nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since 1 shaku was fixed at 10 over 33 meters, 1 hiro is equivalent to approximately 1.818 meters.
Japanese: 1尺＝(10/33)メートルとされたので1尋は約1.818メートルということになる。
English: However, the length measured by the hiro varies from person to person, because the hiro is basically derived from the dimension of the human body.
Japanese: しかし、元々が人の体を元にしたものであるので人によってその長さは異なる。
English: Hiro and other units defined by old Japanese system of weights and measures have been still used as a technical term for fishing or in classical rites and festivals, while the Measurement Act prohibits people from using those units for commercial transactions and other purposes at present.
Japanese: 他の尺貫法の単位とともに、現在は商取引等に使用することが計量法で禁止されているが、釣り用語や古典祭事においては今でも使われている。
English: In the English-speaking world, a unit "fathom" with the same definition as the hiro is similarly used to sound the depth of water.
Japanese: 英語圏では、同じ定義によるファゾムという単位があり、やはり水深を測るのに用いられている。
English: Based on the feet system, 1 fathom is also fixed at 6 feet (1.8288 meters).
Japanese: こちらも、現在はフィートに基づいて1ファゾム＝6フィート(1.8288m)と定められている。
English: In China, the units jin (尋), as well as 'jo' (常) that showed double length of jin, were frequently used.
Japanese: 中国では、尋（じん）とその2倍の「常」（じょう）という単位がよく用いられていた。
English: These two Chinese characters combined to make a Chinese compound word 'jinjo' (尋常) meaning mediocre and ordinary.
Japanese: この2つを組み合わせてできたのが「尋常」という言葉で、並み、普通であることを意味する。
English: Yoshino Gen was a special local administration division or organization established in the Yoshino area in Japan in the eighth century.
Japanese: 芳野監（よしのげん）は、8世紀の日本で吉野地方に設けられた特別な地方行政区分、機関である。
English: The time of establishment was unknown, but it is thought to have been close to 716 in which Izumi Province was established.
Japanese: 設置時期は不明だが、和泉国が設置された霊亀2年(716年)に近い時期と思われる。
English: It is estimated that it became an organization named Gen, not ryoseikoku (province), because it had a role of managing the Yoshino no miya (Yoshino Palace) located there.
Japanese: 令制国でなく、司という機関になったのは、この地にあった吉野宮の管理にあたる役割があったためと推測されている。
English: In the Gogyo (Five Movements) principle, Joy is represented as a tree, Anger as Gold, Sadness as Water, Pleasure as Fire, and Hate as Soil.
Japanese: 五行説で喜は木に、怒は金に、哀は水に、楽は火に、怨は土に割り当てられる。
English: The Development Commission was a local government established between July 8, 1869 and February 8, 1882 to reclaim lands of Ezo (present-day, Hokkaido, a northern island of Japan).
Japanese: 開拓使（かいたくし）は、北方開拓のために明治2年（1869年）7月8日から明治15年（1882年）2月8日まで置かれた官庁である。
English: It was called the Hokkaido Development Commission from February 13, 1870 to August 7, 1871 during which period the Sakhalin Development Commission was also activated.
Japanese: 樺太開拓使が置かれた明治3年（1870年）2月13日から明治4年（1871年）8月7日までは、北海道開拓使と称した。
English: It reflected the government's focus on the development of the northern island, but the reclamation of Ezo did not work for the first few years due to the inadequate system and it was not until 1871 that the government effort finally paid off.
Japanese: 北方開拓を重視する政府の姿勢の表れだが、初めの数年は力不足で、内実が伴いはじめるのは明治4年（1871年）からであった。
English: The first chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission was Naomasa NABESHIMA who claimed the importance of Ezo even before the bakufu era ended, but he resigned before embarking on the practical reclamation work.
Japanese: 開拓使の初代長官には、旧幕時代から北方の重要性を説いていた佐賀藩主鍋島直正が就任したが、彼は実務にとりかかる前に辞任した。
English: The post was assumed by Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, who headed for Hokkaido (Ezo) with his magistrates in September 1869.
Japanese: 東久世通禧が後を引き継ぎ、部下の判官とともに明治2年（1869年）9月に北海道に向かった。
English: Although Hakodate (Hakodate City) where Hakodate-fu was established played a central role in Ezo in terms of population and industry, it was planned to establish a new head office in central Hokkaido because Hakodate was positioned far south.
Japanese: 箱館府が置かれていた箱館（函館市）は旧・蝦夷地の人口・産業の中心であったが、位置が南に偏りすぎているため、北海道の中央部に本庁を設けることになっていた。
English: A leading magistrate and former feudal retainer of the Saga clan, Yoshitake SHIMA, who accompanied the chief of the Development Commission, established a temporary office in Zenibako (present-day, Zenibako, Otaru City) and started the designing of the urban district of Sapporo City and the construction of a head office in Sapporo.
Japanese: 長官の赴任に同行した佐賀藩士島義勇首席判官は、銭函（現小樽市銭函）に開拓使仮役所を開設し、札幌市で市街の設計と庁舎の建設を始めた。
English: The reclamation project designed by SHIMA, who was later called 'The father of Hokkaido Reclamation', was so grand, but he was blamed and confronted by the chief for spending too much budget in a short period of time during severe winter and got fired without seeing the completion of the project.
Japanese: のちに「北海道開拓の父」とも呼ばれた島の計画は壮大であったが、厳冬の中で予算を急激に消費したこと等が理由で長官と対立し、志半ばで解任された。
English: SHIMA's replacement, Michitoshi IWAMURA, took over the construction work of Sapporo City and the head office, and the Development Commission's office was moved in to Sapporo in May 1871.
Japanese: 代わって赴いた岩村通俊判官の下で札幌の建設が続けられ、明治4年（1871年）5月に開拓使庁が札幌に移った。
English: When the Hokkaido Development Commission was first inaugurated, the financial base of the central government was weak and could not afford to govern the entire Hokkaido.
Japanese: 開拓使の発足当時、中央政府の財政基盤は弱く、北海道の全域を統治する余力はなかった。
English: The efficiency of land allocation varied with places, but most did not work well due to the lack of experience.
Japanese: 分領支配の実績は各地各様であったが、経験不足から低調な所が多かった。
English: The land allocation system was terminated on August 20, 1871 and the Hokkaido Development Commission was established to directly govern the island except Date Prefecture (the former Matsumae domain).
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）8月20日に分領支配は廃止され、開拓使が館県（旧松前藩領）を除く全域を直轄統治することになった。
English: However, Japanese government felt a strong sense of crisis over Russia which sent more soldiers and immigrants to Sakhalin and pushed Japan into an inferior position, and established the Sakhalin Development Commission in 1870, and the vice chief of the Commission, Kiyotaka KURODA, was assigned to oversee the administrative matters of Sakhalin.
Japanese: 兵士と移民を送りこむロシアに対し、日本が劣勢に立たされていることに強い危機感を抱いた政府は、明治3年（1870年）に樺太開拓使を設置し、黒田清隆を開拓使次官にして樺太専務を命じた。
English: After making an inspection of Sakhalin, KURODA prepared a serious report that Sakhalin would be overtaken by Russia within three years unless the current situation changed, and claimed the importance of development of Hokkaido to gain more competing powers against Russia.
Japanese: 樺太を視察した黒田は「現状では樺太は3年もたない」という深刻な報告を行ない、対抗する国力を充実させるために北海道の開拓に力を入れるべきだと論じた。
English: Based on this claim, the government passed a large-scale budgetary program, a so-called 'ten-year program for the Development Commission', on August 19, 1871, which earmarked as much as 10 million yen for ten years.
Japanese: 彼の建議に従い、明治4年（1871年）8月19日に10年間1000万円をもって総額とするという大規模予算計画、いわゆる開拓使十年計画が決定された。
English: In October 1871, when the chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission, HIGASHIKUZE, resigned, KURODA took over the work as vice chief in Tokyo.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）10月に東久世長官が辞職すると、黒田が次官のまま、東京にあって開拓使の長となった。
English: In October 1872, the control of four counties, Fukushima County, Tsugaru County, Hiyama County and Nishi County, all of which belonged to Oshima Province, were transferred from Date Prefecture of Matsumae Domain to the Development Commission as shown in a chronological table in and after the modern history of Aomori Prefecture.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）10月、松前藩館県であった渡島国に属する福島郡・津軽郡(渡島国)・檜山郡・爾志郡の4郡が青森県近代以降の年表から開拓使に移管。
English: Although KURODA became the chief of the Hokkaido Development Commission in 1874, he delivered commands from Tokyo without moving in to Hokkaido.
Japanese: 後、黒田は明治7年（1874年）に長官となったが、北海道に赴任せずに東京から指示を出す態勢をとった。
English: KURODA also invited "employed foreigners", such as an American, Horace Capron, to take advice on policies and technological knowledge from them.
Japanese: 黒田は米国人ホーレス・ケプロンらのお雇い外国人を招いて政策の助言と技術の伝習を行わせた。
English: Although the Development Commission was allocated with a huge budget to promote various land reclamation projects, the money was still short to complete all the works in an enormous area like Hokkaido.
Japanese: 開拓使は潤沢な予算を用いて様々な開拓事業を推進したが、広大な範囲でなおも全てを完遂するには不足であった。
English: Therefore, the government gave up basic undertakings such as land survey and road construction in early stage and shifted their focus to industrial development.
Japanese: よって、測量・道路などの基礎事業を早々に切り上げ、産業育成に重点をおいた。
English: KURODA thought that as the reclamation of Hokkaido was not going smoothly, it was too much work for the government to develop Sakhalin as it was under more severe natural conditions.
Japanese: 黒田は、北海道の開拓に難渋する現状では自然条件がいっそう不利な樺太まで手が回らないという考えを抱いていた。
English: As a result, the Japanese government gave up Sakhalin based on the Treaty of Saint Petersburg signed in May 1875.
Japanese: 結局、明治8年（1875年）5月に樺太・千島交換条約によって日本は樺太を手放した。
English: Juro MATSUMOTO, a senior magistrate of the Hokkaido Development Commission, who headed the main office in Sapporo, objected to the forced migration and later resigned to take responsibility.
Japanese: 札幌本庁を統括していた松本十郎_(開拓使大判官)は、強制移住に反対して辞任した。
English: With the resignation of MATSUMOTO, there remained almost no senior officials from the early era of the Hokkaido Development Commission, and a government dominated by the Satsuma Domain, with KURODA positioned as its head, took control of the Commission.
Japanese: 松本の辞職で初期の開拓使の高官はほぼいなくなり、かわって黒田を頂点にした薩摩国藩閥政治が開拓使を支配した。
English: In 1881, when the ten-year project was drawing to an end, KURODA decided to sell the facilities and equipment owned by the government to junior officials in order to continue the operation of the Development Commission.
Japanese: 十年計画の満期が近くなった明治14年（1881年）に、黒田は開拓使の事業を継承させるため、部下の官吏に官有の施設・設備を安値で払い下げることにした。
English: However, it was uncovered by newspaper companies and the media attacked Tomoatsu GODAI, a Satsuma businessman with political ties, as a leading player of the matter.
Japanese: これを探知した新聞社は、払い下げの主役を薩摩の政商五代友厚だと考えて攻撃した。
English: This was so-called 'disposal of government-owned property by the Development Commission', which was one of the major bribery scandals in the Meiji Period.
Japanese: これが、明治時代最大級の疑獄事件である開拓使官有物払下げ事件である。
English: The Hokkaido Development Commission was abolished in 1882 and Hokkaido was divided into Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.
Japanese: 開拓使は翌明治15年（1882年）に廃止され、北海道は函館県、札幌県、根室県に分けられた。
English: Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commission referred to a person who belonged to the Commission to be engaged in reclamation work but did not have to give up his or her social status as a warrior class and even given necessary funds for relocation.
Japanese: 開拓使貫属は、開拓使に所属するが士族の身分を失わずに開拓に従事する者であり、身分が保障されるうえ移住に関しても資金調達の心配が無くなる身分である。
English: The former Morioka Domain and others had a face value of 13 thousands koku crop yield (real value of 18 thousands koku crop yield), but it was not enough for feeding 7,500 vassals.
Japanese: 旧盛岡藩他地域との関わりは、表高1万3千石（内高1万8千石）であったが、家臣7500名を養うには決して豊かとは言えない。
English: In addition to that, a risk of uprising was mounting due to an extremely poor harvest in 1869.
Japanese: 加えて、明治2年（1869年）の大凶作により、一揆の気配までもが高くなっていた。
English: For these reasons, there was an increasing momentum among people to move in to Hokkaido, but there was no way to raise funds as they had to move at their own expense.
Japanese: このような中、北海道移住への気運が高まるのであるが、その資金については自費移住ということであり、それを賄うだけの資金調達ができるはずもなかった。
English: In February 1871, the prefectural governor and chief councilor of Kakuda City acknowledged the distress that former Shiraishi feudal retainers suffered, and reported the situation to the central government after consultation with the Development Commission.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）2月、角田市知事、大参事は、旧白石藩士の窮状を理解し、開拓使に協議のうえ政府に具申。
English: On March 17, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) appointed 600 retainers of the Katakura clan, who resided in Kakuda City, as Kanzoku of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
Japanese: 3月17日、太政官から片倉氏家来、角田県に在留していた者600名に対し北海道移住開拓使貫属を命じた。
English: The first immigration policy the Development Commission took was to send immigrants recruited by the government to Hokkaido and made them settled.
Japanese: 開拓使による最初の移民政策は、政府募集の移民を送り込んで定住させるというものであった。
English: However, as the aid was not effective compared to the costs incurred, the government stopped recruitment and preferential treatment for new immigrants and shifted its support to already settled immigrants.
Japanese: だが掛かる費用に対し効果が薄かったため、明治5年（1872年）には募集や新規移民優遇をやめ、既に定着した移民への援助に切り替えた。
English: In 1873, the government started a farmer-soldiersystem in which a farmer-soldier doubled the tasks of northern-territory security and land reclamation.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）に、政府は北方警備と開拓とを兼任させる屯田兵制を開始した。
English: In later years, the mainstream of immigrants was shifted to commoners, the most populous social class, from Tohoku and Hokuriku regions.
Japanese: 後には人口が多い平民が主流になり、その出身地は東北と北陸地方とが多くなった。
English: October 1869 - June 1870 (taken over by Tokyo-fu)
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）10月-明治3年（1870年）6月東京府に移管。
English: The jurisdiction north of the Uruppu Island, which became the Japan's property in exchange for Sakhalin, was transferred to the Sapporo head office on December 2, 1875.
Japanese: 明治8年（1875年）12月2日に樺太と交換して日本領になった得撫島以北を所管。
English: Moroi HORI: September 1876 - December 1877 (resigned)
Japanese: 堀基：明治9年（1876年）9月-明治10年（1877年）12月辞職
English: The office was moved to Rumoi region and renamed as 'Rumoi branch office of the Hokkaido Development Commission' on February 25, 1873.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）2月25日に留萌に移転して「開拓使留萌支庁」と改称。
English: Abolished in accordance with the Treaty of Saint Petersburg on November 20, 1875.
Japanese: 樺太千島交換条約にもとづき明治8年（1875年）11月20日に廃止。
English: Also, the former trademark of Sapporo Breweries Ltd. was a red polar star, although the current mark is a gold star, as the company was grown from a brewery started by the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitakushi Bakushu Jozojo).
Japanese: また、サッポロビールのマークは現在は金色の星となっているが、もともとは開拓使麦酒醸造所の伝統を引き継ぐ赤い星だった。
English: Sakhalin Development Commissioner is an authority arranged for the Sakhalin reclamation from February 13, 1870 to August 7, 1871.
Japanese: 樺太開拓使（からふとかいたくし）は、明治3年（1870年）2月13日から明治4年（1871年）8月7日まで、樺太開拓のために設けられた官庁である。
English: Sakhalin, where the Japanese and the Russians lived under the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan signed between Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Russian government, was initially controlled by Hakodate District Court and Hakodate-fu after the Restoration of (Japanese) Imperial Rule, and later, by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
Japanese: 樺太は江戸幕府がロシア政府と結んだ日露和親条約で日露混住の地とされ、王政復古(日本)の後は箱館裁判所と箱館府の支配を経て、開拓使の管轄となった。
English: Kensuke OKAMOTO performed public administration from the time of the Hakodate District Court and managed about 500 Japanese settlers who immigrated from 1868 and 1869.
Japanese: 裁判所時代から現地の行政は岡本監輔（けんすけ）が執り、明治元年（1868年）と2年（1869年）から移住した日本人入植者約500人を指導していた。
English: OKAMOTO provided hospitality of tax-free condition and food supply for the Sakhalin settlers; nevertheless, the settlement did not progress easily.
Japanese: 岡本は、樺太移住者に無税の条件と当面の食糧供給などの厚遇を用意したが、定住は容易に進まなかった。
English: During this period the speed of migration and development of Russia exceeded the Japan side, and also disputes with Japanese people occurred frequently.
Japanese: この間ロシア側の移住と開発の速度は日本側を上回り、さらに日本人との紛争が頻発した。
English: This was partly caused by the stance of Okamoto, who defied the effect of the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, regarded the island as indigenous to Japan, and in principle refused the development of the island by the Russians.
Japanese: これには、現地の岡本が日露和親条約の効力を否定し、樺太を日本固有の領土とみなして、ロシア側の開発を原則拒否する態度を取っていたことにも原因があった。
English: OKAMOTO thought that since a vassal of the Tokugawa family without the right of conclusion of a treaty contracted the treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, the border must be determined anew at the period of direct rule by the emperor.
Japanese: 岡本の考えは、日露和親条約は条約締結権のない徳川家の家臣が結んだものだから、天皇親政の時代には改めて国境を決定しなければならないというものだった。
English: This view was different from that of the Japanese government which stood on recognition of having took over the treaty of the shogunate era.
Japanese: この見解は、幕府時代の条約を引き継いだという認識に立つ日本政府と異なるものであった。
English: Hearing the report and sensing of danger, the government removed the administration of Sakhalin from the Hokkaido Development Commissioner and established the Sakhalin Development Commissioner on February 13, 1870.
Japanese: 政府は報告に危機感を抱き、明治3年（1870年）2月13日に樺太の所管を開拓使から分離して樺太開拓使を設置した。
English: The independent budget was made, and the Kogisho (the lower house) located in Kushunkotan was changed to the Sakhalin Development Commissioner, but there were no substantial changes.
Japanese: 独立した予算を立て、久春古丹にあった公議所を樺太開拓使庁と改称した他は、実質的変化はなかった。
English: Then on Saturday, May 9, Kiyotaka KURODA was appointed as an undersecretary of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner (he was not an undersecretary of the Sakhalin Development Commissioner.) and considered as the executive managing director of Sakhalin.
Japanese: 次いで5月9日に、黒田清隆を開拓使の次官（樺太開拓使の次官ではない）に任命し、樺太専務とした。
English: KURODA negotiated with the Russian authority according to the principle that the Japanese and the Russians lived together, and after solving the present disputes, he returned to Tokyo.
Japanese: 黒田は日露雑居の原則に沿う形で現地のロシア当局と折衝し、当面の紛争を解決してから東京に帰った。
English: After returning to Tokyo, KURODA warned that the country would lose control over Sakhalin within 3 years if the situation continued, and submitted a proposal to the government emphasizing the necessity for full Kitakata reclamation.
Japanese: 東京に戻った黒田は、樺太の状況がこのまま推移すれば3年しか持たないという建議を出し、北方開拓を本格化する必要を説いた。
English: Although the development of Hokkaido was accelerated on the budget of the Ten-Year plan, the situation of Sakhalin did not change basically.
Japanese: 十年計画の予算で、北海道の開発は加速したが、樺太の状況は基本的に変わらなかった。
English: No high officers were dispatched to Sakhalin nor appointed since then, and Sakhalin Development Commissioner was abolished on August 7, 1871.
Japanese: 樺太にはこれ以後高官が派遣されることも任命されることもなく、樺太開拓使は明治4年（1871年）8月7日に廃止された。
English: National Isolation ("Sakoku" in Japanese) refers to the policy of seclusion by which the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited Japanese citizens from going abroad, while imposing restrictions on diplomatic exchanges and trade with foreign countries.
Japanese: 鎖国（さこく）は、江戸幕府が日本人の海外交通を禁止し、外交・貿易を制限した政策のこと。
English: In addition to Japan, countries of East Asia also adopted seclusionism during the same period which was called 'Kaikin.'
Japanese: 「鎖国」は日本だけにみられた政策ではなく、同時代の東アジア諸国においても「海禁」が採られた。
English: Modern historical science tends to use the term 'Kaikin Policy' instead of 'Sakoku' in light of East Asian history.
Japanese: 現代(時代区分)の歴史学においては、「鎖国」ではなく、東アジア史を視野に入れてこの「海禁政策」という用語を使う傾向がみられる。
English: Tadao SHITSUKI, a Rangakusha (one who studied Western sciences through the Dutch language) in the Edo period, first used the term 'Sakoku' in the book "Sakoku-ron" (literally: "theory of national isolation") written in 1801.
Japanese: 鎖国という言葉は江戸時代の蘭学者である志筑忠雄が享和元年（1801年）の『鎖国論』においてはじめて使用した。
English: Engelbert KAEMPFER, who had experienced the duty of Edo Sanpu (duty imposed on the curator of the Dutch trading house in Dejima to visit Edo-jo Castle for paying tribute to the Shogun) while staying in Japan, wrote a book titled "The History of Japan" (published in 1712) after he returned home.
Japanese: エンゲルベルト・ケンペルという人物が、江戸参府旅行を経て帰国後書いた著書『日本誌』（1712年刊）がある。
English: A chapter at the end of the book has a title which means 'quite a convincing theory why the Japanese government prohibits its citizens from going abroad and foreigners from entering the country, as well as why Japan severs diplomatic relations with counties worldwide.'
Japanese: この中の、巻末の一章に「日本国において自国人の出国、外国人の入国を禁じ、又此国の世界諸国との交通を禁止するにきわめて当然なる理」という題名がある。
English: While the term 'Sakoku' was newly coined at that time, it was not widely used until the Meiji period.
Japanese: この「鎖国」という言葉は、その際の新造語であり、実際に鎖国という言葉が普及するのは明治以降である。
English: Therefore, in modern times, there is a movement to replace the term 'Sakoku' with 'Kaikin,' the word used for seclusionism used in East Asian countries.
Japanese: そのため、近年では「鎖国」ではなく、他の東アジア諸国でも見られた「海禁」にあらためようとする動きがある。
English: The following is a summary of KAEMPFER's book: 'Japan enjoys having a developed industry due to having its own resources and a more diligent nation than other countries; in other words, Japan is rich for its self-sufficiency, and it is reasonable and recommendable for Japan to close the diplomatic door to protect itself from snares of wicked deeds, greed, fraud and wars laid by foreigners without resources.'
Japanese: 要約すると、「日本のように他国よりも資源に富み、勤勉な国民により産業が発達している国、つまり自給自足で豊かな国が、何も求めるものの無い外国人からの奸悪・貪婪・詐欺・戦争などから守るために、門戸を閉ざすのは適切で、そうするべきである」というものであった。
English: In 1616, the Bakufu limited the arrival of ships from abroad to Nagasaki City and Hirado City, excluding those from the Ming Dynasty China.
Japanese: 元和(日本)2年（1616年）（明）以外の船の入港を長崎市・平戸市に限定する。
English: 287 Portuguese, including their families (half-Japanese half-Portuguese children were also contained), whose jobs were irrelevant to trade were banished to Macau.
Japanese: 貿易に関係のないポルトガル人とその妻子（日本人との混血児含む）287人をマカオへ追放した。
English: In 1640, Portuguese ships came from Macau to ask the Bakufu to resume trade with Portugal.
Japanese: 寛永17年（1640年）マカオより通商再開依頼のためポルトガル船来航。
English: After contracting "The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan" with Townsend HARRIS in 1858, Japan marked the end of a long period of isolation.
Japanese: 安政5年（1858年）タウンゼント・ハリスと日米修好通商条約を締結し、鎖国が終わる。
English: Under seclusionism, nongovernmental trade was strictly prohibited, while controlled trade was allowed via the following four routes.
Japanese: 鎖国体制下では民間貿易は厳禁され、管理貿易が以下の四ヶ所でおこなわれた。
English: Among these routes, trade with China boasted the highest amount of trade, while trade with the Netherlands was minimal.
Japanese: このうち貿易額は対中貿易が最も多く、対オランダ貿易はさほどでもなかった。
English: During this time the Chinese government had not approved trade except for paying tributes to the court, so private Chinese merchants undertook the trading between Japan and China.
Japanese: なお中国は朝貢以外の貿易を認めていなかったため、対中貿易を担っていたのは民間の中国商人だった。
English: The Bakufu then enacted the Kaihakugoshi Shinrei (or the Shotoku-Nagasaki Shinrei) in 1715 in an effort to control the amount of trade.
Japanese: このため正徳(日本)5年（1715年）に海舶互市新例（正徳長崎新令）を定めて貿易量を制限した。
English: To increase the amount of trade as much as possible, it is believed that the tonnage of ships from the Netherlands gradually increased.
Japanese: 貿易量を少しでも増やすべくオランダ船のトン数は徐々に増えていったという。
English: Although the Bakufu cracked down on free nongovernmental trade, it is believed that Japanese merchants were actually trading illegally with ships from abroad.
Japanese: 幕府は自由な民間貿易を厳重に取り締まっていたものの、実際には来航した外国船と日本商人との間に密貿易がおこなわれていたという。
English: After Francis Xavier came to Japan, the number of Christians increased in Kyushu and other regions due to missionaries from Spain and Portugal ardently propagating Christianity, as well as a number of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and feudal lords during the Edo period becoming followers of Christianity.
Japanese: フランシスコ・ザビエルの日本来航以来、スペインやポルトガルの宣教師の熱心な布教によって、また戦国大名や江戸時代の藩主にもキリスト教を信奉する者が現れたため、キリスト教徒いわゆる切支丹の数は九州を中心に広く拡大した。
English: It is believed that the Edo Bakufu changed its policy to seclusionism after obtaining this information from merchants of Britain and the Netherlands who were aiming to oust Spanish and Portuguese power from Asia, even though the Edo Bakufu during the era of the Ieyasu TOKUGAWA shogunate had positive relations with foreign countries (another theory suggests that Iemitsu was simply a xenophobia.)
Japanese: 江戸幕府はスペイン・ポルトガル勢力をアジアから追放しようとするイギリスとオランダの商人によってこの情報を得て、家康の積極外交から鎖国に方針転換したと考えられている（家光が単に外国嫌いであったという説もある）。
English: Another conceivable reason for the Bakufu's regulation on diplomatic exchanges was the threat posed to the Bakufu by an increase in Japanese having faith in Christianity and their unity.
Japanese: また、国内のキリスト教徒の増加と団結は幕府にとっても脅威となり締め付けを図ることとなったと考えるのも一般的である。
English: The critical incident that urged the Bakufu to launch into seclusionism was the Shimabara War in 1637.
Japanese: 幕府が鎖国に踏み切った決定的な事件は寛永14年（1637年）に起こった島原の乱である。
English: The Bakufu then ousted Spain and Portugal from Japan so that missionaries from these countries could never again propagate Christianity.
Japanese: 新たな布教活動が今後一切おこなわれることのないようスペイン・ポルトガル勢力を排除した。