nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the case of one hand juzu, the number of Oyadama is only 1 and a tube-like bead called 'bosa' (Bodhisattva) is inserted between Oyadama and tassel.
Japanese: 片手数珠の場合は、親玉が一珠のみで、親玉と房の間に「ぼさ（菩薩）」と呼ばれる管状の珠が入る。
English: Monks tend to prefer Mikandama because of ease of handling and fine appearance (though there is a difference depending on sects).
Japanese: 数珠の繰りやすさと美観の利点から、（宗派によって差異があるが）僧侶がみかん玉を好む傾向が多い。
English: Although cloisonne enamel was recommended in old documents, beads made from various materials, such as lime tree, are used today.
Japanese: 古い文献には七宝が良いとされるが、現在では菩提樹など様々な材質の珠が用いられる。
English: As materials for high grade juzu, crystal with gold line (rutile quartz), feicui (Burma feicui), ivory, lapis lazuli and Bo tree, and so on, are used.
Japanese: 高級な数珠用の素材としては、金線入り水晶（ルチルクォーツ）、本翡翠（ビルマ翡翠）、象牙、ラピスラズリ、天竺菩提樹などが用いられる。
English: For cheap juzu, glass beads and/or plastic beads which resemble stone beads or coral beads are used.
Japanese: 安価な数珠用には、石や珊瑚に似せたガラスや樹脂製の珠も用いられている。
English: Attention should be paid to the fact that there could be different rules on materials, color and the shape of tassels depending on doctrines and/or sects.
Japanese: 宗旨･宗派により、材質や色、房の形に決まりがある場合があるので注意が必要である。
English: Jewelry and precious stones - crystal and the like (crystal, amethyst, smoky quartz, and so on), agate (onyx), feicui (Burma feicui), green aventurine, coral and the like and tourmaline, and so on.
Japanese: 宝石･貴石　水晶類（本水晶･紫水晶･茶水晶など）、メノウ（オニキス）、本ヒスイ（ビルマ翡翠）、インドヒスイ、珊瑚類、トルマリンなど
English: Wood - ebony, rosewood, Bombay black wood, Japanese box tree, White cedar and amber, and so on.
Japanese: 木　黒檀、紫檀、タガヤサン（鉄刀木）、ツゲ（柘植）、センダン（栴檀）、琥珀など
English: Nuts of trees - Bo tree, Rudraksha, hogan linden, ryugan linden and kogan linden, and so on.
Japanese: 木の実　天竺菩提樹、金剛菩提樹、鳳眼菩提樹、龍眼菩提樹、虎眼菩提樹など
English: As for the shape of tassel, there are several basic patterns such as kashiratsuki tassel (literally, tassel with a head), kiri tassel (cutting tassel), yori tassel (getting together tassel), yotsumehimo tassel (four-eyed string tassel), kiku tassel (or Brahma tassel, chrysanthemum tassel) and Rikyu tassel (or temari ball tassel) but depending on craftsmen, these could be further broken down.
Japanese: 房の形は頭付房、切房、撚房、四ツ目紐房、菊房（梵天房）、利休房（手毬房）などがあり、職人によって更に細かい種類がある。
English: Beads which are vulnerable to harmful insects, such as those made from Bo tree, must be kept in a paulownia box or treated with insecticide.
Japanese: 天竺菩提樹など、虫害に弱い珠は桐箱に入れて保管するか、防虫剤を使用する。
English: Particular caution is required in handling fragile and/or soft beads such as those made from coral or pearl.
Japanese: 珊瑚･真珠など傷つきやすい柔らかい素材の珠は、特に扱いを気をつける。
English: As the beads made from lapis lazuli, red coral, pearl or malachite are vulnerable to sweat, these must be kept in a paulownia box after wiping off sweat.
Japanese: ラピスラズリ･赤珊瑚･真珠･孔雀石などの珠は、汗に弱いので保管するときは拭取ってから桐箱などに入れる。
English: Juzu for the Tendai sect uses 108 beads of Omodama, a bead of Oyadama and 4 beads of Shitendama to compose a ring.
Japanese: 天台宗用の数珠は、輪の部分に主珠を108珠・親珠を1珠・四天珠を4珠を用いる。
English: These beads are arranged in the following order; 1 bead of Oyadama=>7 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>14 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>66 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>14 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>7 beads of Omodama, and finally they are shaped as a ring.
Japanese: 珠の配置は、親珠1珠→主珠7珠→四天珠1珠→主珠14珠→四天珠1珠→主珠66珠→四天珠1珠→主珠14珠→四天珠1珠→主珠7珠で一周して輪になる。
English: Various shapes are used for tassels (kiku tassel and Rikyu tassel (kemari tassel) are often used).
Japanese: 房の形は、いろいろな形が用いられる。（菊房や利休房（蹴鞠房）を用いる事が多い。）
English: Each Deshidama has its characteristics since Deshidama attached to one tassel is composed of 10 beads of Marudama and Deshidama attached to the other tassel is composed of 20 beads of Hiradama.
Japanese: 弟子珠の形は、片方の房は丸珠が10珠,もう片方には、平珠が20珠と特徴がある。
English: The characteristics of the Tendai sect juzu is that flat beads called Hiradama (Sorobandama) are used for Omodama.
Japanese: 天台宗の数珠の特徴は、主珠に平珠（そろばん珠）と呼ばれる扁平の珠が用いられる事である。
English: The way of holding (in case of Chuin school) - A prayer should hang Moshu on the middle finger of the right hand and hang odome (literally, lacing up the thong) on the forefinger of the left hand.
Japanese: 持ち方（中院流の場合）右手の中指に母珠を掛け、左手の人指し指に緒留を掛ける。
English: At that time, a prayer should twist nenju once so that its shape becomes the shape of an X.
Japanese: そのときに、念珠の輪の形がＸ（エックス）の形になるように1回だけねじる。
English: Then, a prayer should rub them 2 to 3 times slightly with the left hand up and the palm downward, while the right hand is down and its palm upward and should then stop rubbing by pulling the right hand towards himself/herself.
Japanese: そして、左手を上にしてふせて、右手を下にして、仰げて軽く２～３度すり合わせ、右手を手前にして引いて止める。
English: When holding juzu in Isso (a ring), it should be hung on the left wrist and in this case, it should be hung in a manner where Moshu is placed on the wrist of the left hand.
Japanese: 数珠を一双(いっそう)（一つの輪）にして持つときは、左手首へ掛けるが、その時には、母珠が左手首の上になるように掛ける。
English: If and when a prayer holds juzu in Isso, he/she can make a sutra recitation while holding a sutra text in the right hand since the right hand is free.
Japanese: 数珠を一双に持つと、右手が使えるので経本を右手に持って読経をすることが出来る。
English: As for juzu for the Shingon sect, the number of Omodama and Shitendama used for a ring is the same as with juzu for the Tendai sect but the number of Oyadama is 2 beads.
Japanese: 真言宗用の数珠は、輪の部分に用いられる主珠・四天珠の数は天台宗用と同じだが、親珠は2珠となる。
English: These beads are arranged in the following order; 1 bead of Oyadama=>7 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>14 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>33 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Oyadama=>33 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>14 beads of Omodama=>1 bead of Shitendama=>7 beads of Omodama, and they finally form the shape of a ring.
Japanese: 珠の配置は、親珠1珠→主珠7珠→四天珠1珠→主珠14珠→四天珠1珠→主珠33珠→親珠1珠→主珠33珠→四天珠1珠→主珠14珠→四天珠1珠→主珠7珠で一周して輪になる。
English: Various shapes are used for tassels (kiku tassel and Rikyu tassel (kemari tassel) are often used).
Japanese: 房の形は、いろいろな形が用いられる（菊房や利休房〈蹴鞠房〉を用いる場合が多い)。
English: 5 beads of Deshidama and 1 bead of 'Tsuyu' are attached to each tassel (Deshidama: 20 beads in total, Tsuyu: 4 beads in total).
Japanese: 各房に弟子珠が5珠と「つゆ」が1珠付く（弟子珠・計20珠、つゆ・計4珠。
English: Formal juzu of the Shingon sect for females, for which the length is approximately 24 cm, are called juzu for Hasshu sect (eight sects) and are on sale as one which is usable irrespective of sect.
Japanese: 女性用の八寸の真言宗用の本連は、八宗用と呼ばれて販売されていて、宗派を問わず用いる事ができるとされている。
English: An example in the design of juzu used by monks of the Shingon sect is the one which is composed of 108 beads, red kansen (string to connect beads) and white tassels.
Japanese: 真言宗の僧侶が用いる数珠の仕様の一例を挙げれば、108珠・貫線を赤色・房を白色にする。
English: One thesis asserts that kansen represents a blood vessel and/or blood since a life (a soul) dwells in juzu.
Japanese: 数珠には命（魂）が宿っているものと見なし、貫線を血管、血液に見立てている説などがある。
English: There is no problem for lay believers (Buddhist supporters) to use juzu for monks (108 beads, red kansen, white tassels).
Japanese: 僧侶用の数珠（108珠で貫線が赤色・房を白色）を在家（壇信徒）が使っても特に差し支えはない。
English: Godairiki nenju - This is nenju which Nyojitsu HOTTORI, the president of the Daigosan Denpo Gakuin (Denpo (the teachings of Buddhism) Academy on Mt. Daigo), ordered to be produced when his hope was achieved through devotion to Buddhism.
Japanese: 五大力念珠（ごだいりきねんじゅ）醍醐山伝法学院長・服部如実が感得して作らせた念珠。
English: Although it is nenju of the Shingon sect, which is composed of 108 beads, its characteristics are the use of beads made from two kinds of materials, as well as tassels composed of strings of five different colors.
Japanese: 真言宗108珠の念珠であるが、2種類の材質の珠を用い、房を5色の紐（ひも）にしているが特徴。
English: A small bead called 'Fukudama' is attached to one of two rings alternately with Omodama.
Japanese: 二つの輪のうち、片方にのみ「副珠」と呼ばれる小粒の珠が、主珠と交互に入る。
English: A metal double-ring is attached to the ring to which Fukudama is attached and 2 tassels are attached to the ring.
Japanese: 房は、副珠がある方の輪に金属製の二連の丸環を付け、その環に2房付けられる。
English: Other than the above, a portable juzu that is composed of 36 beads or dai (big)-nenju called Hyakumanben-nenju are also used.
Japanese: この他にも、携帯用の36珠の物や百万遍念珠と呼ばれる大念珠も用いられる。
English: Juzu for males is called Sanman jodo (literally, thirty thousands of pure land, or Sanman-guri (thirty thousands of telling)) of which one ring is composed of 27 beads of Omodama and the other is composed of 20 beads of Omodama and 21 beads of Fukudama which are allocated alternately.
Japanese: 男性用は、三万浄土（三万繰）と呼ばれ、片方の輪の主珠が27珠、もう片方は、主珠20珠に副珠21珠が交互に入る。
English: It is used for telling the juzu while reciting Buddhist invocation, and it is possible to recite 32,400 times (27 times 20 times 6 times10 makes 32,400) by telling the juzu with all beads other than Fukudama.
Japanese: 念仏を唱える時繰り、副珠以外のすべての珠を使って繰ると27×20×6×10＝32,400遍唱えられる。
English: Juzu for females is called Hassun jodo (literally, 24 cm of pure land, or Rokuman-guri (sixty thousands of telling)) of which one ring is composed of 40 beads of Omodama and the other is composed of 27 beads of Omodama and 28 beads of Fukudama.
Japanese: 女性用は八寸浄土（六万繰）と呼ばれ、片方の輪が主珠40珠、もう片方は、主珠27珠･副珠28珠からできている。
English: Therefore, it is possible to recite 64,800 times (40 times 27 times 6 times 10 makes 64,800), twice the number for males, by telling the juzu with all beads other than Fukudama.
Japanese: つまり副珠以外のすべての珠を使って繰ると、男性用の倍40×27×6×10＝64,800遍唱えられる。
English: In Jodo Shinshu Sect, there is no practice to telling the nenju while reciting Buddhist invocation and therefore, no rule exists concerning the number of beads.
Japanese: 浄土真宗では、念珠を繰りながら念仏を唱える事が無い為、珠の数は関係無い。
English: As there is no rule on the number of Omodama, the number is decided depending on the size of beads, and the nenju that is composed of 18 to 27 beads are generally used.
Japanese: 主珠の数に決まりは無く、大きさで決められ18～27珠の念珠が用いられる。
English: Female believers of the Hongan-ji School of the Jodo Shinshu Sect (O-nishi (Nishi Hongan-ji Temple)): Female believers are often recommended not to use Honren Nenju.
Japanese: 浄土真宗本願寺派（お西）の女性門徒：女性も、本連の念珠を用いない事を勧められる場合が多い。
English: Although a one-handed nenju for females is usually composed of 36 beads, there is no particular rule on the number of beads.
Japanese: なお玉の数は、女性用片手念珠の場合36珠などだが、やはり数に決まりは無い。
English: For one-hand nenju for females, kiri tassel, kashiranashi yori tassel (twisted tassel, or shinmatsu tassel (new pine tassel) and kashiratsuki yori tassel (twisted tassels with head) are mainly used.
Japanese: 女性用片手念珠は、切房・頭無しの撚房（新松房）・頭付撚房が主に用いられる。
English: Notwithstanding the above, there is no problem for females to use Honren nenju which is generally called hassun monto (literally, 24 cm for followers).
Japanese: しかし女性が、一般に八寸門徒と呼ばれる本連念珠を用いても問題は無い。
English: Tassels have a distinctive feature because they are knotted in a unique manner, called 'rennyo-musubi' devised by Rennyo Shonin, so that they cannot be used for counting.
Japanese: 房に特徴があり、数取りが出来ない様に蓮如上人が考案した「蓮如結び」と呼ばれる独特な結び方がしてある。
English: One bead of Jomyo is attached to the tassel attached to Oyadama of the Shitendama side and 5 beads of Deshidama are attached to the tip of each tassel knotted at the position of the 5th bead from Oyadama.
Japanese: 四天珠がある側の親珠に付く房は、浄名が一つ、弟子珠は親珠から5珠目ずつの所で結ばれその先に5珠ずつ付く。
English: In the case of the Otani School, it should be used in the form of a double ring with 2 beads of Oyadama fixed at a thumb and 4 tassels hung down on the left side.
Japanese: 大谷派の場合は、二重にして2つの親珠を親指の所で挟み、4つの房を左側に垂らす。
English: It should be hung on a hand with Oyadama of the Deshidama side situated at the fingertip side and Oyadama of the rennyo-musubi side situated at the body side.
Japanese: その時、弟子珠がある方の親珠を指先側に、蓮如結びがある方の親玉を手前側にして手に掛ける。
English: Although large-sized Honren nenju for males, with a length of over 38 cm and which have a nagafusa (long tassel), are seen, it is basically shozoku nenju (nenju for costume) for monks.
Japanese: なお男性用サイズの尺二寸以上の大型で、長房の本連念珠も見かけるが、本来は僧侶用の装束念珠である。
English: As for juzu of the Rinzai Sect, the number and allocation of Omodama, Oyadama and Shitendama are the same as those of the Tendai Sect.
Japanese: 臨済宗用の数珠は、主珠・親珠・四天珠の個数と配置は、天台宗用の数珠と同じ。
English: As for juzu of the Soto Sect, the number and allocation of Omodama, Oyadama and Shitendama are the same as those of the Shingon Sect.
Japanese: 曹洞宗用の数珠は、主珠・親珠・四天珠の個数と配置は、真言宗の数珠と同じ。
English: Although it looks like juzu for Rinzai Sect, juzu for Soto Sect have a distinctive feature of using a metal ring called hyakuhachi-kankin (literally, one hundred and eight golden ring).
Japanese: 臨済宗の数珠に似ているが、曹洞宗の数珠は百八環金と呼ばれる金属製の環が通してある事が特徴。
English: As for juzu for the Nichiren Sect, the number and allocation of Omodama, Oyadama and Shitendama are the same as those of the Shingon Sect.
Japanese: 日蓮宗用の数珠は、主珠・親珠・四天珠の個数と配置は、真言宗の数珠と同じ。
English: 2 tassels with a bead of Jomyo are attached to Oyadama (also called Jomyodama) situated on the Shitendama side (the side to be hung on the middle finger of the right hand) and knots are made on each tassel at the position of the 5th beads from Oyadama and 5 beads of Deshidama are attached on their tips.
Japanese: 四天珠がある側（右手の中指に掛ける側）の親珠〔浄名珠とも〕に付く房は2本で、浄名が一つ、弟子珠は親珠から5珠目ずつの所で結ばれその先に5珠ずつ付く。
English: 3 tassels are attached to Oyadama (also called odome) situated on the side where Shitendama doesn't exist (the side to be hung on the middle finger of the left hand) and a knot is situated under Oyadama.
Japanese: 四天珠が無い側（左手の中指に掛ける側）の親珠〔緒留とも〕に付く房は3本で、親珠の下に結び目がある。
English: Out of 3 tassels, 5 beads of Deshidama as well as 'Tsuyu' are attached to 2 tassels for each.
Japanese: 3本の内の2本は、弟子珠がそれぞれ5珠ずつ付き、「つゆ」もそれぞれに付く。
English: The remaining 1 tassel called "kazutori" (counting) is shorter than the other 2 tassels and 10 beads of Deshidama are attached to it.
Japanese: 残りの一本は、『数取』と呼ばれ他の2本より長さが短く、弟子珠が10珠付く。
English: In the Nichiren Sect, even lay believers must use formal nenju (informal nenju is not be used).
Japanese: 日蓮宗の場合、在家信者も必ず本式念珠を用いる事になっている（略式念珠を用いない)。
English: (For funeral, Omodama (white or transparent), tassels (white); for Buddhist memorial service, Omodama (colored ones), tassels (colored tassels), and so on.)
Japanese: （葬儀には、主珠（白又は透明）･房（白色）、法要には、主珠（色のある物）･房（色房）など）
English: Juzu of gradation, such as the ones made from crystal or amethyst, which is not available on the market, are also available.
Japanese: 本水晶と紫水晶を用いてのグラデーションの数珠を作るなど、市販品にはない凝った物も入手できる。
English: By replacing the inner string, juzu, especially the expensive one or the one of a keepsake, can be used for a long time.
Japanese: 高価な数珠はもちろんの事、形見の数珠などは中糸を交換する事により永く使用することができる。
English: It is said that the color of juzu made from Bo tree or seigetsu linden (unbleached) will gradually change the color in amber over time and have depth to its color.
Japanese: 天竺菩提樹や星月菩提樹（無漂白な物）などは、時間とともに飴色に変わっていき味わいが増すとされる。
English: Repairs are undertaken by shops specializing in nenju or Buddhist altar stores which deal with the repair of juzu.
Japanese: 修理は、念珠専門店、数珠修理に対応している仏壇店などで引受けてもらえる。
English: For the same reason, it is believed that the natural cutting of string doesn't necessarily mean bad luck.
Japanese: また、自然に切れた場合も、前記の理由により縁起が悪い訳では無いとされる。
English: 8 reidama (spirit beads) which appear in "Nanso Satomi hakken den" (The story of eight dog samurai and a princess of Satomi family in Nanso region) are 8 big beads that flown from crystal-made juzu that was possessed by Princess Fusehime and the remaining 100 small beads are connected and becomes juzu that Chudai hoshi possesses.
Japanese: 『南総里見八犬伝』に登場する8つの霊玉は、伏姫の持っていた水晶の数珠のうち8つの大玉が飛び散った物で、残りの100個の小玉は連ねられ、ゝ大法師が所持する数珠となっている。
English: Similar things are used in other religions, such as Rosario in Christianity.
Japanese: 他宗教でも、例えばキリスト教ではロザリオのように、同様の物が使用されることがある。
English: According to the grammar of the Chinese language, which is the origin of a pair of these Chinese characters, a verb should be placed before a noun and this is the reason why 'juzu' is written as '数珠.'
Japanese: 「じゅず」という読みを「数珠」と書くのは、この熟語を作った中国の文法では動詞を先にする事になっているからである。
English: Inso is a Buddhist and Hinduism term which refers to the gesture of the hands having a certain symbolic meaning.
Japanese: 印相（いんそう、いんぞう）は、ヒンドゥー教および仏教の用語で、両手で示すジェスチャーによって、ある意味を象徴的に表現するものである。
English: It is a translation of a Sanskrit term mudraa, which originally means 'seal,' 'stamp,' and so forth.
Japanese: サンスクリット語ムドラー(mudraa)の漢訳であり、本来は「封印」「印章」などを意味する。
English: In Japanese terms, it has the same meaning as the term ingei (印契) or its simplified form in (印), referring mainly to the symbolic gesture of a Buddhist statue.
Japanese: 日本語では印契(いんげい)、あるいは単に印(いん)とも言い、おもに仏像が両手で示す象徴的なジェスチャーのことを指す。
English: There are several fixed patterns of inso in a Buddhist statue existing in a Buddhist temple or the like, which include the followings: one formed by hands clasped in the lap, like that of Kamakura Daibutsu (the Great Buddha of Kamakura); one formed by the right hand being raised and the left hand resting on the lap, like that of the huge image of Rushana Buddha of Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 寺院その他で見かける仏像には、鎌倉大仏のように両手を膝の上で組み合わせるもの、東大寺盧舎那仏像のように右手を挙げ、左手を下げるものなど、両手の示すポーズ、すなわち印相には決まったパターンがある。
English: Each form of inso has a doctrinal meaning that represents the details, nature and function of the spiritual awakening experienced by a Buddha; accordingly, ascertaining what form of inso is assumed by a Buddhist image allows, to some extent, the guessing of what Buddha is represented by the image.
Japanese: それぞれの印相には諸仏の悟りの内容、性格、働きなどを表わす教義的な意味があり、仏像がどの印相を結んでいるかによって、その仏像が何であるか、ある程度推測がつく。
English: Buddhas and Bosatsu (Bodhisattva) assuming various forms of inso are depicted in mandala (place of practicing Buddhism to attain spiritual enlightenment) of Esoteric Buddhism; however, this column briefly explains about several typical types of inso that are seen in Buddhist temples, and so on.
Japanese: 密教の曼荼羅などには、さまざまな印相を結ぶ仏、菩薩像が表現されているが、ここでは日本の寺院などで見かける代表的なもの数種類について略説する。
English: In the case of a seated statue, the palm may face upward; in this case, however, the finger side of the palm is tilted downward so that a viewer can see the palm.
Japanese: 座像の場合などでは手のひらを上に向ける場合もあるが、その場合も指先側を下げるように傾けて相手に手のひらが見えるようにする。
English: Semui-Yogan-in is one of the typical forms of inso shown by an statue of nyorai (Tathagata), and many statues of Shakyamuni Nyorai show inso of this form.
Japanese: 施無畏与願印は、如来像の示す印相として一般的なものの1つで、釈迦如来にこの印相を示すものが多い。
English: However, some of the statues of Yakushi Nyorai lack a medicine pot because of loss or originally there was no medicine pot.
Japanese: ただし、薬師如来像には、本来あった薬壷の失われたものや、もともと薬壷を持たない像もある。
English: In addition, some of the statues of Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) represent Semui-Yogan-in; therefore, it is impossible in many cases to identify what Buddha is represented by this inso only.
Japanese: また、阿弥陀如来像のなかにも施無畏与願印を表わすものがあり、この印相のみで何仏かを判別することは不可能な場合が多い。
English: It is one of the forms of inso that may be assumed by Shakyamuni Nyorai, which is formed by both hands turned upward in front of the chest with the tips of the thumbs of both hands put together and the tips of the same fingers of both hands put together to form a circle.
Japanese: 釈迦如来の印相の1つで、両手を胸の高さまで上げ、親指と他の指の先を合わせて輪を作る。
English: This imitates a gesture made when a person explains something to another, and therefore is called Seppo-in (the term "seppo" means preaching).
Japanese: 手振りで相手に何かを説明しているしぐさを模したもので「説法印」とも言う。
English: Because of the existence of many patterns for which fingers and a thumb are put together, in what direction a palm is oriented (outward, inward, upward or otherwise), and so forth, there are many variations of this inso.
Japanese: 親指とどの指を合わせるか、手のひらを前に向けるか自分に向けるか上に向けるかなどによって様々なバリエーションがある。
English: In the case of Shakyamuni Nyorai depicted in Shakyamuni-in (one of the 12 sections ("in" in Japanese) constituting Taizokai mandala) in Taizokai ((Womb Realm) mandala, for example, the right and left hands face outward and inward, respectively, with the finger tips of both hands pointing upward.
Japanese: 例えば胎蔵界曼荼羅釈迦院の釈迦如来の場合、両手の指先を上に向け、右手は前に、左手は自分側に向ける。
English: It is used with a seated statue formed by the palms of both hands facing upward and put on top of one another in front of the abdomen (in the lap).
Japanese: 坐像で、両手の手のひらを上にして腹前（膝上）で上下に重ね合わせた形である。
English: It is assumed by Shakyamuni Nyorai or Dainichi Nyorai (the Great Sun Buddha) (in Taizokai) formed by the right hand put on top of the left hand with the tips of both thumbs put together and other fingers stretched.
Japanese: 釈迦如来、大日如来（胎蔵界）の定印は左手の上に右手を重ね、両手の親指の先を合わせて他の指は伸ばす。
English: This gesture is specifically called Hokkaijo-in, which is famous for being taken on the occasion of Zen meditation.
Japanese: これを法界定印(ほっかいじょういん)といい、座禅の時結ぶ事でなじみ深い印相である。
English: According to Esoteric Buddhism, Jo-in assumed by Amida Nyorai is supposed to be Hokkaijo-in; however, a variation formed by both hands placed together in the same manner and the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the middle or annular fingers) forming a circle may be assumed by Amida Nyorai of the Jodo Sect, and so on.
Japanese: 阿弥陀如来の定印は密教では法界定印とされるが、浄土教などでの場合は同じように両手を重ねて親指と人差し指（または中指、薬指）で輪をつくるものもある。
English: It is said that Shakyamuni touched the earth with finger tips at that time to cause a god of the earth to appear, thereby defeating the devil.
Japanese: その時釈迦は指先で地面に触れて大地の神を出現させ、それによって悪魔を退けたという。
English: Therefore, Sokuchi-in symbolizes a strong mind pursuing the truth without being overcome by temptations or obstacles.
Japanese: このため触地印は、誘惑や障害に負けずに真理を求める強い心を象徴する。
English: There are several types of inso assumed by Amida Nyorai, any of which is formed in principle by the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the middle or annular fingers) forming a circle.
Japanese: 阿弥陀如来の印相には数種類あるが、いずれの場合も親指と人差し指（または中指、薬指）で輪をつくるのが原則である。
English: In the case of Amida Nyorai, there may be a statue assuming inso formed by both hands pointing upward in front of the chest with the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the second or third fingers) forming a circle.
Japanese: 阿弥陀如来の場合は、両手を胸の高さまで上げ親指と人差し指（または中指、薬指）で輪をつくるものもある。
English: Examples of statues assuming Jo-in existing in Japan include the principal statue in Hoo-do Hall (the Phoenix Pavilion) of Byodoin Temple in Uji City and the principal statue in Kotokuin Temple in Kamakura City (Kamakura Great Buddha) shown in Figure 2.
Japanese: 日本での作例としては、宇治市の平等院鳳凰堂本尊像、図2の鎌倉市・高徳院本尊像（鎌倉大仏）などがある。
English: It is formed by both hands pointing upward in front of the chest with the thumbs and the forefingers (or otherwise, the middle or annular fingers) forming a circle.
Japanese: 両手を胸の高さまで上げ、親指と人差し指（または中指、薬指）で輪をつくる。
English: Examples of statues assuming Tenborin-in existing in Japan include the principal statue enshrined in the hall of Koryu-ji Temple in Kyoto; however, this inso is relatively rare.
Japanese: 日本での作例としては、京都・広隆寺講堂本尊像などがあるが、比較的珍しい印相である。
English: Similar to Semui-Yogan-in, it is formed by the right hand turned upward and the left hand turned downward with both palms facing outward and the thumb and forefinger (or otherwise, the middle or annular finger) of each hand forming a circle.
Japanese: 施無畏与願印に似て、右手を上げて左手を下げて共に手のひらを前に向け、それぞれの手の親指と人差し指（または中指、薬指）で輪をつくる。
English: This inso is assumed by Amida Nyorai coming to fetch a believer on his or her deathbed.
Japanese: 信者の臨終に際して、阿弥陀如来が西方極楽浄土から迎えに来る時の印相である。
English: In Joshin-ji Temple (commonly known as Kuhonbutsu) in Setagaya-ku Ward, Tokyo, nine statues of Amida Nyorai, which assume nine different types of inso respectively, are enshrined.
Japanese: 東京都世田谷区の浄真寺（通称九品仏）には9体の阿弥陀如来像が安置され、それぞれが異なった9通りの印相を示している。
English: This is based on the idea of kubon-ojo (the nine classes of people reborn in the Land of Happiness according to the nine levels of religiousness), as preached in 'Kanmuryoju-kyo sutra' (The Sutra of Visualization of the Buddha of Measureless Life, meaning Amida).
Japanese: これは「観無量寿経」に説く九品（くぼんおうじょう）の思想に基づくものである。
English: It is assumed that there are nine grades of gokuraku ojo (dying peacefully to be born in the Pure Land) from very religious people to accomplished villains as listed below: starting with 'jobon josho' (Upper grade: upper birth), 'jobon chusho' (Upper grade: middle birth), 'jobon gesho' (Upper grade: lower birth), 'chubon josho' (Middle grade: upper birth), 'chubon chusho' (Middle grade: middle birth), 'chubon gesho' (Middle grade: lower birth), 'gebon josho' (Lower grade: upper birth), 'gebon chusho' (Lower grade: middle birth) and 'gebon gesho' (Lower grade: lower birth).
Japanese: 極楽往生のしかたには、信仰の篤い者から極悪人まで9通りの段階があるとされ、「上品上生」（じょうぼんじょうしょう）から始まって「上品中生」「上品下生」「中品上生」「中品中生」「中品下生」「下品上生」「下品中生」「下品下生」に至る。