nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the era from the arrival of Kuro-fune (Japanese name for Perry's Fleet) to the end of the bakufu system, sakaya also advanced into information business by effectively using the information territory of these sales persons, human relations with trading company employees from western powers, and their own distribution routes.
Japanese: 黒船から幕末にかけては、このような営業マンの持つ情報テリトリーと、押し寄せてきた欧米列強の商社マンとの人脈、廻船や早馬など強力な自家流通ルートを生かして、情報産業にも進出していった。
English: In this turbulent and critical era, the Choshu domain and Satsuma domain, belonging to the anti-bakufu group, and domains in the northern region and the Hakodate government, belonging to the old bakufu group, relied on sakaya for obtaining information and transporting cargoes on innumerably many occasions.
Japanese: 風雲急を告げるこの激動の時代に、長州藩・薩摩藩などの反幕府側も、北国諸藩・箱館政権など旧幕府側も、酒屋に頼った情報入手、物資輸送の例は数知れない。
English: The sakaya style called Goshugura described in the following should be also remembered: Being minor unlike the sakaya that was major, Omi shonin (merchants in the Omi Province) deployed many small-sized sake-factories and tsukuri-zakaya throughout the Kanto to Tohoku regions using their own business management technology.
Japanese: メジャーな酒屋と違って、マイナーではあるが独自の投資経営技術で関東から東北にかけて幅広く小さな酒蔵や造り酒屋をたくさん展開した、近江商人の江州蔵（ごうしゅうぐら）という酒屋の形態も忘れてはならない。
English: This style has been handed down for a long period of time even after the Meiji period, although the business has not grown much, and still remains in local sake-factories, with the not-large-scaled but established system as its basis.
Japanese: これらは細く長く明治以降もそのまま引き継がれ、けっして大規模ではないが確固としたシステムを基盤として今日の地方蔵にも残っているのである。
English: A sakaya as a retail shop in towns was called masu-zakaya (masu: indicates a wooden box for measuring an amount of sake) in Edo.
Japanese: また、町中の小売業としての酒屋については、江戸においては升酒屋（ますざかや）といった。
English: However, such a place was only a 'sales office' that a major sakaya owned to sell its own sake.
Japanese: しかしながら、これもメジャーな大酒屋が自分のところの酒の販売窓口として各都市に持っていた「営業所」にすぎなかった。
English: In any way, attention must be paid to the fact that, even though the same term of "retail shop" was used, the positioning of the shop in the kamigata area was different from that in Edo because the distribution system in Edo was not the same as that in the kamigata area.
Japanese: ともかく同じ小売店であっても、上方と江戸では流通機構が異なるので、その位置づけも異なることは注意されなくてはならない。
English: Therefore, until the early Showa period (or during the period from 1945 to 1954 in local regions), sake was sold mostly by measure from a sake barrel, not in a bottle.
Japanese: このため、昭和初期（地方によっては昭和20年代）まで酒は現在のように瓶で売られるのではなく、町の酒屋においてはまだ酒樽からの量り売りするのが主流であった。
English: At that time, in a sakaya, sake barrels wrapped in a rush mat, which the shop bought from various sake factories, were placed, and for selling sake, the shop owner blended sake from these barrels so as to meet each customer's taste.
Japanese: 酒屋の店頭には、いろいろな酒蔵から買いつけてきた酒が菰（こも）をかぶった樽に入れられて置かれており、客の好みに合わせて、酒屋の主人がそれらをブレンドして売っていた。
English: Sake-factories and toji might not necessarily have been pleasant to hear that their sake was mixed with products from other sake-factories.
Japanese: 酒を造っている蔵や杜氏からすれば、自分たちの造った酒を勝手に他の蔵の製品と混ぜられるのは、必ずしも愉快でなかったかもしれない。
English: However, it was even one of sakaya owner's abilities how to blend various sake products.
Japanese: しかしながら、どのようなブレンドをするかは酒屋の主人の力量の一つですらあった。
English: Most of the customers coming to a sakaya were intimate with the shop owner for a long time, and the owner was well-informed about their tastes.
Japanese: たいてい来るのは地元の旧知の客ばかりであり、酒屋の主人は客の好みを熟知していた。
English: In other words, the techniques required for present bartenders were necessary for sakaya in the early Showa period.
Japanese: すなわち、昭和初期の酒屋は現在のバーテンダー的な技量も必要だったのである。
English: The units of sake to be sold were mostly two goes (180 milliliters/go), five goes or one sho (10 goes/sho) (refer to units of Japanese sake), but it is said that sake of one go was sold in rare local places.
Japanese: 販売する容量はおおかた２合、５合、１升（10合）（参照：日本酒単位）の三種類で、地方によってはごく稀に１合でも売られたという。
English: Then the Sino-Japanese war broke out, and when there was a shortage of Japanese sake supplies, some sakaya sold watered-down sake.
Japanese: やがて日中戦争が勃発し、日本酒が品薄になると、酒屋のなかには水をまぜて酒をうすめて販売するところもあらわれた。
English: Even the following incident occurred: A sakaya owner who was accused by a customer of 'serving goldfish sake' killed himself for clarifying that the owner served no goldfish sake to the customer.
Japanese: なかには水を混ぜていないのに、客から「金魚酒にしただろう」と難癖をつけられ、「していない」と身の潔白を示すために抗議の自殺をした酒屋までも出現した。
English: In the Meiji period and later, it should be considered that sakaya came to take either of two major different business styles.
Japanese: このような酒屋も明治時代以降は、大きく二つの流れに分けて考えなくてはならない。
English: The major sakaya having existed in the Edo period or before started expanding their business internationally as seisho, advancing into various trade fields.
Japanese: 江戸時代以前の大手メジャーは、政商として商圏を国際的に拡大し、多方面にわたる貿易に乗り出していった。
English: Although zaibatsu were dissolved and divided into banks, securities companies, trading companies, etc, they retained overwhelming economic power until around the bubble economy era.
Japanese: 財閥解体以降も、銀行・証券・商社などさまざまな会社に分割されつつも、バブル経済のころまでは絶大な経済力を持った。
English: After the bubble busted, foreign capital invaded rapidly into the Japanese economic world, and in this trend, they have now been groping for how to survive through M&A, beyond the goodwill of sakaya retained since the Edo period, or beyond the barrier of the capital-based relationships.
Japanese: バブル崩壊後、外国資本が急速に日本経済界を席捲するなかで、江戸時代以来の酒屋の暖簾（のれん）、すなわち今日でいう資本系列の垣根を越えて、合併による生き残りが模索されている最中といってよい。
English: In the Meiji period and later, these sake retail shops came to be provided with general store-like factors, becoming a place inseparable from lives of the general public.
Japanese: 明治時代以降は、町中で諸方面の商品を扱うよろずや的な要素を高めていき、人々の生活と切っても切り離せない存在となった。
English: The so-called goyokiki service was provided generally in which a young shop attendant at a sakaya circulated its customers' houses, receiving orders of food and daily necessities for the day, and delivered them to the customers' houses later.
Japanese: 酒屋の若い店員が各家庭に御用聞きといって、その日に必要な食料や日用品を注文を聞いて回り、あとから宅配するというサービスも一般的に行なわれていた。
English: In that sense, it can also be said that such sakaya were places that provided the services of supermarkets, convenience stores, and of delivery shops.
Japanese: そのような意味では、今日のスーパーマーケット、コンビニエンスストア、デリバリー・ショップを合わせたような存在であったともいえる。
English: In the latter half of the Showa period and later, conditions unfavorable for traditional retail sakaya shops prevailed in the following ways: Companies with lots of capital started taking retail sake shops in towns into their franchise systems, converting many retail sakaya shops to convenience stores or supermarkets; also regarding the sale of liquor, large-scale mass sales stores took a big sales share and it became easier to sell sake due to the deregulation of liquor.
Japanese: 昭和時代後期以降には、大資本がそれぞれの町にある酒屋をフランチャイズ化し、多くの酒屋がコンビニやスーパーへ変化していき、また酒類の販売に関しては大型量販店がシェアを大きく奪うようになり、また酒類販売の規制緩和により酒の小売がしやすくなったこともあり、昔ながらの酒屋には逆風が吹き荒れた。
English: Entering the Heisei period (1989 and later) after the bubble economy busted, many retail sake shops still exist in various areas that have continued healthy growth through the following efforts: Trying to survive as 'a shop specialized in liquor' that is the essential function of sakaya as a retail sake shop, and limiting the products to be sold but adding values to the products through accumulating information about the products.
Japanese: バブル崩壊後、平成時代に入ってからは、小売酒販店として酒屋本来の領分である「酒の専門店」として生き残りを図り、販売する品目を限定するかわりに、商品に関する情報を蓄えることで付加価値をつけ、健全な成長を続けている酒屋が各地に存在する。
English: Due to the deregulation of liquor, the emergency measure law concerning the business management of retail liquor shop owners and its improvement was abolished.
Japanese: 酒類販売の規制緩和により酒類小売業者の経営の改善等に関する緊急措置法が廃止された。
English: Therefore, it is considered highly likely that many convenience stores and supermarkets selling liquor will advance into the places where it was regulated for liquor sellers to open new shops.
Japanese: そのため、続々と酒類を取り扱うコンビニやスーパーが、以前の新規酒類販売規制地域にも、続々と参入することが大いに予想される。
English: It is likely that, for retail sake shops to survive in these situations, there would be no other means than confronting the competition through further providing additional values to their products to be sold.
Japanese: 以前にもまして付加価値をつけ、競争に立ち向かって行く酒屋以外の生き残りは厳しいことになりそうである。
English: Wamyo Ruijusho is a dictionary compiled in the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 和名類聚抄（わみょうるいじゅしょう）は、平安時代中期に作られた辞書である。
English: In the Johei era (in Japan) (931 - 938), MINAMOTO no Shitago compiled it at a request of Imperial Princess Isoko.
Japanese: 承平(日本)年間(931年-938年)、勤子内親王の求めに応じて源順（みなもとのしたごう）が編纂した。
English: It was made in the following style: First, nouns were collected in Chinese, were grouped based on their meanings, an item name was given to each group of nouns, a Japanese pronunciation (called "wamyo," literally a Japanese name) of each of these nouns was given using Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu [Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves]), and to each noun, explanations were given by citing its Chinese document sources (dictionaries, Chinese dictionaries arranged by the final sound of each word, and encyclopedia).
Japanese: 名詞をまず漢語で類聚し、意味により分類して項目立て、万葉仮名で日本語に対応する名詞の読み（和名・倭名）をつけた上で、漢籍（字書・韻書・博物書）を出典として多数引用しながら説明を加える体裁をとる。
English: It is not only provided with factors of a Japanese language dictionary in the present day, but also provided with those of a Chinese-to-Japanese dictionary and of an encyclopedia, constituting its rare feature.
Japanese: 今日の国語辞典の他、漢和辞典や百科事典の要素を多分に含んでいるのが特徴。
English: Since the time when the study of Japanese classical literatures started in the Edo period, it has been highly evaluated as a document where information about vocabulary and about pronunciations of words is available, and in addition, it has also been highly evaluated in the fields of Japanese literatures, of Japanese language study and of Japanese history, as a document in which information about states of society, customs and social systems is available.
Japanese: 江戸時代の国学発生以降、平安時代以前の語彙・語音を知る資料として、また社会・風俗・制度などを知る史料として国文学・日本語学・日本史の世界で重要視されている書物である。
English: The expression of '倭名類聚鈔' or '倭名類聚抄' is sometimes used instead of 和名類聚抄 (each of these expressions is pronounced as Wamyo Ruijusho equally), with the expression used depending on the copy.
Japanese: 和名類聚抄は「倭名類聚鈔」「倭名類聚抄」とも書かれ、その表記は写本によって一定してしない。
English: Because their contents are largely different with each other, each of them is called a '10-volume book' or a '20-volume book' for differentiation, and copies of each book remain.
Japanese: その内容に大きく異同があるため「十巻本」「二十巻本」として区別され、それぞれの系統の写本が存在する。
English: Jiro KAMEDA, a Japanese language scholar, says that the 20-volume book was augmented by later people.
Japanese: また、国語学者の亀田次郎は、二十巻本は後人が増補したものとしている。
English: The 20-volume book covers the names of provinces, counties and villages, which constituted area units for administrative control in the ancient ritsuryo code-based system, constituting a basic historical document even in this aspect.
Japanese: なお二十巻本は古代律令制における行政区画である国・郡・郷の名称を網羅しており、この点でも基本史料となっている。
English: Examples: Kanbe-go (village), Yamadai-go, Takagaku-go, Kami-go, Tadeda-go, Homuchi (品治r or 保無智 in Chinese characters)-go, and Taima (當麻 or 多以末 in Chinese characters)-go, in Katsuge-gun (county) of the Yamato Province
Japanese: ［例］大和国葛下郡神戸郷・山直郷・高額郷・加美郷・蓼田郷・品治（保無智）郷・當麻（多以末）郷
English: This book is configured using 'bu' (部) (categories) and 'mon' (門) (sub-categories), and the configuration of either of the 10-volume book and 20-volume book is different from the other.
Japanese: 本書の構成は大分類である「部」と小分類の「門」より成っており、その構成は十巻本・二十巻本によってそれぞれ異なる。
English: However, the 10-volume books available at that time were manuscripts alone, and were scarcely published.
Japanese: しかしながら、十巻本は当時写本の形で流布したためほとんど梓に上らなかった。
English: In the following, the Wamyosho books that can be viewed by photographing, copying or directly viewing them are listed first for manuscripts in the order of the hand-copied ages and then for published books in the order of the printed ages:
Japanese: 以下、影印・複製や直接閲覧により閲覧可能なものを筆写年代・刊行年代順に挙げる。
English: Today, the most widely used text of the 10-volume book is "Senchu wamyo ruijusho" revised and annotated by Ekisai KARIYA.
Japanese: 現在、十巻本の本文として最も流布しているのは、狩谷エキ斎校注の『箋注倭名類聚抄』である。
English: However, "Senchu wamyo ruijusho" was published in the Meiji period as described below, and until then, its manuscripts were mostly available.
Japanese: ただし『箋注倭名類聚抄』は下にも書く通り明治時代刊なので、それまでは写本による流布が主であった。
English: Of the 10-volume manuscripts, 'Shimosa book' is unique because the contents of it and of the books related to it are quite different from those of other 10-volume books.
Japanese: なお十巻本の写本の中でも「下総本」とそれに連なる系統の本は、他の本と異なる記述を持つなど異質の本である。
English: Therefore, in not a few 10-volume book manuscripts, Shimosa book-related manuscripts are often referred to and corrections are written in red ink.
Japanese: このため十巻本の写本には、しばしば下総本系の本を参照し、朱でその校異を書き入れているものも少なくない。
English: However, KARIYA considered the Shimosa book as 'falsification by the posterity,' and rejects it as 'the most inferior one of the various books concerned.'
Japanese: しかし狩谷はこの下総本の本文を「後世の改竄によるもの」と見なし、「諸本の中で最も劣悪」として認めていない。
English: The book copied manually by Ekisai KARIYA himself: Corrected as well as copied manually in the latter half of the Edo period, a complete book (owned by the National Archive of Japan [former Cabinet Library])
Japanese: 狩谷エキ斎自筆訂本＝江戸時代後期写および校訂・完本（国立公文書館（旧内閣文庫）蔵）
English: Yang Shoujing's printed books: Published in 1906, corrected by Yang Shoujing (based on Shimosa book-related manuscripts)
Japanese: 楊守敬刊本＝明治29年（1906年）刊・楊守敬校訂（底本＝下総本系写本）
English: "Senchu wamyo ruijusho": Completed in 1827, published in 1883 by Ekisai KARIYA (corrections were made with the Kyo book as the base text)
Japanese: 『箋注倭名類聚抄』＝文政10（1827年）成立、明治16年（1883年）刊・狩谷エキ斎校訂（底本＝京本を諸本で校訂）
English: Today, 'Genna kokatsuji-bon' (literally, books printed using old types in the Genna era [1615 - 1624]) are used most widely as the text of the 20-volume books.
Japanese: 現在、二十巻本の本文として最も流布しているのは、那波道円校注の「元和古活字本」である。
English: However, 'Genna kokatsuji-bon' was a rare book and was scarcely available in the market until its photo-copy version was published in 1932.
Japanese: ただし「元和古活字本」は稀覯書で、昭和7年（1932年）に影印復刻されるまではほとんど世に出回らなかった。
English: Therefore, 'Keian printed books' (books printed in the Keian era [1648-1652]) and 'Kanbun printed books' (books printed in the Kanbun era [1661-1673]) were widely used instead, being published many times until the early Meiji period.
Japanese: そのため、代わりに「慶安版本」「寛文版本」が広く用いられ、明治時代初期まで何度も刷を重ねた。
English: Of the manuscripts concerned, the 'Kozan-ji Temple book' includes descriptions of the names of inn-concentrated places along roads in the ancient ritsuryo code-based system, after those of the 'province/county category.'
Japanese: また写本のうち「高山寺本」は、「国郡部」の後に古代律令制下の駅（うまや）を記してある。
English: Therefore, this book is used together with 'Genna kokatsuji-bon,' especially when referring to the 'province/county category.'
Japanese: そのため、特に「国郡部」を見る際に「元和古活字本」とともに参照される。
English: The Ise 20-volume book: Copied manually in the early Muromachi period, only volumes 1, 2 and 9 - 20 (owned by the Jingu Library)
Japanese: 伊勢二十巻本＝室町時代初期写・巻一～二および巻九～二十のみ（神宮文庫蔵）
English: From the Heian period to the Kamakura period, women's names were rarely listed in genealogy, etc.
Japanese: 特に平安期から鎌倉期にかけては女子の名を系図等に記すことが少なかった。
English: Therefore, their real names were hardly known no matter how popular they were.
Japanese: そのため、女房として活躍した人物であっても、女房名以外の実名がわかっている例はすくない。
English: Nyobona is usually created from the title or rank of the household head, such as her father, brother, or husband.
Japanese: 女房名は、本人の父または兄弟、夫など、帰属する家を代表する人物の官職名を用いることが多い。
English: For example, Shikibu in Murasaki Shikibu was from her father FUJIWARA no Tametoki's title Shikibu taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial), and Shonagon in Sei Shonagon was from shonagon (lesser counselor) (it is said that her brother became shonagon).
Japanese: すなわち、紫式部の式部（父藤原為時が式部大丞であった）や清少納言の少納言（兄弟に少納言となった人物がいたといわれる）。
English: Moreover, poet Ise's father was the governor of Ise Province, and poet Sagami's husband was the governor of Sagami Province.
Japanese: また伊勢(歌人)（父が伊勢国守）や相模(歌人)（夫が相模国守）がこれに相当する。
English: However, a word that indicates her trait might be added in order to distinguish from others who has same name.
Japanese: ただしこれのみでは同名の者が多くなって不便であるために、さらにその人の特性を示す言葉を冠することもある。
English: Sei (清) in Sei Shonagon indicated she was from the Kiyohara (清原) clan, and Murasaki (紫) in Murasaki Shikibu came from Murasaki no ue (紫の上), a character of her novel "Tale of Genji," according to one view.
Japanese: 清少納言の「清」は清原氏の出自であることを示し、紫式部の「紫」は彼女の著作源氏物語の紫の上にちなむ（他説あり）。
English: Moreover, Izumi Shikibu was made from her husband's title, governor of Izumi Province and her father's title, shikibu taijo.
Japanese: また和泉式部のように夫の官職（和泉国守）と父の官職（式部大丞）をあわせる例。
English: Another example is Daini no Sanmi that was made from a combination of her husband's title, dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) and her own court rank, jusanmi (junior third court rank).
Japanese: 大弐三位のように夫の官職（大宰大弐）と本人の位階（従三位）をあわせる例もある。
English: Furthermore, Koshikibu no Naishi was called 'Koshikibu' (small-shikibu) because she and her mother, Izumi Shikibu, served FUJIWARA no Shoshi, the second consort of the Emperor Ichijo, at the same time.
Japanese: なお小式部内侍は母の和泉式部と同時期に一条天皇中宮である藤原彰子に出仕していたために、母式部と区別するために「小式部」と呼ばれるようになったとみられる。
English: Moreover, in order to avoid being confused with a person of the same name but of a different generation, the master's family name might be prefixed to the original nyobona of a nyobo who shared a name with another family's nyobo or who had made their name as a poet or a novelist.
Japanese: さらに、他家の同名の女房や、歌人や物語作者として後代にまで名を残した女房については時代の異なる同名の人物とまぎらわしくなることを避けるために、本来の女房名の上に主人の家の名を冠することもある。
English: For example, Yushi Naishinno-ke no Kii, Baishi Naishinno-ke no Senji (as known as Rokujosaiin no senji), Taikenmonin Horikawa, Nijoin no Sanuki, Kokamonin no Betto, Inpumonin no Taifu, and 摂政家丹後 (as known as Gishumonin no Tango) were named in that manner.
Japanese: 祐子内親王家紀伊、禖子内親王家宣旨（六条斎院宣旨とも）、待賢門院堀河、二条院讃岐、皇嘉門院別当、殷富門院大輔、摂政家丹後（宜秋門院丹後）などは、その例である。
English: Although it was lower ranked samurai's casual wear in the beginning, it became the second most formal dress after daimon (crested formal robe) in the end of the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 始めは下級武士の普段着であったが、室町時代末期には大紋に次ぐ礼装となる。
English: The largest difference is that hitatare and daimon used a white waist cord while the suo's cord was made with the same cloth.
Japanese: 形状の最も大きな特徴としては直垂と大紋は袴の腰紐が白布であるのに対し、素襖のそれは共裂であることが挙げられる。
English: Moreover, strings that pierce around the sleeves and thin cloth around the armhole were omitted, and the breast cord and the ornament cord (decoration strings of sleeves or a breast) were made from leather.
Japanese: また、袖に通す括り紐や露が省略され、胸紐、小露（袖や胸の飾り紐）は革製であった。
English: In the Edo period, it was determined as a formal dress for a samurai ranked Ikai (court rank) below Rokui (Sixth Rank) by the feudal government.
Japanese: 江戸時代には江戸幕府によって六位以下階位に叙された武士の礼装と定められた。
English: During the Edo period, suo became full dress of hatamoto (a direct vassal of the shogun) because hatamoto was ranked below Ikai.
Japanese: 江戸時代において旗本は位階以下の官位に叙されため素襖は旗本の礼服となった。
English: Its material was limited to bleached cotton, and Kamon (family crest) was put on eight places in total, back, chests, sleeves, koshiita and both sides of slacks side seam of hakama.
Japanese: 材質は晒に限定され、家紋を背中、両胸、袖、袴の腰板と左右の相引下、合計8カ所に入れた。
English: When 'hanbakama,' an ankle length hakama, which was not used with hitatare or daimon, was worn, it was called 'kosuo.'
Japanese: 直垂、大紋に無い着用法として「半袴」というくるぶしまでの袴を着用することもあり、この場合は「小素襖」と言われる。
English: In 'Suo Otoshi' of kyogen, suo plays a major role.
Japanese: 狂言の「素襖落」では素襖がストーリーの鍵となる小道具として登場する。
English: Jinaicho (also called Jinaimachi) refers to self-governing communities formed during the Muromachi period, which centered on the Buddhist temples of the Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and training seminaries (gobo).
Japanese: 寺内町（じないちょう、じないまち）とは、室町時代に浄土真宗などの仏教寺院、道場（御坊）を中心に形成された自治集落のこと。
English: They were characterized by the defense functions such as the surrounding moats and earthen walls for fortification, within which Buddhist devotees as well as merchants and traders lived together.
Japanese: 濠や土塁で囲まれるなど防御的性格を持ち、信者、商工業者などが集住した。
English: Karita-rozeki or Katta-rozeki (刈田狼藉) means to harvest rice crops illegally in order to claim chigyo (tenure) to land# in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 刈田狼藉（かりたろうぜき、かったろうぜき）は、中世日本において土地の知行などを主張するために田の稲を刈り取った実力行使をいう。
English: Under the shoen koryo sei (social structure of the manorial public territory system) in medieval Japan, it was common for two or more parties to have joint ownership to a piece of land.
Japanese: 中世日本の荘園公領制では、一つの土地に対して、複数の主体がそれぞれ各自の権利を有することが一般的だった。
English: Farmers, myoshu (owner of rice fields), shokan (an officer governing shoen or manor), jito (manager and lord of manor), ryoke (a lord of a manor) and head family had their ownership to harvests generated from a certain piece of land or to a certain piece of land itself and these various ownerships were multilayered (this is called "shiki no taikei (定訳不明, framework of tasks or authorities in specific functions of administration.)"
Japanese: ある土地からの収穫物またはその土地自体に対して、百姓・名主・荘官・地頭・領家・本家などといった多様な権利が重層的に存在していたのである（これを職の体系という）。
English: Each entitled party had to prove the existence of their ownership by himself using kenkei (deed of title to one's property such as a land) or an andojo (a letter of certification of one's land).
Japanese: 各権利主体は自らの権利の所在を自ら券契や安堵状などにより証明しなければならなかった。
English: Given there were so many weak claims, naturally many territorial disputes arose.
Japanese: そのような不安定な権利関係にあって、所領をめぐる紛争は頻繁に発生していた。
English: The early Kamakura period saw the appearance of the illegal reaping of crops to establish a claim to the ownership of the land.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期ごろになると、所領に対する自らの知行権を主張するため、その所領の作物を強制的に刈り取る者も現れた。
English: Initially, karita or karihata related disputes were handled as shomu-sata (civil trials dealing with land-related issues), but the number of karita and karihata acts increased with the times, and around the late thirteenth century, such karita or karihata related disputes began to be called 'rozeki' with the implication of illegal acts, that is, karita-rozeki, and the handling of such disputes was separated from ordinary shomu-sata.
Japanese: 刈田・刈畠行為をめぐる紛争は当初、所務沙汰（不動産に係る民事事件）として扱われていたが、時代が下るにつれ、刈田・刈畠行為が増加していくと、13世紀後期ごろには違法行為のニュアンスを含む「狼藉」、すなわち刈田狼藉と呼ばれるようになり、通常の所務沙汰とは別個の取扱いがなされ始めた。
English: In 1310, such disputes were for the first time dealt with as kendan-sata (criminal cases) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and were under the control of Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) and Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) Kendangata (criminal justice).
Japanese: 1310年（延慶(日本)3）からは鎌倉幕府によって検断沙汰（刑事事件）として扱われ、侍所および六波羅探題検断方の所管となった。
English: In the event of the occurrence of a dispute, shugo (provincial constable) of the state had to settle the dispute at the site under the direction of Samurai-dokoro or Rokuhara Tandai and report the results to Samurai-dokoro, etc.
Japanese: 実際に事案が発生した際は、侍所・六波羅の命を受けた当該国の守護が現地で紛争をおさめ、守護は経過を侍所などへ報告することとされていた。
English: When the ownership claimed by a person who committed the karita was found to be correct and acceptable in court proceedings, his karita act did not constitute karita-rozeki and the person was not convicted.
Japanese: 裁判を経て刈田行為者の権利が認められれば、刈田行為は刈田狼藉として断罪されることはなかった。
English: Before the karita act became subject to kendan-sata, it looks to have been recognized as one of self-defense remedial practices which were widely accepted in society at that time.
Japanese: 刈田行為は、検断沙汰に含まれる以前は当時の社会で広く受容されていた自力救済慣行の一つとして認識されていたものと考えられている。
English: In 1346, soon after the Muromachi period began, the Muromachi bakufu, aiming to stabilize the governing of the state by shugo, granted them the power of kendan and shisetsu jungyo (the authority to implement the bakufu's judgments on property ownership disputes).
Japanese: 室町時代に入って間もなく1346年（貞和2）、室町幕府は守護による国内統治を安定させるため、刈田狼藉の検断権および使節遵行を守護へ付与した。