nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Uji jujo (The Ten Quires of Uji), Roku no kimi got married to Nioumiya, and Ochiba no miya and Yugiri were lovingly together, living a relatively happy life. ('Yadorigi' (The Ivy))
Japanese: 宇治十帖では六の君が匂宮と婚儀を上げ、今は夕霧とも落ち着いた夫婦仲となって比較的幸福に暮らす様子が描かれている（「宿木」）。
English: As stated before, the name of 'Ochiba no miya' was originally a disparaging name, so she is often called Onnna Ninomiya or Suzakuin Onna Ninomiya in order to distinguish her from the other Onna Ninomiya (the second princess).
Japanese: なお、前述の通り、元々「落葉の宮」という呼び名は蔑称であることから、彼女のことを女二宮、もしくは他の女二宮と区別するため、朱雀院女二宮と呼ぶことも多い。
English: Later, she took in Kumoi no Kari, an illegitimate daughter of Naidaijin (Minister of the Palace, later known as Tono Chujo), and she dearly loved both of them.
Japanese: 後に内大臣（元の頭中将）の脇腹の娘である雲居の雁も自邸に引き取り、二人を鍾愛した。
English: She was a woman of 'yorozumono no jozu' (being good at various musical instruments), and taught Yugiri and Kumoi no Kari how to play the instruments.
Japanese: 「よろづのものの上手」（様々な楽器に長けている）で、夕霧や雲居の雁にも手ほどきをしている。
English: However, after Yugiri celebrated his coming of age, he had to leave the Sanjo-dono Palace due to Genji's educational policy, while Naidaijin, who noticed that Yugiri and Kumoi no Kari loved each other, forced her to move into his residence, so she felt terribly sad. ('Otome' (The Maidens))
Japanese: しかし夕霧は元服後源氏の教育方針で三条殿を出、また雲居の雁も夕霧との恋仲を内大臣に知られて強引に引き取られたため、ひどく悲しんだ（「少女(源氏物語)」）。
English: When Tamakazura celebrated Mogi (coming-of-age ceremony for girls), Omiya mediated between Hikaru Genji and Naidaijin ('Miyuki' (The Imperial Progress)), but before long it is told that she passed away. ('Fujibakama' (Thoroughwort Flowers))
Japanese: 玉鬘(源氏物語)の裳着にあたっては、光源氏と内大臣との仲立ちをする（「行幸(源氏物語)」）が、それからまもなく薨去したことが語られる（「藤袴」）。
English: Subsequently, at the memorial service of Omiya's death, Naidaijin reconsidered the marriage between Yugiri and Kumoi no Kari; after they got married, they moved to Sanjo-dono Palace again to live there. ('Fuji no Uraba' (Wisteria Leaves))
Japanese: しかし、後に彼女の法要が内大臣が夕霧と雲居の雁の結婚を許すきっかけとなり、夫婦となった二人は三条殿に再び移り住んだ（「藤裏葉」）。
English: Emperor Kinjo or Kinjo no Mikado is the fourth Emperor in "The Tale of Genji" (the period of his reign: after the second volume of 'Wakana' (Spring Shoots)).
Japanese: 今上帝（きんじょうてい・きんじょうのみかど）は、『源氏物語』に登場する四番目の天皇（在位：「若菜(源氏物語)下」～）。
English: He was the first prince of Emperor Suzaku, and his mother was Jokyoden no nyogo (The Lady of Jokyoden Palace) (a sister of Higekuro, who passed away before Kinjo no Mikado ascended to the throne, and after his enthronement, she was given a court rank of Empress Dowager).
Japanese: 朱雀帝の第一皇子で、母は承香殿女御（髭黒の姉妹。今上帝即位前に没、即位後皇太后を追贈）。
English: Onna Ninomiya is the second princess of the successive emperors.
Japanese: 女二宮（おんなにのみや）は、歴代の天皇の二番目の姫宮、第二皇女のこと。
English: She was the second princess of Kinjo no Mikado, and her mother was Fujitsubo Princess (a daughter of Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), and she is a different woman from Fujitsubo, the Emperor Kiritsubo's second consort (the mother of Emperor Reizei) and Fujitsubo, a consort of the Emperor Suzaku (the mother of Onna Sannomiya)).
Japanese: 今上帝(源氏物語)の第二皇女で、母は藤壺女御（左大臣の姫。桐壺帝の藤壺（冷泉帝の母）や朱雀帝の藤壺女御（女三宮の母）とは別人）。
English: Her mother's family was not as powerful as before, and she did not have any other supporter to depend on.
Japanese: 母の実家もかつてのような威勢はなく、他に頼るべき後見人もいなかった。
English: That is why Kinjo no Mikado, who worried about the future of his daughter, made her leave the Imperial family and married her to Kaoru. ('Yadorigi' (The Ivy))
Japanese: そのため、娘の将来を案じた今上帝によって薫の許に降嫁する（「宿木」）。
English: However, her husband, Kaoru loved only Ukifune, whom he kept at Uji, and Onna Ichinomiya, who was a daughter of young lady Akashi and also Onna Ninomiya's older sister by a different mother.
Japanese: しかし夫・薫はもっぱら宇治に囲った浮舟(源氏物語)や、女二宮の異母姉にあたる明石の姫君腹の女一宮に懸想している。
English: Superficially, he cherished his lawful wife, Onna Ninomiya, out of consideration for the Emperor, but he did not seem to have a deep affection toward her.
Japanese: 正室である女二宮に対しては、帝の手前、表面的には大切に遇したが、それほど愛情は抱いていなかったようである。
English: That reminds us of the relationships between Hikaru Genji and Onna Sannomiya, or between Kashiwagi and Ochiba no Miya.
Japanese: こういう所はかつての光源氏と女三宮や柏木と落葉の宮のエピソードを思い出させる。
English: In the chapter of 'Kagero' (The Mayfly), Kaoru caught a glimpse of Onna Ichinomiya, whom he loved, and after he went home, he made his wife, Onna Ninomiya, wear a thin robe which was the same as Onna Ichinomiya's, and made her keep a piece of ice just as Onna Ichinomiya did, and moreover, he encouraged her to exchange letters with her older sister, Onna Ichinomiya, because he wanted to see Onna Ichinomiya's letters.
Japanese: 「蜻蛉(源氏物語)」帖では、思いを寄せる女一宮の姿を垣間見た薫が、自邸に帰った後、妻女二宮に女一宮と同じ薄衣を着せ、同じように氷を持たせてみたり、女一宮の文見たさに女二宮に姉宮との文通を促したりしている。
English: Chokusenshu is an anthology collected by Imperial command, or a book which was designated as an official writing among the ones written by the Emperor.
Japanese: 勅撰集（ちょくせんしゅう）は帝王の命によって編纂された書物、もしくは帝王が記した書物のうち特に公式のものとして認められているものを指す。
English: MINAMOTO no Chikayuki (year of birth and death unknown) was a writer and politician, a classical scholar, and a poet who lived in the first half of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 源親行（みなもとのちかゆき、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代前期の文人政治家・古典学者・歌人。
English: He took over his father's work and advanced the study of "The Tale of Genji," completing what is called the 'Kawachibon manuscript.'
Japanese: 父の後を継いで家業である『源氏物語』の研究を進め、世に言う「河内本」を大成させた。
English: Before the Jokyu War, he went down to Kamakura, switching places with his father, who was Mandokoro betto (Director of the Administrative Board) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 承久の乱以前に、鎌倉幕府で政所別当であった父と交替で鎌倉に下向した。
English: In the Jokyu War, his father, Mitsuyuki, joined the side of In (ex-emperor), but he appealed for mercy, and was accepted.
Japanese: 承久の乱では父・光行が院方に参陣していたが、その助命を嘆願し許された。
English: In the early summer rain, the clouds are hanging low, and is a little cuckoo crying pitifully for the gloomy feelings ("Shoku Shui Wakashu" (12th imperial anthology)).
Japanese: さみだれの雲ゐるやまの時鳥晴れぬ思の音をや鳴くらむ（『続拾遺和歌集』）
English: Plume grasses in ears are wet in Irino into which bucks came in the evening, is this because the bucks' tears fell onto them? ("Shoku Shui Wakashu" (12th imperial anthology))
Japanese: 夕されば涙やあまるさをしかの入野のをばな袖ぞ露けき（『続拾遺和歌集』）
English: I didn't have a chance to see you, and wasted my days, burning myself on love's flame ("Shoku Shui Wakashu" (12th imperial anthology)).
Japanese: 徒らに思ひこがれて年もへぬ人をみぬめの浦の藻しほ火（『続拾遺和歌集』）
English: Yuge no Miko (Prince Yuge, year of birth unknown - August 24, 699) was the ninth (or the sixth) prince of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 弓削皇子（ゆげのみこ、生年不明-文武天皇3年7月21日(旧暦)（699年8月21日））は天武天皇の第9皇子（第6皇子とも）。
English: The year of his birth is unknown as described above, but Sadahiro TERANISHI and other scholars estimated that he was born in 673.
Japanese: 上記のとおり生年は不詳だが、寺西貞弘らによって天武2年（673）誕生と推測されている。
English: This estimation was made based on Oni no sei (the automatic promotion of the persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from Imperial Prince to the fifth rank) of the Taiho Code, so it is not wide of the mark.
Japanese: この推定は大宝律令の蔭位の制によって算出されたもので、それほど外れてはいないと思われる。
English: While he left hardly any political achievements, it is widely known that he was rebuked by Kadono no Okimi for trying to say a word at a meeting to decide a successor to the deceased Takechi no Miko (Prince Takechi) ("Kaifuso" [Fond Recollections of Poetry]).
Japanese: 政治的な事績はほとんどないが、高市皇子没後の後継者選定会議で発言しようとして、葛野王に叱責された（『懐風藻』）ことは有名。
English: It is assumed (by Kojiro NAOKI) that Prince Yuge intended to recommend his older maternal half-brother Prince Naga.
Japanese: 同母兄である長皇子を推薦しようとしたのだと推測されている（直木孝次郎）。
English: Eight of his poems were included in "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), the largest number of poems included among Emperor Tenmu's princes.
Japanese: 『万葉集』には8首の歌が収録されており、これは天武天皇の皇子のなかで最多。
English: In addition, KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro's Collection includes five poems that Hitomaro dedicated to Prince Yuge as reminders of their friendship.
Japanese: また、それとは別に柿本人麻呂歌集にこの皇子に献上された歌が5首残されており、交流の跡が偲ばれる。
English: Although Hideo KANDA counted Prince Yuge as one of the compilers of "Manyoshu," very few support this theory today.
Japanese: なお、神田秀夫によって『万葉集』の編者のひとりに擬せられているが、現在では支持するひとはほとんどない。
English: The book also assumed based on Manyoshu, that the prince committed adultery with Princess Ki, who was the empress of Emperor Tenmu, and therefore was executed by Emperor Jito.
Japanese: また、同書では万葉集を根拠に文武天皇の皇后であった紀皇女と密通し、それが原因で持統天皇によって処断されたとの仮説を述べている。
English: Some lowbrow books of later generations stated a legend that Prince Yuge was a blood relative of YUGE no Dokyo, but of course there is nothing to prove this legend.
Japanese: 後世の俗書では弓削道鏡との血縁であるなどの伝説もあるが、もちろん証拠はない。
English: OTOMO no Sakanoue no Iratsume (year of birth and death unknown) is one of the most famous Tanka (31 syllables' poem) poets in "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
Japanese: 大伴坂上郎女（おおとものさかのうえのいらつめ、生没年不詳）は、『万葉集』の代表的歌人。
English: Her 84 choka (long poem) and tanka (31 syllables' poem) in "Manyoshu" made her the major female poet after NUKATA no Okimi.
Japanese: 『万葉集』には、長歌・短歌合わせて84首が収録され、額田王以後最大の女性歌人である。
English: In this period she seemed to be on friendly terms with Prince Obito (Emperor Shomu) to whom later she dedicated her poems personally.
Japanese: この頃首皇子（聖武天皇）と親交を持ったらしく、後年個人的に歌を奉げている。
English: He also died early, however, and around the last days of the Yoro period, she married her older paternal half-brother OTOMO no Sukunamaro by whom she had two daughters, SAKANOUE no Oiratsume and SAKANOUE no Otoiratsume.
Japanese: しかし、麻呂とも早くに死別し、養老末年頃、異母兄の大伴宿奈麻呂の妻となり、坂上大嬢と坂上二嬢を産んだ。
English: After she returned to the capital, she remained at the Saho residence and took on the role of toji (wife) to lead the Otomo clan and manage the household.
Japanese: 帰京後は佐保邸に留まり、大伴氏の刀自（主婦）として、大伴氏の一族を統率し、家政を取り仕切ったのだろう。
English: She was a poet of great skill, but her style of poetry also had profound lyricism.
Japanese: その作風は多分に技巧的でありながらも、豊かな叙情性をも兼ね備えている。
English: Although she left Somonka (romantic exchange of poems) in the form of question and answer with many men, such poems may be just an expression of her intimacy with them in the style of love poems, or these poems may not be based on her actual experiences.
Japanese: しかし、彼女の数多い男性との相聞歌は、恋の歌になぞらえて、彼らへの親しみを表したものであったり、実体験ではないのではないかとも言われている。
English: Arima no miko (640 - December 13, 658) was a prince of Emperor Kotoku.
Japanese: 有間皇子（ありまのみこ、舒明天皇12年（640年）-斉明天皇4年11月11日(旧暦)（658年12月13日））は、孝徳天皇の皇子。
English: In 653, however, Emperor Tenji demanded the capital be returned to Wakyo (lit. the Japanese capital).
Japanese: しかし、白雉4年（653年）に天智天皇が、都を倭京に戻す事を求めた。
English: However, Emperor Kotoku refused to listen to the demand, and members of the Imperial Family including Naka no Oe and most of the vassals returned to Wakyo.
Japanese: しかし、孝徳天皇はこれを聞き入れなかったため、中大兄を初めとする皇族達やほとんどの臣下達が倭京に戻ってしまった。
English: Therefore, Takara no Himemiko was enthroned a second time as Empress Saimei in Asuka Itabuki no Miya Palace on February 17, 655.
Japanese: このため、斉明天皇元年（655年）の1月3日、宝皇女が再び飛鳥板葺宮で斉明天皇として即位した。
English: When he returned to Asuka, he told Empress Saimei that his illness was completely cured and described the part of the country with admiration, which led to a imperial visit to Ki no yu (old name of Shirahama Onsen) by Empress Saimei.
Japanese: 飛鳥に帰った後に自分の病気が完治した事を斉明天皇に伝え、その土地のすばらしさを話して聞かせたため、斉明天皇は紀の湯に行幸した。
English: Soga no Akae, supposedly under Naka no Oe no Oji's wishes, approached Arima no miko, who was staying behind in Asuka, by indicating the mistakes of the government under Empress Saimei and Naka no Oe no Oji and convinced Arima of his support and they plotted together to overthrow Empress Saimei and Naka no Oe no Oji.
Japanese: 飛鳥に残っていた有間皇子に、中大兄皇子の意を受けたと思われる蘇我赤兄が近づき、斉明天皇や中大兄皇子の失政を指摘し、自分は皇子の味方である事を伝え、斉明天皇と中大兄皇子打倒の計画を練った。
English: Recently, a hypothesis (written in "Manyoshu no Kokogaku" (The Archaeology of Manyoshu) by Koichi MORI, and so on) that Arima no miko might have intended to raid the Empress and those around her using the suigun (small sea force attached to a feudal lord) of the Abe clan, the home of Otarashihime, Arima no miko's mother.
Japanese: この時、有間皇子は母の小足媛の実家の阿部氏の水軍を頼りにし、天皇達を急襲するつもりだったという説が最近出てきている（森浩一『万葉集の考古学』など）。
English: Akae's betrayal exposed the plot and Arima no miko was arrested with Mori no kimi Oiwa and Sakaibe no Muraji Kusuri, and interrogated by Naka no Oe no Oji on December 15, 658.
Japanese: しかし、赤兄の密告によりこの謀反計画は露見し、彼は守君大石・板合部連楽達と捕らえられ、斉明天皇4年（658年）の11月9日に中大兄皇子に尋問された。
English: Two of his death poems (poems composed near the time of one's own death) composed prior to his execution in Iwashiro are in the "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
Japanese: これに先んじて、磐代の地で彼が詠んだ2首の辞世歌が『万葉集』に収録されている。
English: However, since the work of Shinobu ORIKUCHI, one convincing view is that the two poems may have been made by someone in later times (written in "Orikuchi Shinobu Zenshu" (Collected Works of Shinobu Orikuchi) Vol. 29.).
Japanese: ただし、この2首については、折口信夫以来、皇子の作ではなく、のちの人が仮託したものではないかとも説かれており（『折口信夫全集』第29巻）、この説も有力である。
English: Manyoshu contains elegies by NAGA no Okimaro and YAMANOUE no Okura which might have been composed during the Imperial visit to Kii Province in 701 after the execution of Arima no miko.
Japanese: 有間皇子の処刑ののち、大宝(日本)元年（701年）の紀伊国行幸時の作と思われる長意吉麻呂や山上憶良らの追悼歌が『万葉集』に残されている。
English: Although forgotten in history for a while, the name of Arima no miko began appearing in some historical sources again and Iwashiro became an Utamakura (names of famous places usually associated with poetry) when the Manyoshu was re-evaluated and appreciated in the latter half of Heian period.
Japanese: 以降、歴史から忘れさられた存在となるが、平安後期における万葉復古の兆しとともに、いくばくか史料に散見されるようになり、磐代も歌枕となる。
English: There was a tendency to treat Arima no miko as a legend, however, and the death poems were described in "Toshiyori Zuino" (Toshiyori's Treatise; written by MINAMOTO no Toshiyori) as written by Arima no miko when he quarrelled with his father Kotoku and ran away from home.
Japanese: ただし、『俊頼髄脳』では辞世歌が父孝徳とケンカして出奔した際の歌とされているなど、伝説化の一途をたどるようになる。
English: One extreme case is a commentary on "Hyakunin Isshu" (One Hundred Waka Poems by One Hundred Poets) written in the Edo period where it was described that 'he was enthroned later.'
Japanese: 極端な例では、江戸時代の『百人一首』の注釈書などでは「後即位」とまでなっている。
English: Arima no miko-jinja Shrine was founded in the precincts of Fujishiro-jinja Shrine in memory of Arima no miko.
Japanese: また、有間皇子を偲んで藤白神社の境内には、有間皇子神社が創建された。
English: At the Fujishiro Hill, a stone monument inscribed with a poem supposedly composed in memory of Arima no miko by an unknown composer stands: 'Having walked over the Fujishiro Hill, the white cloth of my sleeves is wet with tears.'
Japanese: 藤白坂には、「藤白のみ坂を越ゆと白樽のわが衣手は濡れにけるかも」（『万葉集』巻9・1675）という皇子を偲んだものとおぼしき作者不詳の歌碑も残っている。
English: OTOMO no Tabito (665 - September 4, 731) was a politician and poet of the early Nara period.
Japanese: 大伴旅人（おおとものたびと、665年-天平3年（731年）7月25日(旧暦)）は奈良時代初期の政治家、歌人。
English: 720: Appointed to Inspector of Yamashiro and later, as Seihayato jisetsutaishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the Hayato people"), suppressed an uprising of the Hayato people.
Japanese: 720年（養老4年）山背摂官となり、その後征隼人持節大将軍として隼人の反乱を鎮圧した。
English: Between 724 to 729, he served as Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazaifu offices) in Dazaifu, Kyushu where he formed Chikushi Kadan (a poetry circle in Chikushi Province [Tsukushi Province]) with YAMANOUE no Okura.
Japanese: 神亀年間（724年－729年）には、大宰帥として九州の大宰府に赴任し、山上憶良とともに筑紫歌壇を形成した。
English: 730: Appointed to Dainagon (a chief councilor of state) and returned to Kyoto and was promoted to Shonii (Senior Second Rank) in 731, the following year, but died of illness soon afterwards.
Japanese: 730年（天平2年）大納言に任じられ京に戻り、翌731年（天平3年）正二位に昇進するが、まもなく病を得て没した。
English: His Chinese-style poems were included in a collection of Chinese verse "Kaifuso" (Fond Recollections of Poetry) and 78 waka (Japanese-style poems) were selected for the "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), most of which were written in the years after he became Dazai no sochi.
Japanese: 漢詩集『懐風藻』に漢詩が収められ、『万葉集』にも和歌78首選出されているが、和歌の多くは大宰帥以後のものである。
English: His set of 13 tanka poems in praise of sake liquor (Nos. 0338 to 0350 of Kokka taikan [index to anthology of waka poems]) indicates that he was a great lover of sake.
Japanese: 酒を讃むるの歌十三首（国歌大観番号0338-0350）を詠んでおり、酒をこよなく愛した人物として知られている。
English: FUJIWARA no Kusumaro (year of birth unknown - October 14, 764) was a court noble during the Nara period.
Japanese: 藤原訓儒麻呂（ふじわらのくすまろ、？-天平宝字8年9月11日(旧暦)（764年10月14日））は奈良時代の貴族。
English: After Emperor Kenko's abdication of the throne in September of the same year, Prince Oi ascended to the throne (Emperor Junnin) upon Nakamaro's recommendation.
Japanese: 同年8月、孝謙天皇が譲位して、父の仲麻呂が推す大炊王が即位（淳仁天皇）。
English: In August 762, Kusumaro served in Chuguin Palace (the residence of Emperor Junnin) and issued an imperial order.
Japanese: 天平宝字6年（762年）8月、訓儒麻呂は中宮院（淳仁天皇の御在所）に侍し、勅旨を伝宣。
English: In December of the same year, Kusumaro was appointed to Sangi (councilor) together with his brothers, FUJIWARA no Masaki and FUJIWARA no Asakari.
Japanese: 同年12月、訓儒麻呂は兄弟の藤原真先、藤原朝狩とともに参議に任じられる。
English: Nakamaro's family dominated the highest ranking positions and was surrounded by wealth and power until the Retired Empress Koken began to favor Dokyo.
Japanese: 位人臣を極め、栄耀栄華を誇った仲麻呂一族だが、孝謙上皇が道鏡を寵愛するようになって運命は暗転する。
English: Nakamaro, through Emperor Junnin, remonstrated with the Retired Empress Koken on her favor towards Dokyo, but she eventually stripped all power away from the emperor.
Japanese: 仲麻呂が淳仁天皇を通じて道鏡への寵愛を諌めたところ、孝謙天皇は淳仁天皇から政権を奪ってしまった。
English: As Retired Empress Koken's favoritism toward Dokyo further deepened, Nakamaro sensed his political influence was in danger.
Japanese: 孝謙上皇の道鏡への寵愛はさらに深まり、仲麻呂は危機感を持つようになる。
English: In October 764, Nakamaro attempted a rebellion with the military power he amassed by becoming totoku (Governor General) and Military Chief of Shikinai (four provinces close to the Capital Kyoto; Yamato, Yamashiro, Settsu, Kawachi), Sangen (three major barrier stations), Omi, Tanba, Harima and other provinces, but was foiled by an anonymous report.
Japanese: 天平宝字8年（764年）9月、仲麻呂は都督四畿内三関近江丹波播磨等国兵事使になり軍権を手にして反乱を計画するが、密告により発覚。
English: On October 14, the Retired Empress Koken quickly moved to send Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) Yamamura-O to the Chuguin Palace to collect the Imperial Seal and ekirei (bell) that were needed to exercise imperial power.
Japanese: 9月11日、孝謙上皇は先手を打って少納言山村王を中宮院に派遣して、皇権の発動に必要な玉璽と駅鈴を回収させた。
English: The Retired Emperor Koken immediately sent Jr. Lieutenant SAKANOUE no Karitamaro and Shoso OSHIKA no Shimatari of Jyutoei (Division of Inner Palace Guards).
Japanese: 孝謙上皇は直ちに授刀衛の少尉坂上苅田麻呂と将曹牡鹿嶋足を出動させる。
English: In the battle between Kusumaro's men and Karitamaro's army, Kusumaro was shot to death.
Japanese: 訓儒麻呂の手勢と苅田麻呂たちの軍勢とが交戦し、訓儒麻呂は射殺された。
English: They lost battles in various locations and finally retreated to an old castle in Sanbi, Takashima County, Omi Province, where their resistance proved futile, resulting in the collapse of the Nakamaro family (Rebellion of Fujiwara no Nakamaro).
Japanese: 各地で戦いに敗れ、近江国高島郡三尾の古城に退いて抵抗するが、敗れて仲麻呂一族は滅亡した。（藤原仲麻呂の乱）
English: It is a short story inspired by No. 18, 'Rashomon no uhakoshi ni noborite shinin wo miru nusubito no koto' (a story about a thief who climbed upstairs within the Rashomon gate and saw dead people there) in the "Konjaku Monogatarishu" (The Tale of Times Now Past).
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』の「羅城門登上層見死人盗人語第十八」を題材にした短編小説。
English: The correct kanji for Rashomon was 羅城門, but it is regarded that Akutagawa intentionally used '羅生門' to make readers aware of life (生 in Chinese character).
Japanese: 正しくは羅城門であるが、人間の生を意識してあえて「羅生門」にしたと考えられている。
English: The story was first published in November 1915 in a magazine called the 'Teikoku Bungaku' (literally, literature of the empire) when Akutagawa was still an unknown author and a student at Tokyo University.
Japanese: 東京大学在学中の無名作家時代である1915年（大正4年）11月に雑誌「帝国文学」へ発表された。
English: In the same year, his first short story 'Ronen' (Old Age) was published in the "Shin-Shicho" (New Thought) magazine, and in 1916, the following year, the same magazine ran another one of his short stories titled 'Hana' (The Nose) which he set to take place around the same period as Rashomon.
Japanese: 同年には『新思潮』に処女作短編「老年」を発表しており、翌大正5年には同時期に構想した「鼻」を同誌に発表している。
English: In May 1917, "Rashomon" together with 'The Nose' and 'Imogayu' (Yam Gruel), were included in his first collection of short stories entitled "Rashomon" published by Oranda Shobo, and in 1922, the "Rashomon" story was included in his collection called the "Sara no hana" (Sal flowers) published by Kaizosha.
Japanese: 1917年（大正6年）5月には「鼻」「芋粥」の短編とともに阿蘭陀書房から第1短編集『羅生門』として出版、1922年（大正11年）に改造社から出版された選集『沙羅の花』にも収録されている。
English: This story is famous for its detailed description of the human egotism displayed by acts of evil in the name of survival.
Japanese: 生きるための悪という人間の利己主義を克明に描き出し、又、作者の解釈を加えた作品として著名である。
English: In its first publication in the "Teikoku Bungaku," the story ended with, 'Cutting through the rain, the man was ready to hurry into Kyoto to commit robbery.'
Japanese: 上述『帝国文学』の初出では「下人は、既に、雨を冒して、京都の町へ強盗を働きに急ぎつつあつた。」になっている。
English: In the short story collection, it is slightly different version can be seen, 'The man was already hurrying to Kyoto in the rain to commit robbery.'
Japanese: 短編集では「下人は、既に、雨を冒して京都の町へ強盗を働きに急いでゐた。」となっている。
English: Akira KUROSAWA's film "Rashomon" (1950) was actually based on Akutagawa's short story "In a Grove" published in 1922, but the film takes the setting and the scene of robbing clothes (from a baby, in the film) from Rashomon.
Japanese: なお、黒澤明により映画化された『羅生門』（1950年）は、1922年（大正11年）に発表した短編小説『藪の中』（1922年）を原作としているが、映画は本作品から舞台背景、着物をはぎ取るエピソード（映画では赤ん坊から）を取り入れている。
English: One day, a young lowly servant, who was recently fired and who had no place to go and no one to turn to, sat beneath the devastated Rashomon gate in the heavy rain.
Japanese: 主人に暇を出されたある下人が、雨の降り頻る荒廃した羅城門の下で途方にくれていた。
English: It was an old woman stealing hair from a corpse to earn her food, though she knew it was morally wrong.
Japanese: それは悪事であると認識してはいるが、生活の糧を得るために死人の髪を抜く老婆であった。
English: The old woman said that it was for survival, and furthermore, she claimed that this dead person also committed evil deeds when she was alive, thereby entitling the old woman to steal from her.
Japanese: 彼女はそれを、自分が生きるためであり、この死人も生前、生きるための悪を働いたから、髪を抜く事は許されるであろうと言う。
English: The man was furious at the old woman's act being righteous as he was, but her words made him decide to brutally rob the woman of her clothes.
Japanese: 老婆の行為に対し正義の炎を燃やしていた下人だったが、その言葉に決心し、老婆の着物をはぎ取る。
English: He then said, 'That's what I have to do to keep from starving to death,' and disappeared into the darkness of the night.
Japanese: そして「己（おのれ）もそうしなければ、餓死をする体なのだ。」と言い残し、漆黒の闇の中へ消えていった。
English: Kiritsubo no Koi is a character in "The Tale of Genji" written by Murasaki Shikibu.
Japanese: 桐壺更衣（きりつぼのこうい）は、紫式部の物語『源氏物語』の登場人物。
English: She was called Kiritsubo no Koi because she did not have a good backer in kokyu (empress's residence), and was given Shigeisha (Kiritsubo), which was the furthest away from Seiryoden (literally "Limpid Cool Hall," an Imperial summer palace) and inconvenient.
Japanese: 後宮では後ろ盾が無いこともあり、局として清涼殿からもっとも遠く不便な淑景舎（桐壺）を与えられたことから桐壺更衣と称する。
English: Although she lost her father at an early age, she entered the Imperial court, placed with her family's hope for restoration, and her mother, who followed her husband's will, tried hard to get her into the court.
Japanese: 早くに父親を亡くしたが、父の遺言を受けた母北の方の尽力により、一族再興の期待を背負って入内した。
English: She was not particularly a woman of noble origin, but she won Emperor Kiritsubo's favor, therefore she was shunned by other court ladies and Koi.
Japanese: 特別身分高い出自ではなかったが、桐壺帝の寵愛を一身に受けていたため、他の女御、更衣たちから疎まれた
English: Moreover, the leading court nobles who supported these women had a sly dig at her mentioning Yang Guifei, and they did visible and invisible nasty things to her.
Japanese: そのうえ、彼女らの後ろ盾である重鎮の貴族からは楊貴妃にあてこすられて、有形無形の嫌がらせを受けた。
English: There is not a particularly impressive episode concerning her except that she was ill-fated and died young, but her figure cast a shadow over whole chapters of "The Tale of Genji" (Seihen, the main part of a book).
Japanese: 若くして亡くなった薄幸の女性というほかには際立って印象に残るエピソードは無いが、『源氏物語』（正編）の全体に影を落とす存在である。