nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kii formed groups such as Negoroshu and Saigashu and carried out regional autonomy under the cover of religion.
Japanese: 紀伊の地侍は連合して根来衆・雑賀衆などの集団を形成し、宗教を盾に地域自治を行った。
English: The above-mentioned internal conflicts of the Ashikaga clan and Hosokawa clan were conducted involving gozoku in the surrounding areas such as the Rokkaku clan, the Akamatsu clan, the Uragami clan, the Hatakeyama clan and the Tsutsui clan.
Japanese: 先に述べた足利氏や細川氏の内紛は六角氏や赤松氏・浦上氏・畠山氏・筒井氏など周辺の豪族を巻き込んで行われた。
English: They controlled, in addition to their territory, the Awa Province, the Sanuki Province, the Awaji Province, the Settsu Province, the Izumi Province, the Kawachi Province, the Yamashiro Province, the Tanba Province and the Yamato Province with raw power through their trusted retainers.
Japanese: 彼らは領国の阿波国を始め、讃岐国、淡路国、摂津国、和泉国、河内国、山城国、丹波国、大和国などを実力で支配し、それぞれ腹心をして支配した。
English: After confusion caused by Chokei MIYOSHI's death, such countries were conquered by Nobunaga ODA's entrance into Kyoto.
Japanese: 三好長慶の死後の混乱を経て織田信長の上洛によって平定されていく事になる。
English: Yoshioki OUCHI increased his power by holding complete control of the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and for a certain period assumed the leadership in seven countries in Chugoku and Kyushu.
Japanese: 大内義興は勘合貿易を掌握して勢力を伸張、一時は中国九州7カ国に覇を唱えた。
English: Tsunehisa AMAKO, who was shugodai, robbed Toda-jo Castle and ousted shugo establishing the base in Sanin, such as Izumo, on one hand.
Japanese: 尼子経久は守護代ながら富田城を奪って守護を追放し、出雲等の山陰に基盤を作る。
English: In the Aki Province, which was located on the contact point of the both powers, kokujin in the whole country had a united effort to establish so (a type of community).
Japanese: 両勢力の接点にあった安芸国では国全体の国人が一致団結して惣を築いていた。
English: Because they were wedged between great powers, one of the kokujin, Motonari MORI became the leader and changed to sengoku daimyo.
Japanese: 強国に挟まれていた関係上、国人の一人毛利元就が集団の統率者となり戦国大名化した。
English: As Motonari MORI betrayed the Amako clan and joined the side of the Ouchi clan, Haruhisa AMAKO marched on Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 毛利元就は尼子氏を裏切り大内氏についたため、尼子晴久が吉田郡山城へ向けて進軍。
English: Motonari MORI asked Yoshitaka OUCHI for reinforcements and, after the arrival of reinforcements, he defeated the Amako clan (Yoshida Koriyama-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Yoshida Koriyama-jo Castle)).
Japanese: 毛利元就は大内義隆に援軍を要請し援軍到着後尼子氏を撃破する（吉田郡山城の戦い）。
English: Yoshitaka OUCHI died because of internal conflict of the Ouchi clan, Haruhisa AMAKO, who became shugo for eight countries and the Sue clan, which used Yoshinaga OUCHI as a puppet acquired power and stood against each other, but the Ouchi clan was ruined by the attack by the Mori clan.
Japanese: 大内氏の内部争いによって大内義隆が死亡し、8ヶ国守護となった尼子晴久と大内義長を傀儡とする陶氏が共に力を持ち拮抗するが、大内氏は毛利氏に攻められ滅亡する。
English: Attacked by the Mori clan, the Amako clan holed up in Gassan Toda-jo Castle, which was praised as impregnable, in the current Yasuki City, Shimane Prefecture, but surrendered after starvation tactics by the Mori clan (Gassan Toda-jo no Tatakai (Battle of Gassan Toda-jo Castle)).
Japanese: 毛利氏に攻められ、難攻不落と讃えられていた今の島根県安来市にあった月山富田城に篭城するが兵糧攻めにあい開城した（月山富田城の戦い）。
English: When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI of the force for attacking Chugoku of Nobunaga ODA attacked, Miki-jo Castle (Battle of the Miki-jo Castle), Tottori-jo Castle and Takamatsu-jo Castle (Bicchu Province) fell one by one, but the Mori clan narrowly escaped thanks to the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 織田信長の中国方面軍の豊臣秀吉が攻めて来ると三木城（三木合戦）、鳥取城、高松城(備中国)が次々と落とされたが、本能寺の変が起き命拾いした。
English: After that, the Mori clan became a subordinate of the Toyotomi clan and was actively involved in the Conquest of Shikoku, the Conquest of Kyushu and the Siege of Odawara, and Terumoto MORI assumed a position of as a member of Gotairo (Council of Five Elders).
Japanese: その後毛利氏は豊臣氏の配下となり四国征伐、九州征伐、小田原の役などで活躍し、毛利輝元が五大老に就任する。
English: As the Mori clan joined the West squad, its territories were decreased to 369,000 koku of the Suo Province and Nagato Province.
Japanese: 毛利氏は西軍についたため周防国、長門国の二か国の36万9000石になった。
English: Other major sengoku daimyo include the Uragami clan (Muramune URAGAMI) in Bizen, the Ukita clan (Naoie UKITA) also in Bizen and so on.
Japanese: この他の主要戦国大名としては、備前の浦上氏（浦上村宗）、同じく備前の宇喜多氏（宇喜多直家）などがいる。
English: Muramune URAGAMI was a senior vassal of the Akamatsu clan in Harima and on the occasion of Masanori AKAMATSU's death, conducted gekokujo and robbed the Harima Province, Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province from Akamatsu's territories.
Japanese: 浦上村宗は播磨赤松氏の重臣であったが、赤松政則の死を機に下克上し赤松領国の播磨国・備前国・美作国を奪う。
English: Naoie UKITA, who acquired the Bizen Province, seemed to have the capability to understand the characteristics of the age and he surrendered when Hideyoshi HASHIBA entered Himeji-jo Castle in Harima and made his heir, Hideie UKITA, a hostage for Hideyoshi.
Japanese: 備前国を手中にした宇喜多直家は時代を読む目があった人物のようで、羽柴秀吉が播磨姫路城に入ると降伏、自分の嫡子宇喜多秀家を秀吉に人質にするなどした。
English: However, Hideie was deemed as the leading busho (Japanese military commander) and condemned to exile and the Ukita clan, as a daimyo, was ruined.
Japanese: しかし、秀家は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍の中心武将と見られて流罪となり、大名としての宇喜多氏は滅んだ。
English: (His descendants maintained the family line in Hachijo-jima Island, where Naoie was exiled, and, even today, they maintain the family grave.
Japanese: （子孫は流罪先の八丈島で家系を保ち、現在も同島で墓を守り続けている）。
English: Eastern Shikoku (the Awa Province and Sanuki Province) was not only close to Kinki, but the bases for power of the Hosokawa clan, it was involved in the political struggle in Kinki.
Japanese: 東四国（阿波国・讃岐国）は近畿に近いだけでなく、細川氏の勢力基盤でもあったから、近畿の政争にしばしば巻き込まれた。
English: However, as there was no power in the enemies in the neighboring areas and the lineup of feudal lords did not change until the war to unify Shikoku by the Chosokabe clan occurred.
Japanese: しかし、周囲に敵たる勢力は存在せず、長宗我部氏の四国統一戦までほぼ領主の顔ぶれは替わらなかった。
English: Later, the Miyoshi clan in Muya virtually replaced, but the Hosokawa clan itself continued to exist until the Edo Period as Awayakata (yakata was a title given to privileged sengoku daimyo.)
Japanese: のち撫養の三好氏に実質的に取って代わられるが、細川氏自体は江戸時代まで撫養として存続した。
English: Later, the Sogo clan that accepted Kazumasa from the Miyoshi clan, increased its power as a daikan (local governor) of the Miyoshi clan and controlled eastern Sanuki since the early stage.
Japanese: のち三好氏一族の一存を迎え入れた木田郡・植田一族の十河氏が三好氏の代官として勢力を伸ばし、早い段階で東讃岐を総括した。
English: In western Sanuki, the Kagawa clan, which was shugodai, opposed in cooperation with the Mori clan, the Miyoshi clan at first, but after the Zentsuji War, entered under control of the Miyoshi clan.
Japanese: 西讃岐は守護代の香川氏が毛利氏などと結んで当初は三好氏と対立するが、善通寺合戦後、三好氏の支配下に入った。
English: In the Iyo Province, reportedly the Kono clan which was shugo, took the Chuyo region (central Iyo) as its base, and the Utsunomiya clan over Ozu and the Saionji clan in the Nanyo region (southern IYO).
Japanese: 伊予国は守護の河野氏が中予、宇都宮氏が大洲一帯、西園寺氏が南予を割拠したといわれる。
English: As it is long and thin geographically and mountainous and in addition, close to Chugoku and Kyushu, it was exposed always to interference by the Mori clan and Otomo clan, and could not have the power to unify the country and to invade into the other countries.
Japanese: 地理的に細長く山岳地帯が多い上に、中国・九州と近いために常に毛利氏・大友氏の干渉に晒されることになり、一国を統一し他国へ侵略するような勢力を持てずに終わった。
English: Although shugo for the Tosa Province should have been the Hosokawa clan, gozoku who called themselves nanashugo (seven shugo) (Tosa shichiyu (seven ruling families in Tosa)) took separately their bases in the central part of Tosa and accepted the Tosa-Ichijo clan, that was evacuated to Hata-gun as their leader.
Japanese: 土佐国の守護は細川氏であるはずだが、七守護（土佐七雄）と称した豪族が土佐中央部に割拠、幡多郡に疎開してきた土佐一条氏を盟主と仰いだ。
English: Later, Kunichika CHOSOKABE and Motochika CHOSOKABE who succeeded in recovering thanks to help by the Ichijo clan unified Tosa by exiling nanashugo and the Ichijo clan.
Japanese: のち、一条氏の援助によって再興成った長宗我部国親・長宗我部元親が七守護や一条氏を追放して土佐を統一する。
English: As postwar measures, Hedeyoshi appointed reliable members as Iemasa HACHISUKA in Awa, Hidehisa SENGOKU in Sanuki and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA in Iyo.
Japanese: 戦後処理を見てみると、秀吉は阿波に蜂須賀家政、讃岐に仙石秀久、伊予に小早川隆景と信任できるメンバーを集めている。
English: As samurai in Kyushu supported Heike (Taira family), trust to them by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu was weak.
Japanese: 九州の武家は平家方だったため鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝からの信頼感は薄かった。
English: Yoritomo appointed the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan and the Shimazu clan, which were not known in Kato but are supported by Yoritomo as reliable vassals, to shugo for Kyushu as existence like daikan (deputy).
Japanese: 頼朝は、九州の抑えとして、関東では無名に近いが近臣として取り立てていた少弐氏、大友氏、島津氏を代官的存在として九州の守護とした。
English: In the Kamakura Period, the control system for Kyushu consisted of the Shoni (Muto) clan for the Chikuzen Province, the Hizen Province, and the Buzen Province, the Otomo clan for the Chikugo Province, the Higo Province, and the Bungo Province and the Shimazu clan for the Satsuma Province, the Osumi Province, and the Hyuga Province.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代、筑前国・肥前国・豊前国は少弐（武藤）氏、筑後国・肥後国・豊後国は大友氏、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国が島津氏と九州の統括体制がなされた。
English: Below them, there were samurai who were formerly on the Heike side such as the Matsuura clan, the Akizuki clan, the Kamachi clan, and the Kikuchi clan.
Japanese: その下に地頭として平安時代以来の松浦氏、秋月氏、蒲池氏、菊池氏などの元平家方の武家が盤踞していた。
English: At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles were repeated by three clans since the Heian Period, the Shoni clan, the Otomo clan, and the Shimazu clan to protect their interests and by kokujin gozoku in each country who were formerly jito to become independent.
Japanese: 戦国時代当初、少弐、大友、島津の三氏は権益を守るべく、また地頭出自の諸国の国人豪族は自立するべく、戦いが展開していった。
English: However, the power of the Shoni clan had declined already in the latter half of the Muromachi Period because it stood against Kyushu Tandai (local commissioner for Kyushu).
Japanese: しかし、少弐氏の勢力は九州探題に敵対したために室町時代後期には既に衰えていた。
English: Kokujin in Chikuzen and Buzen, such as the Munakata clan and the Aso clan were influenced by the Ouchi clan in the Chugoku district.
Japanese: 宗像氏や麻生氏など筑前・豊前の国人は中国地方の大内氏の影響を受けた。
English: The Shoni clan invaded frequently into Chikuzen leading troops of the Hizen Province and the Tsushima Province in order to sweep the Ouchi clan, but it was ruined by gekokujo by the Ryuzoji clan who joined the side of the Ouchi clan.
Japanese: 少弐氏は肥前・対馬国の兵を率いて大内氏掃討に何度も筑前に侵入するが、逆に大内氏の側についた龍造寺氏の下克上により滅ぼされた。
English: After this, the Ouchi clan was ruined by the Sue clan, Hizen became independent and Chikuzen and Buzen got interfered by the Otomo clan.
Japanese: この大内氏が陶氏によって滅ぼされると肥前は自立、筑前と豊前は大友氏の干渉を受けた。
English: As affiliated families of the Mori clan that ruined the Sue clan exited in both countries, the Mori clan and the Otomo clan started battles in North Chikuzen.
Japanese: 陶氏を滅ぼした毛利氏友族が両国に存在したため毛利氏と大友氏は北筑前にて戦いを展開する。
English: Having Bungo as the base, the Otomo clan increased its power in Chikugo where Chikugo jugojo (literally, fifteen castles in Chikugo) represented by the Kamachi clan in South Chikugo exists and Higo where the Aso clan and the Sagara clan existed.
Japanese: 大友氏は豊後を拠点に南筑後の蒲池氏を筆頭とする筑後十五城が盤踞する筑後、さらに阿蘇氏や相良氏の肥後に勢力を伸ばした。
English: However, the Otomo clan suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Mimi-kawa with the Shimazu clan and breakaway of many vassals and kokujin under its control repeatedly resulted in a quick decline of the Otomo clan.
Japanese: しかし大友氏は島津氏との耳川の戦いで大敗、家臣や幕下の国人の離反が相次いで急速に衰えていく。
English: Taking advantage of such situations, the Ryuzoji clan that rose from the rebellion of the Shoni clan expanded its power in Hizen and, for a short period in the age of Takanobu RYUZOJI, grew to compete with the Otomo clan and the Shimazu clan.
Japanese: それを機会に肥前では少弐氏に対する謀反で勃興した龍造寺氏が勢力を拡大、龍造寺隆信の代になってほんの一時期、大友・島津と肩を並べるまでに伸張した。
English: However, as Takanobu was killed in the Battle of Okitanawate, it lost its power quickly and then a senior vassal, Naoshige NABESHIMA took over.
Japanese: しかし、沖田畷の戦いで隆信が戦死すると急速に衰え、やがて重臣の鍋島直茂が替わった。
English: After the Battle of Kizakibaru, the Shimazu clan defeated the Ito clan, won a sweeping victory in the Battle of Mimi-kawa against Sorin OTOMO and completed unification of three countries, Satsuma, Osumi and Hyuga, and began battles to unify the whole of Kyushu.
Japanese: 木崎原の戦い以後は伊東氏を平らげ、大友宗麟との耳川の戦いで大勝利を収め、薩摩・大隅・日向三州統一を完全なものにし、九州統一戦を開始した。
English: In the stage in which only Chikuzen and Buzen were remaining, intervention of the central troops of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI commenced and the Shimazu clan surrendered.
Japanese: 残すは筑前・豊前のみというところで豊臣秀吉の中央軍の介入が始まり、降伏した。
English: Powers in the Sengoku Period did not necessarily battle throughout the whole period day and night.
Japanese: 戦国時代の諸勢力は、必ずしも全期間絶え間なく合戦に明け暮れていたわけではない。
English: It is certain however, that there was a tendency that the role of military power, namely armaments, as at least available means in solving various problem occurring between such powers attracted attention.
Japanese: しかし、少なくとも勢力間において発生する諸問題の解決に際して行使可能な手段として、武力、すなわち軍備の果たす役割に注目が集まる傾向にあったことは確かである。
English: It was the same with respect to sengoku daimyo, kokujin, and dogo, as well as religious organizations and autonomous organization.
Japanese: そして、これは戦国大名や国人・土豪層はもとより、宗教組織や、自治組織においても同様である。
English: Religious organizations still used powers for maintenance of organizations of armed priests and constructions of buildings for temples that could be used as the base of battle.
Japanese: 宗教組織は、依然として僧兵組織の維持や、戦闘拠点となりうる寺院の造営に力を振り分けた。
English: Also, autonomous organizations carried out construction of facilities for defense, such as scaffolding, wall, and moat, and made ronin (samurai who left his master and lost his horoku (salary)) into mercenaries.
Japanese: あるいは、自治組織においても、矢倉や塀、環濠のような防御施設の構築、牢人の傭兵化を行った。
English: It is noted that, in all social classes, there was a certain type of "belief in power" as seen in the fact that, although it was in limited scale, certain court nobles were engaged in military activities which could not be deemed for self defense purpose only.
Japanese: さらには、一部の公家も限定的とはいえ、必ずしも自衛目的のみとは言えない軍事活動に自ら携わるなど、あらゆる階層を通じて、ある種の”力に対する信奉”があったことは注目される。
English: Battles in the Sengoku Period include various forms of war such as armed conflict with low-intensity like demonstrative actions or skirmishes, a form of war that was to a certain extent comparable to later all-out war like the Battle of Sekigahara which was a decisive battle fought by dividing all forces in Japan into two and even if there is a doubt if we can say that it occurred in the Sengoku Period, it was on the extension of the Sengoku Period, and the Bunroku/Keicho War which was war to invade a foreign country.
Japanese: 戦国時代における合戦には、示威行動や小競り合いといった、低強度の武力闘争から、戦国時代に含めるか否かは別として、少なくとも戦国時代の延長線上にはある関ヶ原合戦のように、国内を二分しての会戦・決戦といった、後の国家総力戦にある程度擬し得る戦争形態、さらには、文禄・慶長の役である文禄・慶長の役まで、多様な戦争形態が見られる。
English: Judging from the total number of armed conflicts, most of them were exchanges of skirmishes/private wars which were conducted between neighboring unfriendly powers in the vicinity of the border of their territory or areas on which they could influence.
Japanese: 武力紛争の総数から見れば、その大部分は、隣接する非友好的な勢力が互いに、領地、あるいは、影響を及ぼし得る勢力圏の境境付近において繰り広げる小競り合い・抗争レベルの応酬であった。
English: Not only applying raw power against the enemy's armed forces, but also day-to-day attacking and burning or "karibataraki (to send a small group of soldiers to an opponent's territory to cut wheat and rice off their fields and take it back (a kind of tactic that was used during the Sengoku Period) " (or "aotagari (literally, cutting off rice plants while it is still green)") to cut out the supply of foods as a kind of harassment to the opponent are included in such conflicts and as a result, escalation from such conflicts led to a large-scale military operation
Japanese: この中には、敵兵力に対して実力を行使するだけでなく、隣接勢力に対する嫌がらせの意味も含め、日常的な焼討ちや、食料を断つ“刈り働き”（あるいは“青田刈り”）も含まれており、結果として、そのエスカレーションが、大規模な軍事行動を誘引する面もあった。
English: With the exception of certain castles constructed around the end of the Sengoku Period or in the Edo period, such as Himeji-jo castle and Matsumoto-jo castle (both of which still exist and have been designated as world heritage sites and national treasures), as well as Osaka-jo castle, Edo-jo castle, or Nagoya-jo castle (which are well known symbols of the history of the city by people of a wide range of ages), the majority of the castles that were constructed or used in the Sengoku Period are not well known.
Japanese: 戦国時代に築城あるいは使用された大部分の城は、戦国時代末期から江戸時代にかけて築城された、現存の姫路城や松本城のように世界遺産や国宝に指定されたり、あるいは大坂城、江戸城、名古屋城のように、都市の歴史の象徴として、広い年齢層の人々があまねく一般知識として認知するまで敷衍されてはいない。
English: If we disregard the size or whether it is famous or not, there was more than one castle in a village and therefore, they attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of local history.
Japanese: 大小および有名・無名を問わなければ1つの村に複数以上といわれる存在があったため、近年、郷土史などの観点から注目されている。
English: Also, they are told as a stage of a story like rakujo aishi (stories about fall of castles) derived from historical facts that the castle that was used as a base by a busho (military commander) of the homeland fell by attack by strong opponent.
Japanese: また、郷土の武将が拠った城が、主に敵対する大勢力によって陥落したという史実から派生する落城哀史のような物語の舞台として語られることもある。
English: Furthermore, in the modern age, ruins of castle sometimes attract attention as a stage for mysterious phenomenon, for example, so-called shinrei spot (haunted places).
Japanese: さらに現代においては、城跡がいわゆる心霊スポットなど怪奇現象の舞台としての関心をもたれることもある。
English: This means that many of the famous modern castles have not experienced actual fighting, at least in their current conditions and therefore they have structural remains which have been well preserved and, on the other hand, one of the reasons why castles in the Sengoku Period were ruined or could not be changed to a modern castle is that they experienced falling and then were abandoned.
Japanese: これは、有名な近世城郭の多くは、少なくともその状態での実戦を経験していないために現在まで良く保存された遺構が残されている一方で、戦国時代の城が没落し、あるいは近世城郭に生まれ変わることのできなかった原因の1つは、陥落を経験し、その後、放棄されてしまったためであることを示すものでもある。
English: As castles of the Sengoku Period are not "well-known and famous," precious structural remains are sometimes destroyed without sufficient research and recording in developing land.
Japanese: 戦国時代の城は、“よく知られ、有名”でないために、開発に際して必ずしも十分な調査や記録がなされないままに貴重な遺構が破壊されてしまうこともある。
English: Permanent castles in the Sengoku Period are generally said to be "tsuchi no shiro (castles made of soil)" in Togoku (eastern part of Japan) and "ishi no shiro (castles made of stone)" in Saigoku (western part of Japan).
Japanese: 戦国時代における永久築城は、一般的に、東国においては土の城、西国においては石の城と称される。
English: It is understood that this is because castle construction using stone walls was developed in Saigoku which was culturally advanced area at that time and in Togoku, it was difficult to obtain stone materials which were suitable for castle building and therefore, dorui (earthen walls) were often used.
Japanese: これは、当時の文化先進地である西国において石垣を多用した築城が発達し、また東国においては、築城に適した石材の採取が困難であり、土塁の使用が多かったためとされる。
English: However, this view has a problem that the fact that there is a difference in the amount of work for construction of stone walls and dorui is ignored.
Japanese: しかしながら、石垣の構築と土塁の構築には工事量に差があることを無視している問題がある。
English: In recent years, studies on individual castle building technology that each sengoku daimyo was specialized in and showed unique character has been advanced.
Japanese: 近年においては、各戦国大名がそれぞれ得意とし、特徴を持つ築城術を個々に扱った研究も進んでいる。
English: Depending on the region, various devices in nawabari (castle plan; general term for the layout of a castle and its component structures) are seen such as kuruwa umadashi (walls of a Japanese castle and it refers to one of the types of the arrangement of a defensive territory around the castle) that is mainly seen in castles in the territory of the Takeda clan in the Kai Province and which is used as a base for interception and shootings, supplementing each other, moat of horijiro (castle surrounded by a moat) for controlling the route of invasion of opponents which is mainly seen in castles in the territory of the Gohojo clan in the Kanto district or in the northern part of Kyushu, and castles with many yagura and boro (watch tower) used as bases for shooting, which are mainly seen in Kinai, in which a large number of matchlock guns were traded.
Japanese: 甲斐国武田氏領内における城を中心として見られる迎撃と射撃が補完しあう拠点としての曲輪馬出や、関東地方の後北条氏領内や九州北部地域の城を中心として見られる敵の侵攻経路を管制する堀城の堀、あるいは、火縄銃が多く流通した畿内を中心として見られる射撃拠点としての矢倉や望楼を多く伴う城など、地域ごとにさまざまな縄張りへの工夫が見られる。
English: Continuing from the latter half of the Muromachi Period and partly because of influences of disturbances of war, as the flow of persons and cargo was activated in the Sengoku Period, the relative value of currency increased.
Japanese: 戦国時代は、室町時代後期から引き続き、戦乱の影響もあって人や物の流動が活発化したことから、貨幣の持つ相対的な価値が向上することになった。
English: In particular, the beginning of the Sengoku Period was a stage in which money economy was established, through trade between Japan and Ming such as the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming dynasty) and private trade, which was a kind of smuggling, by introducing from the Ming, not only import articles but also a large quantity of copper coins.
Japanese: 特に、戦国時代初期にあっては、勘合貿易および一種の密貿易である私貿易といった日明間の貿易によって、明から舶来品だけでなく大量の銅銭の導入を図り、貨幣経済の確立をなしとげる段階にあった。
English: With visits of Europeans to Japan also, import and export of gold and silver became popular because of the exchange ratio between gold and silver.
Japanese: また、ヨーロッパ人の来航とともに金銀比価の関係から、金銀の輸出入が盛んになった。
English: As a result, for sengoku daimyo, operation of gold and silver mines in the territory increased their strategic importance as a means to raise war funds as represented by Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine which was designated a World Heritage as commenced in the Sengoku Period.
Japanese: これに伴い、戦国大名にとっては、戦国時代から始まるとして世界遺産にも指定された石見銀山に代表されるように、領内にある金山・銀山の運営が、軍資金の調達のために戦略的な重要性を増した。
English: In order to improve the quality of produced gold and silver, sengoku daimyo introduced actively new technologies such as cupellation, and production from iron sand using bellows.
Japanese: 諸戦国大名は産出する金銀の品位改善のために灰吹法や砂鉄による鑪生産などといった新技術の導入を積極的に行った。
English: In addition, fortresses whose main purpose was to retain gold or silver mines, were constructed and the scramble for gold and silver mines was repeated.
Japanese: さらに、金山・銀山の保持が主目的の城砦も築かれ、金山・銀山を巡っての争奪が繰り広げられた。
English: On the other hand, in agricultural community areas, shoen (manor in medieval Japan) existed in various districts became objects of seizure by sengoku daimyo and kokujin ryoshu and the shoen system was broken down.
Japanese: その一方で農村部では各地に存在した荘園は戦国大名や国人領主による押領の対象となり、荘園制は解体する。
English: Although a part of myo taisei (local tax management system based on rice land) and the shiki system (system of occupation) was left in the taxation system, averaging of burdens such as tax progressed gradually led by daimyo.
Japanese: だが、徴税体制の中に依然として従来の名体制・職の体系を継承した部分も残されたものの、次第に大名主導による年貢などの負担の平均化が進められた。
English: One cultivator policy was established and shakko (borrowing land for cultivation) land became popular and kajishi (land rent) and sakutokubun (profit which was left after paying land tax) began existing.
Japanese: また、一地一作人原則が確立されて土地に対する借耕が盛んになり加地子・作徳分が成立するようになる。
English: Under sengoku daimyo, large-scale development of new fields and maintenance of irrigation were promoted utilizing civil engineering technology developed in castle building technology for agricultural purposes.
Japanese: 戦国大名の元で大規模な新田開発や灌漑整備が進められ、築城技術で培われた土木技術が農業面でも応用された。
English: According to "Shugaisho (an ancient encyclopedia in 14c)," the total area of rice fields and vegetable fields for the whole of Japan was one million chobu (approximately, 99,174 square kilometer), but in "Keicho nihonzu hensan (the compilation of the map of Japan in the Keicho era)"in the Keicho era it was 1.6 million chobu (approximately, 158,978 square kilometer).
Japanese: 『拾芥抄』によれば100万町歩とされた全国の田畑面積が、慶長年間の慶長日本図編纂においては160万町歩であったとされている。
English: Also, in various places, production of indigenous products other than rice began and tea from the Yamashiro and Yamato Province and mandarin oranges of the Kii Province were well-known.
Japanese: 更に各地で米以外の特産物も盛んに生産されるようになり、山城国・大和国の茶や紀伊国の蜜柑などが知られるようになった。
English: For transportation between bases, transportation by water was used largely and it functioned also as a part of the transportation network in Southeast Asia.
Japanese: 拠点間輸送には水運が多用され、東南アジア地域の輸送ネットワークの一部としても機能していた。