nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The lenient treatment policy advocates, Takayoshi KIDO, Yodo YAMAUCHI, and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, were surprised to hear to the modified policy of Saigo, conversion from hardliner, and advocating sparing the life of Yoshinobu.
Japanese: 強硬論者だった西郷が慶喜助命に転じたことは、木戸孝允・山内容堂・松平春嶽ら寛典論派にも驚きをもって迎えられた。
English: Iwakura demanded the following items: that Yoshinobu should present himself before the grand government's general to offer his personal apology; that the Tokugawa family line would be allowed to continue, once Iesato TOKUGAWA (the child of Yoshinori TOKUGAWA) became successor; but the Tokugawa family should be relocated to either the northern or southern provinces; within a territory having a area of between 700,000 koku (with approximately 126 million liters of crop yield) to 500,000 koku (with approximately 90,000,000 liters of crop yield).
Japanese: 慶喜自ら総督府に出頭して謝罪すること、徳川家は徳川家達（徳川慶頼の子）に相続させるが、北国もしくは西国に移して石高は70万石ないし50万石とすることなどを要求した。
English: The condition of Article Number Two; Katsu's suggestion of the immediate return of Edo-jo Castle to the Tayasu family was rejected; this decision was left to the Dai Sotoku (the commander of the temporary army).
Japanese: 第二条に関しても、田安家に江戸城を即刻返すという勝案は却下されたものの、大総督に一任されることになった。
English: The new government was to receive everything from the Tokugawa family, then should it become necessary, reissue the weapons and ships to the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: いったん新政府軍が接収した後に改めて徳川家に入用の分を下げ渡すことになった。
English: Sanjo adamantly persisted in his demand for specific punishment; this was the execution of Katamori MATSUDAIRA and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 特に松平容保・松平定敬の両人に対しては、はっきり死罪を求める厳しい要求を主張した。
English: After all, the new government had revised its punishment for the Tokugawa supporters in the Aizu and Kuwana domains; the new government would dispatch a military force for 'the accusation,' once there, a battle would be avoided if the two domains would surrender; then the new government would engage and conquer the domains, should the domains engage in a counter attack upon the new government.
Japanese: 結局は会津・桑名に対して問罪の軍兵を派遣し、降伏すればよし、抗戦した場合は速やかに討伐すると修正された。
English: Ohara dispatched, the Navy associated staff officer, Yoshitake SHIMA (a feudal retainer of the Saga clan), to demand the handing over of all warships.
Japanese: 附属参謀島義勇（佐賀藩士）を派遣して徳川家軍艦の引き渡しを要求した。
English: However, Katsu refused this demand, reasoning that the Tokugawa family had not yet been officially charged.
Japanese: しかし、勝は未だ徳川処分が決定していないことを理由にこれを拒否している。
English: Therefore, he had no intention in compromising with any of his opponent's staff on conditions in the treatment or custody of Yoshinobu and the armed forces of the Tokugawa family, until the arrival of Saigo from Kyoto to the Kanto.
Japanese: 切り札である慶喜の身柄や徳川家の軍装に関して、西郷の再東下より前に妥協するつもりはなかったためである。
English: On March 28th, Saigo visited Parkes in Yokohama and explained the details of events and the policy of the new government (additionally, on the day before, Katsu visited Parkes).
Japanese: 3月28日、西郷は横浜にパークスを訪問し、事の経緯と新政権の方針を説明している（なおその前日には勝もパークスを訪問している）。
English: Then, the pacification governor-general of Tokaido, Saneyana HASHIMOTO, and the lieutenant governor Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA, and the staff officer, Saigo, entered the Edo-jo Castle, leading their troops.
Japanese: 東海道先鋒総督橋本実梁、副総督柳原前光、参謀西郷らが兵を率いて江戸城へ入城した。
English: At the same time, the Imperial court ordered that the first degree execution punishment of Yoshinobu be stricken from sentence; he was allowed confinement in Mito.
Japanese: 同時に徳川慶喜の死一等を減じ、水戸での謹慎を許可する勅旨が下された。
English: That was the exact moment of Edo-jo Castle's official jurisdiction transfer to the grand government general, and the grand government general's completion in the surrender of Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: ここに江戸城は正式に大総督府の管下に入り、江戸城明け渡しが完了した。
English: The vice president of the Navy, Takeaki ENOMOTO firmly rejected the promise of handing over the warships based on his dissatisfaction in the treatment of the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 海軍副総裁の榎本武揚は徳川家に対する処置を不満とし、約束の軍艦引き渡しを断固拒否していた。
English: On April 11th, while Yoshinobu was departing from the Kanei-ji Temple to Mito, Enomoto with other former retainers of the Tokugawa shogunate, who were advocates of the resistance force party, left the port from the coast of Shinagawa; he was deserting to a point off the coast of Tateyama City, leading seven ships of the former bakufu.
Japanese: が、徳川慶喜が寛永寺から水戸へ移った4月11日、抗戦派の旧幕臣らとともに旧幕府艦隊7隻を率いて品川沖から出港し、館山市沖に逃れた。
English: After this incident, although Katsu repeatedly requested Enomoto to be prudent, Enomoto did not listen to Katsu since he was still dissatisfied with the punishment of the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: その後も再三にわたり勝は榎本に自重を求めたが、徳川家に対する処分に不服の榎本はこれを聞かなかった。
English: Finally, on August 19th, Enomoto sailed away to support the Tohoku (Northern-east region) domains that were resisting the 'expeditionary force to the east' leading eight ships (Kaiyo Maru, Kaiten Maru, Banryu Maru, Chiyodagata Maru, Shinsoku Maru, Cyogei, Mikaho Maru, and Kanrin Maru).
Japanese: 結局8月19日に8隻（開陽丸・回天丸・蟠竜丸・千代田形丸・神速丸・長鯨・美賀保・咸臨丸）を率いて東征軍に抵抗する東北諸藩の支援に向かった。
English: Later, Enomoto and other defiant former retainers occupied the Goryokaku (five-sided fortification) in Hakodate City and resisted the new government's army until the end (please refer to the Battle of Hakodate.).
Japanese: 後に榎本らは函館市の五稜郭を占拠し、最後まで新政府軍に抵抗した（→箱館戦争）。
English: On the other hand, the vassals of the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family, Seiichiro SHIBUSAWA and Hachiro AMANO, gathered shogunate retainers in progress of their purpose; they were intent on clearing the false charge of Yoshinobu, who had been confining himself in the Ueno Kanei-ji Temple; they intended to defeat the Satsuzoku (the Satsuma clan).
Japanese: いっぽう一橋徳川家家臣の渋沢成一郎・天野八郎らは上野寛永寺に謹慎していた慶喜の冤罪を晴らし、薩賊を討つと称して幕臣などを集めた。
English: Although Yoshinobu left Ueno on April 11th, the Shogitai troops changed their master to the Cloistered Imperial Prince Rinojinomiya Kogen who was residing in the Kanei-ji Temple, then continued to stay in Ueno.
Japanese: 4月11日に慶喜が上野を退去した後も、彰義隊は寛永寺に住する輪王寺宮公現法親王を擁して上野に居座り続けた。
English: It was on April 29th of the leap year, that the inspector of the Kanto region Sanetomi SANJO, in his role as President of the new government, went to Edo and established the Chinsho Fu (the new government organization).
Japanese: 閏4月29日関東監察使として江戸に下った総裁三条実美は、鎮将府を設置した。
English: Then, Sanetomi SANJO removed the all authority over civil administration and public security from the Tokugawa family; in addition, he reportedly removed the Shogitai form the post of control in the City of Edo.
Japanese: 民政・治安権限を徳川家から奪取し、彰義隊の江戸市中取締の任を解くことを通告した。
English: On May 15th, Masujiro OMURA leading the new government's army, suppressed the Shogitai troops in one day (Please refer to the Battle of Ueno.).
Japanese: 5月15日に大村益次郎率いる新政府軍が1日で鎮圧した（→上野戦争）。
English: On April 29th of the leap year, the inspector of the Kanto region, Sanetomi SANJO, notified by imperial order, that the Imperial Court would allow Kamenosuke TAYASU (He was 6 year old then. Later he was known as Iesato TOKUGAWA) to become the successor to Tokugawa family line.
Japanese: 関東監察使三条実美は閏4月29日、田安亀之助（後の徳川家達。6歳）による徳川家相続を差し許す勅旨を伝達した。
English: However, the new Tokugawa family in the Sunpu Domain could not support a large body of former vassals since their territory had been dramatically reduced; this was from 8,000,000 koku (approximately 1,440,000,000 liters of crop yield) to 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000,000 liters of crop yield).
Japanese: しかし、800万石から70万石への減封によって膨大な家臣団を養うことはできなくなった。
English: Toshimichi OKUBO, by the end of January, had submitted the doctrine for transferring the capital from Kyoto to Osaka; this was because there were too many conservative minded people in Kyoto.
Japanese: すでに大久保利通は正月下旬の時点で、京都には旧弊が多いとして大阪遷都論を政府へ提出している。
English: Then, on September 20th, Emperor Meiji departed from Kyoto to perform the Imperial visit to Tokyo (In July there the Imperial court issued the imperial edict for Edo to be renamed as Tokyo.); and then, the Emperor arrived at Edo-jo Castle on October 13th.
Japanese: すると、同月20日明治天皇が東京（7月に江戸ヲ称シテ東京ト為スノ詔書）行幸に出発し、10月13日に江戸城に到着。
English: The Emperor entered the Edo-jo Castle which was the symbol of the bakufu, and this was a symbolic event for the Emperor was demonstrating that the entire imperial country was to be unified; the east and west to be identified as one, then the Emperor declared that he would control all administration by his decision.
Japanese: 幕府のシンボルであった江戸城に天皇が入ることで、天皇が皇国一体・東西同視のもと自ら政を決することを宣言するデモンストレーションともなった。
English: After this historical turn of events, the Emperor repeatedly performed his 'going to the east' trip; through these trips, the new government was relocating the administration of the capital functions, one after another, from Kyoto to Tokyo.
Japanese: この後、再度の東幸が行われるとともに、首都機能が京都から東京へ次々と移転。
English: Eventually, the citizens of Japan recognized the fact, that Tokyo was the de facto capital; then gradually "Tokyo-jo Castle" became to be referred to as the "Kyujo" (place where the Emperor lives), and finally as the "Kokyo" (Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 事実上東京が首都と見なされるようになり、東京城はやがて「宮城」「皇居」と呼ばれるようになったのである。
English: Therefore, two significant elements were accomplished in the surrender of the Edo-jo Castle; the avoidance war and fire upon Edo City and its massive population.
Japanese: 江戸とその住民を戦火に巻き込まずにすんだことは、江戸開城の最大の成果であった。
English: Additionally, the surrender of Edo-jo Castle was a historically symbolic incident during the continuous lines of the Boshin Civil War; the Tokugawa family completely surrendered to the New Meiji government which would assert the political control into the new age.
Japanese: また、江戸開城は一連の戊辰戦争の流れの中で、それまで日本の支配者であった徳川家が、新時代の支配者たるべき明治新政府に対して完全降伏するという象徴的な事件であった。
English: This event is illustrative to the meaning for transferring legitimate rights to govern Japan; it was transferred from the Tokugawa shogunate to the Imperial Court of which the Emperors were the central figure.
Japanese: 日本統治の正統性が徳川幕府から天皇を中心とする朝廷に移ったことも意味した。
English: After this incident, all foreign countries maintained their neutrality positions; then they would gradually realign into positions in support of the new government.
Japanese: 諸外国の立場もこれ以降、局外中立を保ちながらも、新政府側へ徐々にシフトしていく。
English: After the surrender of Edo-jo Castle, historians and other experts often considered the wars which followed to be directly connected with suppression by the new government army and the reaction of the resisting forces of the Ouetsu-reppan alliance.
Japanese: 以後の戦いは、新政府軍の鎮撫とそれに抵抗する奥羽越列藩同盟という構図で語られることが多くなる。
English: The new government seized property, taking Edo, the main Japanese capital for functions during the Edo period, this was done with almost no destruction so, Edo came under the organizational control of the new government.
Japanese: また江戸時代に事実上日本の首都機能を担った江戸という財産が、ほぼ無傷で新政府の傘下に接収された。
English: Thus, the new government seemed to enjoy great merit from seizing Edo because the new government was striving to establish the new country.
Japanese: このことは、新国家の建設に向けて邁進しつつあった新政府にとっては、大きなメリットになったと言える。
English: The domestic and foreign perspective opinions reached the general misconception of the Boshin Civil War being a less bloody conflict.
Japanese: 内外に戊辰戦争全体が最低限の流血で乗り越えられたといういわば虚像をも産むことになる。
English: However, in reality, the surrender of the Edo-jo Castle was the opening chapter phase into the entire history of the Boshin Civil War.
Japanese: しかし江戸開城自体は、戊辰戦争史全体の中では序盤に位置する事件であった。
English: After this incident, the Boshin Civil War continued; the civil war became rather violent as in: the Hokuetsu War, Aizu War, and Hakodate War; so the Civil War was never a war of minimal bloodshed.
Japanese: それ以後の北越戦争・会津戦争・箱館まで続く一連の内戦は、むしろこれ以降いっそう激化していったのである。
English: Among the shogunate vassals who lost their psychological "backbone," at Edo-jo Castle, many joined the fleet of Enomoto and went north; this allowed them to participate in the future battles of the Boshin Civil War.
Japanese: 江戸城という精神的支柱を失った幕臣たちの中にも、榎本の艦隊とともに北上し、戊辰戦争を戦い続ける者たちも少なくなかった。
English: Although, many of the shizoku families or persons with samurai ancestors, being main members of the new government, had some sense of Edo-jo Castle being surrendered undamaged, they nevertheless, felt deflated as well.
Japanese: 江戸城が無傷で開城したことは半ば予想されたこととはいえ、新政府の主要士族メンバーにとっては拍子抜けでもあった。
English: There were other factors behind this feeling of deflation within the new governments side; one factor, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA and some other members in the council of the feudal lords' party, made previous efforts for avoiding militaristic conflicts between the two opponents; however, they always attempted to recover from any setbacks, proceeding to regain their initiative.
Japanese: なぜなら、以前より軍事的衝突を回避しようとしていた松平春嶽ら列侯会議派が常に政府の主導権の巻き返しを図ろうとしていた。
English: Moreover, another factor was the newly established 'new government army' inability as a unified Japanese Army in a practical sense; in reality, this was the only an alliance which loosely combined all of the domains.
Japanese: そのうえ、にわか仕立ての新政府軍はその実、統一日本国の軍隊ではあり得ず、事実上諸藩の緩やかな連合体に過ぎなかったため、諸藩の結束を高めるためには強力な敵を打倒するという目的を必要としていたからである。
English: Therefore, the new government required the direct purpose of defeating a powerful enemy in order to achieve a firm consensus to unify the domains.
Japanese: そのため、諸藩の結束を高めるためには強力な敵を打倒するという目的を必要としていたからである。
English: One of the scapegoats the new government directed its focus on was the lord of the Aize Domain Katamori MATSUDAIRA (and the younger brother, Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA); he was an accusation target of the new government, because of his connection to the original Edo edict.
Japanese: それは、先の降伏条件でも問罪の対象として名指しされた松平容保の会津藩（および弟の松平定敬）であった。
English: In fact, Takayoshi KIDO, who had not demonstrated a strong opinion regarding the severe punishment of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, told Toshimichi OKUBO that the new government could not be established without defeating the Aizu Domain.
Japanese: 実際、徳川慶喜に対する処分にはそれほど強硬ではなかった木戸孝允も、大久保利通に対して会津藩を討伐しなくては新政府は成り立たないと述べている。
English: Also, along with the Edo-jo Castle, the new Meiji government took over almost all of the feudal system, which was the characteristic of the bakufu and was the governing structure of the former Tokugawa shogunate.
Japanese: また、江戸城とともに従来の幕府の統治機構である幕藩体制がほぼ明治政府に継承された。
English: The new government attempted to implement the fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country and strengthening the military) policy under the strong governmental power and then to build strong state; this would have the effect of centralization in administrative powers in order to stand up against any of the worlds major powers of the west.
Japanese: 強力な政府の下に富国強兵を図り、欧米列強に対抗しうる中央集権的な国家を形成しようとしていた新政府であった。
English: Therefore, it would have been the assumption of a double-edged sword to the new government, as the new government inherited the feudal system from the former bakufu, since the new government would also incorporate all of the conservative people.
Japanese: だから、この事は新政府にとっては、旧弊を温存することにもなりうる諸刃の剣であった。
English: After all, the new government could not avoid dismantling the domains (a daimyo [Japanese feudal lord]) which ruled the local areas in order to build the modern state.
Japanese: 結局のところ近代国家を建設するためには、各地を支配する藩（大名）の解体が不可避であった。
English: Finally, the new government needed this evolution the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), which was required the complete dismantling of the current feudal system of the bakufu (The new government achieved this evolution bloodlessly).
Japanese: さらに最終的には幕藩体制自体を完全解体する廃藩置県というもう一つの革命（こちらの革命は正真正銘無血で行われた）を必要としたのである。
English: The surrender of Edo-jo Castle was a significant development to the commencement of the Boshin Civil War; there was also an abundance of dramatic contributions from several individuals involved in these incidents, such as, Katsu and Saigo.
Japanese: 江戸開城は戊辰戦争中の一大画期として象徴的な事件であるとともに、勝・西郷その他多くの人物が関わる劇的な要素に富む。
English: Nara Naval Air Corps and its predecessor, Nara Detachment of Mie Naval Air Corps, were one of the troops and educational institutions of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
Japanese: 奈良海軍航空隊（ならかいぐんこうくうたい）及びその前身組織・三重海軍航空隊奈良分遣隊（みえかいぐんこうくうたいならぶんけんたい）は、大日本帝国海軍の部隊・教育機関の一つ。
English: It was an educational air corps of the preparatory pilot training course added in order to educate the students of the 13th and 14th groups of the Ko-type of the preparatory pilot training course, which accepted a huge number of students.
Japanese: 一挙に増加した予科練甲飛第13・14期の生徒を教育するために新設された予科練教育航空隊である。
English: It installed dorms and drill courts for education and training at more than 20 offices of believers of the Tenri sect scattered over Tenri City, Yamabe County, Nara Prefecture, which has the headquarter of Tenri sect.
Japanese: 天理教の教庁がある奈良県山辺郡天理市の街中に建ち並ぶ信者詰所20数箇所に分散して宿舎・練兵場を設置し、教育・訓練を施した。
English: The Navy increased the number of students to accept into the 12th group of the preparatory pilot training course in order to strengthen aviation power rapidly.
Japanese: 海軍は航空戦力の急速な拡大を図るため、予科練12期より定数を急増した。
English: The 13th group of the Ko-type, which was recruited in 1943, exceeded 20000 students, including both the first and second halves of the group.
Japanese: 昭和18年に募集した甲種第13期は、前後期合わせて20000人を超えた。
English: It was impossible to accommodate them only at old corps such as Tsuchiura Naval Air Corps, Mie Naval Air Corps, and Kagoshima Naval Air Corps.
Japanese: 旧来の土浦海軍航空隊・三重海軍航空隊・鹿児島海軍航空隊だけでは収容が不可能であった。
English: Therefore, a new air corps for the preparatory pilot training course was installed at a naval airport, and also in remote areas with no naval airport a detachment air corps was installed as a place for basic training for the students of the preparatory pilot training course, who were not yet able to do the training for operation or maintenance of airplanes.
Japanese: そこで、海軍飛行場に新たな予科練航空隊を併設するとともに、海軍飛行場のない遠隔地にも、航空機の操縦や整備訓練の段階に達していない予科練生の基礎訓練場として航空隊分遣隊を設置することとした。
English: Nara Detachment was installed in Tanba City, because the believers of the Tenri sect regularly went back and forth between their residences and their headquarters, so they had many offices for the believers around the headquarter, making easy the accommodation of the students in the preparatory course.
Japanese: 奈良分遣隊を丹波市に設置したのは、信徒が居住地と教庁を定期的に行き交う特性があり、教庁周辺に多数の信者詰所を設置していることから、予科練生の収容が容易であったからである。
English: In addition, other factors can be mentioned; since the activity of the Tenri sect was under pressure, the reform committee encouraged cooperation for the war as a means of self-defense, so it was easy for them to provide facilities.
Japanese: また、天理教の布教活動にも圧力がかけられ、革新委員会が自衛措置として戦争協力を推進したことから、施設の提供が容易だったことも要因に挙げられる。
English: On December 1, 1943, a dorm of the Tenri sect in Tenri City, Yamabe County, Nara Prefecture was seized, and Nara Detachment of Mie Naval Air Corps was inaugurated.
Japanese: 昭和18年12月1日　奈良県山辺郡天理市の天理教宿舎を接収し、三重海軍航空隊奈良分遣隊発足。
English: The second half of the 13th group of the Ko-type of the preparatory pilot training course was enrolled (16890 students in total including Mie Naval Air Corps, Tsuchiura Naval Air Corps, and Matsuyama Naval Air Corps)
Japanese: 甲飛第13期後期入隊(三重空・土浦海軍航空隊・松山海軍航空隊で計16890名)
English: On November 28, 1944, a part of the 15th group of the Ko-type of the preparatory pilot training course was transferred to Urado Naval Air Corps, Nishinomiya Naval Air Corps, and Takarazuka Naval Air Corps.
Japanese: 昭和19年11月28日　甲飛第15期の一部、浦戸海軍航空隊・西宮海軍航空隊・宝塚海軍航空隊へ転出。
English: After it became independent, it was busy with training for land fighting as a preparation for the homeland fighting and maintenance of Yanagimoto Airport where Yamato Naval Air Corps of Miho Naval Air Corps and Kinki Naval Air Corps of Naval Otsu Air Corps were deployed.
Japanese: 独立後はは本土決戦に備えた陸戦訓練や、美保海軍航空隊大和海軍航空隊と海軍乙航空隊近畿海軍航空隊が展開する柳本飛行場の整備活動に追われていた。
English: The Tenri sect, which was freed from the suppression during the war and restored freedom of faith, gave up its reform activity and turned to restoration, and currently is working as a powerful emerging religion.
Japanese: 戦時の抑圧を脱し、信教の自由を回復した天理教は、革新運動を放棄して復元に転じ、現在も有力な新興宗教として活動している。
English: Refer to the section of Dispute with Enryaku-ji Temple by Yoshinori ASHIKAGA or Feud between Enryaku-ji Temple and samurai families for the attack on Mt. Hiei by Yoshinori ASHIKAGA and the subsequent self-burning at the Konpon-chudo hall.
Japanese: 足利義教が行った比叡山攻撃と、その後の根本中堂自焼については足利義教延暦寺との抗争もしくは延暦寺武家との確執を参照。
English: Refer to the section of Fire attack against Mt. Hiei (in 1499) for the fire attack against Mt. Hiei by Masamoto HOSOKAWA.
Japanese: 細川政元が行った比叡山焼き討ちは、比叡山焼き討ち(1499年)を参照。
English: Refer to the section of Fire attack against Mt. Hiei (in 1571) for the fire attack against Mt. Hiei by Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 織田信長が行った比叡山焼き討ちは、比叡山焼き討ち(1571年)を参照。
English: Ranpoigaku (school of Dutch medicine) refers to medical science introduced to Japan during the Edo period mainly through medical officers (doctors) in Dutch Trading Post in Dejima, Nagasaki.
Japanese: 蘭方医学（らんぽういがく）とは、主に長崎出島のオランダ商館医官（医師）などを介して、江戸時代の日本に伝えられた医学。
English: They were engaged in an examination and treatment of the Dutch Trading Post officers including the head, and also diagnosed Japanese patients and made medical interchanges with Japanese doctors with permission from Nagasaki Bugyo (an official responsible for administration of Nagasaki) although such activities were limited.
Japanese: 彼らは、オランダ商館長以下、商館員の診察や治療に当たった他、長崎奉行の許可を得て、限定的ながら日本人患者の診断を行ったり、日本人医師との医学的交流を行ったりしていた。
English: This happened in Portuguese and Spanish medicine (surgery) called "Nanban Ryu" (southern-barbarian style), too.
Japanese: これは、南蛮流（外科）と称されたポルトガル・スペインの医学とも共通することであった。
English: Regarding a treatment approach to surgical diseases, Ranpoigaku was considered to be superior to Chinese medicine.
Japanese: 外科的疾患に対する漢方医学の治療法と比較して、蘭方医学のそれの方が優れていると評価されていた。
English: In those days, however, it is said that an extensive operation was difficult to perform in Dejima and so topical treatment was a mainstream.
Japanese: ただし、当時の出島では大規模な手術は困難であったために、膏薬を中心とした治療が多かったとされる。
English: The most famous medical officers were Caspar Schamburger (1623 - 1704) who is said to have been a founder of 'Caspar-style surgery', Daniel Busch, Otto Mohnike who contributed to the success of vaccination in Japan at the end of the Edo period, and Philipp Franz von Siebold.
Japanese: 代表的な医官としては「カスパル流外科」の祖とされるカスパル・スハンベルヘル（CasparSchamburger、1623-1704年）、ダニエル・ブッシュ、幕末期に日本での種痘成功に一役買ったオットー・モーニッケ、そしてフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトが挙げられる。
English: Although interchanges between Dutch Trading Post's medical officers and Japanese doctors were limited to Dejima or inns for the Dutch officers who visited Edo in attendance with their head, their medical knowledge, along with Dutch books on anatomy and surgery, had a great influence on Japanese medicine.
Japanese: オランダ商館医官と日本人医師との交流の場は、出島、もしくは商館長に随行して江戸を訪れた際の蘭人宿舎に限定されたが、それでも彼らの医学的知識は、オランダ語の解剖学や外科学の書物とともに、日本の医学に大きな影響を与えた。
English: Firstly, the Dutch-school surgery was founded by interpreters who served as an intermediary between Dutch Trading Post's medical officers and Japanese doctors.
Japanese: まず、オランダ商館医官と日本人医師との交流の仲介にあたった、オランダ通詞を祖とするオランダ流外科が成立した。
English: This includes 'Yoshio-style surgery' by a founder Kogyu YOSHIO and 'Narabayashi-style surgery' by a founder Chinzan NARABAYASHI.
Japanese: 吉雄耕牛を祖とする「吉雄流外科」と、楢林鎮山を祖とする「楢林流外科」がそれにあたる。
English: Denbei INOMATA, who is said to have practically founded the school of 'Caspar-style surgery' mentioned above, was also an interpreter of Caspar Schamburger.
Japanese: また、前述の「カスパル流外科」を実際に流派として確立したとされる猪股伝兵衛もカスパル・スハンベルヘルの通詞であった。
English: Next, attention to Ranpoigaku was rapidly raised by the translation book "Kaitai shinsho" (New Book of Anatomy) by Genpaku SUGITA and other fellows.
Japanese: 続いて、杉田玄白らによる『解体新書』の翻訳を機に、蘭方医学への関心が急速に高まった。
English: "Naika Senyo" (Internal Medicine Summary), also called "Seisetsu Naika Senyo" (Western Internal Medicine Summary), the translation of the Johannes de Gorter's medical book by Genzui UDAGAWA, also had as great influence as "Kaitai shinsho" had in that it extended interest in Ranpoigaku to the area other than surgery such as internal medicine.
Japanese: また、宇田川玄随がヨハネス・ダ・ゴルテルの医学書を訳した『内科選要』（『西説内科撰要』）の刊行も、従来外科のみに留まっていた蘭方医学への関心を、内科などの他分野にも拡大させたという点で『解体新書』に匹敵する影響を与えた。
English: In this way, Ranpoigaku became a major school but Chinese medicine was still even more predominant from the overall perspective of the Japanese medical world.
Japanese: かくして蘭方医学は一大流派となるが、日本の医学界全般を見れば、まだまだ漢方医学の方が圧倒的であった。