nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In response, Minister of Army Yusaku UEHARA directly handed in his resignation to Emperor Taisho who had just ascended to the throne, utilizing its authority called "Iaku Joso-ken" (the power granted to the Japanese Forces to directly submit a proposal of military affairs to the emperor without any control of the Diet and the Cabinet).
Japanese: それに対し、陸軍大臣上原勇作は帷幄上奏権を利用して、単独で即位直後の大正天皇に直接辞表を提出した。
English: Since the Japanese Army refused to recommend a successor to Uehara, the Saijo Cabinet was forced to resign en masse.
Japanese: 陸軍は後任を送らなかったため、西園寺内閣は総辞職に追いこまれる事態となった。
English: The conference of elder statesmen appointed Taro KATSURA as the next prime minister, but he had already assumed both Minister of Palace and Grand Chamberlain just half a year before, and his nomination became a target for criticism as a violation of the principle of separation between the Imperial Family and the Japanese government organization.
Japanese: 元老会議は後継首相に桂太郎を指名したが、桂は半年前に内大臣兼侍従長になったばかりであり、この点に関して「宮中・府中の別」を乱すものとして非難の声があがった。
English: Moreover, the people's indignation over the unconstitutional politics of the Japanese Army (by Aritomo YAMAGATA's faction) to overthrow the Cabinet and the repeated running for election of the domain-based politicians triggered the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism (the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution).
Japanese: さらに陸軍（山県閥）による非立憲的な倒閣の策動や藩閥政治家の再出馬に憤る声が広汎に広がって、憲政擁護運動（護憲運動）がはじまった。
English: On December 13, Kensei Shinsakukai Party a political party organized by journalists and lawyers in Tokyo, adopted a resolution against the increase of two army divisions, and the next day, some supporters of Kojun-sha (the first social club of businessmen in Japan) called for a meeting to discuss the state of affairs and named the meeting 'Kensei Yogokai' (Meeting for Defending Constitutionalism).
Japanese: 12月13日、東京の新聞記者・弁護士らが憲政振作会を組織して二個師団増設反対を決議し、翌14日には交詢社有志が発起人となって時局懇談会をひらいて、会の名を憲政擁護会とした。
English: In the first rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held at Kabuki-za Theater on December 19, many people took part, such as the Diet members of the Seiyukai and the Rikken Kokuminto (Constitutional National Party, hereinafter referred to the Kokuminto), journalists, businessmen, students and about 3,000 audiences, and they adopted a resolution that 'cliques should be overthrown and that constitutionalism should be defended.'
Japanese: 19日の歌舞伎座での憲政擁護第1回大会では、政友会、国民党の代議士や新聞記者のほか実業家や学生も参加し、約3,000の聴衆を集めて「閥族打破、憲政擁護」を決議している。
English: Nevertheless, on December 21, the whole Saionji Cabinet resigned formally, and the third Cabinet of Taro KATSURA started.
Japanese: 12月21日、西園寺内閣が正式に総辞職して第3次桂太郎内閣が発足した。
English: On the other hand, the Diet members of the opposition parties, journalists, scholars and others had a rally on December 27 and decided to extend the campaign for defending the constitution to other provinces.
Japanese: 27日には、野党の国会議員や新聞記者、学者らが集まって護憲運動の地方への拡大を決めた。
English: In January the next year, rallies calling for 'the defense of the constitutionalism' were held in various places, in which many people participated, including the people working in the commercial and industrial sectors and the urban residents who were suffering from heavy tax after the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 翌年1月、「憲政擁護」を叫ぶ大会が各地でひらかれ、日露戦争後の重税に苦しむ商工業者や都市民衆が多数これに参加した。
English: Seeing this, the Katsura Cabinet postponed the opening of the Diet, which was scheduled to be held on January 21, during 15 days, however, this measure resulted in only pouring oil on the flames, and after the second rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism held in Tokyo on January 24, the campaign grew into a nationwide public movement.
Japanese: 21日、議会の開会予定をさらに15日間停会した桂内閣の処置により、かえって運動は加熱し、24日の東京での憲政擁護第2回大会はじめ、運動は全国的なひろがりをみせて一大国民運動となっていった。
English: Against this movement, Prime Minister Katsura frequently abused "Shochoku" (imperial edict) of Emperor Taisho, which was originally issued by the Emperor to stop the political disputes, respecting the period for mourning of former Emperor Meiji (Imperial Edict Tactics), and tried to silence the people's criticism of the government.
Japanese: こうした動きに対し、桂首相は明治天皇の諒闇中（服喪期間）であるから政争を中止するように諭した大正天皇の詔勅（優詔）を受けてこれを乱発し、政府批判を封じた（優詔政策）。
English: Meanwhile, the Seiyukai and the Kokuminto formed an alliance thanks to the great efforts of a member of the Seiyukai, YUKIO OZAKI, and the Kokuminto leader, Tsuyoshi INUKAI.
Japanese: この間、立憲政友会と立憲国民党の提携が成立し、とくに立憲政友会党員の尾崎行雄や立憲国民党党首の犬養毅が中心となって活躍した。
English: On February 5, at the reconvened Diet, opposition parties, including the Seiyukai and the Kokuminto, put forward a non-confidence motion against the Cabinet, and the Diet adjourned immediately.
Japanese: 2月5日、再会された議会で政友会や国民党などの野党は内閣不信任決議案を議会に提出し、ただちに停会となった。
English: On this occasion, Yukio OZAKI made a well-known address calling for the impeachment of Prime Minister Katsura, saying, 'when he and his fellows open their mouths, they speak about loyalty to the Emperor and patriotism as if they had a monopoly on these qualities,... but I suspect they use the imperial throne as a bulwark to defend themselves from attack by their political opponents, and use imperial edicts (Shochoku) as political bullets with which to topple their opponents.'
Japanese: このときの「彼らは常に口を開けば、直ちに忠愛を唱へ、恰も忠君愛国の一手専売の如く唱へておりますが—（中略）—玉座を以て胸壁となし、詔勅を以て弾丸に代へて政敵を倒さんとするものではないか」のフレーズで知られる尾崎行雄の桂首相弾劾演説は有名である。
English: On February 9, about 20,000 people gathered at the third rally of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, and on the next day, tens of thousands besieged the Diet Building to support the opposition parties, and Katsura had to convene the Imperial Diet amid a mass demonstration.
Japanese: 2月9日の憲政擁護第3大会は2万の集会となり、さらに、翌10日には数万人の民衆が議会を包囲して野党を激励、民衆示威のなかで桂は帝国議会の開会をむかえた。
English: Katsura, who at first planned to dissolve the Diet, finally decided the Cabinet resignation en masse following the advise of Ikuzo OOKA, chairman of the House of Representatives, who said to Katsura not to do so lest it should induce a civil war.
Japanese: 桂は議会解散を決意したが、解散は内乱誘発を招くとの大岡育造衆議院議長からの忠告により内閣総辞職を決意した。
English: The adjournment of the Diet enraged the masses, and they attacked facilities such as police stations, neighborhood police boxes, including a newspaper company Kokumin Shimbun, which was a government organ.
Japanese: 議会停会に憤激した民衆は警察署や交番、御用新聞の国民新聞社などを襲撃した。
English: Subsequently, similar disturbances spread to such cities such as Osaka, Kobe, Hiroshima, and Kyoto.
Japanese: つづいて同様の騒擾は大阪市・神戸市・広島市・京都市などの各市へも飛び火した。
English: On February 20, the Katsura Cabinet was forced to resign en masse in just a brief period of 53 days from its start, so it was called '50 days' Cabinet.'
Japanese: 2月20日、桂内閣は発足よりわずか53日で総辞職、「五十日内閣」と呼ばれた。
English: The typical image of the Taisho Seihen is the public movement that toppled the 'clique-ruling Cabinet' formed by the Japanese Army and the former Choshu Domain clique, led by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA respectively, because the public took objection to the Cabinet which, after overthrowing of the second Saionji Cabinet, tried to silence the public voices by fiddling measures such as the party politics and the Imperial Edict Tactics.
Japanese: 大正政変は、山縣有朋・桂率いる陸軍・長州閥が第2次西園寺内閣を倒閣し、これに反対する民衆運動が政党組織や優詔政策といった小手先の政策で交わそうとする「閥族内閣」を打倒したというイメージが強い。
English: However, it should be noted that the 'Katsura Shinto' (Katsura New Party) established after the period of Taisho Seihen was the forerunner of the Rikken Minseito (Party of Democratic Constitutionalism), which would lead party politics along with the Seiyukai (later, Katsura Shinto was developed into the Rikken Doshikai [Party of Comrades of Constitutionalism] and then into the Kenseikai [Party of Constitutionalism]).
Japanese: しかし、大正政変を経て誕生した「桂新党」（立憲同志会→憲政会）は立憲政友会とともに政党政治をリードすることになる立憲民政党の前身である。
English: Taro KATSURA, who led the Japanese government twice and won the strong trust of Emperor Meiji, sought to establish a new party 'Katsura Shinto' and reform the clique of bureaucrats connected with Yamagata.
Japanese: 2度の内閣を組織し、明治天皇から強い信頼を得ていた桂太郎は、「桂新党」の設立と山県系官僚閥を改革する新政策を模索していた。
English: Katsura contemplated establishing his new administration based on the party of his own, and thereby freeing himself from the dependence on the Seiyukai and on Yamagata.
Japanese: これは、自ら結成した新党を政権基盤とする政権を樹立し、政友会への依存からの脱却と山縣からの自立を企図するものであった。
English: Swiftly detecting Katsura's attempt, Yamagata forced Katsura to hold the two honorary posts, the minister of palace and the grand chamberlain in August 1912, right after the demise of Emperor Meiji, trying to deprive Katsura of real political power.
Japanese: それを察知した山縣は、明治天皇崩御（死去）直後の1912年8月に桂を内大臣兼侍従長に押し込めて政治的引退を図る。
English: On the other hand, Saionji was intensifying feud with Takashi HARA, who was practically controlling the affaires of the Seiyukai and pursuing local interests.
Japanese: 一方の西園寺も、政友会の党務を事実上取り仕切り、地方利益の追求をすすめる原敬との確執を強めていた。
English: However, Katsura, who regarded the situation as an opportunity for him to return to the government, and the Satsuma clique, which had been swept away from power during the Kei-En era, set out to take advantage of this situation and obliged Uehara (the minister of army) to take the hard line, provoking serious repercussions.
Japanese: だが、これを政権復帰の好機と見た桂・「桂園時代」により政権から遠ざかっていた薩摩閥両者の思惑が上原を強硬な態度へ導いたことで大きな問題となったのである。
English: Seeing a sudden turn of the political situation, Yamagata prepared a draft of an imperial edict to mediate an accord between the Saionji Cabinet and the Japanese Army, but Katsura crushed the draft.
Japanese: 事態の急変に対して山縣は、内閣と陸軍を調停する優詔を起案したが桂により握りつぶされる。
English: The then Prime Minister Saionji, who had already lost his zeal to keep his administration, suffering from not only his poor physical condition but also from the conflict with Hara, and Hara, who misunderstood that Yamagata's real intention was to topple the Saionji Cabinet in the meeting held with Katsura, decided the Cabinet resignation en masse, and in this way, the 'Cabinet turnover by Yamagata's maneuver' was achieved.
Japanese: 体調不良と原との確執により既に政権続行への意欲を失っていた西園寺と、桂との会見で山縣の真意が倒閣にあると曲解した原は、内閣総辞職を決断、「山縣の手による倒閣」が成功する。
English: Selection of the successor to the prime minister was complicated due to the successive declines to assume the post; Masayoshi MATSUKATA, recommended by the Satsuma clique, declined it for his old age, and Gonbei YAMAMOTO of the Satsuma clique and Tosuke HIRATA of the Yamagata faction declined it for the anticipated difficulties to manage the administration, and in the end the Imperial command was issued to Katsura to form a Cabinet.
Japanese: 後継首相の選定は、薩摩閥の推す松方正義が高齢を理由に辞退、同じく薩摩閥の山本権兵衛、山県閥の平田東助が政権運営の困難を理由に辞退したことで混迷し、大命は桂に降ることとなった。
English: Katsura organized his Cabinet in his own way by making Makoto SAITO, the minister of the Navy in the former Cabinet, stay in office with the help of an Imperial edict, and inviting some bureaucrats of his influence, such as Reijiro WAKATSUKI and Shinpei GOTO, as well as the espouser of British politics, Takaaki KATO (Japanese Ambassador to Britain).
Japanese: 桂は斎藤実海相を優詔により留任させると、若槻禮次郎、後藤新平ら自前の官僚勢力、イギリス流政治を信奉する加藤高明（駐英大使）を入閣させて自前の内閣を組織している。
English: Although Katsura implemented new policies in earnest, a series of blunders in his politics, such as the failure in his Imperial Edict Tactics and countermeasures against the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, fierce conflict with the Seiyukai, failure in political maneuvering of the House of Peers, and a growing distrust of him among the people of the Japanese Army including Aritomo YAMAGATA and Masatake TERAUCHI, drove him into a corner.
Japanese: 桂の新政策とその意欲の一方で、優詔政策の失敗など護憲運動への対応の迷走、政友会との決定的な対立、貴族院工作の失敗、山縣・寺内正毅ら陸軍内部からの不信が桂を追いつめていくことになる。
English: Taisho Seihen not only gave a huge blow to the domain-based cliques, but also caused a stagnation in the development of an alternative to the party in power.
Japanese: 大正政変は藩閥勢力に大打撃を与えるとともに、政権担当能力を有する第二党の成長も出遅らせることとなった。
English: Saionji announced his resignation from the presidency of the Seiyukai with the pretext that 'he violated the edict' (it was his fault that he was not able to stop political disputes following the imperial edict).
Japanese: また、西園寺は「違勅」（政争を辞めるようにとの天皇の「優詔」に違反した罪）を盾に政友会総裁の辞任を表明する。
English: Although it was a forced announcement by Katsura, Saionji, who believed that former court nobles should be 'hanpei' (protectors of the emperor) even after the Meiji Restoration, insisted that he himself was responsible and unforgivable as the leader of the party for the Seiyukai's neglect of the edict.
Japanese: 桂が出させたものであるとはいえ、「公家は天皇の藩屏でなければならない」と信じる西園寺にとって、自分が率いる政友会が天皇の詔勅を無視したことは許されないという論理である。
English: Senior members of the RSP were puzzled with this logic of 'violation of the edict,' but Saionji's decision was firm.
Japanese: 政友会の幹部達はこの「違勅」の論理に困惑したが、西園寺の決意は揺らぐことが無かった。
English: Although Saionji firstly appointed Masahisa MATSUDA as his successor, Matsuda died suddenly, and the RSP presidency was assumed by Takashi HARA and the party stepped forward to a new stage.
Japanese: 西園寺が後継に指名した松田正久の死去により、後継総裁に原敬が就任して立憲政友会は新たな段階へと進むことになる。
English: Taisho Seihen that caused the dead end of the clique politics and the growth of democracy generated a momentum for Taisho Democracy including the approval of the Universal Manhood Suffrage.
Japanese: 藩閥政治の行き詰まりと民主政治の高まりを示すこととなり、これ以後、普選運動など大正デモクラシーの流れをつくっていった。
English: Takayoshi MATSUO (a Japanese historian) argues that Taisho Democracy, starting with the Taisho Seihen, was not a vulnerable foreign idea superficially scooped by some urban intellectuals but a widespread popular movement that had some characteristic directly reflected in the Japanese democracy after World War Ⅱ.
Japanese: 松尾尊兌は、ここに始まる大正デモクラシーが一部の都市知識人による脆弱な輸入思想ではなく，戦後民主主義に直結する性質を有する、広汎な民衆運動であったことを説いている。
English: In January 1913, amid the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution, Katsura established his own party (Katsura Shinto) to compete with the Seiyukai.
Japanese: 1913年1月、護憲運動のさなか、桂は立憲政友会に対抗するため、自ら政党を結成した（桂新党）。
English: In February, the Katsura Cabinet fell, and in October, Katsura died, but his party was reorganized as the Rikken Doshikai, which was further developed into the Kenseikai.
Japanese: 2月に桂内閣は倒れ、その年の10月に桂も死去するが、これが立憲同志会、のちの憲政会となった。
English: The first Yamamoto Cabinet, established immediately after Katsura's resignation, invited some influential members of the Seiyukai to be the ministers of his administration, such as Takashi HARA (as the minister for home affairs) and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI (as the minister of finance).
Japanese: 桂退陣後に成立した第1次山本内閣は、立憲政友会を与党とし、原敬（内相）や高橋是清（蔵相）ら政友会の有力者を閣僚としてむかえた。
English: Afraid of public sentiment, Yamamoto tried to avoid making the same mistake as Katsura by working to stabilize the political situation; he attempted to do this by taking his appeasement policy to the public—which included principles such as the relaxation of the requirement that ministers of the army and navy should be active duty officers by allowing first reservists or second reservists to hold the positions—and seeking to reach compromising deals with the other political parties.
Japanese: 山本は世論を怖れて、桂の二の舞を踏むことを避け、軍部大臣現役武官制を緩和して予備役・後備役でも可とし、政党勢力に譲歩するなど、国民に対して融和的な政治をとることで政局の安定化を図った。
English: On the other hand, the Seiyukai was benefited by gaining the ministerial posts in the first Yamamoto Cabinet, which enraged not only the general public but also the Rikken Kokuminto members, and even some of the Seiyukai members including Yukio OZAKI, who resented it and left the Seiyukai together with Kunisuke OKAZAKI (although Okazaki returned to the Seiyukai later, Ozaki established a new party 'Chuseikai' [Centrist Justice Party]).
Japanese: 一方、第1次山本内閣への入閣という形で利益を得る事になった立憲政友会に対して、国民はもちろんの事、立憲国民党や政友会内部からも反発が噴出して尾崎行雄は岡崎邦輔らとともに政友会を離党する（岡崎は後に復党するが、尾崎はそのまま中正会を結党した）。
English: By including the era of the first Yamamoto Cabinet into the Taisho Seihen, we can see another side of Taisho Democracy; since the out set of the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitutionalism, the public in this period retained the anti-clique sentiment, however on the other hand, they easily agreed on dispatching troops to China in the name of supporting the revolutionary group in the turmoil of the Republican Revolution when it broke out in China in July 1913.
Japanese: 第1次山本内閣の時代を含めることにより、この時期の民衆が一方では憲政擁護運動以来の反閥族感情を保ちながらも、他方では1913年7月の辛亥革命の混乱に際しては、革命派擁護を名目とする対中出兵論に容易に乗るような大正デモクラーの一側面が視野にはいってくる。
English: Takayoshi MATSUO explains such two-sidedness of Taisho Democracy with the phrase, 'inward constitutionalism, and outward imperialism.'
Japanese: 松尾尊兌はこれを「内には立憲主義、外には帝国主義」という二面性をもったものとして説明している。
English: After the Siemens Incident (1914) blew off the first Yamamoto Cabinet, a popular politician Shigenobu OKUMA formed his second Cabinet counting on a coalition of such parties as the Rikken Doshikai, the Supporters' Association of Count Okuma, and the Chuseikai.
Japanese: シーメンス事件によって第1次山本内閣が倒れたのち、民衆に人気のある大隈重信が立憲同志会、大隈伯後援会および中正会を与党として2回目の組閣をおこなった。
English: The Okuma Administration drove out the German Empire forces from the Shandong Peninsula to secure Japanese interests in China, which consequently lead the defeat of the Seiyukai and the Kokuminto in the election.
Japanese: ここでは山東半島におけるドイツ帝国勢力の駆逐と中国利権の確保を契機として、政友会と国民党は選挙で敗北した。
English: The bill to increase two army divisions passed the Diet, and the '21 Demands' made by Japan to China, which would later stir up the Chinese nationalism, won the approval of the Japanese people.
Japanese: 陸軍二個師団増設が議会を通過し、のちに中国人のナショナリズムをおおいに刺激することになる「対華21か条要求」が国民的承認をうけるのであった。
English: Chitsuroku-shobun was a policy of complete abolition of hereditary stipend implemented by the Meiji government in 1876.
Japanese: 秩禄処分（ちつろくしょぶん）は、明治政府が1876年に実施した秩禄給与の全廃政策である。
English: Chitsuroku was a collective name for two stipends, Karoku which was paid to nobles and feudal lords in hereditary and Shotenroku which was paid to people who rendered distinguished services for the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 秩禄とは、華族や士族に与えられた家禄と維新功労者に対して付与された賞典禄を合わせた呼称。
English: The 15th shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA carried out Taisei Hokan (the policy of returning power to the emperor) in 1867, and Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was overthrown, and then the Meiji government was established in compliance with the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の1867年に15代将軍の徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行い幕府が解体され、王政復古(日本)により明治政府が成立する。
English: The Meiji government suffered from a financial problem from the beginning due to a cost of the Boshin War which they fought against former retainers of shogun, and they could secure a right of owning land of only 800 koku (Japanese unit of volume, and 1 koku was defined as enough rice quantity to feed one person for one year) out of Japan's entire land, 3,000 koku.
Japanese: 明治政府は抵抗した旧幕臣らとの戊辰戦争における戦費などで発足直後から財政難で全国3000万石のうち800万石を確保できているのみであった。
English: Moreover, they could not secure enough force strength to bear down on feudal lords, so they had to allow feudal lords to continuously rule their domains.
Japanese: また軍事的にも諸藩に対抗する兵力を確保できなかったため、旧大名による諸藩の統治はそのまま維持された。
English: The feudal political system during the Edo period was organized and maintained based on the stipend system in which a domain lord gave hereditary stipends to his vassals, but even after the Meiji period, this hereditary stipend was succeeded as Karoku and paid to samurai warriors.
Japanese: 江戸時代の幕藩体制において、諸藩の家臣は藩主が家臣に対して世襲で与えていた俸禄制度を基本に編成、維持されていたが、明治後も俸禄は家禄として引き継がれ、士族などに対して支給されていた。
English: In 1869, the Meiji government spent a total of 745,750 koku plus 203,376 ryo (Japanese currency unit) to pay Shotenroku, a special privilege for people who rendered distinguished services for the restoration, and payment of Karoku, stipends paid to nobles and samurai warriors, accounted for more than 30% of government's total expenditure.
Japanese: 年に行われた維新功労者に対する賞典禄の支給により74万5750石、20万3376両の出費となり、華士族に対する家禄支給は歳出の30パーセント以上を占めていた。
English: The Meiji government had to proceed a reform of the stipend system so as to secure enough finances for other reforms such as centralization of power.
Japanese: 明治政府の中央集権化など改革を行うに際しての財源確保のため、禄制改革が課題の1つとなっていた。
English: According to the idea of equality of all Japanese people, samurai warriors' privileges should be abolished, and their sense of perquisite was a bottleneck in military reforms.
Japanese: また、四民平等においては武士階級の身分的特権は廃止の必要があり、軍事的にも伝統的特権意識は軍制改革において弊害となっていた。
English: After Hanseki-hokan (the reform of returning lands and people to the emperor) was implemented under the leadership of Toshimichi OKUBO and Takayoshi KIDO (Kogoro KATSURA) in 1869, the government became a distributor of Karoku, and the stipend system was controlled by the Ministry of Finance.
Japanese: 1869年には大久保利通、木戸孝允（桂小五郎）らの主導で版籍奉還が行われ、家禄は政府から支給される形となり、禄制は大蔵省が管轄することとなる。
English: After the government implemented Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in April, 1871, the traditional feudal domain system was abolished and feudal lords were controlled by the government.
Japanese: 1871年4月には廃藩置県が実行されて幕藩体制は解消、全国の士族は政府が掌握する。
English: In October, the Iwakura Mission was dispatched for the purpose of revising unequal treaties which Japan had signed with foreign countries at the end of the Edo period, and the reform of stipend was implemented by Rusu-seifu.
Japanese: 10月には幕末に諸外国と結ばれた不平等条約の改正（条約改正）などを目的とした岩倉使節団が派遣され、留守政府において禄制改革は行われた。
English: The Vice-minister of Finance, Kaoru INOUE handled the issue of the stipend reform on behalf of the minister of finance, Toshimichi OKUBO, and he suggested a drastic reform plan while he was proceeding a land-tax reform.
Japanese: 大蔵卿大久保利通に代わり次官大輔の井上馨が担当し、地租改正と平行して井上は急進的な改革を提言する。
English: INOUE's reform plan was reported by the Junior Assistant Minister of Finance, Kiyonari YOSHIDA to OKUBO and the Vice-minister of Industry, Hirobumi ITO, but Tomomi IWAKURA and Takayoshi KIDO did not agree with ITO's plan because it was too drastic, and they ended discussion on his plan.
Japanese: 井上の改革案は大蔵少輔吉田清成を派遣して使節団に参加している大久保や工部省大輔の伊藤博文に報告を行うが、急進的な改革案に対し岩倉具視や木戸孝允らは難色を示し、審議は打ち切られる。
English: On the other hand, Rusu-seifu made a list of stipend recipients in 1871, thus integrating the stipend payment system, which had been multifactorial.
Japanese: 一方で、留守政府においては1871年には禄高人別帳が作成されるなど、多元的であった家禄の支給体系の一律化が進む。
English: Some people were opposed to the policies of Rusu-seifu including reforms of the stipend system, and peasant uprisings occurred in many places.
Japanese: 禄制改革をはじめとする留守政府の政策に対しては反対意見も存在し、農民一揆なども勃発していた。
English: In Rusu-seifu, a former feudal retainer of Satsuma and a councilor, Takamori SAIGO and his supporters asserted Seikanron (an opinion to dispatch troops to Korea), and some members of Rusu-seifu insisted that the stipend system should be maintained to conciliate the warrior class, thus preventing the Satsuma warriors from exploding.
Japanese: また、留守政府では旧薩摩藩士で参議の西郷隆盛らが朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で紛糾しており、薩摩士族の暴発を予防策として家禄制度を維持しての士族階級の懐柔を行うべきであるとする意見も存在していた。
English: In the same year, the Mission came back to Japan, and SAIGO and the administrator of Ministry of Justice, Shinpei ETO resigned from their post due to the political upheaval of the 6th year of Meiji triggered by Seikanron.
Japanese: 同年には使節団が帰国し、征韓論を巡る明治六年の政変で西郷、司法卿江藤新平らが下野し、大久保利通政権が確立する。
English: After such a political turmoil was concluded, the government started an argument on the reform of the stipend system again in November, and proposed a new tax which would be imposed upon Karoku as a transitional measure until complete abolition of the stipend, and a Karoku returning system which was conceived by Shigenobu OKUMA.
Japanese: 政変が収束し、11月には禄制改革の協議が再開され、最終処分までの過渡的措置として、家禄に対する税を賦課する家禄税の創設や、大隈重信の提案で家禄奉還制が討議される。
English: The government also established a policy that enabled the issuance of government bonds, which would be supplied to Karoku recipients according to their stipend amount if they voluntarily refunded their stipend.
Japanese: 家禄を整理するために自主的な秩禄奉還者に対して秩禄公債を発行して禄高に対して公債を付与する政策を採った。
English: The government tried to win understanding of the worrier class by determining the amount of the tax on Karoku depending on ranks of Karoku, and assuring that collected money would be used as military funds.
Japanese: 家禄税は、家禄のランクに応じて課税し、軍事資金として利用する事で士族の理解を得ようとした。