nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, each of these three areas had own unique features in the expression of the face value (including gin [silver] coin-based, or zeni [copper or iron] coin-based) and the design of their Han-satsu.
Japanese: しかしながら、これら3地域は、藩札の額面表記（銀建て、銭建てなど）や様式についてそれぞれ異なった特徴を有する。
English: It is considered that, from the face value describing in zeni base and the design on the face, the Hatamoto-satsu issued by the Mera clan was deeply affected by the Han-satsu issued by clans in Hyuga Province.
Japanese: 米良氏の旗本札は、銭額面表記、札面の様式などから日向国諸藩の藩札の影響が強い。
English: The battle of Kumeda was a battle that took place in Japan in which Takamasa HATAKEYAMA attacked Yoshitaka MIYOSHI who lined up around Kumeda-dera Temple (present Kishiwada City, Osaka Prefecture) in Yagi-mura, Izumi Province (Osaka) on March 5, 1562.
Japanese: 久米田の戦い（くめだのたたかい）は永禄5年(1562年)3月5日、和泉国八木村(大阪府)郷の久米田寺周辺（現大阪府岸和田市）に布陣する三好義賢に対し、畠山高政が攻め入った日本の合戦。
English: A total of 17,000 to 50,000 soldiers of the two armies fought against each other, and Yoshitaka MIYOSHI died in in this battle.
Japanese: 両軍併せて17,000から50,000の兵力が激突し、三好義賢はこの合戦にて戦死を遂げた。
English: Yoshitaka ROKKAKU and Takamasa HATAKEYAMA, who were both shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) were against Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, who supported the 13th shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, and they joined hands and caused many anti-Miyoshi movements in Kinai, including Kyoto.
Japanese: 第13代将軍足利義輝を擁した三好長慶に反発した畿内の守護大名である六角義賢や畠山高政らは互いに手を組み、京を含めた畿内において反三好的な行動を度々おこす。
English: Taking the death of Kazumasa SOGO who was a younger brother of Nagayoshi as an opportunity, Takamasa attacked the Kishiwada-jo Castle along with Munefusa YASUMI and Norimitsu YUSA.
Japanese: 長慶の弟である十河一存の死を契機として、高政は安見宗房、遊佐教光らを伴い岸和田城へ攻め入った。
English: Meanwhile, Yoshitaka ROKKAKU attacked the Shogun Jizo San-jo Castle which was located in the north of Jisho-ji Temple; Takamasa and Yoshitaka took a pincer movement.
Japanese: 一方、六角義賢は慈照寺の北、勝軍地蔵山城へ攻め入り、三好軍を挟撃する布陣で臨んだ。
English: In response to this, Nagayoshi had Yoshitaka MIYOSHI who was positioned in the Kawachi Takaya-jo Castle fight against the Hatakeyama's army, and had Yoshioki MIYOSHI fight against the Rokkaku's army.
Japanese: これに対し長慶は、畠山軍への備えに河内高屋城に拠る三好義賢を、六角軍へは三好義興をあてた。
English: According to the "Hosokawa ryoke ki" (Record of the two houses of Hosokawa), on March 5, 1562, an army of Takamasa HATAKEYAMA and Munefusa YASUMI attacked Kumeda, where Yoshitaka MIYOSHI was taking position.
Japanese: 『細川両家記』によれば1562年3月5日、三好義賢が布陣していた久米田に畠山高政、安見宗房らの軍勢が攻め入った。
English: Officers and soldiers including Nagafusa SHINOHARA, fought from the Miyoshi side, and after a fierce battle, the Miyoshi side came to dominate the tide of the war.
Japanese: 三好側は篠原長房らの将兵が打って出ており、激戦の末、戦局は次第に三好側へと傾いていった。
English: Takamasa HATAKEYAMA took this opportunity and attacked the headquarters along with Negoroshu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), and killed Yoshitaka MIYOSHI.
Japanese: 畠山高政はこの期を逃さず根来衆をもって本陣へ突撃し、午後4時頃、三好義賢を討ち取った。
English: However, Takamasa was defeated in the subsequent Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple by the Miyoshi's army that restored the state of the war, and could not take over the hegemony by Nagayoshi MIYOSHI.
Japanese: しかし、続く教興寺の戦いにおいて戦局を立て直した三好軍の前に敗北を喫し、三好長慶の覇権を覆すことはできなかった。
English: However, the Miyoshi clan, which lost faithful assistants in the battle, came to suffer from internal conflicts.
Japanese: しかし、信頼できる補佐役を失った三好氏はまもなく内紛に悩まされるようになる。
English: After Nagayoshi died from an illness, the Miyoshi clan assassinated shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA who tried to take back the real power (Eiroku Incident), and the Miyoshi clan greatly shook their own righteousness to control.
Japanese: 長慶の病没後、これに乗じて実権を回復せんとした将軍足利義輝を暗殺してしまい（永禄の変）、自身の支配の正当性を大きく揺るがしてしまうことになる。
English: Yayoi period is one of periodizations in the Japanese Archipelago excluding Hokkaido and Okinawa Islands.
Japanese: 弥生時代（やよいじだい）は、北海道・沖縄諸島を除く日本列島における時代区分の一つである。
English: It is the period approximately between the middle of the 10th century B.C. (though there are some objections to this date) to the middle of the 3rd century.
Japanese: およそ紀元前10世紀中頃（ただしこの年代には異論もある）から3世紀中頃までにあたる時代の名称である。
English: In specific terms, it is the period when rice-paddy cultivation started in Japan by introduction rice cropping techniques.
Japanese: 具体的には、稲作技術導入によって日本での水稲耕作が開始された時代である。
English: The Yayoi period started when a group of people with rice-paddy cultivation techniques immigrated from outside the Japanese Archipelago to northern Kyushu.
Japanese: 弥生時代は、水稲耕作による稲作の技術をもつ集団が列島外から北部九州に移住することによって始まった。
English: (However, in 1994, plant opals or cell components, from leaves, etc., of gramineous plants were found inside the fragments of earthware from the Minamimizote site located in Soja City, Okayama Prefecture, which was classified as a site from the end of the Jomon period.)
Japanese: （しかし、1994年、縄文末期に属する岡山県総社市の南溝手遺跡（みなみみぞていせき）の土器片中からプラント・オパール（イネ科植物の葉などの細胞成分）が発見された。）
English: (Moreover, plant opals were also found from earthware of 4,500 years ago from the Himesasahara site in Mikamo, Maniwa City, Okayama Prefecture.)
Japanese: （さらに同県真庭市美甘（みかも）姫笹原の4500年前の土器にもプラントオパールが発表された。）
English: (In 2005, large amounts of plant opals were found from a stratum of the early Jomon period [approximately 6,000 years ago], in Nadasaki-cho, Okayama Prefecture, and many theories stating that rice cultivation with a rice plant grown in a dry field [tropical Japonica rice] was practiced at least from 3,500 years ago, were proposed.)
Japanese: (2005年には岡山県灘崎町の縄文時代前期（約6000年前）の地層から大量のプラントオパールが見つかり、少なくとも約3500年前からすでに陸稲（熱帯ジャポニカ米）による稲作が行われていたとする学説が数多く発表された。）
English: (Also it is said that temperate Japonica rice, a paddy-rice plant, had already been introduced at the end of the Jomon period and the starting time of rice cultivation, defined as the beginning of the Yayoi period, cannot be confirmed at the moment.)
Japanese: (また水稲である温帯ジャポニカについても縄文晩期には導入されていたともいわれ、現在では弥生時代のはじまりと定義される稲作開始時期自体が確定できない状態である。）
English: The name 'Yayoi' is derived from Yayoi earthware, named after the place of discovery, as it was earthware found at shell mounds in Yayoi-cho, Mukogaoka, Hongo, Tokyo Prefecture (present Yayoi, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo) in 1884 (Precise location of discovery cannot be identified because of the later increase in urbanization.)
Japanese: 「弥生」という名称は、1884年（明治17年）に東京府本郷向ヶ岡弥生町（現在の東京都文京区弥生(文京区)）の貝塚で発見された土器が発見地に因み弥生式土器と呼ばれたことに由来する（なお、その後の都市化の進展などもあって正確な発見地は特定できなくなっている）。
English: At first it was called 'Yayoi-shiki period,' implying a period that used Yayoi earthware but later '-shiki' was gradually omitted and the name Yayoi became the general term.
Japanese: 当初は、弥生式土器の使われた時代ということで「弥生式時代」と呼ばれ、その後徐々に「式」を省略する呼称が一般的となった。
English: In addition, today's most convincing theory classifies the earthwares excavated from Yayoi-cho, which was the origin of the name Yayoi period, as earthware of the early Kofun (tumulus period) period in present earthware chronology.
Japanese: なお余談だが、弥生時代の名称の起源となった、弥生町で出土した一群の土器は、現在の土器編年上では古墳時代前期に属するとの説が有力になりつつある。
English: Around the fifth century B.C., life style of rice-paddy cultivation was introduced from the continent to northern Kyushu, and it spread to Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu (the main island of Japan).
Japanese: 紀元前5世紀中頃に、大陸から北部九州へと水稲耕作技術を中心とした生活体系が伝わり、九州、四国、本州に広がった。
English: Early paddy field remains including continental ground stoneware and carbonized rice were concentrated and discovered in the northern Kyushu region, such as the Itazuke site located at Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City, Nabatake site located at Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture, Magarita site located at Fukuoka Prefecture and Notame site located at Fukuoka Prefecture.
Japanese: 初期の水田は、福岡市博多区にある板付遺跡や、佐賀県唐津市の菜畑遺跡、福岡県曲り田遺跡、福岡県野多目遺跡などで水田遺跡や大陸系磨製石器、炭化米等の存在が北部九州地域に集中して発見されている。
English: In recent years, some evidence shows that the temperate Japonica-rice, a rice-paddy plant, was introduced by the end of Jomon period.
Japanese: 近年になって水稲である温帯ジャポニカは縄文晩期には導入されていたことが判明しつつある。
English: Moreover, there is a possibility of the start of the Yayoi period going back to at least the 10th century B.C. by recent radiocarbon dating.
Japanese: さらに近年の放射性炭素年代測定により弥生時代の始まりが少なくとも紀元前10世紀まで遡る可能性が出てきている。
English: Rice-paddy cultivation that was introduced around the end of 10th century B.C. and took 300 to 400 years to spread to the Southern Kinki region and 700 to 800 years to spread to the Southern Kanto region.
Japanese: 紀元前10世紀後半に北部九州に伝わった水田稲作は、近畿南部に伝播するまでに300～400年、南関東までは実に700～800年ほど経過している。
English: In 1981, remains of large-scale-well-ordered paddy field sections from the middle of the Yayoi period were found in the Tareyanagi site located in Inakadate Village, Minamitsugaru-gun, Aomori Prefecture.
Japanese: 昭和56年(1981)、弥生時代中期の遺跡が青森県南津軽郡田舎館村垂柳遺跡から広範囲に整然とした水田区画が見つかっている。
English: Rice-paddy cultivation had spread to the Tohoku region during the early Yayoi period and a small remains of a rice-paddy field was discovered in the Sunazawa site located in Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, and it had spread to Matsumoto-daira Basin in Chuokochi (Central Highlands) and the Shinano-gawa River area during the middle of the Yayoi period.
Japanese: その後、弥生時代前期には東北へと伝播し、青森県弘前市砂沢遺跡では小規模な水田跡が発見され、中期には、中央高地の松本平、信濃川流域までひろがった。
English: One of the reasons for taking such a long time was that photosensitive rice does not grow in the Chubu highland where hours of sunlight are short.
Japanese: その理由の一つに感光性のモミが日照時間の短い中部高地では育たないということがあげられる。
English: People who created paddy fields made Yayoi earthware, in many cases lived in pit-type dwellings and built a dug-standing pillar building and a storage pit.
Japanese: 田を作った人々は、弥生土器を作り、多くの場合竪穴住居に住み、倉庫として掘立柱建物や貯蔵穴を作った。
English: Settlements had clear divisions between the living area and graves, and the village surrounded by a moat were excavated around the area of living.
Japanese: 集落は、居住する場所と墓とがはっきりと区別するように作られ、居住域の周囲にはしばしば環濠集落が掘削された。
English: Stone tools were used for implements, agriculture cultivation tool and cookware, but gradually shifted to ironware from stoneware.
Japanese: 道具は、工具や耕起具、調理具などに石器を多く使ったが、次第に石器にかえて徐々に鉄器を使うようになった。
English: During the Yayoi period, adaptation of farming, especially rice-paddy cultivation, enabled the storage of grain.
Japanese: 弥生時代には農業、特に水稲農耕の採用によって穀物の備蓄が可能になった。
English: Therefore, production and storage of surplus crops increased and it changed to wealth, which created the haves and the have-nots leading to the disparity between rich and poor and a superior-inferior relationship.
Japanese: このことから、余剰作物の生産と蓄積がすすみ、これが富に転化することにより、持てるものと持たざるもの、ひいては貧富の差や上下関係が生まれた。
English: Also groups became large sized by the introduction of rice-paddy cultivation techniques, as the cultivation and management of agricultural water required a large labor force.
Japanese: また、水稲耕作技術の導入により、開墾や用水の管理などに大規模な労働力が必要とされるようになり、集団の大型化が進行した。
English: It is believed that battles between large groups over wealth, cultivated land, and water supply occurred.
Japanese: 大型化した集団同士の間には、富や耕作地、水利権などをめぐって戦いが発生したとされる。
English: As a result of the integration of groups and the progression of a superior-inferior relationship during battles, small provinces were created in various regions.
Japanese: このような争いを通じた集団の統合・上下関係の進展の結果、やがて各地に小さなクニが生まれた。
English: During the middle of the first century, Wa no na no kokuo in (the oldest known seal in Japan) was sent to Japan from the Later Han Dynasty and in middle of third century, the queen of Yamatai-Koku Kingdom (Himiko) paid tribute to Wei dynasty (Three States Period) and presented with golden seal which implies the king of Wa (Japan).
Japanese: 1世紀中頃に倭奴国王印が後漢から、3世紀中葉には邪馬台国の女王（卑弥呼）が魏(三国)に朝貢し、倭の王であることを意味する金印を授けられた。
English: On the other hand, rice-paddies did not spread in the Nansei Islands and Sakhalin/Hokkaido, therefore, the Shell mound period and then the Gusuku period followed the Jomon period in the Nansei Islands and Post Jomon period then Satsumon period followed after the Jomon period in Sakhalin/Hokkaido (Although there was an example of a rice-paddy during the early Yayoi period shown in the Tareyanagi site in Aomori Prefecture, rice-paddy cultivation also did not widely spread in Tohoku region in Honshu until the middle to the late Yayoi period and some theoretical views that Post Jomon period followed as in Hokkaido.)
Japanese: 一方、南西諸島と樺太・北海道には水田が作られず、南西諸島では貝塚時代、ついでグスク時代、樺太・北海道では続縄文時代、ついで擦文時代（さつもん）が続いた（また、本州東北地方では、青森県垂柳遺跡のように弥生時代前期の水田の事例もあるものの、一般的には中期後半前後まで水稲農耕は完全に受容されたとはいえず、北海道に準じ続縄文文化が展開したとの見方もある）。
English: See History of Okinawa Prefecture, Amami Islands, and Sakishima Islands for the history of the Nansei Islands.
Japanese: 南西諸島の歴史については、沖縄県の歴史他奄美諸島の歴史、先島諸島先島の歴史も参照のこと。
English: Also the third century was a period of regression when the seawater receded and sand carried by rivers was deposited over the clay layer at the bottom of dried up ponds and lakes.
Japanese: また、3世紀は海退期であり、海が退いていき沼や湖が干上がり、その底に溜まっていた粘土の上に河が運んできた砂が溜まっていく時期であった。
English: Originally the Yayoi period meant the period that used Yayoi earthenware.
Japanese: そもそも弥生時代とは、弥生式土器が使われている時代という意味であった。
English: However the fact that Yayoi earthenware required rice or rice-paddy cultivation techniques gradually came to be known.
Japanese: ところが、弥生式土器には米、あるいは水稲農耕技術体系が伴うことが徐々に明らかになってきた。
English: Then the point of view that the Yayoi period was an agrarian society based on food production by rice-paddy cultivation and should be distinguished from previous periods, Jomon period (a hunting and gathering society), became mainstream.
Japanese: すると、弥生時代とは、水稲農耕による食料生産に基礎を置く農耕社会であって、前段階である縄文時代（狩猟採集社会）とはこの点で区別されるべきだとする考え方が主流になっていった。
English: While such arguments were going on, ancient structural remnants of paddy fields at the Yusu earthenware stage was discovered at the Itazuke site located in Fukuoka City.
Japanese: そのような中、福岡市板付遺跡において、夜臼式土器段階の水田遺構が発見された。
English: The Yusu earthenware stage was originally considered the latter half of the last Jomon period, but an opinion stating that the stage was an agrarian society was submitted, as the period already adapted rice-paddy cultivation techniques.
Japanese: 従来縄文時代晩期後半と考えられていた夜臼式土器期において、すでに水稲農耕技術が採用されており、この段階を農耕社会としてよいという考えが提出された。
English: After that, the essential subject of the difference between the Jomon and Yayoi periods, was argued between researchers and various indicators were proposed, including forms of settlement, forms of graves, presence or absence of paddy fields and changes in artifacts such as earthenware and stoneware.
Japanese: その後、縄文時代と弥生時代の差を何に求めるべきかという本質的な論争が研究者の間で展開され、集落の形態や墓の形態、水田の有無、土器・石器など物質文化の変化など様々な指標が提案された。
English: Presently the Yayoi period is roughly classified as a stage after the stable adaptation of rice-paddy cultivation techniques.
Japanese: 現在ではおおよそ、水稲農耕技術を安定的に受容した段階以降を弥生時代とするという考えが定着している。
English: Therefore, a society with rice-paddy cultivation techniques (at least in northern Kyushu) existed before the first half of the early Yayoi period (Shown in a form of earthenware called Kizamimetottaimon earthenware such as Yusu earthenware.)
Japanese: 従って、弥生時代前期前半より以前に（夜臼式土器に代表されるような刻目突帯文土器と総称される一群の土器形式に示された）水稲農耕技術を伴う社会が（少なくとも北部九州地域には）成立していたとされる。
English: Traditionally this stage was classified as the latter half of the last of Jomon period, but it is now becoming to be called the earlier Yayoi period.
Japanese: 従来縄文時代晩期後半とされてきたこの段階について、近年ではこれを弥生時代早期と呼ぶようになりつつある。
English: Research on grain impressions on earthware progressed and it is known that rice-cropping techniques were introduced to Japan Archipelago by the end of the Jomon period at the latest.
Japanese: なお土器についた穀物圧痕の研究が進み、稲作技術は、遅くとも縄文時代後期までには列島にもたらされていたことが分かっている。
English: Also the possibility that the adaptation of rice-paddy cultivation in parts of northern Kyushu that go back to the first half of the last of Jomon period is indicated, but clear evidence of ancient structural remnants have not yet been discovered and is still speculation.
Japanese: また、水稲農耕の導入についても北部九州の一部地域では縄文晩期前半にまでさかのぼる可能性が指摘されているが、明確な遺構が発見されておらず、推測の域を出ない。
English: The Yayoi period was originally divided to three periods; the early period, middle period, and the end period, but recently the Yayoi period is divided to four periods; the earlier period, early period, middle period, and end period, based on the above stated research.
Japanese: 弥生時代の時期区分は、従来、前期・中期・後期の3期に分けられていたが、近年では上記の研究動向をふまえ、早期・前期・中期・後期の4期区分論が主流になりつつある。
English: There is also a way to divide the Yayoi period into five (or six) periods, which are I (pre I) to V, outside the northern Kyushu region.
Japanese: また、北部九州以外の地域では（先I～）I～Vの5(6)期に分ける方法もある。
English: Each period is equivalent to (Earlier period to pre I period) early period to I period, middle period to II to IV periods and end period to the V period.
Japanese: （早期は先I期）前期はI期、中期はII～IV期、後期はV期にそれぞれ対応する。
English: (The Earlier period started from the middle of fifth century B.C.) early period started from the third century B.C., middle period started from the first century B.C., end period started from the first century and lasted until the middle of third century.
Japanese: （早期は紀元前5世紀半ば頃から）前期は紀元前3世紀頃から、中期は紀元前1世紀頃から、後期は1世紀半ば頃から3世紀の半ば頃まで続いたと考えられている。
English: Recently, there is a theory insisting on moving back to the start date of the Yayoi period dramatically, based upon radioactive carbon dating research results shown by a research group from the National Museum of Japanese History.
Japanese: 最近になって、国立歴史民俗博物館の研究グループによる放射性炭素年代測定を活用した一連の研究成果により、弥生時代の開始期を大幅に繰り上げるべきだと主張する説がでてきた。
English: According to the theory, the start of the earlier period is moved back approximately 600 years and starts around 1000 B.C., the start of the early period is moved back approximately 500 years and starts around 800 B.C., the start of the middle period is moved back approximately 200 years and starts around 400 B.C., the start of the end period is at 50 B.C. and the transition to the Kofun period is in the middle of the third century, which is conventional.
Japanese: これによると、早期のはじまりが約600年遡り紀元前1000年頃から、前期のはじまりが約500年遡り紀元前800年頃から、中期のはじまりが約200年遡り紀元前400年頃から、後期のはじまりが紀元50年頃からとなり、古墳時代への移行はほぼ従来通り3世紀中葉となる。
English: In contrast to the previous period (Jomon period), it is believed that battles between settlements and regions occurred frequently during the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 弥生時代は、前代（縄文時代）とはうってかわって、集落・地域間の戦争が頻発した時代であったとされる。
English: Moat settlements that have a moat around the settlement and upland settlements that were located at top of the mountain more than 100m in height are said to be evidence of battles between settlements.
Japanese: 集落の周りに濠をめぐらせた環濠集落や、低地から100m以上の比高差を持つような山頂部に集落を構える高地性集落などは、集落間の争いがあったことの証拠とされた。
English: Weapon wounds on the recovered human bones (a human bone with trauma) also supported the evidence of war.
Japanese: また、武器の傷をうけたような痕跡のある人骨（受傷人骨）の存在なども、戦乱の裏づけとして理解されてきた。
English: However there are many objections to this one-sided point of view and it has not yet become an established theory.
Japanese: しかし、近年ではこうした一面的な理解に対する反論も多く、未だ定説となるに至っていない。
English: A human bone with 15 Sekizoku (a flint arrowhead) at chest to waist area was excavated from an early Yayoi period grave.
Japanese: 弥生時代前期の墓には、人骨の胸から腰にかけての位置から十五本の石鏃が出土した例がある。
English: Cases of graves that yielded human bones with many Sekizoku around chest area are often found in western Japan, around the Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: このように、多くの石鏃が胸部付近に集中して見つかる墓の事例は、瀬戸内海を中心とする西日本一帯に比較的多く見られる。
English: Previously, these examples were interpreted as a person who fell in a battle after being shot with many arrows and the person was called a 'Hero.'
Japanese: 以前には、こうした例は、戦闘の際に矢を何本も射込まれて、やっと倒れた人物と解釈されることが多く、「英雄」などとも呼ばれた。
English: However, because of the unnaturalness of arrowheads being concentrated in a specific area, new recent interpretations are arising such as; arrowheads were buried as burial goods, or a person was shot with arrows as a sacrifice (sacrificial offering) in some kind of ritual.
Japanese: しかしながら近年では、矢を特定の部位に集中して射込まれていることの不自然さから、むしろ埋葬の際に副葬品として鏃を胸のあたりに埋納した、あるいは何らかの儀礼的行為の際の犠牲（生け贄）となって胸に矢を射込まれたなどといった解釈も現れている。
English: Moreover, the tip of bronze swords, doka (bronze halberds for ritual), stone swords, and stone halberds are often excavated from a coffin of the early to the middle Yayoi period in northern Kyushu.
Japanese: また、北部九州では、前期から中期にかけて銅剣・銅戈・石剣・石戈の切っ先が棺内から出土することが多い。
English: Up to now, these examples are thought of as remains of a weapon breaking off when stabbing the human body.
Japanese: こうした例は、従来、武器を人体に刺突した際に先端が折れて体内に残ったものと解釈されてきた。
English: However there is a counter argument that there could be a custom to bury tip of weapons as burial goods inside the coffin and the argument has not yet been settled.
Japanese: しかし、これも、武器の先端を折りとって副葬品として棺内に埋納するという風習があったのではないかといった反論がだされており、決着はついていない。
English: Moreover, the fact that a number of kamekan (earthenware jar-coffin) for males excavated at the Yoshinogari site at Saga Prefecture and Kuma/Nishioda site at Chikushi City, Fukuoka Prefecture is double the number of female's, which is interpreted as the males had more occasion to join in battle.
Japanese: さらに、佐賀県吉野ヶ里遺跡や福岡県筑紫野隈・西小田遺跡などでは、中期前葉の男性甕棺数が女性の倍にも達する事実は男性が戦闘に参加する機会が多いことを示すと考えられる。
English: Also in some cases, kamekan with whole body except the head part were excavated, and these were interpreted as an enemy taking the victim's head from the battle field and the victim's body was taken back to the settlement for burial, however it is not proven if they really were victims of a battle, or if it was the result of some ritual.
Japanese: 甕棺内に頭部を除く全身が埋葬されていたと考えられる事例が見つかっており、しばしば戦闘の際に敵に頭部を切り取られた死者を連れ帰り、埋葬したものと理解されているが、このような例が本当に戦闘の犠牲者なのか、それとも何らかの儀礼的行為によるものなのかは実際のところは未だ論証されていない。
English: Among these human bones with trauma, there are human bones with a clear sign of weapon trauma and they are treated as the evidence of the existence of battles.
Japanese: これに対して、受傷人骨の中でも、明らかに武器によってつけられたと考えられる傷のある人骨の存在は、戦闘の存在を示す証拠として扱うことが可能である。
English: For example, a human bone with fatal wound across the forehead to right eye and broken right wrist, which is a typical defensive wound that happens when defending from attack, was excavated, and it is very likely that the person was wounded by fighting.
Japanese: 例えば、額から右眼にかけて致命的な傷痕があり、更に右手首を骨折していた人骨が見つかっているが、右手首の骨折は、攻撃から身を守る際につけられる、防御創と呼ばれる種類の傷としては一般的なもので、争いによる受傷者である可能性は極めて高い。
English: Also there are several cases with tip of weapons impacted human bones in northern Kyushu, and they are clearly human bones showing weapon trauma.
Japanese: また、人骨に武器の切っ先が嵌入している事例も、北部九州を中心に数例が確認されているが、これらは武器による受傷人骨であることが明らかである。
English: There are these types of human bones with trauma from the Jomon period, however the number of cases clearly increased during the Yayoi period and definitely the battles were more frequent compared to the Jomon period.
Japanese: このような受傷人骨の例は縄文時代にもないわけではないが、弥生時代には前代と比べて明らかに数が増加しており、縄文時代と比べて戦闘が頻繁に起こったことは確実といえる。
English: Among the above described evidence of battles, cases with a tip of a weapon in the coffin, human bones without a head and bone trauma are often found from the latter half of the early period to the first half of middle period in the northern Kyushu region, especially in regions around Ogori City, Fukuoka Prefecture.
Japanese: また、戦闘の証拠とされる上記のような事例のうち、武器の切っ先が棺内から出土する例、頭部がない人骨、あるいは人骨に残る受傷例などは、前期後半～中期前半の北部九州地域、特に福岡県小郡市を中心とした地域に多く認められることが特徴的である。
English: Many settlements in western Japan are said to have been moved up hill, that lacked large cultivation areas, at once in the latter half of early period to the first half of middle period in Yayoi period.
Japanese: 弥生前期後半から中期前半は、西日本の多くの地域で集落が可耕地に乏しい丘陵上へと一斉に進出することが指摘されている。
English: It is suspected that many settlements sought more cultivation areas in each region, due to the rapid increase in population of the Yayoi group.
Japanese: 各地域において弥生集団が急激な人口の増加を背景に可耕地の拡大を求めた時期であるとされる。
English: This expansion in cultivation areas caused many battles over land and water in various regions, especially the number of human bones with trauma found in northern Kyushu provide the evidence of the frequent occurrence of battles.
Japanese: この可耕地の拡大が原因となって、各地で土地と水に絡む戦いが頻発したものと考えられ、中でも北部九州における受傷人骨の多さは、こうした争いが頻発した証拠と考えられている。
English: A moat settlement was believed to be a defense against battles between groups.
Japanese: 環濠集落は、このような集団同士の争いに備えた防衛集落であったと考えられていた。
English: There are other opinions such as large scale public work, such as digging a moat, was practiced to tighten the union of the community, or to create and increase group consciousness by enclosing the group.
Japanese: それよりは、環濠を掘削するという大規模な土木作業を共同で行うことによって共同体の結束を高めることが目的であったとか、環濠によって集団を囲い込むことによって集団意識を高めることが目的であったなどといった議論も提出されてきている。