nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Inuyama-jo Castle keep came to be conserved because the castellan continued to be the owner of the castle, and the buildings in Himeji-jo Castle were said to be left unharmed because the private sector (individual) was not able to pay expenses for demolition work; these were rare examples.
Japanese: 保存される経緯に、城主がそのまま所有者となったため保存されることになった犬山城天守や、民間（個人）では解体工事かかる費用が払えないという理由で残ったといわれる姫路城の建造物群のような事例は稀である。
English: The number of Tenshu conserved that way was only 21, including Shuri-jo Castle main hall in Okinawa.
Japanese: そのように保存された天守は、沖縄の首里城正殿を含む21城だけであった。
English: After that, eight castles, including Shuri-jo Castle, burned down during domestic conflicts such as the Seinan War and, at the end of the Pacific War, bombing on Japan's mainland and in the Battle of Okinawa, and, after World War II, Matsumae-jo Castle keep was destroyed by an accidental fire; as a result. there are only 12 Genzon Tenshu today.
Japanese: その後、西南戦争などの内乱や太平洋戦争末期には日本本土爆撃や沖縄戦によって首里城を含む8城が焼失、戦後に松前城天守が失火により焼失して、現在では現存天守現存12天守が残るだけとなっている。
English: Projects were actively going on after the War to externally restore, by concrete, Tenshu designated as national treasures which had burned down in the Pacific War and, even today, there are movements to restore the ruins of castles including Tenshu by the building methods of those days.
Japanese: 太平洋戦争などで焼失した国宝の天守をコンクリート造りなどによって外観復元する事業が戦後活発に行われ、現在でも各地で、天守などを当時の工法によって城跡を旧状に復興・復元しようとする運動がある。
English: Tenshu needed to have not only structural practicality, including protective quality, fire resistance, and quake resistance as a usual Yagura, but also decorative quality as a symbolic structure.
Japanese: 天守には、通常の櫓としての防御性や耐火性、耐震性等の構造的な実用性のほかに象徴的な建物としての装飾性が必要となっていた。
English: The following describes designs/structures seen on symbolic structures mainly including Tenshu and large-scale Yagura, regardless of whether they were Borogata (lookout tower type keep) or Sotogata (multi-leveled tower type keep).
Japanese: 以下は、望楼型・層塔型の区分に関係なく、主に天守等の象徴的建物や大型の櫓に見られる意匠・構造である。
English: Takadai (elevated ground) (Yagura-dai and so on) with piled-up Dorui (earthwork) and stone wall is called Tenshudai.
Japanese: 天守が上げられる土塁や石垣が積まれた高台（櫓台など）のことを天守台（てんしゅだい）という。
English: According to the situation of each castle, there were differences in scale and shape, and some were high and some were low.
Japanese: 各城の事情により、規模、形状の違いがあり、高いことも低いこともある。
English: Some Tenshu were constructed directly on a foundation stone put on the ground of the castle, rather than on a Tenshudai.
Japanese: また、天守台を築かず、曲輪面に直接礎石を敷き、天守が建てられることもある。
English: The inside of some Tenshudai were made hollow to provide an underground floor called Anagura (cellar).
Japanese: 天守台の内側を空洞とすることによって、穴蔵と呼ばれる地下階を造ることがある。
English: In many cases, differing from small-scale Yagura, tenshu included a Corridor, Irikawa, which is under the Geya, and inner-side Moya, which is the main space.
Japanese: 天守は、他の小型の櫓と違い、内部に廊下や下屋に当たる入側とその内側の主な空間である母屋を造ることが多い。
English: These structures were omitted not only in Tenshu but also standard-scale Yagura in many castles, and they were mainly constructed only in large-scale buildings such as Tenshu.
Japanese: これらは天守だけではなく、多くの城の標準的な規模の櫓では省略されることが多く、主に天守などの大型の建物に造られる。
English: It was a structure, the first tier of which was protruded from Tenshu/Yaguradai (base of Yagura), and Ishiotoshi (a boulder drop) was constructed on the floor of the protruded part.
Japanese: 建物の初重を天守・櫓台から張り出させた造りで、張り出た部分の床に石落しがつくられる。
English: It was able to be constructed in neat shape regardless of distorted Tenshudai/Yaguradai and was also considered to be effective in defense and offense.
Japanese: 天守台・櫓台の歪みと関係なく整った形を造ることもでき、また、防御上・攻撃上でも有効であるとされている。
English: It was high in decorative value, and the small room (Hafu-beya) constructed inside had important functions in both defense and offense.
Japanese: 装飾性が高くまた、内部に造られた小部屋（破風部屋）は防御・攻撃上でも重要な構造ともなる。
English: It was a wall design to make a Shikkui (plaster) Okabe (whole surface of wall) look like a Shin-kabe (a type of plastered wall in which structural members are exposed) (structure) by having the shapes of pillars and Nageshi stand out on the Shikkui wall.
Japanese: 漆喰大壁を真壁(建築)に見せるために、柱や、長押を形のみ漆喰で浮かせた壁の意匠。
English: It was a kind of go-around veranda (a narrow wooden passageway along the edge of a house facing the garden) constructed on the top story and, in one case, from which they were able to go out (Soto (Outer)-Mawarien)), a highly-decorated Koran (handrail and balusters) was attached.
Japanese: 周回する縁側の一種で、最上階にあるため、外に出ることのできるもの（外廻縁・そとまわりえん）には多彩な高欄（手摺・欄干）が付けられる。
English: Exterior walls of Tenshu were decorated by Shitamiita-bari (weather-board lined) of black lacquer, Kuroboku soils (black soils rich in humus content) or persimmon juice coatings, or Okabe finishing of Shikkui-nurigome (solid plastered fire-resistant wall).
Japanese: 天守の外壁は黒漆または黒墨や柿渋塗りの下見板張（したみいたばり）と漆喰塗籠（しっくいぬりごめ）の大壁仕上げがある。
English: In addition, some Tenshu were finished by Hameita-bari (a clapped-wood lining) seen on the structures including Kochi-jo Castle Otte-mon Gate (Main Gate), the above-mentioned Nageshi-gata Shikkui-kabe (plaster wall) and Namakokabe (a wall with square tiles jointed with raised plaster) for walls in the cold regions.
Japanese: ほかに、高知城の大手門などに見られる羽目板張り、前述した長押形の漆喰壁や、寒冷地域の壁には海鼠壁（なまこかべ）が用いられることもある。
English: In the past, there was a view that Tenshu with Shikkui-Okabe (Plaster wall) were more in a newer style than Tenshu with Shitamiita-bari; however, recently there is an opinion that they are equal with each other.
Japanese: 従来は下見板張の天守よりも塗籠大壁の天守が新式であるという説があったが、近年では優劣に差はないという見方がある。
English: In some castles, small multiple-tiered Yagura were called Sho-Tenshu (small keep) or Fuku-Tenshu (small keep) and Tenshu that were intermediate in scale between Tenshu and Sho-Tenshu were referred to as Chu-Tenshu (medium keep), and if there were more than one Sho-Tenshu as in the case of the group of Tenshu in Himeji-jo Castle, each of these was given a prefix indicating direction.
Japanese: 城によっては、小さめの多重櫓を小天守（しょうてんしゅ）や副天守（ふくてんしゅ）また小天守との間程の規模のものを中天守（ちゅうてんしゅ）などといい、姫路城天守群のように小天守が複数ある場合には方角を冠することもある。
English: If there were many Tenshu, the large Tenshu were, in many cases, called Dai-Tenshu (large keep).
Japanese: それらがある場合特に大きな天守を、大天守（だいてんしゅ）ということが多い。
English: Yagura annexed to a major Yagura were called Tsuzuki-Yagura (linking turrets) and Yagura attached to Tenshu were called Tsuke-Yagura (attached tower).
Japanese: 主体の櫓に付属する櫓の事を続櫓（つづきやぐら）というが、天守に付属する櫓のことは付櫓・附櫓（つけやぐら）という。
English: These expressions are used to describe the status and roles of the structures; however, not all of the currently used expressions have necessarily been used historically in these castles.
Japanese: それぞれの呼称を使って、建物におかれた立場や役目の説明がされているが、現在の呼称がすべてその城で歴史的に使われてきた呼び名というわけではない。
English: Tenshu is enumerated by 'Ki' as in the case of Yagura, but sometimes by 'To/Mune' as in the case of ordinary housing.
Japanese: 天守は、櫓と同じく「基（き）」と数えるが、一般住宅と同じく「棟（とう・むね）」と数えられることもある。
English: The castle structures, mainly Tenshu and multiple-tiered Yagura, were, in many cases, constructed with the roofs being piled up in a complicated way, and when story and tier should be identified, the numeration for ordinary housing, simply '-story,' may make the enumerated data improper for knowing the outline of the castle structures.
Japanese: 城郭建築、主に天守や多重櫓は、複雑に屋根を重ねることが多くあるので、階層を呼ぶ場合には、一般住宅のように単に“○階”としては、建築の概要を知る資料としてわかりにくくなることがある。
English: Therefore, whether complicated or not, it is recommendable to use "So" (tier) or "Ju" (tier) indicating the number of roofs in appearance and "Kai" (story) indicating the number of internal floors, to be laid side-by-side like '-So (tiered) -Kai (story)' and '-Ju (tiered) -Kai (story) (Example: Three-tiered, five-story).
Japanese: そのため、複雑であるかどうかにかかわらず、外観での屋根の数を表す“層”または“重”と、内部の床数の“階”とを並べて、「-層-階」や「-重-階」とするのが好ましい（例：3重5階）。
English: Kai and Ju were, in many cases, used independently in books, Kuden (oral tradition), and legends, and there was no unified standard in numeration of story and tier, which indicates a possibility of the expressions being handed down as local ones.
Japanese: 書物や口伝、伝説上の話では階や重が単独で用いられることも多いが、かつては階層の数え方に統一された基準はなく、局地的な呼称として伝わっている可能性がある。
English: Therefore, even if a structure came down as a three-story turret, it was not always three-story but could have been five-story, and even if it came down as Goju-Tenshu (five-tiered Tenshu), it could have been the number of floors inside and in reality four-tiered or three-tiered in appearance.
Japanese: 従って、三階櫓と伝わっていても3階とは限らず5階の場合もあり、五重天守と伝わっていても内部の床数を数えたものであって、外観は4重や3重であることもある。
English: Therefore, the numeration of story and tier in the books and Kuden is not considered to be compatible with the current way of numeration for the internal and external appearances.
Japanese: よって、書物や口伝での階層の数え方が現在捉えられている重（層）・階は、外観・内観に対応しているとはいえない。
English: The following are from the descriptions made by Yasuhiro NISHIGAYA and Masayuki MIURA.
Japanese: 以下は書籍で述べられているものとして、西ヶ谷恭弘と三浦正幸によるものをあげた。
English: Yasuhiro NISHIGAYA adopts '-tiered -story' and indicates that So (tier) is for the number of roofs, Ju (tier) for that of floors, and Kai (story) for that of floors excluding basement (aboveground floors).
Japanese: 西ヶ谷恭弘は、「-層-階」とし、層が屋根、重は床、階は地下を含まない階（地上階）の数であるとしている。
English: This is because he followed the numeration adopted by The Japan Association for The History of Castles under his presidency and he pointed out the defect of numeration by So (tier).
Japanese: 主宰をしている日本城郭史学会が採用する読み方に則ったためであり、層による数え方の欠点についても指摘している。
English: Masayuki MIURA uses '-Ju (tiered)-Kai (story)' and explains that Ju is for the roofs in appearance and Kai for the internal floors.
Japanese: 三浦正幸は、「-重-階」を使用し、外観の屋根を重、内部の床を階と説明している。
English: At any rate, if '-So (tiered)-Kai (story),' '-Ju (tiered)-Kai (story),' '-Ju (tiered)-So (tiered)' and so on are used in the same document, the text itself would become difficult to understand, so such a parallel use as above is, in many cases, avoided in books and so on dealing with the Japanese castles.
Japanese: いずれにしても一つの文書等に、「-層-階」・「-重-階」・「-重-層」等を併用すると文自体がわかりにくくなることがあるので、日本の城郭を取り扱った書籍などでは併用を避けることが多い。
English: However, as for the sequence of development, no conclusion has been reached about which of Borogata or Sotogata was first.
Japanese: ただし、発展の順序において層塔型が先か望楼型が先かは結論が出ていない。
English: Tenshu are divided into Borogata and Sotogata in structure, and as for the externally peculiar ones, although there is no particular standard, they are sometimes further divided into Fukko (revival), Ryakushiki (informal), Kara-zukuri, Yatsumune-zukuri (a complicated roof style with multiple ridges and bargeboards, or large vernacular house built in this style) types, and so on.
Japanese: 構造上では、望楼型と層塔型に分けられ、外観上、特異なものには、特に規定はないものの、復古・略式・唐造・八棟造などとさらに細かく分けることがある。
English: Tenshu externally restored or reconstructed in modern times with the existing methods rather than the original methods sometimes came under a different structural category, because the appearance of that time was restored by imitating the original situation and structure but the inner structure was not reconstructed by the original methods.
Japanese: 外観復元や復興された天守など、近代にその天守が建てられた当時の工法ではない工法で造られたものは、旧状または当時の造りに倣って外観を当時の型式にして建てられるが、内部構造は当時の方法で復元、施工されないので構造上の区分では異なったものになることがある。
English: The division into the early and later periods is done by era/development, decrease rate of plane scale, and improvement of the Shoju (the first story) plane, and not by structural development.
Japanese: 後期や初期といった区分は、構造上の違いはほとんどなく、年代・発展や、平面規模の逓減率、初重平面が整っていったということにより分けられているものである。
English: This rigid division is not necessarily followed by everyone; for instance, Masayuki MIURA and Masafumi KATO use expressions such as 'Traditional Borogata' and 'Typical Sotogata' instead of these terms.
Japanese: すべてがこういった厳密な分け方をしているとは限らず、三浦正幸や加藤理文のようにこういった語を用いずに、「古式の望楼型」や「典型的な層塔型」といった表現をすることがある。
English: It was constructed, in many cases, in the shapes like Boro put on top of the Hira-Yagura turret of Irimoya-zukuri and Boro put on top of Niju Yagura of Jubako-zukuri on the Irimoya roof.
Japanese: 主に、入母屋造の平櫓の上に望楼を載せたようなものや、入母屋屋根の重箱造りの二重櫓に望楼を載せたような形にすることが多い。
English: Boro was put, as a separate structure, on Yagura of Irimoya-zukuri, so even if the ground surface under Shoju was distorted, the above tiers on top of it were able to be maintained rectangular.
Japanese: 入母屋造の櫓の上に望楼を別構造で載せているので、初重平面が歪んでいても、上重の矩形は整えることができる。
English: Since Hafu, one of the features of Tenshu, was surely created, it became a magnificent design.
Japanese: 天守の一つの特徴である破風が必ずできるので、堂々としたデザインとなる。
English: Tenshu, the Boro part of which was constructed small with high rate of decrease in roof size, are regarded as early period ones, including the Tenshu of Inuyama-jo Castle and Maruoka-jo Castle, which are understood to have been constructed before the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い以前に造られたとされる犬山城や丸岡城の天守など、屋根の逓減率が大きく、望楼部分が小さく造られているものを初期という。
English: Tenshu, whose rate of decrease in roof size became low and the Boro part of which became low in function as watchtower, were, in many cases, constructed after the Battle of Sekigahara and these are regarded as later period ones; examples include the Himeji-jo Castle keep.
Japanese: 姫路城天守などの関ヶ原の戦い以降に造られたものに多く、屋根の逓減率が小さくなり、望楼部分の物見の要素が低くなったものを後期という。
English: Regardless of their structure and external design, Tenshu are sometimes divided by their construction time into the periods before or after the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: また、構造や外観意匠にかかわらず、主に関ヶ原の戦いを境として時代で分けられていることもある。
English: They were seen mainly after the Kanei era and had a sense of top-to-bottom unity in design, like a five-storied pagoda of a temple.
Japanese: 主に寛永年間以降に見られ、寺院の五重塔のように上から下までデザインに統一感がある。
English: The plane scale of this type gradually decreases upward and only the roof of the top tier was made Irimoya.
Japanese: 上に行くにつれて平面規模が逓減し、最上重の屋根だけを入母屋としたもの。
English: Chidori Hafu (a triangular shaped gable or a dormer bargeboard, or both combined) and Kara-Hafu (literally, Tang gable) were attached to them, but Oirimoya (big Irimoya) which could have directly become a base were not constructed, and there were ones without any Hafu.
Japanese: 千鳥破風や唐破風は付けられるが、直接に基部となるような大入母屋は造られず、全く破風のないものもある。
English: Shoju of Sotogata Tenshu of early period were sometimes constructed large regardless of plane decrease.
Japanese: 初期の層塔型の天守は初重が平面逓減にかかわらず大きく造られることがある。
English: However, these categories are not necessarily official ones and some researchers and scholars may sometimes use unique expressions.
Japanese: ただし、このような分類は特に定められたものではなく、研究者や学者によっては、特殊な呼び方をする場合もある。
English: Sotogata was the mainstream around the mid Edo period, but there were both Borogata and Sotogata in structure.
Japanese: 江戸中期頃には層塔型が主流となっていたが、構造は望楼型のもの層塔型のものどちらも存在する。
English: Among other things, the original burned-down Borogata Tenshu of Kochi-jo Castle is said to have been accurately reconstructed, and Matsuyama-jo Castle (Iyo Province) large keep is the last Momoyama-style Sotogata Tenshu reconstructed in Japan.
Japanese: 中でも高知城は焼失以前の望楼型天守を忠実に再建したといわれているものであり、また、松山城(伊予国)大天守は、日本で最後に再建された桃山文化様式の層塔型天守である。
English: Haridashi or Hanedashi-zukuri is a Tenshu, the Shoju plane of which was constructed larger than the Tenshudai plane.
Japanese: 張出（はりだし）または、跳出造（はねだしづくり）は、初重平面が、天守台平面より大きく造られたものをいう。
English: How Tenshu were treated in castles after the Meiji period has been described in the above Tenshu after the Meiji period.
Japanese: 明治以降の城の、天守の扱いについては天守明治以降に前述したとおりである。
English: In 1873, the Ordinance abolishing castles was promulgated and many structures in castles were lost.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）に廃城令が公布され、多くの城の建造物が失われた。
English: Even after the promulgation of the Ordinance, over 60 Tenshu existed; however, the compounds of castles were taken over by the army and became army posts, and so Tenshu were progressively knocked down.
Japanese: 廃城令以後も残った天守は60余あったが、軍の接収によって城の敷地が駐屯地となったので、破却が進んだ。
English: In addition, during World War II, the US military forces regarded the castles as military facilities and attacked them from the air, and so many more were lost.
Japanese: さらに、第二次世界大戦時にはアメリカ合衆国軍はこれを軍事施設とみなしたので、空襲を受けて更に多くが失われた。
English: Four were designated as national treasures, including Himeji-jo Castle, which was registered as a World Heritage Site, and all of the remaining eight Tenshu were designated as national important cultural properties.
Japanese: そのうち4か所が国宝、うち姫路城は世界遺産であり、残り8か所がいずれも国の重要文化財に指定されている。
English: These are called Genzon 12 Tenshu (Twelve Genzon Tenshu), Kokuho Yonjo (Four national-treasure castles) and Jubun Hachijo (Eight national-important-cultural property castles) (Jubun Hachi Tenshu (Eight national-important-cultural property Tenshu)) (For details, refer to the separate section, 'Genzon Tenshu').
Japanese: これらは、現存天守現存12天守（十二現存天守）、国宝四城、重文八城（重文八天守）などと呼ばれている（詳しくは別項「現存天守」を参照）。
English: After the Meiji period, along with abolishment of castles themselves, structures including Tenshu were not constructed when castles were constructed, but structures similar to Tenshu and reconstructed 'Tenshu' of old castles appeared.
Japanese: 明治以降には、城郭自体の廃止に伴って築城における天守などの建築を造ることはなくなったが、天守に似せた建物や、旧城の天守を再建した「天守」は造られている。
English: It was especially after World War II that Tenshu started to be actively constructed and, in many cases, those which had been burned down by air-raid, shown in old photographs or depicted in drawings or were only in legend were constructed in the reinforced concrete structure.
Japanese: 特に盛んに建てられ始めたのは第二次大戦後であり、空襲で焼失したものや古写真や絵図に描かれた天守、全くの伝説上の天守などが鉄筋コンクリート工法で建設されているものが多い。
English: As many of those Tenshu were constructed on the ancient foundations, foundation stones were moved and stone walls were rebuilt.
Japanese: それらの多くの天守は遺構の上に造られているため、礎石を移動したり、石垣の積み換えなどを行う。
English: More especially, in regard to imitation Tenshu and reconstructed Tenshu/externally restored Tenshu which were constructed by modern building methods, some expressed concern about 'the possible destruction of historical heritage.'
Japanese: 特に近代工法で建てられた模擬天守や復興天守・外観復元天守などは「歴史遺構の破壊になっているのでは」との意見もあった。
English: In the Heisei period, the number of Tenshu constructions with by concrete and so on has decreased, and along with the Agency for Cultural Affairs, which has made its policy for restoration stricter, the number of more accurate restorations with wood, such as Kakegawa-jo Castle and Ozu-jo Castle, has increased.
Japanese: 平成期にはコンクリート造りなどでの天守の建設は減り、また、文化庁の復元方針の厳格化に伴い掛川城や大洲城などのように木造による、より忠実な復元が増えている。
English: Tenshu constructed in modern/contemporary times are divided into the categories of restored Tenshu (復元天守) (also written as 復原天守) (restored wooden Tenshu and externally restored Tenshu), reconstructed Tenshu, imitation Tenshu, and Tenshukaku-style structure.
Japanese: 近現代に造られた天守は、復元天守（復原天守）（木造復元天守・外観復元天守）・復興天守・模擬天守・天守閣風建造物に分けられている。
English: It refers to a Tenshu which was lost by fire, natural disaster, knockdown, or war damage (including damage by nuclear weapons) and restored to its original state at least in appearance.
Japanese: 火事・天災・破却・戦災（核兵器によるものを含む）で消失した天守を、少なくとも外観は以前の通りに復元したものをいう。
English: The Tenshu which was most recently restored among all of the restored Tenshu is Ozu-jo Castle keep, which was completed in 2004.
Japanese: 復元された天守の中で現在最も新しいものは、平成16年（2004年）に竣工した大洲城天守である。
English: Construction of wooden buildings of four-stories or more was restricted by the Building Standard Act Enforcement Order, which required use of diagonal beams and metal materials and adoption of a concrete foundation, and also by the Fire and Disaster Management Act.
Japanese: 消防法や建築基準法施行令によって4階以上の木造建築の建設は筋交や金物の使用、コンクリート基礎とする必要があるなどの制約を受ける。
English: Even if Tenshu restoration in a strict sense was planned,it was impossible to comply with the earthquake-proof standard and the safety standard for the use of buildings.
Japanese: 厳密な意味で天守を復元すると、耐震基準や建物の利用に関する安全性を満たすことはできない。
English: Therefore, it was, in many cases, unavoidable for Tenshu to be constructed in the reinforced concrete structure even if enough information to justify restoration of Tenshu was available, and it was only possible to construct wooden Tenshu by getting special permission of the Minister of Construction or by exploiting legal loopholes as in the case of Gosankai Yagura of Shirakawa Komine-jo Castle.
Japanese: 天守を野外復元できるだけの資料が揃っていても、鉄筋コンクリート構造の天守を建てざるをえないことが多く、建設大臣の特別認可を受けたり、白河小峰城の御三階櫓のように法の抜け穴を見つけなければ木造天守の建築は不可能であった。
English: After the Heisei period set in, Tenshu came to be actively constructed by construction methods as close to traditional methods as possible under the guidance of the Ministry of Construction.
Japanese: 平成に入ると、建設省の指導を受けつつ伝統的工法に限りなく近づけた天守の建築が盛んになった。
English: While restoration of Tenshu is restricted by the Building Standard Act and the Fire and Disaster Management Act, reconstruction in the national historic sites is permitted by the Agency for Cultural Affairs on the basis of 'Charter for the Protection and Management of Archaeological Heritage.'
Japanese: 天守の復元には、建築基準法や消防法などの法令による制約があるが、国史跡での再建行為については文化庁により「考古学的遺産の保存管理に関する国際憲章」に基づいた再建行為が認められている。
English: Therefore, reconstruction may be approved as an exemption from the Building Standard Act and as an exception of the Fire and Disaster Management Act as in the case of Ozu-jo Castle keep.
Japanese: 大洲城天守のように建築基準法の適応除外や消防法の特例として認可されるということがある。
English: Restored wooden Tenshu refers to Tenshu which were accurately restored to their original state with the same materials (kinds of wood), configuration type, and construction methods on the basis of then-surviving drawings, written records, ancient structural remnants, and so on around that time.
Japanese: 木造復元天守は、現存した当時の図面・文書記録・遺構などを元に当時使われていた材料（木材の種類）・構法・工法によって忠実に原状に復したものを指す。
English: The first restored wooden Tenshu as equivalent to Tenshu is Shirakawa-jo Castle three-story turret restored in 1990.
Japanese: 天守に準ずるものとしての木造復元天守の最初のものは、平成2年（1990年）の白河城御三階櫓である。
English: Ozu-jo Castle keep is only one which was perfectly restored as Tenshu, and Shuri-jo Castle main hall is the only one equivalent to Tenshu at this point of time.
Japanese: 天守として完全に復元されたものは、現時点では大洲城天守があり、また天守に準ずるものとして首里城正殿がある。
English: Externally restored Tenshu refers to Tenshu which were restored to their state of the bygone days only externally in the steel framed reinforced concrete structure and so on.
Japanese: 外観復元天守は、鉄骨鉄筋コンクリート構造などを用いて、外観だけを往時のように再現したものを指す。
English: The first Tenshu of this type was Nagoya-jo Castle (Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, restored in 1957).
Japanese: この種の天守の最初のものは名古屋城（愛知県名古屋市1957年築）である。
English: Partly because the criteria and examinations became gradually stricter regarding restoration of structures around that time in the historic castle sites, which were regulated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, externally restored Tenshu with modern materials and construction methods should, in a narrow sense, be included in the category of reconstructed Tenshu.
Japanese: 文化庁の定める城郭史跡における当時の建造物復元に関し、基準・審査が厳しくなっていったこともあり、近代の材料・工法による外観復元天守も厳密には復興天守に入ることになる。
English: Although they are called externally restored Tenshu, it was inevitable for some Tenshu to be different in details such as the scale, place, and shape of their windows or the curving degree of their roofs as a result of the requirement to comply with the Building Standard Act.
Japanese: 外観復元とは言うが、細部では建築基準法に則した結果としてどうしても窓の規模・場所・形状が異なったり、屋根の反り具合が異なる場合がある。
English: It is said that there are no Tenshu which were accurately restored externally, because they were changed in their details, for the purpose of tourism and so on.
Japanese: また、観光等の目的のために細部に変更を加えるなど、外観を忠実に復したものはないといわれる。
English: For instance, Tenshu of Ogaki-jo Castle and Nagoya-jo Castle, which were externally restored after the War almost followed the appearance before the War; however, the windows of the top tier were reconstructed a little larger than they were in the bygone days, considering the function as an observation platform.
Japanese: たとえば、戦後に外観復元された大垣城や名古屋城の天守は、戦前の外観をほぼ踏襲しているが、展望台としての目的を考えて最上層の窓が往時よりもやや大きく造られている。
English: It refers to a Tenshu which surely existed in the past but was afterward lost by fire, natural disaster, knockdown, or war damage and was reconstructed at the original location but with assumptive part in scale and design due to an intention not to be based on the historical facts and due to lack of historical data.
Japanese: かつて存在したことは確かであるが、その後、火事・天災・破却・戦災で消失した天守を元の場所に、あえて史実に基づかなかったり、史料不足により規模や意匠に推定の部分があるものをいう。