nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As it became a peaceful period, samurai became increasingly bureaucratic, not only due to vassals being given important positions when they excelled in governance instead of in military affairs, but because of the heinobunri policy implemented in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the adoption of the horoku system in the Edo period as well.
Japanese: 平穏な時代の訪れとともに武断的な家臣よりは文治的な家臣が重用されるようになったことに加え、安土桃山時代になされた兵農分離に加え江戸時代に俸禄制が主流になったことで武士の吏僚化が益々進んだ。
English: This resulted in the nature of samurai changing from ryoshu to bureaucrats and officials.
Japanese: その結果、領主としての武士は官僚・役人としての武士としての性格を強めることとなった。
English: Kyoto Rekishi Kairo Kyogikai (Kyoto "Historic Corridor" Conference) is a Kyoto civil activity.
Japanese: 京都歴史回廊協議会（きょうとれきしかいろうきょうぎかい）は、京都の市民活動。
English: The main members of the conference are residents and academics from universities in the north-western part of Kyoto City where there are a large number of historical heritage sites, such as temples, shrines, and Emperor tombs.
Japanese: 寺社や天皇陵などの歴史遺産が豊富にある京都市北西部地域の住民・大学が中心の団体。
English: These members study and work on the preservation of regional history, cultural heritage, and nature, as well as being engaged in human resource development in these fields.
Japanese: 地域の歴史、文化遺産、自然などの学習や保全、人材育成などに取り組む。
English: Kuragaki no Sho was a manor in Imizu-gun, Ecchu Province that existed from the late Heian period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 倉垣荘（くらがきのしょう）は、平安時代後期から戦国時代(日本)まで越中国射水郡に置かれた荘園。
English: The manor was located in what is now the eastern part of Imizu City, including the Ebie, Horioka, Shiraishi and Hibari areas, and the western part of Toyama City.
Japanese: 現在の射水市東部・富山市西部にあたり、射水市海老江・堀岡地区から白石地区・戸破地区を含む。
English: Within the Buddhist and Shinto ritual performance plan by Emperor Horikawa, Kuragaki no Sho was part of the manor donated in 1090 to the Kamigamo-sha and Shimogamo-sha Shrines, each receiving an area of 595 hectares.
Japanese: 寛治4年（1090年）、堀河天皇の仏神事興行政策の中で上下賀茂社に各600町ずつの荘園が寄進された中の一荘。
English: Kuragaki no Sho was originally 29 hectares, which in the Muromachi period was worth 750 kilograms in nengu (land tax).
Japanese: 当初は30町であり、室町時代には年貢として200貫の地とされていた。
English: As it became the Sengoku Period, there were a number of disputes involving the manor: One instance involving Nagamoto JINBO, who seized Kuragaki no Sho as the deputy military governor of Ecchu Province; on another occasion, local governors and manor residents conspired together to delay payment of land taxes made by the villages of Hibari and Shiraishi that were part of the manor.
Japanese: 戦国時代に入ると、越中守護代神保長誠の押領が発生したほか、代官が荘民と結託して荘内の戸破村や白石村の年貢を遅滞するなど混乱した。
English: The last record on the history of the estate of Shimogamo-jinja Shrine was made in 1547 describing Nagamoto JINBO encouraging people in neighboring provinces to pay local taxes for god.
Japanese: 下鴨社領の歴史は、天文(日本)16年（1547年）に神保長職が近隣国人へ神用年貢の納入を督励したことが最後の記録となる。
English: The Kamo ruins (Imizu City) were excavated right next to the shrine grounds where the remains of residences from the Kamakura period have been found.
Japanese: 境内に隣接して加茂遺跡(射水市)が出土し、鎌倉期の居館跡が見つかっている。
English: However, when Shimo-mura in Imizu-gun was to be merged with Imizu City in 2005, there were concerns in the Kosugi area that the post-merger address of 'Kosugi, Imizu City' would be confused with the part of Imizu City called Kosugi-machi.
Japanese: しかし、2005年の市町村合併では射水郡下村が射水市となるにあたり、小杉地内では合併で住所が「射水市小杉」となると、同じく射水市となる小杉町との混同を招くとされた。
English: As a result, the name of the town was changed to 'Kuragaki Kosugi,' an old name based on the manor, Kuragaki no Sho.
Japanese: その結果、当荘園に由来する古い地名である「倉垣小杉」への町名変更を行った。
English: Ingubunkokusei was a system of granting the right to recommend a provincial governor to a specific province to retired emperors, nyoin (women bestowed with the title "in" (usually the empress, imperial princesses, etc.)), second consorts to the emperor, and imperial princesses serving at the Ise Shrine at the time of their appointment, and in return they would receive the financial profits of the provinces in place of a salary.
Japanese: 院宮分国制（いんぐうぶんこくせい）とは、太上天皇や女院、中宮、斎宮などに除目の際に特定の令制国の受領を推挙する権利を与え、そこから経済的利益の配分を受けることで俸禄の代わりとする制度。
English: The theoris on the origin of the ingubunkokusei system describes: One that it started when kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and choyo (taxes in tribute and labor under the ritsuryo system) collected within Awaji Province were used to feed Imperial Prince Oi who had been deported to the province and called Awaji Haitei (deposed Emperor of Awaji); another theory argues that the system began when denso (a rice field tax) and rice collected within Yamato Province was used to feed Retired Emperor Heizei who had confined himself in Heijo-Kyo; a third theory states that the system was established along with shinno nintoku (provinces whose governing posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) system that was introduced later on.
Japanese: その由来については淡路国に流された淡路廃帝大炊親王（淳仁天皇）のために同国の官物・庸調が廃帝の生活に充てられ、平城京に籠った平城上皇のために大和国の田租・地子イネが生活に充てられたもの、更にその後導入された親王任国を制度の嚆矢とする説もある。
English: However, it is now most commonly believed that the oldest example of the system being used occurred when Shinano Province was given to Retired Emperor Uda in 908, followed by Musashi Province ten years later.
Japanese: 延喜8年（908年）に宇多上皇のために信濃国が与えられ、10年後に更に武蔵国が与えられたのが最古の例と考えるのが妥当とされている。
English: Subsequently, Higashi Sanjoin FUJIWARA no Senshi was the first nyoin to be treated in the same way as the Retired Emperor.
Japanese: その後、初めて女院となった東三条院藤原詮子に対しても上皇と同じような待遇が許された。
English: Furthermore, Emperor Toba's wife FUJIWARA no Tokushi (the biological mother of Emperor Konoe, later becoming FUJIWARA no Tokushi) was given Echizen Province in 1146.
Japanese: 更に久安2年鳥羽天皇皇后藤原得子（近衛天皇生母・後の藤原得子）に越前国が与えられた。
English: One theory argues that a portion of the salary of an appointed zuryo was granted, while another theory states that a part of the income from such sources as taxes collected by zuryo was granted.
Japanese: 任命された受領の俸禄の一部とする説と受領が徴収した租税などの収入の一部とする説が存在する。
English: According the to first theory, income to the recipients would have been too small and zuryo would not benefit from the system, so the second theory is more plausible, however the details are unknown.
Japanese: 前者とすると院らの収入が少なすぎる上に任命された受領にとってのメリットも無くなるために後者であろうと考える説が有力であるが、詳細は不明である。
English: In any case, at the end of the Heian period, province-based income tended to be delayed, leading to increased cases of zuryo accepting the control of multiple provinces.
Japanese: いずれにしても平安時代後期には令制国における収入が滞り、複数国の知行を受ける例が増加する。
English: Although the term of a zuryo was usually four years, recipients took turns appointing zuryo to different provinces every year (if a zuryo controlled four provinces, the recipients could recommend and appoint a zuryo in a different province every year) causing zuryo to be called 'nenbun zuryo.'
Japanese: 受領の任期は通常4年であったが、院らは持ち回りによって毎年のように別個の令制国の受領を任じた（4ヶ国の知行国があれば、毎年別の国の受領を推挙・任命することになる）ために「年分受領」とも呼ばれるようになった。
English: A Jidoku/Jito was a scholar who was an academic tutor for the emperor.
Japanese: 侍読（じどく/じとう）とは、天皇の側に仕えて学問を教授する学者のこと。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a professor of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) or an individual with similar education and experience was appointed to the position of Jidoku.
Japanese: 律令制のもとでは大学寮の博士あるいはこれに近い学識を有する人物が任命された。
English: Other materials they lectured on included the "Shiki" (a Chinese history book), "Monzen" (Wen-hsen, Ancient Chinese Poems) and "Roshi Dotokukyo" (Lao-tzu - The Way and its Virtue).
Japanese: しかし『史記」や『文選(書物)』、『老子道徳経』などそれ以外からの講義も行われた。
English: After the late Heian period, the Oe clan and the Sugawara clan monopolized the position of Jidoku with the hereditary title of Kidendo hakase (chief experts on the history of Japan and China) (Monjo hakase (professor of literature)).
Japanese: だが、平安時代後期以後、紀伝道博士（文章博士）を世襲した大江氏・菅原氏が侍読の役を独占した。
English: Scholars who tutored the family heads of the Sekkan-ke (families which produced regents) and the family of the Shogun also came to be called Jidoku.
Japanese: また、摂関家や将軍家の当主に学問を教授する学者も侍読と呼ばれるようになる。
English: Ingu kyu is a nenkan (a right granted as a stipend to members of the Imperial family (including the emperor), consorts of the emperor, some Court nobles, and so forth in order to nominate a person for a certain government post conferred on occasion of an annual installation as a government official) and a nenshaku (a right granted as a stipend to a retired emperor, the mother of the Emperor Dowager, the Empress Dowager, the Empress, and so forth in order to nominate a person for a certain rank on occasions of annual conferments of ranks) given to Daijo tenno (the Retired Emperor) and Sannomiya (empress).
Japanese: 院宮給（いんぐうきゅう）とは、太上天皇と三宮(后妃)に給する年官と年爵のこと。
English: Although there are various theories on when Ingu kyu was established, nenkan for Sannomiya came into existence during the era of Emperor Junna, while nenshaku for the Sannomiya, as well as nenkan and nenshaku for In, had already existed in the Kampyo era after "Kampyo-Goyuikai/Kampyo-no-Goyuikai" (a group of precepts for governing) was established and the retired Emperor Uda mentioned what he thought should be the ingu kyu.
Japanese: 院宮給の成立については諸説あるが、三宮への年官は淳和天皇の頃に成立し、残りの三宮の年爵・院の年官・年爵も宇多上皇が院宮給のありかたについて触れた『寛平御遺誡』が成立した寛平年間には既に存在していた。
English: One person for Nenshaku (Jugoinoge), one naikan (a government official who resided in Kyoto), one assistant to kokushi (provincial governor), one Sakan (secretary) to kokushi, one Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents) were added to the beneficiaries of Ingu kyu, and one nyoshaku was added later on.
Japanese: 院宮給は年爵（従五位下）1名・内官1名・国司の掾1名・同じく目1名・史生3名、後に女爵1名が追加された。
English: Those who were granted nenshaku and naikan (kyokan) enjoyed a large income from their position as well from appointees in exchange for recommendations.
Japanese: 年爵や内官（京官）は収入が多く、推挙の見返りとして被任命者から送られる収入も多かった。
English: When the revenue dropped due to the nation's hard-pressed economy and decline of local governments, however, such measures were taken to add a portion for one person to nenshaku.
Japanese: だが、国家財政の逼迫と地方政治の衰微によって収入が減少すると、臨時給や合爵（官職への推挙権を返上する代わりに、より実入りのある年爵を1名分増加させる）などの措置も取られた。
English: Still, due to the insufficient revenue, Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was introduced and ikai (Court rank) was raised (up to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) for Court nobles during insei period (period of the government by the retired Emperor)).
Japanese: それでも不足したために院宮分国制の導入や年爵で推挙できる位階の引き上げ（院政期には公卿である従三位まで推挙可能となる）なども行われるようになった。
English: Jishi Koeki refers to the exchange (buying and selling) of rice as a land tax that was collected from koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) by a provincial governor under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code); rice was exchanged for light commodities that were easier to carry and submit to the central government.
Japanese: 地子交易（じしこうえき）とは、律令制において国司が公田から得た地子稲を中央に上供する際に運搬に便利なように軽貨に交換（売買）すること。
English: Governors of provinces that were required to submit a land tax quota would use rice collected from koden as a financial resource in order to purchase silk or iron based on koka (selling prices) and sent it to the Daijokan chuke (manager of the kitchen of the Great Council of State) in the central government.
Japanese: 地子の割当を受けた令制国では、公田から賃租された地子稲を財源として沽価に基づいて絹や鉄などを調達して中央の太政官厨家に送付した。
English: Later on, Koden became territories of the Ozuki clan who took over the official position, and rice taxes from these territories, as well as commodities obtained through Jishi Koeki were spent as expenses for the Daijokan.
Japanese: 後に公田そのものが官務を世襲した小槻氏の事実上の所領と化して、そこから地子稲及び地子交易で得られた物資が太政官の経費として捻出されるようになった。
English: A Fuseya was a temporary relief station and lodging facility for travelers that was established in many parts of Japan during the kodai ritsuryosei (ancient East Asian system of centralized governance).
Japanese: 布施屋（ふせや）とは、古代律令制時代に日本各地に作られた旅行者の一時救護・宿泊施設。
English: 下の文を統合しました.
Japanese: 平安時代、律令制下では庶民は租税や労役、兵役を課せられていた。その運搬や出向は全て本人が自ら都まで出向かなければいけなかった。
English: The use of swift horses was limited to government officials, meaning that it wold take days, or even weeks for common people to travel to the capital by foot or by land horses.
Japanese: 駿馬を使えるのは官吏だけに限られていたので、庶民は全員が何日、時には何十日もかけて徒歩や農耕用のウマで都に向かっていたのである。
English: As a matter of course, the severe conditions caused many people to collapse from starvation and illnesses or even die en route, causing the issue to be recognized as a social problem.
Japanese: 当然このような劣悪な状況では途中で飢餓や病により倒れたり、死亡したりして行旅死亡人となる者も多く、初期の頃から社会問題化し始めていた。
English: In order to resolve such conditions on a nationwide basis, places like Buddhists temples were used as a focal point to establish 'Fuseya.'
Japanese: 全国でそのような状況を解決するために、仏教寺院などを中心にして造られたのが「布施屋」である。
English: Judging from an integration of scarce historical materials, Fuseya facilities consisted of three to five structures and categorized as relief stations, lodging facilities, depositories and food storehouses.
Japanese: 数少ない史料から総合すると、布施屋の施設は3軒から5軒の建物から構成され、救護・宿泊施設と物資庫・食料庫に分かれていた。
English: Relief stations and lodging facilities in Fuseya provided such services as food distribution, lodging and treatment for injuries and illnesses.
Japanese: 布施屋内の救護・宿泊施設では食料の配給、けがや病気の手当て、宿泊などのサービスが行われていた。
English: Consequently, the services placed great emphasis on relief activities while placing very little importance on aspects of accommodation.
Japanese: このためサービスの比重は救護の方に置かれ、宿泊はあまり重視されていなかった。
English: In fact, it is known that the Fuseya established by Todai-ji Temple had only two sets of bedding and had conditions far from capable of accommodating guests for many days.
Japanese: 事実、東大寺の設置した布施屋では寝具が2組しかなく、とても継続して宿泊出来る環境ではなかったことが分かっている。
English: The very idea of helping travelers in trouble was based on a concept of Buddhist thought called 'kyujutsu' (helping a person in trouble), so temples naturally made up the majority of the operations.
Japanese: 元々困っている旅行者を施設を造って助けようという「救恤」の発想自体が仏教の考え方であり、自然と運営主体は寺院が多くなった。
English: It is likely that Fuseya operated by kokufu or the government emerged in accordance with Buddhist activities as well as the practical problem of increasing traveler deaths.
Japanese: 国府の運営、即ち官営であるものは、そのような仏教側の動きと実際問題での行旅死亡人の増加に伴い発生してきたものと思われる。
English: As a Fuseya itself was a product of Buddhist thought, Buddhist temples were invariably involved in their operations.
Japanese: 布施屋自体が仏教的発想の産物であるため、運営には必ず仏教寺院が関わった。
English: Fuseya operated by temples themselves were put under the supervision of the temple, but when they were operated by a kokufu, a supervisory temple would be built near the site or a nearby temple would be assigned to look after it.
Japanese: 運営主体が寺院である場合はその寺院そのものが、国府である場合は敷地内に寺を建造したり近くの寺に監督を依頼したりすることが行われた。
English: In addition, a 'Yakushi-ji Temple' was always built on the grounds of a Fuseya in which a Yakushinyorai (Bhaisajyaguru (Buddha able to cure all illnesses)) was enshrined as a honzon (principal object of worship at a temple, usually a Buddha or Bodhisattva).
Japanese: また敷地内には必ず「薬師寺」と称し、医薬を司る薬師如来を本尊とする寺が建てられたという。
English: There were diverse methods of raising funds for the operation, securing food and other supplies for a Fuseya, such as owning newly cultivated land, setting aside stipends called fuchi that were attached to official services, and loaning out rice plants at interest in the form of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries).
Japanese: 運営費や食料・物資の調達法は、自ら墾田を持つもの、官吏の扶持を割くもの、出挙としてイネを貸し付け利子で運営するものなどさまざまであった。
English: In some cases, even trees would be planted, such as jujube, pear or chestnut trees on the grounds of a Fuseya in order to make a supplemental contribution to the food supply.
Japanese: また敷地内にナツメやナシ、クリなどの木を植え、補助的に食料にあてることもあった。
English: It is traditionally said that Gyogi, priests of great sanctity during the Nara period, built Fuseya as a missionary activity when they went on pilgrimages around the country.
Japanese: 奈良時代の高僧・行基が布教のため全国を巡った際に造ったと伝えられる。
English: There were reportedly ten Fuseya, with two in Yamashiro Province, three in Settsu Province, two in Kawachi Province, two in Izumi Province and one in Bingo Province.
Japanese: その数は山城国2ヶ所、摂津国3ヶ所、河内国2ヶ所、和泉国2ヶ所、備後国1ヶ所の10ヶ所に上るという。
English: Most notable among them was Koya no Fuseya that was established at Kawabe-gun in Settsu Province (Hyogo Prefecture) in 731.
Japanese: 代表格である昆陽布施屋（こやのふせや）は天平3（731）年に摂津国川辺郡(兵庫県)に開設された。
English: This facility was not only for travelers but also for people under the burden of doing labor at temples.
Japanese: 旅行者だけではなく寺で労役を科せられていた人々のための施設でもあったという。
English: This is the most well-known of all the fuseya in the country due to the detailed background history of its establishment described in the "Shoku Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued), which was one of the Rikkokushi (the six ancient Japanese historical collections compiled between the Nara and Heian periods).
Japanese: 六国史である『続日本後紀』に設置経緯が掲載されており、全国の布施屋の中では最も知名度が高い。
English: According to the "Shoku Nihon Koki" in a section on December 29, 835, this facility was established when the Gyobukyo (Minister of Justice) ONO no Minemori, who was formerly a Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), invested earnings from approximately 140 hectares of his cultivated land into the operation.
Japanese: 『続日本後紀』承和2年12月3日條によれば、刑部卿の小野岑守が以前大宰大弐であった頃に開設し、墾田百四十町をもってその運営に当てたという。
English: The former location is estimated to be in Chikushino City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the latter is estimated to be in the Saigawa area, Miyako-machi, Miyako-gun, Fukuoka Prefecture (old Saigawa-machi, Miyako-gun).
Japanese: 前者は福岡県筑紫野市、後者は福岡県京都郡みやこ町犀川地区（旧京都郡犀川町）に比定されている。
English: The Shodai-ji Temple in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo Prefecture claims to have succeeded this shokumeiin.
Japanese: なお東京都江戸川区にはこの続命院の後継を称する「證大寺」という寺が存在する。
English: This Fuseya, which straddled Nagara-gawa River, was established as part of an order of Daijokanpu (official documents issued by the Daijokan, Grand Council of State) to build bridges and establish Fuseya throughout Tokaido and the Tosando area.
Japanese: 太政官符により東海道・東山道を対象に架橋と布施屋の設置を命じられた際、長良川をはさんで開設されたもの。
English: It was allegedly established by the Sagami no suke (assistant governor of Sagami Province) TACHIBANA no Naganori who used his salary of 10,000 sheaves of rice plants to pay for the facility.
Japanese: 相模介であった橘永範が自分の俸給である稲一万束をもって開設したと伝えらえれる。
English: Although there is no description about it in Rikkokushi, the facility was recorded in a law code during the Heian period called "Ruiju sandai kaku" (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns), in which it is mentioned that it aided 1,158 people for four years after being established.
Japanese: 六国史に記録はないが平安時代の法令集『類聚三代格』に記録が残り、開設から4年間で1158人を救護したと伝えられている。
English: A haikomei is a type of name for men used mostly in Japan.
Japanese: 輩行名（はいこうめい）は、主に日本における男性の名前の種類のひとつ。
English: Haikomei has also been called "haiko no kemyo" and "haiko kemyo."
Japanese: 輩行の仮名（はいこうのけみょう）、輩行仮名（はいこうけみょう）と言うこともある。
English: "Haiko" carries the meaning of "people of the same generation within a family," typically in the case of brothers.
Japanese: 「輩行」とは「一族のうち同世代の者」という意味で、通常は兄弟のことを言う。
English: Haikomei represents the seniority in the "Haiko" (birth order) in names such as Taro, Jiro and Saburo, and they are widely used as given names today.
Japanese: 輩行名は「輩行」のうちの序列（＝出生順）を表すもので、太郎、次郎、三郎・・・といった名のことであり、今日でも日本人の名前としても広く用いられる。
English: The origin of such names as Taro and Jiro goes all the way back to the time of Emperor Saga.
Japanese: これら太郎、次郎といった名乗りのはじまりは、遠く嵯峨天皇の時代に遡る。
English: As Emperor Saga gave the childhood name Taro to the first prince, Jiro to the second prince, Saburo to the third prince and so forth, these names spread to the general populace over time.
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇が第一皇子以下に対して太郎、次郎、三郎といった幼名を授けたことから、時代を追うにつれ一般に広まるようになる。
English: In the samurai (warrior) class in particular, Haikomei had already spread in the Heian period, as seen by examples such as the legitimate son of MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi taking the name MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and his younger brothers taking the names MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna and MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu.
Japanese: とりわけ武士としては、源頼義の嫡男源義家と名乗り弟もそれぞれ源義綱、源義光等と名乗っているように平安時代には既に武士階級に広まっている。
English: Over time, names such as Taro and Jiro were widely used in both the samurai and merchant classes.
Japanese: 太郎、次郎の名乗りは時代が下った後も武士階級、町人階級問わず広く用いられた。
English: Haikomei used by the samurai class were assumed names, while in the merchant class they were real names due to merchants not having an imina (personal name).
Japanese: 武士階級が仮名なのに対して、諱を持たぬ町人の場合は正真正銘の本名として用いられた。
English: Names such as Taro and Jiro do no always correspond to the order in which they are born. For example, although Hideie UKITA was a second son, his childhood name was "Hachiro" (meaning the "eighth" son), and in other cases, a predecessor's name was handed down, as seen in the case of Shirojiro CHAYA.
Japanese: なお、太郎、次郎・・・という名は必ずしも出生順と一致せず、例えば宇喜多秀家は次男であるが「八郎」であったり、茶屋四郎次郎のように代々襲名される場合もあった。
English: Kuni ikki refers to an alliance (uprising) made up of feudal lords with the aim of securing their rule in the period of Northern and Southern courts and Muromachi.
Japanese: 国一揆（くにいっき）は南北朝時代(日本)、室町時代の領主による領主権の確保を目的とした連合形態（一揆）を言う。
English: One factor causing an uprising in a province was interference by political pressure from outside.
Japanese: 国一揆が形成される要因のひとつとして外部からの政治的圧力の介入などが挙げられる。
English: Alliances made in an uprising were tight-knit like a military partnership aiming at countering the interference, and they dissolved when the goal was achieved or when the threat disappeared.
Japanese: それらに対抗する為の軍事的共同形態的な結び付きが強く、目的が達成される、あるいは脅威が去った際には国一揆は解体される。
English: Chuko (Middle Ages) is a word used to represent a time period, and is the second of the three words: joko (ancient times), chuko (middle ages), and kinko (early modern age).
Japanese: 中古（ちゅうこ）とは、時代区分に用いられる表現の1つで、上古・中古・近古の三分法を用いた際の2番目に相当する。
English: In Japanese literary history, the word chuko is used in the 'Chuko Rokkasen' (six Japanese poets presented in the prelude of Kokinshu, A Collection of Ancient and Modern Poetry in the early Heian period) and the 'Chuko Sanjurokkasen' (Thirty-six Japanese poets of Nochi no Rokurokusen selected by FUJIWARA no Norikane).
Japanese: 日本文学史においては「中古六歌仙」・「中古三十六歌仙」などの語が存在する。
English: Chuko is therefore regarded as a word used to refer to the Heian period (794 - 1192) in Japanese literature.
Japanese: そのため、国文学界においては平安時代（794年-1192年）を指して用いられる。
English: On the other hand, Japanese literature also uses the term 'chusei' to refer to the time period after the Kamakura period which has the same meaning as chuko, and the appropriateness of this practice has been questioned.
Japanese: その一方で国文学界が鎌倉時代以後を本来は同じ意味である「中世」という語で表現する事に対して疑問も出されている。
English: Miyake odoi was allegedly built between 1368 and 1375 by Kaneharu MIYAKE.
Japanese: 三宅御土居は、益田兼見により、室町時代の応永年間（1368〜75）年に築かれたといわれている。
English: In 2004, Miyake odoi was designated as a historic site together with Nanao-jo Castle (Iwami Province) (Masuda Castle) under the name 'Ruins of Masuda clan Castles.'
Japanese: 平成16年（2004年）、七尾城(石見国)（益田城）とともに「益田氏城館跡」として国の史跡となった。
English: Bushidan (warrior bands) refers to the group of bushi (samurai) that existed mainly from the late Heian, Kamakura, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (Japan), and lasted until the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 武士団（ぶしだん）とは主に平安時代後半から、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代(日本)を中心に室町時代までの武士の集団を指す。
English: It was treated as a synonym of 'bushi' in medieval history studies, but 'bushi' referred to those between the medieval to the modern era (Edo period), and 'bushi' theory referred to only 'samurai' that lead 'bushidan' while 'bushidan' was also concerned with social conditions that also included the roto (retainer).
Japanese: 中世史研究史上においては「武士」と同義語として扱われることもあるが、「武士」は中世から近世（江戸時代）までを対象とし、また「武士」論は「武士団」を率いる「侍」のみを対象とすることもあるに対し、「武士団」ではその郎党も含めた社会的実態が問題とされる。
English: Ikusa' later became 'ikusa' (written as 戦, current word for battle), but '軍' was called as 'ikusa' at that time.
Japanese: 後には「いくさ」は「戦」であるが、当時は「軍」を「いくさ」と呼んだらしい。
English: Although the army and bushidan under the Ritsuryo system were groups both founded for battle, they were different.
Japanese: しかし、律令体制下の軍団と武士団は、ともに戦闘目的の為に組織された集団であっても、それぞれ異なった実態である。