nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Mino province, Suji-related names were seen in each district, Hikone domain of Omi had three Sujis consisting of Minami, Naka and Kita per which each Suji-bugyo (shogunate administrator) administered traffic, Ekiden (transportation system), supplies for living and collection of tax, with daikan (local governors) who was subordinated to bugyo to share works.
Japanese: 美濃国には各郡に筋名が見られ、近江の彦根藩では南・中・北の3筋があり、各筋ごとに筋奉行が交通・駅伝・衣食住・年貢収納などを管轄し、その下で代官が分担執務した。
English: Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror/Sankakuen Shinjukyo Mirror is a kind of bronze mirror and large mirror engraving divine beasts with a triangular-rim in its cross-section.
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡（さんかくぶちしんじゅうきょう・さんかくえんしんじゅうきょう）は、銅鏡の形式の一種で、縁部の断面形状が三角形状となった大型神獣鏡。
English: Many were discovered in tumulus during the early Japanese Kofun period (tumulus period) and more than 400 have already been detected.
Japanese: 日本の古墳時代前期の古墳から多く発掘され、既に400面以上も検出されている。
English: The divine beasts (image of a deity and holy animals) were cast on the back and many mirrors included the names of eras of China and the Wei dynasty (Three States Period) in inscriptions.
Japanese: 鏡背に神獣（神像と霊獣）が鋳出され、中国、魏(三国)の年号を銘文中に含むものも多くある。
English: As for the reason for the triangular-rim, there are some theories that most of mirrors were convex and it was structurally easier to make them with a triangular-rim, or that wooden fences surrounding a holy place were the model.
Japanese: なぜ、三角縁とするかの理由については、ほとんどが凸面鏡であり、三角縁にすると構造上作りやすいから、あるいは、神聖な場所を囲む瑞垣をまねた等の説がある。
English: Before the third century when the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror appeared, about sixty Chinese mirrors called Gabuntai Shinjukyo Mirrors (Mirror with figures of deities and sacred animals) in a kind of 'mirror with engravings of divine beasts.'
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡があらわれる前の3世紀前葉には、「神獣鏡」類の画文帯神獣鏡と呼ばれる中国鏡が、約60面出土している。
English: The image of the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was created by artfully changing the image of the Gabuntai Shinjukyo Mirror.
Japanese: なお、三角縁神獣鏡の画像は、画文帯神獣鏡の画像を巧妙に変更して創り上げている。
English: Recent studies show that the cross-section surface of the mirror changed with the times.
Japanese: 近年の研究で、鏡の断面が時代とともに変化していることがわかってきた。
English: Though older mirrors had thick outer edges and thin inner edges, the outer edge became thinner while there was no change in the inner edge over time and finally they became the same thickness.
Japanese: 古い鏡は、外区が厚く、それに対して内区が薄いが、時代の経過とともに外区が薄くなり、内区との差がなくなり、終いには内区と外区の厚さが同じになってしまっている。
English: The chronology of the five-phase type in view of these changes, patterns and arrangements was completed.
Japanese: これらの変化と文様やその配置などを勘案した5段階の型式編年ができあがっている。
English: As the first phase can be guessed to be around 239 or 240, based on about more than ten years per phase, the second phase is considered to be around 250, the third to be around 260 and the same for later phases.
Japanese: 第1段階は景初3年(239)・正始元年(240)前後と推定できるから、一つの段階を約10年あまりと考えて、第2段階は250年前後、第3段階は260年前後、あとの段階も同様に考える。
English: By utilizing this chronology in the type, the phase of the mirror discovered in the tumulus made it possible to judge if the tumulus is chronologically old.
Japanese: この型式編年を利用して、出現期古墳はどの段階の鏡を持つかで古墳が年代的に古いかどうかが判断できるようになった。
English: A recent study by Shinya FUKUNAGA of Osaka University in observing bodkins of more than a thousand of mirrors including 350 of Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror showed that the shape of the bodkin of Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was square and different from that of other mirrors which were round or semicircle.
Japanese: 近年、大阪大学の福永伸哉の研究により、三角縁神獣鏡350面を含む千数百面の鏡の鈕孔（ひも通し孔）の観察から、三角縁神獣鏡の鈕孔の形が長方形で、他の鏡の鈕孔の円形や半円形と異なっていることが分かった。
English: Besides, a group of Chinese craftsmen that made bodkins of the mirrors in a square shape made the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror and their skills could lead to government-operated crafts in the Wei dynasty.
Japanese: さらに、鏡の鈕孔を長方形に作る癖を持つ、ある中国工人群が三角縁神獣鏡を製作しており、その手法が魏の官営工房に繋がる可能性が強いという。
English: New theory that it was Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror that Wei dynasty specially casted for presenting as an imperial grant to Himiko and Iyo has been submitted.
Japanese: つまり魏の王朝が卑弥呼や壱与に下賜するために特別に鋳造したのが三角縁神獣鏡であるという新説が提出されている。
English: Based on the story that the princess of Yamatai-Koku kingdom, Himiko was considered to be dispatched to the Wei dynasty and according to a description in the Chinese history book "Sangokushi" (Three Kingdom Saga - history book) 'Gishiwajinden' (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty") that in 239 the Emperor of the Wei dynasty (Three Kingdoms) gave a hundred bronze mirrors as an imperial grant to Himiko, there is the theory that Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was the said mirror and it was produced in the Wei dynasty or Rakuro County or Taiho County (ancient counties that existed in the northern Korean Peninsula) in the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 邪馬台国の女王、卑弥呼は魏に遣使していたとされ、中国の歴史書『三国志(歴史書)』「魏志倭人伝」には239年（景初3年）魏(三国)の皇帝が卑弥呼に銅鏡百枚を下賜したとする記述があることから、三角縁神獣鏡がその鏡であり、魏、または朝鮮半島の楽浪郡・帯方郡の製作であるとする説がある。
English: When Shinjukyo (the mirror engraved divine beasts) was discovered in the Tsubaiotsukayama-kofun Tumulus in Yamashiro-cho, Kyoto Prefecture (Kyoto Prefecture) (currently, Kizugawa City) in 1953, Yukio KOBAYASHI focused on the fact that the same form of mirrors were discovered in the various places in Japan and advocated Yamatai-Koku kingdom located in Yamato and the process of the establishment of an ancient government that Shinjukyo granted to Himiko by later Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) were given to Gozoku (local ruling family) in the various places.
Japanese: 1953年（昭和28年）、京都府山城町(京都府)（現・木津川市）の椿井大塚山古墳から神獣鏡が出土すると、小林行雄は同型の鏡が日本各地の古墳から出土している事実に着目し、邪馬台国が大和に所在し、のちのヤマト王権が卑弥呼に下賜された神獣鏡を各地の豪族に与えたとする古代政権成立過程を提唱した。
English: However, some people say that it is impossible to imagine such a dynamic process with the distributing the same form of mirrors.
Japanese: しかし、同型の鏡の分布からここまでダイナミックな過程を想定するのは無理があるとも言われている。
English: Recently, the case of many Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors buried with a dead person in the Kurozuka Tumulus in Nara Prefecture was clarified, which reflected that the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was not so uncommon amongst buried people.
Japanese: 近年、奈良県黒塚古墳でも三角縁神獣鏡の大量副葬例があり、被葬者にとって三角縁神獣鏡はそれほど珍しくないものであったことが伺われる。
English: On the other hand, because of the fact that no mirror similar to the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was ever discovered in China and that some mirrors had the name of eras already changed in China or had nonexistent eras, there are theories that they were made in Japan or produced by the craftsmen that came from China, or they were made in China and loaded on a ship destined to Japan or they were modeled on Chinese mirrors and produced in Japan.
Japanese: 一方で、三角縁神獣鏡と同じようなものは中国では出土しておらず、中国で既に改元された年号や実在しない年号の銘が入ったものもあることから、日本製、あるいは中国から渡来した工人の製であるとする説、また、中国製で船で日本に運ばれた舶載鏡とする説、日本で中国の鏡を真似てつくった倣製鏡説などがある。
English: Because Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered mainly in the Kinai region, many researchers advocating the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in the Kinai region maintain Himiko's mirror and many researchers advocating Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region maintain the mirrors were produced in Japan.
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡が畿内を中心に出土することから、卑弥呼の鏡説をとるのは邪馬台国＝畿内説をとる研究者に多く、日本製説をとるのは邪馬台国＝九州説をとる者に多い。
English: However, some researchers maintaining that the mirrors were produced in Japan advocate Yamatai-Koku kingdom being in the Kinai region.
Japanese: ただし、日本製説をとる研究者の中にも邪馬台国＝畿内説を主張する者がいる。
English: Some of them advocate that the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was produced in Japan by craftsmen and others in the Wu dynasty (Three Kingdom) in celebration of Himiko's dispatch.
Japanese: 彼らの中には、三角縁神獣鏡を、卑弥呼の遣使を記念して呉(三国)の工人などに日本で作らせたものだと主張する者もいる。
English: On the other hand, researchers advocating the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in the Kyushu region consider the all Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were be forged by future generations (though the name of era in Wei dynasty was inscribed on them.)
Japanese: 一方邪馬台国＝九州説を主張する研究者は、三角縁神獣鏡全体が（魏の年号が刻まれてはいるが）後世の偽作物であると見なしている。
English: Researchers advocating that the mirror was produced in Japan point out the following questions while those advocating Himiko's mirror disagree.
Japanese: 日本製説の研究者からは以下のような疑問点が指摘されているが、卑弥呼の鏡説の研究者からの反論もある。
English: It doesn't chronologically match because Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was discovered only in a tumulus after the fourth century, never in tombs after the third century which corresponds to the era of the Yamatai-Koku kingdom.
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡が出土するのは4世紀以降の古墳からのみで、邪馬台国の時代である3世紀の墳墓からは1面も出土しておらず、年代が合わない。
English: No Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors have been discovered in China and Chinese scholars say that it is not Chinese.
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡は中国国内では1面も出土しておらず、中国の鏡ではないと中国の学者が述べている。
English: Though 100 bronze mirrors were given to Himiko as an imperial grant, many more Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered.
Japanese: 卑弥呼に下賜された銅鏡は100枚だが、それをはるかに超える数の三角縁神獣鏡が出土している。
English: The third year of Keisho (239) was the year when the month of the New Year of the fourth year of Keisho was regarded as being after December, which showed it was a time of turmoil.
Japanese: 景初3年は、景初4年正月となるべき月を後十二月とした年であり、その混乱を示すものである。
English: Against the argument that Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was discovered only in tumulus after the fourth century, it consistently shows that this mirror was made in the Wei dynasty because the beginning of the Tumulus period was moved up to the third century and it was discovered in the tumulus chronologically in the third century due to the recent study results of the chronology in annual rings.
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡が出土するのは4世紀以降の古墳のみだというが、近年の年輪年代学の成果により、古墳時代の開始は3世紀に繰り上がっており、3世紀に編年される古墳から出土するので、むしろこの鏡が魏時代のものとして矛盾がないことを示している。
English: That mirrors inscribed with 239 and 240 were also made in those years is understandable without question.
Japanese: また景初3年、正始元年の銘の鏡もリアルタイムのものとして問題なく理解できる。
English: On the contrary, the theory that this mirror was not related to the Yamatai-Koku kingdom despite the name of the era as maintained by researchers who advocate Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu region is rather inconsistent.
Japanese: 逆にこのような年号を持ちながら、邪馬台国＝九州説論者の主張のようにこの鏡が邪馬台国と無関係とするならば、それこそ不自然である。
English: Though there is no crucial evidence to determine whether the Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror was made in the Wei dynasty or in Japan, it is one of the compelling evidences of the Yamato theory of the Yamatai-Koku kingdom because the mirror inscribed with the years 239 and 240 can be considered to be mirrors from the third century as seen when counting years according to the accepted view of chronology in recent years.
Japanese: 魏の鏡であるか、それとも日本製なのかについては、どちらの説にも決定的な証拠はないが、近年定説化しつつある年代観からすれば景初三年銘、正始元年銘の三角縁神獣鏡自体は紀年にあるとおり3世紀の鏡として理解できるため、邪馬台国大和説の有力な根拠のひとつとなっている。
English: There is little doubt that the person who made the mirror wanted to use the name of Wei for some reason.
Japanese: 鏡を作った者が、何らかの理由で魏の年号を使いたかったことにはほぼ間違いがない。
English: There are three mirrors, 'Keisho sannen' (the third year of Keisho) mirror discovered in Kanbara-jinja Shrine kofun Tumulus in oaza (an administrative unit) Kanbara, Kamo-cho, Unnan City, Shimane Prefecture, the same form of 'Seishi (Wei) gannen' (the first year of Seishi) mirrors discovered in Kanizawa-kofun Tumulus in Kanizawa, Shibasaki-machi, Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture, Morio-kofun Tumulus in aza Ichio, Morio, Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture and in Gokaroyashiki-kofun Tumulus in Takeshima Island, Shunan City (the former, Shinnanyo City), Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Japanese: 島根県雲南市加茂町大字神原・神原神社古墳出土の「景初三年」鏡、群馬県高崎市柴崎町蟹沢・蟹沢古墳、兵庫県豊岡市森尾字市尾・森尾古墳、山口県周南市（旧新南陽市）竹島御家老屋敷古墳の三古墳から出土した同型の「正始(魏)元年」鏡三面である。
English: These mirrors have images of deities and breasts in patterns all set in the same direction.
Japanese: これらの鏡四面は、すべて文様の神像と獣形像が同じ方向に並ぶ同向式である。
English: In 239, Ching has made this mirror. Here is my history. I used to live in Yangzhou of Wu in China as a mirror maker but now I am in exile living in the end of the land. (After this sentence it is hard to comprehend because of the partly corrupted characters)　May your life be long like a golden stone and may your flesh and blood be prosperous.''
Japanese: 景初三年陳是作鏡自有経述本是京師杜□□出吏人□□□（位）□（至）三公母人？之保子宜孫寿如金石
English: Morishogunzuka-kofun Tumulus (Chikuma City, Nagano Prefecture, the inscription of 'Tennohitsuki,' a large keyhole-shaped tomb mound, 100 meters long of the hill tomb)
Japanese: 森将軍塚古墳（長野県千曲市、「天王日月」銘、前方後円墳、墳丘長100m）
English: Nakahachiman-kofun Tumulus (Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City, Sankakubuchi Goshin Shijukyo, in the early period, not a precisely round shape in the rounded part, about seventy-five meters long in the hill tomb)
Japanese: 那珂八幡古墳（福岡市博多区、三角縁五神四獣鏡、前期、後円部正円形でない、墳丘長約75m）
English: The discovery of Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors by prefecture amount to more than fifty in Kyoto Prefecture and fourty-four in Nara Prefecture, which are outstanding, followed by thirty or more in Fukuoka and Osaka Prefectures.
Japanese: 三角縁神獣鏡の出土を府県別にみると京都府が50枚以上、次いで奈良県の44枚が群を抜いており、福岡県、大阪府が30枚台である。
English: This shows that many Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors were discovered in the Kinki region (Nara, Osaka, and Kyoto Prefectures) centering on Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: このことから、奈良を中心とする近畿地方（奈良・大阪・京都）に三角縁神獣鏡の出土が多いことがわかる。
English: Besides, more than 170 were discovered in the Kinki region, accounting for more than half of the total.
Japanese: さらに、近畿地方での出土数は170枚を超え、全体の二分の一以上を占めている。
English: Tanba MOMOCHI (1512-1581?) was a Ninja (a secret agent in feudal Japan highly skilled in stealth and secrecy), who is considered to be the founder of Iga style Ninjutsu (the art of a ninja) in the Sengoku period (Japan).
Japanese: 百地丹波（ももちたんば、永正9年（1512年）-天正9年（1581年）?）は、戦国時代(日本)の伊賀流忍術の祖とされる忍者。
English: In recent years, however, Tanba and Sandayu are considered to have been different people, and Sandayu was a grandchild of Tanba.
Japanese: しかし、近年では丹波と三太夫は別人で、三太夫は丹波の孫ではないかとも言われている。
English: Tanba was originally from Nabari City and his public face was a Dogo (powerful local clan), who was responsible for the whole Iga Province, but he was a Jonin of Iga Ninja behind the scenes, and one of three rulers of the Iga Ninja.
Japanese: 名張市の出身で、表面上は伊賀一帯を仕切る土豪だったが、裏では伊賀忍者の上忍で、伊賀忍者を統括する3人組の一人であったと言われている。
English: However, Nobunaga ODA, who had a sense of menace to competency of Ninja, ordered his second son Nobuo ODA to attack Iga.
Japanese: ところが、忍者の実力に脅威を覚えた織田信長は、次男の織田信雄に命じて伊賀攻めを行わせた。
English: In the attack on Iga in 1579, Tanba managed to repulse the Oda's army partly because the command of Nobuo, who was an imbecile Busho (Japanese military commander), was poor.
Japanese: 天正7年（1579年）の伊賀攻めでは暗愚の武将・信雄の拙い指揮に助けられたこともあって織田軍を撃退した。
English: In the attack on Iga in 1581, however, Oda's army invaded Iga with 50,000 soldiers (Iga School Tensho Iga War).
Japanese: しかし、天正9年（1581年）の伊賀攻めでは織田軍5万の大軍により侵攻を受ける（伊賀流天正伊賀の乱）。
English: In response, Tanba resisted, holing up in a fort in Kashiwabara, but he was killed in the battle with many of his family members by the outnumbered enemy.
Japanese: これに対して丹波は、柏原の砦に籠もって抵抗したが、衆寡敵せずに織田の大軍の前に、多くの一族と共に戦死した。
English: However, there is different opinion that he lived around 1595.
Japanese: ただし、異説として文禄4年（1595年）くらいまで生きていたという説もある。
English: After the battle, his family members changed the family name Momochi to Momoji, hating "chi" sounds the same as blood in Japanese.
Japanese: 乱の後、「ち」が血に通じることを嫌って、一族は「ももち」の読みを「ももじ」に改めたという。
English: However, their relationship seems to be terrible that Goemon stole Tanba's wife, killed Tanba's beloved concubine, tempted by the wife.
Japanese: しかし、その五右衛門には妻を奪われたうえ、その妻にそそのかされた五右衛門によって愛妾を殺害されるなど、散々な関係にあったと言われている。
English: Itowappu is a system of importing raw silk threads in Japan during the Edo period.
Japanese: 糸割符（いとわっぷ）とは、江戸時代の日本における生糸輸入の方式である。
English: The merchants who imported raw silk threads in this system were called itowappa nakama (guild of raw silk thread importers) and it was the Edo Shogunate that gave this specific group of Japanese merchants called itowappu nakama the right to monopolize for buying raw silk threads from foreign merchants and the right to monopolize for selling the imported raw silk threads by wholesale to the domestic merchants.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が特定の商人集団（糸割符仲間）に独占的輸入権と国内商人への独占的卸売権を与えていた。
English: In the early Edo period, the most important goods of import to Japan were the Chinese raw silk threads (white threads).
Japanese: 江戸時代初期、日本において最も重要な輸入品は、中国産の生糸（白糸）であった。
English: However, at that time foreign merchants had the initiative in pricing decisions in importing raw silk threads and they monopolized the profits.
Japanese: だが、生糸の輸入に関し外国商人が値段決定の主導権を有して利益を独占していた。
English: Meanwhile, the foreign merchants' side also had suffered from sales slumps owing to the economic chaos in Japan which resulted from Japan's failure in the Bunroku-Keicho War and the effects of the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: 一方、外国商人側も文禄・慶長の役の失敗や関ヶ原の戦いの影響によって生じた日本の国内経済の混乱による販売不振に悩まされていた。
English: Thereupon, in 1604 the Edo Shogunate established itowappu system by having selected merchants from Kyoo, Sakai, and Nagasaki form itowappu nakama (guild of raw silk threads importers); in forming the itowappu nakama, the Edo Shogunate made Shirojiro CHAYA, the government contractor, the leader.
Japanese: そこで幕府は1604年（慶長9年）、御用商人茶屋四郎次郎を主導者として京都・堺市・長崎の特定商人に糸割符仲間をつくらせた。
English: And the Shogunate allowed the member merchants of the itowappu nakama to decide the prices of the imported raw silk threads and to buy in bulk and made them distribute the imported raw silk threads to individual merchants.
Japanese: その糸割符仲間に輸入生糸の価格決定と一括購入を許し、それを個々の商人に分配させた。
English: The itowappu nakama (guild of raw silk threads importers) was located in three places at first, but in 1631 Edo and Osaka were added that total number of itowappu nakama became five.
Japanese: 当初3ヶ所であったが、後に1631年（寛永8年）に江戸・大阪を加え5ヵ所となった。
English: At first the foreign merchants the itowappu nakama negotiated were Portuguese merchants only, but in 1633 Chinese merchants (Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty) and in 1635 Dutch merchants came to export raw silk threads under the itowappu system.
Japanese: 当初はポルトガル商人だけであったが、1633年（寛永10年）に中国（明→清）商人、1635年（寛永12年）にはオランダ商人にも適用された。
English: Additionally, in 1641 Hirado was allowed to become the member of the itowappu nakama in return for vacating their position as a port of trade; so, the total numbers of Itowappu nakama expanded to six locations.
Japanese: また、1641年（寛永18年）には貿易港としての地位を失った代償として平戸も加えられて6ヶ所となった。
English: These Itowappu nakama (guild of raw silk threads importers) were considered separate from the previously established five; accordingly they were treated as outside the established framework and this treatment was called 'bunkoku haibun.'
Japanese: これらは、従来の5ヶ所から分離され、「分国配分」と呼ばれる規定外の枠組みとされた。
English: The only exception in this was Hirado of the Hirado Domain, but it was a trade off in compensation for the Edo Bakuf's seizing of their trading rights to the Netherlands, which provided enormous revenue to the Hirado Domain.
Japanese: 唯一の例外であった平戸藩にある平戸の場合も同藩に莫大な収入を与え続けていたオランダとの貿易の権利を幕府が剥奪した代償であった。
English: It can be said that the Shogunate planned to monopolize the profit gained by trading of raw silk threads by themselves and the merchants under their influence through the Itowappu system.
Japanese: これは幕府とその影響下にある商人による貿易利益の独占を図ったものであるとも言える。
English: In 1655 Itowappu nakama was dissolved owing to the protest the Shogunate received from the Chinese merchants; (it is said that there existed Seiko TEI [Zheng Chenggon]) in the background of this protest; afterwards, the Shogunate controlled the trade of raw silk threads by trade control called 'shibo baibai' in which appraisers selected from the merchants from the above mentioned 5 cities appraised the goods brought by foreign merchants and trade was executed with the set price based on those appraisals.
Japanese: 1655年（明暦元年）中国商人の抵抗（この背景には鄭成功がいたと言われている）を受け糸割符仲間は解散し、市法売買となった。
English: In 1685, the Itowappu system was revived and the merchants under this system existed until the end of the Edo period; but the Itowappu nakama having the treatment of bunkoku habibun (outside the established framework) located in Hirado, Hakata and other cities in the Kyushu region were excluded from this revival.
Japanese: 1685年（貞享2年）に復活（ただし、平戸以下の分国配分は復活させず）されて幕末まで続いた。
English: However, the production of raw silk threads increased in Japan; therefore, the importance of importing raw silk threads decreased; (the function of the new itowappu system included to protect the raw silk threads made in Japan as well as to limit the amount of raw silk threads to be imported to Japan.)
Japanese: が、日本国内における生糸の生産が増加し、輸入生糸の重要性（新しい糸割符制度は日本国内産生糸を保護と生糸の輸入制限の意図を兼ね備えていた）が低下した。
English: The Makishi Incident refers to a coup that took place in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in August, 1205 in the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 牧氏事件（まきしじけん）とは、鎌倉時代初期、元久2年（1205年）閏7月に起こった鎌倉幕府の政変。
English: After Yoritomo's death in 1199, his successor, MINAMOTO no Yoriie, who was young, tried to start managing the government with his close adviser group, shutting away the gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) to whom Yoritomo had given important posts, such as the Hojo clan and the Kajiwara clan.
Japanese: 正治元年（1199年）に頼朝が死去した後、後継者の源頼家は、若年の上に北条氏や梶原氏など頼朝が重用した御家人を遠ざけて、新たに自分の側近グループで政権を運営しようとした。
English: Consequently, a council system, consisting of senior vassals, was established in the bakufu in order to control shogun's dictatorship.
Japanese: そこで、幕府内において将軍の独裁権力を抑制するために、有力御家人による合議制が整えられた。
English: This gave an opportunity to make shogun, so to speak, leaders in name only, and start struggles of gokenin for power.
Japanese: これは言わば、将軍が有名無実化し、御家人による権力争いが始まる契機となった。
English: Under these circumstances, Tokimasa HOJO, who was the father of Masako HOJO, Yoritomo's wife, markedly strengthen the standing of the Hojo clan by destroying Kagetoki KAJIWARA, a senior vassal, and the family of Yoshikazu HIKI, Yoriie's maternal relative.
Japanese: このような中で頼朝の妻・北条政子の実父である北条時政は、有力御家人である梶原景時や頼家の外戚である比企能員一族を滅ぼして、北条氏の地位を一段と高めてゆく。
English: And, eventually, he uncrowned Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, as a new shogun, and assumed the post of regent.
Japanese: そして遂には頼家も廃して弟の源実朝を新将軍として擁立し、自らは執権となる。
English: It is said this lady called Maki no kata schemed most of Tokimasa's conspiracies after the death of Yoritomo.
Japanese: 頼朝死後における時政の謀略の大半は、この牧の方という女性が全て考え出したものとまで言われている。
English: Tokimasa HOJO's next target after overthrowing senior vassals, the Kajiwara and Hiki clans was Shigetada HATAKEYAMA who had strong power in Musashi Province.
Japanese: 梶原氏、比企氏と有力御家人を滅ぼした北条時政の次の標的は、武蔵国に大勢力を誇る畠山重忠であった。
English: When Yoritomo rose up in arms, Shigetada followed the Taira clan, and drove Yoritomo into the corner by killing Yoshiaki MIURA.
Japanese: 頼朝挙兵時には平家について三浦義明を討つなどして頼朝を追い詰めたこともある。
English: Later, he surrendered to Yoritomo, and distinguished himself in battle by hunting down and killing MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, fighting the Battle of Ichinotani, fighting against the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, hunting down and destroying the Hiki clan, and so on.
Japanese: 後に頼朝に降伏して、源義仲追討や一の谷の戦い、奥州藤原氏との戦い、比企氏追討などで武功を挙げた。
English: Shigetada, who won popularity because of his strong and honest personality, became the greatest hindrance for Tokimasa.
Japanese: 性格も剛直であったことから人望もあり、時政にとって最も邪魔な存在となっていた。
English: At that time, Shigetada's son, Shigeyasu HATAKEYAMA, was opposed to Tomomasa HIRAGA, the husband of Tokimasa and Maki no kata's daughter.
Japanese: そんな中、重忠の子・畠山重保が時政と牧の方の娘婿である平賀朝雅と対立することとなる。
English: In 1205, the confrontation between Shigeyasu and Tomomasa gave an opportunity for Tokimasa to plan the overthrow of the Hatakeyama clan.
Japanese: 元久2年（1205年）、この重保と朝雅の対立を契機として、時政は畠山氏の討滅を計画する。
English: At that time, Tokimasa's son, Yoshitoki HOJO, maintaining friendly relationship with Shigetada, felt antipathy toward his father who urged the rejection of the Hatakeyama clan too agressively (from "Azuma Kagami" [The Mirror of the East]).
Japanese: このとき、時政の息子である北条義時は、重忠とは友人関係にあり、あまりに強引な畠山氏排斥を唱える父に対して反感を抱く（吾妻鏡より）
English: However, he could not act counter to his father's order, and destroyed the family of Shigetada HATAKEYAMA in Futamatagawa, Musashi Province.
Japanese: しかし、父の命令に逆らえず、武蔵二俣川にて畠山重忠一族を討ち滅ぼした。
English: However, killing through the hard-line tactics Shigetada who was respected caused antipathy to Tokimasa and Maki no kata (the War of Shigetada HATAKEYAMA).
Japanese: しかし、人望のあった重忠を強攻策をもって殺したことは、時政と牧の方に対する反感を惹起することになった（畠山重忠の乱）。