nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He is the so-called colossus in the Nogaku field in the post war period, playing the leading role with Akira OMOTE in researching Yokyoku (Noh song) and Nogaku in the post war period, organizing the discourse for Nogaku for academic research and producing personally, and still active at the age of 90 now.
Japanese: 表章とともに、戦後の謡曲・能楽研究をリードし、能楽師らとの協力のもとに、能楽をアカデミックな研究の対象として言説上で整理を行うほか、自ら演出も行った、戦後能楽界の巨人とも言うべき存在で、90歳になった今も現役で活躍している。
English: TAIRA no Tomomune (1184- August 15, 1255) was a defeated soldier of the Taira family in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 平知宗（たいらのともむね、寿永3年（1184年）-建長7年7月5日(旧暦)（1255年8月8日））は鎌倉時代の平家の落人。
English: He also called himself Tomomune KOREMUNE, Tomomune SO, and Tomomune MUTO.
Japanese: 惟宗知宗（これむねともむね）や宗知宗（そうともむね）、武藤知宗（むとうともむね）とも名乗っている。
English: Tomomune was born in 1184 at the period when the Taira family moved from place to place after leaving the capital.
Japanese: 寿永3年（1184年）、平家の都落ちで各地を転々としている時期に誕生。
English: After the Taira family fell in the Battle of Dannoura in 1185, Tomomune was taken into the care of Chinzei Bugyo (magistrate of Kyusyu region) Sukeyori MUTO and the wet nurse Koremune clan through Hyogo SAITO in Nagato Province.
Japanese: 元暦2年（寿永4年/1185年）に壇ノ浦の戦いで平家が滅亡した後、長門国斎藤兵庫を経て鎮西奉行武藤資頼と乳母の惟宗氏によって庇護される。
English: Afterwards Tomomune became an adopted son of Sukeyori MUTO, and in 1200 he was appointed to Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region).
Japanese: その後、武藤資頼の養子になり、正治2年（1200年）に太宰府に任官する。
English: According to a different opinion regarding the date of his death, it was August 13, 1255.
Japanese: 死去した日については異説あり、建長7年7月3日(旧暦)（1255年8月6日）とする説もある。
English: Tsuneko HASHIMOTO or Kangyoin (December 24, 1826 to September 28, 1865) was a court lady in Japan during the end of the shogunate period.
Japanese: 橋本経子/観行院（はしもとつねこ/かんぎょういん、文政9年11月26日(旧暦)（1826年12月24日）-慶応元年8月9日(旧暦)（1865年9月28日））は、幕末期の日本の女官。
English: Joro Otoshiyori (high rank senior maid) Anekoji, the senior maid Hananoi of the Mito clan, who enjoyed extreme reins of power in the O-oku (inner palace) during the period of the 12th generation shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, was Keishi's aunt.
Japanese: 12代将軍・徳川家慶時代の大奥で絶大な権勢を振るった上臈御年寄姉小路、水戸藩老女花野井は、経子の伯母である。
English: Tsuneko was born in 1826 (her elder brother was Saneakira HASHIMOTO) as Sanehisa HASHIMOTO's daughter in the Urin family.
Japanese: 経子は文政9年（1826年）に羽林家の橋本実久の娘として誕生（兄は橋本実麗）。
English: In 1839, she went up to the empress's residence of the Imperial Palace, and received the rank of Naishi no suke (a court lady of the first rank) with an official name of Shin-Naishi no suke.
Japanese: 天保10年（1839年）、禁裏の後宮に上がり、典侍の位を受ける（官名は新典侍）。
English: Tsuneko was deeply loved by Emperor Ninko, gave birth to one son and one daughter; Prince and Tanenomiya (premature death) and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako.
Japanese: 経子は仁孝天皇の寵愛を受け、皇子・胤宮（夭折）、皇女・和宮親子内親王の1男1女をもうける。
English: In accordance with the practice of the Imperial Court that the court lady having a sexual relationship with the meperor had to get her head shaved at the same time as emperor passed away, Keishi shaved her head and became a Buddhist priest titled Kangyoin.
Japanese: 天皇の手がついていた女官は崩御と同時に落飾、という宮中のしきたりによって経子は薙髪し、観行院と号した。
English: As a result, Keishi left the empress's residence and brought up Princess Kazunomiya in her parental home, the house of the Hashimoto family.
Japanese: これによって後宮を離れた経子は、実家の橋本家の屋敷にて和宮を育てた。
English: It was decided 50 Koku of Koryokumai (rice given to help the poor) and 20 pieces of silvers as the upbringing fee were given from the court.
Japanese: 朝廷からは養育料として合力米五十石と銀二十枚を下賜することが決まっていた。
English: However, it was not enough for maintaining the lifestyle of a princess that, most of Princess Kazunomiya's clothes in his childhood had to be tailored at times.
Japanese: しかし、皇女の体面を維持する生活には十分でなく、和宮幼少時の衣装は大半が仕立て直しであった。
English: However, in December, 1854, the next year of Princess Kazunomiya's thread fixing ceremony, the Tokugawa Shogunate permitted the increase of ten Koku of crop yield a year as the covering fee presented to Kangyoin.
Japanese: しかし和宮の紐直の儀の翌年にあたる安政元年（1854年）12月、観行院へ贈られる賄い料の年十石の加増を徳川幕府は許可した。
English: Moreover, in September, 1856, preparation fee for marriage into the Arisugawanomiya family was granted.
Japanese: さらに安政3年（1856年）9月には有栖川宮家との結婚支度料を幕府により増進されている。
English: On April 6, 1854, she moved to Shoren-in Temple with the blazing up of Imperial Palace (she returned to Hashimoto's residence on the 18th).
Japanese: 安政元年4月6日には皇居炎上により青蓮院に転居（18日橋本邸へ帰邸）。
English: On January 28, 1857, she moved to Hokyo-ji Temple with the death of her father Sanehisa.
Japanese: 安政4年（1857年）1月28日には父実久の死に伴って宝鏡寺へ向かった。
English: Thereafter she returned to Hashimoto's residence again on May 24, but then on on February 23, 1860, she moved into the Katsura Imperial Palace and headed towards Edo with Princess Kazunomiya's marriage.
Japanese: その後5月24日に再び橋本邸へ戻った後、安政7年（1860年）2月23日に桂御所へ移居し、和宮の輿入れとともに江戸へ向かう。
English: On August 8, 1851, Princess Kazunomiya, who was then 6 years old, was engaged with Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito under the approval by Emperor Komei, who was her elder brother by a different mother.
Japanese: 嘉永4年7月12日（1851年8月8日）、6歳になった和宮は、異母兄である孝明天皇の勅許により有栖川宮熾仁親王との婚約が成立する。
English: However, because of arrival of the Black Ships two years later, national opinions were divided into expulsion of foreigners and opening the country to the world, and Edo Shogunate, which was aiming at a continuous policy of reconciliation between the imperial court and the shogunate, brought up the marriage policy of Princess Kazunomiya with the 14th generation General Iemochi TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: しかし、その2年後の黒船来航によって国論が攘夷と開国に二分するなか、江戸幕府が目論んだ「公武合体政策」の一貫として、和宮と14代将軍・徳川家茂の婚姻政策が持ち上がる。
English: This marriage proposal was strongly opposed by not only Kangyoin, but Emperor Komei and Princess Kazunomiya herself.
Japanese: この縁談には観行院はもちろんの事、孝明天皇、そして和宮本人も大反対であった。
English: However, Princess Kazunomiya finally gave in to the frequent requests from the shogunate and the party of advocating Kobu-Gattai which unites the court and the shogunate, and canceled her engagement with the Prince Taruhito.
Japanese: しかし、幕府や公武合体派の度重なる要求についに和宮が折れ、熾仁親王との婚約は解消された。
English: When the engagement with Iemochi TOKUGAWA was prepared, she departed for Edo on October 20, 1861.
Japanese: 徳川家茂との婚約が調うと、文久元年（1861年）10月20日に江戸に向けて出発した。
English: Worrying about Princess Kazunomiya, Emperor Komei made her real mother Kangyoin, her menoto Fujiko TSUCHIMIKADO and the court lady Tsuguko NIWATA (a court lady of the first rank to Emperor Ninko), Katsuko ICHO go with her in order to lessen her mental uneasiness, and several doctors of Bureau of Medicine (one of the doctors also resided in Edo after her down-ranking marriage) so that she could receive the same treatment as in the capital in case she might get sick in Kanto area by any chance.
Japanese: 孝明天皇は和宮に配慮し、江戸城へ生母の観行院、乳母の土御門藤子、女官の庭田嗣子（仁孝天皇の典侍）、鴨脚克子を同行させて精神的な不安を軽減させたほか、典薬寮の医師も数人付随させ（うち一人は降嫁後も江戸に常駐）、万が一関東の地で病を得ても都と同じ治療が受けられるようにした。
English: On March 12, 1862, Kangyoin and Princess Kazunomiya arrived at the inner palace of Edo Castle and met Tenshoin (the mother-in-law of the 14th generation General Iemochi), Jitsujoin (the real mother of Iemochi), and Honjuin (the real mother of the 13th generation General Iesada).
Japanese: 文久2年2月11日(旧暦)（1862年3月12日）に江戸城大奥に到着した観行院と和宮は14代将軍・家茂の義母・天璋院、家茂の実母・実成院、13代将軍・家定の生母・本寿院と対面する。
English: There, Princess Kazunomiya was told to "get used to the life of Edo style from the Kyoto style as soon" by Tenshoin, Jitsujoin, Honjuinto and others.
Japanese: そこで和宮は「いち早く京風から江戸風の生活に慣れるように」と天璋院、実成院、本寿院らに言われる。
English: Princess Kazunomiya, Kangyoin, and the court ladies Fujiko TSUCHIMIKADO, Tsuguko NIWATA, and Noto, who had been being told that the life of the imperial palace style would be guaranteed, were confused.
Japanese: 御所風の生活を保障すると言われていた和宮と観行院、女官の土御門藤子、庭田嗣子、能登らは動揺する。
English: The shogunate's promise to the court made in Kyoto was not transmitted to the inner halls of a palace at all.
Japanese: 京で幕府が朝廷に約束したことは、全く大奥に伝達されていなかったのである。
English: Kangyoin and her people disregarded the intention of Tenshoin, valued the life of Princess Kazunomiya's imperial palace style, and made no attempt to become accustomed to the life of the Edo style.
Japanese: 観行院らは天璋院の意向を無視し、和宮の御所風の生活を重視して江戸風の生活に慣れようとはしなかった。
English: Even severer than Princess Kazunomiya, Kangyoin was confronting with the Edo maids centering on Tenshoin about the lifestyle in the inner halls of a palace.
Japanese: 観行院は和宮以上に大奥での生活で天璋院を中心とする江戸方の女中と対立した。
English: On the other hand, as Princess Kazunomiya's mother and late emperor's court lady of the first rank, Kangyoin was awarded in the inner halls of palace the rank of joro kamiza (high rank maid in the Imperial Court with honorable seat).
Japanese: 一方で、和宮の生母にして先帝の典侍である観行院は、大奥において上臈上座の位を授けられる。
English: According to the condition certificate that the doctors of the Bureau of Medicine residing in Edo and the interior doctors of the shogunate prescribed, symptoms that seemed to be beriberi such as 'iresomeness and rough blood flow', 'heartache', 'urinary incompetence', 'moisture' and 'hands and feet paralysis' were recorded.
Japanese: 江戸に常駐していた典薬寮医師や幕府の奥医師たちが発行した容態書には、「御気血御不順」「御心痛」「御小水不利」「水気」「御手足麻痺」など、脚気と思われる症状が記されている。
English: Though she recovered once at the end of the year, her condition deteriorated again when the new year 1865 began.
Japanese: 年末に一旦持ち直すが、年が明けて慶応元年（1865年）に入ると再び病状が悪化。
English: Despite that Princess Kazunomiya visited her on July 26, 28 and 29 continuously, her illness deteriorated in August as autumn deepened and her condition finally became critical suddenly on the eighth.
Japanese: 7月26日、28日、29日と続けて和宮の見舞いを受けるものの、秋も深まった8月に入るといよいよ重体となり、8日に容態が急変。
English: Kangyoin's death, told only to few people including Tsuguko NIWATA, was kept confidential even to Princess Kazunomiya until it was announced officially on the 14th.
Japanese: 観行院死去の事実は、庭田嗣子をはじめとした数人にしか知らされず、公式に発喪された14日までは和宮にさえ秘密にされた。
English: It is said that, Princess Kazunomiya, who didsn't know anything, continued praying for her recovery and did 100-prayer ritual even after Kangyoin's death, and Tsuguko, who could not bear it, stopped her from doing.
Japanese: 何も知らない和宮は、観行院の死後もその回復を祈ってお百度参りを続けており、居たたまれなくなった嗣子がそれを止めたという。
English: Her dead body received the same treatment as that of a shogun's concubine, and was buried with a coffin in Gakurensha of Zojo-ji Temple which was the superintendent graveyard of the TOKUGAWA family.
Japanese: 遺体は将軍側室と同様の待遇を受け、増上寺の徳川家墓所准別当岳蓮社に寝棺によって埋葬された。
English: The graveyard of Kangyoin was excavated in 1952 when the playground of Shiba Gakuen was extended.
Japanese: 観行院の墓所は昭和27年（1952年）、芝学園運動場拡張工事の際に発掘された。
English: Her dead body was cremated in Kirigaya-saijyou Funeral Hall, and was buried at a newly relocated shared grave.
Japanese: 遺体は桐ヶ谷斎場にて火葬されて、新しく移設された合葬墓に再埋葬された。
English: Yasukuni TSUCHIMIKADO (September 20, 1711 to June 26, 1784) was a high court noble and an Inyoka (the Yin and Yang school of philosophy) in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 土御門泰邦（つちみかどやすくに、正徳(日本)元年8月8日(旧暦)（1711年9月20日）－天明4年5月9日(旧暦)（1784年6月26日））は、江戸時代中期の公卿・陰陽家。
English: After all, Yasuhide TSUCHIMIKADO, who was the adopted child of Yasunobu from the related Kurahashi family [great-great-grandson of Yasukuni on the genealogy], became the son-in-law of Yasukuni and became the successor.)
Japanese: 結局分家の倉橋家より泰信の養子として入った土御門泰栄（系譜上は泰邦玄孫）が泰邦の娘婿となり、その後継者となる）。
English: However, in addition, the shogunate brought over Harumi SHIBUKAWA, who hit the business as a subordinate of Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO in the making of the Jokyo calendar, to be a Tenmonkata (officer in charge of astronomy)and plundered even the authority of calendar amendment.
Japanese: しかし、更に貞享暦制定の際に土御門泰福の配下として実務にあたった渋川春海を天文方に引き入れて改暦権限まで奪い取った。
English: Yasukuni, who was worried about this, protected the calendar scholars such as Tosato NISHIMURA who were out of power, and put them under his wing.
Japanese: これを憂慮した泰邦は西村遠里ら在野の暦学者を保護して自分の傘下に入れていた。
English: Anyway, the 8th generation Barbarian Subduing General Yoshimune TOKUGAWA sent the astronomical scholar Masayoshi NISHIKAWA to Kyoto, in an attempt to make a new calendar based on the Western astronomy.
Japanese: 折りしも、8代征夷大将軍徳川吉宗は、西洋天文学に基づいて新暦作成のために天文方の西川正休を京都に派遣した。
English: However at that time, Yoshimune died of sickness, and the inside of the shogunate became impossible to do the calendar amendment.
Japanese: ところが、その矢先に吉宗が病死し、幕府内部は改暦どころではなくなった。
English: Then, Yasukuni banished Nishikawa from Kyoto, took the lead to make the calendar amendment, made the Horyaku calendar in 1754, and executed it the next year.
Japanese: そこで泰邦は西川らを京都から追放して自ら改暦を主導して宝暦4年（1754年）宝暦暦を作成して、翌年実施された。
English: However, the calender was problematic because only eight years after the enforcement, the incompleteness of the solar eclipse forecast was pointed out by Goryu ASADA, Tosato NISHIMURA and others.
Japanese: しかし、宝暦暦施行からわずか8年後には麻田剛立や西村遠里によって日食予測の不備が指摘されるなど、問題が多かった。
English: Even in 1771 when Yasukuni was still alive, corrections were already made.
Japanese: 泰邦在世中の明和_(日本)8年（1771年）には早くも修正が加えられた。
English: And only 13 years after Yasukuni's death, the calendar was restored back to Kansei calendar again (in 1797).
Japanese: 泰邦死後わずか13年にして再度寛政暦への改暦が行われる（寛政9年（1797年））ことになったのである。
English: Tsunetaka KIKKAWA (1234 - 1319) was a samurai who lived in the end of Kamakura period.
Japanese: 吉川経高（きっかわつねたか、天福(日本)2年/文暦元年（1234年）-文保3年/元応元年（1319年））は鎌倉時代末期の武士。
English: Around that time, the Kikkawa clan also owned shoryo (territory) in Aki and Harima Provinces other than honryo (main domain) in Suruga Province.
Japanese: この頃の吉川氏は本領の駿河国だけではなく、安芸国や播磨国にも所領を抱えていた。
English: After the petition was granted, Tsunetaka left the honryo of Suruga Province and moved to Oasa town in Aki Province as the eldest son of the family to unify the clan despite his age nearing to 80.
Japanese: その訴えが認められると、80歳近い老躯をおして、総領の経高は本領の駿河を離れ、安芸国大朝町に移住した。
English: Tsunetaka might have tried to avoid difficulties of surviving in Kanto region as a small gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), under a direct influence of the central government.
Japanese: 中央情勢に左右されやすく、また弱小の御家人では関東近隣での生き残りが難しいと考えたためと推測される。
English: Tsunetaka posted his youngest brother Tsunetoki KIKKAWA to Suruga, gave Fukui no sho (manor) in Harima Province to one of his younger brothers Tsunemori KIKKAWA (KIKKAWA clan in Harima Province), appointed another one of his younger brothers Tsuneshige KIKKAWA ('KIKKAWA clan in Iwami Province' that later produced Tsuneie KIKKAWA and other family members) as jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate) of Tsubuchi no sho in Iwami Province, and accompanied another one of his younger brothers Tsunenobu Kikkawa (first generation) to Oasa to give him a part of Oasa and make him assist his work.
Japanese: ただ、駿河には末弟の吉川経時を置き、その他の所領も、播磨国福井荘を弟の吉川経盛(播磨国)（播磨吉川氏）に与え、石見国津淵荘の地頭職を弟の吉川経茂に（後に吉川経家らの一族を出す「石見吉川氏」）、弟の吉川経信(初代)には大朝まで同行させ、大朝の一部を与えて自身の補佐とした。
English: It may be fair to say that his decision of transferring to Aki Province contributed greatly to establish the foundation for the growth of KIKKAWA clan that retained its name and lineage of the family into modern era.
Japanese: 吉川氏を安芸国に移住させることによって、後の吉川氏の発展と、その名と血脈を現代まで残すことに成功した功労者と言えよう。
English: Yasumasa TSUCHIMIKADO (March 23, 1677 to February 3, 1692) was a kuge (court noble) in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 土御門泰誠（つちみかどやすまさ、延宝5年2月20日(旧暦)（1677年3月23日）－元禄4年12月17日（1692年2月3日））は、江戸時代前期の公家。
English: Seikei SUGITA (December 18, 1817-March 23, 1859) was Dutch scholar in the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 杉田成卿（すぎた・せいけい、文化(元号)14年11月11日(旧暦)（1817年12月18日）-安政6年2月19日(旧暦)（1859年3月23日））は江戸時代・幕末期の蘭学者。
English: He was appointed to the translator of the astronomical observatory in 1840 and translated Dutch political book (Constitution) by the order of roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) Tadakuni MIZUNO, but this book did not come out due to MIZUNO's downfall.
Japanese: 1840年に天文台訳員に任命され、1843年に老中・水野忠邦の命でオランダの政治書（国憲）を翻訳したが、水野の失脚によりこの書は日の目を見ないことになった。
English: He translated the sovereign's message from President of the U.S. in the arrival of Commodore Matthew (Calbraith) Perry in 1853.
Japanese: 1853年のマシュー・ペリー来航の際はアメリカ大統領からの国書を翻訳。
English: After resigning the translator of the astronomical observatory the next year, he was mainly engaged in the translation of gunnery books and others and became the professor of Bansho shirabesho in 1856.
Japanese: 翌年、天文台役員の職を辞し、主として砲術書などの訳述に従い、1856年には蕃書調所の教授に迎えられた。
English: He made efforts to compile full-fledged Dutch-Japanese dictionaries and was expected to contribute in the future, but he died young at the age of 43 because of frail health by nature as well as strain.
Japanese: 本格的蘭和辞典の編纂などに力を尽くし、将来の活躍を期待されていたが生まれつきの病弱に加え心労により43歳という若さで逝去する。
English: His death haiku (Japanese poem) was `I do not want to either die or live, my flower falls or not depending on wind'.
Japanese: 辞世は「死にたくもまた生きたくもなしの花　ちるもちらぬも風にまかせて」であった。
English: According to the tradition of the people (Joden OTSUKI and Yukichi Fukuzawa) who knew Seikei in life, he was too sensitive and tended to think melancholily.
Japanese: 成卿の生前を知る人々（大槻如電、福澤諭吉）の伝承によると、彼は神経が鋭敏に過ぎ、ふさぎ込んで考えこむ癖があったという。
English: He was out of fame and fortune, hated secular compromise, was strict to others as well while being humble and was obstinate and unconstraint rather than quiet.
Japanese: 名利にうとく世俗の妥協を嫌い、謙虚ではあるが他人にも厳しく、穏やかというよりは狷介不羈に近かったと言える。
English: He was concerned about the safety of the country with Sanai HASHIMOTO as his disciple and it is guessed that his depressed feeling was deepened by persecution of Dutch scholars since Siebold Incident as well as falling of Dutch scholars themselves.
Japanese: 成卿の門人に橋本左内がいたために、国家の安危にも関心を示すようになっていたが、シーボルト事件以来の蘭学者への迫害、さらに蘭学者自体の堕落が成卿の憂鬱を深めたものと推察できる。
English: Chosyuku YOSHIDA (or Chokei, Nagayoshi) (male, 1779-September 2, 1824) was Dutch scholar and Ranpoi (a person who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language).
Japanese: 吉田長淑（よしだちょうしゅく（もしくは、ちょうけい、ながよし、とも）、男性、安永8年（1779年）-文政7年8月10日(旧暦)（1824年9月2日））は蘭学者、蘭方医。
English: His disciples were Choei TAKANO, Kazan WATANABE, Sanei KOSEKI, Chosyun ADACHI, Shutoku KAWAMOTO, Shunzan SUZUKI and Choan MINATO.
Japanese: 門弟に高野長英、渡辺華山、小関三英、足立長雋、川本周篤、鈴木春山、湊長安
English: Because he was not satisfied only by becoming the disciple of Chogen TOKI, Chinese medicine doctor to study medical science, he learned Western studies by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA (the fourth), Ranpoi in Edo-Igakukan (medical school) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and in Fuundo, the private school of Genshin UDAGAWA who was the head of the big four of Shiran-do.
Japanese: 医学を志して漢方医土岐長元の門を叩くが飽き足らず、江戸幕府の江戸医学館で蘭方医桂川甫周(4代目)、芝蘭堂四天王筆頭宇田川玄真の私塾・風雲堂で蘭学を学ぶ。
English: When Harunaga MAEDA, the eleventh lord of the Kaga domain fell ill in edohantei (residence maintained by a daimyo in Edo) in 1808, Genshin UDAGAWA, Chosyuku's teacher succeeded in curing it.
Japanese: 文化(元号)5年（1808年）加賀藩11代藩主前田治脩が江戸藩邸で病に倒れると、師の宇田川玄真が治療に功をなした。
English: Genshin firmly refused the invitation from the Kaga domain due to this result, and then Hotei FUJII, the high-caliber disciple of Fuundo and Chosyuku were recommended instead of Genshin.
Japanese: これにより、加賀藩からの招聘を受けたがこれを固辞、代わりに推薦されたのが風雲堂の高弟藤井方亭と長淑であった。
English: He taught younger people in his private school, Rankeido while he contributed to the development of internal medicine, mainly translating the medical books of the Western internal medicine.
Japanese: 主に西洋内科の医学書を翻訳し、内科の発展に寄与しながら私塾・蘭馨堂を開いて後進の指導にもあたった。
English: When Harunaga MAEDA, who was the lord of the Kaga domain and Chosyuku was under the patronage of, fell ill in July 1824, Chosyuku running to Harunaga to repay a big obligation also fell ill on the way due to the strain of his trip and unfortunately Harunaga had been dead at Chosyuku's arrival in Kaga.
Japanese: 文政7年（1824年）7月、庇護を受けていた加賀藩主前田治脩が病に伏し、大恩に報いるは今と急行軍で駆けつけるも、旅の無理がたたり長淑自身も旅路の途上で倒れ加賀に辿り着いた時には藩主治脩は亡くなっていた。
English: Because Japan limited its diplomacy with the West to the Netherlands due to the national isolation, Western studies were called Rangaku, the studies of the Netherlands.
Japanese: 鎖国により西洋のつながりをオランダのみに限定した為、西洋の学問はオランダ学問、蘭学と呼ばれていた。
English: However, oriental medicine was considered as internal medicine and Western medicine was considered as surgery in that period when Rangaku was abused to call Bangaku (barbaric studies).
Japanese: しかし、蘭学は蛮学（野蛮な学問）と罵られた時代、東洋医学を内科、西洋医学を外科とみなされるようになった。
English: Under such environment, Chosyuku translated many academic books related to the internal medicine of Western medicine and opened the hospital as Western physician for the first time in Japan.
Japanese: そんな中、西洋医学の中から内科の学術書を次々と訳し日本初の西洋内科医として開業。
English: Though he was much criticized by the oriental medicine specialists and closed his hospital, many people including the Kaga domain supported Chosyuku's reliable skill and personality, which contributed greatly to the development of internal medicine in Japan.
Japanese: これは東洋医学者達に大きな批判を浴び看板をおろすことになったが長淑の確かな腕と人格に加賀藩をはじめ多くの支持者が集まり日本の内科医学を大きく発展させた。
English: Shoshikai (salon, a think tank) which was the group of Western studies and established by Chosyuku's disciples after his death was oppressed by the Edo bakufu, but it played a great role as one of the driving forces to move subsequent Japan.
Japanese: また、長淑の死後弟子達が開いた蘭学グループ尚歯会は江戸幕府から弾圧を受けるもその後の日本を動かす原動力の一つとして大きな役割を果たすことになった。
English: During the time of Emperor Ojin, 弩理使主 from Kudara (Baekje, Paekche) adopted Japanese citizenship, and his great-grandchild, Hirokazu was conferred the family name, Tukino, during the time of Emperor Kenzo.
Japanese: 応神天皇の代に弩理使主という者が百済から帰化し、その曾孫弥和は顕宗天皇の代に姓調首を賜わった。
English: Since Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) disobeyed again and destroyed Mimana during the time of Emperor Kinmei, the Imperial Court sent military forces with KI no Omaro as a shogun and Ikina as a vice-shogun to accuse Shiragi.
Japanese: 欽明天皇の代に新羅がまた背き、任那を亡ぼしたので、朝廷は紀男麻呂を将として問罪の師をおこし、伊企儺はこれの副将であった。
English: A person of Shiragi pulled out his sword, came close to Ikina and made him take off his Fundoshi, then turned Ikina so his buttocks faced Japan and told him to call out [something], however, Ikina called out [something else] and thus he was killed.
Japanese: 新羅の人が刀を抜いて彼に迫り、その褌を脱がせ、尻をあらわにさせ、日本のほうへ向けさせて、と叫ばせようとし、しかし伊企儺は、と叫び、殺された。
English: Sojuro NAKAMURA (1835 - October 8, 1889) was a kabuki actor who acted in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area) during the Meiji period.
Japanese: 中村宗十郎（なかむらそうじゅうろう、天保6年（1835年）-明治22年（1889年）10月8日）は明治時代に上方で活躍した歌舞伎役者。
English: He was called 'Ensou' (took one letter from these three popular actors) with Enjaku JITSUKAWAⅠand Udanji ICHIKAWA Ⅰat the same period enjoying popularity as the grand person in the Kansai region theatrical world.
Japanese: 同時期の實川延若(初代)、市川右團次(初代)とともに「延宗右」と呼ばれ、関西劇壇の重鎮として人気を集めた。
English: He loved the arts and learned dance, shamisen (a three-stringed Japanese banjo), joined an itinerant actors troupe leaving his home and called himself Kamezo ARASHI and while he was acting on stage from Ise Province to Nagoya, he was discovered by theater officials who happened to see his play and in Osaka.
Japanese: 芸事が好きで踊りや三味線を習い、家を出て旅役者の一座に入り、嵐亀蔵と名乗り伊勢から名古屋で舞台に立つうち、来合わせた大坂の芝居関係者に見いだされて大坂に行く。
English: In Osaka, he became a disciple of Kanjaku NAKAMURA Ⅱ (Ganjiro NAKAMURA Ⅰ) and called himself as Kamezo NAKAMURA.
Japanese: 大坂では二代目中村翫雀（中村鴈治郎(初代)の父）門人となり中村歌女蔵と名乗る。
English: During this practice period, he met a young kabuki actor Enji JITSUKAWA and they performed together as a duo; one played shamisen and the other danced on the street and they were paid by pedestrians to make up money for traveling.
Japanese: この修業時代に實川延次という若手と知り合い、二人はコンビを組んで片方が三味線を引きもう片方が踊りを担当し、通行人から金をもらって路銀の足しにした。
English: While he was performing in Osaka, Jakuemon NAKAMURA Ⅰrecognized his natural talent so Sojuro was adopted by his wife's family (Daigoro MIMASU Ⅳ was his wife's father) and in July 1860, he was given the name Gennosuke MIMASU Ⅲto succeed the name of his dead brother-in-law.
Japanese: 大坂で活躍するうち、その素質を中村雀右衛門(初代)に認められ、幹部俳優の三枡大五郎(4代目)の婿養子となり、万延元年八月(1860年7月)、死亡した義兄の名をおそって三代目三枡源之助を襲名。
English: He became popular as a young promising star appearing on the big stage, but in 1864, he became a disciple of Jakuemon because he divorced his wife.
Japanese: 若手の有望株として大芝居に出演して人気があがるが、元治元年(1864)女房との離縁を機に雀右衛門の門下となる。