nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: While these forged writings can be detected relatively easy based on their literary style and inconsistency in vocabulary, "the fifth book" of "Gargantua and Pndagruel " is an example where it is hard to draw a conclusion whether it is a fake or an original even to this day.
Japanese: こうした贋作は文体や語彙の齟齬から比較的容易に見抜かれてしまうものだが、中には『ガルガンチュワとパンタグリュエル』の「第五之書」のように、現在でもなお完全な決着をみていない例もある。
English: If a literary work is partly added by persons related to the original writer, it would not be called "forged writings" (as for "The Tale of Genji," though this is a sample from ancient Japan, some volumes are doubted to be written by other person than Murasaki Shikibu).
Japanese: 縁のある人物が一部を加筆するといったケース（時代を遡った日本の例になるが、『源氏物語』は一部の巻が紫式部以外による執筆を疑われている）などは、普通贋作とは（無論偽書とも）呼ばない。
English: (There are anomalistic cases such as "The Man Who Was Wanted" in Sherlock Holmes Series.)
Japanese: （シャーロック・ホームズシリーズの『指名手配の男』のような変則的なケースもある。）
English: Moreover, even in case a writer's attribution such as name is fallacious, if it is written by the same person, the work is not usually considered to be forged writings or gisho.
Japanese: また、名義をはじめとする著者の属性に虚偽を含もうと、同一人物によって書かれたと見なされていれば、普通贋作や偽書などとは呼ばれない。
English: Taking William Shakespeare as an example, it has long been advocated that Shakespeare were different individuals, but even those people who take this viewpoint do not consider his works to be gisho.
Japanese: 例えば、ウィリアム・シェイクスピアは古くからシェイクスピア別人説も唱えられているが、そうした立場を採る者でも、それをもって偽書などと呼ぶことはない。
English: The identities of writers from ancient times such as Aesop and Homer are suspicious, but they are placed outside the discussion as to whether their works are gisho or forged writings.
Japanese: もっとも、文学の場合、大きく時代を遡れば、アイソポス（イソップ）やホメロスなど著者の同一性自体が揺らいでいても偽書・贋作論議の埒外に置かれているケースもある。
English: The problems regarding writers and their origins include these various aspects, and they can not be discussed uniformly throughout all ages.
Japanese: 文学における著者や来歴をめぐる問題は、この様に多様な要素を含んでおり、全時代一律に論じることは適切ではない。
English: "Gulliver's Travels," which is considered to be the best work in satirical literature, is composed of fictions throughout whole volumes, but in the novel it is insisted that the novel is based on the experiences of Lemuel Gulliver, an Englishman, a captain and a doctor.
Japanese: 風刺文学の最高峰と見なされる『ガリヴァー旅行記』は全編フィクションであるが、英国人船長にして医師のレミュエル・ガリヴァーなる人物の体験談であると、本文は主張している。
English: An excellent parody, which is bolstered by biological knowledge, ""Rhinogradentia" as a Rhinogradentia book" takes the style of research book that minutely analyzed the ecology of monkeys in the Hi- yi-yi Islands.
Japanese: また、生物学の知識に裏打ちされた優れたパロディ『鼻行類書籍としての『鼻行類』』は、ハイアイアイ群島に生息した鼻行類の生態を精緻に分析した研究書という体裁を取っている。
English: However, like these novels, documents, in which forged origins develop in fiction, are usually not called gisho.
Japanese: ただし、これらのように虚構の中で虚偽の来歴が展開される文書は、普通偽書と呼ばれることはない。
English: Among these examples, there is a unique one such as the "Necronomicon," in which documents do not exist, but its plausible origin is persuasively created.
Japanese: こうした例の中には、文書そのものが存在しないにも拘らず、もっともらしい来歴だけが滔々と作り上げられた『ネクロノミコン』のような特異な例もある。
English: An unequal treaty is a category that is formed on the basis of the nature of the treaty, under which one state does not approve the enforcement of authority by another state over nationals of the former state.
Japanese: 不平等条約（ふびょうどうじょうやく）とは、条約の性質に基づいてなされた分類の一種で、ある国家が他の国家に、自国民などに対する権力作用を認めない条約。
English: The unequal treaty is often concluded in order to avoid potential unjust enforcement of authority over a person from a country where a constitution and legal codes (the Civil Code, the Commercial Code and the Criminal Code) are provided, in a country where such legal codes are not provided or maintained well, because of the absence of the provision of such legal codes.
Japanese: 憲法及び法典（民法、商法、刑法など）を定めている国の者が、それらの定められていないあるいは整備の進んでいない国において、それらを定めていないことによって被るであろう不当な権力の行使を避けるために結ばれることが多い。
English: Specifically, its objective is to 'prevent the enforcement of tariff autonomy' or 'have extraterritoriality approved' and thereby avoid a situation where a corporation or person from one country is requested to pay an enormous amount of tax when importing commodities to a country which has no constitution or legal codes, or is sentenced to death for a petty crime.
Japanese: 具体的には「関税自主権を行使させない」ことや「治外法権などを認めさせる」ことで、ある国の企業や人が、憲法及び法典のない国に商品を輸入したりする際に莫大な税金を要求されたり、軽犯罪によって死刑を被ったりすることを避けることを目的としたものである。
English: Meanwhile, there are some problems such as security matters are increased, or the people can gain unreasonable profits in trade due to manipulation of tariff rates, since the people of a country standing in a favorable position under the unequal treaty cannot be put on trial in the court of a country in an unfavorable position when the people have committed a crime in the latter country.
Japanese: 一方で、不平等条約上、有利な側にある国の国民が、不利な側にある国で犯罪を犯した際に、その国の裁判所にて裁くことができない状態となるため、治安問題が増大するという問題や、関税率の操作で貿易において不当に利益をあげ得る、などの問題がある。
English: From the 19th century to the early 20th century, powerful imperialist countries imposed on Asian countries treaties containing unequal provisions including the cession of treaty ports, approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and cession or lease of territory.
Japanese: 19世紀から20世紀初頭にかけて、帝国主義列強はアジア諸国に対して、条約港の割譲や在留外国人の治外法権承認、領土の割譲や租借など不平等な内容の条約を押し付けた。
English: Originally, an unequal treaty was to approve extraterritoriality and other conditions in the capitulation system which was beneficially given to France, the Netherland and the United Kingdom by the Ottoman Empire, but such treaties gradually transformed into ones aiming for subordination to the Western European economic zone after the Industrial Revolution.
Japanese: 元来は、オスマン帝国が恩恵的にフランス、オランダ、イギリスに対して与えていたカピチュレーションの制度において、治外法権その他を認めていたものだが、産業革命以後は西欧経済圏への従属を企図したものに変質していった。
English: Japan, too, was considered a target of unequal treaties by the allied Western powers because Japan, under the feudal system, did not have various principles of a nation under the rule of law as stipulated in modern Western laws and therefore maintained torture and cruel punishment in criminal cases and regulated free contracts and transactions without giving sufficient protection in civil affairs.
Japanese: 日本も封建制度の体制下で欧米の近代法にある法治国家の諸原則が存在しておらず、刑事面では拷問や残虐な刑罰が存置され、民事面では自由な契約や取引関係を規制して十分な保護を与えていなかったために、欧米列強からはその対象国であると考えられていた。
English: The Edo Shogunate was forced to conclude unequal treaties, namely, the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and Japan and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, which prescribed the opening of ports including Nagasaki, Shimoda, Hakodate and Yokohama, and approval of extraterritoriality of foreign residents, and therefore the revisions of the treaties were a diplomatic issue in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が日米和親条約や日米修好通商条約で長崎、下田、箱館、横浜などの開港や在留外国人の治外法権を認めるなどの不平等条約を結ばされ、明治初期には条約改正が外交課題となっていた。
English: Meanwhile, during the Meiji period, Japan imposed unequal treaties on Korea and China, including the Treaty of Ganghwa, the Treaty of Shimonoseki, and the 'Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.'
Japanese: 一方で明治時代に入ると、朝鮮、中国に対して日朝修好条規や下関条約、「日清通商航海条約」など不平等条約を押し付けていった。
English: China, too, concluded various unequal treaties with powerful countries over a long period after the defeat in the Opium Wars and fell to the position of their economic colony.
Japanese: また中国（清朝）でも阿片戦争での敗北後、長期にわたって列強とさまざまな不平等条約を締結し、経済的な植民地に転落していった。
English: Beijing Protocol, September 7, 1901, United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Russian Empire, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Spain, and Netherlands
Japanese: 北京議定書　1901年9月7日　英国、米国、日本、ロシア帝国、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、オーストリア、ベルギー、スペイン、オランダ
English: The Otsu Incident was a failed assassination attempt occurred on May 11, 1891, that the Crown Prince of the Russian Empire, Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) was attacked in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, by a patrol officer, Sanzo TSUDA, who guarded Nicholas during his visit to Japan.
Japanese: 大津事件（おおつじけん）は、1891年（明治24年）5月11日に日本を訪問中のロシア帝国の皇太子・ニコライ（後のニコライ2世）が、滋賀県大津市で警備にあたっていた巡査・津田三蔵に突然斬りかかられ負傷した、暗殺未遂事件である。
English: This incident was so significant in the modern history of Japan because it triggered independence of judiciary from government's interference and raised people's awareness of separation of powers.
Japanese: 行政の干渉から司法の独立を確立し、三権分立の意識を広めた近代史上重要な事件。
English: To attend the groundbreaking ceremony of the Trans-Siberian Railroad for Far Eastern countries, Nicholas and his Russian fleet made a visit to Japan on the way to Vladivostok.
Japanese: シベリア鉄道の極東地区起工式典に出席するため、ニコライは艦隊を率いてウラジオストクに向かう途中、日本を訪問した。
English: Nicholas's fleet first called in Kagoshima, then Nagasaki, and then Kobe.
Japanese: ニコライの一行は長崎と鹿児島に立ち寄った後に神戸市に上陸、京都に向かった。
English: The government appointed Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Tsunahito (a navy colonel) as a host because he had studied in England and was the only person in the Imperial family who was well-versed in foreign affairs.
Japanese: 公式の接待係には、イギリスへの留学経験などがあり当時の皇族中で随一の外国通であった有栖川宮威仁親王（海軍大佐）を任命した。
English: In the afternoon on May 11, on the way back to Kyoto after a day trip to Lake Biwa, Nicholas, Prince George of Greece (the third son of George I of Greece), and Imperial Prince Takehito rode on a rickshaw one by one in this order, and they were going through Otsu City.
Japanese: そして5月11日昼過ぎ、京都から琵琶湖への日帰り観光からの帰り道、ニコライ、ニコライと共に来日していたギリシャ王国王子・ゲオルギオス(ギリシャ王子)（ゲオルギオス1世の三男）、威仁親王の順番で人力車に乗り大津市街を通過していた。
English: Then, Nicholas was attacked by Sanzo TSUDA, a patrol officer of Shiga Prefecture and one of his escort policemen, who swung at Nicholas with a saber and injured him.
Japanese: そのとき警備を担当していた滋賀県警巡査の津田三蔵が突然サーベルを抜いて斬りかかり、ニコライを負傷させた。
English: Nicholas jumped off the rickshaw and escaped to an alley, but TSUDA still ran after him and tried to attack him again.
Japanese: ニコライは人力車から飛び降りて脇の路地へ逃げ込んだが、津田はニコライを追いかけなおも斬りかかろうとした。
English: But, Prince George struck TSUDA's back with his bamboo cane, and then a rickshaw driver in Nicholas's entourage, Jisaburo MUKOUHATA grabbed TSUDA's legs and pulled him to the ground, and furthermore, a rickshaw driver in George's entourage, Ichitaro KITAGAICHI picked up TSUDA's saber and injured TSUDA's neck with it, and finally TSUDA was arrested by a patrol officer.
Japanese: しかしゲオルギオスに竹の杖で背中を打たれ、ニコライに随伴していた人力車夫の向畑治三郎に両足を引き倒され、同じくゲオルギオス付き車夫の北賀市市太郎に自身の落としたサーベルで首を斬りつけられた後、警備中の巡査に取り押さえられた。
English: Imperial Prince Takehito was there at that time, but he was stopped by onlookers, and it was after TSUDA was arrested when he finally came close to Nicolas.
Japanese: 威仁親王は現場に居合わせたものの野次馬に阻まれ、ニコライに近づく事が出来たのは津田が取り押さえられた後だった。
English: Imperial Prince Takehito, who was well-versed in foreign affairs because of his experiences of studying abroad and military inspections, judged that this incident was such a serious diplomatic issue that he could not handle by himself.
Japanese: 留学や海外軍事視察の経験から国際関係に精通していた威仁親王は、即座にこの事件を自分のレベルでは解決できない重大な外交問題と判断。
English: He ordered his escort person to make a report on this incident and sent it to Emperor Meiji by telegraph, and also requested that the emperor should visit Kyoto as soon as possible in order to show sincerity toward Russia.
Japanese: 随行員に命じて顛末を急いで書きまとめさせ、東京の明治天皇の元へ電報で上奏するとともに、ロシア側に誠意を見せるため天皇の京都への緊急行幸を要請した。
English: Emperor Meiji accepted the request of Imperial Prince Takehito immediately, and ordered him to guard Nicholas until the Emperor arrived in Kyoto, and hastened to send Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Kyoto on behalf of him.
Japanese: これを受けた天皇は直ちに了解し、威仁親王に到着までのニコライの身辺警備を命ずるとともに、即刻北白川宮能久親王を見舞い名代のために京都へ派遣した。
English: In the early morning of May 12, Emperor Meiji boarded a train at Shinbashi Station, and arrived in Kyoto late in the day.
Japanese: 事件翌日の5月12日早朝、明治天皇は新橋駅から汽車に乗車、同日夜には京都に到着した。
English: The Emperor planned to visit Nicholas that night, but it was postponed to the next day on the request of Nicholas's doctor, and the Emperor stayed in the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
Japanese: その夜のうちにニコライを見舞う予定であったが、ニコライ側の侍医の要請により翌日へ延期され、天皇はひとまず京都御所に宿泊した。
English: On May 13, the Emperor visited Kyoto Hotel where Nicholas stayed, and then escorted Nicholas to Kobe together with 3 Imperial Princes, Taruhito, Takehito and Yoshihisa.
Japanese: 翌13日に天皇はニコライの宿舎である京都ホテルに自ら赴いてニコライを見舞い、さらには熾仁・威仁・能久の三親王を引き連れてニコライを神戸まで見送った。
English: Later, when Emperor Meiji visited a Russian warship in Kobe harbor, he paid a visit to Nicholas again, ignoring protests from some senior statesmen that he might be taken hostage.
Japanese: 後日、明治天皇自らが神戸港のロシア軍艦を訪問するとした際に、「拉致されてしまう」と進言する重臣達の反対を振り切って療養中のニコライを再び見舞った。
English: Due to the fact that the Russian Prince was injured in a lesser nation, Japan, Japanese people thought that 'Russia would attack Japan in revenge for the incident' and 'Fear for Russia' spread in Japan.
Japanese: 小国であった日本が大国ロシアの皇太子を負傷させたとして、「事件の報復にロシアが日本に攻めてくる」、と日本国中に大激震が走り、さながら「恐露病」の様相を呈した。
English: Schools were closed as a suspension, and prayer services were held at Shinto shrines, temples and churches to pray for Nicholas's recovery.
Japanese: 学校は謹慎の意を表して休校となり、神社や寺院や教会では、皇太子平癒の祈祷が行われた。
English: More than 10,000 telegrams wishing his speedy recovery were sent to Nicholas, and in Kanayama Village, Yamagata Prefecture, its local government enforced a regulation of forbidding the use of the family name 'Tsuda' and the given name 'Sanzo'.
Japanese: ニコライの元に届けられた見舞い電報は1万通を超え、山形県金山村（現・金山町(山形県)）では「津田」の姓及び「三蔵」の命名を禁じる条例を決議する村まであった。
English: After Nicholas went back to Russia in spite of Emperor Meiji's apology, on May 20, a woman named Yuko HATAKEYAMA slit her throat with a razor in front of the Kyoto Prefectural Office to express contrition by her death, and after she died she was called 'retsujo (valiant woman) in Bosyu'.
Japanese: また、天皇が謝罪したにも関わらずニコライが帰国すると、5月20日には、死を以って詫びるとし京都府庁の前で剃刀で喉を突いて自殺し後に「房州の烈女」と呼ばれた畠山勇子のような女性も出現した。
English: The reason why TSUDA attacked Nicholas, according to his statements, was that he had been opposed to hard-line attitudes of Russia such as their policy of the northern territories.
Japanese: 津田が切りつけた理由は、本人の供述によれば、以前からロシアの北方諸島などに関しての強硬な姿勢を快く思っていなかったことであるという。
English: He also heard a rumor that Takamori SAIGO, who had died during Seinan War, was still alive in Russia and he would come back to Japan with Nicholas, so he feared that he would be deprived the medal which had been given to him during Seinan War.
Japanese: また事件前、西南戦争で敗死した西郷隆盛が実はロシアに逃げ延び、ニコライと共に帰って来るという噂がささやかれており、西南戦争で勲章を授与されていた津田はもし西郷が帰還すれば自分の勲位も剥奪されるのではないかと危惧していたという説もある。
English: But, TSUDA did not intend to kill Nicholas, and after the attack, he answered to police questions as 'I did not intend to kill him, I just wanted to give him one slash'.
Japanese: ただしニコライを殺害する意図は薄かったらしく、事件後の取り調べにおいても「殺すつもりはなく、一本（一太刀）献上したまで」と供述していたと言う記録もある。
English: At that time, it was rumored that an actual reason for Nicholas's visit to Japan was a military inspection, and also many Japanese people regarded the Trans-Siberian Railway as a symbol of Russian invasion of Far Eastern countries, and they had a sense of aversion against Russia.
Japanese: 他にも当時はニコライの訪日が軍事視察であるという噂もあり、シベリア鉄道もロシアの極東進出政策を象徴するとして国民の反発があったことは確かである。
English: At that time, Japan barely avoided being colonized by Western countries, but still did not have enough military power to fight against them and feared that Russia would demand reparations or cession of territory.
Japanese: 当時の日本は、何とか欧米の植民地にならずに済んだだけで、まだロシアに軍事的に対抗する力を持っていなかったため、賠償金や領土の割譲まで要求してくるのではないかと危惧された。
English: Therefore, the Japanese government applied pressure to the Court to try Tsuda under Article 116 of the Criminal Code, which demanded death penalty for acts against the Emperor, or members of the Imperial family.
Japanese: そこで政府は事件を所轄する裁判官に対して旧刑法116条に規定する天皇や皇族に対して危害を与えたものに適用すべき大逆罪によって死刑を適用するよう働きかけた。
English: Hirobumi ITO insisted that if some people were opposed to the death penalty, the government should declare a state of martial law to enforce the death sentence.
Japanese: 伊藤博文は死刑に反対する意見がある場合、戒厳令を発してでも断行すべきであると主張した。
English: The foreign minister, Shuzo AOKI and Kaoru INOUE moderately disagreed with the death penalty, but the communications minister, Shojiro GOTO said 'the best way to solve this problem is to abduct TSUDA and shoot him to death'.
Japanese: 青木周蔵外相、井上馨などは消極的反対、逓信大臣・後藤象二郎などは「津田を拉致し拳銃で射殺することが善後策になる」と語った。
English: The court judged that the article 116 could be applied to only the Japanese Imperial family, and it did not state about criminals against foreign imperial families, so they had to apply the law for ordinary people to the Nicholas's case.
Japanese: 旧刑法116条は日本の皇室に対して適用されるものであって、外国の皇族に対する犯罪は想定されておらず、法律上は一般人と全く同じ扱いにせざるを得なかった。
English: The chief justice of Daishin-in (the predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), Korekata KOJIMA insisted that Japan was liable for compliance with the law as a law-abiding country, and said 'there was no penal code for criminal cases against foreign imperial families' to resist the pressure of the government.
Japanese: 時の大審院（現在の最高裁判所）院長の児島惟謙は法治国家として法は遵守されなければならないとする立場から、「刑法に外国皇族に関する規定はない」として政府の圧力に反発した。
English: On May 27, 16 days after the incident, Kojima applied the article 292 of the former penal code, which stated about premeditated murder attempt against ordinary people, and sentenced Tsuda to life imprisonment.
Japanese: 事件から16日後の5月27日、一般人に対する謀殺未遂罪（旧刑法292条）を適用して無期徒刑（無期懲役）の判決が下された。
English: According to the current penal code enacted in 1907, Tsuda may be accused of attempted murder, but still there is a possibility that he is sentenced death penalty, because commutation for failed criminal cases are decided at discretion of judges except when a criminal gave up completion of crime on his own will.
Japanese: なお、明治40年制定の現行刑法では、殺人未遂罪に相当すると考えられるが、現行刑法では、自ら積極的に行為を中止した場合（中止未遂）の場合を除き、未遂による減軽は裁判官の裁量によるため、殺人罪の法定刑である死刑となる可能性はある。
English: The Russian envoy Schaevitz had always adopted harsh attitudes since before the incident, and in this case, he also strongly required Shuzo AOKI and the Minister of Home Affairs, Tsugumichi SAIGO to execute the death penalty.
Japanese: ロシア公使シェービッチは以前から日本に対して恫喝的な態度をたびたび取っており、この事件に関しても事件の対処にあたった青木周蔵、内務大臣・西郷従道らに死刑を強硬に要求した。
English: When Schaevitz knew that Tsuda was sentenced life imprisonment, he said 'he didn't know what would happen in retribution' (Aoki, who heard Schaevitz's remark, said 'he just had followed Hirobumi ITO who ordered him to promise Russia the death penalty,' and was banished from a political world by Ito).
Japanese: 無期徒刑が決定したことを知らせると「いかなる事態になるか判らない」旨の発言をしている（なお、これに対して青木が「自分は伊藤博文に言われて死刑にする事を約束しただけである」と述べたために、伊藤から嫌悪されて政治家としての栄達を絶たれる原因となる）。
English: As for the injury of Nicholas, the Russian Emperor had a forgiving attitude following Japan's prompt actions and apology, and there is no doubt that this warm attitude of Russia helped Japan solve this difficult problem.
Japanese: ただし皇太子の負傷に関しては、皇帝も皇太子も日本の迅速な処置や謝罪に対して寛容な態度を示しており、日本がこの問題を無事解決できた理由の一つにロシアの友好的な姿勢があることは疑いない。
English: Tsuda's trial case became the first example of the independence of the judiciary, and it raised people's awareness of separation of powers stated in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan which used to be ambiguous in meaning.
Japanese: この事件判決で司法の独立を達成したことにより、まだ曖昧だった大日本帝国憲法の三権分立の意識が広まった。
English: Basically, Tsuda's trial should have been handled by the Otsu District Court, but it was taken over by Daishin-in without taking a formal procedure (Since Tsuda's case could be treated as a high treason, Daishin-in, which handled all crime cases against the Imperial family, was required to judge whether it should be treated as a high treason and if so, rendered a judgment).
Japanese: しかし大津地裁で扱われるべき事件を正常な手続きなしで大審院に移したり（大逆罪の適用を考慮していた為、皇室罪に関する裁判はすべて大審院における一審において判決が下されることから、適用可否判断を含め地裁ではなく大審院に持ち込まれることになった）、裁判に直接関わっていなかった児島が干渉を重ねたことは裁判官の独立等の問題として残った。
English: People started to conduct lively discussions about these issues, how the separation of powers and the judiciary should function.
Japanese: これらの問題、つまり三権分立や司法のあり方などは活発に議論されるようになった。
English: This incident made the headlines in foreign medias, and it increased trust in the Japanese judiciary.
Japanese: また海外でも大きく報じられ、国際的に日本の司法権に対する信頼を高めた。
English: At that time, Japan had already tried to reform the unequal treaty as a sovereign nation of modern laws, but this incident accelerated the movement.
Japanese: このことは日本が近代法を運用する主権国家として、当時進行中であった不平等条約改正へのはずみとなった。
English: According to the constitution, Japanese courts were already independent, but in fact, they were still under the control of the government in respect of judicial administration and trial procedures.
Japanese: ただし当時の司法は憲法上はともかく、実際には司法行政や行政裁判の扱いなど完全に政府から独立していたわけではなかった。
English: The idea of separation of powers was common in Japanese people, but its ambiguity triggered some cases of infringement of judicial power such as the High Treason Incident.
Japanese: 三権分立の理念は多くの人に理解されながらも、のちに大逆事件のような司法権の侵害が起きるのはそのためである。
English: There is another theory that struggle among Genro (elder statesman) was the reason why the government had to give up the death penalty of Tsuda.
Japanese: さらに政府がこの問題で判決を譲ったのは、元老内部の抗争の影響があったためとする説もある。
English: Ichitaro KITAGAICHI (December 26, 1859 - November 3, 1914)
Japanese: 北賀市市太郎（きたがいちいちたろう（安政6年12月3日(旧暦)（1859年12月26日）-1914年11月3日）
English: The rickshaw drivers who had got unexpected credit for capturing Tsuda, Jizaburo MUKAIHATA and Ichitaro KITAGAICHI were invited to the Russian fleet in the evening of May 18, and there, they were feted by Russian marines.
Japanese: この事件で津田を取り押さえるという思わぬ功績を挙げた人力車夫、向畑治三郎と北賀市市太郎の二人は、事件後5月18日夜にロシア軍艦に招待され、そこでロシア軍水兵からの大歓迎を受けた。
English: They were given the Anna medal by Nicholas himself, and also given a reward of 2,500 yen plus an additional 1,000 yen pension, which was a tremendous sum for the time.
Japanese: そしてニコライから直接聖アンナ勲章を授与され、当時の金額で2500円の報奨金と1000円の終身年金が与えられた。
English: At that time, Rickshaw drivers were basically people from lower class families, and it was a rare case that they were given the Order of Merit and the medal.
Japanese: 当時、低い身分の職と見なされていた人力車夫に勲位と勲章を与えることはきわめて異例であった。
English: Then, they were called 'a rickshaw man with the order', and celebrated as national heroes.
Japanese: その後も2人は国内で「帯勲車夫」と呼ばれ一躍英雄として脚光を浴びることとなった。
English: However, their bright life didn't last long, and Mukoubatake who was an ex-convict got addicted to gambling, prostitution and shady speculation, and then during the Russo-Japanese War, he lost his pension and arrested on charges of sexual assault and resulted in spending pitiful later years.
Japanese: しかし長続きはせず、前科のあった、向畑は博打と売春、怪しげな投機話に明け暮れ、日露戦争が始まり年金が停止されると婦女暴行事件を起こし逮捕されるなど惨めな晩年を迎えた。
English: Kitagaichi steadily spent his money to buy fields in his hometown of Ishikawa Prefecture and became a landlord, and finally became a member of a district assembly after studying hard, but during the Russo-Japanese War, he was accused of being a spy of Russia, and had to bear a hard life.
Japanese: 北賀市は堅実に郷里の石川県で田畑を購入し地主となり、勉学を重ね郡会議員にまでなったが、日露戦争が始まると露探（「ロシアのスパイ」の意）扱いをされ、辛い生活を余儀なくされた。
English: In 1993, the Russian government was attempting to verify whether alleged bone fragments really belonged to Tsar Nicholas II, and they ordered the Japanese government to take deoxyribonucleic acid from clothes which used for Nicholas's medical treatment as a sample.
Japanese: 1993年、ロシア皇帝のものと推定される骨の鑑定に使うため、このときにニコライの手当てをした布から彼のデオキシリボ核酸が採取された。
English: However, only a blood type was identified from the sample (later in 1998, the bone fragments were identified to belong to Tsar Nicholas II, and the Russian Orthodox Church canonized him as a victim of revolution).
Japanese: しかし、サンプルが少なすぎて血液型までしか特定できなかった（1998年になってニコライの骨と認められ、ロシア正教会はニコライ2世を革命の犠牲者として列聖した）。
English: In addition, the name of 'Kiden-tai' (which is written as '紀伝体' in kanji characters) is the combination of both final characters of 'Hongi' (本紀) and 'Retsuden' (列伝).
Japanese: なお、紀伝体の名前は「本紀」と「列伝」の下の文字を取ったものである。
English: Originally it was compiled on those who had power over the nation, not necessarily on the legitimate emperor.
Japanese: 本来は必ずしも正統の天子という意味ではなく、その勢力が天下を覆う者について立てた。
English: It is a biography of individual figures (most of them were bureaucrats who served the countries) or a record of folks of other ethnic groups living in surrounding areas.
Japanese: 個々の人物（特に国に仕えた官僚）の一生や周辺の異民族の民俗を書き並べたもの。
English: Originally the term 'Retsuden' (列伝 in kanji) seemed to have been used for the history (den, 伝 in kanji) of titled liege (rekko, 列侯 in kanji) and called so (The retsuden of Han Xin, Lu Buwei and so on.)
Japanese: 元々は列侯（爵位を持った家臣）の伝と言う意味でこの名前を付けたのではないかと思われる（韓信・呂不韋など）。