nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Ming Dynasty that had destroyed Yuan Dynasty during the fourteenth century employed a policy to suppress the marine forces that posed a possibility to threaten the dynasty.
Japanese: 14世紀に元を滅ぼした明においては、王朝を脅かす怖れのある海上勢力の禁圧策がとられた。
English: This is partly because the dynasty needed to drive away pirates called wako (Japanese pirates) that were rampant in the coastal areas of China.
Japanese: これは当時中国の沿岸部で跳梁していた倭寇と呼ばれる海賊勢力を遠ざける必要もあったためである。
English: To be specific, in private sectors advancing overseas was prohibited, and an official sector for the trading route was restricted only to choko (paying tribute to the court).
Japanese: 具体的には民間には海外進出を禁じ、公的には貿易のルートを朝貢のみに限定した。
English: During the Ming Dynasty a powerful navy was developed to maintain Kaikin Policy (a policy forbidding private people to trade with foreign countries) and to destroy wako.
Japanese: 海禁政策を守り倭寇を打ち破るため、明においては強力な水軍が養成された。
English: The third Emperor Yongle of the Ming dynasty organized a large scale surface fleet led by Zheng Hu and dispatched it as far as Southeast Asia, the Indian Sea and the Arabian Sea.
Japanese: 明の第3代永楽帝は鄭和率いる大規模な海上艦隊を編成して東南アジアからインド洋、アラビア海まで派遣している。
English: But the aggressive advancement onto the sea by the government was rather exceptional during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Japanese: だが、このような国家の水軍による積極的な海上進出は明清時代を通じてむしろ例外に属する。
English: In the nineteenth century, the Qing's navy was almost useless against advanced navies of European nations.
Japanese: 19世紀に入ると、ヨーロッパの進んだ海軍力に対して清の水軍はほとんど無力であった。
English: It is when it needed its powerful navy to suppress the Taiping Rebellion involving a vast region in the southern part of China that the Qing dynasty developed a real sense of crisis about reorganizing its navy.
Japanese: 清が水軍の再編について真に危機感を抱いたのは中国の南方の広い地域を巻き込んだ太平天国の乱において、その鎮圧に強力な水上兵力が必要とされたときであった。
English: However, the dynasty refused the suggestion from Britain that it should establish a Chinese navy fleet that would employ a British military officer as the commander, and the establishment of modern navy was again postponed.
Japanese: だが、イギリスからイギリス軍人を司令官とする艦隊を清の海軍とするよう提案されたのを拒否し、近代海軍の設立は再び先送りされた。
English: It is in 1874 when Qing was forced to ratify the humiliating treaty with Japan due to the Japan's Taiwan Expedition that it at long last decided to reorganize the navy.
Japanese: 清が水軍再編に対して重い腰をあげたのはようやく日本の台湾出兵によって屈辱的な和平を結ばざるをえなかった1874年であった。
English: The next year, Qing declared and decided to establish its modern navy, and with this decision the period of the traditional suigun navy came to an end.
Japanese: 翌年、清は海洋水師の創設を布告して近代海軍の創設を決定し、伝統水軍の時代は終わりを告げる。
English: Because of this, in Korea marine traffic played an important role in the transportation from ancient times, and in the coastal areas kaimin (people of the sea) who were used to life at sea flourished.
Japanese: 古い時代から海上交通の比重が高く、沿岸部では海の船上生活に慣れた海民が活躍した。
English: During the period of the first unified kingdom Shilla, Cheonghaejin Ambassador Jang Bogo was famous for building large forces on the sea in East Asia, straddling as far as China, Japan.
Japanese: 最初の統一王朝新羅の時代には、清海鎮大使張保皐が中国・日本まで股にかけた東アジアの大海上勢力を築きあげたことが名高い。
English: The second unified kingdom Goryeo used routes on the sea to send tax rice collected from the north and south to its capital Kaesong.
Japanese: 第二の統一王朝高麗は半島の南北から租税の米穀を首都の開城に廻送するために海上ルートを利用した。
English: During the thirteenth century, Goryeo transferred its capital to Gonghwa Island in order to avoid attacks from the Mongolian Empire, and continued resistance activities for decades.
Japanese: 13世紀には、高麗はモンゴル帝国の攻撃を避けるために首都を江華島に移して数十年にわたる抗戦を続けた。
English: After the submission to the Yuan dynasty in Mongolia, Goryeo offered its navy for the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan at a huge cost.
Japanese: モンゴルの元朝に服属した後はその日本征討に多大な負担を払って水軍を提供した。
English: In the late fourteenth century, Goryeo came to be often invaded by wako as China was and suffered enormous damage.
Japanese: 14世紀後半になると、高麗も中国と同じように倭寇の入寇を受けるようになり、しばしば多大な被害を受けた。
English: Reaching the end of its patience, the Goryeo dynasty tried to enforce its navy by building new powerful battle ships in around 1375.
Japanese: たまりかねた高麗王朝は1375年頃から新たに強力な戦艦を建造して水軍の増強をはかった。
English: The dynasty succeeded in controlling the activities of wako to a large degree by winning fierce battles against them for years before the demise of the dynasty.
Japanese: 連年の激しい戦いによって高麗滅亡直前には倭寇を大きく抑えこむことに成功した。
English: This system, following the chiliachs system of Yuan and the system of the place guarded by soldiers of Ming, incorporated the citizens who were used to life on the sea into the navy in the ratio of one out of three households.
Japanese: 元の千戸制・明の衛所制にならい、沿海の諸州郡の水上生活になれた住民を3戸に1戸の割合で水軍に編入した。
English: Also, households that did not offer soldiers had the obligation to support the life of the soldier's family in exchange for a tax exemption.
Japanese: 水兵を拠出しなかった戸には免税の代償に兵士の家族の扶養を義務付けられた。
English: The Yi dynasty established a suigun banko system in the coastal areas and set the suigun banko agency to administer the system.
Japanese: 沿海部に水軍万戸を設定、それを統制する役所として水軍万戸府をおいた。
English: In addition, the dynasty placed a Naval Commander (suigun regional military governor) in each province of Eight Provinces of Korea (administrative district) and had the commander administer each navy in the provinces.
Japanese: また、朝鮮は行政区画である朝鮮八道ごとに水使（水軍節度使）を置き、各道の水軍を統括させた。
English: Especially in the two provinces of Jella and Gyeorgsang that have a complicated Archipelago Area, facing Japan and located in the south of the peninsular, two naval commanders were placed both in the right and left, and the number of suigun banko in each province was fifteen, which was rather large.
Japanese: 特に日本に面する南方に位置し、道内に複雑な多島海域を有する全羅道と慶尚道の2道にはそれぞれ左右2員の水使が置かれ、道内の水軍万戸もそれぞれ15ときわめて多かった。
English: During the invasion by the Japanese navy (Jinshin waran, or Bunroku and Keicho War in Korea on Japan's side) that started in 1592, the left naval commander in Jeolla Province Yi Sun-sin organized and led the fleet consisting of Turtle ships that were reportedly invented by Yi himself.
Japanese: 1592年に始まる日本軍の侵攻（壬辰倭乱、日本でいう文禄・慶長の役）では全羅左水使李舜臣が自ら考案したと言われる亀甲船の艦隊を率いた。
English: It is said that by the Yi's reorganization, the Korean navy became extremely powerful and made a great contribution to fighting off the Japanese navy.
Japanese: 李舜臣の再編によって朝鮮水軍は精強となり、日本軍の撃退に大いに貢献したと言われる。
English: The Shuinsen was a ship that carried out foreign trade by receiving the Shuinjo (the permit to travel to foreign countries) of the Japanese ruler between the end of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
Japanese: 朱印船（しゅいんせん）は、16世紀末から17世紀初頭にかけて日本の支配者の朱印状（海外渡航許可証）を得て海外交易を行った船を言う。
English: Japanese ships that carried Shuinjo (shogunate trade license) were protected by Portugal and Dutch ships and the rulers of Southeast Asian countries that had diplomatic relations with Japan at the time.
Japanese: 朱印状を携帯する日本船は当時日本と外交関係があったポルトガル、オランダ船や東南アジア諸国の支配者の保護を受けることができた。
English: During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the period of Warring States in Japan, samurai warriors and pirates from the Kyushu and Inland Sea regions attacked ships along the coasts of China and Korea and were feared as Japanese pirates (called "wako" in Japanese).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)や戦国時代(日本)には九州・瀬戸内海方面の武士や海賊が中国、朝鮮沿岸を荒らしまわり、倭寇と恐れられた。
English: Interests toward foreign nations grew at the end of sixteenth century when the Portuguese ships began to arrive in Japan, and there were some Japanese who advanced into the Southeast Asia.
Japanese: 16世紀後半になるとポルトガル船が日本に来航するようになって海外への関心が高まり、東南アジア方面にまで進出する日本人も現れた。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who achieved the unification of the whole country, regulated Japanese foreign trading by printing Shuinjo in 1592 in order to suppress wako and dispatched people to Manila, Ayutthaya, and Pattani but few documents exist concerning this period.
Japanese: 天下統一を達成した豊臣秀吉は日本人の海外交易を統制し、倭寇を禁圧する必要から、1592年に初めて朱印状を発行してマニラ、アユタヤ、パタニになどに派遣したとされるが、この時のことはあまり資料がない。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who won the Battle of Sekigahara and established hegemony, had great passion for foreign trade and even employed William Adams, who was the navigator of the Dutch ship that drifted ashore to Bungo in 1600, as his foreign advisor.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利して覇権を確立した徳川家康は海外交易に熱心な人物で、1600年豊後の海岸に漂着したオランダ船の航海士ウィリアム・アダムスらを外交顧問として採用したほどである。
English: He sent messengers to Annam, Manila in the Spanish Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand and Pattani to establish diplomatic relations and implemented the Shuinsen system in 1604.
Japanese: 1601年以降、安南、スペイン領マニラ、カンボジア、タイ王国、パタニなどの東南アジア諸国に使者を派遣して外交関係を樹立し、1604年に朱印船制度を実施した。
English: Since then and until 1635, over three hundred and fifty Japanese ships obtained the Shuinjo and travelled abroad.
Japanese: これ以後、1635年まで350隻以上の日本船が朱印状を得て海外に渡航した。
English: Since the Ming Empire forbade Japanese ships from visiting China, Chinese ports (except for Macao inhabited by Portuguese) were not included among the destinations of Shuinsen ships, and shuinsen licenses were not issued to ships that traded with Korea, either, since trading with Korea was entrusted entirely to Tsushima Domain.
Japanese: なお、明帝国は日本船の来航を禁止していたので、中国は（ポルトガル居留地マカオを除けば）朱印船渡航先とはならず、朝鮮との交易も対馬藩に一任されていたので、朱印状は発行されなかった。
English: Annan was governed by the Trinh clan in Hanoi, which supported the Lee clan that ruled Northern Vietnam at the time.
Japanese: 安南　当時北ベトナムを領有していた黎氏を擁立するハノイの鄭氏政権である。
English: Chiam Pa was the kingdom of Champa crammed in the corner of Southern Vietnam.
Japanese: 占城　ベトナムによって南ベトナムの一隅に押し込められていたチャンパ王国である。
English: Its capital, Manila, was the strategic port of the galleon trade with the New World, and many Chinese ships arrived there.
Japanese: 首府マニラが新大陸とのガレオン貿易の要港で、中国船の来航も多かった。
English: Taiwan was ruled by the Dutch, who had their base at Fort Zeelandia, and was called Paiwan at the time,
Japanese: 高砂　当時ゼーランディア城を拠点にオランダ人が支配していた台湾である。
English: According to voyage destination records, Giao Chi was most often visited by Shuinsen ships (73 times), followed by Siam (55 times), Luzon (55 times) and Annan (47 times).
Japanese: 渡航先集計によると交趾（73回）で最も多く、暹羅（55回）、呂宋（54回）、安南（47回）と続く。
English: It had the greatest numbers of merchants, consisting of sixty five members, two ladies, and one who originated from Ryukyu region (current Okinawa area).
Japanese: 商人最も数が多く、記録に残る限り65名、さらに婦人2名、琉球出身者1名を数える。
English: The representatives were the very affluent Ryoi SUMINOKURA, Shirojiro CHAYA, Magozaemon SUEYOSHI of Osaka, and Heizo SUETSUGU of Nagasaki City.
Japanese: 代表的な人物は京都の豪商である角倉了以、茶屋四郎次郎、大坂の末吉孫左衛門、長崎市の末次平蔵らである。
English: They were Tadatsune SHIMAZU, Shigenobu MATSUURA (also known as Hoin), Harunobu ARIMA, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Katsushige NABESHIMA, Kiyomasa KATO, Korenori KAMEI, Harumasa GOTO, Shigetoshi TAKENAKA, and Shigemasa MATSUKURA.
Japanese: 島津忠恒、松浦鎮信(法印)、有馬晴信、細川忠興、鍋島勝茂、加藤清正、亀井茲矩、五島玄雅、竹中重利、松倉重政らである。
English: The Shuinjo was given to Toan MURAYAMA of Bushi Nagasaki (bushi (samurai) in Nagasaki), Sokun IMAI of Sakai, and four bushi from Osaka and Hirato Cities.
Japanese: 武士長崎の村山等安や堺の今井宗薫、大坂と平戸市の武士4名にも朱印状が与えられている。
English: Ming forbid voyage to Japan, and these Chinese people arrived while trading in secret and lived in Japan.
Japanese: 明は中国人の日本渡航を禁止しており、これら中国人は密貿易で渡来し、在住する者であった。
English: Shuinjo licenses were also issued to Europeans such as William Adams, Dutch living in Japan, such as Jan Joosten, British traders and 12 Portuguese.
Japanese: 欧州人ウィリアム・アダムス、ヤン・ヨーステンら日本在住のオランダ人、イングランド人、ポルトガル人12名にも発行された。
English: Those that boarded Shuinsen other than the Captain were pilot (navigator), merchants, and common crew, but the navigators were mostly Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British, and the common crew contained foreigners as well.
Japanese: 朱印船に乗り組むのは船長以下、按針（航海士）、客商、一般乗組員らであるが、とりわけ航海士には海外航路に詳しい中国人、ポルトガル人、スペイン人、オランダ人、イギリス人が任命される者が多く、一般乗組員にも外国人が入った。
English: Many Shuinsen that travelled to Southeast sea ports unexpectedly had the purpose of importing Chinese raw silk and silk products.
Japanese: 東南アジア諸港へ赴く朱印船の多くは意外なことに中国産の生糸や絹の輸入が目的であった。
English: Silk was produced in Japan from ancient times but was poor in quality compared to Chinese, and the peaceful era saw an increase in the desire for Chinese silk which was needed to produce expensive clothing.
Japanese: 日本でも絹は古代から産出したが、中国産に比べると品質が悪く、太平の世の到来で高級衣料である中国絹に対する需要が増大したためである。
English: Ming, which suffered the attack of Japanese pirates, forbade Japanese ships to visit Chinese ports and restrictions became partiulcarly severe after Ming and Japan fought a war during the Bunroku and Keicho eras.
Japanese: 他方、かって倭寇に苦しんだ明は日本船の中国入港を禁止しており、文禄・慶長の役で敵対国となってからはなおさらであった。
English: However, this was not fully implemented and some Chinese ships visited Japan in secret, though not in large numbers.
Japanese: が、これは徹底せず、密かに来航する中国船もあったが、十分な量ではなかった。
English: As a result, Chinese trading ships met and traded with Japanese ships in ports at Southeast Asia where they could travel legally and outside the watchful eyes of the government authorities of the Ming Dynasty.
Japanese: このため明国官憲の監視が及ばず、中国商船は合法的に来航できる東南アジア諸港で日本船との出会い貿易が行われたのである。
English: They imported not only Chinese products but shark and deer skins used in weapons and products of Southeast Asia such as sugar.
Japanese: 中国製品以外にも武具に使用される鮫皮や鹿皮、砂糖など東南アジア産品の輸入も行われた。
English: In exchange, crafts such as silver, copper, copper coins, sulfur, and swords were exported from Japan.
Japanese: 見返りとして、日本からは銀、銅、銅銭、硫黄、刀などの工芸品が輸出された。
English: There was a shortage of silver in China during that period, and Chinese merchants, who were the main trading partners of Shuinsen desired silver.
Japanese: 当時中国では銀が不足していたため、朱印船の主要な交易相手である中国商人は銀を欲した。
English: In addition, silver was mined in large quantities in the Iwami Ginzan silver mine and other places in Japan and used as a means of payment.
Japanese: しかも当時、日本では石見銀山などで銀が盛産されており、決済手段として最も適していた。
English: In the early period, there were many Chinese style Junk (ship) utilized as the Shuinsen.
Japanese: 朱印船として用いられた船は、初期には中国式のジャンク(船)が多数であった。
English: Unique sailing ships were subsequently constructed in various places for navigation by applying the technology and design for Galleons to junks, as represented by Suetsugu ships developed by Heizo SUETSUGU and Araki ships developed by Sotaro ARAKI.
Japanese: 後には末次平蔵の末次船や荒木宗太郎の荒木船に代表されるジャンクにガレオン船の技術やデザインを融合させた独自の帆船が登場し、各地で製造され運用されることとなる。
English: The ships weighed around five hundred to seven hundred and fifty tons, and there were about two hundred personnel per ship (the confirmed average number of crew for fifteen ships was two hundred and thirty six).
Japanese: それらの船のサイズは大抵500～750tであり、乗組員はおおよそ200人であった（人数が判明している15隻の平均人数は236人である）。
English: During the time when the trade with Southeast Asia countries flourished, numerous ships were ordered and purchased in Ayutthaya in Siam, due to the excellence of the construction and the quality of Thai wood.
Japanese: また、東南アジア貿易が盛んであった時には、木材の品質もよく造船技術も優れていたシャムのアユタヤで大量の船が注文・購入された。
English: It became increasingly more difficult even for government-certified Shuinsen ships to travel to other countries due to the isolationist policy of the shogunate government; in 1633, the First Seclusion Order, which forbade all ships other that those carrying official letters of the shogunate government to visit or return from other countries, was issued; and in 1935, the Third Seclusion Order, which forbade all Japanese to travel to or return from other countries, was issued, bringing an end to Shuinsen trade.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の鎖国政策の進展により、幕府公認の朱印船の海外渡航すら難しくなり、1633年老中奉書船以外の海外渡航や帰国を禁止する第1次鎖国令が発令され、1635年にはすべての日本人の海外渡航と帰国を禁止する第3次鎖国令が発令されて朱印船貿易は終末を迎えた。
English: Due to this measurement, the Dutch East India Company that often competed with Shuinsen gained a huge profit, and it monopolized the Dejima trading post among European nations.
Japanese: この措置によって東南アジアで朱印船と競合することが多かったオランダ東インド会社が莫大な利益を得、結局は欧州諸国としては唯一、出島貿易を独占することになる。
English: Teppoki (Gun Chronicle) is a history book concerning the transmission of guns to Japan, and was completed in 1606 during the Edo period.
Japanese: 鉄炮記（てっぽうき、鐵炮記)は、江戸時代のに成立した鉄砲伝来に関わる歴史書である。
English: The book is based on the account given by Hisatoki TANEGASHIMA, a local lord, concerning the historical fact of the transmission of guns (specifically, arquebuses) to Japan on Tanegashima island during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), describing how Hisatoki's father Tokitaka TANEGASHIMA had acquired guns and established his gun manufacturing process; this account was edited by the abbot of Satsuma Province's Dairyu-ji Temple, Bunshi Nanpo.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)に種子島へ鉄砲（火縄銃）が伝来された史実を領主である種子島久時が、父種子島時堯の鉄砲入手とその製法確立の過程を薩摩国大竜寺の和尚である南浦文之に編纂させたものである。
English: Another theory, advanced by Takehisa UDAGAWA and others, holds that before the arrival of guns in Japan, primitive firearms had already been introduced into by wako (Japanese pirates) and other people, but the "Teppoki" provides an account of how firearms (arquebuses) were brought to Tanegashima Island in 1543 by Portuguese sailors ("introduction of guns into Japan").
Japanese: 日本へは原始的な火器は倭寇などにより鉄砲伝来以前に持ち込まれていたとする宇田川武久らの説もあるが、『鉄炮記』に記されているのはにポルトガル人により種子島へ鉄砲（火縄銃）が持ち込まれたとする事件（鉄砲伝来）を意味する。
English: Both because the description given in the "Teppoki" is very detailed and because no other historical record describing the transmission of guns on Tanegashima island exists, the Teppoki is used as the source document for the transmission theory.
Japanese: 『鉄炮記』の記述は詳細で、種子島への鉄砲伝来に関しての史料が他にないこともあり伝来説の根本史料として利用される。
English: Konden means a newly developed rice field in the Ritsuryo period of Japan.
Japanese: 墾田（こんでん）とは、日本の律令時代において新しく開かれた田地をいう。
English: The Sanze-isshin Law (promoting reclamation) of 723 allowed private ownership of konden for a certain period.
Japanese: 723年（養老7）の三世一身法では、墾田は一定期間は私有が認められた。
English: In contrast, the Konden einen shizai Law of 743 allowed permanent ownership of konden.
Japanese: しかし、743年（天平15）の墾田永年私財法では、墾田の永年にわたる私有が認められるようになった。
English: The theorists who support the Kochi-komin System (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) advocate that the promotion of konden accelerated the fall of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 公地公民制を唱える論者は、墾田の推進により律令制度の崩壊を早まったとする。
English: However, the research after the 1990's has gradually strengthened another theory that konden was in line with the policy of expanding agricultural land, a policy which was undertaken by the Ritsuryo Government (an ancient Japanese government of centralized governance).
Japanese: しかし、1990年代以降の研究では、墾田は律令政府が企図していた農地拡大政策に沿ったものとする評価が次第に有力となっている。
English: Kunikyo (also called Kuni no miya) was a place in Soraku District, Yamashiro Province that was designated as a capital for a period of time during the Nara period.
Japanese: 恭仁京（くにきょう、くにのみや）は、奈良時代の一時期、都が置かれた山城国相楽郡の地。
English: Although it was designated as a national historical site of the remains of the Yamashiro Kokubun-ji Temple since July 1, 1957, the change of the place name as Kuni no miya ato/ Kunikyu seki (the remains of Kunikyo) (the remains of the Yamashiro Kokubun-ji Temple) was requested at the Council for Cultural Affairs on November 17, 2006, and the new name was announced through the official gazette on February 6, 2007.
Japanese: 1957年7月1日山城国分寺跡として、国史跡に指定されていたが、2006年11月17日の文化審議会で、恭仁宮跡（山城国分寺跡）に名称変更が答申され、2007年2月6日付け官報告示で確定した。
English: After the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the capital was transferred from Heijokyo to Kunikyo by Emperor Shomu on January 10, 741.
Japanese: 藤原広嗣の乱の後、天平12年（740年）12月15日聖武天皇によって、平城京から遷都された。
English: It is said that the reason why Soraku was chosen as a place for the capital was that it was the stronghold of TACHIBANA no Moroe, who was Sadaijin (the Minister of the Left).
Japanese: 相楽が選ばれた理由として左大臣・橘諸兄の本拠地であったことが指摘されている。
English: In September 741, the areas for Sakyo (Left Capital) and Ukyo (Right Capital) were designated, and in November of the same year, the official name 'Yamato no kuni no omiya' was decided upon and the Palace was built.
Japanese: 741年の9月に左京右京が定められ、11月には大養徳恭仁大宮という正式名称が決定され、宮殿が造られた。
English: Kunikyo did not see the light of day as a capital, because the construction project was called off at the end of 743 and Emperor Shomu moved to Shigaraki no Miya Palace.
Japanese: 都としては完成しないまま743年の末にはこの京の造営は中止されて聖武天皇は紫香楽宮に移った。
English: Although Kunikyo was a capital for only about three years, the Imperial Decree for the Construction of Kokubun-ji Temple and Kokubun-niji Temple and the Imperial Decree for the Construction of the Great Buddha, both significant events in Japanese cultural history, were issued and carried out at this place.
Japanese: わずか3年余りの都であったが、日本の文化史上の重要事項である「国分寺・国文尼寺建立の詔」と、「大仏建立の詔」はこの都で出され、実行に移された。
English: The temple occupied a large area of three blocks in the north-south direction (about 330 m) and two and a half blocks in the east-west direction (about 275 m).
Japanese: 南北3町（約330m）、東西2町半（約275m）の広大な寺域を有していた。
English: On the east side of Kon-do was the grounds of Goryo-jinja Shrine (in Kamo-cho), a Chinju-sha Shrine (a protecting shrine) of Kokubun-ji Temple.
Japanese: 金堂の東側は国分寺の鎮守社である御霊神社(加茂町)の境内地だったとされる。
English: The place is now a vast field, and the foundation stones of Kon-do/Daigokuden and Nanajunoto (Seven-story pagoda) remain on the grounds.
Japanese: 現在は広大な平原となっており、金堂（大極殿）礎石と七重塔礎石が地表にのこされている。
English: "Nihon bijutsu-shi" refers to the chronological explanation - or the academic field - of Japanese art history, such as the trend of Japanese art, the transition of its style, the research of the representative works and artists in each period, their mutual influence, and the historical background of the works and artists - that is, the works' and artists' relation with Japanese politics, economy, religion, customs, society, literature and others.
Japanese: 日本美術史（にほんびじゅつし）とは、日本の美術の流れ、様式の変遷、各時代の代表的な作品や作家の研究、相互の影響関係、作品や作家を生んだ時代背景（政治、経済、信仰、風俗、社会、文学などとの関連）などについて述べたもの、またはそうした分野を研究する学問のこと。
English: Only the summary of Japanese art history is explained in this section, and the detail about art works in each period will be explained in other sections.
Japanese: 本項では日本美術史の概観を述べるにとどめ、各時代の美術についてはそれぞれ別項目を設けて詳説する（予定）。
English: The Japanese word 'bijutsu' is the translation of the Western word that means 'art,' and in A.D. 1873, the then Japanese government participated in the Vienna International Exhibition, and used for the first time 'bijutsu' as the translation of the German word 'Kunstgewerbe' in order to distinguish Japanese exhibits from others, they say.
Japanese: 「美術」という日本語の単語は西洋語からの翻訳語であり、1873年（明治6年）、当時の日本政府がウィーン万国博覧会へ参加するに当たり、出品する品物の区分名称として、ドイツ語のKunstgewerbeの訳語として「美術」を採用したのが初出と言われている。
English: At that time, 'bijutsu' included poetry, music, and others, so it was almost synonymous with 'geijutsu' (today's Japanese word that means art and other artistic skills).
Japanese: もっとも、この当時の「美術」には詩や音楽なども含まれ、現代日本語の「芸術」に近い語義であった。
English: It was only in the Meiji period that the word 'bijutsu' itself was devised as the Japanese equivalent of the Western concept of 'art,' so the word 'Nihon bijutsu' (Japanese art) or 'Nihon bijutsu-shi' (Japanese art history) had not been seen until then.
Japanese: 「美術」という単語自体が明治時代案出の訳語であり、西洋の概念を日本に当てはめたものであった以上、「日本美術」あるいは「日本美術史」という概念もそれ以前の時代には存在しなかった。
English: Naturally, it was only in the Meiji period that the Japanese words related to 'bijutsu,' such as 'bijutsu-kan' (an art museum), 'bijutsu-ka' (an artist), and 'bijutsu-shi' (art history), began to be used.
Japanese: 「美術館」「美術家」「美術史」などの語も当然明治時代以降に使用されるようになったものである。
English: Bijutsu-kan' was used as the word to mean an art exhibition building for the first time in 1877, when the First National Industrial Exhibition was held in Ueno, Tokyo.
Japanese: 「美術館」という名称は1877年（明治10年）に東京・上野で開催された第1回内国勧業博覧会の陳列館の名称として使用されたのが初出である。
English: Tokyo Fine Arts School (today's fine arts faculty of Tokyo University of the Arts), which started in 1889, opened the course of aesthetics and art history, and around then the word of art history began to be used with a similar meaning to today's.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）に開校した東京美術学校（現・東京芸術大学美術学部）では「美学及び美術史」が開講され、この頃から「美術史」の語は現代と同様の意味で使用されている。
English: In 1900, the book with the title "The original draft of the brief history of Japanese art" was published, which is deemed the first book written on art history in Japan.
Japanese: 1900年（明治33年）には日本初の美術史本と目される『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行された。
English: Geographically speaking, it is common that the arts produced or enjoyed on the Japanese archipelago are regarded as the objects which Japanese art history covers.
Japanese: 日本列島の地域で制作・享受された美術をその範囲とすると考えるのが一般的である。