nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: High and low' at the beginning was 'shimin' in the Yuri draft, however according to retrospect of Fukuoka 'shimin was changed to high and low to broaden the meaning.'
Japanese: 冒頭の「上下」は、由利案では「士民」だったが、福岡の回顧によれば「一層意味を広くするために士民を上下に改めた」という。
English: 心を一にして (Shall be united) ' was cliche expressing the unity of Japanese people at the time and was used widely from literary works of Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) academics in the Edo period to the Imperial Rescript on Education.
Japanese: 「心を一にして」は日本国民の団結を表現する当時の決まり文句であり、江戸期の水戸学者の著作から後の教育勅語に至るまで広く使われている。
English: In Kokuze Sanron (the Three Major Discussion of State Policy) written by Shonan YOKOI for Echizen Domain where Yuri came from, there is a chapter '一国上の経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) ' in which finance and economy were mainly discussed, because Yuri who was affected by that, always used the word '経綸' as economy.
Japanese: 由利の出身藩である越前藩のために横井小楠が著した「国是三論」において「一国上の経綸」という章があり、そこでは主に財政経済について論じられていることから、その影響を受けた由利は経綸の語を専ら経済の意味で用いていた。
English: Therefore '盛に経綸を行う (vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state) ' in this article probably meant 'encouraging economy' for Yuri.
Japanese: したがって、この条文のいう「盛に経綸を行う」とは由利にとっては「経済を振興する」という意味であったと思われる。
English: However, at that time the phrase 経綸 (the administration of affairs of state) was not familiar to common people, in Daijokan nittshi of Edo version it was written wrongly as 経論 with wrong pronunciation 'keiron('keirin'is right pronunciation of the word).'
Japanese: もっとも、当時、経綸の語は一般に馴染みのある語ではなく、江戸版の太政官日誌では経綸を経論と誤記しケイロンとルビを振っていた。
English: When Fukuoka looked back that later, he said 'Yuri kept saying the word, keirin at that time, so I just left it. Keirin seemed to mean originally economy and finance, but it can be interpreted by each preacher.'
Japanese: 福岡は後に回顧して「由利が盛に経綸経綸という文句を口癖のごとく振りまわしていた所であったからそのままにして置いたのである。経綸という字の意味は元は経済とか財政とかを意味していたようであるが、これは説く人々の解釈に任してよいのである」と述べている。
English: Generally the word, keirin is understood as a word referring not only economic policy but also general national policy.
Japanese: 一般的には、経綸の語は、経済政策に限らず国家の政策全般を意味するものとして理解されることが多い。
English: (modern written Japanese) 官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。(The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
Japanese: （現代表記）官武一途庶民にいたるまで、おのおのその志を遂げ、人心をして倦まざらしめんことを要す。
English: (The second article of Fukuoka draft) 官武一途庶民に至る迄各其志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを要す。 (The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.)
Japanese: （福岡案第二条）官武一途庶民に至る迄各其志を遂げ人心をして倦まざらしむるを要す
English: The word '官武一途 (no less than the civil and military officials)' at the beginning was added in the revised draft of Takachika FUKUOKA and '官 (the civil officials) ' means Daijokan (the Great Council of State) and central government, '武 (the military officials) ' means military families and regional lords, '一途 (no less than) ' means united.
Japanese: 冒頭の「官武一途」は語は福岡孝弟の修正案で追加されたものであり、「官」とは太政官すなわち中央政府、「武」とは武家すなわち地方の諸侯、「一途」は一体を意味する。
English: In the retrospect of Fukuoka 'No less than the civil and military officials means government of the country in which Imperial court and lords are engaged together.'
Japanese: これは福岡の回顧では「官武一途即ち朝廷と諸侯が一体となって天下の政治を行う」意味としている。
English: This provision declared fulfilling social life of the common people originally based on the intention of Yuri, however, because Fukuoka added 'No less than the civil and military officials' meaning politics, it is pointed out that the point of the provision became unclear (Masatsugu INADA).
Japanese: この条文は、もともとの由利の意図では庶民の社会生活の充足をうたったものであったが、福岡が政治の意味を込めて「官武一途」の語を挿入したため、条文の主旨が不明瞭になったことが指摘されている（稲田正次）。
English: Regarding this provision, a researcher before the war Takeki OSATAKE interpreted narrowly that 'evil customs of the past' referred to national isolation as well as expulsion of foreigners and 'the just laws of Nature' meant international public law or international law, and he concluded this provision defined a policy of opening of the country to the world.
Japanese: この条文を、戦前の研究者尾佐竹猛は、「旧来の陋習」は鎖国攘夷を指し、「天地の公道」は万国公法すなわち国際法の意味であり、この条文は開国の方針を規定したものとして狭く解釈していた。
English: However, in contrast, Masatsugu INADA, Masahito MATSUO, Suguru SASAKI explained clearly that 'the just laws of Nature' didn't only refer to a policy of opening of the country to the world and international law.
Japanese: しかし、これに対し、稲田正次・松尾正人・佐々木克たちは、「天地の公道」は開国の方針や国際法を示すことだけではなかったと明確に説明している。
English: In general '天地の公道 (the just laws of Nature) ' (宇内の通義 (Udai no Tsugi) ' in the first draft of Kido is interpreted as a way of human based on the workings of the universe.
Japanese: 総じて、「天地の公道」（木戸当初案では「宇内の通義」）とは、普遍的な宇宙の摂理に基づく人の道を指しているものと解される。
English: Regarding 'knowledge shall be sought throughout the world' in the first part, it seemed to have been adopted from 'knowledge shall be taken from the world' from above mentioned Kokuze Sanron by Shonan YOKOI
Japanese: 前段の「智識を世界に求め」については、前述の横井小楠「国是三論」に「智識を世界万国に取て」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
English: Fukuoka looked back this provision as 'the aim is to break down evil customs from the past like national isolation and to take and accomplish advantages from the world.'
Japanese: 福岡はこの条文を「従来の鎖国的陋習を打破して広く世界の長を採り之を集めて大成するの趣旨である」と回顧している。
English: (modern written Japanese) 我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
Japanese: （現代表記）我が国未曾有の変革を為んとし、朕、躬を以って衆に先んじ天地神明に誓い、大にこの国是を定め、万民保全の道を立んとす。
English: (Meaning) our country is making unprecedented transformation and I, the Emperor take initiative to swear to God, establish this national policy and preserve all the people.
Japanese: （意味）我が国は未曾有の変革を為そうとし、わたくし天皇が自ら皆に率先して天地神明に誓い、大いにこの国是を定め、万民を保全する道を立てようとする。
English: This ordinance was announced by the Emperor Meiji to a crowd of his subjects after having swore Five Articles before the altar.
Japanese: この勅語は、明治天皇が神前で五箇条を誓った後、群臣に向けて下した言葉である。
English: The Emperor Meiji didn't actually read out these sentences but Sanetomi SANJO read out in behalf of the Emperor.
Japanese: なお、明治天皇の言葉といっても、天皇自身が声に出した言葉ではなく、実際には三条実美が読み上げている。
English: 御諱' means real name and the real name of the Emperor Meiji, Mutsuhito was written.
Japanese: 「御諱」とは実名のことであり、ここには明治天皇の実名の睦仁が記されている。
English: (modern written Japanese) 臣等謹んで叡旨を奉載し死を誓い、黽勉従事、冀くは以って宸襟を安じ奉らん。
Japanese: 臣等謹んで叡旨を奉載し死を誓い、黽勉従事、冀くは以って宸襟を安じ奉らん。
English: We subjects will gracefully accept the wish of the Emperor, pledge our lives, engage diligently and make the Emperor feel at ease, hopefully.
Japanese: 我ら臣下は謹んで天皇の意向を承り、死を誓い、勤勉に従事し、願わくは天皇を安心させよう。
English: Hotosho was a document that his subjects expressed their intention to follow the Emperor, which had the signature of the president and the other subjects.
Japanese: 奉答書は、群臣が天皇の意志に従うことを表明した文書であり、総裁以下の群臣の署名がある。
English: On March 14, 411 Kugyo and lords signed on it and the others did it later.
Japanese: 3月14日(旧暦)当日には411名の公卿と諸侯が署名し、残りの者は後日署名した。
English: Other than Kugyo and lords, former hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) holding more than 1,000 koku territory, who became direct retainers of the Emperor in May of the same year joined.
Japanese: 署名者には公卿と諸侯のほか、同年5月に天皇に直属する朝臣となった旧幕府旗本のうち千石以上の領地を持つ者も加わった。
English: The date of hotosho was written as the 4th year of Keio era, but by the edict of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each emperor, it was changed to the first year of Meiji era, back in January 1 (different from changing the name of an era after Taisho).
Japanese: 奉答書の日付が「慶応四年」となっているが、後の一世一元の詔により慶応四年は1月1日(旧暦)に遡って明治元年に改められた（大正以降の改元とは異なるので要注意）。
English: Therefore it is official that 'the 4th year of Keio era' is to be read as 'the first year of Meiji era' here.
Japanese: このため、ここの「慶応四年」は「明治元年」に読みかえるのが正式である。
English: Japanese-style painter Nanyo INUI painted a picture that Sanetomi SANJO was reading out Charter Oath at the festival of the gods of heaven and earth and the lord of Tosa domain, the Yamauchi family devoted it to the Meiji-jingu Shrine in 1928.
Japanese: 天神地祇御誓祭で三条実美が御誓文を読み上げる光景を日本画家の乾南陽が描き、昭和3年に旧土佐藩主の山内家が明治神宮に奉納した。
English: It is on display as the title "Charter Oath of Five Articles" in Seitoku Kinen Kaigakan (Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery) in the outer garden of the Meiji-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 『五箇條御誓文』と題して明治神宮外苑聖徳記念絵画館で展示されている。
English: When Junichiro KOIZUMI was the Prime Minister, he often used the phrase 'all matters decided by open discussion' from Charter Oath.
Japanese: 小泉純一郎は首相在任当時、御誓文を元にした決まり文句「万機公論に決すべし」をよく使っていた。
English: In 2001 the policy speech of Prime Minister Koizumi was published as a book with the title '万機公論に決すべし (all matters decided by open discussion).'
Japanese: 2001年に小泉首相の所信表明演説が書籍として出版された際のタイトルは「万機公論に決すべし」であった。
English: On July 7, 2005, there was news report that the draft made by Kosei YURI and improved by Takachika FUKUOKA was auctioned and 5 days later Fukui Prefecture announced successful bid for 23,888,000 yen.
Japanese: 2005年7月7日、由利公正が作成し福岡孝弟の加筆訂正のある草稿が競売にかけられる旨の報道があり、5日後に福井県が2388万8000円で落札したと発表した。
English: It was shown in Fukui library in Fukui City and Fukui Prefectural Wakasa Library & Life-Long Learning Center in Obama City.
Japanese: 福井県立図書館（福井市）・福井県立若狭図書学習センター（小浜市）で公開された。
English: The agreement including 5 items made between the National Tax Administration Agency and Federation of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Korean resident in Japan is also called Charter Oath of Five Articles sometimes.
Japanese: 国税庁と在日朝鮮人商工連合会の間で取り交わされたとされる以下の五項目の合意も五箇条の御誓文と呼ばれることがある。
English: The Nara period was a period in Japan's history which, broadly speaking, lasted 84 years from 710 when the Empress Genmei transferred the capital to Heijokyo to 794 when the Emperor Kanmu transferred the capital to Heiankyo.
Japanese: 奈良時代（ならじだい、710年-794年）は広義には710年（和銅3年）に元明天皇が平城京に都を移してから、794年（延暦13年）に桓武天皇によって平安京に都が移されるまでの84年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
English: In the strict sense, it lasted only 74 years from 710 to 784 when the Emperor Kanmu transferred the capital to Nagaokakyo.
Japanese: 狭義には710年から784年（延暦3年）に桓武天皇によって長岡京に都が移されるまでの74年間を指す。
English: From 740 to 745, however, the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital to Kunikyo (Kizugawa City, Kyoto Prefecture), Nanbakyo (Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) and Shigaraki no Miya (Koga City, Shiga Prefecture) although each one was only capital for a short time.
Japanese: ただし、740年から745年にかけて、聖武天皇は恭仁京（京都府木津川市）、難波京（大阪府大阪市）、紫香楽宮（滋賀県甲賀市）に、それぞれ短期間であるが宮都を遷したことがある。
English: Heijokyo was built as a national centre of politics, mainly inhabited by officials, on the model of the capital of China, Changan.
Japanese: 平城京は、中国の都長安を模した都を造営し、役人が住民の大半を占める政治都市であった。
English: It was an age which aimed, through trial and error, to create ritsuryo kokka (a nation centrally governed in accordance with Chinese-based legal codes), an autocratic nation centered around the emperor and centralized authority.
Japanese: 試行錯誤しながら、律令国家・天皇中心の専制国家・中央集権国家を目指した時代であった。
English: This can be seen in the fact that Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) - which had been chosen and implemented before the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo - was reviewed and adapted in various ways so that it would be more suitable for real Japanese society.
Japanese: 平城京への遷都に先立って撰定・施行された大宝律令が、日本国内の実情に合うように多方面から検討し変更されるなどから上記が分かる。
English: The ritsuryo kokka in this period maintained control of the people through koseki (the household registers) and keicho (the yearly tax registers) and imposed soyocho (taxes) and military service.
Japanese: この時期の律令国家は、戸籍と計帳で人民を把握し、租・庸・調と軍役を課した。
English: In this period, many political strifes occurred in the central government and in Tohoku there were never-ending wars with Ezo.
Japanese: この時代、中央では政争が多く起こり、東北では蝦夷との戦争が絶えなかった。
English: From a political history viewpoint, the period can be divided into three: the Early Stage from the transfer of the capital to Heijokyo in 710 to Nagayao no hen (conspiracy of Prince Nagaya) in 729, the Middle Stage from the arbitrary exertion of power by four brothers of the Fujiwara family to the rebellion by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 764, and the Later Stage from administration by Dokyo and the Empress Koken (also known as Shotoku) onwards.
Japanese: 政治史的には、710年の平城京遷都から729年の長屋王の変までを前期、藤原四兄弟の専権から764年の藤原仲麻呂の乱までを中期、孝謙天皇称徳天皇および道鏡の執政以降を後期に細分できる。
English: The Tang Dynasty, who took over from the Sui Dynasty and unified China in 618, built a large empire and controlled a vast territory in East Asia, exerting a strong influence on the neighboring areas.
Japanese: 618年、隋に変わって中国を統一した唐は、大帝国をきずき、東アジアに広大な領域を支配して周辺諸地域に大きな影響をあたえた。
English: There was also active exchange with West and Central Asia and the capital Changan flourished as an international city.
Japanese: 西アジアや中央アジアなどとの交流も活発であり、首都長安は国際都市として繁栄した。
English: Various countries around China had friendly relations with Tang and the East Asian cultural sphere was formed with shared cultural features such as Chinese characters, Confucianism and Buddhism translated into Chinese.
Japanese: 周辺諸国も唐と通交し、漢字・儒教・漢訳仏教などの諸文化を共有して東アジア文化圏が形成された。
English: Japan, included in this group of small empires, had a system of ritsuryo kokka, where the emperor was in a position comparable to the emperor of China and Japan had an imperial structure in which Japan was regarded as the center of the world, similarly to Tang.
Japanese: その中にあって日本の律令国家体制では、天皇は中国の皇帝と並ぶものであり、唐と同様、日本を中華とする帝国構造を有していた。
English: It was a country worthy of the name 'small empire of eastern barbarians' and classified its sphere of sovereignty as 'kenai,' everywhere outside of this as 'kegai' and further classified kegai into Tang (defined as a 'neighboring country') 'shoban' (literally, miscellaneous barbarians, consisting of kingdoms in Korea: Silla and Balhae in this period) and 'Iteki,' including Ezo (northerners), Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) and inhabitants in southern islands.
Japanese: それは国家の統治権が及ぶ範囲を「化内」、それが及ばない外部を「化外」と区別し、さらに化外を区分して唐を「隣国」、朝鮮諸国（この時代には新羅と渤海）を「諸蕃」、蝦夷・隼人・南島人を「夷狄」と規定する「東夷の小帝国」と呼ぶべきものであった。
English: Whilst these classifications were set forth in ritsuryo codes, boasted about and strived for, it's another question altogether whether they were actually realized in the relationship with Tang and the Korean kingdoms.
Japanese: もちろん律令にそう規定し、それを自負したり目指したことと、とりわけ唐や朝鮮諸国との関係に実態がともなったかどうかは別の問題である。
English: Kentoshi (Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China,) starting with INUGAMI no Mitasuki in 630, were dispatched roughly once every twenty years in the Nara period.
Japanese: 630年の犬上御田鍬にはじまる日本からの遣唐使は、奈良時代にはほぼ20年に1度の頻度で派遣された。
English: The envoys consisted of approximately 500 people (including the chief, scholars and monks sent to Tang to study) and they made the voyage to Tang with four vessels.
Japanese: 大使をはじめとする遣唐使には、留学生や学問僧なども加わり、多いときには約500人におよぶ人びとが4隻の船に乗って渡海した。
English: Although Japan did not receive sakuho (homage by the Chinese emperor) from Tang, it was essentially treated as a tributary state which served Tang as a subject.
Japanese: 日本は唐の冊封はうけなかったものの、実質的には唐に臣従する朝貢国の扱いであった。
English: However, ship building technology and the art of navigation at the time were still fairly amateur, and shipwrecks were not uncommon.
Japanese: ただし、当時の造船術や航海術はなお未熟な点も多く、海上での遭難も少なくなかった。
English: Although such risks were involved, these envoys were incredibly influential to Japan at the time, by bringing back large numbers of books and high quality textiles, silverware, porcelain and musical instruments and also introducing advanced political systems and the international culture of Tang.
Japanese: そのような危険を冒してまで遣唐使たちは、多くの書籍やあるいはすぐれた織物や銀器・陶器・楽器などを数多く持ち帰り、また、唐の先進的な政治制度や国際色豊かな文化をもたらし、当時の日本に多大な影響をあたえた。
English: It is recorded in the official history of Tang that their thirst for knowledge in particular was so insatiable that some people from Japan sold goods bestowed by the emperor and spent all the money to buy books to take back to Japan.
Japanese: 中でも知識に対する貪欲さはすさまじく、皇帝から下賜された品々を売り払って、その代価ですべて書籍を購入して積み帰ったと唐の正史に記されるほどであった。
English: It was not only products of culture that were brought back; scholars and monks who obtained knowledge in Tang returned to Japan and played leading roles.
Japanese: 文物だけでなく、知識を身につけた留学生や留学僧も日本に戻って指導的な役割を果たしている。
English: In particular, when KIBI no Makibi and Genbo returned from Tang they were given important posts by the Emperor Shomu and were also active in the political world in Japan.
Japanese: とくに、帰国した吉備真備や玄ボウは、のちに聖武天皇に重用され、政治の世界でも活躍した。
English: Many envoys came and went between Silla, the kingdom that had unified the Korean Peninsula after the Battle of Hakusukinoe (Battle of Baekgang).
Japanese: 白村江の戦いののち朝鮮半島を統一した新羅との間にも多くの使節が往来した。
English: However, despite the fact it had consolidated its national strength, Japan still considered Silla as a 'barbarian country,' and tended to treat it as a dependent, thus relations between two countries became tense from time to time.
Japanese: しかし、日本は国力を充実させた新羅を「蕃国」として位置づけ、従属国として扱おうとしたため、ときに緊張が生まれた。
English: In order to keep Tang, a factor hindering unification of the peninsula, in check, Silla pretended to obey to Japan until the beginning of the eighth century.
Japanese: 新羅は、半島統一を阻害する要因であった唐を牽制するため、8世紀初頭までは日本に従うかたちをとっていた。
English: After the formation of Balhae, relations between Silla and Tang developed favorably and Silla began insisting on equal diplomatic relations, but Japan did not consent.
Japanese: 渤海の成立後に唐との関係が好転した新羅は、やがて対等外交を主張するようになったが、日本はこれを認めなかった。
English: Silla built a castle (毛伐郡城) in 723 to prepare for a Japanese invasion and, Japan temporarily installed a setsudoshi (military governor) to strengthen armaments.
Japanese: 新羅は日本の侵攻に備えて築城（723年、毛伐郡城）し、日本でも一時軍備強化のため節度使が置かれた。
English: In 737, a punitive expedition to Silla was discussed, but due the successive deaths of FUJIWARA no Muchimaro and his three brothers it was not materialized.
Japanese: 737年には新羅征討が議論に上ったが、藤原武智麻呂ら4兄弟が相次いで没したため、この時には現実のものとはならなかった。
English: In 755, when the Anshi Rebellion occurred and Tang was thrown into disorder, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro made preparations for a punitive war against Silla, based on Japan's strengthening relationship with Balhae (who posed a serious threat to Silla).
Japanese: 755年、安史の乱が起こり唐で混乱が生じると、新羅に脅威を抱く渤海との関係強化を背景に藤原仲麻呂は新羅への征討戦争を準備している。
English: In this way, although no conflict occurred, envoys from Silla were discontinued after the final embassy in 779, due to Silla's rising sense of national greatness and prestige.
Japanese: このように衝突には至らなかったが、新羅の大国意識の高揚により、新羅使も779年を最後に途絶えることとなった。
English: It is believed that many of treasures from Tang and southern countries currently kept in the Shosoin (treasure repository) were mediated by merchants of Silla.
Japanese: 現在の正倉院に所蔵されている唐や南方の宝物には新羅商人が仲介したものが少なくないとされている。
English: Around the end of eighth century, Japanese envoys to Silla were discontinued, but merchants of Silla intensified their activities.
Japanese: 8世紀末になると遣新羅使の正式派遣は途絶えたが、新羅商人の活動はむしろ活発化している。
English: Japan carried out rigorous diplomatic missions to Balhae, which had been established in 713 mainly by the Makkatsu tribe and people from former Goguryeo(狛族) in the north-eastern area of China.
Japanese: 713年、靺鞨族や旧高句麗人（狛族）を中心に中国東北部に建国された渤海(国)とは緊密な使節の往来がおこなわれた。
English: In 727, Balhae sent an envoy to Japan asking for diplomatic relations in order to cope with Tang and Silla, and became a vassal to Japan.
Japanese: 渤海は、唐・新羅の対抗上727年（神亀4年）に日本に渤海使を派遣して国交を求め、日本に対し臣従するかたちをとった。
English: Japan welcomed this tribute as the second coming of the 'barbarian country' Goguryeo and, highly valuing friendly relations with Balhae in relation to their struggle with Silla, they dispatched envoys.
Japanese: 日本もこれを「蕃国」高句麗の再来としてその朝貢を歓迎し、また新羅との対抗関係から、渤海との通交をきわめて重視し、遣渤海使を派遣した。
English: However, as Balhae consolidated its national strength, it became unnecessary to follow Japan.
Japanese: その渤海も、国力の充実とともに日本に対する「臣従」を必要としなくなった。
English: In reaction to this, Japan criticized the envoy sent in 771 for giving an impolite johyobun (memorial to the emperor).
Japanese: それに対し、771年の渤海使は上表文が無礼であることを日本に非難された。
English: On the other hand, envoys from Balhae began to put stress on trade and the frequency of their visits to Japan increased.
Japanese: その一方で渤海使も交易に比重を置くようになり、来日の頻度も増えていった。
English: In the beginning of the Heian period, the Balhae envoys had completely transformed to the extent in 824, FUJIWARA no Otsugu, who was udaijin (minister of the right) commented 'These men are merchants, so do not treat them as diplomatic envoys.'
Japanese: 平安時代初期には完全に変質したものとなり、824年には右大臣藤原緒嗣が「渤海使は商人であるので、今後は外交使節として扱わないように」と言うほどのものとなった。
English: The Southern part of Kyushu is an area which maintains unique methods of burial such as underground cave tombs, underground stone slab tombs and burial pits.
Japanese: 九州南部には、地下式横穴墓・地下式板石積石室墓・土坑墓などの独特な墓制が維持された地域である。
English: People in these areas were known as Kumaso in ancient times and, since the middle of the seventh century, Hayato.
Japanese: この地域の人々は古くは熊襲、7世紀後半ごろからは隼人と呼ばれるようになる。
English: Since around the end of the fifth century, influence of the Yamato (ancient Japanese) sovereignty gradually penetrated, but it was an area which the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) could not cover even after the enforcement of the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
Japanese: 5世紀末ごろから徐々に大和王権の影響が浸透していたが、大宝律令が施行された時点でも依然として律令制的支配の及ばない地域だった。
English: In 699, Mino-jo Castle and Inazumi-jo Castle were constructed and ritsuryo kokka began to apply control backed by military force.
Japanese: 699年に三野城・稲積城が築かれ、律令国家は軍事力を背景とした支配を進めはじめる。
English: In 709, the Hayato people began to pay tribute to the imperial court, asserting that Ezo and "iteki "(barbarians) - who were considered different race - were to be subjugated, and thus given important role in National ceremonies.
Japanese: 709年には隼人の朝貢制度が始まり、朝廷において蝦夷とともに異民族たる「夷狄」が服属していることを示し、国家の儀礼において重要な役割を与えられた。
English: However, resistance against such control was also strong and in 720, YAKO no Maro, the Governor of Osumi Province established seven years previously, was killed.
Japanese: しかし支配への抵抗も強く、特に720年には7年前に新設された大隅国の国守陽侯麻呂が殺害される事件が起こった。
English: As a countermeasure, the ritsuryo government dispatched a large-scale corps headed by OTOMO no Tabito as daishogun (commander in chief), and the Hayato people were suppressed by the next year.
Japanese: これに対して律令政府は大伴旅人を大将軍として大規模な軍を派遣し、翌年までかかって鎮圧した。
English: As a result, the ancient family registration system was introduced in 722 for the first time and, since then, there was no organized resistance from the Hayato people.
Japanese: その結果722年にははじめて古代の戸籍制度が行われ、以後隼人の組織的な抵抗はなくなった。
English: However, in the Nara period the Hayato people were merely subject to paying tribute and it was not until 800, after the start of the Heian period, that Handensei (state controlled land allotment) was applied to Osumi and Satsuma Provinces
Japanese: ただ奈良時代における隼人はあくまで朝貢の対象であり、大隅・薩摩国の両国に班田が行われるのは、平安時代に入った800年（延暦19年）のことである。
English: On the other hand, the present Southwest Islands had already been dispatching envoys to the Yamato sovereignty to pay tribute since the first half of the seventh century.
Japanese: 一方今の南西諸島からは、すでに7世紀の前半から使者が大和王権に「朝貢」するようになっていた。
English: In 698, Bekkokushi (researchers sent to Kyushu and the Northern islands of Japan during the Nara period) were dispatched to Minami-jima Island and the next year Tane (Tanegashima Island), Yaku (Yakushima Island), Amami (Amami Oshima) and Tokara (the Tokara Islands or Tokunoshima Island) came to pay tribute and, in 702, Tane Province was established as an administrative organization.
Japanese: 698年には覓国使が南島に派遣され、翌年多褹（種子島）、夜久（屋久島）、菴美（奄美大島）、度感（トカラ列島または徳之島）が朝貢に訪れ、702年には行政組織としての多禰国が設置された。
English: Special products such as yakogai (turban shell, lunica marmorata) and bishop wood (Bischofia javanica), which were used as materials for handicrafts, were brought from Minami-jima Island in return for iron wares.
Japanese: 南島からは工芸品の材料となる夜光貝や赤木といった特産物がもたらされ、また南島へは鉄器がもたらされた。
English: From the ruin of Dazaifu, mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written) with characters 'Amamishima' (Amami-Oshima Island) and 'Irabu-jima' (Oki-no-erabujima Island) was unearthed and vestiges of the manufacture of spoons with shells of yakogai were found in Kominato, Fuwaganeku ruins in Amami City of Amami Oshima Island.
Japanese: 大宰府跡からは「掩美嶋」（奄美大島）・「伊藍嶋」（沖永良部島か）と書かれた木簡が出土しており、また奄美大島奄美市の小湊・フワガネク遺跡から夜光貝による貝匙製作跡が見つかっている。