nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Given the whole Province of Tamba, Mitsuhide built Tamba Kameyama-jo Castle (in Tamba Province), Fukuchiyama-jo Castle and Shuzan-jo Castle.
Japanese: 丹波一国を与えられて丹波亀山城_(丹波国)・福知山城・周山城を築城した。
English: It can be understood that Mitsuhide held an important post in the ODA administration since he was given the ends of two of the roads leading into Kyoto, Tokaido and San'indo.
Japanese: 京に繋がる道の内、東海道と山陰道の付け根2つを与えられたことからも光秀が織田家にあってかなり重要なポストにあったことが伺える。
English: Further, in addition to the right to govern Tamba Province, he was given the right to direct ODA Daimyos in the Kinki region, including Yusai HOSOKAWA in Tango Province and Junkei TSUTSUI in Yamato Province.
Japanese: また丹波拝領と同時に丹後国の細川幽斎、大和国の筒井順慶ら近畿地方の織田大名の指揮権を与えられた。
English: In 1582, Mitsuhide was put in charge of Nobunaga's military demonstration, "Kyoto On'uma-soroe," to be staged in Kyoto, and he completed it.
Japanese: 天正9年（1581年）には京都で行われた信長の軍事デモンストレーションである「京都御馬揃え」の運営を任され、この職務を全うした。
English: On June 2, 1582, when, ordered by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to help subjugate the Mori clan, Mitsuhide was heading for the battle early in the morning, he said "the enemy is in Honno-ji Temple," in entering Kyoto after crossing Katsura-gawa River, which completed his desire to assassinate the monarch Nobunaga.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）、豊臣秀吉の毛利氏征伐支援を命ぜられて出陣する途上の6月2日（西暦6月21日）早朝、桂川を渡り京へ入る段階になって光秀は「敵は本能寺にあり」と発言し、主君信長討伐の意を告げたといわれる。
English: According to Honjo Soemon Oboegaki, however, rank and file soldiers were not informed of Mitsuhide's intention to kill Nobunaga.
Japanese: しかし本城惣右衛門覚書によれば雑兵においては信長討伐を目的としていたことを最後まで知らされてはいなかったことになる。
English: In this way, Mitsuhide attacked Honno-ji Temple, where Nobunaga was lodging, quickly with two groups of his soldiers and so surrounded Nobunaga.
Japanese: かくして光秀は信長が宿泊していた京都の本能寺を二手に分けて急襲し信長を包囲。
English: Mitsuhide also killed Nobunaga's son Nobutada ODA, Sadakatsu MURAI of Kyoto Shoshidai and others in Nijo Gosho.
Japanese: また二条御所において、信長の嫡男の織田信忠や京都所司代の村井貞勝らを討ち取っている。
English: His name was to remain in history as a traitor since he overthrew his monarch Nobunaga, who promoted Mitsuhide, in Honno-ji no Hen.
Japanese: この本能寺の変で、自分を取り立てた主君である信長を討ち滅ぼしたために、謀反人として歴史に名を残すこととなった。
English: On the other hand there are many who consider Mitsuhide's true intention, and the background of the incident was not clear, which allowed literary works to be published that portray Mitsuhide as a good or a bad person.
Japanese: 一方で光秀の心情を斟酌する人間も少なくなく、変の背景が未だあいまいなことと相まって、後に良くも悪くも光秀に焦点をあてた作品が数多く作られることとなる。
English: Mitsuhide put Kyoto under control, but Fujitaka HOSOKAWA and Junkei TSUTSUI, to whom Mitsuhide had asked for cooperation, did not answer his request as he had expected.
Japanese: 京都を押さえた光秀だったが、協力を求めた細川藤孝や筒井順慶の光秀への対応は期待に沿うものではなかった。
English: There being little time for restructuring his own administration, on June 13, eleven days after Honno-ji no Hen, in Oyamazaki-cho, which stretched over present Oyamazaki-cho in Kyoto Prefecture and Shimamoto-cho in Osaka Prefecture, Mitsuhide had to intercept Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's army, which had reconciled itself with the Mori clan on hearing of the incident and returned from Chugoku region (Battle of Yamazaki).
Japanese: そしてみずからの新政権の統制を整備する間も無く、本能寺の変から11日後の6月13日（西暦7月2日）、変を知って急遽毛利氏と和睦し、中国地方から引き返してきた豊臣秀吉の軍を、現在の京都府大山崎町と大阪府島本町にまたがる大山崎町にて迎撃した（山崎の戦い）。
English: At the battle, the Hashiba army had 24,000 soldiers (some say from 26,000 to 40,000) to the Akechi army's 12,000 (some say from 16,000 to 18,000).
Japanese: 決戦に及んで彼我兵力差は、羽柴軍2万4,000（2万6,000～4万の説もあり）に対し明智軍1万2,000（1万6,000から1万8,000の説もあり）と言われている。
English: The Akechi army was said to be most skillful with guns among the ODA troops in those days, though it was inferior in number of soldiers.
Japanese: 兵数において劣るものの、明智軍は当時の織田軍団では最も鉄砲運用に長けていたと言う。
English: For this reason, the Akechi army was expected to have the advantage (from the uncertain commitment of the leadership and supporting forces of the Niwaka alliance's Hashiba army) if the battle were prolonged; and the Hashiba army could not be optimistic.
Japanese: そのため戦況が拮抗し合戦が長引けば、明智軍にとって好ましい影響（にわか連合である羽柴軍の統率や周辺勢力の去就）が予想され、羽柴軍にとって決して楽観視できる状況ではなかった。
English: When the Hashiba army occupied the key point of Mt. Tennozan to decide the tide of the battle, however, there were only a few of Nobunaga's former vassals on the side of Mitsuhide, who had killed the monarch, and they were unable to overcome the other side's superior numbers.
Japanese: しかしながら羽柴軍が山崎の要衝天王山を占拠して大勢を定めるや、主君信長を殺した光秀に付く信長旧臣は少なく、兵数差を覆す事ができずに敗れた。
English: He is supposed to have been pierced with a bamboo spear by a farmer (Ogurisu no Chobei) and died (in Ogurisu, Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City) at midnight on the same day while escaping and making for Sakamoto (3-day conquest).
Japanese: 同日深夜、坂本を目指して落ち延びる途上の小栗栖（おぐりす、京都市伏見区）にて、落ち武者狩りの土民（小栗栖の長兵衛）に竹槍で刺し殺されたとされる（三日天下）。
English: He is "supposed to have been pierced" because the head assumed to be his rotted in the hot summer and could not be identified; some theories say that Mitsuhide, fatally injured, asked his subordinate Shigetomo MIZOO to cut off his head, which was then buried in a bamboo grove or carried by Shobei MIZOO to Sakamoto-jo Castle or Kokusho-ji Temple.
Japanese: 「される」とするのは、光秀のものとされる首が夏の暑さで著しく腐敗し、本当に光秀かどうか確かめようがなかったからである（土民の槍で致命傷を負ったため、家臣の溝尾茂朝に首を打たせ、その首は竹薮に埋められたとも、坂本城又は丹波亀山の谷性寺まで溝尾庄兵衛が持ち帰ったとも言われている）。
English: The poem, "There are few differences between rebelling and serving, only because I respect Emperor as my lord. With my ambition of 55 years fading away, I will return to my lord, of every thing" from 'Akechi Gunki' is an imitation of a farewell poem by Masanori OGURI, who committed suicide in "Echigo Sodo," which occurred in Edo Period.
Japanese: 「順逆二門に無し　大道心源に徹す　五十五年の夢　覚め来れば　一元に帰す」『明智軍記』江戸時代に起きた「越後騒動」で自害した小栗正矩の辞世の句を真似た偽作との説も。
English: "I don't mind what others say, if they cannot understand my intention. I don't want life nor honor," from the 15th chapter of the sixth volume of Shinsho Taikoki," Mitsuhide AKECHI returning to Sakamoto."
Japanese: 「心しらぬ人は何とも言はばいへ身をも惜まじ名をも惜まじ」真書太閤記六編巻之十五「明智光秀坂本へ帰る事」
English: Such consideration for vassals was rare among other military commanders.
Japanese: このような家臣への心遣いは、他の武将にはほとんどみられないものであった。
English: Such consideration for subordinates made his direct subordinates swear loyalty to Mitsuhide.
Japanese: こうした家臣を思う気持ちから、光秀直属の家臣は堅い忠誠を誓ったとされる。
English: Actually there were not any of Mitsuhide's vassals among the traitors in Honno-ji no Hen, and furthermore, they did their best in the Battle of Yamazaki in spite of their inferiority.
Japanese: 実際に、光秀の家臣団は、本能寺の変でも一人も裏切り者を出さず、山崎の戦いで劣勢にも関わらず奮戦したといわれている。
English: A report says that about 200 of his mounted vassals rushed at the enemy to allow Mitsuhide to escape after he was defeated in Battle of Yamazaki.
Japanese: 山崎の戦い敗戦後の光秀を逃すために、家臣が二百騎ほどで身代わりとなって突撃を行ったという記録がある。
English: The loyalty (centripetal force) of the Akechi troops cannot be described based solely on such a report but needs to be considered from other points of view.
Japanese: しかし、それらの記録のみで明智軍の将校の忠誠の向き（求心力）を括らず、別の考慮も必要とする。
English: One point is that many soldiers of the Akechi army were reinforcements sent by Nobunaga and he was their lord to the very end.
Japanese: 明智軍の多くは信長より預けられた与力であり、与力たちにとっての主君はあくまで織田信長である事
English: Taking these situations into consideration, it could be concluded that the attractive force of the organization symbolised by Nobunaga ODA was stronger than the centripetal force of Mitsuhide AKECHI.
Japanese: これらの事情から察するに、明智光秀の持つ求心力よりは、むしろ織田信長に象徴される体制の持つ引力のほうが強かったとの見方が出来る。
English: Mitsuhide AKECHI and his upper officers may have intended by attacking Nobunaga to make the whole Akechi army accomplices and create a situation from which they could not escape.
Japanese: 明智光秀と上級将校たちは、（結果論として）信長を討つ事で明智軍全体を共犯者に仕立て、軍団員が引くに引けない状況を作り上げることを意図していた可能性もある。
English: At the investiture in 1575, only three people were given both a family name and an appointment; these were Mitsuhide AKECHI, Hiromasa YANADA and Naomasa BAN.
Japanese: 天正3年（1575年）の叙任の際に姓と官職を両方賜ったのは光秀・簗田広正・塙直政の三人だけである。
English: At this moment, even forgetting Katsuie SHIBATA and Nobumori SAKUMA who had already been given appointments, Mitsuhide could be seen as having a higher position than Nagahide NIWA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: この時点で既に官職を賜っていた柴田勝家・佐久間信盛は別としても、丹羽長秀・豊臣秀吉などより地位が高かったとみていい。
English: It is understood that Nobunaga placed great trust in Mitsuhide, who was without doubt one of the top five people in the ODA administration at the time, taking into consideration that YANADA and BAN were Fudai generals.
Japanese: 当時織田家中で5本の指に入る人物であったことは疑いなく、簗田・塙は譜代家臣であることから考えても信長の信頼の厚さがうかがえる。
English: Even now, there are many areas where they commemorate the long-lasting virtues of the late Mitsuhide, who was a cultured person conversant with many studies and fond of Waka and Chanoyu, and a prominent politician skillful in domestic politics giving good administration out of his love for the people.
Japanese: 諸学に通じ和歌・茶の湯を好んでいた文化人であったこと、また内政手腕に優れ、領民を愛して善政を布いたといわれ、現在も光秀の遺徳を偲ぶ地域が数多くある。
English: After attacking Nobunaga and upon arriving at Kyoto, Mitsuhide gave gold and silver to the various powers of Kyoto, such as the Emperor, townspeople, temples and shrines.
Japanese: 光秀は信長を討った後、上洛すると京周辺の朝廷や町衆・寺社などの諸勢力に金銀を贈与した。
English: He also introduced a policy of exempting Rakuchu and Tamba people from their Jishisen (land-tax).
Japanese: また、洛中及び丹波国の地の地子銭（宅地税）の永代免除という政策を敷いた。
English: In response to Mitsuhide's policy, Emperor Ogimachi dispatched his envoy to Mitsuhide three times in only seven days before the incident.
Japanese: これに対し正親町天皇は、変のあとわずか7日間の間に3度も勅使を派遣している。
English: Kanekazu YOSHIDA was not a formal Ason, though he was given an official rank from the Emperor as Jingikan.
Japanese: 吉田兼和は神祇官として朝廷の官位を受けてはいたが、正式な朝臣ではなかった。
English: From these circumstances, Emperor's calm judgment shows that the authority Mitsuhide had was accidental
Japanese: こうしたことから、この時に光秀が得ていた権威を事故的なものとし、状況の動静を冷静に見ていた朝廷の判断がうかがえる。
English: From then on Mitsuhide was blamed for attacking his monarch Nobunaga, causing him to be mainly estimated to be a mean and sinister traitor until the beginning of the modern period.
Japanese: 主君・織田信長を討った行為について当時から非難の声が大きく、そのために近代に入るまで"卑劣で陰湿な逆賊"としての評価が主だった。
English: The Tokugawa Shogunate especially emphasized this view, which respected Confucian control, pointing out that on the very day of Honno-ji no Hen Nobunaga was followed by about 100 people including unarmed women and comrades, and further after the incident, the God Monarch Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was made to run the risk of crossing Iga.
Japanese: 本能寺の変当日、織田信長は非武装の女子・共廻りを含めて100名ほどしかいなかった事、変後に神君徳川家康に伊賀越えという危難を味わった事等から、特に儒教的支配を尊んだ徳川幕府にておいてこのことは強調された。
English: According to "Akechi Mitsuhide ko kafu oboegaki," Mitsuhide visited the Imperial Palace after Honno-ji no Hen and was promoted to Junior 3rd Rank lieutenant and Seiitaishogun.
Japanese: 『明智光秀公家譜覚書』によると、変後の時期に光秀は参内し従三位・中将と征夷大将軍の宣下をうけたとされる。
English: For example, Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGI says in his book "Mitsuhide AKECHI" that Mitsuhide and Nobunaga, who were both rationalists, could have gotten along well.
Japanese: 例えば高柳光寿は著書『明智光秀』の中で、合理主義者同士、光秀と信長は気が合っただろうと述べている。
English: "History of Japan" written by Luis Frois depicts Mitsuhide as a person who "likes betrayal and secret assignation... pronounces atrocious punishments... is extremely patient... skillful in schemes and tactics... excellent in building castles... uses experienced soldiers successfully," and so on.
Japanese: ルイス・フロイスの『日本史』に「裏切りや密会を好む」「刑を科するに残酷」「忍耐力に富む」「計略と策略の達人」「築城技術に長ける」「戦いに熟練の士を使いこなす」等の光秀評がある。
English: Masaya SUZUKI and Masayuki FUJIMOTO inquire in their book "Was Nobunaga killed by the plot?", "Evaluations of Nobunaga by Frois are trusted by the public, whereas evaluations of Mitsuhide were ignored. Mitsuhide's evaluations should be reviewed."
Japanese: 鈴木眞哉・藤本正行は共著『信長は謀略で殺されたのか』の中で、フロイスの信長評が世間で広く信用されているのに対し、光秀評は無視されていると記し、光秀に対する評価を見直すべきではないかと問うている。
English: In Fukuchiyama city, Fukuchiyama Ondo is handed down orally to remember Mitsuhide; it says "Leaving Fukuchiyama, crossing Nodano, advancing soldiers fast to Kameyama."
Japanese: 福知山では「福知山出て　長田野越えて　駒を早めて亀山へ」と光秀を思う福知山音頭が伝わっている。
English: When Mitsuhide was a lower warrior to the Asakura clan, he was envied for his abilities by Asakura's vassals, so as a result he was not promoted to higher positions.
Japanese: 朝倉被官時代、有能さを朝倉直臣団に嫉妬され、そのため重く用いられなかったと言う。
English: It is believed that Mitsuhide left Yoshikage ASAKURA and served Nobunaga because Yoshikage, given wrong information from a man called Fukutomo KURATANI and believing it, gave Mitsuhide the cold shoulder.
Japanese: 朝倉義景のもとを去って織田信長に仕えたのは、鞍谷副知なる者が義景に讒言し、それを信じた義景が光秀を冷遇したためとされる。
English: He was a skillful rifleman who, while serving Yoshikage ASAKURA, hit a 3cm square target from a distance of about 45.5 meters.
Japanese: 鉄砲の名手で、朝倉義景に仕官した際、一尺四方の的を25間（約45.5メートル）の距離から命中させたという。
English: "When he fires 100 lead bullets, 68 bullets hit the black-marked center and the other 32 bullets fell within the target," from "Akechi Gunki."
Japanese: 「一百の鉛玉を打納たり。黒星に中る数六十八、残る三十二も的角にそ当りける」（明智軍記）。
English: He was known to be a devoted husband, and unlike other men he did not have mistresses while his wife Hiroko was alive.
Japanese: 他に類を見ないほどの愛妻家としても知られており、正室である煕子が存命中はただ1人の側室も置かなかったと言われている。
English: While Hiroko was preparing for homemaking after the engagement, she suffered from chicken pox, and pockmarks remained on her face.
Japanese: 婚約成立後、花嫁修業をしている際に煕子が疱瘡を患い、顔にアバタが残ってしまった。
English: Hiroko's father, ashamed of this, sent Hiroko's younger sister to him without informing him, but Mitsuhide learned of the situation and said " I have decided that Hiroko will be my wife not other women," and held a wedding with Hiroko.
Japanese: これを恥じた煕子の父は、光秀に内緒で煕子の妹を差し出すが、これを見抜いた光秀は「自分は他の誰でもない煕子殿を妻にと決めている」と言い、何事もなかったかのように煕子との祝言を挙げた。
English: Since cracks appear on Mitsuhhide's grave located in Okunoin of Mt. Koya-san even though it is repaired many times, it is said that the cracks are the curse of Nobunaga.
Japanese: 高野山奥の院に光秀の墓所があるが、何度補修してもよく亀裂が入るため、信長の呪いと地元で囁かれている。
English: Tradition says that Mitsuhide took shelter at "Sukematsuan," which was built by Jinkai Sho'nin in the precincts of Rensho-ji Temple, built in Izumiotsu City, Osaka Prefecture by Masanaga MIYOSHI's brother when Masanaga MIYOSHI was dominating Izumi.
Japanese: 三好政長が和泉に勢力を誇っていたとき、その弟三好長円が大阪府泉大津市に「蓮正寺」を建て、境内に仁海上人が「助松庵」を建立し、その助松庵に光秀が隠棲したと口碑に伝えられている。
English: It is recorded in front of the gate of Koshu-ji Temple in Takaishi City, Osaka Prefecture, that Sukematsuan was transferred to the present location at Koshu-ji Temple, on a stone monument saying "AKECHI Hyuga no Kami Mitsuhide Koen no Tera."
Japanese: 大阪府高石市の「光秀（こうしゅう）寺」門前の由来によれば、その助松庵が現在の「光秀寺」の地に移転したと書かれており、門内の石碑には「明智日向守光秀公縁の寺」と書かれている。
English: Furthermore, according to the "Izumi denshoshi "that was left to the area, since the body thought to be Mitsuhide was revealed to be an imposter or a double in the "Battle of Yamazaki," Mitsuhide ran to Myoshin-ji Temple, where he tried in vain to commit suicide before heading for Izumi Kaizuka.
Japanese: この地域に残る「和泉伝承志」によれば、本稿「山崎の戦い」に書かれている光秀とされる遺体を偽物・影武者と否定し、京都妙心寺に逃げ、死を選んだが誡められ、和泉貝塚に向かったと書かれている。
English: Regarding Mitsuhide's relationship with the Senshu area: a Buddhist memorial service was held for him until 1943 that involved hanging protective lanterns in Joroku Cemetery in Otori Minami-cho-3chome, Nishi Ward, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, and a service for expressing thanks to him for promising Tokuseirei was held for many years in Toyonaka, Izumi Otsu City, Osaka Prefecture, which is now disappearing.
Japanese: 光秀と泉州地域との関連では、大阪府堺市西区(堺市)鳳南町3丁にある「丈六墓地」では、昭和18年頃まで加護灯篭を掲げ、光秀追善供養を、大阪府泉大津市豊中では、徳政令を約束した光秀に謝恩を表す供養を長年行なっていたが、現在では消滅している。
English: When Mitsuhide, often visiting the mines in Kuwata District (Hatano-cho, Kameoka-shi) for inspection, approached the mountain path, his horse stopped at a large rock.
Japanese: 桑田郡（亀岡市畑野町）の鉱山へ度々検視に訪れていた光秀が峠にさしかかったとき、大岩で馬は足をとめた。
English: His horse, whipped by Mitsuhide, kicked the boulder many times with "horsepower" and climbed up with its body shivering.
Japanese: 光秀に鞭打たれた馬は、身をふるわせて“馬力”をかけ何度も蹄で岩をけり、登ったという。
English: The path along which Mitsuhide walked from Kameoka Basin to Mt. Atago at Atago-Hyakuin is called "Akechigoe" and is now a hiking course.
Japanese: 光秀が愛宕百韻の際に亀岡盆地から愛宕山へ上った道のりは、「明智越え」と呼ばれ現在ではハイキング・コースになっている。
English: "Akechi-modoriiwa" is left on the Hoki Pass (Sogabe-cho, Kameoka-shi), where the first troops proceeding from Tamba Kameyama-jo Castle to Route 423 turned toward kyoto right before Honno-ji no Hen.
Japanese: 本能寺の変の際、国道423号まで行軍していた丹波亀山城からの先陣が京都へ向かって反転した法貴峠（亀岡市曽我部町）には、「明智戻り岩」が残されている。
English: There is a grave for Mitsuhide AKECHI's head in Kokusho-ji Temple (Miyamae-cho, Kameoka City) where Shobei MIZOO brought it.
Japanese: 溝尾庄兵衛が、光秀の首を持ち帰られたとされる谷性寺（亀岡市宮前町）には明智光秀公首塚がある。
English: It has become evident that the seal that Mitsuhide used had a pattern related to Christianity.
Japanese: 光秀が用いていた印章は、キリスト教に関する模様が使われている事が判明している。
English: Some support the theory because there were many Christians among people close to Mitsuhide's daughter Garasha HOSOKAWA and subordinate Daimyo (Yoriki) Ukon TAKAYAMA.
Japanese: また、娘の細川ガラシヤや、組下大名（寄騎）の高山右近と身近な人物にキリシタンが多いことからこの説を支持するものもいる。
English: Atago-Hyakuin was poetry club that Mitsuhide held in Atago-jinja Shrine in Mt. Atago (Kyoto-shi) before he instigated Honno-ji no Hen.
Japanese: 愛宕百韻とは、光秀が本能寺の変を起こす前に京都の愛宕山（愛宕神社(京都市)）で開催した連歌会のことである。
English: In addition, people at the meeting other than Mitsuhide, such as Jo SATOMURA, exhibited many inexplicable behaviors.
Japanese: また、この連歌会に出席した里村紹巴など光秀以外の出席者にも不可解な行動が多い。
English: The following describes inexplicable or as-yet not understood aspects of Atago-Hyakuin.
Japanese: 以下では、愛宕百韻の不可解な点や、まだはっきりとしていないことについて記す。
English: Mitsuhide chanted in the meeting, "The time is now, May, when raindrops fall."
Japanese: 光秀はこの連歌会で「時は今　雨が下しる　五月哉」という発句を詠んでいる。
English: This verse sounds in Japanese like the verse "Toki now knows heaven governs our land, in May," and so, some theory says that the verse was intended to mean Mitsuhide, from Toki, would lead the whole land.
Japanese: この句を土岐は今　天が下知る　五月哉とかけているとし、「土岐家出身であるこの光秀が、天下に号令する」という意味合いを込めた句であるという説がある。
English: There is another opinion that the phrase "heaven governs our land" was based on the idea of the "Emperor's land and Emperor's people," meaning the Emperor should govern the whole land.
Japanese: あるいは、｢天が下知る｣というのは、朝廷が天下を治めるという「王土王民」思想に基づくものとの考えもある。
English: On the other hand, another theory says that Mitsuhide chanted at that moment, "The time is now, raindrops fall less, in May."
Japanese: 一方で、このとき光秀は「時は今　雨が下なる　五月哉」と詠んだいう説もある。
English: Others emphasize that if the verse was intended to mean Mitsuhide's intention to rebel, not only the first phrase but also the second phrase, "Minakami Masaru Niwa no Matsuyama," should be considered.
Japanese: この連歌に光秀の謀反の意が込められていたとするなら、発句だけでなく、第2句水上まさる庭のまつ山についても併せて検討する必要があるとの主張もある。
English: First, the phrase "Minakami Masaru" means "the Genji clan is superior" on the premise that Mitsuhide is a Genji and Nobunaga a Taira.
Japanese: まず、｢水上まさる」というのは、光秀が源氏、信長が平氏であることを前提に考えれば、「源氏がまさる」という意味になる。
English: The second phrase, therefore, can be interpreted to mean that the Emperor hopes that the Genji clan (Mitsuhide) will win.
Japanese: したがって、この第2句は、源氏(光秀)の勝利することを朝廷が待ち望んでいる」という意味になるという解釈がある。
English: The reason why the second phrase is seldom mentioned is thought to be the same as the issue of the Emperor's involvement (described later) in the incident, as emphasized by Kyoko TACHIBANA.
Japanese: この第2句にほとんど触れられないのは、立花京子が主張しているこの変への朝廷の関与（後述）の問題への取り扱いと同様であると考えられる。
English: The causes or reasons of Mitsuhide's rebellion against Nobunaga in Honno-ji no Hen have not been settled, though various reasons have been suggested.
Japanese: 本能寺の変でなぜ光秀が信長に謀反をしたのか、さまざまな理由が指摘されているが、確固たる原因や理由が結論として出されているわけではない。
English: There are rumors and fables saying that Mitsuhide may have been treated mercilessly because the monarch Nobunaga was short-tempered and fierce.
Japanese: 主君の信長は短気で苛烈な性格であったため、光秀は常々非情な仕打ちを受けていたのではないかと噂や作り話をされている。
English: When Mitsuhide was about to leave the banquet discreetly, Nobunaga shouted, "This bald head," and hit Mitsuhide on the head ("bald head" may have been a pun based on recombination of Chinese characters from "Mitsuhide")
Japanese: 同じく酒席で光秀が目立たぬように中座しかけたところ、「このキンカ頭（禿頭の意）」と満座の中で信長に怒鳴りつけられ、頭を打たれた（キンカ頭とは、「光秀」の「光」の下の部分と「秀」の上の部分を合わせると「禿」となることからの信長なりの洒落という説もある）。
English: Nobunaga killed two former masters of Yagami-jo Castle in Tamba, brothers Hideharu HATANO and Hidehisa HATANO, whom Mitsuhide had forced to surrender by leaving his mother at the castle as a hostage to assure their safety.
Japanese: 丹波八上城に人質として母親を預けて、身の安全を保障した上で降伏させた元八上城主の波多野秀治・波多野秀尚兄弟を、信長が勝手に殺害。
English: Vassals Yagami-jo Castle became furious and killed his mother (a fiction from Ehon Taikoki).
Japanese: 激怒した八上城家臣は母親を殺害してしまった（絵本太功記による創作）。
English: Nobunaga threw away the food that Mitsuhide had laboriously prepared, saying that it was rotten, to pick a fight with Mitsuhide, who had been asked to prepare some Kyoto cooking for the banquet in Azuchi-jo Castle held to reward the efforts of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who destroyed the Takedas.
Japanese: 武田家を滅ぼした徳川家康の功を労うため、安土城にて行われた京料理での接待料理を任され、献立から考えて苦労して用意した料理を、「腐っている」と信長に因縁をつけられ捨てられた。
English: Still another theory says that Nobunaga did not like the lightly seasoned foods, unique to Kyoto cooking, since, being from Owari, he liked salty foods.
Japanese: また、京料理独特の薄味にしたため、塩辛い味付けを好む尾張出身の信長の舌には合わなかったとも言われている。
English: Mitsuhide was informed that he could have two Provinces in the Chugoku region (Izumo and Iwami Provinces) if he could win the battles, but at the same time he would be ousted from Tamba Province in Shiga District (Omisakamoto).
Japanese: 中国2国（出雲国・石見国）は攻め取った分だけそのまま光秀の領地にしてもいいが、その時は滋賀郡（近江坂本）・丹波国は召し上げにする、と伝えられたこと。
English: When on the way to attack the Takeda clan, Mitsuhide said, "our efforts have been rewarded"; seeing powerful anti-Takeda families in Shinano Province gathering around the Nobunaga army, Nobunaga became furious, asked "what have you done ?" and ordered a page boy Ranmaru MORI to hit Mitsuhide with an iron fan, which humiliated Mitsuhide (Akechi Gunki).
Japanese: 武田征伐の際に、信濃の反武田派の豪族が織田軍の元に集結するさまを見て「我々も骨を折った甲斐があった」と光秀が言った所、「お前が何をしたのだ」と信長が激怒し、小姓の森蘭丸に鉄扇で叩かれ恥をかいた（明智軍記）。
English: Tadachika KUWATA advocated, in his book entitled Akechi Mitsuhide, a "Grudge Theory of Honno-ji no Hen," based on his own research.
Japanese: 桑田忠親は著書『明智光秀』で、独自の研究を基に「本能寺の変怨恨説」を唱えた。
English: One opinion on this theory is that such a masterful intellect as Mitsuhide would not think that he could come into power through such a rebellion, and that it was the best chance for Mitsuhide to kill Nobunaga quickly because Mitsuhide had more than 100 times as many soldiers as Nobunaga did.
Japanese: この説に対しては「知将とされる光秀が、このような謀反で天下を取れると思うはずがない」という意見や、「相手の100倍以上の兵で奇襲できることは、信長を殺すのにこれ以上ないと言える程の機会だった」という意見がある。
English: In addition, Mitsuhide himself may have joined to go against his dismissal by Nobumori SAKUMA.
Japanese: ちなみに、佐久間信盛の追放に逆に光秀自身が関わっていた可能性もある。
English: Sakuma Gunki suggests that the incident of his dismissal may have been plotted by someone who lied to entrap Nobumori, and says in the chapter on Nobuhide (Masakatsu) of Kansei choshu shokafu that later Mitsuhide AKECHI escaped to Mt. Koya with his father Nobumori after a betrayal.
Japanese: 佐久間軍記には、この追放について誰かの讒言によるものとする可能性を示唆しており、また、寛政重修諸家譜の信栄（正勝）の項には「後明智光秀が讒により父信盛とともに高野山にのがる。
English: After Nobumori died, and knowing that there had not been a betrayal, Ufu (Nobunaga) was remorseful and forgave Masakatsu, incorporating him into Jonosuke Nobutada's army.
Japanese: 信盛死するののち、右府（信長）其咎なきことを知て後悔し、正勝をゆるして城介信忠に附属せしむ。
English: He may have caused Honno-ji no Hen fearing that he would be punished if Nobunaga were to find out from later investigation that Mitsuhide did such a thing out of his desire to be promoted.
Japanese: 」とあり、もしも光秀が更なる出世欲等からこのような行為を行い、後の調査で信長がそれを知ったとしたら、何らかの罰を受けることになりそれを恐れて変に及んだ可能性もある。
English: This is the theory that Mitsuhide killed Nobunaga out of fear that he would soon be dismissed if he did not achieve good results, just as Mobumori SAKUMA and Hidesada HAYASHI, who had served Nobunaga for many years, had been dismissed.
Japanese: 長年仕えていた佐久間信盛、林秀貞達が追放され、成果を挙げなければ自分もいずれは追放されるのではないかという不安から信長を倒したという説。
English: In another respect, unlike Nobunaga, who adopted nonstandard reform policies such as the new political and military policies, Mitsuhide had an idea of respecting traditional authority.
Japanese: あるいは、今までにない新しい政治・軍事政策を行う規格外な信長の改革に対し、光秀が旧態依然とした統治を重んじる考えであったという説。