nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There is a memorial house of Genjo NORO called the 'House of Genjo' to praise his achievements in his hometown of Hatase, Taki Town, Taki County, Mie Prefecture.
Japanese: 野呂元丈の功績を讃え、出身地の三重県多気郡多気町波多瀬に｢元丈の館」という記念館が設置されている。
English: Genshun KOISHI (1743-February 9, 1809) was a Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) and Ranpoi (a person who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 小石元俊（こいしげんしゅん、寛保3年（1743年）-文化(元号)5年12月25日(旧暦)（1809年2月9日）は、江戸時代後期の蘭学者、蘭方医。
English: His name can be found in "Rangaku Kotohajime" (The Beginning of Dutch Studies) authored by Genpaku SUGITA because he was acquainted with Rangakusha in Edo, such as Genpaku and Gentaku OTSUKI.
Japanese: 杉田玄白『蘭学事始』にも名が見られ、玄白や大槻玄沢ら江戸の蘭学者とも交友た。
English: Aspiring to study medicine, he became a pupil of Gensen TANNOWA, the disciple of Toyo YAMAWAKI and a doctor for the Yanagawa Domain, and he changed his name to 'Genshun.'
Japanese: 医学を志し、宝暦年（1751年）には山脇東洋門下で柳河藩医淡輪元潜に師事し、元俊と改める。
English: On referral from Gensen, he also studied under Dokshoan NAGATOMI, who was also the disciple of Toyo, and learned the Western medicine.
Japanese: 元潜の紹介で同じく東洋門下の永富独嘯庵にも学び、オランダ医学に接する。
English: Influenced by Nanmei KAMEI, he enrolled in a government-backed school operated by Kien MINAGAWA and immersed himself in writing the book "Genen" (Fundamental Flow), whereby he criticized the old-fashioned medicine based on Onmyo-gogyo-setsu (Chinese traditional pseudo-science built on five elements).
Japanese: 安永6年（1777年）亀井冥南の影響で皆川淇園の家塾に入門し、『元衍』の著述に専念、陰陽五行説に基づく旧態医学を批判。
English: Energized by "Kaitai Shinsho" (the historic Japanese translation of a Dutch anatomical text) published in Edo in 1774, he visited Genpaku SUGITA and Gentaku OTSUKI in a row and stayed in Edo to collect information, sojourning at Otsuki's residence.
Japanese: 安永3年に江戸で出版された『解体新書』に触発され、同年に杉田玄白、大槻玄沢に相次いで合うと、江戸に出て東遊し、大槻邸に滞在した。
English: He dissected a human body also in 1796 and reported results in his book "Seyaku-in Kainantai Zozu" (Pharmacy Institution Edition of the Anatomy of Male's Body).
Japanese: 寛政8年（1796年）にも人体解剖を行い、『施薬院解男体臓図』として著す。
English: In 1801, he opened his own medicine school, Kyuri-do, in Kyoto and contributed to the spread of Ranguku in Kansai.
Japanese: 享和元年（1801年）、京都で医学塾・究理堂を開き、上方での蘭学拡大に貢献した。
English: Juro TOMIKAWA (1844-July 15, 1867) was a member of Shinsengumi (special police who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).
Japanese: 富川十郎（とみかわじゅうろう、天保15年（1844年）-慶応3年6月14日(旧暦)（1867年7月15日））は新選組隊士。
English: When Kashitaro ITO and others left the Shinsengumi to form a new group, Goryo-eji (guards of Imperial mausoleums), in March 1867, Juro remained with the Shinsengumi (there is a belief that he did so because of Ito's secret order).
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）3月に伊東甲子太郎らが脱退して御陵衛士を結成した際には、そのまま組に残留した（伊東から密命を受けていたともされる）。
English: In June of the same year, Juro, who opposed to the promotion of the Shinsengumi to Shogun's retainers, tried to join the Goryo-eji, but was prevented from doing so by Shinsengumi's rules.
Japanese: 同年6月、新選組の幕臣取立てに反発し、御陵衛士に合流しようとするが新選組との規定により叶わなかった。
English: Afterwards, at the residence of Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto), he rediscussed his departure from the Shinsengumi with Isami KONDO and others, but his request was rejected again.
Japanese: その後、京都守護職邸で近藤勇らと脱隊の話し合いをするがこれも叶わなかった。
English: SOGA no Karako (date of birth unknown, died in May, 465) was a member of one of the local ruling families in the Kofun period.
Japanese: 蘇我韓子（そがのからこ、生年未詳-465年5月(旧暦)）は、古墳時代の豪族。
English: The 'ko' in Karako's name was used for both male and female names at that time - today 'ko' (meaning 'child') is used only for female names in Japanese.
Japanese: 「韓子」であるが男性である（当時は「子」が男女問わずに用いられた）。
English: According to "The Chronicles of Japan," in March 465 (of the old calendar), SOGA no Karako was assigned as a General by the Emperor Yuryaku along with KI no Oyumi, OTOMO no Katari and OKAI no Sukune.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によると、蘇我韓子は、465年3月(旧暦)、雄略天皇の命で紀小弓、大伴談、小鹿火宿禰とともに大将に任じられる。
English: As Silla started interfering in trade between Wakoku (Japan) and Goguryeo (a Kingdom of Korea), SOGA no Karako went over to the Korean Peninsula to conquer Silla.
Japanese: そして、倭国と高句麗との交易を妨害しはじめたことに対し、新羅征伐のために朝鮮半島へ渡った。
English: However, Oiwa was not satisfied with only inheriting his father's troops and so he dominated OKAI no Sukune's troops as well as ship soldiers which led Oiwa and Okai to have conflicts with each other.
Japanese: 大磐は父の兵馬を引きつぐに飽き足らず、小鹿火宿禰の兵馬と船官を配下に収めて、小鹿火宿禰と対立した。
English: Karako, having been warned by OKAI no Sukune that Oiwa might try to deprive him of his troops, also had conflicts with Oiwa.
Japanese: 小鹿火宿禰は、大磐が韓子の兵馬も奪うつもりであると韓子に警告し、彼も大磐と対立するようになった。
English: When the King of Baekje discovered the conflicts, he called for Oiwa and Karako to come to the border of Baekje.
Japanese: それを知った百済の王は、二人の仲を保とうと、大磐と韓子を百済との国境まで呼び出した。
English: On the way to the border, when Oiwa was letting his horse drink water by the river, Karako shot an arrow at him from behind.
Japanese: その道中、河にさしかかり馬に水を飲ませたところで、韓子が大磐を後ろから弓で射た。
English: It is believed that Karako, who missed Oiwa by hitting the saddle of his horse, was then shot by Oiwa and later drowned in the river after falling from his horse.
Japanese: しかし矢は大磐の馬の鞍に当たり、とっさに大磐が射返したところ、その矢が当たった韓子は落馬して河でおぼれ死んだ、とされる。
English: NAKATOMI no Katsumi (date of birth unknown - April 587) was a local ruling clan of the Asuka period.
Japanese: 中臣勝海（なかとみのかつみ、生年未詳-用明天皇2年（587年）4月）は、飛鳥時代の豪族。
English: In March 585, he and MONONOBE no Moriya reported to the Emperor that the spreading of an epidemic should be attributed to the Soga clan's believing in Buddhism.
Japanese: 敏達天皇14年（585年）3月、物部守屋と共に、疫病流行の原因が蘇我氏の仏教信仰のせいであると奏上。
English: When the ailing Emperor ordered his servants to discuss his becoming a devout believer in Buddhism in April 587, Moriya and Katsumi opposed it.
Japanese: 用明天皇2年（587年）4月、天皇が病床で仏教に帰依する旨を詔し、群臣にこのことを協議するように命じた際にも、守屋と共に詔に反対している。
English: He and Moriya took up arms at his residence and cursed Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko and Takeda no Miko (the Imperial Prince Takeda) by creating dolls that mimic them but ended up yielding at Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko after learning that their rebel plot had failed.
Japanese: その後、守屋の挙兵に呼応して、自宅に兵を集め、押坂彦人大兄皇子の像と竹田皇子の像を作り呪詛するが、反乱計画の不成功を知って彦人大兄に帰服。
English: Tosuke HIRATA (March 26, 1849 - April 14, 1925) was a government official and politician who lived in the Meiji through Taisho periods.
Japanese: 平田東助（ひらたとうすけ、嘉永2年3月3日(旧暦)（1849年3月26日）-大正14年（1925年）4月14日）は、日本の明治時代・大正時代期の官僚・政治家。
English: His son, Eiji HIRATA, was a Japanese-style painter, and the second son of Eiji, Masaharu MATSUSHITA, became the adopted son-in-law of Konosuke MATSUSHITA and became the chairman of Panasonic.
Japanese: 息子の平田栄二は日本画家で、栄二の次男・松下正治は松下幸之助の娘婿となりパナソニック会長を務めた。
English: Since his older brother, Yorisuke, took over the family headship, in 1856, Tosuke became an adopted son of Akinori HIRATA who was a doctor living in the same domain.
Japanese: 兄の祐順が家を継いだため、安政3年（1856年）に同藩の医師・平田亮伯の養子となった。
English: In the Boshin Civil War, the Yonezawa Domain fought as a leader of the Ouetsu-reppan alliance that was hostile to the government force, but was defeated.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争においては、米沢藩は政府軍に敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の中心として戦うが敗北。
English: However, he changed his plan and studied in the newly united German Empire because he was well-respected and persuaded to do so by Shuzo AOKI and Yajiro SHINAGAWA in Berlin.
Japanese: しかし、ベルリンで青木周蔵・品川弥二郎らの知遇を得て説得され、統一したばかりのドイツ帝国での留学に切り替えた。
English: He learned political science at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, international law at Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, and commercial law at Universität Leipzig.
Japanese: ベルリン大学で政治学、ハイデルベルク大学で国際法、ライプチヒ大学で商法を習得する。
English: At Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg he became the first Japanese PhD (Doktor der Philosophie).
Japanese: このうちハイデルベルク大学では日本人として初の、博士号（ドクトル・フィロソフィ）を得た。
English: Owing to Shinagawa and Aoki from Choshu Domain, Tosuke was highly recognized and treated well by the members of the Choshu faction such as Takayoshi KIDO, Aritomo YAMAGATA, and Hirobumi ITO.
Japanese: 長州藩出身の品川・青木の仲介により、木戸孝允・山縣有朋・伊藤博文ら長州閥の知遇を得た。
English: Therefore, even though he was from Yonezawa Domain that was hostile to the government, he gained credibility as a Choshu government official.
Japanese: よって、かつて政府に敵対した米沢出身でありながら長州系の官僚として信頼されていくことになる。
English: As an expert of German law, he worked as the Chief of the Translation Section at the Ministry of the Treasury, Assistant Secretary, and then the Senior Managing Director of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau.
Japanese: ドイツ法学の専門家として大蔵省翻訳課長、少書記官、法制局専務などを歴任。
English: In 1882, he joined the Hirobumi ITO Commission to help with preparation for the establishment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 明治15年（1882年）には、大日本帝国憲法調査のため、伊藤の憲法調査団に随伴。
English: When the Imperial Diet was established in 1890, he was selected as a member of the House of Peers and also was appointed to the Secretery of the Sumitsu-in or Privy Council.
Japanese: 明治23年（1890年）の帝国議会発足時には、貴族院議員に勅撰され、枢密院(日本)書記官長を兼ねる。
English: Hirata attempted to form Sawakai, a party consisting of selected members within the House of Peers, and established the stronghold of the bureaucrat faction of the House of Peers that was under direct control of Yamagata.
Japanese: 平田は貴族院(日本)内で勅撰議員を中心とする会派・茶話会の結成に務め、山縣直系の貴族院官僚派の牙城を築いた。
English: In this administration, he came to terms with the Kensei (Constitutional) Party led by Toru HOSHI, smoothened assembly meetings, and established the Land Tax Increase Law.
Japanese: この内閣では星亨率いる憲政党との妥協によって、議会運営の円滑化を図り、地租増徴案を成立させた。
English: Tosuke was criticized by the Kensei Party because he, the Director General of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau at that time, took an active part in amendment of the ordinance.
Japanese: 改正には法制局長官の平田が積極的に関わっていたため、憲政党から非難されることになる。
English: Concerned about the precariousness of society and the rise of the post-Russo-Japanese war liberalism and socialism, Tosuke in 1908 attempted to issue laws to control the people's thinking and also promoted local improvements as regional measures.
Japanese: 明治41年（1908年）には日露戦争後の自由主義・社会主義思想の勃興や弛緩した世情を危ぶみ、思想統制政策としての公布を仰ぎ、また地方政策では、地方改良運動を推進した。
English: Tosuke established personal connections as a Yamagata-affiliated government official advisor who was as powerful as Keigo KIYOURA, Kenjiro DEN, and Kanetake OURA.
Japanese: 平田は清浦奎吾・田健治郎・大浦兼武らと並ぶ官僚系の山縣側近として人脈を形成した。
English: When an instance of high treason occurred in 1910, Tosuke, the Minister of Home Affairs at the time, directed arrestment of the criminals.
Japanese: 明治43年（1910年）大逆事件が発生した際は、内相として犯人検挙を指揮。
English: Next year, after execution of Shunsui KOTOKU, he and Prime Minister Katsura submitted a letter of resignation to assume responsibility for the occurrence of the incident.
Japanese: 翌年幸徳秋水らの処刑後、事件発生の責任を負って桂首相らとともに待罪書（辞表）を提出する。
English: When the second Saionji administration resigned entirely in December 1912, the Genro Council offered Tosuke the position of the next prime minister, but Tosuke declined the offer.
Japanese: 大正元年（1912年）12月には、第2次西園寺内閣の総辞職を受け、元老会議で後継首相に推されるが、辞退。
English: After this event, he stopped playing an overtly powerful role such as a cabinet member, but as the leader of the Yamagata Faction in the House of Peers and the Imperial Household Ministry, he continued to have the second strongest political influence after the Genro.
Japanese: 以後は閣僚などの表舞台には立たず、貴族院および宮内省における山縣閥重鎮として、元老に次ぐ影響力を保ち続ける。
English: When the first Yamamoto administration with the Rikken Seiyukai Party as the ruling party was involved in the Siemens scandal, the Sawakai and the Kenkyukai (within the House of Peers) led by Keigo KIYOURA decreased the navy budget by 70 million yen and entered a conflict with the House of Representatives that had suggested a budget decrease of only 30 million yen.
Japanese: 立憲政友会を与党とした第1次山本内閣がシーメンス事件のスキャンダルに見舞われた際には、茶話会は清浦奎吾率いる会派・研究会_(貴族院)とともに、海軍予算7,000万円減を成立させ、3,000万円減の衆議院と対立。
English: The confrontation was never resolved in both Houses, the budget was never finalized, and as a result, the entire Yamamoto administration resigned.
Japanese: 両院協議会でも決着せず、予算不成立となり、山本内閣を総辞職に追い込んだ。
English: Immediately after this event, Kiyoura was ordered to form a Cabinet but failed to do so due to the retaliation by the navy that did not select the Minister of Navy for the Cabinet (Manko administration).
Japanese: ただし直後に、清浦が組閣の大命を受けた際に、海軍側は海軍大臣を出さなかったため流産させられる形で報復された（鰻香内閣）。
English: The Kenkyukai then suspected that the failure to make a Cabinet was caused by Hirata who was jealous of Kiyoura and also by string-pulling by the Sawakai, causing frictions between the parties.
Japanese: 更に研究会側がこの流産を平田の清浦への嫉妬と茶話会の策動のためではないかと疑って両会派の不和の原因となった。
English: In 1922, he was appointed to Naidaijin and had his rank raised up to Count.
Japanese: 大正11年（1922年）には内大臣に就任するとともに伯爵に陞爵する。
English: The statue of Tosuke HIRATA, built in Kudanzaka Ushigafuchi in 1921 while he was still alive, was created by the sculptor Taketaro SHINKAI, and the base of the statue was designed by the architect Chuta ITO, who was Tosuke Hirata's nephew (a child of his older brother Yorisuke).
Japanese: 生前の大正10年（1921年）、九段坂牛ヶ淵に建てられた平田東助像は、彫刻家新海竹太郎が制作し、甥（兄・祐順の子）で建築家の伊東忠太が台座を設計したものである。
English: When construction of the National Showa Memorial Museum began, the statue was relocated to Chuo Kyodo Kumiai School in Aiharamachi, Machida City, Tokyo Prefecture.
Japanese: 昭和館建設のため、東京町田市相原町の中央協同組合学園内に移設された。
English: TAIRA no Yoshikado (year of birth and death unknown) was legendary busho (Japanese military commander) said to have lived in the mid-Heian period, or a specter.
Japanese: 平良門（たいらのよしかど、生没年未詳）は、平安時代中期の伝説上の武将、もしくは妖怪。
English: It is said that, after his father's death, he gained the popularity of vassals and the family, and was among the first to consider raising an army and setting off to Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing Mutsu and Dewa Provinces) and Saigoku (western part of Japan [espcially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki]).
Japanese: 父亡き後、臣下や一族の人望を集めて、いちはやく挙兵を模索し、奥州や西国を巡ったとされる。
English: During the mid-Edo period, Yoshikado appeared as a specter or demon in a piece of ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, kabuki (traditional performing art), and stage dramas; he was depicted as a figure that was killed by MINAMOTO no Yorimitsu.
Japanese: 江戸中期に入ると、良門の存在は妖怪あるいは悪鬼として近松門左衛門の人形浄瑠璃や歌舞伎、舞台劇などに登場し、源頼光によって退治された姿として描かれている。
English: He was Tanemura's illegitimate child (a child to his second wife), but after Tanemura's death, he claimed that he became a legitimate child under Tanemura's will and confronted with his older paternal half-brother Taneuji.
Japanese: 胤村の庶子（後妻の子）であったが、胤村の死後、胤村の遺言で自分が嫡子になったと主張し、異母兄の胤氏と対立した。
English: Although he is considered to be a direct descendant of the Soma clan, he often caused arguments over territories with Shigetane, Hikojiro Morotane's son, and his territories were confiscated for the crime of groundless lawsuits.
Japanese: 相馬氏の嫡流筋であったとみられるが、領地問題をめぐって彦次郎師胤の子の重胤とたびたび争いを起こし、濫訴の罪で所領を没収された。
English: ISONOKAMI no Ienari (722 - August 3, 804) was a government official who lived from the Nara period to the beginning of the Heian period.
Japanese: 石上家成（いそのかみのいえなり、養老_(元号)6年（722年）-延暦23年6月20日_(旧暦)（804年8月3日））は、奈良時代から平安時代初期にかけての官人。
English: As his father died young before obtaining a high position, he started his career with a local government official despite the fact that he was a grandson of the Sadaijin.
Japanese: 父が低い身分のうちに早世したために、左大臣の孫でありながら、外官に叙された。
English: He was promoted to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) from Gejugoinoge (Jugoinoge granted to a local government official) in recognition of his great work for the suppression of the Rebellion of Fujiwara no Nakamaro, which occurred in 764.
Japanese: 外従五位下から従五位下に遷されたのは、天平宝字8年（764年）の藤原仲麻呂の乱鎮圧の功績によるものであった。
English: Once the Hoki era began, he was promoted to Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) from Jugoinoge, and after he experienced a Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs and a Senior Assistant Minister of the Sovereign's Household, he became a Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs with the rank of Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) in 781.
Japanese: 宝亀年間に入ると、従五位上から正五位下に進み、民部省・宮内省を経て天応(日本)元年には従四位下民部省に昇った。
English: In that year, Gon Dainagon (a provisional chief councilor of state) ISONOKAMI no Yakatsugu (who was a cousin of Ienari) died and Ienari practically became the head of the Isonokami clan, but he never joined the Giseikan (legislature) because he started his career with a local government officer.
Japanese: この年、権官大納言の石上宅嗣（家成の従兄弟）が没したため、石上氏の事実上の氏長上となるが、外官出身が災いして議政官になることは無かった。
English: Afterward, he was granted the rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) after several positions such as a Junior Assistant Governor-General of Dazai-fu (the local government office in the Kyushu region), a Captain Gate guard, the Chief of Bureau of Palace Storehouses, and the Minister of the Sovereign's Household, but he did not have any official positions when he died.
Japanese: その後、大宰府や衛門府、内蔵寮、宮内省などを務めて従三位に列したが、散位官のまま死去した。
English: Although he became a Court noble, he was never appointed any key positions while he was alive, because his father was in a lower rank, and additionally, he was serious about his work but not so talented.
Japanese: 父親の身分の極端な低さや仕事は精勤するもののそれ以上の才が無かった事から公卿には昇ってもついに要職を任される事無く没した。
English: Kogyu YOSHIO (1724 - October 4, 1800) was a Ranpoi (a person who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) and a Japanese-Dutch interpreter (official interpreter of the Edo shogunate) who lived during the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 吉雄耕牛（よしおこうぎゅう、享保9年（1724年）-寛政12年8月16日（1800年10月4日）））は、日本の江戸時代中期のオランダ語通詞（江戸幕府公式通訳）、蘭方医。
English: He started learning Dutch from an early age and became a trainee interpreter at the age of 14 in 1737, assistant interpreter in 1742, and then chief interpreter at the age of 25 in 1748.
Japanese: 幼い頃からオランダ語を学び、元文2年（1737年）14歳のとき稽古通詞、寛保2年（1742年）には小通詞に進み、寛延元年（1748年）には25歳の若さで大通詞となった。
English: He was appointed several times Nenban-tsushi (interpreter who served every other year) and Edoban-tsushi (interpreter who accompanied Kapitan [curator of the Dutch trading house of Nagasaki] on their every year's visit to Edo).
Japanese: 年番通詞、江戸番通詞（毎年のカピタンの江戸参府に随行）をたびたび勤めた。
English: While working as interpreter, he learned surgery both from doctors working at the Dutch trading house and from surgery textbooks in Dutch.
Japanese: 通詞の仕事のかたわら、商館付の医師やオランダ語訳の外科書から外科医術を学ぶ。
English: He was on close terms especially with G. R. Bauer and Carl P. Thunberg (Swedish leading disciple of Carl von Linné), and learned mercury treatment from them to treat syphilis which was epidemic in Japan in those days, and applied it to actual treatments.
Japanese: 特にバウエル（G.R.Bauer）やカール・ツンベルク（C.P.Thunberg。スウェーデン人でカール・フォン・リンネの高弟）とは親交を結び、当時日本で流行していた梅毒の治療法として水銀水療法を伝授され、実際の診療に応用した。
English: He mastered not only Dutch and medicine but also astronomy, geography, and herbalism, and taught those learning to people who aimed to master Rangaku (Western learning).
Japanese: オランダ語、医術の他に天文学、地理学、本草学なども修め、また蘭学を志す者にそれを教授した。
English: The Yoshio Western surgery established by him became popular as a school of Western surgery which could rival the Narabayashi Western surgery established by Chinzan NARABAYASHI.
Japanese: 彼が創始した吉雄流紅毛外科は楢林鎮山の楢林流と双璧を為す紅毛外科（西洋医学）として広まった。
English: It is said that as the second floor of Yoshio's residence was decorated with furniture imported from the Netherlands, it was called 'Dutch room.'
Japanese: 吉雄邸の2階にはオランダから輸入された家具が配され「阿蘭陀坐敷」などと呼ばれたという。
English: He hosted the so-called 'Dutch New Year' party in the New Year by Western calendar (the solar calendar).
Japanese: 同邸では西洋暦の正月に行われる、いわゆる「オランダ正月」の宴も催された。
English: There were many of Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) and doctors, who visited Kogyu (Yoshio)'s residence or leaned at Seishukan, and most of the leading Rangakusha at the time, including Konyo AOKI, Genjo NORO, Gentaku OTSUKI, Baien MIURA, Gennai HIRAGA, Shihei HAYASHI, and Kokan SHIBA, had contact with him and gained much knowledge from him.
Japanese: 吉雄邸を訪れ、あるいは成秀館に学んだ蘭学者・医師は数多く、青木昆陽・野呂元丈・大槻玄沢・三浦梅園・平賀源内・林子平・司馬江漢など当時一流の蘭学者は軒並み耕牛と交わり、多くの知識を学んでいる。
English: Kogyu (Yoshio) had close relations with Ryotaku MAENO and Genpaku SUGITA among others, and praised their achievements by contributing a foreword for their book "Kaitai Shinsho" (New Book of Anatomy).
Japanese: 中でも前野良沢・杉田玄白らとの交流は深く、2人が携わった『解体新書』に耕牛は序文を寄せ、両者の功労を賞賛している。
English: After returning to Edo, Gentaku hosted Edo-Dutch New Year party at his private school Shiran-do as well.
Japanese: また江戸に戻った玄沢は、自らの私塾芝蘭堂で江戸オランダ正月を開催した。
English: In 1790, he was deprived of his post as inspector of Dutch interpreters and sentenced to a five-year house confinement as he had been involved in the mistranslation regarding a camphor export.
Japanese: 寛政2年（1790年）、樟脳の輸出に関わる誤訳事件に連座し、蘭語通詞目付の役職を召し上げられ、5年間の蟄居処分を申し渡された。
English: In 1800, he died of illness at his residence in Hirado-cho (present Edo-machi, Nagasaki City).
Japanese: 寛政12年（1800年）に平戸町（現在の長崎市江戸町の一部）の自邸で病没。
English: His translated works included "Waran-ryu (Komo-ryu) Koyaku-ho" (Dutch [Western] Salve Prescription), "Seikotsu Yoketsu" (Summary of Osteopathy), "Plenck Baiso-hen" (Plenck's Book on Syphilis), and "Ineki Happi" (Excretory Mechanism) (published after the death of Yoshio but based on his oral statements and later retranslated and published by Ransai EMA under the name of the "Goeki Shinpo").
Japanese: 訳書には『和蘭（紅毛）流膏薬方』、『正骨要訣』、『布斂吉黴瘡篇』、『因液発備』（耕牛の口述を没後に刊行。のちに江馬蘭斎が『五液診方』として別に訳出）など。
English: He showed outstanding achievements both in the area of interpretation and medical science, and his sons, Eikyu YOSHIO as doctor and Gonnosuke YOSHIO as interpreter, succeeded Yoshio's works.
Japanese: 通訳・医術の分野でともに優れた耕牛であったが、子息のうち医術は吉雄永久が、通詞は吉雄権之助がそれぞれ受け継いだ。
English: There is his critical biography "Edo no Ranpoigaku Kotohajime - Oranda Tsushi YOSHIO Kozaemon Kogyu" (The Beginning of Dutch Medicine of the Edo period - Dutch translator, YOSHIO Kozaemon Kogyu) (Maruzen Library, 2000) written by Kazuo KATAGIRI.
Japanese: 評伝に片桐一男『江戸の蘭方医学事始　阿蘭陀通詞・吉雄幸左衛門耕牛』（丸善ライブラリー、2000年）。
English: Serving Yoshimasa SHIBA, Owari no kuni Shugo (provincial military governor of Owari Province), Josho was appointed as Owari no kuni Shugodai by Yoshimasa to take the place of Masanori KAI in 1400.
Japanese: 尾張国守護・斯波義将に仕え、1400年（應永7年）、甲斐将教に代わり斯波義将より、尾張国守護代へ任じられた。
English: Josho was Shugodai when the Shiba clan stayed in Kyoto and Jochiku ODA, possibly Josho's brother, ruled Owari Province as an acting deputy military governor.
Japanese: 常松は斯波氏在京の守護代であり、兄弟とされる織田常竹が代官として、尾張を在地支配をしていた。
English: When the Oei War broke out in 1399, Josho reportedly sided with his lord Yoshimasa SHIBA, Owari no kuni Shugo (the phrase '昔爾祖合戦泉堺、蓋代之功、殆百年耳' was added to Josho's portrait).
Japanese: 応永6年（1399年）の応永の乱が起こると、常松は主君の尾張国守護・斯波義将に従軍したという（常松の肖像賛には「昔爾祖合戦泉堺、蓋代之功、殆百年耳」とあったという）。
English: There is a phrase '織田伊勢入道所労以外聞' (=It is rumored that Oda Ise Nyudo is sick) in one document, which phrase indicates that he was taken with illness around 1428.
Japanese: 「織田伊勢入道所労以外聞」とあり、正長元年（1428年）頃、常松は病に侵されたとされる。
English: When Mansai, chief priest of Daigo-ji Temple, dispatched his envoy to the sick Josho, a person called Danjo-no-jo ODA reportedly received him.
Japanese: 醍醐寺住職の満済が常松の所に見舞いの使者を送った際、織田弾正忠という者が応対したという。
English: The record of 1431 in "Kenna ki" (a diary describing about social conditions in the middle of the Muromachi period) includes the phrase '織田故伊勢入道尾張国守護代' (the late Ise nyudo, Owari no kuni Shugodai).
Japanese: 永享3年（1431年）『建内記』には「織田故伊勢入道尾張国守護代」とある。
English: The late Ise Nyudo can be identified as Josho, who is believed to have died between the Shocho era (1428) and the Eikyo era (1429-1440).
Japanese: 故伊勢入道とは常松のことされ、正長年間～永享年間頃に常松は死去したと思われる。
English: Later, Toshisada ODA, of the Kyosu Oda family (the Oda Yamato no Kami family) asked Genchu Osho priest to paint Josho's portrait called 織田勢州太守常松居士号秀峯肖像, but it is not extant.
Japanese: 後に清洲織田家（織田大和守家）の織田敏定が厳中和尚に「織田勢州太守常松居士号秀峯肖像」を描かせたというが、現存していない。
English: Kiyoko UESUGI (date of birth unknown - January 20, 1343) was a woman who lived during the period of the later half of Kamakura Period through the early Muromachi Period.
Japanese: 上杉清子（うえすぎきよこ、生年不詳-興国3年・康永元年12月23日(旧暦)（1343年1月20日））は、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代初期の女性。