nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: (In honzen ryori [a highly ritualized form of serving Japanese cuisine], there is fried cake called "suzuributa" that is meant to be taken with guests when they leave.)
Japanese: （本膳料理には『硯蓋』という揚げ菓子があり、それを持って帰るのが作法である）。
English: After the first Japan-US conference was held, the Japanese served a honzen ryori lunch to the Americans.
Japanese: その応饗として、横浜の応接所で最初の日米の会談が行われた後、日本側がアメリカ側に本膳料理の昼食を出した。
English: Momokawa, the restaurant that undertook the preparations for this lunch, was located in ukiyo koji in Edo and prepared dishes for 300 people at the cost of 2000 ryo (gold currency used in the Edo period).
Japanese: 料理は江戸浮世小路百川が2000両で請負い、300人分の膳を作った。
English: Today, 2000 ryo amounts to 150,000,000 yen, or 500,000 yen per person.
Japanese: 2000両を現代の価値に計算すると約1億5千万円近く、一人50万円になる。
English: Only the best ingredients were used for a lunch that consisted of over a hundred dishes, including liquor and liquor side dishes, clear soup, honzen (main servings), ninozen (side servings), and dessert.
Japanese: 最上級の食材を使い、酒や吸い物、肴、本膳、二の膳、デザートまで百を超える料理が出された。
English: However, the lack of the meat dish made the Americans have prejudice toward Japan as the country inhabited by uncivilized people; also in general, it seems that there were many raw food dishes and that there were great many dishes with light seasoning and that the volume for each dish was not enough for the Americans; according to Perry, "Japan should have something better and that Japanese people should have hidden that which something better."
Japanese: しかし、肉料理が出ないのは未開だから、という偏見や、総じて生ものや薄味の料理が多かったのと、一品当たりの量がアメリカ人にとっては少なかったようで、ペリーは「日本はもっといいものを隠しているはずだ」と述懐している。
English: However, there were those who responded more positively, saying, "Japan has done the best that it could."
Japanese: ただし、「日本は出来る限りの事をやった」と述べたアメリカ側の人物もいる。
English: It is said that, afterwards, the Japanese officials frequently returned to dine with the Americans.
Japanese: その後、日本側は何かにつけてアメリカ側に料理を食べに行ったとされる。
English: After about a month of discussions, the Shogunate at last accepted America's demand for the opening of Japan to the world.
Japanese: 約1ヶ月にわたる協議の末、幕府は返答を出し、アメリカの開国要求を受け入れた。
English: On March 3 (March 31), Perry landed in Yokohama Village of Musashi Province in Kanagawa (present-day Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture), where a 12-article treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan was signed (the Treaty of Kanagawa), that is, the agreement between Japan and the United States became official, and Japan's 200 years of national isolation that stretched back to the regime of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA came to an end.
Japanese: 3月3日（3月31日）、ペリーは約500名の兵員を以って武蔵国神奈川の横浜村（現神奈川県横浜市）に上陸し、全12箇条に及ぶ日米和親条約（神奈川条約）が締結されて日米合意は正式なものとなり、徳川家光以来200年以上続いてきた、いわゆる鎖国が解かれた。
English: On May 25, 13 articles of regulations for the United States-Japan relationship were laid down in the Treaty of Shimoda.
Japanese: 5月25日に和親条約の細則を定めた全13箇条からなる下田条約を締結した。
English: Perry's squadron left Shimoda on June 1 and stopped to sign a treaty of commerce with the Ryukyu Kingdom before returning home.
Japanese: ペリー艦隊は6月1日に下田を去り、帰路に立ち寄った琉球王国とも正式に通商条約を締結させた。
English: After his return, Perry submitted his "Narratives of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan" to Congress, which remains a first-class, detailed account of the voyage of the squadron.
Japanese: ペリーは米国へ帰国後、これらの航海記『日本遠征記』（現在でもこの事件の一級資料となっている）をまとめて議会に提出した。
English: He died in 1858 at the age of 64, only four years after the signing of the treaty.
Japanese: が、条約締結の大役を果たしたわずか4年後の1858年に64歳で死去した。
English: Soon after, the United States entered into a fierce Civil War and lost much of its influence over both Japan and the Qing Dynasty, which allowed Britain, France, and Russia to expand their power in Asia.
Japanese: その後、米国は熾烈な南北戦争に突入し、日本や清に対する影響力を失い、これらの国は結局、イギリスやフランス、ロシアが勢力を拡大してしまった。
English: Incidentally, on September 2, 1945, the signing of Japan's Instrument of Surrender was held on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay--the flag that stood in the background had once flown on Perry's flagship Powhatan, and was brought from the United States for the occasion.
Japanese: ちなみに、昭和20年（1945年）9月2日、東京湾の戦艦ミズーリ艦上で日本の降伏文書調印式が行われた際、この時のペリー艦隊の旗艦「ポーハタン」号に掲げられていた米国旗が本国より持ち込まれ、その旗の前で調印式が行われた。
English: Perry gave the Shogunate two flags when he arrived at Uraga, although both the types of the flag and their purpose are unknown.
Japanese: ペリーは浦賀来航の際に幕府に旗を二本贈っているが、旗の種類及び贈った目的は不明。
English: It is said that the document also explained that one of the flags was a white flag, to be used if the country should surrender.
Japanese: 二本の旗のうちひとつは白旗であり、降伏の際に用いる旗であると説明されていたという。
English: However, as the document includes many descriptions that contradict the situation of those days, most specialists consider it to be unauthentic.
Japanese: ただし同文書に記載された内容は当時の状況と矛盾する点が多く、日本史の専門家からは一部の人を除き偽書と判断されている。
English: According to Perry's "Narratives of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan," over 100 blanks were fired during the squadron's two visits for the purposes of celebration, appreciation, and signaling, while Japanese sources write that these gun shots created great confusion, but there was no damage, and it is unlikely that actual fighting occurred.
Japanese: ペリーの『日本遠征記』によると、2度の来航で100発以上の空砲を祝砲、礼砲、号砲の名目で撃っており、日本側史料には、これが大混乱を巻き起こしたことが記録されているが、いずれも被害は無く、実戦は行っていないはずである。
English: However, according to an ancient Japanese text, among the seven ships, including the Powhatan, that gathered on January 16, two steamers and three sailing ships bombarded Susaki in Awa Province (present-day Chiba Prefecture).
Japanese: ところが、1月16日に結集した「ポーハタン」以下七隻の内、蒸気船二隻と帆船三隻が安房国（千葉県）洲崎を砲撃した、と日本側の古文書にある。
English: The incident is said to have occurred at 2:30 a.m. on February 21, 1854, with the bombardment of an encampment in the Okayama Domain, Bizen Province that guarded Susaki.
Japanese: 事件は嘉永7年1月23日（1854年2月21日）丑の下刻、洲崎を警護する備前国岡山藩陣地への砲撃であった。
English: The Bizen Domain did an emergency call and sent five shots back, hitting the three sailing ships, although the two steamboats escaped.
Japanese: 備前藩は非常召集を行って大砲5門を以って砲撃、蒸気船二隻は逃走したが、帆船三隻に命中した。
English: The defense corps of the Bizen Domain pursued the sailing ships by boat and, despite 300 casualties in the counterattack, managed to capture three ships.
Japanese: 備前の守備隊は舟艇で帆船への乗船を試み、反撃を受けて300名ほどが死傷したが、三隻を「御取り上げ」（拿捕）した。
English: However, all record of this incident ends after February 1 (February 27).
Japanese: しかし、この事件は2月1日（2月27日）の記録を最後に途絶えている。
English: Genko borui is the fort constructed with stone along the coast area of Hakata Bay in Kitakyushu in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 元寇防塁（げんこうぼうるい）は、鎌倉時代に北九州の博多湾沿岸一帯に築かれた石による防塁。
English: Genko borui' was named by Heijiro NAKAYAMA, but its original name is stone tsuiji (a mud wall with a roof).
Japanese: 「元寇防塁」は中山平次郎の命名で、石築地（いしついじ）が本来の呼び名である。
English: In 1274, Yuan (Dynasty) (a dynasty nation at that time, which corresponds to present Mongol) conducted the first expedition (Bunei War) to Japan which had refused its repeated requests for commerce.
Japanese: 度重なる通商要求を拒絶した日本に対し、元(王朝)（現在のモンゴルにあたる当時の王朝国）は文永11年（1274年）に第一次遠征（文永の役）を実行する。
English: Although Japan avoided Yuan's expedition by its retreat, it is said Japan could only manage defense in the battle.
Japanese: 元側の撤退で遠征は回避したものの、戦いは日本側の防戦一方であったという。
English: The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which took hard-line measures in the negotiation after the war, such as killing of the envoys, started full-fledged guard against foreign countries.
Japanese: 戦後の交渉も使者を殺害するなど強攻策で望んだ鎌倉幕府は本格的な異国警護に着手した。
English: In the following year, 1276, the bakufu planned the dispatch of troops to Goryeo, and at the same time constructed stone tuiji.
Japanese: 翌建治2年（1276年）に異国征伐として高麗出兵を計画し、平行して石築地を築造させている。
English: According to the Stone Tsuiji Fueki (slave labor) Document of Osumi Province, stone tuiji labor was imposed at the rate of 1 sun (old unit of length,) per tan (old unit of land) of rice field, whether it belonged to the territory of samurai families or honjo ichienchi (over the territory of the Imperial court).
Japanese: 大隅国の石築地賦役文書に拠れば、武家領や本所一円地を問わずに田1反あたり1寸の割合で石築地役が賦課されたという。
English: Part of stone tsuiji was completed by the second expedition (Koan War) in 1281.
Japanese: 弘安4年（1281年）の第二次遠征（弘安の役）までには一部が完成していた。
English: The guard system against foreign countries lasted after the discontinuation of Yuan expedition to Japan, and the construction work and repair of damaged parts were imposed.
Japanese: 元の対日遠征の途絶後も異国警護体制は持続し、工事や破損箇所の修復が負荷された。
English: The construction continued until 1332, one year before the fall of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 工事は鎌倉幕府滅亡の前年にあたる元弘2年（1332年）まで行われている。
English: Stone tsuiji at the time of construction is depicted in "Moko Shurai Ekotoba" (picture scrolls of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) which Suenaga TAKEZAKI, a shogunal retainer in Kyushu, ordered to paint.
Japanese: 九州の御家人竹崎季長の描かせた『蒙古襲来絵詞』には、建築当時の姿が描かれている。
English: It is generally believed the total length was about 20 km from Imazu, Nishi Ward, Fukuoka City in the west to Kashii, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka City in the east.
Japanese: 総延長は、西の福岡市西区今津から東の福岡市東区香椎までの約20キロメートルに及ぶというのが定説になっている。
English: The borui remains as it was in ancient times along 40 to 50 km of the coastline from Hoshika-cho, Matsuura City, Nagasaki Prefecture to Tabira-cho, Hirado City.
Japanese: 長崎県松浦市星鹿町から平戸市田平町の海岸線40-50キロメートルにかけて、防塁が古代のまま現存している。
English: There are a number of remains related with Genko in this area, which has not been much industrialized, as well as place names, such as '火立場,' '血田,' and 'Oidashi,' and old legends which are believed to be associated with it.
Japanese: 開発の進んでいないこの地域には元寇に関連する遺跡も多数あり、また、それに関連すると思われる「火立場」「血田」「追い出し」などの地名や、昔からの言い伝えもある。
English: Genko borui was constructed along the coastline from Imazu to Kashii, but when Fukuoka-jo Castle was built in the Edo period, most of borui was lost, because it was used as stones for the stone wall.
Japanese: 今津から香椎までの海岸線に築かれた元寇防塁であったが、江戸時代の福岡城築城の際に、石垣の石として防塁の大半が失われたと考えられている。
English: Presently, the borui has been weathered, and much of it has been buried in the ground, because the coastline has extended more offshore than in the Kamakura period due to land filling, etc.
Japanese: 現在は、埋め立てなどにより鎌倉時代当時よりも海岸線が沖へ延びているため風化し、土中に埋没している部分が多い。
English: However, the borui in Imazu area (Nishi Ward, Fukuoka City), Iki-no-matsubara (Nishi Ward), Nishijin (Momochi) Area (Sawara Ward), Jigyo Area (Chuo Ward, Fukuoka City), and others has been maintained as a national historical site, and is kept exposed.
Japanese: しかし、福岡市の今津地区（西区(福岡市)）、生の松原（西区）、西新（百道）地区（早良区）、地行地区（中央区(福岡市)）などは国の史跡として整備され、露出した状態になっている。
English: Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto is a school of Shinto religion/Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) with its headquarters in Oi-cho (formerly Natasho-mura area), Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: 天社土御門神道（てんしゃつちみかどしんとう）は、福井県おおい町（旧名田庄村地区）に本庁を置く神道・陰陽道の流派。
English: The main branch of the Abe clan which took over the studies of astronomy and the calendar was later given the title of 'Tsuchimikado' by Emperor, and served as one of the Tosho Families (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks), named the Tsuchimikado family (Abe clan) since then.
Japanese: 天文学・暦学を受け継いだ阿倍氏の嫡流が、後に天皇より「土御門」と言う称号を賜い、以後は土御門家(安倍氏)を称する堂上家として仕えた。
English: The family moved to Wakasa Province where its shoryo (territory) was located, and lived there for several generations to avoid wars in the imperial capital from the middle of the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states in Japan).
Japanese: 室町時代中期から戦国時代_(日本)にかけては、都の戦乱を避け、数代にわたり、所領のある若狭国に移住していた。
English: After the end of the wars, the family returned to the capital, but faced the wrath of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, because it was implicated in the Hidetsugu incident.
Japanese: 戦乱の終息後、都に戻ったが、秀次事件に連座し、豊臣秀吉の怒りを買った。
English: As it was forced to leave the capital once again, the Court Onmyodo temporarily discontinued.
Japanese: またしても、都を追われる事になってしまい、宮廷陰陽道は一時終息する。
English: However, when the Toyotomi family declined after the end of the Battle of Sekigahara, Hisanaga TSUCHIMIKADO was approved as 'the grand master of Onmyodo,' and started again to serve in the Court in 1600.
Japanese: しかし、関ヶ原の戦いが終わり豊臣家が衰退すると、土御門久脩（つちみかどひさなが）は、徳川氏に「陰陽道宗家」として認められ、慶長5年（1600年）には宮廷出仕を再開する事になった。
English: When the follower, Yasutomi TSUCHIMIKADO assumed the post of Onmyodo head in May 1683, "Emperor Reigen's Rinji" was issued, stating the control of Onmyodo in all the provinces should be left to the Tsuchimikado family.
Japanese: その後の土御門泰福が陰陽頭になった時（天和(日本)3年5月（1683年））諸国の陰陽道の支配を土御門家に仰せ付ける旨の「霊元天皇綸旨」が下された。
English: At the same time, it was approved by the shuinjo of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, and Tsuchimikado came to obtain the control of Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) across the country and the right to prepare calendars.
Japanese: 同時に、徳川綱吉の朱印状によっても認められ、土御門は全国の陰陽師の統括と、造暦の権利を掌握することになった。
English: Yasutomi, who was influenced by Ansai YAMAZAKI, incorporated Suika Shinto (Shinto thoughts advocated by Ansai YAMAZAKI) into Onmyodo, and established the original Shinto theory.
Japanese: 山崎闇斎の影響を受けた泰福は陰陽道に垂加神道を取り入れて独自の神道理論を打ち立てた。
English: However, Onmyoryo (a government office that had jurisdiction over calendar preparation, astronomy, divination, etc.) was abolished in 1870 after Meiji Restoration, and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) pronounced Tsuchimikado that Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) should be responsible for the affairs related to astronomy and the study of the calendar since then.
Japanese: しかし、明治維新後の明治3年（1870年）に陰陽寮が廃止され、太政官から土御門に対して、天文学・暦学の事は、以後大学寮の管轄になると言い渡しを受ける。
English: This deprived Onmyoji of their social status, and Onmyoji, who lost patronage, changed jobs, or went into their own religious activities.
Japanese: それによって陰陽師の身分もなくなる事になり、陰陽師たちは庇護を失い転職するか、独自の宗教活動をするようになった。
English: Mixed with citizens' manners, customs, and religious faith in this manner, Onmyodo was integrated into daily life.
Japanese: そうして民間の習俗・信仰と習合しつつ陰陽道は生活に溶け込んでいったのである。
English: An-ke Shinto (Tsuchimikado Shinto) is modern Onmyodo that has been protected by the persons involved in former times, while being influenced by old Shinto in such circumstances.
Japanese: 安家神道（土御門神道）は、そうした状況の中で古神道などの影響を受けながら、かつての関係者の手によって守られた、現代の陰陽道である。
English: At present, the Onmyodo head family "Tsuchimikado Shinto Headquarters" which has only one shrine in Japan are located in Oi-cho (formerly Natasho-mura area), Fukui Prefecture, which used to be Tsuchimikado family's territory.
Japanese: 現在は、かつての土御門家の領地であった福井県おおい町（旧名田庄村地区）に日本一社陰陽道宗家「土御門神道本庁」が置かれている。
English: In Japanese history, the Gonin-gumi, or the five-household group system, was a system of the community association organized under the command of a feudal lord.
Japanese: 日本史の五人組（ごにんぐみ）とは、江戸時代に領主の命令により組織された隣保制度。
English: The Gonin-gumi were established among some samurai groups for military purpose; however, mostly the system was applied to peasants, tradesmen and artisans.
Japanese: 武士の間にも軍事目的の五人組が作られたが、百姓・町人のものが一般的である。
English: Later, in 1597, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI organized the Gonin-gumi, or five-member groups, consisting of lower-ranking samurai, and the jyunin-gumi, or ten-household groups, consisting of common people.
Japanese: 時代が流れ、1597年（慶長2年）豊臣秀吉が治安維持のため、下級武士に五人組・庶民に十人組を組織させた。
English: The Gonin-gumi system consisted of groups of five members who were landholders in a village, and landlords/house owners in a town, including appointed group leaders called 'Kumigashira.'
Japanese: 五人組制度は村では惣百姓、町では地主・家持を近隣ごとに五戸前後を一組として編成し、各組に組頭などと呼ばれる代表者を定めた。
English: This was the unit for collective responsibility, mutual monitoring, and mutual aid, and the feudal lord operated these organizations for law and order, resolving conflicts in the village (town), collecting land tax, and notifying everyone of acts.
Japanese: これは連帯責任・相互監察・相互扶助の単位であり、領主はこの組織を利用して治安維持・村（町）の中の争議の解決・年貢の確保・法令の伝達周知の徹底をはかった。
English: Every village and town had their own acts to comply with, a census register for every group, and a book referred to as 'Gonin-gumi cho' sealed by every group leader and the village official.
Japanese: また町村ごとに遵守する法令と組ごとの人別および各戸当主・村役人の連判を記した五人組帳という帳簿が作成された。
English: In reality, however, some Gonin-gumi cho contained missing families who had run away or family composition that was different from reality.
Japanese: 実態は、逃散したりして潰れた家や実際の住民構成とはかけ離れた内容が五人組帳に記載されていた場合があった。
English: In villages under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility system for tax payment), most conflicts such as tax delinquency were discussed and handled by the whole village instead of the Gonin-gumi.
Japanese: また年貢滞納をはじめとする村の中の争議は、村請制の下では五人組ではなく村落規模で合議・責任処理されるのが普通であった
English: In some villages, every family had its feudal lord, (it was referred to as Aikyu).
Japanese: また、村によっては一つの村内で領主が家ごとに別々（相給）になっているケースがあった。
English: In that case, the Gonin-gumi organized by the feudal lord and another Gonin-gumi ('Go-gonin gumi' [the Gonin-gumi of the dwelling]) made by the village based on their settlements existed at the same time.
Japanese: その場合には領主が編成する五人組と村が居住区域をもって定めた五人組（「郷五人組」）が並存するという現象も生じた。
English: However, the Gonin-gumi system indirectly helped to give Nanushi/Shoya authority, control the life of the citizens, and reinforce autonomy of the villages and towns.
Japanese: しかし五人組制度が存在することによって、間接的に名主・庄屋の権威を裏付け、住民の生活を制約すると同時に町村の自治とりまとめを強化することには役立った。
English: Along with development of the modern self-governing laws, the Gonin-gumi disappeared as a legal system; however, the tonarigumi (neighborhood association [established in Japan in 1940]) system during World War II took over its characteristics.
Japanese: 近代的自治法の整備とともに五人組は法制的には消滅したが、第二次世界大戦中の隣組にその性格は受け継がれていた。
English: Goho-sei System is one of those introduced from the ritsuryo system of the Tang Dynasty by the Emperor Tenji after the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 五保制（ごほうせい・五保の制）は、天智天皇が大化の改新の後、唐の律令制から導入したものの一つである。
English: Shokudo or zokudo is a penalty charge which was paid with copper (or money) to a government official in an amount that corresponds to the crime in exchange for imprisonment.
Japanese: 贖銅（しょくどう、ぞくどうとも言う）は、実刑の代わりに罪相当額の銅（ないし財貨）を官司へ納入する換刑であった。
English: The five punishments (whipping, flogging, imprisonment, deportation, and capital punishment [Ritsuryo law]) stipulated in the ritsuryo system could be dispensed with by paying copper
Japanese: 律令制で定められた五罪（笞罪・杖罪・徒罪・流罪・死罪(律令法)）について、銅を納めることで刑罰を免じられた。
English: Ten whippings were exchanged with a kin (600g) of copper, and 60 floggings were exchanged with 100 kin of copper (the number of flogging was 60 minimum and 100 maximum.
Japanese: 換算率は笞罪は10回につき1斤、杖罪は60回につき100斤（杖の回数は最低60回から最高100回まで）。
English: In the Heian period, it was not only the mean to avoid imprisonment, but in more cases copper was demanded.
Japanese: 平安時代になると実刑を回避する手段ばかりではなく、銅を請求する事例も増えた。
English: In 1147, TAIRA no Kiyomori was ordered by the Cloistered Emperor Toba to pay 30 kin of copper due to the Gion Brawling Incident.
Japanese: 1147年平清盛は祇園闘乱事件がきっかけで、鳥羽法皇より30斤の贖銅を命ぜられている。
English: Nuidonoryo (Bureau of the Wardrobe and Court Ladies) was the office which belonged to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central affairs) and was in charge of personnel affairs of nyokan (court ladies) as well as the supervision of sewing under the Japanese Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 縫殿寮（ぬいどのりょう）は律令制日本の律令制における中務省管下の女官人事・裁縫監督機関である。
English: Uchikura' was the Imperial family's storehouse in the era prior to the Ritsuryo system and the jobs of kokyu were also closely related to the Imperial family.
Japanese: 「内蔵」は令制以前の天皇家の倉庫であり、また後宮関係事務も天皇家と関わりが深い。
English: Therefore, it is thought that this organization was the Imperial family's household institution rather than the nation's governing institution.
Japanese: よってこの機関は国家の統治機関としての役割よりも天皇家の家政機関としての役割が大きかったと考えられる。
English: In the Heian period, Nuidonoryo absorbed Okurasho Nuibe no tsukasa, which was based on the Okurasho Ritsuryo system, in 808 and began the production of clothes.
Japanese: 平安時代になり大同(日本)3年（808年）に大蔵省律令制における大蔵省縫部司を併合すると衣服生産も縫殿寮自ら行うようになった。
English: The predecessor of Nuibe no tsukasa was Okura no Kinunui no miyatsuko, and its main duty was the production of officials' clothes.
Japanese: 縫部司の前身は大蔵衣縫造（おおくらのきぬぬいのみやつこ）で官人の衣服製造が主な職掌であった。
English: In the late 11th century, Ofukudokoro, an institution in charge of the production of the emperor's clothes, was established at the residence of the head of Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses).
Japanese: さらに11世紀後半になると天皇の衣服を生産する御服所が内蔵寮頭邸に創設された。
English: Further, similar Ofukudokoro was established at the residence of court nobles and retired emperors, and Nuidonoryo became almost nominal.
Japanese: 次いで貴族や院のところにも御服所が設置されるに及び縫殿寮はほぼ有名無実と化した。
English: Okimi no tsukasa was one of the institutions belonging to Imperial Household Agency in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 正親司（おおきみのつかさ）は日本古代の律令制において宮内省に属する機関の一つである。
English: Okimi no tsukasa administered the register of the Imperial family and did office work concerning the salary (kiroku [salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system], jifuku [allocations of cloth]) to the Imperial family.
Japanese: 正親司は皇籍を管理し皇族への給与（季禄・時服）に関する事務を執り行う。
English: Before the Ritsuryo system, there was no such institution and it is considered to have imitated the Court of the Imperial Clan (Zongzheng Si) in the Ritsuryo system during the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 令制以前にはこのような機関は無く、唐の律令制における宗正寺（そうせいじ）を模倣したと考えられる。
English: To control the name list of Imperial families, princes were often appointed to Kami, who was an administrator, during the Nara period and after the Heian period the Shirakawa family (Kazan-Genji [Minamoto clan], the Hakuo family) were appointed for generations.
Japanese: 皇族の名簿を管理するため、長官の正には奈良時代には王が任命されることが多く、平安時代以後は代々白川家（花山源氏・伯王家）が任じられた。
English: Unlike other tsukasa, Okimi no Tsukasa was never abolished or merged; rather 'betto' (chief officer) was ranked above 'kami' (equivalent to Shorokuinojo [Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade]) within the institution.
Japanese: 司であるにもかかわらず他の司のように統廃合されることがなく､逆に別当が正の上に置かれた。
English: Aristocrats served as 'betto' to administer the institution and in many cases the post was under the control of 'ryo' (bureau), and only Naizen no tsukasa (Imperial Table Office) other than Okimi no tsukasa had the position of 'betto' among others.
Japanese: 別当は貴族がつとめその機関を総裁する職で寮に置かれることが多く､司では他に内膳司にしか置かれていない。
English: For this reason, the institution was an important one for a long time.
Japanese: このことから、この機関は時代が下っても重要な存在であったことがうかがい知れる。
English: Sanniryo was one of the institutions belonging to Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 散位寮（さんにりょう）は古代日本の律令制において式部省に属する機関の一つである。
English: Sanni was also called Sankan (a position which does not have specific roles) and had only Ikai (Court rank) and did not have a government post.
Japanese: 官人（さんに）は散官ともいい位階のみで官職を持たないもののことをいう。
English: Sanni, who was higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank, worked full-time in Sanniryo and among people lower than rokui (Sixth Rank) in the rank, those who were in Kyoto did bunban (shiftwork) in Sanniryo, and the others did bunban in kokufu (provincial office) and helped the other government officials and attended to their business as messengers.
Japanese: 五位以上の散位は散位寮に長上（常勤）し､六位以下のうち､在京のものは散位寮に分番（交替勤務）し､他は国府に分番して､他の官司の手伝いや使者としての事務を行う。
English: And additionally, when Choshushi (clerks conveying the Public Documents under the System of the Law "Ritsuryo"), who was one of Yodo no tsukai, was in Kyoto, they controlled it.
Japanese: その他四度使（よどのつかい）の一つである朝集使が在京中のときはその管理を行う。
English: Later the system of Sanni became a mere façade and lost the importance of existence, and in 896 it was incorporated in Shikibu-sho and after that the office work in Sanni was done in Shikibu-sho.
Japanese: のちに散位制度が形骸化すると存在意義が薄れ寛平八年（896年）式部省に併合され､以後散位の事務も式部省で行われた。
English: Zushoryo was one of the institutions belonging to Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 図書寮（ずしょりょう）は日本の律令制において中務省に属する機関の一つである。
English: The first official duty of Zushoryo was to control the state's library and it played a role of national library.
Japanese: 図書寮の第一の職掌は国家の蔵書を管理することで現在でいう国立図書館の役割を担っていた。