nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: They joined the western army in the Onin War, protecting General Yoshikado SHIBA, the heir of the Shiba clan, from the Shibukawa clan, but at the suggestion of Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, who held the title of Kanrei (deputy to the shogun) and was leader of the eastern army, they were appointed successors to the Echizen Shugo as a reward for going over to the eastern army, thus becoming Shugo.
Japanese: 応仁の乱では西軍に加担し、渋川氏から斯波氏を相続した斯波義廉を大将に守り立てていたが、東軍の総帥、管領　細川勝元の誘引により、東軍寝返りの見返りに越前守護に補任され、守護となった。
English: However, because of the Shiba clan's appeals and the Shogunate's sympathy toward them, after a while it became difficult for the Asakura clan to maintain the position of Shugo, and the descendants of Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, who was the second son of the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and toppled in a rebellion against his brother of Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, noticed that they were holding out in under the name of Kuratani Gosho in Echizen Province, made the son of Yoshikado SHIBA to succeed to Kuratani Gosho, gave him the name Yoshitoshi ASHIKAGA, set him up as a puppet Shugo in Echizen and secured effective rule of all of Echizen.
Japanese: しかし、旧主　斯波氏による訴えや幕府の斯波氏に対する同情から、しばらくの後、朝倉氏の守護職維持が難しくなり、三代将軍足利義満の次男で兄　足利義持に謀叛して倒れた足利義嗣の末裔が越前国に鞍谷御所と称し存続していたのを目につけ、斯波義廉の子に鞍谷御所を相続させて、足利義俊と名乗らせ、傀儡の越前守護に補任するよう手続きし、越前一国の実効支配を確保した。
English: The Shugodai of Izumo Province, the Amago clan, were related to that province's Shugo, the Kyogoku clan, and were appointed Shugodai as their chief vassals.
Japanese: 出雲国の守護代　尼子氏も同国守護　京極氏の傍流であり、その重臣として守護代を命ぜられた家であった。
English: However, in the battles after the Onin War, they gave distinguished service and within the Kyogoku family cultivated their power and overcame the main family to become feudal daimyo, eventually achieving the status of Shugo.
Japanese: しかし、応仁の乱以降の戦乱において戦功を重ね、京極家中において実力を養うと主家を追い戦国大名化し、やがて守護の格式を手中にした。
English: In fact, the Kyogoku clan, related to the Sasaki clan (Rokkaku clan), were appointed successors to the Izumo Shugo, but Tsunehisa AMAGO disobeyed Masatsune KYOGOKU and pursued the lord, and by gaining control of Izumo expanded it into a great country spanning 11 provinces.
Japanese: そもそも、出雲守護は佐々木氏(六角氏)の傍流　京極氏が補任されていたが、京極政経に背いた尼子経久が主君を追い、出雲国を掌握し11カ国に拡がる大国へと成長していった。
English: Tsunehisa gave his grandson one of the Japanese characters from Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA's given name ("haru"), naming him Haruhisa AMAGO, and achieved a promotion to become the Shugo (Governor) of Izumo.
Japanese: 経久は孫に将軍足利義晴の一字　晴の字を受けて尼子晴久と名乗らせ、また出雲守護補任をも果たし、守護代から守護への格式へと家柄を向上させた。
English: Furthermore, at first the Echigo Shugodai, the Nagao clan, did not go for the Shugo position, but ran the lord out, and Tamekage NAGAO, who even killed the Kanto Kanrei, contributed to the court and the Shogunate and received the status of shirokasabukuro mosen kuraoi, which was the status of a Shugo, and was given part of the name of the 12th Seii taishogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA to be called Harukage NAGAO, thereby gaining status on the level of a Shugo while a Shugodai.
Japanese: さらに、越後守護代の長尾氏では、当初、守護職までは手中にしなかったものの、主君を追放し、関東管領をも討ち果たした長尾為景が、朝廷と幕府に寄進して守護の格式である白傘袋毛氈鞍覆の格式と、嫡男に12代征夷大将軍　足利義晴の偏諱を賜り、長尾晴景と名乗らせるなど、守護代に守護級の格式を認められていった。
English: In the end, Tamekage's second son Kenshin (the latter Kenshin UESUGI) took over from the sickly Harukage, expanded their political power, fought many bloody battles with the Takeda clan, conquerors of Koshin; finally at the request of Norimasa UESUGI of the Uesugi clan who were under attack and losing ground to the Hojo clan, he succeeded to leadership of the Uesugi clan and Kanto Kanrei, thereby achieving a position higher than any regular Shugo.
Japanese: やがて、病弱な晴景に代わり、為景次男の謙信（後の上杉謙信）が家督を継ぐと、勢力拡大、甲信を制した武田氏と雌雄を決する大戦を繰り返し、やがて北条氏に攻められ勢力を失いつつあった上杉氏の上杉憲政の懇願で、上杉氏の家督と関東管領を継承し、通常の守護よりも格段に高い地位を得ることとなった。
English: In this way, the position of the Shugodai, which was nothing more than an agent of a Shugo in the Muromachi period, at the opening of the Warring States period overtook that of the lords and became one of replacing them.
Japanese: このように、室町時代は守護の代理人としての地位に過ぎなかった守護代の地位は戦国時代の幕開けとともに、主君を追い、取って代わる存在へと変貌していった。
English: On the other hand, even though they succeeded for a while in becoming feudal daimyo, there are many examples of them later being overthrown by their vassals.
Japanese: 一方で、戦国大名化に一時的に成功するも、やがてその家臣により失敗した例も多く存在する。
English: In fact, the Miyoshi clan were relatives of a notable branch of the Kai Genji clan, the Ogasawara clan, which had served as Awa Shugo in the Kamakura period, but in the Muromachi period they were Shugodai who protected the Awa Shugo, the Hosokawa clan.
Japanese: そもそも、三好氏は甲斐源氏の名流　小笠原氏の傍流にて鎌倉時代は阿波守護をも勤める家柄であったが、室町時代は阿波守護　細川氏を守り立てて守護代の地位にあった。
English: Their employer was a branch of the Hosokawa clan that served as Awa Shugo, but when Sumimoto HOSOKAWA was adopted by the head of the clan, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, they went into lands under imperial rule, to support the longstanding desire of Sumimoto HOSOKAWA to be head of the Hosokawa family and the Shogunate's Kanrei, and supported that by establishing battle positions.
Japanese: 主家は阿波守護を務める細川氏の一門であったが、主家の細川澄元が細川宗家の細川政元の養子となるのに伴い、畿内一帯に進出、主君の細川澄元の細川宗家及び幕府管領職相続の宿願を適えるため、戦陣での働きにより、これを支えてきた。
English: Based on a false charge by uncle Masanaga MIYOSHI, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, whose father was killed by Harumoto HOSOKAWA, requested of his lord Harumoto the position of Daikan over 17 Shogunal properties and the suppression of Masanaga, but when this was sidelined he set up Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA as lord, and turned his back on Harumoto.
Japanese: 叔父　三好政長の讒言により、細川晴元に父を謀殺された三好長慶は、主君　晴元に幕府御料17箇所代官職と政長討伐を要求したが、これが退けられると、細川氏綱を主君に擁立、晴元に背いた。
English: When Harumoto ran away with father-son Shoguns Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA and Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA to the protection of the Rokkaku clan, the Miyoshi clan made Ujitsuna into a puppet and held the capital with a nominal Kanrei, eventually reconciling with the Shogunate and expanding their rule over all Imperial lands with the Shogunate and Kanrei as puppets.
Japanese: 晴元が将軍　足利義晴、足利義輝親子とともに六角氏のもとに落ち延びると、三好氏は氏綱を傀儡化させて名目上の管領として都を掌握、やがて幕府とも和睦して、幕府、管領を傀儡とした畿内一帯の支配権を拡大していった。
English: In the end, the Miyoshi clan itself gained the status of Shugo, was picked for Shobanshu, which is chosen from among the powerful or famous Shugo, and ended up with the rank of Jushii-ge and permission to use the nurigoshi which was a symbol of the Shugo's status.
Japanese: やがて、三好氏自体が守護の格式を得て、守護の中でも有力か或いは名門である家から選ばれる相伴衆に列せられ、従四位下の位と守護の格式である塗輿を使用を免許されるまでに至る。
English: However, even though the Miyoshi clan's power grew, their household affairs were eventually taken over by their chief vassal, Hisahide MATSUNAGA.
Japanese: しかし、三好氏の勢力拡大の一方で三好氏の家政は、やがて重臣の松永久秀に取って代わられるようになった。
English: While Nagayoshi MIYOSHI was alive the Matsunaga clan obediently followed their lord, but made accusations against him, pursued political rivals one after another, and after Nagayoshi's death achieved a partially independent position themselves as feudal daimyo centered around Yamato Province, were granted rank and status equal to that of their employer by the court and Shogunate, and eventually surpassed them.
Japanese: 松永氏は三好長慶存命中は従順に主君に従っていたが、主君に讒言し、政敵を次々と追い、長慶の死後、自身も大和国を中心とした戦国大名として半独立的地位を得、朝廷や幕府より主家と並ぶ位階や格式を与えられ、やがて主家を凌ぐようになった。
English: The Shugodai of Owari Province, Nobutomo ODA, also propped up his lord Yoshimune SHIBA as a puppet Shugo, and used him as a justification for his own predominance and expansion of power within Owari Province.
Japanese: 尾張国の守護代　織田信友も主君である斯波義統を傀儡の守護として奉じ、自らの尾張国内での優位性と勢力拡大の大義名分に利用していた。
English: However, even though the lord eventually opposed him and sought to drive him to suicide, he was blamed by his relative and vassal Nobunaga ODA for the murder of his lord and overthrown.
Japanese: しかし、やがて対立するようになった主君を自害に追うものの、傍流にして家臣でもあった、織田信長に主殺しを咎められ攻め滅ぼされた。
English: The Uragami clan that held power in Bizen Province were also another family that became feudal daimyo for a while, before they were overthrown by their subordinates in the Ukita clan.
Japanese: また、備前国に勢力を持った浦上氏も、一時的に戦国大名化を遂げ、配下の宇喜多氏にとってかわられた家のひとつである。
English: The Uragami clan had their base in Harima Province, and as chief vassals of the Akamatsu clan who were the Shugo over Harima and Bizen Provinces, had served as the Shugodai of Bizen for generations.
Japanese: 浦上氏は播磨国を本貫とし、播磨国、備前国などの守護を務めた赤松氏の重臣で、代々、備前守護代を務めてきた。
English: However, at the time of Munekage URAGAMI they rebelled against their masters and eventually secured an independent position as feudal daimyo in Bizen Province.
Japanese: しかし、浦上宗景の代に、主家に反抗し、やがて独立的な地位を確立し、備前国の戦国大名として中国に鳴らした。
English: However, eventually the Ukita clan, who were powerful kokujin in the same family, deposed the Uragami clan and usurped the rule of that fief.
Japanese: しかし、やがて、自家の傘下にいた有力国人である宇喜多氏が、やがて浦上氏を下し、その領国支配を奪取した。
English: It is a Ryoge no kan, a post that was not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system, and was effectively the highest post among court nobles.
Japanese: 律令制に本来規定された官ではない令外官であり、実質的に公家の最高位であった。
English: Unlike with the Sessho, who exercised full authority as an agent of an infant or invalid emperor, in the case of the Kampaku the emperor held ultimate decision making authority.
Japanese: 天皇が幼少または病弱などのために大権を全面的に代行する摂政とは異なり、関白の場合は最終的な決裁者はあくまでも天皇である。
English: Also, because the Sessho Kampaku is customarily an agent of the Emperor, he typically did not participate in meetings (or in a decision) with the Daijokan (council of state of the Japanese imperial government) except in unusual circumstances such as when accompanying the Emperor; when the Daijo Daijin (Chancellor of council of state of the Japanese imperial government) or Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) was also serving as Sessho/Kampaku, the next minister in line would carry out government affairs as the Daijokan and chairman.
Japanese: また、慣例として摂政関白は「天皇の代理人」であるため、天皇臨席などの例外を除いては、太政官の会議には参加しない（あるいは決定には参与しない）慣例があり、太政大臣・左大臣が摂政・関白を兼任している場合にはその次席の大臣が太政官の首席の大臣（一上）として政務を執った。
English: In fact, the Kampaku had the right to inspect letters to the Emperor (more on this later); thus when there was political correspondence between the Emperor and Daijokan, the Kampaku was able to grasp and participate in its contents beforehand, giving him authority to control both the Emperor and the Daijokan without infringing upon the authority of the Emperor's edicts or the replies to them.
Japanese: ただし、関白は内覧の権限（後述）を有しており、天皇と太政官の間の政治的なやりとりを行う際には関白が事前にその内容を把握・関与することで、天皇の勅命や勅答の権限を直接侵害することなく天皇・太政官双方を統制する権限を有したのである。
English: It comes from the words to entrust (kan) and to say (haku) the Emperor's words.
Japanese: 語源は天皇の言葉に対し、関（あずか）り白（もう）すことから来ている。
English: The word Kampaku has its origins in the tradition followed in early Han China where all reports to Emperor Xuan were entrusted to the powerful statesman Huo Guang.
Japanese: 関白の語は、中国前漢の宣帝(漢)が、上奏はすべて実力者霍光が「関（あずか）り白（もう）す」ようにした故事に由来する。
English: This was so that Emperor Xuan, who feared Huo Guang's influence, could avoid being deposed by Huo Guang using negligence in government affairs as an excuse (Hakuriku is another name for Kampaku, because Huo Guang was 'Hakurikuko').
Japanese: これは、霍光の権勢を恐れた宣帝が、政務不行届を口実に霍光により廃位されることを避けるためであったと言われる（関白の別名の一つ「博陸」は、霍光が‘博陸侯’であった事に由来している）。
English: However, ironically in 887, in the imperial edict that Emperor Uta ordered TACHIBANA no Hiromi to write in a Kampaku appointment to FUJIWARA no Mototsune, Mototsune disagreed with the emperor regarding the meaning of the word 'Ako' and refused to participate in government for a while (the Ako Incident).
Japanese: だが、皮肉にも887年宇多天皇が橘広相に命じて書かせた藤原基経への関白任命の詔勅にあった「阿衡」という言葉の意味合いを巡って、基経が天皇と対立して政務への参加を一時拒否するという事件が起こっている（阿衡事件）。
English: Qualification for the appointment was limited to line of regents in the lineage of the eldest son of the Northern FUJIWARA family, who were descendants of FUJIWARA no Michinaga.
Japanese: 就任資格は藤原道長の子孫である藤原北家の嫡流たる摂関家に限られていた。
English: The source of that power was in the authority to view documents sent to the Emperor from the Daijokan and others before the Emperor did, called nairan.
Japanese: その権力の源泉は太政官などから上奏される文書を天皇に先んじて閲覧する権限にあり、これを内覧という。
English: Consequently, there were cases wherein someone was not appointed Kampaku but gained the right of nairan to act as Kampaku and grab power - FUJIWARA no Michinaga was typical of this.
Japanese: 従って、関白に就任しないまま内覧権限を得て事実上の関白として政権を握る例もあり、藤原道長がその典型である。
English: On a related topic, the diary that Michinaga wrote is now called 'Mido Kampakuki,' but in fact Michinaga took the post of Sessho and never became Kampaku.
Japanese: ちなみに、道長の書いた日記を今日では「御堂関白記」と呼ぶが、実際の道長は摂政には就任したものの関白には就任することはなかった。
English: It has been said that Michinaga did not become Kampaku because he saw the potential for the Kampaku to become politically powerless in a situation where the Emperor and Kampaku were opposed, because the Kampaku did not have political decision-making authority or the power to directly command the Daijokan or subordinate ministers.
Japanese: 道長は天皇と関白が対立した場合には、政治的決定への決裁権も太政官以下の諸役人を直接指揮する権限も持たない関白が政治的には無力化する可能性があることを考慮して関白に就かなかったのだといわれている。
English: Originally, a Sessho Kampaku running the government in place of the imperial regime was limited to assistance from a maternal relative because the Emperor was an infant.
Japanese: 本来、天皇の政権を代わりに摂政関白が政治を司るのは、幼少を理由に外戚が補佐するという場合に限られる。
English: That is why the Sekkan household was established by sending a daughter to be the Emperor's queen, and having her bear a prince.
Japanese: よって、摂関家は姫を天皇の后妃を入内させ、皇子を生ませることで成立していた。
English: Because of that, when Emperor Gosan-jo, who did not have any of the Sekkan house's blood, came to power, the influence of the Sekkan household began to decline.
Japanese: このため、摂関家の血をひかない後三条天皇が即位すると、摂関家は次第に勢力を衰退させる。
English: In particular the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa brought about the demise of the age of Sekkan-centered politics with the start of his cloistered government after giving up the throne.
Japanese: 特に白河法皇は譲位の後に、院政を開始したことで、摂関政治が中心の時代は終焉を迎えた。
English: From the Kamakura period on, because political power moved from the court to the warriors, the influence of the Kampaku on politics became ever weaker.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降は政治の実権が朝廷から武家に移ったため、関白職の政治への影響力はますます薄れていった。
English: However, Kampaku was always the highest rank for nobles, had great influence over within the Imperial court, and since it turned out a great many queens the Kampaku commanded authority and respect in every era.
Japanese: しかし、あくまで関白は最高位の公家であり、朝廷内に大きな影響力を持ち、また天皇の后妃を輩出するという意味でも関白はいずれの時代にあっても権威と尊崇を集めた。
English: After the Kamakura period, the main branch of the Northern FUJIWARA family split into the Konoe and Kujo families at the top, with Ichijo, Nijo and Takatsukasa families to make five regent families, and in successive generations the highest ranking among them was customarily appointed Sessho/Kampaku, continuing until the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降、藤原北家の本流は近衛家、九条家を筆頭に一条家・二条家・鷹司家の五摂家に分かれ、代々そのうちもっとも官位の高い者が摂政・関白に任ぜられることが慣例となり、明治維新まで続いた。
English: As an exception, in the Tensho period Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI took advantage of the Kampaku Dispute to be adopted by Sakihisa KONOE and succeed to Kampaku, becoming the first samurai Kampaku in Japanese history.
Japanese: 例外として、天正時代に豊臣秀吉が「関白相論」問題を機に近衛前久の猶子となって関白に就任し、日本で初の武家関白となる。
English: When Hideyoshi acquired the Toyotomi clan, he became the first Kampaku that was not from the Fujiwara clan or one of the five regent families.
Japanese: さらに秀吉が豊臣氏を賜ったことで、藤原氏でも五摂家でもない関白職が誕生することとなった。
English: Later, in order to realize a samurai Kampaku regime (samurai Kampaku system) from the Hashiba clan, Hideyoshi adopted his nephew Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and made him Kampaku.
Japanese: その後、秀吉は羽柴氏世襲の武家関白による政権（武家関白制）の実現のために、甥にして養子であった豊臣秀次が関白職を継承した。
English: However, while Hidetsugu was serving as Kampaku, government and the household were in the grip of the Taiko, Hideyoshi, and he later had a dispute with Hideyoshi and fell from grace.
Japanese: しかし、秀次は関白職にありながら、政権及び家督は太閤たる秀吉の掌中にあり、後に秀吉と対立して失脚することとなった。
English: The Toyotomi regime continued after that, but Hideyoshi decided not to appoint a Kampaku until his son Hideyori TOYOTOMI reached adulthood.
Japanese: その後も豊臣政権は続いたが、秀吉は幼い息子豊臣秀頼の成人まで関白を置かない方針であった。
English: However, after Hideyoshi's death from the Battle of Sekigahara on, real power was transferred to the Tokugawa family, and the job of Kampaku was again given to the five regent families.
Japanese: だが、秀吉の死後関ヶ原の戦い以降は次第に天下の実権は徳川家に移り、関白職は再び五摂家の任ぜられる職となった。
English: Later, the Toyotomi family was wiped out in the Siege of Osaka and never recovered the post of Kampaku.
Japanese: その後豊臣家は大坂の役で滅亡したため、関白職に復帰することはなかった。
English: The Edo period Kampaku, under the Laws for Imperial Court and Nobles, as a rule had to be recommended by the Shogunate, and it would not be an exaggeration to say that the Kampaku, who was supposed to be the Emperor's first minister and the highest ranking noble, was in fact under control of the Shogunate.
Japanese: 江戸時代の関白職は禁中並公家諸法度にて幕府の推薦を経ることが原則とされ、天皇第一の臣にして公家の最高位たる関白職は実質的に幕府の支配下にあったといっても過言ではない。
English: However, at that time, court meetings came to be held under the supervision of the Kampaku, the procedure was established for him to report, through the Imperial liaison, on the results of meetings that he had chaired on such important matters as the changing of eras and appointments to the Shogunate, and the Kampaku consequently came to have a lot of power within the court.
Japanese: だが同時に、朝廷の会議は関白の主宰で行われるようになり、改元や任官などの重要事項も関白が自己が主宰した会議の決定を武家伝奏などを通じて幕府に諮るという手続が確立されたために、朝廷内において大きな権力を有するようになった。
English: Furthermore, the Kampaku alone among nobles was required to visit the Imperial palace daily (to put it another way, the power of those not required to do so seemed less in comparison the Kampaku's), and throughout the Edo period appointment to Daijo Daijin was limited to those who had been Tokugawa clan, Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and Sessho/Kampaku, so the quality of the reception at the Imperial palace was on another level.
Japanese: また、公家の中で関白にのみ御所への日参が義務付けられる（逆に言えば、その義務の無い他の公家の権力への関与の度合いが関白に比べて大きく低下する）一方で、太政大臣の任官が江戸時代を通じて徳川氏征夷大将軍と摂政・関白経験者のみに限定されるなど、宮中での待遇の厚さは格別なものがあった。
English: Moreover, there were many Kampaku who were able to send their daughter to be the Shogun's official wife (Midaidokoro), and there were some who had a certain influence in the Shogunate (Motohiro KONOE, for example).
Japanese: 更に娘を将軍の正室（御台所）として嫁がせる関白も多く、逆に幕府において一定の影響力を有した関白さえ存在した（近衛基煕など）。
English: From the Meiji period on, the positions of Sessho, Kampaku and Seii taishogun were abolished, and the history of the Kampaku came to an end together with the Shogunate.
Japanese: 明治時代以降、摂政、関白、征夷大将軍の職が廃止され、幕末と同時に関白の歴史も終焉を迎える。
English: After that, only the Sessho has been revived, designated under Imperial Household Law for only princes and other members of the Imperial family to act as an agent in carrying out the Emperor's official duties, and continues to this day.
Japanese: その後、摂政のみは復活し、天皇の公務を代行する役目として皇太子など皇族のみが任ぜられる職として皇室典範に定められ、今日も存続している。
English: A regent (Sessho), in a state with a monarchy, is the practice of carrying out government and national affairs in place of the monarch, or the post that does so, when the monarch is unable to do so because he is an infant, ill or not in the country.
Japanese: 摂政（せっしょう）とは、君主制を取る国家において、君主が幼少、病弱、国都不在などの理由で政務や国事行為を行うことができないとき、君主に代わってそれを行う（政を摂る）こと、またはその役職のことである。
English: In many cases, the post is filled by the monarch's successor (e.g. a prince), brother, mother, or a maternal relative such as a grandfather or uncle on the mother's side.
Japanese: 多くの場合、君主の後継者（皇太子など）、兄弟、母親、あるいは母方の祖父や叔父などの外戚が就任する。
English: Regarding the period in which Empress Jingu governed, "Chronicles of Japan" made a 'Record of the Regent Empress Jingu,' who is seen as Japanese history's first regent, but this is an imposition of later concepts onto the past, and does not leave the realm of legend.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』は神功皇后が執政した時期について「神功皇后摂政紀」を設け、日本史上最初の摂政と見なしているが、後世の概念を過去に当てはめたもので、伝説の域を出るものではない。
English: Generally, in Japanese history a regent is defined as the practice of receiving an imperial edict and conducting government in place of the emperor or one who does so, and it is generally accepted that the historical first regent was Prince Shotoku at the time of Empress Suiko.
Japanese: 一般には、日本史上における摂政とは天皇の勅令を受けて天皇に代わって政務を執ることまたその者の職であると定義され、史上はじめて摂政を行ったのは推古天皇のときの聖徳太子というのが定説となっている。
English: Later several members of the imperial family became regents, but under Risturyo the post in charge of the regency was not defined.
Japanese: 以降何人かの皇族が摂政を行ったが、律令において摂政を執る役職は規定されなかった。
English: However, since FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa became the first outside of the imperial family to be regent in 866, a regent was appointed for an infant emperor, and a Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) once he was an adult, after which many members of the emperor's extended family in the Fujiwara clan (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) became regent and Kanpaku.
Japanese: しかし、866年に藤原良房が皇族以外として初めて摂政をとって以来、幼少の天皇には摂政が、成人後の天皇には関白が置かれ、以降は天皇の外戚となった藤原氏（藤原北家）の者が摂政・関白に就く例が生まれるようになった。
English: At this point, the regent, as the post of one who conducted government in the emperor's place, came to be defined as an official outside of Ritsuryo.
Japanese: ここにおいて、摂政は天皇に代わって政務を執る者の職である令外の官として定義されることとなった。
English: While the regent carried out (as an agent) government in the place of an infant emperor, he also at that time oversaw the emperor's major power to manage officials and took charge of appointments and promotion of officials.
Japanese: 摂政は幼い天皇に代わって政務を摂する（代理する）とともに、当時において天皇の主要な大権であった官奏を覧ずることと除目・叙位を行うことを執り行った。
English: Although under the Fujiwara clan the regent came to be thought of as a bureaucratic post to be held concurrently by a minister, which was an official post, in 986 at the time of FUJIWARA no Kaneie, he quit his position as Udaijin (Minister of the Right), which was an official post (Shokujikan), to become only a regent with an official rank but no post (Sankan).
Japanese: 藤原氏のもとで摂政は職事官である大臣に付随して兼務する官職と考えられてきたが、寛和2年（986年）藤原兼家の時に職事官である右大臣を辞任して摂政のみを占める散官になった。
English: In the former, (1) three high level bureaucrats (Grand minister of state and Ministers of the Right and Left) were heads of the Grand Council of State, but the regent did not have an official rank.
Japanese: 前者においては、①三公（太政大臣・左右両大臣）は太政官の長官であるが、摂政は職事官ではない。
English: (2) Under the Ritsuryo system, the rank of bureaucrats was dependent upon their post, and although as a rule First Order was the top, because Shokujikan preceded sankan (a position without specific roles), a First Order Sankan was after Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), and before Sangi (councillor).
Japanese: ②律令では、官人の序列は官位に従うとされ、原則は一位が筆頭となるが、職事官が散官よりも優先されるため、一位の散官は中納言の次、参議の上に相当する。
English: (3) However, Kaneie was already treated as a Jusangu (honorary rank next to the three Empresses: Great Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and Empress), which exceeded the three high level bureaucrats, and was allowed to sit in a higher position than them.
Japanese: ③ただし、兼家は既に三公の待遇を上回る准三宮の待遇を受けており、三公より上位の席次が認められる。
English: Even without that, the appointment to regent decreed 'service in state affairs,' so if that treatment was laid out in an imperial decree, it was so.
Japanese: そうで無いとしても摂政任命の詔に「万機の勤」を命じているため、詔勅がその待遇を定めればこれに従う。
English: In the latter, it was argued that the regent was of a different nature than the three high level bureaucrats and should not be considered equivalent to general court nobles (consequently, in the palace he should be in a higher position than the three high level bureaucrats).
Japanese: とし、後者においては、摂政は三公とは別格で一般公卿と同列にすべきではない（従って、宮中に置いては三公より上位とすべきである）と論じた。
English: Later, the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michinaga came to be either regent or Kanpaku at all times, regardless of their family relationship.
Japanese: 以降は外戚関係に関わりなく、常時摂政・関白のいずれかを藤原道長の子孫が占めるようになった。
English: After the Kamakura period, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan split into Gosekke (the five families of the Fujiwara clan whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku), Konoe, Ichijo, Takatsukasa, Kujo, and Nijo families, and whoever among them held the highest official rank was appointed regent/Kanpaku, a situation which continued until the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降、藤原北家は近衛家、一条家、鷹司家、九条家、二条家の五摂家に分かれ、代々そのうちもっとも官位の高い者が摂政・関白に任ぜられる例となって、明治維新まで続いた。