nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Originally, 'gakumonjo' referred to a privately-owned study or library, but after the Kamakura period, people came to use gakumonjo as a place to instruct academics.
Japanese: 元は、個人所有の書斎・書庫の意味で用いられていたが、鎌倉時代以後に学問教授の場所としても用いられるようになった。
English: In 1213, eighteen guards of gakumonjo (three groups of six) were deployed who would play the roles of not only the guards of the gakumonjo owned by Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the eastern barbarians") of the Kamakura bakufu MINAMOTO no Sanetomo but also fellow students.
Japanese: 建保元年（1213年）に鎌倉幕府征夷大将軍源実朝の学問所の警備と学友を兼ねた学問所番18名（6名ずつ3番）が設置された。
English: And Yasutoki HOJO, Kagemori ADACHI, Tadahisa SHIMAZU and others were appointed ("Azuma Kagami" - The Mirror of the East).
Japanese: そして、北条泰時・安達景盛・島津忠久らが任じられている（『吾妻鏡』）。
English: In the Edo period, 'gakumonjo' was known as the abbreviation of Shoheizaka Gakumonjo (Shoheizaka school) established by the Edo bakufu, and in addition, the name was adopted by some of the schools established by the Edo bakufu and hanko (domain schools) owned by domains.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、江戸幕府が設置した昌平坂学問所の略称として知られた他、江戸幕府が設置した学校や諸藩の藩校の中にもこの名称が採用されるものがあった。
English: Jinshin Yakujo were rules for immigration that were issued by Yi Dynasty Korea against So clan in Tsushima Province in 1512.
Japanese: 壬申約条（じんしんやくじょう）とは、1512年（中宗(朝鮮王)7年/永正9年）に李氏朝鮮から対馬国の宗氏に対して通告された来航者取締規則のこと。
English: The friendly relationship between Japan and Korean Dynasties had been severed due to the Sanpo disturbance in 1510.
Japanese: 1510年に発生した三浦の乱により、日本と朝鮮王朝との通交は断絶していた。
English: The Jinshin Yakujo was imposed one-sidedly by the Korean Dynasties as a condition for the resumption of the relationship.
Japanese: 通交再開の条件として朝鮮王朝側が一方的に突きつけたものが壬申約条である。
English: Even though the name was changed to the Eisho treaty after the Japanese invasion to Korea during the Meiji period, it was still not in an appropriate form of a treaty.
Japanese: 明治の日本の朝鮮進出後には永正条約との言い換えが為されたものの、条約としての体裁はない。
English: With the help of Hochu, who was dispatched as an envoy of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) under the guardianship of Yoshioki, the So clan negotiated the resumption of the relationship with the Korean Dynasties.
Japanese: そして、義興が後見する室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義稙の使者として派遣された弸中の助力を得て通交再開の交渉を行った。
English: Eliminating kokyowa (Japanese people who lived in Sanpo, namely, Enbo, Pusanpo, and Naijiho or Seiho).
Japanese: 恒居倭（三浦（塩浦・釜山浦・乃而浦（薺浦））に定住していた日本人）の廃止。
English: Reducing the number of toshu saikensen (ships of head family of the So clan to dispatch an annual envoy to Korea) from fifty, which number was determined in the Kakitsu Treaty, to twenty-five.
Japanese: 島主歳遣船（宗氏本宗家が毎年遣わす使送船）を嘉吉条約における50隻から半分の25隻に削減。
English: Banning saikensen (ship to dispatch an envoy to Korea) owned by powerful branch families of the So clan, tokusosen (ship to dispatch an envoy to Korea to deliver immediate report), and koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea).
Japanese: 宗氏有力庶家名義の歳遣船、特送船（緊急の報告のための遣船）、興利倭船の禁止。
English: Reducing the amount of sanshimai (rice given by Korea) and sanshito (beans given by Korea) given by the Yi Dynasty Korea to the So clan in Tsushima from 200-koku (a unit of volume of rice: 1-koku is 180.39 liters), which the amount was determined in the Kakitsu Treaty, to be 100-koku.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮から対馬・宗氏への歳賜米・歳賜豆を嘉吉条約の200石から半分の100石に削減する。
English: Reducing the number of Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post by the Yi Dynasty Korea) and Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence called 'Tosho' to be granted special privileges in trading) by re-examining them and disqualifying those who were in name, but not in deed.
Japanese: 受職人（李氏朝鮮から官職を授かった日本人）及び受図書人（「図書」と呼ばれる通交許可証を持つ日本人）に対する再審査を行い、実態の伴わない者の資格を剥奪してその人数を減らす。
English: The So clan succumbed to these demands and the relationship with Korean Dynasties based on these rules lasted until Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean Invasions.
Japanese: 宗氏はこの要求に屈し、この規則に基づく関係は豊臣秀吉の朝鮮征伐まで継続されることになる。
English: Jinseigata was one of the institutions established during the early Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 仁政方（じんせいがた）とは、室町幕府初期に設置された機関の1つである。
English: It is presumed to have been an institution that addressed a direct appeal to a senior official without going through the normal formalities as a relief measure against a judicial decision made by Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court).
Japanese: 引付衆が下した訴訟判決に対する救済措置を行う越訴機関と推定されている。
English: It was as early as 1341 when it first appeared in historical records as a legal institution.
Japanese: 暦応4年（興国2年/1341年）に既に訴訟機関として記録に登場している。
English: During the term from 1373 to 1375, the proceedings which appealed not to Hikitsukeshu, but to Jinseigata for a ruling had been recorded.
Japanese: 永和(日本)元年（天授(日本)元年/1373年）から3年にかけて、東寺が幕府に依頼した訴訟に関して引付方ではなく仁政方での裁決を求める遣り取りが記録されている。
English: In the former, the article 34 of Goseibai-shikimoku (code for conduct for samurai) stated 'Regardless of rape or adultery, an adulterer shall forfeit a half of his shoryo (territory) and be banned from entering government service.
Japanese: 前者においては御成敗式目の34条において、「姦夫は強姦・和姦を問わずに所領の半分を没収し、出仕を止め。
English: However, in the latter, megataki uchi (revenge on the adulterer) was practiced, in which a husband killed the adulterer as 'sukuse no teki' (fateful enemy).
Japanese: だが、後者においては本夫が姦夫を「宿世の敵」として討ち取る婦敵討（めがたきうち）が行われていた。
English: But when megataki uchi was practiced, sometimes the husband was punished for the crime of murder because it was impossible for the husband to produce evidence by having the adulterer confess because he had killed the adulterer.
Japanese: だが、婦敵討が行われた場合、本夫が姦夫の不正の証拠を出そうにも肝心の相手を討ち取ってしまったために自白させることが不可能であり、殺人罪として処罰されることがあった。
English: Meanwhile, the Muromachi bakufu made a landmark ruling in some respects in 1479.
Japanese: ところが、文明(日本)11年（1479年）に室町幕府がある意味で画期的な判決が打ち出された。
English: The bakufu set a legal precedent that if the real husband killed his wife first for the reason of adultery, the adulterer who had brought about the cause would be considered as megataki (adulterer), and for this reason, even if the husband practiced megataki uchi (revenge oneself on the adulterer), it would not constitute a crime of murder, and thus, the husband was innocent.
Japanese: 姦夫を妻敵討として殺害した本夫が姦夫の親族から殺人罪で告発された裁判で、本夫が姦通を理由に先に妻を殺害してしまえばその原因を作った姦夫は妻敵になるのであるから、本夫が妻敵討を行っても殺人罪とはならず無罪となるという判例を下した。
English: This ruling backed by the concept of approving 'murder of adulterer and adulteress' based on common law was welcomed by Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) and was introduced in one bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) after another.
Japanese: この判決は慣習法に則した「姦夫姦婦殺害」の容認という発想は、家庭内にまで領主権力を及ぼしたい戦国大名に歓迎され、分国法に次々と導入された。
English: Jinkaishu (bunkokuho enforced by Tanemune DATE) and Rokkakushi shikimoku (bunkokuho of the Rokkaku clan) prescribed murder of the adulteress (however, if the adulterer was murdered in the bedroom, it was not required to murder the adulteress), and in an extreme case of Chosokabe Motochika Hyakkajo (bunkokuho by the Chosokabe clan) prescribed that if the husband didn't murder the adulteress, the adulterer, the adulteress and the husband would all be sentenced to death.
Japanese: 塵芥集や六角氏式目では姦婦の殺害を定め（ただし、寝所で姦夫を討ち取った場合には姦婦の殺害は必要としない）、長宗我部元親百箇条に至っては本夫が姦婦を殺害しない場合には、姦夫・姦妻・本夫全て死刑と定めている。
English: The Edo bakufu disapproved self-help on one hand, but on the other hand, from the standpoint of enforcing the ethics of samurai families, it excluded Katakiuchi (revenge) and megataki uchi (revenge on the adulterer).
Japanese: 江戸幕府でも公事方御定書において自力救済を否定しつつ、武士の家の倫理を強制する立場から敵討と妻敵討は例外とした。
English: Furthermore, when a daughter committed adultery, it constituted a violation of parental authority, and her father was allowed to murder her (yet, megataki uchi by a commoner was severely punished as he was deemed one who does not know his place, although megataki uchi by samurai was tolerated).
Japanese: また、娘が姦通した場合には親権の侵害として父親が娘を殺害することも許された（なお、同法令では従来黙認されていた武士以外の庶民の妻敵討は分(倫理)を弁えないものとして厳罰に処せられた）。
English: However, when megataki uchi (revenge oneself on the adulterer) was practiced, the fact that his wife had been unfaithful was exposed to the outside world, and some people thought that it only made a samurai lose face.
Japanese: もっとも、妻敵討が行われると、本夫が寝取られたという事実を外部に明らかにする事となり、却って武士の面目が失われるという考え方もあった。
English: Consequently, in many case, they saved the situation among themselves by collecting reparations known as 'maotoko seven ryo two bu' (compensation seven ryo two bu for adultery) from the adulterer, or divorcing the adulteress.
Japanese: このため、「間男7両2分」の賠償金を姦夫から取り立てたり、姦婦を離縁することで内々に事態の収拾を図るという例が多かったのである。
English: Bukeyaku was a general term for taxation imposed by the Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 武家役（ぶけやく）とは、鎌倉幕府・室町幕府が賦課した課税の総称である。
English: According to this point of view, there were public services ordered by the Imperial court to the bakufu which were shifted onto Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through the Edo periods), Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward), and taxes and labor imposed independently by the bakufu in order to operate and maintain itself.
Japanese: 朝廷が幕府に対して命じられた公役を御家人・守護・地頭などに転嫁するものと、幕府そのものの運営維持のために幕府が独自に賦課したものという考えである。
English: There were taxes and labor borne by Gokenin, Shugo, and Jito as a part of their obligations to the bakufu because they had a relationship of favor and service with the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕府と御恩と奉公の関係にある御家人・守護・地頭らがその義務の一環として負担を行ったものがある。
English: There were other taxes and labor imposed on ordinary people, temples, shrines, and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in the same relationship with the bakufu in the form of tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan) and munabetsu-sen, both of which had the aspect of Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen (manor) and kokugaryo (provincial land) in a province).
Japanese: また、そうした関係の一般の人々や寺社・荘園などが段銭や棟別銭などの形式で負担を命じられる一国平均役の要素を持ったものがある。
English: It was imposed on Gokenin based upon the size of koden (field administered directly by a ruler) in their shoryo (territories) which was registered on a cadaster called Ota-bumi.
Japanese: それは御家人に対して大田文に記載された所領内の公田の広さに応じて賦課された。
English: Broadly dividing this Kanto-kuji, there were taxes for operating organizations, managing events and building facilities of the bakufu institutions, such as seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and were also services ordered by the Imperial court, such as building of dairi (Imperial Palace), temples and shrines, or construction of embankment along the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system), etc.
Japanese: これらは大きく分けて征夷大将軍や政所などの幕府機関の運営費や諸行事や施設造営の費用と朝廷から命じられた内裏や寺社の造営や鴨川(淀川水系)などの堤防工事などがあった。
English: There were other forms of bukeyaku, such as Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) or Gunyaku, which services required direct exercising of military powers.
Japanese: その他に大番役・軍役など軍事力をもって直接奉仕を行う武家役も存在した。
English: After the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, these burdens became intolerable, and the shifting of the burdens onto peasants aroused the bitterest opposition among them.
Japanese: 元寇以後、こうした負担が過重となり、なおかつ農民への負担の転嫁が激しい抵抗を招いた。
English: The bukeyaku imposed on Shugo daimyo was called Shugo-desen, which was usually imposed on each territory in the form of Ikkoku heikinyaku, such as tansen and munabetsu-sen.
Japanese: 守護大名に対する武家役は守護出銭と呼ばれ、普通は国内に一国平均役として段銭や棟別銭などの形式で徴収された。
English: On the other hand, the Muromachi bakufu successfully took over the right to levy taxes on citizens of Kyoto, a right formerly enjoyed by the Imperial court.
Japanese: 一方、室町幕府は朝廷が持っていた京都の市民に対する賦課権を接収することに成功した。
English: The bakufu also made extra income by the tally trade (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) and further augmented the income by counting the money donated by Zen temples (temples belonging to the Zen sect) such as gosan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) in exchange for its protection over such temples, and buichi-sen (a commission for issuance of a debt cancellation order).
Japanese: また臨時的収入として勘合貿易による収益があり、後に五山などの禅寺に対する保護と見返りとした献金や分一銭なども収入に加えた。
English: These incomes played an important role for the Muromachi bakufu, which was unable to own land equivalent to Kantogobunkoku (provincial territories belonging to the Kamakura bakufu).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府における関東御分国に当たるような土地を持てなかった室町幕府にとってこれらの収入は大きな役割を果たした。
English: Shinbutsu-shugo (syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism) refers to blending of indigenous belief and Buddhistic faith to reconfigure one belief system.
Japanese: 神仏習合（しんぶつしゅうごう）とは、土着の信仰と仏教信仰を折衷して、一つの信仰体系として再構成（習合）すること。
English: Although it generally refers to the syncretism of Japanese faith in Jingi (gods of heaven and earth) and Buddhism, in a broad sense, it may refer to a syncretism of an indigenous belief and Buddhistic that had happened in various parts of the world as Buddhism was spread.
Japanese: 一般的に日本で神祇信仰と仏教との間に起こった現象を指すが、広義では、世界各地に仏教が広まった際、土着の信仰との間に起こった現象をも指す。
English: In 552 (in 538, according to another theory), when Buddhism was officially introduced into Japan, Buddha was recognized as banshin (a deity of a neighboring country) and equivalent to a Japanese deity.
Japanese: 552年(538年説あり)に仏教公伝した当初には、仏は、蕃神（となりのくにのかみ）として日本の神と同質の存在として認識された。
English: According to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), the first Japanese Buddhist priest who entered into priesthood and deified the Buddha was a nun called Zenshin-ni.
Japanese: 日本で最初に出家して仏を祀ったのは尼（善信尼）であるという記録が日本書紀にある。
English: The nun thought to have deified the Buddha in the same manner as a shrine maiden deified Japanese gods of heaven and earth.
Japanese: これは巫女が日本の神祇を祀ってきたというのをそのまま仏にあてはめたものだと考えられている。
English: The view that the burning down of a temple may result in the arsonist being cursed by the Buddha is thought to come from the Japanese belief in Jingi, as Buddhism does not accept the concept of curses.
Japanese: 寺院の焼亡による仏の祟りという考え方も、仏には祟るという概念が無いため神祇信仰をそのまま仏に当てはめたものと理解できる。
English: As Japanese people realized that the Buddha had a nature different from Japanese deities, they began to regard deities and human beings on the same level and thought that like human beings, Japanese deities also wish deliverance for salvation of the Buddha to end suffering.
Japanese: 日本人が、仏は日本の神とは違う性質を持つと理解するにつれ、仏のもとに神と人間を同列に位置づけ、日本の神々も人間と同じように苦しみから逃れる事を願い、仏の救済を求め解脱を欲しているという認識がされるようになった。
English: From the beginning of the Nara period, Jingu-ji Temples started to be erected in the national shrines; for example, in 715, a Jingu-ji Temple was erected from an oracle of Kehi-jingu Shrine, Echizen Province.
Japanese: 715年には越前国氣比神宮の託宣により神宮寺が建立されるなど、奈良時代初頭から国家レベルの神社において神宮寺を建立する動きが出始めた。
English: Moreover, Jingu-ji Temples were built within or out of precincts of shrines, such as Kashima-jingu Shrine, Kamo-jingu Shrine and Ise-jingu Shrine, by priest Mangan, et al.
Japanese: また満願(僧)らによる鹿島神宮、賀茂神社、伊勢神宮などで境内外を問わず神宮寺が併設された。
English: In the late Nara period, erections of Jingu-ji Temples were widely seen even at rural shrines; Tado Ogami (great god) who was a guardian deity of a local ruling family in Kuwana County, Ise Province, wished to practice of Buddhist teachings, in a oracle, giving up the title of deity.
Japanese: 奈良時代後半になると、伊勢桑名郡にある現地豪族の氏神である多度大神が、神の身を捨てて仏道の修行をしたいと託宣するなど、神宮寺建立の動きは地方の神社にまで広がった。
English: From the late eighth century to the early ninth century, deities in various provinces, such as Wakasahiko Ogami, Wakasa Province and Okitsushima Ogami, Omi Province, began to show willingness to embrace Buddhism.
Japanese: 若狭国若狭彦大神や近江国奥津島大神など、他の諸国の神も8世紀後半から9世紀前半にかけて、仏道に帰依したいとの意思を示すようになった。
English: In this way, in order to relieve an agonized deity, a temple was built by the side of a shrine, and it was called Jingu-ji Temple.
Japanese: こうして苦悩する神を救済するため、神社の傍らに寺が建てられ神宮寺となった。
English: Such oracles of deities embracing Buddhism were thought to be a wish of powerful local ruling families who enshrined the shrines.
Japanese: こうした神々の仏道帰依の託宣は、そのままそれらを祀る有力豪族たちの願望であったと考えられている。
English: As the social structure changed by introducing the system of the ritsuryo legal codes, local ruling families, who were simply the head of a community, became like feudal-lords with private property, and the conventional Jingi belief supported the religious service by a community was in a deadlock.
Japanese: 律令制の導入により社会構造が変化し、豪族らが単なる共同体の首長から私的所有地を持つ領主的な性格を持つようになるに伴い、共同体による祭祀に支えられた従来の神祇信仰は行き詰まりを見せた。
English: The local ruling family started to become aware of the guilt owing private property and sought a new personal emotional prop.
Japanese: 私的所有に伴う罪を自覚するようになった豪族個人の新たな精神的支柱が求められた。
English: The reason Mahayana Buddhism became popular among local ruling families might be that it taught that sin was forgiven through Ritako (Altruistic Practice).
Japanese: 大乗仏教は、その構造上利他行を通じて罪の救済を得られる教えとなっており、この点が豪族たちに受け入れられたと思われる。
English: Yugyo-so (traveling monk) who learned Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism) thought to appear to meet their demands and encourage building Jingu-ji Temple.
Japanese: それに応えるように雑密を身につけた遊行僧が現われ、神宮寺の建立を進めたのだと思われる。
English: Although Esoteric Buddhism had not been systematized yet, it might be easy to blend with the Jingi belief because of its magical practice and teachings, focusing on miracles, and affirming accumulation and the prosperity of secular wealth.
Japanese: まだ密教は体系化されていなかったが、その呪術的な修行や奇蹟を重視し世俗的な富の蓄積や繁栄を肯定する性格が神祇信仰とも折衷しやすい。
English: It might be also easy to be accepted by people under the local ruling family.
Japanese: また豪族の配下の人々に受け入れられ易かったのだろうと考えられている。
English: While shrines came close to temples, temples also came close to shrines.
Japanese: こうして神社が寺院に接近する一方、寺院も神社側への接近を示している。
English: In the late eighth century, temples recognized a deity that was related to them as their guardian deity or tutelary shrine.
Japanese: 8世紀後半には、その寺院に関係のある神を寺院の守護神、鎮守とするようになった。
English: As for other influential temples in the ancient times, Enryaku-ji Temple had Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine, Kongobu-ji Temple had Niutsuhime-jinja Shrine, and To-ji Temple had Fushimi Inari-taisha Shrine, as their guardian shrines.
Japanese: ほかの古代の有力寺院を見ても、延暦寺は日吉大社、金剛峯寺は丹生都比売神社、東寺は伏見稲荷大社などといずれも守護神を持つことになった。
English: In this phase, although deities and the Buddha were under the same belief system, they were recognized as a different existence; they were not yet considered same existence.
Japanese: この段階では、神と仏は同一の信仰体系の中にはあるが、あくまで別の存在として認識され、同一の存在としてみるまでには及んでいない。
English: It compensated Jingi belief and Buddhism, without oppressing the conventional Jingi belief.
Japanese: それは従来の神祇信仰を圧迫する事なく神祇信仰と仏教信仰とが互いに補い合うかたちとなった。
English: Such Jingu-ji Temples were led by the Zo-mitsu Buddhist scripture and tried to settle with the support of the local ruling families.
Japanese: これらの神宮寺は雑密系の経典を中心とし、地域の豪族層の支援を受けて確立しようとしていた。
English: There was a concern that it might affect collection of the Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), which was thought be derived from first-crop-offering ritual of Jingi belief, and the centripetal force of the country through Jingi belief.
Japanese: 神祇信仰の初穂儀礼に由来すると見られている租庸調の徴収や神祇信仰を通じた国家への求心力の低下が懸念されることとなった。
English: On the other hand, as the system of the ritsuryo legal codes changed, major temples and shrines had started to aim at territorial expansion while local Jingu-ji Temples had begun to desire to be approved as a branch temple of main temples.
Japanese: 一方で律令制の変質に伴い、大寺社が所領拡大を図る動きが始まり、地方の神宮寺も対抗上、大寺院の別院として認められることを望むようになってきた。
English: The Imperial-Court promoted the movement to keep centripetal force of Jingu-ji Temples in various countries by joining Jingu-ji Temples to the main temples that were under national protection.
Japanese: 朝廷側も、国家鎮護の大寺院の系列とすることで諸国の神宮寺に対する求心力を維持できることから、これを推進した。
English: However, Kukai's Shingon sect of Buddhism attracted Jingu-ji Temples of various countries as a central large temple because it had magical essence, which was easy to combine with Jingi belief, as well as preaching a story, providing protection for the nation, universality, and abstractness.
Japanese: しかし神祇信仰と習合しやすい呪術的要素を持ちながら国家護持や普遍性・抽象性を備えた教説を整えた中央の大寺院として諸国神宮寺の心を捉えたのが空海の伝えた真言宗であった。
English: Moreover, to meet the demand, esoteric Buddhism was also progressively accepted by Ennin and Enchin in the Tendai-shu sect.
Japanese: 一方でこのような要望を取り入れるべく天台宗においても、円仁や円珍による密教受容が進んだ。
English: On the other hand, Shugendo (mountain asceticism-shamanism), which had developed from the Nara period, was also strongly influenced by the esoteric Buddhism of both sects and was evolving independently.
Japanese: この一方で、奈良時代から発達してきた修験道も、両宗の密教の影響を強く受け、独自の発達を遂げることとなった。
English: Under such circumstances, worshiping vindictive spirits became popular to justify the discontent and repulsion to sovereignty by using the name of deceased, who lost in a political strife.
Japanese: こうしたことが相まって、政争敗死者を担ぐことにより王権への不満や反撥を正当化する怨霊信仰が盛んとなった。
English: One may see it as an example of shinbutsu-shugo since ritual for repose of souls, based on esoteric Buddhism, was carried out in addition to the custom of vindictive spirit festival based on traditional Jingi belief.
Japanese: これが神祇信仰に従来からあった怨霊祭り上げの風習に加えて、密教の側からの鎮魂も行われた点に神仏習合の類型を見ることが出来る。
English: Especially, when the vindictive spirit of SUGAWARA no Michizane turned to Tenjin belief, he was regarded as Tenbu (deities who reside in a heavenly realm, one of six realms in which the souls of living beings transmigrate from one to another) according to Buddhistic logic.
Japanese: 特に菅原道真の怨霊が天神信仰へと発展するに際し、仏教の論理により天部として位置づけられた。
English: Therefore, it is shown that esoteric Buddhism influenced the view of curses to sovereignty.
Japanese: このことは、王権に対する祟りという考え方が密教の影響であることを示している。
English: At the enthronement of new emperor Masakado, it supposed that Hachiman (God of War), deity of shinbutsu-shugo and Imperial Family's soshin (ancestor honored as god), granted the throne, SUGAWARA no Michizane wrote the Iki (court rank diploma), and a shrine maiden of Jingi belief had an oracle to play Buddhistic music at the ceremony.
Japanese: 将門の新皇即位は、神仏習合の神であり天皇家の祖神でもある八幡神がその位を授け、位記（辞令）を菅原道真が書いたとし、仏教音楽により儀式を行うようにと神祇信仰の巫女が託宣したものである。
English: The influence of Buddhism, as a means to justify the logic of sovereignty relativization, is strongly seen.
Japanese: 王権相対化の論理を正当化する手段としての仏教の影響が強く表れている。
English: Thus, the Jingi belief started to arm with reasoning to confront Buddhism, which spread to the public who demanded magical belief.
Japanese: このように呪術的な信仰を求める大衆に対しての仏教の側からの浸透に対抗し、神祇信仰の側からも理論武装の動きが出てきた。
English: The view of bipolar confrontation between purity and muck, which had not been very notable formerly for Jingi belief, developed and was emphasized.
Japanese: 神祇信仰においては従来それほど顕著でなかった二極対立の考え方が発達し、清浄とケガレの二極が強調されるようになった。
English: Accordingly, the way of muck removal had been changed; it is confirmed that from the ninth century to the tenth century, purificatory asceticism was mainly applied, under the influence of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), instead of former purification.
Japanese: このため9世紀から10世紀にかけて、従来は祓いで済んでいたケガレ除去の方法が、陰陽道の影響もあり物忌み中心に変わってきていることが確認されている。
English: Because of the consolidation of the logicalness, Jingi belief was able to confront the invasion of Buddhism and symbioses with.
Japanese: 神祇信仰の論理性の強化は、仏教側からの侵食に対抗し、これと共生することを可能とした。
English: For example, "Ojoyoshu" (The Essentials of Salvation) describes a logic employing muck of Jingi belief to explain Buddhism's own pure and impure thought.
Japanese: 往生要集などには本来の仏教の浄穢思想理解のための手段として神祇信仰のケガレを利用した論理が見受けられる。
English: However, the spread of Pure Land Buddhism showed the predominance of Buddhism, which could present the way to fundamentally flee from muck, while Jingi belief could only evade muck.
Japanese: しかし、浄土思想の普及は、ケガレを忌避する神祇信仰に対し、ケガレから根本的に離脱する方法を提示できる仏教の優位を示すこととなった。
English: According to Honji-suijaku setsu, Buddha and bodhisattvas are honji (original ground or true nature), and they come to this world, in the shape (suijaku - literally, trace manifestation) in accordance with the life to be saved.
Japanese: 仏や菩薩を本地であると考え、その仏や菩薩が救済する衆生に合わせた形態（垂迹）を取ってこの世に出現してくるというのが本地垂迹説である。
English: It may be understood that Buddhism tried to take in Jingi belief while Buddhism was considered superior.
Japanese: これは、このような仏教上位の状況下において仏教側から神祇信仰を取り込もうとする動きとも理解できる。