nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Shichihei YAMAMOTO, Naoki KOMURO, and Taichi SAKAIYA analyzed the matter that 'the top Army executives of the emperor refuses or dismisses a prime minister who the Emperor designates' as a subject of social criticism.
Japanese: この「天皇の軍隊の最高幹部がなんら倫理的葛藤なしに天皇の指名した首相を拒否・打倒する」事態については、山本七平・小室直樹・堺屋太一などが社会評論の題材として分析している。
English: In 1944, when the Tojo Cabinet dissolved, there was a move by Hideki TOJO to remain as the Minister of War for the replacement Koiso Cabinet (Tojo was the Prime Minister and the War Minister).
Japanese: 1944年（昭和19年）、東條内閣が総辞職した際に、東條英機が後継の小磯内閣の陸軍大臣として居残るという動きがあった（東條は首相兼陸相であった）。
English: At that time, Hirota who was then Jushin (chief retainer) told Koiso, 'An agreement has been made between Mr. Terauchi (Hisaichi TERAUCHI who was the Minister of War during revival of Geneki Bukan sei) and me, as for the personnel affairs, we've accepted to designate a new Prime Minister regardless of the consent of three Kami' and it is said that this incident was one of the reasons for Koiso preventing Tojo from remaining as the Minister of War.
Japanese: この時、当時重臣になっていた広田が小磯に対して「僕と寺内君（現役武官制復活当時の寺内寿一陸相）の合意で、陸相人事は三長官の合意に関係なく新首相が自由に指名していいということになっているから」と告げて、小磯はこれを一つの根拠として東條の陸相留任を阻止したという逸話がある。
English: However, the authenticity of this story is doubtful for two reasons: the first, except this time the actual operation totally contradicted Hirota's remarks, the second was that the other party, Terauchi, was a Southern troop commander in the field abroad at that time and Koiso would not point out 'the story is wrong' even if he thought so.
Japanese: ただし、この時以外の実際の運用はまったく広田が言うようにはなっておらず、もう一方の当事者寺内はこの時南方軍司令官で海外出征中であり、小磯にしても「話が違う」と思っても指摘するわけがないので真偽不明の話ともいえる。
English: Besides this, there was no example of a Cabinet being held up by issues of the Navy Minister's personnel affairs during the Showa period.
Japanese: なお、昭和期には海軍大臣人事が問題となって内閣の死命が制せられた例はない。
English: There were a couple of matters when the Tojo Cabinet was formed; the first, Hideki TOJO refused Soemu TOYODA whom the navy selected as a candidate for the Minister of the Navy; the second, deputy minister of the Navy, Yorio SAWAMOTO proceeded with the plan that 'it's going to be a war with Tojo so we shall not select a candidate (to crash the Tojo Cabinet by not selecting),' however, as Shigetaro SHIMADA was selected with the judgment of Navy Minister Koshiro OIKAWA and others, the Tojo Cabinet was finally formed.
Japanese: ただ、東條内閣が成立する時に海軍が海相候補として出した豊田副武を東條英機が拒否し、海軍次官の沢本頼雄が「東條じゃどうせ戦争になるから代わりを出さない（ことによって東條内閣を潰す）ことにしましょう」と進言したことがあるが、及川古志郎海相らの判断で嶋田繁太郎を出すことになり、東條内閣は無事成立に至ったという例がある。
English: With the Potsdam Declaration in August, 1945, the Japanese army was disassembled.
Japanese: 1945年（昭和20年）8月、ポツダム宣言を受諾したことによって日本軍は武装を解除された。
English: In December of the same year, the Department of War was abolished and became the Department of Veterans Affairs I, the Department of the Navy was abolished and became the Department of Veterans Affairs II; the Military Ministers was reorganized and dismantled.
Japanese: 同年12月、陸軍省は廃止されて第一復員省へ、海軍省は廃止されて第二復員省へ、それぞれ改組されて軍部大臣は消滅した。
English: The Constitution of Japan, implemented in 1947, stipulated the following:
Japanese: 1947年（昭和22年）に施行された日本国憲法では、以下のように定めた。
English: The Prime Minister and other Ministers of State must be civilians.' (Japanese Constitution, article 66)
Japanese: 「内閣総理大臣その他の国務大臣は、文民でなければならない。」（日本国憲法第66条）
English: Because there was no military, there was no military officer nor Military Minister; even if a military officer existed, he could not gain a position as a Minister of State.
Japanese: これにより、軍隊がないために武官も軍部大臣も存在せず、仮に武官がいたとしても国務大臣には就けないこととなった。
English: However, due to the change in international situations, the National Police Reserve, which had equal equipment as the Army, was formed and the National Police Army Head Quarters was created to manage its administration.
Japanese: しかし、その後の国際情勢の変転に伴い、1950年（昭和25年）には、軍隊に匹敵する装備を持つ警察予備隊が創設され、この事務を掌理するため警察予備隊本部が置かれた。
English: The chief of this National Police Reserve Head Quarters was not a Minister of State but a Minister of State who managed the National Police Reserve was created instead.
Japanese: この警察予備隊本部の長官は国務大臣ではなく、警察予備隊担当の国務大臣が置かれた。
English: The Japan Self-Defense Forces grew out of the National Police Reserve in 1954 after it was reorganized as a Peace Preservation Corps.
Japanese: 警察予備隊は、保安隊を経て、1954年（昭和29年）に自衛隊となった。
English: The administration of the Japan Self-Defense Forces was managed by the Defense Agency (later Ministry of Defense) and of the Chief Defense Agency (later Secretary of State for Defense) was managed by the Minister of State.
Japanese: 自衛隊の事務は、防衛庁（後に防衛省）が掌理し、防衛庁長官（後に防衛大臣）には国務大臣があてられた。
English: Internationally, the Chief Defense Agency (Minister of Defense) was recognized as a Military Minister and the Japan Self-Defense Forces were recognized as a military, and a Self-Defense Official was recognized as a military officer.
Japanese: 国際的には、事実上、防衛庁長官（防衛大臣）は軍部大臣、自衛隊は軍隊、自衛官は武官と目されるようになった。
English: However, whether or not an active Self-Defense Official concurrently serves as a Secretary of State for Defense, it is understood that appointment of a career military man or a Self-Defense official to a Secretary of State for Defense itself is not illegal (For instance, Yasuhiro NAKASONE (lieutenant colonel) who graduated from the Naval Paymasters' School, Raizo MATSUNO (major), Ganri YAMASHITA (lieutenant), and Gen NAKATANI who was in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces (First Lieutenant) were appointed to Chief Secretary of State for Defense).
Japanese: しかし、現役の自衛官が防衛大臣を兼ねることはともかく、かつて職業軍人であった者や自衛官であった者が、防衛大臣に就任すること自体は憲法違反にあたらないと解されている（例えば、旧海軍経理学校出身の中曽根康弘（中佐）、松野頼三（少佐）、山下元利（中尉）らや陸上自衛隊自衛官（二等陸尉）であった中谷元が防衛庁長官に就任している）。
English: There was a conspiracy to appoint Kichisaburo NOMURA, who was the Navy General at that time, to a Chief Secretary of State for Defense; however, it was ceased due to a civilian regulation point of view.
Japanese: だが、海軍大将だった野村吉三郎は1950年代に防衛庁長官に就任させる構想が存在したが、文民統制の観点から断念となった。
English: Also, even if a candidate was a Self-Defense Official (the so-called uniform team), a civilian (civil officer), the internal Defense Counselor, or secretary (the so-called sebiro (business suit) team), it is understood that it is prohibited to be appointed concurrently as the Secretary of State for Defense and any other Minister of State.
Japanese: なお、武官にあたる自衛官（いわゆる制服組）のみならず、文民（文官）にあたる内部部局の防衛参事官、書記官等（いわゆる背広組）であっても、防衛大臣その他の国務大臣を兼ねることは禁じられていると解される。
English: This is because personnel of the Ministry of Defense, including the uniform team and the sebiro team, are considered as a part of Self-Defense Forces (Self-Defense Forces Act Chapter 2, Article 5), and the Self-Defense Forces are restricted by the political acts (in the same Act; Chapter 61, the same implementation orders; Article 86).
Japanese: なぜなら、防衛省の職員は、制服組はもちろん背広組も自衛隊の隊員とされ（自衛隊法2条5項）、隊員は政治的行為が制限されているからである（同法61条、同施行令86条）。
English: Imperial sovereignty is the sovereignty held by the Emperor under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 天皇主権（てんのうしゅけん）とは、大日本帝国憲法において、天皇が保持するとされた主権。
English: The western monarch sovereignty had been adopted in Japan and the imperial sovereignty is also referred to as monarchism.
Japanese: 西欧における君主主権を日本に適用したもので、天皇主権を君権ともいう。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, promulgated in 1889, taking effect the following year, stipulated in Article 4 that 'the Emperor is the head of the state and holds all sovereignty but is to execute its authority according to the Articles of the Constitution.'
Japanese: に公布され、翌に施行された大日本帝国憲法は4条で「天皇ハ國ノ元首ニシテ統治權ヲ總攬シ此ノ憲法ノ條規ニ依リテ之ヲ行フ」と定めた。
English: The interpretation of this article and the interpretation and operation of the overall Constitution were divided and discussed by two large schools; one is the monarchism school, (also called the theocracy sect) led by Yatsuka HOZUMI, Shinkichi UESUGI, etc., who valued imperial sovereignty (monarchism) and the other was the constitutional school, led by Tatsukichi MINOBE, Soichi SASAKI, etc., who valued constitutionalism, with a focus on the parliament system.
Japanese: この条文の解釈や憲法全体の解釈運用にあたっては天皇主権（君権）を重んじる穂積八束や上杉慎吉ら君権学派（神権学派とも言う）と議会制を中心とした立憲主義を重んじる美濃部達吉や佐々木惣一ら立憲学派の二大学派に分かれて論じ合われた。
English: Initially, when the Constitution took effect, interpretation by the monarch school sect focusing on imperial sovereignty was valued by domain clique politicians and bureaucrats who promulgated the idea of the doctrine of superiority.
Japanese: 憲法施行当初は超然主義を唱えた藩閥政治家や官僚らにより天皇主権を中心とした君権学派の解釈が重用された。
English: At the end of the Meiji period, there was the emperor-as-organ theory argument between Uesugi and Minobe and constitutional school sect became predominant during the Taisho democracy.
Japanese: 明治時代の終わりには上杉と美濃部の天皇機関説論争が行われ、大正デモクラシーの時期には立憲学派が優勢となった。
English: However, in the emperor-as-organ theory incident, constitutional school sect, led by Minobe, was driven out and interpretation focusing on imperial sovereignty was set in the statement of the fundamental character of the nation which was announced by the government in the same year.
Japanese: しかし、の天皇機関説事件で美濃部ら立憲学派が排撃され、同年に政府が発表した国体明徴声明では天皇主権を中心とした解釈が公定された。
English: Afterwards, promulgated in 1946 and taking effect the following year, the Constitution of Japan set forth the sovereignty of the people in the preamble as well as Article 1, in turn, abolishing the imperial sovereignty (Article 98 of the Constitution of Japan).
Japanese: その後、に公布され、翌に施行された日本国憲法では日本国憲法前文及び日本国憲法第1条で国民主権が定められ、天皇主権は排された（日本国憲法第98条）。
English: Sekki refers to a general term for tools manufactured through processing stone materials.
Japanese: 石器（せっき）とは、石を材料として、それを加工して製作した道具の総称である。
English: It means mainly tools made of stone as an extension of human hands, but does not include such items as stone monuments and gravestones.
Japanese: 主として手の延長としての石製の道具を指し、石碑や墓石のようなものは含めない。
English: Sekibo (stone bars) which are believed to have been used for rituals in the Jomon period may be included in sekki in the broad sense.
Japanese: 縄文時代に儀式に使用されたと考えられる石棒を広義の石器に含めることがある。
English: One is a group of Dasei-sekki (chipped stone tools) which were formed into a shape usable as a tool by chipping away flakes from a stone by beating it with another stone or a tool.
Japanese: 一つは、石同士あるいは、道具を使用して打ち叩くことによって、剥片をはいで道具として使用するのにかなった形に成形する打製石器（だせいせっき）である。
English: Another group is consisted of Masei-sekki (ground stoneware) which were made up through a grinding process in order to sharpen edges or to be used for ritual purposes.
Japanese: もう一つは、刃を鋭くするため、また儀式に使用するために磨き上げた磨製石器（ませいせっき）とがある。
English: Dasei-sekki is considered to be the earliest tools used by human beings like Australopithecus according to one theory.
Japanese: 打製石器は人類の最も古い道具の一つと考えられ、アウストラロピテクスが使っていたとする説もある。
English: Although there are some examples of other animals that use stones as a tool, it is only the human beings who can fabricate tools by processing stones.
Japanese: 他の動物でも石を道具として使用する例はあるが、加工するのは人間だけである。
English: The Oldowan stone tool industries were unearthed at various remains on the east coast of the Lake Turkana in Kenya as well as other remains in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
Japanese: この石器群は、ケニアのトゥルカナ湖東海岸の諸遺跡やタンザニアのオルドヴァイ峡谷の遺跡などで出土している。
English: By the way, these stone tools are presumed to have been sustained by Homo Habilis of Genus Homo or Genus Paranthropus.
Japanese: 因みに、この石器の担い手はホモ・ハビリスもしくは頑丈型猿人と推測されている。
English: Although Masei-sekki was regarded as an indicator of the Neolithic era by John Lubbock, partly-ground stoneware was found to have been actually used in Northwest Europe and West Asia in around 9000 B.C. corresponding to Mesolithic era.
Japanese: 磨製石器はジョン・ラボックによって新石器時代の指標とされたが、実際には中石器時代に当たる紀元前9000年に北西ヨーロッパや西アジアで局部磨製石器が出現している。
English: Choppers: A kind of pebble tool having an edge formed by beating one side of a pebble for several times
Japanese: チョッパー(Chopper)-礫の一部に片面から数回の打撃によって打ち欠いて刃をつけた石器。
English: Chopping tool: A kind of pebble tool having a zig-zag edge formed by exfoliating a part of a pebble by beating it from both sides
Japanese: チョッピング＝トゥール(ChoppingTool)-礫の一部に両面から交互に打撃を加えて、表面を剥離させジグザグ状の刃をつけた石器。
English: Akufu (ax with handgrip), Nigiri-tsuchi (hammer with handgrip), Hand Axe: A kind of stone tool having edges formed by beating a whole part of a pebble from both sides
Japanese: 握斧、握槌、ハンド＝アックス(HandAxe)礫の全体を両面から打ち欠いて刃をつけた石器。
English: Many of their upper ends were pointed in such shapes as of so called tongue, ficron, spearhead or Micoquien, egg, heart, almond and so on.
Japanese: 上端が尖る形状が多く、舌状、フィクロン形、槍先形あるいはミコク形、卵形、心臓形、アーモンド形などど呼称される場合がある。
English: Their typical shape was long, thin and sharply-pointed, but there were many other shapes, too.
Japanese: 細長く鋭く尖る形のものが典型的だが、それ以外にも多くの種類の尖頭器がある。
English: Sakki (chippers), Scrapers: A kind of stone tools equipped with a blade formed by chipping away the top of a flake, according to F. Bordes
Japanese: 削器、スクレーパー(Scraper)F.ボルドによると剥片の先端部分を打ち欠いて刃をつけた石器。
English: Choki (gravers), Kokki (gravers), Gravers, (Burin) (French):
Japanese: 彫器、刻器、グレーバー、ビュラン(Graver),(Burin)（仏）
English: Typical stone materials used in Japan in the Paleolithic Period were obsidian, shale, Sanukite (Sanuki-gan stone) and others.
Japanese: 日本列島の旧石器時代に用いられた石材の代表的なものは、黒曜石、頁岩、サヌカイトなどがあげられる。
English: Hokkaido region: Obsidian is produced in Shirataki, Engaru-cho in the east of Hokkaido and in Akaishikawa in the west of Hokkaido.
Japanese: 北海道地方-東部に遠軽町白滝黒曜石原産地、西部に赤石川黒曜石原産地がある。
English: Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku regions: Sanukite is produced in the Mt. Nijo in Nara Prefecture (Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture), Goshikidai mountain range in Kagawa Prefecture as well as Mt. Kana, Sanuki City in Kagawa Prefecture.
Japanese: 近畿・中四国地域-サヌカイトは奈良県二上山(奈良県・大阪府)および香川県五色台、さぬき市にある金山などで産出する。
English: Shokusan-kogyo is the policies in which the Meiji government accelerated modernization of the nation by encouraging industry and nurturing capitalism in order to compete with Western countries.
Japanese: 殖産興業（しょくさんこうぎょう）とは、明治政府が西洋諸国に対抗し、産業、資本主義育成により国家の近代化を推進した諸政策を指す。
English: Japan, opening its country to the world in the late Edo period, became conscious of the overwhelming national power of Western countries.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期、鎖国体制から開国した日本は、西洋との圧倒的な国力の差を意識する。
English: The new Meiji government, established by the Restoration of Imperial Rule in Japan, adopted a policy to promote industries actively, under the slogan of "Fukoku-kyohei" (enriching the country and strengthening the military).
Japanese: 王政復古(日本)により成立した明治新政府は富国強兵をスローガンに、積極的に自ら産業を興こす政策を取った。
English: The government carried out a tax reform through the land-tax reform and Chitsuroku-shobun (measure to abolish hereditary stipend), and imported industrial technology by establishing the Ministry of Industry in 1870, hiring many people from Europe and sending students abroad in conjunction with the Iwakura Mission that was sent to Europe.
Japanese: 地租改正や秩禄処分で税制改革を行い1870年には工部省を設置、ヨーロッパからお雇い外国人を多数採用し、岩倉使節団に合わせて留学生を派遣するなど産業技術の移植に務めた。
English: In 1880, national projects were sold to private companies including the Mitsui combine and the Mitsubishi combine, and the Ministry of Industry was abolished in 1885.
Japanese: 1880年に軍関係を除く官営事業は三井財閥、三菱財閥など民間に払下げられ、1885年工部省は廃止。
English: In 1882 the Osaka trading company was founded to establish spinning industry and then industrial revolution in Japan was proceeded after the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 1882年には大阪貿易会社が設立されて紡績業が確立し、日清戦争、日露戦争を経て日本の産業革命が進んだ。
English: In private companies, Mitsubishi, which was founded by Yataro IWASAKI, and Mitsui became businessmen with political ties, under the protection of the government.
Japanese: 民間では岩崎弥太郎の創始した三菱や三井は政府の保護を受けて政商となった。
English: "Oseifukko" refers to a country once ruled by a monarch before the monarchy was abolished by coups or civil wars, but then restored its monarchy for some reason.
Japanese: 王政復古（おうせいふっこ,restoration）は、かつて君主によって統治されていた国家において、一度はクーデターや内戦などによって廃止された君主制が、何等かの理由によって復活することである。
English: The first case is a restoration of direct administration by a royal family from such conditions whereby the ruling power was repressed due to a constitutional monarchy system or by powerful clans.
Japanese: 1つ目は、王家は制度上存在するものの立憲君主制や豪族支配等により君権が抑圧された状態から、君主親政が復活するケースである。
English: Some examples include Japan's Meiji Restoration in 1868 where Imperial power was restored from the control of the Tokugawa family, as well as Nepal's cases, one of which was the restoration of the King's reign from the control of the Rana family in 1951, and another one where the political system shifted from the constitutional monarchy to the King's direct administration in 2005.
Japanese: 例として、日本の明治維新（1868年の徳川家の支配からの王政復古）、ネパール（1951年ラナ家の支配からの王政復古、2005年の立憲君主制からの王政復古）がある。
English: Some of examples are the restored monarchies of England in 1660, and Spain in 1975 where the monarchy was restored from the dictatorship of Francisco FRANCO, as well as in Cambodia in 1993 when the monarchy was reestablished after civil warfare ceased and democratization gained a foothold.
Japanese: イギリス（1660年）、スペイン（1975年フランシスコ・フランコ独裁からの王制復古）、カンボジア（1993年内戦の収拾と民主化による王制復古）等がある。
English: Oseifukko', or restoration of monarchy, may sometimes refer to the countries which establish a constitutional monarchy or a democracy under monarchy.
Japanese: 君主制が復活しても、憲法を制定するなど立憲君主制、民主政を採用した場合は「王制復古」と呼ばれる場合がある。
English: In 1333, the Emperor Godaigo overthrew the Shogunate and started Kenmu no Shinsei (Kenmu restoration).
Japanese: 1333年（元弘3年/正慶2年）、後醍醐天皇は鎌倉幕府の倒幕を成し遂げ、建武の新政を開始した。
English: This restoration was more genuine than the Meiji Restoration in the sense of the word "Oseifukko" (restoration of imperial rule).
Japanese: この点では明治維新のときの王政復古(日本)よりもより純粋な意味での王政復古であるといえる。
English: "Kenmu no Shinsei" is translated as Kenmu Restoration in English.
Japanese: 建武の新政は英語ではKemmuRestorationと訳されている。
English: On January 3, 1868, the declaration of the emperor's direct administration over Japan was made under the name of the Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日（グレゴリオ暦1868年1月3日）、明治天皇の名により天皇親政を宣言した。
English: It was a declaration to abolish the Edo Shogunate and to establish a new Imperial government; more specifically, (1) abolishment of sekkan-seido (a system of regents and advisors), (2) imperial consent to Yoshinobu's resignation of Shogunate, (3) abolishment of the Edo Shogunate, and (4) appointment to the posts of three new offices, namely sosai (president), gijo (official post) and sanyo (councilor).
Japanese: 内容は(1)摂関制度（摂政・関白）の廃止(2)（慶喜の）将軍職辞職を勅許(3)江戸幕府の廃止(4)（新たに）総裁、議定、参与の三職をおくというもので、江戸幕府の廃絶と、天皇による新政府の成立を宣言するものであった。
English: Because the Emperor Meiji was then only fifteen years old, some court nobles including Tomomi IWAKURA and some retainers of Satsuma and Choshu domains took the political initiative, but, nevertheless, emperor's direct administration was formally declared.
Japanese: 明治天皇は満15歳と若く、政治の実権は岩倉具視ら一部の公家と薩摩藩・長州藩が掌握していたが、形式上は天皇親政を宣言するものであった。
English: The Declaration of Imperial Rule was a kind of coups staged by the anti-shogunate movement of Tomomi IWAKURA, Toshimichi OKUBO and others in order to justify their movement against the Tokugawa shogunate after they lost their official rationale to defeat the shogunate through Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's voluntary Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) on November 9, 1867.
Japanese: 王政復古の大号令は、慶応3年10月14日(旧暦)に征夷大将軍徳川慶喜が政権を返上（大政奉還）し討幕の大義名分が失われたため、討幕派であった岩倉具視や大久保利通らが、討幕の大義名分を得るために決行したクーデターであった。
English: Afterward, the movement to defeat the shogunate was eventually accomplished, and the Meiji Restoration was realized.
Japanese: その後討幕は成就し、明治維新（英語ではMeijiRestoration）が実現した。
English: In 1649, Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the revolution, executed Charles I (then King of England) and abolished the monarchy.
Japanese: 革命の指導者オリバー・クロムウェルは1649年にチャールズ1世(イングランド王)を処刑し、王政が廃止された。
English: Parliamentarians appointed their leader Cromwell as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, but, after his death, his child Richard Cromwell who succeeded the post of Lord Protector had little political clout and offered his voluntary resignation from the post.
Japanese: 議会派はクロムウェルを護国卿に任命したが、その死後に護国卿を継承した子のリチャード・クロムウェルには政治力が無く、自ら辞任を申し出た。
English: This made the nation of England grow tired of the puritans' innocence in a good sense but self-righteous activities in a bad sense.
Japanese: また、国民全体が清教徒のよく言えば純粋、悪く言えば独善的な行動に嫌気がさしていた。
English: Consequently, the parliament decided to reassign the sovereignty of England to Charles II (King of England) who was a child of Charles I, and restarted the Stuart Dynasty in 1660.
Japanese: そのため、議会はチャールズ1世の子チャールズ2世(イングランド王)に王権を返還し、1660年にステュアート朝が復活した。
English: On August 10, 1792, the French Revolution Government arrested their King Louis XVI (King of France) and suspended his sovereignty.
Japanese: 1792年8月10日、フランス革命政府は国王ルイ16世(フランス王)を逮捕し王権を停止。
English: In the following year, the National Convention decided to execute King Louis XVI by guillotine.
Japanese: 翌1793年に国民公会がルイ16世の処刑を議決しギロチン送りとした。
English: Since then, France transitioned to the First Republican France and furthermore into the First Imperial France.
Japanese: 以降フランスはフランス第一共和政へ、さらにフランス第一帝政へと移行した。
English: In 1814, when the Emperor Napoleon BONAPARTE abdicated from the throne after being defeated in the Napoleonic War, Louis XVIII (King of France), a younger brother of Louis XVI, ascended the throne to revive the Bourbon Dynasty of France.
Japanese: 1814年、ナポレオン戦争に敗れた皇帝ナポレオン・ボナパルトが退位し、ルイ16世の弟ルイ18世(フランス王)が即位してフランスブルボン朝が復活した。
English: In the following year, when Napoleon escaped from the Elba, Louis XVIII defected abroad again but returned to France soon after Napoleon's hundred days' rule ended.
Japanese: 翌年、ナポレオンのエルバ島脱出によってルイ18世は再び国外へ亡命するが、ナポレオンの支配が百日天下に終わると帰国した。
English: The Bourbon Dynasty was extinguished in 1830 to be followed by the Orleans Dynasty which ruled France until the monarchy was forced to discontinue by the revolution in 1848.
Japanese: ブルボン朝は1830年に断絶し、オルレアン朝が成立したが、1848年革命によって王政は終焉した。
English: In 1931, when a party of republicans won the general election, Alfonso XIII (King of Spain) stepped down from the throne.
Japanese: 1931年総選挙で共和主義派が勝利したのを受けてブルボン家のアルフォンソ13世(スペイン王)が退位。
English: Later in 1936, the Spanish Civil War brought about the dictatorship of Francisco Franco y Bahamonde.
Japanese: その後スペイン内戦によってフランシスコ・フランコ・バハモンデの独裁体制が1936年に発足した。
English: Although Franco himself desired to restore royal rule, former Crown Prince Juan (Count of Barcelona) did not support the Franco government, so that Franco assumed the post of supreme ruler which covered both the posts of prime minister and regent and maintained the political system in order for him to keep full power of control over the nation..
Japanese: フランコ自身は王政復古を望んでいたが、フアン(バルセロナ伯)元皇太子がフランコ体制を支持せず、フランコ自身が首相と摂政を兼ねる総統に就任して全権を掌握する体制が続いた。
English: Subsequently in 1967, Juan Carlos I (King of Spain), a child of Don Juan, was nominated as a Crown Prince who the revived monarchy of Bourbon family after Franco died in 1975.
Japanese: その後、1967年にドン・ファンの息子に当たるフアン・カルロス1世(スペイン王)が皇太子に指名され、1975年にフランコが死去するとブルボン家による王制が復活した。
English: In 1923, a republican party won the general election, and in December of the following year the country changed itself into a republic by a national referendum.
Japanese: 1923年総選挙で共和派が勝利して、翌年12月の国民投票で共和制に移行。
English: But, since internally rampant corruption and the worldwide Great Depression bogged the country down politically, it decided to revive the monarchy by a national referendum on November 3, 1935.
Japanese: しかし汚職の横行と世界大恐慌の影響で政治的に行き詰まり、1935年11月3日の国民投票で王政復古が決定した。
English: Subsequently, King Konstantinos II (King of Greek) was exiled by a coups by Colonel Papadopoulos in 1967.
Japanese: その後、1967年にパパドプロス大佐のクーデターによって国王コンスタンティノス2世(ギリシャ王)が追放された。
English: On March 17, 1970, coups by Lon NOL defeated the monarchy of King Norodom SIHANOUK while he was travelling abroad, and the Khmer Republic was established.
Japanese: 1970年3月17日、当時の国王ノロドム・シハヌークが外遊中に、ロン・ノルによるクーデターによって王制が打倒され、クメール共和国が樹立。
English: Since then, the country passed through tumultuous times, including Democratic Kampuchea, Heng Samrin Government, and civil wars in Cambodia, until 1993 when the country adopted a constitutional monarchy by a general election for National Assembly.
Japanese: 以後、民主カンプチア、ヘン・サムリン政権、カンボジア内戦等の激動の歴史を経て、国民議会総選挙により1993年に立憲君主制を採択。
English: Akazonae (red arms) is a kind of military organization in the Sengoku period (Japan), which is a troop formation of which all arms including armor and flag were colored red.
Japanese: 赤備え（あかぞなえ）は戦国時代(日本)の軍団編成の一種で、具足、旗差物などのあらゆる武具を朱塗りにした部隊編成の事。