nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Because of this, a cloth used to temporarily keep the curve is also called 'obi'.
Japanese: このため、丸みが元に戻らないように仮止めしておく布のことも帯と呼ばれる。
English: A simple wrapping using brown paper or kraft paper to put together the printed materials after printing is called obi or obikake.
Japanese: 刷了後の印刷物を纏めておく、ハトロン紙やクラフト紙による簡易包装のことを、帯あるいは帯掛けと呼ばれる。
English: Flexi discs (flexible vinyl sheets designed to be played on a record player that were sometimes given away with magazines) and the like sold in book stores and vinyl records sold in record shops were wrapped in a strip of paper called an 'obi' or 'tasuki' (sleeve) that had information such as the name of the record, its price, and advertisements printed on it.
Japanese: 書店で売られていたフォノシート類や、レコード店で売られるレコードに付けられた盤名、価格、宣伝などが書かれたたすき状の紙を「帯」または「たすき」と言う。
English: They usually have the title printed in large letters, and catch phrases, standardizing numbers, and prices printed in smaller letters on the front, and on the backside, discographies of same kinds of music and advertisements of record players are also printed.
Japanese: 主に表面に大文字でタイトルが、小さめの文字でキャッチコピーや規格番号、価格などが書かれ、裏面には同系統のディスコグラフィや再生機などの宣伝が書かれている事が多い。
English: The same kind of strips of paper attached to compact discs are a little different in shape, but generally called 'obi' or 'cap.'
Japanese: コンパクトディスクに付属する同様の物は多少形状の違いはあるが一般に「帯」または「キャップ」と呼ばれる。
English: From the physical shape of obi, the word 'obi' is also adopted to things and concepts according to width, such as 'taiiki' (frequency range) and 'obi graph' (band graph) (both have the kanji, or Chinese character 'obi' on them).
Japanese: 帯の物理的形状から敷衍して「帯域」「帯グラフ」など幅を持った事物・概念にも適用される。
English: Sakura is the generic name of the Genus Cerasus of Rosaceae, excluding apricots and peaches, and refers to plants belonging to Subgenus Cerasus.
Japanese: サクラ（桜、櫻）は、バラ科サクラ属の植物のうち、ウメ、モモ、アンズなどを除いた総称であり、一般にはサクラ亜属(Subgen.Cerasus)に属するものを指す。
English: Cherry blossoms have attracted Japanese people since ancient times, by the white, rose pink, dark pink petals in the spring.
Japanese: 春に白色や淡紅色から濃紅色の花を咲かせ、日本人に古くから親しまれている。
English: There are 10 natural kinds of cherry blossoms including Yamazakura, Oshimazakura, Edohigan.
Japanese: 自然種としてはヤマザクラ、オオシマザクラ、エドヒガンなど10種ほどが認められている。
English: There are a lot of cultivated varieties which were developed to improve the number and colors of petals and appearance of flowers and how it blooms.
Japanese: 園芸品種が多く、花弁の数や色、花のつけかたなどを改良しようと多くの園芸品種が作られた。
English: Among them, the cultivated varieties of Yamazakura are collectively called Satozakura and those of double- flowered kinds are called Yaezakura.
Japanese: これらのうちヤマザクラの園芸品種を総称してサトザクラ、八重咲きの品種を総称してヤエザクラ等ともいう。
English: Especially Someiyoshino, which was developed in the late Edo period, has spread widely throughout the country since the Meiji period and been a typical cherry tree in Japan.
Japanese: とくに江戸時代末期に開発されたソメイヨシノ（染井吉野）は、明治以降、全国各地に広まり、サクラの代名詞となった。
English: In ancient times, Yamazakura (P. jamasakura) in mountains and double-flowered cherry blossoms were common.
Japanese: 古代では、山に咲くヤマザクラ（山桜P.jamasakura）や、八重咲きの桜が一般的であった。
English: In Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture, there is Kariyado no Gebazakura, the oldest Yamazakura in Japan, which has been designated as a special Japanese national treasure.
Japanese: 静岡県富士宮市に日本最古級のヤマザクラである狩宿の下馬ザクラがあり、特別天然記念物に指定されている。
English: Because it is the most familiar blossom for the Japanese people, it is considered one of the national flowers in general (not defined by law), and since the Meiji period the crests of cherry blossom have been attached to army and school caps and also used as badges of rank.
Japanese: 日本において最も馴染み深い花であることから、一般的に国花の一つとされ（法的に定められたものではない）、明治時代以降軍隊や学校の制帽や階級章に桜を象った紋章が用いられている。
English: March 27th is Sakura Day, as defined by Japan Cherry Blossom Association in 1992.
Japanese: 3月27日はさくらの日である（1992年（平成4年）から財団法人日本さくらの会が制定した）。
English: According to an explanation, Sakura derives from 'Saku' (bloom) and 'Ra' of plural ending and originally referred to all plants which had dense flowers.
Japanese: 「サクラ」の名称の由来は、一説に「咲く」に複数を意味する「ら」を加えたものとされ、元来は花の密生する植物全体を指したと言われている。
English: According to another explanation, sa of sakura derives from Sa, the god of rice plant and kura from Kura, the seat on which the god descends when the god comes to villages in the spring.
Japanese: また他説として、春に里にやってくるイネ（サ）の神が憑依する座（クラ）だからサクラであるとも考えられている。
English: Also it is said that 'sakura' derives from 'sakuya' of a goddess, Konohana no sakuyabime, who sowed seeds of flowers from the top of Mt. Fuji and caused them to bloom.
Japanese: 富士の頂から、花の種をまいて花を咲かせたとされる、「コノハナノサクヤビメ（木花之開耶姫）」の「さくや」をとって「桜」になった、とも言われている。
English: The times of flowering of cherry blossoms differ according to the species, but they bloom in mid-March at the earliest and in mid-May at the latest.
Japanese: 開花期は種によってばらつきがあるが早いもので3月中旬頃から、遅いもので5月中旬頃までである。
English: Yamazakura is in bloom until late March, Someiyoshino until early April, Yaezakura until mid-April and Kasumizakura until early May.
Japanese: ヤマザクラは3月下旬、ソメイヨシノは4月上旬、ヤエザクラは4月中旬、カスミザクラは5月上旬くらいまで花を咲かす。
English: As for the period of time of flowering, 'Someiyoshino' which is especially popular for Hanami (flower viewing) is shortest and the flowers fall only one week after the full bloom.
Japanese: 開花期間は特に花見に使われる「ソメイヨシノ」が短く、満開から一週間程度で花が散る。
English: If cold weather returns in the season of cherry blossoms, the cooled flowers live longer and if it rains after blooming, they fall earlier.
Japanese: 花が咲いた後に気温が下がる花冷えが起こると、花は長く持ち、咲いた後に雨が降ると早く散ってしまう。
English: In school grounds of elementary and other schools, Yaezakura trees are often planted along with Someiyoshino, because Yaezakura is in bloom longer than Someiyoshino, therefore people can see the flowers at the time of entrance into schools.
Japanese: 小学校などの校庭には、学生の入学時に桜の花が咲いているようにするため、ソメイヨシノに比べて開花期間が長い八重桜を混植することが多い。
English: The leaves of Genus Cerasus are mostly oval with serrated edges.
Japanese: サクラ属の葉の形は多くの物で楕円形であり、葉の端はぎざぎざになっていることが多い。
English: Cherry trees are often weakened when visitors break off twigs and branches at flower viewing parties.
Japanese: このため、花見の宴会でサクラの木を折る観光客の被害によってサクラが弱ってしまうことが多い。
English: If a tree has too many branches, it can be grown back by proper pruning.
Japanese: 一方、枝が混んできた場合は適切な剪定を行うと樹勢を回復する場合もある。
English: In Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, Someiyoshino was successfully recovered by applying the pruning technique for apple trees.
Japanese: 青森県の弘前市ではリンゴの剪定技術をサクラに応用することで同地に生えていたソメイヨシノの樹勢を回復することに成功している。
English: At pruning, unnecessary branches should be cut from the bases and the cut ends should be disinfected and protected by protective materials.
Japanese: 剪定の際は不要な枝を根元から切り取り、その傷口を消毒し保護剤で保護する。
English: There are relatively easily denatured kinds such as Edohigan, Yamazakura, Oshimazakura, which were therefore used often for improvements of species, along with the development of horticultural technology.
Japanese: エドヒガンやヤマザクラ、オオシマザクラなどは比較的に変性を起こしやすい種であり、このため、園芸技術の発達に伴ってこれらを用いた品種改良が多く行われた。
English: The representative example is Someiyoshino, which has the characteristics of both Oshimazakura and Edohigan.
Japanese: 代表的なものはソメイヨシノであり、この種はオオシマザクラとエドヒガン群の特徴を持っている。
English: Also, mutation of cherry blossoms of a twig is sometimes seen in Yamazakura and others, and the cutting is planted or grafted as a new variety.
Japanese: また、ヤマザクラなどは一枝だけに限って突然変異することもあり、その枝を挿し木や接木にすることによって新たな品種とすることもある。
English: It is assumed that people found the strong life force in the trees which 'bloomed in where nothing is.'
Japanese: この「何もないところに花が咲く」という状態に、古来生命力の強さを感じたものと思われる。
English: Japanese people are familiar with cherry blossoms as a symbol of spring, which signify the coming of spring when they bloom all together at the beginning of spring.
Japanese: 桜は、春を象徴する花として、日本人にはなじみが深く、初春に一斉に開花する特徴があり、春を告げる役割を果たす。
English: It is also a season word in haiku, and the blossom forecasts and prompt reports are signals of the coming of spring for Japanese people..
Japanese: 俳句の季語になっているほか、桜の開花予報、開花速報は春を告げる合図となっている。
English: After all the kinds of cherry blossoms finish falling throughout the country, it becomes late spring and the summer comes.
Japanese: 日本全土で全ての種類の桜が全て散り終わると晩春の季節となり、初夏がやってくる。
English: "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki", the oldest history books in Japan include the descriptions of cherry blossoms, and also "Manyoshu", the oldest anthology of waka poems includes poems of the blossoms.
Japanese: 日本最古の史書である『古事記』『日本書紀』にも桜に関する記述があり、日本最古の歌集である『万葉集』にも桜を詠んだ歌がある。
English: Until the Heian period, 'flower' meant 'plum blossom' in waka poems, but since the Heian period it has meant 'cherry blossom' along with the increasing popularity of cherry blossoms.
Japanese: 平安時代までは和歌などで単に「花」といえば「梅」をさしていたが平安時代から「桜」の人気が高まり「花」といえば桜をさすようになった。
English: While refined and tasteful things have been called 'Kachofugetu' (flowers, birds, wind and moon), since the Heian period 'flower' has naturally referred to cherry blossoms in Japan.
Japanese: 風流事を称して「花鳥風月」というが、平安時代以後の日本において、単に「花」といえばサクラのことを指すようになった。
English: It is famous that monk Saigyo, a poet in the Heian period, loved the moon and flowers (cherry blossoms).
Japanese: 平安時代の歌人・西行法師が、月と花（サクラ）を愛したことは有名である。
English: There is a legend that he died in the situation just like the poem.
Japanese: 西行法師は、この歌に詠んだとおりの状況の下、入寂したという伝説がある。
English: The saying 'Cherry blossom is the best among flowers and samurai is the best among people' was established by the Edo period, indicating that the image of Japanese people that 'Flower' means 'Cherry blossom' had been established before that.
Japanese: また「花は桜木。人は武士」という言葉が江戸時代までに成立しており、それまでに「花」＝「桜」のイメージは日本で定着した。
English: As mentioned above, it was often written in waka poems as a symbol of spring and pronoun for flower, and also in haiku world it has been used as a season word of spring from long ago.
Japanese: 上記のように春の象徴・花の代名詞として和歌によく歌われるほか、俳句の世界でも、古くから春の季語として桜が用いられてきた。
English: Basho MATSUO, the most famous haiku poet, wrote the following poem in the spring of 1688 thinking of the days during which he had served.
Japanese: 江戸時代の代表的俳人・松尾芭蕉は、1688年（貞享5年）春、かつて奉公した頃のことなどを思って次の句を詠んだ。
English: Norinaga MOTOORI, a scholar of ancient Japanese thought and culture, wrote a poem 'What is Japanese spirit? It is Yamazakura blossoms in the morning sun' as the concrete example of Japanese spirit of 'Mono no aware' (graceful, tasteful, sad feeling).
Japanese: 江戸時代の国学者、本居宣長は「敷島の大和心を人問はば朝日に匂ふ山桜花」と詠み、桜が「もののあはれ」などと基調とする日本人の精神具体的な例えとみなした。
English: Also in the Meiji period Inazo NITOBE wrote in the opening sentence of his book "Bushido" that bushido (Chivalry) is like cherry blossoms which symbolize Japan.
Japanese: また明治時代に新渡戸稲造が著した『武士道』では「武士道（シヴァリー）とは日本の象徴たる桜の花のようなもの」と冒頭に記している。
English: Annually the Meteorological Agency announces the coming of spring by 'the flowering dates of cherry blossoms' which are generally connected with line in a map called 'Sakura Zensen' (cherry blossom front).
Japanese: 例年、気象庁は、「さくらの開花予想日」と、開花予想日を線で結んだ図を発表して春の到来を知らせる（この図は一般に「桜前線」と呼ばれる）。
English: The flowering dates are of Someiyoshino except in the Nansei Islands and the large part of Hokkaido.
Japanese: さくらの開花予想日は、南西諸島や北海道の大部分を除いてソメイヨシノの開花日である。
English: Using those trees, the flowering dates are determined by various evaluations considering the temperatures measured in the winter and forecast temperatures in the spring.
Japanese: この標準木を用いて、冬期の気温経過や春期の気温予想等を考慮した各種計算を経て、開花予想日が決定されている。
English: When five or six buds of a standard tree begin to burst, the flowering is announced, which is called 'Kaika Sengen' (declaration of flowering) by the mass media.
Japanese: 標準木のつぼみが、5-6輪ほころびると開花したことが発表される（これをマスコミでは「開花宣言」と呼んでいる）。
English: In recent years, especially the mass media tends to pay attention to the flowering, and multiple media representatives often come to see the observations of the staff and to gather information during the season.
Japanese: 近年では、さくらの開花については特にマスコミの注目を集める傾向にあり、開花の時期になると、職員の観察を複数のマスコミが取材に訪れる様子がしばしば見られる。
English: It is sometimes reported from moment to moment such as the beginning of blooming, one-third in bloom, half in bloom, three-quarter in bloom, full in bloom, starting to fall.
Japanese: 樹木全体から見た開花具合によって咲き始め、三分咲き、五部咲き、七部咲き、満開、散り始めなどと刻一刻と報道されることもある。
English: Among flowering plants, viewing cherry blossoms are exceptionally called 'Kano' in some cases.
Japanese: 他の花の咲く植物全般に対して、桜のみを特に区別して「観桜」と呼ぶ事がある。
English: Theya re often planted along a street or river making a row, which makes a flower scene all around.
Japanese: 並木のように道に沿って、あるいは河川に沿って植えられることが多く、あたり一面が花景色になることも多い。
English: However, it is difficult to keep a cherry tree well because of the damages from pests and diseases and it grows up tall, so it is not so often planted as a garden tree.
Japanese: しかし、害虫や病気など手入れが大変で、大きく育つためか庭木にされることは少ない。
English: Some organizations which have cherry trees such as shrines and temples often hold cherry blossom festivals.
Japanese: また、神社や寺など桜を持っている団体が桜祭りを開いている例も少なくない。
English: Some ornamental cherry trees also produce red fruits, but they are generally not eaten.
Japanese: 観賞用の桜にも赤い実をつけるものがあるが、これは一般には食用とはされない。
English: The edible cherry fruit commonly called 'Sakuranbo' comes from Seiyomizakura, a western species which is also called 'Oto,' although 'Oto' originally refers to Shinamizakura, which is a different species from Seiyomizakura.
Japanese: 俗に「サクランボ」と呼ばれ、果実を食用とするものは、西洋系の品種であるセイヨウミザクラ（西洋実桜）で、これはしばしば「桜桃」（おうとう）とも呼ばれるが、本来は、「桜桃」とはセイヨウミザクラとは別種のシナミザクラ（中国実桜、支那実桜）を指す。
English: Pickled cherry blossoms in salt give a unique aroma and they are added on Japanese sweets and bean-jam buns as a kind of herb.
Japanese: 花（花弁）自体も塩漬けにすると独特のよい香りを放ち、ハーブの一種として和菓子・あんパンなどの香り付けに使われる。
English: Salt-pickled blossoms are open in a cup of tea or hot water and drunk at festive events.
Japanese: 花の塩漬けは、お茶または湯に入れて茶碗の中で花びらが開くことから、祝い事に使われる。
English: Sakurayu (salt-pickled blossoms in hot water) is often drunk at events such as weddings and formal marriage meetings in place of green tea, to avoid the situation of 'Ocha o nigosu' (making tea turbid – evading the point).
Japanese: 婚礼や見合いなどの席では「お茶を濁す」ことを嫌い、お茶を用いずに桜湯を用いることが多い。
English: Cherry blossom motif is often used for school badges of elementary and junior high schools and commercial high schools, and also for the crests of the police and the Self-Defense Forces and others.
Japanese: 花の形をかたどったものも多く、小中学校や商業高校などの校章をはじめ、警察、自衛隊などの紋章に多く用いられている。
English: The bark is able to be stripped off in a horizontal direction and the grayish and shiny surface is so beautiful to be used for the surface of wooden handicrafts.
Japanese: 桜の樹皮は水平方向にはがれ、その表面は灰色を帯びてつやがあって美しいため、木工製品の表面に利用される。
English: In addition, the bark is used as herbal cough and expectorant medicine called Ohi and also as dye.
Japanese: その他では生薬や染料として用いられている樹皮は桜皮（おうひ）という生薬になり、鎮咳、去痰作用がある。
English: There are three lineages - Edohigan distributed in Japan, and distributed in the Korean Peninsula since it had brought from Japan, Mushazakura distributed in Taiwan, P.changyangensis Ingram distributed in China - all with spherical swell at the lower part of the calyx.
Japanese: 日本と日本から持ち込まれ朝鮮半島にかけて分布するエドヒガン、台湾に分布するムシャザクラ、中国に分布するP.changyangensisIngramの三系統があり、いずれも萼（がく）の下部に球状のふくらみがある。
English: Edohigan (Tachihigan, Azumahigan, Ubahigan) which is in bloom around the spring equinox.
Japanese: エドヒガン（江戸彼岸・立彼岸・東彼岸・婆彼岸）-春の彼岸ごろに花を咲かせる。
English: It is one of the longest-lived species and many of them are designated as a precious natural treasure, including 'Ishiwarizakura' and 'Jindaizakura.'
Japanese: 桜の中では最も長寿な品種の一つで、「石割桜」や「神代桜」など、国の天然記念物に指定されているものも少なくない
English: There are two major lineages – Mamezakura and Takanezakura.
Japanese: マメザクラに類する系列とタカネザクラに類する系列に大きく分けられる。
English: The wild species include Tooka in China and Himarayazakura in Tibet, which blooms with red petals during the months of January and March.
Japanese: 中国の冬桜花、チベットのヒマラヤザクラなどが野生種にあたり、1月から3月にかけて緋色の花を咲かせる。
English: Five varieties centered in southwestern China and one variety in Japan are distributed, but those from Japan and China are considered different varieties.
Japanese: 中国南西部を中心に5種と、日本に1種分布しており、日本産のものは中国産のものとは別種と考えられている。
English: There are probably various species which have red or yellow ball or egg shaped fruits, but all of them are considered Shinamizakura.
Japanese: 実の色は赤や黄色、実の形は球形や卵形など多岐に渡り、様々な品種が存在すると思われるが、まとめてシナミザクラとして扱われている。
English: Tokaizakura, which is cultivated for cut flowers actively by flower growers near Hanamiyama-koen park in Fukushima City.
Japanese: トウカイザクラ（東海桜）-切り花用に福島市花見山公園近隣の花卉農家で盛んに栽培されている。
English: The time of bloom is about 7 to 10 days earlier than Someiyoshino and it is very beautiful in full bloom.
Japanese: 開花時期がソメイヨシノより1週間から10日ほど早く、満開時に咲き誇る姿は非常に美しい。
English: It is assumed to have been created from Oshimazakura, Yamazakura, and others, and the line of species are all called Satozakura and the species belonging to Satozakura are called Satozakura group.
Japanese: オオシマザクラ、ヤマザクラ等を元に作り出したと見られる一連の品種を総称してサトザクラと呼び、それに類する桜の品種を総称してサトザクラ群と呼ぶ。
English: Also cultivated varieties developed by human-beings are all called Satozakura in some cases.
Japanese: また、人が作り出した園芸品種を総称してサトザクラ類にする場合もある。
English: Satozakura group is created from different groups of cherry trees and therefore it is considered to not belong to any group.
Japanese: サトザクラ群は違った群の桜などを掛け合わせて作られたものであり、どの群でもないと考えられている。
English: Inuzakura and Uwamizuzakura of Genus Cerasus are also named sakura, but they have small spicate flowers which are very different from cherry blossoms.
Japanese: サクラ属に含まれるイヌザクラ・ウワミズザクラなどもサクラの名を持つが、花は小さく、穂状に着くので見かけは大きく異なる。
English: Hina-matsuri is an annual event of the seasonal festival to pray for the healthy growth of girls.
Japanese: 雛祭り（ひなまつり）は女性の子供のすこやかな成長を祈る節句の年中行事。
English: In Japan, Hina-matsuri used to be observed on March 3 on the old calendar (around present-day April) which was on the seasonal festival (the first day of the Snake month) in March, by the Japanese calendar (lunar-solar calendar), but after the reform of the calendar in January 1, 1873, the festival has been generally celebrated on March 3 by the Gregorian calendar (new calendar).
Japanese: 日本では和暦（太陰太陽暦）の3月の節句（上巳）である3月3日(旧暦)（現在の4月頃）に行われていたが、明治6年（1873年）1月1日の改暦以後は一般的にグレゴリオ暦（新暦）の3月3日に行なう。
English: In some parts (mainly cold snowy regions such as the Tohoku region) of the country, however, Hina-matsuri is still observed on March 3 by the old calendar (there are other regions that celebrate the festival on April 3 according to the new calendar).
Japanese: しかし一部（主に東北地方など積雪・寒冷地）では引き続き旧暦3月3日に祝う（新暦4月3日に祝う所もある）。
English: Hina-matsuri is a seasonal festival to display dolls centering around the doll representing the emperor called obina and the doll representing the empress called mebina with peach flowers, enjoying eating and drinking shirozake (sweet white sake), for example.
Japanese: 男雛と女雛を中心とする人形を飾り、桃の花を飾って、白酒(日本酒)などの飲食を楽しむ節句祭り。
English: The dairi-bina (literally, Imperial Palace's dolls) originally indicated the pair of the Hina-matsuri dolls, the obina and mebina; however, the mistakes of calling the obina 'Odairi-sama' and the mebina 'Ohina-sama' became a common practice due to the lyrics of the children's song 'Ureshii Hinamatsuri' (Happy Hina-matsuri).
Japanese: 本来「内裏雛」とは雛人形の男雛と女雛の一対を指すが、男雛を「お内裏様」、女雛を「お雛様」と呼ぶ誤りは童謡「うれしいひなまつり」の歌詞から一般化している。
English: It is historically unclear when Hina-matsuri started in Japan, but there are several theories about its origin.
Japanese: 日本の雛祭りはいつ頃から始まったのか歴史的には判然としないが、その起源はいくつか存在する。
English: Hina-matsuri in Japan is assumed to have originated in Kyoto since there is a record to show that the original festival was held as a courtly 'entertainment' by daughters of the nobles during the Heian period.
Japanese: 日本での起源は平安時代の京都で既に平安貴族の子女の雅びな「遊びごと」として行われていた記録が現存しており、もとは京都のものであったと推測される。
English: At that time, a small imperial palace-like mansion called 'yakata' is believed to have been prepared for display.
Japanese: その当時においても、やはり小さな御所風の御殿「屋形」をしつらえ飾ったものと考えられる。
English: However, this play was just a 'play' in every respect and was never ceremonial matters; in fact, the name of Hina-asobi (literally, small doll play) originated from it.
Japanese: しかし、それはどこまでも「遊びごと」であり、決して儀式的なものではなく、そこに雛あそびの名称の由来がある。
English: During the Edo period, the girls' 'doll play' was combined with the 'ceremony of the seasonal festival' with the features of the season, which spread across the country and dolls began to be displayed.
Japanese: これが江戸時代になり女子の「人形遊び」と節物の「節句の儀式」と結びつき、全国に広まり、飾られるようになった。
English: It was not until the Tensho era that this play 'Hina-asobi' was transformed into 'Hina-matsuri' as an event of the seasonal festival; thus, it is assumed that Hina-matsuri began to be held as purification during the seasonal festival of March from this era.
Japanese: この遊びである「雛あそび」が節句としての「雛祭り」へと変わったのは天正年間以降のことであり、この時代から三月の節句の祓に雛祭りを行うようになったと推測されている。
English: During this period, however, Hina-matsuri increasingly had a ritualistic aspect of having the dolls suffer all the present and future misfortunes in place of people in addition to the traditional aspect of a display, and the Hina-matsuri doll set was considered to be one of the bride's household articles for high-ranking females such as the daughters of samurai families.
Japanese: もっとも、この時代には飾り物としての古の形式と、一生の災厄をこの人形に身代りさせるという祭礼的意味合いが強くなり、武家子女など身分の高い女性の嫁入り道具の家財のひとつに数えられるようにもなった。
English: In the early Edo period, the tachi-bina (standing hina, or dolls), reminiscence of the katashiro (human-shaped paper used for prayer), and the suwari-bina (sitting dolls), also known as Kanei-bina (dolls of the Kanei era), were made, but they were still the display of a male and female pair of the dairi-bina.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期は形代の名残を残す立った形の「立雛」や、坐った形の「坐り雛」（寛永雛）が作られていたが、これらは男女一対の内裏雛を飾るだけの物であった。
English: As the time passed by, the dolls became more refined; the Genroku-bina (dolls of the Genroku era) in the costume of the juni-hitoe (twelve-layered ceremonial kimono) and the large-size Kyoho-bina (dolls of the Kyoho era) were made, and, being displayed in front of gorgeous gold-leaf folding screens, these dairi-bina were magnificent.
Japanese: その後時代が下ると人形は精巧さを増し、十二単の装束を着せた「元禄雛」、大型の「享保雛」などが作られたが、これらは豪勢な金箔張りの屏風の前に内裏の人形を並べた立派なものだった。
English: During this Kyoho era, the then government headed by a shogun temporarily banned large-size Hina-matsuri dolls to limit people's spending.
Japanese: この享保年間、人々の消費を当時の幕府によって規制するため一時的に大型の雛人形が禁止された。
English: By taking advantage of the situation, small state-of-the-art Hina-matsuri dolls (only several centimeters in size), called 'keshi-bina' (tiny dolls), became popular.
Japanese: しかし、この規制を逆手に取り「芥子雛」と呼ばれる精巧を極めた小さな雛人形（わずか数センチの大きさ）が流行することになる。
English: In the late Edo period, the 'yusoku-bina,' dolls clad in the exact replica of the elegant court costume of the Heian period, appeared, and the 'kokin-bina' (traditional dolls with new designs), the precursor of the present-day Hina-matsuri dolls, also appeared.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には「有職雛」とよばれる宮中の雅びな平安装束を正確に再現したものが現れ、さらに今日の雛人形につながる「古今雛」が現れた。
English: Afterwards, around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, new elements of the Hina-matsuri display such as bride's outfit, kitchen setting, attendant dolls serving for the dairi-bina, small tools, a palace, and multi-tiered platforms, were rapidly added to the original display of the pair of the dairi-bina, increasing the size of the display.
Japanese: この後、江戸末期から明治にかけて雛飾りは2人だけの内裏人形から、嫁入り道具や台所の再現、内裏人形につき従う従者人形たちや小道具、御殿や檀飾りなど急速にセットが増え、スケールも大きくなっていった。
English: The kanjo, also known as sannin-kanjo represent court ladies serving in the imperial court, and one of them has blackened teeth called ohaguro and shaved off their eyebrows (in general, a woman with blackened teeth and no eyebrows was married, but in the case of a court lady who remained single all her life, it is assumed that she was senior).
Japanese: 官女（三人官女）は宮中に仕える女官をあらわす、内1人のみお歯黒、眉無し（既婚者を意味するが、生涯独身の女官の場合には年長者という意味であろう）
English: The gonin-bayashi represent five musicians for playing the percussion ensemble for the Noh drama), respectively: their parts are the taiko (stick drum), the okawa (slide hand drum), the kotsuzumi (shoulder drum), the fue (Japanese flute), and the utai (chant) (in some cases, five or seven ancient court musicians are displayed in place of the Noh hayashi musicians.)
Japanese: 五人囃子は能の囃子を奏でる5人の楽人をあらわし、それぞれ「太鼓」「大皮」「小鼓」「笛」「謡」である（能囃子の代わりに5人、又は7人の雅楽の楽人の場合もある）
English: The dolls of the attendants represent the guard as well as the accompanying ministers Udaijn (Minister of the Right) and Sadaijin (Minister of the Left).
Japanese: 随身（ずいじん）の人形は随臣右大臣と左大臣と同時に衛士（えじ）でもある