nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The contents are classified into 30 sections, including sections of Ten (gods of the heavens), Saiji (events throughout the year), Chi (earthy section), Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Teio (emperors), Kani (official ranks), Horoku (stipend), Seiji (politics), Horitsu (law), Senka (currency), Syoryo (measurement), Gaiko (diplomacy), Heiji (military), Bugi (martial arts), Hougi (technology), Shukyo (religion), Bungaku (literary), Reishiki (code of etiquette), Gaku (dance and music), Jin (personnel), Seimei (surname), Sangyo (industry), Fukushoku (garment), Inshoku (eat and drink), Kyosho (living home), Kiyo (art), Yugi (amusement), Dobutsu (animal), Shokubutsu (plant), and Kanaishi (metal).
Japanese: 内容は大きく分けて、天部、歳時部、地部、神祇部、帝王部、官位部、封禄部、政治部、法律部、泉貨部、称量部、外交部、兵事部、武技部、方技部、宗教部、文学部、礼式部、楽舞部、人部、姓名部、産業部、服飾部、飲食部、居処部、器用部、遊戯部、動物部、植物部、金石部の30部門からなる。
English: Each section has a brief explanation, and includes citations from references from days of the Rikkokushi (six ancient literatures, up to the 9th century) to the Keio period (just before the Meiji period, almost the middle of the 19th century).
Japanese: それぞれの項目に簡単な説明を付け、六国史以降、慶応期までの文献から参考になる箇所を引用している。
English: The Koten Kokyusho took over the project in 1890, and it established Kokugakuin, later Kokugakuin Universty, and started to give lectures in the same period.
Japanese: 皇典講究所が編纂を引き受けたのは1890年（明治23年）であり、同時期に國學院（のちに國學院大學）を開設し、授業を始めた。
English: The project was then moved to the Jingu Shicho in 1895, and the members of the Koten Kenkyusho continuously took the charge of the members of the editorial board.
Japanese: 1895年には神宮司庁に引き継がれるが、皇典講究所のメンバーが引き続き編集委員を担当したという。
English: Detailed articles of this topics are found in "A publication history of the Sandai Hensanbutsu, Gunshoruiju, Kojiruien and Kokusho-somokuroku" by Atsumi KUMATA.
Japanese: 詳しくは熊田淳美「三大編纂物　群書類従・古事類苑・国書総目録の出版文化史」を参照。
English: The Eikyo War (Eikyo no ran) is a war which occurred in the Kanto region (regions surrounding Tokyo) in 1437.
Japanese: 永享の乱（えいきょうのらん）は、室町時代の1437年（永享9年）に関東地方で発生した戦乱。
English: It is an incident or a war which originated from confrontation between Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) and Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), and for which Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), ordered to suppress Mochiuji.
Japanese: 鎌倉公方の足利持氏と関東管領の上杉憲実の対立に端を発する、室町幕府6代将軍足利義教が持氏討伐を命じた事件、戦いである。
English: Although the Kamakura Government was led by Kamakura Kubo who came from the Ashikaga family and its assistant Kanto Kanrei who came from the Uesugi family, Kamakura Kubo and Kanto Kanrei were often confronted each other partly because an appointive power of Kanto Kanrei was handled by the bakufu.
Japanese: この鎌倉府は足利家出身の鎌倉公方とこれを補佐する上杉家出身の関東管領に指導されていたが、関東管領の任命権は幕府が握っていたこともあり、鎌倉公方と関東管領はしばしば対立していた。
English: In 1416 during the days of the fourth Shogun Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the War of Zenshu UESUGI occurred, where the former Kanto Kanrei Zenshu Uesugi (Zenshu) raised an army against Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, the fourth Kamakura Kubo.
Japanese: 4代将軍足利義持時代の1416年（応永23年）には前関東管領の上杉禅秀（禅秀）が4代鎌倉公方足利持氏に反して挙兵する上杉禅秀の乱が起きた。
English: Although the war itself was suppressed in corporation with the bakufu, Mochiuji's self-willed behaviors became prominent after the war - on the pretext of hunting down of stragglers, he purged Mochitsuna UTSUNOMIYA and others of Kyoto-fuchishu (Kanto samurais who were directly engaged by bakufu, not by the Kamakura Government) and subjugated the Satake clan who were supported by the bakufu - thus the bakufu and the Kamakura Government became a confrontational relationship.
Japanese: 乱自体は幕府との協力で鎮圧されるが、乱後に持氏が残党狩りを名目として、京都扶持衆の宇都宮持綱などを粛清、さらに幕府の支援する佐竹氏を討伐するなど自立的行動が目立つようになり、幕府と鎌倉府は対立関係となる。
English: After Yoshimochi's death his younger brother Yoshinori assumed shogun, but Mochiuji opposed to this and took disobedient attitudes toward the bakufu, for example, Mochiuji continued to use Shocho era even after the name of the era had been changed from 'Shocho' to 'Eikyo'.
Japanese: 義持の没後、弟の義教が将軍に就任すると、持氏はこれに反発し、1429年に元号が「正長」から「永享」に改元されても持氏は正長の元号を用い続けるなど、幕府に対する不服従の態度を示した。
English: Besides, Mochiuji was also confronted with Norizane UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei, and strengthened his dictatorial color including giving important positions to Sadayori UESUGI and Norinao UESUGI, branch families of the Uesugi clan, and Naokane ISSHIKI, his great vassal.
Japanese: さらに持氏は関東管領の上杉憲実とも対立し、上杉氏庶流の上杉定頼・上杉憲直や直臣の一色直兼を重用するなど、独裁色を強めていった。
English: When Mochiuji began his military action in 1435, Norizane UESUGI who had assumed Kanto Kanrei in 1419 stopped Mochiuji, and his relationship with Mochiuji became tense.
Japanese: 1435年（永享7年）に持氏は軍事行動をはじめ、1419年（応永26）に関東管領に就任した上杉憲実は持氏を制止するが、持氏と険悪な関係となった。
English: As a rumor that Mochiuji would assassinate Norizane spread in 1437, Norizane ran away from Kamakura to Fujisawa of the Sagami Province.
Japanese: 1437年（永享9）に持氏が憲実を暗殺するという噂が流れると、憲実は鎌倉から相模国藤沢へ逃れる。
English: The both sides reached a settlement as Mochiuji compromised, but they were confronted again in July, 1438, when Mochiuji celebrated coming of age of his legitimate son 賢王丸 without permission of the bakufu, and Norizane fled to Hirai-jo Castle of the Kozuke Province (Gunma Prefecture), a province occupied by a territorial lord, between August and September of the same year.
Japanese: 両者は持氏の妥協により和解するが、1438年（永享10年）6月、持氏が嫡子の賢王丸の元服を幕府に無断で行うと再び対立し、憲実は同年8月に分国であった上野国（群馬県）平井城に逃れる。
English: Mochiuji not only gave a troop to Naokane ISSHIKI, his trusted vassal, to dispatch for hunting down and killing Norizane, but also he himself built a base of operations in Fuchu Koan-ji Temple of the Musashi Province (Fuchu City, Tokyo Megalopolis).
Japanese: 持氏は憲実追討のため近臣の一色直兼に軍を与えて差し向け、自身も武蔵国府中高安寺（東京都府中市(東京都)）に陣を構える。
English: In the bakufu the sixth shogun Yoshinori ordered Mitsunao ASHIKAGA of Sasagawa Gosho (an administrative organization for governing the Tohoku regions, settled by the Kamakura bakufu in the Muromachi period: it also refers to its head Mitsunao ASHIKAGA.) and Noritada IMAGAWA, shugo (a provincial constable) of the Suruga Province, to help Norizane and also dispatched the bakufu army including Zenshu's sons, Mochifusa UESUGI and Noritomo UESUGI.
Japanese: 幕府では6代将軍義教が篠川御所の足利満直や駿河国の守護今川範忠に憲実の救援を命じ、さらに禅秀の子上杉持房、上杉教朝らをも含む幕軍を派遣する。
English: On this occasion, Yoshinori asked Emperor Gohanazono, making use of authority of the imperial court, for Jibatsu Rinji (a written document for imperial edicts to hunt down and kill emperor's enemies) and the Imperial standard for the first time since the days of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: このときに義教は朝廷権威を利用し、後花園天皇に対して3代将軍足利義満時代以来であった治罰綸旨と錦御旗の要請を行う。
English: On October 25, the Imagawa side defeated Mochiuji' troops and crossed over Mt. Ashigara, while Mochifusa UESUGI also beat the camp settled in Hakone.
Japanese: 9月27日、今川勢は持氏方の軍勢を撃破して足柄山を越え、上杉持房も箱根の陣を破る。
English: In addition, Tokitaka MIURA who had defended Kamakura as a caretaker deserted the service and withdrew to attack Kamakura, changing sides.
Japanese: 更に、鎌倉の留守を守っていた三浦時高が守備を放棄して退き、寝返って鎌倉へ攻め込んだ。
English: Mochiuji, falling into an unfavorable situation and many of his troops running away, withdrew into Ebina City of the Sagami Province and was further going to flee to Kamakura.
Japanese: 劣勢に陥り、兵の多くが逃亡した持氏は相模国海老名市まで退き、更に鎌倉へ落ちようとした。
English: As the Mochiuji's party encountered troops of 忠政 NAGAO and Kagenaka NAGAO, main retainers of Norizane on their way, Mochiuji took an oath of allegiance to the bakufu and they entered Yoan-ji Temple of Kamakura altogether.
Japanese: 持氏一行は途中で憲実の家宰長尾忠政・長尾景仲の軍と出会い、持氏は幕府への恭順を誓い、ともに鎌倉の永安寺に入った。
English: Although Norizane asked for Mochiuji's life and assumption of his legitimate son Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA to Kanto Kubo, Yoshinori did not accept it and ordered to hunt down and kill him.
Japanese: 憲実は持氏の助命と持氏の嫡子足利義久の関東公方就任を嘆願するが、義教は許さず討伐を命じた。
English: On April 2, 1439, Norizane attacked Yoan-ji Temple against his will, where Mochiuji, Mitsusada ASHIKAGA (Inamura Gosho [an administrative organization for governing the Tohoku regions, settled by the Kamakura bakufu in the Muromachi period: it also refers to its head Mitsusada ASHIKAGA.]) and others committed suicide, while Yoshihisa committed suicide in Kamakura Hokoku-ji Temple (Kamakura City).
Japanese: 1439年（永享11年）2月10日_(旧暦)、憲実はやむなく永安寺を攻め、持氏、足利満貞（稲村御所）らは自害し、義久は鎌倉報国寺(鎌倉市)において自害した。
English: Norizane became a priest along with his children after the war to retire from government affairs, while his younger brother Kiyokata UESUGI (Kiyokata JOJO) became an acting Kanto Kanrei.
Japanese: 憲実は戦後に子達と共に出家し政務から引退し、憲実の実弟の上杉清方（上条清方）が管領代行となった。
English: As some of the Mochiuji's children escaped from the calamity, the next year, in 1440, the Yuki War occurred, in which Ujitomo YUKI raised an army under Mochiuji's bereaved children.
Japanese: 持氏の子の何人かは難を逃れており、翌1440年（永享12年）には結城氏朝が持氏の遺児を奉じて挙兵する結城合戦が起こる。
English: It was ranked under a district association, organizing several families into one group, and aimed at higher efficiency of distribution and thought control.
Japanese: 町内会のさらに下にあり数家庭ごとに一組を組織し、配給の効率化や思想統制を図った。
English: It is a name of a pop song with lyrics written by Ippei OKAMOTO (out of copyright for the lyrics) and music by Nobuo IIDA, and sung by Tamaki TOKUYAMA.
Japanese: 岡本一平作詞（作詞著作権消滅）、飯田信夫作曲で、徳山璉が歌った歌謡曲の名前である。
English: The lyrics were prepared to propagate the tonarigumi system during wartime, and the music has cheerful and lively tones to propagate it to the citizens, so the song was also used as theme music of 'Dorifu Daibakusho' (a popular TV program).
Japanese: 戦時中の隣組制度を宣伝啓発する歌詞であり、また国民への宣伝啓発のため明るく元気のある曲調に仕上がっていることから、「ドリフ大爆笑」のテーマ、にも用いられている。
English: Tonarigumi is a government-led system for maintaining neighborhood which was one of the bases of people's lives to support the fighting forces of the wartime regime during the Showa period.
Japanese: 隣組は、日本の昭和期において戦時体制の銃後を守る、国民生活の基盤の1つとなった官主導の隣保組織である。
English: Along with the National General Mobilization Act, Movement for General Mobilization of the National Spirit, and Movement for Strict Enforcement of Election, it was institutionalized through 'Outline of Control and Enhancement of Village Community Associations and District Associations, etc' (Neighborhood Association Enhancement Act) decided in 1939 and decreed by the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan) in 1940.
Japanese: 国家総動員法、国民精神総動員運動、選挙粛清運動と並び、前年に決定し1940年（昭和15年）に内務省(日本)が布告した「部落会町内会等調整整備要綱」（隣組強化法）によって制度化される。
English: Making a group with five to ten families, it urged their solidarity and development of local autonomy, and was used for mobilization of citizens and obligatory supply of materials to the government, distribution of controlled goods, and defense activity against air raids during wartime.
Japanese: 5軒から10軒の世帯を一組とし、団結や地方自治の進行を促し、戦争での住民の動員や物資の供出、統制物の配給、空襲での防空活動などを行った。
English: In 1947 after the defeat in World War II and the Pacific War, it was dissolved by the supreme commander of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦、太平洋戦争の敗戦後の1947年（昭和22年）、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により解体された。
English: Even today part of the activities which was conducted using the tonarigumi system has been succeeded to district associations, districts (not wards of government-ordinance-designated cities) and residents' associations.
Japanese: 現在でも、回覧板の回覧など、隣組単位で行なわれていた活動の一部は、町内会・区（政令指定都市の区ではない）・自治会に引き継がれている。
English: In some local areas, relations within neighboring districts and residents have become weak mainly due to increase of one-room condos in which singles and nuclear families live, while other areas have problems over whether to become parishioners of a local Shinto shrine and contributing to rites and festivals of the shrine.
Japanese: 地方によっては、単身者や核家族が居住するワンルーム・マンションの増加など、近隣地域と住人の関係が疎遠になる例もあり、地元神社の氏子への加入や、祭礼の寄付などをめぐり問題を生じている地域もある。
English: In some areas such as Kyoto City, tonarigumi remains even today (=>positioning of former school districts in Kyoto).
Japanese: 京都市内など一部の地域では現在でも隣組が残っている（→京都の元学区元学区の位置づけ）。
English: In 1600, Naomasa II who was the lord of Takasaki-jo Castle in Kozuke Province with properties bearing 120,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) and was one of Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals serving Tokugawa Ieyasu), received an additional properties bearing 60,000 koku due to his distinguished war service in the Battle of Sekigahara, entered into the Sawayama-jo Castle which used to be the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA, and established the Sawayama Domain.
Japanese: 慶長5年（1600年）上野国高崎城主で12万石を領していた徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政が関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により18万石に加増され、石田三成の居城であった佐和山城に入封して佐和山藩を立藩した。
English: Naomasa disliked the residential castle of Mitsunari ISHIDA who was a rebel general, and planned a construction of new castle at Isoyama at the lakefront of Lake Biwa, but died of war injury in 1602 before starting the construction.
Japanese: 直政は賊将・石田三成の居城を嫌い、琵琶湖の湖岸の磯山に新城建設を計画したが、建設に着手する前に戦傷が元で慶長7年（1602年）に死去した。
English: When his legitimate child Naotsugu II succeeded, the construction of new castle started in Mt. Hikone where the Hikone-jo Castle exists at present.
Japanese: 嫡子・井伊直継が相続すると現在彦根城が存する彦根山に新城の建設が開始された。
English: In 1615, Naotsugu changed his name to Naokatsu and was transferred to the Annaka Domain in Kozuke Province with subdivided properties bearing 30,000 koku because he could not participate in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) due to sickliness.
Japanese: 元和(日本)元年（1615年）直継は病弱で大坂の役に参陣出来なかったことを理由に、直勝と名を改め上野国安中藩に3万石を分知され移封となった。
English: Naotaka's activities as a key cabinet official of the Shogunate were recognized and he was granted three-time additional properties bearing 50,000 koku each in 1615, 1617 and 1633.
Japanese: 直孝は幕閣の中枢としての活躍を認められ、元和元年・元和3年（1617年）・寛永10年（1633年）の3度にわたりそれぞれ5万石の加増がなされた。
English: Moreover, he was granted properties bearing 20,000 koku (equivalent to 50,000 koku when converted into Chigyo daka [a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief] as custodian of rice working in the castle of tenryo [a shogunal demesne,] and finally received a social status of 350,000 koku.
Japanese: 更に天領の城付米預かりとして2万石（知行高換算5万石）を付与され35万石の格式を得るに至った。
English: The Ii clan of Hikone Domain found fame as a key cabinet figure of the Shogunate and was never transferred to other lands while other powerful fudai daimyo such as the Sakai clan and the Honda clan were transferred one after another, and had the largest yield among fudai daimyo.
Japanese: 彦根藩井伊氏は幕閣の中枢を成し、酒井氏・本多氏など譜代有力大名が転封を繰り返す中、一度の転封もなく石高も譜代大名中最高であった。
English: And, Tairo (chief minister) was assumed by the Ii clan six times for five generations such as Naozumi II, Naomori II, Naohide II, Naoaki II and Naosuke II (there are arguments for and against the theory that Naomori assumed Tairo twice, and Naotaka assumed Tairo).
Japanese: また、井伊直澄・井伊直該・井伊直幸・井伊直亮・井伊直弼と5代6度（直該が2度、直孝が大老になったかどうかは賛否両論である）の大老に就いた。
English: He signed up to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States without obtaining the Imperial sanction, and asserted ultimate authority in what is called Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the Shogunate).
Japanese: 勅許を得ず日米修好通商条約に調印、安政の大獄といわれる強権の発動を行った。
English: His action provoked a backlash, and he was assassinated by roshi (masterless samurai) of Mito Domain in the Sakuradamongai Incident in 1860.
Japanese: 結果、反発を招き、万延元年（1860年）桜田門外の変で水戸藩浪士らに暗殺された。
English: In the same year, Naonori II became the lord of domain, and in 1862, his yield was reduced by 100,000 koku because he was accused of Naosuke's sins.
Japanese: 同年、藩主に就いた井伊直憲は、文久2年（1862年）直弼の罪を問われ10万石を減封された。
English: In 1864, Naonori regained properties bearing 30,000 koku among former territories because of his distinguished service in the Kinmon Incident.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）禁門の変での功により旧領のうち3万石を回復する。
English: After Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) in 1867, Naonori converted the opinion of domain people into the new government side even though he was fudai hitto (head of fudai daimyo.)
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）大政奉還の後は譜代筆頭にもかかわらず新政府側に藩論を転向させた。
English: In the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in the next year, 1868, Naonori fought as the army of old bakufu but he seceded, and thereafter, Naonori joined the Meiji Government and moved from place to place to fight in the Boshin Civil War.
Japanese: 翌、慶応4年（1868年）の鳥羽伏見の戦いでは旧幕府軍として戦ったが離脱、後の戊辰戦争では明治政府に加わって転戦した。
English: Hikone-Shinden Domain refers to a domain which existed from 1714 to 1734 in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 彦根新田藩（ひこねしんでんはん）は江戸時代中期の正徳(日本)4年（1714年）より享保19年（1734年）まで存した藩。
English: In 1734, this branch domain was abolished because Naosada became an adopted heir of Naonobu II who was Naosada's elder brother and the 8th lord of domain.
Japanese: 享保19年、兄で8代藩主の井伊直惟の養嗣子となったため廃藩となった。
English: Morikatsu KIMATA - Yoriyasu - Moriaki - Morinaga - Morimitsu - Morisada - Morimasa - Morimae - Moriyasu - Seikan - Kan - Morimichi
Japanese: 木俣守勝－守安－守明－守長－守盈－守貞－守将－守前－守易－清閑－幹－守迪
English: The Yamato race is the race that has been living since ancient times in the Japanese Islands including Japan's mainland (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and the other islands around them.
Japanese: 大和民族（やまとみんぞく）は古代から日本本土（本州、四国、九州）と、その周辺離島を含む日本列島の全域に住む民族とされる。
English: This includes the descendants of those who migrated from Honshu to Ryukyu (now Okinawa Prefecture) and Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu, now Hokkaido) between the late medieval period and the modern age.
Japanese: 中世後期から近代にかけて、主に本州から琉球（現在の沖縄県）や蝦夷地（現在の北海道）へ移住した者の子孫も含む。
English: The Yamato race consists of people living in the Japanese archipelago, where the race was formed as the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), composed mainly of people living in the Japanese archipelago since the end of the Jomon Period (Jomon man) and people from the Eurasian Continent (Yayoi people) between the late Jomon period and the Yayoi period, controlling various groups of people which had spread across the Japanese archipelago and assimilating them.
Japanese: 大和民族とは、日本列島に住んできた人類で構成される民族で、そこでは縄文時代から日本列島に住んできた人々（いわゆる縄文人）と、縄文末期から弥生時代にユーラシア大陸から渡来した人々（いわゆる弥生人）が中心となって形成したヤマト王権が、日本列島各地に散在していた様々な人的集団を勢力下に置き、同化したことにより大和民族が成立していったと考えられている。
English: However, the process of the establishment of Yamato sovereignty, which is thought to be a coalition government of Yamato tribes, is not clear and there are many mysteries remaining.
Japanese: しかし大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっておらず、謎も多い。
English: In daily conversation, the term "Japanese" (which has an ambiguous meaning) is used, rather than "Yamato race."
Japanese: また、日常会話では大和民族ではなく、基本的に日本人（日本人の定義が曖昧）と称する。
English: Based on anthropological classification done in the Meiji period, Shogoro TSUBOI asserted that the Yamato race was an aggregation which did not include the Korobokkuru, which was prehistorical aborigines, the Ainu tribe (and Sakhalin Ainu), Ryukyu people, Korean people, the Han race of Taiwan, the aborigines in Taiwan and others.
Japanese: 明治期における人類学的な区分では、坪井正五郎が先史時代の先住民であるコロボックル、国内の他民族であるアイヌ（及び樺太アイヌ）、琉球、朝鮮人・台湾漢人、台湾先住民などを除いた集合としての大和民族を主張した。
English: However, that theory was refuted by hired foreign scholars (specialists hired for their knowledge) who revealed the classifications of the Choshu lineage and Sasshu lineage.
Japanese: しかし長州系・薩州系という区分によるが存在するという指摘がお雇い外国人科学者からなされることもあった。
English: According to recent mitochondrial DNA research, both the Jomon people and Yayoi people have DNA resembling that of the people of North East Asia (China, Siberia, Buryat and Korean), casting doubt on the multiple structure theory of Kazuro HANIWARA, which purported the Jomon people to be a southern lineage and Yayoi people a northern lineage, though it confirms the multiple structure theory of the Japanese race itself.
Japanese: 近年注目されるミトコンドリアDNA研究によると、縄文人も弥生人もどちらも北東アジア（中国、シベリア、ブリヤート人、朝鮮半島）に類似したデオキシリボ核酸が多く分布しており、縄文人を南方系、弥生人を北方系とする埴原和郎の二重構造説は疑問視されてはいるが、日本民族が多重構造であること自体は肯定的な意見が強い。
English: On the other hand, the research findings concluded that the Japanese race is comparatively genetically unified, having little variation from Hokkaido to Okinawa.
Japanese: また、一方では日本人は北海道から沖縄県に至るまで、遺伝学的には大差はなく比較的均一性も高い民族であるという研究結果も出ている。
English: The original meaning came from the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which was formed mainly by powerful clans in the Kinki region in the Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: 原義は古墳時代に近畿地方の有力氏族が中心となって成立したヤマト王権から来ている。
English: This is because the uniformity as a race came via political integration by Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: 民族としての同一性が、ヤマト王権による政治的統合に由来するからである。
English: The opinion was put forth by folklorist Tsuneichi MIYAMOTO and historian Yoshihiko AMINO that the races of eastern Japan and of western Japan are different, emphasizing cultural contrasts; however, this is not the conventional opinion because the people of the two regions are rarely thought to be different races in the modern age.
Japanese: 東日本と西日本の文化の差異を強調して、それぞれ別個の民族であるとする見解が民俗学者の宮本常一や歴史学者の網野善彦などから出されているが、少なくとも近代においては、東日本と西日本の住民が異民族であるという感覚はほとんど存在しないので、一般的な見解であるとは言えない。
English: The Yamato race is classified as an agricultural people or a maritime people, as they live in an island country.
Japanese: 大和民族は農耕民族、あるいは島国に居住することから海洋民族と分類される場合もある。
English: The Yamato race is the major race in Japan, living mainly in the Japanese archipelago which forms the country.
Japanese: 主に日本列島に居住しており、日本国を形成し、日本国の大多数民族である。
English: They also live as immigrants of Japanese descent in countries around the world such as Latin America including Brazil, Asia, Europe and the United States; however, Japanese immigrants are relatively few in number compared to neighboring races such as the Han race and Korean race.
Japanese: 日本以外には、移民（日系人）としてブラジルを始めとするラテンアメリカ諸国、アジア、ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国など世界中に分布してはいるが、近隣の民族である漢民族や朝鮮民族と比べると日本国外への移住者は比較的少ない。
English: They currently live in their respective countries as minority races such as Japanese Brazilians and Japanese Americans.
Japanese: 現在、彼らは日系ブラジル人や日系アメリカ人として、それぞれの国の少数民族として暮らしている。
English: In the Imperial Japanese period, they occupied Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula, moving into the countries of Asia and the South Seas, expanding their range of distribution and establishing a standardized social foundation; however, they returned to Japan's mainland as Japan's sovereign power was lost when the Pacific War (The Greater East Asian War) ended.
Japanese: また、大日本帝国時代には台湾と朝鮮半島を領有し、さらにアジアや南洋の各地に進出して分布域を広げ、その地域に一定の社会基盤を築いていったが、太平洋戦争(大東亜戦争)が終結した時、日本の主権が失われたため日本本土へ帰っていった。
English: However, there were people who didn't return and remained where they were, regardless of their own wishes, due to the chaos of the end of the war.
Japanese: ただし、終戦の混乱によって本人の望む望まないに関係なく、日本に帰らずその土地に残った者が存在する。
English: Some of them became Japanese left behind in China, while others joined the Indonesian war of independence, though most of them are aging now.
Japanese: 彼らの中には、中国残留日本人となったり、またインドネシア独立戦争等に参加した者などがいるが、そのほとんどは現在高齢化している。
English: There still exist communities of Japanese left behind in the places Japan occupied before the war, such as the Republic of Palau, in which the South Pacific Mandate was built, and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (former Toyohara) in Sakhalin.
Japanese: 戦前日本が領有した地域の中では南洋庁が置かれたパラオ共和国や樺太のユジノサハリンスク（旧豊原）に小規模ながら残留日本人の共同体が現存する。
English: As speaking only Japanese presents no inconvenience to people who live in Japan, there are few people who speak foreign languages.
Japanese: さらに、日本語が話せれば、日本国内ではほとんど不自由しないので、外国語を理解できる人間はかなり少ない。
English: Though not to the extent it had on vocabulary, it also had considerable effects in terms of phonology, such as contracted sounds or palatised sounds, the sound of the words beginning with r, the voicing of initial consonants, and allowance of hiatus (consecutive) vowels.
Japanese: 語彙ほどではないが、拗音や語頭ラ行音・語頭濁音・母音連続の許容等、音韻面で受けた影響も少なくない。
English: As for dialects, due to the geographical constraints of the Japanese archipelago, which stretches east to west (consisting mainly of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and nearby islands), there were enough differences that those who lived in the east and the west had difficulty communicating before modern times, though the differences were only in phonemes and vocabulary; there was not much difference grammatically.
Japanese: 方言差については、東西に長い日本列島（主に本州・九州・四国と周辺離島）の地理的制約もあって、近代以前は東西に離れた者どうしでは意思疎通に困難を来すほどの差異があったが、音韻や語彙を中心とした相違にとどまり、特に文法面では大きな差はない。
English: Those who speak in different dialects have no trouble communicating today, thanks to the popularization of the standard dialect.
Japanese: 現在では標準語の普及もあって、異なる方言話者の間でも意思疎通に大きな問題を生じることはない。