nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, when Iesada fell into a critical condition in 1858, the fudai daimyo of the Nanki group appointed Naosuke II of Hikone Domain as a tairo (chief minister) and announced in June in the name of Iesada that the successor was Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: だが、安政6年（1858年）、家定が重態となると、南紀派の譜代大名は彦根藩井伊直弼を大老に据えて、6月に家定の名で後継者を徳川慶福とすることが発表された。
English: This is said to be a plan made by the Nanki group, but some stated that Iesada, although being almost disabled or in a critical condition, did not lose his mental capacity completely and appointed Yoshitomi whom he liked personally because he disliked his rival Yoshinobu (according to the reflection of Kansui ASAHINA who was Iesada's attendant page and later served as kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance], Iesada hated Yoshinobu because 'Yoshinobu was more handsome than him').
Japanese: これについては南紀派による画策であると言われているが、家定自身も廃人もしくはそれに近い重態ではあったものの、完全に意思能力が失われていたわけではないため、本人の意向で自分の対抗馬である慶喜を嫌って個人的に気にかけていた慶福を指名したとする見方もある（家定の側小姓で後に勘定奉行などを歴任した朝比奈閑水の回想によれば、家定は「自分より慶喜の方が美形」という理由で慶喜に反感を抱いていたと記している）。
English: The Nanki group won in the end and when Iesada died in July, Yoshitomi changed his name to 'Iemochi' and became a new shogun.
Japanese: いずれにしても南紀派の勝利に終わった事実は間違いなく、7月に家定が没すると、慶福は名を「家茂」と改名して新しい将軍となった。
English: Naosuke II who selected Iemochi as shogun assigned Yoshiyori TOKUGAWA (head of Tayasu-Tokugawa Family) as pro forma Shogun-kokenshoku (guardian) and purged the opposition faction including the Hitotsubashi family, which is called Ansei no Taigoku.
Japanese: 家茂を将軍とした井伊直弼は、徳川慶頼（田安徳川家当主）を形だけの将軍後見職に立てて、一橋派を初めとする反対派の粛清（安政の大獄）に乗り出す。
English: Ii was assassinated in the Sakuradamongai Incident, and Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI became Shogun-kokenshoku and became the 15th shogun after the death of Iemochi.
Japanese: だが、井伊は桜田門外の変で暗殺され、後に一橋慶喜が将軍後見職を経て家茂の死後に15代将軍に就任することになった。
English: It was a national crisis that the successor of the Seii taishogun, who was the leader of samurai class and the practically main administrator, was not determined, and it often became a political problem unless the oldest son succeeded the Seii taishogun.
Japanese: 武家の棟梁であり、実質的な第一執政者である征夷大将軍に、後継者が決まっていないことは国家の一大事であり、無難に嫡男に決まったケース以外は、頻繁に政治問題となっている。
English: Yoshimasa considered making his younger brother Gijin return to secular life (his secular name was Yoshimi ASHIKAGA) and transferring shogun to him, but Yoshimasa's lawful wife Tomiko HINO gave birth to Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, and they conflicted with each other about succession, causing the Onin War.
Japanese: 義政は弟の義尋を還俗させて（足利義視）将軍を譲ろうと考えたが、正室日野富子に足利義尚が誕生したため、両者の間で継承を争うことになり、応仁の乱の原因の一つとなった。
English: Yoshimi who was supported by Katsumoto HOSOKAWA of the Eastern Camp changed sides to Sozen YAMANA of the Western Camp, and Yoshimasa appointed Yoshihisa as a successor.
Japanese: はじめ東軍の細川勝元に支持された義視が、後に西軍の山名宗全方に寝返ったため、義政は義尚を後継とした。
English: Yoshimi himself could not become shogun, but after the ninth shogun Yoshihisa died young, a son of Yoshimi, Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, became the 10th shogun.
Japanese: 義視自身は結局将軍にはなれなかったが、9代将軍となった義尚が早世したため、義視の子・足利義稙が10代将軍となった。
English: Ieyasu's eldest legitimate son Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA killed himself by order of Nobunaga ODA, and the second son Hideyasu YUKI was adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI (and later by Harutomo YUKI), so the third son Hidetada TOKUGAWA was determined early on as his successor, but there was an episode that Ieyasu had a question about Hidetada's capability because he arrived late in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ieyasu asked his vassals, including the fourth son Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA, who was the appropriate successor.
Japanese: 家康の嫡男松平信康は織田信長の命で切腹させられており、次男の結城秀康は豊臣秀吉（後に結城晴朝）の養子に出したため、後継は早くから三男の徳川秀忠に定めていたが、関ヶ原の戦いでの遅参など、資質に疑問を持った家康が四男松平忠吉も含め、功臣たちに後継者は誰が良いかを尋ねたという逸話が伝わっている。
English: Masanobu HONDA backed up Hideyasu, Tadachika OKUBO backed up Hidetada and Naomasa II (father-in-law of Tadayoshi) backed up Tadayoshi (from 'Butoku taiseiki' in "Daitokuinden gojikki, volume 1"), but it is questionable as a historical fact.
Japanese: この時、本多正信は秀康を、大久保忠隣は秀忠を、井伊直政（忠吉岳父）は忠吉を推したとも言われる（『台徳院殿御実記附録巻一』に引く「武徳大成記」より）が、史実であるかどうかは疑わしい。
English: Hidetada and his lawful wife Sugen-in had the oldest son Iemitsu TOKUGAWA and the second son Tadanaga TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 秀忠には正室崇源院との間に儲けた男子として長男の徳川家光と次男の徳川忠長があった。
English: Sugen-in loved Tadanaga whom she raised by herself more than Iemitsu who was reared by menoto (wet nurse) Kasuga no Tsubone and some backed up Tadanaga as an heir.
Japanese: 崇源院は乳母春日局に養育された家光よりも、自ら育てた忠長を溺愛したとされ、忠長を継嗣に推す者もあったと言われる。
English: However, Hidetada assigned Iemitsu as an heir, transferred shogunate to Iemitsu and became Ogosho (honorific for a retired former shogun).
Japanese: しかし秀忠は継嗣を家光と定めており、順当に家光に将軍職を譲って大御所となった。
English: Tadanaga misbehaved himself after the death of his mother and was scolded by his father and brothers, resulting in a forfeit of his rank and properties, and was forced to kill himself in the end.
Japanese: 忠長は母の死後、行状が悪化したため父や兄から叱責され、結局改易・自害させられた。
English: Since the son of Tsunayoshi, Tokumatsu TOKUGAWA, died young, another person had to be selected as a successor.
Japanese: 綱吉の男子・徳川徳松は夭折したため、後継者を別に求める必要があった。
English: Since Tsunayoshi succeeded shogunate after the death of his older brother, Tsunashige TOKUGAWA, a son of Tsunashige, Ienobu TOKUGAWA, was set down as a candidate for the successor.
Japanese: 本来綱吉は兄・徳川綱重が先に死去していたため、襲職した経緯もあり、綱重の子・徳川家宣が後継に擬せられていた。
English: However, Tsunanori TOKUGAWA of the Kishu Tokugawa family who married into Tsunayoshi's family as a husband of his beloved daughter Tsuruhime, was also considered to be a candidate for successor.
Japanese: しかし、綱吉が溺愛する娘の鶴姫(徳川家)の聟となった紀州徳川家の徳川綱教もまた継嗣候補として目されていた。
English: However, both Tsunanori and Tsuruhime died before Tsunayoshi, and Tsunatoyo was assigned as an heir in the end.
Japanese: ところが綱教・鶴姫夫妻はともに綱吉より先に死去したため、結局綱豊を継嗣と定めることになった。
English: Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa Family who was adopted into the Tokugawa Shogunate Family had a legitimate son, Ieshige TOKUGAWA, when he was still the lord of the Kishu domain, and Ieshige entered the Edo-jo Castle as an heir when Yoshimune assumed a shogun.
Japanese: 紀州徳川家から徳川宗家へ入った吉宗は、紀州藩主時代にすでに嫡男・徳川家重を儲けており、将軍就任とともに世子として江戸城に入った。
English: However, Ieshige had a weak construction and a speech defect, and was questioned as a successor.
Japanese: しかし、家重は虚弱体質であり、言語障害もあったため、後継として不安視された。
English: Since the second son, Munetake TOKUGAWA (who later established Tayasu-Tokugawa Family), was an excellent candidate, Yoshimune wavered in the judgement of successor temporarily, but considered a principle of Elders first, transferred shogunate to Ieshige and became Ogosho, made Munetake to establish the Tayasu family and the third son, Munetada TOKUGAWA to establish the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 次男の徳川宗武（後に田安徳川家創設）という優秀な候補もいたため、一時期は吉宗も後継に迷ったと言われるが、結局長幼の序を重んじ、家重に将軍職を譲って大御所となり、宗武には田安家を、三男の徳川宗尹には一橋徳川家を創設させた。
English: Since the legitimate son of Ieharu, Iemoto TOKUGAWA, died young, a successor was selected from legitimate relatives.
Japanese: 家治の嫡男徳川家基は若くして死去したため、後継者が血縁者から選ばれることになった。
English: The seventh son of Munetake TOKUGAWA of the Tayasu family, Masamaru (later Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA), was famous for his intelligence since childhood and considered to be a successor, but roju Okitsugu TANUMA, an influential person in those times, and Harusada TOKUGAWA (the head of Hitotsubashi family) who backed up his son Ienari TOKUGAWA made him being adopted as a son of Sadakuni MATSUDAIRA, the lord of Shirakawa Domain in Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 田安家徳川宗武の七男・松平定信（後の松平定信）が幼少の頃から英明を謳われ、後継と目されたが、時の権力者・老中田沼意次や、子の徳川家斉（後の家斉）を推す徳川治済（一橋家当主）らの画策で、陸奥国白河藩主・松平定邦の養子にさせられたとも言われる。
English: Sanetomo who had no biological children was assassinated by his nephew Kugyo, who was also killed, so the blood line of the Minamoto family terminated.
Japanese: 実朝には実子がないまま、甥の公暁に暗殺され、公暁もまた亡き者にされたため、源家将軍の血統は途絶えた。
English: Before the death of Sanetomo, the real mother Masako HOJO asked the imperial court whether she could invite a prince of Emperor Gotoba to Kamakura as a successor of shogun.
Japanese: 実朝の生前から、生母の北条政子は後継者として朝廷に、後鳥羽天皇の皇子を将軍として鎌倉へ迎えたい旨を打診していた。
English: Yoshitoki HOJO, a brother of Masako and regent, went up to Kyoto after the death of Sanetomo and requested a prince again to go down to Kamakura, but the Retired Emperor Gotoba rejected it.
Japanese: 政子の弟で執権の北条義時は実朝の死後上洛し、重ねて皇子東下を願い出るが、後鳥羽院は拒否。
English: As the second best policy, a son of Michiie KUJO, Mitora (later Yoritsune FUJIWARA), from Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), was appointed as the 4th shogun (Sekke Shogun).
Japanese: 次善の策として摂関家から九条道家の子・藤原頼経（後の頼経）を4代将軍として迎え入れることとなった（摂家将軍）。
English: The Hojo clan which established the regent authority after Jokyu War expelled Yoritsune and his son FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu (5th shogun) to Kyoto and obtained miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) Prince Munetaka (miyashogun).
Japanese: その後、承久の乱を経て執権権力を確立した北条氏は、頼経と子の藤原頼嗣（5代将軍）を京都へ追放し、念願の宮将軍・宗尊親王を得ることになる（宮将軍）。
English: The legitimate son of Yoshimochi, Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, had a weak construction and died soon after he became the 5th shogun.
Japanese: 義持の嫡男・足利義量は病弱であり、5代将軍となって間もなく死去した。
English: However, Yoshimochi administered government affairs without nominating a successor, and the next shogun was not determined.
Japanese: しかし義持はその後、後継者を定めず自ら政務を執り続けたため、次代将軍は決まらないままであった。
English: When Yoshimochi suffered critical illness, Mitsuie HATAKEYAMA, kanrei (shogunal deputy), and gojiso (a priest who prays to guard the emperor) Mansai, persuaded Yoshimochi to select a successor by drawing lots, mikuji (the lots of God) were drawn in Iwashimizu Hachimangu after the death of Yoshimochi and Gien Shorenin was selected from among four brothers of Yoshimochi: Gisho KAJII, Gisho DAIKAKUJI, Eiryu KOZAN and Gien.
Japanese: やがて病を得て危篤状態となった義持に、管領畠山満家や護持僧満済らがくじ引きによって後継を選ぶことを承諾させ、義持の死後石清水八幡宮において神籤が催され、義持の弟である梶井義承・大覚寺義昭・虎山永隆・足利義教の4人の候補の中から、義円が選ばれた。
English: Yoshiteru was attacked and assassinated by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) and Hisahide MATSUNAGA (Eiroku Incident) without an heir.
Japanese: 義輝は継嗣のないまま、三好三人衆や松永久秀らに襲撃・殺害された（永禄の変）。
English: A younger brother of Yoshiteru, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, was confined by Matsunaga and others, rescued by Yusai HOSOKAWA and others, returned to secular life, called himself Yoshiaki and served Yoshikage ASAKURA of Echizen province (later Nobunaga ODA of Mino province).
Japanese: 義輝の弟・足利義昭も松永らに幽閉されたが、細川幽斎らに救出されて還俗、義秋（後に義昭）と名乗って越前国の朝倉義景（後に美濃国の織田信長）を頼った。
English: However, Nobunaga ODA backed up Yoshiaki and went up to Kyoto, the backing Miyoshi sanninshu lost, so Yoshichika escaped to Awa Province and died there.
Japanese: しかし織田信長が義昭を擁立して上洛すると、後ろ盾の三好三人衆が敗れたため阿波国に逃れ、死去した。
English: When Ietsuna died without an heir, the next younger brother Tsunashige, lord of the Kofu domain, had already died by that time, and a younger brother Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, lord of the Tatebayashi Domain, was appointed as a successor.
Japanese: 家綱が後嗣のないまま死去すると、次弟の甲府藩主・綱重がすでに死去していたこともあり、その下の弟の館林藩主・徳川綱吉が後継に擬せられた。
English: Tsunayoshi who was excessively devoted to Confucianism was questioned as shogun and Tairo (chief minister) Tadakiyo SAKAI tried to invite a prince of Emperor Gosai, Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Yukihito, to Edo and put him up as shogun, following the example of miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) in the Kamakura period (the wife of Imperial Prince Yoshihito TAKAMATSUNOMIYA, who was said to be an ancestor of Arisugawa no Miya, came from the Echizen Matsudaira family [a great-grandchild of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA], but there is another theory recently.).
Japanese: が、過度に儒学に傾倒していた綱吉は将軍として不安視され、大老酒井忠清は鎌倉時代の宮将軍の例にならい、後西天皇の皇子・有栖川宮幸仁親王を江戸に迎えて将軍に据えようとしたとされる（有栖川宮の祖とされる高松宮好仁親王の室は越前松平家出身（徳川家康の曾孫）、ただし近年は異説もある）。
English: When the father of Ietsugu, Ienobu, died, he told his close advisers, such as Akifusa MANABE and Hakuseki ARAI, that 'if Nabematsu died without an heir, Gorota TOKUGAWA of the Owari Tokugawa family (legitimate son of Owari family head, Yoshimichi TOKUGAWA) or Chofuku-maru (Ieshige) of Kishu should be an heir' (there is another theory).
Japanese: 家継の父・家宣は自らの死に際して「鍋松が嗣子なく薨じた場合は、尾張徳川家の徳川五郎太（尾張当主徳川吉通嫡子）か、紀州の長福丸（家重）を嗣子とせよ」と側近の間部詮房・新井白石らに遺言したと言われる（異説もある）。
English: Yoshimichi OWARI had already been dead by that time, so when the cabinet officials of the Shogunate had to select a successor from among Tsugutomo TOKUGAWA, Kishu Yoshimune and Tsunaeda TOKUGAWA who came from Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), they backed up Kishu Yoshimune, but Yoshimune refused it firmly by saying that Tsunaeda was older than he was and Tsugutomo excelled in genealogy.
Japanese: 尾張吉通はこの時すでになく、幕閣らは徳川御三家の徳川継友・紀州吉宗・徳川綱条の中から後継者を選ぶことになり、紀州吉宗を推したが、吉宗は年齢においては綱条、血筋においては継友が優れていると固辞。
English: Yoshimune became the 8th shogun by judgment of the widow of Ienobu, Tenei-in.
Japanese: 結局、家宣未亡人の天英院の裁定により、吉宗が8代将軍として就任した。
English: An osso referred to a suit asking for retrial and so on without taking regular judicial proceedings.
Japanese: 越訴（おっそ）とは、再審などを求めて正規の法手続を踏まずに行う訴え。
English: Although an osso was sometimes identified with a jikiso (direct appeal) because they had something in common in fact, originally a jikiso was made to a person in paramount authority, while an osso was made to the upper legal institution.
Japanese: 直訴と同一視される場合もあり、実際に両方を混同する要素も含まれているが、本来の性格としては直訴は最高権力者の個人に対して訴えるのに対して、越訴は上級訴訟機関に対して訴えるものである。
English: According to the Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code), the fixed course of a suit in local districts was a gunji (local magistrate), a kokushi (provincial governor), the Daijokan (Great Council of State) in that order, and in the Capital the Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau), the Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice), the Daijokan in that order (if appeals were not accepted by the Daijokan, people were allowed to report to the emperor), and if people made an appeal against this procedure, they were given 40 strokes of cane ("Toshoritsu").
Japanese: 公式令によれば、訴えの起こす場合には地方においては郡司→国司→太政官、首都においては京職→刑部省→太政官の順序を取ることが定められており（太政官で訴えが受理されなければ、天皇に上奏することが許される）、この手続に反する訴えをした場合には笞刑40の刑に課された（『闘訟律』）。
English: However, if the government office as the legal institution had neglected a trial illegally, or prevented an appeal, an osso was admitted exceptionally.
Japanese: もっとも、訴訟機関である官司が不法に裁判を行われなかった場合や上訴を妨害した場合に越訴を行うことは例外的に認められていた。
English: "Toshoritsu" of the Tang Dynasty banned making a direct appeal to government officials in a palanquin.
Japanese: また、唐の『闘訟律』には官吏の車駕に対して直接訴えを起こすことは禁じられていた。
English: Because Japanese "Toshoritsu" has some missing parts, it is unknown if it included this regulation.
Japanese: 日本の『闘訟律』は全文が残されていないため、この規定が存在したかは不明である。
English: The Goseibai shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) banned conventional osso in which nanushi (headmen of a village) or peasants ruled by a kokushi (provincial governor), a shoen honjo (lord of a manor), a jito (agent in charge of a lord's manor) and so on made a direct appeal to the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) without their master's permission, while an osso as a retrial regulation was introduced.
Japanese: 御成敗式目では国司や荘園本所、地頭などの支配下にある名主・百姓がその許可なくして鎌倉幕府に直接訴えを起こすことを禁じる従来通りの越訴の禁止を定める一方で、再審制度としての越訴が導入された。
English: There were two kinds of retrial systems in the Kamakura period: teichu, which was an appeal made based on a belief that the legal institution in question was unlawful; and osso, an appeal made based on a belief that the judgment contained a factual error.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の再審制度には訴訟機関の不法を理由とした庭中と判決内容の事実誤認・過誤などを理由に起こす越訴の2つがあった。
English: At first the hikitsuke (Court of justice) was in charge of osso, however, the Ossokata (legal institution) was set up as a specialized institution in 1264.
Japanese: 越訴は当初は引付が管轄していたが、文永元年（1264年）には専門機関として越訴方が設置された。
English: If people had an objection to a judgment, they were allowed to have a retrial in hikitsuke called a fukukan, and if they still could not get a satisfactory judgment, they appealed to the Ossokata.
Japanese: 原判決に異論がある場合、引付に覆勘と呼ばれる再審を受けることが認められていたが、そこで納得の得られる判決が出されない場合には越訴方に提訴した。
English: If the Ossokata determined that their osso were justifiable, the Ossotonin (head of the Ossokata) and the Ossobugyonin (officials in charge of retrials and accepting appeals) privately discussed and compared the petition for osso with the original judgment, and if they decided that the judgment was not fair, they issued a migyosho (document for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities), elected anew bugyonin, and started a formal trial under the command of the ossotonin.
Japanese: 越訴方では越訴が正当と判断される場合には内談の場にて越訴頭人・越訴奉行人によって越訴状と落居事書（判決原案）との比較審理が行われ、先沙汰（原判決）が問題ありと判断された場合、御教書を発給して改めて奉行人を選定し、越訴頭人の指揮の下で正式な裁判が改めて開かれた。
English: However, when the authority of the Tokuso (patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) was extended over the litigation system, changes such as the following occurred: objections to judgments delivered by hikitsuke whom the Tokuso trusted tended to be suppressed, the ossokata was temporarily abolished, and Miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso) were posted in the ossokata.
Japanese: だが、得宗の権力が訴訟制度にも及ぶようになると、得宗の信任した引付の（原）判決に異議を唱えることを抑圧する動きが現れ、越訴方が一時廃止されたり、御内人が越訴方に登用されるなどの変化があった。
English: Although it seems that the Muromachi bakufu set up Ossobugyo, naisogata (authority of secret report to the emperor) and jinseigata (authority of a relief system for judicial decision of the litigation by hikitsukeshu, coadjustor of the high court), they were gradually integrated into other institutions to be abolished.
Japanese: 室町幕府には越訴奉行や内奏方、仁政方が設置されていたようであるが、次第に他の機関に統合されて廃止された。
English: The succeeded fuekiho law stipulated that judicial procedures for an osso had to be done within three years after a decision unless Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") granted special permission.
Japanese: また、不易法が継承され、征夷大将軍の特別な許可がなければ沙汰落居から3年以内に越訴手続を取らないと受け付けられないこととなった。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) there were some examples of banning osso by the Bunkokuho (the law individual Sengoku daimyo [Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period] enforced in their own domain) and giving orders to comply with the original judgment (the Rokkaku clan, the Chosokabe clan and so on).
Japanese: 戦国時代には分国法によって越訴自体を禁じて原判決の遵守を強要する例も見られた（六角氏・長宗我部氏など）。
English: "Nippo jisho" (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary) defined "osso" as 'renewing a suit that was once rejected or settled' and "jikiso" as a derived word from "jikisou" meaning 'speaking directly to the King or the great lord, or appealing in speech or in writing.'
Japanese: なお、『日葡辞書』には“越訴”を「一旦却下されるか和解するかした後に再びむしかえして新たに提起された訴訟」、“直訴”を“直奏”の派生語として「国王または大身の主君に自ら面と向かって申し上げること、また口頭か文書かで直接訴え出ること」と記されている
English: In the Early Modern times general illegal acts that violated the procedures in the lawsuit regulations were called 'osso' and these acts were banned together with private disputes.
Japanese: 近世においては、訴訟の法に定められた手続を乱す違法行為一般を「越訴」と呼び、私的な相論とともにこれを禁じた。
English: Petitions had to be submitted through village officers/town officers (with their seals on) to their Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) or Daikan (local governor), and if the petitions were being sent to the Edo bakufu, the tenkan (written materials) of their feudal lord were required; without this their acts were regarded as illegal, which came under 'sashikoshi negai' (direct petition to a senior officer without following the prescribed procedures) or 'sujichigai no negai' (petition to a government office which does not have jurisdiction) ('Goson okite' [rules for autonomous villages] in 1603, 'Kojisaikyo sadame' [public law for petition] in 1633).
Japanese: 村役人・町役人を通じて（奥印を受けて）、所属する大名や代官に訴状を提出し、江戸幕府への訴えを要する場合には領主の添簡が必要とされ、これがなければ「差越願」・「筋違願」として違法とされた（慶長8年（1603年）「郷村掟｣及び寛永10年（1633年）「公事裁許定」）。
English: This was because the Edo bakufu intended to carry out all suits according to legal procedures for the preservation of the shogunate system.
Japanese: これは幕藩体制の維持のために全ての訴訟を法手続に沿って行わせようとしたものである。
English: However, actual tenkan were rarely issued, therefore, people whose suits were restricted had no other way of making osso by means of jikiso such as kagoso (jikiso to Daikan or Daimyo in a palanquin), kakekomi uttae (direct petition to the supreme court, magistrate's office, influential person of the bakufu and so on), suteso (leaving a petition in front of the gate of the supreme court and so on), hariso (pasting a petition in front of the gate of a roju's [senior councilor] residence or a government office) and so on, and in some cases they had to take hard-line measures by forming a faction for monso (petition by people gathering before the gate of the residence of a feudal lord or Daikan), ikki (uprising), goso (direct petition with the abuse of religious authority by armed priests or jinin [associates of Shinto shrines] to the Imperial Court or the bakufu), uchikowasi (destructive urban riots) and so on.
Japanese: だが、実際に添簡が発給されることは少なく、このため訴訟を起こすことすら抑圧された人々は結果的に駕籠訴・駆込訴・捨訴・張訴などの直訴を用いて越訴を行う他無く、場合によっては門訴・一揆・強訴・打ちこわしなどの徒党を組んだ強硬手段を採らざるを得なくなった。
English: Because jikiso were often used as a means of osso, the concept that 'osso' was the same as 'jikiso' came to be firmly fixed in the Edo period or in later years.
Japanese: 直訴が越訴の手段として多用されたことによって「越訴」＝「直訴」という観念が江戸時代あるいは後世において広く定着することになる。
English: However, the punishment for simple osso/jikiso alone ended in stern warning.
Japanese: ただし、単なる越訴・直訴のみの法定刑は急度叱（厳重注意）に過ぎなかった。
English: However, forming a faction for osso/jikiso or the faction's resort to force such as ikki or goso were regarded as a more serious crime and their leaders were given a capital punishment.
Japanese: ところが、越訴・直訴に際して徒党を組んだり、徒党によって一揆や強訴などの実力行使に及んだ場合はそちらの方が罪が重く、その指導者は極刑にされた。
English: It should be noted that the reason why people who sacrificed themselves for justice received a capital punishment was that forming a faction was regarded as a serious matter and osso/jikiso themselves were not a direct reason.
Japanese: 義民とされた人々が極刑に処された理由としては徒党を組んだことが問題視されたものであり、越訴・直訴そのものが直接の原因ではないことに注意を要する。
English: Although the Edo bakufu and clans that gave weight to the preservation of the shogunate system banned osso themselves, they could not leave unlawful administration and administration of justice by low-level functionaries as they were.
Japanese: もっとも、幕藩体制の維持を重視していた江戸幕府や諸藩は、越訴そのものは禁じていたものの、下級役人の不正な行政・司法を放置することも許容できなかった。
English: Even in 'Goson okite,' if a jikiso was related to injustice of a Daikan, osso was exceptionally allowed and if actual jikiso was made, officials did not accept the appeal officially and punished the people concerned, but told them to appeal to the office responsible for the case, which had no other way than to accept the appeal certified by the bakufu/clans.
Japanese: 「郷村掟」でも代官不正の場合の直訴は例外的に越訴が許容され、実際に越訴があった場合には表面上訴えを受理せず処分の上で管轄役所への申し出を命じたものの、幕府・藩のお墨付きを得た訴えを管轄役所が受理しない訳にはいかなかった。
English: Furthermore, the Edo bakufu itself decriminalized a suit to jyunkenshi (an inspector sent by the Edo bakufu throughout Japan) in 1711 and once more banned jikiso in 1721, but it prepared a meyasubako (complaints box), allowing legal osso by hakoso (appeal from a box).
Japanese: 更に江戸幕府自身も正徳元年（1711年）に巡見使に対する出訴を処罰の対象外とし、享保6年（1721年）には改めて直訴を禁じるとともに、目安箱を設置して箱訴による合法的越訴が許容されることとなった。
English: The Gushikami restraint/murder case was a lynch murder case that occurred in Gushikami magiri (currently Yaese town), Shimajiri gun, Okinawa Prefecture on May 18, 1907.
Japanese: 具志頭制縛致死事件（ぐしちゃんせいばくちしじけん）とは、1907年（明治40年）5月18日に沖縄県島尻郡具志頭村間切（現八重瀬町）で発生した私刑殺人事件。
English: To find the perpetrator, the villagers began interrogations according to the local village laws.
Japanese: 犯人を見つけるべく、村の掟である内法(沖縄)に基づく取調が開始された。
English: They used a method of interrogation that was based in superstition and that was entirely unscientific; they would place a string on the ground and one by one people would walk on the string, drink liquor, walk back across the string, and whoever was stoned during the process was declared guilty.
Japanese: その方法とは、一本の紐を地面の上に置き、1人ずつその紐の上を歩いて前進し、酒を飲んで元に戻るというもので、その間に石を投げられた者が犯人とする非科学的・迷信的手法であった。
English: He was tied to a tree, and lynched by the crowd, but didn't know where the stolen money was.
Japanese: 男性は木に縛り付けられ村人からリンチを受けたが、当然の事ながら盗まれた金銭の在りどころは分かるはずもない。
English: After his murder the villagers indifferently reported to the Okinawa Prefecture Police that "after investigations based on Naiho (internal methods) the guilty party died."
Japanese: 男性の惨殺後、村人たちは沖縄県警察部に「内法に基づく取り調べの結果、犯人が絶命した」と平然と届け出た。