nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He also composed haiku and tanka that were related to yakyu, such as "Throw a ball in an open space To see spring grass in the field", "Nine players take up positions, The ball game is about to begin", and contributed to spreading baseball in Japan.
Japanese: また「まり投げて見たき広場や春の草」「九つの人九つの場をしめてベースボールの始まらんとす」などと野球に関係のある句や歌を詠むなどしており、文学を通じて野球の普及に貢献したといえる。
English: In recognition of his contribution, he was inducted into the baseball hall of fame in 2002.
Japanese: これらのことが評価され正岡子規は平成14年（2002年）、野球殿堂入りを果たした。
English: Incidentally, the use of the pen name "Nobooru" by Shiki Masaoka preceded Kanae CHUAMAN's translation of baseball as yakyu in 1890 by four years.
Japanese: なお、正岡子規が「野球（のぼーる）」という雅号を用いたのは中馬庚が「ベースボール」を「野球」と翻訳する4年前の1890年である。
English: Although it was Kanae CHUMAN who first translated baseball as yakyu, it was Shiki MASAOKA who first presented baseball as "yakyu"although it was pronounced differently at the time, moreover, it was he who coined the translations for foreign words such as "batter", "runner", "four balls", "straight ball", "fly ball", "short stop," changing them into "dasha", "sosha", "shikyu", "chokyu", "hikyu" and "tansha," which was the word used before Kanae CHUMAN later used the term "yugekishu."
Japanese: つまり、「ベースボール」を「野球」と最初に翻訳したのは中馬庚であるが、読み方は異なるが「野球」という表記を最初に行い、さらに「バッター」｢ランナー｣｢フォアボール」「ストレート」「フライボール」「ショートストップ」などの外来語を「打者」「走者」「四球」「直球」「飛球」「短遮（中馬庚が遊撃手と表現する前の呼び名）」と日本語に訳したのは正岡子規である。
English: His pen name Shiki was an alias for "Hototogisu"(lesser cuckoo), a bird which is said to chirp until it spits out blood, a metaphor for the image of himself suffering from tuberculosis and lung hemorrhage.
Japanese: 雅号の子規とはホトトギスの異称で、結核を病み喀血した自分自身を、血を吐くまで鳴くと言われるホトトギスに喩えたものである。
English: He also used different pen names like "Dassaishooku Shujin," "Takeno Satobito," "Koun," "Chifusho," "Ochi Tokoronosuke" and others.
Japanese: また別号として、獺祭書屋主人・竹の里人・香雲・地風升・越智処之助（おちところのすけ）なども用いた。
English: It was once believed in China that otters have the habit of eating their fish by catching them and then lining them up, which resembled the way humans performed saishi (religious service) with offerings toward the sky.
Japanese: かつて中国において、カワウソは捕らえた魚を並べてから食べる習性があり、その様はまるで人が祭祀を行い、天に供物を捧げる時のようであると信じられていた。
English: The great Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, Ri Shoin, wrote the works of poetry which he admired on tanzaku (strips of fancy paper) and spread them out in view while he contemplated poetic thoughts, from which he gave himself the pen name of "Dassaigyoan"based on the spread-out view of tanzaku of historical origin described earlier in "Raiki."
Japanese: そして後世、唐代の大詩人である李商隠は尊敬する詩人の作品を短冊に書き、左右に並べ散らしながら詩想に耽ったため、短冊の並ぶ様を先の『禮記』の故事に準え、自らを「獺祭魚庵」と號した。
English: His pen name "Dassaishooku Shujin" not only simply meant "the occupant of a book-scattered room" but also expressed his passionate desire to become a famed poet like Ri Shoin.
Japanese: 「獺祭書屋主人」という號は単に「書物が散らかった部屋の主人」という意味ではなく、李商隠の如く高名な詩人たらんとする子規の気概の現れである。
English: In addition, in the part "The Pen Name" written in his essay "Fudemakase", he revealed the use of fifty four different pen names, and furthermore, it is believed that many more pen names were used.
Japanese: その他、随筆『筆まかせ』の「雅号」にて自身が54種類の号を用いていることを示し、さらに多くのペンネームが用いられているとされる。
English: As his pen name symbolizes him as a lesser cuckoo because of his suffering from lung hemorrhages, it is clear that his illness cannot be separated from his literature.
Japanese: 喀血した自身をホトトギスになぞらえて子規と号したことに象徴されるように、子規の文学はその病と切っても切り離せないものであった。
English: He first suffered a lung hemorrhage during his trip to Kamakura in August 1888.
Japanese: 子規が最初に喀血したのは、明治21年（1888年）8月の鎌倉旅行の最中であった。
English: In May of the following year (1889), he was diagnosed as having pulmonary tuberculosis by a doctor after suffering from a massive lung hemorrhage.
Japanese: 翌22年（1889年）5月には大喀血をし、医師に肺結核と診断される。
English: During this time, tuberculosis was considered an incurable disease and anyone who was diagnosed with the disease was forced to come to terms with an inevitable death.
Japanese: 当時結核は不治の病とみなされており、この診断を受けたものは必然的に死を意識せざるを得なかった。
English: At that time, he composed a cuckoo poem using his pen name "Shiki"for the first time.
Japanese: この時子規はホトトギスの句を作り、はじめて子規の号を用いるようになった。
English: His illness was exacerbated as a result of his participation in the Sino-Japanese War as a correspondent.
Japanese: 子規の病を大きく進行させたのは日清戦争への記者としての従軍であった。
English: In May 1895, on his return voyage, he suffered a massive lung hemorrhage and was hospitalized in Kobe upon arrival.
Japanese: 明治28年（1895年）5月、帰国途上の船中で大喀血して重態となり、そのまま神戸で入院。
English: After recuperating for a while in Suma, he returned to Matsuyama to rest at the place where Soseki NATSUME was boarding, while he was teaching at Matsuyama Junior High School.
Japanese: 須磨で保養した後松山に帰郷し、当時松山中学校に赴任していた親友夏目漱石の下宿で静養した。
English: In October, around the time of making another trip to Tokyo, he began to experience difficulty in walking due to hip pain which was first thought of as rheumatism but in the following year (1896), it was diagnosed as an onset of spinal caries caused by tubercle bacillus affecting the spine.
Japanese: この年10月に再上京する途上の頃より腰痛で歩行に困難を来すようになり、当初はリューマチと考えていたが翌・明治29年（1896年）、結核菌が脊椎を冒し脊椎カリエスを発症していると診断される。
English: After that, he spent more days in his sickbed; his condition did not improve after having a few operations, and soon streaks of pus were exuded from holes which developed around his back and buttocks.
Japanese: 以後床に伏す日が多くなり、数度の手術も受けたが病状は好転せず、やがて臀部や背中に穴があき膿が流れ出るようになった。
English: He went out in a rickshaw periodically after becoming disabled, however, around the summer of 1896, he had difficulty even just sitting up.
Japanese: 歩行不能になった後も折々は人力車で外出もしていたが、明治32年（1899年）夏頃以後は座ることさえ困難になった。
English: For the next three years from this time, Shiki continued to compose haiku, tanka and essays from his sickbed, overcoming severe pain with the use of anesthetics that made him unable to turn from his side, and he also continued to advise his followers Kyoshi TAKAHAMA, Hekigodo KAWAHIGASHI, Sachio ITO, Takashi NAGATSUKA and others.
Japanese: この頃から子規は約3年間ほぼ寝たきりで、寝返りも打てないほどの苦痛を麻痺剤で和らげながら、俳句・短歌・随筆を書き続け（一部は口述）、また病床を訪れた高浜虚子、河東碧梧桐、伊藤左千夫、長塚節ら後進の指導をし続けた。
English: Shiki succeeded in the reform movement of Haiku and Tanka and was highly praised as an innovative reformer who set the course for tanshi (a verselet) style literature in present day literature.
Japanese: 俳句・短歌の改革運動を成し遂げた子規は、近現代文学における短詩型文学の方向を位置づけた改革者として高く評価されている。
English: For Haiku, he rejected all common, hackneyed phrases and while he highly praised Basho's poetic sentiment, discovering forgotten poets like Buson after sifting through Edo era literature was seen as his achievement.
Japanese: 俳句においてはいわゆる月並俳諧の陳腐を否定し、芭蕉の詩情を高く評価する一方、江戸期の文献を漁って蕪村のように忘れられていた俳人を発掘するなどの功績が見られる。
English: He also developed a new poetic sentiment in Haiku based on his theoretical beliefs which were closely connected to reality via life drawing and realism due to being influenced by the naturalism of the 19th century in Europe.
Japanese: またヨーロッパにおける十九世紀自然主義の影響を受けて写生・写実による現実密着型の生活詠を主張したことが、俳句における新たな詩情を開拓するに至った。
English: On the other hand, the following issues were pointed out about his poetic theory and the works he composed.
Japanese: その一方で、その俳論・実作においては以下のような問題も指摘されている。
English: In the undue focus on depicting real life, the serenity and the heart of the "aisatsu" (greeting) in haiku, as practiced by Kenkichi YAMAMOTO, was lost.
Japanese: あまりに写生にこだわりすぎて句柄のおおらかさや山本健吉のいわゆる「挨拶」の心を失ったこと。
English: His notion of making a Haiku concept only by stressing the first line of a waka poem, and giving only meager recognition to renku (a lined verse) kasen(a master poet of classical waka), was thought by some to be causing a great deal of adverse effects on the present day Haiku.
Japanese: 連句（歌仙）にきわめて低い評価しか与えず、発句のみをもって俳句の概念をつくりあげたこと、などは近代俳句に大きな弊害を与えていると考える向きもある。
English: Shiki's successor in Haiku, Kyoshi TAKAHAMA, continued Shiki's "Shasei"(sketch) theory as well; however, it shifted from depicting not only nature to depicting human elements as well.
Japanese: 俳句における子規の後継者である高浜虚子は、子規の「写生」（写実）の主張も受け継いだが、それを「客観写生」から「花鳥諷詠」へと方向転換していった。
English: This could be seen as conflicting views among the ideas for reform for modern times and the return to Edo haikai (a comical poetic style popular in the city of Edo).
Japanese: これは子規による近代化と江戸俳諧への回帰を折衷させた主張であると見ることもできる。
English: In the beginning, Shiki devoted his great enthusiasm to Haiku and he was left with only enough time to leave a broad general outline of his criticisms.
Japanese: 当初俳句に大いなる情熱を注いだ子規は、短歌についてはごく大まかな概論的批評を残す時間しか与えられていなかった。
English: Among the books written by him, "Utayomi ni ataeru sho"(Letters to the Tanka Poets) was the one that influenced tanka most.
Japanese: 彼の著作のうち短歌にもっとも大きな影響を与えた『歌よみに与ふる書』がそれである。
English: The karon (an essay on waka poems) written in "Utayomi ni ataeru sho" (Letters to Tanka Poets) placed an emphasis on the close observation in life of realism by sketches and graphics and included praise for "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) while rejecting "Kokinshu" (praise of "Collection of Ancient and Modern Literatures).
Japanese: 『歌よみに与ふる書』における歌論は俳句のそれと同様、写生・写実による現実密着型の生活詠の重視と『万葉集』の称揚・『古今集』の否定に重点が置かれている。
English: While there are many literary scholars who express denial of his all-out rejection of "Kokinwakashu," others think of him as a man who was spawned by the fast and radically changing Meiji era in which many of the points he made are allowable.
Japanese: 特に古今和歌集に対する全面否定には拒否感を示す文学者が多いが、明治という疾風怒涛の時代の落し子としてその主張は肯定できるものが多い。
English: While there was criticism that Shiki's theory was not heading in the right direction of fostering literature, the "shasei" theory was one which overlapped with the modernism of the Meiji Era.
Japanese: 子規の理論には文学を豊かに育ててゆく方向へは向かいにくい部分もあるという批判もあるが、「写生」は明治という近代主義とも重なった主張であった。
English: It was made clear by Ryotaro SHIBA in his book "From World History" in 1980 that Shiki played a singificant role in the Japanese formation of prose.
Japanese: 日本語散文の成立における、子規の果たした役割がすこぶるおおきいことは司馬遼太郎（司馬『歴史の世界から』1980年）によって明らかにされている。
English: Kojiro YOSHIKAWA reminisced that Torao SUZUKI had given Shiki's Chinese poetry higher praise than those of Soseki.
Japanese: 鈴木虎雄が、子規の漢詩を漱石の漢詩よりも評価していたことを、吉川幸次郎が回想している。
English: His family line is the Oda clan, a hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of the Shiba clan of Owari Shugo (Millitary Governor of Owari Province) which derives from the genealogy of Shinto priesthood of Tsurugi-jinja Shrine in Odanosho, Echizen Province.
Japanese: 家系は越前国織田庄・劔神社の神職の系譜をひく尾張守護・斯波氏の被官・織田氏。
English: The family line of Nobuhide is 'the ODA Danjonojo family', which is a branch family of 'the Oda Yamato no Kami family' appointed to Owarishimoyongun Shugodai (Deputy Millitary Governor of four upper districts of Owari Province) and also one of the three magistrates of Kiyosu, a senior vassal of the Oda Yamato no Kami family, and the lord of Shobata-jo Castle.
Japanese: 信秀の家系は尾張下四郡守護代に補任された「織田大和守家」の分家にて同家重臣たる清洲三奉行にて勝幡城城主「織田弾正忠家」である。
English: His children include the first son Nobuhiro ODA, the second son Awa no kami (Governor of Awa Province) Nobutoki, the third and legitimate son Nobunaga ODA, Nobuyuki ODA, Nobukane ODA, Urakusai ODA, Oichi no kata and more.
Japanese: 子女は長男・織田信広、次男・安房守信時、三男にして嫡男の織田信長、織田信行（信行）、織田信包、織田有楽斎(長益)、お市の方他多数。
English: In 1510, he was born as the first son of Nobusada ODA, the lord of Shobata-jo Castle (current Inazawa City and Aisai City, Aichi Prefecture) spreading over Kaito District and Nakajima District which controlled southwest area of Owari Province.
Japanese: 永正7年（1510年）、尾張国南西部を支配する海東郡・中島郡に跨る勝幡城（愛知県愛西市・稲沢市）の城主・織田信定の長男として生まれる。
English: Nobusada was a member of the Oda clan of Shugodai (Deputy Millitary Governor) of Owari Province, and as a branch family of 'the Oda Yamato no Kami family' (the Kiyosu ODA clan) of Owarishimoyongun Shugodai, he served as one of the three magistrates of Kiyosu, a senior vassal of the master's house.
Japanese: 信定は尾張の守護代織田氏の一族で、尾張下四郡守護代の「織田大和守家」（清洲織田氏）に仕える庶流として、主家の重臣たる清洲三奉行の一人であった。
English: Nobuhide was given reigns of the family in 1527 when his father, Nobusada, was still alive.
Japanese: 信秀は父・信定の生前である大永7年（1527年）に家督を譲られて当主となる。
English: Just after the succession to family headship, around 1532, he fought against Tatsukatsu/Michikatsu ODA of master's house, but they were reconciled later.
Japanese: 家督相続からまもなく、天文元年（1532年）頃、主家の織田達勝と争ったが、のちに和解している。
English: In 1532, he seized Nagoya-jo Castle (那古野城) (Naka Ward, Nagoya City, later Nagoya-jo Castle (名古屋城)) which was considered as Ujitoyo IMAGAWA's castle, and he moved to the castle to expand his power in Aichi District (current Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture) (However, there is a theory that the year of taking Nagoya-jo Castle is 1538).
Japanese: 天文(元号)元年（1532年）、今川氏豊の居城とされる那古野城（名古屋市中区(名古屋市)、のちの名古屋城）を奪い、ここに居城を移して愛知郡(愛知県)（現在の名古屋市域周辺）に勢力を拡大した（ただし那古野城奪取については1538年説もある）。
English: After that, with the expansion of power, he constructed and moved to Furuwatari-jo Castle (Naka Ward, Nagoya City) in 1539 and Suemori-jo Castle (Chikusa Ward, Nagoya City) in 1548.
Japanese: その後も勢力の拡大にともなって天文8年（1539年）に古渡城（名古屋市中区(名古屋市)）、天文17年（1548年）に末森城(尾張国)（名古屋市千種区）を築いて居城を移している。
English: In the situation where he had a lot of enemies at home and abroad as an upstart, he governed the Province, and when he visited Kyoto he contributed money to the Imperial Court and was appointed to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and Bungo no kami (Govener of Bungo Province).
Japanese: 成り上がり者として内外に敵の多い中、国内を治め、京都に上洛したときは朝廷にも献金して従五位下に叙位され、備後守に任官された。
English: In 1541, when Ise-jingu Shrine was transfered, he presented lumbers and 700 kanmon of cash, and therefore, he was appointed to Mikawa no kami by the Imperial Court as recognition of the service in September of the same year (the old calendar).
Japanese: 天文10年（1541年）、伊勢神宮遷宮の際、材木や銭七百貫文を献上したことにより、同年、9月(旧暦)、その礼として朝廷より、三河国守に任じられた。
English: Thus, even though Nobuhide kept the vassalage relationship to the Owari Shugodai 'Oda Yamato no Kami family' of his master's house, he exceeded his master's house and their lord, the Owari Shugo Shiba clan, and he had established himself in the position of overwhelming other forces in the Province by allocating the strategic spots of Orari to his family and vassals such as his younger brother Nobuyasu ODA and Nobumitsu ODA.
Japanese: こうして信秀は、主家の尾張守護代「織田大和守家」への臣従関係は保ちながらも、主家やその主君である尾張守護斯波氏をも上回り、弟の織田信康や織田信光ら一門・家臣を尾張の要所に配置し、国内の他勢力を圧倒する地位を築いていった。
English: However, Nobuhide settled for the position of a vassal of Shugodai and he couldn't take the reins of the whole Owari Province.
Japanese: しかし信秀は晩年まで守護代家臣に甘んじ、尾張国全域を支配することはできなかった。
English: As for outside Owari Province, after Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA was killed in a freak accident of the Moriyamakuzure Affair (also known as 'the assassination of Kiyoyasu Matsudaira') in 1535, Nobuhide invaded Mikawa in an unguarded moment of confused Matsudaira clan, and captured Ansho-jo Castle and kept it under control in 1540.
Japanese: 対外においては天文4年（1535年）に松平清康が守山崩れで不慮の死を遂げると、混乱する松平氏の隙を突いて三河に侵攻し、天文9年（1540年）には安祥城を安城合戦第一次安城合戦し、支配下に置いた。
English: However, for this reason, the Matsudaira clan built a dependent relationship with the Imagawa clan, and then Nobuhide became adverse to Yoshimoto IMAGAWA.
Japanese: しかしこのため、松平氏は今川氏の従属下に入り、今度は今川義元と敵対することとなる。
English: In 1542, Nobuhide fought against the Imagawa Army and had a victory at the Battle of Azukizaka, and protected his interest in Nishi-Mikawa.
Japanese: 天文11年（1542年）には小豆坂の戦いで今川軍と戦って勝利し、西三河の権益を保持した。
English: At this time, in Mino, Yorinari TOKI was displaced by the landed daimyo Dosan SAITO and Nobuhide fought against Dosan SAITO, supporting Yorinari, and seized Ogaki-jo Castle for a while.
Japanese: この頃、美濃では国主の土岐頼芸が斎藤道三によって追放されたが、信秀は頼芸を保護して斎藤道三とも戦い、一時は大垣城を奪った。
English: Furthermore he attacked Gifu-jo Castle, the castle of Dozan, in 1547, but he was defeated by Dosan's counterattack (the Battle of Kanoguchi, there are other theories about the time of the battle).
Japanese: さらに天文16年（1547年）には道三の居城・岐阜城を攻撃したが、道三の反撃を受けて敗れた（加納口の戦い、ただし時期には異説あり）。
English: In 1548, the lord of Inuyama-jo Castle Nobukiyo ODA (a younger brother of Nobuyasu and nephew of Nobuhide) and the load of Gakuden-jo Castle Tosada ODA raised a a rebellion, but Nobuhide put it down and subordinated them.
Japanese: 翌天文17年（1548年）には犬山城主織田信清（弟信康の子で信秀の甥）と楽田城主織田寛貞が謀反を起こすが、これを鎮圧して従属させた。
English: Also in the same year, he was defeated by the Imagawa clan at the second battle of Azukizaka and he lost Ansho-jo Castle in the third battle of Ansho-jo Castle, which subsequently happened, then he gradually became surrounded by Imagawa, Saito and other domestic enemies.
Japanese: また同年、小豆坂の戦い第二次合戦で今川氏に敗れ、続いて発生した安城合戦第三次安城合戦で安祥城を失うなど、次第に今川・斎藤・そして国内の敵などに包囲されて苦しめられるようになった。
English: Therefore, in 1549 he was reconciled with the Saito family by the strategic marriage between his son Nobunaga and Dozan SAITO's daughter Nohime, but as the confrontation with the Imagawa clan still continued and afflicted him, he suddenly died by epidemic disease in Suemori-jo Castle (Owari Province) in April 18, 1551.
Japanese: そこで天文18年（1549年）、子の信長と斎藤道三の娘・濃姫を政略結婚させることで斎藤家とは和睦したものの、今川氏との対立はなおも続き苦しめられつづける中、天文20年（1551年）3月3日、流行病により末森城(尾張国)で急死した。
English: In this regard, however, there are various factors about the year of his death such as the theory of 1548 and 1552, and also about the year of his birth such as the theory of 1508 and 1511, and they are uncertain.
Japanese: ただし、没年には天文18年（1549年）説や天文21年（1552年）説もあり、生年も永正5年（1508年）説、永正8年（1511年）説など様々な要素があって定かではない。
English: Nobuhide was a visionary who brought economic distribution hub at the time under control in order to activate commerce, such as getting economic power by governing Tsushima City and Atsuta, commercial cities near Shobata-jo Castle.
Japanese: 勝幡城に近い商業都市津島市や熱田を支配し、経済力を蓄えるなど、当時の経済流通拠点を支配下に組み込み、それによって商業の活性化を図るなどの先見性を持っていた。
English: He is also famous as Nobunaga's father, but Nobuhide himself is also a wise and brave busho, and he was called the 'tiger of Owari' and feared because of his gallantry.
Japanese: 信長の父としても有名だが、信秀自らも智勇に優れた武将であり、その豪勇は「尾張の虎」と称されて恐れられた。
English: According to legend, it is a famous episode of showing Nobuhide's character as busho that on the occasion of seizing Nagoya-jo Castle, Nobuhide approached Ujitoyo IMAGAWA, the lord of the castle and a brother-in-law of Owari Shugo Yoshimune SHIBA, friendlily in advance, and after he became a friend of playing renga (linked verse) and put off Ujitoyo's guard, he captured the castle with a subtle stratagy.
Japanese: 那古野城の奪取にあたっては、信秀はあらかじめ城主で尾張守護の斯波義統の妹婿にあたる今川氏豊に友好的に接近、連歌などの友人となってこれを油断させた後、奇策をもって攻略したと伝えられており、信秀の武将としての性格を示す有名なエピソードになっている。
English: He laid the foundation for future Nobunaga's dramatic rise by contributing 4000 kanmon to the Imperial Court at the time of the transfer of Ise-jingu Shrin to establish a friendship with the Imperial Courte, along with above-mentioned great achievements.
Japanese: 伊勢神宮遷宮のとき、朝廷に対して4000貫文を献上するなどして朝廷との友好関係を築くなど、前述の功績も合わせて、後の信長飛躍の土台を作った武将であった。
English: FUJIWARA no Sadaie (1162 - October 3, 1241 [September 26, 1241 in the Julian calendar]) was a court noble and poet in the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 藤原定家（ふじわらのさだいえ、1162年（応保2年）-1241年9月26日（仁治2年8月20日(旧暦)））は、鎌倉時代初期の公家・歌人。
English: He lived in tumultuous years from the end of Heian period to the early Kamakura period and established impregnable status as an expert in the art of poetry.
Japanese: 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期という激動期を生き、歌道の家としての地位を不動にした。
English: He refined the philosophy of 'Yugen' (the subtle and profound), a concept proposed by Toshinari (his father), advocated the philosophy of 'Ushin' (sentiment with artistic sensibility), and wielded enormous influence over the poetry of the ensuing generations.
Japanese: 俊成の「幽玄」をさらに深化させて「有心（うしん）」をとなえ、後世の歌に極めて大きな影響を残した。
English: He wrote treatises on poetry, including "Maigetsusho" (Monthly Notes), "Kindai Shuka" (Superior poems of our times), and "Eiga Taigai" (Essentials of Poetic Composition), whereby he discussed poetry skills such as Honkatori (writing poems quoting parts of old poems) and the relationship between emotions and words.
Japanese: 歌論書に『毎月抄』『近代秀歌』『詠歌大概』があり、本歌取りなどの技法や心と詞との関わりを論じている。
English: He left the detailed records of his 56-year life between the ages of 18 to 74 in the dairy called "Meigetsuki" (designated as a National Treasure in 2000).
Japanese: 18歳から74歳までの56年にわたる克明な日記『明月記』（2000年（平成12年）、国宝に指定）を残した。
English: "Meigetsuki" features an article on the birth of a supernova in the constellation of Taurus (the present Crab Nebula), which has become important material for astronomy.
Japanese: 明月記にはおうし座で超新星が起こったこと（現在のかに星雲）に関する記述があり、天文学上、重要な資料となっている。
English: Another of his diaries is "Kumano Goko-ki" (The Emperor's Pilgrimage to Kumano: National Treasure), which was written when Emperor Gotoba went on a pilgrimage to Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines, Kumano-hongu-taisha Shrine, Kumano-hayatama-taisha Shrine and Kumano-nachi-taisha Shrine) in 1201.
Japanese: 日記は他に、1201年（建仁元年）後鳥羽天皇の熊野三山行幸随行時に記した『熊野御幸記』（国宝）。
English: On January 29, 1167, he was conferred Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) (no remuneration in the first year of the Chokan era by Consort FUJIWARA no Kinshi).
Japanese: 1166年（仁安(日本)元）12月30日、従五位下に叙位（皇后宮（藤原忻子）長寛元年未給分）。
English: On January 28, 1176, he was transferred to the post of chamberlain (upon the resignation of Toshinari, Ukyo no daibu [mayor of the right capital district]).
Japanese: 1175年（安元元）12月8日、侍従に遷任（俊成、右京大夫辞任に伴う任官）。
English: On February 23, 1195, he was promoted to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) while remaining in the positions of Sakone no shosho and Inaba no Gon no suke.
Japanese: 1195年（建久6）1月5日、従四位上に昇叙し、左近衛少将・因幡権介如元。
English: On December 11, 1200, he was promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) while remaining in the positions of Sakone no shosho and Aki no Gon no suke (bonus promotion).
Japanese: 1200年（正治2）10月26日、正四位下に昇叙し、左近衛少将・安芸権介如元（臨時給分）。
English: Like his father Toshinari, Sadaie first learned Hosshoji-ryu calligraphic style, but he created his own idiosyncratic calligraphic style, which reflected his stubborn personality very well.
Japanese: 定家の書道は、父の俊成と同じく法性寺流より入ったが、強情な性格をよく表した偏癖な別の書風を成した。
English: His works, which are far from usual calligrapher's works, apparently seem unskillful in some aspects, but lines are actually well-trained and powerful.
Japanese: 書家といったものではなく、一見すると稚拙なところがあるが、線はよく練れて遒勁であった。
English: However, Sadaie's line, the Mikohidari line, which had only remote connection with the main branch and could not produce In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier), was less successful than other branch lines of the Mido linage (the Nakamikado line and the Kazanin line).
Japanese: だが、摂関家の嫡流から遠く、院近臣を輩出できなかった定家の御子左流は他の御堂流庶流（中御門流や花山院流）と比較して不振であった。
English: In addition, Toshinari (Sadaie's father) lost his father in early childhood and worked as zuryo (provincial governor dispatched to a particular province) of some provinces for a certain period as the adopted son of FUJIWARA no Akiyori (the Hamuro family).
Japanese: 更に父・俊成は幼くして父を失って一時期藤原顕頼（葉室家）の養子となって諸国の受領を務めていた。
English: As a result, Toshinari failed to succeed as a noble living in the capital and had few opportunities to be promoted with regard to court ranks, despite his reputation as a poet.
Japanese: このため、中央貴族としての出世を外れて歌道での名声にも関わらず官位には恵まれなかった。
English: Sadaie himself worked as Konoe no Chujo (middle captain of the palace guards) for a long time but failed to become Tono Chujo (the first secretary's captain) and finally managed to join the realm of Kugyo (the top court officials) at the age of 51.
Japanese: 定家自身も長年近衛中将を務めながら頭中将にはなれず、51歳の時に漸く公卿に達した。
English: This advancement, however, was possible because his older sister, Kujo-no-ama, presented shoen (a fief) to FUJIWARA no Kenshi (also known as 'Kyo no Nii').
Japanese: しかし、それさえも姉の九条尼が藤原兼子（卿二位）に荘園を寄進したことによるものであった。
English: Sadaie, however, served the Kujo family as Keishi (household superintendent), was involved in many political operations and ceremonies of a court noble as an aide to Sekkan (regents and advisers), and mastered Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).
Japanese: それでも定家は九条家に家司として仕えて摂関の側近として多くの公事の現場に立ち会って、有職故実を自己のものにしていった。
English: At the same time, he threw himself into the tumultuous political world; for example, he experienced fierce feuds with anti-Kujo politicians such as MINAMOTO no Michichika.
Japanese: それとともに、反九条家派の源通親らと政治的には激しく対立するなど、政治の激動の場に身を投じた。