nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: One was to set up the practice of 'two empresses for one emperor,' by backing up the daughter of Michinaga, Shoshi, to be a wife of Emperor Ichijo, although the emperor already had a wife, Empress Teishi, and the other was to set up the second Imperial Prince Atsunari (later Emperor Goichijo), who was a grandchild (a son of his daughter) of Michinaga as the next Togu (Crown Prince), in spite of the fact that there was already an Imperial Prince Atsuyasu.
Japanese: 中宮定子がいるにも関わらず道長の娘・彰子を一条天皇の后妃に立てて「一帝二后」を実現させたこと、第一皇子の敦康親王がいるにも関わらず道長の外孫である第二皇子の敦成親王（後一条天皇）を次期東宮に擁立したこと。
English: He also earned Michinaga's trust to the point that when Michinaga became seriously ill, he called Yukinari to ask him to be Koken (guardian) of his legitimate son Tsuru gimi (Yorimichi）.
Japanese: また、道長が病気で一時重態になった際には行成を呼んで嫡男鶴君（頼通）の後見を依頼する程の信頼を得ていた。
English: On the other hand, Emperor Ichijo also kept Yukinari close, even on his deathbed, and it was also Yukinari that protected Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, who was excluded from succession to the throne, until the prince's sudden death at the age of 20, while serving as Betto (chief officer) for the Imperial Prince family.
Japanese: だが、その一方で一条天皇が死の床で最後まで側に置いたのも行成であり、また皇位継承から排除された敦康親王が20歳の若さで急死するまで親王家別当として最後まで親王を庇護したのは行成その人であった。
English: Although Yukinari won Michinaga's trust, their personal relationship seems to have been a little bit distant in comparison with that between Michinaga and the other three.
Japanese: 行成は道長から厚い信頼を受ける一方で、他の3名と道長との関係と比較すると、行成と道長の間には若干の距離があったようである。
English: FUJIWARA no Nagaie, Yukinari's daughter, was married to Michinaga's son, but she died early, and then Nagaie took Tadanobu's daughter as his wife, but she also died at a young age.
Japanese: なお、道長の子藤原長家の正室には初めは行成が娘が嫁いでいたが早世し、続いて斉信の娘が嫁いでいるがやはり早世している。
English: After that, when Yukinari tried to marry off another daughter to Nagaie, Michinaga refused her, and when Michinaga tried to match his son with Sanesuke's daughter, FUJIWARA no Chifuru, his son, Nagaie, refused her, and as a result neither of the two marriages happened.
Japanese: その後、行成は別の娘を嫁がせようとしたが道長から拒絶され、道長は実資の娘藤原千古との縁談を進めようとしたが、今度は長家が拒絶したためにともに実現しなかったという。
English: In 1019, the same year that FUJIWARA no Michinaga entered the priesthood, MINAMOTO no Toshikata retired from his official post, so did FUJIWARA no Kinto in 1024 consequently and Kinto became a priest two years later.
Japanese: 寛仁3年（1019年）藤原道長が出家したその年に源俊賢が致仕、続いて万寿元年（1024年）に藤原公任も致仕して2年後に出家した。
English: In June 1027 Toshikata died, and in 1028, FUJIWARA no Michinaga and FUJIWARA no Yukinari both died on January 9.
Japanese: 万寿4年（1027年）6月に俊賢が死去すると、12月4日(旧暦)に藤原道長と藤原行成が同日に死去した。
English: In 1035, FUJIWARA no Tadanobu, who never gave up hope of becoming minister, died, and lastly Kinto died in 1041 (even after Kinto's death, it was five years more before the minister's seat, for which Tadanobu had been longing in life, became finally available).
Japanese: 長元8年（1035年）、最後まで大臣の地位に望みをつないでいた藤原斉信が死去、最後に公任が長久2年（1041年）に没している（なお、斉信が生前望んでいた大臣の空席が発生するのは、公任の死から更に5年後の藤原実資の死去に伴うものであった）。
English: Moshitsugi, also called sosha/soja, originally referred to a person in charge of conveying messages to the Emperor or Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor), and in the Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu it also referred to a person conveying messages to the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians").
Japanese: 申次とは奏者とも呼ばれ、元来は天皇や太上天皇に奏聞を取次ぐ役目をする人物を指し、鎌倉幕府や室町幕府でも征夷大将軍に奏聞を取次ぐ人を指した。
English: Moshitsugi in the bakufu also carried out miscellaneous tasks, informed the shogun of the names of people who sought an audience with him, and ushered them to the audience.
Japanese: 幕府の申次は将士が将軍に拝謁するために参上した際にその姓名を将軍に報告して拝謁を取り次ぎ、同時に関連する雑務も処理した。
English: During the period of the sixth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, the post was monopolized by the Ise, Ueno, Odachi and Hatakeyama clans, and they took charge of Moshitsugi in turn, forming a group composed of several persons working in shifts.
Japanese: 室町幕府6代将軍足利義教の頃には伊勢氏・上野氏・大舘氏・畠山氏の4氏出身者によって独占されるようになり、彼らは数名で結番して交代で申次の職務にあたった。
English: They were called Moshitsugishu, and later this became a term referring to the rank of the family, ranked after Oshobanshu (officials who accompany shogun), Otomoshu (group who attended the shogun to the ancient capital Kyoto), Oheyashu (the position in charge of keeping night watch over the shogun's bedchamber).
Japanese: これを申次衆と呼び、後に御相伴衆・御供衆・御部屋衆に次ぐ家格としての意味を有するようになった。
English: Nowadays, Moritoki ISE (Soun HOJO) is considered to have been one of the Moshitsugishu.
Japanese: 近年では、伊勢盛時（北条早雲）も申次衆の1人であったと考えられている。
English: In a more limited sense, it refers to a person stationed in an office of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) who stood guard for the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and his palace.
Japanese: 狭義においては幕府に詰めて征夷大将軍及び御所の警固にあたる者を指す。
English: It is said that Banshu in the bakufu originally derives from the fact that in the time of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and the Kamakura bakufu, he arranged for gokenins (immediate vassals of the shogunate) with skill in bow and arrow to stay close to him night and day.
Japanese: 幕府の番衆の元は鎌倉幕府の源頼朝時代に弓矢に優れた側近の御家人を日夜身辺に置いたことに由来するとされる。
English: After MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated, Kozamurai dokoro (the Shogun's guard) was set up, and a system of Koban (small watch teams) was created, which consisted of 6 teams on a rotating 24 hour watch.
Japanese: 源実朝の暗殺後、小侍所が設置され、6番制によって1日1番の小番が編成された。
English: Under Koban, there were several sub-teams such as Kinjuban (a bodyguard for the shogun), Hisashiban (a person who keeps night watch under the eaves of building), and Moshitsugiban (a post to attend to visitors), and the powerful gokenins' sons were appointed.
Japanese: 小番の中にも近習番・廂番・申次番などが設けられ、有力御家人の子弟が任ぜられた。
English: They formed a shogun kinshuso (a class of shogunal bodyguards), which sometimes became a counterweight to the regent's power, and provoked political conflicts.
Japanese: 彼らは将軍近習層を形成して、時には執権勢力と対抗関係となり、政治的紛争の原因となった。
English: They not only guarded the shogun but also played a central role in the military force directly controlled by him, with privileges granted by the shogun, such as Kyosei (the right to direct tax payment of tansen, a kind of provisional tax imposed on the Imperial or shogunate family's estate and his private estate and paid to the bakufu without any intermediaries such as Shugo) and sanctuary from interference by Shugo.
Japanese: 彼らは将軍の警固のみならず、御料所の経営委任や自己の所領に対する段銭の京済（中間搾取の恐れのある守護などの中間者の関与を経ずに幕府へ直接納付を行う）や守護不入などの特権を得て将軍直属の軍事力の中核となった。
English: In addition, the concept of Banshu came to be applied to the status of samurais and their family ranking, and based on this concept job titles such as Shobanshu (officials who accompany the shogun), Otomoshu (a group that accompanied the shogun to Kyoto), Moshitsugishu (a person in charge of conveying messages to the shogun), and Naidanshu (judges) were created.
Japanese: 更に番衆の概念が武士の身分・家格づけにも応用され、相伴衆や御供衆、申次衆、内談衆などの呼称が生じた。
English: Also, in the Edo bakufu, the Muromachi system was retained as one of the good practices of samurai families, and part of it was used in the system of Hatamoto/Gokenin (direct vassals of the shogun and vassals of the shogunate, respectively).
Japanese: 江戸幕府においても室町幕府の制度は武家故実として尊重され、その一部は旗本・御家人制度にも導入された。
English: That is to say, the Banshu system was incorporated into the valet and guard posts such as Shoinban (castle guards), Sojaban (an official in charge of ceremonies), and Tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield).
Japanese: すなわち、書院番・奏者番・使番などの将軍近侍・警固の役職に番衆制度が取り入れられたのである。
English: According to "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Azukari was set up at Daijokan chuke (kitchen of the Great Council of State) and Daijokan fumidono (repository of documents).
Japanese: 『延喜式』には太政官厨家及び太政官文殿に設置されたことが知られている。
English: In the 10th century, Azukari was set up at various government offices including, without limitation, Goin (retired emperor's palace), In no cho (retired emperor's office), Shinmotsudokoro (serving office), Kokusoin (office of storehouses), Kokuga (provincial government office) and Gunga (country government office).
Japanese: 10世紀に入ると、後院や院庁、御厨子所、進物所、穀倉院をはじめ、国衙や郡衙などを含めて様々な官司において預が設置されていた。
English: In the case of central government offices, Azukari was normally placed under Betto (head of office) and supervised practical jobs instead of Betto who was kugyo (top court noble).
Japanese: 預が設置された中央の官司においては、通常は別当の下に置かれて公卿である別当に代わって実務を統括する立場に立つことが多かった。
English: Azukari was sometimes placed next to Betto and Shitsuji (steward) at In no cho, but the ranking of Shitsuji and Betto was different depending on government offices.
Japanese: 院庁などでは執事が設置されると、別当・執事の次に置かれる例があったが、執事と預の関係は官司によって異なっていた。
English: It is said that the post of Nenyo (subordinate of Shitsuji), whose term was one year, derived from Azukari.
Japanese: また、1年交代で補任された年預という職は元は預から派生したとも言われている。
English: Azukari was set up at shoen as a post which was responsible for the on-site management of shoen and in the case of temples or shrines, Azukari was set up as the post which was responsible for the management of temples or shrines.
Japanese: その他に荘園では在地において荘務を掌る職として預が置かれたり、神社の社務や寺院の寺務を掌る者として置かれた例もある。
English: At Kasuga Taisha Shrine and Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, Sho no Azukari (head custodian) and Gon no Azukari (assistant custodian) were set up as senior posts for Shinto priest.
Japanese: 春日大社や石清水八幡宮では上位の神官として正預・権預が任じられていた。
English: "Azukaridokoro" (also Azukesho, Azugasso, Azukarisho) was a deputy position the medieval Shoen manor, and integrally controlled it with the official appointment of honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a manor).
Japanese: 預所（あずかりどころ/あずけしょ/あずがっそ/あずかりしょ）とは、中世の荘園において本所の補任を受けて在地を統括した職の体系。
English: In a legal code book, "Satamirensho" published in the Kamakura Period, it is defined as 'Azukaridokoro is the local clerical manager in the manor entrusted by honjo.'
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の法制書である『沙汰未練書』には「預所者本所御領所務代官也（預所は本所の御領における所務代官である）」と記されている。
English: Since around the 12th century, it emerged to take the place of traditional sento (a person who does practical business in the management of Shoen estates), azukari (government post), kengyo (one of shokans, officers governing Shoen manor), and jotsukai (a lower-ranked officer who governs Shoen manor).
Japanese: 12世紀頃から従来の専当・預(官職)・検校・定使などに代わって出現した。
English: However, records and references show that the position and scope of Azukaridokoro varied widely.
Japanese: ただし、記録・文献上に現れる預所は様々な地位・職掌にあったことが知られている。
English: Azukaridokoro in general, appointed by honjo, took charge of management of the Shoen manor, directing the lower-ranked shokans (officers governing the manor).
Japanese: 一般的な預所は本所の補任を受けて在地において下司・公文などの下級荘官を指揮して経営にあたっていた。
English: To Azukaridokoro in the manor, an officer dispatched from honjo, an influential local person, Kaihatsu ryoshu (local noble who actually developed the land), or the benefactor of the manor (or his descendent or a related person) were often appointed.
Japanese: 在地における預所では本所より派遣された者や現地の有力者、開発領主・寄進者本人（または子孫などの関係者）が任じられることが多かった。
English: However, on the other hand, in case of a Shoen manor where existed a multi-layered structure in control such as the honke (patron) and the ryoke (proprietor), the ryoke was called Azukaridokoro.
Japanese: だが、一方において、本家-領家といった重層的な荘園領主が存在する荘園では本家が本所である場合、領家のことを預所と称した。
English: In addition, there were cases in which the honke appointed its own Keishi (household superintendent) or other retainer to Azukaridokori, so that he could be supported by the manor instead of receiving his salary.
Japanese: 更に本家が自己の家司などを預所に任じて知行させ俸禄の代わりにした場合もあった。
English: When a ryoke or a Keishi became Azukaridokoro, in many cases, he continued living in Kyoto, and day to day management was carried out by a trusted deputy.
Japanese: 領家や家司が預所になった場合には在京のままその地位を占めることが多く、実際の経営は彼らに任ぜられた代官などが行っていた。
English: The former type of local Azukaridokoro is called "Zaichi Azukaridokoro" (Azukaridokoro in the duty station), and the latter type of Azukaridokoro living in Kyoto is called "Zaikyo Azukaridokoro".
Japanese: 前者のような在地の預所を「在地預所」、後者のような京都に居住する（従って現地には赴かない）預所を「在京預所」と呼ぶ。
English: Within the multi-layered structure of Shoen ryoshu, in some cases, both Zaichi Azukaridokoro and Zaikyo Azukaridokoro coexisted, and in such cases, the former was called Chushi, and the latter was called Joshi, after the Geshi (local keeper) which was a low-ranked shokan.
Japanese: 重層的な荘園領主の構造の中では、在地預所と在京預所の両方が存在する場合もあり得、その場合は下級荘官である下司に対して前者を中司、後者を上司と称した。
English: At the late Heian Period, an increasing number of samurais began to take positions as Azukaridokoro, although it was originally a clerical post, and some continued to advance to acquire the post of Jito (manager and lord of manor) or Zaichi ryoshu (local lord).
Japanese: 平安時代末期には本来は事務官的な要素の強い預所に武士が就く例も増加し、そのまま地頭や在地領主の地位を得る例も現れた。
English: In the Kamakura bakufu, there was a regulation called 'Bokan joshi,' which prohibited gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) to be appointed to Joshi (Zaikyo Azukaridokoro) or high-ranked shokan (governor of the manor) with similar authority.
Japanese: なお、鎌倉幕府においては、御家人が上司（在京預所）あるいはそれに近い権限を有する上級荘官に補任されることを禁じた「傍官上司」と呼ばれる規定があった。
English: This regulation was formulated by the Kamakura bakufu, because the bakufu was worried about rivalries between the gokenin serving it, if one were appointed to Joshi while another was appointed to the post of Jito, which often corresponded to the lower ranks such as Geshi and Chushi, in order to control a Shoen manor.
Japanese: これは鎌倉幕府によって正式に補任されて荘園を支配した地頭は荘官としては下司もしくは中司に相当する場合が多く、幕府に仕える御家人が上司となって幕府が補任した同じ御家人である地頭との間に上下関係が発生することを危惧したための規定である。
English: The term "To no ben" refers to a person who assumed the position of Benkan (Controller) concurrently with the position of Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) under Japanese government officials system.
Japanese: 頭弁（とうのべん）とは日本の官制において、弁官を兼帯した蔵人頭に対する呼称の事である。
English: While the term "To no chujo" refers to a person who concurrently assumed the positions of Kurodo no to and Konoe no chujo (Middle Captain of the Inner Palace Guards), To no ben is normally understood as a person who concurrently assumed the positions of Kurodo no to and Chuben (Middle Controller) (of the Left and Right).
Japanese: 頭中将が近衛中将の兼帯であったのに対して、頭弁は（左右）中弁の兼帯であったと解されることが多い。
English: According to "Kantobisho," a book written by FUJIWARA no Toshinari, To no chujo was engaged in 'all matters at the Imperial palace' and To no ben was engaged in 'nationally important matters.'
Japanese: 藤原俊憲の『貫頭秘抄』には、頭中将は「禁中万事」を申し行い、頭弁は「天下巨細」を執奏するとされている。
English: The above book further stated that To no chujo was in charge of the role of close aides at the palace and To no ben was in charge of the communication between the Emperor and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) concerning political matters.
Japanese: さらに、頭中将は宮中における側近奉仕を担当し、頭弁は天皇と太政官の間で政務に関する連絡を担当したと記されている。
English: While persons of high-ranking court nobles were usually appointed to To no chujo, an ability for practical jobs was emphasized for To no ben.
Japanese: 頭中将は上流貴族出身者が務めたのに対し、頭弁は実務処理能力が重視された。
English: Accordingly, persons from middle-ranking court families that served for the Imperial court or sekke (line of regent and adviser) as the officer of practical job, such as the Kanjuji line and Hino family of the Northern House of the FUJIWARA clan and the Takamune school of Taira clan, were successively appointed to To no ben, and became common practice later.
Japanese: このため、朝廷や摂家政所において実務官僚を務めた勧修寺流・日野家などの藤原北家や高棟流平氏などの中級貴族の家系から輩出され、後にこれが通例となった。
English: In the Muromachi period, To no ben was dubbed 'Tenjo Kanrei no to' (shogunal deputy at the palace) and played a role of the responsible person for various jobs at tenjo no ma (a chamber under the eaves on the south side of the Seiryo-den).
Japanese: 室町時代になると、もっぱら頭弁が「殿上管領頭」として清涼殿南廂の殿上間における雑事の責任者を務めた。
English: "Kugokata" was a position in charge of preparation and service of meals to the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and his family in the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 供御方（くごかた）とは、室町幕府において征夷大将軍及びその家族の供御（食事）を調進する役職。
English: According to "Buke Meimoku-sho" (Compilation of historical data of the Edo period), this had been a hereditary post of the Ota and Shinshi clans, although there were some records about the annual events such as New Year's rite - shikisankon (three trays of drink and food) - in which the Shinshi clan took charge of the meals for the shogun, it seems that Kugokata itself was not constantly occupied by specific clans, because there are such cases as follows:
Japanese: 『武家名目抄』によれば、太田氏・進士氏の世襲の職とされているが、進士氏が年始の式三献など恒例行事の供御を務めた例はあるものの、次のような記事が見られるため、供御方そのものは必ずしも特定の氏の世襲ではなかったと考えられている。
English: There is a record that in 1466, when Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA visited the residence of Yukitane INO, all the lowest-ranked officers were engaged in preparation and service of the meal to shogun, and also there is another record that mentions that other clans such as the Hikita clan, Shimotsuya clan and others took charge of Kugokata.
Japanese: 文正元年（1466年）の将軍足利義政の飯尾之種亭訪問の際には御末衆全員で供御の任にあたったことが記されており、他の記録でも疋田氏・下津屋氏など他の御末衆が供御方を務めた記事が見られる.
English: The term "Seisei taishogun" is a general who was nominated by the Emperor (Imperial court) in the Heian period in order to conquer Kyushu region.
Japanese: 征西大将軍（せいせいたいしょうぐん）は、平安時代に九州地方を平定するために天皇（朝廷）から任命された将軍。
English: In 941, FUJIWARA no Tadafumi was nominated for the first time in order to search and kill FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who rebelled in the region of Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 941年（天慶4年）に瀬戸内海で反乱を起こした藤原純友を追討するために藤原忠文が最初に任命された。
English: Later, Imperial Prince Kanenaga (also referred as Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi), the son of Emperor Godaigo, was nominated in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan) in order to supervise the forces of the Southern court (Japan) in Kyushu.
Japanese: 後に南北朝時代(日本)に九州の南朝(日本)方を統轄するために、後醍醐天皇の皇子の懐良親王が任命された。
English: The term "Seito taishogun" is the title for general which was used in China and Japan in the past.
Japanese: 征東大将軍（せいとうたいしょうぐん）は、かつて中国と日本で用いられた将軍の称号である。
English: In April 502 when Lian dynasty (Nanchao) was established, king of Baekje Yodai, who had been appointed to Chinto taishogun by the former dynasty (Qiguo (Nanchao)), and Waobu were appointed to Seito taishogun.
Japanese: 梁(南朝)王朝が開かれた天監元年（502年）の4月に、前王朝（斉(南朝)）で鎮東大将軍に任命されていた百済王余大と倭王武の号が征東大将軍に進められた。
English: However, the above appointment was made based on the Chinese system and in Japan, it was nothing more than the title and ranking given by China.
Japanese: 中国の制度にもとづくもので、現地日本においては中国から与えられた称号・格付け以上のものではない。
English: During the Nara period and the early Heian period, taishogun with various titles were nominated on an ad hoc basis as a commander-in-chief in the war occurred in remote regions.
Japanese: 奈良時代から平安時代初めには、辺境の戦争の総司令官として様々な称号の大将軍が臨時に任命された。
English: Seito taishogun was one of them and KI no Kosami was appointed to Seito taishi in 788.
Japanese: 征東大将軍もその一つで、延暦7年（788年）に紀古佐美が征東大使に任命された。
English: Later, FUJIWARA no Tadafumi was nominated in 940 in order to search and kill TAIRA no Masakado, who rebelled in Kanto region.
Japanese: その後、940年（天慶3年）に関東で反乱を起こした平将門を追討するために藤原忠文が任命された。
English: In the end of Heian period, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO) was appointed to Seito taishogun (some studies say he was Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians)).
Japanese: 平安時代末期には源義仲（木曽義仲）が征東大将軍（征夷大将軍との説もある）に任命された。
English: A local lord (or "Zaichi ryoshu" in Japanese) is an appropriator with the authority to control farmers and fishermen in his territory by executing authority under the Shoen koryo sei (System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in Medieval Japan.
Japanese: 在地領主（ざいちりょうしゅ）とは、中世日本の荘園公領制の下で在地（現地）において農民・漁民らを実際に支配する権限を持った領主のこと。
English: His position was in contrast to the lord of the manor (shoen), who belonged to the nobility, and the temples and shrines that had their base in the urban areas (urban lords), or Kokushu (head of provincial governors) and Chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) in the public lands.
Japanese: 都市部に拠点を有する貴族や寺社などの荘園領主（都市領主）や公領における国守や知行国主などと対比される存在である。
English: And according to the records of the time, they were generally members of the samurai class, served as proprietor of a house, and were called 'Konpon ryoshu' (local lord with fundamental ruling right) or 'Kaihatsu-ryoshu, ' (local lord who developed the land).
Japanese: 一般的には当時の記録では「根本領主」「開発領主」と呼ばれ、村落に宅（屋敷地）を持つ武士層が想定されている。
English: Furthermore, the system for control of land by local lords was called "Zaichi ryoshu sei."
Japanese: なお、在地領主による土地支配体制を在池領主制（ざいちりょうしゅせい）と呼称する。
English: The local lord had his residence and adjacent farm land, called Kadotabata, in his local land.
Japanese: 在地領主は在地に宅と呼ばれる居住空間とそれに付属する門田畠と呼ばれる直営地を保有していた。
English: The local lord had strong private authority over his residential compound (Horinouchi/Doi), which was composed of his residence and farm land, even under restrictions imposed by the lord of the manor, followed by roju (vassals) and genin (lower ranked people).
Japanese: 在地領主は都市の荘園領主から一定の制約を受けながらも宅や門田畠によって構成される本宅（堀ノ内・土居）に関する強力な私権を有し、郎従・下人を従えていた。
English: For protection, his residential compound was equipped with houses for roju and genin, as well as a stable, riding ground, bow and arrow training hall, moat, mound, and storage for seeds and farming implements.
Japanese: 本宅内に彼らの小屋や、馬屋・馬場・弓場・堀・土塁、種子や農具などを保管する倉庫などの施設を設けて防御を固めた。
English: The moat constructed around the residence, which not only provided protection but also served as irrigation, enabled the local lord to enjoy high productivity in the manor.
Japanese: 本宅を囲う堀は本宅の防御とともに門田畠への灌漑機能も合わせて有していたことから、荘園内において高い生産力を持つことが可能となった。
English: With the residence as his home base, the local lord exercised his authority, such as in the promotion of agriculture (kanno), land survey (kenchu), and labor service and tax collection backed by his military and economic infrastructure, and afterwards, the local lord came to take the post of Koryojo (an officer of Imperial demesne) or the position of Shoen shokan (officers governing manors, including geshi and kumon).
Japanese: 在地領主は本宅を拠点として、その軍事的・経済的基盤を背景に勧農・検注・夫役徴収などの権限を行使し、後には公領所職や荘園荘官（下司・公文）の地位を獲得した。
English: The land lord thus became a practical governor, and acquired such rights to judge criminal cases, to collect land tax and to order koji (public duties).
Japanese: 検断や年貢公事の収取権限をも獲得するようになった在地領主は在地における実質的な支配者となった。
English: Later on, it developed into gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate), or 'Sonraku ryoshu' (rural lord) and 'Kokujin ryoshu' (local samurai lord).
Japanese: 後世において御家人あるいは「村落領主」「国人領主」へと飛躍することとなった。
English: It has been long recognized that during the middle ages, the urban lord class such as the nobility and the temples and shrines had gradually declined, and the samurai class had extended their real power in the political and social spheres.
Japanese: 中世に入ると、貴族や寺社などの都市領主層が次第に没落し、武士が政治社会の実権を握っていく時代とする認識は古くから存在した。
English: However, after World War II, Tadashi I SHIMODA wrote "Chuseiteki Sekai no Keisei" (The formation of the medieval world) and presented the idea of 'Zaichi ryoshu sei' (the local lord system) that relates the process of the dismantling the ancient nation with the institution of slavery sustained by the nobility and the temples and shrines, with the formation of the medieval nation with a feudal system supported by the samurai class.
Japanese: しかし、戦後になって石母田正が『中世的世界の形成』を著し、武士が在地領主として在地を支配していく過程と貴族・寺社による古代奴隷制国家の解体と武士による中世封建制国家の形成を関連付ける「在地領主制」の考え方を打ち出した。
English: Ishimoda's idea, which had a big impact on the study of Japanese history, gave rise to much active research and discussion, including studies that related local lords with the formation of military governments (the Kamakura bakufu and the Muromachi bakufu), efforts to trace the process of rise and decline of local lords from the late Heian Period to the Sengoku period, as well as criticisms against the Ishimoda theory (which defined the local lord as a slave master, as well the 'non-lord theory,' which argued that the local lord was a mere officer in charge under the lord of the manor).
Japanese: 石母田の考えは日本史学に大きな影響力を与え、在地領主と武家政権（鎌倉幕府・室町幕府）成立史を結びつける研究や在地領主の形成と解体の過程を平安時代後期から戦国時代(日本)に探る動きなどの動きが見られ、反対に石母田説への批判論（在地領主を奴隷制支配者と捉える説や荘園領主の被官に過ぎないとする説などの「非領主論説」）も含めた活発な議論が行われた。