nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: To confirm buried jori remains, excavation is required, but it is possible for people other than specialists to find other jori remains.
Japanese: 埋没条里遺構を確認するには発掘の必要があるが、そうでない条里遺構は、専門家以外にも見つけることは可能である。
English: Basically, use large scale maps such as 1/25,000 scale maps issued by Geographical Survey Institute.
Japanese: 基本的には国土地理院発行2万5千分の1地図のような大縮尺の地図を使用する。
English: On transparent paper etc., draw grid lines with intervals equivalent to 109 meters according to the scale of the map, and put it on the map.
Japanese: 透過紙などに、地図の縮尺に合わせて約109m相当の間隔で方格線を引き、地図に重ね合わせる。
English: If streets, ditches, or paths between rice fields align with the grid lines to some extent, it is highly probable to be jori remains.
Japanese: 道路や水路・あぜ道などがある程度重なっていれば、条里遺構である蓋然性が高いと言える。
English: However, if the streets and ditches are perfect straight lines, they are rather considered to be recent allocation.
Japanese: ただし、それらの道路や水路が完全な直線の場合はむしろ近年の地割と考えられる。
English: Geographical names such as 'Shichijo,' 'Juri,' and 'Ichi no Tsubo' often stem from the jori naming system and give clue to restore jori arragement.
Japanese: また、「七条」、「十里」、「一の坪」などの地名は条里呼称法に由来することが多く、条里の配列を復元する手がかりになる。
English: Taisuke ITAGAKI, who had lost in the political upheaval in Seikanron in 1873 and retired from the governmental position, and his comrades gathered at the residence of Taneomi SOEJIMA in Ginza, Kyobashi Ward, Tokyo and formed a political party on January 12, 1874.
Japanese: 征韓論、明治六年の政変で下野した板垣退助らは、幸福安全社を基礎に明治7年（1874年）1月12日、東京の京橋区銀座副島種臣邸に同士を集めて結成。
English: They asserted that the first goal of their political challenges at that time were to protect basic human rights based on the theory of Tenpujinken-ron (the theory of the human rights given by the heaven) and to require the government to establish the congress of representatives elected by the commoners.
Japanese: 天賦人権論に基づき、基本的人権を保護し民撰議院設立を政府に要求することが当面の政治課題の第一であると謳っている。
English: On January 17, Itagaki and Soejima submitted "the political statement for democratic representation" to the government.
Japanese: 1月17日、板垣、副島らは政府に対して『民撰議院設立建白書』を提出した。
English: Besides Itagaki and Soejima, Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Shinobu KOMURO, Kosei YURI, Kenzaburo OKAMOTO and Shigeru FURUSAWA signed the statement.
Japanese: 建白書には、この他、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、小室信夫、由利公正、岡本健三郎、古沢滋が署名している。
English: Yet given the fact that this party started its political activities before the National Diet was even formed, it cannot be denied that the party was too much ahead of its time.
Japanese: だが、議会の開催前に活動を開始したこともあり、その誕生は時代の流れよりも早すぎた、という感は否めない。
English: Later, as Taisuke ITAGAKI and Kenkichi KATAOKA went home and Eto participated in Saga War, the party stopped its activities and died out.
Japanese: 後に板垣退助や片岡健吉が帰郷し、江藤も佐賀の乱に加わったため活動を停止し、自然消滅を迎えることとなる。
English: A political party established on May 5, 1890; it is mainly comprised of the members of Tosa school in the former Liberal Party.
Japanese: 明治23年（1890年）5月5日に、旧自由党(日本)土佐派を中心に設立された政党。
English: In response to the situation after the split of Great Merger Movement, Taisuke ITAGAKI and others tried to invite the members of the former Liberal Party to the Aikokukoto Party.
Japanese: 大同団結運動分裂後の事態に対応して、板垣退助たちが旧自由党員を愛国公党へ結集しようとした。
English: After the establishment of the party, negotiations began to merge with the Liberal Party and the Daido Club Party, and on May 14 the three parties passed a resolution to form Kokin Club Party.
Japanese: 結党後、直ちに自由党、大同倶楽部と合同に向けて交渉が始まり、5月14日三派が合同し、康寅倶楽部を結成する旨を決議した。
English: And on September 15, the Rikken Jiyu-to (the Constitutional Liberal Party) was formed by uniting the four parties including the Kyushu Doshikai (the Kyushu Comrades Party).
Japanese: さらに九州同志会を含めた四派が合同して、9月15日自由党(日本)立憲自由党(日本1890-1891)を結成した。
English: Karafuto Agency (Karafuto-Cho) was a regional administrative agency, which controlled Karafuto under Japanese possession.
Japanese: 樺太庁（からふとちょう、、）は、日本の領有下において樺太を管轄した地方行政官庁である。
English: In this case Karafuto means the region and attached islands south of the fifty northern latitude on Sakhalin (so-called Southern Sakhalin), which was incorporated into Japan through the Treaty of Portsmouth.
Japanese: この場合、樺太とは樺太の内、ポーツマス条約により日本へと編入された50度線以南の地域（いわゆる南樺太）及びその付属島嶼を指す。
English: Due to the Proclamation of the Imperial Ordinance no.33, 1907 on March 15, 1907 Karafuto's Government's system of administration was officially established on April 1, 1907.
Japanese: 1907年3月15日公布の、明治40年日本の勅令の一覧第33号（樺太庁官制）に基づき、同年4月1日発足。
English: In this way the Karafuto Civil Office (Karafuto Minseisho), which was the administrative body up to then, was dissolved and absorbed into the new administration.
Japanese: これにより従来の行政機関である樺太民政署は発展的解消を遂げたと言える。
English: The government building was first located in Otomari Town and then moved to Toyohara City on August 13, 1908.
Japanese: 庁舎は当初大泊町に置かれていたが、1908年8月13日に豊原市へと移転した。
English: According to the Proclamation in 1920, Imperial Ordinance no.124, 1920 (regarding exceptions in law which is enforced on Karafuto), Karafuto-Cho became part of the so-called outer territories (gaichi), later, in 1942 it fell under the jurisdiction of the Home Ministry (Japan) and the municipal law of Japan came to be applied.
Japanese: 1920年公布の、大正9年勅令第124号（樺太ニ施行スル法律ノ特例ニ関スル件）ではいわゆる外地に組み入れられたが、その後の1942年には内務省(日本)管轄下に入り、国内法が適用されるようになった。
English: After the Soviet Declaration of War on Japan in August 1945, Soviet troops invaded the district of Karafuto-Cho and by the end of the month all of Karafuto was occupied.
Japanese: 1945年8月のソ連対日宣戦布告によって、樺太庁管内にはソビエト連邦軍が侵攻し、同月末までに樺太全土が占領された。
English: Karafuto-Cho as a government agency was transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jurisdiction and was then abolished in June 1, 1949 under the National Government Organization Act (See "Nihon Tochika no Karafuto" [Sakhalin under Japanese rule] <Gaichi Hoseishi>, Gaimusho Joyakukyoku Hokika [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Treaty Bureau, Regulation Section]; 1969).
Japanese: 行政官庁としての樺太庁は、外務省への移管を経て、1949年6月1日、国家行政組織法の施行によって廃止されている（外務省条約局法規課『日本統治下の樺太』〈外地法制誌〉、1969年を参照）
English: In the South, Karafuto-Cho was separated from Hokkaido by the Soya Strait, in the North it bordered to Russia at fifty northern latitude, in the West it was surrounded by the Mamiya Strait and in the East by the Sea of Okhotsk.
Japanese: 南の北海道とは宗谷海峡で隔てられ、北は緯度50度線国境でソ連と接し、西の間宮海峡、東のオホーツク海に囲まれていた。
English: Due to the small population, workers were always in demand, migration from the mainland and other areas was promoted by tax incentives.
Japanese: 人口が希少であった事から常に労働人口を欲しており、税法の優遇等により国内他地域からの移住を推進した。
English: Three branch offices were set up in Korsakov (Otomari), Vladimirofka (Toyohara) and Mauka (Maoka).
Japanese: -コルサコフ（大泊）・ウラジミロフカ（豊原）・マウカ（真岡）の3支庁が設置される。
English: A system of five branch offices was set up as Shisuka local office of Toyohara branch office was promoted to Shikuka branch office and Nayashi local office of Maoka branch office to Nayoshi branch office respectively.
Japanese: -豊原支庁シスカ出張所・真岡支庁ナヤシ出張所がそれぞれ敷香支庁・名好支庁に昇格して5支庁体制となる。
English: Due to Imperial Ordinance no.101 "regarding the organization of districts, towns and villages in Karafuto," 17 districts, 4 towns and 58 villages were established.
Japanese: -勅令第101号樺太ノ郡町村編制ニ関スル件により、17郡4町58村が設置される。
English: After the Nikolayevsk Incident North Sakhalin (North Karafuto) was occupied until 1925, when the troops withdrew.
Japanese: -尼港事件により北サハリン（北樺太）も占領したが、1925年に撤兵する。
English: The branch offices were reorganized and it became a system of nine branch offices: Toyohara, Otomari, Rutaka, Mototomari, Shikuka, Honto, Maoka, Tomarioru and Ushiro.
Japanese: -支庁が再編され、豊原・大泊・留多加・元泊・敷香・本斗・真岡・泊居・鵜城の9支庁体制となる。
English: Between Fukami Village in Kurafuto and Sarafutsu Village in Hokkaido the set up of an underwater cable and a relay station was completed, telephone to the main island was opened.
Japanese: -樺太深海村と北海道猿払村との間に海底ケーブル及び中継所設置が完了し、電話が本州と開通する。
English: "Regarding exceptions in law which is enforced on Karafuto" was abolished, in other words, Karafuto-Cho was incorporated into Japan proper (naichi).
Japanese: -樺太ニ施行スル法律ノ特例ニ関スル件が廃止され、いわゆる内地編入が行われる。
English: The Bank of Japan opened an office in Toyohara City and posted employees after April 1945.
Japanese: 1945年、4月以降に日本銀行が豊原市事務所を開設し、駐在員を配置。
English: Under Soviet occupation Karafuto-Cho was made to carry out the administration, but was then ordered to dissolve and governor Toshio OTSU as a representative and other high ranked government officials were imprisoned.
Japanese: -ソビエト連邦占領行政下で行政執行にあたっていたが、解散を命じられ大津敏男長官を代表とする上級官吏が収監される。
English: By the memorandum of the GHQ (the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers), Japanese administrative rights over Karafuto were removed.
Japanese: -連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ）の指令（SCAPIN-677）により日本の施政権が停止される。
English: Due to "Regarding revision of system of administration of the Home Ministry" (Imperial Ordinance no.55, 1946) Karafuto-Cho was transferred from the Home Ministry to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jurisdiction.
Japanese: -内務省官制改正等の件（昭和21年勅令第55号）により、樺太庁は内務省から外務省へ移管される。
English: In August 1945, there were 42 municipalities (1 city, 12 towns, 29 villages) and 10 counties in Karafuto-Cho.
Japanese: 樺太庁には1945年8月の時点で42の市町村（1市12町29村）、10の郡があった。
English: A branch office (shicho) was an independent branch office of Karafuto-Cho, the duties of the central government office were divided within its jurisdiction.
Japanese: 支庁は樺太庁の独立出先機関とされており、管内において本庁の事務を分掌していた。
English: There were ordinary post offices (futsu yubinkyoku) in Otomari, Toyohara, Maoka and Tomarioru, all the other ones were special post offices (tokutei yubinkyoku).
Japanese: うち普通郵便局は、大泊、豊原、真岡、泊居で他は全て特定郵便局であった。
English: As the industries on the island boomed, transport of lumber and coal became a pressing need and therefore railroad lines were laid as below.
Japanese: 島内の産業が活発化してくると、木材・石炭の速やかなる移動が急務となり、以下の鉄道線が敷かれた。
English: Karafuto East Line: Otomari Port Station - Koton Station (414.4km) : Branch line Ochiai Station (Karafuto-Cho) - Sakaehama Station (10.3km) : Freight Line Sakaehama Station - Sakaehama Kaigan (coast) Station (1.8km)
Japanese: 樺太東線：大泊港駅-古屯駅(414.4km)：支線落合駅(樺太庁)-栄浜駅(10.3km)：貨物線栄浜駅-栄浜海岸駅(1.8km)
English: Karafuto West Line: Honto Station - Kushunnai Station (170.1km) : Freight Line Honto Station - Hama Honto Station (1.3km) : Freight Line Maoka Station (Karafuto) - Hama Maoka Station (1.8km)
Japanese: 樺太西線：本斗駅-久春内駅(170.1km)：貨物線本斗駅-浜本斗駅(1.3km)：貨物線真岡駅(樺太)-浜真岡駅(1.8km)
English: South Karafuto Coalmine Railway Company Line (Imperial Fuel Industrial Enterprise Company Naihoro line) : Honto Station - Naihoro coal mine Station (16.4km)
Japanese: 南樺太炭鉱鉄道株式会社線（帝国燃料興業会社内幌線）：本斗駅-内幌炭山駅(16.4km)
English: In Buddhism there are many various sects, the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) had with 48 the most temples, followed by the Sotoshu sect with 20 temples.
Japanese: 仏教には、幾つかの宗派があるが最も多いのは浄土真宗で48カ寺、それに次ぐのは曹洞宗の20カ寺であった。
English: In the south part of Sakhalin there were more than 250 religious institutions in 1945 (Buddhist temples 150, [Shinto] Shrines 50, Tenrikyo churches 50, Catholic churches 4, Protestant churches 5).
Japanese: 1945年、サハリン南部には宗教施設が250箇所以上（仏教寺院が150、神社が50、天理教会が50、カトリック教会が4、プロテスタント教会が5）あった。
English: Japanese religious institutions were 13 Buddhist temples and 2 Catholic churches as of January 1, 1948.
Japanese: 1948年1月1日には日本の宗教施設は（仏教寺院が13、カトリック教会が2）であった。
English: Branches in Toyohara, Esutoru, Otomari, Ochiai, Shikuka, Shirutoru, Tomarioru, Noda, Honto, Maoka, Rutaka.
Japanese: 豊原・恵須取・大泊・落合・敷香・知取・泊居・野田・本斗・眞岡・留多加に支店があった。
English: Dahinien Gendanu (Daxinnieni Geldanu, Uilta [Orok] man)
Japanese: ダーヒンニェニ・ゲンダーヌ（ダーヒンニェニ・ゲンダーヌ...ウィルタ（オロッコ）民族）
English: Minpoten Ronso (disputes over the legal code provided for basic stipulation related to Civil Code) was the disputes whether to postpone or carry out the effectuation of the Old Civil Code (Act No.28, No.29 of 1890) in Japan from 1889 to 1892).
Japanese: 民法典論争（みんぽうてんろんそう）とは、1889年（明治22年）から1892年（明治25年）の日本において、旧民法（明治23年法律第28号、第98号）の施行を延期するか断行するかを巡り展開された論争。
English: Disputes over the Penal Code and the Commercial Code were also made at the same time, and the Old Penal Code was totally revised and the effectuation of the Old Commercial Code was postponed.
Japanese: なお、この論争と同時期に刑法典・商法典を巡る論争も行われて、旧刑法の全面改正と旧商法の施行延期が行われた。
English: For this reason the disputes over the three legal codes were sometimes referred to collectively as 'hoten ronso (disputes over legal codes)'.
Japanese: このため、3つの法典を巡る論争をまとめて「法典論争（ほうてんろんそう）」と呼称する事がある。
English: Even in pre-modern Japan civil trials did exist, however, a systematic Minpoten was never prepared.
Japanese: 近代以前の日本においても民事裁判は存在したが、体系的な民法典はついに作成される事はなかった。
English: To begin with, in the East Asian cultural area including Japan the people had no political rights and even only a few rights legally approved were premised on the absolutism of administration and orders of a ruler.
Japanese: そもそも日本を含めた東アジア文化圏においては、民衆は政治的に無権利であり、法的に許されたわずかな権利も支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提としたものであった。
English: Therefore, the ancient Ritsuryo law had 'ritsu' for the penal code, 'ryo' for the administrative law, but not law for the civil code.
Japanese: 従って、古代の律令法には刑法にあたる「律」と行政法にあたる「令」は存在しても民法にあたる法律は存在しなかった。
English: Such an idea did not change basically even in the shogunate system when civil suits increased due to activated trade and craft, and the judiciary system was entirely for performances of criminal trials, so that the people could not ask for trials as their own rights.
Japanese: こうした考え方は商工業が盛んになって民事的な訴訟が増加した幕藩体制になっても基本的には変わらず、その司法制度は専ら刑事裁判の遂行のためのものであり、民衆が自己の権利として裁判を請求することは出来なかった。
English: Only in cases of civil problems which could not be solved by discussion (vis-a-vis) between the people concerned, civil trials were made in the name of arbitration as 'favor from the authorities', therefore, these trials were not an institution that would give the people legal aids.
Japanese: 民事上の問題が生じた場合には当事者間の話し合い（相対）による解決が付かない場合にのみ「お上からの恩恵」として仲裁に乗り出すという名目で民事裁判が行われたものであり、民衆を法的に救済する制度ではなかった。
English: However, when negotiations were started beween Japan and the allied western powers, the fact that Japan lacked Minpoten became one reason to justify exterritoriality of the western powers, so that in Japan from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the preparation of Minpoten was an urgent matter as one of political tasks to revise unequal treaties.
Japanese: だが、欧米列強との交渉が始まると、日本に民法典が無いことが列強による治外法権を正当化させる理由の一つに挙げられて、幕末から明治初期の日本において、不平等条約条約改正という政治的課題の一つとして民法典の整備が急務とされていた。
English: In the late Edo period some of shougun's retainers of Kaimei-ha Group (a group of people who advocated enlightenment) including Rinsho MITSUKURI, Joun kURIMOTO and others proposed preparing Minpoten on a model of Code Napoleon (French Civil Code), but the proposal was not realized because of the downfall of the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 幕末には箕作麟祥や栗本鋤雲ら開明派の幕臣がフランスのナポレオン法典（フランス民法典）を範にして求める事を提案したが江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった。
English: Still, MITSUKURI completed its Japanese translation in 1874, spending five years after serving the new government.
Japanese: それでも、箕作は新政府の仕官後の1874年に5年間の歳月をかけてその邦訳を完成させた。
English: About that time Shinpei ETO, who was the administrator of the Ministry of Justice and supported Rinsho MITSUKURI in translating the Code Napoleon, issued an instruction for the enactment of the Civil Code as early as possible; the Civil Code included reviews of the direct import of the Code Napoleon, and some drafts of the Civil Code were made mainly by the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and the Ministry of Justice (these included the 'Minpo Ketsugi' (Civil Law resolution) in 1870, 'Kokoku Minpo Kari Kisoku' (Tentative Rule of Imperial Civil Law) in 1872, 'Shihosho Minpo Zengi' (all Justice Department resolutions on Civil Law) in 1872, and 'Minpo Kari Kisoku' (Tentative Rule of Civil Law) in 1873).
Japanese: その頃、司法卿江藤新平は箕作麟祥によるナポレオン法典の邦訳を支援して、同法典の直輸入の検討も含めた早期の民法制定を指示して、太政官や司法省を中心に何度か民法の案が作成された（1870年の「民法決議」、1872年の「皇国民法仮規則」、同年の「司法省民法全議」、1873年の「民法仮規則」）。
English: Before long Rinsho MITSUKURI and Michiteru MUTAGUCHI completed a draft of Civil Code (called 'Minpo Soan in 1878'), however, Takato OKI, the then Minister of Justice was dissatisfied with its content like a copied version of Code Napoleon and rejected its adoption.
Japanese: やがて、1878年に箕作麟祥と牟田口通照を中心となって民法草案が完成された（「明治11年民法草案」という）が、時の司法卿大木喬任はナポレオン法典の丸写しのような内容に不満を抱いたために採用されることは無かった。
English: In the meantime the Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan) (that dealt with registers and so on) and the Ministry of Agriculture (Japan) (that asked for early definitions of real rights and credit obligations), getting exasperated at the slow progress of the draft making by the Ministry of Justice, showed their own movement of studying the draft of Civil Code.
Japanese: その間にも遅々として進まない司法省の草案作成に業を煮やした内務省(日本)（戸籍などを扱う）や農商務省(日本)（物権・債権の早期定義付けを求めた）からは、独自に民法草案の研究を開始する動きが見られた。
English: For that purpose Oki gave an instruction mainly to Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a French jurist, who made a great contribution to law education and lawmaking in Japan in 1880, to prepare a draft of new Civil Code.
Japanese: そのため大木は、1880年にいわゆる御雇外国人として明治初期における日本の法学教育や立法などに功績を挙げたフランス人法学者ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードを中心に新しい民法草案の作成を指示した。
English: Although he was a Frenchman, he disagreed to the direct import of Code Napoleon, and asserted that Minpoten should include considerations of the domestic situation in Japan (Oki agreed to the idea, and in the same year and in 1883 'Zenkoku Minji Kanreirui-shu' (national civil customary) was complied based on the nationwide research of customary law related to Civil Code.
Japanese: 彼はフランス人ではあったが、ナポレオン法典の直輸入には反対してあくまでも日本国内の事情にも配慮した民法典を作成すべきであると主張していた（大木もこの考えに同意して、この年と1883年に民事法に纏わる全国的な慣習法調査が行われて「（全国）民事慣例類集」として編纂された）。
English: Before long the draft of the Old Civil Code based on the draft which took nearly 10 years of preparation (however, articles corresponding to relatives and heirs in the present Civil Code were written by Japanese) was prepared and enacted and was made public in twice in 1890.
Japanese: やがて10年近い年月をかけて作成された草案（ただし、現行民法典の親族、相続に相当する部分については、日本人が作成した草案）を元に、旧民法が起案・制定され、1890年に2回に分けて公布された。
English: However, sufficient discussions were not made because the Civil Code was aimed at revising treaties and had completed the compilation before the Imperial Diet was established; therefore, disputes between Seko-danko-ha Group (people who advocated carrying it out) and Seko-enki-ha Group (people who advocated postponing the enforcement) began and the latter developed various criticisms.
Japanese: しかし、条約改正を目的としていたことや帝国議会開設前に編纂完了をしていたこと等の事情から十分な審議を尽くされなかったため、施行断行派と施行延期派との論争が始まり、延期派から様々な批判が展開されるようになった。
English: From an academic viewpoint the fact that the Old Civil Code was based on the thought of natural law, there arose criticisms from historical jurisprudence emphasizing a historical and racial nature of law, which included criticisms that the content of the Code would not fit Japanese tradition and customs including Japanese traditional family system.
Japanese: 学術的な視点からは、旧民法が自然法思想に立脚していたことに対して、法の歴史性・民族性を強調した歴史法学からの批判、内容的なものとしては、日本古来の家族制度を始めとする日本の伝統・習慣にそぐわないという批判があった。
English: In May, 1889 before the publication, the British Law Hogakushi-kai Association consisting of graduates from the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law presented "Hoten Hensan ni Kansuru Ikensho (written opinions on Compiling Legal Codes" in its spring assembly and decided that they should appeal to the Cabinet and the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council) to correct rapid compilation of legal codes.
Japanese: 公布前の1889年（明治22年）5月、東大法学部出身者で組織されるイギリス法系の法学士会は春季総会において『法典編纂ニ関スル意見書』を発表するとともに、拙速な法典編纂を改めるべきであることを内閣や枢密院(日本)に働きかけることを議決した。
English: From the fact that this written opinion and the influence of the decision activated the discussions on the Civil Code and the Commercial Code, the written opinion and were substantially triggered the Minpoten Ronso (including the Commercial Code).
Japanese: この意見書ならびに議決の影響で民法や商法の施行をめぐる議論が活発化したことから、この意見書並びに議決が実質的に民法典論争（商法も含）のきっかけである。
English: Well-known theses published at that time by the Seko-enki-ha Group included "Hogakushi Kai no Iken-wo Ronzu" (Discussing opinions from the School of Law Alumni Association) by Rokuichiro MASUJIMA and "Minpo Soan Zaisan Hen Hihyo" (Critique on property ownership under the draft Civil Law) by Makoto EGI.
Japanese: この時期発表された著名な論文として、施行延期派のものは増島六一郎の『法学士会ノ意見ヲ論ズ』、江木衷の『民法草案財産編批評』がある。
English: On the other hand, theses by the Seko-danko-ha Group included "Horiseika wo Yomu" (Reading the Hori Seika law school Journal) by Shiro ISOBE and "Horitsu Hensan no Kahi" (The pros and cons of compiling laws) by Masao INOUE.
Japanese: 一方施行断行派のものでは磯部四郎の『法理精華ヲ読ム』、井上操の『法律編纂ノ可否』がある。
English: In November, 1980, the first Imperial Diet was opened, and when 'Shoho Jisshi Enki Seigansho (petition for postponing the effectuation of the Commercial Code)' was submitted because they could not correspond to its too early effectuation, the Imperial Diet decided to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code in January 1, 1991 to January 1, 1893, the same day of the effectuation of the Civil Code.
Japanese: 1890年（明治23年）11月、第一回帝国議会が開かれ、産業界から商法の施行が早すぎ対応がとれないとの理由で「商法実施延期請願書」が出されると、帝国議会は1891年（明治24年）1月1日施行予定の商法を民法と同じ1893年（明治26年）1月1日施行に延期することを決定した。
English: The decision to postpone the enforcement of the Commercial Code led to disputes, and in 1891 Yatsuka HOZUMI said the following in his thesis "Minho Idete Chuko Horobu" (As civil laws are being introduced, loyalty and filial duty are being lost): 'Our country worships ancestors.
Japanese: 商法の施行延期が決定されたことで論争はさらに勢いを増し、1891年、穂積八束が『民法出デテ忠孝亡ブ』という論文を発表し、「我国ハ祖先教ノ国ナリ。
English: The authority and law were born in a family.', and 'the authority of a head of a family is holy and inviolable just as the spirits of our ancestors are holy and inviolable', neglected a right-duty relation by law and criticized the family law based on marriage which denied Japanese traditional patriarchal authority.
Japanese: 権力ト法トハ家ニ生マレタリ」「家長権ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルハ祖先ノ霊ノ神聖ニシテ犯スベカラザルヲ以ッテナリ」と説き、法による権利義務関係を否定し、日本伝統の家父長制度を否定する婚姻を基調とした家族法を批判した。
English: This thesis is the one that attracted the most attention because of the title, and may be said to symbolize the disputes over the Civil Code.
Japanese: この論文はそのタイトルのため最も注目を集め、民法典論争の象徴ともいえる論文である。
English: In 1892, one year before the effectuation, the dispute over legal codes reached its peak: Seko-danko-ha Group, taking a firm stand on Japanese tradition related to the Emperor system, criticized individualistic Seko-enki-ha Group, while Seko-danko-ha Group put up an argument with the thought of French law-like natural law and the civil code theory.
Japanese: 施行を翌年に控えた1892年（明治25年）、法典論争はピークに達し、施行延期派は天皇制に絡めて日本の伝統を基にした論陣をはり個人主義的な施行断行派を批判し、施行断行派はフランス法的自然法思想と市民法理論をもって反論を加えた。
English: Moreover, the disputes, ranging from legal theories to contradictions of capitalist economy, national ideology and positioning of the national structure and so on and combined with the disputes over the Commercial Code, came to present a kind of political confrontation.
Japanese: また論争は法律論にとどまらず資本主義経済の矛盾の問題、国家思想や国体の位置づけなどにも及び、商法典論争と相まって一種の政治対立の様相さえ呈するようになった。
English: However, more and more people supported the Seko-enki-ha Group, because of the then situation that in spite of peasants and landowners who were brought to ruin and local regions impoverished by Matsukata Deflation, and the appearance of businessmen with political ties who were rapidly increasing power by getting government properties cheaply, a negative part of free competition in capitalist economy, and the fact that in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan the Emperor system was adopted and the formation of the modern Emperor-system nation was on going.
Japanese: しかし、松方デフレ等の影響で没落した農家・地主たちや疲弊した地方を尻目に官営事業の払下げで急速に力をつけてきた政商資本家の台頭という資本主義経済における自由競争の負の部分が顕在化しつつあった当時の状況や、大日本帝国憲法では天皇制を定め、近代天皇制国家の形成が進められていたことから、施行延期派を支持する声が段々と強まるようになっていく。
English: In May of the same year a political settlement of the Minpoten Ronso was made in the third Imperial Diet.
Japanese: そして同年5月、第三回帝国議会において民法典論争は政治的な決着がはかられた。
English: A bill of postponing the effectuation of the Civil Code and the Commercial Code were submitted by Tamotsu TAMURA, a member of the House of Peers, which caused heated arguments as to whether to carry it out or postpone it, but the bill passed the House of Peers by an overwhelming majority and the House of Representatives by a majority: Finally the Minpoten Ronso saw its settlement.
Japanese: 貴族院(日本)議員田村保によって民法商法施行延期法案が貴族院に出され、断行派議員と延期派議員との間でも激しい論戦が繰り広げられたが、同案は圧倒的多数で貴族院を通過、衆議院でも賛成多数で可決するに至りここに民法典論争は決着をみた。