nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Masamoto didn't like the stigma of killing a shogun, so he was thinking about expelling Yoshiki to Shodo-shima Island or somewhere else.
Japanese: 政元は将軍殺しの汚名を嫌い、義材を小豆島あたりに流罪にしようと考えていた。
English: However, Yoshiki escaped from Kyoto by receiving support from Naganobu JINBO, who was the Ecchu no kuni no Shugodai (deputy of Shugo [provincial constable] in Ecchu Province) and used to serve Masanaga HATAKEYAMA.
Japanese: しかし、畠山政長の配下だった越中国守護代の神保長誠による手引きで京都を脱出してしまったのである。
English: Then, Masamoto was attacked by several daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) who responded to Yoshiki in 1499.
Japanese: このため、明応8年（1499年）には義材に呼応した諸大名の攻撃を受ける。
English: On the other hand, Masamoto who obtained hegemony by installing Yoshitaka ASHIKAGA (later changed his name to Yoshizumi) as shogun, also had a problem.
Japanese: 一方、将軍・足利義高（後に義澄と改名）を擁立して覇権を掌握した政元にも問題があった。
English: According to the "Hosokawa ryoke ki" (Record of the Two Houses of Hosokawa), the problem was that Masamoto let his vassals conduct the governmental affairs and became carried away with shugendo (Japanese mountain asceticism-shamanism incorporating Shinto and Buddhist concepts).
Japanese: それは政元が政務を家臣任せにして修験道に溺れているということである（細川両家記より）。
English: Fortunately, as Masamoto had competent vassals such as Motoie YASUTOMI and Yukinaga MIYOSHI, the governmental affairs were conducted without any disturbance.
Japanese: 幸いにして政元には安富元家や三好之長といった優秀な家臣団が存在していたため、特に政務が乱れることは無かった。
English: In 1504, Settsu-no-kuni Shugodai Motokazu YAKUSHIJI and Tomotsune AKAZAWA started a rebellion and gradually turbulence began to occur inside of the Hosokawa clan.
Japanese: 永正元年（1504年）には摂津国守護代の薬師寺元一と赤沢朝経による反乱が起こるなどして、次第に細川氏内部に不穏な動きが起こり始める。
English: However, the branch families of the Hosokawa clan opposed the idea of the adopted son, who was not blood-related, taking over as the family head, and Masamoto welcomed Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, the son of Yoshiharu HOSOKAWA from a branch family of the Hosokawa clan in the Awa Province.
Japanese: しかし、やがて細川氏の分家などが血のつながらない養子に家督を譲ることに反発したため、阿波国の細川分家である細川義春の子・細川澄元を養子に迎えた。
English: In 1506, Masamoto attempted to expand his power and sent troops to Kawachi, Yamato and Tango Provinces.
Japanese: 永正3年（1506年）、政元は自らの勢力拡大を目指して河内・大和国・丹後国など諸国に軍を派遣した。
English: This expedition continued in the next year, and so Masamoto did not have any army around himself for quite a while.
Japanese: この遠征は翌年になっても続いたため、政元の身辺には軍がいないという事態が続いた。
English: On June 23, 1507, Masamoto was killed by Nagatada YAKUSHIJI and Motonaga KOZAI, who backed up Sumiyuki during the Eisho no Sakuran (Eisho Disturbance).
Japanese: そして永正4年（1507年）6月23日、政元は澄之を推す薬師寺長忠・香西元長らによって暗殺されてしまった（永正の錯乱）のである。
English: However, Sumimoto and Yukinaga, who escaped to Omi Province, were supported by the kokujin-shu (powerful families in a province) and invaded Kyoto on August 1.
Japanese: しかし近江に逃れた澄元・之長らは近江の国人衆を味方につけ、8月1日には京都に侵攻する。
English: However, when Yoshitane (Yoshiki) ASHIKAGA, who was away in Suo Province, and Yoshioki OUCHI came to know about these internal conflicts, Yoshioki summoned the daimyo in Kyushu and Chugoku regions and headed to Kyoto with them.
Japanese: ところがこのような内紛が周防国に逃れていた足利義稙（義材）や大内義興のもとに知らされると、義興は九州・中国の諸大名を動員して上洛を開始したのである。
English: In April 1508, Sumimoto was attacked by an army led by Yoshioki from the west and by an army of Iga and other provinces, which was led by Takakuni from the east, and Sumimoto abandoned Kyoto and ran away to Omi Province.
Japanese: 永正5年（1508年）4月、西から義興が率いる軍、東から高国が率いる伊賀国などの軍勢に攻められた澄元は京都を放棄して近江に逃亡した。
English: Thus, Yoshitada again became the shogun (later changed his name to Yoshitane), and another puppet government controlled by Takakuni and Yoshioki was established.
Japanese: このため、再び義尹が将軍に復帰し（後に義稙と改名）、今度は高国・義興の連立による傀儡政権が成立したのである。
English: In 1509, Sumimoto and Yukinaga, aiming to take back Kyoto, invaded Kyoto but lost (Battle of Nyoigatake).
Japanese: 永正6年（1509年）、京都奪還を目指す澄元・之長らは京都に侵攻するが敗退（如意ケ嶽の戦い）する。
English: Then Takakuni and Yoshioki invaded Omi Province in return in 1510, but Sumimoto gained support from the kokujin-shu of the Omi Province and defeated them.
Japanese: このため、永正7年（1510年）には逆に高国・義興による近江侵攻が行なわれたが、澄元は近江国人衆の支持を得てこれを破るなどした。
English: In 1511, Sumimoto, leading a large force which included Masayoshi HOSOKAWA and Yoshimura AKAMATSU invaded Kyoto and defeated the allied forces of Takakuni and Yoshioki in various places.
Japanese: 永正8年（1511年）、澄元は細川政賢・赤松義村らを味方につけた大軍を率いて京都に侵攻し、各地で高国・義興連合軍を破った。
English: Partly due to these factors, at the Battle of Funaokayama, which was the decisive battle and occurred on August 24, Sumimoto suffered a crushing defeat, Masakata HOSOKAWA died, and Sumimoto ran away to Settsu Province.
Japanese: このためもあって、8月24日に行なわれた決戦である船岡山の戦いで澄元は大敗を喫して細川政賢は戦死し、澄元は摂津に敗走した。
English: However, Yoshioki OUCHI came back to Suo Province on August 2, 1518 and the administration was run independently by Takakuni HOSOKAWA.
Japanese: しかし、永正15年（1518年）8月2日、大内義興は周防に帰国したため、細川高国による単独政権となる。
English: Then, Sumimoto and others, who were waiting for a chance to fight back, invaded in Settsu in October 1519.
Japanese: ところが反攻の機会をうかがっていた澄元らは、永正16年（1519年）10月に摂津に侵攻した。
English: In January 1520, a peasants' uprising occurred in the Yamashiro Province and Takakuni eventually ran away to the Omi Province.
Japanese: 永正17年（1520年）1月になると山城国で土一揆が起こるなどして遂に近江に逃亡する。
English: Yoshitane, who was on bad terms with Takakuni, did not accompany him and obtained protection from Sumimoto.
Japanese: このとき、高国と不仲だった義稙は高国と行動を共にせず、澄元の庇護を受けた。
English: Although Takakuni did not have an enemy due to the death of Sumimoto, because the government was originally backed up by the strong man Yoshioki OUCHI, the basis of the government was very weak.
Japanese: 澄元の死で敵対者がいなくなった高国であるが、元々実力者である大内義興の力を背景にした政権であったことからその政権基盤は脆弱なものであった。
English: Takakuni had to invoke a powerful government and maintain it after Yoshioki's return to his province.
Japanese: 義興が帰国した後の高国は強権政治を敷きこれを維持せざるを得なかった。
English: He liquidated meritorious vassals such as Masayori KAWARABAYASHI and 利倉, the Minbu no jo (the third officer of tax and urban improvement department), and expelled shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and made Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, the son of Yoshizumi, shogun in 1521.
Japanese: 功臣の瓦林政頼や利倉民部丞らを粛清したのをはじめとして、大永元年（1521年）には将軍・足利義稙を追放して義澄の子・足利義晴を新たに擁立した。
English: In April 1525, Takakuni let his son, Tanekuni HOSOKAWA, take over as the head of the family and retired.
Japanese: 大永5年（1525年）4月、高国は子の細川稙国に家督を譲って隠居する。
English: However, Tanekuni died young in December and there was no choice for Takakuni but to take over as the head of the family again.
Japanese: しかし、稙国は12月に早世してしまい、やむなく高国は家督を再相続した。
English: In 1526, Takakuni, who believed a false charge made by Tadakata HOSOKAWA, the Shugo (a provincial military governor) of the Tanba Province, killed his senior vassal Motomori KOZAI.
Japanese: 大永6年（1526年）、丹波国の守護・細川尹賢の讒言を信じた高国は、重臣の香西元盛を誅殺してしまった。
English: Because of this, Motomori's older brother Tanemichi HATANO and Kataharu YANAGIMOTO joined hands with Rokuro HOSOKAWA (the heir of Sumimoto and later Harumoto) and Motonaga MIYOSHI (grandson of Yukinaga), and started a rebellion against Takakuni (Sakaikubo [the municipal government based in Sakai City]).
Japanese: これにより、元盛の兄である波多野稙通や柳本賢治らは細川六郎（澄元の嫡男、後の晴元）や三好元長（之長の孫）と通じて高国に反乱を起こした（堺公方）。
English: In response to this, Takakuni tried to suppress Hatano but failed due to disobedience by Kunisada NAITO.
Japanese: これに対して高国は波多野討伐を実行したが、内藤国貞らの反抗もあって失敗する。
English: At the Battle of Katsura-gawa River in February 1527, Takakuni lost against the army of Hatano and Miyoshi, and fled to the Omi Province with shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 大永7年（1527年）2月には桂川の戦いで波多野・三好軍らに高国は敗れて将軍・足利義晴を擁して近江に逃亡した。
English: In May 1530, Kataharu YANAGIMOTO, who was in power in Kyoto instead of Takakuni, was killed by his vassal Sukesaburo NAKAMURA.
Japanese: 享禄3年（1530年）5月、高国に代わって京都で権勢を振るっていた柳本賢治が家臣の中村助三郎によって暗殺された。
English: However, he was defeated by Motonaga MIYOSHI at the Battle of Settsu Nakajima in March 1531, and on June 4, he was defeated again and captured by Motonaga at the Battle of Tennno-ji (Battle of Daimotsu), and was forced to kill himself on June 8.
Japanese: しかし、享禄4年（1531年）3月には摂津中嶋の戦いにおいて三好元長に敗れ、6月4日の天王寺の戦い（大物崩れ）でも元長に敗れて捕らえられ、6月8日に自刃に追い込まれた。
English: After the death of Takakuni, Rokuro HOSOKAWA (Harumoto HOSOKAWA), son of Sumimoto, took over as the head of the Hosokawa family, supported by Motonaga MIYOSHI.
Japanese: 高国の死後、三好元長に擁されて細川家の家督を継いだのは澄元の子の細川六郎（細川晴元）である。
English: However in 1532, Harumoto believed the false charge made by Masanaga MIYOSHi and killed Motonaga, broke away from the Sakai bakufu and reconciled with shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, and the kanrei (shogunate deputy) Harumoto HOSOKAWA conducted the administration with Yoshiharu as puppet.
Japanese: しかし天文元年（1532年）に三好政長の讒言を受けて元長を誅殺し、堺幕府と決別し将軍・足利義晴と和睦、義晴を傀儡とした管領・細川晴元による幕政が行なわれた。
English: In 1543, Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA, the adopted son of Takakuni, raised an army and this triggered internal conflict among the Hosokawa family again.
Japanese: 天文11年（1543年）に高国の養子・細川氏綱が挙兵したことにより、再び細川家の内紛が再燃した。
English: At this time, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, the son of Motonaga, proved himself as a vassal of Harumoto and Harumoto overwhelmed Ujitsuna.
Japanese: このとき、元長の子・三好長慶が晴元の家臣として頭角を現し、晴元は氏綱を圧倒する。
English: In 1548, however, Nagayoshi went over to Ujitsuna's side and Harumoto suddenly came to be in a disadvantageous position, and in 1549, he fled to the Omi Province with Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA and Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA after he was defeated by Nagayoshi at the Battle of Eguchi.
Japanese: しかし天文17年（1548年）、長慶が氏綱側に寝返ったため、一転して晴元側が不利となり、天文18年（1549年）には江口の戦いで長慶に敗れて晴元は足利義晴・足利義輝と共に近江に逃亡した。
English: Hosokawa's government ended due to Harumoto's loss and Miyoshi's government was newly established.
Japanese: 晴元の敗北により、細川政権は終焉し、新たに三好政権が成立したのである。
English: However, he lost to Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and was forced to reconcile with him in 1561.
Japanese: しかし、三好長慶に敗れて永禄4年（1561年）に和睦せざるを得なくなった。
English: Harumoto died 2 years later, and Harumoto's heir, Akimoto HOSOKAWA, along with Ujitsuna, became puppets of the Miyoshi clan.
Japanese: 晴元はその2年後に死去し、晴元の嫡男・細川昭元は氏綱と共に三好氏の傀儡となる。
English: Yusai HOSOKAWA and Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, who succeeded the branch family which started from Yorinaga HOSOKAWA, the Shugo of the Izumi Province, survived under the Oda government as daimyo, and continued to exist as a lord in the Kumamoto Domain during the Edo period.
Japanese: なお、分家の和泉国守護・細川頼長から始まる系統を継いでいた細川幽斎・細川忠興らは織田政権下を大名として生き延び、江戸時代には熊本藩として存続した。
English: The Battle of Sakaiura is a battle fought in Sakaiura, Izumi Province (present-day Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: 堺浦の戦い（さかいうらのたたかい）は、和泉国堺浦（現在の大阪府堺市）にて行われた戦いのこと。
English: For the details on the battle fought between KO no Moronao of the Northern Court (Japan) (the Muromachi shogunate) and Akiie KITABATAKE of the Southern Court (Japan) in 1338, refer to the Battle of Ishizu.
Japanese: 延元3年/暦応元年（1338年）に、北朝(日本)（室町幕府）方高師直と南朝(日本)方北畠顕家との間で戦われた戦いについては、石津の戦いを参照のこと。
English: For details on the battle fought between the Muromachi shogunate and Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was a shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) in 1399, refer to the Oei War.
Japanese: 応永6年（1399年）に、室町幕府と守護大名大内義弘との間で戦われた戦いについては、応永の乱を参照のこと。
English: The Battle of Ishizu was fought on June 10, 1338, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), in Ishizu of Sakaiura, Izumi Province (areas in and around present-day Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture) between Akiie KITABATAKE, who supported the Southern Court, and KO no Moronao, who supported the Northern Court.
Japanese: 石津の戦い（いしづのたたかい）とは、南北朝時代(日本)の延元3年/暦応元年5月22日(旧暦)（1338年6月10日）に和泉国堺浦・石津（現在の大阪府堺市一帯）において、南朝(日本)方の北畠顕家と北朝(日本)方の高師直が戦った合戦。
English: The Emperor Godaigo, who escaped from Kyoto to Yoshino at the end of 1336 in order to stand in opposition to Takauji ASHIKAGA, ordered Akiie KITABATAKE, who was at Taga-jo Castle in Mutsu Province, to defeat Takauji in Kyoto in support of the Imperial Prince Norinaga (later the Emperor Gomurakami).
Japanese: 延元元年/建武(日本)3年（1336年）暮れに、足利尊氏に対抗するために京都を脱出して吉野に逃れた後醍醐天皇は、陸奥国多賀城にいる北畠顕家に対して義良親王（後の後村上天皇）を奉じて上洛して尊氏を討つ様に命じた。
English: However, Akiie was attacked by a feudal lord who supported the Northern Court in opposition to him, and was driven to Ryozen-jo Castle located in the south of Mutsu Province, which served as a military base of the Southern Court.
Japanese: だが、顕家に反抗する北朝方の領主に攻められて南陸奥の南朝方拠点である霊山城に追われた。
English: Akiie, finally came to suppress the resistance of the Northern Court army, then started to go south from the Ryozen-jo Castle with the 60,000 cavalries in July of the following year.
Japanese: ようやく北朝方の抵抗を排して6万騎を率いて霊山城より南下を開始したのは翌年の7月であった。
English: But due to his clever strategy of using cavalry, he already defeated Ienaga SHIBA and occupied Kamakura on January 16, 1338 of the same year.
Japanese: だが、騎馬隊を巧に用いた戦略が功を奏し、その年の12月25日(旧暦)（1338年1月16日）には、斯波家長を攻め滅ぼして鎌倉を占領した。
English: His army continued to advance southward and in 1338, he crossed Mt. Hakone and defeated an army of the Northern Court in the battle of Aonogahara, Mino Province.
Japanese: その後も快進撃は続き、延元3年/暦応元年に入ると箱根を突破して美濃国青野原の戦いで北朝方を破った。
English: However, having been informed that the main force of the Northern Court's army had advanced from Omi Province to Mino Province, Akiie fled to Ise Province in order to reorganize his army.
Japanese: だが、北朝方主力が近江国から美濃に入った事を知った顕家は伊勢国に逃れて立て直しを図る。
English: Although Akiie occupied Nara on February 21, he was defeated seven days later by Naotsune MOMONOI, who supported the Northern Court, in the battle of Hannyazaka and was forced to retreat.
Japanese: 顕家は2月21日に奈良を占領するが、7日後に般若坂の戦いで北朝方桃井直常に敗れて敗走する。
English: Consequently, after secretly sending the Imperial Prince Norinaga to Yoshino, Akiie moved his army from Kawachi Province to Izumi Province in order to rebuild its force.
Japanese: そのため、顕家は義良親王を秘かに吉野へ送った後に河内国から和泉国に転戦して戦力再建を図った。
English: In March, Akiie rallied his army at Tenno-ji Temple and on May 25, he set the Sakaiura area on fire to continue the battle against the armies of those who supported the Northern Court, including Akiuji HOSOKAWA and Moriharu HINENO.
Japanese: そして3月に天王寺に軍を集結、5月6日(旧暦)（5月25日）には堺浦を焼討にして、更に細川顕氏・日根野盛治ら現地の北朝方勢力と交戦を続けた。
English: Meanwhile, KO no Moronao advanced his army from Tenno-ji Temple to Sakaiura on June 4 in order to defeat Akiie under Takauji's order.
Japanese: これに対して尊氏の命で顕家討伐に向かった高師直は、、5月16日(旧暦)（6月4日）に天王寺から堺浦に向かって出撃した。
English: Although Akiie's army fought hard, it came to be in a predicament due to the side attack by the Seto Inland Sea army as well as the fatigue from the long duration of the fighting.
Japanese: 顕家軍は善戦したものの長征の疲労に加えて北朝方についた瀬戸内海水軍の支援攻撃を受けて苦境に立たされる。
English: Akiie, besieged in Ishizu along with his 200 soldiers by the Northern Court's armies, continued to fight a fierce battle, but he fell from his horse and was finally killed by his enemies.
Japanese: 顕家は兵200とともに石津で北朝方に包囲されて決死の戦いを続けたものの、遂に落馬してしまい討ち取られる事になる。
English: As a result, the Southern Court suffered severe damage, while the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which supported the Northern Court, gained advantage in wars not only in areas around Kyoto but also in Oshu, which had been the base of Akiie.
Japanese: これによって、南朝は大打撃を受ける一方、北朝方の室町幕府は中央のみならず顕家の根拠地であった奥州においても有利な戦いを進めていく事になった。
English: Mashita Domain was located in Mashita, Shimashimo County, Settsu Province (present Mishima, Settsu City, Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: 味舌藩（ましたはん）は摂津国嶋下郡味舌（現在の大阪府摂津市三島）にあった藩である。
English: Nagamasu (Urakusai) ODA, who was the younger brother of Nobunaga ODA and served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in Osaka-jo Castle, was granted the territory of 27,000 koku in Yamabe County, Yamato Province as a reward for his contribution to the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, in addition to the territory of 2,000 koku which he had already been enfeoffed in Shimashimo County, Settsu Province.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉の臣として大坂城にいた織田信長の弟織田長益（有楽斎）は、摂津国嶋下郡に2千石を知行していたが、慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦いの後、大和国山辺郡に新たに恩賞として2万7千石を加増された。
English: Later, he gave the territory of 10,000 koku in Shikijo County and Yamabe County of Yamato Province and Shimashimo County of Settsu Province away to his fourth son Nagamasa ODA (daimyo) (Kaiju Domain) and another 10,000 koku territory in Shikijo and Yamabe County to his fifth son Naonaga ODA (Yanagimoto Domain) in the same year, saving the remaining 10,000 koku terriotory for his old age.
Japanese: やがて、元和(日本)元年（1615年）、大和国式上郡・山辺郡・摂津国嶋下郡のうちから1万石を四男織田長政(大名)（戒重藩）に、同年、式上・山辺2郡の内から1万石を五男織田尚長（柳本藩）にそれぞれ分与し、残余の1万石は自分の養老領とした。
English: His eldest son Nagataka ODA received the territory of 10,000 koku (Nomura Domain) in Ono County, Mino Province in return for his distinguished military service during the Battle of Sekigahara, but died in 1606, and his son Naganori ODA died without heir (in 1631), which put an end to the Oda family.
Japanese: 長男織田長孝は、関ヶ原の戦いの軍功により美濃国大野郡(美濃国)に1万石を賜っていたが（野村藩）、既に慶長11年（1606年）死去しており、その子織田長則（～寛永8年）に嗣子がなく、家が絶えた。
English: Nagamasu's territory of 10,000 koku was deprived of, and the descendants of Nagamasa, younger brother of Naganori, became vassals of the Kaga Domain.
Japanese: 長益の養老領1万石は除封となり、また長則の弟長政の子孫は加賀藩の家臣となった。
English: The faction of Saiwai-club was a union of medium and small parliamentary factions in the House of Peers (Japan) led by the Tea Party group from the late Meiji period to the early Showa period.
Japanese: 幸倶楽部派（さいわいくらぶは）とは、明治後期から昭和初期にかけて茶話会を中心とした貴族院_(日本)の中小院内会派の連合組織。
English: Saiwai-club was a name of a building in Uchisaiwai-cho, Kojimachi Ward (present Chiyoda Ward) in which the office of the Tea Party was located.
Japanese: 幸倶楽部とは、茶話会の事務所が置かれていた麹町区（現在の千代田区）内幸町にあった建物である。
English: Some members of the House of Peers with the doctrine of superiority, who had a sense of crisis about the establishment of so-called Okuma-Itagaki cabinet in 1898, set up an independent group and maintained its office in the Saiwai-club building.
Japanese: 1898年のいわゆる「隈板内閣」の成立に危機感を抱いた超然主義者の貴族院議員が無所属団を発足させて幸倶楽部内に事務所を設けた。
English: On the other hand, the Tea Party group, which mainly consisted of the members of Aritomo YAMAGATA faction, also supported the doctrine of superiority, so there was no big difference between both groups.
Japanese: 一方、山縣有朋系の議員が多かった茶話会も超然主義を支持しており、両会派の政策に大きな違いがなかった。
English: Therefore, in 1899 the cooperation between both groups advanced and in December of the same year the members of Mokuyo-kai (Thursday-group) and independents were invited to form a union with 70 members against party politics.
Japanese: そこで1899年に入ると両会派の連携が進み、同年12月に両会派が木曜会や純無所属の議員にも呼びかけて70名の議員によって政党政治に反対する連合組織を結成した。
English: Cooperating with the largest parliamentary group, Kenkyu-kai group, they attacked the 4th Ito Cabinet of Rikken seiyu-kai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) and the Saionji Cabinet, but in the Taisho Period a sense of danger against expanding Kenkyu-kai arose, and furthermore, when the Hara Cabinet of the Seiyu Party (the abbreviated name for Rikken seiyu-kai) was established in 1918 and Kenkyu-kai group sent its members to the Cabinet, they sharpened their anti Kenkyu-kai group stance.
Japanese: 最大会派の研究会と協調しながら、立憲政友会の第4次伊藤内閣や西園寺内閣などを攻撃していったが、大正期に入ると、研究会の膨張に対して危機感を抱くようになり、更に1918年に政友会の原内閣が成立して後に研究会が同内閣に閣僚を送り込むと、反研究会路線を強めていく事になる。
English: When Kousei-kai group and Dosei-kai group were formed after the reorganization of parliamentary groups within the House of Peers in 1919, the Tea Party group, Kosei-kai group and Dosei-kai group based in Saiwai-club were combined and opposed Kenkyu-kai group and the Seiyu Party.
Japanese: 1919年に院内会派の再編で公正会・同成会が成立すると、茶話会・公正会・同成会は幸倶楽部を拠点に連合して研究会及び政友会に対抗した。
English: It was also called 'Saiwai yonpa (four Saiwai groups), Saiwai musanpa/Saiwai muyonpa' including an independent group which opposed the coalition of Kenkyu-kai group and the Hara Cabinet and left them.
Japanese: これに研究会と原内閣の連携に反対して離脱した無所属団を加えて「幸四派（さいわいよんぱ）・幸無三派/幸無四派」とも呼ばれた。
English: In the course of time, the faction of Saiwai-club gradually approached to Kensei-kai group, which opposed to the Seiyu Party in the Lower House.
Japanese: やがて、幸倶楽部派は衆議院において政友会と対立する憲政会に次第に接近するようになる。
English: During the second pro-Constitution movement they attacked the Kiyoura Cabinet led by Kenkyu-kai group and campaigned to topple the government with three pro-Constitution factions.
Japanese: 第2次護憲運動においては、研究会主導の清浦内閣を攻撃して護憲三派とともに倒閣に動いた。
English: However, when the Tea Party group formed Dowa-kai group with maverick in 1928 and Kosei-kai group pulled up its office from the Saiwai-club building in the same year, Saiwai-club went into liquidation and Showa-club group, which Koyu-club group joined, succeeded the role.
Japanese: だが、1928年に茶話会が無所属派と組んで同和会を結成し、同年に公正会も幸倶楽部内にあった事務所を引き払うと、自然消滅することとなり、交友倶楽部なども参加した昭和倶楽部がその役割を継承した。
English: Mutsu diplomacy means a foreign policy of a Minister of Foreign Affairs Munemitsu MUTSU under the Second Ito cabinet in the Middle Meiji Period.
Japanese: 陸奥外交（むつがいこう）とは、明治中期第2次伊藤内閣における陸奥宗光外務大臣の外交政策を指す。
English: In the Japanese history of diplomacy, the name Mutsu appeared for the first time when he signed the Japan-Mexico Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation with Mexico as a minister to the United States of America, in 1891.
Japanese: 日本の外交史において陸奥の名前が登場するのは、1891年に駐米公使であった陸奥がメキシコとの間で日墨修好通商条約を締結した時である。
English: When the Second Ito cabinet was established in 1892, he was appointed a Minister of Foreign Affairs by Hirobumi ITO.
Japanese: 1892年に第2次伊藤内閣が成立すると、伊藤博文によって外務大臣に任命された。
English: Mutsu is said to have been felt less confident by the Emperor Meiji because he had once been considered a ringleader of the Risshisha no goku (Imprisonment of the Risshisha [Self-reliance Association]) (the Emperor Meiji agreed about his assumption of a Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the First Yamagata cabinet but showed annoyance.), however, Ito highly appreciated his ability.
Japanese: 陸奥はかつて立志社の獄の首謀者とされた事から明治天皇の信任が薄かったとされている（第1次山縣内閣の農商務大臣就任には、明治天皇は同意こそしたものの不快感を示している）が、伊藤はその能力を高く買っていたのである。
English: Mutsu was against 'treaty enforcement movement' of the hard-line foreign policies faction centering on the hard-line six parties and others and worked to dissolve the extraterritoriality with the United Kingdom, aiming at incremental revision of treaties.
Japanese: 陸奥は硬六派などを中心とした対外硬派の「条約励行運動」に反対して、漸進的な条約改正を目指して、まずイギリスとの間で治外法権の解消に努めた。
English: As a result, the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation centering on the abolishment of extraterritoriality and tariff hike was signed on July 16, 1894.
Japanese: その結果、1894年7月16日に治外法権撤廃と関税引上を骨子とした日英通商航海条約を締結した。
English: And in the matter over the Korean Peninsula rocked by the Tonghak Uprising and others, he advocated hard line toward Qing with a vice chief of staff Soroku KAWAKAMI, and started the Sino-Japanese War, gaining favorable neutrality from the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire, which caused that Japan carried on the war advantageously from the beginning to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
Japanese: 更に東学党の乱などでゆれる朝鮮半島問題では、川上操六参謀次長とともに清国に対して強硬論を唱えて、日清戦争を開戦させるとともにイギリス・ロシア帝国からは好意的な中立を獲得して、下関条約締結まで終始日本側の有利に戦況を進める結果となった。
English: In the later Triple Intervention, he stood firm against the plan of preventing intervention by convening of the conference of the nations of the world that was promoted in the conference in the presence of the emperor, and decided to return the Liaodong Peninsula in order to concentrate on leaving the results of the war in Japan as much as possible, eliminating the intervention from the world powers.
Japanese: その後の三国干渉に際しては、御前会議で推進された列国会議開催による干渉阻止案にあくまでも反対して、列強からの干渉を排して戦争の成果を多く日本に留める事に専念するために遼東半島返還を決断した。
English: Mutsu was from non-domain clique and gained political foundation inside the government only by Ito's confidence, but he was a sworn friend of Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA and Toru HOSHI who belonged to the Liberal Party (Meiji) that had an adversarial relationship with statesmen of domain cliques.
Japanese: 陸奥は非藩閥出身であり政府内部では伊藤の信頼によって政治的な基盤を得ているような状態であったが、逆に藩閥政治家とは敵対関係にあった自由党(明治)の中島信行・星亨とは盟友関係にあった。
English: By collaborating with them who were pushing for realistic changes in government policy, aiming at participation in the administration, Mutsu dismissed the pressure by the hard-line six parties who condemned Mutsu diplomacy 'weak-kneed' because he yielded to the Triple Intervention and couldn't recover the tariff autonomy, then pursued and promoted the foreign policy with level-headed analysis based on the power politics.
Japanese: 陸奥は政権参画を目指して現実的な政策転換を進める彼らと連携することによって、三国干渉に屈して関税自主権を回復できなかった陸奥外交を「軟弱」と糾弾する硬六派の圧力を斥けて、パワー・ポリティックスに基づいた冷静な分析に基づいた外交政策を追及・推進した。