nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Characters were initially created for actual use, but the method to express aesthetically was created with the advancement in culture.
Japanese: 文字ははじめ実用として生まれたが、文化の進展につれ美的に表現する方法が生まれた。
English: Shodo is to learn this aesthetic expression of characters under standardized training, beautify life with actual use, enrich spiritually as a pastime, and express individual beauty.
Japanese: 書道とは、この文字の美的表現法を規格あるしつけのもとに学習しながら、実用として生活を美化し、また趣味として心を豊かにし、個性美を表現していくことである。
English: Therefore, Shodo is one method of human improvement and it has been revered as one of Six Arts (rites, music, archery, charioteering, literature, and mathematics) since ancient times in China.
Japanese: よって、書道は人間修養の一方法であり、古来、中国では六芸の一つとして尊崇されてきた。
English: The technique is Hippo (way of writing) (how to hold a brush, how to write ten-kaku (the dots and strokes that make up a kanji character)), Kekkoho (how to arrange letter shapes), and Shoho (Shodo) (how to entirely organize), and various methods are devised for each to be differently used in writing style, calligraphy style, and others.
Japanese: その技法には、筆法（筆の持ち方、点画の書き方）、結構法（字形の整え方）、章法(書道)（全体のまとめ方）があり、それぞれに様々な方法が編み出され、書体や書風などによって使い分けられている。
English: In Japan, large-scale Shodo exhibitions were held since the Showa period which established Shodo's status as modern art, consequently a creative method as art work is added to Shodo technique.
Japanese: 日本では昭和からの大規模な書道展の開催により、書道が近代芸術としての地位を確立したことから、その芸術作品としての創作方法も書の技法に加わった。
English: These techniques are generally acquired by learning from Shoka (calligrapher) through various educational institutions, studying focusing on the classics, and entering products in Shodo exhibitions to heighten one's own skills.
Japanese: これらの技法の習得には、色々な教育機関を通じて書家に師事し、古典を中心に学習し、書道展などに出品しながら技量を高めていくのが一般的である。
English: Four fields of Kanji, Kana (Shodo), Tenkoku (seal engraving), and Chowatai (harmony) are carried out in the Fifth Department (Sho) by the Japan Fine Arts Exhibition, a typical exhibition in Japan.
Japanese: 日本の代表的な展覧会である日本美術展覧会の第五科（書）では、漢字、かな(書道)、篆刻、調和体の4領域が実施されている。
English: History of Shodo is a division of fine art related history and can be roughly divided into two; Chinese history of Shodo, the principle and Japanese history of Shodo, the collateral line.
Japanese: 書道史は美術に関する歴史学の一部門であり、本源である中国書道史と、傍系である日本書道史の2つに大別することができる。
English: Refer the list of Chinese brushstrokes for those in China and each period of Japanese Shodo history for brushstrokes in Japan.
Japanese: 中国の筆跡は中国の筆跡一覧を、日本の筆跡は日本の書道史の各時代を参照のこと。
English: The oldest existing theory of calligraphy in China is "Hisosho" written by Choitsu in the Chinese calligrapher list described in the later term of the Western Han period (refer to the Chinese history and theory of calligraphy).
Japanese: 現存する中国最古の書論は、後漢時代に著された中国の書家一覧趙壱の『非草書』である（中国の書道史書論を参照）。
English: It is said that the oldest theory of calligraphy in Japan is found in the "Japanese school of calligraphy, Yakaku Teikinsho" (calligraphy manual) written by FUJIWARA no Koreyuki described during the late Heian period (before 1177).
Japanese: 日本最古の書論は、平安時代後期（1177年以前）に著された藤原伊行の『日本の書流夜鶴庭訓抄』（やかくていきんしょう）とされる。
English: Furthermore, "Japanese school of calligraphy, Saiyosho" (or "Hittaisho"), a secret document of Shodo, is recorded by FUJIWARA no Koretsune also around 1177, originally Kuden (oral instruction) of FUJIWARA no Norinaga.
Japanese: また藤原教長の口伝を藤原伊経が記録した書道秘伝書『日本の書流才葉抄』（さいようしょう、『筆躰抄』（ひったいしょう）ともいう）も安元3年（1177年）頃のものである。
English: Suzuri (ink stone), brush, paper, and Sumi are the minimum instruments required in Shodo done with a brush and they are collectively called Bunboshiho (four stationary goods).
Japanese: 毛筆による書道の場合、硯・筆・紙・墨が最低限必要な用具であり、これらは文房四宝と呼ばれる。
English: Brush: Commonly collected hair of animals such as horse, sheep, raccoon dog, and others, attached to the top of wooden or bamboo stick.
Japanese: 筆…ウマ、ヒツジ、タヌキなどの動物の毛をまとめて木や竹の柄の先に取り付けたものが一般的である。
English: For a big brush, it is recommended to use eight-tenths for the standard style and to the root in semiformal style.
Japanese: 楷書用の大筆は八分目までおろし、行草用は根本までおろして使うのが良いとされる。
English: Paper: Massively produced Shodo paper is mostly used and high-quality Senshi (calligraphic paper), Japanese paper, and others are also used.
Japanese: 紙…大量生産された書道用紙が多く用いられるが、高級なものでは宣紙、和紙なども使用される。
English: Solidified soot of grease, oil, pine, and others and with increased preserving properties are available on the market.
Japanese: 油や石油、マツなどのススをゼラチンで固め、保存性を高めたものが市販されている。
English: Ink made with soot collected from vegetable oil and other oil is called 'black ink stick made from lampsoot' and from pine is 'black ink stick made from burnt pine (seiboku - bluish ink stick).'
Japanese: 煤を植物油や石油から採ったものを「墨油煙墨」、松から採ったものを「墨松煙墨（青墨）」という。
English: The classics of Sho are the beautiful brushstrokes born out of the accumulation of effort and imagination by predecessors and the most orthodox practice is to learn these classics.
Japanese: 書の古典とは、先人たちの努力と創意の積み重ねにより生まれた美しい筆跡であり、この古典を学ぶことが最も正統な書の学習とされる。
English: It is not easy to master Sho, but knowledge of the works of earlier artists who learnt about the classics and of how Sho has changed over the years makes it possible to provide students with guidelines that enable them to achieve a greater depth in their works and a heightened state of mind that they would be unable to reach on their own.
Japanese: 書を究めることは容易ではないが、古典を学び先人たちの書とその変遷を知ることにより、学書者に指針を与え、さらに作品の深さや心の高さなど、独りでは到底到達できない境地まで引き上げる効果が期待できる。
English: Though there are many classics, the basic ones of each writing style to learn first are as follows:
Japanese: 古典は数多くあるが、最初に学習すべき各書体の基本的な古典は通常以下のものとされる。
English: Rinsho means to write observing examples and illustrates the methods of Keirin, Irin, and Hairin.
Japanese: 手本を見ながら書くことを臨書といい、形臨（けいりん）、意臨（いりん）、背臨（はいりん）の方法がある。
English: Keirin focuses on copying the shape of characters and Irin, reading Hitsui (calligrapher's intention).
Japanese: 形臨は字形を真似することに重点を置き、意臨は筆意（ひつい、筆者の意図）を汲みとることに重点を置く。
English: Rinsho has been performed since ancient times as the means to learn the classics and others, and that of "Wang Xi-Zhi Gakkiron" by Wang Xizhi exists in Shosoin Treasure House thanks to Empress Komyo during the Nara period (the eighth century).
Japanese: 臨書は古典などの学習手段として古来から行われており、奈良時代の光明皇后による王羲之の『王羲之楽毅論』の臨書が正倉院に現存する。
English: There was a time when Shodo education by traditional Chinese was sought due to lack of visual beauty in simplified Chinese, but now the standard is to instruct the simplified characters because the traditional is not consistent with the political measures for promoting simplified Chinese.
Japanese: 簡体字が視覚的に美しくないということで繁体字での書道教育も模索された時期があるものの、政策としての簡体字推進に矛盾することから現在は簡体字の指導で統一される。
English: Furthermore, calligraphy associations exist in various places of China and contribute to the development of Shodo outside of public education.
Japanese: また、中国各地に書法協会が存在し、公教育から離れた立場で書道の発展に貢献している。
English: Compulsory education in Japan defined by the Education Ministry guidelines is to instruct Shodo by brush in lessons for the third grade or more of elementary school as Shosha (copy of calligraphy) of the Japanese language subject.
Japanese: 日本の義務教育では、国語科の書写として小学3年生以上の授業では毛筆により指導されることが学習指導要領で定められている。
English: For high school, Shodo is placed in together with music, arts, and others in the art department as an elective.
Japanese: 高等学校では芸術科に音楽・美術などと並び、書道が選択科目として配置されている。
English: As for the university, Shodo related lectures have been set to those having education and literature departments.
Japanese: 大学では、教育学部や文学部を置く大学では書道に関する講義を設けている。
English: Especially in the education department for teacher training, set in each prefecture, a laboratory for Shosha and Shodo education is available to give specialized education.
Japanese: 特に各県に設置されている教員養成系の教育学部では書写教育・書道教育の研究室が置かれ、専門教育が施されている。
English: National and public universities such as Iwate University, Niigata University, Tsukuba University, Tokyo Gakugei University, Shizuoka University, and Fukuoka University of Education have Shodo related department, major, faculty, course, field, and also a graduate school to educate capable instructors.
Japanese: 岩手大学、新潟大学、筑波大学、東京学芸大学、静岡大学、福岡教育大学などの国公立大学では、書道に関する学科・専攻・学群・コース・領域が置かれ、大学院も併設し、有為な指導者の育成を目指している。
English: The United Graduate School of Education in Graduate School of Tokyo Gakugei University (the United Graduate Schools) consisted of Tsukuba University and four schools of Tokyo Gakugei University, Yokohama National University, Chiba University, and Saitama University) has a doctor's course as well (Doctor of Arts: Tsukuba, Doctor of Philosophy in Education: United Graduate Schools).
Japanese: 筑波大学と、東京学芸大学、横浜国立大学、千葉大学、埼玉大学の4校からなる東京学芸大学大学院連合学校教育学研究科（連合大学院）には博士課程（芸術学博士：筑波、教育学博士：連合大学院）も設置されている。
English: Moreover, the Joint Graduate School in the Sciences of School Education in Graduate School of Hyogo University of Teacher Education also has a doctor's course (education), but specializes in Shosha education only.
Japanese: なお兵庫教育大学大学院連合学校教育学研究科にも同様な博士課程（教育学）があるが、書写教育のみを専門に扱っている。
English: For private university, Daito Bunka University has established Shodo Department and Shikoku University, Shodo Culture Department, cultivating Shoka and educators on a full scale.
Japanese: 私立大学では、大東文化大学では書道学科、四国大学では書道文化学科を開設するなど、書家や教育者の本格的養成に努めている。
English: At present, there are the following academic societies and study groups of Shodo and characters in Japan.
Japanese: 現在、日本には書道、および文字にかかわる学会・研究会として次のものがある。
English: There are Shodo societies consisting of art groups and educational organizations, and the Japan Fine Arts Exhibition of the former is holding exhibitions for publicly chosen pieces nationwide.
Japanese: 芸術系の書道団体と教育系の書道団体があり、芸術系では日本美術展覧会が全国的な公募展を行っている。
English: Other than the above, there are calligrapher associations organized by regions and prefectures, and various societies (also called Shachu) presided by Shoka.
Japanese: このほか、地方・都道府県単位で組織する書作家協会や、書家が主宰する様々な会（社中とも呼ばれる）がある。
English: Shuji (calligraphy) has been traditionally taught in Terakoya (a private elementary school during the Edo period) and in others in Japan as 'reading, writing, and abacus.'
Japanese: 日本では昔から「読み書きソロバン」として、寺子屋などで習字が指導されてきた。
English: The instructors are aging, but they have undergone a great change recently as a young male Shoka appear on TV programs and in magazines for young people.
Japanese: 指導者は高齢化の傾向にあったが近年、若手の男性書家がテレビ番組や若者向き雑誌に登場するなど、やや様変わりしてきた。
English: The development of computers has lowered the threshold to process Sho works using computers and at the same time a genre called Design Shodo has been gradually established.
Japanese: コンピュータの発達とともに、コンピュータを使って書作品を加工したりする敷居が下がるのと時を同じくして、デザイン書道と呼ばれるジャンルが確立してきた。
English: This is to design Shodo works into various things such as household goods, interiors, and nameplates through computer processing and others, which has attracted attention as a new profession involved with Sho.
Japanese: これは書作品を生活雑貨やインテリア、表札などの多様なものにコンピュータ処理などを経てデザインしていくもので、書にまつわる新しい職業として注目されている。
English: At present, Brush Examinations supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology are the only objective qualification criteria to determine Shodo skills.
Japanese: 現在、唯一客観的な書道の技量判定基準を持つ資格として、文部科学省後援の毛筆書写検定がある。
English: The First Kyu certifies one to have obtained publicly recognized qualifications as an instructor.
Japanese: 1級を取得すると、指導者として公的に認められる資格を持つと認定される。
English: While popularized Dan-i and Kyu-i and the certification of a grand master are determined by each Shodo class and Shodo society, without any common criteria.
Japanese: これに対して一般に普及している段位・級位や師範の認定は、各書道教室や書道会が独自に判定しており、共通した基準に基づくものではない。
English: The 'Kikujin no ho' is a kind of Sokutai (a traditional ceremonial court dress) that was worn by the emperor at small ceremonies, including special festivals such as Teiza (a festival in which the emperor would be seated in a garden), Noriyumi (betting on archery), and Yuba Hajime (imperial ceremony held to celebrate the first arrow to be shot at the Noriyumi).
Japanese: 麴塵袍（きくじんのほう）は、天皇が、臨時祭の庭座、賭弓、弓場始など小儀の際に着用する束帯装束の袍のことである。
English: There are various views on the color including yellow and green; according to the description in the "Hakushimonju" ("Bai-Shi Wen Ji," a collection of poems by Hakkyoi, a famous Chinese poet), the color is the green shoots of a willow in spring.
Japanese: 黄色・緑等諸説があるが、『白氏文集』の用例によると、春の柳の芽吹きの色とされる。
English: Found in various literature of the early Heian period, the color is the same as the 'aoshira-tsurubami' (grayish Surrey green color) and also called as 'aoiro' (blue) and 'yamabatoiro' (grayish Surrey green color).
Japanese: 平安時代前期の文献に散見する「青白橡」（あおしろつるばみ）と同色とされ、「青色」、「山鳩色」とも呼ばれた。
English: Especially at Naien (private dinner) in the new year and Nogyoko (hawking or picnic that an emperor went out for a pastime), an emperor wore Akashira-tsurubami (grayish red color) and a vassal wore Aoshira-tsurubami.
Japanese: 特に正月内宴・野行幸では天皇が赤白橡、臣下が青白橡を着用する例が見られた。
English: It seems the Kikujin no ho was put on regardless of Ikai (Court rank) at a gala ceremony such as Toka no sechi-e (an Imperial Court Ceremony).
Japanese: 踏歌節会の袍に着用されるなど、晴の儀式において位階にかかわりなく着用したものと思われる。
English: In the late Heian period, since these ceremonies became less popular, there were no occasions that vassals wore the Kikujin no ho together.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に入るとこれらの儀式も衰退し、臣下がそろって着用するということも無くなった。
English: An example after the late Heian period shows an emperor wore the Kikujin no ho on limited occasions such as the Kamo and Iwashimizu special festival.
Japanese: 平安時代後期以降の例によると、天皇は賀茂・石清水臨時祭次度出御など限られた機会に着用している。
English: According to a literature of early Muromachi period, the pattern was the Kiri, take, hoo mon (the design of paulownia, bamboo and phoenix), which was the same as Korozen no goho (a cloth that an emperor put on when he or she performed an important ritual), and the pattern was first weaved and then dyed.
Japanese: 室町時代初期の書によると、文様は黄櫨染御袍と同様の桐竹鳳凰文であり、文様を織ってから後染めした。
English: The Kikujin no ho was discontinued after the special festivals were suspended, but it revived in the Edo period with the revival of the special festivals.
Japanese: 臨時祭が中絶した室町時代後期に断絶したが、江戸時代の臨時祭復興に際し再興された。
English: After that, yarn-dyed Kataorimono (hard woven) with green warp and yellow weft and the pattern, which was just the same shape and size as the Korozen no goho was used.
Japanese: これ以降、文様は黄櫨染御袍とまったく同形同大の、経（縦糸）緑緯（ぬき糸）黄の先染めの固織物を使用した。
English: After the mid-early modern times, while in the conventional ho (outer robe) the back of cloths was used for outside, in the Aoiro no goho (Surrey green round-necked robe) the front side was used for outside.
Japanese: 一般の袍が近世中期以後生地の裏面を表に使うのに対し、青色御袍では表面を表に用いる。
English: In the early-modern times, it was found from their relics that an emperor and a crown prince wore the Kikujin no ho made from the Ukiorimono with the design of long-tailed cock and arabesque with peony flowers and leaves similar to that of Kurodo (Chamberlain, to be described later) and a belt made from the same cloths.
Japanese: 近世の早い時期において、後述の蔵人の麹塵袍と同様の牡丹唐草に尾長鳥文浮織の生地の袍に共裂の帯を、天皇・東宮が着用していることが遺品から判っている。
English: A retired emperor dressed in the Kikujin no ho when he or she received Gyoko (an imperial visit) from the late Heian period and the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 上皇は平安時代後期から鎌倉時代に、天皇の行幸を迎える時などに着用した。
English: In the early-modern times, cloths with green warp and yellow weft and the design of arabesque with chrysanthemum flowers were used, and were supplied together with red round-necked robe and grayish round-necked robe.
Japanese: 近世では菊唐草の経緑緯黄の生地が用いられ、赤色袍や橡（つるばみ－黒）袍とともに調進例がある。
English: While the Kikujin no ho was worn with the Sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress), Hoko (an outer robe and a Hakama, loose-legged pleated trousers) and Ikan (traditional formal court dress) in the late Heian period, it was mostly worn with the Sokutai in the early-modern times.
Japanese: 平安時代後期には束帯・布袴・衣冠ともに着用したが、近世ではもっぱら束帯に着用した。
English: It was because the Rokui no Kurodo wore the Hoko or Ikan for the rare occasion and attended at the court usually with the Sokutai.
Japanese: 近世には六位蔵人の布袴や衣冠の着用自体がまれになり束帯での出仕が普通になったからである。
English: In the medieval period, there was a custom that three out of four Rokui no Kurodo could wear the Kikujin no ho at the Gyoko.
Japanese: 中世には、4人の六位蔵人のうち、行幸では3人まで着用できるなどの慣例があった。
English: When an emperor or retired emperor put on the Kikujin no ho, Kurodo did not wear it with respect for them.
Japanese: なお、天皇・上皇が麹塵袍を着用している時は、蔵人は遠慮して麹塵袍を着用しなかった。
English: In the modern age, with the abolition of the special festivals and the system of the Rokui no Kurodo, nobody, including an emperor, wears the Kikujin no ho any more.
Japanese: 近代に至り、臨時祭の廃止により天皇が着用しなくなり、六位蔵人の制もなくなったため、現在では着用されていない。
English: Later it got thinner and started to serve as underwear or underclothes for various kinds of costumes.
Japanese: 後に薄くなって各種装束に用いる肌着・下着としての役割を果たすようになった。
English: In the Heian period, white clothing used by people in the Imperial court as part of layered clothing, including silk costumes worn by emperors at the time of Shinto rituals, was generally called 'Shiro Shozoku.'
Japanese: 平安時代には天皇が神事を行う際に用いた帛の装束を初め、宮廷の男女が装束において重ね着をした際の白衣を広く「白装束」と呼んでいる。
English: Basically ohenro san (pilgrim), who visits the Shikoku's eighty-eight sacred places, wears Shiro Shozoku, which is called Hakue.
Japanese: 四国八十八箇所を参拝するお遍路さんの服装は、基本は白装束であり、白衣（はくえ）と呼ばれる。
English: It consists of white hitoe, tenkan (golden crown) or triangle hood, tekko (covering for the back of the hand and wrist), kyahan (gaiters) and zudabukuro (a bag which is hung from the neck when a priest travels) which carries six one-mon coins for the world of the dead.
Japanese: 白単衣の他、天冠（三角頭巾）、手甲、脚絆、頭陀袋（六文銭を入れる）などからなる。
English: As members of the Pana-Wave Laboratory were dressed in white from head to toe in 2003, media called them 'Shiro Shozoku Army' in order to emphasize their uniqueness.
Japanese: 2003年、パナウェーブ研究所の構成員が全身白ずくめの服装をしていたことから、マスメディアが特異さを強調するために「白装束集団」などと呼んでいた。
English: It is also called karakasa-obake, kasa-obake, and kasa-bake, all of which mean a Japanese popular monster.
Japanese: 「から傘おばけ」「傘おばけ」「傘化け（かさばけ）」などとも呼ばれる。
English: It is a rather famous yokai partly due to the influence from the popular yokai manga series 'Gegege no Kitaro' by Shigeru MIZUKI.
Japanese: 水木しげる原作の「ゲゲゲの鬼太郎」の影響もあり比較的有名な妖怪である。
English: As an umbrella has a single shaft, this yokai moves by hopping on one leg.
Japanese: 傘の軸が1本であることからこの妖怪も一本足で飛び跳ねるようにして移動する。
English: It hops around houses after dark and sticks its tongue out when it comes across a person.
Japanese: 暗くなってから家の周りを飛び跳ね、人に出会うと大きな赤い舌を出して驚かす。
English: However, as this yokai does not do any other direct harm to anyone around, the degree of risk is low among supernatural beings.
Japanese: しかし、直接危害を加えるわけではないので、妖怪の中では危険度の低い存在ではある。
English: Although karakasa-kozo is said to do no harm in general, the yokai called yurei-gasa (an umbrella monster) that appears in Mizoguchi-cho, Tottori Prefecture (present Hoki-cho, Saihaku County) seems to be an exception.
Japanese: 一般に、悪さをしないと言われているが、鳥取県溝口町（現・西伯郡伯耆町）に出現する「幽霊傘」（ゆうれいがさ）という妖怪は例外のようである。
English: In appearance, it has a single eye and a single leg, similar to karakasa-kozo; however, it is said to let people soar up into the sky on a strong windy day.
Japanese: 姿はからから小僧と同様に一つ目一本足だが、強風の吹く日に人を大空に舞い上げると言う。
English: Kenji MURAKAMI, a tourist of a specter, reports that there has been no records of the presence for real of yurei-gasa despite the familiarity of this yokai, and he classifies it as the one that exists only in pictures.
Japanese: 妖怪探訪家・村上健司は、この妖怪はよく知られている割には実際に現れたという記録はないとし、絵画などにのみ存在する妖怪として分類している。
English: There is a thought that tools and equipments used in personal daily lives may possibly acquire the capacity to change as they become old during a long period of time.
Japanese: 人間の生活で使用する道具には、年月を経て古くなると変化（へんげ）する能力を持つこともあるという考え方がある。
English: The karakasa-kozo, shown in the picture, has a typical figure of the yokai that appeared in the film called 'the 100 Ghost Stories.'
Japanese: 写真に写っているフィギュアのからかさ小僧は映画「妖怪百物語」に登場した典型的な姿である。
English: Shinkichi, the son of a feeble-minded, corrupt merchant drew a picture of the karakasa-kozo on the wall of his room; the karakasa-kozo then came to life, laughing as he danced out of the wall.
Japanese: 頭が弱い悪徳商人の息子である新吉が自分の部屋の壁に画いたからかさ小僧の落書きが、踊りながら壁から抜け出たと同時に笑い声と共に実体化して誕生した。
English: A scene in which the karakasa-kozo plays with Shinkichi by licking Shinkichi's face with its long tongue is the only humorous scene in this film.
Japanese: 新吉の顔を長い舌で嘗めながら共に戯れるシーンはこの映画での唯一のユーモラスなシーンとなっている。
English: Canned coffee means coffee in a can ready to drink without any preparation.
Japanese: 缶コーヒー（かんコーヒー）とは、缶に入っていて、すぐに飲むことのできるコーヒーである。
English: Ii is also called ready-to-drink coffee collectively with products packed in a chilled cup or a PET bottle (Polyethylene terephtalate bottle).
Japanese: チルドカップやペットボトル入りの製品と総括してReadyToDrinkコーヒーとも呼ばれる。
English: Canned coffee is one of the various secondary products made from by processing coffee (.coffee-flavored candies and bread) and is categorized as a product of industrial coffee market.
Japanese: 缶コーヒーはコーヒーを加工して作られる様々な二次産品（コーヒー風味の菓子やパンなど）の一つで、工業用コーヒー市場の製品に分類される。
English: It is higher in convenience than instant coffee which belongs to the same preserved food category and is characterized by easy outdoor use.
Japanese: 同じ保存食であるインスタントコーヒーの簡便性がさらに高められ、屋外でも容易に消費可能である点が特徴。
English: It was commercialized on a full scale in Japan during the coffee shop and instant coffee boom and grew by leaps and bounds with the development of vending machines.
Japanese: 日本では喫茶店ブーム、インスタントコーヒーブームを経て本格的に商品化され、自動販売機の発達とともに飛躍的な成長を遂げた。
English: After that, too, the market continued to expand and in 2008 the market share of canned coffee exceeded 30% in the whole soft drink market in Japan.
Japanese: 以降も市場は拡大を続け、2008年時点で日本での清涼飲料水におけるシェアは3割を超えている。
English: In supermarkets and discount stores in the suburbs, canned coffee is sold in cases of twenty-four to thirty-cans.
Japanese: 郊外のスーパーマーケットやディスカウントストアなどでは、24～30本入りの箱単位で売られることも多い。
English: Component ratio between cans and polyethylene terephtalate (PET) for soft-drink containers use was reversed around 1999 and the ratio of PET bottles became 88.1% of the whole during the 2000s with the use of cans being considerably reduced.
Japanese: 清涼飲料に使用される容器の構成は1999年頃にポリエチレンテレフタラートと缶の割合が逆転し、2000年代においてペットボトルが全体の88.1%となっており缶の使用は大きく減退している。
English: However, just for coffee-type soft drinks, the situation is reversed, cans largely accounted for 71.5% of containers during the 2000s.
Japanese: コーヒー系清涼飲料に限れば逆となっており、2000年代における容器の構成は缶が71.5％と大きく占めている。
English: As the Japan Soft Drink Association explains, sterilization should be conducted under the high temperature and humidity conditions required by the Food Sanitation Act (perfect sterilization is difficult, however; for details, refer to the section on ingredients for canned coffee) so, due to their strength, steel cans are used in large quantities.
Japanese: 理由として、食品衛生法で定められた高温・高圧での殺菌を行う（ただし、特性上完全な殺滅は困難。詳細は缶コーヒーの成分の節参照）ため、スチール缶が強度的な面から多用される状況、と全国清涼飲料工業会は見解を示している。
English: Various surveys have been conducted on canned coffee in Japan and 'Georgia (canned coffee)' is the brand often selected as number one in various categories.
Japanese: 日本にて缶コーヒーに関する各種調査が行われており各種項目において首位に選出されることが多いブランドは「ジョージア(缶コーヒー)」となっている。
English: The unique flavor, smell and taste of canned coffee are created by the sterilization process together with a container like a steel can, the ingredient of additives (ingredients of canned coffee), the property of coffee where the natural aroma disappears due to heat or lapse of time.
Japanese: 缶コーヒーが持つ、独特の風味・嗅覚・味が発生する要因として、スチール缶など容器ごと行う殺菌工程、添加剤成分（缶コーヒーの成分）、コーヒーが本来持つ香りが熱や時間が経つことで飛んでしまう特性（缶コーヒーの成分）、などが挙げられる。
English: As there are some people who feel canned coffee tastes different from usually-served coffee, effort to improve the taste is always being made to meet their expectations.
Japanese: また、コーヒー飲み物としてのコーヒーと差があると感じる人も存在するため、それに匹敵する味を求めて絶えず改良が行われている。
English: Each individual's taste is strongly reflected on the way they drink their coffee, but canned coffee is uniformly canned and sold.
Japanese: 飲み方に個々の嗜好が強く反映されるコーヒーを一様にパッケージして販売する。
English: Due to this peculiarity, canned coffee has been long regarded as a special Japanese drink, but from the 1990s it started being manufactured and sold in some countries other than Japan like in Western countries.
Japanese: という特異性ゆえに、長らく日本独特の飲料とみられていたが、90年代からは欧米など日本以外の国でも一部製造販売されている。
English: 1958 - Toyama Shokuhin is understood to have started selling "Coffee in Diamond labeled cans."
Japanese: 1958年（昭和33年）-外山食品が『ダイヤモンド缶入りコーヒー』を発売したとされる。