nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Oe clan, who served as geshi (shokan in charge of practical business in the field) in this manor for generations since the 12th century, planned to strengthen their rule over Kuroda no sho during the late 13th century until they were eventually called akuto after conflicting with Todai-ji Temple, and was ultimately suppressed by Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) which received a request from Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 12世紀から代々と同荘下司職を勤める大江氏は、13世紀後半に黒田荘への支配権を強化しようと画策し、東大寺と対立してついに悪党と呼ばれるようになり、最終的には東大寺の要請を受けた六波羅探題に鎮圧された。
English: However, the Oe clan family, who in turn was appointed as the shokan of the manor also came into conflict with the Todai-ji Temple by not paying the annual tributes, called themselves kugonin (people serving the Imperial Palace and offering food and crafts to the Emperor) to try to directly connect with the Imperial Palace, and managed to practically rule Kuroda no sho by uniting with the shugo and gokenin of Iga Province who were supposed to suppress them.
Japanese: しかし、代わって同荘荘官職についた大江氏一族もまた、年貢納入を行わないなど東大寺との対立を深め、供御人と称して朝廷と直接結ぼうとし、これを鎮圧するはずの伊賀国守護、同御家人らと結んで、黒田荘を実質的に支配するに至った。
English: In the end, the Oe clan was suppressed by Rokuhara tandai once again, but in any case, this is a classic example of resident feudal lords, who were trying to grow financially, becoming akuto when faced with oppression by the manor lords.
Japanese: 結局大江氏は六波羅探題に再び鎮圧されたが、ともかくも、この事例は経済的な成長を果たそうとしている在地領主が荘園領主の抑圧を受けたときに悪党となることを示した典型例である。
English: Additionally, it is believed that Masashige KUSUNOKI (Kawachi Province), Akamatsu clan (Harima Province), Nagatoshi NAWA (Hoki Province), and the pirates of Seto Inland Sea, who took sides with Emperor Godaigo when the Kamakura bakufu collapsed, were so-called akuto.
Japanese: このほか、鎌倉幕府倒幕時に後醍醐天皇方についた楠木正成（河内国）、赤松氏（播磨国）、名和長年（伯耆国）、瀬戸内海の海賊衆らは、悪党と呼ばれた人々だったと考えられている。
English: Akuto were also active in the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but when the civil war ended in the late fourteenth century, the manor and public land system was weakened due to akuto activities, and when the countervailing power of honjo weakened as invasion of honjo-ichienchi (manor) by shugo and kokujin (local samurai) increased, the picture of akuto invading honjo's rule gradually disappeared.
Japanese: 悪党は南北朝時代(日本)にも活動しているが、内乱が終わった14世紀後半、悪党活動によって荘園公領の支配体系が弱体化し、守護や国人らによる本所一円地（荘園）への侵略が進むとともに、本所側の対抗力が衰えてしまうと、本所の支配を侵す悪党という実態は、次第に見られなくなった。
English: The concept of akuto was presented by Naokatsu NAKAMURA in the 1930s ("Shoen no Kenkyu" (Studies of Shoen) 1939), and its aspects were revealed by Tadashi ISHIMODA ("Chuseiteki Shakai no Keisei" (Formation of Medieval Society) 1946) and others after the war.
Japanese: 悪党概念は、1930年代に中村直勝によって提起され（『荘園の研究』1939）、戦後になると石母田正（『中世的社会の形成』1946）らによってその姿が明らかにされていった。
English: In historical science after the war, akuto was positioned among feudal lords, but when Yoshihiko AMINO, Shinichi SATO, etc. introduced a picture of medieval history focused on craftsmen and entertainers whose social foundations were not agricultural, akuto was discussed in connection with them, and from the end of the 20th century, Ichiro KAIZU and others were attempting to position akuto in the context of social change such as genko and Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts).
Japanese: 戦後の歴史学において、悪党は封建領主のなかで位置づけられていたが、網野善彦、佐藤進一らが社会的基盤を農業以外に置く手工業民や芸能民などに着目した中世史像を提示すると、悪党の存在もそれらと関連付けて論じられるようになり、20世紀末からは海津一朗らによって元寇や徳政令等の社会変動における悪党の位置づけが試みられている。
English: Jingikan (Jingikan/kamizukasa/kanzukasa) was a state organization in Japan.
Japanese: 神祇官（じんぎかん・かみづかさ・かんづかさ）とは、日本の国家機関の一つ。
English: Jin' of Jingikan indicates Amatsukami (god of heaven), 'gi' of that does Kunitsukami (god of earth) and the organization handled religious services as shown in its name.
Japanese: 「神」は天津神・国津神である「天神」を、「祇」は天津神・国津神である「地祇」を表し、その名の通り祭祀を司る。
English: Its Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) were Haku, the head, Fuku, the assistant head (Daifuku, the senior assistant head/Shofuku, the junior assistant head), Jo, the secretary (Taijo, the senior secretary/Shojo, the junior secretary) and Shi, the clerk (Taishi, the senior clerk/Shoshi, the junior clerk).
Japanese: 四等官は、伯、副（大副・少副）、佑（大佑・少佑）、史（大史・少史）。
English: However, their ranks were low: For example, is is said that the rank of after-mentioned Jingi haku (a chief official in charge of matters relating to Shintoism) was Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: ただし、相当する位階は低く、後述の神祇伯の相当位階は従四位下とされる。
English: This rank was by far lower than that of Sadaijin (minister of left) equivalent to Shonii (Senior Second Rank) or Junii (Junior Second Rank), was lower than those of benkan (officials of the dajokan) equivalent to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), than that of Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) equivalent to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), and than that of kyo (minister) who was the head of the seven ministries, and was equivalent to that of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) (refer to the official court rank).
Japanese: これは、太政官の常置の長官たる左大臣（正二位又は従二位相当）よりはるかに低く、弁官・弁官（従四位上相当）、大宰帥（従三位相当）、七省の長官たる卿（正四位下相当）より下であり、蔵人頭と同等である（官位の項参照）。
English: In other words, Jingikan is placed above daijokan in Shikinryo (the law which stipulated duties of the ministries), but is placed below daijokan in documental administration.
Japanese: すなわち、職員令（しきいんりょう）では太政官の上に位置したが、文書行政では太政官よりも下位であった。
English: Kanpeisha, a shrine status in ancient times, indicates that a shrine with the status recieves hohei (offering a wand with hemp and paper streamers to a Shinto god) to be used in kinensai (a religious ceremony praying for a good harvest) from an officer in Jingikan directly (a shrine with the Kokuheisha status receives hohei from kokushi (provincial governors).
Japanese: 古代の神社の社格である「官幣社」は、祈年祭の奉幣を神祇官から直接受ける神社であることを意味する（国幣社は国司から受ける）。
English: Since the word of Jingikan appears in historical documents before the Taiho ritsuryo (Taho Code) was established, it is considered that it had been established in the Asukakiyomihara-ryo, etc., but details of the government systems before the Taiho ritsuryo are not known because no original documents from those eras remain.
Japanese: 大宝律令制定以前の史書にもその存在が現れるため、飛鳥浄御原令等によって既に設置されていたと考えられているが、原文が残っていないため、大宝律令以前の制度については詳細は定かではない。
English: Initially, the Inbe clan and the Onakatomi clan (belonging to the same clan as the Fujiwara clan) occupied the posts of Jingi haku, the head of Jingikan but later, the Shirakawa family from Kazan-Genji (Minamoto clan) assumed the post of Jingi haku from generation to generation.
Japanese: 当初は忌部氏や大中臣氏（藤原氏とは同族）が神祇官の要職を占めていたが、のちに花山源氏白川家が代々神祇官の長である神祇伯に就任した。
English: Since the person assuming the post of Jingi haku was called o (prince) though working under an emperor, the family was also called the Shirakawa-haku-o family.
Japanese: 神祇伯になったものは臣下でありながら王を称したので、白川伯王家などといわれる。
English: On February 10, 1868, the Jingi jimuka (clerical department) was established together with six other clerical departments.
Japanese: 慶応4年1月17日(旧暦)（1868年2月10日）に他の6つの事務科とともに神祇事務科が設置された。
English: On February 25, 1868, the seven clerical departments were reorganized into clerical bureas under the general bureau, and the Jingi jimuka became the Jingi clerical bureau.
Japanese: 同年2月3日(旧暦)（2月25日）に七つの事務科は総裁局のもとに事務局として再編成されて、神祇事務科は神祇事務局となった。
English: On June 11, 1868, a Seitai-sho (a document for the government system) imitating the government system based on the ancient Ritsuryo system was issued, and Dajokan (Great Council of State) System was established.
Japanese: 同年閏4月21日(旧暦)（6月11日）、古代の律令制に基づく官制に倣って政体書が公布されて、太政官制がしかれた。
English: In June of 1869, Jingikan became independent of daiokan, and was placed at the head of the administrative system.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）6月には、神祇官は太政官から独立して、行政機関の筆頭に置かれた。
English: In addition to religious services, celebrations and jinfuko (managing households burdening religion-related matters), the roles of jingikan in the Meiji period included shoryo (the administration of imperial tombs) and religious mission.
Japanese: 明治の神祇官の職掌は古代の神祇官のそれである祭祀、祝部、神封戸などに加えて、新たに諸陵と宣教が加えられた。
English: Shoryo, managing the tombs of the emperors and imperial family members was handled by the government in ancient times by Jibusho who managed imperial heirs, imperial marriages, auspicious signs, mouring and burial rites, and diplomacy, but during the Meiji period, the tombs were managed by Shoryoryo (literally, a hall for managing imperial tombs) placed under jingikan.
Japanese: 諸陵は天皇陵をはじめとする陵墓を管轄する業務で、古代の官制では、継嗣、婚姻、祥瑞、喪葬、外交などを司る治部省の諸陵司が担ったものだったが、明治になり神祇官の下の諸陵寮が管轄することとなった。
English: In the past, Jingikan, who were placed in the center of handling religious services, did not conduct religious services related to imperial tombs, to avoid religious services from being made dirty by dealing with the dead, and therefore, the fact that Jingikan became in charge of imperial tombs was significant.
Japanese: 従来、死者の穢れがあり神事から遠ざけるべきだとされた天皇陵の祭祀を、神事を司る中枢である神祇官が行なうようになったことの意義は大きい。
English: However, to accommodate another new role given to Jingikan, the govermental office called "senkyoshi (missionary)" was placed under it.
Japanese: 一方、もう一つの新しい職掌である宣教では、神祇官のもとに宣教使と呼ばれる役所が置かれた。
English: The primary objectives of religious mission were to prevent the infiltration of Chiristian religion and to proclaim to the Japanese people the national policies after the Meiji restoration, and this new role, requested by the national government, was given to Jingikan.
Japanese: 宣教はキリスト教防御と維新後の国の在り方を国民に宣布することを大きな目的としたものであり、政府の要請を受けて新たに課せられた職掌であった。
English: However, serious confrontations existed among the officers in Jingikan concerning how to lead the people and what information should be given out, Jingikan was not large enough to conduct these missions nationwide, and therefore, no concrete results were realized.
Japanese: しかしながら、教導の方法や内容を巡って官員同士で深刻な意見対立があり、また神祇官の規模と能力も全国的に宣教を実施できる状態には無かった為に具体的な成果を挙げられなかった。
English: To conduct national religious services, its original primary role, construction of Hasshinden (eight shrines) was proposed within Jingikan (until then, himorogi - a temporarily erected sacred space or "altar" used as a locus of worship, was built each time a religious ritual was conducted).
Japanese: また、神祇官の本来的な職掌である国営の祭祀を行う為の八神殿の造営が神祇官内で提案された（それまでは神籬を立てて臨時の祭場としていた）。
English: The restoration of Hasshinden, which had been lost since the middle ages was a concrete movement towards achieving the unity of religion and state, and the movement was based on the idea that it was necessary not only to preach, but to do something concrete as well in the area of religious promotion activities that had been sluggish.
Japanese: 中世以来本来の姿を失っていた八神殿の復興は祭政一致の具体的な実現への動きであり、滞っていた宣教の分野においても教説をただ説くだけでなく、実際に行うことが必要であるとの考えであった。
English: In particular, officers influenced by Atsutane HIRATA strongly advocated the construction, but Bisei FUKUBA of the Tsuwano Clan was reluctant to restore the Hasshinden, saying that a model for the unity of religion and state in the modern era was to conduct religious rituals in the imperial palace.
Japanese: 特に平田篤胤出身の官員は強くそれを主張したが、当時権勢を振るっていた津和野藩出身の福羽美静は新時代の祭政一致のモデルは天皇宮中祭祀にあるとし、八神殿の復興に対しては消極的な姿勢をとっていた。
English: In addition, the national government had the big problem of moving the capital to Tokyo and of celebrating Onie no matsuri (first niinamesai - a ceremony for thanking the gods for a good harvest, after an emperor's accession) in Tokyo, making the state of affairs uncertain, and therefore, Dajokan showed a cautious attitude for the construction of Hasshinden as well.
Japanese: また、当時の政府は東京奠都と大嘗祭の東京執行という大問題を抱えており、事態が流動的であったため太政官も八神殿の造営には慎重姿勢を見せた。
English: However, it was considered to be a problem that no permanent shrine was available in Jingikan, so it was decided that a "temporary" shrine should be constructed to enable religious services to be conducted for a while; the construction of this temporary shrine was completed in December of 1869, and the mitamashiro (an object that was worshiped in place of the spirit of the dead) of the Hasshinden, which had been kept by the Shirakawa and Yoshida families since the Hasshinden was abolished in medieval times, was enshrined there.
Japanese: しかしながら、神祇官に常設の神殿が無いことは問題とされ、当面の間の祭祀を行う「仮」神殿の造営が決定され、明治2年（1869年）12月に仮神殿は完成し、中世の廃絶以来白川・吉田両家で奉斎されていた八神殿の霊代が奉献された。
English: It was planned to do a religious service for the temporary shrine by Emperor Meiji, but the plan failed to be realized because the timing was not good (the emperor had a cold then).
Japanese: この仮神殿に明治天皇の親祭を仰ぐことが計画されていたが時期悪く明治天皇は風邪を罹患しており、この親祭の計画は実現しなかった。
English: On January 3, 1870, a religious service was conducted, and Emperor Meiji sent Sanetomi SANJO to the service.
Japanese: 翌1870年1月3日には鎮祭が行われ、明治天皇は勅使として三条実美を発遣した。
English: In this temporary shrine, the spirits of all the emperors in the past, that of the gods of heaven and earth were also enshrined in addition to the eight gods worshipped by Jingikan in the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: この仮神殿には律令制神祇官が祀っていた八神に併せて歴代の皇霊と天神地祇が祭られた。
English: At this time, the emperor declared the execution of the religious service and the start of a nation-wide shinto campaign, having the religious services in Hassinden and the religious promotion policies of the missionary executed by an imperial order, but the status of the shrine remained "temporary" and no effective measures for the religious promotion polices were forthcoming.
Japanese: この際に鎮祭の詔と大教宣布の詔が発せられ、神祇官の八神殿祭祀と宣教師の宣教政策は勅命を以て行われることとなったが、神殿が「仮」のものであることはその後も変化は無く、また宣教政策に関しても打開策は出なかった。
English: Although it is generally understood that the main members of Jingikan during the Meiji period were the scholars of Japanese classical literature influenced by Atsutane Hirata, it was in fact before Jingikan was restored that they participated in the movement actively, and it was the scholars influenced by Takamasa OKUNI, such as Bisei FUKUBA, that in fact dominated Jingikan after Jingikan was restored.
Japanese: なお、一般的には明治神祇官は平田篤胤の国学者が主体となっていたと解されているが、実際に活躍したのは神祇官が再興される前段階でのことであり、復興された神祇官は大国隆正の教えを受けた福羽美静ら大国隆正の国学者が権勢を振るっていた。
English: Although this naturally depended on the political power balance at that time, it is also considered that, against Japanese classical scholars following HIRATA who strongly insisted only on the restoration of Jingikan in instituting a Jingi system, those in the Tsuwano group who had newer and more advanced visions suitable for the new era of Meiji were favorably accepted.
Japanese: これは当時の政治的な勢力バランスも然ることながら、神祇制度の整備に当たって復古をのみ強力に主張した平田派国学者に対し、明治という新時代に適応した開明的なビジョンを持っていた津和野派国学者が受け入れられたとも考えられる。
English: Harumichi YANO, Tadayuki TSUNODA, Sakura MARUYAMA and Naosuke GONDA, Japanese classical scholars following HIRATA and who assumed important governmental posts were expelled from the government in 1871 on suspicion of a crime against the State, and therefore, there are aspects that Jingikan in the Meiji period were not totally committed to HIRATA followers.
Japanese: 平田派国学者で政府内で要職についていた矢野玄道・角田忠行・丸山作楽・権田直助は明治4年（1871年）に国事犯の嫌疑が掛けられ政府から追放されており、明治神祇官が平田派一辺倒であったとは考え難い側面がある。
English: In July of 1871, Jingikan was down-graded to the Ministry of Jingi and was placed under Dajokan.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）7月、神祇官は神祇省に降格されて、太政官の下に置かれた。
English: Seemingly appearing to have lowered the position of the Jingi administration, this measure was in fact taken aiming at a closer unity of religion and state.
Japanese: この措置は一見、神祇行政の地位の低下にみえるが、実際はより密接な祭政一致を目指して行なわれたものである。
English: Due to this reason Sanetomi SANJO, grand minister of state, assumed the post of Jingi-haku when Jingikan was going to be downgraded to ministry of Jingi.
Japanese: 神祇省への降格を前にして太政大臣三条実美が神祇伯を兼任するようになったのはそのためである。
English: In the ministry of Jingi, religious services in shrines by senior, middle and junior officer in charge of the religious services and religion-promoting activities by missionaries were clearly separated.
Japanese: 神祇省は大中少の掌典による神殿祭祀と宣教使による宣教とで明確に分掌されていた。
English: On October 27, 1871, the emperor instructed to place Jingi in a safe place and the spirists of the past emperors were moved from Hasshinden to the palace.
Japanese: 同年9月14日(旧暦)（10月27日）に神祇奉安の詔が発せられ、八神殿から皇霊を宮中に奉遷することとなった。
English: On November 11, 1871, mikannagi (a female engaging festivals) and gon-mikannagi (vice-mikannagi) were placed in Jingikan and on the following day, November 12, the spirits of the past emperors were moved to Kashikodokorao (Palace Sanctuary).
Japanese: 同9月29日(旧暦)（11月11日）には神祇官中に御巫、権御巫が設置され、翌9月30日(旧暦)（11月12日）に皇霊が賢所に遷座された。
English: On April 21, 1872, the ministry of Jingi was abolished.
Japanese: 明治5年3月14日(旧暦)（1872年4月21日）、神祇省は廃止された。
English: As advocated by Bisei FUKUBA concerning the construction of the shrine described above, it was said that the emperor himself had to conduct religious services for the unity of religion and state in the new era and that it was ideal that the emperor himself, and not officers in charge of Jingi, did religious services concerning Jingi.
Japanese: 上記神殿造営に関して福羽美静が唱えているように、新時代の祭政一致は天皇親祭とされ、すなわち、神祇の祭祀は官に任せるのではなく、天皇自らが行なうことが理想とされた。
English: To achive this, the ministry of Jingi was abolished and it was decided that Shikiburyo (department of rites), which existed during the early Meiji period (1869 to 1885), of the Imperial Household Ministry should conduct religious services.
Japanese: それを実現するために、神祇省は廃止され、その祭祀業務は宮内省明治初期（1869年-1885年）式部寮があたることとなった。
English: The gods enshrined in Hasshinden, except for the spirits of the past emperors which had been previously transferred, were temporarily moved to Kashikodokoro in the palace on April 25, 1872, the construction of Shinden (a shrine) and Korei-den (the Imperial Ancestors' Shrine) was completed on December 27, 1872, the eight gods were enshrined together with the gods of heaven and earth, and the spirits of the past emperors were moved form Kashikodokoro to Koreiden.
Japanese: 同年3月18日(旧暦)（4月25日）に先に遷座された歴代皇霊を除く八神殿の祭神は宮中賢所に仮遷座され、同年11月27日(旧暦)（12月27日）に神殿・皇霊殿が完成し、八神は天神地祇と併せて神殿に祭られ、歴代皇霊は賢所から皇霊殿に奉遷された。
English: It was judged that religious promotion centered on the study of Japanese classical literature and Confucism was impossible, and a system of promoting Shinto, Buddhism and Confucism together was introduced to use the base and promotion power of the Buddhist group, with Kyobusho established as an organization specialized in religious education of the Japanese.
Japanese: また宣教に関しては国学、儒学を中心とした宣教は不可能と判断され、仏教勢力の地盤及び教化能力を汲み入れる為に神仏儒の合同布教体制となり、国民教化を行なう専門機関として教部省が設置された。
English: However, corresponding to improvement of the school-based education system, the role of Kyobusho dimished, and Kyobusho was abolished on January 11, 1877, with some of its roles inherited by the Bureau of shrines and temples in the Interior Ministry.
Japanese: しかしながら、学校教育制度の拡充と共に教部省の持つ役割は薄れ、明治10年（1877年）1月11日に廃止、管掌していた任務の一部は内務省社寺局に受け継がれた。
English: However, since the movement for restoring Jingikan gained force, the Bureau of Shinto shrines was established in 1900 separated from the Bureau of shrines and temples.
Japanese: しかし、のちに神祇官興復運動が盛んとなり、明治33年（1900年）に社寺局より神社局が独立した。
English: In 1940, Jingi-in was established replaceing Bureau of Shinto shrines for events commemorating the 2,600-th anniversary of the start of the emperor system.
Japanese: 昭和15年（1940年）には紀元二千六百年記念行事記念に際して神社局に代わって神祇院が設置された。
English: Jingi-in was abolished on February 2, 1946, and the right of controlling shrines in Japan was inherited by Jinja Honcho (Association of Shinto Shrines) established on the next day.
Japanese: 神祇院は昭和21年（1946年）2月2日に廃止され、全国の神社の管轄は翌日に設立された宗教法人神社本庁に引き継がれた。
English: Kitano mandokoro is the title given, through an emperor's proclamation, to the legally wedded wife of the person in the position of Sessho (regent) or Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor).
Japanese: 北政所（きたのまんどころ）とは、天皇の宣旨により摂政や関白の正室に対して贈られた称号。
English: Originally, Mandokoro indicated a household-handling organization (an office handling private affairs concerning the family and residence) whose establishment was permitted only for imperial princes and kugyo (top court officials) who held the rank of Sanmi (the third rank) or higher.
Japanese: 政所とは、本来親王や三位以上の公卿に設置が許された家政機関（家庭や邸宅に関する私的な諸事を司る事務所）のことを指す語だった。
English: In a Shinden style residence during the Heian period, a private living quarters called 'Kitanotai' was built north of and separated from 'Shinden,' which was the main hall and was used semi-publicly, and in that quarter, its master called 'Kitanokata' who was the legally wedded wife controlled all of the houshold affairs.
Japanese: 平安時代の寝殿造の邸宅では、半ば公の場所でもあった正殿の「寝殿」（しんでん）とは別に、その北に「北対」（きたのたい）という私的な居住空間があり、そこでは主の正室である「北の方」が家政の諸事万端を決裁していた。
English: The reason why the position of a legally wedded wife was so strong is that a nobleman married his bride to enter her family, and therefore, his residence was originaly owned by her family.
Japanese: 正室の地位がこのように高かったのは、当時の貴族は基本的に婿取婚だったため、彼らの邸宅はそもそも正室の実家が所有するものに他ならなかったからである。
English: When the master of the residence advanced to a position of sanmi and opened Mandokoro, the 'Kitanokata' was called 'kitano Kandokoro.'
Japanese: その邸の主が三位になって政所を開設すると、「北の方」は「北の政所」と呼ばれたのである。
English: Later, it was formalized so that the tile of 'Kitano Mandokoro' was given by the Emperor's proclamation, and the title came to be given only to the legally wedded wife of Sessho or Kanpaku.
Japanese: 後にこれが格式化して「北政所」は宣旨をもって贈られる称号となり、その対象も摂政または関白の正室のみに限定されることになった。
English: However, the legally wedded wives of Sessho or Kanpaku were called 'Kitano Mandokoro' for generations, and it also happened that a number of Kitano Mandokoro existed at the same time.
Japanese: しかしそれでも歴代の摂政関白の正室は多くが「北政所」と呼ばれており、かつては同時期に何人もの北政所が存在することさえあった。
English: For example, in a portion of vol. 1 of "The Tale of the Heike", the daughters of TAIRA no Kiyomori were introduced as follows:
Japanese: たとえば『平家物語』巻一には、平清盛の娘たちを紹介するところで次のくだりがある。
English: ……One of his daughters became the Kitano Mandokoro of Sesshodono at Rokujo.……His other daughter became the Kitano Mandokoro of Fugenjidono.
Japanese: ……一人は六條の攝政殿の北政所にならせ給ふ……一人は普賢寺殿の北政所にならせ給ふ。
English: In this description, the 'Kitano Mandokoro of Sesshodono at Rokujo' indicates Mitsuko, who was his fourth daughter and she became the legally wedded wife of FUJIWARA no Motozane in the position of Kanpaku, and the 'Kitano Mandokoro of Fugenjidono' indicates Sadako, who was his sixth daughter and she became the legally wedded wife of Motomichi KONOE in the position of Kanpaku.
Japanese: この「六条の摂政殿の北政所」というのは関白藤原基実の正室となった四女の盛子（みつこ）、「普賢寺殿の北政所」というのは関白近衛基通の正室となった六女の完子（さだこ）のことである。
English: The 'Kitano-kata of Reizei Dainagon Takafusa' indicates the legally wedded wife of FUJIWARA no Takafusa, a court officer loved by Emperor Goshirakawa, and she, though being a legally wedded wife, was called 'kitano-kata,' not 'kitano Mandokoro,' because Takafusa did not become Sesssho nor Kanpaku.
Japanese: また「冷泉大納言隆房卿の北方」というのは後白河天皇の寵臣・藤原隆房の正室となった五女であるが、隆房は摂政にも関白にもならなかったで、正室も「北政所」ではなくただ「北方」という表現になっている。
English: Towards the end of the Sengoku period (period of warring states) that was long after the period described above, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI became Kanpaku, then became Taiko after he handed over the Kanpaku postion to his nephew, and the term of Taiko, 'which had indicated ex-Kankaku who handed over the position to his son or brother,' came to indicate Hideyoshi alone.
Japanese: 時代が下って、戦国時代(日本)の終わりに豊臣秀吉が関白となり、彼がその職を甥に譲って太閤となると、それまでは単に「その職を子弟に譲った前関白」を指す語でしかなかった「太閤」が専ら秀吉のことのみを指す語になってしまった。
English: Similarly, 'Kitano Mandokoro' which was the generic term for 'the legally wedded wife of Sessho or Kanpaku' came to be used only for indicating Kodain, the legally wedded wife of Hideyoshi, after the title was given to her.
Japanese: これと同じように、それ以前は「摂政関白の正室」という総称でしかなかった「北政所」も、秀吉の正室であった高台院にこれが贈られた後は、専ら彼女のことを指す語になったのである。
English: As the title of 'Kitano Mandokoro' was given to the legally wedded wife of Sesshu or Kanpaku, that of 'Okitanomandokoro' or 'Omandokoro' in short was given to the mother who gave birth to Sessho or Kanpaku.
Japanese: なお正室に贈られる「北政所」に対して、摂政関白の生母に贈られる称号を「大北政所」、略して「大政所」といった。
English: This term had been a generic one as well, but after the title was given to the mother (Naka) who gave birth to Hideyoshi, the term came to be used for indicating her alone.
Japanese: こちらも元は単なる総称だったが、これが秀吉の生母・大政所（なか）に贈られてからは専ら彼女のことを指す語となった。
English: 浪人 (ronin) indicated a person who wandered about provinces other than the one that was recorded in his family register, and was also called a furo (vagabond)
Japanese: 浪人（ろうにん）とは、古代においては、戸籍に登録された地を離れて他国を流浪している者のことを意味し、浮浪とも呼ばれた。