nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, the Emperor did not apply this system to all titles, and the existing titles remained.
Japanese: ただし、すべての姓をこの制度に当てはめるということは行われず、従来あった姓はそのまま残された。
English: Therefore, the old titles such as Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko all remained.
Japanese: そのために古くからあった姓、臣・連・伴造（とものみやつこ）・国造（くにのみやっこ）などもそのまま残っていた。
English: It can be presumed that the Emperor made a distinction from old clans by establishing new titles which were ranked higher than the existing titles, Omi and Muraji.
Japanese: 従来から有った、臣、連の姓の上の地位になる姓を作ることで、旧来の氏族との差をつけようとしたという見方もできる。
English: It appears that only the clans who had the titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, and Imiki could produce the officials of nishiki no koburi (the seventh grade of twenty-six grades of cap rank) in the future Kan-i system (Office and Rank System).
Japanese: また、のちの冠位制度上の錦冠の官僚を出すことのできるのは真人、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の姓を持つ氏に限られていたようである。
English: As seen in the beginning of the selection of Asuka Kiyomihara Code (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) in 680 as well as in the edict of Yakusa no Kabane, it was one of the policies to reform the old clan system and to create the bureaucracy which was able to promptly respond to a new national regime.
Japanese: 680年（天武10）飛鳥浄御原令の選定を開始したことに見られるように、また、八色の姓の詔にも見られるように、旧来の氏族制度を改革し、新しい国家体制に即応出来る官僚制創造の政策の一環であった。
English: When four major family titles which were Minamoto clan, Taira clan, Fujiwara clan, Tachibana clan had gradually prospered from the Nara period to Heian period, most of the titles of their descendants became Asomi/Ason, and the title itself became meaningless.
Japanese: 奈良時代から平安時代に至って、源氏・平氏・藤原氏・橘氏の四姓が隆盛になると、その末裔の姓はほとんどが朝臣になってしまい、姓そのものの意味がなくなっていった。
English: Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873) is a major political change in the early Meiji era caused by Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea).
Japanese: 明治六年政変（めいじろくねんせいへん,1873年（明治6年））は、征韓論に端を発した明治初期の一大政変。
English: After the Restoration (Japan), Japan opened the country to the world, and sent an envoy to Yi Dynasty Korea several times to convey the information about it.
Japanese: 王政復古(日本)し開国した日本は、李氏朝鮮に対してその旨を伝える使節を幾度か派遣した。
English: In the Korea at that time, Heungseon Daewongun took the reins of government, he started to adopt a national policy that revives the Confucianism and expulsion of foreigners, and caused to develop an opinion that break off relations with Japan.
Japanese: また当時の朝鮮において興宣大院君が政権を掌握して儒教の復興と攘夷を国是にする政策を採り始めたため、これを理由に日本との関係を断絶するべきとの意見が出されるようになった。
English: In addition, it is said that they tried to get the government to implement subjugation of the Korea with Japanese Embassy at that time (this can be seen in a letter written by Saigo for Itagaki).
Japanese: 更に当時における日本大使館以て征韓を政府に決行させようとしていたとも言われる（これは西郷が板垣に宛てた書簡からうかがえる。
English: It is said Saigo was premised on the use of force rather than negotiation on the grounds of this, and it became an established theory for textbooks and the like.
Japanese: これを根拠に西郷は交渉よりも武力行使を前提にしていたとされ、教科書などではこれが定説となっている。
English: However, there's another theory that the letter written for Itagaki was used as an expedient to persuade Itagaki and Saigo's true intention placed the great value on negotiation.
Japanese: ただし板垣宛の書簡は板垣を説得するための方便に過ぎず、西郷の本意は交渉重視であったとの説もある）。
English: Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Taneomi SOEJIMA, and Toshiaki KIRINO agreed to Saigo's envoy dispatch, and people who have opposed were Toshimichi OKUBO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Takayoshi KIDO, Hirobumi ITO, Shigenobu OKUMA, Takato OKI, and Kiyotaka KURODA.
Japanese: この西郷の使節派遣に賛同したのが板垣退助、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、副島種臣、桐野利秋らであり、反対したのが大久保利通、岩倉具視、木戸孝允、伊藤博文、大隈重信、大木喬任、黒田清隆らである。
English: Contrary to the compact that promised the Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) wouldn't conduct major reform while dispatching Iwakura Mission, the internal confusion caused by the drastic reform hardened OKUBO and other opponent's attitudes.
Japanese: 岩倉使節団派遣中に留守政府は重大な改革を行わないという盟約に反し、国内が急激な改革で混乱していたことは大久保らの態度を硬化させた。
English: Prior to the homecoming of the official travel group of Iwakura Mission including OKUBO, on the August 17, dispatch of SAIGO to the Korea as an ambassador plenipotentiary was once approved in a Cabinet meeting, but when the Emperor Meiji received a report of the proposal on the next day he rejected the SAIGO's dispatch plan based on the agreement that "won't decide important matters related to the country until the official travel group's homecoming", and asked them to wait for homecoming of Tomomi IWAKURA, and report it again after deep deliberation with IWAKURA (IWAKURA comes home on September 17).
Japanese: 大久保ら岩倉使節団の外遊組帰国以前の8月17日、一度は閣議で西郷を朝鮮へ全権大使として派遣することが決まったが、翌日この案を上奏された明治天皇は「外遊組帰国まで国家に関わる重要案件は決定しない」という取り決めを基に岩倉具視が帰国するまで待ち、岩倉と熟議した上で再度上奏するようにと、西郷派遣案を却下している（岩倉の帰国は9月17日）。
English: The cabinet meeting held on from October 14 to 15 got complicated, but chairman SANJO who was afraid of SAIGO's remark that he will resign when his idea couldn't put through as a result of a tie (there is a possibility that numerous bureaucracies and military men from Satsuma will leave from central government in case of Saigo's resignation), determined immediate dispatch.
Japanese: 10月14日-15日に開かれた閣議は紛糾したが、採決で同数になった結果、この意見が通らないなら辞任する（西郷が辞任した場合、薩摩出身の官僚、軍人の多数が中央政府から抜けてしまう恐れがある）とした西郷の言に恐怖した議長の三条が即時派遣を決定。
English: The councilors of opponents (pro-postponement) OKUBO, KIDO, OKUMA, OKI, submitted their letter of resignation, and the Udaijin (minister of the right) IWAKURA also offered his resignation.
Japanese: 反対（延期）派の参議である大久保、木戸、大隈、大木は辞表を提出、右大臣の岩倉も辞意を伝える。
English: They only needed to report it to the Emperor Meiji and ask for the imperial decision, but the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister) Sanetomi SANJO who was more than likely on the opponent side was taken with illness on the October 17, lapsed into a coma.
Japanese: 後は明治天皇に上奏し勅裁を仰ぐのみであったが、この事態にどちらかと言えば反対派であった太政大臣の三条実美が10月17日に倒れ、人事不省に陥る。
English: After IWAKURA took up the deputy of the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister) position based on Dajokan system, he tried to control the Meiji Emperor's intention.
Japanese: 太政官職制に基づき岩倉が太政大臣代理に就任すると、明治天皇の意思を拘束するためであった。
English: And on the October 23, IWAKURA submitted his written opinion that ask for postponement of dispatch SAIGIO as his "informal opinion" besides the written opinion of the cabinet approval.
Japanese: そして10月23日、岩倉は閣議決定の意見書とは別に「私的意見」として西郷派遣延期の意見書を提出。
English: Then, SAIGO submitted his letter of resignation on that day, and ITAGAKI, GOTO, ETO, SOEJIMA were submitted their letter of resignation on the following day, the October 24.
Japanese: そして西郷は当日、板垣、後藤、江藤、副島は翌10月24日に辞表を提出。
English: Besides, military men who agreed to the Seikanron, they didn't blame SAIGO who returned home without training the replacement of the downfall councilor, Konoe-totoku (Commander-in-Chief of the Inner Palace Guard) that was violation of law, instead, on the contrary, they encouraged only SAIGO to make a comeback to the government, and the large numbers of bureaucracies and military men who were close to ITAGAKI and GOTO were resentful at it and resigned.
Japanese: また征韓論に賛成する軍人、下野した参議近衛都督の引継ぎを行わないまま帰国した法令違反で西郷を咎めるどころか、逆に西郷に対してのみ政府への復帰を働きかけている事に憤慨して、板垣・後藤に近い官僚・軍人が大量に辞職した。
English: After this, Kaoru INOUE and Aritomo YAMAGATA who had been forced into downfall by Shinpei ETO made a comeback to the public position some time after SAIGO and ETO's resignation.
Japanese: この後、江藤新平によって失脚に追い込まれていた山縣有朋と井上馨は西郷、江藤らの辞任後しばらくしてから公職に復帰を果たす。
English: Because, the issue of diplomatic relations itself with Korea was unsolved, and there's a remains existence who was a Seikan-ha (supporters for subjugation of the Korea) like Masaharu IJICHI, and, in the imperial decision made by the emperor, it wasn't mentioned to "cancel" dispatching an envoy to Korea, but simply said to "postpone" it, and the reason they stated was only the problem with Russia that has been the most tangled at that time.
Japanese: なぜなら、朝鮮との国交問題そのものは未解決であること、伊地知正治のように征韓派でも政府に残留した者も存在すること、そして天皇の勅裁には朝鮮遣使を「中止」するとは書かれず、単に「延期」するとなっており、その理由も当時もっとも紛糾していたロシアとの問題のみを理由として掲げていたからである。
English: In fact, there is a possibility to read it to dispatch an envoy to Korea once again after they solved border issue with Russia.
Japanese: つまり、ロシアとの国境問題が解決した場合には、改めて朝鮮への遣使が行われるという解釈も成立する可能性があった。
English: And due to the conclusion of the Chishima-Karafuto Kokan Joyaku (the Treaty of Saint Petersburg), Seikan-ha who remained in the government started raising their voice to make an envoy's dispatch to Korea come true this time.
Japanese: そして、それは千島樺太交換条約の締結によって、政府内に残留した征韓派は今度こそ朝鮮遣使を実現するようにという意見を上げ始めたのである。
English: However, the debate to dispatch an envoy to Korea with a view of subjugation of the Korea died down due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Daewongun, instead, an official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Shigeru MORIYAMA (Later became Gaimu shojo who's post at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) was dispatched to Wakan (consular office) as a special envoy for restoring relations by pure diplomacy, and started to negotiate with the representatives of Korean government.
Japanese: ところが、台湾出兵の発生と大院君の失脚によって征韓を視野に入れた朝鮮遣使論は下火となり、代わりに純粋な外交による国交回復のための特使として外務省の担当官であった森山茂（後に外務少丞）が倭館に派遣され、朝鮮政府代表との交渉が行われることとなった。
English: The negotiation started in September 1874, once reached an agreement ("September Agreement") on the basic policy that restores practical level relationship and have an official negotiation to restore the diplomatic relation after a reasonable period of time, and then, finalize the details after gained approval from both governments on the policy.
Japanese: 1874年9月に開始された交渉は一旦は実務レベルの関係を回復して然るべき後に正式な国交を回復する交渉を行うという基本方針の合意が成立（「九月協定」）して、一旦両国政府からの方針の了承を得た後で細部の交渉をまとめるというものであった。
English: However, after Japanese side received a report from Moriyama who was coming back to home country for the time being, and while responding to the Osaka conference and the Saga War the Korea problem was left behind and postponed the approval for the "September Agreement", and Daewongun regained his strength, and the principle of excluding foreigners arose again in Korea.
Japanese: ところが、日本側が一旦帰国した森山からの報告を受けた後に、大阪会議や佐賀の乱への対応で朝鮮問題が後回しにされて「九月協定」への了承を先延ばしにしているうちに、朝鮮では大院君側が巻き返しが図られて再び攘夷論が巻き起こったのである。
English: For this reason, the secondary negotiation that was started in February 1875 to work out the details were arguing on different planes in every way.
Japanese: このため、翌1875年2月から始められた細部を詰めるための2次交渉は全く噛み合わない物になってしまった。
English: In addition, the negotiation was held in Busan distant from both capitals the Wakan located, and under the circumstances that the person in charge were unable to grasp the whole situation of their own government as well as other side's government, started blaming each other for violation of "September Agreement" mutually, and then, it was broken off in June.
Japanese: しかも交渉は双方の首都から離れた倭館のある釜山で開かれ、相手側政府の状況は勿論、担当者が自国政府の状況も十分把握できない状況下で交渉が行われたために相互ともに相手側が「九月協定」の合意内容を破ったと非難を始めて、6月には決裂した。
English: Meanwhile, the attention of the Japanese government and domestic public opinion shifted to the issues that related to the Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and establishment of constitutional system, and gradually former Seikan-ha were losing their interest on Korean issues.
Japanese: 一方、日本政府と国内世論は士族反乱や立憲制確立を巡る議論に注目が移り、かつての征韓派も朝鮮問題への関心を失いつつあった。
English: For this reason, they required to pull the special envoy Moriyama out of Korea on August 27, and decided to see how it works for a time.
Japanese: このため、8月27日に森山特使に引上げを命じて当面様子見を行うことが決定したのである。
English: Soon after that, Ganghwa Island incident has arisen, and the negotiation between Japan and Korea entered a new stage.
Japanese: その直後に江華島事件が発生、日朝交渉は新たな段階を迎えることになる。
English: In this way, they set a precedent that the emperor's intention surpasses the official decision.
Japanese: またこれにより、天皇の意思が政府の正式決定に勝るという前例が出来上がってしまった。
English: The dangerous aspect of it is the political decision-making can be possible for someone who get possession of emperor, for example, if someone who insinuated oneself into the emperor establish unreasonable regulations in the name of the emperor, there's possibility that it can become effective directly.
Japanese: これの危険な点は、例えば天皇に取り入った者が天皇の名を借りて実状にそぐわない法令をだしても、そのまま施行されてしまうという危険性があるというように、天皇を個人的に手に入れた者が政策の意思決定が可能な点にある。
English: And, the emergence of the conservatives in the imperial court centered on the Jiho (an aide) that formed right after the Seinan War brought that possibility into reality.
Japanese: そして、西南戦争直後に形成された侍補を中心とする宮中保守派の台頭がその可能性を現実のものとした。
English: Hirobumi ITO and his colleagues realized that risk, and tried to deify the emperor when they legislate the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, to "enshrine the emperor in the Shinto altar" makes third party incapable of participating easily, and legally suppressed the authority of the emperor.
Japanese: その危険性に気づいた伊藤博文らは大日本帝国憲法制定時に天皇の神格化を図り、「神棚に祭る」ことで第三者が容易に関与できないようにし、合法的に天皇権限を押さえ込んだ。
English: Iwakura Mission was a delegation which was dispatched to the United States of America and European countries from Japan between December 23, 1871 and September 13, 1873.
Japanese: 岩倉使節団（いわくらしせつだん）とは明治4年11月12日(旧暦)（1871年12月23日）から明治6年（1873年）9月13日まで、日本からアメリカ合衆国、ヨーロッパ諸国に派遣された使節団である。
English: It consisted of a total 107 people including the highest ranks of government and students with Tomomi IWAKURA as seishi (senior envoy).
Japanese: 岩倉具視を正使とし、政府のトップや留学生を含む総勢107名で構成された。
English: They left Yokohama Port by ship in 1871, landing on San Francisco.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）に横浜港を船で出発し、サンフランシスコに上陸。
English: They visited the European countries after crossing the continent of the United States of America and visiting Washington, D.C.
Japanese: アメリカ大陸を横断しワシントンD.C.を訪問した後、ヨーロッパへ渡り各国を訪問した。
English: They visited as many as 12 countries in Europe which were Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Italy and Switzerland.
Japanese: ヨーロッパでの訪問国は、イギリス・フランス・ベルギー・オランダ・ドイツ・ロシア・デンマーク・スウェーデン・オーストリア・イタリア・スイスの12カ国に上る。
English: They also visited Asian countries on their way back, however, they didn't stay in these countries longer than in European countries.
Japanese: 帰途はアジア各国への訪問も行われたがこれはヨーロッパでの滞在に比べれば短いものであった。
English: While they were away, Japanese government without them called Rusu-seifu (government while heads of government are away) had a debate over Japan's dispatching of troops to Korea, Seikanron, which led to political changes in 1873 after the delegation returned.
Japanese: 留守政府では朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論が争われ、使節の帰国後に明治6年の政変に至る。
English: Originally,a small delegation was to be dispatched,based on the idea of Shigenobu OKUMA, however, it was changed to be a big one due to political agendas.
Japanese: 元々大隈重信の発案による小規模な使節団を派遣する予定であったが、政治的思惑などから大規模なものとなる。
English: Although it was unusual for senior government members to leave the government and travel abroad for a long period of time, they are believed to have done so on the basis that it would enable them to directly experience Western civilization and thought, which had a great impact on them.
Japanese: 政府のトップが長期間政府を離れ外遊するというのは異例であるが、直に西洋文明や思想に触れたという経験が彼らに与えた影響は評価される。
English: The returned students contributed greatly to Japan's civilization and enlightenment serving in various fields such as politics, economics, education and culture.
Japanese: 留学生も帰国後に政治、経済、教育、文化など様々な分野で活躍し、日本の文明開化に大きく貢献した。
English: On the other hand, they caused political problems such as a conflict with Rusu-seifu due to their attempt to negotiate for treaty revision which was beyond their authority, long delay of their return from overseas and a quarrel between Kido and Okubo, which became the subject of the kyoka (comic ［satirical］ tanka) that went like this, 'Failed in signing a treaty, threw out money, how can you explain to the world.'
Japanese: しかし一方では権限を越えて条約改正交渉を行おうとしたことによる留守政府との摩擦、外遊期間の大幅な延期、木戸と大久保の不仲などの政治的な問題を引き起こし「条約は結び損い金は捨て世間へ大使何と岩倉」と狂歌の題材にされた。
English: Most members of the delegation had danpatsu (brobbed hair) and dressed in Western style, however, Iwakura wore the topknot and dressed in wafuku (Japanese traditional clothes) when he crossed the sea.
Japanese: 使節団のほとんどは断髪・洋装であったが、岩倉は髷と和服という姿で渡洋した。
English: He did it because he was proud of Japanese culture, however, he cut off the topknot in Chicago after his son Tomosada IWAKURA, who were studying in America, and others persuaded him that Japan would be insulted as an uncivilized country.
Japanese: 日本の文化に対して誇りを持っていたためであったがアメリカに留学していた子の岩倉具定らに「未開の国と侮りを受ける」と説得され、シカゴで断髪。
English: To have preliminary negotiations to revise the unequal treaty (treaty revision) which had been signed between foreign countries and Japan in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期に諸外国と結ばれた不平等条約の改正（条約改正）のための予備交渉
English: Taiho Ritsuryo refers to the Japanese Ritsuryo codes established in the beginning of the eighth century.
Japanese: 大宝律令（たいほうりつりょう）は、8世紀初頭に制定された日本の律令である。
English: It is believed that Eiki Ritsurei (the Ritsuryo code that was established in Tang Dynasty in 651) of Tang was referred to.
Japanese: 唐の永徽律令（えいきりつれい、651年制定）を参考にしたと考えられている。
English: Taiho Ritsuryo were the first full-fledged Ritsuryo codes in the Japanese history, which Ritsu (criminal code) and Ryo (administrative code) were both contained.
Japanese: 大宝律令は、日本史上初めて律と令がそろって成立した本格的な律令である。
English: In the same year, the Emperor Tenmu issued Mikotonori (imperial edict) ordering the establishment of Ritsuryo codes, and in 689 after the Emperor Tenmu died, Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of Japanese ancient state) was distributed and established.
Japanese: 同年、天武天皇により律令制定を命ずる詔が発令され、天武没後の689年（持統3年6月）に飛鳥浄御原令が頒布・制定された。
English: However, such Ryo was a pioneering Ritsuryo law, contained no Ritsu, and did not conform to the state of affairs in Japan in many parts.
Japanese: ただし、この令は先駆的な律令法であり、律を伴っておらず、また日本の国情に適合しない部分も多くあった。
English: The work of compiling the Ritsuryo codes was also continued after that, and a particularly big issue was how to conform to the conditions of a country of Japan.
Japanese: その後も律令編纂の作業が続けられ、特に日本の国情へいかに適合させるかが大きな課題とされていた。
English: And in 700, Ryo was almost completed, and the work to create uncreated articles of Ritsu was conducted, and then, on September 13, 701, the Ritsuryo codes were completed as Taiho Ritsuryo.
Japanese: そして、700年（文武4年）に令がほぼ完成し、残った律の条文作成が行われ、701年（大宝(日本)元年8月3日(旧暦)）、大宝律令として完成した。
English: Osakabe no Miko (Prince Osakabe), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, AWATA no Mahito, SHIMOTUKENU no Komaro were engaged in the selection of the Ritsu and Ryo.
Japanese: 律令選定に携わったのは、忍壁皇子・藤原不比等・粟田真人・下毛野古麻呂らである。
English: In order to enforce the Taiho Ritsuryo across the country without exception, on September 18, 701, the imperial court dispatched the Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo system) to six Do (districts) except for Saikaido, and let them lecture on the new codes.
Japanese: 大宝律令を全国一律に施行するため、同年（大宝元年8月8日）、朝廷は明法博士を西海道以外の6道に派遣して、新令を講義させた。
English: On March 7, the following 702, the Emperor Monmu distributed Taiho Ritsu to those provinces, and on November 12, 702, he distributed Taiho Ritsuryo to the provinces.
Japanese: 翌702年（大宝2年2月1日(旧暦)）、文武天皇は大宝律を諸国へ頒布し、10月14日(旧暦)には大宝律令を諸国に頒布した。
English: The enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo was an epoch-making event in the ancient history, which showed that a project of constructing an ancient nation which had been continued after the defeat in the war for the restoration of Baekje in the 660s, reached one of the goals.
Japanese: 大宝律令の施行は、660年代の百済復興戦争での敗戦以降、積み重ねられてきた古代国家建設事業が一つの到達点に至ったことを表す古代史上の画期的な事件であった。
English: A theory that the name of the country was decided as Japan in Taiho Ritsuryo for the first time has been advocated.
Japanese: 大宝律令において初めて日本国号が定められたとする説も唱えられている。
English: In and after the latter half of the seventh century, under the tense international circumstances in East Asia such as the fall of Baekje and so on, Wakoku (Japan) intended to stabilize the government and keep the independence as a nation by promoting the centralization.
Japanese: 7世紀後半以降、百済の滅亡など緊迫する東アジアの国際情勢の中で、倭国は中央集権化を進めることで、政権を安定させ、国家としての独立を保とうとした。
English: Therefore, the government at that time promoted the national development based on Odo omin shiso (the thought that all the land and people belong to the emperor), through the establishment of Omi-Ryo (Omi Administrative Code), Asukakiyomihararyo and so on, while referring to the governing system in Tang and Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: そのため、近江令、飛鳥浄御原令を制定するなど、当時の政権は、唐・朝鮮半島の統治制度を参照しながら、王土王民思想に基づく国家づくりを進めていった。
English: The governing and control under the Taiho Ritsuryo almost equally extended to the territories (most parts of Honshu [the main island of Japan] except for the Tohoku region, and most parts of Shikoku region and Kyushu region) that had been ruled by the government at that time.
Japanese: 大宝律令による統治・支配は、当時の政権が支配していた領域（東北地方を除く本州、四国、九州の大部分）にほぼ一律的に及ぶこととなった。
English: Taiho Ritsuryo was compiled aiming at the realization of government according to the Ritsuryo codes which conformed to the state of affairs in Japan.
Japanese: 大宝律令は、日本の国情に合致した律令政治の実現を目指して編纂された。
English: Ritsu' consisting of 6 volumes which was equivalent to a criminal law followed Toritsu (codes in the Tang era) almost as it was, but 'Ryo' consisting of 11 volumes which was equivalent to a present-day administrative law and the Civil Code was compiled by amending Torei (codes in the Tang era) so as to conform to actual conditions of Japanese society while following it.
Japanese: 刑法にあたる6巻の「律（りつ）」はほぼ唐律をそのまま導入しているが、現代の行政法および民法などにあたる11巻の「令（りょう）」は唐令に倣いつつも日本社会の実情に則して改変されている。
English: The establishment of these Ritsuryo codes brought about the formation of fully centralized governing system, which centered on the emperor and set a bureaucratic organization of Japanese government-regulated organization or facility, etc. (Nikan of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] and Jingikan [department of worship], and Hassho [eight ministries and agencies] of Nakatsukasasho [Ministry of Central Affairs], Shikubusho [Ministry of Ceremonial], Jibusho [the Ministry of Civil Administration], Minbusho [Ministry of Popular Affairs], Okurasho [Ministry of the Treasure], Gyobusho [Ministry of Justice], Kunaisho [Ministry of the Sovereign's Household] and Hyobusho [Ministry of Military]), as the bone structure.
Japanese: この律令の制定によって、天皇を中心とし、日本の官制（太政官・神祇官の二官、中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・大蔵省・刑部省・宮内省・兵部省の八省）の官僚機構を骨格に据えた本格的な中央集権統治体制が成立した。
English: A document-based principle, attaching importance to the format of documents and procedures was introduced, which gave regulations such as using only the era name in the documents handled by government offices, affixing seals, accepting only the documents created in accordance with the predetermined format, and so on.
Japanese: 役所で取り扱う文書には元号を使うこと、印鑑を押すこと、定められた形式に従って作成された文書以外は受理しないこと等々の、文書と手続きの形式を重視した文書主義が導入された。
English: With respect to the local bureaucratic system in ancient Japan, those units including Koku (province), Gun (country), Ri (neighborhood) and so on were determined.
Japanese: また古代日本の地方官制については、国・郡・里などの単位が定められていた。
English: Kokushi (provincial governor) dispatched from the central government were given substantial authority, while Gunji (local magistrates) whose position was occupied by powerful local clans were also given a certain level of authority.
Japanese: 中央政府から派遣される国司には多大な権限を与える一方、地方豪族がその職を占めていた郡司にも一定の権限が認められていた。
English: The original of Taiho Ritsuryo does not exist now, but partly remains in other literature such as Ryono Shuge koki (ancient records compiled personal opinion of each clan which were comments on Yoro-ryo, Yoro Code) as itsubun (a composition previously existed but doesn't exist now).
Japanese: 大宝律令の原文は現存しておらず、一部が逸文として、令集解古記などの他文献に残存している。
English: It is believed that the Yoro Ritsuryo Code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) enforced in 757 mostly succeeded the Taiho Ritsuryo, and the restoration of Taiho Ritsuryo was conducted based on the Yoro Ritsuryo Code.
Japanese: 757年に施行された養老律令はおおむね大宝律令を継承しているとされており、養老律令を元にして大宝律令の復元が行われている。
English: It is considered that, the order of the chapter headings differed between the Taiho-ryo and the Yoro-ryo, but the order of the chapter headings of the Taiho-ryo is unclear.
Japanese: 大宝令と養老令の編目の順序は異なっていたと考えられているが、大宝令の編目順序は明らかでない。
English: The naginata jutsu is a Japanese martial art using a long-handled sword called naginata which originated in Heian period.
Japanese: 薙刀術（なぎなたじゅつ）は日本固有の長柄武器である平安時代から伝わる薙刀を使用する日本武術である。