nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A yokai may also be a traditional everyday tool typified by items such as ink stone, kama (large cooking pot) or tsurube (bucket used for scooping water from a well) or a tool that is reminiscent of life styles of the olden days, such as 'aｚuki arai' (yokai which makes the sound of washing azuki beans near a person sleeping in a mountain) and 'dorotabo' (yokai appearing at a rice field, which has only one eye and three fingers in his hand), which are all tools that are no longer seen even in the farming environment of the suburbs and the countryside.
Japanese: また、郊外や地方のその地域おいて、１次産業に携わるような社会環境であっても、もう見ることのできないような、いわゆる民具などに代表される硯（すずり）や釜（かま）や釣瓶（つるべ）であったり、昔懐かしい生活としての「小豆洗い」や「泥田坊（田作りの土起し）」であったりもする。
English: Therefore, even those people who were born during the first decade of the Showa period (between 1925 and 1935) 'do not understand or are familiar with' the 'objects' that become yokai, unless those people had evacuated to the countryside during the war.
Japanese: そのため、昭和一桁の世代でさえ疎開を経験していなければ、その妖怪のもととなる「物」が、「身近でない・良くわからない」こともある。
English: As with the classical rakugo, people recognize the words or the meaning of the words, yet they cannot realistically picture the objects to which the words refer.
Japanese: 古典落語と同じようにその言葉の意味や、言葉は解っていても現実的に形として想像できない。
English: Therefore, modernization of the society itself is having a negative effect on the survival of yokai as classical Japanese culture.
Japanese: したがって、社会そのものが近代化してしまったことが、妖怪という日本の古典文化の継承に影を落としている。
English: On the other hand, yokai introduced through mass media are not limited only to those that belong to the classical culture that has been handed down as a folklore.
Japanese: また一方では、媒体で紹介される妖怪は民間伝承の古典的なものだけでない。
English: New yokai have been born from the stories of haunted schools and urban myths, such as kuchisake onna (a woman with her mouth torn to her ears) and toire no Hanako-san (Hanako in the bathroom).
Japanese: 学校の怪談や都市伝説などから、口裂け女、トイレの花子さんなど新たな妖怪が誕生している。
English: From the spread of kuchisake onna after 1975, such yokai of urban myths have been described by the mass media using a collective term, 'modern yokai.'
Japanese: 1975年以降に生じた口裂け女のブームの頃から、これらの都市伝説上の妖怪がマスコミで「現代妖怪」という総称で表現されるようになった。
English: During the 1970's, many books were published that introduced yokai in the form of encyclopedia, illustrations and dictionary as a part of children's horror books.
Japanese: 1970年代には怪奇系児童書の一環として児童向けに、百科、図鑑、事典などの体裁をとって妖怪たちを紹介する書籍が多く刊行された。
English: It has been pointed out by modern research that in these books, mixed with the folklores, ghost stories and essays of classical Japanese culture, there are many yokai characters that are considered to be inventions that did not exist in the classical Japanese culture.
Japanese: しかし、それら書籍中の妖怪には、古典の民間伝承、怪談、随筆などのものに混じり、古典上に存在しない創作物と思われる妖怪が多いことが現代の研究により指摘されている。
English: It has been pointed out that there are creative yokai characters in yokai research-related books written by Shigeru MIZUKI, who is a successful yokai cartoon writer.
Japanese: 妖怪漫画家として活躍する水木しげるの妖怪研究関連の著書の中にも創作妖怪があると指摘されている。
English: Mixing modern creations with the classical Japanese yokai characters in this manner is often criticized and vilified for slighting the tradition.
Japanese: このように古典上の妖怪たちの中に現代の創作物を混ぜてしまうことは、伝承をないがしろにしているとして非難や中傷の槍玉に挙げられることも多い。
English: However, as mentioned earlier, by the Edo period, yokai were actively invented by people such as Sekien TORIYAMA.
Japanese: しかし前述のように、江戸時代にはすでに鳥山石燕らによる妖怪の創作が多く行なわれていた。
English: Therefore, there is an opinion that allows fabrications in Japanese classics yet criticizes modern creations as irrational.
Japanese: そのため、古典上の創作が許されて現代の創作が非難されることを理不尽とする意見もある。
English: Furthermore, there is a favorable view that says that introducing various yokai characters through these books nurtured creativity and emotional development of young readers of the time.
Japanese: また、こうした書籍類でさまざまな妖怪を紹介することが、当時の年少の読者たちの情緒や想像性を育んだとする好意的な見方もある。
English: The word yosei is used for the translation of the word 'fairy', a being in European folklore, but animism in cultural anthropology includes both yosei and yokai.
Japanese: ヨーロッパの民間伝承上の存在「fairy」にはもっぱら妖精の訳を当てるが、文化人類学のアニミズムにおいては、妖怪も妖精も包括される。
English: When yokai in modern Japanese culture is introduced to English-speaking countries, the translation 'monster' is often used.
Japanese: また現在の日本文化として妖怪が、英語圏で紹介されるときの訳は「monster」：怪物とされることも多い。
English: However, these semantic differences are obviously due to the background view of nature and history, but because they are also largely due simply to translation and nuances, so these words are not synonymous.
Japanese: ただし、これらの語義の違いは、背景となる自然に対する姿勢や歴史性はもちろんだが、たんに翻訳とニュアンスに留まるところが多いため同義とはいえない。
English: Though not used in the same sense as yokai in Japan, yosei and seirei are also words used to describe yokai, and the word seikai is also used.
Japanese: 日本では妖怪と同意では使われないが、妖精や精霊も妖怪を表す言葉として用いられ、精怪ともいう。
English: However, it strongly suggests to imply oni (demon) or kijin (fierce god), and in Japan, its image is closer to that of yasha (Buddhist guardian deities sometimes depicted as demonic warriors).
Japanese: しかし、鬼や鬼神といった意味合いが強く、日本で謂えば夜叉といったような印象がある。
English: As it can be seen, even though these two countries are culturally close and they both use Chinese characters that have their origin in Chinese civilization, the meaning of yokai differs.
Japanese: このように文化が近く中華文明が起源である漢字を使用する両国でも、妖怪のその意味合いが異なる。
English: Yokai can be written using other Chinese characters, 夭怪, and words such as yo, oni, obake (ghost), kaii (mysterious creature), kaibutsu (monster), kesho (reincarnated or transformed being), chimimoryo (evil spirits of mountains and rivers), tsukimono (something that possesses people or things), bake (ghost), bakemono (ghost), hyakki (hundred demons), henge (apparition), ma (devil), mamono (devil), mononoke (specter), mononoke, youi, yokaihenge (specter) are also used with a similar meaning.
Japanese: 夭怪とも表記し、妖（夭）・鬼・お化け・怪異・怪物・化生・魑魅魍魎（ちみもうりょう）・憑き物・化け・化け物・百鬼・変化（へんげ）・魔・魔物・物の怪（勿の怪）・物の気・妖異・妖怪変化なども同様な意味で使われる。
English: However, 'kaibutsu' refers to those that were not passed down through Japanese folk religion, fabricated yokai characters with a short history or those in folklores from overseas.
Japanese: ただし、「怪物」については、日本の民間信仰で伝承されていないもの、また創作の妖怪で歴史の浅いものや、海外の民間伝承されてきたもの。
English: Alternatively, it tends to refer to grotesque creatures of unknown nature, grotesque alien creatures from outer space or unidentified creatures in fiction.
Japanese: または、正体の解らない不気味な生き物として、フィクションの上での、不気味な宇宙から来た外来の生物や未確認生物をいう傾向にある。
English: During early first century Han Dynasty and the Nara period in Japan, yokai was a word that described 'suspicious and bizarre phenomena.'
Japanese: 1世紀初頭の漢や奈良時代の日本では、妖怪とは「怪しい奇妙な現象」を表す言葉であった。
English: However, as a result of becoming associated with various gods, folklores, ghost stories and religious values, and being generated and created, phenomena whose details were unknown were considered to have been caused by something that had a specific shape.
Japanese: しかし、様々な神や伝承や怪談や宗教や価値観と結びつき、派生し生まれた結果、詳細の解らない現象を、具体的な形を持ったものの仕業とした。
English: In Japan, demon-like beings from folklores in Europe and the Western Continent may also be treated as yokai.
Japanese: 日本においては、欧州や西方大陸で伝承される魔物の類も、妖怪として扱われることがある。
English: Examples include not only the vampires and werewolves of the west, but also those of Chinese origin such as the ones in the rare Chinese book, "Shan Hai Jing" classics of mountains and seas), and they are called 'tairiku yokai' (continental yokai), or 'seiyo yokai' (western yokai) and 'chugoku yokai' (Chinese yokai), respectively.
Japanese: 西洋の吸血鬼や狼男だけでなく、中国の奇書『山海経』など、中国由来のものを含め「大陸妖怪」や各々「西洋妖怪」・「中国妖怪」と呼ぶ例もある。
English: The reason why overseas demons, that are foreign to the Japanese mode of life, are called 'yokai' is that such non-Japanese cultures flowed into Japan during various periods, and they possess a certain amount of history.
Japanese: 日本の風俗から外れた、海外の魔物を「妖怪」と呼び習わすのは、こうした日本以外の文化が様々な時代に流入し、ある程度の歴史を持っているからである。
English: Mokke no saiwai means 'happiness that was begotten unintentionally.'
Japanese: 勿怪の幸い（もっけのさいわい）とは、「図らずして齎された幸福のこと」である。
English: It was originally called mononoke no saiwai, and it meant happiness that was brought about by mononoke (yokai).
Japanese: もともとは、物の怪（勿の怪）の幸いといい、物の怪（妖怪）がもたらす幸福を意味した。
English: Different stories have been passed down such as yamanba (mountain witch), oni and zashiki warashi bringing about misfortune and or happiness.
Japanese: 山姥や鬼や座敷童子が禍や福をもたらすという、各々違う物語が伝承されている。
English: Yokai is not only a cursed being or a being to be feared, but it sometimes is a being that can bring happiness.
Japanese: 妖怪は祟りや恐怖だけの存在ではなく、時として幸福を授けてくれる存在である。
English: Similarly, as mentioned earlier, gods of ancient Shintoism and Shintoism as well as Tsukumogami are also beings that bring about fortune and misfortune.
Japanese: 前述にもあるように、古神道や神道の神々や、九十九神も同様に禍福をもたらす存在である。
English: Even in weather and climate, an appropriate amount of sunny weather and rain means good harvest and fruitful rain, but too much of them can cause drought and floods.
Japanese: 自然の一部である天気や気候においても、適度な晴れや雨は実りや慈雨であるが、過ぎれば日照りや水害になる。
English: As an expression of unexpected events or things bringing about good things (unexpected growth, advantage or benefit), there are words such as 'bake' and 'obake,' and they are lexicons and expressions of 'obake.'
Japanese: 期待しなかった事柄やものが、幸（予想に反して成長や効果や利益）をもたらす表現として、「化け」や「大化け」があり、「オバケ」の語彙や語句の一つである。
English: When 'an unexpected new singer becomes a top-ranking star,' then an expression such as, 'this new singer transformed himself or herself' or 'obake shita' (transformed oneself greatly) is used.
Japanese: 「期待していなかった新人歌手が、トップスターなった」ときなどに「この新人歌手は化けた」または、「大化けした」というように使われる。
English: It is also used for animals and plants that grew large, and expressions such as 'obake daikon and obake yago (colloquial term for dragonfly larva)' (giant daikon radish and giant dragonfly larva) are used.
Japanese: 大きく成長した動植物にも使用され、「お化けダイコンやお化けヤゴ（オニヤンマの幼生の俗称）」などと使われる。
English: In ancient Shintoism, along with 'kamusabi,' there is a history and value of respecting not only something that's old, but also something that's large.
Japanese: 古神道において、「神さび」とともに古いことだけでなく、大きなことも尊ばれてきた歴史や価値観がある。
English: Examples include sacred mountain Mt. Fuji as shintaizan (mountain worshiped as the sacred dwelling place of a deity or deities), sacred trees and Meotoiwa (Wedded Rocks) in giant tree and giant rock worship.
Japanese: 神体山としての霊峰富士山や、巨木・巨石信仰の御神木や夫婦岩などがある。
English: In ancient Shintoism, there are mountains and forests called kannabi where 'gods sit.'
Japanese: 古神道においては、神奈備（かんなび）という「神が鎮座する」山や森がある。
English: These kannabi sites then became connected to iwakura (dwelling place of a god, usually in reference to a large rock), iwasaka (area where a god sits) and himorogi (a sacred space or altar that is set up temporarily and used as a place of worship).
Japanese: この神奈備が磐座（いわくら）・磐境（いわさか）や神籬（ひもろぎ）に繋がっていった。
English: While these sacred shrine forests, sacred trees, sacred mountains and Meoto Iwa are sacred realms or sacred bodies, they are also considered as boundaries between 'utsushiyo' (actual world) and 'tokoyo and tokoyo' (eternal night and eternal world).
Japanese: これら鎮守の森や神木や霊峰や夫婦岩は神域や神体であると共に、「現世」と「常夜・常世」の端境と考えられていいる。
English: In order to prevent evil and misfortunes from easily traveling back and forth, and in order for people not to be spirited away, shimenawa (sacred rope) or hokora (small shrine) is set up to mark the sacred boundaries.
Japanese: 魔や禍が簡単に往来できない、若しくは人が神隠しに遭わないよう結界として、注連縄（しめなわ）や祠が設けられている。
English: In the old custom, one hammers a nail into a sacred tree (sacred body) to become an oni (demon) in order to take out a revenge on someone against whom one holds a grudge.
Japanese: 古くは神木（神体）に釘を打ち付け、自身が鬼となって恨む相手に復讐するというものである。
English: It was considered that by hammering a nail into a sacred tree at ushi no koku (around two to four in the morning, late in the night) the boundary marking the sacred realm would be broken, god (evil or yokai) that brings about misfortune would be summoned from tokoyo (god's world with eternal night), and the ritual performer would gain a supernatural power to hex the person against whom one held a grudge.
Japanese: 丑の刻（深夜）に神木に釘を打って結界を破り、常夜（夜だけの神の国）から、禍をもたらす神（魔や妖怪）を呼び出し、神懸りとなって恨む相手を祟ると考えられていた。
English: The commonality here is the 'phase of place' (environment and situation) that represents a shift (change) in space and time.
Japanese: これらに共通するのは「場の様相」（環境や状況）が転移する（変わる）空間や時間を表している。
English: As the saying 'ushimitsudoki when even the plants and trees sleep' goes, no matter how lively or open a place may be during the day, once all activities disappear it feels as if 'the time has stopped and the space has been closed off' with a darkness that's like black ink.
Japanese: 昼間はどんな賑やかな場所や開けた場所であっても、深夜には「草木も眠る丑三つ時」といわれるように、一切の活動がなくなり、漆黒の闇とともに、「時間が止まり、空間が閉ざされた」ように感じるからである。
English: In addition, aside from places such as kannabi that mark boundaries where the natural environment changes, places such as hills, mountain passes, crossroads, bridges and boundaries between settlements where the condition of man-made areas such as 'paths' change, were also considered to represent boundaries that marked the unfamiliar world (sacred realm).
Japanese: また神奈備などの自然環境の変化する端境の場所だけでなく、坂、峠、辻、橋、集落の境など人の手の加わった土地である「道」の状態が変化する場所も、異界（神域）との端境と考えられた。
English: Once social infrastructures were further improved, many things were considered as boundaries between tokoyo and utsushiyo, from shrines, temples and gates of cities to hedges that separate the streets from the premises of traditional Japanese houses, bathrooms, storage rooms and storage shelters located outside the house, and even amado (wooden shutters constructed at the various openings of a building) and shoji (paper-covered sliding screens) that separate the house from the outside.
Japanese: 社会基盤がもっと整備されると、市街の神社や寺や門などから、伝統的な日本家屋の道と敷地の間の垣根や、屋外にあった便所や納戸や蔵、住居と外部を仕切る雨戸や障子なども、常世と現世の端境と考えられた。
English: From 1858 to 1919, he was a Buddhist philosopher who categorized and systematized yokai's existence and truth about their phenomena using philosophy and psychology based on the scientific view of the time.
Japanese: -安政5年（1858年）-大正8年（1919年）仏教哲学者で当時の科学的見地から、哲学や心理学を用いて、妖怪の存在やその現象の真偽を、分類し体系としてまとめた。
English: From 1867 to 1941, he was a scholar of natural history and a biologist.
Japanese: -慶応3年（1867年）-昭和16年（1941年）日本の博物学者で生物学者である。
English: From 1875 to 1962, he was a Japanese folklorist.
Japanese: -明治8年（1875年）-昭和37年（1962年）日本の民俗学者である。
English: After the cultural enlightenment, things such as superstitions were viewed not only negatively, but they had a tendency to be denounced.
Japanese: 文明開化以降、迷信などの類は否定的に見られるだけでなく、排斥される傾向にあった。
English: However, from the viewpoint of Japanese history, he wrote "Nihon Yokai Henkashi" (history of change of Japanese yokai), treated yokai academically, and created a general atmosphere for the public to take a renewed look at yokai.
Japanese: しかし、日本の歴史学の見地から『日本妖怪変化史』を著し、学術的に妖怪を取り上げ、世間に見直させる風潮を作った。
English: Books he authored include "Shonenshojoban Nihon Yokai Zukan" (picture book of Japanese specters for boys and girls) and "Yokai to Ema to Shichifukujin" (Specters, Pictorial Offering, and Seven Deities of Good Fortune).
Japanese: 著書には『少年少女版日本妖怪図鑑』・『妖怪と絵馬と七福神』などがある。
English: From 1936 to 2000, he was a Japanese folklorist.
Japanese: -昭和11年（1936年）-平成12年（2000年）日本の民俗学者である。
English: His books include "Nihon Yokai Ibunroku" (records of peculiar stories of Japanese yokai) and "Yokaigaku Shinko, Yokai kara miru nihonjin no kokoro" (new thought on the study of yokai, the mind of Japanese people through yokai).
Japanese: 著書には『日本妖怪異聞録』・『妖怪学新考－妖怪からみる日本人の心』などがある。
English: Junsai (Brasenia schreberi) is perennial hydrophyte.
Japanese: ジュンサイ（蓴菜、純菜、Braseniaschreberi）は多年生の水生植物である。
English: Or it is included in Nymphaeaeceae, and is waterweed whose leaves float on the surface of water as water lilies do.
Japanese: またスイレン科に含めることもある）に属し、スイレンなどと同じように葉を水面に浮かべる水草である。
English: In Japan it is distributed from Hokkaido to Kyushu and Nansei Islands (Tanegashima Island and the islands of Okinawa), and in some areas it has gone extinct already.
Japanese: 日本では北海道～九州及び南西諸島（種子島・沖縄島に分布するが、すでに絶滅した地域もある。
English: Outside of Japan it is distributed widely from Southeast Asia to India, Africa, Australia, and Americas.
Japanese: 日本国外では、東南アジア～インド、アフリカ、オーストラリア、アメリカ州等に広く分布する。
English: Buds on the end of stems and the back of young leaves are slimy, thickly covered with agar mucilage.
Japanese: 茎の先端の芽の部分や若葉の裏面は寒天質の粘液で厚く覆われ、ぬめりがある。
English: They have three petals and sepals respectively and look like thinner water lily flowers, but do not stand out since the petals are purplish brown.
Japanese: 花弁・がく片は3枚ずつで、スイレンの花を細くしたような姿だが、花弁は紫褐色であまり目立たない。
English: Junsai is regarded as a local dish of Akita Prefecture, and Mitane Town of Akita has the highest crop.
Japanese: ジュンサイは秋田県の郷土料理とされ、同県の三種町は生産量日本一である。
English: In Onuma Quasi-National Park of Nanae Town, Hokkaido, there is Junsai Swamp, one of the Onuma main lakes (Nanae Town), and they sell bottled junsai as a special product of the Park.
Japanese: また、北海道七飯町にある大沼国定公園には、大沼(七飯町)三湖のひとつである蓴菜沼があり、その瓶詰は大沼国定公園の名物として売られている。
English: Junsai is often grown in private ponds and you have to confirm before you collect junsai.
Japanese: なお、私有地の池で栽培されることが多いため、採集に当たってはきちんと確認すること。
English: Junsai is referred to in the red data book made by local public bodies mentioned below.
Japanese: 生育地である下記の地方公共団体が作成したレッドデータブックに掲載されている。
English: Though it is common species in Japan as a whole, it has high risk of extinction in some areas and has already gone extinct in some other areas.
Japanese: 日本全体としては普通種であるが、地域によっては絶滅のおそれが高く、既に絶滅した地域もある。
English: A performer of kodan sits in front of a pedestal called shakudai on koza (stage), and reads out reading materials associated with history such as gunkimono (military epic) and seidan (story of the law or politics) to the audience, while tapping the shakudai with a harisen/hariogi (paper fan) to keep his or her rhythm going.
Japanese: 演者は高座におかれた釈台（しゃくだい）と呼ばれる小さな机の前に座り、張扇でそれを叩いて調子を取りつつ、軍記物や政談など主に歴史にちなんだ読み物を、観衆に対して読み上げる。
English: Although the origin of kodan is said to be traced to otogishu (professional storytellers attending provincial lords) during the Warring States period, its original form as yose engei (vaudeville) can be seen in tsuji koshaku/tsuji goshaku or machi koshaku (storytelling in the street), which was a street performance during the Edo period.
Japanese: 起源は戦国時代(日本)の御伽衆（おとぎしゅう）であると言われているが、寄席演芸としての講談の原型は、江戸時代の大道芸のひとつである辻講釈（つじこうしゃく、または町講釈）に求めることができる。
English: In tsuji koshaku, one tells military epic stories like Taiheiki (The Record of the Great Peace) with a certain rhythm while giving commentary on it.
Japanese: 辻講釈は太平記などの軍記物を注釈を加えつつ調子を付けて語るものである。
English: Performed in permanent authorized huts during the Hoei era (from 1704 through 1711), it came to be called koshaku (storytelling or narration).
Japanese: 宝永年間には公許の常設小屋で上演されるようになり、講釈と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Interacting with other forms of public entertainment helped popular koshaku acts to be performed in kabuki and ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater).
Japanese: 他の芸能との交流も進み、講釈での人気演目が歌舞伎や人形浄瑠璃化されることもあった。
English: 'Kodanbon' (books on kodan) such as Tachikawa or Tatsukawa Bunko series, which contained kodan stories, became popular during the late Meiji period; among the publishers of kodanbon was Kodansha Ltd., which soon became a major publisher with the success of kodanbon.
Japanese: 明治末期には立川文庫など講談の内容を記載した「講談本」が人気を呼んだ（その出版社の中に、講談社がある。講談本の成功ですぐに大手出版社になった）。
English: It gradually went into decline, however, due to the advent of other popular entertainments like manzai (comic dialogue) and the development of mass media.
Japanese: しかし、漫才など他の人気大衆芸能の誕生、大衆メディアの発達などに追いつけず、次第に衰微していった。
English: After World War II, several acts of kodan were forbidden by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for entailing elements of protection of feudalism and the celebration of vengeance.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により、封建制度の擁護や復讐の賛美などの要素があるとして一部の演目が上演を禁止された。
English: Even after the ban was lifted, it became increasingly out of touch with the changing times that had abolished feudalistic ideas, and has left behind the diversified public needs.
Japanese: 禁止が解除された後も、封建思想を廃棄した時代の変化との齟齬は深まる一方で、多様化する大衆の嗜好から取り残されている。
English: Kodanshi (kodan storytellers) rarely appear in broadcast media, with Sanyo KANDA the third being an exception.
Japanese: 講談師が放送メディアに出ることは少ない（例外は神田山陽(3代目)）。
English: With the help of kodanshi like Sanyo KANDA the second, however, a lot of female kodanshi with charismatic personalities have been around, and there is a sufficient number of kodanshi at least in Tokyo.
Japanese: しかし、神田山陽2代目などの尽力により、華やかでスターパーソナリティーのある女性講談師が多数世に送り出されており、少なくとも数的に東京で講談師が不足することはない。
English: Considerable publicity has commercially assisted in vigorous kodan performances, primarily in the abovementioned comedy houses.
Japanese: また、話題も豊富に提供され、前述の寄席を中心に興行が積極的に行われている。
English: Additionally, there are (and have been) many cases where kodanshi, being members of an association of rakugoka (rakugo storytellers), regularly appear in rakugo (comic storytelling) performances.
Japanese: また、（旧来からであるが）講談師が落語家の協会に所属し、落語定席に出演する例も多い。
English: From the Meiji period through to the Taisho period, kamigata kodan (kodan as performed in the Kyoto-Osaka region) had also been more popular than may be imagined today.
Japanese: 上方講談もまた、明治時代から大正時代にかけて、今からは想像もできないほど盛況であった。
English: Kamigata kodan is a mixture of two different styles, 'gundan' (kodan on military epic) and 'Shinto koshaku' (koshaku associated with Shinto), and its industry during the Taisho period was dominated by the TAMADA school such as Gyokushusai TAMADA, the father of Tachikawa or Tatsukawa Bunko series.
Japanese: 上方講談は「軍談」と「神道講釈」の二つの流れが融合したもので、大正時代に立川文庫の生みの親である玉田玉秀斎などの玉田派が上方講談界を席巻した。
English: Subsequently, the TAMADA and SHOGETSUDO families came to an end during the early Showa period, but the KYOKUDO, originally a trade name in Edo, has been inherited as the only trade name in kamigata kodan to date, by the great efforts by Nanryo KYOKUDO the second.
Japanese: その後、玉田、松月堂などの一門は昭和初期で命脈がつきたが、本来は江戸の屋号である旭堂が二代目南陵の奮闘もあって、上方講談唯一の屋号として今日まで継承されている。
English: After the war, it went into a substantial decline like kamigata rakugo (rakugo as performed in the Kyoto-Osaka region), consisting only of Nanryo KYOKUDO the second and his son, Konanryo KYOKUDO the second (later Nanryo KYOKUDO the third), for a certain period of time, and following the death of Nanryo the second in 1965, Nanryo the third fought a long, lonely battle.
Japanese: 戦後になると、上方落語同様に衰退著しく、二代目旭堂南陵と二代目旭堂小南陵（後の三代目旭堂南陵）父子のみの状態が続き、1965年に二代目が亡くなった後は三代目の孤軍奮闘が長く続いた。
English: With patient activities continued by the apprentices to Nanryo KYOKUDO the third, kamigata kodan has gotten through its present crises, though still small in number.
Japanese: 現在も数は多くはないが、三代目南陵の弟子たちにより地道な活動が続けられ当面の危機は脱した。
English: Kodan performances such as 'Kamigata Kodan Theater,' 'Tenman Kodan Hall,' and 'Torii Kodan Theater' are still regularly held.
Japanese: 「上方講談を聞く会」「天満講談席」「トリイ講談席」など定期講談席も続けられている。
English: Subsequently, an internecine feud broke out between those apprenticed to Nanryo the third, which developed into a lawsuit, and the family of Nanryo the fourth (former Konanryo and former member of the House of Councilors) was expelled from Kamigata Kodan Kyokai (Kamigata Kodan Association), after which they formed Osaka Kodan Kyokai (Osaka Kodan Association).
Japanese: その後、三代目南陵の弟子間で訴訟にまで発展する内紛があり、四代目南陵（前名小南陵・元参議院議員）一門は上方講談協会を除名され大阪講談協会を結成した。
English: Despite its small size, the kamigata kodan society has also been split like its Tokyo counterpart.
Japanese: 手勢の薄いはずの上方講談界もまた、東京と同じく分裂した形となっている。
English: In addition, Konanryo's succession to the name 'Nanryo KYOKUDO the fourth' has not been recognized by those apprenticed to Nanryo the third, except himself.
Japanese: そればかりでなく、小南陵の「四代目旭堂南陵」襲名を、（本人を除く）三代目南陵の弟子たちは承認していない。
English: Although it used to center on historical events, there have been attempts to deal with subject matter other than historical events, such as international events and managerial theories nowadays, as its aspect of promoting the audience's understanding with easier subjects has been reassessed.
Japanese: 題材は歴史的事件が中心だったが、題材をわかりやすく解説し観衆の理解を深めるという点が再評価され、現在では国際的事件や経営理論など、歴史以外の題材を取り上げる試みもなされている。
English: Although it is not exactly a thriving form of performing art, new trends in kodan have gradually arisen.
Japanese: 決して盛んな芸能とは言えないが、新しい潮流も少しずつ生まれつつある。