nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: When Zennosuke TSUJI's "Tanuma Period" was published in 1917, Okitsugu TANUMA was considered a corruptible statesman, and a Tanuma villain theory was widespead.
Japanese: 近代には、大正6年（1917年）に辻善之助著『田沼時代』が発表されると、田沼意次＝「賄賂政治家」とされ、田沼悪人説が流通していた。
English: However, Tsuji valued the progressiveness of Tanuma's policies, and reevaluated him as a progressive statesman.
Japanese: ただし、辻は政策の進歩性などについて大きく評価しており、開明的政治家としての再評価も高まっている。
English: Shinsaburo OISHI and others considered that his bad reputation as a corruptible politician was a political creation of his opponents.
Japanese: また、大石慎三郎らは「賄賂政治家」という悪評は反対派によって政治的に作られていったとしている。
English: According to this theory, the historical document that was considered proof of the Tanuma villain theory was created by his political opponents after Tanuma fell from power, and its credibility was not verified in Tsuji's documentation.
Japanese: これらの説によると、田沼悪人説の根拠となる史料も田沼失脚後に政敵たちにより口述されたもので、辻の著作においては信憑性が検証されていないとしている。
English: The reason is that there is historical evidence that Tanuma declined a bribe from Shigemura DATE, the lord of the Sendai domain, while even Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, who criticized Tanuma, wrote that he had presented Tanuma with money and goods reluctantly.
Japanese: また、仙台藩主伊達重村からの賄賂を田沼が拒絶したという史料の存在、逆に田沼を非難していた松平定信さえも田沼にいやいや金品を贈ったと書き残していることなどをその論拠としている。
English: Bribery was a problem during the Edo period, and there is a theory that says it was less frequent than it is in modern times.
Japanese: また贈収賄は江戸時代通じての問題で、それ自体も近代以後に比べればかえって少なかったという説も唱えられている。
English: Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA confiscated Tanuma's private property after his death, but it is said that Tanuma had so little property that 'there wasn't so much as a dust mote'.
Japanese: なお、田沼の没後松平定信によって私財のほとんどを没収されたが、そのときには「塵一つでない」といわれるほど財産がなかったとの逸話もある。
English: The Kansei Reforms were started by feudal lords of hereditary shogunate direct retainer (fudai daimyo) and feudal lords of the Tokugawa family, and the policies of Okitsugu were negated.
Japanese: 田沼失脚後に老中となった松平定信ら譜代・親藩による寛政の改革が始まり、意次の政策は否定される。
English: In the Ogosho period, where the retired (but still de facto) shogun (ogosho) of Ienari TOKUGAWA, the 11th shogun, held power, Tadaakira MIZUNO, the son of Tadatomo MIZUNO, and Okimasa TANUMA, the fourth son of Okitsugu TANUMA, temporarily reevaluated policies based on mercantilism, but due to the extravagance of Ogosho Ienari, they produced little effect.
Japanese: 11代将軍徳川家斉の大御所時代に、水野忠友の子水野忠成と、田沼意次の四男田沼意正らによって重商主義に基づく政策は一時見直されるが、大御所家斉の浪費のためほとんど効果を上げることはできなかった。
English: Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA stuck to a policy of simplicity and frugality to the extent that he restricted even the patterns on the kimono of the common people, and, for better or for worse, some looked back on the worldly politics of Okitsugu TANUMA with nostalgia.
Japanese: 松平定信は庶民の着物の柄まで制限するほどの質素倹約な方針だったので、良くも悪くも世俗的な田沼意次の政治を懐かしむ声も見られた。
English: When Sadanobu assumed his position, the former poem grew popular, but when the reform proved too strict, the latter became popular instead.
Japanese: 定信の就任当初は前者の歌が流行ったが、やがて改革が厳しすぎるとわかると後者の歌に取って代わられた。
English: At present Tanuma was mainly discussed in the aspect of 'Tanuma as a senior councillor (roju),' but as a feudal lord of Sagara domain, he carried out very orthodoxical and reasonable policies, including the expansion of roads and ports, fire prevention measures (an order was issued to replace straw-thatched roofs with tile roofs after a great fire in Sagara), and encouragement of new industry.
Japanese: 現在の田沼論はどちらかといえば「老中としての田沼」を論ずるのがメインとなっている感があるが、相良藩主としての田沼に関しては街道や港の拡張、防火対策（相良で起こった大火の後、藁葺きの家はことごとく瓦葺にするよう令を発している）、殖産興業などきわめて正統的で当を得た施政を行っている。
English: Ieharu TOKUGAWA, who had promoted Okitsugu TANUMA, was deemed a foolish ruler due to his relationship with Tanuma.
Japanese: ちなみに田沼意次を抜擢した徳川家治については、かつては田沼とワンセットで暗君との評価がなされてきた。
English: The Tanuma villain theory has been denied today, and some think highly of Ieharu for Tanuma's promotion, but the evaluation of Ieharu has not changed yet.
Japanese: 田沼に対する悪人説が覆った現在において、その田沼を抜擢した事を高く評価する意見が一部に出始めているものの、未だ家治については評価が覆っていないのが現状である。
English: One of the reasons that Tanuma gained strong political power is that Ieharu did not actively take part in politics via the shogun dictatorship political system (in which the shogun administers the affairs of state through chamberlains [sobayonin] and attendants [toritsugi]) after Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: ただし、徳川綱吉、徳川吉宗以降の将軍専制政治体制（将軍が側用人・御用取次を通じて政治を行う体制）において家治が積極的な政治関与を行わなかったことが、田沼が強力な政治的権力を握ることになった要因のひとつでもある。
English: John Whitney Hall of Harvard University judged Okitsugu to be 'a pioneer of modern Japan' in 'Tanuma Okitsugu'.
Japanese: ハーバード大学のジョン・ホイットニー・ホールは「tanumaOkitsugu」において「意次は近代日本の先駆者」と評価している。
English: Heisuke KUDO, a doctor of the Sendai domain, presented Okitsugu TANUMA, then shogunate senior councillor (rojo), with ' (A study of rumors about Russians (Akaezo-fusetsu-ko)' in 1783 to prepare for threats from Russia, a northern large country.
Japanese: 仙台藩医の工藤平助は、迫りくる北方の大国ロシアの脅威に備える為「赤蝦夷風説考」を天明3年（1783年）、当時の幕府老中、田沼意次に献上した。
English: Tanuma tried to appoint Toshiaki HONDA as a member of the Ezo research group, but he declined the offer.
Japanese: 田沼は、蝦夷地調査団に、まず、経世家の本多利明を招聘しようとしたが、辞退されてしまう。
English: Tanuma seemed to like Gennai HIRAGA, a famous inventor, very much.
Japanese: 発明家として有名だった平賀源内のことを田沼は大変、気に入っていたらしい。
English: However, Gennai HIRAGA killed a man, so Tanuma denied all connection to Hiraga.
Japanese: ところが、平賀源内が殺人事件を起こしてしまった為、田沼は彼とのつながりを全面的に否定した。
English: It is said that if Hiraga had not killed the man, Tanuma would have assigned him as one responsible for the development of Ezo (present Hokkaido).
Japanese: もし、平賀が殺人事件を起こしていなければ、田沼は蝦夷地開発の責任者を平賀にやらせただろう、とも言われている。
English: The politics of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA provided an occasion to promote a monetary economy.
Japanese: 貨幣経済を振興しようと思ったきっかけは、徳川吉宗による政治にあった。
English: Yoshimune was concerned about the violently fluctuating price of rice, and it is said that Tanuma wondered whether the problem could be solved by promoting a monetary economy in Japan.
Japanese: 当時、米相場の乱高下に頭を悩ます吉宗を身近で見て、田沼は日本に貨幣経済を普及させて問題を解決できないか、と考えたという。
English: The dominant explanation is that Tanuma's economic revitalization policies were intended to control the distribution speed of money in the market.
Japanese: 田沼の経済政策は、市中に流れる貨幣の流通速度をコントロールして経済を活性化させる目的があったとする説が有力である。
English: If the simplicity and frugality of the Yoshimune period were continued, they would only, in modern terms, 'promotion of saving and keeping money under the mattress,' which would cause 'a continuing consumer slump.'
Japanese: 吉宗時代の質素倹約をいつまでも続けても、それは今風に言えば「貯蓄、タンス預金の奨励」であり、裏返せば「消費の低迷」であった。
English: Domestic demand (economic conditions) would not be stimulated and the financial affairs of the shogunate government would not improve.
Japanese: それでは、いつまでたっても内需（景気）は刺激されないし、幕府の財政も増えない。
English: If financial affairs did not improve, administration work would not increase and the shogunate government could not undertake public enterprises freely.
Japanese: 財政が増えなければ、行政の仕事も増えないし、幕府の公共事業も自由にできない。
English: For that reason, persons and recommended proposals were adopted, but it produced an era in which many speculators appeared.
Japanese: そのため、広く人材や献策を取り入れたが、「山師」の跋扈する時代を生むこととなった。
English: The policies he executed were often criticized as 'money politics,' but so far, no reasonable answer has been provided for the question of how the nearly-bankrupt financial affairs of the shogunate government at the time could have been recovered without carrying out mercantilism policies which resulted in bribery.
Japanese: 彼の行った諸政策を金権政治の一言で切り捨てる向きもあるが、「贈収賄の蔓延がついて回る重商政策を行わずにどうすれば当時破綻寸前だった幕府財政を立て直せたのか？」との問いに万人を納得させる方法論が未だ提起されていないのが実情である。
English: Clerks for the investigation and development of Ezo included the chief commissioner of finance (kanjo bugyo) Hidemochi MATSUMOTO and the head of the accounting section (kanjo kumigashira) Sojiro TSUCHIYAMA.
Japanese: また、蝦夷地の調査開発をすすめる事務方には、勘定奉行松本秀持、勘定組頭土山宗次郎などがいた。
English: Tanuma spent plenty of the government money on the development of Ezo, with scant results.
Japanese: 田沼は、幕府の潤沢な財政を蝦夷地開発に注ぎ込んだが、あまり良い結果は出せなかった。
English: After Tanuma's downfall, the Ezo development policy was abandoned and the persons responsible punished, but the shogunate government, anxious about frequent appearances of Russian ships on the sea near Ezo, made Ezo a shogunal demesne for the defense of the northern land.
Japanese: 田沼失脚後、松平定信は、田沼の政策である蝦夷地開発を中止し責任者を厳罰にしたが、その頃、蝦夷地近海に頻繁に現われるロシア艦船に不安を感じ、蝦夷地の天領化、北方警備に幕府として取り組み始めた。
English: Kiyotaka KURODA (November 9, 1840 – August 23, 1900) was a Japanese samurai, a feudal retainer of the Satsuma clan, and a politician.
Japanese: 黒田清隆（くろだきよたか、天保11年10月16日(旧暦)（1840年11月9日）-明治33年（1900年）8月23日）は、日本の武士・薩摩藩士､政治家。
English: Kiyotaka KURODA worked as retainer of the Satsuma clan towards the conclusion of the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, and in the Boshin War from 1868 to 1869, he took command of troops as staff officer in the battle line of Hokuriku, the area from Hokuetsu to Shonai, and also in the Battle of Hakodate.
Japanese: 薩摩藩の藩士として、幕末に薩長同盟のため奔走し、1868年から1869年の戊辰戦争に際しては北越から庄内までの北陸戦線と、箱館戦争で参謀として指揮をとった。
English: From 1870 to 1882, he supervised the development of Hokkaido as undersecretary of Hokkaido Development Commission and later as chief of the commission.
Japanese: 開拓次官、後に開拓長官として1870年から1882年まで北海道の開拓を指揮した。
English: In 1876 he concluded the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity), and in the Seinan War in 1877 he contributed to the release of Kumamoto-jo Castle that was surrounded by the enemy.
Japanese: 1876年に日朝修好条規を締結し、1877年の西南戦争では熊本城の解囲に功を立てた。
English: However, just before the Hokkaido Development Commission was abolished, he attempted to sell properties owned by the commission at unreasonably low price and was severely criticized.
Japanese: しかし、開拓使の廃止直前に開拓使官有物払下げ事件を起こして指弾された。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated during his term but he resigned in the following year because of his failure to negotiate treaties.
Japanese: 在任中に大日本帝国憲法の発布があったが、条約交渉に失敗して翌年辞任した。
English: He subsequently became a genro (elder statesman) before becoming a Privy Councilor, Minister of Communication, and the chairman of Privy Council (Japan).
Japanese: その後元老となり、枢密顧問官、逓信大臣、枢密院(日本)議長を歴任した。
English: Kiyotaka KURODA was born near Kagoshima-jo Castle in Satsuma Province in 1840 as the eldest son of Nakazaemon Kiyoyuki KURODA, a feudal retainer of the Satsuma clan.
Japanese: 天保11年（1840年）に、薩摩国鹿児島城下で薩摩藩士・黒田仲佐衛門清行の長男として生まれた。
English: The family of Kiyotsuna KURODA who was awarded the title of Viscount in the Meiji period held the hereditary rank of koban, producing documentation officers and teachers, and although they were of the same family as Kiyotaka, their blood relationship was distant.
Japanese: なお、明治期に子爵になった黒田清綱の家（記録奉行や教授を輩出していた代々小番）と同族であるが、遠縁であるという。
English: In the Namamugi Incident occurred in June 1862, he was at the scene accompanying his lord, but did not fight and stop other retainers drawing their swords.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）6月の生麦事件には、随行の一人としていあわせたが、自らは武器を振るわず、抜刀しようとした人を止めたという。
English: Meanwhile, Kuroda himself was one of the best swordsmen of Jigen-ryu school, and later achieved full proficiency under Shigetada TOGO, the head of the school.
Japanese: なお、黒田自身は示現流門下でも有数の使い手で、後年宗家の東郷重矯より皆伝している。
English: After participating in the Anglo-Satsuma War in 1863, he studied gunnery in Edo, and was conferred full proficiency.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）、薩英戦争に参加した後、江戸で砲術を学び、皆伝を受けた。
English: In order to realize the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance in 1866, he went to Choshu as envoy of Satsuma to explain the importance of the alliance, and arranged a meeting in Osaka between Takamori SAIGO and Takayoshi KIDO before visiting Choshu again as envoy.
Japanese: 慶応2年（1866年）の薩長同盟に際しては、盟約の前に薩摩側の使者として長州で同盟を説き、大坂で西郷隆盛と木戸孝允の対面を実現させた後、再び長州に使者として赴いた。
English: At the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in 1868, Kiyotaka KURODA fought as the first captain of the Satsuma Domain's rifle troops.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）の鳥羽伏見の戦いでは薩摩藩の小銃第一隊長として戦った。
English: In March of the same year, he was appointed a staff officer of Nagasachi TAKAKURA, the Suppression Governor of Hokuriku-do, along with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
Japanese: 同年3月、北陸道鎮撫総督高倉永祜の参謀に、山縣有朋とともに任命された。
English: When the Hokuetsu War broke out, Kuroda thought that they should make the Echigo-Nagaoka clan surrender and employ Tsugunosuke KAWAI, and sent a letter to Kawai but it did not reach him.
Japanese: 北越戦争に際して、黒田は越後長岡藩を降伏させて河井継之助を登用すべきと考え、河井に書簡を送ったが届かなかった。
English: After occupying Nagaoka-jo Castle, Kuroda made a plan to threaten the enemy from behind by advancing to Niigata via a sea route and thereby cut the supply of arms and ammunition to the enemy, and he landed at Matsugasaki leaving the main government force with Yamagata.
Japanese: 長岡城を占領したとき、黒田は海路新潟に出て敵の背後を脅かし、武器弾薬の補給を断つ作戦を立て、山縣に官軍主力を預けて自らは松ヶ崎に上陸した。
English: Then Nagaoka-jo Castle was attacked at night and the main government force was once defeated and withdrew, but Kuroda conquered the Shibata Domain and occupied Niigata, achieving their original aim.
Japanese: このとき長岡城が夜襲され、官軍主力は一時潰走したが、黒田は新発田藩を降し、新潟を占領して所期の目標を達した。
English: After the conclusion of the battle in Echigo, Kuroda planed a strategy to land on Akita Prefecture and capture Shonai from behind.
Japanese: 越後の戦闘が決してから、黒田は秋田に上陸して庄内を背後から攻略する作戦を立てた。
English: Then Takamori SAIGO joined and told him that the soldiers of the Kubota clan were so exhausted, and they changed the strategy to attack Yonezawa first.
Japanese: ここに西郷隆盛が合流して久保田藩兵の疲弊を告げ、米沢を先に攻めるよう変更した。
English: He temporarily returned to Kagoshima and was appointed service officer in February 1869.
Japanese: いったん鹿児島に帰り、翌明治2年（1869年）1月に軍務官に任命された。
English: When the Hakodate War broke out, Kuroda was ordered to become a staff officer of lieutenant general Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI in March, and he set sail from Tokyo in April.
Japanese: 箱館戦争がはじまると、黒田は2月に清水谷公考中将の参謀を命じられ、3月に東京を出港した。
English: Following the landing of Akiyoshi YAMADA on May 20, Kuroda landed on Esashi on May 30 and took command of troops in the last battle against the army of the former bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 4月9日に上陸した山田顕義に続き、黒田も19日に江差に上陸して旧幕府軍との最後の戦いの総指揮をとった。
English: In June, the former bakufu army was cornered in Hakodate and he internally made arrangements to save their lives.
Japanese: 5月に旧幕府軍が箱館に追い詰められたのを見て、助命のための内部工作を手配した。
English: During the general offensive on Hakodate on June 20, Kuroda commanded a small group of troops and occupied Mt. Hakodate to the rear before driving the enemy into Goryokaku.
Japanese: 11日の箱館総攻撃では、自ら少数の兵を率いて背後の箱館山を占領し、敵を五稜郭に追い込んだ。
English: After the war, Kuroda firmly demanded to save Enomoto's life, even by shaving his head to show his sincerity, and had a conflict for long time with those who demanded a severe punishment for Enomoto.
Japanese: 戦後は榎本助命を強く要求して、厳罰を求める者と長い間対立し、彼のために丸坊主になったこともある。
English: The punishment of Enomoto was finally determined on February 14, 1872; some people including Enomoto were suspended and others were released.
Japanese: 榎本問題は明治5年（1872年）1月6日にようやく、榎本らを謹慎、その他は釈放として決着した。
English: Soon after the war, Kuroda married Sei NAKAYAMA on December 24, 1869.
Japanese: 戦後まもなく、明治2年（1869年）11月22日に黒田は中山清（せい）と結婚した。
English: In response to the increasing threat from Russia in Sakhalin, he was appointed as undersecretary of the Hokkaido Development Commission in charge of Sakhalin in May 1870.
Japanese: 樺太でのロシアの圧力が増したため、明治3年（1870年）5月に樺太専任の開拓次官となった。
English: From July, Kuroda traveled to Sakhalin, formed a relationship with Russian government official of the area, inspected Hokkaido, and then returned to Tokyo.
Japanese: 7月から樺太に赴き、現地のロシア官吏との関係を調整し、北海道を視察して、帰京した。
English: On November 13, he submitted an opinion that Japan would lose Sakhalin in three years, and argued that it must strive for the development of Hokkaido.
Japanese: 10月20日に建議して、樺太は3年も持たないとし、北海道の開拓に本腰を入れなければならないと論じた。
English: From February to June, 1871 he travelled to the United States of America throughout Europe.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）1月から5月まで、アメリカ合衆国とヨーロッパ諸国を旅行した。
English: During the trip, Kuroda met with U.S. Agriculture Secretary Horace CAPRON, who agreed to go to Japan as adviser, and he also invited many other foreigners to work in Japan.
Japanese: 旅行中、米国の農務長官ホーレス・ケプロンが黒田に会って顧問に赴くことを承諾し、他多数のお雇い外国人の招請の道を開いた。
English: After returning to Japan, Chief Hokkaido Development Commissioner Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE resigned on November 27, and Kuroda played the role of Chief while serving as Undersecretary.
Japanese: 帰国後、10月15日に開拓使長官東久世通禧が辞任した後は、次官のまま開拓使の頂点に立った。
English: On June 23, 1874, he became lieutenant general and was appointed as Chief Commissioner of Hokkaido Ex-legionary.
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）6月23日、陸軍中将となり、北海道屯田憲兵事務総理を命じられた。
English: Kuroda launched a project to develop infrastructure based on the plan made by Capron, but it soon incurred excessive expenditure.
Japanese: 黒田はケプロンの献策にもとづき基盤整備事業を起こしたが、たちまち支出超過を招いた。
English: It bothered Kuroda, who reduced the scale of the project in 1873 and switched the emphasis on industry development, trying to obtain immediate results.
Japanese: これに苦慮した黒田は、明治6年（1873年）に事業を縮小し、即効性を求めて産業振興に重点を移した。
English: With regard to the seikanron (an opinion to dispatch a mission to Korea) in 1873, Kuroda opposed Saigo and some others as he took the position to emphasize internal politics.
Japanese: 明治6年の征韓論に際して、黒田は内治重視の立場から西郷らに反対した。
English: He also opposed the dispatch of troops to Taiwan because Japan was facing a threat from Russia, and after the dispatch was done in 1874, he argued that it should promptly have diplomatic negotiations with Qing in order to avoid a full-scale war.
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）の台湾出兵に際してもロシアの脅威をあげて不可の立場をとり、出兵後には清国との全面戦争を避けるため速やかに外交交渉に入ることを唱えた。
English: It the same year, he recommended Takeaki ENOMOTO as a mission to conduct negotiations with Russia, and the acceptance of this recommendation meant that ENOMOTO played the role of concluding the negotiation of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (Sakhalin-Chishima Exchange Treaty) as Envoy extraordinary.
Japanese: この年、ロシアとの交渉にあたって黒田は榎本武揚を使節に推薦して容れられ、榎本が特命全権公使として樺太・千島交換条約の交渉と締結にあたった。
English: After the Ganghwa Island incident in 1875, Kuroda concluded the Treaty of Ganghwa as the minister resident plenipotentiary who negotiated with Korea in February 1876.
Japanese: 黒田の方は、1875年の江華島事件をきっかけに、1876年2月に朝鮮と交渉する全権弁理大臣となり、日朝修好条規を締結した。
English: Because the matters concerning Sakhalin and Chishima fell within the jurisdiction of the Hokkaido Development Commission, Kuroda was in charge of completing the exchange under the treaty.
Japanese: 樺太と千島は開拓使の管轄であるから、受理と明け渡しは黒田の職務であった。
English: Juro MATSUMOTO (Hokkaido Development Commissioner) who was in charge of the Sapporo government resigned in opposition to the forced emigration.
Japanese: 札幌本庁を預かっていた松本十郎_(開拓使大判官)は、強制移住に反対して辞任した。
English: When the Seinan War broke out in 1877, Kuroda traveled to Kagoshima by sea in February and secured the area before retreating to Nagasaki.
Japanese: 明治10年（1877年）に西南戦争が起きると、黒田は2月に海路鹿児島に至ってここを確保し、いったん長崎に引き上げた。
English: Then Kumamoto-jo Castle was surrounded by the enemy, and the main government force coming from the north led by Aritomo YAMAGATA was struggling to release it.
Japanese: このとき熊本城は包囲され、北から来る山縣有朋の主力軍が解囲戦に苦戦していた。
English: Kuroda landed near Yatsushiro City in order to attack the enemy from behind, started a fight on March 30, continued to advance, and reached Kumamoto-jo Castle on April 15.
Japanese: 黒田は敵の背後をつくため八代市付近に上陸し、3月30日から交戦をはじめ、前進を続けて4月15日に熊本城に入った。
English: The next day, on April 16, when he joined Yamagata, he communicated his desire to resign from the position, and it was accepted on April 23.
Japanese: 翌16日、山縣と合流した当日に自らの辞任を請い、23日に辞令を受け取った。
English: The former legionaries who were trained by Kuroda arrived at the front in turn, and fought actively in the subsequent battles.
Japanese: 開拓使で黒田が育てた屯田兵は、入れ替わりに戦線に到着し、以後の戦闘で活躍した。
English: As there was a rumor at that time that a drunk Kuroda had killed his wife, Tokyo Metropolitan Police commissioner Toshiyoshi KAWAJI exhumed the body of Sei and confirmed that she had died due to illness.
Japanese: このとき、黒田が酔って妻を殺したのだという噂が流れたため、警視総監川路利良は清の墓を開け、病死であることを確認した。
English: There is also the opinion that Kawaji protected Kuroda because he was also from Satsuma.
Japanese: これについては、川路も薩摩出身であり、黒田をかばったという見方もある。
English: Kuroda started drinking excessively at this time, and sometimes became drunk and rowdy.
Japanese: 黒田はこの頃より酒を過ごすことが多く、酔って怒気を発することがあった。
English: While serving as Chief Hokkaido Development Commissioner, Kuroda was on board a merchant ship and, when he became drunk, tried to shoot the shore reef with a cannon on ship for fun (merchant ships of the time were also armed to avoid pirates) and killed a resident.
Japanese: 開拓長官時代、商船に乗船したとき、酒に酔って船に設置されていた大砲（当時は海賊避けのため商船も武装していた）で面白半分に岩礁を射撃しようとして誤射し、住民を殺めてしまったことがある。
English: In May of the same year, Toshimichi OKUBO was murdered and Kuroda came to be considered the most powerful person in the Satsuma domain clique.
Japanese: 同年5月に大久保利通が暗殺されると、黒田は薩摩藩閥の最有力者とみられるようになった。
English: In 1881, the abolishment of the Hokkaido Development Commission was decided, and Kuroda, in order to continue the commission's project, planned to make its officials resign, set up a business with them, and sell the commission's properties to the business.
Japanese: 明治14年（1881年）に開拓使の廃止方針が固まると、黒田は開拓使の官営事業の継続のため、官吏を退職させて企業を起こし、これに官営事業の設備を払い下げる計画を立てた。
English: Kuroda insisted that the special offer should be allowed to the business set up by the former officials who would not act from self-interest, but it was opposed by Shigenobu OKUMA who had established the regulations on sale of public properties.
Japanese: 黒田は、事業には私利で動かない官吏出身者をあてるべきだとして優遇を弁護したが、払い下げの規則を作った大隈重信が反対した。
English: When newspapers reported Kuroda's plan to sell the properties, opposition parties severely criticized it alleging that it had been plotted by Tomoatsu GODAI, who was a merchant from Satsuma and had a connection with the government (Kaitakushi Kanyubutsu Haraisage Jiken [Incident Concerning Sale of the Properties Owned by the Hokkaido Development Commission]).
Japanese: 黒田の払い下げ計画が新聞報道されると、在野はこれを薩摩出身の政商五代友厚のたくらみによるものだとして、激しく非難した（開拓使官有物払下げ事件）。
English: Ito, Kuroda and other Satsuma-Choshu Domain clique members believed that this information was disseminated by Okuma, and they ousted him in the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881.
Japanese: 大隈が情報を流したせいだと考えた伊藤・黒田ら薩長閥は、明治十四年の政変で大隈を失脚させた。
English: However, the sale of the properties was abandoned, and Kuroda resigned as Chief Hokkaido Development Commissioner and instead was appointed to a less important position, adviser to the Cabinet.
Japanese: しかし払い下げは中止になり、黒田は開拓長官を辞めて内閣顧問の閑職に退いた。
English: However, he remained a major figure in the Satsuma clique, was appointed to the Agriculture and Commerce Ministry (Japan) under the first Ito Cabinet in 1887, and became the second Prime Minister in April 1888 after Ito.
Japanese: しかし薩摩閥の重鎮たることは変わらず、明治20年（1887年）に第1次伊藤内閣の農商務省(日本)となり、伊藤の後をうけて明治21年（1888年）4月に二人目の内閣総理大臣となった。
English: The largest while he was in power was the proclamation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, but Kuroda himself was not involved in the constitution.
Japanese: 在任中もっとも大きな事件は、大日本帝国憲法の発布であったが、黒田自身は憲法制定に深く関与しなかった。
English: The next day of the proclamation of the constitution, he delivered a speech in Rokumeikan, insisting, 'the government should pursue its own way free from any restraints from the Diet and political parties,' which represented his principle called Chozen Shugi.
Japanese: この憲法公布の翌日、鹿鳴館において、「政府は議会・政党の意思に制約されることなく独自性を貫くべき」とする主張、いわゆる超然主義を表明する超然主義演説を行っている。
English: The Kuroda Cabinet collapsed in October 1889, after the negotiations to revise unequal treaty initiated by Shigenobu OKUMA resulted in failure and Okuma was assaulted.
Japanese: 黒田内閣は、大隈重信が主導した不平等条約改正交渉の失敗によって大隈が襲撃され、翌明治22年（1889年）10月に倒れた。
English: During the negotiations, he accepted the appointment of foreign judges in Japan as a condition for revising the treaty, but it meant accepting another unequal article and was opposed by the Japanese public (after Kuroda resigned, Naidaijin [Minister of the Center] Sanetomi SANJO concurrently served as Prime Minister for two months).
Japanese: 改正の条件に外国人の裁判官をおくという別の不平等をもってきたことが、国内の反対を受けたのである（辞職後2ヶ月間三条実美内大臣が首相を兼任）。