nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Meanwhile, in Catholic teaching, luxury is seen as a form of vanity, one of 'The Seven Deadly Sins,' and it has been thought that God's wrath against people's hedonistic lives has caused epidemics such as the black death and wars.
Japanese: 一方、キリスト教（カトリック）においては、贅沢は「七つの大罪」における傲慢の罪にあたり、享楽的な生活に対する神の怒りが黒死病などの疫病や戦乱を生み出していると考えられてきた。
English: However, as time went by and societies became richer and richer, it became harder to put people's consumption under control, resulting in a dilemma that many ineffective sumptuary laws were issued but not thoroughly observed.
Japanese: もっとも時代が進んで社会が豊かになってくると消費生活の統制が困難となり、効果の低い奢侈禁止令が他度々出されては遵守が徹底されなというジレンマも抱えることとなった。
English: Sumptuary laws existed from the time of the Frankish kingdom (the Carolingians), and after the Crusades full-scale laws started to be issued because the church and states were alerted to the rapid development of trade and advancement of urban life.
Japanese: フランク王国（カロリング朝）の時代から奢侈禁止令が見られるが、本格的に奢侈禁止令が出されるようになるのは、十字軍以後の商業の急激な発展と都市生活の高度化に対する教会及び国家の警戒によるものであった。
English: Initially, sumptuary laws were issued as parts of other laws as single added lines, but later, there were an increasing number of cases where they were issued as independent ordinances.
Japanese: 当初は諸法令の1文に加えられる形式のものが多かったが、後には単独の法令として出される場合も増加した。
English: Meanwhile, details and objects varied according to the law: Some were applied to every person across the country regardless of their status, whereas others were aimed only at certain areas or social classes.
Japanese: ただし、奢侈禁止令と言ってもその内容や対象は様々であり、全国・全身分に適用する場合もあれば、特定の地域や身分を対象にしたものもあった。
English: Italian city-states used this kind of law as a means to restrain the extension of power of the nobles who were then the ruling class and to suppress the increasing influence of women, which was becoming a concern of the country.
Japanese: イタリアの都市国家では支配階層であり貴族層の権力伸張を抑える手段として用いられ、続いて女性の発言力増加を危惧してこれを抑圧するための手段として出された。
English: In Northern Europe, they were issued based on conservative thoughts, which included traditional values and were aimed at maintaining the community.
Japanese: 更に北ヨーロッパなどでは伝統的な価値観や共同体の維持と言った保守的な思想のもとで出される場合が多かった。
English: At the time of absolute monarchy, sumptuary laws were issued to the public in order to limit exports and to boost consumption of domestic products, thus enabling Kings and nobles to establish their superiority as well as to promote Mercantilism.
Japanese: 絶対王政期には、国王及び貴族の優位性を確立することと重商主義の観点から輸入を抑制して国産品の消費を拡大させるために民衆に対して奢侈禁止令が出された。
English: In Japan, to maintain its class system, 'extravagant behavior' such as wearing clothes beyond one's means was criticized as an offense against public morals and decency.
Japanese: 日本では、身分制度の維持を図る観点から身分相応以上の服装を着用する行為が道徳風俗違反であるとして「過差（かさ）」であると非難された。
English: Under the Kani junikai (12 grades of cap rank) of Prince Shotoku, a dress code for those who attended the Imperial Court was established, and this was followed by frequent sumptuary laws which were, at first, mainly aimed at nobles and government officials (especially those of low to medium rank).
Japanese: 聖徳太子の冠位十二階でも朝廷に出仕する者の服装規定が定められ、以後も度々奢侈禁止令が出されたが、当初はその対象は主に貴族・官人層であった。
English: In 721, raising horses was regulated according to rank by stating that 'exercising abstention and moderation and prohibiting luxury are the first things for governance and the way how a king keeps his strong authority.'
Japanese: 養老5年（721年）に「節を制し度を謹しみ、奢侈を禁防するは、政を為すに先とする所にして百王不易の道なり」と唱えて位階に応じて蓄馬を規制した。
English: Around 999, the Dajokan (Grand Council of state) with Michinaga FUJIWARA as ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) issued sumptuary laws several times in the form of Daijokanpu (official documents from the Daijokan to local governments), declaring 'Any luxurious clothes or extravagance is prohibited.'
Japanese: 長徳元年（999年）には、藤原道長を一上とする太政官が、「美服過差、一切禁断」とする太政官符を出すなど、度々奢侈禁止令が出されている。
English: At the time of the Kenmu Restoration, although Emperor Godaigo declared an imperial decree of 'interdiction of extravagant behavior' as a part of his administrative reforms, it could not put a stop to the trends of the time, basara (extravagant, madness, and eccentric behavior) and furyu (splendor).
Japanese: 建武の新政の際には後醍醐天皇が政治刷新の一環として「過差停止」の宣旨を出しているものの、当時の婆娑羅・風流の風潮を止める事はできなかった。
English: In the early-modern times, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) announced a series of laws and ordinances to ban luxuries for every walk of life, such as samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants, in Edo society, and a prominent number of such laws and ordnances were issued.
Japanese: だが、近世に入って江戸幕府が士農工商を問わずに発令した贅沢を禁じる法令及び命令の一群はその中でも群を抜いていた。
English: In 1628, fabric that farmers were allowed to use was limited to hemp and cotton (with the exceptions of myoshu [owners of rice fields] and farmers' wives, who were permitted to use tsumugi [silk fabric]), while even lower-ranking samurai were banned from luxurious outfits and were only allowed to wear clothing of tsumugi or silk.
Japanese: 寛永5年（1628年）には、農民に対しては布・木綿に制限（ただし、名主及び農民の妻に対しては紬の使用を許された）され、下級武士に対しても紬・絹までとされ贅沢な装飾は禁じられた。
English: In the same year, restrictions were placed on hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which was a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), such as limiting the number of retinue that they could take along, and this kind of control was later extended to the lifestyle of their families, their meals, and even the gifts they sent to each other.
Japanese: また同年には旗本に対しては供回りの人数を制限させるなど、以後家族の生活や食生活、交際時の土産の内容までが規制を受けた。
English: This was largely due to the hatamoto having become consumers and having led hard lives after being separated from their territories which was the production center, because they were, in principle, obliged to stay in Edo year round.
Japanese: これは旗本に江戸常駐を原則として義務付けたことによって旗本が生産地である知行地から切り離されて消費者に転化してその生活が苦しくなったという事情が大きく働いていた。
English: Regarding clothing for farmers, in 1642, they were banned from using silk for their collars and obi (kimono sash).
Japanese: 農民の服装に対しては続いて寛永19年（1642年）には襟や帯に絹を用いる事を禁じられた。
English: Meanwhile, adjunct farmers, both men and women, were allowed to wear only hemp and cotton, and even when they were allowed to use tsumugi, its length was restricted.
Japanese: 更に脇百姓の男女ともに布・木綿に制限され、更に紬が許されたそうでもその長さが制限された。
English: Similar orders were issued repeatedly in 1667, 1788, and 1842.
Japanese: その後も寛文7年（1667年）、天明8年（1788年）、天保13年（1842年）にも繰り返し同様の命令が出されている。
English: Meanwhile, the same kind of regulation was applied to samurai and townspeople, although they were not as severe as with farmers.
Japanese: 一方、武士や町人に対しても農民ほどの厳格さは無くても同様の規制が行われた。
English: In 1663, uncompromising 'Jochu Irui Nedan no Jo' (女中衣類直段之定) was announced, restricting even the clothing costs of the retired Emperor Meisho (an empress regnant, silver 500 Kan) and midaidokoro (the lawful wife of seii taishogun [literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"], 400 kan of silver).
Japanese: 寛文3年（1663年）には「女中衣類直段之定」が定められ、当時の明正上皇（女帝、銀500貫目）や御台所（征夷大将軍正室、銀400目）の衣装代にまで制約をかける徹底的なものであった。
English: In 1683, drapers were limited to selling kosode (a kimono with short sleeves worn as underclothing by the upper classes) of up to 200 kan of silver and were banned from selling silk interwoven with gilt thread, nui (embroidery), and sokanoko (shibori [tie-dyeing]).
Japanese: 天和_(日本)3年（1683年）には、呉服屋に対しては小袖の表は銀200目を上限とし、金紗・縫（刺繍）・惣鹿子（絞り）の販売は禁じられた。
English: Meanwhile, ordinary townspeople were only allowed silk or lower-ranked textile, whereas maid servants and hashitame (lowly maidservants) were limited to hemp or cotton.
Japanese: 町人に対しては一般町人は絹以下、下女・端女は布か木綿の着用を命じた。
English: Although only nui worth up to 250 kan of silver was permitted in 1686, all cloth worth 250 kan of silver or more was banned to sell in 1689 and adding luster to silk by waxing was also prohibited.
Japanese: 貞享3年（1686年）には縫に限り銀250目までの販売を許したが、元禄2年（1689年）には銀250目以上の衣服を一切売ってはならない事、絹地に蝋などを塗って光沢を帯びさせる事を禁じる事が命じられた。
English: In 1713, the regulations in the above-mentioned 'Jochu Irui Nedan no Jo' (500 kan of silver for the Imperial Court, 400 kan of silver for the bakufu and daimyo [Japanese feudal lord] and 300 kan of silver for those of lower rank) were reaffirmed, while textile manufacturers and dyers were banned from the production of luxurious items and development of new products and technology.
Japanese: 正徳_(日本)3年（1713年）には先の「女中衣類直段之定」の制限（朝廷500目・幕府及び大名400目・それ以下300目）の再確認と贅沢な品物の生産と新商品・技術の開発の厳禁が生産・染色業者に命じられる。
English: In keeping with the issuance of 'Machibure' (proclamation) in 1718, an order was given to magistrate's offices to watch any luxurious behavior of townspeople, down to their underwear.
Japanese: 享保3年（1718年）の「町触」の公布にあわせて奉行所に町人の下着まで贅沢な振る舞いがないか監視するようにという指示が出されている。
English: In 1745, an ordinance was issued stating that 'if doshin (police constable) find townspeople wearing clothes like noshime (a kind of kimono for samurai), they should arrest them and confiscate the clothes on the spot, as townspeople are not allowed materials other than silk, tsumugi, cotton, and hemp.'
Japanese: 延享2年（1745年）にも「町人が絹・紬・木綿・麻以外の物を着てはならず、熨斗目などの衣装を着ているものがいれば、同心は捕えてその場で衣装を没収すべきである」と言う指示が出されている。
English: The sumptuary law stated that 'merchants as well as artisans should always remember that they are to work so as not to inconvenience samurai and farmers,' thus labeling the development of the city itself useless and forcing severe restrictions on these classes of people.
Japanese: 「商工等は、武士・農民の事欠け申さざる程に渡世致し候はば然るべく候」として商工を非生産的な身分であり、都市が繁栄する事そのものが無駄以外の何者でもないと断じて厳しい奢侈禁止令を実施した。
English: Although such ordinances were issued repeatedly, people strictly followed the rules only in the short period right after the issuances, and as time passed, lawbreakers appeared one after another both in cities and in the countryside.
Japanese: このような指示が度々出されたにも関わらず、命令が遵守されたのは直後のみで時間が経つにつれて都市でも農村でも違反するものが相次いだ。
English: Also, when lower-ranked people put on clothes granted by higher-ranked people for their good service, this had to be tolerated from the viewpoint of Confucius's teaching of loyalty.
Japanese: 更に、上の身分の者が奉公などの褒賞として下の者に下賜された衣装を実際に着用した場合には、儒教の忠の観念との兼ね合いから黙認せざるを得なかった。
English: As a result of such practices, the bakufu itself sometimes provided grounds to undermine its sumptuary laws.
Japanese: そのために、規制を形骸化する根拠を幕府自身が作る事になってしまった例もあったのである。
English: The kokuga forces system indicates a historical concept of a national military system established in the period from around the end of ancient times to the early medieval period of Japan (the 10th century to the 12th century).
Japanese: 国衙軍制（こくがぐんせい）とは、日本の古代末期から中世初頭にかけて（10世紀-12世紀）成立した国家軍事制度を指す歴史概念。
English: It is said that this system was established in the process in which the ritsuryo-code-based nation was changed to a dynastic nation and the Imperial Court entrusted its administrative rights to the local administrative organs (kokuga [provincial government offices] and zuryo [the head of the provincial governors]).
Japanese: 律令国家が王朝国家へと変質し、朝廷から地方行政（国衙・受領）へ行政権を委任する過程で成立したとされる。
English: The kokuga forces system is considered to have been closely related to the birth of military nobles and samurai.
Japanese: また国衙軍制は、軍事貴族および武士の発生と密接に関係していると考えられている。
English: The ritsuryo-code-based nation in ancient Japan employed gundan (troops) (in ancient Japan) as the military system.
Japanese: 古代日本の律令国家は、軍事制度として軍団(古代日本)を採用していた。
English: In the gundan-soldier system, one out of every three adults registered in the family registration system was conscripted to organize a gundan of around 1000 persons in a province.
Japanese: 軍団兵士制は、古代の戸籍制度に登録された正丁（成年男子）3人に1人を徴発し、1国単位で約1000人規模の軍団を編成する制度である。
English: This system was established for Japan in the period from the latter half of the seventh century to the first half of the eighth century to cope with threat from foreign countries (Tang and Silla).
Japanese: これは7世紀後葉から8世紀前葉にかけての日本が、外国（唐・新羅）の脅威に対抗するため構築したものだった。
English: However, the government changed its diplomatic policy against Silla in the latter half of the eighth century, and therefore, the scale of the gundan-soldier system for defense and invasion was reduced drastically.
Japanese: しかし8世紀後葉、対新羅外交政策を転換したことに伴い、対外防衛・侵攻のための軍団兵士制も大幅に縮小されることとなった。
English: Therefore, the necessity of maintaining the family registration system having supported the gundan-soldier system diminished, and the control of individual persons through the family register, which constituted the base of the ritsuryo-code-based nation, rapidly became a dead letter in early ninth century.
Japanese: そのため、軍団兵士制を支えてきた戸籍制度を維持する必要性も低下していき、9世紀初頭以降、律令制の基盤となっていた戸籍を通じた個別人身支配が急速に形骸化していった。
English: Some farmers accumulated wealth through suiko (government loans made to peasants) and operation of private land, constituting the rich and powerful class and growing.
Japanese: 百姓の中から出挙・私営田活動を通じて富を蓄積した富豪層が成長し始めた。
English: Kokushi (provincial governors) in charge of local administration focused attention on gunji (district managers) and the rich and powerful class, and changed management of the province to control through local management by gunji (district managers) and persons in the rich and powerful class.
Japanese: 地方行政にあたる国司は、郡司・富豪層に着目し、従来の個別人身支配の代わりに郡司・富豪層の在地経営を通じた支配へと転換していった。
English: However, Kokushi came to assign gunji or persons in the rich and powerful class as the head persons responsible for the carriage and delivery.
Japanese: しかしながら、国司はその運搬進納を担う綱領に郡司・富豪層を任じるようになった。
English: When choyo and/or fubutsu was lost or could not be delivered, the gunji or the rich and powerful person was obliged to make necessary private compensation.
Japanese: 調庸・封物の損失や未進が発生した場合は、郡司・富豪が私的に補償する義務を負わされた。
English: Starting around the middle of the ninth century, robbers and pirates who plundered goods conveyed by the gunji or rich and powerful persons became rampant.
Japanese: 9世紀中葉ごろから、郡司・富豪層が運搬する進納物資を略奪する群盗海賊の横行が目立ち始めた。
English: To achieve respectable results, kokushi often made excessive requests to the gunji or rich and powerful persons.
Japanese: 国司は実績をあげるため、郡司・富豪層へ過度な要求を課することが多くあった。
English: Therefore, the acts of the robbers or pirates were a style of protest against such requests, by gunji and rich and powerful persons.
Japanese: このため、これに対する郡司・富豪層らの抵抗が群盗海賊という形態で現出したのである。
English: The plundered goods were used as substitutes for the lost goods or undelivered goods for which they had to compensate, or were used for accumulating their wealth.
Japanese: 略奪した物資は、補償すべき損失や未進に充てられたり、自らの富として蓄積されたりした。
English: Bobbers and pirates appeared frequently, but the imperial court and kokushi could not cope with the situation using the gundan-soldier system that had become a dead letter and were forced to take a new measure to combat them.
Japanese: 群盗海賊の頻発に対し、朝廷と国司は、ほとんど形骸化した軍団兵士制では満足のいく対応ができなかったため、別の鎮圧方策をとる必要に迫られていた。
English: In the middle of the ninth century, the Imperial Court and kokushi started taking measures based on specifications of rinji-hatsuhei (the special dispatch of troops) in Tsuibu-zainin no Jo (the article related to catching criminals who had fled) in bumo-ryo code (Penalties on escaping soldiers, Sakimori [soldiers garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu in ancient times], slave, and so on) in the Yoro ritsuryo code, to combat these robberies and acts of piracy.
Japanese: 9世紀中葉における朝廷・国司は、群盗海賊の制圧のために養老律令の捕亡令追捕罪人条にある臨時発兵規定により対応し始めた。
English: Rinji-hatsuhei indicated the following system: When an act of robbery or piracy occurred, the Imperial Court issued 'hatsuhei-chokufu' (an imperial order authorizing the mobilization of soldiers) corresponding to a request from a kokushi, and the kokushi sent soldiers in the province to combat the robbers or pirates.
Japanese: 臨時発兵とは、群盗海賊の発生に際し、国司からの奏上に応じて「発兵勅符」を国司へ交付し、国司は勅符に基づき国内の兵を発して群盗海賊を制圧する方式を指す。
English: This system had not been used for a long period, but came to be employed to cope with the rampant state of robbers and pirates.
Japanese: この方式は長らく適用されることはなかったが、群盗海賊の横行に直面してこの方式が採用されることとなった。
English: The soldiers supposed in the specifications of rinji-hatsuhei were neither those belonging to gundan (in ancient Japan) nor strong adults, but farmers who were skilled at using bows and at riding a horse.
Japanese: 臨時発兵規定で想定されていた兵とは、軍団(古代日本)や健児ではなく、百姓のうち弓馬に通じた者であった。
English: The farmers who were skilled at using bows and at riding a horse were gunji, rich and powerful persons, or fushu, descendants of the emishi (people who resided in the northern areas in ancient times) who swore allegiance to the central government and were forced to move to various places throughout the country.
Japanese: 弓馬に通じた百姓とはすなわち、郡司・富豪層であり、帰順して全国各地に移住させられた蝦夷の後裔たる俘囚であった。
English: This meant that, based on the application of the specifications of rinji-hatsuhei, gunji, rich and powerful persons and fushu were newly organized as military forces.
Japanese: 臨時発兵規定の適用により、郡司・富豪層と俘囚が国内の軍事力として新たに編成されることとなったのである。
English: In particular, the high-level fighting technique possessed by fushu strongly affected the newly formed military system.
Japanese: 特に俘囚が有していた高い戦闘技術は、新たに形成されようとしている軍制に強い影響を与えた。
English: Fushu were superior in fighting on horseback, and the warabite-to (curved sword), an unsheathed sword used on a horse, became the original shape of Kenukigata-Tachi (hair-tweezers-shaped Tachi [big sword]) that developed into Japanese swords.
Japanese: 俘囚は騎馬戦術に優れており、騎乗で使用する白兵である蕨手刀は後の日本刀へとつながる毛抜形太刀の原型となっている。
English: In the armed fushu's uprising that occurred in 883 in Kazusa Province (Kazusa Fushu War), the Imperial Court issued 'Tsuibu kanpu' (warrants of pursuit and capture) to the kokushi of Kazusa Province, instead of hatsuhei-chokufu.
Japanese: 883年（元慶7）に上総国で勃発した俘囚の武装蜂起（上総俘囚の乱）に際し、朝廷は発兵勅符ではなく、「追捕官符」を上総国司へ交付した。
English: Tsuibu kanpu was a Daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) that ordered the capture of criminals who had fled, based on the same bumo-ryo code.
Japanese: 追捕官符とは、同じく捕亡令に基づくもので、逃亡した者を追捕することを命ずる太政官符である。
English: After this incident, based on Tsuibu-kanpu, kokushi acquired the right to mobilize laborers to capture criminals who had fled, coming to combat robbers and pirates actively.
Japanese: この事件を契機として、以後、追捕官符を根拠として、国司は追捕のため国内の人夫を動員する権限を獲得することとなり、積極的に群盗海賊の鎮圧に乗り出すようになった。
English: In the Kanpyo to Engi eras, that is to say, from around the end of the 9th century to the early 10th century, the national administration was reformed drastically.
Japanese: 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけての寛平・延喜期になると、抜本的な国政改革が展開した。
English: Because persons in the rich and powerful class paid carried choyo (national tax) and fubutsu (collected goods as tax) to Kyoto, Ingu oshinke (imperial families and powerful nobles) became related to these rich and powerful persons to secure the fubutsu that constituted their income.
Japanese: 調庸・封物を富豪層が京進することにより、院宮王臣家（皇族・有力貴族）は富豪層と結びつき、自らの収入たる封物の確保を図った。
English: Persons in the rich and powerful class contributed their private land to Ingu oshinke as manors to avoid tax obligation to kokuga.
Japanese: 富豪層も自らの私営田を院宮王臣家へ寄進して荘園とし、国衙への納税回避を図っていった。
English: In the reformation to reestablish the kokuga administration and the finance of the central government, the relationships between Ingu oshinke and rich and powerful persons was broken and much of the control right was transferred to kokushi.
Japanese: かかる危機に直面した国衙行政と中央財政を再建させるために、院宮王臣家と富豪層の関係を断ち切るとともに、国司へ大幅な支配権限を委譲する改革が行われたのである。
English: With the dynastic nation system starting, the system of rich and powerful persons' paying choyo and fubutsu to Kyoto was abolished, and kokushi (zuryo) came to convey tax to the central government.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制への移行により、富豪層による調庸・封物の京進は廃され、国司（受領）による租税進納が行われるようになった。
English: As a result, the activities of robberies and piracy aiming at the choyo and fubutsu paying to Kyoto gradually became weaker.
Japanese: その結果、調庸・封物京進を狙っていた群盗海賊は沈静化することとなった。
English: In addition, various rights were concentrated in the zuryo, and the kokuga system was reorganized with the office directly controlled by the zuryo (called 'sho') at the center.
Japanese: また、受領への権限集中が行われ、国衙機構内部は受領直属部署（「所」という）を中心とするよう再編成された。
English: Gunji and rich and powerful persons were built in the kokuga control system as Tato fumyo who managed farm operations and collected tax, and in addition, were affiliated with 'the sho' and came to play some roles in the kokuga administration.
Japanese: 郡司・富豪層は、土地耕作を経営し納税を請け負う田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込まれ、また、各「所」に配属されて在庁官人として国衙行政の一翼を担うようになった。
English: In parallel with the national reformation described above, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War (Disturbance by robberies in Togoku during the eras between Kanbyo [889 to 898] and Engi [901 to 923]) occurred.
Japanese: 上記の国政改革と並行して、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱が発生していた。
English: For this, the imperial court issued tsuibu kanpu to the kokuga and took the measure of placing Oryoshi in each province as well.
Japanese: これに対し、朝廷は追捕官符を国衙へ発給し、さらに各国へ押領使を配置する対策をとった。
English: Provided with the right, for example, of mobilizing soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, zuryo mobilized persons in the Tato fumyo class as soldiers and gave Oryoshi in the province the right of controlling the soldiers, to do the actual work of capturing the rebels.
Japanese: 追捕官符は発兵などの裁量権を受領に与えるものであり、受領は国内の田堵負名層を兵として動員するとともに、国押領使へ指揮権を与えて実際の追捕にあたらせた。
English: In this way, the kokuga forces system was established as the new national military system, first in the eastern region through the process of suppressing the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War.
Japanese: このように、寛平・延喜東国の乱の鎮圧過程を通じて新たな国家軍制である国衙軍制が、まず東国において成立した。
English: With tsuibu kanpu used as the legal basis for mobilizing soldiers, this military system worked as follows: The zuryo provided with the right to mobilize soldiers entrusted the right of controlling them to Oryoshi in the province, and the Oryoshi organized soldiers in the province into a military system to conduct activities to capture rebels.
Japanese: この軍制は、追捕官符を兵力動員の法的根拠とし、兵力動員権を得た受領から国押領使へ指揮権が委任され、国押領使が国内兵力を軍事編成して追捕活動にあたる、というシステムである。
English: Kanpyo Engi kunkosha' (the persons who realized achievements in the Kanpyo Engi Togoku War), or the persons who contributed significantly to suppress the war, are considered to have been samurai at the initial stage.
Japanese: そして、同乱の鎮圧に勲功をあげた「寛平延喜勲功者」こそが最初期の武士であったと考えられている。
English: They constituted a new class: Persons which engaged in security duty under zuryo, while placing their economic basis on farm management.
Japanese: 彼らは、田堵負名として田地経営に経済基盤を置きながら、受領のもとで治安維持活動にも従事するという、それまでにない新たに登場した階層であった。
English: On the other hand, piracy occurred frequently in the Seto Inland Sea in the Johei era (in Japan) (in the 980s) ('Joheinankaizoku' [literally, pirates in the southern area in the Johei era]), and in 936, KI no Yoshito, who was appointed Tsuibu Nankai Doshi (the officer to capture criminals in the southern area), and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, his subordinate, succeeded in convincing the pirates to submit themselves to surrender.
Japanese: 一方、西国では承平(日本)年間（930年代）に瀬戸内海で海賊行為が頻発し（「承平南海賊」）、936年（承平6）、追捕南海道使に任命された紀淑人とその配下の藤原純友らによる説得が功を奏し、海賊が投降した。
English: The pirates were actually persons in the rich and powerful class, and held the position of Efutoneri (guard officers in the imperial court).
Japanese: 海賊らの実態は富豪層であり、彼らは従前から衛府舎人の地位を得ていた。
English: Efutoneri had the right to collect tairomai (rice as food), but in the Engi era (in the 900s), the Imperial Court announced the key policies of depriving the Efutoneri of their vested rights one after another.
Japanese: 衛府舎人は大粮米徴収権の既得権を有していたが、朝廷は延喜年間（900年代）に相次いで衛府舎人の既得権を剥奪する政策を打ち出した。
English: Facing the loss of their economic basis due to the deprivation of the vested rights in the Engi era, the Efutoneri along the Seto Inland Sea continued claiming their rights, and entering the Johei era, took the action of piracy.
Japanese: この延喜期の既得権剥奪によって経済基盤を失おうとしている瀬戸内沿岸の衛府舎人らは、自らの権益を主張し続けていたが、承平期に至ってついに海賊行為を展開することとなった。
English: The largest contributor of having incorporated them into the control of kokuga as Tato fumyo was FUJIWARA no Sumitomo.
Japanese: そして彼らを説得し、田堵負名として国衙支配に組み込んだ功労者が実は藤原純友であった。
English: In the process of suppressing the activities of the pirates, Keigoshi, including Sumitomo, were placed in provinces along the Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 海賊鎮圧の過程で、純友を含め、瀬戸内海諸国には海賊対応のための警固使が設置された。
English: The person appointed Keigoshi by the zuryo, who obtained the right to mobilize soldiers based on tsuibu kanpu, organized gunji and persons in the rich and powerful class in the province into a military system and exercised the right to command in the event of an emergency.
Japanese: 追捕官符によって兵力動員権を得た受領のもと、警固使に任じられた者は国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事的に編成し、有事に際しては指揮権を行使した。