nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Under the council system by nayashu (wealthy merchants who led autonomous organizations in cities), who were egoshu (members of council), it established autonomy and refused control by sengoku daimyo by surrounding the whole city with a moat and employing ronin as mercenary.
Japanese: 会合衆である納屋衆による合議制の元、自治を行い、都市全体に濠を巡らし、牢人を傭兵として雇うなど、戦国大名による支配も拒絶していた。
English: Other than those, Kyoto and local cities such as Yamaguchi, Obama, and Shinagawaminato played the role of a collection center or transit point.
Japanese: 他の都市としては、京都や、地方では山口・小浜・品川湊なども集積地や中継拠点としての役割を果たしている。
English: Craftsmen such as swordsmith also switched from a manufacturing method centering on article-by-article production with swords inscribed with the name of the swordsmith to quantity production with an eye on disposal to a certain extent.
Japanese: 刀鍛冶らの職人も、それまでの銘物としての一品生産を中心とする生産方法から、ある程度の使い捨てを念頭に置いた大量生産を行うようになった。
English: In addition, inflow of firearms such as the matchlock caused an increase of mass-consumption type items such as gun powder to munitions materials, a certain part of which could be procured by commandeering in an emergency, increasing the importance of logistics.
Japanese: さらに、火縄銃など火器類の流入は、従来、非常時には徴発によってかなりの部分を賄いえていた軍需物資に、火薬など大量消費型の品々を加えることになり、ロジスティクスの重要性が高まった。
English: Merchants who contracted for heitan (logistics) of sengoku daimyo as "merchants of death" such as Shirojiro CHAYA emerged.
Japanese: 茶屋四郎次郎のように、いわば“死の商人”として戦国大名の兵站を請け負う商人も出現した。
English: At the beginning of the Sengoku Period, battles which were usually conducted in off-season for farmers were an opportunity for peasant soldiers for short-term employment with ikkyoryotoku (killing two birds with one stone) where they could obtain wages to be paid and army provisions including a combat ration, in other words, cash income and a decrease in payment for food.
Japanese: 戦国時代初期の頃は通常農閑期に行われる戦は農民兵たちにとって支給される賃金と陣中食はじめ兵糧、即ち現金収入がある出稼ぎと食い扶持減らしの出来る一挙両得の短期雇用の場であった。
English: Hisashi FUJIKI discussed in his book "Zohyotachi no Senjo (literally, "Battle fields of zohyo (common soldiers)" (The Asahi Shimbun Company) about "War to survive" by zohyo carried out in the field of heroic activities of sengoku daimyo.
Japanese: 藤木久志は著書『雑兵たちの戦場』（朝日新聞社）などで、戦国大名の英雄的な活躍の影で繰り広げられた雑兵たちの「食うための戦争」について論じている。
English: In the back of this general image of battlefields, battles by struggling samurai zohyo, were keen on depredation called "randori" than battle.
Japanese: 武士たちのぶつかり合いによる戦闘という戦場の一般的なイメージの裏で、雑兵たちは戦闘以上に「乱取り」と呼ばれる略奪行為に熱中していた。
English: Fire setting, robbery by karita (to reap rice), and kidnapping common people or farmers as slaves were criminal acts even in Sengoku Period.
Japanese: 放火や刈田による略奪、そして一般民衆や農民を奴隷として拉致する行為は戦国時代といえども犯罪である。
English: However, in the battlefield in sengoku, such acts were allowed as legitimate.
Japanese: ところが、戦国の戦場ではこれらが合法のものとして許されていたのであった。
English: Zohyo subsisted by repeating such riotous behaviors and the battlefield was the place for earning to survive.
Japanese: 雑兵たちは、これらの乱暴、狼藉を繰り返すことで生活しており、戦場とは生きるための稼ぎの場であった。
English: Sengoku daimyo also acknowledged randori in order to drive out zohyo to war without prize and allowed robbery as award.
Japanese: 戦国大名も恩賞の無い雑兵たちを戦争に駆り立てるために乱取りを認め、褒美の略奪を容認していた。
English: This was carried out during the winter time regardless of whether it was short-time (northern Shinano) or long-time (Kanto) and Fujiki pointed out that this has the nature of "work away from home" and "reducing the mouths to feed."
Japanese: これは短期（北信濃）・長期（関東）に関わらず冬期に行われており、「出稼ぎ」と「口減らし」の性格を持つものであると藤木は指摘する。
English: There are records of slave hunts and robbery in many places and certain people were sold to overseas countries.
Japanese: 奴隷狩りと略奪は各地で行われた記録が残り、海外へ売り払われた人々もいた。
English: Such robbery continued until the ban on human trafficking by Hideyoshi in 1587.
Japanese: こうした略奪は天正15年（1587年）の秀吉の人身売買停止令まで続く。
English: Culture at the beginning of the Sengoku Period was strongly influenced by the Zen sect, same as Kitayama culture and Higashiyama culture.
Japanese: 戦国時代初期の文化は北山文化や東山文化と同様に、禅宗などの強い影響を受けている。
English: However, the general atmosphere of the sengoku jidai, which made gekokujo a principle covered culture also and became preparations for the manifestation of Momoyama culture which made "splendid" a principle.
Japanese: しかし、下克上を旨とする戦国時代の気風は文化をも覆い、次第に豪壮を旨とする桃山文化の発露への布石となる。
English: In particular, completion of "sado (tea ceremony)" by SEN no Rikyu, which can be said to include the idea of "wabi, sabi" based on Zen Buddhism and the ultimately splendid "golden tea arbor," which is handed down as the idea of Hideyoshi and for which opinion on beauty is divided, gives strong influence on the whole culture of Japan even today.
Japanese: 特に、千利休による茶道の大成は、禅の思想に基づく“わび・さび”の考え方と、豊臣秀吉の発案との言い伝えを持ち、美醜について大きく意見の分かれる“金の茶室”という極限的な豪壮さを一つに内包したものと言え、今も日本文化全体に強く影響している。
English: Painters who actively worked in the Sengoku Period include Sesshu Toyo, Sesson, Mitsunobu TOSA of Tosa school, Motonobu KANO of Kano school and Tohaku HASEGAWA.
Japanese: 戦国時代に活動した画家には雪舟等楊、雪村、土佐派の土佐光信、狩野派の狩野元信、長谷川等伯らがいる。
English: Persons from samurai families, the artistic value of whose works are highly accepted even today include Yoriyoshi TOKI of Takazu (painting of a hawk) (Toki no taka (literally, hawk of Toki)) and Nobukado TAKEDA who left portraits of his parents with "portrait of Nobutora TAKEDA" and "portrait of Oi Fujin (literally, lady Oi)."
Japanese: 現在においても作品の美術的価値が評価される武家の人物には、『鷹図』(土岐の鷹)の土岐頼芸や、『武田信虎像』・『大井夫人像』で両親の肖像を残した武田信廉らがいる。
English: Emperors and court nobles as supporters of culture were forced to find their significance of existence in handing down culture and they themselves did so.
Japanese: 文化の担い手としての天皇や公家は、この戦乱の時代には、文化の相伝に存在意義を見出すことを強いられ、自らも見出していた。
English: Involving also men of culture among samurai, such as Tsuneyori TO and Yusai (Fujitaka) HOSOKAWA, they continued to hand down culture of yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) and kokin denju (the secret transmissions of the "Kokinshu," Anthology of Old and New Japanese Poems).
Japanese: 東常縁や細川幽斎（藤孝）といった文化人の武家をも巻き込んで有職故実や古今伝授という文化の相伝を続けた。
English: In the court nobles' society, there were various members ranging from one like the Konoe family who had a marital relationship with the Ashikaga shogun's family and maintained a social status to a certain extent by coordinating between local daimyo/samurai and the royal court to those who were ruined after being robbed of territory by samurai and becoming poor and having no personal connection to evacuate the province.
Japanese: ただし、公家社会でも近衛家のように足利将軍家と婚姻を結び、地方の大名・武士と朝廷との間を取り持つことで社会的な地位をある程度まで保った層から家領を武士に奪われて生活に困窮し地方に疎開するだけの人脈も持てずに没落した層まで様々であった。
English: The difference between them becomes clear if you compare Hisamichi KONOE's diary, "Gohojoji Kanpaku Ki)" and Takayasu WASHIO's diary, "Nisui Ki" with respect to the Battle of Koshimizu-jo Castle that occurred in 1519.
Japanese: 永正16年（1519年）に発生した越水城の戦いを巡る当時の近衛尚通の日記『後法成寺関白記』と鷲尾隆康の日記『二水記』を比較すると両者の違いが明らかとなる。
English: While we can find that Hisamichi KONOE received information from persons of various statuses such as busho including parties of the war and their vassals, and priests, Takayasu WASHIO had just heard rumors in the court noble's society and was "horrified."
Japanese: 近衛尚通の元には合戦当事者を含めた武将やその家臣、僧侶など様々な身分の相手から情報が寄せられて合戦の事情を把握していることが分るのに対して、鷲尾隆康は公家社会の風説を聞いて「恐怖」するのみであったことが知ることが出来る。
English: Court nobles like the latter did not have connections with other levels such as samurai and disappeared in history.
Japanese: 後者のような公家は武士層など他の階層とのつながりも持つことなく、やがて歴史の中に消えていくことになる。
English: (In fact, the Washio family was extinguished during Takayasu's generation and reemerged only at the beginning of the Edo Period.)
Japanese: （実際に鷲尾家は隆康の代で断絶して江戸時代初期になってようやく再興されている）。
English: This was done mainly with the aim to make themselves look important by taking culture in, but it can be also understood as an expression of their wish to obtain consolation to ease their spirit by culture in an age of disturbance.
Japanese: これは、文化を取り込んで箔付けするという面が強いが、動乱の時代に文化によって心を休めるという、安らぎを求める思いのあらわれとしても捉えることができる。
English: It is an example that Yoshitaka OUCHI, who was a daimyo in Suo, tried to make Yamaguchi similar to Kyoto by inviting many nobles from Kyo.
Japanese: 周防の大名・大内義隆が京の貴族を多数招いて山口を京都化することに尽力したのはその例である。
English: With respect to religion, propagation of religious schools that started with a pessimistic way of thinking and desire for indulgence and later showed anxiety for salvation and strong solidarity such as the Nichiren sect and Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) succeeded.
Japanese: 宗教については、日蓮宗や浄土真宗といった厭世気分と免罪への求心から発しその後救世への渇望と強い結束を見せた宗派の布教が成功している。
English: Shoen refers to the privately owned or managed land which was over a certain scale and not under public governance (or limiting the public governance as much as possible).
Japanese: 荘園（しょうえん）とは、公的支配を受けない（あるいは公的支配を極力制限した）一定規模以上の私的所有・経営の土地である。
English: And it is also used as the translation of manor (English) or Grundherrschaft (German) as seen in medieval Western Europe or Central Europe.
Japanese: なお、中世の西ヨーロッパ・中央ヨーロッパに見られたmanor（英語）、Grundherrschaft（ドイツ語）の訳語としても用いられている。
English: Japanese shoens started when the private ownership of newly cultivated land was allowed to increase the farmland under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) during Nara period (shoki shoen (early shoen)).
Japanese: 日本の荘園は、奈良時代に律令制下で農地増加を図るために墾田私有を認めたことに始まる（初期荘園）。
English: During the Heian period, the tax-exempt shoen estates which consisted of small scale farmlands developed first and later the donated-type of shoen (manor) became mainstream, which was donated to powerful people such as the Imperial Family, sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), main temples, shrines, and so on.
Japanese: 平安時代には、まず小規模な免税農地からなる免田寄人型荘園が発達し、その後、皇室や摂関家・大寺社など権力者へ寄進する寄進地系荘園が主流を占めた。
English: During the Kamakura period, the dominion of shoens began to be usurped frequently by shugo (provincial constable) or jito (manager and lord of manor).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には、守護・地頭による荘園支配権の簒奪（さんだつ）が目立ち始めた。
English: Also during the Muromachi period shoens continued, but while the rights and duties of central aristocrats, temples and shrines, samurais, local lords and so on began to be complicated in a multi-layered way, the autonomous control by the independently emerging village = soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) started and shoens began to disappear slowly.
Japanese: 室町時代にも荘園は存続したが、中央貴族・寺社・武士・在地領主などの権利・義務が重層的かつ複雑にからむ状況が生まれる一方、自立的に発生した村落＝惣村による自治が出現し、荘園は緩やかに解体への道を歩み始めた。
English: During the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), the Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorships) by the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period was realized and shoens lost substance increasingly and disappeared finally with the nationwide land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には戦国大名による一円知行が成立、荘園の形骸化はますます進み、最終的に豊臣秀吉の全国的な検地によって荘園は解体した。
English: There is little literature on shoens and the form of ownership of shoens in those days was peculiar.
Japanese: なお、荘園に関する資料は非常に少なく、当時の荘園の所有形式が特異であった。
English: The ownership differed in each field, even in the same shoen and in some particular cases (the shoen was temporarily regarded as kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to increase the burden ratio of cost for the sengu (transfer of a deity to a new shrine building) of dominant shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine and so on) the rights and control of shoen were duplicated and transferred (the name of the same shoen was differently described in the documents) and thus it is difficult to recognize shoens in an unequivocal way.
Japanese: 同じ荘園内でも田畑ごとに所有権が異なったり、特殊な事情（伊勢神宮などの有力社の遷宮の際の費用の負担率を上げるために一時的に国衙領とする場合など）によって、荘園の権利が重複・移管されている場合（同じ荘園でも名称が異なって文章に表記されている）もあり、一概に認識するのは難しい。
English: In the seventh century, the bureaucracy system, the local system, the statute system and so on were gradually streamlined and from the late seventh century to the early eighth century, the Ritsuryo system was established.
Japanese: 7世紀に入ると官僚制度、地方制度、法令制度などの整備が徐々に進んでいき、7世紀末～8世紀初頭には律令制が成立した。
English: By this, the gozokus' government over the land and people were denied and the unitary government over the land and people by the central government was established.
Japanese: それに伴い豪族の土地・民衆支配は否定され、中央政府による統一的な土地・民衆支配が実現した。
English: During the early Nara period, the land and people were governed by the central government based on the Ritsuryo system, but in 722, with the increase in population and financial demands, a large scale land development program was formulated to increase the national income by the government.
Japanese: 奈良時代初期は、律令に基づいて中央政府による土地・民衆支配が実施されていたが、人口や財政需要の増加に伴い、722年、国家収入を増やすため政府において大規模な開墾計画が策定された。
English: In 723, as a part of the land cultivation promotion program, Sanze-isshin Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them for a period of three generations) was promulgated and the private ownership of newly cultivated land was approved though it had a time limit.
Japanese: 翌年（723年）には開墾推進政策の一環として三世一身法が発布され、期限付きではあるが開墾農地（墾田）の私有が認められた。
English: However, when due, the cultivated land was publicly confiscated and the cultivation declined.
Japanese: しかし、期限が到来するとせっかくの墾田も収公されてしまうため開墾は下火となった。
English: As the law admitted a permanent ownership of cultivated lands, central aristocrats, large temples and shrines and local rich men (formerly the class of gozoku), who had capital, actively cultivated lands and then a large scale private ownership of land appeared.
Japanese: 同法は墾田の永年私有を認めるものだったため、資本を持つ中央貴族・大寺社・地方の富豪（かつての豪族層）は活発に開墾を行い、大規模な土地私有が出現することとなった。
English: Shoki shoens concentrated especially on the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and did not spread evenly across Japan.
Japanese: 初期荘園は特に畿内に集中しており、全国に満遍なく拡がっていた訳ではない。
English: The administration office and warehouse were located on the spot for the management of a large scale private ownership of land and it was called 'sho.'
Japanese: 大規模な私有土地を経営するため、現地に管理事務所・倉庫がおかれたが、これを「荘」と称した。
English: And the administrative zone of 'sho' was called 'shoen' (it was originally a Chinese name, but brought to Japan).
Japanese: そして「荘」の管理区域を「荘園」と呼称した（元来は中国での呼称だったが日本にもたらされたのである）。
English: The cultivated lands could be privately owned, but they were yusoden (rice field subject to taxation) and the owners had to deliver soyocho (a tax system, corvee) from their harvest.
Japanese: 墾田は私有することができたが輸租田であり、収穫の中から租庸調を納入する必要があった。
English: Also in those days, shoens were directly managed and thus cost a lot economically and in personnel.
Japanese: また当時は直接、荘園を管理していたため、人的・経済的な負担も大きかった。
English: As for famous shoki shoen, there are Chimori no sho estate in Echizen Province (the estate of Todai-ji Temple and Shoenezu (a pictorial map drawn in order to clarify the territories and solve disputes caused by the complications of such) still exist), Ikaruga no sho (the Ikaruga shoen estate) in Harima Province (the estate of Horyu-ji Temple) and so on.
Japanese: 著名な初期荘園には、越前国の道守荘（東大寺領、荘園絵図が現存する）や播磨国の鵤荘（法隆寺領）などがある。
English: Among lords of shoen, some established a relation with the central government and made them approve the tax exemption of denso (rice field tax).
Japanese: 荘園領主の中には、中央政府と関係を築き、田租の免除（不輸）を認めさせる者も現れた。
English: Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), which had the authority concerning denso, issued fu (tally) and the shoen approved for tax exemption by the tally was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs).
Japanese: 田租に係る権限を有する太政官と民部省が発する符により不輸が承認された荘園を官省符荘という。
English: In the tenth century, the tax system consisting of koseki system and handen shuju sei in ancient times collapsed and started to transfer to kokushi ukeoi (a system to make local government officials cope with all local taxes in their provinces) which made kokushi (provincial governors) undertake the land tax payment.
Japanese: 10世紀に入ると古代の戸籍制度・班田収授法による租税制度がほぼ崩壊し、国司へ租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負へと移行し始めた。
English: By this transfer, the role of kokushi became stronger in local administration and the shoen, for which the kokushi approved the tax exemption, also appeared.
Japanese: これにより地方行政における国司の役割が強くなり、国司が不輸権を認める荘園も現れた。
English: In the line of kokushi ukeoi, kokushi imposed taxation such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), zatsueki (odd-job tasks) and so on to tato (cultivators, powerful farmers) since last half of the 10th century.
Japanese: 国司請負の流れの中で、10世紀後半ごろから国司は田堵（有力農民層のこと）へ官物や雑役などの租税を賦課していった。
English: The tato served kokushi in a certain contractual relationship and was also called yoriudo (a dependent, frequently one who served a noble house or proprietor).
Japanese: こうした田堵は国司と一定の契約関係で仕えており、寄人（よりゅうど）とも言われた。
English: Some tatos tried to ease the burden by having the kokushi approve menden (duty free agricultural field).
Japanese: 田堵の中には、名田を国司に免田（租税免除の田地）として認めてもらうことで負担軽減をはかる者も出てきた。
English: The tax-exempt shoen estates were approved for each tato (yoriudo) or each myoden and did not have territorial contiguity and was managed in a relatively small-scaled way.
Japanese: 免田寄人型荘園は、田堵（寄人）ごと、又は名田ごとに認可されたため、領域的な広がりをもたず、比較的小規模に経営された。
English: This was mostly because kokushis got the gift items from aristocrats, temples, and shrines just before their service ended and in return over issued the remission of tax, though there were the unavoidable cases of the substitution of national benefits (fuko (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples), shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse)) for aristocrats, temples, and shrines.
Japanese: これは、貴族・寺社への国家的給付（封戸物・正税物）の代替というやむを得ない場合もあるが、ほとんどが任期終了間際に国司が貴族・寺社から礼物をとり、国司免判を濫発したことによるものだった。
English: Tax exemption for kanmotsu needed the approval from Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and Minbusho and so kokumen sho was basically zatsueki menden which approved the exemption of odd-job tasks.
Japanese: 官物の不輸は太政官・民部省の許可が必要なため、国免荘は基本的に雑役の免除を認めた雑役免田だった。
English: The shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax accumulated zatsueki menden and were scattered and just a given area was appointed in a certain region (gun, go, sho) without shitaji (land) fixed and were exempt from taxation.
Japanese: 雑役免型荘園は、雑役免田を集積したもので散在的であり、一定の地域（郡・郷・荘）に一定の面積が指定されるだけで下地の固定されていない浮免（うきめん）だった。
English: Furthermore, kokugas and landlords (temples, shrines, and aristocrats) shared kanmotsu and zatsueki as a system (half tax exemption) and kokuga had the right of cadastral surveys and so the status of the landlords was unstable (naturally, they did not have funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property)).
Japanese: さらに国衙と給主（寺社・貴族）は官物・雑役を分け合う体制（半不輸）だったため、国衙に検田権があり給主の立場は不安定だった（当然、不入権もない）。
English: Thus, the shoen manors exempted from the miscellaneous labor tax were imperfect as the shoen and had a transitional character before the territorial shoen manor of the twelfth century which got the complete right of tax exemption.
Japanese: したがって荘園としては未完成であり、完全な不輸権を得た12世紀の領域型荘園の前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
English: However, like the yosegori (the donation of koryo (an imperial demesne)) of Shimazu no sho estate in Sekkan-ke, there was a special exemption from the miscellaneous labor tax where ryoke (a lord of the manor) had the right of cadastral surveys.
Japanese: ただし、摂関家領島津荘の寄郡（よせごおり）のように、領家が検田権をもつ特殊な雑役免もあった。
English: From around the eleventh century, the rice-field donation to the powerful men in the central government started.
Japanese: 11世紀ごろから、中央政府の有力者へ田地を寄進する動きが見られ始める。
English: The moves were for the purpose of tax exemption and the shoens which had not only the right of tax exemption but also funyu no ken (the right to keep kendenshi (investigator of a rice field), who were sent from the central government for the survey of rice field, from entering the property) also appeared.
Japanese: いずれも租税免除を目的とした動きであり、不輸権だけでなく、不入権（田地調査のため中央から派遣される検田使の立ち入りを認めない権利）を得る荘園も出現した。
English: By the spread of these rights, the private governance of the land and people started.
Japanese: こうした権利の広がりによって、土地や民衆の私的支配が開始されていく。
English: Kaihatsu-ryoshu donated rice fields to the central powerful men or temples or shrines and the lords of shoen who received the donation were called ryoke.
Japanese: 開発領主は中央の有力者や有力寺社へ田地を寄進し、寄進を受けた荘園領主は領家（りょうけ）と称した。
English: And some ryokes donated to more powerful aristocrats such as Imperial Families or sekkan-ke and the highest ranking lord of shoen was called honke (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen).
Japanese: さらに領家から、皇族や摂関家などのより有力な貴族へ寄進されることもあり、最上位の荘園領主を本家（ほんけ）といった。
English: Among honke and ryoke, the lord of shoen who effectively controlled shoen was called honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
Japanese: 本家と領家のうち、荘園を実効支配する領主を本所（ほんじょ）と呼んだ。
English: Like this, the shoen which had a multilayered ownership relationship by the donation was called the donated-type of shoen (manor) and had a territorial contiguity.
Japanese: このように、寄進により重層的な所有関係を伴う荘園を寄進地系荘園といい、領域的な広がりを持っていた。
English: Kaihatsu-ryoshus became zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) as yoriudo of kokushi and advanced to the local administration and were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) such as geshi (a local official to manage a shoen estate), kumon (a local shoen official below the geshi in rank) and so on by honjo and tried to secure the rights on shoryo (territory).
Japanese: 開発領主たちは、国司の寄人として在庁官人となって、地方行政へ進出するとともに、本所から下司・公文などといった荘官に任じられ、所領に関する権利の確保に努めた。
English: Among kaihatsu-ryoshus, many took their post as kokushi in the local regions and became indigenized lower-ranking nobles.
Japanese: 開発領主の中には、地方へ国司として下向して土着した下級貴族も多くいた。
English: Especially in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan), many lower-ranking nobles from the samurai class were indigenized as kaihatsu-ryoshus and they often solved land disputes by force, but they gradually became closely united by forming groups of samurai and laid down the foundation for the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 特に東国では武士身分の下級貴族が多数、開発領主として土着化し、所領の争いを武力により解決することも少なくなかったが、次第に武士団を形成して結束を固めていき、鎌倉幕府樹立の土台を築いていった。
English: Shoens increased by the donations, but about 50 percent of the rice field remained as koryo (public lands) (kokugaryos).
Japanese: 寄進により荘園は非常に増えたが、田地の約50%は公領（国衙領）として残存した。
English: That is, the public burden was eased by the expenditure of the shoen which was the domestic governing institution of the great and powerful, and now the theory by Yoshihiko AMINO is a common view that this governing form should be called shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
Japanese: すなわち公的負担が荘園という権門勢家の家政機関からの出費によっても担われたため、この支配形態を荘園公領制というべき体制であったとする網野善彦の説が現在一般的認識となっている。
English: To prevent the upsurge of the donated shoens, the Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated each time the Emperor changed, but the office work for arranging shoens was done by kokushi and often became ineffective.
Japanese: 寄進荘園の乱立を防ぐため、天皇の代替わりごとにしばしば荘園整理令が発出されたが、荘園整理の事務は国司が行っており実効があがらない場合も少なくなかった。
English: The Emperor Gosanjo, who was enthroned in 1068, promulgated Enkyu manor regulation Acts in 1069 and set up kiroku shoenken keijo (kirokujo: land record office) in order to process the office work for arranging shoens in the central government.
Japanese: 1068年に即位した後三条天皇は、1069年に延久の荘園整理令を発し、荘園整理事務を中央で処理するために記録荘園券契所を設置した。
English: Unlike the previous Manor Regulation Acts, the Acts also judged the sekkan-ke lands and achieved a big result by the strict judgments.
Japanese: それまでの荘園整理令と異なり、この整理令では摂関家領も審査の対象となるなど、厳重な審査が行われ、大きな成果を上げた。
English: And ironically, kaihatsu-ryoshus donated to the cloister (Retired Emperor and Cloistered Emperor) which played a central role of the office work for arranging shoens and this self-contradiction led to the breakdown of the policy for arranging shoens.
Japanese: そして皮肉な事に荘園整理事務の中心的役割を果たしていた院（上皇・法皇）に対する開発領主からの寄進が相次ぐようになり、この自己矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻へ向かう事になるのである。
English: The donated-type of shoen (manor) began to spread nationwide after the late eleventh century when Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts was promulgated and culminated from the middle of twelfth century, the late Heian period, to the late of twelfth century.
Japanese: 寄進地系荘園は、延久の荘園整理令が発せられた11世紀後半から全国各地へ本格的に広まってゆき、平安時代末期にあたる12世紀中葉から後期にかけて最盛期を迎えた。