nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: During the early days of the travel "the Narrow Road to the Deep North," he stayed in Senju for a long time, but there is no word in "the Narrow Road to the Deep North," so there is speculation that he was going to take on an assignment as a secret agent.
Japanese: 『奥の細道』の旅の初め千住に滞在した日数が多いのに『奥の細道』には消息がないため、隠密としての任務を受けに行っていたのではないかとの憶測がある。
English: In addition, based on facts that his birthplace Iga is famous for ninja (professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy) and that he walked extremely fast for a Japanese person at that time, there is a theory that he was a ninja outside of the mainstream.
Japanese: また、出生地伊賀との関係、当時の日本人としては異常な速さの歩き方などから忍者ではなかったかという在野の説もある。
English: The place where Basho died was broken down due to the work to widen Midosuji Street (however, there is a stone monument around 4, Kyutaro-cho, Chuo Ward, Osaka City).
Japanese: 芭蕉の終焉地は、御堂筋の拡幅工事のあおりで取り壊された（ただしその跡は、現在の大阪市中央区(大阪市)久太郎町4丁目付近に石碑がある）。
English: Natsu-kusa ya/tsuwamono-domo ga/yume no ato (Mounds of summer grass - the place where noble soldiers one time dreamed a dream): Hiraizumi-cho, Iwate Prefecture
Japanese: 夏草や兵どもが夢の跡（なつくさやつわものどもがゆめのあと）：岩手県平泉町
English: Shizukasa ya/iwa ni shimi iru/semi no koe (The utter silence …, cutting through the very stone a cicada's rasp): Risshaku-ji Temple in Yamagata Prefecture
Japanese: 閑さや岩にしみ入る蝉の声（しずかさやいわにしみいるせみのこえ）：山形県・立石寺
English: Samidare wo/atsumete hayashi/Mogami-gawa (Gathering the rains of summer, how swift it is - Mogami-gawa River): Oishida Town, Yamagata Prefecture
Japanese: 五月雨をあつめて早し最上川（さみだれをあつめてはやしもがみがわ）：山形県大石田町
English: Kumo no mine/ikutsu kuzurete/tsuki no yama (I understood reason to be called a mountain of the moon definitely): Gassan, Yamagata Prefecture
Japanese: 雲の峰いくつ崩れて月の山（くものみねいくつくずれてつきのやま）：山形県・月山
English: Ara umi ya/sado ni yokotau/ama no gawa (Billow-crested seas! Flowing towards Sado Isle heaven's Milky Way): Izumozaki-machi, Niigata Prefecture
Japanese: 荒海や佐渡によこたふ天河（あらうみやさどによこたうあまのがわ）：新潟県出雲崎町
English: Hana no kumo/kane wa Ueno ka/Asakusa ka (Cloud of cherry blossoms, the temple bell, is it Ueno, is it Asakusa?): Tokyo
Japanese: 花の雲鐘は上野か浅草か（はなのくも　かねはうえのかあさくさか）東京都
English: Iwanami bunko contains "the Narrow Road to the Deep North with Travel Diary of Sora" (the Narrow Road to the Deep North) and "Basho Haiku Shu" (Basho's Haiku Collection) as well as "Basho Haibun Shu" (The Collection of Basho's Haiku Prose) vol.1 and 2, "Basho Kikobun Shu" (Collection of Basho's writings dealing with travel), "Basho's Letters," "Basho Renku Shu" (Basho's Linked Verses), and "Basho Shichibu Shu" (Basho's Seven Selected Works).
Japanese: 岩波文庫で、『おくのほそ道　付曾良旅日記』(奥の細道)　『芭蕉俳句集』の他、『芭蕉俳文集』上下、『芭蕉紀行文集』、『芭蕉書簡集』、『芭蕉連句集』、『芭蕉七部集』。
English: There has been a lot of argument that Basho was a ninja because he was born in Iga Ueno.
Japanese: 忍者であるという説は芭蕉が伊賀上野の生まれであるため、盛んに論じられてきた。
English: Because haikai poets traditionally lead itinerant lives, they are thought to have also collected information.
Japanese: 古くから俳諧師は旅をして暮らしたことから、情報収集をともなったと言われている。
English: In 1943, "Travel Diary of Sora," a diary of Sora who accompanied the trip of "the Narrow Road to the Deep North" was reprinted.
Japanese: 昭和18年（1943年）、『奥の細道』の旅に同行した曾良の旅日記『曾良旅日記』が翻刻された。
English: It was revealed that there are about 80 points of difference from descriptions of "the Narrow Road to the Deep North."
Japanese: すると、『奥の細道』の記述とはおよそ80におよぶ相違点があることが判明した。
English: For example, the date of departure was May 16 according to "the Narrow Road to the Deep North," while it was May 9 according to "Travel Diary of Sora."
Japanese: 例えば、出発した日は『奥の細道』では3月27日（5月16日）であるのに対し、『曾良旅日記』では3月20日(旧暦)（5月9日）となっている。
English: They entered the Sendai Domain after staying in Kurobane Town for 13 nights and Sukagawa City for 7 nights, but they stayed in Matsushima, which he praised highly as "I am most anxious to see the moon in Matsushima" on departure, for only one night and passed through without composing even one poem.
Japanese: 黒羽町で13泊、須賀川市では7泊して仙台藩に入ったが、出発の際に「松島の月まづ心にかかりて」と絶賛した松島では1句も詠まずに1泊して通過している。
English: It is thought that this odd schedule was to wait for the opportunity to investigate the inside of the Sendai Domain.
Japanese: この異様な行程は、仙台藩の内部を調べる機会をうかがっているためだとされる。
English: "Travel Diary of Sora" describes that they repeatedly visited Zuigan-ji Temple, which was considered to be a military fortress of the Sendai Domain, and Port of Ishinomaki, the domain's commercial port (Some say that Sora had assignments of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) and accompanied Basho's travel to cover that).
Japanese: また『曾良旅日記』には、仙台藩の軍事要塞といわれる瑞巌寺、藩の商業港・石巻港を執拗に見物したことが記されている（曾良は幕府の任務を課せられ、そのカモフラージュとして芭蕉の旅に同行したともいわれている。
English: Based on these theories, some view "the Narrow Road to the Deep North" as a report that describes the inside of the Sendai Domain, not a travelogue.
Japanese: これらの説から『奥の細道』は紀行本ではなく仙台藩の内部を記した報告書であるという見方もある。
English: There is a description of Basho MATSUO in two pages of textbook for second-year junior high school in Ukraine.
Japanese: ウクライナの中学2年生の教科書に2ページに渡り、松尾芭蕉のことが書かれ学習している。
English: In a game from Sierra, "Swat 2," a backroom manipulator of a terrorist organization who identify himself as 'Basho' and composes strange haiku (Japanese poems) in English.
Japanese: Sierra社のゲーム、「Swat2」には、「バショー」と名乗り英語のヘンな俳句を読むテロ組織の黒幕が登場する。
English: Nihonshoki (also referred to as Yamatobumi) is a Japanese history book established in the Nara period.
Japanese: 日本書紀（にほんしょき、やまとぶみ）は、奈良時代に成立した日本の歴史書である。
English: Unlike "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), "Nihonshoki" does not describe the background of its establishment.
Japanese: 『古事記』と異なり『日本書紀』には、その成立の経緯が書かれていない。
English: However, the later-established "Shoku Nihongi" describes how "Nihonshoki" was established.
Japanese: しかし後に成立した『続日本紀』の記述により、成立の経緯を知ることができる。
English: An article by Mizunoto-Tori, May 720 in "Shoku Nihongi" describes as follows:
Japanese: 『続日本紀』の養老四年(AD720)五月癸酉条には、以下のようにある。
English: What this means is as follows (for the reason why the title is "Nihongi" instead of "Nihonshoki," refer to the title):
Japanese: その意味は下記のことである（ここに『日本書紀』ではなく『日本紀』とあることについては書名を参照）。
English: Nihongi has been edited at the behest of Ippon (First Order of an Imperial Prince) Imperial Prince Toneri, now it is completed and thirty volumes of the history and one volume of genealogy are compiled and offered to the Emperor.'
Japanese: 「以前から、一品舍人親王、天皇の命を受けて日本紀の編纂に当たっていたが、この度完成し、紀三十巻と系図一巻を撰上した」
English: In the articles of Emperor An in "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty), a history book in China, there is a description on Wakoku (Japan) in 266, and also another description that Wakoku paid a tribute in 413.
Japanese: 中国の史書、『晋書』安帝(東晋)には、266年に倭国の関係記事があり、その後は5世紀の初めの413年（東晋・義熙9年）に倭国が貢ぎ物を献じたことが記されている。
English: During this period, there is no description in history books in China and no record of archeology, so that it is called 'the mysterious fourth century.'
Japanese: この間は中国の史書に記述がなく、考古学的文字記録は無いことから、「謎の4世紀」と呼ばれている。
English: Judging from Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) of the five kings of Wa, an inscription of the mirror of Sumidahachiman-jinja Shrine, and an inscription on an iron sword which was excavated from Inariyama-kofun Tumulus in Saitama Prefecture, et al., it is thought that characters were used in Japan in the fifth century.
Japanese: 倭の五王の上表文や隅田八幡神社鏡銘、埼玉県稲荷山古墳出土鉄剣銘文などから、5世紀代には文字が日本で使用されていると考えられている。
English: However, it is not clear whether characters were always used for recording in the Imperial Court in those days.
Japanese: しかし、当時朝廷内で常時文字による記録がとられていたかどうかは不明である。
English: Some people say that the discovery of kinsakumei tekken (an iron sword with gold-inlaid inscriptions) made the existence of the Emperor Yuryaku certain and that the traditions around him, especially after Emperor Nintoku, has an reality to some extent.
Japanese: 金錯銘鉄剣の発見により、雄略天皇の実在は確実であるとして、その前後、特に仁徳天皇以降の国内伝承にある程度の証拠能力を認めてもよいとする意見も存在する。
English: On the other hand, there is another cautious opinion that because the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, and "Joguki" (Record of the Crown Prince) can not be relied on completely from the viewpoint of positivism, the names and family trees of Okimi (king) before the Emperor Keitai are unreliable.
Japanese: 一方、実証主義的観点から、記紀や『上宮記』を全面的に信用することは出来ないとして、継体天皇以前の大王の名や系図等は信頼性に乏しいという慎重な意見もある。
English: According to the inscription of kinsakumei tekken discovered from Inariyama-kofun, it is true that local Gozoku (local ruling family) in the middle of the fifth century made a family tree for eight generations.
Japanese: 稲荷山古墳から発見された金錯銘鉄剣の銘によれば5世紀中葉の地方豪族が8世代にもわたる系図を作成したのは事実である。
English: In the same way, it is not certain that it recorded the facts accurately about the ancestors of the Imperial Family before the latter part of the fourth century.
Japanese: 同様に、4世紀後半以前の皇室の祖先については、事実を正確に記録していたかどうかは不明である。
English: Based on this description, there is a theory that characters probably began to be used commonly in the Imperial Court around 600 during the era of Prince Umayado (Prince Shotoku) and that there were no records of characters around the time of the enthronement of Emperor Keitai, which was only remembered as a tradition by the people of the Yamato Dynasty.
Japanese: この記述を根拠として、朝廷内での文字の常用はおそらく西暦600年前後、厩戸皇子（聖徳太子）の頃であり、継体天皇即位の頃については文字としての記録は無く、口頭での言い伝えとして大和朝廷周辺に記憶があったのみであるとする説もある。
English: In today's researches, the descriptions on the events before the Emperor Keitai in "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki," especially the year of edition, are thought to be inaccurate.
Japanese: 現代の研究では、『古事記』や『日本書紀』の継体天皇以前の記述、特に編年は正確さを保証できないと考えられている。
English: This can be guessed by the fact that there are three kinds of descriptions on the year of Emperor Keitai's death in "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" and that the editor of "Shoki" adopted the theory of 531 based on a foreign material, "Original records of Baekje."
Japanese: そのことは継体天皇の没年が『古事記』と『日本書紀』で三説があげられ、『書紀』の編者は外国資料である『百済本記』に基づき531年説を本文に採用したことからも推察することができる。
English: There were various family trees of the past Imperial family such as "Joguki" which recorded the family tree of the Emperor Keitai and others before the establishment of national history by Prince Shotoku which does not exist now.
Japanese: 皇室の歴代や系図の成立過程については、継体の系図を記録した『上宮記』や、現在は伝わらない聖徳太子による国史の成立以前にも各種の系図は存在した。
English: However, these are not accurate because only the names of legendary people were written as ancestors on various family trees.
Japanese: が、様々な系図に祖先として伝説上の人物を書いたもので正確な内容ではない。
English: Some people say that "Joguki," "Kojiki," and "Nihonshoki" were written based on these.
Japanese: これらを参考にして『上宮記』や『古事記』、『日本書紀』が作られたとする説もある。
English: If "Joguki" was established around 600 in the era of Empress Suiko, the year when Emperor Keitai (King Ohodo) died, that is, 531, was 70 years earlier than that.
Japanese: 仮に推古朝の600年頃に『上宮記』が成立したとするなら、継体天皇（オホド王）が崩御した継体天皇25年（531年）は、当時から70年前である。
English: In addition, it is thought that "Teiki" (a genealogy of the Imperial Family) and "Kyuji" (a record of stories current at court) which were the basic historical materials for the compilation of Kojiki and the Nihonshoki were established around the seventh century.
Japanese: なお、記紀編纂の基本史料となった『帝紀』、『旧辞』は7世紀頃の成立と考えられている。
English: In "Nihonshoki" there is a following record of 620, '是歲 皇太子,島大臣共議之 錄天皇記及國記 臣 連 伴造 國造 百八十部并公民等本記' (the prince referred to Prince Umayado (Prince Shotoku) and Shima-daijin referred to SOGA no Umako).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には推古天皇28年（620年）に、「是歲皇太子、島大臣共議之錄天皇記及國記臣連伴造國造百八十部并公民等本記」（皇太子は厩戸皇子（聖徳太子）、島大臣は蘇我馬子）という記録がある。
English: There are few reasons for the assumption that the Yamato dynasty at that time had accurate and enough records which could contribute to the compilation of history books.
Japanese: 当時のヤマト王権に史書編纂に資する正確かつ十分な文字記録があったと推定しうる根拠は乏しい。
English: Even if that compilation had been true, it is guessed that it had to have largely relied on oral traditions.
Japanese: その編纂が仮に事実であったとしても、口承伝承に多く頼らざるを得なかったと推定されている。
English: In addition, according to "Nihonshoki," most of the history books, "Kokki" (a National Record) and "Tennoki" (a Record of the Emperors), which were written by Prince Shotoku et al., were burnt down when Soga no Emishi and Soga no Iruka were killed, but others which escaped the fire were presented to the Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: なお、『日本書紀』によれば、この時聖徳太子らが作った歴史書『国記』、『天皇記』は蘇我蝦夷・蘇我入鹿が滅ぼされた時に大部分焼失したが、焼け残ったものは天智天皇に献上されたという。
English: Moreover, at one time the three books of Baekje (百済三書) were regarded to be edited in Baekje during the era of King Widok in the latter part of the sixth century in order to submit to the king of Wa (Japan) from necessity for diplomatic policy against Wakoku.
Japanese: また、かつて百済三書は六世紀後半の威徳王の時代に対倭国政策の必要から倭王に提出するために百済で編纂されたと見られていた。
English: It was thought that the editor of Nihonshoki put a high value on those original texts.
Japanese: 日本書紀の編者はその原文を価値あるものとして重んじていたと考えられてきた。
English: Therefore, it was firmly believed that if descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje were strictly chosen and combined, the real figure of the relationship between Japan and Korea could be objectively restored.
Japanese: だからこそ百済三書に基づいてる日本書紀の記事を厳正に選び、これを繋ぎ合せていくと、日朝関係の実像が客観的に復元できると固く信じられていた。
English: However, among those descriptions which were considered to be highly reliable, there are a lot of words of King of Baekje which show that he was a 'follower' who protected the emperor as follows; He governs 'the people' of the emperor and 'allotted' land, His country is a country of 'Miyake' which makes 'cho' (tributes) and serves the emperor and He hopes that the emperor will make Kaya countries which were originally 'allotted' land of the emperor but 'invaded' by Silla 'belong to the home place again' by an imperial order.
Japanese: しかし、そのように高い信用性をもつと考えられた記事の中に、百済王の言葉として、自分は天皇の「黎民」と「封」建された領土とを治めている、自分たちの国は天皇に「調」を貢いで仕えまつる「官家（みやけ）」の国、元来の天皇の「封」域を侵して「新羅の折れる」加羅諸国を天皇の命令で「本貫に還し属け」てほしいなど、自分は天皇の「蕃」（藩屏）をなす「臣」などこの種の表現があふれている。
English: Many descriptions of "the Keitai section" and "the "Kinmei section" based on it turn out to be nonsense without the assumption that the 'Japanese emperor had a large land in the Korean Peninsula.'
Japanese: それに基づいた『継体紀』『欽明紀』の記述には、「日本の天皇が朝鮮半島に広大な領土を有っていた」としなければ意味不通になる文章が非常に多い。
English: A description that says 'Original records of Baekje wrote that Alla is the father country and Japan is the home country' shows, 'the Japanese Mimana Government' is also described in it.
Japanese: 「百済本記に云はく、安羅を以て父とし、日本府を以て本とす、と」とあるように「任那日本府」もその中に表れている。
English: The directly controlled territory 'around 370' in the picture of 'the shrinking process of the territory of Minama' in Japan was determined by studying a story of 'the present' to King Baekje and an old place name of the 'allotted' land which King Silla invaded and putting the border on the most northerly line.
Japanese: 百済王に「賜」与したとか、新羅王が「封」域を侵したという地の古地名を考証し、その最も北に線を引いたもの、それがかつての日本における「任那境域の縮小過程」図の「370年ころ」の「直轄領土」であった。
English: That directly controlled territory was a vast area including Jeolla-do, the southern half of Chungcheong-do and the western half of Gyeongsang-do.
Japanese: その直轄地域とは全羅道、忠清道の南半分、慶尚道の西半分の広大な地域である。
English: However, it became clear that the common view which had been believed in Japan was wrong.
Japanese: しかし、それまで日本で信じられてきた通説は誤りに基づいていたことが判明した。
English: In "Records of Baekje" which was cited for the notes of "the Jingu section" and "the Ojin section," there are descriptions such as 'Silla did not serve "貴国." "貴国" dispatched Sachihiko and made him conquer,' 'Akueo 立つ, but "貴国"に礼なし,' and (Manchi MOKURA) 'came to our country, and went and came to "貴国," and '"貴国" of Japan.'
Japanese: 『神功紀』『応神紀』の注釈に引用された『百済記』に「新羅、貴国に奉らず。貴国、沙至比跪（さちひこ）を遣して討たしむ」、「阿花王立つ、貴国に礼なし」、（木刕満致は）「我が国に来入りて、貴国に往還ふ」「日本の貴国」などと記述されている。
English: The previous Japanese scholars thought wrongly that this "貴国" showed 'your country.'
Japanese: この「貴国」を「二人称的称呼」（あなたのおくに）とそれまでの日本の学者は誤解していた。
English: However, in the text of Nihonshoki, Japan is called '貴国' even in the conversation between third parties.
Japanese: しかし日本書紀本文では第三者相互の会話でも日本のことを「貴国」と呼んでいる。
English: The term "貴国" refers to the 'noble country' or 'divine land' reigned by the 'august emperor' or 'saint king.'
Japanese: 貴国とは、「可畏（かしこき）天皇」「聖（ひじり）の王」が君臨する「貴（とうとき）国」「神（かみの）国」という意味である。
English: The consciousness of 'Shinkoku' (divine land) controlled by 'a living god' appeared in the same period of the appearance of the terms of 'Japan' and 'emperor' in the text of the three books of Baekje and it was the era of the Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 「現神」が統治する「神国」という意識は、百済三書の原文にもある「日本」「天皇」号の出現と揆（原文まま）を一にしており、それは天武の時代である。
English: It is thought that it not only didn't exist in the latter part of the sixth century but also in the era of 'the Empress Suiko.'
Japanese: 六世紀後半はもちろんのこと「推古朝」にも存在していないと考えられている。
English: It is thought that the royal family and nobles of Baekje who moved to Japan after it was subverted from the end of the seventh century to the beginning of the eighth century compiled the history book of their home country again and presented it to the government of the emperor.
Japanese: 七世紀末～八世紀初めに、滅亡後に移住した百済の王族、貴族が、持ってきた本国の史書から改めて編纂し直して天皇の官府に進めたと考えられている。
English: Even if 'the original text' of the three books of Baekje went back that far, terms and meanings have to be understood in the context of the Japan of '交' in the seventh and eighth centuries and it is impossible to quickly go back to the contents of the original history book of Baekje.
Japanese: 仮に百済三書の「原文」にまで遡ることができたとしても、用字用語や評価、意味付けは、7、8世紀の交の日本において理解しなければならず、すぐに百済の原史籍の内容に遡ることは出来ない。
English: Anyway, the meanings of '交' in the seventh and eighth centuries have to be cut off overwhelmingly and the probability has to be guessed only by objective facts with taking enough precaution against the legitimization of the Baekje Dynasty side.
Japanese: とにかく7、8世紀の交の意味付けはこれを徹底的に排し、百済王朝側の正当化の論理に十分用心して、客観的事実のみから蓋然性の範囲を推測しなければならない。
English: This is because all royal family and nobles who were exiled after the end of the seventh century were organized as the followers of the emperor.
Japanese: 7世紀末以後の亡命した百済王族・貴族は、残らず全て天皇の臣下として組織されていたということがその理由である。
English: It can be thought that there was a 'small Baekje country' of 'King Baekje' who was installed as hanpei (protector of the emperor) by the 'emperor' at the Kudara County of Nanba until the middle of the eighth century.
Japanese: 8世紀半ばごろまで難波の百済郡には、「天皇」が藩屏として冊立する「百済王」の「小百済国」的実体が存続していた可能性さえ考えられる。
English: It is totally impossible to understand the descriptions of Nihonshoki based on the three books of Baekje without regard to the backgrounds such as the period under the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, the position as a follower of the emperor who led the compilation, and the expectation to maintain their political status.
Japanese: 根本的な事実である律令国家体制下の編纂という時代の性質、編纂の主体が置かれていた天皇の臣下という立場の性質、政治的な地位の保全への期待という思想性、それらを無視して百済三書に基づく日本書紀の記述を読むことは全くもって不可能である。
English: The land which was 'given' to King Baekje by the emperor was a vast area from Hongseong, Yugu, and Gongju in Chungcheong-do to the watershed areas of Yeongsan River and Seomjin River in Jeolla-do.
Japanese: 天皇が百済王に「賜」わったという地は、忠清道の洪城、維鳩、公州付近から全羅道の栄山江、蟾津江流域にまで及んでいる。
English: This almost corresponded to the territory of the nation which King Baekje had reigned independently and legitimately when Baekje was subverted.
Japanese: これは、滅亡時の百済王が独立して、かつ正当に統治していた国家の領土とほぼ一致している。
English: However, the royal family and nobles of Baekje of '交' who stayed in Japan in the seventh and eighth centuries stood on the position of followers who have had to express it as a delegation of the sovereignty by the emperor.
Japanese: しかし7,8世紀の交の在日百済王族、貴族は、それを天皇から委任された統治と表現せざるを得ない臣下の立場に置かれていた。
English: It is completely a fictional history which gives substance to these ideas and considers that 'Goryeo, Baekje, Silla and Minama' were 'the country which had a local government (官家)' that had land given by Japan (元) 'as followers of 海表' ("the Keitai section").
Japanese: このような観念を実体化して「高麗、百済、新羅、任那」は「海表の蕃屏として」「元より賜はれる封の限」をもつ「官家を置ける国」だった（『継体紀』）などというのは完全に虚構の歴史である。
English: There is no disparity in saying it as 'a small empire of eastern barbarians' which has 'directly controlled territory' and 'a protected state.'
Japanese: 「直轄領」と「保護国」とをもつ「東夷の小帝国」と換言しても事実認識に変化はない。
English: Since it is thought that some historical materials related to Korea in Nihonshoki were confused or forged, there are so many opinions.
Japanese: 日本書紀の朝鮮関係資料には混乱偽造があると考えられているため、実に様々な意見が提出されている。
English: Some questions arise against the descriptions of the Korean Peninsula in Nihonshoki.
Japanese: 日本書紀における朝鮮半島に対する記述に対しては疑問が指摘されている。
English: Kenichi KAMIGAITO has pointed out that it is common knowledge that it was compiled in order to raise the authority of Yamato and there are many fictional elements related to the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 上垣外憲一は、大和の権威を高めるために編纂されたのは周知の事実だが特に朝鮮半島関係の造作は著しいと指摘している。
English: He pointed out that as background reference, there was a need to save dignity at least in words because Nihonshoki was compiled soon after Japan was defeated by Silla at the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
Japanese: その背景として日本書紀の編纂が白村江の戦いで新羅に敗れてから間もないため、言葉の上だけでも朝鮮半島に威張りたいという心理があったと指摘する。
English: Koichi YAMAUCHI has pointed out the following; the Yamato Dynasty positioned Silla of the Korean Peninsula as a 'barbarian country' by the recognition of the world which put itself on the center and despised surrounding countries and the Sinocentrism which were introduced by China.
Japanese: 山内弘一は大和朝廷が中国から導入した自身を中心とし周辺国を蔑む天下的世界認識や華夷思想によって朝鮮半島の新羅を「蕃国」と位置づけた。
English: And since such recognition of the world also existed in Silla which accepted Chinese Civilization, it was merely a subjective recognition.
Japanese: このような天下的世界認識は中華文明を同様に受容した新羅にも存在するため、所詮は主観的な認識の次元だと指摘する。
English: Ren'an SHEN, a Chinese scholar, verified the reliability of Nihonshoki, and as a result, he has pointed out that it is not wrong to correct the descriptions of Nihonshoki with Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) which is the official history of Korea.
Japanese: 中国人学者の沈仁安は日本書紀の信頼性を検証した結果、朝鮮の正史である三国史記を以て日本書紀の記述を訂正することは相反しないと指摘する。
English: Hideo SUZUKI has pointed out the following; after the defeat at the Battle of Hakusukinoe, the vision to see Silla as a 'barbarian country' by the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes in the eighth century exaggerated the fact that 'Japanese followers of Alla' were controlled by King Baekje and that the dispatched army of the Yamato Dynasty was a kind of 'mercenary' of Baekje, and as a result, the historical idea centering on the existence of a 'Japanese government at Minama' and the subordinance of Baekje and 'Minama' which were '官家' of the Yamato Dynasty was established when "Ninhonshoki" was compiled.
Japanese: 鈴木英夫は『日本書紀』編纂時に白村江の敗戦を契機とする八世紀代律令国家の新羅「蕃国」視によって、「在安羅諸倭臣」は百済王の統制に服し、倭王権の派遣軍は百済の「傭兵」的性格を帯びていたという事実が誇張・拡大されて「任那日本府」の存在や倭王権の「官家」たる百済・「任那」の従属を核とする内容の史的構想が成立したと指摘する。
English: Kojiro NAOKI has pointed out the following; as opposed to Yamato which lost everything, Silla defeated even the Tang and achieved the integration of Korea, so that Yamato had a sense of crisis while it learned about advanced political systems and culture from the Silla.
Japanese: 直木孝次郎は何もかも失った大和とは対照的に新羅は唐をも破って朝鮮統一をしてしまったために大和は新羅から先進的な政治体制や文化を学ぶ一方で相当な危機感を持っていた。
English: The nationalism caused by such a sense of crisis appeared visibly at the time of compilation of Nihonshoki.
Japanese: こうした危機感から生まれたナショナリズムが、日本書紀編纂の際に形となって表れたと指摘する。
English: Toshikazu HORI has pointed out that there is a description on 'paying tribute to the court' by Korean countries in Nihonshoki, but all people coming from other countries were considered to be paying tribute to the court in Chinese consciousness.
Japanese: 堀敏一は日本書紀が朝鮮諸国の「朝貢」を記しているが、中華意識では到来するものすべてが朝貢だと指摘する。
English: There is a theory that the original name was "Nihongi" and another that it had been "Nihonshoki" from the start.
Japanese: もとの名称が『日本紀』だったとする説と、初めから『日本書紀』だったとする説がある。
English: The theory of "Nihongi" emphases that there is no character of 'sho' (書) in the above description on Mizunoto-Tori (kiyu), June 720 in "Shoku Nihongi" but characters for Nihongi.
Japanese: 『日本紀』とする説は、『続日本紀』の上記養老四年五月癸酉条記事に、「書」の文字がなく日本紀と書かれていることを重視する。
English: In China, history books written in Kidentai (biographical historiography) were called 'sho' (such as "Kanjo" (Historical records of the Han Dynasty), "Gokanjo" (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty)), while other history books in which the reign of the emperor was recorded in chronological order were called 'ki' (紀) (such as "Records of the Han Dynasty" and "Records of Later Han").
Japanese: 中国では紀伝体の史書を「書」（『漢書』『後漢書』など）と呼び、帝王の治世を編年体にしたものを「紀」（『漢紀』『後漢紀』）と呼んでいた。