nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Gregorian reform was implemented individually in each country between 1582 (in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and 1924 (in Greece).
Japanese: グレゴリオ暦への改暦は1582年（フランス、イタリア、ポルトガル、スペイン）から1924年（ギリシア）にかけて各国ばらばらに行われた。
English: In English "Old Style" or "O.S." next to a date indicates that the date is based on the Julian calendar.
Japanese: 英語では日付の脇にOldStyleまたはO.S.と書いた場合、ユリウス暦での日付を示す。
English: In Germany a different territorium reformed its old calendar at a different time, so that both old and new calendar dates were written side by side or the name of a city was added to a date, and such customs remained for some time.
Japanese: ドイツでは改暦の時期が領邦によりまちまちだったため、スラッシュ（/）で新旧の日付を併記したり日付に都市名を添えたりする習慣が続いた。
English: In Rome the Roman calendar which was the lunar (solar) calendar was used before the Julian calendar.
Japanese: なお、ローマにおいてはユリウス暦以前の太陰（太陽）暦であるローマ暦が存在した。
English: Hi Izuru Tokoro no Tenshi (Emperor of the Land of the Rising Sun) is Japanese manga (cartoon or comics), written by Ryoko YAMAGISHI.
Japanese: 『日出処の天子』（ひいづるところのてんし）は山岸凉子による日本の漫画。
English: Hi Izuru Tokoro no Tenshi was serialized in "LaLa" (Hakusensha, Inc.) from April issue in 1980 to February issue in 1984, and from April issue to June issue in 1984.
Japanese: 「LaLa」（白泉社）において、1980年4月号から1984年2月号、1984年4月号から6月号まで連載された。
English: Centering on Umayadono-Oji (Prince Umayado) (Prince Shotoku) and SOGA no Emishi, the main character, Prince Umayado' s life from his boyhood until he became Sessho (regent) was described in this manga..
Japanese: 厩戸王子（聖徳太子）と蘇我毛人（蘇我蝦夷）を中心に、主人公である厩戸王子が少年時代を経て、摂政になるまでを描く。
English: In addition to the overwhelming presence of Prince Umayado who embraced the contradiction of sacred and secular and men and women, this manga is characterized by originality of the story; he was described as genius, telepathic, and homosexual.
Japanese: 聖と俗、男と女という矛盾を抱える厩戸王子の圧倒的な存在感に加え、厩戸王子を天才・超能力者・同性愛者として描く斬新さが特徴。
English: Concerning Prince Umayado, there are anecdotes, which can't be explained without the idea that Prince Umayado had supernatural power, written in historical documents such as "Shotokutaishi-Denryaku (biography of Shotokutaishi)", and these traditions and legends are positively adopted in this manga.
Japanese: 厩戸王子には超能力を持っているとでもしなければ説明できないような逸話が『聖徳太子伝暦』などに残っており、これはこうした伝承・伝説を積極的に採用したものである。
English: Moreover, with focusing on the facial expression of Prince Umayado that changes unsteadily, he said that its changes "are one of the biggest fruit of the stories of transformation (man turns into woman and woman turn into man, or a person turns into a different person) that has been throbbing through Japanese manga since Osamu TEZUKA."
Japanese: また不安定に変化する厩戸王子の表情に注目し、その変貌を「手塚治虫以来日本のマンガに脈うつ男女変身譚および異人変身譚の最大の収穫のひとつだろう」と語っている。
English: These facial expressions were drawn with very fine lines and it is said that when they are copied out on thin papers, "facial expression will be changed if you miss your aim in a fraction of 1mm."
Japanese: こういった表情は実に細かな描線で描かれており、薄い紙に模写したところで「1ミリの何分の1でも線が狂えば表情は変わってしまう」のだという。
English: In this manga, against a backdrop of the Asuka period, the story develops in the form of that members of the Soga Family including Emishi (he was portrayed as a first child of Umako), Emperor Sushun and Empress Suiko were made fools of by Prince Umayado who figured out political scheme,
Japanese: 本作は、飛鳥時代を背景に、政治的策謀をめぐらす厩戸王子に毛人（馬子の長子として描かれている）をはじめとする蘇我家の人々や、崇峻天皇・推古天皇らが翻弄される形で話が進んでいく。
English: One day, SOGA no Emishi met a beautiful girl who just looked like a celestial nymph, and had a secret crush on her.
Japanese: 蘇我毛人はある日天女と見まごう美しい女童に出会い、ほのかな恋心を抱く。
English: Prince Umayado who had extraordinary education, political competence and air of dignity in spite of his youth came to be a presence respected by a host of vassals.
Japanese: 年若くとも並はずれた教養、政治的手腕、威厳を持つ厩戸は並み居る臣下からも一目置かれる存在となる。
English: Emishi who also realized Umayado's strange power was troubled by Umayado's loneliness he sometimes saw.
Japanese: 同じく厩戸の不思議を感知した毛人は、時折垣間見る厩戸の孤独に心を痛める。
English: Emishi treated Umayado with respect, awe and a high regard, but, for Umayado, Emishi was the only and indispensable presence who could share the supernatural power Umayado had.
Japanese: 尊敬と畏怖と好意を持って厩戸に接する毛人だが、厩戸にとって毛人は自分の持つ超能力を共有できる唯一の不可欠な存在であった。
English: However, Emishi did not recognize his own supernatural power, because he only could bring out his power while he was unconscious.
Japanese: しかし毛人は無意識下でしか超能力を引き出せず、自分の能力を自覚していない。
English: Umayado's feelings for Emishi shortly turned into love and Emishi also realized that he was attracted to Umayado, but before long, he met Futohime who was miko (a shrine maiden) of Isonokami-jingu Shrine and fell in love with her.
Japanese: 厩戸の毛人への思いはやがて愛へと変わってゆき、毛人も自分が厩戸に惹かれていることを感じるが、やがて石上神宮の巫女であった布都姫と出会い、恋に落ちてしまう。
English: Umayado suffered from jealousy and figured out schemes to shut Futohime away from Emishi, however Emishi realized that.
Japanese: 厩戸は嫉妬に悩まされ、策謀をめぐらして布都姫を退けようとするが、毛人に気づかれる。
English: Emishi who saw through Emayado's schemes was persuaded by Umayado to live together, because if they were united, they could get the power to control all nature freely and twist the world around their little fingers.
Japanese: いままでの諸事に厩戸の策略があったことを悟った毛人は、厩戸に二人が結べば万物を自由に動かす力が実現されこの世を意のままにできるから共に生きようと説得される
English: However, Emishi answered that it was a fate that they must not be together and this was why both were born as men, and left Umayado with painful reluctance and chose Futohime.
Japanese: しかし、毛人は二人が共に男として生まれたのは一緒になってはいけない運命だからだと答え、苦渋のうちに厩戸から離れ、布都姫を選ぶ。
English: While Prince Umayado was left alone in loneliness, he took political power and this story ended at the scene where Umayado suggested a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China.
Japanese: 作品は厩戸が孤独の中に残される一方、政治的実権を握り、遣隋使を発案するところで終わる。
English: In this story, Umayado was portrayed as completely different from the image of "Prince Shotoku" described in historical documents such as "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and "Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu" (Biography of Shotoku Taishi).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』や『上宮聖徳法王帝説』などの史料に描かれた「聖徳太子」像とは全く異なる人物造形を施されている。
English: Concerning this, in an interview with Saeko HIMURO, which was written down in the second volume of paper back, the author said, "I've had an uncomfortable feeling about the stories related to Prince Shotoku since my childhood, and one day I talked about this to Masako YASHIRO at an izakaya bar, she introduced the book "Kakusareta jujika (hidden cross)" written by Takeshi UMEHARA to me, and when I bought the book and read it next day, the whole image of the story came to my head."
Japanese: これについて作者は文庫版2巻に収録された氷室冴子との対談で、「聖徳太子にまつわるエピソードに子供の頃から違和感を持っており、ある時、居酒屋で矢代まさこを相手にそういう話をしていたら、梅原猛の『隠された十字架』を紹介され、翌日それを買ってきて読んで、その時に全てのイメージが出て来た」と語っている。
English: Although she loved Prince Umayado, she was afraid of his supernatural power and agonized that she couldn't treat him like other children.
Japanese: 母親として厩戸を愛しつつも、厩戸の超常的な力を怖れ、他の子供達のように接することが出来ずに悩む。
English: Although he was a successor of the head family of the Soga family, he was portrayed as a good person who did not have political ambition like his father, Umako.
Japanese: 蘇我本宗家の後継者であるが、父・馬子ほどの政治的野心を持たない善良な人物として描かれる。
English: At the time of battle with Mononobe, after she was raped in turns at her mother's hometown and suffered considerable psychological damage, she came to love no one but Emishi.
Japanese: 物部との戦いの際、母親の里で輪姦され、精神に深い傷を残し、毛人以外の男性を愛せなくなっていた。
English: After Prince Umayado who found this out approached her with bargain, she became a wife of Prince Umayado and gave birth to Prince Yamashiro no oe.
Japanese: これを知った厩戸に取引を持ちかけられ、厩戸の后となって山背大兄王を生む。
English: In this story, he fell unconscious when he saw Prince Umayado appear suddenly during the battle and he died of a heart attack.
Japanese: 本作では、戦闘中に突如現れた厩戸の姿に昏倒し、心臓発作を起こして死ぬ。
English: Although she and Emishi loved each other, she became a consort to Emperor Sushun by Umayado's ploy and she was almost assassinated by the hand of Umayado himself.
Japanese: 毛人と相思相愛の仲であったが、厩戸の策略により崇峻帝の後宮に入れられ、更には厩戸自身の手で暗殺されかかる。
English: He was a candidate for Okimi after the death of Osada no Okimi, but he was not pleased with the rise of the Soga Clan and took the Mononobe's side and was killed by Prince Umayado.
Japanese: 訳語田大王亡き後の大王候補であったが、蘇我氏の台頭を快く思っておらず、物部側についたために厩戸に殺される。
English: Unlike Prince Anahobe, he is portrayed as a pleasure-seeking, incapable person who lacked political ability and courage and only took short views.
Japanese: 穴穂部王子と異なり政治的手腕にも豪胆さにも欠け、目先のことしか考えない享楽的で無能な人物として描かれる。
English: At the beginning, he was thought to be good for nothing and was helped to the throne, but his autocratic manner became increasingly accentuated and finally he was assassinated by Prince Umayado and the Soga Clan.
Japanese: 当初は毒にも薬にもならぬ人物と思われ、大王に擁立されるが次第に横暴な面が目立つようになり、最終的には厩戸と蘇我氏によって暗殺される。
English: Main characters in the sequel changed to Prince Umayado's and Emishi's children, and it described the fall of the Umayado family once famed for Jogu Oke.
Japanese: 物語の主役は王子や毛人の子供たちに移り、かつて上宮王家と謳われた厩戸一族の滅亡を描く。
English: Tojiko and Prince Yamashiro no oe, a son of Prince Umayado, released their youngest sister, Umaya no himemiko who had been confined for fifteen years since she was born, in order to make her attend her parent's funeral.
Japanese: 刀自古と厩戸王子の子、山背大兄王子は、両親の葬儀に出席させるため、実父の厩戸によって生まれてから15年間軟禁されていた末妹、馬屋古女王を解放する。
English: Umaya no himemiko was an only child of other Umayado's children who had a good looks precisely like her father.
Japanese: 馬屋古は厩戸の子供たちで唯一、父に酷似した美しい容姿の持ち主であった。
English: In the story, she was the very image of her father, Prince Umayado, but she was congenitally handicapped and took over her father's supernatural power.
Japanese: 厩戸そっくりの容貌を持つが先天的な障害者であり、厩戸の超能力を受け継いでいるという設定。
English: He grew up being loved by Prince Umayado as well, since Umayado knew that he was a son of Emishi.
Japanese: 毛人の息子であることを厩戸も知っていた為、厩戸にも特に愛されて育つ。
English: Although he and Prince Yamashiro no oe had been close friends since childhood, he is also portrayed as a rival in love over Tsukishime.
Japanese: 山背大兄とは幼少時から気心の知れた仲であるが、舂米を巡っての恋敵でもあった人物として描かれている。
English: In this story, children who were actually descended from Umayado were children of TACHIBANA no Ooiratsume and Kashiwadenominoiratsume only, and Tsukishime no himemiko was the first child of Umayado and Kashiwadenominoiratsume.
Japanese: 厩戸の血を実際に引いているのは、橘大郎女と膳郎女の生んだ子たちだけという設定で、彼女はこの夫婦の最初の子供である。
English: Many of their children were born with some kind of intellectual disabilities, but Tsukishime and Ohatsuse are portrayed as characters who exceptionally inherited a part of Umayado's impressive ability.
Japanese: 彼らの子の多くは何らかの知的障害を持って生まれたが、舂米と長谷は例外的に厩戸の優れた能力の一端を継承した人物として描かれている。
English: In the January 24, 1984 issue of the the local news page of the whole nation edition of Mainichi Shinbun, the article which said Horyu-ji Temple deplored this manga under the headline of "Oh my god! Is this really Prince Shotoku" and "Horyu-ji Temple got steamed up" appeared, but this was a fabricated report by a press person of the Nara branch.
Japanese: 1984年1月24日付けの毎日新聞全国版社会面に本作品に対して「え、これが聖徳太子!?」「法隆寺カンカン」などという見出しで法隆寺が遺憾に思っている、という記事が掲載されたが、これはすべて奈良支局の記者による捏造記事であった。
English: It is one of the methods used in Japanese flower arrangement and the businesses dealing with real flowers for keeping cut flowers fresh.
Japanese: 生け花や生花を扱う業種で、切花が長持ちするようにする処理方法の一つ。
English: Mizukiri is one of the construction methods which is used to prevent rainwater from leaking into cracks of a building or a foundation.
Japanese: 雨水が建物や土台の隙間などに入り込まないように用いられる工法の一種。
English: Mizukiri is a game of throwing a stone with spin toward the water surface to make it skip over the water, sometimes competing how many times the stone skips.
Japanese: 水切り（みずきり）は水面に向かって回転をかけた石を投げて水面で石を跳ねさせて、その回数を競ったりする遊びの事。
English: This is the kind of game which can be seen anywhere in the world, as long as the water surface above a certain size and stones are available.
Japanese: 世界中、ある程度の大きさを持つ水面と石のある場所であれば、どこででも見られる遊びである。
English: As a game easy for everyone, mizukiri is played everywhere and mizukiri events are also held.
Japanese: 水切りは簡単に誰にでも出来る遊びとして各地で行われており、水切りのイベントが行われることもある。
English: To play mizukiri, it is necessary to make sure that there is no one swimming in a forward direction in order not to hurt people nearby, and also to be considerate of wild animals such as waterfowls.
Japanese: 水切りを行う際は、投げる前方に遊泳中の人がいないかなど、周りの人にけががないように注意するとともに、水鳥などの野生動物への配慮も忘れてはならない。
English: As of 2008, listed in Guinness World Records is 51 skips made by Russell Byars on July 19, 2007.
Japanese: 2008年現在のギネス・ワールド・レコーズは、2007年7月19日にRussellByarsが記録した51段である。
English: Until then, the record was 40 skips made by Kurt Steiner at "Pennsylvania Qualifying Stone Skipping Tournament" on September 14, 2002.
Japanese: それ以前の記録は、2002年9月14日にカート・スタイナー（KurtSteiner）が"PennsylvaniaQualifyingStoneSkippingTournament"で記録した40段であった。
English: Japan's record was set with 32 skips by Shunsuke Watanabe, a pitcher of the Chiba Lotte Marines, in a TV program, 'Tokumitsu Tokoro no sports eraihito Grand Prix' (Tokumitsu and Tokoro's Great-People Grand Prix of Sports).
Japanese: 日本記録は千葉ロッテマリーンズ投手の渡辺俊介がテレビ番組「徳光&所のスポーツえらい人グランプリ」にて出した32段である。
English: Necchu jikan bochu "shumi" ari' (The enthusiasm time, Enjoy a hobby even if you are busy), a TV program on NHK, introduced the scientific analysis of mizukiri using an ultrahigh-speed camera and a computer.
Japanese: 日本放送協会テレビ「熱中時間忙中"趣味"あり」で、超高速度カメラやコンピュータを使い、水切りを科学的に分析した結果が紹介された。
English: According to the analysis, the optimum angle for skipping stones is for the front face to be raised by 10 degrees with respect to the surface of the water.
Japanese: それによると、よく跳ねるための水面との角度は、前面が10°浮き上がった状態が最もよいとされる。
English: It is important that the stone is rapidly spinning (at 30 revolutions per second in the program) because if the revolution is slow it falls into the water quickly.
Japanese: また、石自体が高速回転（番組中では1秒間に30回転）していることが大切で、回転が遅いと早く水没してしまう。
English: Ideal shapes of the stone are flat, semicylindrical, lenticular and so on, but according to calculations, the best shape is lenticular.
Japanese: 石の形は、平型、かまぼこ型、レンズ型などがよいが、計算上はレンズ型が最も適している。
English: According to the research by French physicist Lydéric Bocquet, Shinichiro NAGAHIRO (presently at Sendai National College of Technology) and so on, for the best bounce of the stone, the optimum angle between the stone and the water surface is 20 degrees.
Japanese: フランスの物理学者LydéricBocquetらや、永弘進一郎（現・宮城工業高等専門学校）らの研究によると、石が最も良く跳ねるには、石と水面との角度は20ºが最適であるとされている。
English: Bocquet has calculated that it requires a speed of 12 m/s and spinning at 14 revolutions per second to achieve 38 skips, the former Guinness world record set by Coleman-McGhee.
Japanese: また、Bocquetは、Coleman-McGheeの元ギネス世界記録38回を達成するためには、秒速12メートルの速度と、毎秒14回転が必要であると算出している。
English: The one which was developed by the United Kingdom during World War II in order to destroy a dam in the Ruhr area of Germany is well-known by the name of "The Dambusters."
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦中にイギリスがドイツのルール地方にあるダムを破壊するために開発した『ダムバスターズ』が有名である。
English: Fashion (described as fashion in English, mode in French) refers to the style of clothes, hairstyle, the manner of make-up or outfits.
Japanese: ファッション（）とは、服飾や髪型・化粧などのスタイルや装いのことである。
English: Fashion shows which showcase fashion trends are held around the world.
Japanese: また、ファッションの流行を紹介するファッションショーが世界各地で行われている。
English: This is the so-called made-to-order, and in the fashion industry, it generally refers to the items of stores called the 'La Chambre Syndicate de la Couture Parisienne,' which belong to the associations in Paris that specialize in classy clothes.
Japanese: いわゆるオーダーメイドであるが、ファッション業界内では通常、「サンディカ」と呼ばれるパリの高級服専門の組合に所属している店の商品のことをいう。
English: Haute couture collections,' which are held in January and in July in Paris and Rome, are fashion shows in which only the members of La Chambre Syndicate de la Couture Parisienne and a few other maisons are allowed to attend and showcase their fashions.
Japanese: また、パリとローマで1月と7月に開催されている「オートクチュール・コレクション」は、サンディカに所属するメンバーと、その他の少数のメゾンにしか発表が許されていないファッションショーである。
English: In general, it is a word which refers to ready-made clothes designed and tailored by name designers.
Japanese: 通常は一流のデザイナーがデザインを手掛け、仕立てた既製品にのみ当てはめられる言葉。
English: Fashion shows called 'collections' are held between February and April, and between September and December, in order of Tokyo, New York, London, Mirano, and Paris.
Japanese: 「コレクション」と呼ばれるファッションショーがあり、2月から4月、9月から12月までの間に、東京、ニューヨーク、ロンドン、ミラノ、パリの順で開催されている。
English: It means 'house, building' in French, but in the fashion industry, it is used in the sense of a company or shop.
Japanese: フランス語で「家、建物」の意であるが、ファッション業界では会社、または店などの意味で使われる。
English: The shop of Haute couture ' is especially called "maison de couture."
Japanese: 特に「オートクチュールの店」のことを『メゾン・ド・クチュール（maisondecouture）』という。
English: Clothes that can be worn as everyday attire in contrast to artistic clothing that are far from everyday scene.
Japanese: アート色の強い日常離れした服に対して、一般的に普段着として着られるような服。
English: This trend was not the trend created by designers but a big movement in the early 90's to create fashion that would be more familiar with consumers, focusing on clothes to be worn by common people.
Japanese: それまでデザイナーが作ってきた流行ではなく、人間が着ているだろう服を想定し、より消費者に近いファッションの発信をしようと90年代初頭に大きな動きとなった。
English: They have been associated with fast fashion, and global chain companies such as 'HM' or 'ZARA' started emerging.
Japanese: 2000年ごろからはファストファッションとも結びつき、「HM」や「ZARA」などの世界的な衣料品チェーン企業が興り始めた。
English: In a narrow sense, it refers to the color selected by the Intercolor (International Study Commission for Color) or the Japan Fashion Association.
Japanese: 狭義には、インターカラー（インターカラー）や日本ファッション協会という団体が選定した色のことを指す。
English: Material manufacturers, textile manufacturers, fabric manufacturers and dyers are involved in this stage.
Japanese: 素材メーカー、テキスタイルメーカー、織物・染色業者などがこの段階に入る。
English: It refers to the apparel makers that produce clothes from yarns and fabrics or manufacturers of other garments.
Japanese: 糸や生地から衣服を製品として製造するアパレルメーカーや、そのほか、服飾製品の製造業を指す。
English: It refers to retail sellers displaying and selling products manufactured by apparel makers in store.
Japanese: アパレルメーカーなどによって製造された製品を、商品として店頭に並べ販売する小売を指す。
English: It refers to clothes which were once available on the market, and after the purchaser gives up its ownership, second-hand clothes dealers collect and sell these clothes.
Japanese: 一度商品として市場に出回り、買った人などがその所有権を放棄した服を、古着業者が回収して販売している物のこと。
English: To sell goods with minor defect and surplus products at a price lower than that of regular products.
Japanese: わずかに瑕疵がある品や余剰生産品などを、正規品よりも安い値段で売ること。
English: Goods sold in such stores are called 'outlet goods,' and shopping malls where such goods are sold are called 'outlet malls.'
Japanese: そのような店で売られる品は「アウトレット品」、そのようなものを扱うモールは「アウトレットモール」と呼ばれる。
English: Trad stands for traditional style, and is a generic term of styles including the American style, British traditional style, and sometimes the new traditional style unique to Japan.
Japanese: トラディショナル（スタイル）の略で、米国系、ブリティッシュ系トラディショナルなどに、ときには日本独自のニュートラなども含めて呼ぶ総称。
English: It often refers to the clothes with a basic design, which are not affected by trends, such as tailored suits or trench coats, or traditional materials that are used in clothes, such as wool or cashmere.
Japanese: 流行に左右されないテーラードスーツやトレンチコートなどのベーシックなデザイン、または用いられているウールやカシミアなどの素材を用いたものを指すことが多い。
English: A clothing style, in which timely fashion trends are adopted ahead of the times, yet provided at a low price as real clothes which can be worn every day.
Japanese: その時点でのファッショントレンドの内容をいち早く取り込みながらも、普通に着用できるリアルクローズとして低価格で提供する業態。
English: It is often used to refer to global inexpensive clothes chains like 'HM,' 'ZARA,' 'FOREVER 21,' which emerged around 2005, (and they tend to be compared with UNIQLO of Japan, which deals with inexpensive real clothes, but their business scale is larger than UNIQLO).
Japanese: 2005年あたりから台頭した「HM」や「ZARA」、「FOREVER21」などの世界的な規模（低価格・リアルクローズということで日本のユニクロと比較されるが、ユニクロよりも企業規模が大きい）の低価格衣料品チェーンを指して使われることが多い。
English: Westernized clothing style is widely available in Japan, and some people say it was directly brought about by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan in 1858.
Japanese: 日本では服装の西洋化が広まっているが、その直接的な要因は1858年の日米修好通商条約だとする説がある。
English: According to this theory, westernized clothing style became widespread mainly among officers or interpreters who had negotiations with foreigners in person after ports throughout Japan were opened due to the treaty.
Japanese: それによると、この条約により各地の港が開かれ、役人や通訳などの直接外国人と交渉をする立場の人間を中心として、服装の西洋化が広まっていくことになる。
English: For some period from when the Portuguese ship was tossed ashore on Tanegashima Island in 1543 to the closing of the country, western clothes were given to some feudal lords (daimyo).
Japanese: なお、1543年に種子島へポルトガル船が漂着した時から鎖国までのしばらくの間にも、一部の大名などに贈呈されるなどした。
English: During the period of national isolation few western clothes were available, and in the end of the Edo period, they were not so rare in Dejima island in Nagasaki (the sole trading spot with foreign countries).
Japanese: 少数ながらも西洋の服飾は流通しており、江戸時代末期には長崎の出島などでは特別珍しいものではなかった。
English: In 1864, the shogunate government, which raised an army for the Choshu Conquest due to Kinmon Incident, decided that military uniforms would be made in a western style.
Japanese: 1864年には、禁門の変を理由に長州征伐の兵を挙げた幕府が、その時の軍服を西洋式にすることを決めた。
English: Jihe MORITA, a merchant of Kodenma-cho, took the order of 2,000 military uniforms, and created them through trial and error.
Japanese: 小伝馬町の商人である守田治兵衛が2000人分の軍服の製作を引き受け、試行錯誤しながらも作り上げた。
English: For a while afterwards, rental shops or sales stores for western clothes appeared little by little across Japan.
Japanese: その後しばらくは、小規模ながらも各地に洋服の貸し出し店や洋服販売店ができるようになった。
English: After the imperial instruction to change the uniforms for the army and bureaucrats into western style uniforms (edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Number 399 'the western clothes shall be used as formal wear') was issued in 1871, the clothes of police officers, railway employees, and teachers were also westernized sequentially.
Japanese: 1871年に陸軍や官僚の制服を西洋風に改めることを定めた天皇の勅諭（太政官布告399号「爾今禮服ニハ洋服ヲ採用ス」）が発せられた以後、警官・鉄道員・教員などが順次服装を西洋化することになる。
English: Among the victims of the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the number of women wearing traditional Japanese kimono, which limited free movement, stood out.
Japanese: 1923年の関東大震災では、身体の動作を妨げる構造である和服を着用していた女性の被害が多かった。
English: For that reason, 'Tokyo Clothes Association for Women and Children' was founded in the following year, 1924, and women's clothes were also westernized.
Japanese: このことから、翌1924年に「東京婦人子供服組合」が発足し、女性の服装にも西洋化が進むことになる。
English: On September 21, 1927, the first fashion show in Japan was held at then Mitsukoshi Ginza Store.
Japanese: 1927年9月21日には、当時の銀座三越において日本国内初のファッションショーが開催される。
English: In addition, when the massive fire broke out at 'Shirokiya department store' (the predecessor of the former Tokyu Department Store Nihonbashi shop, and present day 'COREDO Nihonbashi') in Nihombashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo), victims were mainly people wearing kimono.
Japanese: また、日本橋(東京都中央区)にあった「白木屋(デパート)」デパート（旧・東急百貨店日本橋店の前身、現在の「コレド日本橋」）で発生した大規模火災で、やはり和装の人々に被害が多かった。
English: From the latter half of 1930's until the first half of 1940's, fabrics and clothes were strictly controlled under wartime regime, and the sales of department stores were sluggish.
Japanese: 1930年代後半から1940年代前半にかけては、戦時体制により繊維・衣服の統制が極端に進み、さらに百貨店自体の売り上げが低迷した時期でもあった。
English: Clothes with unified standards, which were called kokuminfuku (national uniform [such as mandated for Japanese males in 1940]), were rationed, and people were forced to live with few clothes that were rationed.
Japanese: 国民服と呼ばれる統一規格の洋服が配給され、数少ない配給衣服の着用での生活を余儀なくされる。
English: Japan, which was devastated by the war, came to be dependent on aid from the Allied Forces such as the United States after the defeat.
Japanese: 戦争による壊滅的な打撃を受けた日本は、敗戦後はアメリカ合衆国など連合国からの援助に頼ることになった。
English: On top of shortages of basic commodities such as food, common people, who didn't have enough clothes even in the black market, started to wear old clothes released from the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers in 1948.
Japanese: 食料など様々な物資不足はもとより、衣服も不足し闇市でも入手できない立場の大衆は、1948年から連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の放出衣料による古洋服の着用を始める。
English: With the feeling of having been liberated from the war, people became attached to the old American clothes and the 'occupation force fashion' occurred, which was the first fashion trend after the war.
Japanese: 戦争からの開放感もあり、「占領軍ファッション」として中古アメリカ衣料への傾倒が起こり、戦後初めての流行感覚が生まれた。