nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Nobunaga liked Kowaka-mai (story-telling accompanied by a simple dance) such as "Atsumori" which in known for the line 'life lasts only 50 years,' while Nobutada had an obsession for Kyogen (farce played during a Noh cycle).
Japanese: また「人間50年」で有名な『敦盛』など、幸若舞を好んだ信長に対して、信忠は能狂言を異常なほどに好んだ。
English: It is said he clashed with Nobunaga, who confiscated his works of Noh.
Japanese: そのために信長と衝突して能道具を取り上げられたこともあったとされている。
English: According to the "Mikawa Monogatari" (Tales from Mikawa), Nobunaga's first word when he realized something happened at Honno-ji Temple was 'Did jo no suke betray me? (Did Nobutada rebel?)'
Japanese: 『三河物語』によると、本能寺で異変に気づいた信長の最初の言葉は「城介が別心か（信忠の謀反か）」であったとされる。
English: Even setting aside the credibility of the Mikawa Monogatari, when one considers that description, the current estimation of Nobutada's loyalty to Nobunaga remains in dispute.
Japanese: 三河物語の信憑性はともかく、信忠が信長に忠実だったとする現在の評価は、この記述からも疑惑の余地があるとの説もある。
English: He was the successor of the Kanbe clan, a local ruling family, which ruled the middle region of Ise Province, and so he also called himself Nobutaka KANBE.
Japanese: 伊勢国中部を支配する豪族神戸氏を継いだため、神戸信孝（かんべのぶたか）とも称する。
English: (She was likely from a branch family of the Ise Kabuto clan or related to the Owari Senshu clan; according to "Tales of Kazutoyo's Military Exploits," Ichirakusai NINOMIYA was Nobutaka's maternal grandfather.)
Japanese: （伊勢鹿伏兎氏庶流あるいは尾張千秋氏の所縁か。また『一豊公御武功記』によると二宮一楽斎が信孝母方祖父とされている。）
English: In actuality, he was born a few days earlier than Oda's second son, Nobukatsu ODA; however, possibly because his mother's status was low and because his birth was reported late, he was acknowledged as the third son.
Japanese: 実は次男織田信雄より数日先に生まれたが、母の身分が低く、また信長に報告するのが遅かったため、三男とされたと言われる。
English: However, his status by birth was not inferior to that of the Ikoma clan: the Saka clan was a branch family of the Kabuto clan, which was a branch family of the top local ruling clan of Ise Province, the Seki clan, which had originated from the Taira family.
Japanese: しかし坂氏は伊勢国随一の豪族関氏平姓関氏の庶流鹿伏兎氏の庶流にあたり、けっして生駒氏に見劣りする出自ではない。
English: It is said that this story may have been intentionally made up to emphasize Nobutaka's legitimacy as the head of the Oda family after Nobunaga's death, or to justify his having opposed Nobukatsu who was his older brother, and that he actually was born later than Nobukatsu.
Japanese: 本来兄の信孝が信雄よりも信長亡き後の織田家一門の筆頭に相応しいという正嫡性の強調のため、あるいは兄である信雄に逆らったことを正当化するための意図的な創作話ではないかといわれ、実際は信孝が信雄より後に生まれたのではないかといわれる。
English: He may have been born at a residence belonging to his maternal granduncle, Yoshikatsu OKAMOTO, of the Owari people (people of Tsushima).
Japanese: 生まれた場所は母方大叔父と言われる尾張衆（津島衆）の岡本良勝の屋敷とされている。
English: Nobutaka was adopted by Tomomori KANBE, the lord of Kanbe-jo Castle (Suzuka City, Mie Prefecture) which was surrendered when Nobunaga subdued Ise Province in 1568, and he took over the Kanbe clan in 1572 when Tomomori was forced to retire by Nobunaga.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）、信長が伊勢国を平定した際に、降伏した神戸城（三重県鈴鹿市）城主・神戸具盛の養子となり、具盛が信長によって隠居させられた後の元亀3年（1572年）に神戸氏を継ぐ。
English: When he was adopted, Hikoemon KODA accompanied him as Denyaku (an adviser assigned directly by the shogun) and samurai who had been Nobunaga's vassals such as Taroemon OKAMOTO, Sensai SAKA, Gonemon MIYAKE, Nuinosuke SAKAGUCHI, Sanemon YAMASHITA, Kichizaemon SUEMATSU, TACHIKI and KAWAMURA came to serve Nobutaka.
Japanese: 養子入りに際しては幸田彦右衛門が傳役として付けられ、信長家臣から岡本太郎右衛門、坂仙斎、三宅権右衛門、坂口縫殿助、山下三右衛門、末松吉左衛門、立木、河村以下の侍が信孝付きとして付けられた。
English: After his succession, Nobutaka put his efforts in the management of his territory such as introducing a land survey called the Kanbe land survey, rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) near the castle and the tenma (post horse) system, and Kanbe thrived as a posting station on the Ise Shrine Pilgrimage Road.
Japanese: 相続後は神戸検地と呼ばれる検地を行い、城下に楽市楽座、伝馬制を敷くなど領地経営に力を注ぎ、神戸は伊勢参宮街道の宿場として大いに栄えた。
English: Between 1574 and 1575, he joined the battle to subdue the Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) in Ise Province and Echizen Ikko Ikki (religious riot).
Japanese: 天正2年（1574年）から天正3年（1575年）にかけて、伊勢国長島一向一揆平定戦、越前一向一揆平定戦に参加する。
English: He also participated in the conquest of Kishu in 1577 and the subjugation of Murashige ARAKI (the battle of Arioka-jo Castle) in 1578.
Japanese: 天正5年（1577年）の紀州征伐、天正6年（1578年）には荒木村重討伐戦（有岡城の戦い）にも出陣している。
English: In addition, he acted as an executive officer and, in 1580, stayed in the capital, assisting Sadakatsu MURAI and negotiating with the Kinri (the Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 行政官としての活動もあり、天正8年（1580年）には村井貞勝を補佐して在京し禁裏との交渉にあたった。
English: In August of the same year, when Kyonyo of Hongan-ji Temple retreated, Nobutaka greeted Nobunaga in the capital to make a vow with him.
Japanese: 同年7月、本願寺教如が退去するに際して誓詞を交わすため、信長を京に迎えている。
English: There is a furegaki (bakufu order) regarding the attack on Chugoku district which was issued to the people of Tanba and Tango, indicating that he may have been given Tanba Province and Tango Province as his shoryo (territory) around that time.
Japanese: このころか丹波国、丹後国を所領として与えられたようであり、丹波衆、丹後衆に出した中国攻めの触書が存在する。
English: He began expansion work on Kanbe-jo Castle in Ise Province at the same time, completing a five-story tenshukaku (keep or tower) and a modern castle with many turrets.
Japanese: 同時に伊勢では神戸城の拡張工事に着手、五層の天守閣や多数の櫓を持つ近世城郭を完成させた。
English: (It is said to have been executed due to his strong urging, and there is a written document which includes the words "Sanshichi-sama [Nobutaka] went to Shikoku, which he had wanted to do for a long time" in the Jingu Library).
Japanese: （四国征伐は信孝の強い希望によって実現したともいう。神宮文庫所蔵文書には『三七様連々お望み候四国へ・・・』との文言のある文書が存在する。）
English: He mobilized village leaders and peasants aged between 15 and 60 from Kawano-gun and Suzuka-gun, which were in his territory of northern Ise, taking on ronin (samurai who had left their masters and lost their horoku [salary]), gathering people of Iga, Koka, and Saiga, and organizing the expedition army.
Japanese: 所領北伊勢、河曲・鈴鹿の二郡の15歳から60歳に至る名主・百姓を動員、牢人衆を召し抱え、伊賀・甲賀・雑賀の他国衆も集めて遠征軍を組織した。
English: During the Shikoku Conquest it was decided that Nobutaka would be adopted by Yasunaga MIYOSHI, and so Tomomori KANBE was treated as the Kanbe clan's family head once more.
Japanese: なお、四国征伐にあたって、信孝は三好康長の養子になることが決定され、神戸具盛は再度神戸氏の当主扱いになったようである。
English: On July 1, while he was preparing to cross the sea, the Honnoji Incident broke out in Sakai City, but he only managed to kill Nobusumi TSUDA, his cousin and Mitsuhide AKECHI's son-in-law, hampered by a series of escaping soldiers (however, there is no evidence that Nobusumi participated in the Honnoji Incident).
Japanese: 堺市にて渡海の準備中である6月2日に本能寺の変が勃発したが、逃亡兵が相次いだため積極的な行動はできず、明智光秀の娘婿である従兄弟の津田信澄を殺害した程度であった（しかし信澄が本能寺の変に加担した証拠は存在しない）。
English: After that, he joined forces with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who had completed the 'Chugoku Ogaeshi' (the term refers to Hideyoshi's reaction to the Honnoji Incident, in which he rushed back to Yamasaki, even though he had been fighting with the Mori clan in Bichu, when he learned the news) in Tomita, Settsu Province (Takatsuki City), and fought in the battle of Yamasaki as a nominal supreme commander, defeating Mitsuhide AKECHI.
Japanese: その後、摂津国富田(高槻市)で「中国大返し」後の豊臣秀吉軍に合流、名目上の総大将として山崎の戦いに参戦し、仇である明智光秀を撃破した。
English: Despite his having been the supreme commander in the battle of Nobunaga's revenge, his nephew Hidenobu ODA was chosen as the Oda clan's successor in the Kiyosu conference.
Japanese: 信長の弔い合戦の総大将であったにも関わらず、清洲会議において織田氏の後継者は甥の織田秀信に決まる。
English: As the guardian of Sanboshi (Hidenobu), Nobutaka became the lord of Gifu-jo Castle and was given Mino Province, which was the territory of his elder brother Nobutada ODA.
Japanese: 信孝は三法師の後見役として兄織田信忠の領地であった美濃国を与えられ、岐阜城主となる。
English: He subsequently approached Katsuie SHIBATA, who stood in opposition to Hideyoshi, and acted as go-between in the wedding of Katsuie and Oichi no Kata, his aunt.
Japanese: その後、秀吉と対立する柴田勝家に接近し、勝家と叔母のお市の方との婚儀を仲介した。
English: In this way, he allied himself with Katsuie SHIBATA and Kazumasu TAKIGAWA, chief vassals of the Oda clan, and raised an army against Hideyoshi, championing Sanboshi in December of the same year.
Japanese: こうして織田氏宿老格の柴田勝家・滝川一益らと結び、同年12月、三法師を擁し秀吉に対して挙兵する。
English: However, due to Hideyoshi's prompt action, he was forced to surrender and hand Sanboshi over to Hideyoshi as a hostage.
Japanese: しかしこの挙兵は秀吉の迅速な行動によって降伏せざるを得なくなり、人質を出して三法師を秀吉に引き渡した。
English: In 1583, when the Battle of Shizugatake broke out, Nobutaka again raised an army.
Japanese: 天正11年（1583年）、賤ヶ岳の戦いが起きると、信孝は再度挙兵する。
English: However, Gifu-jo Castle, where he lived, was besieged in May of the same year by his brother Nobukatsu; when Katsuie, his only hope, committed suicide in Kitanosho-jo Castle, Nobutaka surrendered to Hideyoshi and opened Gifu-jo Castle.
Japanese: しかし兄・信雄によって同年4月に居城の岐阜城を包囲され、頼みの勝家も北ノ庄城で自害すると、岐阜城を開城して秀吉に降伏した。
English: Nobutaka was sent to Omido-ji Temple (Nomadaibo, where MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo had been assassinated in the late Heian period) in Noma, Chita-gun, Owari Province (Mihama-cho, Aichi Prefecture [Aichi Prefecture]), where he committed suicide.
Japanese: 信孝は尾張国知多郡野間（愛知県美浜町(愛知県)）の大御堂寺（野間大坊、平安時代末に源義朝が暗殺された場所）に送られ、自害した。
English: Kanbe-jo Castle refused to accept Nobutaka's head, so the coroner, Gazaemon OTSUKA, brought it back to Fukuzo-ji Temple in Seki-machi, Ise Province.
Japanese: 首は神戸城では受け取りを拒否され、検視大塚俄左衛門が伊勢関町の福蔵寺に持ち帰った。
English: One theory says he died on June 19, but another theory says it was June 21.
Japanese: 命日は4月29日（西暦6月19日）と5月2日（6月21日）の二説がある。
English: Nobutaka's death haiku exudes his rage against Hideyoshi: 'You killed the one you'd long served, may god strike you down, Hashiba Chikuzen.'
Japanese: 辞世の句は「昔より主を討つ身の野間なれば報いを待てや羽柴筑前」（信孝の秀吉への激しい怒りが感じられる句である）。
English: However, it is unlikely that Nobutaka, a polished busho, would have written such a poor and obvious death haiku, and there is doubt as to whether the poem is actually his.
Japanese: しかしたしなみある武将の信孝が、このような稚拙で露骨な辞世の句を残したとは考えにくく、この辞世の句が信孝の残したものかどうかは疑問である。
English: There is a story that he was so enraged during seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) that he flung his entrails away; however, not only has this been proven impossible from a medical standpoint, but also due to the manner of Kaishaku (to assist someone in committing hara-kiri by beheading him), his head must have been cut off the moment the sword entered his abdomen, so the story is fictitious, and it is likely that the death haiku or rakushu (satire) was made up along with it.
Japanese: 切腹の際に怒りのあまり臓物をなげつけたという説もあるが、医学的検証からそのようなことは不可能であること、腹に刀をいれたとたん介錯するという作法があることから、そういった逸話とともに創作された辞世の句か落首の類とも考えられる。
English: Nobutaka's biological mother (from the Saka clan), his younger sister, his daughter and his concubine named Kanbe no Ita Gozen were handed over to Hideyoshi as hostages upon the surrender, and were killed by him.
Japanese: 秀吉に降伏したとき、人質として差し出した生母・坂氏と妹、娘および側室神戸の板御前は、秀吉によって殺されている。
English: The mothers of senior vassals Yoshikatsu OKAMOTO and of Hikoemonnojo KODA had been handed over as a hostage as well, and were also executed at that time.
Japanese: このとき同じく人質に出されていた重臣岡本良勝、幸田彦右衛門尉両人の母も処刑されている。
English: Nobutaka's great-grandson Nobuaki (the son of Nobushige KANBE) survived as a feudal retainer of Takada Domain, serving Mitsunaga MATSUDAIRA, the family head of the Matsudaira family of Takada Domain, Echigo Province.
Japanese: 信孝の曾孫（神戸信茂の子）信章は越後高田松平家当主松平光長に仕え、高田藩士として存続したという。
English: In a legend in Fujisawa-shuku (a posting station which was located in the present Fujisawa City, Kanagawa Prefecture), a family (Kawakami clan) appears which claims as the descent from Nobukuni ODA, the second son of Nobutoyo ODA, who was himself the son of Nobutaka's concubine from the Ozuma clan; this family is still in existence.
Japanese: 藤沢宿に伝わる伝承には信孝の側室小妻氏の子織田信豊の次男織田信国の子孫と称する家（川上氏）も登場、現存している。
English: Many families of the Oda clan that became hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of the Tokugawa registered Nobutoyo as the family founder in their family tree.
Japanese: 徳川旗本となった織田氏の一族には、信豊を家祖として系図に記載する家が少なくない。
English: However, it was natural at that time for a person of high rank to have concubines in order to protect his blood line, and Nobutaka was a tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) who was promoted as high as jiju (a chamberlain); therefore, it is likely that his concubines and their children actually existed and made themselves known in the Tokugawa era.
Japanese: ただし、信孝は侍従にまで昇進した殿上人であり、貴人が血統を保存するために側室を持つことが当然だった当時からすると側室、側室所生の子が存在し、徳川の世になってから世に出たとするのは的外れではないとも考えられる。
English: On November 24, 1892 (the 25th year of the Meiji period), the 'Yomiuri Shimbun' (newspaper) ran an article saying that a commoner from Osaka Prefecture claiming to be a direct tenth-generation descendant of Nobutaka had submitted his family tree to the Imperial Household Minister.
Japanese: 明治25年11月24日付の「読売新聞」に、大阪府の平民が宮内大臣に系図などを添えて、信孝の嫡流、10世の子孫と称し、名乗りでたという記事を掲載している。
English: Besides this, some in Gifu have claimed to be descendants of the Kanbe clan and have produced branch families such as the Hirose clan.
Japanese: このほか岐阜に神戸氏を名乗る子孫があり、廣瀬氏などの分家を輩出しているという。
English: It is said that, of all Nobunaga's sons, Nobutaka bore the closest resemblance to his father, and his portrait in the Hero Hyakunin Isshu (a collection of one hundred poems by one hundred poets) looks much like Nobunaga in his youth (except for his costume).
Japanese: 信長の息子たちの中で一番容貌が父に似ていたと言われ、英雄百人一首に描かれている肖像は（服装を除けば）若き日の信長に酷似している。
English: According to documents of the time, he was highly appreciated: it is written that he was 'considerate, courteous to everyone and really courageous' (the annual report of the Yasokai [Jesuit Society]), and that 'Nobutaka was wiser and braver than others, being also a son of the shogun' (the Tensho-ki [War Chronicle on the Tensho era]).
Japanese: 当時の資料によればその人物評は高く、「思慮あり、緒人に対して礼儀正しく、また大なる勇士である」（耶蘇会年報）「信孝もまた将軍の息男にして、智勇人に超えたり」（天正記）と記されている。
English: He was familiar with the Christian Society of Jesus, and a missionary praised him highly, saying, 'He knows much about Deus (God), glorifying Deus whenever he is with lords and taishin (big feudal lords); he visits our Gaza (big church) often and respects the padre (priest).'
Japanese: キリスト教のイエズス会に対する造詣が深く、宣教師からは「彼（織田信孝）はデウスのことをよく悟り、諸侯及び大身等と共に居る時、常にデウスのことを賛美し、しばしばわがガザに来り、パードレ等を大いに尊敬している」とその人物を高く評価されている。
English: Legend says that both he and Hideyoshi were given swords by the Imperial Court after the Battle of Yamasaki; that he frightened the kugeshu (court nobles) by carrying out the investigation of the Akechi party inside the capital; that, at the battle against Hideyoshi, Nagatsugu IINUMA (one of Hideyoshi's vassals) was killed on suspicion of collaborating with Nobutaka, and that after the battle Hideyoshi never employed samurai who had served Nobutaka.
Japanese: 山崎の合戦後に秀吉と並んで朝廷から太刀を授かり、洛中で明智与党の詮議を行い公家衆を震え上がらせていること、秀吉との戦いに際しては飯沼長継など、信孝に内通したとして斬られている秀吉家臣がおり、戦後に秀吉が信孝に仕えた武士を嫌って登用しなかったという事跡も伝わっている。
English: In 1581, at the time of the great military parade in Kyoto, Nobutaka's rank was the forth after Nobutada, Nobukatsu, and Nobukane ODA.
Japanese: 天正9年（1581年）の京都御馬揃えの際には信忠・信雄・織田信包に次いで第4位の序列であった。
English: Among all the brothers and sisters of nobles, Nobutaka was the only person entrusted with commanding the subjugation of a province, aside from Nobutada, the successor.
Japanese: また跡継ぎの信忠を除けば、連枝衆で地方討伐の指揮を任されたのは信孝のみである。
English: Toshimichi OKUBO (1830~1878):Japanese warrior, feudal retainer of Satsuma, a statesman
Japanese: 大久保利通（おおくぼとしみち、文政13年8月10日(旧暦)(1830年9月26日)-明治11年(1878年)5月14日）は、日本の武士（薩摩藩士）、政治家。
English: He was born on September 26th, 1830, in Korai Town near Kagoshima Castle, Satsuma Province (present: Korai Town, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima Prefecture) as the eldest son of Toshiyo OKUBO, feudal retainer of Satsuma, attatched to the Ryukyu palace, and his wife Fuku, the second daughter of Hotoku MINAYOSHI (his childhood name was Shokesa).
Japanese: 文政13年8月10日（1830年9月26日）、薩摩国鹿児島城下高麗町（現・鹿児島県鹿児島市高麗町）に、琉球館附役の薩摩藩士・大久保利世と皆吉鳳徳の次女・福の長男として生まれる（幼名は正袈裟：しょうけさ）。
English: When he was 15 years old, he celebrated his coming of age and assumed the first name Shosuke and common name Toshisada, though he changed his name afterwards.
Japanese: 15歳の時元服し、仮名(通称)を正助、諱は利済（としさだ）と名乗るが、後に改名する。
English: In 1850, he was implicated in the Oyura-sodo (the Kaei Hoto incident; family feud over Narioki SHIMAZU's heir) and was dismissed and put under house arrest.
Japanese: 嘉永3年（1850年）のお由羅騒動（嘉永朋党事件）では連座して罷免され謹慎処分となる。
English: But when Nariakira SHIMAZU became the lord of the domain in 1853, OKUBO was reinstated as an officer for okura (the rice store of the Edo shogunate) at the Land Record Office of the domain.
Japanese: しかし島津斉彬が藩主となると、嘉永6年（1853年）に藩記録所御蔵役として復職する。
English: He served as the leader of Seichugumi Organization and after the death of Nariakira in 1858, he approached Hisamitsu SHIMADU, father of Tadayoshi SHIMADU (new lord of the domain) with the assistance of Atsushi SAISHO, instead of Saigo who lost his position.
Japanese: 精忠組の領袖として活動し、安政5年（1858年）の斉彬の死後は、失脚した西郷に代わり新藩主・島津忠義の実父・島津久光（久光）に税所篤の助力で接近する。
English: It is said that the beginning of his approach to Hisamitsu was placing his letter in Hisamitsu's hands through Jogan Kissho-in, brother of Atsushi, since Jogan, was the Igo partner of Hisamitsu.
Japanese: 篤の兄・吉祥院乗願が久光の囲碁相手であったことから、乗願経由で手紙を渡したのが始まりといわれる。
English: During the period between 1861 and1862 he was given the first name of "Ichizo" by Hisamitsu.
Japanese: 文久元年12月15日(旧暦)（1862年1月14日）から文久2年（1862年）3月上旬までの間に久光から一蔵の名を賜り改名する。
English: Supporting Hisamitsu, he got involved in politics in Kyoto, planning the reconciliation between the imperial court and the Shogunate with Tomomi IWAKURA, and promoting the assumption of Shogun-guardian post by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA and the post of office of the president of political affairs by Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the lord of Fukui Domain).
Japanese: 久光を擁立して京都の政局に関わり、公家の岩倉具視らと公武合体政策を画策し、徳川慶喜の将軍後見職、福井藩主松平慶永の政事総裁職就任などを進めた。
English: When Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, shogun of the Edo shogunate, transferred political power back to the Emperor in 1867, he planned and carried out a coup d'etat for the restoration of Imperial rule with anti-shogunate forces of court nobles including IWAKURA.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）に江戸幕府将軍・徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行うと、岩倉ら倒幕派公家と共に、王政復古(日本)のクーデターを計画して実行する。
English: After the Restoration of Imperial Rule, he was assigned to the post of Political Consultant and insisted on an imperial palace meeting with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA surrendering both the post of Shogunate and parts of his territories.
Japanese: 王政復古の後、参与に任命され、小御所会議にで慶喜の辞官納地を主張した。
English: On August 29th, 1869, he assumed the office of State Councilor and executed the establishment of the centralization of administrative power by the Meiji Government, including the return of lands and people to the Emperor, the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
Japanese: 明治2年7月22日(旧暦)（1869年8月29日）に参議に就任し、版籍奉還、廃藩置県などの明治政府の中央集権体制確立を行う。
English: In 1871 he took the office of Finance Secretary and made a trip abroad as the Vice Commander of a mission headed by IWAKURA.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）には大蔵卿に就任し、岩倉使節団の副使として外遊する。
English: In the dispute he was opposed by Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, and he brought down SAIGO and ITAGAKI in a coup d'etat in 1873.
Japanese: この論争では、西郷隆盛や板垣退助ら征韓派と対立し、明治六年政変にて失脚させた。
English: In 1873 he established the Ministry of Home Affairs, took charge by assuming the post of Secretary of Interior for himself and executed land-tax reform and a conscription ordinance.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）、内務省(日本)を設置し、自ら初代内務卿として実権を握ると地租改正や徴兵令などを実施した。
English: In 1874 he also carried out an expedition to Taiwan and on September 14th went to Qing (China) as the general commander-in-chief to solve problems after the war.
Japanese: また明治7年には台湾出兵を行い、9月14日に戦後処理のため、全権弁理大使として、清に渡った。
English: As the result of negotiations on October 31st, Qing recognized the Taiwan expedition as a noble undertaking and signed a treaty between Japan and Qing in which Qing was prescribed to pay 500,000 ryo (the old Chinese currency) to Japan for indemnities.
Japanese: 交渉の末、10月31日、清が台湾出兵を義挙と認め、50万両の償金を支払うことを定めた日清両国間互換条款・互換憑単に調印する。
English: It is generally said that OKUBO was aiming for a state such as Germany, but others say that in reality he was aiming for a state of constitutional monarchy like England.
Japanese: また、大久保はドイツ（プロイセン）を目標とした国家を目指していたのではないかといわれるが、実際はイギリスを目標とした立憲君主制の国家を構想していたという。
English: The period between 1873 and 1878 was called the "OKUBO government", because the political administration centered around OKUBO.
Japanese: 明治6年頃から明治11年まで、大久保を中心とした政権だったため、一般に「大久保政権」と言われている。
English: In addition, the bureaucratic organization (Kasumigaseki bureaucracy) which exists in Japan up to the present day is also said to have been established by OKUBO.
Japanese: また、現在に至るまでの日本の官僚機構（霞ヶ関官界）は、内務省を設置した大久保によって築かれたとも言われている。
English: After that, he assumed the post of Secretary of the Imperial Household by the request of an aide and had a plan to integrate the Meiji government and the Emperor.
Japanese: その後、侍補からの要請に乗る形で自らが宮内卿に就任することで明治政府と天皇の一体化を行う構想を抱いていた。
English: But on May 14 th, 1878 he was assassinated at the Kioi-zaka Slope (Kioi-cho Town, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo) by Ichiro SHIMADA (a descendant of samurai in Ishikawa Prefecture) and others in the Kioizaka Incident (he was 47).
Japanese: しかし明治11年(1878年)5月14日、石川県士族島田一郎らにより紀尾井坂（東京都千代田区紀尾井町）にて暗殺された（紀尾井坂の変）（享年49〈数え年〉、満47歳没）。
English: He was a heavy smoker, fond of smoking rich Ibusuki tobacco (cultivated for the first time in Japan) and his pipe was easily clogged unless his children cleaned it in the morning and in the evening (he also had separate pipes for morning and evening use).
Japanese: 大変なヘビースモーカーで、濃厚な指宿煙草（日本で初めて栽培されたたばこ）を愛用しており、子供達が朝晩パイプ(タバコ)を掃除しなければすぐに目詰まりするほどだった（また、朝用のパイプと夜用のパイプを分けて使っていた）。
English: He took one year starting in 1875 to build a wooden Western-style residence in Sannen-cho, Koji-machi Town (it is said that expenses for architecture were covered by Imperial money and a debt from Atsushi SAISHO, his intimate friend)
Japanese: 明治8年から1年かけて、麹町三年町に木造洋館を建てた（建築費用は恩賜金と盟友税所篤からの借金で賄ったとされる。
English: The residence was a Western-style house, rare as a personal house in those days, but it was not expensive to maintain.
Japanese: 当時は個人の家としては珍しい洋館であったが、金をかけたものではなかった。
English: Furthermore, he was very upright about money, not accumulating any personal fortune; instead, he even tried to cover a national debt with his own money, thereby leaving behind a debt of 8,000 yen after his death.
Japanese: また、金銭には潔白で私財をなすことをせず、逆に国の借金を個人で埋めるような有様だったため、死後は8,000円もの借金が残った。
English: As the result of a conference, the government recovered 8,000 yen which he had contributed to the Kagoshima prefectural government when he was alive and raised another 8,000 yen, deciding to support his bereaved family with this 16,000 yen.
Japanese: 政府は協議の結果、大久保が生前に鹿児島県庁に学校費として寄付した8,000円を回収し、さらに8,000円の募金を集めてこの1万6,000円で遺族を養うことにした。
English: When OKUBO was guided to Hamadera park by Tomoatsu GODAI, he knew that Atsushi SAISHO, Sakai prefectural governor planned to cut pine trees and use the park for a residential area, so he composed a haiku (Japanese poem) saying "Even the pine trees on the famous Takasi sands are not able to escape noisy ripples in the world, opposing the residence plan".
Japanese: 五代友厚に浜寺公園へ案内された大久保は、堺県県令税所篤が、園内の松を伐採して住宅地として開発しようとするのを知り、「音に聞く高師の浜のはま松も世のあだ波はのがれざりけり」と反対する歌を詠んだ。
English: Furthermore, the monument named "Sekisho-hi" inscribed with this haiku composed by OKUBO stands at the entrance of Hamadera park now.
Japanese: なお、浜寺公園の入り口付近にこの時に詠んだ歌が、「惜松碑（せきしょうひ）」として顕彰されている。
English: It is said that he was taciturn, possessed an air of dignity, and was a calm theorist, therefore few people could put forth their own opinions to his face.
Japanese: 寡黙であり、他を圧倒する威厳を持ち、かつ冷静な理論家でもあったため、面と向かって大久保に意見できる人間は少なかったと言う。
English: It is said that Toshiaki KIRINO could not normally have a talk face to face with him, therefore KIRINO drank sake heavily first and then tried to reprove him, but he was yelled at by OKUBO and drew back.
Japanese: 桐野利秋も、大久保に対してまともに話ができなかったので、大酒を飲んで酔っ払った上で意見しようとしたが、大久保に一喝されてすぐに引き下がったといわれる。
English: Moreover, it is said that even Gombei YAMAMOTO, who was famous for his dauntless courage, could not express his opinion to him freely.
Japanese: また、若い頃から勇猛で鳴らした山本権兵衛も、大久保の前ではほとんど意見できなかったという。