nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, many research projects, such as investigating measures against the bark-peeling of Japanese cedars by black bears which sucked the sap of these trees as well as developing technologies to grow artificial forests and harvesting such forests, were conducted in the name of the business of logging and planting trees.
Japanese: もっとも、ツキノワグマが樹液を吸うためにスギの樹皮をはいで幹をかじるクマハギへの対策や人工林の育成及び収穫技術に関する研究などのように、伐採や植林といった施業の中で進められた研究も少なくない。
English: In addition to research concerning forestry and forest industry, which included those conducted through doing business, research in a variety of other fields was conducted as well using the research forest for field research: research concerning the multi-purpose use of the forests utilized for agricultural purposes and concerning the processing of forest-related information, those concerning forest mechanisms, such as forest-maintaining functions and natural forest regeneration mechanisms, those concerning the ecology and classification of the flora and fauna that live in the research forest, and those concerning natural environments, such as air bubbles and geographical shapes.
Japanese: こうした施業を通じた研究をはじめとした林業や林産業に関する研究のほか、農林の多目的利用と森林情報の処理に関する研究、森林の保全機能や天然林の再生機構といった森林のメカニズムに関するもの、研究林内に生息する動植物の生態や分類に関する研究、気泡や地形といった自然環境に関する研究など、多様な分野で当研究林をフィールドとした研究が行われている。
English: For educational purposes, this research forest is used for field work and educational programs in each faculty or graduate courses for Kyoto University in addition to Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Agriculture.
Japanese: 教育の場としての研究林では、農学部、農学研究科をはじめとした京都大学の各学部及び研究科の実習や教育プログラムの場として使用されている
English: Furthermore, the forest is also used for field work or social education by other universities, such as Kyoto University of Art and Design and Doshisha University.
Japanese: ほか、京都造形芸術大学や同志社大学など他大学の実習や社会教育の場として使用されている。
English: The only other forest tramline laid out in a research forest (forest for field practice) for a university in Japan is the forest-for-field-practice tranmline for Tokyo University that is laid out in Tokyo University's Chichibu field practice forest, located in the Oku-Chichibu mountain area.
Japanese: 日本の大学研究林(演習林)で森林鉄道が設置されたのは、奥秩父の山中にある東京大学秩父演習林内に設置された東京大学演習林軌道の他に例を見ない。
English: However, it was decided that tramlines would be laid out in areas where no other means would be available, tramlines were planned to be laid out that started from the field practice forest administration building and reach to Nakayama along the river flow in the headwaters area of the Yura-gawa River.
Japanese: しかし、やむをえない場所については軌道で整備されることとなり、演習林事務所から由良川源流に沿って中山に至る区間に軌道を敷設することが計画された。
English: The excavation work to lay out the tramline form the administration building to Oyomogi was completed in 1927, and to Nanase in the following year 1928.
Japanese: 工事は1927年に事務所から大蓬までの軌道敷開削工事が完成、翌1928年には七瀬まで完成した。
English: However, the work to lay out tramlines was also conducted, and the rails between the administration building and Akazaki were laid out in 1934 and extended up to Oyomogi in 1936.
Japanese: しかし、軌道の敷設工事も行われ、1934年には事務所～赤崎間にレールを敷設、1936年には大蓬まで延伸された。
English: The track gauge of the tramlines was 762 mm, the weight of a rail was 6 kg or 4 kg, cut chestnut trees or cut beech trees were used as railroad ties, which had creosote oil pasted on to protect against rot.
Japanese: 敷設された軌道の軌間は762mmで、レールの重さは6kgないし4kg、枕木は伐採された栗材やブナ材に腐食防止用のクレオソート油を塗ったものを使用した。
English: However, even the work to provide rail beds was not conducted for the initially-planned section between Nanase and Nakayama, with only walking roads provided there.
Japanese: しかし、当初計画区間のうち七瀬～中山間については路盤工事も行われず、歩道として整備されるにとどまった。
English: After the Pacific War started, the tramline was planned to be extended up to Onokodani to secure the forest resource.
Japanese: その後、太平洋戦争が始まると林産資源確保のために小野子谷への軌道延伸が計画された。
English: The construction of a bridge to cross the Yura-gawa River was completed in 1942, and the tramline was extended in 1943 up to a work site located in Onokodani.
Japanese: 1942年に由良川を渡る橋が完成、1943年には小野子東谷にあった作業所まで軌道の延伸が行われた。
English: While the main section up to Nanase was called the Honkoku (literally, real valley) tramline, the new section was named the Onoko provisional tramline.
Japanese: 七瀬までの本線区間が本谷軌道と呼ばれたのに対して小野子仮軌道と名づけられた。
English: In 1944, a section was extended from the middle of Onoko provisional tramline to rise along Onoko Nishidani (Onoko west ravine).
Japanese: 1944年には小野子仮軌道の途中から分離して小野子西谷を遡上する区間が延伸された。
English: However, although the section was specified as a provisional tramline, the grades of the roadbeds and rails used there were higher than those used for the Honkoku tramline, as the rails used there were borrowed from the Yuragawa-river dam construction office of Ministry of Interior (in Japan).
Japanese: しかし、この区間は仮軌道とは言いながらも線路を内務省(日本)の由良川堰堤工事事務所から借用したものを使用するなど、路盤も線路も本谷軌道より高規格のものが使用された。
English: The completed tramlines were used not only to transport logged wood, manufactured charcoal or cultivated shiitake mushrooms, but also by people for commuting to the work sites and fields for seedlings provided along the tramlines and for bringing in materials.
Japanese: 完成した軌道は伐採された材木や製造された木炭、栽培されたしいたけの搬出に使用されたほか、沿線に設けられた作業所や苗畑への通勤や資材の搬入にも使用された。
English: In addition, the tramlines were also used to convey everyday commodities, such as rice, miso (soybean paste) and soy sauce, to the residents in Haino.
Japanese: また、灰野の住民への米やみそ・しょうゆといった生活物資の運搬にも使用された。
English: Beech wood was mainly carried out using the Onoko provisional tramline, for use in making the blades of propellers.
Japanese: 小野子仮軌道からは主としてブナ材が搬出され、多くがプロペラのブレード(羽根)に加工された。
English: In 1947 after the war, the Onoko Nishi (west) tramline was removed, and the rails were returned to their original straight form and given back to the Yuragawa-river dam construction office of Ministry of Interior.
Japanese: 戦後の1947年には小野子西軌道が撤去され、レールは元通りの直線に延ばされて内務省由良川堰堤工事事務所に返却された。
English: The forest tramlines were heavily damaged by Typhoon Hester that hit the area in July 1949.
Japanese: 1949年7月に来襲したへスター台風によって、森林軌道を全線に渡って大きな被害を受けた。
English: In particular, entire sections of the Onoko provisional tramline were buried or washed out, never to be restored again.
Japanese: 中でも小野子仮軌道は全区間埋没・流出して、その後復旧することはなかった。
English: On the other hand, regarding the Honkoku tramline, the bridge over the Yura-gawa River that had been washed out was restored, and furthermore, the tramline was extended up to Nodatani in 1950.
Japanese: 一方、本谷軌道については流出した由良川橋梁の復旧が行われたほか、1950年には軌道の敷設区間が野田谷まで延伸された。
English: The tramline remained unfinished for a little distance up to Nanase where roadbeds had been completed, but the tramline has never been extended up to Nanase.
Japanese: 先に路盤が完成していた七瀬まであと少しの距離であったが、ついに七瀬までレールが延びることはなかった。
English: After the 1950s when logging was carried out on a large scale, sidings were laid out in Akazaki-nishidani (Akazaki west ravine) up to Akazaki-higashidani (Akazaki east ravine) and were used for carrying out the lumber.
Japanese: 1950年代以降の大規模伐採の時代には、赤崎西谷や赤崎東谷に引込み線が設けられ、伐採された材木の搬出に活用されていた。
English: However, after the logging business was terminated in mid-1960s, the value of the usage of the forest tramlines diminished.
Japanese: 1960年代中期に沿線での伐採事業が終了すると森林軌道の利用価値は低下した。
English: Since then, they were used only to commute to the fields for seedlings and work sites provided along the line and for carrying in materials and seedlings.
Japanese: それ以後、沿線の苗畑や作業所への通勤や資材、苗の搬入に使われる程度となった。
English: After the 1980s, the facility became increasingly degraded, and no operation beyond Haino came to be conducted.
Japanese: 1980年代以降になると施設の老朽化が進んだことから、灰野より奥へ運転されることはなくなった。
English: On the other hand, no road was provided for the remaining section up to Haino, and the tramline had to be used thereafter.
Japanese: 一方、残された灰野までの区間については、この区間に道路がないことから、今後も軌道を使用する必要があった。
English: Therefore, the Yura-gawa River bridge that had been destroyed many times was replaced with a reinforced concrete one in 1973 and the tramroads were improved, for example, by replacing some of the tramroad ties with those of concrete.
Japanese: そのため、1973年にたびたび水害で流されてきた由良川橋梁を鉄筋コンクリート製の橋に架け替えたほか、枕木を一部コンクリート製のものにするなど軌道の整備が行われた。
English: In 1993, the Haino-bashi Bridge was replaced with a steel girder and therefore, the sections whose facilities were to be improved were extended over Haino.
Japanese: 1993年には灰野橋が鋼鉄製の桁橋に架け替えられたことにより、整備区間が灰野の先まで延伸された。
English: Recently, hand rails have been provided for the Yura-gawa River bridge to prevent pedestrians from falling.
Japanese: 最近では由良川橋梁に、歩行者の転落防止のために手すりが取り付けられている。
English: Concerning the tramcars, the Tokyo University tramline for the field practice forest owned full-fledged gasoline locomotives and diesel locomotives because the university conducted logging business on a large scale.
Japanese: 車両は東京大学演習林軌道が大規模な伐採事業を行っていたことから本格的なガソリン機関車やディーゼル機関車を所有していた。
English: In this research forest, man-power or horse-power was used initially to push tramcars, and on down-slopes, they slid by themselves, controlled by a brake.
Japanese: それに対して当研究林では、当初、トロッコを人力や馬力で押し上げ、下りはブレーキを操作しつつ滑走していた。
English: However, they were simply made, with an engine for agricultural use, set on the bed of a tramcar and a simple roof placed over it, and were called stall-type locomotives.
Japanese: しかし、機関車といってもトロッコの台枠に農業用のエンジンを搭載し、その上に簡単な屋根を乗せただけのものだったので、屋台形機関車と呼ばれていた。
English: In addition to locomotives, self-propelled vehicles for people, using an engine of the Daihatsu Midget, were also provided and used to make inspection tours within the forest.
Japanese: 機関車以外にもトロッコの台枠にダイハツ・ミゼットのエンジンを搭載した自走式人車もあり、こちらは林内の巡視などに使用されていた。
English: When the logging business was conducted on a large scale, the business operators brought in their own locomotives and/or tramcars, but the details are not known.
Japanese: また、大規模伐採時期には業者が機関車やトロッコを持ち込んで使用していたが、こちらの実態については不明である。
English: The present forest tramline is still in operation although infrequently, and used to carry out inspection tours in areas up to Haino as well as other work.
Japanese: 現在の森林軌道は林内の巡視などのために灰野までの区間で極めて不定期ながら運行されている。
English: In the remote areas beyond Haino, there are fallen stones, fallen trees, or rotten and collapsed tree bridges like the big Ω loop bridge at Akazaki one after another, and it is difficult to walk there, to say nothing of restoring the tramroard.
Japanese: 灰野から先は落石や倒木、あるいは赤崎の大Ωループ橋のように朽ち果てて倒壊した木橋などが連続しており、軌道の復活はおろか歩行も困難を要する。
English: Also, on the "Middle" 1/25,000 topographical maps published by Geographical Survey Institute, modified in 1979, the symbol shown on it as "special tramline" until the version published in May 1981 was modified in 1991, then on the version published in May 1992, it is shown as the symbol of "footpath".
Japanese: また、国土地理院の1/25,000地形図「中」では1979年修正、1981年5月発行版まで「特殊軌道」の記号で表されていたものが、1991年修正、1992年5月発行版では「徒歩道」の記号で表されている。
English: In this chapter, its history is divided into the following four periods and descriptions are made for each of them: the first period (until this research forest was inaugurated), the second period (from the inauguration of the field practice forest to the prewar in Showa era), the third period (from the postwar in Showa era up to 1970s) and the fourth period (up to now after then).
Japanese: この項では当研究林が発足するまで(第1期)、演習林発足から昭和戦前期まで(第2期)、昭和戦後(1970年代まで)期(第3期)、それ以降現在に至る歴史(第4期)に分けて紹介する。
English: In the mountain areas that include former Kitakuwada County, including the area of this research forest, and also the northern forest part of both of former Kadono County and Otagi County bordering former Kitakuwada County, the cycle of logging and forest regeneration was repeated due to the active demand for wood in Kyoto as the area was specified as a somayama (timber forest) to secure wood for constructing the dairi (Imperial Palace) and other buildings after the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyo.
Japanese: 当研究林のエリアも含めた旧北桑田郡及び隣接する旧葛野郡・愛宕郡両郡北部の山林地域は、平安京遷都以降内裏の造営をはじめとした建築用材確保のための杣山として指定されるなど、旺盛な京都の材木需要に支えられて伐採～更新のサイクルが繰り返されていた。
English: Therefore, even rafting down Yura-gawa River to carry out the wood to the mass-consumption area of Kyoto, still needed to go over a pass once before reaching the Oi-gawa River (the Katsura-gawa River:the Yodo-gawa River water system) water system to transport it to inner Kyoto City.
Japanese: したがって、大消費地である京都市内に搬出するには筏流しで由良川を下っても、途中で一度峠越えをして大堰川（桂川(淀川水系)）水系に搬出して京都市内に輸送する必要があった。
English: As well as this mass-consumption, there was also a demand for wood to be used in constructing buildings castle-centered towns such as Fukuchiyama City and Ayabe City which were located along the Yura-gawa River and Obama City on the other side of the mountain.
Japanese: このような大規模需要のほかにも由良川流域の福知山市、綾部市、あるいは山を越えた小浜市といった城下町における建築用材としての需要もあった
English: In such situations, mountain guardians who moved from nine small communities in the valleys around the headwaters of the Yura-gawa River which formed Chii-mura Village later, came to live in the mountain to engage in logging or making charcoal,
Japanese: こうしたことから、古くから材木の伐採や炭焼きに従事するために、山中には源流域の谷筋を中心に後の知井村を構成する九つの字から移住した山番が住みついていた。
English: In addition, kijishi (wood masters) who moved within the mountains seeking wood also came to live there, making wooden craft works, such as wooden bowls and trays.
Japanese: ほか、用材を求めて山中を移動する木地師が住みついており、木椀や盆などの木材加工品を製造していた。
English: In addition ton the use of mountain forests, there was also a road that went to Haino via Sasari-toge Mountain Pass, that descended once along the headwaters area of the Yura-gawa River, passed Hitsukuradani from around the area where the present administration building is now located, reached Gonzozaka, and then went to Wakasa.
Japanese: こうした山林利用の他にも、佐々里峠から灰野に出て、一度由良川源流を下り、現在の事務所付近から櫃倉谷を通って権蔵坂で若狭に抜ける街道もあった。
English: On the other hand, around Nakayama, the present upper most of Yura-gawa River where Kamidani (upper valley) and Shimodani (lower valley) meet as the border, the eastern area from Chojidani to Kamidani had a strong connection with Harihata-go Community in the west of Kutsuki-mura Village from a long time ago, and wood was carried out to the Kutsuki area over the Jizo Pass.
Japanese: 一方、現在の由良川最上流部である上谷と下谷の合流点である中山付近を境として、東部の長治谷から上谷にかけた一帯は古くから朽木村西部の針畑郷とのつながりが強く、用材も地蔵峠を越えて朽木方面に搬出されていた。
English: This community had almost no connection with Chii downstream but had connections with Harihata-go Community and Chimi-mura Village, Wakasa Province.
Japanese: こ集落は、下流の知井とはほとんどつながりがないかわりに、針畑郷や若狭知三村とつながっていた。
English: In the Edo period, each village of Kita, Minami, Naka, Shimo, Ewa, Tota, and Kawauchidani, all of which became to constitute Chii-mura Village in Meiji and later eras, came to be included in the territory of Sasayama Domain, and the three villages of Sasari, Shiraishi, in addition to Ashiu Village that are located in the vicinity of the present administration building came to be included in the territory of Sonobe Domain, but the area corresponding to the present research forest was controlled by Kyoto daikansho (regional office of administrative official) as a tenryo (bakufu-owned land) and was initially handled collectively as a mountain common to the nine Chii villages, much as the mountain forest in other Chii areas was.
Japanese: 江戸時代には現在の当研究林のエリアは、明治以降旧知井村を構成する北、南、中、下、江和、田歌、河内谷の各村が篠山藩領に、現在の事務所周辺にあたる芦生村をはじめ佐々里、白石、知見の四ヶ村が園部藩領となったのとは異なり天領として京都代官所が支配し、当初は知井の他地域の山林同様知井九ヶ村惣山として一括して扱われていた.
English: However, as survey of mountain forests in other areas progressed, the mountain that was used by people in the nine Chii villages and the mountain used by people in Harihata-go Community came to be handled independently as Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain and Oroshi-yama Mountain, respectively.
Japanese: しかしながら、他地域の山林の山検地が進むにつれて、知井九ヶ村の人々が利用している山は芦生奥山、針畑郷の人々が利用している山はおろし山として、それぞれ独立した扱いを受けるようになっていった。
English: Nakayama-sha Shrine located around the boundary between the two mountains was called "Utsu shi Shrine," and the area around the shrine was called "Chimata-yama (everybody's mountain)" and was a mountain shared by people in both villages.
Japanese: その境界付近にある中山社は「うつしの宮」と呼ばれており、周辺は「ちまた山」として両村の入会山であった。
English: However, in the latter half of the Edo period, most of the mountain guardians who had lived there left, then only a few remained in Haino located at the entrance to Sasari Pass in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には大半の山番が下山、明治時代の初めには佐々里峠の入り口である灰野に残るのみとなった。
English: Kijishi (wood masters) formed villages while moving within mountains, but some of them moved to other mountains and it also happened sometimes that an entire village perished due to famine.
Japanese: 木地師は山中を移動しながら村を構えていたが、別の山へ移住するものもあれば、時には飢饉で一村全滅という悲惨な事態を迎えた村もあった。
English: Here as well, three households moved to Nodabata from Wakasa, and engaged in manufacturing wooden products, such as dippers.
Japanese: こちらも明治初期には若狭から野田畑に3戸が移住して、杓子などの木製品を製造していた。
English: Surprised at finding a dipper that had floated down the Yura-gawa River, a villager in Haino reported it to the office of the head of the village.
Japanese: このため、由良川上流から杓子が流れてきたことに驚いた灰野の村人が戸長役場に連絡した。
English: An expedition team was organized, and upon "finding" these people, family registers were created in October 1889.
Japanese: そして、探検隊を組織してこれらの人々を「発見」し、1889年10月に戸籍を作成した。
English: It is said that the sequence of events was reported in papers at that time as "A present utopia" or "A Meiji village."
Japanese: こうした経過が当時の新聞に「現代の桃源郷」や「明治村」として報道されたという話が残っている。
English: Since the Meiji period, this area as a whole came to be included in Chii Village, and the area of this research forest, referred to vaguely as Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain or Oroshi-yama Mountain, came to be registered in the forest cadaster due to land-tax reform.
Japanese: 明治以降はこの地域全体が知井村となり、芦生奥山やおろし山などと漠然と呼ばれていた当研究林のエリアは、地租改正によって山林土地台帳も整備された。
English: However, even though the expression of "a mountain common to nine Chii villages" was changed to "a mountain shared by nine villages," the ways of using the forests in this area changed little, and the people there entered the mountains and earned their living mainly through creating charcoal while cutting miscellaneous trees to produce everyday utensils.
Japanese: しかしながら、従来の九ヶ村惣山が九ヶ村共有林と呼び方が変わったにしてもこの地域における山林利用の形態に大きな変化はなく、従来同様知井や針畑から入山して、製炭を中心に、生活用品の原材料となる雑木を伐採して生計を立てていた。
English: The forest business-managing concept that the trees more useful for materials such as Japanese cedar or Japanese cypress should be planted instead of using other small trees began to take hold, and the vast area of this research forest was targeted for business.
Japanese: 雑木の利用から杉やヒノキといった用材を植林して山林経営を図るといった考え方が入ってくるようになり、面積広大な当研究林のエリアを事業の対象とする思惑が働くようになった。
English: It was difficult for Chi Village, that had a weak financial base, to conduct business for the vast forest by itself.
Japanese: 財政基盤の脆弱な知井村では広大な山林を対象とした事業の実施が困難であったこと。
English: However, the area had unfavorable geographical conditions, including a lack of adequate transportation services for shipping lumber.
Japanese: しかしながら、木材を搬出するにしても交通の便をはじめとした地理的条件があまりにも悪かった。
English: Even after that, the issue of forest business was taken up and discussed as a problem to be handled by the village government.
Japanese: その後もこの地域における山林経営が村政運営の課題として採り上げられた。
English: However, the business was never started due to its financial aspect and speculation by powerful persons in the village.
Japanese: しかしながら、財政面や有力者の思惑などから手付かずのまま推移していった。
English: In addition, the people who lived in Nodabata had moved down to Kuchiki Village or Natasho Village until the end of the Meiji period, leaving the place uninhabited.
Japanese: また、野田畑に住んでいた人々も明治末期までに朽木村や名田庄村へと下山し、無住の地となった。
English: On August 25, 1910, the present Sanin Main Line started operation between Sonobe Station and Ayabe Station, and Wachi Station was established on the same day.
Japanese: 1910年8月25日に現在の山陰本線の園部駅～綾部駅間が開通、同日に和知駅が開設された。
English: Then, by using trains to transport it from Wachi after rafting cut wood down the Yura-gawa River to Wachi made it possible to cut the cost of transportation and bulk-transportation.
Japanese: それから、伐採した材木を筏流しで由良川を和知まで流し、和知から列車で発送することで輸送コストの削減と大量搬出が可能になった。
English: Therefore, the following cases increased gradually: Chestnut tress in the headwaters area of the Yura-gawa River, where trees grew abundantly, were cut and made into railroad ties and then floated down the Yura-gaawa River to Wachi either as individual pieces or as rafts.
Japanese: そのため、樹木の豊かな由良川源流域から栗材を伐採、枕木に加工して散流（バラで流すこと）するか筏に組んで由良川を和知まで流すことが次第に増えていった。
English: It is said that, the Mitsui Company noticed this situation and conducted preliminary negotiations with the Chii Village side from the early to middle of the Taisho period to secure the forest resource in Ashiu Oku-yam Mountain.
Japanese: このような状況に目をつけた三井本社が、大正時代初期から中期にかけて、芦生奥山の林産資源確保のために知井村と予備交渉を持ったという話が残っている。
English: The ownership of each forest in the areas including this forest for research was dealt with as a common forest of the community or as a collective property of the residents in the area even after the start of the Meiji period: not as in other areas where a few persons owned a vast forest area, not as in Tosa and Kiso where domain-owned forests in the Edo period were transferred to Imperial Forestry Bureau of Imperial Household Ministry as the Imperial property, nor as national forests supervised by the forest bureau of Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (in Japan).
Japanese: 当研究林をはじめとしたこの地域の山林の所有形態は、明治以降も、他地域のように大規模な山林地主が所有するものでも、土佐や木曽のように江戸時代は藩有林だったものを皇室財産として宮内省帝室林野局に移管したものでも、農商務省(日本)山林局が監督する国有林でもなく、部落共有林として地域住民の共有財産として扱われていた。
English: Concerning these common forests, the following movement was carried out since the time when The Municipal Government Act was enforced in 1889: Ministry of Interior (in Japan) promoted the integration of properties owned by each community, including the forests owned by each community, into the corresponding city, town or village property, to establish and strengthen the financial base of each city, town or village property.
Japanese: こうした共有林は、1889年の市制町村制施行当初から、内務省(日本)では財政基盤確立と各市町村の体力強化のため、部落有林をはじめとした部落有財産を各市町村財産に統合することを推進していた。
English: In each city, town or village, the integration of properties initially had not progressed smoothly because influential persons' interests or power relationships among communities either conflicted or complicated the issue.
Japanese: 財産統合は各市町村内において有力者の利害関係や集落間の強弱関係が錯綜することから当初はなかなか進展しなかった。
English: However, starting at the time when the finance of each of the cities, towns and villages suffered badly after the end of Russo-Japanese War, integration came to be strongly promoted from the latter half of the Meiji period to the Taisho and Showa periods.
Japanese: しかしながら、日露戦争終了後の各市町村の財政窮乏を期に、明治後期から大正、昭和にかけて強力に進められるようになった。
English: In Chii Village, school forests were established in 1902 as a basic property of the school, but the movement of the integration of the forests to be owned by communities was promoted through many discussions from the end of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 知井村では1902年に学校基本財産として学校林が設定されていたが、明治末期から部落有林の統一に向けた動きが多くの議論を重ねながら進められていった。
English: Around this time, Kyoto Imperial University decided to employ a departmental system, replacing the university system composed of separate colleges, and decided to establish an agricultural faculty in 1923.
Japanese: この時期、京都帝国大学においてはそれまでの分科大学制を改めて学部制を採用することとなり、1923年に農学部を設置することが決定された。
English: However, at the time, the field practice forests for Kyoto Imperial University were provided only in Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula and Sakhalin, all of which were overseas Japanese territories.
Japanese: しかし、従来から存在する京都帝大の演習林は、台湾・朝鮮半島・樺太といった当時日本の海外領土であった地域にしかなかった。
English: Under this situation, a survey to find an area appropriate for the forest was conducted mostly in Kyoto Prefecture and Shiga Prefecture, with Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain included as a candidate as well.
Japanese: こうしたことから京都府下や滋賀県内を中心に適地の調査が進められ、芦生奥山も候補地のひとつであった。
English: Additionally, because Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain was vast and was located at a geographically disadvantageous place, the government side also considered that it would be too much for Chii Village to manage Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain after the forests owned by the communities were integrated into the village properties.
Japanese: さらに、行政側においても、広大かつ地理的条件の悪い芦生奥山の管理は、部落有林の村有財産への統一後には知井村の手に余ることが予想された。
English: Therefore, considering the status of Kyoto Imperial University, the Kyoto prefectural government negotiated to have Ashiu Oku-yama Mountain selected as the forest-for-field-practice site under the initiative of the Kitakuwada County government.
Japanese: したがって、京都府では京都帝大の持つステータスを考慮して、北桑田郡制の陣頭指揮の下、芦生奥山への演習林誘致に向けた斡旋を進めていった。