nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the Dajokan fukoku (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) No. 337 (1872) published on November 9, 1872 at the occasion of changing the lunar calendar to the solar calendar, the following 'imperial edict to change the calendar system' was raised, saying 'Now the proposal for kaireki (changing of calendar) is described in the other document and the intention would be delivered.'
Japanese: 明治5年11月9日太政官布告337号（1872年）において「今般改暦之儀別紙詔書写の通り仰せ出され候條、此の旨相達し候事」と太陰暦を太陽暦に改めるにあたって、次のような「改暦詔書写」を掲げている。
English: Kenko YOSHIDA, Razan HAYASHI, Hakuga ARAI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and so on left the articles whose subject was the denial of 'the fortune of the day.'
Japanese: 吉田兼好や林羅山、新井白蛾、福澤諭吉などが「日の吉凶」を否定することが窺える内容の文章を書き残している。
English: At 15:47 on September 5, 1905, at the Portsmouth navy dock yard in the state of Maine near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, U.S., the treaty was signed between Jutaro KOMURA, the Japanese plenipotentiary, and Sergei Witte, his Russian counterpart, mediated by the President of the United States of America, Theodore Roosevelt.
Japanese: 1905年(明治38年)9月5日15時47分に、アメリカ合衆国大統領セオドア・ルーズベルトの斡旋によって、アメリカ合衆国ニューハンプシャー州ポーツマス(ニューハンプシャー州)近郊のメイン州にあるポーツマス海軍造船所において、日本全権小村寿太郎とロシア全権セルゲイ・ヴィッテの間で調印された。
English: The conference where the contents of the treaty were discussed (from August 10 of the same year) is called Russo-Japanese Peace Conference, Portsmouth Conference or Portsmouth Peace Conference.
Japanese: また、条約内容を交渉した会議（同年8月10日－）のことを日露講和会議、ポーツマス会議、ポーツマス講和会議と呼ぶ。
English: Realizing that its national resources had reached the limit and, hence, it could not continue with the war any longer, Japan, which had been keeping the advantageous position all through the Russo-Japanese War, requested the U.S.A., which had at that time comparable power to the great world powers, the U.K. and France, and was eager to enhance its international status, to mediate the negotiation between them.
Japanese: 日露戦争において終始優勢を保っていた日本は、これ以上の戦争継続が国力の面で限界であったことから、当時英仏列強に肩を並べるまでに成長し国際的権威を高めようとしていた米国に仲介を依頼し交渉を行った。
English: Russia initially took a vigorous attitude, insisting the following opinions, and it hindered the negotiation process.
Japanese: 当初ロシアは強硬姿勢を貫き下記のような主張を行っていたため、交渉は暗礁に乗り上げていた。
English: "Russia only lost in some minor battles but as a whole has not been defeated."
Japanese: 「たかだか小さな戦闘において敗れただけであり、ロシアは負けてはいない。」
English: However, the process finally saw progress when Japan, which could not carry on with the war any more, made a concession and the U.S.A., which was keen to conclude the negotiation successfully, persuaded Russia into settlement by the minimum requirements of not answering a war reparation at all.
Japanese: しかし、これ以上の戦争の継続は不可能である日本が譲歩し、この調停を成功させたい米国がロシアを説得するという形で事態を収拾し、戦争賠償金には一切応じないという最低条件で交渉は締結した。
English: Although it acquired the railway and lease for the territory in South Manchuria and exclusive authority over the Korean Empire, Japan failed to obtain the war reparation it had counted on to cover its war-time military expenditures of 2 billion yen, equivalent of four times its national budget.
Japanese: この条約において、日本は、満州南部の鉄道及び領地の租借権、大韓帝国に対する排他的指導権などを獲得したものの、戦争中に軍事費として投じてきた国家予算の約4倍にあたる20億円を埋め合わせるはずの戦争賠償金は取得することができなかった。
English: The failure led to riots, such as Hibiya Incendiary Incident, by some Japanese nationals who had endured severe suppression and poverty due to increasing taxes during the war time.
Japanese: そのため、戦時中に増税による耐乏生活を強いられてきた日本国民が日比谷焼打事件などの暴動を起こした。
English: In addition, Theodore Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his successful mediation of the treaty.
Japanese: なおセオドア・ルーズベルトはこの条約仲介の功が評価されて、1906年(明治39年)にノーベル平和賞を受賞している。
English: Russia shall transfer the leases of the South Manchuria branch line between Lushun-Changchun of Chinese Eastern Railway and the coal mine of an attached place to Japan.
Japanese: ロシアは東清鉄道の内、旅順－長春間の南満洲支線と、付属地の炭鉱の租借権を日本へ譲渡する
English: Russia shall transfer the lease of the Kwantung Leased Territory (the Liaodong Peninsula southernmost end part including Lushun and Dalian City) to Japan.
Japanese: ロシアは関東州（旅順・大連市を含む遼東半島南端部）の租借権を日本へ譲渡する
English: In various countries in East Asia, seishi are history books officially compiled by the ruling dynasties of their respective countries.
Japanese: 東アジア諸国において、主に国家によって公式に編纂された王朝の歴史書のことである。
English: "Seishi" can also refer to an "official history" in the sense of the orthodox view of history endorsed by a country's government, the version they promote abroad, or the government's stance on history taught in that country's schools.
Japanese: その国の政府が正統と認め、対外的に主張し、また教育する自国の政治の流れ。
English: The term "seishi" (particularly seishi that take the form of danseishi, or dynastic histories, which will be discussed further below) might at first glance be thought to be merely an abbreviation for "true history" as the two characters used are "sei" ("correct, true") and "shi" ("history"), but in fact seishi may include sections where events did not actually occur as described.
Japanese: 正史（特に後述する「断代史」の形式をとる正史）は、その名から「正しい歴史」の略と考えられることがあるが、実際には事実と異なることも記載されている。
English: This is because seishi are often written by people in service to the dynasty of the time, and after earlier dynasties have come to an end, so there is a tendency to exaggerate the evils of the rulers of the preceding dynasty beyond what is attested in historical records.
Japanese: 理由として、正史とは一つの王朝が滅びた後、次代の王朝に仕える人々が著すため、最後の君主などは実際以上に悪く書かれる傾向にある。
English: Moreover, in compiling seishi the most common sources are the records left by the chroniclers of the preceding dynasty, and it is likely that these records were edited as they were often written in order to excise anything that reflected poorly on the dynasty and can exaggerate the dynasty's good points.
Japanese: また正史をまとめるに当たり、最も参考にするのは前王朝の史官が残した記録であるので、その時点で都合の悪い所が消されていたり、粉飾されていたりする場合もあり得る。
English: The term "seishi" or "official history", then, refers simply to "those history books that are endorsed by the ruling dynasty as legitimate", so even when it is possible to describe them as highly reliable historical sources, that does not change the fact that they must still be subjected to a rigorous evalation of their historicity in accordance with established historiographical techniques.
Japanese: 正史とはあくまで「王朝が正当と認めた歴史書」という程の意味であり、信頼性の高い史料であるとは言えるが、歴史事実を引き出すには歴史学の手法にのっとり厳密な史料批判を経て行う必要があることに変わりはない。
English: In Japan, the first recorded history works were the "Teiki" (Imperial Records) and "Kyuji" (Ancient Dicta), both compiled in the first half of the seventh century.
Japanese: 日本では7世紀前半にまとめられた「帝紀」「旧辞」が国家による歴史書編纂の始まりである。
English: Thereafter, the proliferation of the kanbun (literary Chinese) writing system also introduced the standard format of the official history from China, leading to the creation of the "Nihon shoki" (Chronicles of Japan) in the first half of the eighth century.
Japanese: その後、漢文による正史の体裁で8世紀前半に編年体で『日本書紀』が成立した。
English: From that point onward, official histories were written in chronological order, but beginning with Shoku Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan, Continued), a unique new style emerged in which the history, although at its fundamental level still written chronologically, also included accounts of the deaths of famous people as well as simple biographies; this style was termed "Kokushitai" (Japanese-style chronological history).
Japanese: それ以後続けて編年体の正史が作られたが、続日本紀以後は、編年体を基本としながらも人物の薨去記事に簡単な伝記を付載する「国史体」とよばれる独自のスタイルが確立した。
English: The histories written in this style are called "Rikkokushi" (The Six National Histories of Japan), ending with the sixth, the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), which was compiled in 901 (and recorded the events of 858 to 887); after this point, despite working on the compilation of historical records, the Imperial Court was no longer able to bring such histories to completion.
Japanese: これらは六国史と呼ばれているが、901年に撰された『日本三代実録』（858年から887年までの30年間の歴史書）を最後に、朝廷による正史編纂事業は行われても完成をみることはなくなった。
English: An example of one such work permanently left unfinished is the "Shin Kokushi" (New National History), fragments of the manuscript of which are still extant.
Japanese: 未完で終わったものとして「新国史」があり、その草稿の逸文が残っている。
English: Even after the Meiji Restoration, the new Meiji government proceeded to launch history compilation projects, planning to create a chronological history of Greater Japan, but this effort petered to a halt because of opposition to the objectives of the plan and due to the "slip of the pen" incident involving Kunitake KUME, who was central to the compilation effort; in place of the proposed chronological history, Dainippon Shiryo (Historical Materials of Greater Japan) was compiled instead.
Japanese: 明治維新後にも明治政府の修史事業が進められ、漢文体の大日本編年史が企画されたものの、その編纂方針をめぐる対立や、編纂の中心となっていた久米邦武の久米邦武筆禍事件により中止され、代わりに大日本史料が編纂されることとなった。
English: - Representing a collection of historical materials dating from the era of the Six National Histories, it was (and is) in the process of compilation for many years by the Office of Historiography in the Faculty of Letters at Tokyo Imperial University (today's Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo).
Japanese: -東京帝国大学文科大学史料編纂掛（東京大学史料編纂所）により編纂が続けられており、六国史以降の史料をまとめている。
English: In China, chronological histories like the "Spring and Autumn Annals" previously thought to be the work of Confucius have long been standard, but beginning with Qian SIMA's "Shiji" (The Historical Records), histories written in biographical annal format began to flourish.
Japanese: 中国では、もと孔子の作とされる『春秋』のように編年体の史書が一般的であったが、司馬遷の著した『史記』以来、紀伝体が盛んに行われるようになった。
English: With Gu BAN's "Hanshu" (The Book of Han), a history book about the former Han dynasty that was a successor to the Shiji, histories written in biographical annal format that also demarcated historical eras by dynastic change (what are called "dynastic histories") grew in popularity.
Japanese: 史記を継いで前漢王朝一代の歴史書とした班固の『漢書』からは王朝ごとに時代を区切った紀伝体の史書（いわゆる「断代史」）の体裁が流行した。
English: At first, the biographical annal histories written in those days, beginning with the "Shiji" and the "Hanshu", and including such works as the "Annals of the Three Kingdoms" (the historical work, not the romance) by Western Jin historian Shou CHEN, the "Hou Hanshu" (Later Book of Han) by Southern Liu Song historian Ye FAN, and the "Songshu" (Book of Song) by the Southern Liang historian Yue SHEN, were all compiled privately, as personal efforts.
Japanese: しかし、「史記」「漢書」をはじめ、西晋の陳寿が書いた『三国志(歴史書)』、宋(南朝)の范曄が書いた『後漢書』、梁(南朝)の沈約が書いた『宋書』など、当初の紀伝体史書はみな個人の撰であった。
English: But beginning in the era of the Tang dynasty, the task of compiling histories became an affair of the state; the Tang state proceeded to compile several histories one after another, including the "Book of Jin", the "Book of Liang", the "Book of Zhou", and the "Book of Sui", and pairing these new histories with a selection of histories in biographical annal format that had already been written such as the Shiji, the Book of Han, and the Annals of the Three Kingdoms, declared the combined set the official histories.
Japanese: 唐に至って、歴史書を編纂する事業は国家の事業となり、『晋書』『梁書』『陳書』『周書』『隋書』などが次々と編纂され、これまでの紀伝体の史書のうち史記や漢書、三国志などとあわせて「正史」とした。
English: Since all of these histories were compiled and edited by the Tang, whose pedigree descended from the Northern Court, the works are said to display a tendency towards treating the various Northern Court dynasties as more legitimate than the Southern Court, who were the actual successors to the Jin dynasty.
Japanese: これらは北朝の系譜に連なる唐の編纂であるが故に、晋朝の後継国である南朝よりも、むしろ北朝の諸王朝を正統として扱う傾向があったといわれる。
English: Therefore, beginning in the Tang and continuing thereafter, the official histories became a tool to display the legitimacy of the current dynasty's rule, so before long, whenever a new dynasty arose it would act to compile an official history of the dynasty that had just collapsed.
Japanese: こうして唐以降、正史は王朝の支配の正統性を明らかにする道具となり、王朝が成立すると滅亡した前王朝の正史を編纂させるようになった。
English: As a result, the first priority of such histories shifted away from accuracy and towards political calculations, and as such their value as historical sources suffered significant damage.
Japanese: このため、正確さよりも政治的思惑が最優先されて歴史書としての価値は大きく損なわれる事になった。
English: The chroniclers serving the emperor at court would store up those of the 'collected sayings' of the emperor that touched on matters of critical importance to the emperor or the state, and then for each generation, after the emperor passed away, they would compile and edit a 'veritable record', which contained his collected sayings.
Japanese: 朝廷内で皇帝に侍る史官が、皇帝および国家の重大事を記録する「起居注」を蓄積し、皇帝が崩御すると、代ごとに起居注をまとめた「実録」が編纂される。
English: The general process, then, was when a dynasty crumbled, to compile an official history based on the 'veritable record' of each emperor of the preceding dynasty; this task was one of the affairs of state for the dynasty legitimately succeeding them.
Japanese: 王朝が滅んだ際には次に正統を継いだ王朝が国家事業として、前王朝の皇帝ごとの実録を元に正史を編纂する、というのが大まかな手順である。
English: Consequently, it is the veritable records (provided they remain extant after the compilation of the official history), not the official histories themselves, that have the higher value as historical sources.
Japanese: このため、（正史編纂後に残存していれば）史料的な価値は実録の方が高い。
English: For example, more historical detail survives in 'Ming Veritable Records' than 'The History of the Ming', the official history based on those records.
Japanese: （たとえば正史の「明史」よりも「明実録」の方が記録は詳細に残されている）
English: During the Qing period, twenty-four books were again selected as official histories and began to be referred to simply as 'the twenty-four histories', so in general the term "official histories of China" is taken to be referring to these twenty-four books.
Japanese: 清のとき、二十四書が正史として再度選ばれ、「二十四史」と呼ばれるようになったので、中国の正史といえば普通二十四史を指す。
English: The terms 'the twenty-five histories' or 'the twenty-six histories' referring to the regular twenty-four plus the PRC-era compilations "The New History of the Yuan" and/or the "Draft History of the Qing", are also sometimes used.
Japanese: 二十四史に、中華民国期に編纂された『新元史』や『清史稿』を含めて「二十五史」あるいは「二十六史」という呼び方も見られる。
English: Additionally, the Republic of China government in Taiwan has produced an official history entitled "History of the Qing" (in fact it is a revised version of the PRC's "Draft History of the Qing"), but the PRC government refuses to acknowledge this work.
Japanese: また、台湾国民政府によって、正史としての『清史』（実際は『清史稿』の改訂）が編纂されたが、中華人民共和国政府はこれを認めていない。
English: The PRC is in the process of compiling their own unique, stand-alone history of the Qing dynasty, and are aiming to complete it by 2013.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国は、2013年完成を目指して、独自の清史を編纂中である。
English: In Korea, the first official history was the biographical annal "Samguk Sagi" ("History of the Three Kingdoms", completed in 1145), which was created by Busik KIM of the Goryeo dynasty and covered the history of the three kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla; it is also Korea's oldest extant history book of any kind.
Japanese: 朝鮮では、高麗の金富軾が作った高句麗・百済・新羅三国の紀伝体正史『三国史記』(1145年)が最初の正史であり、現存する最古の歴史書である。
English: After the Goryeo dynasty gave way to the Joseon dynasty founded by Seong-gye YI, the new dynasty studied China's compilation methods for official histories and then produced the biographical annal "History of Goryeo".
Japanese: 高麗が李成桂の李氏朝鮮にとってかわられると、中国の正史編纂にならって紀伝体の『高麗史』が作られた。
English: The most noteworthy characteristic of "The History of Goryeo" is that the history of the Goryeo kings is written as a 'history of a lordly family', invoking feudal terminology and a vassal connotation, rather than as an 'imperial chronicle' which would claim Son of Heaven (i.e. Imperial) status for them.
Japanese: 『高麗史』の最大の特徴は、歴代の高麗王の記述が天子を意味する「本紀」ではなく、諸侯の歴史をさす「世家」となっていることである。
English: This is because only the histories of Chinese emperors could be termed 'imperial chronicles', and it indicates that the kings of Goryeo-era Korea were vassals of the Chinese emperor.
Japanese: これは中国の天子の歴史だけが「本紀」といわれるべきであり、高麗王は中華皇帝の諸侯である、という趣旨からである。
English: During the era of the Joseon dynasty, which lasted until the beginning of the twentieth century, the chronological accounts (veritable records) of each king's reign continued to be compiled into what is called the "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty", but no official history in the biographical annal format was ever created for the Joseon dynasty.
Japanese: 20世紀初頭まで続いた李氏朝鮮では、各国王一代の編年記録（実録）が編纂されつづけ、『朝鮮王朝実録』と呼ばれているが、紀伝体による李氏朝鮮王朝の正史は作られていない。
English: The Battle of Kawanakajima indicates the battles over the control of the Northern Shinano area, fought between Shingen TAKEDA (Harunobu TAKEDA), the warring daimyo (lord) in Kai Province (present Yamanashi Prefecture) and Kenshin UESUGI (Kagetora NAGAO), the warring daimyo in Echigo Province (present Niagara Prefecture).
Japanese: 川中島の戦い（かわなかじまのたたかい）は、日本の戦国時代(日本)に、甲斐国（現在の山梨県）の戦国大名である武田信玄（武田晴信）と越後国（現在の新潟県）の戦国大名である上杉謙信（長尾景虎）との間で、北信濃の支配権を巡って行われた数次の戦いをいう。
English: Because the fourth battle, the fiercest one of them, was fought in the area centering on Kawanakajima (present southern suburb of Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), triangular flat area where the Shinano-gawa River and the Sai-gawa River meet, the term of the Battle of Kawanakajima is used for totally indicating the battles fought in and around the area.
Japanese: 最大の激戦となった第4次の戦いが信濃川と犀川(長野県)が合流する三角状の平坦地である川中島（現在の長野県長野市南郊）を中心に行われたことから、その他の場所で行われた戦いも総称として川中島の戦いと呼ばれる。
English: On only two occasions, the battles were actually fought in 'Kawanakajima': One was in the Battle of the Sai-gawa River, or the second battle, and the other was in the fourth battle.
Japanese: 実際に「川中島」で戦闘が行われたのは、第二次の犀川の戦いと第四次のみであった。
English: When the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' is used, it mostly indicates the fourth one (from October 17, 1561 to October 18, 1561), which was the fiercest one of them, and the series of battles are differentiated from the Battle of Kawanakajima (according to Shunroku SHIBATSUJI) as confrontations between Kai and Echigo.
Japanese: 一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合、最大の激戦であった第4次合戦（永禄4年9月9日(旧暦)（1561年10月17日）から9月10日(旧暦)（10月18日））を指すことが多く、一連の戦いを甲越対決として区別する概念もある（柴辻俊六による）。
English: The Uesugi side fought the battles to retake the territories of local land owners in the northern Shinano area, and the Takeda side to conquer the northern Shinano area and to advance into Echigo.
Japanese: 戦いは、上杉氏側が北信濃の与力豪族領の奪回を、武田氏側が北信濃の攻略と越後進出を目的とした。
English: Neither side was able to accomplish its own aim, but the Takeda clan steadily expanded its territory into the northern direction
Japanese: 結果として両者共に目的を果たせなかったが、武田氏の支配地は着実に北上している。
English: In particular, in the Meiji period, Yoshinari TANAKA denied the credibility of war tales, and proposed the 'two-battles theory' in which he insisted that only the second and the fourth battles were surely fought.
Japanese: 特に明治期には田中義成が軍記物の信憑性を否定し、上記第二次と第四次のみを確実とする「二回説」を提唱した。
English: In 1929, Yosuke WATANABE proposed the five-battles theory for the first time, and after the end of the war, this theory was supported by Kiichiro KOBAYASHI first, followed by others.
Japanese: 1929年には渡辺世祐がはじめて五戦説を提唱し、戦後には小林計一郎以来この五回説が支持されている。
English: The two-battles theory is based on the fact that it was recorded that both forces directly fought in two battles but fights were often avoided in the other battles.
Japanese: 二回説は直接両軍が交戦した二回までは記録が残っているが、他の戦いは交戦を避けたりしている場合が多いことによる。
English: The logic used by the researchers advocating the 'two-battles theory,' such as Tatenobu KITAMURA in 1932 and others, can be said persuasive to a certain extent but cannot be said universal.
Japanese: 1932年の北村建信ら「二回説」を主張する研究者の理屈にも一定の説得力があるといえるが、一般的とは言いがたい。
English: The Takeda clan started invading Saku County of Shinano Province in the era of Nobutora TAKEDA, and in 1542 in the era of Harunobu TAKEDA (Shingen TAKEDA), attacked Yorishige SUWA (in the Sengoku period) and succeeded in ruining the Suwa clan.
Japanese: 武田信虎時代から信濃国佐久郡に侵攻を始めていた甲斐の武田氏は、武田晴信（武田信玄）の時代の天文11年（1542年）に、ついに諏訪頼重(戦国時代)を攻めて諏訪氏を滅ぼす事に成功する。
English: For this, the Murakami clan, whose territory bordered Saku, had continued resisting the aggression in the Oagata area, and the Ogasawara clan, Shinano Shugo (the military governor of Shinano Province) based in Fukashi, in the middle-Shinano area adjacent to Suwa.
Japanese: これに対して、佐久に隣接する小県方面では村上氏が、諏訪に隣接する中信地方では深志を拠点とした信濃守護家の小笠原氏が抵抗を続けていた。
English: The Takeda clan conquered local samurai land owners, such as the Takato clan, the Fujisawa clan, and the Oi clan, one after another.
Japanese: 武田氏は、高遠氏、藤沢氏、大井氏など信濃国人衆を次々と攻略していった。
English: In 1547, routing Norimasa UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), who maintained his influence in the region to some extent, in Otaihara and taking Shiga-jo Castle of the Kasahara clan (located in Saku City), the Takeda clan became to confront the Murakami clan.
Japanese: 天文16年（1547年）には佐久に影響力を残していた関東管領上杉憲政を小田井原で大敗させ、笠原氏の志賀城（佐久市）を落として村上氏と対峙する。
English: Though defeated by Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI in the Battle of Uedahara in 1548, the Takeda clan crushed Nagatoki OGASAWARA in the Battle of Shiojiritoge in 1550, conquering the Middle-Shinano area.
Japanese: 天文17年（1548年）の上田原の戦いでは村上義清に敗北を喫するが、塩尻峠の戦いで小笠原長時を撃破して、天文19年（1550年）には小笠原長時を追い払い、中信地方を制圧する。
English: The Takeda clan attacked Toishi-jo Castle, a branch castle of Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI, but was routed almost one-sidedly (called Toishikuzure).
Japanese: 同年、村上義清の支城の戸石城を攻めるが、一方的とも言える大敗を喫する（砥石崩れ）。
English: However, in 1551, the Takeda clan succeeded in taking Toishi-jo Castle by the distinguished ability of Yukitaka SANADA.
Japanese: しかし、翌天文20年（1551年）、真田幸隆の働きにより、砥石城を落とすことに成功。
English: Having been estranged from local samurai land owners in the northern area, such as the Yashiro clan, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI was isolated in its stronghold Katsurao-jo Castle, and the Takeda clan became to control all areas of Shinano Province, except the area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple (or Kawanakajima) and part of the southern Shinano area.
Japanese: また屋代氏などの北部の与力衆の離反もあって村上義清は本拠地葛尾城に孤立し、武田氏の勢力は善光寺（川中島）以北や南信濃の一部を除き、信濃国のほぼ全域に広がる事になった。
English: The local samurai land owners in the northern Shinano area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple (such as the Takanashi clan and the Inoue clan), who were in a cooperative relationship with the Murakami clan against the Takeda clan, had originally connections with the Nagao family, the Echigo no Shugodai (the acting Military Governor of Echigo Province) family since they competed against the Murakami clan over the control of the northern Shinano area.
Japanese: 対武田では村上氏と協力関係にあった善光寺平以北の北信濃国人衆（高梨氏や井上氏の一族など）は、元々村上氏と北信の覇権を争っていた時代から越後の守護代家であった長尾氏と繋がりがあった。
English: Therefore, as the power of the Murakami clan declined, they became to seek the help of the Nagao clan instead of the Murakami clan when the threat of the Takada clan increased.
Japanese: そのため、村上氏の勢力が衰退し代わって武田氏の脅威が増大すると援助を求めるようなった。
English: In particular, with the real mother of Tamekage NAGAO, Kagetora's father, being from the Takanashi family, the Nagao family had a relation with the Takanashi family for a long time.
Japanese: 特に高梨氏とは以前から縁戚関係を結んでおり、父長尾為景の実母は高梨家出身であった。
English: Therefore, in the battle with the Uesugi clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable) of Echigo as well as Kanto Kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region), the Nagao family was significantly supported by Masamori TAKANASHI, the head of the Takanishi family two generations back.
Japanese: このため、　越後の守護でもあった関東管領上杉氏との戦いでは、先々代高梨政盛から多大な支援を受けていた。
English: Furthermore, with the wife of Masayori TAKANASHI being an aunt of Kagetora as well, Kagetora became to be involved in the battles in the northern Shinano area in a large scale
Japanese: 更に当代の高梨政頼の妻は景虎の叔母でもあり、景虎は北信濃での戦いに本格的に介入することになる。
English: With sacred places, such as Togakushi-jinja Shrine, Kosuge-jinja Shrine and Iizuna being located as well as Zenko-ji Temple, a distinguished temple worshipped by many, this place formed a dominant economic area.
Japanese: この地には信仰を集める名刹・善光寺があり、戸隠神社や小菅神社、飯綱など修験道の聖地もあって有力な経済圏を形成していた。
English: Although Kawanakajima at that time was an expanse of swampland through which a few rivulets flew and of barren land, its soil, being sediments from flood, was rich and produced rice crop more than Echigo at that time.
Japanese: 当時の川中島は、幾つかの小河川が流れる沼沢地と荒地が広がるものの洪水堆積の土壌は肥えて、米収穫高は当時の越後を上回った。
English: Barley was also harvested from the double-cropping system that is said to have originated in the Kamakura period, and lots of salmons and trout came up the rivers and streams as well.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代から始まったとされる二毛作による麦の収穫もあり、河川は鮭や鱒の溯上も多かった。