nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Later on they were given the important duty of drawing up a Myobo kanmon, which expressed their opinions concerning legal matters, and submitting it to a court council such as the Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council).
Japanese: 後には、陣定などの朝議に際して法律的な見解を記した明法勘文を作成・提出することも重要な職務となった。
English: During the middle of the Heian period, Myoho hakase tended to be a hereditary post for the Sanuki and Koremune clans, but from the medieval period, both clans were replaced and it became a hereditary post for the Sakagami and Nakahara clans of high reputation.
Japanese: 平安時代中期には讃岐氏や惟宗氏の世襲の傾向が見られたが、中世以降には両氏に代わって、名望の坂上氏及び中原氏の世襲となった。
English: Kuniyaku were duties imposed by the Imperial Court and kokuga (provincial government offices) from the Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 国役（こくやく/くにやく）とは、平安時代から南北朝時代(日本)にかけて朝廷及び国衙が諸国に課した雑役・一国平均役などの課役のこと。
English: By extension, it refers to duties, such as tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), imposed on Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and each province by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and duties imposed by the Shugo daimyo on their own territories.
Japanese: 転じて室町幕府が守護大名及び諸国に課した段銭などの課役、及び守護大名が独自に領国に対して賦課した課役のこと。
English: After breakdown of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the Imperial Court imposed duties including labor on territories governed by provincial government officrs and manors through provinical government officers in the name of public duty or yakubukumai (a special kind of taxation on rice levied by the grand shrines).
Japanese: 律令制の崩壊後、朝廷は造内裏役や役夫工米などを名目に国衙を通じて雑役（臨時雑役・雑公事）や一国平均役などを国衙領や荘園などに課していった。
English: Such imposition of duties by the provincial government officers came to be called the 'kuniyaku' after the middle of the eleventh century.
Japanese: こうした国衙から当該令制国への賦課を11世紀中頃から「国役」と称するようになっていった。
English: In the twelfth century, the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods imposed taxes on residents as one of the kuniyaku (public duties) and strived to gain control over the domain.
Japanese: 12世紀に入ると、在庁官人などが国役の一環として在家役を課して公領把握に努めるようになる。
English: In the Kamakura period, the Imperial Court began to develop the public duties with involvement by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and Shugo (provincial constable).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に入ると、朝廷による一国平均役が鎌倉幕府や守護の関与を得ながらも国役として展開される事になる。
English: During the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system at the time of the wars between the Northern and Southern Courts, the Muromachi bakufu and Shugo daimyo, who controlled lands, took over the authority to impose or exempt public duties or taxes from the Imperial Court and provincial officials.
Japanese: 南北朝の戦乱の中で守護領国制が形成されていく中で室町幕府及び在地を支配する守護大名が朝廷・国衙に代わって国役の賦課・免除の権限を掌握するようになる。
English: The Muromachi bakufu gained financial revenues by imposing taxes on Shugo daimyo and each province under the Shugo daimyo.
Japanese: 室町幕府は守護大名及び彼らを通じて諸国に対して段銭及び地頭御家人役などの形で課す事で財政収入を得た。
English: Shugo daimyo themselves also imposed Buyaku (labor service), zomotsu (a kind of tax), and tansen as shugoyaku (taxation on shugo) in the province.
Japanese: また、守護大名自らも国内に対して守護役として夫役・雑物・段銭などを課していった。
English: The Edo bakufu forced the various clans, vassals and peasants to perform engineering work (kuniyaku fushin) and this can be regarded as the restoration of the system of public duties (kuniyaku).
Japanese: 江戸幕府による諸藩や旗本、農民への国役普請はその復活と見ることも出来る。
English: The term "Naiju" means children officials who was engaged in miscellaneous jobs at the Imperial palace in the Nara and Heian periods.
Japanese: 内豎（ないじゅ・内竪）とは、奈良時代・平安時代において、内裏の雑用に用いられた中小官人のこと。
English: They were engaged in security and other miscellaneous jobs at the Imperial palace night and day, attended court functions like sechie (seasonal festival), reported time to the emperor and conveyed the order of the emperor or sanko (Grand Empress dowager, Empress dowager, Empress) to relevant officials.
Japanese: 主として内裏の殿上にて日直あるいは宿直して内部の警備や雑務を行い、節会などの宮中行事に供奉したり、天皇に時刻を奏したり、天皇や三后の命令を諸官司に伝達するなどの業務を行った。
English: Though the time of the establishment of Naiju system is unknown, they were initially called Jushi and were placed under the supervision of Jushidokoro (predecessor of Naijudokoro).
Japanese: 成立時期は不明であるが、当初は豎子（じゅし）と呼ばれて、豎子所の監督下にあった。
English: (According to Norinaga MOTOORI, the official post called 'Naiju' first appeared in the Tenkanhen of "Rites of Zhou," and children called 'doju' already existed in Japan in the era of the Emperor Ankan ("Rekicho Shoshikai" (commentaries on Imperial edicts in the Shoku Nihongi)).
Japanese: （本居宣長によれば、『周礼』天官篇に「内豎」という官が初出であり、日本でも安閑天皇の時代には、これを元にした「憧豎」と呼ばれる童子がいたと説いている（『歴朝詔詞解』）。
English: In a document preserved at Shoso-in, Fukushin KOMANO and KAZURAKI no Henushi (the husband of WAKE no Hiromushi) were recorded as Jushi who conveyed in 757 the message of zojishi (an official in charge of building temples) to the Empress Dowager Komyo requesting her to provide gold dust to paint the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 正倉院文書に残されている天平勝宝9歳（757年）に、東大寺盧舎那仏像に塗る沙金を造寺司より光明皇太后に要請した奏文を取り次いだ豎子の名前として高麗福信・葛木戸主（和気広虫の夫）の2名が挙げられている。
English: Both of them were government officials (Fukushin was shohitsu (assistant director) and Henushi was shochu (junior inspector)) belonged to Shibi chudai (the office of the Empress Dowager Komyo).
Japanese: 両名とも当時紫微中台に属する官人（福信は少弼、戸主は少忠）であった。
English: In 763, Jushi was renamed Naiju and Jushidokoro was also renamed Naijudokoro (later Naijusho).
Japanese: 天平宝字7年（763年）に、豎子は内豎と改称され、同時に豎子所も内豎所（後に内豎省）となる。
English: Naijudokoro was abolished in 772, but it was reestablished later as a small office called Naijuzoshi.
Japanese: その後、宝亀3年（772年）に廃止されたものの、その後再置されて内豎曹司という小規模な官司が置かれた。
English: However, it was again abolished on November 23, 807 ("Ruiju Kokushi" (Classified National History)).
Japanese: しかし、大同_(日本)2年10月16日(旧暦)（807年11月19日）に再度廃止となる（『類聚国史』）。
English: On February 5, 811, it was once again established under Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists) ("Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan)).
Japanese: 弘仁2年1月5日(旧暦)（811年2月1日）に蔵人所の監督下で再設置されている（『日本後紀』）。
English: According to Daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Grand Council of State) issued on June 9, 820, the reason for the reestablishment of Naiju was because the number of Otoneri (Imperial Attendant) was halved from 800 persons ("Ruiju sandai kaku" (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns)).
Japanese: なお、弘仁11年4月21日（820年6月5日）の太政官符には、内豎の復置を理由に大舎人を800名から半減することが書かれている。（『類聚三代格』）、
English: From the above, it is presumed that Otoneri took jobs of Naiju during the period when Naiju didn't exist.
Japanese: この点からみて、内豎廃止期には大舎人がその職務を担っていたようである。
English: It is said that there were two categories of Naiju, namely those who were allowed to enter the palace and those who were not allowed to do so.
Japanese: なお、内豎にも昇殿出来る殿上とそれが許可されない不殿上の区別があったという。
English: The prescribed number of personnel in the Nara period is unknown, but it was 100 for each of the Left and Right Otoneriryo (Bureau of Imperial Attendants) at the time when Naiju system was abolished from 806 and 810 and 120 at the time of reestablishment from 810 and 824.
Japanese: 定員は奈良時代については不詳だが、大同の廃止時に左右の大舎人寮に内豎を各100名ずつ振り分けたとされており、弘仁の再設置時に120名であった。
English: As the term "naigubu Jushi" is seen in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) dated April 30, 757, the system of Jushi might have been introduced before then.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』天平宝字元年4月4日条（757年）に「内供奉豎子」が登場しており、設置はそれ以前に遡る。
English: Also, Jushidokoro existed as an office to supervise them (the time of its establishment is unknown).
Japanese: また、彼らを統括する組織として豎子所（じゅしどころ）が置かれていた（設置時期不明）。
English: When Jushi was renamed Naiju in 763, Jushidokoro was also renamed Naijudokoro.
Japanese: 天平宝字7年（763年）に豎子が内豎に改められた際に、豎子所も内豎所と改められた。
English: At that time, the Emperor Junnin and EMI no Oshikatsu were in power and it is considered that the above reform was implemented as a measure to strengthen their administration.
Japanese: 当時は淳仁天皇・恵美押勝の政権下にあり、同政権の強化策として改制が行われたと考えられている。
English: Ironically, this policy was further strengthened by the Emperor Shotoku and YUGE no Dokyo who overthrew the former administration and Naijudokoro was upgraded to Naijusho (Ministry of Imperial Pages) in 767.
Japanese: 皮肉にもこの路線は彼らを倒した称徳天皇・弓削道鏡政権によって強化され、神護景雲元年（767年）に内豎省に昇格した。
English: After the death of the Emperor Shotoku and the fall of Dokyo, however, Naiju system was abolished together with Naijusho and its jobs were allocated to various offices in 772.
Japanese: ところが、称徳天皇の崩御と道鏡の失脚に伴い、宝亀3年（772年）に内豎は内豎省ともども廃止されて、各衛府に分割された。
English: Later, Naiju system was restored after being scaled down and Naijuzoshi (Naiju Office) was established, but it was again abolished.
Japanese: その後、内豎は縮小されて復活し、内豎曹司が起かれたが再度廃止された。
English: Naijudokoro was reestablished in 811 and since then, Naiju were engaged various miscellaneous jobs, such as notifying a time to people inside the palace, under the supervision of Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists).
Japanese: 弘仁2年（811年）に内豎所が復置され、その後は蔵人所の下で内裏内に時刻を告知するなどの雑務に従事した。
English: Otodo (minister) ("Seikyuki" (exemplary book on Heian rituals)) or Sekkan (regents and advisers) ("Shokugensho" (history of government services)) were appointed to betto, the head of Naijudokoro (according to "Shoyuki" (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) Minamoto no Hikaru (courtier) was appointed to this post in 909 for the first time).
Japanese: 内豎所の長である別当には大臣（『西宮記』）・摂関（『職源鈔』）が充てられていた（『小右記』によれば初任は延喜9年（909年）に左大臣源光(公卿)が任じられた例であるという）。
English: In reality, however, this post was a honorable post and Konoe-jisho (vice Minister of the Imperial Guard) and Rokui-kanjin (government officials whose court rank was Sixth Rank) (Jibu shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Civil Affairs) etc.) were appointed to the deputy and supervised officials and Naiju.
Japanese: しかし実際には名誉職で、この他に近衛次将及び六位官人（治部少丞など）がそれぞれ別当に補されて諸官人及び内豎を監督した。
English: In practice, either Governor of Ise Province or Mino Province was concurrently appointed to Kashira (prescribed number of personnel was one), a person who oversaw routine jobs.
Japanese: 実際に実務を統括したである頭（定員1名）には伊勢国か美濃国の掾が兼務するのが慣例となっていた。
English: Although the court rank of persons who were actually appointed to these posts was higher than the above, the posts themselves were relatively low-ranking ones in the court.
Japanese: 実際に任官される官人の位階はこれより高いとはいえ、宮廷全体からすれば低い職であった。
English: Under them, each one person was appointed to kanjindai (steward) (called shitsuji since 936), daisekikan (major inspector), daisekisoji (middle inspector) and besseki (minor inspector).
Japanese: この下には官人代（承平(日本)6年（936年）以後は執事）、大籍喚、大籍奏事、別籍が各1名ずつ置かれていた。
English: Senkokushisho was the organization which was established while Japan was under the Ritsuryo system, for the purpose of compiling official history book Rikkokushi (the Six National histories) and "Shin-kokushi" (the New National History).
Japanese: 撰国史所（せんこくししょ）は、律令制下の日本で正史である六国史及び『新国史』を編纂するために設置された機関。
English: According to the Japanese Ritsuryo code, compilation of official history book was the job of Zushoryo (the Bureau of Drawings and Books), but it is considered that Zushoryo actually lacked historical materials and human resources necessary to carry out such a job (it is considered that the records and precedents concerning the jobs under the Ritsuryo system were accumulated by Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) and Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) for the purpose of future reference).
Japanese: 日本の律令法によれば、図書寮が国史編纂の任に当たる事になっていたが、実際の図書寮にはそれを行うだけの史料の集積も人材もなかったと考えられている（律令制実務における記録や行政文書の集積は、後日に先例として参考にするために内記や外記などで行われたと見られている）。
English: Therefore, court nobles and government officials who were nominated by the emperor were actually engaged in this job.
Japanese: このため、実際には国史編纂にあたって天皇から任命された貴族・官人がこれにあたった。
English: Senkokushisho' was the name of organization that engaged in the lengthy compilation work of Shin-kokushi (unfinished) and the name of the organization that compiled "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) was 'Senshokunihongisho' (according to "Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan) dated March 19, 797).
Japanese: 「撰国史所」は長期間にわたって事業が継続された新国史（未完）編纂時の機関の呼称であり、名称については『続日本紀』の編纂機関が「撰続日本紀所」であったことが判明している（『日本後紀』延暦16年2月13日条）。
English: However, there are many instances where the name of the organization was unclear and therefore, 'Senkokushisho' is used as a term that means history compilation bureau in a broad sense.
Japanese: しかし、明らかでは無い例も多く、広義の国史編纂機関の意味で「撰国史所」が用いられている。
English: According to the Imperial decree relating to Senkokushisho issued for the purpose of compiling Shin-kokushi as well as "Seikyuki" (exemplary book on Heian rituals) and "Shingishiki" (New Procedures in Administration), compilation of official history was conducted once after the passage of several eras of emperors.
Japanese: 新国史編纂のために出された撰国史所関連の宣旨や『西宮記』『新儀式』などによれば、数代の天皇ごとに国史の編纂がなされた。
English: High-ranking court nobles like Otodo (minister) or Dainagon (chief councilor of state) were appointed to its head called Betto etc. and Sangi (councilor) class persons were appointed to executive officer.
Japanese: 別当などと呼ばれる総裁役には大臣・大納言の一上級の貴族が就任し、参議級が執行役となる。
English: Under them, Geki, who actually handled the records, was assigned and benkan (controller), Confucian scholars and other officials who were versed in kidendo (the study of the histories) joined the team.
Japanese: その下に実際に記録を扱う外記が配され、弁官や儒学者や紀伝道に通じた官人などがこれに加わっている。
English: Because of its nature, Shenkokushisho was abolished once the compilation work of official history book was completed.
Japanese: なお、撰国史所はその性格上、国史が完成すればその役目を終えることになる。
English: In view of the existence of the official history book which described only one emperor, such as "Shoku Nihonkoki" and "Nihon Montoku Tenno Jitsuroku" (fifth of the six classical Japanese history texts), or the one whose compilation work lasted long and eventually stopped without being completed, such as "Shin-kokushi," some people assert that the organization was established intermittently during the period from the late 9th century to the early 10th century.
Japanese: 『続日本後紀』や『日本文徳天皇実録』のように1代の天皇のみを扱った国史が編纂されたり、『新国史』のように長期化して最終的に完成しなかった例もあり、9世紀後半から10世紀前半には事務機関が断続的に設置されていた時期があったとする説もある。
English: Chokushisho was the organization that succeeded Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts) abolished in 782.
Japanese: 勅旨所（ちょくししょ）とは、延暦元年（782年）に廃止された勅旨省の継承機関。
English: As with Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts), it was in charge of commodity procurement and asset management of the Imperial family.
Japanese: 勅旨省と同様に天皇のための物資調達と家産経営にあたったと考えられている。
English: Though few historical materials exist that leave a true account, a draft document sent by Chokushisho in 799 to Todai-ji Temple's sango (a monk with managerial role) was compiled in 'Heian Ibun' (Documents of the Heian period).
Japanese: その実態を示す史料は少ないが、延暦8年（799年）に勅旨所から東大寺三綱に宛てられた文書の草案が「平安遺文」中に収録されている。
English: In this document, seals of Chokushisho's officials, including its director KI no Kosami and assistant director FUJIWARA no Uchimaro, are seen.
Japanese: その中には長官紀古佐美・次官藤原内麻呂以下勅旨所の諸役人の署判が記されている。
English: Provided, however, that all of officials other than the director and assistant director were those of Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) and from this fact, it is believed that Chokushisho had already been absorbed by Kuraryo in effect by that time.
Japanese: ただし、長官・次官以外は全て内蔵寮の役人が占めており実質上内蔵寮に統合されていたと見られている。
English: According to "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), there existed chokushi toneri (official of Chokushisho) that belonged to Kuraryo as well as storehouses that belonged to Chokushisho.
Japanese: 『延喜式』には内蔵寮所属の勅旨舎人がいたこと、勅旨所所属の倉庫が存在していた事が記されている。
English: Kanrei-dai was a temporary post rather than a permanent one, initially referring to a time when one of the three Kanrei families acted as the Kanrei (shogunal deputy).
Japanese: 常設の職ではなく臨時職であり、当初は三管領の一族が管領を代行した際に管領代と称された。
English: After the Meio Coup when dominant figures in politics outside of the three Kanrei families held the real power of the shogunate, other personages assumed the post of Kanrei-dai.
Japanese: 明応の政変以降には三管領家以外の有力者が幕府の実権を司った際に任じられた。
English: In particular were OUCHI and MIYOSHI, who, despite their commission being temporary, were sometimes even called tenkabito (ruler of the country).
Japanese: 特に前二者は一時的ながら政権を樹立しており、天下人として扱われることもある。
English: According to Shinchoko-ki (The Biography of Nobunaga ODA), Nobunaga became jun-kanrei (deputy kanrei), but it is not clear whether or not the position was identical to the post of Kanrei-dai or even his assumption of the post.
Japanese: 信長公記では、織田信長が准管領となったとするが、この地位が管領代と同一のものか、そもそも就任の事実があったかは不明である。
English: As the head of the Hosokawa kanrei family, one held the title of deputy of ukeicho, and a position called Ukeicho-dai (deputy provisional master of right) even existed, but there is room for examination on whether or not the position should be included as a Kanrei-dai.
Japanese: また細川管領家の当主右京兆の代官である右京兆代という職も存在しているが、管領代に含めるかどうかは検討の余地がある。
English: "Jokan" (written as "上官" or "政官") is the collective term for government officers who were mainly engaged in clerical work in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of a centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code).
Japanese: 政官（じょうかん・上官）とは、律令制の太政官の事務方官人の総称である。
English: Jokan was a broadly used term to indicate government officials such as the Shonagon (lesser councilor of state), Benkan (controller) and Geki (secretary of the Grand Council of State), who were the three directors of the Sankyoku (an assortment of three bureaus: the Shonagon bureau, Benkan bureau and Geki bureau, respectively), the Shi (an official in charge of records), the Shisho (an official in charge of miscellaneous documents) and lower ranking Kanjin (government officials) affiliated with the Sankyoku, or in other words, Jokan indicates all of the officials of the Daijokan except the Kugyo (top court officials) and the Giseikan (Legislature).
Japanese: 一般的には、「三局」と称された少納言局・弁官局・外記局を率いる少納言・弁官・外記と三局に属した史(律令制)・史生以下の下級官人（反対に考えると、公卿・議政官を除く全ての太政官官人）を指す。
English: On the other hand, there are also examples contradicting the term as stated above, such as one that includes the post of Naiki (Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) in charge of producing official documents like Shochoku (imperial rescripts) and Senmyo (imperial edicts) as a Jokan; an example that Jokan only indicates the Shonagon and Benkan but not the Geki; and a contrasting example showing that the term is limited to Kanjin lower in rank than Geki and Shi.
Japanese: 一方、詔勅・宣命などの公文書作成にあたる内記（中務省内記局）を含む用例や外記局を除いて少納言・弁官のみを指す用例、反対に外記及び史以下の官人に限定する用例なども存在する。
English: In later years, however, the word Jokan was often used in the same sense as described in the last example, as illustrated by examples from the "Irohajirui-sho"(Kango-Japanese Dictionary from the Heian Period) where it is explained that Geki and Shi were referred to as Jokan.
Japanese: ただし、後世においては「政官、上官也、云外記・史也」（『色葉字類抄』）などと最後の用例で用いられることが多くなる。
English: In addition, according to "Kakai-sho Commentary" by Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI, the term originated from "Daijokan-hi-kan" (a government official reporting directly to the Daijokan, written as “太政官被官”) which contains the phonetic equivalent of "Jokan," sometimes written as "上官."
Japanese: なお、四辻善成の『河海抄』には、「政官」は“太政官被官”に由来し、宛字として「上官」を用いたと記されている。
English: In another case, in the "Myomoku sho" by Sanehiro TOIN, the pronunciation for the Chinese characters "政官" was said to be "ja-u-gu-ha-mu."
Japanese: また、洞院実煕の『名目鈔』には、「政官」に“ジヤウグハム”と読み仮名を振っている。
English: Jokan was never adopted as an official word in the Ritsuryo-Kyakushiki (Laws of codes and ethics under the Ritsuryo system) however, and it is assumed that it was originally a slang word used within noble society.
Japanese: ただし、律令格式には採用されていない語であり、元来は貴族社会における俗語のようなものであったと考えられている。
English: Jokan dealt with practical works such as producing Daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Daijokan) and Senji (imperial decree), comparing and examining the precedents and producing records for Kuji and Gishiki (political operations and ceremonies of the Imperial Court) and handling personnel affairs.
Japanese: 太政官符・宣旨などの公文書作成や太政官における公事・儀式の先例校勘・記録作成、人事案件の処理などの実務にあたり、太政官における事務方を担当した。
English: As Jokan also took charge of katanashi (a ritual for reading out bound documents on the government affairs before the actual work starts) in Kansei (Imperial meetings at a Daijokan agency) and Gekisei (meetings at a Geki agency), it increased its role and the status of Geki and Shi in particular much improved.
Japanese: 官政・外記政において結政を担当するようになるとその役割が増大し、特に外記及び史の地位が大きく上昇した。
English: Later on, the Joshu (director) of the Geki was called Kyokumu (Chief Secretary of the Daijokan), the Joshu of the Shi was called Kanmu and these two came to hold the highest positions in the Daijokan Kanjin aside from the Kugyo and Giseikan.
Japanese: 後に外記の上首（筆頭）を局務（きょくむ）、史の上首を官務（かんむ）と呼んで公卿・議政官を除く太政官官人の筆頭的地位を占める事となる。
English: Jun-Sessho refers to the permission given by the Emperor to a Kanpaku (Chief Advisor to the Emperor) or minister to govern affairs of state as a Sesshu (regent) under the Ritsuryo system, and it also refers to the person who received this permission.
Japanese: 准摂政（じゅんせっしょう）は日本の律令制下において、関白または大臣が摂政に準じて国政を統べることを天皇から許されること、またはその権限を与えられた者を指す。
English: Then the emperor dismissed the Sessho and appointed him to Kanpaku, and at the same time, proclaimed that he should become Jun-Sessho, giving him the same right as that of Sessho.
Japanese: これに対して天皇は摂政を解任して関白を補任し、同時に准摂政の宣旨を下して摂政と同じ権限を与えた。
English: In the latter half of the Heian period, when Emperor Goichijo celebrated his coming of age, FUJIWARA no Yorimichi was dismissed his Sessho post and was appointed to Kanpaku, and it was proclaimed that he should become Jun-Sessho.
Japanese: 平安時代後期、後一条天皇の元服後に摂政藤原頼通が摂政を辞任して関白に補任され、同時に准摂政の宣旨を受けた。
English: Thereafter, when FUJIWARA no Morozane (in relation to Emperor Horikawa), FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (in relation to Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Konoe) and FUJIWARA no Motofusa (in relation to Emperor) were appointed to Kanpaku, they were also proclaimed Jun-Sessho (Tadamichi became Jun-Sessho twice).
Japanese: その後、藤原師実（堀河天皇）・藤原忠通（崇徳天皇・近衛天皇）・藤原基房（高倉天皇）が関白に任ぜられたときに准摂政の宣旨を受けた（忠通は2度准摂政になっている）。
English: Though not clearly stipulated, in these cases the Jun-Sessho's term lasted until when the Emperor became around 15 years old.
Japanese: この場合における准摂政の任期は明確な規定はないものの天皇が15歳になる頃までとされた。
English: In these cases, the Kanpaku or the minister handled affairs of state like a Sessho while the emperor was ill.
Japanese: 天皇の不予（病気）の間、大臣または関白が摂政に準じて政務を見たものである。
English: The first example of such a case was when Minister of the Left FUJIWARA no Saneyori became Jun-Sessho while Emperor Reizei was ill during the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代中期に冷泉天皇の不予の間、左大臣藤原実頼が准摂政となったのが初例。
English: There was also a special examples, such as when during the Edo period Emperor Ninko died and the kanpaku Masamichi TAKATSUKASA became Jun-Sessho, following Michinaga's example.
Japanese: 特殊な例としては江戸時代の仁孝天皇が崩御した際、喪を秘して不予と称し、関白鷹司政通が道長の例に倣って准摂政となった。
English: In these cases, the Jun-Sessho's term was not specifically stipulated, but came to end when the original reason for the appointment no longer applied.
Japanese: この場合における准摂政の任期は特に規定はなく、准摂政を置く理由の解除されるまでとされた。
English: When a Jun-Sessho was to be appointed, an imperial decree was prepared by both the Gekikata (officials from the Secretaries's Office) and the Daijokan (Grand Council of State).
Japanese: 准摂政を任命するにあたっては、外記方と官（太政官）方から各1通ずつ宣旨が作成された。
English: The Muromachi bakufu proposed the appointment of Tadanobu AISU to Jinryo bugyo, and it was approved by the Imperial court in around 1478.
Japanese: 室町幕府は文明(日本)10年頃愛洲忠行を「神領奉行職」に執奏し、朝廷の裁可となった。
English: Prior to that, it was recorded in "Ujitsunekyoki" (a diary of the lord Ujitsune, 1450) that 'the thief Rokuro was arrested at Yamada, and was decapitated somewhere around Ujigaoka Shrine.
Japanese: それ以前、宝徳2年（1450年）『氏経卿記』に以下のように記されている。「盗人六郎は山田で召し捕らえられ、宇治岡の辺りで斬首に処せられた。
English: Traditionally, an arrested criminal was handed over to the Shugo (provincial constable) by a Dogo Mandokoro (an administrative office), and the Shugo executed the criminal.'
Japanese: 従来は道後政所から守護に犯人を引渡し、守護が犯人を処罰するのが先例である。