nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He had no strategist or counselor as a close adviser and only adopted secretaries such as Hidemasa HORI and Naritoshi (Ranmaru) MORI who were necessary for accomplishing his order.
Japanese: 信長の側近の中に軍師・参謀的な人物は全く見受けられず、堀秀政、森成利（蘭丸）といった、命令を遂行するために必要な秘書官だけが登用されていた
English: (Although Shigeharu TAKENAKA and Josui KURODA were Nobunaga's vassals, they were actually Hideyoshi's vassals.)
Japanese: （竹中重治や黒田如水は信長の家臣だったが、実際には秀吉の配下であった。）
English: (It is commonly thought that Josui daringly chose Hideyoshi in spite of admitting the ability of Nobunaga because he could not get an opportunity to show his ability as a strategist under Nobunaga.)
Japanese: （如水は信長の実力を認めながらも、信長に仕えても軍師として活躍の場が与えられないと考え、あえて秀吉を選んだという説が有力である。）
English: It is said that this was one of the reasons that people surrounding him could not understand Nobunaga's intention and obey him.
Japanese: このことが、周囲の人物が信長の意図を理解できずについていけなくなっていった要因のひとつともいわれている。
English: However, it is also thought that this was necessary in order to implement radical reforms in the troubled times.
Japanese: ただ、乱世の時代に急速な改革を遂行するためには止むを得なかったという見方もある。
English: In addition, since there had been no post of strategist in Japan (it is a post in the system in China), it is not true that in the after ages Shigeharu TAKENAKA was a strategist.
Japanese: ちなみに、日本においては軍師自体存在していない（中国の制度である）ので、竹中重治が軍師であったいうのは、後世の創作である。
English: Although betrayal was common during the Sengoku period, most of the vassals who betrayed Nobunaga were those who served him after he went to Kyoto.
Japanese: 戦国時代に寝返りや裏切りは日常茶飯事であったにも関わらず、信長を裏切った者の大半は信長が上洛してからの家臣である。
English: Few vassals who had served Nobunaga since he had been the lord of Owari and Mino Provinces betrayed him.
Japanese: 尾張・美濃時代からの家臣の中で、信長に背く者はほとんど見受けられない。
English: In 1580 Nobunaga exiled Hidesada HAYASHI because of the former sin, but he did not accuse Katsuie SHIBATA who committed the same sin.
Japanese: 天正8年（1580年）、信長は林秀貞を昔の謀反の罪で追放したが、同じ罪にあった柴田勝家には罪を問わなかった。
English: In addition, Nobunaga gave Katsuie the largest territory among the vassals of the Oda family, that is, the eight counties of 750,000 koku (approximately 135 million liters of crop yield) in Echizen Province, and the position of the head of chief retainers of the Oda family.
Japanese: そのうえ、信長は存命中、勝家に対し越前8郡75万石という織田家臣団随一の領国と、織田家筆頭家老の地位を与えていた。
English: He usually used rather cautious strategies, specifically, he decreased enemy's power by enough preparation and fought with more soldiers than the enemy had.
Japanese: 戦略としては、入念な準備を行い相手の力をそぎ、その上で相手よりも多くの兵によって戦うといったどちらかと言うと慎重な手段を用いることが多かった。
English: He did not often use such tactics to attack suddenly and defeat a large army with just a few soldiers as in the battle of Okehazama.
Japanese: 桶狭間の戦いに代表されるような敵の意表をつき寡兵で大軍を破ろうとする策はあまり取らなかった。
English: Especially against Shingen TAKEDA and Kenshin UESUGI who Nobunaga watched out for, he did not aggressively dispatch troops and he responded carefully.
Japanese: 特に信長がその存在を警戒した武田信玄・上杉謙信の両名には自分から積極的には兵を出さず慎重に対応した。
English: He took a flexible approach, for example, judging the time to fight before reinforcements came.
Japanese: 時機を考慮し遅れた援軍を待たずに交戦するなど臨機応変に対応している。
English: Although it is thought that he often ordered a massacre, it was only in the battle with the temples when he actually destroyed them without accepting their surrender.
Japanese: よく根切り（皆殺し）を命じたように思われているが、実際に相手の降伏も許さず殲滅したのは寺社勢力との戦ぐらいである。
English: He accepted the surrender of a part of the enemy in some battles such as with the subjugation of Takeda and the second Tensho Iga War.
Japanese: 武田征伐・第二次天正伊賀の乱等の戦いでも一部の相手の降伏を受け入れている。
English: In the battle of the temples, he never used military power first and offered reconciliation or proposed to be neutral based on Buddhism.
Japanese: 寺社勢力との戦いでも、先に武力を行使したことは無く和睦を申し出たり仏法に則っての中立を促すなどをしていた。
English: Nobunaga destroyed the enemy in the battle of Nagashima, Echizen, and others, but he accepted reconciliation with its commander at the Hongan-ji Temple led by Kennyo several times.
Japanese: 長島・越前の戦い等では相手を殲滅したが、その大元である顕如率いる本願寺との和睦も何度か受け入れている。
English: In addition, his letter to Ieyasu at the Battle of Takatenjin-jo Castle shows that he often used it as tactics to threaten enemies or making the capture of the enemy easier.
Japanese: また、高天神城の戦いでの家康方への手紙を見ると相手への威圧や敵の調略を容易にする行為として駆使していたことが窺える。
English: Not only in the Battle of Okehazama but also in the Battle of Ichijodani Castle and the Battle of Tennoji Temple Fort with the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, he fought bravely in the front-line although he was the commander.
Japanese: 桶狭間の戦いをはじめ、一乗谷城の戦い、石山本願寺との天王寺砦の戦いでは大将でありながら自らが先頭に立って、奮戦しているほどである。
English: He had good mobility, for example, in the Battle of Rokujo he trekked the long distance in two days (in spite of heavy snow) which usually needed three days.
Japanese: 機動力に優れており、例えば六条合戦では、本来なら3日はかかると言われた距離を2日で（しかも豪雪の中を）踏破した。
English: When the Azai and Asakura allied forces approached Kyoto while Nobunaga fought at Settsu Province, he also returned to Kyoto and guarded it.
Japanese: 摂津に対陣している間に浅井・朝倉連合軍が京都に近づいた際にも、急いで帰還して京都を守り抜いている。
English: Although Nobunaga was severe against enemy daimyo, Ikki-shu and his followers, he showed his ability in unspectacular domestic administration and was able to grasp the people's heart.
Japanese: 敵大名や一揆衆や自らの配下には苛烈であった信長だが、地味な内政や民心掌握に敏腕を発揮していた。
English: Nobunaga implemented good government all his life in most of his territories such as Owari and Mino Provinces.
Japanese: 信長が支配下に置いた尾張・美濃などの多くは信長によって終生、善政が敷かれていた。
English: It is said that Nobunaga won at the Battle of Okehazama because of the support of his people.
Japanese: 桶狭間の戦いにおいても信長が勝利することができたのは、領民の支持があったからだとも言われている。
English: It is also said that the people in Kyoto destroyed in several wars welcomed Nobunaga's strict governance.
Japanese: 相次ぐ戦乱で荒廃した京都の町人たちも、厳正な信長の統治に対しては歓迎したという。
English: There is an episode about when Nobunaga saw a foot soldier from the Oda army hassle women on a road, he killed that soldier himself because he broke the peace in Kyoto.
Japanese: 織田軍の足軽が道を行き交う女性に絡んでいるのを見かけた信長が、京都の治安を乱す行為をしたとして自身で手討ちにしたという挿話もある。
English: In addition, this is supported by the fact that only a few kokujin followed Mitsuhide AKECHI after Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: また、本能寺の変の後に、明智光秀についた国人層が少なかったことも、これを裏付けている。
English: Actually, however, it was done by Sadayori ROKKAKU (the father of Yoshikata ROKKAKU who was killed by Nobunaga), daimyo of the south of the Omi Province during the Sengoku Period, for the first time.
Japanese: が、実際には近江国南部の戦国大名であった六角定頼（信長に滅ぼされた六角義賢の父）が最初に行なった施策である。
English: However, it can be said that Nobunaga implemented visionary domestic administration such as a large-scale Rakuichi-rakuza and the intention in the development of commerce which emphasized a distribution system around Lake Biwa (the commercial policy emphasizing a distribution system began to be highly valued from the latter part of the Edo period, and nengu (land tax) had been emphasized.).
Japanese: しかし信長も、楽市楽座を大規模な施策とし、さらに琵琶湖などを中心とした流通による商業発展を目指すなど、やはり先見性のある内政を行なっていたといえる（流通による商業政策が重視されはじめたのは江戸時代後期であり、それまでは年貢が重視されていた）。
English: He also implemented public work projects, for example, he had roads constructed and trees planted in each 3.927 km (Ichirizuka - a milestone between "Ri"s, about 3.927 km) as a guide board.
Japanese: 公共事業にも手を伸ばしており、道を整備し道標代わりに一里毎に木を植える（一里塚）などといった街道整備を手がけている。
English: This was effective to increase the speed of marching and activate commerce by making it easier for traffic from various places, combined with the abolishment of sekisho (checking station) (In other provinces, it was not implemented because it also had the demerit that the speed of enemy's marching also became faster).
Japanese: これにより、自軍の行軍速度が速くなり、関所の撤廃と合わさって様々な地から人の往来がしやすくなることで商業が活性化するといった効果をあげた（他国では、敵の行軍速度も速くなるという短所もあったのでなされなかった）。
English: Nobunaga implemented various policies to stabilize social and economic infrastructure such as the integration of units by sealing a brand or Kao (written seal mark) on the masu (a measure) which Nobunaga admitted officially, and the declaration of the ordinance of selection of coins to use good-quality coins instead of bad-quality.
Japanese: 信長が公認した枡のそれぞれに焼印や花押を押すことによる単位の統合、質の悪い貨幣ではなく良い貨幣を使うよう呼びかける選銭令を発令したりと、社会・経済の基盤を安定させる政策を行った。
English: But compared to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who was familiar amongst the common people by Ehon Taiko Ki or others, Nobunaga was not so highly valued amongst common people.
Japanese: が、絵本太功記等で庶民に親しまれた豊臣秀吉に比べると、庶民の間での評価はそれほど高くなかった。
English: After the Meiji period, Nobunaga's contributions such as the revival of goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate) led to evaluation as an imperialist, and the Meiji government ordered built a shrine which enshrined Nobunaga ODA in 1869.
Japanese: 明治以降は信長が行った御料所回復等の事蹟が勤皇家としての評価につながり、明治2年（1869年）に明治政府は織田信長を祀る神社の建立を指示した。
English: In 1870 Nobutoshi ODA, governor of the Tendo Domain (present Tendo City, Yamagata Prefecture) had shrines of Nobunaga ODA built in the residence of Tokyo and Mt. Maizuru in the domain.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）、天童藩（現在の山形県天童市）知事の織田信敏が東京の自邸内と、藩内にある舞鶴山に織田信長を祀る社を建立した。
English: At this time, the shrines enshrining Nobunaga were given shago (shrine's name) of Takeoda-sha Shrine, later Kenkunsha Shrine by Jingikan (department of worship).
Japanese: この時信長を祀る社には神祇官から建織田社、後には建勳社の社号が下賜された。
English: After that, the Kenkun-jinja Shrine in Tokyo moved to the top of Mt. Funaoka in Kyoto in 1880.
Japanese: その後、明治13年（1880年）には東京の建勲神社は、京都船岡山の山頂に移っている。
English: After the war, Nobunaga's political contributions were appreciated and his image as a reformer was strengthened.
Japanese: 戦後になると、信長の政治面での事蹟が評価され、改革者としてのイメージが強まった。
English: In addition, there are many fictional stories based on the image of 'an atheist' or 'a destroyer' derived from the fire attacks against Mt. Hiei, the behavior to see himself as a god and a description that '(Nobunaga) described himself as an evil spirit in a letter,' by the development of the research of Frois's History of Japan written by Luis FROIS.
Japanese: またルイス・フロイスが記したフロイス日本史の研究が進み、比叡山焼き討ちや自己を神とする行動や「（信長が）自ら手紙に天魔と記した」という記述から「無神論者」、「破壊者」といったイメージが生まれ、その設定を利用したフィクション作品も数多く生まれている。
English: The Oda clan identified itself as the Taira clan or the Fujiwara clan, but it can be thought that it was a descendant of the Inbe clan, an ancient Gozoku (local ruling family), judging from the relationship with Tsurugi-jinja Shrine at Oda, Echizen-cho, Nyu-gun, Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: 織田氏は平氏や藤原氏とも自称するが、福井県丹生郡越前町織田にある劔神社の関係から古代豪族の忌部氏と考えられる。
English: Nobusada ODA became the castellan of Furuwatari-jo Castle, and Nobuhide, the father of Nobunaga, achieved equal power against the main branch family who was in charge of Shugodai.
Japanese: 織田信定から古渡城主で父の信秀の代で守護代を務める本家と同等に渡り合える力を持った。
English: There is a grave in the Honno-ji Temple which was rebuilt in another place after it was burnt down during the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 本能寺の変で焼失した後に、場所を移して再建された本能寺に墓所がある。
English: It is said that Seigyoku, the chief priest in those days, happened to meet where a follower cremated Nobunaga's dead body just after the Honnoji Incident and buried the cremains at the temple with the cremains of Nobutada which he attained later.
Japanese: 当時の住職清玉が本能寺の変の直後に家臣が信長の遺体を火葬した場に遭遇しその遺骨と後日入手した信忠遺骨を寺に葬ったと伝える。
English: It is said that Hideyoshi had that temple built during the first anniversary of Nobunaga's death and that since the dead body could not be found, Hideyoshi had two wooden statues carved, cremated one, and placed the other at the Soken-in Temple.
Japanese: 一周忌に秀吉が建立した寺院といい、遺骸が見つからなかったため、木像を2体造り、1体を火葬して1体を総見院に安置したという。
English: This was moved by Nobutoshi ODA from his residence to the mountainside of Mt. Funaoka, but was relocated to the present place in 1910.
Japanese: 織田信敏が自邸から船岡山の山腹に移したが、1910年（明治43年）に現在地の山頂に遷座した。
English: The bell of the Nanban-dera Temple': located at Shunko-in Temple, a tatchu temple of Rinzai sect Daihonzan (head temple) Myoshin-ji Temple in Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City
Japanese: 「南蛮寺の鐘」：京都市右京区の臨済宗大本山妙心寺の塔頭寺院、春光院が所蔵。
English: After the Battle of Yamasaki, Hideyoshi attempted to have a temple built at Mt. Funaoka, which was north of Kyoto, in order to mourn the passing of Nobunaga, and was given a jigo (literally, "temple name," which is the title given to a Buddhist temple) of the Tensho-ji Temple from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 山崎の合戦後、秀吉は信長を弔うため、京都の北船岡山に寺を建てようとして天正寺という寺号を朝廷から賜る。
English: However, Kokei HOAN who was responsible for construction was exiled in 1588 because of Hideyoshi's anger so, it was not built.
Japanese: が、天正16年（1588年）、建立の責任者であった蒲庵古渓が秀吉の怒りを買って追放されたため、建立には至らなかった。
English: It is said that Muneyasu HARA (Shima no kami (Governor of Shima Province) Hara), the father of the eighteenth chief priest Nichijun brought the heads of his father Taneshige HARA and his older brother Kiyoyasu HARA (Magohachiro HARA) who were killed in the Honnoji Incident and the head of Nobunaga ordered by Sansa HONINBO to the Honmon-ji Temple and planted a holy tree and buried them in Kubi-zuka.
Japanese: 第18世住職、日順上人の父、原宗安（原志摩守）が本能寺の変の際、戦死した自分の父原胤重と兄原清安（原孫八郎）の首と本因坊算砂の指示で信長の首を本門寺まで持ち帰り柊を植え首塚に葬ったという。
English: Oda Nobunaga Summit' Conference (a conference held by cites and towns that have or emphasize a deep relationship with Nobunaga ODA)
Japanese: 織田信長サミット（織田信長との関係が深い日本の市町および関係を大切にしている市町の集まりによって開催される会議）
English: Gennai HIRAGA (1728 - January 24, 1780) was a scholar of Japanese herbalism and Dutch, as well as a physician, writer, inventor and Western-style painter, in the Edo period.
Japanese: 平賀源内（ひらがげんない、享保13年（1728年）-安永8年12月18日(旧暦)（1780年1月24日））は江戸時代の日本の本草学者、蘭学者、医者、作家、発明家、画家（蘭画家）である。
English: His pen names included Kyukei, Furai Sanjin, Fukuuchi Kigai, and Hinka Zeninai, and his posthumous name was Kunitomo.
Japanese: 諱は国倫（くにとも）、号は鳩渓（きゅうけい）・風来山人・福内鬼外（ふくうちきがい）・貧家銭内（ひんかぜにない）など。
English: He was born in Shidoura, Samukawa County, Sanuki Province (present-day Shido, Sanuki City, Kagawa Prefecture).
Japanese: 讃岐国寒川郡(讃岐国)志度浦（現在の香川県さぬき市志度）に生まれる。
English: Although the Hiraga clan was once a local ruling family of Saku County, Shinano Province, the clan was defeated by Nobutora TAKEDA and his son Shingen TAKEDA during the Period of Warring States that was when Genshin HIRAGA was the clan head.
Japanese: 元々は信濃国佐久郡の豪族だったが、戦国時代平賀源心の代に甲斐の武田信虎・武田信玄父子に滅ぼされた。
English: Circa 1752, he studied herbalism, Dutch, medicine, oil painting, etc., in Nagasaki for one year.
Japanese: 宝暦2年（1752年）頃に1年間長崎へ遊学し、本草学とオランダ語、医学、油絵などを学ぶ。
English: He studied in Osaka and Kyoto, and in 1756 he went to Edo and became a pupil of the herbalism scholar Genyu TAMURA (Ransui), whereupon he studied herbalism.
Japanese: 大阪、京都で学び、さらに宝暦6年（1756年）には江戸に出て本草学者田村元雄（藍水）に弟子入りして本草学を学ぶ。
English: He discovered a mineral deposit in Izu in 1761, becoming a broker of products.
Japanese: 宝暦11年（1761年）には伊豆で鉱床を発見し、産物のブローカーなども行う。
English: He frequently held product expositions, and in 1762, opened the medicine fair 'Toto Yakuhinkai' in Yushima, Edo as the fifth product exposition.
Japanese: 物産博覧会を度々開催し、宝暦12年（1762年）には物産会として第五回となる「東都薬品会」を江戸の湯島にて開催する。
English: In 1773, he was invited by Yoshiatsu SATAKE to teach mining development.
Japanese: 安永2年（1773年）には秋田藩の佐竹義敦に招かれて鉱山開発の指導を行う。
English: Near to Nakatsukyo, Okuchichibu, a building that Gennai designed and stayed for a long time, remains as "Gennaikyo" in the present day.
Japanese: 現在でも奥秩父の中津峡付近には、源内が設計し長く逗留した建物が「源内居」として残っている。
English: In 1776, he fixed and restored an electrostatic generator 'erekiteru' that he had obtained in Nagasaki.
Japanese: 安永5年（1776年）には長崎で手に入れたエレキテル（静電気発生機）を修理して復元する。
English: On November 21, he killed two people by mistake, or "by insanity" according to some opinion, and he was imprisoned.
Japanese: 11月21日、誤って（一説に、「乱心して」）2人を殺傷して投獄される。
English: His funeral was held by Genpaku SUGITA and others without Gennai's body or a gravestone, since they were not permitted to have them.
Japanese: 杉田玄白らの手により葬儀が行われたが、幕府の許可が下りず、墓碑もなく、遺体もないままの葬儀となった。
English: However, there have been various views in later years, such as that he killed the carpenter Kyugoro AKITAYA and that he escaped and died a natural death under the protection of Okitsugu TANUMA.
Japanese: ただし晩年については諸説あり、大工の秋田屋九五郎を殺したとも、後年逃げ延びて田沼意次の保護下に天寿を全うしたとも伝えられる。
English: As a Dutch scholar, he introduced foreign culture and technology, such as oil painting and mining development, when Japan had closed its doors to the outside world.
Japanese: 鎖国を行っていた当時の日本で、蘭学者として油絵や鉱山開発など外国の文化・技術を紹介した。
English: He was also active in many fields, including playwriting such as for traditional Japanese puppet theatre 'Ningyo Joruri' and making pottery such as 'Hiraga yaki'.
Japanese: 人形浄瑠璃などに多くの作品を残し、また平賀焼などの焼き物を作成したり、多彩な分野で活躍した。
English: It is said that since he was a homosexual, he remained single throughout his life, but that he favored and loved Kabuki actors.
Japanese: 男色家であった為、生涯にわたって妻帯せず、歌舞伎役者らを贔屓にして愛したという。
English: Gennai's reputation was widely spread among Dutch scholars of those days, including Genpaku SUGITA, who translated a Dutch anatomical text, "Kaitai Shinsho."
Japanese: 『解体新書』を翻訳した杉田玄白をはじめ、当時の蘭学者の間に源内の盛名は広く知られていた。
English: "Oh, how extraordinary you were. You favored extraordinary things and have done extraordinary deeds. But I wanted you to die ordinarily on a tatami mat."
Japanese: 「嗟非常人、好非常事、行是非常、何死非常」（ああ非常の人、非常のことを好み、行いこれ非常、何ぞ非常に死するや（貴方は常識とは違う人で、常識とは違うものを好み、常識とは違うことをする、しかし、死ぬとき位は畳の上で普通に死んで欲しかった。））
English: His achievements as a scientist include presenting the Dutch electrostatic generator, erekiteru, and the development of asbestos cloth, kakanpu.
Japanese: 科学者としての業績には、オランダ製の静電気発生装置エレキテルの紹介、火浣布の開発がある。
English: Some people say he was the inventor of a simple helicopter-like bamboo toy that may have been the first propeller in history.
Japanese: 一説には竹とんぼの発明者とも言われ、これを史上初のプロペラとする人もいる。
English: However, the fact that these are ultimately not connected with practical research is one of the reasons that the modern-day assessments of his works have become so polarized.
Japanese: ただし、結局これらは実用的研究には一切結びついておらず、後世の評価を二分する一因となっている。
English: Many people believe that Gennai restored the broken Dutch "erekiteru" without fully understanding how it worked.
Japanese: 『エレキテル』は、故障していたオランダ製のものを修復したものであり、その原理については源内自身はよくわかっていなかったとする説が有力である。
English: According to a magazine "Meiwashi" in 1822, Gennai HIRAGA coined the catchphrase "Today is Midsummer Day of the Ox" for an eel shop that suffered slow sales in summer, whereby the custom of 'eating an eel on Midsummer Day to prevent tiredness from the summer heat' began.
Japanese: 「夏バテ防止の為に土用の丑の日にウナギを食べる」風習は、夏場の売り上げ不振に悩んだ鰻屋に請われて、平賀源内が考案した「本日土用丑の日」という広告キャッチコピーが元との説が文政5年（1822年）の『明和誌』にある。
English: Moreover, he composed and wrote a so-called commercial song for a dentifrice, "Sosekiko," in 1769 and wrote advertising copy for Takichi OTOWAYA's Kiyomizu mochi in 1775.
Japanese: また、明和6年（1769年）にはコマーシャルソングとされる、歯磨剤‎『漱石膏』の作詞作曲を手がけ、安永4年（1775年）には音羽屋多吉の清水餅の広告コピーを手がけた。
English: He received a reward for both works and is considered as one of the first copywriters in Japan.
Japanese: それぞれ報酬を受けており、これらを以て日本におけるコピーライターのはしりとも評される。
English: Most of his works were arranged in five sections or multiple sections, and it has been said that they included elements of ordinary people's lives.
Japanese: 作品の多くは五段形式や多段形式で、世話物の要素が加わっていると評価される。
English: He also wrote a preface to Nanbo OTA's "Neboke Sensei Bunshu", which triggered a satirical poem 'kyoka' boom in Edo.
Japanese: 江戸に狂歌が流行するきっかけとなった大田南畝の『寝惚先生文集』に序文を寄せている。
English: Moreover, he wrote pornographic books under the pen name Furai Sanjin, such as, "Nagamakura shitone gassen" and "Naemara initsuden," which have been recognized as masterpieces by later generations.
Japanese: また、風来山人の筆名で、後世に傑作として名高い『長枕褥合戦』や『萎陰隠逸伝』などの春本まで残している。
English: Under the pen name Suiko Sanjin, he published homosexual-related books such as, Kagemajaya Annaisho including "Kiku no sono" in 1764 and "Nanshoku saiken" in 1775.
Japanese: 衆道関連の著作として、水虎山人名義により1764年(明和元年)に『菊の園』、安永4年（1775年）に『男色細見』の陰間茶屋案内書を著わした。
English: Moreover, he proposed to open an exposition, and "Toto Yakuhinkai" was held in Yushima, Edo as the first exposition in Japan.
Japanese: また博覧会の開催を提案、江戸湯島で日本初の博覧会『東都薬品会』が開催された。
English: Some say he was the author of the following phrase, which is often cited to explain the "introduction, development, turn and conclusion" of a composition:
Japanese: 文章の「起承転結」を説明する際によく使われる、文の作者との説がある。
English: Shingen TAKEDA, Harunobu TAKEDA was a busho (Japanese military commander) during the Sengoku period (Japan), a shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) of Kai Province, and a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 武田晴信／武田信玄（たけだはるのぶ／たけだしんげん）は、戦国時代(日本)の武将、甲斐国の守護大名・戦国大名。
English: He was the nineteenth generation of Takeda clan from the collateral branch of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan), a family line of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), while being in the main line of Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan).
Japanese: 家系は清和源氏の一家系河内源氏の傍系・甲斐源氏の嫡流にあたる武田氏第19代当主。
English: After the country was unified under Nobutora of the previous generation, Shingen took over the structure established by Nobutora, and invaded the neighboring county and Shinano Province.
Japanese: 先代・信虎期には国内統一が達成され、信玄も体制を継承して隣国・信濃国に侵攻する。
English: He all but subjugated Shinano Province while simultaneously carrying out the Battle of Kawanakajima against Kenshin UESUGI of Echigo Province, whom he fought in the process of invading Shinano Province, which was said to have occurred five times.
Japanese: その過程で対立した越後国の上杉謙信と5次にわたると言われる川中島の戦いを行いつつ信濃をほぼ平定する。
English: Besides Kai Province, he also claimed Shinano Province, Suruga Province, Nishi-Kozuke Province, Totomi Province, Mikawa Province, and a part of Mino Province, while Takeda clan's territory continued to expand through the next generation, the reign under Katsuyori.
Japanese: 甲斐本国に加え信濃、駿河国、西上野国、遠江国、三河国と美濃国の一部を領し、次代の勝頼期にかけて武田氏の領国を拡大した。
English: From the Edo Period through modern times and the present day, the legendary character described in "Koyo Gunkan" (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family) became well known.
Japanese: 江戸時代から近現代にかけて『甲陽軍鑑』に描かれる伝説的な人物像が広く浸透した。
English: Shingen's image as a leader of the powerful Takeda army and worthy opponent of Kenshin UESUGI was cemented based on his Fu-Rin-Ka-Zan (as fast as the wind, as quiet as the forest, as daring as fire, and as immovable as the mountain) banner, and his reputation as being the tiger of Kai Province (also called the dragon of Kai Province due to the red seal of a dragon he used).
Japanese: 風林火山の軍旗を用い、甲斐の虎（または龍朱印を用いたことから甲斐の龍とも）と呼ばれ、強大な武田軍を率い上杉謙信の好敵手としてのイメージが形成される。
English: Even today, he is considered to be a busho (Japanese military commander) from the Sengoku period that is well known both locally within Yamanashi Prefecture, and nationwide.
Japanese: 現在でも、地元の山梨県をはじめ全国的に高い知名度を持ち、人気を集めている戦国武将の一人である。
English: On December 11, 1521, he was born the as first legitimate child of Nobutora TAKEDA, Shugo of Kai Province.
Japanese: 大永元年（1521年）11月3日(旧暦)、甲斐国守護武田信虎の嫡長子として誕生。
English: During the period of his father, Nobutora, a castle town based on Tsutsujigasaki-yakata (Tsutsujigasaki Mansion) of Kofu district was developed, and the status of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku period was established.
Japanese: 甲府の躑躅ヶ崎館を本拠とした城下町が整備され戦国大名としての地位が確立された時期にあたる。
English: According to "Kohakusaiki" (a diary and record on the history of the Sengoku period supposedly written by Masatake Komai), in 1521 when Shingen was born, Lady Oi retreated to Yogai-yama Mountain, while 15000 soldiers led by Masashige KUSHIMA under the order of Ujichika IMAGAWA of Suruga Province closed on Kofu, but were subsequently beat off by the Takeda army at Arakawahata (Kofu City).
Japanese: 『高白斎記』によれば信玄が誕生した大永元年（1521年）には駿河国今川氏親の命を受けた福島正成率いる1万5000人の軍勢が甲府に迫おり、大井夫人は要害山へ退いていたといわれ、武田方は荒川幡（甲府市）において今川方を撃退する。
English: However, according to "Koyo Gunkan" (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family) (hereinafter referred to as "Gunkan"), he was also named `katsu (victory) chiyo', which was associated with the victory at Arakawahata.
Japanese: 『甲陽軍鑑』（以下『軍鑑』）によればこのときの勝利に因み「勝千代（かつちよ）」とも名付けられたという。
English: According to "Gunkan," or "Takeda sandaiki" (a history of the three generations of the Takeda family), a wisp of cloud floated over ubuya (a hut for delivering babies) as if a white flag fluttered in the wind, and when it disappeared, a pair of white falcons came to stay over the ubuya (a hut for delivering babies) for three days.
Japanese: 『軍鑑』や『武田三代記』などによれば、信玄誕生のとき、産屋の上に一条の雲がたなびき白旗の風に翻るように見えたが、それが消えたとき一双の白鷹が3日間も産屋にとまったとされる。