nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: By force, high-ranking soldiers got rid of the hanshi they did not like, and they set up the ones they supported as their hanshi, and they made the imperial court accept it.
Japanese: 上級兵士たちは気に入らない藩師を実力をもって追い出し、自らが支持する人物を藩師に立ててこれを朝廷に認めさせるようになった。
English: Many of the men who enlisted in the military service were kyakko who did not have their own land.
Japanese: 元々このような募兵に応えるようなものは多くが自らの土地を持たない客戸であった。
English: In addition, the imperial court was controlled by eunuchs, moral corruption was rampant and signs of disturbance were soon found everywhere in society.
Japanese: このようなことに加え、朝廷は宦官によって牛耳られており、綱紀頽廃も甚だしく、社会全体に急速に不穏な空気が醸成されていった。
English: The Tang Dynasty got a fatal wound from the Huang Chao Rebellion, and even though it still had the outward appearance of being in power, it had, in reality, already fallen.
Japanese: 唐は黄巣の乱によって致命傷を受け、形骸のみを残して、実質上は滅亡した。
English: Authority of the imperial court weakened, and the country entered a period of fighting between the hanchin forces of Quanzhong ZHU and Keyong LI.
Japanese: 朝廷の権威が衰え、天下は再び朱全忠・李克用らの藩鎮勢力が合い争う時代となる。
English: An orderly succession by Quanzhong ZHU took place in 907, Tang fell completely, and the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms began.
Japanese: 907年、朱全忠により禅譲劇が行われ、唐は完全滅亡、五代十国時代へと入る。
English: Except for the Later Liang and Later Tang Dynasties, which were hostile to each other, the transition in all of the Five Dynasties occurred by those who were setsudoshi under the former dynasty overthrowing the emperor of the former dynasty and enthroning themselves as emperors.
Japanese: 敵対関係であった後梁・後唐を除いて五代の変遷は全て旧王朝の節度使職にあった者が旧王朝の皇帝を滅ぼして自ら皇帝となったものである。
English: However, in order not to repeat the mistakes of his predecessors, Zhao Kuangyin, as he drank wine at a banquet, persuaded the setsudoshi, who were his subordinates, to retire.
Japanese: しかし趙匡胤は前轍を踏まないために、宴の席で酒を飲みながら部下の節度使たちに引退を勧めた。
English: After this, no military power arose during the Song Dynasty until the war with the Jin (Dynasty) and the Mongolian Empire.
Japanese: この後、金(王朝)・モンゴル帝国との戦いまで、宋において軍人勢力が勃興することはなかったのである。
English: Kobu gattai is a policy promoted in the second half of the Edo period which aimed to reassert the power of the Shogunate by bonding the traditional authority of the Imperial Court to the Shogunate.
Japanese: 公武合体（こうぶがったい）は、江戸時代後期（幕末）に公家（朝廷）の伝統的権威と、武家（幕府）を結びつけて幕府権力の再構築をはかろうとした政策論をいう。
English: The Shogunate aimed to re-strengthen its power and to involve the major clans in government by associating itself with the traditional authority of the Imperial Court, and to suppress the Sonno joi or Sonno (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) Movement and strengthen and reorganize the structure of the Shogunate.
Japanese: 幕府権力の再強化や雄藩の政権への参加を目的とし、幕府は朝廷の伝統的権威と結び付き、尊皇攘夷（尊攘）運動を押さえ、幕藩体制の再編強化を図ろうとした。
English: Under the Shogunate system during the Edo Period, the political power of the Imperial Court was restricted and it was confined to the management of the Court.
Japanese: 江戸時代の幕藩体制において朝廷は政治的に規制され、朝廷内部の運営に制限されていた。
English: On the other hand, it ranked at the top of the religious and ceremonial hierarchy and maintained traditional authority.
Japanese: 一方で宗教的、儀礼的な秩序においては頂点に位置され、伝統的権威は保ち続けていた。
English: In the second half of the Edo period, the authority of the Shogunate became shaky, affected by famine in the countryside, riots in the cities and the visits of foreign ships to Ezo district and Nagasaki.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には地方の飢饉や都市部での打ち壊し、蝦夷地や長崎への異国船の来航などで将軍権威が揺らいだ。
English: Around the time of Emperor Kokaku, the Imperial Court tried to regain its authority, and negotiations, such as the Songo Case (an effort by the emperor to give an honorary title), were conducted with the Shogunate.
Japanese: 光格天皇の頃は朝廷権威の復興を望み、幕府との間に尊号一件が起こるなど折衝した。
English: Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States arrived in Japan with a presidential message in 1853 and demanded the establishment of a trade relationship.
Japanese: 1853年にアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリーが国書を持って来日し通商を求めた。
English: Some in the Shogunate had the view that they should acquire Imperial permission from the Imperial Court in order to sign a treaty with a foreign country, and a decision was made to seek the judgment of the Imperial Court on whether to maintain the sakoku policy (seclusion) or an open-door policy.
Japanese: 外国との条約締結を巡り幕府では朝廷に勅許を求めるべきであるとする意見が出され、鎖国政策を維持するか、開国するかにあたり朝廷の判断を仰ぐ事となった。
English: Naosuke II was appointed Tairo (Chief Minister) in the Shogunate and drove policies against the wishes of the Imperial Court, such as signing the Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce and arbitrarily naming Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (Iemochi TOKUGAWA) of the Kii Domain as the next shogun.
Japanese: 幕府では井伊直弼が大老に就任し、日米修好通商条約の締結、紀伊藩の徳川慶福（徳川家茂）を将軍後継に決定して将軍継嗣問題の解決を図るなど朝廷の意向を無視した強硬政治を行った。
English: Emperor Komei, who wished for Kobu gattai, issued an unofficial Secret Order of Bogo (Bogo was the zodiac of the year) to the Gosanke (Three Tokugawa Families just below the house of Shogun) and Gosankyo (Three Tokugawa branches besides Gosanke).
Japanese: 公武合体を求める孝明天皇は水戸藩はじめ御三家、御三卿などに対して戊午の密勅を下す。
English: To countermand this move, Ii suppressed the supporters of the Sonjo such as the Hitotsubashi Group by carrying out the Ansei Purge, which led to the Sakuradamon Incident in 1860 when Ii was assassinated.
Japanese: これに対して井伊は安政の大獄を行い一橋派や尊攘派の弾圧を行い、1860年（安政7）には井伊が暗殺される桜田門外の変が起こる。
English: The Mito School, which was at the heart of the Sonnojoi Movement, held a belief that the authority of the Imperial Court should suppress the rise of autocratic Shogunate.
Japanese: 尊皇攘夷運動の支柱である水戸学には朝廷権威により幕府専制を抑える思想があった。
English: Once Ii was assassinated, the Sonjo Movement led by the lower ranking warriors from various clans became more violent.
Japanese: 井伊が暗殺されると主に諸藩の下級武士を中心とする尊攘派の活動が激化した。
English: Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the most powerful man of the Satsuma clan, led forces to Kyoto, suppressed the Sonnojoi group and promoted Kobu gattai by influencing the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 薩摩藩最高実力者島津久光は兵を率いて上洛し、尊皇攘夷派を取り締まり、朝廷に運動して公武合体を推進した。
English: Hisamitsu toured to Edo with the Imperial Envoy, Shigetoku OOHARA, and demanded that the Shogunate accept Keiki HITOTSUBASHI (Keiki TOKUGAWA) as the successor Shogun and reform the Shogunate.
Japanese: 久光は勅使大原重徳とともに江戸へ赴き、一橋慶喜（徳川慶喜）の将軍後継職就任や、幕府に対して幕政改革などを要求する。
English: In 1861, he succeeded in having the sister of Emperor Komei, Princess Kazunomiya, become the wife of the 14th Shogun, Iemochi TOKUGAWA, on condition that the Shogunate eliminate contact with foreigners.
Japanese: 1861年（文久元）には、幕府による攘夷実行を条件に孝明天皇の妹の和宮親子内親王を14代将軍徳川家茂夫人として降嫁させることに成功した。
English: However, the effects of the arrangement were lost once Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Emperor Komei died, and the Sonjo group became dominant in Kyoto and led others in demanding that the Shogunate eliminate contact with foreigners.
Japanese: 徳川家茂と孝明天皇が死去すると効果を示さなくなり、京都では尊攘派が主流となり幕府に対して攘夷決行を求めた。
English: Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, representing the Shogunate, went to Kyoto to have the Entrustment of Political Power confirmed but the Sonjo Group aimed for the restoration of imperial rule by having the Emperor tour throughout Japan.
Japanese: 幕府は一橋慶喜が京都へ赴き、大政委任の確認させるなど運動するが、尊攘派は天皇の大和行幸による王政復古(日本)を目指す。
English: The Imperial Court planned to oust the Sonjo Group by force, and in the coup of August 18, the Satsuma clan and the Aizu clan joined forces to expel the Choshu clan as well as the court nobles of the Sonjo Group.
Japanese: 朝廷では実力による尊攘派の一掃を図り、八月十八日の政変で薩摩藩が会津藩と結託して長州藩や尊攘派の公家らを追放した。
English: Then an advisory council was formed by Keiki HITOTSUBASHI, who supported Kobu gattai, Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Head of the Aizu clan), who was the Military Commissioner of Kyoto, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA (former Head of the Fukui clan), Yodo YAMAUCHI (former Head of the Tosa clan), Munenari DATE (former Head of the Uwajima clan) and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU.
Japanese: 公武合体派の一橋慶喜、京都守護職松平容保（会津藩主）、松平春嶽（前福井藩主）、山内容堂（前土佐藩主）、伊達宗城（前宇和島藩主）、島津久光らによる参与会議が成立する。
English: Although this was followed by the offensive carried out by the Shogunate on the Choshu clan, which was deemed the enemy of the Imperial Court, once Emperor Komei died, the Choshu clan was forgiven, and a Saccho alliance was secretly formed between the Choshu clan and the Satsuma clan, which switched its position to bring the end of the Shogunate rule.
Japanese: その後幕府により朝敵とされた長州藩の征伐（長州征伐）が行われるが、孝明天皇が死去すると長州は許され、藩論を倒幕に転換した薩摩藩と秘密裏に薩長同盟が結ばれる。
English: Following the opinion of clans such as Tosa, the Shogunate returned the ruling power to the Imperial Court, and the idea of giving political power to the council of representatives from various clans, which would reform the Shogunate system, was recommended.
Japanese: 土佐藩などの主張で幕府が朝廷に政権を返上し、諸侯会議により幕政改革を推進する公議政体論が主張された。
English: The ruling power was relinquished by Yoshinobu (formerly Keiki) TOKUGAWA, who had become the 15th Shogun but the anti-Shogunate movement became more dominant with the restoration of Imperial rule and the establishment of the national political council held at Kogosho in Kyoto.
Japanese: 15代将軍となった慶喜により大政奉還が行われるが、王政復古(日本)、小御所会議を経て討幕運動が主流となる。
English: Kyoto Protocol refers to a protocol adopted at the 3rd Session of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Conference on Climate Change, COP3) held at Kyoto International Conference Center on December 11, 1997, according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Japanese: 京都議定書（きょうとぎていしょ、英KyotoProtocol）は、気候変動枠組条約に基づき、1997年12月11日に京都市の国立京都国際会館で開かれた第3回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議（地球温暖化防止京都会議、COP3）での議決した議定書である。
English: As for the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Fluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are the causes of global warming, developed countries agreed to set reduction rates of emissions with respect to the 1990 levels respectively, and collaboratively aim to achieve the target rates within the committed period (see the reduction target).
Japanese: 地球温暖化の地球温暖化の原因となる、温室効果ガスの一種である二酸化炭素(CO2)、メタン(CH4)、亜酸化窒素(N2O)、フロン類類(HFCs)、フロン類類(PFCs)、六フッ化硫黄(SF6)について、先進国における削減率を1990年を基準として各国別に定め、共同で約束期間内に目標値（削減目標参照）を達成することが定められた。
English: However, according to Article 3.7 of Kyoto protocol, each participating nation is supposed to choose the year 1995 as a base year for HFCs, PFCs and sulfur hexafluoride reduction.
Japanese: ただし、京都議定書第3条7に基づき各締約国はHFCs、PFCs、六フッ化硫黄の基準年として1995年を選択できることとされている。
English: According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is a superordinate concept of Kyoto Protocol, the base year, or the reference year must be 1990 for the participating countries except a part of economically developing countries.
Japanese: 京都議定書の上位概念である気候変動枠組み条約では、一部の経済移行国を除き、基準年referenceyearとして1990年しか選択できないこととされている。
English: Therefore, it should be noted that different increase-decrease rates for the last couple of years relative to the reference year of the greenhouse gas emissions are sometimes announced between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto protocol.
Japanese: このため、直近年の温室効果ガス排出量の基準年比増減率が気候変動枠組み条約と京都議定書で異なる値で発表されることがある点に留意が必要である。
English: In Japan, increase-decrease rates relative to the reference year of Kyoto Protocol are always indicated.
Japanese: 日本国内では専ら京都議定書の基準年との比較による増減率が提示される。
English: On the other hand, in Conference of Parties (COP), increase-decrease rates relative to the reference year of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are often indicated.
Japanese: 一方、締約国会議(COP)では条約の基準年を用いた増減率が提示されることが多い。
English: Also, Kyoto Mechanism (Clean Development Mechanism, Emissions Trading (ET), Joint Implementation (JT)) and activities for sinks are included.
Japanese: また、京都メカニズム（クリーン開発メカニズム、排出権取引(ET)、共同実施(JI)）や、吸収源活動が盛り込まれている。
English: And particulars of the operation were decided at Seventh Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP7, Marrakesh Conference) in 2001.
Japanese: なお、運用細目は、2001年に開かれた第7回気候変動枠組条約締約国会議（COP7、マラケシュ会議）において定められた。
English: Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol states a target in which the total amount of emissions of the six greenhouse gases in the developed countries should be reduced by at least 5% compared to that of 1990 during the period of 2008 through 2012, and in Article 4 it is stated that the total amount of emissions of carbon dioxide and other five gases the amount of which is expressed in the equivalent value of carbon dioxide should be reduced so that the emissions does not exceed the following assigned target values.
Japanese: 京都議定書第3条では、2008年から2012年までの期間中に、先進国全体の温室効果ガス6種の合計排出量を1990年に比べて少なくとも5%削減することを目的と定め、続く第4条では、各締約国が二酸化炭素とそれに換算した他5種以下の排出量について、以下の割当量を超えないよう削減することを求めている。
English: 92% (-8%) - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italia, Latvia, Principality of Liechtenstein, Republic of Lithuania, Luxemburg, Principality of Monaco, Holland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (European Union 15 countries)
Japanese: 92%(-8%)-オーストリア、ベルギー、ブルガリア、チェコ、デンマーク、エストニア、フィンランド、フランス、ドイツ、ギリシャ、アイルランド、イタリア、ラトビア、リヒテンシュタイン、リトアニア、ルクセンブルグ、モナコ、オランダ、ポルトガル、ルーマニア、スロバキア、スロベニア、スペイン、スウェーデン、スイス、イギリス、（欧州連合15か国）
English: European Community is admitted to reduce collectively (bubble) under Article 4 of Kyoto Protocol.
Japanese: なお、欧州共同体は京都議定書第4条の下で共同で削減を行うこと（バブル）が認められている。
English: In the bubble system adopted by Europe, individual reduction targets are assigned to each of 15 countries in European Community by the EU directive.
Japanese: 欧州が採択するバブルでは、欧州共同体15カ国のそれぞれの削減目標がEU指令で定められている。
English: Under the EU directive, Scandinavian countries, which have reduced the amount of emissions generated from fossil fuel by not only depending on technology but also lessening use of fossil fuel since the time before the formulation of Kyoto Protocol, are evaluated for their emissions reduction achievements and allowed to have lower reduction targets (p.84) in the Kyoto Protocol, for example, Sweden's target is +4%.
Japanese: このEU指令下では、京都議定書策定以前から技術のみに依存するのではなく化石燃料を使わない方法で化石燃料由来排出量を減らしてきた北欧諸国などは京都議定書の目標値が緩く設定されており(p.84)、例えばスウェーデンは+4%が認められているなど、具体的な成果を挙げている国については相応の評価がされている。
English: As for duties subscribed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, in order to make the duties fulfilled, regulations which would function as penalties were set up.
Japanese: 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書により定められた義務については、その約束が遵守されることを担保するため、罰則規定のように機能する規定が設けられることとなった。
English: Specifically, they were decided in COP7 and COP/moP1, and the compliance committee, which deliberates and judges questions arising, was established; in addition, the following measures are expected to be taken when incompliance takes place.
Japanese: 具体的にはCOP7およびCOP/moP1で決定され、疑義が唱えられた際の審議・判断を行う遵守委員会が設けられるとともに、不遵守時には次のような措置が取られることとなっている。
English: Each country has to collect and report basic figures to estimate the fluctuation of the amounts of various emissions and of forest absorption, which are necessary for the management of emission amount of greenhouse gases by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol (Articles 3 and 7 of Kyoto Protocol, obligation of information report).
Japanese: 気候変動枠組条約および京都議定書による温室効果ガス排出量管理に必要な各種排出量および森林吸収量の変化を推計するための基礎的数値については、各国が集計し報告することとなっている（京都議定書5条・7条、情報の報告義務）。
English: If there is a serious problem in the report, the country will lose the qualification to join the Kyoto Mechanisms.
Japanese: この報告に問題があった場合には京都メカニズムへの参加資格を喪失する。
English: In the case of exceeding the emissions allowance prescribed by the Kyoto Protocol (the reduction target has not been achieved), the following mesures are taken.
Japanese: 京都議定書により約束した割当量を超えて排出した（削減目標を達成できなかった）場合には、
English: The amount exceeding the emissions allowance is increased by 30% and then is subtracted from the next emissions allowance (added on the next obligation value of reduction).
Japanese: 超過した排出量を3割増にした上で次期排出枠から差し引く（次期削減義務値に上乗せされる）。
English: Both of the following two conditions should be met for effectuation of the protocol (Article 25 of Kyoto protocol).
Japanese: 発効の条件は、以下の両方の条件を満たす必要がある（京都議定書25条）。
English: The total amount of carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties which have signed the treaty (developed countries, cooperative countries with a positive stance) in 1990 accounts for equal to or more than 55% of the total amount of that of all Annex I Parties.
Japanese: 締結した附属書I国（先進国、積極的に参加した諸国）の合計の二酸化炭素の1990年の排出量が、全附属書I国の合計の排出量の55%以上
English: As for the latter condition, the United States of America, which emits the largest amount of gfreenhouse gases in the world, suspends the ratification because of its domestic situation at present.
Japanese: 後者の条件について、世界最大の温室効果ガス排出国であるアメリカ合衆国が国内事情により締結を見送っている。
English: Voluntary participations of developing countries were shelved because they thought they had to emit a large amount of carbon dioxide as long as they pursued economical development, and the United States of America, which was positive at first, rejected to accept the protocol, further Russian Federation suspended the ratification; accordingly, Kyoto Protocol was not effected until around 2004.
Japanese: 経済発展をおこなう以上、多量の二酸化炭素を排出せねばならないと考えられたため開発途上国の自発的参加が見送られ、当初は推進していたアメリカ合衆国も後に受け入れを拒否、ロシア連邦も受け入れの判断を見送っていたため、2004年ごろまでは議定書の発効が行われていない状況であった。
English: In 2004 Russia ratified the protocol and on February 16, 2005, the protocol became effective.
Japanese: 2004年に、ロシア連邦が批准したことにより、2005年2月16日に発効した。
English: The United States of America, the only non-party member of the Kyoto Protocol among the developed countries, is accused domestically and internationally of seeking only economical benefits of the U.S. industries and refusing to commit the duty.
Japanese: 先進諸国の中で唯一京都議定書から離脱しているアメリカ合衆国政府は、産業界の自己経済利益のみを追求する考え方に基づき取り組みを拒否しているとの非難を国内外から浴びている。
English: However in Australia, which had not ratified the Kyoto Protocol likewise, change of government took place through a nationwide election and immediately after that the new government ratified the protocol on December 3, 2007.
Japanese: 同様に離脱していたオーストラリアでは世論の高まりを受けて総選挙により政権交代し、直後の2007年12月3日に批准した。
English: In Japan, the Diet approved the ratification of the protocol on May 31, 2002, then Japan deposited the document of acceptance with the United Nations on June 4, 2004.
Japanese: なお、日本では2002年5月31日に国会で承認され、2004年6月4日国際連合に受諾書を寄託した。
English: Note 2) European Union: among EU membership, old 15 countries (before the expansion in May 2004) owe -8% reduction target collaboratively as EU bubble.
Japanese: 注2）欧州連合：EU加盟のうち旧15ヵ国（2004.5拡大前）は、EUバブルとして共同で-8%の削減約束を負っている
English: And in America, which refuses to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, 219 cities have ratified it under their own authority.
Japanese: なお、批准を拒否している米国においては、219都市が独自に京都議定書を批准している。
English: The term refers to provisions to ease the reduction of greenhouse gases such as tree planting activities, activities abroad, International Emissions Trading and so on, except for merely domestic activities of emissions reduction, and is also called flexibility mechanisms.
Japanese: 国内での単なる排出量削減を除く植林活動や、国外での活動、削減量の国家間取引など、温室効果ガスの削減をより容易にするための規定で、柔軟性措置とも呼ばれる。
English: In general, it refers to three mechanisms: Clean Development, International Emissions Trading, and Joint Implementation, but it sometimes includes activities for sinks.
Japanese: 一般に、クリーン開発、排出量取引、共同実施の3つのメカニズムを指すが、これに吸収源活動を含めることもある。
English: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism in which developed countries support developing countries in fields such as technology and finance so as to reduce the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases and/or carry out activities to increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorption; and a certain amount of the consequently reduced emissions can be used partly as an amount of emissions of greenhouse gases in the developed countries.
Japanese: クリーン開発メカニズム(CDMCleanDevelopmentMechanism)とは、先進国が開発途上国に技術・資金等の支援を行い温室効果ガス排出量を削減、または吸収量を増幅する事業を実施した結果、削減できた排出量の一定量を先進国の温室効果ガス排出量の削減分の一部に充当することができる制度である。
English: Developed countries can reduce the amount at a low cost and developing countries can get the provision of technology and money as a counter value.
Japanese: 先進国は少ないコストで削減が可能となり、途上国は技術や資金の供与といった対価が望めるなどの効果がある。
English: Emissions Trading (ET) is a mechanism which allows the following four types of carbon credit trades.
Japanese: 排出量取引(ETEmissionsTrading)とは、下記4種類の炭素クレジットを取引する制度である。
English: AAU (Assigned Amount Unit) - emission allowances assigned to each country.
Japanese: AAU(AssignedAmountUnit)-各国に割り当てられる排出枠
English: ERU (Emission Reduction Unit) - credit issued in JI.
Japanese: ERU(EmissionReductionUnit)-JIで発行されるクレジット
English: CER (Certified Emission Reduction) - credit issued in CDM.
Japanese: CER(CertifiedEmissionReduction)-CDMで発行されるクレジット
English: The credits, provided by the countries which have succeeded in emissions reduction to meet the allowance or by activities for emissions reduction, can be bought by the countries which have emitted the gases over the emissions allowance and are regarded as compliance with the emissions allowance.
Japanese: 排出量を排出枠内に抑えた国や事業で発生したクレジットを、排出枠を超えて排出してしまった国が買い取ることで、排出枠を遵守したと見做されるものである。
English: Two effects are taken into consideration, that is, the countries which have difficulty in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases can realize it at low cost, whereas the countries not having difficulty in reducing the emissions can achieve remuneration for the emissions reduction in large quantities.
Japanese: 温室効果ガス削減が容易ではない国は少ない費用で削減が可能となり、削減が容易な国は対価を求めて大量の削減が望めるという、2つの効果を念頭に置いている。
English: Although the Kyoto Protocol defines the emissions trading to be carried out only among countries, the tradings are being done domestically in individual countries where the emissions reduction can be realized more effectively.
Japanese: 京都議定書は国家間での排出量取引のみを定めているが、より効果的な温室効果ガスの削減が可能な国内での排出量取引も行われつつある。
English: However, there is an issue how to assign the upper limits of emissions fairly and impartially, and if assigned uniformly, it can be disadvantageous to enterprises which have already realized the emissions reduction with their efforts.
Japanese: しかしながら、排出量の上限を最初にどのように公平に割り振るかが問題であり、一律に割り振ると、既に省エネを徹底していた企業が損をするという問題がある。
English: Accordingly, the method to purchase the right of emissions at auction is spreading, meanwhile there are issues such that getting an initial fund for purchase is a considerable burden and a management risk arises caused by the fluctuation of prices.
Japanese: このため、競売方式で排出権を購入する方式が広まりつつあるが、当初の購入資金が負担となることや、価格の変動による経営リスクが生じることが問題とされている。
English: And in Marrakesh agreements of 2001 the right of emissions is supposed not to be given and European Union also does not admit the right of emissions.
Japanese: なお、2001年のマラケシュ合意では、排出上の権利を与えるものではないとしており、欧州連合も排出の権利とは認めていない。
English: Originally this system was intended to arouse a further intention of emissions reduction promoted by the benefits of trading through the reduction of emissions, but conversely, it is pointed out that the system can lessen essentially needed efforts to reduce the emissions in the following cases: the amount of emissions of the past becomes vested interest or the like depending on a way of assigning the emissions allowances; if the market price of carbon credit becomes lower than the cost of exchange from fossil fuel to renewable energy or of emissions reduction by using energy-saving material.
Japanese: 本来この制度は、排出量の削減による取引上の利益により、さらなる削減意欲を生じさせることを意図したものであるが、逆に排出枠の設定方法によっては過去の排出量が既得権益のようになってしまったり、炭素クレジットの市場価格が化石燃料から再生可能エネルギーへの切り替えや省エネルギー等による排出量の削減にかかる費用よりも割安になってしまった場合に、本来必要な努力を減じさせるおそれもあると指摘されている。
English: Also with escalation in interest these days, the amount of emissions reduction verified by the third-party institution (VER: Verified Emissions Reduction) is being traded among private sectors (see Carbon Offset, Green Electricity Certificate and so on); note that these trades are made in general out of the framework of the Kyoto Mechanisms.
Japanese: また、近年は関心の高まりを受けて第三者機関が認証する排出削減量(VERVerifiedEmissionsReduction)が民間で取引されるようになったが（カーボンオフセット、グリーン電力証書などを参照）これらは一般に京都メカニズムの枠外で行われる取引である。
English: Joint Implementation (JI) refers to a system in which an advanced country of investment (a country which invests) reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emissions in a host advanced country of investment (a country where the activities are carried out); and the reduction of emissions achieved there (ERU: Emission Reduction Unit) is traded among these advanced countries.
Japanese: 共同実施(JIJointImplementation)とは、投資先進国（出資をする国）がホスト先進国（事業を実施する国）で温室効果ガス排出量を削減し、そこで得られた削減量(ERUEmissionReductionUnit)を取引する制度。