nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is considered the multiple parallel fermentation, and not the single fermentation, because the dissolving process, in which the melted rice is turned to glucose, and the fermentation process, in which glucose is turned to ethanol, are in progress at the same time.
Japanese: 「融かした米→グルコース」への分解工程と「グルコース→エタノール」への発酵工程が同時進行しているので、単発酵ではなく並行複発酵である。
English: Baisho-zukuri is one of the production methods of Japanese sake (rice wine) in the modern days and is one kind of the high-temperature saccharization method.
Japanese: 焙炒造り（ばいしょうづくり）とは、日本酒の現代の製法の一つで、日本酒の現代の製法の一つで高温糖化法、高温糖化法の一種。
English: The remarkable feature of this method is that this method is developed from a viewpoint for Japanese sake to be a modern industrial product which fits the current time rather than a traditional handicraft product similarly to Yumai-zukuri method.
Japanese: 融米造り（ゆうまいづくり）と同じく、伝統的な工芸品というよりも、時代に即した近代的工業製品として日本酒をとらえているところが大きな特徴である。
English: Then, Japanese sake is able to be produced far easier than in the conventional traditional method and without any waste of and inexpensively as to materials and costs such as the personnel expenses.
Japanese: そうすると、従来の伝統的方法よりもはるかに容易に、また原材料・人件費などのコストも無駄なく安価に、日本酒を製造することができる。
English: Sake is produced to be cool and dry compared to the ordinary steaming (the degree of Japanese sake of high-class and regular sake produced by torrefaction are +10 and that of high-class and regular sake of ordinary gokai is +4.)
Japanese: 普通に蒸すよりも淡麗辛口に仕上がる（焙炒造りの上撰・佳撰の日本酒度は+10。一般的な豪快の上撰・佳撰は+4）。
English: In this method, the modern management is able to be thoroughly conducted and the sake is able to flexibly cope with the inventory state as an industrial product.
Japanese: 近代的な管理が行き届き、工業製品として在庫状況などに柔軟に対応できる。
English: This method brought a ray of hope that sake is able to be easily produced and sold, in the difficult time during which the consumption of Japanese sake is low, the sales of sake is slow, and the personnel expenses and other expenses were drastically increased.
Japanese: 日本酒の日本酒消費低迷期、販売不振、人件費や諸経費の高騰という難しい時期に、手軽に酒を製造し販売出来るという光明を開いた。
English: Though consumers who knows much about sake often say, this retail price is almost twice as high as its substantial price, the retail price is determined based on the realized price and expenses for advertisements and other items are necessary and, therefore, when the consumers select a product based on its realized price, this selection must be respected.
Japanese: 酒に詳しい消費者はよく、これでは実質価格の約2倍近い小売価格などというが、小売価格は実勢価格に基づいて決まってくるものであり、宣伝その他にも経費はかかるわけであり、消費者選択がその実勢価格で商品を選んでいればその選択を尊重すべきである。
English: Although some "dregs" (liquid lees) are produced during the process of the method, this dregs can not be used as "sake-kasu" and are disposed of as an industrial waste.
Japanese: 製造の過程で"かす"(液化粕)が出るが、"酒粕"として使用することが出来ず、産業廃棄物として処理される。
English: However, some manufacturers are advancing their research on products in which the "dregs" (liquid lees) obtained in the liquefied preparation.
Japanese: ただし、一部のメーカーで液化仕込みで得られた"かす"(液化粕)を使用した研究が進められている。
English: Yasei-kobo (wild yeast) refers to all kinds of yeast which originally live in the nature including the air, the soil, and plants while, in the fermentation process of Japanese sake, refers to all kinds of yeast other than those that are used to obtain the desired sake quality.
Japanese: 野生酵母（やせいこうぼ）とは、もともと空気中、土壌、植物をはじめ自然界に存在しているすべての酵母を意味するが、日本酒の醸造過程においては目指す酒質を得るための酵母以外のすべての酵母を意味する。
English: Though not in the concept of 'yeast' defined by the modern science, the human being have been, since the ancient times, explicitly and implicitly aware of the presence of yeast which variously influences our daily life, have been selected the yeast based on our empirical rules, and have been used only the yeast which is suitable for the purpose of ours.
Japanese: 古来より人間は、現代の科学による「酵母」という概念ではないにしても、日常生活をさまざまに左右する酵母の存在を陰に陽に認識し、経験則によってこれを選択し、自分たちの目的にかなう酵母だけを利用するようにしてきた。
English: Yeast for seishu (clear rice wine) has also been screened and handed down by the human being in such a history.
Japanese: 清酒酵母もそのように歴史のなかで人間に取捨選択されて受け継がれてきたわけである。
English: When yasei-kobo proliferates in a bucket or a tank, the sake produced itself does not have the quality which is aimed at even though the right yeast for seishu has been added.
Japanese: 野生酵母が桶やタンクの中で繁殖すると、たとえ正しい清酒酵母が入っていても、できあがる酒自体は造ろうと思っている酒質ではなくなってしまう。
English: Therefore, in order to prevent yasei-kobo from being mixed in, a dedicated space under strict management is provided when shubo (the main material of sake) is produced.
Japanese: そのため野生酵母が入り込まないように、酒母を造るときには管理の効いた専用の空間を設ける。
English: Happo Nihon-shu (sparkling Japanese sake) is sparkling, that is, carbon-dioxide-containing Japanese sake which has attracted attention in recent years.
Japanese: 発泡日本酒（はっぽうにほんしゅ）とは、近年注目されてきた発泡性のある、すなわち炭酸ガスを含んでいる日本酒のこと。
English: When the words 'kassei-shu' (active sake) are written on the label, this often means to be sparkling.
Japanese: また「活性酒」と表示された場合、それが発泡を意味している場合も多い。
English: Most types of this sake are cloudy due to their dregs and, therefore, they are also called happo nigori-zake (sparkling cloudy sake) or kassei nigori-zake (active cloudy sake).
Japanese: おりによってにごっているものが多く、発泡にごり酒や活性にごり酒といった呼称もある。
English: Though this sake has not attracted attention for long time, this sake suddenly started to be highlighted in the market as a part of the current style of Japanese sake after the Heisei period started.
Japanese: 長いこと注目されることはなかったが、平成以降、日本酒日本酒の現在の一環として、にわかに市場で脚光を浴びるようになってきた。
English: The production methods of this sake includes an in-bottle secondary fermentation method which is similar to that of champagne, and a carbon-dioxide-injection method.
Japanese: 製法には、シャンパンと同様の瓶内二次発酵方式と、炭酸ガス注入方式とがある。
English: Some types of sei-shu (clear Japanese sake) are slightly sparkling immediately after they are collected by pressing due to their dissolved carbon dioxide.
Japanese: また、搾りたての清酒には溶存炭酸ガスによる微発泡性を持つものもある。
English: Moromi of Japanese sake in which alcoholic fermentation has not yet been stopped, is bottled without being heated and in the state where the yeast in it is still alive and, thereby, the fermentation is further fermented in the bottle and carbon dioxide is confined within the bottle.
Japanese: アルコール発酵が止まっていない日本酒醪を火入れせずに酵母が生きた状態で瓶詰めし、瓶内でさらに発酵を進めて炭酸ガスを瓶内に閉じ込める方法。
English: This method is suitable for sake which is the original thick sake of Nihon-shu Junmai-shu, to which no water is added, and which is filtered with carbon.
Japanese: 日本酒純米酒の原酒で、水も加えていなければ炭素濾過もしていない酒が対象とするのに適しているといわれる。
English: About 10 days after carbon dioxide is added, Nihon-shu moromi is pressed to take out sake and this sake is added with Nihon-shu yeast and is fermented, then, the carbon dioxide produced is dissolved as it is at a low temperature, and the sake is shipped.
Japanese: 炭酸ガスを入れてから十日ほど経ったときに日本酒醪（もろみ）をしぼり、もう一度日本酒酵母を入れて発酵させ、出てくる炭酸ガスを低温でそのまま溶存させて出荷する。
English: Similarly to sparkling wine which is also sparkling, it is strictly prohibited to swing or shake the bottle before it is opened and, in order to open the bottle, care must be taken to loosen the cap and, when foams are generated, the state must be observed and the cap must be slowly opened.
Japanese: 同じく発泡性であるスパークリングワイン同様、開栓前に揺らしたり振ったりすることは禁物で、開栓には注意を要し、栓をゆるめて中から発泡してきたらしばらく様子を見ながらゆっくりと開ける。
English: There is also a legend that says it frequently appeared in front of the gates of temples in the mountainous regions in the shape of a head of the cow and a body in kimono.
Japanese: また、山間部の寺院の門前に、牛の首に人の着物姿で頻繁に現れたとの伝承もある。
English: It often appears particularly around deep waters, so there remain many place-names such as 'Ushioni-buchi' (Ushioni-buchi abyss, or Ushioni-buchi deep pond) or 'Ushioni-daki' (Ushioni-daki falls) in the Kinki and Shikoku regions, where legends about Ushioni may have existed.
Japanese: 特に淵に現れることが多く、近畿地方や四国にはこの伝承が伺える「牛鬼淵」・「牛鬼滝」という地名が多く残っている。
English: Ushioni-buchi in Nishimuro County, Wakayama Prefecture, whose bottom was believed to have been connected to the sea, was said, "Ushioni is in it," when the water color became muddy.
Japanese: 和歌山県西牟婁郡の牛鬼淵は、底が海にまで通じており、淵の水が濁ると「牛鬼がいる」といわれた。
English: This Ushioni was believed to have made people suffer from a disease if people just came across it, or bitten people to death by licking their shadows off.
Japanese: ここの牛鬼は出会っただけで人を病気に至らしめたり、影を嘗め取ることでその人を食い殺すという。
English: When people were in such a situation, they believed that saying things the other way around, such as the following, would save their lives: "Stones flow, leaves sink, cows whisper, and horses bark."
Japanese: このようなときは「石は流れる、木の葉は沈む、牛は嘶く、馬は吼える」などと逆の言葉を言うと、命が助かるという。
English: Also, this Ushioni was said to have had a body like a cat and a tail as long as about 3.3 meter and walked without making any sounds because its body was soft like a ball.
Japanese: またこの地の牛鬼は、猫のような体と一丈（約3.3メートル）もの尾を持ち、体が鞠のように柔らかいので歩いても足音がしないという。
English: It is also said that because Ushioni likes sake very much, serving sake to it in the New Year prevents attacking from it.
Japanese: 酒が大好物なので、正月に酒を供えると牛鬼に襲われずに済むとも伝わる。
English: In Kochi Prefecture, it is said that a man named Jirokichi in Okanouchi Village (present-day Kami City) saw Ushioni in 1776, when a severe drought struck.
Japanese: 高知県では、明和3年（1776年）の大旱魃の年に岡内村（現・香美市）の次郎吉という男が、峯ノ川にて牛鬼を目撃したという。
English: A folktale handed down in the prefecture says that when Ushioni bit and killed the cattle of a village and also the villagers who tried to do away with it, a samurai named Sakon KONDO heard it and came, and successfully killed it by shooting only an arrow.
Japanese: また同県の民話では、ある村で家畜の牛が牛鬼に食い殺され、退治しようとした村人もまた食い殺されていたところへ、話を耳にした近藤左近という武士が弓矢の一撃で退治した。
English: The villagers were delighted and talked about how Sakon did away with the Ushioni by imitating Sakon's way of drawing a bow.
Japanese: 村人たちは大喜びで、弓を引く真似をしながら左近の牛鬼退治の様子を話したという。
English: In the coastal areas from the Sanin region to Kitakyushu, Ushioni was said to have appeared from the sea with a female goblin called Nureonna or Isoonna.
Japanese: 山陰地方から北九州にかけての沿岸では、牛鬼では濡女や磯女と共に海中から現れるという。
English: The woman called to people to stop them and asked them to hold her baby, and then her baby became as heavy as a rock, and while they were not able to move around, she bit them to death.
Japanese: 女が赤ん坊を抱いていて欲しいなどと言って人を呼びとめ、相手が赤ん坊を抱くと石のように重くなって身動きがとれなくなり、その隙に牛鬼に食い殺されるという。
English: They believed, however, her reflection on the surface of the water remained Ushioni even after transformation, which helped people find out that she was Ushioni.
Japanese: しかし姿を変えても水辺に写った姿は牛鬼のままであり、これによって牛鬼の正体を見破ることができるという。
English: In Iwami Province (present-day Shimane Prefecture), there was a similar tale saying that a suspicious woman holding a baby appeared in front of an angler and asked him, "Would you hold this baby for a moment?"
Japanese: 石見国（現・島根県）でも同様に、釣り人のもとに赤ん坊を抱えた怪しげな女が現れ「この子を少しの間、抱いていて下さい」という。
English: Holding the baby, the angler found the woman disappeared, and instead Ushioni appeared from the sea, and the baby in his arms turned into a rock.
Japanese: 抱き取ったところ、女が消えたかと思うと海から牛鬼が現れ、しかも腕の中の赤ん坊が石に変わったという。
English: Although the rock was too heavy for him to run away, a noted sword handed down in his family flew from his house and stuck in the neck of the Ushioni, and he narrowly escaped death.
Japanese: あまりの重さに逃げることができないでいたところ、彼の家にあった代々伝わる銘刀が飛来して牛鬼の首に突き刺さり、九死に一生を得たという。
English: BintaroYAMAGUCHI, a researcher on specters, says that that is possibly because all large monsters coming from the water were called 'Ushioni.'
Japanese: 妖怪研究家・山口敏太郎は、水から上がってくる大型怪獣はすべて「牛鬼」の名で呼ばれていたのではないかと述べている。
English: When the lord of Gokasho-jo Castle, Shigeaki AISU, shot an arrow into it, his lawful wife suffered an incurable disease under its curse.
Japanese: 五ヶ所城の城主・愛洲重明が弓で射たところ、その祟りで正室が不治の病となってしまった。
English: As the result, Shigeaki turned the cold shoulder to his lawful wife and started to be infatuated with a woman from Kyoto who danced Shirabyoshi (a Japanese traditional dance).
Japanese: これがもとで重明は正室を疎んじ、京から来た白拍子を溺愛するようになった。
English: After this, the Kitahata clan from which the lawful wife came became on bad terms with the Aisu clan, and destroyed them.
Japanese: これにより正室の親元である北畑氏は愛洲氏と不仲となり、愛洲氏を滅ぼしてしまったという。
English: Ushi gozen fought forward to the Kanto region for her all-out resistance and threw herself into Sumida-gawa River to transform herself into Ushioni 30 meters long, and she defeated Yoshimitsu's army.
Japanese: 牛御前は関東に転戦し徹底抗戦、隅田川に身を投げ体長30メートルの牛鬼に変身して頼光軍を滅ぼしたという。
English: We can also find a description of Ushi gozen appearing in Sumida-gawa River in "Azuma Kagami" (the Mirror of the East) composed later in the Kamakura Period.
Japanese: この隅田川の牛御前についての記述は、後の鎌倉時代の『吾妻鏡』にも見える。
English: The story goes that a monster like a cow came from Sumida-gawa River into a refectory of Senso-ji Temple and scattered poison from its mouth in 1251.
Japanese: それによれば建長3年（1251年）、隅田川より牛のような怪物が現れ、浅草寺の食堂に入り毒を吐いたという。
English: According to a description in "Shinpen Musashi fudoki ko" (a topography of Musashi Province from 1804 to 1829), after that, this monster left a ball called "a cow ball" in Ushijima-jinja Shrine located on the shore opposite to Asakusa and disappeared.
Japanese: 『新編武蔵風土記稿』による記述では、この怪物はその後、浅草の対岸にある牛島神社に「牛玉」という玉を残して姿を消す。
English: The shrine also has a cow statue called 'Nade-ushi' (the rubbing cow), which is believed to help people recover from their diseases when they rub it on the same part as the sick part of their bodies.
Japanese: また「撫で牛」の像があり、自身の悪い部位を撫でると病気が治るとされている。
English: Some suggest that this Ushioni was an incarnation of Susanoo (a deity in Japanese mythology) since he had a nickname of Gozu-tenno (a deity said to be the Indian god Gavagriva) and a wild characteristic like Ushioni.
Japanese: この牛鬼を、牛頭天王の異名と牛鬼のように荒々しい性格を持つスサノオの化身とする説もある。
English: Kenji MURAKAMI, a searcher of specters, says there was a religious conflict behind the story that Ushi gozen attacked the temple.
Japanese: 妖怪探訪家・村上健司は、牛御前が寺を襲ったことには宗教的な対立が背景にあるとしている。
English: A folktale handed down in Ushimado-cho in Okayama Prefecture (present-day Setouchi City) tells us that Empress Jingu was attacked during sankan-seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) by a large eight-headed cow-shaped monster named Jinrinki (gigantic cow goblin).
Japanese: 岡山県牛窓町（現・瀬戸内市）に伝わる話では、神功皇后が三韓征伐の途中、同地にて塵輪鬼（じんりんき）という頭が八つの大牛姿の怪物に襲われた。
English: The monster was shot by arrows to death, and the body was separated into the head, body, and tail, which became Ki-jima Island, Mae-jima Island, and Ao-shima Island, respectively.
Japanese: 弓で射殺し、塵輪鬼は頭、胴、尾に分かれてそれぞれ牛窓の黄島、前島、青島となった。
English: On the Empress's way back from Silla, Jinrinki that failed in becoming a Buddha transformed itself into Ushioni and attacked her again, but Sumiyoshi Sanjin (Sumiyoshi three deities) held its hones and threw it away.
Japanese: 皇后の新羅からの帰途、成仏できなかった塵輪鬼が牛鬼に化けて再度襲い掛かり、住吉三神が角をつかんで投げ飛ばした。
English: After the Ushioni was killed, its body was broken into pieces, and they transformed into Kuro-shima Island, Nakanokojima Island, and Hatanokojima Island.
Japanese: 牛鬼が滅んだ後、体の部分がバラバラになって黒島、中ノ小島、端ノ小島に変化したという。
English: Ushimado, the place name here, is said to be a corrupted word of this legendary place name which was Ushimarobi (cow's falling).
Japanese: 牛窓の地名は、この伝説の地を牛転（うしまろび）と呼んだものが訛ったことが由来とされる。
English: Some other place names also come from Ushioni; for example, Ushima, an island in Hikari City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, comes from the tale in which Ushioni appears.
Japanese: 牛鬼はほかにも地名由来に関わっている場合もあり、山口県光市の牛島などは牛鬼が出たことに由来する。
English: In Okayama Prefecture as well, "Sakuyoshi" (a topographical document) describes a monster named Gyuki (cow demon) that appeared in Ohira-yama Mountain in Koshihata, Mimasaka Tomata County (present-day Tomata County).
Japanese: 同じく岡山県では、『作陽志』に美作苫田郡越畑（現・苫田郡）の大平山に牛鬼（ぎゅうき）と名付けられた怪異が記されている。
English: In the Kanei era, a village girl aged around 20 met in a state of rapture a man who was a self-professed official of Kaneyama and spent a night with him.
Japanese: 寛永年間に20歳ばかりの村民の娘が、恍惚状態のうちに一晩、鋳（カネ）山の役人と自称する男子と出逢った。
English: Later, she got pregnant and had a child, but it had two long fangs, a tail, and hones, which absolutely looked like Ushioni.
Japanese: 後に孕んで子を産むと、その子供は両牙が長く生え、尾と角を備え、厳として牛鬼のごとくであった。
English: Her parents killed it in anger, stuck a cast metal spit in the head, and gibbeted it by the roadside.
Japanese: そのため父母が怒ってこれを殺し、鋳（カネ）の串に刺して路傍に暴した。
English: This story tells us how local gods once treated very respectfully were gradually made light of, finally got abandoned, and transformed into a kind of mixture with specters over time.
Japanese: 昔はさしも大切に仕えた地方の神が、次第に軽ぜられてのちついに絶縁して、いつとなく妖怪変化の類に混じた経路を語っている。
English: In this viewpoint, Kunio YANAGITA, a folklorist, points out the background of the tales of the monster Ushioni, which is how a deity of metals once worshiped in the mountains has been reduced to a monster, Ushioni.
Japanese: この場合、民俗学者・柳田國男は牛鬼の怪異話の背後にある、かつて山で祀られた金属の神の零落した姿としての怪物・牛鬼の姿を見、指摘している。
English: "Makura no soshi" names Ushioni as a 'terrifying thing' (Section 148), and also "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) describes how it faced MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.
Japanese: 『枕草子』において「おそろしきもの」としてその名があげられており（148段）、また『太平記』においては源頼光と対決した様子が描かれている。
English: On the ground that there is a legend in Japan that says a divine spirit dwells in a camellia, Ushioni may be interpreted as an incarnation of a deity, and in some customs people respect it as something that clears evil spirits away.
Japanese: 日本ではツバキには神霊が宿るという伝承があることから、牛鬼を神の化身とみなす解釈もあり、悪霊をはらう者として敬う風習も存在する。
English: Others maintain that a camellia indicated where Ushioni appeared because a camellia was regarded as a special flower that came out on the sacred ground after reaching a peninsula or a beach and also because the flower blooms on a boundary.
Japanese: またツバキは岬や海辺にたどり着いて聖域に生える特別な花として神聖視されていたことや、ツバキの花は境界に咲くことから、牛鬼出現の場所を表現するとの説もある。
English: Ushioni and Nureonna that appears with Ushioni, both show up on the shore, not any other place.
Japanese: 共に現れる濡女も牛鬼も渚を出現場所としており、他の場所から出てくることはない。
English: A folktale about the Ushioni-buchi located in Miogawa River in Wakayama Prefecture tells us that when a young man gave a hungry woman a part of the food in his lunch box, she turned out an incarnation of Ushioni, and two months later she saved his life when he was drowning in a flood.
Japanese: 和歌山の三尾川の牛鬼淵の伝承では、青年が空腹の女性に弁当を分けたところ、その女性は牛鬼の化身で、2ヶ月後に青年が大水で流されたときに命を救われた。
English: Ushioni, however, has a rule under which it must lose its life if it helps people's lives, so the Ushioni dissolved into red blood and flowed away as soon as it saved the young man's life.
Japanese: だが牛鬼は人を助けると命を失う掟があり、その牛鬼は青年を救った途端、真っ赤な血となって溶けて流れ去ってしまったとされる。
English: According to a folktale handed down in Aza-Hodono, Ichiu (present-day Kami City), Monobe Village (of Kochi Prefecture), Kochi Prefecture, an old woman living in the interior helped the Ushioni that had fallen into a cone-shaped pit 3.6 to 5.4 meters deep and been crying for not be able to get out of it.
Japanese: 高知県物部村(高知県)市宇字程野（現・香美市）に伝わる話では、2-3間の深さのすり鉢状の穴に落ち抜け出せずに泣いている牛鬼を、屋地に住んでいる老婆が助けた。
English: "Isetsu machimachi," an essay written by Masamichi WADA, who was a feudal retainer of Sekiyado Domain, describes that in Izumo Province (the present-day northeast part of Shimane Prefecture), when they went into a valley where a stream was running under the bridge on one of the days under the long spell of rainy and humid weather, people experienced a situation where white lights were flying like butterflies and once they adhered to people's body, they could not be easily taken away.
Japanese: 関宿藩藩士・和田正路の随筆『異説まちまち』によれば、出雲国（現・島根県北東部）で雨続きで湿気が多い時期に、谷川の水が流れていて橋の架かっているような場所へ行くと、白い光が蝶のように飛び交って体に付着して離れないという。
English: They called this experience 'an encounter with Ushioni' and they believed the lights would disappear when they were exposed to a fire in the sunken fireplace.
Japanese: このことを「牛鬼に遭った」といい、囲炉裏の火で炙ると消え去るという。
English: According to a legend in Inaba Province (the present-day eastern part of Tottori Prefecture), a countless number of lights looked like firefly lights swarmed around a straw raincoat on the snowy night.
Japanese: また因幡国（現・鳥取県東部）の伝承では、雪の降る晩に小さな蛍火のような光となって無数に蓑に群がるという。
English: They fell on the ground when brushed aside, but flew up again and adhered to the straw raincoat until the whole straw raincoat and the umbrella were wrapped up with green lights.
Japanese: 払っても地に落ちまた舞い上がり着き、やがて蓑、傘ともに緑光に包まれるという。
English: The Kashima family in Anan City, Okayama Prefecture keeps a skull of a kind of beast which reportedly belonged to Ushioni, and it rests in peace in the hokora (small shrine).
Japanese: 徳島県阿南市の賀島という家では、牛鬼のものと伝えられる獣類の頭蓋骨が祠に安置されている。
English: People say that the ancestor of the Kashima family did away with Ushioni harassing local farmers at their request and brought the head back home.
Japanese: これはかつて賀島家の先祖が、地元の農民たちの依頼で彼らを苦しめる牛鬼を退治し、その首を持ち帰ったのだという。
English: It is believed that the hand belonged to Ushioni that appeared in 1063 and that the Ushioni had a head of the cow and a body of the demon and used occult power to harass people living in the neighborhood.
Japanese: 康平年間（1063年）に現れた牛鬼のもので、牛の首に鬼の体を持ち、神通力を発揮して近隣住民を苦しめたという。
English: Although even samurai warriors in various provinces hesitated to try to do away with it, the chief priest of Kannon-ji Temple successfully did with Buddhistic invocations and the power of Buddhist dharma.
Japanese: 諸国の武士ですら退治をためらう中、観音寺の住職・金光上人が念仏と法力で退治したものという。
English: Negoro-ji Temple at Aomine, Goshikidai, Kagawa Prefecture, treasures hones believed to be owned by Ushioni.
Japanese: 香川県五色台の青峰の根香寺には、牛鬼のものとされる角が秘蔵されている。
English: This Ushioni is said to have been killed by a very skillful archer named Kurando Takakiyo YAMADA in Aomine in the Tenpo era.
Japanese: これは天保年間に青峰で山田蔵人高清なる弓の名手に退治された牛鬼とされる。
English: According to a picture on the hanging scroll remaining in the temple, the Ushioni had a face of the monkey and a body of the tiger, and its forefeet had wings formed by patagium that a flying squirrel or a bat has.
Japanese: 同寺に残されている掛軸の絵によると、その牛鬼は猿のような顔と虎のような体を持ち、両前脚にはムササビまたはコウモリのような飛膜状の翼があったという。
English: This hanging scroll and the relic are not open for the public viewing at the temple for some reason, but they are being publicized on the web.
Japanese: この掛軸と遺物は、現在では諸々の問題により一般公開されておらず、ネット上でのみ公開されている。
English: In the Nanyo area, Ehime Prefecture, particularly in Uwajima City and its vicinities, a float named Ushioni parades through the streets in the local festivals.
Japanese: 愛媛県の南予地方、とくに宇和島市とその周辺の地域等においては、地方祭において牛鬼（うしおに）と呼ばれる山車が町を練り歩く。
English: Opinions divide concerning its origin: some insist Ushioni was sanctified as mentioned above; a folktale says two men in Iyo Province named Zusho TONAI and Heinojo KURAKI did away with Ushioni; another folktale says a man from Iyo did away with Ushioni living in Kaifu County (of Tokushima Prefecture), Tokushima Prefecture; and another folktale says Kiyomasa KATO produced tortoise wagons to frighten tigers in Korea before Japan's invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 由来は前述のように牛鬼を神聖視する説のほか、伊予国の藤内図書と蔵喜兵ノ尉という人物が牛鬼を退治したという話、徳島県海部郡(徳島県)の牛鬼を伊予の人物が退治したという話、豊臣秀吉の朝鮮出兵の際に加藤清正が朝鮮の虎を脅すために亀甲車を作った話など、諸説ある。
English: The basic float consists of the following parts: a main body made of bamboos in the form of a tortoise's shell, a head (formally called 'kabu'), and a tail (formally called 'ken').
Japanese: 基本形は竹組みの亀甲型の本体に、頭（正式名称：「かぶ」）と尾（同：「剣」）を取り付けたものである。
English: The 'kabu' is attached to the end of a bamboo a few meters long, and a T-shaped handle (formally called 'shumoku') fixed to the other end enables you to operate it freely.
Japanese: 「かぶ」は、数メートルの竹の先に取り付けられ、反対側の先に取り付けられたT時型の取っ手（同：「しゅもく」）で自由に動かすことができる。
English: They shake or rotate the 'kabu' and 'ken' from time to time to raise their fervor.
Japanese: 時に、「かぶ」と「剣」を激しく揺らぶらせ、また回転して、気勢を上げる。
English: The main bodies are broadly classified into two types: a palm leaves-covered type (allegedly the original type) and a red or black cloth-covered type (allegedly the advanced type).
Japanese: 本体は大別して、棕櫚をかぶせたもの（これが原始系とされる）と、黒・赤などの布をかぶせたもの（発展系とされる）の二つのタイプがある。
English: In addition, there is an old saying, "A child whose head is bitten by Ushioni becomes smarter."
Japanese: なお「子供が牛鬼に頭を噛んでもらうと、賢くなる」という言い伝えがある。
English: When the carriers are taking a rest, people living in the neighborhood take their children to have their heads bitten.
Japanese: 担ぎ手が休んでいるときなどは、近隣の者が子や孫を連れてきて、頭を噛んでもらっている。