nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Among these, major structures after the 7th century characteristically made their south side the front.
Japanese: これらの建物の内七世紀以降では、中心建物は南を正面としているのが特徴である。
English: Later, Miyako (capital) came to be constructed under the influence of the Chinese dynasties, and the Emperors settled down in Dairi (Imperial Palaces), which were taken up as Kokyo.
Japanese: 後には、中国王朝の影響で京（みやこ）が造営されるようになり、天皇は京の中の内裏（だいり）に定着し、これを皇居とした。
English: The central government office including Chodo-in (an office at the Heijo-kyo Palace), the center of affairs of state, was built side by side with Dairi, and the complex was collectively called Kyujo.
Japanese: 国政の中枢である朝堂院をはじめとする中央官衙は内裏に併設され、合わせて宮城と呼ばれる。
English: Naniwa-kyo (Osaka), Fujiwara-kyo (Nara), Heijo-kyo (Nara), and Heian-kyo (Kyoto) all served as miyako.
Japanese: 京には、難波京（大阪）、藤原京（奈良）、平城京（奈良）、平安京（京都）などがある。
English: Dairi was destroyed by fire in 960 and until reconstruction, Reizei-in imperial villa was taken up as the temporary Kokyo.
Japanese: 960年（天徳(日本)4年）に内裏が焼失し、再建されるまで冷泉院を仮の皇居とした。
English: Dairi was devastated again in 976, and Horikawa-dono mansion, the residence of FUJIWARA no Kanemichi, was taken up as the temporary Kokyo.
Japanese: 976年（貞元_(日本)元年）にも内裏が被災し、藤原兼通の邸宅である堀河殿を仮皇居としている。
English: Dairi in Heian-kyo frequently burnt down; residences of the retainers, including Sekkan (regents and advisers), and the maternal relatives were often taken up as the temporary Kokyo (Satodairi).
Japanese: 平安京の内裏はしばしば焼亡したため、摂関や外戚など臣下の邸宅を仮皇居（里内裏）とすることも多かった。
English: Since the end of the Heian period, it came to be the usual practice to take up Satodairi as Kokyo even if Dairi existed.
Japanese: 平安時代末期からは、内裏があっても里内裏を皇居とすることが一般化した。
English: After the Kyujo (Dai-dairi (place of the Imperial Palace and government offices)) was destroyed by fire in 1227, Dairi was not reconstructed and wandered from Satodairi to Satodairi.
Japanese: 1227年（安貞元年）に宮城（大内裏）が焼失してからは内裏は再建されず、里内裏を転々とした。
English: After Emperor Kogen of the Northern Court ascended the throne at Tsuchimikado-dono Palace in 1331 during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, this Palace was taken up as Dairi.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)の1331年（元弘元年）、北朝(日本)の光厳天皇が土御門殿で即位してからは、この御殿が内裏に定められた。
English: Edo was renamed Tokyo in 1868, and when Emperor Meiji visited Tokyo and entered the Nishi no maru (a castle compound to the west of the main compound) of Edo-jo Castle (At present only a palace exists; it is a different place from the current site of the Fukiage gosho (old imperial palace of Fukiage)), the Castle was also renamed Tokyo-jo Castle and was taken up as the temporary Kokyo during the Emperor's visit to the east, after which the Emperor went back briefly to Kyoto.
Japanese: 1868年（明治元年）に江戸が東京と改められ明治天皇が東京行幸し江戸城西の丸（現在は宮殿のみが建っている・現在の吹上御所とは別の場所）に入った際、江戸城も東京城と改称され、天皇の東幸中の仮皇居と定められ天皇は一旦京都に戻った。
English: In the following year, 1869, the Emperor visited Tokyo again, and Kyoto Gosho started to be maintained in 1877, which continues to this day.
Japanese: 翌1869年（明治2年）再び東京に行幸し、1877年（明治10年）には京都御所が保存され今に至る。
English: Kokyo in Tokyo is located at the former site of Edo-jo Castle, which was the castle of Tokugawa Shogun until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 東京の皇居は、江戸時代末期まで徳川将軍が居城としていた江戸城跡にある。
English: However, Gosho, where the Emperor lives, is located in the garden area attached to Edo-jo Castle, which was called Fukiage.
Japanese: 但し、皇居のうち天皇の住まいである御所は、吹上と呼ばれた江戸城の付随庭園部分に建てられている。
English: Since Edo-jo Castle as a castle refers only to Honmaru (the keep of a castle), Ninomaru, Sannomaru and Nishi no maru (a castle compound to the west of the main compound) and the garden area to the west of the Dokan-bori moat are, to be exact, not included in Edo-jo Castle, Gosho is not located at the former site of Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 城郭としての江戸城は本丸、二の丸、三の丸および西の丸のことのみをいい、道灌堀の西側にある庭園部分は厳密には江戸城には含まないので、御所は江戸城跡に建っているわけではない。
English: The inner moat of Edo-jo Castle is situated further outside and surrounds the whole area, including Fukiage Garden.
Japanese: なお、江戸城の内濠はさらに外側にあり、吹上庭園を含めた全体を取り囲んでいる。
English: Although the whole area of Kokyo is located in the center of Tokyo, it is leafy and the sidewalk surrounding the moat enjoys high popularity among joggers.
Japanese: 現在、皇居一帯は東京の中央部にありながら、緑豊かな地区で、濠の周りはジョギング道として人気が高い。
English: The address of Kokyo is 1 Chiyoda, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo, which is popular as a registered address.
Japanese: 皇居は住所表示では東京都千代田区千代田1番にあたり、本籍として人気が高い住所になっている。
English: (Zip code is 100-0001) The asset value of Kokyo as a national property amounts to \218.81 billion (Based on the Diet Report Information 'Fiscal 2003 Statement on Increase and Decrease and Current Total Value of National Property').
Japanese: （郵便番号は100-0001）また、国有財産としての皇居の価値は、2188億1000万円である（国会報告情報「平成15年度国有財産増減及び現在額総計算書」に基づく）。
English: Kokyo is registered as one of the world landmarks on the satellite panoramic images program, Google Earth.
Japanese: 衛星パノラマ画像プログラムのグーグルアースにおいては世界のランドマークの一つとして登録されている。
English: Edo-jo Castle was renamed Tokyo-jo Castle when the Emperor visited Tokyo in 1868, and was taken up as the Kokyo in Tokyo.
Japanese: 1868年（明治元年）、天皇の東京行幸により江戸城が東京城と称され、東京の皇居となる。
English: In 1869, the Emperor's stay in Tokyo was announced at his second visit to Tokyo and Tokyo-jo Castle was named Kojo (Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）、2度目の東京行幸で天皇の東京滞在が発表され、東京城は皇城（こうじょう）と称される。
English: Nishi no maru of Edo-jo Castle was burned down in 1873 and Akasaka Detached Palace was taken up as the temporary Kokyo.
Japanese: 1873年（明治6年）、江戸城西の丸は火災のため焼失し、一時、赤坂離宮を仮皇居とした。
English: In 1879, New Imperial Palace was decided to be built at Nishi-no-maru, and in 1888 Meiji Kyuden Imperial Palace was completed.
Japanese: 1879年（明治12年）西の丸に新宮殿を造営することが決まり、1888年（明治21年）に明治宮殿が落成した。
English: In the Meiji Kyuden Imperial Palace, Okukyuden, where the Emperor lived, was connected to the place for receptions/government affairs, which includes Okurumayose entrance, Hiroma (a large room occupying the full cross section of a building), Seiden (main palace), Hoo no ma Hall, East and West waiting rooms, Homeiden State Banquet Hall, and Chigusa no ma Hall.
Japanese: 明治宮殿は、御車寄・広間から正殿、鳳凰の間、東西の溜り、豊明殿や千種の間など、応接・政務の場と天皇の住居にあたる奥宮殿が接続していた。
English: This Meiji Kyuden Imperial Palace was burned down by air raid in May 1945 during the Pacific War.
Japanese: この明治宮殿は太平洋戦争中の1945年（昭和20年）5月、空襲により焼失した。
English: After the destruction of the Meiji Kyuden Imperial Palace by fire, Emperor Showa/Empress Kojun lived temporarily in Gobunko (library) in the Ｆukiage Imperial Gardens and Kyuden was temporarily set up on the top floor (3rd floor) of the office building of the Imperial Household Agency.
Japanese: 明治宮殿の焼失後、昭和天皇・香淳皇后は、吹上御苑内の御文庫を仮の住まいとし、宮内庁庁舎の最上階（3階）を仮の宮殿とした。
English: After the War in 1948, the name, Kyujo was abolished and came to be called Kokyo.
Japanese: 戦後、1948年（昭和23年）に宮城の名称は廃止され、皇居と呼ばれるようになった。
English: As for the reason, Sukemasa IRIE, who served Emperor Showa as Grand Chamberlain, described in his book that "Okami (Emperor Showa), after the Greater East Asia War, put a stop to reconstruction of Kyuden and so on burned-out in the war with the view of giving top priority to improvement of people's living standards, saying 'A new Kyuden should not be constructed when people have no houses to live in and are in poverty.'"
Japanese: この理由について、昭和天皇の侍従長を務めた入江相政は、自らの著書で『お上（昭和天皇）は大東亜戦争終了後、「国民が戦災の為に住む家も無く、暮らしもままならぬ時に、新しい宮殿を造ることは出来ぬ」と、国民の生活向上を最優先とすべしという考えから、戦災で消失した宮殿などの再建に待ったをかけていた』旨のことを記している。
English: Around the time of the first stage of the reconstruction of Japan being completed during the period from 1955 to 1964, a move to reconstruct Kyuden got active, and on the basis of the report of the Council of the Imperial Palace Construction issued in 1959, construction of new Kyuden was started in the following year, 1960.
Japanese: 昭和30年代に入って、日本の復興が一段落した頃に宮殿再建の動きが活発となり、1959年（昭和34年）、皇居造営審議会の答申に基づき、翌1960年（昭和35年）から新しい宮殿の造営が始められた。
English: Kyuden (what is called new Kyuden) was laid out to be separated from Gosho (Residence of the Emperor), unlike the Meiji Kyuden Imperial Palace, which was connected to Gosho.
Japanese: 宮殿（いわゆる新宮殿）は、明治宮殿のように天皇の住居（御所）とは接続させず、御所と宮殿を別々に造ることとなった。
English: In 1961, Fukiage Gosho (the imperial residential palace), the residence of Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun, was completed adjacent to Gobunko in the Fukiage area in Kokyo.
Japanese: まず1961年（昭和36年）、昭和天皇及び香淳皇后の住居として皇居内吹上地区の御文庫に隣接して建設された吹上御所が完成した。
English: Construction of the new Kyuden was started at the former site of the Meiji Kyuden Imperial Palace in 1964 and completed in October 1968, and the Palace started to be used from April 1969.
Japanese: 新宮殿は明治宮殿跡地に1964年（昭和39年）着工し、1968年（昭和43年）10月竣工、1969年4月から使用された。
English: Fukiage Gosho was renamed Fukiage Omiya Palace as the residence of the Empress Dowager (Empress Kojun) after the death of Emperor Showa.
Japanese: なお吹上御所は、昭和天皇の崩御後に、皇太后（香淳皇后）の住まいとして吹上大宮御所と改称された。
English: The present Emperor and Empress Michiko continued to live in Akasaka Gosho (current Togu Gosho (Crown Prince's Palace)) for some time after accession to the throne and commuted to the Imperial Palace, but started to live in the new Gosho from December 1993, which was built in a corner of the Fukiage area in Kokyo.
Japanese: 今上天皇、皇后美智子は、践祚後も暫くは引き続き赤坂御所（現東宮御所）に居住しながら皇居宮殿に通っていたが、皇居内吹上地区の一角に新たな御所が建設され、1993年（平成5年）12月から使用している。
English: It is a steel-reinforced building of two stories above the ground and one underground story, amounting to 22,949 sq.m. in total floor space.
Japanese: 鉄骨鉄筋造で、地上2階、地下1階，延べ面積22,949平方メートル。
English: It consists of a room where the Emperor attends to his business (Omote Gozasho), rooms for Jiju (chamberlain), and so on.
Japanese: 天皇が日常の執務をする部屋（表御座所）のほか、侍従の部屋などがある。
English: It is the room of highest social status in the Kyuden, where the main regular ceremonies are held, including Their Majesties' New Year Reception, Ceremony of the Presentation of Credentials, Imperial Investiture, Ceremony of Appointment of Official with Imperial Attestation, Ceremony of Imperial Conferment of Decoration, Ceremony of the Kosho Hajime (Imperial New Year's Lectures), Ceremony of the Utakai and Hajime (Imperial New Year's Poetry Reading) and important ceremonies of the Imperial Family, including Choken no gi (Rite of audience) and Enthronement Ceremony.
Japanese: 宮殿内で最も格式の高い部屋で、新年祝賀の儀、信任状捧呈式、親任式、認証官任命式、勲章(日本)親授式、講書始、歌会始等の主要な通年の儀式に使用される他、朝見の儀、即位礼正殿の儀などの皇室の重要儀式でも使用される。
English: It is used for ceremonies and events, such as meetings of the Emperor/Empress with foreign sovereigns/foreign government dignitaries or receptions by the Emperor/Empress of Japanese government officials and private citizens who are visiting Kokyo.
Japanese: 主に、天皇・皇后が外国国家元首・外国政府要人と会見し、又は皇居を訪れた日本政府関係者及び民間人を引見する等の儀式並びに行事に使用される。
English: It is mainly used for ceremonies/events for the Empress (Empress birthday celebration, receptions by the Empress, and so on).
Japanese: 主に、皇后関係の儀式・行事（皇后誕生日祝賀、皇后引見等）等に使用される。
English: It is the largest hall in the Kyuden, where banquets with a large number of people to attend, including the Imperial court dinner and His Majesty's Birthday Reception.
Japanese: 宮殿内で最も広い大広間で、宮中晩餐会、天皇誕生日の宴会の儀等の多人数の宴会に使用される。
English: It is a long and narrow building extending 163 m from north to south, which is used for multiple purposes, including lounge and places for hospitality and audience for visitors.
Japanese: 南北163メートルにおよぶ細長い建物で、参殿者の休所や、もてなし、拝謁等多目的に使用される。
English: It faces the Eastern garden where People's Visit to the Palace for the New Year Greeting is held, and on this occasion the Imperial Family members stand on the central part of the veranda of Chowa den Hall.
Japanese: 一般参賀の行なわれる東庭に面しており、一般参賀の際には皇族は長和殿ベランダの中央部に立つ。
English: On January 2, 1969, when Emperor Showa and other family members stood on the veranda of Chowa den Hall on the first New Year Greeting after the completion of the new Kyuden, someone tried to shoot the Emperor with pachinko balls.
Japanese: 1969年1月2日、新宮殿完成後初の皇居一般参賀で昭和天皇らが長和殿ベランダに立った際、パチンコ玉で狙われる事件が発生した。
English: Although none of the Imperial Family members were injured, after this incident, the central part of the veranda of Chowa den Hall was covered by bulletproof glass.
Japanese: 皇族は負傷しなかったが、この事件のあと長和殿ベランダ中央部には防弾ガラスが設けられた。
English: It is the second largest hall to Homeiden State Banquet Hall in the Kyuden and is used for receptions and audiences and so on for distinguished guests from foreign countries.
Japanese: 宮殿内では豊明殿に次いで広い大広間で、各国賓客の歓迎会や拝謁等に用いられる。
English: Between the Minamidamari entrance hall and the Seiden, there is a 70 m-long corridor, through which state guests and so on go from the Minamidamari to the Seiden.
Japanese: 南溜と正殿の間には長さ70メートルほどの回廊があり、国賓等は南溜から回廊を経て正殿に向かう。
English: North driveway apron is located at the north side of Chowa den Hall, South driveway apron at the south side of Chowa den Hall, and Middle driveway apron on the basement of Chowa den Hall.
Japanese: 北車寄は長和殿の北端、南車寄は長和殿の南端、中車寄は長和殿の地下にある。
English: Located in the Ｆukiage Imperial Gardens, its construction started in 1991 and it started to be used from December 8, 1993.
Japanese: 吹上御苑内にあり、1991年（平成3年）に着工、1993年（平成5年）12月8日から使用されている。
English: Located in the Ｆukiage Imperial Gardens, it was constructed in 1961 as Fukiage Gosho and used as residence of late Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun.
Japanese: 吹上御苑内にあり、吹上御所として1961年（昭和36年）に建設され、生前の昭和天皇と香淳皇后の住居として使用された。
English: It was renamed Fukiage Omiya Palace and used as the residence of the Empress Dowager (Empress Kojun) after the death of Emperor Showa but has not been used since the death of Empress Kojun in 2000.
Japanese: 昭和天皇の崩御後は吹上大宮御所と改称され、皇太后（香淳皇后）の住居として使用されていたが、2000年（平成12年）の香淳皇后の崩御後は使用されていない。
English: It is so extensively used in these days as a facility for the present Emperor to conduct his ichthyological research including goby and as a place to cultivate rice to be used in Niiname-sai festival (ceremonial offering by the Emperor of newly-harvested rice to the deities) for the year.
Japanese: 現在は今上天皇がハゼを始めとする魚類学の研究を行ったり、その年の新嘗祭を執り行う際に用いられる新穀米を栽培するなど多岐に亘って供用されている。
English: It is a facility which was constructed in 1914 by the order of Empress Teimei and since then, the successive Empresses have reared silkworms.
Japanese: 1914年（大正3年）に貞明皇后の命により建てられ、以来、歴代皇后がカイコを飼育している施設である。
English: The silk products made of silkworms reared at Sericultural Institute are used for the ceremonial costumes of the Imperial Family and so on.
Japanese: 御養蚕所で飼われる蚕から出来た絹製品は、主に皇室の儀典用衣裳等に用立てられる。
English: It was constructed to store the fine arts which were handed down in the Imperial Family and donated to the Government in June 1989.
Japanese: 1989年（平成元年）6月に皇室に受け継がれた美術品が国に寄贈されたことから、これを保管等するために建てられた。
English: Attached to the Three Shrines in the Imperial Court, there are Shinka-den Hall, where the Niiname-sai festival is held; Ryokiden Hall, where mass or ceremony for the repose of a soul is held; and so on.
Japanese: 宮中三殿に付随して新嘗祭の行われる神嘉殿、鎮魂祭が行われる綾綺殿等がある。
English: Apart' is a collective housing building, whose inner space is divided into multiple pieces and each one of them is destined as an independent house for rent.
Japanese: アパート(apart)とは、建物の内部を複数に区切り、それぞれを独立した住居として居住者に賃貸する集合住宅。
English: Within the same category of cooperative dwelling, relatively large-sized and elegant-looking complexes are often called 'mansion.'
Japanese: 同種の共同住宅のうち、比較的大規模・豪華なものは「マンション」と称されることが多い。
English: This reinforced concrete collective housing had a relatively high quality among the urban dwellings at that time, however later on, low-quality wooden collective houses also came to be called 'apart.'
Japanese: 鉄筋コンクリート造の集合住宅は都市居住の中でも質の高いものであったが、のちに木造で質の低い賃貸の集合住宅にもアパートという名称が付けられるようになった。
English: Some of the collective housings began to use 'mansion' (which originally meant 'residence') as their generic name in order to differentiate themselves from the so called 'apart.'
Japanese: 差別化を図るため、マンション（本来は邸宅の意味）という名称がよく使われるようになった。
English: In the real-estate business, the name 'apart' is commonly used for the construction that has a timber structure (construction) or a light-gauge steel (LGS) structure.
Japanese: 不動産取り引きの通称として、構造的な区分からは木構造(建築)、軽量鉄骨造、で建築された建築物を指す。
English: On the other hand, 'mansion' refers to a construction that has a reinforced concrete structure, steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) structure, steel-framed structure or the architecture that has some other structure.
Japanese: これに対し、マンションは鉄筋コンクリート造、鉄骨鉄筋コンクリート造、鉄骨造、もしくはその他の構造で建築されたものを指す。
English: The noise often becomes the cause of trouble between the next-door neighbors, but in addition, other cases of trouble are also reported, for example, water leaks or fires can spread to houses next door or downstairs.
Japanese: 騒音による隣人間のトラブルもしばしば起こっており、このほかにも火災や水漏れ等の被害が隣家・階下に伝播する等して問題となるケースも聞かれる。
English: However, in Okinawa, which was once under the rule of U.S. forces and has few wooden or steel-framed houses from the beginning due to its climate, the reinforced concrete collective housing is generally called 'apart' as well, and the term 'mansion' is mainly used to refer to the high-rise housings constructed in recent years by the capital of Japan's mainland.
Japanese: なお、米軍統治の歴史があり、気候の関係上木造や鉄骨造の家屋の少ない沖縄では、鉄筋コンクリート造の集合住宅も一般にアパートと呼ばれており、マンションという用語は主として日本本土の資本により近年建造された高層住宅に対してのみ用いられる。
English: It is generally a low-rise building, such as a two-story building, and is made of wood or steel-reinforced concrete (SRC).
Japanese: 階数的には木造、軽量鉄骨造の構造上の制限により2階建てなどの低層住宅が多い。
English: Mansion' can be a low-rise, mid-to-high-rise, high-rise or even superhigh-rise apartment housing, without no distinction by the number of stories, but as a general understanding, the general term 'mansion' refers to a mid-to-high-rise or high-rise building constructed for dwelling.
Japanese: マンションには低層住宅、中高層住宅、高層住宅、もしくは超高層住宅があり、階数による区別はないが、一般的な概念としては中高層住宅、高層住宅の住宅用途の建物をマンションと呼ぶ場合が多い。
English: In terms of scale of building, size of the site and the number of houses, compared with the general concept of 'mansion' above mentioned, an 'apart,' in general, is a low-rise and small-scale building with 2 or 3 stories and is seldom equipped with an elevator.
Japanese: 建物規模、敷地規模および戸数の観点から前項の一般的な概念によるマンションに比べてアパートは2〜3階建ての小規模・低層が多く、建築設備的にエレベーターが設置されたアパートは稀（まれ）である。
English: According to the Building Standards Act, in addition to those which are also classified as cooperative complex together with 'mansion,' there are those which are categorized as tenement even though they have 2 or more stories, and they are differentiated by whether or not a common corridor is required to construct within the building.
Japanese: 建築基準法上はマンションと同じ共同住宅に区分されるもののほか、２階建以上でも長屋住宅に区分されるものがあり、両者は共有通路の要否で異なる。
English: As an old-fashioned expression, an 'apart' with less than 2 stories is sometimes called 'copo' (derived from cooperative housing).
Japanese: 尚、古い表現として2階建までのアパートを「コーポ」と称することもある。
English: In the Kansai region, the apartment equipped with an individual water facilities (sanitation) was called 'bunka-jutaku' (cultural housing).
Japanese: 関西地方ではかつて、水まわりの独立したアパートのことを文化住宅と呼称した。
English: There is a form of housing named 'geshukuya' (lodging house), which are not commonly seen nowadays, and at one time in the past, they were used by many students.
Japanese: 最近はあまり見かけないが、かつて学生に多く利用された下宿屋という住居の形態がある。
English: There, in principle, the owner who serves as a manager of the lodging lives together with the lodgers, and each lodger lives in an individual room within the house.
Japanese: 原則として管理者である大家との同居であり、個室として提供される部屋に下宿人が住む形式である。
English: Generally, they have a communal lavatory, bathroom, and kitchen, and in some cases they also board.
Japanese: 一般にトイレや風呂、台所などの水まわりは共同で、賄いとして食事の提供が行われることもある。
English: The lodging business is categorized as a hotel management business controlled by the Hotel Business Act, and it consists of providing an accommodation facility, receiving an accommodation charge per month or more longer span, and lodging the people (Hotel Business Act: Article 2, Section 5).
Japanese: なお下宿営業は、旅館業法に規定される宿泊施設であり、施設を設け、一月以上の期間を単位とする宿泊料を受けて、人を宿泊させる営業をいう（旅館業法第2条第5項）。
English: It is thought that the first 'apart' was developed from such a lodging house room into an independent dwelling with an entry attached to each room.
Japanese: 初期のアパートは、こうした宿所の各部屋に玄関を設け、独立した住居へと発展させたものと考えられる。
English: The common form of 'apart' constructed from 1945 to 1965 consisted of a common entrance, an inside passage, no bathroom (lodgers used a public bathhouse), and a communal latrine, kitchen and laundry.
Japanese: 昭和20年代から30年代に多く建てられた玄関共有、内廊下、風呂なし（銭湯を利用）、共同の便所、台所、洗濯場という形態である。
English: In some of the old type 'apart,' even the mailbox and dining room were also communal, and the individual room was tended to be considered as a space only to sleep and relax.
Japanese: 古いものでは郵便箱や食堂なども共同で、各々の部屋はあくまでも個人が寝たりくつろぐ場所に過ぎない傾向も見られた。
English: Such an old type collective dwelling appears also in popular comics, such as 'Yojohan Series' (series of four-and-a-half-mat room stories) ("Otoko Oidon" (I am a Man), etc.) by Reiji MATSUMOTO.
Japanese: こうした古いタイプの共同住宅に関しては、漫画では松本零士の大四畳半シリーズ（『男おいどん』など）にも登場する。
English: In the comics 'Dokushin Apartment Dokudamiso' (apartment for bachelors: Dokudamiso) by Takashi FUKUTANI, the scene represent exactly this type of 'apart.'
Japanese: 福谷たかしの「独身アパート・どくだみ荘」はまさにこの種のアパートが舞台となっている。
English: Many cartoonists who flourished since the mid-Showa period may have had experience living in a lodging house or an 'apart' at some point in the past, because being a comic artist was not a profitable business at that time.
Japanese: 昭和中期より活躍している漫画家には、当時の漫画はあまり儲からなかったため、下宿やアパート生活経験者も少なからずいるようだ。
English: Another type of cheap lodging house is called 'doya' and many of them can be seen in the districts where there are job brokers for day workers.
Japanese: また、日雇い労働者たちの寄せ場のある地区にはドヤと呼ばれる簡易宿所も多く見られる。
English: Most of them have individual two- or three-mat rooms and they represent the features of the 'apart' in old days.
Japanese: そのほとんどは2～3畳程度の個室で、かつてのアパートの特徴を備えているところも多い。
English: Since around 2005, this type of accommodation seems to have gained attention as a cheap lodging house among people from rural areas, who come up to the Tokyo metropolitan area empty-handed to seek a job.
Japanese: 2005年に前後して、地方からなにも持たずに首都圏に仕事にやってくる人が安価に泊まれるところとして、ふたたびこうした宿が注目を浴びているようである。
English: Derived from as a continuation of internet cafes and video shops with private compartments, there appeared the facilities called 'rest box,' which provide an individual room within a building, after modifying it to look like a guesthouse.
Japanese: ネットカフェや個室ビデオ店の延長として、レストボックスと呼ばれるビルの一室をゲストハウス風に改造した施設も誕生している。
English: However, according to an Asahi Shinbun newspaper story of July 11, 2005, some of the companies belonging to the businesses that need to ensure a certain amount of labor force, such as building cleaning service and demolition work, have succeeded in securing the labor force by refurbishing their own buildings into cheap accommodations and installing multiple-deck beds and others, in a business district which has been traditionally the blank area of laborers, because its location is beyond the workers' commutable range.
Japanese: が、朝日新聞が2005年7月11日に報じた所では、従来よりオフィス街でブルーカラー労働者の通勤範囲外で労働者空白地帯だった所に、ビル清掃・解体工事など一定の労働力確保を必要とする業者が、自社で管理する空きビルのフロアに多段式ベッドを入れるなどして簡易宿泊施設に改装、労働力の獲得に成功しているという。
English: In Europe, where the ground is rock-solid, the population influx to the urban areas in the 19th century, induced by the Industrial Revolution, triggered the development of apartment houses in order to provide the workers with living places, and those buildings constructed at that time have been conserved and still used today, although they underwent renovations.
Japanese: ヨーロッパでは地盤が磐石で、また19世紀より産業革命で都市部への人口集中がおこったため、これらの労働者へ住居を提供するためにアパートメントが発達し、また当時の建物が改築こそされてはいるがそのまま現存・利用されている。
English: Since apartment houses in England were originally 2- or 3- story buildings and constructed along the streets without leaving any space between the next-door buildings as if they were forming one single belt, and therefore, the extension of the buildings was inevitably done only in a vertical direction.
Japanese: イギリスではこのアパートメントは、通りに沿って建てられた2〜3階建ての建物が、横方向には隣家と完全にくっついて、さながら帯のように成ってしまっているため、必然的に建て増しは垂直方向にのみ行われた。
English: As a result, wooden or mortar-walled collective housings with 4 or 5 stories are commonly seen in London City, and among them there are buildings currently used as a dwelling house, shop, or a lodging establishment such as B&B (abbreviation of bread and breakfast), after their ownership had changed various times.
Japanese: この結果、木造・モルタル壁などの4〜5階建ての集合住宅がロンドン市内には普遍的に見られ、これらは幾度もの所有者の変更により、住宅・商店・宿泊施設（BB（BedBreakfastの略）と呼ばれる安宿など）に利用されている建物もある。