nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: At the same time, despite the fact that Kyoto had been the center of learning mathematics during the early Edo period, Seki school of mathematics, started by Takakazu SEKI of Edo, became overwhelmingly dominant around this time.
Japanese: また、江戸初期には数学の中心は京阪地方だったが、このころから江戸の関孝和の学統、関流が圧倒的な主流派になってゆく。
English: As a result of the succession of idai, the studies of algebra, the integer equation theory, mathematical analysis and geometry were developed to the advanced level beyond practical needs.
Japanese: 遺題継承の結果、高度な代数、整数方程式論、解析学、幾何学が実用の範囲を超えて発達した。
English: Some of the mathematical discoveries as a result of such studies were known to be achieved around the same time as, or even earlier than, in Europe.
Japanese: それらの成果の中には西洋での発見と同時期、又はより早く発見されていたものもある。
English: Although there was a world of difference in the level of European mathematics and that of Japanese at that time, if we were to give a comprehensive evaluation, the speed in which wasan was developed was unprecedented.
Japanese: 総合的に評価して、西洋数学との差は論じるまでもないが、その発展の速さは驚異的であった。
English: Because, in the time of Takakazu SEKI or before, the main problem in mathematical analysis was the circumference ratio or the volume and surface area of a sphere, it was called the study of enri (circle principle).
Japanese: 関孝和やそれ以前は円周率、球の体積や表面積が主な問題となったので、その名がある。
English: To give an example, Takakazu SEKI derived eleven digits of pi using the length of the sides of a regular polygon which touched the circle.
Japanese: 例えば、関孝和は円に接する正多角形の辺の長さを用い、円周率を11桁まで得ている。
English: Also, Katahiro TAKEBE, a disciple of SEKI, combined the method of Seki with the Richardson extrapolation, and correctly calculated up to fourty-two digits of pi.
Japanese: また、関の弟子である建部賢弘は同様の手法をRichardson補外と組み合わせて、42桁まで正しい値を計算している。
English: Using the result of the calculation, Takabe further calculated the power series expansion of (arcsin x)2 for the first time in the world.
Japanese: 彼はさらに進んで、数値計算の結果を手がかりに(arcsinx)2の冪級数展開を世界で初めて計算した。
English: In the same year, Toshikiyo KAMATA of Osaka also obtained the power series expansion of arcsin(x) and sin(x).
Japanese: また、同年に大阪の鎌田俊清もarcsin(x),sin(x)の冪級数展開を求めた。
English: Since then, the study of mathematics was further developed by mathematicians who belonged to the Seki school, such as Yoshisuke MATSUNAGA, Kinai KURUSHIMA, Naonobu AJIMA, Nei WADA.
Japanese: 以降、関流に属する松永良弼、久留島喜内、安島直円、和田寧らによってさらに研究がすすんだ。
English: Nei WADA's enri-hyo (enri table), in particular, enabled calculations equaling today's integration method, including the calculation of areas of complicated diagrams, volumes of solids, median points, and lengths of curves.
Japanese: 特に和田寧の円理表の出現によって、複雑な図形の面積や、立体の体積、重心、曲線の長さなど、今日の積分法に相当する計算がかなり自在にできるようになった。
English: However, as the concept of integral signs did not exist, they were rendered by what can be classified as an infinite series.
Japanese: ただし、積分の記号があったわけではなく、無限級数（と解釈できるもの）でこれらのものを表現した。
English: This was partly due to the fact that wasan did not have the concept of a 'graph.'
Japanese: これは、和算が「グラフ」の概念を欠いていたことが一つの理由であろう。
English: The exception was that since the time of Takakazu SEKI, polynomial differentials had been considered in relation to repeated roots in algebraic equations.
Japanese: ただ、代数方程式の重解の考察にからんで多項式の微分が関孝和以来扱われている。
English: However, Seki's definition was a single term when f(x+e) was arranged for e, which did not consider its relation to the tangent.
Japanese: しかし、関による定義は、f(x+e)をeについて整理したときの一次の項で、接線との関係は全く念頭にない。
English: He was probably aware of the fact that the principal term derived from the numerically miniscule difference and the derivative of polynomial equation defined by Seki was a same thing.
Japanese: 彼は、数値的に微小な差分をとった時の主要項と、関の定義による導多項式が一致していることには気がついていたようである。
English: Yoshihiro KURUSHIMA studied the extreme value problem from the point of view of series expansion, and came within an inch of understanding complex differentiation.
Japanese: また、久留島義太は極値問題を級数展開の視点で考察し、微分法の一歩手前まで来ている。
English: Nei WADA also calculated Fermat's Principle, that is to say, (f(x + e/2) - f(x - e/2))/e, and delivered the method in which it was expressed as e 0.
Japanese: 同じ脈絡で、和田寧はフェルマーの方法、すなわち(f(x+e/2)-f(x-e/2))/eを計算し、e0とする方法を発表している。
English: As such, in wasan it was not possible to calculate integration as an opposite of a differential nor was it possible to utilize partial integration.
Japanese: したがって、微分の逆で積分を計算することも、部分積分を利用することもできなかった。
English: The study of integral equations and arithmetic was further developed by inheriting the tradition of Chinese mathematics.
Japanese: 整数方程式や整数論では中国数学の伝統を引き継ぎ、さらに深い研究が進んだ。
English: Takakazu SEKI, for example, gave a general solution of simultaneous linear diophantine equation, and Yoshihiro KURUSHIMA adopted Euler's function.
Japanese: たとえば、関孝和は一次連立不定方程式の一般解を与え、久留島義太はオイラー関数を導入している。
English: Especially during the period when Takakazu SEKI and Katahiro TAKEBE were active, problems concerning diagrams were represented and solved as algebra problems by applying simple relations such as Pythagorean theorem.
Japanese: 特に関孝和や建部のころは、図形の問題はピタゴラスの定理など、簡単な関係を用いて代数の問題に直して処理していた。
English: The problems which solved the relationships between circles and ovals that touch each other, such as seen on Sangaku (Japanese votive tablets featuring mathematical puzzles), started to draw attention during the time of Yoshisuke MATSUNAGA.
Japanese: 算額に見られるような、互いに接する円や楕円の関係を求める問題は、松永良弼のころから盛んになる。
English: Naonobu Ajima, who belonged to the next generation, founded sansha sanen-jutsu (the method of three diagonals and three circles; Malfatti's Problem) and contributed to further solving these mathematical problems in a systematic manner.
Japanese: 次の世代の安島直円は、三斜三円術（マルファッティの定理）などを発見し、これらの問題の系統的な解法の発展に寄与した。
English: In recent years, the beautiful geometric theorem discovered by wasan mathematicians is drawing the interests of people (at least on an avocational level), and is being introduced world-wide.
Japanese: 近年、和算で発見された幾何の美しい定理は（趣味的な観点からではあるが）注目を浴び、海外にも広く紹介されている。
English: On the other hand, the tendency to rely on algebraic and numerical calculations for solving problems always remained with wasan.
Japanese: ただし、問題の処理にあたって代数計算や数値計算に頼る傾向が最後まで残った。
English: In wasan, construction problems were scarcely dealt with, not to mention Euclidean axiomatic geometry, which was entirely outside their interest.
Japanese: また、作図問題などはあまり扱われず、いわんやユークリッド流の公理的な幾何学などは全く受け入れられなかった。
English: According to the memoir of a western teacher who taught at Kaigun Denshu-sho (the Naval School in Edo) at the end of the Edo period, Japanese people were strong in algebra, but they were slow to understand geometry.
Japanese: 幕末、海軍伝習所で教えた外国人教官の追憶によると、日本人は代数の理解は早かったが、幾何は中々進まなかったという。
English: Yoriyuki ARIMA, lord of the Kurume Domain who learned arithmetic of the Seki school, revealed the mathematical secrets taught in Seki school in his "Shuki Sanpo," published in 1769, and contributed greatly to the advancement of wasan culture.
Japanese: しかし、関流算術を学んだ久留米藩主・有馬頼ゆきは1769年に出版した著書『拾璣算法』において関流の秘伝を公開し、和算文化の向上に大きな貢献を果たした。
English: "Sanpo-shinsho" (New Mathematics), supervised by Hiroshi HASEGAWA, edited by Tanehide CHIBA and published in 1830 (the end of Edo period), explained wasan in detail from the entry level up to the latest findings.
Japanese: また、幕末の長谷川寛監修、千葉胤秀編の『算法新書』（1830年）では、初歩から最先端の結果までを丁寧に解説した。
English: During the Meiji period, western mathematics were introduced on a full scale (The word 'wasan,' meaning Japanese mathematics, was coined around this time as a term that counters 'yosan,' or western mathematics).
Japanese: 明治時代に入ると、西洋数学が本格的に導入される（「和算」という語は西洋数学を表す「洋算」に対する日本数学の名で、この頃生まれた。）。
English: A symbolic event of such a decline was when the government at that time issued the proclamation of education in 1872 and declared that "wasan should be abolished and we should practice only yosan."
Japanese: その象徴的出来事は明治5年（1872年）の学制発布の際、時の政府が「和算を廃止し、洋算を専ら用ふるべし。」と決断したことである。
English: However, the introduction of western mathematics at the beginning of the Meiji period emphasized the importation of technical tools from the west, and as such, the early 'yosan mathematicians' were technicians, rather than experts of mathematics.
Japanese: しかし、明治の初めの西洋数学導入は、技術を支える道具の輸入という面が強く、初期の「洋算家」には技術者など数学の専門家とは言えないものも多かった。
English: When Tokyo Sugaku Gaisha (Tokyo Mathematical Company), the former The Mathematical Society of Japan, was established in 1877, many wasan mathematicians, who were indeed more skillful and had better understanding of mathematics than yosan mathematicians, joined.
Japanese: 明治10年（1877年）の日本数学会の前身、東京数学会社の設立には多数の和算家が参加しており、むしろ和算家の方が数学力は優れたものが多かったという。
English: One of the main criticisms against wasan was that it was "useless in terms of practical usage."
Japanese: また、和算への批判は「応用に役に立たない」というものが主流であった。
English: In 1884, the full-scale transition to western mathematics took place when Tokyo Sugaku Gaisha was incorporated into the Japan Mathematics and Physics Society.
Japanese: 本格的な西洋数学への移行は1884年、東京数学会社が日本数学物理学会に改組されたころである。
English: But until the fully-fledged introduction of western mathematics was under way, wasan (as well as wasan mathematicians) also played a part in the modernization of the country on the practical side.
Japanese: 本格的な西洋数学導入までの間、和算（又は和算家）は応用面においても近代化を支えた。
English: Itsumi UCHIDA, a famous wasan mathematician of Seki school, played a key role in the introduction of the solar calendar to Japan in 1873.
Japanese: 1873年の太陽暦採用の主役を務めたのは関流の有力な和算家、内田五観であった。
English: Tomogoro ONO, a technician and a bureaucrat from the end of Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, was also a wasan mathematician, and it is said that he applied wasan for calculating the shipping route of Kanrin Maru (the first Japanese ship ever to cross the Pacific).
Japanese: 幕末・明治初めの技術官僚小野友五郎も和算家であり、咸臨丸の航路の計算には和算を用いたという。
English: Wasan was also applied to kiku-jutsu, which is a drafting technique for carpenters, in order to re-organize its theoretical aspects during the end of Edo period.
Japanese: また、大工のための作図技術である規矩術は幕末期より和算の応用によって理論的に整備された。
English: The study on kiku-jutsu developed well into Meiji period, and the strong influence of wasan was palpable even as late as 1887.
Japanese: 明治以降も引き続き研究が進み、しかも明治20年ころのものでも和算の影響が濃厚である。
English: Wasan mathematicians continued to play important roles in elementary education during the Meiji period, and what is taught as tsurukamezan (solving a system of linear equations) for arithmetic classes today is said to be a vestige of wasan from earlier times.
Japanese: 明治の初等教育でも和算家は活躍しつづけ、現在の算数の鶴亀算などはその名残りだという。
English: In terms of the social background for producing specialists in mathematics, there were several contributing factors: the active money economy; the production of territorial maps of provinces; and demand for land surveying for the purpose of new field development and so on.
Japanese: 数学の専門家を輩出しえた社会的背景としては、貨幣経済の興隆の他、国絵図作成、新田開発などのための測量に対する需要があると推測される。
English: Takakazu SEKI joined a group producing a territorial map of the Koshu Domain, and he also studied Juji-reki Calendar in preparation for the changing of a calendar (which did not come to fruition in the end).
Japanese: 関孝和は甲州藩の国絵図の作成に参加し、（実現はしなかったものの）改暦の準備のために授時暦の研究をしている。
English: "Jinkoki" also contains an explanation of how to use the abacus with detailed illustrations.
Japanese: また、『塵劫記』にはそろばんの使用法が絵入りで丁寧に解説されている。
English: While the abacus was used for a wider purpose such as accounting, sangi was used exclusively by wasan mathematicians for calculating with Tengen-jutsu (the theory of algebraic equations developed in China) and so on.
Japanese: そろばんは会計等広く用いられたのに対し、算木は専ら和算家によって、天元術（中国の代数方程式の理論）などの計算に用いられた。
English: Sanban is a grid chart with each column expressing numbers such as one, ten, one hundred, one thousand, ten thousand, and each row expressing answers to algebraic equations and their coefficients, such as "sho" (answer), "jitsu" (constant term), "ho" (x), "ren" (x2), "gu" (x3), "sanjo" (x4) and so on.
Japanese: 算盤とは碁盤の目状になった表であり、各列が一、十、百、千、万といった桁を表し、各行は商（答え）、実（定数項）、方　(x)、廉(x2)、隅(x3)、三乗(x4)…と代数方程式の解および各係数を表した。
English: Takakazu SEKI formulated a method of calculation for solving algebra equations with a pen and paper alone without using sangi.
Japanese: 関孝和は算木を用いずに筆算により代数方程式を解く計算法を編み出した。
English: This method was later called Tenzan-jutsu, and became the principal method in wasan.
Japanese: この方法は後に点竄術（てんざんじゅつ）とよばれ、和算の中心的な手法となった。
English: Sangaku is a framed picture or Ema (a votive picture tablet) with mathematical problems and answers written on it, and dedicated to shrines and temples.
Japanese: 算額（さんがく）とは額や絵馬に数学の問題や解法を記して、神社や寺院に奉納したものである。
English: It is said that sangaku was dedicated as a sign of gratitude to gods for being able to solve mathematical problems and to promise them to devote oneself further to studying.
Japanese: 算額は数学の問題が解けたことを神仏に感謝し、益々勉学に励むことを祈願して奉納されたと言われる。
English: Such shrines and temples became a place where people gathered to present and solve mathematical problems; some dedicated sangaku with difficult problems without answers written on them, and others who solved such problems dedicated their own sangaku with answers to problems dedicated earlier.
Japanese: やがて、人の集まる神社仏閣を数学の発表の場として、難問や問題だけを書いて解答を付けずに奉納するものも現れ、その問題を見て解答を算額にしてまた奉納するといったことも行われた。
English: When yosan, or western mathematics, was introduced to Japan after opening the country during the Meiji period, this practice of dedicating sangaku also contributed to the smooth introduction of a new type of mathematics.
Japanese: 明治時代になり鎖国が解けると、日本には洋算が導入されるようになったが、この導入を容易にしたことにも算額を奉納する風習が貢献した。
English: According to the survey carried out in 1997, there are 975 pieces of existing sangaku all over Japan ("Reidai de shiru nihon no sugaku to sangaku," published by Morikita Publishing Co., Ltd.).
Japanese: 1997年に行われた調査結果によると、日本全国に975面の算額が現存している（『例題で知る日本の数学と算額』森北出版）。
English: The oldest existing sangaku is the one known to be dedicated in 1657 in Hoshinomiya-jinja Shrine in Sano City, Tochigi Prefecture.
Japanese: これら現存する算額で最も古いものは栃木県佐野市にある星宮神社(佐野市)にあり、1657年に掲げられたとされる。
English: In his "Takuma-ryu Enri" (1722), he presented the infinite series expansion such as arcsin and sin.
Japanese: さらに、arcsin,sinなどの無限級数展開を『宅間流円理』(1722)で発表。
English: He did not achieve a great deal in terms of mathematics, and it is said that the fact that "Katsuyo sanpo" is full of spelling mistakes is an indication of Araki's lack of skill.
Japanese: 数学上、目立った業績はなく、『括要算法』に誤字が多いのも荒木の実力不足ゆえ、とも。
English: He presented a way to arrive at an equal temperament of twelve degrees by opening one octave into the twelfth root in his "Ritsugen hakki" (1692).
Japanese: 「律原発揮」（1692年）において1オクターヴを12乗根に開き十二平均律を作る方法を発表した。
English: He was also well-versed with the study of the calendar, and together with Takebe, he appealed to Shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA the need to import western books on astronomy translated into Chinese.
Japanese: また、暦学に詳しく、建部とともに吉宗に西洋暦法の導入、漢訳西洋天文学書の輸入の必要性を訴えた。
English: He was originally from Kyoto, and studied mathematics under Yoshizane TANAKA at first, but later became a disciple of Katahiro TAKEBE.
Japanese: 京都出身で、数学は初め田中由真に学んだが、後に建部の門下に入っている。
English: 1734 – 1807: he was an excellent teacher and contributed greatly to the dissemination of wasan.
Japanese: -1734－1807（享保19－文化4）すぐれた教育者で和算の普及に大いに貢献。
English: 1787 - 1840: he is renowned for Enri-hyo (the enri chart that charts the results of the definite integral of 0.1 intervals of various functions), which he completed.
Japanese: -1787－1840(天明7－天保11)円理表（様々な関数の0,1区間(数学)の定積分の結果を表にしたもの）完成者として名高い。
English: He was originally a feudal retainer of the Mikazuki Domain of Harima Province and later became terazamurai (samurai who performed administrative functions at temples) at Zojo-ji Temple, but was expelled as a result of his bad behavior, and ended up teaching mathematics and calligraphy, as well as practicing fortune-telling.
Japanese: 播州三日月藩土から増上寺の寺侍となったが，素行不良のゆえに追放され、数学、書道の教授と易で生計を立てる。
English: Wada's originality and talent, however, were truly distinguished, and many famous wasan mathematicians of the day became his disciples in order to see his enri-hyo.
Japanese: しかし、その独創性は著しく当時の和算の大家の多くが和田の円理表を見るために入門している。
English: In order to simplify the problem, he introduced Sanpenho, that simplified the calculation by converting a circle into a straight line.
Japanese: これを簡単化するため、算変法を導入し、円の一つを直線に変換することで計算を簡略化した。
English: Today, a variety of ingredients are available for side dishes so miso is deemed to be a seasoning, but traditionally it had been the principal protein source in the Japanese diet.
Japanese: 味噌は副食素材が豊富になった今日では調味料とみなされているが、伝統的には日本の食生活における主要なタンパク質源であった。
English: The main ingredient is soybean (it used to be rice bran in the Sengoku period, the period of warring states).
Japanese: 主な原料はダイズ（戦国時代(日本)などは主に糠が原料とされた）である。
English: It is mixed with koji (a fermentation agent) and salt to ferment, so the protein of soybean resolves to be easily digestible and large amounts of amino acid which is the source of umami (savory) are released.
Japanese: これに麹や塩を混ぜ合わせ、発酵させることによって大豆のタンパク質が消化しやすく分解され、また旨みの元であるアミノ酸が多量に遊離する。
English: In the production of miso, the more koji, the more sweet it becomes; the more soybean, the more umami it has.
Japanese: 製造に際しては、麹が増えると甘味が増し、大豆が増えると旨味が増すとされる。
English: It is an artisanal product made in the moderate and humid climate of Japan, but it is becoming difficult to maintain the tradition being subject to modern food hygiene standards.
Japanese: 温暖多湿という日本の国土条件の中、職人技により製造されるが、現代的な食品の衛生基準との間で伝統を守りづらくなっている。
English: There are a wide variety of miso which fall into several categories by region or kind: red miso, white miso, blended miso and so on.
Japanese: 非常に種類が豊富であり、その地域、種類により赤味噌、白味噌、合わせ味噌（調合味噌）、などに別れる。
English: Generally, the term 'miso' refers to only Japanese ones, but sometimes, based on their similarity, it includes fermented foods of the same genealogy from East and Southeast Asia, like 'jiang' (Chinese sauce): the seasoning also called 'Chinese miso.'
Japanese: 通常「味噌」と言う言葉は日本のものを限定して呼称するが、「中華味噌」等とも呼ばれる調味料「醤（ジャン）」など同一系譜の東アジア、東南アジアの発酵食品を、その類似性から含める場合もある。
English: Sitologically and anthropologically, Japanese miso is classified as kokusho (sauce made from grain) in the salted food category.
Japanese: また食品学、人類学的には、日本の味噌は醤の中の穀醤（こくしょう）に分類される。
English: Many Japanese badly want to drink miso soup while traveling abroad because the taste makes them feel at home.
Japanese: 海外旅行中に、味噌汁が食べたくて仕方なくなる人が多いほど、日本人の味のふるさとである。
English: The slow food boom and the Japanese food boom have made us revalue the benefit of miso.
Japanese: スローフードや日本食ブームにより、味噌の良さが改めて見直されている。
English: Misho, which is considered to be the original form of miso, was written in the literature already in Nara period, and the existence of misho stores in the western market of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) is recorded.
Japanese: 奈良時代にはすでに文献にも味噌の原型と思われる未醤が確認でき、平安京の西市には未醤屋の存在が記録されている。
English: Misho is presumed to be something like bean miso of today, but it was only in later ages when koji was frequently used.
Japanese: 未醤は現在でいうところの豆味噌系であったと推定され、麹が多用されるのは、後世の事であった。
English: It is written in a book during the Heian period that miso was used to season rice gruel.
Japanese: また、平安時代に書かれた書籍にも雑炊の味付けに味噌を用いた事が書かれている。
English: In the Muromachi period, miso was developed everywhere and used as preserved food rather than as seasoning (today, when miso is mentioned, the past comes to mind, but the original miso was retained the grains of rice or barley, and was eaten with the fingers).
Japanese: 室町時代になると、各地で味噌が発達し、調味料というよりは保存食として用いられるようになった（現代では、味噌というとペースト状のものが想起されるが、元々の味噌は米や麦の粒がそのままにぽろぽろした状態であり、つまんで食べられる）。
English: Busho (Japanese military commander) around the country came to think of miso production as one of the important economic policies.
Japanese: 各地の武将にも味噌作りは大事な経済政策の1つとして見られるようになった。
English: During the Edo period, miso was first recognized as a seasoning just like today.
Japanese: 現在のように調味料として認識されるようになったのは、江戸時代になってからである。
English: Reflecting the natural features and climate of the region, a variety of miso matured in different ways was developed all over Japan.
Japanese: 味噌は各地の風土・気候を反映されていて、熟成方法などが異なり全国に多様な味噌をもたらした。
English: The method for the industrial mass production of miso has been established in modern times so, now it is seldom that miso is made at home.
Japanese: 近代に入り、味噌の工業的な大量生産方法が確立され、味噌を家庭で仕立てることは珍しくなった。
English: Today miso manufacturers are in all parts of Japan, from Otoineppu-mura in Hokkaido to Yonaguni-cho in Okinawa Prefecture; it proves that miso can be produced without high technology or large capital.
Japanese: 今日では北海道音威子府村から沖縄県与那国町まで、日本の全ての地域に製造業者が存在するが、言い換えればそれほど高度な技術や多額な資本投下無しに製造できる証である。
English: Like other food products, miso came to be equipped with multifunction and differentiation from others; in addition to the difference of ingredients, soup stock, calcium and so on are added to miso for sale.
Japanese: 他の食品と同じように商品の多機能化と差別化が行われ、単に素材の違いだけでなく、出汁入りのものやカルシウムなどを添加したものが販売されている。
English: By the 1970's, soy sauce and miso was kept in barrel and sold by measuring at grocery stores (liquor store or Mikawaya), but sale-by-measuring system disappeared with changes in the distribution system, switching to sale in packages such as bags or plastic containers.
Japanese: 1970年代（昭和40年代）までは食料品店（酒屋、三河屋）などで醤油や味噌が樽から量り売りされていたが、流通の変化などで量り売りは姿を消し、袋やプラスチック容器などのパッケージに入ったものに変わっている。
English: Formerly potassium sorbate was used as additive in a packaging process, but nowadays ethyl alcohol is added at two or three percent.
Japanese: 従来は袋詰めの際、添加物としてソルビン酸カリウムが使用されたが、現在は酒精（アルコール）を2～3%添加する。
English: The difference between red miso and white miso is created by Maillard reaction caused by protein and sugar in soybean and koji, and mainly arises from a period of maturing.
Japanese: 赤味噌・白味噌の違いは、大豆や麹のたんぱく質と糖分によるメイラード反応により生まれ、主に熟成期間に由来する。
English: Other measures are also taken to suppress the Maillard reaction: boiling soybeans instead of steaming, or regulating the kind or amount of koji.
Japanese: その他メイラード反応を抑えるために、大豆を蒸すのではなく茹でたり、麹の種類や、量を調節するなどの方法がとられる。
English: Because beans are low in sugar and high in protein which is the material for amino acid, beans are mainly processed into red miso.
Japanese: 豆は糖分が少なくアミノ酸の材料である蛋白質が多く含まれているので、豆からは主に赤味噌が造られている。
English: The kind of miso which is widely distributed nationwide is rice miso, and soybean miso (red) is produced only in the Chukyo area.
Japanese: 全国的に見て、一般的な味噌は米味噌であり、豆味噌（赤）は、中京地域のみで造られている。
English: Light-colored rice miso is generally made from boiled soybeans, whereas deep-red rice miso is made from steamed soybeans.
Japanese: 米味噌は淡色の場合、一般に煮大豆を用いるが、赤みのかなり濃い米味噌は蒸し大豆を用いる。
English: Representative white miso made from rice are Shinshu miso (made in Nagano Prefecture) and Saikyo miso (made in Kyoto), and the representative red miso made from rice are Tsugaru miso (made in Aomori Prefecture) and Sendai miso (made in Miyagi Prefecture).
Japanese: 米の白味噌では信州味噌・西京味噌が代表的で、米の赤味噌では津軽味噌、仙台味噌などが代表的である。
English: Tsugaru miso has good body, and Shinshu miso has a light taste; there are various kinds of rice miso.
Japanese: 津軽味噌はコクがあり、信州味噌はあっさりとした口当たりを特徴とするなど様々なタイプがある。
English: Rice miso is mainly consumed in all eastern Japan, Hokuriku and Kinki regions.
Japanese: 米味噌の多く消費される地域は、東日本全域と、北陸地方、近畿地方である。
English: Barley miso accounts for about eleven percent of the total production, and the Kyushu region, west of Chugoku region, and west of Shikoku region are where white miso made from barley is mainly produced.
Japanese: 麦味噌は生産量の11%ほどを占め、九州地方、中国地方西部、四国西部では主に麦の白味噌が造られている。
English: It has a longer maturing period than rice red miso, so that its color red is deeper than rice red miso: deep reddish brown tinged with black.
Japanese: 米の赤味噌よりも熟成期間が長いので、その色は米の赤味噌よりもさらに赤みが強く黒味を帯びた濃い赤茶色である。
English: Compared to rice miso and barley miso, it is less sweet and has a nasty bitter taste and strong umami, which are distinguishing characteristics of soybean red miso.
Japanese: 米味噌や麦味噌に比べて甘味が少なく、渋味がありうまみが強いのが、大きな特徴である。
English: The regions in which soybean miso is mainly consumed are limited to all of the Aichi Prefecture of Chukyo area, the south-central and western Mino Province of Gifu Prefecture, and the north-eastern part of Mie Prefecture.
Japanese: 豆味噌を主として消費するのは中京圏の愛知県全域、岐阜県美濃国の中南部・西部、三重県北東部に限られる。
English: In recent years, miso made from various grains such as foxtail millet, barnyard millet, and common millet, are also sold at some natural food stores.
Japanese: なお、近年ではこの他に雑穀のアワ、ヒエ、キビを使った味噌が一部の自然食品店などで販売されている。