nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to the 'Sogiki' (Funeral Records), it was an exceptionally grand funeral in the history of warlord funerals, held in the supreme ceremonial style of the Sotoshu sect, with 7,000 priests participating, his oldest son Ujiteru reading prayers as the host, a son Yoshimoto of Zentoku-ji Temple holding the rope of the coffin and a son Ryoshin from Hanakura holding the Buddhist mortuary tablet.
Japanese: 「葬儀記」によると7,000人の僧侶が参加し、かくして葬儀の喪主である長男氏輝が祭文を読み、棺のつなは善徳寺の御曹司義元、御位牌は花倉の御曹司良真がもって曹洞宗最高の法式で行われ、戦国大名の歴史の上でも例をみない大葬儀であった。
English: Sanei KOSEKI (July 25, 1787 - June 27, 1839) was a doctor and Dutch scholar during the late Edo Period.
Japanese: 小関三英（こせきさんえい、天明7年6月11日(旧暦)（1787年7月25日）-天保10年5月17日(旧暦)（1839年6月27日））は、江戸時代後期の医者・蘭学者。
English: Sanei was believed to have studied under Philipp Franz von Siebold in Nagasaki, but it became clear that there is no such evidence.
Japanese: 長崎でフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトに師事したとされてきたが、最近では長崎遊学、シーボルト門下とする典拠はないとされる。
English: In 1832, Sanei became a doctor of Kishiwada in Izumi Province and was later appointed as a translator belonging to Tenmonkata (Astronomical Institute) of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 天保3年（1832年）、和泉国岸和田医となり、のち幕府の天文方阿蘭陀書籍和解御用、すなわち翻訳係となる。
English: During this period, Sanei got acquainted with Kazan WATANABE (a senior vassal of the Tahara Domain) and Choei TAKANO (a doctor and Dutch scholar) and joined Shoshikai to give a lecture on history and geography.
Japanese: このころ渡辺崋山・高野長英と親交をもち、尚歯会に参加、歴史や地理を講じる。
English: It is believed that Sanei killed himself for fear of the punishment by bakufu for translating 'Yasoden' (a book on Jesus Christ) into colloquial speech, but some argue that Sanei did not have to commit suicide because bakufu had no reason to punish him.
Japanese: 崋山に「耶蘇伝」を口訳したことなどから連坐を恐れたものとされるが、三英には特に処罰される必然性はなく、自害は早計だったのではないか、とする意見もある。
English: Tokiyuki HOJO was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 北条時行（ほうじょうときゆき）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代(日本)の武将である。
English: Since his older brother Kunitoki HOJO was born in 1325, it is assumed that he was born after that.
Japanese: 兄である北条邦時が、正中(日本)2年（1325年）生まれであるため、それ以後の誕生と考えられている。
English: When Emperor Godaigo launched the anti-shogunate movement, shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu including Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA sided with the imperial court.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇が討幕運動を起こすと、幕府御家人であった足利尊氏や新田義貞らが宮方に属する。
English: While Emperor Godaigo started the new government by the Kenmu Restoration after the fall of the bakufu, Tokiyuki escaped from Kamakura to Shinano Province governed by the Hojo clan and was sheltered by the Suwa clan.
Japanese: 幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇による建武の新政が開始されるが、時行は鎌倉から脱出し、北条氏の守護国であった信濃国に逃れ、諏訪氏などに迎えられた。
English: Together with Kinmune SAIONJI in Kyoto, Takatoki's younger brother Yasuie HOJO communicated with the remnants of the Hojo family in various places to overthrow the new government and restore the Kamakura bakufu but failed.
Japanese: 高時の弟である北条泰家は京都で西園寺公宗らとともに各地の北条残党と連絡を取り新政の転覆と鎌倉幕府再興を図るが失敗する。
English: Tokiyuki who was presumably around ten (or seven) years old raised an army with the support of Yorishige SUWA (in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) in Shinano, and entered Musashi Province while rallying samurai who were dissatisfied with the new government.
Japanese: 建武(日本)2年（1335年）7月(旧暦)、10歳前後（7歳とも）であったと考えられている時行は信濃の諏訪頼重(南北朝時代)に擁立されて挙兵し建武政権に不満を持つ武士を糾合しながら武蔵国へ入る。
English: He beat the regent of the Kamakura bakufu Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, Takauji's younger brother in the battle in the Sugawara-jinja Shrine in Machida City and temporarily occupied Kamakura.
Japanese: 町田市の菅原神社(町田市)での合戦で尊氏の弟である鎌倉将軍府執権足利直義を破り鎌倉を一時占領する。
English: Although the Tokiyuki army defeated escaping Tadayoshi in Tegoshigawara, Suruga Province, Tokiyuki ran away because his army was beaten and destroyed by Takauji ASHIKAGA who came from Kyoto to assist Tadayoshi in battles in Hashimoto, Totoumi Province, Sayo no Nakayama (Nakayaka pass at Sayo) and Sagamigawa, Sagami Province.
Japanese: 時行軍は逃げる直義を駿河国手越河原で撃破するが、京から直義救援に駆けつけた足利尊氏に、遠江国橋本、小夜の中山、相模国相模川などの戦いで連破され、時行の軍は壊滅し時行は逃亡した。
English: This battle is called Nakasendai (intermediate predecessor) War because Tokiyuki became the ruler of Kamakura temporarily bridging between the predecessor (the Hojo clan) and the successor (the Ashikaga clan) although he occupied Kamakura for as short as 20 days.
Japanese: 時行が鎌倉を占領していたのはわずか20日間であるが、先代（北条氏）と後代（足利氏）の間に立った鎌倉の一時的支配者となったことから、この乱は中先代の乱と呼ばれる。
English: Taking advantage of the Nakasendai War, Takauji seceded from the new government and established a military government in Kyoto after beating the imperial court forces.
Japanese: 尊氏は中先代の乱を契機に新政から離反し、宮方を破り京都に武家政権を設立する。
English: In 1337, Tokiyuki contacted Emperor Godaigo in Yoshino and joined the Southern Court after receiving the imperial order to grant amnesty to court enemies.
Japanese: 延元2年（1337年）時行は吉野の後醍醐と接触し、朝敵恩赦の綸旨を受けて南朝方に属す。
English: In 1352 soon after the Kanno Disturbance, he raised an army with Yoshimune NITTA and Yoshioki NITTA, the bereaved children of Yoshisada NITTA in Kozuke Province, but he was beaten and captured by Takauji ASHIKAGA and his son Motouji ASHIKAGA and then executed in Kamakura tatsu no guchi on May 20 of the following year.
Japanese: 観応の擾乱の直後の1352年（正平7年/文和元年）に、新田義貞の遺児新田義宗・新田義興と共に上野国で挙兵するが、武蔵国で足利尊氏とその子足利基氏に敗れて捕らえられ、翌年5月20日に鎌倉龍ノ口で処刑された。
English: Some families, however, such as the Okano clan, the Yokoi clan (whose descendants include Shonan YOKOI), and the Hirano clan (the Owari-Hirano clan, whose descendants include Nagayasu HIRANO) claimed descent from Tokiyuki.
Japanese: ただし、岡野氏、横井氏（子孫には横井小楠）や平野氏（尾張平野氏、子孫に平野長泰）など時行の子孫を称する家系もある。
English: Tadateru Matsudaira was a Japanese feudal lord from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 松平忠輝（まつだいらただてる）は安土桃山時代から江戸時代中期にかけての大名。
English: He was born as a sixth son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Edo-jo Castle in February 16, 1592.
Japanese: 天正20年（1592年）1月4日、徳川家康の六男として江戸城で誕生した。
English: Apparently Ieyasu, however, wasn't really pleased with his birth because his real mother's social status was low, and he gave the order: 'abandon him' (this is discussed further below).
Japanese: ところが家康は誕生したばかりの辰千代を生母の身分が低かったため、素直に喜ばず、それどころか「捨てよ」と冷酷に命じたと言われている（後述あり）。
English: Masanobu HONDA, who was a close confidant of Ieyasu, felt very sorry for the child and scrambled to find someone to bring him up.
Japanese: これをあまりに不憫に思った家康の側近・本多正信が奔走して養育先を探した。
English: As a result, Tastuchiyo came to be farmed out to Hiroteru MINAGAWA, who was a Japanese feudal lord of 35,000 koku (a crop yield of approximately 6.3 million cubic meters) and the lord of Tochigi-jo (Naganuma-jo) Castle in Shimotsuke Province, and brought up there.
Japanese: その結果、辰千代は下野国栃木（長沼）城主で3万5000石の大名である皆川広照に預けられて養育されることとなった。
English: It was 1598 that Ieyasu met Tadateru, but even at that time, Ieyasu was apparently not fond of Tadateru's 'ugly' face.
Japanese: 家康が忠輝と面会したのは、慶長3年（1598年）のことであるが、そのときでさえ家康は忠輝の醜い顔を嫌ったと言われている（後述）。
English: In January 1599, as his younger brother (born from the same mother) and Ieyasu's seventh son, Matsuchiyo, died early, Tadateru inherited the reigns of the Nagasawa Matsudaira family and was given the Fukaya Domain which was 10,000 koku (crop yield) in Musashi Province.
Japanese: 慶長4年（1599年）1月、同母弟で家康の7男・松千代が早世したため、その後を受けて長沢松平家の家督を相続し、武蔵国深谷藩1万石を与えられた。
English: His territory changed to Sakura Domain in Shimousa Province with additional properties in 1602, and at the same time his adulthood was formally recognized and he identified himself as Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) Tadateru.
Japanese: 慶長7年（1602年）に下総国佐倉藩5万石に加増移封され、元服して上総介忠輝を名乗る。
English: In March 1603, his territory changed to Kawanakajima Domain in Shinano Province with additional properties (this was the second territory change in only 40 days since the relocation to Sakura Domain in December the previous year).
Japanese: 慶長8年（1603年）2月、信濃国川中島藩12万石に加増移封される（佐倉移封が前年12月であったため、わずか40日で2度の転封となる）。
English: In 1605, he met with Hideyori TOYOTOMI in Osaka on the order of Ieyasu.
Japanese: 慶長10年（1605年）、家康の命令で大坂の豊臣秀頼と面会している。
English: In 1609, however, there was family trouble concerning senior vassals such as Hiroteru MINAGAWA; vassals including Hiroteru were toppled by this incident.
Japanese: しかし慶長14年（1609年）、重臣の皆川広照らによって御家騒動が起こり、それによって広照らは失脚している。
English: In 1610, he was appointed to the role of the lord of Takada Domain in Echigo Province (the lord of Fukushima-jo Castle; discussed further below), and at the same time, he was appointed governor-general of 750,000 koku (crop yield) in total, combined with 120,000 koku (crop yield) in Kawanakajima.
Japanese: 慶長15年（1610年）、越後国高田藩主（福島城主・後述）に任じられ、このとき川中島12万石と併合して合計75万石の太守に任じられた。
English: Tadateru showed an interest in commerce with other countries and was a man of culture who became acquainted with Japanese tea ceremony, paintings and pharmaceutical sciences as well as martial arts, and also he apparently believed in Christianity and was christened.
Japanese: 忠輝は海外との交易に興味を示し、武術を好むと同時に茶道、絵画、薬学に通じた文化人で、キリスト教の洗礼を受けキリスト教を信仰していたともされている。
English: When Tadateru possessed Echigo (currently Niigata Prefecture), he was the lord of Fukushima-jo Castle (Echigo Province) which the Hori clan built, but he constructed Takada-jo Castle in 1614 and moved into it.
Japanese: 越後領有当初の忠輝は、堀氏が築いた福島城(越後国)の城主であったが、慶長19年（1614年）に高田城を築城し、これに移った。
English: Under the order of the Tokugawa shogunate, Takada-jo Castle was constructed by the assistant mayors of the lords from thirteen families such as Masamune DATE who was the father-in-low of Tadateru.
Japanese: 高田城は幕府の命により、忠輝の義父である伊達政宗をはじめとした13家の大名の助役で築造された。
English: However, without shortening the personal distance with Ieyasu, Tadateru was appointed rusuiyaku (a person representing the master during his absence) at the Siege of Osaka in 1614.
Japanese: しかし父・家康との距離は縮められずじまいのまま、慶長19年（1614年）の大坂の役では留守居役を命じられる。
English: As he bungled the Summer Siege of Osaka, however, Tadateru received the 'kaieki' sanction from his oldest brother Hidetada in August 18, 1616 and was exiled to Asama in Ise Province.
Japanese: しかし夏の陣で不手際があったことなどから、元和(日本)2年（1616年）7月6日、兄・秀忠から改易を命じられ、伊勢国朝熊に流罪とされた。
English: He was banished to Takayama Domain in Hida Province in 1618 and to Suwa Domain in Shinano Province in 1626.
Japanese: 元和4年（1618年）には飛騨国高山藩に、寛永3年（1626年）には信濃国諏訪藩に流された。
English: And Tadateru died at Takashima-jo Castle in Suwa, where he had been incarcerated, in August 24, 1683.
Japanese: そして天和3年（1683年）7月3日、幽閉先である諏訪高島城（南の丸）にて死去した。
English: His son Tokumatsu (whose mother was Take no Tsubone) wasn't allowed to go together with his father when he was pardoned, and although he was taken into custody by Shigetsugu ABE who was the lord of the Iwatsuki Domain, he was treated poorly there and killed himself by setting fire to his dwelling.
Japanese: 息子である徳松（母は竹の局）は放免の際に同行が許されず、更には岩槻藩主阿部重次の預かりとなったもののそこで冷遇され、寛永9年（1632年）に住居に火をつけて自殺している。
English: Apparently, this whistle had changed hands from 'Nobunaga ODA to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA,' and Ieyasu passed the symbol of Tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) to Tadateru through Chaa no Tsubone (Tadateru's mother).
Japanese: この笛は「織田信長～豊臣秀吉～徳川家康」と渡り歩いた物とされており、その天下人の象徴である笛を、家康は茶阿局を通して忠輝に渡したと言われている。
English: It was in 1984, 300 years after his death, that he was pardoned by the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 徳川家より赦免されたのは、死去から300年後の1984年になってからであった。
English: Kazuo YAMADA who was a chief priest of Teisho-in Temple, which is Tadateru's ancestral temple, has the idea of Tadateru being pardoned for the anniversary of 300 years after his death, and petitioned Tsunenari TOKUGAWA, who is the 18th head of the Tokugawa family, to have it fulfilled.
Japanese: 忠輝の菩提寺である貞松院の住職・山田和雄が300回忌での赦免を思い立ち、徳川宗家十八代目当主の徳川恒孝に願い出て実現した。
English: On July 3, 1984, Tadateru was pardoned by Tunenari TOKUGAWA, which was reported before the gravestone of Tadateru 3 years later, on October 24, 1987, when it was convenient for temple-goers of Teisho-in Temple (reference: Jodo Shu Press, Jodoshu Bunka-kyoku Shuppan [Jodoshu Culture Department Publication], August 1, 1987, p. 12).
Japanese: 1984年7月3日、徳川恒孝によって赦免され、仏前への奉告は貞松院の檀信徒の都合などで3年後の1987年10月24日に行われた（参考：浄土宗新聞浄土宗文化局出版発行1987年8月1日号12面）。
English: Although some people say that the hit novel, "Sute Doji: MATSUDAIRA Tadateru" (An abandoned child: Tadateru MATSUDAIRA) by Keiichiro Ryu is the reason for his pardon, it was from May 22, 1987 that the novel started to be serialized in places such as "The Shinano Mainichi Shinbun" but it was before then, on July 3, 1984, that the letter of pardon was made public by Tunenari TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 隆慶一郎作の小説、『捨て童子・松平忠輝』のヒットを赦免理由にあげる説があるが、本作が『信濃毎日新聞』等で連載が開始されたのは1987年5月22日からであり、赦免状が徳川恒孝によって出されたのはそれより先、1984年7月3日である。
English: When Tadateru was born, Ieyasu looked at the baby and because the baby looked very dark and the wide-opened eyes made him look frightening, Ieyasu hated the baby and said to abandon him' (Hankanpu [Genealogy of the Protectors of the Shogunate]).
Japanese: 「世に伝ふるは介殿（忠輝）生れ給ひし時、徳川殿（家康）御覧じけるに色きわめて黒く、まじなりさかさまに裂けて恐しげなれば憎ませ給ひて捨てよと仰せあり」（藩翰譜）。
English: In fact, Ieyasu abandoned the newborn baby only because Tadateru's face was ugly.
Japanese: つまり家康は生まれたばかりの新生児である忠輝の顔が醜いという理由だけで、捨て子としたのである。
English: In 1598, when Tadateru was 7 years old, Ieyasu met him and said the following.
Japanese: 慶長3年、忠輝が7歳の時、家康は忠輝と面会しているが、そのときでさえこう述べたという。
English: You look frightening and there is no difference from when Saburo was a child' (Hankanpu).
Japanese: 「恐ろしき面魂かな、三郎が幼かりし時に違ふところなかりけり」（藩翰譜）。
English: It is often said that Ieyasu paid a debt back to Tadateru because Tadateru had a successful career and eventually became a governor-general of 750,000 koku (crop yield).
Japanese: 忠輝は順調に出世して最終的に75万石の太守となったことから、家康は忠輝に報いたとされることが多い。
English: At the time Tadateru was the governor-general of 120,000 koku (crop yield) in Kawanakajima, on the other hand, Ieyasu gave 250,000 koku (crop yield) of Fuchu, Kai Province to his brother Yoshinao (7 years old), 25,000 koku (crop yield) of Mito Domain, Hitachi Province to Yorinobu (5 years old) and 10,000 koku (crop yield) of Shimotsuma Domain, Hitachi Province to Yorifusa (4 years old).
Japanese: しかし慶長11年（1606年）の川中島12万石の太守であった時点で、弟の義直（7歳）は甲斐国府中25万石、頼宣（5歳）は常陸国水戸藩25万石、頼房（4歳）には常陸下妻藩10万石を与えている。
English: In addition, it was apparently because there were movements by people such as Masamune and Chaa no Tsubone that Ieyasu gave Tadateru some territories.
Japanese: しかも家康が忠輝に所領を与えたのは、政宗や茶阿局らの運動があったためとも言われている。
English: When Ieyasu died in May 1616, he called Hidetada, Yoshinao, Yorinobu and Yorifusa to his bedside, but not Tadateru.
Japanese: 元和2年（1616年）4月、家康は死去したが、そのときに秀忠・義直・頼宣・頼房らを枕元に呼びながら、忠輝は呼ばなかった。
English: Although Tadateru betook himself to Sunpu to meet Ieyasu, Ieyasu never gave permission for Tadateru to meet him.
Japanese: 忠輝は面会しようと駿府まで自ら赴いたが、家康は最後まで面会を許さなかった。
English: On August 18, 1616, after Ieyasu's death, his brother Hidetada imposed upon Tadateru the 'kaieki' sanction.
Japanese: 家康没後の元和2年（1616年）7月6日、兄の秀忠は忠輝に改易を命じた。
English: It was because Tadateru was late even though he was appointed to the role of the supreme commander to invade Osaka from Yamato Province at the Summer Siege of Osaka.
Japanese: 大坂夏の陣のとき、大和国から大坂に攻め入る総大将を命じられていたが、遅参したため。
English: It was also because Tadateru put to the sword two hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under Hidetada because they overtook Tadateru's force in Mt. Mori in Omi Province which was marching toward Osaka (However, under military law at that time, Tadateru's actions were legal as during the war kirisute gomen [cut, apologize, and walk away]) was allowed in the case of overtaking.
Japanese: 忠輝軍が大坂に向けて進軍中、近江国守山で軍列を追い越したとして、秀忠直属の旗本2名を斬り殺したため（但し、当時の軍法では戦中の追い越しつまり乗り打ちは切り捨て御免となっているので忠輝の処置は合法である）。
English: Also, Ieyasu ordered Tadateru to go to the palace with him in order to report the victory of the Summer Siege of Osaka.
Japanese: 大坂夏の陣の戦勝を朝廷に奏上するため、家康は忠輝に対して共に参内するように命じた。
English: However, Tadateru didn't go with him due to sickness,' but the truth was that he went to Sagano to go boating on the Katsura-gawa River.
Japanese: しかし忠輝は病気を理由に参内せず、しかもそのとき、嵯峨野に出向いて桂川で舟遊びをしていたため。
English: Also, there is a theory that Tadateru's caliber was as high as Hidetada and he was too full of spirit.
Japanese: また、忠輝の器量が秀康同様優れており、覇気がありすぎたためという説。
English: Although Tadateru was appointed as Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Sakonoe gon shosho (Provisional Minor Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards), he went by the alias of Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) for his whole life.
Japanese: 忠輝は従四位下、左近衛権少将に叙任されたが、生涯を上総介で通したという。
English: Because of that, there are some history books which are written about Tadateru as Kazusa no suke even after he became Shosho.
Japanese: そのため、史書の一部では、忠輝が少将になった後も、上総介と記しているものも少なくない。
English: While this person was alive, he behaved really cooperatively, he excelled in shooting arrows while riding a horse, he naturally had three scales on the side of his body and his swimming was extremely skilful.'
Japanese: 「此人平生、行跡実に相協力、騎射万人に勝れ、両脇自然に三鱗あり、水練の妙、神に通ず。」
English: Therefore, he searched for snake-dragons in a deep pool, looked for demons and monsters, his swordplay was unequaled and he was a god incarnate' (Ryuei fujo denkei [family record of Tokugawa shoguns, including shoguns' legal wife and concubines] and Gyokuyoki [biography of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA's wife, Keyoin-dono]).
Japanese: 「故に淵川に入って蛇龍を捜し、山に入って鬼魅を索め、剣術絶倫、性化現の人」（柳営婦女伝系および玉輿記）。
English: According to the article of November, 501 of Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), KUDARA no Otara is described as follows.
Japanese: 百済意多郎（くだらのおたら）は日本書紀武烈天皇三年十一月条に次のように書かれている人名である。
English: KUDARA no Otara died this month and was buried on the hill of Takadanooka.'
Japanese: 「是の月に、百済の意多郎卒す。高田丘上（たかだのおかのへ）に葬る。」
English: Although nothing else about him is described in Nihonshoki, it is believed that he was a member of the royal family of Paekche (a kingdom in early Korea) because his age of death and the location of his burial are recorded in Nihonshoki.
Japanese: これ以外の記事が見えないので不詳であるが、日本書紀にその没年や墳墓の所在地が記されるため、百済の王族だろうとされる。
English: If this is true, it is highly likely that Otara was related to Konki O (Konikishi), the King of Paekche's young brother who visited Japan in 461.
Japanese: ）とすれば、雄略天皇五年に来朝した百済王弟・昆伎王（軍君）に関係する人物である可能性が高い。
English: According to Samguk Saki (History of the Three Kingdoms), 'Konki, naishin sahei (a government post), died' in 477, which suggests that he returned to Paekche.
Japanese: 三国史記によれば、昆伎王自身は百済文周王三年条に「内臣佐平（百済の官職）昆伎卒す。」と見えるので、帰国したと考えられる。
English: However, given that Asuka-jinja Shrine (Engishikimyojin-taisha Shrine) in Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture, enshrines Konki O as its deity, there is no doubt that his descendants remained in Japan even after Konki O's departure.
Japanese: しかしながら、大阪府羽曳野市の飛鳥戸神社（延喜式名神大社）の祭神が昆伎王であることを考えると、その子孫が日本に残留したのは間違いないと考えられる。
English: Also, according to Samguk Sagi, Tama O, a son of Konki O, was enthroned as Dongseong of Baekje and still on the throne when KUDARA no Otara died in Japan.
Japanese: しかも三国史記によれば、昆伎王の子、末多（たま）王は東城王として百済王位に就いており、百済意多郎が卒した年にも在位していた。
English: It means there is a possibility that KUDARA no Otara was a younger brother of Dongseong of Baekje and stayed in Japan.
Japanese: とすれば百済意多郎とは百済東城王の弟として朝廷に滞在していた人物である可能性もある。
English: Although the tomb of Otara has not been discovered yet, a small mound standing close to the Tsukiyama Tumulus in Tsukiyama in Yamatotakada City, Nara Prefecture, tumulus which is believed to be the Mausoleum of the Emperor Buretsu, or one of the mounds near the Ryokeyama Tomb can be a good candidate.
Japanese: 意多郎の墳墓はまだ判明していないが、武烈天皇陵と伝えられる奈良県大和高田市の築山古墳(大和高田市)（生前に作られた寿陵だろう）の陪塚あるいは領家山古墳周辺に求めるべきと思われる。
English: It is also interesting that there is an area called 'Kudara' (Paekche in Japanese) in Koryo-cho, Kita-Katsuragi County, adjacent to Yamato-Takada City.
Japanese: また大和高田市に隣接する北葛城郡広陵町に百済地名が残存しているのも興味深いところである。
English: Sakugoro HIRASE (February 12, 1856 - January 4, 1925) was a botanist in the Meiji and the Taisho periods.
Japanese: 平瀬作五郎（ひらせさくごろう、安政3年1月7日(旧暦)（1856年2月12日）-大正14年（1925年）1月4日）は、明治・大正期の植物学者。
English: When he was a research assistant at the botanical laboratory of Imperial University of Tokyo, he identified spermatozoids of ginkgo first in the world.
Japanese: 東京大学植物学教室の助手の時代にイチョウの精子を世界ではじめて確認した。
English: He discovered the spermatozoids of ginkgo in January 1894, before Seiichiro IKENO discovered the spermatozoids of cycad.
Japanese: 平瀬作五郎によるイチョウの精子の発見は、池野成一郎によるソテツの精子の発見に先立つ1894年1月である。
English: Shortly after he was promoted to a research assistant from a drawing technician at the botanical laboratory of Imperial University of Tokyo, he showed to associate professor Seiichiro IKENO, spermatozoids of ginkgo, which he found but mistook for some parasite worms.
Japanese: 平瀬は、当時東京帝国大学の植物学教室の画工から助手になってまもなく、寄生虫かと思って当時助教授だった池野成一郎に見せた。
English: On September 9, 1896, HIRASE "witnessed sperm dashing out of the pollen tube and moving around vigorously, " and published a paper titled "Spermatozoids of ginkgo " in October.
Japanese: その後1896年9月9日に「花粉管端より躍然精虫の遊動して活発に転々突進する状況を目撃」し、10月には「イチョウの精虫について」という論文を発表している。
English: This was the first discovery of gymnosperm spermatozoids in the world and his discovery as well as Seiichiro IKENO's discovery of cycad spermatozoids was the most remarkable contribution to botany made by Japanese people.
Japanese: これが世界で初めての裸子植物における精子の発見となり、池野成一郎によるソテツの精子の発見と合わせて、日本人による植物学への最も輝かしい貢献となった。
English: One year later, Sakugoro HIRASE was transferred out to Hikone-higashi Prefectural High School of Shiga and had to abandon his research once, having a hard time.
Japanese: 平瀬作五郎は、その後1年して滋賀県立彦根東高等学校へ転出し、一時は研究も断念、不幸な時期を体験している。
English: In 1912, however, HIRASE, together with Seiichiro IKENO who can be said to have been his mentor, was awarded Onshi Prize (the Imperial Award) (by the Japan Academy), for their highly evaluated discoveries of gymnosperm spermatozoids and cycad spermatozoids respectively.
Japanese: しかし1912年、恩師ともいえる池野成一郎とともに、それぞれイチョウとソテツの精子の発見を高く評価されて、恩賜賞(日本学士院)を授与されている。
English: It was quite unusual that Onshi Prize was given to a person like HIRASE having almost no academic background.
Japanese: ほとんど学歴のない平瀬が、恩賜賞を授与されるというのは異例のことであった。
English: Although Sakugoro HIRASE was not initially included in prize recipients, Seiichiro IKENO said, 'I will refuse to receive the prize if HIRASE is not given the prize,' and as a result, both received the prize.
Japanese: もっともはじめは平瀬作五郎の授与は予定されていなかったらしく、「平瀬が貰わないのなら、私も断わる」と池野成一郎がいうので、2人受賞になったという。
English: The ginkgo tree, from which Sakugoro HIRASE discovered the spermatozoids, is still preserved inside of Koishikawa Botanical Gardens in Hakusan, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, with a stone monument erected in commemoration of his discovery.
Japanese: 平瀬作五郎が精子を発見したイチョウの木は、今でも東京都文京区白山にある小石川植物園の中に、記念の石碑を建てて保存されている。
English: Yoritsuna ANEGAKOJI (1540 – 1587) was a Japanese military commander and feudal lord who lived from the Sengoku period (period of Warring States [in Japan]) to the Azuchi Momoyama period.
Japanese: 姉小路頼綱（あねがこうじよりつな、天文(元号)9年（1540年）-天正15年（1587年））は戦国時代(日本)、安土桃山時代の武将、大名。
English: In 1559, Yoritsuna was handed the reins of the Anegakoji family by his father, starting to serve as provincial governor.
Japanese: 永禄2年（1559年）、父の命を受けて国司である姉小路家の名跡を継承する。
English: In 1572, he departed for battle to Ecchu Province in compliance with Kenshin UESUGI, but in its aftermath, he inherited the reins of the family because of his father Yoshiyori's death.
Japanese: 元亀3年（1572年）、上杉謙信の要請に応じて越中国に出兵したが、その直後に父・良頼が死んだため、家督を継承した。
English: In 1578, when Kenshin died, Yoritsuna joined with Nobunaga ODA and moved his headquarters to Matsukura-jo Castle in Hida.
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）、謙信が死去すると織田信長と手を結び、本拠を飛騨松倉城に移して飛騨の支配体制を固める。
English: Many powerful local lords under his umbrella opposed him, switching their allegiance from the Uesugi clan to the Oda clan, but Yoritsuna managed to attack and destroy every one of them.
Japanese: 上杉氏から織田氏への鞍替えには反対する傘下の国人衆も多く、頼綱はこれをことごとく攻め滅ぼすという政策を取った。
English: Because of that, the more territories the head family of the Anegakoji clan took over, the lesser their support, and the Anegakoji clan's power weakened as a result.
Japanese: そのため、本家の領地は増えたものの姉小路氏を支援する勢力は減り、結果的に勢力を弱めることになる。