nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Honjo (proprietor or guarantor of the manor) which developed, based on the shoen system, is one example, as well as common law that can be referred to as Kokuga (provincial government headquarters) law, that developed within provincial governmental organizations.
Japanese: 荘園制を基礎にして発達した本所もその一つであるが、地方の行政組織の内部に発達してきた国衙法（こくが）ともいうべき慣習法もその一例である。
English: The basic format of the kokushi (provincial governors) system was not different from that of ritsuryo law even during the Heian period, but when the position of kokushi turned into a salaried one, and yonin, who are kokushi who would not go to their place of appointment, increased, provincial administration was performed by rusudokoro (the center for all local government administration in a province) or zaichokanjin (local district officials).
Japanese: 国司制度は、基本の形式は平安時代になっても律令法と変りはなかったが、国司の職が封禄と化し、任地におもむかない遥任の国司が増加するにつれて、諸国の行政は留守所あるいは在庁官人が行うようになった。
English: At the same time, the base unit of kokugaryo (public lands) became hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants), replacing ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration) used in the Nara period.
Japanese: そのさい、国衙領は、百姓名（みよう）が奈良時代の戸に代わって基本単位となっていた。
English: Soyocho, zoyo, and various temporary impositions had to adopt corresponding collection methods.
Japanese: 租庸調、雑徭および各種の臨時の賦課も、それに対応した徴収方法を採用しなければならないことになった。
English: In particular, in order to control the relationship with the shoen, formed within kokugaryo, a new law, not included in ritsuryo, had to be created.
Japanese: 特に国衙領の内部に成立した荘園との関係を規制するためには、律令法にない新しい法をつくり出す必要があった。
English: The common law called 'tokoku no rei' appearing in texts of those days, was based on such necessity, and together with honjo law, became one of the foundations of medieval samurai law.
Japanese: 当時の文書において「当国之例」といわれるような慣習法は、このような必要に基づくものであって、それは本所法とならんで、中世の武家法の基盤の一つとなった。
English: Since the Yoro code, there has been no compilation of ritsuryo in Japan, and with the abolition of the Japanese envoy to China in the Tang dynasty, Chinese ritsuryo was no longer being introduced, but naturally, compilation and revision of ritsuryo continued in successive dynasties in China.
Japanese: 養老律令以後、日本では律令の編纂は行われなくなり、遣唐使の廃止によって中国律令の導入もなくなったが、当然のことながら中国ではその後も歴代王朝で律令の編纂や改訂が行われてきた。
English: By mid-Edo period, while the world became peaceful and as society developed, new social issues emerged that could not be dealt with by the traditional shogunate system of law that succeeded the ancient system after the warring states period.
Japanese: 江戸時代も中期に差し掛かると、世の中は平和になる一方で社会が発展するにつれて新たな社会問題も生じ、古い戦国期以来の法体系を継承した従来の幕藩法体系では対応出来なくなってきた。
English: Furthermore, there was criticism against the harsh punishments which were left-over relics of the warring states period (Japan).
Japanese: 更に戦国時代(日本)の遺風を残した過酷な刑罰に対する批判も出てくるようになった。
English: Therefore, in order to supplement the areas lacking in traditional law, research on the Ming code, used in the Ming dynasty, began within the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and various clans (China was already in the Qing period, but many Ming legal documents were introduced in Japan and the Qing code mostly succeeded the Ming code).
Japanese: そこで旧来の法令に欠けている分野を補完する目的で江戸幕府や諸藩の中で明王朝で使われた明律の研究が始められた（中国では既に清の時代に入っていたが、明の法律文献が多く日本に伝来していたことや清律も明律をほぼ踏襲していた事が影響している。）。
English: Initially it was performed by powerful feudal lords such as Mitsusada TOKUGAWA of the Kii Domain, Tsunanori MAEDA of the Kaga Domain, and the scholars around them, but when Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the child of Mitsusada, became the eighth shogun of the Edo bakufu, research was performed in the bakufu as well.
Japanese: 初めは紀伊藩徳川光貞や加賀藩前田綱紀といった有力藩主とその周辺の学者によって行われたのをその嚆矢とするが、光貞の子・徳川吉宗が江戸幕府の第8代将軍になると、幕府内部でも研究が進められるようになった。
English: Representative examples are Kiboku TAKASE (real name: Tadaatsu, 1668 - 1749) and Hokkei OGYU (real name: Kan, 1669 - 1754).
Japanese: その代表格は高瀬喜朴（本名：忠敦、1668～1749）と荻生北渓（本名：観、1669～1754）である。
English: Authored in 1720, 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' is a complete translation based on accuracy and simplicity (translated into terms used in Japan at that time), with a focus on thoughts on humanity and merciful punishment.
Japanese: 1720年（享保5年）に著された「大明律例訳義」は人道・恤刑思想を重視して正確かつ平易（当時の日本で使われている用語に置き換えた）を旨とした全訳書である。
English: Meanwhile, Ogyu who served as the court physician for Yoshimune, was critical of the fact that 'Daiminritsureiyakugi' did not contain the original text, and in 1723, authored 'Kanjunkankominritsu' (kuntenbonminritsu), which added revisions and punctuation to the original Ming code.
Japanese: 一方、吉宗の侍医として仕えていた荻生は「大明律例訳義」が原文を載せていないことに批判的で1723年（享保8年）に明律原文に校訂・句読を施した「官准刊行明律（訓点本明律）」を著した。
English: The latter received special sales permission by Yoshimune at a time when publication of legal books was strictly prohibited.
Japanese: 後者は法律関連の書籍の発刊が厳しく禁じられた当時に吉宗の特例の許可によって販売が許された。
English: Confucianist Sorai OGYU, the blood brother of Ogyu was influenced by his younger brother and also authored a book 'Minritsu kokujikai' (The Ming code, with Japanese explication).
Japanese: 荻生の実兄である儒学者荻生徂徠も弟の影響を受けて「明律国字解」という本を著した。
English: Such achievements led the bakufu to reduce cruel punishments and to introduce new punishments such as 'correctional fines,' 'beating,' and 'tattooing,' but due to the conservative factors of 'Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform)' itself, it did not lead to an overall revision of the bakufu law.
Japanese: こうした成果をうけて幕府は残虐刑を減らして「過料」「敲（たたき）」「入墨」などの新しい刑罰を導入したが、「享保の改革」自体が保守的な要素をもっていたため、幕府法の全面的な改訂には至らなかった。
English: In contrast, Shigekata HOSOKAWA, of the Kumamoto Domain, drew upon the research on the Ming code to carry out bold judicial reform.
Japanese: これとは対照的に熊本藩細川重賢は明律研究を参考に大胆な司法改革を行った。
English: The 'Keiho sosho,' established in 1761, was a progressive legal system introducing the 'penal servitude' (imprisonment) system, probation system, and tattoo removal system, and is known to have largely consulted the Ming code compilation.
Japanese: 1761年（宝暦11年）に制定された「刑法草書」は「徒刑」（懲役刑）制度や保護観察制度、除墨制度を導入した進歩的な法体系であるが、その編纂は明律を参考にしたところが大きいと言われている。
English: Additionally, the domain limited the executions to a certain time of the year, and established a practice called 'shikeibishin' where the major officials, including the feudal lords, behave themselves on those days due to the shame of having a death sentence within the territory.
Japanese: また、同藩では死刑執行の日を毎年一定の時期に限定し、その日は領内から死刑を出したことを恥じるとして藩主以下主だった役人が謹慎をする「死刑日慎」という慣例を定めた。
English: Outside Kumamoto, many domains followed the Kumamoto Domain and began carrying out judicial reforms modeled after the Ming code since the end of the eighteenth century.
Japanese: 熊本以外の藩でも18世紀末頃から熊本藩を見習って、明律を範とした司法改革を行う藩が次々と登場するようになった。
English: The 'Shinritsu koryo' (Outline of the New Criminal Code), which was used for 11 short years in the new Meiji government since 1870, was also modeled after the Qing code which succeeded the Ming code.
Japanese: 短期間ではあるが、1870年（明治3年）から11年間に明治新政府で使用された「新律綱領」も明律を継承した清律をモデルにしている。
English: However, with the introduction of criminal law in 1881, the criminal legal system under the Chinese system of law since ancient times ended and shifted over to the criminal legal system under the Western system of law.
Japanese: だが、1881年（明治14年）の刑法導入によって、古代以来の中国法系の刑事法制は幕を閉じ、西洋法系の刑事法制に転換される事になった。
English: The interpretation and research of ritsuryo text began immediately after the Taiho code was enforced in 701.
Japanese: 律令条文の解釈・研究は、701年（大宝元年）に大宝律令が施行された直後からはじめられている。
English: From that year and on to the following year, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and other compilers took part in lecturing, explaining, and deciding the interpretation of the ritsuryo text as myoho-hakase (illuminators of the law) and ryokan.
Japanese: すなわち、その年から翌年にかけて、藤原不比等（ふひと）をはじめとする編纂者たちは、明法博士（みようぼうはかせ）または令官（りようかん）として、分担して律令条文を講説し、また解釈を治定した。
English: In 728, when the myobo department was established in universities as a training institution for ritsuryo scholars, research on ritsuryo also flourished.
Japanese: 728年（神亀5年）に大学のなかに律令学者の養成機関としての明法科が設けられると、律令の研究もさかんとなった。
English: Triggered by the enforcement of the Yoro code soon after in 757, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who was in power at the time, lectured on the new ritsuryo and personally made interpretation decisions.
Japanese: 次いで757年（天平宝字元年）に養老律令が施行されたのを契機に、時の権力者藤原仲麻呂は新律令の講書を開催し、みずからも解釈の治定にあたっている。
English: However, among the above, only the 'Koki' can be referred to as being research on ritsuryo, while others were acts of publicly deciding on the interpretation of the text.
Japanese: ただし、以上のうちで律令の研究といえるものは「古記」のみで、他は条文の解釈を公的に確定する作業であったというべきであろう。
English: After that, research on ritsuryo became active between the end of the eighth century and the beginning of the ninth century, and many private commentaries such as Reishaku, Sekki, and Kekki, which are quoted in the "Ryo no shuge" (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) were published around that time.
Japanese: 次いで律令の研究が興隆したのは8世紀末から9世紀はじめにかけての時期で、このとき『令集解（りようのしゆうげ）』が引用する令釈、跡記、穴記などの多くの私的注釈書が生まれている。
English: "Ryo no gige" (commentary on the Ryo) is a public commentary published during such trends.
Japanese: 『令義解（りようのぎげ）』はこうした気運のなかで斤定された公的注釈書である。
English: Later, official ritsuryo lectures were held three times, in Jogan (Japan)(859), Engi (year unknown), and Choho (999), and in the meantime, "Ritsu no shuge" and "Ryo no shuge" were compiled by KOREMUNE no Naomoto, but there is no commentary covering the entire ritsu and ryo, and the study of ritsuryo was passed along only as hereditary learning in the Koremune clan, Sakagami clan, Nakahara clan, etc.
Japanese: その後、公的な律令講書が貞観_(日本)（859年）、延喜（年未詳）、長保（999年）の3回開かれたことが知られており、またその間に惟宗直本（これむねのなおもと）によって『律集解』、『令集解』が編纂されたが、以後は律・令の全篇にわたる注釈書はみられず、律令学はわずかに惟宗氏、坂上氏、中原氏などに家学として伝えられたにすぎなかった。
English: Then in the Muromachi period, Kaneyoshi ICHIJO authored the "Ryosho," but this also was simply a summary of ancient commentaries.
Japanese: 降って室町時代に一条兼良は『令抄』を著したが、これも古来の注釈を摘記したものにすぎない。
English: Next, in the Edo period, research on ritsuryo by both scholars of Chinese classics and scholars of Japanese classical studies flourished, and Yoshichika TSUBOI (1657 - 1735), KADA no Azumamaro, Michikuni INABA (1744 - 1801), Hidekai KAWAMURA, Hidene KAWAMURA, Moriyoshi SONODA (1785 - 1840), and Yoshiki KONDO are among those who left commentaries, but the center of the research was still on hermeneutics.
Japanese: ついで江戸時代に入ると漢学者、国学者の双方による律令研究が盛行し、注釈書を残した者に壺井義知（つぼいよしちか）(1657‐1735）、荷田春満（かだのあずままろ）、稲葉通邦（いなばみちくに）(1744‐1801）、河村秀穎（ひでかい）、河村秀根（ひでね）、薗田守良（そのだもりよし）(1785‐1840）、近藤芳樹などがあるが、依然として研究の中心は解釈学におかれていた。
English: With the development of studies in modern history, research on ritsuryo deepened in various directions beyond interpretation.
Japanese: 近代史学の発達とともに、律令の研究はその解釈にとどまらず、多方面にわたって深化した。
English: Various research papers in the "Hoseishi ronshu" (A collection of essays on legal history) by Kaoru NAKADA (scholar) and the "Ritsuryo no kenkyu" (Studies on Ritsuryo) by Masajiro TAKIKAWA are major research literature published before the Pacific war, and the commonality between them is an attempt to clarify the difference between Chinese ritsuryo law and Japanese ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 中田薫(学者)の『法制史論集』に収める諸論文や滝川政次郎『律令の研究』は、太平洋戦争以前に発表された代表的な研究文献であるが、これらに共通するものは、中国律令法と日本律令法との相違を明らかにしようとする課題意識である。
English: In that respect, the "Torei Shui" (Collected Laws in the Tang Dynasty) by Noboru NIIDA cannot be ignored, although the Japanese ritsuryo itself is not discussed.
Japanese: その点では、日本律令そのものを論じたものではないが、仁井田陞『唐令拾遺』も逸することはできない。
English: After the defeat in the war, research deepened further, but in general, through individualization and fragmentation, the meaning of each text and the systems established based on them are becoming clarified in detail.
Japanese: 敗戦後に研究はさらに深化したが、全体としてみれば個別化し細分化して、個々の条文の意味やそれによって定められた制度などは詳細に解明されつつある。
English: As it stands, investigation has finally begun in an attempt to grasp the ritsuryo law holistically and to clarify its legal structure and characteristics, and on the clarification of the historical characteristics of a nation formed based on ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 律令法を総体としてとらえ、法としての構造と特質を明らかにする試みや、律令法に基づいて形成された国家の歴史的特質の解明などは、ようやくその究明に緒がつけられたというのが実情である。
English: "Shichikyo-ochi" was an incident where seven nobles were banished from Kyoto in the political turmoil of August 18, 1863, at the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 七卿落ち（しちきょうおち）とは、江戸時代の幕末期、1863年（文久3年）八月十八日の政変において、7人の公卿が京都より追放された事件。
English: During the political turmoil of August 18, which was a coup occurring in 1863, whereby seven nobles, namely Sanetomi SANJO (Seiga family), Suetomo SANJONISHI (Daijin family), Takauta SHIJO, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE, Motoosa MIBU, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI, and Nobuyoshi SAWA, who supported the doctrine of restoring the emperor to power and expelling the barbarians, fell from power when defeated by supporters of the noble-samurai coalition from the Satsuma clan, Aizu clan, etc., and were banished from Kyoto and fled to Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 1863年（文久3年）に起こったクーデターである八月十八日の政変において、薩摩藩・会津藩などの公武合体派に敗れて失脚した尊皇攘夷派の公卿の三条実美（清華家）・三条西季知（大臣家）および四条隆謌・東久世通禧・壬生基修・錦小路頼徳・澤宣嘉ら7人が京都から追放され、長州藩へと逃れた。
English: Accompanied by Choshu clan soldiers, the seven court nobles gathered at the Rakuto Myoho-in Temple, and set out for Mitajiri-ko port (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture, Hofu City) in Choshu Domain via Hyogo by boat.
Japanese: 公家７名は長州藩兵に付き添われて洛東妙法院に集結してから、兵庫を経て船で、長州藩の三田尻港（現・山口県防府市）を目指した。
English: They departed with three boats, but due to a storm, two landed in Tokuyama-ko port (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture, Shunan City) in Tokuyama Domain, and headed to Mitajiri over land.
Japanese: ３隻で出発したが、途中嵐のため、２隻は徳山藩の徳山港（現・山口県周南市）に上陸し、ここから陸路で三田尻に向かった。
English: At Tokuyama-ko port, there is a monument dedicated to the place where the 'Five Nobles Landed' (at the water park at Harumi-futo wharf in Shunan City, Tokuyama) that was built in 1913.
Japanese: 徳山港には、1913年（大正2年）に建てられた「五卿登陸處」碑（周南市徳山・晴海埠頭の親水公園）がある。
English: Later, Yorinori NISHIKINOKOJI died from a disease in 1864, Nobuyoshi SAWA raised an army during the Ikuno Incident and then escaped to hide in Choshu, and the remaining five nobles were transferred to Dazaifu Tenmangu in Chikuzen Province after the first conquest of Choshu clan.
Japanese: その後、錦小路頼徳は元治元年(1864年)に病没、澤宣嘉は生野の変で挙兵したのち脱出して長州に潜伏、残る五卿は長州征討第一次の後に筑前国太宰府天満宮に移された。
English: In December 1867, on the eve of the restoration of imperial rule (Japan), they were pardoned by court council.
Japanese: 慶応3年(1867年)12月、王政復古(日本)の前夜、朝議にて赦免された。
English: Later, Nobuyoshi SAWA became the foreign affairs minister, Sanetomi SANJO became the grand minister and the inner minister, Suetomo SANJONISHI became the councilor and the lord custodian of the shrine, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE became the vice president of the privy council and the vice president of the house of lords, appointed to important positions in the Meiji government.
Japanese: 以後、澤宣嘉は外務卿、三条実美は太政大臣や内大臣、三条西季知は参与や神宮祭主、東久世道禧は枢密院副議長や貴族院副議長になるなど明治政府の要職に就いた。
English: In the Mitarai district of Osakishimo-jima Island, a mansion where the five nobles are said to have stopped remains as a monument to the seven nobles' rustication.
Japanese: 大崎下島の御手洗地区に五卿が立ち寄ったといわれる屋敷が七卿落遺跡として残っている。
English: The Battle of Uji-gawa River was a battle that took place in January 1184, at the end of Heian period, between MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, and MINAMOTO no Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune who were dispatched by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura.
Japanese: 宇治川の戦い（うじがわのたたかい）は、平安時代末期の寿永3年（1184年）1月に源義仲と鎌倉の源頼朝から派遣された源範頼、源義経とで戦われた合戦。
English: In July 1183, MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, who raised an army in Shinano Province to overturn the Taira family, led several tens of thousands of samurai into Kyoto.
Japanese: 寿永2年（1183年）7月、信濃国で平家打倒の挙兵をした源義仲が数万騎を率いて入洛した。
English: Yoshinaka's troops brought violence and riots to Kyoto, and with time, he was in conflict with Emperor Goshirakawa over succession to the imperial throne.
Japanese: 義仲軍は京で乱暴狼藉を働き、やがて皇位継承を巡って後白河天皇とも対立した。
English: In September, Yoshinaka's troops were severely defeated by the troops of the Taira family in the Battle of Mizushima in Bizen Province, and Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa forsook him.
Japanese: 9月、義仲軍は備前国水島の戦いで平家軍に大敗、後白河法皇は義仲を見放した。
English: In October, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa sent an imperial letter to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Kamakura authorizing control over Tokaido and Tosando, and approaches Yoritomo (imperial letter of October, Juei 2).
Japanese: 10月、後白河法皇は鎌倉の源頼朝に東海道・東山道の支配を認める宣旨を下し、頼朝に接近する（寿永二年十月宣旨）。
English: In November, Yoshinaka makes another attack on the Hoju-ji Temple Palace, the residence of the retired Emperor, and confines the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa to gain power (the Battle of Hoju-ji Temple)
Japanese: 11月、起死回生をはかった義仲は院御所の法住寺殿を攻撃、後白河法皇を幽閉して政権を掌握した（法住寺合戦）。
English: In January 1184, Yoshinaka was appointed Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") (or Seito Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the eastern barbarians")).
Japanese: そして翌寿永3年（1184年）1月、義仲は征夷大将軍（または征東大将軍）に任命された。
English: On January 20, Yoritomo ordered Noriyori and Yoshitsune, whom he had moved to Omi, to track down and kill Yoshinaka.
Japanese: 1月20日、頼朝は近江にまで進出させていた範頼、義経に義仲追討を命じた。
English: Yoshinaka's troops, that numbered several tens of thousands of samurai warriors when they went into Kyoto, had decreased dramatically down to about one thousand, because of the stream of dropouts due to the defeat at the Battle of Mizushima and the deteriorated situation.
Japanese: 入洛時には数万騎だった義仲軍は、水島の戦いの敗北と状況の悪化により脱落者が続出して千騎あまりに激減していた。
English: Yoshinaka gave Kanehira IMAI, one of the big four of Yoshinaka, about 500 samurai to guard Seta (Shiga Prefecture), about 300 samurai to Yukichika NENOI and Chikatada TATE to guard Uji City, and Yoshinaka himself guarded the imperial palace with about 100 samurai.
Japanese: 義仲は義仲四天王の今井兼平に500余騎を与えて瀬田(滋賀県)を、根井行親、楯親忠には300余騎で宇治市を守らせ、義仲自身は100余騎で院御所を守護した。
English: On January 20, Noriyori attacked Seta with 30,000 samurai head-on and Yoshitsune attacked Uji from the rear with another 25,000.
Japanese: 1月20日、範頼は大手軍3万騎で瀬田を、義経は搦手軍2万5千騎で宇治を攻撃した。
English: Yoshinaka fought bravely, but was finally defeated, and headed to the imperial palace to escape to Kyushu with the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 義仲は奮戦するが遂に敗れ、後白河法皇を連れて西国へ脱出すべく院御所へ向かう。
English: Yoshitsune personally led several samurai warriors to chase and drive away Yoshinaka from the front gate of the imperial palace, and succeeded in securing the safety of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 義経は自ら数騎を率いて追撃、院御所門前で義仲を追い払い、後白河法皇の確保に成功する。
English: After giving up on taking the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, Yoshinaka headed to Seta to join Kanehira IMAI.
Japanese: 後白河法皇を連れ出すことを断念した義仲は今井兼平と合流すべく瀬田へ向かった。
English: Kanehira IMAI, who had been fighting Noriyori's troops at Seta, retreated, having heard about the defeat at Uji, and successfully joined Yoshinaka in Awazu.
Japanese: 瀬田で範頼軍と戦っていた今井兼平は宇治方面での敗報を知り退却、粟津で義仲との合流に成功する。
English: Yoshinaka's troops fought bravely, but were killed one after another, and when down to the last few, Yoshinaka was killed by an arrow striking deep into his face.
Japanese: 義仲軍は奮戦するが次々に討たれ、数騎にまで討ち減らされたところで、遂に義仲が顔面に矢を受けて討ち取られた。
English: Shoen Seiri-rei is a set of acts issued during the Heian period.
Japanese: 荘園整理令（しょうえんせいりれい）は、平安時代に発布された一連の法令のこと。
English: Most renowned is the Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) issued in 1069 by Emperor Gosanjo to consolidate all manors together nationwide, but from the days of Emperor Daigo, 150 years prior to this, it had been issued every time the Emperor changed.
Japanese: 特に有名なのが、1069年（治暦5年延久元年)に後三条天皇が全国の荘園を一斉整理する目的で発令した延久の荘園整理令であるが、実はこれを遡る事150年前の醍醐天皇の時代から天皇の代替わりごとに度々発令されている。
English: An increase in the number of manors brought enormous income to powerful nobles such as sekkan-ke (regent family), as well as temples and shrines under their protection, but on the other hand, tax collection by kokushi (provincial governors) became impossible (in other words, imperial demesne decreased), causing serious harm to national finance.
Japanese: 荘園の増大は摂関家などの有力貴族や彼らに保護された寺社などに莫大な収入をもたらす一方、国司等による税の徴収が不可能（すなわち公領の減少）となってしまうために国家財政に深刻な打撃を与えていた。
English: Thus, the purpose was to recover imperial demesne and regenerate national financing by regulating the establishment of new manors and suspending illegal ones.
Japanese: そのため、荘園の新規設置を取り締まり、違法性のある荘園を停止させる事で、公領を回復させて国家財政の再建を目指したものである。
English: However, since actual government affairs were performed by sekkan-ke and powerful nobles who were also the most powerful manor lords, and kokushi, towards the end of their term, who had a tendency to approve manors by powerful nobles as a form of office-seeking activity to secure their next post, it was not very effective with many exceptional cases.
Japanese: だが、実際の政務を行っているのが最大の荘園領主である摂関家以下有力貴族であったこと、国司側も任期が終了に近づくと次の役職を得るための一種の猟官運動として有力貴族による荘園実施を認める傾向にあったために多くの例外が生まれ、実効性が乏しかった。
English: Therefore, in the 'Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei,' for a more solid execution compared to traditional Shoen Seiri-rei, all duties that depended upon the kokushi in provinces were performed centrally.
Japanese: そこで「延久の荘園整理令」では従来の荘園整理令よりも強固に実行するためにそれまで地方諸国の国司達に依存していた職務を全て中央で行うようにした。
English: Additionally, it is noteworthy that the target manors for deregistration were extended to the territories of sekkan-ke.
Japanese: また、登録抹消の対象となる荘園を摂関家領にまで拡大したところに特徴がある。
English: Fields administered directly by a ruler that kokushi allocate to temples or shrines as a means of generating a source of revenue to defray expenses cannot be treated as manors (muteitsubotsukisho) without permission.
Japanese: 国司が経費の財源として寺社等に宛がっている公田を勝手に荘園（無定坪付庄）として扱ってはならない。
English: Seiri-rei in those times are said to have relatively had accomplishments, partly because of the disorder in response due to feud within the sekkan-ke.
Japanese: この時の整理令は摂関家内部の確執による対応の乱れもあって、比較的成果を収めたとされている。
English: However, when insei (rule by a retired emperor) began, manors concentrated around the retired emperor, who was virtually at the top of the Imperial court; for example, despite efforts at regulation by Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, such a contradiction caused the manor consolidation agenda to fail.
Japanese: だが、院政が始まると朝廷の実質的頂点である太上天皇に荘園が集中するようになり、白河天皇や鳥羽天皇も規制に乗り出すものの、この矛盾によって荘園整理政策は破綻してしまうのである。
English: Engi-no Shoen Seiri-rei 902 Emperor Daigo Manors after this seiri-rei were called 'Kakugo manors,' and were targeted for consolidation.
Japanese: 延喜の荘園整理令　902年（延喜2）醍醐天皇　この整理令以後の荘園を「格後の荘園」と呼び、整理の対象にした。
English: Eikan-no Shoen Seiri-rei 985 Emperor Kazan Manors after Engi Seiri-rei were consolidated.
Japanese: 永観の荘園整理令　985年（永観2）花山天皇延喜整理令以後のものを整理
English: Kantoku-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1045 Emperor Goreizei Suspended only the manors that were established while the previous kokushi held office.
Japanese: 寛徳の荘園整理令　1045年（寛徳2）後冷泉天皇　前任の国司の在任中に立てた荘園だけ停止。
English: Kowa-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1099 Emperor Horikawa Suspended the establishment of new manors (name of era changed to Kowa this year).
Japanese: 康和の荘園整理令　1099年（承徳3）堀河天皇　新立の荘園の停止（同年、康和と改元）。
English: Hogen-no Shoen Seiri-rei 1156 Emperor Goshirakawa Restricted the number of farmers that can be used on manors ('Hogen new administration').
Japanese: 保元の荘園整理令　1156年（保元元）後白河天皇　荘園で使役できる農民の数を制限、「保元新制」。
English: The Anna Incident was a case of ostracism caused by the Fujiwara clan against other clans that occurred during the Heian period in 969.
Japanese: 安和の変（あんなのへん）は平安時代の969年（安和2年）に起きた藤原氏による他氏排斥事件である。
English: On May 25, 967, Emperor Murakami dies, and the Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Norihira (Emperor Reizei), succeeds to the throne.
Japanese: 967年（康保4年）5月25日、村上天皇が崩御し、東宮（皇太子）・憲平親王（冷泉天皇）が即位する。
English: FUJIWARA no Saneyori took office as Grand Minister of State and Chief Adviser to the Emperor, MINAMOTO no Takaakira as Sadaijin, and FUJIWARA no Morotada as Udaijin (minister of the right).
Japanese: 関白太政大臣に藤原実頼、左大臣に源高明、右大臣には藤原師尹が就任した。
English: Emperor Reizei had no child at the time, and was in poor health (suffering mental illness), so the Crown Prince had to be promptly appointed.
Japanese: 冷泉天皇にはまだ子がなく、また病弱（精神の病に罹っていた）でもあったため早急に東宮を定めることになった。
English: In line to the throne were Imperial Prince Tamehira and Emperor Enyu, who were the maternal brothers of Emperor Reizei, the son of Emperor Murakami and Empress FUJIWARA no Anshi.
Japanese: 候補は村上天皇と皇后藤原安子の間の皇子である冷泉天皇の同母弟の為平親王と円融天皇であった。
English: Imperial Prince Tamehira, who was the oldest, was assumed to become the Crown Prince, but in fact, Imperial Prince Morihira became the Crown Prince.
Japanese: 年長の為平親王が東宮となることが当然視されていたが、実際に東宮になったのは守平親王であった。