（寛平3年）の関白藤原基経の死後摂関を置かず、源能有を事実上の首班として藤原時平と菅原道真、平季長等の近臣を重用し各種政治改革を行った。
English: According to recent studies, in addition to the abolition of Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) in 894, register of population, restriction of the private land, and deployment of Takiguchi no Bushi (the guards of the Imperial Palace who were in charge near the palace waterfall) in 896, he seems to have continuously carried out reforms to strengthen the power of kokushi (provincial governors), such as kokushi ukeoi to make kokushi collect all local taxes in their provinces, and making each province pay the salary directly from iden (fields given based on ikai, the court rank) without going through the minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
Japanese: 近年の研究では、従来から言われていた894年（寛平6年）の遣唐使廃止や896年（寛平8年）の造籍、私営田抑制、滝口の武士の設置等に加え、国司に一国内の租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負や、位田等からの俸給給付等を民部省を通さずに各国で行う等、国司の権限を強化する改革を次々と行ったとされている。
English: This era was highly regarded due to the direct rule by the emperor, and sekkan were not appointed because Emperor Uda was disgusted with the Ako Incident and was not born from a mother from the Fujiwara family having an imperial mother, and because Tokihira, the head of the Fujiwara family, was still young.
Japanese: また、天皇親政が行われた治世と評価されたが、摂関不設置は阿衡事件に懲りた宇多天皇が皇族を母とする藤原氏腹でない天皇であったことと、藤原氏藤氏長者時平がまだ若かったことが原因とされている。
English: In 897, Emperor Uda abdicated the throne to Crown Prince Atsugimi (Emperor Daigo), and became a priest in Ninna-ji Temple which he built himself and called himself Cloistered Emperor two years later, but there is an assumption that he in fact managed political affairs in place of the oft-ailing Emperor Daigo.
Japanese: 897年（寛平9年）、宇多天皇は皇太子敦仁親王（醍醐天皇）に譲位し、その2年後に自ら造立した仁和寺で出家し法皇と称したが、病気がちの醍醐天皇に代わって、実際の政務を執っていたいう説もある。
English: Most of what was called 'good politics' in the era of Emperor Daigo (Engi no chi) and Emperor Murakami (Tenryaku no chi) and which were highly evaluated as 'Engi-Tenryaku-no-ch' were only extensions of the political measures taken in Kanpyo no chi, and one theory holds that there is evidence that the abolition of slavery was issued in the Kanpyo era, which is generally believed to have been issued in the Enkgi era.
Japanese: 「延喜天暦の治」と賞せられる醍醐天皇（延喜の治）・村上天皇（天暦の治）の「善政」とされるものの多くは寛平の治の政策の延長上に過ぎず、従来延喜年間のこととされている奴婢制度廃止令も寛平年中に出された形跡があるとする説がある。
English: Kanpyo no chi was intended as a return to the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) that protected tenant farmers and suppressed influential families (noble families, temples and shrines with power) by restricting direct bondage between oshinke (nobles in the capital) and the rich classes in the provinces, while at the same time, it was also intended to reinforce organizations ruled by the emperor, including enhancing the kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) and an increase of authority by the Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief).
Japanese: 寛平の治は、王臣家が諸国富豪と直接結びつくことを規制することで権門（有力貴族・寺社）を抑制し、小農民を保護するという律令制への回帰を強く志向したものであり、併せて蔵人所の充実や検非違使庁の権限拡充等天皇直属機関の強化を行うものであった。
English: However, like later Engi no chi, these measures did not fit the change of the real social system, and were hardly successful.
Japanese: しかし、後の延喜の治とともに現実の社会制度の変革に適合せず必ずしも成功したとは言えなかった。