nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The policy was carried forth in the North Court (Japan), which was established after the fall of Kemmu Restoration; when a family head, a legitimate son or an adopted child inherited the family estate, or when a new chiten no kimi (the retired Emperor who organized politics) appeared, the family reign and estate were approved as a whole; consequently, the 'family' itself, including the headman's estate, was stabilized.
Japanese: この方針は建武政権崩壊後に成立した北朝(日本)においても継承され、当主もしくは嫡男・猶子が家督の継承時や新たな治天の君の登場時などに家門と家領の一括安堵を受けることになり、結果的には当主の家督を含めた「家」そのものの安堵の役割を果たすことになった。
English: For the noble families of the court, this led to the single succession of an estate; moreover, it expanded the authority of the chiten no kimi, who had the power to stabilize a 'family' and thereby control the court nobles.
Japanese: これによって、公家社会においては家領の単独相続への移行と「家」そのものの安堵を行う権限を有した治天の君による公家支配の拡大につながった。
English: Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Muromachi shogun, became Grand Minister with the political authority of a chiten no kimi; after the Eitoku period, he independently approved families and their estates en bloc, and exercised control over the court nobles.
Japanese: 室町幕府第3代征夷大将軍となった足利義満は太政大臣に昇り、更に治天の君の持つ政治的権限を手中にして永徳期以後は自らの手で家門・家領一括安堵を行って公家社会を支配下に置いた。
English: After his death, the emperors regained the authority to approve families, but since there was no military force in the court nobles' society it was impossible to maintain family estates without depending on the military force of the Muromachi bakufu or the Shugo (Military Governor) Daimyo; thus the cooperative system in which emperors approved of the names of families and shoguns literally approved of family estates continued for a long time.
Japanese: 足利義満の死後には天皇が家門安堵の権限を回復するようになるが、その一方で軍事力を持たない公家社会においては室町幕府や守護大名の軍事力に依存しなければ家領の保全が不可能であったために、天皇が家門そのものを安堵し、将軍が家領の実質面での安堵を行うという共同体制が長く続くことになった。
English: Additionally, the emperor's function of giving approval to families continued after the period of civil war (in Japan), as did the function of checking on court nobles (those going down to the provinces) who had neglected their services to the Emperor in Kyoto (including public duties).
Japanese: また、天皇の家門安堵を行う権能は戦国時代(日本)以後も存在しており、京都における天皇への奉仕（公事など）を怠る公家（地方下向者）を牽制する役目を有していた。
English: Nobutane-kyo-ki is a diary written by a court noble, Nobutane NAKANOMIKADO, who lived in the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 宣胤卿記（のぶたねきょうき）は、戦国時代(日本)の公卿・中御門宣胤の日記。
English: The diary was written from February 1480 to February1522.
Japanese: 執筆期間は文明_(日本)12年（1480年）正月から大永2年（1522年）正月にわたる。
English: The diary was full of detailed information on the life of kuge (court noble) during the Sengoku period and described in detail the politics in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) with regard to the Eisho no Sakuran that involved the assassination of Masamoto HOSOKAWA and the death of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA in battle.
Japanese: 戦国期の公家の生活の情報に富み、細川政元の暗殺や細川澄元の敗死などいわゆる永正の錯乱を巡る畿内の政局をつぶさに見て取れる。
English: In addition to making an impression, information such as the name of the temple and the date of visit is written in ink below the impression, and the impression together with the ink writing are collectively called 'goshuin.'
Japanese: 単に印を押すだけでなく、その下に墨書で寺社名や参拝日などが書かれ、その墨書も含めて「御朱印」と呼ばれる。
English: Although there are many theories about the origin of goshuin, the most powerful theory is that it was used as a seal of reception when sutra copies were submitted to temples.
Japanese: 御朱印の起源には諸説あるが、元々は寺社に写経を納めた際の受付印であったとする説が有力である。
English: There are still some temples that will not give goshuin unless sutra copies are submitted, but at many temples, goshuin will be given by donating a small amount of money (hatsuho-ryo (ceremony fee) or offerings).
Japanese: 現在でも納経をしないと御朱印がもらえない寺院が存在するが、多くの寺社では少額の金銭（初穂料・御布施）を納めることで御朱印がもらえるようになっている。
English: As of 2007, it is often 300 yen at many temples, but some require as much as 500 yen or more.
Japanese: 金額は、2007年現在、多くの寺社で300円としているが、500円などそれ以上の額が提示されることもある。
English: Goshuin is usually stamped on a 'goshuin-cho' (goshuin note) created by folding paper in multiple panels and attaching hard cover pages.
Japanese: 通常は、紙を屏風折にして両側に固い表紙をつけた「御朱印帳」に押してもらう。
English: Since a goshuin includes the name of a temple, it is regarded as being the same as talismans given at a temple and therefore is always to be handled with respect.
Japanese: 御朱印は印に寺社名が入っていることから、寺社で授与されるお札などと同等とされ、粗末に扱うべきではないとされる。
English: Some temples refuse to give goshuin on a casual stamp-collection notebook or memo pad.
Japanese: スタンプ帳やメモ用紙などへの御朱印を拒絶している寺社もいくつかある。
English: Special goshuin-cho, paper, or hanging scrolls may be available when a pilgrimage, such as the 44 Saigoku sacred sites pilgrimage and 88 Shikoku sacred sites pilgrimage, involves visits to multiple temples.
Japanese: 西国三十三箇所霊場詣や四国八十八箇所霊場詣、他にも寺社何か所か合わせての巡礼等の場合には、専用の御朱印帳や用紙、掛軸などが用意されていることもある。
English: In a sacred ground tour such as the 88 Shikoku sacred sites pilgrimage, goshuin may be given on a byakue costume to be worn during the pilgrimage.
Japanese: 四国八十八箇所詣などの霊場巡りでは、巡礼中に着ている白衣（びゃくえ）に御朱印をもらう場合もある。
English: Jishi, also called chishi, (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) referred to the land rent which feudal lords imposed on rice fields, fields (for fruits, vegetables, etc.), mountains and forest, salt fields, or residential areas from ancient and medieval periods to the early-modern times.
Japanese: 地子（じし/ちし）とは、日本の古代・中世から近世にかけて、領主が田地・畠地・山林・塩田・屋敷地などへ賦課した地代を指す。
English: It was called denjishi (land rent for rice fields), hatajishi (land rent for fields for fruits, vegetables, etc), shiohamajishi (land rent for salt fields), hayashijishi (land rent for mountains and forest), or yajishi (land rent for residential areas) according to the classification of land imposed.
Japanese: 賦課した地目に応じて田地子・畠地子・塩浜地子・林地子・屋地子などと呼ばれた。
English: Originally, jishi had the characteristics of a tax payment in the form of products and the local products were brought in as jishi but jishi payment in money increased as the money economy gradually advanced from the late mid-period.
Japanese: 元々、地子は生産物地代の性格を持ち、その土地の生産物が地子として納入されていたが、中世後期ごろから貨幣経済が進展していくと、貨幣による地子の納入が増加していった。
English: Therefore, jishi was distinguished into two forms: the one paid in rice (rice-plant) was called Jishimai or jishito (rice-plant paid as jishi) and the one paid in money was called jishisen (land taxes paid by tenant farmers).
Japanese: そのため、米（稲）で納入する地子を地子米（地子稲）といい、銭で納入する地子を地子銭といって区別した。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) established at the beginning of the 8th century, there was a provision of chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) that, after hankyu (allotment) of kubunden (the field given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), kokuga (provincial government offices) lent peasants joden (rest of the field after kubunden was given) from the remaining koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) and charged 20 percent of their harvest as jishi (according to "Denryo-koden-jo).
Japanese: 8世紀初頭に成立した律令制のもとでは、公田のうち口分田を班給した後に余った乗田を国衙が百姓らに貸し付けて、収穫物の2割を納入させる賃租の規定があった（「田令公田条）。
English: This 20 percent of the harvest charged was called jishi or jishito.
Japanese: このとき、納入させた2割の収穫物を地子または地子稲（じしとう）と呼んだ。
English: Jishito revenue was used for replenishment of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Iga Province, and for maintaining public offices for Tsushima Province and Tane Province (abolished later) in provinces within Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), and for replenishment of army provisions for soldiers and for stipends to Ezo (northerners) in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, and in other provinces under ryoseikoku (province), jishito was paid to Daijokan (Grand Council of State) in the form of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) in provinces near the central government or sea and in the form of keika (fabrics such as silk or cotton or other local specialties) after doing jishi trade in provinces other than those.
Japanese: 地子稲収入は畿内・伊賀国では正税の補充に、大宰府管内諸国では対馬国・多禰国（後に廃止）の公廨の補充に、陸奥国・出羽国では兵士の兵糧や蝦夷への狄禄の補充に充てられ、他の令制国では中央に近い諸国や沿岸諸国では舂米の形で、それ以外の国々では地子交易を行って軽貨の形で太政官厨家に納入されることが定められていた。
English: Chinso was also imposed by not only kokuga but also main temples and shrines that ran early shoens (manors in medieval Japan).
Japanese: なお賃租は、国衙だけでなく、初期荘園を経営する大寺社なども行っていた。
English: Forming of private land (shieiden (lands directly governed by powerful families)) had been accelerated by wealthy farmers from the 9th century to the 10th century.
Japanese: 9世紀から10世紀ごろにかけて、富豪百姓らによる私領（私営田）の形成が進んでいった。
English: Although private lands were also objects for imposition of kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes), the national land tax, feudal lords obtained the recognition of kokuga to the right to collect profit personally and the term of jishi referred to this personal profit.
Japanese: 私領も国家租税である官物の賦課対象であったが、領主は、私領から私的な得分を収取することについて国衙の承認を受けており、地子の語はこの私的得分を指すようになった。
English: Furthermore, when the shoen or the shoen koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established from the 11th century to the 12th century, the right to collect kanmotsu which had been considered as national land tax was transferred to lords of manors and the kanmotsu changed its nature to nengu (land tax).
Japanese: さらに11世紀から12世紀にかけて荘園または荘園公領制が成立すると、それまで国家租税とされていた官物の収取権が、荘園領主へ移譲されていき、官物は年貢へと変質した。
English: The nengu came from kanmotsu, eventually denso (rice field tax), and became central items of taxation in the land tax system for shoens and the item of taxation that were paid to high grade lords of the manor by local low grade lords of the manor (kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) or shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor))).
Japanese: 年貢は、官物、ひいては田租に由来しており、荘園租税体系の中心に位置する税目であり、現地の下級荘園領主（開発領主や荘官など）が上級領主へ納入すべき税目であった。
English: If only nengu was collected, there was nothing left that local low grade lords could have as their profit.
Japanese: かりに年貢しか徴収しないとすると、現地の下級領主の得分は何も存在しないことになる。
English: Therefore, to get their shares, the low grade lords collected the land rent under various pretexts from shomin (people of the manor).
Japanese: そのため、下級領主たちは自らの得分とすべく、様々な名目で地代を荘民から収取するようになった。
English: According to a record, some land lords collected jishi amounting to as much as several times the real nengu.
Japanese: 中には、本年貢の数倍に及ぶ地子を収取する領主が存在したことも、記録に残っている。
English: From around the middle of the medieval period (the mid or late Kamakura period), as commercial distribution became more active and the money economy accompanied with it gradually became pronounced, more and more jishi was paid in money.
Japanese: 中世の中期（鎌倉時代中期・後期）ごろから、商品流通の活発化とそれに伴う貨幣経済の進展が次第に顕著となっていくと、地子を貨幣で納入する事例が増えていった。
English: The payment of jishisen was not much in any sense and it was limited to some big cities (imperial capital) but cases of jishi payment in coins became common even in rural areas in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in the end of the medieval period (Japan).
Japanese: 地子銭の納入は決して多くはなく、一部の都市（京）などにとどまっていたが、中世末期の戦国時代(日本)ごろになると、農村部でも銭貨による地子納入の事例が見られるようになった。
English: On the other hand, the land rent which was imposed on the residential areas in urban regions came to be called jishi.
Japanese: ただし、都市域において屋敷地に賦課される地代が地子と呼ばれるようになった。
English: In urban areas where the money economy was already in place, jishi was usually paid in coined money and was called jishisen.
Japanese: 都市では貨幣経済が定着していたため、地子は銭貨で納入されるのが一般的であり、地子銭と呼ばれた。
English: Even after the Meiji period, jishi that landlords collected from their tenant farmers maintained the characteristics of jishi but it was called farm rent.
Japanese: 明治以降でも、地主が小作から収取する地代は地子的性格を有していたが、これは小作料と称された。
English: The shiki system is the term to indicate the stratified ruling structure in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 職の体系（しきのたいけい）とは、日本の歴史上、中世日本における、重層的土地支配構造を指し示す用語である。
English: Shiki' originally meant the duty concerning land ruling, but a certain amount of authority on earnings associated with shiki authority was also called 'shiki.'
Japanese: 「職」（しき）とは、元来土地支配上の職務のことであるが、職権に伴う一定の収益権限も「職」と呼ばれた。
English: The collapse of the ancient family registration that had begun in the end 8th century did not stop in the early Heian period and the direct control of people by the central government became impossible in the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 8世紀後期頃から始まった古代の戸籍制度の崩壊は、平安時代に入っても止まらず、平安時代中期には、国家による直接の人民支配はもはや不可能になった。
English: Therefore, the land tax collection system by the ancient government moved from the framework based on the rule over people under the Ritsuryo system into the one on medieval land ruling.
Japanese: このため国家による租税徴収体制は、律令制的な人的支配の枠組みから中世的な土地支配の枠組みへと移行していった。
English: The unit of the medieval land ruling is called myoden (rice field lots in the charge of a nominal holder), and at that period the wealthy class called Tato (cultivators) that came from gunji (local magistrates) and native provincial governors undertook the management of myo and came to be called Fumyo (tiller of the public rice field).
Japanese: この土地支配の単位を名田と呼ぶが、この頃、郡司、土着国司などを出自とする田堵と呼ばれた富豪層は、名の経営を請け負い、負名と呼ばれるようになっていった。
English: Tato that became deeply involved in the management of Imperial demesne, obtaining the position of myoshu (owner of rice field), not only ran the management of cultivated land but also developed new rice fields by themselves, and became feudal lords or kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who developed the land).
Japanese: 公領経営に深く携わるようになった田堵は、名主の地位を得て耕地の経営に当たるとともに、自ら墾田して領主（開発領主）となった。
English: And in order to avoid one's domain being confiscated into Koryo (an Imperial demesne), they donated their land as shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to Juryoso (career provincial class) and paid a certain amount of tax to Juryoso, maintaining effective dominion on the land as shokan (an officer governing shoen), which is called contribution with reserving authority.
Japanese: 自領が公領に収公されることを防ぐため、その土地を荘園として受領層に寄進し、自らは荘官として土地の実効支配権を持ちながら、一定の税を寄進先の受領層に納めた（職権留保付寄進）。
English: Juryoso that thus came to hold shoen was called ryoke (a lord of the manor), and because confiscating shoen by kokushi (provincial governors) who belonged to the same hierarchy as ryoke continued, ryoke donated their land to the upper kenmon (an influential family) class.
Japanese: こうして荘園を持つようになった受領層を領家と呼ぶが、領家と同階層の国司による荘園の収公が続いたため、これを防ぐため、更に権門層に寄進することとなった。
English: And among ryoke and honke, the ones who had the right of effective dominion were called honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
Japanese: また、本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者を本所（ほんじょ）と呼んだ。
English: In the structure of stratified land ruling by shokan, ryoke and honke, the right held by each subject is called 'shiki.'
Japanese: こうした荘官、領家、本家と重層的になった土地支配の構造において、各主体の保有する権利を「職」と呼んだ。
English: In the meantime, kokushi who strengthened their rights by the contracting system of kokushi began to deal with Koryo as if it were their own property and appointed Tato as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who were such as Goji (a local government of official under ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) as their local government officials.
Japanese: 一方、国司請負制により権限が強化された国司は公領を自領のように扱いはじめ、田堵を在庁官人に任命し、郷司、保司等として地方行政官とした。
English: Goji and Hoji paid certain amount of tax to kokushi, and kokushi paid certain amount of tax to Imperial Court respectively.
Japanese: 郷司、保司等は一定の税を国司に納め、国司は更に一定の税を朝廷に納めた。
English: In this case, Goji were called Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoji were called Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne), and the difference between the shoen and koryo on actual local land ruling apparently almost disappeared.
Japanese: この場合、郷司は郷司職、保司は保司職と呼ばれ、実際の現地支配において荘園と公領の区別は外見上ほぼなくなった。
English: The share that each shiki had for taxes was called sakuai, and the stratified land ruling like this is called the 'shiki system.'
Japanese: それぞれの職の保有する取り分を作合（さくあい）といい、このような重層的な土地支配体系を「職の体系」という。
English: In addition, recent studies question the concept of 'contribution with reserving authority' as the understanding of the shiki system in shoen.
Japanese: なお、近年の研究では、荘園の職の体系についての理解としての「職権留保付寄進」という概念に疑問が呈されている。
English: By the 11the century, the manor regulation acts were often enforced in order to impose taxes for the purpose of rebuilding dairi (Imperial Palace) and main temples and shrines.
Japanese: 11世紀頃になると、内裏や大寺社の再建を目的とした臨時課税をするため、たびたび荘園整理令が出された。
English: Because of this, the shoen that had existed before the acts came to be officially recognized as the subject to the extraordinary taxation, and measures to integrate the shoen that had been scattered was taken.
Japanese: これにより基準年以前に発生していた荘園は臨時課税の対象として正式に公認化されることとなり、それまで散在していた荘園を一つの領域に統合する措置も行われた。
English: To the shoen that enhanced its integrity by the enclosure measures, the myoden system (field naming system) was adopted, and Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kogugaryo (territory governed by provincial government office) in a province) to shoen and kokugaryo came to be enforced.
Japanese: このように一円化して領域性を高めた荘園にも名田制は採用され、各々の国内の荘園・国衙領への一律的な課税（一国平均役）が行われるようになった。
English: In the 12th century, as a result of the reduction in tax revenue caused by the expansion of the shoen, the Imperial Court was no longer able to pay salaries to high-ranked aristocrats, so it gave these nobles provinces as chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom), as well as the right to appoint kokushi (provincial governors) and collect taxes.
Japanese: 12世紀に入ると、荘園の増大で税収が減り、上級貴族に俸給を払えなくなった朝廷は、彼らに知行国として国を与え、その国に関する国司の任命権と税収を与えた。
English: Similarly, as for Imperial families, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was implemented, which means that the high-ranked aristocracy who were kenmon so (influential families), kokushi who were Juryoso (career provincial official class) and daimyo tato (powerful cultivators) who were Goji (local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing Kyoto, or public land) were connected with each other and the structure in the case of the Imperial family showed almost no structural difference from the shoen system.
Japanese: 同様に皇族にも院宮分国制が敷かれ、こうして権門層たる上級貴族、受領層たる国司、大名田堵たる郷司・保司等が結びつき、荘園制とほとんど変わらぬ構造となった。
English: The system that shoen and kokugaryo (koryo) reorganized into gun (local district), go (sub local district), ho (Imperial demesne) worked as units for taxation were called shoen koryo sei (the system of public land and private estates).
Japanese: このように、荘園と郡、郷、保に再編成された国衙領（公領）を個々の収取単位とする体制を荘園公領制と呼ぶ。
English: The certified shoen lords collected Soyocho (a tax system, corvee), yo (tax in kind) and yoeki (corvee under Ritsuryo system) in addition to jishi (land tax) on rice fields, and similarly in koryo the taxation system was consolidated.
Japanese: 公認化された荘園の領主は、田地の地子（じし）（賃租料）に加え、租庸調、庸や徭役にあたる公事（くじ）も徴収し、同様に公領においても租税体系は一本化した。
English: With the establishment of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estate), the local lords armed themselves to settle their land disputes and began to become samurai.
Japanese: 荘園公領制の確立と軌を一にして、在地領主は彼ら同士の土地争いの解決のため武装し、武士となっていった。
English: By the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun), in most cases samurai in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) to serve Kamakura bakufu and were appointed jito with their rights to rule their shoryo (territory) guaranteed by Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の成立に従い、主に東国の武士は鎌倉幕府に奉公する、御家人となり地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
English: At first there was no such thing as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate), but among shokan, Goji and hoji only the ones who established the relationship between lord and vassal with the bakufu were called jito.
Japanese: 当初は地頭職というものはなく、あくまで荘官や郷司、保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれていた。
English: However, after the Jokyu War, shoen in which shokan and jito stood abreast were also seen mainly in western Japan and, as described below, with the beginning of Jitouke (the contract system that manor's owner entrust a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) the conception of Jito shiki gradually took root.
Japanese: しかし承久の乱以降は西日本を中心に荘官と地頭が並立する荘園も見られ、後述するように地頭請が行われるようになると、徐々に地頭職という観念が定着した。
English: By the fact that the jito's rights to control local land ruling were guaranteed by the bakufu and the unstable legal status of jito to kokushi seen in the scenes of local land ruling were stabilized, the jito tried to dissolve the existing relationship with the stratified land ruling, and came to direct the monistical land ruling.
Japanese: 幕府による地頭に対する土地支配権の安堵によって、現地支配の場で見受けられた荘園の国司に対する不安定な法的地位が安定したことにより、地頭は、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていった。
English: Such a monistical land ruling was called Ichien chigyo (monistical ruling), and the Jitouke that jito undertook to collect nengu in place of shoenryoshu (lord of manor) or kokushi began.
Japanese: このような一元的支配を一円知行といい、一円内の年貢を地頭が荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う地頭請が行われ始めた。
English: In the meantime, in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) as the peasants strengthened their territorial bond and formed villages, Hyakushouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrust a peasant to manage his manor and pay the customs) began to appear in addition to Jitouke.
Japanese: 一方で西国では百姓が地縁的な結合を強め、村落を形成し、地頭とは別個に荘園経営を請け負う百姓請も見られるようになった。
English: In addition, as a solution to dissolve disputes over sakuai (share that each shiki had for taxes) between jito and shoenryoshu, Shitaji chubun (physical division of the land) was started.
Japanese: また、地頭と荘園領主との間で作合を巡る争いの解決方策として下地中分が行われ始めた。
English: After the mid-Kamakura period, as a part of Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts), shinryokogyorei (a policy to show divine shows based on thoughts of Confucianism in Kamakura period) were issued in succession based on the belief that it was by the grace of gods that kamikaze (divine wind) had blown at the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期以降、元寇に際し神風が吹いたのは神仏の加護によるものであるとの考えから徳政令の一環として寺社の所領を確保する神領興行令が相次いで出された。
English: By this, Ichien chigyo was carried out not only from the side of jito but also from the side of shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor)) and ryoke (a lord of manor) toward the direction that it would tend to remove interference from honjo (proprietor of guarantor of manor) and jito (manager and lord of manor).
Japanese: これにより、一円知行は地頭側からだけでなく荘官や領家が本所や地頭による干渉を排除する方向でも進んだ。
English: As a result of such movements, jito that held the right of ryoke shiki (as an economical right as a lord of manor) and ryoke that held Jitoshiki appeared, with the conventional structure beginning to collapse and the role of ryoke shiki or jito shiki would greatly change.
Japanese: これらの動きにより、領家職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領家が現れるなど、従来の身分格差に応じた体系が崩れだし、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなった。
English: Moreover, at the Kenmu Restoration honke shiki and ryoke shiki in various provinces were abolished and Kansha (shrines) kaiho (liberation) edict was issued, therefore the monistical ruling was rapidly advanced.
Japanese: 更に建武の新政では諸国の本家・領家職が廃され、官社解放令が出されるなど一円化は急速に進んだ。
English: Under such circumstances, the concept of territory of kuge (court noble) and territory of samurai families took root and the provisions in the various laws on the premise of Ichien chigyo began to appear.
Japanese: このような状況のもと室町時代になると、公家領、武家領という概念が定着し諸法令上も一円知行を前提とした規定が見られるようになった。
English: In the meantime, with the strengthened authority of Shugo (provincial constable), aiming for the establishment of the Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor), Shugo lowered the social position of jito and kokujin (local samurai) of Kamakura period to hikan (low-level bureaucrat) and began to take over kokuga (provincial government offices) and their territory.
Japanese: 一方で守護の権力が強大化し、守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握し始めた。
English: In this period, Shugouke, the contract system that Shugo undertook nengu collection from shoen and koryo within Shugo's territory for honke, ryoke, and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) was spreading, and such a right was called shugo shiki.
Japanese: この時期には守護が自国の領内における荘園、公領の年貢を本家、領家や知行国主に対して請け負う守護請が広まったが、このような守護の権利も守護職と呼ばれた。