nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: (Torajo said to have died in June 4, 1225 at the age of fifty-three, but the recent research revealed that she died in 1238; see notes.)
Japanese: （虎女の生涯は嘉禄3年1227年2月13日(旧暦)没、享年53と言われてきたが最近の研究でその没年は嘉禎4年西暦1238年とされる、ノートに注を付記）
English: People today have a dark and negative image on courtesans who lived during in the Edo Period as ruined women, but in days prior to the Muromachi Period, courtesans were rather intelligent women who were strictly trained in singing and dancing by a female controller called Choja, and some of them acquired some culture, so they were sometimes regarded as sacred women and played the role of miko (shrine maiden).
Japanese: 現代人は遊女というと江戸時代の零落した女性が行き着く暗くマイナスなイメージを強く持つが、室町時代以前の遊女はむしろ知識人であり歌舞などの技芸を厳しく長者と言われる元締めのような存在の女性から躾けられ、時には教養も身につけた女性たちで、神聖な存在として巫女の代わりをするようなこともあった。
English: It is considered that courtesans became mere prostitutes after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 遊女が自らの性で商売するだけの存在になったは戦国時代(日本)以降のようである。
English: Kanginshu contains 311 ballads that depict lively feelings of people in the Muromachi Period, including a poem that presents a widespread attitude of the time to live only for the pleasure of the moment: 'What to do with you, so serious, so sane? This life is a dream, just play, go crazy!' and a tanka (thirty-one syllables' poem) with a view of life as something transient and empty 'The world goes by just in a flicker of time, in a twinkling.'
Japanese: 「なにせうぞ　くすんで　一期は夢よ　ただ狂へ」など、当時の刹那的な雰囲気がよく現れたもの、「世の中は　ちろりに過ぐる　ちろりちろり」などの無常観、室町びとが感情を託して歌った311首がおさめられている。
English: The compiler of the collection was Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) Taikotaigogu daijin (officer of the institution for serving to the grand empress dowager) FUJIWARA no Kiyosuke (1104 - 1177), and it was completed sometime after July 1165 (old lunar calendar (August 16, 1165)) but before the end of the year.
Japanese: 撰者は正四位下太皇太后宮大進藤原清輔（1104－1177）、成立は永万元年（1165）七月以後、同年内。
English: It was meant to be the seventh imperial anthology following "Shika wakashu," but it didn't come true due to the death of Emperor Nijo (1143-1165) who gave the command.
Japanese: 『詞花和歌集』に継ぐ第七勅撰集となるところを、下命者である二条天皇（1143－1165）の崩御に遭い実現しなかった。
English: Kiyosuke had been compiling anthologies of excellent poetry from his earlier years, and Emperor Nijo who was fond of waka (Japanese poetry) read Kiyosuke's works and ordered him to compile "Shokushika wakashu."
Japanese: 清輔は若い頃から秀歌選を作り、和歌を好む二条天皇が覧じて『続詞花集』の撰進を命じた。
English: Emperor Nijo passed away, however, while Kiyosuke was still revising the anthology, so he completed it as a personal collection of poetry.
Japanese: ところが、補訂を進めるうちに天皇が亡くなり、私撰集として完成させた。
English: The title followed that of "Shikashu" compiled by Kiyosuke's father FUJIWARA no Akisuke on the command by the Retired Emperor Sutoku, but it resumed the structure of the Imperial anthology in 20 volumes.
Japanese: 清輔の父藤原顕輔が崇徳院の命を受けて編んだ『詞花集』の名義を継ぐが、構成は20巻の勅撰集に戻っている。
English: Many poems in this anthology were selected in Imperial anthologies of later days, including "Senzai Wakashu" (Collection of Japanese Poems of a Thousand Years) and Shinkokin Wakashu (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).
Japanese: 収められた歌の数々は、『千載和歌集』『新古今和歌集』以下の勅撰集に利用された。
English: The extant manuscript covers 50 years from 1196 to 1246.
Japanese: 現存する内容は建久7年（1196年）から寛元4年（1246年）までをカバーし、50年間にわたる。
English: Hundred stories concerning last days of the Tokugawa shogunate are a collection of retrospective stories on the end of the Edo period and Meiji Restoration which appeared serially in Hochi Shinbun (newspaper) in 1902.
Japanese: 幕末百話（ばくまつひゃくわ）は、1902年に報知新聞紙上に連載された幕末維新期の回顧談集である。
English: They are important records of evidences based on the real experiences, which you only get from the people concerned: for example, kinban zamurai (samurai being on duty in Edo) told the Sakuradamongai Incident; a person in charge of tools told the famous actor; the survivors of Shogitai (group of former Tokugawa retainers opposed to the Meiji government who fought in the Battle of Ueno) told how the defeated army ran away; osukiya bozu (a monk serving the feudal lord in Edo castle) told the tea pot journey.
Japanese: 勤番侍が桜田門外の変を語ったかと思うと歌舞伎の道具係が名優を語り、彰義隊残党が敗軍逃亡の有様を語り、御数寄屋坊主が御茶壺道中を語るなど、当事者ならでの実体験に基づく貴重な証言録となっている。
English: On the other hand, the names of discoursers and dates of record were not written, so some people consider that you have to be careful of treating them as historical materials.
Japanese: その反面、談話者及び採取日時が明記されていないためそのまま史料とするには注意を要するとの意見もある。
English: A companion volumes to this book are "Meiji Hyakuwa" (hundred stories of the Meiji period), "Bakumatsu Meiji Onna Hyakuwa" (hundred stories of women in the last days of the Edo and Meiji periods) (Iwanami bunko, two volumes), "Ginza Hyakuwa" (hundred stories of Ginza) (republished by Kuress Publishing in 2006), "Meiji Kaika Kidan" (strange stories of Meiji civilization) (Kadokawa Group Puboishing Co., Ltd.), and so on.
Japanese: 本書の姉妹編（続編）として『明治百話』『幕末明治女百話』（各岩波文庫上下）『銀座百話』（クレス出版で復刊、2006年）『明治開化綺談』（角川書店）がある。
English: The selected edition was once republished by Kadokawa Group Publishing Co., Ltd., but now Iwanami bunko edition is available (ISBN 4003346912).
Japanese: かつて角川書店より選書版で復刊されたが、現在は岩波文庫より刊行（ISBN4003346912）。
English: The preface of this book was written by a person named Mukuju YABUNO, which was actually the pen name of Genji SHIBUKAWA, a city news editr at Tokyo Asahi shinbun-Newspaper where Takuboku was working at that time.
Japanese: 序文を書いている藪野椋十とは、当時の啄木の勤務先である東京朝日新聞で社会部長を務めていた渋川玄耳のことである。
English: His three-lined prose style applied to the traditional tanka form (a short Japanese poem of 31 syllables) got many followers especially among young generations.
Japanese: 三行分けによる散文的なスタイルの短歌は、若い世代を中心に多くの追従者を生んだ。
English: The influence of this book was significant especially in Iwate Prefecture where Takuboku came from, due to the publication of some pices from the book in a local newspaper prior to the actual release.
Japanese: 特に啄木の郷里の岩手県では、刊行前後から地元紙に啄木の作品が掲載されたこともあり、その影響は大きかった。
English: It is considred that the work of Takuboku influenced Kenji, as he started creating his own tanka around the time the book was published.
Japanese: 本作の刊行と同時期に短歌創作を始めており、啄木の影響と推察されている。
English: It was published in the August 1907 issue of 'Shinshosetsu' magazine, and later it was included in "Kataishu" (collection of Katai), which was published through Ekifusha.
Japanese: 「新小説」1907年8月号に掲載され、のち易風社から刊行された『花袋集』に収録された。
English: This novel stirred up a sensation in the literary circles and journalism in those days, because the content intentionally exagerated the desire and sexuality in its description; for example, there is a scene at the end of this novel that the main male character smelled the linging scent of his female disciple left on her futon.
Japanese: 末尾において主人公が女弟子の使っていた蒲団の匂いをかぐ場面など、性を露悪的にまで描き出した内容が当時の文壇とジャーナリズムに大きな反響を巻き起こした。
English: There was also a a novel by Ogai MORI, 'Maihime,' (The Dancing Girl) in which the author revealed himself by telling a story of a Japanese man, who fell in love with the German girl in lower class, made her pregnant, and then deserted her; however, Ogai's novel was not as shocking as Katai's work which dealt with the agony of sexual desire caused by the unrequited love toward a female disciple.
Japanese: 自分のことを暴露する小説としては、これより先に森鴎外の「舞姫」があったが、下層のドイツ人女性との恋愛の末妊娠させて捨てるという内容であり、女弟子に片想いをし、性欲の悶えを描くという花袋の手法ほどの衝撃は与えなかった。
English: Fuyo OGURI wrote 'Koizame' in his attempt to follow after Katai's 'Futon' by focusing on the 'love of a middle-aged person', yet this theme was partial compared to the dense themes of 'Futon' and OGURI could not participate in the community of naturalism movement.
Japanese: 小栗風葉は「中年の恋」という主題にのみ着目して、「蒲団」に続いて「恋ざめ」を書いたが、自然主義陣営の仲間入りはできなかった。
English: Since the release of this novel, Katai had been dominant in the literally circle for about three years, but his works were not welcomed very much by general readers.
Japanese: 以後3年ほど、花袋は文壇に君臨したが、一般読者にはあまり受けなかった。
English: A sworn friend of Katai, Toson SHIMAZAKI later wrote "Shinsei," which shocked even Katai by the contents of the novel confessing the love affair of Toson with his own niece.
Japanese: 花袋の盟友ともいうべき島崎藤村は、その後、姪との情事を描いた『新生』を書いて花袋にも衝撃を与えた。
English: However, there is an opinion that the full-scale development of "I novel" began with 'Suspicion' by Shuko CHIKAMATSU and 'Traction' by Sota KIMURA both written in 1913; Katai and Toson gradually shifted from "I novel" and rather aimed at the direction of describing ordinary daily life scenes in a light and even tone.
Japanese: しかし、私小説の本格的な始まりは、大正2年の近松秋江「疑惑」と木村荘太「牽引」だとする説もあり、花袋や藤村はその後、むしろ平凡な日々を淡々と描く方向に向かった。
English: One day, a novelist Tokio TAKENAKA, who was about 34 years old and living with his wife and three children, received a letter from a female student named Yoshiko YOKOYAMA asking for becoming his deciple.
Japanese: 34歳くらいで、妻と三人の子供のある作家の竹中時雄のもとに、横山芳子という女学生が弟子入りを志願してくる。
English: Tokio, who did not feel like taking her as his disciple at first, came to expect her potentiality as he exchanged letters with Yoshiko, thus she became his disciple and moved to Tokyo.
Japanese: 始めは気の進まなかった時雄であったが、芳子と手紙をやりとりするうちにその将来性を見込み、師弟関係を結び芳子は上京してくる。
English: From outside, Tokio and Yoshiko appeared to be a man and a woman on good terms; then Yoshiko's boyfriend Hideo TANAKA also came to Tokyo chasing after her.
Japanese: 時雄と芳子の関係ははたから見ると仲のよい男女であったが、芳子の恋人である田中秀夫も芳子を追って上京してくる。
English: However, the relationship between Yoshiko and Hideo was more than Tokio had thought, thus in anger he expelled her and made her go home with her father.
Japanese: だが芳子と秀夫の仲は時雄の想像以上に進んでいて、怒った時雄は芳子を破門し父親と共に帰らせる。
English: Then emptiness of losing Yoshiko made Tokio bury his face into Yoshiko's futon and cry.
Japanese: そして時雄は芳子のいない空虚感のために、芳子が寝ていた蒲団に顔をうずめ、泣くのであった。
English: Nan-Taiheiki is a book which was completed by Sadayo IMAGAWA (after becoming a priest, known as Ryoshun IMAGAWA) in 1402.
Japanese: 難太平記（なんたいへいき）は今川貞世（出家後は今川了俊）が応永9年（1402年）に完成させた書物である。
English: It mainly deals with the histories of the Imagawa and Ashikaga clans, and was written to his descendants.
Japanese: 今川氏の歴史と足利氏の歴史などが主要な内容で、子孫に宛てて書かれている。
English: The title of this book seems to have been named by posterity and not to have had a name when it was completed.
Japanese: 書名は後世につけられたと考えられており、著述時点では名称はなかったと考えられる。
English: The first half of this book criticizes that "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) thought little of the Imagawa family, from which the title of the book came.
Japanese: 書名の由来は、この書物の前半部分が『太平記』が今川家を軽んじていると難じている（批判している）ことにある。
English: The latter half is about the incidents which Sadayo actually experienced from the late Northern and Southern Dynasties (Japan) to the early Muromachi period.
Japanese: 後半は、貞世が実地に経験した南北朝時代(日本)の後半から室町時代の初期の出来事が記されている。
English: "Horyakukanki" is a history book which was completed during the Japanese middle ages, the Northern and Southern Dynasties period.
Japanese: 『保暦間記』（ほうりゃくかんき）は日本の中世、南北朝時代(日本)に成立した歴史書。
English: The book covers the incidents from the Hogen Disturbance in 1156 to the demise of Emperor Godaigo in 1339, which became the origin of the title.
Japanese: 保元元年（1156年）の保元の乱に始まり、暦応2年（1339年）後醍醐天皇崩御までを記述し、これが書名の由来となっている。
English: It is an important historical material to study an outline of the incidents occurred during the Kamakura period, especially after 1266, when the description of "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East) ended.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』の記載が終了する文永3年（1266年）以降の鎌倉時代に起こった事件の概要を研究するうえで貴重な史料である。
English: The names of incidents which occurred during the Kamakura period such as 'Battle of Wada,' 'Jokyu War,' 'Battle of Hoji,' 'February Riot,' 'Shimotsuki Incident,' etc. are used widely today, and most of them are derived from the descriptions in this book.
Japanese: 「和田合戦」、「承久の乱」、「宝治合戦」、「二月騒動」、「霜月騒動」など、現在使用されている鎌倉時代の事件名称の多くは本書の記述に由来する。
English: There are various opinions about the actual reason of the death of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, however, according to this book, it was because he saw a ghost of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune at Yamatogahara (the present Tsujido and wide area of Chigasaki) on his way back from Buddhist ceremony for bridging Sagami-gawa River, and also saw a ghost of Emperor Antoku on the sea of Inamuragasaki, then he fainted and was struck down by a illness at Kamakura.
Japanese: 源頼朝の死について、建久10年（1199年）に、相模川橋供養の帰路、八的ヶ原（現在の辻堂および茅ヶ崎の広域名）で源義経らの亡霊を、稲村ヶ崎海上に安徳天皇の亡霊を見て、鎌倉で気を失い病に倒れたと記しているが、実際の死因については諸説ある。
English: "Nozarashi Kiko" (Journal of Bleached Bones in a Field) is a travel record by Basho MATSUO, haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) poet in the mid-Edo Period.
Japanese: 『野ざらし紀行』（のざらしきこう）は、江戸時代中期の俳諧師松尾芭蕉の紀行。
English: It consists of haikai poetry regarding the journey Basho set out upon with his disciple, Chiri, to Iga Ueno, Basho's birthplace, from August (autumn) 1684 to April of the following year.
Japanese: 貞享元年（1684年）秋の8月から翌年4月にかけて、芭蕉が門人の千里とともに出身地でもある伊賀上野への旅を記した俳諧紀行文。
English: The word "Nozarashi" came from Basho's poetry, "Nozarashi o kokoro ni kaze no shimu mi kana," (bleached bones on my mind, the wind pierces my body to the heart) that he wrote at the departure of the journey.
Japanese: 「野ざらし」は、旅立ちに際して詠んだ一句｢野ざらしを心に風のしむ身かな｣に由来する。
English: Basho's aim of the journey was to visit the grave of his mother who had died the previous year; he and Chiri left Edo and traveled on the Tokaido (East Sea Road) to Ise, from where they set out for Iga Ueno to Yamato Province, Ogaki in Mino Province, and Nagoya.
Japanese: 芭蕉は前年に死去した母の墓参を目的に、江戸から東海道を伊勢へ赴き、伊賀上野を経て大和国から美濃国大垣、名古屋などを巡る。
English: At the New Year, they were in Iga and then traveled through the Kyoto and Osaka area, stayed in Atsuta for a while, went across Kai Province and finally headed back to Edo.
Japanese: その後、伊賀で越年し、京都など上方を旅して熱田に一時滞在し、甲斐国を経て江戸へ帰還している。
English: Basho left Edo and set out for Hakone where he found it enchanting that Mount Fuji was hidden by misty rain; in Suruga, he was walking along the Fuji River when he saw an abandoned child and wrote a poem "Saru o kiku hito sutego ni aki no kaze ika ni" (those who listen to the monkeys: what of this child in the autumn wind?) to get into Du Fu's (a Chinese poet) mindset.
Japanese: 芭蕉は江戸を経つと箱根で霧しぐれに隠れる富士を趣深いと感じ、駿河では富士川のほとりで捨て子を見て、「猿を聞く人捨て子に秋の風いかに」と詠んで杜甫の心境に迫ろうとした。
English: When he visited his mother's grave in his hometown Iga Ueno, he wrote a poem, "Te ni toraba kien namida zo atsuki aki no shimo," (should I take it in my hand it would melt in these hot tears: autumn frost).
Japanese: 故郷伊賀上野で墓参をし「手にとらば消えんなみだぞあつき秋の霜」の一句をのこした。
English: "Shoku-Gosen Wakashu" is the 10th Imperial poetic anthology compiled by the command of the Retired Emperor Gosaga.
Japanese: 『続後撰和歌集』（しょくごせんわかしゅう）は、後嵯峨上皇の命により編纂された10番目の勅撰和歌集。
English: It contains around 1400 poems by poets including FUJIWARA no Sadaie, FUJIWARA no Toshinari, the Retired Emperor Gotoba, and the Retired Emperor Gosaga.
Japanese: 歌人は藤原定家、藤原俊成、後鳥羽上皇、後嵯峨上皇などでおよそ1400首を納める。
English: The manuscript in Tameie's own handwriting is still in the collection of Reizeike Shiguretei Bunko and it was designated as the national important cultural property in 1984.
Japanese: なお、冷泉家時雨亭文庫に、撰者自筆本が伝存しており、昭和59年に重要文化財に指定された。
English: Shoku Shui Wakashu is the 12th imperial anthology of waka (Japanese poetry) by the command of the Retired Emperor Kameyama in 1276.
Japanese: 『続拾遺和歌集』（しょくしゅういわかしゅう）は、建治2年（1276年）、亀山上皇の命によって編纂された12番目の勅撰和歌集。
English: It consists of about 1500 poems by poets including the Retired Emperor Gosaga, FUJIWARA no Tameie, FUJIWARA no Sadaie, Saneuji SAIONJI, FUJIWARA no Toshinari, and FUJIWARA no Nobuzane.
Japanese: 歌人は後嵯峨上皇、藤原為家、藤原定家、西園寺実氏、藤原俊成、藤原信実などで、約1500首を収める。
English: Shingosen Wakashu is the 13th imperial anthology of waka (Japanese poetry) by the command of the Emperor Gouda in 1301.
Japanese: 『新後撰和歌集』（しんごせんわかしゅう）は、正安3年（1301年）に、後宇多天皇の命により編纂された13番目の勅撰和歌集。
English: It consists of about 1600 poems by poets including FUJIWARA no Sadaie, FUJIWARA no Tameie, FUJIWARA no Toshinari, and the Retired Emperor Kameyama.
Japanese: 歌人は藤原定家、藤原為家、藤原俊成、亀山上皇などで、歌数はおよそ1600首。
English: Shokusenzai Wakashu (Waka Collection of a Thousand Years Continued) is the 15th imperial anthology of waka (Japanese poetry) by the command of the Cloistered Emperor Gouda in 1318.
Japanese: 続千載和歌集（しょくせんざいわかしゅう）は、文保2年（1318年）、後宇多法皇の命によって編纂された15番目の勅撰和歌集。
English: On August 15, 1901, it was co-published by Tokyo Shinshisha (Tokyo New Poets Society) and Ito Bunyukan.
Japanese: 1901年（明治34年）8月15日、東京新詩社と伊藤文友館の共版として発表。
English: Her novel style, which expressed women's feelings of love in a direct manner, aroused sharply divided reactions.
Japanese: 女性の恋愛感情を素直に詠んだ斬新な作風は当時賛否両論を巻き起こした。
English: In 1973, it was reproduced by her grandson, Kaoru YOSANO (a politician and later became the 74th the Chief Cabinet Secretary) and reissued from Shufu no Tomo Co., Ltd..
Japanese: 1973年（昭和48年）に、孫の与謝野馨（後の第74代内閣官房長官）によって主婦の友社から復刊されている。
English: The appearance of this book has been thoroughly designed by Takeji FUJISHIMA: the outline of the image of tangled hair on the cover is made into a heart, pierced by the arrow of love, with the flowers bursting out of the arrowhead a metaphor for the poems.'
Japanese: 「この書の体裁は悉く藤島武二の衣装に成れり表紙みだれ髪の輪郭は恋愛のハートを射たるにて矢の根より吹き出でたる花は詩を意味せるなり」
English: This book was produced under the editing of Tekkan YOSANO, collecting those poems that Akiko had contributed to the magazine 'Myojo' (the morning star) and other magazines.
Japanese: 晶子が雑誌「明星」などに投稿した作品を、与謝野鉄幹の編集で作られた。
English: Akiko and Tekkan married on October 1, 1901, right after "Midaregami" was published.
Japanese: 『みだれ髪』発刊直後の1901年（明治34年）10月1日、晶子は鉄幹と結婚。
English: Tekkan, who had been editing 'Myojo', appreciated Akiko's talent and encouraged her to contribute to Myojo.
Japanese: 「明星」の編集を行っていた鉄幹は晶子の才能を認め、投稿を勧めていた。
English: In August 1900, Tekkan, on a trip to the Kansai area, met Akiko and found that they had much in common.
Japanese: 1900年（明治33年）8月、関西に来た鉄幹は晶子と出会い、意気投合。
English: Akiko kept composing poems of love toward him as if brushing aside the cold eyes of the people around her by doing so; eventually Akiko left her home in Sakai and ran to Tekkan.
Japanese: 晶子は周囲の冷淡な目を振り払うかのように彼を想う歌を作り、ついに堺の家を飛び出して鉄幹のもとへ走る。
English: Tekkan also sincerely faced with his love for Akiko, and he summarised their love into the poetry collection, "Midaregami".
Japanese: 鉄幹も晶子への想いを受けとめ、歌集『みだれ髪』としてまとめあげたのであった。
English: Considering the moral values of the time that approved of modest women, her expressions of love, as can be seen in the poems above, were so straight and bold that they were far beyond the limits of what people were able to accept.
Japanese: 上の幾つかの歌からでも判るように、あまりにもストレートな恋愛表現は慎ましやかな女性を善しとする当時の道徳観から見て到底受け入れられないものであった。
English: As expected, "Midaregami" was thoroughly condemned as below;
Japanese: はたして"Midaregami"は、次の評のように徹底的に非難された。
English: As this book has many parts where indecent and shameful behaviors are written about, I feel no hesitation to judge it as something harmful to the mind of people and besmirches moral teachings.' (the September 1901 issue of 'Uta no hana' [the flowers of poetry])
Japanese: 「此一書は既に猥行醜態を記したる所多し人心に害あり世教に毒あるものと判定するに憚からざるなり。」（「歌の華」明治34年9月号）
English: It is a collection of poems which people cannot but listen to closely, the work of a person drawing nearer to the heart of poetry; it is the work of a passionate poet.
Japanese: 「耳を欹しむる歌集なり、詩に近づきし人の作なり。情熱ある詩人の著なり。
English: Still, it is a work of high value that should be welcomed as a forerunner in reforming the world of tanka poetry, and also as a work composed by a woman.
Japanese: されど、詩壇革新の先駆として、又女性の作として、歓迎すべき価値多し。
English: All this stir helped an unknown poetess from Osaka leap into literary fame, and captivated younger readers.
Japanese: こうした騒ぎは大阪の無名の女性歌人を一躍文壇に押し上げ若い読者を魅了した。
English: It is also said that 'Myojo', whose circulation had fallen due to the gossip about the relationship between Tekkan and Akiko, began to increase its sales again for her popularity among young readers.
Japanese: そして、鉄幹と晶子のゴシップで購買数が落ち込んだ「明星」は逆に売れ出したという。
English: ONO no Minemori (778 - April 19, 830) was a noble and a man of letters during the early Heian period.
Japanese: 小野岑守（おののみねもり、宝亀9年（778年）-天長7年（830年4月19日(旧暦)））は、平安時代初期の貴族・文人。
English: He was so well versed in Chinese poem that in 810 he became a tutor to Emperor Saga upon the enthronement and took part in compiling an imperial anthology of Chinese poems "Ryounshu" completed in 814.
Japanese: 弘仁元年（810年）に嵯峨天皇が即位した際には侍読となるなど漢詩に優れ、同5年（814年）に成立した勅撰漢詩集である『凌雲集』の編纂に携わる。
English: His Chinese poems are contained in "Bunka Shureishu" and "Keikokushu" with pseudonym 'No Minemori' that he adapted his name to the Tang style by making his surname one Chinese character.
Japanese: 『文華秀麗集』『経国集』にも漢詩が収められているが、唐風に一字姓として「野岑守」と表記した。
English: In 823 while he was assuming the post of Deputy Governor of Dazaifu, he proposed a scheme of introducing state-owned rice fields.
Japanese: 大宰大弐として大宰府に赴任中の弘仁14年（823年）公営田の導入を建議。
English: During the same period, he constructed Zokumyoin to provide lodging for travelers from various areas in Kyushu to Dazaifu.
Japanese: 同時期に、九州各地より大宰府を訪れる旅人のための宿舎として続命院を建設した。
English: Jogu Shotoku Hooteisetsu is said to be the oldest existing biography of what was called Prince Shotoku, who was a regent of Emperor Suiko.
Japanese: 上宮聖徳法王帝説（じょうぐうしょうとくほうおうていせつ）は、推古天皇の摂政のいわゆる聖徳太子の伝記とされる現存する最古のものである。
English: The manuscript was called 'the only book' in the world and a treasure of Horyu-ji Temple until the late Edo period; Now it is a national treasure owned by Chion-in Temple in Kyoto.
Japanese: 写本は江戸時代末期まで法隆寺秘蔵物で天下の“孤本”といわれ、現在京都の知恩院に所蔵されている国宝である。
English: It is certain that the book was completed before the 12th century because the last page of the manuscript has the name of high priest (Sokei, who lived during the latter half of the 12th century, one of the five priests in the Horyu-ji Temple), who seems to have owned it.
Japanese: 写本の所有者だったと思える高僧（相慶・法隆寺五師の一人、12世紀後半の人物）の名が末尾に記されている事から、成立年代が12世紀以前である事が確実ではある。
English: The government-manufactured literature such as "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) were criticized hand in hand with the advancement of the modern historical science, and this manuscript which seems to have been based on the old historical materials before "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" drew people's attention as a highly reliable classic.
Japanese: 近代史学の発展に伴い、官製の『古事記』や『日本書紀』などの文献批判が行われ、記紀以前の古い史料が基礎になっていると思料される本書が、信用度の高い古典として脚光を浴びてきた。
English: Especially the actual inscription of Tenjukoku mandara shucho (embroidery) exists only partially, so its record is valuable.
Japanese: 特に天寿国曼荼羅繻帳の銘文は現物が断片的にしか残存してないのでその記録は貴重である。
English: Fragmental historical records were itemized: for example, Seventeen-Article Constitution; the year of SOGA no Iruka incident; official introduction of Buddhism by Seong-wang of Paekche on 'October 12, 538' (old lunar calendar); Prince Yamashiro no oe incident, and so on.
Japanese: 断片的な歴史の記録が箇条書き的に記録されており、十七条憲法や蘇我入鹿事件の年代あるいは、「志癸島天皇御世戊午年10月12日(旧暦)」に百済の聖王からの仏教公伝、山代大兄（山背大兄王）事件等が記されている。
English: It contains the each regnal period from Emperor Kinmei to Empress Suiko, the years of demise, and the locations of Emperors' tombs.
Japanese: 欽明天皇（志帰島天皇治天下卅一年（辛卯年四月崩陵桧前坂合岡也）」）から推古天皇の治世年数とそれぞれの崩御年そして陵の所在地を書いている。
English: Here, the year of Emperor Kinmei's enthronement which was figured out by counting backwards from the periods of his reign is different from the year mentioned in "Nihonshoki" (it states that the year of enthronement was 538), which stirred controversy among the scholars.
Japanese: ここでは、欽明天皇の治世年数（辛卯年より卅一年（31年）前）から逆算した即位年が『日本書紀』（宣化天皇4年に即位）と相違し、学者の論争の的となっている。
English: By counting backwards, the year of Emperor Kinmei's enthronement was 531, which corresponds to the 25th year of Emperor Keitai's rule in "Nihonshoki."
Japanese: ※逆算による欽明天皇の即位年は531年で『日本書紀』では継体天皇25年にあたる。
English: It is not consistent with the year of 539, in which "Nihonshoki" tells that he ascended to the throne after both the Emperor Ankan and Senka.
Japanese: 安閑天皇・宣化天皇両天皇のあとの宣化天皇4年（539年）に即位したとする『日本書紀』とは整合しない。
English: There is an opinion that both the Ankan and Senka Dynasties existed at the same time and the country was in a domestic conflict just like the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and there is also an opinion that it is just a matter of the calendar.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)のように安閑・宣化朝と欽明朝が並立し内乱状態にあったという説や、単に暦法上の問題とする説などがある。