nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Under the control of Dokyo, major organizations such as Zogusho (Ministry of Making and Mending Palaces), Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), Hoogushiki (a post of domestic governing institution for Dokyo), Zojishi (officials in charge of building temples), Konoehei-Ryoge no kan (a post outside the original Ritsuryo code created by Imperial edicts) were established one after the other, and that weighed on the Imperial Court financially: In 782, an administrative reform was carried out and Chokushisho was abolished, with its business succeeded by Chokushisho (Imperial Decree Office).
Japanese: 道鏡政権ではこの他､造宮省・内豎省・法王宮職・造寺司・近衛兵令外官など巨大機関が乱立し朝廷財政を圧迫したため782年に行政改革の一環として廃止され業務は勅旨所に引き継がれた。
English: This organization is considered to have imitated Shibi chudai, which transmitted orders from Empress Dowager Komyo.
Japanese: この機関は光明皇太后の命令を伝達する紫微中台を模倣したものと考えられている。
English: Tenjobito/Uebito was a court official of fifth rank or above in Japanese pre-modern government organization and permitted to enter the emperor's private living quarters, i.e., the south side of the emperor's residence Seiryoden.
Japanese: 殿上人（てんじょうびと/うえびと）は、日本の官制において五位以上の者のうち、天皇の日常生活の場である清涼殿南廂へ昇ることを許された者のこと。
English: The Japanese term "Shoden" means to enter the Tenjo no ma (anteroom for nobles) in the emperor's residence, and an official below the fifth rank (for example, a chamberlain of sixth rank) who was permitted to enter the Tenjo No Ma under exceptional circumstances belonged to Tenjobito.
Japanese: 清涼殿の殿上の間（ま）に昇ることを昇殿（しょうでん）と呼び、五位以上でない六位蔵人も例外的に昇殿を許され殿上人に含まれる。
English: Later, Tenjobito began to mean those who were permitted to wait on the emperor as trusted vessel; whichever the meaning, the privilege was untransferable and only effective until the emperor, the retired emperor or the crown prince changed.
Japanese: 後代には近臣としての伺候を許されたものを指すようになるが、いずれも天皇や院、東宮の一代限りであり、代替わりにあたっては殿上人の身分を失った。
English: Saiguryo was an extra statutory office established under the ritsuryo system, placed in Ise Province.
Japanese: 斎宮寮（さいぐうりょう）は日本の律令制において伊勢に置かれた令外官。
English: Saiguryo looked after the dairy life of maiden Imperial princesses Saigu (Ise Saio), who served as priestesses of the Ise-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 斎宮寮は伊勢神宮に奉仕していた未婚の皇女斎宮（伊勢斎王）一般の世話を職掌とする。
English: For convenience of Saigu, Saiguryo took after the Imperial Court in Kyoto with a large organization of more than 120 officials including the head and its subordinate thirteen offices shared the duties including secretariat, cleaning, and medical care.
Japanese: 斎宮が不便をしないよう､京都の朝廷を模した長官の頭以下120名以上に及ぶ大規模な官司で配下にある十三の役所が出納・清掃・医療などの事務を分掌した。
English: Saiguryo was divided into three areas: the innermost area was Saigu's residence; the middle area was the residence of the head and other leading members; and the outer area was the residence and working place of the lower-level officials.
Japanese: 斎宮寮は三つも区域に分かれ､最奥部の内院に斎宮が､中院に頭以下の幹部が､そして外院に下級職員が暮らし､そして事務を行っていた。
English: Although the established period of the organization relating to Saigu has not been determined, it is recognized that the predecessor of Saiguryo existed as an extra statutory office when the Taiho Ritsuryo codes were enforced.
Japanese: 斎宮に関する組織の設置起源は判明していないが大宝律令施行当初から令外官として斎宮司が存在していたことが確認されている。
English: In March 27, 1979, the remains of Saiku was designated a national historic site.
Japanese: 斎宮跡は、1979年（昭和54年）3月27日、国の史跡に指定されている。
English: Cavalry was a military force formed by soldiers mounting on horseback, armed with swords, spears, and guns.
Japanese: 騎馬隊（cavalry）（きばたい）とは、兵士が馬にまたがり刀剣や槍、銃などで武装した兵士たちを集めて戦闘団にしたもの。
English: Today, it almost lost its original function and became one of the features of ceremony.
Japanese: 現在では、本来の役目ではなく式典の名物のひとつとなっていることが多い。
English: After the ancient Japanese military system based on the Ritsuryo codes was replaced with the Kokuga forces system (provincial forces system), the term "Japanese cavalry" was used to refer to troops composed of units of mounted warriors, which amounted to a major military force, and their attendants (known as Jusotsu [officer's servants] or Buke hokonin [servants to samurai families] depending on the times).
Japanese: 日本の騎馬隊は古代日本の軍制が律令制に基づく軍団(古代日本)から国衙軍制へ転換して以降、軍事力の中心となった騎馬武者とその供(時代により従卒、武家奉公人と言われる)を基本単位として構成された部隊を指していた。
English: Until the emergence of ashigaru (foot soldiers) as combat personnel, it was generally accepted that official battles were basically conducted only by cavalry of samurai groups.
Japanese: 足軽が戦闘要員として台頭するまでは基本的に公儀の戦闘は武士団騎馬隊のみが行うものと認識されていた。
English: After the Sengoku period (Japan), when ashigaru began to be recognized as a new fighting force, the military system of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku peiord) shifted to that in which defense was regarded as a fundamental.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)以降、足軽が新たな戦闘力として認識されると、戦国大名の軍制は備を基本としたものへ変貌した。
English: Under these circumstances, the main duty of the cavalry as a defense force was to break through the front-line of ashigaru troops or to launch counterattacks against the opponent's ashigaru troops.
Japanese: その中で騎馬隊は備の一隊として足軽隊の形成した前線の突破、又はそれらに対する逆襲が主な任務とされた。
English: Cavalry deployed for a defence force unit was composed of twenty to fifty horsemen; each horseman received an annual stipend of about 200 to 300 koku.
Japanese: 一備に配備される騎馬隊は二十～五十騎で編成されており、騎馬隊々士の知行は二百石から三百石程度である。
English: In principle, each samurai paid his own expenses during the military service; his attendants (Buke hokonin) accompanying him were mostly rearguard supporters such as spear carriers or provision transporters except young samurai who served to protect him (one to two persons for each horseman).
Japanese: 彼ら侍の軍役は自弁が原則である為、引き連れてゆく供(武家奉公人)は自身の援護に付く若党(1騎に対し1~2人)を除けば、槍持や小荷駄といった後方要員がその殆どを占めていた。
English: Speaking of cavalry, the one that belonged to Shingen TAKEDA in the Kai Province during the Sengoku period was famous because of following reasons; the imperial pastures were established in the Kai and Shinano Provinces from ancient times, so there were many people who excelled in handling horses, and also many places for breeding horses; these areas had an image symbolized by the legend of a black horse of Kai; the horses bred in these areas showed high mobile ability in mountainous regions.
Japanese: また、騎馬隊といえば、戦国期甲斐国の武田信玄の騎馬隊が有名であるが、これは古来から甲斐や信濃国に御牧が設置され騎馬の扱いに長けた者や馬の産地が多く甲斐の黒駒伝承に象徴されるイメージ的な要素や、かの地の馬が山岳機動に優れた能力を示したといった様々な説が唱えられている。
English: In the Heian period, shooting arrows on horseback was the main battle style of mounted warriors; after the Jisho-Juei Civil War, a new battle style appeared, in which a mounted warrior crushed into the enemy together with his horse, wrestled the enemy on horseback, killed the enemy by thowing him off from the horse.
Japanese: 騎馬武者の戦闘法は平安時代においては騎射が主流であったが、治承・寿永の乱の頃より馬ごと相手にぶつかり、馬上で相撲を行い、落馬させて首を取るという新たな戦闘スタイルが登場する。
English: Even until the Kamakura period, shooting arrows on horseback as typified in Yabusame (horseback archery) was the main style; from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, this trend was accelerated due to the emergence of villains and armed peasants, and the battle style of mounted warriors shifted to the use of cutting weapons such as a long sword or a Japanese halberd.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代まではそれでも流鏑馬に代表される様に騎射が主流であったが、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代になると悪党・野伏などの出現によりこの傾向は更に加速され、騎馬武者の戦闘は斬撃武器である長巻や薙刀を用いる様になる。
English: When the Sengoku period started, spears introduced around the same time became the main weapon used by mounted warriors, and also listed as must-have items for a military service.
Japanese: 戦国時代に突入すると、騎馬武者の使用武器は同時期に発案された槍が主流となり、軍役にも装備するべき武器として記載される様になる。
English: However, since each samurai paid his own expences during the military service as mentioned before, the war outfit was almost left to the discretion of individuals; each samurai used various arms such as a bow, a gun, a spear or even a Japanese halberd carried by Buke hokonin.
Japanese: もっとも、先述した様に侍は自弁である為、軍装に関してはかなりの自由裁量が認められており、弓・鉄砲又は槍の替わりに薙刀を武家奉公人に持たす事で様々な武器を扱った。
English: In addition, unlike other arms, a Japanese sword was consistently worn in person from the Heian period mainly to show social status, and was regarded as a supplementary outfit for practical purposes.
Japanese: 因みに日本刀は他の武器とは異なり、平安時代より一貫して自身が持つ武器であるが、これは身分を示すものとして佩用されるのが主な理由で、実用としては副武装の位置にある。
English: Initially, mounted warriors in the Sengoku period seemed to rush at the enemy's position by riding on horseback.
Japanese: 戦国時代の騎馬武者も当初は騎乗突撃をもって敵陣に突入していた様である。
English: (For that occasion, young samurai, who followed close behind mounted warriors, probably caught up with them easily because the distance to the enemy was only 100 meters in consideration of shooting range of a matchlock gun.)
Japanese: (この時、若党は後続させていたが敵陣との距離は火縄銃の射程を考慮すれば100m以下であるので、追い付くのは容易であろう。)
English: However, with the increase of ashigaru and the emergence of its military strategy against cavalry, rushing at the enemy's position on foot by dismounting from the horse became common first in the western part of Japan, and later throughout the country.
Japanese: しかし足軽の増大と彼らが繰り出す対騎馬隊戦法により、先ず西国から、後には全国的に馬から降りて徒歩で突撃する様になった。
English: (Aming at horses was considered very important in both Yaribusuma [a line of long spears held ready to attack] and shooting by musket troops against mounted warriors.)
Japanese: (騎馬武者に対する長槍による槍衾、鉄砲隊による射撃は双方とも馬を狙う事が肝要とされている)。
English: However, back from the Heian period, mounted warriors performed land battle when necessary; after land battle became common, they fought from horseback whenever occasion arose, and responded flexibly to the enemy's strategy.
Japanese: しかしそれ以前、平安時代より騎馬武者は必要があれば下馬戦闘も行ってきたし、下馬戦闘が主流になった後も機会があれば騎乗突撃を行っているなど、相手の戦法によって柔軟に運用している。
English: The Genjina is a professional name that is assumed by or given to women and the practice owes its origins to the classic book Genji Monogatari.
Japanese: 源氏名とは、源氏物語にちなんで女性に付けられた（あるいは女性が名乗った）名前のことである。
English: The earliest use of 'Genjina' that can be validated is the name which appears in the book "Sanetaka koki" (the journal of Sanetaka SANJONISHI).
Japanese: 「源氏名」を使用したことが確認できる最も早い事例は、『実隆公記』に記載されている。
English: Umegae' (died December 11, 1505) was the Genjina of a woman who served as a maid servant to Sanetaka SANJONISHI.
Japanese: 「梅枝」という名の三条西実隆に下女として仕え永正2年（1505年）11月6日に死去した女性である。
English: In a broader sense, Genjina could be interpreted to mean names that bear no direct relationship with Genji Monogatari however, are names that are reminiscent of the grace that is encapsulated by the Genji Monogatari.
Japanese: 広義には源氏物語とは直接の関係ないが源氏物語を連想させるような雅な名前を含む。
English: Initially in the bygone Heian period there was a custom that prostitutes assumed elegant names.
Japanese: もともと遊女には古くは平安時代から本名とは異なる優雅な名前を名乗る習慣があった。
English: In the Edo period Genjina were used by prostitutes in the red light districts (at which stage the "Genjina" bore no relationship with the previous usage and there was a proliferation of such names).
Japanese: 江戸時代の遊郭で遊女が源氏名を使用した（但しこの段階で源氏物語とは余り関係の無い『源氏名』が多くなったとされる）。
English: Moreover, from that point onwards the names lost all sense of linkage with the Genji Monogatari once workers in the bar and nightlife industry called themselves by such names in the workplace and now it bacame tradition.
Japanese: このことから、水商売の現場で働く人々が仕事の上で使う名前を源氏物語とは特に関係が無くとも源氏名と呼ぶようになり、慣習となっている。
English: Kihei Taishogun was a military official established in the Nara period under the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 騎兵大将軍(きへいたいしょうぐん)とは、奈良時代、日本の律令制において設置された武官。
English: Kihei Taishogun was a commander to head cavalrymen who were conscripted throughout Japan, and led the cavalry to escort and dignify the entrance of foreign envoy or Imperial visit.
Japanese: 外国の使臣入京や天皇行幸の列などの威儀を張るため、または警衛のために諸国より徴発された騎兵を率いる指揮官のこと。
English: Kihei Taishogun first appeared in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) entry dated the eleventh month, the day of Kinoto-Ushi in 705, when KI no Komaro was appointed Kihei Taishogun to meet and escort the Shilla envoy; it was also recorded that when FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu raised the army in Kyushu against the throne at the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740, Emperor Shomu went to Iga and Ise Provinces with FUJIWARA no Nakamaro as Zen (front) Kihei Taishogun and KI no Maro as Go (rear) Kihei Taishogun, guarded by 400 cavalrymen.
Japanese: 騎兵大将軍は『続日本紀』の慶雲2年(705年)11月乙丑条の新羅使を迎えた迎えた際に、紀古麻呂を任じたのが初見であり、天平12年(740年)に藤原広嗣が九州で謀叛した藤原広嗣の乱において、聖武天皇が伊賀国、伊勢国に行幸した際、藤原仲麻呂を前騎兵大将軍、紀麻路を後騎兵大将軍に任じ、400もの騎兵に警衛させたことが記録されている。
English: When Emperor Shotoku visited Yuge, Kawachi Province in 765, FUJIWARA no Tadamaro and Kyofuku KUDARANOKONIKISHI were appointed respective Kihei Taishogun.
Japanese: 天平神護元年(765年)、称徳天皇が河内国弓削に行幸した際には、藤原縄麻呂、百済王敬福を各騎兵大将軍に任じた。
English: Even the families which were conferred upon the title of the peerage such as count or viscount after the Meiji period were called Jigenin if they were not originally court nobles.
Japanese: 明治時代以降、侯爵や伯爵などの華族に列せられた家でも、元公家でなければ地下人と呼ばれた。
English: In principle, if an official obtained the third rank, i.e., status of high court noble, he was permitted to enter the Imperial Palace; however, a noble of the fourth or fifth rank, or even a chamberlain of the sixth rank were permitted to enter the Imperial Palace ('Tenjobito') if they were given imperial sanction.
Japanese: 原則として三位の位階を得れば（公卿身分の獲得）昇殿が許され、四位・五位の貴族や六位でも蔵人の地位にあるものは勅許があれば昇殿が許されていた（殿上人）。
English: Conversely, those who do not match these conditions are Jigenin--A high ranked noble, who should have been given imperial sanction according to the principle but was not given due to political or personal reasons, was classified as Jigenin, called 'a high ranked noble of Jige' 'kandachime of Jige'.
Japanese: 逆に言えば、これに当てはまらない者が地下人にあたるわけであるが、原則的には当然に勅許を得られるはずの公卿であっても政治的・個人的理由で勅許を得られない者も地下人であり、これを「地下の公卿」・「地下の上達部」と呼んだ。
English: When the family ranks were gradually defined after the middle ages, the families were clearly divided without regard to the official ranks: Toshoke, the families permitted to enter the Imperial Palace; and Jigeke, the families held the status of Jigenin.
Japanese: 中世以後、次第に家格が定められると、位階に関係なく昇殿できる家柄（堂上家）と地下人のままの家柄（地下家）に厳格に分けられるようになった。
English: However, in a broader sense, the role of Yonin included all the above roles however, in this text the Yonin meaning is interpreted in a narrow sense.
Japanese: しかし、広義の用人にはこれらの全てが含まれるが、ここでは主に狭義の用人の意味について解説する。
English: The Soba-Yonin is said to have mainly handled the lord's 'general business including private and political affairs' and, dealings with others.
Japanese: 側用人は、主君の「私事・家政の用向き」を伝え、相手方と折衝して庶務を司ることを主な役目とする。
English: On the other hand, the Yonin was mainly responsible for keeping the lord informed of 'official matters' within the domain and family and, handling general negotiations and dealings with other parties.
Japanese: 一方の用人は、主君の「公的な用向き」を藩内・家中に伝えて、相手方と折衝して庶務を司るとを役目とする。
English: he Yojin had to be careful as the person who actually informed the lord of matters within the domain and his family was not the Yojin themselves.
Japanese: 藩主の公的な用向きを藩内・家中に伝えるのが公用人ではないので、注意が必要である。
English: However, with the coming of peace, Yonin that were responsible for office clerical and related roles were appeared in place in various provinces across Japan.
Japanese: しかし、泰平の世となり、いわば事務屋・連絡役・折衝役としての性格を持つ用人は、ほぼ全国諸藩に設置されるようになった。
English: In larger domains, the role of Yonin could not be said to be chief retainer but, was a role that handled business, dealing and general affairs for the lord and elders of the domain.
Japanese: 大きな藩では、用人の地位は重臣とは言えず、藩主・老職などの公的な用向きを関係方面に伝えて、折衝して庶務を司ることを役目とする。
English: In the smaller domains, the Yonin was second to the elders as chief retainers and, it was common to provide the elders with a whole range of assistance.
Japanese: 小さな藩では、用人は家老に次ぐ重臣であって、家老の職務を全般を補佐していることが多い。
English: The status of Yonin differed between the various provinces in Japan however, generally speaking, in the larger domains the Yonin's status was not higher than the senior retainers and, there is no doubt that the smaller the domains there was a tendency for the Yonin's status to be relatively higher.
Japanese: 用人の地位は、全国諸藩においてまちまちであるが、大雑把に云って、大藩であるほど上級家臣の中でその地位は相対的に高くなく、小藩であるほどその地位は相対的に高い傾向があることは疑いがない。
English: Also, in many provinces where the Yojin worked as highly paid senior vassals, those vassals engaged retainers themselves to act as their own Yojin.
Japanese: また、諸藩に仕えたの高禄の重臣は、その家臣として陪臣身分となる用人を召し抱えていた。
English: However with the exception of the high ranking families and alternative arrangements, as a general rule as vassals of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Yonin were not provided for family elders and the elderly within families.
Japanese: ただし、交代寄合・高家以外の江戸幕府の旗本にあっては、原則としてその家中に家老・年寄は設置されなかった。
English: As Shokugensho tsuko (Consideration on "Shokugensho" [history of governmental post]) describes 'Kokumo is the real mother of the reigning emperor', 'Kokumo' does not indicate the status of the Emperor's lawful wife as the Empress and the Empress Dowager; rarely though, 'Kokumo' is improperly used for the Empress Dowager.
Japanese: 『職原抄通考』によれば「国母、治世天子御母也」とあり、あくまで現天皇の生母であり、皇后・皇太后など（天皇の正室）の地位とは異なるが、まれに皇太后の意で誤用されることもある。
English: The word of 'kokumo' first appeared in an article of "Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan" (Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku), dated on March 25 of the third year of the Gangyo era which says 'empress to Emperor Junna demised. On that day, Kokumo made a call of condolence' when the empress to Emperor Junna, Imperial Princess Masako passed away.
Japanese: 『日本三代実録』の元慶3年3月25日(旧暦)（879年4月20日）条に、淳和天皇の皇后・正子内親王が崩御した時の記事として「淳和太后崩、既曰国母、可謂至尊」とあるのが初見。
English: On the other hand, although not the real mother of the crown prince but an empress or princess who fostered the crown prince as an adoptive mother or a woman who played the role of his mother is titled 'junbo' (a woman who was given the status equivalent to the emperor's birth mother).
Japanese: また、天皇の生母ではないが、養母として天皇の養育にあたった后妃や、母に準ずる存在に擬せられた女性を「准母」という。
English: FUJIWARA no Senshi, the real mother of Emperor Ichijo, became a nun and entitled Higashi Sanjoin, which set a precedent for kokumo and Junbo to become nun and then entitled nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing).
Japanese: 一条天皇生母の藤原詮子が出家して東三条院となって以来、国母・准母は出家後に女院号を受けるのが通例となった。
English: At later times, there were cases of exception where the title nyoin was given to kokumo or junbo who did not become a nun, or even to those who were not kokumo or junbo.
Japanese: 後の時代になると出家しなくとも女院となったり、また国母・准母以外にも女院号を受ける例も出た。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (administrative and legal system adopted by Japan from China in the seventh and eighth century) the term "Hikan" referred to clerks who were attached to low ranked officials who in turn were attached to senior officials.
Japanese: 律令制下、日本の官制において上級官庁に附属する下級官庁ないし下級官庁に附属する官吏をいった。
English: The Hikan (low ranking clerks) were attached to bureaus within the eight ministries that existed under the Ritsuryo system and, were also attached to offices, sections and village offices in the provinces.
Japanese: 八省の下に属する寮(律令制)や司、署、国司に属する郡司などがそれにあたる。
English: This changed from the Muromachi period following the appropriation of police powers by shugo where during the Kamakura period where a shift took place whereby local provincial lords became affiliated with daimyo as shugo daimyo.
Japanese: 転じて、室町時代以降、諸国の警察権を掌握していた守護が、鎌倉時代の地頭を出自とする国人を傘下に収め大名化し守護大名として成立した。
English: Also besides this, provincial feudal lords along with shoke (households not part of the family of the direct lineage chief), local clans and provincial samurai, influential peasants were also in certain cases considered to be hikan.
Japanese: その他にも国人領主にも庶家をはじめ土豪や地侍、有力百姓を被官としている場合もある。
English: The term was also used to refer to the general concept of those who were somewhat subordinate but not satisfying a fully independent master-servant relationship.
Japanese: 一定の独立性を持った主従君臣関係未満の半従属化された者を指す概念としても用いられる。
English: A governor's hikan or provincial folk was a general combination of: Regional lords (besides those in receipt of rank and titles from the imperial court), lower ranking vassals in the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and regional lords of manors.
Japanese: 守護の被官たる国人は独立した領主であり、朝廷から官位を受ける他、幕府の御家人、或いは荘園領主の庄官の地位も併有している場合が一般的であった。
English: In cases where the governor vassals, there were lower ranked vassals who under pressure from the governor family were pressed into paying tributes.
Japanese: 守護家の家臣となる場合や、守護家の圧力により臣下の礼をとった者もある。
English: However, while many regional lords managed to exist independently and their situations mirroring the fortunes of the governor, it was not unknown for betrayal of governor families to occur, insurrections fomented by joining with groups of provincial folk and for rejection of a shugo's military command.
Japanese: しかし、多くの国人領主はそれぞれが独立した存在であり、利害に応じて守護に随従したり他の守護家に寝返ったり、複数の国人と共同して国人一揆を形成、守護の軍令を拒否する場合もなきしもあらずであった。
English: As such, when looking at cases where the hikan contributed to a victory, there is no lack of examples where the fortunes of battle shifted because of betrayals to hostile forces.
Japanese: そのため、被官が勝利に貢献する場合もあれば、敵対勢力に寝返ったために、戦況が変わる例が少なくなかった。
English: In this way, the hikan held a degree of influence stemming from autonomous self independence.
Japanese: このように、室町時代における被官の地位は独立した自治権を有する勢力であった。
English: However, with the onset of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan, the shugo and shugodai in turn forcefully oppressed the hikan in the provinces and in addition, through a feudal vassal system there was a power shift to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
Japanese: しかし、戦国時代(日本)に入ると、守護や守護代が次第に武力を以って他の被官国人を滅ぼし、または臣従させることで戦国大名と化した。
English: On the other hand, as in the case of the Mori clan, there were examples of provincial folk who were subordinates of governors who managed to overcome the power of the shugo and shugodai and gained prominence as Sengoku Daimyo.
Japanese: 一方では、毛利氏のように守護の被官であった国人が守護や守護代の勢力を打倒して戦国大名として台頭する例もある。
English: Most hikan had to decided which power they should comply with, or how to keep their independent existence.
Japanese: 多くの被官人たちはいずれの勢力に随従すべきか、或いは自分たちの自立性を如何に維持させるべきか決めた。
English: In spite of this, throughout the Sengoku Period there were hikan common folk who maintained an independent existence.
Japanese: それでも、戦国時代を通じて被官として独立した地位を有する者もあった。
English: However, from around those times onwards, hikan were absorbed into the ranks of vassals of the bakufu or daimyo (with the exception of individuals who had gained status of Sengoku Daimyo or a more recent daimyo military lord).
Japanese: しかし、近世以降は、戦国大名または近世大名としての地位を勝ち得た者以外は、幕府又は大名の家臣として組み込まれていった。
English: Zojishi was an extra statutory office established in the Nara period for building national temples or those corresponding to national temples.
Japanese: 造寺司（ぞうじし）とは、奈良時代に官寺あるいはこれに准じた寺院を造営するために設置された令外官のこと。
English: Zojishi was established for each temple for building facilities and making Buddhist ceremony utensils used in the temple, including copying a sutra.
Japanese: 寺院単位で設置され、施設の建築やそこで使われる用具の製造（経典の写経も含む）にあたった。
English: The oldest example of Zojishi was SOGA no Zentoko (son of SOGA no Umako) appointed at the construction of Hoko-ji Temple, and Zojishi was also established at the construction of Asuka-dera Temple (a great number of Fuhonsen coins were found from the facilities); however, Zojishi was formally established after the introduction of the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 最古の例は法興寺創建時において蘇我善徳（蘇我馬子の子）が任じられたとされ、飛鳥寺創建の際にも設置されていた（その施設内から大量の富本銭が発掘されている）が、本格的な設置は律令制導入以後とされている。
English: Originally, it was mainly the Bureau of Carpentry that was in charge of the construction of temples; however, in light of the temple construction boom that arose out a growing awareness of national protection and the transfer of the capital, the position of Zojishi was established in order to avoid such work being conducted exclusively by the Bureau of Carpentry, as well as to prevent the power and interests being concentrated in their hands.
Japanese: 本来こうした造営は木工寮などが担当することとなっていたが、鎮護国家の高まりによって造寺が盛んになり、更に遷都なども重なって木工寮への業務の集中を避けると同時に、権力や利権の集中を防ぐことも目的であったとされている。
English: Zojishi which undertook a large-scale construction installed the four-tiered hierarchy (kami, suke, jo, sakan) and followed the number of employees and official court rank equivalence system of the central government in some cases; besides, sometimes further installed a subordinate office 'Sho'.
Japanese: 大規模な寺院造営を行う造寺司では四等官（長官・次官・判官・主典）が導入されて人員や官位相当は八省に准じる場合もあった他、下部の官司として「所」が設置されることもあった。