nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to "Kokuzo hongi," Ooomi no mikoto, a son of Takenumakawa no mikoto, became Nasu no kuninomiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Keiko.
Japanese: 国造本紀によると景行天皇朝に建沼河命の孫の大臣命が那須国造になったという。
English: Honkan was a general term of government posts which did not belong to the system for shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) of each government official in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code [historical law system]) of Japan.
Japanese: 品官（ほんかん）とは、日本の律令制において各官司の四等官の体系に属しない官職の総称を指す。
English: Chinese ritsuryo system also had a government post called 'honkan' but in this case, it meant all government posts (they were equivalent to shikijikan [a person with an official rank but has no corresponding position] in Japan) which belonged to kanhin (governmental officials classified into nine grades from first honkan to ninth honkan) of over Junior Ninth Rank and honkan in Japan had a completely different definition although the name was derived from Chinese honkan (However, it is said that 'honkan' was also used in the sense of shikijikan in Japan).
Japanese: 中国の律令制にも「品官」と呼ばれる官職群は存在するが、この場合従九品以上の官品に属する全ての官職（日本で言う職事官）を指すものであり、日本の品官の名称そのものは中国のそれに由来しているものの、意味合いが全く違うものである（ただし、日本においても職事官の意味での「品官」という語も用いられていたという説がある）。
English: Honkan in Japan systemically belonged to some government officials but also constituted Bekkyoku which performed technical official duties apart from shitokan and the kanisoto (the ranks of the bureaucracy system under the ritsuryo system) was provided by Court ranking law.
Japanese: 日本の品官は組織上はどこかの官司に属しているものの、四等官とは別に専門性の高い職掌を有した別局を構成し、かつ官位令において官位相当が定められているものである。
English: The representative honkan included jiju (Imperial Household Agency staff), naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), and kenmotsu (a auditor Nakatsukasa sho, the Ministry of Civil Affairs), who were belonged to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs), a judge (in the ritsuryo system) who belonged to Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) and so on.
Japanese: 代表的な品官としては中務省に属する侍従や内記・監物、刑部省に属する判事(律令制)などが挙げられる。
English: Chinese ritsuryo system also had Bekkyoku but had a policy of sanhansei which 'hangan' who controlled Bekkyoku was placed under the command of 'kami' (a director) who controlled government officials and 'suke' who played a part of tsuhan (an official supporting a governor), and was supervised by kenkosei (system to inspect management), however, shitokan and honkan in Japan were not in such a relationship.
Japanese: 中国の律令制にも別局は存在するものの、官司を統括する「長官」と通判を行う「次官」の指揮下に別局を統括する「判官」が置かれているという三判制の原則があり、また検勾制による監督を受けていたが、日本の四等官と品官の間にはそのような関係は存在しなかった。
English: It was because in Japanese ritsuryo system, each sho (Ministry), shiki (agency), tsukasa (office) and ryo (bureau) had a certain independence, in addition, it is said that it arose since government officials (such as kenmotsu and a judge) which had existed and been independent before the ritsuryo system were forced to be added into jurisdiction of a specific sho with keeping the traditional independence, and as a result, many honkan gathered especially in the Nakatsukasasho which took charge of general affairs within the Imperial Court.
Japanese: これは日本の律令制が省・職・司・寮それぞれに一定の独立性を持たせたこと、加えて律令制以前に存在していた独立していた官司（監物・判事など）を従来の独立性を維持させたまま、強引に特定の省の管轄に加えたために生じたとされ、特に朝廷内部の事務一般を管轄した中務省には多くの品官が集中することになった。
English: The duties were instruction of gunnery, production, preservation and repair of guns as well as elimination of wild boars and wolves and to arrest robbers and arsonists.
Japanese: 砲術の教授、鉄砲の製作、保存、修理を主な任務とし、イノシシやオオカミの打ち払い、火付や盗賊の逮捕にもあたった。
English: In the early Edo period, 4 families served as that, but later it took a hereditary system of Inoue family and Tatsuke family.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期は、4家がその任に就いたが、後に井上家および田付家の2家による、世襲制となった。
English: Sanryo bugyo was one of the positions of Edo bakufu which was placed at the end of Edo period to manage and maintain the Imperial mausoleum.
Japanese: 山陵奉行（さんりょうぶぎょう）は、幕末期に置かれた江戸幕府の職のひとつで、天皇陵の管理、修補を掌った。
English: It was assigned by Imperial court though it was the position of bakufu reflecting the political situation of Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) at the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 幕府の職でありながら朝廷が任命するという幕末の尊皇攘夷の政治情勢を反映したものであった。
English: In 1862, by the petition of the lord of Utsunomiya Domain, Tadayuki TODA, Utsunomiya Domain was entrusted all the maintenance matters of the shoryo (tombs).
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、宇都宮藩藩主戸田忠恕の建白によって、宇都宮藩に、諸陵修補に関するいっさいのことが委任された。
English: On October 22, Wasaburo MASE was assigned to sanryo bugyo orally in the house of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Toshikatsu BOJO.
Japanese: 10月22日、大納言坊城俊克邸において口達をもって間瀬和三郎が山陵奉行に任じられた。
English: In February 1863, Wasaburo MASE became Yamato no kami (the governor of Yamato Province) and on March 7, 1864, praising the completion of repair and maintenance of Mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu, he was assigned to Naganaga sanryo bugyo.
Japanese: 文久3年正月間瀬和三郎は大和守となり、元治元年正月29日、神武天皇陵修補完成の功を賞して「永々山陵奉行仰附らる」ることとなった。
English: On February 21, 1868, it was renamed sanryo koho bugyo appointed by Yamato no kami, on July 28, an adjutant was placed in sanryo sokanhei and Hirofusa MADENOKOJI was assigned as superintendent general, Tadayuki TODA was assigned as adjutant and bugyo was abolished.
Japanese: 明治元年2月21日山陵修補奉行と改称され、なおも大和守をもって補任されたが、7月28日あらたに山陵総管竝に副官が置かれ、総管に万里小路博房、副官に戸田忠至が補され、奉行は廃された。
English: There was a rule that Gate watchers returned salute to passing processions depending on kakaku (family status) and positions.
Japanese: 見附を通行する行列に対し家格や役職に応じた答礼を門番側が行う決まりになっていた。
English: To prepare for that, gate watchers had to identify the leader of processions quickly, therefore a specialist job, shimozami was created to distinguish processions.
Japanese: この答礼準備のため門番側はいち早く行列の主を特定する必要に迫られた、このため行列の観別を行う下座見という専門職が誕生した。
English: Skilled Shimozami could identify whose processions they were instantly at a glance from a long distance.
Japanese: 熟練した下座見になると遠方より一瞥しただけで瞬時に誰の行列か特定できたという。
English: In her own story included in Kasshiyawa written by Seizan MATSURA, she wrote that shimozami recognized the lord of Matsuura domain and responded appropriately though they just rode away in an urgent situation, unlike normal procession.
Japanese: 松浦静山の甲子夜話に収録されている本人の体験談によると、緊急事態に通常の行列とことなり数騎のみで駆け抜けた時にも下座見は彼を松浦藩藩主と認識し適切な答礼を行ったという。
English: The post took charge of administration of spears in the shogunate but was an easy job during times of peace.
Japanese: 幕府における槍に関する事務をつかさどったが、平時においては閑職であったようである。
English: Starting in 1662, shumon aratame-yaku (officer in charge of persecuting Christians) began to take on this duty concurrently.
Japanese: また1662年（寛文2年）から宗門改役が1名が兼任されるようになる。
English: The sakuji bugyo's salary was 2100-koku rice yield but was changed to 2000 ryo (gold pieces) in 1867.
Japanese: 役高は2100石高だったが、1867年（慶応3年）に2000両支給に変更した。
English: Kyoto daikugashira, daikugashira (construction prefect), sakuji shita-bugyo, tatami bugyo (tatami magistrate), saikudokoro gashira (tooling office head), kanjoyaku todori (chief of accounts), sakujikata hikan (construction low-level bureaucrat), kawara bugyo (roof tile magistrate), ueki bugyo (garden magistrate) and sakujikata niwasaku were under the sakuji bugyo.
Japanese: 下役に京都大工頭、大工頭、作事下奉行、畳奉行、細工所頭、勘定役頭取、作事方被官、瓦奉行、植木奉行、作事方庭作などの役があった。
English: Jisha denso was a post placed in the Kuge (court nobles) Government in the medieval period and modern times.
Japanese: 寺社伝奏（じしゃでんそう）は、中世・近世の公家政権に設置された役職。
English: The word 'denso' had been established after the late Heian period but the post was established during Emperor Gosaga's insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor) in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 「伝奏」という語は平安時代後期以後に成立しているが、役職としての成立は鎌倉時代の後嵯峨天皇院政期である。
English: Denso was appointed by In (the retired Emperor) or the Emperor and dealt with all petitions except ones managed by Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]).
Japanese: 伝奏は院や天皇に任じられ、関東申次管掌以外の全ての奏請を扱っていた。
English: However, after Ex-emperor Gofushimi's era, when many temples and shrines were restored, the official duties of the denso were broken into smaller and denso who relayed between the retired Emperor or the Emperor and specific temples and shrines which occupied nationally important positions was established.
Japanese: だが、寺社興行が盛んになった後伏見天皇院政期以後、伝奏の職掌の細分化が進み、国家的に重要な地位を占める特定の寺社との間の取り次ぎを扱う伝奏が設置されるようになる。
English: Jingutenso' (shrine messenger to the Emperor) of Ise Jingu Shrine, 'Kamo-denso' (Kamo shrine messenger to the Emperor) of Kamo-sha Shrine, 'Sanmon-denso' (Enryaku-ji Temple messenger tothe Emperor) of Enryaku-ji Temple, 'Nanto-denso' which controlled temples in Nara such as Kofuku-ji Temple, and others were established.
Japanese: 伊勢神宮の「神宮伝奏」、賀茂社の「賀茂伝奏」、延暦寺の「山門伝奏」、興福寺など奈良の寺院を統括する「南都伝奏」などが設置された。
English: During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, as real power of the government affairs moved from the Imperial Court to bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the denso's duty changed to relaying petitions from temples and shrines to the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun during the Muromachi period) and Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) although appointment and dismissal were still done by In and the Emperor.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)に入ると、政務の実権が朝廷から幕府に移るようになると、依然として任免は院や天皇が行っていたものの、その職務は寺社からの奏請を受けて室町幕府及び征夷大将軍への取り次ぎを行う役に転じるようになる。
English: It was the same way that so denso which was in charge of civil administration shifted to the role of buke tenso established instead of Kanto moshitsugi.
Japanese: これは一般民政を担当していた惣伝奏（そうでんそう）が関東申次に代わって設置された武家伝奏の職へと変化していくのと軌を一にしている。
English: However, after Onin war, the jisha denso became a messenger for In or the Emperor again since political power of the Muromachi bakufu weakened.
Japanese: だが、応仁の乱後には室町幕府の政治力は衰微して寺社伝奏は再び院や天皇に取り次ぐ役に戻ることになる。
English: In the Edo period, they relayed petitions from temples and shrines through buke tenso to In or the Emperor and in some cases, to the Edo bakufu under the supervision of the buke denso.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、武家伝奏の監督下のもとで寺社から奏請を武家伝奏を経由して院・天皇、場合によっては江戸幕府に取り次ぐ役職になる。
English: Moreover, they started to receive petitions not only from specific important temples and shrines but also from small temples and shrines of each sect.
Japanese: ただし、それまでの特定の重要な寺社に限定されず、中小の寺社や各宗派・教派からの奏請を受けるようになる。
English: However, in sects (such as Hosso sect, Tendai sect, Shingon sect and so on) which monzeki (successor of a temple) was placed, petitioning the Emperor was performed through monzeki, and in small temples and shrines, it was done by the Yoshida family or the Shirakawa family.
Japanese: ただし、門跡が置かれた宗派（法相宗・天台宗・真言宗など）では門跡経由で奏請が行われ、中小の神社は吉田家もしくは白川家が取り次ぎを行った。
English: In addition, jisha tenso held the post of buke denso concurrently in sects (Shingi Shingon sect Buzan-ha [ha means group], Rinzai sect Gozan-ha, Jodo sect, Jodo Shingon sect Hongan-ji Temple-ha and so on) which were protected carefully by the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 更に江戸幕府の保護の厚い宗派（新義真言宗豊山派・臨済宗五山派・浄土宗・浄土真宗本願寺派など）の寺社伝奏は武家伝奏の兼任として行われていた。
English: Although social status and job ranks varied by domains, there were doctors who served only the feudal lord and his family, and those who cared for others, as in the case of Edo shogunate having okui ishi (inner doctors for the Tokugawa family) and omote ishi (for others).
Japanese: 身分や職制などは各藩により異なるが、江戸幕府の奥医師・表医師と同様に藩主やその家族などを担当する医師とその他の医師に別れていた。
English: In many cases, doctors were separated into those holding hereditary positions in the samurai class and lower-ranking physicians who came from lower-ranking samurai or ordinary families.
Japanese: 武士としての格式を持つ世襲の士席医師と下級武士あるいは民間の出身である軽輩医師に分かれている例が多い。
English: Prior to taking over a family head position or during apprenticeship, hon-i was paid heyazumi-ryo and after completing apprenticeship or becoming the family head, his salary was paid in full.
Japanese: 家督継承前あるいは修業中は部屋住料が与えられ、家督継承後あるいは成業後に本禄が与えられた。
English: In accordance to medical practices at that time, there were physicians in charge of 'hondo,' or internal medicine, and others called 'zakka' covering all other areas of medical care including surgery, ophthalmology, dentistry, acupuncture and moxibustion.
Japanese: 当時の医学の慣例に倣って「本道」と呼ばれた内科を担当する医師と外科をはじめ眼科・歯科・鍼灸などを一括した「雑科」に分けられていた。
English: Although it was common that talented doctors in the samurai class were appointed the post of doctor for the lord, there were some rare cases of lower-ranking or folk doctors appointed to serve the feudal lord.
Japanese: 藩主に近侍する侍医は士席医師のうち医業優秀な者が選ばれるのが例であったが、稀に軽輩医師や城下の町村医師が抜擢される場合もあった。
English: In addition, there was another practice which doctors worked in shifts at the castle when the doctor serving the lord was away.
Japanese: この他に侍医が城に詰めていないときに交代で番を行って万が一に備える番医の制度があった。
English: They managed civil administration, roads, bridges and waterways of Honjo and farmed out cleaning of water and sewerage, repair of water pipes and opening and closing of water pipe gate to citizens.
Japanese: 本所の民政・道路・橋・水路などを管理し、住民に上下水道の浚いや圦樋の修理、樋戸開閉の見回りなどを請負わせていた。
English: After the Great Fire of Meireki, Ryogoku-bashi Bridge was constructed across Sumida-gawa River and the construction of waterways for Kake-gawa River (in Tokyo) and Oyoko-gawa River was in progress and urban area was expanded to the west side of Sumida-gawa River where was not included in Edo before.
Japanese: 明暦の大火後、隅田川に両国橋が架けられて竪川(東京都)・大横川などの溝渠の構築が進行する等、従来江戸の範疇に含まれていなかった隅田川の東側にも市街地が拡大するようになった。
English: To respond to the situation, on May 4, 1660, Shigemasa TOKUYAMA and Shigemasa YAMAZAKI from shoinban (the castle guards) were assigned to 'bugyo of waterways for honjo residential land.'
Japanese: これに対応するために万治3年3月25日(旧暦)（1660年5月4日）に書院番の徳山重政・山崎重政両名を「本所宅地并に溝渠の奉行」に任ぜられた。
English: In 1685, it was abolished once, but on September 15 and 17 in 1693, it started again at the assignments of Yoshiaki TODO and Tsuneyuki TAGA.
Japanese: 貞享2年（1685年）に一端廃止されたが、元禄6年8月16日(旧暦)（1693年9月15日）もしくは8月18日(旧暦)に藤堂良明・多賀常之が任命されて復活した。
English: After that, on June 3, 1713, residential area of honjo was transferred to machi bugyo and on May 21, 1719, buke (military authority) area was transferred to fushin bugyo (shogunate administrator of activities by a community, such as cleaning or fixing stone wall) and roads, bridges and waterways were transferred to kanjo bugyo and honjo bugyo was abolished.
Japanese: その後、正徳(日本)3年5月11日(旧暦)（1713年7月3日）に本所の町並地は町奉行に移管され、続いて享保4年4月3日(旧暦)（1719年5月21日）には武家地は普請奉行、道路・橋・水路は勘定奉行に移管されて本所奉行は廃止された。
English: General public administration and woks farmed out to citizens were managed by 'honjogata' (1 yoriki and 2 doshin) placed in machi bugyo.
Japanese: 一般行政や住民に請負わせていた事業の管理は町奉行に設置された「本所方」（与力1名・同心2名）が行うことになった。
English: A collective name for the court ladies served in Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants) that was the government office in the women's quarters of the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 律令制における、後宮の役所である内侍司（ないしのつかさ）に勤めた女官の総称。
English: Naishi was a collective name given to the court ladies who attended on the emperor; their official duties included conveying reports to the emperor and passing on imperial decrees to retainers.
Japanese: 天皇に近侍して、常時天皇への奏上や、天皇からの宣下を仲介する等を職掌とした内侍司の女官の総称である。
English: Naishi adopted the Shitokan system such that Kami was called Naishinokami or Shoji (the prescribed number was two), Suke was called Naishinosuke or Tenij (the prescribed number was four), and Jo was called Naishinojo or Shoji (the prescribed number was four), without the post of Sakan.
Japanese: 長官を尚侍（ないしのかみ/しょうじ）（定員2名）、次官を典侍（ないしのすけ/てんじ）（定員4名）、判官を掌侍（ないしのじょう/しょうじ）（定員4名）と称し、主典は欠くものの四等官制を採用していた。
English: Gon no naishinojo (the prescribed number was two) was sometimes placed, and 'Naishidai' was temporarily appointed to substitute Naishi during her menstruation.
Japanese: 他に権掌侍（ごんのないしのじょう）（定員2名）が置かれることもあり、また内侍に障りがあって出仕できない場合などに「内侍代」が臨時に任命されることもあった。
English: Naishidai' was placed in Togubo and immediately promoted to Naishi after the enthronement of the Crown Prince.
Japanese: ちなみに春宮坊には「内侍代」が置かれ、即位の後にはそのまま内侍に就くことになっていた。
English: A wet nurse of the emperor was appointed Naishi no suke in most cases, in which Naishi no suke served as a messenger in the ceremony Yasoshima matsuri which took place after the enthronement.
Japanese: 天皇の乳母が任ぜられることが多く、その場合は即位後に行われる八十島神祭の御使となる例であった。
English: When the emperor abdicated the throne in favor of his successor, Naishi no suke handed on Kenji to Konoenojisho as her duty (the duty was called 'Okurinaishi'), which was later took over by an experienced Naishi no jo 'Koto Naishi.'
Japanese: また新帝に譲位の場合、剣璽を近衛次将に送るのも典侍の勤めであったが（これを「送内侍（おくりないし）」といった）、これらの役職は後に掌侍の一﨟である「勾当（こうとう）内侍」がこれに代わるようになった。
English: Naishi was the female priest (shrine maiden) of Itsukushimajinja shrine, being in charge of not only the religious services but also do some performances including singing Imayo song and showing a bugaku dance to relieve a nobleman who was confining himself in the shrine for prayer from the tedium of a journey.
Japanese: 厳島神社の女性神職（巫女）で、神事のほかに、同神社に参籠する貴人の旅情を慰めるために今様を朗詠したり舞楽などを行った。
English: The Article of 'Shake guso naishi narabi shoyakunin shinnin no na' of "Itsukushima michishibaki" lists up the names of Naishi from the first rank to the eighth rank and commented that they were called 'Yaotome' and 'Honnaishi'; it is said that there were more than dozen of Naishi under the names of 'Wakin Naishi', 'Karakami Naishi' and the like.
Japanese: 『厳島道芝記』の社家供僧内侍並諸役人神人之名の条には、一﨟から八﨟までの内侍の名を挙げ、これを「八乙女」と称し、また「本内侍」と称したことが見え、このほかにも「和琴内侍」や「韓神内侍」など、その数は十数人にも及んでいた。
English: Incidentally, Mikohimegimi, who was the seventh daughter of TAIRA no Kiyomori and became a consort of Emperor Goshirakawa, is said to be a child between Kiyomori when he was Aki no kami and Naishi of Itsukushimajinja shrine.
Japanese: なお、平清盛の第7女で後白河天皇に召された御子姫君は、安芸守時代の清盛と、厳島内侍の間の子であるという。
English: Rinzai Zen Buddhism is one of the Chinese five Houses/seven Schools of Zen (Rinzai, Igyou, Soto, Unmon, Hogan) and Gigen RINZAI (? - 867) of Tang was its founder.
Japanese: 臨済宗（臨濟宗、りんざいしゅう）は、中国禅五家七宗（ごけしちしゅう）（臨済、潙仰宗、曹洞宗、雲門宗、法眼宗）のひとつで、唐の臨済義玄（？-867年）を宗祖とする。
English: He was known as "RINZAI of Katu (meaning to help wake up the sleeping mind) " and "General RINZAI", and rose to the top of Chinese Zen with his distinctive style.
Japanese: 彼は『喝の臨済』『臨済将軍』の異名で知られ、豪放な家風を特徴として中国禅興隆の頂点を極めた。
English: With its Zen Talks that try to awaken self awareness through study of Koan, it differs from the Silent Zen of the Soto sect, which just does meditation.
Japanese: 公案に参究することにより見性しようとする看話禅（かんなぜん）で、ただ座禅する曹洞宗の黙照禅とはこの点が異なる。
English: RINZAI was the disciple of Kiun OBAKU; the school grew as a religious movement centered in the province of Hebei, with the support of Changshi WANG of the Hanchin government, but in the confusion that arose around the end of the Tang dynasty, Hebei was at the center of the tumultuous five dynasties and it became difficult to sustain a religious movement.
Japanese: 臨済は黄檗希運の弟子であり、河北省の地を拠点とし、新興の藩鎮勢力であった成徳府藩鎮の王常侍を支持基盤として宗勢を伸張したが、唐末五代の混乱した時期には、河北は5王朝を中心に混乱した地域であったため、宗勢が振るわなくなる。
English: It was in the Northern Song dynasty that Rinzai School became vibrant again, below the gates of Sekiso SOEN, along with Enan OURYU and Houe YOUGI who came from Jiangxi province and created the two main sectes of Rinzai (Ouryu and Yougi), and swept across all of China.
Japanese: 臨済宗が再び活気に満ち溢れるようになるのは、北宋代であり、石霜楚円の門下より、ともに江西省を出自とする、黄龍慧南と楊岐方会という、臨済宗の主流となる2派（黄龍派・楊岐派）を生む傑僧が出て、中国全土を席巻することとなった。
English: When it came to the Southern Song dynasty, Soukou DAIE, a disciple of Kokugon ENGO who belonged to the Yougi sect, started the Daikan sect in Zhejiang province, which became a major sect in the Rinzai School.
Japanese: 南宋代になると、楊岐派に属する圜悟克勤の弟子の大慧宗杲が、浙江省を拠点として大慧派を形成し、臨済宗の中の主流派となった。
English: According to doctrine, it was brought over to China from India by Bodhidharma, the 28th successor of the 10 disciples (called Kasho) who directly received the teaching (enlightenment) of Siddhartha Gautama.
Japanese: 宗門では、ゴータマ・シッダッタの教え（悟り）を直接に受け継いだ十大弟子（迦葉）から28代目のボーディダルマ（菩提達磨）を得てインドから中国に伝えられた、ということになっている。
English: Later the Rinzai school, which achieved the pinnacle of Zen teaching, was brought to Japan in the Kamakura period by Eisai, who went to China to study in the Southern Song period.
Japanese: その後、禅宗の最高峰を極めた臨済宗は、南宋時代の中国に渡り学んだ栄西らによって、鎌倉時代に日本に伝えられている。
English: It calls Sakyamuni the Original Teacher Venerable Sakyamuni Buddha, Bodhidharma the First Ancestor and Great Teacher Bodhidharma, and RINZAI the Founder and Great Teacher Rinzai.
Japanese: 釈迦を本師釈迦如来大和尚と、ボーディダルマを初祖菩提達磨大師、臨済を宗祖臨済大師と呼ぶ。
English: In contrast to the Soto Zen school which spreads through regional clans and the general people, the Rinzai School received support from Samurai families in government, and was esteemed in the politics and culture.
Japanese: 同じ禅宗の曹洞宗が地方豪族や一般民衆に広まったのに対し、臨済宗は時の武家政権に支持され、政治・文化に重んじられた。
English: Later, the Rinzai School was rebuilt in the Edo period by Master HAKUIN, and continued to be called Hakuin Zen.
Japanese: その後時代を下り、江戸時代に白隠禅師によって臨済宗が再建されたため、現在の臨済禅は白隠禅ともいわれている。
English: The important interaction between the master and disciple is called "a secret in the room" and is not to be taken out of the master's room and revealed publicly.
Japanese: 師匠と弟子の重要なやりとりは、室内の秘密と呼ばれ師匠の部屋の中から持ち出されて公開されることはない。
English: What is extracted from the interactions between a master and disciple, or Zen lecture transcripts that record the actions of a master, is called a Koan (precedent) and various collections have been compiled since the Song dynasty; but enlightenment is not something that can be communicated with words, so when people today try to understand the text, the Koan itself refuses them.
Japanese: 師匠と弟子のやりとりや、師匠の振舞を記録した禅語録から、抜き出したものが公案（判例）とよばれ、宋代からさまざまな集成が編まれてきたが、悟りは言葉では伝えられるものではなく、現代人の文章理解で読もうとすると公案自体が拒絶する。
English: However, they contain hints that lead people toward enlightenment, and there are a great many Zen books from the beginning down to the present day.
Japanese: しかし、悟りに導くヒントになることがらの記録であり、禅の典籍はその創立時から現在に至るまで非常に多い。
English: Also since the Song dynasty, the Zen schools changed to a Kannazen style in which masters give lectures using transcripts of Zen talks and the masters became not to display the same majesty as those in the Tang dynasty including Rinzai.
Japanese: それとともに宋代以降、禅宗は看話禅（かんなぜん）という、禅語録を教材に老師が提要を講義する（提唱という）スタイルに変わり、臨済を初めとする唐代の祖師たちの威容は見られなくなった。
English: Although masters choose their successors when they die, the successors have not necessarily attained enlightenment by that time, but that fact is only known to the master and the successor himself.
Japanese: 師匠が肉体を去るときには少なくとも跡継ぎを選んで行くが、跡継ぎは必ずしも悟りを開いているとは限らず、その事は師匠とその弟子だけが知っている。
English: Even if the new master had not attained enlightenment, the disciples would have been able to do so if it is within a few generations from that of the master who gained enlightenment, therefore it is possible to take such a measure.
Japanese: 新しい師匠が悟りを開いていなくとも、悟りを開いていた師匠の時代から数世代の間であれば、世代を越えて弟子が悟りを開くことは可能なため、その様な手段が取られる。
English: It is possible for a master to leave behind several new masters, or at his discretion not to leave a successor and bring his line to an end.
Japanese: 師匠は、ひとりだけではなく複数の師匠を残して行くこともあれば、師匠の判断で跡を嗣ぐ師匠を残さずにその流れが終わることもある。
English: Many lines have split, and some have disappeared; in this way some of those lines have come down from the 7th century to the present day.
Japanese: いくつもの支流に分かれ、ある流れは消えて行き、その流れのいくつかが7世紀から現在まで伝わっている。
English: Enlightenment in Zen means that all living things realize the inherent buddha nature they possess.
Japanese: 禅宗における悟りとは、生きるもの全てが本来持っている本性である仏性に気付くことを言う。
English: These were systematized so that enlightenment could be gained by performing training such as Zazen (not the same as meditation), Koan (understanding stories that surpass intellectual understanding), Dokyou (reading sutras), or Samu (everyday work) under an already enlightened Zen master.
Japanese: 坐禅（瞑想とは異なる）、公案（知的な理解を超えた話を理解すること）、読経（お教を読むこと）、作務（普段の作業）などの修行を既に悟りを得た禅師の元ですることで、悟りが得られるようにメソッド化されてきた。
English: Enlightenment is thought to pass from the master to the disciple as a candle flame passes to a candle that is unlit (called Dentou).
Japanese: 悟りは、ロウソクの火が、消えているロウソクに伝わるように（伝灯）、師から弟子へと伝わるとされる。
English: That means not just choosing one who has gained enlightenment, but one who fits with one's own personality.
Japanese: それは悟りを得ている事だけではなく、自分の個性に適合している禅師を選ぶという意味もある。