nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, during the Sengoku Period, conflicts between territorial provinces made it necessary to be always prepared for a war.
Japanese: しかし戦国時代になると領国間の紛争に伴う恒常的な臨戦態勢が必要となった。
English: As a result, the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku Period) began to organize sonae with independent battling capability, as part of a military system improvement in preparation for military actions.
Japanese: その結果、戦国大名は軍事行動を行うための軍制整備の一環として、単独での戦闘が可能な備の編成を行う様になった。
English: However, as the power of daimyo became centralized from around the mid Sengoku Period, organization of various groups, including cavalrymen, took place, such as the separation of various military branches among the foot soldiers.
Japanese: しかし、大名の中央集権化に伴い戦国中期頃から足軽間での兵科の分離や、騎馬武者も含めた各組ごと編成が行われた。
English: Furthermore, during the Edo period there was no more need for large-scale wartime mobilization, and as a result, the enrollment limit of sonae became almost fixed and it was perfected as a system.
Japanese: さらに江戸時代になると戦時の大規模な動員もなくなった結果、備の定員はほぼ定まり制度として完成の域へと至った。
English: There are various alternate names for sonae, but it is often used with multiple meanings including sonae.
Japanese: 備の別称は様々あるが、備も含み異なる意味合いで重複して用いられることが多い。
English: This applies not only to sonae, but also to the troops above and below it, as well as all the positions.
Japanese: これは備のみならずそれより上位・下位の部隊・役職総てに言える事である。
English: Other than meaning the smallest unit of military tactics in this paper, 'sonae,' 'shu,' 'tai,' 'kumi,' 'zei' and 'te,' may refer to units that contain multiples of such or the way such things are counted (for example, Oda zei (Oda forces), Ii tai (Ii troops), Saiga shu (gun troop), senbi sante (three vans of an army), and so on), or they may refer to troops of each unit of military branch below such or the way such things are counted (for example, yari gumi (spear fighter unit), teppo shu (gun fighter unit), yumi tai (the arrow-shooting unit), 大番六備).
Japanese: 「備」「衆」「隊」「組」「勢」「手」…本稿に於ける最小戦術単位としての意味以外にそれらを複数有する部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す（例：織田勢、井伊隊、雑賀衆、先備三手など）事やそれ以下の各兵科単位の部隊又はそれらの数え方を指す（例：槍組、鉄砲衆、弓隊、大番六備など）事などがある。
English: Such and such daisho' (general), 'such and such bugyo,' 'kumigashira' (captain), 'ban gashira' (head of a group) 'mono gashira' (military commander) ('such and such' is replaced by samurai, samurai, ashigaru, teppo, yari, yumi, and so on) refer to commanders of the sonae or the captains of various troops under the commanders.
Japanese: 「○○大将」「○○奉行」「組頭」「番頭」「物頭」（○○には士、侍、足軽、鉄砲、槍、弓等が入る）…備の指揮官やその指揮下にある各部隊の指揮官を指す。
English: Bugyo here is completely different from the provincial bugyo jobs such as machi bugyo (town magistrate).
Japanese: ここで云う奉行とは、町奉行などの地方（ぢがた）の奉行職とは、全く異なるものである。
English: However, these numbers increased or decreased depending on the daimyo's kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), wartime combat personnel as well as the reserves for rearguard supporters that needed to be mobilized, and the task of each sonae.
Japanese: しかし、これらは大名の石高、戦時における戦闘要員、後方要員双方の動員、各備の任務により増減する。
English: Incidentally, one of the criteria for a feudal lord with a kokudaka of 10,000 koku to become a daimyo was his ability to organize at least one sonae.
Japanese: 因みに石高一万石の領主を大名とする一つの基準は、備を一つでも編成できる事にある。
English: The order and the breakdown shown here are those of Minbusaemon HONDA's sonae during a military march, which was one of the nine sonae that belonged to the Maebashi Domain Sakai clan Uta no Kami (director of bureau of music) Sakai family, who was a daimyo with a kokudaka of 125,000 koku (Shosaku TAKAGI 1990).
Japanese: なお、ここに示す順序・内訳は12万5千石の石高を有する大名、前橋藩酒井氏雅楽頭酒井家が持つ九つの備の内、本多民部左衛門備の行軍中におけるそれを示す（高木昭作1990）。
English: Hata bugyo (a samurai) led the hatamochi ashigaru (banner-bearing foot soldiers) and umajirushimochi ashigaru (foot soldiers bearing umajirushi (the commander's battle standard)), who carried the ohata (large flag) (nobori (flag), gunki (war banner)) which was the proof of the sonae, the hatajirushi (flag emblem) of the samurai daisho (samurai general) leading the sonae, and the oumajirushi (large battle standard of the commander).
Japanese: 備の証である大旗（幟、軍旗）とそれを率いる士大将の旗印、大馬印を持つ旗持足軽と馬印持足軽を旗奉行（侍）が率いる。
English: Breakdown - 2 samurai, 5 hokonin (servants), 16 foot soldiers, 5 chugen (soldiers one rank below common soldiers), 4 ninpu (laborers), 1 kuchitori (a person who leads the horse) (33 total), 1 cavalry horse and 1 packhorse (total of 2 horses).
Japanese: 内訳…侍2人、奉公人5人、足軽16人、中間5人、人夫4人、口取1人（計33人）乗馬1頭、駄馬1頭（計2頭）
English: During the Edo period, there were two teppo gumi placed within one sonae, and they became the principal force of the foot soldiers.
Japanese: 江戸時代には一つの備に二組の鉄砲組が配される様になり、足軽の主力となる。
English: Breakdown of teppo gumi 1 - 1 samurai, 5 servants, 36 foot soldiers, 11 laborers, 2 kuchitori (total of 55), 1 cavalry horse and 2 packhorses (total of 3 horses).
Japanese: 内訳鉄砲組1…侍1人、奉公人5人、足軽36人、人夫11人、口取2人（計55人）乗馬1頭、駄馬2頭（計3頭）
English: Teppo gumi 2 - 1 samurai, 4 servants, 36 foot soldiers, 11 laborers, 2 kuchitori (total of 54), 1 cavalry horse and 2 packhorses (total of 3 horses).
Japanese: 鉄砲組2…侍1人、奉公人4人、足軽36人、人夫11人、口取2人（計54人）乗馬1頭、駄馬2頭（計3頭）
English: At the beginning, they were the principal power of the foot soldiers, and their task was to attack the enemy foot soldiers with nagayari (at the beginning, they were two ken in length, then they later changed to two-and-a-half ken to three ken) by jabbing and hitting.
Japanese: 当初は足軽の主力であり、前線において長槍（当初は長さ二間、その後二間半から三間へと至る）を用いて足軽同士で突き、叩き合う攻撃任務を担っていた。
English: Breakdown - 1 samurai, 2 servants, 30 foot soldiers, 3 laborers, 2 kuchitori (total of 38), 1 cavalry horse and 2 packhorses (total of 3 horses).
Japanese: 内訳…侍1人、奉公人2人、足軽30人、人夫3人、口取2人（計38人）乗馬1頭、駄馬2頭（計3頭）
English: Higher-ranking samurai of 1000-koku class served as kumigashira (captain of a group) (also called bangashira or monogashira), but they could also be dually assigned as samurai daisho.
Japanese: 1000石級の大身が組頭（番頭、物頭ともいう）を務めるが、士大将も兼任することがある。
English: Moreover, in the case of army headquarters sonae, the cavalry guarding the daimyo was called umamawari (horse guards), and it was the most elite cadre within the cavalry.
Japanese: また本陣備の場合、大名を護衛する騎馬隊は馬廻と呼ばれ、騎馬隊の中でも最精鋭の部隊であった。
English: The task of the cavalry was to attack and penetrate through the areas where fighting by the foot soldiers became sparse, and also to counterattack in such cases.
Japanese: 騎馬隊の任務は足軽隊の戦闘で手薄になった箇所への突撃・突破とそれに対する逆襲である。
English: Therefore, they responded either by attacking on horsebacks or by getting off the horses and advancing on foot with their samurai family servants, depending on the situation.
Japanese: そのため、騎馬のまま突撃したり、下馬して武家奉公人と共に徒で突き進むといった状況に応じた行動を採る。
English: They were equipped mainly with spears, but other than that they handled various weapons by letting the servants carry guns and bows and arrows.
Japanese: 装備は槍が主であるが、他にも弓や鉄砲などを奉公人に持たせる事で様々な武器を扱った。
English: In general, for a commander such as samurai daisho, they were bothersome, but they were necessary in making (military) commands.
Japanese: とかく、士大将などの指揮官にとっては五月蝿い存在ではあるが指揮(軍事)上、必須の存在である。
English: Breakdown - 3 samurai, 5 servants, 2 kuchitori (total of 9), 2 cavalry horses and 1 packhorse (total of 3 horses).
Japanese: 内訳…侍3人、奉公人5人、口取1人（計9人）乗馬2頭、駄馬1頭（計3頭）
English: Depending on the action to be taken a different instrument was sounded (the number of soundings was not used to distinguish the action because of the possibility of mishearing).
Japanese: それぞれの行動に併せて別々の鳴物を鳴らした（鳴物の回数で区別するのは聞き間違いの恐れがあるので行われない）。
English: If there were multiple sonae, then the daimyo assumed the position in the army headquarters sonae, and the daimyo's senior vassals assumed the positions at the other sonae (however, depending on the personnel selection, young samurai could also assume such a position).
Japanese: 複数ある場合は本陣備は大名が、それ以外は大名の重臣（家老）がその任に就く（但し、抜擢人事により若手の侍が就く場合もある）。
English: Other than his own forces he also had kachi (foot guards) (if they were from his own forces they were called kinju (attendants)), whose task was to guard him, and tsukaiban (messengers), whose task was to relay the orders.
Japanese: 自身の手勢以外に護衛任務の徒士（自らの手勢の場合は近習と呼ばれる）、伝令を任務とする使番などがいる。
English: Breakdown - 1 samurai, 27 servants, 4 kuchitori (total of 32), 2 cavalry horses and 4 packhorses (total of 6 horses).
Japanese: 内訳…侍1人、奉公人27人、口取4人（計32人）乗馬2頭、駄馬4頭（計6頭）
English: Furthermore, even after the spread of guns, bows and arrows remained in use even with a decrease in number, because arrows could be shot soundlessly regardless of the weather, and they could be shot quickly, and they were inexpensive, and furthermore, unlike the guns, hazuyari (the blade of a spear was attached to the tip of the bow, turning it into a spear in acute situations) could be used, to a certain degree, to fight even in short-range battles.
Japanese: また、鉄砲が広まった後も天候に関係なく無音で射て、速射性に優れ安価である事、鉄砲と異なり弭槍（弓の先端に槍の穂を付け、緊急時に槍とするもの）で近距離でもある程度は対抗できるといった理由があるため、数を減らしながらも用いられ続けた。
English: Breakdown - 1 samurai, 4 servants, 19 foot soldiers, 5 laborers, 11 kuchitori (total of 30), 1 cavalry horse and 1 packhorse (total of 2 horses).
Japanese: 内訳…侍1人、奉公人4人、足軽19人、人夫5人、口取11人（計30人）乗馬1頭、駄馬1頭（計2頭）
English: Mobilized horses and laborers (also called jinpu or 夫丸) were managed by 荷宰料 (person in charge of provision delivery) (ashigaru) and konida bugyo (samurai).
Japanese: 動員された駄馬と人夫（陣夫・夫丸ともいう）を荷宰料（足軽）、小荷駄奉行（侍）が管理する。
English: The size of konida was decided and organized as a result of weighing various factors such as whether the battle was an expedition or a defense, ease of delivering the goods during transfer as well as at the battleground (either by confiscation or by purchase), size of the mobilized army, condition of the people of the domain mobilized as troop members.
Japanese: 小荷駄の規模は遠征か防衛か、移動時・戦地における現地調達（収奪、買い上げ）の容易さ、動員兵力の規模、要員として動員される領民の状態など様々な要素を鑑みた結果、決定され編成される。
English: At the same time, they were also responsible for obtaining, managing and distributing the goods during transfers and at the battleground.
Japanese: 同時に移動時・戦地における物資の入手や管理、分配についても責任を負った。
English: Breakdown - 1 samurai, 2 servants, 4 foot soldiers, 2 laborers, 8 kuchitori (total of 17), 1 cavalry horse and 8 packhorses (total of 9 horses).
Japanese: 内訳…侍1人、奉公人2人、足軽4人、人夫2人、口取8人（計17人）乗馬1頭、駄馬8頭（計9頭）
English: In total, there were 35 samurai, 112 servants, 141 foot soldiers, 5 chugen, 39 laborers, 22 kuchitori (total of 354), 32 cavalry horses and 22 packhorses (total of 54 horses).
Japanese: 合計…侍35人、奉公人112人、足軽141人、中間5人、人夫39人、口取22人（計354人）乗馬32頭、駄馬22頭（計54頭）
English: The servants were the samurai family servants of samurai, and chugen, laborers and kuchitori were samurai family servants of the daimyo.
Japanese: ※奉公人は侍に仕える武家奉公人、中間・人夫・口取は大名に仕える武家奉公人という位置付けになる。
English: As mentioned before, sonae formation during a military march consisted of banner, teppo gumi, nagae gumi, cavalry, samurai daisho, yumi gumi and konida.
Japanese: 行軍時における備の隊列は前述における旗～鉄砲組～長柄組～騎馬隊～士大将～弓組～小荷駄の順番で組まれたものがある。
English: In addition, there was an example of banner, teppo gumi, nagae gumi, yumi gumi, samurai daisho, cavalry and konida (there also existed sonae in which the yumi gumi was omitted from the latter).
Japanese: その他に旗～鉄砲組～長柄組～弓組～士大将～騎馬隊～小荷駄の例もある（後者から弓組を除いた備も存在する）。
English: It is considered that the difference depended on how the konida in the rear was guarded (the former by the yumi gumi and the latter by the cavalry).
Japanese: これは後方の小荷駄を何で（前者は弓組、後者は騎馬隊）護衛するかによって異なるものと考えられる。
English: Sonae's battle array was unlike the western-style tercio (Spanish square) or tercio to tercio attack formation in that there were no strict rules.
Japanese: 備の戦闘隊形は西洋のテルシオやテルシオテルシオへの挑戦などの陣形と異なり厳密な操典はない。
English: In addition, each troop was lined up in a row (two rows in some cases) instead of taking a densely packed formation.
Japanese: 又、密集隊形を採らずに各部隊を一列横隊（場合によっては二列）ごとに並べる。
English: However, it seems that the basic strategy was to place the foot soldiers in the front and the cavalrymen in the rear, forming a battle front with the former and penetrating through it with the latter.
Japanese: 但し、各足軽部隊を前線に、騎馬武者隊を後方に置き、前者で戦線を形成し、それを後者で突破するというのは基本であった様である。
English: Because of this, compared to the western battle array of the same period, sonae possessed higher mobility and topographical adaptability.
Japanese: これにより備は同時代における西洋の戦闘隊形に較べ高い機動力と地形に対する適応力を持っていた。
English: It also allowed mobility and enabled individual units to take a detour on complex land formations, as well as instantaneous transition from the marching formation to a battling array, but its impact of head-on collisions was quite inferior.
Japanese: 複雑な地形での機動や備単位での迂回、行軍隊形から戦闘隊形への即座転換などをこなす事ができるが、正面衝力は大きく劣る。
English: However, during the Sengoku Period and the beginning of Edo period where the actual wars took place, the majority of the foot soldiers were soldiers to be mobilized.
Japanese: しかし、実際に合戦が行われた戦国時代から江戸時代初期には足軽の過半が動員兵で占められていた。
English: Forcefully maintaining such a complex battle formation would lead to a loss of mobility, and it would not be realistic.
Japanese: その様な複雑な陣形を無理に維持する事は機動力を失わせる事になり、現実的ではない。
English: From the folding screen drawings of battle scenes of the Sengoku Period, in which battle scenes are depicted and the battle formation can be identified to a certain degree, Figure 1 shows the pattern diagram of Shingen TAKEDA's army headquarters sonae (left) from the folding screen drawing of the Kawanakajima Battle, which belongs to the Iwakuni Historical Museum, and that of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army headquarters sonae (right) from the folding screen drawing of the Battle of Sekigahara, which belongs to the Fukuoka City Museum.
Japanese: 図1は合戦を描いた戦国合戦図屏風より、陣立がある程度確認できる岩国歴史博物館所蔵、川中島合戦図屏風の武田信玄本陣備（左図）と福岡市博物館所蔵、関ヶ原合戦図屏風の徳川家康本陣備（右図）を模式図化したものである。
English: Incidentally, in Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's army headquarters sonae in Figure 1, the independent sonae of Saemon no jo SAKAI drawn at the center is omitted, and only the unit under the direct command of Ieyasu is shown.
Japanese: 因みに図1の徳川家康本陣備は中央に描かれていた単独の備である酒井左衛門尉備を除外し、家康直属部隊のみを示した。
English: For high-class daimyo belonging to several tens of thousand koku class, it was possible to possess several multiple units of such sonae grouped into one te (a single unit) (that is, a single te unit of troops had military power equivalent to that of a daimyo belonging to 100,000 koku class).
Japanese: 数十万石の大大名はその数個の備を一手としたものを更に複数、保有する事が可能となる（つまり一手部隊は10万石級大名と同様の戦力になる）。
English: In the case of the latter, if there were too many troop members to be commanded then it would become impossible for one single commander to fully take even the overall command.
Japanese: 後者の場合、余りにも指揮する兵員数が多くなると全般指揮においてでも一人の将が完全に統率する事は不可能である。
English: Therefore, in most cases, one te unit was mobilized, either alone or together with other multiples, which were then considered as an independent unit.
Japanese: 大抵の場合は一手部隊を単独もしくは複数併せたものを独立部隊として行動させている。
English: Figure 3 shows a diagrammatic representation of how Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's troops were composed at the Siege of Odawara, as recorded in Butoku Henen Shusei (however, there is room for reexamination of the army headquarters sonae).
Japanese: 図3は武徳編年集成に記載されている小田原の陣における徳川家康軍団の構成を模式図にしたものである（但し、本陣備については再考の余地あり）。
English: In this figure, each te unit consists of multiple sonae in both 先手衆七手 (first group consisting of seven te units) and ニノ先手衆七手 (second group consisting of seven te units) (though the former contains more sonae in number).
Japanese: この図の内、先手衆七手・ニノ先手衆七手はそれぞれ一手が（前者の方が有する備の数が多くはあるが）複数の備で構成されている。
English: This squad was a tactical battle unit in terms of its ability to execute plans independently on a battleground, as well as in terms of other characteristics mentioned later.
Japanese: 一戦場において単独で作戦を遂行する事が可能という意味において後述の特徴も併せて戦略単位といえる部隊である。
English: Furthermore, the breakdown of a te squad was not very different from the composition of hatamoto (banner men, a direct retainer of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) squad, even though there was a difference in their size (army headquarters sonae is explained in the next section).
Japanese: また一手部隊の内訳は規模の大小の違いはあるものの旗本部隊の構成と大きな違いはない（本陣備は次項で解説する）。
English: In most cases the number of members in one te squad was 2000 to 5000, but just as with sonae, the number changes depending on various conditions.
Japanese: 一手部隊の兵員数は概ね2000～5000人で構成されるが、これも備と同様に様々な条件により変動する。
English: In this case, if the number of personnel did not meet the required number for a te unit, then several similar lower-ranking daimyos were combined to create one te unit.
Japanese: この時、必要とされる一手部隊に満たない人員しかいない場合は同様の小大名を複数編合する事で一手とした。
English: Higher-ranking daimyos with greater than the required number of personnel, on the other hand, would be split, as in Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's troops mentioned above, and used as multiple te units.
Japanese: それ以上の人員を持つ大大名は逆に上述の徳川家康軍団の様に分割された上で、複数の一手部隊として運用される。
English: Of course, in some cases the tactical actions were executed by single sonae units, and not all of them necessarily belong to one te unit.
Japanese: 無論、備単位で作戦行動が行われる事もあるので総てが一手部隊に属する訳ではない。
English: There was a large difference between a daimyo who could have only one sonae and a daimyo who could organize multiple sonae in terms of sonae organization, particularly in the army headquarters sonae led directly by the latter daimyo.
Japanese: 一つの備しか持つ事のできない大名と複数の備を編成できる大名では、特に後者の大名が直率する本陣備においてその構成に大きな違いがある。
English: Therefore, it became necessary to have two systems of command with one taking the overall command and one commanding the army headquarters sonae itself.
Japanese: そのため、それら全般指揮を執るためのものと本陣備自体を指揮する二つの指揮系統が必要となる。
English: As a result, in lieu of the daimyo (sodaisho (commander-in-chief)) who took the overall command, some of the senior vassals took command of the army headquarters sonae (sample Figure 3, mushabugyo (warrior commander)).
Japanese: 結果、全般指揮を執る大名（総大将）の代わりに重臣の一部が本陣備の指揮を執る事になる（例図3武者奉行）。
English: Or, the captain of the cavalrymen within the army headquarters sonae served as the battle commander of the sonae by placing the foot soldiers (although not clear) under his command.
Japanese: または、本陣備中の騎馬隊組頭が足軽組を（明確なものではないが）指揮下に置く事で備の戦闘指揮官を務める事になる。
English: It included additional supporting personnel of kohei (military engineer) (mine development specialists, kurokuwa (construction workers), kobushin gumi (samurai without official appointments who received small salaries)), accountant (nandokata clerk, yuhitsu (secretary)), cooks (kitchen workers), physicians and monks (monks accompanying samurai to war).
Japanese: より後方支援的な職種である工兵（金堀衆、黒鍬、小普請組）、主計（納戸方、右筆）、調理人（台所方）、医者、僧侶（陣僧）などといったものを含む。
English: Moreover, it also included large-scale provisions transporters which oversaw other sonae in addition to the army headquarters sonae (it is omitted in Figure 3, but there exist a jinbabugyo (camp commissioner) and a commissioner managing the temporary quarters construction in Ieyasu's army headquarters sonae).
Japanese: 更には本陣備のみならずその他の備も視野に収めたより大規模な小荷駄も含まれている（図3では省略しているが家康本陣備には陣場奉行・小屋営作奉行などが存在する）。
English: Like the living quarters construction unit (division that constructed camp at the battleground), there were squads organized as independent troops, and there existed various job types.
Japanese: これらの部隊は小屋懸け組（戦地における宿営地を建築する部隊）の様に独立した隊として編成されたものもあり、多種多様な職種が存在した。
English: In cases where multiple sonae were organized, a senior vassal became the samurai daisho and took command of the sonae except for the army headquarters sonae.
Japanese: また複数の備を編成する場合、本陣備以外の備は重臣が士大将となり指揮を執る。
English: However, the majority of the personnel making up the sonae were not his retainers but they were also the vassals of the same daimyo.
Japanese: しかし、その備を構成する人員の殆どは彼の家来ではなく重臣と同じ大名の家臣である。
English: They were placed under the senior vassal as a reinforcement, but they did not in any way become his vassals.
Japanese: 与力として重臣の指揮下に就いており、決して重臣の家臣（陪臣）になったのではない。
English: This is called the yoriki doshin system, and it was an effective strategy in organizing and commanding sonae without giving too much power to the senior vassal.
Japanese: これを寄騎同心制といい、重臣に大きな権力を与えずに備を構成・指揮させるのに有効な手段であった。
English: Japanese pigments are materials used in Japanese traditional painting.
Japanese: 日本の絵の具（にほんのえのぐ）は、伝統的な日本画に使われる材料の一覧。
English: Several kinds of pigments are used in Japanese painting, including natural mineral pigments made from powdered minerals, synthetic mineral pigments made from colored glass powder, and mud pigments made from colored whitewash or other materials.
Japanese: 鉱物を磨り潰して粉末にした天然岩絵具、色ガラス粉末の合成岩絵具、胡粉等を染料で着色した泥絵具等がある。
English: Whitewash: Originally made from lead compounds, but now it is made from shaved clamshell, and exhibits white.
Japanese: 胡粉：もとは鉛の化合物を使ったが、現在はハマグリの貝殻を削ったもので、白色を呈する。
English: Written in an oraimono (exchange of letters) style, Teikin Orai was an elementary textbook used as a copybook and reader at Terakoya (temple elementary schools during the Edo period).
Japanese: 庭訓往来（ていきんおうらい）とは、往来物（往復の手紙）の形式をとる、寺子屋で習字や読本として使用された初級の教科書の一つである。
English: Written in pseudo-Chinese style, Teikin Orai covered a wide range of topics on general knowledge including lifestyle, vocation, territory management, architecture, law, duty, Buddhism, weapons, education, and medical treatment.
Japanese: 擬漢文体で書かれ、衣食住、職業、領国経営、建築、司法、職分、仏教、武具、教養、療養など、多岐にわたる一般常識を内容とする。
English: It consisted of 25 letters, 12 letters to send and another 12 to receive for the respective months of the year and an additional letter for August 13, designed to help students learn many words and model sentences.
Japanese: 1年12ヶ月の往信返信各12通と8月13日の1通を加えた25通からなり、多くの単語と文例が学べるよう工夫されている。
English: Since Teikin Orai dealt with common practices that were timeless and universal, it served as a textbook at Terakoya well into the Edo period.
Japanese: 時代を超えて普遍的な社会常識も多く扱ったために江戸時代に入っても寺子屋などの教科書として用いられた。
English: The word "teikin" originates from a historical event taken from the Ji Shi (Chief of the Ji Clan) section of "Rongo" (the Analects of Confucius) in which Confucius called to his son to stop running in a garden and encouraged him to learn poetry and etiquette, signifying teachings from father to son and home education.
Japanese: 尚、庭訓とは、『論語』季子篇の中にある孔子が庭を走る息子を呼び止め詩や礼を学ぶよう諭したという故事に因み、父から子への教訓や家庭教育を意味する。
English: Formatted in the following order: 'introduction' of a letter, 'word groups' essential in everyday life, 'closing' of a letter, date, sender's name, and address.
Japanese: 形式（手紙文の「書き出し」、生活上必要な「単語群」、手紙文の「締めくくり」、日付、差出人名、宛名の順序）
English: April: Prosperity of territories, understanding of politics, administration of villages and towns, invitation of various professionals, facilities for commercial trades and types of business, and indigenous local products
Japanese: 4月（領地の繁栄と為政の心得、市町の経営と諸職業人の招致、商取引の施設と業種、諸国特産品）、
English: June: Departure for the subjugation of robbers, borrowing of weapons and horses, knowledge of departure for battle and of the chain of command, and nomenclature of weapons and harness
Japanese: 6月（盗賊討伐への出陣、武具乗馬の借用、出陣の命令系統と心得、武具・馬具の名称）、
English: September: Buddhist temples, Buddha statues, programs for the Buddhist mass, sextons, dancing children, and various items for the occasion of great Buddhist masses
Japanese: 9月（大法会に寄せて、伽藍・仏像、法会の式次第、役僧、舞童、諸道具）、
English: October: Refreshments, miscellaneous taxes in temples, names of soi and sokan (ranks and positions of Buddhist priest), offerings, food served as refreshments such as sweets, tea utensils, soups and side dishes for the occasion of taisai (grand festival) events.
Japanese: 10月（大斎の行事にちなんで、点心、寺家の諸役、僧位僧官の名称、布施物、点心用の食品・菓子・茶具・汁・菜などの食品食物）、
English: Kanpon for Teikin Orai was broadly classified into four types: 'Tehon-kei' (model handwriting-type), 'Tokuhon-kei' (reader-type), 'Chushakubon-kei' (commentary-type), and 'Esho-kei' (illustrated commentary-type).
Japanese: 刊本は、大きく分けて「手本系」・「読本系」・「注釈本系」・「絵抄系」の四つに分類できる。
English: Bound in large size, its characters were big, usually written in gyosho-tai (semi-cursive style of writing) and handwritten.
Japanese: 大きい型に製本してあり、字は大きく、行書体が常例で、生の手本そのままである。
English: After the mid Edo period, some Teikin Orai containing kuten (punctuation marks), kaeriten (signs to indicate reading order), okurigana (hiragana to accompany kanji), and furigana (hiragana to show pronunciation) started to be seen.
Japanese: 江戸中期を過ぎると、句点・返り点・送り仮名、さらには振り仮名をほどこしたものも現れる。
English: The period from 1688 to 1703 saw the appearance of those that contained two kinds of furigana; one was necessary for reading body texts and placed to their right, and the other to the left showed another way of reading them.
Japanese: 元禄の頃には、本文の右側に読み下しに必要なふりがな、左にはそれぞれの文字が持つ、本文以外の読みについてのふりがなを振ったものが現れた。