nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Yamashina school's specification of fans with cross-grained slates is described in detail in "Kyotei hiki" and typical articles of Yamashina school still exist today as gyobutsu (Imperial treasures).
Japanese: 山科流横目扇の仕様は『篋底秘記』にくわしく、山科流の典型的な遺品は御物として伝存する。
English: The school strictly specified that Japanese plum was made of three colors of crimson, white, and light pink, and the number of flowers and buds were also exactly specified.
Japanese: 梅は紅白薄紅の三色で、花とつぼみそれぞれの数にも決まりがあるという徹底振りであった。
English: Japanese plum was made by curved edges of bent raw silk strings, and none of silk texture was used except for sepals of the flower.
Japanese: 梅は二つ折りの輪のほうを使い、梅のがくの部分以外一切絹の織地は用いない。
English: The bottom of the branch was made into a circle, and it was pierced with a red silk strand into another circle made at the top of nina decoration which was bent downward and tied by a binding string.
Japanese: 枝の下端は輪になっており、これを赤い絹のより糸で、蜷飾りの上端の下に向けて折って綴じ糸でしばられたところでできる輪状の部分の中に通す。
English: In Takakura school, fans to be delivered to the Imperial court had decorations of pine and mandarin orange only (according to 旧儀御服記), but the fan delivered to Iesachi TOKUGAWA (later Iesada) had three flowers of pine, plum, and mandarin orange, just like a fan for girls (Choshin Hikae in collection of Yusoku Bunka Kenkyujo (Institute of Court Culture)).
Japanese: 高倉流では、宮中に納める場合など、普通は松と橘のみだが（旧儀御服記）、徳川家祥（のちの家定）におさめたものは女子用のように松梅橘の三種とした（有職文化研究所蔵調進控）。
English: There is a record in 1220 (Gyokuzui (Michiie KUJO's diary)) that thread flower of pine was found on the hiogi of young crown prince, although it was a plain-wood fan instead of cross-grained fan, and nina decoration can be found in the documents in the mid-Kamakura period (Shozoku Shikimokusho).
Japanese: 糸花は、横目扇でなく白地の扇ながら幼い皇太子の檜扇に松の飾りがあるという承久2年（1220年）の記録（玉蘂）があり、鎌倉時代中期頃より文献で蜷飾りが確認できる（装束式目抄）。
English: Pictures on the fan were strictly fixed as in Yamashina school after the early-modern times, but the motif of pine and cranes had been used for centuries because these were considered as bringers of good luck.
Japanese: 絵も山科流のような極端な固定は近世以後だが、古くから祝い物が用いられたから、松や鶴は古い。
English: In addition, pine and camellia were considered as motif for celebration based on the tradition of enthronement of Emperor Gosaga, and these motifs were found in the records of coming-of-age ceremonies of Imperial Prince Mihito (Emperor Shoko) (Documents of Takakura Family in the collection of Kokugakuin University) and Yoshimochi Ashikaga.
Japanese: また松と椿は後嵯峨天皇即位にまつわる伝承から祝いのものとされ、躬仁親王（称光天皇）元服（國學院所蔵高倉家文書）や足利義持元服の記録に見られる。
English: There are several instances where these motif were used in the early-modern times, such as coming-of-age ceremony of Iesachi TOKUGAWA (Sample of Choshin Hikae in the collection of Yusoku Bunka Kenkyujo (Institute of Court Culture)).
Japanese: 近世も徳川家祥元服ほかしばしば使用された例がある（有職文化研究所蔵調進控見本）。
English: It uses grain of wood as waves painted with rokusho (malachite, an inorganic green pigment) and has paintings of a small island of pine trees between waves and a school of crane flying over the sky without any Genjigumo (floating clouds)..
Japanese: 木目を波に見立て、小さな松の小島を描いて緑青を塗り、上空に鶴が群れ飛ぶという図で、源氏雲はない。
English: In the early-modern times, cross-grained fans were used by sons of emperors, Imperial princes, and court nobles, as well as by pageboys (young male servants) such as Kodoneri (Juvenile people who served Court nobles and samurai families) (according to the documents on costume of Kamo Festival in these days).
Japanese: 近世の横目扇は天皇・親王・公家の子息のほか、小舎人など童形の召具（従者）も使用した（近世の賀茂祭勅使の装束資料などからしられる）。
English: This type of fan was indispensable for coming-of-age ceremony for court nobles, so many of them were found among articles left by the deceased, and some inferior goods were found probably because they were used by pageboys.
Japanese: 公家の元服に必須であったから遺品も多く、時に粗製品をみかけるのは召具所用品なのかもしれない。
English: At Jodo Shinshu temples, a son of the manager of a temple who married to a daughter of a court noble used this type of fan in some cases.
Japanese: また浄土真宗系の寺院では公家の娘を内室に持つ寺主の子息が使用したこともあった。
English: Although there is no restriction for Crown Princes to use this type of fan, most of them used red fans or whitewash fans as described below.
Japanese: なお、皇太子が用いてならない道理はないはずだが、実際には皇太子は多く後述の赤色扇もしくは胡粉地扇を使用した。
English: As a case after the Meiji period, a red fan with six-colored nina decoration was supplied for the investiture of the Crown Prince Hirohito (Emperor Showa), but there is no instance after the investiture of the Crown Prince Akihito (the present Emperor).
Japanese: 近代では裕仁親王（昭和天皇）立太子に際し、蜷飾り6色の赤色扇が調進されたが、戦後の明仁親王（今上天皇）立太子以後は例がないらしい。
English: Although there is no articles left today, a small hiogi at the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine is whitewash and has the same pictures on the both faces as described in the old records, so it is highly possible that a whitewash fan was something like the one at the Itsukushima.
Japanese: 古い遺品は見当たらないが、厳島神社の小型檜扇は胡粉地のうえ表裏ともほぼ同じ絵であるなど記録によくかなうことが注目され、これと同様の品だった可能性が高い。
English: In recent years, female members of Imperial family also use cross-grained fans, but Princess Kazunomiya used a 38-slate fan at the ceremony of chakko (ceremony of first-time wearing of a hakama) which was probably not a cross-grained fan.
Japanese: なお、近年は女子皇族も横目扇を使用するようであるが、和宮は着袴の儀に38橋の扇を使用しており、おそらく横目扇ではなかったであろう。
English: In addition, girl servants in men's clothes accompanied with imperial visits called "Azumawarawa" used 28-slate whitewash fans in an instance in the end of Edo Period, indicating that girls in the early-modern times rarely used cross-grained fans.
Japanese: また行幸に男装で供奉する「あづまわらは」も幕末の例では胡粉地の28橋の扇を用いているので、近世には女子は横目扇を用いないことが多かったのではないかと思う。
English: The name "Okazashi" came from the fact that in the Edo Period court ladies used this type of fan at important ceremonies to hide their faces by holding open fans in their hands.
Japanese: 江戸時代には重儀に際して女官が手に開き持って顔を隠したのでこの名がある。
English: After the Meiji period, Okazashi was used closed and tied around with nina decoration, which was originally the handling of cross-grained fans (新近問答).
Japanese: 近代以後は開かずに蜷飾で巻いて用いるが、これは元来横目扇の扱い方であった（新近問答）。
English: A design for female emperors (such as Emperor Gosakuramachi) was paulownia and phoenix (旧儀御服記), which was also used for some empresses (belongings of Tofukumonin in the collection of the Reikan-ji Temple and belongings of Empress Dowager Eisho in Imperial treasures).
Japanese: 図柄は女帝（後桜町天皇など）は桐鳳凰で（旧儀御服記）、皇后も使用例がある（東福門院所用品―霊鑑寺蔵・英照皇太后所用品―御物）。
English: In the general design of Yamashina school, Kobai (the rose plum) and bamboo trees were placed on the right and running water on the right (Kyotei hiki).
Japanese: 山科流では一般に紅梅と竹を右に寄せて描き、左側に流水を配する図柄が多い（篋底秘記）。
English: The designs of schools other than Yamashina include flowers in branches (belongings of Mrs. Nariaki MITO, Arisugawanomiya Princess Yoshiko in the collection of the Tokugawa Museum) and pines and cranes (article handed down in the Mori family; belongings of Teisoin, a daughter of Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito).
Japanese: 山科流以外では様々な花の折枝（水戸斉昭夫人有栖川宮吉子女王所用品―徳川博物館蔵）や松に鶴（毛利家伝来品・有栖川織仁親王女貞操院所用品）などがある。
English: Details are the same as the specification of cross-grained fans; many of this type of fan have strings of six colors, one of each color, but some of the fans existing today have two string of each of six colors.
Japanese: その詳細は横目扇の規定に同じで、六色各1本が多いが、同色各２本の遺品もしばしばみられる。
English: The thread flowers were pine and plum in the Yamashina school, just like a cross-grained fan, but in the Takakura school the thread flowers were pine, plum, and mandarin orange.
Japanese: 糸花は、山科流は松と梅で、横目扇に等しく、高倉流では松梅橘の三種とする。
English: In the modern age, even Imperial family wear Western clothes and they wear traditional costume only at large-scale ceremonies.
Japanese: 現代は皇族といえども、普段は洋装で装束を身に着ける機会は大きな儀式に限られている。
English: A fan for the ceremony of the enthronement has gilded clouds and pictures of paulownia and phoenix on the front, and gilded clouds and pictures of flying birds and butterflies on the back.
Japanese: 即位の礼では、表に金箔押しの雲に桐と鳳凰の絵、裏は同じく金箔の雲に鳥や蝶の舞う絵。
English: The design was the same as crown princesses except for pictures of pine trees and two long-tailed fowls (beautiful birds with long tails, not chickens) in ultramarine and red.
Japanese: 松に群青と朱の二羽の尾長鳥（尾の長い美しい鳥。ニワトリではない）の絵を描くほかは皇太子妃と同じ。
English: There are books and magazines that contain photographs of hiogi fans used by the Empress Michiko at ceremonies of marriage, enthronement, and investiture of the Crown Prince; Princess Masako, the wife of Imperial Prince Naruhito at the marriage ceremony; and Princess Kiko, the wife of Imperial Prince Fumihito at the ceremonies of marriage and enthronement.
Japanese: なお皇后美智子が結婚・即位・立太子で、徳仁親王妃雅子が結婚で、文仁親王妃紀子が結婚並びに即位の礼で、夫々使用している写真をフォトグラフィック関連の書籍及び雑誌等で目にすることができる。
English: There are also published photographs in which cross-grained fans are used by Imperial Princess Norinomiya Sayako (present-day Sayako KURODA) and Toshinomiya Imperial Princess Aiko at the ceremony of chakko (ceremony of first-time wearing of a hakama).
Japanese: また紀宮清子内親王（現黒田清子）並びに敬宮愛子内親王が着袴の儀で横目扇を使用している写真が公開されている。
English: It is said that when the Emperor Tenchi fell ill, the Emperor Tenmu advised that Yamatohime no Okimi to ascend the throne, and the Emperor Kobun to become Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) to serve as sessho (emperor's chief advisor).
Japanese: 天智天皇が病に倒れた際、天武天皇は、倭姫王が即位し、弘文天皇が太政大臣として摂政を執ることを進言したとされる。
English: One theory has it that Yamatohime no Okimi in fact ascended the throne or undertook shosei (ruling without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne) after the Emperor Tenchi died.
Japanese: また、天智天皇崩御後に、実際に倭姫王による即位または称制があったとする説もある。
English: HIKAMI no Otoji (year of birth unknown - 682) was a daughter of FUJIWARA no Kamatari.
Japanese: 氷上大刀自（ひかみのおおとじ-天武天皇11年（682年））は藤原鎌足の子。
English: The waka poem No. 4479 in the volume 20 of Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) is titled 'a waka poem by Fujiwara fujin,' and accompanied with a note stating that 'she is the wife of the Kiyomihara no miya Gyou Tenno (the Emperor Tenmu), and her azana (Chinese courtesy name used in formal situations) is HIKAMI no Otoji.'
Japanese: 万葉集巻20-4479に「藤原夫人歌一首」があり、「浄御原宮御宇天皇之夫人也　字曰氷上大刀自也」と注がある。
English: Yagi's Double Year Theory is a theory that Soji YAGI insists the existence of mythological Emperors.
Japanese: 八木倍年説（やぎばいねんせつ）とは八木荘司の神話上の天皇の実在を主張する説。
English: It is not recognized as conclusive, but he recalculated years of the history according to "Double Year Theory" which says in "Weilue (Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty)", a half year of the present was counted as a year at that time in Japan, and as a result, he asserts that Emperor Jinmu was enthroned in 181 and his life duration was 63 years, half of 127 years.
Japanese: 決定的とは認知されていない説だが、『魏略』には現在の半年を当時の日本が一年として数えていたという『倍年説』を基に歴史を再計算しその結果、神武天皇の即位は西暦181年であり、寿命は127歳の半分の63歳であったと主張している。
English: In fact, Yagi's Double Year Theory contains a lot of his opinion and has a big difference from general Double Year Theory.
Japanese: 実際、八木の提唱した倍年説は、かなり彼の思想が深く、一般的な倍年説とも大きな隔たりがあるように思われる。
English: Yamatototohimomosohime no mikoto (date of birth and death unknown) was the Imperial princess of Emperor Korei.
Japanese: 倭迹迹日百襲媛命（やまとととひももそひめのみこと、生没年不詳）は、孝霊天皇の皇女。
English: Her maternal half-brothers include Yamatototowakayahime no mikoto and Hikoisaseribiko no Mikoto, and her paternal half-brother was Emperor Kogen.
Japanese: 同母兄弟に、倭迹迹稚屋姫命、彦五十狭芹彦命らが、異母兄弟に孝元天皇がいる。
English: In 92 B.C., when she was asked by Emperor Sujin to read why disasters continued, Omononushi no kami of Mt. Miwa possessed her and spoken that if he were worshipped, the country would be at peace.
Japanese: 紀元前92年に崇神天皇に頼まれて、災害がつづく理由を占うと、三輪山の大物主神が神懸かりして、我を祀れば国は治まるといった。
English: Therefore, Sujin made Omononushi no kami's daughter, Taneko OTA, to be a shinto priest, and the country became peaceful.
Japanese: そこで崇神は、神の娘大田田根子を大神神社の神主にすると、平和になったという。
English: In 88 B.C., she predicted the revolt of Takehaniyasuhiko no Mikoto from an old children's song that Obiko no Mikoto who was one of the Shido-shogun (Generals Dispatched to Four Circuits) had heard; furthermore, she also made a prediction which came true that divided into two groups with his wife, Ata hime Takehaniyasuhiko no Mikoto would make an attack.
Japanese: 紀元前88年には、四道将軍の一人、大彦命がきいた童歌から武埴安彦命の反乱を予言したうえ、彼の妻吾田媛と二手に分かれて攻めてくるとも予言し、的中させている。
English: Yamatototohimomosohime no mikoto became the wife of Omono nushi no kami, but she fell down in surprise when she found out that the true form of Omono nushi to be a snake, and died because a chopstick had stuck into her private parts.
Japanese: 倭迹迹日百襲媛命大物主神の妻となるが、大物主の本体が蛇であることを知って驚き、倒れこみ、箸が陰部に刺さって死んだ。
English: Most of his achievements are unknown, and his life after he and Shiki no miko (the Prince Shiki [志貴]) were granted 200 households of fuko (residential units [ko] assigned as fiefs [fu] to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince) in 686 is unknown.
Japanese: 事績に不明な点が多く、686年（朱鳥元年）8月に志貴皇子と共に封200戸を加えられたが、以後の消息は分かっていない。
English: Because he was not included in the princes who participated in the Yoshino Pact in 679, and the rank of 'joko ichi' (the first rank of joi yoshina, four rank of joi, which corresponds to Shoshiinoge, Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade in ranks for Shoo and shoshin, vassal of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) appears in "Shinsen Shojiroku" (Newly Compiled Register of Clan Names and Titles of Nobility), it is likely that he had died right before the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was established, at the age of around 30.
Japanese: 679年（天武8年）の吉野の盟約に参加した諸皇子に名を連ねていないこと、また『新撰姓氏録』に「浄広壱」とあることから、大宝律令成立直前に30歳前後で早世したと推定される。
English: He was not distinguished among many of princes of the Emperor Tenmu, partially due to his mother's relatively low rank.
Japanese: 母親の身分が高くなかったことも関係して、数多くいた天武天皇の皇子の中では影の薄い存在であった。
English: However, the Misono and Kasahara clans are his descendant clans, and the Prince Sakai, who was his fifth generation descendant, received the surname of Kiyoharu in 862 (some state that the year was 865) and descended to subject status.
Japanese: だが、三園氏・笠原氏等の後裔氏族が知られ、また5代孫の坂井王は862年（貞観(日本)4年）に清春氏を賜姓されて臣籍降下している（一説に865年とも）。
English: One theory has it that Shiki no miko was the father of Mikata no Ono, who was deprived of his prince title 'due to a minor offence,' but the theory lacks substantial evidence.
Japanese: なお、「微過に縁て」皇子の列から除かれたという御方大野の父を磯城皇子と見る説があるが、その根拠は乏しい。
English: It is also used for female members of a royal family in general as a translation of the English word princess.
Japanese: 英語のプリンセスの翻訳語として、王族の女性一般に使用されることもある。
English: For example, the correct term for the daughters of the prince of the Principality of Monaco are either kojo or hime (both meaning princess), but they are generally called ojo as well.
Japanese: 例えばモナコ公国の大公の娘は公女・姫と呼ばれるのが正確であるが、一般的に王女とも呼ばれる。
English: Although ojo that appear in animated cartoons are also called hime, such use is inappropriate because the title of hime is also used for daughters of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), the rank of which is lower than ojo.
Japanese: アニメ等において王女を姫と呼ぶことがあるが姫は大名等の娘にも使われる呼称であるため王女より格下であり、正しい用法ではない。
English: After becoming the Genba no Kami (Director of the Bureau of Buddhism and Aliens) in 737, he successively held the posts of Nakatsukasa no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Sanuki no kuni no kami (Provincial Governor of Sanuki), and Harima no kuni no kami (governor of Harima Province).
Japanese: 737年（天平9年）玄蕃頭、中務大輔などを歴任し、その後讃岐国守、播磨国守を歴任。
English: Taki no himemiko (before 686? - March 1, 751) was a member of the imperial Family who lived from the Asuka peirod to the Nara period.
Japanese: 託基皇女（たきのひめみこ686年以前?-天平勝宝3年1月25日(旧暦)（751年2月25日））は、飛鳥時代・奈良時代の皇族。
English: 託基皇女 is also written as 多紀/当耆皇女, or 多紀/当耆内親王 after the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
Japanese: 多紀・当耆皇女とも、大宝律令施行後は多紀・当耆内親王とも記述される。
English: On May 27, 686, she was sent to the Ise-jingu Shrine with Onuno iratsume to pray for the recovery of the emperor, who was her father.
Japanese: 天武15年（686年）4月27日、父天皇の病平癒祈願のため大蕤娘らと一緒に伊勢神宮に遣わされる。
English: The saio system had been discontinued after Oku no himemiko resigned in 686, and it was the designation by fortune telling for the first time in 12 years.
Japanese: 斎王制度は大伯皇女が朱鳥元年（686年）に退下したあと途絶えており、12年ぶりの卜定だった。
English: In March 701, Izumi no himemiko was suddenly designated a new saio by fortune telling, on which occasion Taki no himemiko resgined.
Japanese: 文武5年（701年）2月、突如新たに泉皇女が斎王に卜定され、当耆皇女は退下した。
English: After the Prince Shiki, who was her husband, died in 716, she was promoted to the rank of Sanbon on March 23, 737, and to the rank of Ippon on May 8, 749.
Japanese: 霊亀2年（716年）夫志貴皇子の死別後、天平9年（737年）2月14日三品、天平勝宝元年（749年）4月14日一品に昇進。
English: Among those imperial princesses, she and the Empress Gensho were the only ones who were promoted to the rank of Ippon over the Nara period (No imperial princesses were promoted to the rank of Ippon thereafter, until the Imperial Princess Gishi was conferred the rank in 877.)
Japanese: 奈良時代を通じて内親王で一品に昇進したのは彼女と元正天皇の2人だけである（以後、貞観(日本)19年（877年）の儀子内親王が叙されるまで内親王の一品叙位の例は無い）。
English: It is said that she was granted the rank as a token of special respect to her, who was the only living child of the Emperor Tenmu at the time.
Japanese: これは当時既に天武天皇の子女の中で彼女が最後の生存者になっていたために格別な敬意が払われたものとされている。
English: After Osakabe no miko (the Prince Osakabe), who was her older brother, died on May 12, 705, and Hatsusebe no himemiko, who was her older sister, died on April 22, 741, she died on March 1, 751, as the child who lived the longest among the children of the Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 慶雲2年（705年）4月11日兄忍壁皇子が、天平13年（741年）3月28日姉泊瀬部皇女が死亡するが、天武天皇の子女の中ではもっとも長生きし、当耆皇女自身は天平勝宝3年（751年）1月25日に死亡した。
English: Hatsusebe no himemiko (before 686? to 741) was a member of the Imperial Family who lived in the Asuka period.
Japanese: 泊瀬部皇女（はつせべのひめみこ、686年以前?-741年（天平13年））は、飛鳥時代の皇族。
English: When Kawashima no miko died in 691, KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro devoted waka poems, which are Nos. 194 and 195 in the volume two of Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
Japanese: 持統5年（691年）、川島皇子が死亡した時、万葉集巻2194-195に柿本人麻呂が献じた歌がある。
English: She was promoted to the rank of Sanbon on March 23, 737, and died four years later on April 22, 741.
Japanese: 天平9年（737年）2月14日三品に昇進、4年後の天平13年（741年）3月28日に死亡した。
English: Nitabe no himemiko (year of birth unknown - October 26, 699) was a princess of the Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 新田部皇女（にいたべのひめみこ、生年不詳-文武天皇3年9月25日(旧暦)（699年10月23日））は天智天皇の皇女。
English: When she died in 699, an imperial edict ordered that the Imperial Family members, the vassals and all the officials to attend her funeral.
Japanese: 699年に死亡した時、葬儀には皇族・臣下および百官の人々が参列する様にと勅があった。
English: Japanese Court caps are headgear for Court nobles and adult samurai to wear when they visit the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 日本の冠（かんむり）は、公家や武家の成人が宮中へ参内などの際に頭に着用する被り物。
English: Court caps were generally made from black ra (thin silk) covered with lacquer, but there were also metal caps called reikan which were worn at the Sokui no Rei (Ceremony of the Enthronement) and the Choga no Gi (ceremony held on the New Year's Day).
Japanese: 黒い羅を漆で固めて作ったものが一般的だが、即位の礼や朝賀の儀の際に着用した礼冠と呼ばれる金属製の冠もあった。
English: Until the early modern times, coming-of-age ceremony meant a ceremony of Kamurigi (literally, "wearing a cap") in Japan, and a young man made a topknot and put a cap on his head at this ceremony.
Japanese: 近世まで日本では髻を結って冠を被る冠着（かむりぎ）の儀礼を以って、成人式とした。
English: A person who put a cap on a young man's head at this ceremony was his guardian called 'kanmuri-oya' (literally, "cap parent"), and during the early-modern times, an emperor's kanmuri-oya was selected from the heads of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho [regency] and Kanpaku [chancellor]).
Japanese: この時、若者に冠をかぶせるのが「冠親」と呼ばれる後見人であり、近世において天皇の冠親は五摂家のうちどこかの当主が担当していた。
English: It is unclear when the custom of Japanese Court caps began, but it is confirmed that people already used kanbo (cap-shaped crowns) made of metals such as gold, silver, and gilt bronze in the Kofun (tumulus) period.
Japanese: 日本の冠の起源がいつかは明らかではないが、古墳時代には、すでに金、銀、金銅などから成る冠や冠帽（帽子状の冠）が着用されていた。
English: The Kan I Junikai (a system of twelve court ranks instituted in Japan), which was established in 603, was the first system in which ranks were officially linked with caps.
Japanese: 公式に身分と冠が結び付けられたのは、推古11年制定の冠位十二階と呼ばれる制度である。
English: According to the 'Tenjukoku Shucho' (embroidery representing Tenjukoku paradise), which is said to have been made under the direction of the wife of Prince Shotoku, Court caps used in those days were something like a silk cap.
Japanese: この時点の冠は聖徳太子の妃の指導で製作されたといわれる「天寿国繍帳」などを見るに、絹製の帽子のようなものであった。
English: It is said that the direct origin of Japanese Court caps was a headgear called 'tokin' (hood), which was a part of chofuku (clothes worn by the nobility when attending Court), and this headgear is seen in the Ibuku Ryo (Garment Code) of the Yoro Ritsuryo Code.
Japanese: 日本の冠の直接の祖先は、養老律令の衣服令（いぶくりょう）に見える朝服の被り物「頭巾（ときん）」であるとされる。
English: Tokin was bag-shaped headgear made from black silk, and a total of four strings were attached to its front and back.
Japanese: 頭巾は黒い絹で出来た袋状のものの前後に合計四本の紐をつけた被り物であった。
English: A person put this on his head after covering his topknot with a koji, a black-lacquered cylinder-shaped part made of paulownia wood.
Japanese: 巾子と呼ぶ黒漆塗りの桐でできた筒で髻を覆った後で頭を覆うものである。
English: A koji and the main part of a Court cap were separated at that time, and ei strings were used only to fix the main part.
Japanese: この時点では巾子と本体は別のものであり、纓は本体を固定する紐に過ぎない。
English: But only at coming-of-age ceremony called Kamurigi, 'hanachi-koji,' a headgear which consisted of separate body and koji and be fixed with strings in wearing, were used.
Japanese: しかし冠着という元服式のときのみ「放巾子（はなちこじ）」と言われる本体と巾子を別に作り、装着後に紐で結んで固定するものが使われた。
English: During the period called the age of regency in the middle of the Heian period, the shape of Court caps gradually became almost as the same as modern-day Court caps.
Japanese: 平安時代中期の摂関期ごろには冠は比較的現代の形に近いものへと代わっていた。
English: However, according to some materials such as Makura no Soshi (The Pillow Book), Court caps in those days were thinly lacquered soft caps, and they easily lost their shapes due to rain and so on.
Japanese: が、当時の冠は漆を薄く塗った柔らかなもので雨などにあうと簡単に型崩れしていたことが枕草子などの記述から分かる。
English: Ageo became a decoration which was simply hung on the bottom of a koji, and traditional Japanese paper called sasagami (paper made of bamboo grass) was stuck on the back in order to show the traces of ageo.
Japanese: 上緒は巾子の根元に掛けるだけの飾りになり笹紙（ささがみ）という和紙を裏から貼って痕跡を示すだけであった。
English: As ei was replaced by a decoration of swallow-tailed ra, a kanzashi (ornamental hairpin) was inserted into the bottom of koji so that it went through a topknot to fix it.
Japanese: 纓は羅を燕尾の形に垂らす飾り物に代わっていたため、簪というピンを巾子の根元から差し込んで髻を貫いて固定した。
English: During the regime of cloistered government in the end of the Heian period, Court caps were thickly lacquered so they would not lose their shapes, and ei was separated from the main part and it was put in etsubo (a pocket for ei attached to the back of the main part) to be fixed.
Japanese: 平安時代末期の院政期には、漆を厚く塗って形が崩れない冠となり、纓が本体から分離して纓壺に纓を差し込んで固定するようになった。
English: As the Onin War dragged the whole Kyoto into the war, Japanese Court culture became disordered, and they lost the technique of umonra (ra woven in a pattern), which was used for Court caps for the nobilities whose ranks were the Fifth Rank or higher.
Japanese: 京都全体を戦乱に巻き込んだ応仁の乱の影響で、日本の宮廷文化は混乱するが、このとき位階以上の貴族の冠に用いる有文羅（うもんら/模様を織り出した羅）の技法が散逸。
English: In the Edo period, average amount of hair reduced because people got the front part of their heads shaved, and they could not use kanzashi to fix a Court cap any more.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、月代を剃り上げるせいで髪の量が減り、簪で冠を止めることが出来なくなった。
English: Consequently, kanzashi became merely a decoration bar and strings called kakeo began to be used to fix a Court cap.
Japanese: 以後、簪は単なる飾りの管となって懸緒（かけお）と呼ばれる紐で冠を固定するようになった。
English: Strings called kobineri, which were made from traditional Japanese paper, were official kakeo, but kumikake (strings made from twine) were also used informally only when Imperial sanction was given, and this kumikake type was developed by the Asukai family, who was well known for kemari (a game played by aristocrats in the Heian period).
Japanese: 懸緒は和紙製の紙縒（こびねり）が正式で、蹴鞠で知られる飛鳥井家の考案で組み紐を使う組懸（くみかけ）が勅許を得たもののみ略式に使われた。