nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There remain some of "Namako Sukashi Tsuba" (Namako Sukashi Shell) by Musashi in Shimada Museum of Art and so on, and one of copper "Namako Sukashi Tsuba," which had been kept in the Terao family, is regarded as the one had been attached to Musashi's sword "Hoki Yasutsuna,"and designated as cultural property of Kumamoto Prefecture (at present, it is kept by a private person).
Japanese: また、武蔵作とされる海鼠透鐔が島田美術館等にいくつか残されているが、武蔵の佩刀伯耆安綱に付けられていたとされる、寺尾家に伝来していた素銅製の「海鼠透鐔」（個人蔵）が熊本県文化財に指定されている。
English: By studying his brush movements, he is considered to have been left-handed.
Japanese: なお、書画の筆致から左手で書かれたと思われる節があり、左利きであった可能性が指摘されている。
English: Note: "Fudo Myoo-zo" ('Fudo Myoo Statue,' kept by a private person) is famous as a work by Musashi, however, from the history of handing down and the style, it is regarded as another person's work.
Japanese: 注：武蔵作として有名な「不動明王像」（個人蔵）は伝来・作風ともに真作の可能性は無い。
English: Since the Edo period, Musashi's legends such as the duel at Ganryu-jima Island had been adapted for many kabuki, joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), kodan storytelling and so on, and through Eiji YOSHIKAWA's novel "Miyamoto Musashi" serialized in the Asashi Shinbun in the 1930s, the image of the young, strongest swordsman Musashi had been popularized and fixed.
Japanese: 巌流島の戦いなど、武蔵に関わる物語は江戸時代から脚色されて歌舞伎、浄瑠璃、講談などの題材にされ、吉川英治が1930年代に朝日新聞に連載した小説『宮本武蔵』によって最強の青年剣士武蔵のイメージが一般に広く定着した。
English: A Musashi's biography "Niten-ki," written by Kagehide TOYOTA, an instructor of Niten Ichi-ryu Heiho in the Matsui family, describes many fights including a fight with Nichiei OKUZOIN, a master of Hozoin-ryu School of So-jutsu (art of spear) from Nara of Yamato Province, a fight with Shishido, a master of kusarigama (chained scythes) from Iga Province, fights with Hayato OSETO and Samanosuke TSUJIKAZE, masters of Yagyu Shinkage-ryu School from Edo; however, the information on those fights is not found in "Buko-den" on which Kagehide based, and there is no material to support the tales as well, therefore, presumably, those fights are not historical facts.
Japanese: 松井家の二天一流師範である豊田景英が著した武蔵の伝記『二天記』には、大和国・奈良の宝蔵院流槍術の使い手奥蔵院日栄、伊賀国の鎖鎌の使い手宍戸某、江戸の柳生新陰流の大瀬戸隼人と辻風左馬助等との試合を記しているが、『二天記』の原史料である『武公伝』に記載が無く、また、他にそれを裏付ける史料が無いことから史的事実ではないと考えられている。
English: According to another biography "Heiho Taiso Bushu Genshin-ko Denrai" by Hokin TANJI (Minehira TACHIBANA), Musashi was about roku-shaku (180 centimeters tall).
Japanese: 丹治峯均（立花峯均）が著した武蔵の伝記『兵法大祖武州玄信公伝来』によると、身長は六尺（約180センチメートル）程であったと記されている。
English: By the commission Yoriyuki MATSUI, Karo (chief retainer) of the Hosokawa family (later Yoriyuki became the lord of Yatsushiro-jo Castle), Musashi made a wooden sword after the one which he had used in the duel at Ganryu-jima Island; the wooden sword still remains.
Japanese: また、細川家家老で後に八代城主になった松井寄之の依頼により巌流島の試合で使用した木刀を模したと伝えられる武蔵自作の木刀が現在も残っている。
English: In 1984, NHK broadcasted a TV drama "Miyamoto Musashi," and commemorating that, Kumamoto Prefecture sold replicas of that wooden sword Musashi had made for Yoriyuki.
Japanese: ちなみに熊本県は『宮本武蔵』（1984年NHK新大型時代劇）の放送を記念し、前記の木刀の複製を販売した。
English: "Watanabe Koan Taiwa" is the record of dialogues of Koan WATANABE (Shigeru Kyuzaburo WATANABE) who was born in Settsu in 1582, extended his pilgrimage to China and India, and died in 1711 at the age of 130; in the dialogue of September 10, 1709 is found a mention of Musashi; the following is that dialogue.
Japanese: 渡辺幸庵（渡辺茂　通称は久三郎、天正10年（1582年）摂津で生まれ唐天竺を巡礼したと称し、宝永8年、130歳？で没）の対話集『渡辺幸庵対話』の宝永6年9月10日の対話を下に記す。
English: Therefore, his clothes always became dirty, so in order to hide the stains, he wore velvet kimono (lining was the same velvet), and didn't approach noble people.
Japanese: 夫故衣類よこれ申故、其色目を隠す爲に天鵡織兩面の衣服を着、夫故歴々に疎して不近付。
English: For that tale, it is said that Musashi had never taken a bath in his life; however, in the past, bathing was a religious act, and according to records on bathing, during the Edo period, people began to go to public baths.
Japanese: ここから、宮本武蔵が一生風呂に入らなかったといわれる（ただし沐浴は宗教行為であり、入浴歴史にあるとおり庶民が風呂にいくのは江戸時代から）。
English: Takayoshi KIDO (August 11, 1833 - May 26, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and statesman who had a distinguished career from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 木戸孝允（きどたかよし、天保4年6月26日(旧暦)（1833年8月11日）-明治10年（1877年）5月26日）は、幕末～明治初期に活躍した日本の武士・政治家。
English: (At the end of) the Edo period, he was known as Kogoro KATSURA, and played a central role in the Sonno Joi (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians) movement.
Japanese: 江戸時代（幕末）には、桂小五郎（かつらこごろう）として知られていた尊王攘夷派の中心人物。
English: He was counted among 'the Three Heroes of the Restoration,' along with Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma clan.
Japanese: 薩摩の西郷隆盛、大久保利通とともに「維新の三傑」として並び称せられる。
English: At the Meiji Restoration he was full-time advisor to the Office of the Supreme Head (effectively the first prime minister), proposing enlightened policies such as 'the public election of governmental officials' in line with 'the Constitution of 1868' from the very beginning.
Japanese: 明治維新を総裁局顧問専任（実質的な初代宰相）として迎え、当初から「政体書」による「官吏公選」など開明的諸施策を建言し続けていた。
English: While promoting civilization and enlightenment, he endeavored to dismantle the feudal system through the return of lands and people to the emperor, the abolition of the feudal domains, and the establishment of prefectures.
Japanese: 文明開化を推進する一方で、版籍奉還・廃藩置県など封建的諸制度の解体に務めた。
English: On his return to Japan, he asked for governmental understanding of the urgent need to implement a constitution and the separation of the three powers of the state as he had previously proposed.
Japanese: 帰朝後は、かねてから建言していた憲法や三権分立国家の早急な実施の必要性について政府内の理解を要求した。
English: His wife was Ikumatsu the geisha (Matsuko KIDO) who saved his life and became his comrade during the turbulent period before the restoration.
Japanese: 妻は、幕末動乱期の命の恩人かつ同志でもある京都の芸妓幾松（木戸松子）。
English: As an inherently enlightened person, he constantly suffered from mental distress, so much that he became ill, working for the Meiji restoration government where the radicals and the conservatives unceasingly struggled for power.
Japanese: 生来開明的であった木戸は、その分、急進派から守旧派までが絶え間なく権力闘争を繰り広げる明治維新政府の中にあっては、心身を害するほど精神的苦悩が絶えなかった。
English: During the middle of the Seinan War, he suffered a serious illness, which seemed a kind of cerebral vascular disturbance, in Kyoto which he visited on business.
Japanese: 西南戦争の半ば、出張中の京都で脳血管障害らしき病気を発症して重篤となった。
English: Delirious as he was, he criticized Takamori SAIGO, saying 'Saigo, have done with it!'
Japanese: 夢うつつの中でも「西郷、いいかげんにせんか！」と西郷隆盛を叱責した。
English: On January 1, 1946 when Emperor Showa issued 'the Imperial Edict on the Construction of New Japan,' he quoted anew 'the Charter Oath of Five Articles' as a principal post-War policy of Japan.
Japanese: 昭和21年（1946年）正月元旦、昭和天皇による「新日本建設に関する詔書」の際、戦後の大方針として「五箇条の御誓文」があらためて示されている。
English: Before Takayoshi adopted the surname 'Kido,' he was 'Wada' up to the age of 15 and became 'Katsura' after that age.
Japanese: 「木戸」姓以前の旧姓は、15歳以前が「和田」、15歳以後が「桂」である。
English: At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate when the government sought to kill him, he used more than 10 pseudonyms, including 'Matsusuke NIIBORI' and 'Kosuke HIROTO.'
Japanese: 命を特に狙われ続けた幕末には、「新堀松輔」「広戸孝助」など10種以上の変名を使用した。
English: The surname, 'Kido,' was bestowed on him by Lord Takachika MORI prior to the second Choshu-Bakufu War (1866).
Japanese: 「木戸」姓は、第2次長幕戦争前（慶応2年（1866年））に藩主毛利敬親から賜ったものである。
English: His first name, 'Takayoshi,' was not only his imina (real and hence taboo name) but also represented the head of the Katsura family, which he became.
Japanese: 「孝允」名は、桂家当主を引き継いで以来の諱（いみな）を兼ねた桂家当主としての名前であった。
English: In 1868 after the Boshin War, he endeavored to build the Tokyo Shokonsha Shrine (the precursor of the present Yasukuni-jinja Shrine), together with his trusted aide Masujiro OMURA.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争終了の明治2年（1868年）、腹心の大村益次郎と共に東京招魂社（靖国神社の前身）の建立に尽力した。
English: They wanted to properly commemorate and honor their comrades who had perished in the battles for the construction of a modern nation.
Japanese: 近代国家建設のための戦いに命を捧げた同志たちを改めて追悼・顕彰する。
English: Since then he had used 'Takayoshi,' albeit his taboo name, as his official one.
Japanese: 以降、自ら諱（いみな）のはずの「孝允」を公的な名前として使用するようになる。
English: His pen names included 'Mokkei,' 'Byodo,' 'Shogiku,' 'Kido,' 'Kokan,' 'Robaishooku,' 'Kanrei,' and 'Kanrei' (written in different characters).
Japanese: 雅号としては、「木圭」「猫堂」「松菊」「鬼怒」「広寒」「老梅書屋」「竿鈴」「干令」などがある。
English: His names changed roughly as follows: Kogoro WADA (from the time of his coming-of-age ceremony until he officially succeeded to the head of the Katsura family), Kogoro KATSURA (after the age of 15), Kanji KIDO (at 33), Junichiro KIDO (after 33), and Takayoshi KIDO (after 36).
Japanese: 名前の大まかな推移は、和田小五郎（元服して正式に桂家を継ぐまで）→桂小五郎（15歳以降）→木戸貫冶（33歳）・木戸準一郎（33歳以降）→木戸孝允（36歳以降）である。
English: After he died at 43 (his ages are here reckoned in the Western system in which one is added upon one's birthday) he is sometimes referred to as 'Shogiku Takayoshi KIDO,' 'Shogiku KIDO' or 'Lord Shogiku KIDO.'
Japanese: 43歳（年齢はいずれも満年齢）で逝ってからは「松菊木戸孝允」「木戸松菊」あるいは「松菊木戸公」とも呼ばれる。
English: On August 11, 1833 Kogoro WADA was born as the first son of Masakage WADA, who was a physician of the Hagi clan, and whose residence was located at Hagi Gofuku-machi, Nagato Province (present-day Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture).
Japanese: 天保4年6月26日(旧暦)（1833年8月11日）、長門国萩呉服町（今の山口県萩市）萩藩医和田昌景の長男として生まれる。
English: When his foster mother of the Katsura family died in 1841, he returned to the Wada family where he was born, and grew up with his biological parents and elder sister.
Japanese: 翌年、桂家の養母も亡くなったため、生家の和田家に戻って、実父、実母、次姉と共に育つ。
English: When, one day, surfacing from the water, he took hold of the rim of the boat to overturn it, the boatman who had long lost his patience hit him on the head with his oar.
Japanese: あるとき、水面から顔を出し「さあ船をひっくり返そう」と船縁に手をかけたところを、業を煮やしていた船頭に櫂（かい）で頭を叩かれてしまう。
English: Perhaps anticipating such a consequence, he went ashore, grinning with blood running down his forehead.
Japanese: 小五郎は、想定の範囲内だったのか、岸に上がり、額から血を流しながらも、ニタニタ笑っていたという。
English: A crescent-shaped scar remained on his forehead as the mark of his mischievous childhood.
Japanese: この当時の、いたずら好きとしての勲章が額の三日月型の傷跡として後世まで残り続ける。
English: In his teens he was twice given awards for giving lectures in front of Lord Takachika MORI.
Japanese: 10代に入ってからは、藩主毛利敬親による親試で二度ほど褒賞を受ける。
English: (Later Shoin said, 'I hold Katsura in high esteem.' Being master and pupil, they were also good friends to each other.)
Japanese: （のちに松陰は「桂は、我の重んずるところなり」と述べ、師弟関係であると同時に親友関係ともなる）
English: In 1846 Kogoro entered a dojo run by Sakube NAITO of the Sinkage Swordplay School, who also served as Assistant Trainer of the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 弘化3年（1846年）、長州藩の師範代である新陰流剣術内藤作兵衛の道場に入門している。
English: In 1848 Kogoro WADA underwent his coming-of-age ceremony and became Kogoro KATSURA the Okumishi.
Japanese: 嘉永元年（1848年）、元服して和田小五郎から大組士桂小五郎となる。
English: His biological father said to him, 'Make every effort to become a samurai since you are not a born warrior.'
Japanese: 実父に「もとが武士でない以上、人一倍武士になるよう粉骨精進せねばならぬ」ことを言い含められる。
English: He was very tall by the Edo standard, with a height of about 174 cm.
Japanese: 身長6尺（約174センチメートル）で当時としてはかなりの長身だった。
English: He joined the Renpeikan dojo (3, Kudan-kita), which was one of the Big Three Dojo in Edo run by 'Powerful Saito' (Yakuro SAITO).
Japanese: 江戸三大道場の一つ、「力の斎藤」（斎藤弥九郎）の練兵館（九段北三丁目）に入門。
English: As tradition has it, the moment tall Kogoro held a bamboo sword over his head as he liked to do so, he 'overwhelmed those around him with his calm fighting sprit.'
Japanese: 大柄な小五郎が、得意の上段に竹刀を構えるや否や「その静謐（せいひつ）な気魄（きはく）に周囲が圧倒された」と伝えられる。
English: He was praised as one of the 'twin jewels of the Renpeikan' alongside Nobori (Noboru) WATANABE from Omura clan who attained 'menkyo-kaiden' around the same time (and who later introduced Ryoma SAKAMOTO to the Choshu clan in Nagasaki).
Japanese: 小五郎と同時期に免許皆伝を得た大村藩の渡邊昇（後に、長州藩と坂本龍馬を長崎で結びつけた人物）とともに、練兵館の双璧と称えられた。
English: Around that time the following two also attained menkyo-kaiden: Hanbeita TAKECHI who was the head of the Shigakukan dojo (of the Kyoshinmeichi School of Swordsmanship at 1 Shintomi) run by 'Class Momonoi' (Shunzo MOMONOI) and Ryoma SAKAMOTO who was the head of the Okemachi Chiba dojo (of the Hokushinitto School of Swordsmanship at 2 Yaesu) founded by 'Adept Chiba' (Sadakichi CHIBA).
Japanese: ほぼ同時期に、「位の桃井」（桃井春蔵）の士学館（鏡新明智流剣術、新富一丁目）の塾頭を務めた武市半平太、「技の千葉」（千葉定吉）の桶町千葉道場（北辰一刀流剣術、八重洲二丁目）の塾頭を務めた坂本龍馬も免許皆伝を得ている。
English: He was often invited to the residences in Edo of the Omura, Torii, and Naito clans as a swordplay instructor.
Japanese: 大村藩・鳥居藩・内藤藩などの江戸の藩邸に招かれ、請われて剣術指導も行った。
English: There is a story in which from November to December 1858 he competed in a swordplay match against Hanbeita TAKECHI and Ryoma SAKAMOTO at the Momonoi dojo.
Japanese: 一説には、安政5年（1858年）10月、小五郎が武市半平太や坂本龍馬と、桃井道場の撃剣会で試合をしたとされる。
English: While working as the head of the Renpeikan dojo, Kogoro was greatly inspired by Matthew Perry's second visit to Japan (in 1854).
Japanese: 練兵館塾頭を務める傍ら、マシュー・ペリーの再度の来航（1854年）に大いに刺激される。
English: Through his master Yakuro SAITO, he immediately asked Hidetatsu EGAWA, the governor of five shogunal demesnes including Izu, Sagami, and Kai, for permission to visit these places.
Japanese: すぐさま師匠の斎藤弥九郎を介して伊豆・相模・甲斐など天領五カ国の代官である江川英龍に実地見学を申し入れた。
English: Yet he and Ryozo KURAHARA, who was his brother in law, jointly asked the domain government for permission to study abroad.
Japanese: しかしながら、義弟となる来原良蔵とともに藩政府に海外への留学願を共同提出する。
English: The government, which had not yet formed the policy of overthrowing the shogunate, could not possibly and even secretly allow them to go abroad in violation of shogunal isolationism.
Japanese: 倒幕方針をまだ持っていない藩政府が江戸幕府の鎖国の禁制を犯す海外留学を秘密裏にですら認める可能性は乏しかった。
English: He studied Western military science, rifle technique, and battery construction technology with Tarozaemon EGAWA, the governor of Edo and a military strategist.
Japanese: 兵学家で幕府代官江川太郎左衛門から西洋兵学・小銃術・砲台築造術を学ぶ
English: He also studied the shipbuilding of Western-style schooner sailing ships with Denzo TAKASAKI, who was a retainer of HONDA Ecchu no Kami (Governor of Ecchu Province), the Coastal Defense Department of the shogunate.
Japanese: 江戸幕府海防掛本多越中守の家来高崎伝蔵からスクネール式洋式帆船造船術を学ぶ
English: Distinguishing himself at the core of the domain government, he adopted Shoin's peaceful trading policy in 1862 together with Masanosuke SUFU and Genzui (Gisuke) KUSAKA.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、藩政府中枢で頭角を現し始めていた小五郎は、周布政之助、久坂玄瑞（義助）たちと共に、松陰の航海雄略論を採用した。
English: It simultaneously dismissed outright the shogunate's principle of isolationism with the expulsion of the barbarians, which contradicted the submissive realities of opening ports to foreign powers in defiance of the imperial edict.
Japanese: 同時に、異勅屈服開港しながらの鎖港鎖国攘夷という幕府の路線は論外として退けられる。
English: From 1862 to the spring of 1863, the upper echelon of the enlightment school of the domain agreed on the following basic policy: study in and inspect Western countries, absorb Western culture, and then expel the barbarians.
Japanese: 欧米への留学視察、欧米文化の吸収、その上での攘夷の実行という基本方針が長州藩開明派上層部において文久2年から文久3年の春にかけて定着した。
English: (According to Yozo YAMANO's diary) on June 23, 1863 five retainers of the Choshu clan secretly left the port of Yokohama for England.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）5月8日、長州藩から英国への秘密留学生五名が横浜から出帆する（日付は、山尾庸三の日記による）。
English: These secret voyagers called 'the Five Heroes of Choshu' included Kaoru (Monta) INOUE, Hirobumi (Shunsuke) ITO, Yozo YAMAO, Masaru INOUE, and Kinsuke ENDO.
Japanese: この長州五傑と呼ばれる秘密留学生5名、すなわち、井上馨（聞多）、伊藤博文（俊輔）、山尾庸三、井上勝、遠藤謹助。
English: Kogoro then appointed Zoroku MURATA (Masujiro OMURA), who was versed in Dutch and English, as a core member of the domain.
Japanese: 次いでオランダ語や英語に通じている村田蔵六（大村益次郎）を小五郎が藩中枢に引き上げた。
English: Regardless of Kogoro and Shinsaku TAKASUGI, who took a cautious attitude towards the foreign powers (or who regarded the expulsion of the barbarians reckless), on June 27, 1863 the Choshu army under the command of Genzui KUSAKA attacked foreign vessels passing through the Kanmon-kaikyo Straight in Shimonoseki, starting a war against Western countries in accordance with the shogunal declaration of the expulsion of the barbarians at the behest of the imperial court.
Japanese: 5月12日、小五郎や高杉晋作たちのかねてからの慎重論（無謀論）にもかかわらず、朝廷からの攘夷要求を受けた江戸幕府による攘夷決行の宣言どおりに、久坂玄瑞率いる長州軍が下関で関門海峡を通過中の外国艦船に対し攘夷戦争を始める。
English: (This war that lasted about two years naturally did not result in the abrogation of the unfair treaties and the expulsion of the foreigners.)
Japanese: （この戦争は、約2年間続くが、当然のことながら、破約攘夷にはつながらなかった。)
English: (It was settled on the condition that the Edo shogunate that ordered to expel the barbarians should pay reparations to England, the United States, France, and the Netherlands).
Japanese: (攘夷決行を命令した江戸幕府が英米仏蘭に賠償金を支払うということで決着する。）
English: In 1864 Shinsengumi (a garrison of Kyoto in custody of the Aizu clan) assaulted royalists.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）に会津藩お預かり新選組が勤皇の志士を襲撃した。
English: In this Ikedaya Incident, Kogoro arrived at the scene too early, so he returned to his base to kill time.
Japanese: 池田屋事件で小五郎は、到着が早すぎたので一度本拠地にもどり時間を待っていた。
English: Orie NOMI, who was rusuiyaku (the representative in Kyoto of the lord), wrote in his memoir as follows: 'Kogoro KATSURA escaped from Ikedaya through the roof and returned to the Tsushima residence.'
Japanese: 京都留守居役であった乃美織江は手記に「桂小五郎議は池田屋より屋根を伝い逃れ、対馬屋敷へ帰り候由…」と書き残している。
English: This suggests that Kogoro was at Ikedaya when the incident took place and successfully ran away.
Japanese: 乃美織江の手記に基づくなら、桂小五郎は池田屋事件当時池田屋にいて、逃げ延びたと言うことになる。
English: He continued to operate with Kusaka and other comrades to reinstate Choshu and pro-Choshu court nobles.
Japanese: 長州および長州派公卿たちの復権のため、久坂らとともになおも活動をし続ける。
English: Protesting in vain against the coup and suffering the damage of the Ikedaya Incident, the Choshu clan dispatched a vanguard of some 300 soldiers to Kyoto, ignoring the objection of Kogoro, Masanosuke SUFU, and Shinsaku TAKASUGI.
Japanese: その不当性が認められない上、池田屋事件まで起こされた長州藩は、小五郎や周布政之助・高杉晋作たちの反対にもかかわらず、先発隊約三百名が率兵上洛。
English: The troops led by Genzui KUSAKA were positioned in Mt. Tenno in Yamazaki, Matabe KIJIMA led his troops to Tenryu-ji Temple in Sagano, and Echigo FUKUHARA led the army to Fushimi.
Japanese: 久坂玄瑞軍が山崎天王山に、来島又兵衛軍が嵯峨天龍寺に、福原越後軍が伏見に陣取る。
English: The court granted their request and went as far as to institute the Choshu clan the governorship of Kyoto instead of the Aizu clan.
Japanese: 朝廷もそれに応じ、京都守護職を会津藩から長州藩に変えようとする所まで行く。
English: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, however, said to the emperor 'If your highness dares to do so, you shall no longer expect any support from the shogunate.'
Japanese: だが徳川慶喜から「もしそうしたいのであれば、幕府側は一切朝廷から手を引かせて頂く。」
English: Emperor Komei and court nobles who were not prepared to really fight against the shogunate and the Aizu clan quickly retreated.
Japanese: 幕府・会津藩と完全な敵対関係に入る覚悟までは持ち併せていない孝明天皇および公卿たちは、あっさりとひるんでしまう。
English: The pro-shogunists laid an ultimatum that demanded the withdrawal of the Choshu troops by a specified date, keeping in line with the shogunate's (the Aizu and Satsuma conservatives', including Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI) intention to break off the negotiation through the imperial court and pro-Choshu nobles with Choshu, to provoke and defeat the Choshu army once and for all.
Japanese: 朝廷と長州派公卿を介した長州との交渉を打ち切らせ長州軍を挑発して一気に蹴散らしたい幕府側（一橋慶喜・会津・薩摩守旧派）の意向をそのまま受けて、長州軍の退去を期限付きで最後通告して来た。
English: It was impossible for the Choshu army, renowned for its military prowess, to retreat without achieving anything, without fighting.
Japanese: 長州軍としては武門の名誉に賭けて、何も果たさず、何も戦わずに、すごすごと国許まで帰ることは、まず不可能である。
English: The Choshu vanguard, who sought to directly appeal to the emperor and to remonstrate against the shogunate upon their death, rebelled against the Tokugawa government at the Hamaguri Gate after requesting a main army of 2,000 soldiers under the command of Prince Sadahiro of the Choshu clan to retreat from the Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 天皇直訴と集団諫死に賭けた長州先発隊は、まだ瀬戸内海上にいる世子定広率いる長州軍本隊二千名に引き上げを要請した上で、蛤御門の変（禁門の変）を敢行する。
English: The Choshu troops led by Matabe KIJIMA in Tenryu-ji Temple in Sagano defeated the Aizu troop and nearly approached the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 来島又兵衛率いる嵯峨天龍寺の長州軍は、会津軍を破り、禁裏に後一歩と迫る。
English: In Fushimi Echigo FUKUHARA with his army could not get to the Imperial Palace and promptly fled to Osaka.
Japanese: 福原越後率いる伏見の長州軍は御所に辿り着けず、早々と大阪方面へ退避する。
English: Based in the residence of Takatsukasa, Kusaka vainly attempted to make a direct appeal to the emperor.
Japanese: 鷹司邸を根城にして天皇に直訴だけは行おうとするが、これもかなわなかった。
English: He visited the residence of Prince Arisugawa, which was guarded by the Inshu clan, to negotiate with Kagetomo KAWADA, who exerted influence over the royalists of the Inshu clan.
Japanese: 因州藩が警護に当たっていた猿が辻の有栖川宮邸に赴いて、同藩の尊攘派有力者である河田景与と談判する。
English: Giving up persuading Kawada, who thought the time was not ripe, he waited for Emperor Komei to take flight from the Palace, seeking to appeal him directly.
Japanese: しかし河田は時期尚早として応じず、説得を断念した小五郎は一人で孝明天皇が御所から避難する所を直訴に及ぼうと待った。
English: He went to Izushi, Tajima Province when it was no longer possible to hide himself in Kyoto, where the Aizu clan fiercely hunted down the remnants of the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 会津藩などによる長州藩士の残党狩りが盛んになって京都での潜伏生活すら無理と分かってくると、但馬出石に潜伏する。
English: The Choshu reformists resigned from the domain government when the shogunate was about to make the first conquest of the defeated Choshu clan, who were considered the imperial enemy.
Japanese: 朝敵となって敗走した長州藩に対し、更に第一次長州征討が行われようとした時点で、長州正義派は藩政権の座を降りた。
English: They surrendered without fighting and faced the following consequences: three karo (chief retainers) committed seppuku (a ritual suicide by disembowelment) and other dignitaries either killed themselves or were executed.
Japanese: 不戦敗および三家老の自裁、その他の幹部の自決・処刑という対応で責任を取った。
English: However, the militant reformists led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI rebelled against the shogunists and pulled off a great coup, terminating the shogunist administration.
Japanese: しかし、高杉晋作率いる正義派軍部が反旗を翻し、軍事クーデターが成功したため、俗論派政権による政治が終わった。
English: Kogoro was welcomed as the leader of the Choshu reformists by Takasugi and Masujiro OMURA, who came to know that he was hiding somewhere.
Japanese: この後、小五郎がどこかに潜伏しているらしいことを察知した高杉晋作・大村益次郎たちによって、小五郎は長州正義派政権の統率者として迎えられる。
English: Joining the Choshu administration, he devoted himself to the military and political reform of the domain government in order to implement the policy of nominal submission to the shogunate with secret armament as expected by Takasugi and other comrades.
Japanese: 長州政務座に入ってからは、高杉たちが所望する武備恭順の方針を実現すべく軍制改革と藩政改革に邁進する。
English: The Choshu clan formed a secret alliance with the Satsuma clan through the intermediary of Hisamoto HIJIKATA, Shintaro NAKAOKA, and Ryoma SAKAMOTO of the Tosa clan.
Japanese: 長州藩は土佐藩の土方久元・中岡慎太郎・坂本龍馬らに斡旋されて薩摩藩と秘密裏に藩レベルでの薩長同盟を結ぶ。
English: As the representative of Choshu, Katsura had since often held discussions with Satsuma leaders such as Tatewaki KOMATSU, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takamori SAIGO, and Kiyotaka KURODA in Satsuma and Choshu, thereby consolidating the alliance.
Japanese: 以来、桂は長州の代表として薩摩の小松帯刀・大久保利通・西郷隆盛・黒田清隆らと薩摩・長州でたびたび会談し、薩長同盟を不動のものにして行く。
English: The shogunate side (the Aizu clan and Shinsengumi) forcefully made a second conquest of Choshu on the pretext of its nominal submission to the shogunate accompanied by secret armament as well as Omura's secret trading with foreign countries.
Japanese: 長州藩の武備恭順や大村益次郎たちによる秘密貿易を口実として幕府側（会津藩・新撰組）は、第二次長州征討（長州征討）を強行してくる。
English: The Choshu army was full of fighting spirit, as it had purchased weapons and battleships through secret trading via the Satsuma-Choshu alliance and had undergone military reform.
Japanese: 薩長同盟を介した秘密貿易で武器や艦船を購入し、近代的な軍制改革が施されていた長州軍の士気は、極めて高かった。
English: Ryoma SAKAMOTO, on one of his visits to Choshu, enthusiastically wrote in a letter to Satsuma, 'The Choshu army is the most powerful in Japan.'
Japanese: 長州訪問中の坂本龍馬が感激して薩摩に「長州軍は日本最強」と手紙をしたためたほどであった。
English: Unusually upset by the attack, Kanji KIDO (Kogoro) quickly sent Shinsaku TAKASUGI, who was the commander in Ogura-guchi, to Oshima-guchi.
Japanese: 珍しく慌てた木戸貫冶（小五郎）は小倉口の指揮官だった高杉晋作を急遽大島口に回らせる。
English: At Sekishu-guchi and Geishu-guchi, where Masujiro OMURA was commander-in-chief, Choshu won an easy victory, supported by the adjacent Tsuwano Domain and the Hiroshima clan's non-committal policy to the Choshu conquest.
Japanese: 大村益次郎が指揮官だった石州口・芸州口は、隣接する津和野藩の手引きや、広島藩の長州征討への消極的態度にも助けられ、長州側があっさり勝利を収めた。