nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Yang Guang became angry because the king of Wa called himself 'the emperor,' not because of the use of the terms 'the Land of the Rising Sun' and 'the Land of the Setting Sun.'
Japanese: なお、煬帝が立腹したのは俀王が「天子」を名乗ったことについてであり、「日出處」「日沒處」との記述にではない。
English: The terms 'the Land of the Rising Sun' and 'the Land of the Setting Sun' are simply Buddhist terms which refer to the east and the west, as "Daichidoron" (Commentary on the Great Wisdom Sutra), an annotated edition of "Makahannyaharamitashingyo" (The Great Treatise on Perfection of Wisdom), says that the land of the rising sun is the east, and the land of the setting sun is the west.
Japanese: 「日出處」「日沒處」は『摩訶般若波羅蜜多経』の注釈書『大智度論』に日出処是東方日没処是西方　とあるなど、単に東西の方角を表す仏教用語である。
English: At the same time, it is also thought that they used the Buddhist terms to announce their secession from the Chinese tributary system.
Japanese: ただし、仏教用語を用いたことで中華的冊封体制からの離脱を表明する表現であったとも考えられている。
English: According to "Nihonshoki," Imoko said he did not have the reply because a person from Baekje stole it, when he returned to Japan with Hai Seisei, a vassal of Yang Guang.
Japanese: 煬帝の家臣である裴世清を連れて帰国した妹子は、返書を百済に盗まれて無くしてしまったと言明している（「臣參還之時唐帝以書授臣然經過百濟國之日百濟人探以掠取是以不得上」『日本書紀』）。
English: It is thought that Imoko destroyed the reply from Yang Guang because Yang Guang regarded Wakoku to be a subject of the Sui, and he was afraid that the letter might make the king angry.
Japanese: この事は、煬帝からの返書は倭国を臣下扱いする物だったのでこれを見せて怒りを買う事を恐れた妹子が返書を破棄してしまったのではないかと推測される。
English: I want to obey Heaven's will, reign over the whole country, and spread my power to command love and respect to have a good effect on all people.'
Japanese: 「朕は、天命を受けて、天下を統治し、みずからの徳をひろめて、すべてのものに及ぼしたいと思っている。」
English: I realize that the king of Wa rules people appropriately beyond the sea, and additionally, that his people live in ease and comfort and their customs and manners are moderate.'
Japanese: 「倭王は海のかなたにいて、よく人民を治め、国内は安楽で、風俗はおだやかだということを知った。」
English: I am pleased that you came here with kind-heartedness and utmost sincerity.'
Japanese: 「こころばえを至誠に、遠く朝献してきたねんごろなこころを、朕はうれしく思う。」
Japanese: （「皇帝問倭皇使人長吏大禮蘇因高等至具懷朕欽承寶命臨養區宇思弘德化覃被含靈愛育之情無隔遐邇知皇介居海表撫寧民庶境內安樂風俗融合深氣至誠遠脩朝貢丹款之美朕有嘉焉稍暄比如常也故遣鴻臚寺掌客裴世清等旨宣往意并送物如別」『日本書紀』）
English: According to "Nihonshoki," the reply to this letter starts with the phrase '東天皇敬白西皇帝' (the emperor of the east respectfully writes to the emperor of the west).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によるこれに対する返書の書き出しも東の天皇が敬いて西の皇帝に白す（「東天皇敬白西皇帝」『日本書紀』）とある。
English: 607-608: ONO no Imoko was sent as the second kenzuishi.
Japanese: 607年（推古15年）-608年（推古16年）第2回遣隋使、小野妹子（おののいもこ）らを遣わす。
English: 608 - 609: ONO no Imoko and KISHI no Onari were sent as the third kenzuishi.
Japanese: 608年（推古16年）-609年（推古17年）第3回遣隋使、小野妹子・吉士雄成など隋に遣わされる。
English: Eight people went to Sui for study, including students such as YAMATOAYA no Ataifukuin, NARA no Osaemyo, TAKAMUKU no Ayahitokuromaro, IMAKI no Ayahitodaikoku and priests-in-training such as IMAKI no Ayahito Nichimon (who later became Somin) and MINABUCHI no Shoan.
Japanese: この時、学生として倭漢直福因（やまとのあやのあたいふくいん）・奈羅訳語恵明（ならのおさえみょう）高向玄理（たかむくのあやひとくろまろ）・新漢人大圀（いまきのあやひとだいこく）・学問僧として新漢人日文（にちもん、後の僧旻）・南淵請安ら8人、隋へ留学する。
English: 614 - 615: INUKAMI no Mitasuki and YATABE no Miyatsuko were sent as the fifth kenzuishi.
Japanese: 614年（推古22年）-615年（推古23年）第5回遣隋使、犬上御田鍬（いぬかみのみたすき）・矢田部造らを隋に遣わす。
English: In this article, the first envoy is described as the first kenzuishi in accordance with Chinese history, but "Nishonshoki" says the envoy was dispatched to 'Great Tang' instead of Sui.
Japanese: ここでは中国史に合わせて遣隋使として紹介しているが、『日本書紀』では「隋」ではなく「大唐國」に遣使を派遣したとある。
English: Although Hai Seisei appears in "Nihonshoki," he is referred to as Hai Sei in "Suishu" because this book was compiled in the reign of Tang Tai Zong and the book avoids his imina (real name), Seimin.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』では裴世清、『隋書』では編纂された時期が唐太宗(唐)の時期であったので、太宗の諱・世民を避諱して裴清となっている。
English: Nishonshoki mentions the story that ONO no Imoko lost the sovereign's reply, but "Suishu" does not ("Suishu" does not even mention ONO no Imoko).
Japanese: 小野妹子の返書紛失事件は『日本書紀』にはあるが『隋書』にはない（『隋書』には小野妹子の名前自体が出てこない）。
English: Suishu mentions the country names of Tsukushi and Shino, but no country name referring to Yamato.
Japanese: 『隋書』では竹斯國と秦王國の国名が出てくるが大和の国に当たる国名は記されていない。
English: However, it is thought that its capital was 'Yamato,' written as 邪靡堆, from the description '都於邪靡堆.'
Japanese: しかし、「都於邪靡堆」とあることから、都は「邪靡堆」にあったと推察される。
English: Shikigami or Shikijin were fierce gods employed by the Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) to judge the evil doings and well doings of the populace, and they were also called Shiki no Kami, and in some literature, Shiki or Shiki Kijin.
Japanese: 式神・識神（しきがみ、しきじん）、式の神ともいい、文献によっては式鬼（しき）、式鬼神とも）とは、陰陽師が使役する鬼神のことで、人心から起こる悪行や善行を見定める役を務めるもの。
English: In Buddhist terminology, it is a supernatural existence that causes mysterious phenomena.
Japanese: 仏教用語としての、様々な不思議な現象を起こすとされる超人的存在のこと。
English: Onmyodo is a combination of Shinto (Ancient Shinto) and the Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu Hsing Ideal) of Taoism and the philosophy of mysticism, and strains of this can be found in the present day Shrine Shinto theology and ceremony.
Japanese: 陰陽道は神道（古神道）に道教の陰陽五行思想や、密教などの思想を取り入れ習合したもので、現在の神社神道にもその系譜としての思想や儀式がある。
English: When the Kannushi (high priest) and Miko (high priestess) summon the god and allow themselves to be possessed by the god through Kagura (Ancient Shinto music and dancing) and Kito (prayers,) they invoke the divine spirit of Nigimitama (spirits of peace), but since Shikigami is said to have been a fierce god, it is believed that Onmyoji employed not only the divine spirit of Nigimitama but also the divine spirit of Aramitama (violent soul,) that is a 'violent god' and 'the gods of lower status who morphed into specters and monsters.'
Japanese: 神主や巫女は神降ろしによって、神を呼び出し憑依させることを、神楽や祈祷というが、これは和御魂の神霊であり、式神は鬼神となっていることから、和御魂の神霊だけではなく、荒御魂の神霊いわゆる「荒ぶる神」や「妖怪変化」の類である位の低い神を呼び出し、使役したと考えられる。
English: Observing the good and evil within people, one sees the movement of people's hearts (souls) between Nigimitama and Aramitama, which is why Shikigami who possessed the two different spirits were employed.
Japanese: また、人の善悪を監視するということは、人の心（霊魂）の和御魂と荒御魂の状態の変化でもあり、このことも式神という、2つの状態のどちらかの神霊を、使役したことと係わっていると思われる。
English: Izanagi-ryu, a form of Onmyodo that is handed down in Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, is called 'Shikiouji.'
Japanese: 四国の高知県に伝わる陰陽道の一派いざなぎ流では、式王子（しきおうじ）と呼ばれる。
English: The famed Onmyoji, ABE no Seimei, expert of Onmyodo, used Shikigami called Juni Shinsho (the twelve protective deities) (also called Juni Tensho.)
Japanese: 陰陽道の大家で、陰陽師として知られる安倍晴明が使役したという式神に十二神将（十二天将）がある。
English: In most literature and tales about, or involving an Onmyoji, the Shikigami that the Onmyoji employed usually appears in the form of a piece of washi (Japanese paper) that morphs into a bird or beast according to the will of Onmyoji, but the "Fudo-riyaku-engi" describes the Shikigami as an anthropomorphic vessel (tool) shaped as a bird or cow, much like the specters and demons throughout the Muromachi period to the Edo period and it depicts the Shikigami as a violent god.
Japanese: 陰陽師もしくはそれを下地にした物語の式神は、和紙札の状態（式札と呼ばれる）で、使用時には鳥や獣等へ術師の意志で自在に姿を変えるというように描かれることが事が多いが、『不動利益縁起』に描かれる式神は、室町時代から江戸時代にまでの、擬人化された鶏や牛の器物（道具）の妖怪と同じものであり、これは荒ぶる神としての式神をあらわしている。
English: There is an occult art called Ushi no koku mairi that has continued from the Heian period, which one would drive a nail into a sacred tree, become a demon and invoke a curse on a hated enemy.
Japanese: 平安時代から続く、丑の刻参りという呪術があり、古くは神木（神体）に釘を打ち付け、自身が鬼となって恨む相手に復讐するというものである。
English: By driving a nail into a sacred tree at Ushi no koku (midnight from 1 am to 3 am,) it was believed that the barrier between worlds would be broken and the evil-wreaking gods (devils and specters) would be summoned from the Tokoyo (eternal night kingdom of God), possessing the summoner and cursing whoever they hated.
Japanese: 丑の刻（深夜）に神木に釘を打って結界を破り、常夜（夜だけの神の国）から、禍をもたらす神（魔や妖怪）を呼び出し、神懸りとなって恨む相手を祟ると考えられていた。
English: Ushi no koku mairi and Onmyodo were much the same in that they would summon specter and have them place a curse.
Japanese: 丑の刻参りもこのように、妖怪を呼び出し、祟るために使役する点においては同じといえる。
English: Family registration systems in ancient times refer to family registers for keeping tabs on people under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) where were codes selected and compiled in the Asuka period.
Japanese: 古代の戸籍制度とは、飛鳥時代に撰定・編纂された律令による人民把握のための戸籍をいう。
English: Major systems include the Koin no Nenjaku (the first completed register) and the Kogo no Nenjaku.
Japanese: その主なものに、庚寅年籍（こういんのねんじゃく）や庚午年籍（こうごのねんじゃく）があげられる。
English: Family registers have been recently excavated from local josaku (official defense sites) and kanga (government offices) such as Akita-jo Castle, Taga-jo Castle and the remains of the provincial capital of Shimotsuke in the form of urushigami monjo (Lacquer documents); as well as from the provincial capital of Suo in the form of koseki mokkan (narrow, long and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write family registers), and are being deciphered with an infrared ray.
Japanese: また近年、漆紙文書のかたちで秋田城や多賀城、下野国国府跡など地方の城柵や官衙から、戸籍木簡としては周防国国府などで出土しており、赤外線による解読作業がおこなわれている。
English: An article from August of 540 describes, "Those who have been naturalized from Shoban (clans coming from foreign lands), such as Hatahito (Hata people) and the Han (Chinese), were assembled, placed according to kokugun (provinces and districts) and their family registers were edited.
Japanese: 540年（欽明天皇元年）八月の条「秦人（はたひと）・漢人（あやひと）等、諸蕃（しょばん）より投化せる者を招集して、国群に安置し、戸籍に編貫す。
English: There were 7,053 Hatahito families and an Okura no jo (an officer in charge of the large storehouse) became a Hatano Tomo no Miyatsuko"("Nihonshoki" [Chronicles of Japan]).
Japanese: 秦人の戸数七千五十三戸、大蔵掾（おおくらのじょう）を以て、秦伴造（はたのとものみやつこ）となす」（『日本書紀』）。
English: It is presumed that around the middle of the 6th century during the Kinmei Dynasty that the toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) were the first to be controlled with the use of family registers.
Japanese: とあり、6世紀の中頃、欽明朝頃には、まず渡来人を戸籍によって支配したことが窺われる。
English: In the spring of 569, an edict stated that many people were exempt from paying taxes even if they were older than ten years old because they were not listed in the family register in Shirai no Miyake, Kibi Province.
Japanese: 569年（欽明30）の春正月に、詔で吉備国の白猪屯倉（しらいのみやけ）では、年齢が十歳あまりに達しているのに、籍に漏れているために賦課を免ぜられている者が多い。
English: As Itsu followed the edict in April by conducting an exhaustive investigation into the yohoro (people liable to be in corvee service in early times) where he established registers and organized farmland registers, the emperor granted him the family name Shirai no Fuhito as a reward for his achievement and appointed him as tazukai (a superintendent of the miyake) ("Nihonshoki" [Chronicles of Japan]).
Japanese: 4月になって、膽津は詔に述べられているとおりによく丁（よほろ）を調査して籍を定め、田戸を編成したので、その功をほめて白猪史（しらいのふひと）の姓を賜い、田令（たづかい）に任じた（『日本書紀』）。
English: It is presumed that such a problem arose because registers were established only once instead of being created on a regular basis.
Japanese: はじめに籍を造っただけで、後は定期的に籍を作成することもなかったらしいので、このような不具合が生じたらしい。
English: Furthermore, according to an article from October 574, SOGA no Umako, O-omi, was sent to Kibi in order to increase profits from Shirai no Miyake and tabe, and a Meiseki (a card showing official rank, name and age) of the tabe was granted to Itsu ("Nihonshoki").
Japanese: さらに574年（敏達天皇3）十月の条に、大臣（おおおみ）の蘇我馬子（そがのうまこ）を吉備に遣わし、白猪屯倉と田部とを増益して、その田部の名籍を膽津に授けたとある（『日本書紀』）。
English: These were new family registers for groups of toraijin or tabe in miyake (Imperial-controlled territory), and different from the family registration system for all the people based on the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: これらは渡来系集団や屯倉の田部などの造籍であり、すべての人民の律令制の戸籍制とは異なる。
English: This system no longer exists, however, so it is doubtful if family registers for all ranks of people were created on a national basis.
Japanese: しかし現存しておらず、全国的に全ての階層の人民を対象にして造籍したのかどうかも疑われている。
English: In other words, it is doubtful that tabs were also kept on people controlled by chiefs and Gozoku (local ruling families) who had a family or clan name.
Japanese: つまり、氏や姓を持つ首長や豪族の民までも把握できたのかと言うことである。
English: In 646, the Taika no kaishin no Mikotonori (Taika Reforms Edict) was issued for announcing political reform policies.
Japanese: 646年（大化2）大化改新の詔を発布して今後の政治改革の方針を示した。
English: (However, it is a commonly accepted theory that the Taika Reforms Edict was created in later years.)
Japanese: （しかし、今日では改新の詔は後世作られたものとするのが通説である。)
English: In an article from February of 670 in the "Nihonshoki," it is stated that "family registers were created and robbers and vagrants were regulated."
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には670年（天智9）二月条に「戸籍を造り、盗賊と浮浪者とを断ず」とみえる。
English: It indicates that family registers were established not only in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) but also from Kyushu in the west to Hitachi and Kozuke Provinces in the east.
Japanese: 畿内はもちろん、西は九州から東は常陸国・上野国（こうづけ）まで造籍の実施されたことを示す。
English: There is writing on a bundle of mokkan (narrow strips of wood used for official messages) that were found abandoned in the remains of Asuka-kyo between 647 and 664 that says: "Shirakabe 50 families, ??? Tens units."
Japanese: 647年（大化3）から664年（天智3）までの間に一括投棄された飛鳥京跡の木簡に「白髪部五十戸、◎十口」とある。
English: This indicates that an attempt was being made by administrative officers to comprehend the population by fifty-family units.
Japanese: 五十戸を単位として行政的に把握する試みが進められていたことを示している。
English: Systematic laws are required in order to conduct such a unification of family registers and administrative comprehension of villages.
Japanese: この統一的造籍・行政的村落把握を実施するには、体系的な法が必要である。
English: It is stated in the preface of the Konin kyakushiki code (amendments to penal and administrative law compiled in 820) that "Twenty-two volumes of administrative codes were completed in the First Year of Emperor Tenmu called Omi-chotei-no-ryo (The Administrative Code of the Omi Court)," but it is believed that the Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code) did not exist.
Japanese: 弘仁格式序に「天智天皇元年に至り、令二十二巻を制す、世人所謂近江朝廷之令也」と伝えるが、近江令は存在しなかったとみられている。
English: Compilation of the Asuka Kiyomihara Code began in 681 and was completed in 689.
Japanese: 681年（天武10）に飛鳥浄御原令の編纂が開始され、689年（持統3）になってようやく飛鳥浄御原令ができあがった。
English: On the basis of this Code of Households, the national family register 'Koin no Nenjaku' was established in 690.
Japanese: その戸令（こりょう）に基づいて690年（持統4）に全国的な戸籍の庚寅年籍が作成された。
English: This registration system not only served as a starting point of "rokunen-ichizo" (literally, "one creation in six years) in which family registers were created every six years thereafter, but also made it possible to see the direct composition of each household by organizing households in terms of fifty households in ichi-ri on an administrative basis and describing each family member's name, age and relation to the household head in detail, and served as a ledger to conduct Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) and jinto kazei (poll taxation).
Japanese: 同戸籍は、その後の六年に一度作成するという「六年一造」の造籍の出発点になっただけでなく、五十戸一里を基準に行政的に戸を編成して、その戸内の家族（戸口）の名・年齢・戸主との続柄などを詳述したことによって、個々の家族構成を直接的に把握することを可能にし、それを基に班田収授を行い、人頭課税をする台帳の機能も果たした。
English: Governing individuals began by keeping tabs on individuals via family registers organized in accordance with laws.
Japanese: 令に則った戸籍を介して個別に人身を把握して、個別人身支配が始まったのである。
English: Organizing people according to area was nearly complete, and in the year 692, kubunden (farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) began to be distributed in the Kinai region on the basis of Koin no Nenjaku.
Japanese: 人民を地域により編成するという作業はほぼ完了し、692年（持統2）には、庚寅年籍に基づく口分田の班給が、畿内で開始された。
English: It is presumed that the Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) was put in force all over Japan at the same time.
Japanese: 同時に全国でも班田収授法（はんでんしゅうじゅほう）が施行されたと推測される。
English: As a comparison, the keicho is another example of historic material that provides as much information on populations in the Ritsuryo period as family registers.
Japanese: 因みに、戸籍と同じように、律令時代の人口（人頭）を知ることの出来る史料として、計帳がある。
English: The Satoosa (village chief) wrote in the population as well as each individual's gender, age and bodily characteristics in the keicho.
Japanese: そこには人口、性別、年齢から一人ひとりの身体的特徴までが里長（郷長）によって書き上げられていた。
English: The keicho was organized for each province and was a basic ledger to levy duties, including Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), Yo (Labor or alternative goods), zoyo (irregular corvee) and military service.
Japanese: 国ごとにまとめられて租庸調（ちょう）・庸（よう）・雑徭（ぞうよう）、軍役など、課役賦課の基本台帳とされた。
English: Shujitsu was an application form prepared by the household head and submitted to the Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau) or kokushi (provincial governors) before the 30th of the 6th month every year.
Japanese: 手実とは、戸主が作成し、毎年六月末日までに京職（きょうしき）や国司に提出する申告書である。
English: In consideration of the literacy rate of the time, it is presumed that the gunji (district managers) and satoosa often prepared shujitsu for household heads.
Japanese: 当時の識字層からみて、郡司や里長が手実の作成を代行する場合も多かったであろうと推測される。
English: Rekimyo were account books that listed the contents of shujitsu of ichi-ri (fifty households), similar to family registers.
Japanese: 歴名はちょうど戸籍のように、各戸の手実の内容を一里（五十戸）分列挙して、一巻の帳簿に編成したものである。
English: Rekimyo are different from family registers in that they record the amount of choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) to be borne by each household and probably the amount of choyo for the whole ri, and they provide detailed information on a comparison of household members from the previous year.
Japanese: 各戸ごとに負担すべき調庸額が記録され、おそらく里全体の調庸額も記録され、前年との戸口の異同が詳細に示されていた点が戸籍と異なる。
English: The number of households and members for each province and district are minutely calculated according to whether duties are borne or not, and comparisons are shown with data of the previous year as well as the amount of choyo for that year.
Japanese: 一国及び各郡の戸数・口数が課役負担の有無を基準として詳細に集計され、前年度との異同、及びその年の調・庸額が示される。
English: These mokuroku were keicho that were required by law to be submitted to Kyoto no later than the end of the eighth month every year, and Kyoto planned the revenue for each year and for the number of households (especially households bearing duties) throughout Japan with mokuroku.
Japanese: 令規定に毎年八月末日までに京に進上するべく義務づけられた計帳とはこの目録を指し、京都ではこれによって毎年の歳入予定を知るとともに、全国の口数、特に課口数を掌握していたのである。
English: Adult males between twenty-one and sixty years of age were called seitei and required to bear duties.
Japanese: 成年男子の21歳～60歳までを正丁（せいてい）といい、課役の対象となった。
English: Cho were the special local products of an area that consisted of a variety of goods, including fiber products such as silk, thick silk fabric, threads, cotton and cloth, marine products such as salt, abalone, seaweed and katauo (solid dried fish), iron, as well as Cho no sowaritsumono (the subordinate tax to cho [a tax paid by tribute]) such as oil, dyes, marine products and mountain vegetables.
Japanese: 調は、その地域の特産物で、一定量の絹、あしぎぬ、糸、綿、布などの繊維製品、塩、鰒、海藻、堅魚などの海産物や鉄、それに調副物として油、染料、海産物、山の幸など、様々な物品から成っていた。
English: According to the Code, family registers were to be stored for thirty years and then discared, but instead of being thrown away, it was common to send them to other government officials and kanji (state-sponsored temples) to use the other side (shihai monjo) since paper was so valuable in those days.
Japanese: 戸籍は令に拠れば30年の保管が行われた後に廃棄されることとなっていたが、当時の紙は大変貴重品であったために、実際には廃棄されずに他の官司や官寺などに回されて、裏面を再利用するのが一般的であった（紙背文書）。
English: A number of the documents stored in Todai-ji Temple Shosoin (Shoso-in monjo [documents of Shoso-in]) are written on reused family registers and provide a great deal of valuable information to historians in a different sense from the other treasures in the Shosoin.
Japanese: 東大寺正倉院に保管された文書（正倉院文書）の中にはこうした戸籍を再利用したものが含まれており、正倉院の宝物そのものとは別の意味で歴史学者に多くの貴重な情報を提供している。
English: In May 715, choyo was levied on vagrants who had been running from their duties for more than three months at the place to which they had fled.
Japanese: 715年（和銅8）五月、逃亡三ヶ月以上の浮浪人に、逃亡地で調庸を課する。
English: In April 717, peasants were prohibited from unlawfully becoming a priests, and Gyoki's activities were suppressed.
Japanese: 717年（霊亀3）四月、百姓の違法の出家を禁じ、行基の活動を禁圧する。
English: The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was the military alliance concluded in the late Meiji Period between Japan and Great Britain.
Japanese: 日英同盟（にちえいどうめい,TheAnglo-JapaneseAlliance）は、明治後期に結ばれた日本とイギリスとの間の軍事同盟。
English: The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed on January 30, 1902, and went into immediate effect.
Japanese: 第一次日英同盟は1902年（明治35年）1月30日に調印され即時に発効した。
English: Then the alliance was renewed and extended for the second (1905) and the third (1911), and lapsed on August 17, 1923.
Japanese: その後、第二次（1905年）、第三次（1911年）と継続更新され、1923年8月17日に失効した。
English: The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed at the mansion of Lord Lansdowne (today's The Lansdowne Club) in London, Britain, by Tadasu HAYASHI: the Japanese Minister to Britain, and Petty-Fitzmaurice: British foreign secretary.
Japanese: 日英同盟はイギリスのロンドンのランズダウン侯邸（現TheLansdowneClub）において、林董駐英公使とイギリスのペティ＝フィッツモーリス外相により調印された。
English: Britain had wanted to keep Russia in check, which had not withdrawn troops from Manchuria since the Boxer Uprising.
Japanese: イギリスは、義和団事変以来満州から撤兵しないロシアを牽制したいと考えていた。
English: However, there was a limit to what Britain alone could do to maintain their rights and interests in China.
Japanese: だが、イギリス単独ではイギリスの中国における利権の維持にあたるには限界があった。
English: Therefore Britain dismissed their conventional policy of 'splendid isolation' and tried to negotiate with Germany first, and then approached Japan which had played a lively part in the Boxer Uprising.
Japanese: そこで、それまでの「栄光ある孤立」政策を捨て、まずドイツとの交渉を試み、その後義和団事変で活躍した日本に接近した。
English: In Japan Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE and so on were trying to find a way to compromise with Russia, but, on the other hand, Aritomo YAMAGATA, Taro KATSURA, Takaaki KATO and so on, who judged that sooner or later conflict with Russia would arise, advocated alliance with Britain.
Japanese: 日本では、伊藤博文や井上馨らがロシアとの妥協の道を探っていたが、山縣有朋や桂太郎、加藤高明らはロシアとの対立はいずれ避けられないと判断してイギリスとの同盟論を唱えた。
English: Finally, negotiations on the Russo-Japanese entente broke down, and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was concluded after negotiations by the foreign minister Jutaro KOMURA.
Japanese: 結果、日露協商交渉は失敗し、外相小村寿太郎の交渉により日英同盟が締結された。
English: Japanese representative at the time of signing was Tadasu HAYASHI, the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, and British representative was Foreign Secretary Petty-Fitzmaurice.
Japanese: 調印時の日本側代表は林董特命全権公使、イギリス側代表はペティ＝フィッツモーリス外務大臣であった。
English: The contents of the first Anglo-Japanese Alliance were the following obligations: if either contracting party of the alliance became involved in a war with another country, the other party would maintain neutrality and prevent other countries from joining in the war, and, if either party became involved in a war with two or more countries, the other party would participate in the war to help the ally.
Japanese: 第一次日英同盟における内容は、締結国が他の1国と交戦した場合は同盟国は中立を守り他国の参戦を防止すること、2国以上との交戦となった場合には同盟国は締結国を助けて参戦することを義務づけたものである。
English: In addition, in secret negotiations, Japan informed Britain of its plan to go into the war with Russia by itself, and Britain promised to maintain friendly neutrality.
Japanese: また、秘密交渉では、日本は単独で対露戦争に臨む方針が伝えられ、イギリスは好意的中立を約束した。
English: Britain, putting on a show of being neutral, supported Japan very much with espionage activities, go-slow strikes against the Russian navy and so on.
Japanese: イギリスは表面的には中立を装いつつ、諜報活動やロシア海軍へのサボタージュ等で日本を大いに助けた。
English: In the second Anglo-Japanese Alliance, they agreed to each other's interests: Britain's privileges in India and Japan's sovereignty over Korea, and also stipulated equal opportunities in Qing.
Japanese: 第二次日英同盟では、イギリスのインドにおける特権と日本の朝鮮に対する支配権を認めあうとともに、清国に対する両国の機会均等を定めた。
English: The treaty also required that, if either party of the alliance became involved in a war with one or more countries, the other party participate in the war to help the ally (the offensive and defensive alliance).
Japanese: さらに締結国が他の国1国以上と交戦した場合は、同盟国はこれを助けて参戦するよう義務付けられた（攻守同盟）。