nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The first education of clinical medicine including surgical operation was conducted when Siebold visited Japan.
Japanese: また、外科手術をはじめとする臨床医学に関する知識の教育は、シーボルトの来日によって初めて行われている。
English: In 1857 after opening a country to the world, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) invited Johannes Pompe van Meerdervoort as a medical science teacher at Nagasaki Kaigun Denshu-sho (Japanese Naval School).
Japanese: 開国後の安政4年（1857年）、江戸幕府は長崎海軍伝習所の医学教師としてヨハネス・ポンペ・ファン・メーデルフォールトを招聘した。
English: After this, the full-scale and systematic education of Ranpoigaku was started in Japan, and four years later Nagasaki Yojojo (hospital), a Ranpoigaku-dedicated medical institution, was established.
Japanese: これ以降、日本でも本格的・体系的な蘭方医学教育が行われ、4年後には蘭方専門の医療機関である長崎養生所創設に至る。
English: In this way, Ranpoigaku took the initiative in introducing Western medicine science into modern Japan.
Japanese: こうして、蘭方医学は近代日本における西洋医学導入の先鞭を果たすこととなった。
English: Efu was a type of baggage tags which were attached during the Edo period to goods sent by the Imperial Court, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), court nobles, samurai families, temples and shrines to clarify who sent the baggage in question.
Japanese: 会符（えふ）とは、江戸時代に朝廷・江戸幕府・公家・武家・寺社などが物資を輸送するにあたって、当該荷物の所属の明示のために付けられた荷札。
English: Efu marked only 'Goyo' (official business) in ink was attached to the baggage sent from the Imperial Court or the Edo bakufu accompanied by the Imperial crest or the family crest of Tokugawa, respectively, while other senders wrote '...Goyo' (official business of...) or '...Kachu...Goyo' (...family's official business of...) on efu accompanied by their own family crests.
Japanese: 朝廷・幕府のものは、菊や葵の御紋とともに墨書で「御用」とのみ書かれ、その他の場合は、紋章とともに「○○御用」「××家中÷÷御用」などと記された。
English: The Edo bakufu's official rate applied to the baggage with efu when human resources and horses were needed at shukueki (relay stations) (Tokugawa Shogunate Family's baggage [the Shogun Family's official baggage] had to be transported for free).
Japanese: 会符の付いた荷物は宿駅の人馬を利用する際に幕府が定めた御定賃銭（おさだめちんせん）で輸送を受けられる特権を有した（なお、徳川将軍家の荷物（将軍家御用物）は無賃での輸送が義務付けられていた）。
English: But after the middle of the eighteenth century, as commercial distribution became increasingly important, the disparity between the market rate of transportation and the official rate widened.
Japanese: ところが、18世紀中期以後、商品流通が盛んになる一方で、民間の輸送相場である相対賃銭（あいたいちんせん）と御定賃銭の格差が広がった。
English: Because, in line with this circumstance, court nobles, samurai families, temples and shrines started to earn money by lending efu to merchants and farmers who wanted to transport their own baggage at the official rate, the Edo bakufu often cracked down on this business, but without effect.
Japanese: そのため、公家や武家、寺社が金を取って商人や百姓に会符を貸し出して御定賃銭で輸送させることが行われたため、幕府はこうした行為をしばしば禁じたが、効果は無かった。
English: Keishi (also called Ie no tsukasa) refers to personnel who are in charge of household management placed in a household of the Imperial Prince and Princess, or a Court noble or a samurai family of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher as Shikiji (another term for a royal secretary, kurodo, especially one who is concurrently posted as a controller).
Japanese: 家司（けいし/いえのつかさ）とは、親王・内親王家及び職事従三位以上の公卿・将軍家などの家に設置され、家政を掌る職員。
English: After the mid Heian Period, they were appointed privately from a Court noble, Kanjin (low to medium rank government official), or Jigenin (lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility), and the system that personnel of the national government double as Keishi, private household management personnel, was formed.
Japanese: 平安時代中期以後は公卿・官人・地下人の中から私的に任用され、国政機関の職員が権門の私的な家政職員である家司を兼ねる仕組が形成された。
English: This was made by bringing the family property organization, which the Emperor's family and local ruling families owned before the ritsuryo system, in the state system.
Japanese: 律令制以前の皇親・豪族が有していた家産制組織を国家体制に取り込んだもの。
English: 'Karei Shikinryo (law stipulating duties of butlers)' was enacted, and Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks), which consists of Karei (Ie no kami), Fu (Suke), Ju (Matsurigotohito) and Shori (Sokan), was established, and personnel from the government were appointed, and further, Fumihakase and Chonai were appointed for the Imperial Prince's family, and Shijin for the retainers of the Fifth Rank or higher including a Court noble.
Japanese: 「家令職員令」が制定され、家令・扶・従・書史からなる四等官が設置されて官より職員が任命され、更に親王家には文学(官職)・帳内、公卿を含む五位以上の諸臣には資人が任じられていた。
English: In 719, households of the Fifth Rank or higher were allowed to have Jigyo, Boko and Joshin.
Japanese: 養老3年（719年）には五位以上の家に事業・防閤・仗身などを置くことが認められた。
English: Sani (courtier without post) of the Third Rank or higher, and the retainers of the Fourth and Fifth Rank were allowed to have Takushi.
Japanese: なお、三位以上の散位や四位・五位の諸臣には宅司が置くことが認められていた。
English: However, in the eighth century, household management personnel outside of the law called Chikeji and Chitakuji came to appear from Betto (superintendent) of Muhon-Shinno (Imperial Prince without court rank), and the Fourth and Fifth Rank.
Japanese: だが、8世紀の段階で無品親王家別当や四位・五位を含めて知家事・知宅事と呼ばれる令外の家政職員が出現するようになった。
English: In the 10th century, the distinction of Keishi and the household management personnel outside of the law became unclear, and Keishi required by the ritsuryo system were also appointed by Migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people) of the master.
Japanese: 10世紀に入ると、家司と令外の家政職員との区別が曖昧となり、令制で定められた家司も主人の御教書によって任命されるようになった。
English: Further, the kenmon class (influential families) were formed by bringing local Gunji (district official) and rich and powerful class in the household management organization.
Japanese: 更に地方の郡司・富豪層を家政組織に取り込んで権門層を形成していくことになる。
English: During the regents and chancellors period, Betto, Karei, Chikeji, Anju, Samurai and Shori were established as domestic governing institutions.
Japanese: 摂関期の頃には家政機関として別当・家令・知家事・案主・侍・書吏などが設置された。
English: But the personnel such as Betto and Karei appointed from Court nobles, and the Fourth and Fifth Rank government officials were called '(Kami) Keishi,' and Chikeji and the lower were called 'Shimo Keishi.'
Japanese: が、別当・家令などの公卿・四位・五位官人級が任命される職員を「（上）家司」、知家事以下を「下家司」と称した。
English: Many Zuryo (provincial governor) were appointed as the Keishi of the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), and part of their earnings was contributed to the Sekkan-ke, and backed up their income.
Japanese: 摂関家の家司は受領が多く任じられてその収益の一部が摂関家に献じられてその財政収入を支えた。
English: Therefore, when the Sekkan-ke were fixed in the Kujo line, the Zuryo Keishi concentrated in the Sekkan-ke, and overwhelmed other Court nobles.
Japanese: そのため、摂関家が九条流に固定されていくと、受領家司が摂関家に集中して他の公家を圧倒していくことになった。
English: Instead, the Keishi serving for generations took charge of practical work of management of Shoen as Mandokoro personnel.
Japanese: 替わって代々仕える家司が政所職員として荘園経営の実務にあたるようになる。
English: On the other hand, Inshi, household management officials of the In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) served as Kami/Shimo Keishi for Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor).
Japanese: その一方で、院庁の家政職員である院司が、太上天皇の上下家司としての役目を果たすことになった。
English: In the long term, it is likely viewed that the Keishi system inheriting the ancient family property system came to be converted into the medieval master-servant system through the transformation in the Heian period.
Japanese: 長い時間で見た場合、古代家産制を継承した家司制度が平安時代の変質を通じて中世主従制へと転換していったと考えることが可能である。
English: The term 'Keishi' was hardly used along with the Mandokoro system in the nobility in the Muromachi Period, when the manorialism was going to dissolve.
Japanese: 「家司」という言葉は荘園制が解体に向かった室町時代頃に公家における政所制度とともにほとんど用いられなくなる。
English: Instead, household management came to be operated by Kaboku (servant) mainly consisting of Shodaibu and Aosamurai (the former was only placed in the upper class Court nobles such as the Sekkan-ke).
Japanese: 替わって諸大夫と青侍を主体に構成される（前者が置けたのは摂関家などの上流公家に限られる）家僕（かぼく）によって家政が運営されるようになる。
English: Movement to Improve Rural Areas was government-regulated movement which aimed to improve and reconstruct regional societies, cities, towns and villages which had been devastated after the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 地方改良運動（ちほうかいりょううんどう）とは、日露戦争後に荒廃した地方社会と市町村の改良・再建を目指す官製運動のこと。
English: With the publication of Boshin Shosho under the Second Katsura Cabinet, the implementation of the movement was led by the pre-war Ministry of Home Affairs.
Japanese: 第2次桂内閣の元で出された戊申詔書をきっかけに内務省(日本)を中心として遂行された。
English: Although Japan gained the status as a major power through the Russo-Japanese War, tax increases as part of the war-time fiscal policy left local finances in a state of near collapse, and rural areas became seriously ruined and devastated.
Japanese: 日本は日露戦争によって列強の地位を手に入れたが、戦時財政の元で行われた増税などによって地方財政は破綻寸前に追い込まれ、地方の疲弊・荒廃ぶりは深刻となった。
English: The Boshin Shosho published on October 13, 1908 tried to restore the finances of rural regions, especially cities, towns and villages, reestablish fiscal basis, educate the people and at the same time, enlighten the public.
Japanese: そこで1908年10月13日に出された戊申詔書のもとで地方とくに市町村財政の立て直しと財政基盤の整備、人員育成を進め、合わせて国民教化の推進を図った。
English: Tan (the letter 擔 was used in Yuan) was a unit of weight (mass) under the Chinese shakkanho (the system of measuring length by the shaku and weight by the kan) (shakusekiho, Chinese traditional system of measurement [unit system], Taiwanese traditional system of measurement).
Japanese: 担（たん、元の用字は擔）は、中国の尺貫法（尺斤法。市制(単位系)・台制）の重量（質量）の物理単位である。
English: Tan was originally defined as the weight which a single laborer could carry (to shoulder) at one time.
Japanese: 元々の担は、人夫1人が一度に運べる（担げる）重量として定義されたものである。
English: Currently one tan is defined as 100 kin, and it is equivalent to exactly 50 kg in the mainland China, 60.478982 kg in Hong Kong and exactly 60 kg in Taiwan respectively.
Japanese: 現在では、1担は100斤と定義されており、中国大陸ではちょうど50キログラム、香港では60.478982kg、台湾ではちょうど60kgとなる。
English: It was originally a conventional unit, but it became the official one in the era of Qing when the Qing dynasty concluded the treaty on units with foreign countries for the purpose of foreign trade.
Japanese: 元は慣習的な単位であったが、清代に外国との貿易のために各国と単位についての協定を結び、公式の単位となった。
English: Hong Kong's tan is called picul in English, and the same unit is used in the Southeast Asia region.
Japanese: 香港の担は英語でpiculと呼ばれ、同じ単位が東南アジア一帯でも使用されている。
English: AS one kin was determined equivalent to 500 g in the mainland China, one tan is equivalent to 50 kg.
Japanese: 中国大陸では1斤＝500グラムと定められたため、1担＝50キログラムとなる。
English: One kin came to equivalent to 600 g and one tan came to equivalent to 60 kg in Taiwan, because its measuring system was affected by the Japanese shakkanho during the Period of Japanese Rule (Taiwan).
Japanese: 台湾では、日本統治時代(台湾)があったために日本の尺貫法の影響を受けて1斤＝600グラムとなり、1担＝60キログラムとなった。
English: Seibyobo (the register of standing crops) refers to an account book recording the actual conditions of cultivation of rice field in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 青苗簿（せいびょうぼ）とは、律令制において実際の田地の耕作状況を記した帳簿のこと。
English: In the Ritsuryo system, kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) was given to each farmer, but in fact, there also existed lands which were not cultivated due to escape of farmers and so on, or on the contrary, on which chinso (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) was imposed despite there were no specific cultivators from the beginning.
Japanese: 律令制においては、農民に口分田が与えられていたが、実際には逃亡などで耕作されない土地や逆に定まった耕作者が元からおらず賃租が行われている土地も存在した。
English: Therefore, it was necessary to grasp the actual conditions of cultivation in order to calculate anticipated tax yields, and to implement an exemption from distribution of assignments at the time of disaster.
Japanese: そのため、税収見込みの計算や災害時の課役免除の実施のために実際の耕作状況を把握する必要があった。
English: In Japan, seibyobo-shiki (codes and regulations on seibyobo) was established in 717, each province was ordered to create seibyobo, and surveys on kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), rice fields provided for chinso, joden (surplus fields) and so on came to be conducted.
Japanese: 日本では養老元年（717年）に青苗簿式が制定され、諸国に青苗簿を作成させ、口分田や賃租に出された田地、乗田などについて調査が行われるようになった。
English: Jishinban is a bansho (an ancient form of security office) installed in downtown areas in Edo and Osaka during the Edo period.
Japanese: 自身番（じしんばん）は、江戸時代に江戸や大阪などの町人地で設けられた番所。
English: In Edo, jishinban, under the supervision of machi-bugyo (town magistrate), were installed in each town in downtown areas (co-managed by several towns in accordance with town size) and the management expenses were paid by each town.
Japanese: 江戸においては町奉行の監督下にあり、町人地の各町ごとに設けられ（町の規模によっては共同で設置）、運営の費用は各町が負担した。
English: In addition, watching out for fire was jishinban's another main responsibility and many jishinban-ya had their roofs equipped with a ladder (small fire watchtower called hinomi-yagura) and hansho (fire bell).
Japanese: また、火の番も重要な役割であり、自身番屋の多くには、屋根に梯子（小規模な火の見櫓）や半鐘が備えられていた。
English: Keiun no kaikaku is a political reform of Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on Ritsuryo Code) at the imperial court under the reign of Emperor Monmu, which was carried out since 706 at the end of the Asuka period.
Japanese: 慶雲の改革（けいうんのかいかく）は、飛鳥時代末期の慶雲3年（706年）以降、文武天皇統治下の朝廷において行われた律令体制改革をいう。
English: After the death of Emperor Tenmu, who was enthroned as the first 'emperor' in the Japanese history succeeding his victory at the Jinshin War and implemented a drastic political reform, Empress Jito assumed the throne.
Japanese: 壬申の乱の勝利後に史上初の「天皇」として即位し、思い切った国制改革を進めた天武天皇が没した後、皇后の持統天皇が即位。
English: To abide by the last wishes of Emperor Tenmu, she embarked on the construction of Fujiwara-kyo, which was the first large-scale capital city in Japan, and continued with streamlining Ritsuryo Code as well as the compilation project of a national history, including the establishment of Asuka Kiyomihara Code with reference to Tang.
Japanese: 天武の遺志を継ぎ、日本初の本格的都城である藤原京の建設を進めたほか、飛鳥浄御原令の制定など、唐を参考にした律令の整備・国史編纂事業などを継続した。
English: Empress Jito has abdicated the throne in favor of her grandson Emperor Monmu; during his reign, the establishment of Ritsuryo Code, which was to become the culmination of the reform since the time of the emperors Tenmu and Jito, was implemented, and it came to a realization in the form of Taiho Code in 701.
Japanese: その持統天皇の譲位を受けて即位した孫の文武天皇の時期には、天武・持統以来の改革の集大成となる律令の制定が急がれ、大宝(日本)元年（701年）に大宝律令の完成という形で結実した。
English: Despite the fact that the people such as IKI no Hakatoko who once visited Tang Dynasty and SATSU Kokaku who was originally Chinese and became naturalized in Japan were involved in the project of compiling Ritsuryo Code, the leaders of the project such as Imperial Prince Osakabe and FUJIWARA no Fuhito were not experts of the system of Ritsuryo in Tang, and as such, what was decided as Taiho Code was idealistic in its tendency.
Japanese: しかし律令編纂には入唐経験のある伊吉博徳や、唐から帰化した薩弘恪などが加わってはいたものの、作成を主導した刑部親王や藤原不比等らは唐律令の実態に精通していた訳ではなく、やや理想的な傾向を残すものでもあった。
English: As a result, contradictions and flaws came to be recognized once it was in force.
Japanese: その結果、施行してみて初めて分かった矛盾・不備なども認識されるようになる。
English: After the Retired Empress Jito passed away in 703, establishing of more detailed regulations as well as the reform of the Code itself was called upon, as there was a gap between the Code which was then in effect and its realistic administration.
Japanese: 大宝3年（703年）持統太上天皇が崩御すると、実際に施行されはじめた律令と、現実的運用とのギャップから、細則の必要性や令そのものへの改革が迫られるようになる。
English: Further, as a result of a series of famine occurred from 703 to 704 and the flaws in the tax system, there were many peasants who suffered of serious poverty.
Japanese: また、大宝3年（703年）から慶雲4年（707年）にかけて連続的に発生した飢饉と税体系の不備により貧窮する農民が続出した。
English: In 701, AWATA no Mahito, who was involved in the compilation of Taiho Code, was appointed as a Kento-shi (Shissetsu-shi), and was given setto (a sword given by the emperor in the symbol of his trust to the appointment of someone to a mission) by Emperor Monmu.
Japanese: 大宝元年、大宝令の編纂にも携わった粟田真人が遣唐使（執節使）に任命され、文武天皇から節刀を授けられた。
English: The purposes of this extremely important envoy of Taiho era were to restore the diplomatic relations with Tang which had been precarious since the Battle of Hakusukinoe, to proclaim to Tang the establishment of the full-scale capital and Ritsuryo system in Japan as a result of the reform since the time of Emperor Tenmu, as well as the foundation of the title of the emperor and the name of the country as 'Nihon' (Japan).
Japanese: この大宝度の遣使の目的は、白村江の戦い以来冷却していた唐との交流を回復するとともに、天武天皇以来の改革で日本に本格的首都および律令体制が完成したこと、天皇号および「日本」の国号が成立したことを唐に対して宣言することなどを目的とする、非常に重要な使節であった。
English: However at that time, as the Japanese government did not know about the usurpation of Tang Dynasty by Busokuten (Empress Sokuten) and the fact that it had been succeeded by Bushu Dynasty, AWATA no Mahito and others led to a slight confusion when they got there.
Japanese: しかし当時、唐王朝は武則天（則天武后）による簒奪で武周王朝に代わっていたことを日本側が把握していなかったため、粟田真人らは現地で若干の混乱を生じた。
English: Further, they found that the actual state of the capital city of Changan and the administration of Ritsuryo system were similar but different to what they had imagined in Japan.
Japanese: また、彼らが都・長安で見た実際の都城や律令制の運用実態は、日本国内での想像とは似て非なるものであった。
English: For example, in Fujiwara-kyo, the palaces (Fujiwara Palaces) including Daigokuden(Council Hall) were located in the center of the capital, however, in Chinese capital cities such as Chang'ancheng, the Imperial Palaces including Taikyokugu (太極宮) was normally located at the northern center of the city.
Japanese: たとえば藤原京では大極殿を含む宮（藤原宮）を都城の中央に配置していたが、長安城をはじめとする中国の都城では太極宮を含む皇城は、都城の北端中央にあるのが通例であった。
English: The administration of the Ritsuryo system in Changan was different from that employed in Japan; codes to amend defects found in the Ritsuryo, etc. were established.
Japanese: 律令の運用形態も日本とは異なり、律令の不備を行う格式なども制定されていた。
English: AWATA no Mahito and other Japanese envoys, who returned to Japan in 704 after experiencing a significant shock during their visit to Tang, reported the differences of the capital cities and Ritsuryo system between Japan and China, and their report was taken in earnest by the Emperor Monmu's administration in order to carry out the reform.
Japanese: 大きな衝撃を受けて慶雲元年に帰国した粟田真人らは、これらの日中の都城や律令制の差異を報告し、文武朝の改革に生かされていく。
English: In April 705, after the fixed number of Dainagon (Major Counselor) was reduced by two people, the post of Chunagon (Middle Counselor), which had been abolished at that time of the establishment of Taiho Code, was revived as giseikan (Legislature) (the start of 'Ryoge no kan' (newly-established governmental posts which were not included in Ritsuryo Code)), TAKAMUKO no Maro, AWATA no Mahito and ABE no Sukunamaro were newly appointed.
Japanese: 慶雲2年（705年）4月、大納言の定員を2人削減するとともに、大宝令制定に伴い廃止されていた中納言が朝廷の議政官として復活し（「令外の官」の始まり）、高向麻呂・粟田真人・阿倍宿奈麻呂を任命した。
English: Also, the Uneme no hireda (rice fields which were kept in one's home province to appropriate the cost to keep maids-in-waiting at the court) was revived.
Japanese: また大宝令で停廃されていた采女肩巾田（うねめのひれだ。采女の経費を充当するために出身地に置かれた田）を復活した。
English: In November of the same year, jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) was switched to ikuro (stipends paid to people who were in the fourth rank and the fifth rank), and in the following year, the regulations of Taiho Code were modified, and Shii (Forth Rank) was added to be qualified as ifu (families provided to the third rank and higher).
Japanese: 同年11月にはこれまでの五位官人への食封を位禄に切り替え、翌年には大宝令の規定を修正し、四位官人を位封の範囲に加えている。
English: Further, the reform of the system of governmental posts was carried out, such as the shortening of grading of the years, which influenced the appointing of posts of the governmental officials, by two years, and adjustment of the system of granting oni (the automatic promotion system in which the persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from Imperial to the fifth rank or whose grandparents are upper than third rank, are conferred an Imperial title).
Japanese: さらに官人の叙位に影響する評定年数の二年分短縮や、蔭位授与制度の調整など、官人機構の改革を行った。
English: The regulation on the imperial heir (Imperial Family), which was originally prescribed to include up to the grandchildren of the fourth generation, was changed to include up to the grandchildren of the fifth generation.
Japanese: また、継嗣令の規定で皇親（皇族）の範囲を四世孫までとしていたものを五世孫まで範囲を拡げている。
English: On the other hand, the tax system and the rescue plan were implemented in order to lessen the burden of peasants in the time of the continuing famine.
Japanese: いっぽう、うち続く飢饉から農民の負担の軽減を図るべく、税制や貧窮対策を施している。
English: This meant that the various policies were made such as switching the system to collect So yo cho (taxes in kind or service) on the basis of individuals to the system to collect it on the basis of units of households, cutting down of yo (tax in kind) by half, and alleviation of the way to collect gisomai (the system to collect and store rice and grains to supply the poor in case of famine).
Japanese: すなわち、畿内における租庸調の人別徴収方式から戸別徴収への変更、庸の半減措置、義倉米（飢饉の際に貧民に支給するためにあらかじめ米穀を徴収・備蓄しておく制度）徴収法の緩和などの諸政策である。
English: However, many of these various reformed policies were reviewed as early as the early Nara period, and as such, the evaluation on their effectiveness are divided.
Japanese: ただし、これらの諸制度改革は早くも奈良時代前期には見直されたものも多く、その実効性については評価が分かれる。
English: An imperial edict was issued to demand lords and retainers to strictly observe Taiho Code, as there were cases in which they illegally occupied lands (hills, rivers and marshes) and undermined the peasants' interests.
Japanese: また、王公諸臣が山川藪沢を不法に占有し、農民の利益を損なっているとして、大宝令遵守を求める詔勅も出されている。
English: As seen from the above, the political reform in the Keiun era was carried out in order to adjust the flaws experienced when administering Taiho code, and its fundamental characteristic was to strengthen the national polity.
Japanese: このように慶雲の改革は、大宝律令の施行に伴う不具合を調整することを意識して行われたものであり、さらなる国家体制強化を図ろうとする性質のものであった。
English: Because her bereaved child Prince Obito (later to become Emperor Shomu) was still too young, Princess Ahe, the mother of Emperor Monmu, ascended the throne in an unprecedented measure and became Empress Genmei.
Japanese: 遺子の首皇子（後の聖武天皇）はまだ幼かったため、文武天皇の母である阿閇皇女が即位するという異例の措置がとられ、元明天皇となった。
English: During the reign of Empress Genmei, the national reform further accelerated, and in 708, the first currency Wado-kaichin was issued and an imperial decree to announce the transferring of the capital to Heijo-kyo, which was the full-scale capital modeled after Changan, was issued. (As in Changan, Daigokuden in Heijo-kyo was located at the northernmost part. The transfer of the capital was realized two years later in 710.)
Japanese: 元明朝においても国制改革はさらに加速し、和銅元年（708年）には、初の流通貨幣である和同開珎の発行、および長安の造形に倣った本格的都城となる平城京遷都の詔が発せられた（平城京は長安と同じく大極殿を北端に置く。実際の遷都は2年後の和銅3年）。
English: In the same year, Ideha district (later Dewa Province) was establshed in Dewa Province, and the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in north-eastern Japan, using Dewa Castle as the home ground, was started.
Japanese: また同年、越後国に出羽郡（後の出羽国）が設置され、出羽柵を中心に蝦夷征討が開始した。
English: As a part of project, the remote regions was also positively occupied as a national territory such as encouraging Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) to pay tribute to the government in south (in 713, Osumi Province was designated).
Japanese: 南でも隼人の入貢を促す（和銅6年（713年）には大隅国を設置）など、辺境の国土確定も積極的に行われた。
English: During this period, the amendments and enforcement of Ritsuryo as well as the revision of Ritsuryo itself were carried out by a group led by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, and this led to the establishment of Yoro Ritsuryo Code at the later stage.
Japanese: この間も律令の不具合を修正する格式や律令本体の改訂作業は、藤原不比等らを中心に続けられており、後の養老律令制定につながることになる。
English: Natori-dan refers to Gundan (army corps in ancient Japan) deployed in Natori County, Mutsu Province (later Rikuzen Province), Japan from the early 8th century to the 10th century.
Japanese: 名取団（なとりだん）は、8世紀初めから10世紀まで日本の陸奥国（後の陸前国）名取郡に置かれた軍団(古代日本)である。
English: Although the deployment of initial Gundan is unknown, it is natural to consider that Natori-dan was deployed from old times because Kokufu (ancient provincial office/capital) of Mutsu Province was located at Koriyama Ruins in Natori County at that time, and Natori-dan remained in the era of two Gundan stated below.
Japanese: 初期の軍団の配置は不明だが、その当時陸奥国の国府が名取郡の郡山遺跡に所在したと推定されること、後述する2軍団時代に名取団が残された事からも、名取団が古くから置かれたと見るのが自然であろう。