nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: At first 'rekko' (列侯 in kanji) was called 'tekko' (徹侯 in kanji) but tekko contained a kanji of 徹, which appeared in the personal name of the Emperor Wu of Han (Han dynasty) (Che Liu, 劉徹 in kanji), so 'tsuko' (通侯) was used instead and changed into 'rekko' (列侯) later.
Japanese: 列侯は初め徹侯と言っていたが、漢武帝(漢)（劉徹）の諱である徹にふれる為に通侯に改められ、その後列侯に変わった。
English: The time when 'rekko' was used was almost the same period of Emperor Wu, when Sima Qian wrote "Shiki."
Japanese: ちょうど司馬遷が『史記』を書いた時代は武帝の時代であるため、列侯と呼ばれていた時期と一致する。
English: However, the general rule was no longer existed and there were a lot of 'den' (history), which were irrelevant to 'rekko' (titled liege) in "Shiki" such as den of Xiongnu, den of Korea and den of an unsparing officials, so it may be better to understand that 'retsuden' is just a series of 'den.'
Japanese: しかしながら、『史記』の中ですでにその原則は崩れており、匈奴や朝鮮、酷吏列伝など列侯とは到底関係ない伝がいくつも立てられおり、単に伝を連ねたものと解釈した方が良いかもしれない。
English: It seems that Sima Qian did not intend to differentiate it from 'Seika,' but it started from "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty).
Japanese: 司馬遷などは世家と区別する意図はなかったと思われるが、『晋書』からはじまった。
English: In order to show that was compiled by a royal command, imperial rescript to compile was sometimes issued ("Jin shu.")
Japanese: 奉勅公撰であることを示すため、編纂命令（詔勅）が付されることがある（『晋書』）
English: The exposition of each languages in the case of the dynasties with different races ("Ryoshi,""Kinshi")
Japanese: 異民族王朝の場合、独自の民族語が頻出するのでその解説（『遼史』『金史』）
English: Being such a descriptive format, Kiden-tai often causes the same articles to be repeated, but shows information on an individual figure and on a nation comprehensively, and enables them to be understood well.
Japanese: このような記述形式であるから、同じ事柄が重複する事もよくあるが、個人や一つの国に関しての情報がまとめて紹介されるためにその人物や国に関しては理解しやすい。
English: On the other hand, the method of putting all events in chronological order is called 'henen-tai' (chronological format), the advantage of which is the overall course of events can be grasped easily.
Japanese: これに対して全てを年毎に並べていく方法を編年体といい、こちらは全体としての流れがつかみやすいと言う利点がある。
English: Henen-tai prevailed at first because China had "Chunqiu," a masterpiece written in henen-tai, but after Sima Qian wrote "Shiki," kiden-tai took the place of it and all volumes of Nijushishi (24 dynastic histories) were written in kiden-tai.
Japanese: 中国では『春秋』と言う名作があったために最初は編年体が主流だったが、司馬遷の『史記』以降は紀伝体が主流になり、二十四史は全て紀伝体である。
English: There are kijihonmatu-tai and kokushi-tai as a format of historiography other than kiden-tai and henen-tai.
Japanese: 紀伝体と編年体の他には、紀事本末体（きじほんまつたい）、国史体（こくしたい）がある。
English: It has a form of historical depiction in which all the causes and the effects of each important affair are described comprehensibly.
Japanese: -ストーリー展開を追って事件の筋がわかりやすいようにまとめ直したもの。
English: It is a style unique to Japan, the historiography based on chronological order with retsuden (biography) of the deceased people, added to obituaries on them.
Japanese: -日本独自のもので、編年体を基本としながらも人物の死亡記事があった場合にその人物の列伝を付載するものである。
English: Later the biographies called kanbun-den, which was developed from Kokushi-tai, were written in classical Chinese (kanbun).
Japanese: 国史体から発展して後に漢文伝という漢文の伝記が書かれるようになった。
English: In addition, some people have a view that before the establishment of kiki (the Kojiki and Nihonshoki), Japan already had 'Japanese kiden-tai'-like format, combined with the two historical books such as "Teiki" (imperial records) and "Kyuji" (mythical tradition), which were written in the preface of 'Kojiki.'
Japanese: なお、日本には記紀が成立する以前に『古事記』の序文などに記されている『帝紀』と『旧辞』のような二つの史書を組み合わせた「日本式の紀伝体」とでもいうべき形態が存在したのではないかとする説もある。
English: Tan as a unit of land area is a unit of multiples for tsubo (unit of land measurement; 1 tsubo is 3.31 square meters) which is the standard unit of area, and is now defined as 10 se (unit of area, 1 se is equal to 30 tsubo, about 99.174 square meters; 300 bu [歩; unit of land measurement; 1 bu is equal to 3.31 square meters]; 991.74 square meters).
Japanese: 土地の面積の単位の反、段は、面積の基本単位である坪（坪）の倍量単位であり、現在は10畝（300歩）と定義されている。
English: In the Meiji period, 1 shaku (unit of length) was set to be 10 over 33 meters, therefore 1 tan now is equal to about 991.74 square meters, about 9.9174 ares.
Japanese: 明治時代に1尺＝(10/33)メートルと定められたので、そこから1反＝約991.74平方メートル＝約9.9174アールとなる。
English: The unit is really close to 10 ares, thus the transition to the metric system of measurement was done smoothly.
Japanese: この値は10アールに非常に近いので、面積についてはメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
English: For that reason, although an area of 1 tan differs depending on the land's condition, lands with same numbers of tan can produce similar amount of crops.
Japanese: よって、土地の条件によって1反の面積は異なることになるが、同じ反数であれば同じくらいの収穫があることになる。
English: 1 koku of rice corresponded to the yearly consumption of rice per adult; therefore it was natural to make an area, brought 1 koku of rice, into a unit.
Japanese: 米1石は大人1人の1年間の消費量に相当することから、米1石が穫れる面積を単位とするのは自然なことであった。
English: The area was equal to approximately 360 bu; therefore 1 tan was set to be 360 bu (1,191.6 square meters).
Japanese: その面積がおおむね360歩であったことから、1反は360歩に固定されるようになった。
English: Some people say that hideyoshi set 1 tan into 300 bu to increase land tax, but some argue that he did because they could produce 1 koku of rice within an area of 300 bu by increasing of the production efficiency.
Japanese: 1反を300歩にしたのは、年貢の増収のためという説もあるが、米の生産効率が上がって300歩程度で1石の収穫が上げられるようになったためとする説もある。
English: Today, under the metric system, the rice yield per 10 ares is called tanshu as well.
Japanese: メートル法の今日でも、10アールあたりの米の収穫量のことを反収と呼んでいる。
English: The tan (反; also written as 端 in Chinese characters), representing a unit to measure textile, basically is equal to a cloth's width and length.
Japanese: 布の大きさの単位の反は、（この場合は「端」とも書く）は、おおむね一着分の幅・丈の大きさである。
English: The tan (端) was mainly used to measure fuhaku (cotton, silk, textile fabrics) in China and the Chinese character 反 (tan) was also applied after it has been imported into Japan.
Japanese: 主に布帛の計量に用いられ、日本に入って「反」とも書かれるようになった。
English: In ancient time, 1 tan was equivalent to 9 sun (unit of length) and 5 bu (分; unit of length; approximately 28.785 centimeters) to 1 shaku (approximately 30.3 centimeters) in width and 2 jo and 8 shaku (approximately 8.48 meters) to 3 jo (approximately 9.09 meters) in length for silk clothes, and 9 sun and 5 bu (approximately 28.785 centimeters) in width and 2 jo and 8 shaku (approximately 8.48 meters) in length for menpu (cotton cloth; cotton material) (measured using kujira-jaku [unit of length, 1 kujira-jaku is approximately 37.9 centimeters]).
Japanese: 古代には、絹布では幅9寸5分～1尺、長さ2丈8尺～3丈を1反とし、綿布では幅9寸5分、長さ2丈8尺を1反とした（いずれも鯨尺による）。
English: Later, 1 tan as width and length of a cloth was set as 9 sun and 5 bu in width and at least 3 jo in length for a kimono (Japanese traditional clothing); 9 sun and 5 bu in width and at least 2 jo and 4 shaku in length for a menpu used for haori (Japanese half-coat); 9 sun and 5 bu in width and at least 2 jo in length for other clothes.
Japanese: 後に、単に一着分の幅・丈として、着物用は幅9寸5分、長さ3丈以上、羽織用の綿布は幅9寸5分、長さ2丈4尺以上、その他は幅9寸5分、長さ2丈以上を標準とした。
English: Today, 1 tsubo defined the area of a square, 6 shaku (a unit of length; 1 ken [a unit of length]) on a side, which is about 3.3 square meters.
Japanese: 現在は一辺が6尺（1間）の正方形の面積と定義されており、それは約3.3平方メートルに相当する。
English: The unit bu had been developed in China, while tsubo was later introduced as the alternative of bu unit.
Japanese: これは中国で生まれたもので、歩の別名として坪という名称ができたものである。
English: In general, bu unit was used for measuring the area of arable land, forest and field, while tsubo was used for the area of building sites and houses.
Japanese: 一般には、耕地・林野の面積には歩が、家屋・敷地の面積には坪が使われていた。
English: In ancient China during Zhou Dynasty, 'bu' (the old Japanese system of weights and measures) was established as the unit of length, specifying the length of two steps forward (by stepping forward with right leg first and left leg next, and measuring the travelled distance from the starting point to the left foot; this is a unit based on the measurement of human body parts [a anthropomorphic units]).
Japanese: 古代中国の周代に、歩幅2歩分（右足を踏み出し、次に左足を踏み出した時の、起点から踏み出した左足までの長さ）を「歩(尺貫法)」という長さの単位（身体尺）とした。
English: The 'bu' unit for measuring area was derived from that the area of a square, 1 bu on a side is also called 'bu.'
Japanese: その歩を一辺とする正方形の面積のことも「歩」と呼んだのが面積の単位「歩」の始まりである。
English: This original 1 bu area was smaller than today's 1 bu area; later 1 bu was defined as the area of 6 shaku square.
Japanese: このときの1歩（面積）は現在の歩よりも小さな面積であったが、後に6尺四方の面積と定められた。
English: During Meiji period, 1 shaku was redefined and specified as 10 over 33 meters, therefore 1 tsubo equals 10 over 33 times 6 times 2, that is, about 3.305785 square meters.
Japanese: 明治時代に1尺＝(10/33)メートルと定められたので、1坪＝(10/33×6)2＝約3.305785平方メートルとなる。
English: Because the figures of se, tan, and cho units are close enough to the figures of 1 are, 10 ares and 1 hectare, the transition of those area units to metric system went smoothly.
Japanese: 畝・反・町の値は1アール・10アール・1ヘクタールの値に非常に近いので、面積の単位についてはメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
English: However, only tsubo (bu) itself could not convert into the units of the metric system by integral.
Japanese: ただし、坪（歩）だけはメートル法できりの良い数字で表すことができない。
English: Therefore, the description of the area on a registration certificate is still allowed to write in tsubo figure along with the metric figure.
Japanese: そのため、登記の表記においては、メートル法による面積に坪を併記して良いこととされている。
English: While tsubo is the Japanese origin unit, it has been also used in South Korea and Taiwan because the unit was introduced and established under the ruling of the former Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 坪は日本で生まれた単位であるが、かつて日本の統治下にあった大韓民国や台湾でも使用されている。
English: In case of Taiwan, the government of the Republic of China announced to switch from tsubo unit to the metric unit in 1945 for its official description of the area of a space except some governmental official documents, although the tsubo unit is still widely used in private today.
Japanese: 台湾では、1945年に国民政府が、一部の政府文書を除き坪に変えて平方メートルを使用すると宣言したが、民間では今でも広く使用されている。
English: In South Korea, the measurement law enacted in 1961 had officially declared to switch into the metric system; however, the usage of tsubo unit was still common in practice for real estate business, thus the government revised the measurement law in July, 2007, imposing a penalty for the usage of tsubo unit in business purpose.
Japanese: 韓国では1961年の計量法施行によって、公式にはメートル法に移行しているが、不動産の売買には坪を用いる実態があったため、2007年7月施行の改定計量法によって、使用すると罰金が課せられるようになっている。
English: There are some other kinds of 'tsubo' unit in particular fields of profession other than in the previously-mentioned real estate business.
Japanese: 上述の不動産関連での「坪」の他、職業によって特別の「坪」が使われることがある。
English: For measuring an expensive fabric such as brocade and gold foil, or for the fields of printing and photoengraving businesses, a unique tsubo unit called sun-tsubo is used, which is defined 1 sun-tsubo as an area in 1 sun square.
Japanese: 錦などの高価な織物や金箔、印刷、製版では1寸四方の面積を1坪としており、区別のためこれを寸坪という。
English: In case of measuring tiles and leather materials, a unique tsubo unit called shaku-tsubo is often used, which is defined 1 shaku-tsubo as an area in 1 shaku square.
Japanese: タイル・皮革などについては、1尺四方をもって1坪とし、これを尺坪という。
English: A variation of the shaku-tsubo called glass-tsubo is used in the glass manufacturers and the business handling plate glasses and others, which is defined 1 glass-tsubo as 30 centimeters square (900 square centimeters)
Japanese: 尺坪の変形で、ガラス製造会社や板ガラスを扱う企業などでは、30cm四方の面積（900平方センチメートル）のことをガラス坪と呼ぶ。
English: Other than a unit for the area of a space, there is a unit used for measuring the volume of earth and sand called ryu-tsubo which is defined by the space of 6 shaku cubic.
Japanese: 面積の単位ではないが、土砂の体積の単位として6尺立方を立坪（りゅうつぼ）という。
English: For the paper manufacturing or printing industry, the certain weight of a paper per particular area is specified by the unit called tsubo-ryo.
Japanese: 製紙、印刷業界では、一定面積あたりの紙の重さを坪量（つぼりょう）という。
English: Original tsubo-ryo described the weight of paper per tsubo-shaku by the weight unit, monme (or momme; 3.75 grams over 0.00918 square meters equals 40.83 grams/square meters) but today's tsubo-ryo is the unit describing the weight of a paper in gram per 1 square meter, which is now called as meter tsubo-ryo or bei-tsubo.
Japanese: 元々の坪量は尺坪あたりの重さを匁で表したもの(3.75g/0.09183m²=40.83g/m²)であったが、今日では1平方メートルあたりの重さをグラム単位で表したメートル坪量・米坪（べいつぼ）が用いられている。
English: Haniwa were made between the late third to the late sixth century, and they disappeared along with the large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds.
Japanese: 埴輪は、3世紀後半から6世紀後半にかけて造られ、前方後円墳とともに消滅した。
English: And various frames of the Haniwa had been made previously and clay was applied on it.
Japanese: また、いろいろな埴輪の骨格を先に作っておき、それに粘土を貼り付けるなどした。
English: No colors other than red were used in Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), however, various colors were applied on the Keisho Haniwa (clay figure in the shape of human or beast) in Kanto region.
Japanese: 畿内では赤以外の色はほとんど用いられなかったが、関東地方では、形象埴輪にいろいろな彩色が施されている。
English: And there were roughly four kinds of Keisho Haniwa; house-shaped Haniwa, Kizai Haniwa (clay figure in the shape of things such as sword or shield), animal-shaped Haniwa, and Haniwa figure of men.
Japanese: さらに、形象埴輪を大きく分けると家形埴輪、器財埴輪、動物埴輪、人物埴輪の四種がある。
English: Haniwa were important as historical materials because the clothing, hairstyles, arms, farming tools, and architectures during the Tumulus period can be recreated from them.
Japanese: 埴輪からは、古墳時代当時の衣服・髪型・武具・農具・建築様式などの復元が可能であり、貴重な史料でもある。
English: The origin of the Haniwa is thought to be Tokushu-Kidai (ceremonial vessel stand) and Tokushu Tsubo (ceremonial jar) (they are also called Tokushu-Kidaigata Doki and Tokushu Tsubo Gata Doki respectively) unearthed from Yayoi grave mound (Tatetsuki Tumulus for example), which was likely to be the grave of a chief of Kibi region in the latter part of the late Yayoi Period.
Japanese: 埴輪の起源は、弥生時代後期後葉の吉備地方の首長のお墓であると考えられている弥生墳丘墓（例えば、楯築遺跡）から出土する特殊器台・特殊壺（特殊器台型土器・特殊壺型土器とも呼称される）であるといわれている。
English: From the middle to the late of the third century, the Totsuki-style cylindrical Haniwa, which are the oldest cylindrical Haniwa, were unearthed from large keyhole-shaped tomb mound (Totsukizaka Ichigo-kofun Tumulus in Okayama City, Hashihaka tomb in Sakurai City, and Mt.Gongen Gojuichigo-kofun Tumulus in Mitsu-cho, Tatsuno City, Hyogo Prefecture).
Japanese: 3世紀中葉〜後葉になると、前方後円墳（岡山市都月坂1号墳、桜井市箸墓古墳、兵庫県たつの市御津町権現山51号憤）から最古の円筒埴輪である都月型円筒埴輪が出土している。
English: This distribution may revise the opinion that the Haniwa originated only from Kibi.
Japanese: このことから、埴輪の成立地を吉備に限るという見解は改められるかも知れない。
English: By the way, it was known that Totsuki-style cylindrical Haniwa, which are the oldest Haniwa, and Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror (triangular-rimmed mirror) made in continent, which are thought to be the oldest burial goods of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, were not found in the same tomb, that is, when the former were unearthed from a tomb, the latter were not found there, and vice versa.
Japanese: ところで、最古の埴輪である都月形円筒埴輪と最古の前方後円墳の副葬品とされる大陸製の三角縁神獣鏡とが、同じ墓から出土しないで、前者が出ると後者が出ないし、その反対もあることが知られていた。
English: However, five Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered from at the back of Ishiki (a room made of stone in the tomb, in which coffins were placed) of Mt.Gongen Gojuichigo-kofun Tumulus, Mitsu-cho, Tatsuno City, Hyogo Prefecture, and Totsuki-style cylindrical Haniwa was discovered from beside Ishiki.
Japanese: しかし、兵庫県たつの市御津町の前方後円墳権現山51号墳の後方部の石槨から三角縁神獣鏡が5面発見され、石槨すぐそばで都月型円筒埴輪が発見された。
English: The appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound is thought to be representing the establishment of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and adopting Miyayama type of ceremonial vessel stand and ceremonial jar in large keyhole-shaped tomb mound showed that a chief of Kibi region deeply involved in the establishment of Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: なお、前方後円墳の出現は、ヤマト王権の成立を表すと考えられており、前方後円墳に宮山型の特殊器台・特殊壺が採用されていることは、吉備地方の首長がヤマト王権の成立に深く参画したことの現れだとされている。
English: According to the book of Emperor Suinin in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), NOMI no Sukune suggested the Emperor to take clay and form the shapes of men and horses instead of burying dead people who followed their lord to the grave in an imperial mausoleum of Princess Hibasu, which was defined as the origin of the Haniwa.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』垂仁紀には、野見宿禰（のみのすくね）が日葉酢媛命の陵墓へ殉死者を埋める代わりに土で作った人馬を立てることを提案したとあり、これを埴輪の起源とする。
English: However, that story is denied as the changing process mentioned above was known archaeologically.
Japanese: しかし、考古学的に上記のような変遷過程が明らかとなっており、この説話は否定されている。
English: In the early Tumulus period (from about the middle to the late part of the third century), cylindrical Haniwa appeared such as cylindrical form Haniwa, or jar form Haniwa, and later, bell-shaped Haniwa which had the form putting a jar on the stand.
Japanese: 古墳時代前期初頭（3世紀中葉〜後葉）には、円筒形または壺形、少し遅れて器台の上の壺を乗せた形の朝顔形埴輪などの円筒埴輪が見られた。
English: These cylindrical Haniwa had been changed not only placing on the ground but also burying their leg parts into the hole dug into the ground.
Japanese: これら筒形埴輪は、地面に置くだけではなく、脚部を掘った穴に埋めるものへと変化した。
English: In the early of the fourth century, house-shaped Haniwa, which are different type from those Haniwa, Kizai Haniwa including lid-shaped Haniwa and peltate Haniwa and Keisho Haniwa such as chicken-shaped Haniwa appeared.
Japanese: 前期前葉（4世紀前葉）には、これらの埴輪とは別の系統に当たる家形埴輪のほか、蓋（きぬがさ）形埴輪や盾形埴輪をはじめとする器財埴輪、鶏形埴輪などの形象埴輪が現れた。
English: About the early Keisho Haniwa, it is not clear what structure they had and where they were put.
Japanese: 初現期の形象埴輪については、どのような構成でどの場所に建てられたか未だ不明な点が多い。
English: After that, the formularization of the sumptuous arrangement was established in the early stage of the late fourth century, which was displaying Kizai Haniwa such as lid-shaped Haniwa and peltate Haniwa around house-shaped Haniwa on the center of the mound top, and cylindrical Haniwa around them.
Japanese: その後、墳頂中央で家型埴輪の周りに盾形・蓋形などの器財埴輪で取り巻き、さらに円筒埴輪で取り巻くという豪華な配置の定式化が4世紀後半の早い段階で成立する。
English: The cylindrical Haniwa used there were with fins, which are attached on the both sides of body parts.
Japanese: そこに用いられた円筒埴輪は胴部の左右に鰭を貼り付け鰭付き円筒埴輪である。
English: In the middle of Tumulus period (the middle of fifth century), Haniwa figure of men such as priestess, and animal-shaped Haniwa such as horse-shaped, and dog-shaped appeared.
Japanese: さらに、古墳時代中期中葉（5世紀中ごろ）からは、巫女などの人物埴輪やウマや犬などの動物埴輪が登場した。
English: Kizai Haniwa and house-shaped Haniwa began to be arranged to shape a square in the surrounding of the tumulus.
Japanese: それは、器財埴輪や家形埴輪が外側で方形を形作るように配列されるようになった。
English: And sheath-shaped Haniwa began to be decked with too many fins and the roofs of the house-shaped Haniwa became overproportionate.
Japanese: さらに、靭形埴輪の鰭過度に飾り立ててるようになったり、家型埴輪の屋根部分が不釣り合いに大型化したりするようになる。
English: In Kinai region, the Haniwa were disappeared as large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds declined in the late Tumulus period (around the middle of the sixth century), however, in Kanto region, where large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds were built vigorously, the Haniwa still continued to be made.
Japanese: 畿内では古墳時代後期（6世紀中ごろ）に前方後円墳が衰退するとともに、埴輪も次第に姿を消していったが、なおも前方後円墳を盛んに築造した関東地方においては埴輪も引き続き盛んに作られ続けた。
English: Originally, ceremonial vessel stand form earthenware and ceremonial jar form earthenware started in Kibi region were used in funeral rituals, while cylindrical Haniwa passed on tumulus are thought to have had a purpose to divide the sanctuary based on their arrangement of surrounding a hill tomb and important section.
Japanese: 元々、吉備地方に発生した特殊器台形土器・特殊壺形土器は、墳墓上で行われた葬送儀礼に用いられものであるが、古墳に継承された円筒埴輪は、墳丘や重要な区画を囲い込むというその樹立方法からして、聖域を区画するという役割を有していたと考えられる。
English: About house-shaped Haniwa, there are two theories; one theory that they were Yorishiro (object representative of a divine spirit) where the souls of the deceased lived and the other theory that they were representations of the residences the deceased lived before death.
Japanese: 家形埴輪については、死者の霊が生活するための依代（よりしろ）という説と死者が生前に居住していた居館を表したものという説がある。
English: About Kizai Haniwa, lid-shaped Haniwa are thought to have represented high class lineage, because the lid was the symbol of that, and Haniwa shaped like weapons or arms such as shields and armors, are thought to have placed to prevent invasion of an evil spirit or calamity, because of their acrual purpose of defending or attacking.
Japanese: 器財埴輪では、蓋が高貴な身分を表象するものであることから、蓋形埴輪も同様な役割と考えられているほか、盾や甲冑などの武具や武器形のものは、その防御や攻撃といった役割から、悪霊や災いの侵入を防ぐ役割を持っていると考えられている。
English: The Haniwa figure of men and animal-shaped Haniwa were displayed as a line or a group of statues, therefore there are theories such as that they represented funeral rites and that they recreated the political rituals before death.
Japanese: 人物埴輪や動物埴輪などは、行列や群像で並べられており、葬送儀礼を表現したとする説、生前の祭政の様子を再現したとする説などが唱えられている。
English: It is thought such change of Haniwa might reflect the view of a religious service and that of life and death in Tumulus period.
Japanese: このような埴輪の変遷は、古墳時代の祭祀観・死生観を反映しているとする見方もある。
English: The cylindrical Haniwa are developed from ceremonial vessel stand and ceremonial jar used in the burial rituals of a chief of Kibi region.
Japanese: 吉備地方の首長の埋葬儀礼に使われた特殊器台・特殊壺が発達した筒形の埴輪をいう。
English: These Haniwa were displayed in a line on each step of tumulus, on the mound top and the funeral ritual site of the tumulus, giving visual effect and awe.
Japanese: これらの埴輪は、古墳の各段や墳頂、造出しなどに列状に並べられ、畏怖的・視覚的な効果を狙ったものと考えられる。
English: They played a greater role in dating because they were arranged from the appearance of large keyhole-shaped tomb mound to its end.
Japanese: 前方後円墳の出現期から終末まで配列されたので、古墳の年代決定に大きな役割を果たしている。
English: The Minakuchi Domain was founded in 1682 by Akitomo KATO, a tozama (outsider feudal lord) of the Yoshinaga Domain in Iwami Province (with a fief yielding 10,000 koku of rice), who became the lord of the Minakuchi-jo Castle in Omi Province with 10,000 koku of rice increased to 20,000 in total because of the military exploit by himself and his grandfather, Yoshiaki KATO, known as one of the seven excellent military commanders in Hideyoshi's army at the battle of Shizugatake (Shizugatake-no-shichihon-yari).
Japanese: 天和(日本)3年（1682年）、賤ヶ岳の七本槍の1人として知られる加藤嘉明の孫で、外様の石見国吉永藩（1万石）藩主・加藤明友が祖父と自身の功により1万石の加増を受け、2万石で近江国水口城主となり立藩。
English: Akihide KATO, a son of Akitomo, was bestowed the rank of fudai daimyo (hereditary daimyo), and in 1690, promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) from jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines) and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province in 1695 with an increase of 5,000 koku of rice.
Japanese: 子の加藤明英は譜代の格式を与えられ、元禄3年（1690年）に寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、5000石の加増を受けて元禄8年（1695年）、下野国壬生藩に移封となった。
English: Tadateru was promoted to wakadoshiyori from jisha-bugyo in 1711, and transferred to the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: 忠英は正徳(日本)元年（1711年）、寺社奉行から若年寄に昇進し、正徳2年（1712年）に下野壬生藩に移封となった。
English: In the same year, Yoshinori KATO, an heir of Akihide KATO, entered into the domain from the Mibu Domain in Shimotsuke Province with 25,000 koku of rice.
Japanese: 同年、入れ替わりに下野壬生藩より加藤明英の嗣子・加藤嘉矩が2万5千石で入封した。
English: The Yoshinaga Domain was a han which had been governed by Akitomo KATO before he was transferred to the Minakuchi Domain in Omi Province.
Japanese: 吉永藩（よしながはん）は、加藤明友が近江水口藩に転封する前に治めていた藩。
English: It had been located around Yoshinaga, Ano-gun, Iwami Province (current Ota City, Shimane Prefecture) with 10,000 koku of rice, and jinya (regional government) had been settled in Yoshinaga.
Japanese: 石見国安濃郡吉永（島根県大田市）周辺で1万石を領有し、吉永に陣屋を構えた。
English: In July 1643, the Yoshinaga Domain was founded; Akitomo's father, Akinari KATO, who was the lord of the Aizu Domain, had his domain with 400,000 koku of rice confiscated in June 1643, but continuance of the family name was allowed because of the deed of valor of Akitomo's grandfather, Akinari KATO.
Japanese: 寛永20年（1643年）5月、父・加藤明成が会津藩40万石を収公されたが、祖父・嘉明の勲功により家名存続を許され、6月に立藩した。
English: Because the Kato clan had its large domain with 400,000 koku of rice which it had retained reduced to a small one with only 10,000 koku of rice, it was forced to curtail the vassals, so that the clan's finance underwent rapid deterioration.
Japanese: しかし40万石を領する大藩からわずか1万石の小藩にまで成り下がったため、家臣団の縮小などを余儀なくされ、藩財政は一気に悪化した。
English: For this reason, the Kato clan made great effort to encourage new industry development, such as engaging manufacturer of lacquer ware from the Aizu Domain and promoting to plant paulownia trees, Japanese wax trees, and Japanese apricot trees.
Japanese: このため、会津藩から漆器製造者を招聘し、さらに桐・櫨・梅などの栽培を奨励したりするなど、殖産興業に尽力している。