nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: While a legal wife of a daimyo holding a title of yakata-go was referred to as 'urakatasama' or 'gotaiho,' his legitimate son was respectfully called 'shin-yakatasama' or 'uesama' in large part.
Japanese: 屋形号を有する大名の正室は御裏方様、御たいほうなどといわれ、嫡男は主に新屋形様、上様と尊称された。)。
English: In the beginning, only shogun had the right to license a title of yakata-go to various daimyo, but later Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region,) began licensing it to the daimyo in Kanto region and arranged a system of Kanto-hachi-yakata (Eight Yakata in the Kanto) which eventually paved a road to the establishment of a licensing system executed by both shogun and Kamakura kubo.
Japanese: 当初は将軍のみが諸大名に対する免許権を有していたが、後に鎌倉公方　足利満兼が関東の諸大名に免許して関東八屋形の制を整えることで、将軍・鎌倉公方による免許制が整った。
English: Also under the reign of Muromachi bakufu, the yakata-go titles were conferred to such families as of the Ashikaga clan who were treated with higher status than shugo (provincial constables,) and also to the prominent shugo families who had successively been engaged in important posts of the bakufu government or who were credited with some great achievements, as well to kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) credited with their contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 屋形号は室町幕府でも守護以上の身分で遇される足利一門や、代々有力守護であって幕府の重職につく家や特に功績ある家柄、また、国人領主ながら、室町幕府の建設に功労ある家柄に許された。
English: For example, Kaneyori SHIBA from an illegitimate family of the Shiba clan which belonged to the Ashikaga clan, received a title of yakata-go and accordingly named himself as Mogami yakata so that he is regarded as the founder of the Mogami clan..
Japanese: 例えば、足利氏の一門である斯波氏の庶流　斯波兼頼は屋形号を受けて最上屋形を称したのに伴い、最上氏の祖となっている。
English: Another example is a member of the Odachi clan, a senior vassal of the bakufu government, who referred to himself as Sekioka yakata after he was given a title of yakata-go when he became adopted by his wife's family, Kitabatake clan, who was shugo of Ise Province and an owner of gosho (Shogun's palace).
Japanese: また、幕府の重臣、大館氏は伊勢守護で御所を有する北畠氏の娘婿となり、屋形号を授けられ関岡屋形と名乗っている。
English: Among kokujin-ryoshu, Miya clan, who served as bakufu's hokoshu (a military post in the Muromachi Shogunate,) was appointed as shugo of Bicchu Province and awarded with the title of yakata-go, in 1364.
Japanese: 国人領主に対しては貞治3年（1364年）、幕府奉公衆の宮氏が備中守護に補任され、屋形号を授けている。
English: In 1438, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA conferred a yakata-go title to the Masuda clan, who was a prominent local samurai in Iwami Province, for their achievements in quelling rebellions and riots in the Kinai region.
Japanese: また、永享10年（1438年）、足利義教によって畿内における戦乱鎮圧に功のあった石見の有力国人　益田氏に対して屋形号が授与されている。
English: Also, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA allowed Taneshige CHIBA, kokujin ryoshu of Hizen Province, to hold a yakata-go title, meanwhile soke (the head family) of Chiba clan was also holding one of kanto-hachi-yakata.
Japanese: また、宗家の千葉氏も関東八屋形の一つとして屋形号を有する家柄であるが、肥前の国人領主　千葉胤繁も足利義稙から屋形号を許されている。
English: Judging from these facts so far, kokujin ryoshu were considered as eligible to receive yakata-go titles.
Japanese: これを見る限り、屋形号は国人領主にも免許される道は開かれていたことがわかる。
English: However, we must acknowledge that any of these recipients of yakata-go title during the Muromachi period, like Miya clan of Bingo Province, Masuda clan of Iwami Province or Chiba clan of Hizen Province, were either provisionally appointed as shugo or were in fact a dominant samurai family comparable to an influencial position of kokujin ryoshu.
Japanese: しかし、備後の宮氏、石見の益田氏、肥前の千葉氏もいずれも室町時代を通じての国領主であるが、一時的に守護職に補任されたり、事実上国人領主の指導的地位を有した有力な武家であることもふまえなければならない。
English: For reference, what the word 'yakata' indicated was merely the family of the title holder, and, therefore, it was regarded as irreverent to use the title as honorific title of the head of the other families.
Japanese: ちなみに屋形とは当家のことをさすことから、他家にて主君を屋形と尊称することは非礼とされた。
English: Any daimyo authorized to hold a yakata-go title was allowed to have his retainers wear samurai eboshi (a lacquered hat), hitatare (a kind of court dress in old days) and suo (formal middle rank dress, usually includeing jacket and hakama).
Japanese: なお、屋形号を許された大名の家臣は侍烏帽子と直垂、素襖の着用を許された。
English: No matter whether being titled or not, any daimyo being allowed to hold a yakata-go title was authorized to bear shirokasabukuro (a white umbrella cover), mosenkuraoi (a tufted saddle cover), nurikoshi (a lacquard litter) and saihai (a baton of command) by the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 屋形号を有するか否かに関わらず屋形号を許される大名は室町幕府より白傘袋毛氈鞍覆、塗輿、采配の免許がなされる。
English: Ashikaga shogun renshi (brothers and sisters of Ashikaga shogun,) kanrei (shogunal deputies,) and tandai (local military commissioners) were privileged to endorse licenses for yakata-go titles in order to abbreviate autographies.
Japanese: 足利将軍家連枝や管領、探題などには裏書免許（書状の自署省略）の特権も許された。
English: During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring Satets) in Japan, Tamekage NAGAO, shugodai (a deputy of shugo) of Echigo Province, was granted the use of a character from the real name of shogun, Yoshiharu Ashikaga for a part of the name of his legitimate son, Harukage NAGAO, which was a custom of henki (granting subordinates the use of a character from the real name of the superior,) due to his dedication to the expenses of the emperor's coronation and building of the Imperial Palace and his donation to the Muromachi bakufu as well, while Tamekage was authorized to identify himself as a holder of yakata-go title and to bear shirokasabukuro and mosenkuraoi, which meant that he was on an equal footing with shugo.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると越後守護代の長尾為景が、朝廷の内裏造営費用や天皇の即位費用を献納、及び室町幕府への献金の功から、嫡男に将軍足利義晴の一字拝領（偏諱）を許されて長尾晴景と名乗らせ、自身も守護と同格であることを意味する屋形号及び白傘袋毛氈鞍覆を免許されている。
English: (Any one ranked as shugodai was usually authorized to bear karakasabukuro (a bag for oiled paper umbrella) along with mosenkuraoi and nurigoshi.)
Japanese: （守護代の格式は唐傘袋毛氈鞍覆及び塗輿を免許されるのが通常である。）
English: After the downfall of the Muromachi bakufu, rulers of the whole country used the yakata-go titles for giving preferential treatment to daimyo, as in the case of Nobunaga ODA who authorized the Daihoji clan to hold a title of yakata-go since, as recorded, he had conferred the title on Yoshiuji DAIHOJI in response to his presentation of a falcon to Nobunaga, though Yoshiuji was reportedly so rude that he was called mal-yakata since then.
Japanese: 室町幕府滅亡後は、織田信長が大宝寺氏に屋形号を免許するなどしており、天下人の大名優遇策として用いられ、織田信長が鷹を献上してきた返礼として大宝寺義氏に対して屋形号を授けたことが記録されている(義氏は粗暴のため、これを機に悪屋形と呼ばれたという)。
English: Subsequently, during the Edo period, kakubetsu gosho (a special title of gosho) was allowed to the Kitsuregawa clan, who was regarded as a descendant of shogun families of the Muromachi bakufu, while yakata-go titles were licensed to the others such as gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) of Owari Clan, Kishu Clan and Mito Clan, and other prominent shinpan (relatives of the Tokugawa family), as well as kyuzoku daimyo (feudal lords with ancestral status of shugo from the Muromachi period) including Shimazu clan of the Satsuma Clan, Satake clan of the Akita Clan and Uesugi clan of the Yonezawa Clan.
Japanese: 後、江戸時代にあっては、室町幕府将軍家の末裔とされた喜連川氏には格別御所を許し、他は尾張藩、紀州藩、水戸藩などの御三家並びに有力な親藩、並びに室町時代の守護の格式にあった旧族大名(薩摩藩(島津氏)、秋田藩(佐竹氏)、米沢藩(上杉氏)など）に屋形号を免許している。
English: Among the yakata-go holders, specially privileged were the so called Kanto-hachi-yakata, also called Kanto-hachike (eight families of the Kanto region,) indicating Yuki clan, Oyama clan, Chiba clan, Satake clan, Nasu clan, Hatta clan (or Oda clan,) Utsunomiya clan and Naganuma clan (or Minagawa clan,) details of which are to be referred to the Kanto-hachi-yakata.
Japanese: 特に屋形号を許された結城氏・小山氏・千葉氏・佐竹氏・那須氏・八田氏（小田氏）・宇都宮氏・長沼氏（皆川氏）は関東八屋形（関東八家とも）といって優遇された(詳細は関東八屋形を見よ)。
English: When a daughter of Ujiyasu HOJO, busho (a Japanese military commander) in the Sengoku Period, was marrying Ujitomo KIRA who was an adopted son of Yoriyasu HOJO, Ujiyasu's granduncle, Genan HOJO, wrote a letter to the Ujiyasu's daughter in which he taught her in detail about family traditions and formalities of the Kira clan, daily manners and preparedness necessary for her to remain a lawful wife in the Kira family, and so on.
Japanese: 戦国武将北条氏康の娘が、北条頼康の養子吉良氏朝に嫁すことになった際、氏康の大叔父にあたる北条幻庵は氏康の娘に書状をしたため、吉良氏の家風や格式に関わること、吉良家の正室としての日常の作法やたしなみなどを細かく教え授けた。
English: In his letter, Genan taught her that she should respectfully call her father in law, Yoriyasu KIRA, 'Oyakatasama,' and her mother in law 'Otaiho,' as well as her husband 'Uesama.'
Japanese: とくに舅吉良頼康は「おやかた様」、姑は「御たいほう」、夫は「上様」と尊称するように説いたとされる。
English: Kokushi was a shigo (a posthumous name) given to monks by the Emperor and used to express the emperor's respect to the monks.
Japanese: 国師（こくし、或いはくす）は、僧に対して皇帝（朝廷）から贈られる諡号の1つであり、特に皇帝の師への尊称である。
English: In China, the first case of Kokushi was Hojo (法常) who lived in Northern Qi according to the volume "Kokushi" in "The Essential History of Great-Song Monks" written by Sannei (賛寧) who was the first monk in the Northern Song era.
Japanese: 中国では、北宋初の賛寧による『大宋僧史略』巻中「国師」によれば、北斉の法常に国師号が贈られたのが最初であるとする。
English: During the reign of Emperor Xianzong during the Tang Dynasty, Chigen (知玄) was given the title of Kokushi as Gotatsu kokushi.
Japanese: 憲宗(唐)の元和(唐)年間には、知玄を悟達国師とした、という例を挙げている。
English: In Japan during the Nara period, each province had a kokushi to control the Buddhist administration in each province.
Japanese: また日本では奈良時代に1国（地方行政単位）ずつに国師を置き、それぞれの国の仏教行政を統括させた。
English: Seiryo kokushi (清涼国師): Chokan (澄観) (738 - 839) tried to unify the idea of Avataṃsaka Sutra, Zen and Tendai.
Japanese: 清涼国師--澄観（738年-839年）華厳、禅、天台の思想統一を図る。
English: He was a master of Emperor Daizong, Emperor Dezong, Emperor Shunzong, Emperor Xianzong, Emperor Muzong, Emperor Jingzong and Emperor Wenzong during the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 代宗、徳宗(唐)、順宗(唐)、憲宗(唐)、穆宗(唐)、敬宗、文宗(唐)の師。
English: Daishowajo kokushi : Wonhyo (617 - 686) was Seol Chong's father, advocated popular Buddhism and fused Buddhist concepts in Silla.
Japanese: 大聖和靜国師--元曉（617年-686年）薛聡の父、通仏教を提唱して新羅の仏教思想を融合させた。
English: Daikaku kokushi (大覺国師): Giten (義天) (1055 - 1101) was the patriarch of the Tendai Sect and the fourth son between Emperor Munjong (Emperor of Goryeo) and Empress Jinei ogo (仁睿王后).
Japanese: 大覺国師--義天（1055年-1101年）天台宗の開祖、文宗(高麗王)と仁睿王后の四男。
English: Butsunichifusho kokushi (佛日普照国師): Chinul (1158 -1210) was the patriarch of the Jogye Order and founded Jeonghyesa.
Japanese: 佛日普照国師--知訥（1158年-1210年）曹渓宗の開祖、定慧社開山。
English: Pogak Kuksa: Iryeon (1206 - 1289) was the author of Samguk Yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) and founded the Ingak-ji Temple.
Japanese: 普覺国師--一然（1206年-1289年）三国遺事の著者、麟角寺開山。
English: Ento kokushi (圓證国師): Fugu (普愚) (1301 - 1382) was the patriarch of Rinzai Sect and tried to fuse the Buddhism and Confucianism.
Japanese: 圓證国師--普愚（1301年-1382年）臨濟宗の開祖、禅教一体論を主張して仏教と儒教を融合させようと思った。
English: As he was given seven kokushi titles such as Muso, Shogaku, Shinso (心宗), Fusai, Gennyu, Butto and Daien by each emperor, he was called "Nana Choteishi" (Master for seven emperors).
Japanese: 夢窓・正覚・心宗・普済・玄猷・仏統・大円という７つの国師号を歴代天皇から贈られ、七朝帝師と呼ばれる。
English: He was given two kokushi titles such as Seito and Kozendaito by Emperor Godaigo and Emperor Hanazono.
Japanese: 正燈・興禅大燈という７つの国師号を後醍醐天皇・花園天皇の両天皇から贈られる。
English: OK
Japanese: 円満常照国師--無学祖元（1225年-1286年）北条時宗が蘭渓道隆の後任として宋から招いた。
English: Ogukosai bukkoku kokushi: Koho Kennichi (1241 - 1316) was the third son of Emperor Gosaga.
Japanese: 応供広済仏国国師--高峰顕日（1241年-1316年）後嵯峨天皇の第三皇子。
English: After an expedition failed to Japan during Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan), the Yuan Dynasty tried to submit Japan to them peacefully with Buddhism and sent Issan to Japan.
Japanese: 元は元寇での日本遠征に失敗すると、仏法をもって平和的に服属させようと企図し、一山を日本に派遣した。
English: He was also given other kokushi titles such as Busshin, Kakusho, Daiteiseio (大定聖応), Kotokushomyo (光徳勝妙), Jishotenshin (自性天真) and Homuryoko (放無量光) by the emperors.
Japanese: ほかに仏心・覚照・大定聖応・光徳勝妙・自性天真・放無量光の国師号を勅諡されている。
English: Hongaku kokushi: Kokanshiren (1278 - 1346) studied under Issan Ichinei and wrote "Genko shakusho" (History of Buddhism of the Genko era) centering on the biography of priests.
Japanese: 本覚国師--虎関師錬（1278年-1346年）一山一寧に学び、僧伝を中心にした仏教書『元亨釈書』を著した。
English: Chikakufumyo kokushi: Shunoku Myoha (1311- 1388) was the second chief priest of the Shokoku-ji Temple and the de fact founder of the temple.
Japanese: 知覚普明国師--春屋妙葩（1311年-1388年）相国寺第2世で事実上の開山。
English: Busuiseizoku kokushi (仏慧正続国師): Gakuin Ekatsu (1357 - 1425) was well-known as a poet of Gozan literature (Chinese poetry done by Zen priests in Kyoto Five-temples during Kamakura-Muromachi Period).
Japanese: 仏慧正続国師--鄂隠慧カツ（1357年-1425年）五山文学の作者で有名。
English: Enshohonko kokushi: Suden (1569 - 1633) served for the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) during the early Edo period and was called "Kokui no saisho" (a priest who has influence in politics).
Japanese: 円照本光国師--崇伝（1569年-1633年）江戸初期に幕府に仕え黒衣の宰相と呼ばれる。
English: Dokofusho kokushi: Koun Ejo (1198 - 1280) promoted to diffuse the faith of Soto sect.
Japanese: 道光普照国師--孤雲懐奘（1198年-1280年）曹洞宗の教義普及に尽力。
English: The Middle Palace Guard was created during the reign of Emperor Tenmu to attend to or guard the Emperor and his family by enhancing and expanding the function of valets chosen from children of the regional administrators.
Japanese: 兵衛とは、天皇やその家族にの近侍・護衛のために国造の子弟から選抜された舎人の機能を強化・拡充する形で天武天皇時代に成立したと言われている。
English: Under the rule of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, it was renamed "Kohonei" in 758, but six years later, the former name was restored with the fall of Nakamaro.
Japanese: 藤原仲麻呂政権下の天平宝字2年（758年）に虎賁衛（こほんえい）と改称したが、6年後の仲麻呂の没落とともに旧に復された。
English: With the decline of the regional administrators and locally appointed officials in the provinces, the Middle Palace Guard gave the reins of power to the newly established Inner Palace Guard, and subsequently became downsized.
Japanese: 後に地方において国造・郡司層が没落すると、新設の近衛府に主力の座を奪われて規模も縮小されることになる。
English: In the Ritsuryo system, it was a position corresponding to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), but was upgraded to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) on June 9, 799.
Japanese: 令制では従五位上相当の官職であったが、延暦18年（799年）4月27日に従四位下相当に改訂された。
English: The Captain often served concurrently as Middle Counselor or Royal Advisor (Second Rank or Third Court Rank), and traditionally, one out of four Captains, including Captains of the Left and the Right Divisions of the Outer Palace Guard, served as the head of the Police and Judicial Chief offices.
Japanese: 中納言・参議（位階）としては二位・三位）との兼官が多く、また左右衛門督を加えた計4名のうちの1人が検非違使別当を兼ねるのが慣例であった。
English: However, there were extensive appointments; the Captain also held the post of Major Controller, or Middle Controller, and served concurrently in the Inner Palace Guard; a Captain was sometimes chosen amongst those who were of Fifth Rank.
Japanese: とは言え、実態としてはかなり広範な任用例が見られ、兼官としては大弁や中弁、あるいは近衛府との兼務例が見られる他、五位からの抜擢の例もあった。
English: Captain was such a post that was provided for court nobles of Second or Third Rank including non-Royal Advisor or Sani (a person who had the court rank but no official post).
Japanese: 非参議や散位である二・三位クラスの公卿に職を宛がうための官職でもあった。
English: In the Ritsuryo system, it was a post corresponding to Shorokuinoge (Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), but was upgraded to Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) on June 9, 799.
Japanese: 令制では正六位下相当の官職であったが、延暦18年4月27日に従五位上相当に改訂された。
English: An assistant often served concurrently as Lesser Counselor, and when there was no vacant post for a person who was transferred from the Bureau of Horses to the Inner Palace Guard, he was temporarily appointed assistant to wait the availability of the post of Middle Captain.
Japanese: 少納言との兼務が多い他、馬頭から近衛府に転じる際に空席がない場合において、暫くの間この職を拝命して中将の空席を待つ事もあった。
English: After Yoritomo was appointed to this post at the Heiji Disturbance, he spent his life as an exile for as long as twenty years (he was deprived of his official post during that time) and defeated the Taira family.
Japanese: 平治の乱の際にこの職に任じられた頼朝は20年に及ぶ流人生活（厳密にはこの期間は官職を剥奪されているが）を経て平家を倒した。
English: He retained this post for three decades (officially ten years in total) till he was appointed Gon Dainagon (Substitute Major Councilor) in 1189.
Japanese: 文治5年（1189年）に権大納言に任じられるまでの30年間（公式には計10年）この官にあった。
English: So, Yoritomo's vassals respectfully called him 'Suke dono.'
Japanese: このため、頼朝に仕えた御家人達は頼朝に敬意を払って「佐殿（すけどの）」と呼んだのである。
English: There were two posts: 'Senior Lieutenant' corresponding to Shoshichiinojo (Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) and 'Junior Lieutenant' corresponding to Jushichiinojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade); and they were equivalent to 'Jo' out of the Shitokan.
Japanese: 正七位上相当の「大尉」と従七位上相当の「少尉」があり、四等官のうちの判官「ジョウ」に相当。
English: At first, one person was assigned to each of the Left and the Right Divisions, but two persons were assigned to Junior Lieutenant of the Left and the Right Divisions on June 9, 799, and then in 1148, the number of Senior and Junior Lieutenants dramatically increased to twenty in each Division.
Japanese: 当初はともに左右各1名であったが延暦18年4月27日に少尉が左右各2名制となり、久安4年（1148年）には大尉・少尉ともに一気に左右各20名に増加された。
English: There were two posts: 'Senior Assistant Lieutenant' corresponding to Juhachiinojo (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade) and 'Junior Assistant Lieutenant' corresponding to Juhachiinoge (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade); they were equivalent to 'Sakan' out of the Shitokan.
Japanese: 従八位上相当の「大志」と従八位下相当の「少志」があり、四等官のうちの主典「サカン」に相当。
English: On June 9, 799, two persons were assigned to Junior Assistant Lieutenant of the Left and the Right Divisions, and the rank of Senior Assistant Lieutenant was upgraded to Shohachiinojo (Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade); the rank of Junior Assistant Lieutenant was also upgraded to Juhachiinojo (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 延暦18年4月27日に少志が左右各2名制となり、更に大志は正八位上相当、少志は従八位上相当に改められたという。
English: Provincial governors recommended and selected Hyoe from the following: children of those who were of Eighth Rank upwards to Sixth Rank downwards at the age of twenty-one and above; and children of locally appointed officials under the Ritsuryo system who were good at archery and horseback riding.
Japanese: 六位以下八位以上の嫡子で21歳以上の者及び令制国の郡司の子弟で弓馬に巧みな者を国司が推薦して選抜した。
English: In 808, the number of Hyoe was reduced to 300 in the Left and Right Divisions, and then to 200 in 891.
Japanese: 大同_(日本)3年（808年）には左右各300名に、更に寛平3年（891年）に左右各200名に削減した。
English: In the Outer Palace Precincts, the assigned areas included the following: the outside of the Senyo, the Jomei, the Inmei, and the Genki Gates; and the inside of the Kenshun, the Kenrei, the Gishu, and the Sakuhei Gates.
Japanese: 大内裏のうち、宣陽門・承明門・陰明門・玄輝門より外側で建春門・建礼門・宜秋門・朔平門の内側を担当。
English: Compared with the other Six Palace Guards, the Middle Palace Guard was assigned especially to important tasks, such as escorting the Emperor or keeping a night watch in the Imperial Palace so, it functioned virtually as a 'bodyguard.'
Japanese: 天皇の護衛や内裏内における夜間の宿直も担当するなど六衛府の中でも最も宮廷の中枢部を担当した言わば「親衛隊」的な役割を果たした。
English: It also monitored guardsmen selected from the common people so that they could not rebel against the Emperor or attack the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: また、民衆から選ばれた衛士が反抗して天皇及び内裏を攻撃しないように監視する役目も担っていたともいわれている。
English: Saio or Itsuki no miko (the Priestess) was an unmarried princess of the blood or female relative of the Emperor who served as a shrine maiden at the Ise-jingu Shrine and the Kamo-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 斎王（さいおう、いつきのみこ）は、伊勢神宮または賀茂神社に巫女として奉仕した未婚の内親王または女王(皇族)。
English: According to the strict definition, the name 'Sai naishinno' was designated as a princess of blood while a female relative of the Emperor was referred to as 'Saio' or 'Saijoo,' and in general, they were collectively called Saio.
Japanese: 厳密には内親王なら「斎内親王」、女王の場合は「斎王」「斎女王」と称したが、一般に両者をまとめて斎王と呼ぶ。
English: Saio of the Ise-jingu and Kamo-jinja Shrines were called Saigu, and Saiin respectively; the former lasted from ancient times (the time of Emperor Tenmu) to the period of the Northern and the Southern Courts (Japan); the latter from the Heian to the Kamakura periods.
Japanese: 伊勢神宮の斎王を斎宮、賀茂神社の斎王を斎院とも称し、斎宮は古代（天武朝）から南北朝時代(日本)まで、斎院は平安時代から鎌倉時代まで継続した。
English: As a traditional event, the Kamo-jinja Shrine holds the Aoi Festival, to celebrate when Saio presided during her time of service.
Japanese: 賀茂神社では伝統行事として葵祭を行い、斎王が奉仕していた時代は斎王が祭を主宰してきた。
English: Since then, the Aoi Festival has continued, but was discontinued three times during the Muromachi, Edo, and post war periods.
Japanese: その後も葵祭は継続されたが室町、江戸、戦後と三度祭が断絶したという。
English: With the revival of the Aoi festival in 1953, the role of Saio dai has been played by an unmarried woman selected from ordinary citizens since 1956.
Japanese: その後、1953年に祭が復活したことを契機として、1956年の葵祭以降、祭の主役として一般市民から選ばれた未婚の女性を斎王代として祭を開催するようになった。
English: The woman selected as Saio dai, wears Juni hitoe or Karaginumoshozoku (a layered kimono), putting on stage make up and having her teeth blackened.
Japanese: 斎王代に選ばれた女性は十二単（からぎぬもしょうぞく）を着用し、舞台化粧と同様の化粧に加えお歯黒も施される。
English: The name of Saiin was given to a Priestess who served at the Kamo-jinja Shrine from the Heian to the Kamakura period, or at the residence of the Priestess.
Japanese: 斎院（さいいん）は、平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて賀茂神社に奉仕した斎王、または斎王の御所。
English: When Emperor Heizei had a conflict with his brother, Emperor Saga, and tried to move the capital in Heian kyo back to Heijo kyo, Emperor Saga petitioned the deity that he would dedicate his daughter to Kamo no Okami (a guardian god of the capital) as 'Areotome' (a woman to join in the ceremony held at the Kamo-jinja Shrine for welcoming gods) if he had a chance of winning.
Japanese: 平城天皇が弟嵯峨天皇と対立して、平安京から平城京へ都を戻そうとした際、嵯峨天皇は王城鎮守の神とされた賀茂大神に対し、我が方に利あらば皇女を「阿礼少女（あれおとめ、賀茂神社の神迎えの儀式に奉仕する女性の意）」として捧げると祈願をかけた。
English: After Emperor Saga's side won as a result of the Kusuko Incident in 810, Emperor Saga dedicated his daughter Imperial Princess Uchiko as Saio, as he had pledged; that is probably the beginning of Kamo no Saiin.
Japanese: そして弘仁元年（810年）薬子の変で嵯峨天皇側が勝利した後、誓いどおりに娘の有智子内親王を斎王としたのが賀茂斎院の始まりであると言われる。
English: Following the Saio (Saigu) of the Ise-jingu Shrine, the successive Saio Priestesses were selected from princesses of blood or female relatives of the Emperor (the Imperial Family).
Japanese: 伊勢神宮の斎王（斎宮）に倣い、歴代の斎王は内親王あるいは女王(皇族)から選出された。
English: After two years of purification in Shosaiin (the residence of Saiin in the Imperial Court), the Saiin Priestess entered into Honin (the official residence of Saiin) located in Murasakino on the north side of Heian kyo early in April during the third year of her term. (According to Bunei TSUNODA's theory, the original site of the residence of Saiin was located near present-day Ichiitani nanano yashiro in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.)
Japanese: 宮中初斎院での2年の潔斎の後、3年目の4月上旬に平安京北辺の紫野に置かれた本院（斎院御所）に参入する（角田文衞説では、斎院御所のあった場所は現在の京都市上京区櫟谷七野社のあたりに相当するという）。
English: The Priestess stayed there to lead a pure life avoiding Buddhist services and impurity, and joined in religious rites held at Kamo-jinja Shrine or in the official residence of Saiin.
Japanese: 斎王はここで仏事や不浄を避ける清浄な生活を送りながら、賀茂神社や本院での祭祀に奉仕した。
English: The Kamo Festival on the Day of the Cock in April was especially important, the Saio Priestess underwent a purification ceremony, and then visited both the Kamo Wakeikazuchi-jinja and Kamo Mioya-jinja Shrines to perform religious rites.
Japanese: 特に重要なのは四月酉の日の賀茂祭で、斎王はあらかじめ御禊の後賀茂別雷神社・賀茂御祖神社両社に参向して祭祀を執り行った。
English: The Saiin procession on that occasion was so magnificent and attractive that Sei Shonagon wrote the proceedings of the festival in her book, "Makura no soshi" (The Pillow Book), and Murasaki Shikibu also described it in the famous scene of the Carriage Incident in the chapter about 'Aoi' in the "Tale of Genji."
Japanese: この時の斎院の華麗な行列はとりわけ人気が高く、清少納言が『枕草子』で祭見物の様子を書き留めており、また紫式部も『源氏物語』「葵(源氏物語)」の巻で名高い車争いの舞台として描いている。
English: While both the Ise no Saigu and the Kamo no Saiin systems coexisted, Saiin near the capital was regarded more important than Ise no Saigu located far from the capital; successive Saiin Priestesses were rarely selected from female relatives of the Emperor, and most of their real mothers were highborn ladies.
Japanese: 伊勢斎宮・賀茂斎院の二つの斎王制度が両立していた間、都に近い斎院の方が遠い伊勢の斎宮よりも重んじられていたようで、歴代斎院は斎宮に比べて女王が少なく、また生母の出自も高い例が多い。
English: Meanwhile, Saiin Priestesses were not always dismissed when the Emperor abdicated the throne, and there were many examples of Saiin Priestesses remaining in office through more than two Emperor regimes.
Japanese: 一方で斎院は天皇の代替わりがあっても退下しないことがしばしばあり、2朝以上任にあった斎院も少なくなかった。