nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The tem "imperial inscription" ('chokugaku' in Japanese) refers to inscriptions at temples which were written by rulers such as the emperor and typically given to temples throughout the country.
Japanese: 勅額（ちょくがく）とは、皇帝・天皇などの為政者が国内の寺院に特に与える直筆の書で記された寺額。
English: The Tang Dynasty had a system of giving imperial inscriptions to specific temples as a protective policy for large national temples.
Japanese: 唐朝においては、特定の寺院に勅額を下賜する制度を、国家公認の大寺に対する保護政策として行っていた。
English: It is believed this was to curb the upsurge in unauthorized small temples, which were known as shodai and rannya.
Japanese: それは、招提や蘭若と称される、非公認の小規模寺院の乱立を予め抑制することが目的であったとされる。
English: The origin of the system is not clear, but it is known that it was already in place by the Sui Dynasty.
Japanese: その制度の淵源は不明であるが、すでに隋代には行われていたことが知られている。
English: In 978, Emperor Taizong announced the bestowal of inscriptions such as 'Taiping Xingguo' and 'Qian Ming' to temples throughout the country that did not already have inscriptions.
Japanese: 太平興国3年（978年）、太宗は天下の無額寺院に「太平興国」や「乾明」の寺額を下賜することを発令している。
English: After that, successive emperors such as the Northern Song Dynasty emperors Zhenzong and Renzong often gave inscriptions to temples that did not already have one, earning warnings from figures such as Guang SIMA.
Japanese: その後も、北宋の真宗(宋)や仁宗(宋)らの歴代の皇帝が、無額寺院への勅額下賜を度々行っており、司馬光らに諌められている。
English: This excessive granting of inscriptions was explained in an Imperial edict as being a prayer for the safety of the Imperial family as part of 'cultivating merit and virtue' ('hsiu kung te' in Chinese).
Japanese: このような勅額下賜の濫発の動機は、修功徳による帝室の安泰祈願であったことが、その詔勅の文言から判明する。
English: At the same time, the 'Chokusa juji' system, in which the chief priest of temples with an imperial inscription was assigned by the Imperial Court, was implemented.
Japanese: それと同時に、勅額寺院の住持を朝廷が任命する「勅差住持制」が行われるようになった。
English: This was a system where state-sponsored temples were ranked by the Imperial Court, which assigned chief priests and had them pray for the well-being of the Emperor and Imperial family, and granted the temples exemption from taxation.
Japanese: これは、天下の官寺を朝廷主導で序列化し、官寺として国家の手で住持を補任し、皇帝と帝室の安寧を祈祷すると同時に、非課税の恩恵を与える制度である。
English: The term "Magaibutsu" refers to Buddha statues which were carved into the natural rock face or bare rock or the rock scattered on mountains including an alcove of rock face.
Japanese: 磨崖仏（まがいぶつ）は、そそり立つ岩壁や岩壁を龕状に彫った内側に刻まれるなど、自然の岩壁や露岩、あるいは転石に造立された仏像を指す。
English: While a stone Buddhist image (an independent stone Buddhist image) which was made of a cut stone can be moved, Magaibutsu can not be moved because it was carved on natural rock face and so on.
Japanese: 切り出された石を素材に造立された石仏（独立石仏）は移動することが可能であるが、磨崖仏は自然の岩壁などに造立されているため移動することができない。
English: Ajanta Cave and Ellora Caves in India and Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes in China are especially famous.
Japanese: インドのアジャンター石窟、エローラ石窟、中国の雲岡石窟、龍門洞窟などは特に著名である。
English: Generally these large sites are called 'a stone cave' or 'a stone cave temple,' while comparatively smaller statues in Korean peninsula and Japan are called 'Magaibutsu.'
Japanese: 一般にはこれらの大規模な遺跡は「石窟」「石窟寺院」などと呼び、朝鮮半島や日本などに分布する、比較的小規模な造像を「磨崖仏」と称している。
English: In Japan, the statues which are made of stone and possible to be moved are often called 'stone Buddhist image.'
Japanese: 日本では、切石から造像した、移動可能なものを「石仏」と呼ぶ傾向が強い。
English: But as 'the stone Buddhist image of Usuki' shows, Magaibutsu is often called 'a stone Buddhist image' as well, so that there is not so strict distinction between 'stone Buddhist image' and 'Magaibutsu.'
Japanese: が、「臼杵の石仏」のように、磨崖仏のことを「石仏」と呼ぶことも多く、「石仏」「磨崖仏」の区別はさほど厳密なものではない。
English: It is said that the beginning of the making Magaibutsu in Japan goes back to the beginning of the Heian period and that Sanzon (Triad) Magaibutsu at the site of the Komasaka-dera Temple (Ritto City, Shiga Prefecture) is an example in the early period.
Japanese: 日本の磨崖仏の造立開始時期は平安時代初期までさかのぼると言われ、狛坂寺址の三尊磨崖仏（滋賀県栗東市）は最初期の事例とされている。
English: From the early part to the latter part of the Heian period, many Magaibutsu had been actively produced in various places, ranging from Kyusyu, Kinki, Kanto, Hokuriku districts to Tohoku district.
Japanese: 平安時代前期から後期に移行すると、各地に多くの磨崖仏が盛んに造立されるようになり、分布は九州地方、近畿地方、関東地方、北陸地方、東北地方に広がった。
English: Ashura (the transcription of asura in Sanskrit with the meaning of non-heaven) is a guardian god of Hachi Bushu (or Eight Legions, Protectors of Buddhist Teachings) in Buddhism.
Japanese: 阿修羅（あしゅら、あすら、サンスクリット語：asuraの音写、意訳：非天）は八部衆に属する仏教の守護神。
English: With a combative character, it was added between human and chikusho (Buddhist realm of beasts) of Goshu in the Mahayana Buddhism period and became the master of Ashura-do, Asura realm (path of bellicose demons) which was one of Rokudo (six posthumous worlds).
Japanese: 大乗仏教時代に、その闘争的な性格から五趣の人と畜生の間に追加され、六道の一つである阿修羅道（修羅道）の主となった。
English: Ashura is said to correspond to Ahura Mazda, which is the highest-ranking deity appearing in the ancient Persian scripture "Avesta" (see the article of historical background).
Japanese: 古代ペルシャの聖典『アヴェスター』に出る最高神アフラ・マズダーに対応するといわれる（以下、歴史的背景の項を参照）。
English: Ashura was said to be a good deity, because originally 'asu' meant 'life' and 'ra' meant 'give' in Sanskrit.
Japanese: 本来サンスクリットで「asu」が「命」、「ra」が「与える」という意味で善神だったとされる。
English: With the negative prefix 'a' and 'sura' meaning 'heaven,' however, Ashura was translated to non-heaven, non-human, and others.
Japanese: しかし、「a」が否定の接頭語となり、「sura」が「天」を意味することから、非天、非類などと訳された。
English: Therefore, it was thought to be demoted due to the fixed image as a villain in Hinduism with the rise of Taishakuten (Sakra devanam Indra).
Japanese: そのため、帝釈天の台頭に伴いヒンドゥー教で悪者としてのイメージが定着し、地位を格下げされたと考えられている。
English: Though Ashura was used for the strongest sexual justice in The Rig-Veda, it has been recognized as an awful Kijin (fierce god) since the Middle Ages (the times around the Heian period).
Japanese: リグ・ヴェーダでは最勝なる性愛の義に使用されたが、中古以来、恐るべき鬼神として認められるようになった。
English: Though it is not recognized in the theory of Goshu (Five Realms), in the theory of Rokudo it refers to the world in which people with fighting spirit at any time live in such mental condition, or refers to such a mental condition.
Japanese: なお五趣説では認めないが、六道説では、常に闘う心を持ち、その精神的な境涯・状態の者が住む世界、あるいはその精神境涯とされる。
English: The interpretation of a treasure hall of Kofuku-ji Temple describes 'Ashura' as "Taiyoshin" (the sun god) or "Hinokami" (the god of fire) in Indian Hinduism.
Japanese: 興福寺宝物殿の解説では、「阿修羅」はインドヒンドゥーの『太陽神』もしくは『火の神』と表記している。
English: Famous statues include the statues of eight legions and the statue of Asura (fighting demon) (National Treasure) of Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture as well as the statues of twenty-eight legions and the statue of Asura (fighting demon) (National Treasure) of Sanjusangendo Temple in Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 奈良県・興福寺の八部衆像・阿修羅像（国宝）や、京都府・三十三間堂の二十八部衆像・阿修羅像（国宝）が有名。
English: In Japanese, the situation with constant conflicts is sometimes called shuraba, using an analogy from Ashura precept (pandemonium).
Japanese: 日本語では、争いの耐えない状況を修羅道に例えて修羅場（しゅらば）と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: It refers to the place where fierce fighting is going on or the situation associated with such a place.
Japanese: 激しい闘争の行われている場所、あるいはそのような場所を連想させる状況を指す。
English: Generally, asura in Sanskrit exactly corresponds to ahura in Avesta in historical linguistics and is considered to be old divinity that probably goes back to the India-Iran period.
Japanese: 一般的には、サンスクリットのアスラ(asura)は歴史言語学的に正確にアヴェスター語のアフラ(ahura)に対応し、おそらくインド-イラン時代にまでさかのぼる古い神格であると考えられている。
English: In view of religious studies, Varuna (deity), which was considered to be the master of Asura in Veda materials, and Mithra correspond to Ahura Mazda and Mithra of Zoroastrianism in various aspects and are considered to correspond to the principal function (judicial and religious sovereignty) in Indian and European comparative mythological views.
Japanese: 宗教学的にも、ヴェーダ文献においてアスラの長であるとされたヴァルナ(神)とミトラは諸側面においてゾロアスター教のアフラ・マズダーとミスラに対応し、インド・ヨーロッパ比較神話学的な観点では第一機能（司法的・宗教的主権）に対応すると考えられている。
English: Though Asura is currently positioned as evil or a demon, it should be noted that it was often positioned as the highest-ranking deity rather than the evil conflicting with Indra and others in the older Veda period.
Japanese: アスラは今でこそ悪魔や魔神であるという位置づけだが、より古いヴェーダ時代においては、インドラらと対立する悪魔であるとされるよりは最高神的な位置づけであることのほうが多かったことに注意する必要がある。
English: However, one theory shows that the origin of Ashura is Sumerian, Assyrian, and Persian civilizations of the ancient Mesopotamia civilization.
Japanese: ただし、阿修羅の起源は古代メソポタミア文明のシュメール、アッシリア、ペルシア文明とする説がある。
English: These deities were introduced into India and became Asura, which was transliterated into 阿修羅 in China.
Japanese: それらの神がインドに伝来してアスラとなり、中国で阿修羅の音訳を当てた。
English: The transmissions about Ashura of Buddhism have great similarities to the ancient histories of Sumer and Assyria and are noted as credible facts.
Japanese: シュメール、アッシリアの古代史と仏教の阿修羅にまつわる伝承との類似性も高く、信憑性のある事実として指摘される。
English: There is a description that Ashura came to life many times after being killed and destroyed by Taishakuten and then continued to fight with it.
Japanese: 阿修羅は帝釈天に斃されて滅ぶが、何度でも蘇り永遠に帝釈天と戦い続ける、との記述がある。
English: The Assyrian Empire, revering Ashur as the highest-ranking deity, built a huge empire in the northern part of Sumer (currently, around Iraq) and continued wars of invasions into Babylonia, which had emerged after Sumer and Akkad.
Japanese: アッシュルを最高神と崇めたアッシリア帝国は、シュメール（現在のイラク周辺）の北部に一大帝国を築き、シュメール・アッカドの後に勃興したバビロニアに侵略戦争を繰り返した。
English: Though Babylonian destroyed Assyria in alignment with Median, Babylonia was destroyed by Assyrians, who rebuilt their country.
Japanese: バビロニア人はメディア人と手を結びアッシリアを滅ぼしたが、国を再興したアッシリア人達にバビロニアは滅ぼされた。
English: Later, Chaldea was built on the site of Babylonia and destroyed Assyria again.
Japanese: 後にてバビロニアの地にカルデアが勃興して、再びアッシリアを滅ぼした。
English: Later, Persia, revering Ahura Mazda, was built and occupied Chaldea.
Japanese: その後、アフラ・マズダーを崇めるペルシアが勃興して、カルデアを占領下におさめた。
English: In addition, there is similarity between Sumer and Mt. Sumeru (pronounciated 'Sumer' in Sanskrit).
Japanese: また、シュメールと須弥山（サンスクリットでは「スメール」と発音する）の類似性。
English: One theory points out the similarity between the highest-ranking deity of Sumer, Marduk, and Taishakuten Indra, and the pattern of Ashura and Taishakuten is exactly the same as the one of Ashur and Marduk.
Japanese: シュメールの最高神マルドゥークと帝釈天インドラの類似性を指摘する説もあり、阿修羅と帝釈天の構図はアッシュルとマルドゥークの構図と全く同じである。
English: Some divines argue that these ancient histories were probably introduced for the transmission of Buddhism.
Japanese: これらの古代史を仏教の伝承として取り込んだ可能性が高いと主張する神学者もいる。
English: There is the following story about the reason why Ashura was exiled from Tenbu and formed the world of Ashura (fighting demon).
Japanese: 阿修羅が天部から追われて修羅界を形成したのには次のような逸話がある。
English: The family of Ashura lived in the Toriten (called Sanjusanten [Heaven of the Thirty-three Gods] as well) with Taishakuten as its master.
Japanese: 阿修羅の一族は、帝釈天が主である忉利天（とうりてん、三十三天ともいう）に住んでいた。
English: In addition, Ashura had a daughter named Sachi and wanted her to marry Taishakuten some day.
Japanese: また阿修羅にはシャチーという娘がおり、いずれ帝釈天に嫁がせたいと思っていた。
English: However, Taishakuten took Sachi by force (he is also said to have abducted her and committed indecent conduct).
Japanese: しかし、その帝釈天は舎脂を力ずくで奪った（誘拐して凌辱したともいわれる）。
English: However, they came across a row of ants and Taishakuten mercifully stopped his army from stomping them to death when the army of Ashura changed to prevail once and Taishakuten backed off.
Japanese: しかし、ある時、阿修羅の軍が優勢となり、帝釈天が後退していたところへ蟻の行列にさしかかり、蟻を踏み殺してしまわないようにという帝釈天の慈悲心から軍を止めた。
English: Ashura was surprised to see Taishakuten's behavior and drew off doubting if he had some plots.
Japanese: それを見た阿修羅は驚いて、帝釈天の計略があるかもしれないという疑念を抱き、撤退したという。
English: One theory shows that Ashura was exiled because this story spreaded in Tenbu.
Japanese: 一説では、この話が天部で広まって阿修羅が追われることになったといわれる。
English: Another theory shows that Ashura's challenges to fight deprived him of the mind to permit Taishakuten in spite of justice though Sashi had already became the lawful wife of Taishakuten.
Japanese: また一説では、阿修羅は正義ではあるが、舎脂が帝釈天の正式な夫人となっていたのに、戦いを挑むうちに赦す心を失ってしまった。
English: Thus, sticking around even justice too much deprives one of the right mind and brings evil caused by obsession.
Japanese: つまり、たとえ正義であっても、それに固執し続けると善心を見失い妄執の悪となる。
English: Based on this, it is said that Ashura was exiled from Tenkai in Buddhism and the world of Asura (fighting demon) was added between Ningenkai (Human world) and the world of hungry spirits.
Japanese: このことから仏教では天界を追われ人間界と餓鬼界の間に修羅界が加えられたともいわれる。
English: The free translation of Ashura is 'non-heaven,' which was named in the meaning that Ashura is not heaven though the luck of Ashura is remarkable and is similar to Tenbu-shin.
Japanese: 阿修羅を意訳すると「非天」というが、これは阿修羅の果報が優れて天部の神にも似ているが天には非ざるという意義から名づけられた。
English: In Pali, Ashura-o has five names, Rāhu, Vepacitti, Sambara, Pahārāda, Verocana, Bali.
Japanese: パーリ語（Pl)では、阿修羅王にRāhu、Vepacitti、Sambara、Pahārāda、Verocana、Baliの5つの名が見られる。
English: The Johon (Introduction) of "Hokke-kyo Sutra" (the Lotus Sutra) lists the names of four kings and shows that each of them have a thousand of kenzoku (disciples or followers of Buddha).
Japanese: 『法華経』序品には、4人の王の名を挙げ、各百千の眷属を有しているとある。
English: In addition, "Juji-kyo Sutra" and the eighteenth to twenty-first volumes of "Shobonenjo-kyo Sutra" (Meditation on the Correct Teaching Sutra) explain the homes, behaviors, and life durations of these four kings and suggests that their homes are located separately in the four-layered grounds between 84000 yojana (an ancient Indian scale: seven miles or nine miles) under the bottom of the sea to the north of Mt. Myoko (Mt. Sumeru).
Japanese: また『十地経』や『正法念処経』巻18～21には、これら4人の住処・業因・寿命などを説明しており、其の住処は妙高山（須弥山）の北側の海底地下8万4千由旬の間に4層地に分けて住していると説く。
English: In Sanskrit and Pali: Rāhu, Rafu, in Pali: translation: 障月,執月, lunar eclipse and others.
Japanese: Skt及びPl：Rāhu、ラーフ、パーリ語：訳：障月、執月、月食など、
English: - When it was Brahman in the previous life, it prevented a Buddhist pagoda from burning down and wished a later self to be 大身相 due to its fortune and luck.
Japanese: -前世にバラモンであった時、1つの仏塔が焼き払われるのを防ぎ、その福徳により後身に大身相を願った。
English: It did not conduct various good deeds after ahimsa, so its body dwas estroyed into death, resulting in a fall into Ashura-do, Asura realm.
Japanese: 不殺生の実践したが、諸善業を行わなかったので、その身が破壊（はえ）し、命終して阿修羅道へ堕ちてその身を受けた。
English: - It lives in Soyu Castle in the size of 8000 yojana in height and width in Getsuman located 21000 yojana in the second-layer below the first-layer.
Japanese: -第1層の下の第2層、さらに21000由旬の月鬘（げつまん）という地で、双遊城に住み、縦横8000由旬。
English: - In the previous life, it stole others' belongings, followed the heretical doctrine of selflessness without a sense of injustice and was satisfied with eating and drinking, so it died, resulting in a fall into Ashura-do, Asura realm.
Japanese: -前世に他人の所有物を盗み、不正の思いをなして離欲の外道に施して、飲食（読み：おんじき）を充足させたので、命終して阿修羅道へ堕ちてその身を受けた。
English: Śambara in Sanskrit and Śambara in Pali, translation: easy win, fraud, cotton, and others
Japanese: SktŚambara、PlSambara、サンバラ、訳：勝楽、詐譌、木綿など
English: - It lives in Kanbira Castle in the size of 8000 yojana in height and width in Shunaba located 21000 yojana in the third-layer below the second-layer.
Japanese: -第2層の下の第3層、さらに21000由旬の修那婆（しゅなば）という地で、頷（正字は金＋含）毘羅城（かんびら）に住み、縦横8000由旬。
English: In the previous life, it fed a depraved ill person and enjoyed various games including sumo and target practice on the day of Sechi-e (seasonal court banquets) and made an improper offering, so it died, resulting in a fall into Ashura-do, Asura realm.
Japanese: -前世に食を破戒の病人に施して,余の衆は節会の日により相撲や射的など種々の遊戯をなし,また不浄施を行じたので,命終して阿修羅道へ堕ちてその身を受けた。
English: Vemacitra, Vimalacitra in Sanskrit and Vepacitti in Pali, translation: purification, 絲種種, 綺書, jewelry, tattoo, and others
Japanese: Skt：Vemacitra、Vimalacitra、Pl：Vepacitti、訳：浄心、絲種種、綺書、宝飾、紋身など
English: - It lives in Kanbira Castle in the size of 13000 yojana in height and width in Fudo located 21000 yojana in the fourth-layer below the third-layer.
Japanese: -第3層の下の第4層、さらに21000由旬の不動という地で、頷（正字は金＋含）毘羅城（かんびら）に住み、縦横13000由旬。
English: - In the previous life, it made offers to people keeping precepts with the unreasonable mind and preserved trees for its own benefit, so it died, resulting in a fall into Ashura-do, Asura realm.
Japanese: -前世に邪見の心を以って持戒する者に施して,余の衆は自身のために万樹を護ったので,命終して阿修羅道へ堕ちてその身を受けた。
English: In addition, "Kisekyo" (literally, "Sutra of the World Arising") shows that there is the palace of Bimashittara-o 1000 yojana away from the east and west sides of Mt. Sumeru, in the size of 80000 yojana in height and width.
Japanese: その他『起世経』では、須弥山の東西の面を去ること1000由旬の外に毘摩質多羅王の宮があり、縦横8万由旬であるという。
English: In addition, the extremely weak shura (timber chute) lives in the human-living mountain, and therefore, it is said that now there is a big and deep cave in the western mountain in which many non-heavens; i.e. the palace of Ashura, are located.
Japanese: また修羅の中に極めて弱き者は人間山地の中に在りて住す、すなわち今、西方の山中に大きくて深い窟があり、多く非天＝阿修羅の宮があるという。
English: Kuden is a kind of Buddhist altar case called 'Zushi' to contain a Buddhist object of worship such as a Buddhist statute, an image of patriarch, or the like.
Japanese: 宮殿（くうでん）は、仏教の礼拝対象である仏像、祖師像などを収める厨子の一種。
English: Kuden is not clearly distinguished from 'Zushi', but generally those made like real shrines and temples in their structures, models, forms, and techniques are called 'Kuden-style zushi' or 'Kuden'.
Japanese: 「厨子」との区別は必ずしも明確でないが、構造、形式、形態、技法など、実際の社寺建築に準じて製作されたものを「宮殿形厨子」ないし「宮殿」と称することが多い。
English: The word 'Zushi' was not used in Japan before the Nara period, and the Buddhist alter cases in the form of a temple were called 'Kuden'.
Japanese: 奈良時代以前の日本では、「厨子」と言う言葉がまだ使われておらず、仏堂形式の厨子を「宮殿」と呼んだ。
English: The oldest existing Japanese Kuden-style zushi is 'Tamamushi no zushi' in the Horyuji Temple and the second oldest one is 'Tachibana fujin nenjibutsu zushi' in the same temple.
Japanese: 宮殿形厨子の日本最古の遺構は法隆寺の「玉虫厨子」であり、ついで同寺の「橘夫人念持仏厨子」がある。
English: In the regulations, the form of the main temple is considered the proper form so that the subsidiary temples and patrons of the temple follow the form for their Buddhist altar.
Japanese: これは本山寺院の形式を正式とするものであり、末寺や檀家の仏壇もそれに準じる。
English: The double-layered tiled roof, the black lacquered pillar with metal fittings, the vermilion-lacquered balustrade with the ornamental railing knob gilded with gold leaf: the black pillar is designed after the Amida Hall of Higashi Honganji, and the double-layered roof is designed after the Daishido Hall
Japanese: 二重瓦屋根、黒漆塗り金具打ちの柱、高欄朱塗りで擬宝珠（ぎぼし）金箔張り…黒柱は東本願寺の阿弥陀堂、二重屋根は大師堂を模したもの
English: While Kuden of a temple usually consists of a single room, Kuden of a Buddhist altar generally consists of three rooms: a room for enshrining the principal image and two rooms on both sides for enshrining Kyoji (attendants statues).
Japanese: 通常、寺院宮殿は一間であるが、仏壇宮殿は本尊を祀る部分と脇持を祀る両脇の三間で構成されるのが一般的である。
English: As a gilded Buddhist altar originated as a small temple, its Kuden also precisely designed after that of a temple.
Japanese: 金仏壇は小型寺院としての起源から、宮殿も寺院宮殿を忠実に模したものとなる。
English: Kuden of a Buddhist altar usually consists of a roof and pillars but doors and is part of the altar more than a Buddhist altar case.
Japanese: 屋根と柱で構成され、厨子というより構造の一部であり、扉が付かないことが多い。
English: In some producing center of gilded Buddhist altars, there are artisans specialized in Kuden called 'Kudenshi' other than the artisan for making wooden parts, and some of them may make Shumidan.
Japanese: 金仏壇産地によっては木地師とは別に、「宮殿師」とよばれる、宮殿を製作する職人をおくところもあり、中には須弥壇まで製作する場合もある。
English: As Kuden is a feature of the Buddhist altar, it is generally not seen in western furniture style Buddhist altars.
Japanese: 宮殿は仏壇の特徴的な部分であり、そのため、家具調仏壇では設けられない場合が多い。
English: Joyo (958 - 1047) was a Shingon sect Buddhist monk during the latter half of the Heian period.
Japanese: 定誉（じょうよ、天徳(日本)2年（958年）-永承2年（1047年））は、平安時代後期の真言宗の僧。
English: It is said that he prayed to Buddha for the happiness for the dead parents, which is called 'Kishin,' recited the Lotus Sutra, and always carried the Sutra, which is called 'Jikyo.'
Japanese: 両親の菩提を祈り(祈親)、法華経を読誦し、常に経を持っていたという(持経)。
English: He visited Hasedera Temple in Yamato to find out whereabouts of his dead parents' body, and received a message from the statue of Goddess of Mercy to go up Mt. Koya.
Japanese: 亡くなった両親の所在を知るため大和長谷寺を訪れ、観音像より霊告を受けて高野山に登る。
English: Joyo worked for restoring Mt. Koya, living in the mountain by using his own means for protecting against the cold.
Japanese: 定誉は、独自に寒さを防ぐ方法を編み出すなどして山内に常住し、高野山の復興に努めた。
English: In the inner sanctuary of Mt. Koya, there is a light called 'Kishinto' or also known as 'Poor woman's lamp' that is said to be offered to Buddha by Joyo and has never been gone out to date.
Japanese: 高野山奥の院にある「祈親燈（貧女の一燈）」は、定誉が献げたものといわれ、現在まで消えずに燃え続けている。
English: Nijuyohai refers to the 24 top disciples of the Buddhist monk Shinran when he propagated the Buddhist faith in the Kanto region, as well as the temples worshiping these disciples as founders.
Japanese: 二十四輩（にじゅうよはい）とは、親鸞の関東時代の高弟24人と、その24人を開基とする寺院のこと。
English: It is believed that Shinran, with the aim of propagating and handing down the original doctrine, chose direct disciples who would correctly inherit his teachings, against the background that an increasing number of people gradually run counter to the Shinran's teachings and propagated wrong doctrine.
Japanese: 時代が下り、親鸞の教えに背き誤った教義を広める者が増えたため、本来の教義を広め伝えるために、正しい教えを受け継ぐ直弟子を選出したものといわれている。
English: However, it is an undoubted fact that those 24 disciples played an important role in propagating Buddhist faith in the Kanto region.
Japanese: いずれにせよこの24人が、関東における布教の上で重大な地位を占めていたことは間違いない。
English: While the temples worshiped as Nijuyohai repeated relocations and rebuildings, with the establishment of branch temples, the number of temples with the status of Nijuyohai has increased to around 180.
Japanese: なお、長年の間に移転・再建を繰り返したり、元の寺から分流するうちに、二十四輩格を持つ寺院は180ほどに増えた。
English: Sanno Shinko is a belief of Shinto originated from Hiyoshi Taisha shrine at the foot of Mt. Hiei (Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 山王信仰（さんのうしんこう）とは、比叡山麓の日吉大社（滋賀県大津市）より生じた神道の信仰である。
English: Shrines named like Hiyoshijinja Shrine, Hiejinja Shrine, and Sannojinja Shrine are branched from Hiyoshi Taisha Shrine based on the belief in the mountain deity, which is called Sanno Shinko belief, and there are approximately 3,800 brunch shrines throughout Japan enshrining Ooyamakuinokami and Oomononushinokami (or Okuninushinokami).
Japanese: 日吉神社・日枝神社（ひよしじんじゃ、ひえじんじゃ）あるいは山王神社などという社名の神社は山王信仰に基づいて日吉大社より勧請を受けた神社で、大山咋神と大物主（または大国主）を祭神とし、日本全国に約3,800社ある。
English: During the amalgamation of Buddhism with the indigenous religion Shinto, the shrines were named Sanno, Sanno-Gongen, Hiyoshi-Sanno, and the like, and now they are nicknamed Sanno-san.
Japanese: 神仏習合期には山王（さんのう。山王権現、日吉山王など）と称され、今日でも山王さんの愛称で親しまれている。
English: Hiyoshijinja Shrine originally enshrined Ooyamakuinokami, a deity of Mt. Hiei (originally written as 日枝山 and later as 比叡山) in Omi Province; and in 668, the next year of relocation of capital to Omikyo, Oomikawanokami, i.e., Oomononushinokami, of Mt. Miwa (also known as Mt. Mimoro) in Yamato Province was transferred to the shrine to be enshrined with Ooyamakuinokami to protect the new capital Otsukyo.
Japanese: 日吉神社は、もともと近江国日枝山（ひえのやま：後に比叡山の字が充てられた）の神である「大山咋神」（おおやまくいのかみ）を祀っていたもので、後に近江京遷都の翌年である天智天皇七年（668年）、大津京鎮護のため大和国三輪山（三諸山（みもろやま）とも）の大三輪神（おおみわのかみ）、すなわち大物主神（おおものぬしのかみ）を勧請しともに祀られた。
English: After Enryakuji Temple of the Tendai sect was constructed on Mt. Hiei, Ooyamakuinokami and Oomononushinokami were venerated as tutelary deities of the temple as they were guardian deities of the region.
Japanese: 比叡山に天台宗の延暦寺ができてからは、大山咋神・大物主神は地主神として天台宗・延暦寺の守護神とされた。
English: Following suit of Kokuseiji Temple on Mt. Tendai in Tang that enshrined 'Sanno Genhitsu shinkun' as the guardian deity of the region, Enryakuji Temple called the deities Sanno.
Japanese: 唐の天台山国清寺が地主神として「山王弼真君」を祀っていることに因み、延暦寺ではこの両神を「山王」と称した。
English: The worship of the deities as the tutelary deities of Enryakuji Temple of the Tendai sect developed into the Sanno Shinko belief, from which a belief called 'Sanno shinto' was further derived later.
Japanese: そして天台宗・延暦寺の守護神としての崇敬が、山王信仰へと発展しやがては「山王神道」とも呼ばれる信仰をも派生させた。