nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Government officials managed by Ryoge no kan were also referred to as Ryoge no kanshi.
Japanese: 令外官が管掌する官司を令外官司（りょうげのかんし）と称する場合もある。
English: Ryoge no kan posts were created in order to respond quickly and flexibly to real political issues regardless of the existing Ritsuryo system and organization of the government in Japan.
Japanese: 現実的な政治課題に対して、既存の律令制・日本の官制にとらわれず、柔軟かつ即応的な対応を行うために置かれた。
English: The Ritsuryo Code of the Tang Dynasty was a compilation of government posts and legislation from ancient times and had a very high level of accomplishment.
Japanese: 唐の律令は、古来の官職・法制を集大成したものであり、完成度が非常に高かった。
English: On the other hand, it was also observed that government posts quintessential to a government organization and government posts that were created only as needed coexisted, sometimes resulting in an overlapping of posts.
Japanese: その反面、理想の官制と現実に必要として置かれた官職とが併存しており、中には職務が重複すると思われるようなものもあった。
English: In spite of these problems, no major changes were made to the system in the early Tang Dynasty period.
Japanese: そうした問題を抱えながらも、唐初期は、官制に大きな動きは特になかった。
English: However, at the end of the seventh century, Busokuten (Wu Zetian) created ingaikan (government officials outside of the Ritsuryo system) who were outside of the fixed number of regular government positions in order to control other nobilities and recruit competent Kakyo (also known as keju; examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats).
Japanese: しかし、7世紀末の武則天は、貴族層をおさえ、有能な科挙官僚を登用するため、律令の定員外の員外官を設けた。
English: Genso (Tang) appeared in the early eighth century and changed the policy on increasing the number of officials which had continued since Busokuten's era and tried to restrain their numbers.
Japanese: 8世紀前期に登場した玄宗(唐)は、武則天以来の官職増員政策を改め、官職の抑制に努めた。
English: In response, from the Genso period on, government posts defined in the Ritsuryo system and separate government posts, in other words Ryoge no kan, were newly established one after another.
Japanese: そのため、玄宗以降、律令に定める官職（令制官）と別個の官職、すなわち令外官が次々に新設されていった。
English: Many Ryoge no kan posts were given a name ending with the suffix "-shi" or called "shishoku" in order to make a contrast between them and government posts defined in the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 令外官の多くは、○○使という名称が充てられたため、使職（ししょく）ともいい、令制官の官職と対比された。
English: In place of the Fuheisei (soldier system), which became a mere shell in a military sense, an organization with a system centered on recruiting mercenaries was formed which created the post of Danrenshi and Setsudoshi.
Japanese: まず、軍事面では、ほとんど形骸化した府兵制に代えて、募兵を中心とした組織が編成され、団練使（だんれんし）・節度使（せつどし）が置かれた。
English: As the mercenary system had replaced the Fuheisei, military expenses continued to rise in order to ensure a sufficient amount of soldiers.
Japanese: 府兵制が終わり募兵制に転換すると、募兵の確保などのため、軍事費が拡大の一途をたどった。
English: In response to the increased financial demand, many financial-related shishoku were created, such as Takushishi (a post of supervising domestic products and financial works), Entetsushi (al post of managing salt and iron monopoly), Soyoshi (director general of finance), Tenunshi (regional official of transport) and Suirikuunshi (a post of managing transportation).
Japanese: こうした財政需要の高まりに対応するために、度支使（たくしし）・塩鉄使（えんてつし）・租庸使（そようし）・転運使（てんうんし）・水陸運使（すいりくうんし）などの財政関係の使職が多数設置された。
English: Furthermore, for administrative inspection purposes, government posts such as Kansatsushi (inspector), Azechi (inspector of provincial governments) and Saihoshi (auditor) were also created.
Japanese: また、行政を監察するために、観察使（かんさつし）・按察使（あぜち・あんさつし）・採訪使（さいほうし）などが置かれた。
English: As Ryoge no kan posts were being created whenever the need arise, they gradually came to have more control over administrative activities than the officials within the Ritsuryo government.
Japanese: これらの令外官は現実の必要に応じて設置されたので、徐々に令制官に代わって実権を握っていった。
English: Ryoge no kan posts gradually become overabundant and the number of private citizens assigned as Shori (officials responsible for practical works) increased.
Japanese: 令外官は次第に肥大化していき、胥吏（しょり、実務職員）に多くの民間人を含むようになった。
English: While appointed Ritsuryo government officials needed to be approved by the Emperor, the Kami (director) had a free hand to appoint Shori into posts or Ryoge no kan.
Japanese: 令制官では、官職の任命は天子の承認が必要だったが、令外官では、長官の裁量で胥吏を任命することができた。
English: As a result, wealthy people and country squires who had the financial wherewithal assumed posts of Shori.
Japanese: そのため、富豪や地方の大地主が財力をもって胥吏に就任するようになった。
English: This caused the rise of country squires (Shitaifu) in the end of Tang Dynasty period.
Japanese: そして、これが唐末期に地方地主層（士大夫層）が台頭する原因となった。
English: In Japan, immediately after the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) which was to be the first full-fledged Ritsuryo system, Ryoge no kan such as Sangi (councillor), Zoheijokyoshi (temporary official of Heijo Palace construction), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Azechi were established.
Japanese: 日本でも、初の本格律令となる大宝律令の制定直後から、参議・造平城京使・中納言・按察使などの令外官が置かれていた。
English: In terms of fostering literate government officials with knowledge other than Confucianism, Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) were also placed, and later reached the top posts of Monjo hakase and Myobo hakase of Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
Japanese: また、儒教以外の知識に通じた官人育成の観点から大学寮に文章博士・明法博士を令外官として設置して、後に文章博士は大学寮の博士の首位となった。
English: In both Emperor Junnin and Empress Koken (later, Empress Shotoku) periods, there was a significant upsurge in the number of Ryoge no kan posts (Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces), Chokushisho (Bureau of Edicts), Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), Hoogushiki (a post of domestic governing institution for Dokyo)) which caused political instability.
Japanese: 淳仁・孝謙（称徳）両天皇の時代には大規模な令外官（造宮省・勅旨省・内豎省・法王宮職など）が乱立され政治が不安定になった。
English: As it became the eighth century, large-scale administrative reforms were conducted by Emperor Kanmu due to the loosening of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 8世紀末になると、律令制の弛緩が進んだため、桓武天皇による大規模な行政改革が行われた。
English: After the Emperor Kanmu reforms, Ryoge no kan posts were actively placed in order to fix the flaws in the organization of the government in accordance with the ritsuryo code.
Japanese: この桓武による改革以降、律令官制の不備を補うために、令外官が積極的に設置されるようになった。
English: Kageyushi (Board of Discharge Examiners), which was placed by Emperor Kanmu in 797, was responsible for inspecting the local administrations of kokushi (provincial governors).
Japanese: 桓武天皇のときに置かれたのが、797年の勘解由使で、地方国司の行政を監察する職である。
English: In the early ninth century, Emperor Saga newly created the Kurododokoro (Board of Archivists) (also known as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain)) in 810 which was responsible for handling classified documents as a secretary of the Emperor.
Japanese: 9世紀前期には、嵯峨天皇が天皇の秘書官として機密文書を取り扱う蔵人所（蔵人頭）が810年に新設された。
English: Emperor Saga also placed Kebiishi (police and judicial chief) in 824 in order to maintain security and handle civil affairs.
Japanese: 同じく嵯峨は、京都の治安維持や民政を行わせるため、824年に検非違使を置いた。
English: In the 10th century as wealthy people appeared in local areas, security deteriorated due to territorial disputes.
Japanese: 10世紀になり、地方で富豪層が登場すると、所領紛争などにより治安が悪化していった。
English: Other Ryoge no kan posts included the Sessho (regent), who acted as the Emperor and Nairan (private audience), who could preliminarily inspect official documents submitted from the Great Council of State to the Emperor.
Japanese: 他に天皇の権限を代行する摂政、天皇が決裁する文書を事前に閲覧できる内覧も令外官である。
English: It is reported that among Kotaiyoriai members, twenty families were given a special high rank called Omotemuki onreishu between 1736 and 1740.
Japanese: 20家が表向御礼衆と呼ばれるようになるのは元文期（1736-1740）頃という。
English: Although the stipend for a Kotaiyoriai was less than ten thousand koku (crop yields), they were treated as "taishin hatamoto" (hatamoto with high rank and high yields) and permitted to practice Sankinkotai like daimyo feudal lords.
Japanese: 禄高が1万石以下でありながら“大身旗本”として大名と同様に参勤交代することを許されていた。
English: Kotaiyoriai members were composed of local ruling families with a long and distinguished history, branch families of daimyo feudal lords, successors to a daimyo family name thus undergoing a change in rank, etc.
Japanese: 特別の由緒がある地方の豪族や大名家の分家、改易された大名家の名跡を継ぐもの等が列せられた。
English: Aside from a few cases, Kotaiyoriai did not have an official rank unless they were appointed one, the same as any other hatamoto retainer.
Japanese: 官位については、一部の例外を除いて通常の旗本と同様に役職就任時以外の任官はなかった。
English: Other than those listed below, there were also families which served as Kotaiyoriai at an earlier time (a few cases are noted at the end of the section).
Japanese: この一覧以外にも以前に交代寄合であった家がある（代表例を末尾に記述）。
English: The Umamawari was established in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and was a job based on the government service system for samurai families.
Japanese: 馬廻（うままわり）は、戦国時代(日本)に生まれた武家の職制のひとつである。
English: Horse guards were mounted samurai retainers who accompanied commanders' horses as their bodyguards and served as messengers or soldiers in wars.
Japanese: 騎馬の武士で、大将の馬の周囲（廻り）に付き添って護衛に当たったり、伝令や決戦兵力として用いられた。
English: They also served as bodyguards for feudal lords (daimyo in Japanese) and performed administrative duties as their aides or deputies.
Japanese: 平時にも大名の護衛となり、事務の取次ぎなど大名の側近として吏僚的な職務を果たすこともあった。
English: Nobunaga ODA's horse guards, just like pages who served him, were chosen from among the second and third sons of local ruling families and played important roles as Nobunaga's aides.
Japanese: 織田信長の馬廻衆は、小姓と並んで土豪の次男・三男などから編成され、信長の側近として活躍した。
English: Elites among Nobunaga's horse guards and pages were chosen as his personal bodyguards known as "red guards" and "black guards" and many of these bodyguards were promoted to the position of troop commander.
Japanese: 信長の馬廻・小姓の精鋭は赤・黒二色の母衣衆に抜擢され、そこから部隊の指揮官に昇進した例も多い。
English: Horse guards continued to exist during the Edo period as part of the staff organization of various domains and served feudal lords as bodyguards in their daily lives.
Japanese: 江戸時代においても、諸藩の職制として存続し、大名の日常の警護を務めた。
English: Under the government service system of the Edo Bakufu, Shoinban (castle guards) and Koshogumi (page corps) called Ryoban were equivalent to the Umamawari in many domains.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の職制では、両番と呼ばれる書院番・小姓組が諸藩における馬廻にあたる。
English: A child of the Tokugawa shogunate's direct vassal (called "hatamoto" in Japanese) was normally appointed as either a castle guard or a page and served as an aide of the shogun before starting out on his career as a shogunate government official.
Japanese: 旗本の子弟はまず両番に任ぜられ、将軍の側近として認められて、幕府官僚として出世してゆくのが通例であった。
English: In various feudal domains, the word "umamawari" (horse guard) was used not only as an occupational title but also to describe family status or ranks.
Japanese: 馬廻は、諸藩においては職制のほか、家格の呼称としても使用されることが多かった。
English: Some domains allowed umamawari personnel to ride horses to perform their duties while others did not, and it is difficult to tell which of these practices was more common.
Japanese: 藩によって馬上資格を認める藩と認めない藩があって、どちらが一般的であるかは断言できない。
English: Domains that did not allow umamawari to ride horses adopted different standards regarding the qualification as mounted retainers - some domains regarded those who held ranks higher than "kyunin" (direct vassals of lords) as being qualified as mounted retainers, while others regarded only retainers who belonged to families directly supervised by the chief retainer (known as "karo") as being qualified.
Japanese: 馬廻に馬上資格を認めない藩にあっては、給人または給人席以上を馬上資格としたり、家老から直接統率を受ける家格以上の家臣を馬上資格とするなど様々な基準があった。
English: In some domains, the words "kyunin" and "umamawari" were both used to express occupational titles or family ranks, while in others only one of these words was used.
Japanese: 職制並びに家格上、給人と馬廻が併存する藩とどちらかだけが存在する藩もある。
English: Umamawari personnel who were not allowed to ride horses were equivalent to escorts (called "kojunin") of the Tokugawa shogunate - they were middle-ranking retainers that were allowed to have an audience with their lords but not allowed to ride horses.
Japanese: 馬上資格がない馬廻は、江戸幕府の小十人とほぼ同義であって、藩主への謁見資格があるが、馬乗りにはなれない中堅家臣である。
English: In domains where umamawari were allowed to ride horses, families with the umamawari status were mostly lower-ranking families among upper-class retainers in the broad sense.
Japanese: 馬廻に馬上資格がある藩では、馬廻の家格は、広義の上級家臣の下位を意味すると言える。
English: They were regarded as a class of mounted retainers higher in rank than grooms or stablemen called "nakakosho," who were not allowed to ride horses.
Japanese: 馬上資格のない中小姓の上位に位置する馬上武士の階級と位置づけられていた。
English: Of the forty-seven Ako samurai, fifteen were umamawari, including Takesune HORIBE, and these fifteen members were all earning incomes of 100 to 200 koku.
Japanese: 赤穂浪士四十七士のうち馬廻だった者は堀部武庸ら15名で、全員が200石から100石取りである。
English: There was a profound difference between these retainers and middle-ranking retainers who were not allowed to ride horses - Tadao OTAKA, a middle-ranking retainer with the largest income, only had an income of 30 koku.
Japanese: これが馬上資格のない中小姓だと最上の大高忠雄でも30石取りであるからこの階級差は歴然である。
English: Living National Treasure is a Japanese popular term for individuals certified as Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.
Japanese: 人間国宝（にんげんこくほう）は、日本の文化財保護法に基づき同国の文部科学大臣が指定した重要無形文化財の保持者として各個認定された人物を指す通称である。
English: The term "Living National Treasure" is not formally recognized by the law, but is an informal term used as a reference to cultural properties designated as the National Treasures of Japan.
Japanese: 文化財保護法には「人間国宝」という文言はないが、重要無形文化財保持者を指して人間国宝と呼ぶ通称が広く用いられている。
English: Living National Treasure is a term for those designated as holders of Important Intangible Cultural Property.
Japanese: 人間国宝は、重要無形文化財保持者として各個認定された人物を指す通称である。
English: Under the Law for Protection of Cultural Properties, intangible cultural properties are defined as dramatic, musical, artistic and other intangible cultural artifacts deemed as historically or artistically valuable to Japanese history (Article 2, Section 1, Part 2).
Japanese: 日本の文化財保護法において、無形文化財とは、演劇、音楽、工芸技術その他の無形の文化的所産で我が国にとつて歴史上又は芸術上価値の高いものをいう（同法第2条第1項第2号）。
English: Intangible cultural properties of special importance are designated as "Important Intangible Cultural Properties" by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Article 71, Section 1) (For further information, see the section on Important Intangible Cultural Property).
Japanese: 無形文化財のなかでも特に重要なものを、文部科学大臣は重要無形文化財に指定する（同法第71条第1項）（この点については重要無形文化財の項を参照）。
English: In other words, intangible cultural property refers to certain 'art,' such as arts and crafts or performing arts.
Japanese: すなわち、無形文化財とは芸能、工芸技術等の無形の「わざ」そのものを指す。
English: Individuals or groups who have attained mastery in certain skills can be certified by the Japanese government as the preservers of their art and they receive support to ensure their continuation.
Japanese: そして、日本国政府はこの「わざ」を体現する個人または団体を重要無形文化財の保持者または保持団体に認定し、その継承の支援と保護を行っている。
English: There are three types of certifications for individuals or groups who hold important intangible cultural property: 'Individual Certification,' 'General Certification,' and 'Preservation Group Certification.'
Japanese: 重要無形文化財の保持者または保持団体の認定の方式には、「各個認定」「総合認定」「保持団体認定」の3種がある。
English: Individual Certification is given to individual holders, General Certification is given to holders as an organized group, and Preservation Group Certification is given to the holders of a group.
Japanese: 各個認定は保持者個人の認定、総合認定は集団を構成する保持者の認定、保持団体認定は保持団体の認定である。
English: Within the three types of certification, those referred to as 'Living National Treasure' is generally limited to those holding Individual Certification.
Japanese: このうち「人間国宝」と呼ばれるのは、一般的には、個人が認定される各個認定の場合のみである。
English: Those who are given General Certification or Preservation Group Certification are generally not referred to as a Living National Treasure.
Japanese: 総合認定における団体の構成員、及び保持団体認定における当該団体およびその構成員については、人間国宝とは呼ばないのが一般的である。
English: Individual Certification' and 'General Certification' prevails within the fields of performing arts, such as plays and music, while 'Individual Certification' and 'Preservation Group Certification' mainly occurs in the field of technical arts.
Japanese: 演劇、音楽などの芸能の分野では「各個認定」と「人間国宝芸能分野における「総合認定」」が行われ、工芸技術の分野では「各個認定」と「人間国宝工芸技術分野における「保持団体認定」」が行われる。
English: Certification is given to 'individuals who are able to embody a performing art designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Property at the highest level,' or 'individuals who are a master of a technical art.'
Japanese: 「重要無形文化財に指定される芸能を高度に体現できる者」または「工芸技術を高度に体得している者」が認定される。
English: Certification is given to 'two or more persons who are working together to embody a performing art at the highest level' or 'two or more persons who are a master of a technical art that shares certain characteristics.'
Japanese: 「2人以上の者が一体となって芸能を高度に体現している場合」や「2人以上の者が共通の特色を有する工芸技術を高度に体得している場合」において、「これらの者が構成している団体の構成員」が認定される。
English: Certification is given to a group of key members within all of the holders when 'the performing or technical art is not at all individualistic' and when 'there are many holders of the relevant performing or technical art.'
Japanese: 「芸能または工芸技術の性格上個人的特色が薄く」かつ「当該芸能または工芸技術を保持する者が多数いる場合」において、「これらの者が主たる構成員となっている団体」が認定される。
English: In order to preserve important intangible cultural assets, the Japanese government provides a special annual subsidy of 2 million yen to Living National Treasures (those with Individual Certification).
Japanese: 日本国政府は、重要無形文化財の保護を目的として、人間国宝（各個認定者）に対して年額200万円の特別助成金を交付している。
English: In the case of groups, the government pays the costs of public exhibitions and successor training projects.
Japanese: 保持団体に対しては伝承者養成事業や文化財公開事業に対してその経費の一部を助成している。
English: The National Theater conducts training projects in order to foster successors to such arts as Nogaku (the art of Noh), Bunraku (Japanese puppet theater) and Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors).
Japanese: 国立劇場では能楽、文楽、歌舞伎などの後継者養成のための研修事業が行われている。
English: The performing arts field consists of eight classes: Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), Noh (traditional masked dance and drama), Bunraku, Kabuki, Kumi Odori (combination dance), music, classical Japanese dance and entertainment.
Japanese: 芸能分野は、雅楽、能、文楽、歌舞伎、組踊、音楽、日本舞踊、演芸の8つの種別に分かれている。
English: Individual Certification is intended for the what they refer to as 'Living National Treasure,' or in other words, highly skilled 'masters' in their field.
Japanese: 各個認定はいわゆる「人間国宝」、つまりその分野について高度な技術を持つ「名人」に対して行われる。
English: On the other hand, General Certification is intended for people who have the minimum level of skills required to maintain and pass down the entertainment rather than having high individual skills.
Japanese: 一方で総合認定は、個人的な技術の高さではなく、ある芸能を保持し、後世に伝えてゆくために最低限必要な技量を持った人々に対して行われるものである。
English: In General Certification, rather than being applied to only a few masters of an art, the form of entertainment or craft as a whole is considered to be certified.
Japanese: 総合認定が行われる分野は、一部の名人だけではなくその芸能自体が文化財保護の対象として考えられているものであるといえるだろう。
English: For general certification of Important Intangible Cultural Property, the following 11 groups are currently certified.
Japanese: 現在、重要無形文化財の総合認定には、以下の11団体が認定されている。
English: In the case of general certification, the 'holder' includes staff members, the troupe and club members of the group.
Japanese: 総合認定の場合、「保持者」は、その団体の部員、会員、座員などである。
English: Total number of people (accumulated number of members in the past, including the deceased) in 2000.
Japanese: 人数は延べ人数（過去に会員となった者の総数。故人を含む）で、平成12年度の数。
English: Individuals recognized by their high degree of skill are able to join the above mentioned groups (generally they are chosen or recommended by current members).
Japanese: その中で技量の熟達が認められた者について、上記の各団体への加入が認められる（通常は会員の推挙または互選）。
English: One is certified with being a 'General Holder of Important Intangible Cultural Property' upon officially joining one of these groups.
Japanese: そして、各団体へ正式加入と同時に「重要無形文化財総合保持者」に認定される。
English: Each group has a parent organization that is responsible for the selection of candidates and additional certification occurs once every few years (in essence to increase the number of members).
Japanese: 各団体ごとに選出母体となる団体があり、数年に一回程度追加認定（実質上の人数追加）がある。
English: The following 160 people were authorized by 2008 (including those authorized by September 11, 2008) as a holder of Important Intangible Cultural Property (individual certification) in a technical art field.
Japanese: 2008年までに認定された工芸技術部門の重要無形文化財保持者（各個認定）は以下の160名である（2008年（平成20年）9月11日付け認定分までを含む。）
English: When technical arts are not individualistic within their field, and there are many holders of the art, the following 14 subjects or 14 groups are certified as the groups as key members, meaning they hold the Preservation Group Certification.
Japanese: 工芸技術分野において、工芸技術の性格上個人的特色が薄く、かつ、当該工芸技術を保持する者が多数いる場合において、これらの者が主たる構成員となっている団体としてとして認定されているもの、すなわち、保持団体認定は、以下の14件・14団体である。
English: Jisha-bugyo was one of the shogunate administrators in military government from the Muromachi to Edo eras, and was in charge of temples and shrines.
Japanese: 寺社奉行（じしゃぶぎょう）は、室町時代から江戸時代にかけての武家政権における職制の1つで、宗教行政機関。
English: Other bugyo were set up to negotiate and mediate with certain strong temples and shrines.
Japanese: その他、特定の有力寺社との折衝・取次を担当する奉行が別途設置されていた。
English: According to the Chronicle of Azuma, NAKAHARA no Suetoki was appointed to deal with requests from temples and shrines in May, 1194 (lunar calendar), and is considered to be the origin of Jisha-bugyo.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』によれば、建久5年（1194年）5月(旧暦)に中原季時を「寺社の訴えを執り申す」役目としたのが後の寺社奉行にあたると考えられている。
English: In December, 1194 (lunar calendar), Kageyoshi OBA and others were appointed as bugyo in charge of temples and shrines supported by Kamakura bakufu, such as Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine and Shochoju-in Temple.
Japanese: また、同年12月(旧暦)には大庭景能らを鶴岡八幡宮・勝長寿院以下鎌倉の幕府御願寺の奉行に任じている。
English: Later, while Tokitsura OTA and Sadao NIKAIDO were appointed as Jisha-bugyo, other bugyo were appointed respectively for temples and shrines under the aegis of Kamakura bakufu, such as Suwa-taisha Shrine, Izusan-jinja Shrine, Mishima-taisha Shrine and Atsuta-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 後に太田時連や二階堂貞雄が寺社奉行に任命され、一方諏訪大社や伊豆山神社、三島大社、熱田神宮など鎌倉幕府の庇護下にあった寺社には、当該寺社担当の奉行人を任命している。
English: In the Muromachi bakufu, Jisha-bugyo was subdivided into Temple-bugyo (in charge of Buddhist temples) and Shake-bugyo (in charge of shrines).
Japanese: 室町幕府では仏寺を担当する寺奉行と神社を担当する社家奉行が設置された。
English: Furthermore, additional bugyo, who were in charge of certain religious schools, strong temples and shrines, were appointed as Zenritsugata (commissioners for Zen and Ritsu monasteries), Sanmon bugyo (the Enryaku-ji magistrate) and Nanto bugyo (the magistrate of Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji Temples).
Japanese: 更に禅宗と律宗（時に真言律宗）を管轄する禅律方や延暦寺を担当する山門奉行、東大寺・興福寺を担当する南都奉行など特定の宗派や寺社を担当する奉行人が任命された。
English: After Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, special bugyo were appointed proactively as bugyo in charge of special temples and shrines, by the bugyoshu (group of magistrates).
Japanese: 足利義満以後になると、奉行衆の中から特定寺社を担当する奉行（別奉行）が積極的に配置されるようになった。
English: As the special bugyo were in a position between the special strong temples and shrines and the bakufu, they were often bribed by the temples or on the other hand they extorted the temples and shrines. (example: Confrontation between Enryaku-ji Temple and Tametane INOO who was Sanmon bugyo under Yoshinori ASHIKAGA)
Japanese: これらの別奉行は特定有力寺社と幕府の連絡を把握する立場にあったために、寺社側から多額の金品を送られたり反対に寺社側と奉行の対立が政治問題化する場合もあった（例足利義教の山門奉行飯尾為種と延暦寺の対立）。
English: These special bugyo were at the height of their power in the reign of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, then went into decline along with the fall of the Muromachi bakufu after the Onin war.
Japanese: 足利義政の時代にこうした別奉行の全盛期を迎えるが、応仁の乱以後の幕府機構の衰退とともに没落していく。
English: Jisha-bugyo and special bugyo were set up in the local administrative organs such as Rokuhara Tandai, Oshu Shogunfu and Kamakura Government.
Japanese: なお、六波羅探題や奥州将軍府、鎌倉府などの地方期間にも寺社奉行や個別寺社を扱う別奉行が設置されている。
English: In the Edo bakufu, Suden ISHIN and Katsushige ITAKURA were in charge of the affairs of temples and shrines in 1612, although they had no specific positions. (Suden was a priest and Katsushige returned to secular life)
Japanese: 江戸幕府に置いては、慶長17年（1612年）に以心崇伝・板倉勝重に寺社に関する職務にあたらせたが具体的な役職は設置しなかった（なお、崇伝は僧侶、勝重は還俗者である）。
English: Suden died in 1633, during the reign of Shogun Iemitsu, therefore, subsequently no one was in charge of the affairs of temples and shrines.
Japanese: 将軍家光時代の寛永10年（1633年）、崇伝の死去によって担当者が不在となってしまった。