nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Goefu was the central military organization under the Ritsuryo System whose main missions were the personal protection of an emperor, the protection of Kyujo (place where an emperor lives), the night patrol in Kyoto and so on.
Japanese: 五衛府（ごえふ）とは、天皇の身辺警護をはじめ、宮城の警護、京内の夜間巡回などを主な任務とする律令制下の中央軍事組織をいう。
English: Although army corps (in ancient Japan) under the Ritsuryo System were placed in various provinces, efu (a palace guard) was stationed in Kyoto.
Japanese: 律令制下の軍団(古代日本)は、諸国に置かれたが、衛府は京都に常駐した。
English: Goefu system which consisted of Emonfu (headquarters of the outer palace guards), Left/Right Ejifu (division of guards) and Left/Right Hyoefu (headquarters of the middle palace guards) was adopted in Taiho-ryo (Taiho Code set up in 701) and Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code set up in 718).
Japanese: 701年（大宝元）成立の大宝令や718年（養老2）成立の養老令では、衛門府（えもんふ）と左右衛士府（えじふ）そして左右兵衛府（ひょうえふ）の五衛府制であった。
English: Afterward, through struggles for succession to the Imperial Throne and accompanying power struggles among nobles, the military organization was reformed many times so as to work in their favor.
Japanese: その後、皇位継承争いやそれに伴う貴族間の権力抗争に関して、この軍事組織が自分に有利に働くように幾度も改変された。
English: Finally from 811 onward, the organization was fixed in the rokuefu system which consisted of Left/Right Konoefu (headquarters of the inner palace guards), Left/Right Emonfu and Left/Right Hyoefu.
Japanese: だが、最終的には811年（弘仁2）以降、左右近衛府（このえふ）・左右衛門府（えもんふ）左右兵衛府（ひょうえふ）の六衛府制として定着した。
English: Shitokans (bureaucrats of the fourth rank) of Toku (Captain), Sa (Asst. Captain), I (Lieutenant) and Shi (Asst. Lieutenant) were placed in each goefu.
Japanese: 五衛府は、それぞれに督（とく）・佐（さ）・尉（い）・志（し）の四等官が置かれた。
English: 200 kadobes (soldiers who guard palace gates), 30 monobes (military officers who are concerned with punishments) and eji (a guard) were placed under them in Emonfu.
Japanese: その下に、衛門府では門部（かどべ）200人，物部（ものべ）30人、衛士が置かれた。
English: In Hyoefu, 400 people were placed at Left/Right Hyoe (palace guard) respectively to form the military power of each efu.
Japanese: 兵衛府には左右兵衛に各400人が配置され、それぞれ各衛府の武力を構成した。
English: Eji is considered to have been supplemented conveniently as its fixed number was not provided in the Codes.
Japanese: 衛士の定員は、令には規定されていなかったので、適宜充当されたようである。
English: They were also placed at prison offices of Gyobusho (the department of criminal punishments) and ichi-no-tsukasa (governmental organization).
Japanese: 刑部省囚獄司（ぎょうぶしょうしゅうごくし）や市司（いちのつかさ）にも配置された。
English: Udoneri (ministerial equerry in Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs]) and otoneri (imperial attendants in Otoneriryo [Bureau of otoneri]) guarded an emperor.
Japanese: 天皇の身辺を警護した内舎人（うどねり・中務省）・大舎人（おおとねり・大舎人寮）。
English: Various offices in Hyobusho including Left/Right division of Meryo (the bureau of horses), Left/Right division of Hyogo (the bureau of military storehouses), Inner division of Hyogo and Zoheishi (weapons-manufacturing office) were also the central army.
Japanese: 左右馬寮（めりょう）・左右兵庫・内兵庫・造兵司などの兵部省被官諸司も中央軍事力。
English: The term Hinin is used to describe mainly (1) persons who worked in special occupations or as entertainers in feudal Japan; however they gradually became victims of discrimination, and (2) in the Edo Period, Hinin as well as Eta (Chori) were described as people of the lower classes.
Japanese: 非人（ひにん）は、主に、(1)日本中世の特定職能民・芸能民の呼称であり、次第に被差別民の呼称となり、(2)江戸時代には、穢多（えた、長吏）とともに賎民身分の呼称である。
English: Hinin did not belong to the four-tiered class system of samurai or warrior administrators, farmers, artisans and merchants; however, in terms of social status on the class system like kuge (court noble), doctor, jinin (shrine associates), they clearly differed from Sanka (nomads) who were outcastes.
Japanese: いわゆる士農工商には属さないが、公家や医師や神人等と同様にあくまでも身分制度上の身分とされる点で、身分制度外に位置付けられる山窩（サンカ）等とは明確に異なる。
English: In the opinion of most viewers of the history, Hinin absolutely differed from Fujiyu-min or slave who was called 'Genin' (low ranked person).
Japanese: さらに多数説は、「下人」といわれた不自由民・奴隷とも全く異なる存在であるとする。
English: The first reference of the term 'Hinin' could be found in the literature describing that TACHIBANA no Hayanari faced treason charges in 842 and was deprived his surname as well as official rank; He was also reduced to the nonstatus signified by 'Hinin' by the Emperor.
Japanese: 日本では奈良時代に橘逸勢が842年に反逆罪に問われ、姓・官位を剥奪されて「非人」の姓を天皇から与えられたのが文献上の初例とされる。
English: Depending on time or region, the contents (positions, employment forms and exclusive duties on social affiliation) indicated by the term Hinin are greatly different.
Japanese: 時代によって地域によって言葉が指す内容（社会関係上の立場や就業形態や排他的業務など）は大きく異なる。
English: The Hinin in a broad sense is a general term for Inujinin (shrine associates), grave keeper, Kawaramono (discriminated position), Homen (ex-convicts), Gomune (vagrants or beggars), itinerant entertainers, Yasedoji (person who carried Emperor on a palanquin) and etc.
Japanese: 広義の非人とは、神人（いぬじにん）・墓守・河原者・放免（ほうめん）・乞胸（ごうむね）・猿飼・八瀬童子等々の総称である。
English: During the formation of Hinin, under Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police power), those who had an exclusive privilege worked in 'looking after prisoners, execution, demolition of convict's house, interment of the dead, animal slaughter, cleaning streets, digging well, landscaping, town guard' and etc.
Japanese: 非人の形成期には、検非違使管轄下で「囚人の世話・死刑囚の処刑・罪人宅の破却・死者の埋葬・死牛馬の解体処理・街路の清掃・井戸掘り・造園・街の警備」などを排他的特権的に従事した。
English: Also, since they were housed in the Hiden-in Temple or Hininshuku, there were regions and groups which undertook a task of taking care of the sick and the disabled.
Japanese: また悲田院や非人宿に収容されたことから、病者や障害者の世話といった仕事も引き受けていた地域・集団もあった。
English: In the early feudal period, Hinin engaged the tasks which people feared and evaded; however, in the later feudal period, as the people's perception of those tasks gradually changed from 'evasion of fear' to 'evasion of impurity,' they could also change in their perspective on Hinin from fear to contempt.
Japanese: 中世前期は人々が畏れ忌避した業務に携わっていた非人であるが、中世後期に人々の感覚が次第に「畏れの忌避」から「穢れの忌避（蝕穢）」に変遷すると共に、非人に対する捉え方も畏怖視から卑賤視へと変遷していったとされる。
English: In the Kamakura period, with restoration of Hiden-in Temple by Eison and Ninsho, Hinin residents were organized under the Shingon Ritsu sect of Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City), some of Hinin travelled with monks of Ippen's Jishu sect of Buddhism.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には叡尊や忍性による悲田院の再興をうけて西大寺(奈良市)真言律宗の元に組織化されたり、一遍の時宗とともに遊行するものもいた。
English: There are differences in being Hinin such as (1) those who 'inherited their status,' those who were imposed a punishment called Hinin teka and (3) Nobinin (homeless wanderer).
Japanese: 非人は、(1)代々の「非人素性」の者、(2)非人手下（-てか）という刑罰で非人になる者、(3)野非人（無宿非人）の違いがある。
English: (1) Hinin in general belonged to Hinin-goya (Hinin-hut) where was ruled by Hinin-gashira or head of a Hinin organizational section (Hiden-in Temple Toshiyori, Gion-sha Shrine, Kofuku-ji Temple, Nangu-taisha Shrine) and organized under Koya-nushi (Hinin kogashira or subforeman・Hinin-goya kashira or Hinin-goya foreman)
Japanese: (1)一般の非人は、非人頭（悲田院年寄・祇園社・興福寺・南宮大社など）が支配する非人小屋に属し、小屋主（非人小頭・非人小屋頭）の配下に編成された。
English: (3) Nobinin or Mushuku-Hinin were homeless people who did not belong to Hinin's organization.
Japanese: (3)野非人・無宿非人は、非人の組織に属さないまま、浮浪状態にある者である。
English: Commoner, Kakae-Hinin, Eta became homeless because of economic hardships.
Japanese: 平人・抱非人・穢多が、経済的困窮などによって欠落（かけおち）し、無宿となり、浮浪状態となる。
English: Nobinin who was under control and captured was returned to original place or transferred to Kakae-Hinin's place.
Japanese: 取締の対象であり、捕まった野非人は元の居所に返されるか、抱非人に編入された。
English: The occurrence of Hinin in early modern age was in the process of establishment of towns and villages as well as a relationship neither too close nor too far of these in the Edo Period.
Japanese: 近世の非人の発生は、江戸時代の町と村の成立過程と不即不離の関係にある。
English: During Jikatachigyo system (provision of lands from a feudal government or domains to retainers as salary) changed into horoku system (salary) in villages, Samurai's (warrior's) direct engagement to villages weakened and the Murauke system (Village taxation system) did not move ahead.
Japanese: 村においては地方知行制から俸禄制へと移行するなかで、村に対する武士の直接的関与が薄れ、年貢の村請けが進行するにともなかった。
English: Also, peasants who were not able to pay Nengu (annual taxes) due to sickness or disaster removed from the Ninbetsu-cho (ledgers of names of villagers of each village) and flowed into towns.
Japanese: また、病気や災害などにより年貢を皆済できない百姓が村の根帳（人別帳）からはずれ町へ流入。
English: As part of its security and fire prevention measures for upgrading the castle town's structures, the municipal government continued to employ the Satogaeshi system (whereby Nobinin were sent back to their villages) by capturing Nobinin as a protected group and cracking down on Nobinin as Kakae-Hinin.
Japanese: 町においては城下町整備にともなう治安・防火対策の一環として、里がえし政策をとり続けるが、一方ではこれを保護の対象として捕捉し、抱非人として野非人を取り締まった。
English: Those who became Hinin for some reason could return to their original status in regular society if certain conditions were met (Ashi-arai ・Ashi-nuki).
Japanese: 場合によっては元の身分に復帰することもできたという（足洗い・足抜き）。
English: There was a territory that was called Kanjin place in each hut with its own monopoly of Kanjin.
Japanese: 小屋ごとに勧進場というテリトリーがあり、小屋ごとに勧進権を独占した。
English: Essentially towns and villages employed guards due to eliminating outsiders or beggars to maintain the community, but Hinin served as the role (Ban-Hinin, Hinin-ban).
Japanese: 本来町や村は、共同体を維持するため、よそ者や乞食を排除する目的で番人を雇っていたが、非人はこの役を務めた（番非人、非人番）。
English: Hinin and Eta (Chori, Kawata, etc.) worked in animal slaughter and leather-making separately depending on the period or regions; however, Hinin mostly engaged these tasks exclusively.
Japanese: 死牛馬解体処理や皮革処理は、時代や地域により穢多（長吏・かわた等）との分業が行われていたこともあるが、概ね独占もしくは排他的に従事していたといえる。
English: In Edo region, in the early-modern times, Hinin was under control of Eta-gashira (head of Eta) Danzaemon YANO in Asakusa.
Japanese: 江戸においては、近世中期に穢多頭の浅草矢野弾左衛門の支配下に入った。
English: There were Hinin-gashiras (heads of Hinin) who were under control of Danzaemon in each region and they put Hinin under control of them.
Japanese: 弾左衛門の支配下には各地域ごとに非人頭がおり、非人を管理下においた。
English: Hinin was regarded as being of lower status than Eta in Edo region while there was no dominance relationship between Hinin and Eta in Kyoto, Osaka and other regions.
Japanese: 身分的には穢多より非人は下位に置かれていたとされているが、これは江戸の事例であり、京都や大坂などでは穢多身分との支配関係はなかった。
English: Kanhasshu or the eight provinces of Kanto region (the Mito Domain ・Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine), Izu Province, the southern end of Mutsu Province and a part of Kai Province ・Suruga Province besides Edo were in the control of Danzaemon, so Hinin people in these regions were under Danzaemon.
Japanese: 江戸の他においても弾左衛門の支配は、関八州（水戸藩・日光東照宮）、伊豆国、陸奥国の南端、甲斐国・駿河国の一部に及び、当該地域の非人は弾左衛門の配下となった。
English: In Kinai (now refers to Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto areas), Hinin had strong ties with influential temples and shrines since the feudal period and many remained under the control.
Japanese: 畿内においては、中世以来有力寺社との結びつきが強く、多くが各寺社の管理下に置かれた。
English: However, it differed from the relation that Hinin remained under organizational control by Danzaemon in Kanto region where was maintained as the system.
Japanese: しかし制度として整備された関東の弾左衛門による組織的な集中支配下に置かれた関係とは異なる。
English: As a famous example, because orders dramatically decreased in the period of peace and tranquility, a swordsmith Kiyomitsu KASHU ended up living in a Hinin-goya and was called 'Hinin Kiyomitsu.'
Japanese: 有名な例として、太平の世で注文が激減、ついには非人小屋入りしたことから「非人清光」と呼ばれた刀鍛冶、加州清光などもいた。
English: Kujigata-osadamegaki were the fundamental codes in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 公事方御定書（くじかたおさだめがき、くじがたおさだめがき）は、江戸幕府の基本法典。
English: Kujigata-osadamegaki was developed and completed provisionally in 1742 under the eighth Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, who promoted Kyoho reforms.
Japanese: 享保改革を推進した8代征夷大将軍・徳川吉宗の下で作成され、1742年（寛保2年）に仮完成した。
English: It consisted of vol. 1 and vol. 2 and vol.1 recorded the fundamental law and vol. 2 recorded the criminal law.
Japanese: 上巻・下巻の2巻からなり、上巻は基本法令を、下巻は旧来の判例に基づいた刑事法令を収録した。
English: Vol. 2 is especially called "Osadamegaki Hyakkajo" (law code).
Japanese: 特に下巻は御定書百箇条（おさだめがきひゃっかじょう）と呼ばれている。
English: Roju (senior councilor) Norisato MATSUDAIRA was the chief editor and three magistrates from kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and Masatomo ISHIKO from Edo machi-bugyo (Edo town magistrate's office) played a central role.
Japanese: 編纂は老中の松平乗邑を主任に、勘定奉行、寺社奉行、江戸町奉行の石河政朝の三奉行が中心となる。
English: Although vol. 1 was completed in 1738, additional work was needed and Tadasuke OOKA, Echizen no kuni no kami (Governor of Echizen Province) and others were involved.
Japanese: 上巻は元文3年（1738年）に完成するが以降も追加作業が行われ、寺社奉行時代の大岡忠相（越前守）らが関わった。
English: This was a secret art (penalty) allowed only for san bugyo (three magistrates), Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) and Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka Castle).
Japanese: 原則は三奉行と京都所司代、大坂城代のみが閲覧を許される秘法（罰則あり）である。
English: However, a manuscript called "Toin shikan" was produced in Hyojosho (conference chamber) managed by Bugyo (magistrate) in 1841, and this was utilized at court trials.
Japanese: しかし評定所では奉行の下で天保12年（1841年）に『棠蔭秘鑑』という写本が作られ、裁判審理の場で利用されていた。
English: In addition, "Toin shikan" was distributed to various domain secretaries, and personnel in the domains captured the contents and referred to it when they established laws in their own domain.
Japanese: また極秘裏に諸藩でも写本が流布し、その内容を把握して自藩の法令制定の参照とした。
English: The book itself was applied only in Bakufu, but it was a kind of Japanese uniform law applied across the nation in a certain way.
Japanese: その為、本来幕府領内でのみ効力を有する法であるが、ある種、日本国内統一法のようなものでもあった。
English: But it gradually became progenitor law and produced negative effects like denpataietaibaibaikinshirei (a ban on buying and selling fields [of rice and other crops]), which was abolished in effect the year after the enactment of Kujigata-osadamegaki but remained in force until 1871 since it was described in Kujigata-osadamegaki.
Japanese: だが、次第に「祖法」化してしまい、田畑永代売買禁止令のように御定書制定の翌年には実質上廃止された法令が、御定書に載せられているがために有効な法律とされて明治4年（1871年）まで存続するなどの弊害もあった。
English: Although no one had been punished when they killed or injured someone by car or ox-drawn carriage, Kujigata-osadamegaki provided that it was subject to deportation.
Japanese: -それまでは車や牛車で人を誤って死傷させても罪に問われなかったが公事方御定書では流罪にするようになった。
English: Goseibai-shikimoku is a law code established for samurai government in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 御成敗式目（ごせいばいしきもく）とは、鎌倉時代に制定された武士政権のための法令（式目）のことである。
English: Because it was established in the first year of Joei era in 1232, it is also called Joei-shikimoku.
Japanese: 貞永元年（1232年）に制定されたため、貞永式目（じょうえいしきもく）ともいう。
English: The name Joei-shikimoku was created later, so it is better to call it Goseibai-shikimoku officially.
Japanese: 貞永式目という名称は後世になって付けられた呼称で、正式には御成敗式目といった方がよい。
English: When Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was formed, there was no statutory law yet; however, it did not follow the ritsuryo law or the kugeho (laws issued by the Imperial Court) and the trials were held according to orders and precedents of morals which had been practiced by samurai since the birth of samurai.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府成立時には成文法が存在しておらず、表向き律令法・公家法には拠らず、武士の成立以来の武士の実践道徳を「道理」として道理・先例を基づく裁判をしてきたとされる。
English: However, because Mandokoro, the Office of Administration, and Monchujo, the Office of Inquiry of early Kamakura bakufu were operated by people of the middle-ranked nobles from Kyoto with knowledge of Myobodo (study of Codes) and kugeho, the usage of the law accumulated by the Kamakura bakufu was not established unrelated to the ritsuryo law and the kugeho.
Japanese: もっとも、鎌倉幕府初期の政所や問注所を運営していたのは、京都出身の明法道や公家法に通じた中級貴族出身者であったために全く鎌倉幕府が蓄積してきた法慣習が律令法・公家法と全く無関係に成立していた訳ではなかった。
English: The bakufu expanded its power to the western provinces after the Jokyu War, and gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and court nobles who were sent as jito (manager and lord of manor) had more legal troubles with lords of private estates and the local public.
Japanese: 承久の乱以後、幕府の勢力が西国にまで伸びていくと、地頭として派遣された御家人・公家などの荘園領主・現地住民との法的な揉め事が増加するようになった。
English: Also it can be given that a huge number of precedents and usage of the law were formed and became complicated after almost a half century since the establishment of bakufu.
Japanese: また、幕府成立から半世紀近くたったことで、膨大な先例・法慣習が形成され、煩雑化してきた点も挙げられる。
English: Therefore, regent to the shogunate Yasutoki HOJO took charge in establishing the Goseibai-shikimoku by consulting with some of the hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) including Yasutsura OTA and Joen SAITO with assistance of the family patriarch Tokifusa HOJO.
Japanese: そこで執権であった北条泰時が中心になり、一門の長老北条時房を連署とし太田康連、斎藤浄円らの評定衆の一部との協議によって制定された。
English: Regarding the establishment, regent Yasutoki wrote two letters ('Yasutoki shosokubun') to his younger brother Shigetoki HOJO who was stationed at Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) in Kyoto, stating the spirit and purpose of shikimoku (law code).
Japanese: 制定に関して、執権泰時は六波羅探題として京都にいた弟の北条重時に宛てた2通の書状（「泰時消息文」）で、式目の精神・目的を述べている。
English: When it was established, court nobles already had the Ritsuryo codes which mentioned the political system, but there were no clear laws and ordinances for samurai families.
Japanese: 制定当時、公家には、政治制度を明記した律令が存在していたが、武家を対象とした明確な法令がなかった。
English: Therefore, based on conventions of shogunal retainers since MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and agreements which had until then not clearly been stated, properties such as land and authorities of shugo (military governors) and jito were stipulated.
Japanese: そこで、源頼朝以来の御家人に関わる慣習や明文化されていなかった取り決めを基に、土地などの財産や守護・地頭などの職務権限を明文化した。
English: According to 'Yasutoki shosokubun,' they created a law written in understandable style to samurai since the kugeho was written in kanbun (Chinese classics) and difficult to understand.
Japanese: 「泰時消息文」によれば、公家法は漢文で記されており難解であるので、武士に分かりやすい文体の法律を作ったとある。
English: Accordingly, its characteristic is more of a law that was established to be supported by shogunal retainers than that which was established by the Kamakura bakufu with an iron fist.
Japanese: そのため、鎌倉幕府が強権をもって法律を制定したというよりも、むしろ御家人の支持を得るために制定した法律という性格を持つ。
English: Also, although the law was established by the Kamakura bakufu, it didn't work to the advantage of shogunal retainers, but it was operated fairly to every party to a suit.
Japanese: また、鎌倉幕府制定の法と言っても、それが直ちに御家人に有利になると言う訳ではなく、訴訟当事者が誰であっても公正に機能するものとした。
English: Therefore suits using the Goseibai-shikimoku were also accepted by higokenin (non-vassals) such as court nobles, temples and shrines who were the lords of private estates and a part of those were adopted also in the kugeho.
Japanese: それにより、非御家人である荘園領主側である公家や寺社にも御成敗式目による訴訟が受け入れられてその一部が公家法などにも取り入れられた。
English: After the fall of Kamakura bakufu, it continued to work as the fundamental law of samurai until Edo bakufu established Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府滅亡後においても、江戸幕府が武家諸法度を制定するまで、武士の基本法として機能し続けた。
English: It greatly affected family laws of Muromachi bakufu and the Sengoku period (Japan); it not only became the base of bukeho (samurai laws) but also was studied as great precedents of yusoku kojitsu (studies in ancient court and military practices and usages) by people, whether as court nobles or samurai families ('Shikimoku chushakugaku').
Japanese: のちの室町幕府や戦国時代(日本)の家法にも強い影響を与え、広く武家法の基本となっただけでなく、優れた法先例として公家・武家を問わずに有職故実の研究対象とされた（「式目注釈学」）。
English: According to Yasutoki shosokubun, it was called shikijo first, but changed to shikimoku in consideration of the ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: なお、泰時消息文には、はじめ式条と呼ばせたが、律令にはばかって式目と改めたことが記されている。
English: To make up flaw and respond to new situations, additional laws were established occasionally, which were called 'addition of shikimoku' or just 'addition.'
Japanese: 不備の補充や新事態に対応するため、折に触れて追加法が制定され、これを「式目追加」または単に「追加」などと称した。
English: In Yasutoki shosokubun it was written 'any other shortages should be added to write in the future,' indicating the necessity of additional laws from the beginning.
Japanese: 泰時消息文には「これにもれたる事候はゞ、追うて記し加へらるべきにて候」として、元より追加法の必要性を示唆している。
English: Bugyonin (magistrates) of Kamakura and Muromachi periods collected necessary additional laws and compiled a lot of additional laws including 'Shinpentsuika' which has been passed down to the present.
Japanese: 鎌倉・室町時代の奉行人は必要な追加法を蒐集し、『新編追加』をはじめ、何本もの追加法の編纂がなされて現在に伝わっている。
English: Those transcription and published books were compared in Volume 1 of "A Collection of the Historical Material on the History of Law System in Medieval Ages" compiled by Shinichi SATO and Yoshisuke IKEUCHI.
Japanese: これら諸本が佐藤進一・池内義資編『中世法制史料集』第１巻で具に対校されている。
English: It was based on the precedents ('Udaishoke no rei' [precedents of the family of Udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards)]) since the era of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, and included many regulations of right, obligation and territory succession of gokenin.
Japanese: 頼朝以来の先例（「右大将家の例」）や武家社会の道理を基準とし、御家人の権利義務や所領相続の規定が多い。
English: The regulations of 'Kuikaeshiken' (a right to take back title to property) and 'Nenkiho' (a legal principle for the statute of limitations on land in possession, which developed under bukeho) are considered as unique regulations to samurai family (there is also other theory).
Japanese: 「悔返権」・「年紀法」の規定は武家独自の規定とされている（異説もある）。
English: However, shikimoku was applied only to samurai society; kugeho was applied under the control of Imperial Court while honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) law came into effect under the influence of the lords of private estates.
Japanese: ただし、式目の適用は武家社会に限られ、朝廷の支配下では公家法、荘園領主の下では本所法が効力を持った。
English: On the other hand, under the control of bakufu, kugeho and honjo law were rejected as not applicable.
Japanese: 反対に幕府の支配下では公家法・本所法は適用されないものとして拒絶している。
English: Also, it is a generally accepted view that Goseibai-shikimoku is a declaration of independence of bakufu law as it is recognized that Goseibai-shikimoku, backed by the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society, actively and independently established provisions which were different from or sometimes went against the ritsuryo law or the kugeho.
Japanese: また、頼朝以来の先例・武家社会の道理を盾にして律令法・公家法と異なる規定、時にはこれと反する規定を積極的・かつ自立的に制定している点を評価して、御成敗式目を幕府法の独立を宣言したものとする解釈が通説となっている。
English: According to Ichiro NITTA (legal expert), the part which wrote about the precedents since the time of Yoritomo and the morals of samurai society and especially most of the part which opposed to Ritsuryo law and kugeho were not included in the articles, but were only mentioned in the forms of details and exceptions, while most of the matters not related to bakufu in the articles were based on the kugeho in the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 新田一郎(法学者)は頼朝以来の先例や武家社会の道理を記した部分、特に律令法・公家法と相違・対立する部分の多くは直接条文としては盛り込まれず、細目や例外事項などの形式によって触れられており、一方で条文本文に記されている幕府関係以外の事項の多くは鎌倉時代初期の公家法に依拠する部分が多いとする。
English: Also he pointed out that those who took part in the compilation were Yasutoki and Tokifusa of Rokuhara Tandai and middle-ranked nobles with knowledge of the kugeho and the descendants who were shogunal retainers.
Japanese: また編纂に加わったのは六波羅探題を務めた泰時・時房や公家法に通じた中級貴族やその子孫である御家人であった点も指摘している。
English: Also since the late Kamakura period, it was also accepted by the court noble society, he pointed out that the back ground was the common policy goal of bakufu and Imperial Court to realize the principle of the rule by virtue of the sovereign through benevolent rule.
Japanese: また、鎌倉時代後期以後に公家社会にも受容された背景には幕府・朝廷ともに徳政を通じた徳治主義の実現という共通した政治目標が存在したことも指摘している。
English: The characteristics of Goseibai-shikimoku was that it had many regulations regarding possession; what is noteworthy is that the Article 8 included a principle 'those who do not enforce their rights will not be protected,' and there are also many others which can be said the origin of Japanese law.
Japanese: 所有の規定が多いのが特徴であり、とくに第八条は「権利の上に眠る者は、これを保護せず」という法原則で、他にも現在の日本の法律の原点とも言えるべきことが多く含まれていることが注目されるべき点である。
English: Shinichi SATO expressed his opinion to seek the origin of '20-year occupation' of Civil Code Article 162 in Goseibai-shikimoku.
Japanese: 民法162条の「20年占有」規定の源を御成敗式目に求める見解を佐藤進一は示している。