nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Late in the Muromachi period, the Misawa clan achieved considerable growth as local samurai of Izumo Province under a new provincial constable, the Kyogoku clan.
Japanese: 室町時代末期には、新守護の京極氏に従い、出雲国の有力国人として成長を遂げている。
English: During the period of warring states, the provincial constable Kyogoku clan was taken over its manor by the Amago clan which clashed with the Misawa clan by playing an active and central role in deporting Tsunehisa AMAGO.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると守護京極氏の所領を奪った尼子氏とは対立関係となり、尼子経久追放の中心として活躍した。
English: In 1488, Tamekuni MISAWA was defeated by Tsunehisa AMAGO and came under the control of the Amago clan.
Japanese: しかし1488年に三沢為国は尼子経久と戦って敗れ、その傘下に入った。
English: Since Tamekuni joined and sided with an ally in a rebellion against the Amago clan, which was led by Okihisa ENYA, the third son of Tsunehisa AMAGO, Tamekuni's Fujigasejo Castle was again attacked by Tsunehisa AMAGO in 1531 and Tamekuni MISAWA and his followers were held captive.
Japanese: しかし、経久三男の塩冶興久の率いる反尼子同盟に加わり、興久の反乱に加担したため、1531年に尼子経久に藤ヶ瀬城が再度攻撃を受け、三沢為国らは捕虜となる事態も起きた。
English: This was a scheme by Tameyuki MISAWA, the head of MISAWA clan, who tried to contain the independent movements by his elder and younger sons.
Japanese: これは当主の三沢為幸の手引きによる行動で、独立した動きを取る兄と弟を封じ込める策であった。
English: After this, Tameyuki MISAWA continued to submit to the Amago clan, and participated in the Battle of Yoshida Koriyamajo Castle in 1540, where he died in a Battle at Aoyama Borrow Pit.
Japanese: 三沢為幸はその後も尼子氏に従い、1540年の吉田郡山城の戦いに出陣し、吉田郡山城の戦い青山土取場の戦いで討死を遂げている。
English: Tamekiyo MISAWA, a successor of Tameyuki MISAWA, was subordinate to the Ouchi clan, but, in the Battle of Gassan Todajo Castle, the Misawa and Yoshikawa clans jointly defected to the enemy, the Amago clan, and contributed to the defeat of Ouchi.
Japanese: 跡を継いだ三沢為清は大内氏に従属したが、月山富田城の戦いで吉川氏らと共に尼子氏に寝返り、大内軍敗退の一因を作った。
English: Nevertheless, the Misawa clan maintained its strong independence, as seen in the rejection to offer military services to the Amago clan, which induced fighting between the two clans.
Japanese: しかし三沢氏の独立性は高く、尼子氏の軍役を拒否して尼子氏との戦いに及んだ場合もあった。
English: Haruhisa AMAGO controlled the Misawa clan with an attitude which was much tougher than Tsunehisa, by bringing the Yokota manor, the areas where iron sand could be obtained, and tatara iron making sites, under his direct control after marrying off his daughter to Tamekiyo MISAWA with the intention of winning the Misawa clan over to his side.
Japanese: 尼子晴久は自分の娘を為清に嫁がせ、三沢氏の懐柔を図った上で、更には横田荘の三沢氏領地や砂鉄産地・たたら製鉄場を取り上げ直轄化するなど、経久に比べて強硬的な姿勢で三沢氏と統治している。
English: When Motonari MORI launched a full-scale invasion into Izumo after completely conquering the Provinces of Suo and Nagato, which had been domains of the Ouchi clan, in1561, the Misawa, Akana and Mitoya clans surrendered to Mori clan.
Japanese: 1561年、大内領であった周防国・長門国を完全に制圧した毛利元就が出雲への本格的な侵攻を開始すると、赤穴氏、三刀屋氏とともに三沢氏も毛利氏に降伏した。
English: After the fall of the Amago clan, Yukimori YAMANAKA and Katsuhisa AMAGO organized an army to invade Izumo for the restoration of the Amago clan, which raised the morale among the old Amago retainers and induced local land lords and local ruling families to join the restoration army.
Japanese: 尼子氏の滅亡後に、山中幸盛や尼子勝久が尼子再興軍として出雲への侵攻を図り、旧尼子家臣団にも動揺が走り、再興軍に加わる国人や豪族が続出した。
English: Under such circumstances, Tamekiyo MISAWA consistently followed the Mori clan and played an active role in repelling the Amago restoration army.
Japanese: その中で三沢為清は一貫して毛利氏に従い、尼子再興軍の撃退に活躍した。
English: In 1589 after Tamekiyo died, his son Tametora MISAWA was placed under confinement through a plot of Terumoto MORI.
Japanese: 為清死後の1589年、息子の三沢為虎は毛利輝元に謀られ、幽閉の身となった。
English: This dramatic confinement was designed by the Mori clan to increase its pressure on the retainers of the old Amago clan and strengthen its lordship over Izumo Province, such that Hisasuke MITOYA who had been a member of the old Amago's retainer group also suffered exile in the same manner as those of the Misawa clan.
Japanese: この幽閉劇は、毛利氏による旧尼子家臣団への締め付けと出雲国の支配強化が狙いであり、三沢氏同様、旧尼子家臣団でもあった三刀屋久扶も追放の憂き目にあっている。
English: Tametora MISAWA might have suffered less than the Mitoya clan only because he was not exiled due to his talent being appreciated by Mori clan.
Japanese: 三沢為虎はその能力を買われており、追放されなかっただけ三刀屋氏よりはましであったかもしれない。
English: The next year, Tametora joined Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI to go on an expedition against Odawara, and also took an active part as a member of Mori's force in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 為虎は翌年の豊臣秀吉の小田原征伐にも参加し、文禄・慶長の役でも毛利軍の一員として活躍した。
English: After being defeated in the Battle of Sekigahara, Tametora MISAWA took a post as chief retainer of Chofu Domain, while the Misawa clan continued to exist as statesmen of the Chofu Domain during the Edo period.
Japanese: 敗戦の後、三沢為虎は長府藩の家老職となり、三沢氏は江戸時代を長府藩士として続いた。
English: Kiyonaga MISAWA, a son of Tamemoto, was treated as a senior vassal because his daughter Hatsuko became a concubine of Tsunamune DATE, the head of the Date Domain, who had no legal wife (Hatsuko was the real mother of Tsunamura DATE).
Japanese: 為基の息子三沢清長は娘・初子が藩主伊達綱宗の側室（伊達綱村生母・綱宗には正室はいなかった）となった事から重臣の待遇を受けた。
English: Tsunamura, Murayori, and Muneyoshi DATE were born to Tsunamune DATE and Hatsuko MISAWA.
Japanese: 伊達綱村、伊達村和、伊達宗贇は、伊達綱村と三沢初子との間にできた子である。
English: The Misawa clan was related by blood to the Iwaki clan of the Kameda Domain and the Date clan of the Uwajima Domain, while matrilineal descendants of the Izumo Misawa clan also thrived in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa Provinces).
Japanese: 三沢氏の血は亀田藩岩城氏、宇和島藩伊達氏にも流れており、出雲三沢氏の母系の子孫は奥州でも繁栄した。
English: Tametomo MISAWA, a son of Tametora MISAWA, founded the Inaba Misawa clan when he served the Ikeda clan of the Tottori Domain.
Japanese: 三沢為虎の息子・三沢為朝が鳥取藩池田氏に仕えて因幡三沢氏の祖となった。
English: It is said that in the late Heian period a grandchild of Shigeto URANO, whose name was Sigenaga ASUKE, lived in Asuke-cho, Mikawa Province and called himself the Asuke clan, and for generations since then it was based at Iimori-jo Castle, in Mikawa Province.
Japanese: 平安時代末期に浦野重遠の孫・足助重長が三河国足助町の地に住んで足助氏を称したことに始まり、代々飯盛城(三河国)を本拠とした。
English: Since the Kamakura period, its name was listed among the vassals and seemed to have such a strong relationship with the shogunate that the daughter of the first-generation Shigenaga became a wife of the second shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), MINAMOTO no Yoriie, who had a child called Kugyo with her.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降は御家人に列し、初代・重長の娘が鎌倉幕府2代征夷大将軍源頼家の室となり公暁を儲けるなど幕府との強固な繋がりを有したことが想定される。
English: It also had a close relationship with the Imperial Court because of its power in the key areas of Tokaido connecting Kyoto and Kamakura; and when the Minamoto clan was broken in 1221and Retired Emperor Gotoba staged a rebellion in an attempt to reclaim the throne and overthrow the Kamakura bakufu, it fought together with samurai around Kyoto who were against the shogunate, and Shigenari ASUKE, who was a child of Shigehide ASUKE, died in the battle (the Jokyu War).
Japanese: 京都と鎌倉を結ぶ東海道の要地に勢力を持った足助氏は朝廷との繋がりも深く、後に源氏将軍家が断絶し承久3年（1221年）に後鳥羽上皇が倒幕の兵を挙げると一族は京方として戦い、足助重秀の子足助重成が討死にした（承久の乱）。
English: After that, the Asuke clan survived as a vassal of the shogunate, but its relationship with the Imperial Court was still so close that the fourth head, Shigekata ASUKE, and his son Chikashige ASUKE had been given official rank and allowed to enter the denjo room in the palace; moreover, its dissatisfaction with the Kamakura bakufu increased because of problems such as the Shimotsuki Affair in 1285, in which Shigefusa ASUKE was involved and destroyed because, in the Asuke clan, there were relatives of the powerful gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods), Adachi clan.
Japanese: 足助氏はその後も御家人として存続したが、4代目惣領・足助重方とその子・足助親重は官位を有し昇殿をも許されるなど朝廷との繋がりは依然として深く、加えて一族の中には有力御家人安達氏との縁戚がおり、弘安8年（1285年）の霜月騒動で一族の足助重房が連座して滅ぼされたことなどから、次第に鎌倉幕府への不満を強めていくこととなる。
English: In the Genko War of 1331, when the attack plan of Emperor Godaigo became known by the shogunate before the fact and the Emperor then evacuated to Mt. Kasagi in Kyoto Prefecture, the seventh head, Jiro Shigenori ASUKE, rushed to him first to engage him in battle.
Japanese: そして、元弘元年（1331年）の後醍醐天皇による討幕の計画・元弘の乱では幕府が事前に知るところとなり天皇は笠置山(京都府)に逃れるが、この時真先に馳せ参じて天皇に味方したのが7代目惣領・次郎足助重範であったという。
English: Shigenori fought as the leader of about 2,500 people whom the Emperor had called to action.
Japanese: 重範は天皇の呼び掛けに応じて集まった約二千五百人の総大将をつとめた。
English: After Shigenori's death, the Asuke clan supported Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (of the Southern Court) in the Northern and Southern Courts period (Japan), but later the people left the Asuke clan and scattered throughout the country.
Japanese: 重範の死後、足助氏は南北朝時代(日本)には南朝(日本)の宗良親王を支援していたが、後に足助を離れて全国に散り散りとなった。
English: Some of them were appointed to the important government post of hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) by the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: だが、一部は室町幕府に降り奉公衆に取り立てられて重んじられたという。
English: Yokoyama-jo Castle was located in Sakata County, Omi Province (the present-day Horibe and Ishida-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 横山城（よこやまじょう）は近江国坂田郡（滋賀県長浜市堀部町・石田町）にあった城。
English: It is known as the base of heavy fighting between Nobunaga ODA and Nagamasa AZAI from 1570 to 1573 and the place where Hideyoshi KINOSHITA (the future Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) defended as a guard when he was the commander of Nobunaga's corps.
Japanese: 元亀年間（1570年‐1573年）の織田信長と浅井長政の激しい戦いの拠点であり、信長の部将であった木下秀吉（のちの豊臣秀吉）が城番として守備していたことで知られる。
English: Yokoyama-jo Castle was constructed in 1561 on a ridge of the mountain chain on the south side of the Ane-gawa River running between Azai County and Sakata County by Nagamasa AZAI as a base of defense against the Rokkaku clan.
Japanese: 横山城は近江北部の浅井郡と坂田郡とを分ける姉川の南岸の山の峰続きに永禄3年（1561年）、浅井長政が対六角氏用の防衛拠点として築城させた。
English: Subsequently, the Azai clan expanded its power from Sakata County to Inukami County, but in 1570 it started a war with Nobunaga ODA, by which the importance of Yokoyama-jo Castle emerged again.
Japanese: その後浅井氏は勢力を伸張して坂田郡から犬上郡まで勢力を広げるが、元亀元年（1570年）、織田信長と交戦状態になり、再び横山城の重要性が高まった。
English: Because Yokoyama-jo Castle was located in Sekigahara of Mino Province (the present-day Sekigahara-cho, in Gifu Prefecture) and near the Hokuriku-wakiokan road running through the west side of the base of the Azai clan, Odani-jo Castle (in Kohoku-cho, Shiga Prefecture), and located only six or seven kilometers from Odani-jo Castle, Nobunaga ODA attempted to capture Yokoyama-jo Castle as an important front-line base.
Japanese: 横山城は美濃国の関ヶ原（岐阜県関ケ原町）から浅井氏の本拠地である小谷城（滋賀県湖北町）の西側を通る北陸脇往還街道のすぐ脇に立地するうえに、小谷城から6-7kmほどの距離しかないため、織田信長は重要な前線基地として横山城の攻略を目指した。
English: On June 28 (old calendar) of the same year, soon after Nobunaga defeated the allied forces of Azai and Asakura at the Battle of Anegawa, he launched an attack on Yokoyama-jo Castle and forced the lord of the castle's Mitamura clan to surrender.
Japanese: 同6月28日(旧暦)、姉川の戦いで浅井・朝倉連合軍を破った信長はすぐさま横山城の攻略に着手、時の城主三田村氏は降伏し、落城した。
English: After the AZAI clan was destroyed in October 1573, Hideyoshi, who was given control of Azai County and Sakata County, built Nagahama-jo Castle in Omi Province as his base.
Japanese: 天正元年（1573年）9月に浅井氏が滅亡すると、秀吉は浅井郡・坂田郡の支配権を与えられ、本拠地として長浜城(近江国)を築城。
English: Shogosho was the seat of the castle where Shugo (provincial constable) lived in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 守護所（しゅごしょ）とは、中世日本において守護が居住した館の所在地のこと。
English: With the expansion of political power of Shugo, the functions of Kokuga (provincial government offices) were shifted to Shugosho.
Japanese: 守護の政治的権限の拡大とともに政庁所在地としての機能が国衙より移されていった。
English: Then, Shugosho were placed in different places from Kokuga, where the provincial government offices of Kokushi (provincial governors) appointed by the Imperial Court were.
Japanese: そして朝廷が任命した国司の政庁がある国衙とは別の場所に置かれるのが一般的であった。
English: Shugo was not hereditary but a shift system, so Shogosho was generally moved according to the change of Shugo.
Japanese: また、守護は世襲ではなく交替制であったため、守護の交代とともに守護所も替わるのが一般的であった。
English: However, from the late Kamakura period, when functions of Shugo as peace preservation expanded to the administration of justice, authority of Shugo overcame Kokushi.
Japanese: ところが、鎌倉時代後期以後、守護の職務が治安維持から裁判にまで広がってくるようになると、守護の権威が国司を圧倒するようになる。
English: Then, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Shugo came to take control of the provinces.
Japanese: そして南北朝時代(日本)以後には守護が令制国の支配権を得るようになった。
English: Also, Shugosho increasingly became fixed to one place according to the development of Shugo's hereditary succession.
Japanese: また、守護の世襲化が進行したこともあり、守護所も固定される傾向が強まった。
English: Shogosho for hereditary Shugo were often placed in the home ground of the said samurai family, in Fuchu (provincial cities which consist of local governments as the core of the city), where the seat of the Kokuga was, or in other important spots for transportation or business.
Japanese: 世襲化した守護の守護所としては当該武家の本拠地、あるいはかつての国衙所在地である府中、その他交通・商業の要所などに置かれるケースが多く見られた。
English: Due to fixation of Shugosho, the residences of chief retainers were located centered around the residence of Shugo, then markets and temples and shrines gathered around them.
Japanese: 守護所の固定化によって守護の居館を中心に重臣の居館が配置され、その周辺に市場や寺社などが集まるようになった。
English: In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the emerging power resulted from the fall of Shugo daimyo (feudal lords) along with gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite), or on the other hand, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) from old Shugo daimyo, who sloughed off the Shugo-ryogoku system (system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and established the government of the domain appeared as new rulers.
Japanese: 戦国時代_(日本)に入ると、下剋上による守護大名の没落に伴う新興勢力、あるいは逆に領内支配の確立して守護領国制を脱却した旧守護大名による戦国大名が新たな支配者として浮上する。
English: However, some seats of Shugosho were still used as their home ground.
Japanese: しかし守護所の所在地がそのまま本拠地として用いられたケースもあった。
English: The Battle of the Nakatomi-gawa River, in 1582, was a battle between Motochika CHOSOKABE, a lord of Tosa Province, who intended to integrate the Shikoku region, and Masayasu SOGO, a lord of Awa Province.
Japanese: 中富川の戦い（なかとみがわのたたかい）は、1582年（天正10年）、四国統一を目指す土佐国の長宗我部元親と阿波国の十河存保との間で起きた一戦である。
English: However, the crisis passed away when Nobunaga ODA was killed by Mitsuhide AKECHI in the Honno-ji Incident and Yasunaga MIYOSHI left for Kinai region.
Japanese: しかし明智光秀による本能寺の変により信長が死んだ事により、三好康長は畿内に帰り危機は去った。
English: Chikayasu KOSOKABE, a younger brother of Motochika and Nobuchika CHOSOKABE, a legitimate child of Motochika put their troops forward to capture Shozui-jo Castle after seizing Ichinomiya-jo Castle (Awa Province) and Ebisuyama-jo Castle.
Japanese: そこで元親の弟、香宗我部親泰や元親の嫡男、長宗我部信親は一気に勝瑞城を攻め落とそうと兵を進め一宮城(阿波国)、夷山城を落とした。
English: After that, having a council of war including ichiryo gusoku, the self-made rural samurai, they aimed to take complete control of Awa Province.
Japanese: その後岡豊城で一領具足を交えて軍議を開き、その結果阿波の完全制圧を目指す事となった。
English: Motochika collected people aged from 15 to 60, who could participate in the war to raise his troop strength.
Japanese: 元親は兵力増強の為、十五歳以上から六十歳までの領民の中で戦に参戦できる者を集めた。
English: On September 24, they opened fire at the Nakatomi-gawa River (Chosokabe force 23000, Sogo force 6000).
Japanese: 8月28日に中富川にて決戦の火蓋が切られた（兵力は長宗我部23000、十河6000）。
English: As soon as the van of the Sogo force crossed the river, the Chosokabe force broke the dam, which they already had built to stop the flow upstream.
Japanese: 十河側の先鋒が川を渡り始めるや長宗我部勢はあらかじめ上流の川をせき止めておいた堰を切った。
English: The words "Kishu Seibatsu" or "Kishu-zeme" refer to the conquest of Kii Province by Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (in the Azuchi-Momoyama period).
Japanese: 紀州征伐（きしゅうせいばつ）または紀州攻めとは、戦国時代(日本)（安土桃山時代）における織田信長・豊臣秀吉による紀伊国への侵攻のことである。
English: It generally refers to the attack on Saiga by Nobunaga in 1577 and the capture of Kii by Hideyoshi in 1585.
Japanese: 一般的には天正5年（1577年）の信長による雑賀攻め、同13年（1585年）の秀吉による紀伊攻略を指す。
English: This article, however, also refers to the attack on the Koyasan Temple by Nobunaga from 1581 to 1582.
Japanese: が、ここでは天正9年（1581年）から同10年（1582年）にわたる信長の高野攻めも取り上げる。
English: For Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, the war in Kii did not merely mean the conquest of one region.
Japanese: 信長・秀吉にとって、紀伊での戦いは単に一地域を制圧することにとどまらなかった。
English: It was because Kii was the place where the powers such as temples and kuni ikki (uprising in a province) which opposed the idea of central government topped by tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country) had ruled.
Japanese: 紀伊は寺社勢力や国一揆といった、天下人を頂点とする中央集権思想に真っ向から対立する勢力の蟠踞する地だったからである。
English: Not only the guns of Negoro and Saiga but also the idea itself which ikki, temples and shrines embodied was a threat against tenkabito.
Japanese: 根来・雑賀の鉄砲もさることながら、一揆や寺社の体現する思想そのものが天下人への脅威だったのである。
English: According to the words of Luis FROIS, the people in Kii Province in the latter part of the 16th century had a strong belief in Shinto and Buddhism, and all of the four or five religions were 'big existences like a republic,' which was not destroyed by any war.
Japanese: ルイス・フロイスの言を借りると十六世紀後半の紀伊は神道・仏教への信仰が強く、四つか五つの宗教がそれぞれ「大いなる共和国的存在」であり、いかなる戦争によっても滅ぼされることはなかった。
English: Frois pointed out the Koyasan Temple, the Kokawa-dera Temple, the Negoro-ji Temple and Saiga shu (Ikko groups) as the names of so-called religious republics.
Japanese: それらのいわば宗教共和国について、フロイスは高野山、粉河寺、根来寺、雑賀衆の名を挙げている。
English: As the word "republic" shows, these temple and shrine powers and sokoku ikki (riot of the whole province) built autonomy with high economic and military powers.
Japanese: 共和国と表現されたように、これら寺社勢力や惣国一揆は高い経済力と軍事力を擁して地域自治を行った。
English: Even in the middle of the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan, who was Shugo (provincial constable), could not control Kii Province without cooperation of temple and shrine powers.
Japanese: 室町時代中期の時点でも守護畠山氏の紀伊支配は寺社勢力の協力なしには成り立たない状況だった。
English: The powers of samurai in Kii included not only the Hatakeyama clan, who were Shugo, but also Kokujin-shu (local samurai) such as the Yukawa, Yamamoto and Aisu clans.
Japanese: 紀伊における武家勢力としては、守護畠山氏をはじめ、湯河・山本・愛洲氏などの国人衆が挙げられる。
English: In the Muromachi period, these Kokujin-shu were separated into those who were hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Hatakeyama clan (such as Sumida, Ataka and Koyama clans) and the others who were independent from the Hatakeyama clan as hokoshu (the shogunal military guard) under the direct control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (such as Yukawa, Tamaki and Yamamoto clans).
Japanese: 室町時代、これらの国人衆は畠山氏の被官化したもの（隅田・安宅・小山氏など）、幕府直属の奉公衆として畠山氏から独立していたもの（湯河・玉置・山本氏）に分かれていた。
English: During the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan promoted the domination of Kii Province (Shugo-ryogoku system [the system that a Shugo dominates a manor]), although it was forced to compromise with temple and shrine powers as mentioned above.
Japanese: 室町時代を通じ、畠山氏は前述の通り寺社勢力との妥協を余儀なくされながらも、紀伊の領国化（守護領国制）を進めていた。
English: Around the Onin War, hokoshu such as the Yukawa clan increasingly joined the internal insurrection of the Hatakeyama clan and changed into a position supporting Shugo's power, accepted with the military mobilization of the Hatakeyama clan (the Battle of Kyoko-ji Temple and so on).
Japanese: 奉公衆の湯河氏らも応仁の乱前後から畠山氏の内乱に参戦することが増え、畠山氏の軍事動員に応じ、守護権力を支える立場へと変化していった（教興寺の戦いなど）。
English: On the other hand, the split and conflicts among the Hatakeyama clan had lasted for a long time after the latter part of the 15th century, and there were some strong temple and shrine powers, so that any samurai powers could not grow up to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) who controlled the whole Kii Province.
Japanese: 一方で15世紀後半以降、畠山氏の分裂と抗争が長期間続いたことが大きく響き、また複数の強力な寺社勢力の存在もあって、武家勢力の中から紀伊一国を支配する戦国大名が成長することはなかった。
English: Kokujin-shu admitted the military mobilization right of the Hatakeyama clan as Shugo, but they were independent in the management of their territories.
Japanese: 国人衆は畠山氏の守護としての動員権を認めながらも、所領経営においては自立した存在だった。
English: In the medieval times, temples and shrines were sanctuaries into which neither Imperial Court nor bakufu could enter.
Japanese: 中世において、寺社は朝廷も幕府も無断で立ち入ることができない聖域だった。
English: In the internal area of temples and shrines, the police authority of political power was not admitted (refer to the articles on Kendan Funyu [refusal of criminal investigation of the Political power], Funyu no Ken [the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property] or Shugo Funyu [another name of shugoshi funyu, privilege of excluding agents of the shugo]) even in the case of the investigation of a rebel.
Japanese: 寺社の内部では政治権力による警察権は認められず（検断不入、不入の権(日本)または守護不入を参照）、たとえ謀反人の捜査といえども例外ではなかった。
English: The areas of temples and shrines which were a different world from the everyday world in such ways became an asylum for the people who were in trouble.
Japanese: このような、いわば世間に対する別天地である寺社の境内は、苦境にある人々のアジールとしての性格を持つようになる。
English: Various people including the rich and the poor or high and low social standing entered into temples and the area around temple developed into a city, tied with the spirit of cultural innovation of temples and shrines in those days.
Japanese: 境内は貧富貴賎さまざまな人々が流入し、当時の寺社の文化的先進性と結びついて都市的な発展を遂げる。
English: Many influential temples and shrines came to have a strong economic power as the base of merchants, traders and finance, because they were guarded by political neutrality and nonaggression although they were located in not so far places from the center of politics such as Kyoto.
Japanese: 多くの有力寺社は京都など政治の中枢から遠くない場所にありながら、政治的中立、軍事的不可侵に守られて商工業や金融の拠点として強い経済力を持つようになった。
English: The priests in those days were roughly classified into two groups, Gakuryo who learned Buddhism and implemented ascetic practices and Gyonin (priests who actually work) who worked for the office of the temple.
Japanese: 当時の僧侶は大別すると二種類に分けられ、仏法を学び修行する学侶（がくりょ）と寺の実務を取り行う行人(仏教)（ぎょうにん）があった。
English: In the Sengoku period, most of the military power of temples were occupied by Gyonin and temples' behaviors came to be determined by their will.
Japanese: 戦国時代の時点では寺院の武力はほとんど行人の占める所となり、寺院の動向も行人らの意思に左右されるようになる。
English: Jizamurai (local samurai) in Kihoku (northern part of Wakayama Prefecture) had priest's houses built in the Koyasan Temple and the Negoro-ji Temple and actively made their children become priests and sent them to those chief priests.
Japanese: 紀北の地侍たちは高野山や根来寺に坊院を建立し、子弟を出家させてその坊院の門主に送り込む行為を盛んに行った。
English: The major Gyonin of the Negoro-ji Temple were constituted by not only jizamurai of Kii Province but also that of Izumi, Kawachi and Yamato Provinces, for example, the Gyonin of Senshiki-bo Temple was the Dobashi clan, the one of Sugino-bo Temple was the Iyotachibana-Tsuda clan (the Kusunoki clan linage) and the one of Joshin-in Temple (成真院) was the Naka clan, jizamurai of Sennan Province.
Japanese: 根来寺の主だった行人は、泉識坊が土橋氏、杉之坊が津田氏伊予橘姓津田氏（楠木氏系）、また成真院が泉南の地侍中氏など、紀伊のみならず和泉国・河内国・大和国の地侍で構成されていた。
English: These Gyonin from jizamurai made up a conference named 'sobun' and decided policies of the Negoro-ji Temple.
Japanese: これら地侍出身の行人たちが「惣分」という会議を構成し、根来寺の方針を決定していた。
English: In other words, it was actually a governance by a coalition of jizamurai under the name of the Negoro-ji Temple.
Japanese: つまり、実態としては根来寺の看板を借りた地侍の連合による統治だった。
English: Jizamurai had expanded their spheres of influence to the southern part of the Izumi Province with a background of the financial power of Keidai toshi Negoro.
Japanese: 地侍らは境内都市根来の富力を背景に和泉南部へと勢力圏を拡大していった。
English: In Saiga, the power of Shugo was so small that it was described as 'There is no Shugo and it was a country governed by farmers' in "Mukashi Awamonogatari" (Tale of Old Awa Province).
Japanese: 雑賀では、『昔阿波物語』に「主護（守護）はなく、百姓持に仕りたる国にて候」と記されるほどに守護の影響力は薄かった。
English: The area of Saiga sokoku spread from Ama County (Wakayama Prefecture) to a part of Nagusa and Naga Counties (Wakayama Prefecture).
Japanese: 雑賀惣国の範囲は海部郡(和歌山県)から名草郡・那賀郡(和歌山県)の一部にまで及んだ。
English: In the Ishiyama War which began in 1570, the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple held onto the advantage and Nobunaga ODA had a tough time against it.
Japanese: 元亀元年（1570年）に始まった石山合戦は本願寺の歴史優勢のうちに進み、織田信長は石山本願寺を攻めあぐねていた。
English: Attempting a breakthrough in the battle, Nobunaga targeted Kii Saiga (the estuary region of the Kino-kawa River around the present Wakayama City) which was the base of Saiga shu who was the main force of the Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 信長は戦局を打開すべく、本願寺の主力となっていた雑賀衆の本拠である紀伊雑賀（現和歌山市を中心とする紀ノ川河口域）に狙いをつける。