nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Additionally, the Kato clan evolved nengu (land tax)-increase policy, so that the domain was said to still be a particularly high-tax area after it was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain.
Japanese: また、年貢増徴政策なども行なっているが、このために加藤氏が水口藩に移封された後も、天領の中では特に税率の高い地域になったといわれている。
English: It is said that the small domain made its administrative organization less systematized, but there are many unknown real circumstances.
Japanese: 藩の行政機構は小藩になったことから未熟なものとなったとされているが、実情には不明な点も多い。
English: After the death of Akinari, Akitomo KATO, who succeeded to the second lord of the domain, was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total in July 1682, so that the Yoshinaga domain was abolished to become a tenryo (bakufu-owned land of Iwami Ginzan Mine).
Japanese: 明成の死後、第2代藩主の座は加藤明友が相続し、天和2年（1682年）6月、明友は1万石加増の2万石で、水口藩に転封となり、廃藩となって天領（石見銀山領）となった。
English: Gundan was individually called by attaching a name of place to 'Gundan' such as Tamatsukuri Gundan (army corps in Tamatsukuri-gun, Mutsu Province), or to 'dan' like 'Tamatsukuri dan' (same meaning as the Tamatsukuri Gundan).
Japanese: 個々の軍団は、所在地の名前に「軍団」をつけて玉造軍団などと呼ばれたり、「団」を付けて「玉造団」などと呼ばれた。
English: Gunboryo (the Statute on Military Defense) under the Yoro ritsuryo code regulated that every 3rd Seitei (a man in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) was requisitioned as a soldier.
Japanese: 養老律令の軍防令は、正丁（せいてい、21～60歳の健康な男）三人につき一人を兵士として徴発するとした。
English: Under this statute, one third of the population of Seitei in the nation was obliged to work in Gundan, but the actual number of soldiers inducted seemed to be smaller than that, and it is considered that, in fact, one Seitei was inducted from one Ko (smallest organization unit in provincial administration).
Japanese: この規定では国の正丁人口の三分の一が軍団に勤務することになるが、実際の徴兵はこれより少なかったようで、一戸から一人が実情ではないかとも考えられている。
English: Soldiers had to provide themselves with food and weapons, and in normal times, they were alternatively on duty and in charge of training and guard.
Japanese: 兵士の食糧と武器は自弁で、平時には交替で軍団に上番し、訓練や警備にあたった。
English: In that case, the appropriate scale of gundan seemed to be organized in units of 200 soldiers as 800, 600 and 400 soldiers.
Japanese: その場合、八百人・六百人・四百人など二百人区切りで適当な大きさの軍団が編成されたらしい。
English: Ka' refers to a minimum unit of supply in the soldier's living and right path, and probably originated from the event that meals for 10 soldiers were made with 1 fire.
Japanese: 火は兵士の生活・公道上の単位で、補給の最小単位で、おそらく一つの火で十人分の食事を作ったことに由来する。
English: There is a theory that Gocho headed 'Go' (one of units of corps; literally meaning "five") consisting of five soldiers, but some people doubt of its existence because there were no definite regulations and there were no descriptions of its existence in found materials.
Japanese: 伍長が五人からなる「伍」を率いたとする説があるが、明確な規定がなく発掘資料にも見えないことから、存在を疑う者もいる。
English: Daiki - Shoki - Koi - Ryosui - Taisei - Kacho - (Gocho)
Japanese: 大毅（だいき）-少毅（しょうき）-校尉（こうい）-旅帥-隊正-火長-(伍長)
English: The chain of command in Gundan responded to a local organization below Gun (county), and Daiki and Shoki who were commanders were selected from the class of Gunji (local magistrates).
Japanese: 軍団の指揮系統は郡以下の地方組織に対応しており、指揮官の大毅と少毅は郡司層から選ばれた。
English: Gundan existed as one for several counties, stationed near Gunke (public office), and engaged in training.
Japanese: 軍団は数個郡に一つの割合で存在し、郡家の近くに駐屯して、訓練に従事した。
English: The Satchodohi was a generic name of 4 Domains, Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen, which were called 'Yuhan (powerful domain)' in the late Edo Period, implemented the Meiji Restoration and supplied people for major government service in the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 薩長土肥（さっちょうどひ）は、幕末期、「雄藩」と呼ばれ、かつ、明治維新を推進して明治政府の主要官職に人材を供給した薩摩藩、長州藩、土佐藩、肥前藩4藩の総称。
English: The key people are called 'Genkun (oligarch with merit)', 'Genkun of Meiji', or 'Genkun of the Restoration'.
Japanese: その主要人物たちは「元勲」「明治の元勲」「維新の元勲」と呼ばれている。
English: The Satchodo (Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa Domains) formed a partnership through exchanges held among nationalist patriots from these three domains in the late Edo period, as well as through the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance and the Satsuma-Tosa Alliance.
Japanese: 薩長土は、幕末、志士たちの交流や薩長同盟・薩土同盟で連携関係を結んでいた。
English: Especially Satcho, having started domain duty reform far earlier than the other domains, were quick to deal with the uncertainties of the changing times such as the chaotic situation caused by the opening Japan to the world by the Unequal Treaty and the ending of the Edo period, so they threw up many major figures in the overthrow of the Shogunate including martyrs.
Japanese: 特に薩長は全国の他の諸藩よりも圧倒的に藩政改革が早く、不平等条約による開国という状況や幕末という時代変化にいち早く対応していたため、殉国者含め、倒幕の立役者となる人材を多く輩出していた。
English: The Hizen Domain, which had been indifferent to the movement of overthrowing the Tokugawa shogunate since the Boshin War but had made progress in Domain duty reforms, was one of 'Yuhan,' so the Satchodo considered the Hizen Domain as their collaborator and let it supply its people for the Meiji Restoration government.
Japanese: 薩長土は、戊辰戦争の頃から、倒幕運動には不熱心だったが藩政改革が進んでおり開明的だった「雄藩」の肥前を仲間とみなし、肥前藩にも明治維新政府に人材を供給させた。
English: Because of this, the Satchodohi briefly monopolized almost all the higher ranks of government services in the Meiji Government and were referred to as the domain clique government.
Japanese: このため、明治政府の上位官職を薩長土肥で一時期ほぼ独占する状態となり、藩閥政治と揶揄された。
English: However, virtually since the inauguration of the new government, the Meiji Government was administered in an environment of severe conflict over authority and policy among the former members of the Four Domains.
Japanese: しかし実際には、新政府発足以来、この4藩出身者の中で熾烈な権力闘争・路線闘争が展開されることによって明治政府が運営されていた。
English: The people coming from Satcho were in the middle ranks of the government and the military, however, while some people from Hizen remained in the Meiji Government, others made an attack against the Satcho Government.
Japanese: 薩長出身者は政府・軍部の中核を占めたが、土肥出身者は一部は明治政府に残りつつも一部は薩長政府を攻撃するという展開となった。
English: For better or worse, it can be said that the affairs of state in the Meiji period were under the leadership of Satchodohi.
Japanese: 明治の国政は、良くも悪くも、この薩長土肥主導による政治であったと言える。
English: In 1869, these Four Domains simultaneously took the role of national leadership in submitting a plan of Hanseki-hokan (return of lands and people to the emperor), and led the returning of lands and people of the various domains of the entire nation to the emperor.
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）、4藩同時に率先して版籍奉還を上奏し、全国諸藩の版籍奉還を導いた。
English: In 1871, again, the Four Domains simultaneously took the role of national leadership in reporting a plan of the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) to the emperor, and led the abolition of the various domains of the entire nation.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）、再び4藩同時に率先して廃藩置県を上奏し、全国諸藩の廃藩置県を導いた。
English: Because on July 14, 1871 it was decided that each domain in the Satchodohi should supply one Sangi (councilor) to the Sangi cabinet, which effectively had the final say of constitutional matters (according to the order in which they were recommended, the members of the Sangi cabinet were Kogoro KATSURA from Choshu, Takamori SAIGO from Satsuma, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, and Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa); thereafter, a majority of the Sangi cabinet was made up of people from the Satchodohi.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）7月14日、実質的な最終決済をする参議内閣に薩長土肥一人ずつの参議を供給することとなったため（参議に推された順番で、長州：木戸孝允、薩摩：西郷隆盛、肥前：大隈重信、土佐：板垣退助）、これ以降、薩長土肥出身者が参議の大部分を占めることになった。
English: In October, 1875, Taisuke ITAGAKI from Tosa resigned from the Meiji Government for the second time following the political change which had happened in 1873, and while educating the nation's people, he initiated a course of action to prepare for the liberalization of parliamentary procedure from outside of the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 1875年（明治8年）10月、土佐の板垣退助が明治6年の政変に続いて明治政府を再び離脱し、国民を教化しつつ明治政府の外から自由主義的な議会制度を準備する運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
English: In October, 1881, Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen, who requested the enactment of a radical parliamentary system, had to resign from the Meiji Government because of the political change which happened in the same year, and like Itagaki, he initiated a campaign to seek a constitution and a parliamentary government like those of Great Britain from outside of the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 1881年（明治14年）10月、急進的な議会制度の早急な実施を求めていた肥前の大隈重信が、明治14年の政変によって明治政府を離脱せざるを得ない事態となり、板垣同様、明治政府の外から明治政府にイギリス的な憲法と議会政治を求める運動を起こす道を歩み始めた。
English: In June, 1898, the Meiji Government established the Waihan Cabinet (Prime Minister: Shigenobu OKUMA, the Minister of Dometic Affairs (Japan): Taisuke ITAGAKI, both were shuhan [chairman of their respective parties]) organized by Kenseito (a political party in the Meiji period in Japan) as the first party cabinet in Japan.
Japanese: 1898年（明治31年）6月、明治政府は、日本最初の政党内閣として憲政党による隈板内閣（首相：大隈重信、内務大臣(日本)：板垣退助、ともに首班）を成立させた。
English: In April, 1914, due to the mass resignation of the first Yamamoto cabinet and the abortive attempt to form the Keigo KIYOURA government, the Genro (elder statesmen) had no alternative but to nominate Shigenobu OKUMA as the shuhan again and order him to be imperial commander letting down the imperial command and made him establish the second OKUMA Government, which resulted in infamous one especially after the Showa War.
Japanese: 1914年（大正3年）4月、第1次山本内閣総辞職、清浦奎吾流産を受け、窮した元老は再び大隈重信を首班指名して大命を降下させ、特に昭和戦後に非常に悪名高くなった第2次大隈内閣を成立させた。
English: Shukuba refers to urban areas that were established mainly during the Edo period along the Go-kaido Road (Edo Five Routes) and Wakiokan (secondary route that connected the Five Routes) to look after officers who transported luggage from one post station to another.
Japanese: 宿場（しゅくば）とは、主に江戸時代、五街道や脇往還において駅逓司を取扱うため設定された町場をいう。
English: Also referred to as shukueki, they had been maintained as post stations under the system of 'Eki' (staging posts on the kaido) and Tenma (post-horses) since the ancient and medieval times, the Nara period, and the Heian Period.
Japanese: 宿駅ともいい、古代、奈良時代・平安時代から駅宿駅としての「駅」・伝馬の制度によって整備されていった。
English: Shukuba during the early-modern times were developed by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA after the Battle of Sekigahara, and it began on the Tokai-do Road, then the Nakasen-do Road, and had continued one after another.
Japanese: 近世の宿場の整備は徳川家康によって関ヶ原の戦い後に始められ、先ず東海道、続いて中山道と順次進められていった。
English: In 1601, 53 shukuba from Shinagawa to Otsu were established along the Tokai-do Road, and it was here that the Tokaido Gojusan-tsugi (Fifty-Three Stations of the Tokaido) originated.
Japanese: 東海道では、1601年（慶長6）に品川から大津までを53駅と定め、ここに東海道五十三次が始まった。
English: However, they were not established all at once, but were developed one by one, and it was 1624 when the last Shono-juku was completed.
Japanese: しかし、全部が一度に設置されたわけではなく、順次整備されて最後に庄野宿ができたのは、1624年（寛文元）だった。
English: Shukuba always had designated riders and horses available that would work in relays for official transportation, and when they ran short, sukego (labor which was imposed on neighboring villages to help the primarily imposed village) was sought.
Japanese: 宿場では公用人馬継立てのため定められた人馬を常備し、不足のときには助郷を徴するようになった。
English: Increasing profit by these official services and business was difficult, but the Edo shogunate made efforts in preserving and developing shukuba by granting various privileges such as Jishimenkyo, distribution of rice as various salary, and loans.
Japanese: これらの公用のための労役、業務については利益を上げることは難しかったが、幕府は地子免許、各種給米の支給、拝借金貸与など種々の特典を与えることによって、宿場の保護育成に努めた。
English: Hatago (inns), kichin yado (cheap lodging houses), chaya (teahouses), and shops for civilian travelers also stood side by side, and they earned profit out of the stay, crossing of the travelers, and transportation of goods.
Japanese: ほかに一般旅行者を対象とする旅籠、木賃宿、茶屋、商店などが立並び、その宿泊、通行、荷物輸送などで利益をあげた。
English: After the Meiji period, the traffic situation changed due to the start of railway service and so on, and shukuba declined as passengers decreased.
Japanese: 明治時代以降、鉄道開通などによって交通事情が変わってくると通行する人も少なくなり、衰微していった。
English: It was not accommodations for commercial purposes, and residences of the wealthy in the area were often appointed as honjin.
Japanese: 商業的な宿泊施設ではなく、その地の富裕者の邸宅が本陣として指定されることが多かった。
English: It was accommodations for samurai and court nobles that were secondary to honjin, but lodged civilian travelers when rooms were available.
Japanese: -本陣に次ぐ武士や公家の宿泊施設だが、空いているときは一般旅行者も泊めた。
English: They were set up at both ends (around mitsuke) of a shukuba, and the area between the kido was regarded as a shukuba-machi.
Japanese: -宿場の端（見附付近）に設けられ、木戸と木戸の間（見附と見附の間）が宿場町とされた。
English: Hatago (inn) is a house where travelers lodge and meals are offered to the travelers in the Edo period.
Japanese: 旅籠（はたご）とは、江戸時代、旅人を宿泊させ、食事を提供することを業とする家のことである。
English: The term hatago originally represented a basket to put a feed for horses during the trip.
Japanese: 旅籠という言葉はもともとは旅の時、馬の飼料を入れる籠（かご）のことであった。
English: Later, the term hatago had a meaning of a container to put food and the like for travelers, then the meaning changed to meals served in the inn and the inn where the meals were served was called hatago-ya, in short, hatago.
Japanese: それが、旅人の食糧等を入れる器、転じて宿屋で出される食事の意味になり、食事を提供する宿屋のことを旅籠屋、略して旅籠と呼ぶようになった。
English: Many hatago were located in each shukuba (post station) on kaido (road) in the Edo period and crowded with guests such as samurai and the common people.
Japanese: 江戸時代の街道には宿場ごとに多くの旅籠があって武士や一般庶民の泊まり客で賑わった。
English: Hatago were gradually separated into meshimori hatago where meshimori onna (literally "woman serving meal", women who were maids servants hired by the inns, although later, often engaged in prostitution) looking after guests were hired and hira hatago where meshimori onna were not hired.
Japanese: 次第に接客用の飯盛女を置く飯盛旅籠と、飯盛女を置かない平旅籠に別れていった。
English: However, as kyu-kaido (old road) fell into disuse and network of railroads developed in the Meiji period, transportation on foot or by cow or horse decreased and as a result hatago have been driven out of business or relocated in front of the station one after another.
Japanese: しかし、明治時代になって旧街道が廃れ、鉄道網が発達してくると、徒歩や牛馬による交通が減少し、旅籠も廃業に追い込まれたり、駅前に移転するところが相次ぐようになった。
English: There are only a few ryokan (Japanese-style hotel) that are still kept in the same place in old shukuba-machi (post station) in a way exactly the same as before.
Japanese: 現在でも、旧宿場町の同じ場所で昔のままに旅館を営んでいるものは数えるほどしかない。
English: Accommodation fee in hatago was generally around 200 to 300 mon (corresponding to 3,000 to 5,000 yen in present currency value) per night.
Japanese: 旅籠の宿泊代は概ね一泊200～300文（現在の貨幣価値で3000～5000円程度に相当）程度が一般的だった。
English: Size (Although it varied according to shukuba (post station), it was often classified depending on maguchi (the length of the front facade of a building or frontage of a plot of land from corner to corner).)
Japanese: 規模によるもの（宿場によって異なるがだいたい間口によって区分された）
English: Examples according to "1813 Sendai Geko Nikki" written by Masuya Heiemon Shigeyoshi YAMAGATA
Japanese: 『1813年(文化10年)仙台下向日記』升屋平右衛門山片重芳著によって例示すると
English: Breakfast: (soup) tofu (bean curd), (hira [boiled foods]) warabi (western bracken fern), fu (dried bread-like pieces of wheat gluten), fuki (a kind of wild vegetable, a Japanese butterbur), shiitake mushroom and grilled tofu, (yakimono [grilled fish]) salted Japanese amberjack
Japanese: 朝飯、(汁)豆腐　(平)わらひ、ふ、ふき、椎茸、焼豆腐　(焼き物)塩鰤
English: Dinner: (soup) daikon kiriboshi (thinly sliced and dried strips of radish), (hira [boiled foods]) mullet, grilled tofu and nenshin, (sara) Japanese littleneck clam, kanten (agar) with vinegar and soy sauce (hachi) unagi (eel)
Japanese: 夕飯、(汁)大根切干　(平)ほら、焼豆腐、ねんしん　(皿)あさり貝、かんてん、酢醤油懸　(鉢)うなぎ
English: Breakfast: (soup) kizami daikon (sliced radish), (hira [boiled foods]) hachihai tofu, (yakimono [grilled fish]) flatfish (choko [food arranged on a small dish]) fried tofu, daikon cut in cubes
Japanese: 朝飯、(汁)きざみ大根　(平)八杯豆ふ　(焼物)かれい　(猪口)揚豆腐、角大こん
English: The following hatago still exist in shukuba (post station) on old kaido (old road) and they are still in business and available for lodging.
Japanese: 以下の旅籠が昔の街道の宿場に現存し、営業を続けていて宿泊することができる。
English: The following hatago still exist in shukuba (post station) on old kaido (old road) and they are not available for lodging but opened to the public and visitors can take a look inside hatago.
Japanese: 以下の旧旅籠が昔の街道の宿場に現存し、宿泊はできないが、一般公開されていて、見学することができる。
English: Okabe-juku Station on Tokai-do Road, old hatago 'Kashibaya' (Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture) --- Country registered tangible cultural properties
Japanese: 東海道岡部宿旧旅籠「柏屋」＜かしばや＞（静岡県藤枝市）---国登録有形文化財
English: Unuma-juku Station on Nakasen-do Road, old hatago 'Kinuya' (Kakamigahara City, Gifu Prefecture, facilities of Kakamigahara City 'Nakasen-do Unuma-juku Machiya-kan')
Japanese: 中山道鵜沼宿旧旅籠「絹屋」　（岐阜県各務原市　各務原市の施設「中山道鵜沼宿町屋館」）
English: In the middle of the Edo period, there was an increasing demand from guests who disliked aggressive runners or meshimori onna and peddlers who traveled alone for the inn where guests could stay in peace and as a result association of hatago was established in various places.
Japanese: 江戸時代の中ごろになると、強引な客引きや飯盛り女を嫌ったり、一人旅をする行商人などから、安心して泊まれる宿が欲しい、という要望が増えたため、各地で旅籠による組合が出来た。
English: For example, Naniwa-gumi (later Naniwa-ko) designated serious and high-grade hatago along main kaido (road) and had member hatago place a sign as a mark and handed a given kansatsu (license plate) over to each traveler who joined the association so that travelers could show it when staying in the inn.
Japanese: 例えば、浪花組（後の浪花講）では、主要街道筋の真面目な優良旅籠を指定し、加盟宿には目印の看板をかけさせるとともに、組合に加入している旅人に所定の鑑札を渡して宿泊の際に提示させるようにした。
English: The association also issued "Naniwa Dochu-ki" and "Naniwa-ko Joyado-cho" which listed names of hatago joined in Naniwa-ko and rest houses by shukueki (post town) and included information serving as a guide that was also useful as dochu-ki.
Japanese: また、『浪花組道中記』・『浪花講定宿帳』を発行し、各宿駅ごとに講加盟の旅籠や休所の名を掲載するとともに、道中記としても役立つ道案内を兼ねた情報を掲載した。
English: Toiyaba were administrative offices in post stations on roads during the Edo period, which mainly dealt with relays of riders and horses as well as sukego fuka (labor from the neighboring villages to help the primarily imposed village).
Japanese: 問屋場（といやば）は、江戸時代の街道の宿場で人馬の継立、助郷賦課などの業務を行うところでした。
English: ('Tonya' (warehouse merchant) in this article means transportation business. cf. Toimaru)
Japanese: （本項の語意に於ける「問屋」とは、運送業を意味する。問丸を参照せよ）。
English: The master of Toiyaba was called Tonya and there were Toshiyori, who was Tonya's assistant, Chozuke, who registerd riders, horses and wages, and Umasashi, who alloted baggage to riders and horses.
Japanese: 業務の主宰者は問屋と称され、その助役の年寄、さらに人馬の出入りや賃銭などを記入する帳付、人馬に荷物を振り分ける馬指などの者がいた。
English: The staff usually rotated; however when the traffic was heavy for such occasions as daimyo's (feudal lord's) procession, all of them were supposed to be at the office.
Japanese: 通常の時は交代で出勤するが、大名行列などの大通行があるときは全員が詰めることになっていた。
English: Since approximately 1 go of rice is for one meal, 1 koku is nearly equivalent to the amount of rice that a person consumes in one year (365 days times 3 go equals 1,095 go).
Japanese: 米1合がおおむね1食分であるので、1石は1人が1年間に消費する量にほぼ相当する（365日×3合/日1095合)。
English: However, the number of days in a year was not fixed in the lunar-solar calendar that was widely used in eastern Asia.
Japanese: ただし東アジアで広く使われていた太陰太陽暦では1年の日数は年により異なる。
English: Tan, a unit of area (a tan is approximately 10.6 meters in length and 34 centimeters in width), was originally defined an area of rice fields that brings in 1 koku of rice.
Japanese: 面積の単位反は、元は米1石の収穫が上げられる田の面積として定義されたものであった。
English: The actual amount of koku is not fixed because the amount of Sho, the base unit of volume, differs in time, countries, and areas.
Japanese: 体積の基本単位である升の容量が時代や国、地域によって異なるため、石の容量も異なる。
English: In Japan, the amount of sho was unified to the new kyomasu (new Kyoto measure; 3.7 percent larger than kyomasu [Kyoto measure] in volume) in 1669 which is used today.
Japanese: 日本においては、寛文9年（1669年）に新京枡に統一されたときに現在の容量となった。
English: After the ratification of the treaty of the meter, 1 sho was set to be about 1.8039 liters based on a meter; and therefore 1 koku was about 180.39 liters.
Japanese: メートル条約批准後、メートルを基準にして1升＝約1.8039リットルと定められたので、1石は約180.39リットルということになる。
English: 1 sho of the existing new kyomasu is in size of 0.49 shaku (a unit of length, 1 shaku is equal to about 30.3 centimeters) square and 0.27 shaku in depth equals to 0.064827 cubic shaku (that is, 0.49 shaku times 0.49 shaku times 0.27 shaku), thus 1 koku equals to 6.4827 cubic shaku.
Japanese: 現行の新京枡の1升が縦横0.49尺・深さ0.27尺で0.064827立方尺（＝0.49尺×0.49尺×0.27尺）であるので、1石は6.4827立方尺となる。
English: They made 1 koku equals to 10 cubic shaku (about 278 liters) when to represent volume of burden or lumber.
Japanese: 船の積載量や材木の体積を表すときには、1石＝10立方尺（約278リットル）とした。
English: The original Chinese character for 'koku' (石) was '斛,' but the homophonic '石' is often found in papers like "Shiki" (the Chinese Historical Records).
Japanese: 「石」の元の用字は「斛」であったが、同音の「石」と書いている例が『史記』などにも見られる。
English: In the age of the Sung Dynasty, 10 to was set to be 1 koku (石), and 5 to was set to be 1 koku (斛), and ever since the koku (石) and koku (斛) are different unit in China.
Japanese: 宋(王朝)代に10斗が1石、5斗が1斛と定められ、以降、中国において石と斛は別の単位となった（zh斛）。
English: "Kongcongzi" (Chinese Literature: Collection of debates between Confucius and his descendants) says '4 kin, 鈞, represents 1 koku' and "Enanji" (Chinese Literature from 200 B.C.) says '1 koku consists of 4 kin.'
Japanese: 『孔叢子』に「鈞四謂之石」（4鈞を石という）、『准南子』に「四鈞為一石」（4鈞で1石を為す）とある。
English: For instance, in the age of the Han Dynasty, 1 koku was equal to about 31 kilograms because 1 kin (斤) was equal to about 258 grams.
Japanese: 例えば漢代の斤は約258グラムであったので、1石は約31キログラムとなる。
English: Koku is still used in China as a unit of mass.
Japanese: 質量の単位としての石は現在の中国でも使用されている（zh石(质量单位)）。
English: The koku used in Hong Kong is literally translated into English as enstone (Chinese mass).
Japanese: 香港で使用される石は英語でenstone(Chinesemass)と直訳されている。
English: Although the Imperial system of units also has an unit called stone, the value varies greatly (1 koku of the old Japanese system of weights and measures in Hong Kong is equal to 72.5747784 kilograms (160 pounds [mass]) and 1 stone belongs to the Imperial system of units is equal to about 6.4 kilograms (1.4 pounds).
Japanese: ヤード・ポンド法の質量単位に同名のストーン(単位)があるが、香港の尺貫法の石は72.5747784キログラム（＝160ポンド(質量)）、ヤード・ポンド法のストーンは約6.4キログラム（＝14ポンド）と、その値は大きく異なる。
English: Yakusa no Kabane refers to the system of eight titles newly established by the Emperor Tenmu in 684; the eight titles were Mahito, Asomi/Ason, Sukune, Imiki, Michinoshi, Omi, Muraji, and Inagi.
Japanese: 八色の姓（やくさのかばね）とは、天武天皇が684年（天武13）に新たに制定した真人（まひと）朝臣（あそみ・あそん）宿禰（すくね）忌寸（いみき）道師（みちのし）臣（おみ）連（むらじ）稲置（いなぎ）の八つの姓の制度のこと。
English: The Emperor made a decree, saying 'The hereditary titles of all the families are reformed and Yakusa no Kabane instituted.'
Japanese: 「詔して曰はく、更諸氏の族姓を改めて、八色の姓を作りて、天下の万姓を混（まろか）す。」
English: A Japanese-style posthumous name of Emperor Tenmu was Amanonunahara Oki no Mahito no Sumeramikoto.
Japanese: 天武天皇の国風諡号（和風諡号、わふうしごう）は、天渟中原瀛真人天皇（あまのぬなはらおきのまひとのすめらみこと）という。
English: September, 683: The title of 'Muraji' was given to 38 clans such as Yamato no atai.
Japanese: 683年（天武12）9月、倭直（やまとのあたい）など38氏に連の姓を授ける。
English: October, 684: The title of 'Mahito' was given to 13 clans, such as Moriyama no kimi, Michi no kimi, Takahashi no kimi, Mikuni no kimi, Tagima no kimi, Ubaraki no kimi, Tajihi no kimi, Ina no kimi, Sakata no kimi, Okinaga no kimi, Hata no kimi, Sakahito no kimi, and Yamaji no kimi.
Japanese: 684年（天武13）10月、守山公・路公・高橋公・三国公・当麻公・茨城公・丹比公・猪名公・坂田公・息長公・羽田公・酒人公・山道公など13氏に真人の姓を授ける。
English: The titles actually given were the higher rank of four titles, 'Mahito,' 'Asomi/Ason,' 'Sukune,' and 'Imiki' described in the above chronology.
Japanese: 実際に賜ったのは、上の年表にあるように、真人・朝臣・宿禰・忌寸の上位四姓であった。
English: While the old order of the social status was Omi, Muraji, Tomonomiyatsuko, and Kuninomiyatsuko, the Emperor Tenmu selected only the ones who had a close connection with imperial family from among Omi and Muraji, gave a new titles of Mahito, Asomi/Ason, and Sukune to them, created a new order of the social status, and raised the status of imperial family.
Japanese: 旧来の臣・連・伴造（とものみやつこ）・国造（くにのみやつこ）という身分秩序にたいして、臣・連の中から天皇一族と関係の深いものだけを抽出し、真人・朝臣・宿禰の姓を与え、新しい身分秩序を作り出し、皇族の地位を高めた。
English: The Emperor clarified a family lineage between the superior and lower-level officials and made a sharp distinction between the central nobles and local powerful clans.
Japanese: 上級官人と下級官人の家柄を明確にすると共に、中央貴族と地方豪族とをはっきり区別した。