nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Kenreimonin Ukyo no Daibu (c. 1157 - year of death unknown) was a female waka poet from the end of Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 建礼門院右京大夫（けんれいもんいんうきょうのだいぶ、保元2年（1157年）?-?）は、平安時代末から鎌倉時代初期にかけての女流歌人。
English: In 1173, she started to serve for Kenreimonin TAIRA no Tokuko, nyogo (consort) of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, as Ukyo no Daibu.
Japanese: 1173年（承安(日本)3年）後白河上皇の女御建礼門院平徳子に右京大夫として出仕。
English: She had relationships with FUJIWARA no Takanobu and TAIRA no Sukemori, and after the death of Sukemori, she set out on a journey for the repose of his soul.
Japanese: 藤原隆信、平資盛と恋愛関係にあり、資盛の死後、供養の旅に出たという。
English: Yokawa no sozu, who firstly appeared in this chapter as the high-ranking Buddhist priest of Hieizan (Mt. Hiei), is said to have been created by looking to Eshin sozu, who was popular among the nobles in the Heian period, as a model and was constantly depicted as a person of character.
Japanese: この帖から登場する比叡山の高僧・横川（よかわ）の僧都は、当時の平安貴族に人気の高かった恵心僧都（源信_(僧侶)）がモデルと言われ、終始人格者として描かれている。
English: Ukifune, who had attempted suicide after being driven into a corner due to a dilemma between Nioumiya and Kaoru, lay in a coma at the foot of a big tree situated along the Yodo-gawa River.
Japanese: 匂宮と薫の板ばさみで追い詰められ、自殺を図った浮舟(源氏物語)は淀川沿いの大木の根元に昏睡状態で倒れていた。
English: Sozu was on the way home from Mt. Hiei in order to nurse his hahaama (mother nun) in her 80's who suddenly took ill in Uji on her way home from Hatsusemode (visit to Hatsuse-dera Temple) with his imotoama (sister nun) in her 50's
Japanese: 僧都の80余歳になる母尼（ははあま）が、僧都の50余歳になる妹尼（いもうとあま）との初瀬詣で（長谷寺参詣）の帰途に宇治市で急病を患ったため、看護のため僧都は山から下りてきていたのである。
English: Imotoama, who lost a daughter a few years before, thought Ukifune as the gift of Hatsuse kannon (the goddess of kannon at the Hatsuse-dera Tempe) and nursed her warmly.
Japanese: 数年前に娘を亡くした妹尼は、浮舟を初瀬観音からの授かりものと喜び、実の娘のように手厚く看護した。
English: After being moved to a hermitage located at Ono, the foot of Mt. Hiei, Ukifune recovered consciousness at last in late summer.
Japanese: 比叡山の麓の小野の庵に移されてしばらくたった夏の終わりごろ、浮舟はようやく意識を回復する。
English: When she realized that she had failed in committing suicide, she longed for entering the Buddhist priesthood saying 'make me a nun.'
Japanese: しかし、死に損なったことを知ると、「尼になしたまひてよ」と出家を懇願するようになる。
English: In the presence of imotoama and others who attended her, she stubbornly shut her mind, told nothing about her conditions and spent the day doing Tenarai (writing practice) in a pensive mood.
Japanese: 世話を焼く妹尼たちの前ではかたくなに心を閉ざし、身の上も語らず、物思いに沈んでは手習にしたためて日を過ごした。
English: Chujo was attracted to Ukifune when he saw her back view and made advances to her, but Ukifune refused stubbornly.
Japanese: 中将は、浮舟の後ろ姿を見て心を動かし、しきりに言い寄るようになったが、浮舟は頑なに拒み続ける。
English: In September, Ukifune implored sozu who accidentally returned from Mt. Hiei at the time and became a nun while imotoama was absent from home for Hatsusemode.
Japanese: 九月、浮舟は、妹尼が初瀬詣での留守中、折りよく下山した僧都に懇願して出家してしまった。
English: Although imotoama was shocked and deplored when she returned, Ukifune felt at ease after having become a nun.
Japanese: 帰って来た妹尼は驚き悲しむが、尼になった浮舟はようやく心が安らぎを得た思いでいる。
English: Ume no Ukihashi is the 54th (last) chapter of the fifty-four chapters of "The Tale of Genji."
Japanese: 夢浮橋（ゆめのうきはし）は、『源氏物語』五十四帖の第54帖（最後の巻）。
English: Although there are some exceptions, many of the chapters of The Tale of Genji ended at the point where the story was more or less completed.
Japanese: 例外はあるにせよ、源氏物語の多くの巻はストーリー上のそれなりの区切りと見られるところで終わっていることが多い。
English: However, this chapter, which is the final chapter of The Tale of Genji, namely the end of the whole of The Tale of Genji, seems to have ended suddenly at the point where the story was not completed at all.
Japanese: しかし、この巻は源氏物語の最終巻の終わり、つまり源氏物語全体の終わりであるにもかかわらず特にストーリー上の区切りでも何でもないところでいきなり終わっているように見える。
English: As a result, this chapter is commented as the one which 'tells the end without ending,' and it sometimes generates the arguments whether the author went on writing with the idea of ending at this point and completed as planned or stopped writing halfway through for some reason though she intended to continue writing.
Japanese: このために「終わることなく終わりを告げる」等と評されており、作者が構想通りここで完結するように書き進められてきて予定通り完結させたのか、それとももっと先まで書き進める構想はあったが何らかの事情でここで中断してしまったのか議論になることがある。
English: Additionally, the fact that this chapter ended with the unique phrase 'tozo hon ni habemeru' (written in a book) is also noteworthy.
Japanese: また、これに関連してこの巻が「とぞ本にはべめる」（と本に書いてある）という独特の終わり方をしている点も注目されることがある。
English: While most of the chapter titles of The Tale of Genji were named after the words used in respective texts (especially the words used in waka poems), this title 'Yume no Ukihashi' is not seen in the text.
Japanese: 源氏物語の多くの巻名のほとんどが本文中にある言葉（特に歌の中にある言葉）から取られているのに対してこの「夢浮橋」という言葉は本文中に見られない言葉である。
English: According to "Genji monogatari Okuiri," an ancient commentary written by FUJIWARA no Teika, this title related to an anonymous ancient waka poem 'Yononakaha yumenowatarino ukihashika uchiwataritsutsu monookosoomoe' (The world is something like a floating bridge of dreams and I am lost in thought while crossing it).
Japanese: 藤原定家の古注釈『源氏物語奥入』では出典未詳の古歌「世の中は夢の渡りの浮橋かうちわたりつつものをこそ思へ」に関連するとしている。
English: In the meantime, this chapter is sometimes called 'Norinoshi,' and the word 'Norinoshi' exists in Kaoru's waka poem used in the text.
Japanese: なお、本帖は「法の師」という異名で呼ばれることがあるが、この「法の師」という言葉は本帖中の薫の歌のなかに存在している。
English: Kaoru visited Yokawa, deep in Mt. Hiei, and asked sozu (a prelate) in detail about a woman who had become a priest at Ono.
Japanese: 薫は比叡山の奥・横川（よかわ）を訪ね、小野で出家した女について僧都に詳しく尋ねた。
English: Kaoru was convinced that the woman in question was Ukifune (The Tale of Genji), and felt as if he had had a bad dream and shed tears.
Japanese: 「その女は浮舟(源氏物語)に違いない」と確信した薫は夢のような気がして涙を落とした。
English: When Kaoru asked him to guide him to Ono where Ukifune resided, sozu said 'it is difficult now, but I will guide you some time in the next month.'
Japanese: 薫は僧都に浮舟のいる小野への案内を頼むが「今は難しいが来月なら御案内しましょう」と述べる。
English: On the same night, lights of Kaoru's party, who were then descending from Yokawa, were visible from the hermitage at Ono (where Ukifune resided).
Japanese: その夜、横川から下山する薫一行の松明の火が（浮舟がいる）小野の庵からも見えた。
English: While imoutoama and others were chatting about Kaoru, Ukifune was intoning nenbutsu (invocation of Amida Buddha) in order to forget the memory of Kaoru.
Japanese: 妹尼たちが薫の噂をする中、浮舟は薫との思い出を払うように念仏を唱える。
English: He visited when imoutoama and others were surprised to know Ukifune's background since they had received in the early morning the letter from sozu informing what happened the day before.
Japanese: 朝早くに僧都から前日の事情を知らせる文が届いており、妹尼たちが浮舟の素性に驚いていたところだった。
English: The letter of sozu brought by Ogimi gave Ukifune a hint that she should restore her relationship with Kaoru and return to a secular life.
Japanese: 小君が持参した僧都の文には、薫との復縁と還俗の勧めをほのめかしてあった。
English: Eventually, however, she didn't open her heart, didn't accept the mediation of imoutoama, refused to meet Ogimi and refused to receive Kaoru's letter by saying 'the addressee is wrong.'
Japanese: しかし、結局は心を崩さず、妹尼のとりなしにも応ぜず、小君との対面も拒み、薫の文にも「（宛先が）人違いだったらいけない」と言って受け取ろうとしなかった。
English: When he heard from Ogimi, who returned to Kyoto in vain, his report saying 'I couldn't meet Ukifune and she didn't give her response,' Kaoru suspected that someone else hid Ukifune in Uji (as he hid Ukifune in Uji).
Japanese: むなしく帰京した小君から「対面できず、お返事も下さらなかった」と聞いた薫は（自分が浮舟を宇治に隠していたように）「他の誰かが浮舟を小野に隠しているのではないか」と思うのだった。
English: Rokujosaiin no senji (year of birth and death is not clear) was a female waka poet in the late Heian period.
Japanese: 六条斎院宣旨（ろくじょうさいいんのせんじ生没年不詳）は、平安時代後期の女流歌人。
English: According to 'Rokujosaiin Baishi-naishinnoke Monogatariawase' compiled in 1055, she was the author of 'Tamamo ni Asobu.'
Japanese: 1055年（天喜3年）の「六条斎院禖子内親王家物語合」によると、物語「玉藻に遊ぶ」の作者とされる。
English: FUJIWARA no Michitoshi (1047 - September 9, 1099) was a court noble as well as a waka poet in the late Heian period.
Japanese: 藤原通俊（ふじわらのみちとし、永承2年（1047年）-承徳3年8月16日(旧暦)（1099年9月3日））は、平安時代後期の公家・歌人。
English: He served for the Emperor Shirakawa as a close adviser, took an active role in the waka poem circle of the Emperor, and participated in 'Shoreki Dairi Uta-awase' (waka poem contest held at court in Shoreki era).
Japanese: 白河天皇の側近として仕え、その歌壇で活躍し、「承暦内裏歌合」などにも参加している。
English: 27 of his waka poems were selected for chokusen wakashu starting when 'Goshui Wakashu' was compiled and onwards, but his personal collection of poetry does not remain.
Japanese: 「後拾遺和歌集」以下の勅撰和歌集に27首が入集しているが、家集は伝わっていない。
English: FUJIWARA no Nagako (c. 1079 - year of death not known) was a female waka poet in the late Heian period.
Japanese: 藤原長子（ふじわらのながこ、承暦3年（1079年）?-没年不詳）は、平安時代後期の女流歌人。
English: Because her elder sister Kaneko was the wet nurse of the Emperor Horikawa, she started to serve for the Emperor Horikawa in 1100 and was appointed to Naishi no suke (a court lady of the first rank) in 1101.
Japanese: 姉兼子が堀河天皇の乳母であったことから、康和2年（1100年）堀河天皇に仕え、翌康和3年（1101年）に典侍に任じられた。
English: After the Emperor Horikawa died in July 1107, she started to serve for the Emperor Toba from the following year 1108 by the command of the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa.
Japanese: 嘉承2年（1107年）7月に堀河天皇は崩御（死去）したが、翌天仁元年（1108年）から白河法皇の院宣をうけ鳥羽天皇に仕えた。
English: From the autumn of 1118, however, she often prophesied something on the pretext of being possessed by the spirit of former Emperor, including the prophet concerning FUJIWARA no Shoshi's pregnancy and delivery.
Japanese: しかし元永元年（1118年）秋ごろから、先帝の霊がとりついたと称してたびたび託言を行い、藤原璋子の妊娠、出産を予言したりした。
English: Due to the above, she was regarded in the following year as a lunatic and placed in the custody of her elder brother FUJIWARA no Michitsune after being relieved of the service at court ("Choshuki" [diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki], October 6, 1119)
Japanese: このため、翌年精神錯乱と見なされて宮仕えを降ろされ、兄藤原道経に預けられた（『長秋記』元永2年8月23日条）。
English: Two volumes of her diary 'Sanuki no suke Nikki,' in which she depicted the situations surrounding the Emperor Horikawa until his death, remain.
Japanese: 著作として堀河天皇の死に至る模様を描いた「讃岐典侍日記」2巻が現存している。
English: This diary is renown in the history of literature as the one in which a close aide wrote with adoration about an Emperor's death.
Japanese: 天皇の死を、その側近が愛情をこめて綴った文学として文学史上に名高い。
English: MINAMOTO no Tamenori (date of birth unknown - September, 1011) was a literary person and a composer of Chinese poems in the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 源為憲（みなもとのためのり、?-寛弘8年（1011年）8月）は、平安時代中期の文学者・漢詩人。
English: He successively held monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University), naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), Kurodo (Chamberlain), Shikibu no jo (the third officer of personnel department), and kokushi (provincial governors) of various provinces (such as Totomi Province and Mino Province).
Japanese: 文章生（もんじょうしょう）から内記・蔵人・式部丞や諸国の国司（遠江国や美濃国など）を歴任。
English: "Hokuzansho" and "Ritoshinan" (summary of duty of regional officer) describe Kokasadame (job performance review of regional officer) during his service as Totomi no kami (the Governor of Totomi Province).
Japanese: 『北山抄』『吏途指南（りとしなん）』に遠江守在任時の功過定のことがみえる。
English: He studied under MINAMOTO no Shitago and excelled in writing, Chinese poetry, and waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), while his Zuryomoshibumi (document to ask for a transfer to regional officer) is on "Honcho monzui" (Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) and his poems are on "Honcho reiso," "Ruiju kudaisho" (anthology of Chinese poetry), "Shui Wakashu" (Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems), and so on.
Japanese: 源順（みなもとのしたごう）に師事し、文章・漢詩・和歌に秀で、『本朝文粋』に受領申文を載せ、『本朝麗藻』『類聚句題抄』『拾遺和歌集』などに漢詩や和歌などの作品を残している。
English: He also compiled educational books including "Kuchizusami" and "Sezokugenbun."
Japanese: そのほか『口遊（くちずさみ）』『世俗諺文』などの教養書も撰している。
English: He also had a deep knowledge of Buddhism and compiled "Sanpo-ekotoba" (a Japanese literary collection of Buddhist narratives), "Kuya-rui" (a eulogy for Kuya, a Buddhist priest during the 10th century) and so on.
Japanese: また仏教にも造詣が深く、『三宝絵詞』『空也誄（くうやるい）』などを撰している。
English: MINAMOTO no Morofusa (1008 - March 20, 1077) was a kuge (court noble) and kajin (waka poet) in the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 源師房（みなもとのもろふさ、寛弘5年（1008年）-承保4年2月17日(旧暦)（1077年3月14日））は、平安時代中期の公家・歌人。
English: He was first called (Prince) Sukesada, and after he had lost his father Imperial Prince Tomohira early, became a Yushi (another child considered as one's own) of FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, who was the husband of his elder sister Princess Takahime (however, at that time, Yushi were considered to be virtually same as an adopted child.)
Japanese: はじめ資定(王)（すけさだ(おう)）と称し、父具平親王を早くに亡くし、姉・隆姫女王の夫である藤原頼通の猶子となった（ただし、当時の実態とすれば養子とほぼ同様の意味に解する事ができる）。
English: He celebrated his attainment of manhood on December 26, 1020, was given the family name Genji, was demoted from nobility to subject, and changed his name to Morofusa.
Japanese: 1020年（寛仁4年）12月26日に元服し、源氏を賜って臣籍降下、師房と名を改めた。
English: He married FUJIWARA no Takako, fifth daughter of FUJIWARA no Michinaga and Yorimichi's half sister) to build a close relationship with the Fujiwara clan, and became udaijin (minister of the right) in 1069 to form a basis for the Murakami-Genji to go into politics.
Japanese: 藤原道長の五女・藤原尊子（頼通の異母妹）を妻に娶って藤原氏と密接な関係を築き、1069年（延久元年）右大臣となって村上源氏の政界進出の基を築いた。
English: He was assigned to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) on February 17, 1077, but he became a priest and died on the same day.
Japanese: 1077年（承暦元年）2月17日に太政大臣に任ぜられるが、同日に出家し、薨去。
English: While he was highly educated, he was also good at Chinese poetry and waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables), and ten of his poems were chosen in Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) including "Goshui Wakashu" (4th imperial anthology).
Japanese: 高い学才の一方で、漢詩・和歌にも秀で『後拾遺和歌集』以下の勅撰和歌集にも10首入集している。
English: It is said that, FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who loved Morofusa's talent, said 'I can have Morofusa succeed Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) if Yorimichi does not have a boy.'
Japanese: また、その才能を愛した藤原道長は「頼通に男子が生まれなければ、師房に摂関家を継がせてもいい」と言ったといわれている。
English: I want to bank up the lower Shirakawa River; spring has gone away with the river water. ("Goshui Wakashu," poem number 146)
Japanese: 行く末をせきとどめばや白河の水と共にぞ春もゆきける（『後拾遺和歌集』歌番号146）
English: I dozed off while I was waiting for the morning moon to only dream of the brow of the hill I was viewing. ("Kinyo Wakashu" (Kinyo Collection of Japanese poems), poem number 214)
Japanese: 有明の月待つほどのうたたねは山の端のみぞ夢に見えける（『金葉和歌集』歌番号214）
English: KI no Yoshimochi (date of birth unknown - 919) was a Confucian and a kajin (waka poet) in the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 紀淑望（きのよしもち、生年不詳-延喜19年（919年））は、平安時代中期の儒者・歌人。
English: He became a monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) in 896, and took Horyakushi (a test for recruitment of government clerk) (Taisaku) from a questioner, Shikibu shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TAIRA no Atsuyuki to pass.
Japanese: 寛平8年（896年）文章生となり、延喜元年（901年）式部少丞平篤行を問者として方略試（対策）に応じ合格した。
English: Under the Emperor Godaigo Court, he successively held Bizen gon no jo (the third officer of regional administration in Bizen), Minbu no jo (the third officer of tax and urban improvement department), Gyobu no sho (Junior Assistant Minister of Justice), vice minister of Kageyushicho, Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), and Togu gakushi (Teacher of the Classics of the Crown Prince, and got to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) Kokushi (the officer), and Gon no kami (Provisional Governor) in Shinano Province.
Japanese: 醍醐天皇朝のもとで備前権掾・民部丞・刑部少輔・勘解由次官・大学頭・東宮学士を歴任し、従五位上信濃国国司権守に至った。
English: It is said that Yoshimochi wrote manajo (a preface written in Chinese) for 'Kokin Wakashu' (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) and three of his waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) were chosen for Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) including 'Kokin Wakashu.'
Japanese: 「古今和歌集」の真名序は淑望が執筆したものとされ、和歌は「古今和歌集」以後の勅撰和歌集に3首が入されている。
English: Kagaku is a study that researches everything related to waka, such as its essence and mannerisms, the interpretation of old waka, ancient practices and history.
Japanese: 歌学（かがく）は、和歌の本質・作法、古歌の解釈、故実、歴史など和歌に関する総てを研究する学問。
English: Usually, a discussion of the essence of waka is called a karon (treatise on waka poetry) and the study of various knowledge concerning waka other than karon is called kagaku.
Japanese: 通常、和歌の本質論は歌論と称し、それ以外の和歌に関する諸知識を求める学問を歌学と称する。
English: The origin of kagaku goes back to the eighth century, but at that time it was an imitation of the poetics of China.
Japanese: 歌学の起源は8世紀にさかのぼるが当時は中国の詩論を模したものであった。
English: Beginning with the kanajo (a preface written in Japanese script) to the Kokin wakashu (Collection of Japanese Poetry from Ancient and Modern Times), which was written in the mid-Heian period, Japanese karon began to expand as a field, and kagaku began to flourish; in keeping with karon, research into the Manyoshu (an eighth-century anthology of Japanese poems) began.
Japanese: 平安時代中期に成立した古今和歌集仮名序で日本的歌論が展開されるようになってから歌学は盛んとなり、歌論と並んで「万葉集」の研究も始まった。
English: From the early to the mid-Kamakura period, many karon books discussing the true essence of waka were written, among which were FUJIWARA no Toshinari and FUJIWARA no Sadaie's "Yugen" and "Ushin," which later became the foundational texts for kagaku in later generations.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代前期か中期にかけて和歌の本質を論じた歌論書が数多く作られたが、中でも藤原俊成・藤原定家の幽玄・有心の歌論は後世の歌学の基礎となった。
English: Around the end of the Kamakura period, families of kagaku were established, whereby the Kyogoku family and Nijo family (Reizei family) were opposed to each other.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期には歌学の家が成立し、京極家と二条家・冷泉家が対立した。
English: Once the Muromachi period began, customs like Kokin denju (the secret transmission of a certain interpretation of the Kokin wakashu) arose, and more progress was made towards the stabilization and formalization of kagaku as a discipline.
Japanese: 室町時代に入り、古今伝授などの風が生じ歌学の固定化・形式化が進んだ。
English: Karon in this period had already moved beyond its original narrow focus on poetry and began to include essays on art in general or essays that outlined an entire ideological system, and thereby came to have a deep influence on other art forms; Zeami, who perfected the art of Noh, commented that "Kagaku is the only type of learning a Noh actor really needs."
Japanese: この時代の歌論はその枠を超えて一つの芸術論、思想体系とも言うべきものになっており能の大成者世阿弥も「能楽師に必要な学問は歌学のみである」と述べるなど他の芸能にも大きな影響を与えた。
English: In the middle of the Edo period, Mosui TODA, Choryu SHIMOKOBE, Keichu and others criticized chusei kagaku (medieval poetics).
Japanese: 江戸時代中期には、戸田茂睡・下河辺長流・契沖などにより中世歌学に対する批判が起きた。
English: Three main schools of thought arose--the group made up of KAMO no Mabuchi, Munetake TAYASU, and others, which took the Manyoshu as its model; the group that included KADA no Arimaro and Norinaga MOTOORI, which took the Shin kokin wakashu as its model; and the group whose adherents included Roan OZAWA and Kageki KAGAWA, which took the Kokin wakashu as its model--these groups vigorously studied the Manyoshu, the Kokin wakashu and the Shin kokin wakashu, a state of affairs that continued until the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 賀茂真淵・田安宗武などの万葉集を模範とするグループ、荷田在満・本居宣長などの新古今和歌集を模範とするグループ、小沢蘆庵・香川景樹などの古今和歌集を模範とするグループの三代潮流がうまれ、万葉集・古今和歌集・新古今和歌集の研究が盛んに行われ、これが明治時代初期まで続いた。
English: The kagaku of the Meiji period and thereafter was focused on studying ancient waka and old waka anthologies rather than on karon itself; as a result, remarkable progress has been made in research on the Manyoshu and the Kokin wakashu, in study of the history of waka and of karon, and in the bibliographic study of old waka anthologies.
Japanese: 明治以降の歌学は、歌論よりも古歌・古歌集の研究に重点がおかれ、万葉集・古今和歌集の研究や和歌史・歌論史及び古歌集の書誌学的研究などが目覚しい発展を遂げた。
English: Manyoshu (the first major anthology of early Japanese poetry) consists of many Choka poems, such poems had ceased to be written by the time of Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).
Japanese: 万葉集に多く見えるが、古今和歌集の時点ではすでに作られなくなっている。
English: Many choka poems are found in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), most of them are in the form with 5-7 phrases repeated at least three times.
Japanese: 「日本書紀」や「古事記」の中に多くみられ、五音と七音の句を3回以上繰り返した形式のものが多かった。
English: Choka gradually became a fixed form of verse with a 5-7-7 ending.
Japanese: それが次第に五・七音の最後に七音を加えて結ぶ形式に定型化していった。
English: By the time of Manyoshu, a Hanka poem in tanka form (5-7-5-7-7 phrases) was often appended to a Choka poem as a summary.
Japanese: 「万葉集」の時代になると、長歌の後にそれを要約する形で、短歌形式（五七五七七）の反歌を付け加えることが多くなった。
English: In the Heian period, when Kokin Wakashu was assembled, the term "waka" referred to tanka poems and choka was on the decline.
Japanese: 平安時代に入り、古今和歌集が編纂される頃になると、和歌といえば短歌のことをさすようになり、長歌は衰退した。
English: In the Edo period, however, as the study of Japanese classical literature focused on Manyoshu, choka poems revived.
Japanese: ところが江戸時代になると、国学において万葉集研究が重きをなしたことにともない、再び詠まれるようになった。
English: The longest choka poem ever written is Utsubo KUBOTA's "Horyo no Shi" (A Song for Dead Captive); Kubota wrote this famous choka after the end of the Pacific War as a lament for his second son who died while detained in Siberia.
Japanese: 太平洋戦争の終戦後に、窪田空穂がシベリアに抑留された次男の死を悼んで詠んだ、長歌史上最長の長歌「捕虜の死」は名高い。
English: Heaven and earth:Since the time they parted,Of manifest divinity,Reaching the heights of awe,In Suruga standsThe high peak of Fuji;The field of heaven:On gazing at the distant sightThe coursing sunLight is blocked andThe shining moonLight goes unseen;The white clouds, too,Shrink from passing by asCeaselesslySnow falls:From mouth to mouth will pass the word,Travelling and speakingOf the peak of Fuji. (Manyoshu No. 317 by YAMABE no Akahito)
Japanese: 天地の別れし時ゆ神さびて、高く貴き駿河なる、富士の高嶺を天の原、振り放け見れば渡る日の、影も隠らひ照る月の、光も見えず白雲も、い行きはばかり時じくぞ、雪は降りける語り継ぎ、言ひ継ぎ行かむ富士の高嶺は（万葉集317、山部赤人）
English: Shinsen Tsukuba Shu is a Jun chokusen renga senshu (anthology of renga) in the late Muromachi era.
Japanese: 新撰莬玖波集（しんせんつくばしゅう）は、室町時代後期の准勅撰連歌撰集。
English: The anthology was compiled at the wish of Masahiro OUCHI by Sogi, who was helped by Kensai INAWASHIRO, Socho, Shohaku, and others, in 1495.
Japanese: 大内政弘の発願により、宗祇を中心として、猪苗代兼載・宗長・肖柏らの協力により撰集され、1495年（明応4年）に成立した。
English: It is a compilation of Ushin renga (elegant, subtle and profound works) created by about 250 poets including Shinkei, Sozei, Emperor Gotsuchimikado, Senjun, and Masahiro OUCHI.
Japanese: 心敬・宗砌・後土御門天皇・専順・大内政弘など約250人の句を集めた有心連歌の集大成である。
English: Keien School is a school of Waka (Japanese poem) led by Kageki KAGAWA (1768-1843), a poet in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 桂園派（けいえんは）は、江戸時代後期の歌人香川景樹（1768年-1843年）に代表される和歌の流派。
English: It was also a branch of the Nijo school that was passed on by Sanenari SHIMIZUDANI, a court noble from Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) to the Kagawa family of lower-class nobles.
Japanese: 堂上家の公家だった清水谷実業から地下の香川家に伝えられた二条派の分流でもある。
English: While KAMO no Mabuchi (1679-1769) and the others emphasized the "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of Japanese poetry), Kageki and his group preferred "Kokin Wakashu" (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), and their poems were popular mainly in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: 賀茂真淵（1679年-1769年）らが「万葉集」尊重を主張したのに対し、景樹らは「古今和歌集」を尊重することを主張し、京阪神（畿内）地域を中心に流行した。
English: Disciples include Takafumi KINOSHITA and Naoyoshi KUMAGAI, to name but a few, and it is said that this school survived to the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 門下には、木下幸文・熊谷直好など数多くおり、明治時代初期まで続いた、とされる。
English: Dewa no ben (around 1007? - date of death unknown) was a female waka poet in the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 出羽弁（でわのべん、寛弘4年（1007年）頃？-没年不詳）は、平安時代中期の女流歌人。
English: She served as the second consort of the Emperor Ichijo, FUJIWARA no Akiko (Shoshi), her younger sister, and the second consort of the Emperor Goichijo, FUJIWARA no Ishi, and her daughter Imperial Princess Shoshi.
Japanese: 一条天皇の中宮藤原彰子・その妹で後一条天皇の中宮藤原威子、その娘章子内親王に仕えた。
English: In 1033, she composed and presented byobu-uta (screen poems) for MINAMOTO no Rinshi on the celebration of her 70th birthday, as well as flourishing in many Utaawase (poetry competition).
Japanese: 1033年（長元6年）には源倫子の70歳の祝賀で屏風歌を進詠したほか、多くの歌合で活躍した。
English: Some say that volumes 31 through 37 of the sequel of 'Eiga monogatari' (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes) were made by Dewa no ben.
Japanese: なお、「栄花物語」続編の巻31から巻37までは出羽弁の作という説がある。