nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Meiji Government, suffering from economic difficulties that had lingered since the Seinan War as well as peasants' resistance against the land-tax reform, raised tax on sake repeatedly because the sake brewing industry generated higher production value than any other industries in Japan at that time and sake is almost free from problems concerning customs duty as most of it was consumed within the country.
Japanese: 西南戦争以後の財政難と地租改正に対する農民の抵抗に悩まされた明治政府は、当時の日本の工業で最も生産額が多く、かつほとんどが国内消費に回されていて関税の問題も薄い日本酒に対する増税を度々行った。
English: In May 1881, 300 brewers from Kochi Prefecture presented the government with a petition for the reduction of sake brewing tax and at the same time sought cooperation from Emori UEKI who was the leader of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement and was also from Kochi.
Japanese: 1881年5月、高知県の酒造業者300名が政府に対して造酒税の引下げ嘆願を提出するとともに、地元出身の自由民権運動の指導者植木枝盛に助力を求めた。
English: When joining the Liberal Party, Ueki happened to find out that breweries across the country faced the same problem.
Japanese: 植木は偶々自由党自由党(日本1881-1884)に参加した際に全国の酒造業者が同様の悩みを抱えていることを知った。
English: Therefore, on November 1 of the same year, he prepared a manifesto to convene the nationwide Sakaya Kaigi in Osaka on May 1 of the following year, 1882, in order to call for tax cuts and free business.
Japanese: そこで、同年11月1日に来年1882年5月1日に大阪で全国規模の酒屋会議を招集して減税と営業の自由を要求を求める檄文を作成した。
English: In an attempt to avoid stimulating the Liberal Party, the government sentenced only Tetsuomi KOHARA and four other brewers from Shimane Prefecture who signed the manifesto to imprisonment for fuoizai (a minor offense), without charging Ueki with anything.
Japanese: 政府は自由党を刺激するのを避けるために植木の容疑は不問として、檄文に署名した島根県の小原鉄臣ら酒造業者5名のみを不応為罪で禁錮刑とした。
English: Although Ueki continued to make preparations for the council, the governor of Osaka Prefecture and Osaka prefectural police issued a notification banning the council.
Japanese: 植木はその後も会議の準備を続けていたが、4月27日に大阪府知事と大阪府警は会議の禁止を通達した。
English: A series of banning orders were imposed on gatherings of brewers and many council delegations were arrested on their way to Osaka in many other places around the country too.
Japanese: 全国各地でも酒造業者による集会の禁止命令や大阪に向かう会議代表団が逮捕される事態が相次いだ。
English: Ueki, however, held a meeting with delegates who managed to arrive in Osaka on board on the Yodo-gawa River on May 4, saying 'the council is prohibited, but it is not prohibited to meet the delegates,' held the council with 44 delegates from 17 prefectures in Gion, Kyoto at another time on May 10, and made Tetsuomi KOHARA who had been imprisoned before represent participants to draft and submit 'The Petition for Liquor Tax Reduction' to the government.
Japanese: だが、植木は「会議は禁止されても代表に会う事までは禁じられていない」として、5月4日に淀川上の船上で大阪入りできた代表と会合を持ち、5月10日に京都祇園で改めて2府15県代表44名と会議を開催して先に禁錮刑を受けた小原鉄臣を代表者として「酒税軽減嘆願書」を起草して政府に提出した。
English: This tax hike met strong backlash from breweries, leading many of them to be involved in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, but as the decline in rice prices due to the Matsukata Finance resulted in lower sake prices, the movement lost momentum.
Japanese: これに酒造業者は激しく反発して自由民権運動に参加するものが相次ぐが、松方財政による米価低迷が日本酒の価格下落を招き、運動は停滞していった。
English: Breweries' financial difficulties, however, eventually brought declining tax revenues back to the government and thus the government turned in another direction to seek compromise with the breweries by developing breweries protection measures such as the ban on home-brewing of doburoku (unrefined sake).
Japanese: だが、酒造業者の経営不振はやがて税収減少に跳ね返ることとなり、政府はどぶろくなどの自家醸造禁止などの酒造業者保護策を打ち出して酒造業者との妥協策を探る方向に転換することになった。
English: Hayatoshi (Hayato Office) was the institution that belonged to Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and later Hyobusho (ministry of military) on the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 隼人司（はやとし）は、律令制において衛門府、後に兵部省に属した機関。
English: Hayatoshi governed management of Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) who brought tributes and was immigrated, instruction of utamai (a performance of singing and dancing) to them, or manufacturing of bamboo products such as Hayato's bamboo hats.
Japanese: 隼人司は、朝貢・移住する隼人の管理や彼らへの歌舞の教習、または隼人の竹笠といった竹製品製作などをつかさどった。
English: Hayatoshi initially worked on Hayato in Kyushu, but later worked only on Hayato in and around the Kinai region.
Japanese: 当初は九州の隼人についての業務もおこなっていたが、後に畿内やその近辺の隼人のみに限るようになる。
English: After it was abolished once in 808, and it came under the jurisdiction of Hyobusho.
Japanese: 大同(日本)3年（808年）にいったん廃止されてから、兵部省の管轄の下に入る。
English: This was originally by the tradition that Hayato served for the military of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: この事はもともと、隼人が朝廷の軍事に従事していた伝統によるものと考えられている。
English: A kodencho was an account book made to report to the central government on the results of koden (research of public paddy fields in a ryoseikoku [province]) by a kodenshi (koden researcher) or a kokushi (provincial governor) sent by the central government under the ritsuryo system in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 校田帳（こうでんちょう）とは、古代日本の律令制において中央政府派遣の校田使または国司が、令制国の校田の結果を中央政府を報告するために作成された帳簿のこと。
English: The kodencho put together with a jukocho, a record of qualified handen (allotted farmland) owners, was also called koden-jukocho.
Japanese: 班田資格者を記した授口帳（じゅこうちょう）とともにセットとして扱われ、校田授口帳とも呼ばれている。
English: Based on the results of kodencho and jukocho, actual handen (allotting farmland to farmers) was performed, however, the descriptions in kodencho gradually became untrue as Handen Shuju ho (law of rice field allotment system) was emasculated.
Japanese: 校田帳と授口帳の結果より実際の班田を行ったが、班田収授法の形骸化とともに校田帳の記述も不実なものとなっていった。
English: Ihai is a policy under which the Ritsuryo-seifu Government (the ancient Japanese government of centralized governance) (Imperial court) forced Emishi (northerners), who lived in present-day Tohoku area, to move to Kanto region and to the west of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu from the 8th to the 9th century.
Japanese: 移配（いはい）とは、8世紀から9世紀にかけて、当時の日本の律令政府（朝廷）が現在の東北地方に居住していた蝦夷を内地（関東地方以西の本州・四国・九州）に強制移住させた政策のこと。
English: However, as the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was established, a 'small empire' came to be established with a kind of Sino-centrism, which distinguished people in inland Japan under the Emperor's rule from Tang as a neighbor country, Silla and Balhae as foreign countries, and Emishi as barbarians as well as Hayato (ancient tribe in Kyushu) looking upon them as social outcasts.
Japanese: しかし、律令制が確立していくにつれて、唐を「隣国」、新羅・渤海_(国)を「蕃国」、そして蝦夷を「化外の民」として隼人とともに「夷狄」として、天皇の統治下にある日本内地の王民と峻別する一種の小中華思想を掲げた「小帝国」が成立することになる。
English: The following view given by Eiichi ISHIGAMI and other historians has been supported to a certain extent: under the circumstances, hastening to establish Japan as a nation by bringing all the people and lands in Japan under the Emperor's rule, although Emishi, Hayato and other Japanese were the same Wajin (people who lived in the Wa country [Japan]), the government concealed the reality that it was not yet able to control these frontier people, and making the best of a difficult situation, established a 'small empire' to include all people who were currently under the Emperor's control.
Japanese: 石上英一以来歴史学者の間で唱えられた蝦夷・隼人と日本人は同じ倭人（倭の地に住む人間）であるにも関わらず、日本という国家成立を急ぐために本来は全ての倭人を内国（内地）化・王民化しなければならない辺境の人民をいまだ支配できていない現実を隠蔽して、逆にそれを利用して内国の王民を統治・支配する「小帝国」を形成してきたとする見解が一定の支持を受けている。
English: Because of this, Emishi and Hayato were thought to be barbarians by the 'inland' people; they were despised and excluded by the people under the Emperor's rule.
Japanese: これによって蝦夷・隼人は「化外」の民として「化内」の民である王民からは蔑視・排除される存在とされた。
English: On the other hand, Mutsu Province and Echigo Province (later the northern part was separated off as Dewa Province) became unstable as a result of this policy, which led in turn to the Emishi policy being unsettled all the time.
Japanese: ただし、その一方で陸奥国・越後国（後に北部が分離して出羽国）は、この政策の維持のために常に不安定な状況に置かれることになり、事あるごとに対蝦夷政策は揺れることになった。
English: Under the pretext of fighting social outcasts the Ritsuryo-seifu Government used military power to conquer Emishi and expand its power to the north.
Japanese: だが、律令政府は「化外」の民との対立の際には蝦夷征伐というかたちで軍事力を行使して、その勢力圏を北へと広げることになる。
English: As a result, the government had many Emishi (residents and captives) under their control.
Japanese: その結果、多くの蝦夷（居留民及び捕虜）をその支配地に抱え込むことになった。
English: Though they followed Ritsuryo-seifu Government, it is possible that they had contacts with other Emishi, called Ifu, who were still excluded as barbarians.
Japanese: 彼らは律令政府に従っていたものの、外側の夷俘と呼ばれる従来通りのまま未だに排除された状況にある蝦夷と通じる可能性も存在した。
English: Accordingly, in 725, the government decided to move 130 such subjected barbarians to Iyo (Shikoku) and 578 to Chikushi (Kyushu) and 15 to Izumi (article on February 25, 725 in "Shoku Nihongi" [Chronicle of Japan Continued]).
Japanese: そこで神亀2年（725年）に律令政府はこうした俘囚のうち、130名を伊予国に、578名を筑紫（九州）に、15名を和泉監に移すこととした（『続日本紀』神亀2年閏正月己丑条）のである。
English: Following that, in 738, 115 subjected barbarians were sent to Settsu Province (Osaka Prefecture today) via Suruga Province (Shizuoka Prefecture today), which was confirmed in the official tax record of Suruga Province.
Japanese: これは続いて天平10年（738年）にも115名が駿河国を経由して摂津国に送られたことが駿河国の正税帳によって確認できる。
English: It was confirmed that the guards for Sakimori (soldiers deployed for border defense) escorted this group of subjected barbarians, which suggests that they were sent to Chikushi (Kyushu) in the end, where Sakimori were stationed, to engage in similar work to the Sakimori.
Japanese: この俘囚集団を護送していたのは、防人の護送を担当していた防人部領使であったことが確認でき、彼らが最終的に防人の配備先である筑紫（九州）に送られて同様の任務についていたものと推定される。
English: However, from around the time when the so called "38 years' War" began in 774, the Ihai policy rapidly intensified.
Japanese: ところが、宝亀5年（774年）にいわゆる「三十八年戦争」が始まった頃から、急激に俘囚の移配が増加する。
English: In addition, even barbarians classified as Ifu were moved, and they were sent further afield across the nation, including Kanto area.
Japanese: しかも、中には夷俘に分類されていた者までが移配され、その移配先も関東地方など全国各地に広がっていくことになる。
English: One theory is that due to the great efforts by SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, major opposing powers within Emishi were removed, which produced many subordinate groups, the rapid increase of which was a threat to order in certain places.
Japanese: 坂上田村麻呂らの活躍によって蝦夷の主だった抵抗勢力が排除されたために大量の服属民が生み出されたためにその急激な増加によって現地における支配・統治に不安がもたれたからとする説。
English: Another theory is that Mutsu Province and Dewa Province were unable to afford the Fushu allowance anymore which provided for the re-education of the barbarians.
Japanese: 教化のために支給された俘囚料が地元の陸奥・出羽ではまかないきれなくなったからとする説。
English: A third theory is that the government's aim during this war changed to controlling the Ou area for the sake of the stability of the nation, and there were attempts to bring Fushu under the Emperor's rule.
Japanese: この戦いを通じて国内の安定のために奥羽全域の平定を目指す方向に路線転換をしたために王民化を促進するためとする説。
English: A fourth theory is the opposite of the previous theory: after conquering the Ou area, in order to maintain the 'small empire' as before special residential areas were created for the outcasts.
Japanese: 逆に奥羽全域の平定後も従来通りの「小帝国」を維持するために内地に「化外」の居住区を人為的に作るためとする説。
English: In 813 an imperial order was issued, under which provincial governors in ryoseikoku (provinces) took on the additional responsibility of managing subjected barbarians, making them civilized, and protecting and nourishing them; the following year another imperial order was issued, making the Emishi the Emperor's people.
Japanese: なお、弘仁4年（813年）には令制国の国司に「俘囚専当」を兼任させて俘囚の監督と教化・保護養育に当たらせ、その翌年には蝦夷の王民化の方針を打ち出した勅令が出されている。
English: Also, the government set forth the idea of using Emishi in place of Sakimori and the army (of ancient Japan) which had become weak (Daijokanpu [official documents from Daijokan to local governments] on 14 January, 859, "Ruiju sandai kaku [Assorted regulations from Three Reigns]").
Japanese: また、律令政府では弱体化した防人や軍団(古代日本)に替わって蝦夷を用いる構想などを打ち出している（貞観(日本)11年（859年）12月5日付太政官符（『類聚三代格』））。
English: In fact, however, because barbarians did not adapt themselves to the places they were sent, and had conflicts with and rose against the locals quite often, a petition from Mutsu Province to keep and control barbarians in their original place was created in 811, and was accepted.
Japanese: しかし、実際には俘囚・夷俘は移配先に馴染めずにたびたび地域との衝突や反乱を起こしたために、弘仁2年（811年）に陸奥国より俘囚を現地に止めて支配を行う旨の奏請が行われて受理された。
English: After this petition was accepted, Ihai was no longer carried out on a large scale; instead, the barbarians who had already been sent to other places were sent again to new places in small groups.
Japanese: 以後、大規模な移配は行われなくなり、代わって既に移配された俘囚・夷俘を小規模集団単位で二次移配する事例が増加する。
English: In 897, a policy was announced to send Emishi back to the Ou region.
Japanese: やがて、寛平9年（897年）には移配した蝦夷を奥羽へ送還する政策を打ち出した。
English: According to this policy, most Emishi who had been sent throughout the nation went back to the Ou region and lived there again.
Japanese: これにより全国へ移配されていた蝦夷のほとんどは奥羽へ還住することとなった。
English: An inpu is a kind of books on tenkoku (engraving letters on the material of a seal), that mainly introduces mainly inei (impressions of seals) and inkan (names of authors) for the purpose of appreciation and study.
Japanese: 印譜（いんぷ）とは、印籍の一種で、鑑賞や研究を目的として印章の印影および印款を中心に掲載した書籍である。
English: It includes genkeibon, a book stamped with original seals, keninbon, a book stamped with imitated seals, and reprints of seals stamped by a wood block.
Japanese: 原印を直接鈐した原鈐本と、模刻した印を鈐した鈐印本、木版などに写した翻刻本がある。
English: It is said that the first inpu is "Shukoinkaku" published by YO Katsuichi in the Taikan era of the Northern Sung Dynasty.
Japanese: 最初の印譜は、中国北宋の大観(宋)年間に楊克一が出版した『集古印格』とされる。
English: The second inpu is believed to be "Senwa Inpu" complied by Kiso in the Senwa era, however, that has not been handed down orally and does not exist today.
Japanese: 続いて宣和年間に徽宗が撰した『宣和印譜』とされるがこれは伝存していない。
English: Sixteen inpu were published from Sung (Dynasty) through Yuan (Dynasty), all of which were reprints.
Japanese: 宋(王朝)・元(王朝)を通じて16種の印譜が出版されたがいずれも翻刻であった。
English: The oldest inpu of genkeibon is "Shuko Inpu" published by Jutoku KO in 1572.
Japanese: 原鈐本が伝わる最古の印譜は明代の隆慶(明)6年（1572年）に出版された、顧従徳の『集古印譜』である。
English: As for the first edition which included 1700 or more impressions of old seals in Qin and Han, only twenty copies were printed.
Japanese: 初版は僅か20部であり、秦・漢の古印の印影を1700方余り集めている。
English: In Banreki era, Jutoku KO, supported by Ojo RA, reprinted seals and finally collected nearly 4000 impressions of them.
Japanese: 万暦に羅王常の協力を得て翻刻し、最終的には4000方近くにまでの印影を集めた。
English: In the process of additional printings, it took multiple different names such as "顧氏芸閣集古印譜 (Koshigeikakushuko Inpu)"/"顧氏印藪 (Koshi Inso) "/王氏秦漢印統 (Oshi shinkan into), and so on.
Japanese: 増刷の過程で複数の異なった書名となり、『顧氏芸閣集古印譜』・『顧氏印藪』・『王氏秦漢印統』などがある。
English: Jomai originally means the annual rice tax from Edo bakufu directly controlled land (so-called 'tenryo'), but later, it means the rice stocked by the bakufu or fudai daimyo domain (a domain of a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) as provisions of rice for the army.
Japanese: 城米（じょうまい）とは、本来は江戸幕府直轄地（いわゆる「天領」）からの年貢米を指すが、後に兵糧米のために幕府・譜代大名藩などに備蓄された米のことを指した。
English: By 1730, it was renamed as goyomai to distinguish it from jomai which means the annual rice tax of dominion under direct control of the bakufu.
Japanese: 享保15年（1730年）には、幕府直轄領の年貢米である城米と区別するために御用米（ごようまい）と改称された。
English: A prototype existed in the Toyotomi government era, where a position of jomai bugyo (a magistrate of administering the annual rice tax) was created and Masanori FUKUSHIMA and Takamasa MOURI were appointed.
Japanese: 原型は豊臣政権時代に存在し、城米奉行（じょうまいぶぎょう）が置かれて福島正則・毛利高政らが任命された。
English: The Edo bakufu succeeded this policy, stockpiling rice surpluses from the directly controlled land as provisions of rice for the army in case of emergency, and further expansion of the system was needed when Kanei era started, so fudai shohan (domains of hereditary vassals) were provided with the annual rice tax or goyokin (the money the Edo bakufu charged temporarily on farmers and merchants) and ordered to stockpile and administer the rice in 1633.
Japanese: 江戸幕府でもその方針が継承されて直轄地からの年貢米の余剰を江戸城などに備蓄して有事の際には兵糧米とすることとなっていたが、寛永年間に入ると、その一層の充実が求められ、寛永10年（1633年）に譜代諸藩に対して幕府年貢米あるいは御用金を供給して米の備蓄・管理を命じた。
English: Three years later, an exclusive institution was established in Asakusa okura in Edo, and jomai bugyo was appointed.
Japanese: 3年後には江戸の浅草御蔵にも専用の施設が置かれて城米奉行が任命された。
English: The bakufu ordered jomai bugyo and fudai shohan to change the jomai every year and prepare for emergency, and when fudai domains changed the territory, they were required to check whether there is jomai stock based on regulations and the policy of the stock.
Japanese: 幕府は城米奉行・譜代諸藩に対して、毎年城米の中身を入れ替えて有事に備えることを命じ、譜代藩の転封の際には引継ぎの一環として、法規通りの城米備蓄の有無と備蓄の方針の確認が求められた。
English: After that, in 1661 and 1685, the bakufu ordered to increase the jomai stock, and it also adopted the same measure to shukuba-machi (post station) in Tokaido.
Japanese: 以後、寛文元年（1661年）・貞享2年（1685年）にも城米備蓄の増加が命じられ、東海道の宿場町に対しても同様の措置を命じた。
English: According to the system of 1685, 442,000 koku (approximately 79.6 million liters of crop yield) of jomai was stocked all over Japan, and it was dispersively stocked in totally 68 places such as castles in the bakufu directly-controlled lands or in fudai domains (the Edo-jo Castle, Osaka-jo Castle, Nijo-jo Castle, Sunpu-jo Castle) or shukueki (post town), and also, in 1673, the bakufu hired private cargo-vessels and used them as dedicated vessels (jomai sekisen) to carry jomai to specified places where jomai was stocked.
Japanese: 貞享2年の制によれば、全国に44.2万石の城米が備蓄され、江戸城・大坂城・二条城・駿府城と言った幕府直轄の城や譜代諸藩の城、東海道宿駅などの計68ヶ所に分散して備蓄されることになっており、また、延宝元年（1673年）には、幕府が民間の廻船を雇船して城米を指定の備蓄地へ輸送するための専用船（城米積船）とした。
English: Jomai sekisen were paid a large amount of money, but instead, they were strictly controlled by the bakufu and they were prohibited from carrying goods other than jomai.
Japanese: 城米積船は高額で雇船される代わりに幕府の厳重な管理下に置かれて城米以外の一切の物資の搬送を禁じられていた。
English: Bakufu's requirement was so strict that the number of jomai sekisen decreased, and then in 1743, the bakufu allowed jomai sekisen to carry general cargo under its license system.
Japanese: 条件が厳格であったために次第に成り手に事欠くようになったために、寛保3年（1743年）には許可制ながらも空船時の一般貨物の搬送も許されることとなった。
English: At that time, because of the long-lasting peace, jomai which was originally stockpiled for the purpose of the military was gradually being used as a redress for the disaster such as famine, or diverted to the resources of extraordinary expenses, and finally, in 1689, the bakufu put the criteria of stock back before Kanbun era to cover the deficit of its financial affairs and sold the surplus rice.
Japanese: 当初、軍事目的のための備蓄米であった城米も長い間の平和のために次第に飢饉などの災害の救済や臨時の出費の際の財源に流用されるようになり、ついに元禄2年（1689年）には、幕府財政の赤字穴埋めのために備蓄量を寛文以前に戻し、その余剰を売却させている。
English: It is believed that the background that led to the change of jomai to 'goyomai' in 1730 was closely related to the actual situation of the time where the stock was used for disaster relief or financial adjustment and military significance was faded.
Japanese: 享保15年に城米が「御用米」と改められた背景には、実際には災害救済や財政調整のために用いられて軍事色が払拭されていた現状に応じたものであるとされている。
English: Later on, goyomai was used to relieve the Great Famine of Kyoho or the Tenmei Famine, but in Kansei reform by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, kakoimai (it refers to the system where rice was stored by the bakufu, clans and towns and villages in case of emergency) was introduced as a substitute for goyomai and the bakufu tried to revive original goyomai used for military purpose only.
Japanese: その後、享保の大飢饉や天明の大飢饉の救済のためにも御用米が活用されたが、松平定信の寛政の改革では、囲米を導入して御用米の役目を代行させ、御用米を当初の軍事専用に復帰させようとした。
English: However, it was still being used as a purpose of disaster relief or finance because the situation of the bakufu's finance was getting worse.
Japanese: しかし、幕府財政の悪化などによって依然として、災害や財政目的での利用が続けられた。
English: Taigaiko was the idea or concept that considered the situation of Japan in the international community as the critical externally, and only the forceful diplomacy including the military force which denies the international cooperation, and values national independence can defuse a crisis.
Japanese: 対外硬（たいがいこう）とは、国際社会における日本国家の現状を対外的に危機的状況と考え、国際協調を否定して、国家の自主・独立を重んじて軍事力をも視野においた強硬的な外交でのみによってこの危機を打開できるとする思想・主張のこと。
English: People or parties who support those ideas were called 'Taigaiko Group' and they were at peak over the period from the revision of treaty in the end of the Meiji Period to the Japanese-Sino War, Japanese-Russo War, and annexation of Korea.
Japanese: こうした考えを支持する人々・党派を対外硬派（たいがいこうは）と呼び、明治後期の条約改正から日清戦争・日露戦争、韓国併合の時期に最も盛んであった。
English: The opposition forces against the Meiji government used the ideas of Taigaiko as the slogan when they organized people across parties in the name of nationalism and attacked the government.
Japanese: 明治政府に反対する勢力がナショナリズムの元に党派を超えて大衆を結集させて政府を攻撃する際のスローガンとして活用された。
English: The origin can be considered the principle of excluding foreigners in the end of the Edo Period or Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in the early Meiji Period, however, the direct causes were that a policy of Europeanization at the revision of a treaty by the Meiji government and a nationalist fervor against the Europeanization.
Japanese: その原点は、幕末の攘夷論や明治初期の征韓論などに求めることも可能であるが、直接的な原因としては、明治政府が条約改正に際して採った欧化政策とそれに対する反発としての国粋主義の高揚が上げられる。
English: So-called 'Japanese nationalist' criticized the line of reducing the national burden which were the government diplomatic policies and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement in "Japan (newspaper)" and advocated dissolution of unequal treaty with the forceful diplomacy and to expand the military force.
Japanese: いわゆる日本主義者が、『日本(新聞)』を舞台に政府の外交方針と自由民権運動の民力休養路線の双方を批判して、強硬的な外交政策による不平等条約解消とその裏付けとなる軍事力の拡張を主張した。
English: Iwane ABEI, Tomofusa SASSA, Tomotsune KOMUCHI who advocated this line organized a Dainihon (Japan) Association in 1893, and set 'treaty enforcement, autarkic foreign policy, and stern approach toward Qing (China) '.
Japanese: この路線を奉じる安部井磐根・佐々友房・神鞭知常らは1893年に大日本協会を結成して、「条約励行・自主外交・対清強硬」を掲げた。
English: East Liberal Party, Alliance Club, the Constitutional Progressive Party, National Association (Japan), and Policy Affairs Research Council (political party in the Meiji Period) were allied and advocated 'Opposition to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation' and 'Quick Start of War against Qing' and form a united.
Japanese: これに対して東洋自由党・同盟倶楽部・立憲改進党・国民協会_(日本)・政務調査会_(明治時代の政党)の5党派がこれに呼応して、「日英通商航海条約締結の反対」・「清国への早期開戦」を掲げて共闘を約した。
English: Those six parties were called 'Taigaiko Roppa' (forceful six parties) ('Ko Roppa' for short).
Japanese: この6党を対外硬六派（たいがいこうろっぱ、略して「硬六派」とも）と呼ぶ。
English: Although these political parties agreed certain points in external policy, in the internal policy these parties, which included nationalistic Dainihon Association, National Association, and the East Liberal Party which was a leftist among the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, agreed each other only in the point of criticism against the government, the Liberal Party which was the second party of House of Representatives (in Meiji Period), or the Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) which was established from the alliance of the Liberal Party and the governmental bureaucratic in the side of Hirobumi ITO.
Japanese: しかし、これらの政党は対外政策では一定の一致をみていたものの、国内政策では国粋主義的な大日本協会や国民協会から自由民権運動の中でも急進派である東洋自由党まで幅広い勢力を含んでいたために、政府あるいは衆議院第2党の自由党(明治)あるいは後に同党と伊藤博文系官僚勢力が合同した立憲政友会に対する批判でしか一致をみなかった。
English: The main current of this force became a parent organization of 'Anti Liberal Party' and 'Anti Seiyu Party' which were second party force to continue to latter-day Shinpo-to Party (Progressive Party) (in Meiji), Kensei honto Party, Rikken Kokumin-to Party, Kenseikai political Party.
Japanese: 実際にこの勢力の主流は後の進歩党(明治)・憲政本党・立憲国民党・憲政会と続く「反自由党」・「反政友会」の第2党勢力の母胎となっていくのである。
English: The beginning of reactivation of Taigaiko which had receded temporarily after the Japanese-Sino War was due to the military presence in Manchuria by the Russia Empire after The Boxer Rebellion.
Japanese: 日清戦争後に一時的に沈静化していた対外硬の再燃が始まるのは、北清事変後のロシア帝国による満州駐留であった。