nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Freedom of speech, assembly and association was strictly limited except a part of Christians (for consideration of international opinions), and all the Korean police administration was delegated to the Japanese army, of which kenpei (military police) doubled as general policemen instead of the regular police.
Japanese: 言論、集会、結社の自由も、（国際世論への配慮のため）一部のキリスト教徒を除き大きく制限され、朝鮮警察事務をすべて日本軍に委任し、通常の警察でなく軍の憲兵（軍事警察）が一般警察官を兼ねるとした。
English: In particular, they could arrest and punish the Koreans without any legal procedures under the pretext of suppressing spies or rebels, and they got involved in the daily life of the Koreans.
Japanese: 具体的にはスパイや義兵鎮圧の名目で、法的手続なしに朝鮮人を逮捕し処罰出来るものであり、朝鮮人の日常生活に関与した。
English: The military police conducted 'Japanese language education' and tax collection as their general administrative works, and requisitioned 'ownerless' agricultural lands for agricultural improvement.
Japanese: 憲兵は一般行政事務として「日本語普及」や徴税も行い、農事改良をし、「所有者のいない」農地を接収した。
English: The Sotoku-fu conducted investigation on land owners, and ownerless lands were requisitioned and bought by Toyo Takushoku Co., and distributed to the Japanese having moved there and the local powerful people.
Japanese: 総督府は土地所有者の調査を進め、所有者のいない土地は接収し、東洋拓殖に買い取られ、進出した日本人や現地有力者に分配された。
English: In Korea in the period of Joseon Dynasty, the agricultural lands were devastated, and the people were hounded and deprived by government officials, yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) and loan sharks.
Japanese: 李王朝時代の朝鮮は、農地が荒廃しており、民衆は官吏や両班、高利貸によって責めたてられて収奪されていた。
English: Some researchers say that Japan worked on flood prevention and water supply, and established financial association and water supply association in Korean agricultural land, which allowed Korean peasants to get a loan with low interest rate, and to make a big profit.
Japanese: 日本は朝鮮の農地にて、水防工事や水利工事をし、金融組合や水利組合もつくったことで、朝鮮農民は安い金利で融資を受けることができるようになり、多大な利益をもたらすようになったとする研究者もいる。
English: Korean large landowners gained a large amount of profit due to the improved productivity, which allowed them to export rice to Japan.
Japanese: 大地主である朝鮮人は、生産性が上がり日本へ米を輸出できるようになったことで多額の儲けを得ていた。
English: He was born as the second son of a large landowner in Gyeongnam Prefecture, and with the large amount of money he had gained from export of rice, he established Samsung Trading Company in Daegu Metropolitan City in 1938, which developed later the Samsung Group.
Japanese: 彼は慶尚南道の大地主の次男として生まれ、米の輸出で得た多額の資金を元手に1938年に大邱広域市にて三星商会を設立し、これがのちのサムスングループに発展していった。
English: Some argued that, on the other hand, peasants were deprived of their land, and impoverished people ended up moving to Manchuria, the mainland in Japan and Russian Maritime Province.
Japanese: その反面、農家が土地を収奪され、困窮した人々が満州や日本国内、沿海州などへ移住する結果となってしまったとする論もある。
English: Though the land research project aimed at establishing ownership by declaration, there were a large number of lands undeclared due to insufficient announcement and fear of taxation.
Japanese: また土地調査事業は、申告主義による所有権確立が目的だったが、周知の不徹底や課税を恐れ不申告の土地が多数有った。
English: As a result, many lands were incorporated into the public land, and many Korean peasants lost their ownership of their land, some researchers say.
Japanese: 結果的に多くの土地が国有地に編入され、朝鮮の農民の多くが土地の所有権を喪失したとする研究者もいる。
English: On the other hand, researchers such as Lee Yong-hoon of the Seoul National University say that the 'land requisition by Empire of Japan' taught in South Korea is a myth, and the Korean land incorporated by Japan was only 10% from the viewpoint of objective figure.
Japanese: 逆にソウル大学校教授李栄薫は、韓国で教えられている「日帝による土地収奪論」は神話であり、客観的数値で見ても日本が編入した朝鮮の土地は10%に過ぎないとする研究者もいる。
English: There also exists a view that the Korean's average height increased from 1910 to the mid 1920s, which 'clearly shows that the Korean living standard steadily improved.'
Japanese: また1910年から1920年代中頃までは朝鮮人の平均身長も伸びており「朝鮮人の生活水準が着実に向上していたのは明らか」とする見解も存在している
English: Joseon Dynasty had no institution of education for common people, and about 70% Koreans were illiterate.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮では庶民に対する教育をする機関がほぼなく、7割程度の朝鮮人が読み書きができなかった。
English: And in Korea, kanji (Chinese characters) was valued mainly among yahgban, and Hangeul (Korean letters) was unvalued.
Japanese: また朝鮮では両班を中心に漢字が重視されており、ハングル（朝鮮語）は軽視されていた。
English: There exists an opinion that Japan promoted education of Korean language, and the prevalence of Hangeul among Korean people was a result of the Japanese policy.
Japanese: そうした中、日本は朝鮮語教育に力を入れ、朝鮮民衆にハングルが広まったのは、日本の政策の結果であったとする意見も存在している。
English: The Sotoku-fu created the Regular school Hangeul spelling method as the orthography of the Korean language made first time in modern times in 1912, and created the Hangeul spelling method as the new orthography for improving learning efficiency of children, and organizing and integrating spelling methods of the Korean language in 1930.
Japanese: 総督府は1912年、近代において初めて作成された朝鮮語の正書法である普通学校用諺文綴字法を作成し、1930年には児童の学習能率の向上、朝鮮語の綴字法の整理・統一のための新正書法である諺文綴字法を作成した。
English: On the other hand, however, the use of the Korean language was controlled and oppressed, and the integration policy including Japanese education was also promoted.
Japanese: しかしその一方、朝鮮語の使用を管理・弾圧もしており、日本語教育など同化政策も進められていた。
English: Though neither the constitution or the election law was applied in Korea, the Koreans were given Japanese nationality and it was possible for them to join the Lower House election in the mainland.
Japanese: 朝鮮には憲法も選挙法も適用されていなかったが、朝鮮人も日本国籍を付与されていたため、内地における衆議院選挙に参加することは可能であった。
English: Further, some were elected local assembly members, some worked for the central government or local government.
Japanese: そのほか地方議会の議員に選出される者、中央官庁や地方公共団体に勤務する者もいた。
English: County magistrates and village mayors in Korea (equivalent of Guncho and Soncho in the mainland) were the Koreans in principle.
Japanese: また朝鮮の郡守、面長（内地の郡長、村長に相当）は原則として朝鮮人であった。
English: Though remains such as Seokguram, and Gyeongbokgung Palace, where the building of Sotoku-fu was, destroyed or damaged by Japan, and palaces such as Gyeonghuigung Palace was completely destroyed, some buildings including Gwanghwamun Gate, the main gate of Gyeongbok Palace, and Sungnyemun Gate were preserved by preservation movement.
Japanese: 石窟庵等の遺跡、総督府庁舎の置かれた景福宮等が日本による破却や損傷を受けており、慶熙宮のように完全に破却された宮殿もあったが、景福宮正門であった光化門や崇礼門など、保存運動などによって保存された建造物もあった。
English: Cultural properties in many places such as the Pukkwan Victory Monument were moved out of the Korean Peninsula by Japan.
Japanese: また、北関大捷碑など各地にあった文化財も日本により朝鮮半島外へ持ち出されることがあった。
English: After the March First Movement in 1919, owing to the Taisho Democracy in the mainland, 'Budan seiji' was shifted to conciliatory 'Bunka seiji (cultural government)' (See Bunka seiji in Chosen Sotoku-fu).
Japanese: 1919年の三・一独立運動後、内地における大正デモクラシーの影響もあって「武断政治」は融和的な「文化政治」（朝鮮総督府文化政治参照）に転換する。
English: But in 1937, when the Sino-Japanese War occurred, Japanization was promoted under the wartime regime in Korea, and all sorts of human resources were mobilized and various resources and food were transported in large numbers through business practices to Japan until Japan was defeated.
Japanese: が、1937年に日中戦争が勃発すると朝鮮でも戦時体制下で皇民化教育が推進され、日本が敗戦を迎えるまで各種の人的資源の動員や、商行為を通して様々な資源、食品の日本への大量移送なども行われた。
English: Among the Koreans, some joined the World War II as military men or army civilian employees (including Korean soldiers of Japan), and some Korean women worked as Ianfu (comfort women).
Japanese: 朝鮮人の中には軍人・軍属として第二次世界大戦に参加した者（朝鮮人日本兵含む）や、慰安婦として働いた朝鮮人女性も存在した。
English: Masatake TERAUCHI, the Tokan (inspector general) of Korea of the day, integrated the military police with the regular police by having Motojiro AKASHI, the commander of the military police forces, double as the chief of the police administration in July, 1910, right before the annexation.
Japanese: 当時韓国統監であった寺内正毅は併合直前の1910年7月に明石元二郎憲兵隊司令官に警務総長を兼務させることによって憲兵と普通警察を一体化した。
English: There were 7712 officers (the Koreans were 4440) with the 'Kenpei police' and 'general police' together in the year of annexation of Korea.
Japanese: 韓国併合年で「憲兵警察」と「一般警察」を合わせて、7712名（その内、朝鮮人は4440名）。
English: The Japanese army and the police were deployed all over Korea, and military men other than military policemen also took charge of governance and police activities.
Japanese: 朝鮮全土に日本軍や警察が配置され、憲兵以外の軍人も統治や警察活動を行った。
English: The Seodaemun Prison, which was established around that time, was known for housing and executing numbers of independent activists.
Japanese: 丁度その頃に開設された西大門刑務所は、独立運動家を多く収容し、処刑したことで知られている。
English: Movement for Korea's independence and resistance movement against Japan's rule were strictly cracked down.
Japanese: 朝鮮独立を求める運動や日本支配への抵抗運動は厳しく取締りが行われた。
English: The Chosen Sotoku-fu Police possessed heavy arms including machine guns and field guns, which the police in the mainland in Japan didn't, even after they were shifted to the regular police, and they had a character as a police army, which fought against pro-independent armed groups crossing the border of the Chinese territory which was out of Japan's control.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府警察は普通警察に移行した後も、日本内地の警察には無い機関銃、野砲等の重装備を保有しており、日本の支配が及ばない中国領から越境してくる独立派武装勢力との戦闘を行うなど警察軍的性格を有していた。
English: The Japanese government, shocked by the March First Movement, found that it was impossible to rule Korea only by force of arms, and changed its Budan seiji partly, also in consideration of the emergence of the party cabinet in the Taisho Democracy period and Japanese domestic public criticism of Budan seiji.
Japanese: 三・一独立運動に衝撃を受けた日本政府は、武力だけで朝鮮支配は不可能と判断し、また大正デモクラシー期における政党内閣の登場や、武断政治批判の日本国内世論にも配慮し、武断政治を一部変更した。
English: Prime Minister Takashi HARA replaced Yoshimichi HASEGAWA as Sotoku, and appointed moderate Makoto SAITO as Sotoku (Admiral).
Japanese: 原敬首相は、長谷川好道総督を更迭し穏健派の斎藤実総督（海軍大将）を任命した。
English: They aimed to establish stable governance by accepting part of the demands of the nationalist movement so as to disrupt and weaken the movement, but the basis of their policy was mainland expansionism, or assimilation, in order to achieve integration by narrowing the system gap between Korea and the Japanese mainland and reducing dissatisfaction in the area.
Japanese: 民族運動の要求を一部受容し、運動を分裂・弱体化させることで安定的支配を構築することを目指したが、政策の基本は内地延長主義、すなわち同化主義であり、朝鮮と日本内地の制度的差別を縮小し、現地の不満を減少させ同化をはかるものである。
English: By the imperial edict of August 20, 1919, military Sotoku system was abolished, which allowed a civil officer to assume the Sotoku post subject to the system, but this didn't realize in reality, and all the Sotoku other than Saito were Army Generals.
Japanese: 1919年8月20日勅令により総督武官制を廃止し、制度上は文官でも総督就任可能としたが、実際には実現せず、斎藤以外の総督はすべて陸軍大将だった。
English: Reorganized into the regular police system, the Kenpei police was abolished, but numbers of police officers were dispatched from Japan, which made the number of the police officers increase from 6,387 in 1919 to 20,134 in 1920.
Japanese: また普通警察制度への改編をはかり、憲兵警察を廃止したが、多くの警察が日本から派遣され警察官は1919年の6,387人から1920年には20,134人へと急増した。
English: The freedom of speech and association was somewhat relaxed, and publication of Korean newspapers and magazines was allowed.
Japanese: 言論や結社の自由はやや緩和され、韓国語の新聞・雑誌の発行が認められた。
English: In this period, legal racial movement by the Koreans became active, and development of Korean literature and that of popular culture in big cities were seen.
Japanese: この時代には朝鮮人による合法的民族運動が盛り上がり、朝鮮文学の発展や大都市における大衆文化の発達が見られた。
English: However, integration education was further promoted, and Korean classes were decreased at school and Japanese classes were increased instead.
Japanese: ただし同化教育はさらに推進され、学校での朝鮮語の時間は減少し、かわりに日本語の時間を増加させた。
English: From April 1, 1938, the language taught in elementary school education was limited to Japanese (Shogakko Rei [Primary School Order] Article 16 Section 8).
Japanese: 1938年4月1日からは小学校教育における教授用語が日本語に限定された（小学校令16条8号）。
English: Youths who didn't go to elementary school were obliged to go to 'Korean Special Youth Training Camp' for one year to have 600-hour education.
Japanese: 小学校未就学の青年には「朝鮮特別青年錬成所」への一年の入所を義務とし、600時間の教育を行った。
English: Japanese students occupied 60% in the university, of which education contents were mainly Japanese culture.
Japanese: 大学内では日本人学生が6割以上を占め、教育内容は日本文化中心であった。
English: In April, 1940, the goal that 'training faithful and promising Japanese people' was laid out.
Japanese: 1940年4月には「忠良有為ノ皇国民ヲ錬成スル」という目的を掲げた。
English: Different from government offices in other overseas territories such as Taiwan Sotoku-fu, Chosen Sotoku-fu took over the most structures of the Korean Empire government as it had been, so it had numbers of Korean bureaucrats from the beginning.
Japanese: 台湾総督府をはじめとする他の外地政庁と異なり、朝鮮総督府は大韓帝国政府の機構を殆どそのまま継承したため、最初から多くの朝鮮人官僚を抱えていた。
English: A privileged class system was established, which made former imperial families of Korea become royals and those who made an achievement on the annexation of Korea become Korean nobles.
Japanese: 特権的身分制度が設けられ、韓国の旧皇族は王公族に、韓国併合に功績あるものは朝鮮貴族となった。
English: The old Chosen Sotoku-fu building seen until 1995 was a building built in front of the palace of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in 1926.
Japanese: 1995年まで見られた旧朝鮮総督府庁舎は、景福宮の宮殿正面に1926年に造られた建築である。
English: George de Lalande, a German architect having an office in Japan, took charge of its basic design, and Japanese architects (including Ichiro NOMURA and Hiroshi KUNIEDA) completed it after de Lalande died.
Japanese: 日本で事務所を開いていたドイツ人建築家ゲオルグ・デ・ラランデが基本設計を行い、デ・ラランデの死後、日本人建築家（野村一郎、國枝博ら）が完成させた。
English: Building area: about 7,055 sq.m. / Total floor space: about 31,800 sq.m.
Japanese: 建坪2,134坪1合6勺（約7,055m²）/総延坪9,619坪7合5勺（約31,800m²）
English: Number of rooms: 257 / State room: about 694 sq.m. / Main conference room: about 351 sq.m. /Style: Revival style
Japanese: 室数257室/大広間210坪（約694m²）/大会議室106坪4合（約351m²）/様式復興式
English: Construction cost: 6,364,482 yen (plus 387,500 yen for enclosing warehouse and site arrangement)
Japanese: 工費636万4,482円（他に外囲倉庫及構内整理費38万7,500円）
English: The Gwanghwamun gate as the main gate of the palace was moved and conserved in the Chosen Sotoku-fu, and although most of the annexed buildings of the Gyeongbokgung Palace, the main palace of the Korean Dynasties, were destroyed (some say it was more than 80%), the most parts of the symbolic building including the Geunjeongjeon Hall as the main hall and the Gyeonghoeru Pavilion were conserved.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府は宮殿正門の光化門を移築の上保存し、朝鮮王朝の正宮だった景福宮の付随的な建物の多くは破却したが（一説に8割以上とも）、正殿の勤政殿や慶会楼などの象徴的な建物の大部分は保存されることとなった。
English: The Chosen Sotoku-fu building was built in the front of the palace, which became the core of the administration in Korea since then.
Japanese: 宮殿の前面には朝鮮総督府庁舎が建てられ、以後ここが朝鮮における行政の中核地となる。
English: When the Chosen Sotoku-fu building was completed, the palace got out of sight from the town, which made the Sotoku-fu building called a symbol of the humiliating history for the Korean people (the Koreans).
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府庁舎が完成すると街から宮殿は見えなくなり、これらにより朝鮮民族（朝鮮人）にとって総督府庁舎は屈辱的な歴史の象徴ともいわれるようになった。
English: In August, 1948, due to the foundation of the government of the Republic of Korea, the building of the former Sotoku-fu was used as a government building and called the Central office.
Japanese: 1948年8月、大韓民国政府の樹立に伴い旧総督府の庁舎は政府庁舎として利用され、中央庁と呼ばれた。
English: Later in Korea, there were opinions to remove it as remains of the former colony and opinions to conserve not forget the history, and discussions were held, but it was decided to be used as the National Museum of Korea.
Japanese: その後、韓国国内でも、旧植民地の遺構として撤去を求める意見と、歴史を忘れないため保存すべきという意見があり議論が行われたが、大韓民国の韓国国立中央博物館として利用されることになった。
English: Still, it remained a symbol of the humiliating history, and debates about whether to conserve or to demolish were often recurred.
Japanese: 依然として、屈辱の歴史の象徴であることには変わりはなく、保存か解体かの論議がしばしば再燃した。
English: Finally, over the opposition, it was decided to be removed from the former royal palace because it was built in the way of the old royal palace.
Japanese: 最終的には、かつての王宮を塞ぐ形で建てられていることから、反対意見を押し切り、旧・王宮前からの撤去が決まった。
English: Though relocation was also discussed as a method of removal, it would cost huge sums of money, so in 1995, the building was demolished and only the steeple part was left.
Japanese: 撤去の方法として移築も検討されたが、莫大な費用がかかるため、1995年に尖塔部分のみを残して庁舎は解体された。
English: The part of the palace which was destroyed due to the construction of the office building was restored in the site, which is now the front entrance of this palace.
Japanese: 跡地には庁舎建設によって取り壊された王宮の一部が復元され、現在は同宮の正面入口となっている。
English: Although the former Chosen Sotoku-fu building was removed, preserving measures were taken for the former Seoul station building (the former Keijo station) and the headquarters of the Bank of Korea (the former Bank of Chosen, designed by Kingo TATSUNO).
Japanese: 旧朝鮮総督府庁舎は撤去されたが、旧ソウル駅舎（旧京城駅）（塚本靖設計と言われる）や韓国銀行本店（旧朝鮮銀行、辰野金吾設計）などについては保存措置が講じられている。
English: Since it was just a consultative body, not a parliament, its vote had no binding force.
Japanese: 単なる諮問機関であって議会ではないためその議決は拘束力を持たなかった。
English: The Japanese government focused on Korea, compared to Taiwan, and quite high ranking politicians and military men were appointed to Kankoku Tokan and Chosen Sotoku, different from Taiwan Sotoku.
Japanese: 日本政府は台湾に比して朝鮮を重視して、台湾総督と異なり、韓国統監・朝鮮総督には相当地位の高い政治家・軍人が任用された。
English: Masatake TERAUCHI (1910-1916) (he doubled as the Minister of Army until 1911, and assumed the position fulltime from 1911)
Japanese: 寺内正毅（1910年-1916年）（1911年まで陸軍大臣兼任、1911年以降専任）
English: The Japanese army fought against 14,000 people of the Anti-Japan voluntary army for 1774 times until the following year.
Japanese: 翌年にかけて日本軍は反日義勇軍1万4千人との1774回の戦闘を行った。
English: The Eulsa Treaty (Dai-niji Nikkan Kyoyaku [Second Japan-Korean Treaty]) is an agreement concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on November 17, 1905, after the Russo-Japanese War ended.
Japanese: 第二次日韓協約（だいにじにっかんきょうやく）は、日露戦争終結後の1905年（明治38）11月17日に大日本帝国と大韓帝国が締結した協約。
English: This treaty allowed the Empire of Japan to deprive the Korean Empire of its diplomatic right, making Korea in effect Japan's protect state.
Japanese: これにより大韓帝国の外交権はほぼ大日本帝国に接収されることとなり、事実上保護国となった。
English: In 1907, after the conclusion of the treaty, the dispatch of the secret agent who carried a personal letter of Gao Zong (King of Korea) that insisted on invalidity of the treaty was exposed (the Hague Secret Emissary Affair).
Japanese: 協約締結後の1907年に、協約の無効を主張する高宗(朝鮮王)の親書をたずさえた密使の派遣が露見する（ハーグ密使事件）。
English: The personal letter in the affair is an official written document which insisted on invalidity of the treaty.
Japanese: 同事件における親書が、本協約の無効を主張したものとした正式な文書である。
English: After all, the dispatch of the secret agent became a problem and Gao Zong, blamed by Wan-yong LEE and others, had to give Sunjong his position as the emperor, which led to signing of the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty (Third Japan-Korea Treaty).
Japanese: 結局、密使の派遣が問題となり、高宗は李完用らに責任を問われ皇帝の地位を純宗に譲ることとなり、第三次日韓協約の調印へと進むこととなった。
English: The Governments of Japan and Corea, desiring to strengthen the principle of solidarity which unites the two Empires, have with that object in view agreed upon and concluded the following stipulations to serve until the moment arrives when it is recognized that Corea has attained national strength: -
Japanese: 日本國政府及韓國政府ハ兩帝國ヲ結合スル利害共通ノ主義ヲ鞏固ナラシメムコトヲ欲シ韓國ノ富強ノ實ヲ認ムル時ニ至ル迄此目的ヲ以テ左ノ條款ヲ約定セリ
English: ARTICLE I. The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Corea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Corea in foreign countries.
Japanese: 第一條日本國政府ハ在東京外務省ニ由リ今後韓國ノ外國ニ對スル關係及事務ヲ監理指揮スヘク日本國ノ外交代表者及領事ハ外國ニ於ケル韓國ノ臣民及利益ヲ保護スヘシ
English: ARTICLE II. The Government of Japan undertake to see to the execution of the treaties actually existing between Corea and other Powers, and the Government of Corea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement having an international character except through the medium of the Government of Japan.
Japanese: 第二條日本國政府ハ韓國ト他國トノ間ニ現存スル條約ノ實行ヲ全フスルノ任ニ當リ韓國政府ハ今後日本國政府ノ仲介ニ由ラスシテ國際的性質ヲ有スル何等ノ条約若ハ約束ヲナササルコトヲ約ス
English: ARTICLE IV. The stipulations of all Treaties and Agreements existing between Japan and Corea, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, shall continue in force.
Japanese: 第四條日本國ト韓國トノ間ニ現存スル條約及約束ハ本協約ノ條款ニ抵觸セサル限總テ其效力ヲ繼續スルモノトス
English: In faith whereof, the Undersigned duly authorized by their Governments have signed this Agreement and affixed their seals.
Japanese: 右証據トシテ下名ハ本國政府ヲリ相當ノ委任ヲ受ケ本協約ニ記名調印スルモノナリ
English: ARTICLE I: The Government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Korea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have the charge of the subjects and interests of Korea in foreign countries.
Japanese: 第1条：日本国政府は今後外務省により韓国の外交を監理指揮するため、日本の外交代表者と領事は外国にいる韓国人とその利益を保護しなくてはならない。
English: ARTICLE II: The Government of Japan undertake to see to the execution of the treaties actually existing between Korea and other Powers, and the Government of Korea engage not to conclude hereafter any act or engagement except through the medium of the Government of Japan.
Japanese: 第2条：日本国政府は韓国が他国と結んでいる条約を実行する立場となるため、韓国は今後日本の仲介無しに他国と条約や約束を交わしてはならない。
English: He shall reside at Seoul, primarily for the purpose of taking charge of and directing matters relating to diplomatic affairs, and have the right of private and personal audience of His Majesty the Emperor of Korea.
Japanese: 統監は外交を管理するために京城に駐在し韓国皇帝と親しく内謁することができる。
English: Such Residents shall, under the direction of the Resident General, exercise the powers and functions hitherto appertaining to Japanese Consuls in Korea and shall perform such duties as may be necessary in order to carry into full effect the provisions of this Agreement.
Japanese: 理事官は統監の指揮の下で、従来韓国にある日本領事が持っていた職権の全てを執行し、また本協約を完全に実行するための一切の事務を担当しなくてはならない。
English: ARTICLE IV: The stipulations of all Treaties and Agreements existing between Japan and Korea, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, shall continue in force.
Japanese: 第4条：日本と韓国との間にある条約や約束は本協約に抵触しないかぎり効力を継続する。
English: This treaty as well as other treaties was confirmed to be already null and void, according to the Article II of the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea concluded in 1965.
Japanese: 本協約は、1965年に結ばれた日本国と大韓民国との間の基本関係に関する条約第二条により、他の条約とともにもはや無効であることが確認された。
English: On the other hand, the government of the Republic of Korea has taken the position that the Treaty of Japanese Annexation of Korea was invalid from the beginning (it had not come into force since the time of the conclusion).
Japanese: 一方、大韓民国政府は日韓併合条約が当初から無効であった（締結時から効力を発していない）という立場を取っている。
English: Because of these arguments, there exists a claim in the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea that the treaty was already invalid in the first place at the stage of 1905, when it was concluded, i.e. it did not come into force from the beginning.
Japanese: それらから大韓民国や朝鮮民主主義人民共和国には、そもそも本協約が結ばれた1905年の段階で既に無効であった、すなわち当初から効力が発生していないとする説がある。
English: With this as an assumption, there also exits some power who insists that the Treaty of Japanese Annexation of Korea has been invalid.
Japanese: これを前提として、日韓併合条約が無効であると主張する勢力も存在している。
English: First, admitting that compulsory signing due to a threat against an individual who represents a state is invalid in the norm of the international common law in those days, there is a position to repulse the views of invalidity on the ground that historical data related to this treaty on compulsion and a threat against the individual (Emperor Gao Zong [King of Korea]) are insufficient.
Japanese: まず、当時の国際慣習法規範において国家を代表する個人に対する脅迫による強制調印は無効であると認めつつも、本協約に関しては個人（皇帝・高宗(朝鮮王)）の強制と脅迫に関する歴史的資料に乏しいことから、無効論を退ける立場がある。
English: And there is a position to present some doubts whether the international law at that time could offer a standard to distinguish the compulsory effect on a state from the compulsory effect on an individual.
Japanese: また、当時の国際法が、国家への強制効果と個人への強制効果とを区別する基準を提供していたかについて疑問を呈する立場がある。
English: There is also a claim from the position in which they think that in 1905 there were no norms or regulations in the international common law which could invalidate a conclusion of a treaty based on compulsion against a state.
Japanese: また、国家への強制に基づく条約調印を無効とする国際慣習法上の規範もしくは規則が1905年にはなかったと考える立場からの主張もある。