nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The local tax regulations were defined as tax items (items of taxation) prefectures can collect and expense items paid by the tax revenue during Japanese Meiji and Taisho periods.
Japanese: 地方税規則（ちほうぜいきそく）とは、日本の明治及び大正時代において、府県が徴収できる税金の種目（税目）とその税収によって支払われるべき費目を定めた規則のこと。
English: It was established in the 19th Dajokan fukoku (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) in 1878 as one of the three local new laws.
Japanese: -いわゆる地方三新法の一つとして、明治11年太政官布告第19号により制定された。
English: This realized to systematize prefectural tax and residential tax, which had been organized via elimination of miscellaneous taxes (the 612nd Rule of Dajokan in September 22, 1868), classification of national tax and prefectural tax (the 23rd Rule of Dajokan in March 13, 1868) in 1875 starting from the edict of Dajokan (the 140th Rule of Dajokan in September 8, 1875) in 1868 which set that 'tax laws in various districts shall follow old practices,' as local tax.
Japanese: これにより、「諸国税法は旧慣による」旨定めた明治元年太政官布告（明治元年8月7日太政官布告第612号）以来、明治8年の雑税廃止（明治元年2月20日太政官布告第23号）・国税及び府県税の区分け（明治8年9月8日太政官布告第140号）を経て整理されてきた府県税・民費が、地方税として体系化されるに至った。
English: It was abolished due to the 'bills related to the local government system' (Act 24 of law passed in 1926).
Japanese: -「地方税ニ関スル法律」（大正15年法律第24号）の成立により廃止。
English: Under the local tax regulations, different rules were set on prefectures newly created as a type of regional national offices after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and on towns and villages with autonomy since Edo Period.
Japanese: 地方税規則においては、廃藩置県によりいわば国の出先機関として新たに設置された府県と、江戸時代より自治機能を有していた町村については、異なる定めを置いた。
English: Local tax was to be collected via land (within one- fifth), sales, miscellaneous and individual assets tax (Article 1), it was specified for each town and village as 'revenue of each town and village and district is left to negotiations among residents and local tax will not be used to support it' (Article 3), indicating the lack of need for the local tax.
Japanese: すなわち、地方税は地租（5分の1以内）、営業税・雑種税、及び戸数割により徴収する（第1条）こととされたところ、各町村については「各町村限及区限ノ入費ハ其区内町村内人民ノ協議二任セ地方税ヲ以テ支弁スルノ限ニアラス」（第3条）とされ、必ずしも地方税による必要はないものとされた。
English: A Kanin is an official seal given to government officials and offices to prove their social and public status in China and Japan.
Japanese: 官印（かんいん）とは、中国や日本において身分証明・公的証明のために官吏・役所に配られた官製の印章。
English: Kanin were originally designed only for actual use, but their high artistic quality was recognized approximately after the age of the Sung Dynasty and they became the subject of collection and appreciation and also used as a reference material for tenkoku (seal-engraving).
Japanese: 元は純粋な実用印であるが、宋(王朝)代頃からその美術性の高さが評価されるようになり、蒐集・鑑賞の対象、篆刻の参考資料として使用されるようにもなっている。
English: The system of kanin had already started in the Spring and Autumn period but it became firmly established as an unified system after the Qin Dynasty which was the time when the centralized authoritarian rule and the constitutional system were established.
Japanese: 官印の制度は春秋時代から見られるが、統一的な制度として定着したのは中央集権制・法治体制が確立された秦代からである。
English: Under the centralized authoritarian rule, each local government office and the officials working there executed the authority devolved from the central government to run the local government.
Japanese: 中央集権制における地方政治は、各地に設置された役所やそこに勤める官吏が、中央政府から委譲された一定の権限を行使することによって行われる。
English: Their main businesses included approving decisions within their jurisdiction and sending applications and reports to the central government, and on those occasions, official documents were required to be issued with attached evidence which proved the event had been performed officially.
Japanese: 管轄区域内での決裁事項に対して裁可を下したり、中央に申請や報告を行ったりするのがその主な業務となるが、この際には必ず公式に行われたものであることの証明を添付した公文書を発行する必要がある。
English: For such occasions, the government offices and officials were also required to prove that they were in an official position approved by the nation.
Japanese: またそのためには、役所や官吏自身も自分たちが国家の承認を得た公的な立場にある存在であることを証明しておかなければならない。
English: Kanin' was created to easily provide official evidence for those cases.
Japanese: このような各種の公的証明を端的に行うために考え出されたのが「官印」である。
English: The types of kanin differed between government officials and offices and also, kanin were provided to military officers.
Japanese: 官印には官吏に支給する印と役所に支給する印があり、武官にも支給された。
English: Kanin was seen as a symbol of government officials because government officials attached inju (a thick string for kanin) to the grip of kanin and always wore kanin on their obi (a waist belt).
Japanese: 紐（ちゅう、持ち手）の部分に印綬（いんじゅ、太いひも）を通し、常に腰のベルトにぶら下げていたため官吏の象徴として見られていた。
English: Kanin came to be stamped on papers after the age of the Tang Dynasty, but until the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, kanin were stamped on 'fudei' (a lump of clay) which was used to seal a bundle of mokkan or chikkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood or bamboo strung together that were used to write on in ancient times).
Japanese: なお、紙に押して使うようになったのは唐代以降で、魏晋南北朝時代までは木簡・竹簡の束を止める「封泥」という粘土の塊に押していた。
English: However, many of them are with patterns, and even though some are with words, it is thought that most of them were used as Shiin (private seal).
Japanese: しかし多くは文様であったり、文字が書いてあっても私印と思われるものがほとんどである。
English: According to "The Zuo Zhuan" (The Chronicle of Zuo), in 543 BC, Chancellor 季武子, who controlled the politics of the house of lords at that time, attacked a village, a public land, to privatize it, taking advantage of Duke Xiang's absence.
Japanese: 『春秋左氏伝』によれば、魯の襄公29（前543）年に、襄公が国を留守にしているのを幸いと、当時公室で政治を牛耳っていた宰相・季武子が公領となっていた村を襲って私有化した。
English: Then, 季武子 dispatched his subordinate to watch Duke Xiang and, in order to smooth over the incident, 季武子 later forged and sent him a Jisho, a report sealed with fudei, which said, 'The person in charge of the governance there raised an insurrection, so I put it down.'
Japanese: この際、襄公の様子をうかがうために部下を派遣し、追って取り繕いのために「統治を任されていた者が叛乱を起こしたので鎮圧した」という嘘を書いて「璽書」＝印を押した封泥で封印した報告書を与えたという記述がある。
English: This is an example of a high official, but this tells there was already the custom of providing official seals to government officials at that time.
Japanese: これは高官の例であるが、いずれにせよ当時既に官吏に対し国が公印を支給する習慣があったことがここからうかがえる。
English: Although most of the unearthed kanin are from the Warring States period and some of their engravings are not decipherable, there are some seals carved with government posts of the period, such as 'Shiba,' 'Shito,' and '司工.'
Japanese: 出土遺品としては戦国時代(中国)のものが多く、解読不能な部分もあるが「司馬」「司徒」「司工」など当時の官職名が入った印が出ている。
English: The characters on seals are colored gold and are usually in hakubun-style (incised character), and the seal material is metal, mostly copper.
Japanese: 文字は金文で多くの場合白文（陰刻）、印材は金属製、その多くは銅である。
English: The Qin Dynasty unified China in 221 BC and strengthened the foundation of the centralized authoritarian rule by unifying a lot of rules and systems such as literal characters and the system of weights and measures.
Japanese: 紀元前221年に中国を統一した秦は、文字や度量衡など多くの制度を統一し、中央集権制の土台を固めた。
English: Because of this situation, kanin came to be managed by Fusetsurei, the subordinate officials of Shofu (a governmental title, one of nine Ministers), and the unified rules were established.
Japanese: これにより官印は少府の属官・符節令が管理することになり、統一した規定が設けられた。
English: Subsequently, 'Ji' and 'In,' which had been mixed up, started to be used separately.
Japanese: これによりそれまで混同されて使用されていた「璽」「印」が分離された。
English: The kanin for emperors was called 'Ji' and the other normal kanin was called 'In' and the style became unified.
Japanese: 皇帝のものが「璽」、それ以外の通常の官印が「印」と呼称され、そのスタイルも統一されたものとなった。
English: The most distinctive feature was the way of placing the characters; first a 'Ta (田)' shape was cut into the stamping surface as a framework, then characters were put inside the small frameworks.
Japanese: 一番特徴的なのは章法で、まず印面の内側に「田」型の枠を切り、その中に文字を入れるようになった。
English: After the Qin Dynasty was overthrown in 209 BC, the centralized authoritarian rule was carried over to the Former Han Dynasty and kanin were manufactured and provided.
Japanese: 紀元前209年に秦が滅びた後も、前漢にその中央集権制は受け継がれ、官印が製造・支給された。
English: Even when Wang Mang usurped the throne and founded the Xin Dynasty, there was no big impact on kanin, and kanin kept being provided until the Later Han Dynasty was overthrown in 220.
Japanese: 途中、王莽の簒奪による新の建国があったがその際も大きな影響を受けず、官印の支給は220年の後漢滅亡まで続くことになる。
English: The system was carried over from the Qin Dynasty, but became slightly more complicated.
Japanese: 制度としては秦の制度をそのまま受け継いだ形となったが、制度はやや複雑化している。
English: Ji' started to be used not only by emperors but also Imperial families and lords who claimed the title of King, and the seals for shogun came to be called 'Sho.'
Japanese: 皇帝だけでなく皇族や諸侯で王号を称する者にも「璽」を用いるようになり、さらに将軍の印は「章」と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Also, social position was discriminated by the color of inju (a thick string of seal) and the material and shape of the grip.
Japanese: また印綬の色、鈕（ちゅう、印の持ち手）の形や材質によって身分が区別されるようになった。
English: A kanin was a square sun (a sun = 3.03 cm), but lower class government officials were not allowed to have one of that size and instead, they had to use the seal called "半通印" which was half the size of the original one.
Japanese: 大きさは方寸であったが、下級の官吏の場合は認められず、縦半分に割った大きさの「半通印」と呼ばれる印を使用しなければならなかった。
English: Moreover, based on the Five Phases theory, the number of characters was fixed at 5.
Japanese: この他、五行思想に基づき文字数を5文字にまとめるということも行われた。
English: Unlike the characters of kanin in the Qin Dynasty, those in the Han Dynasty didn't use the small seal script, which was the official script, but used the seal script, which was arranged specially for seal with more squared shape.
Japanese: 漢の官印の文字は、秦とは異なり公式書体の小篆そのものではなく印用にアレンジされた印篆を用いており、秦印と比べると文字が角ばっている。
English: Because of the squared characters, it gave the impression that the stamping surface was packed with the characters when many characters were used.
Japanese: 文字が角ばっているため、文字数が多いと印面にみっちりと詰まった感じを受ける。
English: During the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which continued from 220 when the Han Dynasty was overthrown to 589 when the Sui Dynasty unified China, the powerful nations such as Wei, which was one of the three nations in the Three Kingdoms period (of Chinese history), provided kanin.
Japanese: 220年の漢の滅亡から589年の隋の統一まで続いた魏晋南北朝時代でも、三国時代(中国)の魏(三国)など勢力のある国が官印を支給していた。
English: In this period, kanin were basically the same as those in the Han Dynasty, but the quality varied as the wars and political instabilities continued.
Japanese: この時代の官印は基本的に漢印のそれと同じであるが、戦乱や政治的不安定が続いたため、印の出来映えには大きな揺れ幅がある。
English: Especially, many of those made by the dynasties of northern ethnic groups were rough as they were not used to the kanin system itself.
Japanese: 特に北方の異民族王朝によるものは官印の制度自体に慣れていないためか粗雑な印が多い。
English: The distinctive point of this period is that shubun-style (raised character) appeared for some kanin where hakubun-style had been the basis.
Japanese: この時代注目すべきは、それまで白文が基本であった官印に、一部朱文（陽刻）が登場したことである。
English: Because paper came into wide use from this period, including official documents.
Japanese: 理由はこの時期から紙が一般にも普及し始め、公文書にも紙が使われるようになったためである。
English: The reason hakubun-style had been common was because the characters had to stand out on 'fudei' used to seal a bundle of mokkan and chikkan.
Japanese: 今まで白文であったのは、木簡・竹簡の時期にあっては、その束を封じるために使われた「封泥」に押す際に字が浮き出てくれないと支障があるからであった。
English: On the other hand, shubun-style was more easily read than hakubun-style when stamping on papers, so shubun-style kanin began replacing hakubun-style rapidly after that.
Japanese: 逆に紙に押す際には朱文でないと見づらくなることから、これ以降官印は急速に朱文印へと変わっていく。
English: During the Sui Dynasty and the following Tang Dynasty, because of the establishment of the ritsuryo system (a law system), the centralized authoritarian rule became as firm as a rock.
Japanese: 隋とそれに続く唐の時代には、律令制の確立により中央集権制は磐石のものとなった。
English: But the kanin system was reformed so that the system of providing kanin to all the government officials was abolished and kanin were provided only to the offices.
Japanese: ただし官印の制度は整理され、それまで行われていた官吏全員への印の支給を廃止し、役所への支給のみに制限することになった。
English: Unlike the square shaped seal script, the kanin in the Sui and Tang Dynasties had distinctively decorated and elegantly winding script, which was rearranged from the curve of the small seal script.
Japanese: 隋・唐の官印の文字は、角ばった印篆から一転し、小篆の曲線を優美にうねるような曲線に変えた独特の装飾書体が用いられた。
English: It was as huge as two square sun and the base part of the seal became thinner and the grip became larger, so the features changed a lot from Han seals.
Japanese: 大きさも方2寸と非常に大きく、印自体の厚さも薄くなり鈕も巨大化するなど、漢印と比べるとその雰囲気は様変わりしている。
English: Although there were some changes to the system, kanin were still being provided after the Northern Sung Dynasty and lasted until the Qing Dynasty which was the last dynasty of China.
Japanese: 北宋以降も制度に変遷はあったものの、官印を支給する制度は変わらず、最後の清の時代まで続いた。
English: After the Northern Sung Dynasty, the characters of kanin were decorated more and more, and they gradually became a tool to show the authority of the governmental officials and lost the function of being read.
Japanese: しかし北宋以降、官印は文字の装飾化が進み、だんだん文字を読ませるための印というよりも単に官吏の権威を現す道具となって行く。
English: Kujo seal script is a decorative script with elongated and sharply undulating strokes, so it looks like just a cluster of thin lines if many characters are engraved on the seal.
Japanese: 九畳篆は印篆の画を引き伸ばして幾重にも曲げた装飾書体で、これで印にみっしりと字を刻まれてしまうと、細線が並んでいるようにしか見えなくなるのである。
English: During the Qing Dynasty, not only Kujo seal script but also other decorative style scripts and other characters than Chinese characters as well as patterns were actively used.
Japanese: 清代になると九畳篆だけでなく、そのほかの装飾書体や漢字以外の文字・文様も積極的に取り入れられた。
English: Kujo seals lost their original function as a seal since the words and symbols engraved on them could not be easily read anymore.
Japanese: そのため、もはや印文がごちゃごちゃとして読めないという、印としては形骸化した存在となっていった。
English: In 1911, China as a dynastic nation ended when the Republic of China was founded after the Xinhai Revolution.
Japanese: そして宣統3（1911）年、辛亥革命による中華民国の成立により、王朝国家としての中国は終焉する。
English: At the same time, the kanin system was abolished, putting an end to its nearly 2500-year history since the Spring and Autumn period.
Japanese: ここに官印は制度ごと廃止され、春秋時代以降2500年近くにもわたる長い歴史に終止符を打つことになったのであった。
English: In ancient Japan where the culture and administrations were developed under the strong influence of China, the kanin system was installed at the same time as the importation of the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 中国の影響を強く受けて文化や行政の諸制度が発達した古代の日本においても、律令制の移入とともに官印の制度が行われていた。
English: The existing oldest seal in Japan is the above-mentioned 'Wa no na no kokuo in,' which was made in China during the Han Dynasty, but it is not clear if it was actually used.
Japanese: 日本に現存する印章の最古は上述の「倭奴国王印」であるが、これは漢代の中国で作られたものであり、実際に使用されたかどうかも不明である。
English: Apart from the 'Wa no na no kokuo in,' the oldest seal which has been confirmed to have actually been used, was made during the Nara period and the Japanese kanin history started with it.
Japanese: これを除けば現実に使用された印章として確認される最古は奈良時代のものであり、ここから日本の官印の歴史も始まっている。
English: The seal system during the Nara period was transferred from China and it was the national authority to make seals, and the national permission was required when seals were made for private individuals.
Japanese: 奈良時代の印章の制度は中国のそれを受け継いだもので、印を作るのは国家の特権とされ、私人が印を作るに際しては国家の許可が必要であった。
English: According to the rules of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in 701, there were 4 different types of kanin which were called Naiin, Gein, Shoshiin, and Syokokuin.
Japanese: 大宝律令（701年）の規定によれば、官印には、内印、外印、諸司印および諸国印の4種があった。
English: Naiin was the seal for emperors with the inscription 'Tenno Gyoji' (seal of the emperor) on it; it was three square sun and used for iki (a letter of appointment) of officials higher than Goi (fifth rank) and the official documents given to provinces.
Japanese: 内印は天皇の印章であり、印文は「天皇御璽」で大きさが方3寸と決まっており、五位以上の位記および諸国に下す公文に用いた。
English: Gein was the seal of Daijokan (Ground Council of State) with the inscription 'Daijokanin' (the seal of Daijokan) on it; it was 2.8 square sun and used for iki of officials lower than Rokui (sixth rank) and draft documents of Daijokan to Bunseikan.
Japanese: 外印は太政官の印であって、方2.8寸、印文は「太政官印」で、六位以下の位記および太政官の文政官の文案に用いた。
English: At first, Daijokanin was stamped on the whole part of documents but in the later Nara period, only the 3 areas in the header, footer, and center, plus 1 area near the date were allowed to be stamped.
Japanese: 当初は文書の全面に太政官印を押していたが、奈良時代後期には文書の首尾と中間にあたる中央部の計3ヶ所と日付の付近に1ヶ所に限った。
English: Moreover, Shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties relating to documents) in Shonagon kyoku (Lesser Counselors' Office) stamped documents under the supervision of Shonagon after Shonagon had reported an application for sealing and been granted the Imperial sanction.
Japanese: また押印も少納言が押印の申請を奏上して勅許を得た後に少納言の監督下で少納言局史生が実際の押印を行った。
English: At the beginning, Shonagon controlled Shoin as their official duties but after Kurododokoro (board of archivists) was founded, it became the official duties of Kurodo (Imperial archives keeper).
Japanese: また初期においては少納言がその職掌として監理するものであったが、蔵人所の設置以降は、蔵人の職掌となった。
English: Shoshiin Seal was used in ministries and departments, such as Sho, Dai, Ryo, and Shi, and all the officials kept their own seal and those seals were used for the documents given to Daijokan and to other offices.
Japanese: 諸司印は、各省・台・寮・司などが用いるもので、百官有司みなそれぞれに印章を有し、太政官に差し出す文書や他の役所に送付する文書に用いた。
English: These were the official seals in Japan, to be called kanin, and there were seals for district, township, and temples and shrines as equivalents of kanin.
Japanese: 以上が、日本における正式な印すなわち官印というべきものであったが、これに準ずべきものに、郡印、郷印や寺社印があった。
English: One of the purposes of using kanin and the equivalent seals in Japan was to distinguish whether a document was genuine or not, and another purpose was to show the authority of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 日本における官印およびそれに準ずる印の使用目的としては、一つには文書の真偽の弁別、もう一つは律令国家の権威を示すことにあった。
English: An obvious example of the latter purpose can be seen in the Imperial order 'Heiden-ji Bunsho' (Heiden-ji Temple document) on May 20, 749 in Totomi Province, which was fully covered by Naiin 'Tenno Gyoji' including even where there were no words.
Japanese: 後者の端的な例としては、遠江国「平田寺文書」天平感宝元年（749年）閏5月20日勅願文があり、文書一面に文字のない箇所にも内印「天皇御璽」が捺されている。
English: In another episode, the Johei and Tengyo War in the middle of the tenth century was originally thought as a duel among the Taira family but later came to be regarded as a treason because TAIRA no Masakado surrounded and captured the local government of Hitachi and stole its kanin.
Japanese: また10世紀中葉の承平天慶の乱は、当初平氏一族内の私闘と考えられていたものが、のちに国家への叛逆行為と見なされるようになったものであるが、その最大の要因は平将門が常陸国府を包囲・攻略し、官印を奪ったことによる。
English: Thus, for the sake of principle, kanin was the only seal under the original system, and the petition on Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) in 868 said, 'There are seals for shoshi (officials), but no private seals for the subjects because of consideration to Kushiki-ryo (Kushiki Code),' and private seals were not allowed.
Japanese: このように、建前としては印章は官印だけというのが本来の制度であり、貞観(日本)10年（868年）の太政官符に載せた起請にも「公式令を按ずるに、ただの諸司之印ありて、未だ臣家の私印を見ず」とあり、私印は許されていなかった。
English: However, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro was granted the use of 'Emi家印' (the seal of Emi family) as a special case when he was given the kabane (hereditary titles used in ancient Japan to denote rank and political standing) of 'Emi' by the Empress Koken in 756.
Japanese: ただし天平勝宝8年（756年）藤原仲麻呂は、孝謙天皇より「恵美」の姓を賜っているが、そのとき特別に「恵美家印」の使用が認められている。
English: Even in this case, he was not allowed to use his family seal without permission.
Japanese: しかし、この場合であっても許可なく「家印」を用いることは許されていなかった。
English: However, the amendments to the ritsuryo system issued in 756 recognize the use of seals saying, 'It became common practice for all the seal-owning families to cast private seals and secretly use them which is unavoidable.'
Japanese: もっとも貞観10年の格においては「有印の諸家はみな私印を鋳造し、ひそかに用いる慣習となってしまっているが、これはやむをえないことだ」としてその使用を許可している。
English: Also, it allowed the use of private seals, which is believed to have spread widely from the middle of the Heian period by officially stipulating the rule to limit the size of seals to 1.5 square sun.
Japanese: また、印の大きさを1寸5分を限度とすべきことを示して、平安時代中葉頃から広まったとみられる私印の使用を事実上追認している。
English: Also, Japanese kanin were strongly influenced by those in the Sui and Tang Dynasties as they were used during the same time as those periods, and look similar to the seals in the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: なお、日本の官印は、その使用時期がちょうど隋・唐に重なることからその影響を強く受けており、唐印によく似たものとなっている。
English: The rules of kanin gradually collapsed while the control of the administrative agencies under the ritsuryo system, such as the central and local government agencies, weakened as the ritsuryo system was loosening.
Japanese: しかしこのような官印の規定は、律令制の弛緩とともに中央省庁や国府などの律令行政機関が支配力を失ったことにより、次第に崩れていった。
English: Since the time of the ritsuryo system, to make the official document effective, it not only had to be stamped with the kanin, but also had to be ratified with the signature of officials of the government offices.
Japanese: 元々律令制時代より、公文書は官印を捺しただけでなく、その官庁の役人がこれに連署することによって公文書の効力が発生するうえで必要な条件とされていた。
English: The signature came to be written in a more cursive style and became Kakihan, also known as Kao, and the original style of Kao was already seen in the early Heian period.
Japanese: その署名がだんだんくずれて草書体になっていったものが書判、すなわち花押であり、平安時代前半には既にその原初形態がみられる。
English: As a result, kanin was completely demolished at the end of the ancient Japan, and Kao came into general use after a new Kakihan style 'Nigotai' which was a way to represent someone's name by combining a part of 2 characters of a name (for example, by combining a part of 'Yori' and a part of 'Tomo' to represent 'MINAMOTO no Yoritomo') appeared during the period of the government by the abdicated Emperor.
Japanese: 結果、古代末期には官印はまったく廃れ、院政期に「二合体」（「頼」のへんと「朝」のつくりを合わせて「源頼朝」をあらわすなどの方法）という新しい書判の形式が現れると、これ以降花押の使用が一般化することになるのである。
English: Even after that, there was 'Goin' (the seal of pseudonym) used by the Buddhist monks who came to Japan from the Southern Sung Dynasty to Japan, which proves that seals did not stop being used to prove official status.
Japanese: その後も公的証明に印が使われなかったわけではなく、南宋からの渡日僧が用いた「号印」という印が存在する。
English: As examples of Goin, Doryu RANKEI at Kencho-ji Temple used 'Rankei' as the inscription of his seal and Sogen MUGAKU at Engaku-ji Temple used 'Mugaku' as that of his seal.
Japanese: 建長寺の蘭渓道隆は「蘭渓」の印文を、円覚寺の無学祖元は「無学」の印文を用いた例がある。
English: Also Goin spread to Buke (samurai families), and during the Sengoku period, busho (Japanese military commanders) used seals such as 'Kokuin' (a seal with black ink) and 'Shuin ' (a seal with red ink) as official seals.
Japanese: またこの号印の影響が武家に及び、戦国時代(日本)の武将たちが公用印として「黒印」や「朱印」と呼ばれる印章を使った。
English: However, because these seals are not included in kanin, it means that the genealogy of Japanese kanin had completely ended by the beginning of the medieval period.
Japanese: ただしこれらは「官印」には含まれないため、日本の官印の系譜は中世初頭には完全に途絶していることになる。
English: Until that time, seals were only for practical use, and not seen artistically, but the more kanin were found, the more they interested the literati, and many of the literati started buying, collecting and appreciating kanin.
Japanese: それまで「印」というのは実用のものであり、芸術的視点からとらえられることはなかったのであるが、古代の官印が出土するにつれ文人たちの興味を誘い、多くの文人たちが印を買い集めたりその印文を鑑賞したりするようになったのである。
English: As a result, the interest in the seal script increased and it blazed a trail for the research of ancient characters in the area of the old document study during the Qing Dynasty.
Japanese: これにより篆書への興味が高まり、清代における考証学での古代文字研究に先鞭を付けることになる。
English: Moreover, as part of that trend, some people started thinking of making seals by themselves, and before long their idea led to tenkoku (seal-engraving).
Japanese: またその流行により、自分で印を作ろうと考える者も出始め、やがて篆刻へとつながって行く。
English: Even nowadays, kanin are treated as a subject of collection and appreciations from the view point of calligraphy, antiquities, and archaeology, and kanin are dealt as art objects.
Japanese: 現在も官印は書道と古美術、考古学の観点から蒐集・鑑賞の対象とされ、美術品として現物が取り引きされている。
English: It was after the Edo period when Chinese kanin became widely known in Japan.
Japanese: 日本において中国の官印が本格的に知られるようになったのは、江戸時代以降のことである。
English: Around that time, tenkoku (seal-engraving) took a firm hold in calligraphy, and through Chinese compilation of seal marks, people gradually started appreciating kanin.
Japanese: この頃から書道界には篆刻が定着し、中国の印譜を通じて次第に鑑賞が行われるようになって行った。