nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is said that this term was originated in the persons who, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), watched the states of soldiers, their leaders and enemies, and reported them to their lords.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)、将士や敵の内情を監視して、主君に通報する者に由来するといわれる。
English: A post called Kachi-metsuke or Hoko-metsuke was also placed to watch the fighting results and job statues of Gokenin and Ashigaru (common foot soldiers).
Japanese: また徒目付・歩行目付などと云われる役職もあったが、これらは、幕府御家人や、諸藩の足軽の戦果及び、勤務を監察した。
English: The word 'Nyogo' first appeared in the article about Emperor Yuryaku in 'Nihonshoki,' but in fact, KI no Otona and Kudaranokonikishi kyoho who were made Nyogo during the reign of Emperor Kanmu were the beginning of Nyogo.
Japanese: 初見は「日本書紀」雄略天皇の条であるが、実際は桓武天皇のとき紀乙魚（きのおとな）・百済王教法などを女御としたのに始まる。
English: The rank of Nyogo was low at first but gradually raised, and after the middle of the Heian period, it became customary that Kogo (empress) was promoted from Nyogo.
Japanese: はじめ位は低かったが、その位は次第に高まり、平安時代中期以降、皇后は女御から昇進する慣例となった。
English: The number of Nyogo ladies was not decided and when there were several Nyogo ladies, they were called after the name of their quarter in the place, i.e. 'Jokyoden Nyogo' (a Nyogo living in Jokyoden).
Japanese: 定員はなく、複数の女御がいる場合は住まう殿舎の名を取って「承香殿女御」などと呼んだ。
English: After the Onin War, even consorts from the regent families tended to choose to remain in the Nyogo rank, because it became difficult to put together a sum of money for the ceremonies that they had to have when they were promoted to Chugu.
Japanese: 応仁の乱以後、中宮昇進のための儀式の捻出が困難になると、摂家出身の后妃といえども女御に留まる場合が多くなる。
English: Indicating a governmental post in the Edo bakufu, or the head of the Oban that was an organization of soldiers.
Japanese: 江戸幕府における職名の一つで、大番（おおばん）の長（頭）を務めるもの。
English: The term existed as legal terminology in Article 43 of Japan's Commercial Code prior to its amendment in 2005 (reorganized as Article 25 after amendment).
Japanese: 2005年（平成17年）改正前商法43条（改正後の25条）に存在した法律用語。
English: The terms "banto" and "tedai" were used in the code as examples of persons, who were employed for business activity and commissioned under certain or specific provisions, but they were removed with the 2005 amendment.
Japanese: ある種類又は特定事項の委任を受けた商業使用人を例示する用語として｢番頭、手代｣が使われていたが、平成17年改正により消滅した。
English: The "bangashira" or "banto" at a samurai family enjoyed the highest status and reputation in the military sector and was called the "oban gashira" chiefly during the Edo shogunate, serving as the head of security for Ote-mon Gate (Main Gate) of the Edo Castle, as well as a captain in charge of the bakufu troop and of the cavalry in times of war or military campaign.
Japanese: 武家における番頭（ばんがしら・ばんとう）とは、主に江戸幕府にあっては大番頭と呼ばれ、平時は江戸城大手門をはじめ、江戸城の警備隊長として、また有時及び行軍に際しては幕府軍の備並びに騎馬隊指揮官（侍大将）として、番方（軍事部門）で最高の格式を誇った。
English: The post was filled by a few bakufu hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) holding domains with more than 5,000 koku (of rice) yield each or fudai daimyo (hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the 10,000-goku class.
Japanese: 5000石以上の旗本または、1万石クラスの譜代大名から複数が任じられた。
English: Although the higher status enjoyed by the oban gashira, who was merely a head of security and an army captain compared to "Ometsuke" or "machi-bugyo" (town magistrate) who were, in fact, hatamoto in the 3,000 koku class, appears strange from the modern perspective, persons appointed to take charge of defense and military affairs were regarded more important in the shogunate, which was by nature a military regime.
Japanese: 現代の先入観でみると、警備隊長・一指揮官にすぎない大番頭が、3000石級の旗本の任である町奉行や、大目付より格上なポストであることに違和感をおぼえる向きもあると思われるが、幕府はいわば軍事政権であるから、軍事・警備の責任者の地位が高かったのである。
English: Other posts included "koshogumi" in charge of security of the shogun and "shoinban" who was responsible for security in the shogun's sleeping chamber and other parts of the castle (who also was the second army captain of a shogunate troop at times of war).
Japanese: その他、将軍の身辺警護の責任者である小姓組、将軍の居室をはじめとする城中の警備責任者である書院番（戦時は幕府直轄の二番手備指揮官）などがあった。
English: The bangashira was the highest ranking post in security during peaceful times and a commander at war, likewise in various feudal domains.
Japanese: 諸藩においても、番頭は、平時は警備部門の内で最高の地位にあるものを指し、戦時には備の指揮官となることが多い。
English: The bangashira also served as intermediary for retainers in the security division ("bankata") to report their views to the feudal lord.
Japanese: また、警備部門（番方）の家臣が、藩主に具申したいことがある場合、藩主に取り次ぎをすることもあった。
English: In some domains, the vassal with this authority was called "samurai-gashira" or "kumigashira" rather than bangashira.
Japanese: この職権を持つ家臣は、番頭ではなく侍頭・組頭と呼称される藩もあった。
English: In a domain with both kumigashira and bangashira posts, the latter was higher in rank, although this is not necessarily true for all domains.
Japanese: 組頭と番頭の二つの役職が存在する藩にあっては、どちらが格上かは一義的に断定はできないが、番頭のほうが格上なことが多い。
English: There were instances in which the kumigashira ranked higher, such as when the kumigashira was a samurai daisho (troop commander) who was appointed to lead a cavalry.
Japanese: しかし、組頭が侍大将であり、騎馬組などの馬上の武士団を預けられている場合は、番頭より格上なこともある。
English: Sadayoshi OKUNO (aged 54 at the time of the Genroku Ako Incident), who was a kumigashira for the Asano clan of Ako Domain, was granted 1000 koku rice yield, much higher than many chief retainers though being a son of a chief retainer and second only to Jodai (castle keeper) and hitto karo (head of chief retainers): Yoshio OISHI with 1500 koku.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期の赤穂藩、浅野氏のように組頭の奥野定良（元禄赤穂事件のとき、数え55歳）が、父が家老であったとはいえ、並みの家老より格段に石高が多く、城代・筆頭家老の大石良雄の1500石に次ぐ、藩内二番目の1000石を給付されていた。
English: There are records describing Sadayoshi OKUNO also as bangashira, which may be evidence that the terms bangashira and kumigashira were synonymous in the domain.
Japanese: 奥野将監については、番頭とする分限帳も存在するため、同藩では番頭と組頭は同じ意味で使用されていたものと思われる。
English: The key to determine the power of the bangashira within the domain, along with his hereditary stipend and salary paid in accordance with his post, is whether he held the right to serve as intermediary between the lord and the military retainers and voice in personnel matters.
Japanese: 番頭の実質的な藩内の力を見極めるには、番頭の家禄・役高のほか、番頭が番方からの藩主に対する取次権や人事の具申権を持っているか否かが重要である。
English: The status of the bangashira in a domain varied in details by domains, ranking in importance after the chief retainers, toshiyori and churo (middle-level retainers) in some cases, and lower than yojin (lord chamberlain) in other cases.
Japanese: 番頭の諸藩における地位は、厳密にはまちまちであり、家老、年寄・中老に次ぐ重職であることもあれば、用人より格下のこともある。
English: Notwithstanding, there is a clear trend in the order of rank of the bangashira in a feudal domain.
Japanese: しかし、藩内における番頭の序列に一定の傾向が存在することは明らかである。
English: In the small domain, the yojin supported the chief retainer in all matters and ranked higher than the bangashira.
Japanese: 小藩では用人が家老の全般を補佐するので、番頭よりも用人の身分が高くなる。
English: In a large domain, however, there were various ranks of retainers between the chief retainer and the yojin, such as toshiyori and churo, who supported the chief retainer, thus reducing the importance of the yojin's role to only general administrative matters and special issues, and at times reducing its rank lower than the bangashira.
Japanese: 他方、大きな藩では、家老と用人の中間に年寄・中老をはじめ、さまざまな家老を補佐する役職があるので、用人の役目は相対的に低くなり、特命事項や庶務的なものとなるので、用人は番頭より格下となることもある。
English: In the small domain, the bangashira, rusui (caretaker) and koyonin may have been roughly similar in rank, or the bangashira may have ranked higher.
Japanese: 小さな藩では、番頭・留守居、及び公用人がおおむね同格の藩もあれば、番頭のほうが格上の藩もある。
English: The koshogumi bangashira (head of page office) and shoin bangashira (head of military patrol) who held important posts in the bakufu government were actually lower in rank than bangashira in feudal domains, and were often called kosho kumigashira or shoin kumigashira, and had their functions covered by the bangashira in the small domains.
Japanese: 幕府の役職に相当する小姓組番頭や書院番頭は、諸藩にあっては番頭よりやや格下であり、小姓組組頭・書院組頭と呼称されることが多く、小さな藩にあっては、番頭がこれらの役目を兼帯していた。
English: Very roughly speaking, the bangashira was appointed from persons in the 'upper-middle class' of vassals in each domain.
Japanese: 大雑把に言って、諸藩にあって番頭は「上の中クラス」以上の家格の者から選ばれている。
English: The banto in a mercantile family held the highest position among employees, especially during the Edo Period.
Japanese: 商家における番頭（ばんとう）とは、主に江戸時代、商家使用人の内で最高の地位にあるものを指す。
English: Employees started work at around age 10, working as apprentice ("decchi" in Osaka area and "kozo" in Edo area) and running errands and minor duties and eventually working their way up to "tedai" (clerk) or the banto (head clerk).
Japanese: 10歳前後で商店に丁稚（上方ことば）・小僧（江戸ことば）として住み込んで使い走りや雑役に従事し、手代を経て番頭となる。
English: The duties of the banto covered not only business management but also administrative affairs of the family and were allowed to wear haori (Japanese half-coat),which was not allowed for the tedai and others.
Japanese: 商業経営のみならず、その家の家政にもあたっており、勤務時の着物も手代までと違い羽織を着用することが許された。
English: At many mercantile families, employees up to tedai rank were expected to live with the merchant and his family, so the employee in banto position was finally freed from this obligation and was allowed to commute from his own home.
Japanese: また、丁稚は勿論のこと手代までは住み込みを原則とする商家が多く、番頭になってようやく住み込みから解放され、通い（自宅通勤）が許されるといったケースが多かった。
English: The banto may have been granted license from the employer to become independent and started his own business, but this was only possible after undergoing a struggle for survival and achievement of the banto status.
Japanese: 番頭は、暖簾分けされて独立することもあったが、番頭を任されるまでには厳しい生存競争を勝ち抜く必要があった。
English: The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post was for mostly cracking down such felonies as arson, robbers (burglars) and gambling.
Japanese: 火付盗賊改方（ひつけとうぞくあらためかた）は、江戸時代に主に重罪である火付け（放火）、盗賊（押し込み強盗団）、賭博を取り締まった役職。
English: Originally, with this post being a temporary one, the officers in this post were selected from Osakitegumigashira and Mochigumigashira, both of which belonged to the standing army of the bakufu.
Japanese: 本来、臨時の役職で幕府常備軍である御先手組頭、持組頭などから選ばれた。
English: In historical dramas, this post or an officer in this post is sometimes called "Katoaratame" or "Kato."
Japanese: 時代劇などでは、「火盗改」（かとうあらため）、或いは「火盗」（かとう）と略して呼ばれることがある。
English: Therefore, the bakufu established the "Tozokuaratame" post as the one dedicated for cracking down these serious crimes in 1665.
Japanese: そのため、幕府はそれら凶悪犯を取り締まる専任の役所を設けることにし、「盗賊改」を1665年（寛文5年）に設置。
English: Nakayama Kageyu, who was feared as a "Oni-kageyu" (fiendish kageyu) is known as the head of Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers.
Japanese: 初代火付盗賊改方頭(長官)として『鬼勘解由』と恐れられた中山勘解由が知られている。
English: However, at that time, the Hitsukearatame post and the Tozokuaratame post were not integrated, and it is said that the person was Naofusa NAKAYAMA, who assumed the first Hitsukearatame post, or Naomori NAKAYAMA, who was his father and was appointed to the Tおzokuaratame post on the same day.
Japanese: しかしながら、当時は火付改と盗賊改は統合されておらず、初代火付改の中山直房のこととも同日に盗賊改（初代ではない）に任じられた父の中山直守とも言われる。
English: In 1699, the Tozokuarateme post and the Hituskearatame post were abolished, and the jobs came to be covered by three Bugyo posts (Jishabugyo (for handling shrine and temple affairs), Kanjobugyo(for handling financial affairs), and Machibugyo (for handling townspeople's affairs).
Japanese: 1699年（元禄12年）には盗賊改と火付改は廃止され、三奉行（寺社奉行、勘定奉行、町奉行）の管轄になった。
English: However, in 1702 when the incident of raiding Kira's residence occurred, the Tozokuaratame post was restored, and the Bakuuchiaratame post (for cracking down gambling) was newly established.
Japanese: しかしながら、吉良屋敷討入事件があった1702年（元禄15年）に盗賊改が復活し、博打改が加わる。
English: In 1718, the Tozokuarateme post and the Hituskearatame post were integrated into the "Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame" post, with the post assumed by Sente-gashira (the head of sentegumi (a group of persons guarding Edo) additionally.
Japanese: 1718年（享保3年）には、盗賊改と火付改は、「火付盗賊改」に一本化されて先手頭の加役となった。
English: With no specific office provided, the residence of Sentegumi-gashira, for example, was used as the office.
Japanese: 決められた役所は無く、先手組頭などの役宅を臨時の役所として利用した。
English: The organization of the sente-gumi (consisting of five to ten Yoriki officers (assistants) and 30 to 50 Doshin offices (placed under Yoriki)) was used as it was.
Japanese: 任命された先手組の組織（与力（5-10騎）、同心（30-50人））がそのまま使われた。
English: However, persons having lots of experience in the cracking-down operations sometimes remained in the post even after the head of the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame" post changed.
Japanese: しかしながら、取り締まりに熟練した者が、火付盗賊改方頭が代わってもそのまま同職に残ることもあった。
English: Nobutame HASEGAWA, who assumed the post from 1787 to 1795, is famous.
Japanese: 1787年（天明7年）から1795年（寛政7年）まで長官を務めた長谷川宣以が有名である。
English: The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post was provided with the right to investigate crimes, such as theft, burglary, and arson, but with almost no jurisdiction.
Japanese: 火付盗賊改方は窃盗・強盗・放火などにおける捜査権こそ持つものの裁判権はほとんど認められていなかった。
English: Therefore, when making a judgment for a suspect who should have been administered to a punishment above the Tataki punishment (basically, beating), the matter had to be submitted for the judgment of Roju (the second-highest post in the bakufu government).
Japanese: そのため、敲き（たたき）刑以上の刑罰に問うべき容疑者の裁定に際しては老中の裁可を仰ぐ必要があった。
English: The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers belonged to the bankata (guardians), who were military officers, and therefore, their cracking-down operations were relentless and were feared by the general public.
Japanese: 火付盗賊改方は武官である番方であるが故に取り締まりは苛烈を極め、市井の人々からは恐れられた。
English: The head of the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post was also in charge of Kayakukata-ninsokuyoseba, which was the facility to correct criminals' behaviors and to train them for jobs.
Japanese: なお、火付盗賊改方長官は矯正施設授産施設である加役方人足寄場も所管した。
English: However, except Heizo HASEGAWA, the first manager of Ninsokuyoseba, the manager was placed under the town magistrate as Yoseba-bugyo, the head of an organization separated from the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata post.
Japanese: しかしながら、初代の人足寄場管理者である長谷川平蔵以外は、火付盗賊改方とは別組織の長である寄場奉行として、町奉行の管轄下に置かれた。
English: The town magistrate officers belonged to the Yaku-gata group consisted of civil officers, and the Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers belonged to the Ban-gata group consisted of military officers.
Japanese: 町奉行が文官である役方であるのに対し火付盗賊改方は武官である番方となっている。
English: One reason for this situation was that "robbers" in the early Edo period were mostly groups of armed robbers, and when they resisted, the town magistrate officers, being unarmed, could not control them (although provided with a sword as a samurai, doshin officers in the town magistrate used to capture criminals alive with jitte (short one hook truncheon) and ladders, without using the sword.
Japanese: この理由として、殊に江戸前期における「盗賊」が武装盗賊団であることが多く、それらが抵抗を行った場合に非武装の町奉行では手に負えなかった（武士の常として町奉行所の同心は帯刀してはいるものの、刀は使わず十手や梯子を使って、生きたまま犯罪者を捕らえるのが普通であった）。
English: Therefore, this post was established as the riot police that could crack down these criminals with arms and was provided with investigation right as well.
Japanese: そのため、これらを武力制圧することの出来る、捜査権を持つ機動隊として設置されたものである。
English: The Hitsuke-tozoku-aratame-kata officers were permitted to take any questionable person into custody forcibly, even if the person was an ordinary person in towns, a samurai or a priest.
Japanese: 火付盗賊改方は、町人に限らず、武士、僧侶であっても疑わしい者を容赦無く検挙することが認められていた。
English: Therefore, many adverse effects, for example, of arresting a wrong person due to relentless cracking-down operations,, were caused, and therefore, the post remained abolished for a while but was reestablished in 1702.
Japanese: そのため、熾烈な取り締まりによる誤認逮捕等の弊害も多く、一時廃止されていたが、1702年（元禄15年）再設置された。
English: It is said that two Honyaku-kayaku (kayaku means a temporary post to be assumed additionally) officers (with a term of one year) and two tobun-kayaku officers (with a term of half of a year) were employed customarily.
Japanese: 本役加役（任期1年）2名、当分加役（任期半年）2名が通例であったという。
English: In addition, the number of these officers was sometimes increased under chaotic situations, for example, when destructive riots occurred frequently in the Edo city area.
Japanese: この他、江戸市中で打ちこわしが多発した際など、騒然とした状況下において増役として同役が増員された例がある。
English: Eiten (honor) is a generic term for treatment, positions and titles that the nation gives as a commendation to a person who has rendered distinguished service to the nation and the public.
Japanese: 栄典（えいてん）は、国家や公共に対する功労者を表彰するために、国家が与える待遇・地位・称号などの総称。
English: Usually, a commendation is given to a person when his/her honor is certified by the nation, and in some cases, privileges and special treatment appertain to the commendation, like Ikai (Court rank) or peerage of the medieval period.
Japanese: 多くの場合名誉が国家に認定され表彰される形をとるが、中世に於ける位階や爵位等の様に特権や特別待遇がそれに附随する場合もある。
English: At a diplomatic ceremony between nations, the seat arrangement was determined depending on whether the person has a decoration or a peerage, and what grade he/she was at.
Japanese: 国家間の外交儀礼では勲章・爵位の有無や等級等により席順が変わっていた。
English: Japanese Eiten system in modern times mainly included Ikai, decorations and peerages, but in some cases, it also included the following: special posts, such as Jako no ma shiko (emperor's personal attendant in the Jako room), Kinkei-no-ma shiko (Kinkei Hall attendant) and an imperial court councilor; the preference to veteran statesmen called Genro (elder statesman); the courteous reception of the previous post given to a person who used to be a prime minister or a Chairman of the Privy Council; an Emperor's cup (prize cup) based on a decoration; and the imperial rescript and the state funeral for a minister who especially had a great achievement.
Japanese: 日本の近代に於ける栄典制度は主に位階・勲章・爵位が挙げられるが、他に麝香間祗候・錦鶏間祗候や宮中顧問官のように特別な官職につく例や元老と称される元勲優遇、内閣総理大臣・枢密院議長を経験した者になされる前官礼遇の様に待遇に関する物、勲章に準ずる賜杯（賞杯）、特に功績のあった臣下に賜る勅語・国葬が挙げられる。
English: The conferment of Eiten was one of the important authorities of the Emperor, and all Eitan were conferred by the Emperor as a formality..
Japanese: 栄典の授与は天皇の重要な権限であり、これらは何れも天皇が与える形式をとっている。
English: Even the lower rank like Kun hachito (the 8th Order of Merit) whose Kunki (decoration diploma) does not have the name of the Emperor in it, was described to be "conferred by the Emperor."
Japanese: 勲記に天皇の名も表示されない勲八等の様に下位のものであっても『賜る』と表現している。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulates this Emperor's sovereign authority to award honors as one of the Emperor's powers, while the Constitution of Japan also stipulates it as one of the Emperor's constitutional functions.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法では天皇大権の一つで栄典大権といい、日本国憲法でも国事行為の一つと規定している。
English: Although the Emperor is not involved, the People's Honor Award and the Prime Minister's Award established in 1977 are also considered as one of Eiten.
Japanese: また、天皇は関わらないものの1977年（昭和52年）に制定された国民栄誉賞や内閣総理大臣顕彰等も栄典の一種と言える。
English: The decoration system in Japan was started when 賞牌従軍牌制定ノ件 (the establishment of the prize-medal and war-medal system)(Dajokan fukoku [the proclamation by the Grand Council of State] No.54)was established on April 10, 1875.
Japanese: 日本の勲章制度は1875年（明治8年）4月10日に賞牌従軍牌制定ノ件（太政官布告第54号）が制定されたのに始まる。
English: In the Ordinance of Medals (Dajokan fukoku No. 63) issued in December 1881, the Medal with Red Ribbon, the Medal with Green Ribbon and the Medal with Blue Ribbon were established, and the conferment of medals was started.
Japanese: 1881年（明治14年）12月褒章条例（明治14年太政官布告第63号）の公布により紅綬褒章、緑綬褒章、藍綬褒章が制定され褒章の授与が始まる。
English: In 1890, the decoration only for military personnel, Kinshi kunsho (the Order of the Golden Kite) was established.
Japanese: 1890年（明治23年）には軍人専用の勲章である金鵄勲章が制定された。
English: With the end of World War II, the bestowal of an order for survivors was once suspended, but was resumed in 1964.
Japanese: 終戦に伴い生存者の叙勲は停止されていたが、1964年（昭和39年）に叙勲を復活させた。
English: When the decoration system was thoroughly revised in 2003, the grading with number was abolished and the decoration standard was also reviewed.
Japanese: 2003年（平成15年）には勲章制度が全面的に改正され、数字による等級を廃止し叙勲基準も見直した。
English: During this discussion, the abolishment of the medal system, which had been criticized for overlapping with the decoration system, was considered but postponed.
Japanese: また、このときの議論で勲章と重複した制度であると批判があった褒章の廃止も検討されたが、据え置かれた。
English: It is well-known that Japan was a class society before the World War II, and the ranks and orders were indicated next to each other.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦前の日本は階級社会であったことはよく知られているが、身分をあらわす為に位階勲等を並べて表示した。
English: This system is still used today in a memorial address given at the time of a Diet member's death and the like.
Japanese: この方式は、国会における国会議員等物故時の弔詞において今なお踏襲されている。
English: The term 'Marshal' in 'Marshal Army General' was not a rank name but a title, however, it was written in front of 'Army General.'
Japanese: 元帥陸軍大将の内、元帥は階級名ではなく称号だが、陸軍大将の前に冠して表示した。
English: The Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun include each order of decoration in their names, however, the order of decoration is not indicated in these cases.
Japanese: 勲等勲章としては大勲位菊花大綬章や勲一等旭日大綬章という様に勲章の部分もあるが、勲章の名称はこの場合表示しない。
English: In the Diet under the Constitution of Japan where the Orders of the Golden Kite and peerages have been abolished, the rest of the ranks and orders excluding doctorates are still used in the memorial address for a Diet member.
Japanese: 功級、爵位が廃止となった日本国憲法下の国会にあっても、博士号を除く残余の部分は国会議員等への弔詞に用いられる。
English: In this case, a former position such as 'former Prime Minister', or a position in a political party (only the highest position such as the president) other than official positions, is indicated sometime.
Japanese: この場合、「元内閣総理大臣」のように元職が用いられたり、官吏の補職ではないが政党の役職（総裁など最高位のものに限る）が冠される例がある。
English: When a memorial address is given for a person who was conferred a decoration on without a numerical-notation Kunto (the order of merit) under the new system after November 3, 2003, the general rule of the old system, i.e., 'Only Kunto, no decoration', is not applied, and a decoration is indicated after Ikai like 'Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) as follows: Senior Third Rank Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.'
Japanese: 2003年（平成15年）11月3日以降の新制度下で数字表記の勲等のない勲章を授与された者について弔詞を贈る場合は、旧制度時代の「勲等のみで勲章は省略」という原則によらず「正三位旭日大綬章」のように位階に続けて勲章を表示する。
English: When indicating Kunto at the New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party (until 1959) or in the epitaph of Imperial Family, it is put in front of the person's own name (in the case of an Imperial Prince and a Princess, their Kunto is not put in front of the name of their husband, Imperial Family).
Japanese: 歌会始での表示（1959年まで）、皇族の墓碑銘などで勲等を明示する場合は、いずれも本人の名の前に冠する（親王妃及び王妃にあっては夫たる皇族の名の前には冠さない）。
English: Before the Edo period,in order to organize sonae (back-up army), this term was also used for indicating a middle-class samurai, such as a head of ashigaru (foot soldiers) having themsleves under the control of an influential samurai.
Japanese: 備（そなえ）などを編成するため、江戸時代以前には、足軽大将など中級武士が大身の武士の指揮下に入る事を意味する語句としても用いられていた。
English: In the Kamakura period, both 与力 and 寄騎 were used simply refer to back-up soldiers, but later, these terms came to be more often used for indicating the lower-class samurai who followed daimyo or influential millitary commanders.
Japanese: 与力・寄騎は、鎌倉時代には単に加勢する人のことを指したが、その後、大名または有力武将に従う下級武士のことを指すことが多くなった。
English: In the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in Japan), these terms were often used for indicating "yori-ko" (寄子, where 子 indicates a child) (寄子 = local territory owners for influential military commanders (yori-oya: 寄親 where 親 indicates a parent)), not indicating lower-class samurai but local territoy owners.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には、「寄子」（よりこ＝有力武将（寄親）に対する在地土豪）の意味で用いられることが多く、彼らは下級武士ではなく、在地の領主（在地土豪）である。
English: Furthermore, there were the yoriki-daimyo who were subordinated by a larger daimyo to reinforce his power.
Japanese: また、より大きな大名に加勢として附属させられた与力大名の例もあった。
English: Daimyo in the Sengoku period racked their brains to prevent rebellion, considering that, when yori-ko (寄騎・寄子), territory owners were allowed to be integrated into yori-oya (寄親), the power of the yori-oya could become too big..
Japanese: 戦国大名たちは、在地の土豪である寄騎・寄子を寄親の家臣団に組み込ませると、寄親の力が大きくなりすぎるため、謀反の防止の観点から腐心した。
English: Therefore, the daimyo in the Sengoku period, who led yori-oya, did not make these territory owners (yori-ko) retainers of their retainers but their direct retainers, and then made the yori-ko subordinated by their senior vassals or influential military commanders (yori-oya) to use the military power of the local territory owners effectively.
Japanese: そこで寄親を統率する戦国大名は、寄子たる在地土豪たちを陪臣（家臣の家臣）とはせずに直接的に臣従させる一方で、重臣や有力武将（寄親）に附属させ、在地土豪の軍事力を効率的に利用したのである。