nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Until the latter half of the fourth century, the Yamato Kingdom's royal tombs were situated in Yamato (the Nara Basin), but after that, the majority were built in the Kawachi Plain.
Japanese: 4世紀後葉より以前ヤマトの王の墓はヤマト（奈良盆地）に営まれていたが、それ以降は河内平野に築かれることが多くなった。
English: Theories to explain this include the Kingdom's base moving from Yamato to the Kawachi Plain; the base remaining in Yamato, but the Kawachi Plain being developed as a port to trade with foreign countries; or the original royal line ending and a new one being established (the Dynastic Change Theory).
Japanese: このことから王権の基盤がヤマトから河内国へ移動したとする説、王権の基盤はヤマトだが海外通交の窓口となる河内を開発したとする説、それまでの王統が断絶して新王統が成立したとする説（王朝交替説）、などが提出されている。
English: From descriptions in the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), it has become clear that at least one ruler, King Osasagi (Emperor Nintoku), made his base in Osaka and developed the Kawachi Plain; evidence of river improvement (the Naniwa-horie canal) and embankments (Manda-no-tsutsumi levee) can still be seen today.
Japanese: 日本書紀の記述などから少なくともオオササギ王（仁徳天皇）は大阪に本拠を置き河内平野を開発したことが判っており、当時の河川改修痕跡（難波の堀江）や堤防痕跡（茨田堤）も残存している。
English: According to Chinese historical sources, five figures from Wakoku paid tributes to the Chinese Court and were recognized as the kings of Wakoku; they are called the Five Kings of Wa.
Japanese: 修貢して倭国王に冊封された王が中国史書に5名記されていることから、これらの王は倭の五王と呼ばれる。
English: Although the reasons for and the background to these tributes by Wakoku remain unclear, it is thought they may have been to provide an advantage in the competition over interests and rights in the kingdoms of the southern Korean Peninsula (the Gaya Confederacy) and in fact, Chinese sources mention Wakoku's hegemony over the southern Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 朝貢を行った理由・背景は明確にはなっていないが、おそらく朝鮮半島南部諸国（任那・伽耶）に於ける利権争いへの参入を有利に進めるためであろうと考えられており、実際に中国史書には倭へ朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める内容を記している。
English: Many people who were engaged in technology or cultural activities came over from China and the Korean Peninsula through trade and interaction, contributing to the development of Yamato (Wakoku).
Japanese: 中国や朝鮮半島諸国との通交・人的交流などにより技術や文化を持った多くの人々が渡来し、ヤマト（倭国）へ貢献した。
English: These 'toraijin' (naturalized citizens) brought advanced technologies such as sericulture, weaving, ceramics, and architecture, as well as Chinese culture from the "Analects of Confucius," practical skills such as writing and accounting to Yamato (Wakoku).
Japanese: 渡来人（帰化人）は養蚕、機織り、陶磁器、建築などの先進技術や『論語』に代表される中国文化、文筆・出納などの実務技術をヤマト（倭国）へもたらした。
English: The Yamato Kingdom gradually organized these settlers and the regional ruling elite (the formation of the bemin system) and placed the central ruling families in the top oomi and muraji positions.
Japanese: ヤマト王権はこれらの渡来人や全国各地の豪族たちを徐々に組織化していくとともに（部民制の形成）中央の豪族層を大臣(日本)・連を頂点として系列化していった。
English: As seen from these organizational changes, it is thought that a simple bureaucratic system was already being formed around the fifth century; there is an opinion that during this time, the "Yamato Kingdom", where the king's authority was the source of power, was replaced by the "Yamato administration", where a political organization, with a King at the center, held the power.
Japanese: これにより、5世紀ごろには簡易な官僚制が形成されていたとして、それまでの王の権威を権力の源泉としていた「ヤマト王権」から王を中心とする政治組織が権力を担う「ヤマト政権」への転換がなされたとする見方もある。
English: The main figure of the Yamato Kingdom (Yamato administration) during this time was King Wakatakeru (Emperor Yuryaku).
Japanese: この期間のヤマト王権（ヤマト政権）を代表するのがワカタケル王（雄略天皇）である。
English: A description in the Johyobun (Memorial to the Emperor), sent to China by Waobu, a figure identified as the King Wakatakeru, shows that the Yamato Kingdom appeared to conquer various regions, although some historical materials suggest that many chiefs maintained their autonomy.
Japanese: ワカタケル王に比定される倭王武が中国へ送った上表文にはヤマト王権が各地を征服していった様が記述されているが、考古史料からは倭国内部に独自性を持った首長層が多数存在していたことが示唆されている。
English: From these records, it is thought that although the Yamato Kingdom was superior to other chiefs, it was not a strongly dominant relationship, but rather more like a coalition government.
Japanese: このことから、当時の実態はヤマト王権が他の首長より優越はしているが強い支配関係にはなく、ヤマトと他地域の連合政権的な性格だったと考えられている。
English: From descriptions in the "Nihonshoki", it is believed that the chiefs of Kibi, Harima, and Ise rebelled against the Yamato Kingdom sometime around the latter half of the fifth century and it was during this period that King Wakatakeru appeared and strengthened the political power of the Yamato Kingdom over the regional chiefs with its increased military strength.
Japanese: 日本書紀の記述から、5世紀後半には吉備や播磨、伊勢などの首長がヤマト王権へ対抗するなどの動きがあったと推測されており、そうした中で登場したワカタケル王は強化した軍事力をもとに各地の首長への支配力を強めていった。
English: In spite of King Wakatakeru's efforts, the royal line weakened between the late fifth century and the beginning of the sixth century; some widely accepted theories claim that the line ended several times.
Japanese: そうしたワカタケル王の努力に関わらず5世紀後半から6世紀前半にかけて王統が弱体化し、数回断絶したとの説も有力である。
English: During the late fifth century, in 475, Baekje moved further south as Goguryeo advanced southward, and this economically and politically affected the Yamato Kingdom, that had a friendly relationship with Baekje.
Japanese: 5世紀後半の475年、高句麗の南下によって百済は南方へ移動したが、この事件は百済と友好関係にあったヤマト王権（倭国）にも経済的・政治的な影響を与えた。
English: The Yamato Kingdom maintained an economic and political base in southern Korea owing to their friendly relationship with Baekje, but as Baekje's power diminished, this base weakened, leading to a decline in iron imports.
Japanese: ヤマト王権は百済との友好関係を基盤として朝鮮半島南部に経済基盤・政治基盤を築いていたが、半島における百済勢力の後退によりヤマト王権が保持していた半島南部の基盤が弱体化し、このことが鉄資源の輸入減少をもたらした。
English: For this reason, it is thought that agricultural development in Yamato (Wakoku) remained stagnant, weakening the Yamato Kingdom and the ruling elite under their jurisdiction, a situation that existed until the beginning of the sixth century.
Japanese: そのためヤマト（倭国）内の農業開発が停滞し、ヤマト王権とその傘下の豪族達の経済力・政治力が後退したと考えられており、6世紀前半までのヤマト王統の混乱はこの経済力・政治力の後退に起因するとされる。
English: Furthermore, since towards the end of the fifth and the beginning of the sixth centuries many of the old burial mounds where chiefs were entombed went into decline and new types of burial mounds emerged, it is thought that King Wakatakeru's strategy for strengthening sovereignty succeeded, although his power was temporarily weakened by rebellions from the former powers.
Japanese: また5世紀末から6世紀初めにかけて、それまで首長墓を造営してきた古墳群の多くが衰退し、新興の古墳群が出現していることから、ワカタケル大王の王権強化策は成功したが、その一方で旧来の勢力からの反発を招き、その結果として王権が一時的に弱体化したとの説もある。
English: During the early sixth century, King Ohodo (Emperor Keitai) appeared from among the chiefs of regions between Omi Province and the Hokuriku region and unified the Yamato royalty.
Japanese: そうした中で6世紀前期に近江国から北陸地方にかけての首長層を背景としたオホド王（継体天皇）が現れヤマト王統を統一した。
English: During King Ohodo's reign, the Tsukushinokimi-Iwai, a powerful family from northern Kyushu, allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and started hostilities (the Iwai War) with the Yamato Kingdom, though these were immediately suppressed.
Japanese: オホド王の治世には北九州の有力豪族である筑紫君磐井が新羅と連携してヤマト王権との軍事衝突を起こした（磐井の乱）がすぐに鎮圧された。
English: However, due to this incident, the Yamato Kingdom rapidly lost influence in the southern Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: しかし、この事件を契機としてヤマト王権による朝鮮半島南部への進出活動が急速に衰えることとなった。
English: Also, it can be seen that the regions between Tohoku and southern Kyushu rapidly consolidated and became politically unified after the time of King Ohodo.
Japanese: またオホド王の登場以降、東北から南九州に及ぶ地域の統合が急速に進み、政治的な統一がなされたとする見解がある。
English: At the same time the Yamato Kingdom was importing Chinese culture, such as calendar making, from the Korean Peninsula, it was strengthening domestic administration by gradually organizing both the ruling elite and the common people.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島から暦法など中国の文物を移入するとともに豪族や民衆の系列化・組織化を漸次的に進めて内政面を強化していった。
English: At the end of the sixth century, Empress Suiko, Prince Shotoku, and SOGA no Umako, after emerging victorious from several conflicts, established firm political foundations and actively reformed the polity by basing it on bureaucratic systems such as Kan'i junikai (twelve cap rank system) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution.
Japanese: こうした中で6世紀末、幾つかの紛争に勝利した推古天皇、聖徳太子、蘇我馬子らは強固な政治基盤を築きあげ、冠位十二階や十七条憲法の制定など官僚制を柱とする王権の革新を積極的に進めた。
English: With these political reformations, the Yamato Kingdom's form of government began to disappear, becoming replaced by the ancient Yamato state.
Japanese: これによりヤマト王権という政治形態は解消され、古代ヤマト国家が形成されていくこととなる。
English: The kings of the Yamato Kingdom called themselves "Wakokuo" or "Wao" (King of Wa) when dealing with foreign countries such as China or the Korean kingdoms, and "Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi" (literally Great King of all that is under Heaven), "Okimi" (Great King) or "Okiminushi" (Great Lord) domestically.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の王は中華王朝や朝鮮半島諸国など対外的には「倭国王」「倭王」と称し、国内向けには「治天下大王」「大王」「大公主」などと称していた。
English: The title "Ame-no-shita Shiroshimesu Okimi" known from archaeological studies to have been established around the fifth century is viewed as evidence of the perception that Wakoku was a different 'tenka' (realm, written with the same characters as 'Ame-no-shita') from the Chinese dynasties.
Japanese: 考古学の成果から5世紀ごろから「治天下大王」（あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ）という国内向けの称号が成立したことが判明しているが、これはこの時期に倭国は中華王朝と異なる別の天下であるという意識が生まれていたことの表れだと評価されている。
English: It is believed that Yamato ranged from the south east of the Nara Basin, southern Tenri City, to the north east of Sakurai City.
Japanese: 元々ヤマトの範囲は奈良盆地東南部つまり天理市南部から桜井市北部の東辺の地であったと推測されている。
English: This area contains Hashihaka tomb, the oldest keyhole-shaped mound and part of the Makimuku ruins at the foot of Mt. Miwa and, to the south of Tenri city, the Yamato tomb group, where the royal tombs of the early Yamato Kingdom are thought to be located.
Japanese: そこには三輪山山麓部の纏向遺跡には最古級の前方後円墳である箸墓古墳があり、また天理市の南部に所在する初期ヤマト政権の大王の墓を含むと推測されている大和古墳群がある。
English: "Wamyosho", a dictionary compiled in the early Heian period, describes Yamato-mura (also called Ohoyamato) located in Shikino-shimono-kori in Yamato Province.
Japanese: 平安時代初期に編集された『和名抄』に、大和国城下郡に大和郷（於保夜末止）が記されている。
English: Yamato-mura is believed to be the area surrounding the present-day Oyamato-jinja Shrine and some view this area as the first one that came to be referred to as Yamato.
Japanese: その地は大和神社の付近と推測でき、もとはその周辺をヤマトといったのに始まるのではないかと考える人も多い。
English: As this area was the base of the kingdom, the political power that arose from this area was named the Yamato Kingdom.
Japanese: その地域を根拠地として政権が成立したことから、その政治勢力をヤマト政権と呼ぶようになった。
English: There is an opinion that the main political regime of the Japanese Islands until the end of the seventh century existed in Kyushu and that the Yamato Kingdom was only one regional government, but since iron swords believed to be King Wakatakeru's were found in the Inariyama burial mound (Saitama prefecture) and the Eta Funayama burial mound (Kumamoto prefecture), this theory is not thought to be valid.
Japanese: 7世紀末まで日本列島を代表する政権は九州にありヤマト王権は一地方政権に過ぎなかったとする説もあるが、埼玉県稲荷山古墳と熊本県江田船山古墳から「ワカタケル大王」と推定される銘の鉄剣が出土していること、様々な考古学的遺物などから成立する余地はないと考えられている。
English: Also, many theories of the "mystery-solving" type, based on loose interpretations of Japanese mythology and the chronologies in the "Kojiki" (Record of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki", have been asserted by Yamato Kingdom enthusiasts, but these nearly always fail to satisfy historical scrutiny and are of limited academic value.
Japanese: また、ヤマト王権をめぐって主として愛好家により日本神話や記紀編年の自由な解釈に基づく「謎解き」に類する説が多く主張されているが、そのほぼ全ては史料批判を満たしていないものであり学問的価値に乏しい。
English: Yamato Province is one of the ryoseikoku (provinces) once established under the local administration system in Japan.
Japanese: 大和国（やまとのくに）は、かつて日本に設けられた地方行政区分の令制国の一つである。
English: Initially, it was written as "大倭" but was changed to "大養徳" for ten years from 737 during the Nara period.
Japanese: 初めの頃は大倭と書かれ、奈良時代の天平9年から10年間大養徳と字を改めた事がある。
English: The provincial capital was located in Wakinokami, Katsuraginokami no kori (now the northeastern part of Gose City), but was relocated in Karu no chi, Takaichi no kori (now the Joroku intersection located on the boundary between Ogaru-cho and Ishikawa-cho in Kashihara City, which was once called " Karu no chimata") due to the relocation of the Heijo-kyo capital.
Japanese: 国府は、葛上郡掖上（現在の御所市東北部）の地にあったが、平城京遷都に伴って高市郡の軽の地（現在の橿原市大軽町と石川町の接点丈六、ここを軽の衢という）に移った。
English: In the engishiki jimmyocho (a register of shrines in Japan), 128 gods enshrined at grand shrines (including 47 powerful myojin gods at 26 myojin grand shrines) and 158 gods at small shrines, which total to 286 gods, are recorded, and all are kanpeisha (shrines where religious ceremonies were conducted by jingikan officers).
Japanese: 延喜式神名帳には大社128座（うち名神大社47座26社）・小社158座の計286座が記載されており、全て官幣社である。
English: Ichinomiya (the highest ranking shrine) was Omiwa Shrine in Sakurai City, but there have not been any documents that the shrine calls itself ichinomiya.
Japanese: 一宮は桜井市の大神神社だが、神社が自ら一宮を称した文書は見つかっていない。
English: Yamato refers to the current region of Nara Prefecture in ancient times to the early Meiji period and is also another name of Japan.
Japanese: 大和（やまと）とは、古代から明治初期まで、現在の奈良県域を指すとともに、日本の別名でもある。
English: The southeast area of the Nara Basin where the Yamato Dynasty was located was originally called Yamato.
Japanese: 元々は大和王朝の本拠地である奈良盆地の東南地域が、大和（やまと）と呼称されていた。
English: When the Yamato Dynasty ruled the Nara Basin and the Kawachi side, that area (later Kinki and Kinai regions) was also called Yamato.
Japanese: その後、大和王朝が奈良盆地一体や河内方面までを支配するようになると、その地域（後の近畿・畿内）もまた大和とよばれるようになった。
English: When most of the Japanese Islands (from the south of the Tohoku region to the south of Kyushu) were ruled and controlled, these areas were collectively called Yamato.
Japanese: さらに支配・制圧が日本列島の大半（東北地方南部から九州南部まで）にまで及ぶに至り、それらを総称して大和と呼ばれるようになった。
English: There are a variety of views about the origin of the word 'Yamato': the area is a region surrounded by mountains; the Yamato Dynasty located in this region originated in an area called 'Yamato'; 'Yamato' means 'Sanmon' (temple gate) and the name of a place of belief in nature that gods exist in mountains was changed to a country name; or it was developed in the area centered around Mt. Miwa and Yamato.
Japanese: 「やまと」の語源は山に囲まれた地域であるからと言う説、この地域を拠点としたヤマト王権が元々「やまと」と言う地域に発祥したためとする説、「やまと」は元は「山門」であり山に神が宿ると見なす自然信仰の拠点であった地名が国名に転じたとする説、三輪山から山東（やまとう）を中心に発展したためとする説など諸説ある。
English: When the kanji (Chinese characters) culture entered Japan in the Kofun period (tumulus period), the word '倭' was assigned to the word 'Yamato.'
Japanese: 古墳時代ごろに漢字文化が流入すると、「やまと」の語に対して「倭」の字が当てられるようになった。
English: The people or political force in the Japan Islands was called 倭 by China in ancient times, and 倭 was called Yamato in the Kofun period because the political force of 'Yamato' became the main political force in the Japan Islands.
Japanese: 中国では古くより日本列島の人々・政治勢力を総称して倭と呼んでいたが、古墳時代に倭を「やまと」と称したことは、「やまと」の勢力が日本列島を代表する政治勢力となっていたことの現れとされる。
English: 大倭 was the name of the political force that represented the Japanese Islands; at the same time it was also the name of the Nara region.
Japanese: 大倭は、日本列島を代表する政治勢力の名称であると同時に、奈良地方を表す名称でもあった。
English: It is said that the name of the country was determined to be '日本' (Nihon) in the latter half of the seventh century to 701, but some say that 日本 was pronounced Yamato.
Japanese: 7世紀後半から701年までの期間に、国号が「日本」と定められたとされているが、このときから、日本を「やまと」と訓じたとする見解がある。
English: The name of ryoseikoku (province) that indicated the Nara Basin was considered to be changed from '倭国' to '大倭国' in 701 in the same way as 三野 was changed to 美濃国 and 尾治 was changed to 尾張国 by using koji (letters signified good meaning and often used for person's name or place name).
Japanese: 奈良盆地を指す令制国の名称が、三野が美濃国、尾治が尾張国などと好字をもって二字の国名に統一されたのと同じく、和銅初年（701年）には「倭国」を「大倭国」と書くようになったと考えられている。
English: In 737 in the mid Nara period, the ryoseikoku of 'Yamato' was renamed from '大倭国' to '大養徳国' under the TACHIBANA no Moroe government, but when its political force weakened in 747, the name was returned to '大倭国.'
Japanese: 奈良中期の737年（天平9）、令制国の「やまと」は橘諸兄政権下で「大倭国」から「大養徳国」へ改称されたが、諸兄の勢力が弱まった747年（天平19）には再び「大倭国」へ戻された。
English: It is considered that the name was changed from '大倭国' to '大和国' immediately after the TACHIBANA no Naramaro Disturbance in 752 or 757.
Japanese: そして、752年（天平勝宝4）もしくは757年（天平宝字元）橘奈良麻呂の変直後に「大倭国」から「大和国」への変更が行われたと考えられている。
English: Subsequently both '大倭' and '大和' were used, but '大和' became the mainstream gradually.
Japanese: その後、「大倭」と「大和」の併用が見られるが、次第に「大和」が主流となっていった。
English: Gokishichido was a name for the broader-based local administrative districts under the ritsuryo system in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 五畿七道（ごきしちどう）とは、古代日本の律令制における、広域地方行政区画である。
English: Do' apparently came into existence in Japan before the Taika Reform while the archetype of gokishichido was organized in the time of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 日本における「道」の成立については大化の改新以前より存在したとする見方もあるが、五畿七道の原型は天武天皇の時代に成立したと言われている。
English: At first, it consisted of five provinces in the Kinai, around the capital (Heijokyo or Heiankyo), and seven do in the other areas of Japan.
Japanese: 当初は全国を、都（平城京・平安京）周辺を畿内五国、それ以外の地域をそれぞれ七道に区分した。
English: The seven do since the Ritsuryo period were generally distributed based on their geographical conditions, but no administrative agency as a do unit was set other than in Saikaido.
Japanese: 律令時代からの七道は、概ね地形的要件に基づいて区分されているが、西海道以外では道単位での行政機関は常置されなかった。
English: The Saikaido was so important to diplomacy with and security against the continent that Dazaifu was located there to control provinces.
Japanese: 西海道は大陸との外交・防衛上の重要性から大宰府が置かれて諸国を管轄した。
English: Then, they did not make any changes for long time except some boundaries shifted a little bit, and later Hokkaido (as province) was newly set in Wajinchi and Ezochi.
Japanese: その後、細部の境界の移動を除き長らく変更はなかったが、後に、和人地および蝦夷地に新たに北海道(令制)が置かれた。
English: A record of Hokkaido could date back to the expedition by ABE no Hirafu in the time of Emperor Saimei, and the Yamato race lived there during the Kamakura period, and after the time of Donanjunitate, Hokkaido was finally located in where the Matsumae Domain and the Imperial manor had been in the Edo period.
Japanese: なお、北海道の記録は古く斉明天皇の時代阿倍比羅夫の遠征まで遡り、鎌倉時代には大和民族が住み道南十二館の時代を経、江戸時代には松前藩領や天領となっていた地域に最後に置かれた。
English: Compared to the other shichido which were set in the Ritsuryo period, this administrative division was set much later along with the Kingdom of Ryukyu (Okinawa) which became a province after the time of subordination to the Satsuma domain.
Japanese: これは律令時代から置かれた他の七道と比べると、薩摩藩の付庸国時代を経て令制国となった琉球王国（沖縄）とともにずっと後世の行政区分である。
English: After the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, the gokihachido and the provinces were not abolished, but they died out after 1885 and the local administrative divisions as gokishichido have not been much used.
Japanese: 1871年の廃藩置県以降も五畿八道は廃止されておらず令制国も併用されていたが、1885年よりも後になると廃れ現在は五畿七道としての地方区分はあまり用いられなくなっている。
English: However, today's many local region names around Japan (Hokuriku region, Sanyo region, Sanin region and Hokkaido) originate from the gokishichido.
Japanese: しかし、現在の日本各地の地方名の多く（北陸地方、山陽地方、山陰地方、北海道など）は、五畿七道に由来している。
English: Names of transportation networks such as the Tokaido Shinkansen, the Sanyo Shinkansen, and the Hokuriku Expressway, and names of predicted earthquakes such as the Tokai Earthquake and the Nankai Earthquake have the vestiges of the gokishichido.
Japanese: また、東海道新幹線や山陽新幹線、北陸自動車道などの交通網や、今後想定される東海地震や南海地震などの名称にもその名残が見られる。
English: The term "Teppo Denrai" (introduction of firearms) generally refers to the introduction of matchlock guns from Europe into East Asia in the 15th century, and in a more limited sense it means the introduction of matchlock guns into Tanegashima Island, Japan.
Japanese: 鉄砲伝来（てっぽうでんらい）とは、15世紀にヨーロッパから東アジアへ火縄銃型の銃が伝わったこと、狭義には日本の種子島に伝来した事件を指す。
English: In Japan, while the term "teppo" was first used only for matchlock guns, the term later referred to general firearms including rifles and cannons.
Japanese: 「鉄砲」とは日本においてはじめは火縄銃をさす言葉として使われ、後に小銃から大砲まで火器一般を意味する名称となった。
English: Because the Ming Dynasty in China strictly controlled overseas trade in East and South East Asia during the 15th century and the tally trade between the Muromachi shogunate and the Ming Dynasty had been disrupted, wako (koki wako, or 16th-century wako pirate-traders) actively engaged in private and illicit trades.
Japanese: 東アジアから東南アジアにおいて、15世紀には中国の明が海禁政策を行い、また日本の室町幕府との日明貿易（勘合貿易）が途絶した事などにより倭寇（後期倭寇）による私貿易、密貿易が活発になっていた。
English: Primitive firearms were already in use in Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu around this time, and it is thought that wako was one of the major players who brought these firearms into Japan.
Japanese: 日本や琉球王国においても原始的な火器は使用されていて、火器は倭寇勢力等により日本へも持ち込まれていたらしい。
English: Based on the facts that the mechanism of early matchlock guns is similar to that of the choju (guns for bird hunting) of Southeast Asia with a pressurized serpentine arm and the use of matchlock guns in Southeast Asia preceded to use in Japan, some researchers (such as Takehisa UDAGAWA) argue that matchlock guns were introduced into Japan not via Europe, as typified by the introduction of firearms to Tanegashima Island, but through illicit trades with Southeast Asia by wako.
Japanese: 鉄砲の伝来は、初期の火縄銃の形式が東南アジアの加圧式火鋏を持った鳥銃に似ている事や東南アジアにおいても先行して火縄銃が使われていた事などから、種子島への鉄砲伝来に代表されるようなヨーロッパ経由でなく倭寇などの密貿易によって東南アジア方面から持ち込まれたとする説がある（宇田川武久説）。
English: On the other hand, other researchers in Japan, Europe and America doubt UDAGAWA's theory, pointing out that the instantaneous mechanism of European guns was first introduced to and improved in Japan and then Dutch purchased and exported Japanese guns to Southeast Asia, resulting in the spread of the Japanese-style mechanism in Southeast Asia.
Japanese: しかし欧米や日本の研究者の中には、欧州の瞬発式メカが日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、オランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったとする説をとる者も少なくなく、宇田川説を否定的にみる意見も多い。
English: According to "Teppoki" (a history book on the introduction of guns), firearms were first brought to Tanegashima Island on October 3, 1543 by a Chinese ship tossed ashore on Nishinoura Bay of Tanegashima Island, Osumi Province (Kagoshima Prefecture) and a Confucian scholar from Ming onboard, who identified himself as Goho, worked as a translator for Oribe NISHIMURA by using written messages.
Japanese: 『鉄炮記』によれば、種子島への鉄砲伝来は天文(元号)12年8月25日(旧暦)（ユリウス暦1543年9月23日）の出来事で、大隅国（鹿児島県）種子島西之浦湾に漂着した中国船に乗っていた「五峰」と名乗る明の儒生が西村織部と筆談で通訳を行う。
English: Two Portuguese onboard (probably Francisco Zeimot and Antonio da Motta) had matchlock guns and gave a demonstration for Masatoki TANEGASHIMA and his son Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA, who purchased two of them and ordered Kinbei YAITA, a swordsmith, to investigate and replicate them.
Japanese: 同乗していたポルトガル人（「牟良叔舎」、「喜利志多佗孟太」）が火縄銃を所持しており、鉄砲の実演を行い種子島島主である種子島恵時・種子島時尭親子がそのうち2挺を購入して研究を重ね、刀鍛冶の八板金兵衛に命じて複製を研究させる。
English: Matasaburo TACHIBANAYA of Sakai and Kazunaga TSUDA, a priest of Negoroji Temple, Kishu Province, who were at the island around this time, took the guns home.
Japanese: その頃種子島に在島していた堺の橘屋又三郎と、紀州根来寺の僧津田算長が本土へ持ち帰った。
English: A matchlock gun was also presented to the Ashikaga shogunate around the same time, indicating that the technology of gun manufacturing was introduced into the mainland through several routes in a short period.
Japanese: さらには足利将軍家にも献上されたことなどから、鉄砲製造技術は短期間のうちに複数のルートで本土に伝えられた。
English: The gunsmith industry was then established and guns started to be used in the battlefield as a new weapon, even affecting the unification of Japan.
Japanese: やがて鉄砲鍛冶が成立し、戦場における新兵器として火器が導入され、日本の天下統一を左右することになる。
English: Japanese manufacturing technology of firearms continued to improve after the Muromachi period, and Ottoman Turks were a major importer of Japanese firearms.
Japanese: 室町時代以降も日本の武器製造技術は進歩し、その主要輸出先はオスマントルコであった。
English: A technology called hayago (cartridge) was then invented in which a bullet and gunpowder were set together to be loaded quickly.
Japanese: やがて早合と呼ばれる弾と火薬を一体化させる工夫がなされ、すぐに装填できるよう改良された。
English: It is said that the first use of guns in battle was seen in the attack on Kajiki-jo Castle in Osumi Province by Tadaaki IJUIN, a vassal of the Shimazu clan from Satsuma Province.
Japanese: 実戦での最初の使用は、薩摩国の島津氏家臣の伊集院忠朗による大隅国の加治木城攻めであるとされる。
English: The use of guns spread from the Kyushu and Chugoku regions to the eastern part of Japan, and Nobunaga ODA of Owari Province, who was promoting the unification of Japan, strategically used guns in battles including the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, opening the new era of military technology in which firearms became the main weapon in battle.
Japanese: 九州や中国地方の戦国大名から、やがて天下統一事業を推進していた尾張国の織田信長が1575年（天正3年）に武田氏との長篠の戦いをはじめとする戦で、鉄砲を有効活用したとされ、鉄砲が戦争における主力兵器として活用される軍事革命が起こる。