nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Furthermore not only the wrecked ship, but many other Jishazoeiryotosen in this period were considered to have been in effect mainly sponsored by trading merchants based in Hakata.
Japanese: さらに新安沈船に限らず、この時期の寺社造営料唐船の多くは本来、博多を拠点とした商人が主体であったとする。
English: Since the start of trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty during the Heian period, there had been a residential area called 'Tobo' or 'Daitogai,' residential areas in which merchants from Northern Sung Dynasty resided.
Japanese: 博多には平安時代の日宋貿易以来、北宋から渡来した商人が居を構える「唐房」あるいは「大唐街」と呼ばれる街域があった。
English: However, the residential area had became smaller because such merchants returned to China or settled in Japan with the collapse of the Sung Dynasty.
Japanese: だがモンゴル帝国の南下による宋の衰亡により、大陸へ帰還したり日本へ土着する者が現れるなどで縮小していた。
English: Therefore, trading merchants had to navigate ships constantly without staying in Hakata long.
Japanese: そこで、貿易商人が博多に長く滞留することなく、船を早く回航する必要が生じた。
English: In these situations, competing merchants joined hands with the political force of Japan (samurai families or families that own and resided in temples) with a pretext of building temples and shrines to compete with more profitable conditions.
Japanese: そんな中、競合商人が少しでも有利な条件で参入するために「寺社造営」という看板を掲げることで、日本の政治権力（武家、寺家）と提携した。
English: Although there were, in fact, several cases where the bakufu ordered Saigoku-gokenin to guard Tosen running along domestic coasts, the government did not guard the ships after they ran out into the open sea and basically left the guard to the merchants..
Japanese: 実際、幕府が国内沿岸を運行する唐船の警固を西国の御家人に命じた例がいくつか見られるものの、外洋に出た後の航海は護衛せず、基本的には商人たちに放任されていた。
English: Also a record that Yuan officials on the alert for wako obstructed the entry of a Tenryujibune into harbor when it tried to land Yuan shows that an official approval of the bakufu was substantially ineffective (which did not establish its identity of not being a smuggling ships [wako]).
Japanese: また天龍寺船の天龍寺船が入元の際、倭寇を警戒する元の官憲に入港を阻止されていることは、幕府の公的な公認というものが実質上の意味（密貿易船（倭寇）ではないことの証明）を有していなかったことを示している。
English: The bakufu's part in the trading may have been less active than ever believed.
Japanese: 従来思われていたほど、幕府は積極的に関与したわけではないと思われる。
English: In addition, the wrecked ship found in Shinan, South Korea is considered to have been made of Ficus microcarpa originating from the Konan region, China and of a junk type that was often seen in Southern China.
Japanese: また、新安沈船の建材は中国江南地方産のガジュマルと見られ、型式も中国南部でよく見られるジャンクである。
English: This shows the possibility that a merchant who became the Goji were from China or that the trading ship had been built in China.
Japanese: このことから、綱司となった商人も中国人であったり、商船の建造が中国で行われた可能性もある。
English: At that time, however, nationality may have hardly mattered to such traders, including the wako involved in smuggling, along the coasts on national borders
Japanese: しかし当時、密貿易に関わる倭寇も含め、このような国境沿岸の貿易商にとっては、国籍はそれほど意味をもたなかったと思われる。
English: Historical material of the Yuan Dynasty shows that vessels coming from Hakata, no matter where the Goji came from, was dealt with as a Japanese (wako) vessel.
Japanese: 元側の史料では、綱司の出身国にかかわらず、博多から来航した船は日本船（倭船）として扱われている。
English: Jishazoeiryotosen commonly took the route between Hakata and Neiha City (later Ningbo, Mingzhou) but sometimes used the seaport in Fuzhou instead of Qingyuan.
Japanese: 寺社造営料唐船は、主に博多と寧波市（後の明州、寧波）を結ぶルートを往還したが、慶元の代わりに福州市港が利用されたこともある。
English: In 1306, a Shomyo-ji zoeiryotosen was dispatched to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Shomyo-ji Temple (Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City).
Japanese: 嘉元4年（1306年）、称名寺(横浜市)（現横浜市金沢区）造営料獲得のため派遣。
English: An ancient document of the Kanazawa Library describes that Shunnyobo Kaiyo (俊如房快誉), a priest of the Shomyo-ji Temple went on board it.
Japanese: 称名寺の僧である俊如房快誉が乗船したことが金沢文庫の古文書に見られる。
English: At that time, Sesson Yubai, a Zen priest of Kennin-ji Temple entered Yuan, which may have related to this Tosen.
Japanese: なお、この時期に建仁寺の禅僧雪村友梅が入元しているが、この唐船と関連していた可能性もある。
English: When trouble between Shihakushi and Japanese merchants triggered arson and looting on a street in Neiha City, Sesson Yubai was arrested and charged with being a spy.
Japanese: 寧波市の市舶司と日本商人との間のトラブルにより街が放火・掠奪される事件があり、間諜（スパイ）の容疑で雪村友梅が捕えられている。
English: To make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Gokuraku-ji Temple (Kamakura City) (present-day Kamakura City) that burnt down in a fire, Enrinbo (円琳坊) went to the capital (Kyoto) for a purpose of visiting Tang and soon left for Chikuzen Province in 1308.
Japanese: 徳治3年（1308年）に火災で焼失した極楽寺(鎌倉市)（現鎌倉市）の修復費用の確保のため、極楽寺の円琳坊が渡唐のため上洛、近日筑前国へ下向している。
English: A large amount of tsumini mokkan were included in the relics pulled up from a sunken ship, which was discovered in Shinan, South Korea in 1976, as if it reveals who sponsored the dispatch of the Tosen.
Japanese: 唐船の派遣主体のごとく、1976年に韓国の新安で発見された沈没船から引き揚げられた遺物の中に、大量の積荷木簡が含まれていた。
English: Such names as 'Goji,' 'Tofuku-ji Temple,' and 'Hakozakihachiman-gu Shrine' are found on many of these mokkan.
Japanese: 木簡の中には「綱司」「東福寺」「筥崎八幡宮」などと記されたものが多数ある。
English: A trading ship bound for Hakata from China is believed to have sunk for some reason.
Japanese: 中国から博多へ向かっていた交易船が何らかの理由で沈没したものと思われる。
English: This ship is presumed to have been a Tosen dispatched to raise funds to construct Tofuku-ji Temple burnt down in 1319, because words 'ten kan (an unit of currency) for public use' are found on the back side of the mokkan with 'Tofuku-ji Temple' on it.
Japanese: 「東福寺」と記された木簡の裏に「十貫公用」などの字が見られることから、この船は元応元年（1319年）に焼失した東福寺の造営料を名目として派遣された唐船であることが推測される。
English: This ship is believed to have entered Yuan in 1323 and the Tofuku-ji Temple was reconstructed two years later in March, 1325.
Japanese: この船は元亨3年（1323年）に入元したと思われ、2年後の正中(日本)2年（1325年）2月、東福寺は無事修復されている。
English: A ship (also known as Kenchojibune) was dispatched for the purpose of contriving funds to repair Kencho-ji Temple and Kencho-ji Buddhist Temple in Kamakura City burnt down in a fire in August 1325.
Japanese: 正中2年（1325年）7月、火災で焼失した鎌倉の勝長寿院・建長寺伽藍の修繕料捻出を名目に派遣（俗に建長寺船と呼ばれる）。
English: The orders to guard the domestic (sea) route were given to Chikuzen Province in the outward journey and the Satsuma Province for the return trip.
Japanese: 国内航路に関しては、往路は筑前国守護代、復路は薩摩国守護代にそれぞれ警固が命じられている。
English: The dispatch originally had been scheduled a year earlier in 1324, but was put off due to Shochu Disturbance.
Japanese: 本来は前年の正中(元号)元年（1324年）に派遣される予定であったが、正中の変により延期された。
English: On the other hand, Zen priests in Yuan, Seisetsu Shocho (at the request of Takatoki HOJO), as well as Japanese priests, Kosen Ingen and Muin Genkai are believed to have been on board traveling to and return from Japan.
Japanese: また逆に、元の禅僧清拙正澄（得宗北条高時が来日を要請）や、すでに渡元していた日本僧古先印元・無隠元晦らが同船し、来日・帰国を果たしたと見られる。
English: A letter sent to Sadayuki HOJO (Rokuhara Tandai [an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto]), a son of the regent, Sadaaki HOJO at an unknown date (1329 is the widely-accepted theory) says that Kotoku-in zoeiryotosen (a group of traveling vessels that were dispatched to the Yuan dynasty in order to make profits to cover the costs of repair and construction of Kotoku-in Temple) was scheduled to travel to Sung in the following year.
Japanese: 年次不明（元徳元年（1329年）説が有力）の前執権北条貞顕の息子北条貞将（六波羅探題）宛て書状に、翌春に高徳院造営料唐船が渡宋する予定であると書かれている。
English: However, it is unknown whether the Tosen in effect offered the cost for the construction expenses of Kotoku-in Temple (Kamakura Great Buddha).
Japanese: しかし、実際に唐船が高徳院（鎌倉大仏）に造営費を納めたかどうかは不明である。
English: Zen priests such as Sesson Yubai, who had entered Yuan, and a high priests in Yuan, Minki Soshun and Jikusen Bonsen are believed to have reached Japan using 'a commercial vessel' this year (believed to have been a Japanese ship that had reached Fuzhou during the previous year).
Japanese: この年、日本から入元していた雪村友梅や、元の高僧である明極楚俊・竺仙梵僊ら禅僧が「商船で」日本へ渡来している（その前年に福州に入港した日本船と見られる）。
English: When the ship returned to Yuan, it may have been designated as Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen.
Japanese: この船が再び元へ回航する際に、関東大仏造営料唐船として指定された可能性がある。
English: It was a Tosen dispatched in 1332 for the purpose of making profits to cover the costs of construction of Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Settsu Province (present-day Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City).
Japanese: 元弘2年（1332年）に摂津国住吉大社（現大阪市住吉区）の造営料を得る名目で派遣された唐船。
English: Therefore, the ship, like Kanto-daibutsu zoeiryotosen above, is believed to have been designated as Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen when it traveled to Yuan again.
Japanese: このことから、上記の関東大仏造営料唐船と同様、この船が元へ再航する際に住吉神社造営料唐船に指定されたと思われる。
English: A record says that trading ships had been suspended for ten years before the Tenryu-ji zoeiryotosen mentioned later was dispatched in 1342, indicating that this Sumiyoshi-jinja zoeiryotosen was the last Jishazoeiryotosen during the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 後述の天龍寺船派遣（1342年）の際に日元間の貿易船が10年間途絶していたとあることから、この住吉社船が鎌倉時代における最後の寺社造営料唐船である。
English: Advised by Muso Soseki after the demise of Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Dynasty (Japan) in 1339, Takauji ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Northern Dynasty (Japan) decided to build Tenryu-ji Temple (present day Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City).
Japanese: 延元4年（1339年）南朝(日本)の後醍醐天皇の崩御を受け、北朝(日本)の征夷大将軍足利尊氏が夢窓疎石の勧めに従って天龍寺（現京都市右京区）の創建を決意する。
English: However the Muromachi Bakufu, which had just been established, did not have sufficient financial ability under the disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
Japanese: しかし成立間もない室町幕府は南北朝の動乱のなか財政的余裕はなかった。
English: On February 7, 1342, vice-shogun Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA followed the example of the Kamakura bakufu in seeking advice of Muso and proposed the dispatch of zoeiryososen (trading vessels) in Autumn of the next year.
Japanese: 副将軍・足利直義は暦応4年12月23日(旧暦)（1342年1月30日）鎌倉幕府の例にならい、夢窓と相談の上、翌年秋に造営料宋船の派遣を提案した。
English: Shihon promised to offer 5,000 kanmon regardless of the outcome of the trading, and sailed to Yuan in September 1342 as scheduled.
Japanese: 至本は貿易の成否に関わらず、帰国時に現金5000貫文を納めることを約して、予定通り翌康永元年（1342年）8月に元へ渡航。
English: However it is said that Chinese officials prevented the entry of the ship into Ming, and only 11 priests were permitted to enter Ming, because, after the Wako Incidents between 1335 and 1336, the Yuan regarded Japanese vessels arriving in Neiha City (Meishu (Ningbo), later Neiha) as pirate ships and strictly restricted them from going in and out of the port.
Japanese: 元側では1335年から1336年にかけての倭寇事件を契機に、寧波市（明州、のちの寧波）に入港する日本船を海賊船と見なして、港の出入を厳しく制限していたため、明の官憲に阻まれ、入明を果たしたのは愚中ら11人のみだったという。
English: With the profits from this Tosen, the Tenryu-ji Temple was built and completed in November 1343.
Japanese: この唐船の利益をもとに天龍寺の建立が行われ、康永2年（1343年）11月竣工している。
English: The dispatch was planned by a medical doctor Nyudo Dosen (入道道仙) in Tajima Province in 1367 for repair and construction of the Ryobyoin.
Japanese: 貞治6年（1367年）医師の但馬国入道道仙が寮病院造営のために計画したが、中止されている。
English: The Yuan Dynasty was threatened by the newly emerged Ming Dynasty, and pressed northward to the Mongolian plateau (to become Hokugen - the successor of the Mongol Dynasty) the following year.
Japanese: 翌年、元は新興の明王朝に圧迫され、北のモンゴル高原へ後退した（北元）。
English: The age of trading vessels dispatched to Yuan ended because the grounds given to Tosen disappeared under the confusion of the central governments of both Japan and China due to the fall of Yuan as well as continued disturbances between Northern and Southern Dynasties.
Japanese: 元の滅亡や南北朝動乱の継続により、日中双方の中央政体が混乱し、唐船に与える名目も喪失したため、寺社造営料唐船の時代は終わりを告げた。
English: However the necessity for the trading vessels never faded because the development of money economy required a large quantity of copper coins in Japan, where coins were not cast in those days, and because the demands for Chinese products of culture including ceramic ware, pottery, and chinaware called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were still intense.
Japanese: しかし、当時銭貨を鋳造していなかった日本では貨幣経済の発達に伴い、大量の銅銭を必要とし、また「唐物」と呼ばれる陶磁器を初めとした中国の文物の需要も依然旺盛で、貿易船の必要性が減ずることはなかった。
English: This led to the prevalence of private trading ships taking advantage of the domestic confusion, resulting in the emergence of piracy, or so called 'early wako' along Konan coasts and Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: そのため国内の混乱にも乗じて私貿易船が横行し、いわゆる「前期倭寇」と呼ばれる、江南沿岸や朝鮮半島への海賊行為も行うようになった。
English: The new Ming Dynasty established in 1368 following the retreat of Yuan had a strong Sinocentrism coming from a pretension as a dynasty that was able to recapture the Chinese style from Mongolia.
Japanese: 元の後退で1368年に成立した新王朝・明は、モンゴルから中華を奪回した王朝としての自負から強烈な中華思想を指向していた。
English: It did not authorize private trading but attempted to authorize only the official international tribute trading called sakuho system (the Chinese vassal system) (Kaikin Policy [the policy to forbid private people to trade with foreign countries]).
Japanese: 私的な交易は認めず、冊封体制と呼ばれる国家間の公式な朝貢貿易に限定しようとした（海禁政策）。
English: In 1368, Emperor Kobu (Shu GENSHO) soon announced the establishment of the new dynasty and requests for tributes to neighboring foreign countries.
Japanese: 1368年に早くも洪武帝は新王朝建国の報告と朝貢要求を近隣諸外国に発信た。
English: In Japan, where disturbances between the Northern and Southern Courts had not been contained (in particular in Kyushu district including Hakata), Imperial Prince Kanenaga (Kaneyoshi) of the Southern Court who received a messenger from Ming was sealed as 'King of Japan.'
Japanese: 日本側では南北朝の動乱が（特に博多を含む九州においては）収まっておらず、当時九州の有力者であった南朝側の懐良親王が明の使者に応じて「日本国王」に封ぜられている。
English: However Imperial Prince Kanenaga who did not have the financial abilities to host the tribute trade nor the force of the navy to crack down on wako left the status without meeting the Ming expectations.
Japanese: しかし懐良親王には朝貢貿易を主催する財力も、倭寇を取り締まる海軍力もなく、明の期待に沿えぬまま退場した。
English: The trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China (the tally trade - between Japan and the Ming Dynasty) started from the early 15th century when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA who unified the Northern and Southern Courts and established his stable political administration officially received sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) from Ming Dynasty.
Japanese: 南北朝を統一し、安定政権を築いた足利義満が、正式に明からの冊封を受けることで、15世紀初頭から日明貿易（勘合貿易）が開始するのである。
English: Insei period culture (culture during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor) or the culture of the end of the Heian period refers to Japanese culture from the end of Heian period, the latter half of the 11th century to the period when the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was founded, the end of the 12th century.
Japanese: 院政期文化（いんせいきぶんか）または平安末期文化（へいあんまっきぶんか）とは、平安時代末葉の11世紀後半から鎌倉幕府成立に至る12世紀末にかけての日本の文化。
English: The Insei period was positioned as the transitional period in Japanese society history when the court noble force deteriorated while the samurai force was extended.
Japanese: 院政期は、日本社会史上、貴族勢力の衰退と武士勢力の伸長という過渡期に位置していた。
English: The Insei period was the period when temples and shrines were becoming secular through Buddhism protection measures by Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power).
Japanese: 院政期は、治天の君による仏教保護政策などによって寺社の世俗化のおおいに進展した時期であった。
English: On the other side, missionaries emerged who did not like the secularism of temples and shrines, did not belong to a particular temple or shrine and were called 'hijiri' (a saint) or 'shonin' (a high priest), and they brought the teachings of Jodo (Pure Land) sect to people from the capital, Kyoto through local regions.
Japanese: その反面では、こうした寺社の世俗化をきらって特定の寺院に属さない「聖」や「上人」とよばれる民間布教者があらわれ、とくに浄土教の教えを京都の都はもとより地方へも広めていった時期である。
English: Shirakawa (suburb of Kyoto) connecting Kyoto and Sakamoto which is an key port along Lake Biwa, was lined up with Rikushoji (The Six Victorious Temples).
Japanese: 京と琵琶湖岸の要津坂本とをつなぐ白河(洛外)の地には六勝寺が建ち並んでいた。
English: In Kitano-jinja Shrine, its vicinity and the southern suburb of Kyoto in the vicinity of Toba (suburb of Kyoto) where many detached palaces were built were becoming a new city with access to the Uji-gawa River or Yodo-gawa River.
Japanese: 北野神社とその周辺、さらにまた、多くの離宮が建てられた鳥羽(洛外)周辺の京都南郊もまた淀川や淀川と結びついて新たな都市的空間となりつつあった。
English: Kyoto at that time exhibited an aspect of a new city, and various arts were thriving there due to the strengthened imperial power.
Japanese: 当時の京都は、このように全体として新都市の様相を呈しており、そこでは王権の強化にともなう各種の美術品の創作がみられた。
English: Since In (the Retired Emperor) wished to revive the ancient state, those arts practiced at that time added a nostalgic touch.
Japanese: 院は、古代国家の復活を願ったところから、その芸術には復古的な傾向がうかがわれた。
English: In detached palaces or the hozo (treasure house) of a palace, treasure was collected from in and outside of the country, and the imperial power was represented by various means.
Japanese: 離宮や御所の宝蔵には国内外の宝物が集められ、王権はさまざまな形で表現された。
English: Those tendencies were prominent in structural remnants from temple architecture such as; the Chuson-ji Temple Konjiki-do Hall (golden hall) in Hiraizumi in Tohoku region, the Shiramizu Amida-do Hall (temple hall having an enshrined image of Amitabha) in Mutsu Province, the Sanbutsu-ji Temple in Hoki Province, and Fuki-ji Temple in Bungo Province.
Japanese: それはおもに東北地方平泉の中尊寺金色堂、陸奥国の白水阿弥陀堂、伯耆国の三仏寺、豊後国の富貴寺など、寺院建築の遺構にその傾向が顕著にうかがえる。
English: The high standard in local regions at that time was recognized through Itsukushima-jinja Shrine in Aki Province that was associated with TAIRA no Kiyomori.
Japanese: また平清盛ゆかりの安芸国の厳島神社も当時の地方の文化水準の高さを物語る。
English: It was the Insei period when the interests of fallen court nobles moved to the common people or samurai, an emerging class.
Japanese: 没落しつつある貴族層の関心が庶民や新興階級である武士に向かったのも院政期であった。
English: This is recognized through written military records, compiled stories, or subjects on a picture scroll, a new type of painting at the time.
Japanese: それは、軍記物の執筆や説話集の編纂、また、新しい絵画ジャンルである絵巻物の画題などにもよくあらわれている。
English: In addition, cultural interests including "Ryojin hisho" (folk song collection) compiled by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa, or dengaku (a style of dancing and music performed in association with rice planting) that was very popular regardless of one's rank, were widely exchanged between court nobles and common people.
Japanese: さらに、後白河法皇による『梁塵秘抄』の編纂や、芸能化され貴賤問わず大流行した田楽のように、貴族と庶民の文化交流も広汎にみられた。
English: Yoshio YAMADA separated the Insei period from the Heian period, and merged it together with the Kamakura period claiming it was more like the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 山田孝雄は平安時代のうちから院政期を分け、むしろ鎌倉時代と違いがないとした。
English: He defined the term as 'Insei Kamakura period' for the Insei period, and this is widely accepted today.
Japanese: 「院政鎌倉時代」という言語上の時代区分を設け、それは現在広く受け入れられている。
English: The conjugation system in bungotai (Japanese literary style), relating and ending rules, and distinction in forty seven kana (characters) that are taught in 'kobun' (Japanese classics) of Japanese language (subject) education, were based on the middle of the Heian period, and it can be said that it was during the Insei period that they started to collapse.
Japanese: 日本の国語(教科)教育の「古文」で教えられる文語体(日本語)の活用体系や係り結びの法則、47文字の仮名(文字)の区別は平安中期のものを基準としているが、院政期はこれらが崩れてくる時期ととらえられる。
English: The phonological distinction between 'o' and 'wo' was considered to have faded out around the end of the 11th century.
Japanese: 「お」と「を」の間に音韻上の区別がなくなったのも11世紀末頃と考えられている。
English: In general, Insei period culture was significantly characterized by the tendency for cultural interests of court nobles to be shifted from life in Kyoto to local regions, common people, past (history), and the eruption of samurai and popular culture.
Japanese: 院政期文化は総じて、貴族の文化的関心が都での現実生活から、地方、庶民、過去（歴史）へと向かう傾向が顕著であり、また、武士・庶民文化の萌芽もみられる点を大きな特色としている。
English: The thought of Mappo was a destined historical standpoint advocating the deterioration and downfall of Buddhism based on the divided periods mentioned above.
Japanese: 末法思想とは、こうした時代区分にもとづく仏法衰滅を説く宿命的歴史観である。
English: In the middle of the Heian period, the theory of 1,000 years for Shobo and Zobo was popular, and the year 1052 was considered to be the first year of Mappo.
Japanese: 平安時代中葉には正法・像法各千年説が有力となって永承7年（1052年）が末法の初年と考えられた。
English: The people who experienced public fear owing to the appearance of samurai, despotic acts by armed priest, a down fallen court noble force, and natural disasters such as extraordinary natural phenomenon, epidemics, fire became clearly aware of Mappo, and the concept of the impermanence or a pessimistic view of life among the population was intensified.
Japanese: 当時、武士の台頭や僧兵の横暴、公家勢力の後退などによる社会不安、天変地異・疫病・火災などの自然災害を経験した人びとは、はっきりと末法を意識するようになり、無常観や厭世観がかき立てられていった。
English: Thus, Jodo sect who wished to go to Saiho Gokuraku Jodo - The West Pure Land of Amida Buddha after death became active, and this facilitated the popularity of Mappo thought.
Japanese: こうしたなか、西方極楽浄土への往生を願う浄土教が盛行し、末法思想の流行に拍車をかけた。
English: As the Mappo period nears, Miroku (Maitreya) Belief that Miroko Bosatsu (Buddha of the Future, Bodhisattva of the Present) would come down to the earth to save people 5.67 billion years after Shaka's death was widespread.
Japanese: 末法の時代が近づくにつれ、釈迦入滅後56億7,000万年を経たのちに弥勒菩薩が地上に下って衆生を救済するという弥勒信仰が広まった。
English: The people's wish to bury Buddhist scriptures in preparation for the rebirth of Miroko later caused the act to construct Kyozuka.
Japanese: また、弥勒の再生に備えて経典を埋納して保存しようという人びとの思いはやがて経塚の築造という行為を生むにいたった。
English: The oldest kyozuka that is known today is believed to be the one on the top of Mt. Kinpo in Yamato Province, in which a bronze sutra case with ganmon (prayer) inscribed on the outside by FUJIWARA no Michinaga that contained Konshi-kinji-kyo (sutras in gold on dark-blue paper) was buried.
Japanese: 現在知られる経塚の最古は、藤原道長が外面に願文を書き、なかに紺紙金字経を収めた銅製の経筒を大和国の金峰山山頂に埋納した例とされている。
English: Ever since then, kyozuka were increasingly being built especially during the period from the latter half of the 11th century through until the 12th century throughout the country.
Japanese: 以後、経塚はさかんに造られるようになり、11世紀後半から12世紀全般にかけては全国各地でさかんに築造された。
English: Originally, it was intended to preserve Buddhist scriptures based on Miroku Belief, but it gradually incorporated, from an early stage, motivations such as gokuraku ojo (peaceful death) and spiritual and material benefit gained in this world through observance of the Buddhist teachings.
Japanese: 当初は弥勒信仰にもとづく仏典保存を目的としていたが、やがて極楽往生や現世利益などの動機も早い段階から複合していった。
English: To contain sutra, a ceramic crock, an earthenware pot, a bamboo or stone container were used as well as a bronze case.
Japanese: なお、経を納める容器には、銅筒のほか陶器製の壺や甕、竹製、石製の容器も用いられた。
English: Bronze cases included circle cases, hexagonal cases, octagon cases, and some cases came with another external container.
Japanese: 銅製の経筒には、円形の筒のほか、六角形や八角形の筒もあり、さらに石製の外容器をともなう場合があった。
English: Emperors during the Sekkanseiji period (regency period) intensified their authority through hohei (offering a wand with hemp and paper streamers to a Shinto god) or by visits to shrines such as Ise-jingu Shrine, Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine, and Kamo-sha Shrine.
Japanese: 摂関政治期の天皇は伊勢神宮をはじめ、石清水八幡宮、賀茂社などの神社に奉幣したり行幸したりして権威を高めた。
English: During the Insei period, the three Retired Emperors; Emperor Shirakawa, Emperor Toba, and Emperor Goshirakawa entered into priesthood by their own will to become a priest, and intensified one's authority through Buddhism.
Japanese: 院政期には白河天皇、鳥羽天皇、後白河天皇の3上皇がみずから出家して法皇となり、仏教によって権威を高めた。
English: Rikushoji including Hossho-ji Temple which Emperor Shirakawa had built were constructed in the eastern part near the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system), and in Shirakawa, one after the other.
Japanese: 白河天皇の建立した法勝寺をはじめとする六勝寺が鴨川(淀川水系)の東、白河の地にあいついで造営された。
English: A large number of doto (temple and pagoda) including Amida-do Hall, many of which were built in Toba, Rakunan (south of the capital of Kyoto), and Buddha statues were built.
Japanese: また、洛南の鳥羽に多数建てられた阿弥陀堂はじめ数多くの堂塔や仏像がつくられた。
English: Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa had Sanjusangen-do Hall built with TAIRA no Kiyomori, and he stored treasures from the east and the west in the hozo there.
Japanese: また、後白河法皇は平清盛とともに三十三間堂をつくり、その宝蔵には古今東西の宝物をおさめた。
English: During the Insei period, large temples such as 'Nanto Hokurei' (temples in Nara and Mt. Hiei) became secular and powerful as a feudal lords of shoen (a manor in medieval Japan), taking advantage of Buddhist protection measures stated as above.
Japanese: 院政期には、「南都北嶺」などの大寺院が上述のような仏教保護政策に乗じて、荘園領主として世俗権力化していった。
English: Temples made many of shomin (people of the manor) and lower ranked priests arm as daishu (group of priests) (Buddhism), later known armed priest.
Japanese: 寺社は、自領の荘民や下級僧侶を大衆(仏教)（のちに僧兵と呼称される）として多数かかえて武装化した。
English: The Sanmon school and Jimon school from the same Tendai sect competed for the position as Tendai-zasu (head priest of the Tendai sect).
Japanese: 天台座主をめぐっては山門派と寺門派が同じ天台宗のなかでその地位を競った。