nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Ikko' literally means 'devotedly' or 'earnestly,' indicating the devotion of oneself to one thing.
Japanese: 「一向」とは、ひたすらとか一筋ということで、一つに専念することを意味している。
English: Since it was described 'Ikko Sennen Muryo Jubutsu' (一向専念無量寿仏) in the sutra "Muryoju-kyo Bussetsu Muryoju-kyo" (無量寿経仏説無量寿経), '一向' Ikko was understood as chanting of the Amitabha's name, from which '一向宗' became a designation used by other sects to refer to the Jodo Shinshu sect founded by Shinran.
Japanese: これは『無量寿経仏説無量寿経』にある「一向専念無量寿仏」から、阿弥陀仏の名号を称えることと解釈され、そこから「一向宗」が他の宗派より親鸞を開祖とする浄土真宗を指す呼称となった。
English: Another opinion states that it was used by the Jodoshu sect itself, who hated the name 'the Jodo Shinshu sect.'
Japanese: 一説には「浄土真宗」という呼称を嫌った浄土宗による呼称とする説もある。
English: Therefore, it was neither a correct designation from the viewpoint of the Jodo Shinshu sect, nor a desirable name, since it was confused with the 'Ikkoshu sect' founded by Ikko Shunsho.
Japanese: 従って、本来であれば浄土真宗の門徒から見て正しい呼称ではなく、また一向俊聖の「一向宗」と混同される事から望ましい呼び方でもなかった。
English: However, during the middle ages, both of the sects which had branched from the Jodokyo and featured the chanting of the same Buddhist invocation were mixed up, and both were further confused with the Jishu sect.
Japanese: だが、中世において同じ念仏を唱える浄土教系宗派であった両派が混同され、更に時衆などとも一緒くたに考えられるようになっていった。
English: As mentioned above, Rennyo stated that 'If people of other sects confuse us with another sect and call us Ikkoshu, that cannot be helped, but the people of the Jodo Shinshu sect should not call themselves Ikkoshu,' and even said that he would expel those who did not obey the order; conversely, this means that even members of the Jodo Shinshu sect called themselves Ikkoshu in those days.
Japanese: 蓮如は前述のように「他宗派の者が（勘違いして）一向宗と呼ぶのは仕方ないが、我々浄土真宗の門徒が一向宗を自称してはいけない」という主旨の発言をして違反者を破門するとまで述べているが、逆に言えばこれは、浄土真宗の門徒ですら一向宗を自称する者がいた事を意味する。
English: Under Rennyo's instructions, the Jodo Shinshu sect became to be called 'the Jodo Shinshu sect' or 'the Shinshu,' and the name 'Ikkoshu' was no longer formally used inside the Jodo Shinshu sect.
Japanese: こうした指導により「浄土真宗」又は「真宗」と呼ばれるようになり、浄土真宗内部では正式には使われなくなった。
English: However, the Ikki uprising headed by members of the Jodo Shinshu sect was called 'Ikko ikki,' and for this and other reasons, the other sects still called the Jodo Shinshu sect 'the Ikkoshu.'
Japanese: ところが、後に浄土真宗の門徒たちを中心とする一揆を一向一揆と呼ぶことなどで、浄土真宗を一向宗と呼ぶ他宗派の風潮は収まる事はなかった。
English: The Edo bakufu (the family of the Tokugawa shogun, which controlled the country) were followers of the Jodoshu sect; the family had a hard time during the Ikko ikki uprising in Mikawa, and continued using 'the Ikkoshu sect' as the formal name.
Japanese: やがて、全国を平定した江戸幕府即ち徳川将軍家は浄土宗を信仰しており、また三河一向一揆で苦しめられた経緯から一向宗を公式名称として用い続けた。
English: Meanwhile, influenced by the division of Hongan-ji Temple and other factors, the Jodo Shinshu sect did not take specific countermeasures against the naming.
Japanese: 一方、浄土真宗側は本願寺の分裂などの影響があり具体的な対応が取られることがなかった。
English: However, in 1774, a sense of urgency over the matter grew in both Higashi (East) Hongan-ji and Nishi (West) Hongan-ji Temples, and they cooperated in the submission of a proposal to the bakufu stating that only 'the Jodo Shinshu sect' (written as 浄土真宗) should be used as their formal name; this was seconded by Jodo Shinshu schools other than the Hongan-ji school, such as the Bukko-ji and Takada schools.
Japanese: ところが、安永3年（1774年）、この事に危機感を持った東本願寺と西本願寺が一致して幕府に対して「浄土真宗」のみを公式名称とするように求める意見書を提出し、仏光寺派・高田派など非本願寺系真宗各派もこれに呼応した。
English: Tadayori MATSUDAIRA, the commissioner of temples and shrines, was perplexed and asked Kanei-ji Temple (the Tandaishu sect) and Zojo-ji Temple (the Jodoshu sect), family temples belonging to the Tokugawa shogun's family, for their opinions about the proposal.
Japanese: 寺社奉行松平忠順は困惑して、徳川将軍家の菩提寺である寛永寺（天台宗）と増上寺（浄土宗）に意見書に対する見解を求めた。
English: Kanei-ji Temple practically approved the proposal, saying that since it was another sect's matter, they entrusted it to the other sect, while Zojo-ji Temple was infuriated.
Japanese: 寛永寺は他宗の問題である事を理由に宗派に任せる（事実上の容認）姿勢を見せたのに対して、増上寺は激怒した。
English: Zojo-ji Temple answered that only the Jodoshu sect, which was descended directly from the founder Honen, was the real '真' Jodo sect '浄土宗,' and that the heretical Jodo Shinshu sect should have been prohibited from using the character '真.'
Japanese: 増上寺は法然の直系である浄土宗こそが「真の浄土宗」であり、異端である一向宗が「真」の字を用いる事をむしろ禁じるべきであると回答した。
English: The opinion of the Jodoshu sect was not groundless: Shinran, the founder of the Jodo Shinshu sect, wrote in his book "Koso Wasan" that 'his master Honen appeared from the light of enlightenment and founded the Jodo Shinshu sect, and stated his vow,' describing his master Honen as a leader of the real '真' Jodo sect '浄土宗,' expressing the master's teachings as the Jodo Shinshu '浄土真宗' and himself as the successor to Honen, and called the teachings 'the real teachings of the Jodo Shinshu sect.'
Japanese: この浄土宗側の主張も全く根拠の無い事ではなく、浄土真宗を開いた親鸞が著した『高僧和讃』において「智慧光のちからより、本師源空（法然）あらはれて、浄土真宗ひらきつゝ、選択本願のべたまふ」と著し、親鸞が師である法然を真の浄土宗の指導者としてその教えを「浄土真宗」と評し、自らもその継承者として「真実之教浄土真宗」（『顕浄土真実教行証文類』）と述べている。
English: Therefore, the Jodoshu sect claimed that the believers of Shinran, who at the time stated that their teachings were different from the Jodoshu sect, were wrong to adopt 'Jodo Shinshu' as their name.
Japanese: 現在浄土宗とは別の宗派であると主張する親鸞の門徒が「浄土真宗」を採用するのは不当であると主張したのである。
English: (Incidentally, half century earlier, in 1428, when Rennyo stated that they would adopt 'Jodo Shinshu' as their sect's name, Emperor Gokomatsu had Shinran raise the framed imperial calligraphy 'the first gate of the Jodo Shinshu' at the temple gate of Konkai Komyo-ji Temple.)
Japanese: （なお、蓮如が「浄土真宗」を公式の名とするように説いた半世紀前の正長元年（1428年）に後小松天皇が金戒光明寺山門に「浄土真宗最初門」の勅額を掲げさせている）。
English: When Tadayori MATSUDAIRA, the commissioner of temples and shrines, resigned and was succeeded by Sukeyoshi OTA, OTA met with senior councilor Okitsugu TANUMA and decided that, in light of the distinguished contributions Zojo-ji Temple and the other Jodoshu sect temples had made to the bakufu, 'the Ikkoshu' would be the formal name of the sect which Shinran had founded.
Japanese: 翌年松平忠順が寺社奉行を辞任して太田資愛が後任となると、老中田沼意次と協議して増上寺をはじめとする浄土宗寺院の幕府への貢献が格別であるとして正式に「一向宗」を正式な宗派名とする事を決定した。
English: All the branches of the Jodo Shinshu sect opposed the decision and made fierce protests to the bakufu, so it plans were made to discuss the matter again, but in reality it was merely a delaying tactic.
Japanese: これに対して浄土真宗各派は激しく抗議した為、その後審議のやり直しを決定したものの、実際には単なる先送りに他ならなかった。
English: During the interval, Zojo-ji Temple put pressure on the Jodo Shinshu sect by distributing its opinion that only Jodoshu sect temples could use the name 'Jodo Shinshu' among all the branches of the Jodo sect, and by displaying framed calligraphy with the words 'the Jodo Shinshu' at the temple building.
Japanese: その間に増上寺は浄土宗各派に対して「浄土真宗」の名称を用いる事が出来るのは浄土宗寺院だけであるという見解を出して増上寺に「浄土真宗」の額を掲げるなどの圧迫を加えた。
English: The Jodo Shinshu sect was thus driven into a difficult situation, and monks from Asakusa Hongan-ji Temple eventually made a direct appeal to the senior counselor Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who had just passed Mt. Hakone on his way back from Kyoto to Edo in 1788.
Japanese: 追い詰められた真宗側は、天明8年（1788年）には上洛の帰途箱根山を通過した老中松平定信に対して浅草本願寺の僧が直訴する騒ぎとなった。
English: The following year, 1789, Rinnojinomiya suggested that Kanei-ji Temple hold the matter for '30,000 days,' after which time they should discuss the matter again, and the Jodo Shinshu sect had to obey the mediation.
Japanese: 輪王寺宮は翌寛政元年（1789年）に「3万日」間寛永寺でこの問題を預かりその後に改めて議論するという仲裁案が出されて浄土真宗側もこれに従わざるを得なかった。
English: Thereafter, the Jodo Shinshu sect consistently rejected the name 'Ikkoshu,' replacing it with 'Montoshu' and other names.
Japanese: 以後、浄土真宗はあくまでも「一向宗」の呼称を拒否して門徒宗（もんとしゅう）などの言い換えを行った。
English: When the Meiji government was established, the government decided that it should control the Buddhist sects as part of the process of establishing Shinto as the state religion, and tried to prohibit the Jodo Shinshu sect from using any name as other than 'Ikkoshu,' including 'Jodo Shinshu' and 'Montoshu.'
Japanese: 明治政府が成立すると、神道国教化の過程で仏教統制の必要性を感じた新政府は浄土真宗に対して「浄土真宗」・「門徒宗」など「一向宗」以外の呼称を改めて禁じようとした。
English: The Jodo Shinshu sect pressured the Meiji government to approve their use of the name 'Jodo Shinshu,' since the Edo bakufu which had prohibited them from using the name had fallen and the promised '30,000 days' had passed.
Japanese: 浄土真宗側ではこの裁定を下した江戸幕府が滅亡した事、そして何よりも既に約束の「3万日」が到来している事を理由に改めて「浄土真宗」の呼称を認めるように迫った。
English: In response, in 1872, the Meiji government answered that, taking the Jodoshu sect into account, they would not allow the Jodo Shinshu sect to use the name 'Jodo Shinshu' but would allow them to use the abbreviation 'Shinshu.'
Japanese: これに対して新政府は明治5年（1872年）になって浄土宗の手前「浄土真宗」は認めないが、略称の「真宗」であれば認めるとする見解を出した。
English: After WWII, the Hongan-ji school of the Shinshu sect, whose head temple is Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, began to use "the Hongan-ji school of the Jodo Shinshu sect" as its formal name.
Japanese: そして、戦後になって西本願寺を長とする真宗本願寺派は浄土真宗本願寺派と正式に名乗るようになった。
English: In contrast, the other nine schools of the Jodo Shinshu sect continue to use the name 'XXX school of the Shinshu.'
Japanese: これに対してそれ以外の9つの浄土真宗系宗派はいずれも「真宗○○派」といった呼称を用いている。
English: Danrin was a training facility for monks in a Buddhist temple, i.e., a school of a Buddhist sect.
Japanese: 檀林（だんりん）とは、仏教寺院における僧侶の養成機関、仏教宗派の学問所をいう。
English: Danrin was originally an abbreviation of Sendanrin, which means a grove of trees called Sendan, for indicating a temple, but as times went by, Danrin began to indicate a temple for training monks, i.e., a Buddhist school.
Japanese: もともとは旃檀林（せんだんりん：栴檀（せんだん）という木の林）の略で、寺院のことをいったが、時代を経るにしたがって僧侶を養成する寺院、学問所のことを指すようになった。
English: Particularly during the Edo period, there were Kanto Juhachi Danrin of Jodo sect, and Shimousa Iidaka Danrin (Hankoji Temple in Sosa City, Chiba Prefecture), Kazusa Miyazaku Danrin (Honkokuji Temple in Ooamishirasatomachi, Chiba Prefecture), Kyoto Matsugasaki Danrin (Honyuji Temple, present Yusenji Temple in Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), and Takagamine Danrin (Joshoji Temple in Kita Ward, Kyoto City) of Nichiren sect.
Japanese: 特に江戸時代は、浄土宗の関東十八檀林、日蓮宗の下総飯高檀林（千葉県匝瑳市の飯高寺）、上総宮谷檀林（千葉県大網白里町の本国寺(千葉県大網白里町)）、京都松ヶ崎檀林（本涌寺：現在の京都市左京区の涌泉寺）、鷹峰檀林（京都市北区(京都市)の常照寺(京都市)）などがあった。
English: Nagahama Biwako Daibutsu (Great Buddha of Nagahama Biwako) is the statue of Buddha in Ryochu-ji Temple on Mt. Heian in Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 長浜びわこ大仏（ながはまびわこだいぶつ）は、滋賀県長浜市の平安山良畴寺にある大仏である。
English: Shijokobuccho, prajvalosniisa in Sanskrit, is a kind of Buddha that is a deified protuberance on the top of the skull of a Nyorai (tathagata), i.e., a form of usniisa.
Japanese: 熾盛光仏頂（しじょうこうぶっちょう）、サンスクリットプラジュヴァローシュニーシャは、如来の肉髻を神格化した仏の一種、仏頂尊の一尊。
English: According to "Daishomyo Kichijobosatsu Setsujosaikyoryohorin" (Taishoshinshu Daizokyo No.966), the Buddha beams lights from pores, wears a Gobutsukan (crown with a design of five tathagata) and has hands that look like Shakyamuni.
Japanese: その姿は『大聖妙吉祥菩薩説除災教令法輪』(大正新脩大蔵経No.966)によれば、毛孔から光明を放ち、五仏冠(五智如来をデザインした冠)を着け、手は釈迦の様であるという。
English: According to the description, Shijokobuccho seems to be a bodhisattva form that wears ornaments, but a lot of its statues and images are in the form of tathagata.
Japanese: この記述によれば装身具を着けた菩薩形であると考えられるが、実際の造形例では如来形のものも多い。
English: In the image kept in Daigoji Temple, it is a tathagata form holding a bowl and a shakujo (a priest's pewter staff) and flames are coming out from its head.
Japanese: 醍醐寺所蔵の画像では、鉢と錫杖を持った如来形で頭部から火炎を放っている。
English: In the image kept as the main object of worship in Shorenin Temple in Kyoto, it is expressed as a mandala chart with a mantra 'bhruum' in the center of a white lotus flower that is surrounded by various Buddha.
Japanese: また、京都・青蓮院の本尊とされている画像では、白蓮華の中心に描いた種子ボロンと、その周囲を諸尊が取り囲む曼荼羅で表される。
English: This mantra originally symbolizes Ichijikinrinbuccho, a deified mantra 'bhruum', and as Ichijikinrin and Shijoko are identified with each other, it is called Shijoko Nyorai in Shorenin Temple.
Japanese: 本来この種子は一字金輪仏頂を表したものであるが、一字金輪と熾盛光は同一視されているため、青蓮院ではこれを熾盛光如来と呼称している。
English: The mantra drawn in the image represents the syllable 'bhruum,' indicating the close relationship between the usniisa and the belief in mantra.
Japanese: 種子で描くのは音声としてのボロンを現したもので、仏頂尊と呪文信仰との強い結びつきを反映している。
English: Shijokobuccho is believed to win over evil deities in the heavenly bodies including navagraha (nine planet deities) with its light, and the sutra "Shosaimyokichijodarani" is known for its mantra.
Japanese: 熾盛光仏頂は、その光明で九曜等の天体の悪神を折伏するとされ、その呪文として『消災妙吉祥陀羅尼』が知られる。
English: As mentioned above, Shijokobuccho is identified with Ichijikinrinbuccho, where Shijoko is regarded as tathagata winning over deities in the heavenly bodies with its light and Ichijikinrin is regarded as tathagata decreeing the deities in the heavenly bodies.
Japanese: 前述の通り一字金輪仏頂と同一視されており、如来がその光明で天体神を折伏する姿が熾盛光、法輪で教令する姿が一字金輪であるとされる。
English: The founder of a temple is called Kaiki, and the priest who builds a temple of his sect is called Kaizan.
Japanese: 寺院開創の創立者を開基、寺院の宗派のうえでの開創僧侶のことを開山という。
English: Kanjo: to request the gods and Buddha to come, or to appeal to the main shrine to impart the enshrined deity to make a branch shrine.
Japanese: 勧請（かんじょう）･･･神仏の来臨を乞うたり、分霊を請し迎え祀ること。
English: Butsugenbutsumo, buddhalocanii in Sanskrit, is a form of Buddha that is worshiped in Buddhism, especially in esoteric Buddhism.
Japanese: 仏眼仏母(ぶつげんぶつも)、サンスクリットブッダローチャニーは、仏教、特に密教で崇められる仏の一尊。
English: Depending on which sutra the Buddhist sect is based on, one of three kinds of Butsugenbutsumo--Dainichinyorai shohen, Shakanyorai shohen, and Kongosatta shohen--is described.
Japanese: なお、所依の経典によって、大日如来所変、釈迦如来所変、金剛薩埵所変の三種類の仏眼仏母が説かれる。
English: The symbols of the Buddha are Nyoraigan featured by a bump on top of the head and smiling eyes, Kongogan featured by smiling eyes on both sides of a vejra with a single sharp blade at each end, and Nyoihoju that is a wish fulfilling gem.
Japanese: 三昧耶形は如来眼(肉髻と微笑む両目)、金剛眼（独鈷金剛杵の両側に微笑む眼）、あるいは如意宝珠。
English: In Japan, Butsugenbutsumo is generally represented as a form of Bodhisattva wearing ornaments who is smiling with great joy and showing her hands in the gesture known as Hokaijoin.
Japanese: その姿は、日本では一般に装身具を身に着けた菩薩形で、喜悦微笑して法界定印の印相をとる姿に表される。
English: This is personified as 'eyes looking at the truth will give birth to Buddha', and further as 'divinity of the universe to make a person look at the truth to reborn as a Buddha', which were further developed into worship of Buddha's eyes that symbolize the mother of Buddha.
Japanese: これを「真理を見つめる眼が仏を産む」更に「人に真理を見せて仏として生まれ変わらせる宇宙の神性」という様に擬人化して考え、仏母即ち「仏の母」としての仏眼信仰に発展した。
English: A commentary on a sutra "Dainichikyosho" interprets Butsugenbutsumo as 'various Buddha observe people and appear to them in the right form to save them' based on the Mahayana Buddhism idea such that Bodhisattva is trying to save all sentient beings.
Japanese: また『大日経疏』では、「諸々の仏が人々を観察し、彼らを救うために最も相応しい姿を表す」という大乗仏教の下化衆生思想に基づく解釈も行われている。
English: In esoteric Buddhism, the role of Butsugenbutsumo is to 'open people's eyes to make them reborn as Buddha,' and for that purpose, its mantra is recited in the ceremony of consecrating a newly made Buddhist image or statue.
Japanese: 密教においては「目を開いて仏として生まれ変わらせる」その役割から、仏像の開眼儀式でその真言が唱えられる。
English: Butsugenbutsumo is also interpreted as a form of tathagata known as Taizokai Dainichi Nyorai being attained a state of deep meditation known as Kongokai Gachirin Sanmai, and is considered very closely related with Ichijikinrinbuccho, a deified mantra 'bhruum'.
Japanese: また、仏眼仏母は胎蔵界大日如来が金剛界月輪三昧という深い瞑想の境地に至った姿ととも解釈され、一字金輪仏頂とは表裏一体の関係にあるとされる。
English: For example, Ichijikinrinbuccho wins over evil deities with its weapon known as Rinpo, while Butsugenbutsumo enlightens and leads evil deities by teaching without pointing out mistaken beliefs.
Japanese: 例えば、一字金輪仏頂がその輪宝で悪神を折伏するとすれば、仏眼仏母は悪神を摂受によって教え導くという。
English: That is why Ichijikinrinbuccho is always drawn in the mandala chart of Butsugenbutsumo, and Butsugenbutsumo is always drawn in the mandala chart of Ichijikinrinbuccho.
Japanese: そのため仏眼仏母の曼荼羅には必ず一字金輪仏頂も描かれ、一字金輪仏頂曼荼羅にも必ず仏眼仏母が描かれる。
English: "Shusseken" means something transcends "Seken," which refers to all the existence of the world corrupted by evils such as earthly desires.
Japanese: 出世間（しゅっせけん）とは、煩悩などのけがれに汚染された、この世界のすべての存在を世間というのに対し、それを超越しているものをさす。
English: The modern word 'Shusse' that is generally used to mean a successful career originated from 'Shusseken' and has five usages shown below.
Japanese: 現在、一般的に使われる出世（しゅっせ）は、この言葉からきたものであるが、以下のような用法がある。
English: The usage 3 (and supposedly the usage 4) includes the state opposite to 'Shusseken', i.e., the state of being wrapped in 'Seken', which shows that the general usage diverges from the original religious meaning.
Japanese: 3.（或いは4.も）から来た用法は逆に世間に埋没している状態を含み、元の宗教的意味と一般用法との乖離が生じてしまった。
English: In the past, in Mt. Hiei of the Tendai sect, a son of a court noble ordained as a Buddhist priest by receiving the commandments of Buddhism and by shaving his head was called 'Shusseken.'
Japanese: 昔、天台宗の比叡山では、公卿の子息が受戒し剃髪して僧侶となったものをいった。
English: The modern general phrases like 'Shusse ga hayai' meaning 'rise by leaps and bounds' and 'Risshin shusse' meaning 'succeed in life' originated from the fact that the priests from court noble families were promoted fast.
Japanese: 現在、世間一般で「出世が早い」、「立身出世」などと言われるのは、この公卿出身の僧侶の昇進が早かったところから言われるようになった。
English: It means to transfer to a higher-ranked temple, to receive a yellow Buddhist garment or purple Buddhist garment, or to receive a rank of Osho (high priest).
Japanese: 高位の寺に転住することや、黄衣・紫衣を賜ること、また和尚の位階を受けることなどをいう。
English: In Buddhism, all the philosophical thoughts other than Buddhism, i.e., the non-Buddhist doctrines, are based on the secular wisdom that does not transcend attachments to things.
Japanese: 仏教以外の哲学思想（外道の教え）は執着を離れていない世間的な知恵に基づいていると仏教では見る。
English: Shozan means the rank of temple 'Zenrin', temples of the Zen sect in Japan, which is under the ranks of 'Gozan' and 'Jussatsu.'
Japanese: 諸山（しょざん）とは、日本における禅林（禅宗寺院）の格式であり、五山・十刹の下。
English: In 1321, the then head of the head family of the Hojo clan Takatoki HOJO who was a former regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) constructed Sujuji Temple in Bengayatsu in Kamakura, which is now ruined, and given a title 'Shozan' as the rank next to 'Gozan' to the temple, which was the oldest example of 'Shozan.'
Japanese: 元亨元年（1321年）に鎌倉幕府の元執権で北条氏得宗家当主であった北条高時が自らが鎌倉弁谷に建立した崇寿寺（現在は廃寺）を五山に次ぐ寺として「諸山」の称号を与えたのが最古と言われている。
English: In principle, 'Shozan' should have been designated by the decree of Seii Taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Muromachi shogunate government as in the case of 'Gozan', but as the upper limit was not set for the designation, commands from Emperor Daijo of the Northern Court or even qualifications by the Southern Court, which was the enemy of the bakufu, were confirmed so that 'Shozan' was given to a lot of 'Zenrin.'
Japanese: 原則的には五山と同様に室町幕府の征夷大将軍御教書によって指定されることになっていたが、特に上限を設けなかったために多くの禅林に諸山の称号が与えられ、北朝_(日本)太上天皇の院宣や果ては敵である南朝_(日本)による諸山称号が追認されたものまであったと言われている。
English: Later, 'Shozan' were placed in all the provinces except for the seven provinces of Yamato, Izumi, Shima, Hida, Sado, Oki, and Buzen, and they numbered no less than 230.
Japanese: 後に大和国・和泉国・志摩国・飛騨国・佐渡国・隠岐国・豊前国の7ヶ国を除いた全ての令制国に設置され、その数は230に上ったという。
English: Nichiga (1508 - December 21, 1586) was a Buddhist monk of Hokkeshu sect during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
Japanese: 日我（にちが、永正5年（1508年）-天正14年11月11日_(旧暦)（1586年12月21日））は、戦国時代_(日本)の法華宗の僧侶。
English: At the age of six, he became a disciple of Nichiyo, 11th chief priest of Myohon-ji Temple, but Nichiyo died in the same year and Nisshun became Nichiga's teacher.
Japanese: 6歳のとき、妙本寺11世日要の門人となるが、同年に日要が死去したため、日俊が師となった。
English: In about 1535, he enjoyed the favor of Yoshitaka SATOMI, who had won the Inamura incident and became the head of the Awa-Satomi clan, and was held in deep reverence by Yoshitaka ever since.
Japanese: 同4年（1535年）頃、稲村の変に勝利して安房里見氏の当主となった里見義堯の知遇を得て、以後深い崇敬を受ける。
English: Nichiga was opposed to the Happon policy by Nichiryu of Honmon school of Hokkeshu sect, and developed the Montei-juryo theory embraced by Nichiyo, in his effort to reinforce the development of Fujimon school, after which he came to share the title 'Toga Saishin' (Nichiga of East and Nisshin of West) along with Nisshin of Kyoto Yobo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 日隆(法華宗本門流)の八品主義に反対して、日要の奉じた文底寿量説を発展させて富士門流の発展に尽力して京都要法寺の日辰とともに「東我西辰」と並称された。
English: Also, in recent years, his achievements as advisor to Yoshitaka SATOMI on politics and religion have been brought to attention.
Japanese: また、近年では里見義堯の政治・宗教顧問としての活動にも注目されている。
English: Kudara Kannon is a wooden statue of Kannon Bosatsu (Buddhist Goddess of Mercy) which was made during the Asuka period (from the mid until the late seventh century) and is owned by Horyu-ji Temple in Ikaruga-cho, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 百済観音（くだらかんのん）は、奈良県斑鳩町の法隆寺が所蔵する飛鳥時代（7世紀中期-後半）作の木造観音菩薩像である。
English: It was designated a national treasure of Japan (designated under the name 'One Statue of Mokuzo Kannon Bosatsu Ryu-zo' [one wooden standing statue of Kannon Bosatsu] [Kudara Kannon]).
Japanese: 日本の国宝に指定されている（指定名称は「木造観音菩薩立像（百済観音）1躯」）。
English: It is valued as an old example of wooden Buddhist sculptures in Japan; after the Taisho period, it was introduced in writings such as "Koji Junrei" (A pilgrimage to ancient temples) by Tetsuro WATSUJI and "Yamato Koji Fubutsushi" (Pilgrimage to the ancient temples of Yamato) by Katsuichiro KAMEI and became well-known.
Japanese: 日本における木造仏像彫刻の古例として貴重であるとともに、大正時代以降、和辻哲郎の『古寺巡礼』、亀井勝一郎の『大和古寺風物誌』などの書物で紹介され著名になった。
English: 210.9 cm (according to the pictorial records of "Special Exhibition of Kudara Kannon", etc. and '209.4 cm' according to another material.)
Japanese: 210.9cm（『特別展百済観音』図録等による。「209.4cm」とする資料もある）。
English: Standing upright on a plane, pentagon-shaped kaeribanaza (inverted flower seat, a pedestal shaped like a turned lotus flower).
Japanese: 平面五角形の反花座（かえりばなざ。ハスの花を伏せたような形の台座）に接してに直立する。
English: The right arm is bent at the elbow almost squarely, with the lower arm thrust horizontally toward onlookers, and the palm turned upward (holding no jibutsu [the hand-held attributes of a Buddhist image]).
Japanese: 右腕は肘でほぼ直角に曲げ、前膊（下腕）を観者の方へ向けて水平に突き出し、掌を上へ向ける（持物（じぶつ）はない）。
English: The left hand is drooping and bent slightly forward at the elbow in such a way that the back of the statue's hand faces the onlookers, holding a water jar.
Japanese: 左手は垂下し、肘を前方に軽くに曲げて手の甲を観者の方へ向け、水瓶（すいびょう）を持つ。
English: The lower body is covered with mo (a long pleated skirt) and draped over with tenne (feather-robe, a thin strip of cloth worn by Buddhist statues and statues of tennin [heavenly beings]).
Japanese: 下半身には裳（巻きスカート状の衣服）を着け、天衣（てんね。仏像や天人像が身につけている薄く細長い布のこと）をまとう。
English: Tenne is crossed before the thighs, then hangs on both arms and down both sides of the body.
Japanese: 天衣は大腿部正面でX字状に交差し、両腕にかかり、両体側に垂下している。
English: It is adorned with a crown, necklace, upper arm bracelet, and bracelet, etc., all of which are especially made of copper by openwork carving.
Japanese: 宝冠、首飾、臂釧（ひせん）、腕釧（わんせん）などの装身具を付け、これらは銅製透かし彫りの別製とする。
English: The halo is in the shape of a lotus flower, with hachiyorenge (a kind of lotus flower) shown in the center and surrounded by a pattern of concentric circles, with the outer margins representing a flame pattern.
Japanese: 光背は宝珠形の頭光（ずこう）で、中央部に八葉蓮華を表し、その周囲には同心円状の文様帯があり、その外側の周縁部には火焔文様を表す。
English: It is ichiboku-zukuri (wooden figure carved of one tree) carved out of a single camphor tree (most wooden statues during the Asuka period are made of camphor trees), from which the base part consisting of the head and body, the renniku (lotus center) (the interior part of the pedestal) at the foot, and the two hozo (the handle of tools) underneath are all carved out.
Japanese: 頭・体の根幹部分、さらには足下の蓮肉（台座の内側の部分）とその下の2つの枘（ほぞ）までを含んでクスノキの一材から彫り出した一木造である（飛鳥時代の木造彫刻はほとんどがクスノキ製）。
English: The parts of both arms from the elbows up, motodori on the head, and tenne hanging on the sides of the body, etc. are made from other materials attached to the main body.
Japanese: 両腕の肘から先、頭上の髻、体側に垂れる天衣などを別材矧ぎ付けとする。
English: The surface of the statue is painted with kanshitsu (dry lacquer, made by mixing lacquer with wood powder and powdered leaves of conifer) to finish the details.
Japanese: 像表面には乾漆（漆に木粉や針葉樹の葉の粉などを混ぜたもの）を盛り上げて細部を仕上げている。