nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, since the governance of Raisho SHIMOTSUMA was disarray more so than that of the former lord Nagatoshi KATSURADA, the followers of Ikki became internally divided.
Japanese: が、この下間頼照が前の領主である桂田長俊以上の悪政を敷いたために、一揆の内部分裂が進んでいた。
English: Nobunaga saw this as a good chance and marched to Echizen Province on September just after the battle of Nagashino.
Japanese: これを好機と見た信長は長篠の戦いが終わった直後の8月、越前国に行軍した。
English: The followers of Ikki who were already internally divided could not intercept them.
Japanese: これに対して既に内部分裂していた一揆衆は協力して迎撃することができなかった。
English: It has been said that 12,250 followers in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces such as Raisho SHIMOTSUMA and Kagetake ASAKURA were killed by the Oda army.
Japanese: 下間頼照や朝倉景健らを始め、12,250人を数える越前国・加賀国の門徒が織田軍によって討伐されたといわれている。
English: This way, Echizen Province became Oda territory again and Nobunaga gave eight counties of Echizen to Katsuie SHIBATA.
Japanese: こうして越前国は再び織田領となり、信長は越前八郡を柴田勝家に与えた。
English: On December 16, 1575 Nobunaga was conferred as Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) and Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) on December 19.
Japanese: 天正3年（1575年）11月4日、信長は権大納言、11月7日に右近衛大将に叙任する。
English: On January 9, Nobunaga passed over the head of the Oda family and gave territories like Mino and Owari Provinces to his legitimate son Nobutada, and then retired.
Japanese: 11月28日、信長は嫡男・信忠に　織田氏の家督ならびに美濃国・尾張国などの領地を譲って建前上隠居した。
English: In February 1576, Nobunaga began building Azuchi-jo Castle at the lakeside of Lake Biwa under his direction.
Japanese: 天正4年（1576年）1月、信長自身の指揮のもと琵琶湖湖岸に安土城の築城を開始する。
English: The Azuchi-jo Castle was completed as a great-flamboyant castle with five layers and seven stories in 1579.
Japanese: 安土城は天正7年（1579年）に五層七重の豪華絢爛な城として完成した。
English: A missionary of the Society of Jesus sent a letter to his home country which showed his surprise that 'Such a gorgeous castle has never been seen in Europe.'
Japanese: イエズス会の宣教師は「このような豪華な城は欧州にも存在しない」と母国に驚嘆の手紙を送っている。
English: On February 1576, Hideharu HATANO in Tanba Province, who had a friendship with Nobunaga, rose in revolt.
Japanese: 天正4年（1576年）1月、信長に誼を通じていた丹波国の波多野秀治が叛旗を翻した。
English: On the other hand, Nobunaga dispatched 30,000 troops commanded by Mitsuhide AKECHI, Murashige ARAKI, and Naomasa HANIWA, to Osaka on May.
Japanese: これに対し信長は4月、明智光秀、荒木村重、塙直政を大将とした3万人の軍勢を大坂に派遣した。
English: Nobunaga entered Wakae-jo Castle on June 11th and announced their mobilization orders, but only about 3,000 soldiers gathered.
Japanese: 信長は5月5日に若江城に入り動員令を出したが、集まったのは3,000人ほどであった。
English: However, in the early morning on June 13, Nobunaga led those 3,000 troops at the front-line and attacked the 15,000 strong Hongan-ji Temple army that had besieged the Tennoji Fort.
Japanese: しかし信長は5月7日早朝、その3,000人の軍勢を率いて自ら先頭に立ち、天王寺砦を包囲する本願寺軍1万5,000人に攻め入った。
English: Although it was such a hard battle and Nobunaga himself was injured, the Oda army's morale was raised by Nobunaga's appearance at the front-line and they defeated the Hongan-ji Temple army (the Battle of Tennoji Fort).
Japanese: 信長自身も負傷する激戦となったが、信長自らの出陣で士気が高揚した織田軍は、本願寺軍を撃破した（天王寺砦の戦い）。
English: However, on August 17, about 800 ships of the Mori navy appeared to assist the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple army and defeated the Oda navy, and the Mori army brought provisions and ammunition to the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple army (the first battle of Kizukawaguchi).
Japanese: ところが7月13日、石山本願寺の援軍に現れた毛利水軍800隻の前に、織田水軍は敗れ、毛利軍により石山本願寺に兵糧弾薬が運び込まれた（第一次木津川口の戦い）。
English: Around this time, the relationship between Kenshin UESUGI in Echigo Province and Nobunaga worsened and Kenshin made peace with the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in 1576.
Japanese: この頃、越後国の上杉謙信と信長との関係は悪化し、謙信は天正4年（1576年）に石山本願寺と和睦。
English: Having Kenshin as a leader, Terumoto MORI, the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, Hideharu HATANO, Ikko adherents of Saiga in Kishu (the present Wakayama Prefecture) and others colluded to oppose Nobunaga.
Japanese: 謙信を盟主として、毛利輝元、石山本願寺、波多野秀治、紀州雑賀衆などが反信長に同調し結託した。
English: On the other hand, Nobunaga left for the front leading a large army to suppress Ikko adherents of Saiga in Kishu in February 1577.
Japanese: これに対し信長は、天正5年（1577年）2月、紀州雑賀衆を討伐するために大軍を率いて出陣する。
English: However, it is said that he had Magoichi SAIKA, the head of Ikko adherents of Saiga, surrender on April, partly owing to the assistance of the Mori navy from the rear and the invasion of the Noto Province by the Uesugi army (it is said that it was a nominal surrender without submitting a hostage).
Japanese: が、毛利水軍による背後援助や上杉軍の能登国侵攻などもあったため、3月に入ると雑賀衆の頭領・雑賀孫一を降伏させたという（人質の提供も無い、形だけのものといわれている）。
English: Additionally, around this time, Katsuie SHIBATA of the Oda army implemented the fire attack over the Tedori-gawa River in Kaga Province at the battle line in the Hokuriku region.
Japanese: また、この頃、北陸戦線では織田軍の柴田勝家が、加賀国の手取川を越えて焼き討ちを行っている。
English: Nobunaga dispatched a large military force commanded by Nobutada ODA to Shigisan-jo Castle and killed Hisahide in November (the Battle of Shigisan-jo Castle).
Japanese: 信長は、織田信忠を総大将とした大軍を信貴山城に派遣し、10月に久秀を討ち取った（信貴山城の戦い）。
English: In November when Nobunaga killed Hisahide, Sadamasa NAITO, at Kameyama-jo Castle in Tanba Province who resisted Nobunaga, died of disease.
Japanese: 久秀を討った10月、信長に抵抗していた丹波国・亀山城(丹波国)の内藤定政が病死する。
English: The Oda army did not miss this chance and captured various castles in Tanba Province such as Kameyama-jo Castle, Momi-jo Castle, and Sasayama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 織田軍はこの機を逃さず、亀山城、籾井城、笹山城などの丹波国の諸城を攻略した。
English: Since Kenshin had no child and suddenly died without deciding a successor, his adopted son Kagekatsu UESUGI and Kagetora UESUGI began a succession race (Otate War).
Japanese: 謙信には実子がなく、後継者を定めることなく急死したため、養子の上杉景勝と上杉景虎が後継ぎ争いを始めた（御館の乱）。
English: During the Tensho era, the Oda clan had military and financial powers to fight in various places at the same time.
Japanese: 天正期に入ると、同時多方面に勢力を伸ばせるだけの兵力と財力が織田氏に具わっていた。
English: Nobunaga gave his busho followers land as large as the territory of a daimyo and allowed them to govern freely and capture surrounding areas.
Japanese: 信長は部下の武将に大名級の所領を与え、自由度の高い統治をさせ、周辺の攻略に当たらせた。
English: He deployed the following busho: Katsuie SHIBATA, Toshiie MAEDA, Narimasa SASA, and others against Kagekatsu UESUGI who succeeded the head of the Uesugi family through a family feud after the death of Kenshin UESUGI; his legitimate son Nobutada, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Nagayoshi MORI and others against Katsuyori TAKEDA; Mitsuhide AKECHI, Yusai HOSOKAWA and others against Hideharu HATANO (the battle of Kuroi-jo Castle); Hideyoshi HASHIBA against Terumoto MORI and Nobumori SAKUMA against the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 上杉謙信の死後、お家騒動を経て上杉氏の家督を継いだ上杉景勝に対しては柴田勝家、前田利家、佐々成政らを、武田勝頼に対しては嫡男・信忠、滝川一益、森長可らを、波多野秀治に対しては明智光秀、細川幽斎らを（黒井城の戦い）、毛利輝元に対しては羽柴秀吉を、石山本願寺に対しては佐久間信盛を配備した。
English: The Oda army had taken advantage in the battle with the Uesugi clan after Kenshin's death, and it captured Noto and the Kaga Provinces and prepared to invade Ecchu Province as well.
Japanese: 織田軍は謙信の死後、上杉氏との戦いを優位に進め、能登国・加賀国を奪い、越中国にも侵攻する勢いを見せた。
English: On April 1578, Nagaharu BESSHO in Harima Province rose in revolt (the Battle of Miki).
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）3月、播磨国の別所長治の謀反（三木合戦）が起こった。
English: In addition, the Mori army hardly resisted and captured Kozuki-jo Castle in August the same year, and the revived Amako armies, like Shikanosuke YAMANAKA, was defeated (the Battle of the Kozuki-jo Castle).
Japanese: また、毛利軍は激しく抵抗し、同年7月、上月城は毛利軍の手に落ちて山中鹿之介ら尼子氏再興軍という味方を失う（上月城の戦い）。
English: In November, Murashige ARAKI in Settsu Province betrayed Nobunaga by barricading himself in Arioka-jo Castle (the Battle of Arioka-jo Castle) and resisted Nobunaga by cooperating with Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 10月には摂津国の荒木村重が有岡城に籠って信長から離反し（有岡城の戦い）、本願寺と手を結んで信長に抵抗する。
English: On the other hand, Kiyohide NAKAGAWA, Murashige's yoriki (police sergeant), and the lord of the Higashi Settsu Province, and Ukon TAKAYAMA surrendered to Nobunaga.
Japanese: 一方、村重の与力であり東摂津を領する中川清秀、高山右近は信長に降伏した。
English: On April 17 in the same year, Nobunaga invented the armored warship and defeated the Mori navy with six armored warships (the Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi).
Japanese: 同年11月6日、信長は鉄甲船を考案、6隻を建造し毛利水軍を撃破（第二次木津川口の戦い）。
English: In this way, the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and Murashige ARAKI were isolated without getting any help from the Mori army, and this time the Oda army had the advantage.
Japanese: これにより石山本願寺と荒木村重は毛利軍の援助を受けられず孤立し、このころから織田軍は優位に立つ。
English: After Murashige escaped, abandoning his wife and children in October during the same year, Arioka-jo Castle fell and most of the Araki family were executed.
Japanese: 同年9月、村重が妻子を置き去りにして逃亡すると有岡城は落城し、荒木一族の大半が処刑された。
English: Next, after Naoie UKITA in Bizen Province who had been on the Mori side yielded allegiance to Nobunaga in November, the advantage and disadvantage of the Oda army and the Mori army completely reversed.
Japanese: 次いで10月、それまで毛利方であった備前国の宇喜多直家が信長に服属すると、織田軍と毛利軍の優劣は完全に逆転する。
English: In May the same year, the Hongan-ji Temple army also made peace with the Oda army on the conditions which advantageous for the Oda army by Imperial order of Emperor Ogimachi, and withdrew from Osaka.
Japanese: 同年4月には正親町天皇の勅命のもと本願寺軍も織田軍に有利な条件を呑んで和睦し、大坂から退去した。
English: In 1581 he captured Inaba Province in the fall of Tottori-jo Castle by starvation tactics and Awaji Province in the fall of Iwaya-jo Castle.
Japanese: 天正9年（1581年）には鳥取城を兵糧攻めで落とし因幡国を攻略、さらには岩屋城を落として淡路国を攻略した。
English: In 1579 Nobukatsu ODA, who became angry with Kokujin (local samurai) in Iga Province because he was interrupted while having a castle built in Ise Province, and invaded Iga Province, but lost big.
Japanese: 天正7年（1579年）、伊勢国の出城構築を伊賀国の国人に妨害されて立腹した織田信雄は、独断で伊賀国に侵攻し大敗を喫した。
English: Nobunaga scolded Nobukatsu hardily and his feelings of hostility towards Kokujin of Iga Province increased (Tensho Iga War of Iga school).
Japanese: 信長は信雄を厳しく叱責するとともに、伊賀国人への敵意をも募らせた（伊賀流天正伊賀の乱）。
English: Then in 1581 he captured Iga Province with 60,000 troops commanded by Nobukatsu.
Japanese: そして天正9年（1581年）、信雄を総大将とする6万人の軍勢で伊賀国を攻略。
English: In 1579 Nobunaga ordered Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, the legitimate son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, and his mother Tsukiyama-dono to commit Seppuku.
Japanese: 天正7年（1579年）、信長は徳川家康の嫡男・松平信康と、信康の生母・築山殿に対し切腹を命じた。
English: However, as a result, Ieyasu had Nobuyasu commit Seppuku and killed Tsukiyama-dono - there is a rumor about this.
Japanese: が、最終的に家康は信康に切腹させ、築山殿を殺害した（これに関しては異説もある。）
English: In September 1580, Nobunaga sent a letter of chastisement to Nobumori SAKUMA, a hereditary senior vassal, and his legitimate son Masakatsu SAKUMA, and exiled them because of their failure at the battle of Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天正8年（1580年）8月、信長は譜代の老臣・佐久間信盛とその嫡男・佐久間正勝に対して折檻状を送り付け、本願寺との戦さに係る不手際を理由に追放処分とした。
English: In addition, he exiled Hidesada HAYASHI and Morinari ANDO who were old senior vassals by bringing up the former attempt of betrayal or the betrayal of their family to the enemy.
Japanese: さらに、古参の林秀貞と安藤守就も、かつてあった謀反の企てや一族が敵と内通したことなどを蒸し返して、これを理由に追放した。
English: On April 11, he staged a spectacular demonstration at the umaba (a horse-riding grounds) in the east of the dairi (Imperial Palace) in Kyoto.
Japanese: 2月28日には京都の内裏東の馬場にて大々的なデモンストレーションを行なっている。
English: This is what was called the great military parade in Kyoto, demonstrating the military power of the Oda army corps such as Nagahide NIWA as well as Nobunaga.
Japanese: いわゆる京都御馬揃えであるが、これには信長はじめ織田一門のほか、丹羽長秀ら織田軍団の武威を示すものであった。
English: In June in the same year, the Oda army marched into Ecchu Province taking advantage of the opportunity when Nagachika KAWADA, a busho of the Uesugi clan, suddenly died, and came to control almost all of Ecchu Province.
Japanese: 同年5月に越中国を守っていた上杉氏の武将・河田長親が急死した隙を突いて織田軍は越中に行軍し、同地の大部分を支配下に置いた。
English: In Kishu, Saigato became internally divided and there was conflict between Magoichi SUZUKI, who supported Nobunaga and Heiji DOBASHI who were against Nobunaga and their power decreased.
Japanese: 紀州では雑賀党が内部分裂し、信長支持派の鈴木孫一が反信長派の土橋平次らと争うなどして勢力を減退させた。
English: In the same year, Temple on Mt. Koya showed anti-Nobunaga movements such as hiding the remnants of Murashige ARAKI and engaging in secret communications with Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 同年に荒木村重の残党を匿ったり、足利義昭と通じるなど、高野山が信長と敵対する動きを見せた。
English: In contrast, Nobunaga sent more than ten messengers in order to resolve the dispute peacefully, but Temple on Mt. Koya killed all the messengers.
Japanese: 対して使者10数人を差し向け、穏便に事を収めようとする信長であったが、高野山側は使者を全て殺害。
English: Nobunaga got mad about this and captured hundreds of Koya hijiri (ascetics of Temple on Mt. Koya) in the Oda territories and ordered the daimyo in Kawachi and Yamato Provinces to besiege Mt. Koya.
Japanese: これに激怒した信長は、織田領における高野聖数百人を捕らえるとともに、河内国や大和国の諸大名に命じて高野山を包囲させた。
English: On March 5, 1582, Yoshimasa KISO, husband of the daughter of Shingen TAKEDA, betrayed Nobunaga and accepted this.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）2月1日、武田信玄の娘婿であった木曽義昌が、信長に寝返りこれを受け入れた。
English: Then, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of Suruga Province, Ujinao HOJO of Sagami Province, Nagachika KANAMORI of Hida Province and Nobutada of the Kiso region began capturing the Takeda territory.
Japanese: そして、駿河国から徳川家康、相模国から北条氏直、飛騨国から金森長近、木曽地域から信忠が、それぞれ武田領への攻略を開始した。
English: On the other hand, the garrison force of Ina-jo Castle of the Takeda army pushed out the castle commander Nobuuji SHIMOJO and surrendered to the Oda army.
Japanese: これに対して武田軍は、伊那城の城兵が城将・下条信氏を追い出して織田軍に降伏。
English: In addition, Nobumine OGASAWARA, the lord of Matsuo-jo Castle in Shinano Province, Nobushige YODA, lord of Tanaka-jo Castle and Nobukimi ANAYAMA, lord of Ejiri-jo Castle in the Suruga Province, and others, surrendered to the allied forces one after another.
Japanese: さらに信濃国の松尾城主・小笠原信嶺、駿河国の田中城主・依田信蕃、江尻城主・穴山信君らも先を争うように連合軍に降伏する。
English: Nobunaga left for the front for the punitive expedition of the Takeda clan on April 10, and Nobutada occupied Kofu on the same day.
Japanese: 信長が武田征伐に出陣したのは3月8日であるが、その日に信忠は甲府を占領した。
English: On April 13, Nobutada killed Katsuyori TAKEDA and his son Nobukatsu in the fields east of Kai Province, and this was the end of the Takeda clan.
Japanese: 3月11日には甲斐国東部の田野において武田勝頼・信勝父子を討ち取り、ここに武田氏は滅亡した。
English: It is said that after the destruction of the Takeda clan, Nobunaga ordered the 'Killing of the whole family which served Takeda clan even if they showed obedience,' which was called 'the hunt for the Takeda clan.'
Japanese: 武田氏滅亡後に信長は、「武田に属していた者はたとえ恭順の意思を示そうとも容赦無く一族まとめて根絶やしにせよ」とする、いわゆる「武田狩り」を命じたといわれる。
English: After the destruction of the Takeda clan, Nobunaga gave Suruga Province to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Kozuke Province to Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Kai Province to Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, Kitashinano Province to Nagayoshi MORI, and Minamishinano Province to Hideyori MORI, in order to watch Ujinao HOJO.
Japanese: 武田氏滅亡後、信長は駿河国を徳川家康に、上野国を滝川一益に、甲斐国を河尻秀隆に、北信濃を森長可、南信濃を毛利秀頼に与えて北条氏直への抑えとした。
English: At the same time, he remained thoroughly committed to peace diplomacy in the same way he was against Shingen and Kenshin, and kept the alliance.
Japanese: 同時に、かつての信玄や謙信に対したのと同じ平和外交に徹し、同盟関係を保った。
English: In summer of 1582, Nobunaga prepared to dispatch the army corps of his third son Nobutaka KANBE and a senior vassal Nagahide NIWA in order to capture Motochika CHOSOKABE in the Shikoku region.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）夏、信長は四国の長宗我部元親攻略に、三男・神戸信孝、重臣・丹羽長秀の軍団を派遣する準備を進めていた。
English: On June 15 the same year, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA visited Azuchi-jo Castle in order to give thanks for the addition of Suruga Province and to celebrate the victory of the punitive expedition against the Takeda clan.
Japanese: 同年5月15日、駿河国加増の礼と武田征伐の戦勝祝いのため、徳川家康が安土城を訪れた。
English: While entertaining Ieyasu, Nobunaga was asked to dispatch reinforcements by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who was engaged in attacking Bicchu Takamatsu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 家康接待が続くなか信長は、備中高松城攻めを行なっている豊臣秀吉の使者より援軍の依頼を受けた。
English: This was because 'the Mori clan showed movements to go to assist Takamatsu-jo Castle with a large army.'
Japanese: 「毛利氏が大軍を率い、高松城への救援に向かう動きがある」とのことであった。
English: According to the common story spread later after the Edo period by "Akechi Gunki" (biography of Mitsuhide AKECHI) and others, Nobunaga was not satisfied with Mitsuhide's entertaining and ordered a pageboy Naritoshi MORI to slap the head of Mitsuhide.
Japanese: のち『明智軍記』などによって江戸時代以降流布される俗説では、このとき、光秀の接待内容に不満を覚えた信長は小姓の森成利に命じて光秀の頭をはたかせた、としている。
English: On June 29, Nobunaga went to Kyoto to prepare for dispatching troops to the Chugoku region and he stayed at Honno-ji Temple (in Kyoto) after that.
Japanese: 信長は5月29日、中国地方遠征の出兵準備のために上洛し、その後は本能寺（在京）に逗留していた。
English: However, the Akechi army, ordered to help Hideyoshi, suddenly marched to Kyoto and attacked Honno-ji Temple on July 1.
Japanese: ところが、秀吉への援軍を命じていたはずの明智軍が突然京都に進軍し、6月2日(旧暦)に本能寺を襲撃する。
English: It is said that considering the strong loyalty to Nobunaga by his followers, Mitsuhide hid that the target of the attack was Nobunaga and only a few followers declared loyalty to Mitsuhide.
Japanese: この際に光秀は部下の信長に寄せる忠誠の篤きを考慮し、現に光秀への忠誠を誓う者が少なかったため、侵攻にあたっては標的が信長であることを伏せていたといわれる。
English: Nobunaga led only about 100 soldiers, but it is said that he fought with a spear by himself at first.
Japanese: 100人ほどの手勢しか率いていなかった信長であったが、初めは自ら槍を手に奮闘したとされている。
English: It is said that, however, he could not continue to fight against the overwhelming majority composing the Akechi army, went back to his room, set fire to himself and committed suicide in the burning fire.
Japanese: しかし圧倒的多数の明智軍を前には敵わず、居間に戻った信長は自ら火を放ち、燃え盛る炎の中で自害したと伝えられている。
English: In the excavation and research of the site after the Honno-ji Temple in 2007, an old moat site and a large amount of burnt roof tiles considered to be from the same period as the Honno-ji Incident, were discovered.
Japanese: 平成19年（2007年）に行われた本能寺跡の発掘調査では、本能寺の変と同時期にあったとされる堀跡や大量の焼け瓦が発見された。
English: This shows the possibility that it was equipped as a fortress and was prepared for a rebellion, and the research is being continued still now.
Japanese: これにより、城塞としての機能や謀反に備えていた可能性が指摘されおり、現在も調査が続いている。
English: It is said that the following Senryu (comic haiku) by Oda shows his character: 'If hototogisu (the little cuckoo) does not sing, kill it.'
Japanese: 「なかぬなら殺してしまへ時鳥織田右府」（時鳥はホトトギス）という歌がその性格を表していると言われている。
English: However, this was not the Senryu that he read by himself, but one recorded in "Kasshiyawa," The Essays of the lord of the Hirado Domain, Kiyoshi MATSUURA (Seizan MATSURA) as anonymous Senryu in those days (Hototogisu Senryu).
Japanese: が、これは本人が作ったものではなく平戸藩主・松浦清（松浦静山）の随筆『甲子夜話』に収録された当時詠み人知らずで伝わった歌の引用である（時鳥川柳）。
English: In addition, this Senryu continues as 'Bring it to toriya (restaurant),' which criticizes Shogun with a backbone in the Edo period compared to the busho of the Sengoku Period.
Japanese: また、この歌の続きには「鳥屋にやれよ...」とあり、戦国時代の武将達に比して江戸の将軍はあまりに気骨が無いと批判するものである。
English: That Senryu seemed to praise Nobunaga's determination and backbone to discern the life and death of his own and others, rather than the character of Nobunaga.
Japanese: 信長の性格というよりもその自他を含めた生死を見極める決断力や気概を評価した歌であったようである。
English: According to "Shinchoko-ki," he had the skulls of Hisamasa AZAI, and his son Nagamasa AZAI and Yoshikage ASAKURA covered with gold leaf and showed them only at the reception of 'Oumamawari (horse guards) after the people of other provinces left.'
Japanese: 『信長公記』によれば、浅井久政・浅井長政父子と朝倉義景の三人の頭蓋骨に金箔を貼り、「他国衆退出の已後　御馬廻ばかり」の酒宴の際に披露した。
English: This episode turned out to be a story about him having his vassals drink from a skull as a cup, but this was fiction written by a novelist and it was not actually done.
Japanese: これは後世、髑髏を杯にして家臣に飲ませたという話になっているが、小説家の潤色であり、実際には使用していない。
English: Hakudami (a lacquered skull covered with gold) shows respect for the dead.
Japanese: 髑髏を薄濃（はくだみ）にするというのは、死者への敬意を表すものである。
English: He is a man of decision and is good at tactics, but he does not keep to regulations and merely follows the opinions of followers.'
Japanese: 「決断力に富み、戦術に巧みであるが規律を守らず、部下の進言に従うことはほとんど無い。」
English: He merely denigrates himself, looked down on almost all daimyo except himself, and speaks about them as if they were his followers.'
Japanese: 「自分をへりくだることはほとんど無く、自分以外の大名のほとんどを軽蔑しており、まるで自分の部下のごとく語る。」
English: He has the ability to understand and judge clearly, disregarded idols such as Shinto and Buddhist deities and does not believe in fortune-telling.'
Japanese: 「よき理解力、明晰な判断力に優れ、神仏など偶像を軽視し、占いは一切信じない。」
English: Although he is regarded to follow the Hokke sect, he clearly declared that there is no creator of the universe, no immortality of the soul and no world of the afterlife.'
Japanese: 「名義上法華宗ということになっているが、宇宙の造主、霊魂の不滅、死後の世界などありはしないと明言している。」
English: It is known that he put a high value on reputation and made effort to insist on the justice of his fighting as can be seen from the diaries written by kuge (court noble) in Kyoto and so on.
Japanese: 世間の評判を重視しており、常に正しい戦いであると主張することに腐心していたことが、京都の公家などが記した日記などから窺い知ることができる。
English: The evaluations of Nobunaga's work differ greatly depending on the time and the person who interprets it.
Japanese: 信長の事績の内容に対する評価は、時代や解釈する者によって大きな差がある。
English: His strong actions taken in defiance of older authorities has since been often criticized right up until today.
Japanese: 古い権威を否定するための断行的政策については当時から現代に至るまで非難が多い。
English: However, it is necessary to consider that such blames might have been manipulated by Hideyoshi and Ieyasu who unified the whole country after Nobunaga's death.
Japanese: ただし、こうした非難については、信長の死後に天下を取った秀吉・家康の情報操作の可能性を考慮する必要がある。
English: Actually, these two assigned the descendants of the Oda clan as successors in spite of indignity, which shows his great influence even after death.
Japanese: 実際この二人は織田氏を警戒していたのか、冷遇しつつも後継者にはそれぞれ織田氏の血をひく者を当てており、死後もその影響力は大きかったようである。
English: Hakuseki ARAI explains that as follows because religious power at the time ignored the significance of religion integrated with worldly power and the corruption of priests.
Japanese: 当時の宗教勢力が世俗の権力と一体化して宗教としての意義を忘れていたことや僧侶の腐敗ぶりを鑑みてか、新井白石は以下のように評した。
English: Although chabozu cowered behind a shelf scared at his anger, Nobunaga killed him with a sword.
Japanese: 茶坊主は怒りを怖れて棚に隠れたが、信長は棚ごと茶坊主を斬り殺したという逸話がある。
English: It is said that the sword was named 'heshikirihasebe' because it could cut so cleanly.
Japanese: そのときの刀は切れ味の良さから「圧し切り長谷部（へしきりはせべ）」と名づけられたという。
English: On June 19, 1570, a master of the gun named Zenjubo SUGITANI attempted to murder Nobunaga, but he failed.
Japanese: 元亀元年（1570年）5月6日、杉谷善住坊という鉄砲の名手が信長を暗殺しようとしたことがあったが、未遂に終わっている。
English: Nobunaga had the body of Zenjubo buried alive up to his head and ordered his head to be cut off with a blunt bamboo saw to inflict upon him great pain for a long duration, to torture him to death.
Japanese: 信長は善住坊の首から下を土に生き埋めにし、切れ味の極度に悪い竹製の鋸（のこぎり）で首をひかせ、長期間激痛を与え続ける拷問を科し、なぶり殺しにした。
English: It was introduced as one of the ultimate penalties during the Edo period in Kujigata-osadamegaki (the law of Edo bakufu) (nokogiribiki - punishment by sawing off the head).
Japanese: 江戸時代では公事方御定書に極刑の一つとして紹介されている（鋸挽き）。
English: In December 1573, Ekei ANKOKUJI, a vassal of the Mori clan dispatched to Nobunaga by Terumoto MORI to negotiate for Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's return to Kyoto, sent the following letter to his home country.
Japanese: 天正元年（1573年）11月、足利義昭の帰洛の交渉のため、毛利輝元から信長の元に派遣された毛利氏の家臣・安国寺恵瓊は国許へ以下のような書状を送った。
English: It is said that this was because some of them passed themselves as Koya hijiri and spied and Nobunaga had trouble with them.
Japanese: 高野聖に成りすまし密偵活動を行うものがおり、これに手を焼いた末の行動であるといわれている。
English: On January 20, 1579, he crucified 122 women and children of the family and retainers of Murashige ARAKI at Nanamatsu near Amagasaki, and had them shot by gunfire one after another and also killed them by spears and long swords.
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）12月13日、尼ヶ崎近くの七松で荒木村重の一族郎党の婦女子122人を磔にし、鉄砲で次々と撃ち、槍・長刀で刺し殺した。
English: In addition, he had 388 women and 124 men pushed into four houses and burnt to death with piles of straw around them.
Japanese: さらに女388人男124人を4つの家に押し込め、周囲に草を積んで焼き殺した。
English: On May 12, 1582, Nobunaga left Azuchi-jo Castle to worship on Chikubushima Island in Lake Biwa.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）4月10日、琵琶湖の竹生島参詣のために安土城を発った。
English: The waiting women thought that Nobunaga would not come back on that day because Chikubushima Island was far from Azuchi-jo Castle, so they left the castle to worship at Kuwanomi-dera Temple or went shopping in town near the castle.
Japanese: 安土城と竹生島は距離があるため、信長は今日は帰ってこないと判断した侍女たちは桑実寺に参詣に行ったり、城下町で買い物をしたりと城を空けていた。
English: Nobunaga who learned of the waiting women's outing became mad and killed all of them without any regard to their ages after tying them up in a row.
Japanese: 侍女たちの外出を知った信長は激怒し、侍女を数珠つなぎにした上で、老若問わずすべて惨殺した。