nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, after the late eighth century, as henko-sei (the organization of the people) by the Ritsuryo and domination over the citizens by Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) gradually loosened, the mechanism of domination and organization of people by the gunji class collapsed, and there were established relations in which children of native kokushi who were newly called the rich and powerful class, gunji, influential farmers and other people turned many citizens into their private slaves by suiko (government loans made to peasants).
Japanese: しかし8世紀末以降、律令による編戸制、班田収授法による公民支配が次第に弛緩していくのと並行して郡司層による民の支配と編成の機構は崩壊し、新たに富豪と呼ばれる土着国司子弟、郡司、有力農民らが出挙によって多くの公民を私的隷属関係の下に置く関係が成立していく。
English: Thus, instead of having all kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor) collect tax via the gunji class from each citizen unit registered in a family registry, kokuga collected tax from zuryo, the head of the provincial governors, who grasped people of the rich and powerful class and collected tax from them.
Japanese: そのため、国衙は国司四等官全員が郡司層を介して戸籍に登録された公民単位に徴税を行うのではなく、筆頭国司たる受領が富豪層を把握して彼らから徴税を行うようになった。
English: This change resulted in a mechanism in which an area of a field administered directly by a ruler and registered in the standardized map of provinces in the reform of the national administration from Emperor Uda to Emperor Daigo in the late ninth century was allocated to the rich and powerful class, and the tax was collected according to the area.
Japanese: この変化は9世紀末の宇多天皇から醍醐天皇にかけての国政改革で基準国図に登録された公田面積を富豪層に割り当て、この面積に応じて徴税する機構として結実した。
English: As a result of this, the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes was changed into the dynastic nation-state, or the early dynastic nation-state, from around the 10th century.
Japanese: これによって10世紀以降、律令国家は王朝国家(前期王朝国家）に変質を遂げた。
English: A field administered directly by a ruler and reorganized as a unit of contract farming of the field was called myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), a person who was registered as a contract farmer was called fumyo, and a wealthy person who was organized as fumyo was called tato.
Japanese: ここで公田請作の単位として再編成された公田を名田、請作登録者を負名(ふみょう）と呼び、負名として編成された富豪を田堵(たと）と呼んだ。
English: Hyakusho were responsible for tax payment according to a contract farming area, but they were free people having the freedom to move and to choose a place to live.
Japanese: 百姓は請作面積に応じた納税責任を負うが、移動居住の自由を有する自由民であった。
English: In the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, all citizens who were registered in the family register were under direct control by the state and were thus hyakusho.
Japanese: 律令国家においては戸籍に登録された全公民が国家に直接把握の対象となりそれがすなわち百姓であった。
English: In the dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class who organized people and collected tax from them were the only people the state found it necessary to control, and were thus hyakusho.
Japanese: 王朝国家においては国家が把握する必要を感じたのは民を組織編制して税を請け負う田堵負名層だけとなり、それがすなわち百姓となった。
English: In other words, it can be recognized that those people who were organized under the tato and fumyo class, such as low-ranked people, servants, and retainers, were placed outside the nation's interest.
Japanese: 換言すれば、田堵負名層の下に編成された下人、従者、所従らは国家の関心の埒外となったとも言えよう。
English: It should be noted that the scheme where hyakusho were the people of the class regarded by national and lord authorities as subjects of their control became the baseline in history thereafter.
Japanese: また、国家権力や領主権力が把握対象として関心を示す範囲の階層こそが百姓であるという事態は、以後の歴史においても基本線となっていくことに注目してよい。
English: In the early dynastic nation-state, the tato and fumyo class cooperated with kokuga's administrative affairs as local officials but at the same time, they often gathered country by country to appeal to the Imperial Court or to wage anti-zuryo conflicts such as attacks against zuryo.
Japanese: 前期王朝国家において、田堵負名層は在庁官人として国衙の行政実務に協力する一方で、しばしば一国単位に結集して朝廷への上訴や受領襲撃といった反受領闘争を行った。
English: However, samurai in this period were also tato or fumyo who were guaranteed an economical base as a solder.
Japanese: しかしこの時期の武士はまた、自らも田堵負名として軍人としての経済基盤を保証される存在であった。
English: In the middle of the 11th century, ikkoku heikin-yaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor in the medieval Japan] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province) was frequently imposed across the country as extraordinary taxation to build an inner court of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 11世紀半ばになると、朝廷の内裏造営などを目的とした臨時課税を目的に全国に一国平均役を課すことがしばしば行われるようになった。
English: To enable taxation with respect to accredited shoen, accreditation of shoen and unification of territories were carried out.
Japanese: そのため非公認の荘園への課税を可能にするため、荘園の公認化と領域を統合する一円化が行われた。
English: The system was thereby changed to the late dynastic nation-state in which koryo (an Imperial demesne) dominated by kokuga and shoen as equal actors of right struggled in border settings and the like.
Japanese: これによって体制は国衙が支配する公領と荘園が対等な権利主体として境界設定などで抗争する後期王朝国家へと変化する。
English: Hyakusho, i.e., the tato and fumyo class, was separated into hyakusho belonging to koryo and hyakusho belonging to shoen, and became parties of armed conflicts between shoen and koryo and as a result, the conflict forms observed in the early dynastic nation-state in which people gathered country by country disappeared rapidly.
Japanese: 百姓、すなわち田堵負名層は公領に属する者と荘園に属する者に分かれ、荘園公領間の武力抗争の当事者となった結果、前期王朝国家に見られたような一国単位に結集する闘争形態は急速に消滅した。
English: Tax was collected from ikkoku heikin-yaku from the accredited and unified shoen through shokan (an officer governing shoen), and koryo underwent regional restructuring into new units of gun, go, and ho accordingly.
Japanese: 公認一円化した荘園からの一国平均役は荘官を通じて徴税されたが、それに対応して公領も新たに郡、郷、保単位の地域再編が行われた。
English: Gunji, goji (local government official under the ritsuryo system), and hoji (officer governing koryo, or public land) were placed as persons in charge of tax collection, police, and trials, and tax was collected through them.
Japanese: 徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての郡司、郷司、保司が置かれ、彼らを通じて徴税が行われた。
English: Shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji were expected to be someone who could tolerate the armed conflicts between shoen and koryo, and there were increasing numbers of cases where the gunji families from the ancient times were overthrown and replaced by samurai to be appointed to the positions.
Japanese: 荘官、郡司、郷司、保司は荘園公領間の武力抗争に耐えうる人物が期待されるようになり、古来の郡司一族が失脚して武士がその任に当てられることが多くなっていく。
English: Consequently, there emerged an established scheme in which with the qualifications of shokan, gunji, goji, and hoji, samurai dominated local hyakusho as a resident landlord.
Japanese: こうして荘官、郡司、郷司、保司の資格のもと、武士が在地領主として国内百姓の支配を行う形が確立する。
English: When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) as a result of the Jisho-Juei War and established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), shogunal retainers (of the Kamakura bakufu) who were samurai serving kamakura-dono were substituted for the old gunji, goji, shokan and appointed to jito (manager and lord of manor).
Japanese: 治承・寿永の乱によって源頼朝が鎌倉殿となり鎌倉幕府を開くと、鎌倉殿に臣従した武士である御家人をこれまでの郡司、郷司、荘官に代えて地頭に任命した。
English: They served kamakura-dono as shogunal retainers, while serving kokuga and lords of shoen as jito who were in charge of tax collection, police, and trials to take over the duties of conventional gunji, goji, and shokan.
Japanese: 彼らは御家人としては鎌倉殿に奉仕し、地頭としては従来の郡司、郷司、荘官の任を引き継いで、徴税、警察、裁判の責任者として国衙と荘園領主に奉仕した。
English: Shoen and koryo were divided and organized into myoden as in the previous period, and hyakusho were appointed to nanushi (village headman) of the rice field lots to be responsible for payment of nengu (land tax), kuji (public duties), and buyaku (compulsory services).
Japanese: 荘園と公領は前代に引き続き名田に分割編成され、百姓はこの名田の名主に補任(ぶにん）されて年貢(ねんぐ）、公事(くじ）、夫役(ぶやく）の納入責任を負った。
English: Nanushi hyakusho also had myoshu-shiki, which were the rights to dominate local lower-class people, such as hyakusho who owned little plow land, tenant farmers, and moto (new comers in a community), and the myoshu-shiki was transferred by heredity.
Japanese: 名主百姓はさらに小百姓、小作人、間人(もうと）といった領内下層民に対する支配権である名主職を有し、これを世襲した。
English: In the Edo period, a person who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land (farmer described in the cadastral register) and paid both (3) nengu and (4) miscellaneous taxes was regarded as hyakusho (hon-byakusho [peasant] or yakuya [peasants]) ("early hon-byakusho").
Japanese: 江戸時代には、(1)田畑と(2)家屋敷地を所持し(検地帳名請人)、(3)年貢と(4)諸役の両方を負担する者を百姓(本百姓・役家)とした("初期本百姓")。
English: Hyakusho in wartime was regarded as a person who bore compulsory service in wartime for transporting provisions.
Japanese: なお、百姓は戦時においては小荷駄などを運搬する陣夫役を負担する者とされた。
English: In the early villages, the hierarchy which was inherited from the previous period was significant, and there were a large number of families who lacked any of (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) (peasants who owned little plow land or various subordinate people).
Japanese: しかし、初期・前期の村落内では前代を引き継ぐ階層差が大きく、(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)のどれかを欠く家(小百姓あるいは多様な隷属民)も多数存在していた。
English: In regions of the yakuya (peasant) system, there are cases in which they were divided into honyaku (the predetermined amount of tax to be the tax standard for people), hanyaku, shihanyaku, mizuyaku and the like according to an amount and type of fueki (slave labor) to be borne.
Japanese: 役家制の地域では、賦役を負担する量や種類によって、本役・半役・四(小）半役・水役などに分かれている場合もある。
English: Feudal lords, exemplified by the Edo bakufu, made efforts to increase and maintain the number of such hon-byakusho, and as the peaceful period continued to realize social stability, cultivation of land was developed.
Japanese: 江戸幕府をはじめとした領主は、このような本百姓数の維持増加に努め、平和が続いたことによる社会の安定化によって耕地の開発も進んでいった。
English: Gradually, hon-byakusho was branched and subordinate people became "independent," and in the middle of the 17th century and thereafter, villages of the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established and a farmer called takamochi-byakusho (a person managing a farm by employing farm workers) who possessed (1) a field and (2) a house and land came to be recognized, as hon-byakusho.
Japanese: 次第に本百姓の分家や隷属民の"自立"化が進み、17世紀の半ば以降には、村請制村落が確立していき、(1)田畑や(2)家屋敷地を所持する高持百姓が本百姓であると観念されるようになった。
English: Collection of nengu and miscellaneous taxes was difficult without relying on the influential power that early hon-byakusho had in the villages, but it can be evaluated that a system that could rely on the murauke system was completed.
Japanese: 初期本百姓が村内で持つ影響力に依拠しなければ年貢諸役を集めることが難しかったが、村請制に依拠できる体制が完成したと評価することもできる。
English: However, in principle, the conditions (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) were carried through.
Japanese: しかし、原理的には(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)の条件は貫徹していた。
English: Although they bore (a part of) (3) nengu and (4) miscellaneous taxes according to their farm, since they did not bare (5) compulsory services in wartime, they were not hyakusho.
Japanese: 彼らはその持高に応じた(3)年貢と(4)諸役(の一部)を負担したが、(5)陣夫役は負担しないので、百姓ではなかった。
English: Even such villages certainly had (2) houses and land, and takamochi-hyakusho who possessed them were regarded as hon-byakusho.
Japanese: そのような村でも(2)家屋敷地は必ずあり、それらを所持する高持百姓が本百姓とされた。
English: As a result of social changes in the middle and the later Edo period, the disparity between rich and poor in hyakusho became significant ("dissolution of the peasant class").
Japanese: 江戸時代中後期の社会変動によって、百姓内部での貧富の差が拡大していくようになる("農民層分解")。
English: Hyakusho who held the position of a village officer were called omae-byakusho (wealthy farmers), whereas hyakusho who did not hold such a position were called komae-byakusho (small farmers).
Japanese: また、村役人を勤める百姓を大前百姓、そのような役職に就かない百姓を小前百姓と呼ぶようになった。
English: The image hyakusho=peasants was an old, popular saying from the Edo period, but the actual scope includes a wide range of vocations similar to today's "part-time farmer."
Japanese: 百姓＝農民というイメージは江戸時代から続く古い俗説であるが、実際には現代の"兼業農家"よりも広い生業を含んでいる。
English: Carpenters and smiths were practiced by people who belonged to the craftsmen rank, or by mizunomi (landless farmers), tenants, or hyakusho.
Japanese: 大工・鍛冶は、職人身分に属する者が営む場合、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営む場合、があった。
English: Sawyers, roofers, plasterers, hairdressers, and tatami mat makers were practiced by mizunomi, tenants, or hyakusho.
Japanese: 木挽・屋根屋・左官・髪結い・畳屋は、水呑・借家あるいは百姓が営んだ。
English: Shinto priest: In the Edo period, the Yoshida family and the Shirakawa family (Hakke) competed as honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) to gain shrines and Shinto priests across the country.
Japanese: 神職：江戸時代においては、吉田家と白川家(伯家)が本所として全国の神社・神職を配下にしようと争奪しあう状況にあった。
English: However, nationwide organization by the families did not end even at the end of the Edo period, and there was a significant proportion of "hyakusho priests," who served as Shinto priests while staying at the farming rank.
Japanese: しかし、幕末に至っても両家による全国編成は完了せず、百姓身分のまま神職を勤める"百姓神主"がかなりの割合で存在していた。
English: There were cases in which a hyakusho priest, who desired to obtain the Shinto priest rank, and a village, which desired to keep the hyakusho priest at the hyakusho rank, had different wishes and repeated trials.
Japanese: 神職身分を獲得したい百姓神主と百姓身分に留めたい村落側との意向が異なる場合があり、百姓神主と村落とが裁判を繰り返すこともあった。
English: However, there were cases where they were treated as "ronin" (masterless samurai), depending on the relationship with a feudal lord or history such as one's origin (roots).
Japanese: しかし、領主との関係、あるいは出自などの由緒によって"浪人"として扱われる場合もあった。
English: As described above, there were people in villages who earned their living by various vocations.
Japanese: 以上のように、村落にはさまざまな生業で生計を立てている者たちが存在していた。
English: It can be seen that the social rank they belonged to depended on movements of honjo organizing the social rank and maturity of the social rank.
Japanese: 彼らがどの身分集団に属するのかは、身分集団を編成する本所の動向、身分集団自体の成熟度に左右されることがわかる。
English: In the modern times when western modern history was introduced, analysis of Japanese history based on the idea of the evolution phase concept of history, exemplified by Marxist history, was carried out, and it became a common theory that the historical hyakusho rank was defined as a serfdom in the feudalism phase.
Japanese: 近代になり西洋近代歴史学が導入されるとマルクス主義史観に代表される発展段階史観の概念に基づいた過去の日本の歴史の分析が行われるようになり、歴史的百姓身分を封建制段階における農奴身分と規定することが通説となった。
English: Due to such history, an idea emerged that hyakusho were peasants and ruled people who were exploited under the feudal system.
Japanese: こうした歴史学の影響で百姓はすなわち農民であり、封建的遺制のもとで収奪される被支配民という概念が生まれた。
English: The modern secondary and tertiary industries were established by recruiting people from the local village societies, which were places of the hyakusho rank's activities, and a concept emerged that people who were engaged in conventional vocations in comparison with modern vocations were hyakusho.
Japanese: また、百姓身分の活動の場であった在地の村社会から人材を引き抜く形で近代的第二次産業、第三次産業が成立し、近代的生業との対比としての古来の生業の従事者が百姓であるとする観念も生じた。
English: Combined with the conventional concept that cities were sophisticated whereas the countryside was vulgar, there was a tendency in the postwar society to recognize that the term "hyakusho" was a discriminatory term with respect to agriculture workers and, thus, except for cases in which an agriculture worker calls himself or herself "hyakusho," use of the expression "hyakusho" is often refrained in mass media and the like.
Japanese: 都市を洗練、田舎を野卑とする古くからの観念とあいまって、戦後社会では百姓を農業に従事する者に対する差別的な呼称であると捉える傾向が生じ、このため農業従事者が"百姓"と自称する場合を除き、マスコミなどでは"百姓"という表現を控える事が多い。
English: In TV programs taking up a historical issue, it is common to replace the term with "peasant" even when the term indicates its original meaning which is the hyakusho rank.
Japanese: 歴史を取り扱ったテレビ番組で本来の意味での百姓身分を指す場合ですら"農民"という言葉に置き換えることが通例である。
English: In TV dramas such as "Mitokomon," Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA uses the term with the prefix "o," i.e., "ohyakusho" when addressing a peasant.
Japanese: 水戸黄門などでは農民を徳川光圀が呼称する場合"お百姓"と接頭辞"お"を付けている。
English: Before self-restraints became popular, there were many scenes in fiction such as cartoons and films about mafia and conflicts between juvenile delinquents where the term "hyakusho" is used to refer to someone whom he or she is fighting with.
Japanese: 自主規制が盛んになる前ではヤクザものや不良抗争ものの漫画・映画などでのフィクションでもケンカ相手に対して"百姓"と呼ぶシーンが散見された。
English: This is mere vilification without any serious meaning among juvenile delinquents and mafia who valued appearance, in the picture that hyakusho = peasants = country fellows = unfashionable people.
Japanese: これは百姓＝農民＝田舎者＝ダサい奴という図式での、格好を重視する不良やヤクザの間でのあまり深い意味のない単なる悪口である。
English: Thus, the term can be put otherwise in any way and there is certainly no intention to diminish peasants, and the term is less heard due to self-restraints as described above.
Japanese: それだけにどうにでも言い換えの利く言葉でもあり、確信的に農民を貶める目的があろうはずもなく前述のとおり自主規制によってあまり聞かれなくなった。
English: In recent years, historian Yoshihiko AMINO revealed that people who belonged to the hyakusho rank in the medieval and modern societies engaged in a wide range of vocations including peasants, mountain people, fishing people, craftsmen, and merchants, and criticized the conventional historical view of "hyakusho = peasants" to collectively refer to them.
Japanese: 近年、歴史学者の網野善彦が中世社会、近世社会における百姓身分に属する者たちが農民、山民、漁民、職人、商人などの広範な生業の従事者であったことを明らかにし、"百姓＝農民"と一概にまとめた従来の歴史観に対し批判を行った。
English: In today's historical science, the unilinear evolution phase concept of history focused mainly on Western Europe is sharply criticized.
Japanese: さらに今日の歴史学では西欧中心の単線的な発展段階史観が強く批判されるようになった。
English: It is not always true that actual agriculture workers considered the term "hyakusho" as discriminatory, and some practical farmers who are proud of themselves, call themselves hyakusho.
Japanese: また現実の農業従事者は必ずしも百姓という呼称を差別的だととらえているとは限らず、むしろ一部の篤農家は自らを誇ってあえて百姓と自称する向きも見られる。
English: Some of these practical farmers find their identity in revival of the fact that people of the historical hyakusho class engaged in various vocations and grew various crops to avoid monoculture.
Japanese: こうした篤農家には歴史的百姓層が自らさまざまな生業を兼ね、またモノカルチャー化を避けて多様な農作物を栽培したことの復権にアイデンティティーをおく者もいる。
English: They project the meaning of the Chinese character "百" (hundred) of the term "hyakusho" onto the diversity of vocations and crops, and often defines people who engage in agriculture with such diversity are the "hyakusho."
Japanese: 彼らは生業や農作物の多様性に"百姓"の"百"の字義を投影し、しばしばこうした多様性を持った農業を行う者こそが"百姓"であると定義する。
English: It should be noted that the meaning of the term "hyakusho" used by a person to refer to himself or herself is completely different from that used by a third party.
Japanese: "百姓"という呼称は、用法において当該の主体が用いる場合と、第三者が用いることには全く意味が違うことに留意すべきである。
English: Specifically, in view of the Marxist history described above, although the term "hyakusho" originally had a discriminatory meaning, when the term is recognized as self identification of his or her rank, it comes to have a meaning of demonstrating his or her identity to other people as a converted stigma.
Japanese: すなわち上記のマルクス史観的に捉えれば、"百姓"というのは本来差別的な意味を内包する用法にもかかわらず、自分達の階級に対する対自的な把握手法として認識された場合、それは転換されたスティグマとして、他者に対するアイデンティティの示威としての意味を持つことになる。
English: Specifically, it is not exaggerated to say that the phrase "we hyakusho are..." has a meaning that contains connotations of pride.
Japanese: すなわち"俺たち百姓は…"という発話にはある種の誇りの意味合いさえ含まれるといって過言ではない。
English: On the contrary, use of the term "hyakusho" to address an individual peasant would be considered as a strong derogatory term, because that causes the peasant to accept the stigma as a negative meaning.
Japanese: これに対し個々の農民に対して"百姓"と呼び捨てることは、スティグマをそのまま負の意味で受容させることになり、強い蔑称の意味を含むことになる。
English: Horokuhiya was a weapon invented and used in Japan during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
Japanese: 焙烙火矢（ほうろくひや）は、戦国時代(日本)の日本で考案、使用されていた兵器。
English: A Horokudama was a weapon designed to wound and kill enemies by lighting its fuse, putting it into a large gun, such as the 112-gram matchlock, and firing it off.
Japanese: 焙烙玉の導火線に火を点けて、火縄銃の30匁筒など大筒に詰めて放ち、敵兵の殺傷を主目的とした兵器。
English: It was similar to a modern incendiary bomb, but its main purpose was to have explosive power to wound and kill enemies with broken fragments of its container, so the fire itself was not likely a very powerful attack.
Japanese: 現代でいう焼夷弾に似た兵器であるが、爆発力や容器の破片での殺傷が主目的で、炎での攻撃は威力が低かったと思われる。
English: Horokudama is a weapon created by putting gun powder in a piece of kitchenware called a Horoku or similar earthenware, lighting its fuse and throwing it at enemies.
Japanese: 焙烙玉とは、料理器具である焙烙、ないしはそれに似た陶器に火薬を入れ、導火線に火を点けて敵方に投げ込む兵器。
English: In addition to the Saikashu, Setouchi navies, such as Murakami navy, Nomi navy (Ura navy) and Kodama navy also made use of Horokudama.
Japanese: こちらは雑賀衆の他に村上水軍、乃美水軍(浦水軍)、児玉水軍などの瀬戸内水軍も使用していた。
English: In order to compete against these weapons, Nobunaga ODA ordered Yoshitaka KUKI to develop Tekkosen (armored steel ships).
Japanese: これらの兵器に対抗する為に織田信長が九鬼嘉隆に命じて鉄甲船を開発させた。
English: Horokuhiya also indicate other similar weapons, such as primitive rockets that used black gunpowder for propulsion and were sometimes loaded with burning materials and gun powder to burn down targets or explode on impact.
Japanese: また、黒色火薬の火力を推進力として利用した原始的なロケットのような兵器を指して言う場合もあり、その中には標的に着弾した時に焼き払ったり爆発するように燃焼物や火薬を仕込むものもあった。
English: These weapons were likely created by clues from rocket-shaped weapons from China (Kasen), such as Shinkahia (a missile disguised as a bird).
Japanese: こうした兵器は、おそらくは中国の神火飛鴉などの同様のロケット型の兵器（火箭）を糸口にして作成されたと考えられる。
English: At the time, East Asia had not yet created superior metal casting technology similar to Western countries, which meant that large cannons were unable to be produced and relatively numerous rocket-shaped weapons were introduced in siege warfare and naval battles.
Japanese: 西洋諸国のように大形の大砲を製造できるほどにまだ鋳造技術が優れていなかった当時の東アジアでは、こうしたロケット型の兵器が攻城戦や海戦で比較的多く導入された。
English: Attacks using explosive force and burning power were more effective than cannons that used colliding force since most of the buildings and warships during this time were made of wood.
Japanese: そもそも、建築物や軍船のほとんどが木製だったため、衝突力を主な攻撃力とする大砲よりも燃焼力、爆発力を利用した攻撃が有効だった。
English: Therefore, there was significant military potential in such weapons as it could burn down defense facilities and ships in siege warfare and naval battles.
Japanese: こうした理由から攻城戦や水上戦で防御施設や船を焼き払うことができるために重要な戦力となった。
English: Tamefusa-kyo Ki, also called 'Daiki,' 'Daigyoki' and 'Daifuki,' is a diary written by FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, who served as Kurodo (chamberlain) and Kurodo no to (head chamberlain) and was active as Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) and Sangi (councilor) for Emperors Gosanjo, Shirakawa, Horikawa and Toba.
Japanese: 為房卿記（ためふさきょうき）は、後三条・白河・堀河・鳥羽天皇に蔵人・蔵人頭として仕え、大蔵卿・参議として活躍した藤原為房の日記で、「大記」「大御記」「大府記」とも呼ばれる。
English: Although there are records from the diary from the year 1070 to 1114, it is likely that Tamefusa began writing it between 1065 and 1068; most of it has been scattered and lost except for volume one of his own writing, which is kept at the Faculty of Letters in Kyoto University.
Japanese: 延久2年（1070年）から永久(元号)2年（1114年）までの記録があるが、治暦年間（1065年-1068年）頃から記していたとも言われるが、京都大学文学部所蔵の自筆1巻を残し、ほとんどが散逸する。
English: Still existing are descriptions of the governments ruled by retired emperors, but descriptions that cover events of a whole year do not exist, and are intermittent.
Japanese: 院政政治についての内容が現存しているが、一年分を完備した年はなく断続的である。
English: A description about a visit Tamefusa made to the Kumano-jinja Shrine in the fall of 1081 is sometimes featured as 'Tamefusa-kyo Kumano Sankei Nikki' (Kumano Temple Visit Diary of Lord Tamefusa).
Japanese: また、永保元年（1081年）秋の熊野詣の記事は特に「為房卿熊野参詣日記」として取り上げられることがある。
English: Parts of the diary are included in printed and published books, such as the third volume of the "Dai Nihon Shiryo" (Important Historical Records), the seventh volume of the "Rekidai Zanketsu Nikki" (Successive Partial Diary) and the reprint "Honkoku Tamefusa-kyo Ki" (the tenth volume of "Shishu" [Historical Stories]).
Japanese: 刊本としては、部分的ではあるが、『大日本史料』第3編や『歴代残闕日記』第7冊、『翻刻為房卿記』（『史聚』第10号）に掲載。
English: Eisho Disturbance refers to an incident during the early Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) where the kanrei (shogunal deputy) for the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated in 1507.
Japanese: 永正の錯乱（えいしょうのさくらん）は、戦国時代(日本)の初期にあたる永正4年（1507年）、室町幕府管領・細川政元が殺害された事件を指し示す。
English: In 1493, the kanrei Masamoto HOSOKAWA established a dictatorship after overthrowing Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, the tenth seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") (this incident known as the Meio Coup).
Japanese: 明応2年（1493年）、管領・細川政元は、10代征夷大将軍・足利義稙を廃立し専制権力を樹立した（明応の政変）。