nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Conscription Ordinance required all male at the age of 20 to be selected by lottery and to serve in the army for three years (standing army) and to serve in reserve after finishing the service at standing army.
Japanese: 徴兵令では、満20歳の男子から抽選で3年の兵役（常備軍）とすることを定め、常備軍終了後は後備軍とした。
English: Though the idea was universal conscription, those who did not meet the physical standard or were ill were exempted, and the other exemptions included 'masters of the family,' 'heirs,' 'grandsons to succeed directly from their grandfather' (collectively successors,) 'those who had paid proxy fee (270 yen),' 'officials of central and local governments, students of military schools and public schools,' and 'adopted children living in their foster parents.'
Japanese: 国民皆兵を理念とはしたが、体格が基準に達しない者や病気の者などは除かれ、また制度の当初、「一家の主人たる者」や「家のあとを継ぐ者」、「嗣子並に承祖の孫」（承継者）、「代人料（270円）を支払った者」、「官省府県の役人、兵学寮生徒、官立学校生徒」、「養家に住む養子」は徴兵免除とされた。
English: Therefore, draft dodgers appeared one after another by being adopted in order to evade conscription, and even the instruction manuals on how to evade conscription were published.
Japanese: このため、徴兵逃れに養子になる等の徴兵忌避者が続出し、徴兵免除の解説書まで出版されたりもした。
English: As a result, only about 3 to 4% of the male aged 20 and over were drafted (though it was never possible to draft all adult males due to the government's financial difficulty).
Japanese: この結果、二十歳以上の男子の3%～4%くらいしか徴兵できなかった（もともと政府の財政難により、成人男子全員を徴兵することは到底無理ではあった）。
English: It was assumedly because the proclamation of conscription included the word 'ketsuzei' (blood tax,) and the uprising was called 'ketsuzei ikki' (blood tax uprising.)
Japanese: 徴兵告諭に「血税」という言葉があったためとされ、「血税一揆」と呼ばれた。
English: Ketsuzei' was a direct translation from the French word 'impôt du sang' ('impôt' means 'tax' and 'sang' means 'blood.')
Japanese: 「血税」とは、フランス語の「impôtdusang」の直翻訳であり、「impôt」が「税」、「sang」が「血」の意である。
English: One passage of 'Proclamation of Conscription': 'A man should devote himself to the nation mentally and physically. The Westerners call it blood tax. This means a man should devote himself to his country with his own blood.'
Japanese: 「徴兵告諭」の一節：「人たるもの固（もと）より心力を尽し国に報ひざるべからず。西人（西洋人）之を称して血税と云ふ。其生血を以て国に報するの謂なり」
English: At that time, a verse became popular: '徴兵 ('chohei' meaning conscription) and 懲役 ('choeki' meaning imprisonment)are only one-word different - saber at a waist or chain at a waist.'
Japanese: また当時「徴兵、懲役、一字の違い、腰にサーベル鉄鎖」という句が流行った。
English: This verse is considered to reflect the people's resentment that being drafted forcedly was the same with being imprisoned.
Japanese: 強制に基づく徴兵は監獄に行くのと同じであり嫌だ、という反抗の表れとされる。
English: The conscription, initially subject to the people's resistance, was eventually accepted and organized resistance ceased thanks to the awareness of the need for national defense prevailing among the people by the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors and the Imperial Rescript to Education, and the victories of the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War and so on, but the sentiment of conscription evasion was a matter of natural sentiment so that various measures for conscription evasion were developed among the common people.
Japanese: 当初は民の抵抗の多かった徴兵制度も、軍人勅諭や教育勅語による国防思想の普及、日清戦争・日露戦争の勝利などを経て、組織的な抵抗はなくなったものの、徴兵忌避の感情は自然の感情であるので、さまざまな徴兵忌避対策が庶民レベルで繰り広げられた。
English: The initial exemption conditions of conscription were gradually reduced or abolished and,in 1889, a major revision was made for universal conscription (however, there were special cases, for example, those who volunteered after graduating from secondary school or higher education served for one year and those who became teacher after graduating from school for teacher training served for six weeks.)
Japanese: 創設当初にあった徴兵免除の規定も徐々に縮小・廃止され、1889年に大改正が行われ、ほぼ国民皆兵制となった（ただし、中等学校以上の卒業後に志願したものは現役期間を1年としたり、師範学校を出て教員になったものは現役6週間とするなどの特例があった）。
English: In addition, the contribution of conscription cannot be denied as it helped the modern system or living in the military service to spread to the local areas.
Japanese: また、兵役における近代的なシステムや生活が地方に伝播するのに貢献したと言う面も否めない。
English: Peasants thought serving military was easier than farming (even they received violence) and they could eat even white rice in military, so it was said that 'a man who entered the military became lazy' in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 農民にとっては（暴力を振るわれても）農作業よりも楽であり、白米が食べられることから、明治時代には「軍隊に行くとなまけ者になる」という評判があったという。
English: Kokuga is a term for describing the section in which a government office, a Kokushi (provincial governor) executed the local government functions of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, used to be located.
Japanese: 国衙（こくが）は、日本の律令制において国司が地方政治を遂行した役所が置かれていた区画を指す用語。
English: Leading up to the Heian period, it was generalized that a government office of the Kokushi (called Kokucho [local government]) itself was called Kokuga and the Administration and Judiciary structures of the Kokushi were called Kokuga.
Japanese: 平安時代頃までに、国司の役所そのもの（国庁という）を国衙と呼んだり、国司の行政・司法機構を国衙と呼ぶことが一般的となった。
English: The main ruins of Kokuga include Suo Kokuga (Hofu City), Hitachi Kokuga (Ishioka City), Omi Kokuga (Otsu City), and Tosa Kokuga (Kami City).
Japanese: 主な国衙遺跡には、周防国衙（防府市）、常陸国衙（石岡市）、近江国衙（大津市）、土佐国衙（香美市）などがある。
English: These ruins of Kokuga showed that each land-use plan for the Kokuga shared several common points.
Japanese: これらの国衙遺跡から、各国の国衙区画プランにいくつかの共通点があることが判っている。
English: These kanga (government office) buildings were neatly situated within the area surrounded by tsuijibei (a mud wall with a roof) and hottate bashira bei (a wall with pillars embedded directly in the ground).
Japanese: これらの官衙群は築地塀・掘立柱塀で囲まれた区域内に整然と配置されていた。
English: This Kokuga area was often divided into sections in multiple meters of ten to a hundred square.
Japanese: この国衙域はおよそ数十メートル-100メートル前後四方に区画されていることが多かった。
English: However, the scale of a Kokucho Seiden and a Kokuga area varied with province and time period.
Japanese: ただし、国庁正殿や国衙域の規模は、各国ごと、時代ごとに異なっていた。
English: Around the Kokucho, there were workshops for making office stationery and expendable supplies, equipment and weapons and Kuriya (kitchen) for dining and other functional places (this place was called a zoshi [a room in the Imperial court especially made for ladies of the court]).
Japanese: 国庁の周囲には、事務消耗品・備品や武器を製作する工房や食事のための厨屋など（これらを曹司という）が配置されていた。
English: In addition, there were other buildings called kokushi -kan where was a house of a provincial governor and a shoso (public repository) which was for keeping collected land taxes.
Japanese: 他、国司の生活の場である国司館、租税を収蔵する正倉などが配置されていた。
English: It is believed that the earliest type of Kokuga appeared during the development stage of the Ritsuryo system which established in the late seventh century.
Japanese: 最初期の国衙は、律令制構築段階の7世紀後期に登場したと考えられている。
English: From early to middle eighth century, Kokuga was conducted in a stable manner.
Japanese: 8世紀前期から中期にかけての時期、国衙は安定的に営まれるようになる。
English: Under regulations of the Ritsuryo codes, the Kokuga employed the kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor) as follows: Kami (director of the provincial governors): Suke (vice governor of provincial offices, the second ranking government official): Jo (facilities manager, secretary of provincial offices, the third ranking government official): Sakan (clerk of provincial offices, the fourth ranking government official) and a secretary called Shisho (a clerk, a person doing miscellaneous duties on documents).
Japanese: 国衙には、律令の規定に基づいて守・介・掾・目の国司四等官と書記官である史生が勤務した。
English: As for the other employees, Kokuga employed specialists such as Kunihakase (teacher of Japanese classical literature), Kuniishi (local governmental doctor) and Kokushi (the most reverend priest) and a Yotei (a mandatory laborer) who was requisitioned by the zoyo (irregular corvee).
Japanese: この他の国衙職員としては、国博士・国医師・国師といった専門職員や雑徭によって徴発された徭丁らがいた。
English: The total number of workers in small provinces came to dozens of people and in major provinces came to a considerable workers such as several hundred people.
Japanese: 合計すると小国では数十人、大国では数百人とかなりの規模の人数が勤務していた。
English: In ninth century, the Ritsuryo system gradually detached itself from the actual social situation and governmental administrations reign over the locals became more difficult.
Japanese: 9世紀頃から律令法制と社会実情が次第に乖離していき、同世紀末には律令規定に基づく地方統治が困難となってきた。
English: Then, in the early part of tenth century, the Imperial Court executed a national governmental systems reform that transferred the greatest authority over administration to Kokushi (This system established by this reform was called the system of the dynasty state).
Japanese: 10世紀前期、朝廷は統治権限を大幅に国司へ移譲する国制改革を行った（これにより成立した体制を王朝国家体制という）。
English: In order to cope with the massively increased power, the Kokushi attempted to strengthen the structure of Kokuga.
Japanese: 国司は大幅に増えた権限に対応するため、国衙機構の強化に努めるようになっていった。
English: So, the Kokushi modified the Kokuga, establishing several departments such as a department to control the collection of taxes (zeisho [tax office], tadokoro, daichosho [the major accounting and reporting office], suitodokoro [teller's office], and others), a department in control of military affairs (kondeidokoro [military office], kebiishi dokoro [police and judicial office], umayadokoro [stable office], and others), a department in control of the shomu (land management) and routine tasks (mandokoro, choso [checking office], saikudokoro [tooling office], zendokoro [food office], and others).
Japanese: 租税収取を所管する部署（税所・田所・大帳所・出納所など）や、軍事を所管する部署（健児所・検非違使所・厩所など）、所務・雑務を所管する部署（政所・調所・細工所・膳所など）を国衙に整備していった。
English: In those days, a Kokushi did not leave for the assigned province (called yonin [remote appointments]) and sent out a mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor) instead, who was a deputy and also director to the assigned province.
Japanese: 同じ頃、国司が任国へ赴任せず（遙任という）、目代という代理人兼監督者を現地派遣していた。
English: Then, the cases that Kokushi put a local influential person and government official in charge of Kokuga (Zaichokanjin [the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods]) had been steadily increased.
Japanese: 現地の有力者や官人（在庁官人という）に国衙政治を任せるケースが増えていた。
English: In reality, during the eleventh and twelfth centurys, the Zaichokanjin controlled Kokuga politics and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) Kokushi could not execute governing duty of the province without Zaichokanjin's political power.
Japanese: 11世紀・12世紀になると、国衙政治の実務は事実上在庁官人が担うようになっており、受領国司は在庁官人の力なしに国内統治を果たすことはできなかった。
English: From the middle of eleventh century, a number of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) increased remarkably, and subsequently Koden (territories administered directly by a ruler) which was originally controlled by Kokuga decreased gradually.
Japanese: 11世紀中期頃から荘園の増加が著しくなり、従来、国衙が支配していた公田が次第に減少していった。
English: Shugo had an approved power only applicable in the right to judge criminal cases and did not disturb the sovereignty of the Kokuga.
Japanese: 守護は検断権のみが認められていたのであり、国衙の統治権を侵害する存在ではなかった。
English: However, the shugosho (provincial administration) where Shugo resided was often built near-by the Kokuga property; so, the Kokuga and Shugo began to develop a tendency in the gradual integration of their functions.
Japanese: が、守護が所在した守護所はしばしば国衙の近隣に営まれ、国衙・守護所両者の機能が次第に一体化する傾向が見られ始めた。
English: As a result, during the early Muromachi Period, the political structure of the Kokuga was absorbed by Shugosho and practically most of Kokuga disappered.
Japanese: その結果、室町前期のうちに国衙機構は守護所に取り込まれ、ほとんどの国衙は実質的に消滅した。
English: Although there are few cases remaining Kokuga as the place name, Hofu City Kokuga (Suo Kokuga ruin) is relatively famous.
Japanese: 国衙が地名として残存している例はそれほど多くないが、防府市国衙（周防国衙跡）が比較的有名である。
English: The term "Miuchibito" or "Miuchinin" refers to warriors who served regent, the Hojo clan during the Kamakura period (1185-1333).
Japanese: 御内人（みうちびと、みうちにん）は、鎌倉時代執権北条氏に仕えた武士。
English: At first, they managed the territory, (called Hojo-daishoryo or Tokusoryo) estates owned by the Hojo Tokuso family, the main branch of the Hojo clan, as a local governor.
Japanese: 当初は、北条宗家である北条得宗家の所領（北条代所領、得宗領）の代官として管理を担当していた。
English: In the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan, at the Bunei War (the first attempt), Japanese warriors experienced that the traditional Japanese samurai fighting style, one-on-one battle, did not work against Mongolian army, which attacked as a group, so that at the Koan War (the second attempt), under the regent Tokimune HOJO, he dispatched Tokuso's vassals, Miuchibito, to the battle fields and they commanded the army predominated by Gokenin (direct shogunal retainers).
Japanese: 元寇の際、文永の役において、一騎打ちを主な戦法とする日本軍が元(王朝)軍の集団戦法に苦戦した経験から、弘安の役においては、作戦指令が執権北条時宗の名で出され、得宗被官たる御内人が戦場に派遣されて御家人を主体とする軍の指揮にあたった。
English: As a result, as the Tokuso family came to enhance their political power, Miuchibito also increased their political influence in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: この結果、得宗家の勢力が強化され、それに伴い御内人も鎌倉幕府内で権勢を持つようになった。
English: In the end, in spite of being direct vassals of the shogunete, Gokenin, some of them changed their position into indirect vassals, Miuchibito, such as the Suwa clan.
Japanese: 中には諏訪氏一族などのように、御家人でありながら、陪臣である筈の御内人へと転身を図るものまでいた。
English: In the time of Sadatoki HOJO, TAIRA no Yoritsuna, the highest rank of Miuchibito, was called Uchi-Kanrei or Miuchi-tonin (a house steward of the Tokuso family, but Uchi-Kanrei was not an official post of the Kamakura bakufu).
Japanese: 北条貞時の時代になると、御内人の筆頭である平頼綱は内管領（御内頭人）と呼ばれるようになった（内管領とは幕府の役職ではない）。
English: There appeared some Uchi-kanrei whose political power overshadowed the regents and the Tokuso family; for example, Yoritsuna destroyed Yasumori ADACHI, a senior vassal, in the Shimotsuki Incident and unleashed a reign of terror, or Takatsuna (Enki) NAGASAKI and his son Takasuke NAGASAKI ruled with tyranny in the time of Takatoki HOJO.
Japanese: 頼綱が有力御家人の安達泰盛を霜月騒動で滅ぼして恐怖政治を敷いたり、北条高時の時代に長崎高綱（円喜）・長崎高資父子が専横を極めたように、内管領には執権や得宗を凌駕する者も現れた。
English: This showed a sign of a corruption of the shogunate government, which led Gokenin to grow dissatisfaction with the Hojo family, and led Akuto (a villain in the medieval times) to act out of control under the government in various districts, ending up with overthrowing the bakufu.
Japanese: これはすなわち幕政の腐敗であり、御家人の不満が高まるとともに諸国で悪党が活動を活発化させ、倒幕へと結びついていった。
English: When the Kamakura bakufu collapsed, most of Miuchibito also were destroyed or fell with the Hojo family.
Japanese: 殆んどの御内人は鎌倉幕府滅亡時に、北条一族とともに滅亡するか没落した。
English: The main clans serving as Miuchibito included as diverse as successive generations, such as the Nagasaki clan, the Ki clan, the Inoo clan, and the Ando clan (historically clear ones), and the remainders of former Gokenin, who were purged by the Hojo clan, such as the Miura clan, the Wada clan, and the Adachi clan and minor branches of the Hojo family, which showed the political power of the Tokuso family.
Japanese: 主な御内人は、長崎氏、紀氏、飯尾氏、安東氏(曖昧さ回避)など累代の御内人の他、三浦氏、和田氏、安達氏など北条氏に排斥された元有力御家人一族の生き残りや北条氏支流など多岐に渡り、得宗家の威光がしのばれる。
English: Giso means reporting conclusions about state affairs to the throne after deliberation by Dijokan (Grand Council of State) under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 議奏（ぎそう）とは、律令制度のもと、太政官が政務に関して審議し、結論が出た事柄について、天皇に上奏すること。
English: On October 18, 1185, the Emperor Goshirakawa issued an imperial letter to hunt down and kill MINAMOTO no Yoritomo by the request of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, but the fall of Yoshitsune in the next month threw him into situations.
Japanese: 文治元年（1185年）10月18日、後白河天皇は源義経の要請により源頼朝追討宣旨を下すが、翌月の義経没落で苦しい状況に追い込まれた。
English: Goshirakawa explained to Yoritomo that it was 'the act of evil spirits' (the item of November 15 of "Azuma kagami" [The Mirror of the East], the item of November 26 of "Gyokuyo" [Diary of Kanezane]), but Yoritomo thrusted a demand for the mouseleum hall reform to check dictatorship of the retired emperor.
Japanese: 後白河は頼朝に「天魔の所為」と弁明するが（『吾妻鏡』11月15日条、『玉葉』11月26日条）、頼朝は院の独裁を掣肘するために廟堂改革要求を突きつける。
English: The demand consisted of the removal of 12 'evil subjects trying to disturb the world in agreement with Yukiie and Yoshitsune' such as TAIRA no Chikamune and TAKASHINA no Yasutsune, governmental management by the Imperial Court by 10 giso kugyo (Noble Council) (Kanezane KUJO, Sanesada TOKUDAIJI, Sanefusa SANJO, FUJIWARA no Muneie, Tadachika NAKAYAMA, FUJIWARA no Saneie, MINAMOTO no Michichika, Tsunefusa YOSHIDA, FUJIWARA no Masanaga, and FUJIWARA no Kanemitsu), and the Imperial edict of inspection to Kanezane (the item of December six of "Azuma Kagami" [The Mirror of the East], the item of December 27 of "Gyokuyo" [Diary of Kanezane KUJO]).
Japanese: 内容は「行家義経に同意して天下を乱さんとする凶臣」である平親宗・高階泰経ら12名の解官、議奏公卿10名による朝政の運営（九条兼実・徳大寺実定・三条実房・藤原宗家・中山忠親・藤原実家・源通親・吉田経房・藤原雅長・藤原兼光）、兼実への内覧宣下だった（『吾妻鏡』12月6日条、『玉葉』12月27日条）。
English: Iyo Province, the former place of work for Yoshitsune, became the chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) for Kanezane, and new chigyo-koku were also given to Sanesada, Muneie, Saneie, Michichika, Masanaga.
Japanese: また、義経の任国だった伊予を兼実の知行国にしたのをはじめ、実定・宗家・実家・通親・雅長にも新たに知行国が給付された。
English: Yoritomo's expectation on the giso was so high that he wrote in a letter to Giso kugyo dated on April 30, 1186 that 'I especially state that politics of the whole country should be clarified with giso by kugyo', 'even if an imperial order is issued, it should be opposed again and again for the Imperial Court and the world in case of causing disturbances' (the same item of "Azuma Kagami").
Japanese: 頼朝の議奏に対する期待は大きく、翌文治2年（1186年）4月30日付の議奏公卿に宛てた書状には「天下の政道は群卿の議奏によって澄清せらるべきの由、殊に計ひ言上せしむるところなり」「たとひ勅宣・院宣を下さるる事候といへども、朝のため世のため、違乱の端に及ぶべきの事は、再三覆奏せしめたまふべく候なり」と記されている（『吾妻鏡』同日条）。
English: However, kugyo who were appointed as giso kugyo had no personal acquaintance with Yoritomo, and Sanesada who approved of the Imperial order to hunt down and kill Yoritomo was included in the member, therefore the members were not necessarily pro-Shogunate forces.
Japanese: しかし議奏に指名された公卿は頼朝との面識はなく、頼朝追討宣旨に賛同した実定が含まれるなど、必ずしも親鎌倉派という陣容ではなかった。
English: When Kanezane received a letter to recommend private inspection fromYoritomo, he said 'like a dream, like an illusion' in surprise (the item of December 27 of "Gyokuyo") and became frightened that he might be suspected of communicating secretly with Kanto (the item of December 28 of "Gyokuyo").
Japanese: 頼朝から内覧推薦の書状を受け取った兼実は「夢のごとし幻のごとし」と驚愕し（『玉葉』12月27日条）、関東と密通しているという嫌疑をかけられるのではないかと怯えている（『玉葉』12月28日条）。
English: It seemed that the offers to the other kugyo were one-sided and sudden, many of them were perplexed by the fact that they might be on the firing line between Goshirakawa and Yoritomo.
Japanese: 他の公卿についても一方的かつ突然の就任要請だったと見られ、後白河と頼朝の対立の矢面に立たされることに困惑する者も多かったと推測される。
English: Later, most of the members were brought over to Goshirakawa's side as Innocho Betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's Office) and giso stopped functioning.
Japanese: その後、メンバーのほとんどが院庁別当として後白河に取り込まれてしまい、議奏はその機能を停止した。
English: In 1663, it began with the appointment of Yorinari HAMURO, Motoyoshi SONO, Sanetoyo OGIMACHI, and Motokata HIGASHIZONO for the purpose of assisting the young Emperor Reigen.
Japanese: 寛文3年（1663年）、幼少である霊元天皇の補佐を目的として葉室頼業・園基福・正親町実豊・東園基賢の4名が任命されたのを嚆矢とする。
English: Certificate of ownership refers to the letter in which lords such as shogun, provincial military governor and feudal lord gave vassal samurais a guarantee for the ownership of a territory and enfeoffment from the Kamakura period onwards.
Japanese: 安堵状（あんどじょう）は、鎌倉時代以降、征夷大将軍、守護、大名などの主君が家臣の武士に対して、所領・知行の所有を保証した書状。
English: Given their nature, many of these letters have been well preserved; descendants of the original recipients have treasured them when they came into their possession and passed them on for posterity.
Japanese: 性格上、大切に保存されることが多く、安堵された子孫が大事に保管し現在に伝えているものも多い。
English: This kind of letters are very important historical materials because they allow us to detect brushstrokes and habits of feudal lords and others.
Japanese: 大名などの筆跡やクセなどを把握することができることから、歴史上の重要な資料となる。
English: Botefuri meant selling goods carried on a pole
Japanese: 棒手売（棒天振とも、ぼてふり）は、商品を天秤棒に担いで売買すること。
English: This style of business is common in peddlers who make the rounds of a relatively small area.
Japanese: この様式の商売は、行商のうち比較的狭い範囲を巡回する形態に多く見られる業態である。
English: No street stalls of soba (noodles made from buckwheat) used a trailer towed by bicycle till the Edo period, and street venders made a round carrying a pole with boxes at both ends equipped with andon (a paper-covered lamp stand) as lighting and a space for dishes and foodstuffs..
Japanese: 古く屋台の蕎麦も江戸時代頃まではリヤカーもなく、天秤棒の両端が箱になったものに照明としての行灯が組み込まれ、食器などや食材を収めるスペースが組み込まれたものが巡回していた。
English: When asked by a customer, Soba vendors took the pole off their shoulders, and then, put soba in a bowl and poured broth in it and handed it to a customer with chopsticks, and customers ate standing.
Japanese: 蕎麦売りは客に請われると担いだ屋台を降ろし、行灯の明かりで椀に蕎麦玉を入れつゆをいれて箸と共に客に渡し、客は立ち食いした。
English: Other than soba, vegetables, fresh fish and shellfish such as asari and shijimi, and such foodstuffs as tofu were sold.
Japanese: そのほかには、野菜、鮮魚やアサリ・シジミなどの魚介類、豆腐などの食品などが扱われた。
English: Goldfish and such confectionaries as candies were also sold in a similar manner, and in the Meiji era, milk in a wooden bucket was sold by measure by pouring milk with a ladle into a saucepan or a bowl of the customer.
Japanese: さらには金魚や、飴のような菓子なども似たような形で売り歩かれ、また明治時代に入っては牛乳も桶に入れられ柄杓で各戸の鍋や丼に量り売りされた。
English: However, since the amount of goods which could be carried at a time and the area a vendor could cover were limited, the number of those vendors decreased through Meiji, Taisho, and Showa eras, and now, it is almost impossible to find those vendors.
Japanese: ただこういった形態は一度に持ち歩ける商品も限られ、また売り歩ける面積も限られるため、明治時代から大正時代・昭和とその姿を減らし、日本国内ではほとんど見ることができなくなった。
English: Especially in areas of bad traffic conditions due to unpaved roads, hand trucks (such as large carts and trailers towed by bicycle) and bicycles are not easy to use for carrying things.
Japanese: 特に道路が未舗装であるなど足場が悪い地域では、車輪を使った台車（大八車やリヤカー）ないし自転車では運搬しにくい。
English: In that fashion, however, more goods can be carried by using the pole than by holding things in arms or carrying on the back, because the center of the gravity falls on the position (a shoulder) which is almost vertical to feet with a backbone as an axis.
Japanese: しかし、さりとて手に抱えたり背負ったりするよりも、重心が背骨を軸として足に対して垂直方向に近い位置（肩）にあり、より大量に物資が運べるためである。
English: The term Naikaku-kansei refers in the broadest sense to the set of regulations for the Cabinet of Japan that govern its establishment, abolition, naming, organization, authority and so on, while more narrowly the term refers specifically to Imperial edict no. 135, a law passed in 1889.
Japanese: 内閣官制（ないかくかんせい）とは、広義には内閣(日本)の設置・廃止、名称、組織、権限等に関する定めをいい、狭義には1889年に定められた日本の法令、明治22年勅令第135号をいう。
English: The broadest sense of Naikaku-kansei includes the 1885 Dajokan Fukoku (a decree issued by the Grand Council of State) and Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) no. 69, which were the first regulations governing the Cabinet system, and it also includes the Naikaku-shokken (Official powers of the Cabinet).
Japanese: 広義の内閣官制には、1885年（明治18年）に制定され、内閣制度を初めて定めた明治18年太政官布告・太政官達第69号や、内閣職権を含める。
English: After the 1947 promulgation of the Constitution of Japan, the Cabinet Law (Act no. 5 of 1947) was enacted, which led to the Naikaku-kansei being abolished.
Japanese: 1947年（昭和22年）の日本国憲法施行後に、内閣法（昭和22年法律第5号）が施行されたことにより、内閣官制は廃止された。
English: The Daijokan (Grand Council of State) system was intended to make the political policies elucidated in the Charter Oath of 1868 a reality.
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）の五箇条の御誓文に示された政治方針は、太政官制度によって実現が図られた。
English: However, this system, which concentrated all the state's legislative, judiciary and administrative functions in the Daijokan and gave broad authority to the Dajo-daijin (Grand Minister) was thought to be ill-suited for the political management of a modern nation; the High Chancellor's extensive responsibilities caused delays in the political management of the nation and invited confusion over who had responsibility for which tasks.
Japanese: しかし、太政官に立法・司法・行政の全機能を集中させ、太政大臣に強力な権限を与えるこの制度は、近代国家の国政運営に適さないと考えられ、また、太政大臣の負担が大きく、かえって国家運営の停滞と責任の所在の不明確さを招いた。
English: In 1885 the government created a new system to manage the nation: a Cabinet as a collegiate body (as stipulated in the 1885 Daijokan tasshi no. 69).
Japanese: 1885年（明治18年）、新しい国家運営の制度である合議体の内閣が定められた（明治18年太政官達第69号）。