nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The number of the Cabinet members from Rikken seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) increased by one compared to his previous cabinet, and in addition several pro-Seiyukai bureaucrats got into the Cabinet.
Japanese: 立憲政友会の閣僚数は前回より1増加した他、他の閣僚も親政友会系の官僚が複数入閣した。
English: Takashi HARA who took office as the Minister of Home Affairs sought to introduce a single-member constituency system to the election of members of the House of Representatives, but it was rejected due to the oppose of the House of Peers of Japan.
Japanese: 内務大臣(日本)に就任した原敬は衆議院議員選挙に小選挙区制を導入しようとするが、貴族院_(日本)の反対で否決された。
English: However, Koyu Club, a pro-Seiyukai parliamentary group, was formed in the House of Peers and accordingly Rikken seiyukai gradually expanded its influence into the House of Peers.
Japanese: だが、貴族院内に親政友会の会派である交友倶楽部が形成され、次第に貴族院にも勢力を伸ばしていく。
English: However, the assassination of Hirobumi ITO caused the disruption of the power balance between Genro (elder statesmen), which enhanced the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA.
Japanese: だが、伊藤博文の暗殺によって元老間の権力均衡が崩れて山縣有朋の発言力が増大した。
English: However, the Cabinet was forced to resign en masse because Yusaku UEHARA, the Minister of Army, submitted his resignation and the military refused to nominate an incoming Minister of Army by hiding behind a rule that only an active military officer could serve as Army or Navy Minister (the issue of building additional two divisions).
Japanese: しかし、上原勇作陸軍大臣が辞表を提出、陸軍は軍部大臣現役武官制を盾に後任陸相の推薦を拒否したため内閣は総辞職に追い込まれた（二個師団増設問題）。
English: Shinroku ISHIMOTO (Baron/Army General) (August 30, 1911-April 2, 1912)
Japanese: 石本新六（男爵・陸軍大将）（1911年（明治44年）8月30日-1912年（明治45年）4月2日）
English: Yusaku UEHARA (Baron/Army General) (April 5, 1912-December 21, 1912)
Japanese: 上原勇作（男爵・陸軍大将）（1912年（明治45年）4月5日-同年（大正元年）12月21日）
English: The plan to conquest Silla was a plan for military action in the Korean Peninsula during the Asuka period.
Japanese: 新羅征討計画（しらぎせいとうけいかく）は飛鳥時代に計画された朝鮮半島への軍事行動。
English: The second Seitogun was organized in 602 by appointing Prince Kume, the younger brother of Prince Shotoku, as the general of the Seitogun, however, the plan was called off due to the death of Prince Kume from illness.
Japanese: ２度目は602年、聖徳太子の弟来目皇子を征討将軍として編成されたが、来目皇子の病死で中止された。
English: Mumon-ginsen coin is the Japan's oldest private silver coin.
Japanese: 無文銀銭（むもんぎんせん）は、日本最古の貨幣といわれている私鋳銭銀貨。
English: Some people argue that Mumon-ginsen coin was not 'a coin,' because it was practically exchanged based on the value of bare metal (In western Japan, silver Hyoryo kahei coins [currency valued by weight] such as mameitagin [an Edo-period coin] and Chogin [collective term of silver] were used even in the later Edo period.)
Japanese: 実際には地金価値で取引されたと考えられるため、「貨幣」と認めるべきか否かは議論がある（江戸時代など後代になっても、豆板銀や丁銀等の銀の秤量貨幣が、西日本では使用されている）。
English: Mumon-ginsen coin has a diameter of approx. 3cm, and a thickness of approx. 2mm, with a weight of approx. 8-10g (It is equivalent to 6 shu [one ryo = 24 shu] which is one fourth of one ryo in the ancient times.)
Japanese: 直径約3センチメートル、厚さ約2ミリメートル、重さ約8-10グラム（古代の1両の1/4にあたる6銖に相当（1両＝24銖））。
English: Totally 120 Mumon-ginsen coins are excavated from seventeen sites around Japan including seven places in Yamato Province, six places in Omi Province and each one of the places in Settsu Province, Kawachi Province, Yamashiro Province and Ise Province.
Japanese: 今までに大和で7遺跡、近江で6遺跡、摂津・河内・山城・伊勢の地域で１遺跡ずつの合計17遺跡から約120枚出土している。
English: Mumon-ginsen coins are made by cutting a silver plate and has no square hole that is characteristic of old coins but has a small round hole.
Japanese: 銀の延べ板を裁断加工して作られ、古銭の特徴である四角い孔がみられず、小さな孔があるだけである。
English: Most Mumon-ginsen coins have no coins name inscriptions like 'Wado-kaichin,' but some Mumon-ginsen coins have inscriptions such as 'Koshi,' 'Ban' and 'Dai.'
Japanese: 一般に「和同開珎」のような銭文はないが、「高志」「伴」「大」と刻まれたものも出土している。
English: Many Mumon-ginsen coins have pieces of silver pasted on to adjust the weight.
Japanese: 表面に銀片を貼り付けてあるものが多く、重さを揃えるためだったとされる。
English: There is a view that Mumon-ginsen coins were silver coins circulated before Fuhonsen coins, because in "the Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) it says in 683, 'Do not use silver coins but use bronze coins hereafter.'
Japanese: 『日本書紀』683年の記事に「今より以後、必ず銅銭を用いよ。銀銭を用いることなかれ。」とあり、富本銭以前に流通していた銀銭ではないかと考える説もある。
English: There is also an opinion that mintage of Mumon-ginsen coins had something to do with the fact that silver coins of Wado-kaichin were issued before bronze Wado-kaichin coins.
Japanese: また、和同開珎が銀銭を先に発行していることと、無文銀銭との関係を指摘する説もある。
English: And there is another view that silver coins were used around those times when the article of October 6, 486 in "the Nihonshoki" mentioned that 'one rice koku corresponds to one mon silver coin.'
Japanese: 『日本書紀』顕宗天皇2年（486年）10月6日条に「稲斛銀銭一文」とあり、この時代の銀銭の使用を示すものであるとする見解もある。
English: In 1853, the East India Squadron of the United States Navy arrived in Japan at Uraga, near the entrance of Tokyo Bay (Uraga, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture)--an incident that came to be known as the "Arrival of the Black Ships."
Japanese: 黒船来航（くろふねらいこう）とは、嘉永6年（1853年）にアメリカ合衆国のアメリカ海軍所属の東インド艦隊艦船が、日本の東京湾浦賀（神奈川県横須賀市浦賀）に来航した事件。
English: Commodore Matthew C. Perry presented a message from the President of the United States to the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which resulted in a treaty between the United States and the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: マシュー・ペリー提督によってアメリカ合衆国大統領国書が江戸幕府に渡され、日米和親条約締結に至った。
English: The Age of Imperialism, led by Europe and the United States, was a time of opening ports and securing footholds for colonization.
Japanese: 欧米による帝国主義時代・開港による植民地化を目的とした寄港拠点の確保
English: With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, countries in Western Europe sought the expansion of their markets to Southeast Asia, mainly India and Qing Dynasty China, for the export of mass-produced goods--later, these activities evolved into a fierce competition for acquiring colonies.
Japanese: 産業革命を迎えた西ヨーロッパ各国は、大量生産された工業品の輸出拡大の必要性から、インドを中心に東南アジアと中国大陸の清への市場拡大に急いでいたが、後にそれは熾烈な植民地獲得競争となる。
English: The United States, however, with no foothold in Southeast Asia, was in need of a route to China through the Pacific in order to compete with Europe.
Japanese: インドや東南アジアに拠点を持たないアメリカ合衆国は、西欧との競争のためには、清を目指するうえで太平洋航路の確立が必要であった。
English: European countries and the United States were actively engaged in "whaling with new techniques" in waters all over the world, including the seas off the coast of Japan--it was the Industrial Revolution that made these new techniques possible.
Japanese: 産業革命によって、欧米の国々は日本沿岸を含み世界中の海で、「近代捕鯨」を盛んに行なっていた。
English: In those days, factories and offices that kept late business hours used lamp oil made from sperm whales, and it was precisely for this reason that whaling was so vigorously carried on.
Japanese: これは、夜間も稼動を続ける工場やオフィスのランプ(照明器具)の灯火として、主にマッコウクジラの鯨油を使用していたからである。
English: The United States was already engaged in whaling in the Pacific, but needed a foothold in order to supply firewood, water, and food to its whalers.
Japanese: 太平洋で盛んに捕鯨を操業していたアメリカは、太平洋での航海・捕鯨の拠点（薪、水、食料の補給点）の必要に駆られていた。
English: Manjiro NAKAHAMA, also known as John Mung, who was wrecked on the deserted island of Torishima (now Hachijo Sub-prefecture, belonging to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of General Affairs) with his friends when he was fishing off the coast of Kochi, were rescued by an American who had been whaling in the waters close to Japan--this serves as an actual example of American whaling.
Japanese: 実際にアメリカが、日本近海で捕鯨を目的とした操業を行っていた例として、ジョン・マンこと中濱万次郎は、高知沖で、遭難し無人島の鳥島(八丈支庁)に仲間といたところ、アメリカの捕鯨船に救助された。
English: Manjiro, who was 15 at the time, became something of an adopted son to the American captain, ultimately becoming a sailor of new techniques himself after attending school in the United States.
Japanese: 当時15歳だった万次郎は、捕鯨船の船長の養子同然となり、その後アメリカにて修学し、アメリカで近代捕鯨の捕鯨船の船員となった。
English: Eventually, unable to forget his homeland, he got a whaling ship with the money earned by working in a California gold mine and set sail for Japan with his fishermen friends from Nakahama Village, Tosashimizu.
Japanese: しかし、望郷の念は強く、カリフォルニアの金鉱で働き得た資金により、捕鯨船を確保し、ハワイに残された土佐の清水中浜村の漁師仲間と共に、日本に帰るべく出航した。
English: After arriving in Ryukyu, though initially faced with a number of difficulties, Manjiro's understanding of American motivations, as well as those of the Japanese, allowed him to serve as an interpreter during the treaty talks between the United States and the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: その後、紆余曲折はあったが、日米和親条約の平和的締結に向け、通訳やアメリカの思惑や情勢を詳しく知る者として、時には裏方として尽力した。
English: The Shogunate valued Manjiro, not only for his English proficiency and experience in America, but also for his experience as a seaman on an American whaler, relating to America's intention that it would set up the base for whaling in Japan.
Japanese: これら万次郎が幕府に徴用されたのは、英語話者やアメリカ滞在者としての経歴だけでなく、アメリカの目的が捕鯨基地であり、万次郎自身がそのアメリカの捕鯨船船員であったことも無視できないだろう。
English: On November 24, 1852, the 58-year old Commodore Matthew Perry, who was also the Ambassador to Japan, led the East India Squadron from the flagship Mississippi and headed straight for Asia.
Japanese: 1852年11月24日、58歳のマシュー・ペリー司令長官兼遣日大使を乗せた巡洋艦「ミシシッピー」を旗艦とする東インド艦隊は、一路アジアへと向かった。
English: Perry was told by the Whig Party's hawkish President Millard Fillmore that America had no alternative but to occupy Ryukyu if things went wrong.
Japanese: ペリーはタカ派のミラード・フィルモア大統領（ホイッグ党_(アメリカ)）から、琉球の占領もやむなしと言われていた。
English: By the time the squadron arrived in Shanghai, not only had the President of the United States changed to Franklin Pierce of the Democratic Party, but Dobbin, the new Secretary of the Navy under President Pierce, had prohibited the use of military force--a policy that Perry had not gotten word of.
Japanese: このとき、すでに大統領は民主党_(アメリカ)のフランクリン・ピアースに変わっていて、彼の下でドッピン長官は侵略目的の武力行使を禁止したが、航海途上のペリーには届いていなかった。
English: In Shanghai, Perry made the Susquehanna his flagship before embarking on May 17 and anchored off the coast of the Ryukyu Kingdom at Naha, which was under the influence of the Satsuma Domain on May 26.
Japanese: 上海で巡洋艦「サスケハナ」に旗艦を移したペリー艦隊は5月17日に出航し、5月26日に琉球王国（薩摩藩影響下にある）の那覇沖に停泊した。
English: Ignoring the refusal, Perry landed with armed soldiers and marched through the city of Naha to Shuri-jo Castle.
Japanese: しかし、ペリーはこれを無視して、武装した兵員を率いて上陸し、市内を行進しながら首里城まで進軍した。
English: With no alternatives, the Kingdom allowed Perry to enter the castle in the company of several disarmed soldiers.
Japanese: 王国は仕方なく、武具の持込と兵の入城だけは拒否するとして、ペリーは武装解除した士官数名と共に入城した。
English: While Perry and his officers were served tea and cakes, he delivered a letter from the President that urged Japan to open its ports.
Japanese: ペリー一行は北殿で茶と菓子程度でもてなされ、開国を促す大統領親書を手渡した。
English: In return, Perry invited the high officials of the Kingdom to the Susquehanna to sample French cuisine prepared by the chef who was a member of his expedition.
Japanese: ペリーは感謝して、返礼に王国高官を「サスケハナ」に招待し、同行のフランス人シェフの料理を振舞った。
English: The hospitality the kingdom extended to Perry and his officers, however, amounted to nothing more than a very ordinary level of hospitality--the dishes prepared were inferior to those offered to the Qing Dynasty's Imperial Chinese missions, an implicit indication that the kingdom was returning a negative response to the letter from the United States.
Japanese: しかし、王国が用意したもてなしは、来客への慣例として行ったものに過ぎず、清からの冊封使に対するもてなしよりも下位の料理を出すことで、暗黙の内にペリーへの拒否（親書の返答）を示していた。
English: By appearing friendly, the Kingdom was able to avoid falling under military control, although Ryukyu was still used as a relay point during Perry's voyage to Japan.
Japanese: 友好的に振舞ったことで武力制圧を免れたものの、王国はこの後もペリーの日本への中継点として活用された。
English: An account of those days is described in detail in the Kingdom's own "Hyojosho Monjo (Written Record of Conference Chamber Proceedings) of the Ryukyu Kingdom."
Japanese: この当時の記録は琉球側がまとめた『琉球王国評定所文書』に詳細に記されている。
English: Leaving a part of his squadron behind, Perry set out from Naha on June 9, 1853. From June 14 to June 18, he explored the Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) where no territorial claim had yet been formally made.
Japanese: ペリーは艦隊の一部を那覇に駐屯させ、自らは6月9日に出航、6月14日から6月18日にかけて、まだ領有のはっきりしない小笠原諸島を探検した。
English: Perry thus declared possession of the Ogasawara Islands, but found his claim immediately opposed by British and Russian ships that moved down in protest and the declaration was left up in the air.
Japanese: このとき、ペリーは小笠原の領有を宣言したが、即座に英国から抗議を受け、ロシア船も抗議の為に小笠原近海へ南下したため、宣言はうやむやになった。
English: Later, Japan would confirm its territorial right to the islands among the powerful countries of the world--the basis of the approval lay in the "Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu" (Illustrated General Survey of Three Countries), written by Shihei HAYASHI after Japan forced the residents of Hachijo-jima Island to immigrate to the Ogasawara Islands.
Japanese: 後に日本は林子平著『三国通覧図説』の記述を根拠として領有を主張し、八丈島住民などを積極的に移住させることで、列強から領有権を承認されることになる。
English: On June 23, Perry returned to Naha, leaving yet another part of his squadron behind before setting sail for Japan on July 2, leading 3 ships.
Japanese: 6月23日に一度琉球へ帰還し、再び艦隊の一部を残したまま、7月2日に3隻を率いて日本へ出航した。
English: On June 5, 1852, the curator of the Dutch trading house, Janus Henricus Donker Curtis, submitted "Special News" to the Magistrate of Nagasaki.
Japanese: 嘉永5年6月5日（1852年）、オランダ商館長のヤン・ドンケル・クルティウスは長崎奉行に「別段風説書」を提出。
English: Seeking trade with Japan, Commodore Perry of the United States of America set sail with eight ships and they will come to Edo in March of next year.
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国が日本との通商を求めペリー提督の艦8隻が出航、次の年の3月に江戸へ来る
English: In October of the same year, Masahiro ABE asked the Coastal Defense Department its opinion regarding the "Special News." The following November, the Department answered that the content seemed dubious and referred ABE to the Magistrate of Nagasaki.
Japanese: 阿部正弘は同年10月に海岸防禦御用掛（海防掛）に意見を聞き11月に海防掛はこれは疑わしく長崎奉行に聞くべきと答えた。
English: Under that opinion, the Shogunate did not take the necessary measures to prepare for Perry's arrival, but only increased the number of soldiers in the Hikone Domain to strengthen the defenses of the Miura Peninsula.
Japanese: そのため幕府の対応は三浦半島の防備を強化する為に彦根藩の兵を増やした程度であった。
English: The Shogunate believed that the East India Squadron would simply turn back, as they had done once in the past like the British and Russian navy ships.
Japanese: アメリカ海軍の東インド艦隊はかつて来航したことがあったが、そのときはイギリス海軍やロシア海軍艦艇のように帰ったため、今回も同じだろうと考えていた。
English: Nariakira SHIMAZU, however, who had been observing the East India Squadron since its arrival in Ryukyu, reported a different opinion to Roju (Senior Councilor) Masahiro ABE.
Japanese: しかし、島津斉彬がアメリカ海軍東インド艦隊の琉球来訪以降の動静を老中阿部正弘に報告した。
English: In March of 1853--the month in which Commodore Perry was supposed to arrive, according to Curtius's "Special News"--nothing happened.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）クルティウスの「別段風説書」にあった3月は何事もなく過ぎた。
English: A group of warships appeared off the coast of Uraga on June 3 (July 8) and to the Japanese people who spotted them, the ships were vastly different from those of the Russian Navy and British Navy, which had visited Japan in the past.
Japanese: しかし、6月3日（7月8日）に浦賀沖に現れ日本人が初めて見た艦は、それまで訪れていたロシア海軍やイギリス海軍の帆船とは違うものであった。
English: Apart from the sail, Perry's black-hulled side-wheel ships ran on steam engines that emitted clouds of smoke from their chimneys and came with sail ships in tow.
Japanese: 黒塗りの船体の外輪船は、帆以外に外輪と蒸気機関でも航行し、帆船を1艦ずつ曳航しながら煙突からはもうもうと煙を上げていた。
English: The squadron that anchored off the coast of Uraga consisted of the flagship Susquehanna and the USS Mississippi [1841] (both side-wheel steamers), as well as the USS Saratoga [1842] and the USS Plymouth [1844] (both sailing ships).
Japanese: 浦賀沖に投錨した艦隊は旗艦「サスケハナ」（蒸気外輪フリゲート）、「ミシシッピー」（USSMississippi(1841)同）、「サラトガ」（USSSaratoga(1842)帆船）、「プリマス」（USSPlymouth(1844)同）の巡洋艦四隻からなっていた。
English: With 100 cannons aboard the squadron, Perry and his soldiers began to survey Edo Bay while readying themselves for action.
Japanese: 大砲は計100門あり、臨戦態勢をとりながら、勝手に江戸湾の測量などを行い始めた。
English: They fired several dozen blanks into the Bay, as both a salute to America's Independence Day and as a message.
Japanese: さらに、アメリカ独立記念日の祝砲や、号令や合図を目的として、湾内で数十発の空砲を発射した。
English: Naturally, the firing was an intentional threat that initially sent the residents of Edo, who were hearing cannon fire for the first time, into a panic, but once people realized the shots were blank, however, they seemed to enjoy the sounds.
Japanese: 無論、日本を脅す為に意図的に行ったものであり、最初の砲撃によって江戸は大混乱となったが、やがて空砲だとわかると、町民は砲撃音が響くたびに、花火の感覚で喜んでいたようだ。
English: Uraga filled with spectators, some of whom boarded small boats to get closer to the ships, while others even tried to climb aboard and make contact with the sailors, but once the Shogunate had issued an order to the samurai and merchant classes that expressed the need for caution, eventually a sense of fear spread, with the rumors of live artillery.
Japanese: 浦賀は見物人でいっぱいになり、勝手に小船で近くまで繰り出し、上船して接触を試みるものもあったが、幕府から武士や町人に対して、十分に警戒するようにとのお触れが出ると、実弾砲撃の噂と共に、次第に不安が広がるようになった。
English: The state of Edo's residents at the time is rendered in the following satirical poem, in which the four steam ships are symbolized by high-grade jokisen tea: "Taihei no nemuri o samasu jokisen, tatta yonhai de yoru mo nerarezu" ("The Jokisen tea that awakens one from a peaceful sleep/With only four cups, the night is sleepless").
Japanese: このときの様子は「太平の眠りをさます上喜撰　たった四はいで夜も寝られず」（蒸気船と茶の上喜撰、4隻を4杯、茶で眠れなくなる様子を、黒船の騒ぎとかけた皮肉）という狂歌に詠まれている。
English: (Because major sources of the poem are "Buko Nenpyo," or "Chronology of the Edo Period," published in 1878, as well as "Edo Jidai Rakusho Ruiju," or "Anonymous Documents of Social and Political Satire of the Edo Period," published in 1914.) and this satirical poem is not found in contemporary publications, while similar poems do appear, one explanation for this is that the poem was both written and circulated after the fact, as is suggested by its major historical sources being published after the Meiji era.
Japanese: （ただし、同時代史料においては類似した句が見られるのみで、主に明治11年（1878年）の『武江年表』や大正3年（1914年）『江戸時代落書類聚』など、明治以降に出典が見られることから、後世に喧伝された歌である可能性も指摘されている。
English: The Shogunate dispatched Saburosuke NAKAJIMA, the yoriki (police sergeant) of Uraga Bugyosho (the magistrate's office in Uraga), to meet Perry on his ship, and from this dispatch understood that the purpose of Perry's visit was to deliver a letter from the President of the United States directly to the Shogun--Perry refused to give the letter to NAKAJIMA, claiming the man's rank was too low.
Japanese: 幕府は、船上のペリーに対してまず浦賀奉行所与力の中島三郎助を派遣し、ペリーの来航が将軍にアメリカ合衆国大統領親書を渡すことを目的とすることを把握したが、ペリー側は幕府側の与力の階級が低過ぎるとして親書を預けることを拒否した。
English: The same was said when Eizaemon KAYAMA visited the ship: the letter could not be handed to anyone except an officer of the highest rank.
Japanese: 続いて同じく香山栄左衛門が訪ねたが対応は変わらず、親書は最高位の役人にしか渡さないとはねつけられた。
English: When KAYAMA asked Perry to give him 4 days to talk with his superiors, Perry answered that he would wait three days, and further threatened that if the Shogunate did not dispatch a high ranking officer to whom he could hand the letter, he and his men would sail to the north of Edo Bay and hand the letter directly to the Shogun.
Japanese: 香山は上司と相談する為に4日の猶予をくれるように頼んだが、ペリーは3日なら待とうと答え、さらに親書を受け取れるような高い身分の役人を派遣しなければ、江戸湾を北上して、兵を率いて上陸し、将軍に直接手渡しすると脅しをかけた。
English: At that time, the 12th Shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, was sick in bed and in no condition to be making important decisions for the nation.
Japanese: このとき第12代将軍徳川家慶は病床に伏せていて、国家の重大事を決定できる状態には無かった。
English: On June 6 (July 11 of 1853), Roju Shuza (Senior Councilor of the TOKUGAWA Shogunate) Masahiro ABE concluded that he had no alternative but to receive the letter himself and thus he permitted Perry's party to come ashore in Kurihama on June 9 (July 14, 1853), where The Uraga Bugyo, Ujiyoshi TODA and Hiromichi IDO presented themselves for an interview with Perry.
Japanese: 老中首座阿部正弘は、6月6日（同年7月11日）に国書を受け取るぐらいは仕方ないだろうとの結論に至ったため、嘉永6年6月9日（1853年7月14日）にペリー一行の久里浜上陸を許し、浦賀奉行の戸田氏栄・井戸弘道がペリーと会見した。
English: Perry at last presented the letter from President Fillmore, together with his own letter of credence, a memorandum, and so forth, urging Japan to open its ports to the world.
Japanese: ペリーは彼等に開国を促すフィルモア大統領親書、提督の信任状、覚書などを手渡した。
English: TODA and IDO explained, however, that the Shogun was ill and could not make a decision and requested one year of postponement for their answer, and in response, Perry agreed that he would return after one year.
Japanese: しかし、幕府は将軍が病気であって決定できないとして、返答に1年の猶予を要求したため、ペリーは返事を聞く為、1年後に再来航すると告げた。
English: The squadron left Edo on June 12 (July 17 of the same year) and rejoined the ships that had been left in Ryukyu before returning to Hong Kong.
Japanese: 艦隊は6月12日（同年7月17日）に江戸を離れ、琉球に残した艦隊に合流して香港へ帰った。
English: On June 22 (July 27 of the same year), only 10 days after Perry's departure, Shogun Ieyoshi died and Iesada TOKUGAWA became the 13th Shogun but Iesada was, himself, in poor health, and was not able to take responsible control of the government.
Japanese: それからわずか10日後の6月22日（同年7月27日）に将軍家慶は死去すると、13代将軍に徳川家定が就いたが、彼は病弱で国政を担えるような人物ではなかった。
English: ABE who was head of the Roju, was especially worried that domestic support for excluding foreigners was on the rise.
Japanese: 国内は異国排斥を唱える攘夷論が高まっていたこともあって、老中首座の阿部は開国要求に頭を悩ませた。
English: Therefore, he began to receive outside opinions on Japan's diplomatic policy from the daimyo (feudal lords), hatamoto (direct retainers of the Shogunate), and even the common people, who had never before participated in the Shogunate government.
Japanese: そこで彼は、広く各大名から旗本、さらには庶民に至るまで、幕政に加わらない人々にも、外交についての意見を聞こうとしたが、これは開幕以来初めてであった。
English: ABE's efforts, however, resulted only in the spreading popularity of a "parliamentary regime" that utilized a council system, inevitably weakening the Shogunate.
Japanese: これ以降は国政を幕府ではなく合議制で決定しようという「公議政体論」の考えだけが広がり、幕府の権威を下げるものであった。
English: Meanwhile, he had the daimyos (territorial lords) build forts to strengthen the security of Edo Bay, and on November 14, changed each daimyo's duty post.
Japanese: 阿部はとりあえず、諸大名へ江戸湾警備を増強すべく、砲撃用の台場造営を命じたほか、11月14日に持ち場の変更を行わせた。
English: On January of 1854, Perry returned to Uraga via Ryukyu.
Japanese: 嘉永7年1月（1854年）、ペリーは琉球を経由して再び浦賀に来航した。
English: In spite of his agreement to allow for one year of discussion, he returned after only half a year away and daringly pressed the Japanese government for a decision, which made the Shogunate understandably anxious.
Japanese: 幕府との取り決めで、1年間の猶予を与えるはずであったところを、あえて半年で決断を迫ったもので、幕府は大いに焦った。
English: In Hong Kong, Perry had heard about the death of Shogun Ieyoshi, and was now trying to exploit the resulting confusion in the Shogunate.
Japanese: ペリーは香港で将軍家慶の死を知り、国政の混乱の隙を突こうと考えたのである。
English: On January 14 (February 11 of the same year), the transport ship Southampton (a sailing ship) arrived, as did six more cruisers by January 16 (February 13 of the same year), including 3 side-wheel steamers (the flagship Susquehanna, the Mississippi, and the USS Powhatan [1850]) and 3 sailing ships (the Macedonian, the Vandalia, and the Lexington).
Japanese: 1月14日（同年2月11日）に輸送艦「サザンプトン」（帆船）が現れ、1月16日（同年2月13日）までに旗艦「サスケハナ」、「ミシシッピー」、「ポーハタン」（USSPowhatan(1850)以上、蒸気外輪フリゲート）、「マセドニアン」、「ヴァンダリア」、「レキシントン」（以上、帆船）の巡洋艦六隻が到着した。
English: With the February 6 arrival of the sailing ship Saratoga, and then the February 21 arrival of the sailing ship Supply, the total came to 9 ships, which sent Edo, once again, into a panic.
Japanese: 2月6日に「サラトガ」、2月21日に「サプライ」（両帆船）が到着して計九隻の大艦隊が江戸湾に集結し、江戸はパニックに陥った。
English: (At the same time, many visitors still flocked to Uraga, so much that the place became something of a sightseeing spot.
Japanese: （一方で、やはり浦賀には見物人が多数詰め掛け、観光地のようになっていた。
English: This is when Shoin YOSHIDA attempted to stow away on the Powhatan as a means to study abroad.)
Japanese: 吉田松陰が外国留学のため密航を企てポーハタン号に接触したのはこの折である）。
English: Knowing that sea bream was popular among the Japanese, the Americans incorporated the fish into the menu, reflecting their awareness of Japanese taste.
Japanese: 日本人は鯛を喜ぶ、という情報を仕入れていたアメリカ側は鯛を釣って料理する、などの日本側を意識した部分が料理にあった。
English: Meanwhile, it is said that the Japanese who were invited to dine with the American rehearsed the situation using a jitte (short, one-hook truncheon) and a backscratcher as substitutes for a knife and fork.
Japanese: 一方、日本側の招待された面々は、十手と孫の手をナイフとフォーク(食器)に見立てて作法の練習をしたという。
English: According to a recorded account by one of the Americans, the Japanese guests wrapped their food in kaishi (paper carried inside one's kimono) and returned home with it--a practice that surprised the Americans.
Japanese: アメリカ側の記述によると、最後に本来ならメニューを持ち帰るべきところを料理その物を懐紙に包んでもって帰り、しかも、様々な料理を一緒くたに包んでいた事に驚いた、という.