nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Mahayana Buddhism, scriptures of a different sect of Nikaya Buddhism (albeit of the same Theravada line) are inherited along with the Mahayana Sutras.
Japanese: 大乗仏教においては、部派仏教の別（ただし同じ上座部系）の一派の教典が、大乗経典と一緒に継承されている
English: Shakyamuni did not predict that an unrighteous theory called Mahayana would occur (however, according to Theravada scriptures, it was foretold that such a thing would happen 500 hundred years after Shakyamuni's death).
Japanese: 釈迦が大乗仏教なる邪説が起こるなどとは予言していない（ただし、上座部の教典には釈迦の死後五百年後にそのようなことが起こると予言されたとされている）
English: The idea that Shakyamuni was not the only Buddha to appear in history, but that Buddhas had appeared in the past and will appear in the future, existed before Mahayana; however, according to Mahayana Buddhism, countless Bosatsu had completed the path to becoming a Buddha by attaining enlightenment, and each of them exists in their own world, separate from this corrupt world both temporally and spatially.
Japanese: ブッダとは歴史上にあらわれた釈迦だけに限らず、過去にもあらわれたことがあるし未来にもあらわれるだろうとの考えはすでに大乗以前から出てきていたが、大乗仏教ではこれまでに無数の菩薩たちが成道し、娑婆世界とは時空間を別にしたそれぞれの世界でそれぞれのブッダとして存在していると考えた。
English: These many Buddha include Amida Nyorai (Amitabha Tathagata) in the Western Pure Land and Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha) in the Eastern Pure Land.
Japanese: この多くのブッダの中に西方極楽浄土の阿弥陀如来や東方浄瑠璃世界の薬師如来などがある。
English: In addition, the teachings of Shakyamuni as a historical and physical personage are not simply transmitted verbatim, but, as Mahayana Buddhism, have developed in various ways and have produced various schools.
Japanese: また、歴史的存在、肉体を持った存在であった釈迦の教えがただそのまま伝わるのではなく、大乗仏教として種々に発展を遂げ、さまざまな宗派を生み出すに至る。
English: This ideological movement was linked with ancient Tantrism, creating a point of view that Buddha is a self-expression of a non-historical existence (hosshin (Dharma Body)) that may be called 'Butsujiji', and this existence was assumed to be Dainichi Nyorai (Mahavairocana).
Japanese: この思想運動が古代から続くタントラ教と結びつき、ブッダとは非歴史的な「物自爾」ともいうべき存在（法身）の自己表現であるという視点が生まれ、その存在を大日如来と想定した。
English: This Buddhism is called 'Esoteric Buddhism', and it is differentiated from exoteric Buddhism because it places its viewpoint behind the part that appears on the surface of history (exoteric Buddhism).
Japanese: それ以前の、歴史としておもてに表れた部分（顕教）の背後に視座を置くことからこの仏教を顕教から区別して「密教」という。
English: They preached 'Sokushin Jobutsu' (Attaining Buddhahood with the Present Body), saying that one can complete the path to Buddhahood by performing Sanmitsukaji (three mystic practices) to symbolize this non-historical existence: thinking of Buddha in your heart, chanting mantra, and making symbolic signs (gestures) with the fingers.
Japanese: 心で仏を想い、口に真言を唱え、手で印を結ぶ三密加持を行じ、みずからこの非歴史的存在を象徴することで成道できるとする「即身成仏」を唱えた。
English: The Jodo (Pure Land) sect also appeared, preaching, based on the Mappo-shiso (the "end of the world" belief), that Buddhism loses its effectiveness 1500 years after Shakyamuni's death, the difficulty of Jodo in this corrupt world in the era of Mappo (Age of the Final Dharma) (Jirikishodomon), and that, by giving it up, one can perform Jodo in the Pure Land of Amida Buddha after dying (Tarikijodomon).
Japanese: そのほか、釈迦が入滅してから1500年が経過すると仏教はその有効性を失うとする末法思想を背景に、末法の世において娑婆世界で成道すること（自力聖道門）の困難を主張し、それを放棄することでいったん阿弥陀仏の極楽浄土へ往生してから成道すること（他力浄土門）を提唱する浄土教も起こった。
English: It may seem mysterious that creeds which look as incompatible as Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism, exoteric Buddhism and esoteric Buddhism, and jirikimon and tarikimon exist within one religion, but of course, the three seals of the dharma, which are said to be the proof of Buddhism, are common to all schools.
Japanese: 上座部仏教と大乗仏教、顕教と密教、自力門と他力門など互いに相容れないように見える教義がひとつの宗教にあることは不思議なようであるが、もちろんすべての宗派に共通しているのは仏教の証しとされる三法印である。
English: Around the time of the birth of Christ, Buddhism came down from Afghanistan via Central Asia to the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, and Japan (Hokuden Buddhism).
Japanese: 紀元前後より、アフガニスタンから中央アジアを経由して、中華人民共和国・大韓民国・日本に伝わっている（北伝仏教）。
English: In addition, beginning in the 8th Century, Tibet extensively promoted the establishment of sangha and the translation of Buddhist scriptures as national projects, and introduced various Buddhist sects that existed in India at that time in a burst as short as several decades; subsequently, Mahayana Buddhism was extended to Mongolia and South Siberia through propagation by Tibetan monks (Tibetan Buddhism).
Japanese: またチベットは8世紀より僧伽の設立や仏典の翻訳を国家事業として大々的に推進、同時期にインドに存在していた仏教の諸潮流を、数十年の短期間で一挙に導入、その後チベット人僧侶の布教によって、大乗仏教信仰はモンゴルや南シベリアにまで拡大されていった（チベット仏教）。
English: Around the 7th Century, esoteric Buddhism with close ties to Tantra (or Tantrism), a sect of Hinduism mysticism, became popular in the Bengal area.
Japanese: 7世紀ごろベンガル地方で、ヒンドゥー教の神秘主義の一潮流であるタントラ教（wTantraまたはTantrism）と深い関係を持った密教が盛んになった。
English: This esoteric Buddhism embraced the folkways and religions of various areas, integrated them into a Buddha-centric worldview, and highly symbolized everything to establish a unique system of ascetic practices.
Japanese: この密教は、様々な土地の習俗や宗教を包含しながら、それらを仏を中心とした世界観の中に統一し、すべてを高度に象徴化して独自の修行体系を完成する。
English: They say one can reach the ultimate state and become a Buddha by mystic rituals.
Japanese: 秘密の儀式によって究竟の境地に達することができ仏となること（即身成仏）ができるとする。
English: Esoteric Buddhism was transmitted from India to Tibet and Bhutan, to China, Korea, and Japan, taking in local folkways and being repeatedly modified in each region.
Japanese: 密教は、インドからチベット・ブータンへ、さらに中国・韓国・日本にも伝わって、土地の習俗を包含しながら、それぞれの変容を繰り返している。
English: Archaeologically, propagation to current Theravada Buddhism areas, including Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, has been confirmed.
Japanese: 考古学的には、スリランカ、そして東南アジアなど、現在の座部仏教圏への伝播も確認されている。
English: In Sri Lanka, ruins were identified in southeast areas, and it seems to have disappeared by the 12th Century after a period of coexistance with Theravada Buddhism.
Japanese: スリランカでは東南部において遺跡が確認されており、上座部仏教と併存した後に12世紀までには消滅したようである。
English: In Southeast Asia, Sriwijaya and others accepted Mahayana Buddhism, and ruins extend from the southern areas of the Kingdom of Thailand to Sumatra and Java islands, former territories of the kingdom.
Japanese: また、東南アジアではシュリーヴィジャヤなどが大乗仏教を受入れ、その遺跡は王国の領域であったタイ王国南部からスマトラ、ジャワ島などに広がっている。
English: The ruins of Borobudur of Sailendra in Indonesia are famous.
Japanese: インドネシアのシャイレーンドラ朝のボロブドゥール遺跡なども著名である。
English: The course it took in Southeast Asia was nondivisible with that of India, which is to say that it was absorbed into Hinduism, just as it was on the Indian mainland.
Japanese: 東南アジアにおいてはインドと不可分の歴史的経過を辿り、すなわちインド本土と同様にヒンドゥー教へと吸収されていった。
English: Because Fuke who had friendship with Rinzai Gigen in China in the ninth century is regarded as the progenitor, Fuke sect is also thought to be a school of Rinzai sect (Zen).
Japanese: 9世紀に中国で臨済義玄と交流のあった普化を始祖とするため、臨済宗（禅宗）の一派ともされる。
English: Fuke sect was introduced into Japan by Kakushin SHINCHI who went abroad to China (Southern Sung Dynasty) from Japan in 1249, and came back home with Hofuku (宝伏), Kokusa (国佐), Risho (理正), and Sojo (僧恕), the four lay Buddhists that were disciples of SON Chosan, the sixteenth generation teacher of Fuke sect in China, in 1254.
Japanese: 1249年（建長6年）日本から中国（南宋）に渡った心地覚心が、中国普化宗16代目孫張参の弟子である宝伏・国佐・理正・僧恕の4人の居士を伴い、1254年に帰国することで、日本に伝わった。
English: Afterward, Kinsen (Konsen), who was a successor of Kakushin SHINCHI, emerged and established Ichigetsu-dera Temple in Kogane, Shimousa Province (present-day Kogane, Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture) on Tsunetoki HOJO's conversion to Buddhism, and constructed the dojo (training hall).
Japanese: その後、心地覚心の法孫にあたる靳全（金先）がでて、北条経時の帰依を受け、下総国小金（現在の千葉県松戸市小金）に一月寺を開創し、道場ができている。
English: By the way, it was in and after the early-modern times (the Edo period) that Fuke sect announced its name officially and acted as one religious school.
Japanese: なお、普化宗を公称し、一つの宗派として活動するのは、近世に入ってからである。
English: It hardly had any doctrine or religious inside substance, but treated shakuhachi as a ritual apparatus and played it to practice Zen or to do takuhatsu (a traditional form of begging, common to Buddhist monks in Japan).
Japanese: 教義や信仰上の内実はほとんどなく、尺八を法器と称して禅の修行や托鉢のために吹奏した。
English: It is believed that the sect also served as a secret agent, as they had various privileges such as the freedom to pass through all provinces.
Japanese: 諸国通行の自由など種々の特権を持っていたため隠密の役も務めたと言われる。
English: Because Fuke sect had been strongly connected with the Edo bakufu, the sect was dissolved by the government after entering into Meiji era in 1871, therefore the sect has been lost as a religious school.
Japanese: 江戸幕府との繋がりが強かったため、明治になって政府により1871年に解体され、宗派としては失われている。
English: However, the stream that hands down the characteristics of the sect through shakuhachi and kyotaku instructors still remains at present and it is an important factor in the history of shakuhachi music.
Japanese: しかし尺八や虚鐸の師匠としてその質を伝える流れが現在にも伝わっており、尺八楽の歴史上重要な存在である。
English: Japan is one of the largest Buddhist countries with about 96 million adherents (Agency for Cultural Affairs, 'Shukyo Nenkan' [Annual Statistics of Religion]).
Japanese: 日本は約9600万人が支持する一大仏教国である（文化庁「宗教年鑑」）。
English: There are estimated to be about 75,000 temples and more than 300,000 Buddhist statues, more than those of other Buddhist countries.
Japanese: 約75000の寺院、30万体以上あるといわれる仏像は、他の仏教国と比べても桁違いに多い。
English: On the other hand, most Japanese these days do not have a specific religion or religious beliefs, and have few opportunities to be conscious of themselves as Buddhists.
Japanese: 一方、現代の日本人は特定の信仰宗教、宗教観を持っていないものが大多数であり、自らを仏教徒と強く意識する機会は少ない。
English: This section describes the genealogy and sects of the thirteen sects of the traditional so-called thirteen sects and fifty-six schools.
Japanese: ここでは一定の伝統を有する伝統宗教のいわゆる十三宗五十六派の十三宗の系譜・宗派を記載する。
English: For sects other than the thirteen sects, those which split and became independent from the thirteen sects or other sects, the fifty-six schools or other schools, and relatively recent new religions derived from Buddhism, refer to the respective articles.
Japanese: 十三宗以外の宗、十三宗もしくは他の宗から分離・独立した宗、五十六派もしくはそれ以外の派、比較的近年に成立した仏教系の新宗教もしくは新興宗教については、それぞれの項を参照されたし。
English: Shingon sect (Tomitsu): founded by Kobo Daishi 'Kukai', head temples include To-ji Temple on Mt. Hachiman and Kongobu-ji Temple on Mt. Koya.
Japanese: 真言宗（東密）　開祖は弘法大師「空海」、本山は八幡山東寺・高野山金剛峰寺ほか
English: Tendai sect (Taimitsu): also called the Hokke En Sect, founded by Dengyo Daishi 'Saicho', head temples include Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
Japanese: 天台宗（台密）　法華円宗とも　開祖は伝教大師「最澄」、本山は比叡山延暦寺ほか
English: Jodo sect: founded by Enko Daishi 'Honen' (also called Genku, Kurodani Shonin and Yoshimizu Shonin), head temples include Chionin Temple on Mt. Kacho, Komyo-ji Temple on Mt. Hokoku (Nagaokakyo City), also known as Awafu Komyo-ji Temple, and Zenrin-ji Temple on Mt. Shojuraigo (Kyoto City).
Japanese: 浄土宗　開祖は円光大師「法然」（源空・黒谷上人・吉水上人とも）、本山は華頂山知恩院・報国山光明寺(長岡京市)（粟生光明寺）・聖衆来迎山禅林寺(京都市)ほか
English: Jodo Shinshu sect: also called the Shinshu sect or the Ikko sect, founded by Kenshin Daishi 'Shinran' (Shinran Shonin), head temples include Hongan-ji Temple on Mt. Ryukoku (Nishi Hongan-ji Temple) and Shinshu Honbyo Mausoleum (Higashi Hongan-ji Temple).
Japanese: 浄土真宗　真宗・一向宗とも　開祖は見真大師「親鸞」（親鸞聖人）、本山は龍谷山本願寺（西本願寺）・真宗本廟（東本願寺）ほか
English: Yuzu Nenbutsu sect: also called the Dainenbutsu sect (it is also regarded as of the Heian Buddhism line), founded by Shodaishi 'Ryonin,' the head temple is Dainenbutsu-ji Temple.
Japanese: 融通念仏宗　大念仏宗とも（平安仏教系との考えも）開祖は聖應大師「良忍」、本山は大念仏寺
English: Ji sect: founded by Shojo Daishi and Ensho Daishi 'Ippen' (also called Ippen Shonin or Chishin), the head temple is the Shojoko-ji Temple on Mt. Fujisawa (Yugyo-ji Temple).
Japanese: 時宗　開祖は証誠大師・円照大師「一遍」（一遍上人・智真とも）、本山は藤沢山清浄光寺（遊行寺）
English: Soto sect: founded by Joyo Daishi 'Dogen' (Dogen Zenji), head temples are Eihei-ji Temple on Mt. Kissho and Soji-ji Temple on Mt. Shogaku.
Japanese: 曹洞宗　開祖は承陽大師「道元」（道元禅師）、本山は吉祥山永平寺・諸嶽山總持寺
English: Rinzai sect: founders (in Japan) included Senko Kokushi 'Eisai' (Eisai Zenji), head temples include Kennin-ji Temple, Enkaku-ji Temple, Myoshin-ji Temple, and Tofuku-ji Temple.
Japanese: 臨済宗　（日本における）開祖は千光国師「栄西」（栄西禅師）ら、本山は建仁寺・円覚寺・妙心寺・東福寺ほか
English: Obaku sect: formerly the Obaku school of the Rinzai sect, founded by Shinku Daishi and Kako Daishi 'Ingen' (the origin of the Japanese word for kidney bean, 'ingenmame'), the head temple is Manpuku-ji Temple on Mt. Obaku.
Japanese: 黄檗宗（おうばくしゅう）　旧臨済宗黄檗派　開祖は真空大師・華光大師「隠元」（インゲンマメの語源）、本山は黄檗山萬福寺
English: According to "Nihonshoki" (The Chronicles of Japan), Buddhism was introduced during the Asuka period when, in 552, King Seong of Baekje sent a gilt bronze statue of Buddha, sutras and other items.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によると、仏教が伝来したのは飛鳥時代、552年（欽明天皇13年）に百済の聖明王から釈迦如来の金銅像と経論他が贈られた時だとされている。
English: However, based on the phrases "the twelfth day of the tenth month in the year tsuchinoe-uma (583), during the reign of Emperor Kishishima (Kinmei)" in "Jogu Shotoku Hoo Teisetsu" (a biography of Prince Shotoku) and "the twelfth month of the year tsuchinoe-uma, the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Amekuni Oshiharuki Hironiwa (Kinmei)" in "Gango-ji Garan Engi" (a history of the origins of Gango-ji Temple), many people seem to think that Buddhism was introduced in 538.
Japanese: しかし、現在では『上宮聖徳法王帝説』（聖徳太子の伝記）の「志癸島天皇御世戊午年十月十二日」や『元興寺伽藍縁起』（元興寺の成り立ち・変遷を記述したもの）の「天國案春岐廣庭天皇七年歳戊午十二月」を根拠に538年（戊午年、宣化天皇3年）に仏教が伝えられたと考える人が多いようである。
English: According to "Nihonshoki," the introduction of Buddhism caused an uproar.
Japanese: 仏教が伝来した際に、次のような騒ぎが起こったと『日本書紀』に書かれている。
English: When Emperor Kinmei asked retainers about the pros and cons of Buddhism, Shintoists such as MONONOBE no Okoshi and NAKATOMI no Kamako were against it.
Japanese: 欽明天皇が、仏教を信仰の可否について群臣に問うた時、物部尾輿と中臣鎌子ら（神道勢力）は仏教に反対した。
English: On the other hand, SOGA no Iname said, "All people in countries to the West believe in Buddhism. How can Japanese people not help but believe in it?" and told him to convert to Buddhism.
Japanese: 一方、蘇我稲目は、西の国々はみんな仏教を信じている。日本もどうして信じないでおれようか（「西蕃諸國一皆禮之,豐秋日本豈獨背也」）として、仏教に帰依したいと言った。
English: After that, plagues became prevalent and Okoshi and the others, believing that 'because he worshipped a foreign god (Buddha), he has brought the wrath of the gods of the land down upon us', set fire to the temple and threw the statue into a canal at Nanba.
Japanese: その後、疫病が流行ると、尾輿らは、外国から来た神（仏）を拝んだので、国津神の怒りを買ったのだ（「昔日不須臣計致斯病死今不遠而復必當有慶宜早投棄懃求後福」）として、寺を焼き仏像を難波の掘江に捨てた。
English: The dispute over the pros and cons of Buddhism was continued by MONONOBE no Okoshi and SOGA no Iname's children (MONONOBE no Moriya and SOGA no Umako) and lasted until MONONOBE no Moriya was killed in the conflict concerning Emperor Yomei's successor.
Japanese: その後、仏教の可否を巡る争いは物部尾輿・蘇我稲目の子供達（物部守屋と蘇我馬子）の代にまで持ち越され、用明天皇の後継者を巡る争いで物部守屋が滅亡されるまで続いた。
English: In this battle, Prince Umayado (later called Prince Shotoku) fought on the Umako side.
Japanese: この戦いでは厩戸皇子（後に聖徳太子と呼ばれる）が馬子側に参戦していた。
English: Prince Umayado prayed to the Four Heavenly Kings ('shitenno' in Japanese) for victory in the battle and had Shitenno-ji Temple built in Settsu Province (Tennoji Ward, Osaka City) when his prayers were answered.
Japanese: 厩戸皇子は四天王に願をかけて戦に勝てるように祈り、その通りになった事から摂津国に四天王寺（大阪市天王寺区）を建立した。
English: Umako also prayed to various 'tenno' and 'shinno' (guardian deities), vowing that he would have temples built for them and spread the three treasures of Buddhism, or 'sanpo', if he were victorious.
Japanese: 馬子も諸天王・大神王たちに願をかけ、戦勝の暁には、諸天王・大神王のために寺塔を建てて三宝を広めることを誓った。
English: For this reason, Umako had Hoko-ji Temple (also known as Asuka-dera Temple, and called Gango-ji Temple after it moved to Nara) built.
Japanese: このため、馬子は法興寺（別名飛鳥寺、奈良に移ってからは元興寺）を建立した。
English: Prince Umayado played an active role in the introduction of Buddhism, writing the "Sankyogisho" commentaries on the three sutras of "Hokke-kyo" (the Lotus Sutra), "Yuimagyo" (Vimalakirti Sutra) and "Shomangyo" (Srimala Sutra) and the second article of the Seventeen-Article Constitution, which states, "Sincerely revere the three treasures; the three treasures are the Buddha, his laws and the priesthood".
Japanese: 厩戸皇子は『法華経』・『維摩経』・『勝鬘経』の三つの経の解説書（『三経義疏』）を書き、『十七条憲法』の第二条に、「篤（あつく）く三宝を敬へ三寶とは佛（ほとけ）法（のり）僧（ほうし）なり」（「篤敬三寶三寶者佛法僧也」）と書くなど、仏教の導入に積極的な役割を果たした。
English: After that, Buddhism became a tool for the protection of the nation and the Imperial family willingly had temples built.
Japanese: この後、仏教は国家鎮護の道具となり、天皇家自ら寺を建てるようになった。
English: In accordance with the development of Buddhism in China and Japan, the 'soni-ryo' or Monks and Nuns Act, which determined the regulation of monks and nuns (not of Buddhism itself) was introduced as part of Ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 中国や日本では仏教の発展に伴い律令法の中に僧尼の統制（仏教そのものの統制ではない）を定めた法令（僧尼令）が導入された。
English: However, it is interesting that, while in China the priesthood was persecuted for opposing Confucian ethics by destroying the order of the 'family', in Japan it was incorporated into the bureaucracy through the 'soni-ryo' and the Sogo (Office of Monastic Affairs) and official certification system under the concept of 'nation protection' (priests with ranks such as 'Sojo' or 'Sozu' were government officials, or 'sokan', literally 'priest officials', under the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: だが、中国では、仏教の出家が「家」の秩序を破壊するなど、儒教論理に合わないとされ迫害されたのに対し、日本では「鎮護国家」の発想の下、「僧尼令」や僧綱・度牒制度が導入されて官僚組織の一員とまで化したのは興味深いことだと言える（僧正・僧都などは律令制で定められた僧官）。
English: In addition, it is also thought that such regulation was different between official temples built by nation and private temples built by nobles and common people.
Japanese: もっともこうした統制について国家が建立した官寺とそれ以外の貴族や民衆によって建てられた民間寺院（私寺）とでは温度差があったともされる。
English: It is controversial how regulation against the latter was implemented.
Japanese: 後者に対する統制がどこまで行われていたかについては意見が分かれている。
English: As a result, the Sanron, Jojitsu, Hosso, Kusha, Ritsu and Kegon sects, known as the 'Nanto Rokusho', became dominant.
Japanese: こうした「南都六宗」と呼ばれた、三論宗、成実宗、法相宗、倶舎宗、律宗、華厳宗などが大勢を極めた。
English: Therefore, he ordered the construction of provincial monasteries and nunneries and had the statue of the Buddha Vairocana (Birushana in Japanese) made in Todai-ji Temple, a provincial temple in Yamato Province.
Japanese: 国分寺、国分尼寺の建造を命じ、大和国の国分寺である東大寺に東大寺盧舎那仏像を建造をした。
English: As Buddhism became established, there arose the theory of 'honji-suijaku' in which Japanese gods were held to actually be incarnations of Buddha.
Japanese: 仏教が定着するにつれて、実は日本の神々も仏が化身として現れた「権現」であるという考えである本地垂迹説が起こった。
English: The 'honji' (true form of the Buddha) for various gods were decided upon and sometimes images of gods were based on monks.
Japanese: 様々の神の本地（仏）が定められ、神像が僧侶の形で制作されることがあった。
English: However, as Buddhism gained popularity, the number of priests who ignored religious precepts increased, so that Jianzhen was invited during Emperor Shomu's reign.
Japanese: しかし、仏法が盛んになってくると、今度は戒律などを無視する僧などが増えたりしたため、聖武天皇の時代に鑑真が招かれた。
English: Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-kyo (present-day Kyoto) in order to weaken their influence and sent Kukai and Saicho to China with the Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty to learn Esoteric Buddhism.
Japanese: 桓武天皇は、彼らの影響力を弱めるために平安京に遷都し、空海及び最澄を遣唐使とともに中国に送り出し、密教を学ばせた。
English: He gave Mt. Hiei to Saicho (the Tendai sect) and Mt. Koya to Kukai (the Shingon sect), and made them found temples to spread Esoteric Buddhism.
Japanese: 最澄（天台宗）、空海（真言宗）には、それぞれ比叡山と高野山を与えて寺院を開かせ、密教を広めさせた。
English: It was thought that after one thousand years of 'Shobo' (True Dharma) and one thousand years of 'Zobo' (Imitation Dharma), the age of Mappo (Final Dharma), the dark age when Buddhism perished, would begin.
Japanese: 正法の千年・像法の千年の後、仏教が滅びる暗黒時代、すなわち末法の世が始まったと考えられた。
English: This situation led to the popularity of Jodo-shinko (Pure Land Buddhism), which prayed for happiness in the after life.
Japanese: このような人々の状況から、ひたすら来世の幸せを願う浄土信仰が流行した。
English: The nobles relied on Amida Buddha and, hoping to be welcomed to the Sukhavati paradise, had many 'raigo-zu' (images of the Amida Buddha's descent to welcome the dying) drawn and ultimately had Byodo-in Temple built at Uji.
Japanese: 貴族も阿弥陀仏にすがり、極楽浄土に迎えられることを願って来迎図などを盛んに描かせ、その究極として宇治の地に平等院を建立した。
English: The temple's Hoo-do Hall (Phoenix Hall) was a copy of the Amida Buddha's palace in Sukhavati.
Japanese: その鳳凰堂の姿形は、正に極楽の阿弥陀仏の宮殿（くうでん）を模したものである。
English: However, towards the end of the Heian period, social unrest spread and there was an increased risk of large temples, which owned vast tracts of land and had grown wealthy, attracting thieves.
Japanese: だが、平安時代末期に入ると社会不安が増大し、広大な所領の持ち主であり裕福であった大寺院は盗賊などに狙われる危険性が高くなった。
English: As a result, both priests and the laity took up arms, becoming known as 'sohei' (warrior monks), to guard against invaders from outside.
Japanese: そこでこうした外部からの侵入者から防衛するために僧侶や信徒が武装したのが僧兵である。
English: This use of military force to attack opposing sects and temples and to influence the Imperial Court became another source of social unrest.
Japanese: 対立宗派・寺院への攻撃や朝廷への強訴などの武力行使を行う集団として社会の不安要素の1つになっていった。
English: In addition, fortified temples with stone walls and moats within the precincts began to appear.
Japanese: また、寺院内に石垣や堀を巡らせる等の一種の城塞化を進める寺院も現れた。
English: Although mainstream Buddhism had emphasized ceremonies and study for the nation and nobles under the name of 'nation protection,' it gradually changed to emphasize salvation of the common people.
Japanese: それまでの仏教の主流が「鎮護国家」を標榜した国家や貴族のための儀式や研究に置かれていたものが、次第に民衆の救済のためのものとなっていったのである。
English: Centered on the priests who studied at Mt. Hiei, a popularization of Buddhism popular was planned and new sects were established.
Japanese: 主として叡山で学んだ僧侶によって仏教の民衆化が図られ、新しい宗派が作られていった。
English: Unlike conventional sects, these sects preached a simple teaching ('igyo', literally 'easy progress') which could be practiced by lay believers in their spare time instead of difficult theories and severe ascetic practices.
Japanese: これらの宗派では、それまでの宗派と違い、難しい理論や厳しい修行ではなく、在家の信者が生活の合間に実践できるような易しい教え（易行）が説かれている。
English: These sects had all been suppressed by conventional sects until they had become established but, at the same time, they led innovations in the old religious sects.
Japanese: これらの宗派は、定着するまで例外なく既存の宗派に弾劾されたが、同時に旧宗派の革新も引き起こした。
English: Since it criticized other sects and insisted that the nation would be ruined without reciting the Nichiren chant, it was strongly suppressed by the shogunate.
Japanese: 他宗を非難し題目を唱えなければ国が滅ぶと言い、幕府に強く弾圧された。
English: However, after it spread down to the common people, this suppression was gradually reduced.
Japanese: しかし、民衆に浸透し一般化すると、この弾圧も次第に沈静化していった。
English: The Kamakura period was a time when the samurai were usurping power from the nobility and gradually gaining strength.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代は、武士が貴族から権力を奪い、力を着々とつけていた時代でもあった。
English: In this period, the two Zen sects of the Rinzai sect and the Soto sect were introduced from China one after another.
Japanese: この時代には臨済宗と曹洞宗という二つの禅宗が、相次いで中国からもたらされた。
English: Since these sects were favored by the increasingly powerful samurai, many Zen temples were built in Kamakura and other places, where they flourished.
Japanese: 力をつけつつあった武士に好まれた事から、鎌倉などに多くの禅寺が建てられ、大いに栄えた。
English: Some sects, in particular the Ritsu sect and its off-shoot the Shingon Ritsu sect, were even more reform-minded than the new sects, for example, not only did they participate in the salvation of the common people through social work but also rejected the state-proscribed kaidan and began their own original 'jukai' (handing down the precepts) ceremonies.
Japanese: 特に律宗やそこから派生した真言律宗などでは社会事業などに乗り出しながら民衆の救済に加わるだけではなく、自ら国家の指定した戒壇を拒否して独自の授戒儀式を開始するなど、新しい宗派よりも革新的な動きすら見せた。
English: The Kamakura shogunate fell in 1333 and, from the period of the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, the center of politics moved to Kyoto.
Japanese: 1333年に鎌倉幕府が滅亡し、南北朝時代(日本)から室町時代には政治的中心地は京都に移る。
English: After Takauji ASHIKAGA established a military government in Kyoto, the five temples of the Zen sect, which had long been popular among samurai, were established and the Rinzai sect came under the protection of the shogunate.
Japanese: 足利尊氏が京都に武家政権を成立させると、以前から武士に人気のあった禅宗の五山が定められ、臨済宗は幕府に保護される。
English: At the beginning of the Muromachi period, the Zen sect, such as Nanzen-ji Temple, and the old Buddhist groups, such as Enryaku-ji Temple, often clashed, causing political problems for the new shogunate.
Japanese: 室町時代の初期には南禅寺などの禅宗と旧仏教勢力の延暦寺などの天台宗は対立し、初期の幕府において政治問題にもなる。
English: In addition, Soseki MUSO and his disciple Myoha SHUNOKU, who cooperated with Takauji's dispatching of trade vessels to the Yuan dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple, also had political influence.
Japanese: また、尊氏の天龍寺船の派遣に協力した夢窓疎石や弟子の春屋妙葩は政治的にも影響力を持った。