nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Ten-en-chi-hou is an ancient Chinese view of the universe which considers the heaven as round and the earth as square.
Japanese: 天円地方（てんえんちほう）とは、天は円く、地は方形であるという古代中国の宇宙観である。
English: The Doyokai (literally "the Saturday Group") was an internal faction within the House of Peers in Japan's National Diet; the Doyokai lasted from the Meiji period into the Taisho period (from December 7, 1901 to November 15, 1919).
Japanese: 土曜会（どようかい）とは、明治時代・大正時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派（1901年12月7日－1919年11月15日）。
English: The Doyokai was formed when the Asahi Club and the Koshikai (which was the successor to the Konwakai), fearing the emergence of a maximal faction, Kenkyukai (in the House of Peers), joined forces to reach 53 members (two Dukes, three Counts, seven Viscounts, five Barons, 17 members by imperial decree, and 19 high taxpayers).
Japanese: 最大会派研究会_(貴族院)の台頭に憂慮を抱いていた朝日倶楽部と庚子会（懇話会の後身）が合同して53名（公爵2名・伯爵3名・子爵7名・男爵5名・勅撰議員17名・多額納税議員19名）にて結成された。
English: Motohiro NIJO was elected the first chief secretary of the Doyokai, but in reality the Doyokai was run by others, chief among them Sukenori SOGA, Takeo OZAWA, and Tateki TANI.
Japanese: 初代幹事長に二条基弘が選出されたが、実際には曾我祐準・小沢武雄・谷干城らが中心として運営されていた。
English: The group continued losing members, particularly after the 1919 formation of the Koseikai (Fairness Group) by the Barons in the House of Peers, at which point, having lost the majority of its members, the Doyokai had lost the qualification as a internal negotiation faction of the House of Peers, and it was therefore decided to merge the group with the first Mushozoku (Unaffiliated Group).
Japanese: 特に1919年の男爵議員による公正会結成に伴う同議員の大量離脱に伴って院内交渉団体としての資格を失ったのを機に解散して第1次無所属との合同を行うことを決定する。
English: But in fact, those group members who held a peerage (a rank in the nobility) refused to honor this arrangement, and so it was only those who were in the House of Peers by imperial decree and the high taxpayers, who in fact comprised the majority of the Doyokai, that participated in the merger and thereby formed the Doseikai.
Japanese: 結果的に有爵議員はこれに従わず、会の多数を占める勅撰議員と多額納税議員のみが合同に参加して同成会を結成した。
English: In the Middle Ages it meant a declaration of extinction of a family relationship by grandparent(s)/parent(s) on their descendants.
Japanese: 中世においては、祖父母・父母が子孫に対してその家族関係の断絶を宣言すること。
English: From the early modern times to the present the kanji 不孝 was read as 'fuko' and meant immoral acts of descendants giving mental load to their grandparent(s)/parent(s).
Japanese: 近世以後現代においては、「ふこう」と呼んで子孫が祖父母・父母に精神的負担をかける反道徳的行為のこと。
English: In Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code)/Yoro Ritsuryo it was one of hachigyaku defined by Meirei Ritsu (Meirei Code).
Japanese: 大宝律令・養老律令においては名例律によって定められた八虐の1つである。
English: Punishment for these behaviors was imprisonment, and especially filing a lawsuit against parent(s) (or grandparent(s)) meant death by hanging, which was one of death penalties (in Ritsuryo law), and was regarded as a serious crime that even a member of the Imperial Family or Kugyo (court nobles) could not obtain reduced sentences.
Japanese: これらの行為は徒罪の対象であり、特に父母（祖父母）への訴訟は死罪_(律令法)の1つである絞に処せられて、皇族や公卿でも減刑されることが無い重罪とされた。
English: As for Chinese Ritsuryo law, neglect of kuyo (a memorial service for the dead) was regarded as fukyo, but it was not introduced in Japanese Ritsuryo law.
Japanese: なお、中国の律令法では、父母（祖父母）に対する供養の欠如も不孝とされていたが、日本の律令法には導入されなかった。
English: In the Middle Ages, unlike Ritsuryo law and the modern law, it referred to the disownment of children (grandchildren) by their parent(s) (or grandparent(s)).
Japanese: 中世においては、律令法とも現代のものとも違い、父母（祖父母）側より子（孫）に対して関係を絶つ行為を指す。
English: Although there were some differences between the Kugeho (court noble law) and the Bukeho (samurai law), it included delinquencies such as violation of law, neglect of filial duties or carelessness, disobedience (violation of orders and instructions), misconducts or hostile actions and so on, which were approved without any evidence if parent(s) (or grandparent(s)) had claimed.
Japanese: 公家法と武家法では条件が一部異なるが、教令違反・孝養の欠如あるいは不始末・向背（命令・指示違反）・不行跡・敵対行為などの非行行為の存在が挙げられ、具体的な証拠がなくても父母（祖父母）側の主張によって認められた。
English: A child certified as "fukyo" was driven away from home, deprived of everything including the rights to inherit the family and properties, and so on for which he was eligible as a legitimate child, and the property already given to them was returned to their parents or grandparents (kuikaeshi).
Japanese: 不孝と認定された子は家から放逐され、嫡子としての家督継承権や財産の相続権なども全て剥奪され、既に分与・継承された財産は没収されて父母（祖父母）のもとに戻された（悔返）。
English: 義絶 (gizetsu or disownment) was almost the same except that parent(s) or grandparent(s) should disclose the fact inside and outside the family and make an epistle of disownment as a proof and that they were excluded from complicity in a crime even if their child (or a grandchild) committed a crime.
Japanese: なお、義絶もほぼ同一であるが、父母（祖父母）側は内外にその事実を公表して証拠となる義絶状を作成すること、子（孫）が犯罪を犯しても連座の対象にならないことに違いがあった。
English: However, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, it became necessary to make an evidential document in order to avoid complications after death, and the term fukyo has come to mean the same thing as gizetsu.
Japanese: もっとも、南北朝時代_(日本)には単なる不孝でも死後の紛糾を避けるために証拠文書などの作成が必要となり、不孝は義絶の別称となった。
English: Moreover, from the early Muromachi period the act of kando (disownment), which originally meant extinction of the relation between master and servant, came to be applied to a familial relation and have the same legal effect as fukyo/gizetsu, resulting in that the term fukyo was no longer used.
Japanese: 更に室町時代に入ると、本来は主従間の関係断絶行為であった勘当という行為が家族内にも適用されて不孝・義絶と同じ法的効果をもたらすようになり、不孝という言葉は使われなくなった。
English: Therefore, in and after the Edo period the term "kando" came to be used to mean the extinction of the relation between parents (grandparents) and children (grandchildren), while the term "gizetsu" came to be used to mean other general acts of canceling the kinship by relatives.
Japanese: そのため、江戸時代以後は父母（祖父母）が子（孫）との関係を絶つことを「勘当」、それ以外の親族による縁戚関係断絶行為一般を「義絶」と称するようになった。
English: Eejanaika is a social phenomenon observed from the end of the Edo period, August 1867 (表記の変更) to the beginning of the Meiji period, April 1868 (表記の変更), starting from Edo and extending to the Shikoku region with the Tokai and Kinki regions as its centers.
Japanese: ええじゃないかは、日本の江戸時代末期の慶応3年（1867年）7月から翌明治元年（1868年）4月にかけて、東海道、畿内を中心に、江戸から四国に広がった社会現象である。
English: Along with a widespread rumor that 'ofuda' (talismans) would falls down from heaven, which was believed a preamble of auspicious events, people in a clown like outfit went out and walked around their neighborhood in group with enthusiasm by repeatedly shouting 'eejanaika' (literally means 'it's good,' as an utterance added to complete the rhythm of a song).
Japanese: 天から御札（神符）が降ってくる、これは慶事の前触れだ、という話が広まるとともに、民衆が仮装するなどして囃子言葉の「ええじゃないか」等を連呼しながら集団で町々を巡って熱狂的に踊った。
English: As the political situation was often sung with utterances to maintain the rhythm of a song, it is generally understood that it was a people's movement wishing for a better society.
Japanese: 囃子言葉と共に政治情勢が歌われたことから、世直しを訴える民衆運動であったと一般的には解釈されている。
English: There is another theory that it was a diversionary move caused by the anti-Shogunate group to provoke confusions in Japan.
Japanese: あるいは、討幕派が国内を混乱させるために引き起こした陽動作戦だったという説もある。
English: There is also a theory that it was a tactic 'to discharge people's accumulated complaints' plotted by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to avoid social disruption by the oppressed people suffering aftereffects of the bubble economy in the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸のバブル期後の抑圧された世相の打ち壊しを避けるために幕府が仕掛けた「ガス抜き」であったという説もある。
English: Regardless of the real intension, many people seem to have been just enjoying it by taking advantage of this boom, since some lyrics contained ill-tasted words.
Japanese: 本来の意図が何であったにせよ、卑猥な歌詞などもあったところを見ると、多くの者はただブームに乗って楽しく騒いでいただけのようでもある。
English: According to the report 'Iwakura Tomomi Jikki' written by Tomomi IWAKURA, in the capital Kyoto, talismans were distributed and people enthusiastically sang out 'yoijanaika, eejanaika, eejanaika.'
Japanese: 岩倉具視の岩倉公実記によると、京の都下において、神符がまかれ、ヨイジャナイカ、エイジャナイカ、エイジャーナカトと叫んだという。
English: It is documented that the phenomenon began at the end of September in 1867 (表記の変更) and ended on January 3, 1968 (表記の変更) when the Restoration of Imperial Rule was proclaimed, which accordingly suggests that it was a people's movement occurred immediately before the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 八月下旬に始まり十二月九日王政復古発令の日に至て止む、とあり、明治維新直前の大衆騒動だったことがわかる。
English: The origin of the term 'eejanaika' seems to have been taken from the localism that people shouted in Kyoto.
Japanese: また、ええじゃないか、の語源は、京の都下で叫ばれた言葉であったようだ。
English: For example; 'This year things go better, eejanaika (it's good)' (Awaji Province), 'Japan's better condition, eejanaika, I'm very happy with Honen Dance (dance praying for a year of good harvest)' (Awa Province), 'Luckily good, yoijanaika (it's good), don't care anything, yoijanaika, put a slip of paper on omako (vulgar dialect of pubes), put it again if it comes off, yoijanaika,' (applause for sexual liberation: Awaji Province), 'Choshu (a domain advocating the imperial rule) took the capital, things become cheap, ejanaika (it's good)' (Nishinomiya City), 'Choshu people go up to the capital, ejanaika, Cho (Choshu) and Dai (Daigo area, Fujimi, Kyoto meaning the center of Kyoto), ejanaika' (Bingo).
Japanese: 例えば、今年は世直りええじゃないか（淡路）、日本国の世直りはええじゃないか、豊年踊はお目出たい（阿波）、御かげでよいじゃないか、何んでもよいじゃないか、おまこに紙張れ、へげたら又はれ、よいじゃないか（淡路）という性の解放、長州がのぼた、物が安うなる、えじゃないか（西宮）、長州さんの御登り、えじゃないか、長と醍と、えじゃないか（備後）。
English: "Eejanaika" is the term created later, and at the very time, the phenomenon was called 'okage' (expression used to express thanks to something or someone), okagesodo' (okage turmoil), 'okage matsuri' (kage festival), 'okudari' (godsend), 'ofudaori' (talisman falling from heaven), 'oodori' (grand dance), etc.
Japanese: 「ええじゃないか」は後に付けられた名前であり、同時代には、「おかげ」「おかげ騒動」「おかげ祭」「お下り」「御札降り」「大踊」などと呼ばれていた。
English: Okagemairi is the phenomenon that the number of the common people who got away from their service to pay a visit to Ise-jingu Shrine increased drastically, and it occurred spontaneously and repeated various times such as in 1617, 1648 to 1652, 1705, 1771 and 1830 at about 60-years intervals.
Japanese: お蔭参りとは、庶民が奉公先から抜け出し、伊勢参りに出かける人が急増する現象のことで、江戸時代には元和(日本)3年（1617年）、慶安年間（1648年～1652年）、宝永2年（1705年）、明和8年（1771年）、文政13年・天保元年（1830年）というように約60年周期で自然発生的に繰り返された。
English: It happened during the Kyoho era under the rule of the tenth shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA, and according to the demographic statistics Japanese population was approximately 22 million.
Japanese: 十代将軍徳川家治の時代であり、享保年間の日本の人口統計では当時の人口は約2200万人であった。
English: It is reported that about 5 million people rushed to Ise in three months during the fad of okagemairi in 1830.
Japanese: 文政13年のお蔭参りは3箇月で約500万人が伊勢に押し掛けたと記されている。
English: To facilitate the participants to pilgrimage to Ise-jinja Shrine, wealthy merchants opened their shops and residences to them, and distributed packed meals and straw sandals.
Japanese: お蔭参りに参加する者に対しては、大商人があって、店舗や屋敷の解放、弁当・草鞋の配布を行った。
English: Widespread stories that talismans would fall from heaven probably derived from the tale of the falling down talismans that triggered the okagemairi pilgrimage.
Japanese: 天から御札が降ってくる話はお蔭参りの御札降りに由来すると考えられる。
English: Eventually, among the people who participated in the turmoil of eejanaika, there circulated a rumor that 'the talisman of Ise-jingu Shrine would fall from heaven.'.
Japanese: 実際、ええじゃないかでは「天から伊勢神宮の御札が降ってくる」と噂された。
English: Toyohashi Municipal Library owns a publication titled "Tomeki" (Mitsuhiro MORITA, 1988), a memorandum about the book "The Record of MORITA Family" (year of publication unknown), and according to this memorandum, in the original book there is a description of 'oharai' (exorcism) in the article of July 14 of the 3rd year of Keio (August 13, 1867) and this 'oharai' means the talisman of Ise-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 豊橋市図書館所蔵の留記（とめき）；1988年発行（森田光尋著）原本：森田家文書（刊年不明）によると、慶応3年7月14日に、御祓いと記載され、この御祓いが、伊勢神宮の札とという。
English: In an animated TV series "Manga Nihonshi" (animated history of Japan) of Nippon Television Network broadcasted in 1983, the turmoil of eejanaika began in Nagoya City.
Japanese: 1983年に製作されたアニメのまんが日本史（日本テレビ系列）では、幕末のええじゃないか騒動発祥は名古屋になっていた。
English: According to "My Pedia" of Heibonsha, its first appearance was the fire prevention talismans for Akiba-jinja Shrine, which spiraled down on a post station on the Tokaido Way, Goyushuku (Goyu, Toyokawa City, Aichi Prefecture) from heaven on September 1, 1867.
Japanese: 平凡社マイペディアでは、慶応3年8月4日（1867年9月1日）、東海道の御油宿（愛知県豊川市御油）に秋葉神社の火防の札が降下したのが最初という。
English: It is a theory that the origin was "Okuwa Festival" held on March 20, 1866 (表記の変更) as the 100th anniversary of Okuwa-sha Shrine located in current Iwatsu, Okazaki City.
Japanese: 慶応2年2月4日、現岡崎市岩津の御鍬社百年祭「御鍬祭り」が、ええじゃないか騒動の発端とする説。
English: This system is adopted by a nation of vast land and the case of placing two capitals is called Ryotosei or Ryokyosei, (while the case of one capital is called Tantosei).
Japanese: 広大な領土を有する国に多く採用され、2つの場合は両都制、両京制とも言われる（これに対して都をひとつだけ置く制度を単都制という）。
English: In the multi-capital system of centralized government, the palace or the capital where the emperor always resides is called kamikyo, joto, kyojo,or kyoshi and other capitals are called baito (secondary capital city).
Japanese: 中央集権国家の複都制では、皇帝が常住する京や都を上京・上都・京城・皇都・京師などと言い、その他の都を陪都（ばいと）という。
English: But, in western culture, there is no word corresponding to baito, so this is considered to be the system unique to the Orient (baito system).
Japanese: しかし陪都に対応する語句は西洋になく、これは東洋的なものとされる（陪都制）。
English: The transfer of the capital like Naniwa sento (relocation to Naniwa) in Japanese history was a visit to baito by the emperor or advancement of the city to a higher position to be correct, so it was different from the transfer of the capital.
Japanese: 日本史で言われる難波遷都などは、正確には天皇の陪都巡守や皇都昇格であり、都を移す遷都とは異なる。
English: When the emperor stayed in baito, prince or powerful people like reliable senior vassals substituted for the emperor to govern the nation, though their power was limited.(Taishikankokuno sei or Rusukanno sei, respectively)
Japanese: 皇帝が陪都に滞在し、皇帝不在の皇都で国政をみさせるために代理を置くときは、権限を制限したうえで太子を置いたり（太子監国の制）、信頼の厚い重臣などの有力者を置いたりした（留守官の制）。
English: In the latter half of the 2nd century, the Roman Empire was governed by the emperor and the vice emperor, and during the time of emperor Diocletianus, the Empire was divided into the west and the east and governed by two emperors and two vice emperors.
Japanese: 2世紀後半、ローマ帝国では正帝と副帝による分治が起こり、ディオクレティアヌス帝の時代に帝国が東西に分けられ、2人の正帝と2人の副帝によってテトラルキアされた。
English: Because of this, four capitals were placed in Nicomedia, Sirumium, Meduiolanum and Augusta Treverorum respectively, and Rome lost its capital functions but nominally remained as the capital of the Empire.
Japanese: これによりニコメディア、シルミウム、メディオラヌム、アウグスタ・トレウェロルムの4都が置かれ、ローマは首都機能を失ったが、名目的には帝国の都として続いた。
English: After that, Constantinus I, the emperor of the West, united the Empire and constructed a new capital, Constantinople in the east.
Japanese: その後、西方正帝コンスタンティヌス1世が帝国を統一し、東方に新都コンスタンティノポリスを建てた。
English: Due to the death of Theodosius I, the emperor of the East (with his young second son Honorius being the emperor of the West as figurehead) in 395, his first son Arccadius became the emperor of the East, and the two capitals were placed, one in Constantinople in the East and the other in Mediolanum (later to Ravenna) in the West, which promoted the Roman Empire to be divided into the West and the East.
Japanese: 395年には、東帝テオドシウス1世（西帝は形式的に幼い次男ホノリウス）の死により、長男アルカディウスが東帝とされ、都が東のコンスタンティノポリスと西のメディオラヌム（後にラヴェンナへ遷都）に置かれ、東西二分が進むことになった。
English: Even though in the 4th century divided governing of the country became more evident and the West of Rome was called as "the emperor of the West" or "the territory of the West", it was not officially called the Western Roman Empire and "the Roman Empire" was considered to govern the both territories.
Japanese: 4世紀に分治の色が濃くなったものの、当時「西の皇帝」「西の領土」などとは言われても「西ローマ帝国」とは言われず、あくまで「ローマ帝国」の分割統治であった。
English: In the period of the Northern and the Southern courts in China, Northern Zhou adopted multi-capital system and located the capital in Changan and a secondary capital city in Luoyang in eastern China.
Japanese: 中国の南北朝時代(中国)、北周は長安を都とし東方の洛陽を陪都とする複都制をとった。
English: Sui applied the same system and Tang had three capitals by making Taiyuan as the capital in the north in addition to Changan and Luoyang (the northern capital) in 723.
Japanese: 隋もこれを引き継ぎ、唐の723年（開元11年）には、長安・洛陽（東都）に北都として太原を加え三京になった。
English: In 757 Tang added two more capitals, Fengxiang (the western capital) and Chengdu (in Shu County) and thus had five capitals, but these two capitals were abolished soon.
Japanese: 757年（至徳2年）には更に鳳翔（西京）、成都（蜀郡）が加えられ五京を持つに至ったが、この2都は間もなく廃された。
English: Among these capitals, Luoyang was richer in food than Changan, so emperors often visited there, with princes staying in Changan to govern the country on behalf of emperors.
Japanese: これらの中でも洛陽は、食糧に乏しい長安に比べて食糧が豊富なため、皇帝は皇太子に長安で監国させ、たびたび洛陽に巡幸した。
English: Especially Empress Wu Zetian resided in Luoyang during the most of her reign.
Japanese: 特に武則天はその治世の間は長安にほとんど行かず洛陽の都に住んでいた。
English: In later periods, Ming had Nanjing City and Beijing City as capitals, and Ching had Beijing, Nanjing and Shenjing, while some other countries or dynasties had five capitals such as Balhae (country), Liao and Jin (Dynasties).
Japanese: その後、明の南京市・北京市、清の北京・南京・盛京、その他渤海(国)、遼、金(王朝)では五京が置かれた。
English: During the Sino-Japanese war, when the capital of Nanjing was abandoned, Chongquing city was called as a secondary capital city where the capital function was temporarily moved.
Japanese: また、日中戦争で首都南京を放棄した際には、一時的に首都機能を移した重慶市を陪都と称した。
English: In Goryeo Dynasty, there were three capitals; Gaegyeong (Kaesong), Donggyeong (Gyeonsang) and Seogyeong (Pyongyang).
Japanese: 高麗王朝は、正都開京（開城）に、東京（慶州）、西京（平壌）を加え三京とした。
English: In 1010, under the rule of 15th emperor Sukjong, Namgyeong (or Hanyang, Seoul today) became the capital, which made four-capital system.
Japanese: 15代粛宗の時代の1010年に、南京（漢城、現在のソウル特別市）を加え四京とした。
English: When the Emperor Kotoku moved to Naniwa-kyu Palace and the Emperor Tenji moved to Omi Otsu no miya Palace, Asuka no kyo (Wakyo) was maintained, so there were two capitals; Asuka and the other.
Japanese: 孝徳天皇が難波宮に移ったとき、そして天智天皇が近江大津宮に移ったときにも飛鳥の京（倭京）は保存されており、それぞれ飛鳥との二都であった。
English: Emperor Shomu planned to construct Kuni-kyo (located on the other side of the Kizu river [Kyoto Prefecture]) besides Heijo-kyo and Naniwa-kyo.
Japanese: 聖武天皇は平城京・難波京の他に、木津川(京都府)を挟む形で恭仁京の造営を計画した。
English: (However, Daigokuden and the corridors in Heijo-kyo were dismantled and reconstructed in Kuni-kyo, so it could be considered that the initial plan was two-capital system of Kuni-kyo and Naniwa.)
Japanese: （ただし平城京の大極殿と歩廊を恭仁京に移築しており、難波との二都の計画とも考えられる）。
English: This is considered to follow the Luoyng Castle in Tang, which was built across the Luo River.
Japanese: これは当時洛水をまたいで造営されていた唐の洛陽城に倣ったものと考えられる。
English: In 793 Emperor Kanmu abolished Naniwanomiya Palace which had been a secondary capital for a long period of time, as a result Japan discontinued the multi-capital system and shifted to single-capital system that has lasted long.
Japanese: しかし793年（延暦12年）には桓武天皇により永らく陪都であった難波宮が廃されており、これにより日本の複都制は一旦途絶え、長い単都制の時代に移行した。
English: Before Heian period, the people considered that the capital was the place where emperor resided, and when emperor extended the stay in secondary capital during the visit, they regarded it as a transfer of the capital.
Japanese: 平安以前でも国民は天皇の御座のあるところを都ととらえ、陪都への行幸もその滞在が長ければ遷都と呼んだ。
English: This unclear distinction between a capital and a secondary capital is a character of multi-capiital system in Japan.
Japanese: また、こうした皇都と陪都の区別の曖昧さが日本の複都制の特色とされる。
English: Accoring to the Imperial Rescript in 1868, Edo was renamed Tokyo.
Japanese: 1868年の「江戸ヲ称シテ東京ト為スノ詔書」により、江戸が「東京」と改称された。
English: But an official announcement of the transfer of the capital has never been made, so some claim that both Tokyo and Kyoto (Heiann kyo) are legally capitals.
Japanese: しかし遷都が公式に宣言されたことは一度もなく、法制度上は東京と京都（平安京）の両京制であるとする議論が一部に存在する。
English: Kyoto is the capital of the West in contrast to Tokyo, but Kyoto is rarely called "西京" (Saikyo) and was called so only for a short period immediately after the capital was moved to Tokyo.
Japanese: 東京に対する西の京は京都であるが、京都のことを「西京」と呼ぶことは稀である（東京奠都直後に短期間だけ呼ばれた）。
English: Yamaguchi City, which flourished the most during the Muromachi period, was called "西京" (Saikyo or Nishi no kyo), meaning Kyoto in the West, but it was not named in contrast to Tokyo.
Japanese: 室町時代に栄華を極めた山口市のことを「西の京都」という意味で西京（さいきょう、にしのきょう）と呼んだが、東京に対比させた呼び名ではなかった。
English: In the medieval Japan, Shichitorikoi was an action of a creditor, who could not receive compensation from a debtor living in a different region, to capture a third person who lived in the same region as the creditor (regardless of whether the person is acquainted with the debtor or not) or to privately confiscate the person's properties as compensation for the debt.
Japanese: 質取行為（しちとりこうい）とは、中世日本において、別の地域に住む債務者から弁済を受けられなかった債権者が、債務者と同一の地域に住む第三者（債務者との面識の有無は問わず）の身柄あるいは財物を債務の賠償として私的に差し押さえる行為。
English: Sometimes the accuser (creditor) sued a third person who lived in the same region as the accused (debtor).
Japanese: また訴訟の当事者が係争相手と同一の地域に住む第三者に対して行われる場合もある。
English: Shichitorikoi targeting a resident living in the same place (city/town/shoryo [territory]/za [trade guild]) => tokorojichi
Japanese: 同一の所（都市・町・所領・座）居住者を対象とする質取行為→所質（ところじち）
English: These acts only differed in the regional categories, and the contents were almost the same.
Japanese: これらの行為は対象とする地域の範疇を異にするだけで内容的にはほぼ同一の行為である。
English: This has been said to be the group responsibility/collective responsibility imposed on people in a blood relationship in a clan society, that changed into a common law, following the collapse of a clan society and social shaping by territorial connections.
Japanese: これは氏族社会における血縁関係者に課された集団責任・連帯責任が、氏族社会の崩壊と地縁による社会形成に伴って転換されて慣習法化されたものであると言われている。
English: It is said that this was related to the cognition of people then that they would spend their whole lifetime where they lived with the supports from their place of residence.
Japanese: これは当時の人々が人間は居住する地域によって生かされて生涯を送るという認識を持っていたことと関係しているとも言われている。
English: It was often seen in and after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the formation of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and the goson-sei (system of coalitions of villages) advanced.
Japanese: 特に守護領国制や郷村制の形成が進んだ南北朝時代_(日本)以後によく見られるようになった。
English: It is also said that gojichi was more frequent in the Togoku (eastern Japan) where goson-sei was developed, while tokorojichi was more frequent in the Saigoku (western Japan) where business/transportation developed rather than the goson-sei.
Japanese: また、郷村制が発達した東国では郷質が、郷村制が発達せず商業・交通が盛んであった西国では所質が多かったと言われている。
English: Even in the case of murder, seizing and taking a debtor's life instead of a murderer's as a part of adauchi (revenge including killing)/fukushu (revenge) was justified as a way of Shichitorikoi.
Japanese: なお、問題の行為が殺人であったりした場合には仇討・復讐の一環として下手人の代わりに質取対象者の生命を差し押さえて没収する行為も「質取行為」として正当なものとされていた。
English: While the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) banned Shichitorikoi in so-called sanctuary-like places such as markets and streets, there were only restrictions and was no law to ban the actions because Shichitorikoi was effective as the existence of the above-mentioned cognition of the group responsibility in a local community and the general cognition as a common law and mental pressure on the debtor to pay for his or her debt.
Japanese: 室町幕府や戦国大名なども市場や道路などのいわゆる「アジール」的な場所での質取行為は禁止したものの、前述の地縁に関する認識の存在と慣習法としての一般認識の存在、他に債務者に対して債務返済への心理的圧力としてある程度までは有効性があったことから、規制は行われても禁止にまで踏み切った法は存在しなかった。
English: It was recognized that these customs had existed until the Edo bakufu established the system and law to rule the whole Japan.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が全国支配を確立して、幕府による法の支配が確立されるまでこうした慣習は存在していたとされている。
English: Sakaya Kaigi is the brewers' opposition movement against the sake-brewing tax hike, which took place throughout Japan in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 酒屋会議（さかやかいぎ）は、明治時代前期に造酒税の引き上げに対する抗議として酒造業者が起こした日本全国的な運動。