nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In other words, Nobunaga's military strategy was to protect the almost defenceless teppo units that functioned as his main force in the battle against the Takeda cavalry.
Japanese: つまり、信長側は無防備に近い鉄砲隊を主力としてこれを守り、武田の騎馬隊を迎え撃つ戦術をとった。
English: Knowing Nobunaga's participation in the battle, Takeda's senior vassals since the time of Shingen, especially Masakage YAMAGATA, Nobuharu BABA, and Masatoyo NAITO who were among the so-called big four of the Takeda clan advised Katsuyori to withdraw from the war.
Japanese: 信玄時代からの重鎮たち、特に武田四天王といわれる山県昌景、馬場信春、内藤昌豊らは信長自らの出陣を知って撤退を進言したと言われる。
English: Deploying 3,000 men around the castle to keep the enemy in check, he led the remaining 12,000 to Shitaragahara.
Japanese: そして長篠城の牽制に3000ほどを置き、残り1万2000を設楽原に向けた。
English: The old senior vassals from the time of Shingen, who anticipating a defeat, were resigned to die, got together to have farewell drinks.
Japanese: これに対し、信玄以来の古くからの重臣たちは敗戦を予感し、死を覚悟して一同集まり酒を飲んで決別したとも言う。
English: Nobunaga spread the rumor that his army was weak in defiance of his usual tactics in which he made his army appear stronger than it was with a show of bravado.
Japanese: 信長は、本来であれば虚勢を張ったりして自軍を強く見せるのが戦の常であるにも関わらず、逆に弱いと吹聴して回ったとされる。
English: Keeping in mind his strategy in which the teppo units would play a central role, he also attempted to decoy Takeda's cavalry into it.
Japanese: しかし、鉄砲を主力とする守戦を念頭に置いていたため、武田の騎馬隊を誘い込む狙いであった。
English: During the night of July 18, the great allied forces, comprising the Migashimikawa army under Tadatsugu SAKAI, the yoriki (assistants to commanders) including Nagachika KANAMORI of the Oda force, and approximately 3,000 (or 4,000 men according to "The Shinchoko-ki") with 500 teppo, crossed Toyo-gawa River in secret.
Japanese: 5月20日(旧暦)夜、酒井忠次率いる東三河衆の他、織田軍・金森長近などの与力、また鉄砲500丁を持たせた計約3000名という連合軍の大部隊（『信長公記』によると約4000名）が、密かに豊川を渡河。
English: Passing through ridges from the south, they sneaked around to the back of Takeda's army that remained around Nagashino-jo Castle.
Japanese: 長篠城近辺に留まる武田支軍に対し、尾根伝いに南側から後方へ回り込んだ。
English: The following day, at dawn, they suddenly attacked the fort on Mt. Tobigasu, the keystone of the besiege on the castle, from behind.
Japanese: 翌日の夜明けには長篠城包囲の要であった鳶ヶ巣山砦を後方より強襲した。
English: Erected to lay siege on and observe the castle, the fort consisted of a main fort and four other sub-forts of Nakayama, Mt. Kuma, Ubagafutokoro and Kimigafushidoko.
Japanese: 鳶ヶ巣山砦は、長篠城を包囲・監視するために築かれた砦で、本砦に4つの支砦、中山砦・久間山砦・姥ヶ懐砦・君ヶ伏所砦という構成であった。
English: Thus, the ODA-TOKUGAWA forces succeeded in saving Nagashino-jo Castle, which was their primary goal.
Japanese: これによって、織田・徳川連合軍は長篠城の救援という第一目的を果たした。
English: Reinforced by Okudaira's army that had taken refuge in the castle, Sakai's commando continued to assail the enemy and defeated Takeda's troops stationed in Ariake-mura Village.
Japanese: さらに籠城していた奥平軍を加えた酒井奇襲隊は追撃の手を緩めず、有海村駐留中の武田支軍までも掃討した。
English: It succeeded in nearly blocking the escape route of Takeda's main body which had advanced to Shitaragahara.
Japanese: このことによって、設楽原に進んだ武田本隊の退路を脅かすことにも成功した。
English: In the Battle on Mt. Tobigasu the Takeda army lost distinguished busho (Japanese military commanders), including Nobuzane KAWAKUBO the Commander-in-Chief, Moritomo SAEGUSA, Sadanari GOMI, Narishige WADA, Muneyasu NAWA and, Suketomo IIO.
Japanese: この鳶ヶ巣山攻防戦によって武田方は、主将の河窪信実をはじめ、三枝守友、五味貞成、和田業繁、名和宗安、飯尾助友など名のある武将が討死。
English: However, fiercely pursued by the Sakai commando, Masazumi KOSAKA and others were killed in Ariake-mura Village west of Nagashino-jo Castle.
Japanese: しかし、酒井奇襲隊の猛追を受けたために、長篠城の西岸・有海村においても高坂昌澄が討ち取られている。
English: It however lost Koretada MATSUDAIRA of the Fukozu Matsudaira family on the Tokugawa side who led the vanguard too deep into the enemy lines, and who was fought back and struck down by Masayuki OYAMADA in retreat.
Japanese: ただし先行深入りしすぎた徳川方の深溝松平家松平伊忠だけは、退却する小山田昌行に反撃されて討死している。
English: Nobunaga initially rejected this operation outright when Tadatsugu SAKAI proposed it at the war council during the night of July 18.
Japanese: そもそも、この作戦は20日夜の合同軍議中での酒井忠次による発案であったが、信長に一蹴されたという。
English: Yet as soon as the war council was over, he secretly called out and ordered Sakai to carry out the operation.
Japanese: ところが、軍議を終えてすぐに信長は酒井を密かに呼びつけ、作戦の決行を命じた。
English: He did not adopt the operation at the war council as he was afraid of an intelligence activity by the Takeda force.
Japanese: 武田軍の諜報を案じて、軍議では敢えて採用しなかったのが理由であるという。
English: On the early morning of July 19 when the course of the battle on Mt. Tobigasu was almost decided, the Takeda army, afraid of losing its escape route, made a move to start a battle.
Japanese: 5月21日早朝、鳶ヶ巣山攻防戦の大勢が決したと思われる頃、退路を脅かされることを恐れた武田軍が動き合戦が開始される。
English: The battle between the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces with 38,000 soldiers and the Takeda army with 12,000 soldiers continued until early afternoon (for approximately eight hours).
Japanese: 織田・徳川連合軍3万8000と武田軍1万2000による戦いは昼過ぎまで続いた（約8時間）。
English: The war victims of the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised nameless foot soldiers (especially those of the Oda force who were not territorial people but mercenaries).
Japanese: だが、織田・徳川軍の戦死者が名も無き足軽雑兵（特に織田軍はほとんどが領民ではなく傭兵）であった。
English: In contrast, those of the Takeda forces included Yamagata, Naito and Baba who were among the big four of Takeda, besides Masatane HARA, Moritane HARA, Nobutsuna SANADA, Masateru SANADA, Masatsugu TSUCHIYA, Naonori TSUCHIYA, Kageshige ANNAKA, Nobunaga MOCHIZUKI, Shigetsugu YONEKURA.
Japanese: 対し、武田軍の戦死者は武田四天王の山県、内藤、馬場を始めとして、原昌胤、原盛胤、真田信綱、真田昌輝、土屋昌次、土屋直規、安中景繁、望月信永、米倉重継という顔ぶれであった。
English: Reconciling with Kenshin UESUGI, he united with Masanobu TAKASAKA who led Uesugi's reinforcements of 10,000 men and withdrew to Kai.
Japanese: 上杉謙信と和睦し、上杉の抑え部隊1万を率いる高坂昌信と合流後、甲斐に退却した。
English: A standard and well-known explanation is that Takeda's cavalry, known as the most powerful, was defeated by the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces which employed as many as 3,000 teppo in the "sandan-uchi" tactics in which the gunners were arranged in three lines to compensate for the teppo's slow reloading.
Japanese: 織田・徳川方の3000丁という量の鉄砲、さらに鉄砲隊を3つに分け、鉄砲の弾込めによるタイムロスをなくす三段撃ち戦法で、最強と呼ばれた武田の騎馬隊を破ったというのが有名な通説である。
English: The employment of 3,000 teppo and the sandan-uchi tactics based on problematic historical sources has been rejected by most scholars.
Japanese: だが、3000丁という量と三段撃ち戦法については史料上の問題が多く、否定する学説が大勢である。
English: Yet the fact remains that the then largest teppo units were deployed and the stockade was instrumental in warding off Takeda's cavalry.
Japanese: ただ、当時としては最大規模の鉄砲隊の投入、また騎馬隊を防ぐための馬防柵が活躍したのは事実である。
English: The Oda family expanded its power and intensified pressure on Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple that had been yet another source of worry.
Japanese: 織田家は勢力を拡大、特にもう一つの悩みであった石山本願寺に対する圧力をいっそう強める。
English: Holding total control of Mikawa, the Tokugawa family succeeded in getting back both Futamata-jo Castle and Takatenjin-jo Castle.
Japanese: 徳川家は三河を完全に掌握し二俣城、高天神城を取り返すことに成功する。
English: The Takeda family who had lost many excellent officers and soldiers was forced to reorganize itself under Katsuyori but they failed.
Japanese: 多くの優秀な将兵を失った武田家は、勝頼の下で再編成を強いられるがこれに失敗した。
English: Sadamasa OKUDAIRA, lord of Nagashino Castle was renamed 'Nobumasa" as he was granted "henki" (one of the characters used in the superior's name) by Nobunaga for his military achievements (yet as had been previously agreed).
Japanese: 長篠城主・奥平貞昌はこの戦功によって信長の偏諱を賜り「信昌」と改名した（もともとそういう約定があった）。
English: Furthermore, he was given a certificate that guaranteed both his family members and senior vassals the hereditary ownership of lands.
Japanese: さらにその重臣含めて知行などを子々孫々に至るまで保障するというお墨付けを与えられた。
English: Suneemon TORII who was executed by Takeda earned his place in history as a loyal subject and his descendants were well treated by the Okudaira-Matsudaira family.
Japanese: また、武田に処刑された鳥居強右衛門は後世に忠臣として名を残し、その子孫は奥平松平家家中で厚遇された。
English: Nobunaga ODA, Nobutada ODA, Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, Katsuie SHIBATA, Nagahide NIWA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA, Nobumori SAKUMA, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, Narimasa SASSA, Toshiie MAEDA, Nobumoto MIZUNO (also Mitsuhide AKECHI according to a theory), and Masanari NONOMURA.
Japanese: 織田信長、織田信忠、河尻秀隆、柴田勝家、丹羽長秀、羽柴秀吉、佐久間信盛、滝川一益、佐々成政、前田利家、水野信元、（一説には明智光秀も参戦）、野々村正成
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Tadakatsu HONDA, Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, Mototada TORII, Tadayo OKUBO, Tadasuke OKUBO, Tadataka OKUBO, Kiyohide TAKAGI, Masakazu NARUSE (busho in the Sengoku period), Sadayoshi KUSAKABE.
Japanese: 徳川家康、松平信康、石川数正、本多忠勝、榊原康政、鳥居元忠、大久保忠世、大久保忠佐、大久保忠教、高木清秀、成瀬正一(戦国武将)、日下部定好
English: Tadatsugu SAKAI, Yasutada MATSUDAIRA, Koretada MATSUDAIRA, Ietada MATSUDAIRA, Kiyomune MATSUDAIRA, Hirotaka HONDA, Sadayoshi OKUDAIRA, Sadamitsu SUGANUMA, Iekazu SAIGO, Hidemochi KONDO, and Sadamichi SHITARA (who was on standby in Toida)
Japanese: 酒井忠次、松平康忠、松平伊忠、松平家忠、松平清宗、本多広孝、奥平貞能、菅沼定盈、西郷家員、近藤秀用、設楽貞通（樋田にて待機）
English: Katsuyori TAKEDA, Nobukado TAKEDA, Nobushige OYAMADA, Nobutoyo TAKEDA (the Kai-Takeda clan), Nobukimi ANAYAMA, Nobunaga MOCHIZUKI, Nobuharu BABA, Masakage YAMAGATA, Masatoyo NAITO, Masatane HARA, Nobutsuna SANADA, Masateru SANADA, Matsusuke ATOBE, Masatsugu TSUCHIYA, Naonori TSUCHIYA, Yasukage YOKOTA, Nobusada OBATA, Nobuyasu AMARI
Japanese: 武田勝頼、武田信廉、小山田信茂、武田信豊(甲斐武田氏)、穴山信君、望月信永、馬場信春、山県昌景、内藤昌豊、原昌胤、真田信綱、真田昌輝、跡部勝資、土屋昌次、土屋直規、横田康景、小幡信貞、甘利信康
English: Katsuyori TAKEDA decided to face the battle, ignoring his grand vassals who advised him 'to withdraw.'
Japanese: 武田勝頼は名立たる重臣たちの「撤退すべき」という意見を無視し、決戦に臨んだとされる。
English: Considering the fact that the Takeda force was vastly outnumbered by the enemy force and that Nagashino Castle was indestructible, their advice 'to withdraw' was more than reasonable.
Japanese: この「撤退すべき」という意見は、圧倒的兵力差と落とせない長篠城を考えれば、当然といえる。
English: According to "Koyo Gunkan" (a record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), Matsusuke ATOBE and Mitsutaka NAGASAKA who were preferentially treated by Katsuyori (i.e., "Kunshin no Kan" or dishonest subjects toward their master) advised him to go to war so the battle was decided.
Japanese: 『甲陽軍鑑』などでは勝頼が重用した（いわゆる「君臣の奸」の）跡部勝資、長坂光堅らが決戦を進言して決定したとされる。
English: However, this theory is not so credible in that Nagasaka almost certainly did not participate in the battle and the historical source does not do justice to the three vassals.
Japanese: だが、ほぼ確実に長坂はこの戦に出陣していなかったと見られることや、史料中での3人の扱いが不当に貶められていることから信憑性は低い。
English: Some scholars have even discredited the surmise that the old senior vassals were opposed to the battle (which is essentially based on "Koyo Gunkan").
Japanese: また、そもそも旧来の重臣たちが反対したということ自体が誤りでは無いかとする説もある（重臣たちが反対したという話も元は『甲陽軍鑑』からである）。
English: Others have proposed that having overwhelmingly won the Battle of Takatenjin-jo Castle in the previous year, Katsuyori became so confident as to convince himself of a victory in the next battle.
Japanese: 今回と状況が似ている前年の高天神城の戦いでの圧勝で自信過剰となって勝てると判断したという説がある。
English: Still others have suggested that he intended to reverse his strategy at the Battle of Kawanakajima as he was aware that Tadatsugu SAKAI's detachment force of 3,000 men made a detour to Mt. Tobigasu.
Japanese: また鳶ヶ巣山に酒井忠次の別働隊3000が迂回した事を武田軍は察知しており、川中島の合戦の逆説的な再来を狙ったという説などもある。
English: The political landscape at the time of Shingen was such that the Oda family extended its power as far as the Kinki region, covering Owari, Mino, Minami Omi, Kita Ise, Yamashiro.
Japanese: 当時の情勢を見た場合、信玄時代の時点で織田家は尾張・美濃・南近江・北伊勢・山城他近畿圏にまで勢力を伸ばしていた。
English: Shingen therefore planned to confront Nobunaga in either the Mikawa-Owari area or Mino after he limited Nobunaga's forces in the Kinki region by deploying the troops of Nagamasa AZAI and Yoshikage ASAKURA as well as the followers of the Ikko sect of Hongan-ji Temple, so that Nobunaga would have a limited force to move to the east (the anti-Nobunaga network).
Japanese: そこで信玄は近畿圏において浅井長政・朝倉義景及び本願寺一向衆等の各勢力により織田家の兵力を拘束し、東方へ向ける兵力を限定させた上で三河・尾張若しくは美濃で織田と決戦するという戦略を立てていた（信長包囲網）。
English: When Katsuyori came to power, however, the powerful clans of Azai and Asakura had been destroyed a year before the Battle and the followers of the Ikko sect in Nagashima had been already defeated.
Japanese: だが、勝頼の代には有力な勢力だった浅井・朝倉が、長篠城の戦いの前年に長島一向衆が、既に滅ぼされていた。
English: Considering the situation in which the Oda family expanded its power so rapidly that the power gap between it and the Takeda family was widening each day, the latter in any case had to deal a decisive blow to the former in a major battle as soon as possible.
Japanese: また、織田家の勢力の伸張は急速であり、日に日に国力差が開いていく現状を鑑みれば、どのみち早い段階で織田家と主力決戦を行い決定打を与える必要があった。
English: Conversely, Nobunaga did not necessarily have to fight with Katsuyori at this point in history, or rather he would have been better off had he not confronted the Takeda clan directly, so that he would have gained strategic advantage over time.
Japanese: 逆に信長の立場から見た場合、武田と直接戦わずとも時間が経つほど戦略的に優位に立つことになり、この時点で戦う必要は必ずしも無かった。
English: He did his duty to the Tokugawa clan by leading his troops (as the rear guard) (although he at least should have made the Takeda force retreat before abandoning the battle after the first battle at Takatenjin-jo Castle).
Japanese: 信長自身が出陣したことで徳川に対する義理（後詰）も果たしている（ただし、第一次高天神城の戦いで事実上見捨てており、少なくとも武田を退かせる必要はあった）。
English: What he intended to achieve in the Battle of Nagashino was, in effect, not to defeat Takeda but to make him withdraw from Nagashino.
Japanese: そもそも長篠の戦いの主目的は、武田と戦いこれを倒すことではなく、長篠から武田を撤退させることである。
English: It was logical that he built the field fortification where his army was based and deployed a large number of gunners, foreseeing the advancement of the Takeda force.
Japanese: 武田方が攻めてくる前提で陣城を築き鉄砲を大量に配置したことは理にかなっていた。
English: Seeking to acquire Totomi Province in future, the Tokugawa family was in desperate need of the battle in which to defeat the Takeda family while Oda's powerful reinforcements were still available.
Japanese: 徳川家としては、今後の遠江攻略を視野に入れると、今回是非とも合戦を発生させて、強力な織田の援軍のいる時に武田を叩いておきたいという考えがあった。
English: After the assault, the Tokugawas in fact controlled the entire province of Mikawa where it had fought skirmishes with the Takeda family for many years, and successfully went on the offensive from then on.
Japanese: 事実、この戦いによって長年、小競り合いを続けてきた三河を完全に掌握し、以後、攻勢に打って出ることに成功している。
English: A standard theory is that the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces comprised 38,000 men (of which 3,000 took part in the raid on Mt. Tobigasu), whereas the Takeda force was made up with 15,000 (of which 3,000 were left on Mt. Tobigasu) although there are other theses.
Japanese: 通説では織田・徳川連合軍3万8000（うち鳶ヶ巣山強襲部隊3000）、武田軍1万5000（うち鳶ヶ巣山に残した部隊3000）となっているが諸説ある。
English: Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGAI mentions in "The Battle of Nagashino" that the Oda force had 12,000 to 13,000, Tokugawa 4,000 to 5,000 and Takeda 8,000 to 10,000, of whom 6,000 to 7,000 were deployed in Shitaragahara.
Japanese: 高柳光寿の『長篠之戦』では、織田1万2000～1万3000、徳川4000～5000とし、武田8000～1万でその内、設楽原へ布陣した兵数が6000～7000という数字を唱えている。
English: He agrees with the standard theory in terms of the size of the allied forces which was two and a half to three times as large as that of the Takeda force.
Japanese: 連合軍の兵力はおよそ武田軍の2.5～3倍程度であり、これは通説とほぼ等しい。
English: One of the reasons for the acceptance of the figures is the geographical narrowness of Shitaragahara.
Japanese: この数字が支持される理由に、設楽原の地形の峡さが挙げられることが多い。
English: Besides estimating Takeda's casualties to be 1,000 and those of the allied forces 600 is more realistic than making an estimate of 10,000 to 12,000 and 6,000, respectively (see below).
Japanese: また武田軍の損害を1万～1万2000、連合軍6000とするよりも、武田軍の損害1000、連合軍の損害600という数字の方がより現実的である（後述）。
English: It has been assumed that the maximum number of soldiers it could deploy was about 30,000 (which of course presupposes an ideal circumstance).
Japanese: その最大動員兵力はおよそ3万と推定されている（ただし3万の兵力を動員できるといっても、理想的な状況の場合である）。
English: Even if we follow the standard theory based on the Takeda clan's westward operation in which they apparently deployed 30,000 men, this figure cannot be taken as the maximum number of soldiers they mobilized in the Battle of Nagashino.
Japanese: 西上作戦では3万の兵力を動員したと言われるように、通説通りと見てもこの戦いにおいては最大動員兵力ではない。
English: The last reason in particular implies that the Takeda clan did not consider a war with the Oda clan.
Japanese: 特に最後に関しては、織田との合戦を考慮していなかったという意味になる。
English: This is however unlikely because they had to decide whether they would retreat or raid Nagashino Castle when Nobunaga set off with his troops (from Gifu on July 1 and left Ushikubo in Mikawa for Shitaragahara on July 5).
Japanese: だが、信長が出陣した時点で既に退却か長篠城強襲かを決定する必要があるため（信長の岐阜出陣は5月13日、三河牛久保から設楽原へ向かったのが5月17日）その可能性は低いことになる。
English: The matchlock gun can kill or injure a target over a distance of 60 meters with effective range of about 90 meters.
Japanese: 火縄銃の殺傷射程距離は60ｍ有効射程距離は90ｍ程度といわれている。
English: It is unlikely that a total of about 20,000 men were killed during the period between the 8-hour battle and the subsequent one.
Japanese: 約8時間といわれる戦闘とその後の追撃戦の間に、両軍合わせて2万人近い死者が出たとするのは信じがたい話である。
English: The Takeda force in particular had an extraordinary death rate even if we take the standard number of 15,000.
Japanese: 特に武田軍を見た場合、兵力数が通説の1万5000であったとしてもその損害は異常な率になる。
English: It would have taken Katsuyori a while to move his troops as he had to reorganize the injured remnants who were presumably as many as the dead.
Japanese: また通常は同程度の負傷者がいるはずであり、結果として敗残兵の再編成でしばらくは兵を動かすことは難しくなる。
English: "Tamonin-nikki Diary," completed around that time, mentions that 'about a thousand Kai people were killed ' in the battle, which the author heard from others.
Japanese: 同時代に成立した『多聞院日記』には、伝聞記事ではあるものの、この戦いについて「甲斐国衆千余人討死」と書かれている。
English: This led some to propose that the number of the dead for the Takeda force was about 1,000.
Japanese: そのため、武田軍の犠牲者は1000人程度だったのではないかという説がある。
English: (The total number of the dead may increase if 'the people' in the citation is taken as kokujin-class warriors).
Japanese: （ただし「国衆」を国人級の武士だと解すると、全戦死者はより増える可能性はある）。
English: What is remarkable about the Battle of Nagashino is that the Oda family famously prepared 3,000 teppo, which was unusual at the time and employed a new tactics called 'sandan-uchi.'
Japanese: 長篠の戦いの特筆すべき点として織田家は当時としては異例の鉄砲3000丁を用意し、新戦法三段撃ちを行ったとされるのが有名である。
English: The standard account of the 3,000 teppo is based on "Nobunagaki" (The Record of Nobunaga) by Hoan OZE and "Shinchoko-ki" (Biography of Nobunaga ODA) owned by the Ikeda family.
Japanese: 通説である鉄砲3000丁というのは小瀬甫庵本『信長記』や池田本『信長公記』が出典である。
English: The Ikeda book, which is considered to be more reliable, also raises a question as to its reliability since the character of '三' (three) seems to have been added alongside 'a thousand teppo' in the main text.
Japanese: 資料的な信用度が高いとされる池田本の方では1000丁と書かれた後に「三」の字が脇に書き足されたようになっている点に信憑性の問題がある。
English: It is unclear whether the addition of 'three' was subsequently made when 'the 3,000 teppo' in Hoan's version became popular or it was made by the scribe who immediately realized the mistake.
Japanese: これは甫庵本の3000丁が一人歩きした後世の加筆なのか、筆を誤ったのに気付いてその場で加筆修正したのかは明らかではない。
English: "Shinchoko-ki" by Gyuichi OTA does not mention 3,000 teppo but it does mention that '千挺計' (about 1,000 teppo) were used in the main battle and '五百挺' (500 teppo) were used by the detachment force in the Battle on Mt. Tobigasu (making a total of about 1,500).
Japanese: 大田牛一の『信長公記』では、決戦に使用された鉄砲数に関しては「千挺計」（約1000丁）、鳶ヶ巣山攻撃の別働隊が「五百挺」と書いてあり（計約1500丁）、3000丁とは書かれてない。
English: However, it refers to 'the 1,000 teppo' supplied to the following five bugyo (military commissioners): Narimasa SASSA, Toshiie MAEDA, Masanari NONOMURA, Hidekatsu FUKUTOMI, and Naomasa BAN.
Japanese: しかし、この「千挺計」は、佐々成政、前田利家、野々村正成、福富秀勝、塙直政の5人の奉行に配備したと書かれている。
English: Just before this battle, Nobunaga moreover ordered Yusai HOSOKAWA and Junkei TSUTSUI who did not take part in the battle to provide teppo units for the battle.
Japanese: また、信長はこの合戦の直前、参陣しない細川幽斎や筒井順慶などへ鉄砲隊を供出するよう命じている。
English: This suggests that Ota did not capture the exact number of teppo, and 1,500 therefore is likely to be a minimum figure.
Japanese: つまり、大田は全体の正確な鉄砲数を把握していなかったといえ、1500丁は考えうる最低数の数といえる。
English: The Akechi family's military code, set forth six years after the battle, in 1581, stipulates that a person with 1,000 koku should provide 32 people for military service of whom 5 should be gunners.
Japanese: これより6年後の天正9年（1581年）に定められた明智光秀家中の軍法によれば、一千石取りで軍役32人、そのうち鉄砲5挺を用意すべき旨定めている。
English: This rate cannot be taken at face value because only men of significantly high rank could have been obliged to provide for military service teppo which were expensive and rare at the time.
Japanese: 鉄砲は高価で貴重な兵器であったため､軍役として鉄砲を用意するよう義務付けられるのはある程度大身の者であることを考慮すると、この軍役率はそのまま参考にはならない。
English: However, the Oda family could have acquired a few thousand teppo, if we take the standard number of 30,000 men deployed by the family, and if we recall the historical fact that they ordered the non-participating busho to provide teppo.
Japanese: しかし、長篠合戦に参戦した織田軍の兵力を通説に従って3万、また先述のように参戦しない武将にも鉄砲隊を供出させた史実を考えれば、数千挺ほど用意出来た可能性はある。
English: Supposing, on the basis of this, that they used only 1,000 teppo as opposed to the standard figure, this is still a remarkable figure for the period.
Japanese: 以上の内容を考慮して織田家が使用した鉄砲数が通説よりも少ない1000丁だったとみても、当時のことを考えれば十分に特筆すべき数ではある。
English: Now, putting aside Katsuyori's main body, let us divide the forces into nine units of which five (the armies of Baba, Naito, Yamagata, Sanada brothers and Tsuchiya) were killed and four (the armies of Anayama, Nobukado TAKEDA and Nobutoyo TAKEDA) retreated.
Japanese: 勝頼本隊を別にして、戦死した馬場隊・内藤隊・山県隊・真田兄弟隊・土屋隊や、撤退した穴山隊、武田信廉隊、武田信豊隊と分けてみる。
English: Even if the Oda family had only 1,000 teppo, this figure can be regarded as significant in relation to the size of each army.
Japanese: この部隊単位で考えれば、織田軍の鉄砲が1000丁であったとしても、相対的に相当な数である。
English: Sandan-uchi,' which appears in the last scene of the film "Kagemusha" (Body Double), is a famous tactics.
Japanese: 次に「鉄砲三段撃ち」であるが、これは映画『影武者(映画)』のラストシーンにも登場した有名な戦法である。
English: "Shinchoko-ki" does not refer to a specific tactics, i.e., sandan-uchi although it mentions that five Teppo Bugyo (Commissioners) assumed command.
Japanese: 『信長公記』では鉄砲奉行5人に指揮を取らせたとだけ書いてあり、具体的な戦法、つまり三段撃ちを行ったという記述はない。
English: This was described as a historical fact in a textbook by the Army in the Meiji period, so that 'sandan-uchi' became widely spread.
Japanese: それを、明治期の陸軍が教科書に史実として記載したことから、一気に「三段撃ち」説が広まったものとされる。
English: (Published as The Military History of Imperial Japan, the text book is owned by libraries).
Japanese: （これは大日本戦史として出版されていたので、所蔵する図書館もある）。
English: As has been mentioned, however, there is no doubt that Nobunaga deployed a large number of teppo in the battle.
Japanese: ただ、先述のように信長がこの合戦に大量の鉄砲を持ち込んだことは疑いようがない。
English: "Shinchoko-ki" contains the frightening description that 'when Takeda's cavalry surged, most of the soldiers were shot and disappeared in a moment,' which suggests the destructive power of the teppo.
Japanese: 『信長公記』には、「武田騎馬隊が押し寄せた時、鉄砲の一斉射撃で大半が打ち倒されて、あっという間に軍兵がいなくなった」という鉄砲の打撃力を示す、恐ろしい描写がある。
English: More specifically, 'when the Takeda army led by Karo (chief retainer) Masakage YAMAGATA attacked the Oda side at the start of the Battle of Nagashino, the ashigaru (common foot soldiers) of the Oda army, none of whom stepped forward and who hid themselves, kept shooting the teppo.'
Japanese: より具体的には「長篠の戦いの緒戦で、武田軍は家老山県昌景を一番手として織田陣営を攻め立てたに対し、織田軍の足軽は身を隠したままひたすら鉄砲を撃ち、誰一人前に出ることはなかった。」
English: The Yamagata army were shot and retreated, followed by a second and a third army, most of whom were shot down by the teppo (a gist).'
Japanese: 「山県隊はさんざん鉄砲に撃たれてほうほうの体で退却し、次に二番手、三番手と次々と新手を繰り出すが、それもまた過半数が鉄砲の餌食になった（要約）」とされる。
English: However, it is still questionable whether Nobunaga's teppo units could really inflict as many casualties as the described number of soldiers and casualties on both sides.
Japanese: ただし、両軍の兵力数と損害数に記述されるように、本当にそれだけの損害を与えられたのかは別に疑問が残る。
English: Yet an injured, if not dead, soldier had to be removed and if so, at least two people, of whom one was the injured whom the other removed, would have withdrawn from the front.
Japanese: とはいえ、死なずとも負傷兵となれば、これを引かせる必要があり、負傷した人間と後送させる少なくとも1名、つまり2人以上を前線から遠ざけることになる。
English: It would not have been impossible for single firing to do considerable damage to an army if the teppo units had been deployed reasonably intensively.
Japanese: だが鉄砲隊をある程度集中した部隊として機能させていれば、1度の射撃で部隊単位の戦力を大きく消耗させる事は不可能ではない。
English: Consequently, Nobunaga's teppo units could have easily weakened the Takeda forces without recourse to the tactics of sandan-uchi.
Japanese: 結果的に三段撃ちが無くても、武田軍を消耗させる事は難しくないといえる。