nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Jimmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) is a tale in Japanese myth of the expedition of the first Kamuyamatoiwarebiko (Emperor Jinmu) of the Imperial family who departed from Hyuga, conquered Yamato and succeeded to Kashiwara no Miya (palace at Kashihara).
Japanese: 神武東征（じんむとうせい）は、天皇家の初代カムヤマトイワレビコ（神武天皇）が日向を発ち、大和を征服して橿原宮で即位するまでの日本神話の説話である。
English: Some understand that this is completely fictitious, while others believe that this myth is based on the historical fact that a power in Kyushu moved to Yamato to build the Yamato Dynasty.
Japanese: この神話の解釈としては、全くの創作であるという説と、九州にあった勢力が大和に移ってきてヤマト王権を築いたという史実を神話化して伝えたものであるという説がある。
English: It seems difficult to prove Jimmu tosei academically unless trustworthy written documents of the time are found.
Japanese: 信用すべき同時代の文字資料が現れない限り、神武東征を学問的に立証するのは困難であろう。
English: A similarity to the later Empress Jingu and her son Emperor Ojin is pointed out because in both stories an emperor in Kyushu conquered Yamato.
Japanese: 九州にいた天皇が大和を制圧するという点で、後の神功皇后・応神天皇母子との類似性が指摘される事がある。
English: A mythologist Shoei MISHINA also pointed out the similarity to the myth of national foundation of Goguryeo (kingdom of Korea).
Japanese: また神話学者の三品彰英により、高句麗の建国神話との類似が指摘されている。
English: In "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), Kamuyamatoiwarebiko conferred with his elder brother Itsuse where they should move to rule Ashihara no Nakatsukuni (the Central Land of Reed Plains) better and decided to head for east.
Japanese: 『古事記』では、神倭伊波礼毘古命（カムヤマトイワレビコ）は、兄のイツセ（イツセ）とともに、日向の高千穂でどこへ行けばもっと良く葦原中国を治められるだろうかと相談し、東へ行くことにした。
English: Leading the army on ship, he left Hyuga for Tsukushi and when they arrived at Usa (present-day Usa City) in Toyo Province, Usatsuhiko and Usatsuhime built a temporary palace and served meals.
Japanese: 舟軍を率いて日向を出発して筑紫へ向かい、豊国の宇沙（現宇佐市）に着くと、宇沙都比古（ウサツヒコ）・宇沙都比売（ウサツヒメ）の二人が仮宮を作って食事を差し上げた。
English: Then they moved forward to Takeri no miya in Aki Province where they spent seven years and at Takashima no miya in Kibi Province eight years.
Japanese: さらに進んで安芸国の多祁理宮（たけりのみや）で7年、吉備国の高島宮で8年過ごした。
English: When the army anchored at Shirakata no tsu (Bay of Shirakata) in Naniwa Province (near present-day Higashi Osaka City. There was a bay at that time), Nagasunehiko had been waiting for the landing of Kamuyamatoiwarebiko with his army.
Japanese: 浪速国の白肩津（現東大阪市附近。当時はこの辺りまで入江があった）に停泊すると、長髄彦が軍勢を起こして待ち構えていた。
English: In the battle with Nagasunehiko, Itsuse was shot by Nagatsunehiko's arrow.
Japanese: ナガスネヒコと戦っている時に、イツセはナガスネヒコが放った矢に当たってしまった。
English: Itsuse said, "We are the sons of Hi no kami (the Sun Goddess i.e. Amaterasu Omikami), so we shouldn't fight facing the sun (the East).
Japanese: イツセは、「我々は日の神の御子だから、日に向かって（東を向いて）戦うのは良くない。
English: So they moved toward the South, but Itsuse died when they arrived at Onominato in Kii Province.
Japanese: それで南の方へ回り込んだが、イツセは紀伊国の男之水門に着いた所で亡くなってしまった。
English: Then, Kamuyamatoiwarebiko and his army fainted.
Japanese: するとカムヤマトイワレビコを始め兵士たちは皆気を失って倒れてしまった。
English: Then, Takakuraji from Kumano came to them with a sword and Kamuyamatoiwarebiko woke up immediately.
Japanese: この時、熊野の高倉下（タカクラジ）が、一振りの太刀を持ってやって来ると、カムヤマトイワレビコはすぐに目が覚めた。
English: When Kamuyamatoiwarebiko received the sword, a rough deity in Kumano was cut down naturally and all the fainted army awoke.
Japanese: カムヤマトイワレビコがその太刀を受け取ると、熊野の荒ぶる神は自然に切り倒されてしまい、倒れていた兵士も気絶から覚めた。
English: Takakuraji said that Amaterasu and Takamimusubi appeared in his dream.
Japanese: タカクラジによれば、タカクラジの夢の中にアマテラスとタカミムスビが現れた。
English: Two deities called Takemikazuchi and said, "Ashihara Nakatsukuni is in an uproar, and our children are in trouble. You are the one who pacified Ashihara no Nakatsukuni, so you should fall from the heaven again."
Japanese: 二神はタケミカヅチを呼んで、「葦原中国はひどく騒然としており、私の御子たちは悩んでいる。お前は葦原中国を平定させたのだから、再び天降りなさい」と命じた。
English: Takemikazuchi answered, "Instead, I will provide the sword that I used in pacification."
Japanese: が、タケミカヅチは「平定の時に使った太刀があるので、その刀を降ろしましょう」と答えた。
English: Then he said to Takakuraji, "I will make a hole on the roof of the warehouse and throw in the sword, so you should bring it to the child of Amatsukami (god of heaven)."
Japanese: そしてタカクラジに、「倉の屋根に穴を空けてそこから太刀を落とし入れるから、天津神の御子の元に持って行きなさい」と言った。
English: When he woke up and looked into his warehouse, the sword was there as described, so he brought it to Kamuyamatoiwarebiko.
Japanese: 目が覚めて自分の倉を見ると本当に太刀があったので、こうして持って来たという。
English: The sword is called Mikafutsu no kami or Futsu no mitama, and it is now enshrined at Isonokami-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: その太刀はミカフツ神、またはフツノミタマと言い、現在は石上神宮に鎮座している。
English: By the order of Takagi no kami, yatagarasu (Japanese mythological big crow) was sent as a guide to lead from Kumano to Uda in Yamato Province.
Japanese: また、高木神の命令で八咫烏が遣わされ、その案内で熊野から大和の宇陀に至った。
English: Kamuyamatoiwarebiko sent the yatakarasu first to ask the brothers whether they would serve him or not, but the older brother Eukashi shot a whistling arrowhead to chase the bird away.
Japanese: まず八咫烏を遣わして、カムヤマトイワレビコに仕えるかどうか尋ねさせたが、兄のエウカシは鳴鏑を射て追い返してしまった。
English: Eukashi tried to gather the army to fight against Kamuyamatoiwarebiko but failed.
Japanese: エウカシは軍勢を集めて迎え撃とうとしたが、軍勢を集めることができなかった。
English: So he pretended to serve Kamuyamatoiwarebiko and built a palace with a trap that the ceiling would fall once a person entered.
Japanese: そこで、カムヤマトイワレビコに仕えると偽って、御殿を作ってその中に、入ると天井が落ちてくる罠を仕掛けた。
English: So Kamuyamatoiwarebiko sent Michinoomi no mikoto, the ancestor of Otomo Muraji, and Okume no mikoto, the ancestor of Kume no Atai, to Eukashi.
Japanese: そこでカムヤマトイワレビコは、大伴連らの祖の道臣命（ミチノオミ）と久米直らの祖の大久米命（オオクメ）をエウカシの元に遣わた。
English: Preparing arrows on their bows, two deities urged Eukashi, "If you honestly serve Kamuyamatoiwarebiko, enter the palace to prove your loyalty."
Japanese: 二神は矢をつがえて「仕えるというなら、その仕えるための御殿にまずお前が入って仕える様子を見せろ」とエウカシに迫った。
English: When the army reached Oshisaka, Yasotakeru (numerous fighters) of Tsuchigumo were waiting for them.
Japanese: 忍坂の地まで来たとき、土雲の八十建（数多くの勇者）が待ち構えていた。
English: Kamuyamatoiwarebiko gave them a feast and made them accompanied by 80 cooks who secretly had swords.
Japanese: そこでカムヤマトイワレビコは八十建に御馳走を与え、八十建に対して80人の調理人をつけ、調理人に刀をしのばせた。
English: After that, the army fought against Tomibiko (another name of Nagasunehiko) and brothers Eshiki and Otoshiki.
Japanese: その後、登美毘古（ナガスネヒコ）と戦い、兄師木（エシキ）・弟師木（オトシキ）と戦った。
English: Then Nigihayahi no mikoto appeared, submitted Kamuyamatoiwarebiko a symbol item as the child of Amatsu kami, and served him.
Japanese: そこに邇芸速日命（ニギハヤヒ）が参上し、天津神の御子としての印の品物を差し上げて仕えた。
English: Kamuyamatoiwarebiko made rough deities obey him and succeeded to the throne at the palace of Kashiwara at Unebi (the Kashihara Imperial Palace in the southeast of Mount Unebi).
Japanese: このようにして荒ぶる神たちを服従させ、畝火の白檮原宮（畝傍山の東南の橿原の宮）で即位した。
English: After coronation, he married Himetataraisukeyorihime, a daughter of Omono Nushi, and had three children (mihashira): Hikoyai no mikoto, Kamuyaimimi no mikoto, and Kamununakawamimi no mikoto (later Emperor Suizei).
Japanese: その後、大物主の子である比売多多良伊須気余理比売（ヒメタタライスケヨリヒメ）を皇后とし、日子八井命（ヒコヤイ）、神八井耳命（カムヤイミミ）、神沼河耳命（カムヌナカワミミ、後の綏靖天皇）の三柱の子を生んだ。
English: According to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), when Kanyamato Iwarehiko (Kamuyamatoiwarebiko) was 45 (age by the traditional Japanese system), or some 1,792,470 years after Amatsuoya Ninigi descended to the earth, he said that there were numerous disputes in the far land and heard from Shiotsuchinooji about a beautiful province in the east, so he set out for the eastern expedition to build the capital.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』では神日本磐余彦（カムヤマトイワレビコ）は45歳（数え）の時、天祖ニニギが天降ってから179万2470余年になるが、遠くの地では争い事が多く、塩土老翁（シオツツノオジ）によれば東に美しい国があるそうだから、そこへ行って都を作ろうと思うと言って、東征に出た。
English: In the battle against Nagasunehiko, a golden kite (a bird of prey) flied over to the tip of Kamuyamatoiwarebiko's arrow.
Japanese: ナガスネヒコとの戦いでは、戦いの最中、金色の鵄（とび）が飛んできてカムヤマトイワレビコの弓の先にとまった。
English: The glittering golden kite mesmerized Nagasunehiko's army, who couldn't fight any more.
Japanese: 金鵄は光り輝き、ナガスネヒコの軍は眩惑されて戦うことができなくなった。
English: Nagasunehiko sent a messenger to Kamuyamatoiwarebiko to tell him that Nagasunehiko worshiped Kushitama Nigihayahi no Mikoto who fell from the heaven on Amenoiwafune Ship, and there should not be two Amatsu kami, thus Kamuyamatoiwarebiko should be a fake.
Japanese: ナガスネヒコはカムヤマトイワレビコの元に使いを送り、自らが祀る櫛玉饒速日命（クシタマニギハヤヒ）は昔天磐船に乗って天降ったのであり、天津神が二人もいるのはおかしいから、あなたは偽物だろう、と言った。
English: Kamuyamatoiwarebiko and Nagasunehiko showed each other their symbols as a child of Amatsu kami, so both of them were proved to be genuine.
Japanese: カムヤマトイワレビコとナガスネヒコは共に天津神の御子の印を見せ合い、どちらも本物であることがわかった。
English: Nagasunehiko still refused to stop fighting, so Nigihayahi killed Nagasunehiko and submitted to Kamuyamatoiwarebiko.
Japanese: しかし、ナガスネヒコはそれでも戦いを止めようとしなかったので、ニギハヤヒはナガスネヒコを殺してカムヤマトイワレビコに帰順した。
English: There are two main theories on the place of departure of Jinmu tosei as the original tradition, although these relate to the descriptions of the myth.
Japanese: あくまで神話の内容ではあるが、本来の伝承として神武東征の出発地について主に二つの説がある。
English: Fusosha's history textbook takes the same theory as the former government-designated textbook, but the map in Fusosha edition specifies Takachiho-no-mine Mountain on the coast near Miyazaki City, and the Kanmu troop tuned back near Kanmon-kaikyo Strait and headed east.
Japanese: 扶桑社の歴史教科書では旧国定教科書と同様の説を採っているが、掲載された地図では、高千穂峰を宮崎市近くの海岸に設定し、神武一行は関門海峡手前で引き返し東に向かった形になっている。
English: In addition, the text describes that the troop departed from Miyazaki Prefecture (which does not face the Seto Inland Sea) and proceeded in the Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: また、本文では（瀬戸内海に面していない）宮崎県を出発後瀬戸内海を進むという記述になっている。
English: The text indicated Hyuga instead of Hyuga Province which was said to be named based on the word of Emperor Keiko, thus the province should not exist before the enthronement of Emperor Jinmu; the name of the place should be read Himuka instead of Hyuga, meaning it is facing East or South, or it is an eulogistic name.
Japanese: 日向国ではなく日向と書かれており、日向国は景行天皇の言葉が基で命名されたとあるので、神武天皇即位以前には存在せず、日向はヒュウガではなくヒムカと読み、東向き、南向きの意か美称である。
English: In "Kojiki," Takachiho in Himuka described in tensonkorin (the descent to earth of the grandson of the sun goddess) is a place opposite to the cape Kasasa that faces Korea.
Japanese: 『古事記』では天孫降臨で日向の高千穂を韓国に向かい笠沙の岬の反対側の所としている。
English: If they started from Southern Kyushu, they had to pass Kanmon-kaikyo Strait twice where the sea flow is faster than that in Bungo-kaikyo Strait, making the description quite odd.
Japanese: 南九州を出発すると豊後海峡より流れの速い関門海峡を二度通ることになり、記述が不自然である。
English: The Jinmu troop left Himuka in Chikushi, passed through Oka no minato (Fukuoka Prefecture), Ei no miya in Aki (Hiroshima Prefecture), and Takashima no miya in Kibi (Okayama Prefecture), and arrived at the Osaka Bay from where they attempted to penetrate into Nara Basin.
Japanese: 神武一行は筑紫の日向を出発して、岡の水門（みなと）（福岡県）、安芸の埃の宮（えいのみや・広島県）、吉備の高島の宮（岡山県）を経て、大阪湾から奈良盆地に攻め入ろうとする。
English: The Jinmu Army landed on Kusaka (Higashi Osaka City) was defeated in the first battle against the army of Nagasunehiko.
Japanese: 草香（東大阪市日下）に上陸した神武軍は最初の戦いで、応戦した長髓彦（ながすねひこ）に敗れる。
English: During the detour, Itsuse died of the wound at O no minato and was buried in Kamayama (Kamayama jinja Shrine in Wada, Wakayama City).
Japanese: 途中五瀬は傷がもとで「雄の港」で没し竈山（和歌山市和田竈山神社）に葬られたとする。
English: The army defeated Nagusatobe headed further east, but their ships were wrecked by the storm in Arasaka-no-tsu (Kumano City, Mie Prefecture) on the border between Kumano (Wakayama Prefecture) and Ise.
Japanese: 名草戸畔を倒しさらに東に進むが、熊野（和歌山県）と伊勢の境、荒坂の津（三重県熊野市）で暴風に会い難破する。
English: Following the yatakarasu's guide, the army went through the Kumano mountain and arrived at Ugachi mura in Uda (Utano-cho, Uda County, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: やむなく八咫烏（やたのからす）の案内で、熊野山中を突破し、菟田（うだ）の穿邑（うがちむら）（奈良県宇陀郡菟田野町）に至る。
English: They fought some more severe fights against Shikitsuhiko and other enemies and they broke through the defense line in Mt. Aokaki by the Shiinetsuhiko's operation to invade Nara Basin.
Japanese: その後も磯城津彦などとの激しい戦いを繰り広げ、椎根津彦の作戦で青垣山の防衛線を突破して奈等盆地内に侵入する。
English: In the Basin, they further fought against Nagasunehiko, but Umashimade, a son of Nigihayahi, slew his uncle Nagasunehiko and submitted to Jinmu.
Japanese: さらに盆地内で長髓彦（ながすねひこ）との戦いは続くが、ニギハヤヒの子、ウマシマデが叔父の長髓彦を斬って、神武に帰順する。
English: The Rebellion of Tagishimimi is a tale of Japanese mythology that after Emperor Jinmu passed away, Tagishimimi devised a ploy to become the emperor but was defeated by Kamununakawamimi (later, Emperor Suizei) and his army.
Japanese: タギシミミの反逆（タギシミミのはんぎゃく）は、神武天皇が亡くなった後、皇位に就こうと策略した手研耳命をカムヌナカワミミ（後の綏靖天皇）らが討ったという日本神話の説話である。
English: In addition to three children he had with Himetataraisukeyorihime (Himetataraisuzuhime), Kamuyaimimi no Mikoto, Hikoyai no Mikoto, and Kamununakawamimi no Mikoto, the emperor (Emperor Jinmu) also had two children with Ahiratsuhime while he was in Himuka (Hyuga), Tagishimimi no Mikoto and Kisumimi no Mikoto.
Japanese: 天皇（神武天皇）にはヒメタタライスケヨリヒメ（ヒメタタライスズヒメ）との間の子、神八井耳命、日子八井命、カムヌナカワミミ（神沼河耳命）の他に、日向にいたころに吾平津媛との間に手研耳命（多芸志美美命）、キスミミ（岐須美美命）の二柱の子をもうけていた。
English: After the emperor passed away, Tagishimimi had a ploy to marry Himetataraisukeyorihime and kill her three children.
Japanese: 天皇が亡くなった後、タギシミミはヒメタタライスケヨリヒメを妻にし、その3人の御子を殺そうと計画していた。
English: Upon knowing his ploy, Isukeyorihime made a poem depicting clouds rising from the Sai-gawa River and leaves on the trees rustling on Mount Unebi to tell that it was a sign of a storm, to warn her three children.
Japanese: それを知ったイスケヨリヒメは3人の御子にそれを知らせようと、「狭井河から雲が立ち登って、畝傍山では大風が吹く前触れとして、木の葉がざわめいている」という内容の歌を詠んだ。
English: Kamununakawamimi gave a weapon to his older brother Kamuyaimimi and told him to kill Tagishimimi.
Japanese: カムヌナカワミミは、兄のカムヤイミミに武器を渡してタギシミミを殺すように言った。
English: Kamuyaimimi failed, however, because his hands and legs were trembling, so Kamununakawamimi took the weapon from his older brother and gave the finishing blow to Tagishimimi.
Japanese: しかし、カムヤイミミは手足がわなないて殺すことができなかったので、カムヌナカワミミが兄の持っている武器を取ってとどめを刺した。
English: To praise his bravery, Kamununakawamimi is also called Takenunakawamimi.
Japanese: そこで、それを賛えてカムヌナカワミミはタケヌナカワミミ（建沼河耳命）とも言う。
English: Ashamed of his failure, Kamuyaimimi gave up the Imperial throne to his younger brother Kamununakawamimi and served as a Shinto priest.
Japanese: カムヤイミミはこの失態を恥じ、弟のカムヌナカワミミに皇位を譲り、自らは神官となって仕えた。
English: The fact that among Emperor Jinmu's children, the youngest son Kamununakawamimi succeeded the Imperial throne indicates that there was a custom of postremogeniture in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 神武天皇の御子のうち、末子であるカムヌナカワミミが皇位を継いだのは、古代日本において末子相続の風習があったことを示すものである。
English: Kamununakawamimi's father, Emperor Jinmu (Kamuyamatoiwarebiko), was also the youngest among four children of Ugayafukiaezu, whose father Hori was also the youngest child.
Japanese: 父の神武天皇（カムヤマトイワレビコ）も、ウガヤフキアエズの4人の御子の末子であり、ウガヤフキエアズの父のホオリもまた末子である。
English: Although it was omitted in the story outline described above, Kamuyaimimi and Hikoyai, who didn't succeed the Imperial throne, were described as the founder of many clans.
Japanese: あらすじでは省略したが、皇位を継がなかったカムヤイミミとヒコヤイは、多くの氏族の祖とであると記されている。
English: This description indicates that those clans intended to connect their ancestry to Emperor Jinmu to show their deep relationship with the Yamato Dynasty.
Japanese: これは、それらの氏族が祖先の出自を神武天皇に結び付け、大和王権と関係が深いことを示そうとしていたためとされる。
English: Hitakami no kuni is a province ruled by Emishi (a group of people) as a local sphere of influence, which was located in the present-day Tohoku region (the Kitakami-gawa River basin in Iwate Prefecture) and described in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: 日高見国（ひたかみのくに）は、『日本書紀』に登場する、現在の東北地方（岩手県内の北上川流域）にあった蝦夷の国（地方勢力圏）である。
English: In A.D. 97, TAKENOUCHI no Sukune made a tour of inspection in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) and reported, "There is Hitakami no kuni in the east where Emishi live and it is a vast and fertile land, so we should conquer there."
Japanese: 景行天皇27年、武内宿禰が東国を巡視し、「東に日高見国がある。蝦夷が住んでおり、土地は肥沃で広大である。征服すべきである」と報告した。
English: It is assumed that the province was around the Kitakami-gawa River basin, and the name of the river is said to come from "Hitakami."
Japanese: 北上川流域に比定されており、北上川という名前は「ヒタカミ」に由来するとされている。
English: In one norito (Shinto ritual prayer) "Oharae no kotoba," Ohoyamatohitakami no kuni appears as another name of Japan.
Japanese: 祝詞の一つである「大祓詞」の中では「大倭日高見国（おほやまとひたかみのくに）」が日本の別名として登場する。
English: A mythologist, Takeo MATSUMURA, argued that "Hitakami" means above the sun, and Yamato Province was called the province above the sun (province of the rising sun) because it was to the east from Hyuga Province where the grandson of the sun goddess descended.
Japanese: これについては神話学者の松村武雄が、「日高見」は「日の上」のことであり、天孫降臨のあった日向国から見て東にある大和国のことを「日の上の国（日の昇る国）」と呼んだものだとする説を唱えている。
English: According to this theory, the Jimmu tosei (eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu) moved the capital to Yamato Province and "Hitakami no kuni" started to be referred to as the region to the east of Yamato Province, so it finally came to be referred to as the Kitakami-gawa River basin.
Japanese: その説によれば、神武東征によって大和国に移ったことによって「日高見国」が大和国よりも東の地方を指すようになり、最後には北上川流域を指すようになったということになる。
English: The former name of the province, Hitachi no kuni, is said to be corrupted from "Hitakami no kuni eno michi" or "Hitakamimichi" (the road to Hitakami).
Japanese: 旧国名の常陸国（ひたち）は、ひたかみのくにへの道（ひたかみみち）の転訛といわれる。
English: It was compiled by Gyobukyo (Minister of Justice), MINAMOTO no Akikane (1160 - 1215), who was the fifth generation descended from MINAMOTO no Akifusa from the MURAKAMI-GENJI (a branch of the MINAMOTO clan descended from Emperor MURAKAMI).
Japanese: 村上源氏出身の刑部卿源顕兼（源顕房5代目の子孫、1160年-1215年）の編。
English: Also, being a cultural person, he made friends with FUJIWARA no Sadaie (also known as FUJIWARA no Teika) and Eisai, and was knowledgeable about customs and practices of the court and military households.
Japanese: 一方で、藤原定家や栄西らとも親交があった教養人であり、有職故実にも精通していた。
English: It consists of six volumes ("Life in the Imperial court", "The Moral Principle of Vassals", "Activities of Monks", "Brave Warriors", "Shrines and Temples", and "Residence and Accomplishments") with the events in each volume arranged chronologically.
Japanese: 王道后宮・臣節・僧行・勇士・神社仏寺・亭宅諸道の6巻からなり、巻ごとに年代順で配列。
English: Stories in "Kojidan" get their subject matter from anecdotes about the aristocracy, customs and practices of the court and military households, and folklore, and many include excerpts from earlier literature such as "Shoyuki" (The Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), "Fuso Ryakki" (A Brief History of Japan), "Chugaisho" (The Narrative of FUJIWARA no Tadazane), and "Fukego" (A Collection of the Sayings of FUJIWARA no Tadamitsu).
Japanese: 貴族社会の逸話・有職故実・伝承などに材を取り、『小右記』『扶桑略記』『中外抄』『富家語』などの先行文献からの引用が多い。
English: Even secrets of the nobility, including emperors, are disclosed without hesitation and descriptions of the history of the Japanese dynasty demonstrate a human touch, which gives a thoroughly different perspective as compared to the official history.
Japanese: 天皇を始めとする貴人に関しても憚らずその秘事を暴き、正史とは別世界の人間性あふれる王朝史を展開している。
English: Perhaps wary of causing scandals, there exists an abridged version which removed obscene stories about the Empress Koken (later enthroned again as the Empress Shotoku) and the monk Dokyo, the Emperor Uda and FUJIWARA no Hoshi, and the Emperor Kazan and Uma no naishi.
Japanese: あまりな醜聞暴露に恐れをなしたためか、孝謙天皇称徳天皇と道鏡、宇多天皇と藤原褒子、花山天皇と馬内侍らの淫猥な説話を削った略本もある。
English: "Kojidan" is an important piece in the history of narrative literature and it influenced subsequent works including "Zoku Kojidan" (A Sequel to Kojidan) written in 1219 and "Uji Shui Monogatari" (a Collection of Tales from Uji).
Japanese: 説話文学史上、重要な作品であり、承久元年（1219年）成立の『続古事談』を始め、『宇治拾遺物語』など以降の説話集に影響を及ぼした。
English: "Kojidan" is now included in "Shintei Zoho Kokushi Taikei" (A Newly Revised and Expanded Survey of Japanese History) published by Yoshikawakobunkan, and the two-volume "Koten Bunko" (Classic Library) published by Gendaishicho-sha.
Japanese: 「新訂増補国史大系」（吉川弘文館）、「古典文庫」上下（現代思潮社）などに収録。
English: The "The Complete Edition of Japanese Classic Literature" series from Iwanami Shoten Publishers ends with "Kojidan and Zoku Kojidan."
Japanese: なお、「日本古典文学大系」（岩波書店）シリーズは『古事談　続古事談』で漸く全巻完結している。
English: Mumyo Zoshi (Story Without a Name) is a classic from the early Kamakura Period, and the oldest critique of literature in Japan.
Japanese: 無名草子（むみょうぞうし）は鎌倉時代初期の古典で、文芸評論書としては最古。
English: It takes the style of a dialogue between an 83-year-old nun who, at a young age, served Kokamonin's mother, Kitanomandokoro (legal wife of regent or chief adviser to the Emperor), and young court ladies living at the foot of Mt. Higashiyama with four chapters of "Preface," "Critique of Monogatari (tales)," "Critique of Kashu (collection of poetry)," and "Critique of Women."
Japanese: 若くして皇嘉門院の母北政所に仕えた八十三歳の老尼と、東山の麓に住む若い女房たちの対話形式をとり、「序」「物語批評」「歌集批評」「女性批評」の四部からなる。
English: The "Critique of Monogatari" starts with a short review of chapters, characters, and impressive scenes of "The Tale of Genji," followed by discussions of tsukuri monogatari" (fictional tales) in the Heian Period, such as "Sagoromo Monogatari" (The Tale of Sagoromo), "Yowa no Nezame" (Awaken at the midnight), "Mitsu no Hamamatsu" (Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari [The Tale of Hamamatsu Chunagon]), and "Torikaebaya Monogatari" (The Changelings).
Japanese: 「物語批評」では源氏物語の各巻や登場人物、印象的な場面に関する短評を先頭に、『狭衣物語』『夜半の寝覚』『みつの浜松（浜松中納言物語）』『とりかへばや物語』ら中古の作り物語についての議論を交わす。
English: In the next chapter, discussions focus on poetry stories and collections of poetry, such as "Ise Monogatari" (The Tales of Ise) and "Yamato Monogatari" (Tales of Yamato), and shift to "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of Japanese poetry), seven major imperial anthologies of poetry, personal anthologies, and poetry contests.
Japanese: ついで『伊勢物語』『大和物語』などの歌物語・歌集に移り、『万葉集』以下、勅撰七代集・私撰集・歌合の類に触れる。
English: In the last chapter on women, stars in the Imperial court such as Sei Shonagon, Murasaki Shikibu, Izumi Shikibu, Koshikibu no Naishi, Yamato no Senji, and Kojiju are the topics of discussion, but the author seems to give the highest praise to Ise, who was a poet, Imperial Princess Senshi, FUJIWARA no Teishi, and FUJIWARA no Kanshi.
Japanese: 最後の「女性論」では、清少納言・紫式部・和泉式部・小式部内侍・大和宣旨・小侍従ら宮廷の花を語るが、中でも作者が賛美したかったのは、伊勢(歌人)・選子内親王・藤原定子・藤原歓子の四人であったらしい。
English: Mumyo Zoshi is a valuable literary work not only for research on scattered and lost tales but also for understanding how people in the early Medieval Period accepted the Heian literature.
Japanese: 無名草子は散逸物語の研究資料としてのみならず、中世初期に於ける人々の中古文学享受史が伺える貴重な作品である。
English: A person who was presumably FUJIWARA no Tameie complied the collection at a request of Emperor Gosaga's empress Omiyain (Kitsushi SAIONJI) and completed in 1271.
Japanese: 藤原為家とおぼしき人物が、後嵯峨天皇の后・大宮院（西園寺姞子・姞［女吉］）の依頼を受けて編纂し、文永八年（1271年）に成立。
English: Fuyo Wakashu originally consisted 20 volumes just like other anthologies of poems collected by Imperial command, but the existing one lacks the last two volumes.
Japanese: もとは勅撰集の如く20巻の部立があったが、現存本は末尾の二巻を欠く。
English: From fictional stories made in the period between the mid Heian to early Kamakura Period, including "Genji monogatari (The Tale of Genji)," "Utsuho monogatari (The Tale of Utsuho)," and "Sagoromo Monogatari (The Tale of Sagoromo)," poems wrote by fictional characters in the stores were picked out and kotobagaki (captions) were added to describe the summary of the stories.
Japanese: 『源氏物語』『宇津保物語』『狭衣物語』をはじめとする平安時代中期から鎌倉初期にかけての作り物語から、作中の架空人物の和歌を抄出し、大筋を述べる詞書を付した。
English: Among some two hundred stories from which poems were picked out, most of them had been lost and captions in Fuyo Wakashu are the only source to know the summary of these stories.
Japanese: 選歌対象となった二百余りの物語のうち大半が現存せず、僅かに風葉集の詞書によって大概が知られるのみである。
English: This collection is a useful supplement to incomplete extant stories such as "Yoru no nezame" and "Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari (The Tale of Hamamatsu Chunagon)," not to mention stories such as "Mikakigahara," "Asakura," and "Amabito no moshiobi" that had been scattered and ultimately lost, and this fact makes Fuyo Wakashu a valuable document for the study of fictional stories in the Middle Ages (the times around the Heian period) together with "Mumyo Zoshi (Story Without a Name)."
Japanese: 『みかきが原』『あさくら』『海人の藻塩火』のごとき散逸物語はいうまでもなく、『夜の寝覚』『浜松中納言物語』のように不完全な姿で伝来する物語の欠巻を補うのに役立ち、『無名草子』と共に中古作り物語の研究資料として貴重。
English: Fuyo Wakashu is included in Higuchi Yoshimaro, ed., "Ocho monogatari shukasen" (Iwanami bunko), together with "Monogatari Nihyakuban Utaawase."
Japanese: 樋口芳麻呂校注『王朝物語秀歌選』（岩波文庫）に「物語二百番歌合」とともに収録。