nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1563, the heir of Nagayoshi, Yoshioki MIYOSHI, died early for his age and so he was adopted to Nagayoshi and changed his family name to Miyoshi.
Japanese: 永禄6年（1563年）に長慶の世子であった三好義興が早世したため、長慶の養子として迎えられ、三好姓に改めた。
English: When Nagayoshi died in July 1564, he succeeded to the Miyoshi family supported by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) and became the family head of the Miyoshi family (according to another theory, Nagayoshi transferred the headship of the family and retired while he was alive).
Japanese: 永禄7年（1564年）7月に長慶が死去すると、三好三人衆の支持を受けて家督を継ぎ、三好家の当主となる（一説に、長慶は存命中の6月に家督を譲って隠居していたとされる）。
English: By the time he succeeded to the family, a senior vassal, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and Miyoshi Triumvirate had already had the power which surpassed that of the head family, and so Yoshitsugu was no more than their puppet.
Japanese: 家督相続時、既に重臣の松永久秀や三好三人衆が主家を凌駕する実力を保持していて、義継は彼らの傀儡に過ぎなかった。
English: On June 9, 1565, he was given a letter '義' from the name of the 13th Shogun Yoshiteru (義輝) ASHIKAGA and renamed himself Yoshishige (義重), and also was appointed to Sakyo no Daibu (the chief of the public office which supervised the east half of Kyoto) by Yoshiteru's suggestion to the Emperor.
Japanese: 永禄8年（1565年）5月1日、室町幕府第13代将軍・足利義輝から「義」の字を賜って義重と改名し、さらに義輝の奏請により左京大夫に任官された。
English: On June 27, however, prevailed upon by Hisahide MATSUNAGA and Miyoshi Triumvirate, he attacked Nijo-gosho Palace, helped the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, and also expelled Christian missionaries from Kyoto (the Eiroku Incident).
Japanese: しかし5月19日、松永久秀や三好三人衆に担ぎ出されて二条御所を襲撃し、足利義輝の暗殺に加担し、さらにキリスト教宣教師を京都から追放した（永禄の変）。
English: After that, when Miyoshi Triumvirate and Hisahide MATSUNAGA got onto bad terms, Miyoshi Triumvirate backed up him to be the family head as their puppet, and so he fought against Hisahide.
Japanese: その後、三好三人衆と松永久秀が不仲になると、三人衆によって傀儡の当主として擁立され、久秀と戦うことになる。
English: However, soon he fell out with the Triumvirate and was confined by them for a time, and on April 5, 1567, he escaped from the Triumvirate, allied himself with Hisahide and fought against the Triumvirate in Nara, where they had Todai-ji Temple burnt down in the battle on November 20, 10 (warrior clashes at the Great Buddha Hall of Todai-ji Temple).
Japanese: しかし、やがて三人衆と不仲になって一時拘禁されたが、永禄10年（1567年）2月16日、三人衆のもとから逃れて久秀と手を結び、奈良で三人衆と戦い、10月10日の戦いで東大寺を焼いてしまった（東大寺大仏殿の戦い）。
English: When Nobunaga ODA came to Kyoto to back up Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA (a younger brother of Yoshiteru) in 1568, he surrendered to Nobunaga and was permitted the possession of the northern half of Kawachi Province and Wakae-jo Castle.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）に織田信長が足利義昭（義輝の弟）を擁立して上洛してくると、これに降って、河内国北半国と若江城の領有を安堵された。
English: In March 1569, through the mediation of Nobunaga, he married the younger sister of the 15th Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 永禄12年（1569年）3月、信長の仲介により第15代将軍・足利義昭の妹を娶る。
English: For a period of time after that, he fought against the anti-Nobunaga forces such as Miyoshi Triumvirate in and around Kyoto as a Nobunaga's vassal (the Battle of Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle), but around 1571 he allied himself with Hisahide to rebel against Nobunaga, and took part in the siege around Nobunaga.
Japanese: その後しばらくは織田氏の家臣として三好三人衆などの畿内の反信長勢力と戦っていたが（野田城・福島城の戦い）、元亀2年（1571年）頃から久秀と手を結んで信長に反逆し、信長包囲網の一角に加わった。
English: In 1572, he fought against Akitaka HATAKEYAMA and Akimoto HOSOKAWA on Oda's side (both were sons-in-law of Nobunaga) around Kawachi Province and Settsu Province, and won the battles.
Japanese: 元亀3年（1572年）には織田方の畠山昭高や細川昭元（いずれも信長の娘婿）と河内・摂津国方面で戦い、勝利している。
English: However, after Shingen TAKEDA, who had been the strongest enemy of Nobunaga, died from a disease in April 1573, a counterattack of the Oda army began, and in July, his brother-in-law, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, was expelled from Kyoto; thus the Muromachi shogunate came to an end.
Japanese: しかし元亀4年（1573年）4月、信長最大の強敵であった武田信玄が病死すると、織田軍の反攻が始まり、7月には義兄にあたる足利義昭が信長によって京都から追放され、室町幕府は滅んだ。
English: It made Nobunaga angry, and so in November 1573, he was attacked by the Oda army headed by Nobumori SAKUMA under Nobunaga's command in the Wakae-jo Castle, and besides betrayed by his senior vassals called Wakae Triumvirate; thus the Wakae-jo Castle fell, and he killed himself and so did his wife and children.
Japanese: このため、信長の怒りを買い、天正元年（1573年）11月、信長の命を受けた佐久間信盛率いる織田軍に若江城を攻められ（義昭は直前に堺へ脱出）、若江三人衆と呼ばれた重臣らの裏切りにもあって若江城は落城し、妻子とともに自害して果てた。
English: Genpo MITSUKURI (October 5, 1799 - August 1, 1863) was a Japanese samurai, feudal retainer of the Tsuyama Domain and Dutch scholar.
Japanese: 箕作阮甫（みつくりげんぽ、寛政11年9月7日(旧暦)（1799年10月5日）-文久3年6月17日(旧暦)（1863年8月1日））は、日本の武士・津山藩士､蘭学者である。
English: Genpo was born the third son to Teiko MITSUKURI (Joan the third, a doctor of the Tsuyama Domain) in Nishishinmachi, Mimasaka Province (present-day, Nishishin Cho, Tsuyama City, Okayama Prefecture).
Japanese: 津山藩医箕作貞固（三代丈庵）の第三子として美作国西新町（現在の岡山県津山市西新町）に生まれる。
English: The Mitsukuri family had been engaged in medical practice since 貞辨 MITSUKURI (Joan the first) started to work as a general practitioner in Nishishinmachi.
Japanese: 医家としての箕作は、阮甫の曾祖父箕作貞辨（初代丈庵）からで、西新町に住み開業した。
English: In November 28, 1728, Genpo's father, Teiko, was promoted to 'Oishinami' (domain doctor) of the Echizen Matsudaira family, the lord of the Tsuyama Domain, with a salary of Junin fuchi (the equivalent of an annual ten-man rice stipend) from a town doctor.
Japanese: 父貞固の代になり天明2年10月24日(旧暦)（1782年11月28日）津山藩主越前松平家の「御医師並」に召し出されて十人扶持をもって町医者から藩医に取り立てられた。
English: After having lost his father at the age of four and his older brother, 豊順 MITSUKURI, at the age of 12, Genpo succeeded to the reigns of the family.
Japanese: 阮甫は4歳で父をなくし、12歳で兄箕作豊順をなくして、家督を相続することになる。
English: While learning Confucianism from 永田敬蔵(桐陰)and 小島廣厚(天楽), Genpo visited Kyoto in 1816 to study medicine under Bunpo TAKENAKA for three years.
Japanese: 藩の永田敬蔵（桐陰）・小島廣厚（天楽）から儒学を学ぶ一方、文化(元号)13年（1816年）には京都に出て、竹中文輔のもとで3カ年間医術習得にはげんだ。
English: After three years of medical training, Genpo returned from Kyoto to work as a doctor in 本町三丁目 in 1819, and got married to Toi Omura in the following year.
Japanese: 文政2年（1819年）には、修業を終えて京都から帰り、本町三丁目で開業、翌年大村とゐと結婚した。
English: He later was employed as an apprentice domain doctor with a salary of 50 koku (13.9 cubic meters), and in 1823, Genpo accompanied the lord of the domain to visit Edo and started to study Western studies under Genshin UDAGAWA.
Japanese: やがて高50石御小姓組御匙代にすすみ、文政6年（1823年）には、藩主の供で江戸に行き、宇田川玄真の門に入り、以後洋学の研鑚を重ねる。
English: Genpo was appointed as a translator of the astronomical observatory of the TOKUGAWA shogunate and translated an official letter from President of the United States which was brought by Matthew (Calbraith) PERRY, and also visited Nagasaki City as a member of negotiators with Russia.
Japanese: 徳川幕府天文台翻訳員となり、マシュー・ペリー来航時に米大統領国書を翻訳、また対露交渉団の一員として長崎市にも出向く。
English: It is confirmed that Genpo translated 99 titles (nearly 160 volumes in total) including "Taisei Meii Iko" (literary, Western medicine), the first medical journal in Japan, "Geka Hitsudoku" (literary, essentials for surgery), "Sanka Kanmei" (literary, a brief explanation about obstetrics), "Oranda Bunten" (literary, grammar of Dutch language), "Hakko Tsushi" (literary, the overview of world history), "Suijosen Setsuryaku" (literary, a brief explanation about steamboat), "Seisei Kiko" (literary, records on the Western world) and his specialty ranged from medical science, language, history of the Western world, to military science and philosophy of religion.
Japanese: 日本最初の医学雑誌『泰西名医彙講』をはじめ、『外科必読』・『産科簡明』・『和蘭文典』・『八紘通誌』・『水蒸船説略』・『西征紀行』など阮甫の訳述書は99部160冊余りが確認されており、その分野は医学・語学・西洋史・兵学・宗教学と広範囲にわたる。
English: The house is reminiscent of a mercantile house built during the Edo Period and was designated as the state's historic site on March 18, 1975.
Japanese: 江戸時代の商家の姿を今に留めており、昭和50年（1975年）3月18日に国の史跡に指定されている。
English: Taneomi SOEJIMA (October 17 1828 - January 31 1905) was a Japanese samurai, feudal retainer of the Saga clan, bureaucrat and statesman.
Japanese: 副島種臣（そえじまたねおみ、文政11年9月9日(旧暦)（1828年10月17日）-明治38年（1905年）1月31日）は、日本の武士・佐賀藩士、官僚、政治家。
English: In 1850 he joined the Nankogisai Alliance where his older brother Shinyo EDAYOSHI was central in its formation.
Japanese: 嘉永3年（1850年）、兄の枝吉神陽が中心となって結成した楠公義祭同盟に加わる。
English: In 1864 he became the director of English studies at the Yogakko (School of Western Studies) Chienkan, which was set up by Saga Domain in Nagasaki City, and studied English.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）、佐賀藩が長崎市に設けた洋学校・致遠館の英学生監督となり、英語などを学ぶ。
English: In 1867, along with Shigenobu OKUMA he abandoned his domain and was active in the Shishi movement that promoted the sonno joi doctrine and loyalty to the emperor, but he was apprehended and sent back to Saga to serve house arrest.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）、大隈重信と脱藩し、勤王の志士として活動するが、捕らえられて佐賀に送還され謹慎処分を受ける。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, in 1868 he became a junior councilor (sanyo) and an officer of the Seido Torishirabekyoku (Department for Institutional Investigation) in the new government, and assisted Takachika FUKUOKA in drafting "The 1868 Constitution."
Japanese: 明治維新後は、慶応4年（1868年）、新政府の参与・制度取調局判事となり、福岡孝悌と『政体書』起草に携わる。
English: In 1869 he became a Sangi (councilor) and in 1871 became the chief of the Foreign Ministry where handled the Maria Luz Incident.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）に参議、明治4年（1871年）に外務卿となり、マリア・ルス号事件に携わる。
English: In February 1873, he was dispatched to the Qing Dynasty capital Beijing as the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to handle the Mudan Incident (refer to the Taiwan Expedition) which occurred two years earlier in Taiwan, and was successful in negotiating for the ratification of the Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship and passing on a sovereign message of congratulations to the Qing emperor.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）2月には、前々年に台湾で起きた宮古島民殺害事件（→台湾出兵を参照）の処理交渉の特命全権公使として清の首都北京市へ派遣され、日清修好条規批准書の交換・同治帝成婚の賀を述べた国書の奉呈、および交渉にあたった。
English: Due to being defeated in the Seikanron (debate to conquer Korea) in October 1873, he retired from public office and with people such as Taisuke ITAGAKI published the Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpakusho (a political statement for democratic representatives).
Japanese: 明治6年10月の征韓論争に敗れたためいったん下野して、板垣退助らと共に民撰議院設立建白書を提出した。
English: In 1887 he served as an advisor to the Imperial Court, in 1888 he served as an advisor for state secrets, in 1891 became the vice-chairman of the Privy Council, and in 1892 served as Home Minister in the first Matsukata Cabinet.
Japanese: 明治20年（1887年）に宮中顧問官、明治21年（1888年）に枢密顧問官、明治24年（1891年）に枢密院(日本)副議長になり、明治25年（1892年）には第1次松方内閣において内務大臣(日本)を務める。
English: Three volumes of "The Complete Works of Taneomi SOEJIMA" (edited by Yoshitaka SHIMA, Keibunsha) were published in recent years, and a biography by Kanji MARUYAMA (the father of Masao MARUYAMA) called "Count Taneomi SOEJIMA" was reissued at Misuzu Shobo publishing company.
Japanese: 『副島種臣全集』３巻が（島善高編　慧文社）近年刊行され、伝記に丸山幹治（丸山眞男の父）『副島種臣伯』がみすず書房で復刻されている。
English: There is currently an on-demand version and "Soejima Taneomi" by Akio OHASHI (Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha Co.,Ltd. 1990).
Japanese: （現在はオンデマンド版）と、大橋昭夫『副島種臣』（新人物往来社　1990年）がある。
English: His achievements as a calligrapher are detailed in "Sokai: Soejima Taneomi Sho" (compiled by Kyuyo ISHIKAWA, Nigensha, 2003), but is out of print.
Japanese: 書家としての業績は『蒼海副島種臣書』（石川九楊編集　二玄社　2003年）に詳しいが絶版。
English: His main works are introduced in "Sho no Uchu 24 - Sho no Kindai no Kanosei, Meiji Zengo" (compiled by Kyuyo ISHIKAWA, Nigensha, 2000).
Japanese: 主要な作品は『書の宇宙24―書の近代の可能性明治前後』（石川九楊編集　二玄社　2000年）で紹介されている。
English: In 2005, NHK show 'Shin Nichiyo Bijutsukan' televised a closeup report on Soejima as a calligrapher.
Japanese: 平成17年（2005年）には、日本放送協会の番組「新日曜美術館」で、書家としての側面をクローズアップした特集が放映された。
English: He was also introduced in a "Geijutsu Shincho" article on 'the writing of patriots in the Meiji Restoration' (Shinchosha Publishing Co., September 1999 edition), and there was also a book published by Seito Shobo in 1972 titled "Sokai Sensei Tenshojo."
Japanese: 『芸術新潮　特集「明治維新を筆跡でよむ志士たちの書」』（1999年9月号新潮社）にも紹介されており、また『蒼海先生篆書帖』（西東書房　1972年）もある。
English: Shinichi KUSAMORI wrote 'Shijin Soejima Taneomi no Shogai' (the biography of poet Taneomi SOEJIMA) for literature magazine 'Subaru' (Shueisha) (July 1991 to December 1996, 65 editions) and 'Shobi Kosho Soejima Taneomi no Chugoku Manyu' (about Soejima's trip to China) for 'Bungaku Kai' (by Bungeishunju) (February 2000 to May 2003, 40 editions), but they remain unpublished.
Japanese: 草森紳一が、文芸雑誌「すばる(雑誌)」（集英社）に「詩人副島種臣の生涯」（1991年7月号－96年12月号、65回）と「文學界」（文藝春秋）で「薔薇香処　副島種臣の中国漫遊」を（2000年2月号－03年5月号、40回）と書き続けたが未刊行である。
English: From 2007 Kyoto Seika University's Organization for Human Contact had begun publishing 'Torinezumi - Meiji 11-nen no Bunjin Seijika Soejima Taneomi no Yukue' in its magazine "Hyogen" (Human Contact) but was discontinued after only two issues.
Japanese: 2007年から、『表現』（京都精華大学表現研究機構）で「捕鼠　明治十一年の文人政治家副島種臣の行方」が始まっていたが創刊号と第２号のみで、絶筆となった。
English: Exhibitions commemorating the one-hundredth year since the death of Taneomi SOEJIMA called "Sokai - Taneomi SOEJIMA 'Calligraphy of the Soul'" were held at the Saga Prefectural Art Museum in 2006 and at the Gotoh Museum in 2007.
Japanese: 2006年に佐賀県立美術館で、2007年に五島美術館で、没後百年記念特別展『蒼海　副島種臣－全心の書―展』が催された。
English: Koan OGATA (August 13, 1810 - July 25, 1863) was a Japanese samurai, feudal retainer of the Ashimori Domain, doctor, and Dutch scholar.
Japanese: 緒方洪庵（おがたこうあん、文化(元号)7年7月14日(旧暦)（1810年8月13日）-文久3年6月10日(旧暦)（1863年7月25日））は日本の武士・足守藩士、医師、蘭学者である。
English: Born the third son to Sezaemon SAEKI, a feudal retainer of the Ashimori Domain of Bicchu Province, in Ashimori (present-day, Ashimori, Kita Ward, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture).
Japanese: 備中国足守藩士・佐伯瀬左衛門の三男として足守（現・岡山県岡山市北区(岡山市)足守）に生まれる。
English: 1826: Learned Western studies at 'Shishisaijuku', a private school established by Tenyu NAKA, a Western medicine doctor, for four years.
Japanese: 文政9年（1826年）中天游の私塾「思々斎塾」にて4年間、蘭学を学ぶ。
English: 1831: Went to Edo to study under Shindo TSUBOI and also Genshin UDAGAWA, both of whom were Western medicine doctors.
Japanese: 天保2年（1831年）江戸へ出て坪井信道に学び、さらに宇田川玄真にも学んだ。
English: 1836: Visited Nagasaki City to study medical science under Niemann, a Dutch doctor.
Japanese: 天保7年（1836年）長崎市へ遊学しオランダ人医師・ニーマンのもとで医学を学ぶ。
English: Spring 1838: Returned to Osaka to work as a doctor in Kawaramachi (present-day, Kawaramachi, Chuo Ward, Osaka City).
Japanese: 天保9年（1838年）春大坂に帰り、瓦町（現・大阪市中央区(大阪市)瓦町）で医業を開業する。
English: 1845: Bought a mercantile house in Kashomachi (present-day, Yodoyabashi, Chuo Ward, Osaka City) to relocate his Tekijuku.
Japanese: 弘化2年（1845年）過書町（現・大阪市中央区淀屋橋）の商家を購入し適塾を移転。
English: This relocation was unavoidable because Koan's fame brought so many people to the school that the place in Kawaramachi became too small to accommodate all of them.
Japanese: 移転の理由は洪庵の名声がすこぶる高くなり、門下生も日々増え瓦町の塾では手狭となった為である。
English: December 21, 1849: Started vaccinating people at 'Joto-kan' (literally, vaccination house) he opened in Furutemachi (present-day, Doshomachi, Chuo Ward, Osaka City) by using smallpox vaccine obtained in the capital six days earlier.
Japanese: 嘉永2年11月7日(旧暦)（1849年12月21日）その6日前に京に赴き種痘を得、古手町（現・大阪市中央区道修町）に「除痘館」を開き、牛痘種痘法による切痘を始める。
English: 1850: Opened another smallpox-vaccination center, 'Ashimori Joto-kan', in response to a request from the Ashimori Domain.
Japanese: 嘉永3年（1850年）郷里の足守藩より要請があり「足守除痘館」を開き切痘を施した。
English: 1858: Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) authorized Koan's smallpox-vaccination activity.
Japanese: 安政5年4月24日(旧暦)（1858年6月5日）洪庵の天然痘予防の活動を幕府が公認する。
English: 1862: Moved to Edo to serve as an inner doctor assigned to the Tokugawa family and head of the School of Western Medical Science in response to the Tokugawa Shogunate's repeated requests.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）徳川幕府の度重なる要請により奥医師兼西洋医学所頭取として、江戸に出仕する。
English: June 10, 1863: Suddenly coughed up blood and choked to death at the official residence of the head of the School of Western Medical Science in Edo.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年6月10日）江戸の医学所頭取役宅で突然喀血し窒息により死去。
English: Koan is credited with the establishment of a private school, Tekijuku, and many Tekijuku graduates including Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Keisuke OTORI, Sanai HASHIMOTO, Masujiro OMURA, Sensai NAGAYO, Tsunetami SANO, Ryoun TAKAMATSU took the lead in building a new society from the end of the Edo Period through the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 洪庵の功績として、適塾から福澤諭吉、大鳥圭介、橋本左内、大村益次郎、長与専斎、佐野常民、高松凌雲など幕末から明治維新にかけて活躍した多くの人材を輩出した。
English: As represented by his publication and distribution to doctors of a treatment guideline, "Korori Chijun" in response to a cholera epidemic in 1858, Koan contributed to the modernization of Japanese medical science.
Japanese: 安政5年（1858年）のコレラ流行に際しては『虎狼痢治準』と題した治療手引き書を出版し医師に配布するなど日本医学の近代化に努めた。
English: He suffered from smallpox himself in 1817 at the age of eight.
Japanese: なお、自身も文化14年（1817年。8歳）のときに天然痘にかかっている。
English: Koan was also dedicated to learning Chinese medicine, which act was unusual for someone who tried to master Western medicine.
Japanese: 洪庵は西洋医学を極めようとする医師としては珍しく漢方医学にも力を注いだ。
English: Koan's great-grandson, Tomio OGATA, studied serology at the University of Tokyo and solidified the foundation of serology in Japan.
Japanese: 曾孫の緒方富雄は東京大学で血清学の研究を行い、日本の血清学の基礎を固めた。
English: In March 1948, Tomio established a foundation called, 'Society for Promotion of Serology', where various basic and applied researches on serology were conducted.
Japanese: 昭和23年（1948年）3月に財団法人血清学振興会を設立し、血清学領域の基礎研究及び応用研究が行われてきた。
English: The foundation was later renamed Ogata Institute for Medical and Chemical Research and has widened its investigative research areas from serology to medical science and dentistry (issuing an academic journal called Medical and Biology).
Japanese: その後緒方医学化学研究所に発展し、血清学に留まらず広く医学・歯学分野などの調査研究（学術誌：医学と生物学）を行っている。
English: Also, the Institute possesses and exhibits the so-called 'Western studies Library' including valuable Western studies materials possessed by Koan OGATA, Genpaku SUGITA, Tairo ISHIKAWA and Genzui KOISHI.
Japanese: また、同研究所では緒方洪庵や杉田玄白、石川大浪、小石元瑞などの貴重な蘭学資料を「蘭学文庫」として所有し公開している。
English: Nobuhide SAKUMA was one of his children, and Moritsugu SAKUMA (father of Morimasa SAKUMA, Katsumasa SHIBATA, and Katsuyuki SAKUMA) was one of his cousins.
Japanese: 子に佐久間信栄、従兄弟に佐久間盛次（佐久間盛政、佐久間安政、柴田勝政、佐久間勝之の父）がいる。
English: He was appointed as chief retainer of the young Nobunaga, consistently on his side during the time of his problems with succession to the position of family head, and he fought for him during a rebellion started by Nobuyuki ODA.
Japanese: 幼少の信長に重臣としてつけられ、信秀死後の家督相続問題でも一貫して信長に与し、織田信行謀反の際も信長方の武将として戦った。
English: He was given the highest rank among vassal groups afterwards, and was called 'Shirizoki SAKUMA' (Retreating SAKUMA), named for his excellence in directing the rear guard.
Japanese: その功により以後家臣団の筆頭格として扱われ、「退き佐久間」（殿軍の指揮を得意としたことに由来）といわれた。
English: Following Nobunaga in various battles, he participated in almost all the battles of the Oda family, and showed distinguished war service in the battle against the Rokkaku clan in Omi Province, for instance, capturing Mitsukuri-jo Castle, and also gave great performances in the battle of Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) and the Ikko Ikki battle in Echizen Province.
Japanese: 信長に従って各地を転戦し織田家の主だった合戦には全て参戦、近江国の六角氏との戦い（観音寺城の戦い）では、箕作城を落とすなどの戦功をあげ、長島一向一揆や越前国での対一向一揆戦でも活躍した。
English: He set Mt. Hiei afire (in 1571) and achieved great military exploits, so he was given Kurita County, Omi Province as chigyo-chi (territory) in November, 1571.
Japanese: 比叡山焼き討ち(1571年)で武功を上げ元亀2年（1571年）11月には知行地として近江国の栗太郡を与えられている。
English: In the Battle of Mikatagahara (in 1572), Nobumori, together with Hirohide HIRATE, reinforced the 8,000 soldiers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA with another 3,000 men, but he retreated without hardly any fighting as soon as he saw the 27,000 troops of the Takeda clan.
Japanese: 元亀3年（1572年）の三方ヶ原の戦いでは、平手汎秀と共に3,000の兵を率い、徳川家康8,000の援軍に赴くも、信盛は27,000の武田氏を目の当たりにし、ほとんど戦わずして退却。
English: In August, 1573, the vassals of the Oda family received a reprimand from Nobunaga since they did not follow the army of Yosikage ASAKURA escaping from the battlefield.
Japanese: 天正元年（1573年）8月、戦場から離脱する朝倉義景軍の追撃を怠った織田家臣団の面々は、信長の叱責を受ける。
English: Nobumori proceeded to excuse their behavior tearfully by saying, "Whatever you say, no one would be able to have such excellent vassals as us," which fueled Nobunaga's anger ("Shinchoko-ki" [Biography of Nobunaga ODA]).
Japanese: その際信盛は涙を流しながら「さ様に仰せられ候共、我々程の内の者はもたれ間敷（そうは言われましても我々のような優秀な家臣団をお持ちにはなれますまい）」と弁明し、信長の怒りに油を注いだ（『信長公記』）
English: In 1576, after the death of Naomasa BAN, commander of the battle to capture Hongan-ji Temple, Nobumori assumed the role of commander, and his cohorts which included yoriki (mounted warriors) received from seven Kinai provinces were the biggest among those of the Oda family, but the battle was deadlocked because of the strong resistance from Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天正4年（1576年）には、本願寺攻略戦の指揮官である塙直政の戦死を受け、後任として対本願寺戦の指揮官に就任、畿内7ヶ国の与力をつけられた信盛配下の軍団は、当時の織田家中で最大規模であったが、本願寺の熾烈な抵抗もあって戦線は膠着した。
English: After 10 years of war, Nobunaga moved the Imperial Court and reconciled with Hongan-ji Temple in 1580.
Japanese: 天正8年（1580年）、信長自らが朝廷を動かし本願寺と和睦して、10年続いた戦に終止符を打った。
English: By this point, SAKUMA had taken command of the biggest army among the Oda family in the Kinki region, and taking account of the fact that he had been a senior member since Nobunaga's succession, he was in a position which was called the "vice-president of Oda Joint-Stock Corporation," as novelist Yo TSUMOTO says.
Japanese: この時点まで佐久間は近畿の地に織田家中で最大規模の軍団を統括し、信長相続前からの古参であることもあわせ、作家津本陽いわく”織田株式会社の副社長”ともいうべき位置にあった。
English: In August, 1580, he received a letter of chastisement from Nobunaga consisting of 19 articles, and was banished to Mt. Koya along with his legitimate son Nobuhide SAKUMA.
Japanese: 同年8月、信長から19ヶ条にわたる折檻状を突きつけられ、信盛は嫡男・佐久間信栄と共に高野山に追放された。
English: It was shocking both inside and outside the Oda family that he was suddenly dismissed from the position of the roshin (old retainer) in the highest rank among fudai (hereditary vassals) and also as commander of the biggest cohort.
Japanese: 譜代の筆頭老臣であり、最大規模の軍団長という立場からの突然の追放は内外に大きな衝撃を与えた。
English: After that, he proceeded to the south since he was not allowed to stay in Mt. Koya, and the retainers of the Sakuma family deserted Nobumori and his son.
Japanese: その後高野山すら在住を許されずにさらに南に移動、佐久間家の郎党も次々に信盛親子を見捨てて去っていった。
English: It is said that only a few accompanied them when they went to Mt. Koya and only one to Kumano (Nobuhide thanked his loyalty and promoted him from komono [a lower servant] to the samurai class).
Japanese: 高野山に落ちるときはつき従う者二、三名、熊野に落ちるときは一名きりだったという（忠誠を感謝され信栄の帰参時には小者から士分となった）。
English: "Shinchoko-ki" describes the decline of Nobumori and Nobuhide with compassion.
Japanese: 『信長公記』はこの間の佐久間親子の凋落をあわれみをもって記している。
English: The man who came to lead the largest force in the Kinki area after Nobumori was Mitsuhide AKECHI, and along with the severe human affairs which brought unrest to the vassals, this banishment was often said to be linked to the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: また、信盛失脚後に近畿地区で大軍団を統率することになったのは明智光秀であり、苛烈な人事が家臣団に与えた動揺ともども、この追放は本能寺の変と密接に結びついて語られることが多い。
English: The Sakuma military record which documents the military exploits of the Sakuma clan suggests that there might have been slander by someone which caused this banishment, revealing that such a viewpoint existed during the early Edo Period, when the document was written.
Japanese: 佐久間氏の武功を記録した佐久間軍記には、この追放について「だれかの讒言でもあったのではないか」という意味のことが書かれており、この書が成立した江戸初期でもそのような見方が存在していたことが伺える。
English: After the death of Nobumori, Nobunaga ODA learned of his innocence and regretted the banishment, and forgave Masakatsu and let him go under the assistant governor Nobutada ODA.
Japanese: 信盛死するののち、織田信長其咎なきことを知て後悔し、正勝をゆるして城介織田信忠に附属せしむ。
English: 1. Nobumori SAKUMA and his son Nobuhide both stayed in Tennoji for five years, but accomplished nothing.
Japanese: 一、佐久間信盛・信栄親子ともども天王寺に五年間在城しながら何ら功績もあげていない。
English: People are doubting you, and I too feel vexed as things come to mind.
Japanese: 世間では不審に思っており、自分にも思い当たることがあり口惜しい思いをしている。
English: 2. If I guess what Nobumori is thinking about, who has not accomplished anything, you might be thinking that Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple is a great enemy and that it will withdraw under Nobunaga's power in a few years even if you do not fight a battle or conceive a stratagem and if you just protect the castle.
Japanese: 一、何ら功績もあげていない信盛らの気持ちを推し量るに石山本願寺を大敵と考え、戦もせず、調略もせず、ただ城の守りを堅めておれば、幾年かもすればゆくゆく信長の威光によって引き下がるであろうという見通しだったのか。