nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Also, examples of taijoko who did not ascend to the throne himself but was granted the title posthumously or in life because his child became an emperor and founded a dynasty, as in the case of the Japanese Cloistered Emperor Gotakakura, are the King Zhangxiang, who was the father of the first Qin Emperor, and Liu Taigong, who was the father of Liu Bang of Han.
Japanese: また、日本の後高倉法皇のように帝位には即かなかったものの、没後若しくは存命中に子が皇帝となり王朝を開いたが故に、太上皇の称号を贈られた例として、秦の始皇帝の父・荘襄王、漢の劉邦の父・劉太公がいる。
English: In the Yi Dynasty Korea, Gao Zong (the King of Korea) designated the name of the country to the Korean Empire, and became the first Korean emperor.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮では、1897年10月12日、高宗(朝鮮王)が国号を大韓帝国とし朝鮮初の皇帝に即位をした。
English: Amid the intervention by neighboring countries, he adopted the pro-Russian policy and tried to exclude the intervention by Japan.
Japanese: が、近隣諸国の内政に対する介入がある中で、親露政策をとり、日本の干渉の排除を志向した。
English: One symbolic episode is the Hague Secret Emissary Affair, in which Korea tried to exclude Japanese rule by demonstrating its illegitimacy to the international community, but the trial failed and the Korea-Japan relationship deteriorated.
Japanese: その象徴的な出来事がハーグ密使事件であり、朝鮮に対する日本の支配を排除するため、その不合理を国際社会に訴えたが、これが頓挫した上、日本との関係をより悪化させた。
English: On this occasion, Lee Wan-yong and other pro-Japanese people planned to depose the emperor, who was forced to pass the throne on to the crown prince on July 20 and become a retired emperor.
Japanese: そのため李完用など親日派勢力により皇帝の退位が画策され、7月20日、皇太子への譲位に追い込まれ太上皇となった。
English: In Vietnam, the title of taijoko was different from those in China or Korea, and meant the title of the monarch only in domestically.
Japanese: ベトナムにおける太上皇の称号は中国や韓国と異なり、国内に限り君主号としての意味を持っていた。
English: Although successive dynasties had paid tribute to the Chinese Emperors for generations, the Vietnamese emperors were unwilling to be treated as a vassal by disclosing their real names to other countries.
Japanese: 歴代王朝は代々中国皇帝に朝貢をしていたが、一方で皇帝がその諱（本名）を他国に知られてその臣下扱いされることを潔しとしなかった。
English: Such background brought about the custom under which an emperor would pass the throne on to the successor at an early stage, and became a retired emperor to act as the top decision maker and dealt with foreign policy (China), while the new emperor dealt with domestic affairs.
Japanese: そこで皇帝が早い段階で後継者に帝位を譲って太上皇となり王室内の最高意思決定と対外（中国）交渉を行い、皇帝は内政一般を扱うという慣習が成立した。
English: In that context, the tribute to the Chinese court was conducted by the retired emperor under the name of the 'king,' and it is said that the reigns of Vietnamese monarchs according to the Chinese historiography and Vietnamese historiography are one generation out of synchronization.
Japanese: このため、中国への朝貢は太上皇が「国王」を名乗って行っており、中国正史とベトナムの正史が伝えるベトナム君主の在位には一代ずつのずれが生じているといわれている。
English: Imperial Prince Okusaka (Okusaka no miko, year of birth unknown - March 16, 454) was a member of the Imperial family who lived during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: 大草香皇子（おおくさかのみこ、生年不詳-安康天皇元年2月1日(旧暦)（454年））は、古墳時代の皇族。
English: When Emperor Anko tried to marry his younger brother, Emperor Yuryaku, with Kusaka no Hatabi no Himemiko who was the younger maternal half-sister of Imperial Prince Okusaka, Imperial Prince Okusaka consented, but Kebutsu (the Artificial Buddha) and Oshiki no Tamakatsura Crown which were presented as a token of his consent were stolen by his envoy, Nenoomi; in order to hide this, Nenoomi gave a false report that Imperial Prince Okusada had not consented, and as a result, Imperial Prince Okusada was killed.
Japanese: 安康天皇が彼の同母妹の草香幡梭皇女と弟の雄略天皇を結婚させようとした際、彼は承諾したものの、その印として献上された宝冠、押木珠縵を使者根使主が盗み、それを隠すために断ったと虚偽の報告をしてしまい、その結果殺されてしまう。
English: Afterwards, Emperor Anko made Princess Nakashi as his consort, but due to this affair, he created the cause for his own assassination.
Japanese: その後安康天皇は中蒂姫命を妃としたが、この一件によって、安康は自らの暗殺の原因を作ってしまった。
English: Suminoenaka no oji (c. 336 - 399) was a member of the Imperial family who lived during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: 住吉仲皇子（すみのえなかのおうじ、仁徳天皇24年（336年）？-仁徳天皇87年（399年））は、古墳時代の皇族。
English: In 399, he besieged the Emperor's palace, and tried to kill the Emperor for fear of being found out about pretending to be the Emperor and raping Kurohime who was the fiance of his older brother, Emperor Richu.
Japanese: 仁徳天皇87年（399年）、兄履中天皇の婚約者黒媛を天皇の名をかたって犯してしまい、事の発覚を恐れて、天皇の宮殿を包囲、焼殺しようとするが失敗。
English: Aga no himemiko (648 - c. 709) was a princess of the Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 阿雅皇女（あがのひめみこ、648年以降～709年?）は、天智天皇の皇女。
English: Her name is not mentioned in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), and the authenticity of the description in 'Iga no kuni Meishoki' (an illustrated guide to notable places of Iga Province) that she was a sister-uterine of the Emperor Kobun is unknown.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には名が見えず、「伊賀国名所記」に弘文天皇の同母妹と書かれているが真偽は不明。
English: Abe no miko (648 - year of death unknown) was a prince of the Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 阿閇皇子（あべのみこ、648年以降-生没年不詳）は、天智天皇の皇子。
English: In addition, there is another theory that he was not a prince but a princess, and that he and the Princess Ahe, who later become the Empress Genmei, were the same person.
Japanese: また皇子ではなく、皇女であり、阿陪皇女→元明天皇と同一人物説もある。
English: Takeru no miko (651 - 658) was a member of the Imperial Family in the Asuka period.
Japanese: 建皇子（たけるのみこ、白雉2年（651年）-皇極天皇4年（658年）は、飛鳥時代の皇族。
English: It is said that he was incapable of speech, as described in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) that 'he was a dumb person who cannot speak.'
Japanese: 日本書紀に「唖にして語ふこと能はず」とあり、言葉を話せなかったという。
English: There is a theory about the cause of his muteness saying that, the madness of his mother, the prince Ochi no iratsume might have affected, because she gave birth to him in a frenzied state of mind, since her father KURAYAMADA no Ishikawamaro (the prince's grandfather) was executed by Naka no Oe no Oji.
Japanese: 唖の原因として、母・遠智娘が父・倉山田石川麻呂（皇子にとっては祖父）を中大兄皇子に処刑され、悲しみのあまり狂乱した状態で出産したため、遠智娘の精神異常が皇子に影響したのではないか、という説がある。
English: According to the Nihonshoki, feeling pity towards the prince, his grandmother, the Empress Kogyoku, doted so fondly on him that she ordered at the time of her demise to bury him together with her, saying that 'even after a long period of time, be certain to bury him together with me in my tomb.'
Japanese: 皇子を憐れんで祖母・皇極天皇は皇子をとても可愛がったと日本書紀に記載されており、「萬歳千秋の後に、要ず朕が陵に合せ葬れ」と言い、自分が崩御した際一緒に合葬せよと命じた。
English: In accordance with the will, he has been entombed in the Imperial mausoleum of the Empress Saimei (His aunt, Hashihito no Himemiko and his older sister, Ota no himemiko, have also been entombed nearby.)
Japanese: その遺言通り、現在は斉明天皇陵に埋葬されている（近くには叔母・間人皇女と姉・大田皇女も埋葬されている）。
English: Princess Yoshiko (October 28, 1804 - January 27, 1893), who was from the Imperial family, lived from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period.
Japanese: 吉子女王（よしこじょおう、文化(元号)元年9月25日(旧暦)（1804年10月28日）-明治26年（1893年）1月27日）は、幕末から明治時代の皇族出身女性。
English: When she was 27 years old, although it was beyond the marriageable age at that time, she was able to get engaged to Nariaki TOKUGAWA; She went to Edo for Koka (marriage of an Imperial princess to a subject).
Japanese: 27歳のとき、当時としては結婚適齢期を遥かに過ぎた年齢になってから徳川斉昭との婚約がまとまり、江戸に降嫁。
English: When the Emperor Ninko gave permission for the marriage, he was satisfied with it, saying as following: "Because the Mito Domain have been dedicated to both religions and politics since the period of their predecessors, and have been highly loyal to the emperors for generations, this marriage should be good for the Princess.
Japanese: また、婚約の勅許を下した仁孝天皇は、「水戸は先代以来、政教能く行われ、世々勤王の志厚しとかや、宮の為には良縁なるべし」と満足したといわれる。
English: As she was tolerant with her husband who had affairs and she even looked after education of his illegitimate children, she was well reputed to be a wise wife.
Japanese: 艶福家の夫によく仕え、庶子の教育にも目を配り「賢夫人」としての名声が生前より高かった。
English: In 1860, once her husband, Nariaki died under confinement, she became a Buddhist nun and called herself as "Teihoin."
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）に幽閉中の夫・斉昭が死去すると、直ちに落飾、「貞芳院」と名乗る。
English: Nevertheless, it is believed that Naosuke II and other leaders of the Nanki group (the group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kisyu-Tokugawa family) were fearful of her actions, because she was the younger sister of the lawful wife of the twelfth shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA and besides she was from the Imperial family.
Japanese: しかし、12代将軍徳川家慶の正室の妹であり、宮家出身の彼女の動向は井伊直弼をはじめとする「南紀派」の幕府首脳には恐れられていたらしい。
English: It is said that she was in charge of being a guardian of her first son, Yoshiatsu who seemed in poor health; She made great efforts to help Yoshinobu to become Shogun, which was also her husband's will.
Japanese: 病弱だったといわれる長男・慶篤の後見を務め、夫の遺志であった慶喜の将軍擁立に尽力したと言われる。
English: Nevertheless, while Yoshiatsu died young due to worries over political chaos inside the domain, ironically Yoshinobu became the last Shogun; However, Yoshinobu ended up being hunted down by Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Orihito who was a member of his own family.
Japanese: しかし、慶篤は藩内の混乱による心労で早世、皮肉にも慶喜は最後の将軍となり、実家の有栖川宮熾仁親王に追討される身の上となる。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, she was taken care of by Akitake TOKUGAWA who took over Yoshiatsu's position after he had died young; she spent the rest of her life at Akitake's.
Japanese: 明治維新後は、若死にした慶篤の跡を嗣いだ徳川昭武の世話となり、余生を送った。
English: Because of the customs of the samurai society at that time, she was not allowed to live with her child, Yoshinobu who had been adopted by a different family; However, the remaining letters show that she and Youshinobu closely corresponded and frequently communicated.
Japanese: 別家に養子に出た慶喜との同居は武家社会の慣習上出来なかったが、親しく文通を行い、頻繁に交流していた様子が残っている書簡から伺える。
English: She seemed proud of her Imperial background; Even after her marriage, she persisted in being dressed in the Kuge-fu style (the noble court-style) which coordinated osuberakashi (the traditional coiffure), kosode (the kimono with short sleeves), and hakama (the formal divided skirt) for a while; Some of her portraits show how she wore in her daily life.
Japanese: 皇族出身であることを非常に誇りにしていた女性であったらしく、結婚後もしばらくは公家風の「おすべらかし、小袖に袴」姿で生活していたことを示す肖像画が残っている。
English: Furthermore, she ordered her maids to call her "Miya-sama" (your Imperial Highness) and called herself as "Tomi" which was her childhood name.
Japanese: また、仕えていた女中達には自分のことを「宮様」と呼ばせ、自らは幼称であった「登美」を名乗っていた。
English: According to the letters from Nariaki which were attached to her portraits, he seemed to call her "Yoshiko."
Japanese: ちなみに肖像画に添付された斉昭の手紙などから、夫の斉昭は「吉子」と呼んでいたらしい。
English: Her older brothers were Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito, Cloistered Imperial Prince Kajiinomiya 承眞, priestly Imperial Prince Rinojinomiya Shunnin, priestly Imperial Prince Chioninnomiya Soncho.
Japanese: 兄：有栖川宮韶仁親王・梶井宮承眞法親王・輪王寺宮舜仁入道親王・知恩院宮尊超入道親王
English: Nukadehime no himemiko (year of birth unknown - July, 664) was a member of the Imperial Family from the late Tumulus period to Asuka period.
Japanese: 糠手姫皇女（ぬかでひめのひめみこ、生年不詳-天智天皇3年（664年）6月）は古墳時代末期から飛鳥時代にかけての皇族。
English: She is referred to by other names, such as the Princess Tamura in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), and Takara no miko or Nukade hime no miko in "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』では他に田村皇女、『古事記』では宝王、糠代比売王と表記されている。
English: Although the exact year is unknown, around 590, she married Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, who was her older paternal half-brother.
Japanese: 正確な年は不明だが、590年前後頃に異母兄の押坂彦人大兄皇子と結婚。
English: However, he died young without being able to accede to the throne, probably because his mother was not descended from the Soga clan, which was exercising great power at the time.
Japanese: しかし、蘇我氏が勢威を振るっていた中、母親がその血を引いていなかった為だったのか、王位につけないまま若い内に死別する。
English: During the marriage, around 593, she bore the Prince Tamura, who was later to become the Emperor Jomei.
Japanese: この間593年（推古天皇元年）頃に後の舒明天皇こと田村皇子を儲ける。
English: According to the "Nihonshoki," the Prince Umayado (the Prince Shotoku), who was a cousin to her, supported the Empressr Suiko then in power as a crown prince and Sessho (regent).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によれば、時の推古天皇（推古天皇）には彼女にとっていとこ（従姉弟？）にあたる厩戸皇子（聖徳太子）が皇太子・摂政として天皇を助けていた。
English: Therefore, it was considered that there was no possibility for her first son, the Prince Tamura to succeed to the throne.
Japanese: そのため、長男の田村皇子にも王位継承の可能性はないかに思われていた。
English: However, he married Hotei no irazume, a daughter of SOGA no Umako, by whom he had Furuhito no Oe no Miko, who seems to have been the first grandchild to the Emperor.
Japanese: けれども、蘇我馬子の娘、法提郎女と結婚し、その間に初孫と思われる古人大兄皇子を儲けた。
English: Therefore, backed by the power of the Soga clan, he acceded to the throne in 629 although he had not been officially assigned by the okimi (great king), who outlived the Imperial Prince Umayado, who consequently died earlier than the okimi.
Japanese: これにより、結果的に先に亡くなった厩戸皇子より長生きした大王からは後継者に明確に指定はされなかったものの、蘇我氏の力を背景に629年（舒明天皇元年）に即位した。
English: However, Tamura Okimi met his demise in 641, leaving his mother.
Japanese: しかし、641年（舒明天皇13年）に田村大王は彼女に先立って崩御してしまう。
English: There were still many rivals after that, including the Prince Yamashiro no oe and the Emperor Tenchi, a younger paternal half-brother.
Japanese: その後はまだ山背大兄王や後の天智天皇こと異母弟の天智天皇等競争相手がいた。
English: Probably because of that, the Empress Kogyoku (a granddaughter of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko), who was the wife of her son, Tamura Okimi, as well as her granddaughter in law and her grand niece, acceded to the throne.
Japanese: その為か、息子の嫁で、義理の孫・姪孫でもある皇后・皇極天皇（押坂彦人大兄皇子の孫娘）が王位（皇極天皇）につく。
English: In 645, however, the head family of the Soga clan of Soga no Emishi, the father and his son, SOGA no Iruka was destroyed in Isshi-no-hen (the Murder in the Year of Isshi).
Japanese: しかし、645年（皇極天皇4年）に乙巳の変で蘇我蝦夷・蘇我入鹿親子の宗本家が滅ぼされる。
English: This incident entailed the murder of Furuhito no Oe no Miko, who had been pressed by the Soga clan, by Naka no Oe no Oji and FUJIWARA no Kamatari, who were the ringleaders of the coup.
Japanese: すると、彼らに擁立されていた古人大兄皇子がクーデターの首謀者だった中大兄皇子・藤原鎌足に抹殺される。
English: In 654, Karu no miko (the Emperor Kotoku), who was also a grandnephew to her, met his demise.
Japanese: 更に、654年（白雉4年）にはやはり姪孫にあたる軽大王（孝徳天皇）が崩御。
English: In 658, the Prince Arima, who was a great-grandnephew to her, was executed, and Takeru no miko, who was a great-grandchild to her, died young.
Japanese: 658年（皇極天皇4年）には曾甥孫にあたる有間皇子が処刑、曾孫である建皇子が早世。
English: In 664, immediately after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe, she passed away without being able to see the official enthronement of her grandson, Katsuragi no Miko (who was later to become the Emperor Tenchi).
Japanese: 自身も白村江の戦いの敗戦直後、孫の葛城皇子（後の天智天皇）の正式な即位を見ないまま、664年に薨去した。
English: At that time, the great-great-grandsons, Oku no himemiko, the Prince Kusakabe and the Prince Otsu had already been born.
Japanese: 尚、その時既に、玄孫にあたる大来皇女・草壁皇子・大津皇子が誕生していた。
English: She does not have numerous exploits to her credit but judging from the most convincing theory about the year of the birth of her son, the Prince Tamura, she seems to have lived a long life in those days going through various incidents, such as the diarchy system of the Soga clan and the Mononobe clan, which conflicted each other on the Buddha worship and the succession to the throne, the reign of the Empress Suiko, during which the Prince Umayado seemingly wielded great power, the despotism of the Soga clan which enforced after the demise of the Prince, the Taika Reforms, and the wars against other countries.
Japanese: （彼女にとって）長男田村皇子の有力生年から、彼女自身には伝わる事績は多いとはいえないが、崇仏や王位継承などを巡って対立した蘇我・物部両氏の二頭体制から、厩戸皇子が活躍したとされている推古朝、彼亡き後深まった蘇我氏の専横、大化の改新、対外戦争等と数多くの事件を見ながら当時としてはかなりの長寿を全うしたと思われる。
English: As she was the grandmother of Katsuragi no Miko, who had already become actual okimi (great king), and she lived in Shimanomiya (detached palace) in Asuka, she was called Shima no sumemiya no mikoto.
Japanese: 既に実質上の大王だった葛城皇子の祖母であり、飛鳥嶋宮に住んだことから没後には嶋皇祖母命と称された。
English: The imperial name of the Emperor Jomei, her son, Tamura is what he succeeded her another name as it was.
Japanese: 息子舒明天皇の御名田村は彼女のその別名をそのまま継承したものである。
English: Akihito HIRABAYSHI (a teacher of Katashio Junior High School in Yamatotakada City) and others point out that it is highly likely that the Empress Kogyoku or the Saimei was called Takara no Himemiko for the same reason.
Japanese: また、皇極・斉明天皇の宝皇女もその可能性が高いと平林章仁氏（大和高田市片塩中学校教諭）等は指摘している。
English: The word Takara (zai or treasure) used as a name was not so uncommon in the ancient times as it was seen in the names of the imperial princesses of the Emperor Hanzei or the Emperor Ninken, and there was Zai no miko as a son of the Prince Umayado.
Japanese: 宝（財）の名は古代においては反正天皇や仁賢天皇の皇女にその名が見え、また厩戸皇子の子にも財皇子がいたなど、珍しい名前ではない。
English: There is no description about her in those historical materials of the same period such as "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and "Toshi Kaden" (Biographies of the Fujiwara clan), and the "Honcho koin jounroku" (the emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) reports that she married the Emperor Kobun (the Prince Otomo) and gave birth to Ichishihime no Okimi.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』『藤氏家伝』などの同時代史料には全く記載が無く、『本朝皇胤紹運録』に弘文天皇（大友皇子）の妃となり壱志姫王を産んだと伝えられている。
English: But there is no doubt that there was a person who was a daughter of Kamatari and became the wife of the Prince Otomo, since "Kaifuso" (Fond Recollections of Poetry) describes as 'Kamatari made one of his daughters a wife of the Emperor Kobun' (the Prince Oto).
Japanese: しかし『懐風藻』に「鎌足が娘の一人を大友皇子の妃とした」という記述があることから見て、鎌足の娘で大友皇子妃となった人物がいたことは間違いがないとされる。
English: However, in present Chiba Prefecture, there are several of shrines and temples with the legend which Mimimotoji was believed to be dead in their premises after escaping from Omo no miya.
Japanese: 但し、現在の千葉県には彼女が近江宮から落ち延び、この地で亡くなったとする伝説を伝える寺社仏閣が複数存在する。
English: Koi (the Position of Empress) indicates Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager or Empress that was the position given to a legitimate wife of the present or previous retired Emperor.
Japanese: 后位（こうい）とは、先代あるいは当代の天皇の嫡妻に与えられた地位である太皇太后・皇太后・皇后を指す。
English: These three positions are generally named "Sangu"(the three Princesses) or "Sango" (the three Empresses).
Japanese: また、この3つの地位を総称して三宮（さんぐう）・三后（さんごう）とも称する。
English: According to Ritsuryo (the Legal Codes), Koi which was based on the blood or marriage relationship to Emperor, was established as following.
Japanese: 律令に従えば后位は天皇との血縁・配偶関係に基づいて下記のように定められた。
English: The title Grand Empress Dowager was given to Emperor's grandmother who had had the title Koi of Empress Dowager and of Empress; the title Empress Dowager was given to Emperor's mother who had had the title Koi of Empress; and the title Empress was given to Emperor's legitimate wife.
Japanese: 太皇太后は天皇の祖母にして后位（皇太后・皇后）にあった者、皇太后は天皇の母にして后位（皇后）にあった者、皇后は天皇の嫡妻に対して与えられた。
English: These titles corresponded to the ranks higher than "Hii" and "Fujini"; "Hii" was the title for "Hi" (the selected Princess from the Imperial family), "Kotaihi" (Emperor's mother who had been also "Hii") and "Taigotaihi" (Emperor's grandmother who had been also "Hii"); "Fujini" was the title for Fujin (the selected woman from the high-ranked family), "Kotaifujin" (Emperor's mother who had been also "Fujini") and "Taikotaifujin" (Emperor's grandmother who had been also "Fujini").
Japanese: これは、妃位（妃・皇太妃・太皇太妃）や夫人位（夫人・皇太夫人・太皇太夫人）よりも格上に相当する。
English: However, once the Heian period started, the blood or marriage relationship with Emperor was ignored due to the complicated succession to the Imperial Throne caused by the abdication of several Emperors, which constantly led to elevate the lower position of a woman to "Koi" in the changing of Emperor and also to appoint who was "Koi" on the grounds of political background.
Japanese: しかし、平安時代に入ると、譲位による皇位継承の複雑化に伴い、天皇の交代に伴う后位の引き上げや政治的な背景による后位の決定が恒常化し、天皇の血縁や配偶関係は無視された。
English: There were power struggles over succession to the Imperial Throne, such as an emperor's son (crown prince) and his younger brother (the younger brother of an emperor who is the heir apparent).
Japanese: 例えば天皇の息子（皇太子）と弟（皇太弟）というように、皇位継承をめぐって権力闘争が起こった。
English: If Kochoshi (the first son of the emperor), Kochoson (grandchild of the emperor) or any other descendants of Kochoshi do not exist, the "Kojishi" (the second son of the emperor) and his descendants will be authorized as the imperial heirs, based on the order of the right of succession to the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: 皇長子（天皇の長男）や皇長孫（天皇の孫）、その他の皇長子の子孫のいずれもいない場合、皇位継承権の順位にもとづいて、皇次子（天皇の次男）及びその子孫が皇嗣となる。
English: The emperor or the emperor Daijo/Cloistered emperor Daijo (the so called Chiten no kimi)'s intentions, or the results matters of the Court noble's meeting 'Jin no sadame' that had been governed and decided were issued in Jin no sadame by Shokei (the leading minister) receiving the notification of the instructions from Kurodo (imperial archives keeper) issued the command in the oral format, and were documented by benkan (Oversight Department:division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) and gaiki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and notified to the targeted people.
Japanese: 天皇や太上天皇・太上法皇（いわゆる治天の君）の意思あるいは公卿の会議「陣定」の結果を統裁・決定した事項は、蔵人から支持の伝達を受けた上卿（陣定の首席大臣）が陣定において発する口頭形式による命令（宣）を通じて、弁官・外記の手によって文書化されて相手に通達される。
English: After the Kamakura Period, the Imperial proclamation in Jin no sadame came to be limited the use only for an appointment of a high officer.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以後、陣定での宣下は摂政・関白の一覧など高官の任命などに限られるようになった。
English: Imperial paper is an official document written emperor's order in the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 勅旨（ちょくし）とは、律令制における天皇の命令書である勅書の一種である公文書。
English: After Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), the emperor's private order or an order to a specific individual was used generally by this form.
Japanese: 大宝律令以後において天皇の私的命令あるいは特定個人に対する命令である勅について原則的にはこの形式で出されていた。
English: According to Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code)(Ritsuryo), the emperor first passes on the contents of Choku to a jiju (a chamberlain) and then transmits to the Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs).
Japanese: 公式令(律令法)によれば、まず天皇が勅の内容を侍従などに伝えてそれを中務省に伝達する。
English: In the Ministry of Central Affairs, a naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs) prepares a preliminary draft based on the Choku, and then it is returned to the emperor, the contents are confirmed.
Japanese: 中務省ではこれに基づいて内記が草案を作成し、天皇に覆奏して内容を確認する。
English: After confirmation, the three responsible people (Kyo, Taifu, Sho) in the Nakatsukasasho created the body text with their own signatures under the official rank surname written by a naiki, sent the manuscript to Daijokan (Grand Council of State), and the Shi of Daijokan (the ritsuryo system) added the wording of 'hochoku (obeying imperial order) is as the right mentioned, and ensure implementation when it arrives', and was then appended with the Benkan's signature.
Japanese: 確認後、中務省の責任者3名（卿・大輔・少輔）が内記の記した官位姓の下に自署を行い正文を作成した後に、その写本を太政官に送付し、太政官の史(律令制)が「奉勅旨如右、符到奉行」の文言を加えて署名し、弁官の署名がこれに続く。
English: Benkan would re-create a manuscript, attach a Daijokanpu (the official document of the Daijokan) that ordered the implementation of the contents, and for local regions, an imperial order would be implemented by dispatching the Daijokanpu on a post-horse (In addition, there is also a regulation in the Kushiki-ryo for an informal imperial order given with a Nakatsukasashopu [the official document of Ministry of Central Affairs] by omitting the procedures at the Dajokan in an emergency).
Japanese: 弁官は改めて写本を作成し、その内容の実施を命じる太政官符を添付、地方に対しては勅旨をそのまま太政官符化した騰勅符の形式で施行することになっていた（なお、公式令には緊急時などに太政官での手続きを省略して中務省符で出す略式の勅旨の規定も存在するが、現存の記録では実施が確認できていない）。
English: In addition, according to the regulations in Kushiki-ryo, unlike the Shosho, the emperor does not perform behaviors such as direct signature； however, in actual practice, even in the case of matters which should be issued by imperial order according to the law, if the emperor considered it important, the emperor might in particular issue an imperial order with date and other items added like Shosho (imperial edict, decree).
Japanese: なお、公式令の規定に従えば、詔書と違って天皇が直接署名などの行為を行うことはないが、実際の運用においては、法的には勅旨で出される事項であった場合でも天皇が重要と認識した場合には、天皇が詔書と同様に日付などを加えた勅旨を特に発給されるケースもあった。
English: In ancient Japan, Chokushimaki was a ranch developed by the emperor's Chokushi and was used to supply war horses for the Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses).
Japanese: 勅旨牧（ちょくしまき）は、古代日本において、天皇の勅旨により開発された牧場であり、馬寮などが用いる軍馬などの供給源とされた。