nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The records suggest that Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Governor of Yamato Province, imposed tsubo-sen on the brewing industry in the Bodaisan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 大和国の守護である興福寺が菩提山寺の醸造業に壷銭を課したとする記録がある。
English: Sakaya-yaku was a tax imposed upon sake breweries in Kyoto by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 酒屋役（さかややく）とは、室町幕府によって京都を中心とする酒屋に課された課税のこと。
English: Sake brewing started as a business in the middle of the Kamakura period, but dealing sake had been banned by the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が商業として登場するが、鎌倉幕府によって禁じられていた。
English: However, sake breweries were under the control of powerful temples or shrines such as Enryaku-ji Temple in Kyoto, so the Imperial Court had to sanction dealing sake in return for contingent taxation such as tsubo-sen (the tax charged on sake dealers).
Japanese: しかし、京都では酒屋は延暦寺などの有力寺社の影響下にあり、また朝廷でも壷銭などの形で臨時の課税を行う代わりに営業を認める方針を採った。
English: Since 1322 when Emperor Godaigo was in power, arguments to turn tsubo-sen into a form of regular taxation had arisen many times, but opposition by Enryaku-ji Temple delayed collecting taxes from sake dealers by miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) until the period of Northern and Southern Courts, and conflicts continued because some sake breweries refused to pay tax with Enryaku-ji Temple on their side.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇の元亨2年（1322年）以後、壷銭を通常の課税とする議論は度々行われてきたが、延暦寺などの反対もあり漸く南北朝時代_(日本)に入って以後、造酒正によって徴税が行われるようになったが、延暦寺などの支援を受けて課税忌避を図る酒屋もあり対立が続いた。
English: The Muromachi bakufu managed to finance its budgets by the income from goryosho (the Imperial or shogunate's estate), whose areas were dwindling because the transportation of nengu (land tax such as rice) was disturbed by civil wars across the country, and some goryosho were occupied by the Southern Court's army which were used to reward their soldiers.
Japanese: 室町幕府は主に御料所などからの収入で財政を維持してきたが、全国的な内乱のために年貢輸送が途絶えたり、あるいは南朝_(日本)軍に占領されたり、自軍への恩賞に回されたりしてその範囲は小さくなる一方であった。
English: Although Miki no kami and Enryaku-ji Temple fiercely fought back against the bakufu's move, they were suppressed by the strong military power of the bakufu of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, and the bakufu put into force a law called 'Rakuchu-hendosanzai doso-narabini-sakaya-yaku jojo' (洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々) (Rules of tax regarding financial services and sake dealers in Kyoto) with five articles in 1393.
Japanese: これに対して造酒正も延暦寺なども激しく抵抗したが、足利義満のもとで強力な軍事力を保っていた幕府の圧力に屈し、明徳4年（1393年）には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」という5ヶ条からなる法令を出した。
English: This law denied the interests of influential houses such as Enryaku-ji Temple and limited the taxation by miki no kami to the minimum.
Japanese: これによって延暦寺などの有力権門の権益は否定され、造酒正による課税も最低限に制限された。
English: Sake breweries and doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) were exempted from other taxes in return for paying the bakufu 6,000 kan per year.
Japanese: その代わりに酒屋と土倉が年間6,000貫を幕府に納める代わりに原則的にはその他の課税を免除した。
English: Based on various records, sake breweries equipped with 10 sake pots or more are considered to have been subject to tax, and probably 100 mon was imposed on each sake pot.
Japanese: 酒壷10壷以上の酒屋が対象になったと考えられ、諸記録から酒壷毎に100文が課されたと推定されている。
English: The bakufu directly collected taxes initially, but later it picked up a large sake brewery from each several dozen houses in the same business and assigned them to serve as Nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) to collect sakaya-yaku.
Japanese: 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力酒屋を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに酒屋役を徴収させた。
English: There had been dedicated sake retailers called 'ukezake,' and reputed sake produced in rural areas had been sold in Kyoto since the late Muromachi period; and the bakufu also imposed taxes on them.
Japanese: また、室町時代後期以後に「請酒」と呼ばれる小売専門の酒屋や地方からの名酒の流入もあったが、幕府はこれらに対しても課税を行った。
English: Although the tax revenue decreased after Onin war, this tax system was continued until the end of the Muromachi bakufu, and it went through changes but was not abolished even after Nobunaga Oda's administration.
Japanese: 応仁の乱後、収入は低迷したものの室町幕府末期まで継続され、変遷を経つつも同様の税制が織田政権以後も継続された。
English: Hyojohajime was a ceremony held by an influential house of medieval Japan conducted at the first consultation in the New Year.
Japanese: 評定始（ひょうじょうはじめ）とは、中世日本の権門において、年始にその年最初の評定を行う際に行った儀式のこと。
English: Hyojohajime of the bakufu was conducted at the New Year and at the first consultation that convened hyojoshu (the members of the Council of State) after a seii taishogun (lieterally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") assumed the post.
Japanese: 幕府においては、年始及び征夷大将軍就任時に初めて評定衆を集めて開く評定の際に行われていた。
English: Important policies had been decided by the council since 1225 when the hyojoshu was set up in the Kamakura bakufu, and in the late thirteenth century, hyojohajime began as a New Year ceremony convened with a regent, rensho (assistant to regents), and other subordinates on a day of mid-January every year.
Japanese: 嘉禄元年（1225年）、鎌倉幕府に評定衆が設置されて以来、重要な政務は評定によって決定されたが、13世紀後期に年始の行事の一環として毎年1月中旬の1日に執権・連署以下を召集して評定始を行うようになった。
English: After the Shogun passed his decision concerning three issues on the agenda such as divine services in the New Year which was recited by a bugyonin (a magistrate), and the sankon (three trays of drink and food) ceremony was conducted.
Japanese: 奉行人が折紙に記した正月の神事などの議題3つを読み上げて将軍の決裁を得た後に、三献を開いた。
English: On January 11 (old calendar) (since the late Oei era) every year, hyojohajime was conducted through the convening of kanrei (shogunal deputies) and their subordinates with more ritual formalities than in the Kamakura period: yuhitsu (an amanuensis) appointed by bugyonin gave a speech of auspiciousness; kanrei and hyojoshu offered a sword to the Shogun, and the Shogun also granted them swords.
Japanese: 毎年1月11日_(旧暦)（応永年間後期以後）、管領以下を召集して開催され、まず奉行人より任命された右筆が祝詞を述べ、管領や評定衆が将軍に対して太刀を献上し、将軍側からも太刀を下賜するなど鎌倉期に比べて形式的な要素が強くなった。
English: Also, since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's rein, the shogun decided on most state affairs by having discussions in gozensata (the formal consultation) where he could take the initiative, rather than in hyojo where kanrei and hyojoshu held too much influence against him, so gozensata-hajime (the first gozensata in the New Year) was held as the first work of State in the New Year after having a ritual hyojohajime, which only existed in name after the Onin war.
Japanese: 更に足利義満以後、将軍の親裁が強まり、管領や評定衆の発言力の強い評定よりも自らの主導権が発揮できる御前沙汰に審議の場を移し、形式的な評定始を行った後に改めて御前沙汰始を開いて年始最初の政務とするようになり、応仁の乱以後は全く形骸化した。
English: In the period of Insei, the Retired Emperor Gosaga began inhyojo (consultation under the cloister government) in 1246 adopting the Kamakura bakufu's practice, and also held hyojohajime.
Japanese: 院政においても鎌倉幕府の影響を受けて後嵯峨上皇の院政下である寛元4年（1246年）より院評定が開催されたが、ここでも評定始が開かれた。
English: The first hyojohajime after the start of the new government of a retired emperor was called 'Fudonohajime' (文殿始) in particular, which is of special note because it marked the start of Insei in the era of ryoto tetsuritsu (alternate accedence from two ancestries of imperial families) when it was not easy to keep Insei.
Japanese: また、院政開始後最初の評定始は特に文殿始（ふどのはじめ）とも呼ばれ、両統迭立によって院政の継続が不安定な時代になると、院政開始を印象付ける行事として重んじられた。
English: Although it was still held in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, hyojohajime of Insei became only a name at the end of the 14th century when the Muromachi bakufu took over the government function of Insei.
Japanese: 南北朝時代_(日本)にも継承されたが、院政の機能が室町幕府に吸収された14世紀末期には形骸化した。
English: Daishu (a group of monks) were convened to hold hyojo to decide important matters in and around a temple, and hyojohajime was one of the ceremonies of the temple in the New Year.
Japanese: 寺院内部においても大衆_(寺院)が寺院内外の重要決定をする際に評定が召集され、寺院の年始の行事の一環として評定始が開かれていた。
English: The Incident of Honkoku-ji Temple, on January 31, 1569, was an attack of Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) on Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who was in his temporary residence (Rokujo Palace) in Kyoto Honkoku-ji Temple (it was called 'Honkoku-ji' then).
Japanese: 本圀寺の変（ほんこくじのへん・本國寺の変）とは、永禄12年1月5日(旧暦)（1569年1月21日）に三好三人衆が京都本圀寺（当時の呼称は「本國寺」）に仮の御所（六条御所）を置いていた室町幕府征夷大将軍・足利義昭を襲撃した事件。
English: Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who assumed the title of Shogun in September of the previous year after going up to the capital while being backed by Nobunaga ODA, made Honkoku-ji Temple as his temprorary residence instead of Gosho (the Imperial Palace) because it had been burnt down in the Eiroku Incident.
Japanese: 前年9月に織田信長に擁立されて上洛して将軍に就いた足利義昭は永禄の変で焼失した御所の代わりに本圀寺を仮の御所としていた。
English: Nobunaga, after assuring the peace in Kyoto, returned once to his base Gifu-jo Castle in Mino Province.
Japanese: その後、信長は京都の安定を見計らって本拠である美濃国岐阜城に一旦帰国した。
English: However, Miyoshi sanninshu, who were in exile in Settsu Province expelled by Nobunaga from Kyoto earlier, with the aim of gaining power in Kyoto again, attacked Honkoku-ji Temple while Nobunaga was absent from Kyoto, and when the guards of Yoshiaki let their guard down during the New Year.
Japanese: ところが、先に信長によって京都より追放されて摂津国に逃れていた三好三人衆が京都への復権を目指して、信長不在で正月で義昭周辺の気の緩んでいるところを突いて本圀寺を攻撃したのである。
English: However against all odds, because Yoshiaki's close aids Yusai HOSOKAWA and Mitsuhide AKECHI fought a good fight, and Katsumasa IKEDA and Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI arrived to rescue them the next day, Miyoshi sanninshu took escaped the pincer movement.
Japanese: しかし、予想に反して義昭側近の細川幽斎・明智光秀らが奮戦し、更に翌日には池田勝正や三好義継・伊丹親興が救援に駆けつけたために挟撃される格好となった三好三人衆は敗走したのである。
English: Nobunaga hurriedly returned to Kyoto after five days, and thought that merchants of Sakai were pulling strings behind the scene before imposing yasen (war funds) on Sakai to restrict their autonomy.
Japanese: 事件の5日後に急遽京都入りした信長は、この事件の背景に堺の町衆がいると考えて、堺に矢銭を課してその自治権を制限したのである。
English: Sanshoku suinin mondai is a controversy in relation to the interpretation of the articles in Haretoyo KAJUJI's diary "Haretoyo-koki (summer in the 10th year of Tensho)" dated April 25 (old calendar) and May 4 (old calendar) of 1582.
Japanese: 三職推任問題（さんしょくすいにんもんだい）とは、天正10年（1582年）4月25日(旧暦)、5月4日(旧暦)両日付けの勧修寺晴豊の日記『晴豊公記（天正十年夏記）』の記事の解釈を巡る日本の歴史上の論争である。
English: Nobunaga ODA held no official title after resigning as Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) in May (April in old lunar calendar), 1578.
Japanese: 織田信長は天正6年（1578年）4月に、右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官して後、何らの官職に就いていなかった。
English: In June (May in old lunar calendar), 1582, there was a move in the Imperial Court to endorse Nobunaga for one of the three posts, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), or Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") as a reward for his subjugation of Takeda.
Japanese: 天正10年5月に至り、朝廷から武田征伐の戦勝祝賀として信長に、太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍の三職いずれかに推任しようとする動きがあった。
English: The point of the argument is whether the move was forced by Nobunaga or not, while other issues which could be derived from the main argument include considerations to the grand plan of the Oda administration and the background of the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 本論争は直接的には、この動きを信長の強制と見るか否かを争うものであるが、その論を立脚点とした織田政権の将来構想や本能寺の変の背景に対する考察を含むものである。
English: It was mentioned (written as '被申候') that an envoy with court ladies should be sent to Nobunaga in Azuchi to inform him that he should be endorsed for Daijo-daijin, Kanpaku, or Shogun.
Japanese: 安土へ女はうしゆ御くたし候て、太政大臣か関白か将軍か、御すいにん候て可然候よし被申候。
English: I congratulated him on his victory in Kanto and said that Nobunaga should be Shogun, and then Oran came back with Nobunaga's note.
Japanese: 関東打はたされ珎重間、将軍ニなさるへきよしと申候へハ、又御らんもつて御書あかる也。
English: "Haretoyo-koki" that had been handed down had missing pages from May to September in 1582, but in 1968 Yoshihiko IWASAWA released "The Record of Summer in 1582" he found in Naikaku-bunko (literally, "Library of the Cabinet," National Archives of Japan now) which was a fragment of "Haretoyo-koki."
Japanese: 従来伝承されていた『晴豊公記』は、天正10年4月分から同年9月分が欠けていたが、1968年（昭和43年）岩沢愿彦が内閣文庫（現国立公文書館）にあった『天正十年夏記』が『晴豊公記』断簡であることを発表した。
English: Iwasawa's interpretation of the line 'he should be endorsed for Daijo daijin, Kanpaku, or Shogun' was that it was Haretoyo who said it in line with the Emperor's wish, and later this interpretation prevailed to form a common belief that Nobunaga refused the Emperor's wish.
Japanese: 岩沢の解釈では、「太政大臣、関白、将軍の三職いずれかに推任するのがよい」と言った主体を天皇の意向を受けた晴豊としており、以後もこの解釈を受け、信長はこの天皇の意向を突っぱねたとする説が通説化していた。
English: However, Kyoko TACHIBANA, a researcher of history, studied usages of '被申候'in other passages across Haretoyo's diary and concluded it was what Sadakatsu MURAI said, arguing that Sadakatsu would never say such a thing without Nobunaga's permission because Nobunaga disliked his followers' arbitrary decisions or executions, and that he represented Nobunaga's wish to gain the post, which led to controversies of pros and cons among historians.
Japanese: ところが、歴史研究家の立花京子が晴豊の日記全体の「被申候」使用例を分析した結果、村井貞勝の言葉と解釈し、独断専行を嫌う信長に無断で貞勝が発言するはずがないとし、信長の将軍任官の意向を踏まえたものであったと主張したことにより、歴史学者の間で賛否両論の論争となった。
English: Tachibana's interpretation also claims that Haretoyo's words 'should be the Shogun' in an article on May 4 (old calendar) were the official intention of the Imperial Court, and Nobunaga intentionally expressed his false embarrassment concealing his true meaning by having 'Oran' (Naritoshi MORI) meet the envoy.
Japanese: また立花説では、5月4日付けの記事にある「将軍になるべき」との晴豊の言葉を朝廷公式の意向であったとし、「御らん」（森成利）を派遣した信長の意図を真意を隠しわざと当惑して見せたものとする。
English: Based on this interpretation, Tachibana concluded that Sanshoku suinin indicated Nobunaga's victory over the Imperial Court which it was unable to veto.
Japanese: 立花はこの解釈に基づき、三職推任を信長の勝利と位置づけ、朝廷が拒めなかったものとした。
English: Akira IMATANI, supporting Tachibana's theory, presented that Nobunaga bowed down to the Imperial Court's authority because he had to keep the medieval relationship of power with the Emperor.
Japanese: 今谷明は立花説の解釈に立脚しながら、信長は朝廷の権威に屈服し中世的権力関係を指向せざるをえなかったとしている。
English: Masanobu HASHIMOTO presented that Nobunaga accepted the post of Daijo daijin instead of Seii taishogun.
Japanese: また、橋本政宣は、信長が就任を受けたのは征夷大将軍ではなく、太政大臣であったとする見解を出している。
English: Shin HORI (a historian) argued against these interpretations that Haretoyo expressed his own opinion on May 4 (old calendar) at that time and Sanshoku suinin had nothing do to with Nobunaga's intention, because: the article of the diary dated May 4 and "Message from Imperial Prince Sanehito" (誠仁親王消息) suggest that such an unspecific Sanshoku suinin came from a situation where no one knew what Nobunaga wanted; and nothing suggests Nobunaga and Sadakatsu had talked about this matter.
Japanese: しかしながら堀新(歴史学者)から出された反論では、同日記の5月4日(旧暦)付けの記事や、『誠仁親王消息』などの資料から、三職いずれかなどという曖昧な推任をしたのは誰も信長の真意を理解していなかったための行動であり、貞勝と信長との間にこの件に関する打ち合わせをした形跡がないことなどから、三職推任は信長の意向とは言えず、5月4日の晴豊の言葉も晴豊個人の見解であるとした。
English: Hori pointed out that Nobunaga had resigned as Minister of the Right and Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards because he would not take any official post until his unification of the whole country, and Hori also said Nobunaga probably did not want any official post, and instead he had the aim of becoming an emperor outside the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 堀説では、信長は天下統一まで任官できないとして右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞官しており統一前に任官する理由が立たないことを指摘し、信長には任官の意思はなく、律令体制に留まらず中華皇帝を指向していたと推察できるともしている。
English: Tetsuo OWADA with the same interpretation as Hori's presented that Nobunaga probably thought of accepting the title of the Shogun after May 4 (old calendar).
Japanese: 小和田哲男は堀と同様の解釈をとりながら、5月4日以降に将軍任官を考えたのではないかとの見解を示している。
English: This controversy was still under way as of 2007 without reaching any settlement over an accepted theory.
Japanese: この論争は2007年現在も継続しており、いまだ定説と見なされる見解は確定していない。
English: Kodaireki is a chronicle written between the Period of Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 皇代暦（こうだいれき）は、南北朝時代_(日本)から室町時代にかけてに書かれた年代記。
English: Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA gave it the name Rekidaikoki in the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代に徳川光圀によって、歴代皇紀（れきだいこうき）という表題が与えられている。
English: It describes the history from immemorial times to 1477, the Bunmei era under the rein of Emperor Gotsuchimikado.
Japanese: 神代から後土御門天皇の文明_(日本)9年（1477年）までを記述している。
English: Although its original five-volume edition that was presented to Emperor Gotsuchimikado from Chikanaga KANROJI does not survive today, the Imperial Household Archives stores a duplicate copy ('Yanagi genpon' (Yanagi's original copy)) that was transcribed from the original edition by Norimitsu YANAGIHARA in the Edo period.
Japanese: 同年に甘露寺親長から後土御門天皇に献上された原本は全5巻で現存はしていないが、江戸時代に柳原紀光が当時まだ現存していた原本から写本したもの（「柳原本」）が宮内庁書陵部に蔵書されている。
English: There are also a six-volume edition and a seven-volume edition: the fourth volume was split in two for the former; the latter has the separate seventh volume which has excerpts of the uragaki (additional parts) in addition to the former one.
Japanese: ただし、6巻本・7巻本も存在し、前者は第4巻を2巻構成に分けたもの、後者は6巻本より更に裏書（後述）部分を抜書きして独立した第7巻としたものである。
English: Each page has five columns: the first column has the Emperor's brief biography; the second column has important incidents around the Imperial Palace; the third column has matters about the Retired Emperor, the Crown Prince, the Imperial Prince, the Imperial Princess, and an empress; the fourth and the fifth columns have personnel affairs of important offices such as sessho (regent), kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), a minister, seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), and Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).
Japanese: 各ページ5段構成となっており1段目には天皇の略歴、2段目には皇居及び重要な事件、3段目には上皇・東宮・皇子皇女・后妃、4・5段目には摂政・関白・大臣・征夷大将軍・近衛大将などの要職補任が記されている。
English: In the first to the third volumes, the history and appointments of monks in China were added and these parts were called 'uragaki' (additional parts).
Japanese: なお、第1－3巻には、唐土の事歴・僧侶の補任が付記されており、その部分を「裏書」と呼称している。
English: The third volume belonging to the first three volumes with uragaki is the original form written by Kinkata TOIN which is indicated in the page of April 9, 1356 (the first year of the Enbun era) (old calendar) of his own diary "Entairyaku", which says he had edited the continuation of Kodaireki, and this continuation is considered to be the fourth volume.
Japanese: 裏書が付いている第1－3巻の3巻が、洞院公賢が書いた最初の形態であり、そのことは彼自身が書いた日記『園太暦』の延文元年（1356年）4月9日_(旧暦)条にて、皇代暦の続きを編纂したと記しており、これが第4巻部分であると考えられている。
English: Some unknown people are considered to have taken over to write the continuation after Kinkata's death, but it was Chikanaga KANROJI who made Kodaireki as it is today.
Japanese: 公賢の死後もその続きにあたる部分を書いた人物がいたと考えられているが、それを今日の形にしたのは甘露寺親長である。
English: One can see Chikanaga took good care of Kodaireki from his diary "Chikanaga-kyoki" which says he first grabbed this book while evacuating a big fire which occurred in Kyoto in 1476.
Japanese: 親長が同書を大事にしていた事は、彼の日記である『親長卿記』において、文明8年（1476年）京都で大火があった時に、この本のみを真っ先に抱えて避難したことが書かれていることで知ることが出来る。
English: Emperor Gotsuchimikado, who later heard of this episode, ordered Chikanaga to give the copy to the Imperial Court, so he added descriptions until his time to present to the Emperor the copy of Kodaireki, which is said to have been the original edition.
Japanese: 後にこの事を知った後土御門天皇より書写進上を命じられた親長が現在までの出来事を加筆して献上したのが、原本とされたものであったとされている。
English: The gyaku-en indicates the concept of not believing in the teachings of Buddha (i.e., defying the 'en', or connection with Buddha) unquestioningly or someone who can not be saved.
Japanese: 逆縁（ぎゃくえん）とは、仏の教えを素直に信じない（縁に背く）こと、またはそのような救い難い人をいう。
English: The gyaku-en also refers to the act of criticizing Buddhism first and yet being led to become a monk all the more for the criticism.
Japanese: また、仏法を誹謗したことがかえって仏道に入ることを指して言う場合もある。
English: The gyaku-en originally meant the act of opposing Buddhism by defying fate and order as well as by making unethical remarks and committing unethical acts; subsequently, however, the word also began to indicate cases where criticizing Buddhism triggered inversely one to become a monk.
Japanese: もともとは、因果や道理に違背・違逆して、人間の倫理に反する言動や行為により仏道に違背することであるが、後に仏法を誹謗したことが逆に縁となって、仏法に帰依するような場合も指すようになった。
English: The incident 'Gosenkiko, or Gosenkikyo' in which 5,000 arrogant ascetic monks, believing to have become enlightened, left before being taught the crucial lessons in the chapter two of the Buddha's words in the Hoke-kyo Sutra (the Lotus Sutra), is said to have been a classic example of the gyaku-en.
Japanese: 法華経の方便品第2で、肝心な教えが説かれる前に5000人の増上慢の比丘が去ったという「五千起去」（ごせんきこ、ききょ）は、逆縁の典型的な例といわれる。
English: The legend holds that the dokku was a drum to which poison was applied, and that when the drum was beaten, all the people hearing the sound would die; in the same way, the teachings of Buddha are to eliminate the three poisons of avarice, anger and ignorance among people.
Japanese: 毒鼓とは、毒薬を塗った太鼓で、それを打ち鳴らすと聞いた人はみんな死んでしまうという伝説であり、それと同じように仏の教えは衆生の貪・瞋・癡の三毒を滅すことができるということを表している。
English: The Kamidaigo-ji Temple in Kyoto is counted as the eleventh in the Saigoku Kannon Reijo, or the holy places of Kannon (Goddess of Mercy) in the Western Provinces, and its goeika (song in praise of the Buddha) reads, 'If there should be a prayer to save even all the gyaku-en, how dependable the Junteido (main sanctuary of the Kamidaigo-ji Temple) would be!"
Japanese: 京都の上醍醐寺は西国観音霊場の第十一番として数えられるが、そのご詠歌には「逆縁も　漏らさで救う　願あれば　准胝堂は　たのもしきかな」とある。
English: The gyaku-en also referred to cases in which one's archenemy or unrelated person held a memorial service for him/her or the older people held a memorial service for the younger ones; consequently, the meaning of the gyaku-en was converted to commonly refer to the case where a child died before his/her parents.
Japanese: または生前の仇敵が供養をなすことから親類縁者でもない者が供養する、また年長者が年少者の供養をすることを逆縁というが、これが俗に転用されて、親より先に死ぬことを逆縁というようになった。
English: The famine occurred during a period of conflict (Jisho-Juei War), and there remain many historical documents which describe the situation in detail such as the Genpei Seisuiki (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) and the Hojoki (An Account of My Hut).
Japanese: 源氏・平氏による争乱期（治承・寿永の乱）の最中に発生した飢饉であり、源平盛衰記や方丈記など当時の状況を詳細に記す史料も多い。
English: The rainfall in 1180 was well below normal, and crop yields decreased significantly due to drought, and the entire western Japan including Kyoto was plagued by famine the following year.
Japanese: 前年の1180年が極端に降水量が少ない年であり、干魃により農産物の収穫量が激減、翌年には京都を含め西日本一帯が飢饉に陥った。
English: Not only did many people starve to death, but also a large number of farmers fled from their homes.
Japanese: 大量の餓死者は発生もちろんのこと、土地を捨てて逃亡する農民が多数発生。
English: In the Hojoki, it is written that 42,300 people died in Kyoto City, and that the city was filled with corpses.
Japanese: 方丈記では、京都市中の死者を4万2300人とし、市中に遺体があふれていたことが記されている。
English: It is also said that because there were so many dead people, it was impossible to hold a memorial service for each of them, monks at the Ninna-ji Temple went around the city to mark the Sanskrit character 'a' (,the first letter in the Sanskrit characters, 阿 in kanji) on the foreheads of the dead.
Japanese: あまりの多さに供養が追いつかず、仁和寺の僧が死者の額に「阿」の字を記して回ったとも伝えられている。
English: This chaos is believed to have been a factor in making MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka's operations (raising of an army in 1180 and advancement to Kyoto in 1183) easier to carry out.
Japanese: こうした市中の混乱が、源義仲の活動（1180年挙兵、1183年上洛）を容易にする遠因となっていたことも考えられている。
English: As an affiliate department of Zushoryo (the Bureau of Drawings and Books) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Kamiyain manufactured paper used in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 紙屋院（かみやいん）は律令制における図書寮の別所（付属機関）で朝廷で用いる紙の製造を扱った。
English: It produced new paper for public or private use in the Imperial Court, and recycled paper called sukigaeshi-gami (paper made from dissolved old paper), or shuku-gami.
Japanese: 朝廷などで公私の用向きに充てる新規の和紙や中古和紙である漉返紙（宿紙）などの製造にあたった。
English: Paper manufactured by Kamiyain was called kamiyashi, which was found in a record from 728 ('Shoso-in monjo' (Documents of Shoso-in)).
Japanese: 紙屋院で作られた和紙は紙屋紙と呼ばれて、神亀5年（728年）にその名称が見られる（「正倉院文書」）。