nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The family was founded by Michikata NAKANOIN, who was the fifth son of MINAMOTO no Michichika (Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO) who was a descendant of Imperial Prince Tomohira of the Emperor Murakami and worked as Naidaijin.
Japanese: 村上天皇の皇子具平親王の子孫で内大臣を務めた源通親（土御門通親）の五男、中院通方を祖として創設された。
English: Precious documents handed down by successive generations of the Nakanoin family were donated to Kyoto University by Michinori NAKANOIN and named Nakanoin bunko.
Japanese: 中院通規により京都大学に中院家代々の貴重な文書類が寄贈され、中院文庫と名付けられた。
English: Being a family of one of the family lineages of a master of Nijo school waka poetry, a large number of documents related to kado (the art of versification) were included..
Japanese: 二条派歌道の宗匠の家柄の一つでもあったので、歌道に関する文書類が多い。
English: During the Edo Period, three leading figures of Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) in successive generations, Kinzumi SHIGENOI, Sanemasa SHIGENOI and Kinkazu SHIGENOI, were produced.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、滋野井公澄・滋野井実全・滋野井公麗と3代にわたって有職故実の大家を輩出する。
English: Naruchika NAKAYAMA, who was the family head during the latter part of the Edo Period confronted Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, roju (senior councillor of the Tokugawa shogunate), on the occasion of the songo ikken (literally, incident concerning honorific title) and was punished together with Kinaki OGIMACHI.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の当主の中山愛親（なるちか）は、尊号一件の際に、老中松平定信と対決して正親町公明と共に処分された。
English: Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, who was a great-grandchild of Naruchika, was the father of Yasuko NAKAYAMA, who was the biological mother of the Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: 愛親の曾孫の中山忠能（ただやす）は明治天皇の生母中山慶子（やすこ）の父である。
English: Tadayasu played an active role during the period from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration and he was opposed to joyaku chokkyo (literally, the imperial approval of the treaty) and promoted koka (the marriage of an Imperial Princess to a subject) of Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako.
Japanese: 幕末から、明治維新にかけて活躍し、条約勅許に反対、和宮親子内親王の降嫁を推進した。
English: Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA, who was the seventh son of Tadayasu was a vanguard of sonno joi (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and he was made the head of the Tenchu-gumi (literally, Heavenly Avenging Force) but, later, he was assassinated by a member of the Choshu clan (the Tenchu-gumi incident).
Japanese: 忠能の七男、中山忠光は尊王攘夷の急先鋒で天誅組の首領とされたが、後に長州藩の刺客により暗殺された（天誅組の変）。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, his achievements since the end of the Edo Period was appreciated and the peerage of count was conferred on Tadayasu and he served as Jingikan (department of worship).
Japanese: 明治維新後には、幕末からの功績を認められて忠能は侯爵に叙せられ、神祇官を務めた。
English: It is said that this family was founded during the Kamakura Period with Toshisada BOJO, who was a son of Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA, but there is another view that the founder was Toshizane BOJO (grandson of Toshisada), who was the eldest son of Sadasuke BOJO, who in turn was the son of Toshisada.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に吉田経俊の子・坊城俊定を祖として創設されたといわれているが、俊定の子である坊城定資の長男坊城俊実（俊定の孫にあたる）を祖とする説もある。
English: During the last stages of the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), this family was discontinued for a certain period, but it was reestablished by adopting the third son of Haretoyo KAJUJI, Toshimasa BOJO.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)末期、一時期中絶したが、後に勧修寺晴豊の三男、坊城俊昌が入って再興された。
English: Since 1951, he served as a koji (presenter of poems) of the ceremony of the Utakai Hajime (Imperial New Year's Poetry Reading) held in the Imperial court and the chairman of hikokai (a group of descendants of the former nobility who serve the New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party).
Japanese: 1951年（昭和26年）以来、宮中で行われる歌会始の講師（こうじ）を務め、披講会会長を務めた。
English: Toshinaru (architect) became a topic of talk in the media as a possible partner in the marriage of the first Imperial Princess Norinomiya Sayako (present Sayako KURODA) of Akihito.
Japanese: 俊成（建築家）は一時期、明仁の第一皇女、紀宮清子内親王（現：黒田清子）の結婚候補としてマスコミに名前が取り上げられ話題となった。
English: Toshoke, also referred to as Dojoke, in the history of Japan, means family of court nobles hereditary qualified to be admitted to Tenjo no Ma chamber located under the eaves on the south side of the Seiryoden (Literally "Limpid Cool Hall," an imperial summer palace)
Japanese: 堂上家（とうしょうけ、どうじょうけ）とは、日本の歴史上、清涼殿南廂にある殿上間に昇殿出来る資格が世襲された公家の家。
English: As, in the middle of the Heian Period, the system of shoden (to enter the court) commenced and the family lineage that can become kugyo (court nobility) were fixed since the insei period (during the period of the government by a retired Emperor), discrimination among kuge (court nobles) between toshoke for which shoden was allowed and jigeke for which shoden was not allowed was established.
Japanese: 平安時代中期に昇殿の制が始まったことと、公卿となることが出来る家柄が院政期から固定されるようになったことに伴い、公家の中で昇殿を許される家柄である堂上家と許されない地下家（じげけ）の区分が成立した。
English: In a broad sense, it was a generic name of sekke, seigake, daijinke, urinke, meike (kuge), and hanke (kuge) that were eligible to become kugyo.
Japanese: 広義では公卿になることが出来る摂家、清華家、大臣家、羽林家、名家(公家)、半家(公家)の総称である。
English: Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, discrimination between "nainai" and "tozama" was created according to the closeness to the then current emperor.
Japanese: 南北朝期以降堂上家のなかに、時の天皇との親疎により内々・外様の区別が出来た。
English: It was also classified in 65 kyuke (literally, old families) whch had been formed by the Tensho era (1573-1591), during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, and shinke (literally, new family) which was established after that.
Japanese: また、安土桃山時代の天正年間（1573-1591）迄に成立していた65家を旧家、それ以降新規に設立された家を新家と区分している。
English: On July 7, 1884, among hiradojo, families from which many were promoted to Dainagon (Chief councilor of state) were appointed to count and others to viscount.
Japanese: 1884年（明治17年）7月7日平堂上のうち、大納言まで宣任の例が多い家が伯爵に、それ以外は子爵に叙せられた。
English: This family was founded during the middle of the Kamakura Period by Sukemichi MADENOKOJI, the fourth son of FUJIWARA no Suketsune (Suketsune KANROJI, Suketsune YOSHIDA).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期藤原資経（甘露寺資経、吉田資経）の四男、万里小路資通を祖として創設される。
English: Nobufusa MADENOKOJI and Fujifusa MADENOKOJI played active role in the Kenmu Restoration as trusted vassals of Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: 万里小路宣房、万里小路藤房は、後醍醐天皇の側近として建武の新政で活躍した。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, the peerage of count was conferred on Michifusa MADENOKOJI and he served as a jiju (a chamberlain) and a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers).
Japanese: 万里小路通房は、明治維新後、伯爵に叙せられ、侍従、貴族院議員を務めた。
English: This family was founded during the beginning of the Kamakura Period by Yorisuke HIROHASHI, who was the younger brother of Sukezane HINO.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期に日野資実の弟、広橋頼資（よりすけ）によって創立された。
English: At the beginning the family called itself also Kadenokoji and, therefore, the diary of Kanenaka HIROHASHI was called "Kanchuki."
Japanese: 当初は勘解由小路とも号し、頼資の孫である広橋兼仲の日記は『勘仲記』と呼ばれている。
English: From the Muromachi Period to the Edo Period, many family members served as negotiators with bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and, in particular during the Edo Period, many buketenso yaku (Imperial official in charge of communication between the shogunate and the court) appeared.
Japanese: 室町時代から江戸時代にかけては幕府との折衝役を務める者が多く、特に江戸時代には武家伝奏役を多数輩出した。
English: After the Meiji Restoration on July 8, 1884, the peerage of count was conferred on Masamitsu HIROHASHI.
Japanese: 明治維新後の1884年7月8日広橋賢光（まさみつ）に伯爵の位を授けられた。
English: Masamitsu entered the Ministry of Home Affairs and, after serving as the Director of the Cabinet Records Office, served as Goyogakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) of the Imperial Household Research Committee.
Japanese: 賢光は内務省(日本)に入省し、内閣記録局長を経て、帝室制度調査局御用掛を務めた。
English: This family was discontinued for a certain period, but, during the Edo Period, Tomofusa SEIKANJI, who was the son of Suketane NAKAMIKADO, inherited it.
Japanese: 一時期中絶したが、江戸時代になって中御門資胤の子、清閑寺共房が入って相続した。
English: This family was founded by FUJIWARA no Akitaka, Chunagon (Vice-councilor of state), who was descendant of FUJIWARA no Takafuji and the second son of FUJIWARA no Tamefusa, sangi (councilor).
Japanese: 藤原高藤の後裔で、参議藤原為房の二男、中納言藤原顕隆によって創設された。
English: Akitaka was trusted by Emperor Shirakawa and a kuge who was called 'yoru no kanpaku' (Chief adviser to the Emperor behind the scene) and representative kuge during the insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor).
Japanese: 顕隆は白河天皇の信任厚く「夜の関白」と称された院政期を代表する公家。
English: This family began from Saneakira OGIMACHI, who was the grandson of Kintsune SAIONJI, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), and the second son of Kimimori TOIN, Daijo-daijin.
Japanese: 太政大臣西園寺公経の孫で、太政大臣洞院公守の二男正親町実明から始まる。
English: Machiko OGIMACHI in the Genroku Era during the Edo Period was the daughter of Sanetoyo OGIMACHI and a concubine of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA.
Japanese: 江戸時代元禄時代の正親町町子は、正親町実豊の女で柳沢吉保の側室である。
English: Motouji served Emperor Gohorikawa and after the death of the Emperor, starting from offering flowers to Buddha, he learned and became good at flower arrangement and established the foundation of the Seizan school of flower arrangement.
Japanese: 基氏は後堀河天皇に仕え、後堀河天皇崩御後、仏に供花したことを機縁とし、挿花を能くし生花青山流の基礎を開いた。
English: Family heads during the beginning of the Edo period, Mototo SONO and his son Motonari SONO sent their daughters (Mibuin and Shinkogimonin) to the Emperor Gomizunoo's kokyu (empress's residence) and the daughters gave birth to Emperor Gokomyo and Emperor Reigen respectively.
Japanese: 江戸時代前期の当主園基任・園基音親子はいずれも娘（壬生院・新広義門院）を後水尾天皇の後宮に入れており、それぞれ後光明天皇と霊元天皇両天皇を出産した。
English: In addition, Jun-daijin (Vice Minister) was conferred to Motoyoshi SONO (an uncle of Emperor Reigen) that was quite exceptional for urinke.
Japanese: さらに基音の子である園基福（霊元天皇の叔父にあたる）は羽林家としては異例の准大臣に叙せられた。
English: All family heads other than those that passed away young were appointed to Dainagon (Before that, kyokkan for the Sono family was Chunagon).
Japanese: またそれ以降の当主についても早世したもの以外は全員が大納言となる（それまでの園家は中納言が極官だった）。
English: Motohira SONO (Motomochi SONO)the family head during the latter part of the Edo period devoted himself to kado (flower arrangement) and he is known for his book "Ikebana Tebiki" (literally, guide on flower arrangement).
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の当主園基衡（園基持）は華道に精進し、「活花手引」を著した事で知られる。
English: Motosachi SONO, near the end of the Edo period and the Meiji Restoration, devoted himself to the interest of the nation as one of the Ansei kinno eighty-eight teishin (Eighty-eight court nobles who protested the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce during the Ansei era).
Japanese: 幕末、明治維新期の園基祥は、安政勤王八十八廷臣の一人として国事に奔走した。
English: Sachiko SONO who served Emperor Meiji as a tenji (a court lady of the first rank) was the second daughter of Motosachi and she gave birth to Imperial Prince Michihito, Imperial Prince Teruhito, Imperial Princess Shizuko, Imperial Princess Masako who married Prince Takedanomiya Tsunehisa, Imperial Princess Fusako who married Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Naruhisa, Imperial Princess Nobuko who married Prince Asakanomiya Yasuhiko, Imperial Princess Toshiko who married Prince Higashikuninomiya Naruhiko, and Imperial Princess Takiko.
Japanese: 明治天皇に典侍として仕えた園祥子は基祥の二女で、天皇との間に猷仁親王、輝仁親王、静子内親王、恒久王妃昌子内親王（竹田宮恒久王妃）、房子内親王（北白川宮成久王妃）、允子内親王（朝香宮鳩彦王妃）、聡子内親王（東久邇宮稔彦王妃）、多喜子内親王の皇子女を儲けた。
English: This family was founded by Sukekuni HINONISHI, Jun-daijin (Vice Minister), the third son of Tokimitsu HINO, at the end of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)末期に日野時光の三男、准大臣日野西資国によって創設される。
English: The family was succeeded by Morimitsu HINONISHI and Sukemune HINONISHI, but, since Tomomitsu, a son of Sukemune died young, this family was discontinued.
Japanese: 日野西盛光、日野西資宗と続くが資宗の子、朝光が早世したため、中絶した。
English: During the Edo period, Fusamori HINONISHI, Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), the third son of Fusamitsu HIROHASHI, reestablished the family as Hinonishi.
Japanese: 江戸時代に広橋総光の三男、衛門府日野西総盛が日野西を称し、再興する。
English: At first, the family named itself 'Ichijo (to avoid ambiguity),' but, when it became the family head, the family name was changed to the present one to avoid duplication with the Ichijo family.
Japanese: 当初は「一条家_(曖昧さ回避)」と名乗っていたが、一条実秋の代に一条家との重複を避けて現在の家名に改めたという。
English: Sanenari SHIMIZUDANI was adopted from the Sanjonishi family famous for waka poetry and was known as a representative kajin (waka poet) in Emperor Reigen's waka circle.
Japanese: 清水谷実業は、歌道で有名な三条西家より養子に入り、霊元天皇歌壇の代表的歌人として知られる。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI, the family head near the end of the Edo period and Meiji Restoration, and assumed the position of the Governor of the Hakodate-fu.
Japanese: 幕末、明治維新期の清水谷公考（きんなる）は、明治維新後、箱館府知事に就任する。
English: The peerage of count was conferred upon Saneakira SHIMIZUDANI on July 7, 1884 and he served as an imperial court councilor and shotenjicho (the deputy chief of shotenshoku, the section of the Imperial Household Agency handling the court rituals).
Japanese: 清水谷実英（さねあきら）は明治17年7月7日伯爵位を授けられ、宮中顧問官、掌典次長を務めた。
English: The Yanagiwara family (conventionally, Yanagihara) were kuge (court nobles) that held the status of meika (kuge of lower rank).
Japanese: 柳原家（やなぎわらけ、やなぎはらの読みは慣例）は、名家(公家)の家格を有する公家。
English: During Japan's Sengoku (Warring States) period, some of the family's territories in various locations were confiscated by samurai families; in order to maintain a financial base, therefore, the family moved to Inaba Province, where it had held territory over three generations, from Suketsuna YANAGIWARA to Kazumitsu YANAGIWARA and Sukesada YANAGIWARA.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると各地の所領を武家に横領されたため、経済基盤を確保するために柳原資綱・柳原量光・柳原資定の3代に渡って、所領のある因幡国に下向した。
English: As Sukesada had no sons, he adopted Atsumitsu YANAGIWARA and appointed him successor to the position of head of the family; Atsumitsu was a son of Sukemasa MACHI of the Machi family, a branch family of the Yanagiwara family who were kuge (court nobles).
Japanese: 資定には男子がなく、柳原家の分家の町家（公家）の町資将の子の柳原淳光を養子縁組として相続させた。
English: A cousin of Emperor Reigen, Sukekado YANAGIWARA was a buke tenso (liaison officer between the Imperial Court and the military government) who lived during the early Edo period and successfully served in negotiations with the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun); Mitsutsuna YANAGIWARA, who lived during the mid-Edo period, not only served as a buke tenso, but also as a giso (one who conveys to the Emperor the decisions of the congress).
Japanese: 江戸時代前期の柳原資廉は霊元天皇の従兄弟にあたり、武家伝奏をつとめて江戸幕府との交渉に活躍し、江戸時代中期の柳原光綱も、議奏と武家伝奏に就任した。
English: Furthermore, the Yanagiwara family members traditionally studied literature or became writers; Mitsutsuna's son, Norimitsu YANAGIWARA, authored a history book entitled 'Zokushi gusho.'
Japanese: また柳原家は、代々文学、文筆を家業とし、光綱の子である柳原紀光は歴史書「続史愚抄」を著している。
English: Mitsunaru's son, Sakimitsu YANAGIWARA, and Kinmochi SAIONJI were both described as rare talents among the young kuge, and during the Boshin War, Sakimitsu served as lieutenant governor of the force deployed to subdue the Tokaido; after the Meiji Restoration, Sakimitsu joined the Foreign Ministry.
Japanese: 光愛の子の柳原前光（さきみつ）は、西園寺公望とともに少壮公家中の逸材と言われ、戊辰戦争では東海道鎮撫副総督を務め、明治維新後、外務省に入省。
English: He successively served as Gaimu taijo (Senior Secretary of the Foreign Ministry), Envoy Extraordinary to the Qing Dynasty, minister-counselor to the Russian Empire, chairman of Japan's Genroin (Chamber of Elders), a member of Japan's Privy Council, and Imperial Court Councilor; subsequently, he was awarded the rank of count.
Japanese: 外務大丞、清特命全権公使、ロシア帝国公使、元老院(日本)議長、枢密院(日本)、宮中顧問官を歴任し、伯爵に叙された。
English: Naruko YANAGIWARA, Mitsunaru's second daughter and a younger sister of Sakimitsu, served as a naishi no suke (court lady of the first rank) to Emperor Meiji and later gave birth to the child who would become Emperor Taisho.
Japanese: 光愛の次女で前光の妹の柳原愛子（なるこ）は、明治天皇に典侍として仕え、大正天皇の生母となった。
English: The Yanagiwara family relocated to Tokyo during the Meiji period; eventually, the uninhabited mansion that remained in Kyoto became the campus of Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts.
Japanese: 明治期に柳原家一家は東京に移住したので、空家となった京都の邸宅は同志社女子大学の学舎として利用された。
English: Yoshimitsu YANAGIWARA, who became a count by succeeding Sakimitsu, was an ambitious man, but his ambitions were thwarted by a series of scandals: the divorce of his younger sister, Akiko YANAGIWARA; an incident in which his daughter, Tokuko YOSHII, engaged in conduct that was unbecoming for someone of her station; and the emergence of suspicions that he was homosexual.
Japanese: 前光の後を嗣いで伯爵となった柳原義光は野心家であったが、妹・柳原白蓮（あきこ）の離婚騒動や娘・吉井徳子の不良華族事件、最後には自分自身にも同性愛疑惑が発覚した。
English: Moreover, the family were heavily criticized by society for tainting the Imperial Family, to whom they were closely related, with these scandals.
Japanese: 天皇家に近い一族がスキャンダルまみれとなったことで世間から猛烈な非難を浴びた。
English: Rumiko was a daughter of Ukemitsu (承光) YANAGIWARA, who married into the family through a granddaughter of Yoshimitsu; Rumiko was a candidate to become the wife of Imperial Prince Naruhito.
Japanese: 義光の孫娘に婿入りした柳原承光の娘留美子は、徳仁親王のお妃候補として名前が挙がったことがある。
English: Entering the Courtiers' Hall in the Imperial Palace' means entering the Courtiers' Hall called Tenjo No Ma in the emperor's private living quarters, i.e., in the south side of the emperor's residence Seiryoden; and during the Heian period, court officials were authorized by imperial sanction to enter the Hall without regard for their family rank and court rank.
Japanese: 昇殿とは天皇の日常生活の場である清涼殿南廂にある殿上へ昇ることで、平安時代は家格・官位に関係なく、廷臣ごとに勅許を得ることでこれを許されていた。
English: After the Medieval Ages, the status of Jigeke was established when court officials were clearly divided according to their family rank, and families permitted to enter the Hall were called Toshoke, and families not permitted to enter the Hall were called Jigeke.
Japanese: しかしながら、中世以降は昇殿を許される家（堂上家）と昇殿を許されない家（地下家）として、家格で明確に区分されるようになり成立した。
English: Yet, although chamberlains of Rokui (Sixth Rank) were low-ranking court officials called Jigenin, they were permitted to enter the Hall; besides, there were cases--though few cases--when a chamberlain of Rokui served as the highest ranked chamberlain called 'gokuro' three times in his lifetime, or the family of the chamberlain of Rokui produced the highest ranked chamberlain for three successive generations, they were raised to Toshoke.
Japanese: また、六位蔵人は地下人であっても昇殿が許され、その中でもっとも上位である極臈を1代で3度務めるか、3代連続で務めた家は堂上家となる例があったが実例は少ない。
English: Other than the division into Toshoke and Jigeke, there were other divisions of families into Kyuka (families with a long family genealogy) and Shinke (families established during the Edo period); however, during the reign of Emperor Sakuramachi (1735-1747), it was forbidden to establish a new family without permission.
Japanese: なお、堂上家と同様旧家・新家の区分があったが、桜町天皇（在位1735年-1747年）の時代にみだりに新家を立てることが停止された。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, the title of Danshaku (Baron - one of the titles of Kazoku - nobility), was given to the Oshikoji family (or the Oshinokoji family) and the Mibu family, the leading Jigeke, correspondingly to raise them to Toshoke; and the Itami family (Shigekata ITAMI: court official served at Shorenin Temple), the Ozaki family (Saburo OZAKI: court official served at the Sanjo family), and the Tomii family (Masaakira Tomii: a senior servant at Shogoin Temple) in recognition of merit.
Japanese: 明治維新後、地下家の筆頭格であった押小路家・壬生家は堂上家に準じて、また、伊丹家（伊丹重賢：青蓮院諸大夫）・尾崎家（尾崎三良：三条家諸大夫）・富井家（富井政章：聖護院坊官）は勲功により華族（男爵）に列せられた。
English: Primarily, however, the treatment of Shizoku (the family of samurai descendants) was applied to most families of Jigeke, including the Hirata family who served as a secretary at the Bureau of Archivists and ranked next to the Oshikoji family and the Mibu family in Jigeke.
Japanese: だが、押小路家・壬生家の両家に次ぐ蔵人所出納の平田家以下、ほとんどの地下家は原則として士族として扱われた。
English: During the Edo period, hereditary officials from Jigeke--the Head of Secretaries 'Kyokumu' (leader of secretaries in the Council of State Secretaries, inherited by the Oshinokoji family), the Head of Secretaries 'Kanmu' (leader of Senior Recorders of the Left, inherited by the Mibu family), and the court official at the Bureau of Archivists 'Kurodo dokoro Suino' (inherited by the Hirata family)--were collectively called 'Saikanjin' and respectively managed events and ceremonies of the Imperial Court by supervising the hereditary officials of secretaries, recorders, and staff of the Bureau of Archivists.
Japanese: 江戸時代には地下の世職は局務（外記上首：押小路家が世襲）・官務（左大史上首：壬生家が世襲）・蔵人所出納（平田家が世襲）が、それぞれ外記方・官方・蔵人方の世襲の諸役人を管掌し、朝廷の各種行事の運営を司った（催官人）。
English: Particularly, 'Kyokumu' and 'Kanmu' were collectively called 'both offices;' later, at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, 'Suino' was added and the three offices were collectively called 'Sansai.'
Japanese: 特に、局務と官務を並べて両局と称され、幕末には出納を加えた三催という言葉も現れた。
English: Other than the three families called Saikanjin, the court officials from Jigeke were called Namikanjin (general court officials) and had subordinates called Shimokanjin, who did heavy labor for the events and ceremonies.
Japanese: 催官人の3家以外の地下家の官人は、並官人と呼ばれ、更にその下には儀式などの際に雑用を担当する下官人と呼ばれる人々がいた。
English: Generally, Namikanjin rose from Rokui (Sixth Rank), whereas Shimokanjin rose from Nanai (Seventh Rank) or Shisho (lower-ranked officials).
Japanese: 並官人は六位から立身するのに対して、下官人は七位もしくは史生から立身するのが通例であった。
English: The rank of Shimokanjin was traded in the form of 'stock' ostensibly through adoption of 'the buyer' by 'the seller' in most cases, and sometimes 'collected' by the government office on the pretext of staff acquisition, which led some cases of merchants and farmers in Kyoto and its surroundings acquiring the rank of Jige official for the purpose of raising their social status or earning their living, i.e., securing their jobs (In most cases, Saikanjin accepted the application for appointment of Jigenin by the government office without question).
Japanese: 下官人は一種の「株」の形で身分を売買することが行われ（表面上は買主が売主の養子縁組に入る場合が多い）、また必要な人員確保を理由とした官司による取立も行われたため、京都や周辺の商人や農民が社会的身分の上昇や生活の糧（仕事）の獲得などを目的に地下官人の身分を得る例もあった（催官人は官司からの地下人補任の申請があれば、ほとんどの場合そのまま受理していた）。
English: Shimokanjin was increased to meet the manpower shortage caused by imperial ceremony restoration during the latter half of the Edo period: According to "Jige Shidai" (Records of Jige), they were 73 in 1746, increased to 110 in 1796 and to 170 in 1849.
Japanese: 下官人は江戸後期の朝儀再興に伴う人手不足を補うために増員され、『地下次第』によれば延享5年（1746年）には73名であったものが、寛政8年（1796年）には110名、嘉永2年（1849年）には170名に増加している。
English: The Kajuji (also pronounced Kanjuji) family was a court noble family of the Kajuji line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 勧修寺家（かじゅうじけ/かんじゅじけ）は藤原北家勧修寺流の公家である。
English: Descendant of FUJIWARA no Takafuji fall under the 'Kajuji line,' but the family of the eldest son's descendants of FUJIWARA no Takafuji was the Kanroji family, not the Kanjuji family.
Japanese: 藤原高藤の子孫の系統を「勧修寺流」と言うが、嫡流は勧修寺家ではなく、甘露寺家である。
English: The founder of the Kajuji family was Tsuneaki KAJUJI, the son of Sadasuke BOJO who lived during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (1336-1392).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)の坊城定資の子・勧修寺経顕（南北朝時代(日本)）を勧修寺家の祖とする。
English: During the mid Heian period, FUJIWARA no Takaie, together with his elder brother FUJIWARA no Korechika, vied with FUJIWARA no Michinaga for the regent-chancellor post 'Sekkan,' but was defeated and demoted to the governor of Izumo Province.
Japanese: 平安時代中期、藤原隆家は兄藤原伊周とともに叔父藤原道長と摂関の地位を争って敗れ、出雲国国司に左遷された。
English: Later, Takaie returned to Kyoto, whereas his second son FUJIWARA no Tsunesuke became Shonii (Senior Second Rank), Dainagon (Major Counselor) and was called 'Minase Dainagon.'
Japanese: その後、隆家は京に戻り、次男藤原経輔は正二位大納言となり、水無瀬大納言と呼ばれた。
English: When the Minase family line ended during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States, 1493-1573), the family adopted a son from the Sanjonishi family, who were famous for their waka poetry; therefore, the Minase family also inherited waka poetry skills.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)に血統が途絶え、歌道で有名な三条西家から養子をむかえたため、以後水無瀬家も和歌の家となった。
English: At the end of the sixteenth century, people praised the Minase family for its calligraphy and 'shogi pieces inscribed with Master Minase's calligraphy are considered a treasure,' and the four generations of the Minase family which were famous for calligraphy wrote the letters for shogi pieces.
Japanese: 16世紀末に「駒の銘は水無瀬公の筆をもって宝とす」と賞賛され、書家として知られた水無瀬家4代の間、駒銘を書いた。
English: Among others, Kanenari MINASE and his grandson Kanetoshi MINASE were well-known.
Japanese: 特に水無瀬兼成（かねなり）とその孫の兼俊（かねとし）がよく知られる。