nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Retired Emperor Takakura or the Taira family opposed this, but in spite of the opposition, he forced the capital relocation and until the relocation to Kyoto after a half year, Kiyomori's Fukuhara villa was the dairi (Imperial Palace) and it was called 'honkokyo.'
Japanese: 高倉上皇や平家一門の反対もあったが、それを押し切っての遷都であり、約半年後の京都還都まで、清盛の福原別邸が天皇の内裏となり、「本皇居」と称された。
English: As for this, it is pointed out that Kiyomori tried to avoid interference from the forces of temples and shrines such as Enryaku-ji Temple, Enjo-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple and so on, or he aimed to establish the maritime state or Saigoku (western part of Japan [esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]) state by expanding the trade with the Sung (dynasty).
Japanese: これについては、清盛は延暦寺・園城寺・興福寺など寺社勢力の干渉を避けるためとも、また、宋(王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家、西国国家の樹立を目指していたとも指摘される。
English: The plan for the permanent reconstruction of Owada no tomari was derailed by the uprising of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka and the following downfall of Taira clan, but all the buildings in Fukuhara-kyo were also burnt down by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka in Jisho-Juei Civil War.
Japanese: 大輪田泊の永久的修築の計画は源頼朝・源義仲の挙兵にはじまる内乱とそれにつづく平氏の失権により中絶してしまったが、福原京に建てられた建造物群もまた治承・寿永の内乱のなかで源義仲によって全て焼き払われた。
English: During the Kamakura period after the decline of the Taira clan government, there were no official diplomatic relations between Japan and the Sung dynasty, but the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and in 1185 chinzei bugyo (a magistrate of Kyushu region) established in Kyushu governed Hakata and sent bakufu-controlled commercial ships to Sung.
Japanese: 平氏政権滅亡後の鎌倉時代には日宋間の正式な国交はなかったが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、文治元年（1185年）に九州に設けられた鎮西奉行は、博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を宋へむけて派遣することとした。
English: The reconstruction works for Owada no tomari by Kiyomori were done two times, but were obliged to be derailed.
Japanese: 清盛による大輪田泊の修築工事も2度にわたっておこなわれたが、中絶を余儀なくされていた。
English: In 1196 Shunjobo Chogen in Todai-ji Temple deplored the derailment of reconstruction work for Owada no tomari and the latter damaged situation and collected one sho (of rice) per one koku of rice tax carried through this port from each province and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in Sanyodo Road, Nankaido Road and Saikaido Road.
Japanese: 建久7年（1196年）、東大寺の俊乗坊重源は、大輪田泊の修築事業の中絶とその後の泊の損壊状況を嘆き、山陽道・南海道・西海道の諸国および荘園からこの港を経て運ばれる運上米のうち1石あたり1升を徴収した。
English: He imposed one ship on each one county and one manor in the three Roads, confiscated wrecked ships washed ashore on beaches in ten provinces such as Izumi, Settsu, Harima, Bizen, Bicchu, Kii, Ise, Awaji, Sanuki and Awa provinces, cut down bamboo grove in Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) and shoen in five provinces such as Yamashiro, Kawachi, Settsu, Harima, Awaji, furthermore recruited laborers from folk dwellings in Settsu, Harima and Awaji provinces and petitioned the Emperor to reconstruct the port as well as Kawajiri no tomari and Uozumi no tomari.
Japanese: 三道の一郡一荘それぞれから船1艘を課し、和泉国・摂津・播磨・備前国・備中国・紀伊国・伊勢・淡路国・讃岐国・阿波の計10か国の海岸に漂着して破損した船を没収、また、山城国・河内国・摂津・播磨・淡路の5か国の公田・荘園の竹木を伐採し、さらに摂津・播磨・淡路の民家から人夫を徴用して、河尻泊・魚住泊とともにこの泊を修築することを奏請した。
English: The reason why Chogen started the reconstruction work seems to be that he often used these ports for the reintegration work for Todai-ji Temple, for which he did his best as Daikanjin (priest to collect contributions).
Japanese: 重源が修築事業に乗り出したのは、かれが大勧進として尽力していた東大寺復興事業にこれら港津を利用することが多かったためと思われる。
English: The details of the result are not clear, but during Kamakura period the port came to be called 'Hyogo no tsu,' 'Hyogo jima' or 'Hyogokyo jima' as the primary port in Japan and the atmosphere of Hyogo no tsu in those days was painted also in picture scrolls such as "Honen Shonin Eden" (illustrated biography of a Buddhist saint, Honen) or "The Ippen hijiri-e" (Painting of St. Ippen).
Japanese: その成果の詳細は不明であるが、鎌倉時代には国内第一の港として「兵庫津（ひょうごのつ）」「兵庫島」あるいは「兵庫経島（ひょうごきょうじま）」と呼ばれるようになり、当時の兵庫津のようすは絵巻物『法然上人絵伝』や『一遍聖絵』にも描かれている。
English: The trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China continued until the end of Southern Sung Dynasty and as the Hojo clan, which became a regent of bakufu for generations, also protected Rinzaishu sect, many Zen monks from Sung came to Japan on trading vessels and the mutual visits continued even after the attack on Southern Sung Dynasty by the Mongolian Empire shifted into full swing.
Japanese: 日宋貿易は南宋代の終わりまで行われ、幕府の執権を代々つとめた北条氏も臨済宗を保護したため、宋の禅僧も数多く貿易船に便乗して来日し、モンゴル帝国による南宋攻撃が本格化してからも往来は継続した。
English: With the development of distribution economy, water transport became active and large temples and shrines, which suffered from the decrease of nengu (land tax) from shoen, tried to collect sekisen (toll) from the ships to maintain the income.
Japanese: 流通経済の発達で国内の水運がさかんになると、荘園からの年貢減少に苦しむ大寺社ではその維持のために船から関銭を徴収することとした。
English: In Hyogo no tsu during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kitaseki in Todai-ji Temple territory and Minamiseki in Kofuku-ji Temple territory were set up.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)の兵庫津には、東大寺領の北関と興福寺領の南関が設けられていた。
English: In the Muromachi period, Hyogo no tsu became the base for the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, flourished as the arrival and departure port for Kenminsen (envoy ships dispatched to Ming China), the ships from Yi Dynasty Korea and The Ryukyu Kingdom came there and again got the status of an international port.
Japanese: 室町時代にはいると、兵庫津は足利義満による日明貿易の拠点となり、遣明船の発着港としてにぎわったほか、李氏朝鮮や琉球王国の船も来航して再び国際貿易港としての地位を得た。
English: In the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan of 1858, it was designated as an open port as well as Niigata Port, Nagasaki Port and Kanagawa-juku Kanagawa Port (Yokohama Port).
Japanese: 安政5年（1858年）の日米修好通商条約においては、新潟港、長崎港、神奈川宿神奈川湊（横浜港）とともに開港場に指定されている。
English: The Soga brothers' Revenge refers to an incident where two brothers, Sukenari SOGA and Tokimune SOGA, took vengeance on their father's enemy, Suketsune KUDO, on July 5, 1193 at the time of Fuji no Makigari (Hunting session at Mt. Fuji) conducted by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo.
Japanese: 曾我兄弟の仇討ち（そがきょうだいのあだうち）は、建久4年5月28日(旧暦)（1193年6月28日）、源頼朝が行った富士の巻狩りの際に、曾我祐成と曾我時致の兄弟が父親の仇である工藤祐経を討った事件。
English: In November 1176, Suketsune ordered his roto (retainers), Kotoda OMI and Saburo HACHIMAN, to lie in wait for Sukechika who was out hunting.
Japanese: 安元2年（1176年）10月、祐経は郎党の大見小藤太と八幡三郎に狩に出た祐親を待ち伏せさせた。
English: An arrow discharged by two assassins hit and killed Sukechika's legitimate son, Sukeyasu KAWAZU, who was with Sukechika.
Japanese: 2人の刺客が放った矢は一緒にいた祐親の嫡男・河津祐泰に当たり、祐泰は死ぬ。
English: Later, the Ito clan - who supported the Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) during the Jisho-Juei War - collapsed, and Sukechika was captured and killed himself.
Japanese: その後、治承・寿永の乱で伊勢平氏方についた伊東氏は没落し、祐親は捕らえられ自害した。
English: The Soga brothers, grandsons of Sukechika, grew up under difficult circumstances, and the elder brother Ichimanmaru, having attained manhood took over as head of the Soga family, identifying himself as SOGA no Juro Sukenari.
Japanese: 祐親の孫である曾我兄弟は厳しい生活のなかで成長し、兄の一萬丸は、元服して曽我の家督を継ぎ、曾我十郎祐成と名乗った。
English: In 1187, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo visited Hakone gongen (sacred mountain) to pray, Hakoomaru found his enemy Suketsune KUDO was accompanying Yoritomo, and chased him in order to get revenge, but rather than defeating his enemy was instead admonished by Suketsune and condemned to Akagie no Tanto 'short sword with bishop wood shaft' (Goro Tokimune murdered Suketsune KUDO with this sword thereafter).
Japanese: 文治3年（1187年）、源頼朝が箱根権現に参拝した際、箱王丸は随参した敵の工藤祐経を見つけ、復讐しようと付けねらうが、敵を討つどころか逆に祐経に諭されて「赤木柄の短刀」を授けられる（後に五郎時致は、この「赤木柄の短刀」で工藤祐経に止めをさした）。
English: Hakoomaru who disliked the priesthood escaped from Hakone and visited his relative, Tokimasa HOJO (Tokimasa's former wife was a daughter of Sukechika).
Japanese: 箱王丸は出家を嫌い箱根を逃げ出し、縁者にあたる北条時政を頼っていった（時政の前妻が祐親の娘だった）。
English: In June 1193, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo held a grand Makigari (Hunting session) at the foot of Mt. Fuji.
Japanese: 建久4年（1193年）5月、源頼朝は、富士の裾野で盛大な巻狩を開催した。
English: The Soga brothers managed to kill 10 warriors, but the elder brother, Juro, was eventually killed by Tadatsune NITA.
Japanese: 兄弟はここで10人斬りの働きをするが、遂に兄十郎が仁田忠常に討たれた。
English: The younger brother, Goro, was captured by Goromaru who broke into Yoritomo's residence disguised as a woman.
Japanese: 弟の五郎は、頼朝の館に押し入ったところを、女装した五郎丸によって取り押さえられた。
English: On the following day, July 6, 1193, Goro explained to Yoritomo the emotions which lead him to seek revenge.
Japanese: 翌5月29日(旧暦)、五郎は頼朝の面前で仇討ちに至った心底を述べる。
English: In addition, for a while right after this incident the Kamakura side could not keep track of Yoritomo.
Japanese: なおこの事件の直後、しばらくの間鎌倉では頼朝の消息を確認することが出来なかった。
English: Yoritomo's wife Masako HOJO, who was worried about his safety, received words of sympathy from Yoritomo's brother, MINAMOTO no Noriyori, who had remained in Kamakura without participating in the Makigari, saying, '(Please feel easy) because Noriyori is here.'
Japanese: 頼朝の安否を心配する妻北条政子に対して巻狩に参加せず鎌倉に残っていた弟源範頼が「範頼が控えておりますので（ご安心ください）。」と見舞いの言葉を送った。
English: It is said that these words were taken to mean that Noriyori was instigating a rebellion, thus he was confined in Shuzenji town, the Province of Izu, and killed himself.
Japanese: この言質が謀反の疑いと取られ範頼は伊豆国修善寺町に幽閉され、後に自害したと伝えられている。
English: It has been considered a mystery that the Soga brothers tried to attack Yoritomo's lodge after killing Suketsune KUDO, resulting in the elder brother being killed.
Japanese: 工藤祐経を討った後で、曽我兄弟は頼朝の宿所を襲おうとして兄が討ち取られ、このことは謎であるとされてきた。
English: Then, a theory has been passed down that this incident was also an attempted assassination of Yoritomo by the brothers' supporter Tokimasa HOJO as a power broker.
Japanese: そこで、兄弟の後援者であった北条時政が黒幕となって頼朝を亡き者にしようとした暗殺未遂事件でもあったのだという説が言い伝えられている。
English: This incident was later compiled as "Soga monogatari" (the tale of Soga), and in the Edo period, "Soga monotagari" was picked up as subject matter for Noh, Joruri (Ballad drama), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and so on, and gained popularity among the people.
Japanese: この事件は後に『曽我物語』としてまとめられ、江戸時代になると能・浄瑠璃・歌舞伎・浮世絵などの題材に取り上げられ、民衆の人気を得た。
English: In Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture, there is a waterfall called Otodome no Taki (sound stopping waterfall) which has a legend that when the Soga brothers were secretly plotting their revenge on Suketsune KUDO, they could not hear properly due to the roaring sound of the waterfall, so prayed to God, on which the sound of a waterfall immediately stopped.
Japanese: 曽我兄弟が工藤祐経を討つため密議をしていたが、滝の轟音で話が聞き取れないため神に念じたところ、たちどころに滝の音が止んだという伝説の残る音止めの滝が静岡県富士宮市にある。
English: Japanese Americans are U.S. citizens who have roots in Japan.
Japanese: 日系アメリカ人（にっけいアメリカじん、JapaneseAmerican）とはアメリカ合衆国市民の中で、日本にルーツがある人々のこと。
English: It often refers to the Japanese people who immigrated to the U.S. in the 19th century and their descendants.
Japanese: 19世紀末の移民によってアメリカ合衆国に渡った人々とその子孫のことを指すことが多い。
English: According to the 2005 national census, there were 1,221,773 Japanese Americans, accounting for 0.4 percent of the whole population of the U.S., and this is the third largest number of Asian residents by country in the U.S. after Philippine and Chinese Americans.
Japanese: 日系アメリカ人は、2005年の国勢調査において1,221,773人、アメリカ合衆国（以下アメリカ）の総人口の0.4%を占めており、アメリカ在住のアジア系住民の中ではフィリピン系、中国系についで第3位の規模を持っている。
English: Large Japanese communities can be found in states of California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
Japanese: 日系人コミュニティーはカリフォルニア州、ハワイ州、オレゴン州、ワシントン州にあるものが大きい。
English: At present approximately 7000 Japanese people a year immigrate to the U.S. and obtain U.S. citizenship.
Japanese: 現代でも年に7000人近い日本人が市民権を取得してアメリカに移住している。
English: Japanese Americans call the first generation who immigrated to the U.S. "Issei," their children "Nisei," "Sansei," and "Yonsei," but such words as "Issei" and "Nisei" can be used and understood in English.
Japanese: 日系アメリカ人は初めてアメリカにわたった第一世代のことを一世、その子供たちの世代を二世、三世、四世と呼んでいるが、イッセイ(Issei)やニセイ(Nisei)といった言葉は英語でも通用する言葉になっている。
English: The common surnames among Japanese Americans are, in order of descending prevalence, Tanaka, Yamamoto, Nakamura, Watanabe, Sato, Yamada, Kimura, Suzuki, Kato, Yoshida, Takahashi, Kobayashi, Nakano, Hayashi, and Saito.
Japanese: ちなみに日系アメリカ人の多い名字は田中、山本、中村、渡辺、佐藤、山田、木村、鈴木、加藤、吉田、高橋、小林、中野、林、斉藤の順に多い。
English: The first and second generations used Japanese as their first language, but as the generations went by, their first language was replaced by English, the local language, and so naturally the number of Japanese Americans who do not understand Japanese has been increasing.
Japanese: 一世や二世の時代に第一言語として用いられた日本語も、世代が進むごとに徐々に現地語である英語にとって変わられ、自然な流れとして日本語を理解しない日系人が増えている。
English: A small number of Japanese have had Japanese education in their families and Japanese schools in the countries where they live, but most of the third and fourth generations who can speak Japanese learned it as a foreign language.
Japanese: 故に、家庭や居留国の日本語補習校などで日本語教育を受けた人物も少数ながらも存在はするものの、三世や四世の世代で日本語を話すことが出来る人々は主に外国語として日本語を学んだ人々である場合が多い。
English: Even though Asian immigrant families, especially those whose mother tongues do not include English, often use other languages than English at home, more than half of Japanese immigrant families use only English at home, and if you include the families who use mainly English in this number, this proportion climbs to 3/4 of households, and Japanese families who use Japanese is as low as a half of the rate of non English speaking Asian immigrants using their native tongues at home.
Japanese: アジア系移民で特に母国の公用語に英語が含まれない国出身の家庭では、英語以外の母国語が使われるケースが多いが、その中でも日系人に限り、半数以上の家庭で英語のみが使われ、英語が主流という家庭も含めるとほぼ4分の3までもが家庭内でも英語を会話に用いており、日本語が使われているケースは他非英語系アジア移民の率の半分ほどである。
English: Unlike the second to third generations who kept striving to become Americans, young Japanese Americans today have the tendency to identify more and more with Japan, so the number of Japanese learners is increasing.
Japanese: 近年はアメリカ人になろうとして努力し続けた二世～三世と違い、若年層に自らのルーツである日本にアイデンティティーを求める傾向が強くなり日本語学習者が以前より多くなってきている。
English: A relatively large number of the nisei (second-generation) unlike third or fourth generations, who were born during or after the war, understand Japanese, since many were born around the 1920s and it was popular among them to go to Japanese schools because of the need they perceived to continue Japanese culture and because education expenses in Japan were lower than that of their countries of residence; and some of them learned Japanese directly from their native Japanese parents.
Japanese: なお、1920年代前後に出生している二世の多くは、日本での教育費用が居留国のそれと比べて、安価であった事、または、日本文化を継承する目的で日本の学校に通う事がある種の流行になった時期があり、また、ネイティブの一世の親から直接日本語を習っていた場合がある為、戦時中や戦後直後に生まれた三世や四世と比べて日本語を理解出来る人口が比較的多い。
English: Many of the Japanese who immigrated to North and South America were sent to concentration camps during World War II and many suffered severe discrimination for a short while even after the war.
Japanese: 特に、北米、及び南米へ移民した日系人の中には、第二次世界大戦中に日系人の強制収容をされたり、戦後暫くも激しい民族差別を受ける立場にあった者が多かった。
English: Some generations were not made by their parents to inherit Japanese culture because their parents, who were first or second generations, chose not to teach their children Japanese in order to show allegiance to their country of residence.
Japanese: その為、居住国国民であり、居住国に忠誠を誓っている事を示す目的で、一世や二世である親がわざと日本語を教えなかったり、日本文化を継承させない環境で育った世代が存在する。
English: Nevertheless, many Japanese signs can still be seen in Japanese residential areas such as around Waikiki on the Island of Oahu in Hawaii, in L.A.'s Little Tokyo, and in San Francisco's Japantown.
Japanese: それでもハワイ・オアフ島のワイキキ界隈や、ロサンゼルスのリトル・トーキョー、サンフランシスコのジャパンタウンなどの日本人街では今でも多くの日本語の看板を目にすることができる。
English: From early on, Japanese Americans often suffered from prejudice and discrimination, leading difficult lives, but they have worked hard and educated themselves well in order to be good American citizens.
Japanese: 日系アメリカ人は当初から偏見と差別に苦しむことが多く、生活も苦しかったが、汗水流して働き、教育熱心で、よきアメリカ市民になろうと努力していた。
English: The issei (first-generation) especially worked hard under harsh labor conditions, though they used the money they earned for the education of their children, not for themselves.
Japanese: 特に一世の世代は過酷な労働をこなしながら、稼いだお金を自分たちのためには使わず、子供たちの教育のために注いだ。
English: This led to the enhancement of the position of Japanese Americans in American society as generations went by, despite various obstacles due to racial discrimination including the Japanese American internment during the World War II.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦中における日系人の強制収容など人種差別をもとにしたいくつもの障害があったものの、このことがやがて世代が変わるごとに、ゆっくりとではあっても確実に、日系人がアメリカ社会での地位を向上させていくことにつながっていった。
English: Also, American society's trust in Japanese Americans (and therefore in Japan), which Japanese Americans had succeeded in fostering there, greatly helped Japanese companies gain trust from American society when they entered the American market during the period of rapid economic growth after World War II.
Japanese: また、日系アメリカ人がアメリカ社会の中に築いた日系人、すなわち日本に対する信頼が、第二次世界大戦後の高度経済成長期前後における日本企業のアメリカ市場への進出の際に、日本企業に対する信頼感の醸成に大きく役立つことになる。
English: According to a recent American census, 'high income,' 'high education,' 'low unemployment rate,' and 'low poverty rate,' are considered characteristics of Japanese Americans.
Japanese: 近年行われたアメリカの国勢調査によると、日系人の特徴として「高所得」、「高学歴」、「低失業率」、「低貧困率」が挙げられる。
English: Of all these characteristics, the average income and education of Japanese Americans are a little bit lower than those of other Asian Americans, but significantly higher than the average white and the U.S. national average (Hispanics excluded), and the poverty rate of Japanese Americans is one of the lowest in all the races in the U.S.
Japanese: このうち所得と学歴については、他アジア系に比べると若干低いものの、ヒスパニックを除く白人の平均や全米平均よりは明らかに高く、貧困率については全人種の中でも低い方である。
English: However, Japanese in North America do not often gather in their ethnic towns or support each other, compared to Korean and Chinese immigrants.
Japanese: 但し、北米の日系人は韓国系や中国系などと比べると、民族街に集結したり、相互扶助を行う事が少ない。
English: This is possibly related to the fact that Japanese Americans tried harder to assimilate into the countries in which they lived, not asserting their ethnicity, in order to show their allegiance to them.
Japanese: 特に北米では、居留国への忠誠を誓う目的で、あまり日系人が民族性を出さず、居留国に同化するように努力した事も関係している。
English: Few of the Japanese communities, that is Japanese towns, built before the war were preserved except in several places on the West Coast and most of them disappeared, because many of their former residents had to get rid of their real estate and property before they were interned, and even after returning at the end of the war, they found other people had already moved in, preventing them from reviving the aforementioned towns.
Japanese: 戦前に築いた日系コミュニティー、つまり日本町が、西海岸の数箇所でしか保存できなかったり、多くが消滅してしまったのは、構成していた不動産や財産を彼らが強制収容所に送られる前に手放さざるを得なかったり、戦後戻ってきても、既に他の民族が住み着いていたりした為、日本町の再興が出来なかった事も関係している。
English: It refers to the children of those who lived or have been living in the U.S. because of a family member's job transfer, who studied in the U.S., or who immigrated to the U.S. since the late 1970s, when Japanese companies started penetrating the U.S. market (Ex. Masi OKA, a Japanese American actor).
Japanese: 日系企業がアメリカ進出し始めた1970年代後半から現在にいたるまで、アメリカへ転勤により移住した駐在員家庭や現地留学、移民した人の子供達（例：マシ・オカ）。
English: Also it refers to the children who automatically became U.S. citizens because they were born in the U.S., which has adopted the principle of birthright citizenship.
Japanese: また、出生地主義国のアメリカで生まれた子は自動的にアメリカ国籍になった子供達も指す。
English: They usually go to local Japanese schools and are brought up as if they were in Japan thanks to the advancement of media such as VCRs, the Internet, comics, and anime.
Japanese: 通常に現地の日本語学校へ進み、ビデオデッキ、インターネット、マンガやアニメといったメディアの発達によりアメリカに住みながらも日本と同じ感性で育つ。
English: The first Japanese immigrants went to the U.S. as laborers in sugar cane and pineapple fields in the State of Hawaii.
Japanese: 最初の移民たちはハワイ州のサトウキビやパイナップル畑の労働者として入植した。
English: However, they were disliked because of their fierce determination to survive as shown in their willingness to work for low wages and because they did not make contributions to the local economy (they imported daily necessities from Japan), which was part of the reason for a boycott against Japanese Americans in California.
Japanese: しかし低賃金で働く勤勉さと凄まじい生活力、地元経済に金を落とさない（日用品を日本から取り寄せていた）ゆえに疎まれ、カリフォルニアなどでは日系移民の排斥運動が起こった。
English: And after surviving the tragedy of Japanese American Internment during the World War II, they have seen the improvement of their position in American society since the 1960s.
Japanese: そして第二次世界大戦時の日系人の強制収容という悲劇を乗り越え、1960年代以降のアメリカ社会における地位向上の時代を経て現代に至っている。
English: Even though there are no specific records from the Edo era including names and births, records do show that Japanese women were trafficked by Chinese immigrants to the U.S. to work in U.S. brothels.
Japanese: 江戸時代名前、出生などの具体的記録は残っていないが、既に移民が開始されていた中国人により、日本人女性が人身売買同然にアメリカに連れて行かれ、売春宿で働かされていたとの記録有。
English: In 1841, a fisherman from Tosa Province by the name of Manjiro (later John Manjiro NAKAHAMA), lost in the middle of the ocean while fishing was rescued by an American whale ship at Torishima Island (Hachijo Division) and safely continued on to Hawaii, arriving in Massachusetts in 1843 and returning to Japan via California in 1851.
Japanese: 1841年土佐国の漁師万次郎（後のジョン万次郎中浜万次郎）が漁の最中に遭難、漂着した鳥島(八丈支庁)でアメリカの捕鯨船に救助されハワイに渡航、1843年にマサチューセッツ州に渡り、カリフォルニア州を経由し、1851年、琉球経由で日本に帰国。
English: In 1850, Hikozo HAMADA (later baptized as Joseph Heco) was rescued after a shipwreck along with other 17 sailors by an American ship, and they safely continued on to San Francisco.
Japanese: 1850年浜田彦蔵（後に洗礼名ジョセフ・ヒコ）が他17名とともに航海中遭難しアメリカ船により救出、サンフランシスコに渡航。
English: In 1861, a Japanese by the name of Kinzo SUZUKI travelled by boat to Portland, Oregon, and settled down there.
Japanese: 1861年スズキキンゾウ（漢字不明）なる日本人がオレゴン州ポートランド(オレゴン州)に渡航し定住。
English: Records show that magistrates of foreign affairs issued a license (equivalent to a passport) to acrobatic artists, who went to the U.S. as entertainers.
Japanese: 外国奉行が雑伎人（ざつぎにん。曲芸師の事）らに免許状（旅券に相当）を発行、興行のために渡米した記録が残る。
English: In 1868, Eugene van REED, a Dutch American, led 149 immigrants (153 according to a document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), who were called 'first-years,' to Hawaii.
Japanese: 1868年オランダ系アメリカ人、ユージン・ヴァン・リードの手引により、「元年者」と呼ばれる149人（外務省資料によると153人）の移民がハワイに到着。
English: However, it was in fact a three-year labor contract held between the Tokugawa shogunate and a British broker, and it had no official recognition from the Meiji Government.
Japanese: ただし契約自体徳川幕府とイギリス人ブローカーとの間で締結された3年間の労働契約であり、明治政府からは非公認であった。
English: In 1869, without any permission from the Meiji Government, John SCHNELL, a merchant of weapons for the former Aizu Domain, led about 40 immigrants including former feudal retainers of the domain to Gold Hill in California and built the 'Wakamatsu Colony' for tea and sericulture production, which ended in failure after two years.
Japanese: 1869年旧会津藩の武器御用商人だったジョン・シュネルが、旧会津藩士ら約40名ほど（詳細な記録がないため正確な人数は不明）を連れ、明治政府に無許可でカリフォルニア州ゴールド・ヒルに移住、茶と養蚕を目的とした「若松コロニー」を作るが、僅か2年で頓挫。
English: Schnell fled, leaving the Japanese immigrants, and very little news about them was ever to emerge.
Japanese: シュネルは逃亡、渡航した日本人は取り残されたが、詳しい消息が判明しているものはごく僅か。
English: In 1869, about 40 of the 'first-years' returned to Japan before the three-year contract was fulfilled.
Japanese: 1869年元年者のうち40人ほどが、3年の労働契約満了を待たずに日本に帰国。
English: In 1879, Tadaatsu MATSUDAIRA (the younger brother of Tadanari MATSUDAIRA, the last lord of Ueda Domain) immigrated to Colorado as an engineer after having studied in New Jersey.
Japanese: 1879年松平忠厚（最後の上田藩藩主松平忠礼の弟）が、ニュージャージー州への留学の後エンジニアとしてコロラド州に移住。
English: In 1881, King Kalakaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii was the first head of a foreign country to visit Japan, where he met the Meiji Emperor and agreed to accept more Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.
Japanese: 1881年ハワイ王国（当時）のカラカウア(ハワイ王)が、他国の国家元首として初めて訪日、明治天皇に謁見し、新たに日本からハワイへ移民を送ることに合意する。
English: In January 1885, the first organized group of emigrants (944 people) recognized by the Meiji Government sailed to Hawaii as agricultural laborers.
Japanese: 1885年1月、ハワイへの明治政府公認の最初の組織的移民944人が農園労働者として渡航。
English: He (mistaken as "Kataro" in English and so transmitted thus) was invited to Rockwood Pottery in Cincinnati, Ohio, as an engineer.
Japanese: 英語ではKataroと誤表記されたまま後年に伝わる）がオハイオ州シンシナティ(オハイオ州)にあるロックウッド製陶に技師として招かれる。
English: In 1891, the Union Pacific Railroad started hiring Japanese as laborers for the construction of railroads.
Japanese: 1891年ユニオン・パシフィック鉄道が鉄道建設労働者に日系人の採用を開始。