nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, these were continuously used as the title of military ranks established by the Dajokan Futatsu No. 154 issued on May 8, 1873 as well as for the Japanese translation of the title of military ranks of Western Modern army.
Japanese: ただ、これらは明治6年5月8日の太政官布達第154号による官等表改正で軍隊における階級呼称一覧として引き続き用いられ、西欧近代軍の階級呼称を和訳する際にも当てはめられた。
English: That's why the title of Self Defense Force officials remind us of Shitokan.
Japanese: 自衛隊の階級呼称に四等官の名称の名残を感じさせるのは以上の経緯による。
English: In 1868, the Constitution of 1868 was issued, which abolished courts of law (local system) set up in regions formerly under the direct management of the Tokugawa Shogunate after the Meiji Restoration, denominated regions formerly governed by Jodai (chamberlain), Kyoto Shoshidai (Kyoto deputy), and bugyo (magistrate) as "fu" and the rest of the regions as "ken," assigned Chifuji "prefectural governor) to "fu" and Chikenji (prefectural governor) to "ken," and allowed han (domains) to be governed by daimyo as before the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 1868年、政体書公布に伴い、維新後の徳川幕府の直轄地に置かれていた裁判所(地方制度)を廃止し、そのうち城代・京都所司代・奉行の支配地を府、それ以外を県として、府に知府事、県に知県事を置いたが、藩は従来どおり大名が支配した。
English: After Hanseki Hokan (return of the lands and people to the Emperor) in 1869, the tripartite local administration system was established, making han domains become also administrative divisions of the national government, and former feudal lords (daimyo) were assigned to prefectural governors.
Japanese: 1869年版籍奉還によって三治制が確立して藩も国の行政区画となり、旧藩主（大名）は知藩事に任命された。
English: Prefectural governors were local officials appointed by the central government, and the territories of the former han areas were not "shoryo (territory)" whose ownership was approved by the shogun but "jurisdictional areas" which the governors were ordered by the central government to govern.
Japanese: 知藩事は中央政府から任命される地方官であり、藩の領域も藩主に支配権が安堵された「所領」ではなく、地方官である知藩事が中央政府から統治を命じられた「管轄地」とされた。
English: Control of han by the central government was tightened as evidenced by the "fief system" established in 1870 to force a nation-wide unification of han organizations, and at the same time, since the financial condition of domain administration was worsened, domain governments who requested abolition of "han" appeared one after another.
Japanese: 1870年に「藩制」が制定されて藩組織の全国的な統一が強制されるなど、中央政府による各藩に対する統制が強められる一方、多くの藩で財政の逼迫が深刻化し、廃藩を申し出る藩が相次いだ。
English: * Prefectures in bold face are "fu," and those with X at the end are prefectures that were present on the very date of July 14, 1871, when Haihan-chiken was issued.
Japanese: ※太字は府、末尾にXを付したものは廃藩置県当日（1871年（明治4年）7月14日(旧暦)）に存在した府県。
English: Hakodate-fu: established on April 24 (leap month in the old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished by establishment of the Hokkaido Development Commissioner on July 8 in 1869 (old lunar calendar)
Japanese: 箱館府：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦閏4月24日設置　→1869年（明治2年）旧暦7月8日廃止、開拓使へ。
English: ->Relocated and renamed on September 19 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Sannohe Prefecture -> Abolished and incorporated into Esashi Prefecture on November 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1869.
Japanese: →1869年（明治2年）旧暦9月19日移転改称：三戸県　→明治2年11月28日(旧暦)廃止、江刺県に編入。
English: Morioka Prefecture: established on July 10 (old lunar calendar) in 1870. ->X
Japanese: 盛岡県：1870年（明治3年）旧暦7月10日、盛岡藩の廃止により設置。　→X
English: ->Relocated and renamed to Ishimaki Prefecture on August 13 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 ->Abolished and incorporated to Tome Prefecture on September 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1870
Japanese: →1869年（明治2年）旧暦8月13日移転改称：石巻県　→1870年（明治3年）旧暦9月28日廃止、登米県へ編入。
English: ->Relocated and renamed to Yamagata Prefecture (as a result of relocation of Yamagata Domain) on September 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1870 ->X
Japanese: →1870年（明治3年）旧暦9月28日移転改称：山形県（山形藩の移転による）　→X
English: ->Renamed to Echigo-fu secondary Echigo-fu and primary Niigata Prefecture on February 22 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 -> Abolished and incorporated to Suibara Prefecture on July 27 (old lunar calendar) in 1869.
Japanese: →1869年（明治2年）旧暦2月22日改称：越後府第2次越後府と第1次新潟県　→1869年（明治2年）旧暦7月27日廃止、水原県へ。
English: Echigo-fu secondary Echigo-fu and primary Niigata Prefecture (secondary): February 8 (old lunar calendar) in 1869: reestablished after being separated from Niigata-fu -> abolished and incorporated to Suibara Prefecture on July 27 (old lunar calendar) in 1869.
Japanese: 越後府第2次越後府と第1次新潟県（第2次）：1869年（明治2年）旧暦2月8日：新潟府から分離して再置　→1869年（明治2年）旧暦7月27日廃止、水原県へ。
English: Suibara Prefecture: established as an integration of Echigo-fu and Niigata Prefecture on July 27 (old lunar calendar) in 1869.
Japanese: 水原県：1869年（明治2年）旧暦7月27日、越後府と新潟県を統合して設置
English: Kashiwazaki Prefecture (primary): established as a splinter from Echigo-fu on July 27 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated into Niigata-fu on November 5 (old lunar calendar) in 1869.
Japanese: 柏崎県（第1次）：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦7月27日、越後府から分離して設置　→1869年（明治元年）旧暦11月5日廃止、新潟府へ編入。
English: Kashiwazaki Prefecture (secondary): re-established after being separated from Suibara Prefecture on August 25 (old lunar calendar) in 1869. ->X
Japanese: 柏崎県（第2次）：1869年（明治2年）旧暦8月25日、水原県から分離して再置　→X
English: Sado Prefecture: established on September 2 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> put under management of Niigata-fu on November 5 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 (de facto incorporation)
Japanese: 佐渡県：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦9月2日設置　→1868年（明治元年）旧暦11月5日：新潟府が当分管轄（事実上の編入）。
English: Released from management of Echigo-fu and re-separated as Sado Prefecture on July 23 (old lunar calendar) in 1869. ->X
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）旧暦7月23日：越後府による管轄解除、佐渡県が再分離　→X
English: Fuchu Prefecture: established on September 4 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated to Kai-fu on October 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1868.
Japanese: 府中県：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦9月4日設置　→1868年（明治元年）旧暦10月28日廃止、甲斐府へ。
English: Ichikawa Prefecture: established on September 4 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated into Kai-fu on October 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1868.
Japanese: 市川県：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦9月4日設置　→1868年（明治元年）旧暦10月28日廃止、甲斐府へ。
English: Isawa Prefecture: established on September 4 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated into Kai-fu on October 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1868.
Japanese: 石和県：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦9月4日設置　→1868年（明治元年）旧暦10月28日廃止、甲斐府へ。
English: Kai-fu: established as a merger of Fuchu Prefecture, Ichikawa Prefecture and Isawa Prefecture on October 28 (old lunar calendar) in 1868.
Japanese: 甲斐府：1868年（明治元年）旧暦10月28日、府中県・市川県・石和県を統合して設置。
English: Nakano Prefecture: established after being separated from Ina Prefecture on September 17 (old lunar calendar) in 1870.
Japanese: 中野県：1870年（明治3年）旧暦9月17日、伊那県から分離して設置。
English: Mikawa Prefecture: established on June 9 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 ->abolished and incorporated into Ina Prefecture on June 24 (old lunar calendar) in 1869
Japanese: 三河県：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦6月9日設置　→1869年（明治2年）旧暦6月24日廃止、伊那県へ編入。
English: Renamed to Toyosaki Prefecture on May 10 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated to Hyogo Prefecture on August 2 (old lunar calendar) in 1869.
Japanese: 1868年（明治2年）旧暦5月10日改称：豊崎県　→1869年（明治2年）旧暦8月2日廃止、兵庫県へ編入。
English: Kawachi Prefecture: established on January 20 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 -> abolished and incorporated into Sakai Prefecture on August 2 (old lunar calendar) in 1869
Japanese: 河内県：1869年（明治2年）旧暦1月20日設置　→1869年（明治2年）旧暦8月2日廃止、堺県へ編入。
English: Ikuno Prefecture: established after being separated from Kumihama Prefecture on August 10 (old lunar calendar) in 1869
Japanese: 生野県：1869年（明治2年）旧暦8月10日、久美浜県から分離して設置　→X
English: Tadotsu Domain was abolished and incorporated into Kurashiki Prefecture on February 5 (old lunar calendar) in 1871
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）旧暦2月5日、多度津藩が廃止されて倉敷県に編入される。
English: ->Renamed to Amakusa Prefecture on June 10 (old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated to Nagasaki-fu on August 29 (old lunar calendar) in 1868
Japanese: →1868年（慶応4年）旧暦6月10日改称：天草県　→1868年（慶応4年）旧暦8月29日廃止、長崎府へ編入。
English: Tomitaka Prefecture: established on April 25 (leap month in the old lunar calendar) in 1868 -> abolished and incorporated to Hita Prefecture on August 17 (old lunar calendar) in 1868
Japanese: 富高県：1868年（慶応4年）旧暦閏4月25日設置　→1868年（慶応4年）旧暦8月17日廃止、日田県へ編入。
English: But domains that were abolished or incorporated to parent domains during this period without any appointment of Chihanji (Inaba-wakasa Domain = former Tottori-nitta Domain, etc.) are not listed here.
Japanese: ただし、知藩事任命のないままこの期間内に廃止・本藩へ編入された藩（因幡若桜藩＝旧鳥取新田藩など）は掲載しない。
English: But those that were relocated or renamed before appointment of Chihanji or without appointment of Chihanji are not listed here.
Japanese: ただし、知藩事任命以前または知藩事任命のないまま移転・改称したものは掲載しない。
English: Tanokuchi Domain (Shinano Province) Chihanji assigned on June 22 (old lunar calendar) in 1869 to Tatsuoka Domain
Japanese: 田野口藩（信濃国）11869年(明治2年)旧暦6月22日任知藩事→竜岡藩
English: The following domains existed until the very day of Haihan-chiken (August 29, 1871) and were replaced by "ken" (Prefecture) on the same day.
Japanese: 以下の各藩が廃藩置県当日（1871年8月29日＝明治4年旧暦7月14日）まで存続し、同日、県に置き換えられた。
English: Regional divisions are basically arranged from north to south in line with the above prefectural divisions.
Japanese: 以下、地方区分は上記の府県の区分に合わせ、基本的に北から順に配列する。
English: Mutsu Province: Domains of Hirosaki, Kuroishi (subdomain of Hirosaki Domain), Tonami, Shichinohe (subdomain of Morioka Domain; a.k.a. Morioka Shinden Domain), and Hachinohe (subdomain of Morioka Domain)
Japanese: 陸奥国：弘前藩、弘前藩黒石藩、会津藩斗南藩、盛岡藩七戸藩（盛岡新田藩）、盛岡藩八戸藩
English: Ugo Province: Domains of Kubota, Iwasaki (subdomain of Kubota Domain), Honjo, Kameda, Yashima, and Dewa-matsuyama (subdomain of Shonai Domain)
Japanese: 羽後国：久保田藩、久保田藩岩崎藩、本荘藩、亀田藩、矢島藩、庄内藩出羽松山藩
English: Hitachi Province: Domains of Hitachi-matsuoka, Mito, Matsukawa, Hitachi-shishido, Kasama, Shimodate, Shimotsuma, Aso, Hitachi-fuchu, Tsuchiura, Shizuku, Ushiku and Oami
Japanese: 常陸国：常陸松岡藩、水戸藩、松川藩、常陸宍戸藩、笠間藩、下館藩、下妻藩、麻生藩、常陸府中藩、土浦藩、志筑藩、牛久藩、大網藩
English: Shimousa Province: Domains of Yuki, Koga, Sekiyado, Sakura, Takaoka, Tako, Omigawa, Oyumi, and Sogano
Japanese: 下総国：結城藩、古河藩、関宿藩、佐倉藩、高岡藩、多胡藩、小見川藩、生実藩、曾我野藩
English: Kazusa Province: Domains of Kikuma, Tsurumai, Tsurumaki, Sakurai, Kururi, Iino, Kokubo, Sanuki, Matsuo, Oami, Ichinomiya and Otaki
Japanese: 上総国：菊間藩、鶴舞藩、鶴牧藩、桜井藩、久留里藩、飯野藩、小久保藩、佐貫藩、松尾藩、大網藩、一宮藩、大多喜藩
English: Shimotsuke Province: Domains of Otawara, Kurobane, Karasuyama, Mogi, Utsunomiya, Mibu, Fukiage, Sano and Ashikaga
Japanese: 下野国：大田原藩、黒羽藩、烏山藩、茂木藩、宇都宮藩、壬生藩、吹上藩、佐野藩、足利藩
English: Kozuke Province: Domains of Tatebayashi, Isesaki, Numata, Maebashi, Takasaki, Annaka, Nanokaichi, and Obata
Japanese: 上野国：館林藩、伊勢崎藩、沼田藩、前橋藩、高崎藩、安中藩、七日市藩、小幡藩
English: Echigo Province: Domains of Murakami, Mitsukaichi, Kurokawa, Shibata, Muramatsu, Mineyama, Yoita, Shiiya, Takada and Itoigawa
Japanese: 越後国：村上藩、三日市藩、黒川藩、新発田藩、村松藩、三根山藩、与板藩、椎谷藩、高田藩、糸魚川藩
English: Shinano Province: Domains of Iiyama, Suzaka, Matsushiro, Ueda, Komoro, Iwamurata, Matsumoto, Suwa, Takato and Shinano-iida
Japanese: 信濃国：飯山藩、須坂藩、松代藩、上田藩、小諸藩、岩村田藩、松本藩、諏訪藩、高遠藩、信濃飯田藩
English: Mino Province: Domains of Naeki, Iwamura, Yawata, Takatomi, Kano, Ogaki, Nomura and Imao
Japanese: 美濃国：苗木藩、岩村藩、八幡藩、高富藩、加納藩、大垣藩、野村藩、今尾藩
English: Mikawa Province: Domains of Mikawa-yoshida, Tahara, Hanbara, Nishi-ohira, Okazaki, Nishio, Nishibata, Koromo, Kariya and Shigehara
Japanese: 三河国：三河吉田藩、田原藩、半原藩、西大平藩、岡崎藩、西尾藩、西端藩、挙母藩、刈谷藩、重原藩
English: Ise Province: Domains of Nagashima, Kuwana, Komono, Ise-kameyama, Kobe, Tsu, and Hisai (subdomain of Tsu Domain)
Japanese: 伊勢国：長島藩、桑名藩、菰野藩、伊勢亀山藩、神戸藩、津藩、津藩久居藩
English: Omi Province: Domains of Asahiyama (subdomain of Yamagata Domain), Omi-miyagawa, Hikone, Yamagami, Nishoji, Minakuchi, and Zeze
Japanese: 近江国：山形藩朝日山藩、近江宮川藩、彦根藩、山上藩、仁正寺藩、水口藩、膳所藩
English: Tanba Province: Domains of Tanba-kameyama, Sonobe, Ayabe, Yamaga, Fukuchiyama, Sasayama, and Tanba-kaibara
Japanese: 丹波国：丹波亀山藩、園部藩、綾部藩、山家藩、福知山藩、篠山藩、丹波柏原藩
English: Harima Province: Domains of Akashi, Ono, Mikusa, Himeji, Hayashida, Tatsuno, Ako, Anji, Yamazaki and Mikazuki
Japanese: 播磨国：明石藩、小野藩、三草藩、姫路藩、林田藩、龍野藩、赤穂藩、安志藩、山崎藩、三日月藩
English: Yamato Province: Domains of Yagyu, Koriyama, Koizumi, Yanagimoto, Shibamura, Tawaramoto, Takatori and Kujira
Japanese: 大和国：柳生藩、郡山藩、小泉藩、柳本藩、芝村藩、田原本藩、高取藩、櫛羅藩
English: Bicchu Province: Domains of Kamogata, Ikusaka, Niwase, Ashimori, Asao, Okada, Takahashi, Nariwa, and Niimi
Japanese: 備中国：鴨方藩、生坂藩、庭瀬藩、足守藩、浅尾藩、岡田藩、高梁藩、成羽藩、新見藩
English: Iyo Province: Domains of Saijo, Komatsu, Imabari, Iyo-matsuyama, Niiya (subdomain of Ozu Domain), Ozu, Iyo-yoshida (subdomain of Uwajima Domain), and Uwajima
Japanese: 伊予国：西条藩、小松藩、今治藩、伊予松山藩、大洲藩新谷藩、大洲藩、宇和島藩伊予吉田藩、宇和島藩
English: Hizen Province: Domains of Karatsu, Saga, Hasunoike, Ogi, Kashima, Hirado, Fukue, Omura, and Shimabara
Japanese: 肥前国：唐津藩、佐賀藩、蓮池藩、小城藩、鹿島藩、平戸藩、福江藩、大村藩、島原藩
English: "Fu" and "ken" (prefectures) and "han" (domain) to which Chihanji was assigned were basically called by the place name of their respective capital place, such as Osaka-fu, Shinagawa-ken, or Yamaguchi-han.
Japanese: 各府県および知藩事任命後の藩は、いくつかの例外を除いて、それぞれの府藩県庁所在地名によって「大阪府」「品川県」「山口藩」などと呼ぶのを原則としていた。
English: But there were still many prefectures that have detached territories outside a lump of areas around their capital.
Japanese: しかし、府藩県の中には府藩県庁所在地を中心とする一まとまりの区域の外に遠隔地に飛地を持つものが少なくなかった。
English: For instance, Nirayama Prefecture, whose capital was placed at Nirayama town, Izu Province, (today's Izunokuni city), controlled territories under direct rule of the former Tokugawa Shogunate (tenryo) and hatamoto-governed territories located not only in Izu Province but also in Sagami, Musashi and Kai Provinces.
Japanese: たとえば、伊豆国韮山町（現伊豆の国市）に県庁を置いた韮山県は、伊豆国内だけでなく、相模国、武蔵国、甲斐国内にあった旧江戸幕府直轄領（天領）や旗本支配地なども管轄していた。
English: On the other hand, in the Sagami Province (today's Kanagawa Prefecture) were located Ogasawara Domain and Oginoyama Domain that placed their capitals in Sagami as well as jurisdictions of neighboring Kanagawa Prefecture, Mutsuura Domain (Musashi Province), Nirayama Prefecture (Izu Province), Karasuyama Domain (Shimotsuke Province, today's Tochigi Prefecture), and Nishi-ohira Domain in Mikawa Province (today's Aichi Prefecture).
Japanese: 反対に、相模国（現神奈川県）には国内に藩庁を置く小田原藩や荻野山中藩、あるいは近隣の神奈川県や六浦藩（武蔵国）、韮山県（伊豆国）だけでなく、下野国（現栃木県）の烏山藩や三河国（現愛知県）の西大平藩などが管轄区域を持っていた。
English: Such cases were found in large numbers in Kanto and Kinki areas where former Shogunate territories, hatamoto-dominated areas and domain territories were scatteringly located.
Japanese: 特に旧幕府領や旗本支配地、藩領が錯綜する関東地方や近畿地方にこのような例が多い。
English: Although the national government tried to rationalize their control by exchanging and consolidating jurisdictions of fu, han and ken areas, only a part of such reform was realized until Haihan-chiken, leaving almost no confusion of jurisdiction eliminated.
Japanese: 政府は、各府藩県の管轄区域を交換、整理統合して支配の合理化を図ろうとしたが、廃藩置県までに実現したのは部分的なものにとどまり、管轄区域の錯綜はほとんど解消されなかった。
English: It was after the nation-wide reorganization of "fu" and "ken" administration units from the end of October to November (old lunar calendar) in 1871 following the Haihan-chiken that a standardized jurisdictional system based on ryoseikoku (province) or gun (county) was established.
Japanese: 令制国や郡を単位とした一円的な管轄区域が確立するのは、廃藩置県後の1871年（明治4年）10月末～11月（旧暦）の全国的な府県再編を経て以降のことである。
English: Totsukawa Goshi is a group of samurai who lived in Totsukawa-go, Minami Yamato (Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 十津川郷士（とつかわごうし）は、南大和（奈良県）の十津川郷に在住していた郷士集団。
English: Totsukawa-mura is a village located in Minami-Yamato, which makes yatagarasu (the sacred crow), who was a guide for the Emperor Jinmu when he went to the East, the totem of the village.
Japanese: 十津川村は南大和の村で、神武天皇東征のとき道案内に立った八咫烏（ヤタガラス）をトーテムトーテミズム（英：Totemism）とする。
English: At the end of the Edo period when the people in the village served as the Imperial guard, they received a national flag with the emblem in which the character ju was placed inside a lozenge; after receiving this flag, Totsukawa-mura changed their emblem of their flag to the character ju placed inside a lozenge from the previous one, which was the character ju placed inside a circle.
Japanese: 幕末に御所警備の際、日の丸に「菱十（菱の中に十字）」の旗を頂き、それ以前の「丸十（丸に十字）」から、以後菱十紋を旗印とした。
English: It might be due to the strong, or even peculiar sense of their self-reliance, which will be described later, that the present Totsukawa-mura is said to have had no intention of being merged with other municipalities from the beginning even upon the great merger of the Heisei period.
Japanese: 後述するような、むしろ特異とも言える独立独歩の精神からか、現在の十津川村も平成の大合併に際しても、最初から近隣のどの自治体とも合併する気などなかったと言われている。
English: As the background of the sense of strong self-reliance, we can cite that Totsukawa has a strong characteristics in its culture and language due to the unique geographic and historical environment.
Japanese: その背景として独特の地理的歴史的環境から十津川は文化や言語の面でも特色が強いことが挙げられる。
English: Folklorist Kunio YANAGIDA also has an interest in the fact that people in Totsukawa speak with an accent which is similar to Japan's standard accent even though the village is located in Kinki area.
Japanese: 民俗学者の柳田國男も近畿圏にありながら標準語的なアクセントであるその特色について注目している。
English: Local residents served the Imperial Court from a long time ago; the village dispatched troops to the Jinshin War, and also later to the Heiji War.
Japanese: 古くから地域の住民は朝廷に仕えており、壬申の乱の折にも村から出兵、また平治の乱にも出兵している。
English: Such reduction or exemption from tax continued up to the land-tax reform in the Meiji period; it is said Totsukawa might have received reduction or exemption measures for the longest time in Japan.
Japanese: これは明治期の地租改正まで続き、全国でもおよそ最も長い減免措置であろうと言われている。
English: Totsukawa is located in the steep mountainous region and rice production is almost nil; therefore, it is said that Totsukawa was not controlled by the provincial military governor when times changed from the Heian period to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 米のほとんどとれない山中ということもあり、室町時代になっても守護の支配下に入らなかったという。
English: In the Siege of Osaka, 1000 samurai from Totsukawa area supported the Tokugawa side and suppressed uprisings in neighboring provinces of Toyotomi faction.
Japanese: 大坂の陣の際は十津川郷士千人が徳川方となり、近隣の豊臣派の一揆を鎮圧した。
English: This achievement at the time of the Siege of Osaka was also taken into consideration; when times changed to the Edo period, Totsukawa became the Shogun's demesne where land tax was exempted under the Gojo magistrate office in Yamato Province, and people were allowed to call themselves goshi (country samurai).
Japanese: この功も合わせて、江戸時代に入っても大和の五條代官所の下で天領となり免租され、住民は郷士と名乗ることを許された。
English: Totsukawa has the historical background as described above; it is said that Totsukawa goshi was pure pro-Imperial and they did not think about anti-shogunate movement much.
Japanese: 以上のような経緯があり、十津川郷士は純粋な勤皇であり、討幕運動の意識は薄かったとされる。
English: Totsukawa has its uncommon history protected by the steep mountains; from ancient times Totsukawa was the place for exiles of noble birth including people in the Southern Court such as MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, for runaway people from the times, and for people who aimed to return to the front stage.
Japanese: 険しい山に守られた稀有な歴史があり、古来より先述の南朝をはじめとして源義経など、貴種の流人、時勢の逃走者、表舞台への再起を志す者が多く辿り着く場所であった。
English: At the end of the Edo period, many local people including Chikara UEHIRA became pro-Imperial patriots, and Totsukawa was expected to dispatch more than 1,000 soldiers; with the expectations of radical nobles, Totsukawa was ordered to go to the Court to guard the Palace along with Satuma Domain, Choshu Domain, and Tosa Domain.
Japanese: 幕末になると、上平主税などを筆頭に勤皇の志士となるものも多く、また千名を超える兵動員力を期待され、過激派公家の思惑などから薩摩藩、長州藩、土佐藩等と並んで宮廷警護を命ぜられた。
English: When Tenchu-gumi Incident occurred, many samurai in Totsukawa joined Tenchu-gumi (Heavenly Avenging Force); however, they eventually left the force due to the antiquity of the equipment, lack of strategies held by the Tenchu-gumi, and the official judgment by the Imperial Court that 'Tenchu-gumi was not an Imperial army.'
Japanese: 天誅組の変の際には多くの郷士が参加していが、装備の古さや天誅組側の戦略の無さなどから劣勢であり、朝廷より「天誅組は朝廷軍ではない」との正式判断が出されたため離脱。
English: Afterward they headed to the Aizu Province from the Echigo Province as the Imperial Court army to convoy the Emperor under the direct control of the governor-general to join the war to overthrow the Shogunate, and returned to Totsukawa.
Japanese: その後、大総督官直属の朝廷御親兵として越後国から会津藩の倒幕戦争に赴き帰還。
English: However, the radicals including the above UEHIRA repelled the modernization policy of the new government, which led to the assassination of Shonan YOKOI.
Japanese: だが、前述の上平など一部過激派は新政府の近代化政策に反発して横井小楠暗殺事件などを起こしている。
English: People in Totsukawa failed to keep up with the modern equipment as it was a cold village in the mountains, but it is said that there were quite a few people who were excellent at ancient martial arts.
Japanese: 山中の寒村のため近代化装備にこそ乗り遅れたが、古来よりの武道には長けていた者が多かったと言われている。
English: For example, Shogoro NAKAI, one of Totsukawa goshi, was walking the path along a river in Shijo of Kyoto with his friend who had left Tosa Domain; they were drunk and outran a sword by force of liquor, and began a confused fight with strangers.
Japanese: 例として、十津川郷士の一人中井庄五郎が友人の土佐脱藩士と、京の四条の川畔を酔って歩いてた際、酒の勢いで刀を抜いて乱闘になったことがある。
English: Those with whom he fought happened to be the members of Shinsen-gumi (an Edo shogunate police force located in Kyoto); Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Soji OKITA and Hajime SAITO.
Japanese: その斬り合った相手がよりにもよって新選組の永倉新八、沖田総司、斎藤一の歴々であった。
English: Both sides were intoxicated and NAKAI needed to stop the fight to carry his friends, who bore a serious wound, on his shoulder; however, this episode reveals us individual Totsukawa goshi's fighting power, courage, and the level of the technique in martial arts.
Japanese: 双方酔っていた上、中井は重傷を負った土佐脱藩士を担いで戦線離脱しているのだが、十津川郷士の個々の戦力と胆力、普段からの武道研磨の度合いがわかる話である。
English: Chikara UEHIRA, who was exiled to Nii-jima Island of Izu (the last case of banishment) because of his involvement in the assassination of Shonan YOKOI, a key figure in the new government (he was later given a special pardon after ten years), met Kazue SOMA, who was the last head of Shinsen-gumi and was also banished to the island, on an exile ship.
Japanese: 新政府要人である横井小楠暗殺事件で島流し（島流し刑の最後の例）となった上平主税が、伊豆新島への終身流刑（約十年後特赦）となった際、流刑船内で同じく島流しとなる新選組最後の局長・相馬主計と出会った。
English: It is said that UEHIRA and SOMA kept a friendly relationship for two years before SOMA pardoned first.
Japanese: 上平と相馬は、相馬が先に赦免されるまでの二年間、親しく交際していたと伝わる。
English: "Kawachi juningiri" was a murder case occurred in Akasakasuibun Village at the foot of Mt. Kongo in the southwest of Osaka Prefecture.
Japanese: 河内十人斬り（かわちじゅうにんぎり）は、1893年（明治26年）に大阪府南東部の金剛山麓の赤坂水分（あかさかすいぶん）村で起こった殺人事件。
English: As the name suggests, ten people were killed due to sex and money troubles, and that made a headline at that time.
Japanese: 金銭・交際トラブルによって、名前通り10人殺害されて当時のビッグニュースとなった。
English: The story was adapted for novels and plays, and became a representative song of Kawachi ondo (Kawachi dance), a traditional performing art in Osaka.
Japanese: 小説・芝居にも使われ、大阪の伝統芸能である河内音頭の代表的な演目となった。
English: The perpetrators of the incident were kumataro KIDO, a gambler living in the village, and his sworn young brother, Yagoro TANI, and it started from Kumataro's troubled relationship with a woman.
Japanese: この事件の犯人は村民で博打打ちの城戸熊太郎と熊太郎の舎弟の谷弥五郎で、熊太郎の交際トラブルから始まった。
English: Kumataro's common-law wife, Onui was found to have been in an affair with Torajiro MATSUNAGA, a younger brother of an influential man in the village, Denjiro MATSUNAGA.
Japanese: 熊太郎の内縁の妻おぬいが、村の顔役の松永傳次郎の弟、松永寅次郎と密通していた事が発覚。
English: Kumataro became infuriated and talked about breaking up with her, but her mother, Otora taunted him saying, 'When you married Onui, you promised to send money to me every month, but I've never received it. If you want to break up with her, you must pay the unpaid money first.'
Japanese: 熊太郎が激怒して別れ話を切り出したが、おぬいの母おとらが「お前とおぬいが一緒になる時に自分に毎月仕送りをする約束だったのに、全然仕送りを貰っていない。別れるなら払わなかった分を全部払ってから別れろ」と熊太郎をなじった。
English: Kumataro reluctantly accepted it, but Kumataro, a gambler living from hand to mouth, did not have a large sum of money at hand, so he made every effort to raise money.
Japanese: 仕方なく熊太郎は金を払うことにしたが、博打打ちでその日暮らしの熊太郎には、まとまった金が無く金策に奔走した。
English: Then, Kumataro remembered that he lent money to Denjiro MATSUNAGA once and asked him to pay back.
Japanese: そして昔、博打で勝っていた時に、松永傳次郎に金を貸していたことを思い出し、返してくれるように頼んだ。
English: Denjiro, however, refused it insisting that he could not remember the debts, and made his followers gang up on Kumataro.
Japanese: しかし、傳次郎は記憶に無いと言い張って、子分を使い熊太郎を袋叩きにした。