nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established Saikudokoro within a castle as an institution manufacturing handicrafts under the control of Wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), in order to satisfy demand within the Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 江戸幕府においては若年寄支配にて江戸城内の需要を満たすための工芸品製作が行う機関として城内に設置されていた。
English: Kuji (Oyakegoto) is one of terms in Japanese history and used in the following meanings.
Japanese: 公事（くじ、くうじ、おほやけごと）とは日本史における用語の1つで、下記の意味で用いられている。
English: Imposition provisionally put at shoen (manor), koryo (an Imperial demesne), za (guild) and so on in the ancient and medieval Japan.
Japanese: -古代・中世において、荘園や公領、座などにおいて臨時に課せられた賦課。
English: In one case, it refers to miscellaneous taxes excluding nengu (annual tribute) and shoto (tax on rice field), and in another case, it's limited to statute labor.
Japanese: 年貢・所当以外の雑税全般を呼ぶ場合と雑公事に限定して呼称する場合がある。
English: There is a wording of 'Kujifushigi 公事不私議' (Kyokurai 〔review of rites〕・ Shimo (the second of two volumes) 曲礼・下) in Shurei (Rites of Zhou), so it could be considered the words began to be used accompanied by introduction of the ritsuryo system from the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 『周礼』に「公事不私議」（曲礼・下）という文言があり、中国大陸からの律令制の導入とともに用いられた言葉であったと考えられている。
English: Also, in a more limited sense, kuji referred to kankai (audit) of shidonokumon (daikeicho, shozeicho, chocho and choshucho) created by kokushi to record the land tax collection such as soyocho (a tax system, corvee) and the income and expenditure of financial affairs.
Japanese: また、狭義においては国司が租庸調などの租税徴収及び財政収支を記録するために作成した四度公文（大計帳・正税帳・調帳・朝集帳）を勘会（監査）することも「公事」と称した。
English: After the Heian period, as ritualization's growing in the Imperial Court, the management of annual events that took place in every season such as Sechie (seasonal court banquets) and jimoku (appointment ceremonies) began to occupy the most of the government affairs, at the same time, consultation such as Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) and suit began to be integrated into it.
Japanese: 平安時代以後、朝廷のおける儀式化が進み、朝廷における節会や除目などの四季折々に行われる年中行事の運営が朝廷における政務の主たる部分を占めるようになっていき、それに、陣定などの評定や訴訟が組み合わせられていった。
English: The government affairs and the related rituals based on such sequence of annual events in the Imperial Court were called kuji.
Japanese: こうした一連の年中行事を主体とした朝廷の政務及び関連儀式そのものを「公事」と称した。
English: Kuji had been carried on based on the decree such as 'Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers)' or various official or personal ceremonial books regarding 'Jogan gishiki (ceremony in the manner of Jogan period)', 'Saikyuki (record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style)' or 'Hokuzansho (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period written by FUJIWARA no Kinto)' by court nobles including shokei (court nobles who work at Imperial Court as high rank post) who served as bugyo (administrator), and government officials such as Benkan (a controller of the Oversight Department), Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) and Shi (recorder) (the risturyo system) who provided with clerical assistance, under the sponsorship of Emperor or Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power).
Japanese: 公事は天皇または治天の君を主催者として上卿と呼ばれる奉行（運営責任者）を務める公卿を中心とした公卿とこれを事務面で補佐する弁官・外記・史(律令制)などの官人が『延喜式』などの法令や『貞観儀式』や『西宮記』・『北山抄』に対する公私各種の儀式書に基づいて行われてきた。
English: In this process, court nobles wanted to hand down the knowledge on kuji to their descendants by writing down in diary or binding as book (Nikki no ie).
Japanese: その中で公家達の間で公事に関する知識を日記などに記してあるいはそれをまとめた書物の形式にて子孫に継承しようとした（日記の家）。
English: By the establishment of the hereditary government office system, the immobilization of Kuge's family lineage and the heredity of the post of the government officials increased.
Japanese: 官司請負制の確立によって公家の家柄の固定化や官職の世襲化が進行した。
English: This accumulation of the knowledge was later systematized into a lerning to be developped into Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).
Japanese: こうした知識の累積がやがて学問として体系化されて有職故実へと発展していくことになる。
English: However, as the Imperial Court losing its power after the Kamakura period, the political or financial support to maintain the events of the Imperial Court began to lessen, then, many kuji were downscaled or simplified and some of them were abolished.
Japanese: だが、鎌倉時代以後朝廷の実権低下に伴って、朝廷における各種公事を維持するための政治的・財政的な裏づけを失っていき、多くの公事が縮小・簡略化され、あるものは廃絶に至った。
English: In the background of court nobles' creation of the books on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette such as 'Kuji Gojuban Utaawase' by Yoshimoto NIJO and 'Kuji kongen (the Rules of Court, a book on court rules of ceremonies and etiquettes written in the Muromachi period)' by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, there was their purpose to get back the power of the Imperial Court by restoring kuji, but after Onin War, kuji came to remain in name only.
Japanese: 二条良基の『公事五十番歌合』や一条兼良の『公事根源』の公家による有職故実書作成の背景には公事復興による朝廷の権威回復の意図を有していたが、応仁の乱以後は公事の全くの名目化した。
English: In the medieval period, all of miscellaneous taxes excluding land tax called nengu, shoto or kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) were called kuji.
Japanese: 中世においては、年貢・所当・官物と呼ばれた租税を除いた全ての雑税を指して「公事」と呼ばれた。
English: It derived from the provisional imposition by the Imperial Court replacing yo or cho of Heian period, but along with the establishment of shoen koryo sei (manor and public land system), it began to be collected even in manor, public land and za, which continued until the establishment of a new taxation system by taiko kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
Japanese: 由来は平安時代中期に行われた庸や調に替わる朝廷からの臨時の賦課であったが、荘園公領制の確立とともに荘園・公領・座などでも徴収されるようになり、太閤検地による新たな租税体系確立まで続いた。
English: Corresponding to the officials that handled the imposition, there were chokuji (chokuyaku) (tax imposed by the Imperial Court), inji (inyaku) (imposed by In), kokuji (kokuyaku) (imposed by kokushi), shinji (shinyaku) (imposed by Shinto shrine), butsuji (butsuyaku) (imposed by Buddhist temple), tenyaku (provisional imposition for any emergency or construction), honjoyaku (imposed by administrative headquarters of manor), honkeyaku (imposed by head family), azukaridokoroyaku (imposed by custodian), gesuyaku (imposed by lower ranking officer), bukeyaku (general tax imposed in Kamakura and Muromachi Bakufu), jitoyaku (imposed by manager and lord of manor), shugoyaku (imposed by provincial constable) and so on.
Japanese: 賦課を行う主体によって、勅事（勅役）・院事（院役）・国事（国役）・神事（神役）・仏事（仏役）・天役・本所役・本家約・預所役・下司役・武家役・地頭役・守護役などがある。
English: Corresponding to the tax payer, there were hyakushoyaku (peasant tax), tatoyaku (cultivator tax), 名役, shoyaku, gokeninyaku (shogunal retainer tax), shugoyaku (provincial constable tax), zuryoyaku (provincial governor tax), gesuyaku, azukaridokoroyaku, keishiyaku (household superintendent tax), honjoyaku and so on (some of those overlapped, but it's not a mistake, it shows some people in the middle rank could have been a tax imposer as well as a tax payer.
Japanese: 賦課を負担する対象となる主体によって百姓役・田堵役・名役・荘役・御家人役・守護役・受領役・下司役・預所役・家司役・本所役などがある（重複しているものもあるが、間違いではなく中間的身分にある者は賦課する主体にも負担する対象にも成り得たことを意味している）。
English: Moreover, corresponding to the object that was subject to imposition, there were gokeninyaku, shoyaku, keigoyaku (guard tax), ninpuyaku (coolie duty), tansen (a tax on arable land), munebetsu (tax on building), ninbetsu (tax on people), mabetsu, ushibetsu (tax on cow), hobetsu (tax on sail), yamate (a toll collected at the station of the road), kawate (a toll collected at the checkpoint of the river), urayaku (coolie duty), sekisen (toll), tsuryo (a toll collected at a harbor), ichibasen (tax imposed to the market in shoen), zasen (reward paid by member of za to protector), sechiryo (food and drink of events or its expense), ikkonryo (reisen) (gift of money) and so on.
Japanese: 更に負担する対象となる賦課によって御家人役・荘役・警固役・人夫役・段銭・棟別・人別・間別・牛別・帆別・山手・川手・浦役・関銭・津料・市庭銭・座銭・節料・一献料（礼銭)などに分けられる。
English: (Tax was originally imposed on a person, but the imposition of tax on a person's house (including adjacent residential land, fields and residents) and that on the area of a person's rice field were established in later generations.)
Japanese: （ただし、本来は人身に対する名別であり、在家別のような家屋（及び附属する宅地・田畠・住民をセットとする）に基づく賦課や反別のような土地に基づく賦課は後世に発生したものである）。
English: Based on the details of the tax burden to be borne, tax at that time could be classified into 'compulsory service,' which was provided with labor service, or other categories such as 'zokuji' (statute labor) and 'manzokuji' (general term of compulsory service and miscellaneous tax).
Japanese: そして負担の具体的内容より労働によって奉仕を行う「夫役」とそれ以外の「雑公事（ぞうくじ）」（「万雑公事（まんぞうくじ）」）に分けられる。
English: Zokuji had mainly been paid with local products and the processed goods (polished rice, sake, oil, rice cake, wheat, fish, firewood, fodder, vegetables, lacquer, paper, straw mats), but later bagan to be paid with money most of the time.
Japanese: 雑公事は主として現地における特産物やその加工品（例白米・酒・油・餅・麦・魚・薪・秣・野菜・漆・紙・薦）の形で納付されたが、後には代銭納などの金銭の形で納められる場合が多くなった。
English: In the mid Heian period when annual events became organized as a part of kuji in the political affairs, the taxation system of the ritsuryo system fell apart, so the management cost of the Imperial Court including kuji became to be borne by zuryo (provincial governor) who were kokushi.
Japanese: 政務における公事の一環としての年中行事が整備されてきたのと同じ平安時代中期には、租庸調・雑徭を基本とする律令制の租税体系が解体したため、公事を含めた朝廷の運営費用は諸国の国司である受領が負担を請負う図式となった。
English: The events in the established custome were alloted from nenryo (annual tribute) and ritsubun (ritsubun 〔the tax system where two-tenth of the tax delivered from the provinces to the Ministry of Finance at Heian-kyo were supplied to the tax storage called "ritsubun-do"〕) that is said to have replaced yo and cho, and the extra events were borne by each province in form of meshimono or shoka (imposition) allocated by gyojisyo or kurodo dokoro (the Office of Imperial Household Logistics).
Japanese: 恒例の行事については、庸や調を継承したとされる年料・率分によって賄われ、臨時の行事については行事所や蔵人所が召物・所課などの形式で諸国に負担を配分した。
English: Moreover, the building or repairing cost of dairi (Imperial Palace) or temples and shrines were also born by Zuryo of each privince as a part of kuji, and if zuryo couldn't take all of it by themselves, it was allowed for them to impose the rest of the load they couldn't bear to people in name of rinji zoyaku (temporary odd-job tasks) or kuniyaku (public duties) (kokuga kuji).
Japanese: 更に内裏や寺社の修理造営に対する負担も公事の一環として諸国の受領に負担を配分したが、その際に受領が自己負担で賄いきれない部分を臨時雑役・国役の名目で民衆に負担させることが許容された（「国衙公事」）。
English: The land tax separately imposed from the original imposition such as nengu, shoto and kanmotsu in name of kuji began to be called 'kuji' (also referred to as 'kuyo').
Japanese: こうした公事を名目として本来の賦課である年貢・所当・官物とは別個に賦課される租税のことを「公事」（「公用」とも）と称するようになった。
English: In the 12th century, Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen (manor) and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province) called 'shichikakuji' or 'hakkakuji' such as yakubukumai (a special kind of taxation on rice levied by the grand shrines) of Ise Jingu Shrine, zodairi-yaku (a public duty), service of daijoe (Great Thanksgiving), zononomiyayaku, kugyochokushiyaku and so on were established.
Japanese: 12世紀に入ると、伊勢神宮役夫工米・造内裏役・大嘗会役・造野宮役・公卿勅使役など「七箇公事」「八箇公事」と称される一国平均役が成立することになった。
English: In the 12th century, as shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) was coming to be established, court nobles, temples and shrines, that were also lord of the manor, began to apply for the exemption of imposition to their manor such as Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen (manor) and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province) with the Imperial Court, and began to take in the peasantry that had belonged to both manor and koryo as their own shomin (people of the manor).
Japanese: 12世紀に入り、荘園公領制が確立されていくとともに荘園においても荘園領主である公家や寺社が朝廷に対して一国平均役などの自己荘園の賦課免除の申請と荘園と公領に両属していた農民層を自己の荘民として取り込んでいった。
English: At the same time, they began to impose 'kuji' in addition to usual nengu at the time of annual event or any extra event such as Buddhist mass.
Japanese: その一方で、自己の年中行事や法会など臨時の行事の際に恒例の年貢とともに「公事」を徴収するようになった。
English: Also, in some cases, there was a coolie duty to deliver collected nengu or kuji to lord of the manor or other extra compulsory service such as guard or repair of the related facilities, which were also referred to as kuji.
Japanese: また、荘園領主の許に徴収した年貢・公事などを運上する人夫役や関連した施設の警固や修繕を行う際にも荘民に対して臨時の徴用を行う場合があり、それもまた「公事」と称した。
English: Azukaridokoro (custodian) that was handling the management in place of lord of the manor or feudal lord made a land survey to determine honzaike (or nanushi) (village headman) and imposed it as zaikeyaku (or 名役).
Japanese: 公事は荘園領主や領主に代わって経営を行う預所が検注を行って本在家（もしくは名主）を確定させ、在家役（あるいは名役）としてこれを賦課した。
English: Moreover, even in the structure of kokuga managed by kokushi, mokudai (deputy) and Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods), they began to ask Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) under their control to bear the load of guard of kokushi's residence or repair of Kokubun-ji Temple or Ichinomiya, thus a land survey was carried on as in shoen to impose kuji as zaikeyaku.
Japanese: 更に国司・目代・在庁官人によって運営されている国衙機構においても国司の館の警固や国分寺・一宮の修繕などを自己の管轄下にあった国衙領に負担を求めるようになり、荘園と同様に検注が行われて在家役として「公事」が課役された。
English: As collecting methods of kuji, there were hibetsukuji corresponding to calculation on a daily basis, tsukiwarikuji corresponding to calculation on a monthly basis, myobetsukuji corresponding to the unit of myo, danbetsukuji corresponding to the size of land, kintomyosei in which the load of kuji was allocated corresponding to the size of myoden, bantosei in which banto (head clerk) selected from each ban that was a piece of land divided from shonai directed people in turn to impose kuji, tomyoshusei in which kuji was imposed to tomyoshu (honmyoshu, myodai, myohon) who appeared after disolution of myo system and so on.
Japanese: 公事の徴収方法としては日割計算による日別公事、月割計算による月別公事、名を単位とする名別公事、面積を単位とする段別公事、名田の面積に応じて公事負担を配分する均等名制、荘内を複数の番に編成して番頭を定め、番頭が交代で番衆を率いて公事負担をする番頭制、名体制の解体後に出現する当名主（本名主・名代・名本）に公事負担を請負わせる当名主制などが行われた。
English: Moreover, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) of Japan, there was a case that kujida was set up to collect only kuji.
Japanese: 更に戦国時代(日本)には、公事専門に徴収するための公事田が設定される場合もあった。
English: In addition, in the case that the statute labor was exempted because of bearing a particular kuji such as compulsory service, it was called menden (duty free agricultural field), menhata, menke or menzaike.
Japanese: なお、夫役などの特定の公事の負担などを理由として雑公事が免除されている場合には、免田・免畠・免家・免在家と呼ばれていた。
English: These kuji were on the extended line of the imposition on human body such as cho or yo in the earlier days, so it was considered that bearing kuji of 'myoshu hyakusho no eki' was for people living in the manor or kokugaryo an obligation as commoner peasants = free people (on the other hand, nengu and shoto were positioned on the extended line of so that was an imposition to rice field).
Japanese: これらの公事はかつての庸や調などの人身に対する賦課の延長上にあり、荘園や国衙領に居住する者が「名主百姓の役」である公事を負担することが平民百姓＝自由民としての義務と考えられていた（これに対して年貢・所当は田地への賦課である租の延長上に捉えられている）。
English: On the other hand, people originally having no qualification as residents such as waki zaike (branch zaike), low ranked people, retainers and so on had no obligation to bear kuji.
Japanese: 反対に本来は脇在家・下人・所従など正規の住民としての権利を有しない者には公事負担の義務はなかった。
English: However, after Muromachi period when the myo system began to dissolve, the distinction between tax bearers and non-tax bearers became unclear, so even non-tax bearers began to be imposed kuji.
Japanese: だが、名体制が解体し始める室町時代以後になると、負担者と被負担者の区分が不明確となった結果、彼らに対しても公事が賦課されるようになった。
English: Also, kuji that had been supposed to be paid with labor came to be load corresponding to financial power such as zaikebetsu or tanbetsu, and an imposition demanding money called daisenno or kujisen also began to be applied.
Japanese: また本来は人身の労働によって負担する筈の公事が在家別・反別など財力に応じた負担に移行するようになったほか、代銭納や公事銭と呼ばれる金銭を負担させることを目的とした賦課も広く行われるようになった。
English: Also, a method separately imposing 'nenguji' that was paid with nengu and 'kujiji' that was paid with kuji began to be applied, but power of imposition kuji had as well as existence of kujiji were denied by Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), then it turned to be a taxation system mainly paying with rice.
Japanese: また、年貢を納める「年貢地」と公事を納める「公事地」に分けて賦課する方法も行われるようになったが、太閤検地によって公事の賦課の権限及び公事地の存在は否定され、年貢の米納を中心とした租税体系に移行することになった。
English: In the late 12th century when Kamakura bakufu was founded, Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), a leader of samurai family, built a system of the political authority, government affairs and annual events as 'kuji' (as government affairs), and imposed 'kuji' to gokenin, vassals.
Japanese: 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が成立すると、武家の棟梁である征夷大将軍が独自の政治的権限と政務及年中行事の体系を「公事」（政務としての）として構築し、家臣である御家人に対して「公事」を賦課した。
English: Gokenin was appointed as shugo or jito by shogun to be approved their shoryo (territory), and also given a protection such as exemption of kuji that were supposed to be imposed to commoners and peasants, but as a compensation, they bore different kinds of kuji called gokeninyaku (favour and service).
Japanese: 御家人は将軍から守護・地頭などに任命されて所領を安堵され、平民百姓に対する公事の負担を免除されるなどの保護を受けており、その代償として御家人役と呼ばれる各種の公事を負担したのである（御恩と奉公）。
English: Kuji borne by gokenin was collected in form of money through Mandokoro except something human.
Japanese: 御家人に対する公事は人的なものを除いては、政所を通じて金銭で徴収された。
English: During the same period, nosyokumin (workers engaged in special vocations), who were non-peasants including jinin (shrine associates), yoriudo (a dependent, frequently one who served a noble house or proprietor) and kugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) who served another influential family such as Emperor, In, temples, Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) and so on were exempted from kuji that was supposed to be imposed to zaike (local cultivator household) (Menzaike), and as a compensation, they provided with service corresponding to their professional ability, which was also called 'kuji'.
Japanese: 同じ頃、天皇や院、寺社、摂関家などの他の権門に仕えていた神人・寄人・供御人などの非農業民である職能民に対して、本来在家として課される公事を免除される（免在家）とともにその代償としてそれぞれの職能に応じた奉仕を行い、これも「公事」と称した。
English: It later developed to kuji, which was to be imposed on za consisting of the same professional group such as merchants.
Japanese: 後にこれは商人などの同一職能民によって編成された座に対する公事へと発展することになる。
English: After Muromachi bakufu was founded, in the process of establishing Shugo-ryogoku system, it became difficult for lords of the manor such as kuge, temples and shrines to collect nengu and kuji unless they relied on the military power of shugo, on the other hand, shugo made a use of their position to impose their original kuji to shoen and koryo in form of tansen (a kind of provisional tax in medieval Japan), so that they could have enhanced the control over daimyo's territory and built financial base.
Japanese: 室町幕府が成立すると、守護領国制が確立されていく過程で公家や寺社などの荘園領主は守護の軍事力に依拠しなければ年貢・公事の徴収が困難となり、反対に守護はその立場を利用して国内の荘園・公領に段銭などの形で独自の公事を賦課することで領国支配の強化と財政基盤の構築を図るようになった。
English: On the other hand, there was a case that local lords (azukaridokoro, shokan or jito) managing each shoen or koryo on the site imposed their original statute labor as necessary, apart from kuji from lords of the manor or kukoga.
Japanese: 一方、個々の荘園や公領を現地において経営している在地領主（預所や荘官、地頭ら）が荘園領主や国衙からの公事とは別個に必要に応じて独自の雑公事を賦課する場合があった。
English: For exemple, it refers to food or altarage necessary for annual events which were held in the house of local lord, or cultivation service (rice planting, weeding, reaping) in the fields directly managed by them.
Japanese: 例えば、在地領主の家において行われる年中行事に必要な食物や供物、彼らの直営田である佃における耕作作業（田植・草刈・稲刈）などがそれにあたる。
English: Also, it was common that the local lord rewarded the people who had borne statute labor with sake and a big meal.
Japanese: また、こうした雑公事を負担した者に対しては在地領主が報酬として酒や御馳走を振舞うことが広く行われていた。
English: These local lords who imposed statute labor were also bearers of kuji imposed by lords of the manor or kokuga.
Japanese: こうした雑公事を賦課していた在地領主は自らも荘園領主や国衙から賦課される公事の負担者でもあった。
English: For example, they would go to Kyoto or Kamakura to perform a form of buyaku (labor service), such as Kyonoborihu (a statute labor in Kyoto) or Kamakurahu (a statute labor in Kamakura) by serving under a feudal lord.
Japanese: 例えば、京上夫・鎌倉夫のように夫役として京都や鎌倉に出向いて領主らの下で奉仕を行った。
English: When envoys that had been sent by the lord of the manor or kokuga that been sent to conduct a land survey or kanno (encouragement of agriculture) or to deliver nengu or kuji, the local lords would meet them and any visitors under their protection at the border to welcome them and entertain them with a mikkakuriya (a three-day banquet).
Japanese: そのほか、荘園領主や国衙が検注や勧農、年貢・公事収納のために派遣した使者や彼らの庇護を受けた客人が現地を通過する際には境界まで出向いて迎えて三日厨などの接待（供給）を行った。
English: These loads were borne by local lords themselves, and as necessary, they also demanded peasants to share the burden.
Japanese: こうした負担は在地領主自身が行うとともに、必要に応じて百姓達にも負担を求めた。
English: The pattern that local peasants accepted to bear the load in name of kuji imposed by local lord in exchange for a right of constituent member of the province as well as free people took root in the province for long time.
Japanese: こうした在地領主の賦課に地域の百姓が公事の名目で負担の義務に応じることで地域の構成員・自由民としての権利が与えられるという図式は長く地域に根付いた。
English: And, when the system of shoen and koryo and the system of myo declined followed by formation of So (village) that let appear self-govermental element's in town and village, kuji also began to be imposed to peasants for any events in town or village.
Japanese: そして、荘園公領制や名体制が衰退して惣が編成されて町や村に自治的要素が登場すると、その町や村における行事に対しても百姓に対する公事の賦課が行われるようになった。
English: On the other hand, however, it began to be considered that accepting kuji was an obligation to protect their right as a constituent member of the community.
Japanese: だが、一方で公事に応じることによってそこの共同体（町や村）の構成員としての権利を保障される上での必要な義務として考えられるようになっていった。
English: After the Sengoku period (of Japan), warring lord's doing trial as kogi was called 'kuji', and this word appeared in bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) ("Chosokabe Motochika Hyakkajo 〔bunkokuho by Chosokabe clan〕", "Koshu Hatto no Shidai 〔the Law in Koshu〕").
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)以後、戦国大名が公儀として裁判を行うことを「公事」と称し、分国法にもこの語が登場する（『長宗我部元親百箇条』・『甲州法度之次第』）。
English: Also, in kanjogata (accounting officer) of Edo bakufu, the department concerning civil administration was called 'kujikata (a post in charge of civil suit)' against 'ginmikata' concerning financial affairs, and a legal code called Kujigata-osadamegaki was established to prescribe suits regardless of civil trial or criminal court, thus, 'kuji' continued to be used for long time to refer to the whole trial or legal proceedings.
Japanese: また、江戸幕府勘定方において財政に関する「吟味方」に対して民政に関する部門を「公事方」と称し、公事方御定書と呼ばれる法典が編纂され、民事・刑事を問わない訴訟に関する規定が設けられるなど、裁判全体または訴訟手続を指す意味での「公事」の語も長く用いられ続けた。
English: In addition, the use of the term 'kuji' requires special attention with regard to trials or lawsuits in the Edo period because there were two kinds of 'kuji'—one meaning a general trial or lawsuit and the other meaning a civil trial (explained in a later section)—and these terms were sometimes used simultaneously.
Japanese: なお、江戸時代の裁判・訴訟においては、裁判・訴訟一般を指す「公事」と次節における民事訴訟を意味する「公事」の2種類が同時に用いられる場合も存在しており、注意を必要とする。
English: The following is the reason why the word "kuji," which originally meant a responsibility that was imposed by a higher-ranking person on a lower-ranking person in order to secure their right to be a member of the community or a free citizen, began to be used to mean an appeal to a higher-ranking person by a lower-ranking person:
Japanese: 従来、上位者から下位者に対して共同体の一員としてまたは自由民としての権利保障のために課されていた公事という語が下位者から上位者に対する訴願に用いられた背景は次のとおりである。
English: Any conflict that occurred within a community, such as a village or town, was supposed to be settled out of court in accordance with the autonomy, rules or custom of the community; in special cases, however, it could be handed over to a person outside of the community for settlement.
Japanese: これまでは村や町などの共同体発生した揉め事は共同体（惣）内部の自治や掟・慣習に従って済ませる「内済」によって解決されることになっていたが、特別な場合に限って共同体外部に解決を委ねた。
English: This is said to reflect the thinking of that time, where people accepted the authority of the person or body that held jurisdiction.
Japanese: 裁判権を持つ公儀を認めるようになった当時の観念の反映と言われている。