nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: During the Honnoji Incident in 1582, Katahide and his son Ujisato GAMO ushered the families of the wives and concubines of Nobunaga ODA into the castle.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）、本能寺の変が起こった時には、賢秀とその子蒲生氏郷は織田信長の妻妾一族をこの城に迎え入れた。
English: The clan of Nagamasa ICHIHASHI set up residence in the ruin of Nakano Castle, and it remained as Nishoji Jinya until the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 元和6年（1620年）市橋長政が中野城跡に陣屋を構え仁正寺藩の陣屋として明治維新まで続いた。
English: Among several branches of the Mitoya clan, the most famous one is the Mitoya clan, which claimed descent from a branch of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto line descended from Emperor Seiwa), a MINAMOTO no Mitsuyoshi line, Shinano Genji, and which bore the name of Mitoya after they settled in Izumo Province.
Japanese: 清和源氏源満快信濃源氏一族を称した三刀屋氏が有名で、この一族は出雲国に住した後に三刀屋を名字とする。
English: MINAMOTO no Tametomo, great grandson of Mitsuyoshi, went down to Shinano as Governor of Shinano Province, where his son, Tamesuke INA, who took the family name of Ina, became the progenitor of Shinano-Genji.
Japanese: 満快の曾孫である源為公が信濃国守として信濃に下り、伊那を名字とした子の伊那為扶が信濃源氏の祖となった。
English: Sachisuke, grandson of Tamesuke, bore the name of SUWABE, whose descendant was hired as a manager and lord of manor in the Mitoya-go district in Iiishi-gun County of Izumo Province and moved to Izumo, and took the placename Mitoya as his family name, which was considered to be the beginning of the Mitoya clan.
Japanese: 為扶の孫幸扶は諏訪部幸扶と名乗り、その子孫が出雲国飯石郡の三刀屋郷の地頭職を得て出雲に入り、地名の三刀屋を名字としたことが三刀屋氏の始まりとされる。
English: Sukenaga SUWABE, who worked hard in the Jokyu War on the side of the feudal government headed by a shogun, was hired as the manager and lord of manor in Mitoya-go district and travelled there in 1221.
Japanese: 承久の乱で幕府側として活躍した諏訪部助長は承久3年（1221年）に三刀屋郷の地頭職を与えられ下向した。
English: In the middle of the Kamakura period, as the Hojo clan's power grew even larger, many immediate vassal of the shogun went down to the provinces where they owned territories.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期になると北条氏の権力が増大し、多くの鎌倉御家人が所領のある地方へと下向した時期である。
English: Most of the clans, who later accomplished territorial lords during the period of Warring States and warlords, went down to the provinces during this period (for example, the Mori clan and the Yoshikawa clan).
Japanese: 後に戦国大名や武将として活躍した一族はほとんどがこの時代に地方へと下向している（例毛利氏、吉川氏など）。
English: The Mitoya clan, which was not an exception to this trend, prepared for the forthcoming period of Warring States headquartered in Mitoya-go district in Izumo Province.
Japanese: 三刀屋氏もこの例に漏れず、出雲国三刀屋郷を本拠とし、来たるべき戦国時代に備えたのである。
English: In 1335 after the Kenmu Restoration, when Takauji ASHIKAGA raised, in Kamakura, his standard of establishment of samurai government, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA urged Sukeshige MITOYA, the head of Mitoya clan, to send an army.
Japanese: 建武の新政の後の建武(日本)2年（1335年）、足利尊氏が武家政権の樹立を目指して鎌倉にて挙兵すると、足利直義から三刀屋氏当主三刀屋扶重に軍勢を催促されている。
English: As Takasada ENYA, the military governor of Izumo Province, took the side of Takauji ASHIKAGA, Sukeshige also belonged to the side of Takauji and fought in the north central region where he participated in the battle of reducing Kanagasakijo Castle as well as suppressing of Akiie KITABATAKE in Mino Province in 1337.
Japanese: 出雲国守護の塩冶高貞も足利尊氏に味方、扶重も尊氏方に属し、延元2年/建武4年（1337年）には北陸方面で戦い、金ヶ崎城攻略戦や美濃国での北畠顕家への押さえに当たった。
English: When Takasada ENYA was defeated by a rebellion afterward, Mitoya clan came under the umbrella of the influential Yamana clan.
Japanese: その後、塩冶高貞は謀反により討伐されると、三刀屋氏は勢力を伸ばしてきた山名氏の傘下に入った。
English: During the Meitoku War started by Mitsuyuki YAMANA in 1391, the Mitoya clan seceded from the Yamana clan and participated in the punitive force against it under the command of the government headed by a shogun.
Japanese: 明徳2年（1391年）の山名満幸の明徳の乱では山名氏の傘下を離れ、幕府の指示に従って、山名氏討伐に傘下している。
English: After the Yamana clan perished, the Mitoya clan raised the army with Takanori KYOGOKU, who became the new shugo, and defeated the remnants of Yamana clan.
Japanese: 山名氏の没落後は新たに守護となった京極高詮に従い、山名氏残党討伐を行っている。
English: Thereafter, the Mitoya clan became the vassal of the Kyogoku clan and was strongly influenced by the Amago clan, the deputy provincial constable.
Japanese: その後は京極氏の家臣となり、守護代の尼子氏の強い影響を受けるようになった。
English: During the Onin War broke out in 1467, as Mochikiyo KYOGOKU, the constable in Izumo Province, took Hosokawa's side, Tadasuke MITOYA went to Kyoto and fought Yoshikado SHIBA, which was on Yamana's side.
Japanese: 応仁元年（1467年）から始まる応仁の乱では出雲国守護京極持清は細川方に組し、三刀屋忠扶も上洛して山名方の斯波義廉と戦っている。
English: Meanwhile in Izumo Province, shugodai Kiyosada AMAGO had suppressed local rebellions to grow as influential as the Kyogoku clan, its master's house.
Japanese: その頃出雲国では守護代の尼子清定が各地の反乱を鎮圧し、主家の京極氏をしのぐほど権力を持つようになった。
English: In 1484, the bakufu commanded that the punitive force be dispatched against Tsunehisa AMAGO, which was joined by the Mitoya clan.
Japanese: 文明(日本)16年（1484年）には幕府により尼子経久追討の命令が下り、三刀屋氏もこれに加わった。
English: When Tsunehisa AMAGO, who was once under house arrest, rose again by stratagem, Tadasuke returned his allegiance to Tsunehisa AMAGO.
Japanese: 一度は蟄居を余儀なくされた尼子経久が謀略をもって再起すると、忠扶は尼子経久に帰順した。
English: In 1507, together with the Amago clan, the Mitoya clan joined the army for Kyoto headed by Yoshinori OUCHI who served the previous shogun, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, but Tsunehisa AMAGO returned home earlier than others from the battle in Kyoto which had been drawn into a war, began invading Ouchi's territory where Yoshinori was absent for the war, starting their confrontation with the Ouchi clan.
Japanese: 永正4年（1507年）に前将軍足利義稙を奉じた大内義興の上洛軍に、尼子氏ともども三刀屋氏も従ったが、泥沼の戦いを続ける京の戦乱よりいち早く帰国した尼子経久は義興不在の大内領への侵略を開始、大内氏との全面的な対立が始まった。
English: Yorisuke MITOYA fought on successive fronts through Iwami Province to Aki Province following Tsunehisa AMAGO and achieved meritoriious services on the field of battle.
Japanese: 三刀屋頼扶は、尼子経久に従って石見国・安芸国を転戦し、多くの軍功を挙げた。
English: In 1540, the Amago clan raised an army to defeat Motonari MORI, who had expanded the sphere of influence in Aki Province.
Japanese: 天文(日本)9年（1540年）、安芸国で勢力を拡大していた毛利元就を征伐するため尼子氏は軍を起こした。
English: During the Yoshida Koriyamajo Castle War, Hisasuke participated as a warlord on the side of the Amago clan, but was soundly defeated and fled to Izumo.
Japanese: この吉田郡山城の戦いでは久扶も尼子方の武将として参加したが、散々の敗北を喫し、出雲へと逃げ帰った。
English: The Mitoya clan surrendered to the Ouchi clan, and then, after the war of Gassantodajo Castle, again served the Amago clan.
Japanese: その後三刀屋氏は大内氏に降るが、月山富田城の戦い以降、再度尼子氏に従った。
English: Together with Haruhisa AMAGO, the Mitoya clan had several battles against the Mori clan, which inherited Ouchi's territory, but during the time of Yoshihisa AMAGO, Hisasuke surrendered to the Mori clan together with Tamekiyo MISAWA.
Japanese: 尼子晴久に従って、大内氏の所領を受け継いだ毛利氏と度々戦ったが、尼子義久の時代になると、久扶は三沢為清とともに毛利氏に降った。
English: When the Mori clan began invading Izumo in 1562, Mitoyajjo Castle served as the base for war supplies for the Mori force, as the castle was a strategic point connecting the place in the shade of the mountain and the south side of the mountain.
Japanese: 永禄5年（1562年）に毛利氏が出雲への侵攻を開始すると、三刀屋城は山陰と山陽を結ぶ要地であったため、毛利軍の兵站の拠点となった。
English: Accordingly, the Mitoya clan was attacked by the Amago clan, but fought off the Amago forces with reinforcements by Takaie SHISHIDO and Takamichi YAMAUCHI.
Japanese: そのため尼子氏の攻撃を受けたが、宍戸隆家や山内隆通の援軍を得て尼子軍を撃退した。
English: Again in 1563, the Amago clan ordered Hisakane UYAMA, Yoshikiyo USHIO, and Hisatsuna TACHIHARA to attack the Mitoyajo Castle, but were fought off.
Japanese: 翌永禄6年（1563年）にも、尼子方は宇山久兼・牛尾幸清・立原久綱らに三刀屋城を攻撃させたが、退けている。
English: In 1565, the Mitoya clan took part in the attack on the Gassantodajo Castle, which was the main castle of Amago clan, responsile for occupying the Sugaya-guchi entrance together with the Takakage KOBAYAKAWA's army.
Japanese: そして永禄8年（1565年）の尼子氏の本城である月山富田城の攻撃にも小早川隆景軍に従って菅谷口の攻略を担当した。
English: After the Amago clan collapesed, the army for restoring the Amago clan headed by those including Yukimori YAMANAKA began to operate actively in Izumo Province.
Japanese: 尼子氏滅亡後、出雲国では山中幸盛らによる尼子再興軍の活動が活発化した。
English: Hisasuke did not participate in the restoration army, and presented written vows to Motoharu KIKKAWA to show that he harbored no treacherous designs.
Japanese: 久扶は再興軍に参加することなく、吉川元春に起請文を提出して異心無きことを示した。
English: In 1573, he was involved in appointing the head priest of the Tendai sect and was granted the rights of using the things including the felt saddle-blanke) and the bag for keeping a bow by the Emperor Ogimachi.
Japanese: 天正元年（1573年）には天台座主補任問題にも関わり、正親町天皇より毛氈鞍覆弓袋などの使用許可を受けている。
English: He also participated in the Battle of Kozukijo Castle in 1578 and witnessed the end of the Amago clan.
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）の上月城の戦いにも参加し、尼子氏の最期を見届けた。
English: When the Mori clan became subordinate to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had seized power after the death of Nobunaga ODA, Hisasuke was ordered to participate in the project to unify the country, which was headed by Hideyoshi and fought on successive fronts across Kyushu.
Japanese: 織田信長の死後に権力を掌握した豊臣秀吉に毛利氏が従属すると、久扶も秀吉の天下統一事業に狩り出され、九州各地を転戦している。
English: Hisasuke met Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in 1586 when he attended Terumoto MORI, Hiroie KIKKAWA, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA as they visited Kyoto; that raised Terumoto MORI's suspicions about Hisasuke MITOYA, who was expelled from the land of Izumo.
Japanese: 天正14年（1586年）に毛利輝元、吉川広家、小早川隆景の上洛に従い、その際に徳川家康に面会したことが毛利輝元の疑心を生み、三刀屋久扶は出雲の地を追放される。
English: Since no documents proving that Hisasuke visited Kyoto or met Ieyasu exists, Hisasuke was supposed to be expelled by Terumoto, who had strengthened control over his retainers and had ambitions to own Mitoya which was a strategic point.
Japanese: だが上洛も家康面会の資料も存在せず、事実は家中の統制を強めていた輝元により、要地でもある三刀屋を我が物とするべく追放されたと思われる。
English: Although Ieyasu TOKUGAWA invited Hisasuke to enter government service for 8,000 koku, Hisasuke declined the offer; and he died in Yokkaichi, Kyoto.
Japanese: 徳川家康が8,000石で仕官を勧めたが、久扶はこれを断わり京都四日市で死去したとされる。
English: Takasuke MITOYA, the legitimate son of Hisasuke, served the Mori clan and fought in Korea in the Mori's force during the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 久扶の嫡男三刀屋孝扶は毛利氏に仕えており、文禄・慶長の役では毛利軍に属して朝鮮で戦った。
English: Takasuke was short of recovering his fief Mitoya, and left the Mori clan to be a vassal of the Hosokawa clan; during the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he joined the army locking itself up in Tanabejo Castle in Tango Province and where he provided exemplary service.
Japanese: しかし、本領である三刀屋の回復には至らず、毛利氏を退去して細川氏に仕え、慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いでは丹後国田辺城(丹後国)籠城に加わり活躍した。
English: Sukeaki, son of Takasuke MITOYA, returned his family name to the original Suwabe, which was the end of the Mitoya clan.
Japanese: 三刀屋孝扶の子扶明は、名字を三刀屋から本姓の諏訪部氏に戻し、三刀屋氏は終焉を迎えた。
English: Onmyo hakase was a teaching position created at the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 陰陽博士（おんみょうはかせ）は、律令制で陰陽寮に設置された教官の1つ。
English: It is because two Onmyo hakase, OTSU no Obito and TSUMORI no Toru, appeared in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) in its entry about the year 721.
Japanese: それは『続日本紀』養老5年（721年）に大津首・津守通の両名が陰陽博士として登場しているためである。
English: In 730, in a bid to enhance the Onmyoryo, scholarships were given to three of the onmyo no sho as onmyo tokugyo no sho (onmyo students).
Japanese: だが、天平2年（730年）に陰陽寮強化の一環としてうち3名を陰陽得業生として給費する。
English: The textbooks they used were books classified as Shibu-gogyo, such as "Shinsen Onmyosho," "Kotei kingi kyo," "Gogyo Taigi," "Zhou Yi" (I Ching (Book of Changes)) and "Nangi."
Japanese: 教科書としては、子部五行類の『新撰陰陽書』・『黄帝金匱経』・『五行大義』・『周易』・『難儀』などが用いられた。
English: From the Nara period to the early Heian period, the position was hereditary in the Otsu, Yuge and Shigeoka clans.
Japanese: 奈良時代から平安時代初期にかけては、大津氏・弓削氏・滋岳氏などが、世業としていた。
English: Rekido is the ancient Japanese study of calendar-making.
Japanese: 暦道（れきどう）とは、古代日本における暦を作成するための学問（暦学）のことである。
English: "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) states that a reki hakase (master of reki (calendar)) had come to Japan from Paekche during the era of the Emperor Kinmei.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には、欽明天皇の時代に百済の暦博士が来日した記事が記されている。
English: However, the study of the calendar didn't take root in Japan until the twelfth year of the Empress Suiko (602), when the priest Kanroku came to Japan from Paekche.
Japanese: しかし、本格的な暦学の伝来は推古天皇12年（602年）の百済僧・観勒の来日による。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the task of preparing the calendar based on the observations of the sun and moon was carried out by the Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.) instead of the Daigaku-ryo (the Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 律令制においては、大学寮ではなくて陰陽寮の管轄とされ、太陽・月を観測して暦を作成することが規定された。
English: This limited the application of rekido to a few tasks, such as the writing of rekichu (various information recorded in the almanac), the making of shichiyoreki (calendar of the seven luminaries) and chuseireki (chusei calendar), and the prediction of solar eclipses.
Japanese: そのため、暦道は毎年の暦注の記入と暦の頒布（具注暦）、七曜暦・中星暦の作成や日食の予測に限定された。
English: In a bid to reverse the situation, various programs got underway in 730, including the establishment of a scholarship program that offered financial aid to two reki tokugyo no sho (reki students) chosen from among the excellent reki no sho.
Japanese: このため、天平2年（730年）より暦生のうち優秀者2名を暦得業生として給費を行うなどの措置を取った。
English: The textbooks they used included 暦律志, such as "Kanjo"(historical records of the Han Dynasty) and "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty), commentaries for the adopted calendar ("Daienrekigi" (annotation book of the calendar), "Senmyorekikyo" (annotation book of the calendar)), and other books such as "Teitenron" (annotation book of the calendar) and "Shuhisankei" (a mathematics book from ancient China).
Japanese: 教科書としては『漢書』・『晋書』の暦律志や採用されている暦の注釈書（『大衍暦議』・『宣明暦経』）、『定天論』・『周髀算経』などが用いられた。
English: Additionally, they used the textbooks of sando (study of mathematics) such as "Kyushosanjutsu" (the oldest mathematics book in China) and "Rokusho."
Japanese: その他、算道の教科書である『九章算術』・『六章』などの数学書も用いられている。
English: It is believed that they referred to "Daito Onmyosho" (the book of yin and yang in the Tang era) and other books in order to write rekichu.
Japanese: また、暦注の記載に関しては『大唐陰陽書』などを参照したとされている。
English: This boosted the popularity of guchureki (annotated calendar), which included rekichu showing a taboo direction for each day.
Japanese: そのため、それらを知るための暦注が含まれた具注暦への需要が高まった。
English: Therefore, rekido, which was originally a scientific study of the calendar, began to take on the flavor of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang, an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements).
Japanese: このため、次第に暦道も科学的な暦学から陰陽道的な色を帯びたものに変質していくことになる。
English: In the mid-Heian period, rekido became the hereditary learning of the Kamo clan since the astrologer, KAMO no Yasunori, initiated his son, KAMO no Mitsuyoshi.
Japanese: 平安時代中期の賀茂保憲が子の賀茂光栄に伝授して以後、賀茂氏の家学となる。
English: Concerned about a decline in the success rate of solar eclipse prediction, the KAMO no Yasunori asked Nichien, a priest of the Tendai sect who was studying in Wu-yueh, to bring back the futenreki (the Futian calendar table) and then tried to use it.
Japanese: 保憲は日食予想の成功率の低下などを憂慮して呉越に留学していた日延（天台宗）に依頼して持ち帰らせた符天暦の採用を図った。
English: Consequently, after KAMO no Mitsuyoshi, the Kamo clan pretended to adopt only the Senmyo calendar in the eyes of the public, while in secret they also used the futenreki.
Japanese: そのため、光栄以後は表面上は宣明暦を掲げながら、秘かに符天暦も併用した。
English: Initially, scholars of rekido and sukuyodo collaborated to make a calendar (according to an entry in "Shoyuki" (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated August 30, 1015).
Japanese: 当初、暦道と宿曜道が共同して暦を作成していた時期もあった（『小右記』長和4年7月8日条）。
English: However, in about 1038 a conflict arose between them, and the scholars of sukuyodo began criticizing those of rekido (according to an entry in "Shunki (Spring Tale)" dated December 31, 1038).
Japanese: しかし、長暦2年（1038年）頃に両者の対立から宿曜道側が暦道の批判に回ったという（『春記』長暦2年11月27日条）。
English: It was the custom of the day to manipulate the calendar in order to pretend that 'sakutan toji' came or did not come regardless of the cycle of celestial bodies (which is called 'kaireki').
Japanese: 更に当時の風習として、「朔旦冬至」の到来や回避を行うため、天体の動きとは無関係に人為的な暦の調整（「改暦」）が行われた。
English: (When the winter solstice happens to be the first day of November (in the old lunar calendar) once in 20 years, it is called sakuten toji.)
Japanese: （「朔旦冬至」とは19年周期の最初の年に11月1日(旧暦)が冬至となること。)
English: Cunningly cheating the system of the futenreki (the Futian calendar table), they concocted a fake Chijun-ho (a calendar technique of setting a leap month and leap day) while insisting that they were following kuden (oral instructions) or secret teachings they had inherited.
Japanese: 符天暦の仕組を巧に用いて「口伝・秘伝」と称して本来あり得ない置閏法の設定などをした。
English: Thus they manipulated the calendar in secret (which raised the possibility that solar eclipses and summer and winter solstices would not occur according to the forecasts).
Japanese: そのように暦を作成して極秘に調整した（日食や夏至・冬至の予定が狂う可能性が高くなる）。
English: These acts of the rekido scholars came under fire from the scholars of sando (study of mathematics) and sukuyodo (the astrology brought as part of Esoteric Buddhism).
Japanese: このような暦道の振舞いに対して算道・宿曜道側からの激しい攻撃を受けた。
English: After the Kamakura era, the status of rekido further declined through the advent of the Kana-goyomi calendar (a calendar written in the Japanese syllabaries, or kana) and the Minkan-reki calendar.
Japanese: 更に鎌倉時代以後には仮名暦・民間暦も登場した事によりその地位は大きく低下する事となる。
English: However, after the extinction of the Kadenokoji family line, the direct descendant of the Kamo clan, the Tsuchimikado family (the main branch of the Abe clan), became the leading figure in rekido and forced the Kotokui family, a branch family of the Kamo clan, to come under their control.
Japanese: しかし、賀茂氏の嫡流である勘解由小路家の断絶により、土御門家(安倍氏)が暦道の主導権を握り、賀茂氏の庶流幸徳井家を圧迫して傘下に加えた。
English: They also gained control over Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) and koyomi-shi (calendar makers) throughout the country, which enabled them to acquire the right to charge myogakin (money to dedicate) for the sales of their calendars.
Japanese: 更に全国の陰陽師・暦師を傘下に加えて暦の販売に関して冥加金を取り立てる権限を獲得した。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, however, the Onmyoryo was abolished and the Tokyo astronomical observatory replaced rekido in all matters relating to the calendar.
Japanese: だが、明治維新後に陰陽寮が廃止され、暦道に代わって東京天文台が暦に関する業務を行うようになる。
English: Tenmondo (ancient horoscopy) is an ancient study involving the observation and recording of unusual astronomical phenomena (extraordinary astronomical events/extraordinary natural phenomena) and investigation of their effects on the Earth.
Japanese: 天文道（てんもんどう）とは、天文現象の異常（天文異変/天変現象）を観測・記録し、その地上への影響について研究する古代の学問。
English: While it was equivalent to present-day astronomy, it was closer to astrology and was far from a science.
Japanese: 今日で言う天文学に相当するが、内容的には占星術の色合いが強く、科学とは程遠いものであった。
English: Astronomy as a science with the aim of seeking rational regularity was established in Japan only after Western astronomy was introduced in the Edo period.
Japanese: 天文現象に合理的な規則性を求める科学としての天文学の日本における成立は江戸時代の西洋天文学の伝来以後である。
English: Because of this, in the Meiji period, astronomers who knew the difference between the two tried to translate the English or German word 'Astronomy' into terms other than 'tenmon (gaku/do)', such as "seigaku (study of stars)".
Japanese: このため、両者の違いを知る天文学者の中には明治時代に英語やドイツ語にあったAstronomyを翻訳して星学など「天文（学/道）」に代わる用語を作ろうとした経緯がある。
English: Rather, rekido (calendar studies) was thought to be more along the lines of some types of astronomy, such as rekisan (calendrical calculations) astronomy or positional astronomy.
Japanese: むしろ、暦道の方が天文学でいう、暦算天文学・位置天文学の系統に近いものがあったとされている。
English: These include, for example, solar and lunar eclipses, shooting stars, comets, (the appearance of) abnormal closeness between the moon and stars, or between planets, low-latitude auroras, halation and white rainbows.
Japanese: 例えば、日食や月食、流星や彗星の出現、月と星の（見かけ上の）異常接近、惑星同士の（見かけ上の）異常接近、赤気、光暈、白虹などを指す。
English: These phenomena were thought to significantly influence nations on earth and their rulers (kings and emperors).
Japanese: これらの現象は地上にある国家やその支配者（国王・皇帝・天皇）に重大な影響を与えると考えられてきた。
English: Therefore, advance warning was given for predictable phenomena, so that these days could be avoided when holding national events, while unforeseen incidents needed to be observed, interpreted by divination and reported to the rulers so that they could respond appropriately.
Japanese: そのため、事前に予測可能な現象は予報を出してこの日に国家行事などを行う事を避け、突発的な現象に対しては、天文現象を観測してその意味を占いによって解釈して支配者に報告して対策を練る必要があった。
English: What was required of tenmon hakase (masters of astrology), the authorities on Tenmondo, was to take measures concerning extraordinary astronomical events.
Japanese: 日本における天文道の最高権威であった天文博士に求められたのは、天文異変の際の対処策である。
English: Reporting the status of extraordinary astronomical events and the good omens they contained in sosho (reports to the Emperor) to the Emperor, conducted through the Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) or Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office), was called tenmon misso.
Japanese: 天文異変の異変の状況とその内容の吉兆を勘録した奏書を陰陽寮または蔵人所を通じて天皇に報告する事を天文密奏と称した。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Tenmondo was put under the supervision of the Onmyoryo, together with rekido and the Onmyoryo, and it consisted of one tenmon hakase (Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)) and ten tenmon no sho (students of astronomy).
Japanese: 律令制においては、暦道・陰陽寮とともに陰陽寮の監督下に置かれ、天文博士（定員1名・正七位下）と天文生（10名）によって構成されていた。
English: As phenomena related to tenmon were considered to significantly affect the fate of the country, even students of tenmon were not allowed to read books on tenmon freely ('Yororitsuryo' zoryo Hisho gensho jo).
Japanese: 天文に関する現象は国家の存亡に関わる重大な現象であると捉えられ、天文生といえども勝手に天文に関する図書を読むことが許されない程であった（「養老律令」雑令・秘書玄象条）。
English: Tenmon hakase observed the sky every night alongside students of tenmon, searching for signs of extraordinary astronomical events; whenever any sign was found, they sent a tenmon misso.
Japanese: 天文博士は天文生とともに毎晩夜空を観測して天文異変の有無を探り、異変があれば天文密奏を行った。
English: The major textbooks used in Tenmon were the tenmonshi (astronomy records) "Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)" and "Shin jo (History of the Jin Dynasty)", "Tenkanjo", "Sankehakusan (textbook for learners of astrology)", "Tenmon Yoshu (the summary of astrology)" and "Kanyo Yoshu (the summary of astrology)."
Japanese: 主に教科書として用いられたのは、天文では『漢書』・『晋書』の天文志や『天漢書』・『三家薄讃』・『天文要集』（『韓楊要集』）が挙げられている。
English: Meanwhile, tenmondo was not considered as important as onmyodo ('the way of Yin and Yang', an occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) in the ritsuryo nation of Japan, and, as a rule, observations of the sky were conducted only at fixed times, such as from 8 PM to 10 PM and from 4 AM to 6 AM.
Japanese: もっとも、天文道そのものが陰陽道と比較して日本の律令国家においては、余り重要視されたとは言えなかった部分があり、夜空の観測も平常は戌の刻と寅の刻の定時観測のみであったとされている。
English: After the middle Heian period, during which ABE no Seimei, who succeeded to the art of tenmondo from KAMO no Yasunori, was active, the study became the hereditary learning of the Abe clan (later the Tsuchimikado family) and the clan showed a tendency to exclude people from other families.
Japanese: 更に平安時代中期に賀茂保憲から天文道を継承した安倍晴明以後、天文道は阿倍氏（後の土御門家）の家学となり、他氏の者が関わることを避ける傾向が現れた。
English: The Abe clan (安倍, also written as 阿倍), famed for its members ABE no Hirafu and ABE no Nakamaro, had been a line of local ruling families and nobility since the time preceding the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 安倍氏（阿倍氏）は阿倍比羅夫や阿倍仲麻呂で知られるように大化前代以来の豪族・貴族の家系である。
English: Although some members of the family had been appointed as onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) as aristocratic bureaucrats, Seimei was the first to be assigned a job relating to onmyodo and tenmondo as an expert bureaucrat.
Japanese: 貴族官僚として陰陽頭に任じられた人物はいるものの、専門官僚として陰陽道・天文道の官に就いたのは晴明が最初であったと考えられている。
English: At the age of 40 in 960, Seimei was still a Tenmon tokugyou no sho (researcher of astrology); in 972, he was promoted to tenmon hakase ("Chikanobu kyo ki") and was ranked as jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) Sakyo no gon no daibu (Provisional Master of the Eastern Capital Offices).
Japanese: そして、経歴的には天徳(日本)4年（960年）には40歳で未だに天文得業生、天禄3年（972年）にようやく天文博士（『親信卿記』）となり、従四位下左京権大夫には至った