nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: His names include Osasagi no mikoto ("Kojiki"), Osazaki no mikoto, Osazaki no Sumeramikoto, Holy Emperor ("Nihonshoki" [Chronicles of Japan]), and Emperor Nanba ("Manyoshu" [the oldest anthology of tanka]).
Japanese: 名は大雀命（おほさざきのみこと）（『古事記』）、大鷦鷯尊（おほさざきのみこと）大鷦鷯天皇（おほさざきのすめらみこと）・聖帝（『日本書紀』）・難波天皇（『万葉集』）。
English: After the demise of Emperor Ojin, he and Prince Iratsuko Ujinowaki, who was regarded as the most likely successor to the Imperial Throne, tried to give the throne over to each other but, because of death of the Prince (according to "Nihonshoki," the Prince killed himself in order to give the throne to Emperor Nintoku), he acceded to the throne.
Japanese: 応神天皇の崩御の後、最も有力と目されていた皇位継承者の菟道稚郎子（うじのわきいらつこ）皇子と互いに皇位を譲り合ったが、皇子の死（『日本書紀』は仁徳天皇に皇位を譲るために自殺したと伝える）により即位したという。
English: The reign of Emperor Nintoku is known for benevolent rule, the Chinese-style posthumous name, 'Nintoku,' originating from this, as can be seen from an anecdote written in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki that he exempted people from taxes after he noticed that no smoke of cooking was coming out of the house furnaces and, in order to save money, he didn't have the palace roof renewed during the tax exemption period.
Japanese: 人家の竈（かまど）から炊煙が立ち上っていないことに気づいて租税を免除し、その間は倹約のために宮殿の屋根の茅さえ葺き替えなかった、と言う記紀の逸話に見られるように、仁徳天皇の治世は仁政として知られ、「仁徳」の漢風諡号もこれに由来する。
English: On the other hand, however, it is interesting that the Kojiki and Nihonshoki describe his humane aspect as an amorous Emperor who was tormented by jealousy of his Empress.
Japanese: ただ一方で、記紀には好色な天皇として皇后の嫉妬に苛まれる人間臭い一面も描かれていることは興味深い。
English: In addition, a part of his achievements overlap with and resemble those of Emperor Ojin and, thus, there is a theory that achievements of one Emperor were divided among the two.
Japanese: また、事績の一部が父の応神天皇と重複・類似することから、元来は1人の天皇の事績を2人に分けたという説がある。
English: Also, in "Harimanokuni Fudoki" (Records of the culture and geography of the Harima Province), he is described as Emperor Osazaki and Emperor Nanba, making it conceivable that achievements of two Emperors were combined into one.
Japanese: また『播磨国風土記』においては、大雀天皇と難波高津宮天皇として書き分けられており、二人の天皇の事跡を一人に合成したとも考えられる。
English: In the beginning of a paragraph on Nintoku in Nihonshoki, he is described as a grandchild of Prince Iokiiribiko (younger brother of Emperor Seimu) but this description contradicts the article in the beginning of a paragraph on Ojin in Kojiki.
Japanese: 日本書紀の仁徳の条の冒頭では、五百城入彦皇子（成務天皇の弟）の孫となっているが、この記載は古事記応神の条の冒頭にある記事と矛盾する。
English: Namely, the father of the mother of Osazaki, Nakatsuhime, is written as Homudamawaka, the son of Iokiiribiko (in this case, Osazaki corresponds to the great-grandchild of Iokiiribiko).
Japanese: すなわち、大雀の母中日売の父が、五百木入日子の子品它真若となっていることである（この場合、大雀は五百木入日子の曾孫となる）。
English: This contradiction suggests that the pedigree record from Ojin to Nintoku is obviously made up.
Japanese: この矛盾も、応神‐仁徳の系譜が実際には造作されていることをうかがわせる。
English: Additionally, there is a theory which identifies him with San or Chin of the 'five kings of Wa' described in "Sosho" (Book of the Sung dynasty) Wakokuden but this is not definite.
Japanese: なお、『宋書』倭国伝に記される「倭の五王」中の讃（さん）または珍（ちん）に比定する説があるが、確定していない。
English: The capital was Naniwa no Takatsu no miya Palace (probably the present Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: 都は難波宮高津宮（なにわのたかつのみや、現在の大阪府大阪市中央区(大阪市)か）。
English: In order to prevent flood disasters and to carry out development, he had Horie of Nanba dug and had Manda no tsutsumi (Manda Levee; in the vicinity of Neyagawa City, Osaka Prefecture) built.
Japanese: 河内平野における水害を防ぎ、また開発を行うため、難波の堀江の開削と茨田堤（大阪府寝屋川市付近）の築造を行った。
English: He had an irrigation waterway built in Kurukuma no agata (from northwest of Joyo City, Kyoto Prefecture to Kumiyama Town, Kuse County).
Japanese: 山背の栗隈県（くるくまのあがた、京都府城陽市西北～久世郡久御山町）に潅漑用水を引かせた。
English: He had Wani no ike Pond (Nara city?) and Yokono Levee (Ikuno Ward, Osaka City) built.
Japanese: 和珥池（わにのいけ、奈良市？）、横野堤（よこののつつみ、大阪市生野区）を築造した。
English: As an irrigation waterway, he had Komuku no omizo (a large ditch) dug (around Kanan Town, Minamikawachi County, Osaka Prefecture) and had a vast agricultural field reclaimed.
Japanese: 潅漑用水として感玖大溝（こむくのおおみぞ、大阪府南河内郡河南町辺り）を掘削し、広大な田地を開拓した。
English: He sent Kinotsuno no Sukune (the third highest of the eight hereditary titles) to Kudara (Paekche) to, for the first time, divide the boundary of the province and district and record the provincial products.
Japanese: 紀角宿禰を百済へ遣わし、初めて国郡の境を分け、郷土の産物を記録した。
English: In the reign of this Emperor, he decided Katsuragibe as Minashiro (feud) of the Empress Ishi no hime no mikoto, Mibube as Minashiro of Prince Izahowake no mikoto, Tajiibe as Minashiro of Mizuhawake no mikoto, Okusakabe as Minashiro of Okusaka no miko, and Wakakusakabe as Minashiro of Wakakusakabe.
Japanese: 「この天皇の御世に、大后（おほきさき）石之日売命の御名代（みなしろ）として、葛城部を定め、また太子（ひつぎのみこ）伊邪本和氣命の御名代として、壬生部を定め、また水歯別命の御名代として、蝮部（たぢひべ）を定め、また大日下王の御名代として、大日下部を定め、若日下部の御名代として、若日下部を定めたまひき。
English: Also, employing Hata people, he had Manda no tsutsumi and Manuta Miyake (imperial-controlled territory) constructed, had Wako no ike Pond and Yosami ike pond made, had Horie of Naniwa dug to the sea, and Obashi no e Port dug, and had Suminoe tsu Port established.
Japanese: また、秦人を役（えだ）ちて茨田堤また茨田三宅を作り、また丸邇池（わこのいけ）、依網（よさみ）池を作り、また難波の堀江を掘りて海に通はし、また小椅江（をばしのえ）を掘り、また住吉津を定めたまひき。」
English: Note: On August 15 of the year of Hinoto-U (one of the Oriental Zodiac), he passed away' ("Kojiki").
Japanese: 分注－丁卯の年の八月十五日に崩（かむあが）りましき」（『古事記』）。
English: On February 7, 399, the Emperor passed away' ("Nihonshoki").
Japanese: 「八十七年の春正月の戊子の朔（ついたち）癸卯に、天皇、崩（かむあが）りましぬ」（『日本書紀』）。
English: From the ear of that deer, mozu (a shrike) came out and, based on this, the place was named as mozu mimi hara (shrike ear field) (in addition, mozu is the bird of Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: その鹿の耳の中からモズが現れたことから地名を「百舌鳥耳原」と名づけられる（なお、モズは大阪府の鳥である）。
English: Also, to the north and south of this kofun (tumulus), there are big tumuluses (the north tumulus is Emperor Hanzei mausoleum and the south tumulus is Emperor Richu mausoleum) and this one is named 'the center mausoleum.'
Japanese: また、この古墳の北と南にも大古墳があり（北陵は反正天皇陵、南陵は履中天皇陵）、「中陵」と名づけられている。
English: In the paragraph on Shoryoryo (the Bureau for managing imperial mausoleums) of "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), it is written that 'Mozu no mimihara no naka mausoleum is located in Otori County, Izumi Province. The area spans about 900 m from east to west, and 900 m from north to south. There are five guard houses,' and the mausoleum is identified with the Daisenryo Tumulus (a large keyhole-shaped tumulus, total length 486m, also called as Daisen Tumulus or Oyama Tumulus), located in Daisen Town, Sakai Ward, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture.
Japanese: 『延喜式』諸陵寮に「百舌鳥耳原中陵。在和泉国大鳥郡。兆域東西八町。南北八町。陵戸五烟。」とあり、同陵は大阪府堺市堺区大仙町の大仙陵古墳（前方後円墳・全長486m、大仙古墳・大山古墳とも）に比定される。
English: Also in "Kojiki," it is described that 'the Imperial Mausoleum was located in Mozu no Mimihara' and "Nihonshoki" describes that it was Juryo (a grave built while alive) and further ' he was entombed in the Mozuno mausoleum on November 22, 399' but because there are some people who question academically whether it is the Emperor Nintoku mausoleum, it has recently become general to use names such as (Legendary) Nintokuryo Tumulus, Daisenryo Tumulus, etc.
Japanese: 『古事記』にも「御陵は毛受（もず）の耳原にあり」、『日本書紀』には寿陵であったと記され、「（八十七年）冬十月の癸未の朔己丑に、百舌鳥野稜（もずののみささぎ）に葬（はぶ）りまつる」とあるが、学術的には仁徳天皇陵として疑問視する向きもあることから、最近では（伝）仁徳陵古墳、大仙陵古墳などの名称を用いるのが一般的になってきている。
English: Emperor Ojin (January 5, 201-March 31, 310) was the fifteenth Emperor, who was in the reign from February 8, 270 to March 31, 310.
Japanese: 応神天皇（おうじんてんのう、仲哀天皇9年12月14日(旧暦)（201年1月5日）-応神天皇41年2月15日(旧暦)（310年3月31日））は、第15代の天皇（在位：応神天皇元年1月1日(旧暦)（270年2月8日）-同41年2月15日（310年3月31日））。
English: He is said to be the oldest okimi (Emperor), actuality of whose existence is high, but, because descriptions about him overlap and are confused with a paragraph on Emperor Nintoku, there are theories presented including one that Ojin and Nintoku are the same person.
Japanese: 実在性が濃厚な最古の大王（天皇）とも言われるが、仁徳天皇の条と記載の重複・混乱が見られることなどから、応神・仁徳同一説などが出されている。
English: From articles on genealogy written in "the Kojiki and Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan)," there is a theory which claims that it is reasonable to think that Ojin was made up by combining influential persons of the time in the royal line.
Japanese: 『記・紀』に記された系譜記事からすると、応神は当時の王統の有力者を合成して作られたものと考えるのが妥当であるとする説がある。
English: With this uncertainty of his actual existence, there have been proposed many theories regarding real images of the great king.
Japanese: この実在の不確かさもあり、大王の実像をめぐっては諸説が出されてきた。
English: They include a theory which regards Ojin to be actual because his Japanese-style posthumous name, 'Homuda,' is extremely different from the embellished ones of the Emperors before the eighth, a theory which postulates that he is the founder of the conquering dynasty in the rotation theory of three dynasties, a theory to regard him as the god (Usa Hachiman) enshrined as an ancestor of the Imperial Family in relation to relocation of the Yamatai-Koku Kingdom to the east, a theory to regard him as the founder of the Kawachi dynasty, etc.
Japanese: 応神の和風諡号である「ホムダ」は飾りの多い8代以前の天皇と著しく違っている事から実在とみなす説、三王朝交代説における征服王朝の創始者とする説、邪馬台国東遷説にまつわり皇室の先祖として祭られている神（宇佐八幡）とする説、河内王朝の始祖と見なす説などである。
English: Also, from relative comparisons with historical materials abroad, there is a theory which identifies him with San of the five kings of Wa, who appear in "Sungshu (Book of the Sung dynasty)" and "Book of the Liang dynasty" (in addition, there are theories which identify Nintoku or Richu with San) and a possibility has been pointed out that he might have directed the advancement of Wakoku (Japan) to Korea,which is written in "Gwanggaeto Stele."
Japanese: また、海外史料との相対比較から、『宋書』や『梁書』に見える倭の五王の讃に比定する説（ほかに仁徳や履中を比定する説もある）、「広開土王碑」に見える倭国の朝鮮進出を指揮した可能性も指摘されている。
English: In "Nihonshoki," it appears as Homuta no Sumeramikoto or according to Chapter 1, Homutawake no Sumeramikoto obtained by exchanging names with Kehi no Okami and in the note is described as Izasawake no mikoto.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には、譽田天皇（ほむたのすめらみこと）・一伝に笥飯大神と交換して得た名である譽田別天皇（ほむたわけのすめらみこと）とあり、分注に去来紗別尊（いざさわけのみこと）とある。
English: Also, from the time he was in the womb of his mother, he was destined to accede to the Imperial throne and, thus, he has a title of honor of Emperor Taichu (Emperor residing in the womb).
Japanese: また、母の神功皇后の胎内にあったときから皇位に就く宿命にあったので、胎中天皇（はらのうちにましますすめらみこと）の敬称がある。
English: In "Kojiki," it appears as Homudawake no mikoto, with another name, Otomowake no mikoto.
Japanese: 『古事記』には、品陀和氣命（ほむだわけのみこと）、別名は大鞆和気命（おおともわけのみこと）とある。
English: It is said that this another name derives from the fact that, when he was born, the muscle of his arm was bulging like a Tomo (a tool to be wound around the left arm when shooting an arrow).
Japanese: この別名は天皇が生まれた時、その腕の肉が鞆（とも。弓を射る時に左腕に巻きつける道具）のように盛り上がっていた事に由来するという。
English: There is a theory that 'Homudawake' (in "Nihonshoki" and "Kojiki," Chinese characters used are different) which is thought to be the posthumous name of Emperor Ojin was a real name used when he was alive.
Japanese: 応神天皇の名とされる「ホムダワケ」（『日本書紀』では誉田別、『古事記』では品陀和気と表記）は、実は生前に使われた実名だった、とする説がある。
English: According to descriptions of Nihonshoki after it increased certainty, it seems to be after the middle of the sixth century when it began to give a Japanese-style posthumous name to the Emperor.
Japanese: 確実性を増してからの書紀の記述による限り、天皇に和風諡号を追号するようになったのは6世紀の半ば以降と見られる。
English: Especially, the posthumous names from Emperor Ojin through Emperor Keitai are generally simple and there are ones such as Wakatakeru, which were clearly proven to be the real names when alive.
Japanese: とくに応神天皇から継体天皇にかけての名は概して素朴であり、ワカタケルのように明らかに生前の実名と証明されたものもある。
English: An obviously Japanese-style posthumous name can be seen as in Shiraka no takehirokunioshiwakayamatoneko no Sumeramikoto of the twenty-second Emperor Seinei (according to "Nihonshoki") but this rather suggests a possibility that Emperor Seinei is a fictional Emperor who was later included in the imperial line (however, there is a theory which proposes that there is a high possibility that Emperor Seinei actually existed because his Japanese-style posthumous name is based on a real name).
Japanese: 22代清寧天皇のシラカタケヒロクニオシワカヤマトネコ（白髪武広国押稚日本根子、『日本書紀』に因る）のように明らかな和風諡号も見られるが、これはむしろ清寧天皇が後に皇統の列に加えられた架空の天皇である可能性を物語っている（ただし、清寧天皇の和風諡号は実名を基にした物であるため、実在した可能性が高い、とする説もある）。
English: In "Nihonshoki," there appears a name, Mitomowake as the ancestor of the Kibi clan and, in "Kojiki," there can be seen a name, Otamuwake as the ancestor of the Yasu no Kuni no miyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) in Omi Province, with constitution of the names of these local ruling families are exactly the same with 'Homudawake.'
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には、吉備氏の祖として御友別（みともわけ）の名が、『古事記』には、近江国の安（やす）国造の祖先として意富多牟和気（おほたむわけ）の名が見えるが、これらの豪族の名の構成は「ホムダワケ」と全く同じである。
English: From these considerations, names having the term 'wake' (written in several ways by Chinese characters) existed from fourth to fifth century irrespective of Imperial family or local ruling families, showing that this was a name used universally.
Japanese: これらのことから、「ワケ」（別・和気・和希などと表記）の称を有する名は4世紀から5世紀にかけて皇族・地方豪族の区別なく存在し、ごく普遍的に用いられた名であることが分かる。
English: As a matter of fact, the posthumous names for Emperors Keiko, Richu, and Hanzei include 'wake' and there is a high possibility that these are Japanese-style posthumous names based on real names.
Japanese: 事実、景行天皇・履中天皇・反正天皇の各天皇の名にも「ワケ」が含まれており、実名を基にした和風諡号である可能性が高い。
English: From these points, the above hypothesis assumes that 'Homudawake' of Emperor Ojin was also a real name.
Japanese: 以上の点から、応神天皇の「ホムダワケ」と言う名も実名だった、とこの仮説では見なしている。
English: In addition, as to the meaning and origin of this 'wake,' there are too many theories to be clarified.
Japanese: なお、この「ワケ」の語義ならびに由来については、諸説あって明らかにしがたい。
English: According to "Kojiki," it is a name of a government post of a local official which Emperor Keiko established and is a title for local ruling families who separated from the Imperial family and were given lands in various regions.
Japanese: 『古事記』では、景行天皇が設置した地方官の官職名であり、皇族から分かれて諸地方に分封された豪族の称としている。
English: It is said that his father was Ex-Emperor Chuai and his mother was Empress Jingu, namely Okinagatarashihime no mikoto, but there are many different opinions.
Japanese: 父は先帝仲哀天皇で、母は神功皇后こと息長足姫尊（おきながたらしひめのみこと）とされるが、異説も多い。
English: There is a view that his father was Sumiyoshi Okami or Takeuchi no Sukune, there being with the former a description that 'the Empress had a secret relationship with Okami' (Records of the Age of the Gods from the Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine).
Japanese: 父として「是に皇后、大神と密事あり」（住吉大社の住吉大社神代記」）とある住吉大神や、あるいはまた武内宿禰とする考えもある。
English: Some people argue that this mysteriousness of his birth suggests that Emperor Ojin fundamentally had no blood line connection to the previous dynasty and was regarded as the founder of a new dynasty.
Japanese: このような出生の神秘性は、本来応神天皇が前王朝との血統上のつながりを持たず、新王朝の開祖であるとされたことを物語っているとするものもある。
English: The capital was Karushima no toyoakira no miya (probably, present-day Okaru Town, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 都は軽島豊明宮（かるしまのとよあきらのみや、現在の奈良県橿原市大軽町か）。
English: According to "Nihonshoki," there was also built, in Osaka, Osumi no miya (present-day Osumi, Higashi Yodogawa Ward, Osaka City, or, according to one theory, Chuo Ward of Osaka City).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によると、大阪にも大隅宮（おおすみのみや。現在の大阪市東淀川区大隅、一説に同市中央区(大阪市)）が置かれたという。
English: On her way back from sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea), Empress Jingu gave birth to him at Umi (Umi Town, Kasuya County, Fukuoka Prefecture).
Japanese: 神功皇后の三韓征伐の帰途に宇瀰（うみ、福岡県糟屋郡宇美町）で生まれたとされる。
English: In 270, he acceded to the throne at the age of 71 and passed away in 310 at the age of 111.
Japanese: 応神天皇元年（270年）に71歳で即位、同41年（310年）に111歳で崩御。
English: According to "Kojiki," in his reign, he established Amabe, Yamabe, Yama no moribe, and Isebe (groups of people related respectively to sea products, mountains, mountain management, and Ise Province.
Japanese: 『古事記』に「この御世に、海部（あまべ）、山部、山守部、伊勢部を定めたまひき。
English: For this reason, he let Takeucho no Sukune lead the people and go to Tsutsumiike to build Kudara (Paekche) no ike-Pond.
Japanese: ここをもちて武内宿禰引い率て、堤池に役ちて、百済池（くだらのいけ）を作りき」。
English: In "Nihonshoki" also, a similar story appears and the paragraph titled September, 274 says that 'he sent an order to all countries and determined diver groups and mountain guardian groups' and the paragraph titled November, 280 says that 'he had Tsurugi no ike-Pond, Karu no ike-Pond, Shishikaki no ike-Pond, and Umaya no saka no ike-Pond built.'
Japanese: 『日本書紀』にも同様の記事が見え、応神五年八月条に「諸国に令して、海人及び山守を定む」、応神十一年十月条に「剣池・軽池（かるのいけ）・鹿垣池（ししかきのいけ）・厩坂池（うまやさかのいけ）を作る」とある。
English: In "Kojiki," it is described that King Shoko of Kudara (Paekche, King Geunchogo) presented horses, one male and one female, which accompanied Achikishi.
Japanese: 『古事記』に、百済の国主照古王（百済の近肖古王）が、雄雌各一頭を阿知吉師（あちきし）に付けて献上したとある。
English: Further, because the Emperor asked 'if there were a wise man, bring him as a tribute, 'in response to his order, sent as a tribute was Wanikishi. Accompanying this man, there were presented 10 volumes of Rongo Analects and 1 volume of Senjimon, total 11 volumes. This Wanikishi was the ancestor of Humi no obito, etc. Also sent as tributes were two people, a blacksmith named Takuso and a weaver, Saiso.'
Japanese: また「もし賢人しき人あらば貢上れ」と仰せになったので、「命を受けて貢上れる人、名は王仁（わにきし）。すなわち論語十巻、千字文一巻、併せて十一巻をこの人に付けてすなわち貢進りき。この和爾吉師は文首等の祖。また手人韓鍛（てひとからかぬち）名は卓素（たくそ）また呉服（くれはとり）の西素（さいそ）二人を貢上りき」。
English: Furthermore, the paragraph titled October, 289 describes that 'Achi no omi, the ancester of Yamato no aya no atai, his son Tsuka no omi, and his relatives from seventeen provinces came over,' suggesting that there were many settlers.
Japanese: また、応神二十年九月条に「倭の漢直の祖阿知使主（あちのおみ）、其の子都加使主、並びに己が党類十七県を率て、来帰り」とあって、多くの渡来人があったことを伝えている。
English: In later years, together with Empress Jingu, he was related to Hachimanshin (God of War) and was enshrined as Imperial ancestor and bushin in Hachiman-gu Shrines in various places.
Japanese: 後世、神功皇后と共に八幡神に付会され、皇祖神や武神として各地の八幡宮に祭られる。
English: "Kojiki" describes that 'Misasagi (Imperial mausoleum) is located on Mofushi Hill in Ega, Kawachi Province.'
Japanese: 『古事記』に「御陵は河内国の恵賀（えが）の裳伏（もふし）岡にあり」と記す。
English: In "Nihonshoki," there is no description of the name of the mausoleum but in Yuryakuki (a volume on Emperor Yuryaku), there appears 'Konda Mausoleum on Ichibiko no oka (hill).'
Japanese: 『書紀』に陵名の記載はないが、雄略紀に「蓬丘（いちびこのおか）の誉田陵」と見える。
English: At present, the mausoleum is identified with Konda gobyoyama tumulus (a large keyhole-shaped tumulus, 425 m in total length and 36 m in height of the rounded part, originally surrounded by double moats).
Japanese: 現在、同陵は大阪府羽曳野市誉田六丁目の誉田山古墳（前方後円墳・全長425m・後円部高さ36m、もと二重に堀をめぐらしていた）に比定される。
English: It is a large keyhole-shaped tumulus built in early fifth century, next (second in size) to the Daisenryo Tumulus (Mausoleum of Emperor Nintoku),
Japanese: 大仙陵古墳（仁徳天皇陵）につぐ（第2位の規模）5世紀初ともいわれる大前方後円墳。
English: However, it is to be noted that a conclusive age in archeology is always floating unless there appears an exceptionally strong historical material, etc.
Japanese: ただし考古学の絶対年代はよほど強力な史料などが出ない限り、常に浮動的であることに注意する必要がある。
English: The five kings of Wa refer to San (讃), Chin (珍), Sai (済), Ko (興) and Bu (武) who paid tribute to the Eastern Jin and Song (Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (China) in 5th century and received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as 'King of Wa'.
Japanese: 倭の五王（わのごおう）とは、5世紀に、南北朝時代(中国)の東晋や宋(南朝)に朝貢して「倭国王」などに冊封された倭国の五人の王、すなわち讃、珍、済、興、武をいう。
English: One theory assumes that, from imperial lineages in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and other sources, 'San' was Emperor Richu, 'Chin' Emperor Hanzei, 'Sai' Emperor Ingyo, 'Ko' Emperor Anko and 'Bu' Emperor Yuryaku.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』などの天皇系譜から「讃」→履中天皇、「珍」→反正天皇、「済」→允恭天皇、「興」→安康天皇、「武」→雄略天皇等の説がある。
English: Researchers have nearly reached consensus on the identification of 'Sai', 'Ko' and 'Bu' in the above theory, but 'San' and 'Chin' are yet to be confirmed due to discrepancy between the traditions written in Sungshu (Book of the Sung dynasty) and Kiki (Kojiki [Record of Ancient Matter] and Nihonshoki).
Japanese: このうち「済」、「興」、「武」については研究者間でほぼ一致を見ているが、「讃」と「珍」については「宋書」と「記紀」の伝承に食い違いがあるため未確定である。
English: Other prevailing theories include the one which says 'San' is Emperor Nintoku and 'Chin' is Emperor Hanzei and another one which says 'San' is Emperor Ojin and 'Chin' is Emperor Nintoku.
Japanese: 他の有力な説として、「讃」が仁徳天皇で「珍」を反正天皇とする説や、「讃」は応神天皇で「珍」を仁徳天皇とする説などがある。
English: According to a theory which identifies 'Bu' as Emperor Yuryaku, the Chinese character '武' can be read 'Bu' as well as 'Takeru' which corresponds to a part of the king's name inscribed on iron swords (Wakatakeru no Okimi [the Great King Wakatakeru] in Inariyama-kofun Tumulus, and the Wa□□□ru no Okimi in Eta Funayama Tumulus) and this king has been identified as Emperor Yuryaku, whose real name and his Japanese-style posthumous name (Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru no Mikoto in "Nihonshoki" and Ohatsusewakatakeru no mikoto/Ohatsuse no miko in "Kojiki") commonly include 'Takeru'.
Japanese: 「武」は、鉄剣・鉄刀銘文（稲荷山古墳鉄剣銘文獲加多支鹵大王と江田船山古墳の鉄剣の銘文獲□□□鹵大王）の王名が雄略天王に比定され、和風諡号（『日本書紀』大泊瀬幼武命、『古事記』大長谷若建命・大長谷王）とも共通する実名の一部「タケル」に当てた漢字であることが明らかであるとする説がある。
English: If this theory can be applied to other kings, '讃' or 'Homu' may be for Emperor Ojin whose real name is Homutawake, '珍' or 'Mizu' for Emperor Hanzei (Mizuhawake), '済' or 'Tsu', for Emperor Ingyo (Woasazumawakugonosukune), and '興' for Emperor Anko (Anaho) because '興' means excitement and 'Ana' is a note of admiration.
Japanese: このことから、他の王もそうであるとして、「讃」を応神天皇の実名ホムタワケの「ホム」から、「珍」を反正天皇の実名ミヅハワケの「ミヅ」から、「済」を允恭天皇の実名ヲアサヅマワクゴノスクネの「ツ」から、「興」を安康天皇の実名アナホの「アナ」を感嘆の意味にとらえたものから来ている、という説もある。
English: But none of the theories is decisive and the identities of the five kings remain uncertain.
Japanese: しかしながらいずれも決め手となるようなものはなく、倭の五王の正体については今のところ不確定である。
English: There even exists a theory which says that 'the five kings of Wa' are not among the kings of Yamato Dynasty because the envoys of 'the five kings of Wa' are not recorded in "Kojiki" or "Nihonshoki" and also because none of the kings of Yamato Dynasty had a Chinese-style name with one Chinese character, such as 讃, 珍, 済, 興 and 武.
Japanese: 一方、「倭の五王」の遣使の記録が『古事記』『日本書紀』に見られないことや、ヤマト王権の大王(ヤマト王権)が、「倭の五王」のような讃、珍、済、興、武など一字の中国風の名を名乗ったという記録は存在しないため、「倭の五王」はヤマト王権の大王ではないとする説もある。
English: Kyushu dynasty theory separates Waobu (Japanese king 'Bu') from Wakatakeru no Okimi on the inscription or from Emperor Yuryaku or other kings of Yamato Dynasty, but instead, thinks that 'Bu' was the successor of Yamatai Kingdom who subordinated them.
Japanese: 九州王朝説では、銘文のワカタケル大王と倭王武が、一致しないため、別のものとし、武が雄略ともその大王ともちがい、ヤマタイ国の後継とし、両者を従えていたとする。
English: The purpose of dispatching envoys and presenting tribute seems to have been to develop a political diplomacy with the other powers in the mid-western part of Japanese archipelago and Korean peninsula with the help of the prestige of the Southern Dynasty, as well as absorbing the civilization and caulture of the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 使いを遣わして貢物を献じた目的として、中国大陸の文明・文化を摂取すると共に、南朝の威光を借りることによって、当時の日本列島中西部の他の諸勢力、朝鮮半島諸国との政治外交を進めるものがあったと考えられる。
English: Alothough "Kojiki" does not contain a chronology, it tells, as an annotation, the Oriental zodiac of the year when some of the emperors died.
Japanese: 『古事記』に年次の記述は無いが、文注として一部天皇の没年干支を記す。
English: Assuming that the Oriental zodiac recorded in "Kojiki" is correct, 'San'=Nintoku, 'Chin'=Hanzei, 'Sai'=Ingyo, "Ko"=Anko, and "Bu"=Yuryaku.
Japanese: 『古事記』の没年干支を正しいとすれば讃＝仁徳、珍＝反正、済＝允恭、興＝安康、武＝雄略となる。
English: Hanzei, who died in 437 according to "Kojiki", was the father of Nintoku as long as referring to "Kiki".
Japanese: 『古事記』が437年に没したとする反正は、『記紀』によるかぎり仁徳とは親子関係である。
English: If San were Nintoku and Chin were Hanzei, it would be inconsistent with the description in Wakoku Den "Sung Shu" which recognizes Chin as the younger brother of San.
Japanese: 讃を仁徳、珍を反正とすると、『宋書』倭国伝が、珍を讃の弟とする記述と矛盾する。
English: It may be possible to conjecture the five kings of Wa from the Oriental zodiac of the years they died recorded in "Kojiki", except for this inconsistency.
Japanese: この一点を除けば、『古事記』の天皇没年干支から倭の五王が推測できるとも考えられる。
English: On the other hand, the chronology in "Nihonshoki" writes there were only three Emperors between 413 and 479: Ingyo, Anko and Yuryaku.
Japanese: 一方『日本書紀』の年次では、413年から479年の間の天皇は、允恭・安康・雄略の3名である。