nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The standard weight was one plate of gold (165 grams), which was equivalent to 44 monme; however, the actual standard weight was 44 monme and 2 bu with additional 2 bu as decrease in the weight at the time of minting and abrasion were taken into consideration.
Japanese: 質量は金一枚（京目拾両）すなわち四十四匁を基準としているが、実際には吹き減りおよび磨耗などを考慮し二分の入り目が加えられ、四十四匁二分が規定量目である。
English: At first an obanza was established at the northern end of Muromachi-dori Street in Kyoto, and after 1625, obanza were also opened in Edo.
Japanese: 大判座は当初、京都の室町通の北端に設けられ、寛永2年（1625年）以降は江戸にも大判座が開設された。
English: Types of oban minted from the Keicho era to the Meireki era are as follows and it is said that each coin is more or less different in its karat.
Japanese: 慶長年間から明暦年間までの鋳造のものには以下のものがあり、それぞれ多少の金品位の違いがあるといわれる。
English: Hitotsugoku-in: On the back side one hallmark is carved and the hallmark is one of the following characters: "田" (ta), "ま" (ma), "金" (kin), and "さ" (孫).
Japanese: 一ツ極印（ひとつごくいん）：裏面に「田」、「ま」、「金」、「さ」、「孫」の極印のいずれかが一つ打たれている。
English: Nami Ban: On the back side, a hallmark of a combination of two characters selected from the following is carved: 'ゑ・九' (e and nine), 'さ・新' (sa and shin), and '長・新' (cho and shin).
Japanese: 次判（なみばん）：裏面に「ゑ・九」、「さ・新」、「長・新」の極印のいずれかが打たれている。
English: The scale of the Great Fire of Meireki occurred in 1657 was so huge that even the castle tower of Edo-jo Castle and Gokinzo (treasure house of Edo-jo Castle) were also damaged.
Japanese: 明暦3年（1657年）の明暦の大火による被害は江戸城の天守閣および御金蔵まで及び、鎔け流れた金銀を明暦4年（1658年）より万治3年（1660年）に掛けて江戸城三の丸で吹き直し鋳造された大判が明暦大判（めいれきおおばん）と呼ばれるが、慶長大判の一種として扱われる。
English: Its shape became less angular, and additionally, dots carved by chisel became coarser and they sloped from right to left.
Japanese: 形状はやや撫肩のものとなり、鏨目は粗くなり、やや右肩上がりの方向に打たれたものが多い。
English: Meirekiban (also referred to as Edoban): On the back side, the hallmark of '久・七・新' (kyu, seven, shin) or '九・七・竹' (nine, seven, take) is carved, and this Meirekiban has the bigger number of existing coins than any other Keicho Oban types.
Japanese: 明暦判（めいれきばん）もしくは江戸判（えどばん）：裏面に「久・七・新」または「九・七・竹」の極印が打たれ、現存数は慶長大判の中ではこの明暦判が最も多い。
English: On the back side, a hallmark consisting of three characters is carved and the hallmark is one of the following four combinations: '弥・七・九' (ya, seven, nine), '次・七・九' (nami, seven, nine), '坂・七・九' (saka, seven, nine), and '弥・七・新' (ya, seven, shin).
Japanese: 裏面に「弥・七・九」、「次・七・九」、「坂・七・九」、「弥・七・新」のいずれかの極印が打たれている。
English: On the back side, a hallmark consisting of four characters is carved and the hallmark is one of the following three combinations: '次・七・源・九' (nami, seven, gen, nine), '坂・七・源・九' (saka, seven, gen, nine), '弥・七・源・九' (ya, seven, gen, nine).
Japanese: 裏面に「次・七・源・九」、「坂・七・源・九」、「弥・七・源・九」のいずれかの極印が打たれている。
English: Genroku-Oban refers to a large-sized gold coin issued in November 1695 following the issuing of the Keicho-Oban.
Japanese: 元禄大判（げんろくおおばん）とは元禄8年（1695年）11月に慶長大判についで発行された大判である。
English: As Genroku-Koban (a gold coin smaller than the Oban) and Genroku-Chogin (silver coin) were released according to the Genroku's currency reforms of September 1695, the Oban was issued with a decreased gold content and its minting was mainly done at a minting place built in a radish field near Ryoun-ji Temple in Hongo, Edo (Bunkyo-ku Ward, Tokyo) where Genroku gold and silver was also processed.
Japanese: 元禄8年（1695年）9月の元禄の吹替え（改鋳）による元禄小判および元禄丁銀の発行に伴い、大判も品位を下げて発行され、鋳造は元禄金銀と伴に専ら江戸本郷(文京区)霊雲寺近くの大根畑に建てられた吹所で行われた。
English: It was an angular, oval coin with the letters "ju-ryo (ten-ryo) GOTO (written seal mark)" written in ink by Kenjo GOTO the tenth and Tsujo the eleventh on its surface, and it was an angular, oval coin with a hallmark of paulownia in a circle each on the upper, lower, left and right parts of it.
Japanese: 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤十代廉乗および十一代通乗の書であり、上下左右に丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、形状は角ばった楕円形である。
English: It was characterized by the engraved mark of "Gen" (the first letter of the word Genroku era) on its back, making itself the only coin bearing such a mark among other Oban coins, although this kind of mark could often be seen on Kobans and Chogin silvers whose contents of gold were decreased.
Japanese: 裏面には「元」の年代印が打たれることを特徴とするが、品位が低下された小判および丁銀にしばしばこの年代印が見られるのに対し、大判としてはこの元禄大判の年代印が唯一のものである。
English: It bore one of the following engraved seals on its back: "mo, seven, kyu,""mo, sa, kyu,""mo, u, kyu,""mo, yama, kyu" or "mo, saka, kyu."
Japanese: 裏面に「茂・七・九」、「茂・さ・九」、「茂・宇・九」、「茂・山・九」、「茂・坂・九」のいずれかの極印が打たれている。
English: Although as many as 31,795 or 30,240 of the Oban were minted, which was a large amount for Obans minted during the Edo Period, authentic ones are now a rare item.
Japanese: 鋳造枚数は31,795枚あるいは30,240枚と江戸時代の大判としては多いが、今日、真正品とされるものの現存数は非常に少なく稀少性が高い。
English: Although its content of gold was decreased by more than 20 percent, the price was only 1 percent lower from the Keicho Oban, and when compared with Genroku-Koban, the content of gold in the Oban was equivalent to nine-ryo one-bu and its market price was as much as seven-ryo two-bu.
Japanese: 二割以上の品位低下にも拘らず慶長大判との引換は1%の増歩しか付けられず、また、元禄大判の相場は元禄小判に対し、含有金量では九両一分に相当したが、相場は七両二分程度であった。
English: The period of currency was from its release in 1695 to the end of December 1725.
Japanese: 通用期間は元禄8年（1695年）発行当初より享保10年（1725年）11月末であった。
English: Kyoho-Oban refers to a large-sized gold coin released in July 1725.
Japanese: 享保大判（きょうほうおおばん）とは享保10年（1725年）6月に発行された大判である。
English: As Kyoho-Koban Kyoho-Chogin came to have its content of gold equivalent to that of Keicho-Koban Keicho-Chogin due to the currency reform of 1714, the Oban did the same to Keicho-Oban.
Japanese: 享保小判享保丁銀は正徳(日本)4年（1714年）の吹替え（改鋳）により慶長小判慶長丁銀の品位に復帰したが、大判についても慶長大判と同等のものに復帰することとなった。
English: It was the first Oban to have an official currency value, and both Kyoho-Koban and Kyoho-Koban Kyoho-ichibu-ban were given an official price of seven-ryo two bu.
Japanese: この大判は初めて公式に通用価値が設定され、享保小判、享保小判享保一分判に対し、七両二分と価格が公定された。
English: After the Gembun's currency reform of 1736, the market price of ten-ryo for Gembun-Koban was widely accepted.
Japanese: 元文元年（1736年）の元文の吹替え（改鋳）後は元文小判に対し十両の相場が一般化した。
English: it was an oval coin with slightly angular edges, but which was more rounded than the Keicho-Oban, and bore the letters "ju-ryo GOTO" written on the face of the coin in ink by Jujo, who was the twelfth family head of the GOTO clan, then by Enjo the thirteenth family head, followed by Keijo the fourteenth family head, Shinjo the fifteenth family head, Hojo the sixteenth family head, and Tenjo the seventeenth family head, and bore the stamp of a paulownia in a circle on all four corners of the coin.
Japanese: 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤十二代寿乗、十三代延乗、十四代桂乗、十五代真乗、十六代方乗、十七代典乗の書があり、上下左右に丸枠桐紋極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、形状はやや角ばった楕円形であるが慶長大判より撫肩となる。
English: Since it was in circulation for a long period, the ink writings on the surface had to be regularly renewed, resulting in the ink writings by six genererations of the Goto clan.
Japanese: 流通期間が長いことから墨書きの書き改めも頻繁に行われたため、後藤家六代に亘る墨書が存在することになった。
English: There are many existing Kyoho-oban, surpassed only by the Manen-Oban, although Kyoho-Obans with ink writings by the twelfth clan head, Jujo, are rare.
Japanese: 享保大判の現存数は万延大判についで多いが、初期の十二代寿乗による墨書は大変稀少である。
English: It had the engraved seal of an encircled paulownia, a hexagon, and a written seal mark at the center of the back of the coin, and had either one of the following on on the bottom left: "hisa, sa, take,""hisa, ishi, take,""hisa, saka, take,""hisa, u, take," or "hisa, shichi, take."
Japanese: 裏面中央に丸枠桐紋、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印、左下に「久・さ・竹」、「久・石・竹」、「久・坂・竹」、「久・宇・竹」、「久・七・竹」のいずれかの極印が打たれている。
English: Although eight thousand five hundred and fifteen of the Oban were minted, fifteen of them were crushed in minting tests by the Obanza, that the total coins released was 8,500.
Japanese: 鋳造枚数は8,515枚であるが、この内15枚は大判座において試し吹きのため鋳潰され、発行されたのは8,500枚である。
English: Kyoho-Oban was supposed to have it's gold content equivalent to that of the Keicho-Oban, but due to the money-handler's dealing of the Keicho-Oban, which was no longer in circulation, Tadasuke OOKA did not approve it's circulation and made the decision to melt it on April 1726.
Japanese: 享保大判は慶長大判の品位に復帰するものであったが、通用が停止されていた慶長大判が両替商に持ち込まれた際の扱いについて、享保11年（1726年）4月に大岡忠相は通用を認めず潰金扱いの裁定を下した。
English: He handled this Keicho-Oban matter differently from Keicho-Koban, which had been granted its currency again due to Shotoku's currency reform.
Japanese: この扱いは正徳の吹替えにより通用を再び認められた慶長小判とは異なるものであった。
English: The period of currency was from January 3, 1726 to May 30, 1860.
Japanese: 享保大判の通用期間は享保10年（1725年）12月1日より、万延元年（1860年）4月10日までであった。
English: Tenpo-Oban refers to a large-sized gold coin issued from August 13, 1838.
Japanese: 天保大判（てんぽうおおばん）とは天保9年（1838年）6月24日より発行された大判である。
English: It was not issued because of currency reform, and it was similar in shape to and close in gold quality to Kyoho-Oban (large-sized coin of the Kyoho era), and was also called fukimashi Oban or fukitsugi Oban.
Japanese: 吹替え（改鋳）によるものではなく、享保大判と同形式であり金品位も近く、吹増大判（ふきましおおばん）あるいは吹継大判（ふきつぎおおばん）とも呼ばれる。
English: Go-ryo ban (five-ryo coin) minted from August 1837 was originally the idea of Shinjo GOTO the fifteenth of Obanza (an organization associated with minting); however, the coin is also said to have been intended for bail-out measure for the organization because Oban minting emerged at the time when the organization was struggling to cope with economic difficulties after they had lost the role to mint coins to kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) because the coin was currency.
Japanese: 天保8年（1837年）8月から鋳造された五両判はもともと大判座の後藤十五代真乗が発案したものであったが、通貨であることを理由に金座に鋳造担当を奪われたことから大判座の財政難対策に苦慮していたところに登場した大判鋳造であり、大判座救済策の意味合いもあったとされる。
English: It had the letters '拾両後藤 (written seal mark)' (ten-ryo Goto) written with indian-ink by Hojo GOTO the sixteenth and Tenjo the seventeenth on its surface, and it was a little angular, oval coin with a hallmark of paulownia in a circle each on the upper, lower, left and right parts of it.
Japanese: 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤十六代方乗、十七代典乗の書であり、上下左右に丸枠桐極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、形状はやや角ばった楕円形である。
English: It was distinguishable from Kyoho-Oban for reasons including the thickness of the engraved short lines and the different figures of hallmarks on its surface.
Japanese: 表面の鏨目（たがねめ）がやや太く熨斗目（のしめ）に近く、極印の形状が異なることなどから享保大判と区別される。
English: In addition to hallmarks of paulownia patterns in a circle and in a hexagon and written seal mark at the center on its back, a hallmark of hereditary officer was engraved on the lower left.
Japanese: 裏面中央に丸枠桐紋、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印に加え、左下に座人極印が打たれる。
English: While the price of the Oban was supposed to be eleven-ryo three-bu to Genbun-Koban according to the content of gold, the actual price was fixed at ten-ryo.
Japanese: 元文小判に対し含有金量に基づけば十一両三分であったところに十両という相場が定着していた。
English: Under such a circumstance, merchants stored the Oban away, which led to a lack of Oban available, and later the Oban prices which had climbed to twenty-ryo to Bunsei-Koban and thirty two-ryo to Tenpo-Koban were lowered and settled at twenty-ryo two-bu because of the issuance of Tenpo-Oban.
Japanese: そんな中、商人による大判の退蔵が行われ大判の調達に不足をきたし、その後、文政小判に対し二十両、天保小判に対し三十二両まで高騰していた大判相場が、天保大判の発行により下落し二十両二分で落ち着いた。
English: The currency was used from August 13, 1838 to May 30, 1860, concurrently with Kyoho-Oban.
Japanese: 通用期間は天保9年（1838年）6月24日より、万延元年（1860年）4月10日までであり、享保大判と並行して流通した。
English: Manen Oban is a large-sized old Japanese gold coin issued in intercalary April of 1860; it is also called Shin Oban.
Japanese: 万延大判（まんえんおおばん）とは万延元年（1860年）閏3月に発行された大判であり、新大判（しんおおばん）とも呼ばれる。
English: Differing from the Oban (large-sized gold coin) that had been issued up to that time, Manen Oban had the purpose of being used as a currency, and it was issued as a 25-ryo gold coin, 25 times of Manen Koban (small-sized gold coin of the Manen era).
Japanese: 万延大判はこれまでの大判と異なり通貨としての目的もあり、万延小判に対し二十五両金貨として発行された。
English: However, the weight value was based on one gold coin of 30 monme, which was substantially lower in value than the weight value of a gold coin up to that time, 44 monme.
Japanese: これまで原則として金一枚すなわち四十四匁を基準としてきた量目が大幅に引き下げられ、三十匁となった。
English: From April 13, 1860, until June 14, 1860, a total of 854 Manen Oban with the hallmarks of '恒, 宇, 吉' (tsune, u, yoshi) and '伊, 宇, き' (i, u, ki) in the taganeme pattern were minted.
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）閏3月23日より4月25日までは鏨目で「恒・宇・吉」および「伊・宇・き」が854枚である。
English: From June 18, 1860, until August 15, 1861, a total of 9491 Manen Oban with the hallmarks of '吉, 宇, き' (yoshi, u, ki) and '吉, 安, 大' ('yoshi, yasu, dai) in the noshime pattern were minted.
Japanese: 同年4月29日から文久元年7月10日までは熨斗目で「吉・宇・き」および「吉・安・大」合計9,491枚である。
English: From August 16, 1861, until February 12, 1863, the pattern was changed back to taganeme; 4565 Manen Oban with the hallmarks of '吉, 宇, き' (yoshi, u, ki) in the taganeme pattern were minted, and 2187 Manen Oban with '吉, 安, 大' (yoshi, yasu, dai) in the taganeme pattern were minted.
Japanese: 文久元年（1861年）7月11日から文久2年（1862年）12月24日は鏨目に戻り、「吉・宇・き」4,565枚、「吉・安・大」2,187枚であった。
English: Manen Oban was used from May 30, 1860, until the end of September 1874, when the use of old gold and silver coins was stopped.
Japanese: 通用期間は万延元年（1860年）4月10日より、古金銀通用停止の明治7年（1874年）9月末までであった。
English: Seiin was the highest organ of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) system issued in 1871 after the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: 正院（せいいん）とは1871年（明治4年）の廃藩置県後に発布された、太政官職制の最高機関である。
English: The traditional Daijokan was divided into three; Seiin, Sain (Council of the Left), and Uin (Council of the Right), and it took precedence over both the councils of Right and Left.
Japanese: それまでの太政官を正院、左院、右院の三つに分け、左右両院の上に立つ。
English: The Seiin which attended to government affairs was equivalent to the traditional Daijokan and it consisted of Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), Nagon (councilor), and Sangi (councillor).
Japanese: 政務を執る正院は従来の太政官に相当し、太政大臣、納言、参議、で構成される。
English: Afterwards, it was reformed in 1873, it had more authority and the responsibility for hohitsu (to make advices to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) toward the Emperor was clarified.
Japanese: その後、1873年に改正され、その権限はさらに強まり、天皇輔弼の責任が明確にされた。
English: In ancient Japan, the term "Shoban" meant three countries in the Korean Peninsula called 'Sankan' as well as the clans of settlers originally from there.
Japanese: 諸蕃（しょばん）とは、古代日本においていわゆる「三韓」と呼ばれた朝鮮半島の国々及びそこに出自を持つ渡来人系氏族を指す言葉。
English: In the ancient China, the surrounding countries were referred to as 'Ban' meaning 'Kegai' (out of state reign), which Japan is believed to have imitated.
Japanese: 古代中国において周辺諸国を「化外」という意味で「蕃」と呼称したものが、日本でもこれを模倣して用いたと考えられている。
English: The writing '諸蕃 (Shoban),' '蕃 (Ban)' (foreign lands) and '蕃国 (Bankoku)' (barbarian countries) were often used, for example in "the Nihon Shoki" (the Chronicle of Japan) in its Article of November, 482 (under the reign of Emperor Seinei,) and in several other Articles of the Chronicle, on the other hand '玄番寮 (Genba-ryo)' (a bureau for Buddhism and aliens) was established under the Ritsuryo System.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』清寧天皇3年11月条（482年）以下複数の記事が見られ、律令制でも「玄蕃寮」が設置されるなど、「諸蕃」・「蕃」・「蕃国」の表記がしばしば用いられた。
English: However, the writing, '隣国 (Rinkoku)' (the neighboring country), which has same wakun (the Japanese reading way of Chinese characters) as "Shoban," was officially used for a big country, China.
Japanese: ただし、大国である中国（唐）に対しては同じ和訓を持つ「隣国」という表記が公式には用いられた。
English: In the last half of the 7th century, when Shiragi (Silla) unified the Korean Peninsula, countries in the Korean Peninsula used to be referred to as "Shoban" became in fact the one country, so that the term Shoban was sometimes used in the sense of Shiragi.
Japanese: また、7世紀後半に新羅が朝鮮半島を統一すると、対象国が事実上同国のみとなってしまったために新羅を指して蕃国と呼ぶ例も現れる。
English: It is not clearly known when the term 'Shoban' began to be used in the sense of settlers, but according to 'Konin-shiki,' commentaries to "the Nihon Shoki" (the Chronicle of Japan), there already existed a book referred to as "Shoban Zasshoki" in the Konin era.
Japanese: 渡来人としての「諸蕃」の使用の始期については不明な点も多いが、『日本書紀』の注釈書である「弘仁私記」には、当時『諸蕃雑姓記』という書物があったことが記されている。
English: The term "Shoban" in the sense of settlers could definitely be identified in "Shinsen Shojiroku" (the New Selection and Record of Hereditary Titles and Family Names) completed in 815, where several terms for the place of origin were referred to, such as 'Kobetsu' (families branched out of the Imperial family) and 'Shinbetsu' (clans branched out of a family of god), along with which the term 'Shoban' (not 'Banbetsu') was defined to mean "clans originally from Daikan (China) or Sankan (three Korean Kingdoms)."
Japanese: 確実に判明するものでは、弘仁6年（815年）に成立した『新撰姓氏録』であり、「皇別」・「神別」と並んで「諸蕃」（「蕃別」ではない）という出自呼称が用いられ、「大漢（中国）三韓の族」を意味するものと定義されている。
English: Basically, the samurai was given a chigyo (fief, or estate of land) from his Lord and was obliged to do military service in return.
Japanese: 武士は基本的に主君から知行を与えられて、それに対応した軍役を義務として果たすものであった。
English: The chigyo system (awarding of estates) of the Edo bakufu was based on this principle, and in its beginning, there was no salary for the post apart from the estate.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の知行制度もこの方針に基づいて行われており、初期においては役職についても知行とは別個の給与などは与えられていなかった。
English: However, appointment to a post in the bakufu came to be decided taking into account not only Chigyo daka (a stipend in terms of rice production of the estate) but also the functional skill of the person, and on occasions, some excellent samurai were chosen by the Shogun's retainers and installed in important posts, but they could not pay for the expenses associated with the post from their 'chigyo daka' alone and could fall into poverty.
Japanese: しかし、幕府の役職人事が知行高のみならずその職務能力なども考慮して行われるようになると、優秀な人材を抜擢して要職に就けた場合、それに伴う経費の負担をその知行高の範囲では賄いきれない場合もあり、却ってその幕臣が困窮する事態も生じた。
English: As a remedy for such an event, on May 3, 1665, the yakuryo system focusing on bankata (guards) was established.
Japanese: こうした事態の救済のために寛文5年3月18日(旧暦)（1665年）に番方を中心とした役料制度が定められた。
English: According to "Tokugawa jikki" (The True Tokugawa Records), it was specified that 2000 hyo (bale [a traditional unit for rice of 60 kilograms]) be given to Oban gashira (captains of the great guards), 1000 hyo to shoinban gashira (chief of military patrol) and koshogumiban gashira (chief of the bodyguard of the Shogun), 700 hyo to shinban gashira (person in charge of guarding the shogun and inspecting arms) and hyakuninkumiban gashira (chief of a special firearm troop with 100 members), and 500 hyo to mochiyumitsutsu gashira (chief of archery troop and firearm troop), sakite gashira (chief of a troop for maintaining security), hoko gashira (chief of guards), shoinban kumigashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards), koshogumi kumigashira (leader of page corps), kojunin gashira (leader of escort guard), metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), and tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield).
Japanese: 『徳川実紀』によれば、大番頭2000俵、書院番頭・小姓組番頭1000俵、新番頭・百人組番頭700俵、持弓筒頭・先手頭・歩行頭・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・小十人頭・目付・使番500俵と定められた。
English: Then, in July of the following year, it was also specified that 2000 hyo be given to rusui (caretaker or keeper), 1000 hyo to ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate) and machi bugyo (town magistrate), 700 hyo to hata bugyo (flag magistrate), sakuji bugyo (magistrate of building), and kanjo gashira (chief financial officer), and 500 hyo to yari bugyo (magistrate of spear), rusuiban (caretaker or guard on night duty) and fushin bugyo (magistrate of civil engineering work.)
Japanese: 続いて翌年7月には留守居2000俵、大目付・町奉行1000俵、旗奉行・作事奉行・勘定頭700俵、槍奉行・留守居番・普請奉行500俵などと定められた。
English: However, because of financial circumstances and so on, in April 1682, the yakuryo system itself was abolished and became included into the chigyo daka.
Japanese: だが、財政的な事情などから天和(日本)2年（1682年）4月には役料を廃止して在職者の役料をそのまま当人の知行高に加えた。
English: Then, around 1689, yakuryo for specific posts was re-introduced, and in 1692, the yakuryo system was officially brought back.
Japanese: その後、元禄2年（1689年）頃より、特定の役職に対する役料支給が行われ、同5年（1692年）には役料制度が正式に復活された。
English: In the system at that time, a certain kokudaka (crop yield) was prescribed for each post and if the chigyo fell short of the target, a fixed amount of yakuryo was given.
Japanese: この時の制度は役職ごとに一定の石高を定め、その水準を満たさない知行保持者にのみ定額の役料を与えた。
English: Of the bakufu officials who were in office during the thirty years from 1692 to 1722, 79% of ometsuke, machi bugyo and kanjo bugyo officials, and 29% of oban gashira officials received yakuryo payments.
Japanese: 元禄5年（1692年）から享保7年（1722年）までの30年間に在任した幕府役職者のうち、大目付・町奉行・勘定奉行就任者の79％、大番頭就任者の29％が役料支給の対象となった。
English: In order to balance the limited financial affairs of the bakufu with the yakuryo system, in June 1723, the tashidaka system (a wage system established by Edo bakufu) was introduced.
Japanese: 限られた幕府財政と役料制度とのバランスを図るべく、享保8年（1723年）6月に導入されたのが、足高制である。
English: In this system, a standard amount was set for each post and a crop yield corresponding to a shortfall was added for a limited time, as long as they remained in the post.
Japanese: 役職ごとに基準高を定め、それに不足する分の石高を在任中に限定して加増するものであった。
English: The system was partly modified in August 1724 and April 1739 and became the basis of the yakuryo system.
Japanese: 同制度は翌享保9年（1724年）7月と元文4年（1739年）3月に一部修正が行われて、役料制度の基本とされた。
English: However, with respect to ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period), yakuryo was paid separate from tashidaka because of the importance of duties and high expenditure.
Japanese: ただし、遠国奉行などに関してはその職務の重要性と出費の機会の多さから足高とは別個に役料が支給された。
English: Accompanied with the shift to gold-and-silver-oriented financial affairs of the bakufu, on October 23, 1867, tashidaka, yakuryo, and yakufuchi (employment salaries) more valuable than hoi (traditional everyday clothes) were abolished and unified into yakukin (monthly salary according to status), however, yakukin was abolished before it actually functioned because of the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) of that year.
Japanese: 慶応3年9月26日(旧暦)（1867年10月23日）に幕府財政の金銀中心への移行に伴い、布衣以上の足高・役料・役扶持などを廃止して役金に統一するが、同年の大政奉還によって実際に機能する前に廃止されることになった。
English: Tochokufu refers to a Daijokanpu (the official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) to deliver and enforce the order of the Emperor.
Japanese: 騰勅符（とうちょくふ）とは、天皇の勅を伝えて施行するために出される太政官符。
English: The copied ('謄') tochokufu that the chokushi (imperial order) is transcribed to a Daijokanpu without change is also a part of the tochokufu, and they are often mixed up.
Japanese: また、勅旨をそのまま太政官符に書き写した（「謄」）謄勅符（とうちょくふ）も騰勅符の一部であり、しばしば混同される。
English: It was formerly considered that tochokufu was created to deliver the chokushi (imperial order) to the officials staying outside of Kyoto, according to the interpretation of the Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) (Ritsuryo law).
Japanese: 古くは公式令(律令法)の解釈から、勅旨を在外諸司に伝えるために作成されたと考えられてきた。
English: However, the recent study shows that all the orders issued by the Emperor including mikotonori (imperial decree) and Daijokanso (report to the emperor from Daijokan) were subject of study as needed, and that it was also issued to the officials staying in Kyoto.
Japanese: が、近年の研究では、必要によっては詔や太政官奏など天皇から出された命令全般が対象となり、かつ在京諸司に対しても出されていたと考えられている。
English: Kanjosho is a kind of account book prepared for settlement of balances on rice, soy beans, gold, silver and others.
Japanese: 勘定帳（かんじょうちょう）とは、米や大豆、金・銀などの収支決算を行うために作成した会計帳簿の1つ。
English: Kanjocho were also used by domains, merchants and other citizens, but in a more limited sense they mean a variety of account books prepared by local governors dispatched from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for reports to be submitted to kanjosho (financial offices).
Japanese: 諸藩や商家など民間でも用いられたが、狭義においては江戸幕府から派遣された代官が勘定所に報告するために作成した各種帳簿を指す。
English: Local account books used to record revenue and expenditure, as well as settlements after payments in full, for land taxes, miscellaneous taxes, public levies imposed on workers, license fees, etc.
Japanese: 地方勘定帳（じかたかんじょうちょう）は、年貢・小物成・運上・冥加などの出納・皆済後決算を扱う。
English: Treasure house account books used to record non-tax revenue and expenditure for administrative expenses, allowances, borrowings, etc.
Japanese: 御金蔵勘定帳（おかねぐらかんじょうちょう）は、年貢以外の出納、すなわち行政経費などの出費、諸手当の支給、拝借金などを扱った。