nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A za did za-yaku (duties imposed on a za) or offered services to a court noble, a temple or a shrine which was their honjo (a controller and protector of a za), and in exchange for it the honjo granted some status such as Kugonin (purveyors to the Imperial Household), Yoriudo (dependents of powerful nobles, temples or shrines), or Jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) to za-shu (members of a za) of that za.
Japanese: 座は公家や寺社を本所として座役を納め、あるいは奉仕を行い、本所は座の構成員である座衆に供御人・寄人・神人などの身分を与えてこれを保護した。
English: The oldest za on record was the Yaseri-za (written as 八瀬里座 in Japanese), which was under the control of the Shoren-in Temple and comprised of fellers and palanquin bearers, and the Yaseri-za offered services to the Enryaku-ji Temple, which was the head temple of the sect that the Shoren-in Temple belonged to, and the Imperial Court.It eventually became the origin of the later Yase-doji (palanquin bearers for an emperor in Yase).
Japanese: 記録上に残る最古の座は青蓮院を本所とする八瀬里座で杣伐夫や駕輿丁によって構成されて青蓮院の本山である延暦寺や朝廷に奉仕を行い、後の八瀬童子の源流となった。
English: Once the Kamakura period began, the number of za increased in big cities and in commercial and industrial cities.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に入ると大都市や商工都市を中心として座の数が増加するようになる。
English: The major za were the orite-za (guild of weavers) in Otoneri, Kyoto, which became the origin of the later Nishijin brocade (high-quality silk fabrics produced in the Nishijin district of Kyoto), the wata-za (cotton guild) and the nishiki-za (brocade guild) which were under the umbrella of the Gion-sha Shrine, the koji-za (rice malt guild) under the Kitano-sha Shrine, the yu-za (oil guild) in Oyamazaki, Yamashiro Province, the uo-za (fish guild) in Imamiya, Settsu Province, the zaimoku-za (guild of lumber dealers) in Kamakura, and the yu-za (oil guild) in Hakata.
Japanese: 代表的なものとしては京都においては後の西陣の源流となった大舎人の織手座や祇園社の綿座・錦座、北野社の麹座、山城大山崎の油座、摂津今宮の魚座、鎌倉の材木座、博多の油座などがあった。
English: The Kofuku-ji Temple in Yamato Province and the Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Omi Province were also known to have placed many za under their controls.
Japanese: 大和国の興福寺や近江国の日吉大社も多数の座を支配下に置いたことで知られていた。
English: A za monopolized the purchase of goods, and they also even monopolized transport routes for those goods and equipment for transportation, if necessary.
Japanese: 座は仕入の独占を行い、必要に応じてはその商品の運搬路や運送具の独占すら行った。
English: Additionally, a za received the privilege of exemptions from tolls at sekisho (checking stations) and business taxes in marketplaces backed up with the political power of their honjo.
Japanese: また、本所の政治力を背景として関所における通行税や市場における営業税の免除の特権を獲得した。
English: In the market where a za obtained an exclusive right to sell their merchandise, at the same time, they attempted to monopolize the market by prohibiting merchants and artisans who did not participated in that za from engaging in trade, and thus they sustained small traders belonging to the za.
Japanese: その一方で自己の専売を確立した市場では座外の商人・職人の営業を禁止して座衆による独占を図り、座に属する小規模業者の維持に努めた。
English: Za also actively cooperated with each other; for example, a za in a production area cooperated with another za in a consumption area, and moreover, a za in a big city controlled another za in a local area.
Japanese: また、座同士の連携なども盛んに行われ、生産地の座と消費地の座が連携したり、大都市の座が地方の座を支配したりすることが行われた。
English: The power of feudal lords including government offices in Kyoto was increased, which made it possible for them to impose business taxes without the consent of za; further, local merchants and manufacturers tried to destroy the authority of za in cooperation with local lords.
Japanese: 京都における官衙を含めた領主権力が強化され、座の権威を無視して営業税をかけたり、地方の商工業者が地元の領主と結びついて座の権威打破を図ろうとした。
English: Under these circumstances, za were also gradually changed. Some za tried to become a trade group independent of their honjo, or some tried to have closer ties to government offices and feudal lords to have them as their honjo, and some attempted to establish a hereditary privilege by limiting the number of members in their za.
Japanese: こうした中で座も変質していき、本所から自立した営業集団に転化したり、官衙や領主との結びつきを強めて中にはこれらを新たな本所するものが出現したり、座衆の数を制限して世襲特権化を図ろうとした。
English: In order to cope with these changes, emerging merchants began to establish za called 'shin-za' (literally, "new za") for the sake of the same privileges as existing za had, and some of them even formed the third form of za called 'mago-za' (literally, "grandchild's za").
Japanese: それに対して新興商人側も「新座」と呼ばれる座を結成して既成の座と同様の特権を求める動きが現れ、更に「孫座」と呼ばれる第三の座すら現れる例もあった。
English: Nobunaga ODA launched rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in new cities, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ultimately dismantled the za system of the medieval period.
Japanese: 織田信長が新都市に楽市・楽座をおこない、最終的に豊臣秀吉によって中世の座は解体させられた。
English: As a result of this, privileges of za were denied, but this triggered the establishment of the control of specific goyo-shonin (chartered merchants) tied to feudal lords.
Japanese: これによって座の特定は否認されたが、反対に領主と結びついた特定の御用商人による支配が確立するきっかけとなった。
English: This was not to say, however, that all za were dismantled, and in fact some of them remained as commercial communities which did not have to do za-yaku.
Japanese: ただし、全ての座が解体した訳ではなく、座役を伴わない商業共同体として残ったものもある。
English: Additionally, entertainers formed some za as entertainer groups whose headmen were major tayu (the headmaster of a school of performing arts), and people began to add the term "za" to the end of their group names beginning in the Edo period. By further extension, such use of "za" also began to be applied to theater names and movie theater names afterward.
Japanese: また、芸能者では主要な大夫を家元とする芸能集団としての座が形成され、江戸時代以後に「○○座」という呼称で呼ばれるようになり、転じて劇場や映画館の名称としても用いられた。
English: Jokamachi (castle towns) were cities that were established with the lord's castle in the center.
Japanese: 城下町（じょうかまち）とは、日本において、領主の城を中心に成立した都市。
English: After the Edo period, in some cases, a castle was not necessarily the center, but the jinya, a non-military governmental facility, was the center, and these were also called jokamachi.
Japanese: 江戸時代以降は、必ずしも城が中心とは限らず、戦闘を想定しない行政施設としての陣屋を中心としたケースもあるが、それらも含めて城下町と呼ぶ。
English: Odawara had a small-scale standing force and it is known that it aimed for heinobunri (separation of the warrior class from farmers).
Japanese: 小田原には小規模ながら常備軍が置かれ兵農分離を志向していた事がわかっている。
English: The most important person in relation to the development of jokamachi in the early-modern times was Nobunaga ODA, and with the idea of serious heinobunri in mind, he gathered bushi (warriors) near his castle and established Rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) in the city areas to stimulate the development of commerce and trade.
Japanese: そして、近世城下町発展の最大の功労者は織田信長で、本格的な兵農分離を意図し武士を城下に集住させるとともに、市街に楽市楽座を設けて商工業の発達を活発にした。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI developed this further and the castle town of Osaka-jo Castle, which became the center of politics and economy under the Toyotomi government, became a center for riches and was very prosperous.
Japanese: さらにそれを発展させたのが豊臣秀吉で、豊臣政権の政治経済の中心となった大坂城下は富の集積地となって殷賑を極めた。
English: However, in Japan, although there have been cities and towns such as Sakai City and Terauchi-cho which are surrounded by a moat and dirt mounds since early times, only the lord's residence castle was surrounded by a moat and castle wall and the town area itself was not surrounded by a castle wall in the initial jokamachi.
Japanese: それに対し、日本では堺市や寺内町のような堀と土塁で囲まれた都市や町は早くから存在していたものの、初期の城下町では領主の居城のみが堀と城壁に囲まれ、街自体は城壁には囲まれていなかった。
English: However, as jokamachi developed in Japan, they increased in economic and political value and the necessity for their safeguard against war arose.
Japanese: しかし、日本においても城下町が発展すると、経済的および政治的価値が上昇し、それにともない城下町を戦乱から防護する必要性が生じた。
English: Therefore, construction of Sogamae or surrounding the entire town with a moat and mounds increased and gradually the trend towards wall cities was seen.
Japanese: そのため町を堀と塁壁で囲む総構えの構築が増加してゆき、次第に城郭都市化していく傾向をみせた。
English: In the Edo period, the requirements as a defensive city waned and they became increasingly the center of politics and economics by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Han (domain).
Japanese: 江戸時代になると、防衛都市としての色合いが薄くなり、江戸幕府や藩による政治・経済の中心としての色が濃くなった。
English: Reasons for this were that there were no wars during the Edo period and that most clan families experienced the transfer of landownership, and other than Kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), there was little attachment to the land itself.
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じて戦争がなかったことと、大半の藩主家が領主の交代を経験しており、（石高は別として）土地自体への執着が薄かったことが理由として挙げられる。
English: Additionally, places that placed an emphasis on defensive ability as a castle retreat were not in places with good transportation, and as they started to increasingly become trade cities, Jinya instead of castles became the center of government.
Japanese: また、城砦としての防衛能力を重視した場所は必ずしも交通の便が良いところではなく、交易都市の色彩を強めるにつれ城が放棄され陣屋などに行政中心が移ったケースも多い。
English: By realigning nearby main route roads to pass through the joka (castle town), they wished for the traffic to pass the joka and stimulate commerce and industry.
Japanese: 付近を通る幹線道路のコースを、城下に通じるように付け替えることにより往来が城下を通り、商工業を活性化させる効果を狙っている。
English: However, regardless of disadvantages/advantages geographically, main route roads did not go through the back of the castle but passed through the Ote side or front side of the castle to indicate the glory of the ruler.
Japanese: ただし、幹線道路は、地形上の有利不利を問わず、権力者の威光を示すために、城の裏に当たる搦手側は通さず、表に当たる大手側を通した。
English: To prevent the invasion of enemies, they cleverly used geographical features such as rivers and dug moats, built dirt mounds and rock walls and in important places, there were strong castle gates such as Masugata-mon style gate.
Japanese: 敵の侵攻を妨ぐために、川など地形を巧みに利用するとともに、堀を掘り、土塁や石垣を築き、要所には時として桝形門のような強固な城門を設けることもあった。
English: Within the joka, houses were located on both sides of the main route to make it hard to see the castle and made the distance to the castle longer by making many bends in the roads and dead-ends.
Japanese: 城下に入ると幹線道路の両脇に家屋を隙間なく配置させることで城を見え難くして、道を鍵形に曲げたり袋小路を設けるなどすることで、城への到達距離を延長した。
English: Fences and wooden doors were made and they were closed and guarded during the night to prevent intruders.
Japanese: また、町割ごとに柵や木戸を設けて、夜には門を閉めて門番を立たせるなど、不審者の侵入を阻んでいた。
English: Samurai towns were where the large estates of retainers, the so called Buke yashiki (samurai residence), were located and in general, retainers with higher position had a closer location to the castle.
Japanese: 侍町とは、家臣の屋敷いわゆる武家屋敷が建ち並ぶ町であり、基本的には身分の高い家臣ほど、城に近い位置に屋敷を持った。
English: These are reflected as current place names such as Sange, Kamiyashiki-cho, and Shimoyashiki-cho.
Japanese: 現在の地名で、山下（さんげ）・上屋敷町・下屋敷町などがこれに当たる。
English: Keihaimono (low-ranked people) such as Ashigaru were placed on the outside of the townsmen district and current place names include Ban-cho, Yumino-cho, and Teppo-cho.
Japanese: 足軽など軽輩の者は、町人地の外側に配されることも多く、現在に残る地名で、番町・弓之町・鉄砲町などがこれにあたることが多い。
English: People from surrounding villages were moved into the joka and merchants and craftsmen were separated into their occupation.
Japanese: 付近の村落を城下に移住させたり、商人や職人を職種ごとに分けて移住させた。
English: Current place names such as Gofuku-machi, Aburaya-cho, Daiku-cho, Kaji-machi, and Koya-machi are related to this.
Japanese: 現在に残る地名では、呉服町・油屋町・大工町・鍛冶町・紺屋町などがこれに当たる。
English: Therefore the front width of the houses were narrow, but the house had depth and were like so-called 'sleeping places of an eel' and were two-storied.
Japanese: このため、家屋は間口が狭く奥行きが長い、いわゆる「鰻の寝床」であり、二階建てとなっていた。
English: However, they used the upper story as storage space because living there would mean they would be looking down on the Daimyo.
Japanese: ただし、二階を生活の場とすると大名を見下ろすことになるので、物置として活用された。
English: The Teramachi was located at the outer rim of the jokamachi and spacious temples formed part of the city defenses.
Japanese: さらに、寺町は、城下町の外郭に配されて広い寺院が建ち並び、都市防衛強化の一翼を担った。
English: Currently in Japan, half of the cities with over 100,000 in population were originally jokamachi, but with large fires, war, and development, they have changed so much that it is rare to find jokamachi that reflect what they looked like in the past.
Japanese: 現在の日本で、人口十万以上の都市の半分以上は城下町を起源とするが、大火や戦災、開発などで姿が変わり、往時を偲ぶことのできる城下町は少なくなってきている。
English: Many of the towns that still retain their character before the Edo period are called Sho-kyoto (little Kyoto) and are tourist spots.
Japanese: 江戸時代以前の町並みが残る町の多くは、小京都と呼ばれ、観光スポットとなっている。
English: In recent years, towns that retain their character from during the Edo period are called Ko-edo (little Edo) (originally meant Kawagoe City and a few other cities).
Japanese: また、近年では、江戸時代の面影が残る街を小江戸（当初は川越市などの一部の都市を指した）と呼ぶこともある。
English: Examples of old jokamachi that have been designated as Important Traditional Architecture Preservation Areas are listed below.
Japanese: 旧城下町の内、重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に選定されているものを以下に例示する。
English: Although there are few remaining buildings, many previous jokamachi still retain the mark of their jokamachi period in their road division and the like, and since the roads were made to prevent enemy invasion, in many cases, they are limiting automobile transportation.
Japanese: なお、残っている建物こそ少なくても、多くの旧城下町では道の区割りなどに城下町時代の痕跡を残しており、上記のように敵の侵攻を妨ぐように道が区画されていた場合、現在では自動車交通に支障を来していることが多い。
English: Many places that were the townspeople area during their jokamachi period are still currently the center of the city, and festivals and customs from that time still exist.
Japanese: また、城下町時代の町人地だった場所が現在でもその都市の中心街としての機能を保っていたり、城下町時代からの祭りや風習を残していたりといった形で、城下町時代の痕跡が残っていることは多い。
English: The Sengoku Period in Japan (from around 1493 (or 1467) to around 1573) is a chronological period in the history of Japan that commenced from the Coup of Meio in 1493 or the Onin Disturbance in 1467 and ended by the disappearance of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) with the purge of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA by Nobunaga ODA, the fifteenth shogun, of the Muromachi bakufu, in 1573.
Japanese: 戦国時代（せんごくじだい、1493年（1467年）頃-1573年頃）は、1493年の明応の政変頃あるいは1467年の応仁の乱頃をその始期とし、1573年に15代室町将軍足利義昭が織田信長によって追放されて室町幕府が事実上消滅するまでの時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
English: Sometimes, a part of the Muromachi Period or from and after Nobunaga's visit to Kyoto is segmented as the Shokuho (Azuchi-Momoyama) Period.
Japanese: 室町時代の一部、あるいは信長上洛以後を織豊時代（安土桃山時代）と区分する事もある。
English: The power of the bakufu had been significantly weakened, and sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku Period) emerged in various places all over Japan.
Japanese: 幕府権力は著しく低下し、全国各地に戦国大名と呼ばれる勢力が出現した。
English: Sengoku daimyo repeated battles among them almost constantly and strengthened the tendency to rule monitically (centralized control) land and people in their own territory.
Japanese: 戦国大名は、ほぼ恒常的に相互間の戦闘を繰り返すとともに、領国内の土地や人を一円支配（一元的な支配）する傾向を強めていった。
English: The word origin was the expression "sengoku no yo (period of warring states)" by the court nobles at that time comparing the troubled social conditions since the Onin Disturbance to the troubled times in the "Chunqiu and Zhanguo periods (Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period)" in ancient China.
Japanese: 応仁の乱以降の乱れた世相を、当時の公家が古代中国の「春秋戦国時代」の乱世になぞらえ「戦国の世」と表現したのが語源。
English: In the section "Shugo (provincial military governor) should give high priority to honesty" in "Shodanchiyo" by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, it is described as "the term of office for kokushi (provincial governor) was four years a term and although the present shugo corresponds to kokushi in the former time, they are equivalent to the Twelve Feudal Lords in the Chunqiu period and the Seven Influential Lords in the Zhanguo period, because they govern and succeed the fief from father to son."
Japanese: 一条兼良の『樵談治要』の「諸国の守護たる人廉直をさきとすべき事」の条に「諸国の国司は一任四ケ年に過ぎず、当時の守護職は昔の国司に同じといへども、子々孫々につたへて知行をいたす事は、春秋の時の十二諸侯、戦国の世の七雄にことならず」とある。
English: In the article for April 16, 1508 in "Gohojoji Hisamichiko Ki," a diary of Hisamichi KONOE, it is described as "Same as in the Zhanguo period."
Japanese: また近衛尚通の日記『後法成寺尚通公記』の永正五年(1508)四月十六日の条に「戦国の世の時の如し」とある。
English: As clearly understood from the simile expression such as "equivalent to" and "same as," the word "sengoku no yo" as used by court nobles at that time directly denoted the Zhanguo period in ancient China.
Japanese: 「…にことならず」「…の時の如し」という直喩表現からも明らかなとおり、当時の公家が使った「戦国の世」という語は、直接的には古代中国の戦国時代を指していた。
English: In Article 20 of "Koshuhatto no shidai" (bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own territory) for the Koshu area) enforced by Shingen TAKEDA, it is set forth as "Since the world is in the warring state, give priority to preparation of arms and armors to other matters."
Japanese: 武田信玄の「甲州法度次第」の第20条に「天下戦国の上は、諸事をなげうち武具の用意肝要たるべし」とある。
English: Samurai at that time had an understanding that the period in which they were living was the period of warring states.
Japanese: 当時の武家も自分たちが生きている時代は「戦国」である、という自覚をもっていた。
English: In Volume 11 of "Nihon Gaishi (historical book on Japan)," which was one of the bestsellers in the Edo Period, it is described as "Later in sengoku (period of warring states), such military forces were divided and owned by local barons (snip) after teaching them, Takeda and Uesugi became the best fighters.
Japanese: 江戸時代にベストセラーとなった『日本外史』でも、巻十一に「降りて戦国に至り、この兵各々群雄の分ち領する所となり(中略)之に教へて後戦う者は、武田・上杉より過ぐるはなし。
English: In "Nihon Gaishi" which was written in classical Chinese, however, the frequency of the usage of the word "sengoku" is unexpectedly small.
Japanese: ただし、漢文で書かれた『日本外史』でさえ「戦国」という語の出現頻度は意外に少ない。
English: In kodan (art of public storytelling) and rakugo (traditional comic storytelling), which were popular among the general public, the expression "the periods of Genki, Tensho" was common.
Japanese: 庶民が慣れ親しんだ講談や落語などでは「元亀天正の頃」といった表現のほうが一般的であった。
English: General use of the term "Sengoku Period" as a section in the history of Japan was commenced only in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 日本史の時代区分としての「戦国時代」という術語が一般でも広く使われるようになるのは、明治以降である。
English: In the past the view that the Sengoku Period started at the time of Onin War, which commenced in 1467, was prevailing, but the bakufu functioned as the central government even after that.
Japanese: 以前は1467年に始まった応仁の乱を戦国時代の始期とする見解が有力とされていたが、その後も幕府は中央政権として機能していた。
English: Major scale commotions in the bakufu-shugo system that supported the power of the bakufu as the central government is observed as commencing in the period around 1490.
Japanese: 中央政権としての幕府権力を支えていた幕府-守護体制に大きな動揺が見られ始めたのは1490年前後である。
English: Therefore, at present, the view that the Sengoku Period commenced in 1493 with the Coup of Meio is prevailing.
Japanese: このため、今日では政変の発生した1493年を戦国時代の始期とする説が有力となっている。
English: One view on the end of the Sengoku Period, it was 1576 in which Nobunaga launched at Azuchi and jumped to "tenkabito (the ruler of the country)," and in another view, it was 1590 in which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI made the Gohojo clan surrender, resulting in the completion of the military activities for the unification of the whole country.
Japanese: 信長が安土へ進出して「天下人」へと飛躍した1576年、豊臣秀吉が後北条氏を降伏させ全国統一の軍事活動が終了した1590年を戦国時代の終期とする考えもある。
English: It was a period in which chronic conflict continued, but it does not necessarily mean that wars occurred every day.
Japanese: 慢性的な紛争状態が続いた時代だが、必ずしも毎日が戦争状態にあったわけではない。
English: Old authorities that had been backed up by the Muromachi bakufu began to be negated and emerging powerful persons rose to new establishment and governed territories.
Japanese: 室町幕府によって保証されていた古い権威が否定され始め、新興の実力者が新しい権力階級にのし上がり領国を統治していくこととなった。
English: Quarrels arising from conflicts of interest between powerful persons occurred in various places all over Japan.
Japanese: それぞれの実力者同士の利害衝突に端を発する衝突が広く日本各地で行われた。
English: This period was supported by the fact that it was a period of economic growth in which nameless average persons could achieve success in various forms thanks to rapid quantitative and qualitative developments which enabled such endlessly repeated quarrels.
Japanese: そのような永続的な衝突を可能にしたほど経済が急速に質量ともに発達していき、それまでの無名の庶民が様々な形で成功を収めることができる経済成長期であったことが時代を支えていた。
English: Social structure changed quickly and in large scale and the Shiki system that had supported shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the traditional social regime.
Japanese: 社会構造が急速かつ大幅に変質していき、従前の社会体制の荘園公領制を支えていた職の体系が崩壊した。
English: It was also a period in which emerging landlords and merchants grew in a large number along with the quick growth of the economy developed through land reclamation and trading in the period in which quarrels last and required a voice that corresponded to the raw power of society.
Japanese: 経済の急成長に伴い大量に発生した新興地主や新興商人が紛争の絶えない時代に開墾や内外の通商を通じて発展し、自らの実力に相応しい発言力を社会に対して要求した時代でもあった。
English: As Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had administered affairs of state, also known as "Everyone's fear," died in the Kakitsu War, the power of the Muromachi bakufu declined rapidly.
Japanese: 「万人恐怖」と言われた政治を行った足利義教が嘉吉の乱で死没すると、室町幕府の力は急速に衰えることとなった。
English: For example, in Kanto, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) escaped to Koga-jo Castle and, using the name of Koga Kubo, started a total war with the Uesugi clan that was Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) (Kyotoku Disturbance), and Masatomo ASHIKAGA, who was dispatched by the shogun as the successor of Kamakura Kubo, could not enter Kamakura (Horigoe Kubo).
Japanese: 例えば、関東では鎌倉公方が古河城に逃れて古河公方と名乗って関東管領上杉氏との全面戦争（享徳の乱）を引き起こし、将軍が後任の鎌倉公方として派遣した足利政知も鎌倉にさえ入ることができなかった（堀越公方）。
English: Quarrels between gozoku (local ruling families) occurred in Kaga and Yamato, and even in Kyoto which was the shogun's home city, tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) occurred frequently.
Japanese: 加賀でも大和でも豪族同士の争乱が起こり、将軍お膝元の京都でも徳政一揆が頻発する有様であった。
English: Under such situations, a fight over succession for shogun occurred and in addition, struggles for power between shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) such as the Yamana clan and Hosokawa clan and a fight over succession to family headship in the Hatakeyama clan and Shiba clan occurred resulting in the occurrence of the Onin Disturbance.
Japanese: この最中に将軍の跡継ぎ争いが勃発し、これに山名氏・細川氏ら守護大名の権力争い・畠山氏・斯波氏の跡継ぎ争いなどが加わり応仁の乱が起こった。
English: Shugo daimyo of various places in Japan, such as the Ouchi clan and the Takeda clan from Wakasa, came to the capital, Kyoto, and the war for which the capital was the battle field, continued for ten years.
Japanese: 大内氏、若狭武田氏など各地の守護大名が上洛し、都を戦場にした争いが10年間続いた。
English: This war ended as a victory of the Hosokawa clan as seen in the decline of the Yamana clan and retreat of the west squad including the Ouchi clan from Kyoto.
Japanese: この戦いは山名氏の衰微・大内ら西軍の京都撤退など細川氏が勝利した形で終わった。
English: In addition, as the Hosokawa clan sent during the Disturbance, busho (Japanese military commanders), into the territories of the Yamana clan to cause confusion in the territory, causes of conflict continued to exist in various places.
Japanese: 更に戦中、細川氏が山名氏領国を混乱させるため武将を送り込んだために争いの火種が各地でくすぶり続けた。
English: For attacking Omi shugo (Military Commissioner of the Omi Province, Takayori ROKKAKU, who stood against the shogun, in 1487, many daimyo of the areas near Kinai (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) such as Owari and Wakasa joined and also for the attack on Kawachi by Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in 1492, many troops joined.
Japanese: 1487年の将軍に敵対する近江守護・六角高頼攻めには尾張・若狭など畿内近辺の諸大名が従い、1492年の足利義稙の河内攻めにも多くの軍勢が馳せ参じている。
English: During such an attack on Kawachi, in April 1493, kanrei (shogunal deputy), Masamoto HOSOKAWA succeeded in the Coup of Meio, which was a coup d'etat to abolish and elect the shogun, and real power was shifted to the Hosokawa clan.
Japanese: この河内攻め最中の1493年4月に管領・細川政元が将軍廃立を行うクーデターである明応の政変に成功し、実権は細川氏に移った。
English: Here, the force of the central government to provinces declined and the lawless era, in which gozoku (local ruling families) in various provinces developed power or relied on others who had power, commenced.
Japanese: ここに中央政府の地方への求心力が失墜し、各地豪族は自ら力を蓄え、或いは力ある存在に身を寄せる法なき時代に入ったのである。
English: This Coup of Meio was an action to oust the shogun, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA (a son of Yoshimi ASHIKAGA) and to make Seiko shogun.
Japanese: この明応の政変とは、いわば将軍である足利義稙（足利義視の子）を追放し清晃を将軍としたことだった。
English: On the other hand, Yoshiki ASHIKAGA escaped from Masamoto's hand and ran away to a province and provinces in the Kinki area were split into two fractions, one for Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and the other for Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA (fraction for Masamoto HOSOKAWA).
Japanese: これに対して足利義材は政元の元を逃れて地方へと落ち延び、近畿諸国は足利義稙派と足利義澄派（細川政元派）とわかれることとなった。