nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Based on Itosu's efforts, toudee was initially adopted as a subject of gymnastics classes at Shuri jinjo Elementary School in 1901 and then at Okinawa Kenritsu Dai-Ichi Middle School (presently Shuri Senior High School) and the Normal School (college of education) of Okinawa in 1905.
Japanese: 糸洲の尽力によって、唐手はまず明治34年（1901年）に首里尋常小学校で、明治38年（1905年）には沖縄県立第一中学校（現・首里高等学校）および沖縄県師範学校の体育科に採用された。
English: Toudee survived the danger of disappearance through Itosu's introduction to the general public and through the adoption of characteristics that were more similar to sports than to martial arts.
Japanese: 唐手は糸洲によって一般に公開され、また武術から体育的性格へと変化することによって、生き延びたのである。
English: For example, he created the kata called 'binan' (the form of peace) for children and students to ensure easier learning while getting rid of dangerous techniques such as attacks to vulnerable body parts and the breaking of joints due to the existing kata.
Japanese: 生徒たちが学習しやすいようにとピンアン（平安）の型を新たに創作し、既存の型からは急所攻撃や関節折りなど危険な技が取り除かれた。
English: Apart from this movement, some Okinawans who went to China opened a toudee training hall in China, while others learned Chinese martial arts there and brought them back to Okinawa.
Japanese: このような動きとは別に、中国へ渡った沖縄県人の中には、現地で唐手道場を開いたり、また現地で中国拳法を習得して、これを持ち帰る者もいた。
English: Some modern researchers, however, have begun to cast doubt on the introduction of Chinese martial arts by the latter group, as it has become widely known, due to the dissemination of books and videos about Chinese martial arts, that the martial arts they introduced to Okinawa don't resemble Chinese martial arts very much, and because prototype Chinese martial arts weren't identified despite several dispatches of investigative teams from Japan to China after the normalization of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
Japanese: もっとも、日中国交回復後、日本から何度も現地へ調査団が派遣されたが源流武術が特定できず、また中国武術についての書籍や動画が出回るにつれ、彼らが伝えた武術と中国武術とはあまり似ていないという事実が知られるようになると、近年では研究者の間で彼らの伝系を疑問視する声も出てきている。
English: According to the latest studies, it is said that karate was first introduced to the Japanese mainland during the Meiji period by former Ryukyu warriors who boarded at the Tokyo residence of Tai Sho, the Marques of Okinawa.
Japanese: 最近の研究によれば、最初に本土へ唐手を紹介したのは、明治時代に東京の尚侯爵邸に詰めていた琉球士族たちであったと言われている。
English: They, upon invitation, gave a karate demonstration at the residences of other domains, or taught the techniques of striking and kicking arts at training halls of the Yoshin-ryu school or the Kito-ryu school, or on the streets.
Japanese: 彼らは他の藩邸に招かれて唐手を披露したり、揚心流や起倒流などの町道場に出向いて、突きや蹴りの使い方を教授していた。
English: However, full-fledged karate education developed after the Taisho period, when Gichin FUNAKOSHI and Choki MOTOBU migrated to the Japanese mainland.
Japanese: しかし、本格的な指導は、富名腰義珍（後の船越義珍）や本部朝基らが本土へ渡った大正以降である。
English: At the First Gymnastics Exhibition in May 1922, which was hosted by the Ministry of Education, Funakoshi gave a karate demonstration.
Japanese: 大正11年（1922年）5月、文部省主催の第一回体育展覧会において、富名腰は唐手の演武を行った。
English: This demonstration drew great attention from martial artists in the mainland, such as Jigoro KANO, a judo expert.
Japanese: この時の演武は、柔道の嘉納治五郎など、本土の武道家の注目を大いに引いた。
English: The following June, Funakoshi was invited to the Kodokan Judo Institute, where he gave a karate demonstration and explanatory session to more than 200 black-belt judo experts, including Jigoro KANO.
Japanese: 翌6月にも、富名腰は講道館に招かれて、嘉納治五郎をはじめ200名を超える柔道有段者を前にして、唐手の演武と解説を行った。
English: At about the same time, Choki MOTOBU stole the show in the Kansai area by showcasing his karate skills before the public.
Japanese: 同じ頃、関西では本部朝基が唐手の実力を世人に示して、世間を驚嘆させた。
English: In November 1922, during a leisurely visit to Kyoto, Motobu happened to notice a fight show between experts in judo and boxing and appeared in the show without prior application, and with one thrashing he defeated his challenger, as Russian boxer.
Japanese: 同年11月、たまたま遊びに出かけていた京都で、本部はボクシング対柔道の興行試合に飛び入りで参戦し、相手のロシア人ボクサーを一撃のもとに倒した。
English: This incident made the headlines in newspapers and magazines, and it is said that karate, which had been known only to some of the martial artists, became known nationwide overnight.
Japanese: この出来事は新聞や雑誌で大いに取り上げられ、それまで本土では一部の武道家のみに知られていた唐手は、一躍全国に知られるようになったと言われている。
English: In Okinawa, the Karate Study Club was set up in 1924 and developed into the Okinawa Karate Club in 1926, whereby karate grand masters in Okinawa gathered together to promote the exchange of karate techniques and carry out collaborative research on karate on a trial basis.
Japanese: 沖縄では、大正13年（1924年）、「唐手研究倶楽部」が設立され、大正15年（1926年）には「沖縄唐手倶楽部」へと発展しながら、在沖縄の唐手の大家が一堂に会して、唐手の技術交流と共同研究の試みが行われた。
English: Many karate superstars were among the participants, such as Chomo HANASHIRO, Choyu MOTOBU, Choki MOTOBU, Chotoku KYAN, Chosin CHIBANA, Kenwa MABUNI, Chojun MIYAGI, Juhatsu KYODA and Kenki GO.
Japanese: 参加者は花城長茂、本部朝勇、本部朝基、喜屋武朝徳、知花朝信、摩文仁賢和、宮城長順、許田重発、呉賢貴など、そうそうたる顔ぶれであった。
English: In the early Showa period, Kenwa MABUNI, Chojun MIYAGI and Kanken TOYAMA migrated to the Japanese mainland and taught karate there.
Japanese: 昭和に入ると、摩文仁賢和、宮城長順、遠山寛賢らも本土へ渡って、唐手の指導に当たるようになった。
English: In 1933, karate was acknowledged by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society) as one of the Japanese martial arts.
Japanese: 昭和8年（1933年）、唐手は大日本武徳会から、日本の武道として承認された。
English: This was a revolutionary event since karate, which had developed in a small region like Okinawa, was certified as a Japanese martial art, but at the same its significance was tainted by the fact that karate was categorized as one variety of judo/jujutsu and by the humiliating condition that karate ranks and titles should be judged by judo experts.
Japanese: これは沖縄という一地方から発祥した唐手が晴れて日本の武道として認められた画期的な出来事だったが、一方でこの時、唐手は「柔道・柔術」の一部門とされ、唐手の称号審査も柔道家が行うという屈辱的な条件を含んでいた。
English: In 1929, a karate club at Keio University, where Gichin FUNAKOSHI taught as a grand master, announced that the Chinese spelling of karate would be changed to '空手' based on the philosophy of 'ku (空) (tentative self, ephemeral life)' espoused by Hannya Shingyo (Heart Sutra), and this spelling was authorized by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1934.
Japanese: 昭和4年（1929年）、船越義珍が師範を務めていた慶應義塾大学唐手研究会が般若心経の「空(仏教)」の概念から唐手を空手に改めると発表し、昭和9年（1934年）には大日本武徳会において、空手という名称が正式に承認された。
English: Also, it was decided that the suffix '-do,' which was adopted by other Japanese martial arts, would be added to karate, with 'karate-jutsu' being changed to 'karate-do.'
Japanese: さらに、日本の他の武道と同じように「芸道」の字をつけ、「唐手術」から「空手道」に改められた。
English: It is said that behind those reforms there was also a willingness among karate practitioners to pander to the militaristic climate of the time (the former Chinese spelling of karate '唐手' could be associated with China).
Japanese: このような改称の背景には、当時の軍国主義的風潮への配慮（唐手が中国を想起させる）もあったとされている。
English: Incidentally, it has been discovered that Chomo HANASHIRO began using the word '空手' in 1905.
Japanese: なお、空手の表記は花城長茂が明治38年（1905年）から使用していたことが明らかとなっている。
English: Karate, in the Japanese mainland, concentrated on a striking art by getting rid of the techniques called 'toutee,' which had characteristics similar to jujutsu, so as to differentiate karate from judo, partly because karate was classified as a variety of judo by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai.
Japanese: 本土の空手は大日本武徳会において柔道の分類下におかれていたこともあり、差別化のために取手（トゥイティー）と呼ばれた柔術的な技法を取り除き、打撃技法に特化した。
English: At the same time, supplementary arts of weapons, such as bo-jutsu and nunchaku-jutsu, were abandoned.
Japanese: また、併伝の棒術や節棍術（ヌンチャクなど）などの武器術も取り除かれた。
English: Some karate circles made alterations to the posture and movement of kata or embraced Japanese-style names for kata.
Japanese: 型の立ち方や挙動を変更し、型の名称も、新たに日本風の名称に改める流派もあった。
English: Additionally, new types of kumite (paired karate kata) were created by karate practitioners in the Japanese mainland, because Okinawan traditional kumite weren't fully introduced, resulting in the birth of modern karatedo.
Japanese: さらに、沖縄から組手が十分に伝承されなかったため、本土で新たな組手を付加し、こうして現在の空手道が誕生した。
English: As for the evaluation of these reforms, some acknowledge that reforms contributed to the popularization of karate in the Japanese mainland but others criticize that reforms resulted in deviation from the traditional way of karate.
Japanese: これらの改変については、本土での空手の普及を後押ししたとの評価がある一方で、空手の伝統的なあり方から逸脱したとの批判もある。
English: During the period of allied nations' occupation, the activities of karate grew stagnant temporarily because of the 'Notice of Ban on Martial Arts such as Judo and Kendo' issued by the Ministry of Education under the orders of the General Headquarters (GHQ).
Japanese: 連合国占領期に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の指令によって、文部省から出された「柔道、剣道等の武道を禁止する通達」のため、空手の活動は一時、停滞した。
English: However, because the word 'karate' wasn't printed in this notice, the MOE was persuaded to announce that karate wasn't banned, and karate was able to resume its activities earlier than other martial arts.
Japanese: しかし、この通達には「空手」の文字が含まれていなかったため、空手は禁止されていないとの文部省解釈を引き出して、空手は他武道よりも、早期に活動を再開することができた。
English: Although attempts to introduce karate tournaments (matches) were pursued before WWII, an organizational effort to promote tournaments wasn't achieved because some karate experts rejected the idea of a tournament.
Japanese: 空手の競技化（試合化）は戦前から試みられていたが、試合化そのものを否定する考えもあり、組織的な競技化は実現していなかった。
English: However, in 1954 Kanbukan (presently the All Japan Karatedo Federation Renbukai) hosted the first National Karatedo Tournament under the "bougtsuki karate" (karate with protective gear) rules, followed by the first All Japan Student Karatedo Championships (under the traditional-style (sundome) rules) in 1957, which was hosted by the All Japan Student Karatedo Federation established in 1950.
Japanese: しかし1954年（昭和29年）韓武舘（現在の全日本空手道連盟錬武会）が第1回全国空手道選手権大会を防具付き空手ルールで実施すると、1950年（昭和25年）に結成された全日本学生空手道連盟により1957年（昭和37年）に全日本学生空手道連盟主催で伝統派（寸止め）ルールによる「第1回全日本学生空手道選手権大会」が開催。
English: In 1957, the Japan Karate Association hosted the National Karatedo Championships.
Japanese: 同年には、日本空手協会主催により「全国空手道選手権大会」が開催された。
English: In 1962, the karate expert Tatsuo YAMADA hosted the first Karate Competition at Korakuen Hall, whereby karate practitioners with gloves fought games under direct-attack rules, ahead of the ensuing full-contact karate.
Japanese: 1962年（昭和37年）には、山田辰雄(空手家)が後楽園ホールで、グローブを着用した「第一回空手競技会」を開催して、のちのフルコンタクト空手に先駆けて直接打撃制試合を行った。
English: In 1964, the Japan Karatedo Federation (JKF) was established.
Japanese: 1964年（昭和39年）には、全日本空手道連盟（全空連）が結成された。
English: In September 1969, the first All Japan Charted Contest, hosted by the JKF, was held at the Nippon Budokan under the traditional-style (sundome) rules.
Japanese: 1969年（昭和44年）9月、全空連主催による伝統派（寸止め）ルールの「第1回全日本空手道選手権大会」が日本武道館で開催された。
English: That same month, Masutatsu OYAMA, the founder of Kyokushin Kaikan, who, having become skeptical of traditional-style karate, was pursuing the realization of karate tournaments under direct-attack rules based on his own philosophy, generated a great buzz throughout the karate realm by hosting the first Open Tournament All Japan Karatedo Championships at Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in Yoyogi, whereby contestants, who were prohibited from wearing any protective gear, fought with bare hands and bare feet under direct-attack rules (attacks to the face were prohibited, except with kicking).
Japanese: そして、同年同月、伝統派空手に疑問を抱き、独自の理論で直接打撃制の空手試合を模索していた極真会館創始者の大山倍達（おおやまますたつ）によって、防具を一切着用しない、素手、素足の直接打撃制（足技以外の顔面攻撃禁止制）による第1回オープントーナメント全日本空手道選手権大会が代々木の東京体育館で開催され空手界に一大旋風を巻き起こした。
English: The JKF, meanwhile, hosted the first International Karatedo Championships the following year.
Japanese: 一方の全日本空手道連盟は翌年、第1回世界空手道選手権大会を開催した。
English: On the other hand, since joining the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, karate--traditionally, karate is said to have no schools and circles--saw an increase in the number of organizations (schools) and circles.
Japanese: しかし、その一方で、もともと流派、会派などが存在しなかったと言われていた空手界であったが、大日本武徳会を機に流派、会派など増え始めていった。
English: In 1948, the Japan Karate Association (Shotokan-ryu school), the largest organization, was set up in Tokyo by pupils of Gichin FUNAKOSHI and was upgraded to a legal entity on April 10, 1957 by the Ministry of Education.
Japanese: 1948年（昭和23年）、東京では船越義珍の門弟たちによって最大流派日本空手協会（松濤館流）が結成され、1957年（昭和32年）4月10日、日本空手協会を社団法人として文部省が認可した。
English: In 1958, Motonobu HIRONISHI and others, who were opposed to karate tournaments, reconstructed the Shotokai school, which had existed prior to WWII, and parted company with the JAS.
Japanese: しかし1958年（昭和33年）には早くも空手の試合化を否定する廣西元信たちが戦前からの松濤会を復活させ、独立していった。
English: Some karate experts such as Kanken TOYAMA espoused the philosophy of karate with no affiliation, but they failed to become the mainstream.
Japanese: 遠山寛賢のように無流派主義を標榜する空手家もいたが、多数にはなり得なかった。
English: Also, backed by practitioners who were dissatisfied with the JKF's so-called 'sundome (kime)' match rules, there emerged organizations and circles that advocated full-contact karate--as represented by the Kyokushin Kaikan founded by Masutatsu OYAMA--which was characterized by a direct-attack style (attacks to the face were prohibited), and these organizations came to have power in the karate realm.
Japanese: また、全空連の試合規則、いわゆる「寸止め（極め）」ルールに対する不満などから、大山倍達の極真会館に代表されるような、フルコンタクト空手という、直接打撃制スタイル（顔面攻撃を除く）を採用する流派もあらわれ、一大勢力を形成するようになった。
English: However, the Kyokushin Kaikan, which was known for its bond of solidarity when Masutatsu OYAMA was alive, split into several factions, which called themselves 'Kyokushin,' and after the death of OYAMA many members left the organization and set up their own circles.
Japanese: しかし、大山倍達が存命中は一枚岩と言われていた極真会館もまた、大山の死後、極真を名乗る複数の団体に分裂したり独自会派を立ち上げる者が多数出現することになる。
English: Also, as represented by Daido Juku Kudo (derived from the Kyokushin Kaikan), there emerged organizations and circles that, while serving as the antithesis of the modern karate that concentrates on the striking art, sought the return to a comprehensive martial art like the traditional Okinawan karate, by incorporating grappling and throwing techniques into karate.
Japanese: そして、極真出身の大道塾空道に代表されるような、打撃技に特化された現在の空手へのアンチ・テーゼとして、空手に関節技や投げ技を取り入れて、かつての空手がそうであった総合武道の姿へと復元を目指す流派などもあらわれた。
English: Kata and kumite are basic components of karate, and since early times it has been the standard practice to exercise both skills.
Japanese: 型（形とも）と組手は、空手の基本構成であり、昔からこの二つを練習することが基本となっている。
English: Previously, the practice of kata was valued most, but recently there has been a growing trend toward kumite due to the introduction of tournaments.
Japanese: かつては型の修行に最も価値がおかれていたが、近年では試合制の導入などにより組手重視の傾向にある。
English: In kata, practitioners exercise or demonstrate various techniques in a particular sequence, with the duration of each kata varying from several seconds to several minutes.
Japanese: 各種の技を決まった順序で演武し、演武時間は型によって数十秒から数分間続く。
English: It is said that through kata practitioners do not just master karate's basic skills and posture, but also acquire the body movements peculiar to karate--which is a prerequisite for the practical application of karate--such as kumite.
Japanese: 修行者は型の練習を通じて、空手の基本的な技や姿勢を身につけるだけでなく、組手などへの実践応用に必要な空手独特の身体動作を身につけることができるとされる。
English: There were originally several dozen kata; however, some of them disappeared, and some were invented after the Meiji period (e.g. binan).
Japanese: 空手の型の数はすべて数えれば数十にもなり、すでに失伝した型もあれば、明治以降新たに創作された型（ピンアン等）もある。
English: The patterns of kata that practitioners learn differ depending on Shuri-te, Tomari-te and Naha-te, or among organizations and circles.
Japanese: 首里手、泊手、那覇手の各系統によって、習う型の種類には相違があり、また流派によっても相違がある。
English: Examples of kata adopted by Tomari-te are naifanchi (ancient-style), wanshu, rohai and so on.
Japanese: 泊手の型には、ナイファンチ（古式）、ワンシュー、ローハイなどがある。
English: Examples of kata adopted by Naha-te are sanchin, seisan, seishu, super-rinpei and so on.
Japanese: 那覇手の型には、サンチン、セイサン、セイショウ、スーパーリンペイなどがある。
English: Today, tournaments for kata are also held, and the practice and demonstration of kata itself has become a game.
Japanese: 今日では、型の試合も実施され、型の演武それ自体が一つの競技とされるに至っている。
English: The oldest authorized, preserved kumite is the 12-set prearranged kumite, which was presented by Choki MOTOBU during the Taisho period; no kumite prior to this one has preserved, although kumite have been practiced since the era of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Japanese: 組手は琉球王国時代から行われていたが、制式化されてなお現存するのは本部朝基が大正時代に発表した十二本の約束組手が最古で、それ以前のものは現存していない。
English: There is a description that a kumite called 'ko-shu' was demonstrated in front of an ambassador from the Qing Dynasty who had visited Okinawa to create King Sho Tai as a new rank, but it isn't known what the 'ko-shu' was.
Japanese: 尚泰王の冊封式典のために訪れた清の使節の前で、「交手（こうしゅ）」という名で組手を披露したという記述があるが、その内容については不明である。
English: Before WWII, except for a handful of cases such as Choki MOTOBU (see above) and Kentsu YABU, the main menu of karate lessons was the practice of kata, and kumite was used only to analyze kata for quick review.
Japanese: 上述の本部朝基や屋部憲通などを例外とすれば、戦前は型が稽古の中心で、組手は型の簡単な分解を行うくらいであった。
English: As for freestyle kumite, only a sort of street fighting called 'kake-dameshi' (test of strength) existed.
Japanese: さらに自由組手にいたっては、掛け試しと呼ばれる一種の野試合が存在するだけであった。
English: Incidentally, the yakusoku (prearranged) kumite practiced today have been created mainly by students in the Japanese mainland since the Showa period.
Japanese: また、今日行われてる約束組手は、主に昭和以降に本土の学生達が中心となって考案したものである。
English: The match style called 'sundome,' or 'kime,' is one in which the contestants, as a general rule, should stop a punch before it hits the opponent's body deeper than his/her skin to prevent injury.
Japanese: 打撃による怪我を防ぐため、原則相手の皮一枚で止める「寸止め」もしくは「極め」と呼ばれる試合形式。
English: In some matches, players are required to wear protective gear, but direct attack isn't allowed.
Japanese: 試合によっては防具着用を義務付ける場合もあるが、それでも直接打撃は認めていない。
English: However, in many matches, including those hosted by the JKF, contestants are virtually allowed to punch the opponent's body, whereas they should try to limit any damage by quickly withdrawing the punch (called 'hikite').
Japanese: しかし全空連を含む多くの試合では事実上当てることが認められており、直後の引き手でダメージの軽減を計っている。
English: On such occasions it's common practice that the referee won't acknowledge that a contestant 'hits' (punches) the opponent until the opponent has become so damaged as to cause the discontinuation of a match, or until the degree of hikite is judged to be inappropriate.
Japanese: この場合、試合に支障を来たすようなダメージが与えられた場合や引き手の程度により初めて「当てた」と審判にも認知されるのが通例である。
English: Attacks to vulnerable parts, however, are prohibited, such as punches to the face, kicking the groin and kicking the knee joints.
Japanese: ただし、顔面への拳による攻め、金的への蹴り、膝への関節蹴りなど急所攻撃は禁じている。
English: Unlike Judo, which is united under the Kodokan Judo Institute, karate has many organizations (schools), and the types of kata, practice methods and match rules differ significantly, depending on the organization.
Japanese: 講道館に統一されている柔道とは異なり、空手には多数の流派が存在し、流派によって教える型や訓練法、試合規則も大きく異なる。
English: Karate organizations can be roughly divided into two groups: traditional-style (dentoha) karate and full-contact karate.
Japanese: 大別すると、空手の流派は伝統派空手とフルコンタクト空手の二つに分類することができる。
English: According to Anko ITOSU, karate can be traced back to the two schools introduced from China: the Shorin-ryu school and the Shorei-ryu school.
Japanese: 糸洲安恒によれば、空手はもと昭林流と昭霊流の二派が中国から伝来したものが起源とされる。
English: It is widely accepted that the former became Shuri-te and the latter became Naha-te, but considering that the existence of those two schools hasn't been confirmed in China, the historical validity of this account has yet to be established.
Japanese: 前者は首里手となり、後者は那覇手となったとするのが一般的な解釈であるが、上記二派は中国でもその存在が確認されておらず、どの程度歴史的事実であったのかは、疑問の残るところである。
English: The oldest school that can be found in documents is "Nihon Denryu Heiho Motobu Kenpo" (Japan's traditional tactics of Motobu Kenpo), or the Motobu-ryu school, which were named in the Taisho period by Choki MOTOBU.
Japanese: 最古の空手流派は、本部朝基が大正時代に命名した日本伝流兵法本部拳法（本部流）が、文献上確認できるものとしては最も古い。
English: The Shotokan-ryu school, which is associated with Gichin FUNAKOSHI, is actually as old as Motobu-ryu, but Funakoshi never identified himself with any organization (school) during his lifetime; the name 'Shotokan-ryu' was coined as a common term after WWII.
Japanese: 船越義珍の松濤館流も実質的には同程度古いが、この流派名は戦後の通称であり、船越自身は生涯流派名を名乗らなかった。
English: In 1931, during the early Showa period, Chojun MIYAGI called his circle the Goju-ryu school.
Japanese: 昭和に入ってからは、宮城長順が昭和6年（1931年）に剛柔流を名乗っている。
English: In a broader sense, dentoha karate (traditional-style karate) comprises literally traditional karate organizations, namely koryu karate (old-style karate), hondo karate (karate in the Japanese mainland, such as organizations affiliated with the JKF) and Okinawa karate.
Japanese: 広義には、文字通り伝統的な空手の流派、すなわち、古流空手、全空連加盟等の本土空手、沖縄空手を含む。
English: In a narrower sense, it refers to karate as associated with the JKF, which adopts sundome rules, as well as organizations affiliated with JKF.
Japanese: 狭義には、「寸止め」ルールを採用する全空連の空手およびその参加流派を指す場合が多い。
English: The classification below is a rough guide, and many organizations and circles overlap each other.
Japanese: 下記の分類はあくまで概略的なものであり、それぞれにまたがる流派も多い。
English: Koryu karate is a form of traditional-style karate, which, without aspiring to tournaments or sport, focuses on old karate styles.
Japanese: 伝統派空手のうち、競技化、スポーツ化を志向せず、古流の空手スタイルを重視する。
English: It is characterized by the practice of traditional kata and kumite, an emphasis on traditional Okinawan exercise methods and the complementary use of the art of weapons (buki-jutsu).
Japanese: 特徴としては、伝統的な型稽古や組手稽古、沖縄古来からの鍛錬法の重視、武器術の併伝などを挙げることができる。
English: It is also known as 'sundome karate' because the JKF adopts sundome rules.
Japanese: 全空連が寸止めルールを採用していることから、寸止め空手と呼ばれることも多い。
English: As schools (organizations) of hondo karate, the Goju-ryu, Shotokan-ryu, Wado-ryu and Shito-ryu schools, which are normally called 'the four largest schools (organizations)' due to their scale, are well known.
Japanese: 本土空手は、剛柔流、松濤館流、和道流、糸東流が規模の上から一般に四大流派と呼ばれ、よく知られている。
English: Recently, match rules have been revised to a great extent: the introduction of the point system that makes game judgment more sport-like than before, the use of different colors for wrist guards (blue and red, where previously both players wore white wrist guards and a red belt was used to distinguish a red player from a white player), and--in a more minute aspect--changes in the numbers and standing positions of referees.
Japanese: 近年では、勝負の判定を従来よりスポーツライクなものとしたポイント制や、拳サポーターの色分け（青と赤、従来は両者が白で、赤と白の区別は赤帯を用いていた）、細かなものでは審判の人数や立ち位置など、ルールにかなりの見直しが施されている。
English: Recently, it has often been the case that Okinawa karate is used as a kind of brand and the antithesis of hondo karate, which has become a sport.
Japanese: スポーツ化の傾向にある本土空手と距離をおく意味で、近年は「沖縄空手」が一つのブランドとして用いられる場合も多い。
English: Protesting the decision of the JKF, which is led by organizations on the Japanese mainland, to remove Okinawan kata from the authorized kata, Okinawa karate has stayed away from hondo karate.
Japanese: 本土の流派が主導する全空連が指定形から沖縄の形を排除したことに反発して、沖縄は本土と距離を置くようになった。
English: Like koryu karate, Okinawa karate is characterized by practice of traditional kata, emphasis on traditional exercise methods, and the complementary use of buki-jutsu (art of weapons) and toitee-jutsu (grappling).
Japanese: 沖縄空手の特徴としては、古流空手同様、伝統的な型稽古や鍛錬法の重視、また武器術や取手術の併伝などを挙げることができる。
English: Full-contact karate, also known as 'jissen (actual fighting) karate,' refers to karate organizations that adopt direct-attack rules instead of the so-called sundome rules.
Japanese: いわゆる寸止めではなく、直接打撃制ルールを採用する流派のことで、実戦空手ともいう。
English: The Kyokushin Kaikan, a founding father of full-contact karate, is the most famous, but in a broader sense the varieties of karate shown below are also included.
Japanese: 開祖となった極真会館がもっとも有名であるが、広義には以下のものも含まれる。
English: The history of direct-attack rules is far older than that of sundome rules.
Japanese: そもそも直接打撃制ルール自体は寸止めルールよりもはるかに歴史は古い。
English: In a more limited sense, full-contact karate refers to organizations that adopt the rules by which 'all direct-attack techniques other than a punch to a face are allowed,' as represented by Kyokushin Kaikan and its offshoots.
Japanese: 狭義では、極真会館とその分派の多くに代表される「手技による顔面攻撃以外」の直接打撃制ルールを採用する流派のことをさす。
English: Recently, however, there has been an increase in the number of organizations that allow a direct attack to the face with the hands (a punch to the face) in portions of their matches, such as International F.S.A Kenshin-kan and the Kyokushin-kan.
Japanese: しかし、近年では国際FSA拳真館や極真館など一部の試合で手技による顔面への直接打撃を認める流派も増えている。