nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Jo' was modeled after the shape of a hand holding a long stick, whence it came to stand for body length, mi no take (身の丈; body length).
Japanese: 「丈」は長い棒を手に持った形をかたどったものであり、そこから身長、身の丈（みのたけ）を表すようになった。
English: It would appear that 'jo' was originally the measurement unit of body length based on the length of adult male ('jobu' (丈夫) originally meant a man whose height was 1 jo [1.8 meters those days], whence it came to mean fully grown man).
Japanese: 「丈」は元々は成人男性の身長を基準とした身体尺であったと考えられる（「丈夫」は元々は身長1丈の男の意で、そこから一人前の男の意となった）。
English: Shaku was about 18 centimeters those days, and jo was to be ten times larger, associated with shaku.
Japanese: 当時の尺は約18センチメートルであり、丈は尺と関連づけられてその10倍の長さとされた。
English: Ken' (1ken = 6 shaku) is a similar unit of length, but while ken was used for surveying the land or measuring the distance, jo was used for measuring the length of objects.
Japanese: 近い長さの単位に間（けん;1間＝6尺）があるが、間が土地の測量や距離の計測に用いられたのに対し、丈は物の長さを計るのに用いられた。
English: Also, the area of square with side length 1 jo was called hojo, which also meant rooms or buildings with that size.
Japanese: また、1丈四方の面積のことを方丈（ほうじょう）と言い、その広さの部屋や建物の事も方丈と言った。
English: Furthermore, it means the clothes length from the shoulder to the base or the length of skirts and trousers.
Japanese: また衣服の肩から裾までの長さや、スカート・ズボンなどの長さのことを指す。
English: Conventional short pants with 2 to 3 centimeters in length of the leg are called sanbutake (literally, 30 percents of the whole length), the ones with the thigh length are yonbutake (literally, 40 percents of the whole length), half pants with knee length are gobutake (literally, 50 percents of the whole length), the ones with low-the knee length are rokubutake (literally, 60 percents of the whole length), pants with shin length are shichibutake (literally, 70 percents of the whole length) and pants with ankle length are hachibutake (literally, 80 percents of the whole length).
Japanese: 股下2～3センチの従来型の半ズボンを三分丈、もも丈を四分丈、膝丈を五分丈、膝下丈を六分丈、すね丈を七分丈、くるぶし丈を八分丈と呼称する。
English: Take was once a jargon when there were only short pants and longs, but with the advent of half pants the term came to be used at the stores to describe the subtle difference in the length of pants to the consumers.
Japanese: かつてのように半ズボンと長ズボンしかなかった時代には業界用語だったが、ハーフパンツが登場し、微妙な丈の長さを表現するために消費者を対象に売り場でも用いられるようになった。
English: Now in Japan 1 ken is defined to be 6 shaku, and 60 ken is to be cho (町; unit of length; also written as丁).
Japanese: 日本においては現在は1間＝6尺と定義されており、60間が町(単位)（「丁」とも表記する）となる。
English: In the Meiji period 1 shaku was fixed as 10 over 33 meters, so 1 ken is equivalent to about 1.8182 meters.
Japanese: 明治時代に1尺＝(10/33)メートルと定められたので、1間は約1.8182メートルに相当する。
English: Ken was originally generated in China as the unit of length to measure the interval between pillars.
Japanese: 間は、中国において一般的な建物の柱と柱の間隔を指す長さの単位として生まれたものである。
English: Jo (1 jo is equivalent to 10 shaku [about 3 meters]) is a unit of similar length, but is used to measure the sizes of objects.
Japanese: 近い長さの単位に丈（じょう;1丈＝10尺）があるが、こちらは物の寸法を測るのに用いられる。
English: 1 ken was 6 shaku 3 sun (1.89 meters) during Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey) while it was 6 shaku 1 sun (1.83 meters) in the Edo period (however, it varied from area to area).
Japanese: 太閤検地のときには6尺3寸、江戸時代には6尺1寸を1間としていた（ただし地域により異なる）。
English: However, it was during the Meiji period that the size of 'ken' was fixed as 6 shaku mentioned previously until then the size of 'ken' had varied from area to area.
Japanese: しかし、上述のように「間」の大きさが6尺と定められたのは明治時代のことであり、それまでは時代により、場所により「間」の大きさは異なっていた。
English: Even today 'ken' used for designing Japanese houses has two sizes, 'Edoma' (Inakama) used mainly in eastern Japan and 'Kyoma' (Honma) used mainly in western Japan.
Japanese: 今日でも日本家屋の設計の際に用いられる「間」には、東日本を中心として使われる江戸間（田舍間）と、西日本を中心として使われる京間（本間）とがある。
English: The size of tatami mats which are laid there is to be about 1 ken times 0.5 ken, but in fact the size is smaller than that by the width of pillars because tatami mats are laid between them.
Japanese: そこに敷かれる畳も約1間×0.5間の大きさとなるが、実際には柱と柱の間に配置されるので柱の幅の分だけ小さくなる。
English: Tenpo-tsuho (a coin first minted in Tenpo era [1830 to 1843]) was a coin that circulated in Japan during the end of the Edo period and Meiji period.
Japanese: 天保通宝（てんぽつうほう）とは、江戸時代末期から明治にかけての日本で流通した銭貨。
English: The coin had an elliptical shape that resembled koban (former Japanese oval coin), having a square hole in the center, of which Chinese characters '天保通寳' (Tenpo-tsuho) was written on the front, '當百' (Tohyaku; referring that 1 Tenpo-tsuho was equivalent to 100 mon [a unit of currency]) and Kao (written seal mark) of the Goto family, kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) on the back.
Japanese: 形状は、小判を意識した楕円形で、中心部に正方形の穴が開けられ、表面には「天保通寳」、裏面には「當百」と表記され、金座後藤家の花押が鋳込まれている。
English: Its currency value was fixed to 100 mon, but in reality, it was passable as 80 mon.
Japanese: 貨幣価値は100文(通貨単位)とされたが、実際には80文で通用した。
English: As it was not worth its face value (100 Kanei-tsuho [coins first minted in 1636 of Kanrei era]) at all in terms of weight, it brought about economic confusion and forging became common.
Japanese: いずれにしても質量的に額面（寛永通宝100枚分）の価値は全くない貨幣で、経済に混乱を起こし偽造も相次いだという。
English: Although it circulated even after the Meiji Restoration, it was officially forbidden to be used on December 31, 1891.
Japanese: 明治維新後も流通したが、明治24年（1891年）12月31日を最後に正式に通用停止となった。
English: After the Meiji period, as the badge that Rikugun Daigakko (the Army War College) graduates wore resembled the Tenpo-tsuho, they came to be called 'Tenpo sen gumi' (team of Tenpo-tsuho).
Japanese: 明治以後、陸軍大学校卒業者が付けた徽章が天保通宝に似ていた事から「天保銭組」と称せられた。
English: On the other hand, as one Tenpo-tsuho coin was converted as eight rin (one Kanei-tsuho coin was one rin) in the new monetary system, it is said that people who were way behind the times or people who did not have ability to do so were sometimes cynically called 'Tenpo sen.'
Japanese: その一方で、新通貨制度では天保通宝一枚＝8厘（寛永通宝一枚＝1厘）と換算されたために、新時代に乗り遅れた人やそれに適応するだけの才覚の足りない人を揶揄して「天保銭」と呼ぶ事もあったという。
English: Opposing the fact that the successful circulation of the Kanei-tsuho shinchu toshimonsen (bronze Kanrei-tsuho equivalent to four mon) made gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) affluent, Sanemon GOTO, the Kin-za Okane aratame-yaku (an organizer of kin-za), proposed issuing more coins of higher rates.
Japanese: 寛永通宝真鍮当四文銭の成功により銀座(歴史)が潤ったことに対抗し、金座御金改約の後藤三右衛門の発案により高額の銭貨の発行へ至った。
English: Its prescribed weight was 5 monme 5 bu (approximately 20.6 grams), its prescribed composition was 78 percents of copper, 12 percents of lead, 10 percents of tin; however, according to the analysis conducted by Japan Mint during the Meiji period, it was 0.037 percents of silver, 81.307 percents of copper, 9.742 percents of lead, 8.261 percents of tin, 0.056 percents of iron, 0.193 percents of zinc, 0.035 percents of antimony, 0.182 percents of arsenic, and 0.084 percents of sulfur.
Japanese: 規定量目は五匁五分、規定品位は銅78%、鉛12%、スズ10%と定められたが、明治時代の造幣局の分析では銀0.037%、銅81.307%、鉛9.742%、錫8.261%、鉄0.056%、亜鉛0.193%、アンチモン0.035%、ヒ素0.182%、硫黄0.084%となっている。
English: The minting started on July 10, 1835 and was issued on October 23 of the same year; the number of coins minted up until January 1837 when it was temporarily stopped was 29,710,700.
Japanese: 天保6年（1835年）6月15日に鋳造が始まり同年9月2日より発行され、鋳造は翌7年（1836年）年12月に中断されるが、このときまでの鋳造高は29,710,700枚であった。
English: Minting was restarted in August 1837, and the number of coins minted until February 1842 was 10,024,500; the total coins during Tenpo era was 39,735,200.
Japanese: 8年（1837年）8月に再開され、13年（1842年）1月までの鋳造高は10,024,500枚で天保年間の合計は39,735,200枚とされる。
English: Some records say that the total of the coins minted between 1835 and 1842 was 39,732,200.
Japanese: 天保6年より13年までの総鋳造高を39,732,200枚とする記述もある。
English: After the minting was restarted on November 25, 1847, the number of minting was rapidly raised and it experienced its prime during the Manen era (1860 to 1861).
Japanese: 弘化4年（1847年）10月18日に鋳造が再開され、これ以降大幅に増鋳され万延年間に最盛期を迎えた。
English: It was also minted in the gin-za located in Naniwa of Osaka from December 1865 to January 1868, and after the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), Kaheishi (a government office taking over the kin-za and the gin-za) established by the new government minted 63,913,752 coins from May 15, 1868 to August 31, 1870; therefore the total number of coins minted from 1835 is said to be 484,804,054.
Japanese: 慶應元年（1865年）11月からは大坂難波に設置された銭座でも鋳造が始まり4年（1868年）1月まで行われ、大政奉還の後、新政府に設立された貨幣司は慶應4年（1868年）4月23日より明治3年（1870年）8月5日までに63,913,752枚を鋳造し、天保6年からの総鋳造高は484,804,054枚とされる。
English: After Meiwa era (1764 to 1771), as the market price declined due to mass production of the Kanei-tsuho tetsu ichimonsen (iron Kanei-tsuho equivalent to one mon) and the shinchu shimonsen coins, the issuance of Tenpo-tsuho only caused the situation to worsen.
Japanese: 明和年間以降、寛永通宝鉄一文銭および真鍮四文銭の大量発行により銭相場は下落していたが、天保通寳の発行はこれに拍車をかけることになった。
English: Therefore, in order to prevent the downfall of the exchange rate of the sen (a unit of currency), the rate was officially fixed as 6,500 mon per ryo by the furegaki (bakufu orders) announced by the Edo bakufu in September 1842 to be stayed around 6,000 to 7,000 per ryo for a while, however, after the mass production in the end of the Edo period, it finally went over 10,000 mon per ryo in Keio era (1865 to 1868).
Japanese: そこで幕府は銭相場の下落を防止するため、天保13年8月に御用相場として一両＝6500文の触書を出し、しばらくは一両＝6000～7000文程度で落ち着いたが、幕末期の大量発行に至り慶應年間にはついに一両＝10000文を突破した。
English: Among the officially minted coins, the different styles are known such as one with 'Chokaku' (long framed surrounding the hole of a coin), 'Saikaku' (thin frame), 'Chukaku' (standard frame), 'Kokaku' (wide frame) and 'Chokaku' has a slightly longer '貝,' the part of the Chinese character '寳,' as well as the rectangle frame surrounding the hole.
Japanese: 公鋳のものには「長郭」、「細郭」、「中郭」、「広郭」といった手代わりが知られており、「長郭」は「寳」字の「貝」がやや縦長で郭も僅かに縦長の長方形である。
English: The other three types of coins have wider '貝' with similar styles of writing and the holes in the center are square shaped; therefore, they are categorized by the width of kaku (frame surrounding the hole of a coin), but some of them cannot be clearly categorized and are considered to have been made during the stage of transition from one type to another.
Japanese: 他の三種は「貝」が横広でほぼ字体も同一で郭はほぼ正方形であり、郭の幅により分類されているが中間的なものも存在し、制作上の移行期のものと考えられる。
English: In the world of collecting coins, a opinion that claimed that coins minted between 1835 and the following year were called 'Chokaku' or 'Chukaku,' those between 1837 and 1842 were 'Saikaku,' and those after 1847 were 'Kokaku,' but the other argued that this categorization did not match the ratio of the number of existing coins and coins minted.
Japanese: 貨幣収集界には天保6年から翌年鋳造分を「長郭」あるいは「中郭」、8年から13年までのものを「細郭」、弘化4年以降のものを「広郭」とする説もあったが、これでは現存数と鋳造数の比率に整合しないとの説もある。
English: In any case, it is agreed that 'Chokaku' coins were produced during the early period and 'Kokaku' were the late period.
Japanese: いずれにしても「長郭」が初期のもので、「広郭」が後期のものであるとする説は定着している。
English: Since the Tenpo-tsuho only weighed five or six Kanei-tsuho coins and it was possible to produce a coin in 10 mon even less labor charge and reducing the weight by minting, the bakufu did not admit to issue the coin in local areas as 'Kinsei' (taboo), however some clans secretly minted the Tenpo-tsuho behind the imitative deception of the local coin issuance in the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 天保通寳は寛永通寳5～6枚分の量目に過ぎず、吹き減りおよび工賃を差し引いても一枚10文前後のコストで製造可能である為、幕府は地方での発行を「禁制」として認めなかったが、幕末期に偽装工作としての地方貨幣発行の陰で各藩による密鋳が横行した。
English: The Tenpo-tsuho coins immobilized and exchanged during the Meiji period totaled 586,740,000 which is 100 million more coins than those minted at the kin-za and the Kaheishi, and considering not all the Tenpo-tsuho coins were immobilized, the number of coins secretly minted is thought the be around 200 million.
Japanese: 明治時代に引換回収された天保通寳は5億8674万枚にも上り、これは金座および貨幣司が鋳造したものを1億枚以上も上回る数であり、かつ流通高のすべてが回収されたわけではないため、密鋳は2億枚程度に達したものと思われる。
English: The clans involved in the secret minting were more than following 10 clans which have been found: Mito, Kurume, Satsuma, Fukuoka, Oka, Tosa, Choshu, Aizu, Sendai, Kubota, and Morioka clans.
Japanese: 密鋳に関わった藩は判明しているだけでも水戸藩、久留米藩、薩摩藩、福岡藩、岡藩、土佐藩、長州藩、会津藩、仙台藩、久保田藩、盛岡藩など10を超える。
English: There are also many kinds of the Tenpo-tsuho coins whose origins were not clear called 'Fuchisen;' they are thought to have been produced by unknown clans or small private casting organizations.
Japanese: そればかりでなく、素性の不明ないわゆる「不知銭（ふちせん）」とされる天保通寳も多種存在し、現在のところ判明していない他の藩によるもの、あるいは小規模な民鋳によるものなどが考えられる。
English: On the head of the coin, each of the four characters "文 久 永 寳(宝)" is engraved in the order of top, bottom, right and left, and on the tail, wave patterns are engraved.
Japanese: 表面には「文久永寳(宝)」の文字が上下右左の順に刻まれ、裏面には波形模様が刻まれている。
English: Three writing styles were used to engrave '文 久 永 寳 (or 宝)' and each writing was created by a cabinet official who was a skilled calligrapher.
Japanese: この「文久永寳(宝)」の文字には三種類のものがあり、それぞれ能筆の幕閣が担当した。
English: The character '文' engraved in the Kaisho-tai (square style of writing) was originally written by Nagamichi OGASAWARA, wakadoshiyori, and called 'shinbun,' the character '攵' engraved in the Sosho-tai (cursive style writing) was originally written by Katsukiyo ITAKURA, roju (senior councilor), and called 'sobun,' and the character '寳,' spelt '宝'in the Sosho-tai (cursive style writing) was originally written by Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, the president of the political affairs and tasks, and called 'Ryakuho'.
Japanese: 「文」字が楷書体のものは若年寄・小笠原長行の筆によるもので「真文（しんぶん）」であり、草書体の「攵」となっているものが老中・板倉勝静の筆によるもので「草文（そうぶん）」であり、草書体で「寳」の字が「宝」となっているものが政事総裁・松平慶永の筆によるもので「略宝（りゃくほう）」と呼ばれる。
English: It was made of copper, approx. 2.7 centimeters in diameter, and its prescribed weight was approx. 3.375 grams, which was lighter than that of the early Kanei-tsuho (coins).
Japanese: 銅製で、直径0.9寸(約2.7センチメートル)、規定量目は9分(約3.375グラム)と、初期の寛永通宝より軽めである。
English: Iron made Kanei-tsuho shimonsen coin cast from 1860 was unpopular and the casting cost was high.
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）から鋳造が始まった寛永通宝鉄当四文銭が不評であり、かつ鋳造コストがかさむものであった。
English: Thus, shimonsen was changed to the original bronze coin, however, the price of copper rose due to a lack of production, so shisenmon coin was made with less copper.
Japanese: そのため、四文銭を銅銭に復帰することとしたが、産出量の絶対的不足から生じた銅地金の高騰などから量目を減じた銅四文銭を発行することになった。
English: In principle, Kanei-tsuho Shimonsen coins had been cast under the supervision of the gin-za; however, Bunkyu-eiho coins cast at the gin-za in Fukagawa (Koto Ward), Senda (Koto Ward), and Shinden (Daikucho) in Edo under the supervision of the gin-za were in the 'shinbun' style, while Bunkyo-eiho coins cast at the zeni-za in Asakusabashijo (Kosuge) under the supervision of the kin-za were in the 'sobun' and 'ryakuho' styles.
Japanese: 寛永通宝真鍮当四文銭はこれまで原則として銀座(歴史)指導監督の下で鋳造されてきたが、文久永寳については、銀座監督の下で江戸深川_(江東区)千田(江東区)新田（大工町）の銭座において鋳造されたものは「真文」のものであり、金座指導監督となった浅草橋場（小菅）の銭座では「草文」と「略宝」のものであった。
English: According to the analysis made by Japan Mint in the Meiji period, the composition of the coin was 0.060% silver, 83.107% bronze, 11.227% lead, 3.217% tin, 0.269% iron, 0.489% antimony, 1.500% arsenic, and 0.387% sulfur.
Japanese: 明治時代の造幣局(日本)の分析では銀0.060%、銅83.107%、鉛11.227%、スズ3.217%、鉄0.269%、アンチモン0.489%、ヒ素1.500%、硫黄0.387%となっている。
English: Among the 2,114,246,283 Kanei-tsuho do ichimonsen coins recalled, 1,420,200,000 were recast as Bunkyu-eiho coin; also, according to a record, the total number of Bunkyu-eiho coins cast was 891,515,631.
Japanese: 安政年間から引換回収された寛永通寳一文銅銭2,114,246,283枚の内、1,420,200,000枚を文久永寳に改鋳したとされ、文久永寳の総鋳造高は891,515,631枚との記録もある。
English: At first, the government ordered people to circulate Bunkyu-eiho coins as a substitute for shinchu shimonsen coin.
Japanese: 発行当初は、真鍮四文銭の代わりに差支えなく通用するよう通達が出された。
English: In June 1865, the rates of the coins were regulated so as to give them the following premium: one Tetsu ichimonsen coin was worth 12 mon of Kanei-tsuho shinchu shimonsen coin or 8 mon of Bunkyu-eiho coin.
Japanese: 慶応元年（1865年）閏5月には鉄一文銭に対し、寛永通寳真鍮四文銭は12文、文久永寳は8文の増歩通用となった。
English: In 1867, a free-rate system was employed, resulting in the following rates, with the standard rate of Tetsu ichimonsen equal to one mon:
Japanese: 慶應3年（1867年）には自由相場（天然相場）に任されることとなり、鉄一文銭＝1文の基準に対し以下のような相場となった。
English: The value of the old copper coin after the establishment of New Currency Regulation was set based on this market price; one yen became equivalent to one ryo; furthermore, using the standard rate of one ryo = 10000 mon, the currency rates of the coins became the following:
Japanese: この相場を元に新貨条例制定後の旧銅貨の通用価値が規定され、一圓は一両と等価となり、一両＝10000文という基準から、これらの銭貨は以下の様な通用価格となった。
English: Among these coins, Tetsusen coin was abolished on December 25, 1873, and Tenpo Tsuho coin in 1891, however, bronze coins such as Bunkyu eiho coins were still legally valid until they were demonetarized by the enactment of the 'Small Currency Disposition and Fractional Rounding in Payments Act' (Shogaku tsuka no seiri oyobi shiharaikin no hasukeisan ni kan suru horitsu).
Japanese: これらの内、鉄銭は明治6年（1873年）12月25日に、天保通寳は明治24年（1891年）末をもって通用停止となったが、文久永寳などの銅銭は昭和28年（1953年）末の「小額通貨の整理及び支払金の端数計算に関する法律」により廃貨措置がとられるまで法的に通用力を有した。
English: The term "Shakkanho" represents two basic units, shaku for measuring length and kan for measuring mass.
Japanese: 尺貫法という名称は、長さの単位に尺、質量の単位に貫を基本の単位とすることによる。
English: However, 'kan' is a unit only used in Japan, and therefore the term of Shakkanho is also used only in Japan.
Japanese: ただし、「貫」は日本独自の単位であり、従って尺貫法という名称も日本のみのものである。
English: The Chinese unit system corresponding to Shakkanho is Shizhi, because the unit indigenous to China is not kan but kin.
Japanese: 尺貫法に対し、中国固有の単位系は貫ではなく斤であるので市制(単位系)という。
English: In this section, the unit system originated in China, which was used or is used throughout the East Asia region, is described as Shakkanho in the wide sense.
Japanese: 本項では、広義の尺貫法として、中国を発祥として東アジア一円で使われている、あるいは使われていた単位系について説明する。
English: Meanwhile, in Japan today, the Measurement Act prohibits using Shakkanho in transactions and certification, imposing a penalty of 500,000 yen or less on an offender.
Japanese: なお、現在日本では、計量法によると、取引や証明で尺貫法を用いることは禁止されており、違反者は50万円以下の罰金に処せられる。
English: Like in the yard-pound system in the West, the dimensions of the human body parts, the mass of grain, and so on, had been used as units.
Japanese: 西洋のヤード・ポンド法などと同様、当初は身体の一部の長さや、穀物の質量などが単位として使われていた。
English: As for length, the theory defined the diameter of a grain of black millet as 1 bu (分; 0.3 centimeters or 0.1 sun), while the length of an ancient flute called Kosho, a standard instrument to fix the chromatic scale, as 90 bu (9 sun [a unit of length]).
Japanese: 長さは秬黍（きょしょ。クロキビ）の1粒の幅を1分（0.1寸）、黄鍾と呼ばれる音律を出す笛の管の長さを90分（9寸）とした。
English: Meanwhile, the volume of Kosho (810 cubic bu) was defined as 1 yaku (0.5 go [a unit of mass]), and the mass of 1,200 grains of black mille, which could fill up the inside of Kosho, was defined as 12 shu (0.5 ryo [a unit of mass]).
Japanese: さらに黄鍾の管の容積（810立方分）を1龠（0.5合）、黄鍾の管に入る秬黍1,200粒の質量を12銖（0.5両）とした。
English: Especially, with regard to the unit of length, the length per unit became longer with the times until the length was fixed at about 3 centimeters for 1 sun in and after Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 特に長さの単位は時代とともに長くなり、唐代以降は1寸が3cm程度でほぼ一定した。
English: Besides China, the whole region in the East Asia (including Japan, Korea) that was influenced by China adopted these units along with Chinese culture.
Japanese: 中国のほか、中国の影響を受けた東アジア一円（日本、朝鮮など）で、その文化とともに取り入れられた。
English: Although the units were changed independently by each country, the value of each unit has changed little from that fixed in the period of Tang Dynasty, with remaining the original value.
Japanese: その後各地で独自の進化を遂げているが、値は中国の唐代のものからそれほど変化しておらず、元の値をほぼ保存している。
English: All countries that once used the Shakkanho have changed their unit systems to the International Unit System, with the result that not a single country officially uses units of Shakkanho at present.
Japanese: 現在は、尺貫法を使用していた国はすべて国際単位系に移行しており、尺貫法を公式の単位としている国は存在しない。
English: However, private sectors in China and South Korea still use the units of Shakkanho.
Japanese: ただし、中国、韓国では民間レベルでは尺貫法の単位が使われ続けている。
English: Japan now uses the units of the International Unit System, but it generally uses the shaku as a basic scale for designing Japanese-style houses, regarding the shaku as a scale appropriate to Japanese living environment.
Japanese: 日本では国際単位系の単位を使用しているが、日本の住環境に適した尺度として、日本家屋の設計基準としては、尺を基準として使われることが一般的である。
English: Exceptionally, a unit 'monme' (or momme) is globally used as an international unit for dealing with pearl because of the confusions resulted from inconsistent unit systems: The diameter of a pearl was written in centimeter, the length of necklaces and others was in inch, the mass was in gram.
Japanese: 例外的に、真珠の取引単位は直径はセンチメートル、ネックレス等の長さはインチとされ、質量はグラム表記したことで混乱を招いた歴史があることから、世界的に「匁（もんめ、momme）」が国際単位として使われている。
English: In the fields of architecture and real estate, 'tsubo' (1 tsubo corresponds to a space of two Japanese tatami mats) is informally but regularly used as a unit for showing the size of land and floor.
Japanese: 建築や不動産関係では土地や床面積の面積として、畳2帖の面積に相当する「坪」が非公式ながら常用されている。
English: In showing the price of 1 tsubo when a house is constructed, for example, it is written as 'some thousand yen per 3.3 square meters' instead of 'some thousand yen per 1 tsubo.'
Japanese: 例えば住宅の建設費で、坪当たりの単価を示す場合には「坪あたり○万円」を使わず「3.3平方メートルあたり○万円」の形で表記される。
English: Two kinds of units with the shaku remain in Japan of today, one is kane-jaku (generally called 'shaku' simply) and the other is kujira-jaku whose unit length of the shaku is 1.25 times longer than that of the kane-jaku.
Japanese: 今日の日本では曲尺（かねじゃく。単に「尺」と言えばこちらを指す）とその1.25倍の長さの鯨尺（くじらしゃく）が残っている。
English: As for the unit of ken, The Weights and Measures Act promulgated in the Meiji period definitely provides that 1 ken is equal to 6 shaku.
Japanese: 間については、1間が6尺と明確に定められたのは明治の度量衡法においてである。
English: When 'ken' was used, it was inevitable to express the length in the units of shaku and sun, because 'ken' had no special rule but 'it is almost equal to 6 shaku.'
Japanese: 「およそ6尺」という以外は特に定めはなく、「間」を用いる際はそれが何尺何寸であるかを示す必要があった。
English: Besides the unit system of shaku, a unit 'mon' that was based on the diameter of the coin (Kanei Tsuho) was also used for measuring length.
Japanese: 尺の系統とは別に、通貨（寛永通宝）の直径を基準とする「文(長さ)」（もん）という単位があった。
English: The diameter of 1 mon coin was fixed at almost 24 millimeter (8 bu) although there were some margins of error depending on the periods.
Japanese: 一文銭の直径は時代により若干の誤差があるが、おおよそ24ミリメートル（8分）であった。
English: Like the metric system, the unit of area is represented by the square of the unit of length as follows: 'Hosun' (the square sun), 'hoshaku' (the square shaku) and 'hojo' (the square jo).
Japanese: 面積の単位には、メートル法と同じく長さの単位を組み立てて「方寸（平方寸）」「方尺（平方尺）」「方丈（平方丈）」のように言う。
English: Based on the definition of the shaku in The Weights and Measures Act, each unit is converted to the square meter.
Japanese: 平方メートルへの換算は、度量衡法での尺の定義より導かれたものである。
English: The units of cho, tan, se and bu are used for showing the acreage of fields, mountains, and forests, while the units of tsubo, go and shaku (勺) are used for the housing lots and the houses.
Japanese: 田畑や山林の地積には町、反、畝、歩を用い、宅地や家屋の地積には坪、合、勺を用いる。
English: 1 cho, 1 tan, and 1 se extremely approximates 1 hectare, 10 are, and 1 are, respectively (practically, it is possible to use the verb "equals" instead of "approximates").
Japanese: 町・反・畝については、その値が1ヘクタール、10アール、1アールに非常に近い（実用上は等しいと言っても良い）。
English: Therefore, the units of acreage were easily switched to the units of the metric system in Japan, while it was a quite difficult task for Western countries.
Japanese: このため、西洋の諸国では困難を極めた地積単位のメートル法への移行は、日本ではスムーズに行われた。
English: However, it is difficult to convert the tsubo into the units of the metric system by integral multiples, so that the tsubo alone is still used.
Japanese: ただし、坪だけはメートル法の単位できりの良い値にならないため、現在でも使用されている。
English: Without using the unit of bu, the acreage of the fields and the mountains and forest are represented in are and square meter.
Japanese: 歩も用いられることはなく、田畑・山林の地積についてはアールや平方メートルが用いられている。
English: For fields, mountains, and forests, even though the acreage is capable of being represented only by the units of cho, tan, and se, 'bu' is usually applied to the end of those units so as to clarify the value is even.
Japanese: 田畑や山林について、面積の値が町・反・畝で終わるときに、通常、その後に「歩」をつけてちょうどの値であることを明示する。