nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Moreover, spiritual tenets shifted away from the Nenbutsu Zanmai (deep prayer to Amida Buddha) passed down to Mt. Hiei by the monk Ennin and towards the monk Genshin's Tendai and Jodo (Pure Land) teachings as well as Ryonin's Yuzu Nenbutsu (Adaptable Prayer to Amida) sect, leading to the ascendancy of Pure Land teachings.
Japanese: その一方で、円仁が比叡山に伝えた念仏三昧法から源信(僧侶)の天台浄土教、良忍の融通念仏宗など浄土教の興隆があった。
English: And the Tendai sect held the position of Hokke Ichijo, the belief that through recitation of the Lotus sutra, each and every person could attain enlightenment and enter Nirvana.
Japanese: また、天台宗はすべての衆生は成仏できるという法華一乗の立場を取っていた。
English: All the founders of new Buddhist sects during the Kamakura period (except Ippen) were trained at Mt. Hiei; indeed, with their belief that all living creatures could be saved, Mt. Hiei was the fertile ground that cultivated new offshoots of the Buddhist faith during the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 鎌倉新仏教の開祖たち（一遍を除く）は比叡山に学んでおり、比叡山は一切衆生の救済を説く鎌倉新仏教を生む母胎であった。
English: In their struggle to oppose the rise of these new sects, the old guard of Buddhism criticized the nenbutsu (prayer to Amida Buddha) and honored the traditional precepts, making progress in revitalizing the decaying edifice of old Buddhism from within.
Japanese: 新仏教の台頭に対抗して、旧仏教の側は念仏批判をし、戒律を重んじて、腐敗している旧仏教内部の革新を進めた。
English: Moreover, they strengthened their will to work for the salvation of all living creatures, giving aid to those afflicted with leprosy and to hinin (literally "non-humans," members of the outcastes) and other bridge-building efforts, and thus increasing their zeal for social and humanitarian work.
Japanese: また、一切衆生の救済を強く志向し、ハンセン病救済事業や、非人救済、橋の架橋を行うなど社会事業を熱心に進めた。
English: After the oppression and eventual collapse of the Southern Song dynasty due to the invasion of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty to the north, Zen Buddhist intellectuals began to cross over to Japan.
Japanese: 元(王朝)の侵攻による南宋の圧迫と滅亡から、禅宗の知識人が日本に渡ってくることがあった。
English: After Japan's successful repulsion of the Mongol invasions, racial awareness strengthened among the Japanese, giving rise to the 'Shinkoku shiso,' the belief that Japan was a divine country, as well as the syncretic theory that Japan's kami (gods) were manifestations of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
Japanese: 元寇の勝利によって民族的自覚が強まり、日本は神国であるという「神国思想」が発生し、神本仏従の習合思想が成立。
English: The Shotai Conspiracy (Shotai no hen in Japanese), which occurred in January 901, was a coup in which Emperor Daigo, acting on the false charges of FUJIWARA no Takahira, the Minister of the Left, against SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Minister of the Right, demoted Michizane and sent him into de facto exile to Dazaifu (an outpost in far off Kyushu) as Dazai Gon no Sochi (Deputy Commander of Dazaifu); also, Michizane's children as well as MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Middle Captain of the Guardsmen of the Right, were either demoted or exiled.
Japanese: 昌泰の変（しょうたいのへん）は、901年（昌泰4年）1月、左大臣藤原時平の讒言により醍醐天皇が右大臣菅原道真を大宰権帥として大宰府へ左遷し、道真の子供や右近衛中将源善らを左遷または流罪にした事件である。
English: In the general background of this event, the main reason for the conspiracy is considered to be the antagonism between Tokihira and Michizane, but there were other reasons as well.
Japanese: 一般的にその背景には時平と道真の確執が主な理由とされるが、それだけが理由ではない。
English: Even after Retired Emperor Uda (who soon after became Cloistered Emperor Uta) abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, he went far beyond merely his written injunction, the Kanpyo goyuikai--which advised the new emperor on how to prepare himself to rule--and actively planned to continue his leadership role in the new emperor's government by surrounding Emperor Daigo with the group of his closest aides and ministers who had been the driving force behind the administration of the Kanpyo era, notably Michizane but also including MINAMOTO no Yoshi, the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Mare, the Kuroudo no kami (Majordomo of the palace) TAIRA no Suenaga, and the Jiju (Chamberlain) FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
Japanese: 宇多上皇（程なく宇多法皇になる）は醍醐天皇に譲位した後も、『寛平御遺誡』という君主の心構えを新帝に説くばかりでなく、道真を始め源善・中納言源希・蔵人頭平季長・侍従藤原忠平といったいわゆる「寛平の治」の推進役だった一種の側近集団を新帝の周囲に配置して新帝の政策を主導しようと図った。
English: These efforts by Uda resulted in a strong backlash which was not limited only to high-ranking aristocrats like Tokihira and the Dainagon (chief councilor of state) MINAMOTO no Hikaru (a court noble) but extended to middle- and lower-ranking nobles like FUJIWARA no Kiyotsura, FUJIWARA no Sugane, and Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI as well.
Japanese: これに対して時平や大納言源光(公卿)ら上級貴族のみならず、藤原清貫・藤原菅根・三善清行ら中下級貴族を含めた激しい反発があったともいわれる。
English: Eventually, when rumors began to fly that Cloistered Emperor Uda was going to raise Michizane's son-in-law, the Imperial Prince Tokiyo, to the rank of Kotaitei (one rank below the heir apparent), those who were nursing secret resentment against Uda and Michizane for their political maneuvers, including Emperor Daigo, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and FUJIWARA no Sugane (the new Majordomo of the palace following TAIRA no Hidenaga's recent death by illness), began to plan how to recover control over the government.
Japanese: やがて、宇多法皇が道真の娘婿でもある斉世親王を皇太弟に立てようとしているという風説が流れると、宇多上皇や道真の政治手法に密かに不満を抱いていた醍醐天皇と藤原時平、藤原菅根（折りしも病死した平季長の後任の蔵人頭に就任していた）らが政治の主導権を奪還せんとしたのである。
English: In the coup, Michizane and Yoshi (who was demoted to vice-governor of Izumo Province) were purged from the government, and immediately after the coup MINAMOTO no Mare, who had managed to avoid any demotion or other penalty, died of illness, while in the same vein, FUJIWARA no Tadahira was--in truth if not in name--ousted from his vital role at the center of government, meaning the coup ended in a decisive political victory for Emperor Daigo and FUJIWARA no Tokihira's faction.
Japanese: この政変で道真・善（出雲国権守に左遷）を排斥、変の直後に連座を免れた源希も病死、同じく藤原忠平も政治の中枢から事実上追われることになり、醍醐天皇・藤原時平派の政治的勝利に終わった。
English: The Emperor and Tokihira planned political reforms to put themselves in direct leadership roles for the new administration, which was called 'Engi no chi' (the (glorious) government during the Engi era), but only eight years after the coup, Tokihira died suddenly, and moreover Emperor Daigo became more and more prone to illness, which allowed de facto political power to shift back again under the control of Cloistered Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Tadahira.
Japanese: 天皇や時平は「延喜の治」と呼ばれる自らが主導するの政治改革を目指すものの、変からわずか8年後に時平が急死、続いて醍醐天皇も病気がちとなり、政治権力の中心は再度宇多法皇と藤原忠平の手中に帰する事になった。
English: In the incident of Ashikaga-sandai mokuzo kyoshu, heads of the wooden images and the mortuary tablets of the first Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Takauji ASHIKAGA, the second Seii taishogun Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, and the third Seii taishogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA were taken away from Kyoto Jito-in Temple on April 9, 1863 in the late Edo period, and were cast to the riverbed of Kamo-gawa river.
Japanese: 足利三代木像梟首事件（あしかがさんだいもくぞうきょうしゅじけん）は、江戸時代後期、幕末の文久3年2月22日(旧暦)（1863年4月9日）に、京都等持院にあった室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏、2代足利義詮、3代足利義満の木像の首と位牌が持ち出され、賀茂川の河原に晒された事件である。
English: The criminals were considered to be Mototsuna MIWADA and Masatane MOROOKA, disciples of the school of Atsutane HIRATA in the study of Japanese classical literature, and retainers of the Aizu Clan were also concerned.
Japanese: 犯人は平田篤胤派国学の門人である三輪田元綱、師岡正胤とされ、会津藩士も関与。
English: Heaven's punishment used to be given to those individuals that were a part of groups which were for opening Japan to the world, integrating the imperial court and the shogunate, but this incident was counted because destroying the heads of wooden images of the Ashikaga Shoguns implied that they wished to overthrow the Shogunate.
Japanese: それまでの天誅は、開国派や公武合体派であった個人を狙ってのものが大半であったが、この事件では足利将軍の木像を梟首することで暗に倒幕の意味を持つものとして重視された。
English: The incident occurred immediately before roshi-gumi (an organization of masterless samurai) publicly recruited in Edo went to Kyoto, and it was also considered an act of provocation.
Japanese: 事件は江戸で公募された浪士組の上洛直前にあたり、挑発的行為とも考えられている。
English: Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable), ordered the criminals arrested despite concern about an all-out uprising by the roshi, but the criminals were arrested in April and punished in August.
Japanese: 京都守護職の松平容保は犯人捕縛を命じ、浪士の一斉蜂起も懸念されたが、4月には犯人は逮捕され、8月には処罰される。
English: The Taira clan administration was the administration by the Ise-Taira clan led by TAIRA no Kiyomori who lived in the late Heian period (1160s to 1185).
Japanese: 平氏政権（へいしせいけん）は、平安時代末期（1160年代-1185年）に登場した平清盛を中心とする伊勢平氏による政権。
English: In the past, many theories in the field considered the Taira clan administration as being a strongly aristocratic administration, but from around the 1970s and 1980s, the theory that the Taira clan administration was the first warrior class government which focussed on the fact that the Taira clan administration established Jito (local lord of a manor) and Province officers became dominant.
Japanese: 以前、学界では平氏政権を貴族政権的な性格が強いとする見解が主流であったが、1970年代・1980年代頃からは、平氏政権が地頭や国守護人を設置した事実に着目し、最初期の武家政権とする見解が非常に有力となっている。
English: There are two hypotheses on the date of the establishment of the Taira clan administration, one considering the May 1167 Imperial Order as the start and the other considering the Jisho sannen no seihen (coup d'etat by TAIRA no Kiyomori in November 1179) as the start.
Japanese: 平氏政権の成立時期については、仁安(日本)2年（1167年）5月宣旨を画期とする見解と、治承三年の政変（1179年）の時点とする見解とが出されている。
English: The first hypothesis considers that the Imperial order granted TAIRA no Shigemori the policing rights in Higashiyama, Tokai, Sanyo and various Nankai roads and is now considered to be related to the new system approved in March 1191 that allowed MINAMOTO no Yoritomo to hold the policing rights of various provinces, and this order established the Taira clan administration as having the characteristics of a warrior class administration.
Japanese: 前者の宣旨は平重盛へ東山・東海・山陽・南海諸道の治安警察権を委ねる内容であり、源頼朝による諸国の治安維持権を承認した建久2年（1191年）3月新制につながるものと評価されており、武家政権の性格を持つ平氏政権がこの宣旨によって成立したとする見方である。
English: On the other hand, the second hypothesis emphasizes the fact that the Taira forces grabbed hold of the control of conventional national organizations upon the coup d'etat in 1179.
Japanese: 一方、後者は、治承三年の政変の際に平氏勢力が従来の国家機構の支配権を掌握したことを重視している。
English: In general, the Taira clan administration was established in steps from the middle of the 12th century, and although the May 1167 Imperial Order was a major event, the coup d'etat in 1179 is considered to indicate the completion of the establishment of the Taira clan administration.
Japanese: 一般的に平氏政権は12世紀中期から段階的に成立したのであり、仁安2年5月宣旨を大きな画期としつつ、治承三年の政変により平氏政権の成立が完了したものと考えられている。
English: TAIRA no Masamori was from the Sadamori branch of the Kanmu-Taira clan and his father, Masahira, was not such a powerful member among the warrior aristocracy, but donated his property in Iga Province in 1097 to the Rokujyo-in Temple (Retired Emperor Shirakawa's daughter, Ikuhomonin no Mido) and established Tomoda no sho.
Japanese: 平正盛は、桓武平氏貞盛流の伊勢平氏に出自し、その父の正衡までは軍事貴族の中でもそれほど有力な一族ではなかったが、永長2年（1097年）伊賀国の所領を六条院（白河上皇の娘・郁芳門院の御堂）に寄進して鞆田荘を成立させた。
English: Masamori became the custodian of this shoen (private estate) and annexed the nearby Todai-ji Temple property, gaining actual land ownership by eliminating control by the Todai-ji Temple and the Kokuga (provincial offices) with the backing of Shirakawa's political power.
Japanese: 正盛は預所となり、周辺の東大寺領も取り込んで立荘するなど、白河の政治権力を後ろ盾に東大寺や国衙の支配を除去して実質的な土地所有に成功した。
English: The interests of the Tato (wealthy farmer) farmer class, who were controlled and deprived of the control of the Todai-ji Temple and Kokuga, and Masamori, who wished to enlarge and stabilize his property, coincided and led to the creation of the shoen.
Japanese: 立荘の背景には、東大寺や国衙の支配と収奪を逃れようとする田堵農民層と、自らの所領の拡大・安定を狙った正盛の間に利害の一致があったと考えられる。
English: Masamori made the Tato who followed him into Roto (vassals) and Kenin (retainers) to produce a warrior group.
Japanese: 正盛は自らに服従した田堵を郎等・家人にして、武士団を形成していった。
English: However, the forces against Shirakawa were strong, beginning with the traditional aristocracy such as his half-brother, Imperial Prince Sukehito, and the line of regents and advisers, along with the pressure from the growing religious groups that had organized the Tato farmer class into Jinin (temple followers) and Yoriudo (villains).
Japanese: しかも、白河に対抗する勢力として、異母弟・輔仁親王や摂関家を始めとする伝統的貴族が存在し、田堵農民層を神人・寄人に組織して巨大化した寺社勢力の圧力も熾烈だった。
English: To suppress such opposition and maintain initiative in the national government, Shirakawa forcibly sent members of the Hokumen no bushi (northern guards), who were his close aids and royal guard, into official positions such as Zuryo (career provincial officials), Daijokan (council of state), Hyoefu (military guards), and Emonfu (outer palace guards).
Japanese: これらの諸勢力を抑えて国政の主導権を確保するため、白河は自らの手足である院近臣や親衛隊ともいえる北面武士を、受領・太政官・兵衛府・衛門府などの公的機関に強引に送り込んでいった。
English: In this situation, Masamori, who had joined the Hokumen no bushi, was selected as Tsuitoshi (envoy to pursue and kill) on February 9, 1108 in response to the wrongdoings of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika.
Japanese: このような情勢の中で北面武士になった正盛は、出雲国で源義親の濫行が起こると、嘉承2年（1107年）12月19日追討使に抜擢される。
English: The next month, he returned victoriously with Yoshichika's head, and Shirakawa named Masamori as Tajima no kami (chief officer of Tajima Province) (However, a rumor that Yoshichika still lived persisted).
Japanese: 翌年正月には早くも義親の首を携えて華々しく凱旋し、白河は正盛を但馬守に任じた（ただし、その後も義親生存説が根強く残る）。
English: From this point onwards, the number of Hokumen no Bushi grew quickly and it was said that the number of troops sent to defend the Kamo Kawara from the monks of Enryaku-ji Temple in 1118 numbered 'around 1,000 or so' ("Chuyuki" (Diary of a court official)).
Japanese: これを契機に北面武士の規模は急激に膨張し、元永元年（1118年）延暦寺の強訴を防ぐため賀茂河原に派遣された部隊だけで「千余人」に達したという（『中右記』）。
English: Masamori was mainly active as part of the military arm of the nation, such as Hokumen no bushi, Kebiishi (statutory office in the Heian and Kamakura periods), and Tsuitoshi, but also held positions as an officer at various provinces.
Japanese: 正盛は主に、北面武士・検非違使・追討使といった国家権力の爪牙として活躍するが、各地の受領も歴任した。
English: At that time, military reinforcements were necessary because the organizational system of Kokuga was threatened by conflict between local landowners and the Tato farmer class.
Japanese: 当時、国衙は在地領主・田堵農民層との闘争でその支配体制が危機に瀕していたため、武力による補強が求められていた。
English: His role did not change during Emperor Toba's rule, and became the In no Miumaya no Azukari (Head Horse guard), which was the core position in the In (cloister) military organization that was responsible for managing the horses and cattle and guarding the emperor.
Japanese: その役割は鳥羽天皇期となっても変化はなく、牛馬の管理・御幸の警護を行う院の武力組織の中核ともいえる院御厩（いんのみうまや）の預（あずかり）となった。
English: During the government by the Cloistered Emperor Toba, shoen organization was not conducted, leading to an explosion in the number of shoens around the nation.
Japanese: 鳥羽院政期になると荘園整理が全く実施されなくなったため、各地で荘園は爆発的に増加した。
English: Tadamori was also involved as an officer in making shoens and held managerial positions at the Cloistered Emperor's shoens.
Japanese: 忠盛も受領として荘園の設立に関与し、院領荘園の管理も任されるようになった。
English: When he became the Azukari dokoro of Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in the Hizen Province, he eliminated the influence of Dazaifu (the governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima under the ritsuryo system) and became directly involved in trade between Japan and Song.
Japanese: 肥前国神崎荘の預所となった忠盛は、大宰府の関与を排除して日宋貿易にも直接介入するようになった。
English: Around this period, the Seto Inland Sea, part of the sea route in trade between Japan and Song, was infested with pirates.
Japanese: この頃、日宋貿易につながる海上交通ルート・瀬戸内海は、海賊の跋扈が大きな問題となっていた。
English: These pirates were in most cases prominent local landowners or coastal residents with privileges such as Jinin or Jugonin (purveyors to the imperial household) that were pirating when not conducting their usual commercial activities and were difficult to control with only the power held by the Kokuga.
Japanese: これらの海賊は、有力な在地領主、神人・供御人の特権を得た沿岸住民などが経済活動の合間に略奪しているケースが多く、国衙の力だけでは追討が困難だった。
English: To control the situation necessitated a leader of a strong bushi group as Tsuitoshi, and this led to the selection of Masamori.
Japanese: 鎮圧するには強力な武士の棟梁を追討使にする他に手はなく、忠盛に白羽の矢が立てられる。
English: Masamori succeeded in subduing the pirates and organized the pirates that surrendered (local landowners) as his own Kenin.
Japanese: 忠盛は海賊追討に成功するが、降伏した海賊（在地領主）を自らの家人に組織化した。
English: As with other In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), Masamori worked for the In's financial gain but also did not forget to strengthen the bushi group by using his positions as the Azukaridokoro of shoen, Zuryo, and Tsuitoshi to organize local forces into his private troops.
Japanese: 忠盛は他の院近臣受領と同じく院への経済奉仕に励む一方で、荘園の預所・受領・追討使の地位を利用して在地勢力を自らの私兵に編成するなど、武士団の増強も怠らなかった。
English: This characteristic differentiated him from the ordinary In no Kinshin, who relied upon the authority of the In.
Japanese: これは院の権威のみを頼みとする通常の院近臣とは、決定的に異なる点だった。
English: When Tadamori died in 1153, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga said of him 'he governed several provinces, gained riches, obtained followers and was full of military prowess' ("Ukaikisho"), and this indicates the greatness of the Taira clan.
Japanese: 仁平3年（1153年）忠盛が没したとき、藤原頼長は「数国の吏を経、富巨万を累ね、奴僕国に満ち、武威人にすぐ」（『宇槐記抄』）と評したが、これは平氏の実力の大きさを物語っている。
English: The conflict over the position of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and Regent became intense and the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) occurred in 1156.
Japanese: 保元元年（1156年）、治天の君及び摂関の座をめぐる対立が激化し、保元の乱が発生した。
English: Later, the conflict between FUJIWARA no Shinzei, who led the government and the Goshirakawa cloister government group (FUJIWARA no Nobuyori, FUJIWARA no Narichika, MINAMOTO no Moronaka), and Nijo Shinsei (direct Imperial rule) group (FUJIWARA no Tsunemune, FUJIWARA no Korekata) intensified, and the Heijo no ran (Heiji Rebellion) occurred three years later in 1159.
Japanese: その後、政治を主導する藤原信西と後白河院政派（藤原信頼・藤原成親・源師仲）・二条親政派（藤原経宗・藤原惟方）の対立が激しくなり、3年後の平治元年（1159年）に平治の乱が起こった。
English: Nobuyori gained MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo as a follower and succeeded in forcing Shinzei to commit suicide, but was himself defeated and executed when he was betrayed by the Nijo Shinsei group and counterattacked by Kiyomori.
Japanese: 信頼は源義朝を配下につけて、信西を自殺へ追い込むことに成功したが、二条親政派の裏切りと清盛の反撃に遭い、あえなく敗北し処刑された。
English: After the Heiji Rebellion, Kiyomori was given the post of Shosammi Sangi (Senior Third Rank, Royal Advisors) in 1160 and became the first bushi to become a court noble (a Giseikan (legislator) participating in political decisions).
Japanese: 平治の乱後の永暦元年（1160年）、清盛は正三位参議に補任され、武士として初めて公卿（政治決定に参与する議政官）となった。
English: Both the Hogen no ran (Hogen Rebellion) and Heiji no ran (Heiji Rebellion) were historical events that indicated that political conflict can be solved by military force.
Japanese: 保元・平治両乱は政治抗争が武力で解決されることを示した歴史的な事件だった。
English: After the rebellions, the conflict between the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa and Emperor Nijo seemed to subside slightly but then flared up again, with Kiyomori, who was the most powerful bushi at that time, gaining the position of Emperor's regent by becoming godfather to Nijo while his wife, TAIRA no Tokiko, became godmother, and he also became Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) and Chunagon (vice-councilor of state).
Japanese: 乱後、後白河上皇と二条天皇の対立はしばらくの小康状態を経て再燃するが、武士で最大の実力者となっていた清盛は二条の乳父となり、室の平時子も乳母となったことで、天皇の後見役の地位を得て検非違使別当・中納言となった。
English: On the other hand, he worked diligently for Goshirakawa as well as Betto of the Office of the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa, and was careful not to become entangled in the conflict between the two groups.
Japanese: その一方で後白河院庁別当として後白河への奉仕も怠らず、両派の争いに巻き込まれないように細心の注意を払った。
English: Tokiko's sister, TAIRA no Shigeko (Kenshunmonin) gave birth to Goshirakawa's prince and when Tokitada and Norimori of the Taira clan tried to plan Rittaishi (investiture as Crown Prince) of the prince, they faced the anger of Nijo and were fired and the Goshirakawa cloistered government was terminated.
Japanese: 時子の妹・平滋子（建春門院）が後白河の皇子を出産すると、一門の時忠・教盛は立太子を画策して二条の逆鱗に触れて解官、後白河院政は停止された。
English: At this point, Kiyomori organized the system for guarding the Imperial grounds to suppress rebellion by the cloistered government group, therefore clarifying his position as supporting Nijo.
Japanese: ここに至り、清盛は院政派の反発を抑えるため皇居の警護体制を整えるなど、二条支持の姿勢を明確にした。
English: He further married his daughter Moriko to the Imperial Regent FUJIWARA no Motozane and tried to keep a close relationship with the line of regents and advisers.
Japanese: さらに関白藤原基実に娘の盛子を嫁入れし、摂関家にも接近する姿勢をとった。
English: Around that time, several of the major political players died, such as former Imperial Regent FUJIWARA no Tadamichi (1164), Grand Minister of State FUJIWARA no Koremichi (1165) and Regent FUJIWARA no Motozane (1166).
Japanese: 前後して前関白藤原忠通（1164年死去）、太政大臣藤原伊通（1165年死去）、摂政藤原基実（1166年死去）など、政治の中心人物たちが相次いでこの世を去った。
English: Kiyomori was Dainagon (Chief councilor of state), which was considered the highest position attainable by a close aide of the cloistered government, and supported his son-in-law Motozane, but when Motozane suddenly passed away, the Goshirakawa cloistered government was revived and 'His past achievements are many and the State is peaceful and settled.
Japanese: 清盛は院近臣の昇進の限界とされていた大納言となり女婿の基実を補佐していたが、基実が急死して後白河院政が復活すると「勲労久しく積もりて、社稷を安く全せり。
English: This effort is unmatchable and should be rewarded' was the reason why he was promoted to Nai-daijin (Minister of the Interior) in 1166.
Japanese: その功、古を振るにも比類少なければ、酬賞無くてやは有るべき」という理由で仁安元年（1166年）に内大臣へ昇進した。
English: Only members of the line of regents (including the Naka no mikado branch, Kazanin branch), Murakami-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanin branch were allowed to be promoted to Daijin (Minister) so Kiyomori's promotion was unheard of.
Japanese: 大臣に昇進できたのは摂関家（中御門流・花山院流も含む）・村上源氏・閑院流に限られていて、清盛の昇進は未曾有のものだった。
English: The next year, he became the Grand Minister of State, but this position was in name only and Kiyomori resigned after only 3 months in this post.
Japanese: なお翌年には太政大臣となるが、太政大臣はすでに実権のない名誉職となっていて、清盛は僅か3ヵ月で辞任している。
English: Regarding the rapid progression of Kiyomori's career at this time, there is a hypothesis that 'many within the aristocracy believed the theory that Kiyomori was retired Emperor Shirakawa's illegitimate child and this led to his rapid promotion.'
Japanese: この時期の清盛の出世について「当時の貴族社会の中では清盛を白河上皇の落胤とする説が信じられており、このことが清盛の異例の昇進に強く影響した」という説もある。
English: Osamu HASHIMOTO proposed an alternative hypothesis that focused on the fact that Emperor Takakura held the ceremony for becoming Crown Prince at the Higashi Sanjo-den, the noblest of all residences within the Fujiwara family, and that the owner of this residence was Kiyomori's daughter, Moriko (FUJIWARA no Motozane had died 3 months before the ceremony), who could have strongly affected his position.
Japanese: 一方、橋本治はこれについて高倉天皇が立太子式を挙げた場所が藤原家の中でも最も格の高い邸宅であった東三条殿であったことに注目し、しかもこの東三条殿の当時の所有者が清盛の娘の盛子であった（藤原基実はこの立太子式の3ヶ月前に死去）ことが強く影響したという説を立てている。
English: According to Hashimoto, Kiyomori seized the chance by making Moriko (who was the widow of the former Regent) the foster mother of the prince that Shigeko gave birth to, and therefore Kiyomori became the 'father of the foster mother of the Crown Prince' and used this as a reason to promote him to Nai-daijin and Daijyo-daijin (Hashimoto 200622-24).
Japanese: 橋本によれば、清盛はこの状況を奇貨として滋子の生んだ皇子の養母を「先の摂政の未亡人」である盛子に引き受けさせ、「東宮の養母の父親」である清盛が内大臣や太政大臣に出世する口実としたとされる（橋本200622-24）。
English: In 1168, Goshirakawa's prince borne by Shigeko became Emperor Takakura.
Japanese: 仁安3年（1168年）に滋子が出産した後白河の皇子が高倉天皇として即位した。
English: Takakura's ascension was wished for by not only Kiyomori, but also Goshirakawa, who wanted to establish a stable Imperial line, and therefore the relationship between Goshirakawa and Kiyomori may be considered to have had common interests.
Japanese: 高倉の即位は、清盛だけでなく、安定した王統の確立を目指していた後白河も望んでいたものであり、後白河と清盛は利害をともにする関係にあったといえる。
English: Kiyomori's family line had been followers of the cloistered government for generations and Kiyomori had been diligently contributing to Goshirakawa as his follower.
Japanese: 清盛の家系は、代々院に仕えることで勢力を増してきたのであり、清盛も後白河の院司として精力的に貢献を重ねてきた。