nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After the conquest and siege of Odawara, due to his refusal to change the territory from Owari Province to Suruga Province, Nobukatsu's territory was confiscated, then he was exiled to Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: そして小田原征伐後、信雄は尾張国から駿河国への移封を拒絶したため、信雄は所領を没収され、下野国に流罪とされてしまった。
English: In 1600, since Nobukatsu took the side of Toyotomi at the Battle of Sekigahara, his territory was confiscated after the battle.
Japanese: 1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで信雄は西軍に与したため、戦後に改易された。
English: But with the reason he was a son of Nobunaga, Nobukatsu was given 50,000 koku in total in Yamato Province and Kozuke Province.
Japanese: しかしその後、信長の子であるという所以から徳川家康の計らいにより、大和国と上野国両国内に合わせて5万石を与えられた。
English: During this time, with the meritorious deed at the Battle of Sekigahara, Takaharu FUKUSHIMA moved in from Nagashima, Ise Province with the added crop yields approximately 30,000 koku as the local lord instead of Nobukatsu.
Japanese: この間、関ヶ原の戦いの功績により福島高晴が3万石余で伊勢国長島から加増転封されて入る。
English: But Takaharu was punished by being deprived of his rank or fief due to the suspicion of secret communication with Toyotomi clan in the Summer Siege of Osaka in 1615, and Nobukatsu reentered Yamato Province and Kozuke Province.
Japanese: 1615年の大坂夏の陣で豊臣氏に内通した嫌疑をかけられて改易され、信雄が再び入封する。
English: After Nobukatsu gave his territory in Kozuke Province to his forth son Nobuyoshi ODA, he began to rule Yamato Province which produced 28,000 koku.
Japanese: 信雄は、上野の領地を四男の織田信良に与え、自身は大和2万8000石を領した。
English: Although the succession to family headship to Nobuyasu ODA (the son of Nobutake) was admitted because of the highly respected blood line of Nobunaga, Oda clan was forced to reduce their territory crop to 20,000 koku and change their territory to Kaibara Domain of Tanba Province.
Japanese: 信長の血統であるということを重んじられて、信武の子・織田信休への家督相続こそ認められたが、所領を2万石に減らされた上で丹波国丹波柏原藩へ減移封。
English: Koga-ryu (or Koka-ryu) is the most famous school of ninjutsu (ninja technique) along with Iga-ryu, but it is the name that refers to collectively the schools originating from the Koka region in Omi Province and the school named "Koga-ryu" did not exist.
Japanese: 甲賀流（こうかりゅう、こうがりゅう）とは、伊賀流と並んで最も有名な流派の忍術であるが、近江国甲賀の地に伝わっていた忍術流派の総称で「甲賀流」という名称の流派が存在したのではない。
English: Koga, originally pronounced "Koka," is a toponym, but only when referring to the ninjutsu, the mistakenly pronounced "Koga" has become common.
Japanese: 甲賀は本来「こうか」と読み、地名に因る名称であるが、忍術に関してのみ「こうが」との誤読が一般的となっている。
English: The people of Koga-ryu were usually engaged in farming or peddling to collect information in various places and, once called, they went to the war fronts or the rear of the battlefields to engage in espionage.
Japanese: 普段は農業をしたり、行商をしたりして各地の情報を探る一方、指令が下ると戦場やその後方へ出向き、工作活動に励んだ。
English: Koga-ryu was highly skilled at dealing with medicine among the ninjutsu schools, a vestige of which can be seen in the fact that many pharmaceutical companies are located in Koka even today.
Japanese: 忍術の流派の中でも薬の扱いに長けており、その名残として甲賀には今も製薬会社が多い。
English: Though Koga belonged to the Rokkaku clan, it formed a soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association), in which all issues were decided and managed by majority (council system).
Japanese: 甲賀は六角氏の傘下に属しながらも「惣村」(そう)を形成し、郡に関わる全ての案件を多数決によって決定（合議制）・運営するなどしていた。
English: In the late Muromachi period, the Sasaki Rokkaku clan of Omi Province steadily built up the military force with the Kannonji-jo Castle as their headquarter and started to take light of the orders from the Ashikaga shogunate or even ignore them, therefore Shogun Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA sent an army to subjugate the Rokkaku clan in 1487 and a battle broke out.
Japanese: 室町時代後期、観音寺城に本拠を構える近江佐々木六角氏が着々と力を蓄え、足利幕府の命令を軽視あるいは無視し始めたことから、1487年に将軍足利義尚がこれを征討するために軍を発し、六角勢との間に戦いが行われた。
English: When Yoshihisa mobilized daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from various provinces and got close to the Kannonji-jo Castle, the headquarter of the Rokkaku clan, the father and the son Hisayori and Takayori Rokkaku moved to the Koka-jo Castle to avoid a direct confrontation.
Japanese: 義尚が諸国の大名を動員して六角氏の本拠観音寺城に迫ると、六角久頼・六角高頼父子は直接対決を避けて甲賀城に移動した。
English: Then, Yoshihisa moved the headquarter to Magari no Anyo-ji Temple located in Kurita-gun County and attacked the Koka-jo Castle, and the Koka-jo Castle fell, but the father and the son Rokkaku escaped and ordered the Koga warriors who followed them to resist adamantly against Ashikaga by guerrilla warfare in the mountains.
Japanese: そこで義尚は本陣を栗太郡に位置する鈎の安養寺へ移し、甲賀城を攻めてこれを落城させるのだが、脱出した六角父子は配下の甲賀武士達に命じ、山中でゲリラを展開して頑強に抵抗した。
English: It is said that Koga warriors took a geographical advantage in the mountains to make various surprise attacks against the bakufu army and tormented them by using fire and smoke on Yoshihisa's headquarters during the night.
Japanese: 甲賀武士達は山中でその地の利を生かしてさまざまな奇襲をかけ、また時には夜陰に義尚の本陣に迫って火や煙を放つなど、さんざん幕府軍を苦しめたという。
English: So, the battle did not easily end, but the death of Yoshihisa in battle in 1489 marked the end of the three-year conflict, and the Rokkaku clan survived.
Japanese: そのためなかなか決着はつかず、1489年には義尚が陣中に没したため、足かけ3年にわたった戦いは終結、六角氏は生き残った。
English: The name of Koga warriors became well-known throughout the country because their elusive and effective guerrilla warfare and high combat ability in this battle were so impressive.
Japanese: この時の神出鬼没のゲリラ戦やその高い戦闘力の印象が、甲賀武士達を全国に知らしめることになったのである。
English: The 53 families of jizamurai (literally, soldiers of the land) that participated in this battle were called the "53 families of Koga" (among them, the families which received a letter of commendation from the Rokkaku clan for taking part in the battle and were valued were called the "21 families of Koga") and they were active in both intelligence and fighting activities under the Rokkaku clan until the Koka region was seized by Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: そして、この戦いに参加した五十三家の地侍達を「甲賀五十三家」と呼び（さらに五十三家の中で六角氏より感状を貰い重きを置かれた家を「甲賀二十一家」と称した）、甲賀の地が織田信長に席巻されるまでの間、六角氏の下で諜報活動に戦闘にと活躍していった。
English: After the Koka region fell under the control of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from Nobunaga ODA, the Koga warriors were mainly missioned to spy on Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: その後、甲賀の地が織田信長を経て豊臣秀吉の支配下に入ると、甲賀武士達は徳川家康の監視活動を主な任務に命じられる。
English: This fact was featured in storytellings or Yomihon (books for reading) in the Edo period, in the form of "Iga ninja force versus Koga ninja force" stories.
Japanese: このことは江戸時代になって、「伊賀忍軍対甲賀忍軍」という形で講談や読本の題材となった。
English: Actually it was a war by proxy between Tokugawa and Toyotomi, but because of this the confrontation plot of "Iga vs. Koga" often appears in novels or ninja cartoons even today.
Japanese: 実際には徳川と豊臣との代理戦争だったわけであるが、今日でもよく、「伊賀対甲賀」という構図が小説や忍者漫画に出てくるのもこのためと言えよう。
English: The former residence of the Koga Mochizuki clan (Omi Province), the leader of the 53 Families of Koga is extant as Koga-ryu Ninjutsu Yashiki at 2331 Ryuboshi, Konan-cho, Koka City (which is different from Koga-no-sato Ninjutsu-mura [Koga Ninja Village]).
Japanese: 甲賀市甲南町竜法師2331番地に、甲賀五十三家の筆頭格であった望月氏甲賀望月氏（近江国）の旧居が甲賀流忍術屋敷として残る（「甲賀の里忍術村」とは別）。
English: The residence built during the Genroku era (from 1688 to 1703) looked like an ordinary farmer's house, but the inside has traps such as rope ladders, pitfalls, revolving doors and underground passages.
Japanese: 元禄年間建造の屋敷は、一見普通の農家だが、内部には縄梯子・落とし穴・回転戸・地下道などが仕掛けられている。
English: Yagyu Domain was the ruler of Yagyu-go Village, Sonokami no kori County, Yamato Province (modern day Yagyu District, Nara City).
Japanese: 柳生藩（やぎゅうはん）は、大和国添上郡柳生郷（現奈良市柳生地区）を治めた藩。
English: Although, it was a small domain with the crop yields of 10,000 koku, the lords of the Yagyu clan always carried weight as an instructor of swordplay in the Shogun family for generations.
Japanese: 石高1万石程度の小藩であったが、藩主の柳生氏は代々将軍家の剣術指南役として幕閣に重きをなした。
English: After Munenori YAGYU's death (the forefather of the domain), because the territory of 12,500 koku was divided into 8,300 koku for the well known Mitsuyoshi YAGYU (Jubei) the first son, 4,000 koku for Munefuyu YAGYU the third son and 2,000 koku for Retsudo Gisen, the Yagyu clan became hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from daimyo (Japanese feudal lord).
Japanese: 藩祖である柳生宗矩の死後、1万2500石の所領は、有名な長男の柳生三巌（十兵衛）に8300石、三男の柳生宗冬に4000石、四男の六丸（列堂義仙）に200石、と分知されたため、柳生氏は大名から旗本となった。
English: After Mitsuyoshi's death, Munefuyu became the successor to the Yagyu clan and inherited the property (but returned 4,000 koku to bakufu).
Japanese: 三巌の死後、宗冬がその家督と遺領を引き継いだ（4000石は幕府に返上）。
English: In 1668, having another 1,700 koku added, Yagyu clan returned to the position of daimyo with the 10,000 koku.
Japanese: さらに寛文8年（1668年）1700石を加増され、1万石を領する大名に復帰する。
English: Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (law on the emperor and the court nobles) was proclaimed by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to establish its relationships with the emperor and the court nobles.
Japanese: 禁中並公家諸法度（きんちゅうならびにくげしょはっと）とは、江戸幕府が、天皇及び公家に対する関係を確立するために定めた法令である。
English: On September 9, 1615, the law was promulgated over the joint signature of the three persons of the retired shogun Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the second shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA, and the former chief adviser to the emperor Akizane NIJO.
Japanese: 慶長20年7月17日(旧暦)（1615年9月9日）、二条城において大御所（前将軍）・徳川家康、征夷大将軍（二代）・徳川秀忠、前関白・二条昭実の3名の連署をもって公布された。
English: Prior to having enacted this law, 'Kugeshu hatto,' 'Jiin shohatto,' and 'Daitokuji myoshinjito shoji nyuin hatto' had already been promulgated but the basic policy that also targeted for the emperor had been completed with 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto.'
Japanese: この法度の制定に先立ち、慶長18年6月16日(旧暦)（1613年8月2日）には、「公家衆法度」「寺院諸法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」を定めていたが、この法度によって、さらに天皇までを包含する基本方針を確立した。
English: By this law, the bakufu secured the grounds for legally regulating the act of the imperial court and the law defined the relationships between the imperial court and the bakufu throughout the Edo period.
Japanese: 以後、この法度によって幕府は朝廷の行動を制約する法的根拠を得て、江戸時代の公武関係を規定するものとなった。
English: On January 8, 1632, 'Wakakugeshu hatto' was enacted under the leadership of the then retired Emperor Gomizunoo.
Japanese: また、寛永8年11月17日_(旧暦)には当時の後水尾上皇主導で「若公家衆法度」が制定された。
English: Wakakugeshu hatto', which was compiled to rectify the young court nobles' morals, promoted the restoration of the imperial events and ceremonies and also tightened the control of the court nobles, turned out to complement 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' although the bakufu merely indirectly took part in the enactment of 'Wakakugeshu hatto.'
Japanese: この制定には幕府は間接的な関与しか行わなかったが、青年公家の風紀の粛正を目的とし、朝廷行事の復興の促進とともに公家の統制を一層進める事となり、禁中並公家諸法度を補完するものとなった。
English: Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' consists of 17 Articles, which were not revised until the end of the Edo period, unlike 'Buke shohatto' (Laws for the Military Houses).
Japanese: 全文は17条からなり、その内容は武家諸法度と異なり、幕末まで変わらなかった。
English: Articles 1 to 12 are regulations what the Imperial family and the court nobles should have observed; and Articles 13 to the end are regulations on the official court rank of monks.
Japanese: 1～12条が天皇家および公家が厳守すべき諸規定、13条以下が僧の官位についての諸規定。
English: Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' is concluded with the sentence 'the above-mentioned things should be observed.'
Japanese: 最後に「可被相守此旨者也」（このむねをあいまもらるべきものなり）と書かれている。
English: The original book was burnt in the fire at the Imperial Palace on February 14, 1661 but recovered on the basis of a duplicate, and there are also some copies made by the court nobles remaining; however, it should be treated with caution as some of the extant books have several differences in words and phrases.
Japanese: ただし、原本は万治4年1月15日_(旧暦)（1661年2月14日）の御所火災で焼失し、その後副本を元にして復元され、また公家などの写本もいくつも存在するものの、現存する本によって細かい語句などで違いがある事に留意の必要がある。
English: Those who are the members of Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) but do not have the necessary talents and abilities should not be appointed any of the three ministers (the Grand Minister, the Minister of the left, and the Minister of the right) and Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor).
Japanese: 摂関家の生まれであっても才能のないものが、三公（太政大臣、左大臣、右大臣）・摂政・関白に任命される事があってはならない。
English: 一　関白、伝奏並ニ奉行職事等申渡ス儀、堂上地下ノ輩相背クニ於テハ流罪トナスベキ事。
Japanese: 一　関白、伝奏並ニ奉行職事等申渡ス儀、堂上地下ノ輩相背クニ於テハ流罪トナスベキ事。
English: If the court noble from the Tosho family or the Jige family does not obey the order given by the regent, the Imperial officials in charge of communication between the bakufu and the court, or magistrates, he should be exiled.
Japanese: 関白・武家伝奏・奉行職が申し渡した命令に堂上家・地下家の公家が従わないことがあれば流罪にするべきである。
English: 近年猥リニ勅許ノ事、且ツハ臈次ヲ乱シ、且ツハ官寺ヲ汚シ、甚ダ然ルベカラズ。
Japanese: 近年猥リニ勅許ノ事、且ツハ臈次ヲ乱シ、且ツハ官寺ヲ汚シ、甚ダ然ルベカラズ。
English: 向後ニ於テハ、其ノ器用ヲ撰ビ、戒臈相積ミ智者ノ聞ヘ有ラバ、入院ノ儀申シ沙汰有ルベキ事。
Japanese: 向後ニ於テハ、其ノ器用ヲ撰ビ、戒臈相積ミ智者ノ聞ヘ有ラバ、入院ノ儀申シ沙汰有ルベキ事。
English: But recently, the emperor has indiscriminately permitted them and the precedence of the chief priests who are to be allowed to wear the purple robe is confused, which causes the serious matter such as corruption of the official temples.
Japanese: がしかし、近年は乱れた勅許が（紫衣の）席次を乱し、しかも寺院の名を汚すことは大変よろしくない事である。
English: From now on, talents and abilities of the chief priest for the purple robe should be examined and only those who deserves should be allowed to wear the purple robe.
Japanese: 今後は（紫衣を許された住職の能力を以て）紫衣を与えるべきかどうかを良く選別し、その住職が紫衣を与えるに相応しい住職である事が分かれば紫衣を与えるべきである。
English: This is because that is the first law to stipulate regulations for the emperor as shown in Article 1.
Japanese: それは、第1条において天皇（天子）に関する規定がもうけられた初の法だからである。
English: Before this law, the emperor was treated as an entity transcending the law; therefore, no provision concerning the emperor had existed not only in Buke ho (Samurai laws) but also in any law made by the Kuge (court nobles) Government including the Taiho Ritsuryo and Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period).
Japanese: この法度の以前においては天子は法を越える存在であるとされ、武家法には勿論のこと、大宝律令・養老律令をはじめとする公家政権の法制においても天子に関する条文は存在しなかった。
English: On the other hand, it had been considered essential for the emperor to pursue learning from the ancient times, which was needless to be defined in the Ritsuryo law.
Japanese: その反面、天皇が学問に励む事自体は古来より律令法に定められるまでもなく必要不可欠な事とされていた。
English: That was made into a statutory law as a duty of the emperor in Article 1, which means that the article 'stipulates' that the emperor did not have the authority to hold the reins of government in fact, which should have been the essential duty of the emperor.
Japanese: それをあえて成文法化して天皇の職務として規定した事は裏を返せば、君主である天皇本来の職務でありながら同条において何ら規定されていない大政に関する権限を有していない事を「法」として規定したものであるとも言える。
English: Having met the requirements for the court noble law under the joint signature of the chief adviser to the emperor, the law became the legal basis for 'delegating the administration of the country' to the Edo bakufu, which had the real authority to enact the law.
Japanese: これに関白が連署して公家法としての要件を得る事によってこの法度の実際の制定権力である江戸幕府への「大政委任」の法的根拠を与えたといえる。
English: Practical analysis of the law shows that it does not contain any provision for directly controlling the imperial court, although it defines the relationships between the imperial court and the bakufu including the status of buke tenso (liaison officers between the imperial court and the military government) and gave the legal basis for delegating the administration of the country to the bakufu.
Japanese: また、この法度を実際に分析すると武家伝奏の位置付けなど朝幕関係のあり方を規定し、幕府への大政委任に法的根拠を与えた事は事実であるが、直接的に朝廷の統制を目的とした条文は存在していない。
English: This law was applied to all the classes which were appointed by the imperial court and the bakufu including 'samurai families' which were to be appointed the official court rank for samurai under the command of seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") that is delegated the administration of the country, and 'Buddhist monks' who were to be appointed the official rank for Sokan (official positions given to Buddhist priests by Imperial Court).
Japanese: そもそもこの法度の対象に含まれるのは、大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍の指揮下に置かれて自身も武家官位の任命対象である「武家」や僧官の任命対象である「僧侶」など、朝廷と将軍によって任官された全ての身分が拘束されるものである。
English: Besides, the new stipulations except for those about the relationships between the imperial court and the bakufu are mostly about the issues which had led confusion in the imperial court including precedence of the imperial court.
Japanese: 更に、新規に定められたものは朝幕関係規定以外は宮中座次など、むしろ朝廷内部で紛糾していた問題に関連する部分が多い。
English: It can also be said that the Edo bakufu showed an attitude of cooperation to restore order of the imperial court and the court noble society which had once almost broken up in the confusion during the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の混乱期に一旦は解体しかけた朝廷及び公家社会の秩序回復に、江戸幕府が協力する姿勢を示したものとも言える。
English: Historically, this case is similar to the fact that the Kamakura bakufu presented the principle of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) to the imperial court which was split over the issue of the succession to the throne. (The issues regarded as questionable on that are also common to which were difficult issues even for the authority of the bakufu to settle and arose discussions later such as the Shie Incident and the Songo Incident.)
Japanese: これは歴史上で見れば、鎌倉時代に皇位継承で朝廷内が紛糾した際に鎌倉幕府が両統迭立原則を呈示して仲裁にあたった事例に近い性質のものである（ここで問題とされたものは、後に紫衣事件や尊号一件などで再び議論が持ち上がったものばかりで、幕府権力をもってしても困難な課題であった事も共通している）。
English: In other words, that was the law to establish order for the court nobles, the samurai families, and Buddhist monks to serve the emperor and seii taishogun that was delegated the administration of the country by the emperor.
Japanese: つまり、公家・武家・僧侶が天皇及びその大政委任を受けた征夷大将軍に仕えるための秩序作りのための法度であったのである。
English: The Edo bakufu restored the order of the imperial court and the court noble society by recording the territories of the court nobles in November 1600, the next month of the Battle of Sekigahara, and by defining chigyo (enfeoffment) including the imperial property against nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a womwan of comparable standing), Miyake (the house of an imperial prince), the court nobles, and monzeki (temple formerly led by founder of sect, temple in which resided a member of nobility or imperial family) in the next year.
Japanese: 江戸幕府による朝廷及び公家社会の秩序回復については、関ヶ原の戦いの翌月（慶長5年（1600年）10月(旧暦)）に、公家領の録上を行い、翌年には禁裏御料をはじめとして女院・宮家・公家・門跡に対する知行の確定を行っている。
English: Subsequently, the bakufu reorganized the system of government officials from the Jige families (for example, the bakufu made the Suino Hirata family control the Kurodogata) and 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto' is considered to be a part of the reorganization.
Japanese: 続いて、地下家官人制度の再編成を行っており（出納平田家による蔵人方統率など）、禁中並公家諸法度もその流れの一環として位置づけられる。
English: It is needless to say that the bakufu, which was delegated the administration of the country by 'Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto,' undoubtedly secured the power to interfere and control the imperial court.
Japanese: 勿論、禁中並公家諸法度によって大政を委任された幕府が朝廷に内部に干渉し、これを統制する権限を得た事は間違いない。
English: The laws which were practically used in controlling the imperial court were, for example, 'Kugeshu-hatto' (the laws for court nobles) and 'Wakakugeshu hatto' as the laws about daily life; the former was enacted for reconfirming the court noble laws during the reign of the Toyotomi government due to a great scandal called the Inokuma Incident, and the latter was promoted by the retired Emperor Gomizunoo.
Japanese: 実際に朝廷統制に用いられた法度としては、生活面においては「公家衆法度」や「若公家衆法度」などがあるが、前者は猪熊事件という一大醜聞が起きたために豊臣政権時代の公家法令の再確認という意味があり、後者は後水尾上皇がその促進者であった。
English: The Edo bakufu eventually embarked on the full-fledged control over the imperial court administration on August 21, 1630 when emperor Gomizunoo abdicated the throne, with the memorandum consisting of 15 Articles issued by the retired shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA, who was a maternal grandfather of the new Emperor Meisho.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が本格的な朝廷政治の統制に踏み切ったのは寛永7年7月13日_(旧暦)に後水尾天皇退位を受けて大御所徳川秀忠（新帝明正天皇外祖父）より出された15ヶ条からなる覚書が最初であるとされている。
English: This memorandum included the rules that the emperor should make a precedent of the retired Emperor Goyozei who did not rule as the cloistered emperor (denial of a cloister government) and that the council system operated by the heads of Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku) should be virtually the supreme decision-making body of the imperial court ("Tobujitsuroku").
Japanese: この中には院政を行わなかった後陽成上皇を先例とする（院政の否定）事、五摂家当主による合議制を事実上の朝廷の最高意思決定機関とする事などを取り決めた（『東武実録』）。
English: It was after this period that the Edo bakufu tightened up the control over the imperial court explicitly and implicitly.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が朝廷に対する公然あるいは非公然な統制を強めるのはこれ以後の事である。
English: In general and through out history a kingdoms subjects maintained the concept that all men were barred from a 'Kokyu Palace'; yet, that image was not applied in all Japanese Kokyu palace situations.
Japanese: 一般的に、後宮は男子禁制というイメージがあるが、日本では必ずしもそうではなかった。
English: For example, a book written in the middle Heian period, "Genji Monogatari" (The Tale of Genji), illustrated the presence of male family members and close male acquaintances (nobles, aristocrats) frequently visiting ladies of the court in Kokyu palace.
Japanese: 平安時代中期に書かれた『源氏物語』を読めば分かるように家族や親しい人間（貴族）は、頻繁に出入りしていたこともあった。
English: However, the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) of Edo castle was completely closed to all men and, except in case of an emergency, such as fire, male visitors were extremely limited.
Japanese: ただし江戸城大奥は、完全な男性禁制の場であり、火事など緊急時以外の男性の出入りは厳しく制限された。
English: Still, the Kokyu palaces in the Islamic dynasties such as Ottoman Empire and Chinese dynasties were forbidden to men's admittance.
Japanese: 男子禁制をとっているのはオスマン帝国などのイスラム諸王朝や中国などであった。
English: In contrast, the court ladies, also called Kyujin, were developed to maintain the internal order of the Kokyu palaces instead of the castrated eunuches in Japan.
Japanese: これにたいして日本では宦官は置かれずに宮人とも呼ばれる女官が発達して女性達によって秩序が維持された。
English: It is well known that during the Heian period high ranking court ladies, called nyobo (court ladies), created an excellent form of court literature (for example, "Genji Monogatari" [The Tale of Genji]).
Japanese: 平安時代には女房と呼ばれる高級女官が優れた宮廷文学（『源氏物語』もその一つ）を生み出した事はよく知られている。
English: Additionally, the harem signified the Kokyu palace is based upon the Ottoman Empire which Kokyu palace was called harem.
Japanese: また、後宮を意味するハレム（harem）は、オスマン帝国の後宮がそう呼ばれていたところからきている。
English: The Kokyu palaces of the Imperial court in China functioned as a place to have a domestic life for the emperor, and to live for his empress and the hihin (princess, noble's concubine, and court ladies) in the shared living environment.
Japanese: 中国で後宮とは宮廷内で天子が家庭生活を営む場所であり、また皇后以下、妃嬪が暮らす場所でもあった。
English: Additionally, most court ladies and the attending eunuchs lived in Kokyu palaces and engaged in the routine work duties of a Kokyu palace.
Japanese: その他、後宮には多くの女官や宦官たちが暮らし、後宮内での職務に従事した。
English: Under the Tang Dynasty system, rankings and service titles in a Kokyu palace were organized into three departments: Naikan, Kyukan, and Naishi Sho.
Japanese: 唐代の制度では、後宮の職官は、内官・宮官・内侍省の3部門で構成されていた。
English: Second, there were nine mistresses (Zhaoyi [昭儀], Zhaorong [昭容], Zhaoyuan [昭媛], Xiuyi [修儀], Xiurong [修容], Xiuyuan [修媛], Chongyi [充儀], Chongrong [充容], and Chongyuan [充媛]: Second grade ranking).
Japanese: 九嬪（昭儀、昭容、昭媛、修儀、修容、修媛、充儀、充容、充媛。正二品）。
English: The Kyukan was further divided into six job titles (六尚, "liu-shang" in Chinese) and the pursuant job duties: Shang-kung (尚宮, Services related to General affairs), Shangyi (尚儀, Services related to Manner & Etiquette and Music), Shang-fu (尚服, Services related to Clothing), Shang-shih (尚食, Services related to Foods and Beverages), Shang-chin (尚寝, Services related to Housing and Living) and Shang-kung (尚功, Services related to Arts and Crafts).
Japanese: 尚宮（総務的な仕事）・尚儀（礼楽に携わる）・尚服（衣服に携わる）・尚食（食事に携わる）・尚寝（居住空間に携わる）・尚功（工芸に携わる）の六尚に分けられて職務に従事した。
English: According to "Keikoku Taiten" ("Gyeongguk daejeon" in Korean, a Complete Code of Laws), naikan in the Yi Dynasty of Korea was organized in the following way: Pin (嬪, a first grade ranking), Kui-in (貴人, the associated first grade ranking), Soi (昭儀, a second grade ranking), Sugi (淑儀, the associated second grade ranking), Soyon (昭容, a third grade ranking), Sugyon (淑容, the associated third grade ranking), Sowon (昭媛, a forth grade ranking) and Suguon (淑媛, the associated forth grade ranking).
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮における内官は、『経国大典』によると嬪（、ピン、正一品）・貴人（、クィイン、従一品）・昭儀（、ソイ、正二品）・淑儀（、スギ、従二品）・昭容（、ソヨン、正三品）・淑容（、スギョン、従三品）・昭媛（、ソウォン、正四品）・淑媛（、スグォン、従四品）などであった。