nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This has been realized by having so-called functionally-gradated structure that the cutting edge is hard, and the hardness is gradually decreased to the core, which makes compressive residual stress generate at the cutting edge.
Japanese: これは刃先は硬く、芯に向かうと硬さが徐々に下がるいわゆる傾斜機能構造を持つことで圧縮残留応力を刃先に発生させることで実現されている。
English: The explanation above is a case showing that the ideal condition is realized in the whole blade, so in fact, invisible defects can make a sword easily broken.
Japanese: 今解説したのは、刀身全域において理想状態が実現した場合の話で実際は目に見えない欠陥により脆くも折れてしまうことがある。
English: However, a Japanese sword in the ideal condition is called 'the world's strongest cutting tool,' and with reason.
Japanese: ただし理想状態の日本刀が「世界最強の刃物」として語られるのは故無きことではない。
English: As a notable example, 'Kabuto-wari (helmet splitting)' with Katana by the Dotanuki group led by Kenkichi SAKAKIBARA is famous.
Japanese: よく知られるところで、榊原健吉の胴田貫一門の刀による「兜割り」が有名である。
English: TV shopping programs sometimes use phrases such as 'Japan boasting the world's best techniques in the production of cutting tools.'
Japanese: テレビの通信販売番組でも「刃物の製造に関しては世界一の技術を誇る日本」などのフレーズが使われることがある。
English: However, this sharpness is only demonstrated by cutting with the optimal angle, so, setting aside testing sharpness by bringing Katana down to a body at rest, it is virtually impossible to cut always with the optimal angle against someone moving around in an actual fight.
Japanese: 尤も、この切れ味は最適な角度で切り込んでこそ発揮できるもので、静止物に刀を振り下ろす試し斬りならともかく、実戦で動き回る相手に対し常に最適の角度で切り込むのは至難の業である。
English: Among Japanese swords, the regular size of Uchigatana in the Edo period is about 70cm in blade length except at the very beginning and ending period, due to regulations of the Edo Shogunate (swords of more than about 88cm, that is Nodachi or field sword, were banned).
Japanese: 日本刀のうち、江戸時代の打刀は、江戸幕府の規制（2尺9寸以上の刀すなわち野太刀は禁止された）と、外出中は大小を日常的に帯刀することから、（江戸幕府の）創成期と幕末期を除き、刃渡り2尺3寸（約70cm）程度が定寸である。
English: However, a sword which is 1.3 times longer, called Satsuma Koshirae (fittings), and belted on by Satsuma warriors, required some time to poise before once bringing it down, and the so-called Jigenryu style to defeat at the first attempt became popular.
Japanese: しかし、薩摩武士が帯刀していた薩摩拵なる1.3倍程度長大な刀は、一度振り下ろすと次に構えるまで間があいてしまい、そのため一発目でしとめるいわゆる示現流の流派が流行った。
English: Later, Satsuma warriors held important posts in the Navy, and based on this nature, experts to defeat at the first attempt who learned the latest gunnery weapons of the day in Germany or other countries succesively held the posts including Full Admiral.
Japanese: 後に、薩摩武士らは海軍の要職を占めるが、この気質をもとにドイツ等で当時の最新の砲術兵器を学び一発でしとめる名手が海軍大将などを歴任した。
English: Uchigatana (Japan): In case of 70cm to 80cm long blade, about 850g to 1400g (a naked sword including Tsuka (handle) and Tsuba (handguard).
Japanese: 打刀（日本）：刃渡り70cm～80cmの場合850g～1400g程度（柄、鍔などを含める、抜き身の状態。
English: Saber (around the world): In case of 70cm to 100cm long blade, about 600g to 2400g
Japanese: サーベル（世界各地）：刃渡り70cm～100cmの場合600g～2400g程度
English: Chinese swords (China): In case of 70cm to 90cm long blade, about 500g to 1000g (for double-handed use, in case of 80cm to 100cm long blade, about 900g to 3000g)
Japanese: 中国剣（中国）：刃渡り70cm～90cmの場合500g～1000g程度（両手用、刃渡り80cm～100cmほどのものは900g～3000g程度）
English: A Japanese sword is not really light if you compare in the blade length, because its handle is longer than other swords.
Japanese: 日本の刀は、他の刀剣と比べ柄が長いため、刃渡りで見る場合、軽い訳ではない。
English: However, it is necessary to slide and pull when cutting so that the direction of force is added at a right angle against the object to cut, because the sword itself is light.
Japanese: しかし、刀自体重量が軽いので切断する際手前にスライドさせて力の向きを切断物に対し直角からそらして加える必要がある。
English: With the same reason, when sharpening a sword to 'cut and kill,' it is sharpened in the direction to slide like a kitchen knife (similar in the way to handle double-edged sword).
Japanese: 同じ理由により、「斬る」ために刀を砥ぐ際は、包丁のように、スライドさせる方向に砥ぎをかける（剣の扱いに似ている）。
English: Tracing the history, from the Kofun period to the Nara period, when swords became separated between ceremonial use and actual use, 'Keito Tachi' and 'Kurozukuri-no Tachi' were only for 'cutting off.'
Japanese: 起源をさかのぼれば、古墳時代～奈良時代に、儀式用と実戦用とが区別され始めた時、「圭頭大刀（けいとうたち）」や「黒作大刀（くろづくりのたち）」は「断ち切る」専用だった。
English: In the Heian period, 'Kogarasu' adopted 'Kissaki moroha-zukuri (double edged tip style)' to be suitable also to 'stab,' but later, Tachi and Uchigatana didn't adopt Kissaki moroha-zukuri and had a curve to be suitable to 'cut' by wristing.
Japanese: 平安時代に「小烏」などが「切っ先諸刃作り」を採用して「突き刺す」事にも適性を持っていたが、その後、太刀や打刀では、切っ先諸刃作りは排され、手首を利かせて「切る」ことに適するよう、湾曲している。
English: Some masters of martial arts used a sword having a double edge at the tip for 9cm length, which is an exception.
Japanese: 一部の武芸者は、切先三寸が両刃となった刀を使用したが、これは例外である。
English: Japanese swords were 'the very soul of the samurai' and its mental and religious value as sacred treasures and artistic value were emphasized, but on the other hand, it is said that they didn't achieve much on the battlefields.
Japanese: 日本刀は、「武士の魂」、神器としての精神的、宗教的価値や美術的価値が重視される一方で、戦場ではそれほど活躍しなかったとする説がある。
English: Most swords were for close combat, and they have a disadvantage against long handled weapons (Yari - spear or Naginata - pole swords) in a wide space.
Japanese: 刀剣の多くは接近戦専用で、広い空間では長柄武器（槍・薙刀など）に対して不利だったこと。
English: The blade of a Japanese sword is made thin to keep sharpness of blade and to make it lighter, so it can be easily bent or broken depending upon the direction of force.
Japanese: 日本刀は刃の鋭さを保つ為、また軽量化のために刀身が薄く造られており、力を加える方向によってはすぐに曲がったり折れたりする。
English: A slightly nicked edge greatly influenced its power, which causes difficulties in durability as a major weapon.
Japanese: また、多少の刃こぼれが威力に大きく影響するなど、主力武器としては耐久力に難点がある事。
English: Due to the production method requiring a lot of labor, it was not possible to have mass production of high-quality swords or large Nodachi (field swords) and to supply them to soldiers.
Japanese: 製法に手間がかかる為、高品質の刀や、大型の野太刀を量産化・兵士に支給することは出来なかったこと。
English: Warriors in the pioneer period were individual mounted shooting as the major tactics, and after the late Kamakura era, a concentration of spearmen using common soldiers including Ashigaru (common soldiers) became the major tactic.
Japanese: 草創期の武士は個人騎射を主戦術とし、鎌倉末期からは足軽など雑兵による集団槍兵が主戦術となったこと。
English: Swordsmanship become popular after the peaceful Edo period when swordsmanship with bamboo swords flourished.
Japanese: 剣術が盛んになったのは、竹刀剣術が隆盛した平和な江戸時代になってからであったこと。
English: Mass produced swords called Kazu-uchi were produced and widespread even to common soldiers.
Japanese: 数打ちと呼ばれる量産品が生産されて、雑兵にいたるまで普及していたこと。
English: Armor was a little weak against a hit, so, in the Sengoku era, there existed a fighting way using a sword as a blunt weapon with a blade.
Japanese: 鎧は打撃に若干弱い面があり、戦国期には刀を刃物付き鈍器として扱う戦い方もあったこと。
English: It is after the Edo period when its spirituality was emphasized, and significance as a utility article was big in those days.
Japanese: ことさら精神性を重視されるようになるのもまた江戸時代以降であり、当時は実用品としての意義が大きかったこと。
English: Since weapons can be broken on a daily basis by warriors' rough handling, backup weapons are necessary.
Japanese: 武器は武人の蛮用により破損してしまう事が日常的にあり、予備の武器が必要である。
English: They are, for example, soldiers using artillery including a bow, a gun, gravel, and supportsoldiers such as cargo handling and utility work.
Japanese: たとえば弓,鉄砲,石つぶてといった投射兵種、荷駄や黒鍬といった支援兵種など。
English: They changed to Katana and fought in a circumstances such as indoors or in a mountain forest where it is difficult to handle long handle weapons.
Japanese: 室内や山林など、長柄の武器の取り回しが悪い環境では刀に持ち替えて戦った。
English: Battles in Japan had mainly long-distance weapons including bows in the middle age and guns in the modern age, and as for a middle-distance fight, after fighting with Yari (spears), they ended up wrestling to cut the carotid artery by Tanto (short sword) or Yoroidoshi (knife going through armor), so Japanese swords were usually used as assistance for Yari.
Japanese: 日本の合戦は中世の弓や近世の鉄砲などといった遠距離兵器が主体であり、中距離での戦いは槍などで闘ったあと、短刀や鎧通しで頸動脈を切るための組み打ちで終結するため、日本刀は槍の補助として使われる事が多かった。
English: Most swords used in battle have cuts and dents from other swords on the Mune (back), which shows they were used in close combat.
Japanese: 合戦で使用された刀の中には、峯などに刀などによる切り込み傷のある物が多く、至近戦になった場合に使用される事があったことを示している。
English: In fact, the famous Masamune ISHIDA sword has numbers of big cuts and dents, which explains it was used in an actual fight.
Japanese: 実際、名物石田正宗には、大きな切り込み傷が多数存在し、実戦で使用された事を窺わせている。
English: It was quite difficult to cut off a head quickly in the middle of a battlefield with Yari (spears) or weapons other than swords, and the cut head of the enemy general could show the achievement of a soldier in a battle, so it is said that swords were important.
Japanese: 槍などの刀以外の武器では、戦場の真っ只中で迅速に首を切り落とすのは、非常に困難であり、合戦では自らの功績を示すものが敵将の首級であった為、重要であったとする説がある。
English: However, it is virtually impossible to cut off the head of an enemy rushing desperately with an armor and a helmet at a single stroke in the middle of a battle even with a sword.
Japanese: しかし、たとえ刀でも合戦の最中に鎧兜に身をかためた必死に迫って来る敵の首を一撃で断ち斬るのは事実上不可能である。
English: And usually, the cut head had a meaning only if it was the enemy general or closer to the rank, heads of common soldiers were not cut.
Japanese: また通常、首級は敵の大将かそれに近い人物でなければ意味がなく、雑兵の首は首級にしなかった。
English: For example, even if cutting heads indiscriminately was supposed to be achievement by a special order, in order to prevent dishonest incidence after the battle, the general or an officer appointed by the general openly cut the body of enemies in front of everyone.
Japanese: 仮に、特別な訓令により無差別に首級を取る事が手柄とみなされる場合があったとしても、合戦の後に不正が発生しないように、皆の前で大将あるいは大将に任命された役人が敵の遺骸から公明に斬り分けたりした。
English: From the above, it is rather difficult to accept the theory that swords were convenient to cut off the head f as a reason that swords were valued.
Japanese: これらの事から、刀が重視された理由について、手柄を得るための首切りに便利だったからとする説にはやや無理があるといえる。
English: It is quite an abnormal situation when people fight risking their lives, not just in battle, and they need to have a special determination.
Japanese: 合戦に限らず、人間と人間が生命を賭けて闘うというのは極めて異常な事態であり、特別な覚悟が求められるのである。
English: In such time, it is no wonder that 'the very soul of the samurai' of Japanese swords, the mental and religious value as sacred treasures and the artistic value are needed as realistic force, in a way.
Japanese: そんな時に日本刀の「武士の魂」、神器としての精神的、宗教的価値や美術的価値がある意味現実的な力として求められたとしても不思議ではない。
English: There exist a lot of swords made during the war-torn period that are engraved with names of Shinto and Buddhist deities the owners believed in or with mantra, which interestingly reflects warriors' naked feelings.
Japanese: 戦乱の時代に作られた刀に所有者が信じる神仏の名や真言が彫り付けてある遺例が数多く存在する事も当時の武士達の赤裸々な心情を窺わせて興味深い。
English: From the engineering aspect, in the periods when the theory of metallic crystal or phase transition was not resolved, sword craftsmen kept making an effort and achieved cutting tools that were excellent scientifically as well, which attracts much interest even now.
Japanese: 工学的側面からは、金属の結晶の理論や相変化の理論が解明されていない時代において、刀工たちが連綿と工夫を重ね科学的にも優れた刃物の到達点を示しえたことに今も興味の眼差しが注がれている。
English: This is because engineering control in the black box style is realized by accumulating and transmitting lots of meta-information including apparent change, texture, and smell that are not theorized or verbalized.
Japanese: 理論や言語にならない、見た目の変化、手触り、におい等のメタ情報を多く集積したり伝承したりすることで、ブラックボックス型の工学制御を実現しているためである。
English: In fact we don't interpret people's expression by fine and strict definition, but have an advanced ability to 'read the mind,' and especially since the Japanese are excellent in this ability, attempts to use Japanese manufacturing as an engineering system has begun in recent years.
Japanese: 現に我々は、細かく厳密な定義により人々の表情を読み取っているのではないが、高度な「気持ちを察する」能力が備わっており、特に日本人にこの能力が高いことから日本的なものづくりを工学システムとして捉える試みが近年萌芽してきている。
English: The diameter of the bullet of this gun is 11.43mm, the weight is about 15g and the speed is about 250m/s, by which the muzzle energy is calculated to be about 500J.
Japanese: この拳銃の弾丸の直径は11.43mmで重量は約15gあり弾速が約250m/sであることから、初活力が約500Jと算出される。
English: Although the bullet hit the blade of the Japanese sword while spinning counterclockwise, the blade didn't suffer a nicked edge at all, which can prove the sharpness of a Japanese sword.
Japanese: この弾丸が射手から見て左回転をしながら日本刀の刃に衝突するのにもかかわらず全く刃こぼれをしない事は、日本刀の切れ味の一つの証明としている。
English: On the other hand, there is the opinion that this is just a physical strength experiment of materials, 'steel' vs. 'lead.'
Japanese: これに対して、「鋼」vs「鉛」という素材の単なる物理的強度実験とする意見。
English: Moreover, there is also a rebuttal from the viewpoint of the momentum that the fixed Japanese sword overwhelmed the bullets with intense motion energy.
Japanese: さらには、固定されている日本刀が強力な運動エネルギーを持っている弾丸に対して圧勝している、という運動量的観点からの再反論もある。
English: Experiment; NATO bullets of 12.7x99mm are shot from a machine gun against the cutting edge of a Japanese sword blade.
Japanese: 日本刀の刃に向けて、垂直に重機関銃の12.7x99mmNATO弾を撃ち込む実験。
English: This 12.7mm heavy machine gun M2 used here is a machine gun with a large caliber.
Japanese: ここで使用された12.7mm重機関銃M2はもともと大口径の機関銃である。
English: It is used to attack armor-clad targets such as armored vehicles or to bring down an enemy by shooting through an obstacle.
Japanese: 現在でも装甲車等の装甲目標への攻撃や障害物を貫通させて敵を倒す目的に使われる。
English: The bullets were much bigger than those used in a gun or a rifle and had incomparable power (in this case, the impact on the blade and the twist against the blade), and the result is that the blade endured up to 6 bullets, but then the body of blade was ground down at once and broke in two.
Japanese: その弾薬は拳銃弾やライフルよりはるかに大きく、比較にならない威力（この場合は刃への衝撃力および刃に与えられる捻り）だった、結果は、六発まで耐えたが、刀身が一気に削られ、真二つにちぎり折れる。
English: It is unclear about the bullet material and whether the projectile was a full metal jacket or not.
Japanese: 弾頭素材、外皮が銅製（フルメタルジャケット）であったかどうかは不明。
English: An experimental where Hiroshi FUJIOKA, a Japanese actor, tried to cut a car door with a hard metal sword to compare the sharpness of the Japanese sword.
Japanese: 日本の俳優である藤岡弘、が超硬合金製の刀を用い、日本刀と切れ味を比較するために行われた車のドアを斬るという実験結果。
English: Although this hard metal cutting tool developed in Germany is strong against compression stress, it is known in the die level that it will be broken when stretching stress is generated, and a Japanese sword is structured to generate pronounced stretching stress, which makes some people doubt the credibility of this experiment.
Japanese: しかし、このドイツで開発された超硬合金製の刃物は圧縮応力には強いものの、引張り応力が発生すると破損することが金型では知られており日本刀は顕著な引張り応力が発生する構造なのでこの実験の信憑性を疑うものもいる。
English: Hiroshi Fujioka saw this and named this hard metal sword "Real Zantetsu-ken (sword cutting steel)."
Japanese: それを見た藤岡弘、は、この超硬合金製の刀を『リアル斬鉄剣』と名付けた。
English: Experiment conducted testing whether the concept of one sword cutting another sword, a scene often seen in films, is actually possible?'
Japanese: 「映画によくある、剣で剣を斬るというシーンは実際に可能なのか？」というコンセプトのもとに行われた実験。
English: The rough content is; making a machine swing a sword with the same force, and swinging a sword with the machine against another fixed sword.
Japanese: 大まかな内容は、同じ力で剣を振るための機械を自作し、その機械を使って剣を振り固定した別の剣に刃をぶつけるというもの。
English: The fixed Japanese sword was bent a little at the point struck, had a nicked edge, and was broken from the end.
Japanese: 固定された方の日本刀はぶつけられた部分が少し曲がって刃が欠け、根本から折れた。
English: The Claymore and Raypier were replicas made with carbon steel.
Japanese: なお、クレイモアやレイピアは炭素鋼を使用して作成されたレプリカである。
English: National Geographic (broadcasted in World Great TV Museum in Japan)
Japanese: ナショナルジオグラフィック（国内は世界まる見え!テレビ特捜部で放送）
English: Verification by "Fight Science," an overseas program played in the program (there was no experiment).
Japanese: 番組内で取り上げた海外番組"FightScience"での検証（実験を行ったわけではない）。
English: In this program, they defined a weapon with the impact strength, target area, and handiness as the strongest, and named swords as weapons which are easy to handle and have strong power.
Japanese: 同番組では衝撃力、攻撃範囲、扱い易さの3つを兼ね揃えた武器が最強としており、扱いやすく威力の高い武器として刀剣類をあげている。
English: After explaining that 'Ken (double edged sword) is mainly for stabbing' and 'Katana is mainly for cutting' as the difference between both, they introduced a Japanese sword, which is a Katana, but also good for stabbing attacks.
Japanese: 「剣は突き中心」「刀は斬撃中心」と両者の違いを説明した上で、刀でありながら突き攻撃でも引けをとらない、として日本刀が紹介された。
English: In this program, however, a white muscular ITF Taekwondo martial artist introduced by swinging, and the superiority of the Japanese sword was not explained specifically or compared with other weapons, so some people think the program had an image-oriented direction and doubt its credibility.
Japanese: しかしこの番組では筋骨隆々な白人のITF系テコンドー家が振り回して紹介したり、日本刀の優位性について具体的な根拠や他の武器との比較が説明されず、イメージ優先の演出で信憑性に疑問を持つ意見もある。
English: When you visit a shrine, you see the worship hall haiden building situated on the same axis as the main sanctuary honden toward the front with a saisen (offertory) box being placed at the front.
Japanese: 神社を訪れると、本殿の手前に礼拝用の建物である拝殿が建っており、賽銭箱が置いてある。
English: The haiden is considered to be the main building to see, by most visitors, because Honden is situated at the rear of the shrine building complex.
Japanese: 本殿は奥にあるため、一般の参拝者は拝殿を中心的建物と考えがちである。
English: As for architectural styles, nagare-zukuri and kasuga-zukuri are the most typical; in some cases, an oiya, or a covering roof is constructed over a small-sized honden as a protection from the elements.
Japanese: 本殿は流造、春日造が一般的で、小型の本殿では、風雨から守るために覆屋をかける場合もある。
English: A heiden is typically built between the haiden and honden on the same axis; it is not uncommon for these buildings to be joinder.
Japanese: 拝殿と本殿をつなぐ部分に幣殿が造られることも多く、これらを一続きに建てる場合も少なくない。
English: If you walk to the side of the building, you'll see the heiden and honden at the rear of haiden.
Japanese: 建物の横に回ってみると、拝殿の奥に幣殿や本殿を確認することができる。
English: As the honden is regarded as the sacred place where a spirit of kami or deity dwells, it is often enclosed by wooden fences, or protected by the oiya structure built over it, keeping the honden from being seen by public during ordinary times.
Japanese: 本殿は神がいるとされる神聖な場所であるため、瑞垣などで囲われたり、覆屋が造られ、普段は見ることができなくなっていることも多い。
English: In some shrines, a haiden is located directly at the front of shintai, or objects believed to contain the spirit of the deity, instead of having a honden in the middle, such as in Omiwa-jinja Shrine and Kanasana-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 一部の神社では本殿を持たず、神体の前に直接拝殿が建てられているところ（大神神社・金鑚神社など）もある。
English: Architecture of shrine is believed to have emerged under the influence of ji-in, or Buddhist pagoda, reviving ancient architecture, and in the course of subsequent developments, design elements of Buddhist nature were considered to be intentionally eliminated.
Japanese: 神社建築は寺院建築の影響のもとで発生し、日本の上古の建築を復古的に採用し、仏教建築のデザインを意識的に排除しつつ成立したと考えられる。
English: The major Shinto shrines including those designated as Ichinomiya shrines adopted and retained distinctive architecture, contributing to the preservation of unique traditional styles.
Japanese: 神社建築は、一宮などの各有力神社において固有の形式を採っているので、各神社で固有の伝統的な形式を保っている。
English: Understanding architectural style of a shrine gives important clues about the characteristics of saishin, or the deity of a shrine.
Japanese: そのため、神社建築の様式を解明することは、その神社の祭神の性格を知る上で重要な手がかりの一つとなる。
English: Honden is not intended to be built for people to enter and stay inside; therefore, it tends to be smaller than haiden.
Japanese: 本殿は人が内部に入ることを前提としていないため、拝殿より小さいことが多い。
English: It used to be that only one deity was enshrined in one pavillion; today, it is not uncommon to have many deities enshrined in one pavillion.
Japanese: 古くは一社殿に一柱の神が祀られたが、現在では一つの社殿に多数の神が祀られることも多い。
English: In most cases, worship takes place by clapping hands at the front of haiden; in some cases, such as for purification ceremonies, people may enter the haiden building.
Japanese: 一般の参拝は拝殿の手前で拍手を打って行なうが、お祓いなどのため拝殿に入ることがある。
English: Haiden is typically built larger than honden and have raised floors of timber; in some cases, however, the center of the building has earthen floors with vaulted ceilings, a structure called wari-haiden, to allow people to pass through.
Japanese: 一般に本殿よりも大きく建てられ、床を張るのが一般的であるが、建物の中央が吹き抜けの土間となっており、通り抜けることができる「割拝殿」もある。
English: Some shrines including Kasuga-taisha Shrine and Ise-jingu Shrine do not have haiden; others including Fushimi Inari-taisha and Meiji-jingu Shrine have two haiden halls.
Japanese: 神社によっては拝殿を持たないところ（春日大社・伊勢神宮など）や、二つ持つところ（伏見稲荷大社・明治神宮など）もある。
English: When there are two haiden halls, the one toward you is called ge-haiden, or outer haiden, and the one at the back nai-haiden, or inner haiden.
Japanese: 二つある場合は、手前を外拝殿（げはいでん）と呼び、奥のものを内拝殿（ないはいでん）と呼ぶ。
English: Having tsuma, or a gable pediment, at each end of the roof, is a feature of kirizuma-zukuri, or gable style, which is the dominant style of shrine architecture with the other style being irimoya-zukuri, a gabled hipped roof style.
Japanese: まず「屋根に妻を持つこと」についてだが、これは神社建築の屋根はほとんどが切妻造で、一部に入母屋造が見られる。
English: As can be seen from the lack of non-gabled styles such as yosemune-zukuri or hougyo-zukuri, the irimoya-zukuri is considered to have been willingly adopted as an architectural style maintaining the values of Shinto shrine architecture, over passively influenced Buddhist styles.
Japanese: 入母屋造が神社建築に採用されたことに付いて、仏教建築からの一方的な影響のみがあったのではなく、神社建築としての価値観に基づいて、受身的ではなく主体的に採用したことが、同じ仏教建築の様式であるが妻のない寄棟造や方形造を採用しなかったことから分かる。
English: Whereas the meaning of gabled roof in shrine architecture is not clear; there seems to be little doubt that it was of great religious significance.
Japanese: 妻が神社建築においてどのような意味を持つのかははっきりしないが、信仰上の重要な要素であったことは間違いないらしい。
English: The religious importance is evident, for instance, in the hardware parts of tsuma, or gabled pediment, which are specially treated, and mounting them during periodical occasions when moving shintai to a new shrine was carried out as a secret ceremony at the Shoden of Ise Jingu, and in nagare-zukuri pavillions jointed side by side in rows, each pavillion has chidori-hafu, a dormer bargeboard at the front side to differentiate the pavillions from each other.
Japanese: 例えば、伊勢神宮正殿において妻の部分の金具が特別視され、式年遷宮の際にそれを装着する儀礼が秘伝とされていたことや、流造の社殿を横にいくつも連結した社殿において、ひとつの社殿ごとに正面に千鳥破風（妻）が設けられて、ひとつひとつの社殿が分かるようにしていることからも分かる。
English: A highly raised floor presents a sharp contrast to doma, or earthen floor, a basic element of Buddhist architecture.
Japanese: 床を高く張ることについては、土間を基本とする寺院建築と対照的である。
English: However, some ancient shrines, like sumiyoshi-zukuri structures, have earthen instead of timbered floors.
Japanese: ただ古代の神社建築においても一部の住吉造など、床を張らずに土間とする様式もあった。
English: It is considered that tile roofing was not used appropriately to distinguish Shinto architecture itself from Buddhist architecture, or even to avoid it.
Japanese: 瓦を用いないことについては、明らかに瓦葺きの仏教建築との差異を意識し、もしくは仏教建築を忌避したものであるといえる。
English: In principle, roofing material in shrine construction is wood (wood strip roofing or cedar bark roofing); later on, in the modern era, copper sheeting became a material of choice.
Japanese: 神社は基本的に木の屋根（杮葺、檜皮葺）とするが、近世になると銅板葺きも用いられるようになった。
English: However, there are exceptions to the rule in honden roofing; in Okinawa, for instance, shrine buildings are commonly roofed with traditional red tiles.
Japanese: ただし例外的に、本殿に瓦葺を用いる場合もなくはない(たとえば、沖縄の神社は伝統的な赤瓦を用いる)。
English: Simplicity in decoration can be interpreted as a result of shrines preserving the styles of ancient Japanese architecture.
Japanese: 装飾が質素なことは、原始的な段階の日本建築の様式を固定化した結果であるといえる。
English: Traditional Japanese design elements were incorporated to distinguish itself from Buddhist architecture because a shrine is a place for Japanese deities.
Japanese: 日本固有の神の住まいであるので、仏教とは異なることを意識し、日本に伝統的な建築の意匠を取り入れている。
English: These characteristics however do not always apply to all structures of shrine architecture, which also changes from time to time.
Japanese: もちろん以上のことは全ての神社建築に当てはまるわけではなく、時代によっても変遷がある。
English: Kami or deities were believed to dwell not in shaden, but in mountains and forest, and not in any single, definite location.
Japanese: 神は社殿にいるのではなく、山や森などにいると考えられ、それも特定の一箇所に常在するとは考えられていなかった。
English: Kami were believed to visit specific rocks and trees with special shapes, and therefore worship to kami was conducted at such places.
Japanese: しかし、神は特殊な形をした特定の岩や木に来臨すると考えられ、神への祭祀は、そこで行なわれた。
English: These places are called iwasaka or iwakura, both of which refer to an area a deity sits, and are found all over Japan.
Japanese: この祭場が磐境（いわさか）・磐座（いわくら）などと呼ばれるものであり、現在でも各地に残っている。
English: Deities, however, were not believed to live there; rather, deities were invited to the place only when worship took place.
Japanese: ただ、やはり常にその祭場に神がいるのだとは考えられず、祭祀を行なうときのみ、神がその場に招かれたのである。