nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Against such a background, the theory of painting by DONG Qichang mentioned above dealt with literati painting as opposed to Intaiga (a type of Chinese painting associated with the Imperial Court Academy) by professional painters.
Japanese: このような背景の中、先の董其昌の画論では専門の画工によった院体画と対峙して文人画を位置づけている。
English: Literati painting was basically an avocation by amateur and 'its kiin (elegance)' which could be regarded as its essence was widely accepted by Bunjin and deeply spread among Bunjin in their pastimes after Sung and Yuan periods.
Japanese: 文人画は飽くまで素人の余技であり、その精髄とも呼べる「気韻」は広く文人の間に受け入れられ、宋元以降、文人の趣味生活に深く浸透していった。
English: In "the Analects of Confucius" and "the Book of Rites," there are descriptions that Confucius and his disciples favored playing Kin and put the highest value on it among all musical instruments.
Japanese: 孔子やその門人たちが琴を奏でることを好み、楽器の中でももっとも重用していたことが『論語』や『礼記』にみえる。
English: These literary works showed that Confucius carried a Kin when traveling around the country and sang to its accompaniment, and that his disciples such as Shiyu and Gankai also used it habitually.
Japanese: それらによると孔子は諸国を漫遊する旅に琴を携えて歌の伴奏としおり、子游や顔回ら弟子達も琴を愛用していたことがわかる。
English: This custom of Confucius and his disciples, the founders of Confucianism, led to the fact that Confucians put the highest value on Kin and used it habitually.
Japanese: 儒学の祖である孔子らのこの風習はやがて儒者が琴をもっとも尊び愛用することに繋がった。
English: Kantan in the Later Han described the importance of Kin in "Shinron" (literally, 'new theory') and so did Osho (a person in Houhan in China) in "Fuzokutsu" (a book about public morals).
Japanese: 後漢の桓譚は『新論』で、応劭は『風俗通』にてそれぞれ琴の重要性を説いている。
English: In this thought of the times, there appeared many famous Bunjin who were good at playing Kin from the Han period to the Six Dynasties period.
Japanese: このような思潮の中、漢代から六朝までの間に琴を得意とする著名な文人が多数現れている。
English: For example, MA Rong and Saiyo in the Later Han, Keiko in the Wei dynasty (the Three States Period) and TAI Ki in the Eastern Jin, as well as Kantan who was mentioned above were the examples.
Japanese: 前述の桓譚に加え、後漢では馬融・蔡邕、魏(三国)の嵆康、東晋の戴逵などである。
English: It is said that TAO Yuan Ming held a Kin with no strings and fiddled with it when he was drunk, although he could not play it.
Japanese: 陶淵明のごときは琴を奏でることができないにもかかわらず、無弦の琴を愛蔵して酒に酔うとこれを奏でるかのように玩んだという。
English: Kin was prevailed most widely in the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and soon declined, but it had been seen as the sole music instrument for Bunjin even in the recent times.
Japanese: このような琴の流行は南北朝時代(中国)に最高潮になりやがて衰退するが、近世になっても文人の嗜むべき随一の楽器とされ続けた。
English: Igo was such an old game as to be described in Confucius words in "the the Analects of Confucius."
Japanese: 囲碁は既に『論語』の中に孔子の弁として述べられるほど古い遊びである。
English: The Chinese letter '弈' in the word '博弈' refers to Igo and the letter '博' refers to sugoroku game.
Japanese: 「博弈」のうちの「弈」が囲碁を差しているが「博」の方はスゴロクの事である。
English: In "Igofu" written by MA Rong in the Later Han, while sugoroku game was described as a speculative and superficial gamble, Igo was described as a strategic and intellectual game.
Japanese: 後漢の馬融の『囲棊賦』などで「博」（スゴロク）は投機的で浅薄な賭事であるに対して囲碁は頭脳を使い戦略的・理知的であるとしている。
English: In addition, a scene of people playing Igo quietly inspired onlookers to read poetry about it, and in fact there are many poems about Igo.
Japanese: また囲碁の静かに対局する姿は傍観者から見て詩的な風情を誘い、詩にいくつも詠じられている。
English: Seals in China has a long history and its origin can date back to the Warring States Period.
Japanese: 中国における印章の歴史は古く、確実には戦国時代(中国)までその起源を遡ることができる。
English: It is no exaggeration to say that except very early days, the development of Tenkokue was promoted by Bunjin in a similar way that calligraphic works were developed by Bunjin.
Japanese: 極く初期の頃を除けばその発達は書と同じく文人の手中にあったといっても過言ではない。
English: Although there were books which discussed seals from an artistic point of view already in the Tang period, BEI Futsu in the Northern Sung Dynasty was regarded as the first Bunjin who engraved a Tenkoku.
Japanese: 唐代には既に印章を美術的に論じた文献がみられるが、北宋の米芾がはじめて篆刻した文人とみなされている。
English: The literati painting which flourished in the Sung period was a comprehensive art, so the seals were also required to have high artistic value similar to Calligraphy, Poetry, and Painting and strongly influenced by the sense of elegance and vulgarian of Bunjin.
Japanese: 宋代に隆盛した文人画は総合芸術であり詩書画に加え印章にも同様の高い芸術性が求められ、文人の雅俗認識が鋭く及ぶようになった。
English: However, since only a hard material of seal was known, it was difficult for Bunjin to engrave one by himself.
Japanese: しかし、硬い印材しか知られていなかったため自分で刻むことは難しかった。
English: For this reason, it was after the middle of the Ming period which was more recent times that it became popular as an avocation of Bunjin after BEI Futsu.
Japanese: このため米芾の後で、文人の余技として一般的になったのは遥かに時代が下がった明中期以降である。
English: After a soft stone (qingtian stone) which was suitable for seal-engraving was discovered by WANG Mian in the end of the Yuan period, Bunjin began to engrave a seal by themselves.
Japanese: 元末に王冕が印刻に適した柔らかい石材（青田石）を発見し自身で篆刻するようになる。
English: After the development of distribution in the Ming period made this soft material of seal more accessible, Tenkoku finally came to be popularized as an avocation of Bunjin, partly because of efforts of PENG Wen.
Japanese: 明代になり流通の発達したことでこの柔らかい印材が容易に入手できるようになると、文彭らの努力もあってようやく篆刻が文人の余技として広まった。
English: For example, Goshoseki who was called the last Bunjin in the Qing period was admired as Shizetsu (四絶,literally, a master of the four areas of art) because he was good at all of poetry, calligraphy and painting as well as seal-engraving.
Japanese: たとえば清代最後の文人と言われる呉昌碩は詩書画に印を加えたすべてを能くしたことから四絶と讚えられてた。
English: Tenkoku can be said to be the latest art of Bunjin, which is not unrelated with economic prosperity, development of industries and technological innovation in the Chinese society.
Japanese: 篆刻は最も後発の文人技芸といえるが、これは中国社会の経済的な興隆・産業の発達・技術革新と無縁ではない。
English: Bunjin originally meant people who read books well and spend most of the time in their library and engaged in their hobbies there.
Japanese: 本来的に読書人である文人は文房において起居し、同時に趣味生活を実現する拠点とした。
English: A bright and clean library was regarded as an ideal which was expressed as 'meisojoki' (literally, 'a bright window and a clean desk.'
Japanese: 「明窓浄几」と表現されるように明るく清浄な書斎の環境が理想とされた。
English: This limited space was regarded as microcosm and almost all products of culture became a subject of taste.
Japanese: この限られた空間はひとつの小宇宙と見做され、そこに関わる文物のほとんどが趣味嗜好の対象となった。
English: This germination can go back to the Hang period and it was developed from the Six Dynasties period to the Tang period and its framework was established in the Sung period.
Japanese: この萌芽は漢代にまで遡れるが、六朝から唐にかけて発展し、宋代に骨格が築かれた。
English: It once declined in the Yuan period, was flourished in the Ming period and its influence remained in the Qing period.
Japanese: 元代では一旦衰退するが、明代において隆盛となり、清代までその余波が続いた。
English: While a gorgeous and elegant taste of nobility had been favored in the Six Dynasties and the Tang, a folksy and simple taste came to be favored in the Sung period.
Japanese: 六朝および唐においては華麗にして典雅な貴族趣味が好まれたが、宋代になると庶民的な質素さを基調とする趣致が好まれるようになる。
English: This simple taste originated from the idea of cleanness in Taoism and was expressed as a value of 'cleanliness' which encompassed both aristocratic elegant taste and folksy rustic favor.
Japanese: この質朴とも言える趣致は道教の清浄の概念に由来し、貴族的な雅趣と庶民的な野趣を併せ持つ「清」という価値で表現される。
English: This taste of 'cleanliness' (neatness) which appeared in the Sung period was succeeded and developed in later periods and elevated a hobby which was supposed to be a mere play to an art.
Japanese: この宋代に生まれた清（清逸・清楚）なる趣致は後代まで受け継がれて発展していき、単なる遊戯であるはずの趣味を芸術の域にまで引き上げた。
English: Although they were mere stationery, especially after the Sung period, they became the subjects of appreciation, collection, love and storing.
Japanese: 単なる文房具であるはずが、特に宋代以降になると鑑賞・蒐集・愛玩・収蔵の対象物となった。
English: However, the essence of Bunbo Shumi was not only a dilettante who always appreciated products of culture but also a pursuit of the pleasure of life at library.
Japanese: しかし、文房趣味の精髄をと問われれば、文物の鑑賞に終始する好事家であるばかりでなく、文房生活の享楽の追究であるといわなければならない。
English: The customs of Chinese tea and incense which are significant part of Bunbo show that the sense of elegance and vulgarian prevailed even in taste sense and olfactory sense.
Japanese: 文房では欠かせない中国茶や香の習慣は味覚や嗅覚までに雅俗認識が及んでいる。
English: "Chobutsushi" written in the end of Ming period (translators' notes were in the three volumes in Heibonsha, Toyo bunko) systemized this hobby best, classifying it into 12 categories of shitruro (室盧), flowers and trees, suiseki (viewing stone), birds and fish, calligraphic works and paintings, kito (几榻), instruments, fashion, ship and car, interior accessory, soka (蔬果) and komei (香茗).
Japanese: 明末の文震享の『長物志』（訳注は、平凡社東洋文庫全3巻）は、この趣味をもっともよく体系化しており、室盧・花木・水石・禽魚・書画・几榻・器具・衣飾・舟車・位置・蔬果・香茗の12門に分類している。
English: It should be noted that Bunbo Shumi had influence on various matters ranging from fashion to interior accessory.
Japanese: 文房趣味がファッション（衣飾）やインテリア（位置）まで及んでいたことが注目される。
English: In addition, Bunbo Shumi was discussed in "Shinzo Kakuko Yoron" (新増格古要論) written by So Sho at the beginning of the Ming period, "清秘蔵" by CHO Obun in the end of the Ming period, "遵生八戔" by KO Ren in the Banreki era, "Kohanyoji" (考槃余事) by Toryu, and so on.
Japanese: このほかに明初の曹昭の『新増格古要論』・明末の張応文の『清秘蔵』・万暦年間の高濂の『遵生八戔』・屠隆の『考槃余事』などに文房趣味が論じられている。
English: There are many specialized books and some of them dealt with gardening such as flower arrangement and miniature potted plant and keeping goldfish.
Japanese: 専門書も多く、挿花・盆栽などの園芸についてや金魚の飼育について述べられたものがある。
English: It can be said that an ideal life at Bunbo for Bunjin was to devote himself to the appreciation of old calligraphic works and paintings, making black ink, making a poem and having seidan (noble conversations) with friends over drinks.
Japanese: 文房で古書画の鑑賞に浸り、墨を擦り、詩を詠じ、友と酒を酌み交わして清談に耽ることが文人の理想的な文房生活といえる。
English: Sanketsu means three outstanding people chosen out of those who made the greatest achievements in historical incidents or in their services to their lords.
Japanese: 三傑（さんけつ）とは、歴史上のある事柄や、同じ主君に仕えた家臣などのうち、特に功績が大きかった者を3人選んでいうこと。
English: refers to Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the three busho (Japanese military commander) from present-day Aichi Prefecture, who brought the Sengoku period to an end.
Japanese: -戦国時代(日本)を終結させた現在の愛知県出身の3人の武将、織田信長・豊臣秀吉・徳川家康を指す。
English: refers to Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and Naomasa II, the three meritorious retainers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had outstanding military prowess.
Japanese: 徳川家康の功臣のうち,特に武勇に秀でた3人,本多忠勝・榊原康政・井伊直政を指す。
English: refers to Kagetsuna KATAKURA, Shigezane DATE, and Tsunamoto MONIWA, the three men of the meritorious retainers of Masamune DATE who made the greatest achievements.
Japanese: 伊達政宗の功臣のうち,特に功績の大きかった3人,片倉景綱・伊達成実・茂庭綱元を指す。
English: referst to Takayoshi KIDO, Takamori SAIGO, and Toshimichi OKUBO, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the feudal retainers of domain and shoshi who made contributions to the overthrowing of the Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: -倒幕・明治維新に尽力した藩士・諸士のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、木戸孝允・西郷隆盛・大久保利通を指す。
English: refers to Xiao He, Zhang Liang, and Han Xin, the three who made the greatest achievements of the meritorious retainers who served Gaozu (first emperor) of the Former Han Dynasty, Liu Bang.
Japanese: 前漢の高祖劉邦に仕えた功臣のうち、特に功績の大きかった3人、蕭何・張良・韓信を指す。
English: refers to Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei, the three men who made the greatest achievements of the loyal subjects who served Liu Bei, Emperor of Shu of Sangokushi (The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms).
Japanese: 三国志における蜀の皇帝劉備に仕えた忠臣のうち、特にその功績が大きかった3人、諸葛亮・関羽・張飛を指す。
English: Ninkan is a term which was formerly used in the Japanese government-regulated organisations since the implementation of the Ritsuryo system in the Nara era and is still used today in the government and state institutions.
Japanese: 古くは奈良時代の律令制導入の際より日本の官制において用いられた用語であり、今日の政府や国家機関等においても使用されている。
English: Nowadays ninkan is used when appointing government officials, especially judges, public prosecutors, Self-Defense force officials (including rapid-reaction reserve officials and reserve officials), police officers and Maritime Safety officials.
Japanese: 今日では国家公務員の職、特に裁判官、検察官、自衛官（即応予備自衛官、予備自衛官を含む）、警察官、海上保安官などに任ぜられる場合に用いられる。
English: As a rule, ninkankyohi is used in the case when somebody who passed the bar examination refuses to be appointed as a judge or when somebody graduates from the National Defense Academy refuses to get appointed as a Self-Defense force official.
Japanese: 用法としては、司法試験合格者のうち、裁判官等への任官を拒否するために用いられ、その他には防衛大学校卒業者が自衛官への任官を拒否する場合にも用いられる。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system the rank of government posts (kanshoku) were decided upon court ranks (ikai), which were nondivisable and called kan-i (official court ranks).
Japanese: 律令制下における官職の序列は位階に基づいて定められ、ともに不可分の関係にあり官位と称された。
English: Since the Kamakura period, as a general rule, the conferments of a court rank and appointment to an office of samurai who were shogunal retainers were reported to the Imperial Court via the lord of Kamakura, and it was strictly prohibited for the shogunal retainers to receive a rank and office directly from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降、鎌倉幕府の御家人たる武士の叙位任官は鎌倉殿を通じて朝廷に具申することを原則として、御家人が直接的に朝廷から叙位任官を受けることを厳禁とした。
English: It was intended to prevent shogunal retainers from having a direct relation with the Imperial Court because the master of shogunal retainers was the lord of Kamakura, who held the bakufu, and the bakufu feared that a direct relation between shogunal retainers and the Imperial Court might lead to estrangement or independence of shogunal retainers.
Japanese: これは、御家人の主人はあくまで幕府主宰者たる鎌倉殿であり、御家人が直接的に朝廷と関わりを持つことは、御家人の離反や自立などの事態を招く危険もあり、これを予防する意味があった。
English: When this prohibition was violated and a shogunal retainer received a rank or post directly (not via the Kamakura shogunate) or without permission, that was called Jiyuninkan.
Japanese: この禁を破り、御家人が鎌倉幕府を介せず、または許しを得ることなく、叙位任官することを自由任官という。
English: In order to put appointments of posts (ninkan) under the control of the shogun, Kanto-bugyo (a commissioner of the appointment to an office) was set up in the shogunate, who acted as a contact for samurai families (buke), who applied for ninkan.
Japanese: 幕府では御家人の任官を将軍による統制下に置くため幕府内に官途奉行を置き、武家の任官の申請窓口とした。
English: Actually there were a case in which 24 shogunal retainers of the eastern provinces (Togoku) inclulding MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune in the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, were appointed directly and were forbidden to go east of Sunamoto (Gifu).
Japanese: 実際には、頼朝の時代に源義経をはじめ、24人の東国御家人が自由任官をし、墨俣以東に入ることを禁ぜられた事例がある。
English: The Battle of Subushi was a battle between the Imperial army and Emishi (natives of the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and northern Honshu that opposed and resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors) occurred in Tohoku region (later Rikuchu Province) in the Nara period.
Japanese: 巣伏の戦い（すぶしのたたかい）は奈良時代に東北地方（後の陸中国）で発生した、朝廷軍と蝦夷による戦闘である。
English: KI no Kosami who was appointed to the position ofseito shogun (literally, "general who subdues the eastern barbarians") in 788 led the Imperial army to conquer the Emishi in the following year, 789.
Japanese: 788年（延暦7年）、紀古佐美が征東将軍に任じられ、翌789年（延暦8年）、朝廷軍を率いて蝦夷征討へ赴く。
English: The Imperial army reached Mutsu Province and spent several days staying in Koromogawa Village at the entrance of the Isawa where the chieftain Aterui of the Emishi side was based, then after the Emperor Kanmu's reprimand, it took action at the end of June.
Japanese: 陸奥へ達した朝廷軍は、蝦夷側の首領阿弖流爲の根拠地である胆沢の入り口にあたる衣川村に軍を駐屯させて日を重ねていたが、5月末に桓武天皇の叱責を受けて行動を起こした。
English: From the Imperial army having stayed in three places in the west of the Kitakami-gawa River, 4000 soldiers of the middle and rear troops crossed the river to the east bank.
Japanese: 北上川の西に3箇所に分かれて駐屯していた朝廷軍のうち、中軍と後軍の4000が川を渡って東岸を進んだ。
English: These main armed forces saw and fought about 300 Emishi force forward in an area where the residence of Aterui was located.
Japanese: この主力軍は、阿弖流爲の居のあたりで前方に蝦夷軍約300を見て交戦した。
English: Thereupon, the main forces tried to join with the front troop which, however, was not able to cross the river being blocked by the Emishi forces.
Japanese: そこで前軍と合流しようと考えたが、前軍は蝦夷軍に阻まれて渡河できなかった。
English: On this occasion, about 800 soldiers were joined with the Emishi side and about 400 additional soldiers of the Emishi appeared from Mt. Higashi to block the rear.
Japanese: その時、蝦夷側に約800が加わって反撃に転じ、更に東山から蝦夷軍約400が現れて後方を塞いだ。
English: The Imperial army routed and suffered a loss of 25 soldiers killed including an officer HATSUSEBE no Zenri, 245 hit by arrow, 1036 drowned in the river, and 1257 naked to cross the river.
Japanese: 朝廷軍は壊走し、別将の丈部善理ら戦死者25人、矢にあたる者245人、川で溺死する者1036人、裸身で泳ぎ来る者1257人の損害を出した。
English: The battle occurred at the end of June or at the beginning of July was tactically remarkable that small number of soldiers defeated the large number and no other battle for this kind was found in the history of ancient Japan.
Japanese: 5月末か6月初めに起こったこの戦いは、寡兵をもって大兵を破ること著しいもので、鮮やかに決まった戦術は日本古代史に類例がない。
English: As the second subjugation force, the expedition force of OTOMO no Otomaro and SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro was organized, but the details about how they engaged are not handed down.
Japanese: 再度の征討軍として、大伴弟麻呂と坂上田村麻呂の遠征軍が編成されたが、その交戦については詳細が伝わらない。
English: The Hoki War was the rebellion of Emishi (natives of the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and northern Honshu that opposed and resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors) in Tohoku region (later Rikuzen Province) in the Nara period.
Japanese: 宝亀の乱（ほうきのらん）は奈良時代に東北地方（後の陸前国）で蝦夷が起こした反乱である。
English: It is also called the KOREHARI no Azamaro War by the name of the ringleader.
Japanese: 首謀者の名から、伊治呰麻呂の乱（これはりのあざまろのらん）とも呼ばれる。
English: KOREHARI no Azamaro (also known as KOREHARI no Kimi Azamaro or KOREHARU no Kimi Azamaro), the leader of the barbarians who served the provincial office of Mutsu Province, became Tairyo (the director of the County) of Kamihari County (from the major view, it was a writing error of 'Korehari County' or 'Koreharu County') and conferred Gejugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, given to persons outside Kyoto) in July 28, 778 for the success of the subjection of the Emishi.
Japanese: 伊治呰麻呂（これはりのきみあざまろ、これはるのきみあざまろ）は、陸奥国府に仕える俘囚の指導者で、上治郡（此治郡の誤記として「これはりぐん」、「これはるぐん」とする見解が有力）大領となり、蝦夷征討の功により宝亀9年6月25日(旧暦)（778年7月24日）には外従五位下に叙されていた。
English: "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) describes that the Inspector of Mutsu (Mutsu no azuchi) KI no Hirozumi disliked Azamaro at first then fully trusted him later, but Azamaro secretly bore a deep grudge against MICHISHIMA no Otate, Dairyo of Oshika County, who was the same barbarian as Azamaro, looked down on Azamaro as Ifu (Emishi).
Japanese: 『続日本紀』には、陸奥按察使紀広純は、はじめ呰麻呂を嫌ったが、後にはなはだ信用するようになったこと、しかし同じ俘囚出身である牡鹿郡大領の道嶋大盾は呰麻呂を見下して夷俘として侮り、呰麻呂は内心深く恨んでいたことが記載されている。
English: On May 5, 780 when KI no Hirozumi visited Korehari-jo Castle proposing the construction of Kakubetsu-jo Castle, Azamaro, who caught this opportunity, moved the armed forces of barbarians (military of barbarians), and woke up rebellion to kill Otate at first, then Hirozumi surrounding with many soldiers.
Japanese: 宝亀11年3月22日(旧暦)（780年5月1日）、紀広純が覚べつ城建設を建議し伊治城を訪れた機会をとらえた呰麻呂は、俘囚の軍（俘軍）を動かして反乱を起こし、まず大盾を殺し、次に広純を多勢で囲んで殺した。
English: Azamaro stopped his enveloping attack only for Mutsu no suke (assistant governor of Mutsu Province) Matsuna OTOMO and transferred him to Taga-jo Castle, while, the residents in the castle town entering the Taga-jo Castle tried to protect it, however, ISHIKAWA no Kiyotari, the jo (secretary of provincial offices), and Matsuna escaped together secretly from the rear gate then the residents scattered out of necessity.
Japanese: 陸奥介大伴真綱だけは囲みを開いて多賀城に護送されたが、城下の住民が多賀城の中に入って城を守ろうとしたのに対し、真綱と掾の石川浄足はともに後門から隠れて逃げ、住民もやむなく散り散りになった。
English: At that time, in the warehouse of the Taga-jo Castle,'the storage of weapons and foods were not enough to win the battle' (in "Shoku Nihongi").
Japanese: 当時多賀城の倉庫には、「兵器粮蓄、勝げて計うるべからず」（『続日本紀』）とある。
English: The commander of the plunder of the Taga-jo Castle is unknown as well, it is considered that even after Seito Taishi (great general who subdues the eastern barbarians) FUJIWARA no Tsugutada joined, the battle was further expanded.
Japanese: 多賀城の略奪についても、その指揮官は不明であり、征東大使藤原継縄の投入後も戦闘は拡大したと見られている。
English: The time the battle ended is unknown since no records exist, however, considering the description of "Shoku Nihongi," as FUJIWARA no Oguromaro became the Seito Taishi in October and 'the subjugation was done' in 781, the following year, it is estimated that the war was subdued then.
Japanese: 記録がないために戦闘の終了時期は不明だが、9月には藤原小黒麻呂が征東大使となり、翌天応(日本)元年（781年）には「征伐事畢入朝」と『続日本紀』に見えることから乱は終結に向かったと推察されている。
English: Flogging (jozai or jokei) was one of the five sentences of the Ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 杖罪（じょうざい）、もしくは杖刑（じょうけい）とは、律令法の五刑の一つ。
English: The size of the cane was specified to be about 12mm thick at the handle, about 9mm at the tip and a length of about 1,05m, and in order not to break the skin of the punished person, knags of the cane were sahved off.
Japanese: 笞杖の太さ手元で4分（約12ミリメートル）、先端は3分（約9ミリ）、長さは3尺5寸（約1メートル5センチメートル）と定められ、受刑者の皮膚を破らないように節目などの凹凸は削られたものが使用された。
English: If the executor used a cane that is not compliant with the specified jokojo, or if the convict was severely or fatally injured, he could be subject to punishment.
Japanese: また、規定の常行杖に違反した場合や受刑者に対して重傷を負わせたり死に至らしめた場合には執行者が処罰される事もあった。
English: The number of strokes ranged from 60 strokes to 100 strokes in 5 steps, depending on the seriousness of the crime.
Japanese: 回数は罪の重さによって60回から100回までの5段階に分かれていた。
English: A district manager had the authority to impose the punishment of whipping, but only the provincial governor had the right to decide flogging, in some cases, at his own discretion.
Japanese: 笞は郡司による専断による処分が認められていたが、杖罪の決定権は国司が有し、必要によってはこれを専決する事が出来た。
English: If a crime was detected among the officials staying in Kyoto, the appropriate official had an exclusive right to decide a punishment lower than flogging.
Japanese: また、在京諸司で罪が発覚した場合には杖刑以下は当該諸司の専決事項とした。
English: When a lower rank officer (chonai, shijin) acted against his master's orders, the master (honshu) himself was permitted to execute a punishment lower than flogging on his own.
Japanese: また、帳内・資人が本主の命に反して罪した場合には本主個人が杖罪以下の執行することを許されていた。
English: It was also possible to avoid punishment by paying copper coins weighing the equivalent to the number of strokes of the cane (shokudo, or atonement by copper).
Japanese: 杖の回数と同じ斤量の銅を納めることで罪を回避すること（贖銅）も可能であった。
English: The beginning of flogging can at least be traced back to the sixth century, because there is a record in China's official history book Suisho (The Book of the Sui Dynasty) which says "in this world (…) otherwise depending on the severity (…) they get flogged", which shows that this kind of punishment existed in Yamato (Japan) at the beginning of the seventh century.
Japanese: 中国の正史・『隋書』「」には、「」（その俗（中略）自餘は軽重をもって（中略）あるいは杖す）とあり俀國（倭国）において7世紀初頭には既に杖罪が存在していた事が記されており、その起源は少なくとも6世紀にまで遡れるようである。
English: The Heguri clan is said to be a descendant of TAKENOUCHI no Sukune and one of the ancient powerful local clans based in Heguri no go, Heguri County in Yamato Province (present Heguri Town, Ikoma County, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 平群氏（へぐりし）は、武内宿禰の後裔と伝えられ、大和国平群郡平群郷（奈良県生駒郡平群町）を本拠地とした古代在地豪族の一つ。
English: According to "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan), the Heguri clan was active as a military clan from Emperor Ojin's Court and HEGURI no Tsuku no Sukune came to participate in the national politics in Emperor Richu's Court.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の所伝によると、応神朝から軍事氏族としての活躍が見え、履中朝に平群木菟宿禰（へぐりのつくのすくね）が国政に携わるようになった。
English: Since Emperor Yuryaku's Court after the fall of the Katsuragi clan, HEGURI no Matori, a child of Tsuku successively held the position of 'Oomi' (a highest officer in national politics of the Yamato dynasty) and the clan fully enjoyed their prosperity.
Japanese: 葛城氏没落後の雄略朝以降、木菟の子の平群真鳥（まとり）が「大臣」を歴任して一族の興隆を極めた。
English: However, after Emperor Ninken's death, Matori Oomi, having wanted to be the King of Japan, became tyrannical to govern the nation as he wanted and was feared his power excluding even the Imperial Family, which is considered to be a cause that Kanamura OTOMO by the order of Prince Wakasazaki (later Emperor Buretsu) killed Matori and his son, HEGURI no Shibi in 498.
Japanese: しかし、仁賢天皇の崩後、真鳥大臣は日本国王になろうと専横を極めて、国政をほしいままにしたため、天皇家をも凌ぐその勢力を怖れられ、稚鷦鷯太子（後の武烈天皇）の命を受けた大伴金村により、真鳥とその子の平群鮪（しび）は誅殺されたという（498年）。