nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He studied Sinology under Jushin Chikukei MOTODA (died in 1877 at the age of 80) and later studied Japanese classical literature under Naotaka and Naoyoshi SADAMURA.
Japanese: 漢学を儒臣元田竹渓（明治10年没、年80）に、後に国学を定村直孝と直好に学んだ。
English: Having been affected by the thoughts of the organizer of Shinshusha Juku, Yoshika MUTOBE, who was a Shinto priest in Muko-jinja Shrine in Kyoto and one of the lead students under Hirata, he determinedly went to Osaka, open a private school and endeavored to promote the study of Japanese classical literature.
Japanese: 同門の京都向日神社神官で平田門下の筆頭の一人でもある神習舎塾主催者六人部是香の思想的影響もあり、意を決して後に大阪に出て塾を開き国学の啓蒙育成に奔走する。
English: However, due to financial difficulties and other conditions, he disappointedly left Osaka and came back to Kitsuki in Bungo Province, his hometown.
Japanese: しかし、経済的逼迫や諸般の事情により、失意の内に大阪の地を後にして郷里豊後の杵築に帰ることになる。
English: During this period, partly thanks to the recommendation by his teacher Chikukei MOTODA, he received requests to give lectures on Shinto scripture and teach Japanese classical literature at local hanko (a domain school) and Kogakkan University in Usa.
Japanese: 同時にこの時期には恩師元田竹渓の推薦などもあって地元の藩校や宇佐の皇學館に於いて神典の講義や国学教授の依頼を受けている。
English: After becoming a professor in the study of Japanese classical literature of Kitsuki Domain, he became Senkyoshi Gon no Shohakase of Jingikan (Department of Divinities) at the age of 53 in 1869.
Japanese: 杵築藩国学教授を経て明治2年53歳の折には神祇官の宣教師権少博士となる。
English: In 1879, he was appointed as Gon no Shokyosei and in May the same year, he became the local chief priest of Wakamiya Hachiman-gu Shrine.
Japanese: 明治12年には権少教正に任命されて、この年の五月地元の若宮八幡宮宮司となる。
English: He wrote books including 'Jikakuko,' 'Shinto honron,' 'Hongenko,' 'Shingaku hyakke,' 'Kunshiron' (lords and subjects controversy), 'Jyakyoron' (The theory of bad religion), 'Gaikyo hisho,' 'Yomiron,' 'Muguraya bunshu,' 'Natahachimangu shosaiki' (Precise description of Natahachiman-gu Shrine) and 'Kagaku shinron.'
Japanese: 著書に「辞格考」「神道本論」「本言考」「神学百歌」「君臣論」「邪教論」「外教秘書」「妖魅論」「葎屋文集」「奈多八幡宮詳細記」「岩崎八幡宮由来記」「歌学新論」etcがある。
English: Takayo's life is said to have been of honorable poverty like those of TACHIBANA no Akemi and Masazumi KAMOCHI.
Japanese: 高世の一生は橘曙覧や鹿持雅澄のように清貧の生涯であったと言われている。
English: Unkoin (March 16, 1555 - February 16, 1637) was a concubine of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA
Japanese: 雲光院（うんこういん、弘治(日本)元年2月13日(旧暦)（1555年3月16日）-寛永14年1月22日(旧暦)（1637年2月16日））は、徳川家康の側室。
English: Since she served as Moriyaku (guardian) at the time when Kazuko TOKUGAWA entered into court, she was granted Juichii (Junior First Rank) by Emperor Gomizunoo.
Japanese: 徳川和子入内の際に守役を務めた功により、後水尾天皇より従一位を賜った。
English: Died in 1637 at the age of 83, and buried in Unkoin (Miyoshi, Koto Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: 寛永14年（1637年）に83歳で死去し、雲光院（東京都江東区三好）に葬られた。
English: This is not counted as a succession to the professional name because it was not made official and both kanji '松緑' and '松録' were used for the name.
Japanese: 正式な襲名でなかった事や松緑でなく松録であった事によりとりあげられなかった。
English: Also, there are other Shoroku ONOE including Shoroku ONOE (Kyogokuya) who performed actively in Osaka during the end of Edo period through early Meiji period and Shoroku ONOE (disciple of Matsunosuke ONOE) who acted in films during the Taisho period through early Showa period; however, they are not counted as official successions.
Japanese: ほか、幕末から明治始めにかけて、大阪で活躍した尾上松緑（京極屋）、大正から昭和初期に映画で活躍した尾上松緑（尾上松之助門下）がいるが、代数に入らない。
English: Adopted son of the owner of Shibaijaya (a tea house located within a theater), Shobe KAWACHIYA, and his real father was a carpenter in Osaka; 1831 - 1885.
Japanese: 芝居茶屋・河内屋庄兵衛の養子、実父は大阪の大工、1831–1885。
English: His year of birth is said to be 1567, which is back-calculated from his age at death (49), but the month and date aren't known.
Japanese: 永禄10年（1567年）とされる生年は没年の49歳から逆算されたもので、月日は不明。
English: Particularly, in regard to Osaka no Eki, it is said that he pushed into the headquarters of Tokugawa with outnumbered troops and was just one step away from hunting down Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 特に大坂の役では、寡兵を持って徳川本陣まで攻め込み、徳川家康を後一歩のところまで追いつめたとされる。
English: In and after the Edo period, he was spotlighted in kodan storytelling and novels as a genius strategist Yukimura SANADA, who challenged his arch enemy Tokugawa with an entourage of Sanada Juyushi (ten Sanada braves), and became widely known among the public.
Japanese: 江戸期以降、講談や小説などで真田十勇士を従えて大敵徳川に挑む天才軍師真田幸村（さなだゆきむら）として取り上げられ、広く一般に知られることになった。
English: Nobushige's father, Masayuki SANADA, asked a son of Nobushige TAKEDA, who was a younger brother of Shingen TAKEDA, to let him use the name Nobushige, and he was allowed to do so, so Nobushige did not change his name.
Japanese: 本名の信繁（のぶしげ）は、武田信玄の弟・武田信繁の名を是にと父真田昌幸が信繁の息子に言って使わせて貰った名であるため改名はしていない。
English: Although he is widely known as 'Yukimura SANADA' due to the influence of kodan storytelling, there are no historical materials from the years when Nobushige was alive, including letters written by Nobushige himself, in which the name 'Yukimura' is used.
Japanese: 講談などの影響で「真田幸村（さなだゆきむら）」の名で広く知られているが、信繁直筆の書状を始め、信繁が生きていた同時代の史料で「幸村」の名が使われているものは存在しない。
English: For the successes of 'Yukimura' told in kodan storytelling, etcetera, refer to the section on Yukimura SANADA described below.
Japanese: 講談などで語られる「幸村」の活躍に関しては後述する真田幸村の節を参照のこと。
English: Yukimura' first appeared in a war chronicle "Nanba senki," which was established in 1672 during the Edo period.
Japanese: 「幸村」の初出は江戸時代の寛文12年（1672年）成立の軍記物語『難波戦記』にある。
English: Because that book sold in huge numbers, the name 'Yukimura' became more common, and later 'Yukimura' was adopted even in the history book of the Matsushiro Domain, who were descendants of his older brother Nobuyuki.
Japanese: その本が爆発的に売れたため、「幸村」とすることのほうが一般的となり、後には兄・信之の子孫である松代藩の史書にまで「幸村」が採用された。
English: For 'mura,' there are theories such as that the origin is Nobushige's older sister Muramatsu, head of the Date family Tsunamura DATE, whom Nobushige's descendants served, or the yoto (a mysterious sword) Muramasa, which was alleged to curse the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 「村」については信繁の姉の村松や、信繁の子孫が仕えた伊達家当主の伊達綱村、徳川家を呪ったとされる妖刀村正に由来しているとする説などがある。
English: Because the name 'Yukimura' spread within 100 years after Nobushige's death, it is assumed that he actually called himself 'Yukimura,' inheriting Kataimina (taking a character from a person in the family) of Masayuki SANADA after Masayuki's death.
Japanese: 「幸村」という名は信繁の死後100年以内で広まっているため、真田昌幸の死後に昌幸の片諱を継承して実際に「幸村」と名乗ったのではないかとの推測もある。
English: Although it is possible, no historical materials containing the name 'Yukimura' has been found, so it is impossible to verify it as matters now stand.
Japanese: ただし、可能性としてありうるものの「幸村」という名が記された史料が見つかっておらず、現状では立証が不可能である。
English: There is another theory that he changed his name to 'Yukimura' two months before his death in Osaka Natsu no Jin (the Summer Siege of Osaka), but there are no existing historical materials to verify it.
Japanese: 夏の陣での死の二ヶ月前に「幸村」と改名したため、という説もあるが史料に残っていない。
English: In the letter to his uncle written in February 1615, in between Osaka Fuyu no Jin (the Siege of Osaka in Winter) and Osaka Natsu no Jin, and in letters to his older brother and sister, the name Nobushige is used.
Japanese: 大阪冬の陣と大阪夏の陣の半ばの慶長20年2月に叔父にあてた手紙や、兄・姉にあてた手紙にも信繁の名がある。
English: He was born in 1567 as the second son of Masayuki SANADA (then Kihei MUTO).
Japanese: 永禄10年（1567年）真田昌幸（当時は武藤喜兵衛）の次男として生まれる。
English: In 1575, when Nobushige was nine years old, Katsuyori TAKEDA, who was the master of the Sanada clan and was governing Kai and Shinano provinces, was defeated by the Oda and Tokugawa allied forces in the Battle of Nagashino.
Japanese: 天正3年（1575年）信繁が9歳の時、真田氏の主家で甲斐国・信濃国を治める武田勝頼が、長篠の戦いで織田氏・徳川氏連合軍に敗北する。
English: His father Masayuki's two older brothers died at that time, so Masayuki succeeded the Sanada family; thus Nobushige left Kofuchu (Kofu City) and moved to Joshu (Iwabitsu-jo Castle), following his father.
Japanese: この際、父・昌幸の2人の兄も亡くなったため、真田家は昌幸が継ぐこととなり、信繁は父に付き従い古府中（甲府市）を離れ上州（岩櫃城）に移る。
English: On April 13, 1582, when the Oda, Tokugawa and Gohojo allied forces invaded Kai and destroyed the Takeda clan, the Sanada clan obeyed Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）3月11日(旧暦)、織田・徳川・後北条氏連合軍の甲斐侵攻で武田氏が滅亡すると、真田氏は織田信長に恭順した。
English: On April 21, the property inheritance of the Takeda clan was divided and the Sanada clan was authorized for land ownership.
Japanese: 3月19日(旧暦)、武田遺領の分割が行われ、真田氏は所領を安堵された。
English: After Nobunaga was killed by his vassal Mitsuhide AKECHI on July 1, 1582 in the Honnoji Incident, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, who was the Oda family's Kanto Kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) was defeated by the Gohojo clan in the Battle of Kannagawa River and retreated to Ise.
Japanese: 同年6月2日(旧暦)に信長が本能寺の変で家臣の明智光秀に討たれると、織田家の関東管領であった滝川一益は、神流川の戦いで後北条氏に敗れて伊勢に引き上げてしまう。
English: The Sanada clan, which had lost Nobunaga's backup, was forced to cross between the umbrellas of neighboring territorial lords such as the Uesugi clan, Hojo clan and Tokugawa clan in order to keep shoryo (territory).
Japanese: 信長という後援が無くなった真田氏は、所領を守るために上杉氏・北条・徳川など周辺の諸大名の傘下を渡り歩くことになる。
English: At this time, Nobushige, the son of the head of the family, wandered from one territorial lord to another as a hostage.
Japanese: この際に当主の息子である信繁は、人質として諸大名の下を転々としている。
English: The first battle of Ueda against Ieyasu TOKUGAWA occurred in or around this period, and they reached a settlement at the mediation of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 徳川家康との間で第一次上田合戦があったのはこの時期で、豊臣秀吉の仲介で和解する。
English: Because Masayuki eventually obeyed Hideyoshi, Nobushige stayed at Hideyoshi's side, and later he married his lawful wife, a daughter of Hideyoshi's vassal Yoshitsugu OTANI.
Japanese: 昌幸は最終的に秀吉の傘下に入ったため信繁は秀吉の下に留まり、のちに秀吉の家臣・大谷吉継の娘を正妻に迎えている。
English: On December 13, 1954, he was appointed to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) Saemon no suke (assistant captain of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) in the name of the Toyotomi clan.
Japanese: 文禄3年（1594年）11月2日、豊臣氏名義で従五位下左衛門佐に叙任される。
English: In 1600, after Hideyoshi's death, when Ieyasu Tokugawa, a member of the Gotairo (Council of Five Elders), rose in arms against another member of the Gotairo, Kagekatsu UESUGI, in Aizu, he took part in the campaign.
Japanese: 秀吉死後の慶長5年（1600年）に、五大老の徳川家康が同じく五大老の一人だった会津の上杉景勝討伐の兵を起こすと従軍した。
English: When one of the Gobugyo (five major magistrates), Mitsunari ISHIDA, rose in arms during their absence and caused the Battle of Sekigahara, he backed up the Western Camp with his father, parting ways with his older brother Nobuyuki SANADA, who sided with the Eastern Camp because his wife (Komatsuhime) was a daughter of Tadakatsu HONDA.
Japanese: 留守中に五奉行の石田三成らが挙兵して関ヶ原の戦いに至ると、父と共に西軍に加勢し、妻が本多忠勝の娘（小松姫）で徳川方の東軍についた兄・真田信之と袂を分かつことになる。
English: The Eastern Camp, the Tokugawa side, split up and advanced along Tokai-do Road and Nakasen-do Road, while Masayuki and Shigenobu remained secluded in their stronghold, Ueda-jo Castle, to fight against Hidetada TOKUGAWA's army, which belonged to the Eastern Camp and advanced along Nakasen-do Road at Ueda-jo Castle (the second battle of Ueda).
Japanese: 徳川方の東軍は東海道と中山道を分かれて進軍し、昌幸と信繁は居城上田城に籠り、中山道を進んできた東軍の徳川秀忠軍と上田城にて迎え撃った（第二次上田合戦）。
English: Hidetada's army, which was bothered by the outnumbered Sanada clan, gave up on capturing Ueda-jo Castle and left, but as a result they could not join the decisive engagement in Sekigahara, Mino, which was the main battlefield.
Japanese: 寡兵の真田勢にてこずった秀忠軍は上田城攻略を諦めて去ったが、結果として主戦場となった美濃関ヶ原での決戦に間に合わなかった。
English: However, the Western Camp led by Mitsunari was defeated by the Tokugawa side on October 21, without Hidetada's army.
Japanese: しかし三成率いる西軍は、9月15日に秀忠軍ぬきの徳川方に敗北を喫する。
English: Nobuyuki and Shigenobu were supposed to be ordered to commit seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), but thanks to a plea by Nobuyuki, they were ordered exiled to Kudoyama Town, Kii Province (under normal circumstances, they would have been exiled to Koyasan, but it is said that they were exiled to Kudoyama because Nobushige was with Chikurin-in and Koyasan was prohibited to women).
Japanese: 昌幸と信繁は、本来なら敗軍の将として切腹を命じられるところだったが、信之の取り成しで紀伊国九度山町に配流を命じられるのみにとどまった（本来なら高野山配流であったが、信繁が竹林院を伴っていたため、女人禁制のかどで九度山に変わったと言われている）。
English: In 1614, 'the Hoko-ji Temple Incident' worsened the relations between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans.
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）「方広寺事件」をきっかけに徳川氏と豊臣氏の関係が悪化した。
English: Because the Toyotomi family could not expect the backup of daimyo (feudal lords), they collected ronin (masterless samurai) and sent an envoy to Nobushige in Kudoyama to give 200 pieces of gold and 30 kan (a unit of weight, with one kan equaling approximately 3.7 kg) of silver.
Japanese: 大名の加勢が期待できない豊臣家は浪人(武士)を集める策を採り、九度山の信繁の元にも使者を派遣し、黄金200枚、銀30貫を贈った。
English: Nobushige called for former vassals of his father Nobuyuki SANADA to join the battle, escaped from Kudoyama and entered into Osaka-jo Castle with his child, Daisuke YUKIMASA.
Japanese: 信繁は国元にいる父・真田昌幸の旧臣たちに参戦を呼びかけ、九度山を脱出して子の大助幸昌とともに大坂城に入城した。
English: However, it is said that Nobushige was without teeth, had some gray hair and stooped when he entered the castle, so the gatekeeper mistook him for a bandit.
Japanese: しかし、入城の際の信繁の容姿は、歯は抜け落ち、白髪交じりで腰も曲がっていたため門番に山賊と勘違いされている。
English: However, Nobushige himself had been underestimated until then because he had been overshadowed by his father Masayuki and older brother Nobuyuki as a second son of the Sanada clan, so it is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was relieved knowing that it was the uncelebrated Nobushige, not Masayuki, who had entered Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: しかし信繁自身については、それまで真田氏の次男坊として父・昌幸や兄・信之の名声に隠れていたために評価は低く、徳川家康も昌幸ではなく、その息子で無名の信繁が大坂に入ったと知り安堵の表情を浮かべたとされている。
English: In Osaka no Eki (the Siege of Osaka), which started in 1614, Nobushige was against the siege and insisted on fighting aggressively at Seta in Uji (Otsu City) (around Seta Bridge, which spanned the Uji-gawa River) at first (some say it was the strategy of his father Nobuyuki who was a knowledgeable warrior).
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）に始まる大坂の役で信繁は、当初籠城に反対し、京を抑え、宇治・瀬田(大津市)（宇治川の瀬田橋付近）で積極的に迎え撃つよう主張した（知将である父・昌幸の策とも言われる）。
English: However, when the siege was decided Nobushige built a (crescent-shaped) branch castle made of dirt called the Sanada-maru (Sanada Barbican) outside Tamatsukuriguchi and the south of Sannomaru (outer part of the castle) which was the weak point of the Osaka-jo Castle, and provoked the Tokugawa side using troops with firearms, and gave the advance party a black eye.
Japanese: しかし籠城の策と決すると、信繁は大坂城の弱点であった三の丸南側、玉造口外に真田丸と呼ばれる土作りの出城（三日月形）を築き、鉄砲隊を用いて徳川方を挑発し先方隊に大打撃をあたえた。
English: However, when he was building this Sanada-maru, other busho suspected that it might be a preparation for Nobushige to switch to the Tokugawa side and were somewhat cautious.
Japanese: しかし、この真田丸を造る際、大坂方の他の武将は信繁が徳川方に寝返るための下準備と疑っており、少々ながらも警戒していた。
English: At this time, he defeated the armies of the Echizen Matsudaira family and the Maeda clan of the Kaga Domain, and introduced himself as a commander "Nobushige SANADA" for the first time (it is confirmed only in Osaka no Jin that Nobushige took the initiative in hoisting a flag).
Japanese: この時は越前松平家勢、加賀藩前田氏勢等を撃退し、真田昌幸の息子という扱いではなく、初めて“真田信繁”として、その武名を知らしめる事となる（信繁が主体的に戦闘の指揮を執った事が確認されるのは大坂の陣だけである）。
English: After the pacification of Fuyu no Jin, this Sanada-maru was destroyed first when the moat was filled in.
Japanese: 冬の陣の講和後、この真田丸は両軍講和に伴う堀埋め立ての際に真っ先に取り壊されてしまった。
English: Ieyasu, who tried to weaken the Osaka side, sent Nobutada SANADA, an uncle of Nobushige in February 1615, as an envoy, hoping to persuade them to switch sides based on the condition of 'giving them 10,000 koku in Shinano.'
Japanese: そして大坂方の弱体化を謀る家康は慶長20年2月に、使者として信繁の叔父である真田信尹を派遣し「信濃の中で一万石を与える」事を条件に寝返るよう説得している。
English: Then, Ieyasu again sent Nobutada as an envoy, who tried to persuade them, saying they'd be given 'the whole province of Shinano.'
Japanese: すると家康は再び信尹を使者として差し向け、今度は「信濃一国を与える」と説得に出た。
English: It is said that Nobushige, upon hearing this, rejected it again, saying, 'Do you think I, Nobushige, would not become disloyal for 10,000 koku but would be for a province?'
Japanese: これを聞いた信繁は「この信繁、一万石では不忠者にならぬが、一国では不忠者になるとお思いか」と再びはねのけたという。
English: In the Siege of Osaka the following year, he had an exchange of fire with the spearhead army of Masamune DATE and made them temporarily retreat in the Domyoji War.
Japanese: 翌年の大坂の役では、道明寺の戦いにおいて、伊達政宗隊の先鋒を銃撃戦の末に一時的に後退させた。
English: Due to these frequent triumphant battles, Tokugawa's army was gradually forced to hold attacks against Sanada's army, and Nobushige, seeing it, made a temporary but lordly withdrawal to Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: これら度々の勝ち戦により、次第に徳川軍も真田軍への攻撃を自重せざるを得なくなり、信繁はそれを見て堂々と大坂城に一時撤収した。
English: At the withdrawal, it is said that as he rode a horse he jeered Tokugawa's army, saying, 'Although there are a million warriors in Kanto, there are no men,' and calmly withdrew.
Japanese: その撤収の際には、「関東勢百万と候え、男はひとりもなく候」（「関東武者は百万あっても、男子は一人も居ないものだな」）と徳川軍を嘲笑しながら馬に乗り、悠然と撤収したといわれている。
English: However, Mototsugu GOTO's spearhead army had been wiped out in the Domyoji War, before the reinforcement of Sanada's army came, and Mototsugu died on the battlefield.
Japanese: ただし道明寺の戦いでは先行した後藤基次勢が真田勢の援軍が駆けつける前に壊滅し、基次は討死している。
English: Before this war, Ieyasu sounded Mototsugu for betrayal, so there was a rumor of Mototsugu's rebellion in Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: この戦いの前に家康は基次に寝返りを打診していたため、基次に対して大坂城内では謀反の噂が流れた。
English: Therefore, Mototsugu's death can't be attributed to Nobushige alone, but it is said that the delayed arrival of the Sanada army was one factor in the annihilation of Goto's army or that he deliberately delayed the reinforcement army, understanding Mototsugu's feelings.
Japanese: そのため基次の戦死の責任は信繁だけにあるとは言えないが、真田勢の行軍の遅れが後藤勢壊滅の一因であるとも、また基次の心情を察し敢えて救援を遅らせたとも言われる。
English: Actually, Nobushige was lost because of dense mist on that day and could not make it on time, and reluctantly Mototsugu engaged the battle.
Japanese: 本当は当日の濃霧のため道に迷い所定の時間に付く事ができず仕方なく後藤基次が戦いを始めた。
English: Toyotomi's army was ravaged by the deaths of major commanders, including Mototsugu GOTO and Shigenari KIMURA.
Japanese: 豊臣軍は後藤基次や木村重成などの主だった武将が討死し、疲弊していった。
English: As a strategy to lift the morale, Nobushige requested that Hideyori TOYOTOMI himself depart for the front, but he was prevented from doing so by Hideyori's close advisers and mother Yodo-dono (Lady Yodo).
Japanese: 信繁は士気を高める策として豊臣秀頼自身の出陣を求めたが、側近衆や母の淀殿に阻まれ失敗する。
English: It was to deploy Sanada's army as the right wing and Katsunaga MORI's army as the left wing of Toyotomi's side around Chausuyama Tumulus at Shitenno-ji Temple (Osaka City), repeat the firefight and offensive in order to isolate the headquarters of Tokugawa's army, and send light cavalry troops of Takenori AKASHI get around to attack the headquarters of Ieyasu from the side.
Japanese: それは豊臣方右翼として真田軍、左翼として毛利勝永軍を四天王寺・茶臼山古墳(大阪市)付近に陣形し射撃戦と突撃を繰り返し家康の陣形に対し本陣を孤立させ、明石全登の軽騎兵団を迂回させ家康本陣を横撃させるというものだった。
English: However, because the warlords at the front of Mori's army started fire without his order, he had to give up that strategy.
Japanese: しかし毛利隊の前面諸将が勝手に射撃を開始してしまったため、作戦を断念せざるを得なくなった。
English: In this offensive, not only Sanada's army but also Katsunaga MORI, Takenori AKASHI and others made a great effort and closed in on Ieyasu's headquarters.
Japanese: この突撃は真田勢のみではなく、左翼から攻める毛利勝永、明石全登らも奮闘し家康本営に肉薄した。
English: Sanada's army defeated Echizen Matsudaira's army, attacked the headquarters of Ieyasu and defeated hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of Ieyasu, who were famous for their brawniness (it is said that it was the second time since 'the Battle of Mikatagahara' when Ieyasu's headquarters was attacked and Uma-jirushi (massive flags used in Japan to identify a daimyo or equally important military commander on the field of battle) was brought down and Ieyasu prepared to kill himself, having seen the fierceness of Sanada's army; time was vengeful, and Ieyasu's uma-jirushi was brought down twice by commanders related to the Takeda family).
Japanese: 真田勢は越前松平勢を突破し、家康の本陣まで攻め込み、屈強で鳴らす家康旗本勢を蹴散らした（ちなみに、本陣に攻め込まれ馬印が倒されたのは「三方ヶ原の戦い」以来二度目と言われ、真田勢の凄まじさに家康は自害を覚悟したほどだったという。これにより、奇しくも家康は武田家ゆかりの武将に二度馬印を倒されたこととなる）。
English: Eventually, however, they were closed in by Tokugawa's army, which was more numerous, and finally he was attacked at Yasui-jinja Shrine near Shitenno-ji Temple (Tennoji Ward, Osaka City) when he was taking care of injured warriors and gave up his head to Nizaemon NISHIO, who belonged to the matchlock infantry of Echizen Matsudaira's army.
Japanese: しかし、最終的には数で勝る徳川軍に追い詰められ、ついに四天王寺近くの安居神社（大阪市天王寺区）の境内で、味方の傷ついた兵士を看病していたところを襲われ、越前松平勢鉄砲組の西尾仁左衛門にその首を授けた。
English: On June 4, the day after Nobushige's death in the field of battle, Hideyori TOYOTOMI and his mother Yodo-dono killed themselves in Osaka-jo Castle, and the castle, of which Taiko (father of the imperial advisor) Hideyoshi was so proud, fell and went up in flames.
Japanese: 信繁討死の翌5月8日、豊臣秀頼・淀殿母子は大坂城内で自害、太閤秀吉の誇った大坂城も落城し炎上。
English: It is said that soon a rumor emerged that Nobushige was still alive, helped Hideyori and Yodo-dono, and remained at large in Kishu, and there was another rumor that he fled to the Shimazu family's domain in Satsuma, where is grave is located (another rumor states that he had descendants).
Japanese: その後大坂では、信繁は生きており、秀頼・淀殿を助け、紀州へと逃げ落ちたという噂が流れたと言われいるが、噂では薩摩の島津家領内に逃隠れし墓もある（子孫もありとの噂も）。
English: Actually, they found the bodies of Hideyori and Yodo-dono, but they couldn't distinguish which were Hideyori and Yodo-dono's heads and could not identify severed heads.
Japanese: 実は秀頼と淀の方の遺体あったがどれが秀頼、淀の方の遺体（首）か分からず首実検が出来なかった。
English: As Nobushige SANADA's graveyards (more precisely, memorial tombs and towers), the following are identified:
Japanese: 真田信繁の墓所（正確には供養墓・供養塔）は、以下の複数が確認されている。
English: Nobushige's seventh daughter Okane's husband, Sadakiyo ISHIKAWA (Sorin), is also known for supporting Nobushige's bereaved family including Chikurin-in; he built a graveyard for Nobushige and his wife at Ryoan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 信繁の七女おかねの夫石川貞清（宗林）は、竹林院を始めとする信繁の遺族を援助したことでも知られ、龍安寺に信繁夫妻の墓を建立した。
English: Because his fifth daughter 阿昌蒲 was married to Sadahiro KATAKURA (a child of Muneaki TAMURA, who was a nephew of Kiyoaki TAMURA) from the Tamura family, his grave was built in the graveyard of the Tamura family.
Japanese: 田村家出身の片倉定広（田村清顕の甥田村宗顕の子）に嫁いだ五女・阿昌蒲の縁で、田村家の墓所に墓が建立された。
English: A vassal of the Echizen Matsudaira family, Nizaemon NISHIO, who killed Nobushige, built a Kubi-zuka (burial mound for heads) in his family temple.
Japanese: 信繁の首を取った越前松平家の家臣西尾仁左衛門が、自家の菩提寺に首塚を建立。
English: It isn't known whether Nobushige's head was actually buried (it is said that the head was placed in another spot in fear of recapture by the Sanada clan).
Japanese: 実際に首が埋葬されたかは不明（真田一族の奪還を恐れ、別の場所ともいわれる）。
English: A temple built by his fourth daughter, Onda-hime (Oden-hime) (Kensho-in), as a family temple of the Sanada family (Nobushige line).
Japanese: 四女・御田姫（顕性院）が真田家（信繁系統）の菩提寺として建立した寺。
English: It derives from the legend that he didn't die in Osaka no Jin but fled to Kagoshima in order to seek help from the Shimazu clan.
Japanese: 大坂の陣では死なずに、島津氏を頼って鹿児島に落ち延びたとする伝説に由来する。
English: According to the legend, he wandered around various places after the Shimazu family obeyed Tokugawa, lived in Odate from 1625 under the patronage of the Satake clan, into which his fourth daughter Onda-hime (Oden-hime) had married, and died in 1641 at age 75 (there is also a grave of his legitimate son Daisuke).
Japanese: 島津家が徳川に恭順したため、その後は各地を放浪、寛永2年（1625年）から四女御田姫の嫁ぎ先の実家佐竹氏に庇護され大館に住み、寛永18年（1641年）に75歳で没したと伝えられる（嫡男大介の墓もある）。
English: Tadatsune SHIMAZU (the Shimazu clan didn't join this battle, but he told the following, presuming Nobushige's hard fight based on hearsay).
Japanese: 島津忠恒（ただし、この戦いに島津氏は参加しておらず、伝聞から信繁の奮戦ぶりを推測して話した）
English: On June 3, Saemon SANADA attacked the headquarters of Gosho-sama (Ieyasu) and drove out or killed warriors.'
Japanese: 「五月七日に、御所様の御陣へ、真田左衛門仕かかり候て、御陣衆追いちらし、討ち捕り申し候。」
English: Except in Mikatagahara, your flag never fell in battle; it would be ashame if you, the ruler, fell right now at the age of seventy.'
Japanese: 「三方ヶ原にて一度御旗の崩れ申すより外、後先の陣にも御旗の崩れ申す事なし。いわんや七十に成らせられて、収めの御ほうどうの崩れては、何の世に恥をすすぎ成さるべきか」
English: Sanada was brave and his horse run like thunder so that people had to cover their ears.'
Japanese: 「真田は味方の諸軍乱走るも機を屈せず、魚鱗に連なりて駆け破り、虎韜に別れては追い靡き、蜘蛛手十文字に掛け破らんと、馬の鼻を双べて駆け入り、其の速かなるは疾雷の耳を掩ふに及ばざるが如し。」