nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The round-shaped roof tiles have the motif of Tanbenjunanayorengemon (lotus flower) and the flat roof tiles have the motif of Kinseikarakusamon (arabesque), and both of the motifs were created when Kuninomiya Palace was built.
Japanese: これらは、恭仁宮大極殿造営に際して新調された瓦をモチーフとした単弁十七葉蓮華文の軒丸瓦と均整唐草文の軒平瓦である。
English: It is identified that these tiles and the tiles found in the Yamashiro Kokubun-ji historic remain which was built after the Kuninomiya was ruined, were made with the same mold, and therefore there is no doubt that the Shigaraki no Miya Palace was a temple.
Japanese: 恭仁宮廃都後に建立された山城国分寺の塔跡と同笵瓦であることが確認されていることから、寺院であることは疑いない。
English: At about 600 meters northeast of this site, the remains of the residence of smith, which had been dug from 2000 to 2002 in the construction of Shin Meishin Expressway, are located.
Japanese: 遺跡の北東約600mには平成12年（2000年）～14年（2002年）にかけて、新名神高速道路建設に関連して発掘された鍛冶屋敷遺跡が有る。
English: Many crucibles made in Shigaraki at that time were also found around the site.
Japanese: その他に、遺跡周辺で、当時作られた信楽製のるつぼが多数見つかっている。
English: It is said that these crucibles were used to create mixed metal containing copper.
Japanese: この坩堝（るつぼ）は、銅を混ぜた合金を作るのに使われたといわれている。
English: (These crucibles were called "Umeboshitsubo [pickled plum pot]" which were made of brass and were used in Edo period.
Japanese: （坩堝は、江戸時代に使用された真鍮を溶解した「梅干壷」と呼ばれるものである。
English: For the casting of big objects, such as Great Buddha and temples, it is archaeologically proved that molding technique without crucibles, which pours the melted metal into a mold from a melting furnace directly, was used.
Japanese: 大仏鋳造や寺院などの大型品の鋳造では、坩堝は用いず溶解炉から直接鋳型に流し込み技法であったことが考古学的にも立証されている。)
English: Tokai Shizen Hodo (The Tokai Nature Trail) runs through this site and this historic site is one of the touristic sites on the trail.
Japanese: また、東海自然歩道がこの史跡を縦断しており、東海自然歩道の観光史跡の一つとして挙げられている。
English: "Shiragakigushi" must be indicated as "紫香楽宮阯", however "紫香楽宮跡" is used as its indication and also is read as "Shiragakigushi" irregularly.
Japanese: "しがらきぐうし"であれば「紫香楽宮阯」と書くべきだが、紫香楽宮跡で"しがらきぐうし"と読むことになっている。
English: Kyodo Unyu Kaisha (literary, a joint transportation company) was established in July 1882, with the merger of three transportation companies, Tokyo Fuhansen Kaisha, Hokkaido Unyu Kaisha and Echu Fuhansen Kaisha, and also with the investment from anti-Mitsubishi Zaibatsu powers such as Mitsui-zaibatsu.
Japanese: 共同運輸会社（きょうどううんゆがいしゃ）は、三井財閥などの反三菱財閥勢力が投資しあい、東京風帆船会社・北海道運輸会社・越中風帆船会社の三社が合併して1882年7月に創立された船会社。
English: At that time, Mitusbishi's marine transportation business 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' (which was established with the merger of a government-owned marine transportation company 'Nipponkoku Yubin Jokisen Kaisha' and Mitsubishi Shokai) extended power by offering huge discounts and deprived western companies of Japan's navigation autonomy, but at the same time, they squeezed out other small-and-medium-sized shipping companies in Japan.
Japanese: 当時、三菱の海運事業「郵便汽船三菱会社」（国有会社であった「日本国郵便蒸気船会社」と三菱商会が合併して設立された）が大規模な値下げ攻勢で勢力を広げ、欧米系の船会社に握られていた日本の航海自主権を取り返したが、一方で日本国内の中小の船会社も追い出されてしまった。
English: With their monopoly position, 'Yubin Kisen Mitubishi Kaisha' was making huge profits by raising the fare.
Japanese: 独占的な地位を得た郵便汽船三菱会社は運賃を上げて大きな利益を上げていた。
English: However, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and Kaoru INOUE, who were not happy about the monopolization and tyranny of Mitsubishi, orchestrated to establish a marine transpiration company competitive with Mitusbushi, and establish Kydo Unyu Kaisha in July 1882, with the merger of three transportation companies, Tokyo Fuhansen Kaisha, Hokkaido Unyu Kaisha and Echu Fuhansen Kaisha (Echu Fuhansen Kaisha was not established as anti-Mitusbishi power but was planned by Mitusbishi).
Japanese: しかし三菱の独占と専横を快く思わない渋沢栄一や井上馨らが三菱に対抗できる海運会社の設立を画策、東京風帆船会社、北海道運輸会社、越中風帆船会社の三社が結集して1882年7月に共同運輸会社が発足した（越中風帆船会社については、反三菱勢力として設立されたのではなく三菱の画策によって設立されたもの）。
English: The company was highly influenced by the government: the company received the investment from the government on the premise that they will help with military transportation in case of emergency, and also Toshiyoshi ITO, a rear admeral, was assigned to be the president.
Japanese: 会社は、有事の際の軍事輸送を引き受けることを条件に政府の出資を得ており、社長も伊藤雋吉海軍少将が就任するなど政府色が濃いものとなった。
English: In the next year, January 1883, Kyodo Unyu started their business and Mitsubishi tried to compete with them by offering a 20 percent discount, and thus Kyodo Unyu offered a discount to compete with Mitusbishi.
Japanese: 翌1883年1月営業を開始をすると、三菱側が運賃を2割引にして対抗したことから共同運輸側も対抗値引きを実施。
English: The transportation time of Kyodo Unyu was shorter since they were using new British ships, however, Mitsubishi increased the speed of their ships without thinking about the cost of fuel, and thus the transportation time became competitive as well.
Japanese: また、所要時間については共同運輸側がイギリス製の新鋭船、山城丸などを揃えたことから優位に立っていたが、三菱側が燃料費を度外視し速度を上げたことから、こちらも競合状態となった。
English: Eventually, they started sailing at the same time to directly compete with each other, which caused accidental contacts and raised safety concerns.
Japanese: やがては出航時間を揃えて同時出航し、優劣を直接競い合うようになり、接触事故を起こすなど安全面においても懸念が示されるようになった。
English: The Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Tsugumichi SAIGO, took the matter seriously and mediated the arrangement between the two companies, and the competition was once cooled down, however, eventually they started breaking the agreement.
Japanese: こうした事態を重く見た西郷従道農商務卿が仲介に乗り出し協定を結ばせ、一旦は競争は沈静化したものの、やがては協定破りが常態化。
English: When the president of Mitusbishi, Yataro IWASAKI died in 1885, the government decided to mediate between two companies and replaced the president of Kyodo Unyu, Ito.
Japanese: 1885年、三菱の社長岩崎彌太郎が死去したことを契機に、政府が両者の仲介に乗りだし、共同運輸の社長である伊藤を更迭。
English: Also, Masazumi MORIOKA from Kyodo Unyu became the president of this new company, and thus the company seems to have been on the Kyodo Unyu side at the beginning, however, Mitusbishi employees gained power, causing Kyodo Unyu to disappear both notionally and substantially.
Japanese: 社長には共同運輸側の森岡昌純が就任するなど、発足当初こそ共同運輸色が濃いものとなったが、やがては三菱系の社員が台頭し、名実ともに共同運輸は消滅することとなった。
English: Later, the Shipping Department of Mitsui & Co., Ltd. became independent to create Mitsui Steamship Co., Ltd., which became the current Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd.
Japanese: なお後に三井物産の船舶部が独立して三井船舶となり、現在の商船三井になっている。
English: The Yoshino pact was concluded by Emperor Tenmu and his empress who was later known as Empress Jito promising their son, Prince Kusakabe, to be the next emperor.
Japanese: 吉野の盟約とは天武天皇と皇后の持統天皇がその間にもうけた草壁皇子を次期天皇であると宣言した盟約。
English: Members of the Imperial family including the Prince Kusakabe were sworn to accept that Prince Kusakabe would become the next emperor, to help him and to avoid any conflicts with one another.
Japanese: 草壁皇子ら皇族に彼を次期天皇とし、お互い助けて相争わない事を誓わせた。
English: Prince Shiki, a member of the Imperial family, was the seventh prince of Emperor Tenchi who was the older brother of Prince Kusakabe, and never appeared in any records prior to the Yoshino Pact.
Japanese: その皇族の一人、志貴皇子は兄天智天皇の第7皇子であったが、この盟約が記録上初の登場であった。
English: At the time when Kusakabe became the Crown Prince in 681, Prince Otsu, a capable rival, became involved in the politics of the region; thus, the successor of Emperor Tenmu became uncertain.
Japanese: 681(天武10)年には草壁は皇太子となるが、器量優れたライバルの大津皇子も政治に参加する事となり結局天武天皇の後継は曖昧なものとなってしまった。
English: Meanwhile, the Emperor died and Prince Otsu met unfortunate end on suspicion of a rebellion.
Japanese: そして、そうした内に天皇は崩御し、大津皇子は謀反の疑いをかけられて非業の最後を遂げた。
English: Prince Kusakabe also died young around the same time and Uno no Sarara ignored other rightful successors such as the Prince Takechi and officially enthroned herself to be Emperor Jito.
Japanese: 草壁もまもなく夭折し、鸕野讚良が高市皇子等有力跡継ぎ候補を無視して自ら正式に持統天皇として即位するのである。
English: In order to crack down on the labor movements which were rising after Japanese-Shino War, with a new role of regulating them it was enacted as the successor of Shukai oyobi Seisha Ho (the law on assembly and association), the major target of which had been to regulate political activities focusing on the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
Japanese: 日清戦争の後、高まりを見せ始めていた労働運動を取り締まるために、それまで自由民権運動を念頭に置いて政治活動の規制を主な目的としていた集会及政社法に、労働運動の規制という新たな役割を付加した上で継承発展させる形で制定された。
English: In 1900, it was enacted on February 23, promulgated on March 10 and enforced on March 30.
Japanese: 明治33年（1900年）2月23日に制定、同年3月10日公布、3月30日施行された。
English: In 1945, it was repealed by 'the order of the abolition of the Security Police Law (the Imperial Edict of 1945, no. 638)' on November 21 on the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after the World War II.
Japanese: 昭和20年（1945年）、第二次世界大戦後の連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令に基づき、昭和20年（1945年）11月21日「治安警察法廃止等ノ件（昭和20年勅令第638号）」により廃止となる。
English: Article 17 was to regulate strikes but was eliminated by Taisho jugonen horitsu (the law of 1926), no 58.
Japanese: 第17条はストライキを制限するものであったが、大正15年（1926年）法律第58号により削除された。
English: And Article 5 banned women along with military men, policemen, Shinto priests and teachers from political associations such as political parties and prohibited freedom of assembly and association including joining or hosting political speech meetings.
Japanese: また第5条では、軍人及び警官、神職僧侶や教員などと共に、女性が政党などの政治的な結社へ加入すること、また政治演説会へ参加し、あるいは主催するという、集会及び結社の自由を禁じた。
English: The movement for the amendment to the law lasted and at last in March 1922 it led to the amendment of the second clause of Article 5 that prohibited freedom of assembly (the Association of New Women's campaign for the amendment to Security Police Law, Article 5).
Japanese: 改正運動は執拗に続き、大正11年（1922年）3月には集会の自由を禁じた第5条2項の改正に至った（新婦人協会治安警察法第五条改正運動）。
English: However, the campaign for abolition of Security Police Law Article 5 was continued by mainly women's organizations after that because the first clause of Article 5 that prohibited women's freedom of association was not revised
Japanese: しかし女性の結社権を禁じた5条1項は残されたため、婦人団体を中心に、治安警察法5条全廃を求める運動がその後も続いた。
English: In order to enforce this law and to crack down on the opposition, as the coercive and alerting police system was reinforced, the aspect of the police repression against citizen was also strengthened.
Japanese: この法令を施行し、それに反発する者を取締る為、今までの威圧的・牽制的な警察体制はますます強化され、戦前の警察による市民弾圧の側面もよりいっそう強まった。
English: And so was citizen's 'rugged' image of policemen.
Japanese: そして市民の警察官に対する「厳つい」というイメージもよりいっそう強まっていった。
English: The Rodo Kumiai Kiseikai was an association founded in the Meiji Period for the purpose of forming labor unions.
Japanese: 労働組合期成会（ろうどうくみあいきせいかい）は、明治時代の、労働組合の結成を目的とした団体。
English: They delivered speech meetings in various places urging establishment of craft union, and soon after it was organized, Tekko Kumiai (Ironworkers' Union), Nihon Tetsudo Kyoseikai (Japanese Railway Workers' Reform Society) and Kappanko Kumiai (The Printers' Union) were formed.
Japanese: 各地で演説会を開いて職業別組合の結成を期し、結成の直後に、鉄工組合、日本鉄道矯正会、活版工組合が結成された。
English: All of them were in the form of craft union, and their major activity was mutual aid between members.
Japanese: いずれもクラフトユニオンのかたちをとるもので、組合員間の相互扶助を大きな活動内容とした。
English: In addition, it published the labor movement's journal "Rodo sekai" (Labor world), and the number of its members reached 5700 in 1899.
Japanese: また、機関紙『労働世界』を発行するなどし、1899年には会員が5700人にも達した。
English: However, when the Security Police Law was enforced in 1900, it declined together with the unions' economic difficulties and employers' countercharge.
Japanese: しかし、1900年に治安警察法が施行されると、各組合の財政難、使用者側の反撃とあいまって衰退した。
English: Shichihakushi Ikensho was a written opinion submitted to the then Prime Minister Taro KATSURA, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) Jutaro KOMURA and so on as of June 10 1903, just before the start of Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 七博士意見書（しちはくしいけんしょ）とは、日露戦争開戦直前の1903年（明治36年）6月10日付で当時の内閣総理大臣桂太郎、外務大臣(日本)小村壽太郎らに提出された意見書。
English: It was written by 7 people consisted of professors at Tokyo University, Hirondo TOMIZU, Masaakira TOMII, Kiheiji ONOZUKA, Sakue TAKAHASHI, Noburu KANAI and Toru TERAO and a professor at Gakushuin University, Shingo NAKAMURA ('Tokyo University's seven doctors').
Japanese: 東京大学教授戸水寛人、富井政章、小野塚喜平次、高橋作衛、金井延、寺尾亨、学習院教授中村進午の7人（「東大七博士」）によって書かれた。
English: It condemned the foreign policy of the First Katsura Cabinet as wimpy and pressed the Cabinet to take a hard line on the Russian Empire advocating war and saying 'Invade as far as lake Baikal,' to which the public reaction was huge.
Japanese: 内容は第1次桂内閣の外交を軟弱であると糾弾して「バイカル湖まで侵攻しろ」と主戦論を唱え、対ロシア帝国武力強硬路線の選択を迫ったものであり、世論の反響も大きかった。
English: It is said that Hirobumi ITO said, 'No idiot to the learned idiot' when he read this opinion.
Japanese: この意見書を読んだ伊藤博文が「なまじ学のあるバカ程恐ろしいものはない」と述べたと言われている。
English: In addition, applying the ordinance on the status of civil servant Minister of Education Yuzuru KUBOTA temporarily suspended Tomizu in August 1905 because at the end of Russo-Japanese War Tomizu insisted that peace terms should be 3 billion yen as reparation, cession of Sakhalin, Enkai shu (Maritime Provinces), Polustrov Kamchatka.
Japanese: なお、戸水は日露戦争末期に賠償金30億円と樺太・沿海州・カムチャッカ半島割譲を講和条件とするように主張したため、文部大臣久保田譲は1905年8月に文官分限令を適用して休職処分とした。
English: However, Kubota virtually replaced President of Tokyo Imperial University Kenjiro YAMAKAWA in the form of dismissal at his request because Tomizu submitted a report against Treaty of Portsmouth in the joint names with Kanai and Terao to the throne.
Japanese: ところが、戸水は金井・寺尾と連名でポーツマス条約に反対する上奏文を宮内省に対して提出したため、久保田は東京帝国大学総長の山川健次郎を依願免職の形で事実上更迭した。
English: This caused all the professors at Tokyo Imperial University and Kyoto Imperial University to proclaim their resolve to resign protesting this was the usurpation of autonomy in a university and academic freedom.
Japanese: このため、東京帝国大学・京都帝国大学の教授は大学の自治と学問の自由への侵害として総辞職を宣言した。
English: Datsu-A Ron was an an editorial published in the Japanese newspaper 'Jiji Shinpo' on March 16, 1885.
Japanese: 脱亜論（だつあろん）とは、明治18年(1885年)3月16日、「時事新報」紙上に掲載された社説を指す。
English: It is thought that the writer was Yukichi FUKUZAWA, but the original editorial was written anonymously.
Japanese: 「脱亜論」は福澤諭吉が執筆したとされているが、原文は無署名の社説である。
English: Because 'Datsu-A Ron' was included in the "Zoku Fukuzawa Zenshu (Vol. 2)" (The Continued Complete Works of Fukuzawa) (published by Iwanami Shoten Publishers) in 1933, Datsu-A Ron has been regarded to be an editorial written by Fukuzawa.
Japanese: 昭和8年(1933年)に慶應義塾編『続福澤全集〈第2巻〉』（岩波書店）に「脱亜論」が収録されたため、「脱亜論」は福澤が執筆した社説と考えられるようになった。
English: There was no comment found about 'Datsu-A Ron' before 1950.
Japanese: 昭和25年（1950年）以前に「脱亜論」に関するコメントは見つかっていない。
English: The first comment found was the 'Nisshin Senso to Fukuzawa Yukichi' (Shino-Japanese War and Yukichi FUKUZAWA) ("Fukuzawa Kenkyu" [Study of Fukuzawa], Issue No. 6, edited by Fukuzawa Kenkyu-kai Group), written by Shigeki TOYAMA in 1951.
Japanese: 見つかっている最初のコメントは、昭和26年（1951年）に遠山茂樹が発表した「日清戦争と福沢諭吉」（福沢研究会編『福沢研究』第6号）である。
English: First of all, the writer expressed that due to the development of transportation, fast-spreading Western civilization 'is like a pandemic of measles.'
Japanese: まず、執筆者は交通手段の発達による西洋文明の伝播を「文明は猶麻疹の流行の如し」と表現する。
English: For this, he says that it is important not to stop it but 'to help it spread faster so that our people may bathe in this force quicker.'
Japanese: それに対し、これを防ぐのではなく「其蔓延を助け、国民をして早く其気風に浴せしむる」ことこそが重要であると唱える。
English: He said that, Japan accepting the idea of civilization, was 'not only stripping away its old self, but also creating a new axle in the entire continent of Asia,' Japan is the only country that succeeded in escaping Asian sense of values, in another word, 'Datsu-A.'
Japanese: その点において日本は文明化を受け入れ、「独リ日本の旧套を脱したるのみならず、亜細亜全洲の中に在て新に一機軸を出し」、アジア的価値観から抜け出した、つまり脱亜を果たした唯一の国だと評する。
English: As in 'it is unfortunate for us (Japan) that there are neighboring countries,' that were Shina/China (Qing) and Chosen (Joseon Dynasty Korea), he pointed out that both countries had been rejecting modernization and concentrating on an old business-as-usual system based on Confucianism, etc. to 'remain nationally independent under this violent wind of civilization eastward.'
Japanese: その上で、「不幸なるは近隣に国あり」として、支那（清）と朝鮮（李氏朝鮮）を挙げ、両者が近代化を拒否して儒教など旧態依然とした体制にのみ汲々とする点を指摘し「今の文明東漸の風潮に際し、迚も其独立を維持するの道ある可らず」と論じる。
English: Having the Gapsin (Kapsin) Coup in mind, he says that it would be good if noble heroes stood up in both countries to transform their political systems like Japan's Meiji restoration, otherwise 'it is most likely that their empires will fall within a few years' or their land will be split up by the Western countries.
Japanese: そして、甲申政変を念頭に置きつつ両国に志士が出て明治維新のように政治体制を変革できればよいが、そうでなければ両国は「今より数年を出でずして亡国と為り」、西洋諸国に分割されてしまうだろう、と予測する。
English: Implying the rampageous behavior to citizens by the Chinese Amy at the Gapsin Coup, he says that the Westerners might see Japan as the same type of country as China and Korea, which might indirectly become an obstacle in foreign diplomacy and that will be 'a great misfortune for my Japan.'
Japanese: その上で、甲申政変における清軍の市民への乱暴狼藉を暗に挙げ、このままでは西洋人は清・朝鮮両国と日本を同一視してしまうだろう、間接的ではあるが外交に支障が少なからず出ている事は「我日本国の一大不幸」であると危惧する。
English: With 'Those who cherish bad friends cannot escape the fate of being branded as a bad person,' my heart and determination lie in the refusal of bad friends,' he says that Japan should promote modernization by cutting ties with bad friends in East Asia.
Japanese: そして、「悪友を親しむ者は共に悪名を免かる可らず。我は心に於て亜細亜東方の悪友を謝絶するものなり」といい、東アジアの悪友とは縁を切って近代化を進めて行くことが望ましいと結んでいる。
English: There was an editorial called 'Chosen Dokuritsu-to no Shokei (I & II)' (Executions of the members of the Korean Independent Party), published on the 23rd and the 26th of February, 1885, about three weeks before the 'Datsu-A Ron.'
Japanese: 「脱亜論」の約3週間前の明治18年(1885年)2月23日と2月26日に掲載された論説に、「朝鮮独立党の処刑（前・後）」がある。
English: Assistant Professor of the Faculty of International Relations of University of Shizuoka, Yo HIRAYAMA mentioned in pages 200 to 203 of the "Fukuzawa Yukichi no Shinjitsu" (The Truth about Yukichi FUKUZAWA) (Bunshun Shinsho paperback, Bunheishunju Ltd.), that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was an abstract of the editorial (II).
Japanese: 静岡県立大学国際関係学部助教の平山洋は『福沢諭吉の真実』（文春新書、文藝春秋）、200-203ページ、において、「脱亜論」がこの論説（後編）の要約になっていることに注意している。
English: He pointed out that the description below might affect the 'Datsu-A Ron' (Page 201).
Japanese: そこでは、次の記述が「脱亜論」にも影響を与えたのではないかと指摘している（201ページ）。
English: Rather than calling the country bestial, I would like to call it the land of hell with yoma (specters) and demons.
Japanese: 我輩は此国を目して野蛮と評せんよりも、寧ろ妖魔悪鬼の地獄国と云わんと欲する者なり。
English: If you ask who the authority of the hell land is, it is the officer from the Satedan Party (pro-Chinese) government; and the person who has the power to control him is Chinese.
Japanese: 而して此地獄国の当局者は誰ぞと尋るに、事大党政府の官吏にして、其後見の実力を有する者は即ち支那人なり。
English: Although I am living in a neighboring country, far-away from theirs and I am only an individual with no link to their politics, I feel very sorry to hear this; while writing this sentence, tears come to my eyes and wet the paper.
Japanese: 我輩は千里遠隔の隣国に居り、固より其国事に縁なき者なれども、此事情を聞いて唯悲哀に堪えず、今この文を草するにも涙落ちて原稿紙を潤おすを覚えざるなり。
English: An editorial called 'Chosen Jinmin no Tameni Sono Kuni no Metsubo o Gasu' (Celebrate the destruction of the country for Korean people) published five months after the 'Datsu-A Ron.'
Japanese: 「脱亜論」の5ヶ月後に掲載された論説に、「朝鮮人民のためにその国の滅亡を賀す」がある。
English: The editorial strongly suggests that for Korean people it would be better to be ruled by British or Russians who began to hold control in various places than Korean nationals who have no 'protection for their private property, life and honor as a citizen' by the government.
Japanese: 政府による「私有財産と生命、一国民としての栄誉の保護」が行われない朝鮮の国民であるよりも、各地で支配力を有するようになっていたイギリス人やロシア人に支配される方が、朝鮮の人々（朝鮮人民）にとっては幸福ではないかと強い語気で主張している。
English: Therefore, thinking that the destruction of Korea is not far away, for the government I will show remorse, but for the people, I feel like celebrating.'
Japanese: 「故に我輩は朝鮮の滅亡、其期遠からざるを察して、一応は政府のために之を弔し、顧みて其国民の為には之を賀せんと欲する者なり。」
English: In China and South Korea, 'Datsu-A Ron' is 'a theory of disrespecting Asia and approving foreign invasion' and Yukichi FUKUZAWA has been treated critically as a person who supported aggressive foreign policy.
Japanese: 中国・大韓民国では、「脱亜論」は「アジア蔑視および侵略肯定論」であり、福澤諭吉は侵略主義者として批判的に取り上げられている。
English: As examples, there are responses within China as mentioned below in the thesis by Si Yun LIN and a column 'Japan, Come Back to Asia' by Young-hee KIM, a senior journalist in international affairs, published on November 25, 2005 in the Joong Ang Ilbo, a newspaper in Korea.
Japanese: 一例として、下記の林思雲の論文中で言及されている中国内での理解、そして韓国の新聞中央日報に掲載された金永熙（キム・ヨンヒ）国際問題大記者執筆の2005年11月25日のコラム「日本よアジアに帰れ」がある。
English: According to Si Yun KIN's thesis below, his whole Chinese translation of the 'Datsu-A Ron' done by him is open to public inspection now.
Japanese: なお、下記の林思雲の論文によれば、現在では氏による「脱亜論」全文の中国語訳が公開されている。
English: In the history textbooks for elementary and secondary education in Japan, 'Datsu-A Ron' is defined as 'a theory to urge Japan to get closer to European and American powers by disassociating from Asia and to deny Japan is a country in Asia' and it is taught at most schools as 'the thesis which causes Japanese to disrespect other Asian countries.'
Japanese: 日本の初等・中等教育の歴史教科書においても、「脱亜論」を「日本が欧米列強に近づくためにアジアからの脱却を唱えた物で、日本がアジアの1ヵ国であることを否定している」と定義付け、「日本人がアジアを蔑視する元となった論文」と教えていることが多い。
English: However, because most of them do not teach about the Gapsin Coup and the other historical background at that time that led to the 'Datsu-A Ron,' some say that this is not a proper understanding of the 'Datsu-A Ron' but just picking a part of it out of context.
Japanese: が、この論文に至った甲申事変や当時の歴史背景を教えてない事も多く、「脱亜論」の一部だけを取り上げて、「脱亜論」を正しく解釈していない、と言う意見も存在する。
English: For this, Shunsaku NISHIKAWA, a staff writer of the "Fukuzawa Yukichi Shokanshu" (Collection of letters of Yukichi FUKUZAWA) pointed out that "Judging Fukuzawa as the 'initiator' of the 'Datsu-A Nyu-O' (Leave Asia, Enter Europe) movement from a part of this short (about 2000-character) editorial is too shortsighted and it is a view from someone who does not properly understand the relationship among the three countries of East Asia at that time."
Japanese: これにつき『福沢諭吉書簡集』の編集委員であった西川俊作は「この短い（およそ2,000字の）論説一篇をもって、彼を脱亜入欧の「はしり」であると見るのは短絡であり、当時の東アジア三国のあいだの相互関連を適切に理解していない見方である」と指摘する。
English: Takao SAKAMOTO, a former professor of the Faculty of Law of Gakushuin University explained that, with the background of the failure of the Gapsin Coup and China's strong army, "'Datsu-A Ron' was not written from an assumption for Japan to go against other Asian countries with the same position of superiority as European countries, but was written because he felt deeply disappointed by the incident in Korea and was concerned about China."
Japanese: また、坂本多加雄元学習院大学法学部教授は、甲申事変の失敗と清国の強大な軍事力を背景にして、「「脱亜論」は、日本が西洋諸国と同等の優位の立場でアジア諸国に臨むような状況を前提にしているのではなく、むしろ逆に、朝鮮の一件に対する深い失望と、強大な清国への憂慮の念に駆られて記された文章ではないか」と説明する。
English: A scholar of political science, Masao MARUYAMA said that, from frustration of the Gapsin Coup being short-lived and disappointment toward Japan, the Chinese government and the Yi government when all of them were just watching the Coup and using the results, "the editorial of the 'Datsu-A Ron' should be read as an emotional explosion of Fukuzawa's frustration and rage."
Japanese: さらに、政治学者の丸山眞男は、甲申事変が三日天下に終わったことの挫折感と、日本・清国政府・李氏政権がそれぞれの立場から甲申事変の結果を傍観・利用したことに対する不満から、「「脱亜論」の社説はこうした福沢の挫折感と憤激の爆発として読まれねばならない」と説明する。
English: A professor emeritus at Tokyo University, Junji BANNO emphasized that Fukuzawa's situational remark corresponded to recognition of the international situation and domestic economy at that time and he explained that the 'Datsu-A Ron' was written when this situation recognition changed when the Gapsin Coup failed; he corrected it as follows:
Japanese: そして、東京大学名誉教授の坂野潤治は、福澤の状況的発言は当時の国際状況、国内経済などの状況的認識と対応していることを強調し、甲申事変が失敗したことにより状況的認識が変化して「脱亜論」が書かれたと説明して、以下のように喝破している。
English: "To sum up, in Fukuzawa's theory of East Asian policy from the beginning of 1881 to the end of 1884, there was a consistency in supporting revolutionaries within Korea and the 'Datsu-A Ron' was just his concession speech for what he had been insisting."
Japanese: 「これを要するに、明治十四年初頭から十七年の末までの福沢の東アジア政策論には、朝鮮国内における改革派の援助という点での一貫性があり、「脱亜論」はこの福沢の主張の敗北宣言にすぎないのである。」
English: "Therefore, it is a total misunderstanding to see the 'Datsu-A Ron' as the beginning of Fukuzawa's disrespect against other Asian countries or the beginning of his Asia invasion theory."
Japanese: 「福沢の「脱亜論」をもって彼のアジア蔑視観の開始であるとか、彼のアジア侵略論の開始であるとかいう評論ほど見当違いなものはない」