nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Generally called hinin (literally, not human beings), people discriminated against in the medieval can be classified into kawaramono (literally, people living in river side areas), shuku no mono (literally, people at shuku (inn-clustered towns along a big road)), sanjomin (literally, people at various places), or Shomonji (itinerant performers whose work encompassed both Noh performance and religious rituals) (Shomonji (lower-ranked diviners)).
Japanese: 中世の被差別民は、一般的に非人と呼称されていたが、河原者、宿の者、散所民、声聞師（唱門師）などに分類できる。
English: However, as Zenami served the shogun at that time, they were not segregated from people with other social statuses to the extent during the early-modern times.
Japanese: しかしながら、一方で善阿弥が将軍に仕えた事に見られるように、近世ほど他身分から隔離されてはいなかった。
English: Furthermore, during the medieval period, social status was highly mobile, and these people were not confined within fixed hereditary classes, such as the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system and buraku (communities of discriminated people) in the early-modern times.
Japanese: また、中世は身分の流動性が非常に高く、五色の賤や近世部落のような固定化された世襲階級ではなかった。
English: Connections between these people and the five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system were mostly denied, but connections of these people with buraku in early-modern times during the Edo period has become a major theme of historical research.
Japanese: 律令制下の五色の賤との歴史的連続性については、ほぼ否定されているが、江戸時代の近世部落との連続性は、現在、歴史研究の主要な議論テーマとなっている。
English: The shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a shugo [a provincial military governor] dominates a territory) is a historical concept indicating a comprehensive control system of a territory by the shugo-daimyo (shugo that became daimyo, Japanese feudal lords) in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 守護領国制（しゅごりょうごくせい）とは、室町時代の守護大名による一円的な領国支配体制を指す歴史概念。
English: The shugo in the Muromachi period were initially (around the mid 14th century) appointed by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) once in several years, which resulted in the comparatively frequent alternation of the shugo-shiki (the post of shugo).
Japanese: 室町期の守護は、当初（14世紀中葉）、室町幕府から数年ごとに補任されており、守護職の交替は比較的頻繁に行われていた。
English: However, in around the end of the 14th century, the shugo-shiki was exclusively possessed by a certain clan that inherited the post of its province, which was called "monopolization of the shugo-shiki."
Japanese: しかし、14世紀末ごろになると、一定の氏族がその国の守護職を相伝（世襲）するという守護職の固定化が見られるようになっていた。
English: In addition, in the same period, the shugo-shiki came to assume a wide spectrum of authority ranging from military and police authority to the authority for gaining an economical profit, such as the authority to make an investigation and give instruction (kendan-sata) over three kinds of criminal cases (Taibon-sankajo, three major tasks for peacekeeping), the authority to investigate the karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally), the authority to pass delegation of the word, the authority to collect half of the nengu (land tax), the authority to provide confiscated land or land without a governor (called kessho-chi), as well as the authority to collect tan-sen (surtax on the rice fields) and munabechi-sen (surtax on the houses).
Japanese: さらに同時期までに、守護職には大犯三ヶ条の検断沙汰権、刈田狼藉の検断権、使節遵行権、半済給付権、闕所地給付権、段銭・棟別銭の徴収権など、軍事・警察的職権から経済的利得権まで広範な権能が付与されるようになった。
English: Compared with the shugo in the Kamakura period, whose authority was limited to military and police authority relating to Taibon-sankajo, Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), etc., the shugo in the Muromachi period had drastically expanded authority.
Japanese: 大犯三ヶ条と大番役などの軍事・警察的職権に限定されていた鎌倉期守護と比べて、室町期守護の権能は非常に拡大していた。
English: Thus, taking advantage of the monopolization of the shugo-shiki as well as the drastically expanded authority, the shugo in the Muromachi period strengthened the comprehensive (unified) control over the resident landholders (called "kokujin" [local lord]), lands, people (including peasants) and so on.
Japanese: 以上のように、守護職の固定化および権能の大幅な拡大を背景として、室町期守護は、領国内の在地領主（国人）、土地、人民（百姓など）に対する一円支配（一元的な支配）を強化していった。
English: Wielding authorities such as the authority to collect half of the nengu as well as the authority to collect tan-sen, shugo gradually encroached upon shoen and territories governed by kokuga (provincial government office) within their territories.
Japanese: 守護は、半済給付権や段銭徴収権などを根拠として、領国内の荘園・国衙領へ侵出していった。
English: Hanzei-rei (literally, Hanzei law) issued in the Oan era in the end of 14th century provided shugo with the authority to confiscate half of the land.
Japanese: 14世紀末の応安の半済令では、土地自体を半分割して接収する権利が、守護に与えられた。
English: Moreover, making a contract with the landholders of shoen and the kokushi (provincial governors) to pay them nengu from income, shugo virtually dominated the shoen and the territories of kokuga, which were called "shugo-uke" (the work undertaken by shugo).
Japanese: また、荘園領主・国司と請負契約を結び、収入の中から領主・国司へ年貢納入する一方で、実質的に荘園・国衙領を支配していく守護請（しゅごうけ）も行われるようになった。
English: Thereby, requesting the right to appropriate the land (called Shitaji-shinshi-ken or Tochi-shihai-ken [land ruling right]) of the shoen and the territories of kokuga nationwide, shugo gradually attained land.
Japanese: これらによって守護は、各地の荘園・国衙領の下地進止権（土地支配権）を主張し、獲得していく。
English: However, as these pushes made by shugo caused severe friction with the interests of the landholders of shoen, some landholders attained the right of shugo-funyu (privilege of forbidding shugo or its agent from entering the shoen) by appealing to the Imperial Court and bakufu, confronting the shugo.
Japanese: しかし、こうした守護の動向は、荘園領主の利害と真正面から対立したため、荘園領主の中には朝廷や幕府へ働きかけて守護不入権（守護またはその使節が荘園内に立ち入ることを禁ずる権利）を獲得し、守護と対抗する者も現れた。
English: Shugo started to expand their influence on the kokuga government as well as control over the kokuga's territories, compelling zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) to obey as the hikan (low-level bureaucrat, namely vassal), which was called "Hikanization."
Japanese: 守護は、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙行政・国衙領支配にも侵出していき、国衙の在庁官人を被官（家臣）とした（これを被官化という）。
English: At the same time, dominating the territories of kokuga and those of the zaichokanjin, shugo formed direct control territory called shugo-ryo (shugo's territory).
Japanese: それと同時に、国衙領と在庁官人の所領を支配下に入れ、自らの直轄地-守護領（しゅごりょう）を形成していった。
English: Shugo's control over kokuga was so remarkable in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) that shugo had almost finished gaining control over the kokuga by the beginning of the 15th century.
Japanese: 守護による国衙支配は、特に東国で顕著であり、15世紀初頭までに守護による国衙掌握がほぼ完了していた。
English: On the other hand, in Saigoku (the western part of Japan, particularly Kyushu region, but ranging as far east as Kinki), the Imperial household, kuge (court nobles), and temples and shrines that had a title to the territories of kokuga had invariably maintained a strong influence, which restrained shugo from interfering in kokuga too much.
Japanese: 一方、西国では国衙領に権利を有する皇室・公家・寺社の影響が依然として強く、守護の国衙介入はさほど進展していなかった。
English: However, through the implementation of "shugo-uke" and "Hikanization" of zaichokanjin, shugo came to control the kokuga effectively in the beginning of the 15th century.
Japanese: しかし15世紀に入ると、徐々に守護請の実施や在庁官人の被官化を通じて、守護による国衙の実効支配が進んでいった。
English: Thus, the authority of kokushi, which had been maintained since the enforcement of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), disappeared both in name and reality in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: こうして、律令制以来の国司の職権は、室町期において名実ともに消滅したのである。
English: Shugo that had controlled the kokuga governed their territories on the basis of Ota bumi (cadastre), a basic material for the kokuga government.
Japanese: 国衙を掌握した守護は、国衙行政の基礎資料である大田文による領国支配を行うようになる。
English: The Ota bumi enabled shugo to strengthen the control over the territories of kokuga and the shoen, which resulted in the further dissolution and collapse of the shoen-koryo-sei (the system of public lands and private estates).
Japanese: 守護は大田文に基づいて、国衙領・荘園への支配を強化することが可能となり、ひいては荘園公領制の解体・崩壊が一層進んでいくこととなった。
English: The resident landholder stratum, including the samurai stratum originated from jito (manager and lord of shoen) in the Kamakura period, was called "kokujin" in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 室町期当時、鎌倉期の地頭を出自とする武士層などの在地領主層を国人と呼んでいた。
English: Shugo tried to control the kokujin stratum including the aforementioned zaichokanjin in their territories by using the method of "Hikanization."
Japanese: 守護は、前述の在庁官人を含む領国内の国人層を被官化し、自らの統制下へ置こうとした。
English: Many kokujin became hikan, who formed the vassals belonging to shugo.
Japanese: 守護の被官となった国人は多く、これらは守護の家臣団を形成していった。
English: However, not a few kokujin organized the Kokujin-ikki (union) in cooperation with the myoshu (owner of rice fields) stratum immersed in farm management, peasants and others, in an attempt to keep individuality.
Japanese: 一方では独自性を保つために、在地の農業経営に専念する名主層や百姓らと連携して、国人一揆を結成する国人層も少なくなかった。
English: Especially, kokujin in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) had quite a strong inclination for independence, which was exemplified by the case that the shugo (the Hosokawa clan) failed to achieve the "Hikanization" of kokujin in Yamashiro Province, Tamba Province and other provinces despite having spent several decades.
Japanese: 特に畿内では国人の独立志向が非常に高く、山城や丹波などで、守護（細川氏）が数十年をかけても国人層の被官化を達成できない事例も見られた。
English: Shugo carried out "Hikanization" by providing the vassalized kokujin and others with territory and the privilege of collecting taxes and so on.
Japanese: 被官化は、守護が被官国人らへ所領や徴税権などを給与することで行われた。
English: Concerning the military service assigned to the vassalized kokujin, there were several cases that the service was imposed considering the scale of territory and kyubun (bonus), which suggests that the control over the kokujin had not yet been unified.
Japanese: 被官国人らへの軍役について見ると、本領分・給分ごとに課せられた例も散見され、国人支配がまだ一元化していなかったことを表す。
English: Most shugo were permanently stationed in Kyoto or Kamakura as key members of bakufu, leaving the actual territory management to the shugo-dai (deputy of shugo), who were selected from vassals under the direct supervision of shugo and the kokujin stratum.
Japanese: ほとんどの守護は、幕府の枢要メンバーとして京都もしくは鎌倉に常住しており、実際の領国経営は、直属家臣や国人層から選んだ守護代に任せていた。
English: With unrest spreading over the ruling system of the bakufu in the period of the Onin War to the Meio Coup in the late 15th century, some shugo-dai and influential kokujin held real power in ruling the territories instead of shugo.
Japanese: 15世紀後期、応仁の乱から明応の政変にかけて、幕府の支配体制が流動化していくと、守護代や有力国人が守護に代わって、領国支配の実権を握る例も見られるようになった。
English: Shugo controlled people nationwide by uniformly imposing taxes and duties such as tan-sen and munabechi-sen as well as shugo-yaku (service duty under shugo) on them.
Japanese: 守護の人民支配は、段銭・棟別銭や守護役などの課役を国内一律に賦課することによって行われた。
English: Tan-sen and munabechi-sen were originally accounted among land taxes uniformly imposed on people nationwide, which were collected by shugo under the instruction of the Imperial Court and bakufu aiming at raising extra money.
Japanese: 段銭・棟別銭とは、元来、朝廷・幕府が臨時経費の調達のため、守護に命じて国内に均一に賦課する租税だった。
English: Meanwhile, shugo-yaku meant various duties imposed on peasants in the territory by shugo in their own rights, most of which were performed by bu-yaku (labor service).
Japanese: また守護役とは、守護が独自に領内の百姓らへ賦課した各種課役であり、多くは夫役（労働課役）の形態を取った。
English: In the Muromachi period, people formed various unions including Kokujin-ikki (kokujin ryoshu [local samurai lord] union) formed by the people in the kokujin stratum, as well as soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association) and goson (autonomous village) formed by peasants living in villages.
Japanese: 室町期の人民は、国人層では国人一揆（国人領主連合）などの、村落の百姓らでは惣村・郷村などの結合形態をとっていた。
English: While all of the unions were controlled by shugo on the one hand, they were allowed to be independent to some extent on the other hand.
Japanese: いずれも守護の支配を受けていた反面、その独立性をある程度、守護から認められてもいた。
English: The control over people was not always strict in the shugo-ryogoku system, but it became stricter with the times.
Japanese: 守護領国制における人民支配は必ずしも強固なものではなかったが、時代を追うごとに人民支配は深化していった。
English: The shugo-ryogoku system was epoch-making in that it promoted comprehensive control, compared with the conventional ruling system under samurai families.
Japanese: 守護領国制は、それまでの武家の支配体制に比べると、一円的な支配を進めたという点で画期的だった。
English: However, as mentioned above, the shugo-ryogoku system did not always control strictly the kokujin stratum and the peasant stratum.
Japanese: しかし上述したように必ずしも国人層・百姓層などを厳格に支配していたわけではなかった。
English: With the social system becoming remarkably unstable in the end of the 15th century, it became necessary to apply stricter control system to territories.
Japanese: しかし、15世紀末から社会体制の流動化が顕著になると、より強固な支配体制を領国に布く必要が生じた。
English: Denying various disadvantageous terms such as the right of shugo-funyu, shugo that had successfully coped with these changes, as well as shugo-dai and kokujin that had ousted shugo, grew into Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period [period of warring states]) controlling their territories strongly and uniformly.
Japanese: こうした変化に対応できた守護もしくは守護を放伐した守護代・国人らは、守護不入権などを否認して強力かつ一元的に領国を支配する戦国大名へと成長した。
English: With the appearance of the Sengoku daimyo, the shugo-ryogoku system, for which the existence of shugo-daimyo was prerequisite, was changed and dissolved in fact, replaced with the system called "daimyo-ryogoku sei" (daimyo-ryogoku system).
Japanese: 戦国大名が登場すると、守護大名の存在を前提とした守護領国制も変質し、守護領国制は事実上解体されて、大名領国制と呼ばれる体制へ移行した。
English: It is mainly used in kachoga (painting of flowers and birds), and the technique is said to be the technique of Joshitai belonging to the lineage of Joki and Josushi.
Japanese: 主に花鳥画で行われ、中国の徐熙、徐崇嗣などの系統を受ける徐氏体の手法とされる。
English: Goteni (御典医) were doctors who belonged to Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine) in the Imperial Court, and were simply called teni.
Japanese: 御典医（ごてんい）とは、典薬寮に所属する医師のことであり、単に典医ともいう。
English: In extension, in the Edo period the doctors who were employed by the shogun family or daimyo (feudal lord) were also called by this name.
Japanese: 転じて、江戸時代には将軍家や大名に仕えた医師もこの名称で呼ぶようになった。
English: Goteni in the meaning of doctors of Tenyakuryo indicates, except Tenyaku no kami (the head of tenyakuryo) which was an honorary position, the doctors who were indeed engaged in treatment of emperors.
Japanese: 典薬寮医師という意味での御典医は、名誉職であった典薬頭を除き、実際に天皇の治療に携わる医師のことを指した。
English: In the early modern times, in most cases, when a private doctor was employed by the Court, he was given an official court rank at the same time and became jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility).
Japanese: 近世では優秀な民間医が典医に登用されると同時に官位を与えられ、地下人の身分となるケースがほとんどを占めた。
English: On the other hand, in the case of goteni of samurai, the doctors who got close with the shogun or hanshu (the lord of domain) to treat them were given a position of quasi-samurai.
Japanese: 一方、武家の御典医は、将軍や藩主と身近に接する立場で、武士に準ずる身分であった。
English: A geyujo is a document that, when an officer in a position is replaced with another person under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in ancient Japan, was issued confirming the change necessary for continuing office duties.
Japanese: 解由状（げゆじょう）は、古代日本の律令制における、官人交替の際の事務引継ぎ文書である。
English: No specification for geyujo was stipulated in the basic laws of Taiho Code and Yoro Code.
Japanese: 解由状に関する規定は、根本法令である大宝律令・養老律令には置かれていなかった。
English: However, shortly after that, the following system was introduced to supervise administration more thoroughly: When an officer was replaced with another person, the former officer made a document describing matters necessary for continuing office duties and handed it over to the new officer, and the new officer issued a certificate showing that he or she accepted the proper document.
Japanese: しかし、ほどなくして、行政の不徹底を防止・監督するため、官人交替のときに前任者と後任者が事務引継ぎを行い、前任の実績に問題がなければ、後任から前任へ事務引継ぎ完了を証明する文書を発給する制度が導入された。
English: Only after submitting a geyujo to Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies), is the former officer able to assume the next official position.
Japanese: 前任者は、解由状を式部省へ提出して初めて、次の官職に就くことができた。
English: The new officer can not issue a geyujo when the predecessor had not yet completed his duty (for example, land tax had not been collected), and in such a case, a geyujo was issued only after the duty was completed (for example, the necessary land tax had been collected).
Japanese: もし任務の履行不十分（例：田租徴収の未収納など）により、後任から解由状が発給されない場合は、任務を完全に遂行（例：未納田租の徴収）すれば、解由状が発給されることとなっていた。
English: Although it was not clear when the geyujo system was introduced, a mikotonori (imperial edict) for promoting the geyujo system was issued on May 26, 733 (according to "Shoku Nihongi" - Chronicle of Japan continued).
Japanese: 解由状の制度の導入時期は明確でないが、天平5年（733年）4月5日、解由制を奨励する詔が発令されている（『続日本紀』）。
English: This mikotonori included the description of the following situations: Although instructed to follow the geyu system thoroughly in 731, a former kokushi (provincial governor) at a province returned to Kyoto before his successor arrived at the province, and the former officer could not be appointed to the new position because his successor did not issue a geyujo.
Japanese: この詔には、天平3年（731年）に解由制の徹底を通達したにも関わらず、後任の到着前に前任国司が帰京したり、後任が解由状を発給しないために前任が次の官職に任命されない、といった状況が発生していたことが記されている。
English: Therefore, this mikotonori was issued to remind officers that they were responsible for issuing a geyujo and for submitting it to the Shikibu-sho.
Japanese: そこで、同詔によって、解由状の発行と式部省への提出を再徹底することが通達されたのである。
English: The geyu system described above was mostly concerned with kokushi, or more specifically, handing over a description of matters necessary for continuing office duties when a new kokushi was appointed.
Japanese: なお、以上のような解由制は、主に国司の事務引継ぎを対象とするものだった。
English: Emperor Kanmu, who was an emperor from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period, attempted to make kokushi perform his duties completely, and regulated in 782 that, if a government officer could not obtain a geyujo even after 120 days from when his successor arrived, the officer should be punished severely.
Japanese: 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期にかけての桓武天皇は、国司の任務遂行の徹底を企図して、延暦元年（782年）、後任が到着して120日経過しても解由状を得られない官司は、厳しい処分を受けることが定められた。
English: Furthermore, the kageyushi position for checking geyujo was introduced in around 797.
Japanese: さらに延暦16年（797年）ごろ、解由状の審査に当たる勘解由使が新たに設置された。
English: After that, the kageyushi position was once abolished, but when it was introduced again (in 824), the geyujo system was changed considerably.
Japanese: その後、勘解由使は一旦廃止されるが、天長元年（824年）に再設置されると、解由状の制度にも大きな変化が生じた。
English: Although formerly a geyujo was necessitated for kokushi alone, naikan (government officials in Kyoto) as well became necessary to have a geyujo issued when they left their positions, and became audited by kageyushi as well.
Japanese: 従前、解由状を必要とするのは国司だけだったが、内官（京都の各官職）も交替の際には解由状の発給が必要となり、勘解由使の監査対象に加えられた。
English: Regulations also covered when it was impossible to accept a description of matters necessary for continuing the office duties, in such case, the successor should issue a fuyogeyujo (literally, not giving a geyujo) instead of a geyujo, and the kageyushi should judge the situation.
Japanese: また、事務引継ぎが不調に終わった場合、解由状の代わりに不与解由状（ふよげゆじょう）を発給することとし、勘解由使の勘判に委ねることが定められた。
English: By the way, in the Heian period, the act of a predecessor accepting a geyujo was called "zuryo."
Japanese: ところで、平安期当時、前任者が解由状を受理することを受領（ずりょう）といった。
English: Therefore, the kokushi who actually lived in his area of responsibility in order to control it directly, not one who lived in Kyoto and remotely controlled responsible area remotely, became called zuryo.
Japanese: そのため、遙任ではなく、現地で行政責任を負った国司を受領と呼ぶようになった。
English: However, in the middle to the latter half of the Heian period, the trend of an office position monopolized by members of a specific family progressed, making geyujo for naikan gradually ineffective.
Japanese: しかしながら、平安中期から後期になると、ある官職を特定の家系が相伝する「官司の家職化」が進行していき、内官の解由状は次第に形骸化していった。
English: Furthermore, in the first half of the Kamakura period, control by zuryo became existent in name only and geyujo for zuryo went out of existence as well.
Japanese: さらに、鎌倉時代前期には、受領支配が有名無実化したため、受領の解由状も消滅していった。
English: Kotaishiki indicates the laws concerns the replacement of a government officer with a new officer under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, matters necessary for continuing the duties of the office and how they should be handed over to the successor.
Japanese: 交替式（こうたいしき）は、日本の律令官吏が交替する際の事務引継ぎに関する法規集である。
English: They were collected and compiled by Kageyushi, and the replacement procedure was conducted based on Kotaishiki.
Japanese: 勘解由使により編纂・集成され、官吏交替の手続きは交替式に則して行われた。
English: As early as the eight century when the Ritsuryo system was enforced on a large scale, a privately compiled book called 'Kotaishiki' existed, in which the laws and regulations concerning the procedures for replacing government officers, in particular, kokushi (provincial governors) (Shochoku - imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) were collected.
Japanese: 律令制が本格的に施行された8世紀のうちから、官吏、特に国司交替の手続きに関する法令（詔勅・太政官符）を集成した私撰の「交替式」と呼ばれる書物が存在していた。
English: Around 797, kageyushi was introduced to audit results of the administration when a kokushi (provincial governor) was to be replaced.
Japanese: 797年（延暦16年）頃に国司交替の際に行政実績を監査する勘解由使が設置された。
English: At that time, many problems concerned with the replacement of kokushi, such as "the procedures that were used were inadequate" and disputes between a predecessor and the successor, were caused, making it necessary to clarify the procedures for replacing a kokushi.
Japanese: 当時、国司交替に当たって手続きの不備や前任・後任の間の紛争が多発しており、国司交替の手続きを明確化する必要が生じていた。
English: Then in 803 SUGANO no Mamichi, a kageyushi, compiled "Sentei kotaishiki" (literally, selected kotaishiki) (Enryaku kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Enryaku era), approved by Emperor Kanmu and was handled as the rules covering official replacement of kokushi.
Japanese: そして803年（延暦22年）、勘解由使の菅野真道により『撰定交替式』（延暦交替式）が編纂され、桓武天皇の裁可を得て、正式な国司交替の例規として扱われた。
English: In 824 and later, naikan (officers living in Kyoto) in addition to kokushi (officers living outside Kyoto) were also audited by kageyushi.
Japanese: 824年（天長元年）以降、国司（外官）だけでなく内官（在京の官吏）も勘解由使の監査対象となった。
English: Around 869, "Shinjo naigekan kotaishiki" (literally, new kotaishiki for officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto) (Jogan kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era), in which laws and regulations concerning replacement of officers living in Kyoto as well as those outside Kyoto were collected, were compiled by kageyushi.
Japanese: 867年（貞観_(日本)9年）頃、内外官の交替手続きに関する法令を集成した『新定内外官交替式』（貞観交替式）が勘解由使においてまとめられた。
English: In the first half of the tenth century when Emperor Daigo tried to reconstruct the organization of government according to the ritsuryo codes and started the work to compile Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), kotaishiki was recompiled in the work as well.
Japanese: 10世紀前期、律令官制の再構築を図る醍醐天皇が、延喜格式の編纂事業を開始すると、その一環として交替式の再編纂も行われた。
English: Compilation started in 911 and was completed in 921 as "Naigekan kotaishiki" (Engi kotaishiki) (literally, kotaishiki in the Jokan era).
Japanese: 編纂作業は911年（延喜11年）に始まり、921年（延喜21年）に『内外官交替式』（延喜交替式）として完成した。
English: By the way, although it was called 'kotaishiki' (indicating a kind of 'shiki') from the time it was enforced for the first time, there is also the following opinion: According to the concept of 'kyakushiki' (kyaku indicates supplementary laws or regulations, and shiki indicates detailed rules for enforcing them) in the Ritsuryo laws, use of 'kyaku' is more appropriate.
Japanese: なお、施行当時より慣例的に「交替式」と呼ばれてきているが、律令法における格式のおける考え方からすれば、これは「格」にあたるのではないかとする意見もある。
English: Chigyo is a history-related concept indicating a territory-controlling right executed by territorial lords during the medieval period and early-modern times in Japan.
Japanese: 知行（ちぎょう）とは、日本の中世・近世において、領主が行使した所領支配権を意味する歴史概念。
English: Use of the term, chigyo, started during the Heian period, and the range of control indicated by 'chigyo' varied depending on each era.
Japanese: 平安時代から「知行」の語が使用され始め、以降、各時代ごとに「知行」の意味する範囲は微妙に変化していった。