nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There are several theories on how closely the Sanada troop and the Mori troop chased after Ieyasu himself, and a variety of drawings on imagination were made on nishikie (colored woodblock prints), illustrated reenactment, and historical manga (comic books) in later ages.
Japanese: 真田隊や毛利隊がどれだけ家康自身に迫ったのかは諸説あり、そのため後世の錦絵や再現イラスト、歴史漫画では様々な想像図が描かれている。
English: There are differences about people around Ieyasu such as Mataichi OGURI, Hikozaemon OKUBO and others, depending on books.
Japanese: また、家康の周囲にいた人間も小栗又一、大久保彦左衛門など本によって様々である。
English: There are various theories about Nobushige's jijin, but generally he is said to have been killed when he was sitting on a stone path in Yasui-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 信繁自刃についても諸説があるが、一般的には「安居神社で石畳に腰をかけているところを討たれた」と言われている。
English: This is assumed to have been established by Imperial Japanese Army Saff Headquarters in the Meiji period, and on "Sanada Yukimura Senshi Ato no Hi (monument) " in Yasui-jinja Shrine, one sentence showing the involvement of the Saff Headquarters in selecting the place where Yukimonura died.
Japanese: これは明治時代に旧大日本帝国陸軍参謀本部が制定したものとされ、安居神社にある「眞田幸村戦死跡之碑」には戦死の地の選定に関しての参謀本部の関与を示す一文が刻まれている。
English: Munetsugu NISHIO, the captain of the Tadanao MATSUDAIRA gun unit reported the scene when he killed Shigonobu so exaggeratedly that Ieyasu is said not to have taken Munetsugu's report that he killed Shigenobu to be true.
Japanese: 信繁を討った松平忠直隊鉄砲組頭西尾宗次は信繁を討ったときを誇張して報告した為に、家康は宗次の「信繁を討ち取った」という報告を真に受けようとしなかったとも言われている。
English: Thereafter, Munetsugu, praying for the repose of Nobushige's soul, reared "Sanada Jizo (guardian deity of children)" in Koken-ji temple in Fukui City.
Japanese: 宗次は後に、地元の孝顕寺（福井市）に「真田地蔵」を建立して信繁の菩提を弔っている。
English: In Kagoshima Prefecture, there is a popular belief that "Nobushige did not die in the battle, but ran away together with Hideyori/Shigenari in Taniyama (Kagoshima City)."
Japanese: 鹿児島県には、「信繁は合戦で死なず、山伏に化けて秀頼·重成を伴って谷山（鹿児島市）に逃げてきた」という俗説がある。
English: An old children's song, saying that "devil-like Sanada, taking flower-like Hidoyori, ran away to Kagoshima" is said to have become popular in Kyoto and Osaka just after the war.
Japanese: 京都大坂では陣の直後あたり、「花の様なる秀頼様を、鬼の様なる真田がつれて、退きものいたよ鹿児島へ」という童歌が流行ったという。
English: There is a popular belief that "Ieyasu was injured by Nobushige troop, ran away to a temple (Nanshu-ji Temple) and died there", and even now in the Nanshu-ji Temple there exists Ieyasu' s tomb.
Japanese: 「家康は信繁勢に傷つけられ、堺市のさる寺（南宗寺）に逃げ込みそこで亡くなった」という俗説があり、南宗寺境内には「家康の墓」も現存している。
English: After a peace treaty and reclamation of the moats in Osaka Fuyu no Jin, Ieyasu raised an army again and captured Osaka-jo Castle and there is an episode that Ieyasu heard about this approach directly from Hideyoshi when he was alive.
Japanese: 大坂冬の陣で家康は一旦和睦し堀を埋め立てた後に再度、兵を挙げる事で大坂城を落としているが、この方法は家康が存命中の秀吉に直接聞いたものという逸話がある。
English: When there are elections in Osaka such as an election for Osaka Prefecture Governor, for Osaka City Mayor, or for by-elections in Osaka electoral district, and large-scale athletic meetings such as Osaka World Championships in Athletics, each of them is called by the media "Osaka O no Jin" (the name of a season is put in O).
Japanese: 大阪において大阪府知事選挙、大阪市長選挙、大阪を選挙区として補欠選挙などがあるとき、世界陸上大阪大会のような大規模なスポーツ競技があるときは、「大阪○の陣」（○には季節が入る）とマスコミなどから呼ばれる。
English: The return of lands and people to the Emperor is one of the centralization enterprises undertaken by the Meiji government in Japan which was established on July 25, 1869.
Japanese: 版籍奉還（はんせきほうかん）とは、明治2年6月17日（1869年7月25日）に日本の明治政府により行われた中央集権化事業の1つである。
English: The new Meiji government was set up after the demise of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in April 1868, established a Fu-han-ken sanbusei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) under the Constitution of 1868 in which daimyo domains were made into han (domains) in the local system and daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) were assigned as governors, leaving the form of territorial lords being in control.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）4月、江戸幕府の解体により成立した明治新政府は、政体書において地方制度では大名領を藩とし、大名を知事に任命して諸大名統治のかたちを残す府藩県三部制を確立する。
English: In October, the government established a Han self-government policy which specified dissociation of the Han administration and vassals, subsequently, Han was controlled by the government.
Japanese: 10月には藩行政と家臣の分離を定める藩治職制を設け、政府による藩統制を行う。
English: In January 1869 in the next year, Satsuma domain, Choshu domain, Tosa domain, and Hizen domain submitted a petition and in May, an inquiry was held at Jokyoku (a law-making body) and Kogisho, (the lower house) followed by the execution and declaration of the han domain system in September.
Japanese: 翌明治2年（1869年）1月に新政府樹立に貢献した薩摩藩、長州藩、土佐藩、肥前藩が建白書を提出し、同年5月には上局、公議所において諮問が行われて実施され、同年9月には藩制布告が行われる。
English: In 1871, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) took place with a military force by Goshimpei (army to convoy the Emperor) mainly consisting of samurai of Sacho (Satsuma and Choshu domains), leading to the establishment of a prefecture system.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）には薩長土を主体とする御親兵とする軍事力を持って廃藩置県を行い、府県制が確立する。
English: The return of lands and people to the Emperor is a transitory measure until Haihan-chiken, but the Meiji government's authority over the han was weak at the time so orders to each han had to be made by Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) which did not have binding power.
Japanese: 版籍奉還は次の廃藩置県までの過渡的措置であるが、当時藩に対する明治政府の権力は脆弱で、諸藩への命令も強制力のない太政官達で行うしかなかった。
English: To this end, it tried to bring a strong legal basis for han control through the return of lands and people to the Emperor.
Japanese: そこで、版籍奉還を行って藩統制に強力な法的根拠を持たせようとしたのである。
English: However, the lord of a domain changed to a non-hereditary Chihanji, (note that in fact, apart from the Fukuoka domain, whose rank changed by the 'kaieki' sanction (sudden dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) successors were of heredity) and since feudal retainers of the domain, who were baishin (indirect vassals) were also considered vassals (vassas of the king)of the Imperial Court (Meiji government), which are the same as Chihanji, it contradicted the relationship between the lord and vassal that was established by Bushido (the way of the samurai) based on Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) so resistance by domains were expected.
Japanese: だが、藩主が非世襲の知藩事に変わり（ただし、実際には事実上の改易処分を受けた福岡藩などの例外を除いては、世襲の後継者がそのまま後任とされている）、陪臣である藩士も知藩事と同じ朝廷（明治政府）の家臣（「王臣」）とされる事で、朱子学に基づいた武士道（近代以後の「武士道」とは違う）によって位置づけられてきた主君（藩主）と家臣（藩士）の主従関係を否定することになるものであり、諸藩の抵抗も予想された。
English: So when the return of lands and people to the Emperor was executed, its meaning was made unclear by using an ambiguous expression and it sought agreement from people at Kogisho (the lower house) who consisted of domain representatives.
Japanese: そこで、版籍奉還の実施に際してはその意義については曖昧な表現を用いてぼかし、公議所などの諸藩代表からなる公議人に同意を求めた。
English: Moreover, around this time, dissatisfaction by the lords of the domains and feudal retainers of the domains, who agreed to overthrow the Shogunate with the setting of Shotenroku (premium), reward grants of the Boshin War, were conciliated.
Japanese: 更に前後して戊辰戦争の恩賞である賞典禄について定めることで倒幕に賛同した藩主や藩士を宥めて不満を逸らしたのである。
English: For this reason, there were people who misunderstood that "the Imperial Count acted on daimyo chigyo (fief) instead, which comes with the changeover of Seii Taishogun", so it ended without a great deal of resistance.
Japanese: このため、藩の中には「征夷大将軍の代替わりに伴う大名知行を朝廷が代わりに行ったもの」と誤解する者もあり、大きな抵抗も無く終わったのである。
English: When referring to han, the "shogunate system" is associated and it tends to be considered a system under the Edo bakufu, but strictly speaking, there was no official naming, "han," under the Edo bakufu system (only some scholars used it in their literary works).
Japanese: なお、藩というと幕藩体制というように江戸幕府下の制度と思われがちだが、厳密には、江戸幕府下の体制で公式に「藩」という呼称はなかった（一部の学者などが書などで使用するのみであった）。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, the name "han" was officially used, but only for about two years as a public administration name, until han were cleared under Haihan-chiken.
Japanese: 明治維新後、初めて藩という呼称が公式に使用されたが、廃藩置県で藩が消失するまでのわずか2年程度の行政区名称である。
English: In ancient China, the precepts of "Li," ("礼,"largely understood as rituals, although it also suggests the ideas of customs, etiquette, morals) "Yueh," ("楽,"classic of music) "Xing" or "Xingfa ("刑"or "刑法," written codes of penalty and punishment) "Fa" ("兵,"military treaties and also military affairs) were established to maintain the nation and public order.
Japanese: 古代中国には、国家や社会秩序を維持する規範として、礼、楽、刑（法）、兵（軍事）があった。
English: Luli was developed during the Wei-Jin/Southern and Northern Dynasty period, reaching its zenith in Sui Dynasty from the seventh to eighth century, and had an influence on Japan and the kingdoms of Korea (especially Silla) at the time.
Japanese: 律令は魏晋南北朝時代に発達し、7世紀～8世紀の隋唐期には最盛期を迎え、当時の日本や朝鮮諸国（特に新羅）へも影響を与えた。
English: Chinese dynasties as the center of the development of Luli, the ruling and administrative order based on Luli system was commonly established in each of those Eastern Asian countries.
Japanese: この時期の中国を中心とする東アジア諸国では共通して、律令に基づく国家統治体制が構築されていた。
English: The Luli system in each countries collapsed or weakened one after another by the mid eighth to the ninth century.
Japanese: 各国の律令制は、およそ8世紀中期～9世紀ごろに相次いで崩壊または弛緩していった。
English: The system of Luli was provided by the series of written precepts including the principal concepts of Luli, formalities, and social rules.
Japanese: 律令制という制度は、律令や格式などの法令群により規定づけられていた。
English: In other words, the Luli System was established upon the effects and circumstances of the Luli Codes, and it is important not to confuse the two, since even if it could be said that they were closely related, they were two different concepts.
Japanese: つまり、律令法の作用を受けて、律令制という制度が構築されていたのであり、両者は密接な関係にあったと言えるが、両者は別個の概念であり混同しないよう注意しなければならない。
English: Even after the collapse or the discontinuation of the Luli as a ruling and administrative system among each of the Eastern Asian countries, the codes of Luli as a law code remained by altering its form and application to some extent, and kept its force as a law.
Japanese: 東アジア各国で制度としての律令制が崩壊・消滅してしまった後も、法典としての律令法は多かれ少なかれ変質しながらも存続していき、法令としての効力をある程度保っていた。
English: The first Luli to be found in history was Qin Shi Luli which was enacted in 268 during the Western Jin Dynasty in China.
Japanese: 歴史上最初の律令は、中国の西晋が268年（泰始4）に制定した泰始律令である。
English: There were no classifications between Lu and Li in the earlier Chinese legislations, and this was therefore the first establishment of Luli as a system developed on collective codes with clear classification of Lu defining the social standards and norms, and Li prescribing the ruling system.
Japanese: これ以前の中国法制では特に律と令の区分はなかったが、このとき初めて、社会規範を規定する律と統治体制を規定する令が明確に区別され、体系的な統一法典としての律令が登場することとなった。
English: After the downfall of the Western Jin Dynasty, each dynasty in China during the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties proclaimed and enacted Luli of its own.
Japanese: 西晋が滅亡した後も南北朝時代(中国)の諸王朝によって律令が制定・公布された。
English: Yan Jiang who reunited China as the Sui Dynasty, later proclaimed Kaihuang Luli in 581, which was considered to be one of the completed forms of Luli with highly developed and systematized contents.
Japanese: 中国を再統一した隋の楊堅は、581年に開皇律令を公布したが、これは高度に体系化・整備された内容を持ち、律令の一つの完成形とされている。
English: Yang-di who succeeded Emperor Wen, as well as the emperors of the Tang Dynasty that succeeded the Sui Dynasty proclaimed and enacted Luli, which were based on Kaihuang Luli.
Japanese: 文帝の次の煬帝や隋に代わって中国を統一した唐の皇帝たちも律令を制定・公布したが、これらは開皇律令を概ね踏襲している。
English: It is considered in Chinese history that Luli system was at the zenith from the period of Sui Dynasty to the mid Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 中国史上、律令制が全盛を迎えたのは、隋から唐中期にかけての時期とされている。
English: In the course of putting Luli in to practice, there were situations which the Luli codes had not stipulated, and the legal principles of Luli was in alienation from the reality.
Japanese: 律令を運用していく中で、律令に規定していない状況が生まれたり、律令の法理と現実の状況が乖離することがある。
English: Therefore, "格" ("Ge") for supplemental or amendment purposes, and "式" ("Shi") for the actual enforcement of Luli and Ge as their bylaws were also developed and enacted.
Japanese: そのため、律令の規定を補足・改正する格（きゃく）や律令や格を実際に施行する上での細則である式（しき）が制定されるようになった。
English: These additionally issued supplement and bylaws were called "格式," ("Geshi") first established as Zhenguan Geshi by the second emperor of Tang Dynasty, Taizong.
Japanese: これを格式（きゃくしき）というが、唐2代皇帝の太宗(唐)が制定した貞観格式が最初の格式である。
English: Furthermore, movements to establish the Luli System was seen in Japan and Silla around this time by the strong influence of Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: なおこの頃、唐の強い影響のもとで、日本や新羅において律令制定の動きが見られた。
English: Luli as a ruling and administrative system of a nation, was no longer effective by the end of Tang Dynasty, but a law system referred to as Luli Geshi remained as the essential collective of law codes, and the form of Luli Geshi was succeeded by the dynasties after Tang (Northern Song, Ming, and Qing) as their law enforcement.
Japanese: 国家体制としての律令制は、唐後期までに崩壊していたが、それでも律令格式という法体系は基本法典として存続し、唐以後の諸王朝（北宋・明・清）も律令格式の法形式を継承していった。
English: In Japan, the concept of Ritsuryo was actively adopted in order to reinforce and substantiate national power against the threat of the Tang during the late seventh century, and Asuka Kiyomihara Ryo was first established as the pioneer of Ritsuryo.
Japanese: 日本では、唐の脅威にさらされた7世紀後期、国力の充実強化を目的として、律令の概念が積極的に受容され、まず先駆的な律令として飛鳥浄御原令が制定された。
English: However, the Ritsuryo was no longer enacted in Japan after the enactment of Yoro Ritsuryo in 757 (additional and supplemental law code, Santei Ritsuryo and Santei Ryokaku were enacted later, but they were also abrogated soon afterward).
Japanese: しかし、757年に施行された養老律令以降、新たな律令は制定されなかった（追加法として刪定律令・刪定令格が制定された事があるが程なく廃止されている）。
English: Kyakushiki (Japanese pronunciation of Geshi) was usually enacted simultaneously with Luli (Ritsuryo) in the Tang Dynasty, but in Japan, it was enacted separately as Ryo or Shiki after the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo whenever necessary.
Japanese: 格式は、本来唐では律令と同時に制定されたが､日本では大宝律令が制定されてから例・式といったかたちで随時公布されていた。
English: The legislation of Kyakushiki was developed over the ninth and the tenth century, and three major Kyakushiki (Sandai Kyakushiki) which were Kounin Kyakushiki, Jyougan Kyakushiki, and Engi Kyakushiki were compiled and edited.
Japanese: 9世紀から10世紀にかけて格式の法制整備が進み、弘仁格式・貞観格式・延喜格式（三代格式）が編纂された。
English: However, Kyakushiki was no longer compiled, for the ruling and administrative system based on the Ritsuryo and Kyakushiki reached their limit as it evolved into the ruling system by provincial officials and influential person of each region through large devolution of authority.
Japanese: その後、律令格式に基づく統治体制が限界を迎え、地方の国司や有力者への大幅な権限委譲による統治体制へと転換したため、格式が編纂されることもなくなった。
English: Around the mid seventh century in the Korean Peninsula, Silla of the three kingdoms of Korea adopted Luli tentatively during the period when the tensions against Koguryo and Baekje ran high.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島では、7世紀中葉ごろ、高句麗・百済との緊張が高まっていた新羅により、律令受容の試みが行われていた。
English: In the late seventh century, Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean Peninsula and restraining the interference of the Tang Dynasty, and although making reference to the Luli of Tang Dynasty, it constructed its own Luli System.
Japanese: 7世紀後期、新羅は朝鮮半島の統一と唐の影響を抑制することに成功し、唐律令を参考としながらも独自の律令制を構築した。
English: Silla adopted the Tang Luli, and did not enact Lilu that they created from scratch, but by enacting various Ge which had characteristics strong of Silla, it established its own form of government.
Japanese: 新羅は自前の律令は制定せず、唐律令を採用していたが、独自色の強い格を多数制定することにより、新羅独特の国家体制を築いた。
English: Kingdom of Goryeo that unified the Korean Peninsula in the 10th century mostly copied from the Tang Luri in order to establish Luli of its own.
Japanese: 10世紀に朝鮮を統一した高麗は独自の律令を制定したが、これはほぼ唐律令を引き写した内容となっていた。
English: Vietnam was under the ruling of Chinese dynasties for a long time, and Chinese Luli was applied as a formality.
Japanese: ベトナムは長らく中国王朝の支配を受けており、形式上は中国王朝の律令が適用されていた。
English: Ly Dynasty of Vietnam (11th century) achieved independence from Northern Song, and it established its own Luli Geshi.
Japanese: 李朝(ベトナム)期（11世紀）に北宋から事実上の独立を果たし、独自の律令格式を制定するようになった。
English: After the Trần Dynasty, there were times when Vietnam was ruled by Chinese dynasties, but the Lê Dynasty achieved independence from China in the 15th century and actively compiled and edited its own Luli Geshi.
Japanese: その後、明に服属する時期もあったが、黎朝が再度、中国王朝から独立した15世紀には、律令格式が積極的に編纂された。
English: Moreover, the neighbouring countries that existed around Tang during the eighth century (ex. Balhae or Tibetan Empire), did not enact Luli that they created from scratch, but positively adapted and altered the Tang Luli to make the Luli System of their own.
Japanese: その他、8世紀頃に唐周辺に見られた諸国（渤海(国)や吐蕃王朝）は、自前の律令は制定しなかったが、唐律令制を積極的に受容・改変し、独自の律令制を立てていた。
English: In addition, the Liao Dynasty (Khitan/Khitai) which was established in 10th century and the Jin (Chin) Dynasty which emerged in 12th century also adopted the Luli System and established their own system.
Japanese: また、10世紀に現れた遼（契丹）や12世紀に現れた金(王朝)も律令制も採用し、独自の律令を制定していた。
English: Shizai is one of the 6 types of capital punishment imposed on commoner criminals in the Edo Period, in which the criminal was beheaded and the corpse was used to test the sharpness of swords.
Japanese: 死罪（しざい）とは、江戸時代に庶民に科されていた6種類ある死刑のうちの一つで、斬首により命を絶ち、死骸を試し斬りにする斬首刑の刑罰のこと。
English: Kujigata-osadamegaki (the code of law under the Edo shogunate) provided that shizai is imposed on theft, even when not involving violence against victims, so long as the amount stolen is 10 ryo (Currency unit of the Edo Period).
Japanese: 強盗ではなく窃盗の場合でも、十両盗めば死罪と公事方御定書で規定された。
English: Even when the amount stolen is below 10 ryo, if the thief has two convictions for larceny, shizai is automatically imposed regardless of the amount stolen.
Japanese: また、十両以下の窃盗でも累犯で窃盗の前科が2度ある場合、3度目には金額に関わらず自動的に死罪となった。
English: The term "Christian daimyo" refers to those daimyo (feudal lords) who professed faith in Christianity.
Japanese: キリシタン大名（キリシタンだいみょう、吉利支丹大名）はキリスト教を信仰した大名のことである。
English: Francis Xavier understood society in the Warring States period extremely well; first he sought permission to proselytize from daimyo all over Japan, and then, in order to ensure his missionary work would go smoothly, even began proselytizing to the daimyo themselves.
Japanese: フランシスコ・ザビエルは戦国時代(日本)の日本をよく理解し、まず各地の戦国大名たちに領内での布教の許可を求め、さらに布教を円滑に進めるために大名自身に対する布教も行った。
English: Missionaries who came to Japan after Xavier's time also went to see daimyo in various places throughout Japan, and just as Xavier had, they obtained permission to spread Christianity in the domains of those daimyo, and also proselytized to the daimyo themselves.
Japanese: 後から来日した宣教師たちも同様に各地の大名に謁見し、領内布教の許可や大名自身への布教を行っている。
English: In order to win favor with these daimyo, and in return for permission to proselytize, some missionaries agreed both to support Japan's trade with Spain and Portugal and to provide them with weapons.
Japanese: その際、大名たちの歓心を得るために、布教の見返りに南蛮貿易や武器の援助などを提示した者もいる。
English: Among the daimyo, there were some who professed their faith in Christianity in order to curry favor with the missionaries, hoping to get more such benefits from them.
Japanese: 大名側もこうした宣教師から得られる利益をより多く得ようと、入信して歓心を買った者もいた。
English: However, as Christianity continued to spread, some daimyo (notably Ukon TAKAYAMA) found themselves impressed with Christianity's doctrines as well as with the virtue and vigor of Christian daimyo, and chose to believe in the religion on their own initiative.
Japanese: しかしキリスト教が広まると、キリスト教の教義や、キリシタン大名の人徳や活躍ぶり（特に高山右近）に感化され、自ら入信する大名が現れた。
English: Among those who became Christians, some daimyo and their retainers took heed of the missionaries' views and chose to burn or knock down temples and shrines in their territory.
Japanese: キリスト教に入信した大名とその配下達の中には、宣教師たちの意見を聞き入れ領地内の寺院や神社を破壊したり焼き払うなどの行動を取った者もいた。
English: Among those daimyo who professed faith in Buddhism or Shinto, some took heed of the monks' or priests' views and branded Christianity, a foreign religion, a type of "heresy," oppressing its followers.
Japanese: 仏教や神道を奉ずる大名の中にも、僧侶たちの意見を聞き入れ外来の宗教であるキリスト教を『邪教』として弾圧する者もいた。
English: In this way, hatred and opposition sprang up between those who believed in Christianity and those who professed faith in the older Japanese religions.
Japanese: そしてキリスト教徒と日本の旧来の宗教の信者達との間に憎悪と対立を深めていくことになった。
English: Along these lines, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued the Bateren Tsuihorei (an edict expelling the Jesuit missionaries), putting Christian daimyo under intensified political pressure.
Japanese: また、豊臣秀吉によりバテレン追放令（伴天連追放令）が出され、キリシタン大名に対する政治的な圧力が強まった。
English: Many daimyo were forced to relinquish their samurai status and forfeit their hereditary territories, or were compelled to profess faith in Buddhism or Shinto (compulsory conversion), ushering in a period of anti-Christian edicts and persecution of Christianity.
Japanese: 多くの大名が改易、もしくは仏教か神道への改宗を余儀なくされ（強制改宗）、キリスト教の禁教と迫害の時代に入っていった。
English: After the Edo period began the Ban on Christianity was issued in 1613, as a consequence of which Ukon TAKAYAMA, who refused to the very last to recant his Christian faith, was banished to Manila, and Harunobu ARIMA was executed; from that point onward there were no more Christian daimyo.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入り、1613年（慶長18年）には禁教令も出されたため、最後まで棄教を拒んだ高山右近はマニラに追放され、有馬晴信は刑死し、以後キリシタン大名は存在しない。
English: Most of the Christians in their territories converted to Buddhism or became crypto-Christians.
Japanese: 彼らの領内にいた多数のキリシタンは、仏教に改宗するか、隠れキリシタンとなった。
English: Yet many Christians were to suffer a far more dramatic end, vanishing from the scene after being slaughtered during the Shimabara Rebellion, a large-scale uprising which occurred in the former territory of Harunobu ARIMA.
Japanese: また、劇的な例では旧有馬晴信領で起こった島原の乱という大規模な一揆の際に殺害され、表から消えていった。
English: This penalty was mostly conducted against male criminals, but it was also applied to female criminals in some cases such as confinement and forced labour instead; however, it also appears to be true that even female criminals were sterilized in some cases.
Japanese: 主に男性を対象とした刑罰であったが、女性に宮刑を科す場合には、代わりに幽閉して強制労働させたとも言われているが実際に去勢された事例も若干数あったようである。
English: In Japanese slang word, the act of cutting off the penis or genital of a man is called "Rasetsu," although this act does not necessarily mean the same with the cases of penalty in China.
Japanese: 日本語の俗語で、陰茎または男性器の切断を「羅切」とも言うが、必ずしも宮刑と同義ではない。
English: When applied to male criminals, there were the cases of extirpating both penis and testicles, or the case of extirpating testicles only.
Japanese: 男性には陰茎・睾丸双方を切除する場合と、睾丸のみ切除する場合があった。
English: Studies suggest various possibilities regarding the use of this penalty against female criminals; some suggest that this penalty was not applied to women; some say this penalty was replaced by the penalty of confinement for life for women; and some mention the possibility that the vagina was stitched up, or the ovaries or womb were extracted.
Japanese: 女性には科されなかったとも、生涯幽閉する刑であったとも、実際に膣口を縫い潰したり、卵巣か子宮を切除する場合とがあったとも言われる。
English: Since this was the penalty conducted against criminals, they were not treated well after the excision of the genitals, and a rough treatment method was taken by burying them under heated soil to their neck, which was seen among those castration penalty cases conducted before the Han Dynasty period.
Japanese: 罪人に対して科されるため、漢代以前には、外性器を切り落とした後も十分な治療もされず、熱した土に首から下を埋めるなどの荒っぽい方法がとられたという。
English: However, the Courts gave important posts to those punished criminals as eunuchs to work in the Court, and the number of people who cut off the genitals by themselves increased in later periods in order to become eunuchs.
Japanese: だが、受刑後に宦官として重用されることが多くなると、後の世には自宮、すなわち自ら性器を切り落として宦官となる人間が増加した。
English: Along with the increase in the number of self-extirpated eunuchs, the method of the complete removal of the genital parts was invented and refined, decreasing the death rate to less than 1% by the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Japanese: 自宮の増加に伴い、完全去勢の方法も洗練されていき、最終的に清代には、死亡率は1%未満になったとされる。
English: Once abolished, the penalty of castration was reinstated in the Ming Dynasty and utilized against male criminals among a wide variety of social classes, from high officials in the government to the labourers who produced salt.
Japanese: なお、一旦廃止された宮刑は明代に復活し、政府の高官から塩を作る人夫まで、さまざまな階層の男性がこの刑に処せられた。