nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: By the arrival of the Meiji period, a judicial system was developed by Shihokyo (administrator of Ministry of Justice) such as Shinpei ETO, and on February 7, 1873, Katakiuchi was banned by the Meiji Government through the issuance of "Katakiuchi kinshirei (ban on revenge)" in Decree No. 37.
Japanese: 明治になると司法卿の江藤新平らによる司法制度の整備が行われ、1873年（明治6）2月7日、明治政府は第37号布告で『敵討禁止令』を発布し、禁止された。
English: Article 10 of Goseibai-shikimoku, or Joei-shikimoku (another term for Goseibai-shikimoku, later named after the Joei period during which Goseibai-shikimoku was established), contains provisions on murder, injury, murder targeted at a post, and murder-robbery; the prohibition of Katakiuchi is stipulated therein.
Japanese: 御成敗式目（貞永式目）第十条には、殺人や傷害、役職目的の殺人や強盗殺人の規定があるが、このなかに敵討の禁止を定める規定がある。
English: Modern Japanese translation (synopsis): If a son or a grandson kills the foe of his father or grandfather, the father or grandfather (of the perpetrator of the killing) will be punished for the same crime (death penalty, deportation or asset forfeiture) regardless of whether such person was aware of the crime.
Japanese: 現代訳：（大意）子や孫が父祖の仇を殺した場合、（殺人をおかした犯人の）父や祖父がそのことを知らなくても同じ罪（死刑か流罪･財産没収）を課せられる。
English: It goes without saying that this would be irrelevant if the father or grandfather were already dead; however, this provision stipulates that if the son or grandson avenged his father or grandfather while his father or grandfather was still alive, his father or grandfather would also be punished for being guilty by association.
Japanese: 父祖が死亡している場合はもとより無関係であるが、父祖が存命中に子孫が父祖のために敵討をすれば、父祖も連座で罰せられるとの規定である。
English: Under the Goseibai-shikimoku, Katakiuchi for the father or grandfather was the subject of punishment; this is different from the context of Katakiuchi seen in the Edo period.
Japanese: 御成敗式目では父祖のための敵討は処罰の対象とされており、江戸時代に見られる敵討の文脈とは異なるものである。
English: In the Adauchi by the Soga brothers, the younger brother, Goro Tokimune SOGA, who was captured after Katakiuchi, was beheaded; and the provisions of Goseibai-shikimoku, which conform to the precedents during the reign of Yoritomo (MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a shogun), reflect this disposition.
Japanese: 曾我兄弟の仇討ちでは敵討後に捕えられた弟五郎時致は斬首されており、頼朝の代の先例に準じる御成敗式目の規定はこの処置に沿っている。
English: Megatakiuchi referred to the killing of one's wife in adultery along with the man with whom she had committed the adultery.
Japanese: 妻が姦通した際に姦通相手と妻を殺害することを女敵討（めがたきうち）という。
English: Megatakiuchi was the duty of a samurai once the adultery came to light, but since it did no one any great credit even when Megatakiuchi was achieved, such cases were often settled in private without being made public.
Japanese: 姦通が表沙汰になった際の女敵討は武士にとっては義務であったが、たとえ達成しても名誉にはならないため、表沙汰にせずに内々で示談にするケースも多かった。
English: There is the traditional expression 'Mount Fuji for first, hawk for second and eggplant for third' as the lucky items to dream about in the first dream of the new year.
Japanese: 正月の初夢に見ると縁起が良い夢をあげて「一富士、二鷹、三なすび」（いちふじ、にたか、さんなすび）という伝統的な表現がある。
English: According to one theory, this expression referred to the Adauchi cases that were widely known from the middle of the Edo period as the 'Three Major Adauchi Cases': 'Adauchi by the Soga brothers' (the Soga brothers performed Adauchi by taking advantage of the makigari (a form of hunting by surrounding the target from various directions) which took place in Susono City at the foot of Mount Fuji); 'Ako Roshi no Uchiiri' (since the seal of the Asano family of the Ako clan, in Harima Province, was a 'hawk's feather without a circle'); and 'Igagoe no Adauchi' (since Iga Province was known as an area for the production of eggplant).
Japanese: これは一説には江戸時代の中頃から「三大仇討ち」として喧伝されてきた「曾我兄弟の仇討ち」（曾我兄弟は富士山の裾野市で巻狩りが行なわれた際にこれに乗じて仇討ちを行なった）、「赤穂浪士の討ち入り」（播磨国赤穂藩浅野家の家紋が「丸に違い鷹の羽」だったことから）、「伊賀越えの仇討ち」（伊賀国はなすびの産地として知られていたことから）のことを言ったものである。
English: Works on the subject of Katakiuchi have been widely supported, so much so that there is a genre called "Adauchi kyogen" (comic drama on Adauchi) in Kabuki and Joruri.
Japanese: 歌舞伎や浄瑠璃の一ジャンルとして「仇討狂言」という物が存在するほど、敵討を主題とした作品は広く支持されてきた。
English: Katakiuchi is also frequently adapted as the behavioral principle of the main character in comic books, novels and movies.
Japanese: 漫画や小説、映画などでも、主要人物の行動原理としてしばしば採用される。
English: Especially in works of fiction, such as suspense stories and mysteries, Katakiuchi is often made the setting for the motive of crime.
Japanese: 特にサスペンスや推理小説といったフィクションでは犯人の犯行動機として設定されることが多い。
English: Nanori was a loud statement made by a samurai to an opponent in which he announced his full name, status, family lineage and assertion for the conflict.
Japanese: 名乗り（なのり）とは、合戦において武士が敵に向かって自分の姓名・身分・家系や戦における自分の主張などを大声で告げること。
English: Samurai propriety did not allow them to attack while nanori was taking place.
Japanese: 武士の作法として、名乗りが行われている間に攻撃することは許されなかった。
English: Nanori was performed in order to show the legitimacy of attacking an opponent as well as to boost moral of allies during battle.
Japanese: 相手を討つことの正当性を示すためなどに行われ、合戦においては味方の士気を上げるためのものでもあった。
English: It stated to become frequently performed from around the end of the Heian period but became obsolete as combat shifted toward group battles using firearms.
Japanese: 平安時代末期ごろから盛んに行われるようになったが、火縄銃などを用いた集団戦法が行われようになると廃れていった。
English: So-okite was a statute defined independently by peasants within a soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 惣掟（そうおきて）は、中世日本において、百姓らが自主的に定めた惣村内部の法令。
English: The penal regulations were very severe; in particular the crimes that disturbed the order of community (such as theft, arson and homicide) resulted in the death penalty in almost all cases.
Japanese: 特に、共同体秩序を崩壊させるような行為（窃盗、放火、殺人など）に対する罰則は、ほとんどの場合で死刑とされており、大変厳しいものであった。
English: On the other hand, although penal regulations for other violations were banishment from a soson or confiscation of property, they were usually pardoned after a fixed period (several months to several years) by the public discussion of the soson.
Japanese: その反面、その他の規定に対する違反については、惣村からの追放や財産の没収という罰則を伴っていたが、一定年限（数ヶ月～数年）が経過した後は、惣村の衆議によって解除されるケースがほとんどであった。
English: Before the early medieval period (from the Heian to Kamakura periods), the general public (peasants etc.) were regulated only by the laws established by rulers, such as the Ritsuryo codes, court noble law, honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law, and samurai law.
Japanese: 中世前期（平安時代～鎌倉時代）までは、民衆（百姓など）を規制する法令は、律令・公家法・本所法・武家法など支配者により定められたものしか存在していなかった。
English: Therefore, only the rulers, such as the lord of a manor and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and the lord-of-a-manor samurai, could exercise the jurisdiction and police powers (criminal cases) to the general public.
Japanese: それに伴い、民衆に対する司法権・警察権の行使（検断沙汰）も支配者である荘園・国衙領領主や地頭武士に限られていた。
English: However, the ruling structure based on the myo (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder) system deteriorated from the late Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉後期ごろから室町前期にかけて、名（みょう）システムによる支配体型が崩壊していった。
English: The peasants who had lived individually, started to live in a new village and form a soson community with strong autonomous concerns and sense of common bonds.
Japanese: それまで分散して居住し特に連帯してこなかった百姓らが、新たに集住して村落をつくり、強い自治意識と連帯意識に支えられた惣村を形成するようになった。
English: Although soson was technically governed by the lord of a manor and Imperial estate or shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward), the people of soson had not necessarily accepted the control of these rulers obediently.
Japanese: 惣村は、原則としては荘園・公領領主や地頭・守護などによって支配される建前であったが、これら支配者の規制を唯々諾々として受け入れていた訳ではない。
English: They often demanded their rights from rulers as one group.
Japanese: 一つの権利主体として、支配者に対し権利の要求を行うことがしばしば見られた。
English: Moreover, rulers could no longer issue a statute and regulation for a soson without consent.
Japanese: 反対に支配者側も惣村の了解が得られない限り、勝手に惣村への法令・規制を発布できない状況も生まれていた。
English: Moreover, in order to refuse a certain right to judge criminal cases of the rulers, people of the soson needed to exercise their own.
Japanese: また、支配者からの一定の検断権を排除（拒否）する代わりに、惣村独自の検断権を行使する必要も生じていた。
English: Then, provisions that a soson member should follow were also often stipulated as a domestic statute.
Japanese: そこで、惣村構成員が遵守すべき項目についても、内部法令として明文化されることが多かった。
English: In the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), which was an advanced region at that time, so-okite was most developed quantitatively as well as qualitatively.
Japanese: 当時先進地域だった畿内において、惣掟の事例数・その内容が最も発展していた。
English: The so-okite had reached its peak in the middle of Muromachi period and lasted until the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
Japanese: 惣掟は、室町中期ごろが最も盛んで、戦国時代　（日本）にまで継続する。
English: However, as Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) started to rule the entire region, the autonomy of the soson was divested, and the autonomy of the so-okite thinned out or disappeared.
Japanese: しかし、戦国大名による一円支配が伸展するにつれて、惣村の自治権も剥奪されていき、惣掟も消滅するか、自治色を薄めた内容へと変質していった。
English: Jigeuke was a system in which village communities of medieval Japan undertook the task of feudal lords to collect nengu (land tax) to be paid to shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
Japanese: 地下請（じげうけ）とは、中世日本の村落が、荘園・国衙領への年貢徴収を領主から請け負っていた制度。
English: However, after entering into the Kamakura period, as jito (manager and lord of manor) extended their control over the shoen and koryo (an Imperial demesne), jitouke, which awarded the local jito (or the deputy) the contract to collect the nengu, came to be put into practice.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉時代に入り、地頭が荘園・公領支配に進出してくると、現地の地頭（又はその代官）に年貢徴収を請け負わせる地頭請が行われるようになった。
English: Under the jitouke, the jito was responsible for paying the feudal lord a certain amount of nengu regardless of the yield.
Japanese: 地頭請のもとでは、地頭は、豊作・凶作に関わりなく、一定額（一定量）の年貢を領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
English: With this background, beginning in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) was formed by the peasants who had developed their autonomy and sense of solidarity.
Japanese: こうした流れの中で、南北朝時代(日本)より以降、畿内やその周辺地域において、自治権と連帯意識を高めた百姓らによる惣村が成立していく。
English: From the viewpoint of the feudal lords, the jigeuke had much greater advantages than collecting nengu by themselves because it enabled them to avoid the risk of a poor harvest as well as to reduce the cost of collecting the nengu.
Japanese: 領主側から見れば、自らが年貢徴収を行う場合と比べて、凶作時のリスクを回避し、また徴収に係るコストを軽減することができ、大きな利点があると言えた。
English: The implementation of jigeuke indicates that the soson gained the trust of the ruling class although it consisted of people under the rule of such class.
Japanese: 地下請の実施は、被支配者からなる惣村が、支配者の信頼を得るまでに至っていたことを意味する。
English: To prove worthy of such trust, the soson tried to ensure the execution of the nengu payment.
Japanese: そのため、惣村は支配者の信頼に応えるため、年貢納入の確実な履行に努めていた。
English: For example, it assigned a quota of the nengu to each so villager and enacted so-okite (rules), which established penalties (such as the confiscation of property) to be imposed on any member who failed to meet the required quota.
Japanese: 例えば、惣内部で年貢の割り当てを行い、割り当てを満たすことのできない構成員には惣掟で罰則（財産没収など）を設けた。
English: The jigeuke continued from the Muromachi period through the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and was succeeded by the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) in the Edo period.
Japanese: 地下請は、室町時代から安土桃山時代まで継続し、江戸時代の村請へと継承されていった。
English: Ji-zamurai is a rank of samurai seen from Muromachi period to Azuchi Momoyama period.
Japanese: 地侍（じざむらい）は、室町時代から安土桃山時代にかけて見られた侍身分の一種。
English: Originally, powerful farmers such as Myoshu (officer of the field) made master-servant relationship with Shugo Daimyo (provincial governors) and Kokujin Ryoshu (local samurai governors) and achieved the position of samurai.
Japanese: もともとは、名主などの有力百姓だった者が、守護大名や在地の国人領主などと主従関係を結び、侍身分を獲得した。
English: It is because, compared to Ryoshu and large Gozoku (powerful families) who govern wide regions, Dogo in a broader sense has a meaning of 'small Gozoku specific in the regions,' in which case Dogo includes Zaichi Ryoshu, the lord of the manors of Ji-zamurai.
Japanese: 土豪とは広義には、広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」、その地域の「在地の小豪族」という意味もあり、その場合は、地侍の主筋になる在地領主も含まれるからである。
English: Ji-zamurai intended to become small lords under the rule of central and provincial governors, but they were regarded as subjects since they were just powerful farmers from the perspective of governors.
Japanese: 地侍たちは、侍身分となることで、中央の守護や、在地の国人のような領国支配者の下で小領主となることを指向していたが、支配者から見れば、地侍は在地百姓の有力者に過ぎず、被支配者と見なされがちであった。
English: During the period of Doikki (peasant uprising), they performed an active role as the core of the uprising, some of whom left the village to emphasize on their position as samurai and they were organized as subordinate warriors under Sengoku Daimyo (warring lords) and Kokujin Ryoshu in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 土一揆の時代には一揆の中核として活躍し、中には、村落から離脱して、自らの地位を武士に特化する地侍もおり、戦国時代(日本)に入ると、戦国大名やその幕下の大身の国人領主の家臣として系列化された。
English: Ji-zamurai undertook obligations of serving as a part of military at the time of war in return for the privilege to collect Kajishi (intermediate taxes) guaranteed by Sengoku Daimyo and Kokujin Ryoshu.
Japanese: 地侍層は、戦国大名や国人領主から加地子（地代＝中間得分）の徴収権を保証される代わりに、家臣となり、戦時には軍役を果たす義務を負った。
English: Some Daimyo (direct retainers of the lords) and Hatamoto during the Edo period originated from these Ji-zamurai.
Japanese: 江戸時代の大名・旗本には、このような地侍を出自とする家も少なくない。
English: However, the majority of Ji-zamurai stayed in their villages being leaders there despite their position as samurai.
Japanese: しかし、大多数の地侍は、侍身分でありながら村落に在住し、村落の指導者としてあり続けた。
English: In most cases, these Ji-zamurai returned to the position of farmers due to the separation policy of samurai and farmers such as the sword hunt during the Azuchi Momoyama period and took the leaders' position of the villages such as Shoya, Nanushi, Kimoiri, and Banto.
Japanese: こうした地侍たちは、安土桃山期の兵農分離（刀狩など）によって郷士や再度、百姓身分に戻り、庄屋・名主・肝煎・番頭など村の指導者としての地位に就くことが多かった。
English: Jikendan (voluntary ruling and judging) refers to rural communities in medieval Japan such as soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and goson (autonomous village) that conduct a kendan (trial) by themselves.
Japanese: 自検断（じけんだん）とは、中世日本の村落（惣村・郷村など）が、自ら検断（けんだん）を実施することをいう。
English: The kendan is the term to mean to rule and to hold a trial, and addressing domestic policies, diplomacies, and governing territories and rural communities were closely connected to holding a trial because security, government, and criminal justice, even the military, were not separated in medieval Japan (according to "Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam:" Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603 - 1604), kendan was described as a post to rule and hold a trial).
Japanese: 検断とは、統治すること・裁判することを意味する用語であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法、さらに軍事までもが未分化だったため、領地・村落内の内政、外交を行い、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていた（日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある）。
English: Cases on these kendan were called Kendan-sata (criminal cases) in terms at that time and this Kendan-sata included suits and trials against crimes which threatened public order such as murder and injury cases, theft and robbery cases, and coup d'etat.
Japanese: こうした検断に関する事案を当時の用語で「検断沙汰」というが、検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
English: These rural communities enacted as a legal provision within sosons a clearly-stated so okite (rules) under the agreement of all constituent members and exercised severely their rights to judge criminal cases against those who broke the so okite.
Japanese: これらの村落では、惣内部の法規定として、明文化された惣掟（そうおきて）を全構成員の合意のもとに制定し、惣掟に違反した者へ厳しく検断権を実行していった。
English: Especially, the trials against theft, arson, and murder were harshly punished and many were sentenced to death.
Japanese: 特に窃盗・放火・殺人に対する検断は非常に重く、死刑とされることが多かった。
English: Disputes (trouble) between conflicting rural communities were also settled by their own military power and it was usually the case that each community built fortresses at high altitudes and all members had combat training.
Japanese: さらに対立する村落間の紛争もしばしば自らの保有する武力によって解決され、村落ごとに高地に城砦を備え、また成員が戦闘訓練を受けていることも通例であった。
English: Sosons and rulers were sometimes in conflict with each other over exercising the right to judge criminal cases but sosons negotiated with rulers and their rights to judge criminals were often confirmed.
Japanese: また、検断権の行使を巡って、惣と支配者とで対立が生じることもあったが、惣から支配者へ交渉し、惣の検断権が追認されることも少なくなかった。
English: During the Kamakura period, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) played an central role to exercise the right based upon a delegation from the central government, but lords continued to have the power in principle at least.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には、幕府が中央政府からの委任に基づいて、検断権行使の中枢を担っていたが、あくまで建前上の権限は領主にあった。
English: However, during the Muromachi period, self-governing communities (sosons) by independent peasants were formed and these communities started to exercise the right themselves against Kendan-sata to settle conflicts within the communities and sometimes even between communities.
Japanese: ところが、室町時代になると、自立した百姓らによる自治村落（惣村）の形成が進み、こうした惣村では、惣内部や時には対立する他の惣との紛争解決の検断沙汰についてすら自ら検断権を行使するようになった。
English: It was a tradition from the preceding era that lords or a Shugo and a Jito (military governor and estate steward) who were delegated from the lords, exercised the right to judge criminal cases even against cases within communities, but with the increased autonomy, communities rejected and excluded the lord's intervention into trials and started to conduct Jikendan themselves.
Japanese: 惣内部の事案といえども、本来ならば、領主又はその委任を受けた守護・地頭が検断権を行使するのが、前代までの慣習であったが、惣村などの自治性の高い村落は、領主の検断介入を拒否・排除し、自検断を行うようになっていった。
English: In the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan), ichien shihai (rule the whole territory) by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) was developed in the Sengoku period and officially Jikendan seemed to disappear and become reduced, however, after the Edo period, authorized communities such as villages and towns (cho) virtually kept possession of their autonomy similar to Jikendan under the compromise and tolerance of the government, standing on the premise that as if they waived their right to judge criminal cases.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると、戦国大名の一円支配が進み、自検断は表向き次第に消滅もしくは縮小していったが、江戸時代以降も村や町（ちょう）といった公認共同体は事実上それに近い自治権を、あたかも自検断権を放棄しているかのごとき建前に立った、政権との妥協と黙認の上に、保持し続けた。
English: After the Sword Hunt, keeping arms that supported the right to judge criminal cases as a safeguard military police power had the form of waiving the right and people in a farming rank showed their waiver by not wearing a sword, their rank symbol, but actually an individual community had big stockpiles of swords, spears, and guns under the pretext of dedicating things to Shinto and Buddhist deities or the extermination of harmful animals and the governmental powers could not openly touch them even after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: こうした自検断権の裏づけとなる軍事警察力の保証としての武器の保有も、建前上は刀狩以降放棄した形式をとり、百姓身分の者は身分表象としての帯刀を放棄することでそれを示していたが、実際は個々の村には膨大な数の刀槍、鉄砲が神仏への献納物、あるいは害獣駆除の名目で備蓄されており、明治維新以降も国家権力はあからさまにこれに手をつけられない状態であった。
English: It was after losing in the World War II when the police succeeded in confiscating and destroying completely these large amount of swords, spears, and firearms, the symbols of the right of Jikendan, under the guise of elimination of militarism and backed by the force and prestige of the occupation forces.
Japanese: 自検断権の象徴たるこれらの膨大な刀槍、銃器が完全に廃棄されたのは、第二次世界大戦の敗戦後、警察が軍国主義の排除という名目と占領軍の武力と威光を背景に、没収の実行に成功してからであった。
English: Suiko (government loans made to peasants) was a term that indicated the loans carrying interest observed in ancient and medieval Japan.
Japanese: 出挙（すいこ）は、古代～中世の日本に見られた利子付き貸借を指す用語。
English: In the agrarian society worldwide, it is thought that a system, in which seeds were loaned to peasants in the planting season to make them pay back the loaned seeds and the born interest in the harvesting season, was launched in the early days.
Japanese: 世界各地の農業社会では、その初期の頃から、播種期に種子を貸与し、収穫期に利子を付けて返済させる慣行が生まれたと考えられている。
English: While a system of loaning is believed to have existed in China since long ago, a similar system may have existed in Japan as well since ancient times, it is speculated.
Japanese: 中国では古くから利子付き貸借の慣習が存在したとされているが、日本でも古代からそうした慣習が発生していたのではないかと見られている。
English: The word 'Irashi no ine' (literally, loaning rice plant) appears in the article of April 12, 646 in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: 日本書紀の孝徳天皇2年（646年）3月19日の記事に「貸稲」（いらしのいね）の語が登場する。
English: This is believed to be the predecessor of Suiko, regarded as a corroboration of the opinion that a system charging and paying interest had already existed by the middle of the seventh century at the latest.
Japanese: これが出挙の前身ではないかと考えられており、少なくとも7世紀中期までに利子の慣行が発生していたことの傍証とされている。
English: The word 'Suiko' first appeared in the Ritsuryo codes enforced in the eighth century (Yoro-ritsuryo-zoryo [a chapter in the code promulgated in the Yoro period dealing with miscellaneous materials]).
Japanese: 8世紀に施行された律令に初めて「出挙」の語が現れた（養老律令雑令）。
English: However, stipulating the Suiko in the Ritsuryo codes is considered that the system of loaning was institutionalized by the government.
Japanese: しかし、律令上に出挙が明確に規定されることによって、利子付き貸借が国家により制度化されたのだと解釈されている。
English: Suiko was originally regarded as a system to promote and encourage agricultural production, namely a kind of encouraging of agriculture.
Japanese: 出挙は元々、農業生産の推進・奨励、すなわち勧農の一つとして位置づけられていた。
English: Suiko was divided into two groups under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo codes): one was the official Suiko (Ku-Suiko) and the other was the private Suiko (Shi-Suiko).
Japanese: 律令制においては、公的な出挙（公出挙：くすいこ）・私的な出挙（私出挙：しすいこ）に区分された。
English: Furthermore, the Suiko dealing with property and that dealing with rice and millet were transacted in different ways.
Japanese: また、財物を出挙した場合と稲粟を出挙した場合で取扱いが異なっていた。
English: In the Ritsuryo codes, it was regarded as a common principle that Suiko should be managed in line with the private and free contract relationship, without being managed by the government office.
Japanese: 律令では、まず出挙が私的・自由な契約関係に依るべきであり、官庁の管理を受けないことを共通原則としていた。
English: In the Suiko dealing with property, one eighth of the loan was charged as interest every 60 days (annual interest at about 75%).
Japanese: 財物の場合、60日ごとに8分の1ずつ利子を取ることとされた（年利約75％）。
English: In the Suiko dealing with rice and millet, with setting the due date one year later, the creditor was allowed to charge a maximum of 100% annual interest in Shi-Suiko, and 50% annual interest at the maximum for Ku-Suiko.
Japanese: 稲粟の場合、1年を満期として、私出挙であれば年利100％まで、公出挙であれば年利50％まで利子を取ることが認められていた。
English: Regarding the Suiko dealing with rice and millet, a high interest rate might be reasonable, because the ratio of yield to the seeding stood very high.
Japanese: 稲粟であれば、播種量に対する収穫量の割合が非常に高いため、利子率が著しく高くなるのは合理的だと言える。
English: It seems that the Suiko dealing with property was implemented frequently in the urban areas (Heijo-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara] and Heian-kyo [ancient capital in current Kyoto]).
Japanese: 都市部（平城京や平安京）では、財物の出挙が盛んに行われていたようだ。
English: "Nihon genho zenaku ryoiki" (set of three books of Buddhist stories) written in the Heian period vividly depicts the condition of the people living in the urban areas who became money-mad due to Suiko or were suffering from repayment.
Japanese: 平安時代に書かれた日本現報善悪霊異記に、出挙によって金銭亡者となったり返済に苦悩したりする都市住民の様子がまざまざと描かれている。
English: Moreover, a lot of loan bonds have been left in Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Temple archives), which are the valuable historical materials of the Suiko dealing with property in the Nara period.
Japanese: また、正倉院文書の中に出挙の貸借証文が多数のこされており、奈良時代当時の財物出挙の貴重な史料となっている。
English: However, since charging high annual interest rates at 50% was admitted even in Ku-Suiko, local administrative organizations such as the Kokufu (provincial office) and Gunke (public office) started to forcibly loan seed rice to peasants in spring, although such seed rice should have been stored in the provincial offices' warehouse as Shozei, the rice tax (belonging to So-Yo-Cho system [a tax system, corvee]).
Japanese: しかし、公出挙でも年利50％と高利が認められていたので、国府や郡家などの地方機関は春になると正税（租庸調）の種籾を百姓へ強制的に貸与した。
English: In the Ritsuryo codes, Shozei was regarded as the main financial resources for local administrative organizations (Kokufu and Gunke) among various land taxes.
Japanese: 律令上、租税の中でも正税は、地方機関（国府や郡家）の主要財源とされていた。