nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Sayama Domain of Kawachi Province issued a ginsatsu in 1835, and a zenisatsu in 1836.
Japanese: 河内国狭山藩では、天保6年（1835年）に銀札、翌7年（1836年）に銭札を発行した。
English: Tannan Domain of Kawachi Province issued a kome-ginsatsu with the price of rice in silver coins (e.g. 'two sho [unit of volume] of rice for one monme in silver coins') in 1821.
Japanese: 河内国丹南藩からは、文政4（1821年）に米の価格を銀単位で表示（「米弐升代銀壱匁」など）した米銀札を発行した。
English: Kishiwada Domain of Izumi Province issued a han bill (ginsatsu) in 1676.
Japanese: 和泉国岸和田藩では、延宝4（1676年）から藩札（銀札）を発行した。
English: Since issuing of han bills was again permitted in 1730, a ginsatsu guaranteed by wealthy merchants located in the territory, such as the Meshino family, who were a kaisen donya (wholesaler in port) in Izumisano no less famous than Gohei ZENIYA of Kaga Province, was issued.
Japanese: 享保15年（1730年）の札遣い再開からは、領内の泉佐野の廻船問屋で加賀国の銭屋五兵衛と並び称された豪商の食野（めしの）家などの引請による銀札が発行された。
English: Moreover, Kishiwada Domain had a large amount of debt with the Meshino family, so the family had a strong influence over the finances of the domain.
Japanese: なお、岸和田藩は食野家から多額の借財を抱えており、藩財政は同家の強い影響下にあった。
English: Hakata Domain of Izumi Province issued a han bill guaranteed by Buzaemon KUROKAWA of Kurodori-mura in 1755.
Japanese: 和泉国伯太藩からは、宝暦5年（1755年）に領内の黒鳥村の黒川武左衛門が札元となって発行された。
English: Asada Domain of Settsu Province issued han bills in March 1677, which was exceptionally early for a small domain of about 10,000 koku.
Japanese: 摂津国麻田藩は1万石程度の小藩としては例外的に、かなり早期の延宝5年（1677年）3月から藩札を発行した。
English: This might have been because most of the territories of Asada Domain were located in Toshima-gun (Toshimago) and Kawabe-gun (Takahirago) in Settsu Province close to Osaka, which was the center of finance.
Japanese: これは、麻田藩領の多くが経済の中心地であった大阪に程近い摂津国豊島郡(摂津国)（豊嶋郷）、川辺郡(兵庫県)（高平郷）にあったことによるものと考えられる。
English: Due to an order from the shogunate, the domain once stopped issuing han bills; later, they again issued the han bill with the permission of the shogunate in July 1753 and continued until after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 幕命により宝永4年（1707年）に一旦は発行を中止したが、その後、幕許を得て宝暦3年（1753年）7月に再度発行し、明治維新後まで継続した。
English: Amagasaki Domain of Settsu Province had territories in Nishinomiya and Hyogotsu where business was active, and were also surrounded by Osaka and Itami allowing the domain to issue han bills early.
Japanese: 摂津国尼崎藩は、経済活動の盛んな西宮、兵庫津を領し、更に大坂、伊丹に囲まれるという地理的条件のため、早期に藩札が発行された。
English: The first recognized han bill issued by Amagasaki Domain was guaranteed by Shoemon ABURAYA in 1670.
Japanese: 尼崎藩札として確実なものは油屋庄右衛門を札元とした寛文10年（1670年）発行の札がはじめである。
English: After the order for the suspension of bills in the Hoei era lapsed, the domain issued han bills guaranteed by the townspeople of Nishinomiya in 1730.
Japanese: 宝永の札遣い停止令を経て、享保15年（1730年）に西宮の町人を札元に登用した銀札を発行した。
English: Amagasaki Domain allowed guarantors of ginsatsu to borrow a large amount of money without any interest by mortgaging their houses and fields, so many people applied and there were dozens of guarantors.
Japanese: 尼崎藩での銀札の引き請けは、家屋敷・田畑を抵当に多額の資金を無利子で得るという形式をとっていたため希望者が多く、札元は数十人に上った。
English: In 1769, villages in Nadasuji including Nishinomiya and Hyogotsu (the essential business areas of Amagasaki Domain) were confiscated as territories of the shogunate.
Japanese: 明和6年（1769年）に尼崎藩の経済の根幹であった西宮と兵庫津を含めた灘筋の村々が幕府領として上知された。
English: Because of this, old bills managed by village headmen were collected and unified new bills were issued by new currency exchangers.
Japanese: このため、庄屋層に管理を託していた旧札を回収して、新引替人による統一的な新札発行に切り替えられた。
English: In 1818, han bills could be exchanged by Rihe IZUMIYA, Zyuroemon HINOKUCHIYA and the Amagasaki Exchange Office.
Japanese: 文政元年（1818年）には引き替えは泉屋利兵衛、樋口屋十郎右衛門、尼崎引替役所の3か所となった。
English: When the new Meiji government collected han bills, one ryo (currency unit only used for gold coins) of kinsatsu was exchanged for 1 yen, 500 mon of zenisatsu for 4 sen, and 100 mon of zenisatsu for 8 ri.
Japanese: 明治新政府回収の際の引替率は、金札1両は1円、銭札五百文は4銭、百文は8厘であった。
English: Moreover, Amagasaki Domain issued han bills at a kaisho (exchanger) in Kamigori-mura, Ako-gun and Nakayasuta-mura, Taka-gun in their detached territory in Harima Province, which was given by the shogunate in exchange for villages including Nishinomiya and Hyogotsu in Nadamesuji in 1769.
Japanese: また尼崎藩では、明和6年の西宮、兵庫津をはじめとする灘目筋村々の上知に伴って与えられた播磨国の飛地領においても、赤穂郡上郡村及び多可郡中安田村に置かれた会所で藩札を発行した。
English: In 1700, Sanda Domain of Settsu Province issued han bills as early as Amagasaki Domain and nearby Asada Domain.
Japanese: 摂津国三田藩は近隣の尼崎藩、麻田藩などと同様にかなり早期の、元禄13年（1700年）から藩札を発行した。
English: After the order for the suspension of bills in the Hoei era lapsed, in 1740 the domain again issued han bills to ease financial poverty and to increase the amount of currency for economic growth.
Japanese: 宝永の札遣い停止令を経て、元文5年（1740年）に、藩財政窮乏の緩和、藩経済の発展に対応した通貨量増大などを目的として藩札の発行を再開した。
English: Mita-cho, where Sanda Domain established its jinya, flourished as the center of commerce because it was close to the border between Settsu Province and Harima Province (where many territories of the shogunate, small domains, detached areas of domains in Kanto region, and hatamoto were located).
Japanese: 三田藩が陣屋を置いた三田町は、周辺の摂津・播磨内陸部の国境地帯が幕府領、小藩領、関東諸藩の飛地領、旗本領等の錯綜地であったこともあり、商業の一大中心地として栄えた。
English: Moreover, it was located on an important ground transportation route for rice running from eastern Harima Province, where good rice for brewing sake was grown, to Nishinomiya-cho, Muko-gun, Settsu Province, which was the center of brewing.
Japanese: また、酒造好適米の生産地である播磨国東部から酒造の一大中心地である摂津国武庫郡西宮町への陸路による輸送の重要な中継点であった。
English: As the sake brewing industry later developed rapidly in the Nada area (a coastal area in the western part of Settsu Province), rice grown in the territory of Sanda Domain and its surroundings was also used for brewing sake.
Japanese: 後に西宮町を含む灘地方（摂津国西部沿岸地域）における酒造業の飛躍的発展に伴って、三田藩領及び周辺の米も酒米として利用されるようになった。
English: Since Sanda Domain obliged outside merchants to use han bills issued by the domain within their territories, han bills were extensively circulated from the western part of Settsu Province and the eastern part of Harima Province.
Japanese: 三田藩が藩領外の商人に対しても自藩領内での藩札の使用を義務付けていたこともあり、摂津国西部から播磨国東部にかけてのかなり広い地域で同藩の札は流通した。
English: Influential merchants and peasants both inside and outside of Sanda Domain guaranteed these han bills.
Japanese: 三田藩では領内のみならず、領外の多くの有力商人・農民をも自藩札の引請人としていた。
English: However, han bills issued in the main territory of Sanda Domain, the Nada area of Settsu Province, and the eastern area of Harima Province had different designs, so bills were not always circulated in an integrated fashion in all areas.
Japanese: ただし、三田藩本領、摂津国灘地域、播磨国東部地方では発行された札の図柄が異なっており、必ずしも相互の地域で一元的に流通していたわけではない。
English: Sanda Domain also issued han bills in their territory in Hikami-gun, Tanba Province.
Japanese: なお、三田藩は丹波国氷上郡にも飛地領を有し、同地でも藩札を発行した。
English: Since the financial foundations of Takatsuki Domain of Settsu Province were weak (they also had difficulties monopolizing local products), they floated loans by borrowing money and using Tanomoshi-ko (beneficial association) and goyokin (the money the shogunate temporarily charged farmers and merchants) to solve their financial difficulties.
Japanese: 摂津国高槻藩では、財政基盤が脆弱で、国産品の専売制も困難であったため、借入、頼母子講、御用金といった起債の形で財政難の対策としていた。
English: The domain could not issue han bills actively like other domains until 1868 or 1869.
Japanese: 周辺の藩のような藩札の積極的な発行は明治元年（1868年）～2年（1869年）まで待たねばならない。
English: In the Edo period, only an inmotsusatsu (a kind of ginsatsu) to be used to purchase presents for family members was issued, for the purpose of thrift.
Japanese: 江戸期には、倹約を目的として、家中の贈答用に発行された銀札の音物（いんもつ）札のみが発行された。
English: Although two percent of the face value was charged as a service fee to issue the inmotsusatsu, it could be exchanged for silver coins for free.
Japanese: 交付の際に額面の2％の手数料が必要であったが、正銀への交換は無料であった。
English: The Matsudaira clan (Tokugawa's relatives and a branch family of the Echizen Matsudaira family), the feudal lord of Akashi Domain in Harima Province of the time, issued han bills in November, 1750, a little later than other domains in the Kinai-Kingoku area.
Japanese: 播磨国明石藩札は畿内近国の諸藩からは少し遅れ、寛延3年（1750年）11月より、この時点で藩主であった松平氏（親藩、越前松平家庶流）によって発行された。
English: At that time, ginsatsu with values of 50 monme, 10 monme, 3 bu and 2 bu were issued, and these were managed by a gin-kaisho (exchanger for ginsatsu) under the jurisdiction of a kanjo bugyo of the domain.
Japanese: このとき発行された札は五拾匁、拾匁、壱匁、三分、弐分の銀札であり、藩の勘定奉行管轄の銀会所が取り扱った。
English: During a period from April 1872 to December 1873, during which Akashi Domain became Akashi Prefecture and then a part of Shikama Prefecture as a result of Haihan-chiken after the Meiji Restoration, han bills were exchanged to the new currency.
Japanese: 明治維新後、廃藩置県によって明石藩が明石県を経て飾磨県となった明治5年（1872年）4月から明治6年（1873年）12月までの間、新通貨に引き替えられた。
English: It was well known that Yoshio OISHI, the chief retainer, collected han bills in exchange for silver coins at a high rate (60 percent of the face values) and controlled social unrest when the Genroku Ako incident happened.
Japanese: 元禄赤穂事件の際に、家老の大石良雄がすぐさま藩札を額面の6割交換という高い率の銀正貨で回収し、城下の混乱を抑えた話はつとに有名である。
English: Since most of the han bills issued under Asano rule were collected on this occasion, only a few bills now exist and are traded at a high price.
Japanese: 浅野統治時代の赤穂藩の藩札はことのとき、ほとんど回収されてしまったため、現在は数枚が残る程度で、古銭としては高額で取引されている。
English: Since the Nagai clan only ruled the domain for three years, no bills issued by them remain.
Japanese: 永井氏の札は3年余りとごく短期間の統治のためもあり、現存札は確認されていない。
English: Many historical articles state it is certain that people, except for merchants who had business with outsiders, used only han bills within the territory because mountains surrounded the territory of Ako Domain.
Japanese: 赤穂藩は領地が山に囲まれた地形のため、領外との取引を行う商人などを除き、領内での藩札の専一流通が確実に行われていたことは多くの史料によって確認されている。
English: Although many domains only allowed their han bills to be circulated within the territories, few of them could do this as thoroughly as Ako Domain did.
Japanese: 名目上、藩札の専一流通を規定した藩は数多いが、赤穂藩ほど徹底していた例は稀である。
English: Anji Domain of Harima Province issued zenimonmesatsu (a kind of zenisatsu) with permission of the shogunate in 1822 under the influence of Himeji Domain, the large domain nearby, which resumed issuing bills in 1820.
Japanese: 播磨国安志藩は、近隣の大藩である姫路藩が文政3年（1820年）に札使いを再開したことに影響を受け、文政5年（1822年）に幕許を受けて銭札（銭匁札）を発行した。
English: Historical data states that the domain used han bills for the construction of irrigation ponds and for saving villages that suffered from floods.
Japanese: 同藩では、溜池普請、洪水被害を受けた村々への救済が藩札によって行われたことが史料に記されている。
English: As for special han bills, the domain issued goninsokusatsu with face values of one laborer and a half laborer, and ginhousatsuzasatsu exchangeable for large amounts of silver coins (from 20 me [unit of old currency] to 300 me).
Japanese: 同藩が発行した特殊な藩札として、額面が郷人足一人、半人の郷人足札、三百目から二十目までの銀建ての高額面の札である銀方札座札がある。
English: In 1871, when bills were exchanged for the new currency, 10 monme of ginsatsu was exchanged for 1 sen, 10 monme of zenisatsu for 9 ri, and both 1 monme of ginsatsu and 1 monme of zenisatsu for 1 ri.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）より新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、銀十匁札は1銭、銭十匁札は9厘、壱匁札は銀札、銭札共に1厘であった。
English: Since Ono Domain of Harima Province financially suffered from both the fire that burned down houses in Edo and an earthquake, a hikikae-kaisho issued four kinds of ginsatsu with the value of five monme, one monme, two bu, and one bu in 1856.
Japanese: 播磨国小野藩では江戸大火による上屋敷の類焼、地震被害等で財政が逼迫し、安政3年（1856年）より、銀札として五文目（匁）、一文目、二分、一分の4種を引替会所が発行した。
English: In 1871, when bills were exchanged for the new currency, a five monme bill was exchanged for one sen three ri, a one monme bill for three ri, and a two bu bill for two ri.
Japanese: 明治4年より新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、五匁札は1銭3厘、壱匁札は3厘、弐分札は2厘であった。
English: The oldest han bill issued by Tatsuno Domain of Harima Province in August 1805 still exists.
Japanese: 播磨国龍野藩では、最も古いものとしては文化2年（1805年）8月発行の銭札が現存している。
English: In 1818, han bills were guaranteed by Moemon and Jozaemon, the kakeya (a financial agent of the warehouse), and were also managed by a currency exchanger placed in Tate-machi near the castle.
Japanese: 文化15年（1818年）には引請人を掛屋の茂右衛門と丈左衛門とし、城下の立町に引替所を置いて藩札の取り扱い業務を行わせた。
English: In August 1856, han bills guaranteed by Tawaraya and Okawaya, and by Handaya and Sakaeya were also issued.
Japanese: のち、安政3年（1856年）8月には俵屋・大川屋の引請の札、半田屋・栄屋の引請の札が発行された。
English: In November 1819, Hayashida Domain of Harima Province issued han bills (ginsatsu and zenimonmesatsu) almost at the same time as Himeji Domain, a large domain nearby.
Japanese: 播磨国林田藩では、近隣の大藩姫路藩の札遣いとほぼ同時期の文政2年（1819年）11月より藩札（銀札及び銭匁札）を発行した。
English: The face values of the zenimonmesatsu were 10 monme, 5 monme, 1 monme, 5 bu, 3 bu, 2 bu, and 5 ri of copper coins.
Japanese: 額面は、銭匁札では、銭10匁、5匁、1匁、5分、3分、2分、5厘であった。
English: As the new government prohibited the use of silver coins in 1868, the domain issued kinsatsu with face values in ryo, bu and syu (units of old currency), the same as many domains in Saigoku.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）に銀遣いが新政府により禁止されると、多くの西国他藩と同様に両・分・朱を額面とした金札を発行した。
English: Himeji Domain of Harima Province owned a typical ryokoku (daimyos' own territory)-style land in the core area of the Province, having a major influence even on the economy of the surrounding area which was a labyrinthian mixture of the territories of the shogunate, small domains and hatamoto.
Japanese: 播磨国姫路藩は同国の中核を担う典型的な領国型の領地を有しており、幕府領、小藩領、旗本領などが入り組んでいる周辺の地域経済にまで大きな影響力を有していた。
English: Harima Plain, owned by Himeji Domain, was an ideal place to produce cotton, so they earned money by monopolizing cotton.
Japanese: 姫路藩が領地を有していた播磨平野は綿作の好適地であり、木綿の専売で大きな実績を上げていた。
English: The domain opened a kitte-kaisyo (exchanger of kitte [merchandising certificates]) in Wata-machi near Himeji-jo Castle in 1820, and ordered a kakeya and a yotashi (merchant who assisted officials) to manage han bills.
Japanese: 姫路藩は文政3年（1820年）、姫路城下の綿町に切手会所を開設し、掛屋、用達に藩札の取り扱いを命じた。
English: In March of 1821, a Wata-machi kokusan-kaisho (domestic exchanger), who managed the monopolization of cotton, was opened, and a kitte-kaisho was later built next to it.
Japanese: 翌年3月には木綿の専売を取り仕切る綿町国産会所を開設し、後に切手会所を国産会所に併設した。
English: The domain bought cotton from producers using momen-tegata and exchanged the cotton for coins outside of the domain, in places such as Osaka.
Japanese: 藩は木綿手形形式の藩札で木綿を生産者から買い取り、買い取った木綿を大坂などで売却して正貨に換えた。
English: The momen-tegata of Himeji Domain had high credibility because they could steadily secure coins for exchange.
Japanese: 兌換用の正貨確保の確実さから、姫路藩の木綿手形は高い信用を付与された。
English: Moreover, the Himeji Domain issued han bills exchangeable for dried cuttlefish or dried kelp for use as congratulatory or condolence presents for feudal retainers.
Japanese: その他姫路藩では、藩士の慶弔用の贈答品として用いる鯣札や昆布札も発行した。
English: Fukumoto Domain was a hatamoto ranked as a kotaiyoriai (a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period) from the middle of the Edo period, until 1868, when it was again established as a domain because their yield reached over 10,000 koku after Tottori Domain gave them kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains).
Japanese: 江戸時代中期以降は、慶応4年（1868年）に鳥取藩より蔵米を支給されて石高が1万石を越えて再度立藩するまで、交代寄合の旗本であった。
English: Although the southern part of both Jinto-gun and Jinsai-gun were owned by Himeji Domain, the northern part was owned by Fukumoto Domain and its two branch families which were hatamoto.
Japanese: 両郡の南部は姫路藩領であったが、北部は同藩及び分家の旗本2家の領地で占められていた。
English: Fukumoto-mura, where the jinya was located, and neighboring Awaga-mura were the political and economic center of the region.
Japanese: 陣屋を置いていた福本村及び隣村の粟賀村は同地域の政治経済の中心地であった。
English: The domain issued ginsatsu and zenisatsu (zenimonmesatsu) between 1822 (when it was a hatamoto) and 1868 (after the domain was established).
Japanese: 同藩では、交代寄合であった文政5年（1822年）より立藩後の明治初年にかけて、銀札及び銭札（銭匁札）を発行した。
English: The oldest existing han bill of Mikazuki Domain was a zenisatsu (zenimonmesatsu) handwritten in ink, which was issued in 1817.
Japanese: 三日月藩札として現存最古のものは、文化14年（1817年）に発行した手書き墨書の銭札（銭匁札）である。
English: In addition, various kinds of bills, such as the bills circulated at the mine in the territory, jinbadachin azukari-kitte issued by the kanjoba of the Mikazuki Domain, bills issued by a machi-kaisyo, a seisan-kaisyo and a sanbutsu-kaisho, and those issued by a shohokata and a kinkata in 1868, still exist.
Japanese: その他、領内の鉱山で通用させた札、三日月藩勘定場発行の人馬駄賃預切手、町会所、生産所、産物会所などが発行した札、明治元年（1868年）に商法方や金方が発行した札など、多種類の札が現存している。
English: The villages in the domain did not have enough local products, and the lord of the domain was in Edo, so the domain was under strong control of the shogunate.
Japanese: 領内の村々は特産品が乏しく、また藩主が江戸在府で領内統治も幕府の統制力が強かった。
English: Due to these circumstances, although the domain was located in Harima Province, where han bills were well circulated, they did not issue han bills until 1857, at the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: そのため、札遣いの盛んな播磨にありながら、藩札の発行は幕末の安政4年（1857年）とかなり遅い。
English: At that time, five monme, one monme, three bu and two bu ginsatsu, and five monme, one monme, three bu, two bu and one bu zenisatsu (also known as zenimonmesatsu) were issued.
Japanese: このとき、銀札として五匁、一匁、三分、二分と、銭札（いわゆる銭匁札）として五匁、一匁、三分、二分、一分の札が発行された。
English: Since the amount of han bills issued was small and the domain withdrew han bills earlier than other domains, there were no han bills stamped by the Ministry of Finance with the denominations in yen, sen or ri.
Japanese: 発行高が少なく、他藩と比べて迅速に引き揚げが行われたため、大蔵省の円・銭・厘の単位の加印が押された札は発行されていない。
English: The territory of Yamazaki Domain of Harima Province was located in Shiso-gun, in a mountainous area in the northern part of Harima Province.
Japanese: 播磨国山崎藩は播磨国北部の山がちの地域である宍粟（しそう）郡に所領を有した。
English: Some of those bills had hidden microscopic letters in the designs to prevent forgery, such as 'shisotsuyo' (circulated only in Shiso-gun).
Japanese: そのうちいくつかの札では、偽造防止のために図柄の中に微小文字（「シソウツウヨウ」など）を隠し文字として入れたものがある。
English: The Ando clan, which was the lord of Bicchu-matsuyama Domain of Bicchu Province during the Genroku era, issued han bills, and the Ishikawa clan, the next lords, continued issuing them afterwards.
Japanese: 備中国備中松山藩は、元禄年間に当時の藩主であった安藤氏が発行し、次の領主であった石川氏もこれに倣った。
English: Although a five monme and a one monme ginsatsu were issued as soon as the Itakura clan entered the domain in 1744, the territory was devastated and the economy became tight because they actually had only 20,000 koku in spite of their 50,000 koku of omote-daka (face value of koku assessed by the shogunate).
Japanese: 延享元年（1744年）に新たに板倉氏が入封すると、直ちに五匁、一匁の銀札を発行したが、国内の荒廃などによって表高5万石に対して実収2万石しかなかった同藩財政は逼迫した。
English: As a result, the value of the han bills dropped greatly and caused the economy to worsen.
Japanese: このため、藩札の価値は大暴落して財政を却って悪化させる原因となった。
English: Hokoku YAMADA, who was appointed as the consul, daringly decided to abolish han bills and exchange them for the face value only for a duration of three years.
Japanese: これに対して藩執政に就任した山田方谷は敢えて藩札の廃止と3年間に限って額面価格での引き取りを行う事を表明した。
English: As a result, 481 kan and 110 monme (8,019 ryo of gold) of the han bills collected and 230 kan and 190 monme (3.836 ryo of gold) of unissued han bills (711 kan and 300 monme [11,855 ryo of gold, one sixth of their fund] in total) were burned in front of feudal retainers and the people of the domain at Chikanorigawara beside Takahashi-gawa River by the order of Hokoku on September 5, 1852 (old lunar calendar).
Japanese: その結果藩札481貫110匁（金換算8,019両）が回収され、未発行分の230貫190匁（同3,836両）と合わせた合計711貫300匁（同11,855両、当時の藩財政の約1/6相当にあたる）が、方谷の命令によって嘉永5年（1852年）9月5日_(旧暦)領内の高梁川にある近似川原（ちかのりがわら）に集められた藩士・領民の目前で焼却処分された。
English: Later, Hokoku issued han bills called 'eisen' carrying the values of 5 monme, 10 monme and 100 monme.
Japanese: その後方谷は五匁、十匁、百匁からなる「永銭」と呼ばれる額面の新しい藩札を発行した。
English: The credibility of han bills was restored, and the industry of local productions became successful backed by proper investment and loans of the reserve fund.
Japanese: そのため、藩札の信用は回復される一方、その準備金の適切な投資・貸し出しによって裏打ちされた殖産興業は成功を収めた。
English: As a result, the domain paid off their debts, which were reputed to be as much as 100,000 ryo, in several years, and their han bills gained high credibility above the face values, creating a virtuous cycle.
Japanese: その結果、10万両と言われた藩の借財は数年で完済されて、藩札も額面以上の信用を得るという好循環を招いた。
English: A local book states that Katsunari MIZUNO, who was the lord of Bingo-fukuyama Domain of Bingo Province at that time, introduced han bills issued by currency exchangers in the domain in 1630 (earlier than common belief) for the purpose of promoting the industry in the domain.
Japanese: 備後国備後福山藩では、通説よりも早い寛永7年（1630年）に、当時の藩主であった水野勝成が領内の殖産興業のために領内の両替商を発行元に藩札を発行したとの記述が地元の書籍にある。
English: Even if the common belief was correct, there is no proof of that because almost all of the han bills were collected and exchanged for silver coins before the Mizuno clan of Bingo-fukuyama Domain and the Mizuno family of Yuki Domain died out.
Japanese: 事実であれば通説よりも早い発行であるが、水野氏備後福山藩・結城藩水野家が廃絶する前に正貨である銀貨との兌換が行われ、ほぼ全てが回収されたとあり、伝来するものがなく確認できない。
English: Although a piece of paper, which may be a han bill issued at that time, still exists, it is difficult to determine if it is a han bill because of bug bites and damages.
Japanese: ただし、その当時発行したと思われる藩札とおぼしき紙片もあるが、虫食いや磨耗が激しく真贋の鑑別が困難である。
English: Therefore, the han bill issued by Bingo-fukuyama Domain in 1730 is the only recognized one.
Japanese: そのため備後福山藩が発行したのが確実な藩札は享保15年（1730年）に発行したものである。
English: Tokushima Domain owned Awa Province and Awaji Province, which was ruled by the Inada clan (who were the vassals of the domain and also the lords of Sumoto-jo Castle).
Japanese: 徳島藩は阿波国及び家臣で洲本城主の稲田氏が統治する淡路国を領有していた。
English: An old ginsatsu with the year of 1680 written on it still exists.
Japanese: 古いものでは、延宝8年（1680年）の年号が書かれた銀札が現存している。
English: In 1871, when bills were exchanged for new currency, 1 monme and 100 mon bills were exchanged for 8 ri, and 3 bu and 2 bu bills for 2 ri.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）より新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、一匁札及び百文札はは8厘、三分札及び弐分札は2厘であった。
English: Moreover, ginsatsu carrying high values (from 10 monme to 1 kanme of silver coins) were issued at Sumoto ginsatsu place.
Japanese: その他、洲本銀札場から銀一貫目から十匁までの高額面の銀札が発行された。
English: Akizuki Domain of Chikuzen Province was officially approved as independent from the shogunate, but it was established as a branch domain of the Fukuoka Domain, so those two domains supported each other in military and financial affairs.
Japanese: 筑前国秋月藩は幕府から独立した藩として公認されてはいたが、福岡藩の分家として立藩した支藩である関係で、軍事・財政面で相互援助が行われていた。
English: Although Akizuki Domain issued han bills in 1704, a year after issuance in Fukuoka domain, their han bills were withdrawn after only four years due to the order for suspension of bills by the shogunate.
Japanese: 秋月藩の藩札発行は、福岡藩で発行された翌年の元禄17年（1704年）からであるが、各藩に下された札遣い停止の幕命により、わずか4年で回収された。
English: However, domains resumed issuing han bulls as soon as the shogunate allowed it in 1730.
Japanese: しかし、幕許によって藩札発行が認められた享保15年（1730年）には早くも藩札の発行を再開している。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, bills were exchanged for the new currency; a five monme bill was exchanged for four sen two ri, a one monme bill for eight ri, and a two bu bill for two ri.
Japanese: 明治維新後、新通貨に引き替えられた際の引替率は、五匁札は4銭2厘、壱匁札は8厘、弐分札は2厘であった。
English: The ruins of Shigaraki no Miya Palace is a national historical site located in Kinose and Maki, Shigaraki-cho, Koka City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 紫香楽宮跡（しがらきぐうし、しがらきのみやあと）とは、滋賀県甲賀市信楽町黄瀬・牧に在る国史跡。
English: It was considered as the ruins of Shigaraki no Miya Palace to where the Emperor Shomu moved the capital in 745.
Japanese: 聖武天皇が天平17年（745年）に遷都した紫香楽宮（しがらきのみや）の跡に比定された。
English: However, now it is assumed that the ruins are Koga-ji Temple or Kokubun-ji Temple of Omi Province which had been built for a Great Buddha in Shigaraki no Miya Palace before Todai-ji Temple was built.
Japanese: しかし、現在では東大寺に先駆けて紫香楽宮で大仏建立を行った甲賀寺または近江国国分寺跡と推測される。
English: The ancient structural remnants of this site (including over 300 foundation stones) are preserved in good condition, and the placement of the foundation stones shows that the layout of the temple was the same as the one of the Buddhist temple placement in Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: この遺跡では、300あまりの礎石が残るなど遺構の保全状態は良好であり、礎石の配列から東大寺の伽藍配置と同様の建物配置を持つこと。
English: Three kinds of the round-shaped roof tiles and two kinds of flat roof tiles for eaves were found on this site and some of them are considered as the ones created during the foundation period.
Japanese: この史跡から出土している軒丸瓦が3種類、軒平瓦が2種類の内、創建期とされる瓦がある。