nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After this, members of the Heguri clan disappear from "Nihon Shoki" (The Chronicle of Japan) for a while, but in 587 the name of HEGURI no Kamite appears as the General to subjugate the Mononobe clan; by this time the Heguri clan had gained the position to be elected as daibu (master).
Japanese: これ以後、平群氏の氏人はしばらく『書紀』から姿を消すが、用明天皇2年（587年）の物部氏討伐将軍として平群神手（かみて）の名が見え、この頃までに大夫選任氏族としての地位を得ていた。
English: In November, 684 the Heguri clan was granted kabane (hereditary title) of Ason again when the Imperial Court enforced the yakusa no kabane system (eight official titles conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu).
Japanese: 同13年（684年）10月の八色の姓施行に伴い、改めて朝臣姓を賜る。
English: According to archeologists, when they see the changes of Heguridani-kofun Tumulus Cluster (located in present Heguri Town) which is said to be the okutsuki (Shinto tomb) of the Heguri clan, the emergence of the Heguri clan cannot be traced before the middle of the sixth century.
Japanese: 考古学的な見地からは、平群氏の奥津城とされる平群谷古墳群（平群町に所在）の変遷を考えると、同氏の台頭は6世紀中期以前には遡れないという。
English: Based on the above fact, a theory that regards the Heguri clan to be a new powerful local clan after Kamite of the later sixth century is gaining supporters recently.
Japanese: このことから、平群氏を6世紀後半の神手以降の新興在地豪族と見る説が有力である。
English: Accordingly, the description in "Nihon Shoki" in which Matori took the position of Oomi and wielded arbitrary power is not accepted as a historical fact; it is explained that the story was intentionally made up by the Heguri clan themselves driven by a feeling of competition to the Soga clan who is considered to be the descendant of the same TAKENOUCHI no Sukune as the Heguri clan.
Japanese: 従って、真鳥が大臣に就任して専権を振るったという『書紀』の叙述は史実として認められず、平群氏が自氏と同じく武内宿禰の後裔氏族である蘇我氏への対抗意識から故意に作り上げたのだと説明されている。
English: We should note, related with the formation of the legend of the clan, that in 681 HEGURI no Kobito participated in the project of Teiki (the genealogy of the Imperial Family) and Kyuji (a record of stories current at court) and also included in the various clans asked to submit an 'epitaph' in 691.
Japanese: 天武天皇10年（681年）の帝紀・旧辞の記定事業に平群子首（こびと）が参画していること、持統天皇5年（691年）に「墓記（纂記）」上進を命じられた諸氏族に平群氏が含まれることは、同氏伝承の成立とも関わって留意されよう。
English: Kantojo (官途状) is a letter which was used after the Muromachi period which stated, that a vassal who distinguished himself in a battle was allowed by his lord to use a specific government post as his private name.
Japanese: 官途状（かんとじょう）とは、室町時代以降、主君が武功を挙げた家臣に対して特定の官職を私称することを許した書状のことである。
English: In the Muromachi period it became a customary practice among shugo daimyo that their vassals were allowed to call themselves after the official position or title of the military officer or the governor of the province.
Japanese: 室町時代、守護大名の間では自らの家臣に対して、武官や国守の官名を私称することを許す慣行が生まれた。
English: The permission to be called with a juryomei was issued as a letter by the lord to his vassal, which was called kantojo.
Japanese: また、その受領名を名乗ることを許すために主君から家臣に発給された書状が官途状といった。
English: In the first place, one can say it was essentially an invalid practice as it was no more than a private name between a vassal and his shugo daimyo, and was not under control of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: そもそも、律令制の観点からいえば、これは朝廷の預かり知らぬものであり、守護大名とその家臣の間での私称に過ぎず、本来ならば不当ともいえる慣行であった。
English: But this customary practice was not controlled as provincial military governors (shugo) were influential and samurai played a central role in society.
Japanese: しかし、室町時代はとかく守護の力も強く、武士が中心の社会であり、こうした慣行が取り締まられることはなかった。
English: As might be expected, however, such name could not be used at official places like the Imperial Court or the bakufu (Japanese feudal government), so with the intention to avoid privately using the government post names, a custom was born to use abbreviations of official government posts.
Japanese: しかし、さすがに朝廷や幕府など公式な場で用いるわけにはいかず、官途私称を憚る目的から、正式な官途名を工夫して、略して称する習慣が生まれた。
English: It became popular among samurai and resulted in using hyakkan na and Azuma hyakkan.
Japanese: これが武士の間で広まり百官名、東百官という名乗りに派生していくこととなった。
English: After the Edo period, the custom remained among samurai families who once lost the position of daimyo during the end of mediaeval period to issue Kantojo mainly to their old retainer who stayed in villages.
Japanese: 江戸時代になると、中世末に一度没落し大名の地位を失った武士の家系などで、主に名主となって農村に残った旧臣たちに対して、官途状を発給する習慣が残った。
English: Goryosho, which is also called ryosho or goryo, is the land under the direct control of an official authority such as the Emperor (the Imperial family) or Shogunate.
Japanese: 御料所（ごりょうしょ）とは、料所（りょうしょ）・御料（ごりょう）とも呼ばれ、天皇（皇室）及び幕府などのいわゆる「公儀」と称される公権力が直接支配した土地（直轄地）。
English: "Nippo Jisho" (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary) defines goryosho as royal estates, or a king's private demesne and land.
Japanese: なお、『日葡辞書』においては、「王位に付属する領地、すなわち、国王の私有の領地や土地」と定義している。
English: Goryosho includes lands controlled directly by Shugo daimyo (feudal lords) and by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) and lands controlled directly by the Edo shogunate (known as tenryo after Meiji era).
Japanese: 守護大名や戦国大名の蔵入地や、江戸幕府の公儀御料（明治以後は天領）も御料所の一種である。
English: Also, the Emperor's goryochi (an Imperial estate) is sometimes called Kinrigoryo or Koshitsugoryo.
Japanese: また、天皇の御料地を特に禁裏御料あるいは皇室御領と称する場合もある。
English: In many cases Goryosho was actually controlled and run by local governors and was almost like a manor where Imperial Court and Shogunate took the place of honjo (the administrative headquarters of manor) or of Honke, the head family (the owner of the highest-graded patches of land under the stratified land ruling structure of Shoen) or of ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor.)
Japanese: なお、実際には家臣などを代官として支配・経営させている場合も多く、実態としては朝廷や幕府を本所や本家あるいは領家とした荘園に近い形態であったとも考えられている。
English: The Muromachi shogunate, which owned approximately fifty goryosho (kubogoryo), delegated control of goryosho to great vassals, such as hokoshu (the shogunate military guard) or bugyoshu (group of magistrates) and made them pay tax to the shogunate.
Japanese: 室町幕府も50ヶ所近い御料所（公方御料）を保持して、直臣の奉公衆・奉行衆を代官として派遣して納めさせていた。
English: However, the Muromachi shogunate came to count more and more on tax revenues from the merchants in Kyoto rather than from goryosho, due to the poor and unsteady business performance of goryosho caused by a wave of wars.
Japanese: ところが戦乱が相次いだことで経営は不安定であり、次第に京都の商工業から挙がる税収に依存するようになる。
English: Also, the Muromachi shogunate delegated, on a short-term basis, the post of the military governor of Yamashiro Province to people who already occupied important roles in government such as Samurai-dokoro Shoshi.
Japanese: また、山城国守護職を幕府の侍所所司などの要職者に宛がって短期間で交代させた。
English: In doing so the shogunate was able to restrain them from forming a Shugo-ryogoku system (the system whereby a Shugo dominates a manor), and also secured some economic profit from them.
Japanese: そうすることで守護領国制の形成を阻止するとともに、その経済的得分の一部を確保していた。
English: During the Sengoku period the Mori clan was able to avoid intervention by the ruling clan at that time (namely the Toyotomi clan) by registering Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine officially as "Imperial property."
Japanese: 中世戦国時代_(日本)における毛利氏の場合、石見銀山を名目上”禁裏御料”とすることで、時の政権（豊臣氏）の干渉を免れていた様である。
English: The "Tatsumaru Incident" is a famous incident which triggered the anti-Japanese campaign in China.
Japanese: 辰丸事件（たつまるじけん）は、中国における排日運動の嚆矢となった有名な事件。
English: It is an incident in which Dai-ni Tatsumaru, a Japanese ship, was captured off the coast of Macao on February 5, 1908.
Japanese: 1908年（明治41年）2月5日に、澳門沖に起きた日本船第二辰丸の拿捕事件である。
English: A stream ship Dai-ni Tatsumaru, carrying 49 boxes of firearms, 40 boxes of ammunition and coal, etc. ordered by a Portuguese weapons merchant in Macao, left Kobe, was captured by four patrol boats of 拱北関, Qing in the water area before Macao, deprived of the Japanese (rising sun) flag and taken to Guangdong, on a charge of smuggling arms.
Japanese: 澳門のポルトガル人銃砲商が発注した銃器94函、弾薬40函及び石炭等を積載して神戸を出た汽船第二辰丸は、澳門前面の水域において清国拱北関の巡視船四隻に武器密輸の嫌疑で拿捕され、日章旗を撤去、広東に廻航された。
English: Japan, disregarding the act of smuggling, negotiated with China in hard-line manners under plea of the issues of territorial sea and of the Japanese (rising sun) flag, and demanded an apology and compensation for damage of a hundred thousand yen.
Japanese: 日本側は密輸行為を無視し、領海問題、日章旗問題を口実に中国と強硬な交渉を行い、謝罪と10万円の損害賠償を要求した。
English: The Qing government, however, did not readily accept the condition offered by Japan because they were suffered by the problem of Revolutionary Party.
Japanese: しかし、清国政府は革命党の問題に悩まされている最中であり、容易に日本の条件を受け入れなかった。
English: On the other hand, the first Saionji Cabinet in Japan, which was suffered by various domestic circumstances and under pressure from the Imperial Diet, the military and the financial world, mobilized the Southern-Qing Fleet and threatened the Qing government with the intention of recovering from the difficult position.
Japanese: 一方、日本では、第1次西園寺内閣が様々な国内事情を抱え、帝国議会、軍部、財界の圧力にさらされており、この局面を挽回しようと南清艦隊を動かして清国政府を威嚇した。
English: As a result, on March 15, the Qing government accepted Japan's five demands including release of Tatsumaru, compensation for damage, ceremonial fire of bombshells and purchase of arms.
Japanese: 結果、清国政府は3月15日、辰丸釈放、損害賠償、謝罪礼砲、兵器買収など五ヶ条の要求を入れることとなる。
English: But the residents of Guangdong, where the incident had happened, got indignant, held a meeting for commemorating the national shame on March 19, when Tatsumaru was to be released, and decided on expulsion of Japanese products.
Japanese: ところが事件発生地である広東の紳民はこれに憤激し、辰丸が釈放される19日に国恥記念大会を結集し、日貨排斥を決議したのである。
English: This movement expanded not only within the Guangdong Province but also in South China and the South Seas, gravely damaging Japan under depression.
Japanese: この運動は広東省内にはもちろん、華南、南洋まで及び、不況下の日本への打撃は深刻であった。
English: "Zoishokenden" is the title of a book which lists 966 persons who were granted a rank posthumously between 1868 and 1911; a brief biography is provided for each of them.
Japanese: 『贈位諸賢伝』(ぞういしょけんでん)とは、明治元年(1868年)より同43年(1911年)にかけて贈位された人物、966人の略伝を叙述した文献のことをいう。
English: A tekkosen was a large-size Atake-bune (a type of naval warship) that Nobunaga ODA ordered Yoshitaka KUKI to build in order to fight against the Mori/Murakami navy.
Japanese: 鉄甲船（てっこうせん）とは、織田信長が九鬼嘉隆に命じて、毛利水軍・村上水軍に対抗するために建造させた大型の安宅船である。
English: It is said that the entire ship was covered with fireproof iron plates to prepare against attacks by horoku-hiya (one type of fire arrows) at which the Murakami navy was good.
Japanese: 村上水軍が得意とする焙烙火矢による攻撃に対抗するため、船全体を防火用の鉄板で覆ったものであったと伝えられる。
English: One theory says that it was a huge ship of 139 cubic meters in loading capacity with 21.8 to 23.6m in length and 12.7m in width, equipped with three ozutsu (Japanese artilleries) and many odeppo (big guns) and the surface of the body was tacked with iron plates 3mm in thickness.
Japanese: 一説には大筒3門の他、大鉄砲を多数備え、船体に厚さ3mmの鉄板を鋲で貼り付けた長さ12～13間（21.8ｍ～23.6ｍ）、幅7間（12.7ｍ）の1500石積みの巨船といわれている。
English: Ships used in the battle of the Kizugawa river are described in Shinchoko-ki (Biography of the Warlord Oda Nobunaga), Tamonin nikki diary, Organtino's report and so on, but realities in detail such as its measurements/equipments are unknown.
Japanese: 木津川の合戦に使われた船については信長公記、多聞院日記やオルガンティノの報告書などに記載が見られるが、寸法・装備などその実態については詳らかでない。
English: Even the data in Shinchoko-ki, Organtino's report and so on, which reported the ship comparatively in detail, included no description of the armor, so it is unknown how the ship was armored with iron.
Japanese: 信長公記やオルガンティノの報告書など当船について比較的詳細に述べられている資料には装甲についての記載がなく、鉄の装甲の実態については不明である。
English: Tamonin nikki diary alone reported it as "an iron ship that no bullets of a gun can pass through", which part can be interpreted that it was a ship whose hull was iron-covered in the light ofdocuments of the same period.
Japanese: 唯一多門院日記に伝聞として「鉄の船なり。鉄砲通らぬ用意敷儀なり」との記載があることが、同時代の資料において船体に鉄の装甲を施した船であると解釈できる部分である。
English: Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino, a missionary, wrote in his report to Luis Frois that the ship was like one in the Kingdom (Portugal) and that he was surprised to know that such a ship had been constructed in Japan.
Japanese: 宣教師グネッキ・ソルディ・オルガンティノはルイス・フロイス宛の報告書の中で「王国（ポルトガル）の船にも似ており、このような船が日本で造られていることは驚きだ」と述べている。
English: Six ships were built in Ise for sea barricades by Yoshitaka Kuki, who was ordered by Nobunaga Oda； it is said that the Oda navy with these ships, on the way to Osaka Bay, defeated the Saiga/Taniwa navy, and also destroyed 600 ships of the Mori navy fleet only with six ships.
Japanese: 海上封鎖のバリケードとして織田信長の命で九鬼嘉隆により伊勢で6隻建造され、大阪湾へ向う途上に雑賀・谷輪の水軍と戦いこれを破り、第二次木津川口の戦いにおいてはたった6隻で600隻もの毛利水軍の船団を壊滅させたといわれている。
English: Legends say that after Nobunaga's death, they were anchored in Osaka Bay and left until it went rotten, or they were dismantled into several small ships.
Japanese: 信長の死後は大阪湾に投錨したまま放棄され、朽ちていったと言う話と解体されて数隻の小早等に作り直された話等も伝わっている。
English: From the official bakufu documents it is confirmed that the "Atake Maru", the largest Ataka bune in history, which Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered Tadakatsu MUKAI, the chief of the bakufu navy to build, had all oars and the whole hull covered with copper plates for the prevention of fire and erosion, which proves a definite fact that an idea of covering the surface of a warship existed in 1635.
Japanese: 、徳川秀忠が幕府御船手頭向井忠勝に建造させた史上最大級の安宅船「安宅丸」は、総櫓及び船体の総てに防火・防蝕を目的とした銅板貼りが施されていた事が幕府の公式な記録から確認されており、1635年当時、軍船の表面に金属板を貼るという発想が存在していた事そのものは疑いがたい事実と言えよう。
English: There exists another example that a large ship, which was about 55m in length, about 13m in width, and equipped with 100 oars and watchtowers at the bow and the stern, was built in Sawayama, the lake side of Biwako Lake in 1573 on the order of Nagahide NIWA (from Shincho-koki).
Japanese: また天正元年（1573年）には琵琶湖湖畔の佐和山において、丹羽長秀の指揮のもと、長さ三十間（約55m）幅７間（約１３ｍ）櫓百挺立て、軸櫓に矢倉を設けた大船が建造された例が存在する（信長公記より）。
English: In later years the Kuki family in Ominato (Ise City) in Ise built an Atake-bune virtually equivalent to a tekkosen and named ""Oniyado", and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who liked the magnificence of the ship, adopted it as a flag ship in the Bunroku-keicho War, put a madder streamer and an Uma-jirushi (commander's flag) of a golden fan on it as a token of a flag ship, and renamed it "Nippon Maru".
Japanese: 後年、九鬼家は伊勢の大湊(伊勢市)において、鉄甲船とほぼ同水準とみられる安宅船を建造し「鬼宿（おにやど）」と名付けたが、この船の威容をいたく気に入った豊臣秀吉は、文禄・慶長の役の際の旗船としてこれを採用し、旗船の証である茜の吹流しと金団扇の馬印を授け、船名も「日本丸（にっぽんまる）」と改称させた。
English: The ship is said to have been 1500 koku (139 cubic meters) in loading capacity, 34m in length, 9.5m in width, had a capacity of 180 crew members and was equipped with 100 oars.
Japanese: 1500石積、長さ34m、幅9.5m、乗員180人、櫓100挺立てであったと言われる。
English: The Nippon Maru was put into commission as an active-duty warship in the early Edo period, but it was remodeled into a smaller ship with 500 koku (139 cubic meters) in loading capacity and 60 oars, and again renamed "Dairyu Maru".
Japanese: 日本丸は江戸時代に入った後も現役の軍船として就役していたが、500石積み60挺立の船に縮小改造され、「大竜丸」と、改名を重ねる事になった。
English: It is said that after it was named "Dairyu Maru", a sculpture of a dragon head was newly added to its prow.
Japanese: 「大竜丸」となった後は、新たに竜頭の彫刻が船首に追加されていたという。
English: As mentioned above, the Edo bakufu built the Atake Maru, the largest Atake-bune in history which was covered with copper plates based on the same idea as a tekkosen.
Japanese: 前述の通り、1635年、江戸幕府は史上最大の安宅船である安宅丸を建造し、鉄甲船と同様の考えから銅板を貼っている。
English: Iron plates would become eroded so easily by sea water that they were unfit for a long-term use, therefore, they were substituted by copper plates, which can be said to have made a reasonable development from a tekkosen.
Japanese: 鉄板では海水によって腐食するため長期の運用は不可能であり、そのため銅板に換えたと考えられ、鉄甲船からの順当な発展型と言える。
English: However, it was dismantled in 1682 due to financial difficulties of the bakufu, leading to the end of tekkosen line ships.
Japanese: しかしながら幕府の財政難により1682年に解体されてしまい、鉄甲船の系譜はこれで途絶える事となった。
English: It is estimated that the power of a tekkosen, like ordinary Atake-bune, came from oars and retractable cotton sails, but it is unclear whether a ship with more weight due to iron plates could run at a practical speed using this method.
Japanese: 鉄甲船の動力は通常の安宅船と同じく櫓、および起倒式の木綿帆によるものと推定されているが、鉄板によって重量を増した船がこの方式で実用に耐えうる速度で航行できるかは不明である。
English: Although it navigated to Osaka Bay via the Kumano-nada Sea from Ise, some people doubt that a ship that was extremely heavy because of iron plates could pass through the rough Kumano-nada Sea.
Japanese: 伊勢から熊野灘を経由して大阪湾に回航しているが、鉄板でトップヘビーになった船が波の荒い熊野灘を通り抜け出来るのかどうか疑問視する声もある。
English: The Mori navy, which was defeated in the second battle of Kizugawaguchi, started active movements such as carrying army provisions into Miki-jo Castle the next year, which makes the runaway victory recorded in Shincho koki doubtful.
Japanese: 第二次木津川口の戦いで敗北した毛利水軍であったが、翌年には三木城へ兵糧を運び入れる等、活発な活動を見せており、信長公記に見られるような一方的大勝利であったかも疑問とされている。
English: A hosho-sen was a ship carrying not only a shuinjo (license for foreign trade) issued by the Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") but also a hosho (permit) written by roju (members of shogun's council of elders).
Japanese: 奉書船（ほうしょせん）とは、征夷大将軍が発給した朱印状に加えて、老中の書いた奉書という許可証をもった船のこと。
English: Originally a hosho was a monjo (document), formed by senior vassals or magistrates, in order to certify orders issued by lords were formal and to instruct their prompt execution; in the Muromachi bakufu a hosho was made by kanryo (Shogun's Deputies) together with Shougun's order, the system of which was succeeded by the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 奉書とは元々主君が出した命令書に対して、重臣や奉行などがその命令書が正規のものである証明とその速やかな執行を指示するために作成した文書であり、室町幕府では管領によって将軍の命令書とともに奉書が作成され、江戸幕府においてもこの制度を継承していた。
English: In the early Edo period, foreign trade was performed by shuinsen carrying a shuinjo (shogunal charter for foreign trade).
Japanese: 江戸時代、初期には将軍の朱印状を携帯した朱印船による朱印船貿易が行われていた。
English: Hoshosen regulations permitted foreign trade only to ships carrying a hosho countersigned by the roju, in addition to a traditional shuinjo, which was a transitional measure from shuinsen trade to national isolation.
Japanese: 奉書船制度は、従来の朱印状に加えて、老中の連署により発行する「奉書」を携行する船にのみ貿易を許可したもので、朱印船貿易から鎖国への過渡的措置として行われた。
English: In promoting isolation, a shuinjo, namely a trade permit was an obstacle.
Japanese: 鎖国を進めるにあたり、貿易許可証である朱印状は邪魔な存在になっていた。
English: The shuinsen regulations were institutionalized by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the first Shogun and many of the shuinjo were issued by Ieyasu himself, so the cancellation of shuinjo was virtually impossible
Japanese: 朱印船制度は初代将軍徳川家康が制度化したものであり、家康自身が直接発行したものも多く、余人がそれを取り消すことは事実上不可能だったからである。
English: Therefore, the bakufu, as a means of restricting trade, set a new condition for permitting trade that "both a shuinjo and a hosho should be carried ".
Japanese: そこで、幕府は貿易を制限するための手段として「朱印状と奉書の両方を携行すること」を貿易許可の新たな条件とした。
English: That is to say, the bakufu added a collateral condition without canceling the validity of a shuinjo.
Japanese: つまり、朱印状の効力を取り消すことなく、付帯条件を追加したわけである。
English: Budan Seiji is an authoritarian government based on military power.
Japanese: 武断政治（ぶだんせいじ）とは、武力を背景にして行われる専制的な政治のこと。
English: It usually refers to a government ruled by shogun from Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to Iemitsu TOKUGAWA in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 主に江戸幕府初期の、徳川家康から徳川家光までが行った政治姿勢のことを指す。
English: After the incident of Shosetsu YUI and the Joo Incident, the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA undertook conversion into a civilian government.
Japanese: 由井正雪の乱や承応の変を機に、4代将軍徳川家綱が、文治政治への転換をすすめた。
English: Agechi-rei (上知令) is an order for confiscation of lands issued by the government in the late Edo period and the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 上知令（じょうちれい、あげちれい）は、江戸時代後期と明治初期に政権者が出した土地没収の命令。
English: Roju shuza (the head of Roju, senior councilors of the Tokugawa shogunate) Tadakuni MIZUNO, who led Tempo Reforms, believed that foreigners might attack Japan in the future, considering the defeat of Qing in the Opium War and the situation in those days in which foreign ships were frequently witnessed in the sea around Japan.
Japanese: 天保の改革を主導した老中首座水野忠邦は、アヘン戦争で清国がイギリスに敗れ、また日本近海にも外国船がしばしば出没する状況にてらし、将来、日本にも外国が攻めてくることもありうるとみていた。
English: As Tokyo was the center of politics and Osaka was the center of economy, it was especially important to consider risk management in case foreign ships appeared in the sea near Edo and Osaka.
Japanese: 特に江戸は政治の中心地、大坂は経済の中心地であるから、江戸、大坂近海に外国船が来襲した際の危機管理の重要性が課題となる。
English: The areas of ju-ri (about 4km) square both of Edo and of Osaka had been an intricate mixture of tenryo (shogunal demesnes), territories of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and territories of hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: これまで江戸・大坂十里四方は、幕府領（天領）、大名領、旗本領が入り組んでいた。
English: Thus it was decided that the bakufu should control the whole areas of ju-ri square of Edo and Osaka by issuing an order to make daimyo and hatamoto return their territories to the bakufu which were within the said ju-ri areas and to supply them with substitute lands near their honryo (main domain), and as a result, Agechi-rei was issued on June 1 (in the old calendar), 1843.
Japanese: そこで大名、旗本には十里四方に該当する領地を幕府に返上させ、かわりに、大名・旗本の本領の付近で替え地を幕府から支給するという命令を出し、江戸・大坂十里四方を幕府が一元的に管理する方針を固め1843年（天保14年）6月1日(旧暦)、上知令が発布された。
English: "Sanho Ryochigae" (exchange of territories in three regions), which had been considered by the domains of Shonai, Echigo-Nagaoka and Kawagoe, was under consideration as a part of Agechi-rei.
Japanese: なお、庄内藩・越後長岡藩・川越藩の間で検討されていた「三方領知替え」も、この上知令の一環で検討されていたものだった。
English: For example Toshitsura DOI, who was Roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate) and a colleague of Tadakuni MIZUNO, governed the domain of Koga in the Province of Shimousa but also had outlands in the provinces of Kawachi and Settsu.
Japanese: 例えば、水野忠邦の同僚で老中土井利位は本領は下総国古河藩であったが、河内国、摂津国にも飛び地を持っていた。
English: The DOI family had borrowed money from farmers in the provinces of Kawachi and Settsu, and the farmers, fearing that the family might repudiate its debt at the time of confiscation of territories, repeatedly petitioned the DOI family directly for opposition to the confiscation.
Japanese: 土井家は河内、摂津の農民に借金があり、農民達は上知と同時に借金が踏み倒されるのではと恐れ、土井家に繰り返し上知反対の強訴が発生した。
English: The opponents, appointing Toshitsura DOI as their leader, began to conspire revocation of Agechi-rei and dismissal of Tadakuni MIZUNO from Roju, and even Tadakuni's most trusted retainers (machi-bugyo (town magistrate) Yozo TORII and kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) Tadamoto SAKAKIBARA) revolted to DOI's side; TORII was so resolute that he passed all of Tadakuni's confidential materials to DOI.
Japanese: 反対派は土井利位を盟主に担いで上知令撤回と、水野忠邦の老中免職に動き出し、水野忠邦の主だった腹心達（町奉行鳥居耀蔵、勘定奉行榊原忠職）らも土井派に寝返り、鳥居に至っては忠邦の機密資料を残らず土井に流すという徹底ぶりであった。
English: At last on September 7 (in the old lunar calendar), while Tadakuni was absent, an order of the bakufu for revocation of Agechi-rei was issued by Toshitsura DOI, and on September 13 (in the old lunar calendar) Tadakuni was dismissed from Roju, which ended Tempo Reforms along with Agechi-rei.
Japanese: 結局9月7日(旧暦)、忠邦が欠席のまま土井利位から上知令撤回の幕命が出され、9月13日(旧暦)、忠邦は老中免職となり、上知令ともども天保の改革は終焉した。
English: Territories of temples and Shinto shrines (jisha-ryo), which had been granted in the Edo period, were confiscated by Agechi-rei in 1871 and 1875.
Japanese: 江戸時代に認められていた寺院と神社の領地（寺社領）が1871年（明治4年）と1875年（明治8年）の2回の上知令により没収された。
English: One of the reasons for the confiscation was that the legal basis for jisha-ryo was lost when feudal lords, who had granted jisha-ryo, lost their power due to Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and the purpose of the confiscation was to abolish the privilege of tax exemption of all the lands including jisha-ryo to establish the principle of uniform land taxation through the land-tax reform.
Japanese: この背景には廃藩置県に伴い、寺社領を与える主体であった領主権力が消滅したために寺社領の法的根拠も失われたこと、地租改正によって全ての土地に地租を賦課する原則を打ち立てるために寺社領を含めた全ての土地に対する免税特権を破棄することを目的としていた。
English: For the same purpose, the privilege of tax exemption of "kegachi", lands possessed by people who had been treated as Eta and Hinin (groups comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), was also abolished when Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was issued.
Japanese: なお、同様の趣旨をもってえた・非人とされた人々の所有地である「穢地」の免税特権破棄も解放令と同時に行われている。
English: Changes of dynasties theories are doctrines which say, due to the interruption in the imperial line of the Imperial Family in the Kofun period in Japan, dynasties were changed several times.
Japanese: 王朝交替説（おうちょうこうたいせつ）は、日本の古墳時代に天皇家の皇統の断続があり、複数の王朝の交替があったとする学説。