nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He controlled speech and suppressed enlightening scholars such as Choei TAKANO and Kazan WATANABE (Bansha no goku).
Japanese: また言論統制も行ない、高野長英や渡辺崋山などの開明的な学者を弾圧した（蛮社の獄）。
English: In 1843, it caused a sharp backlash that the bakufu imposed Agechi-rei to have feudal lords and direct retainers in the vicinity of Edo and Osaka surrender their holdings for restructuring the territory directly controlled by the bakufu.
Japanese: 天保14年（1843年）、幕府が江戸・大坂周辺の大名・旗本領の幕府直轄（ちょっかつ）領編入を目的とした上知令を発令すると猛烈な反発を受けた。
English: Ieyoshi had to repeal it the following year, and Tadakuni was dismissed from Roju, which led to the failure of Tempo Reforms.
Japanese: 家慶の判断で翌年にその撤回を余儀なくされ忠邦は失脚して天保の改革は挫折する。
English: Leaving politics to Toshitsura DOI, Masahiro ABE and Masanori TSUTSUI, Ieyoshi made the lord of Satsuma Domain Narioki SHIMAZU abdicate the headship and ordered the abdication and suspension to the lord of Mito Domain Nariaki TOKUGAWA through Oyura Feud.
Japanese: その後、家慶は土井利位、阿部正弘、筒井政憲らに政治を委ね、お由羅騒動に介入して薩摩藩主・島津斉興を隠居させたり、水戸藩主・徳川斉昭に隠居謹慎を命じたりしている。
English: On June 3, 1853, Matthew Perry and his four warships arrived off Uraga from the United States of America (the arrival of the Black Ships).
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）6月3日、アメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーが4隻の軍艦を率いて浦賀沖に現れた。（黒船来航）
English: March 5, 1822: Transferred and promoted to Shonii Naidaijin (Senior Second Court Rank, Inner Minister) and also held a position in Ukone no daisho.
Japanese: 文政5年（1822年）3月5日、正二位内大臣に昇叙転任し、右近衛大将の兼任元の如し。
English: March 18, 1827: Promoted to Juichii (Junior First Court Rank) and held a position of Naidaijin Ukone no daisho.
Japanese: 文政10年（1827年）3月18日、従一位に昇叙し、内大臣右近衛大将如元。
English: * He was the first appearance of the Tokugawa shogunate family who was conferred to Juichii in his time as the designated shogunate heir.
Japanese: ※将軍後継者の段階で従一位に叙せられたのは徳川将軍家の中で初出である。
English: In addition, it was the first time since Hidetada TOKUGAWA that he was appointed as Naidaijin in his time as the designated shogunate heir.
Japanese: また、将軍後継者の段階で内大臣に任官したのは徳川秀忠以来の出来事である。
English: It caused that the territorial lords spoke badly of him and called him 'Soseisama' (literally means, Mr. Do that) in derision because he always answered 'Do that' to his vassals' offers.
Japanese: そのため、諸大名の間では評判が悪く、家臣の意見を聞いても「そうせい」というのみであったから、｢そうせい様」と呼ばれて暗愚と見られている。
English: However, he just had to answer so because he didn't have real power while his father was alive, and then showed a measure of leadership after his death.
Japanese: ただし父が存命中には実権が無かったためにそう答えるしかなく、父の死後はある程度の指導力を発揮している。
English: (Seeing one of his vassals deploring the weight of two lengths of swords at his side, he encouraged the military art and held military art exhibitions in front of the Emperor 8 times in 4 months.)
Japanese: （家臣の1人が腰に差した大小の刀が重いと嘆くのを見て武芸を奨励し、4ヶ月の間に8回も武術上覧会を開催している。）
English: His personnel management could be also evaluated, for example, he re-promoted Tadakuni MIZUNO at the right time after MIZUNO's downfall and then installed young Masahiro ABE to leave the government.
Japanese: また水野忠邦が失脚した後、機を見て水野を再登用し、用が済めば若い阿部正弘を登用して幕政を任せるなど、人事に関しては評価すべき点がある。
English: According to "TOKUGAWA shogun graves, the remains and personal effects in Zojo-ji Temple," Ieyoshi was a short, distinctive figure with an estimated height of 154cm among the successive shoguns.
Japanese: 『増上寺徳川将軍墓とその遺品・遺体』によれば、家慶は歴代将軍のなかでも推定身長は154cmと小柄で独特の体つきであった。
English: So, it is estimated that his portrait above describes Ieyoshi's feature in life very truthfully.
Japanese: ゆえに、上記肖像画は家慶の生前の特徴をかなり忠実に描写したものと推定されている。
English: His concubine Okoto no kata, whom Tadanaka MIZUNO sent up to O-oku (the inner halls of Edo-jo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided) to find a clue for his political participation, got affection from Ieyoshi aged over 50 then.
Japanese: 側室のお琴の方は、水野忠央が幕政に参加するための糸口として、大奥に挙げ、家慶は当時50代に達していたものの、寵愛した。
English: Although Okoto no kata, who entered the priesthood, lived in Sakuradamon yashiki mansion after Ieyoshi's death, a little later she committed adultery with a merchant-class carpenter during the repair work and later passed away.
Japanese: 家慶の死後、お琴の方は落飾し、桜田門屋敷で過ごしていたが、しばらくして改修工事が行われた際に、町男の大工と密通して、のちに死去。
English: It was said that he did not want to make his 4th son Iesada Shogun because of his poor health and disability but wanted to make his lawful wife's nephew Yoshinobu Shogun.
Japanese: 四男・家定を将軍にしたくなかったのは、病弱で障害者だったからであり、正室の甥にあたる慶喜を将軍にしたかったという。
English: He gave Iesada what is now called rehabilitaion to cure his disability, but in vain.
Japanese: 家定の障害をなおそうと、今でいうリハビリをやらせていたが、思わしい効果は得られなかった。
English: It was natural that the diability of a child in the shogun family was treated if he had some.
Japanese: 将軍家の子女に何らかの障害があればその治療に当たるのは当然のことである。
English: Ichiyo HIGUCHI (May 2, 1872 - November 23, 1896) was a Japanese novelist.
Japanese: 樋口一葉（ひぐちいちよう）1872年5月2日（明治5年3月25日(旧暦)）-1896年（明治29年）11月23日）は、日本の小説家。
English: While her life was difficult, she produced excellent masterpieces including 'Takekurabe' (literally, Seeing Who's Taller), 'Jusanya' (literally, Thirteenth Night), and 'Nigorie' (literally, Muddy Picture), which were highly acclaimed by the literary public.
Japanese: 生活に苦しみながら、「たけくらべ」「十三夜(小説)」「にごりえ」といった秀作を発表、文壇から絶賛される。
English: She produced these masterpieces in only a year and a half, but died of lung tuberculosis at the age of 25 (age calculated by the traditional Japanese system; the same applies hereafter).
Japanese: わずか1年半でこれらの作品を送ったが、25歳（数え年、以下同様）で肺結核により死去。
English: She was born on May 2, 1872 in a nagaya (row house) on the premises of the Tokyo prefectural office (present Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) in Uchisaiwaicho, Ichi shoku, Daini daiku, Tokyo-fu (Tokyo Prefecture).
Japanese: 1872年5月2日（明治5年3月25日）、東京府第二大区一小区内幸町の東京府庁構内（現在の東京都千代田区）の長屋で生まれる。
English: Her father was Tamenosuke (Noriyoshi) HIGUCHI and her mother was Ayame, the fifth daughter of the Furuya family; Ichiyo was their second daughter.
Japanese: 父は樋口為之助（則義）、母は古屋家の娘多喜（あやめ）の第五子で、一葉は二女。
English: Her father, Noriyoshi, was a peasant in Nakahagiwara Village, Yamanashi County, Kai Province (present Koshu City, formerly Enzan City).
Japanese: 父親の則義は甲斐国山梨郡中萩原村（現、甲州市塩山市）の百姓であった。
English: Her grandfather seems to have been familiar with creative writings such as haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) and keisho (the most important documents in Confucianism); it is said that Noriyoshi preferred academics to farming and, as his marriage with Ayame was not permitted, they practically eloped to Edo.
Japanese: 祖父は俳諧などの文芸や経書に親しんでいたようで、則義も農業より学問を好み、さらに多喜との結婚を許されなかったため駆け落ち同然に江戸に出たという。
English: Noriyoshi began as a servant in the Bansho shirabesho (a government-run Western studies education and research institute) and, by good fortune, became a jikisan (immediate retainer) of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by buying a kabu (a right to become doshin) of doshin (a low-ranked official) in 1867.
Japanese: 則義は蕃書調所の小使いから1867年（慶応3年）には同心株を買い、運良く幕府直参となった。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, he became a low-level official and acquired the status of shizoku (a family or person of samurai ancestry), but was dismissed in 1876.
Japanese: 明治維新後には下級役人となり士族の身分を得るが、1876年（明治9年）に免職となる。
English: As a young child, Ichiyo was raised in a family of moderate means, and she enjoyed reading from the time she was small; she read kusazoshi (illustrated story books) and it is said that she read through "Nanso Satomi Hakkenden" (a story of eight samurai and a princess of the Satomi family in the Nanso region) by Bakin KYOKUTEI when she was seven years old.
Japanese: 少女時代までは中流家庭に育ち、幼少時代から読書を好み草双紙の類いを読み、7歳の時に曲亭馬琴の『南総里見八犬伝』を読破したと伝えられる。
English: In 1877, she entered Hongo Shogakko (Hongo Elementary School), but could not continue because she was too young, so she enrolled in Yoshikawa Gakko (Yoshikawa School), which had been established privately by Tomikichi YOSHIKAWA.
Japanese: 1877年、本郷小学校に入るが、幼少のために続かず、吉川富吉が始めた私立吉川学校に入学した。
English: In 1881, Toranosuke, her second older brother, set up a branch family and apprenticed himself to an earthenware painter.
Japanese: 1881年（明治14年）、次兄の虎之助が分家し、陶器絵付師に弟子入りした。
English: The family moved to Okachimachi, Shitaya Ward in the same year, so in November, she transferred to Seikai Gakko, a private school, in Ueno Motokuromoncho.
Japanese: 同年には下谷区御徒町へ移ったため、11月に上野元黒門町の私立青海学校に転校する。
English: On the other hand, it is said that her father, Noriyoshi, recognized his daughter's literary talent and let her learn waka from his acquaintance, Shigeo WADA.
Japanese: 一方、父・則義は娘の文才を見抜き、知人の和田重雄のもとで和歌を習わせたという。
English: In 1886, she entered the waka school 'Haginoya,' run by Utako NAKAJIMA, through an introduction by Choan TODA, an acquaintance of her father from the days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Japanese: 1886年（明治19年）、父の旧幕時代の知人である遠田澄庵の紹介で、中島歌子の歌塾「萩の舎」に入門。
English: In this school, besides waka, she studied classic literature and Japanese calligraphy of the Chikage school; dynastic style literature, such as The Tale of Genji, was the motif of Ichiyo's early works.
Japanese: ここでは和歌のほか千蔭流の書や古典文学を学んでおり、源氏物語などの王朝文学が一葉の初期作品のモチーフになっている。
English: During her time at Haginoya, Ichiyo met her close friends Natsuko ITO and Tatsuko TANABE and gave lectures as an assistant teacher.
Japanese: 萩の舎時代に一葉は親友の伊東夏子や田辺龍子と出会い、助教として講義もしている。
English: At that time, Haginoya was a waka school attended by the wives and daughters of the former regime's privileged classes - such as court nobles, former roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate), and former domain lords - and of the Meiji government statesmen and military personnel.
Japanese: 萩の舎は当時、公家や旧老中・旧藩主などの旧体制、明治政府の特権階級の政治家・軍人の夫人や令嬢らが通う歌塾だった。
English: Although Ichiyo was shizoku, since her family had been farmers, she was treated as a commoner; she became introverted, and senior pupils from the upper social class called her 'monotsutsumi no kimi' (literally, close-natured person).
Japanese: 士族とはいえ元農民出身であったため、一葉は平民組として扱われ、上流階級の姉弟子たちにから「ものつつみの君」と呼ばれるほど内向的になる。
English: When the first annual New Year's opening ceremony since Ichiyo had entered the school drew near, the topic of conversation among the well-bred young ladies turned to clothing and festive dress, well beyond the range in which the daughter of a low-class government official could compete.
Japanese: 入門して初めの正月、新春恒例の発会が近づくと、令嬢たちの晴れ着の話題など、着物の話はとても下級官吏の娘が競える内容ではなかった。
English: In 1888, Sentaro, the first son and head of the family, died; Ichiyo inherited the family and became its head, with her father as guardian.
Japanese: 1888年（明治21年）、戸主であった長男の泉太郎が死去し、父を後見に相続戸主となる。
English: In 1889, Noriyoshi's attempt to establish an association of draying contractors failed, and he died in July of the same year.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）、則義は荷車請負業組合設立の事業に失敗し、同年7月に死去。
English: It is said this was due to the fact that, although the Higuchi family was left with a large amount of debt after Noriyoshi's death, Saburo HIGUCHI required a large amount of yuinokin (betrothal [gift] money).
Japanese: 則義の死後、樋口家には多額の借金があったのに渋谷三郎から高額の結納金を要求されたことが原因とされる。
English: At the age of 17, Ichiyo was forced to support her family as its head and, in 1890, she lived in the house of the Nakajima family as a Haginoya apprentice.
Japanese: 一葉は17歳にして戸主として一家を担う立場となり、1890年（明治23年）には萩の舎の内弟子として中島家に住む。
English: In September of the same year, she moved to Kikuzaka, Hongo (Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) and, along with her mother and younger sister, was obliged to live a hard life doing needlework and araihari (washing, stretching and drying various parts of kimono).
Japanese: 同年9月には本郷菊坂（東京都文京区）に移り母と妹と三人での針仕事や洗い張りをするなど苦しい生活を強いられる。
English: It is said, however, that Ichiyo herself tended to disdain labor, and that the needlework and araihari were conducted by her mother and younger sister.
Japanese: ただし一葉自身は労働に対する蔑視が強く、針仕事や洗い張りはもっぱら母や妹がこなしていたと言われる。
English: As Ichiyo's nearsightedness made her bad at detail work, she searched for other ways to earn income.
Japanese: 一葉は近眼のため細かい仕事が不得手であったので、自分にできる他の収入の道を探していた。
English: When she learned that Kaho TANABE, a pupil in the grades ahead of her, had obtained a large manuscript fee for her novel "Yabu no Uguisu" (literally, Bush Warbler in a Thicket), Ichiyo made up her mind to write novels.
Japanese: 同門の姉弟子である田辺花圃が小説『薮の鶯』で多額の原稿料を得たのを知り、小説を書こうと決意する。
English: In order to make a living as a novelist, she also studied under Tosui NAKARAI, who reported on novels for the Asahi Shimbun, frequented a library, and published her first novel 'Yamizakura' (literally, Cherry Blossom in the Dark) in the first issue of the magazine 'Musashino,' presided over by Tosui.
Japanese: さらに小説家として生計を立てるため、朝日新聞小説記者の半井桃水（なからいとうすい）に師事し、図書館に通い詰めながら処女小説「闇桜」を桃水主宰の雑誌「武蔵野」の創刊号に発表した。
English: However, a scandal about their relationship spread (although both were single, the customs of the time did not approve of such associations between a man and a woman without the intent to marry), and so she severed relations with Tosui.
Japanese: しかし二人の仲の醜聞が広まった（双方独身であったが、当時は結婚を前提としない男女の付き合いは許されない風潮であった）ため、桃水と縁を切る。
English: As if to emphasize the end of her relationship with Tosui, she published "Umoregi" (literally, Buried Wood), an idealistic novel in the style of Rohan KODA; it was completely different from her previous works, and it became the one that made her career.
Japanese: 桃水とけじめをつけるかのように全く異なる幸田露伴風の理想主義的な小説『うもれ木』を刊行し、一葉の出世作となる。
English: Ichiyo became acquainted with Toson SHIMAZAKI and Tokuboku HIRATA, both of whom were well-versed in European literature; having come into contact with naturalistic literature, Ichiyo published multiple works including 'Yuki no Hi' (literally, Snowy Day) in 'Bungakukai.'
Japanese: ヨーロッパ文学に精通した島崎藤村や平田禿木などと知り合い自然主義文学に触れあった一葉は、「雪の日」など複数作品を「文學界」で発表。
English: Her former fiance, Saburo SAKAMOTO (the Saburo SHIBUYA mentioned above) had become a prosecutor; around this time, he proposed to her, but she refused him.
Japanese: このころ、検事になったかつての許婚者阪本三郎（前述の渋谷三郎）が求婚してくるが拒否する。
English: In order to relieve her straightened circumstances, she opened a variety shop which sold cleaning implements and penny candy in Shitaya Ryusenji-cho (present Ryusen 1-chome, Taito Ward), but closed the shop in May 1894 and moved to Maruyama Fukuyama-cho, Hongo Ward (present Nishikata 1-chome).
Japanese: 生活苦打開のため、吉原_(東京都)遊郭近くの下谷龍泉寺町（現在の台東区竜泉一丁目）で荒物と駄菓子を売る雑貨店を開いたが1894年（明治27年）5月には店を引き払い、本郷区丸山福山町（現在の西片一丁目）に転居する。
English: Her experience on this occasion later became the subject of 'Takekurabe,' her representative work.
Japanese: この時の経験が後に代表作となる小説「たけくらべ」の題材となっている。
English: In December, she published 'Otsugomori' (literally, New Year's Eve) in 'Bungakukai' and the next year, in 1895, 'Takekurabe' was published in seven installments, beginning in January.
Japanese: 12月に「大つごもり」を「文學界」に、翌1895年（明治28年）には1月から「たけくらべ」を7回にわたり発表した。
English: Between the two works, she published 'Yuku Kumo' (literally, Going Cloud), 'Nigorie,' 'Jusanya' and others; the period from 'Otsugomori' to 'Uramurasaki' (literally, Purple on the Verso) is called her 'miraculous 14 months.'
Japanese: その合間に「ゆく雲」「にごりえ」「十三夜(小説)」などを発表し、「大つごもり」から「裏紫」にかけての期間は「奇跡の14ヶ月」と呼ばれる。
English: In 1896, when 'Takekurabe' was published in its entirety in 'Bungei Kurabu,' it won great acclaim from Ogai MORI, Rohan KODA and others; Ogai MORI praised Ichiyo very highly in 'Mezamashigusa,' and many members of 'Bungakukai' began to visit her.
Japanese: 1896年（明治29年）には「文芸倶楽部」に「たけくらべ」が一括掲載されると鴎外や露伴らから絶賛を受け、森鴎外は「めさまし草」で一葉を高く評価し、「文学界」同人も多く訪れるようになる。
English: Ichiyo had advanced tuberculosis and, when she was diagnosed in August, it was judged hopeless.
Japanese: 一葉は結核の症状が進行しており、8月に診断を受けたが絶望と診断された。
English: Ichiyo's life as a novelist lasted only a little over 14 months and in 1897, the year following her death, "Ichiyo Zenshu" (literally, The Complete Collection of Ichiyo's Works), and "Kotei Ichiyo Zenshu" (literally, The Revised Complete Collection of Ichiyo's Works) were published.
Japanese: 一葉の作家生活は14ヶ月あまりで、死後の翌1897年には『一葉全集』『校訂一葉全集』が刊行された。
English: Her grave was in the annex temple of Tsukiji Hongan-ji Temple, the Higuchi family's ancestral temple, and was later moved to the Wadabori byosho (mausoleum) of Nishihongan-ji Temple in Izumi, Suginami Ward.
Japanese: 墓は樋口家の菩提寺である築地本願寺別院で、のち杉並区和泉(杉並区)の西本願寺和田掘廟所へ移された。
English: Literary materials including handwritten manuscripts and other related materials are kept by the Museum of Modern Japanese Literature and Yamanashi Kenritsu Bungakukan (literally, Yamanashi Prefectural Museum of Literature).
Japanese: 肉筆原稿や関係資料などの文学資料は日本近代文学館や山梨県立文学館に所蔵されている。
English: Since November 2004, her portrait has been used on the Bank of Japan's five thousand yen note.
Japanese: 2004年11月より、日本銀行券の五千円紙幣の肖像に採用されている。
English: In her life of 24 years, and in particular during the one year and two months immediately before her death, she left works which have been regarded highly in the history of modern Japanese literature.
Japanese: 24年の生涯の中で、特に亡くなるまでの1年2ヶ月の期間に日本の近代文学史に残る作品を残した。
English: Even as her family declined, she continued to take pride in her descent from shizoku; however, some believe that this was the cause of her failure in business.
Japanese: 家が没落していくなかで、自らが士族の出であるという誇りを終生持ち続けたが、商売が失敗したのもそれゆえであるとみるむきもある。
English: Because she lived in great poverty, she sometimes made up her mind to stop writing, but her life in the neighborhood of Yoshiwara (Tokyo Prefecture), where she opened a variety shop, influenced the style of her works.
Japanese: 生活は非常に苦しかったために、筆を折ることも決意したが、雑貨店を開いた吉原_(東京都)近郊での生活はその作風に影響を与えた。
English: She used Saikaku IHARA's gazoku-setchu style (a mixture of elegant and common language) to describe the behavior of women in the Meiji period and the resulting sorrow.
Japanese: 井原西鶴風の雅俗折衷の文体で、明治期の女性の立ち振る舞いや、それによる悲哀を描写している。
English: In "Takekurabe," she gave an emotion-filled description of the appearance and behavior of adolescent boys and girls against the backdrop of Daionjimae near Yoshiwara.
Japanese: 『たけくらべ』では吉原近くの大音寺前を舞台にして、思春期頃の少年少女の様子を情緒ある文章で描いた。
English: Although she is known as "Ichiyo HIGUCHI," she used different pen names for different purposes: Natsuko for poetry, Ichiyo (usually without a family name) for novels and Numako ASAKANO and Shikako KASUGANO for novels for newspapers.
Japanese: 「樋口一葉」として知られるが、歌人としては夏子、小説家としては無姓志向の一葉、新聞小説の戯号は浅香のぬま子、春日野しか子として筆名を使い分けている。
English: Her published works may be classified as two groups, one associated with her real name, "Natsuko HIGUCHI" and the other associated with her pen name, "Ichiyo."
Japanese: 発表作品においては「樋口夏子」に類する本名系と「一葉」の雅号系に分類される。
English: There is only one incident of the use of a mixed pen name, "Ichiyo HIGUCHI;" in another case, someone else added the family name to the original signature, "Ichiyo," on an unfinished manuscript of 'Takekurabe.'
Japanese: 「樋口一葉」と混合した署名を用いている例はわずか一つであり、「たけくらべ」未定稿などにおいて「一葉」と記された署名に別人の手により姓が書き加えられているケースがある。
English: During the first half of the Meiji period, due to opposition toward family or change in family name, female novelists showed this tendency to avoid using family names in their signatures and to use pen names in fictitious works; Ichiyo is believed to have been very conscious of her position as female head of her family.
Japanese: 明治前半期の女性作家においては家への抵抗や姓の変遷などから同様に姓の忌避や創作世界においては雅号を用いるといった署名傾向があり、一葉にも女戸主としての意識が強くあったとも考えられている。
English: The pen name, Ichiyo, is a pun on the fact that she was force to suffer from poverty (having no oashi [money]), and on the anecdote of Darma, who made a voyage to China on a boat made of a leaf (ichiyo) of reed (in Japanese, "ashi") and later lost his hands and legs (in Japanese, "Ashi").
Japanese: 一葉という筆名は、当時困窮していた事（お足が無い）と一枚の葦の葉の舟に乗って中国へ渡り後に手足を失った達磨の逸話に引っ掛けたものである。
English: The portrait of Ichiyo was adopted for the Bank of Japan's newly designed five thousand yen note on November 1, 2004, replacing one of Inazo NITOBE.
Japanese: 一葉の肖像は2004年11月1日から新渡戸稲造に代わり日本銀行券の五千円券に新デザインとして採用された。
English: She is the second lady to have her portrait used on a banknote, after the Empress Jingu (the one-yen note of the Empire of Japan was issued starting in 1881; the Empress's portrait was pure fiction).
Japanese: 女性としては神功皇后（大日本帝国政府紙幣；壱円券は1881年発行開始；肖像は全くの創作）以来の採用である。
English: A picture of Lady Murasaki Shikibu is printed on the back of the two thousand yen note which was issued beginning in 2000, but this picture is not treated as a portrait, and the 2,000 yen note is considered to have no portrait.
Japanese: なお、2000年に発行開始された弐千円券の裏面に紫式部の肖像画があるが、この肖像画は肖像の扱いではなく、弐千円券には肖像がないことになっている。
English: Therefore, Ichiyo is the first woman to have her photograph-based portrait used on a banknote in Japan.
Japanese: よって写真をもとにした女性の肖像が日本の紙幣に採用されたのは一葉が最初である。
English: Because there were fewer of the whiskers and wrinkles usually used in counterfeiting prevention, it took time to prepare the blocks; therefore its production was delayed as compared to Hideyo NOGUCHI's one thousand yen note and Yukichi FUKUZAWA's ten thousand yen note.
Japanese: 偽造防止に利用される髭や顔の皺がすくないため版を起こすのに手間取り、製造開始は野口英世の千円券、福澤諭吉の一万円券より遅れた。
English: Around the time the banknote with a portrait of Shotoku Taishi (Prince Shotoku) was discontinued (1983), when those involved in designing the new banknotes were considering the use of a woman's portrait, Seishonagon, Lady Murasaki Shikibu, Ichiyo HIGUCHI and Akiko YOSANO (in birth order) were proposed as candidates, but none of them was adopted at the time.
Japanese: 聖徳太子の紙幣使用の終わり（1983年）ごろ、新紙幣の図柄を決める関係者の女性を採用してはという意見の中で、清少納言、紫式部、樋口一葉、与謝野晶子（出生順）の4人が候補に上がったが、当時はいずれも採用にはいたらなかったという逸話がある。
English: Ironically, although she was adopted for rather expensive banknote, Ichiyo was continually pressed for money throughout her short life.
Japanese: 比較的高額の紙幣に採用されたにしては皮肉なことに、一葉の短い生涯は、金策に常に不便するという生涯だった。
English: However, because some of the causes for Ichiyo's financial troubles can be attributed to the internal affairs of Ichiyo herself - for example, the Higuchi family's annulment of the engagement that her father had recommended after her father's death (parenthetically, the fiance later became the governor of Akita and Yamanashi prefectures), Ichiyo's disdain for labor, and her worshipful feelings towards shizoku and kazoku (the peerage) - some think it one-sided to consider Ichiyo a talented but financially troubled saint.
Japanese: ただし一葉が経済的に窮乏した原因には、父親が薦めた許婚者を父親の死後に樋口家側が破棄したこと（ちなみに許婚者は後に秋田県知事・山梨県知事となる）や、一葉の労働に対する蔑視意識、士族や華族を崇拝する思想などの一葉自身の内面的事情が少なくないため、一葉を才能に恵まれながら資金的に不遇な生涯を送った聖人のように考えるのは一方的な見方であるとの意見もある。
English: When poor, the Higuchi family borrowed money from various sources, but (possibly due to their pride as shizoku) they lent what little money they had to relatives and social connections whose circumstances were even more straitened.
Japanese: 樋口家は貧しい中方々から借金をしていたが、士族の誇りからか、さらに困窮した縁故の人々になけなしの金を貸しもしていた。
English: According to "Soseki no Omoide" (literally, Memories of Soseki) by Kyoko NATSUME, Soseki NATSUME's wife, Soseki's father, Kohei Naokatsu, was a superior of Ichiyo's father, Noriyoshi, when the latter worked as an official of Tokyo Prefecture.
Japanese: 夏目漱石の妻・夏目鏡子の著書『漱石の思ひ出』によると、一葉の父・則義が東京府の官吏を務めていた時の上司が漱石の父・小兵衛直克であった。
English: Because of this connection, Ichiyo's marriage to Soseki's oldest brother Daisuke (Taichi) was proposed; however, as Noriyoshi often asked Naokatsu for loans and Naokatsu did not think much of this, he refused the proposal, saying, "He has asked me for loans so often, simply because we are a superior and a subordinate, that I cannot know what he will ask if we become relatives."
Japanese: その縁で一葉と漱石の長兄・大助（大一）を結婚させる話が持ち上がったが、則義が度々直克に借金を申し込むことがあり、これをよく思わなかった直克が「上司と部下というだけで、これだけ何度も借金を申し込んでくるのに、親戚になったら何を要求されるかわかったものじゃない。」と言って、破談にしたという。
English: Kido OKAMOTO (November 11, 1872 - March 1, 1939) was a novelist and playwright.
Japanese: 岡本綺堂（おかもときどう、明治5年10月15日（1872年11月15日）-昭和14年（1939年）3月1日)は、小説家、劇作家。
English: He was born in Takanawa, Tokyo as the first son of Keinosuke (later Kiyoshi), a former shogunal retainer who worked for the British Legation after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 元徳川幕府御家人で維新後にイギリス公使館に勤めていた敬之助（後に純（きよし））の長男として東京高輪に生まれる。
English: In 1873, following the relocation of the legation to Kojimachi, he moved to Motozono-cho, Kojimachi and grew up there, learning Chinese poetry from his father and English from his uncle and British students at the legation.
Japanese: 1873年、公使館の麹町移転とともに麹町元園町に移って育ち、父から漢詩を、叔父と公使館留学生から英語を学んだ。
English: When he was studying at Tokyo Ordinary Middle School (later Tokyo First Junior High School and currently Tokyo Metropolitan Hibiya High School), he intended to become a playwright and after graduation joined a newspaper publisher, Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun.
Japanese: 東京府尋常中学（のちの東京府立一中、現東京都立日比谷高等学校）在学中から劇作家を志し、卒業後1890年、東京日日新聞入社。