nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After the Onin War in 1467, several feudal lords, including Masanori AKAMATSU, were appointed as the military police director, but the post remained vacant for a long period of time and gradually disappeared from history as a result of battles in the Kinai region (areas around Kyoto) and the feudalization of land by powerful feudal rulers.
Japanese: 応仁の乱以降、赤松政則などが就任する場合もあったが、畿内の争乱や守護の在国化等のため空席となり自然消滅した。
English: Jito was a post established by Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Muromachi bakufu to manage and control shoen (manor) and kokuga-ryo (koryo (duchy), or an Imperial demesne).
Japanese: 地頭（じとう）は、鎌倉幕府・室町幕府が荘園・国衙領（公領）を管理支配するために設置した職。
English: It existed before the period of the Taira clan government, but it was established formally throughout the country by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo after approval by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 平氏政権期以前から存在したが、源頼朝が朝廷から認められ正式に全国に設置した。
English: Jitos (land stewards) were chosen from among immediate vassals of the shogunate who lived in local territories in order to manage land and peasants directly by supervising the military affairs, police forces, tax collection and administration of manors and imperial territories.
Japanese: 在地御家人の中から選ばれ、荘園・公領の軍事・警察・徴税・行政をみて、直接、土地や百姓などを管理した。
English: The above is an official document written by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in order to appoint Tadahisa KOREMUNE as the land steward of the Hase imperial territory in Ise Province.
Japanese: 以上は、惟宗忠久を波出御厨（伊勢国）地頭職に補任する内容の源頼朝による下文。
English: The guarantee given by the bakufu to protect a hereditary territory ruled by its vassal was known as "honryo-ando" (assurance of territorial rights), while the allocation of a new territory by the government was called "shinon-kyuyo" (territory allocation).
Japanese: 幕府が御家人の所領支配を保証することを本領安堵（ほんりょうあんど）といい、幕府が新たに所領を与えることを新恩給与（しんおんきゅうよ）という。
English: A vassal appointed as a land steward of a territory was not provided with the territory itself, but only the authority to control and rule the territory.
Japanese: 地頭職への補任は、所領そのものの支給ではなく、所領の管理・支配の権限を認めることを意味していた。
English: Since vassals appointed as land stewards by the bakufu did not always have the authority to settle territorial disputes, they were also often appointed by manorial lords and imperial government officials as manorial officials ("shokan" in Japanese), local magistrates ("gunji"), local administrators ("goji") or governor of imperial territories ("hoji") to give them appropriate authority.
Japanese: 所領を巡る紛争（所務沙汰）の際には、幕府の保証する地頭の地位だけでは必ずしも十分ではない場合もあり、地頭の中には荘園領主・国司から荘官、郡司、郷司、保司として任命される者も少なくなかった。
English: In a certain sense, therefore, land stewards were ruled not only by the bakufu but also by manorial lords and imperial government officials.
Japanese: つまり地頭は、幕府及び荘園領主・国司からの二重支配を受けていたと見ることもできる訳である。
English: In fact, there was a provision in the code for samurai established by the bakufu (known as "Goseibai Shikimoku") that land stewards who failed to collect taxes for manorial lords should be dismissed.
Japanese: 実際に、幕府が定めた法典御成敗式目には、荘園領主への年貢未納があった場合には地頭職を解任するといった条文もあった。
English: It is even possible to see samurai who were under the direct control of the bakufu as being hereditary retainers who served the Kamakura family and, at the same time, territorial governors who served imperial government officials and manorial lords by performing their duties to collect taxes, supervise police activities and preside over trials.
Japanese: むしろ、幕府に直属する武士は御家人と地頭の両方の側面を持ち、御家人としての立場は鎌倉殿への奉仕であり、地頭職は、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕する立場であったとする解釈もある。
English: However, the bakufu alone had the right to appoint and discharge land stewards and neither manorial lords nor imperial government officials had any such right.
Japanese: しかし、地頭の補任権・解任権は幕府だけが有しており、荘園領主・国司にはその権限がなかった。
English: Consequently, land stewards used their position to gradually seize the power to control and rule manors and imperial territories by various means, including promoting farming.
Japanese: そのため、地頭はその地位を背景に、勧農の実施などをとおして荘園・公領の管理支配権を徐々に奪っていった。
English: For example, they refused to pay taxes to manorial lords and imperial officials or even misappropriated taxes on various pretexts, and when disputes arose between manorial lords and imperial officials, they contracted to provide them with fixed amounts of annual taxes and to manage manors.
Japanese: 具体的には、地頭は様々な理由をつけては荘園領主・国司への年貢を滞納・横領し、両者間に紛争が生じると、毎年一定額の年貢納入や荘園の管理を請け負う地頭請（じとううけ）を行うようになった。
English: The subcontract system entailed the risk of having to make payments fixed by contracts to manorial lords and imperial officials even in poor crop years, but the amounts of crops exceeding fixed payments were treated as land stewards' private income, which often brought them considerable benefits.
Japanese: 地頭請は、不作の年でも約束額を領主・国司へ納入するといったリスクを負ってはいたが、一定額の年貢の他は自由収入とすることができたため、地頭にとって多大な利益をもたらすことが多かった。
English: Since land stewards often failed to pay agreed amounts of taxes to manorial lords or imperial officials even under this subcontract system, some manors and imperial territories were divided between land stewards and manorial lords or imperial officials.
Japanese: それでも荘園領主・国司へ約束額を納入しない地頭がいたため、荘園・公領の領域自体を地頭と領主・国司で折半する中分（ちゅうぶん）が行われることもあった。
English: Sometimes territories were divided based on mutual agreement (called "wayo chubun") and sometimes lines were drawn in manors and imperial territories to show boundaries (called "shitaji chubun").
Japanese: 中分には、両者の談合（和与）で決着する和与中分（わよちゅうぶん）や、荘園・公領に境界を引いて完全に分割する下地中分（したじちゅうぶん）があった。
English: Land steward possessed land under their direct management (called "horiuchi," etc.) around their residences.
Japanese: 地頭は、居館（堀内：ほりうち等と称した）の周辺に直営地を保有していた。
English: Since it was customary for residences to be exempted from taxation during the Heian and Kamakura periods, land stewards took advantage of this custom to place land around their residences under their direct management.
Japanese: 平安～鎌倉期の慣習では、居館は年貢・公事が免除される土地とされており、それを根拠として、地頭は居館の周辺を免税地として直営するようになった。
English: These pieces of land under their direct management were called by different names, such as "tsukuda" (private land), "mitsukuri" (privately cultivated land), "shosaku" (privately owned land) or "kadota" (family land), and were cultivated by their servants called "genin" or "shoju" or by village farmers.
Japanese: この直営地は、佃（つくだ）、御作（みつくり）、正作（しょうさく）、門田（かどた）などと呼ばれ、地頭の従属民である下人（げにん）や所従（しょじゅう）、又は荘民に耕作をさせていた。
English: The spread of subcontracting practices, boundary drawing and increase in directly managed land show the establishment of land stewards' right to control land (right to appropriate land) in manors and imperial territories.
Japanese: 以上のような地頭請・下地中分・直営地の拡大は、地頭が荘園・国衙領の土地支配権（下地進止権）へ侵出していったことを表す。
English: Despite the opposition by manorial lords against their encroachment, land stewards generally gained greater power as time went on.
Japanese: 当然、荘園領主は地頭の動きに対抗していたが、全般的に見ると地頭の侵出は加速していった。
English: The encroachment by land stewards gradually resulted in their monopolization of land and led to the dissolution of the system of manors and imperial territories.
Japanese: こうした流れは、地頭による一円知行化へと進み、次第に荘園公領制の解体を推し進めたのである。
English: The word "jito" originally meant "field workers" who were in charge of the on-site management and security enforcement of manors and imperial territories.
Japanese: 地頭は元来、現地という意味を持ち、在地で荘園・公領の管理・治安維持に当たることを任務としていた。
English: However, powerful vassals of the Kamakura family who were appointed as land stewards also held important government posts, and since they had to serve the shogun in person, many of them continued to live in Kamakura.
Japanese: しかし、有力御家人などは、幕府の役職を持ち、将軍へ伺候しなければならず、鎌倉に居住する者が多かった。
English: These powerful vassals sent their relatives or retainers to local territories so as to have them manage local affairs on the ground.
Japanese: そうした有力御家人は、自分の親族・家臣を現地へ派遣して在地管理を行わせていた。
English: Territories left in the hands of relatives often caused disputes between vassals (legitimate heirs) and these relatives (illegitimate children) over these territories, and in such cases, relatives were sometimes allowed to succeed as land stewards.
Japanese: 親族に管理させた場合、御家人（惣領）とその親族（庶子）との間で所領を巡る相論が発生することもあり、親族に地頭職を譲渡するケースもあった。
English: The well-known petition of peasants of the Ategawa manor in Kii Province is a document written by peasants to complain to their manorial lord about the delay in the payment of annual taxes (lumber) caused by wrongful actions by the land steward of their territory.
Japanese: 著名な紀伊国阿弖河荘（あてがわのしょう）百姓訴状は、百姓が地頭の非法のせいで年貢（材木）納入が遅れたことを荘園領主に釈明した文書である。
English: The document describes how the land steward conscripted peasants for forced labor by threatening to "cut off the ears and noses" of resistant peasants and to "cut the hair of their wives to make them nuns."
Japanese: 地頭が百姓を強引に徴発した様子、抵抗すると「耳を切り、鼻を削ぎ、髪を切って、尼にしてしまうぞ」と脅した様子などがよく記されている。
English: The word "jito," which began to be used around the mid-Heian period as a word meaning "boundaries" or "territories," came to mean influential people that ruled territories, officials that managed manors, or local government officials (variously called "gunji," "goji" or "hoshi") that managed imperial territories on the ground.
Japanese: 地頭は元々、平安時代中期頃から、土地のほとり、すなわち「現地」を意味する語として使用され始めたが、そのうち、現地で領地を支配する有力者、又は荘園を現地管理する荘官職、公領を現地管理する郡司、郷司、保司職を表すようになった。
English: During the reign of the Taira clan in the late Heian period, there were a few cases where samurai retainers of the Taira clan were appointed as jito for the on-site management of territories, but the actual situations and duties of these jito are not known.
Japanese: 平安末期の平氏政権下では、平氏が所領の現地管理者として家人の武士を地頭に任命した事例がわずかながらも見られたが、その実態や職務はよく判っていない。
English: The samurai government of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (latter-day Kamakura bakufu), which established its rule in the Kanto region in opposition to the Taira clan, appointed its direct vassals (called "gokenin") as land stewards in order to strengthen its control.
Japanese: 平氏政権に対抗して、関東に独自の支配権を確立した源頼朝の武士政権（後の鎌倉幕府）は、依ってきた武士（すなわち御家人）を地頭に任命することで、自らの支配権を強めていった。
English: Many of the vassals of the Kamakura family were officials of manors and imperial territories called "gunji," "goji" or "hoshi" who had been given status merely as servants or subordinates of manorial lords (called "honjo" (master) in Japanese) and imperial officials (more specifically, head official called "zuryo").
Japanese: また、御家人の多くは、荘園の荘官、公領の郡司、郷司、保司であり、荘園領主（本所）や国司（特にその筆頭官としての受領）の家人・被官としての地位しか与えられていなかった。
English: However, by being appointed as land stewards by the government of Yoritomo which ruled the Kanto region, they were recognized as independent territorial rulers.
Japanese: しかし、関東を実効支配していた頼朝政権に地頭職を補任されることにより、在地領主としての地位を認められたのである。
English: Although the Yoritomo government was initially a private political and military group in the Kanto region, it gradually gained recognition of the official authority (the imperial court), including Emperor Goshirakawa, as the ruler of eastern Japan and established its legitimacy as a government through its war with the Taira clan (Jisho-Juei War) in the late 12th century.
Japanese: ところで頼朝政権は当初、関東の私的な政治・軍事勢力に過ぎなかったが、平氏政権との内戦（治承・寿永の乱）を経るに従い、後白河天皇を中心とする公権力（朝廷）から徐々に東国支配権を認められていき、政権の正統性を獲得していった。
English: In 1185, when MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, who were members of the Yoritomo government, began to oppose Yoritomo immediately after his government defeated the Taira clan, Tokimasa HOJO, Yoritomo's father-in-law, visited Kyoto to negotiate with Emperor Goshirakawa's group in order to obtain imperial permission (the Bunji imperial permission) to create positions ("jito" (land steward) and "shugo" (provincial military governor)) and to collect supplies of rice for soldiers from manors and imperial territories for the purpose of hunting down and killing Yoshiie and Yoshitsune.
Japanese: 1185年、頼朝政権が平家を滅ぼした直後、頼朝政権の一員だった源行家・源義経が頼朝へ反抗姿勢を見せ始めると、同年11月に頼朝義父の北条時政が上京し、後白河側と交渉を行い、その結果、頼朝側へ、行家・義経追討を名目として荘園・公領から兵糧米を徴収する職（＝地頭・守護）の設置が勅許されることとなった（文治の勅許）。
English: These incidents are recorded in "Azuma Kagami" (official history of the Kamakura bakufu) and "Gyokuyo" (diary of Kanezane KUJO, an inspector of documents for the emperor).
Japanese: このことは、『吾妻鏡』（幕府の正史）及び『玉葉』（内覧・九条兼実の日記）に記録されている。
English: However, due to the fragmentary nature of the descriptions and differences between the descriptions in the two documents, opinions differ as to the officially recognized definition of the duties of these newly created positions.
Japanese: しかしながら、両者の記述は断片的かつ食い違う箇所があるため、このとき公認された地頭・守護の職務範囲等については議論が分かれている。
English: Of the several theories that have been proposed about when the Kamakura bakufu was established, the one that emphasizes the importance of the creation of the positions of jito (land steward) and shugo (provincial military governor) as an epoch-making development showing the nationwide establishment of the Kamakura bakufu rule is supported by the majority of scholars in Japan.
Japanese: なお、鎌倉幕府の成立時期にはいくつかの説が提出されているが、そのうち、地頭・守護の設置は幕府の支配権が全国的な広がりを持つに至った非常に重要な画期であるとして、学界では最も多くの支持を集めている。
English: Needless to say, manorial lords and imperial officials (court nobles) were opposed to the authorization of land stewards and military governors appointed by Yoritomo, and the appointment of land stewards was limited to imperial territories confiscated from the Taira clan (former territories of the Taira clan) (opinions also differ as to how the appointment of land stewards came to be limited to these territories).
Japanese: 頼朝傘下の地頭・守護の公認に対しては、当然ながら荘園領主・国司（＝公家）からの反発があり、地頭の設置は平家没官領（平氏の旧所領）のみに限られるようになった（この限定の経緯についても諸説分かれている）。
English: However, after the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa died in 1192, the practice of appointing land stewards gradually spread to other territories as well.
Japanese: しかし、後白河上皇が1192年に死去すると、地頭の設置範囲は次第に広がっていった。
English: As a result of the victory in the Jokyu War in 1221, the Kamakura bakufu forfeited about 3,000 territories from the imperial court.
Japanese: 1221年の承久の乱での勝利により、鎌倉幕府は朝廷側の所領約3000箇所を没収した。
English: These territories were located in the western part of Japan, and many gokenin moved to the forfeited territories in Western Japan as new jito.
Japanese: これらの土地は西日本に所在しており、新しい地頭として多くの御家人が西日本の没収領へ移住していった。
English: These newly appointed land stewards were called "shinpo jito" (new land stewards), while the existing ones were called "honpo jito" (hereditary land stewards).
Japanese: これを新補地頭（しんぽじとう）といい、それ以前の地頭は本補地頭（ほんぽじとう）と呼ばれた。
English: Likewise, rules regarding the tax shares of newly appointed land stewards were called "shinpo rippo" (new taxation rules) and their details were as follows:
Japanese: また、新補地頭の給分を定めた規定を新補率法（しんぽりっぽう）といい、その内容は、以下の通りであった。
English: One cho (approximately one hectare) out of every eleven cho of farmland was given to land stewards as their property exempted from annual taxes paid to manorial lords or imperial officials.
Japanese: 田畠11町当たり1町を、年貢を荘園領主・国司へ納入する必要のない地頭給田とする。
English: One-third of the property of a criminal arrested by a land steward was given to the latter.
Japanese: 地頭の検断により逮捕された犯人の財産の3分の1が、地頭へ与えられる。
English: Some of the hereditary land stewards who were also appointed as new land stewards subsequently tried to apply newly adopted rules to their old tax shares, thereby causing problems.
Japanese: なお、後に新補地頭を兼ねた本補地頭が、本補地頭としての給分も新補率法に合わせようとする両様兼帯の問題も生じた。
English: The Kamakura family's vassal clans that were appointed as new land stewards in western Japan included the Mori and Kumagaya clans of Aki Province, the Otomo clan of Bungo Province and the Chiba and Shibuya clans of Satsuma Province, and these great waves of migration are called by some the "Great Barbarian Invasion" in the history of Japan.
Japanese: 新補地頭として西日本へ移住した御家人には、安芸国の毛利氏・熊谷氏、豊後国の大友氏、薩摩国の千葉氏・渋谷氏などがおり、かなり大規模な移住だったため、「日本史上の民族大移動」と評する論者もいる。
English: The main duty of provincial military governor during the Kamakura period was to exercise military and police power, and they were not given the authority to manage economic affairs.
Japanese: 鎌倉期の守護は、軍事・警察権の行使が主な任務であり、経済的権能は付与されていなかった。
English: This was the reason why local land stewards were able to expand their influence to manors and imperial territories.
Japanese: そのため、在地の地頭が積極的に荘園・国衙領へ侵出することができていた。
English: However, provincial military governors were accorded the right to collect half of annual taxes and to settle disputes over property during the Muromachi period, which greatly increased their economic authority.
Japanese: しかし、室町期になると、守護に半済や使節遵行の権利が付与され、守護の経済的権能が一気に拡大することとなった。
English: Based on newly gained economic power, provincial military governors strengthened their influence within their territories in order to subjugate land stewards, soldiers, village headmen and other influential people and to place them under their own control.
Japanese: 守護は、獲得した経済力を背景に、国内の地頭やその他の武士・名主・有力者層を被官として自らの統制下へ置こうとし、国内への影響力を強めていった。
English: As a result, the status of land steward established during the Kamakura period declined in importance, causing land stewards to become beings similar to local samurai just like other warriors and influential village headmen and to finally disappear from history both in name and in reality by the mid-Muromachi period.
Japanese: そうなると、鎌倉期以来の地頭という地位は意義を失い、従来の地頭は、他の武士・有力名主らと同様に国人（こくじん）へと変質していき、室町中期までに地頭は名実ともに消滅した。
English: The title "jito" continued to be used in the Satsuma territories ruled by the Shimazu clan as well as territories in Hyuga Province ruled by the Ito clan and remained even in the Edo period, when these territories became, respectively, the Satsuma and Obi Domains.
Japanese: 島津氏の支配下の薩摩藩及び日向国の伊東氏支配地域では「地頭」の名称が残り、江戸時代に薩摩藩や飫肥藩となっても存続した。
English: During the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), the title "jito" continued to be used in Satsuma and Osumi Provinces, which were ruled by the Shimazu and Kimotsuki clans.
Japanese: 戦国時代、島津氏支配地や肝付氏支配地であった薩摩国や大隅国では「地頭」の名称が残った。
English: Names with "jito" titles, such as Kanemasa YAKUMARU, Uchinoura Jito in the territories ruled by the Kimotsuki clan, and Narahara Nagato no kami, jito of Kawabe-gun (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture) ruled by Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, appear in 'Shogo Jito Keizu' (genealogy of land stewards in various villages).
Japanese: 戦国期の地頭としては肝付氏支配地の内之浦地頭薬丸兼将や島津忠良の支配地の川辺郡(鹿児島県)地頭奈良原長門守の名が「諸郷地頭系図」に登場する。
English: From the Kanei era (early 17th century) onward, it became common for executives of the Satsuma Domain to be concurrently appointed as land stewards, and these executives continued to live in areas around Kagoshima-jo Castle even during their tenure of office as land stewards.
Japanese: 寛永年間以降は藩の重役が兼務する事が多くなり、任期中も鹿児島城下に居住した。
English: For example, after the Hongo clan that had ruled Miyakonojo City of Hyuga Province for a long period of time was transferred to Kagoshima City, Michitsune MISHIMA was sent out to Miyakonojo City as the land steward and efficiently managed to appease the discontented samurai, fulfilling his duty until the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures.
Japanese: 長年にわたって日向国都城市領主であった北郷氏が、鹿児島市内に移された後、地頭として三島通庸が送られ、不平士族をなだめるのに辣腕を発揮し、廃藩置県までその職を務めた例がみられる。
English: In the Satsuma Domain, land was divided into two categories - i.e. private land owned by the retainers of the domain and land directly managed by the lord of the domain - and land stewards were allocated to the latter category of land.
Japanese: 薩摩藩では薩摩藩家臣の領地である私領と藩主直轄地に分かれるが、地頭は直轄地の方に配属された。
English: The biggest difference with local governors appointed by the Edo bakufu was that most of the village land stewards in the Satsuma Domain were executives of the domain, including chief retainers, lord chamberlains, commissioners of finance and town magistrates, who were concurrently appointed as jito.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の代官との一番の違いは、薩摩藩の大半の郷の地頭は家老や側用人、勘定奉行や町奉行等の薩摩藩重役が兼務していた点である。
English: Also, land stewards were chosen from among retainers living in areas around the castle, including high ranking retainers who had large private estates (called "isshomochi") as well as low ranking retainers called "ichidai koban" (non-hereditary lackeys and servants who were appointed as officials with incomes to support 10 persons or more).
Japanese: また、上は一所持から下は一代小番（御小姓与や新番が10人扶持級以上の役職についてなったもの）までの城下士が就任した。
English: After the part-time land steward system was introduced, land stewards normally stayed in areas around the castle, delegating administrative authority to indigenous samurai living in local communities, but they were obligated to inspect their territories within four to five years after their appointment as land stewards.
Japanese: なお「掛持ち地頭」の勤務形態になって以降、基本的には地頭は城下に滞在し行政は地元の郷士に任せていたが、藩法上、地頭は就任から4年～5年以内に1回目の現地視察を義務づけられていた。
English: Executives of the domain included owners of private estates, who were also concurrently appointed as the land stewards of their estates, as shown by the example of Kiyomoto KOMATSU, the owner of the estate of Yoshitoshi (present-day Yoshitoshi, Hiyoshi-cho, Hioki City), who was appointed as the land steward of Kiyomizu-go (present-day Kokubunkiyomizu-cho and other areas in Kirishima City).
Japanese: また藩重役には私領主も就任していたので、例えば吉利（現在の日置市日吉町吉利）領主小松清猷が清水郷（現在の霧島市国分清水町他）地頭職に就任したように、私領主が地頭を兼任することもあった。
English: However, on Nagashima (Kagoshima Prefecture) and Koshiki-jima islands where the old land steward system remained, land stewardship was a full-time position known as a "job without other duties," and it was ranked between ship marshal and military commander.
Japanese: ただし、居地頭制が存続した長島(鹿児島県)や甑島の地頭は他職との兼職ではなく「無役之移地頭」と呼ばれ、席次は船奉行と物頭の間に置かれた。
English: According to 'Sanshu Gochisei Yoran' (Summary History of Satsuma, Osumi and Hyuga Provinces), low ranking samurai who served as lackeys and servants were given the privilege of being promoted to the rank of hereditary guard if they were appointed as land stewards.
Japanese: 「三州御治世要覧」によると、小姓与格や新番格の武士が地頭に就任すると、家格を「代々小番」に昇格させることができる特権があった。
English: Samurai retainers who assumed a position with an income to support 10 persons or more were promoted to the rank of guard, which, however, was non-hereditary rank, so that their descendants remained in the previous family rank.
Japanese: 通常、小姓与格や新番格の武士が10人扶持以上の役職に就任すると「一代小番」に昇格することが出来たがこれは本人一代限りの昇格であり、子孫は元来の家格のままであった。
English: In order to be promoted to the rank of hereditary guard, it was necessary to hold a post higher than secretary or assume a position with an income to support 10 persons or more for three successive generations.
Japanese: 更に、世襲の代々小番に昇格するには側役以上の役職に就くか、三代続けて10人扶持以上の職に就く必要があった。
English: Also, a territory with no successive jito was called 'meisho' (明所), and it was put under the control of oban gashira (captains of the great guards).
Japanese: また、後任の地頭が決まらない地は「明所」と呼ばれ、大番頭職の管理下に置かれた。
English: However, if there was no person appointed to succeed the current land steward of an important local territory, such as Izumi-gun, Shibushi town and Ijuin town, a land steward of other territory was appointed to govern the territory in order to avoid making it a vacant territory.
Japanese: 但し、出水郡や志布志町、伊集院町といった重要な郷に関しては明所とせずに他の郷の地頭が兼任した。
English: In this case, Hisakaze SHIMAZU's official title was not "land steward of Kaseda and Izumi Villages" but "land steward of Kaseda Village, who was also in charge of Izumi Village" (sometimes also called "sashihiki" (person in charge)).
Japanese: なお、この場合、島津久風は『加世田郷地頭兼出水郷地頭』ではなく、『加世田郷地頭及び出水郷預かり（『差引』と表記される場合も）』となる。
English: The land steward of Kiyotake town, who represented the lord of the domain in Kiyotake, a pivotal territory in the north-eastern part of the Obi Domain, was of particularly importance.
Japanese: とくに重要な地頭職は清武町地頭であり、飫肥藩東北の要である清武における藩主代理ともいえる職であった。
English: In addition Kiyotake jito (Kiyotake land steward), titles such as Sakatani jito, Kitagawachi jito, Aburatsu-ko Port jito and Odotsu jito are found in the Obi Domain's register of vassals recorded in 1842.
Japanese: 天保13年（1842年）の飫肥藩分限帳では、清武地頭の他に、酒谷地頭や北河内地頭、油津港地頭、大堂津地頭などが散見できる。
English: However, the land steward of Kiyotake was chosen from among horse guards (called "umamawari" in Japanese), while land stewards of other territories were chosen from among middle ranking retainers who served as servants or low ranking foot soldiers.
Japanese: 清武地頭は馬廻から出たが、その他の地頭は中士である中小姓や下士である徒士からも出た。
English: Initially, the land steward of Kiyotake was almost always chosen from the members of the Kawasaki clan, except for ITO Oribe Yuzen, who served as the steward from 1705 until 1713, but after Zenzaemon NAGAKURA assumed the position in June 1724, retainers other than members of the Kawasaki clan were appointed for the position.
Japanese: 当初、清武地頭は宝永2年（1705年）から正徳(日本)3年（1713年）まで伊東織部祐全が就任した以外はほとんど河崎氏が就任していたが、享保9年（1724年）5月に長倉善左衛門が就任して以後は河崎氏以外が就任した。