nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Due to this incident, the definition of a modern constitutional nation became obscure, and Japan's constitutionalism based on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan broke down.
Japanese: 近代立憲国家の一般的な理解でさえも押しつぶされたこととなり、ここに大日本帝国憲法による立憲政治は、その実質を失ったことを示す。
English: In August, 1945, the Japanese government accepted the Potsdam Declaration, and World War II was over.
Japanese: 1945年（昭和20年）8月、日本政府がポツダム宣言を受諾して終戦を迎えた。
English: According to the sentences of the declaration, 'the Japanese government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people' and 'Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established,' the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) led by Douglas MACARTHUR demanded modification of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 同宣言には「日本国政府ハ日本国国民ノ間ニ於ケル民主主義的傾向ノ復活強化ニ対スル一切ノ障礙ヲ除去スベシ」「言論、宗教及思想ノ自由並ニ基本的人権ノ尊重ハ確立セラルベシ」等と定められたため、ダグラス・マッカーサー率いる連合国軍最高司令官総司令部（GHQ/SCAP）は、大日本帝国憲法の改正を日本政府に求めた。
English: The government set up the Constitutional Problems Investigation Committee under the cabinet (chaired by the Minister of State, Joji MATSUMOTO, the Matsumoto Committee) to investigate and study constitutions.
Japanese: 政府は、内閣の下に憲法問題調査委員会（委員長・松本烝治国務大臣、松本委員会）を設置して、憲法問題の審議にあたらせた。
English: The government discussed issues in a cabinet meeting by reference to draft proposals prepared by the MATSUMOTO Committee, and submitted 'the Outline of Constitution Revision [MATAUMOTO draft]' to GHQ on February 8, 1946.
Japanese: 政府は、松本委員会が要綱化した案を元に閣議で審議し、1946年（昭和21年）2月8日に「憲法改正要綱（松本試案）」として総司令部に提出した。
English: On the other hand, debate on constitutional amendment grew warm also among common people, and they published various revision proposals.
Japanese: この間、国民の間でも憲法改正論議は高まり、様々な憲法改正案が発表された。
English: Prior to the government's official submission of 'the Matsumoto draft,' Mainichi Newspaper had a scoop on 'the Matsumoto committee draft' on February 1.
Japanese: 政府による「松本試案」の提出に先立ち、2月1日付毎日新聞が「松本委員会試案」なるものをスクープした。
English: But, the draft that appeared in the newspaper was a draft written by a member of the Matsumoto committee, Toshiyoshi MIYAZAWA, and was different from the official Matsumoto draft.
Japanese: スクープされたものは松本委員会の委員の一人である宮澤俊義が作成した試案であって松本試案とは異なるものであった。
English: Therefore, the government had to issue a statement that the published draft was different from the official one.
Japanese: そのため、政府もその報道された内容が政府案と異なるとする声明を発表した。
English: But GHQ misunderstood that the published draft was the official Matsumoto committee draft.
Japanese: しかし、総司令部はその記事内容が真正な松本委員会案であると判断した。
English: GHQ rejected the published 'Matsumoto committee draft' and decided to prepare another draft proposal by themselves and submitted it to the Japanese government.
Japanese: 総司令部は、その記事に示された「松本委員会試案」は受け入れ難いと考え、自ら憲法改正案を作成し、日本政府に提示することを決定した。
English: GHQ prepared the so-called 'MacArthur draft' from February 3 to 13.
Japanese: 総司令部は、2月3日から13日にかけて、いわゆる「マッカーサー草案」をまとめた。
English: On February 13, GHQ handed 'the MacArthur draft' to the Minister of State, Joji MATSUMOTO and the Prime Minister, Shigeru YOSHIDA in reply to 'the Matsumoto draft' submitted on February 8.
Japanese: 2月13日、総司令部は松本国務大臣と吉田茂首相に対し、2月8日に提出された「松本試案」に対する回答として、「マッカーサー草案」を手渡した。
English: Then, the government had to enter discussions again based on 'the MacArthur draft,' and completed 'the Japanese Government draft [Draft on March 2].'
Japanese: そこで政府はあらためて「マッカーサー草案」に基づいて検討し直し、「日本側草案（3月2日案）」を作成した。
English: The government announced to the public 'the Outline of the Draft for a Revised [Draft on March 6]' on March 6, which was completed after deliberations with GHQ.
Japanese: 政府は、総司令部と折衝の上、3月6日に「憲法改正草案要綱（3月6日案）」を政府案として、国民に公表した。
English: People extensively discussed on the Draft on March 6, and the general election of members of the House of Representatives was held on April 10 (But people's actual greatest concern was their lifestyle stability, not the constitution.)
Japanese: この政府案を元に国民の間で広く議論が行われ、4月10日には衆議院議員総選挙が行われた（もっとも、国民の最大の関心は、新憲法より生活の安定にあった）。
English: On April 17, the election was over, and the government revised the draft into article style and announced it as 'the Draft for the Revised Constitution.'
Japanese: 政府は、選挙が終了した4月17日に、要綱を条文化した「憲法改正草案」を公表した。
English: The Privy Council began debating on the constitution revision proposal on April 22, and adopted it on June 8.
Japanese: 4月22日から枢密院において憲法改正案が審査が開始され、6月8日に可決された。
English: On June 20, the government submitted the constitution revision proposal following procedures for amending the constitution defined in Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 6月20日、政府は、大日本帝国憲法73条の憲法改正手続に基づき、憲法改正案を衆議院に提出した。
English: The House of Representatives began debating on the constitution revision proposal on June 25, and adopted it on August 24 after adding some modifications.
Japanese: 6月25日から衆議院において審議が開始され、若干の修正が加えられた後、8月24日に可決された。
English: Subsequently, the House of Peers began debating on August 26, and adopted it on October 6 after adding further modifications.
Japanese: 続けて、8月26日から貴族院において審議が開始され、ここでも若干の修正が加えられた後、10月6日に可決された。
English: The amended Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated as the Constitution of Japan when it received the emperor's assent on November 3, and came into effect on May 3, 1947.
Japanese: 天皇の裁可を経て、11月3日、大日本帝国憲法の改正は日本国憲法として公布され、翌1947年（昭和22年）5月3日に施行された。
English: As mentioned above, the constitutional amendment was conducted following Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 前述するとおり、憲法の改正は大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定によって行われた。
English: According to Article 73, the constitutional amendment shall be proposed and ratified by the emperor, and actually in the edict of the constitutional amendment, the emperor stated 'I …sanction the amendments of the Imperial Japanese Constitution …' (Constitution enacted by the emperor).
Japanese: この条文によると、憲法改正は天皇が発議・裁可する事になっており、実際、憲法改正の上諭文には「朕は...憲法の改正を裁可し...」との記述（欽定憲法）がなされた。
English: This emperor's statement became controversial, because some theories pointed out that it contradicted the phase 'the Japanese people... do firmly establish this Constitution' in the preamble of the Constitution of Japan (Constitution enacted by the people).
Japanese: この表現が、日本国憲法前文の「日本国民は...この憲法を確定する」（民定憲法）の文言と矛盾することが一部学説で問題とされた。
English: One theory of studies of the constitution insisted that constitutional amendments which aim to modify the basic principles (national polity) of the constitution was legally impossible (the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment).
Japanese: 憲法学の学説の一つに、憲法の基本原則（国体）を変更する憲法改正は、法的に不可能であるとするものがある（憲法改正有限界説）。
English: This theory insisted that 'the right to amend' the constitution could be conducted only by people who had 'the constituent power' (the right to establish the constitution), and changing the location of the right to amend the constitution (that is the sovereign) by amending was prohibited by law.
Japanese: この学説では、憲法の「改正権」という概念は、「制憲権」（憲法を制定する権利）なしには産み出されないものであり、改正によって、産みの親である制憲権の所在（すなわち主権者）を変更することは、法的に許されないとする。
English: To resolve the contradiction, 'the August Revolution Theory' was crated.
Japanese: このため、これらの矛盾を説明するために「八月革命説」が主張されるようになった。
English: So it meant that the constitutional amendment, which had been conducted following procedures defined by the Meiji Constitution (Constitution of the Empire of Japan), was merely expedient and perfunctory, and practically speaking, the Constitution of Japan was 'newly established,' not the amended version, and it had 'no substantial' legal continuity with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: したがって、明治憲法に定められた改正手続きによって行われたのは便宜的・形式的なもので、実質的に日本国憲法は、改正ではなく「新たに制定」、両者の間の法的連続性は「実質的には無し」という解釈が取られている。
English: But, according to the theory of limitation of constitutional amendment, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan did not define any limitations of constitutional amendment.
Japanese: ちなみに、憲法改正無限界説においては、大日本帝国憲法には改正限界を規定する条文は存在していない。
English: Therefore, the theory justified the Constitution of Japan because it was created by the amendment conducted according to the Article 73 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and insisted that it had legal continuity.
Japanese: それゆえに、大日本帝国憲法第73条の規定に則り改正された以上憲法改正は正当であるとし、法的連続性は存在するとする。
English: The 'theory of limitation of constitutional amendment' was clearly stated in some constitutions of other countries.
Japanese: なお、各国の憲法の中には、「憲法改正の限界」を憲法に明記していているものも存在する。
English: The assembly system was established based on constitutionalism, and assembly's authority was limited according to the national polity.
Japanese: 立憲主義によって議会制度が定められ、国体によって議会の権限が制限された。
English: After the amendment, the constitution was criticized as being based on pretended constitutionalism and a doctrine of royal absolutism by constitutional scholars.
Japanese: 憲法改正後は、憲法学者らによって外見的立憲主義、王権神授説的と評された。
English: Rights of subjects such as freedom of speech and association, secrecy of private letters were secured within the limits of the law (Chapter 2).
Japanese: 言論の自由・結社の自由や信書の秘密など臣民の権利が、法律の留保のもとで保障されていること（第2章）。
English: According to the Constitution of Japan, these rights were defined as 'basic human rights' which could never be violated.
Japanese: 日本国憲法では、これらの権利を永久不可侵の「基本的人権」と構成する。
English: Restrictions on rights were based on the idea 'Reservation of the law' which indicated 'when the law is defined so' and 'within the limits of the law,' or the idea 'public peace and order.'
Japanese: また、権利制限の根拠は「法律ニ定メタル場合」「法律ノ範囲内」などのいわゆる「法律の留保」、あるいは「安寧秩序」に求められた。
English: It was a difference from the Constitution of Japan which defined that basic human rights were limited only for the sake of 'public welfare.'
Japanese: この点も、基本的人権の制約を「公共の福祉」に求める日本国憲法とは異なる。
English: However, limitations for the sake of the 'public welfare' defined by the current constitution could be also a kind of limitation of human rights, some people opposed to the common idea instructed at schools, 'the former constitution was too restrictive, but the current constitution was unlimited' and they thought there was not radical difference between two constitutions (but they approved the relative difference).
Japanese: 但し、現憲法の「公共の福祉」による制限も法律による人権の制限の一種であり、現在教育の現場で解説されるように「旧憲法のそれは非常に制限的であり、現憲法のそれは開放的である」とする程の本質的な差はないとする意見もある（但し、比較的な傾向としては肯定する）。
English: In their views, the most important significance of the current constitution was that 'human rights were clearly stated in the constitution which was the superior law,' and contents of the constitution were thought to be highly advanced at the time.
Japanese: その立場からは、「人権が上位法の憲法典の形で明文で保障された」点に第一の意義があり、また内容としては当時においてはかなり先進的なものであったとする。
English: The Imperial Diet had only the right to approve establishment and amendment of laws, so articles related to the rights and duties of the subjects could not be amended without the consent of the Imperial Diet.
Japanese: 帝国議会は法律の協賛（同意）権を持ち、臣民の権利・義務など法律の留保が付された事項は帝国議会の同意がなければ改変できなかった。
English: The Imperial Diet also had the right to submit law bills and to approve budgets, and the power of controlling administration using budgetary discussions.
Japanese: また帝国議会は法案提出権や予算協賛権を有し、予算審議を通じて行政を監督する力を持った。
English: And the Imperial Diet was also given limited rights to report and make proposals to the emperor (They could participate in politics using the right to make proposal to the emperor even though they needed to obtain approval of the emperor and countersignature of Minister of State when making a final decision.)
Japanese: また、上奏権や建議権が限定付きながら与えられた（最終的には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であったが、建議権を通じた事実上の政策への関与が可能とされた）。
English: The constitution provided ministers with the right to advise to the emperor when he exerted his prerogative, and ministers required to be responsible for their advice (Ministerial Responsibility System or Ministerial Advice System) (Chapter 4).
Japanese: 天皇の行政大権の行使に国務大臣の輔弼を必要とする体制（大臣責任制または大臣助言制）を定めたこと（第4章）。
English: Rules for a cabinet and a prime minister were defined not in the constitution but in Official Cabinet Law.
Japanese: 内閣や内閣総理大臣に関する規定は、憲法典ではなく内閣官制に定められた。
English: The prime minister had no right to instruct, supervise, appoint, and dismiss respective ministers of state, so his authority defined under the constitution was not strong.
Japanese: 国務大臣（各省大臣）に対する指揮監督権や任免権もないため、明文上の権限は強くない。
English: However, since prime ministers had the rights to petition approval of the emperor, to announce the emperor's approval, and to petition appointment of ministers to the emperor, they could exercise strong powers.
Japanese: しかし、内閣総理大臣は機務奏宣権（天皇に裁可を求める奏請権と天皇の裁可を宣下する権限）と国務大臣の奏薦権（天皇に任命を奏請する権限）を有したため、実質的な権限は大きかった。
English: Under the constitution, courts were a judicature delegated by the emperor, and it meant that courts could exercise independent powers.
Japanese: 司法権は天皇から裁判所に委任された形をとり、これが司法権の独立を意味していた。
English: Japanese judicature was modeled after the European judicial system, and administrative lawsuit was not under jurisdiction of courts of law, but administrative courts.
Japanese: また、欧州大陸型の司法制度を採用し、行政訴訟の管轄は、司法裁判所にはなく、行政裁判所の管轄に属していた。
English: This idea was based on Hirobumi ITO's "Kenpogige" (Commentaries on the constitution) which insisted that administrative powers should be independent from judicial powers.
Japanese: この根拠については、伊藤博文著の『憲法義解』によると、行政権もまた司法権からの独立を要することに基づくとされている。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan emphasized that consistency of the Imperial Family was an evidence for their orthodoxy.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法では、皇室の永続性が皇室の正統性の証拠であることを強調していた。
English: In the "Imperial instruction [preamble] of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan," there is the following sentence.
Japanese: 『大日本帝国憲法における告文』（憲法前文）には、以下のような文章がある。
English: Due to great virtue of our ancestors, the Imperial throne was succeeded by only one unbroken family, and now I succeeded to the throne….
Japanese: 輝かしき祖先たちの徳の力により、はるかな昔から代々絶えることなくひと筋に受け継がれてきた皇位にのぼった朕は...
English: Therefore, the sentence 'the Empire of Japan is ruled by emperors from the unbroken Imperial Family' was stated in the Article 1 of the Constitution.
Japanese: そして、大日本帝国憲法第1条にて、「大日本帝国ハ万世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス」と規定されたのである。
English: It was the first case that such poetic words as 'the unbroken Imperial Family' were used in a modern political document.
Japanese: 近代的な政治文書で「万世一系」のような詩的な文言がもちいられたのは、これが初めてである。
English: The phrase was widely used for official announcements of schools and barracks and spread.
Japanese: 学校や兵舎でも、公式な告知や発表文でも、広く使われて周知されていった。
English: The emperor inherited 'prerogative of sovereignty' following Imperial ancestors' will represented by the sentence, 'Promises which lasted forever like heaven and earth' in the Imperial instruction, and he acquired a status of a head of state and became a person who held all rights of sovereignty.
Japanese: 「天壌無窮ノ宏謨（てんじょうむきゅうのこうぼ）」（御告文）という皇祖皇宗の意思を受け、天皇が継承した「国家統治ノ大権」（上諭）に基づき、天皇を国の元首、統治権の総攬者としての地位に置いた。
English: One was a national policy theory advocated by Kowashi INOUE who was one of the editors of the constitution draft ("Shirasu" national polity theory), and another was advocated by Chogyu TAKAYAMA and Tetsujiro INOUE later (National polity based on family orders).
Japanese: 一つは起草者の一人である井上毅らが主唱する国体論（『シラス』国体論）であり、もう一つは後に高山樗牛、井上哲次郎らが主唱した国体論（家秩序的国体論）である。
English: The national polity theory of Kowashi INOUE insisted that the emperor separated private and public matters and fairly ruled the country according to the mythology of Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) (Shirasu in Japanese), and the emperor's sovereignty was completely different from private controls by local clans and people (Ushihaku in Japanese) (according to Inoue's writing 'Kogen').
Japanese: 井上毅らの国体論は古事記神話に基づいて公私を峻別し、天皇は公的な統治を行う（シラス）ものであって、他の土豪や人民が行う私的な所有権の行使（ウシハク）とは異なるとする（井上「古言」）。
English: On the contrary, the national polity theory of Takayama was based on pervasive public sense which put priority on 'family,' and insisted that 'the Imperial Family was a head family and subjects belonged to branch families,' the emperor regarded as a head of the family (= 'Imperial members and subjects belonged to the same family lime') had a right to rule Japan (Takayama's 'Our national polity and new territory,' "the sun" No. 22, volume 3).
Japanese: これに対して高山らの国体論は、当時広く浸透していた「家」を中心とする国民意識に基づき、「皇室は宗家にして臣民は末族なり」とし、宗家の家長たる天皇による日本（＝「君臣一家」）の統治権を正当化する（高山「我国体と新版図」、『太陽』3巻22号）。
English: But, after the Sino-Japanese War, the national polity theory of Takayama gradually became popular, and after the Emperor Organ Theory Incident, 'Japan was one large family where all the Imperial members and subjects belonged' ('Cardinal principles of the National Entity of Japan' by the Ministry of Education) became an official doctrine.
Japanese: しかし、日清戦争後は高山らの国体論が徐々に浸透してゆき、天皇機関説事件以後は「君民一体の一大家族国家」（文部省「国体の本義」）として、ほぼ国定の解釈となった。
English: The emperor could exercise the right to issue ordinances by his own order (Article 9), the right to conclude treaties (Article 13) without any interferenceof the government, and these rights were especially unique to Japan.
Japanese: 特に、独立命令による法規の制定（9条）、条約の締結（13条）の権限を議会の制約を受けずに行使できるのは他の立憲君主国に類例がなかった。
English: In principle, only the emperor had authority, but in fact, the emperor basically did not exercise powers by himself, but a cabinet (prime minister) made decisions with the emperor's consent.
Japanese: なお、天皇の権限といっても、運用上は天皇が単独で権限を行使する事はなく、内閣（内閣総理大臣）が天皇の了解を得て決断を下す状態が常であった。
English: The emperor was thought to be the only legislative organ, so the Imperial Diet was defined just as a legislative support organ, not a legislative organ.
Japanese: 天皇が唯一の立法機関とされ、帝国議会が立法機関ではなく、天皇の立法協賛機関とされたこと。
English: Since the diet was a legislative support organ, it had to obtain the emperor's sanction and countersignature of Minister of State for establishment of new law.
Japanese: 議会は立法協賛組織であり、法律制定には天皇の裁可と国務大臣の副署が必要であった。
English: Given that many of the other monarchial constitutions of the same period defined that a monarch and a government should share legislative power, it could be said that the Japanese constitution was a rare case.
Japanese: 同時代の君主国憲法の多くが、立法権を君主と国会が共有する権能としていたことと比すると特異な立法例であると言える。
English: But, in fact, the emperor and the administrative department had never used their veto to reject law bills adopted by the Imperial Diet, so practically the Imperial Diet was the only one legislative organ.
Japanese: ただし実務上は帝国議会が可決した法律案に天皇、行政部が拒否権を行使したことは一度もなく基本的には帝国議会が唯一の立法機関であった。
English: But for special cases, the emperor reserved practical legislative powers such as issuance of emergency edicts and independent orders.
Japanese: ただし例外として天皇には、緊急勅令や独立命令を発する権限など、実質的な立法に関する権限が留保された。
English: Furthermore, the House of Peers, which consisted of non-elected-members, was established as a house of the Imperial Diet, and it had almost the same powers as the House of Representatives.
Japanese: さらに、帝国議会の一院に、公選されない貴族院(日本)を置き、衆議院とほぼ同等の権限を持たせた。
English: In addition, many factors, which were not defined by law, such as elder statesmen, senior vassal conferences, and Imperial conferences were established.
Japanese: このほか、元老、重臣会議、御前会議など、法令に規定されない機関が多数置かれた。
English: The supreme command was thought to belong to military organs (the Staff Headquarters of Army and the Imperial Navy General Staff) by tradition, and not to be under civilian control.
Japanese: 統帥権は、慣習法的に軍令機関（陸軍参謀本部・海軍軍令部）の専権とされ、シビリアンコントロールの概念に欠けていた。
English: The military organs were thought to have the right to make comments on military affairs to the emperor with full responsibility of the results under their supreme command, and this right, as well as the Military Ministers to be Active-Duty Officers Law, was essential for the military to keep their authority.
Japanese: 統帥権に基づいて軍令機関は帷幄上奏権を有すると解し、軍部大臣現役武官制とともに、軍部の政治力の源泉となった。
English: Later during the Showa period, the military insisted that they needed to follow only a direct order from the emperor, and did not have to follow the government because they had the supreme command, and took advantage of the supreme command to act ignoring the government to show its influence such as raising the Manchurian Incident.
Japanese: 後に昭和に入ってから軍部が大きくこれを利用し、陸海軍は天皇から直接統帥を受けるのであって政府の指示に従う必要はないとして、満州事変などにおいて政府の決定を無視した行動を取るなどその勢力を誇示した。
English: Japan introduced the Imperial Family autonomy system, and important rules related to the Imperial Family such as the Imperial House Law were independent from the constitution, and the cabinet could not handle issues of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 皇室自律主義を採り、旧皇室典範などの重要な憲法的規律を憲法典から分離し、議会に関与させなかったこと。
English: Basically, the Imperial side (the Imperial Family, the Imperial Household Ministry, and the Office of the Minister of the Palace) and the administrative side (the government) could not interfere each other.
Japanese: 宮中（皇室、宮内省、内大臣府）と府中（政府）の別が原則とされ、互いに干渉しあわないこととされた。
English: However, practically, the Minister of the Palace had strong political powers, so he could interfere in election of a prime minister beyond a border between the Imperial side and the administrative side.
Japanese: もっとも、宮中の事務をつかさどる内大臣が内閣総理大臣の選定に関わるなど大きな政治的役割を担い、しばしば宮中から府中への線は踏み越えられた。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to enact a modern constitution so that they could reform the unequal treaty and build a 50/50 relationship with the allied western powers.
Japanese: 明治維新後の日本は不平等条約を改正し、欧米列強と対等の関係を築くために近代的憲法を必要としていた。
English: Many common people published their own ideas for a constitution, but Hirobumi ITO who was a leading editor of the draft mentioned about them as follows;
Japanese: 民間の憲法案も多数発表されたが、憲法起草の中心になった伊藤博文は以下のように述べている。
English: "They blindly believed only writings of ultra-liberal in Britain, America, and France, and their stream almost swept the nation away."
Japanese: 「実に英、米、仏の自由過激論者の著述のみを金科玉条のごとく誤信し、ほとんど国家を傾けんとする勢いだった。」
English: The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) enacted the first constitution in 1876 and introduced constitutional government, but only two years later, the constitution was abolished and the government was dissolved.
Japanese: 1876年にオスマン帝国（トルコ）がオスマン帝国憲法を制定し立憲政治を始めたが、わずか2年で憲法停止・議会解散に追い込まれていた。
English: Until then, Japan had been divided into many domains due to the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, and had not been regarded as a unitary nation of united people.
Japanese: それまで日本は幕藩体制の中でバラバラの状況であり、一つの国家と国民という結びつきが出来ていなかった。
English: Therefore, the new constitution needed to make a power balance between the emperor and the diet by defining the emperor as the symbol to unite people and giving the powers to the diet.
Japanese: そのために、天皇を中心として国民を一つにまとめる反面、議会に力を持たせ、バランスの取れた憲法を制定する必要があった。
English: Drafting of a constitution began on around June 4, 1887, at a villa of Hirobumi ITO in Natsushima (now Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture).
Japanese: 憲法の起草は、夏島（現在の神奈川県横須賀市夏島町）の伊藤博文別荘を本拠に、1887年（明治20年）6月4日頃から行われた。
English: Since Ito's villa was small, a hotel-restaurant 'Azuma-ya' (now Kanazawa-ku Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture) was used as an office at beginning.
Japanese: 伊藤の別荘は手狭だったことから、事務所として料理旅館の「東屋」(現在の神奈川県横浜市金沢区）を当初は用いていた。
English: But on August 6, while Ito and others went to Yokohama for leisure, someone broke in Azuma-ya and stole a bag containing the draft papers.
Japanese: しかし8月6日、伊藤らが横浜へ娯遊中に泥棒が入り、草案の入った鞄が盗難に遭ってしまった。
English: At Azuma-ya, a monument was placed in 1935 in commemoration of the place associated with the constitution, and on the monument, a phrase, 'Place for drafting the constitution' was inscribed using the writing of Kentaro KANEKO who was a member of the drafting.
Japanese: 東屋には、憲法ゆかりの地であることを記念して、1935年（昭和10年）に、起草メンバーの一人であった金子堅太郎書による「憲法草創の処」の碑が建てられた。
English: After that, Azuma-ya was closed down, and the monument was temporarily moved to Nojima-koen Park (in the same district), but now the monument has been placed at Suzaki-hiroba Field close to the former site of Azuma-ya.
Japanese: その後東屋は廃業し、一時的に野島公園（同区）に碑も移転したが、現在は東屋跡地に近い洲崎広場に設置されている。
English: Ito's villa which had located in Natsushima was moved to Odawara, and burned down during the Great Kanto Earthquake.
Japanese: なお、夏島にあった伊藤の別荘は、後に小田原に移築され、関東大震災で焼失しているため現存しない。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was fully revised by completing the procedures for amending the constitution defined in the Article 73, and newly called the Constitution of Japan.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法は、大日本帝国憲法第73条に定める改正手続を経て全面改正され日本国憲法となる。
English: The Constitution of Japan was promulgated on November 3, 1946, and came into effect on May 3, 1947.
Japanese: 日本国憲法は1946年（昭和21年）11月3日に公布され、1947年（昭和22年）5月3日に施行された。