nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Inspector of samurai and inspector general were established so that the shogun could receive information directly, rather than through councilors, meaning that a number of main official posts of the Tokugawa shogunate were established during Iemitsu's rule.
Japanese: また、目付と大目付を設置し、年寄達を通さずに直接将軍が情報を掌握できるようにするなど、幕府の諸役職は家光の時期に定まっている。
English: In "Quiet talks at the Hikawa mansion" by Kaishu KATSU, a gossip story is recorded that a councilor hired a strong man to provoke a quarrel with Iemitsu in order to stop such practice.
Japanese: 勝海舟の『氷川清話』には、決してその趣味を改めようとしない家光を懲らしめるため、老中が屈強な男を雇って喧嘩を売らせたという俗話が記されている。
English: It may be due to such rumors that Iemitsu is said to be the model of "Pacific Saury in Meguro," a famous rakugo (comic story telling) story.
Japanese: 落語「目黒のさんま」のモデルとも言われるのはこうした世評からであろう。
English: Even after becoming shogun, he was fond of going out on long distance horse rides and visiting the residences of feudal lords in Edo.
Japanese: 将軍になって以降も遠乗りや諸大名の邸への御成などで外出することを好んだ。
English: When he went on these long horse rides, he would ride alone, leaving his attendants behind.
Japanese: 遠乗りの際には馬で一人だけ駆け出し、お供を置き去りにすることもしばしばあったという。
English: Like Ieyasu and Hidetada, Iemitsu also liked Noh, but his hobby for Noh was a little distorted, shown by how he would first hold Noh events with elegance and then let feudal lords or retainers play on the stage.
Japanese: 家康や秀忠同様に能を好んだが、風流を主体とした催しをしたり、役者ではない諸大名や家臣に演じさせたりと、やや「屈折」した愛好の仕方であった。
English: Like his father Hidetada, Iemitsu favored Nagayoshi Shichidayu KITA, the leading Noh actor of the time.
Japanese: 玄人の中では当時の代表的な役者である喜多七太夫長能を父同様に贔屓した。
English: According to the "Tosho Daigongen Norito" (placed in the archives of the Nikko-zan Rinno-ji Temple), allegedly written by Kasuga no Tsubone, the following stories are recorded.
Japanese: 春日局筆と伝わる「東照大権現祝詞」（日光山輪王寺所蔵）には、次のような話が記されている。
English: Kasuga no Tsubone would become very angry when Iemitsu's parents were unkind to him, and she would scold them saying that Iemitsu might be sent to Sunpu (Shizuoka), adopted as Ieyasu's son and appointed to shogun.
Japanese: 家光を粗略に扱う秀忠夫妻に激怒し、家光を駿府に引き取って家康の養子にしてから三代将軍に就けると叱責した。
English: In addition, due to the fact that Iemitsu's birthday was on the 17th, the same day as the anniversary of Ieyasu's death, it is thought that Iemitsu was even more conscious of a debt of gratitude for Ieyasu than either of his parents.
Japanese: これらに加え、家康の命日と家光の生誕日が17日と一致していることなどが、父秀忠よりも祖父家康の恩を意識していたと考えられている。
English: In 1636, Iemitsu constructed the Tosho-gu Shrine, which he visited ten times during his lifetime.
Japanese: 寛永13年（1636年）に東照宮を造営すると、日光社参を生涯のうちに10回行っている。
English: In his later years, Iemitsu often dreamed about the figure of Ieyasu and made the famous painter Tanyu KANO draw the form of Ieyasu many times.
Japanese: 晩年、家光は度々家康の姿を夢に見て、狩野探幽にその像を何度も描かせている。
English: Iemitsu always had the amulet with the words, "Gongen (posthumous name of Ieyasu) the second" or "Live or die, all things depend on the great Gongen," which were words thought to show his strong conscious tie and respect for Ieyasu.
Japanese: また、家光は身につけていた守袋に「二世ごんげん（権現）、二世将軍」や「生きるも　死ぬるも　何事もみな　大権現様次第に」等と書いた紙を入れており、これも家康とのつながりの意識の強さと、その尊崇ぶりを著すものと見られている。
English: Since Iemitsu was on very bad terms with his legitimate wife Takako TAKATSUKASA, and he indulged in homosexuality rather than associating with women during his youth, he did not have an heir even after middle age.
Japanese: 家光は正室鷹司孝子と極めて不仲であったこともあって、青年時代には男色に耽って女を一切近づけず、中年を過ぎても世嗣を儲けなかったた。
English: Anxious of his heir, Kasuga no Tsubone allegedly invited women fitting his tastes from various places.
Japanese: 世継ぎのことを心配した春日局が家光好みの女中を各所から召し寄せたという。
English: In his later years, after a concubine named Jishoin bore his eldest daughter, Chiyohime, he loved many concubines.
Japanese: 晩年は自証院が長女千代姫を産んだのを皮切りに、幾人もの側室を寵愛した。
English: He had virtually no married life with his legitimate wife Takako TAKATSUKASA, and they were on bad terms with each other from the day they were married to the day of his death.
Japanese: 正室鷹司孝子とは夫婦生活は一切無かったほど、結婚当初から死に至るまではなはだ険悪な仲であった。
English: Soon after their marriage, Iemitsu made Takako move from the inner rooms of the shogun's palace to a residence constructed in the Fukiage Hiroshiba garden (a de facto divorce), and continued to confine her until the time of his death where he gave her a mere fifty Ryo and a number of tea utensils.
Japanese: 結婚後程なくして吹上広芝に建てた屋敷（中ノ丸）へ孝子を大奥から追放同然に移住させて（事実上の離縁）軟禁し続けた挙句、自らの死に際して形見分けとして孝子へ与えたのは、金五十両と幾つかの茶道具等のみであった。
English: He did not allow his sons, including Ietsuna TOKUGAWA who was to be the fourth shogun, become adopted children of Takako and continued to dislike her and treat her coldly throughout his life.
Japanese: 次代将軍である徳川家綱を始めとする自らの息子たちを孝子の養子としないなど、生涯を通して孝子を忌み嫌いかつ冷遇し続けた。
English: When he got ill, he would bury himself under five or six quilts wearing many layers of clothes, sometimes making himself sicker by doing so.
Japanese: 家光は病気になると布団を5、6枚かぶり、厚着をして寝るという養生法を行っていたため、かえって病気が悪化することもあった。
English: Iemitsu was fond of inviting military commanders to talk with him, such as Masamune DATE, Hidemoto MORI and Muneshige TACHIBANA who lived through the age of civil war, and hearing their tales of battle.
Japanese: 家光は、伊達政宗、毛利秀元、立花宗茂といった戦国時代を生き抜いた武将達を御咄衆として置き、合戦の話を聞くことを好んだ。
English: There is a theory that Iemitsu's decision to call himself a "shogun by nature" was based on advice from Masamune.
Japanese: 家光が、「生まれながらの将軍」を自称したのは、政宗の助言とする説もある。
English: During the same period in which Iemitsu was shogun, Tadataka OKUBO gave a favorable assessment of Iemitsu in "Tales from Mikawa," describing how Iemitsu was shy during boyhood but followed in the footsteps of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA, Ieyasu's grandfather.
Japanese: 同時代では、大久保忠教は『三河物語』において、少年時代の家光は内気であるが家康の祖父松平清康に通じる、との好意的評価をしている。
English: Although Iemitsu is highly esteemed as the person to complete the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, others hold the opinion that its completion was due to the efforts of chief vassals of the shogunate, such as Toshikatsu DOI, Tadakatsu SAKAI, Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Tadaaki ABE, Masamori HOTTA and Masamori NAKANE, and not the efforts of Iemitsu.
Japanese: 幕藩体制の完成者として高く評価される家光だが、それは土井利勝、酒井忠勝、松平信綱、阿部忠秋、堀田正盛、中根正盛といった幕閣の重臣によるものであり、家光自身の能力では無かったという意見もある。
English: Chogoro KAIONJI denies Iemitsu's abilities, claiming that his reputation of being a wise ruler was based on the propaganda of bakufu cabinet officials.
Japanese: 海音寺潮五郎は、下記のようにその能力を否定し、名君であったかのような評判は幕閣の宣伝であると見なしている。
English: He has been quoted as saying, "According to my opinion, Iemitsu seems to have been a fool, freakish and trivial person."
Japanese: 「私の見るところ、家光は馬鹿で、頓狂者で、タワイもない人であったように思われる。」
English: Iemitsu also allegedly wasted the fortune that had been saved since the age of Ieyasu, creating the start of financial difficulties for the bakufu.
Japanese: 日光東照宮の建設などに家康以来の蓄財を浪費し、幕府財政窮乏の端緒を作ったとも言われる。
English: Iemitsu's national isolation policy has been highly valued for maintaining Japanese independence and sovereignty by preventing interference in Japanese domestic affairs and colonization by European countries by missionaries acting covertly.
Japanese: 鎖国政策に関しては宣教師を工作員とした欧州各国の内政干渉と植民地化を予防し、日本の独立主権を保持することが本来の目的であるという、政策面から国の将来を考えて行ったとする肯定的な評価もある。
English: If European countries originally had the intention of colonizing Japan, they would have engaged in armed conflict, and it would not have mattered whether or not Japan stood by its isolation policy.
Japanese: そもそも欧州諸国が日本を植民地化する気があったのならば、「鎖国」していようが大した意味はなく、武力衝突となるだけである。
English: However, it has recently been argued that the isolation policy was not to prevent colonization by Europe, but to wipe out the spirit of admiration for the west and resentment for the east.
Japanese: もっとも鎖国政策については欧州対策ではなく中華秩序に組み込まれることを嫌い、かねてからの西高東低の気風は完全に消し去る事を求めての事とも最近では言われている。
English: The novelist Tomeo YAKIRI put out the theory that Kasuga no Tsubone might have been Iemitsu's real mother.
Japanese: 小説家八切止夫は乳母の春日局が家光の生母ではないかという説を立てた。
English: The historical material entitled "Prosperity of the Pine Tree" was published as a printed book by a sovereign message publishing association in 1911.
Japanese: 紅葉山文庫にあった「松のさかえ」という史料が、明治44年に国書刊行会により活字本として刊行された。
English: YAKIRI's theory is based on an article within the book entitled, "Posthumous Writings of Ieyasu" (from March 25, 1614), where it is written that "Hidetada's eldest son was Takechiyo, born from Kasaga no Tsubone, and was the 3rd Shogun Iemitsu, Minister of the Left."
Japanese: そのうちの「神君家康公御遺文」（慶長十九年二月二十五日付）に、「秀忠公御嫡男　竹千代君　御腹　春日局　三世将軍家光公也、左大臣」と記されていることを根拠としている。
English: This theory is based on how much Iemitsu respected Ieyasu and how he wrote his title as "Second Gongen, Second Shogun."
Japanese: 家康への尊崇ぶりと「二世権現、二世将軍」と書いた紙が家康の子であるという根拠とされることもある。
English: Chu ASAI (July 22, 1856 - December 16, 1907) was a Western-style painter in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 浅井忠（あさいちゅう、安政3年6月21日(旧暦)（1856年7月22日）-明治40年（1907年）12月16日）は、明治期の洋画家。
English: At the Edo residence of the Sakura Domain (currently, Sakura City, Chiba Prefecture), he was born the first son of Tsuneaki ASAI, a feudal retainer of the domain.
Japanese: 佐倉藩(現在の千葉県佐倉市)の江戸屋敷に藩士・浅井常明の長男として生まれる。
English: Chu spent his childhood in an area, which is now called Masakado-machi in Sakura City, from 1863 to 1872.
Japanese: 少年時代は現在の佐倉市将門町で1863年から1872年までを過ごした。
English: He learned Confucianism including shishogokyo (the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism, the Nine Chinese Classics) and martial arts at the domain's school, Seitoku Shoin College (the predecessor of Chiba Prefectural Sakura Senior High School where his father Tsuneaki had once worked as the headmaster of the college) in the Sakura Domain.
Japanese: 佐倉藩の藩校・成徳書院(現在の千葉県立佐倉高等学校の前身。父・常明は、この成徳書院の校長をしていたこともある。)で四書五経などの儒教や武芸を学ぶ。
English: At the same time, from the age of 13, he learned Kacho-ga (painting of flowers and birds) from Kaizan KUROYAMA, a Nanga painter (an original style of painting in the Edo period which had a great deal of influence from the Chinese Nanga style) in the Sakura Domain.
Japanese: そのかたわら、13歳の頃から佐倉藩の南画家・黒沼槐山に花鳥画を学んだ。
English: At first, he enrolled in an English-language school but transferred to Shogido (Western-style private art school), where he learned oil painting under the guidance of Shinkuro KUNISAWA.
Japanese: はじめは英語の塾で学んでいたが、1875年(明治8年)に彰技堂で国沢新九郎の指導のもと油絵を学んだ。
English: In 1876, he enrolled in Technology Arts School to learn Western-style painting, where he was influenced particularly by the teacher Antonio Fontanesi.
Japanese: 1876年(明治9年)に工部美術学校に入学、西洋画を学び特にアントニオ・フォンタネージの薫陶を受けた。
English: In 1898, he became a professor at Tokyo School of Fine Arts (present Tokyo University of the Arts).
Japanese: 1898年(明治31年)に東京美術学校(現在の東京芸術大学)の教授となる。
English: In 1900, he went to France to study Western-style painting.
Japanese: その後、1900年(明治33年)からフランスへ西洋画のために留学した。
English: After returning to Japan in 1902, he was assigned as a professor at Kyoto Higher School of Design (present Kyoto Institute of Technology).
Japanese: 1902年(明治35年)に帰国後、京都高等工芸学校（現在の京都工芸繊維大学）教授となった。
English: He also opened his own private school, Shogoin Institute of Western Art (present Kansai Bijutsuin [Fine Arts Academy of Western Japan]) and made effort to train younger artists.
Japanese: 個人的にも聖護院洋画研究所（後の関西美術院）を開いて、後進の育成にも努力した。
English: Also, he taught Western-style painting to Shiki MASAOKA, and Asai is said to be the model of Master Fukami, a painter who appeared in "Sanshiro," a novel by Soseki NATSUME.
Japanese: また、正岡子規にも西洋画を教えており、夏目漱石の小説「三四郎」の中に登場する深見画伯のモデルとも言われる。
English: Rentaro TAKI (August 24, 1879 - June 29, 1903) was a Japanese musician and composer.
Japanese: 瀧廉太郎（たきれんたろう、1879年8月24日-1903年6月29日）は、日本の音楽家・作曲家。
English: The Taki family was from the warrior class, and of such a high rank that they had served as a karo (chief retainer) in Hiji Domain (present-day Hiji-machi, Oita Prefecture) during the Edo period.
Japanese: 瀧家は江戸時代、日出藩（現・大分県日出町）の家老職をつとめた上級武士の家柄である。
English: His father Yoshihiro was transferred to the Ministry of Interior from the Ministry of Finance, and worked as a central government official under the supervision of Toshimichi OKUBO and Hirofumi ITO.
Japanese: 父・吉弘は大蔵省に勤務後内務省(日本)に転じ大久保利通､伊藤博文らのもとで中央の官吏として務めた。
English: He subsequently worked as a local official, which involved moves to several places, among them Kanagawa Prefecture, Toyama City in Toyama Prefecture, and Taketa City in Oita Prefecture; accordingly, soon after his birth, Taki also had to go from place to place.
Japanese: その後地方官として神奈川県､富山県富山市、大分県竹田市等を移り住んだため、瀧も生後間もなくから各地を回ることとなった。
English: Taki entered Tokyo Music School (present-day Tokyo University of the Arts) in 1894 at the age of 15.
Japanese: 1894年（明治27年）に15歳で東京音楽学校（現・東京芸術大学）に入学する。
English: On October 7, 1900, he was baptized into the Christian faith at Grace Episcopal Church, which was affiliated with the Anglican-Episcopal Church, in Tokyo.
Japanese: 1900年10月7日には、東京にあった聖公会博愛教会で洗礼を受けてキリスト教徒になった。
English: Although many foreign songs were translated for school music classes in the early Meiji period, most of them were awkward, with translated lyrics forcibly set to the music; accordingly, there was high demand for Japanese songs composed by Japanese composers.
Japanese: 明治時代の前半に多くの翻訳唱歌ができたが、日本語訳詞を"無理にはめこんだ"ぎこちない歌が多く、日本人作曲家によるオリジナルの歌を望む声が高まっていた。
English: Kojo no Tsuki' (The Moon over the Deserted Castle), one of his most important pieces, was adopted into the music book compiled by the Ministry of Education for junior high schools, along with another of his songs, 'Hakone Hachiri.'
Japanese: 彼の代表作である「荒城の月」は、「箱根八里」と並んで文部省編纂の「中学唱歌」に掲載された。
English: Hana' (Flowers), one of his popular songs, is the first song of his suite "Shiki" (Four Seasons), which consists of four songs and was composed in August 1900.
Japanese: また、人気の高い曲のひとつである「花(滝廉太郎)」は1900年（明治33年）8月に作曲された、4曲からなる組曲『四季』の第1曲である。
English: His songs 'Oshogatsu' (New Year's Day), 'Hato Poppo' (Pigeons), and 'Yuki Ya Konko' (Japanese Snow Song) are known as the oldest nursery songs to be composed in Japan, and are such excellent pieces that they were included in the music book compiled in 1900 for kindergarten students.
Japanese: 「お正月」、「鳩ぽっぽ」、「雪やこんこ」などは、日本生まれの最も古い童謡作品として知られるが、これらは1900年に編纂された幼稚園唱歌に収められた名曲である。
English: In April 1901, Taki entered the European University of Music and Theatre "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy" Leipzig (established by Felix Mendelssohn) in Germany, becoming the second Japanese composer to attend this school.
Japanese: 1901年（明治34年）4月、日本人の音楽家として2人目にヨーロッパ（ドイツ）のフェリックス・メンデルスゾーン音楽演劇大学（フェリックス・メンデルスゾーン設立）に留学する。
English: He entered the school as a Ministry of Education exchange student; he took piano lessons and learned counterpoint, but after only two months, he caught tuberculosis and had to return to Japan one year after entering the school.
Japanese: 文部省外国留学生として入学、ピアノや対位法などを学ぶが、わずか2ヶ月後に肺結核を発病し、1年で帰国を余儀なくされる。
English: He received medical treatment in Oita Prefecture, his father's home prefecture, but on June 29, 1903, he died at the young age of 23.
Japanese: その後父親の故郷である大分県で療養していたが、1903年（明治36年）6月29日に23歳の若さで死去した。
English: Although Taki wrote many popular songs, he also composed a piano solo called Minuet in 1900, which became the first piano solo by a Japanese composer.
Japanese: 歌曲に有名な作品が多い瀧だが、1900年には日本人作曲家による初めてのピアノ独奏曲メヌエット(滝廉太郎)を作曲している。
English: His pulmonary tuberculosis worsened, and when he realized he would soon die, he composed a piano piece titled 'Urami' (Regret) four months before his death; this became his last work.
Japanese: 肺結核が悪化して、死期が近いことを悟った時、死の4ヶ月前に作曲したピアノ曲「憾(滝廉太郎)（うらみ）」が最後の作品として残された。
English: His song 'Hana' was formerly used as an onboard alert (generally known as the Furusato Chime [literally, "Hometown Chime"]) for Tohoku and Joetsu Shinkansen departures and arrivals at Ueno Station, but they stopped using the song after the opening of Tokyo Station.
Japanese: 「花」は、東北新幹線・上越新幹線の上野駅到着・発車時の車内チャイム（通称「ふるさとチャイム」）として使われていたが、東京駅開業後は使用されていない。
English: 4 Yuki (literally, "snow," for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass with piano and organ accompaniment, lyrics by Akika NAKAMURA,)
Japanese: 4　雪（詞・中村秋香。ソプラノ・アルト・テノール・バス・ピアノとオルガン伴奏）
English: Roben (689 - January 10, 774) was a bonze of the Kegon Sect in the Nara period.
Japanese: 良弁（ろうべん、持統天皇3年（689年）-宝亀4年11月24日(旧暦)（774年1月10日））は、奈良時代の華厳宗の僧。
English: A legend goes that Roben was abducted by an eagle when his mother was working on a farm in Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture) and left him unsupervised.
Japanese: 伝説によれば、近江の国（滋賀）で野良作業の母が目を離した隙に鷲にさらわれた。
English: Gien (a high-ranking bonze) discovered that Roben was caught in a cedar tree in front of Nigatsu-do Temple in Nara and rescued and raised him as a bonze.
Japanese: 奈良の二月堂前の杉の木に引っかかっているのを義淵に助けられ、僧として育てられた。
English: At any rate, it is the case that he went to Nara and learned Hosso (state of all the creatures) and Yuishiki (learning of the theory that all existence is subjective and nothing exists outside of the mind) from Gien since his childhood.
Japanese: いずれにしても幼少より奈良に上って義淵について法相唯識を学んだのは事実である。
English: In 733, he set up Kensakuin (the official treasure-houses of the Todai-ji Temple) and led the construction of the large statue of Birushana Buddha and called the place Konshu-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天平5年(733年)羂索院を建立し、盧舎那仏(るしゃなぶつ)の大像を造立、金鐘寺とした。
English: In 740, Roben invited Shinjo, a bonze in Silla, to Konshu-ji Temple as a lecturer and began to give lectures on "Kegon-kyo" (the Avatamsaka Sutra).
Japanese: その後、天平12年(740年)金鐘寺に新羅僧、審祥を講師として招き、『華厳経』の講説を始めた。
English: Emperor Shomu paid respect to Roben and designated Konshu-ji Temple as a kokubunji (provincial temple) of Yamato Province in 742.
Japanese: 聖武天皇から崇敬され、天平14年(742年)には金鐘寺が大和国分寺に指定された。
English: He also set up many temples in the southern areas of Omi Province and is said to have been involved in the transfer of the capital to Shigaraki no Miya Palace.
Japanese: また、近江国南部に諸寺を建立し、紫香楽宮遷都にも関与したとも言われている。
English: Upon the Emperor's initiative to upgrade Konshu-ji Temple to Todai-ji Temple in 746, Roben, together with TACHIBANA no Moroe and Gyoki, rendered great services and became the first Betto (the head priest) of Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天平18年(746年)、天皇が金鐘寺を改めて東大寺とする工事が起さすと、橘諸兄・行基らとともに尽力、初代別当となる。
English: Due to his contribution to the set-up of the statue of Birushana Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, Roben was appointed as Shosozu (junior secondary prelate) in 751 and promoted to Daisozu (the upper Buddhist priests in the second highest position) in 756 while Ganzin was also appointed as Daisozu in that time.
Japanese: 後に東大寺盧舎那仏像建立の功績により、天平勝宝3年(751年)　に少僧都となり、天平勝宝8歳(756年)には鑑真とともに大僧都に任じられる。
English: In August 760, Roben, together with Jikun and Hoshin, presented to the Emperor a petition for reforms of bonze ranks to clean up the Buddhism realm.
Japanese: その後、天平宝字4年(760年)8月に仏教界の粛正のために、慈訓、法進とともに、僧階を改めるよう奏上する。
English: He held the post of Sojo (the official Buddhist priest in the highest position) in 773 but passed away on January 10, 774.
Japanese: 宝亀4年(773年)には、僧正に任命され、その年の閏11月24日没。
English: Shiki MASAOKA (October 14, 1867- September 19, 1902) wrote haiku (Japanese poems of 17 syllables, arranged in lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables, that traditionally contained a reference to the seasons) and tanka (short Japanese poems of 31 syllables, arranged in lines of 5, 7, 5, 7, and 7 syllables), and was a researcher into the history and development of the Japanese language.
Japanese: 正岡子規（まさおかしき、慶応3年9月17日(旧暦)（1867年10月14日）-明治35年（1902年）9月19日）は俳人・歌人・国語学研究家である。
English: Actively involved in many genres of creative activities, such as the writing of haiku, tanka, shintaishi (poems in the new style), novels, critiques, and essays, he had a considerable influence on modern Japanese literature and is considered to be one of the foremost writers of the Meiji Era.
Japanese: 俳句・短歌・新体詩・小説・評論・随筆など多方面に渡り創作活動を行い、日本の近代文学に多大な影響を及ぼした、明治時代を代表する文学者の一人である。
English: From his following death haiku "Hechima Sakite Tanno tsumarishi Hotokekana", "Tann itto hechimano mizumo maniawazu", "Ototoino hechimano mizumo torazariki", the anniversary of his death memorial on September 19 is called "Hechima ki" or also called "Dassai ki " referenced from one of his pen names.
Japanese: 辞世の句「ヘチマ咲て痰のつまりし仏かな」「痰一斗糸瓜の水も間にあはず」「をとゝひのへちまの水も取らざりき」より、子規の忌日9月19日を「糸瓜忌」といい、雅号の一つから「獺祭（だっさい）忌」ともいう。
English: Born as the first son to the Iyo Matsuyama Domain samurai Tsunenao MASAOKA and Yae in September 1867 in Fujiwara Shinmachi Onsen County, Iyo Province (present Hanazono Cho, Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture).
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）9月：伊予国温泉郡藤原新町（現・愛媛県松山市花園町）に伊予松山藩武士・正岡常尚、八重の長男として生まれる。
English: In 1873, he enrolled in his maternal grandfather Kanzan OHARA's private school and learned to read the Four Books of Confucianism.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）：外祖父・大原観山の私塾に通い四書の素読を習う。
English: In March 1880, he enrolled in Matsuyama Junior High School (present Ehime Prefectural Matsuyamahigashi High School).
Japanese: 明治13年（1880年）3月：松山中学（現・愛媛県立松山東高等学校）入学
English: In October, he briefly studied English at a university preparatory school at Suda and Kyoritsu (presently Kaisei Junior High School and Kaisei High School)
Japanese: 10月：当時の進学予備校であった須田学舎や共立学校（現・開成中学校・高等学校）にて一時受験英語を学ぶ
English: In September 1884, he enrolled in the preparatory school for the University of Tokyo, which later became Daiichi Koto Chugakko.
Japanese: 明治17年（1884年）9月：東京大学予備門（のち第一高等中学校）へ入学。
English: In April 1895, he took part in the Sino-Japan war campaign as a war correspondent and suffered a lung hemorrhage on his way home.
Japanese: 明治28年（1895年）4月：日清戦争に記者として従軍、その帰路に喀血
English: Military officer Saneyuki AKIYAMA had been Shiki's friend since he lived in Matsuyama and Kazue KATSUTA was their common friend.
Japanese: 軍人・秋山真之は松山在住時からの子規の友人であり、また共通の友人として勝田主計がいる。
English: A novel written by Ryotaro SHIBA, "Saka no Ue no Kumo" (Clouds over the slope), touches on the story of the subsequent friendship of Shiki and AKIYAMA, while the continuing story of the MASAOKA family after Shiki's death is written about in the novel "Hitobito no Ashioto."
Japanese: またその後の子規と秋山の交遊を司馬遼太郎が描いたのが小説『坂の上の雲』で、子規没後の正岡家が描かれる後日談的な作品に『ひとびとの跫音』がある。
English: According to a TV interview with Nao Utahara, an entertainer and a distant relative, the interchanges with Soseki were not limited to himself but extended to other family members, and her great grandfather was a cousin of Shiki who wrote haiku himself as well.
Japanese: 漱石との交遊は本人だけでなく親族とも付き合いがあり遠縁にあたるタレントの歌原奈緒が、TVのインタビューで「曾祖父が子規といとこで、本人も俳句を詠んでいたそうです。
English: He contributed to the reform of tanka by highly praising the Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) and repudiating the Kokin Wakashu (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) while criticizing waka in the Edo era for being rigidly confined in form.
Japanese: 古今和歌集を否定し万葉集を高く評価して、江戸時代までの形式にとらわれた和歌を非難しつつ、短歌の革新につとめた。
English: His Monjin Students Sachio ITO, Takashi NAGATSUKA, Fumoto OKA and others continued the trend set by Shiki by forming an association called the "Negishi Tanka Society" which evolved later into the Araragi School (Araragi School of Tanka poetry).
Japanese: 門人の伊藤左千夫、長塚節、岡麓らが結社「根岸短歌会」として継承し、後のアララギ派へと発展した。
English: His tanka "Byosho Roku Shaku" (1.8 meter sickbed), composed from his sickbed without sentimentality or looming shadows, is recognized as a great human document, as he depicted his own body and mind objectively while facing death.
Japanese: 病床の中から『病床六尺』を書いたが、これは少しの感傷も暗い影もなく、死に臨んだ自身の肉体と精神を客観視し写生した優れた人生記録であると評される。
English: The original copy of his diary "Gyoga Manroku,"also written from his sickbed, is kept at the Kiyoshi Memorial Literature Center in Ashiya City, Hyogo Prefecture.
Japanese: 同じく病床で書かれた日記『仰臥漫録』の原本は兵庫県芦屋市の虚子記念文学館に収蔵されている。
English: It is believed that the word "tsukinami" (meaning of monthly or every month) including the meaning of somthing commonplace or ordinary is derived from the word "tsukinamicho"(monthly style) used by Shiki MASAOKA to criticize trite haiku and tanka.
Japanese: 本来、毎月や月ごとなどを意味する「月並み」という言葉が、『人並み、平凡』という意味も含んだのは、正岡子規がありふれた俳句や短歌を「月並み調」と批判したことが始まりとされる。
English: Shiki was also an avid baseball player since the game was first introduced in Japan and continued to play until his lung hemorrhage forced him to quit.
Japanese: 子規は日本に野球が導入された最初の頃の熱心な選手でもあり、明治22年（1889年）に喀血してやめるまでやっていた。
English: He used his pen name "Nobooru"in a way that relates to baseball ("the ball"), which also plays off his childhood name "Noboru;"however, Kanae CHUMAN was the first one to translate baseball as yakyu.
Japanese: 自身の幼名である「升（のぼる）」にちなんで、「野球（のぼーる）」という雅号を用いたこともある（ただしベースボールを野球（やきゅう）と訳したのはこれより後、中馬庚（ちゅうまん・かなえ）が始めである。