nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For these reasons, the character of the Kamakura Bakufu as a system of government or the time of its founding are both issues relating to the perceptions of subsequent generations, particularly within the field of modern history.
Japanese: 以上の理由から、鎌倉幕府の統治機構としての性格、あるいは成立時期というのもあくまで後世の、特に近代歴史学上のとらえ方の問題である。
English: Although there are currently prevailing opinions, there are no unified views on issues such as what the Kamakura Bakufu was and when it was established.
Japanese: 今日一応の通説があるとはいえ、鎌倉幕府とは何か、その成立時期等についても必ずしも統一された見解がないのが現状である。
English: As Tatsusaburo HAYASHIYA (scholar of Japanese history, professor of Kyoto University) pointed out, to begin with, it is uncertain where the essence of bakufu lies in terms of historical science.
Japanese: それは、京都大学教授の林屋辰三郎が指摘するように、そもそも幕府というものの本質をいずれに置くのか、歴史学上未確定であるところによるとされる。
English: Disputes regarding the Kamakura Bakufu include that of how to regard the relationship between the Imperial Court and the Kamakura bakufu from the standpoint of a nation state in the middle ages times.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府をめぐる論争としては、中世における国家という観点から、朝廷と鎌倉幕府の関係を如何にとらえるかという学術上の論争がある。
English: The prevailing theory is that the medieval Japan was a feudalistic nation based on manor lords centered around the Kamakura Bakufu, so the view that the state centered around the Kamakura Bakufu has become firmly established.
Japanese: 通説では、中世の国家の性格として鎌倉幕府を中心とする在地領主層を基盤とする封建国家、すなわち鎌倉幕府を中心とした国家観が定着している。
English: However, there are the other theories, such as the argument on the governing structure of the powerful family by Toshio KURODA and his allies, which states that the center of the nation state was the Imperial Court and influential families such as kuge, families that own and reside in temples and samurai families complemented each other and formed the nation state, and the theory of the east state founded by Shinichi SATO and his allies, which says that, instead of the above, the nation state was established in fact in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) against Imperial Court in Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)).
Japanese: しかし、あくまで国家の中心は朝廷であり、公家、寺家、そして武家の権門が相互補完しながら国家を形成していたとする黒田俊雄らの権門体制論、そうではなく西国の朝廷に対して東国に事実上の国家を樹立したとする佐藤進一らの東国国家論がある。
English: Today, historians consider Taira clan government to have founded samurai government and politics but there is no doubt that the first full-fledged samurai government independent from the Imperial Court was the Kamakura Bakufu.
Japanese: 今日、歴史学上では初の武家政権及び武家政治の創始は平氏政権にあるとされるが、朝廷から独立した本格的な武家政権が鎌倉幕府であることは間違いない。
English: The Kamakura Bakufu was originally a local government headed by the Kamakura-dono founded in the Tokoku region which presided over the samurai but rapidly developed throughout the nation and expanded its power following the Jokyu War.
Japanese: 当初の鎌倉幕府は東国を中心に成立した鎌倉殿を主宰者とする武士を首班とした地方政権であり、承久の乱後、全国政権へと飛躍し、権力を拡大させたものである。
English: The political, military and economical base was Kanto chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) and Kanto domains which Yoritomo acquired by searching out and destroying the Taira clan and its allies, but the essence was the lower-ranking vassal system whose base was a feudal master-servant relationship between Kamakura-dono and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
Japanese: その政治的基盤及び軍事的・経済的基盤は頼朝が平氏追討などで獲得した関東知行国、関東御領であるが、その本質は鎌倉殿と御家人の封建的主従関係を基礎とする御家人制にある。
English: The lower-ranking vassal system originated from the Shugo and Jito system based on shoen koryo sei (system of public lands and private estates) which was the land system after the Heian period, and it consisted of honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) where gokenin were appointed to Jito of the territory inherited from the ancestor and military service imposed by Kamakura-dono or the service of Kyoto obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto) and Kamakura Banyaku (guards of Kamakura), instead of giving a favor by shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) where Jito was newly given a territory for their deed of valor.
Japanese: この御家人制は平安時代以降の土地制度である荘園公領制に立脚した守護地頭制に由来し、御家人に対して先祖伝来の所領の地頭に任命する本領安堵、また武功に対して新たに地頭に人目し所領を与える新恩給与による御恩を受ける代わりに鎌倉殿の課す軍役や京都大番役、鎌倉番役を課す奉公によって成立している。
English: At the end of Heian period, the Taira clan government centered around TAIRA no Kiyomori was established, but old forces and rival forces harbored strong feelings of animosity and opposition.
Japanese: 平安時代末期、平清盛を中心とする平氏政権が成立していたが、旧勢力や対抗勢力には強い反感・抵抗感があった。
English: The anti-Taira clan movement became active as a result of the Shishigatani plot in 1177 and in 1180, Mochihitoo, the prince of Emperor Goshirakawa, raised an army to hunt down and destroy the Taira clan but, although he was soon defeated, this led to the rising up of forces throughout the nation who advocate opposition against the Taira clan.
Japanese: 1177年の鹿ケ谷の陰謀を嚆矢として、反平氏の動きが活発化し、1180年、後白河天皇の皇子以仁王が平氏追討の兵を挙げ、すぐ討ち取られたものの、これを契機に全国的に反平氏を標榜する勢力が立ち上がっていった。
English: It was to be in these circumstances that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who had been exiled to Izu Province raised an army in August of the same year was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama but while marching from Awa Province, to which he had fled, to Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province, he gained the support of a Taira clan lineage samurai group (Bando-Heishi clan) active throughout the Kanto region.
Japanese: そうした状況の中で、伊豆国に流罪となっていた源頼朝は、同年8月に挙兵し石橋山の戦いで敗れたが、逃亡先の安房国から上総・下総を行軍する間に、関東一円の平氏系の武士団（坂東平氏）らの支持を獲得した。
English: Yoritomo's army became a powerful force within a very short space of time and in October in the same year entered Kamakura - a place associated with his ancestors - and made it his headquarters.
Japanese: 瞬く間に大勢力となった頼朝軍は、同年10月、先祖ゆかりの地である鎌倉へ入り本拠地とした。
English: Yoritomo established the Samurai-dokoro in order to lead Kanto Samurai Groups and he came to be called the Kanto Samurai Group Representative = Kamakura-dono.
Japanese: 頼朝は、関東武士団を統率するための侍所を置き、関東武士団の代表＝鎌倉殿と称されるようになった。
English: Immediately after this, Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan army in the Battle of Fujigawa and focused on the stabilization and management of the Kanto region at the wish of the Kanto Samurai Group which supported him.
Japanese: その直後の富士川の戦いで平氏軍に勝利した頼朝は、自分を支持する関東武士団の意向を受け、関東内部の平定・経営に重点を置くこととした。
English: In July, 1183 MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka expelled the Taira clan from Kyoto, but his forces pressed for the enthronement of Hokuriku no Miya as emperor and committed numerous violent acts within Kyoto.
Japanese: 1183年7月、源義仲が平氏を京都から追放したが、義仲勢力は推戴する北陸宮の天皇即位を迫り、京内で乱暴な行動を重ねた。
English: Concerned by this, Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa requested that Yoritomo come to Kyoto, but instead Yoritomo requested that the issue of the declaration of October in 1183 (Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji) ordering shoen (manors in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) in Tokai-do, Tosan-do and Hokuriku-do to be returned to kokushi (provincial governors) and honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor).
Japanese: これを憂慮した後白河上皇は、頼朝へ上洛を求めたが、頼朝は逆に東海道・東山道・北陸道の荘園・国衙領を元のように国司・本所に返還させる内容の宣旨（寿永二年十月宣旨）の発給を要求した。
English: The Imperial Court capitulated to the majority of Yoritomo's requests with the exception of Hokuriku-do out of consideration for Yoshinaka.
Japanese: 朝廷は、義仲に配慮して北陸道は除いたものの、頼朝の要求をほぼ認めた。
English: It was through this that Yoritomo indirectly secured power over Tokai-do and Tosan-do.
Japanese: これにより、頼朝は東海・東山両道の支配権を間接的ではあるが獲得した。
English: Thus Yoritomo established the right of government over Togoku in reality and in name, and in 1184 he set up the Kumonjo (later Mandokoro) in charge of administration and Monchujo in charge of justice to form actual government.
Japanese: こうして、名実ともに東国の支配権を確立していった頼朝は、1184年、行政を担当する公文所（後の政所）と司法を担当する問注所を置いて、政権の実態を形成していった。
English: At the same time he sent his younger brothers MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to search for and destroy the Taira clan which were destroyed in the Battle of Dan no Ura in 1185, ending the civil war which had lasted for six years.
Japanese: 同時に、頼朝は弟の源範頼・源義経を派遣し、平氏追討に当たらせ、1185年、壇ノ浦の戦いで平氏が滅亡し、6年に渡る内乱が終結した。
English: In the same year, when MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie breached the bylaws of the Yoritomo administration, Yoritomo received an inzen (a decree from the retired emperor) from Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa to seek and destroy both of them and, in the name of this task, had the retired emperor approve his right to appoint and dismiss Shugo and Jito.
Japanese: 同年、源義経・源行家が頼朝政権の内規に違反したことを契機に、頼朝は両者追討の院宣を後白河法皇から獲得するとともに、両者の追捕を名目に、守護・地頭の任免権を承認させた。
English: It was due to this that the Yoritomo administration held the military and police powers throughout the entire country, and it is therefore the prevailing opinion that the bakufu was established during this period.
Japanese: これにより頼朝政権は、全国の軍事権・警察権を掌握したため、この時期をもって幕府成立とする説が有力とされている。
English: Shugo and Jito were given the power of collection for provisions of rice for the army and the control of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and so on, which was the opportunity for Yoritomo administration to expand control over local lands across Japan.
Japanese: 守護・地頭には、兵糧米の徴収権、在庁官人の支配権などが与えられ、これは頼朝政権が全国的に在地支配を拡げる契機となった。
English: The control of local lands by the Yoritomo administration during this time did not excel the traditional control by the great and powerful and the appointment of Jito was limited to territories once held by the Taira clan (Heike Mokkanryo (Land rights confiscated by Kamakura bakufu from the Taira family)).
Japanese: この時の頼朝政権の在地支配は、まだ従来の権門勢家による支配に優越した訳ではなく、地頭の設置も平氏の旧領（平家没官領）に限定されていた。
English: The Yoritomo administration defeated the Oshu Fujiwara clan in the Battle of Oshu in 1189 and took complete control of Togoku.
Japanese: 1189年、頼朝政権は、奥州合戦で奥州藤原氏を滅ぼし、完全に東国を掌握した。
English: In 1190 Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), the highest job of regular military officers, but the post was associated with various political constraints and he therefore soon resigned, hoping to become shogun with the higher degree of freedom that the position afforded.
Japanese: 1190年、頼朝は常設武官の最高職である右近衛大将に補任されたが、同職には様々な政治的制約も付随していたため、すぐに辞し、より自由度の高い征夷大将軍を望むようになった。
English: After Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had opposed this, died in 1192, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo came to be deified by samurai as the originator of a samurai government.
Japanese: これに反対していた後白河上皇が1192年に死去すると、源頼朝は武家政権の始祖として武士に神聖視されることとなる。
English: However, one theory states that the bakufu was formed as a result of victory in the Jokyu War of 1221.
Japanese: ただし、1221年の承久の乱での勝利をもって幕府の成立とする見解もある。
English: The private government acquired legitimacy of its right of control by gaining approval from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: この私的政権は、朝廷から承認されることによって、支配権の正統性を獲得していった。
English: Thus, the extent of the bakufu's control was limited mainly to the samurai under Yoritomo and, in principle, at least until Jokyu War, it did not infringe on the control of Imperial Court forces (the great and powerful).
Japanese: そのため、幕府の支配権の及ぶ範囲は主として頼朝傘下の武士に限られ、少なくとも承久の乱までは朝廷側勢力（権門勢家）の支配権を侵害しないことを原則としていた。
English: The system of bakufu was very different from that of the Imperial Court, and the Kamakura-dono character of a domestic governing institution remained strong.
Japanese: また、幕府機構を見ると、朝廷のそれと大きく異なり、鎌倉殿の家政機関としての性格を色濃く残していた。
English: 1180 - Yoritomo rose an army in Izu Province, to which he had been exiled, in order to seek and destroy the Taira clan (the master-servant relationship between Yoritomo and local samurai was established).
Japanese: 1180年（治承4年）-頼朝が平家追討のため配流先の伊豆国で挙兵する（頼朝と在地武士との主従関係の成立）。
English: 1183 - Yoritomo was approved to have the control of lands indirectly by Imperial Court according to Juei-ninen Jugatsu no Senji.
Japanese: 1183年（寿永2年）-頼朝が寿永二年十月宣旨により朝廷から間接的に土地支配権を認められる。
English: 1184 - Yoritomo established the Kumonjo (later renamed Mandokoro) and Monchujo (the establishment of the system of administration and justice).
Japanese: 1184年（寿永3年）-頼朝が公文所（後に政所と改称）、問注所を設置する（行政・裁判機構の成立）。
English: The same year - Yoritomo received approval from the Imperial Court to appoint Shugo and Jito (the Bunji imperial sanction: the establishment of the military, police and control of lands).
Japanese: 同年…頼朝が朝廷から守護・地頭の設置を認められる（文治の勅許：軍事・警察・土地支配権の確立）。
English: 1189 - Yoritomo defeated MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and the Oshu Fujiwara clan who harbored Yoshitsune (eliminated rival samurai forces by mobilizing samurai throughout the nation).
Japanese: 1189年（文治5年）-頼朝が源義経とこれを匿った奥州藤原氏を滅ぼす（全国の武士を動員し、対抗しうる武家勢力を排除）。
English: 1190 - Yoritomo was appointed Ukone no daisho (the highest rank of military officers in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and given an order relating to security enforcement which consisted of 17 articles (later, Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable)).
Japanese: 1190年（建久元年）-頼朝が右近衛大将（律令制における武官の最高位）に任じられ治安維持に関する17ヶ条に及ぶ命を受ける（後の大犯三ヶ条）。
English: 1192 - Yoritomo was appointed seii taishogun (Heiba no ken (the right of supreme military power over nationwide samurai) was officially approved).
Japanese: 1192年（建久3年）-頼朝が征夷大将軍に任じられる（兵馬の権＝全国の武士に対する軍事指揮権を公認される）。
English: 1221 - The forces mainly consisting of the Hojo clan defeated Emperor Go-Shirakawa's faction (the completion of taking control of the whole of country, especially Saigoku (western part of Japan (especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki) and taking control of Imperial Court).
Japanese: 1221年（承久3年）-北条氏を中心とする軍勢が承久の乱で後鳥羽天皇方を破る（全国特に西国掌握の完了、朝廷の掌握）。
English: Kamakura bakufu is not considered to have been established at one specific time, rather it is the dominant view that the bakufu was gradually established in several stages.
Japanese: なお、鎌倉幕府は、ある一時期をもって成立したと見るのではなく、徐々に数段階を経て成立したとする見解が支配的である。
English: MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu, died suddenly in January 1199.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の確立を成し遂げた源頼朝は、1199年（正治1）1月に突然死去した。
English: It was MINAMOTO no Yoriie, Yoritomo's legitimate child, who was aged 18 at the time, that followed in the footsteps of Yoritomo and became Kamakura-dono.
Japanese: 跡を継いで鎌倉殿となったのは、頼朝の嫡子で当時18歳の源頼家だった。
English: However, the powerful individuals within the bakufu were anxious about entrusting government practices to Yoriie at such a young age and therefore senior vassals established a governing system called the 13-person parliamentary system which was in charge of court and government affairs instead of Yoriie.
Japanese: しかし、幕府の有力者たちは、若年の頼家に政務を任せることに不安を抱き、有力御家人が頼家に代わって裁判と政務を執行する十三人の合議制と呼ばれる政治体制を築いた。
English: The central persons of the parliamentary system were Hojo clan, maternal relatives of Yoriie, and the father and son of Tokimasa HOJO and Yoshitoki HOJO abolished the other senior vassals in sequence (1200: the incident of Kagetoki KAJIWARA, 1203: the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI).
Japanese: この合議制の中心にいたのは頼家の外戚にあたる北条氏であり、北条時政・北条義時父子は他の有力御家人を次々と滅ぼしていった（1200年：梶原景時の変、1203年：比企能員の変）。
English: In 1203 Yoriie became seriously ill, was confined to Shuzen-ji Temple in Izu province by his maternal grandfather Tokimasa and died in 1204, the year after his younger brother MINAMOTO no Sanetomo assumed the position of Kamakura-dono/shogun.
Japanese: 1203年、重病に陥った頼家は、外祖父時政の手により伊豆の修善寺へ幽閉され、弟の源実朝が次の鎌倉殿・将軍位に就くと、翌1204年に死亡した。
English: Tokimasa supported shogun Sanetomo, held a post called Shikken (regent) and had real power in politics.
Japanese: 時政は、将軍実朝を補佐して執権と呼ばれる地位に就き、政治の実権を握っていった。
English: In the following year of 1205, Tokimasa planned to install his adopted son-in-law Tomomasa HIRAGA as shogun, killed Shigetada HATAKEYAMA who had opposed to Tomomasa and tried to depose Sanetomo.
Japanese: 翌1205年、時政は娘婿の平賀朝雅を将軍にしようと画策、朝雅と対立する畠山重忠を殺害し、実朝を廃そうとした。
English: However, Tokimasa's son Yoshitoki and Masako HOJO opposed to this move, collaborated with the senior vassals, forced Tokimasa to retire and eliminated Tomomasa HIRAGA (Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion).
Japanese: しかし、時政の子の義時と北条政子はこの動きに反発し、有力御家人と連帯して、時政を引退させるとともに、平賀朝雅を抹殺した（畠山重忠の乱）。
English: After that Yoshitoki HOJO became Shikken, tried hard to establish the power of Hojo clan, but Yoshimori WADA, Samurai-dokoro betto (the superior of the Board of Retainers), appeared as an opposing force.
Japanese: この後、北条義時が執権となり、北条氏権力の確立に努めたが、侍所別当の和田義盛が対抗勢力として現れた。
English: The continuing armed conflicts of the bakufu culminated in the assassination of shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in January 1219.
Japanese: このように、武力紛争が絶えない幕府の状況は、1219年（承久1）1月の将軍・源実朝の暗殺という最悪の事態に至る。
English: Yoritomo's direct family line died out and the bakufu, concerned by this, requested that the Imperial Court appoint an Imperial Prince shogun, but Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), the Emperor Gotoba refused this and as a result of a series of complicated moves, a Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) infant, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who was distantly related to Yoritomo, was welcomed as a new shogun = Kamakura-dono.
Japanese: 頼朝の直系が断絶し、困惑した幕府は、朝廷へ親王将軍を要望したが、治天の君・後鳥羽天皇はこれを拒否し、曲折の末、頼朝の遠縁に当たる摂関家の幼児藤原頼経が新将軍＝鎌倉殿として迎え入れられた。
English: Retired Emperor Gotoba aimed for autocratic rule as Chiten and despised the existence of the bakufu.
Japanese: 後鳥羽上皇は、治天として専制的な政治を指向し、幕府の存在を疎ましく感じていた。
English: He saw the assassination of Sanetomo as disorder and weakening within the bakufu and planned to defeat it.
Japanese: 実朝の暗殺を幕府の混乱・弱体化と見た後鳥羽は、幕府打倒を計画するようになった。
English: In May 1221, Retired Emperor Gotoba issued the inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) to hunt down and destroy Yoshitoki HOJO.
Japanese: そして、1221年（承久3）5月、後鳥羽は北条義時追討の院宣を発した。
English: Considering the history so far, Gotoba expected that Yoshitoki would soon be killed and that the Kanto Samurai Group would submit, but the bakufu faction called in its favors since the time of Yoritomo and allied with the majority of gokenin.
Japanese: それまでの歴史から後鳥羽は、ほどなく義時が討ち取られ、関東武士たちも帰順すると見込んでいたが、幕府側は、頼朝以来の御恩を訴え、御家人の大多数を味方につけた。
English: They adopted a short decisive battle strategy and defeated the imperial court forces in under two months.
Japanese: そして、短期決戦策を採り、2ヶ月も経たないうちに朝廷軍を打ち破った。
English: The leader, Retired Emperor Gotoba, as well as the retired emperors and imperial princes related to him were sent into exile, while Emperor Chukyo was deposed and many of the nobles and samurai of the imperial faction were executed.
Japanese: 主謀者の後鳥羽上皇、そして後鳥羽の系譜の上皇・皇子が流罪に処せられ、仲恭天皇は退位、朝廷側の貴族・武士も多くが死罪とされた。
English: People of the time were greatly shocked by the state of affairs in which the retired emperor, the emperor and the retainers of the imperial faction, including Chiten no kimi, were punished.
Japanese: 当時の人々は、治天の君をはじめとする朝廷側の上皇・天皇・諸臣が処罰される事態に大きな衝撃を受けた。
English: The prestige of the Imperial Court was in tatters and the bakufu appointed Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) to monitor the Imperial Court and strengthened its governance over the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 朝廷の威信は文字どおり地に落ち、幕府は朝廷監視のために六波羅探題を置き、朝廷に対する支配力を強めることとなる。
English: The Imperial Court subsequently came to ask the opinion of the bakufu when deciding who would be Chiten or Emperor, which meant that the tables had been turned between the bakufu and Imperial Court.
Japanese: これ以降、朝廷は治天・天皇を決定する際は必ず幕府の意向を確認するようになり、幕府と朝廷の立場が逆転したことを物語る。
English: As the founding generation of the bakufu passed away, with Yoshitoki HOJO dying in 1224, and Masako HOJO and Hiromoto OE both passing away in 1225, Yoshitoki's son, Yasutoki HOJO became Shikken.
Japanese: 1224年に北条義時、1225年に北条政子や大江広元といった幕府創業世代が死去し、義時の子北条泰時が執権となった。
English: In order to prevent confusion during the transition of power to the next generation, Yasutoki appointed his uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, as rensho (assistant to the shikken), established the hyojoshu - a consulting institution for making political decisions - and founded the collective leadership system.
Japanese: 泰時は、世代交代期の混乱を防ぐため、叔父の北条時房を執権の補佐役といえる連署に当てるとともに、政治意思決定の合議機関である評定衆を設置し、集団指導体制を布いた。
English: After the Jokyu War, Yasutoki established clear judicial criteria in order to fairly handle the rapidly increasing lawsuits.
Japanese: 承久の乱後、急増した訴訟事件を公平に処理するため、泰時は明確な裁判基準を定めることとした。
English: This was a legal code (Bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government)) called Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) and was praised as a simple yet practical decree.
Japanese: これが御成敗式目と呼ばれる法典（武家法）であり、平易で実際的な法令と評価されている。
English: Also, Yasutoki emphasized it did not interfere with the legal jurisdiction of the Imperial Court when establishing the code.
Japanese: また、泰時は、式目制定に当たって、朝廷の司法権を侵害するものでないことを強調している。
English: The Kamakura Bakufu largely depended on the personal character of the Kamakura-dono and the organization only developed to become a domestic governing institution of the Kamakura-dono.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府は、頼朝以来、鎌倉殿の個人的な資質に依拠するところが大きく、その組織も鎌倉殿の家政機関を発展させただけのものだった。
English: However, the judicial system by collective leadership system and clear codes established by Yasutoki was not determined by unstable factors such as a personal character, and gave rise to stable political results.
Japanese: しかし、泰時が確立した集団指導体制・明確な法令による司法体制は、個人的な資質などの不安定な要素に左右されることはなく、安定した政治結果を生み出すものだった。
English: Yasutoki focused on the reinforcement of the judicial system and in 1249 he appointed a Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) to make the courts fair.
Japanese: 時頼は、司法制度の充実に力を注ぎ、1249年、裁判の公平化のため、引付衆を設置した。
English: In 1246, Tokiyori expelled a group of the former shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune and Mitsutoki NAGOE from the bakufu because they attempted to eliminate Tokiyori (Miya-sodo (failed attempt at rebellion)) and in 1247 he eradicated the family of Yasumura MIURA who was a senior vassal (Battle of Hoji).
Japanese: 1246年、時頼排除を企てた前将軍・藤原頼経と名越光時一派を幕府から追放する（宮騒動）と、1247年には有力御家人である三浦泰村の一族を討滅した（宝治合戦）。
English: In 1252 FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu, who played a part in a rebellion against the bakufu, was deposed and Tokiyori successfully welcomed Imperial Prince Munetaka as new shogun in his place.
Japanese: 1252年、幕府への謀叛に荷担した将軍藤原頼嗣が廃され、代わりに宗尊親王を新将軍として迎えることに成功した。
English: Following this, successive generations of Imperial Prince shogun (miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court)) was welcomed but generally did not participate in bakufu politics.
Japanese: これ以後、親王将軍（宮将軍）が代々迎えられ、親王将軍は幕府の政治に参与しないことが通例となった。
English: It was due to this that the Hojo clan which had come to strengthen its autocratic rule under Imperial Prince shogun conferred most of its power the power on Muneie HOJO.
Japanese: こうして、親王将軍の下で専制を強めていった北条氏は、権力を北条宗家へ集中させていった。
English: Because of illness, Tokiyori ceded the position of shikken to Nagatoki HOJO, member of a branch of the Hojo clan, but he continued to hold the real power.
Japanese: 時頼は、病のため執権職を北条氏支流の北条長時に譲ったが、実権を握り続けた。
English: Because Muneie HOJO was called Tokuso at the time, the above political system is referred to as the Tokuso autocracy.
Japanese: 北条宗家を当時、得宗（徳宗）と呼んだことから、上記の政治体制を得宗専制という。
English: Around 1268 when Tokimune became Tokuso, Kublai (the 5th Khan of the Mongol Empire) demanded that tributes be brought via Goryeo.
Japanese: 時宗が得宗となった前後の1268年、モンゴル帝国第5代大ハーンのクビライが高麗を通して朝貢を要求してきた。
English: The Imperial Court entrusted the matter to the bakufu which decided not to respond but instead strengthened the defense of Saigoku.
Japanese: 朝廷は対応を幕府へ一任し、幕府は回答しないことを決定、西国の防御を固めることとした。
English: Sovereign messages from Mongol arrived in 1269 and 1271 and Imperial Court suggested replying, but the bakufu chose to ignore them following the original policy (indicating that diplomatic powers were also held by the bakufu).
Japanese: 1269年と1271年にもモンゴルから国書が届き、朝廷は返書送付を提案したが、幕府は当初の方針どおり黙殺を選んだ（外交権も幕府が握っていたことを表す）。
English: The Yuan Dynasty which developed from the Mongol empire, attacked northern Kyushu in October 1274, but retreated after a few days (today, there is little credibility to the account that the reason for the retreat of the Yuan army during the Bunei War was a severe storm, the kamikaze (divine wind), and it is considered that the main reason for the attack was a reconnaissance of military strength).
Japanese: モンゴルから国号を改めた元(王朝)は、1274年（文永11）10月に九州北部を襲撃したが、数日で撤退した（今日では、文永の役における元軍の撤退理由が暴風雨、いわゆる神風が吹いたためとする説は信憑性が低いとされ、威力偵察が主目的であったとされる）。