nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A raffle where a loach or diving beetle is placed in a circular metal basin that is marked with different colored areas labeled win and lose.
Japanese: -丸い金属製の盥（たらい）に周囲に区切りを設けて区域別にはずれや当りなどの色分けをして、水を張り、ドジョウや源五郎（ゲンゴロウ）を中心に落として行う一種のくじ引き。
English: Tekiya were also called Shinno and are known as businessman while gamblers are known toseinin (gamblers).
Japanese: 的屋は神農とも呼ばれ、また的屋を稼業人、博徒を渡世人とも呼び別ける。
English: Mushoku tose,' a phrase which means to make a living solely from gambling, originally referred to gamblers with no recognized occupation and did not apply to tekiya.
Japanese: 「無職渡世」とは本来、職業が公認されない博徒を指し、的屋について言われることはなかった。
English: This derives from the different jurisdictions of the city commissioner and the temple and shrine commissioner in the Edo Period, and the divisions according to occupation can be seen on maps in placenames that have survived from that period.
Japanese: 古くは江戸時代の寺社奉行と町奉行の管轄の違いから来ているともいわれ、現在も地図上でその生業とする地域分けも江戸時代の名残が多く見られる。
English: As mentioned above, they had different beliefs, with tekiya worshipping Shinno, and gamblers worshipping Amaterasu Okami as the god of business, whether each believes which religion or not.
Japanese: また上記概要にも記述があるが、個々の信仰は別として的屋は職業神として神農を祀り博徒は職業神として天照大神を祀っている。
English: This was not unique to tekiya, with construction associations made up of carpenters, scaffolders, and tsuchikata (also known as doteninsoku, these were groups of civil engineers involved in land reclamation and levee protection projects in the Edo Period), longshoreman associations consisting of river bank and dock workers, ferrymen and so on, and transport associations consisting of messengers, palanquin bearers and packhorse drivers, and so on, all formed along similar lines.
Japanese: これは的屋特有のものではなく、大工、鳶、土方（つちかた）などの建設業団体や河岸、沖仲仕、舟方（ふなかた）などの港湾労働団体や籠屋、渡し、馬方（うまかた）などの運輸荷役団体と同じである。
English: However, the system of rewards that existed as part of their mutual assistance activities developed into what is now called 'minji kainyu' (essentially protection rackets) and which is seemed associated with the yakuza.
Japanese: しかし、互助活動に対しての謝礼の授受が今でいう民事介入と言う表現になりやくざと同一視される由縁である。
English: There were cases where, for various reasons, the 'niwanushi' (literally 'head of the niwaba,' they were kind of stewards), who organized and managed the Shinno Association of each district, was unable to ensure smooth operations.
Japanese: 各地の神農会を構成、運営していた「庭主」（世話役のこと）も、諸事情によりその円滑な運営をなしえない状態にあるものもある。
English: These days some organizations in certain areas operate as cooperatives licensed by the prefecture.
Japanese: 現在では一部地域において県の公認を受けた協同組合として活動している組織もある。
English: Even in this case, the director of the cooperative is usually also a gang boss or the president of some society, meaning that rather than associations for cooperation, they are associations for the boss's benefit.
Japanese: この場合においても、実際には○○組組長や○○会会長が協同組合理事長を兼任している場合が多く、協同の組合というより親分の私物の組合といった趣きが強い。
English: Rakugan is one of representative Japanese confectionery, and made by mixing flour of starch derived from rice or the like with starch syrup and sugar to apply coloring, and drying in a mold.
Japanese: 落雁（らくがん）は、米などから作った澱粉質の粉に水飴や砂糖を混ぜて着色し、型に押して乾燥させた代表的な干菓子である。
English: There are 2 explanations for its name whereby the first one is that it was named after one of the Eight Views of Omi 'Katata no rakugan' and the second one is that it was named after nanrakukan (dried sweets that existed during the Ming Dynasty era in China) with 'nan' being dropped.
Japanese: 名は近江八景の「堅田の落雁」に因んでつけられたという説と、中国の軟落甘の「軟」が欠落したという説とがある。
English: Add starch syrup and sugar to rice flour which has been steamed and dried, transfer the mixture into molds and let it dry in a temperature controlled chamber.
Japanese: すでに蒸して乾燥させた米（糒）の粉を用い、これに水飴や砂糖を加えて練り型にはめた後、ホイロで乾燥させたもの。
English: Add starch syrup, like in the method above, to rice flour which has not been heat-treated, transfer the mixture into molds, steam and let it dry in a temperature controlled chamber.
Japanese: 加熱していない米の粉を用いて1.同様に水飴を加え成型した後、セイロで蒸し上げた後、ホイロで乾燥させたもの。
English: The product made by the first method is what is generally referred to as rakugan, whereas, that made by the second method is referred to Hakusetsuko.
Japanese: 1.は通常落雁と呼ばれる物であり、2.は白雪糕（はくせつこう）と呼ばれるものである。
English: The recipe is based on that for nanrakukan (a sweet made by drying the kneaded mixture of wheat flour or rice flour and starch syrup and fat, which is said to have originated from the western and central Asia and to have subsequently been introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty era) produced in the Ming Dynasty era in China; the nanrakukan was introduced to Japan in the Muromachi period through the Japan-Ming trade (the trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China) and became popular along with the rise of the tea ceremony.
Japanese: 製法は明時代の中国における軟落甘（小麦粉・米粉を水飴や脂肪で練り固めて乾燥させた菓子。西～中央アジアに由来するといわれ、元(王朝)時代に中国に伝来した）に基づき、室町時代に日明貿易で伝わり、茶道の勃興によって広まった。
English: This nanrakukan still remains in existence in China today and, in Nagasaki City, there is rakugan known as Kosako which is considered to be the nanrakukan that was reintroduced to Japan in the Edo period.
Japanese: なお、中国にはこの軟酪甘が現在も存在しており、長崎市には軟落甘が江戸時代に再上陸したものとしてこうさこ（口砂香）と言われる落雁がある。
English: In the Edo period, the Kaga Clan implemented extensive incentive measures for the confectionery business in its domain whereby, as a result, manufacturing techniques for rakugan has much progressed in Kanazawa City, and Choseiden (celebrated rakugan presently made in Kanazawa City) is one of the achievements of the time.
Japanese: 江戸時代には加賀藩が大々的に製菓事業に対して奨励策を取った事から、金沢市では落雁の技術が進化しており、長生殿はこうした成果の一つである。
English: Additionally, some say that, since hoshi-ii (dehydrated cooked rice), the key ingredient of Choseiden, was an indispensable food in military operation, the Kaga Clan's incentive measures may have been an excuse to maintain an adequate stock level of hoshi-ii for military preparedness.
Japanese: なお、この原料である糒は軍事作戦には不可欠の食料であるため、奨励策は軍備維持における糒の在庫処分ではないかという説もある。
English: With its lord Harusato MATSUDAIRA (also known as Fumai MATSUDRAIRA) fostering the development of Japanese confectionery in conjunction with the tea ceremony, a type of rakugan referred to as Yamakawa (confectionery) was developed in the Matsue Domain, and is cited today in the List of the Top 3 Representative Japanese Confectioneries along with the above-mentioned Koshi no Yuki and Choseiden.
Japanese: また、松江藩でも松平治郷（松平不昧）が茶道と共に和菓子を奨励したため、山川(菓子)という落雁を生み出しており、前述の越の雪・長生殿と共に日本三大一覧銘菓として挙げられている。
English: As mentioned earlier, since rakugan has frequently been used as sweets at a tea ceremony and also as offerings during Buddhist events, it has become an old standby confection served with usucha (thin, weak tea made from tea powder).
Japanese: このように茶席菓子や供物などに用いられることが多かったことから、茶の湯では薄茶点前に供される定番の菓子となっている。
English: For the rakugan that is offered at a place of distinction as mentioned above, wasanbon (refined sugar made from sugarcane grown in Japan) or refine brown sugar with a low molasses content is used.
Japanese: このような高貴な場に供されるものは、糖類に和三盆、または精製された糖蜜の少ない黒砂糖が使われる。
English: In China, there is a thin rakugan referred to as yunpiangao.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国には、雲片糕（ユンピエンガオ、yúnpiàngāo）と呼ばれる、薄手の落雁がある。
English: Ryuteki flute is a transverse flute made of a bamboo tube with 'Utaguchi' (mouthpiece) and seven tone holes.
Japanese: 龍笛は竹の管で作られ、表側に「歌口（うたぐち）」と7つの「音孔（ゆびあな）」を持つ横笛である。
English: Ryuteki flute is also believed to be a prototype and origin of all Japanese transverse flutes, such as flutes used in Noh hayashi (percussion ensemble) and shino-bue (Japanese bamboo flute).
Japanese: 能囃子、篠笛など和楽器の横笛全般の原型・先祖であるとも考えられている。
English: The name of Ryuteki flute (literally means a dragon flute) is derived from its tone, which is compared to 'a roar of the rising dragon,' sounding as if there is no barrier between the lowest pitch and the highest pitch
Japanese: 低い音から高い音の間を縦横無尽に駆け抜けるその音色は「舞い立ち昇る龍の鳴き声」と例えられ、それが名前の由来となっている。
English: There are many episodes relating to Ryuteki flute in the stories about Emperor Horikawa, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, MINAMOTO no Hiromasa and so on.
Japanese: 堀河天皇や源義経、源博雅（みなもとのひろまさ）などの、龍笛にまつわるエピソードはいくつも伝えられている。
English: Moreover, Seishonagon also wrote in "Makura no soshi" (an essay written in the Heian period), 'I love the sound of flute very much among various music instruments.'
Japanese: また、清少納言も『枕草子』の中で、「楽器の中では、笛がとても良い」と書いている。
English: In a concert, Hichiriki flute players play a main melody, while Ryuteki flute players produce such sounds that they match the main melody.
Japanese: 合奏では、主旋律を篳篥が担当し、龍笛はその音域の広さを活かし、主旋律に絡み合うように演奏する。
English: The leader of the Ryuteki flute players in the composition, called Ondo or Shukan, takes charge of this solo performance.
Japanese: このソロ演奏は、その楽曲の龍笛パートのリーダー（音頭、または主管とも呼ぶ）が担当する。
English: It is believed that Ryuteki flute was exported via the Silk Road to become the prototype of flute in Europe.
Japanese: 龍笛はシルクロードを伝わって、ヨーロッパでフルートになったといわれている。
English: A hand-drawn dyeing using a resisting agent made from starch (rice) was originally called yuzen, but now clothes dyed with models or printed with a pattern modeling yuzen are often sold under the name of yuzen.
Japanese: 本来でんぷん質（米製）の防染剤を用いる手書きの染色を友禅と呼ぶが、現在は型染めや友禅を模した模様をプリントしたものも友禅と言う名称で販売されていることが多い。
English: The name was allegedly taken after Yuzensai MIYAZAKI, a painter of folding fans in the Edo period who was the founder.
Japanese: 名称は創始者である江戸時代の扇絵師・宮崎友禅斎から名づけられたといわれる。
English: He brought the technique of Kyo-Yuzen that he started into Kanazawa, the castle town of Kaga Domain (present Ishikawa Prefecture), and the technique was developed into a unique style, which is called Kaga-Yuzen.
Japanese: 彼の創始した京友禅の技法を本人が加賀藩（現在の石川県）の城下町金沢に持ち込んで独自の発展を遂げたものを加賀友禅という。
English: In Meiji Period, Jisuke HIROSE invented 'Katagami Yuzen' (Yuzen-style printed silk using cutting paper patterns) employing a printing technique, which broadened the popularity of yuzen.
Japanese: 明治時代には、広瀬治助が捺染の技法を用いた「型紙友禅」を考案し、友禅染の裾野を広げた。
English: Yuzen is characterized by drawing patterns of rounded and simplified animals, plants, utensils, and landscapes, which are called 'yuzen pattern,' using as many colors on a single plane of a cloth as never seen in any dyeing techniques in the world.
Japanese: 一つの布の面に世界の染色の中でも類を見ないほどの多彩な色彩を使い、「友禅模様」と呼ばれる曲線的で簡略化された動植物、器物、風景などの文様を描き出すのが特徴。
English: Because the inventor was a painter, seitai (a blue pigment used for Japanese painting) and hikari-beni, also referred to as tsuya-beni (a red pigment made from safflowers), used for Japanese painting were used to color the patterns.
Japanese: 考案者が絵師であったこともあって、当時は日本画の顔料として使われる青黛や艶紅などを柄の彩色に使用した。
English: Due to the development of a chemical dye found in 1856, the coloring of the patterns were developed into numerous variations.
Japanese: 1856年に発見された化学染料の発達によって模様の彩色は多岐に発達した。
English: It generally decorates costumes sufficiently on its own, but sometimes it is combined with a tie-dyeing technique using a pattern of tiny rings, embroidery, and kinsai (gold dyeing) for especially gorgeous costumes such as furisode (a long sleeved type of kimono).
Japanese: 普通は単独で十分に衣装を装飾するが振袖などの特に晴れがましい衣装の場合は鹿の子絞りや刺繍、金彩などを併用することもある。
English: The authentic hand-drawn yuzen, which is also referred to as 'Hon-Yuzen,' is produced through many steps, and there are cases where an artist creates an original yuzen, and where it is produced by artisans based on the division of labor.
Japanese: 本友禅とも呼ばれる本格的な手描き友禅は多くの工程によって成り立つが、作家がオリジナルの創作を行う場合と職人の分業によって製作される場合がある。
English: In the case of the division of labor, first a dyeing artisan draws a preliminary sketch with reference to a huge amount of design samples stored in the workshop.
Japanese: 分業の場合、まず染め職人が工房に保管してある膨大な図案見本を参考に、下絵を書き始める。
English: At this time, pigments extracted from petals of oboshi-bana flower, or big cap flower, which is highly soluble in water, is used as ink for the preliminary sketch so as not to effect the finish.
Japanese: このとき染め上がりに影響しないように、水に弱いツユクサ科のオオボウシバナの花弁から抽出した色素が下絵用のインクとして使われる。
English: Next, contours are precisely drawn with the resisting agent such as rice glue or rubber glue over the drawn preliminary sketch.
Japanese: 次に、描かれた下絵の上から米糊やゴム糊などの防染剤で正確に輪郭線を置いていく。
English: Drawing a line with a constant thickness with a brass tip attached to a paper cylinder treated with astringent persimmon juice requires great skill.
Japanese: 渋紙で作られた筒などに真鍮の金具をつけ、金具の細い先で常に一定の太さの線を引くのはかなりの熟練が必要とされる作業。
English: The line is referred to as 'itome,' and it leaves a white line along the itome in the contours of the pattern when the cloth is dyed, which is the most typical feature of yuzen.
Japanese: この線を「糸目」といい、染め上がったときに模様の輪郭に糸目状の白い線が見られ、友禅染のもっとも大きな特徴となっている。
English: Applying a dye to the pattern finished with the contours using a brush is a step called 'irosashi' (literally 'applying color').
Japanese: 輪郭が完成した模様に筆や刷毛で染料を染め付けていくのが「色挿し」と呼ばれる工程である。
English: Although chemical dyes are used these days, natural dyes including plant-derived dyes such as indigo, safflower, suo (dark red), akane (madder), shikon (lithospermum root used for purple color), and kariyasu (Miscanthus tinctorius), and animal dyes such as enji mushi (cochineal) were used in the past.
Japanese: 現在は化学染料が使われているが、かってはアイ(植物)や紅花、蘇芳、茜、紫根、刈安などの植物染料、臙脂虫などの動物染料のような天然由来の染料を用いていた。
English: Once a color is applied, the next color cannot be applied until the previously used dye dries to prevent the colors from running.
Japanese: 一つの色を染めてしまうと色がにじんで混ざるのを防ぐために乾くまで次の色には移らない。
English: The dyes are fixed to the cloth by applying steam of 80 ℃ or higher for 20 to 40 minutes.
Japanese: 80℃以上の高温で20分から40分、蒸気を当てることによって生地に染料を定着させる。
English: After carefully covering the entire pattern with the same resisting agent as used on the contours ('fusenori'), the cloth is dyed with the base color.
Japanese: 輪郭にも使った防染剤で丁寧に模様全体を覆った後に（「伏せ糊」）地の色の染料を染める。
English: To dye the cloth so that the base color is precisely the same shade between connecting pieces when sewn into a kimono, jizome is performed by a skilled dyeing artisan.
Japanese: 地染めは着物に仕立てたときに縫い合わせた左右両方の生地の色が同じになるように染めるため、熟練した染職人が行うことが多い。
English: To use a dye produced by fermenting a raw material such as indigo, the dyeing process must be performed in a hot and humid environment so as to activate the enzyme, so the work is generally done in the summer.
Japanese: 藍などのような原料を発酵させて得る染料の場合は特に酵素の活性を高めるために高温多湿の環境で染色を行わねばならないため、作業は夏ごろ行われることが多い。
English: The famous 'Yuzen Nagashi' is the process of removing glues and extra dyes in a clean river.
Japanese: 有名な「友禅流し」とは水のきれいな川で糊や余分な染料を落とす工程のこと。
English: Unlike the steps of dyeing, it is generally performed in cold winter, and the cloth is often washed in melted snow water in Kanazawa located in a snowy area.
Japanese: 染めの工程とは違って厳冬のころ行うことが多く雪国の金沢では雪解け水にさらすこともある。
English: However, due to the water pollution and the like, it is now performed in artificial rivers (facilities) of professional corporations in most cases.
Japanese: しかし現在は河川の汚れなどもあり、ほとんどが専門業者の人工の川（施設）で行われている。
English: It was said in the past that grading colors from the contours of a flower or a leaf to the center was Kaga style and that the opposite type was Kyoto style, but now there is no clear rule except characterization is made with respect to each production area or each production company for differentiation of the patterns.
Japanese: 花や葉の模様の輪郭から中心に向かって色をぼかすのが加賀風、その逆が京都風と言われたことも過去にはあったが、現在は模様の区別化のため産地や業者によって特徴づけがなされる程度で明確な決まりは無い。
English: The pattern dyeing and the base dyeing may be repeated several times depending on the design, and sometimes minute sections such as the center of a flower, the eye of an animal, a pattern of wings of a bird or an antenna of an insect may be finished with black ink or pigments and additionally decorated with kindei (gold paint), foil, or embroidery at the end.
Japanese: 図案によっては、こうした模様付けや地色染めが数回繰り返される場合もあり、最後に花の中心部分や動物の目、鳥の羽の模様、昆虫の触角などの細かい部分を墨や顔料で仕上げ、金泥、箔、刺繍などで加飾する場合もある。
English: Even the yuzen dyeing with patterns capable of producing a certain amount requires time and effort to use many pattern papers for each color to be used.
Japanese: ある程度量産できる型染め友禅でも、必要とする色毎に何枚もの型紙を使い分けていく手間がかかる。
English: In Japan, a finished kimono was regarded as a kind of property taken over from a mother to a daughter.
Japanese: 日本では出来上がった着物は母から娘へと引き継がれていく一種の財産とみなされていた。
English: Even in the present day, in part of Kyoto there remains a custom that a bride exhibits her kimonos brought as bride's household articles to her neighbors at the time of marriage.
Japanese: 現在でも京都の一部では、嫁入りの際に花嫁が近所の人に嫁入り道具として持参した着物を披露する習慣が残っている。
English: Each of the yuzen-zome nurtured by two of the representative cultural cities in Japan acquired a unique expression adapted to the climate over a long time.
Japanese: 日本を代表する二つの文化都市ではぐくまれた友禅染は、それぞれ長い時代の間に風土に合わせて独自の表現を身に着けてきた。
English: Yuzen in Kyoto is fond of soft colors, and it is elegant and gorgeous paying attention to coloration while using so many colors as to make it difficult to determine what color is the basic tone.
Japanese: 京都の友禅は柔らかい色調を好み、何色が基調になっているのか判別しにくいほどの多彩な色を使っていながら、配色に神経が使われ上品で華やかである。
English: Kaga-Yuzen also uses many colors, but it is graceful and glamorous based on Kaga-gosai (five colors of Kaga: crimson, yellow ocher, ancient purple, grass green, and indigo), especially deep and luxurious tones such as crimson, purple, and green.
Japanese: 加賀友禅も多色を用いるが、加賀五彩（臙脂、黄土、古代紫、草緑、藍）特に紅色や紫、緑などの深みがあって豪奢な色調が基調となり、優雅で艶やか。
English: Yuzensai MIYAZAKI, the folding fan painter from Kyoto, invented the coloring method of the colorful yuzen-zome, but the resisting technique using resist paste was already completed at the time.
Japanese: 友禅染の色彩豊かな彩色方法を考案したのは京都出身の扇絵師、宮崎友禅斎だが、糊置き防染の技法自体はそのころすでに一応の完成を見ていた。
English: Chaya-zome was dyed for summer costumes for high-ranked women living in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside).
Japanese: 茶屋染めは大奥に住まう高位の女性たちの夏の衣装に染められたものであった。
English: Paste was applied to both sides of a luxurious choma cloth (a grass cloth) to dye it with indigo leaving white patterns, and, though it was beautiful and delicate, the number of available colors was limited.
Japanese: 上等な苧麻布の裏表に糊を置いて白くなる部分を残してから藍で染めたもので、美しく繊細であったが使える色数が限られていた。
English: Tsutsugaki was widely used for dyed goods for ordinary people, which is still seen in noren (a short, split curtain hung at the entrance of a room), happi coats (a workman's livery coat), and furoshiki (wrapping cloth).
Japanese: 筒描きは庶民の染物によく使われ、現在でも暖簾や半被、風呂敷などに残る。
English: It is a technique of applying paste in a cylinder only on the top surface of a cotton cloth to leave a pattern in white, which presents a bold and earthy taste.
Japanese: 木綿の布の表面だけに筒に入れた糊をたらして模様を白く残したもので、豪快で素朴な持ち味があるもの。
English: In addition to the above, as a resist dyeing using a model like 'kata-yuzen,' bingata-zome emerged in the Ryukyu Kingdom is well known.
Japanese: そのほか「型友禅」のような型置き防染では、琉球王朝で生まれた紅型染が有名。
English: It is a dyeing technique of drawing a colorful pattern with multiple colors such as yellow, red, and green using a single pattern paper by an advanced technique of dyeing with patterns, and it became so popular in the mainland that it was used to make pouches and the like.
Japanese: これは高度な型染め技術を用いて一つの型紙で黄色や赤、緑などの多色使いの鮮やかな文様を描く染物で、本土でも袋物などの生地として珍重されるなど人気を博した。
English: Originally, patterns of Ryukyuan native plants and Chinese patterns were mainly used, but bingata taking in the yuzen patterns increased as the export to the mainland increased, and yuzen also took in the vivid colors used in bingata.
Japanese: 元々は琉球固有の植物や中国風の模様が主流だったが、本土向けの輸出が進むにつれて友禅染の文様を取り入れた紅型が増えていき、友禅も紅型に使われる鮮やかな色彩を取り入れていく。
English: A technique of Edo-komon (fine patterns used in Edo) applied with the technique of 'kata-yuzen' to project a unique taste is Kyo-komon (fine patterns used in Kyoto).
Japanese: 江戸小紋の技法に「型友禅」の技術を応用して、独特の趣向を打ち出したものが京小紋である。
English: Unlike Edo-komon with a simple and stylish impression using fine geometrical patterns preferred by samurai, the feature of Kyo-komon is a colorful and free impression based on the yuzen patterns.
Japanese: 武士が好んだ細かな幾何学模様で簡素で粋な印象の江戸小紋とは違い、友禅模様を基本にした色鮮やかで伸びやかな印象が持ち味である。
English: There is 'kakiage-yuzen,' which is a dyeing technique of drawing a pattern directly on a white cloth with a brush without using the resisting technique.
Japanese: 糊置き防染の技法を用いず、直接白生地に絵筆にて絵柄を施す染色法として「描上友禅（かきあげゆうぜん）」がある。
English: It is a highly-skilled technique requiring quick brush strokes because running of colors is inevitable as the resisting process is not performed.
Japanese: 防染処理を施さないため、色滲みが避けられず迅速な筆捌きを要求される高度な技法である。
English: The pattern must be simpler compared with common yuzen dyeing, but excellent works often use a free and bold composition.
Japanese: 絵柄的には通常の友禅染めに比べて簡潔単純なものにならざるを得ないが、優れた作品にはのびやかで自由大胆な構図のものが多い。
English: As well as the individual skill of the artist, a strong and free spiritual nature for 'painting off' in a breath without regard to details based on an absolute total composition is required more.
Japanese: 作家個人の技量は勿論であるが、確かな全体構成を基に、細部に拘わらず一気に「描き上げる」ための、強靱かつ自由な精神性がより強く要求される。
English: It is said that only a few of dyers today can use this technique.
Japanese: 現代染色作家の中でもこの技法を使える人は十指に満たぬ程度と言われている。
English: Tokyo-yuzen is characterized by an urban chic style in subdued and soft shades against a background of the townsmen culture in Edo.
Japanese: 東京友禅の特徴は、江戸の街の町人文化を背景とした、渋く落ち着いた色合いの中にも、都会的センスの洒落感が漂う作風が特徴とされる。
English: The Rinpa school refers to artists and craftsmen in the Edo period who used a similar style, including Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Korin OGATA.
Japanese: 琳派（りんぱ）とは、俵屋宗達、尾形光琳ら江戸時代に活躍し、同傾向の表現手法を用いる美術家・工芸家らを指す名称である。
English: Pupils of other schools in the Edo period such as the Kano school and the Maruyama school learned painting technique directly from their teachers by copying their works.
Japanese: 狩野派や円山派といった他の江戸時代の流派は、模写を通じて直接師から画技を学んだ。
English: The Rinpa style, on the other hand, was inherited by people of various social standings living in different times and locations, which is a unique characteristic of this school.
Japanese: それに対し、琳派では時間や場所、身分が遠く離れた人々によって受け継がれたのは、他に類を見ない特色である。
English: While the Rinpa school maintained its identity by deliberately choosing and following similar subjects, design and unique technique, artists added their own discoveries and interpretations to augment the existing style.
Japanese: 同じような主題や図様、独特の技法を意識的に選択・踏襲することで流派のアイデンティティを保持する一方で、絵師独自の発見と解釈が加わり再構成されていった。
English: The Rinpa school thus developed a new art which is not merely imitation or epigonism.
Japanese: こうして琳派は、単なるコピーやエピゴーネンではない新たな芸術を生み出した。
English: In the past, Korin OGATA, Kenzan OGATA and Hoitsu SAKAI who took over their style were regarded as a school, being referred to as the 'Korin school,' whereas, the Korin school, in addition to the artists such as Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Koetsu HONAMI, who were considered to be the predecessors of that school, were collectively known as the 'Sotatsu-Korin school.'
Japanese: かつては尾形光琳・尾形乾山とその作風を継承した酒井抱一らを一つのグループとみなし「光琳派」と呼んだり、その先駆者と考えられる俵屋宗達・本阿弥光悦らを含めて「宗達光琳派」と呼んでいた。
English: The characteristics of the Rinpa school include the use of gold and silver leaves in the background, daring picture compositions, repetitions of stencil patterns and Tarashikomi technique (a technique that achieves shading through pooling successive layers of partially dried pigment).
Japanese: 背景に金銀箔を用いたり、大胆な構図、型紙のパターンを用いた繰り返し、たらしこみの技法などに特色が見られる。
English: The subjects were predominantly flowering trees/shrubs and flowers, but there were some works including narrative pictures depicting people, birds and animals, landscapes and nature as well as a few Buddhist paintings.
Japanese: 題材は花木・草花多いが、物語絵を中心とする人物画や鳥獣、山水画、風月に若干の仏画を扱った作品もある。
English: The Rinpa school has had a major impact on the Impressionist school in Europe as well as contemporary Japanese-style painting and design.
Japanese: 琳派はヨーロッパの印象派や現代の日本画、デザインにも大きな影響を与えている。
English: Fujin Raijin zu (the Wind and Thunder Gods) has been painted by numerous artists that have often been compared against one another.
Japanese: 風神雷神図は多くの画家によって描かれ、それぞれの作品はよく比較の対象にされる。
English: At the 'RIMPA' Exhibit held at the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo in 2004, it was said that the 'Rinpa influence' was detected in the works of Gustav Klimt and Andy Warhol in addition to some Japanese-style paintings (by various artists including Shunso HISHIDA and Taikan YOKOYAMA) after the Meiji period.
Japanese: 2004年に東京国立近代美術館で開催された「琳派　RIMPA」展では、明治以降の日本画の作品（菱田春草、横山大観など）のほか、グスタフ・クリムトやアンディー・ウォーホルの作品にも「琳派的なもの」が見られるとされた。