nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In enteki, a mato is settled at a place which is 60 meters away from the shai at a 15-degree angle backward, and the center of the mato is 97 centimeters above the ground.
Japanese: 遠的の場合は射位から60メートル離れた所に、中心が地上97cmで後方に15度傾くように設置する。
English: Although the competition rules specify the size in a centimeter unit, it is also generally called 'shaku-ni' (also referred as 'shaku-ni mato,' which stands for mato in one shaku and two sun).
Japanese: 競技規則ではセンチメートル単位で定められているが、「尺二（的）」との呼称も一般的である。
English: A mato of 24 centimeters in diameter (which is equivalent to eight sun, and this is called hassun or hassun mato, meaning eight sun) is sometimes used in an izume (a competition in which a shooter who misses the target is excluded) game for a tiebreaker.
Japanese: 順位決定のため射詰競射を行う場合は直径24cm的（八寸に相当。八寸（的）と呼ばれる）が使用されることがある。
English: The competition rules designate kasumi-mato and hoshi-mato as the target types for tekichu-sei (which literally means "accuracy system," in which a decision is made based on the number of hits) games, but kasumi-mato is generally used among adults, junior high, and senior high school students.
Japanese: 競技規則には的中制の標的として霞的と星的が規定されているが、一般・中高生では通常霞的が使用される。
English: In general kyudo competitions which use kasumi-mato or hoshi-mato, 'atari' (hit) and 'hazure' (miss) are the only decisions, no matter which area of the mato an arrow hits on (refer to the section of Competition in Kyudo for further details).
Japanese: なお霞・星的を用いる通常の競技では的中の判定は「あたり」か「はずれ」のみであり、的のどこにあたろうと差はない（詳細は弓道競技方法参照）。
English: This is a mato painted in the following manner from inner to outer; nakashiro (inner white circle with radius 3.6 centimeters), ichi no kuro (the first black ring with a width of 3.6 centimeters), ni no shiro (the second white ring with a width of 3.0 centimeters), ni no kuro (the second black ring with a width of 1.5 centimeters), san no shiro (the third white ring with a width of 3.0 centimeters), and sotokuro (outer black ring with a width of 3.3 centimeters).
Japanese: 中心から順に中白（半径3.6cmの円）、1の黒（幅3.6cm）、2の白（幅3.0cm）、2の黒（幅1.5cm）、3の白（幅3.0cm）、外黒（幅3.3cm）の輪状に塗られているもの。
English: The center white circle is also called seikoku (正鵠 in Japanese), and the phrase "seikoku o eru" (hit the bull's-eye) represents hitting on the very center of a mato (both '正' and '鵠' mean target).
Japanese: 中心の白円は正鵠ともいい、『正鵠を得る』とは的の中心に的中することである（「正」「鵠」とも的の意）。
English: Gold is in the center, followed by green, red, and white; 10 points are allotted to gold, 7 to green, 5 to red, and 3 to white, respectively.
Japanese: 色は中心から金・緑・赤・白であり、得点は金10点、緑7点、赤5点、白3点である。
English: Enteki competitions consist of the tekichu-sei and the tokuten-sei (point system), and both the systems use a mato with a diameter of 100 centimeters.
Japanese: 遠的競技には的中制と得点制があるが、どちらも直径100cmの的を用いる。
English: The matoe for tekichu-sei is triple black rings, the same pattern as kasumi-mato for kinteki, and the one for tokuten-sei is the same as target archery (the size of a whole mato and the point allocation are different).
Japanese: 的絵は、的中制は近的用霞的と同様の三重の黒輪、得点制はターゲットアーチェリーの配色と同様である（全体の寸法と配点は異なる）。
English: A kasumi-mato of 79 centimeters (this size is equivalent to a traditional han-mato [literally, "half mato"]) or 50 centimeters in diameter is sometimes used for izume games.
Japanese: 射詰競射を行う場合は79cm（伝統的な半的に相当）または50cmの霞的が使用されることがある。
English: Nakashiro with radius 11 centimeters, ichi no kuro with a width of 10 centimeters, ni no shiro with a width of 8 centimeters, ni no kuro with a width of 4 centimeters, san no shiro with a width of 8 centimeters, and sotokuro with a width of 9 centimeters.
Japanese: 中白半径11cm、1の黒幅10cm、2の白幅8cm、2の黒幅4cm、3の白幅8cm、外黒幅9cm
English: Special shooting ceremonies and entertainment games in special events sometimes use various matoe, a connection of various sized mato, a board, and so on.
Japanese: 特別な射会や催事の余興として、様々な的絵や、異なる寸法の的を繋げた物、板などを用いることがある。
English: When a ceremony is held in a kyudo hall, players use a folding fan-shaped frame whose radius is 36 centimeters with paper put on it.
Japanese: 弓道場にて行われる場合は半径36cmの扇形の枠に紙を貼ったものを用いる。
English: A little bigger mato made of tinplate is settled on a pole and it is held up high on a boat when players shoot arrows toward a lake or a river, and so they should aim upward.
Japanese: 湖や川に向かって射る場合はブリキ製の大きめのものを竿に固定し、ボート上に高く立てて上向きに狙う。
English: An o-mato is a formal mato for busha (to shoot an arrow while walking), and this type had been commonly used until the current style of shaku-ni mato (also known as komato, the regular size mato for kinteki) became popular.
Japanese: 歩射の正式の的であり、現在の尺二的（小的）が普及するまで一般に使用された。
English: This was used for mato-hajime, which is the New Year's ceremony of shooting at a samurai family, and this is still used in ceremonies of the Ogasawara school.
Japanese: 武家の新年の弓射儀礼である的始などで使用され、現在でも小笠原流の儀式で用いられる。
English: In addition, busha ceremonies such as San-San-Ku Tebasami Shiki (a solemn archery ceremony which was originally held on January 4), Buri-Buri Shiki (the ceremony which is usually held after San-San-Ku Tebasami Shiki or the yumi-hajime [the first shooting ceremony held on January 17]), Kusajishi Shiki (Japanese archery ritual), and Marumono (a simplified style shooting ceremony held for prayer) use their own style mato.
Japanese: その他、歩射の式では、三々九手挟式・振々式・草鹿式・円物等でそれぞれ独自の的が使用される。
English: Also, people sometimes make their mato by putting various things such as kaishi (Japanese tissue), a shoe, a leaf, earthenware, and a short sward between two sticks, and such mato are called 'hasamimono.'
Japanese: また「挟物」と言って、懐紙・履物・木の葉・土器・短刀など様々な物を串に挟んで的にすることもあった。
English: Kowameshi means hard rice, and different from cooked non-glutinous rice, it is unique in firm yet chewy texture and tastes sweeter.
Japanese: 強飯とはこわい（堅い）飯のことで、うるち米で炊き上げたご飯に対し、独特のもちもちとした食感と甘味がある。
English: Glutinous rice was valuable in the past, and okowa made by steaming glutinous rice was such a special food for celebration banquets only eaten in noticeably cheerful and formal situations such as auspicious events, festivals, and the New Year's holidays.
Japanese: 昔はもち米は貴重品であり、もち米を蒸したおこわは慶事や祭り、正月など晴れの日しか口にすることができない祝いの席のご馳走であった。
English: Adding just plain flavor is preferred in order to keep the faint sweetness of glutinous rice.
Japanese: 味付けはもち米のほのかな甘味を壊さないために、あっさりしたものが好まれる。
English: Plain ingredients such as chestnuts, mushrooms, edible wild plants, bamboo sprouts, chicken, and white-meat fish are popular.
Japanese: 具はクリ、きのこ類や山菜、筍、鶏肉、白身魚など淡泊なものが好まれる。
English: Genuine okowa is made by steaming rice with a seiro (basket used for steaming food) or a steamer, but okowa can be also made with a rice cooker, a mochi (rice cake) maker, or a microwave at home.
Japanese: 本格的なものでは蒸籠や蒸し器を使って蒸して拵えるが、家庭では炊飯器や餅つき器、または電子レンジで作ることも可能である。
English: After the rice is cooked, fluff it up with a rice scoop to get rid of the moisture.
Japanese: 炊きあがったらしゃもじを使って、よく混ぜながら水分を飛ばしてできあがり。
English: Sekihan (okowa with azuki red beans or black-eyed peas, and it is well-known as a special food for celebration banquets)
Japanese: 赤飯（小豆や大角豆を入れたおこわ。祝いの席のごちそうとして知られる）
English: Also, some convenience stores sell onigiri (rice balls) made of okowa in as-is.
Japanese: また、コンビニエンスストアなどではおこわをそのまま“おにぎり”とした商品が販売されているところもある。
English: Otsukimi Dorobo is one of the children's moon viewing events held in various regions.
Japanese: お月見泥棒（おつきみどろぼう）は各地で行われている子供たちのお月見イベントのひとつ。
English: Only on this day, they can steal decorated offerings for the moon viewing festival on the night of a harvest moon (jugoya [night of the full moon]).
Japanese: 中秋の名月（十五夜）に飾られているお月見のお供え物を、この日に限って盗んでいいというもの。
English: As children were said to be envoys from the moon, only on this day, they were allowed to steal them.
Japanese: 子供たちは月からの使者と考えられていたといわれ、この日に限り盗むことが許されていた。
English: Today, there is still a custom that children visit each home shouting 'Give me a moon viewing' or 'We are moon viewing thieves' and receive some sweets.
Japanese: 現在では「お月見くださ～い」、「お月見泥棒でーす」などと声をかけて、各家を回りお菓子をもらう風習が残っている。
English: Sekkyo is a public entertainment which appeared between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period based on shodo, which is the guidance leading all living things by explaining the Buddhist sutras and doctrines.
Japanese: 説経は、仏教の経文や教義を説いて衆生を導く唱導から、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて発生した芸能である。
English: This was also called 'sekkyo-joruri' because it also gradually took on the character of joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), but it is commonly called sekkyo-bushi at present.
Japanese: これが浄瑠璃的性質を帯びてきたもので、「説経浄瑠璃」とも呼ばれたが、現在は説経節と呼ばれるのが一般的である。
English: It was at its height from the beginning of the Kanei era to the Kanbun era, and the performers in priestly attire showed the performances of kadotsuke (also called as kadozekkyo, which represents a performance in front of the gate of a house) or the performances with an umbrella stood on a street accompanied by sasara (a percussion instrument made of finely split bamboo and played by rubbing against a ridged rod), shoko (a small gong), and kakko (a small drum used in the Court music of Japan and hit with sticks at each end).
Japanese: 寛永の始めから寛文頃までがその全盛期で、僧形の芸人が門付け（門説経）や、街角に傘を立ててささら・鉦鼓・羯鼓を伴奏として興行を行った。
English: Subsequently it introduced shamisens, and the performers also started to show their performances at a playhouse with puppets.
Japanese: 後には三味線を取り入れたり、小屋にて操り人形とともに行われるようになった。
English: This type of sekkyo is called 'sekkyoza' (which literally means "sitting sekkyo"), while the outside performances are called 'utasekkyo' (which literally means "singing sekkyo") or 'kadozekkyo.'
Japanese: これは戸外で行われる「歌説経」・「門説経」に対して「説経座」と呼ばれる。
English: However, since the contents of sekkyo eventually focused on the Buddhism topics because of its characteristic, Gidayu-bushi (music in Gidayu ballad drama) gradually became more dominant.
Japanese: だが、その性質上どうしても内容が仏教的なものに限られてきてしまうため、次第に義太夫節に圧倒された。
English: The sekkyo-bushi 'Ishidomaru,' 'Shintokumaru,' 'Oguri Hangan,' 'Sanshodayu,' and 'Bon Tengoku' are referred to as Gosekkyo (five sekkyo), and these sekkyo have been recited repeatedly.
Japanese: 「石童丸」「しんとく丸」「小栗判官」「山荘太夫」「ぼん天国」を五説経といい、これらが繰り返し語られた。
English: Today the most available text is "Sekkyo-bushi" (edited by Shigeru ARAKI and Kichizo YAMAMOTO, in 1973) in the edition of Toyo Bunko, Heibonsha Limited.
Japanese: 現在最も入手しやすいテキストは、平凡社東洋文庫の『説経節』（荒木繁,山本吉左右編、1973)である。
English: The screen of the annual observances is a self-standing screen which was put in Hirobisashi (broad eaves) adjacent to Seiryoden (literally "Limpid Cool Hall," an imperial summer palace) and faced to the Upper Door (an entrance to the courtiers' hall).
Japanese: 年中行事障子（ねんじゅうぎょうじのそうじ）は、清涼殿の弘廂にあって、上戸（かみのと。殿上の間への出入りに利用する戸口）に向けてたてられていた障立障子。
English: The observances between January and June were listed on the one side of the screen (East side) and those between July and December, on the other side (West side), and the observances of the month were listed after December's.
Japanese: 障子の東西両面には、1年の正月から6月まで（東面）と、7月から12月まで（西面）の、年中行事の名目が記され、月中の行事は12月の末に書かれていた。
English: While abolished official events and kokki (national mourning) were crossed out, newly established ones were added temporarily, and it was rewritten as needed.
Japanese: 公事、国忌など廃されたものは点をかけられてあり、新たに加えられたものは仮に書き加えなどし、時に応じ書き改められた。
English: The part of official events in "Gunsho ruiju" (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA) contains 'text on the screen of the annual observances' and "Kinpisho" (a book written by Emperor Juntoku, which records the history and origin of imperial court ceremonies and sets forth the rules and etiquette for carrying out such ceremonies) says as follows:
Japanese: 『群書類従』公事部には「年中行事障子文」がおさめられ、また、『禁秘抄』には、下記のようにある。
English: This ceremony is still held in various regions as a folk custom which represents the removal of participants' impurities by throwing them into a river, in the same way as harai-hitogata (purification with a paper doll).
Japanese: 祓い人形と同様に身の穢れを水に流して清める意味の民俗事例として、現在も各地で行われている。
English: The story is that Hikaru Genji put a purified hitogata (also called katashiro, which is a paper doll used in Shinto purification rites) on a boat and washed it out to the sea of Suma.
Japanese: 光源氏がお祓いをした人形（形代）を船に乗せ、須磨の海に流したという著述がある。
English: The section of Japanese wine describes the wine produced in Japan.
Japanese: 日本のワイン（にっぽんのわいん）では、日本で生産されるワインについて述べる。
English: In the Japanese Islands, it is also believed that a beverage made of fermented grape juice was produced and provided to drink in the mid Jomon period.
Japanese: 日本列島では、縄文時代中期にはブドウ果汁を発酵させた飲料がつくられ飲用に供されていたとも考えられている。
English: However, the winemaking began in earnest after the Meiji period when the proactive adoption of Western culture took place following civilization and enlightenment.
Japanese: しかし、本格的にワイン生産が行われるようになったのは、文明開化を受けて洋風文化を積極的に摂取するようになった明治時代以降である。
English: In the dawn of Japanese wine history, the efforts and achievements of winemakers such as Zenbei KAWAKAMI from Niigata Prefecture and Denbei KAMIYA from Aichi Prefecture are worthy of mention.
Japanese: 日本のワイン史の黎明期において、新潟県の川上善兵衛や愛知県出身の神谷伝兵衛らの醸造家の努力や業績については特筆されるものがある。
English: At first, cultivation of American grape varieties formed the core of Japanese wine grapes, however they experienced a setback with a Phylloxera (Viteus vitifoliae, see the article of grape) epidemic.
Japanese: 当初はアメリカ系のブドウ種の栽培が中心であったが、フィロキセラ（Phylloxera：ブドウネアブラムシ・ブドウの項参照）による荒廃により一旦は頓挫する。
English: Afterwards the demand for domestic wine decreased and only a few viticulturists remained to produce wine in various places.
Japanese: 以降、国産ワインの需要も少なく各地で細々とつくられているだけであった。
English: However, during the World War II, there was also a background that the production of Japanese wine was significantly increased because crystalline potassium sodium tartrate generated from tartaric acid, a by-product in the production of wine, could form parts of a weapon (sonar).
Japanese: しかし、第二次世界大戦中にワイン製造の際の副次品である酒石酸から生成される酒石酸カリウムナトリウム結晶が兵器（音波探知）の部品になるとして、国内でワインが大増産された経緯もある。
English: However, it was just to meet the demand for military logistics and the main purpose was not drinking wine.
Japanese: ところがこれはあくまでも軍事兵站上の需要であり、飲用を主目的としたものではなかった。
English: In the course of the agricultural innovation after the war, taking advantage of pre-war and wartime heritage (such as the fields and fermentation technique), the winemaking on a certain scale was resumed for consumer use in the regions suitable for grape-growing.
Japanese: 戦後の農業革新の過程で、戦前～戦時の遺産（畑地や醸造技術など）を生かして、生産に適した地域ではある程度の規模をもったワイン醸造が民生用として再開された。
English: However, imported juices and bulk wine were added to most of the wine produced in Japan and Japanese wine was said to be still developing and it received a low score.
Japanese: しかし国内で生産されるワインには輸入果汁やバルクワインの混入も多く、まだまだ発展途上といわれ評価は低かった。
English: Meanwhile, in terms of Japanese tastes, the acidity and astringency of wine were not accepted at all at the beginning.
Japanese: いっぽう日本人の嗜好としては、当初はワインの酸味や渋味が全く受け入れられなかった。
English: For a long time sugars such as honey were added to moderate the acidity and astringency of wine and amakuchi (sweet) wine was the mainstay.
Japanese: 長らく蜂蜜など糖分を加えてこれらを緩和させた甘口ワインが主流であった。
English: To consumers of the time 'wine' was recognized by types like Suntory's 'Akadama Sweet Wine' (Red Jewel Sweet Wine).
Japanese: 当時の消費者が「ワイン」として認識していたものは、サントリーの「赤玉スイートワイン」のような種類のものであった。
English: This trend continued until the 1970s when real wine was rather called 'budoshu' (grape liquor) and considered as hobby, and some wine lovers imported European wine to satisfy their tastes.
Japanese: この傾向は1970年代頃まで続き、本来のワインはむしろ「葡萄酒」と呼ばれ、趣味性も高く、一部の愛好家の嗜好においてはヨーロッパからの輸入ワインに頼っていた。
English: After that, through international exchanges such as Tokyo Olympic Games (1964) and Osaka Expo (1970) as well as PR (public relations) activities by large manufactures, public awareness of authentic wine increased, and aside from eating fresh grapes as fruit, intake of wine grapes also spread.
Japanese: その後、東京オリンピック（1964年）や大阪万博（1970年）などの国際交流や大手メーカーのPRを通じて、本格的なワインに対する一般の認知度も高まり、ブドウを果物として生食することとは別に、飲用として摂取することも広まってきた。
English: As a result, specialist manufacturers called wineries became serious about winemaking, and introduced cultivation method emulating European hedging styles, and began to develop specially cultivated insect resistant grape varieties from European strains.
Japanese: これを受けてワイナリーと称する専業生産者も本腰をいれるようになり、欧州本場に倣った垣根式の栽培法を取り入れ、害虫に強いヨーロッパ系新種のワイン用に特化したブドウ栽培を展開し始めた。
English: Some wineries produced superior wines using only pure domestic cultivation, and began to win a prize in overseas fairs and receive good reviews internationally.
Japanese: いくつかのワイナリーからは純国内栽培による優秀なワインも生産されて、海外の品評会での受賞も見るようになり、国際的に評価されるようにもなってきた。
English: Also, due to the specific tastes of Japanese consumers, production of additive-free and pesticide-free wine also grew.
Japanese: また、日本独特の消費者感覚から無添加・無農薬ワインも生産されるようにもなった。
English: Due in part to moderation of import taxes on foreign wines, a diversification of Japanese food culture, and growing awareness of the beneficial effects of polyphenol, an understanding of real wine in recent years has come about, also a groundwork has been laid out by the promotion of high quality domestically produced wines.
Japanese: 洋酒に関する輸入関税の緩和や、日本の食文化の多様化、ポリフェノール効果によるブームなども手伝って、近年ようやく本格的なワインが理解されるようになり、国内での品質の高いワイン生産を促進させる下地となった。
English: From 2002 onward, leading with Yamanashi Prefecture, a competition focused on 'Japanese wine using only 100% Japanese grapes' began.
Japanese: 2002年からは、山梨県が主導して「国産のぶどうを100パーセント使用して造った日本産ワイン」を対象とするコンペティションも行われるようになった。
English: From wine by individual winemakers called vigneron to one by large manufacturers with efforts, it is open to compete with quality improvement of purely domestic wines.
Japanese: ヴィニョロンと呼ばれる個人醸造家による出品から大手メーカーの力作まで、純国産ワインの品質向上を競うようになっている。
English: In the past Aichi Prefecture was also a large producer of wine, but now few wines are produced.
Japanese: また、かつては愛知県でも多くのワインが生産されていたが、今日ではほとんど作られていない。
English: Hokkaido: 'Tokachi Wine' (Ikeda Town [Hokkaido]), 'Furano Wine' (Furano City), 'Otaru Wine' (Otaru City)
Japanese: 北海道：「十勝ワイン」（池田町(北海道)）・「ふらのワイン」（富良野市）・「おたるワイン」（小樽市）
English: In Hokkaido, Ikeda Town (Hokkaido) undertook grape-growing and wine production as revitalization of the town to recover economically from a state of bankruptcy and was able to make it successful over the 20 years from the 1960s.
Japanese: 北海道では、池田町(北海道)において、破綻状態の町の財政状況から回復すべく、町おこしとしてのブドウ生産とワイン醸造が行われ、1960年代から20年の歳月をかけてこれに成功した。
English: Thereafter, many region began to foster production, the main cause of which was the influence of the nationwide 'Isson Ippin Undo' (One Village, One Specialty Movement).
Japanese: その後、全国の「一村一品運動」などに影響をあたえ、各地での生産を育む要因となっている。
English: Niigata Prefecture: 'Iwanohara Wine' (Joetsu City), 'Agri Core Echigo Winery' (Minamiuonuma City)
Japanese: 新潟県：「岩の原ワイン」（上越市）・「アグリコア越後ワイナリー」（南魚沼市）
English: In wine production in the Joetsu region, there has been a tradition of Japanese wine since the Meiji period, inheriting achievements of Zenbei KAWAKAMI who is also called 'the father of Japanese grape for wine.'
Japanese: 上越地域におけるワイン醸造は「日本のワイン葡萄の父」とも称せられる川上善兵衛の偉業を引き継ぐ明治以来の国産ワインの伝統を誇る。
English: It is known as the birthplace of wine, cultivated by Denbei KAMIYA, but no grapes are grown now and wines using imported concentrated juices, wines and domestic grapes are produced.
Japanese: 神谷伝兵衛が開墾したワイン発祥の地として知られるが、現在はブドウの生産を行っておらず、輸入濃縮果汁、ワイン、国内産ブドウを使用しワインを製造している。
English: Because the soil in Kofu basin is suitable for fruit cultivation, today it is one of the largest wine-producing areas in Japan.
Japanese: 甲府盆地内の果実栽培に適した土壌を受けて、現在では日本有数の生産地のひとつである。
English: In Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe City took the initiative in launching independent wineries by relating them to agricultural production and tourism in urban areas as well as developing city-brand products.
Japanese: 兵庫県では、神戸市が率先し、都市部での農業生産と観光事業をからませて独自のワイナリーを立ち上げ、市のブランド品としての商品開発をおこなっている。
English: These large manufacturers import and sell wines produced by overseas manufacturers, and produce and sell wines using imported concentrated juices and imported bulk wine or wines produced in their own winery.
Japanese: これらの大手メーカーは海外の生産者によるワインの輸入販売、輸入濃縮果汁や輸入バルクワインを使用したワイン、自社ワイナリーで生産したワインの生産、販売を行っている。
English: Also, in the past, there was a scandal in which diethylene glycol was added to imported noble rot (wine made with grapes affected by noble rot).
Japanese: 過去には輸入貴腐ワインにおいてジエチレングリコール混入事件などもあった。
English: However, large manufacturers have the advantage of being able to 'provide products that maintain a certain level of quality at low cost and in large quantity in the market' and they have definitely become one of the pillars of wine consumption market in Japan.
Japanese: しかし、大手メーカの強みとして「およその水準を保った製品を、比較的安価にかつ大量に市場に提供する」ことが可能であり、確実に日本のワイン消費市場の柱の一本となっている。
English: It is notable here that, aside from these large producers, there are a number of winemakers in Japan, from small to medium sized winemakers, family run winemakers to winemakers who purchase raw materials (grapes) from farmers or overseas and do only wine production and each winemaker follows its own management and production policies and produces many brands though they are small-sized.
Japanese: ここであえて特筆すべきはこれら大手メーカーとは別に、比較的中規模から、家族経営のもの、原料の葡萄は農家や海外より全て買い入れて醸造だけを行うものまで、日本国内には数多くのワイン醸造業者があり、それぞれがそれぞれの経営・生産方針に則り、小規模ながらも多くの銘柄を産出しているということである。
English: Each winery has its own specialty and is willing to become a pillar or create a path to boost Japanese wine industry.
Japanese: それぞれが各々の得意をもって、自ら柱となり道となり、日本のワイン業界を盛り立てているのである。
English: Nihon yakkyokuho (Japanese Pharmacopoeia) lists 'budoshu' as alcoholic analeptic.
Japanese: 日本薬局方に「ブドウ酒」がアルコール系滋養強壮剤として収載されている。
English: To work up an appetite, it is consumed as is (red wine mixed with lemonade) as a medicine, or it is mixed with other preparations to make it easier to drink, so it is also used in diet for hypertension and so on.
Japanese: 食欲増進などに製剤としてそのまま（赤酒リモナーデ）、もしくは他剤と配合して飲み易くする為、高血圧などの食事療法にも用いられている。
English: Godo Shusei Co., Ltd. (present Oenon Holdings, Inc.) used to produce wine as 'Kyokuho Hachi Budoshu,' but production was discontinued in 1982 due to drug price revision and so on and there has been a long blank period.
Japanese: かつては合同酒精（現・オエノンホールディングス）が「局方ハチブドウ酒」として製造していたものの、薬価改定等の理由によって1982年(昭和57年)に製造中止となり長らく空白状態が続いていた。
English: The production of budoshu was resumed by Nakakita Co., Ltd. in Aichi Prefecture in its Tsushima factory in 1992
Japanese: 愛知県の中北薬品によって1992年(平成4年)に同社津島工場において生産が再開された。
English: Now it is available for public as 'Kusuri no Budoshu' (name of medical product is 'Japanese Pharmacopoeia wine') at pharmacies or drugstores.
Japanese: 現在では「くすりのぶどう酒（医薬品名「日本薬局方ブドウ酒」）」として薬局・薬店を通して一般にも購入する事ができる。
English: However, as with general wine, underage drinking should be avoided and it is prohibited to drive a vehicle after drinking.
Japanese: ただし、一般のワイン同様、未成年の飲用は控えるべきであり、飲用後の車両運転なども禁じられている。
English: Shiseido Seiyaku (Shiseido Pharmaceutical) in Tokyo also produces budoshu, but the details are unknown.
Japanese: 東京都の司生堂製薬もブドウ酒を製造しているが、こちらは詳細は不明である。
English: As system of appellation of origin, France's Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) and the United States' American Viticultural Areas (A.V.A. for short) are established as legal systems.
Japanese: 原産地呼称制度として、フランスではアペラシオン・ドリジーヌ・コントロレ（AOC原産地統制呼称）、アメリカ合衆国ではアメリカ葡萄栽培地域（enAmericanViticulturalAreas略称A.V.A.）が法制度として定められている。
English: In Japan there was no nationwide legal system, regardless of origin of raw material or types of grape, anything that was fermented domestically could be labeled as 'Japanese wine.'
Japanese: 日本においては全国的な法制度は整っておらず、原料産地や葡萄品種に関係なく国内で醸造を行う事で「日本産」を表示することが可能となっていた。
English: Because of this, some products labeled as Japanese wine that were produced using imported grape juice were distributed.
Japanese: このため、輸入果汁から生産された日本産ワインというものまで流通していた。
English: Now, 'standards of representation of domestic wines' of Wine hyoji mondai kento kyogikai (Council for studying issue of wine's appellation) is revised and few wines which are produced by domestically fermenting imported grape juice are labeled as Japanese (domestic) wine.
Japanese: 現在はワイン表示問題検討協議会の「国産ワインの表示に関する基準」が改正され、輸入果汁を日本で醸造したワインを日本産（国内産）ワインと表記することは殆ど無くなっている。
English: Most of the low-priced wines sold by Japanese manufacturers are still produced by fermenting imported concentrated juices in Japan (in some cases, some of these wines are mixed with bulk imported wines).
Japanese: 現在も日本のメーカーが発売する低価格帯ワインの多くは輸入した濃縮果汁を日本で醸造したものである（ものによってはそれにバルク輸入した輸入ワインが混ぜられる事もある）。