nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Being robbed of his wife, not paid back the money he lent and beaten nearly to death by the Matsunaga family, Kumataro, supported by his sworn young brother, Yagoro, decided to get square with them.
Japanese: 松永一家に女を盗られ、借金まで踏み倒されて半殺しにされた熊太郎は、舎弟の弥五郎に押されて仕返しを決める。
English: Kumataro, who was beaten nearly to death by Denjiro, recuperated at Yagoro's house and started preparation for revenge.
Japanese: 傳次郎に半殺しにされた熊太郎は弥五郎の家で養生して、復讐のための準備をし始めた。
English: After healing the wounds, Kumataro prepared a tomb for himself to fight the enemy at all risk, and then, visited Kyoto, Nara and Osaka to buy Japanese swords, sword canes and hunting guns, and bode his time.
Japanese: 傷を治してからまず捨て身の覚悟でやるために自分の墓を用意して、それから京都・奈良・大阪を見物しながら日本刀や仕込み杖、猟銃を買い時機を待った。
English: On May 25, 1893, Kumataro and Yagoro, wearing swords and holding guns, committed the crime intentionally in the rainy midnight.
Japanese: 明治26年5月25日、刀を差し、猟銃を抱えた熊太郎・弥五郎は雨の深夜を狙って犯行に及んだ。
English: First, they killed Kumataro's wife, Onui and her mother, Otora, and then broke into Matsunaga's home and killed Denjiro MATSUNAGA, his wife and his two children.
Japanese: 熊太郎の妻おぬいとおぬいの母親おとら、松永一家に乗り込んで松永傳次郎と傳次郎の妻と傳次郎の子供2人を殺害した。
English: Next, they broke into the house of Kumajiro MATSUNAGA, Denjiro's eldest son, and killed Kumajiro, his wife and his three children including a newborn baby, and the number of victims totaled 11 at the end.
Japanese: そして傳次郎の長男松永熊次郎の家に乗り込み、松永熊次郎と熊次郎の妻と熊次郎の子供3人と生まれて間もない子供も含め11人を殺害した。
English: However, Torajiro MATSUNAGA, who had an affair with Onui and caused the incident, was in Uji, Kyoto then and escaped from the mass murder.
Japanese: しかし、事件の発端となったおぬいの浮気相手の松永寅次郎は京都の宇治へ行って難を逃れていた。
English: After the killing spree was over, they set gunpowder, scattered oil and set fire to the houses they broke in, and made their escape to Mt. Kongo.
Japanese: それから乗り込んだ家に火薬を仕込み灯油をまいて放火して金剛山へ逃亡した。
English: With support coming from Osaka prefectural police headquarters, the police cordoned Mt. Kongo where they were believed to have escaped, but only to receive report that they robbed of food.
Japanese: 大阪府警本部からの応援も駆けつけ、逃亡したと思われる金剛山に非常線を張ったが、二人はなかなか捕まらず、食料を強奪されたとの報告が来るばかりだった。
English: Two weeks after the incident, however, the case came to an end as they committed suicide and their corpses were found in Mt. Kongo.
Japanese: しかし事件から2週間後、金剛山中で二人の自殺死体が発見され、事件は解決した。
English: The cruel murder case, which occurred in rural Osaka, was featured by many newspapers as a story involving various factors such as sex, money, and humanity and justice, and became the talk of the town.
Japanese: 大阪の片田舎で起こったこの惨殺事件は、女と金と仁義と様々な要因が絡んだ事件として、多くの新聞が取り上げ、話題をさらった。
English: Umekichi IWAI (his real name was Umekichi UCHIDA), a retained rickshaw driver of the Chief of Tondabayashi Police Station, thought of writing lyrics for his favorite Kawachi ondo based on the investigation information, but he was illiterate.
Japanese: そして、富田林署の署長お抱えの人力車夫の岩井梅吉（本名・内田梅吉）が、捜査情報を元に趣味であった河内音頭に歌詞をつけようと思ったが梅吉は文字を書けなかった。
English: Then, his friend, Kichisaburo MATSUMOTO (father of Umekichi IWAI who was the sixth leader of the existing society for Kawachi ondo, Iwai-kai, that now has the ninth leader) wrote the words for the plain melody of Kawachi ondo.
Japanese: そこで友達である松本吉三郎（現存する河内音頭の会である岩井会6代目・岩井梅吉の父親、現在は九代目）が河内音頭の平節に歌詞をつけた。
English: In June, one month after the incident, Naka-za, one of the five za (theater) (Asahi-za, naka-za, benten-za and Kaku-za) held the performance of "Kawachi ondo Urami no shirasaya," and it soon became a great hit and ran for 45 days.
Japanese: そして事件が起きて1ヶ月後の6月に、道頓堀の五座（朝日座、難波座、中座、弁天座、角座の5つ）の中のひとつである中座で『河内音頭恨白鞘』（かわちおんどうらみのしらさや）を講演したところ、たちまち45日間も続く大ヒットとなったのである。
English: Ondo in those days were mostly adapted from old stories such as loyal retainers and yakuza stories.
Japanese: この頃歌われていた音頭は古い題目、すなわち義士ものや、任侠ものが多く歌われていた。
English: "Kawachi juningiri" sang by Umekichi IWAI featured incident that had just happened, which was new to the people at that time.
Japanese: そして岩井梅吉が歌った『河内十人斬り』は、実際最近起きた出来事を歌っていて、当時の人からしたら新しいものだったのである。
English: To compose ondo based on real stories are called "Shinmon-yomi" (reading newspapers).
Japanese: このような実際に最近起きた出来事を音頭にすることは「新聞（しんもん）読み」と呼ばれる。
English: In those days, compulsory education was not spreading enough, and most people were unable to write letters, much less to read newspaper.
Japanese: 当時は義務教育も普及しておらず、大部分の民衆は文字を書くことはおろか、新聞も読むことが出来なかった。
English: A large number of people knew the incident through Kawachi ondo.
Japanese: そこで多くの民衆は、この事件の有様を河内音頭で知ることが出来たのである。
English: That is to say, Kawachi ondo played the role of kawaraban (commercial newssheet of the Edo period), which 'sells news reading.'
Japanese: つまりこの河内音頭が、「読むことを売る」、読み売り瓦版のような役割を果たした。
English: Sung in Kawachi ondo as 'if you have a man, he should be Kumataro and Yagoro, they left their names by killing ten people,' the program became a major hit and was adapted to 'rokyoku' (also known as naniwa-bushi, storytelling with samisen accompaniment) and handed down to the present day.
Japanese: 「男持つなら熊太郎弥五郎、十人殺して名を残す」と河内音頭に歌われ、この演目はヒットして「浪曲」にも残り現代まで伝わる。
English: Monopolization is a system that a government places under its complete control the production, distribution, and sales of specific goods and monopolizes the profits gained from them in order to increase the national income.
Japanese: 専売制（せんばいせい）とは、国家などが財政収入を増加させるために、特定物資の生産・流通・販売などを全面的に管理下に置いて、そこから発生する利益を独占する制度。
English: One of the systems for collecting tax from consumption goods is consumption tax, but monopolization is a system that develops this further and monopolizes profits by completely controlling the processes of production, distribution, and sales and excluding competition.
Japanese: 消費物資から租税を徴収する仕組としては消費税などが考えられるが、専売制はこれを更に徹底して生産・流通・販売の過程を全面的に支配することで競争原理を排除して独占的利益を収める方法である。
English: While it is possible to gain a huge income by setting monopoly prices higher for daily necessities of low cost, there can also be some risk in the process of monopoly.
Japanese: 原価が安い生活必需品に高い専売価格を定めることによって莫大な財政収入を得ることが可能になる一方で、専売の過程において生じるリスクを抱え込む危険性も併せ持っていた。
English: In order to introduce monopolization, it is necessary that the production and distribution of consumption goods is focused.
Japanese: 専売制を導入するためには対象となる消費物資の生産・流通が集中的である必要がある。
English: For instance, it is important that the goods in question can only be produced in specific regions so that the production areas and productors are limited (it is desirable that the production areas are limited rather than scattered all over the nation in terms of control of production and distribution).
Japanese: 例えば、特定の地域でしか生産が出来ず生産地域及び生産者が限定的であることが重要である（生産地も全国的に拡散しているよりも産地が限定されていた方が生産・流通の把握の面で望ましい）。
English: Also, it is important that the demand for the consumption goods in question is always ubiquitously high, and it is more desirable that they are is "daily necessities."
Japanese: また、消費物資に対する需要が恒常的・普遍的に高いことも重要であり、「生活必需品」であればなお望ましいと言える。
English: Salt, alcohol, and tobacco, which are likely to be the object of monopoly, often meet these requirements, while there is hardly any monopoly of grains, which are mass-produced in cultivated land all over the nation, though there are still some such cases.
Japanese: 専売制の対象となるケースになりやすい塩や酒、煙草などはその条件に近い場合が多く、逆に耕作地が全国的に広がっており大量生産されている穀物類の専売は実例はあるものの多くは無い。
English: There can be a monopolization for the people within the region instead of tax and a monopolization for exclusive sales on the market outside the region.
Japanese: 域内の人民に対して租税の代わりとして専売を行う方法と域外の市場に対して独占的に販売する専売が考えられる。
English: Both of them take different attitudes towards production, and the former can control the production but the latter can mildly encourage production at the same time.
Japanese: 生産に対する姿勢は両者の場合で異なり、前者においては生産も統制される場合があるが、後者においてはやや緩やかで生産奨励策が合わせて行われる場合もある。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and domains practiced monopolization in order to intervene with the purchase and sales of specific goods within the territory and to gain profits.
Japanese: 江戸幕府・諸藩は、領内の特定商品の仕入れと販売に介入し、利益を上げるために専売制度を実施した。
English: It differs from the monopolization in the modern times in that the bakufu and domains did not directly manage it but made merchants and wealthy peasants do it by contracts and robbed the profits of them.
Japanese: 幕府・藩が直接経営者となるのではなく、商人・豪農に請け負わせ、その利益を収奪するところに近代以降の専売制度との違いがある。
English: In the middle of the Edo period, the bakufu practiced the monopolization of rice, foil (gold foil, silver foil, etc.), lime, Korean ginseng, copper, and others.
Japanese: 幕府は、江戸時代中期以降に、米・箔（金箔・銀箔など）・石灰・高麗人参・銅などの専売を実施した。
English: In order to solve their financial problems, the domains protected and encouraged the production of goods, set up domestic meeting places (meeting places for productions) run by them, made merchants monopolize the purchase and sales by contracts, and gained the profits to fill the income of the domains.
Japanese: 藩財政の窮乏を打開するために商品生産を藩が保護・奨励し、藩営の国産会所（物産会所）を設けて、買い上げと販売を請負商人などに独占させ、その利潤を藩の収入に充当した。
English: It included salt of the Sendai Domain and the Kaga Domain, Shikon (lithospermum root used for purple color) of the Morioka Domain, Wax of the Aizu Domain and the Yonezawa Domain (wax made from fruits of japanese lacquer).
Japanese: 仙台藩・加賀藩の塩、盛岡藩の紫根、会津藩・米沢藩の蝋（漆の実を原料にした蝋）などがある。
English: The price of rice became alarmingly low on such central markets as Osaka and Edo, and the increase in the income due to the increase of agricultural land made by the development of new fields and the increase of land tax also reached the limit.
Japanese: 大坂・江戸などの中央市場での米価の低下が深刻化し、新田開発による耕地の増大や年貢増徴による収入の増加も頭打ちとなった。
English: It was practiced in the Choshu Domain, the Iwakuni Domain, the Tokuyama Domain, the Tsuwano Domain, the Matsue Domain, the Hiroshima Domain, the Uwajima Domain, the Tosa Domain, the Mito Domain, and other domains.
Japanese: 長州藩・岩国藩・徳山藩・津和野藩・松江藩、広島藩・宇和島藩・土佐藩・水戸藩などで実施された。
English: There were also monopolizations of Japanese lacquer and wax of the domains in the Tohoku region, Japanese wax trees (dye, timber, and sumac wax) of the southwest domains, cotton of the Himeji Domain, indigo plants of the Tokushima Domain, and sugar of the Satsuma Domain.
Japanese: 東北地方の諸藩の漆・蝋、西南諸藩のハゼノキ（染料・用材）・ハゼノキ（櫨の実を原料にした蝋）、姫路藩の木綿、徳島藩のアイ(植物)、薩摩藩の砂糖などがある。
English: In addition, the objects of monopolization also included such metals as iron, copper, brass, coal, clothing materials such as deseeded cotton (cotton wool with its seeds removed), cotton, and raw silk, Seien (blue mat, mate made from cyperus), goods of taste such as tea and tobacco.
Japanese: この他、鉄・銅・真鍮などの金属や石炭、繰綿（綿花から綿実を除去したもの）・木綿・生糸などの衣料原料、青莚（せいえん・あおむしろ、シチトウで作る畳)、茶・タバコなどの嗜好品も対象となる場合もあった。
English: However, in many cases, it led to compulsory allocation of crops production to the people of the domain and compulsory purchase by low price, so many uprisings against monopolization happened in various places.
Japanese: しかし、多くの場合領民への作物の強制的な生産割当や安価な価格による強制買上につながった事から、専売制に反対する一揆も各地で起こっている。
English: After the Meiji period, the government practiced monopolization of tobacco, salt, camphor, alcohol, and opium.
Japanese: 明治時代以後、政府はタバコ・塩・樟脳・アルコール・あへんに専売制を実施。
English: Taxation on tobacco started in January, 1876, when the Tobacco Ad Duty Stamp Tax Law went into effect, by which tax was imposed on tobacco in the form of affixing stamp.
Japanese: 煙草への課税は明治9年1月煙草従価印紙税法が施行され、印紙の貼付という方法で煙草税が課せられたことに始まる。
English: In order to increase the income after the Sino-Japanese War, the rule for tobacco tax was reformed, the Leaf Tobacco Monopoly Law went into effect in January, 1898, and the monopoly of leaf tobacco was started.
Japanese: 日清戦争後に財政収入を増やすために、煙草税則が改められ、明治31年（1898年）1月葉煙草専売法が実施され、葉タバコの専売を開始した。
English: After that, in 1904, the targets of monopolization were widened from storage and manufacture and sales to import and transport of leaf tobacco and products, in order to collect funding for the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: その後、日露戦争の戦費調達のために明治37年（1904年）に収納から製造販売および葉煙草ならびに製品の輸入移入に至るまでことごとく専売の対象を広げた。
English: After the monopolization of tobacco was started, the Ministry of Finance (Monopoly Bureau) managed it directly, but from June, 1949, on, the Japan Monopoly Corporation took over the business.
Japanese: タバコ専売の開始以来、大蔵省（専売局）が直接経営していたが昭和24年（1949年）6月からは日本専売公社が引き継いだ。
English: After that, in August, 1984, 'Monopoly-Reform-Related Law' passed, and while 'the Tobacco Industries Act' was newly regulated, 'the Tobacco Monopoly Law' and 'the Manufactured Tobacco Price Fixing Law' were abolished.
Japanese: その後、昭和59年（1984年）8月に「専売改革関連法」が成立し、あらたに「たばこ事業法」が制定される一方、「たばこ専売法」および「製造たばこ定価法」が廃止された。
English: And in April, 1985, when the Japan Monopoly Corporation was abolished and Japan Tobacco was created, finally the monopolization of tobacco was abolished.
Japanese: そして、昭和60年（1985年）4月に日本専売公社を廃止して日本たばこ産業が発足し、ついにタバコの専売制度は廃止された。
English: The steep price rise of salt caused by the enactment of the Salt Monopoly Law evoked public opinions, inviting many criticisms, and after 1906, the possibility of abolition of the law was debated at each meeting of the Diet, but the government never accepted it but worked hard to improve the law and virtually abolished private profitalism in 1918, and, by adopting public profitalism, tried to adjust the balance of demand and supply and to protect the salt industry, and then the criticisms subsided.
Japanese: 塩専売法実施による塩価の急激な高騰は世論を喚起し、非難は少なくなく、明治39年以後議会ごとに廃止論議が行われたが、政府はこれを肯んじることなく、改善に努めるとともに大正7年ついに収益主義を事実上廃し、公益主義を採って需給調節と塩業保護を目的とするようになり非難はおさまった。
English: In 1949, the monopoly of salt was moved from the Monopoly Bureau of the Ministry of Finance to Japan Monopoly Corporation.
Japanese: 1949年、大蔵省専売局から日本専売公社に塩の専売事業が移管された。
English: In 1997, the monopolization was abolished (at the same time, the work of Japan Tobacco Inc. was transferred to the Salt Industry Center of Japan).
Japanese: 1997年、専売制が廃止された（併せて、日本たばこ産業株式会社の事務は財団法人塩事業センターに移管）。
English: It was abolished in 2001 (The Alcohol Monopoly Law was abolished and the Alcohol Busines Act went into effect).
Japanese: 平成13年（2001年）廃止（アルコール専売法廃止、アルコール事業法施行）。
English: The monopolization of camphor inland went into effect in October, 1903, and before this, in Taiwan, the Taiwan Camphor and Camphor Oil Monopoly Regulations was regulated in June, 1899, and went into effect in August.
Japanese: 内地の樟脳専売は明治36年10月施行、これより前に台湾では明治32年6月台湾樟脳及樟脳油専売規則が制定され、8月実施された。
English: The inland camphor industry which had been sluggish until then became very active thanks to the steep rise of price of camphor due to the Taiwanese camphor monopolization, and came to compete on the market with the Taiwanese monopolized camphor, so it became necessary to regulate the Monopoly Law both for inland and for Taiwan.
Japanese: が、これまでふるわなかった内地製脳業は台湾樟脳専売による樟脳市価の急騰の影響を受け、活況を呈し、台湾の専売樟脳と市場で競争するようになり、内地台湾共通の専売法の制定の必要が生じた。
English: Due to the development of celluloid factories inland, the demand for camphor oil, which is the basic material for celluloid, increased.
Japanese: 内地のセルロイド工場の発展により、原料である樟脳油の需要が高まった。
English: In China, Emperor Wu of the Former Han (Han) monopolized iron and salt in order to rebuilt the financial status of the Empire, which had been strained due to the war against Xiongnu.
Japanese: 中国では前漢の武帝(漢)が匈奴との戦いで逼迫した財政を再建するために鉄や塩などの専売を行った。
English: Confucian scholars protested agasint this policy, saying that the nation was pursuing profits and depriving the property of the common people, so the next Emperor Zhao (Han) held a debate to discuss the pros and cons of this policy (it is said that this debate was summarized into "Discourses on Salt and Iron").
Japanese: これには国家が利益追求を行って庶民から財を貪るものだとして儒学者から反対の声が上がり、次の昭帝(漢)の代にはこの政策の賛否を巡る論争会が開かれた（この論争を纏めたのが『塩鉄論』であると言われている）。
English: In Shu, which is well-known from "the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms," Liang ZHUGE is known to have strengthened the finance of the kingdom by monopolization of salt.
Japanese: 『三国志』で著名な蜀でも諸葛亮が塩の専売による財政充実を行ったことが知られている。
English: Also, since Yu GUAN, General of Shu, was from Hai County, Hedong (China), which has 'Hai Lake,' the biggest saltwater lake in China, a legend was transmitted that he was a trafficker of salt, and later this led to the idea that Yu GUAN was 'a god of trade.'
Japanese: また、同国の将軍・関羽が中国最大の鹹湖である「解池」がある河東郡(中国)解県の出身であったために、元々は塩の密売人であったという伝説が伝えられ、そこから後に関羽を「商売の神様」とする考えが生まれたと言われている。
English: In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, when the financial status of the Empire was strained because of An Shi Rebellion, monopolization of salt was done folloiwng the suggestion of Qi DIWU.
Japanese: 唐の中期、安史の乱で財政が逼迫すると、第五キの案によって塩の専売が行われた。
English: Later this became a policy of the central government and once it even occupied a half of the income.
Japanese: 後に中央政府の政策となって一時は財政収入の半分を占めるまでとなった。
English: However, the price of salt, which had been 10 sen per 1 to (about 18 liter) before the monopolization, was raised to 110 sen after the monopolization, and since it was raised everytime the government income was strained, people became more and more poverished, which led to the War of Chao HUANG.
Japanese: だが、専売制実施前には1斗あたり10銭であった塩の価格が専売制実施後には110銭に引き上げられ、更に財政逼迫の度に値上げされた事から人々の生活は困窮して黄巣の乱が勃発する。
English: In the Northern Song Dynasty, tea, now a daily necessity, was added to the list of monopoly goods, and it became as important as salt for the income.
Japanese: 北宋に入ると、人々の生活必需品となった茶が専売品として追加されて塩と並ぶ重要な財政の基盤となった。
English: However, when the income of the government was strained, it easily led to price rise and lowered quality, which caused troubles for common people.
Japanese: だが、同時に政府財政が逼迫すると安易な値上げや品質の引き下げなどが行われて、人々を苦しめる事となった。
English: The government tried to regulate it by death penalty, but they could not exterminate the trafficking because the monopoly products were so expensive and so bad that high-quality trafficked products became less expensive, inviting bigger profits.
Japanese: 政府は死刑をもって取り締まろうとするものの、専売品があまりにも高価で劣悪過ぎたために却って良質な密売品の方が値段が安くなったために、密売品販売による利益は厚く、誘引となったために根絶する事が出来なかったという。
English: China has a long coastline, but its land is spread far inland and it has a huge population, so many people lacked the opportunity to gain salt directly.
Japanese: 中国は海岸線こそ広いものの、領土が奥地に広がっていることや人口が膨大なために、多くの人々が直接塩を手にする機会に乏しかった。
English: The policy of monopolization that made use of it was maintained in different forms even after the Xinhai Revolution.
Japanese: それを利用した専売政策は形を変えながらも辛亥革命以後にまで継続されたのである。
English: After the esablishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the objects of monopolizations included alcoholic liquor, processed tobacco products, affiliated tobacco leaves, filter tows, tobacco paper, and tobacco manufacturing machines.
Japanese: 1949年の中華人民共和国成立後には、酒類と加工済みのタバコ製品及び関連するタバコの葉、フィルタートウ、タバコ用紙、タバコ製造機械などが専売品となっている。
English: The national monopolization of alcohol was abolished in 1980, but after that there happened incidents that people were killed and injured because of fake alcohol, so the restoration of the policy is being considered by some people.
Japanese: 酒類は1980年に国家による専売制を廃止したが、その後偽造酒による死亡事件、傷害事件が相次いでおり、復活を検討する動きもある。
English: Also, in modern Chinese, the word "monopoly" means sales and shops specialized in specific goods as well as monopolization, so one must be careful to use the word.
Japanese: なお、現代中国語において「專賣」という言葉は、専売制の他に、特定の商品に絞った専門販売、専門店という意味でも使われているので注意が必要である。
English: Government-run model factories were set up by the Meiji Government for the promotion of new industries.
Japanese: 官営模範工場（かんえいもはんこうじょう）は、明治政府が殖産興業の政策のため、率先して新しい産業を興すべく創設した工場である。
English: After Meiji Restoration, the government took over bakufu's (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and feudal clans' businesses such as dockyards and mines, and Kobusho (the Ministry of Industry) and other institutes established government-run factories to modernize Japan and make the transition to capitalism.
Japanese: 明治維新後、政府は幕府や諸藩の造船所や鉱山などの事業を引き継ぐとともに、工部省などが官営模範工場を新たに開設し、日本の近代化、資本主義化を図った。
English: Due to financial difficulties after the Seinan War, most factories were sold to private hands after 'General rules for selling government-run factories' came into force in 1880.
Japanese: 西南戦争後の財政難のため、1880年に「官営工場払下概則」が施行された後に軍需部門を除いて民間に払い下げられたものが多い。
English: These factories promoted the formation of Zaibatsu (company syndicate) and became the core of the Japanese Industries.
Japanese: これらは財閥の形成を促すとともに、日本の産業の中核を担う役割を果たした。
English: Kinkei no ma shiko is one of the licenses of the Imperial Court defined under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 錦鶏間祗候（きんけいのましこう）は、大日本帝国憲法下の宮中に於ける資格の一。
English: Michitoshi IWAMURA: Baron, Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, the director general of the Hokkaido government, the member of Kizokuin, (the House of Peers) the imperial court councillor
Japanese: 岩村通俊男爵・勲一等旭日大綬章・北海道庁長官・貴族院議員・宮中顧問官
English: It was a post set up in the late Meiji period, and had no direct connection with Genro who were senior vassals of the Emperor.
Japanese: 明治後期よりおかれた役職で天皇の重臣であった元老とは直接の関係はない。
English: Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Teruhito: He became the councilor on July 2, 1875, and the chairman on May 18, 1876.
Japanese: 有栖川宮熾仁親王：明治8年7月2日から議官、明治9年5月18日から議長。
English: Michitoshi IWAMURA: He was a baron, minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Imperial court councilor and Director General of the Hokkaido government (1886-1947).
Japanese: 岩村通俊：男爵・農商務大臣・宮中顧問官・北海道庁(1886-1947)長官
English: He was the principal of the Imperial College of Engineer and principal of both Gakushuin and Kazoku Jogakko (girl's school for Kazoku new nobility), resident envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of Qing and Korea, and a Privy Council.
Japanese: 工部大学校校長・学習院院長・華族女学校校長・清国駐剳特命全権公使・韓国駐剳特命全権公使・枢密顧問官。
English: Shigeru NARAHARA: He was a baron, president of Nippon Railway, Kinkei-no-ma shiko, Okinawa Prefectural Governor, and Imperial Court Councilor.
Japanese: 奈良原繁：男爵・日本鉄道会社社長・錦鶏間祗候・沖縄県知事・宮中顧問官
English: Minoru FUKUHARA: From December 28, 1882 to April 14, 1887 and from September 18, 1888 to September 29, 1890.
Japanese: 福原実：明治15年12月28日-明治20年4月14日、明治21年9月18日-明治23年9月29日。
English: Jako no ma shiko was one of the licenses of the Imperial Court defined by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, in order to treat the peerages and government officials for their contributions, and the person who rendered a distinguished service for the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 麝香間祗候（じゃこうのましこう）は帝国憲法下に於いて、華族・親任官及び明治維新の功労者を優遇する為に設けられた資格。
English: This license was established in 1869 when the Imperial Court summoned the former gijo (official post) Mochiaki HACHISUKA and some other members of the government to appear in Jako no ma of Kyoto Imperial Palace every other day as the advisers of the emperor.
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）、前議定の蜂須賀茂韶らを天皇の相談役として京都御所内の部屋の一つ、麝香之間に隔日出仕させたのが始まり。
English: Shiryokaku fort is a fort built by the Ezo Republic (the Hakodate Government) at the time of the Hakodate War, in 1869, in the present-day Hakodate City, Hokkaido.
Japanese: 四稜郭（しりょうかく）は、箱館戦争の際に蝦夷共和国（箱館政権）が、明治2年（1869年）に現在の北海道函館市に築城した堡塁。
English: The fort, which is surrounded by an empty moat, has the length of about 100 meters on the long side and the area of about 21500 square meters.
Japanese: 空堀に囲まれ、規模は長辺約100メートル、面積約2万1,500平方メートルを有する。
English: It is said that the fort was built in a rush by soldiers and local residents who were recruited for the construction work.
Japanese: 建設には兵卒および近隣住民が徴用され、突貫工事で造り上げたと言われる。
English: However, Shiryokaku fort, which was too small to accommodate besieged armies and did not have facilities such as water wells, was vulnerable.
Japanese: しかし、堡塁としては脆弱であり、立て篭もるには手狭で井戸等の設備も存在しなかった。
English: It is said that the construction was directed by Keisuke OTORI or Jules Brunet.
Japanese: 建設を指揮したのは大鳥圭介あるいはジュール・ブリュネといわれている。
English: The kanjosho of the Edo shogunate divided the country into Kanto-suji, Tokaido-suji, Hokkoku-suji, Kinai-suji, Chugoku-suji and Saikoku-suji.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の勘定所では、天領を関東筋・東海道筋・北国筋・畿内筋・中国筋・西国筋と区分した。
English: Also in some feudal domains, suji was used as district name, some sujis were crossing over two districts.
Japanese: また藩によっては、各郡に筋名が見られることや、2郡にまたがる場合もある。
English: There were also instances of village names prefixed with district and suji name, those cases mostly reflected different geographical or administrative systems.
Japanese: 村名に郡と筋名を冠して地名を示すこともあるが、これは異なった系列を示す場合が多い。