nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The roads were frequently used during the medieval and early modern period, so Sakamoto thrived as a port town for cargo shipment through Mt. Hiei and a key point for transportation.
Japanese: 中世、近世において頻繁に利用され、比叡山の物資輸送のために港町として、坂本は交通の要所として繁栄していた。
English: Presently, most parts of the place where the castle used to be have been developed as residential areas, and National Route 161 runs through the center of the estimated place of Sakamoto-jo Castle.
Japanese: 現在城郭の大半は宅地化され、推定地の中央には国道161号が貫通している。
English: In 1571, after the fire attack against Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, the land of Shiga County, Omi Province was given to Mitsuhide AKECHI, and Sakamoto-jo Castle was built by the order of Nobunaga ODA as a defense against the forces of Kyo (the capital) and Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
Japanese: 1571年、比叡山焼き討ちの後、明智光秀に近江国滋賀郡が与えられ、織田信長の命によって京と比叡山の抑えとして築城した。
English: Luis FROIS, a missionary, described in his book "History of Japan" that the great castle was the second most magnificent and gorgeous next to Azuchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 宣教師のルイス・フロイスは著書『日本史』にて豪壮華麗で安土城に次ぐ名城と記している。
English: In September, 1571 Nobunaga ODA ordered Mitsuhide AKECHI, who had been the lord of Usayama-jo Castle, to govern Shiga County and to build Sakamoto-jo Castle.
Japanese: 元亀2年（1571年）9月比叡山焼き討ちの後、宇佐山城の城主であった明智光秀に対して、織田信長は滋賀郡の支配を命じ坂本城を築城させた。
English: It is estimated that the purpose of this order was to observe the activities of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei and to acquire the marine control of Lake Biwa.
Japanese: 比叡山延暦寺の監視と琵琶湖の制海権の獲得が目的であったと思われている。
English: According to "Choronicle of Eiroku Era," there is a description that "AKECHI built a castle in Sakamoto, governed the estate and cut down the trees on the mountain."
Japanese: 『永禄以来年代記』によると、"明智坂本に城をかまへ、山領を知行す、山上の木にまできり取"とある。
English: The estate means the estate of Enryaku-ji Temple, and it is estimated that the construction of Sakamoto-jo Castle was stared in 1571 after the fire attack against Mt. Hiei.
Japanese: 山領というのは延暦寺の事で、比叡山焼き討ち後、1571年中に築城が開始されたと思われている。
English: Also, according to the description of "Kanemi-kyo Ki" (The Diary of Kanemi YOSHIDA) on February 4, 1573, there is a description that "明智見廻の為、坂本に下向、杉原十帖、包丁刀一、持参了、城中天守作事以下悉く披見也、驚目了."
Japanese: また『兼見卿記』元亀3年（1572年）12月22日の記述よると、"明智見廻の為、坂本に下向、杉原十帖、包丁刀一、持参了、城中天守作事以下悉く披見也、驚目了"とされている。
English: By this description, it is known that Sakamoto-jo Castle had a tenshu (main keep or tower of a castle), and it is considered that the construction of a tenshu was well under way by January 1573 after the construction of the Castle started.
Japanese: このことから坂本城には天守があり、作事が行われ翌12月頃には天守がかなり進捗していたと思われている。
English: From his sentence, though it is short, the surprise at the magnificence of the castle by Kanemi YOSHIDA, the author of "Kanemi-kyo Ki," can be imagined.
Japanese: 『兼見卿記』の筆者でもある吉田兼見は、短文ながら天守の壮大さに驚いている様子が伺え知れる。
English: Also, Sakamoto-jo Castle was mentioned by Luis FROIS, one of the missionaries of the Society of Jesus, in his book titled "Frois's History of Japan" as follows.
Japanese: また坂本城はイエズス会宣教師のルイス・フロイスの『フロイス日本史』にも、以下のように記されている。
English: "Akechi built his residence and castle in the place called Sakamoto on the shore of the huge lake which is more than 25 legua in length and about four legua from Kyo and near Mt. Hiei in Omi Province."
Japanese: "明智は、都から4レーグァほど離れ、比叡山に近く、近江国の25レーグァもあるかの大湖のほとりにある坂本と呼ばれる地に、邸宅と城砦を築いた。"
English: It seemed that it was the second most magnificent and gorgeous castle for the Japanese next to the one built by Nobunaga ODA on Mt. Azuchi, and that it was more famous than any other castle in Japan.
Japanese: それは日本人にとって豪壮華麗にもので、信長が安土山に建てたものにつぎ、この明智の城ほど有名なものは天下にないほどであった。
English: Although this is Luis FROIS's personal impression, Sakamoto-jo Castle was recognized as no less magnificent than the great Azuchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: この記述はルイス・フロイスの感想ではあるが、名城安土城と並び称される建物として意識されていた。
English: From 1572 through 1573, he attacked and defeated Kido-jo Castle and Tanaka-jo Castle (Omi Province), and he also attacked the Asai clan on the northern shore of Lake Biwa with battle ships and damaged the clan.
Japanese: 1572年-1573年にかけて、木戸城、田中城(近江国)を落城させ、また湖面より囲船にて湖北の浅井氏勢に襲撃し打撃を与えた。
English: Later Sakamoto-jo Castle was used as an important military facility as a defense against the anti-Nobunaga ODA forces.
Japanese: その後坂本城は近江国における反織田信長に対する重要な軍事施設として使用された。
English: After obtaining almost all of Tanba Province in the Battle of Kuroi-jo Castle, he became the lord of Kameyama-jo Castle in 1580.
Japanese: 黒井城の戦い第二次黒井城の戦いでほぼ丹波国を手中に収めると、1580年亀山城(丹波国)の城主となった。
English: On July 1, 1582, he did not leave for the attack on the Chugoku region, instead he attacked the army of Nobunaga ODA in Honno-ji Temple, and he drove his lord Nobunaga into the fire.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）6月2日、明智光秀は中国攻めには向かわず本能寺の織田信長軍を急襲し、織田信長を炎の中に追い込んだ。
English: However, defeated in the Battle of Yamazaki on July 12 in the same year, he temporarily retreated to Shoryuji-jo Castle.
Japanese: しかし、同年6月13日山崎の戦いで敗れた明智光秀は一旦勝竜寺城に退いた。
English: Then it is said that while returning to Sakamoto-jo Castle, he was attacked by peasants and killed around Ogurisu in Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: その後坂本城を目指している途中、山城国の小栗栖周辺で百姓らに襲われ死去したと言われている。
English: On the other hand, Hidemitsu AKECHI who had become the lord of Azuchi-jo Castle moved to Sakamoto-jo Castle to know his father's defeat in the Battle of Yamazaki.
Japanese: 一方安土城の城主となっていた明智秀満は、山崎の戦いで敗戦を知り安土城から移ってきた。
English: Surrounded by the army of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Hidemitsu AKECHI set a fire on the tenshu by himself and killed himself and Mitsuhide's wife and children.
Japanese: だが、豊臣秀吉軍が城を囲む中、明智秀満自身が天守に火を放ち光秀の妻子もろとも落城した。
English: However, in 1586 the castle was disposed with Nagamasa ASAI's building Otsu-jo Castle under the order of Hideyoshi.
Japanese: しかし1586年秀吉の命を受けた浅野長政が大津城築城により廃城になった。
English: "Nobunaga Sengoku Omi" introduces two reasons for the disposing.
Japanese: なぜ廃城になったか『信長戦国近江』によると2つの理由を紹介している。
English: The other reason is that as Osaka-jo Castle was built from 1583 to 1588, the place of Otsu was recognized as more important to connect Hokkoku, the Tokai-do Road, and Yodo-gawa River.
Japanese: もうひとつは1583年-1588年に大坂城を築城しており、大津の地が東海道や淀川を通じた北国を結ぶ上に重要視された為ではないかとしている。
English: Although Sakamoto-jo Castle had played an important role in history, its location and structure were not known for a long time.
Japanese: 坂本城は歴史上重要な役割を果たしていたが、ながらく城の位置や構造については不明となっていた。
English: However, the structure of the castle started to become clear to some extent by the excavation and research conducted in 1979.
Japanese: しかしに1979年に実施された発掘調査によって一定の構造が明確になってきた。
English: On February 27, 1578, Sogyu TSUDA who was the tea master of Mitsuhide AKECHI was invited to Sakamoto-jo Castle to hold a tea ceremony.
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）1月11日に明智光秀の茶の師匠であった堺の津田宗及が坂本城に招かれ茶会がひらかれている。
English: According to "Tennojiya-kaiki," the record of the tea ceremony at the time, there is a description to the effect that "went to Azuchi, getting on a gozabune (a roofed pleasure boat) inside the castle."
Japanese: この時の『天王寺屋会記』によると、"御座船を城の内より乗り候て、安土へ参"と記載されている。
English: It seems that the water of Lake Biwa was brought into the castle and they directly got on the boat inside the castle and headed for Azuchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 城内には琵琶湖の水が引き入れており、城内から直接船に乗り込み、そのまま安土城に向かったようである。
English: Therefore, it is considered that the castle was a 'mizu-shiro' whose building is on the shore of a lake.
Japanese: 従って城郭の建物が湖水に接した「水城」形式の城であったと思われている。
English: Also, on February 22, 1582, when Kanemi YOSHIDA visited Sakamoto-jo Castle, he had some tea in 'sho-tenshu' (small turret).
Japanese: また吉田兼見が天正10年（1582年）1月20日に坂本城に訪れた時に「小天守」で茶湯を喫している。
English: But "Nobunaga Sengoku Omi" introduces the castle by describing 'it must have been a splendid castle with dai-tenshu and sho-tenshu standing side by side.'
Japanese: だが、『信長戦国近江』によると「姫路城のような大天守と小天守が並び建つ壮麗な城だったのであろうか」と紹介している。
English: Sakamoto-jo Castle had never been excavated and researched until 1979, so little attention was paid to the ancient structural remnants of the castle.
Japanese: 1979年まで坂本城は一度も発掘調査されることは無かったため、坂本城の遺構に関しては殆ど注目される事は無かった。
English: However, as a large scale housing development was planned right in the center of Sakamoto-jo castle, a survey was conducted with the developing plan.
Japanese: しかし、坂本城跡の中心部で大規模な宅地開発が計画されたので、これに伴う調査を実施された。
English: The survey set off an intermittent excavation and research that's still ongoing, and the nawabari (castle plan; general term for the layout of a castle and its component structures) of the castle and other things have come to be known little by little.
Japanese: このことがきっかけとなり、現在に至り断続的に発掘調査が行われ、城の縄張りなどが少しずつ明らかになってきている。
English: In the survey conducted in 1979, a layer of 10 to 30cm deep scorched soil was found.
Japanese: 1979年に行われた発掘調査では、10cm-30cmの焼土層が発見された。
English: It is considered that the soil was scorched when Hidemitsu AKECHI killed himself with Mitsuhide's wife and his children by setting the tenshu on fire.
Japanese: これは明智秀満が天守に火を放ち光秀の妻子もろとも落城した時のものと考えられている。
English: Over the layer of scorched soil, there is a layer of leveled ground, which is considered to be the remnants of the period of Nagahide NIWA.
Japanese: その焼土層の上に整地した層があり、この遺構は丹羽秀長時代のものと考えられている。
English: There is a strong possibility that, inferring from the scale and placement of the foundation stones, the remnant excavated in the hon maru (the keep of a castle) area is a residential remnant.
Japanese: 本丸部分で発掘された遺構は、礎石の規模や配列から推察して、邸宅遺構の可能性が強い。
English: In addition, in this part of the castle many relics were excavated such as roof tiles, pots, earthenware pots, bowls, basins, mortar, tenmoku tea bowls including seiji (celadon porcelain), seihakuji (bluish white porcelain) and hakuji (white porcelain), which are considered to have been imported from China.
Japanese: またこの周辺からは、大量の瓦、壺、甕、碗、鉢、擂鉢、天目茶碗の他、中国から輸入されたと思われる青磁、青白磁、白磁などの遺物が発掘された。
English: Sakamoto-jo Castle has many similar features with Otsu-jo Castle and Zeze-jo Castle in terms of nawabari in that it faced Lake Biwa and that the hon maru was positioned in its tip section.
Japanese: 坂本城は後に築かれた大津城、膳所城も琵琶湖に面して本丸がその先端部に位置していること等、類似点が多い縄張りとなっている。
English: Yamaga Domain included the areas in and around Yamaga in Ikaruga no kori (Ikaruga County), Tanba Province as its territory.
Japanese: 山家藩（やまがはん）は、丹波国何鹿郡（いかるがぐん）山家周辺を領有した藩。
English: The Tani family, which governed the domain, had a close relationship with the Imperial Family through their connection with the Sono family, in fact, today's Imperial family members are related to the Tani family.
Japanese: 藩主の谷家は公家の園家を通して皇室との縁が深く、現皇室にも谷家の血が入っている。
English: Moritomo TANI, the first lord of the Yamaga Domain, was a military commander (daimyo) who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and controlled land worth 16,000 koku in Yamaga, Tanba Province.
Japanese: 藩祖・谷衛友は織田信長・豊臣秀吉に仕えた武将（大名）で、丹波国山家にて1万6000石を領した。
English: During the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Moritomo, together with Shigekatsu ONOGI, joined the Western Camp as it besieged Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province, owned by Yusai HOSOKAWA who belonged to the Eastern Camp.
Japanese: 慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いの際、衛友は西軍に属して小野木重勝らと行動を共にし、東軍に与した細川幽斎（幽斎）の丹後国田辺城(丹後国)を包囲する。
English: However, as Moritomo was constrained to join the Western Camp, and also because he had a secret connection with Fujitaka HOSOKAWA who was his master in waka poetry, he was permitted to retain his territory by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA after the battle.
Japanese: しかし、西軍に属したのは本意でなかったため、内々に歌道の師匠でもあった藤孝に通じており、そのため、戦後は徳川家康から所領を安堵されている。
English: During the time of Morimasa TANI, the second head of the family, the Yamaga Domain subdivided the territory worth 1,500 koku to Morifuyu TANI (the younger brother; the Umezako Tani family), territory worth 2,500 koku to Moriyuki TANI (the nephew; the Uesugi Tani family), and territory worth 2,000 koku to Morikiyo TANI (the nephew in the Tokura Tani family) as hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
Japanese: 2代谷衛政の代に、弟の谷衛冬に1,500石（梅迫谷家）、甥の谷衛之に2,500石（上杉谷家）・谷衛清に2,000石（十倉谷家）を旗本として分知した。
English: At the time of Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) of 1871, it became Yamaga Prefecture, which later became a part of Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）、廃藩置県により山家県となり、京都府に編入された。
English: Otsu-jo Castle was located in Otsu, Shiga County, Omi Province in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Japanese: 大津城（おおつじょう）は、安土桃山時代に近江国滋賀郡大津にあった城。
English: Otsu-jo Castle, a "hira-jiro" (castle built on level ground) lay on the area around present-day JR West Otsu Station in Hamaotsu, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, and the "honmaru" (keep and main areas) of the castle was located near the existing pier in Otsu Port of Lake Biwa.
Japanese: 現在の滋賀県大津市浜大津、西日本旅客鉄道大津駅周辺一帯にあった平城で、本丸は、現在の琵琶湖大津港桟橋付近にあたる。
English: In the Battle of Sekigahara, a few of the fierce battles were fought over Otsu-jo Castle as well as Ueda-jo Castle or other castles.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いでは上田城などと共に、数少ない激しい城の攻防戦が行われた。
English: It is said that the noise of the battle reached as far as Kyoto everyday and some citizens went to see the battle with lunch bags and water bottles.
Japanese: その騒音は連日京都にまで届き、市民の中には弁当と水筒持参で見物に行く者まで出たという。
English: Otsu-jo Castle was abandoned after the war, and some parts of the castle including the keep were reportedly transferred to Zeze-jo Castle or Hikone-jo Castle.
Japanese: 戦後に廃城となり、天守などが膳所城や彦根城に移築されたと伝えられる。
English: When the keep of Hikone-jo Castle was disjointed and repaired in 1957, some notes and inscriptions in India ink were found, which indicates the possibility that the keep of Hikone-jo Castle was built from the materials once used in the keep of Otsu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 彦根城の天守がかつての大津城天守の用材を転用して建てられている可能性が、昭和32年（1957年）に行われた彦根城天守解体修理の際に符号、墨書きが見つかったことを根拠に示されている。
English: In 1586, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI abandoned Sakamoto-jo Castle and ordered Nagamasa ASAI to build another castle, Otsu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 1586年（天正14年）、豊臣秀吉は坂本城を廃城とし、浅野長政に命じて新たに築城された。
English: Later, the ownership of the castle was transferred from the Masuda clan to the Shinjo clan and, in 1595, it was given to Takatsugu KYOGOKU with a stipend of 60,000 koku (approximately 10.8 million liters of crop yield).
Japanese: その後、増田氏、新庄氏をへて、1595年（文禄4年）に京極高次が城主となり6万石を与えられた。
English: In the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Takatsugu belonged to East squad and barricaded himself in Otsu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 1600年（慶長5年）の関ヶ原の戦いで高次は東軍に属し大津城に籠城した。
English: However Otsu-jo Castle was not suitable for battles, because the castle was originally used for safely preserving materials transported from Mino Province or Echizen Province by the waters of Lake Biwa.
Japanese: しかし大津城はもともと琵琶湖の水運を利用して美濃国、越前国方面から運ばれてくる物資を安全に保管するための城郭であり、攻防戦には不向きであった。
English: The castle was surrounded by the 15,000 soldiers of the West squad including Motoyasu MORI and Muneshige TACHIBANA in October 13, 1600, which was the beginning of the battle over the castle.
Japanese: 9月7日(旧暦)より毛利元康・立花宗茂ら西軍1万5000に城を囲まれ攻防戦が開始された。
English: Before the battle, the 3000 soldiers of the Kyogoku Army burned away the castle town for 12 hours until the town changed into a barren field.
Japanese: これに先立ち、京極軍3000は12時間かけて城下を焼き払い、町は荒野と化した。
English: Kyogoku Army including AKAO Izu no kami (Governor of Izu Province) and Oi YAMADA fought to defend the castle for seven days, but, on October 19, they were attacked with cannons from nearby Mt. Nagara and the cannonballs rained down on the keep and other buildings of the castle, destroying them.
Japanese: 京極軍は家臣赤尾伊豆守、山田大炊以下、奮戦し、7日間持ち堪えたが、9月13日(旧暦)からは近くの長等山から大砲で砲撃を受け、砲弾は眼下に落ちるような勢いで天守その他の建築物を破壊した。
English: Finally, a peace treaty was approved through the mediation of both Kozosu, a close aide of Kodaiin, and Mokujiki Ogo, a monk from Mt. Koya.
Japanese: ここに至り、高台院の側近孝蔵主と高野山の木食応其の仲介による講和が成立する。
English: On October 20, Takatsugu surrendered the castle, and then he went to Onjo-ji Temple to become a monk and went up to Mt. Koya.
Japanese: 9月14日(旧暦)に降伏開城した高次は園城寺に入り、剃髪して高野山に上った。
English: However, since Takatsugu's service of riveting the 15,000 solders of the West squad to Otsu-jo Castle was notable, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA sent for him after the war and gave him Wakasa Province as his territory with the ownership of Obama-jo Castle and the increased stipend of 82,000 koku (approximately 14.8 million liters of crop).
Japanese: しかし、西軍1万5000を大津城に釘付けにした功績は大きく、戦後、徳川家康は高次を召しだし、若狭国小浜城(若狭国)8万2000石に加増転封させた。
English: Shortly after Takatsugu moved to Wakasa Province, Ieyasu abandoned Otsu-jo Castle and built a new castle, Zeze-jo Castle in Zezezaki.
Japanese: 高次が若狭へ移ってまもなくして、家康は大津城を廃城にし、新たに膳所崎に膳所城を築城した。
English: Some parts of Otsu-jo Castle which escaped damage in the battle over the castle were transferred to Hikone-jo Castle and Zeze-jo Castle.
Japanese: 大津城攻防戦で戦禍を免れた建築物の一部は、彦根城、膳所城に転用、移築された。
English: Kannonji-jo Castle was a mountain castle, located in Azuchi-cho, Gamo County, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 観音寺城（かんのんじじょう）は、滋賀県蒲生郡安土町にあった山城である。
English: It was built on Mt. Kinugasa, stretched from the north to the south, and was 432.9 meters in height.
Japanese: 標高432.9メートル、南北に伸びる繖（きぬがさ）山の山上に築かれる。
English: It was located in a strategically important region for controlling the surrounding areas, such as large and middle-size lakes including Lake Biwa as well as the Tozan-do Road, continuing from Mino Province to Kyoto City, and the Happu-kaido Road, connecting the settlement of Choko-ji Temple to Ise City.
Japanese: 周辺は琵琶湖や大中の湖、美濃から京都へ至る東山道、長光寺集落から伊勢へ抜ける八風街道があり、それらを管制できる要衝に位置する。
English: Although it is unknown when the castle was built, according to an old book "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace), Ujiyori ROKKAKU barricaded himself inside the castle preparing for an attack from Akiie KITABATAKE who belonged to the Southern Court (the Yoshino Court) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the castle had already been built at that time.
Japanese: 正確な築城年代は定かではないが、古典『太平記』には、南北朝時代(日本)のに、南朝（吉野朝廷）側の北畠顕家軍に備えて六角氏頼が篭もったという記述があり、そのころには築かれていたと考えられている。
English: However, it seems that they were still using Kannonsho-ji Temple as a fortress at that time.
Japanese: ただ、この時はまだ観音正寺を臨戦用の砦として活用していたのではないかと考えられている。
English: The Rokkaku clan was attacked by their kin, Mochikiyo KYOGOKU, in the Onin War that broke out in the Muromachi period, because the Rokkaku clan was allied with the Western camp.
Japanese: 室町時代の応仁の乱では、六角氏が西軍に属したため同族の京極持清に攻められている。
English: The son of Mochikiyo KYOGOKU, who allied with the Hosokawa family of the Eastern camp, Katsuhide KYOGOKU attacked Kannonji-jo Castle belonging to Takayori ROKKAKU.
Japanese: 東軍細川家に属していた京極持清の子、京極勝秀は六角高頼の居城観音寺城を攻撃した。
English: The Rusuiyaku (guards of castles when the lords were absent) of Kannonji-jo Castle, Yukitaka IBA fought against him, because both the lord, Takayori ROKKAKU and the Jindai (representatives of lords), Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI were in Kyoto, fighting in the war.
Japanese: 城主六角高頼、陣代山内政綱らは京都におり東西の戦闘に参加していたので、観音寺城の留守居役の伊庭行隆が迎え出た。
English: Jindai (a role), Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI finally came back from Kyoto and built up the defenses of the castle, in the beginning of November.
Japanese: 11月初め、陣代山内政綱がようやく京より帰国し観音寺城の防備を固めた。
English: The allied forces of Masaaki ROKKAKU and Mochikiyo KYOGOKU, who were defeated by Takayori ROKKAKU in the Battle of Yuge, prepared for action after the first battle of Kannonji-jo Castle so as to avenge their defeat at that battle.
Japanese: 弓削の戦いで六角高頼に敗れた、六角政暁と京極持清の連合軍は雪辱を果たすべく、第一次観音寺城の戦いに続き戦闘準備を整えた。
English: The allied forces of the Rokkaku and the Kyogoku clan attacked Kannonji-jo Castle on November 8 of that year.
Japanese: 同年11月8日、六角・京極連合軍は観音寺城を攻め落とすべく攻撃を開始。
English: According to "Hekizan Mokuroku," although, Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI fought against the allied forces, he eventually set the castle alight and withdrew, and the 23 military commanders, who once belonged to the side of Takayori ROKKAKU, switched allegiance to the allied forces of the Rokkaku and the Kyogoku clans.
Japanese: 山内政綱は防戦したが、守り切ることができず、火を放ち敗走し、六角高頼方の武将23人が六角・京極連合軍に寝返ったと『碧山目録』に記載されている。
English: By using this authority, he relieved Takayori ROKKAKU of the Shugo of Omi Province, and appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU instead to the same position in May.
Japanese: この権威を利用して5月近江国の守護六角高頼を解任、代わりに京極持清を守護に任命した。
English: He not only appointed Mochikiyo KYOGOKU to be the Shugo, but also obtained a special privilege to confiscate chigyo-chi (territory) from those who did not obey Mochikiyo KYOGOKU.
Japanese: 守護に任命しただけではなく、京極持清に従わない者は知行地を没収する特権も持った。
English: Takayori ROKKAKU and his Hikan (low-level bureaucrat) were furious about the decision, rebuilt Kannonji-jo Castle, which had burned down, and barricaded them selves in it for a third time.
Japanese: これに激怒した六角高頼とその被官は、焼失した観音寺城を修築、3度立てこもることになる。
English: Mochikiyo KYOGOKU sent Takatada TAGA and Masaaki ROKKAKU there to subdue them.
Japanese: これに対して、京極持清軍は多賀高忠や六角政暁を派兵、鎮圧に向かわせた。
English: Takayori ROKKAKU deployed Masatsuna YAMANOUCHI, Sadataka IBA and Yukitaka IBA to Kannonji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles and surrounding fortresses to resist.
Japanese: 六角高頼軍は、山内政綱、伊庭貞隆、伊庭行隆を観音寺城やその支城、周辺の砦に配置し、交戦状態になった。
English: Although the besieging army delivered blistering attacks, the army of Takayori ROKKAKU defended the castle well and finally succeeded in fighting off the army of Mochikiyo KYOGOKU.
Japanese: 攻囲軍は猛攻であったが、六角高頼軍も防備し、三度目の正直、ついに京極持清軍を撃退することに成功する。
English: Later, when the castle was attacked by the ninth Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, twice, in August and September, due to Takayori ROKKAKU's invasion of bakufu goryochi (the land directly controlled by bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]), they temporarily abandoned the castle, conducted guerrilla wars in the mountains of Koka, and recaptured the castle later in both wars (the Chokyo-Entoku Wars).
Japanese: その後、六角高頼が幕府御料地を侵略した際には9月と8月の2回、第9代将軍足利義尚の親征を受けたが、その2度とも観音寺城を放棄し甲賀の山中でゲリラ戦を展開、一時的に城を明け渡すが共に奪回している（長享・延徳の乱）。
English: Although, the castle was rebuilt during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), in the generation of Yoshikata (Shotei) ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU, they were defeated in wars such as the Battle at Norada against the Azai clan.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には大幅な城の改築が行われるが、六角義賢(承禎)・六角義治の頃には浅井氏に敗れる（野良田の戦い）などで衰退することになる。
English: The Rokkaku clan fought against the great army that Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, as the Shogun, and Nobunaga ODA, who was from Owari Province, formed in order to go to Kyoto, and after the defeat of the subsidiary castle - Mitsukuri-jo Castle on September 13, Yoshikata ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU fled Kannonji-jo Castle without any resistance.
Japanese: 尾張の織田信長が足利義昭を擁して上洛の大軍を興すと六角氏は敵対し、9月13日に信長に支城の箕作城を落とされると、六角義賢・六角義治は観音寺城から逃げ無血開城した。
English: It is thought Yoshikata ROKKAKU and Yoshiharu ROKKAKU could not come back to the castle again, and the castle was deserted afterward.
Japanese: その後、六角義賢・六角義治は観音寺城に戻ることが出来ずそのまま廃城になったと思われている。
English: The castle was selected as No. 52 of Nihon 100 meijo (100 great castles in Japan) on April 6, and in those selected castles, the nationwide, Nihon 100 meijo stamp rally was begun.
Japanese: 4月6日、日本100名城（52番）に選定され、6月から全国規模の日本100名城スタンプラリーが開始された。
English: According to the literature and the research on the land, it is apparent that the Kannonji-jo Castle has been renovated several times to be the Kannonji-jo Castle today.
Japanese: 現在のような観音寺城になるまで幾度かの改修が実施されたことが、文献や発掘調査などから明らかになっている。
English: Kannonji-jo Castle, which probably was one of the biggest mountain castles in Japan, contains, while not certain, more than a thousand Kuruwa, which are surrounded by stonewalls.
Japanese: 観音寺城は現在、正確な曲輪の数はわからないが1000箇所以上の曲輪があり、その多くが石垣で囲まれた日本国内屈指の大規模な山城であったと見られている。
English: Unlike the usual characteristics of Japanese mountain castles, in which they had residences at the foot of mountains for their convenience and had facilities for combat and defense on mountaintops, the Kannonji-jo Castle had Kuruwa, which were like areas for residential complexes, comfortable to live in, throughout the entire area of the foot of the mountain, which is the biggest difference between other mountain castles in Japan.
Japanese: 山城の特徴として、居住に便利なように山麓に居館を設け、山上付近に戦闘、防備施設があるのが一般的だが、観音寺城は山麓全体に分譲地、もしくは団地のような居住性の高い曲輪が配されている点が他の山城とは大きく異なる。
English: From the beginning, there were many Kokujin-shu (local samurai) with independent spirits, and it is thought that the castle needed to have Kuruwa, which contain large residences, so as to help establish a coalition government with them.
Japanese: もともとこの地域は自立意識の高い国人衆が多く、彼らと連合政権のような政治を実施していくために、城郭も広い屋敷をもつ曲輪が必要であったと思われている。