nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: If those who carry out their missions secretly under the cloak of common people carry such specially-designed swords, they attract public attention all for nothing.
Japanese: 庶民に紛れ人目を忍んで任務に当たる者がそのような目立つ特殊な造りの刀を携行することは無意味に人目について目立ってしまう。
English: In ninja art books, such as Ninhiden or Shukai BANSEN, there is no description of shinobigatana, but a description that "use thick and wide wakizashi and uchigatana and put them not to break (after the Edo period, common people other than samurai were allowed to carry wakizashi for self defense or revenge if they made registrations at public offices).
Japanese: 忍秘伝や万川集海といった忍術書には忍刀の記載がなく「折れにくいよう重ね厚く幅広い脇差及び錐刀を用いる」という内容が剣術の項にあること（江戸時代以降は武士階級以外の庶民は役所に届出がありさえすれば旅の護身用や仇討ち認可などの理由により脇差までの携行が許された）。
English: At almost all ninja schools, except the Iga school and Koga school, they did not use such special swords, but used Wakizashi and Uchigatana.
Japanese: 伊賀流・甲賀流といった一部を除き他のほとんどの忍術流派がこのような特殊な刀を剣術の際には用いず脇差及び打刀を使用していた。
English: Most existing swords are said to be made for displays at tourist facilities after the Meiji period.
Japanese: 現存している物の多くは明治時代以降に観光施設の展示用として製作された物と言われている。
English: There are several stories about the existence of "Shinobigatana (Ninjato)": They were actually produced, but held as the symbol of rebellion against the Tokugawa bakufu, or it was exaggerated in the Futaro YAMADA's library work, "Ninpocho"series, and its image was established.
Japanese: 「忍刀（忍者刀）」の実在については、実際に製作はされていたが徳川幕府に対する反乱のシンボルとして団結のために持っていたという説、山田風太郎の著作である「忍法帖」シリーズで誇張されて登場したものが定着したという説等、諸説が存在する。
English: Until now, may or may not be true, "Ninja" that appear in movies or other works carry this "Shinobigatana" and mock swords produced for ornamental use are sold as souvenirs at tourist spots or as props for plays or Kosupre (costume play) or replicas for collections.
Japanese: 現在でも実在についての真偽は確定していないが、映像作品等に登場する「忍者」は大概がこの「忍刀」を携行するものとして描かれ、観賞用として作られた模擬刀が観光地の土産物や演劇やコスプレ用の小道具として、またコレクション用のレプリカ品として販売されている。
English: Kaginawa is a tool which is a grappling iron hook affixed to the tip of a rope and it is used when climbing a cliff without a toehold or crossing a valley without a bridge.
Japanese: 縄の先に鉄鉤のついた道具で、足がかりの無いがけを登る時、橋のない谷を渡る時などに使用する。
English: Similar shape as kaginawa may be mostly found in torimono dogu (tools of arrest) (such as ryuta, manriki-gusari) (manriki-gusari is a traditional Japanese chain weapon with two steel-weights on the ends designed to strike, ensnare or trap an opponent) and peasants' weapons (such as kusarigama) (kusarigama is a traditional Japanese weapon that consists of kama (the Japanese equivalent of a sickle) on a metal chain with a heavy iron weight at the end).
Japanese: 同じような形状のものは、捕り物道具（龍太や万力鎖など）や農民の武器（鎖鎌など）などに多い。
English: The term "foreign settlement" ("gaikokujin kyoryuchi" in Japanese) refers to one of the demarcated areas of land created by the government that were specifically set aside as places in which foreigners could reside and trade.
Japanese: 外国人居留地（がいこくじんきょりゅうち）は、政府が外国人の居留及び交易区域として特に定めた一定地域をいう。
English: In Japan during the modern era, the Five-Power treaties, including the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan, called for the establishment of settlements in places where ports were opened; these settlements continued to exist until being abolished by the revision of the treaties in 1899.
Japanese: 近代日本では1858年の日米修好通商条約など欧米5ヶ国との条約により、開港場に居留地を設置することが決められ、条約改正により1899年に廃止されるまで存続した。
English: Dejima (for the Dutch) and Tojin yashiki (an Edo-period residential area for Chinese people in Nagasaki), which were established in the city of Nagasaki during the period of national isolation, were also a kind of foreign settlement.
Japanese: 鎖国時代の長崎市に設置された出島や唐人屋敷も、一種の居留地に当たる。
English: The Dutch at Dejima and the Chinese at Tojin yashiki were not permitted to leave their settlements and enter the urban districts of Nagasaki without good reason.
Japanese: 出島のオランダ人や唐人屋敷の中国人は、濫りに長崎市街へ外出することは許されなかった。
English: When the Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States and Japan was concluded in 1854, two ports, namely Shimoda and Hakodate, were opened to US merchant vessels in order to provide them with fuel and drinking water, and under the Treaty of Peace and Amity between England and Japan, Nagasaki and Hakodate were opened to England, but under these treaties foreigners were not permitted to reside in Japan.
Japanese: 1854年の日米和親条約では米国商船の薪水供給のため下田、箱館の二港が開港され、日英和親条約では長崎と箱館が英国に開港されたが、外国人の居住は認められなかった。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) concluded a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States in 1858, before going on to conclude four more such treaties with England, France, Russia and the Netherlands.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は、安政年間に1858年の日米修好通商条約をはじめとしてイギリス、フランス、ロシア、オランダと修好条約を締結した。
English: These five treaties called for the opening of the cities of Tokyo and Osaka and of five ports, namely Hakodate (the modern-day city of Hakodate), Kanagawa (today's Kanagawa ward in the city of Yokohama), Nagasaki, Hyogo (currently Hyogo ward in the city of Kobe) and Niigata, and also permitted foreigners to live and trade in these areas.
Japanese: この条約では、東京と大阪の開市および、箱館（現函館市）、神奈川（現横浜市神奈川区）、長崎、兵庫（現神戸市兵庫区）、新潟市の五港を開港して外国人の居住と貿易を認めた。
English: In the case of Kanagawa-juku ("way-station"), the port that was actually opened was in the village of Yokohama (today's Naka ward in the city of Yokohama) which was quite far from the path of the main road, and similarly in the case of Hyogo, the port opened was in the village of Kobe (modern-day Chuo ward of the city of Kobe) which was also far from the main road, but in any case foreigners were allowed to rent land in certain sections of the ports and to purchase buildings or build houses, warehouses, and trading houses.
Japanese: 実際に開港されたのは、神奈川宿の場合、街道筋から離れた横浜村（現横浜市中区(横浜市)）であり、兵庫津の場合もやはりかなり離れた神戸村（現神戸市中央区(神戸市)）であったが、いずれにしても開港場には外国人が一定区域の範囲で土地を借り、建物を購入し、あるいは住宅倉庫商館を建てることが認められた。
English: Foreigners in these settlement were allowed to leave the premises and travel freely out to a range of about 40 kilometers, and in addition they remained protected by extraterritoriality even while out of the settlements.
Japanese: 居留地の外国人は居留地の十里（約40キロ）四方への外出や旅行は自由に行うことができ、居留地外でも治外法権があった。
English: Tokyo was opened not as a port, but as a market; in 1869, a foreign settlement was established in Tsukiji Teppozu.
Japanese: 東京は、開港場ではないが、開市場として1869年築地鉄砲洲に外国人居留地を設けた。
English: However, the foreign firms in the Yokohama settlement did not relocate from Yokohama, and so it was mainly churches and mission schools of Christian missionaries that came to the Tsukiji settlement.
Japanese: しかし、横浜居留地の外国商社は、横浜を動かず、主にキリスト教宣教師の教会堂やミッションスクールが入った。
English: As such, the settlement was the birthplace of Aoyama Gakuin, Rikkyo Gakuin, Meiji Gakuin and Joshi St. Gakuin (all schools).
Japanese: このため、青山学院や立教学院、明治学院、女子聖学院の発祥地となっている。
English: In addition, the settlement featured many foreign diplomatic offices; the Legation of the United States of America was established there in 1875 and remained there until it was relocated to what is now Akasaka (Minato ward, Tokyo) in 1890.
Japanese: また外国公館も多く、1875年にアメリカ合衆国公使館が設置され、1890年に現在の赤坂(東京都港区)に移転するまで続いた。
English: The Treaties of Amity and Commerce concluded between the Five Powers had stipulated that the port to be opened would be Kanagawa, but the shogunate, concerned that conflicts between the foreigners and local Japanese would multiply if foreigners were permitted to live and work in Kanagawa-juku, which was right on the Tokaido Road (Japan's main East-West highway) and was one of the way-station towns (Shukuba machi in Japanese) in frequent use by travelers, decided on its own initiative to change the port to be opened to isolated Yokohama village, which was far from the path of the Tokaido Road.
Japanese: 諸外国と締結した修好条約では、開港場は神奈川となっていたが、東海道筋の宿場町である神奈川宿では日本人との紛争が多発すると懸念した幕府は勝手に街道筋から離れた辺鄙な横浜村に開港場を変更してしまった。
English: Rutherford Alcock and other members of the diplomatic corps in England and the United States protested strongly that this change violated the treaty provisions, but Bakufu pressed its case by insisting that Yokohama was also a part of Kanagawa.
Japanese: ラザフォード・オールコックら英米外交団は条約の規定と違うと強硬に抗議したが、幕府は横浜も神奈川の一部であると押し通した。
English: The port of Yokohama was officially opened on July 4, 1859, and the Yamashita settlement, which had Yamashitacho town (Yokohama city) at its center, was completed in four years.
Japanese: 横浜港は、1859年7月4日正式開港し、まず山下町(横浜市)を中心とする山下居留地が4年で完成した。
English: Since the shogunate had created Yokohama settlement on its own initiative, the settlement was initially constructed in Japanese style, but after the great fire of 1866 called the "Buta ya kaji" (so named because the fire started in a pork merchant's establishment), the settlement was rebuilt in Western style.
Japanese: 横浜居留地は幕府が勝手に造成したため当初は日本風の造りであったが、1866年の大火"豚屋火事"の後、洋風に改められた。
English: The settlement was surrounded by a trench, and a sekisho (barrier checkpoint station) was established near the bridge at the entrance, and hence it came to be called Kannai settlement ("Kannai" means "inside the checkpoint").
Japanese: 居留地は、掘割で仕切られて入り口にある橋のたもとには関所が設置されていたので、関内居留地とも呼ばれる。
English: The population of foreigners in the settlement continued to expand in later years, leading to the additional establishment of Yamate (today part of Yokohama city) to the south in 1867.
Japanese: その後外国人人口がさらに増加したので、1867年には南側に山手(横浜市)も増設された。
English: Yamashita settlement essentially became a business district lined with foreign firms, while Yamate settlement became the foreign residential area.
Japanese: 山下居留地は主に外国商社が立ち並ぶ商業区域となり、山手居留地は外国人住宅地となった。
English: With the exception of the former Seventh building of England (built in 1922), all of the various Western-style buildings that now line Main Street in Yamate, a popular sightseeing destination today, were either constructed in or after the Showa period as tourist attractions or relocated there from other spots.
Japanese: 現在観光コースになっている山手本通り沿いにある数棟の西洋館は、旧イギリス7番館（1922年）を除けば、すべて観光資源として昭和時代以降に建築されたものか、他所から移築されたものである。
English: In the summer of 1862, in what came to be known as the Namamugi Incident, four English men and women of Yokohama settlement on their way to see Heiken-ji Temple by horse were cut down in Namamugi village (today's Tsurumi ward of the city of Yokohama) by warriors in the Satsuma Daimyo's procession, an event that deeply shook the shogunate.
Japanese: 1862年夏、平間寺見物のため乗馬していた横浜居留地の英人男女4人が生麦村（現横浜市鶴見区(横浜市)）で薩摩の大名行列に切りつけられる生麦事件が起こり、幕府を震撼させた。
English: The area around foreign settlements had become quite dangerous due to the fact that ronin (masterless samurai) supporting the joi (expulsion of foreigners) doctrine began to congregate near the settlements at the end of Edo period, and as a result, incidents in which foreigners were stabbed to death became quite frequent.
Japanese: 居留地周辺は、幕末には攘夷浪人も出没して外国人殺傷事件がしばしば起こる物騒な地域であった。
English: In 1872, under the leadership of Edmund Morel of England, Japan's first railway line was opened, running between Shinbashi and Yokohama.
Japanese: 1872年には、英人エドモンド・モレルの指導により新橋－横浜間に日本最初の鉄道が開通した。
English: Yokohama Station in those days corresponds to the present-day Sakuragicho Station and was located right in front of the settlement, while Shimbashi Station (today's Shiodome) was just outside of Tsukiji settlement, described elsewhere.
Japanese: 当時の横浜駅は現在の桜木町駅で、居留地を出てすぐのところであり、新橋駅（現在の汐留）は後述の築地居留地の外縁にあった。
English: In other words, the first railway in Japan was built to connect the Yokohama and Tsukiji foreign settlements.
Japanese: つまり、日本最初の鉄道は横浜居留地と築地居留地をつなぐものだったのである。
English: Kawaguchi settlement was the foreign settlement established in the city of Osaka during the same period that the port of Kobe and the city of Tokyo were also opened.
Japanese: 1868年、神戸市、東京と同時期に開港・開市した、大阪市に設置された外国人居留地のこと。
English: This settlement was a place in which missionaries of each branch of Christianity settled, built a church, and proselytized; as a part of such activities, many famous missionary schools were established there.
Japanese: キリスト教各派の宣教師が定住して教会堂を建てて布教を行い、その一環として多くの著名なミッションスクールを創設した地である。
English: The settlement was located in the vicinity of the administrative center for both Osaka Prefecture and Osaka City in the Meiji and Taisho periods.
Japanese: 周辺一帯は明治・大正時代の大阪府および大阪市の行政の中心地であった。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) repeatedly postponed the opening of the port in Hyogo, citing the fact that it was in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) and thus close to Kyoto, where the Emperor lived, and pointing out the region was dangerously unstable due to the strong joi ("expulsion of foreigners") sentiment there.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は天皇の居住する京都に近い畿内は攘夷気分が強く情勢不穏であるとして、兵庫開港を延ばしに延ばしていた。
English: Yet in reality, it seems the shogunate's true motivation may have been to keep foreigners away from Osaka, the economic heart of Japan at the time.
Japanese: しかし、実際は、当時日本の経済的中心地であった大阪から外国人を遠ざけておきたかったからのようである。
English: As a result, the port of Kobe was finally opened on January 1, 1868, ten years after the promulgation of the treaties.
Japanese: このため、神戸港は条約締結から10年を経過した1868年1月1日に開港した。
English: In order to ward off conflicts between the foreigners and Japanese, the location of the port to be opened and its accompanying foreign settlement was made the village of Kobe, which at that time was 3.5 kilometers east of the urban area of Hyogo.
Japanese: 日本人と外国人との紛争を避けるため、開港場や外国人居留地は当時の兵庫市街地から3.5kmも東に離れた神戸村に造成される。
English: Considering the shogunate's desire to isolate the foreigners, the spot was ideal: it was hemmed in by rivers to the east and west, by the Saigoku-kaido Road to the north, and by the sea to the south.
Japanese: 東西を川に、北を西国街道、南を海に囲まれた土地で、外国人を隔離するという幕府の目的に適う地勢であった。
English: The British civil engineer J.W. Hart designed the layout of the settlement, which was equipped with check-patterned streets, roadside trees, parks, street lamps, and sewers; the settlement was divided into 126 blocks, and on July 24, 1868, the first auction of the land to foreigners was held.
Japanese: ここにイギリス人土木技師J.W.ハートが居留地の設計を行い、格子状街路、街路樹、公園、街灯、下水道などを整備、126区画の敷地割りが行われ、同年7月24日に外国人に対して最初の敷地競売が実施された。
English: All of the blocks were owned by foreigners and thus subject to the laws of extraterroriality, meaning the settlement was a true concession that Japanese nationals were severely restricted in entering.
Japanese: 全区画が外国人所有の治外法権の土地であり、日本人の立入が厳しく制限された事実上の租界である。
English: The foreigners' self-governing organization in Kobe settlement, called the Kyoryuchi kaigi (Settlement Council), functioned very well, and it possessed its own dedicated police force.
Japanese: 神戸居留地では外国人の自治組織である居留地会議が良く機能し、独自の警察隊もあった。
English: In 1868 a race track was built north of the settlement to the east of Ikuta-jinja Shrine, but was abandoned a few years later.
Japanese: 1868年に居留地の北、生田神社の東に競馬場が開設されているが、数年で廃止されている。
English: The foreign settlement in Kobe was restored to Japanese sovereignty in 1899 following the revision of the unequal treaties.
Japanese: 神戸の外国人居留地が日本に返還されたのは、不平等条約改正後の明治32年（1899年）であった。
English: The urban areas of Kobe were devastated by the great air raids in 1945, so building No. 15 of the former settlement (the former consulate of the United States, and an important cultural property of Japan) was the only building left standing among those built in the settlement period (that is, before 1899) in the western area of the settlement, which corresponds to the vicinity of the present-day city hall of Kobe; most of the modern-era buildings that remain standing were built in the Taisho period.
Japanese: 神戸市街地は1945年に大空襲を受けたため、現在の神戸市役所西側一帯にあった居留地時代（1899年以前）の建物で残っているのは旧居留地十五番館（旧アメリカ合衆国領事館、国の重要文化財）が唯一で、多く残る近代ビル建築は主に大正時代のものである。
English: However, because the settlement was quite crowded, starting in about 1880 many foreign residences were built near the town of Kitano-cho on Yamamoto-dori street, in what is now a Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings (or "Judenken" [Groups of Historic Buildings] in Japanese), and as a happy consequence the foreign residences built in this area escaped damage during the war.
Japanese: ただ、居留地が手狭になったため、1880年頃から六甲山麓の重要伝統的建造物群保存地区（重伝建）である北野町山本通付近に多くの外国人住宅が建てられ、戦災を免れた。
English: The port of Nagasaki, which had functioned as a trading hub since the beginning of the period of national isolation, was opened internationally in 1854.
Japanese: 鎖国時代から貿易港として機能した長崎港は、1854年に国際開放された。
English: In the first years its role was simply to provide fuel and drinking water to any foreign ships that arrived; it was then opened officially in 1859, whereupon land was reclaimed from the coastal Oura area starting in 1860 and the settlement was founded.
Japanese: この時は、来航する外国船に薪水を供給する程度であったが、1859年本格開放されて1860年から大浦一帯の海岸が埋め立てられ、居留地が造成された。
English: Nagasaki was the only port that had been open to international trading since the Edo period, and as such the settlement had flourished due to the large number of foreigners who had taken up unofficial residence there; beginning in the Meiji period, however, it saw comparatively little development, and indeed prospered more as a sort of health resort for foreigners living in Shanghai and other concessions in China rather than as a settlement in its own right.
Japanese: 江戸時代から日本唯一の対外貿易港であった長崎の居留地には、当初、多数の外国人が押しかけて繁栄したが、明治になると長崎居留地はそれほど発達せず、むしろ上海市を中心とする中国租界在住の欧米人の保養地として賑わうようになった。
English: Trading company facilities and warehouses were constructed in the areas of the settlement near the coast in order to promote trade, while hotels, banks, hospitals and entertainment facilities lined the streets in the center of the settlement; Western-style houses and consulates were constructed in the Yamate area, which featured beautiful views.
Japanese: 居留地の海岸に近い方には貿易のための商館や倉庫が建造され、中ほどにはホテル、銀行、病院、娯楽施設が並び、眺望が良い山手には洋風の住宅･領事館が建てられた。
English: In addition, the fact that Unzen onsen (hot spring) was located in the neighborhood made the settlement more attractive for visitors as a health resort.
Japanese: また、近隣に雲仙温泉を控えていたことも、彼らにとっての保養地としての魅力を増すこととなった。
English: American ships had been allowed to dock since 1854, and in 1859 the port of Hakodate was officially opened, with the area of Motomachi set aside for the settlement.
Japanese: 1854年から米国船の寄航が認められ、1859年正式開港、元町一帯が居留地と定められた。
English: In 1868 the pro-bakufu rebel army occupied Hakodate, leading to the outbreak of the Hakodate War at Goryokaku.
Japanese: 1868年には幕府反乱軍が箱館を占領し、五稜郭で箱館戦争が起こっている。
English: The settlement at Hakodate essentially existed in name only, as in reality the foreigners lived mixed together (with locals) in Hakodate's urban areas.
Japanese: 函館の居留地は、ほとんど有名無実で、実際には外国人は市街地に雑居した。
English: The port of Niigata on the Sea of Japan (northern) side had been developed as an anchoring site for Kitamae-bune (cargo ships that sailed the Japan Sea) in the Edo period and was opened internationally in 1868; however, as few foreigners came and settled there, no particular settlement was established, and foreigners were permitted to live together in Niigata's urban areas.
Japanese: 日本海側の新潟港は、江戸時代に北前船の寄港地として発展し、1868年対外開港したが、外国人の来住が少ないため、特に居留地は設置せず、市街に雑居することが認められた。
English: Immediately after the ports of Hakodate, Yokohama, and Nagasaki were opened, they turned into boom-towns in a strange phenomenon that became known as a "gold rush."
Japanese: 函館・横浜・長崎開港後まもなく、「ゴールド・ラッシュ」と呼ばれる奇妙な現象がブームとなる。
English: (This was due to the fact that the shogunate had granted a sort of credit currency value to Japan's silver.)
Japanese: （これは、幕府によって日本の銀貨には一種の信用貨幣的な価値が付与されていたという事情もあった。)
English: As a result, merely by bringing some of the silver circulating in the treaty port of China into Japan and exchanging it for gold and then taking that gold back to China and exchanging it for silver, people had found a very easy way by which to get rich quick.
Japanese: このため、中国の条約港で流通している銀貨を日本に持ち込んで金に両替し、再び中国に持ち帰り銀に両替するだけで、一攫千金濡れ手で粟の利益が得られた。
English: When the Edo bakufu noticed the situation and started to reform the currency system, a large amount of gold began flowing out of Japan, which created severe inflation in the city of Edo.
Japanese: 事態に気付いた江戸幕府が通貨制度の改革に乗り出す頃には大量の金が日本から流出し、江戸市中は猛烈なインフレーションに見舞われていた。
English: It was Nagasaki where the arms merchant Thomas Glover sold arms to Choshu and Satsuma Domains.
Japanese: 武器商人トーマス・グラバーが長州藩や薩摩藩を相手に武器取引を行ったのは長崎であった。
English: To counteract these hefty imports, the only products Japan could export were Japanese (green) tea and raw silk thread.
Japanese: これに対して日本が輸出できるのは日本茶（グリーンティー）や生糸くらいしかなかった。
English: To accomplish this, the Meiji government, which was promoting the message of fukoku kyohei (rich country, strong military), focused on nurturing new industries and stepped up construction of various facilities including the silk mills of Tomioka.
Japanese: このため富国強兵を掲げる明治政府は殖産興業に力を入れ、富岡製糸場などを建設していく。
English: The settlements in the opened ports were a sort of window into the wonders of the west for Japan, which had long been isolated from the world, and functioned as strongholds of enlightenment and civilization.
Japanese: 開港場の居留地は、長く鎖国下にあった日本にとって西洋文明のショーウィンドーとなり、文明開化の拠点であった。
English: New urban areas in Yokohama and Kobe sprang up around the settlements, and with that, high-collar western culture was born for the inhabitants of Yokohama and Kobe.
Japanese: この居留地を中心として横浜、神戸の新しい市街地が形成され、浜っ子、神戸っ子のハイカラ文化が生み出されることになる。
English: In Yokohama settlement a magazine called "The Japan Punch" began publication in 1862 and continued for 25 years, until 1887.
Japanese: 横浜居留地では、1862年から1887年まで25年にわたって『ジャパン・パンチ』が発行された。
English: This magazine was published by Charles Wirgman, who had come to Japan as a correspondent for the "Illustrated London News"; the Japan Punch became famous for its cartoons.
Japanese: この雑誌は、『イラストレイテッド・ロンドン・ニューズ』特派通信員として来日したチャールズ・ワーグマンが出版したもので、風刺漫画で有名である。
English: There were about 2000 people living in the settlement, and according to the Japan Punch, foreigners enjoyed watching horse racing at Negishi Racetrack; other popular sports included tennis, racket ball, cricket (among the English), and baseball (among the Americans).
Japanese: ジャパン・パンチによれば当時、人口2千人ほどの居留地外国人の楽しみは根岸競馬場での競馬観戦であり、テニスやラケットボール、クリケット（英国人）、野球（米国人）も人気があった。
English: Western-style horse racing was first conducted by the foreigners living in Yokohama settlement beginning in 1861, and the practice flourished even more after the Yokohama horse-racing track was built in 1866.
Japanese: 1861年より横浜居留地内で居留外国人によって西洋式の競馬が行われるようになり、1866年に横濱競馬場が建設された後は特に盛んとなった。
English: This kind of horse racing was dubbed Settlement horse racing, and became the root of modern-day horse racing in Japan in the sense that the current system of competition was adopted from the Settlement racing system.
Japanese: このような競馬を居留地競馬といい、採用された競技方式の面において現在の日本競馬のルーツであるとされる。
English: Chinatowns were founded in the settlements in Yokohama, Kobe, and Nagasaki (Kobe's Chinatown was founded on land adjoining the settlement); these three have developed into the three major Chinatowns in Japan today.
Japanese: 横浜、神戸、長崎では居留地の中（神戸は隣接地）に中華街が形成され、日本三大中華街に発展した。
English: Chinatowns sprang up because at first most foreign merchants came to Japan from the treaty port concessions of China, and as Japanese people could understand written Chinese characters Chinese compradors accompanied the merchants as translators.
Japanese: これは当初来日する外国商人は中国の開港場から来る者が多く、日本は漢字が通用するので中国人買弁が通訳として同行してきたためである。
English: Thereafter, once sea routes for ocean liners between Japan and every treaty port in China were established, Chinese merchants (overseas Chinese, or "kakyo" in Japanese) entered the market by themselves.
Japanese: その後、日本と中国各地の開港場に定期船航路が開けると中国人商人（華僑）が独自に進出してきた。
English: Historically, the Chinese, just like the Dutch, had been trading with the Japanese in Nagasaki for a very long time; their trading activities were conducted at the Tojin yashiki.
Japanese: 中国人もオランダ人同様、長崎唐人屋敷で長年日本貿易を行ってきた歴史がある。
English: Many of the overseas Chinese who entered Kobe were wealthy traders; they settled in the town of Kitanocho and to the west of it.
Japanese: 神戸に進出した華僑は富裕な貿易商が多く、彼らは北野町とその西に居を構えた。
English: This is the reason why the unusual step was taken of moving Kantei byo Shrine in Kobe from Kobe Nankin–machi (Kobe's Chinatown) to the residential area in Yamate.
Japanese: これが神戸の関帝廟が例外的に神戸南京町から離れた山手の住宅地に存在する理由である。
English: Most of the overseas Chinese who came to Yokohama ran restaurants, and as a result the area of the Chinatown in Yokohama expanded.
Japanese: 横浜に進出した華僑は、その大半が飲食業を営んだために、横浜中華街の面積が大きくなった。