nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A turning-point was reached in the Oryokko River Crossing Operation in May 1904, where Japanese forces overpowered their Russian opponents (The Oryokko river is also referred to as the Yalu River [Chinese] or the Amnok River [Korean]).
Japanese: 一転、1904年5月に鴨緑江の渡河作戦でロシアを圧倒して日本が勝利した。
English: Japanese foreign bond spiked on the international market, and Japan raised over 1 billion Yen in funds between the second and fourth issuance (To put the amount raised by foreign bonds into relative perspective, the amount raised was greater than the Japan's GDP, which was 700 million Yen).
Japanese: 国際市場で日本外債は急騰し、第2次から第4次の外債発行により、合計で10億円超の資金を調達した（当時の国家予算は約7億円）。
English: Japanese-side: The army would land their First Army on the Korean Peninsula and climb northwards and engage occupying Russian forces and assault Manchuria by crossing the Oryokko River.
Japanese: 日本側陸軍は第一軍で朝鮮半島へ上陸、鴨緑江を渡河しつつ、在朝鮮のロシア軍と第一会戦を交えた後に満洲へ進撃。
English: After that, the Fourth Army would regroup with the Third Army and annihilate Russia's main force in the Manchurian plains.
Japanese: そののち、満洲平野にて第三軍、第四軍を加えた四個軍でもって、ロシア軍主力を早めに殲滅する。
English: The Navy planned to destroy the Russian Pacific Fleet stationed in Lushun and Vladivostok on the Yellow Sea, and engage and annihilate the Russian Baltic Fleet on route from Europe in a final engagement.
Japanese: 海軍は旅順及びウラジオストックにいるロシア太平洋艦隊を黄海上にて殲滅した後に、ヨーロッパより回航してくるバルチック艦隊と決戦し、殲滅する。
English: Russia-side: Premised on their capability to maintain naval superiority on the Yellow Sea, Russia assumed that the Japanese would land their forces on the southern Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: ロシア側黄海の制海権確保の前提に基づき、日本側の上陸を朝鮮半島南部と想定。
English: In the event of failure, they would switch their strategy and engage Japanese forces as they purposely fell back towards Harbin, in a bid to eliminate Japanese forces by overextending their supply-lines.
Japanese: 失敗した場合は日本軍を引き付けて、順次ハルビンまで後退して、補給線の延びきった日本軍を殲滅するという戦略に変わる。
English: Russo-Japanese War started was initiated by Japan with a surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet (Lushun Fleet) stations in the port of Lushun on February 8th, 1904.
Japanese: 日露戦争の戦闘は、1904年2月8日、旅順港に配備されていたロシア旅順艦隊（太平洋艦隊(ロシア帝国海軍)）に対する日本海軍駆逐艦の奇襲攻撃に始まった。
English: On the same day, the frontline Japanese troops, the Kigoshi Brigade of the 12th Division, landed on the city of Incheon.
Japanese: 同日、日本陸軍先遣部隊の第12師団(日本軍)木越旅団が朝鮮の仁川広域市に上陸した。
English: After providing amphibious support to the abovementioned brigade, the cruisers of the IJN Third Fleet under the command of Rear-Admiral Sotokichi URYU, engaged the Russian cruiser Варяг(Escort cruiser), and a gunboat Кореец (Oceangoing gunboat) outside the port of Incheon Port on February 9th, and inflicted damage on them (The Battle off Incheon).
Japanese: 瓜生外吉少将率いる日本海軍第三艦隊(日本海軍)の巡洋艦群は、同旅団の護衛を終えたのち、2月9日、仁川港外にて同地に派遣されていたロシアの巡洋艦ヴァリャーグ(防護巡洋艦)と砲艦コレーエツ(航洋砲艦)を攻撃し損傷を与えた（仁川沖海戦）。
English: The Lushun Fleet of Russia sough to avoid a head-on battle against the Japanese Combined Fleet and remained anchored in Port Arthur (Lushun Port).
Japanese: ロシア旅順艦隊は日本の連合艦隊との正面決戦を避けて旅順港に待機した。
English: If the Baltic Fleet of Russia (The Second and the Third Pacific fleets) arrived in the Far East and joined the Lushun Fleet, their overwhelming firepower would enable Russia to claim naval superiority.
Japanese: もしロシアのバルチック艦隊（第二・第三太平洋艦隊）が極東に回航して旅順艦隊と合流すれば戦力は圧倒的となり、制海権はロシアに奪われることになる。
English: Between February and March, the IJN Combined Fleet attempted to blockade Port Arthur by sinking older vessels at the entrance of the port, but this plan ended in failure (Port Arthur Blockade Operation).
Japanese: 連合艦隊は2月から5月にかけて、旅順港の出入り口に古い船舶を沈めて封鎖しようとしたが、失敗に終わった（旅順港閉塞作戦）。
English: While the Imperial Japanese Navy succeeded in sinking the battleship Петропавловск (Battleship/The first) of the Lushun Fleet on April 13th, with a mine laid earlier by the IJN, killing Vice-Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Lushun Fleet; the IJN battleships 'Yashima' and 'Hatsuse' were conversely sunk by Russian mines on May 15th.
Japanese: 4月13日、連合艦隊の敷設した機雷が旅順艦隊の戦艦ペトロパヴロフスク(戦艦・初代)を撃沈、旅順艦隊司令長官シュテファン・オシュポヴィッチ・マカロフ中将を戦死させるという戦果を上げたが、5月15日には逆に日本海軍の戦艦「八島(戦艦)」と「初瀬(戦艦)」がロシアの機雷によって撃沈される。
English: On the other hand, the Russian Vladivostok Cruiser Fleet stationed in Vladivstok proactively carried out sorties to destroy commercial shipping.
Japanese: 一方で、ウラジオストクに配備されていたロシアのウラジオストク巡洋艦隊は、積極的に出撃して通商破壊を展開する。
English: The fleet patrolled Japanese territorial waters unchallenged, and sank the IJN transport ship Kinshu-maru on April 25th.
Japanese: 4月25日には日本軍の輸送艦金州丸を撃沈するなど、日本近海を縦横無尽に行き来した。
English: The Vladivostok Cruiser Fleet prompted Vice-Admiral Kamimura commmanding the IJN Second Fleet to give chase, in order to resolve the supply issues of the Japanese Army which was reliant on supplies delivered by transport vessels.
Japanese: これを追う日本の上村中将率いる第二艦隊(日本海軍)を右往左往させ、船舶による補給に頼る日本軍を悩ませた。
English: The First Troops of the Imperial Japanese Army under the command of General Tamemoto KUROKI landed on the Korean Peninsula and defeated the Russian army on the shores of the Oryokko River near Anton (present Tanton) in an engagement that lasted between April 30th and May 1st (Battle of the Oryokko River).
Japanese: 黒木為楨大将率いる日本陸軍の第1軍(日本軍)は朝鮮半島に上陸し、4月30日-5月1日、安東（現・丹東）近郊の鴨緑江岸でロシア軍を破った（鴨緑江会戦）。
English: The Second Troops (the Japanese Army) under the command of General Yasukata OKU landed on Yandayu on the Liaodong Peninsula and captured the Russian position in Nanshan May 26th (Battle of Nanshan).
Japanese: 続いて奥保鞏大将率いる第2軍(日本軍)が遼東半島の塩大墺に上陸し、5月26日、旅順半島の付け根にある南山のロシア軍陣地を攻略した（南山の戦い）。
English: Although Nanzan was not as fortified as the Lushun Fortress, it was a heavily defended position, and the Second Army received 4,000 casualties in taking it.
Japanese: 南山は旅順要塞のような本格的要塞ではなかったが堅固な陣地で、第二軍は死傷者4,000の損害を受けた。
English: Imperial command in Tokyo was astonished by the magnitude of the casualties and reportedly wondered if there was a typo in the casualty report.
Japanese: 東京の大本営は損害の大きさに驚愕し、桁を一つ間違えたのではないかと疑ったという。
English: After entering the city of Dalian, the Second Army advanced northwards to Liaoyang leaving the First Division (the Japanese Army) behind to secure the city.
Japanese: 第二軍は大連市占領後、第1師団(日本軍)を残し、遼陽を目指して北上した。
English: The Second Army advanced southwards to support units in Lushun, and repulsed a Russian Army unit at the Battle of Tokuriji on June 14th, and on July 23rd they one a second victory at the battle of Oishibashi.
Japanese: 6月14日、旅順援護のため南下してきたロシア軍部隊を得利寺の戦いで撃退、7月23日には大石橋の戦いで勝利した。
English: However, the Third Troops was forced to move gradually to Lushun under orders of the General Headquarters of the Japanese Army in Manchuria, which accepted the Navy's rejection of the participation of the Army in the capture of Lushun.
Japanese: しかし、陸軍の旅順攻略参戦を頑なに拒む海軍の意向を受け、満洲軍総司令部の指示により旅順に向けて漸進を余儀なくさせられる。
English: Provoked by the shelling, the Lushun Fleet set sail on August 10th, and engaged the IJN Combined Fleet under the command of Admiral Heihachiro TOGO in the Battle of the Yellow Sea.
Japanese: これを受けて旅順艦隊は旅順から出撃、8月10日、東郷平八郎大将率いる連合艦隊との間で黄海海戦(日露戦争)となった。
English: The Combined Fleet sank three cruisers and others vessels of the Lushun Fleet, but was not able to sink any of its capital ships.
Japanese: この海戦で連合艦隊は旅順艦隊の巡洋艦3隻他を撃沈したが、主力艦を撃沈することはできなかった。
English: At that time, the Vladivostok Fleet of Russia continued to attack shipping, sinking the transport ship, Hitachi-maru on June 15th (Hitachi-maru Incident).
Japanese: そのころロシアのウラジオストク艦隊は、6月15日に輸送船常陸丸を撃沈するなど（常陸丸事件）活発な通商破壊戦を続けていた。
English: On August 14th, the IJN Second Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Hikonojo KAMIMURA intercepted the Vladivostok Fleet off Urusan and inflicted heavy damage and interdicted its anti-shipping operations (Battle off Urusan).
Japanese: 8月14日、上村彦之丞中将率いる日本海軍第二艦隊は蔚山沖でようやくウラジオストク艦隊を捕捉し、大損害を与えその後の活動を阻止した（蔚山沖海戦）。
English: On August 19th, the IJA Third Army under the directives of Imperial headquarters initiated its first all-out seige of Lushun.
Japanese: 他方陸軍は7月の大本営通達を受けて、第三軍は旅順攻囲戦の第一回総攻撃を8月19日に開始した。
English: However, the seige on a modern Russian fortress ended in heavy casualties of 15,000 for the Imperial Japanese Army.
Japanese: だがロシアの近代的要塞の前に死傷者1万5,000という大きな損害を受け失敗に終わる。
English: At the end of August, the IJA First, Second and Fourth Armies under the command of General Michitsura NOZU closed in on Liaoyang, a strategic location in Manchuria.
Japanese: 8月末、日本の第一軍、第二軍および野津道貫大将率いる第4軍(日本軍)は、満洲の戦略拠点遼陽へ迫った。
English: In the Battle of Liaoyang from August 24th and September 4th, the IJA Second Army mounted a frontal attack from the south, and the IJA First Army circumscribed a mountainous area in the East and attacked the enemies flank.
Japanese: 8月24日-9月4日の遼陽会戦では、第二軍が南側から正面攻撃をかけ、第一軍が東側の山地を迂回し背後へ進撃した。
English: The attack prompted General Aleksei Kuropatkin, the commander of the Russian Army to order a full-scale retreat enabling Japanese forces to occupy Liaoyang, but the Japanese failed to annhilate Russian forces.
Japanese: ロシア軍の司令官アレクセイ・クロパトキン大将は全軍を撤退させ、日本軍は遼陽を占領したもののロシア軍の撃破には失敗した。
English: Although the Russian Army went on the offensive between October 9th through to October 20th, it ended in failure in the face of staunch resistance put up by the Japanese Army (The Battle of Saka).
Japanese: 10月9日-10月20日にロシア軍は攻勢に出るが、日本軍の防御の前に失敗に終わる（沙河会戦）。
English: After this battle, the respective armies established a front along the Saka river flowing between Liaoyang and Fengtian (present-day Shenyang).
Japanese: こののち、両軍は遼陽と奉天（現・瀋陽）の中間付近を流れる沙河の線で対陣に入った。
English: The IJA Third Army was still laying siege to Lushun, but failed to failed in its second all-out offensive against the Lushun Fortress on October 26th, and failed again in its third consecutive assault on the fortress commenced on November 26th.
Japanese: 第3軍(日本軍)は旅順攻囲戦を続行中であったが、旅順要塞に対する10月26日からの第二回総攻撃は失敗し、11月26日からの第三回総攻撃も苦戦に陥る。
English: IJA Chief of Staff in Manchuria General Gentaro KODAMA, who was concerned with the war situation was deployed to the Lushun under the direction of Field Marshal Iwao OYAMA.
Japanese: 戦況を懸念した満州軍(日本軍)総参謀長兒玉源太郎大将は、大山巌元帥の指示を受け旅順方面へ着任。
English: Accepting the obstinate insistence of Imperial headquarters and the Navy, he narrowed his objective to 203 Highlands northwest of the fortress.
Japanese: 大本営と海軍の執拗な主張を受け入れ、攻撃目標を要塞北西の203高地に絞り込む。
English: After a fierce battle which claimed approximately 5,000 Japanese and Russian lives and over 10,000 wounded, the IJA Third Army captured the 203 Highlands on December 4th, and exacted a decisive blow to Russian forces.
Japanese: 日露両軍ともに戦死5,000、戦傷者10,000以上を出す激戦のすえ、第三軍は12月4日に203高地を占領し、ロシア軍は戦力を決定的に消耗した。
English: After that, the IJA Third Army attacked a group of bastions in the northeastern face of the fortress which had been the initial objective set by the General Headquarters of the Japanese Army in Manchuria, and on January 1st, 1905, the Lieutenant General Anatolii Stoessel, the Russian commander of the Lushun Fortress surrendered.
Japanese: その後第三軍は、満洲軍総司令部の当初からの攻撃目標であった要塞東北正面の堡塁群を攻略し、1905年1月1日にロシア軍旅順要塞司令官のアナトーリイ・ステッセリ中将は降伏した。
English: While the confrontation across the Saka river continued, the Russian Army took the offensive on January 25 under the command of General Oskar-Ferdinand Grippenberg newly assigned to the front line in the Kokkodai area located on the extreme left wing of the Japanese Army.
Japanese: 沙河では両軍の対陣が続いていたが、ロシア軍は新たに前線に着任したオスカル・フェルディナント・グリッペンベルク大将の主導のもと、1月25日に日本軍の最左翼に位置する黒溝台方面で攻勢に出た。
English: Although the Japanese army temporarily plunged into a crisis with a breach of a major front, it was able to overcome the crisis due to the fierce resistance put up by Major General Yoshifuru AKIYAMA and Lieutenant General Naobumi TATSUMI and others (the Battle of Kokkodai).
Japanese: 一時、日本軍は戦線崩壊の危機に陥ったが、秋山好古少将、立見尚文中将らの奮戦により危機を脱した（黒溝台会戦）。
English: The Japanese army initiate a major offensive towards the Russian Army position in Fengtian (the Battle of Fengtian).
Japanese: 日本軍は、ロシア軍の拠点・奉天へ向けた大作戦を開始する（奉天会戦）。
English: From March 1st, the IJA Third Army and Second Army on the left wing advance to flank Russian positions in Fengtian.
Japanese: 3月1日から、左翼の第三軍と第二軍が奉天の側面から背後へ向けて前進した。
English: The Russian Army deploy reserve forces and wittle down the IJA Third Army with fierce resistence, but the Third Army continued to advance in spite of sustaining heavy casualities.
Japanese: ロシア軍は予備を投入し、第三軍はロシア軍の猛攻の前に崩壊寸前になりつつも前進を続けた。
English: The Japanese army occupied Fengtian on March 10th; however, it failed to inflict a decisive blow on the Russian Army.
Japanese: 日本軍は3月10日に奉天を占領したが、またもロシア軍の撃破には失敗した。
English: Both armies suffered massive casualties in a series of battles, and it became difficult for either army to continue their operations; thereafter the two armies spent the remainder of the war facing off along a front near the city of Siping.
Japanese: 一連の戦いで両軍とも大きな損害を受け作戦継続が困難となったため、その後は終戦まで四平街付近での対峙が続いた。
English: The Baltic Fleet (the Second and Third Pacific fleets) stationed in the Russian port of Liepaja facing the Baltic Sea set sail for Vladivostok after the fall of Lushun.
Japanese: バルト海沿岸を本拠地とするロシアのバルチック艦隊（第二・第三太平洋艦隊）は、旅順（旅順陥落の後はウラジオストク）へ向けてリエパヤ港を出発した。
English: The Fleet sailed half way round the globe and confronted the IJN Combined Fleet between May 27th and May 28th, 1905 in the Battle of Tsushima.
Japanese: そして、地球を半周する航海を続け、1905年5月27日-5月28日の日本海海戦において日本軍連合艦隊と激突した。
English: The Combined Fleet overwhelmed and annihilated the Baltic Fleet which was said to be the strongest in Europe through the superior tactics of the commander Heihachiro TOGO, the outstanding strategy of his two staff officers (Saneyuki AKIYAMA and Tetsutaro SATO), the pursuit of the enemy by the Second Fleet (a cruiser fleet) under the command of General Hikonojo KAMIMURA, torpedo operations with destroyers led by Kantaro SUZUKI, and the use of Shimose gunpowder (What was then the world's most powerful gunpowder), Ijuin fuse, cutting-edge radio sets, the invention and application of volley tactics, and the deployment of the world's fastest fleet in battle among several other factors.
Japanese: 連合艦隊は、東郷平八郎司令長官の優れた戦術、二人の参謀（秋山真之、佐藤鉄太郎）による見事な作戦、上村彦之丞将軍率いる第二艦隊（巡洋艦を中心とした艦隊）による追撃、鈴木貫太郎の駆逐隊による魚雷攻撃作戦、下瀬火薬（世界最強火薬）、伊集院信管、新型無線機、世界初の斉射戦術、世界最高水準の高速艦隊運動などによって、欧州最強と言われたバルチック艦隊を圧倒、これを殲滅した。
English: Four British military officers were on board ships in the Combined Fleet of the Japanese Navy, and assisted and instructed on the Crossing the T tactics which was originally a British tactic.
Japanese: なお、当日、日本軍連合艦隊には、4名のイギリス観戦武官が同船しており、元来イギリスの戦法であるT字戦法に関しての補佐・指導を行った。
English: The Combined Fleet overwhelmed the Baltic Fleet to the extent that all the commanding staff including the Baltic Fleet became captive of the IJN Combined Fleet, and so overwhelmingly defeated the Baltic Fleet that the whole of the staff of headquarters of the latter including the Commander-in-Chief were taken captives by the Japanese Navy.
Japanese: バルチック艦隊の司令部は司令長官を含めてまるごと日本軍の捕虜となるほど、連合艦隊の一方的な圧勝であった。
English: The unexpected results caught the world's media by surprise, astonished the great powers, and enthralled countries that feared the threat of Russia.
Japanese: 世界のマスコミの予想に反する結果に、列強諸国を驚愕させ、ロシアの脅威に怯える国々を熱狂させた。
English: In the closing phase of the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese army carried out the Capture of Sakhalin peninsula and occuppied the entire island.
Japanese: 日露戦争の終結直前の段階で日本軍は樺太攻略作戦を実施し、全島を占領した。
English: In Russia, the successive defeats exacerbated popular dissatisfaction towards the Czarist regime, leading to the Bloody Sunday Incident on January 9th, 1905.
Japanese: ロシアでは、相次ぐ敗北と、それを含めた帝政に対する民衆の不満が増大し、1905年1月9日には血の日曜日事件(1905年)が発生していた。
English: Colonel Motojiro AKASHI's support of the revolutionary movements in Russia spurred the aforementioned situation.
Japanese: 日本軍の明石元二郎大佐による革命運動への支援工作がこれに拍車をかけた。
English: The two countries entered into peace negotiations mediated by the United States, and concluded signed the Treaty of Portsmouth on September 5th, 1905.
Japanese: 両国はアメリカ合衆国の仲介の下で終戦交渉に臨み、1905年9月5日に締結されたポーツマス条約により講和した。
English: Japan mobilized approximately 1.09 million soldiers, which far exceeded its standing army of 200,000 soldiers.
Japanese: 当時の日本軍の常備兵力20万人に対して、総動員兵力は109万人に達した。
English: In spite of the fact that Masatake TERAUCHI, an advocate of rice boiled with barley, was the Minister of Army (There was a high-ranking army surgeon who recommended rice boiled with barley); however, the rations provisioned by the Imperial headquarters through an "imperial edict" was cooked rice (Six Go of polished rice) which was the same as in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-'95).
Japanese: なお開戦時、麦飯派の寺内正毅が陸軍大臣であった（麦飯を主張する軍医部長がいた）にもかかわらず、大本営が「勅令」として指示した戦時兵食は、日清戦争と同じ白米飯（精白米6合）であった。
English: Approximately 27,800 of 250,000 army beriberi patients are said to have died due to improper rationing, and logistics and infrastructure problems (Records reveal that most of the 10,000 koku [approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield] of barley groats spoiled in transit).
Japanese: 結果的に、そのレーションの不備と輸送能力・インフラ整備の問題（輸送中に一万石の挽割麦の大半が変敗したという記録がある）等により、陸軍は約25万人の脚気患者を出し、うち約2万7,800人が病死したとされる。
English: The Medical Department of the Army, Imperial Headquarters Executive Command, and Masanao KOIKE (Medical Affairs Bureau of Ministry of Army) came under increasing criticism when tragic news of the beriberi epidemic and the shortage of army surgeons became known in Japan.
Japanese: また国内で、脚気患者の大量発生と軍医不足という悲惨な状況が知られはじめると、陸軍衛生部さらに大本営の大本営組織、小池正直（陸軍省医務局）に対する批判が高まった。
English: It could be said that the Sino-Japanese War (1894-'95) and the Russo-Japanese War, which were fought in an age when the causes for beriberi were unknown, were indeed, also struggles against beriberi.
Japanese: 脚気の原因がわからなかった時代の日清・日露戦争は、まさに脚気との闘いでもあった。
English: (Even in the Showa Period when it was concluded that vitamin deficiency caused beriberi, until 1938, 10,000 to 20,000 citizens succumbed to beriberi on an annual basis, and it was not until after 1952 that beriberi was exterminated.)
Japanese: （脚気ビタミン欠乏説が確定していた昭和期も、1938年まで毎年、国民の脚気死亡者数が1万人から2万人の間で推移しており、脚気が完全に根絶されたのは1952年以降）。
English: In stark contrast to the Army, the Navy which rationed its sailors rice with barley had almost no deaths due to beriberi.
Japanese: 陸軍とは対照的に麦飯を用いた海軍では、脚気死亡者がほとんどなかった。
English: However, rations for sailors had its problems (In reality, food at sea lacked vitamin content) as even in 1928, there were 1,153 beriberi patients in the Navy, and this did not fall below 1,000 between 1937 to 1941; In fact, when the Pacific War broke out in December, there were 3,079 beriberi patience.
Japanese: ただし、兵食の問題（実は航海食がビタミン欠乏状態）等により、海軍の脚気患者は、1928年1,153人、1937年から1941年まで1,000人を下回ることがなく、12月に太平洋戦争が勃発した1941年は3,079人の脚気患者が出た。
English: Japan succeeded in containing the southward advance of the Russian Empire and confirming their respective spheres of influence through the Russo-Japanese Treaty.
Japanese: ロシア帝国の南下を抑えることに成功し、加えて戦後に日露協約が成立したことで、相互の勢力圏を確定することができた。
English: In addition to securing interests in the Korean Peninsula, Japan also acquired concessions in Manchuria (Northeastern China) including the South Manchuria Railways- a part of the Chinese Eastern Railway.
Japanese: こうして日本は朝鮮半島の権益を確保できた上、新たに東清鉄道の一部である南満州鉄道の獲得など満洲（中国東北部）における権益を得ることとなった。
English: Japan's victory over Russia raised the repute of Japan among the great powers and greatly contributed to Japan's objective to revise the unequal treaties which had been a priority issue for the Japanese government since the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: またロシアに勝利したことは、列強諸国の日本に対する評価を高め、明治維新以来の課題であった不平等条約改正の達成に大きく寄与した。
English: Many citizens were disappointed by the Treaty of Portsmouth, which did not grant Japan any reparations.
Japanese: ポーツマス条約の内容は、賠償金を取れないなど、多くの国民にとって予想外に厳しい内容だった。
English: Popular uprisings broke out in various places beginning with the Hibiya Incendiary Incident, and martial law was declared.
Japanese: そのため、日比谷焼打事件をはじめとして各地で暴動が起こり、戒厳令が敷かれるに至った。
English: The discrepancy between popular sentiment and government policy is due to the fact that the Japanese Government adopted a stringent policy of secrecy to keep any information that could reveal national weaknesses from falling into Russian hands; The media including newspapers used the example of the Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War to fan the flames of war without regard to national sentiment, and inadvertantly built up jingoistic mood which could not be easily reversed; and finally, the majority of citizens were not aware of the true nature of Japan's national strength and erroneously believed that Japan easily defeated Russia in battle.
Japanese: これは、ロシア側へいかなる弱みともなることをも秘密にしようとした日本政府の政策に加え、新聞以下マスコミ各社が日清戦争を引き合いに出して戦争に対する国民期待を否応なしに煽ったために修正がきかなくなっていたこともあり、国民の多くは戦争をしている国力の実情を知らされず、目先の勝利によってロシアが簡単に屈服させられたように錯覚した反動から来ているものである。
English: In the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese military forces and the Government treated their adversaries in a gentlemanly manner in accordance to the way and mentality of bushido ("way of the samurai.") and mentality of the samurai; for instance, the Russian commander of the Lushun Fortress wore his sword when formalizing the surrender of Lushun, and prisoners of war were treated very humanely, and the Japanese Red Cross Society worked hard to treat injured Russian soldiers.
Japanese: この戦争において日本軍および政府は、旅順要塞司令官のステッセルが降伏した際に帯剣を許すなど、武士道精神に則り敗者を非常に紳士的に扱ったほか、戦争捕虜を非常に人道的に扱い、日本赤十字社もロシア兵戦傷者の救済に尽力した。
English: The Japanese army established prisoner's camps in various parts of Japan, among which the facilities in Matsuyama City in Ehime Prefecture were the most well known.
Japanese: 日本軍は国内各地に捕虜収容所を設置したが、愛媛県の松山にあった施設が著名であった。
English: There was an episode in which Russian soldiers mistook "Matsuyama, Matsuyama" to mean surrender.
Japanese: そのため、ロシア兵側では降伏することを「マツヤマ、マツヤマ」と勘違いしたというエピソードもある。
English: The war increased the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA who took command in the war as the Chief of the General Staff, even though he was also a Genro (elder statesman), and the Army raised the possibility that Russia could develop into a "Continental Empire" or pursue a "War of Revenge."
Japanese: また、元老でありながら参謀総長として戦争を指揮した山縣有朋の発言力が高まり、陸軍は「大陸帝国」論とロシアによる「復讐戦」の可能性を唱えた。
English: In 1907, under the leadership of Yamagata, the "Imperial Defense Policy" proposal was prepared to secure a 25 division formation during times of peace.
Japanese: 1907年には山縣の主導によって平時25師団体制を確保するとした「帝国国防方針」案が纏められる。
English: However, the plan to increase the number of divisions did not go well due to post-war financial difficulties, leading to the famous debacle over whether to increase the number of divisions from 18 to 20.
Japanese: だが、戦後の財政難から師団増設は順調にはいかず、18師団を20師団にすることの是非を巡って有名な2個師団増設問題が発生することになった。
English: After the war, the Army which experienced difficulties in the siege of the Lushun Fortress constructed a replica of the Lushun Fortress constructed by Roman Kondratenko for military exercises called the "permanent fortress," and researched tactics for fortress warfare.
Japanese: 日露戦争において旅順要塞での戦闘に苦しめられた陸軍は、戦後、ロマン・コンドラチェンコによって築かれていた旅順要塞の堡塁を模倣し、永久堡塁(習志野)と呼ばれた演習用構造物を陸軍習志野錬兵場内に構築、演習などを行い要塞戦の戦術について研究した。
English: Events such as the abovementioned episode reveal the influence of Russo-Japanese War over post-war developments in the army.
Japanese: 上記のようなエピソードが残されており、当時の陸軍に与えた影響の大きさを物語っている。
English: The Russo-Japanese War cemented the centrality of charge tactics in the army, and decisive encounter between fleets in the navy tactics that would significantly influence both institutions until the Second World War.
Japanese: この戦争により、陸軍においては白兵突撃至上主義が、海軍においては艦隊決戦至上主義が確立され、後の太平洋戦争まで両者共に大きく影響を及ぼすことになる。
English: Japan continued to pay interest to Kuhn Loeb & Co. of Jacob Schiff, because it did not receive reparations from Russia.
Japanese: なお、賠償金が取れなかったことから、日本帝国はジェイコブ・シフのクーン・ローブに対して金利を払い続けることとなった。
English: Schiff who is said to have "profited the most from the Russo-Japanese War," is said to have financed Japan out of retaliation for Russian pogrom (anti-Semitic purges), and is known to have financed Lenin and Trotsky.
Japanese: 「日露戦争で最も儲けた」シフは、ロシア帝国のポグロム（反ユダヤ主義)への報復が融資の動機といわれ、のちレーニンやトロツキーにも資金援助をした。
English: Although the Russian Empire's entry into the war was motivated by its traditional policy of southward expansion, this defeat prompted it to abandon this policy in the Far East.
Japanese: 伝統的な南下政策がこの戦争の動機の一つであったロシア帝国は、この敗北を期に極東への南下を断念した。
English: Russia refocussed its southward expansion to the Balkans, advocating Pan-Slavism in the process.
Japanese: 南下の矛先は再びバルカンに向かい、ロシアは汎スラヴ主義を全面に唱えることになる。