nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The name Kikajin (naturalized citizen) used to be the mainstream of an academic society, but some people including Masaaki UEDA renamed it to 'Toraijin,' which became the mainstream of academy, as they claimed that 'kika' (to naturalize) implies that Japan is central.
Japanese: かつては帰化人という呼び名が学会の主流であったが、「帰化」には日本中心的なニュアンスがあるとして上田正昭らにより「渡来人」の呼称が提唱され、学界の主流となった。
English: Nevertheless, Kunio HIRANO and Akira SEKI advocated that it was still more appropriate to use 'kika,' for 'torai' only signifies to come over without meaning to attribute to the King of Wa (great king [Yamato kingship]).
Japanese: しかし、「渡来」には単に渡ってやって来たという語義しかなく、倭国王（大王(ヤマト王権)）に帰属したという意味合いを持たないため、やはり「帰化」を用いた方が適切だとする関晃・平野邦雄らの見解もある。
English: Seikanron is the insistence of the members of the "Rusu-seifu" on making Korea open to the world by military power (Rusu-seifu means the government while heads of government are away: the heads of Rusu-seifu were Takamori SAIGO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Shojiro GOTO, and Taneomi SOEJIMA).
Japanese: 征韓論（せいかんろん）は、日本の明治初期において、当時留守政府の首脳であった西郷隆盛、板垣退助・江藤新平・後藤象二郎・副島種臣らによってなされた、武力をもって朝鮮を開国しようとする主張である。
English: However, it is said that the insistence of Saigo, who was the central figure of Seikanron, was not on dispatching military but on his himself going there as a Japanese official diplomatic delegation and on asking Korea to open its country to the world (this insistence is called 'Kenkanron' [the insistence on sending delegations to Korea).
Japanese: ただし、征韓論の中心的人物であった西郷自身の主張は出兵ではなく開国を勧める遣韓使節として自らが朝鮮に赴く、むしろ「遣韓論」と言う説もある。
English: They insisted on sending military to Korea on ground that some scholars of Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) and Mito-gaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain), and Shoin YOSHIDA said that ancient Japan had hegemony over Korean peninsula according to "Kojiki" (The Record of Ancient Matters) and "Nihon-shoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: 江戸時代後期に、国学や水戸学の一部や吉田松陰らの立場から、古代日本が朝鮮半島に支配権を持っていたと『古事記』・『日本書紀』に記述されていると唱えられており、こうしたことを論拠として朝鮮進出を唱えた。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, the Meiji government noticed Korea to establish a new government and negotiated to have diplomatic relations, but Korea rejected them because the format of diplomatic papers was different from the one of Edo period.
Japanese: 明治維新後に対馬府中藩を介して朝鮮に対して新政府発足の通告と国交を望む交渉を行うが、日本の外交文書が江戸時代の形式と異なることを理由に朝鮮側に拒否された。
English: In Korea, the King's father Daewongun governed the country instead of the King at that time, adopting the policy of national isolation and expulsion of foreigners, and Korean people was in high spirits.
Japanese: 朝鮮では国王の父の大院君が政を摂し、鎖国攘夷の策をとり、意気おおいにあがっていた。
English: In March 1870, the Meiji government sent Hakubo SATA and Shigeru MORIYAMA to Korea, but SATA petitioned the government to conquer Korea by military force because he resented the attitude of Korea.
Japanese: 明治3年2月、明治政府は佐田白茅、森山茂を派遣したが、佐田は朝鮮の状況に憤慨し、帰国後に征韓を建白した。
English: In September, the government sent Gaimu-shojo (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Koki YOSHIOKA to Busan, and in February 1872, they appointed Yoshiakira SO as Gaimu-taijo (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and then, they sent Gaimu-taijo Yoshimoto HANABUSA to Korea in September.
Japanese: 9月には、外務権少丞吉岡弘毅を釜山広域市に遣り、明治5年1月には、宗義達を外務大丞に任じ、9月には、外務大丞花房義質を派した。
English: The movement of anti-Japanese became more active in 1873 instead of accepting the delegates from Japan, and then Korean officials led a boycott of Japanese goods and people in April and May.
Japanese: 朝鮮は頑としてこれに応じることなく、明治6年になってからは排日の風がますます強まり、4月、5月には、釜山において官憲の先導によるボイコットなども行なわれた。
English: In June 1873, the problem of diplomacy with Korea was highlighted at the cabinet meeting again after Shigeru MORIYAMA was back to Japan.
Japanese: 明治6年6月森山帰国後の閣議であらためて対朝鮮外交問題が取り上げられた。
English: Sangi (the Councilor) Taisuke ITAGAKI insisted that Japan dispatch the military for protecting Japanese residents in Korea, whereas Takamori SAIGO opposed to send the military and insisted that he himself go to Korea as an ambassador.
Japanese: 参議である板垣退助は閣議において居留民保護を理由に派兵を主張し、西郷隆盛は派兵に反対し、自身が大使として赴くと主張した。
English: The Meiji government once decided to send Takamori SAIGO as an ambassador to Korea in August 1873, but Toshimichi OKUBO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Takayoshi KIDO and other members of the Iwakura Mission who returned Japan in September 1873 opposed it because it was too early in their opinion, and the government finally decided to suspend to send Saigo to Korea.
Japanese: いったんは、明治6年（1873年）8月に明治政府は西郷隆盛を使節として派遣することを決定するが、同年9月に帰国した岩倉使節団の大久保利通、岩倉具視・木戸孝允らは時期尚早としてこれに反対、同年10月に遣韓中止が決定された。
English: In consequence, Saigo, Itagaki and others who supported Seikanron went into opposition (this incident is called the "Seikanron Coup" or the "Coup of 1873"), and they became leaders of the revolt by Shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Saga War in 1874 to Satsuma Rebellion or the Freedom and People's Right Movement.
Japanese: その結果、西郷や板垣らの征韓派は一斉に下野（征韓論政変または明治六年政変）し、1874年の佐賀の乱から1877年の西南戦争に至る士族反乱や自由民権運動の起点となった。
English: "Konden Einen Shizai no Ho" was a law which was proclaimed as "choku or mikotonori" (an order under the name of Emperor) on June 27, 743, during the reign of Emperor Shomu in the middle of the Nara Period that allowed permanent ownership of "konden" (land that farmers newly cultivated).
Japanese: 墾田永年私財法（こんでんえいねんしざいのほう）とは、奈良時代中期の聖武天皇治世、天平15年5月27日(旧暦)（743年）に発布された勅（天皇の名による命令）で、墾田（自分で新しく開墾した耕地）の永年私財化を認める法令。
English: However, according to an article with the same date in roll No.15 of "Shoku Nihongi" ("Chronicle of Japan Continued"), it was issued in the same way as an imperial order, and it can be understood to have included the following lost description.
Japanese: ただし、『続日本紀』巻十五の同日条を見ると、同じく天皇による命令形式である詔として出され、その中に次の逸文が入っていたことが分かる。
English: Sanze Isshin Ho (the law to permit farmers to own their newly cultivated lands for three generations) was issued in 723, and allowed ownership of konden for three generations.
Japanese: 723年（養老7）に出された三世一身法によって墾田は孫まで三代の間で私財化が認められていた。
English: However, since the owner had to return their land to the state after three generations, the law did not increase farmers' willingness to develop new lands.
Japanese: しかし、それでは三代後に国に返さなければならないことが見えており、農民の墾田意欲を増大させるには至らなかった。
English: Considering this, the government issued Konden Einen Shizai Law that allowed farmers to regard the land as their permanent property.
Japanese: それを踏まえ、この法の施行をもって永年にわたり私財とすることを可能とした。
English: According to the Ritsuryo Code which was the fundamental law at the time, all the land in the country were, in principle, state-owned, and such public lands were allotted to common people for their cultivation (this allotment was called "kubunden"), and it was stipulated that the collection of taxes be made from their harvests (this tax was called "so").
Japanese: 当時の根本法令であった律令においては、原則として国の土地は全て国有地であり、公の土地を民衆へ耕作割り当てを行い（口分田）、その収穫から徴税する（租）と規定されていた。
English: As a result, enforcement of the Konden Einen Shizai Law was regarded as an overthrow of public land which was its major premise, and it is generally considered as an omen of the breakdown of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: このことから墾田永年私財法の施行は、公の土地という大前提を覆すものであると捉えられ、律令体制崩壊の兆候として一般には考えられている。
English: However, as there was a description on 'private fields' in Article 29 of "Tatsukai" in extant Yoro Ritsuryo Codes (a version of Ritsuryo Codes revised in the Yoro era), the Ritsuryo system was not necessarily founded only on "public lands."
Japanese: しかし、現存する養老律令田令第29条において「私田」に関する記述があるように、律令体制は必ずしも「公の土地」にのみ立脚していた訳ではない。
English: When one reads the articles of the Ritsuryo Codes carefully, one may be able to understand the purpose of making the most use of cultivated land that were available.
Japanese: 律令の条文を丹念に読んでみると、活用可能な耕地は最大限に活用する、という趣旨をくみ取ることも可能である。
English: It may be said from this standpoint that there is a view that rather than denying the Ritsuryo Codes, the Konden Einen Shizai Law was reinforcing the aim of the law of the Ritsuryo Codes.
Japanese: その観点からであれば、墾田永年私財法は、律令を否定するものというより、律令の法目的を補強するものだったとの見方もある。
English: The original text said "by this (the Sanze Isshin Law), farmers became lazy making their cultivated lands desolate again."
Japanese: ただし原文には「由是農夫怠倦、開地復荒（これにより農民が怠け、開墾した土地が再び荒れる）。
English: However, it still remains doubtful whether farmers of the third generation were really discouraged after only twenty years from the enforcement of the Sanze Isshin Law.
Japanese: 」とあるが、三世一身法の施行からまだ20年しか経っておらず、三代を経過して農民の意欲が減退するという事態が本当に生じたかは、疑問が残る所である。
English: Based on this, some view that this was the result of inducement of profit by the wealthy or large temples rather than by farmers.
Japanese: これを根拠として、むしろ農民というより、富豪や大寺院の利益誘導ではなかったかという見方もある。
English: When Dokyo assumed the position of Daijodaijin Zenji (a master of Zen Buddhism and a grand minister of state) acting as a guardian for Emperor Koken on April 4, 765, cultivation of new lands was becoming quite fierce, and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, the grand council of state) that prohibited the ownership of cultivated lands was promulgated.
Japanese: 道鏡が孝謙天皇の後見で太政大臣禅師に就くと、天平神護元年3月6日(旧暦)（765年）に、墾田が加熱し過ぎてきたので墾田私有を禁止する旨の太政官符が発布された。
English: It is believed that in its capacity as a government, cultivation of new land was once prohibited, for the wealthy and large temples increased their own cultivated lands by the enforcement of the Konden Einen Shizai Law.
Japanese: 墾田永年私財法の施行により、富豪や大寺院などが私有耕地を拡大していったため、政府として一旦、墾田を禁止したものと考えられている。
English: On November 17, 772 however, when Emperor Konin ascended the throne after the demise of Empress Shotoku, and Dokyo fell from power, a Daijokanpu which permitted the ownership of cultivated lands (on condition that farmers not be tormented) was promulgated.
Japanese: しかし、称徳女帝が崩御して光仁天皇となり、道鏡が失脚すると、宝亀3年10月14日(旧暦)（772年）に、墾田私有を許可する（が百姓は苦しませないように）と言う旨の太政官符が発布された。
English: It is believed that the government was compelled to allow resumption of land development due to the pressure brought on by the wealthy like the Fujiwara clan and large temples.
Japanese: 藤原氏ら富豪や大寺院などの圧力により、再度墾田を許可することになったと考えられている。
English: As was mentioned above, the stipulation that limited the size of privately-owned land that was contained in "Shoku Nihongi" ("Chronicle of Japan Continued"), was deleted from "Ruijusandaikyaku" (rolls of assorted regulations from three reigns).
Japanese: 前述のように『続日本紀』に含まれていた私有面積の制限についての規定が『類聚三代格』では削除されている。
English: Rules and regulations contained in the "Ruijusandaikyaku"were supposedly based on "Kyaku" (the Wu reading) compiled in the year of 820 under the reign of Emperor Konin, which were a collection or compilation of imperial orders and decrees of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) proclaimed provisionally from time to time in order to partially amend Ritsuryo Codes of ancient times.
Japanese: 『類聚三代格』の規定は、弘仁11年（820年）に編纂された『きゃく【格】(呉音)古代、律令を部分的に改めるために臨時に発せられた詔勅・官符の類。また、それらを編纂した書。』に依拠しているとされている。
English: "Shoku Nihongi" had already been completed in 797, which was 23 years earlier than the publication of "Ruijusandaikyaku," and the sentences written in "Shoku Nihongi" are considered as the original sentence (or sentence akin) describing the imperial orders.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』はそれよりも23年早い延暦16年（797年）に完成しており、『続日本紀』の方が本来の詔の文章（あるいはそれに近い文章）であったと考えられている。
English: According to the researches of Eisho MIYAGI, Daijokanpu dated on March 1 and 5 in 811were both contained in the same "Ruijusandaikyaku," and they are believed to have been issued as a premise of various restrictions provided in imperial orders proclaimed during the Tenpyo Period.
Japanese: 宮城栄昌の研究によれば、同じ『類聚三代格』に所収された弘仁2年（811年）正月29日及び2月3日付の太政官符は天平の詔に定められた制限が前提とされて出されたものとされた。
English: If his researches were correct, restrictions on space of land may have been the current law when "Shoku Nihongi" was compiled, and it increases the possibility that the stipulation was selected and put on record in exactly the same form.
Japanese: もし、これが正しければ『続日本紀』編纂時には面積制限が現行法であり、その規定をそのまま採録した可能性が高くなる。
English: Therefore, stipulations on the restriction of space was deleted at the time when "Koninkyaku" (collection of various Imperial orders issued during Konin era) was compiled, and the sentence without restriction clause were recorded on the Koninkyaku, which are believed to have been adopted in "Ruijusandaikyaku."
Japanese: そのため、『弘仁格』編纂段階において、面積制限の規定が削除されていたために当該部分を削除した文章が採録され、それが『類聚三代格』に採用されたと考えられている。
English: As for its context, other than the pressures from persons of influence as a result of laxity in the Ritsuryo system, it was the time of slump in agriculture during the Konin era, as was evident from "Nihon Koki" ("Later Chronicle of Japan") and so on.
Japanese: その背景については、律令制の弛緩による有力者からの圧迫もあるが、弘仁年間が極度の農業不振の時期であったことが『日本後紀』などから明らかになっている。
English: It is considered that it was the result of policies that were formulated to preserve and expand cultivated land for emergency measures in solving financial and food shortage.
Japanese: 財政及び食糧不足の解消のための緊急措置として耕地の維持・拡大政策を採った結果であると考えられている。
English: Most of the Jorisei system of land subdivision that exist everywhere in Japan except Hokkaido and Okinawa, are believed to have begun after the middle of the Nara Period.
Japanese: 北海道と沖縄を除く日本各地に現存する条里制の多くは、奈良時代中期以降に始まったと見られている。
English: As a result, it is considered that Jori in various places was enforced around cultivated land which was developed by the Konden Einen Shizai Law.
Japanese: このことから、各地の条里は墾田永年私財法に伴って開発された墾田を中心として施行されたのではないかと考えられている。
English: Buke Shohatto refers to the code by which Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) governed the territorial lords during the Edo period.
Japanese: 武家諸法度（ぶけしょはっと）は、江戸時代に江戸幕府が諸大名を統制するために定めた法令である。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders) of the Toyotomi government, was appointed Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and began to establish the Edo bakufu in Edo.
Japanese: 豊臣政権の五大老であった徳川家康は、慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦い後征夷大将軍に任命され、江戸に江戸幕府を構築し始める。
English: Buke Shohatto consisted of the three articles of written oath which the Edo bakufu ordered territorial lords to write in 1611, plus ten articles written by Konchiin Suden which were added later, and in July 1615 Hidetada TOKUGAWA, the second shogun, issued it to territorial lords in Fushimi-jo Castle (it is also commonly known as 'Genna rei' (Genna code)).
Japanese: 武家諸法度とは、江戸幕府が慶長16年（1611年）に諸大名から誓紙を取り付けた3ヶ条に、金地院崇伝が起草した10ヶ条を付け加えたもので、元和(日本)元年（1615年）7月に2代将軍の徳川秀忠が伏見城で諸大名に発布した（通称「元和令」）。
English: The code was aimed at daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and the vassals of Tokugawa Family and originally had thirteen articles, but was revised on the shogun's replacement, and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third shogun, added the system of Sankin-kotai (Daimyo's biennial residence in Edo), the ban on building large ships etc. so they finalised version contained nineteen articles ('Kanei rei' (Kanei code)).
Japanese: 法度は大名、徳川家家臣を対象として、当初は13ヶ条であったが、将軍の交代とともに改訂され、3代将軍の徳川家光が参勤交代の制度や大船建造の禁などの条文を加え、19ヶ条の定型となる（「寛永令」）。
English: Later, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth shogun, abolished the 'Shotoku rei' (Shotoku code) enacted by Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth shogun.
Japanese: のちに、8代将軍徳川吉宗が6代将軍徳川家宣の定めた「正徳令」を破棄した。
English: In fact, it had been revised by Hakuseki ARAI and as Ietsugu TOKUGAWA died young it continued to be used as it was.
Japanese: 実際には新井白石が改訂し、7代将軍徳川家継が短命だった事もありそのまま用いられ続けた）
English: Yoshimune announced that 'Tenna rei' would remain in place for eternity and after that, revisions of Buke Shohatto were stopped.
Japanese: 「天和令」を永く伝えていく事を宣言し、以後武家諸法度の改訂は行われなくなった。
English: The code was seen as the most important Bakufu Law as it was created by the enactment of the shogun's direct order, and mainly consisted of codes of order and prohibition for regulating daimyo.
Japanese: 本法度は、将軍直令による制定・面令による幕府法で最重要視されており、大名統制のための命令・禁止の規範が大半をしめる。
English: -Sankinkotai was insituted and the the building of ships more larger than 500 koku was banned (the restriction was withdrawn for commercial ships in 1638).
Japanese: -参勤交代の制度化、500石以上の大船の建造禁止（商船については1638年に撤回）。
English: Translation: Daimyo must visit their own territory and Edo in April every year.
Japanese: 訳：大名は自分の領地と江戸とを（1年ごとに）毎年4月に参勤すること。
English: If the moat or stone walls of a daimyo's castle are dilapidated and need to be fixed, they must report to the magistrate's office and get permission.
Japanese: 居城ノ隍塁・石壁以下敗壊ノ時ハ、奉行所二達シ、其ノ旨ヲ受クベキナリ。
English: If the stone moat or foundations of a daimyo's castle are dilapidated and need to be fixed, they must get permission from a bakufu officer.
Japanese: 居城の石塁以下が壊れ、修理をする時は幕府の役人に申し出て許可を受けてからにすること。
English: • Even if an incident occurs in Edo or elsewhere, those who are in the Domain must stay there and wait for the bakufu's command.
Japanese: 一、江戸ナラビニ何国ニ於テタトヘ何篇ノ事コレ有ルトイヘドモ、在国ノ輩ハソノ処ヲ守リ、下知相待ツベキ事。
English: Translation: Even in the case of an incident in Edo or elsewhere, those who are in their Domains must stay there and wait for the bakufu's command.
Japanese: 訳：江戸やその他の所で何か事件などが起こったとしても、国元にいる者はそこを守り、幕府からの命令を待つこと。
English: Translation: When a legal judgement or punishment is being handed out, it is forbidden for anyone to except those in charge to be present.
Japanese: 訳：どこかで刑罰が執行されていても、担当者以外は出向いてはならない。
English: ・ Landed daimyo, castle lords and kinju (attendant) and Monogashira (Military Commanders) possessing over 10,000 koku (approximately 1.8 million litres of crop yield)) are not allowed to marry without the permission of the bakufu.
Japanese: 一、国主・城主・一万石以上ナラビニ近習・物頭ハ、私ニ婚姻ヲ結ブベカラザル事。
English: Translation: Daimyo, kinju (samurai who were close advisers to the shogun) and Monogashira are not allowed to marry without the permission of the bakufu.
Japanese: 訳：大名、近習（将軍の側近の武士）、物頭（常備兵の隊長）は、幕府の許可無く勝手に結婚してはならない。
English: • Gifts, events such as weddings or parties and housebuilding have become too luxurious, so from now on they should be simplified.
Japanese: 一、音信・贈答・嫁娶リ儀式、或ハ饗応或ハ家宅営作等、当時甚ダ華麗ノ至リ、自今以後簡略タルベシ。
English: Translation: As gifts, events such as weddings or parties and housebuilding have become too luxurious, from now on they should be simplified.
Japanese: 訳：贈り物や結婚式、宴会などの催し、屋敷の建設などが最近華美になってきているので、今後は簡略化すること。
English: It is forbidden for a lower-ranking samurai in kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama periods) to wear clothes embroidered with ayara (twill weave, pattern of diagonal stripes) or nishiki (brocade) because there has been no precedent of this.
Japanese: 諸家中ニ至リ郎従・諸卒ノ綾羅錦繍ノ飾服ハ古法ニ非ズ、制禁セシムル事。
English: It is forbidden for a lower-ranking samurai in kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi and Azuchi-Momoyama periods) to wear clothes embroidered with ayara (twill weave, pattern of diagonal stripes) or nishiki (brocade) because there has been no precedent of this.
Japanese: 家中の下級武士が綾羅や錦の刺繍をした服を着るのは古くからの定めには無いので、禁止とする。
English: • Only those with permission may ride a palanquin, such as the Tokugawa family, landed daimyo, the sons of daimyo, castle lords, legitimate children of rank higher than jiju (chamberlain), people over fifty, doctors, men of Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang), the sick and so on.
Japanese: 一、乗輿ハ、一門ノ歴々・国主・城主・一万石以上ナラビニ国大名ノ息、城主オヨビ侍従以上ノ嫡子、或ハ五十歳以上、或ハ医・陰ノ両道、病人コレヲ免ジ、ソノ外濫吹ヲ禁ズ。
English: Translation: Only those with permission may ride a palanquin, such as the Tokugawa family, landed daimyo, the sons of daimyo, castle lords, legitimate children of rank higher than jiju (chamberlain), people over fifty, doctors, men of Onmyodo (the way of Yin and Yang), the sick and so on.
Japanese: 訳：輿に乗る者は、徳川一門、国主、大名の息子、城主、侍従以上の嫡子、50歳以上の者、医者、陰陽道の者、病人等許可されている者に限り、その他の者は乗せてはならない。
English: Translation: Do not accept a retainer who was a hindrance to his ex-master.
Japanese: 訳：元の主人から問題のあるとされた者を家来として召し抱えてはならない。
English: • When you expel or execute a retainer whose relatives are hostages of the bakufu, you must obey the bakufu's orders.
Japanese: 一、陪臣ノ質人ヲ献ズル所ノ者、追放・死刑ニ及ブベキ時ハ、上意ヲ伺フベシ。
English: If the execution must be performed at once, you must report the details to the bakufu.
Japanese: モシ当座ニ於テ遁レ難キ儀有ルニオイテコレヲ斬戮スルハ、ソノ子細言上スベキ事。
English: Translation: When you expel or execute a retainer whose relatives are hostages of the bakufu, you must obey the bakufu's orders.
Japanese: 訳：幕府に人質を出している家臣を追放・死刑に処す際には、幕府の命を伺うこと。
English: If the execution must be performed at once, you must report the details to the bakufu.
Japanese: もし急遽執行しなければならない場合に執行する際には、その詳細も幕府に報告すること。
English: • In chigyosho (land paid as a chigyo's salary, especially a domain of Samurai holding less 10,000 koku in the Edo period) do business honestly and do not breach the law or diminish the Domain's power.
Japanese: 一、知行所務清廉ニコレヲ沙汰シ、非法致サズ、国郡衰弊セシムベカラザル事。
English: Translation: Do government affairs honestly in the domains and do not breach the law or diminish the Domain's power.
Japanese: 訳：領地での政務は清廉に行い、違法なことをせず、国郡を衰えさせてはならない。
English: Translation: Do not block roads, horse stables, ships or bridges and do not cause traffic congestion.
Japanese: 訳：道路、駅の馬、船や橋などを途絶えさせることはせず、往来を停滞させてはならない。
English: Translation: Do not build a private sekisho (checking station) and do not establish laws which stop the circulation of goods.
Japanese: 訳：私的な関所を作ったり、新法を制定したりして品物の流通を止めてはならない。
English: • The system of temple and shrine territories across Japan, which has existed since ancient times, must not be distrupted from now on.
Japanese: 一、諸国散在寺社領、古ヨリ今ニ至リ附ケ来ル所ハ、向後取リ放ツベカラザル事。
English: Translation: The system of temple and shrine territories across Japan, which has existed since ancient times, must not be distrupted from now on.
Japanese: 訳：諸国に散在する寺社の領地は、昔から現在まで存在する所は、今後取り離してはならない。
English: Kin-za was a place or an organization in charge of casting or appraising and approving of gold coins in the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 金座（きんざ）とは、江戸幕府において金貨鋳造あるいは鑑定・検印を行った場所あるいは組織。
English: In 1595, kin-za started when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA ordered the metalworker Mitsutsugu GOTO in Kyoto to cast koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) in Edo.
Japanese: 文禄4年（1595年）、徳川家康が京都の金匠後藤光次に命じ江戸で小判を鋳造させた時に始まる。
English: After the establishment of the Edo bakufu, kin-za was under the control of kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) and an official residence was located in Hongoku-cho in Edo.
Japanese: 江戸幕府成立後は勘定奉行の支配下に置かれて、江戸本石町に役宅が設置された。
English: After the establishment of kin-za, the Goto family only worked for appraising and approving of gold coins as Gokin Aratame-yaku (inspector of gold coins) at the official residence in Hongoku-cho and actual casting was performed by workmen called koban-shi.
Japanese: 金座成立以後、後藤家は御金改役（ごきんあらためやく）として本石町の役宅において金貨の鑑定と検印のみを行い、実際の鋳造は小判師（こばんし）などと呼ばれる職人達が行っていた。
English: Koban-shi were collectively called koban za and they had facilities around the official residence of kin-za in Hongoku-cho where the head family of the Goto family lived and they were under the control of the family.
Japanese: 小判師達は小判座（こばんざ）と総称され、後藤宗家が居住していた本石町の金座役宅の周辺に施設を構えてその支配下に置かれていた。
English: Therefore, the head family of the Goto family who inherited Gokin Aratame-yaku was also especially called Ooban za in the meaning of the manager of koban za (koban-shi workmen).
Japanese: このため、御金改役を世襲した後藤宗家を小判座（小判師職人）の元締という意味を込めて特に大判座（おおばんざ）とも呼んだ。
English: However, in order to prevent tightening of control and decentralization of koban-shi, in 1698 casting facilities outside the residence were abolished and casting facilities were located on the grounds of the official residence of kin-za (the residence of the head family of the Goto family) only where casting of gold coins was performed thereafter.
Japanese: だが、管理の厳格化と小判師の分散化を防止するために元禄11年（1698年）に邸外の鋳造施設を廃止して金座役宅（後藤宗家邸）の敷地内に鋳造施設を設置して、以後江戸での金貨鋳造はここでのみ行うことになった。
English: Furthermore, after 1765, the operation of casting small amounts of copper coins was shared by kin-za and gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) (see the article of gin-za [history]).
Japanese: 更に明和2年（1765年）以後には小額の銅銭鋳造の業務を銀座_(歴史)と分担して行うようになった。
English: In addition, the head family of the Goto family was ruined in connection with misconduct in duties in 1810, and the branch family who was ordered to be the successor to Gokin Aratame-yaku was also ruined in connection with criticism of bakufu in 1845.
Japanese: なお、後藤家は宗家が文化_(日本)7年（1810年）に役目に不正があったとして取り潰され、後任の御金改役を命じられた分家も弘化2年（1845年）に幕府批判をしたとして取り潰された。