nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Later, it became clear that he was innocent but the political situation became uncertain and from about this time, movement for major political reforms became less.
Japanese: 後に無実であることが明らかとなるが、政情は不安となり、この頃から大きな政治改革の動きが少なくなる。
English: In 650, the name of the era was changed to Hakuchi (white pheasants) and generally, this changing of the era name is considered as the end of the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 650年に年号が白雉と改められ、一般的にはこの改元をもって、大化の改新の終わりとされている。
English: The relationship between Emperor Kotoku and Naka no Oe no Oji became inharmonious. An incident happened where Naka no Oe no Oji left Naniwanomiya Palace and returned to Asuka, with a large number of the retainers following him and Emperor Kotoku being left in complete isolation.
Japanese: 孝徳天皇と中大兄皇子は不和となり、白雉4年（653年）に中大兄皇子が難波宮を引き払って飛鳥へ戻り、群臣もこれに従い、孝徳天皇は全く孤立した。
English: In the era of Empress Saimei, ABE no Hirafu was dispatched to the Tohoku region to defeat Ezo (northerners) and gained more control.
Japanese: 斉明天皇時代は阿倍比羅夫を東北地方へ派遣して蝦夷を討ち支配権を拡大させた。
English: On the other hand, the political uncertainty continued and in 658, Prince Arima was executed for attempting a rebellion.
Japanese: 一方、政情不安は続き、658年に有間皇子が謀反を起こそうとしたとして処刑されている。
English: In 660, Baekje, the traditionally friendly country, was attacked by allied forces of Tang and Silla and was destroyed.
Japanese: 660年、伝統的な友好国だった百済が唐・新羅の連合軍に攻められて滅びた。
English: In 661, in response to the request of the surviving retainers of Baekje, Naka no Oe no Oji decided to dispatch soldiers for rescue and together with Empress Saimei, he himself went to Chikushi, but Empress passed away at this place.
Japanese: 661年、百済の遺臣の要請に応じて中大兄皇子は救援の兵を派遣することを決め、斉明天皇とともに自ら筑紫へ赴くが、天皇はこの地で没する。
English: In 662, the expeditionary force for revival of Baekje was severely defeated and wiped out by the allied forces of Tang and Silla in Battle of Hakusukinoe.
Japanese: 662年、百済復興の遠征軍は白村江の戦いで唐・新羅の連合軍に大敗して壊滅した。
English: Japan lost its foothold on Korean Peninsula and Japan came to face the threat of a great power, Tang (in 668, Goguryeo also went to ruin).
Japanese: 日本は朝鮮半島への足掛かりを失い、日本は大国唐の脅威にさらされることとなった（668年には高句麗も滅亡）。
English: Naka no Oe no Oji contributed his energy to improvement of domestic systems centered around protection of the country by building Mizuki (water fortresses) at various places such as Chikuzen, Tsushima Island, etc., placing Sakimori (soldiers deployed in Kyushu) and beacons, transferring the capital to Otsunomiya Palace and, on the other hand, getting reconciled with Gozoku by restoring Kakibe (privately owned people).
Japanese: 中大兄皇子は筑前や対馬島など各地に水城を築き、防人や烽を設置し、大津宮に遷都する一方、部曲を復活させて豪族との融和を図るなど国土防衛を中心とした国内制度の整備に力を注ぐことになる。
English: Naka no Oe no Oji acceded to the Imperial Throne after continuing Shosei (ruling without official accession to the Throne) for several years.
Japanese: 中大兄皇子は数年間称制を続けた後に、668年に即位した（天智天皇）。
English: In 670, he had new koseki (family registers; Kogo no Nenjaku) made and in 671, he enforced Omi-ryo (Omi Administrative Code), which was the first Ritsuryo code of law.
Japanese: 670年に新たな戸籍（庚午年籍）を作り、671年には初めての律令法典である近江令を施行している。
English: When Emperor Tenchi passed away in 671, his son Emperor Kobun and his younger brother Prince Oama fought, and the Jinshin War broke out in 672.
Japanese: 671年に天智天皇が死去すると、天智天皇の子の弘文天皇と弟の大海人皇子が争い、672年に壬申の乱が起こる。
English: It was unexpectedly late that this series of Reforms became the object of estimation by historians and it is said to be DATE Chihiro (natural father of MUTSU Munemitsu), a senior vassal of the Kishu Domain at the end of the Edo Period, who first discovered the historical value of the Reforms by writing "Taisei-Santen-ko" (Three Stages in the Historical of Japan).
Japanese: この一連の改革が歴史家によって評価の対象にされたのは意外と遅く、幕末の紀州藩重臣であった伊達千広（陸奥宗光の実父）が『大勢三転考』を著して、初めて歴史的価値を見出したと言われている。
English: There is rarely an Edict issued on a day the year changes and it has been pointed out that there is little possibility that the Edict was issued on the first day of the New Year.
Japanese: 年の変わりに詔を出す事は余り無く、正月一日に発布された可能性が少ないのではないかと言う指摘がある。
English: The Chinese character to express 'kori' is one used after the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code, in 701) and, before that, a different character had been used as can be seen in written materials (mokkan; a long and narrow wood plate for writing with a brush) which was discovered.
Japanese: 「郡」（こおり）と言う用語が用いられるのは、大宝律令制定以降、それ以前は「評」（こおり）を使っていた文書（木簡類）が見つかっている。
English: In the first article of the Edict, a system of complete state ownership of land and people (abolition of privately owned land and people) was stipulated but the right of possession of Kakibe and manor by Tomonomiyatsuko and Kuninomiyatsuko (the heads of local governments) was approved.
Japanese: 詔の第一条で公地公民、（私地私民の廃止）をうたっていながら伴造（とものみやつこ）、国造（くにのみやつこ）が所有する部曲（かきべ）や田荘（たどころ）の領有権は認められていた。
English: Koseki, keicho (the yearly tax registers), and Handen Shuju are terms first seen in Taiho Ritsuryo and do not appear in written materials before that.
Japanese: 戸籍、計帳、班田収授は大宝律令で初めて見られる用語であり、それ以前の文書には出てこない。
English: It is from the first year of Taiho era when the era name system took root and it is somewhat doubtful if the era name system existed until then.
Japanese: 実際に元号制度が定着したのは大宝元年からであり、それまでは元号制度が存在したか疑わしい部分もある。
English: The first to be 'cremated' according to the Law of Funeral enforced in 646 was Empress Jito (in 697), who was 'buried together' in the mausoleum of her husband, Emperor Tenmu,.
Japanese: 大化2年（646年）に出された古墳薄葬令により天皇で初めて「火葬」され、夫であった天武陵に「合葬」されたのは持統天皇が最初である。
English: Emperor Kotoku who is thought to have enacted the Edict did not follow the Law of Funeral (Emperor Kotoku and Empress Jito passed away in 654 and 703, respectively).
Japanese: 詔を発したとされる孝徳天皇が「薄葬」でない（孝徳天皇は654年に、持統天皇は703年に崩御）。
English: SOGA no Emishi and SOGA no Iruka, parent and child, died but through the Taika Reforms, SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro, a cousin of Iruka, became Udaijin, indicating that the Soga clan still maintained influence not negligible for the Taika regime.
Japanese: 蘇我蝦夷、蘇我入鹿親子は死んだが、大化の改新で、いとこの蘇我倉山田石川麻呂は右大臣になっており、蘇我氏は、大化政権にとっても未だ無視できない勢力を保っていた。
English: In 648, Ishikawamaro was driven to suicide because of a false charge, this also indicating a possibility that the political footing of the Taika regime was weak.
Japanese: 孝徳天皇4年、石川麻呂は冤罪で自殺に追い込まれているが、これも大化の政権の政権基盤が脆弱だった可能性を示している。
English: Furthermore, despite moving out of Asuka once, the influence area of the Soga clan, to Naniwanimiya Palace, they moved back to Asuka, the influence zone of the Soga clan.
Japanese: そして、一度蘇我氏の勢力圏の飛鳥から難波宮に移動しながら、蘇我氏の勢力圏である飛鳥に再び戻っている。
English: It is the era of Emperor Tenchi when transfer of the capital from Asuka to Omi Province finally became possible.
Japanese: 天智天皇の時代になってようやく、飛鳥から近江へ朝廷を移すことが可能になった。
English: It is from the transfer of the capital to Fujiwara-kyo in 694 that the Imperial Family left the land of Asuka and it is 701 that Taiho Ritsuryo was promulgated.
Japanese: 天皇家が飛鳥の地を離れられたのは694年の藤原京への遷都からであり、大宝律令が発布されたのは701年である。
English: From the above points, though it is relatively well agreed that there were carried out reforms such as the Taika Reforms in the mid to latter half of the 7th century, there is a point of view that the date should be much later than 645.
Japanese: 以上の点から、7世紀中～後半に、大化の改新と同様な改革が行われたことは、比較的見解の一致するところではあるが、その時期を645年よりもっと後に設定するべきであるとの考え方もある。
English: It is highly possible that Naka no Oe no Oji cut the power of the clans by utilizing inner confrontation among them and extended power of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 中大兄皇子は氏族内の内部対立を利用して、勢力をそぎ、天皇家の力を伸ばしていった可能性が高い。
English: In addition, there is a point of view that the presence of the Jinshin War should be considered as one of the reasons for strengthening of Emperor's power.
Japanese: また、天皇権力が強くなる理由のひとつとして、壬申の乱の存在を考慮すべきとの考え方も存在する。
English: The Ritsuryo system was completed after the Taiho Ritsuryo and it is highly possible that Taika Reforms were described in an easy-to-understand manner in "Nihonshoki" in a way to overlap with Taiho Ritsuryo.
Japanese: 律令制度が完成したのは、大宝律令からであり、その大宝律令と重ね合わせて解りやすく『日本書紀』には記述した可能性が高い。
English: This may be because FUJIWARA no Fuhito let people esteem the achievements of his father, FUJIWARA no Kamatari.
Japanese: これは藤原不比等が、父親である藤原鎌足の功績を高く評価させたためとも考えられる。
English: Since the pronunciation is the same as another 'Karyo' which means a petty fine, Karyo which means a non-penal fine is often called 'ayamachi-ryo' and the another one 'toga-ryo' to distinguish the two fines.
Japanese: 特に刑罰である科料と同じく「かりょう」と発音するので、過料を「あやまちりょう」、科料を「とがりょう」と呼んで区別することがある。
English: Before the modern penal code (criminal code) established after the Meiji Restoration; however, there were cases that a minor punishment by seizing assets was called a 'Karyo' (there was no word for petty fines [Karyo] in this period) so you need to pay attention to these mixed terms.
Japanese: ただし、明治維新後に近代的な刑法典が確立する以前において、軽微な財産刑を「過料」と称していた（「科料」という言葉は存在していなかった）事例があるため、注意を必要とする。
English: There are many laws and regulations for imposing punishment of Karyo, but those legal characteristics are not uniformly formed and there are many legal principles and procedures applicable.
Japanese: 過料を科す定めは多いが、その性質は一様でなく、適用される法理・手続も数多くある。
English: In any case, Karyo is not a penal punishment so general provisions of the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure would not directly apply to Karyo.
Japanese: いずれにしろ、過料は刑罰ではないので、刑法総則・刑事訴訟法は直接適用されない。
English: The general laws to impose punishment procedures of Karyo are the regulations of Non-Contentious Cases Procedures Act and the regulations of the Local Autonomy Law II, Ordinary local public entities, Chapter 14, supplementary rules, Article 255-3.
Japanese: 科罰手続の一般法としては、非訟事件手続法の規定と、地方自治法s地方自治法第二編普通地方公共団体第十四章補則255の3の規定がある。
English: The Article No. 161, Non-penal fine case (a case in regards to the court procedures for Karyo), except the cases that other laws and ordinances have special rules, is under the jurisdiction of a district court which exercises jurisdiction over the seat for general venue of the party concerned.
Japanese: 第161条　過料事件（過料についての裁判の手続に係る事件をいう。）は、他の法令に別段の定めがある場合を除き、当事者の普通裁判籍の所在地を管轄する地方裁判所が管轄する。
English: Karyo as Chitsujo-batsu (a punishment for disturbing administrative order) includes a fine for violation of one's obligations or duties in civil affairs, for violation of one's obligations or duties in civil suit, for violation of one's obligations or duties in administrative matters and for violation of local public entities ordinances and regulations.
Japanese: 秩序罰としての過料には、民事上の義務違反に対するもの、民事訴訟上の義務違反に対するもの、行政上の義務違反に対するもの、地方公共団体の条例・規則違反に対するものがある。
English: It is collected by corresponding application for disposition of delinquency and other laws (The Local Autonomy Law II, Chapter 9, Finance, Article 231-3)
Japanese: 滞納処分他の法律への準用によって徴収される（地方自治法第二編第九章財務231の3）。
English: Shikko-batsu is an advance notice (or warning) to impose the fixed amount of Karyo on default of a duty that only a specific obligated party can be able to delivery (or execute) the performance of the duty or on default of a duty that delivery or execution of a specific performance is forbidden by a law.
Japanese: 執行罰とは、非代替的作為義務又は不作為義務の不履行に対して、一定額の過料を科すことを予告する。
English: Thus, the execution of one's duties is urged indirectly by a psychological coercion on the obligated party.
Japanese: そのようにして心理的に強制を加え、間接的に義務の履行を促すものである。
English: If the obligated party does not fulfill the duty even after receiving the advance notice (or warning), a written resolution is issued to order payment.
Japanese: 予告してもなお義務の履行がなされないときは、決議書を交付して納付を命じるる。
English: If the obligated party does not obey the order, Karyo conserned is collected forcibly, following the disposition of the National Tax delinquency.
Japanese: これに従わないときは国税滞納処分の例により当該過料を強制的に徴収することとなる。
English: This punishment is considered to be weak on practically and prevention effect in comparison with criminal punishment, so only sabo-ho (Erosion Control Act), the Article 36, provides it in current Japanese law.
Japanese: この執行罰は、刑事罰と比較して実効性・抑止効果が薄いとされ、現行の法律において規定されている例は砂防法36条のみである。
English: The Article 36: If a private party may fail to fulfill a duty to abide by this law or a duty of an order established by this law, Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism or prefectural governors shall give the obligated party a designated time period to fulfill the duty in an advance notice (or warning).
Japanese: 第三十六条　私人ニ於テ此ノ法律若ハ此ノ法律ニ基キテ発スル命令ニ依ル義務ヲ怠ルトキハ国土交通大臣若ハ都道府県知事ハ一定ノ期限ヲ示シ。
English: Also, an administrative agency shall order to fulfill the duty by issuing an advance notice to the obligated party, who shall be imposed punishment of Karyo which is a specific amount of less than five hundred yen if the obligated party would not comply with the duty; the obligated party fail to execute the performance of duty by the designated time period; or obligated party's performance would not be sufficient enough to full fill the duty."
Japanese: 若シ期限内ニ履行セサルトキ若ハ之ヲ履行スルモ不充分ナルトキハ五百円以内ニ於テ指定シタル過料ニ処スルコトヲ予告シテ其ノ履行ヲ命スルコトヲ得
English: In the Article No. 53 of the Old River Act, Shikko-batsu had been included until the law was abolished in April 1, 1965.
Japanese: 旧河川法53条には、1965年（昭和40年）4月1日の廃止まで執行罰が残されていた。
English: The Article 2 of Judges Status Act and the Article 80, No. 2 of Notary Act are examples.
Japanese: その例としては、裁判官分限法2条、公証人法80条2号などが挙げられる。
English: In addition, Karyo imposed on Saiban-in (Lay Judge) (or prospective lay judges) due to false statements and a violation on duty of appearance under Saiban-in System is considered as chokai-batsu. (The Law of Criminal Suit in which Lay Judge participated, Article 82, 83.)
Japanese: なお、裁判員制度において裁判員（又は裁判員候補者）の虚偽記載や出頭義務違反等に科される過料（裁判員の参加する刑事裁判に関する法律82条、83条）は、この懲戒罰としての過料に当たると解される。
English: However, during medieval and the early-modern times in Japan, a negligible punishment by seizing assets was called 'Karyo.'
Japanese: ところが、中世・近世の日本では軽微な財産刑を指して「過料」と呼称している。
English: It includes a punishment and a penalty corresponding current petty fines and penal fines; therefore, it is a kind of a penal punishment.
Japanese: これは現在の科料や罰金に相当する処分・刑罰も含んでおり、刑罰の1種にあたるものである。
English: The Ritsuryo law established the Shokudo (penalty charges which was paid with copper coins) system to impose punishment and for collection of penal fines, but later the Ritsuryo law enforcement power revoked, resulting in less strict penal punishments.
Japanese: 律令法において罰金を課する贖銅制度が存在していたが、律令法が衰退して刑罰が緩やかになった。
English: A minor crime was called 'katai (negligence),' which was utilized for the toward the cost of repairing shrines, temples, road and bridges by collecting money instead of imposing a prison sentence.
Japanese: 軽微な犯罪を「過怠」と称して実刑の代わりに金銭などを徴収して神社や寺院、道路、橋梁などの修繕費用の一部とした。
English: The payment of punishment fines was called 'Katai-sen' and 'Katai-ryo,' later this was shortened and called 'Kasen' and 'Karyo.'
Japanese: この際に支払われた金銭を「過怠銭」「過怠料」などと称し、後にこれを略して「過銭」「過料」とも呼んだ。
English: In Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), Article 15, a person who was found to commit perjury at a trial was ordered to repair temples and shrines.
Japanese: 御成敗式目第15条において裁判で虚偽の証言したことが発覚した者に対して寺社の修理を命じている。
English: In the supplementary articles issued to cover the Article 15, the terms of 'Kajibutsu' (Article 231, in 1244) and 'Karyo' (Article 292, in 1253) were used.
Japanese: これを補うために出された追加法においても、「過代物」（寛元2年（1244年）第231条）・「過料」（建長5年（1253年）第292条）の名称が用いられている。
English: Karyo,' 'Katai-sen' and other similar punishments by the seizing assets were enforced under the Honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law which dealt with shoen (manor in medieval Japan), the Bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced within their own domain) which dealt with daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period and the customary laws for commoners.
Japanese: 「過料」や「過怠銭」またはそれに類する内容の財産刑は荘園における本所法や戦国大名における分国法、あるいは民間における法慣習としても行われていた。
English: During Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) ruling period, "Kajoruiten" (a collection of classified regulations and laws) mentioned that Karyo was imposed on a lender who made a debt contract by using an empty promissory note the first time in 1718, therefore, there was a theory that Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced Karyo as a part of Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
Japanese: 江戸幕府においては『科条類典』に享保3年（1718年）に白紙の手形と引換とした借金契約を結ばせた貸主に初めて過料を課したという記述があることから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
English: Therefore, the scholars theorized the administration of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA introduced a Karyo, forming a part of the Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
Japanese: ことから、徳川吉宗の享保の改革の一環として過料が導入されたという学説が存在していた。
English: The ban on tobacco issued on November 21, 1616 had already stated that any farmer growing tobacco and a daikan (a local governor) with administration of the territory in which the farmer resided shall be imposed Karyo ("Tobu Jitsuroku").
Japanese: が、元和(日本)2年10月13日(旧暦)（1616年）付で出された煙草に関する禁令には既に煙草栽培を行った農民及び同地の代官に過料を課していた（『東武実録』）。
English: Of course, it is also fact that Karyo was systematized under Kujigata-osadamegaki (the law of Edo bakufu) provided by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: もっとも、徳川吉宗が定めた『公事方御定書』によって過料の体系化が行われたのも事実である。
English: According to the law of Kujigata-osadamegaki, the penalty of Karyo was organized into five cases; 'Karyo' was three kanmon (3 kanmon = 30 yen) or five kanmon (5 kanmon = 50 yen); 'A heavy Karyo' was ten kanmon (10 kanmon = 100 yen); 'Karyo adjusted by wealth (or fortune)' was dependent on a personal financial position (or wealth); 'Karyo adjusted by Koma (a small room which used as a measurement unit to calculate the scale of the house)' was dependent on the scale of the personal household (adjusted by wealth); 'A Karyo adjusted by Muradaka (total yields of a village)' was dependent on Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period) of the region when law enforcement would punish a particular region in total.
Japanese: 同法によれば過料には3貫文もしくは5貫文の（一般的な）「過料」、10貫文の「重き過料」、本人の財力に応じた「身上に応じ過料」、本人の家の規模（財力に準じる）に応じた「小間に応じ過料」、地域単位で罰する場合石高に応じた「村高に応じ過料」の5つの事例に整理された。
English: In addition, as a general rule, the deadline for payment was within three days after receiving the order, and the obligated person was imposed a tegusari penalty (confinement to one's residence and restraint in behavior with handcuffs on the wrists) if the person did not pay a fine by the deadline.
Japanese: なお、納付期限は原則として言い渡されてから3日以内とされ、その期間内に納付されない場合には代替として手鎖の刑が課された。
English: After the issuance of "Kujigata-osadamegaki," a number of the cases imposed double punishment, Karyo and another punishment, had been increased as a substitute for a prison sentence to make the old severe penal punishments less strict.
Japanese: 『公事方御定書』以後従来の過酷な刑罰を緩和する意味で実刑の代替として過料もたは他刑との二重仕置が課される事例が増加していくようになった。
English: In addition, Karyo was widely used for Hanpo (laws and regulations to govern a feudal domain during the Edo period) and for Muraho (laws and regulations to govern a village) through the Eedo period.
Japanese: また、藩法や村法などにおいても過料が行われており江戸時代を通じて広く行われていた。
English: Karyo as a penal punishment (punishment by seizing assets) was abolished once by "Shinritsu Koryo" (Outline of the New Criminal Code) issued by the Meiji government in 1869 and changed to a penal fine system based on the Shokudo system of the old Ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 刑罰（財産法）としての過料は明治2年（1869年）に明治政府が定めた『新律綱領』によって一旦廃止されて旧律令法の贖銅制度に基づく罰金制度に変更された。
English: However, the current Karyo which was a non-penal fine and departed from a petty fine was newly established by the old penal code issued in 1880.
Japanese: しかし、明治13年（1880年）の旧刑法によって刑罰である科料と分離された現行の過料が改めて設置されることとなった。
English: The decree of one castle per province was established by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on August 7, 1615.
Japanese: 一国一城令（いっこくいちじょうれい）は元和(日本)元年（1615年）閏6月13日に江戸幕府が制定した法令である。
English: This decree stipulated disposal of all castles except one castle for feudal lord's residence or government office in one province (the province here means not only a province but also feudal lord's territory [subsequent domain]).
Japanese: 一国（この場合の「国」は令制国でもあり、大名の領国（後の藩）のことでもある）に大名が居住あるいは政庁とする一つの城を残してその他の城はすべて廃城にするというものである。
English: When a province was divided to be owned by several feudal lords, each lord was allowed to have one castle (for example, Ozu-jo Castle, Matsuyama-jo Castle and Uwajima-jo Castle in Iyo Province, etc.), and when a clan of feudal lord owned territory across a few provinces, they were allowed to have one in one province (for example, Tsu-jo Castle [Ise Province] and Ueno-jo Castle [Iga Province] of the Tsu Domain).
Japanese: 一つの令制国を複数の大名で分割して領有している場合は各大名ごとに一城とし（例伊予国の大洲城、松山城(伊予国)、宇和島城等）、一つの大名家が複数の令制国にまたがって領有している場合は各令制国ごとに一城とした（例津藩の津城（伊勢国）、上野城（伊賀国））。
English: This decree was not implemented uniformly but practiced flexibly very much, and when it came to a large scale domain, families or vassals of high rank or income were the substantial castle owners and, in fact, there were some examples that some of them kept several castles.
Japanese: この法制は画一的に実施されたわけではなく、大藩では大身の一門や家臣が実質上の城を持ち、現実には複数の城を維持している例も見られ、かなり弾力的に運用された。
English: According to the book 'Journal of House Sitting in Edo' written by Hirofumi YAMAMOTO and other materials, the Mori clan reported to the bakufu after the clan destroyed castles such as Iwakuni-jo Castle while leaving Hagi-jo Castle in Nagato Province, then, the bakufu replied, 'Since the Mori clan owns only two provinces, Suo and Nagato, you did not have to destroy Iwakuni-jo Castle in Suo Province, additionally.'
Japanese: 山本博文著「江戸お留守居役の日記」等によると毛利家では長門国の萩城を残して岩国城などを破却し幕府に報告したが幕府の反応は「毛利家は周防国、長門国の二国だから周防国の岩国城まで破却する必要はなかった筈」というものであった。
English: It is believed that, coupled with humbleness to the bakufu and calculation on the branch domain's regulation within the clan, the castle was destroyed inadvertently.
Japanese: 幕府への遠慮や毛利家内部の支藩統制上の思惑もあり先走って破却が行われたと考えられている。
English: Additionally, castles such as Shiraishi-jo Castle in the Sendai Domain and Yatsushiro-jo Castle in the Kumamoto Domain owned by the descendants of those who particularly contributed to the bakufu among vassals of feudal lords were exception to disposal of castle.
Japanese: このほか仙台藩白石城や熊本藩八代城など大名の家臣でも特に幕府に対して功績があった者の子孫の居城は例外的に廃城の対象外とされた。
English: In addition, the Sendai Domain also kept many actual castles by calling them fortresses.
Japanese: また、仙台藩ではさらに要害などと称して実質上の城を多数維持し続けた。
English: In the Akita Domain, Odate-jo Castle and Yokote-jo Castle (both were burnt down in the Boshin War) were exception to disposal, as a result, the domain was allowed to have three castles in total, which were the above-mentioned two castles along with Kubota-jo Castle.
Japanese: 秋田藩では大館城と横手城（共に戊辰戦争で焼失）が対象外となり、久保田城と合わせて合計3城を持つことを許された。
English: Also, some say that in return for the grand feudal lord Satake clan's change of the territory to Akita, they were allowed to own castles in the districts that had been politically unstable.
Japanese: これは、大大名であった佐竹氏を秋田に転封する見返りに、政情が不安定だった地区の持ち城を許したとも言われている。
English: As a result, the number of castles which were said nearly as many as 3,000 in the Azuchi Momoyama period dropped sharply to about 170 (about 300 when regional government offices included), and consequently, grouped housing of vassals and domain people in castle towns progressed more.
Japanese: これにより安土桃山時代に3千近くもあったといわれる城が約170まで激減し（陣屋を含めると約300）、結果として家臣団や領民の城下町集住が一層進んだとされている。
English: Its purpose was to strengthen the Tokugawa family's domination of the entire country by regulating the power (military force) of the feudal lords; it was focused in particular on the western provinces, where there were a lot of nonhereditary feudal lords.
Japanese: 大名の勢力（軍事力）を統制して徳川家による全国支配を強化することを目的としており、特に外様大名の多い西国に徹底させた。
English: It was founded in Heijo-kyo (present-day Nara City, Nara Prefecture) by ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu, who was a dominant noble in the latter Nara period.
Japanese: 奈良時代後期に有力貴族であった石上宅嗣（いそのかみのやかつぐ）によって平城京（現在の奈良県奈良市）に設置された。
English: Born into the Isonokami clan that is descended from the powerful ancient clan of Mononobe (alleged to be the fifth-generation descendant of the younger brother of MONONOBE no Moriya who opposed the introduction of Buddhism), Yakatsugu is famed for his military accomplishments defeating FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and rising to the rank of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) but at the same time was a leading figure in literature and arts and an avid Buddhist.
Japanese: 古代の有力豪族であった物部氏の末裔（仏教反対派として有名な物部守屋の弟の5代目の子孫だとされる）である石上氏に生まれた宅嗣は藤原仲麻呂討伐などで活躍をして大納言にまで昇る一方で当時を代表する知識人・文人であり、熱心な仏教信者でもあった。