nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On April 20, 2009, the authority of Kyoto University submitted to the council of the dormitory 'the basic policy for the redevelopment of the southernmost area in Yoshida (draft).'
Japanese: 2009年4月20日、大学当局は寮自治会に「吉田南最南部地区再整備・基本方針（案）」を提出。
English: The authority of Kyoto University convened on April 24 a meeting to explain the basic policy for reconstruction and about 60 persons of the Yoshida dormitory side participated in this meeting.
Japanese: 4月24日には、大学当局が吉田寮の建て替えに関する基本方針についての説明会が開催され、吉田寮側からは60名ほどの参加者があった。
English: The period of selection is set twice a year in spring and in autumn and a 'dormitory-entering selection committee,' an organization of the council of the dormitory, is in charge of selection.
Japanese: 年に二度、春と秋に入寮選考期間が設けられ、自治会組織である「入寮選考委員会」が選考を担当する。
English: Yoshida dormitory has eased the requirements for entering as a part of the above-mentioned opposition movement against the closure of dormitory.
Japanese: 吉田寮では、前述の閉寮反対運動に関連して、入寮対象者を拡大していった。
English: Although it used to permit only male undergraduates to enter the dormitory, it started to accept female students from 1985.
Japanese: 1985年、それまでの男子学部学生のみという入寮資格を拡大し、女子学生の受け入れを開始した。
English: It started to accept foreign students from the academic year 1990, and from the academic year 1991, it started to allow all students of Kyoto University, including graduate students, postgraduates, auditing students, junior college students of medical technology (health sciences course in the Medical department), to apply for entering the dormitory.
Japanese: 1990年度からは留学生の受け入れ、1991年度からは大学院生・聴講生・研究生・医療技術短期大学生（現在の医学部保健学科）を含めた全ての京大生を入寮募集の対象とするようになった。
English: Further, 'persons who keenly need to live with the students of Kyoto University' (the handicapped and their support persons, parent and children, a couple etc.) were allowed to apply for entering the dormitory in the academic year 1994.
Japanese: さらに1994年度、「京都大学学生との同居の切実な必要性」が認められる者（身障者とその介護者、親子、夫婦等）も入寮募集の対象となった。
English: As the number of applicants increased after the requirements for entering were eased, the current number of residents far exceeds 147, the quota decided by Kyoto University.
Japanese: 入寮資格の拡大に伴い、入寮希望者は増加し、近年の寮生数は京都大学の定める定員147名を大きく上回ることとなっている。
English: As a result, rooms originally used as individual rooms are being shared by two persons now.
Japanese: そのため、本来個室として運用されてきた部屋を相部屋にせざるを得なくなっている。
English: Incidentally, a description stating 'only undergraduates are allowed to enter the dormitory' is seen in the regulation for the student dormitory of Kyoto University (article 3 of the regulation for the student dormitory).
Japanese: ちなみに、京都大学寄宿舎規程によれば、「学部学生に限り入舎させる」（寄宿舎規程第3条）との記述がある。
English: According to the guidelines for the students taking an entrance exam and official web-site of Kyoto University, however, 'students of the university' are qualified to enter dormitories.
Japanese: しかし、受験生用の募集要項や、京都大学の公式サイトによれば「本学学生」が入寮資格を持つことになっている。
English: The above means that the authority of the university officially confirmed the easing of the requirements for entering the dormitory.
Japanese: これはつまり、大学当局も入寮資格の拡大を公式に追認しているということである。
English: As a matter of fact, if Yoshida dormitory and Kumano dormitory hadn't eased the requirements on an autonomous basis, there might have been no facilities to accept female students (dormitory for females) and graduate students (Muromachi dormitory).
Japanese: 事実、吉田寮や熊野寮が自主的に入寮資格拡大を行わなかった場合、女子学生（女子寮）や院生（室町寮）の受け入れ先はほぼ無いに等しい状態だった。
English: Tetsuzo TANIGAWA (class of 1922, philosophy) : He entered the university adoring Ikutaro NISHIDA and later became a philosopher.
Japanese: 谷川徹三（1922年卒・哲学）西田幾太郎を慕って入学、後に哲学者になった。
English: He was engaged in wide-ranging activities, such as those of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and peace movement, and also served as the president of Hosei University.
Japanese: 国際連合教育科学文化機関や平和運動など幅広い活躍を行い、法政大学総長も務めた。
English: Junichi UENO (class of 1934, economics): He succeeded in 1970 the president of the Asahi Shimbun Company from his father Seiichi UENO.
Japanese: 上野淳一（1934年卒・経済）父の上野精一から1970年に朝日新聞社社長を継いだ。
English: He resigned from the position of director of the Asahi Shimbun Company in 1945 due to responsibility for the war, and returned to the Asahi Shimbun Company seven years later after working as an elementary school teacher, a clerk for the university and a secretary of a supreme court judge.
Japanese: 1945年に戦争責任で朝日新聞の取締役を辞任し、小学校教師、大学事務官、最高裁判官秘書などを経たのち7年後に朝日新聞社に復帰。
English: It was very good. My seniors were good persons, and all of us were good friends as the graduates of the high schools under the old system of education around the nation.
Japanese: 「非常に良かった。先輩も良かったし、学生は全国の旧制高校から来ていてとても仲が良かった」
English: Ryozo TOEI (class of 1943, chemical engineering) : Being an authority on chemical processing, he was a member of the Science Council of Japan and awarded "Kunnito Kyokujitsu Jukosho" (Second Class, the gold and silver star of order of the rising sun) in 1996.
Japanese: 桐栄良三（1943年卒・化工）ケミカルプロセスの権威で、日本学術会員も務め、1996年に勲二等旭日重光賞を受賞。
English: He resigned from his post, a professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, advocating the need for university reform based on people and became an editorial writer for Asahi Shimbun Company.
Japanese: 国民的基盤に立った大学改革を唱えて東京工業大学教授を辞職し、朝日新聞論説委員になった。
English: He strived to introduce the preliminary standard university entrance examination along with Michio OKAMOTO, the president of Kyoto University as well as the president of the Japan Association of National Universities.
Japanese: 国立大学協会会長・岡本道雄京大総長とともに共通一次試験導入に取り組んだ。
English: I didn't know when I was to be called up for military service. Being called up inevitably led to my death. I concentrated on my study in such a tense atmosphere. So did all of my colleagues in the dormitory. For that reason alone, we had a strong sense of solidarity.
Japanese: 「いつ兵隊にとられるか分からない。戦場に行けば必ず死が待っている。そういった緊迫した状態で学問に打ち込んでいた。寄宿舎の連中は皆そうだった。それだけにお互いの連帯感は強かった」
English: Naoki KOMURO (class of 1955, science department, mathematics course): After graduation, he studied at Tokyo University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University.
Japanese: 小室直樹（1955年卒・理学部数学科）大学卒業後は東京大学、マサチューセッツ工科大学、ハーバード大学などで学んだ。
English: He concentrated on his study while earning one million yen a year, but fell ill in 1980 due to malnutrition.
Japanese: 年収100万円で学問三昧の暮らしを送ったが、1980年に栄養失調でダウン。
English: Being exhorted by friends, he wrote a bestseller 'The Soviet Empire Strikes Back' in order to earn a living.
Japanese: 友人のすすめで生活費稼ぎに書いた「ソビエト帝国の逆襲」がベストセラーになった。
English: He was dismissed from the debating club of Kyoto University in 1952 because of his remarks saying 'Kill Stalin, Agree Rearmament.'
Japanese: 1952年に「スターリンを殺せ、再軍備賛成」と主張して京大弁論部を除名させられた。
English: Takao IWAMI (class of 1958, law): He was a political reporter for Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd., and took an active part in the report on the Lockheed scandal and a collusive relationship between Japan and Korea.
Japanese: 岩見隆夫（1958年卒・法学）毎日新聞社で、政治部記者としてロッキード事件や日韓癒着の取材で活躍。
English: Takeshi MUROTA (class of 1967, science): After graduation, he studied economics, served as a professor at Hitotsubashi University and Doshisha University, and advocated 'economics of ecology.'
Japanese: 室田武（1967年卒・理学）大学卒業後は経済学に転じ、一橋大学や同志社大学教授を務めて「エコロジーの経済学」を提唱した。
English: Masanobu WAKASA (class of 1972, linguistics): He started to write novels for dojinshi (publications aimed at a particular hobby group) when he was a student, and his novel 'Kayanokimatsuri,' which was written under his pen name Shuzo TAKI, won the Akutagawa Award in 1977.
Japanese: 若狭雅信（1972年卒・言語）在学中に同人誌で創作活動を始め、1977年に高城修三の筆名による「榧の木祭り」で芥川賞を受賞。
English: He was the chairman of the dormitory council in the latter half of 1968 and spearheaded a blockade of the office of the student affairs department as well as negotiations with the president of the university.
Japanese: 1968年後期の寮自治会委員長として学生部封鎖や総長団交を推進した。
English: When he was a student, he spearheaded the student movement at Kyoto University after "Takemoto shobun" struggle as the chairman of the national student association.
Japanese: 在学中は全学自治会同学会の委員長として竹本処分闘争以降の京大学生運動を導いた。
English: He pressed emeritus professor Masaaki UEDA into serving as the president of Osaka Women's University because he had a connection with Ueda since the time when he, as the then chairman, teased Ueda with sharp questions.
Japanese: 委員長時代に「つるし上げた」縁で、上田正昭名誉教授を大阪女子大学の学長にかつぎあげた。
English: Shinichi TOKUNAGA (class of 1985, law): He supported Osaka HIV-tainted blood litigation as a member of the defense lawyers.
Japanese: 徳永信一（1985年卒・法）大阪HIV訴訟弁護団の一人として裁判を支えた。
English: He often provides opinions to mass media from the standpoint of a NGO for community medicine.
Japanese: 地域医療のNGOの立場からマスコミからコメントを求められることも多い。
English: * Since the academic year 2004, when Kyoto University was reorganized into a national university corporation, the address was changed from Yoshida Konoe-cho kaneichi (national kind) to the one above (lot number was added).
Japanese: ※2004年度（平成16年度）より京都大学が国立大学法人となるのに伴い、住所は吉田近衛町官有地から地番がつけられた。
English: The Meitoku War was a war against the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that was started by the Yamana clan members, such as Ujikiyo YAMANA and Mitsuyuki YAMANA, in 1391 during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 明徳の乱（めいとくのらん）は、室町時代の明徳2年（1391年）に山名氏清、山名満幸ら山名氏が室町幕府に対して起こした反乱である。
English: However, the clan revolted again, descended to the Southern Court (Japan), and at one point, it occupied the city of Kyoto, demonstrating its might.
Japanese: しかし、再び叛いて南朝(日本)に降って一時は京都市を占領する勢いを示した。
English: The clan submitted to the Muromachi bakufu during the era of the second seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, with a condition that the clan was guaranteed territory which had been taken away.
Japanese: 二代征夷大将軍足利義詮の時代に切り取った領国の安堵を条件に室町幕府に帰順。
English: Tokiuji became a shugo (provincial military governor) of the five provinces of Inaba, Hoki, Tamba, Tango and Mimasaka.
Japanese: 時氏は因幡国・伯耆国・丹波国・丹後国・美作国の五カ国の守護となった。
English: Moroyoshi YAMANA, the eldest son who succeeded as the heir, the second son Yoshimasa YAMANA, the third son, Ujifuyu YAMANA, the fourth son, Ujikiyo YAMANA and the fifth son, Tokiyoshi YAMANA, respectively became shugo of Tango and Hoki Provinces, Kii Province, Inaba Province, Tamba, Yamashiro and Izumi Provinces, and Mimasaka, Tajima and Bingo Provinces.
Japanese: 惣領を継いだ長男の山名師義は丹後国・伯耆国、次男の山名義理は紀伊国、三男の山名氏冬は因幡国、四男の山名氏清は丹波国・山城国・和泉国、五男の山名時義は美作国・但馬国・備後国の守護となった。
English: Of 66 provinces nationwide, the Yamana clan members became shugo of 11 provinces, and the clan was called 'one feudal lord of one sixth.'
Japanese: 全国66カ国のうち11カ国で山名氏が守護領国となり「六分一殿」と呼ばれた。
English: The Muromachi bakufu's shogun was positioned atop an alliance of shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords), and his authority was weak.
Japanese: 室町幕府の将軍は守護大名の連合の上に成り立っており、その権力は弱体なものであった。
English: Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who became the third shogun in 1369, tried to strengthen the authority of shogun.
Japanese: 応安2年（1369年）に三代将軍に就任した足利義満は将軍権力の強化を図った。
English: In 1379, kanrei (shogunal deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had the actual power in the bakufu, fell from power due to the Koryaku Coup.
Japanese: 康暦元年（1379年）、康暦の政変により幕府の実権を握っていた管領細川頼之が失脚する。
English: In addition to this, Yoshimitsu tried to weaken the powerful shugo daimyo that were hard to bring under control because they had become too powerful.
Japanese: これに加えて、義満は勢力が強すぎて統制が困難な有力守護大名の弱体化を図る。
English: In 1387, Yoriyasu TOKI, a meritorious vassal who helped to establish the bakufu, and who was a shugo of the three provinces of Mino, Owari and Ise, passed away.
Japanese: 嘉慶(日本)元年（1387年）幕府創業の功臣であり、美濃国、尾張国、伊勢国三カ国の守護である土岐頼康が死去した。
English: Yoshimitsu gave an order to subjugate Yasuyuki in 1389, and in the following year, 1390, his order was executed (Yasuyuki TOKI's Rebellion).
Japanese: そして、康応元年（1389年）義満は康行討伐の命を下して、翌明徳元年（1390年）にこれを下した（土岐康行の乱）。
English: Because his sons, Yoshiyuki YAMANA, Ujiyuki YAMANA, Yoshiaki YAMANA and Mitsuyuki YAMANA were young, his younger brother, Tokiyoshi, became the interim heir.
Japanese: その子の山名義幸、山名氏之、山名義熈、山名満幸は若年であったため、中継ぎとして弟の時義が惣領となった。
English: In 1390, Yoshimitsu complained that Tokiyoshi was disrespectful to the shogun when he was alive.
Japanese: 明徳元年（1390年）義満は時義が生前将軍に対して不遜であったとした。
English: He further complained that Tokihiro YAMANA, who had succeeded him, and the younger brother Ujiyuki YAMANA had also shown noticeably disrespectful behavior.
Japanese: そして、後を継いだ山名時熙とその弟の山名氏幸も不遜な態度が目立つとした。
English: As a reward for their achievements in the war, Ujikiyo was given the position of shugo of Tajima and Yamashiro Provinces, and Mitsuyuki was given the position of shugo of Hoki and Oki Provinces.
Japanese: 戦功として氏清には但馬国と山城国、満幸には伯耆国と隠岐国の守護職が新たに与えられた。
English: Yoshimitsu broke up the Yamana clan and ousted Tokihiro and Ujiyuki, but Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki's powers increased.
Japanese: 山名氏を分裂させて時熙と氏幸を追放したが、氏清と満幸の勢力が強まってしまった。
English: He had invited Yoshimitsu to a fall foliage viewing in the city of Uji in November of the same year, but he fell into disgrace with Yoshimitsu when he canceled it at the last minute, using illness as an excuse.
Japanese: そして、同年10月の義満を招いての宇治市の紅葉を直前になって病を理由に中止してしまい、義満の不興を買う。
English: The reasons were that he seized sento ryo Yokota no sho, which was Emperor Goenyu's Imperial property within Mitsuyuki's territory of Izumo Province, and that he did not follow the migyosho (document of shogunate order).
Japanese: 満幸の分国出雲国において後円融天皇の御料である仙洞領横田庄を押領して、御教書にも従わなかったとの理由であった。
English: He encouraged him to raise an army because the 'shogun's behavior these days indicate that he intends to destroy the Yamana clan.'
Japanese: そして、「昨今の将軍のやり方は、山名氏を滅ぼすつもりである」と挙兵を説いた。
English: The news of Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki's insurrection was passed on to the bakufu on January 21, 1392 through the local governors of Tamba and Kawachi Provinces.
Japanese: 幕府に氏清、満幸謀反の報が12月19日に丹後国と河内国の代官より伝えられた。
English: However, Rakuchu (inside the capital city of Kyoto) was in chaos as Ujikiyo's nephew, Ujiie YAMANA (shugo of Inaba Province) left Kyoto in order to join his clan, and the senior vassals became aware of the Yamana clan's rebellion.
Japanese: しかし、氏清の甥の山名氏家（因幡守護）が一族と合流すべく京を退去するに及んで洛中は大騒ぎになり、重臣たちも山名氏の謀反を悟る。
English: Yoshimitsu had provoked Ujikiyo and Mitsuyuki to raise an army, but he was not confident that he would win.
Japanese: 氏清と満幸を挑発して挙兵に追い込んだ義満だが、必勝を確信していたわけではなかった。
English: The Yamana clan's forces were very powerful, and during the period of Tokiuji, Kyoto had been captured twice by the Yamana clan armies.
Japanese: 山名氏の勢力は強大であり、時氏の時代には山名氏の軍勢によって二度も京を占領されている。
English: Yoshimitsu avoided the peace treaty, and he decided to fight by saying, 'I leave up to the view of the heavens the destinies of my clan and the Yamana clan.'
Japanese: 義満は和解論を退け「当家の運と山名家の運とを天の照覧に任すべし」と述べて決戦を決める。
English: In order to fight against the Yamana army invading into Kyoto, the bakufu army positioned the principal force of 5000 cavalrymen in Uchino, which was the daidairi (place of Imperial residence and government offices) of the former Heian-kyo (ancient capital).
Japanese: 幕府軍は京へ侵攻する山名軍を迎え撃つべく主力5000騎を旧平安京の大内裏である内野に置いた。
English: 3000 cavalrymen of Ujikiyo's army advanced from Sakai, and 2000 cavalrymen of Mitsuyuki advanced from Tamba to Kyoto.
Japanese: 氏清の軍勢3000騎は堺から、満幸の軍勢2000騎は丹波から京へ進軍した。
English: On the night of January 31, 1392, Ujikiyo's army, arriving late, reached Nakajima in Yodo, and they separated into three squads and marched into Kyoto.
Japanese: 12月29日夜、到着が遅れた氏清の軍勢は淀の中島に至り三隊に分かれて京に進撃。
English: Because the army advanced in the moonless night the squads were uncoordinated, and they ended up entering Kyoto separately.
Japanese: 闇夜の進軍のため各隊の連係は乱れがちで各個に京へ突入することになった。
English: Early in the morning of February 1, 1392, 700 cavalrymen of Yoshikazu YAMANA and Yoshishige KOBAYASHI attacked Nijo Omiya.
Japanese: 12月30日早朝、山名義数、小林義繁の700騎が二条大宮に攻め寄せた。
English: Yoshihiro OUCHI prevailed even though he was injured while fighting against Kozukenosuke KOBAYASHI.
Japanese: 大内義弘は小林上野介と一騎討ちをして負傷しながらもこれを討ち取った。
English: Ujikiyo's forces were prepared to flee, and they had a debacle as Yoshimitsu himself entered the battle on horseback with umamawari.
Japanese: 氏清の軍勢は浮き足立ち、義満自らが馬廻とともに出馬するに及び潰走した。
English: Ujikiyo tried to flee, but he was surrounded by the Isshiki forces and he was killed by Akinori ISSHIKI.
Japanese: 氏清は落ち延びようとするが、一色勢に取り囲まれて一色詮範に討ち取られた。
English: Tamba Province was given to Yorimoto HOSOKAWA, Tango Province was given to Mitsunori ISSHIKI, Mimasaka Province was given to Yoshinori AKAMATSU, Izumi and Kii Provinces were given to Yoshihiro OUCHI, Tajima Province was given to Tokihiro YAMANA, Inaba Province was given to Ujiie YAMANA, Hoki Province was given to Ujiyuki YAMANA, and Oki and Izumo Provinces were given to Takanori KYOGOKU.
Japanese: 丹波国は細川頼元、丹後国は一色満範、美作国は赤松義則、和泉国・紀伊国は大内義弘、但馬国は山名時熙、因幡国は山名氏家、伯耆国は山名氏幸、隠岐国・出雲国は京極高詮にそれぞれ与えられた。
English: In addition, the umamawari under the shogun's direct command, which Yoshimitsu had been strengthening, was very successful in this battle, and they demonstrated the power of the shogun.
Japanese: また、義満が増強していた直轄軍の馬廻（奉公衆）はこの戦いで大いに働き、将軍権力の力を示した。
English: In 1395, Mitsuyuki, who had become a priest and managed to escape to Tsukushi in Kyushu, was captured and killed in Kyoto.
Japanese: 応永2年（1395年）剃髪して僧侶になり九州の筑紫まで落ち延びていた満幸も捕らえられて京で斬られた。
English: After that, Yoshimitsu solidified his power as a shogun by provoking Yoshihiro OUCHI, making him raise an army, and by destroying him in 1399 (the Oei War).
Japanese: その後も義満は応永6年（1399年）大内義弘を挑発して挙兵させて滅ぼし（応永の乱）、将軍権力を固めていく。
English: In the society of the nobility of the middle Heian period, the trend of the "succession of family business" rapidly became popular, and only specific families began to occupy certain government official posts or occupations.
Japanese: 平安時代中期の貴族社会において、官職や職能が特定の家系に固定化していく「家業の継承」が急速に進展していた。
English: On the other hand, lower-ranked nobles whose function was to be skilled in the military arts had also developed their own family characteristics specialized in the military arts, and such families were called "tsuwamono no ie" (literally, "soldier family"). Subsequently, some of such families began to play a key role as the military elite at the dawn of samurai.
Japanese: 武芸を職能とする下級貴族もまた、「兵（つわもの）の家」として武芸に特化した家柄を形成し、その中から軍事貴族という成立期武士の中核的な存在が登場していった。
English: It is said that people began to use the terms 'buke,' 'buyu no ie' (a house of heroes), and 'bumon' (a samurai clan) in order to refer to those lineages or families.
Japanese: これらの家系・家柄を指して「武家」もしくは「武勇の家」「武門」の呼称が生じたとされている。
English: These terms also implied lineages who served the Imperial Family (or an emperor) with their military power and bravery.
Japanese: この呼称は、武力・武勇をもって朝家（天皇）に奉仕する家系という意味合いを含んでいた。
English: After the Kamakura bakufu was established in the eastern part of Japan, the term "buke" came to mean the bakufu and Kamakura-dono (the lord of Kamakura).
Japanese: その後、東国に鎌倉幕府が成立すると、幕府および鎌倉殿を武家と称するようになった。
English: This reflected the fact that the bakufu and Kamakura-dono (MINAMOTO no Yoritomo) promised to serve the Imperial Court with their military power and the Imperial Court officially approved the military-police authority of the bakufu and Kamakura-dono in return.
Japanese: 幕府および鎌倉殿（源頼朝）が、朝廷に対し武力面で奉仕すると約束し、その見返りとして朝廷が、幕府および鎌倉殿の軍事警察権などを公認したことの反映である。
English: Once people became accustomed to referring to the Kamakura bakufu as buke, another new word 'kuge,' which was a general term representing civil officials at the Imperial Court, appeared.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府武家という呼称が定着すると、朝廷に仕える文官の総称としての「公家」が登場するようになる。
English: The use of these two terms was based on the comparison of their services to the Imperial Family, namely "kuge" in charge of general government affairs and "buke" in charge of military affairs.
Japanese: 朝家に政務一般で奉仕する公家と軍事面で奉仕する武家という対比に基づいていた。
English: In the beginning of the Kamakura period, the Imperial Court had called the bakufu buke or Kanto (derived from the "Kanto region"), but once the bakufu installed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) in order to monitor the Imperial Court after the Jokyu War, the term "buke" came to indicate Rokuhara Tandai only, while the bakufu was simply called Kanto.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期の朝廷は、幕府を武家もしくは関東と呼称していたが、承久の乱を経て、幕府が朝廷を監視するため京都に六波羅探題を設置すると、武家の語は六波羅探題のみを指し、幕府は関東とのみ呼ばれるようになる。
English: Among ordinary people, however, the term "buke" came to be commonly used to address the bakufu, their various agencies, and their authority.
Japanese: しかし、一般の間では幕府および幕府諸機関・幕府権力を武家と呼ぶことが定着していった。
English: In the Muromachi period, the term "buke" indicated the Muromachi bakufu and the Shogun family, while in the Edo period, the term came to cover not only the bakufu and the Shogun family but also various daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and high-ranked samurai.
Japanese: 室町時代には室町幕府および将軍家を指すようになったが、江戸時代には幕府・将軍家のみならず諸大名や上層武士も武家と呼ばれるようになった。
English: During the Edo period, Imperial posts assigned to buke such as daimyo were regarded as ingai-kan (supernumerary positions), and these positions had nothing to do with traditional posts given to kuge even if they had the same post names; additionally, samurai at these positions were excluded from the prescribed number of personnel of such traditional posts.
Japanese: 江戸時代の大名以下の武家の官職は員外の官とされ、同じ官職名でも従来の公家の官職、定員数とは関係の無い別のものとして扱われていた。
English: Toiya (Tonya) refers to a wholesale agent as a general meaning used today; it has different meanings, however, if it is used in the context of history or the law.
Japanese: 問屋（といや、とんや）とは、現代における一般的意味としては卸売業者を指すが、歴史用語及び法律用語として用いられる場合は異なる意味を持つ。
English: The term is derived from the name of an organization in the Kamakura period called Toimaru, which was first engaged in transportation operations, warehousing, and commissioned sales, and later became involved in handling general goods as well.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に運送、倉庫、委託販売業を兼ね、後には、一般の商品も取り扱うようになった組織問丸に由来する。
English: In the Muromachi period, it came to be called Toiya, and later, even after being separated into the areas of transportation and wholesale, each one was still called Toiya.
Japanese: 室町時代には問屋と呼ばれるようになり、やがて運送専門や卸売専門に業種分化しても、各々が問屋と呼ばれた。
English: In the Edo period, as mediators between feudal lords and people, Toiya served as public administrators in Shukubamachi (inn town), and at the same time, were chiefs of Machi yakunin (officials in a post station) who were in charge of Toiyaba (administration office).
Japanese: 江戸時代、領主と住人の仲介者として宿場町の自治行政を行うと共に問屋場を管理した町役人（宿場役人）の長。
English: Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) kept both the roles of transportation operation and wholesale agent, even after entering the Edo period.
Japanese: 廻船問屋は江戸時代に至っても運送業と卸売業の性格を併せ持ったままであった。
English: The commercial code defines it as one who conducts distribution or purchases for others, under one's name, as a business, (Article 551 of the commercial code) and the buying and selling that is conducted by Toiya is determined by others.
Japanese: 商法で、自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買い入れをすることを業とする者と定義されており（b商法第551条）、問屋の行う売買は他人の計算においてなされる。
English: In other words, although, Toiya make deals under their own name and become the ones that assume rights and obligations to the parties that Toiya are making deals with, the profits and losses from the deals are restored to the consignor.
Japanese: つまり、問屋は自己の名義で取引を行い取引の相手方に対する権利義務の主体となるが、その取引による損益は委託者に帰属する。
English: Because Tonya (wholesale agents) according to the general meaning are purchasing and distributing according to their own decisions, they are not Toiya from a legal point of view.
Japanese: 一般的意味における問屋（とんや＝卸売業）は自己の計算で商品を買い入れ、販売しているので、法律上の問屋ではない。
English: The brokerage at a broker house can be cited as a typical example of what Toiya do.
Japanese: 問屋営業の典型例として、証券会社における証券の売買仲介（ブローカレッジ）があげられる。
English: Agreements of delegation, and policies of delegation and commission are applied mutatis mutandis. (Article 552, paragraph 2 of the commercial code)
Japanese: 委任契約であり委任及び代理の規定が準用される（b商法第552条2項）。
English: Ones that conduct activities other than distribution or purchases of goods for others as a business, are called Juntoiya, and the provision of Toiya is applied mutatis mutandis (Article 558 of the commercial code).
Japanese: 自己の名をもって他人のために物品の販売又は買い入れ以外の行為をすることを業とする者を準問屋といい、問屋の規定が準用される（b商法第558条）。