nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In August in the same year, Tokimasa and Maki no kata attempted to uncrown Sanetomo, and back up Tomomasa HIRAGA as a new shogun.
Japanese: 同年閏7月、時政と牧の方は、実朝を廃して平賀朝雅を新将軍として擁立しようとする。
English: Tokimasa and Maki no kata's action like this to take hold of the government was so aggressive that it provoked antipathy of Masako HOJO, Yoshitoki HOJO, and others in the family.
Japanese: 政権を牛耳るためとはいえ、時政と牧の方のこのようなあまりにも強硬な策は一族の北条政子・北条義時らの反感を招いた。
English: On September 12, eventually Masako and Yoshitoki worked together to get rid of Tokimasa from the post of regent, and forced him and Maki no kata to enter the priesthood.
Japanese: 閏7月20日(旧暦)に、遂に政子と義時は協力して時政を執権から廃して、牧の方と共に強制的に出家させた。
English: Tokimasa and Maki no kata never returned to the political arena since then, and died.
Japanese: 時政と牧の方はその後、二度と政界に復帰することなく、その生命を終えた。
English: Then, Yoshitoki assumed the office of the second regency from the Hojo clan, and under Yoshitoki's control, the Hojo clan secured its place in the bakufu.
Japanese: そして、北条氏の第2代執権には義時が就任し、義時のもとで北条氏は幕府内における地位を確固たるものとしていくのである。
English: However, this was the beginning of internal conflicts for shikken no shiki (post of regent) which later happened inside the Hojo clan.
Japanese: ただし、この事件は、後に北条氏内部で起こる執権職をめぐっての内紛の先駆けにもなった。
English: The Nigatsu-sodo refers to the incident that took place in March, 1272 (February, 1272 in old lunar calendar) in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 二月騒動（にがつそうどう）は、鎌倉時代の1272年（文永9年）2月に起こった事件。
English: It was the incident that took place in the midst of confusions over the reply to the Mongol (Yuan [Dynasty]) letter that was delivered in 1266, and the guard against foreign countries.
Japanese: 1266年（文永3年）にもたらされた蒙古（元(王朝)）国書に対する返書や、異国警固を巡り紛糾する最中に起こった事件である。
English: It was the incident in which Tokisuke HOJO, Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata (Southern Chief of Rokuhara Tandai), the Hojo family (NAGOE family) of the Hojo clan, and others, who were believed to plan a rebellion against the bakufu, were subjugated by the order of the regent Tokimune HOJO.
Japanese: 幕府に対して謀反を企てていたとされる六波羅探題南方の北条時輔、北条一門の北条氏(名越流)らが執権北条時宗の命により討伐された事件である。
English: Tokiaki HOJO and his younger brother, Noritoki HOJO, were killed in Kamakura on March 18, and Tokisuke in Kyoto on March 22.
Japanese: 2月11日(旧暦)に鎌倉で北条時章・北条教時兄弟、2月15日(旧暦)には京都で時輔がそれぞれ誅殺された。
English: However, it is noted as Yasumori ADACHI, a maternal relative, who addressed this incident, grew too powerful, his confrontation with TAIRA no Yoritsuna, Miuchibito (private vassal of the Tokuso) became graver.
Japanese: しかし、事件処理に当たった外戚の安達泰盛の勢力が肥大化し、御内人の平頼綱らとの対立が深まったとも指摘されている。
English: Tokisuke HOJO, the RokuharaTandai Minamikata, who was the regent Tokimune's older brother by a concubine, was assigned the post of Rokuhara Tandai Minamikata, an administrative and judicial agency of the bakufu to watch the Imperial Court in Kyoto, when Tokimune assumed the office of rensho (assistant to regents in the bakufu) in 1264.
Japanese: 六波羅探題南方の北条時輔は執権時宗の庶兄で、1264年（文永元年）に時宗が連署に就任すると同時に、京都の朝廷を監視する幕府の出仕機関である六波羅探題南方として赴任した。
English: Kitakata (Northern chief), ranking higher than Minamikata, was Tokishige HOJO, a younger brother of Nagatoki HOJO, who was the previous regent before the last, who supported Tokuso.
Japanese: 南方の上位である北方は、先々代執権北条長時の弟で得宗支持の北条時茂であった。
English: However, his successor had not been assigned since his death in 1270.
Japanese: しかし、1270年（文永7年）に死去、後任が赴任しない状態となっていた。
English: It is thought when the reaction of the Imperial Court to the Mongol letter was regarded as important, Kamakura became more wary of Kyoto.
Japanese: 蒙古国書への返書を巡り朝廷の動向が重要視されるようになると鎌倉は京都を警戒するようになっていたとも考えられている。
English: When Yoshimune HOJO, Nagatoki's son, took the post of Kitakata in January, 1272, he took measures to control the movements of the anti-Kamakura group, such as the confiscation of the shoryo (territory) of Yorikage ADACHI, who was a Rokuhara hyojoshu (a member of Council of State).
Japanese: 1271年（文永8年）12月に長時の子北条義宗が北方として赴任し、六波羅評定衆の安達頼景が所領を没収されるなど、反鎌倉派の動きを封殺する措置が行われている。
English: The Nagoe clan had been punished, because during the fifth regent Tokiyori HOJO's era (1246 to 1256 in office), Mitsutoki HOJO (NAGOE) allied with Shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, together with his younger brothers, Tokiaki HOJO (NAGOE) and Noritoki HOJO (NAGOE) to attempt a rebellion (Miya Sodo [the Palace Disturbance]).
Japanese: 名越氏は、5代執権北条時頼時代（在職1246-56）に北条光時が将軍藤原頼経と結び、弟の北条時章、北条教時らと共に謀叛を企てて処罰されている（宮騒動）。
English: Mitsutoki barely escaped death, and was banished to Izu, while Tokiaki and Noritoki were not blamed.
Japanese: 光時はかろうじて助命されて伊豆へ流され、時章、教時は責められずに終わった。
English: As Noritoki, who was a hyojoshu, was a close adviser to Shogun, Imperial Prince Munetaka, it is said he was being watched out, when the Imperial Prince was banished.
Japanese: 評定衆の教時は将軍宗尊親王の側近でもあり、親王が追放された際には警戒されていたと言われる。
English: The existing migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities) shows hunting down was ordered by the bakufu, and led by the bakufu regent Tokimune HOJO, the rensho Masamura HOJO, who was the previous regent, and others.
Japanese: 残されている御教書から、追討は幕命によるもので、幕府執権北条時宗、前執権で連署北条政村らが主導した事が分かっている。
English: Both Tokiaki NAGOE (Nyudo [lay-monk] Kensei) and Noritoki were killed in Kamakura on March 18, 1272, and a court noble, Sanetaka NAKAMIKADO was punished.
Japanese: 1272年2月11日、鎌倉では名越時章（入道見西）、教時の両名が誅殺され、公家の中御門実隆らが処罰された。
English: The order of the bakufu was sent to Kyoto by post horse on March 22 in the same year, and Tokisuke was killed by Yoshimune HOJO (It is also said he escaped and ran away to Yoshino).
Japanese: 京都へは同年2月15日に早馬で幕命が伝えられ、時輔は北条義宗に誅殺された（逐電し、吉野へ逃亡したという説もある）。
English: Kiyosu Alliance was a military alliance formed between Nobunaga ODA, a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [Period of Warring States]) of Owari Province, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a sengoku daimyo of Mikawa Province.
Japanese: 清洲同盟（きよすどうめい）とは、戦国時代(日本)のに尾張国の戦国大名・織田信長と三河国の戦国大名・徳川家康との間で結ばれた軍事同盟。
English: This alliance was also called Shokutoku Alliance after each family name ('shoku' is a way of reading of the first Chinese character of Oda and 'toku' is of Tokugawa), or Bisan Alliance after each territory ('bi' is a way of reading of the first Chinese character of Owari Province and 'san' is of Mikawa Province).
Japanese: それぞれの一文字から織徳（しょくとく）同盟、尾三（びさん）同盟ともよばれる。
English: According to a legend, when Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was defeated by Nobunaga ODA at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (those days, Motoyasu MATSUDAIRA) who had been following the Imagawa clan tried to execute seppuku (ritual suicide) in Daiju-ji Temple under Okazaki-jo Castle.
Japanese: 永禄3年（1560年）、桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が織田信長によって討たれると、、それまで今川氏に従属していた徳川家康（当時は松平元康）は、岡崎城下の大樹寺で切腹を図ろうとしたと伝わる。
English: Ieyasu, who was persuaded by the chief priest of the temple to live to build a peaceful world, gave up seppuku and tried to be independent from the Imagawa family.
Japanese: 寺の住職より泰平の世を築くべく生きよと諭された家康は切腹を思いとどまり、今川家から自立を図る。
English: In 1561 Ujizane ordered his vassal Shizuzane OHARA, who was jodai (vassal who manages the castle while the lord is not in the castle) of Yoshida-jo Castle (Mikawa Province), to kill the hostage from the Matsudaira (Tokugawa) side at the entrance of Ryunen-ji Temple located under the castle.
Japanese: 永禄4年（1561年）に家臣の吉田城(三河国)代小原鎮実に命じ、松平（徳川）側の人質を城下の龍拈寺口で殺した。
English: Ieyasu who became all-out confrontation with the Imagawa family of east Suruga Province thought about approach to the child of west Nobuhide ODA, Nobunaga.
Japanese: 東の駿河国の今川家との全面対決となった家康は西の織田信秀の子信長への接近を考えた。
English: In addition, Ieyasu might have thought that it was a wide policy to form an alliance with Nobunaga ODA of the neighboring province that has been expanding power with the tremendous momentum.
Japanese: また、凄まじい勢いで勢力を拡大する隣国の織田信長と同盟を結んでいたほうが得策との考えもあったのか。
English: Therefore, he sought the alliance with Nobunaga through Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, who was right hand of Ieyasu in those days, as a deal maker.
Japanese: そこで、当時は家康の片腕であった石川数正を交渉役として、信長との同盟を模索する。
English: The other party Nobunaga also had an idea of forming an alliance with Ieyasu for reasons of his being at war with the Saito clan of Mino Province and his need to have a countermeasure to keep movements of Ujiyasu HOJO of Kanto region and Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province in check; therefore, Nobunaga himself already had ordered Nobumoto MIZUNO, who was Ieyasu's maternal uncle, and others.
Japanese: 一方の信長も、美濃国の斎藤氏と交戦している経緯、そして関東の北条氏康や甲斐国の武田信玄に対する抑えへの対抗策から家康との同盟を考えており、家康の母方の伯父に当たる水野信元らに交渉を命じていた。
English: However, among the vassals of both families there existed a strong grudge because Nobuhide ODA (father of Nobunaga) and Hirotada MATSUDAIRA (father of Ieyasu) fought and were old enemy relation for each other, thus the alliance was not formed easily.
Japanese: しかし、両家は織田信秀（信長の父）と松平広忠（家康の父）が宿敵関係で戦っていた経緯から、両家の家臣団の間での遺恨も強く、同盟はなかなかまとまらなかった。
English: This alliance was called Kiyosu Alliance because, on this occasion, Ieyasu visited the Kiyosu-jo Castle where Nobunaga lived, to form the alliance after interviewing with Nobunaga.
Japanese: このとき、家康が信長の居城である清洲城を訪問して、信長と家康との間で会見が持たれた上で同盟が締結されたことから、これは清洲同盟と呼ばれているのである。
English: In 1567 Nobunaga's daughter Tokuhime and Ieyasu's legitimate son Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA married, and the relationships of the two were further deepened.
Japanese: 永禄10年（1567年）には信長の娘・徳姫と家康の嫡男・松平信康が結婚し、二人の関係はますます深まった。
English: When Nobunaga ODA conformed to Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA strategically to visit the capital in Kyoto, Ieyasu dispatched reinforcement to Nobunaga for hunting down the Asakura clan, for the Battle of Anegawa, and so on.
Japanese: 軍事的には織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛したときや朝倉氏追討戦、姉川の戦いなどで家康は信長に対して援軍を派遣している。
English: Nobunaga also dispatched reinforcement to Ieyasu for the battles against the Takeda clan at such battles as the Battle of Mikatagahara, the Battle of Nagashino, and so on.
Japanese: また、信長も家康に対して三方ヶ原の戦い、長篠の戦いなど、対武田氏戦で援軍を派遣している。
English: As previously described, their interest was in accord with each other; Nobunaga sought reinforcement from Ieyasu when he was in a critical situation by the anti-Nobunaga network of Shogun Yoshiaki; Ieyasu did from Nobunaga when he needed to win successfully through a fight with his powerful enemy Shingen TAKEDA.
Japanese: このように、お互いの利害が一致して信長は将軍・義昭によって信長包囲網が敷かれたときの危機的状況から家康の援軍を、家康は武田信玄という強敵との戦いを勝ち抜くということから信長の援軍を求めたのである。
English: However, the relation of Nobunaga and Ieyasu had begun to delicately change after Shingen died of an illness.
Japanese: しかし、信玄が病死した頃から、信長と家康の関係は微妙に変わり始める。
English: Shingen died in 1573 and a menace of Takeda clan is reduced to half; with the death of Shingen there was no one who could fight with Nobunaga in equal terms in the world; in addition, anti-Nobunaga network collapsed, too.
Japanese: 元亀4年（1573年）に信玄が死んで武田氏の脅威は半減し、信長と対等に戦えるだけの人物はこの世にいなくなった上、信長包囲網も瓦解した。
English: For this reason, Nobunaga was able to fight with Takeda clan in equal terms without forming the alliance with Ieyasu.
Japanese: このため、信長は家康との同盟がなくても武田氏と対等に戦えるようになったのである。
English: After the death of Shingen, Nobunaga conquered provinces of various regions and other opposing power one after another including the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the Azai clan, the Asakura clan, uprisings of Ikko sect of followers from Ise-Nagashima and Echizen Province; as the result, he expanded his power to provinces around the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto, Saigoku (western part of Japan [especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) and Hokkoku (the north western part of the main island of Japan).
Japanese: そして、信玄没後の信長は室町幕府をはじめ、浅井氏や朝倉氏、伊勢長島や越前の一向一揆衆を次々と滅ぼして勢力を畿内・西国・北国に拡大する。
English: When Kenshin UESUGI died in 1578, threats to Nobunaga were completely gone.
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）に上杉謙信が死去すると、もはや信長の脅威は完全に無くなることとなる。
English: By that time the territory of Nobunaga had become very large and included most of the Provinces around the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto, Hokuriku region (the northwestern part of the main island of Japan), Chugoku region (the westernmost region of the main island of Japan), Shikoku, and a part of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
Japanese: この頃になると、信長の領土は畿内の大半から北陸・中国・四国・東国の一部を支配するという強大なものとなっていた。
English: While Ieyasu was only a small daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) who ruled only two provinces of Mikawa and Totomi Provinces, Nobunaga no longer needed power of Ieyasu as he already had the power to rule the entire Japan.
Japanese: それに対して家康は、三河と遠江国の二ヶ国だけを支配する小大名でしかなく、もはや家康の力など必要としなくても信長には天下を統べる実力を保持していた。
English: This led the equal relationship of allies into formal one that Ieyasu become the virtual vassal of Nobunaga which Ieyasu accepted.
Japanese: このため、対等な盟友と関係は形式的なものとなり、実質的に家康は信長の臣下という立場になり家康もその立場を甘んじて受け入れた。
English: And, in 1579, Nobunaga asked Ieyasu to execute Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, the legitimate son of Ieyasu and Tsukiyama-dono, the biological mother of Nobuyasu.
Japanese: そして天正7年（1579年）、信長が家康に対して、嫡男の松平信康とその生母である築山殿の処刑を要求してくる。
English: In 1582, an allied force of Nobunaga and Ieyasu invaded and attacked the territory of Takeda and destroyed Katsuyori TAKEDA in Mt. Tenmoku.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）、信長・家康の同盟軍は武田領に侵攻し、武田勝頼を天目山に滅ぼした。
English: In dividing former territory of the Takeda clan, Shinano Province was given to Nagayoshi MORI and the Hideyori MORI of vassals of Oda, the Kai Province to Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, the Kozuke Province to Kazumasu TAKIKAWA, and the Suruga Province to Ieyasu, respectively.
Japanese: その後の武田氏旧領の分割において、信濃は織田家臣の森長可と毛利秀頼、甲斐は河尻秀隆、上野国は滝川一益にそれぞれ与えられ、家康には駿河国一国が与えらた。
English: However, the Suruga Province was given in a manner that Ieyasu went to Nobunaga in Azuchi-jo Castle then was granted by him.
Japanese: しかしそれは、家康が安土城にいる信長のもとに赴いて、信長から賜るという形で与えられている。
English: By this time, Ieyasu has fallen down to the position of a vassal under the leadership of Nobunaga although he was not treated as officials who deal with military affairs such as other commanding officers of Oda family or a local governor.
Japanese: この頃になると、家康は他の織田部将のような軍事官僚や代官としての扱いではなかったものの、もはや信長を盟主とした臣下の立場に成り下がってしまった。
English: When Honnoji Incident occurred and Nobunaga died a violent death in June, 1582, the alliance naturally ended.
Japanese: 天正10年6月、本能寺の変が起こり、信長が横死することで、同盟関係は自然消滅した。
English: Right after the Honnoji Incident, it is often said that Ieyasu worked behind the scenes of Hidetaka KAWAJIRI's unusual death by a riot of a surviving retainer of the Takeda clan in Kai Province, and taking advantage of the death of Nobunaga, Ieyasu invading Kai and Shinano Provinces started a riot between the Hojo clan and the Uesugi clan who invaded the former territory of the Takeda clan with the same intention (Tenshojingo War).
Japanese: 本能寺の変の直後に甲斐において河尻秀隆が武田氏の遺臣の一揆により横死したのは家康が暗躍したためともいわれるが、信長の死に乗じて甲斐・信濃に侵攻し、おなじ意図をもって旧武田領に侵攻した北条、上杉とのあいだに騒乱を起こした（天正壬午の乱）。
English: After the death of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who defeated Katsuie SHIBATA, the head of retainers of Nobunaga, at the Battle of Shizugatake, rose in power, then Ieyasu dispatched reinforcement to Nobuo ODA, who called himself the successor of Nobunaga, in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (between Hideyoshi and Nobuo ODA) in 1584.
Japanese: 信長死後、織田家筆頭家老であった柴田勝家を賤ヶ岳の戦いで破った羽柴秀吉が台頭すると、天正12年（1584年）の小牧・長久手の戦いにおいて信長の後継者を自称する織田信雄に対して家康は援軍を派遣する。
English: However, Nobuo lacked the capability and talent of Nobunaga as his father; therefore, Ieyasu was rather on the dominant position in the relationship with Nobuo.
Japanese: しかし信雄には父・信長のような器量も実力もなく、信雄と家康の関係はどちらかというと家康のほうが優位な立場にあった。
English: While the allied force of Nobuo and Ieyasu was superior in the battle, Nobuo whose territory of Ise and Iga Provinces were occupied by Hideyoshi succumbed to the condition of peace, then Ieyasu losing the cause of the battle had an audience with Hideyoshi at Osaka-jo Castle on December 7, 1586 to show Hideyoshi their subordinate-superior relationship since Kiyosu Alliance, under several situations including the division between Ieyasu's vassals, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA changing side of Hideyoshi, and conciliation by Hideyoshi himself.
Japanese: 戦況は信雄・家康連合に優位であったものの、信雄が領国としていた伊勢伊賀を秀吉に占領され講和要求に屈したため、合戦の大義を失った家康は家臣内の分裂や石川数正の秀吉側への出奔、秀吉直々の懐柔もあり、天正14年（1586年）10月27日大坂城で秀吉と謁見することで清洲同盟以来の臣従関係を秀吉に対しあらためることとなった。
English: In the Sengoku period when the word 'being faithful' meant almost piece of paper, it was exceptional that this alliance was kept for 20 years (even if taking into consideration that later 10 years was an alliance not of equals but of fully subordinate-superior relationship).
Japanese: 「信義」という言葉が紙切れに近かった戦国時代において、20年間も同盟関係が維持されたのは（後半10年間が完全な従属同盟であったことを考慮しても）異例のことである。
English: Thanks to this alliance, Nobunaga could succeed going to the capital in Kyoto and expand his power to the western part of Japan without worry for the region he left behind.
Japanese: また、この同盟は信長にとっては、後顧の憂い無く上洛に成功して西方に勢力拡大に乗り出す事が出来るようになった。
English: Meanwhile, prevented by strong enemies such as the Takeda clan and the Hojo clan, Ieyasu could not expand his power as much as he wanted, however, even in the difficult situation, his consistent and stubbornly honest attitude of being faithful and loyal to Nobunaga in the West raised his reputation tremendously within and beyond his territory, which is said to have helped him taking position in reigning the Japanese government (in the concrete terms to have Imperial Proclamation of seii taishogun [literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"]).
Japanese: 一方家康は武田・北条などの強敵に阻まれてそれ程の勢力拡大こそは果たせなかったものの、苦境においても愚直にも西の信長への信義・忠誠を貫いた姿勢が内外における名声を高めて後年の天下取り（具体的には征夷大将軍の宣下）に役立ったと言われている。
English: It can be said that this alliance had a decisive influence on the Japanese history later.
Japanese: その後の日本の歴史を大きく左右することになった同盟といえるのである。
English: "Mikawa Monogatari" (Tales from Mikawa) by Okubo and "Shinchoko-ki" (Biography of Nobunaga ODA) by Gyuichi OTA do not contain descriptions of the Kiyosu Alliance; therefore, the quotation was taken from concluding the peace and amity with Nobunaga in "Mikawa Go Fudoki" (The Topographical Records of Mikawa Province).
Japanese: 大久保の『三河物語』、太田牛一の『信長公記』には、清洲同盟の記述が見られないため、『三河後風土記』信長と和親を結ぶ事から引用する。
English: After the Battle of Okehazama, Nobumoto MIZUNO and Sadatoshi HISAMATSU often visited Ieyasu entering Okazaki-jo Castle as envoy of Oda family to persuade him as much as possible in words to become the daimyo of the Oda side, however, Ieyasu did not accept their words so easily then they said that following the stupid commander Ujizane who did not revenge for Yoshimoto died in battle would surely end up Ieyasu losing his territory by the Takeda clan and the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 桶狭間の合戦後に、岡崎城に入城した家康の許に、織田家からの使者として、たびたび、水野信元、久松定俊の両人が訪問し、言葉を尽くして、和順を促したという、しかしながら、家康はなかなか応じず、討死した義元の仇も報じない愚将の氏真に従えば武田・北条にその所領を奪われるは必定。
English: Hearing that major Nobunaga asking minor Ieyasu to follow was undeserved honor, Ieyasu made up his mind to exchange the peace document of oath each other in October 1961.
Japanese: 大身の信長が、小身の家康へ和順を申し出るは、過分の至りであるとして、家康は納得し、永禄四年九月、和睦整い、双方誓紙を取り替わしたるという。
English: Chonin (or machinin) is a term referring to craftsmen and merchants who lived in the urban area during the Edo period.
Japanese: 町人（ちょうにん、まちにん）とは、江戸時代に都市に居住していた職人、商人のこと。
English: With the class system (warrior, farmer, craftsman and merchant classes) established in the early Edo period, Chonin was ranked the two lowest classes in the category.
Japanese: 江戸時代前期に、身分制度（士農工商）が成立し、末端の工商の部分にあてられた。
English: This encouraged categorical separation of these occupations away from farming and led them greater specialization.
Japanese: このことにより職業的に農業との分離が促進され、より専門性が高まった。
English: In the social status, they ranked at lower position but showed superiority over the samurai class at times with their outstanding craftsmanship and abundant financial resources, which contributed to the development of distinctive urban cultures (Chonin culture [townsmen culture].)
Japanese: 身分的には下層社会であったが、優れた技術力と豊富な資金量は武士を圧倒する面もみせ、独自の都市文化（町人文化）の形成発展に寄与した。
English: It must be noted that the term was not used for all the people classified in artisans and merchants classes but referred to the owners and the masters who made up the bourgeoisie and possessed their own estates.
Japanese: しかしながら、単なる商工身分の者全般を町人と呼ぶわけではなく、特にブルジョワ階級である旦那衆のことを指し、家屋敷を所有する者のことを言う。
English: They participated in local politics and public events, also held social status, as well as public rights and obligations, which entitled them voting right and eligibility for machi-doshiyori (ward head) selection.
Japanese: また町政や公事にも参加し、町年寄を選ぶ選挙権や被選挙権を持つなど、社会的身分や公的権利・義務を持つ者である。
English: One social function of Chonin was to rent nagaya (a row house) to tanako (tenant) for a small tanachin (rent.)
Japanese: また町人としての社会的役割のひとつに賃貸しの長屋を持ちわずかな店賃で店子に貸す慣習があった。
English: They hired oya (landlord) who was committed administration of nagaya including management service such as collecting rent and mediating in problems, in consideration of the task, oya received benefits such as exemption of rent and so on.
Japanese: そして大家を雇い店子からの家賃の取立てや諸事の面倒など長屋の管理運営を任せ、その対価として店賃の免除などの優遇をした。
English: As a side note to this, Hachiko and Kumako, famous characters that appear in rakugo tales, are nagaya tenants, not townspeople in the strict sense.
Japanese: ちなみに落語などに出てくる八公・熊公などは借家人であるため厳密に言えば町人にはあたらない。
English: Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Gaisha was a special company established for the purpose of carrying forward colonial enterprises in Korea during the era of the Great Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 東洋拓殖株式会社（とうようたくしょくかぶしきがいしゃ）は、大日本帝国時代の朝鮮の植民地事業を進めることを目的として設立された特殊会社である。
English: On December 18, 1908, it was jointly established by the government of the Korean Empire and the private capital of Japan and Korea based on Toyo Takushoku Kabushiki Gaisha Law (Totaku Law).
Japanese: 1908年（明治41）12月18日、東洋拓殖株式会社法（東拓法）を根拠法として、大韓帝国政府と日韓民間資本の共同出資などにより設立された。
English: Its head office was initially located at Hanseong (Keijo as it was renamed upon the annexation of Korea, and Seoul Special City as it is known today).
Japanese: 当初は漢城（韓国併合後、京城府に改名）（現在のソウル特別市）に本店を置いた。
English: It owned the land of 5,700 cho (approx.5,700 hectares) in Korea and engaged in immigration and development by the Japanese.
Japanese: 朝鮮の土地5700町(単位)を所有して、日本からの移民と開拓をその事業として掲げた。
English: 11,400 chobo (approx. 11,400 hectares) of the land that had been condemned by Japan based on the Comprehensive Land Survey in Korea (from 1910 to 1918) were portioned out as an investment in kind.
Japanese: 土地調査事業（1910年～1918年）で日本が接収した土地のうちから1万1400町歩が現物出資される。
English: In 1919, however, the land owned by the company amounted to 78,000 hectares (equivalent to about 1.8 percent of the total acreage under cultivation).
Japanese: しかし、1919年には7万8000町歩(全耕作面積の約1.8%)を保有した。
English: Although the immigration project of the company fell through, it placed the focus on land-owning and money-lending businesses making Korean people work in the condemned land under Kisei Jinushi Sei (the landownership in the period of the establishment of the Japanese capitalism).
Japanese: 同社の日本人移民事業は挫折したが、接収した土地で朝鮮民族を寄生地主制として働かせ、地主兼金融業を中心業務とするようになった。
English: Consequently, it became the largest landowner in Korea under Japanese rule during the time until Japan was defeated in the war.
Japanese: そのため、日本の敗戦に至るまで日本統治時代の朝鮮における最大の地主となる。
English: Furthermore, it became the center of Japanese colonial administration in Korea both nominally and virtually as symbolized by the fact that the Imperial Family owned the stock of the company.
Japanese: また、天皇家が同社の株式を所有していたことも含め、名実とも日本の朝鮮経営の中心となった。
English: At the same time, its area of business was expanded to include Manchuria, Mongolia, North China and the South Sea Islands.
Japanese: それと共に満州、モンゴル、華北、南洋諸島にまでその営業範囲を広げた。
English: Kozai Kikai Zushiki, the edict of Dajokan (Grand Council of State) No.65 of 1873, is an act which stipulates the scheme of devices to be used for judicial hanging in Japan.
Japanese: 絞罪器械図式（こうざいきかいずしき；明治6年太政官布告第65号）は日本の死刑執行の際に使用される絞首器の図式を定めた法令。
English: In spite of having been established before the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, let alone before the Constitution of Japan, this act is determined by the Supreme Court of Japan to retain the same effect as laws and ordinances today.
Japanese: この法令は日本国憲法のみならず大日本帝国憲法も制定されていない時代のものだが、最高裁判例により現在も法律と同一の効力があることが確認されている。
English: Today there remain no materials that tell what was referenced to prepare the Scheme, but the structure of the devices shown in the Scheme resembles that of gallows which were used in England in those days.
Japanese: 何を参考にして作成されたのか明確な資料は現存していないが、構造は当時のイギリスの絞首刑台に良く似ている。