nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In April, the Iroha was sunk and Ryoma obtained damages from Kishu clan, one of the three top Tokugawa-related families.
Japanese: 4月、いろは丸展示館いろは丸沈没事件がおこり徳川御三家紀州藩に損害を賠償させる。
English: Ryoma laid down together with Shojiro GOTO Eight Rules Laid down on a Ship, Shojiro GOTO persuaded Yodo YAMAUCHI, and they realized Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial Rule), which was a proposal from Tosa clan.
Japanese: 後藤象二郎とともに船中八策を策定し、後藤象二郎が山内容堂を説いて土佐藩の進言による大政奉還を実現させた。
English: But some researchers including Tadamasa AOYAMA and Rei MATSUMOTO raise questions about credibility of the fact that Ryoma actually made the Eight Rules since there exist no original text and copy thereof.
Japanese: ただし、「船中八策」には原文書も写本も存在しないため、本当に龍馬が作成したのか疑問視している研究者も存在する（青山忠正、松浦玲など）。
English: It is now accepted that Ryoma made the Eight Rules, but there are no grounds according to historical data available.
Japanese: 龍馬が「船中八策」を作成したことは通説になっているが、史料的根拠は見当たらないのである。
English: For the details, refer to "Language and Historical Data of Meiji Restoration" by Tadamasa AOYAMA (Seibundo shuppan, 2006) and "Was Democracy Realized after the Restoration?" by Rei MATSUURA ("New Historical Figures Series (4) Creation of the Restoration Ryoma SAKAMOTO" GAKKEN, 2006).
Japanese: 詳しくは、青山忠正『明治維新の言語と史料』（清文堂出版、2006年）・松浦玲「『万機公論ニ決スヘシ』は維新後に実現されたか?」（『新・歴史群像シリーズ(4)維新創世坂本龍馬』学習研究社、2006年）を参照。
English: In December, Ryoma and Shintaro NAKAOKA were assassinated at Omiya inn in Kyoto (Kyoto City, Nakagyo-ku Ward).
Japanese: 12月、京都の旅寓・近江屋（京都市中京区）で何者かに中岡慎太郎と共に暗殺された。
English: On August 20, 1871, in accordance with imperial prescript, the first son of Ryoma's elder sister Chizuru, Taro TAKAMATSU, changed his name to Nao SAKAMOTO to inherit Ryoma's family name, trying to avoid the end of the Ryoma's ancestry.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）、8月20日に龍馬の系統が途絶えるのを防ごうと、綸旨により姉千鶴の長男高松太郎が「坂本直」として龍馬の名跡を継いだ。
English: (Picture) Statue of Ryoma SAKAMOTO (Katsurahama beach in Kochi prefecture): even at metal contribution during the World War II, this bronze statue was exempted from the contribution.
Japanese: (写真)坂本龍馬像（高知県の桂浜）:第二次大戦中の金属供出の際もこの銅像だけは供出を免れている。
English: On the assassination day, December 10, 1867, Ryoma was said to be on the second floor of the main building of the house of Shinsuke OMIYA who carried on trade of soy sauce at Takoyakushi in Kawaramachi, since Ryoma had a cold on that day.
Japanese: 龍馬は慶応3年11月15日（1867年12月10日）の暗殺当日には風邪を引いて河原町の蛸薬師で醤油商を営む近江屋新助宅母屋の二階にいたとされる。
English: On that day Kaientai's Shintaro NAKAOKA, Tosa clan's Kenzaburo OKAMOTO, painter Kaido OMI, and others visited Ryoma.
Japanese: 当日は陸援隊の中岡慎太郎や土佐藩士の岡本健三郎、画家の淡海槐堂などに訪問されている。
English: NAKAOKA stayed there and kept talking with Ryoma, and then several men identifying themselves as Totsukawa goshi slashed NAKAOKA and Ryoma.
Japanese: 中岡はそのまま龍馬と話していたところ、十津川郷士と名乗る男達数人に切られた。
English: Ryoma and NAKAOKA were off guard thinking that somebody from Omiya entered, and therefore Ryoma and NAKAOKA took no sword with them.
Japanese: 龍馬達は近江屋の人間が入ってきたものと油断しており、帯刀していなかった。
English: In Taisho era, Nobuo IMAI and Atsushi WATANABE (swordsman), who were members of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, orally testified that Tadasaburo SASAKI and others killed Ryoma and NAKAOKA.
Japanese: 大正時代になって元京都見廻組隊士だった今井信郎、渡辺篤(剣客)の口述で、佐々木只三郎らが実行犯であると証言している。
English: This theory that the assassination was carried out by Mimawarigumi is now widely accepted, and almost no historian raises questions about this theory.
Japanese: この見廻組実行説がいわば通説となっており、これに疑問を呈する歴史学者は皆無に等しい。
English: However, since there are some discrepancies in oral testimonies between IMAI and WATANABE, authors mainly propose various theories.
Japanese: ただし、今井や渡辺の口述に食い違う部分があるため、主に作家を中心に色々な異説が唱えられている状況である。
English: In "New Historical Figures Series (4) Creation of the Restoration Ryoma SAKAMOTO" sold by GAKKEN in 2006, Akira KIKUCHI put forward a theory that since Ryoma was wanted for killing one capturing official in the Teradaya incident, Mimawarigumi came to Ryoma for arrest, but this theory also needs to be closely examined.
Japanese: 2006年に学習研究社から発売された『新・歴史群像シリーズ(4)維新創世坂本龍馬』では、菊地明が「寺田屋事件の際に捕縛方一人を殺害したことで「お尋ね者」になっており、見廻組が逮捕のためにやってきた」という説を出しているが、この説に関しても今後精査が必要である。
English: From the material evidence such as the scabbard left on the scene at the time of Ryoma's assassination, and the testimony by Goryo eji including Kashitaro ITO assassinated three days later than Ryoma's assassination, Shinsengumi's Sanosuke HARADA was believed to be the Ryoma's assassin, but there is a theory that the sword wounds were by left-handed person.
Japanese: 龍馬暗殺当時の現場に残された鞘などの物証や、３日後に暗殺された伊東甲子太郎の御陵衛士らの証言から新選組の原田左之助によるものと信じられていたが、刀傷は左利きによるものであると言う説もある。
English: If this theory is to be adopted, there is one theory popping up that Hajime SAITO was the assassin considering a person who also mastered swordsmanship well enough to kill Ryoma, a master of the Hokushin Itto-ryu style.
Japanese: これを採用するなら左利きで、北辰一刀流の達人である龍馬を殺害できるだけの実力のある人物となると、斎藤一という説もある。
English: (In Mibu gishiden, Jiro ASADA put forward a theory of Hajime SAITO's responsibility as a member of Goryo eji (Kodaiji temple sect).
Japanese: （斉藤一の新撰組復帰時期は諸説あるが、浅田次郎の壬生義士伝の中では、御陵衛士（高台寺党）としての斉藤説を唱えている。
English: Ryoma is said to have softened his attitude toward the Shogunate after Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial rule) and have started thinking of establishing a new government constituting congress by the lords of clans including Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 大政奉還以降、龍馬は幕府に対する態度を軟化させ、徳川慶喜を含めた諸侯会議による新政府の設立に傾いていたともいわれる。
English: There is a theory that Takamori SAIGO, Toshimichi OKUBO and other activists, who aimed for the violent overthrow of the Shogunate, intentionally leaked Ryoma's whereabouts to the Shogunate side because they became cautious about such Ryoma's changed attitudes.
Japanese: 武力倒幕を目指していた西郷隆盛、大久保利通らが、こうした龍馬の動きを看過できなくなり、故意に幕府側に龍馬の所在を漏らしたとする説。
English: The theory of assassination by supporters for Taisei-hokan (the Restoration of the Imperial Rule) through the restoration coup d'etat is based on Tamon SASAKI's letter and testimony by housemaids of Omiya.
Japanese: 維新クーデターによる大政奉還派の暗殺説は、佐々木多門の書状や近江屋の女中たちの証言などの資料をもとにしている。
English: In the NHK's period drama "Shinsen-gumi!" described from the Shogunate viewpoint and in the Television Tokyo's new year wide period drama "Ryoma ga Yuku (2004, TV drama)," Ryoma's assassination is depicted based on this theory.
Japanese: 幕藩側に立って書かれた大河ドラマ『新選組!』やテレビ東京新春ワイド時代劇『竜馬がゆく(2004年テレビドラマ)』ではこの説に則って龍馬の暗殺を描いている。
English: As the Ryoma's assassin was commented on based on this theory in Jikukeisatsu PART 4, many of the TV programs and novels adopt this theory, and therefore generally people tend to believe this theory.
Japanese: 時空警察PART4でもこの説に基づいて龍馬暗殺犯を解説するなど、テレビ・小説などではこの説を採用することが多く、一般ではこの説を信じている人が多い傾向が見られる。
English: For a book arguing from the viewpoint of political history that the Satsuma clan's conspiracy theory does not hold true, refer to "New Angle toward Ryoma's Distress Incident -Review on Letters by a Kaientai Member, Tamon SASAKI- the First, the Second, and the Last" by Sakujin KIRINO ("Rekishi dokuhon" Vol. 51, No. 10, Vol. 51, No. 11, Vol. 51, No. 12, 2006).
Japanese: 薩摩藩陰謀説が成り立たないことを政治史的な観点から論証したものに、桐野作人「龍馬遭難事件の新視角-海援隊士・佐々木多門書状の再検討-第1回・第2回・最終回」（『歴史読本』第51巻第10号・第51巻第11号・第51巻第12号、2006年）がある。
English: As previously described, Ryoma SAKAMOTO became famed after his death rather than in life.
Japanese: 前述の通り、坂本龍馬はむしろ生前よりも死後に有名になった人物である。
English: The first of the Ryoma craze occurred when Shiran SAKAZAKI's novel "Kanketsu Senri no Koma" appeared in "Toyo shinbun" published in Kochi in 1883.
Japanese: その最初は明治16年（1883年）、高知の『土陽新聞』に坂崎紫瀾が書いた『汗血千里の駒（かんけつせんりのこま）』が掲載され、大評判となった事である。
English: There is an anecdote about Empress Dowager Shoken that Ryoma appeared in her dream and said that the Imperial Japanese Army would definitely win.
Japanese: 日本海海戦の直前に、龍馬が昭憲皇太后逸話の夢枕に立ち、「日本海軍は絶対勝てます」と語ったという話である。
English: Then the Empress did not know about the man appeared in her dream, but when Imperial Household Minister Mitsuaki TANAKA showed her a photograph of Ryoma, it turned out to be the man was obviously this person.
Japanese: 皇后はこの人物を知らなかったが、宮内大臣の田中光顕が、龍馬の写真を見せたところ、間違いなくこの人物だということになったと言われる。
English: It is not known whether this is true or not, but Ryoma SAKAMOTO's reputation spread nationwide since this story appeared in the national press.
Japanese: 真偽のほどは定かではないが、この話が全国紙に掲載されたため、坂本龍馬の評判が全国に広まる事となる。
English: They praised Tosa-native Ryoma as a person of merit who realized the Meiji Restoration to regain Tosa-native's power against the Satsuma-Choshu clique who dominated then Meiji Government.
Japanese: 当時明治政府を牛耳っていた薩長閥に対し、土佐出身者が挽回を図るべく、土佐出身の維新の功労者として、坂本龍馬を持ち上げたのである。
English: Kaishu KATSU is the one who also praised Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and it is easy to imagine that KATSU as a former vassal of the Shogun had some resentment against the Satsuma-Choshu clique.
Japanese: 勝海舟も坂本龍馬を持ち上げたひとりであるが、旧幕臣という立場で薩長閥に対する反発があったのは、想像に難く無い。
English: The scroll, referred to as "Baichin zu" (picture of ume apricot and camellia) was a birthday gift presented by Kaido OMI just on that day of the assassination.
Japanese: それは淡海槐堂が暗殺当日に誕生日祝いとして贈った「梅椿図」という作品である。
English: Judging from the situation in which the assassination took place, his skills on swordsmanship is presumed to be substantial as described in "Ryoma ga Yuku."
Japanese: 『竜馬がゆく』でも描かれているように、剣術の腕は相当なものだったと暗殺された時の状況から推測できる。
English: Ryoma was caught unprepared, receiving a sudden sward attack from an assassin then at the subsequent second attack he twisted his body and reached his hand to his sword, and received the third sword attack on the sheath of his swore, all these actions being done in defensive posture.
Japanese: 龍馬は刺客からの「不意」をつかれた「突然」の攻撃から、二の太刀目で身をひねって刀に手を伸ばし、三の太刀目には鞘で受け止めるまで防御の体制を取っている。
English: It's said that what greatly influenced Ryoma's life and character formation is Shimodaya (the KAWASHIMA family) that is the parents' home of Iyo, the second wife of Ryoma's father Hachihei.
Japanese: 龍馬の人生・人格形成において多大な影響を与えていったのは、父・八平の後妻である伊興の実家、下田屋（川島家）といわれている。
English: It is said that Ryoma together with his elder sister Otome rowed a boat in the Urado Bay to visit the stepmother Iyo's house located in Tanezaki, where there was a shipyard of the Tosa clan at that time, and listened to novel stories of travelers from Nagasaki and Shimonoseki.
Japanese: 龍馬は姉である乙女とともに浦戸湾を船で漕ぎ、当時土佐藩御船蔵のあった種崎にある継母伊興の家をたびたび訪れては、長崎や下関からの珍しい土産話などを聞いたとされる。
English: It is also said that Ryoma conceived his longing for the outer world watching a global map and various imported goods.
Japanese: また、世界地図や数々の輸入品を見て外の世界への憧れを高めたともいわれている。
English: For the details, refer to "Letters of Kaientai" by Ichiro YAMADA (Shinchosha, 1991); for information about Tosa clan's shipyard and maritime data, refer to "History of Tosa Maritime Law" by Toyomi YOSHINAGA (Sankaido, 1983).
Japanese: 詳細は山田一郎『海援隊遺文』（新潮社、1991年）などに、また土佐藩の御船蔵や海事資料については吉永豊実『土佐海事法制史』（山海堂、1983年）に詳しい。
English: One day, when Ryoma's old friend met him again, Ryoma wore a rather short sword.
Japanese: あるとき龍馬の旧友が龍馬と再会したとき、龍馬は短めの刀を差していた。
English: Ryoma who was questioned about his short sword replied to his friend, saying "The short sword is easy to handle during actual battle." His friend assented to Ryoma and decided to wear a short sword.
Japanese: そのことを指摘したところ「実戦では短い刀のほうが取り回しがよい」と言われ、納得した旧友は短い刀を差すようにした。
English: When they met again next time, the friend proudly showed his sword to Ryoma. Ryoma took a handgun out of his inside pocket, showing it to his friend and said "The sword is useless at all in the presence of the gun."
Japanese: 次に再会したとき、旧友が勇んで刀を見せたところ龍馬は懐から拳銃を出し「銃の前には刀なんて役にたたない」と言われた。
English: When they met with each other third time, the friend showed Ryoma a handgun which he had bought, but this time Ryoma took a foreign book on international public law out of his internal pocket and said to him "From now on, we must know the world."
Japanese: 三度再会したとき、旧友が購入した拳銃を見せたところ龍馬は万国公法（国際法）の洋書を取り出し「これからは世界を知らなければならない」といわれた。
English: This story vividly depicts Ryoma's disposition, but it is only an anecdote and not historical fact.
Japanese: これは龍馬の性格を鮮やかに描写しているものの、あくまで逸話であって史実ではない。
English: Ryoma, who got married to Oryo right after Teradaya incident, has stayed in Satsuma together with her, one of the purposes of healing the wounds among others.
Japanese: 寺田屋事件直後にお龍と結婚した龍馬は、同事件での傷をいやすことも兼ねてお龍を伴って薩摩に滞在した。
English: One is SMITH & WESSON MODEL 2, ARMY, 33, which presented to Ryoma by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, with which Ryoma opened fire in the Teradaya incident.
Japanese: ひとつは高杉晋作から贈呈されたスミス&ウェッソンモデル2アーミー33口径で、寺田屋事件の際に火を噴いたのはこの銃である。
English: In the incident Ryoma lost the gun and later bought two of S&W MODEL 1, 22, which were carried by Ryoma and Oryo and with which they enjoyed hunting during the stay in Satsuma.
Japanese: しかし同事件の際に紛失し、後に買い求めたのがS&Wモデル122口径で、これは妻・お龍とともに1丁ずつ所持し、薩摩滞在時はこれで狩猟などを楽しんだという。
English: In his childhood, on his way to swimming training he was questioned by a friend, "Do you swim in this heavy rain?". He replied, "Rain doesn't matter, anyway I will get wet." and proceeded to the river.
Japanese: 幼少の頃、水練（水泳）に出かける途中、友人に「こんな雨で泳ぐのか」と問われたが、「濡れるのに雨も関係あるか」とそのまま川に行ったという。
English: Some of the recent researches suggest 174 cm or 169 cm, which anyway mean that he was a man of high stature in Edo era.
Japanese: 近年の研究では174cmや169cmというものもあり）と江戸時代の当時としてはかなりな大男であったといえるだろう。
English: Hanpeita TAKECHI and Ryoma were so close friends each other that they called each other by their nick names, "Agi (chin) and Aza (birthmark).
Japanese: 武市半平太とは「アギ（あご）」「アザ（痣）」とあだ名で呼び合う仲だった。
English: Allegedly, Ryoma told Saigo, "I will manage Kaientai, looking toward the world." Munemitsu MUTSU who shared the table with them, also allegedly remembered this scene and spoke about it in every opportunity.
Japanese: 西郷に対し「わしは世界の海援隊をやります」と語り、その様子を同席していた陸奥宗光がことあるごとに回想して語ったとされている。
English: "Ryoma is very honest, a brave swordsman, and little informed." by Toranosuke SUMIYA (after Ryoma finished dojo training in Edo)
Japanese: 住谷寅之介「龍馬誠実可也の人物、併せて撃剣家、事情迂闊、何も知らずとぞ」（龍馬江戸修行後）
English: "Ryoma is definitely some fellow, but he sometimes make a mistake since he does not read books." by Shujiro HIRAI (after Ryoma fled from the Tosa clan)
Japanese: 平井収二郎「元より龍馬は人物なれども、書物を読まぬ故、時として間違ひし事もござ候へば」（龍馬脱藩後）
English: Hanpeita TAKECHI said that "He is not a type of person who does excellent jobs only within the Tosa clan" (after Ryoma fled from the Tosa clan) and also "Ryoma is brave, grand, innovative, and unique, just true to his name "dragon." (in prison)
Japanese: 武市半平太「土佐一国にはあだたぬ奴」（龍馬脱藩後）、「肝胆もとより雄大、奇機おのずから湧出し、飛潜だれか識るあらん、ひとえに龍名に恥じず」（獄中で）
English: At that time I just laughed and accepted him, but he was discouraged; he had some dignity that nobody could perturb and an attractive aura." (After the Restoration)
Japanese: その時おれは笑って受けたが、沈着いて、なんとなく冒しがたい威権があってよい男だったよ」（維新後）
English: Hisamoto HIJIKATA said that "Ryoma's words and deeds were something extremely unexpected, and he sometimes did very absurd things, but he had extraordinary ideas and achieved what he believes."
Japanese: 土方久元「その言行すこぶる意表に出で、時としては大いに馬鹿らしき事を演じたれど、また実に非凡の思想を有し、之を断行し得たり」
English: The origin of the family name SAKAMOTO came from a place called SAKAMOTO (Sakamoto, Otsu city, Shiga prefecture at present) that was a domain of the AKECHI family before the Honnoji no hen incident.
Japanese: 坂本姓の由来は、本能寺の変以前、明智氏所領であった坂本（現滋賀県大津市坂本）に由来している。
English: But many people considers that this is a fiction made up later; refer to "Family History of Ryoma SAKAMOTO" by Haruo DOI (Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha, 2006).
Japanese: しかしこれは後世の創作だろうとする声も強い土居晴夫『坂本龍馬の系譜』（新人物往来社、2006年）などが詳しい。
English: "Copy of Submitted Document about Ancestor" reads "Ancestor, Taro Goro SAKAMOTO was born in Yamashiro no kuni, although the details such as which county and village in Yamashiro no kuni are yet to be known. He escaped a war disaster and arrived at and settled in Saitani-mura village of Nagaoka-gun county.
Japanese: 坂本家が主君に差し出した『先祖書指出控』には、「先祖、坂本太郎五郎、生国山城国、郡村未だ詳らかならず、仕声弓戦之難を避け、長岡郡才谷村に来住す。
English: The SAKAMOTO family was merely registered as the third-largest peasant in the village in the official land-measurement survey conducted at Saitani-mura in 1588.
Japanese: 天正16年（1588年）才谷村の検地で村の3番目の百姓として登録されているにすぎない。
English: It is considered that the SAKAMOTO family had been in a peasant status that was not entitled to have an accredited family name until the third generation Tarozaemon.
Japanese: どうやら3代目太郎左衛門までは公認の名字をもたぬ百姓身分と考えられる。
English: At around the fourth generation Moriyuki and the fifth generation Masayoshi, the family started to use "Ohama" as their family name, which was one of the regional name in Saitani-mura.
Japanese: 4代目守之、5代目正禎は才谷村の大字の一つである「大浜」を家名としてなのりはじめる。
English: Hachibei, who is the second son of the third generation Tarozaemon, moved to and opened a pawnshop (shop name: Saitaniya) in the town around Kochi castle, and then became a wealthy merchant running a liquor shop and dealing with kimono fabrics and other goods.
Japanese: 寛文6年（1666年）3代目太郎左衛門の次男・八兵衛は高知城下にでて質屋を開業（屋号は才谷屋）し、酒屋、呉服等を扱う豪商となる。
English: At around 1730, the family gained an official position of chief executive of Honmachi-suji and became allowed to meet the lord of the Tosa clan.
Japanese: 享保15年（1730年）ころ本町筋の年寄役となり、藩主に拝謁を許されるにいたった。
English: In 1770, the sixth generation Naomasu bought a stock for the title of Goshi and appointed his first son Naomi to become the first generation of goshi SAKAMOTO family, at which point the family reached the social status of Myoji-taito, i.e., to have an accredited family name and as a representation of this status carry two swords.
Japanese: 明和7年（1770年）6代目直益は郷士の株を買い長男・直海を郷士坂本家の初代とし、名字帯刀、すなわち公認の名字を名乗り身分表象として二本差す身分にたどりついた。
English: The goshi SAKAMOTO family's third generation Naotari was born as the second son of upper level goshi Kakuemon YAMAMOTO and adopted to the SAKAMOTO family.
Japanese: 郷士坂本家3代目直足は白札郷士山本覚右衛門の次男としてうまれ坂本家へ養子としてはいった。
English: Kamo SERIZAWA, (1827? - October 28 or October 30, 1863) was a roshi of Mito Clan during the last days of Tokugawa shogunate, and also the original lead commander of Shinsen-gumi (Mibu Roshi).
Japanese: 芹沢鴨（せりざわかも、芹澤鴨、文政10年（1827年）?-文久3年9月16日(旧暦)（1863年10月28日））もしくは9月18日(旧暦)（10月30日））は、幕末の水戸藩浪士、新選組（壬生浪士）の初代筆頭局長。
English: He was born as the third son of Sadamoto, then the head of the SERIZAWA family; this family originated from a powerful family named SERIZAWA that arose during the middle ages in Serizawa Village, Hitachi Province, became a vassal of the Tokugawa Shogunate through distinguished services in the Battle of Sekigahara and subsequently became a Senior Goshi samurai of Mito Clan.
Japanese: 中世に興起した常陸国芹沢村（現茨城県行方市玉造町芹沢）の豪族、芹沢氏から発祥し、関ヶ原の戦いの戦功により幕臣となり、のちに水戸藩上席郷士（士分）となった芹沢家の当主貞幹の三男として生まれた。
English: Later on, he became an adopted son-in-law of Yusai SHIMOMURA, a Shinto priest of Matsui Village (present-day Nakago-cho, Kitaibaragi City, Ibaragi Prefecture), and named himself Tsuguji SHINOMURA (written as 嗣司 in kanji characters; there are also views that the name was written as 継司 or 嗣次).
Japanese: のちに松井村（現茨城県北茨城市中郷松井）の神官である下村祐斎の婿養子となり、下村嗣司と称した（継司、嗣次とも）。
English: For example, in "Eimeiroku" written by Kai SHIMADA, he is referred to as the son of Mataemon SERIZAWA and is said to come from a branch family, but there are no corresponding words in the description for the house of Mataemon SERIZAWA in "Suifukeisan" which covers the lineage of Mito Clan warriors.
Japanese: たとえば島田魁の『英名録』には「芹沢又右衛門子」とあり、分家の出身ともいわれるが、水戸藩士の系譜を網羅する『水府系纂』に記載される芹沢又右衛門家の記述に該当する文言は見当たらない。
English: Mataemon SERIZAWA's ancestor is the same as that of Geki SERIZAWA, the powerful SERIZAWA family in the middle ages.
Japanese: なお、芹沢又右衛門家も祖先は芹沢外記家と同じ中世豪族の芹沢氏である。
English: As for military arts he was taught Shinto Munen-ryu swordsmanship by Kumataro TOGASHI, received Menkyo Kaiden and served as an associate instructor.
Japanese: 武術は神道無念流剣術戸賀崎熊太郎に剣を学び、免許皆伝を受け師範代を務めた。
English: Tsuguji left Matsui Village to accomplish the principles of Sonno-joi, and at the end of 1860, he joined Tamatsukuri-gumi which was the predecessor of Tengu-to Party.
Japanese: 嗣司は尊王攘夷思想を貫徹するため、松井村を離れ、万延元年（1860年暮れ、天狗党の前身である玉造組に参加した。
English: They were based in Tamatsukuri Village (current Tamatsukuri, Namegata City, Ibaragi Prefecture), and in order to carry out Joi (exclusion of foreigners) in Yokohama City they actively engaged themselves visiting and collecting funds from wealthy merchants and wealthy farmers around Ishioka (current Ishioka City), Tamatsukuri and Itako (current Itako City).
Japanese: 玉造村（現茨城県行方市玉造）を拠点として横浜市で攘夷を決行するため石岡（現石岡市）、玉造、潮来（現潮来市）近辺の豪商、豪農を回り、資金集めに奔走した。
English: On this occasion, Tamtsukuri-gumi carried banners that read, "always remember one's lord" and "devote oneself, the Japanese spirit."
Japanese: このとき、玉造組では「進思尽忠」「無二無三大和魂」と記載された幟を掲げていた。
English: Records indicate that from around this time Tsuguji began using an iron-ribbed fan which later became his trademark (source: "Ino-ke Bunsho").
Japanese: 嗣司はこのころから後世トレードマークとされた鉄扇を使用していた記録が残る（「伊能家文書」）。
English: However, because Tengu-to Party collected funds not only from within the domain of Mito Clan but also from land directly governed by the Tokugawa shogunate, and also because of rampant blackmailing on the pretext of Joi under the name of Tengu-to Party the Tokugawa Shogunate instructed Mito Clan in February of 1861 to restrain the activities of men who carried the idea of Joi; Mito Clan changed its policy [accordingly].
Japanese: しかし、文久元年（1861年）2月、水戸藩領だけでなく天領でも資金集めをしたことや天狗党を詐称して攘夷を口実とする恐喝が横行したことなどから、幕府から水戸藩に攘夷論者の活動の抑圧が指示され、水戸藩の方針は転換した。
English: Leaders of the Clan close to Tengu-to Party were changed, and when Shosei-to Party which was opposed to Tengu-to Party gained power, Tamatsukuri-gumi was immediately suppressed.
Japanese: 天狗党に近い藩首脳が更迭され、代わって反対派の諸生党が台頭すると、玉造組は即時に弾圧された。
English: He was awaiting execution, but in 1862, Toranosuke SUMIYA and others successfully manipulated the Imperial Court and enabled the Tengu-to Party to regain political power in Mito Clan; this, in turn, resulted in Amnesty Order in December that targeted the release of political prisoners who participated in Ansei Purge, and Tsuguji was allowed to leave prison.
Japanese: 処刑を待つ身だったが、文久2年（1862年）、住谷寅之助らによる朝廷工作が功を奏し、再度天狗党が藩の政権を奪取したことから、12月、安政の大獄に関わった政治犯の釈放を目的に大赦令が出され、出獄することを許された。
English: On February 5, 1863, he brought along Jusuke HIRAMA, who was from the same homeland and also a family member of one of the SERIZAWA Family vassals, joined the Roshigumi, a group formed in Edo upon the proposal by Hachiro KIYOKAWA, and was appointed Kogashira of Rokuban-gumi Group.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）2月5日、清河八郎が発案し江戸で結成された浪士組に同郷で芹沢家の家臣筋でもある平間重助を伴い参加し、六番組小頭に任命された。
English: Isami KONDO, Toshizo HIJIKATA, Soji OKITA, Keisuke YAMANAMI and others from Shiei-kan, a kenjutsu school in Edo, later joined the Roshigumi also, and they acted together until they arrived in Kyoto.
Japanese: 浪士組には、のちに江戸の剣術道場試衛館の近藤勇、土方歳三、沖田総司、山南敬助らも加わって、京都まで行動をともにする。
English: The Roshigumi came to Kyoto to guard Seii Taishogun; in order to make the Roshigumi the vanguard of real Sonno-joi the founder of the Roshigumi, Hachiro KIYOKAWA, submitted a letter to the Imperial Court and succeeded in placing the Roshigumi under direct control of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: そのころ征夷大将軍の警固のため上洛した浪士組を、真の尊王攘夷の先鋒とするため、創設者である清河八郎は、朝廷に上奏文を提出して、浪士組を朝廷の直属にすることに成功した。
English: On the 29th, when KIYOKAWA summoned his comrades and announced a return to Edo in order to carry out Joi SERIZAWA and KONDO objected against this; they requested to remain in Kyoto and left the Roshigumi.
Japanese: 29日、新徳寺に同志を集め攘夷の決行のため江戸帰還を宣言すると、芹沢と近藤はこれに反対し、京都残留を申し出て脱退。
English: A total of 13 men, including 5 comrades of SERIZAWA and 8 comrades of KONDO, chose to remain in Kyoto at that time.
Japanese: この時に残留を決めたのが芹沢の同志5人と近藤の同志8人の合計13人だった。
English: On March 10th, a written petition signed by 17 men (according to another story, by 24 men) was submitted to Aizu Clan.
Japanese: 3月10日、芹沢、近藤ら17人（24人ともいう）の連名で会津藩に嘆願書を提出。
English: SERIZAWA and others placed their military post in the house of YAGI family (they later also lodged at the houses of MAEKAWA and NANBU families), and on this occasion named themselves "Miburoshi-gumi."
Japanese: 芹沢らは八木家を屯所として（後に前川家と南部家にも寄宿）このとき「壬生浪士組」を名乗る。
English: At that time, an internal conflict occurred, and after the assassination of TONOUCHI and the withdrawal of NEGISHI and his comrades from the group on the 26th, Miburoshi-gumi was controlled by SERIZAWA party and KONDO party.
Japanese: その際、内部抗争が起き、26日に殿内が暗殺され、根岸も同志とともに離脱すると、壬生浪士組は芹沢派と近藤派が牛耳ることになった。