nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It began with the 802 decrease of regular Sansho students from thirty to twenty in order to increase the number of Myobosho (students of law studies).
Japanese: その発端は延暦21年（802年）に明法生を増やすために算生の定数を30から20に減少させたことである。
English: Then, the demand for Sando decreased due to the corruption of local politics posed by the decline of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 続いて律令制の衰退に伴う地方政治の紊乱によって算道に対する需要が減少していくことになる。
English: It was the same in the other departments, and gradually Sando-kyo and Sando-nenkyo began to recommend those who were unlikely to become Jogo (a student who completed a course) (Tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Numbers) and Hoshikyudai (examination passed)) as provincial governors and low-level functionaries of Capital officials without the examination recommended by San hakase; additionally, it was made possible for general Sansho to be qualified according to Tokugosho by satisfying certain conditions and taking an examination (Juntokugyoshoshi (Associate Distinguished Scholars of Numbers)).
Japanese: 更に他の学科でも同様であったが、算博士の推薦を受けて成業（得業生及び奉試及第）の見込みのない者を無試験で地方国司や京官の下級役人に推挙する算道挙・算道年挙が行われるようになったり、一般の算生でも一定の条件を満たせば得業生に準じた奉試受験資格を得て試験を受けることが出来るようになった（准得業生試）。
English: Under these circumstances, Sando fell to the bottom among the four studies of Kiden (biographical history), Myogyo (study of classic Confucian writings), Myobo (law), and San (arithmetic); these had been established to replace Shodo and Ondo, which were actually absorbed into Myogyo-do.
Japanese: こうした状況下では、算道は実質上明経道に吸収された書道・音道に代わって成立した紀伝・明経・明法・算の4道の中で最下位に転落することとなった。
English: Furthermore, San hakase always had additional duties as heads or assistants in the Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) or Syukeiryo (Bureau of Popular Affairs), and one in two also worked as Goinosakan (the lowest class official in four class officials) ("Kanshoku hisho" (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the Imperial Court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200)).
Japanese: 更に算博士も必ず主税寮か主計寮の頭か助を兼務して更に2名中1名は五位史を兼ねることになった（『官職秘抄』）。
English: This reflected the gradual shift of the official duties of San hakase to those of central government officials of finance and accounting, rather than those of Sansho educators.
Japanese: これは、算博士の職掌が次第に算生の教育よりも中央の財務・経理官人としての職務に移りつつあったことの反映であった。
English: In 871, in stark contrast to Sando's waning prosperity, the official court rank equivalent to San hakase was raised to Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade), a result of the high regard given to the duties of the San hakase other than Sando.
Japanese: 貞観(日本)13年（871年）に算博士の官位相当が正七位下に引き上げられたのも、算道の隆盛とは正反対の算博士の算道以外の職務が重視された結果であった。
English: Around this time, the heredity of San hakase grew in importance, and being part of a hereditary family joined passing Hoshi as a requirement for assuming the role of San hakase; initially, in the early Heian period, the Iehara and Okura clans began to make it into the heredity, but this did not last; then, after the ruin of the preceding clans, the Ozuki and Miyoshi clans began to utilize heredity, made their own Sando into hereditary learning and secret teachings, and excluded other clans by adopting capable disciples to inherit the family name.
Japanese: この頃になると、算博士の世襲化が進み算道によって奉試に合格するとともに、譜第の家系であることが算博士就任の要件とされるようになり、当初は家原氏・大蔵氏が平安時代前期には世襲化も兆候を見せるものの長続きせず、両氏の没落後は小槻氏・三善氏の両氏が世襲するようになり、自己の算道を家学・秘伝化し、また有能な門人を養子として家名を継承させることで他氏を排除するようになった。
English: As a result, heredity made Sando a closed discipline, and the Japanese history of mathematics entered a time of stagnation.
Japanese: こうして、算道は世襲による閉鎖的な学術となって、日本数学史は停滞の時代を迎えた。
English: In "Konjaku Monogatari (Shu)" (The Tale of Times Now Past) Volume 24, Chapter 22 and "Uji Shui Monogatari" (a collection of the Tales from Uji) Episode 185, a younger brother of Nyudo Toshihira TAKASHINA controlled human life and death with Sando, and people feared it, calling it 'terrible Sando,' which mirrored the actual condition that arithmetic and mathematics were no longer considered learning, much less science, and were feared and detested as magic (spells).
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』巻24第22及び『宇治拾遺物語』185話に登場する高階俊平入道の弟が算道で人の生死を操って、人々から「おそろしき算の道」と恐れられたとされる話は最早、算術・数学が科学どころか学問ではなく、呪術として人々に怖れ嫌悪されていった実情を示していた。
English: Only after the days of "Jinkoki" (a mathematical book) in the early modern period were Japanese mathematics again resurrected as learning in the shape of 'Wasan' (Japanese mathematics).
Japanese: 日本の数学が「和算」の姿にて再び学問として復活するのは、近世初期の『塵劫記』の時代以後のことになる。
English: Handing down skills and learning by 'Seshu' (hereditary) within the clan was a phenomenon seen among Japanese clans before the Yamato period, but under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) these customs were abolished and the education system at public institutions such as Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education), Tenyakuryo (the Bureau of Medicine), and Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination) was adopted.
Japanese: 氏族単位での技能・学術の「世習」による継承は大和時代以前の日本の氏族において見られる現象であるが、律令制のもとではこうした方法を排除して公的機関である大学寮・典薬寮・陰陽寮において教育を行う制度を採用した。
English: But, because of stockpiling valuable books in the instructors' (hakase's) house which their younger brothers or children could have more time to read at their younger ages and the instructors, the older brothers or father, used in their family education, their younger brother or children also came to assume the same government position as their older brothers' or fathers' if they were excellent at the skill.
Japanese: だが、教官（博士）を務める家では貴重な書籍などが私邸に蓄積され、子弟も早くからそれらに触れる機会が多いこと、父兄である教官（博士）も家庭教育の一環としてこうした書籍を活用する事から、優秀であれば博士の子弟もまた同じ官職に就くようになっていった。
English: But in case of Seshu, they could not take over the government position until the specialized skill of each clan was handed down to them through generations, so there was a possibility of losing it unless they were skilled enough even though they were from the family line that had been in the government position for generations.
Japanese: ただし、世習の場合はそれぞれの氏族が持つ特定の技能を世代を超えて継承されることで初めて官職を世襲することが可能になるものであり、何代も特定の官職を継承してきた家柄でもその能力を満たせなくなればその地位を失う可能性はあった。
English: That was the reason why in ancient times there were such family lines that had succeeded to the position of the hakase for generations, but failed in the end.
Japanese: 古代において何代にもわたっては博士を職を継承しながら断絶した家系が存在するのはそうした事情による。
English: However, in the midst of Heian period, as hereditary government office system developed and the government post, regarded as a kind of interest, became taken over by heredity, particular clans ('hakase family') that took up the post of instructors by heredity emerged.
Japanese: だが、平安時代中期に官司請負制の進行とともに官職が一種の利権として認識されて世襲が進むと、こうした教官（博士）の地位を世襲する特定の氏族（「博士家」）が出現するようになる。
English: In Myogyodo (the study of Confucian classics) and Kidendo (Literature), based upon their own interpretations, the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and the Kiyohara clan, and so on differently inserted 'okototen' used as markings for reading Chinese classics (kuntenho), which they made their family's theory used to teach their children or students.
Japanese: 明経道・紀伝道（文章道）においては、漢文の注釈（訓点法）に用いる乎古登点（乎古止点）を菅原氏・大江氏・清原氏などがそれぞれ独自の解釈で打っていき、これを家説として子弟や門人の教育に用いるようになった。
English: The same phenomena took place in other fields, and in order to take up the position of hakase by heredityparticular hakase families developed the learning itself into 'kagaku' inherited within the clan by making their family's theory esoteric and mystified, and by giving it authority and unequivocalness.
Japanese: これは他の分野でも同様の現象が起きており、やがて特定の博士家が博士の職を世襲するために、家説を秘伝化・神秘化しながらこれに権威性と絶対性を与えていくことによって、学術そのものを氏族内部のみで世襲化する「家学」へと発展させることとなる。
English: The Hakase family of Myogyodo almost unified it into hereditary learning as Shodo (calligraphy) (Daigakuryo) and Ondo (study of pronunciation of Chinese language).
Japanese: 明経道の博士家は書道(大学寮)・音道として事実上統合・家学化していった。
English: Also, there was a clan like the Mijkohidari school that split into two groups about the interpretation and each handed down different kagaku.
Japanese: また、同じ氏族でも、御子左流のようにその解釈を巡って分裂して異なる家学を伝える例もあった。
English: Furthermore in some cases kagaku was so closed, it was transmitted only to a single pupil while in other cases it utilized a system whereby the head family was supported by having many pupils.
Japanese: また、家学でも一子相伝の閉鎖的なものもあれば多数の弟子を抱えて宗家を支える構造を取るものもあった。
English: And yet, before the Ritsuryo system and in early Seshu the competence of successors also mattered, but as hereditary was established, the competence became less related to qualification of the successors.
Japanese: もっとも、律令制以前及び初期の世習では継承者の能力についても問われたが、世襲が固定化されると能力と継承資格との関係は次第に希薄となっていった。
English: In the medieval period when Shisho (the Four Books of Confucianism) became valued under the influence of the Sung Study (Neo-Confucian), 'Myogyodo shisho' was newly established in Myogyodo, and in defiance of this, okototen called Gakkoten was set up to maintain the prerogative in learning in the Ashikaga School.
Japanese: 中世に入ると、宋学の影響によって四書が重視されるようになると、明経道において新たに「明経道四書」を制定し、また足利学校でもこれに対抗して学校点と呼ばれる乎古登点を定めて学術における特権維持を図った。
English: In the late medieval period an idea came about that 'kagaku' was consequently upheld even when it was inherited, not by relatives, but by pupils who were committed to the doctrine with a view to giving priority to the inheritance of 'kagaku' itself, as represented as follows ("Fushikaden" [The Flowering Spirit] Besshi Kuden [a separate secret teaching] written by Zeami).
Japanese: 中世後期に入ると、下記（世阿弥『風姿花伝』別紙口伝）に代表されるように「家学」そのものの継承を優先として血縁者ではなくても教えに忠実な門人が継ぐ場合でも結果的には「家学」は守られるという考え方も生じた。
English: In this process, the 'iemoto' system (the system of licensing the teaching of a traditional Japanese art) came to be established to hand down kagaku by replacing master-pupil relationship by family relationships.
Japanese: こうした中で師弟関係を家族関係に置き換えて家学の伝承を図ろうとする「家元」制度が形成されるようになる。
English: While the iemoto system enhanced the authority of the head family of the iemoto, because the role of the family head changed into the one ruling kagaku through issuing a license to the pupils, the family head also assumed the role in hiding the successor who was not competent even though some family heads themselves were not competent to the iemoto.
Japanese: 家元制度は家学宗家の権威を高める一方で家元である宗家当主は門人を免許の発給を通じて家学を支配していく役目に転化していったため、勿論家元に相応しい技能を有した宗家当主も存在したものの、それに相応しい能力を有しない継承者の隠蔽の役割も果たすことになった。
English: The Myobo Kanyosho is a law book written in the late Heian period.
Japanese: 明法肝要鈔（みょうぼうかんようしょう）は、平安時代後期に書かれた法律書。
English: It was most likely written after 1146 by Joe (乗恵), a priest, but details regarding the author and the period are unknown.
Japanese: 久安4年（1146年）以後に僧侶乗恵によって書かれたとされているが、著者制作年代の詳細は不明。
English: It is thought to have been written by simply compiling the contents of existing law books like "Hosoruirin," meaning it only quoted the theories, Myobo Kanmon (questions and answers of interpretation of law) and Myobo Kanjo (law consideration) of famous Myobo experts in the Heian period such as SANUKI no Naganao, KOREMUNE no Naomoto, NAKAHARA no Akikane and ONO no Arichika.
Japanese: 『法曹類林』などの先行の法律書から内容をそのまま抜き出して集成した書とされ、讃岐永直・惟宗直本・中原明兼・小野有隣など平安時代の著名な明法家の学説・明法勘文・明法勘状などがそのまま引用されている。
English: Myomokusho was a book on the study of ancient courtly traditions and etiquette written by Sadaijin (minister of the left) Sanehiro TOIN during the mid Muromachi period.
Japanese: 名目鈔（みょうもくしょう）は、室町時代中期に左大臣洞院実熈によって書かれた有職故実書。
English: According to the author's preface, the book was written to leave the traditional readings of myomoku (also referred to as meimoku; the appellations) of things and affairs in the Imperial Court to later generations.
Japanese: 自序によれば、禁中における事物の名目（名称）の故実読みを後世に伝えるために撰述したという。
English: It contains about 600 words classified into twelve items of: annual public duties, extraordinary public duties, private duties, remarks on public duties, names of the places in the Imperial Palace, human body, titles of retired emperor, cloistered emperor, and nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing), sundries, clothes, mourning dress, ancient carriage parts, and documents, with reading of each appellation written beside it in katakana letters, and simple annotations.
Japanese: 恒例諸公事・同臨時・私儀・諸公事言説・禁中所々名・人体・院中・雑物・衣服・喪服・車具・文書の12の篇目に分類して約600語を採録し、その読み方を片仮名で傍書するとともに簡単な解説を付している。
English: Since some of the items lack content, the book was considered to be incomplete.
Japanese: ただし、篇目の中には中身を書くものがあり、未完に終わったとされている。
English: Besides a complete volume in the author's own handwriting which was the extent of one of the collections in the Imperial Library of the Kyoto Palace Higashiyama Bunko, handwritten copies made during the Muromachi period were held in the same Higashiyama Bunko as well as the Imperial Household Agency Shoryobu (Archives and Mausolea Department), Yomei Bunko (Yomei Archives), Sonkeikakubunkio, and Daitokyukinenbunko Library.
Japanese: 全1冊の自筆本が東山御文庫蔵書として現存する他、同文庫・宮内庁書陵部・陽明文庫・尊経閣文庫・大東急記念文庫などに室町時代の写本が残されている。
English: There was a commentary on the book, "Kinjukata myomoku sho kochu" (Excerpt from appellations in the Imperial Court, revision and annotation) written by Fusatsune HAYAMI during the Edo period.
Japanese: また、江戸時代に速水房常によって書かれた注釈書『禁中方名目鈔校註』がある。
English: Shodo was the study of calligraphy under the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) of Japan's Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 書道（しょどう）とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、書道について教えた学科。
English: It was thought that shosei (students who were given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) were taught by sho hakase (professors of calligraphy) but despite the fact that there were regulations regarding shosei in education laws, there were no regulations regarding the fixed number of shosei written within the shikiinryo (law which stipulates duties of the ministries) which fixed number of students, and they are thought to have been few in number (an entry in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for December 758 contains an article stating raw silk thread was awarded to shosei by Emperor Junnin, so it was not the case that there were not any shosei at all.)
Japanese: 書博士が書生を教えることとされていたが、学令には書生に関する規定はあるものの、学生定員を定めた職員令には書生の定員規定が書かれておらず、若干名であったと考えられている（『続日本紀』天平宝字2年11月甲午条に淳仁天皇から書生に生糸が授けられたとする記事があり、全くいなかった訳ではない）。
English: It appears that the superiority of a shosei's calligraphy would be judged based on its quality, that the curriculum was simpler than the system of Tang Dynasty China which demanded knowledge of disciplines such as "Shuowen Jiezi" and the formation of characters, and that students who passed examinations were placed in clerical government posts such as that of naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).
Japanese: 書生は書の良し悪しによって優越が判定され、『説文解字』の理解など字体などについての知識も求められた唐の制度よりも簡素化されており、試験に及第して内記などの書記的な官職に配されたようである。
English: It also appears to be the case that the main duty of sho hakase was to teach calligraphy (which later became myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)) to students.
Japanese: また、書博士の職務も本科（後の明経道）の学生に書を教えることが主であったようである。
English: In the Heian period, the position of sho hakase became monopolized by the Saeki clan of Tado District, Sanuki Province but as demonstrated by the fact that Jichie, who is thought to have been the first To-ji choja (the chief abbot of To-ji Temple), studied Confucianism under SAEKI no Sakemaro, sho hakase (although Jichie himself was of the Saeki clan.
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、書博士の地位を讃岐国多度郡出身の佐伯氏が独占するようになるが、初代東寺長者とされる実恵が書博士の佐伯酒麻呂らから儒学を学んだと伝えられる（ただし、実恵自身も佐伯氏の出身である。
English: Jichie's master Kukai, one of the three famous ancient calligraphers of ancient Japan, was also of the same clan), they took on the role of myogyo-do teachers and Sakemaro's son SAEKI no Toyoo also held the position of engraving official seals (regulations under the "Engishiki" (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) Department of State codes and Ministry of Central Affairs codes) following the statement that 'owing to his fine seal engraving, he was made a member of the Tengaku Kan' ("Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), December 20, 861).
Japanese: また、実恵の師である三筆の1人空海も同族であった）ように、明経道の教員の一員同然となり、酒麻呂の子佐伯豊雄も「以彫虫之小、忝学館之末員」（『日本三代実録』貞観(日本)3年11月11日条）と評されるように官印の刻印を担当する職務（『延喜式』太政官式・中務省式に規定がある）が主となっていくようになる。
English: In the 11th century, the position of sho hakase became a standby post (a post to which clan members were temporarily appointed until a myogyo-do position became available) for members of the Kiyohara clan and Nakahara clan which inherited the position of Myogyo hakase (Professor of Confucian classics), and it is though that shodo completely disappeared as an area of study.
Japanese: 11世紀に入ると、書博士そのものが明経博士を世襲した清原氏・中原氏の一族のための待機ポスト（明経道の職に空きが出来るまで暫時任じられる官職）と化してしまい、学科としての書道は完全に消滅したと考えられている。
English: Ondo is one of the subjects of Daigaku-ryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes in Japan, to learn the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in order to allow the reading aloud of the scriptures of Confucianism with the original pronunciations.
Japanese: 音道（おんどう）とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、儒教経典をそのまま音読するために必要な漢音（中国語）の発音について習う学科。
English: According to the "Nihon Shoki" (The Chronicles of Japan), its history goes back to a time when Emperor Jito invited and appointed Shugen ZOKU and Kokaku SATSU to become Professors of Ondo in 691.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によれば、691年に持統天皇が唐より招いた続守言・薩弘格を音博士に任じたのが最古とされている。
English: After the Ritsuryo Legal Codes were established, the Professors of Ondo were positioned within the Daigaku-ryo system, but because their role was to teach the reading aloud of the scriptures during the first course of Confucianism to the students of the main course (later known as Myogyodo, the Confucian department of Daigaku-ryo), their position was only deemed to be supplementary and it was not mentioned within the regulations that they may have their own students like Sando (Mathematics) and Shodo (Calligraphy) Departments.
Japanese: 律令制確立後に大学寮の下に音博士が位置づけられたが、本科（後の明経道）の学生が儒教の教育を受けるために行う最初の課程であった経典の音読を指導するのが役割であった事から、算道・書道_(大学寮)のような独自の学生を保持することは学令などにも記載されていないなど、最初から補助的地位に止められていた。
English: However, the increasing influence from the Chinese Tang culture of the early Heian period, Emperor Kammu issued a decree to encourage the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters on January 11, 793, which in effect forced the students learn it ("Nihongiryaku" (Abstract of Japanese History)), and on March 10, 798, students were prohibited from learning Goon, the existing pronunciations from the Southern Dynasty in China were prohibited and were instructed to learn the Han pronunciations of the Chinese characters ("Koninkyakusho" (Regulations in Konin period)).
Japanese: それでも唐の文化の影響が強まった平安時代初期の延暦11年11月20日(旧暦)（793年1月7日）、桓武天皇が漢音奨励の勅を出して学生には漢音の学習が義務づけられ（『日本紀略』）、続いて延暦17年2月14日(旧暦)（798年3月6日）には学生に従来から日本に存在する南朝(中国)系の呉音を禁じて漢音での発音が義務付けられた（『弘仁格抄』）。
English: Similar laws were passed which applied to monks and Professors of Ondo were sent in to perform examinations of the monks, and further, on June 15, 793, the law stated that monks must master the Han pronunciation in order to enter the Buddhist priesthood ("Nihongiryaku," "Ruijukokushi" (Classified History of Japan)), and then on June 3, 801, the Examination of Han Pronunciations of Chinese Characters was imposed on the monks entering the Buddhist priesthood ("Nihongiryaku").
Japanese: なお、同様の措置は僧侶に対しても取られており、音博士も僧侶の試験のために派遣されている（延暦12年4月28日(旧暦)（793年6月11日）に年分度者に対して漢音に通じなければ得度を認めないとし（『日本紀略』・『類聚国史』）、延暦20年4月15日(旧暦)（801年5月30日）には、僧侶の得度の際に漢音の試験を課している（『日本紀略』））。
English: During Emperor Saga's reign, an ordinance was issued on May 10, 817 to establish the 'Kangosei' (students of Chinese), which composed of six students including four Onsei and Hakucho.
Japanese: そして、嵯峨天皇の弘仁8年4月17日(旧暦)（817年5月6日）付で4名の「音生」及び白丁からなる6名の「漢語生」設置の格式が出されている。
English: But after the Japanese envoy to the Chinese Tang Dynasty ceased in 839, there were hardly any need for the Han pronunciations of Chinese characters in Japan, and as such, Ondo's popularity declined rapidly.
Japanese: だが、承和(日本)5年（839年）を最後に遣唐使が中絶（寛平6年（894年）廃止）されると、漢音を日本国内で用いる必要性がほとんど失われ、音道は急激に衰退する。
English: It was most likely absorbed by Myogyodo even before Calligraphy and maintained a temporary place there until the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan got appointments to Myogyodo and were later able to dominate Myogyodo.
Japanese: 恐らくは書道よりも早い段階で明経道に事実上吸収されていき、明経道を独占した中原氏・清原氏が明経道の職に就くまでの暫定的な地位となっていった。
English: The Seiryoden thunderbolt striking incident happened when a thunderbolt struck the Seiryoden (literally, Hall of Cool and Refreshing Breezes; the emperor's private residence) in the Dairi (Imperial Palace) on July 29, 930 during the Heian period.
Japanese: 清涼殿落雷事件（せいりょうでんらくらいじけん）は、平安時代の延長(日本)8年6月26日(旧暦)（ユリウス暦930年7月24日）に、内裏の清涼殿に落雷した事件。
English: Since Heiankyo and its environs suffered drought that year, the conference of Daijokan was to be held in the Seiryoden, Emperor Daigo's living quarters, on July 29 to discuss whether or not to hold a praying-for-rain ceremony.
Japanese: この年平安京周辺は干害に見舞われており、6月26日に雨乞の実施の是非について醍醐天皇がいる清涼殿において太政官の会議が開かれることとなった。
English: Ironically, however, around one o'clock in the afternoon on that day, dark clouds lowered on Mt. Atago (Kyoto City) and overwhelmed Heiankyo along with a thunderstorm -- About an hour and a half later, a thunderbolt struck the first pillar at the southwest corner of the Seiryoden.
Japanese: ところが、午後1時頃より愛宕山(京都市)上空から黒雲が垂れ込めて平安京を覆いつくして雷雨が降り注ぎ、それから凡そ1時間半後に清涼殿の南西の第一柱に落雷が直撃した。
English: The court nobles and government officials at the scene were injured: among the court nobles, Dainagon (Major Counselor), Minbukyo (Minister of Popular Affairs) FUJIWARA no Kiyotsura's robe caught fire, his chest was burnt and he died instantly, and Uchuben (Middle Controller of the Right) Kura no kami, (Chief of Kuraryo, Bureau of Palace Storehouses) TAIRA no Mareyo, suffered burns on his face, which was a serious injury.
Japanese: この時、周辺にいた公卿・官人らが巻き込まれ、公卿では大納言民部卿の藤原清貫が衣服に引火した上に胸を焼かれて即死、右中弁内蔵頭の平希世も顔を焼かれて重傷を負った。
English: Secretly, Kiyotsura's body was carried from the Palace through the Yomei-mon Gate on a vehicle, and Mareyo was through the Shumei-mon Gate on a vehicle, but he died soon afterwards.
Japanese: 清貫は陽明門から、希世は修明門から車で秘かに外に運び出されたが、希世も程なく死亡した。
English: Lightning flashed through the Shishinden (hall for state ceremonies), and Uhyoe no suke (assistant captain of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards) MINU no Tadakane's hair caught fire and he died, Uhyoe no suke KI no Kagetsura's stomach was burnt and he died, Azumi Munehito's knees were burnt and he died, and two guards of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) died.
Japanese: 落雷は隣の紫宸殿にも走り、右兵衛佐美努忠包が髪を、同じく紀蔭連が腹を、安曇宗仁が膝を焼かれて死亡、更に警備の近衛府も2名死亡した。
English: The court nobles who were in the Seiryoden and were able to escape danger were thrown into a panic, and Emperor Daigo escaped hurriedly from the Seiryoden to the Joneiden (Empress' residence).
Japanese: 清涼殿にいて難を逃れた公卿たちは大混乱に陥り、醍醐天皇も急遽清涼殿から常寧殿に避難した。
English: Yet, having witnessed such a horrible sight, the Emperor fell into poor condition and died three months later.
Japanese: だが、惨状を目の当たりにして体調を崩し、3ヶ月後に崩御することとなる。
English: From the shocking fact that the thunderbolt struck the Emperor's residence, and the fact that the dead SUGAWARA no Kiyotsura had once spied on SUGAWARA no Michizane's movements under orders of FUJIWARA no Tokihira when Michizane was exiled to Dazaifu, a rumor spread that Kiyotsura was killed by the vengeful spirit of Michizane.
Japanese: 天皇の居所に落雷したということも衝撃的であったが、死亡した藤原清貫がかつて大宰府に左遷された菅原道真の動向監視を藤原時平に命じられていたこともあり、清貫は道真の怨霊に殺されたという噂が広まった。
English: It was further believed that the vengeful spirit of Michizane manipulated the thunder, which originated the prevalent legend of Michizane that he became the god of thunder.
Japanese: また、道真の怨霊が雷を操ったということとなり、道真が雷神になったという伝説が流布する契機にもなった。
English: Sanin-tei was a private school kept by the Sugawara clan, that had produced Monjo hakase (professor of literature) for three generations; SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, and SUGAWARA no Michizane, during the early Heian period.
Japanese: 山陰亭（さんいんてい）とは、平安時代前期に菅原清公・菅原是善・菅原道真と3代にわたって文章博士を輩出した菅原氏の私塾のこと。