nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the strict sense, it was a term only related to the social status of a samurai who had a master-servant relationship from the Muromachi to the Edo period.
Japanese: 室町時代から江戸時代にかけての主従関係における武士や侍のみに当てられる、いわば狭義の身分語であった。
English: When the Edo period started after the war period ended, the number of 牢人 who wandered around various provinces increased due to Kaieki (punishment whereby a samurai was deprived of his samurai status and his fief and residence were confiscated).
Japanese: 江戸時代になり戦火が収まると、改易等により各地を流浪する牢人が急増した。
English: In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods when a samurai owned his fief, the term indicated a person who lost his fief and position and became a wanderer.
Japanese: 武士が在地領主であった鎌倉時代・室町時代においては所領と職を失い浮浪する者たちをさした。
English: In these periods, small-scale wars frequently occurred in various places, and so, even if a samrai became 浪人, there were lots of opportunities to find a new master because daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) needed warriors.
Japanese: この時代は浪人になっても各地で慢性的に小規模な戦乱が頻発し、大名は戦闘要員を必要としており、新たな主家を得る機会は少なくなかった。
English: Because the public security was poor, 浪人 banded together in various places and some of them stole things or caused riots.
Japanese: また、治安状況が悪かったために、浪人が徒党を組んで割拠し、野盗をしたり一揆を引き起こす者たちもいた。
English: In this period, the meaning of 浪人 was close to a person who wandered around, although 牢人 existed, and it was in the late Muromachi period that the social status-indicating the term of 牢人 came to be firmly used.
Japanese: この頃の浪人は浮浪の意味に近く、牢人の者もいたが牢人という身分語が定着するのは室町時代後期である。
English: In the Sengoku period (in Japan), the master-servant relationship and social status relationships became clearer compared with the previous periods, and even if a samurai became 牢人 because the family of his master lost its position, there were many other opportunities for him to find a new master.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると主従関係と身分関係が前時代より明確になり、たとえ主家が滅びて牢人となっても再仕官する機会は多くあった。
English: However, since the master-servant relationship was a loosing one, compared with the later Edo period, it was possible that a samurai dissatisfied with his status would abandon his master and became 牢人 at his own discretion, and depending upon his ability, seeking better treatment, it was also possible to find a position in another daimyo family.
Japanese: ただ、後の江戸時代よりも主従関係が未だルーズであり、待遇に不満があれば主君を見限って自ら致仕して牢人となり、実力次第でよりよい待遇を求めて別の大名家に仕官する者たちもいた。
English: In this period, there were many samurai who became 牢人 and changed daimyo families under which they were employed, and there were even 牢人 who eventually became a daimyo himself.
Japanese: この時代は、牢人となって幾つもの大名家を渡り歩く武士が多く、中には大名にまで出世する者もいた。
English: In addition, in this period, the social status was not yet strictly specialized, and it was easy for a samrai to become a merchant or a farmer, and vice versa.
Japanese: また、この時代は身分が未分化で武士から商人、農民になることも、その逆も容易だった。
English: When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI unified the control of the nation and the war period ended, the situations around 牢人 changed.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉が天下を統一して、戦乱の時代が終息すると、牢人をとりまく状況が変化した。
English: When Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of the eastern military group won the Battle of Sekigahara, many daimyo families of the western military group lost their positions as well as their territories or were forced to reduce their territories, producing lots of 牢人.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いで東軍の徳川家康が勝利すると西軍についた大名の多くが取り潰されるか、大幅な領地の減封を受け、これによって大量の牢人が生じた。
English: In addition, the Edo bakufu government took the policy of abolishing daimyo families cantered on the tozama daimyo that had aided the Toyotomi family, and many daimyo families were abolished for the reasons that no heir existed or they violated a bakufu government law, also producing lots of 牢人.
Japanese: 更に江戸幕府は旧豊臣系大名の外様大名を中心に大名廃絶政策を取り、多くの大名が世嗣断絶、幕法違反などの理由によって取り潰され、これによっても大量の牢人が生じた。
English: Entering the Edo period, daimyo families recruited few samurai because they had already retained too many vassals.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると大名家では家臣の数が過剰になり新規の召し抱えをあまり行わなくなった。
English: In addition, the master-servant relationship was fixed due to an influence of Confucianism, and when a vassal gave up his master and left the place, the master sent to other daimyo a letter called 'Hokokamae' to close the door in order to serve another daimyo.
Japanese: また、儒教の影響で主従関係が固定化され、家臣が主君を見限って出奔した場合は、他の大名に「奉公構」を廻して再仕官の道を閉ざすことも行われた。
English: Mototsugu GOTO, who left the Kuroda family had the door closed for serving another daimyo due to the 'Hokokamae' issued and ended up participating on the side of Toyotomi in the Siege of Osaka.
Japanese: 黒田家を出奔した後藤基次は「奉公構」を出されて再仕官の道を断たれ、結局、大坂の役で豊臣氏に参加している。
English: The number of 牢人 who could not get a post in a daimyo family increased drastically, and 100,000 牢人 flocked to the side of Toyotomi when the Siege of Osaka arose.
Japanese: 再仕官できない牢人が激増し、大坂の役が起きたときには、豊臣方に10万の牢人が寄り集まっている。
English: Although many 牢人 were killed in the Siege of Osaka, the number of 牢人 increased because the bukufu continued abolishing daimyo and it is said that the number reached 500,000 towards the end of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA's life.
Japanese: 大坂の役で多数の牢人が殺されたが、その後も幕府の大名廃絶政策によって牢人は増え続け、徳川家光の晩年にはその数は50万人にも達したとされる。
English: Since a peaceful period started and few vassal positions were available, some 牢人 became merchants, craftsmen or farmers, and some other 牢人 became mercenaries overseas (for example, Nagamasa YAMADA), but most of them remained 牢人, living a life of poverty.
Japanese: 平和な時代となり、再仕官の道は限られており、町人や農民になる者、または海外へ出て傭兵になる者もいた（例山田長政）が、大部分は牢人のまま困窮の中で暮らしていた。
English: Initially, the bakufu governent considered 牢人 to be dangerous and undertook the strict policy of expelling them from urban areas, of restricting the areas where they lived and of prohibiting them from serving a new lord.
Japanese: 当初、幕府は牢人を危険視して、市中から追放や居住制限、再仕官の禁止など厳しい政策をとった。
English: 牢人 were more and more hard-pressed and the situation led Shosetsu YUI and others to plan the overthrow of the bakufu (the Keian Incident).
Japanese: 牢人たちはますます追い詰められ、由井正雪らの幕府転覆計画（慶安の変）を引き起こすに至る。
English: For these reasons, the bakufu government reviewed and changed their policies so that the prohibition of Matsugoyoshi (adopting someone after the master of a samurai family died with no heir) having caused the state of no heir existence was loosened to reduce the chances of Kaieki (punishment in which a samurai was deprived of his samurai status and his fief and residence were confiscated), the restriction of the areas where they lived was loosened and help was given to find a new lord.
Japanese: これらによって、幕府は従来の政策を見直し、世嗣断絶の原因となっていた末期養子の禁を緩め大名の改易を減らし、牢人の居住制限を緩和し、再仕官も斡旋するようになった。
English: However, even thereafter, there were many samurai who were fired from the master's families due to various reasons and became 牢人.
Japanese: しかし、これ以後も様々な理由で主家を召し放ちとなり牢人となる者は後をたたなかった。
English: 牢人 in the Edo period lost Shiseki (samurai status), but was acknowledged as samurai, with use of his family name and wearing swords being permitted.
Japanese: 江戸時代の牢人は士籍（武士としての身分）は失っていたが、苗字帯刀は許されており、武士としては認知されていた。
English: Although many 牢人 lived in a house loaned to them, were poor and were forced to live from hand to mouth, there were some successful 牢人 as well: For example, Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU was successful in literature, some opened a swordmanship-practicing hall and earned his living through training swordsmen, and some others worked as teachers at Terakoya (temple elementary school during the Edo period), contrubuting to education of the general public.
Japanese: 牢人の多くは借家住まいで貧困のその日暮らしの生活を余儀なくされていたが、中には近松門左衛門のように文芸の世界で成功した者や、町道場を開き武芸の指南で身を立てる者、寺子屋の師匠となり庶民の教育に貢献する者たちもいた。
English: Some did fine craft work to earn a living, some others became successful merchants, but there were some who became desparate and committed crimes, like robbery
Japanese: 細かい手作業で身を立てたり、商人で出世した者もいたが、やけになって強盗などの犯罪に走った者もいた。
English: As Ryoma SAKAMOTO, a goshi (generally meaning a low-status samurai living in a village), was, there were many 浪人 who severed their ties with domains full of restrictions and acted freely.
Japanese: また、郷士の坂本龍馬など自ら制約の多い藩から脱藩して浪人になり自由な立場で活躍する者たちも多く出た。
English: On the other hand, there appeared the persons who, though not being from samurai status families, such as merchants, craftsmen and farmers, got family names and wore swords by themselves, claiming to be 浪人.
Japanese: 一方で、町人や百姓など非武士身分の出身者が勝手に苗字帯刀して浪人を名乗る者も現れた。
English: Many members of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), which are said to have been a group of 浪人, came from, merchants, craftsmen or farmers.
Japanese: 浪人の集団と言われる新選組はその構成員の多くが町人、百姓などの出身者である。
English: From the middle of the Meiji period to the early Taisho period, some Shizoku (a social status given to former samurai after Meiji Restoration) class persons moved to Manchuria and the Korean peninsular (during the ages of the Joseon Dynasty, Korean Empire and Governor-General of Korea - Korea governed by Japan).
Japanese: 明治中頃から後期ごろから大正初期まで一部の士族は満州と朝鮮半島（李氏朝鮮と大韓帝国と朝鮮総督府（日本統治時代の朝鮮）時代）に移り住んだ。
English: When Empress Myeongseong was assasinated in the Itsubi Incident on October 8, 1895, after Sino-Japanese War, many 浪人 were included in the assasination team led by Japanese troops.
Japanese: 日清戦争後の1895年（明治28年）10月8日で乙未事変で閔妃暗殺の時日本軍率いる暗殺部隊に日本兵の中に浪人も多く含まれていた。
English: Hokoshu was a govermental position established by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 奉公衆(ほうこうしゅう)は、室町幕府に整備された幕府官職の1つである。
English: It is military power belonging directly to the shogun, and was called ban-shu or ban-kata because it was organized as goke-ban (literally, five ban).
Japanese: 将軍直属の軍事力で、5ヶ番に編成された事から番衆、番方などと呼ばれた。
English: Inheriting the banshu system in the palace in the Kamakura period, Hokoshu were the gokenin who were differenciated from general gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) or jito (manager and lord of manor) and closely waited on thier shogun (otomoshu, literally, the attendant group).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の御所内番衆の制度を継承するもので、一般御家人や地頭とは区別された将軍に近侍(御供衆)する御家人である。
English: According to the remaining "Gobancho (literally, descriptions of ban, squad)" where the organization of Hokoshu in the eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA era was described, Hokoshu consisted of five squads, with each squad including 50 to 100 persons and 300 to 400 persons in total, and when wakato (young samurai) and chu-gen (lower-class retainers) were also counted, it is considered that Hokoshu had the military power of 5,000 to 10,000 persons.
Japanese: 8代将軍足利義政時代の奉公衆の編成を記す『御番帳』が現存しており、それによると奉公衆は五番編成で、各番の兵力は50人から100人、総勢で300から400人ほどの人数で、各番が抱える若党や中間なども含めると平均して5000から10,000人規模の軍事力であったと考えられている。
English: It is said that Hokoshu was also organized under Kamakura kubo (shogunal representative) and under Furukawa kubo.
Japanese: なお、鎌倉公方や古河公方の下にも奉公衆が編成されていたといわれている。
English: Its members consisted of dominent gokenin, members of the Ashikaga clan, powerful Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and Kokujin (local samurai).
Japanese: 成員は有力御家人や足利氏の一門、有力守護大名や地方の国人などから選ばれる。
English: With the membeship of a squad inherited, it is said that the bond among the members was strong, and they acted jointly in the Onin War.
Japanese: 所属する番は世襲で強い連帯意識を持っていたとされ、応仁の乱などでは共同して行動している。
English: The number of Hokoshu of the Mikawa Province, located at an important location for the Ashikaga clan, was more than 40, the largest of all of the provinces.
Japanese: ちなみに、足利氏にとって重要な拠点のひとつとされていた三河国の奉公衆は40人を超えていたといい、国別で最多。
English: During peacetime, Hokoshu commuted, for example, to Bannai (the squad room) placed within the palace, and functioned as military power in emergencioes.
Japanese: 奉公衆は平時には御所内に設置された番内などに出仕し、有事には将軍の軍事力として機能した。
English: Hokoshu was entrusted to the management of local goryosho (shogunate's estate) and was also given the rights to prevent Shugo (provincial constable) from entering their own lands and to collect tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan).
Japanese: 地方の御料所（将軍直轄領）の管理を任されており、所領地の守護不入や段銭（田畑に賦課される税）の徴収などの特権を与えられていた。
English: During the early Muromachi period, political fights occurred frequently among powerful shugo even within the bakufu government, in addition to activities of various powers including that of the Southern Dynasty (in Japan), and Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, deputy to shogun, lost his position in Coup of Koryaku in 1379.
Japanese: 室町時代の初期には南朝(日本)や諸勢力の活動をはじめ、幕府内部でも有力守護の政争が絶えず、1379年(康暦元/天授(日本)5)には康暦の政変で管領の細川頼之が失脚している。
English: Therefore, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun, formed a goup of bodyguards called Oumamawari to confront shugo's power.
Japanese: そこで、3代将軍足利義満は守護勢力に対抗するため、御馬廻と呼ばれた親衛隊整備をはじめる。
English: They played an active role as military power belonged directly to the shogun in Meitoku War, caused by the Yamana clan, and in the Oei War, caused by the Ouchi clan in 1391.
Japanese: 彼らは将軍直属の軍事力として1391年(明徳2/元中2)に山名氏が蜂起した明徳の乱や大内氏が蜂起した応永の乱などで活躍する。
English: However, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the fouth shogun, still depended on the military power of the Hatakeyama clan, and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun, aimed at strengthening his power following the policies used by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: それでも4代将軍足利義持の頃にはまだ畠山氏の軍事力などに依存しており、6代将軍の足利義教は義満の政策を踏襲してさらに強権を目指した。
English: Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, the ninth shogun, established Hokoshu as well as Bugyoshu who were civil officers as an official system, and Hokoshu played an active role as bodyguards for shogun in the battle for subjugating Rokkaku clan in the Omi Province in 1487
Japanese: 9代将軍の足利義尚は、文官である奉行衆とともに奉公衆を制度として確立し、1487年(長禄元)に近江国の六角氏討伐を行った際には、奉公衆が将軍の親衛隊として活動している。
English: Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the tenth shogun, subjugated the Rokkaku clan in 1491 by leading Hokoshu, went on a journey for subjugating Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA in the Kawach Province in 1493, but while he was on the journey, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, deputy to shogun, abolished the shogun position (Coup of Meio), effectively dismantling the Hokoshu system.
Japanese: 10代将軍の足利義稙（義稙）は、1491年(延徳3)に奉公衆を率いて六角氏討伐を行い、1493年(明応2)には河内国の畠山義豊を討伐するために出陣するが、出陣中に幕府において管領の細川政元が将軍廃立を行い（明応の政変）、奉公衆の制度も事実上解体された。
English: Samuraidokoro was the organization that played military and police roles in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and in the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 侍所（さむらいどころ）は、鎌倉幕府と室町幕府において、軍事・警察を担った組織。
English: It called up and commanded the gokenin who were to do event-guarding or some other jobs, and locked up criminals.
Japanese: 行事の警備などに当たる御家人の召集・指揮と、罪人の収監などを行った。
English: Dominant gokenin who assumed the post of shoshi (Deputy Chief of the Board of Retainers) or Samurai-dokoro no tsukasa (the officer of the Board of Retainers) controlled Samuraidokoro, and the person in the highest rank among shoshi was called betto (chief officer).
Japanese: 所司（しょし）または侍所司（さむらいどころのつかさ）と呼ばれる役職についた有力御家人が統制し、所司の中で最高位の者は別当（べっとう）と呼ばれた。
English: Initially, Yoshimori WADA assumed the post of betto, but after Yoshimori died in the Wada battle, shikken (regent to the shogun) assumed the post as well.
Japanese: 別当は初め和田義盛らが務めたが、和田合戦により義盛が討たれると、以後は執権が職を兼ねたとされる。
English: In the early Muromachi period, the bakufu was controlled by both of Shogun Takauji and Tadayoshi, his younger brother, but since the head of Samuraidokoro was KO no Moroyasu, the elder brother of KO no Moronao who was the steward of the Ashikaga family, it is considered that Samuraidokoro was an organization controlled directly by the shogun.
Japanese: 初期の室町幕府は将軍尊氏と実弟直義の2頭体制であったが、侍所頭人は足利家執事の高師直の兄にあたる高師泰であることから、侍所は将軍直轄機関であったと考えられている。
English: As in the Kamakura bakufu, the major job of Samuraidokoro was to control gokenin and samurai, with the jos related to kendan (trial) and shomusata (trials dealing with land issues) done by Kendangata (office of criminal justice), but the latter jos were gradually transferred to Samuraidokoro as well.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府と同じく御家人や武士の統率が主な職務であり、検断や処務沙汰関係などは附属された検断方において行われていたが、徐々に侍所に移管していく。
English: In the era of the second shogun Yoshiakira, the job of Kebiishicho (the office dealing with police and judicial matters) was transferred to Samuraidokoro, and Samuraidokoro became to gain police power for maintaining security of Kyoto as well as the power to levy taxes
Japanese: 2代義詮時代には、検非違使庁の職務が侍所へ移り、京都の治安維持を行う市中警察権や徴税権を掌握している。
English: In the era of the third shogun Yoshimitsu, Shugo (provincial constable) was placed in the Yamashiro Province, and Samuraidokoro became an organization to control Kyoto as the area directly controlled by Muromachi-dono (Muromachi bakufu).
Japanese: 3代義満時代には山城守護が別に置かれ、侍所は純粋に京都を室町殿直轄領として管轄する機関となる。
English: From 1398, the Akamatsu clan, Isshiki clan, Kyogoku clan and Yamana clan assumed the post of shoshi alternatively, and a vassal of shoshi assumed the post of shoshi-dai (assistant to shoshi), with these four clans called Shishiki (Four major feudal lords who worked for Muromachi bakufu).
Japanese: 応永5年（1398年）からは、赤松氏、一色氏、京極氏、山名氏が交代で所司を務め、所司の家臣が所司代を務める様になり、これらの四氏は四職と呼ばれた。
English: The person in the post called shoshi or tonin (the director) controlled Samuraidokoro, and shoshi-dai assisted shoshi.
Japanese: 所司または頭人（とうにん）などと呼ばれる役職が統率し、所司代（しょしだい）が所司を補佐した。
English: Actual operations were conducted by bugyonin (magistrate), and kodoneri and zoshiki, lower-ranked officers, were also organized.
Japanese: 実務処理は奉行人が行い、下級役人として小舎人、雑色などが編成された。
English: In addition, kaiko (the head of clerical officers) was placed for clerical officers, and there were also metsuke who played watching roles and yoriudo who were equivalent to interrogators.
Japanese: 他に事務方として開闔（かいこう）が置かれ、監察役である目附や取調官に相当する寄人（よりうど）などがいた。
English: Koto no naishi was a female court noble during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 勾当内侍（こうとうのないし）は、南北朝時代(日本)の公家の女性である。
English: Although it is said that she was the wife of Yoshisada NITTA (his legally wedded wife was a daughter of the Ando clan), descriptions of her relationships with Yoshisada NITTA are included only in "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) and it is highly likely that they were imagenary, considering chronological estimates and others.
Japanese: 新田義貞の妻（正妻は安東氏の娘）とされるが、新田義貞との関係が記されているのは『太平記』においてのみであり、年代的な推定などから創作である可能性が非常に高い。
English: The reason why she became a wife of Yoshisada NITTA in Kozuke Province, who participated in Emperor Godaigo's activities for defeating the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and contributed to getting control of Kamakura, is said to be as follows: Emperor Godaigo who started the new government in the Kenmu era gave her to Yoshisada NITTA as a prize for his contribution.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代後期に後醍醐天皇の討幕運動に加わり、鎌倉陥落に功績のあった上野国の新田義貞の妻になったいわれ、建武の新政を開始した後醍醐天皇が新田義貞への恩賞として与えたとされる。
English: In 1336, Yoshisada NITTA defeated Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was alienated from the new government, in Kyoto together with Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE, and Takauji ASHIKAGA and his followers fled to Kyushu.
Japanese: 建武(日本)3年（1336年）新田義貞は新政から離反した足利尊氏を楠木正成や北畠顕家らとともに京都で破り、足利尊氏らは九州へ逃れる。
English: Although several reasons were considered for why Yoshisada NITTA did not chase Takauji ASHIKAGA, "Taiheiki" described the reason as follows: He was reluctant to leave Koto no naishi in Kyoto, losing the timing to dispatch troops, and therefore, she was the woman who generated the cause of Yoshisada's fall.
Japanese: 建武政権が足利尊氏追撃を行わなかった理由は幾つか考えられているが、『太平記』では新田義貞は京都において勾当内侍との別れを惜しみ、出兵する時期を逃したとし、勾当内侍が結果的に義貞の滅亡の遠因を作った女性であるとする描き方がされている。
English: Takauji entered Kyoto and chased Emperor Godaigo, Yoshisada NITTA fled to the Hokuriku region with Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi placed as Emperor and died in battle at Fujishima of the Echizen Province attacked by ASHIKAGA troops in 1338, and "Taiheiki" makes a description of Koto no naishi at around that time as in the following: Koto no naishi, who parted from Yoshisada NITTA at Imakatata beside Lake Biwa and spent days sadly in Kyoto, was invited by Yoshisada NITTA and started for Hokuriku, but at Somayama (present Najo Town, Fukui Prefecture), she knew that he had died in a battle and became a (female) priest seeing his head hung on a prison gate.
Japanese: 尊氏が上京して後醍醐天皇を追い、新田義貞は恒良親王らを奉じて北陸地方へ逃れ、足利軍の攻勢により1338年に越前国藤島で戦死するが、『太平記』においては、琵琶湖畔の今堅田において別れ、京にて悲しみの日々を送っていた勾当内侍は新田義貞に招かれ北陸へ向かうが、杣山（福井県南条町）において新田義貞の戦死を知り、獄門にかけられた新田義貞の首級を目にして落飾して比丘尼になったと描かれている。
English: It was also described that her father, Yoshifusa, followed Yoshisada NITTA and also died in battle in Hokuriku.
Japanese: また、勾当内侍の父とされる行房も新田義貞に従い、北陸で戦死していると記されている。
English: In Imakatata, there exists Nogami-jinja Shrine whose god is Koto no naishi and there is a temple for her, Senpuku-ji Temple, and the Nogami festival was also held for consoling her spirit.
Japanese: 今堅田には、勾当内侍を祭神とする野上神社や菩提寺の泉福寺などがあり、慰霊のための野上祭も行われた。
English: In addition, after contents of "Taiheiki" became well-known through performances of storytellers in the Edo period, graves of Koto no naishi were built in various places.
Japanese: また、江戸時代に講釈として『太平記』が流布すると、各地に勾当内侍の墓所が作られた。
English: It is also pointed out that some of Koto no naishi-tsubone"s (-tubone: a honorary suffix attachde to the name of a high-ranked female in the court) income came from Mikuniminato near to Fujishima where Yoshisada NITTA died in a battle.
Japanese: なお、新田義貞が戦死した藤島近くの三国湊は、勾当内侍局の収入源の1つであった事も指摘されている。
English: Choja' of a clan indicates in the ancient and medieval times, the representative of the clan, who controlled them.
Japanese: 「長者」とは、古代・中世における貴族の「氏」を束ねる代表者のことである。
English: As the representative of the Fujiwara clan, the Toshi choja handled all matters concerned with the clan, including its politics, finance and religion.
Japanese: 藤氏長者は、藤原氏の代表者として、氏の政治・財務・宗教など全般に関わる。
English: Principal jobs of a Toshi choja were to establish the political base of his clan, to manage the shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in the territories of the clan and movable properties, to manage Kofuku-ji Temple, the family temple of the clan, and to manage Kasuga-taisha Shrine and Oharano-jinja Shrine, both shrines of the clan.
Japanese: 藤氏長者の職掌を大きく分けると、政治的な藤原氏の存立基盤整備、氏領としての荘園や動産の管理、氏寺興福寺や氏社春日大社・大原野神社などの管理があげられる。
English: Concerning who was the first choja, there are the theories that FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who established the base of the Fujiwara clan, was the person (in "Sonpi Bunmyaku" (a text compiled in the 14th century that records the lineages of the aristocracy)), FUJIWARA no Otsugu was the person (in "Nichureki (a kind of encyclopedia)," or FUJIWARA no Yoshiyo was the person (in "Kugyo bunin" (directory of the successive Imperial officials)), but in the present academic world, the most strongly supported theory is that it originated in FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, or FUJIWARA no Mototsune.
Japanese: 初代の長者としては、氏族としての藤原氏の基礎を築いた藤原不比等をもって初代とする説（『尊卑分脈』）、藤原緒嗣を初代とする説（『二中歴』）、藤原良世を初代とする説（『公卿補任』）などがあるが、今日の学界では藤原冬嗣・藤原良房・藤原基経の3代いずれかに起源を求める説が強い。
English: As a political activity, he was asked to raise the court ranks of persons in his clan in order to send them into the imperial court, and it was vital for him to make persons in his clan marry those in the imperial family in order to raise the toshi choja's position in the political world.
Japanese: 政治的活動としては、氏爵として多くの氏人を廟堂に送り込むことが求められ、藤氏長者自身の政治的地位を高めるため、皇族との婚姻は欠かせないものであった。
English: In addition, to maintain the position of his clan in the imperial court, toshi choja sometimes had the obligation to present opinions of his clan members to the imperial court.
Japanese: 藤氏長者はまた、廟堂における氏の地位を保全するため、時に氏人の意見を廟堂に提出する義務がある。
English: It is well known that FUJIWARA no Yorimichi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi confronted the imperial familiy, and this clearly shows that they, as the representative of the clan, confronted the imperial family trying to suppress the power of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 藤原頼通や藤原教通と皇族との対立は有名だが、これはまさに氏人の代表者として、藤原氏の勢力を抑制しようとする皇族との対決色を明らかにしたものだった。