nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1415, when Zenshu UESUGI started a revolt in Kanto region, Mitsushige (which is the name of Ogurihangan's father but refers to Ogurihangan himself in this context) ran away as he was defeated by the shognate deputy Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, but Oguri became engaged to the Princess Terute, a young woman from Yokoyama family (Daizen YOKOYAMA's legend remains in Matano, Totsuka Ward, Yokohama City) in Sagami Province, whom he fell in love with while hiding together with 10 of his retainers in Sagami Province.
Japanese: 1415年、上杉禅秀が関東地方において乱を起こした際、満重（小栗判官の父の名であるがここでは小栗判官自身）は管領足利持氏に攻め落とされ、落ち延びるが、相模国の国に10人の家来とともに潜伏中に見初めた相模横山家（横山大膳・横浜市戸塚区俣野に伝説が残る）の娘照手姫と結婚の約束を交わす。
English: Yokoyama was a thief who would kill travelers and steal their money and other valuables, and the Princess Terute was originally a child of a samurai warrior belonging to the Imperial Palace Guards on the north side who protected the Imperial Palace for Daijo Tenno (retired emperor) and Daijo Hoo (retired emperor who became a priest), but the Princess Terute was serving for Daizen YOKOYAMA for some reasons after she was bereaved of her parents at an early age.
Japanese: 横山は､旅人を殺し金品を奪う盗賊であり、照手姫は本来、太上天皇や太上法皇の御所をまもる武士である北面の武士の子であったが、早くに父母に死に別れ、理由があって横山大膳に仕えていた。
English: However, Shoji YOKOYAMA and his son, who were enraged by Orugihangan's act, framed various plots including an attempt to entice him to ride a restive force called 'Onikage' known as a man-eating horse so that the horse would bite him to death, but in vain.
Japanese: しかし、判官の行為に怒った横山庄司親子は、人食い馬と言われる荒馬の「鬼鹿毛（おにかげ）」に乗せ噛み殺さようと企てるなど、さまざまな計略を練るが失敗。
English: Yokoyama grabbed valuables from Mitsushige (Oguri) and ordered his underlings to abandon the corpses of the 11 people in Uenohara City.
Japanese: 横山は、満重から財宝を奪い取り､手下に11人の屍を上野原市に捨てさせる。
English: The Princess Terute, who discovered the fact and secretly ran away from Yokoyama's residence, was charged with immorality and almost drowned in Sagami-gawa River, but was narrowly saved by a fisherman in Kanazawa Mutsuura.
Japanese: この事実を知った照手姫も密かに横山の屋敷を抜け出したものの不義の罪により相模川に沈められかけるが、危ういところを金沢六浦の漁師によって助けられる。
English: However, the fisherman's wife was jealous of the stunning beauty of the Princess Terute and sold her to a human trafficker on Mutsuura beach after repeating various kinds of maltreatment against her; the Princess Terute was sold to different places one after another but remained faithful to Oguri to the end.
Japanese: が、漁師の女房があまりに照手姫が美しいことを妬み、さまざまな虐待を繰り返し最後には、六浦浜で人買いの手に売り飛ばされ、各地に売られていくが、最後まで小栗への貞節を守り通す。
English: Meanwhile, Ogurihangan was cast into Hell, dragged out before Enma Daio (the Great King Yama) and then returned to the earthly world by his judge, but Oguri was in the shape of an uncanny-looking starving demon suffering from a skin disease and could barely walk.
Japanese: 一方、小栗判官は地獄に堕ち、閻魔大王の前に引きずり出されるが、裁定により地上界に戻されたものの異形の餓鬼阿弥の姿で、皮膚病にかかっており、歩くこともままならない。
English: However, Oguri was saved by Daiku Shonin (Saint Daiku) of Shojoko-ji Temple in Fujisawa City and traveled west on a cart along Tokai-do Road.
Japanese: しかし、藤沢市の清浄光寺（清浄光寺）の大空上人に助けられ地車に乗せられて東海道を西進する。
English: The night when Ogurihangan was killed, Daiku Shonin had a strange dream in Yugyo-ji Temple in which Enma Daio appeared and said: "The corpses of 11 people have been abandoned in Uenohara City and Ogurihangan is the only one who could be resuscitated, so you should help me in putting him in Yunomine-onsen Hot Spring to restore his body," so Daiku Shonin followed the oracle by going to Uenohara, burying the dead retainers and bringing Ogurihangan, still showing signs of life, back to the temple.
Japanese: 判官が殺されたその夜､遊行寺では､大空上人の夢枕に閻魔大王が立ち､「上野原市に11人の屍が捨てられており、判官のみ蘇生させられるので､湯の峰温泉に入れてもとの体に戻すために力を貸せ」という不思議な夢を見、そのお告げどおり上人が上野原に行き､死んだ家来達をほうむり､まだ息のあった判官を寺に連れ帰ったのであった。
English: Later, Ogurihangan met the Princess Terute by accident at an inn in Aobaka, Ogaki City, but Ogurihangan was guided to Otsu City by the Princess Terute without recognizing each other.
Japanese: その後、大垣市青墓の宿で偶然照手姫に出会うが、お互いを知ることなく判官は照手姫の手によって大津市まで引かれて行く。
English: Although his disease worsened further, Ogurihangan was guided by Yugyo Shonin and supported by the kindness of the Princess Terute and many benevolent people and managed to make a pilgrimage to Kumano Sanzan, where he completely recovered due to the medicinal effects of 'Tsubo-yu' of Yunomine-onsen Hot Spring, which was a cleansing place for pilgrimages to Kumano Sanzan, and this time he was offered a territory in Hitachi Province and even given a title of Hangan (judge).
Japanese: 病はさらに重くなるが、遊行上人の導きと照手姫や多くの善意の人々の情を受けて熊野に詣で、熊野詣の湯垢離場である湯の峰温泉の「つぼ湯」の薬効のにより全快し新たに、常陸国の領地を与えられ、さらに判官の地位まで授けられる。
English: Moreover, as he went back to Hitachi Province, Ogurihangan led soldiers to defeat Daizen YOKOYAMA, and prayed to Buddha for the repose of his dead retainers.
Japanese: さらに判官は常陸に帰ると兵をひきいて横山大膳を討ち、家来の菩提を弔う。
English: Also Ogurihangan found the Princess Terute, then working as a maid servant in Aobaka, Mino Province, out and they became a married couple at last.
Japanese: また、美濃国の青墓で下女として働いていた照手姫を判官は見つけ出し、二人はようやく夫婦になることができた。
English: After Ogurihangan passed away, his younger brother Sukeshige took over the territory and bulit the tombs for Mitsushige and his retainers in Yugyo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 判官の亡くなった後、弟の助重が領地を継ぎ、遊行寺に満重と家来の墓を建てた。
English: Originals include 'Ogurihangan' (author unknown) of 1675, 'Okuri no hangan' (by Sado Shichidayu Toyotaka), date unknown, and others.
Japanese: 正本として、1675年(延宝3年)「おぐり判官」（作者未詳）、年未詳「をくりの判官」（佐渡七太夫豊孝）その他がある。
English: One day, a legitimate child of Nijo no Dianagon (major councilor of Nijo) Kaneie, born as a heaven-sent child from Bishamonten (Vaisravana) in Kurama region, Ogurihangan could not resist the beauty of a giant snake taking the shape of a beautiful woman in Bosatsu-ike Pond and ended up having a sexual relationship with her on his way home from Kurama region.
Japanese: 鞍馬の毘沙門天の申し子として生を受けた二条大納言兼家の嫡子小栗判官が、ある日鞍馬から家に戻る帰路、菩薩池の美女に化けた大蛇の美しさに抗し切れず、交わり妻としてしまう。
English: The giant snake became pregnant but as she was trying to hide in Shinsen-en Garden for fear of giving birth to the child, she started fighting against Ryujo (dragon woman) who was living there.
Japanese: 大蛇は懐妊するが、子の生まれることを恐れ隠れようとした神泉苑に棲む龍女と格闘になる。
English: This fighting brought about a rainstorm, which continued for seven days, and Oguri was accused of this and exiled to Hitachi Province.
Japanese: このために7日間も暴風雨が続いたため、小栗は罪を着せられ常陸の国に流された。
English: In this place, Oguri heard from a peddler about the Princess Terute who was a beautiful young woman staying with Yokoyama, the administrator of a town in Musashi Province and Sagami Province, and asked the peddler to deliver his letter to her.
Japanese: この場所にて小栗は武蔵国・相模国の郡代横山のもとにいる美貌の娘である照手姫のことを行商人から聞かされ、文を商人に頼み渡す。
English: On receiving a reply from the Princess Terute, Oguri went to the Princess Terute with 10 of his retainers and forced her to have a matrilocal marriage.
Japanese: 照手姫から返事を受け取るや、小栗は10人の家来とともに、照手姫のもとに強引に婿入りする。
English: Yokoyama, who was furious about this, murdered Oguri and his retainers by poisoning, and Oguri was buried in Uenohara and his retainers were cremated.
Japanese: これを怒った横山によって、小栗と家来達は毒殺され、小栗は上野原で土葬に家来は火葬にされる。
English: The Princess Terute was banished along Sagami-gawa River and then saved by Murakimi Dayu (performer Murakimi), but she was maltreated by the old woman of the house, and although she escaped the hardship under the protection of Senju Kannon (thousand-armed Buddhist deity of mercy), she was sold off to a human trafficker and then accepted in a general store in Aobaka, Mino Province, where she ended up being abused.
Japanese: 照手姫は相模川に流され、村君太夫に救われるが、姥の虐待を受けるが千手観音の加護で難を逃れたものの人買いに売り飛ばされ、美濃国青墓の万屋にもらわれ、こき使われる。
English: Meanwhile, by the judgment of Enma Diao (the Great King Yama), dead Oguri and his retainers were sent back to the present world together with a letter addressed to Yugyo Shonin (Saint Yugyo) in Fujisawa City saying, 'If they enter the hot spring in Kumano region, they can restore their bodies.'
Japanese: 一方、死んだ小栗と家来は閻魔大王の裁きにより「熊野の湯に入れば元の姿に戻ることができる」との藤沢市の遊行上人宛の手紙とともに現世に送り返される。
English: Having seen a starving demon emerging from Oguri's tomb, Yugyo Shonin read the letter, put Oguri on a cart, and wrote 'One who pulls this cart will certainly contribute to the repose of the dead' on a wooden tag on his chest, and therefore Oguri was led by many people and reached Aobaka in Mino Province.
Japanese: 餓鬼阿弥が小栗の墓から現われたのを見た上人は手紙を読み、小栗を車に乗せると、「この車を引くものは供養になるべし」と胸に木の札に書きしたため多くの人に引かれ美濃の青墓に到着する。
English: The Princess Terute, working under the name of Kohagi HITACHI, pulled the cart for five days up to Otsu without knowing that he was Oguri, and Oguri arrived at Kumano at last.
Japanese: 常陸小萩の名で働いていた、照手姫は小栗と知らずに5日間に渡って大津まで車を引き、ついに熊野に到着する。
English: After taking hot spring cure with the medicinal effects of Yunomine-onsen Hot Spring in Kumano for 49 days, Oguri completely recovered and was able to restore his body.
Japanese: 熊野・湯の峰温泉の薬効にて49日の湯治の末、完治し元の体に戻ることができる。
English: Later, Oguri returned to Kyoto, where he was praised by the emperor for his surprising return from death, and was granted the provinces of Hitachi, Suruga and Mino.
Japanese: その後、小栗は京都に戻り天皇から死からの帰還は珍事であると称えられ、常陸・駿河・美濃の国を賜ることになる。
English: Then, visiting Kohagi, who had kindly pulled his cart, Oguri found that she was the Princess Terute, and went up to the capital with her.
Japanese: また、車を引いてくれた小萩を訪ね彼女が照手姫であることを知り、姫とともに都に上った。
English: Oguri destroyed Yokoyama shortly, and after his death, Oguri was enshrined in Shohachiman in Sunomata, Mino Province (Hachiman-jinja Shrine in Sunomata-cho, Ogaki City) as a hero who revived after death, and the Princess Terute was also enshrined as a deity of romantic ties.
Japanese: やがて小栗は横山を滅ぼし、死後は一度死んで蘇生する英雄として美濃墨俣の正八幡（八幡神社(大垣市墨俣町)）に祀られ､照手姫も結びの神として祀られた。
English: An imperial illustration scroll entitled 'Okuri' and a book of short stories with illustration entitled 'Okuri' are considered to have taken verses from sermon ballads.
Japanese: 御物絵巻「をくり」、奈良絵本「おくり」があり、これらは説教節から詞章を得ていると見られている。
English: Works in the recent past include Super Kabuki "Oguri" produced by Takeshi UMEHARA and first staged in 1991, and "Oguri! - from the Tale of Ogurihangan" played by the Flower Troupe of the Takarazuka Revue in 2009 (script by Shinji KIMURA, starring Kazuho SO).
Japanese: 近年では、1991年（平成3年）に初演された梅原猛作のスーパー歌舞伎『オグリ』、2009年（平成21年）の宝塚歌劇花組公演『オグリ！～小栗判官物語より～』（木村信司脚本、壮一帆主演）などがある。
English: The Rikken Kakushinto (Constitutional Renovation Party) was a political party in the middle of the Meiji period (May 9, 1894－February 24, 1896).
Japanese: 立憲革新党（りっけんかくしんとう）は、明治中期に存在した政党（1894年5月9日－1896年2月24日）。
English: After the Domei Club (League Club) and the Doshi Club (Alliance Club) united, forty lawmakers of the House of Representatives, who were from the two clubs and affiliated with no party as well, formed the party.
Japanese: 同盟倶楽部と同志倶楽部が合同して一部無所属議員なども加わって40名の衆議院議員によって結成された。
English: The Domei Club was an in-house faction that was formed on November 20, 1892, when the Rito (pro-government) lawmakers who were disappointed by the hanbatsu (domain clique) government defected from the Minto (anti-hanbatsu government political parties), while the Doshi Club was an in-house faction that was formed on December 5, 1893 by some members of the Liberal Party (in the Meiji period) who had left the party after protesting against the fact that despite improper acts perpetrated by Toru HOSHI, the speaker of the Lower House who was a member of the party, the party leadership maintained their stance in defending the speaker.
Japanese: 同盟倶楽部は1892年11月20日に藩閥政権に失望した吏党系議員が民党側に離反した際に結成された院内会派、同志倶楽部は1893年12月5日に自由党_(明治)所属の星亨衆議院議長の不正問題で自由党が星議長の擁護の姿勢を変えないことに抗議した同党議員が離党して結成した院内会派であった。
English: However, in the 3rd general election of the members of the House of Representatives held shortly after that, the factions both lost seats, and as a result, they united to secure their position as the Minto.
Japanese: ところが、直後に第3回衆議院議員総選挙が行われて両会派とも減少したために、民党としての地位確保のために合同したのである。
English: Initially, the Rikken Kakushinto belonged to the hard-line foreign policy factions to adopt the high prosperity of the imperial family and the enhancement of the national prestige as its slogan, and also primarily advocated the expansion of the rights of the people and the establishment of a responsible government system.
Japanese: 当初は対外硬派に属してや皇室の尊栄・国威発揚を掲げる一方で人民の権利伸長、責任内閣制確立などを掲げた。
English: The party conducted a campaign to criticize the second Ito Cabinet for having yielded to the Triple Intervention after the Sino-Japanese War.
Japanese: 日清戦争後の三国干渉に屈した第2次伊藤内閣を追及する運動を展開した。
English: The main members were Masataka KUSUMOTO, Shigeto SUZUKI, Jun KAWASHIMA, Shiro SHIBA, Gitetsu (or Yoshiakira or Yoshitetsu) OHIGASHI, Yukimoto KUDO, Sumitaka HASEBA, Tomitoshi TAKETOMI and Yonosuke OSUGA.
Japanese: 主な議員には楠本正隆・鈴木重遠・河島醇・柴四朗・大東義徹・工藤行幹・長谷場純孝・武富時敏・大須賀庸之助らがいる。
English: Before the Rikken Kaishinto (Constitutional Reform Party) merged with several smaller nationalist parties to form the Shinpoto (Progressive Party [in the Meiji period]) (on March 1, 1896), the Rikken Kakushinto dissolved and then most of its lawmakers joined the Shimpoto.
Japanese: 立憲改進党を中心とする進歩党_(明治)結成（1896年3月1日）に先立って解党して所属議員の殆どが進歩党に参加した。
English: Shihei seiri (paper money readjustment) was a policy of seeking to recover the public trust in the currency system and the credit system by readjusting and reducing the amount of the notes that were issued by the Meiji government and the National Bank (in the Meiji period) and first went into circulation in the early Meiji period, and by converting the notes into the convertible paper money issued by the Bank of Japan.
Japanese: 紙幣整理（しへいせいり）とは、明治初期に出された明治政府及び国立銀行(明治)発行の紙幣を整理・縮減して日本銀行発行の兌換紙幣に変換することで通貨制度・信用制度の信頼回復を図る政策。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji government continued to issue non-convertible paper money such as Dajokan-satsu (notes of the Great Council of State) or Minbusho-satsu (Civil Department notes) to compensate for the lack of financial resources.
Japanese: 明治維新後、明治政府は財政不足を補うために太政官札・民部省札などの不換紙幣を発行し続けた。
English: However, the government printed more notes to deal with Shizoku-no-Hanran (rebellion of warrior class) such as the Seinan War (a local war by Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government), which led to a rapid inflation.
Japanese: ところが、西南戦争などの士族反乱に対応するために紙幣を増刷した結果、急激なインフレーションが発生した。
English: For this reason, the Japanese economy shifted its focus from the steady accumulation of capital to the speculation, which ended up hindering Japan from establishing itself as a modern capitalistic nation.
Japanese: そのため、日本経済も着実な資本の蓄積よりも投機に流れるようになり、日本の近代資本主義の形成が阻害される結果ともなった。
English: In 1879, Shigenobu OKUMA, who served as Okura-kyo (minister of the treasury), proposed that a large amount of government bonds be issued and used for readjusting paper money all at once.
Japanese: 大蔵卿であった大隈重信は、1879年に大量の公債を発行してそれを元手に一気に紙幣の整理を行うことを提唱した。
English: However, the fact the bonds included up to \50 million of foreign bonds created a sense of discomfort among the Emperor Meiji and conservatives close to him, who all distrusted the allied Western powers, and it eventually led to the abandonment of the plan to raise foreign loans.
Japanese: ところがその中に5,000万円にも及ぶ外債が含まれていたことから欧米列強に不信感を抱く明治天皇やその周辺の保守派の不快感を買い外債募集計画は中止された。
English: As a result, paper money was progressively readjusted by converting it into public bonds with the use of Kinsatsu hikikae kosai (the Bonds Issued in Exchange for Kinsatsu [notes issued by "Ishin" government]) which is the national bonds.
Japanese: その結果、国債である金札引換公債によって公債化を進めることによって漸進的に処理する事となった。
English: Okuma was replaced as Okura-kyo by Masayoshi MATSUKATA, who had been ousted from his post as Okuranotaifu (administrative vice finance minister) and turned Naimukyo (minister of interior) because he had been at odds with Okuma over the policies for adjusting paper money.
Japanese: 代わってかつて大隈と紙幣整理の方策を巡って争ったために大蔵大輔の座を追われて内務卿に転じていた松方正義が大蔵卿に任命された。
English: Matsukata established the Bank of Japan, and at the same time, he progressively moved forward with the incineration of paper money, setting a policy of converting the paper money into the convertible paper money when the paper money supply reached the level equal to the specie holdings.
Japanese: 松方は中央銀行を設置する一方で漸進的に紙幣消却を進め、紙幣流通量と正貨保有量が同じ水準となった時点で兌換紙幣に切り替えていく方針を定めた。
English: To do this, however, Matsukata had to prepare himself for a drastically austere budget to come up with the finances needed for moving forward with the incineration of paper money and for a possible outbreak of deflation, for which he sought the approval of the senior government officials including Hirobumi ITO and the Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: だが、そのためには紙幣消却を進める為の財源捻出のために大幅な緊縮予算とデフレーションの発生を覚悟しなければならず、伊藤博文ら政府首脳や明治天皇に同意を求めた。
English: First, he proposed that the government held the expenditures expected during the three years starting in 1882 at the level of the previous year (1881), and that at the same time it raised taxes on cigarettes and brewery and evenly divided the excess of revenue from those taxes so that it could spend half of the excess on the incineration of paper money and hold the other half in the form of specie to keep as reserves for the future when it would be converted into convertible paper money.
Japanese: まず、1882年（明治15年）から3年間、前年度（1881年/明治14年）の歳出額で据え置くこと、その一方で煙草税・酒造税などの増税を行い、そこから生み出された歳入の余剰分を2分割して半分を紙幣消却に、もう半分を正貨形式で保有して、然るべき兌換紙幣への切替時の準備金とすることとした。
English: However, the deflation caused by the budget austerity led to a decrease in tax revenue, and he was at a loss over how to cope with such a vicious circle (the Matsukata deflation).
Japanese: だが、緊縮財政によるデフレーションは租税収入の減少を招くという悪循環に悩まされる（松方デフレ）。
English: In addition, unexpected expenses primarily for the occurrence of the Koshin seihen (Gapsin Coup in Korea) and the cholera outbreak made it extremely difficult to maintain the austere budget.
Japanese: また、甲申政変の発生やコレラの発生などの臨時出費もあり、緊縮予算の維持も困難を極めた。
English: Still, Matsukata made efforts to keep the original plan as unchanged as possible by securing revenue raised primarily from the introduction of new taxes.
Japanese: それでも松方は、新税の設置などで歳入を確保することで当初の計画を出来るだけ維持することに努めた。
English: Furthermore, he established the idea of the nation's central bank as the Bank of Japan Act was promulgated in 1882, and in 1883, after the revision of the National Bank Act, he announced the policy of readjusting and abolishing the paper money issued by the national banks.
Japanese: また、1882年に日本銀行条例を制定して中央銀行構想を確立し、翌1883年には国立銀行条例を改正して国立銀行発行紙幣を整理・廃止する方針を打ち出した。
English: He also provided Yokohama Shokin Ginko (Yokohama Specie Bank) with the funds for direct export documentary bills, made the bank receive the export proceeds in the form of specie outside Japan which it earned from the funds, and introduced the proceeds into the country.
Japanese: 更に横浜正金銀行に直輸出荷為替資金を供給してこれによって獲得した輸出代金を日本国外で正貨形式受け取らせて日本国内に導入させた。
English: Thanks in part to this, paper money worth \13.64 million was successfully readjusted and collected before 1885.
Japanese: その甲斐もあって、1885年までに1364万円の紙幣の整理回収に成功した。
English: When the amount of the paper money exchanged for Kinsatsu hikikae kosai was added to this collected amount, the amount of government-issued paper money decreased from \118.9 million to \88.34 million, and the amount of the paper money issued by the national bank decreased from \34.39 million to \30.15 million over the period from 1881 to the end of 1885.
Japanese: これに金札引換公債への引換による整理分も含めると、1881年から85年末までに政府発行紙幣は1億1890万円から8834万円に減少し、国立銀行発行紙幣も3439万円から3015万円に減少した。
English: By contrast, the national treasury reserves in specie increased from \12.7 million to \42.27 million, and since \ 1 in specie, which had been equivalent to a \1.80 note, came to \1.008 in the financial market, which meant that, with the specie money and the paper money being almost equal in value, conditions for issuing convertible paper money were established by then.
Japanese: 一方、国庫準備正貨高は1270万円から4227万円に増加し、金融市場にて正貨1円に対して紙幣1円80銭に換算されていたものが1円8厘となって、正貨と紙幣の価値がほぼ均しくなり、兌換紙幣発行の条件が整う事となった。
English: Thus, financial stability was achieved, and then Matsukata had the Bank of Japan issue convertible paper money on May 9, 1885, which replaced the government-issued paper money and the paper money issued by the national bank starting in the following year.
Japanese: こうして金融が安定すると、松方は1885年5月9日に日本銀行より兌換紙幣を発行させて、翌年より政府発行紙幣・国立銀行発行紙幣との交換が行われた。
English: In 1893, he established the funds for exchange of paper money, which accelerated the collection of the government-issued paper money and the paper money issued by the national bank.
Japanese: 1893年に入ると紙幣交換基金を設置して、政府紙幣・国立銀行発行紙幣の回収を加速させた。
English: On March 9, 1896, 'Act on the Currency of and the Expiration Date for Exchange of Paper Money Issued by the National Bank' (Act No.8 of 1896) was promulgated, and on June 11, 1898, 'Act on the Abolition of the Currency of Government-Issued Paper Money' (Act No.6 of 1898) was promulgated; consequently, both the government-issued paper money and the paper money issued by the national bank were withdrawn from circulation as of the end of 1899.
Japanese: 1896年3月9日には「国立銀行紙幣ノ通用及引換期限ニ関スル法律」（明治29年法律第8号）が、1898年6月11日には「政府発行紙幣通用廃止ニ関スル法律」（明治31年法律第6号）が公布され、1899年末をもって政府発行紙幣・国立銀行発行紙幣ともにその通用が停止された。
English: Based on a series of these Acts, the government-issued paper money and the paper money issued by the national bank that were left for the public to use for a limited period of five years from early 1900 (to 1904) were replaced, and the collection of these notes in circulation was completed.
Japanese: これら一連の法律に基づいて、翌1900年初めから5年間（1904年まで）の期限付きで民間に残された政府発行紙幣・国立銀行発行紙幣の交換が行われ、流通していたこれらの紙幣の回収が完了することになった。
English: Dokyo is one of the Sankyo, (Japanese word translates as "three religions"), the three great religions in China, including Confucianism, Chinese Buddhism and Dokyo.
Japanese: 道教（どうきょう、Dàojiào、英語Taoism）は、中国三大宗教（三教と言い、儒教・中国の仏教・道教を指す）の一つである。
English: The 首 part of the 道 character means the start, while the remaining encircling portion means the end, so the character itself reflects the dualism of Taiji (the root of all things).
Japanese: 道の字は⻌（しんにょう）が終わりを、首が始まりを示し、道の字自体が太極にもある二元論的要素を表している。
English: The ultimate ideal of this religion is be united in this Tao and to become a sennin (a kind of wizard) through kneading Tan, the elixir of life, and using Rentan-jutsu (medicine-making techniques).
Japanese: この道のと一体となる修行のために錬丹術を用いて、不老不死の霊薬、丹を錬り、仙人となることを究極の理想とする。
English: It is encouraged to become a shnisen (immortal and supernatural being) and to live long, because living long increases the opportunities to reach Tao.
Japanese: 神仙となって長命を得ることは道をえる機会が増えることであり奨励される。
English: According to the Taoist philosophy, having a cosmic outlook entails the acceptance of a diversity of truths, and in the same manner the three religions of sankyo coexist and complement each other in China.
Japanese: 真理としての宇宙観には多様性があり、中国では三教が各々補完しあって共存しているいるとするのが道教の思想である。
English: There are also no prohibitions on eating a particular food, and it is said that eating a variety of foods enables one to maintain balance in life and to live longer.
Japanese: また、食生活においても何かを食することを禁ずる律はなく、さまざまな食物をえることで均衡がとれ長生きするとされる。
English: Even today, this religion has faithful believers, mostly Chinese people, known as Kakyo or Kajin, in Taiwan or in southeastern Asia.
Japanese: 現在でも台湾や東南アジアの華僑･華人の間ではかなり根強く信仰されている宗教である。
English: Although Taoism was seriously degraded during China's Cultural Revolution, its traditions are still alive among the general public.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国では文化大革命によって道教は壊滅的な打撃を受けたが、民衆の間では未だにその慣習が息づいている。
English: Also, the religious activity is gradually gaining acceptance from the Communist Party in China today, and its religious view has started to been restored.
Japanese: また現在では中国共産党政権下でも徐々に宗教活動が許され、その宗教観の修復が始まっている。
English: Up to now researchers in Japan believed that the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi, or the philosophy of Doka, had no direct relation with Taoism (Dokyo).
Japanese: なお、老荘思想すなわち道家の思想と道教とには直接的な関係はない、とするのが、従来、日本の研究者の立場であった。
English: However, in the process of formation as a soshoshukyo (religion proposed by a person or a group), Dokyo was indeed influenced by the Doka philosophy.
Japanese: しかし、道教が創唱宗教の形態を取る過程で道家の思想を取り入れたことは事実であった。
English: Therefore, in Europe in the latter half of the 19th century, the term of Tao-ism was created for indicating both of the religions, and a French academic school, headed by Henry MASPERO, went as far as to point to a causal relationship between the two religions.
Japanese: そのため西欧では、19世紀後半に両方を指す語としてタオイズム（Tao-ism）の語が造られ、アンリ・マスペロを筆頭とするフランス学派の学者たちを中心に両者の間に因果関係を認める傾向がある。