nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As a result, Masatomo and Yoshikane were refused to enter Kamakura and Masatomo was forced to call himself Horikoshi-kubo in Izu Province.
Japanese: このため、政知・義鏡の鎌倉入りを拒まれて伊豆国において堀越公方と名乗らざるをえなかった。
English: After Yoshikane lost his position because of this incident, Masanori UESGI, the eldest son of Noritomo UESUGI, succeeded the position and made efforts to reconcile with Kanto-Kanrei.
Japanese: この件がもとで義鏡が失脚すると、上杉教朝の嫡男上杉政憲が後を継いで関東管領との協調を進めた。
English: Thereafter, no successor was appointed and the post of Kanto-shitsuji was abolished when Horikoshi-kubo was destroyed by Moritoki ISE (Soun HOJO).
Japanese: その後、後任が任じられることなく堀越公方が伊勢盛時（北条早雲）によって滅ぼされてしまったために、関東執事もそれとともに廃された。
English: In the process of the Reformation, Jean Calvin created shitsuji as a church post, and the Anglican Church also set this as a post.
Japanese: 宗教改革においてカルヴァンが教会の職制の一つとして執事職を定め、聖公会もこれを置いている。
English: At gerontocracy churches (e.g. the Reformed Church, the Presbyterian Church), shitsuji means a post assumed by ordinary believers that is responsible for accounting and welfare matters.
Japanese: 長老制の教会（改革派教会、長老派教会など）においては会計と福祉を担当する信徒職。
English: Shitsuji means 'diaconus' in Latin and it is called so because the post originates from the post that was created at the original church in order to bring relief to the Apostles from odd jobs, such as 'preparation of meal', so that they can concentrate on propagation (chapter six of the Acts of Apostles).
Japanese: ラテン語ではdiaconusといい、初代教会において使徒らを「食事の世話」などの共同体の雑用から開放し宣教に専念させるために置かれた職位を継承するものとされる（使徒言行録六章）。
English: Although the word 'shitsuji' is used as a Japanese translation for the title of a position in both the episcopalian Anglican Church and the Reformed Church/ the Presbyterian Church, the positions themselves are completely different.
Japanese: 監督制の聖公会と長老制の改革・長老教会では、共通の訳語を用いているだけといっていいほどその理解が異なる。
English: Although shitsuji's clothes were used for a church service similar to those of bishops, shitsuji can be distinguished by stola which he put obliquely on his left shoulder.
Japanese: 礼拝時の服装は司祭とよく似るが、ストラを左肩から斜めにかけているので、見分けが付く。
English: According to the theory of the Reformation, this post is not a newly created one, but was restored based on the Bible because the original one at the original church had been distorted by the Roman Catholic clergy system.
Japanese: 宗教改革の理解では、これは新設された職位ではなく、ローマの聖職階位制に変質してしまった初代教会の制度を聖書に基づき正しく復元したものとされる。
English: Therefore, all people who serve the church, including those who are called superintendents or deans in other sects, are called shitsuji.
Japanese: そのため他の教派で言う監督や長老といった役職もひっくるめて教会に使える者を執事としている。
English: At the Orthodox Church, a post called diakonosu in Greek is currently called hosai (deacon).
Japanese: 正教会ではギリシャ語で（ディアコノス）と呼ばれる職は輔祭に引き継がれた。
English: Believers other than the clergy who are engaged in the management of church are called 'shitsuji.'
Japanese: 聖職者ではない一般信徒で教会の運営に関わる役員は「執事」と呼ばれる。
English: As shitsuji of the Anglican Church corresponds to hosai of the Orthodox Church while church executives in other sects correspond to shitsuji of the Orthodox Church, caution is required when using a term 'shitsuji.'
Japanese: 聖公会の執事は正教会の輔祭に相当し、他教派の教会役員が正教会の執事に相当するので、語義に注意が必要。
English: Oryoshi first appeared in a document in 795 as a person who commanded sakimori (soldiers garrisoned at strategic places in Kyushu) to move.
Japanese: 延暦14年（795年）、防人の移動に携わっていた任務が文献に初めて登場している。
English: Before long, however, oryoshi's job gradually changed to be that of a battle director who commanded soldiers.
Japanese: しかし、やがて押領使の職務内容は、移動させる兵の戦闘等の指揮官へと変化していく。
English: Further, there were cases where oryoshi was in charge of military affairs in a wide region like Tokai-do Road/Tosan-do Road.
Japanese: さらに、東海道・東山道といった道という広範囲に渡っての軍事を担当した者もある。
English: At any rate, as oryoshi's job was based locally, local powerful families were mainly appointed to this post and their private military power made up the main force of oryoshi.
Japanese: いずれにしても、地元密着型の職務であることから、押領使には土地の豪族を任命することが主流となり、彼らが現地において所有する私的武力がその軍事力の中心となった。
English: FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who defeated TAIRA no Masakado as the oryoshi of Shimotsuke Province, is well-known.
Japanese: 下野国押領使として承平天慶の乱にて平将門を滅ぼした藤原秀郷などが有名。
English: It is believed that oryoshi also existed at shoen (manor) and was engaged in the maintenance of security in shoen.
Japanese: なお荘園にも押領使は存在し、荘園内の治安の維持にあたったと思われる。
English: The Kurodo no to, an official position outside of the Ritsuryo system (these positions were known as Ryoge no kan), was effectively the head of the Kurodo dokoro (chamberlain's office) (the nominal head, also known as the Kurodo betto, was also a minister).
Japanese: 蔵人頭（くろうどのとう）とは、令外官の役職で、蔵人所の実質的な長（名目的な長官は他に「蔵人別当」と呼んで大臣が兼任していた）。
English: Handling Imperial papers and conveying statements to Emperor, "Kurodo no to" played a role that functioned something like a secretary to Emperor.
Japanese: 勅旨や上奏を伝達する役目を受け持つなど、天皇の秘書的役割を果たした。
English: As for the order of seats in the Imperial Court, the Kurodo no to occupied the top seats, higher even than the higher ranking tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers).
Japanese: 蔵人頭は殿上における席次も、上の位階の殿上人よりも上座とされ、首席に座を占めることになっていた。
English: In 810 when Kurododokoro was established, FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu and KOSE no Notari were appointed to the first "Kurodo no to" posts.
Japanese: 大同(日本)5年（810年）、蔵人所の設置に伴い、初代の蔵人頭に藤原冬嗣と巨勢野足が任命された。
English: Corresponding to Fuyutsugu's success in his carrier, "Kurodo no to" came to be assigned to Sangi (councilor) immediately when the sangi post became available.
Japanese: 冬嗣のその後の出世に伴い、以後参議に欠員が出た場合、蔵人頭が即参議に就任するようになり、
English: Of the two "Kurodo no to" posts, one was assigned mostly to a person at the "Konoe no chujo" post, a post for military officers, and another to a person at the Benkan post, a post for civil officers.
Japanese: 2名の蔵人頭は武官である近衛中将と、文官である弁官の弁官または弁官から1名ずつ選ばれることが多かった。
English: Therefore, the term of "Tonochujo" was used to refer to the former personnel and "Tonoben" for the latter personnel.
Japanese: そのため、それぞれ、「頭中将（とうのちゅうじょう）」、「頭弁（とうのべん）」という特別な呼称が用いられた。
English: For example, when the Kura no kami (head of the Bureau of Palace Storehouses) jointly assumed the post of Kurodo no to, he was known as the toto (head-head).
Japanese: 例えば内蔵頭が蔵人頭を兼ねた場合に「頭頭（とうのとう）」と呼ばれた事例もある。
English: Mandokoro was an administrative board for domestic economy that was allowed to be set up by Imperial princes, princesses and court nobles ranked Sanmi (Third Rank) or higher.
Japanese: 政所（まんどころ）は、親王、三位以上の公卿に設置を許された家政機関のこと。
English: The reason why the wife of a sessho (regent) and kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor) were called Kita no Mandokoro (the north Mandokoro) derives from the fact that the wife took initiative in matters of domestic economy in her family (This was also due to the wives' living quarters often being located on the north side of the residence).
Japanese: 摂政・関白の夫人を北政所と称するのも、夫人が家庭内の家政を統括していた事に由来している（その住まいは邸宅の北側に設置される事が多かった）。
English: (In addition, during the Heian period it was common among the aristocracy to have marriages where a man married into his wife's family which meant the residence was handed down from the family to the wife).
Japanese: （また平安時代の貴族は婿取婚が普通のため、その邸宅は夫人の実家から夫人へと相続されたものであった）。
English: With the establishment of the Shoen (private estate) system, the Mandokoro became the institute in charge of estate management affairs.
Japanese: 荘園制が確立すると、政所が本所の荘務を担当する機関として機能することになる。
English: In the Middle Ages when Shoen declined, however, the domestic economy run by the court nobles stagnated and the essence of the Mandokoro was gradually lost.
Japanese: しかし、荘園が衰退して公家家政が不振となった中世後期には実質は失われていった。
English: For a period of time, there was a theory on 'Mandokoro Politics' advocated by people like Katsumi KUROITA which argued that prior to World War II, during a period of regency, the sessho and kanpaku (the regent and the chief advisor to the Emperor) were in charge of all State politics.
Japanese: なお、一時期「政所政治」説という学説があり、これは戦前に黒板勝美らによって唱えられた説で摂関政治期には摂政・関白が国政の全般を掌握していた。
English: The theory claimed that a kudashibumi (a document issued by a superior or official) issued by the Mandokoro, or a migosho (a document intended to pass on information regarding decisions made by nobles of Third Rank or higher) functioned in place of the Emperor's senshi (imperial decree), politics were carried out at Mandokoro rather than the Daijokan (Grand council of State), and the Imperial Court was only in charge of rituals and ceremonies.
Japanese: また、政所の下文や御教書が天皇の宣旨に替わって機能して太政官に代わって政所で政務が行われ、朝廷は儀式のみを行ったという説があった。
English: This change was brought about by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who opened up the bakufu to acquire the right to establish Mandokoro, which until then had only been open to court nobles ranked Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher.
Japanese: これは幕府を開いた源頼朝が上記のものと同じく従三位以上の公卿に許される政所開設の権利を獲得した
English: This event had such significance that his own governing system took on a formal attribute based on the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: それにより、自らの統治機構が律令制に基づく公的性格を帯びる意義を持ったことによる。
English: There is a theory that the name was changed from Kumonjo to Mandokoro in 1191, and another insists that the name change occurred in 1185 (this theory is based on the fact that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was promoted from Sanmi to Junii - Junior Second Rank during this year).
Japanese: 1191年に公文所が政所と改称されたとされる説と、政所と改称されたのは1185年とする説がある（この年に源頼朝が三位以上（従二位）へ昇叙したことにより政所設置の資格を得たため）。
English: There is another theory that denies the continuity of Kumonjo and Mandokoro and argues that the functions of Kumonjo were absorbed by Mandokoro as a consequence of OE no Hiromoto being posted as betto (director of a secretariat) in both organizations where a number of his work functions overlapped ('Kamakura-shi' - 'The History of Kamakura City').
Japanese: また、公文所と政所の連続性を否定して、大江広元が機能に重複する部分があった公文所と政所の別当を兼務した結果として公文所の機能が政所の機能に吸収されたとする説（「鎌倉市史」）もある。
English: Shitsuji (Chief of the Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) - became a hereditary post of the Ise clan after 1379, except for a short time to celebrate the genpuku (coming of age) of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA where Tadayuki NIKAIDO filled the post.
Japanese: 執事は1379年以後、足利義政元服の時、二階堂忠行が一時執事となった他は、伊勢氏が世襲した。
English: The term is derived from the word 'kosho' or 'koju' (attendant of a noble person) which from the middle ages was a post that meant serving in close proximity to a busho (Japanese military commander) and taking care of daily chores and affairs.
Japanese: 「扈従」に由来し、中世以来、武将の身辺に仕えて、諸々の雑用を果たした。
English: During the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), Kosho took charge of secretarial affairs, in particular acting as a human shield to protect their lord at the risk of losing their own lives; for this reason, Kosho had to not only be knowledgeable and have impeccable manners, but also be skilled in the military arts.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には、主に秘書的役割もこなし、特に主君の盾として命を捨てて守る役目が大きかったため、幅広い知識と一流の作法と武芸を身につけていなくては務まるものではなかった。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA took sons from daimyo lords as hostages under the pretext of taking them on as kosho.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉、徳川家康は大名家の子弟を小姓という名目で事実上人質にとっていた。
English: According to the organizational structure of the bakufu or Domain of each clan, Kosho secretarial roles involved being an officer who handled the domestic economy (Goyonin), working as an aid to the lord (Sobashu), an attendant to the lord (Kinju shuttoyaku), or being an assistant who announces visitors and conveying messages (Goyotoritsugi).
Japanese: 幕府や諸藩の職制では、この秘書的役割は側用人・側衆・近習出頭役・御用取次役等が担いった。
English: Although the primary duty of a Kosho was to guard their lord, the main duties of a Kosho were to serve closely to their lord, doing daily chores and arranging visits by acting as a go-between delivering messages.
Japanese: 小姓は、主君に近侍して雑務や日常生活に必要な取り次ぎをすることが主な仕事となっていくが、建て前上の役目の第一は、将軍・藩主などの主君の警護である。
English: As Kosho were always stationed close to their lord, Konando-yaku (a job to do chores) was created for them to act as a foot page.
Japanese: 小姓が主君に近侍しているため、その手先として働くのが小納戸役である。
English: Many domain lords appointed excellent, young clansmen who had just celebrated their genpuku (attainment of manhood) to such positions as Kosho or Goyonin with the intention of fostering human resources to work as their hands and feet in the future.
Japanese: また藩主の中には、元服したての優秀な若い藩士を小姓・側用人等に任じて、将来自分の手足として働けるような人材に育成する事を心がける藩主もいた。
English: For example, when a boy was born as a legitimate first son of a permanent chief retainer, he often started his career as a Kosho, advancing to a domestic econony officer and then eventually becoming a chief retainer, or beginning as a Kosho and becoming a chief retainer after serving as an apprentice to a chief retainer.
Japanese: 例えば、永代家老の嫡子・総領として、生まれた場合は、小姓→用人職（側用人を含む）→家老職、あるいは、小姓→家老見習い→家老職と、班を進めることが多かった。
English: The son of a senior vassal was sometimes appointed to be a companion or close associate (Sobashu) to the son of a lord as a live-in Kosho.
Japanese: また、藩主の元服前の男子のお相手役・側衆として、上級家臣の子弟が、部屋住み身分で小姓として、召し出されることがあった。
English: In order to act as bodyguard and be trusted with important state matters, Kosho were put in the closest physical position to their lord, with some domains prohibiting them from having contact with other families, including their own.
Japanese: 小姓は、物理的に主君に最も近い位置で奉公し、その警護と、枢機に預かったため、小姓に任じられた者は、親族を含む他家との交際を禁止する藩もあった。
English: In cases among hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) where there were a considerable number of retainers, second, third or younger sons, as direct descendants without a chance at being adopted by other families were treated as retainers of their hatamoto family and often appointed as groomsmen (Nakakosho) or stablemen (Nakaoku Kosho).
Japanese: 幕臣である旗本のうち、相当数の家臣団を抱える大身旗本の場合は、次男・三男などの庶子のうち、他家に養子に行きそびれた者の直系子孫は、その旗本家の家臣取り扱いとなり、中小姓（中奥小姓）となることが多かった。
English: Sons in the same situation who were the descendents of a Daimyo lord, however, were given a paid rank (or paid position) and seldom became Nakakosho.
Japanese: ただし、諸大名においては同様の場合、給人格（給人席）となることはあっても、中小姓となることは、まず無かった。
English: Alternatively, in order to reduce mouths to feed and give their sons an education, second and third-born sons of an impoverished samurai family were often sold to a Buddhist temple where they worked as 'Tera-Kosho' and took care of the personal needs of Buddhist monks.
Japanese: また貧しい武家の次男・三男は、口減らしと学問習得などの理由で寺に売られるなどして、「寺小姓」として僧侶の身の回りの世話などをした。
English: In general, when a Kosho reached the age of 18 or 19 years old, they would collect their saved money and choose among such possibilities as buying Gokeninkabu (samurai status) or Ashigarukabu (common foot soldier status); becoming part of a merchant family (receiving economic support from them), be expelled from their temple and freed from their status as Tera-kosho; or if they became a householder with a wife and children, the marriage was neither legal nor officially recognized, therefore the children did not have samurai status and became common townspeople or farmers.
Japanese: 一般的には大抵十八・十九と成人する頃には、纏まった金をもらって御家人株・諸藩の足軽株を買う者、あるいは町家に囲われるなどして（援助を受けて）寺を出された（寺小姓から解放された）者、及び妻子を持って所帯を持っても、いわば公認・法律婚によるものでなく、その子供は、武家と認められずに町民・百姓となる者などがあった。
English: There were times when Kosho were forced to be the homosexual partner of pederast lords (Kosho who were stuck with this duty, known in general as "the work of Kosho," were also called "Kogosho" which meant they were Kosho who had not yet attained manhood.
Japanese: 小姓は、主君の男色（男性同性愛）の相手とされることがあった（一般に「小姓の仕事」として知られているこの勤めにつく者を「児小姓」とも称する。）
English: During the Sengoku Period (period of warring states), when a battle required a long stay at the front, a lord would choose attractive boys among his Kosho and practice various kinds of sexual acts with them, such as anal intercourse, in order to vent his sexual desires.
Japanese: 戦国時代においては、主に合戦や長期に渡る滞陣中に性欲を発散するため、主君が小姓のうちより美貌の者を選んで、肛門性交などを始めとする様々な性行為を行われていた。
English: Although this practice continued into the Edo period, as Genroku Culture came to its end during the middle of the Edo period, the practice of male homosexuality drastically declined.
Japanese: 江戸時代になっても続けられていたが元禄文化終焉とともに江戸時代中期となると男色は衰退の一途を辿った。
English: Shingen TAKEDA and Masanobu KOSAKA (in this case, however, there is evidence that the family name KASUGA (KOSAKA) was added to the document at a later time).
Japanese: 武田信玄と高坂昌信（ただし該当する書状には春日（高坂）の苗字を後から付け足した痕跡がある）
English: Although Nyohon (sexual indulgence with women) was a serious violation of a commandment for Buddhist monks, since there was no direct prescript referring to male homosexuality, Tera-kosho were often targeted as a sex objects.
Japanese: また仏僧にとって女犯が重大な戒律違反であるのに対して男色については戒律による直接規定が無かったため、寺小姓が僧侶の性的対象とされる場合が多かった。
English: Details from the Sengoku period lack full credibility, however, because these figures are only from secondary resources which were written hundreds of years after their death.
Japanese: ただし戦国時代のものについては死後数百年経過した二次史書によるものであり、信憑性は保障できない。
English: Shokan was the general name of an officer governing Japanese shoen (manor) entrusted by the lord of the manor.
Japanese: 荘官（しょうかん）は、日本の荘園において、荘園領主（本所）から現地管理を委ねられた者の総称である。
English: Some Kaihatsu ryoshu (reclaimers) donated manors and the lords of the manor kept them on as shokan to manage the manor, also the lords of the manor sent their retainers to the local manors to reinforce their influence.
Japanese: 荘園を開発した開発領主（かいほつりょうしゅ）が寄進先の荘園領主から荘官として荘園管理者の地位を保全されることもあれば、寄進を受けた荘園領主が自らの荘園支配を強めるために家臣を荘官に任命して現地へ派遣することもあった。
English: Between the late tenth century and the eleventh century in the mid Heian Period, Tato (powerful peasants) cultivated menden (reclaimed land exempt from charges) which was allowed by Kokushi (provincial governor), and privatized it.
Japanese: 平安時代中期の10世紀後半から11世紀にかけて、田堵（たと、有力農民層のこと）が国司に認められた免田（租税免除された田地）を中心に田地の開発を進め、私有地化していった。
English: However, the legal basis of their property rights was fragile and it was possible for kokuga (provincial government offices) to seize the properties.
Japanese: しかし、そうした土地の所有権に係る法的根拠は極めて薄弱であり、国衙によって収公されるおそれが強かった。
English: Thus, tatos donated their land to the powerful nobles or powerful temples in the central government in order to be exempt from charges and to keep the power of their land.
Japanese: そのため田堵は所有地を中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ寄進することで、租税免除と土地支配権の確保を図っていった。
English: A lord of the manor who received a donated manor was called Ryoke, and as Ryoke appointed Kaihatsu ryoshu as Geshi/Gesu (lower ranked officer), Kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank) or Suito (local shoen official below the gesu and kumon in rank), Kaihatsu ryoshu could keep their positions as manager of the manor.
Japanese: 寄進を受けた荘園領主を領家（りょうけ）というが、寄進の際、開発領主は領家から下司（げし/げす）や公文（くもん）、出納(荘園)（すいとう）などに任命されることにより、現地管理者としての地位を保全された。
English: Geshi/Gesu (lower ranked officer) were named, distinct from the lord of the manor, as Joshi (Geshi's superior), and the name of Kumon was derived from their role, which was management of books and records.
Japanese: なお、下司とは、上位の荘園領主を上司と見たときの対比から生まれた呼称であり、また公文は、荘園管理のための帳簿や文書を扱うことから来た呼称である。
English: Ryoke often donated their manors to the imperial or sekkan families and the lord of the manor at the top of the relationship was called Honke (head family).
Japanese: 領家からさらに皇族や摂関家へ荘園寄進されることもあり、この最上位の荘園領主を本家（ほんけ）という。
English: To take greater control of manors, Honjo often sent down their retainers to supervise Gesu and Kumon.
Japanese: 本所が自らの荘園支配を強化するために、家臣を現地へ派遣し、下司や公文などを指揮監督することがあった。
English: Later, some Kaihatsu ryoshu (including Gesu and Kumon) were appointed as Azukaridokoro.
Japanese: そのうち、開発領主（下司や公文に任命された者を含む）の中から預所に任じられる者も出てきた。
English: As there was no clear legal rule, control and management of manors were not stable and depended on the authority of the lord of the manor.
Japanese: 荘園の支配・管理は、現代のように明確な法規定があった訳ではなく、荘園領主の権威に依存する不安定なものだった。
English: Therefore, conflicts over the control, management and boundaries of the manors often occurred between other shokans and kokuga (provincial government offices), and the shokans handled these problems.
Japanese: そのため、他の荘園の荘官や国衙との間に、荘園の支配・管理権や境界をめぐる紛争が発生することも多く、荘官がその対処に当たっていた。
English: At that time, many lower ranking aristocrats with samurai rank who could not get posts in the central government went down to the provinces, and shokan established heirachichal relationships with them in order to solve conflicts over the manors.
Japanese: 当時、中央の官職にあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきており、荘官たちは荘園を巡る紛争解決のために、それらの武士貴族と主従関係を築いていった。
English: In the Kamakura era, some shokan were admitted as Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura era） or Jito (manager and lord of the manor) by Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代になると、鎌倉幕府によって御家人や地頭として認められる荘官も出てきた。
English: This meant that the protection by the lord of the manor was not enough and shokan began to rely on the Kamakura bakufu which rose as a new authority.
Japanese: このことは、荘園領主による地位保全では十分とは言えなくなり、新たな権威として台頭した幕府を頼り始めたことを意味する。
English: Shokan began to disrespect the lord of the manor (Honjo) and rob Honjo of their interests.
Japanese: 荘官は次第に荘園領主（本所）を軽視していき、本所の権益を奪うようになっていった。
English: Even so, shokan had existed with the manorial system until the Sengoku period, however, they disappeared because manors were dissolved by Taiko-kenchi (the land survey of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
Japanese: それでも荘官は荘園制とともに戦国時代(日本)まで存続したが、荘園が解体した太閤検地により荘官も消滅した。
English: But some words such as "Shoya" (village headman) and "Myoshu/Nanusi" (village headman) remained in the Edo era as the remnants of shokan.
Japanese: ただし、江戸時代も荘官の名残として「庄屋」や「名主」などの呼称は残った。
English: In the middle of the Heian period, FUJIWARA no Korechika was demoted to Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) from Naidaijin, but was permitted to attend chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court) again.
Japanese: 平安時代中期、藤原伊周は内大臣から大宰帥に左遷されたのち朝議に復帰した。
English: However, as there were no ministerial posts available at that time, his seat at the Imperial Court was located under the ministers but above the Dainagon, as ordained by an imperial order in 1005.
Japanese: しかし時の大臣に闕官がなかったため、寛弘二年（1005年）勅旨によって朝参の座次を「大臣の下、納言の上」とされた。
English: Gido-sanshi, which Korechika used to refer to himself, was used in the Sui and Tang dynasties in China as Kaifu Yitong Sansi (Supreme Minister), indicating a sankan, a position which was given, with no specific role provided, to civil officers at the rank of ju-ippin.
Japanese: 伊周の称した儀同三司とは、中国の隋唐両代において、開府儀同三司と呼ばれ従一品の文官が帯びる散官で、特に職掌はなかった。
English: Therefore, after Mototomo HORIKAWA (1232 - 1297) was appointed to the post in the Kamakura period, 'Gido-sanshi' was established as the Chinese version name of Jundaijin.
Japanese: そのため、鎌倉期に堀河基具（1232年-1297年）が任ぜられて以降、「儀同三司」は准大臣の唐名として定着した。
English: This was a government post given to the Tosho-ke (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) whose uppermost rank available was determined to be Dainagon, such as the Urin family and some important noble families.
Japanese: 羽林家・名家(公家)など、極官が大納言どまりである家柄の堂上家に対し与えられる官職である。
English: The post was often given to a person loved by the Emperor or a maternal relative to the Emperor.
Japanese: 天皇が寵遇を示すために与える場合や、外戚であることによるものが多い。
English: The term "kindachi" in a wide sense refers to Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation), but, in a more limited sense, it is used as a term referring to imperial princes and the children of Sekke (the family of regents and advisers), or the Seiga family (the important family next to Sekke).
Japanese: 公達（きんだち）は、広い意味では諸王のこというが、特に親王、摂家、清華家の子弟に対する呼称として用いられる。
English: The term Kengyo originally referred to the manager who administered office duties in temples or Shoen (private estates) during the Heian and Kamakura periods, but from the Muromachi period onwards, it was established as the highest title for blind officers.
Japanese: 元々は平安時代・鎌倉時代に置かれた寺院や荘園の事務の監督役職名であったが室町時代以降、盲官の最高位の名称として定着した。
English: As the son of Emperor Ninmyo, Imperial Prince Saneyasu became blind while he was still young and entered the priesthood to live a cloistered life in Yamashina (present day Yamashina Ward, Kyoto City).
Japanese: 仁明天皇の子である人康親王が若くして失明し、そのため出家して山科（現在京都市山科区）に隠遁した。
English: A stone called Biwaishi (Japanese lute stone), on which Imperial Prince Saneyasu allegedly sat and played the biwa, was enshrined in Moroha Shinto Shrine by the blind as a guardian for biwa hoshi (biwa players).
Japanese: また、人康親王が坐って琵琶を弾いたとされる琵琶石は後に盲人達により琵琶法師の祖神として諸羽神社に祭られている。