nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Meanwhile, there was a time after the Meiji period when this fact was misunderstood, as monjodo integrated kidendo and became 'monjodo' and 'monjo hakase,' although the name 'monjodo' was just a popular name.
Japanese: ただし、実際には通称に過ぎないとされている「文章道」という呼称が、明治以後には混同されて、文章道が紀伝道を吸収して「文章道」「文章博士」となったと解されていた時期もある。
English: The names for the subject and the title after their merger used in this section will be 'kidendo' and 'monjo hakase,' respectively, according to their original names.
Japanese: 本項目でも統合以後の記述については、本来の記述に従って学科は「紀伝道」・博士は「文章博士」と記述するものとする。
English: It is thought that in the early daigakuryo, myogyodo, which was the study of Confucian classics, was centered on supplementary subjects: myobodo to teach the Ritsuryo codes and sando to teach arithmetic, added from practical viewpoints.
Japanese: 初期の大学寮においては儒学を教える明経道が中心とされ、律令を教える明法道と算術を教える算道が実務的な観点からこれを補う構造であったと考えられている。
English: Meanwhile, it is also thought that other subjects such as literature were incorporated into the education program, as it was revealed from the content of "Ryonoshuge" (Commentaries on the Civil Statutes) that there were some questions from Wen Xuan (a book), as well as Erya, in examinations to appoint shusai (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test) (the Imperial Examination) and shinshi (Daigaku student who passed a subject of the official appointment test).
Japanese: ただし、秀才(科挙)・進士を選考する際に文選_(書物)・爾雅から問題が出されていたことが、『令集解』の内容から判明しており、文学なども教育課程には組み込まれていたものと考えられている。
English: On August 30, 728, monjo hakase (Shoshichiinoge (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade)) which was a ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) was established by allotting one of the Myogyodo chokko (teacher of Myogyodo) (a separate position of Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics)).
Japanese: 神亀5年7月21日(旧暦)（728年8月30日）に、文学を教える官として明経直講（明経博士の別枠）から1名が割かれて令外官である文章博士（もんじょうのはかせ、正七位下相当）が設置された。
English: Two years later, on April 18, 730, 20 monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) were appointed and the top two were chosen as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters), becoming the candidates for Monjo hakase.
Japanese: 2年後の天平2年3月27日(旧暦)（730年4月18日）には文章生（もんじょうのしょう）20名が設置され、更にその中から優秀者2名が文章得業生（もんじょうとくごうしょう）が選出されて文章博士候補生とされた。
English: Meanwhile, as the daigaku education at that time was modeled on that of the Tang Dynasty, they had myogyodo, which taught Confucianism, as a main subject, and sando, which was a technical subject as a second.
Japanese: ただし、当時の大学教育は唐の制度に倣って儒学を教える明経道を中枢に置いて、技術科目である算道を副として置いていた。
English: However, according to Senjoryo, which provided the regulations for the recruitment and promotion of government officials, there were four kinds of examinations for 'Shusai, Myogyo, Shinshi and Myobo,' although the three other than myogyo were in name only (as there were no organizations equivalent to private schools in Japan at that time, there were no other institutions or organizations than daigakuryo which could educate applicants for the officials recruitment examinations).
Japanese: が、官吏登用規定を定めた選叙令においては「秀才・明経・進士・明法」の4種の試験が定められており、明経以外の3科の試験を定めながら実際には機能していなかった（当時の日本には私立学校に相当するものはなかったため、大学寮以外で官吏登用の受験者を育成できる組織・機関は存在しなかったとされている）。
English: It is understood that, under such circumstances, monjo hakase was established to educate applicants to take examinations of shusai who would discuss horyakusaku (national strategy) and those of shinshi who would deal with jimusaku (general policies), and myobo hakase, to educate myobo applicants.
Japanese: そのため、方略策（国家戦略）を論じる秀才と時務策（政策一般）を論じる進士の受験者を育成するために文章博士、明法の受験者を育成するために明法博士が設置されたとされている。
English: At first, these two hakase were only there at the daigakuryo to support myogyodo.
Japanese: 大学寮における当初の両博士の立場はあくまでも明経道を補完するものでしかなかったと考えられている。
English: Also, at first, 'only sons of hakucho (ordinary people or inferior servants) and zonin (lower-ranking government official)' were qualified for monjosho, as there was a clear distinction that sons of nobles became myogyosho and others became monjosho.
Japanese: また、文章生も当初はその資格を「白丁雑任の子弟」に限定されて、貴族子弟は明経生、それ以外は文章生という明確な格差が定められていた。
English: To put it differently, if they were recognized as capable, even sons of lower-ranking government officials or common people were able to become monjosho.
Japanese: 逆に言えば才覚が認められれば、下級官人や庶民の子弟でも文章生になることも可能であった。
English: As a matter of fact, HARUSUMI no Yoshitada, a son of a sakan (kokushi (provincial governors)), which was the lowest ranked local official, became monjosho and monjo hakase and then was promoted to sangi (councilor).
Japanese: 事実において、地方官において最下級の目(国司)の子・春澄善縄が文章生から文章博士を経て参議に昇進している。
English: Meanwhile, ISAYAMA no Fumitsugu was appointed as daigaku no suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Education) in 812 during his service as kiden hakase, but he was granted for the first time the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji (one of the ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing) six months before that, and from this we can assume that he had entered the daigakuryo as hakucho (ordinary people or something similar) and had the position of a professor there.
Japanese: また、弘仁3年（812年）に紀伝博士在任のまま大学助に任命された勇山文継は、その半年前に初めて連の姓を受けていることから、白丁（庶民あるいはそれに近い身分）のまま大学寮に入ってその教官の地位に就いていたものと考えられている。
English: Also, there is another theory saying that it was subjects to nurture court poets that were originally limited to sons of hakucho and zonin, not those for officials.
Japanese: なお、異説として白丁・雑任の子弟に限定されていたのは元来は官人ではなく宮中詩人育成のための学科であったとする説もある。
English: In addition, there is a theory which claims that the name 'monjodo' was only a popular name or which even denies the existence of the name (in the first place, the names of subjects were officially adopted during the Jogan era (or clearly specified for the first time in "Joganshiki Code"), which was much later than this time, and if this is true, there must have been 'monjo ka' but not 'monjodo').
Japanese: また、「文章道」の名も通称に過ぎなかったあるいはそうした名称すら無かったと言われている（そもそも大学寮において学科の名称が公式に採用されたのは、遥か後世の貞観_(日本)年間（明文化された初出を『貞観式』とする）説もあり、これを採用すれば「文章科」というものはあっても「文章道」は存在しなかったことになる）。
English: It was when KIBI no Makibi, who was a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, brought back well organized Chinese historiography from Tang (Kibidaijin Sanshi hitsu (the authenticated Chinese history of Minister Kibi)) in 735 that monjo hakase began lecturing on history, too.
Japanese: 天平7年（735年）に遣唐使として渡って帰国した吉備真備が唐より中国正史をまとまった形で持ち帰った（吉備大臣三史櫃）のを機に文章博士が歴史をも合わせて講義することになった。
English: As Chinese historiography was written in a style called kidentai (biographical historiography), it was also called 'kiden,' becoming a synonym for history (study).
Japanese: 中国正史は紀伝体で書かれていたことから、「紀伝」とも呼ばれそれが歴史（学）の代名詞となった。
English: Later, as a knowledge of Chinese historiography was considered important for making official documents or as a kind of political study, those who wished to join the monjoka (monjodo) kept coming endlessly, becoming an obstacle for the lectures of literature, which was the original specialty of monjo hakase.
Japanese: その後、中国正史の知識が公文書作成や一種の政治学として重んじられたこともあり、歴史を学ぶために文章科（文章道）を希望する者の後が絶たず、本来の文章博士が専門とする文学の講義が滞るようになった。
English: Because of this, on March 4, 808, one person from myogyo chokko was again allotted to establish an independent official, kiden hakase (equivalent of Shoshichiinoge), and two types of students, Kiden Tokugosho (student of history) and Kiden no sho (student of history) were also created.
Japanese: このため、大同_(日本)3年2月4日_(旧暦)（808年3月4日）に再度明経直講より1名を割いて独立した官として紀伝博士（きでんはかせ、正七位下相当）が設置され、その下に学生として紀伝得業生（きでんとくごうしょう）及び紀伝生（きでんのしょう）が置かれたのである。
English: This is how the name, 'kidendo,' was established (however, as "Kodaiki" (The Chronicle of the Emperors) states that there was 'Kiden jusha hajime' (Start of Confucianism Class) in June, 805 (old lunar calendar), there is a possibility that an expert in teaching kiden had already been set up before kiden hakase).
Japanese: これが通称としての「紀伝道」の成立である（ただし、『皇代記』には延暦24年（805年）6月に「紀伝儒者始」があったと記されており、紀伝博士成立以前に紀伝を担当する専門教員が置かれていた可能性がある）。
English: Meanwhile, with a change in quality of the ritsuryo political system, what was required in the society of nobles and government officials changed from the ability of business writing to that of literary writing, such as composing Chinese poetry.
Japanese: ところが、律令政治の変質とともに貴族・官人社会において求められるのは、実務文章の作成能力よりも漢詩などの文学文章の作成能力に移るようになっていった。
English: In particular, the Emperor Saga valued literature and compiled three imperial anthologies of Chinese poetry called "Ryounshu" (A collection from above the clouds), "Keikokushu" (A collection of managing the country) and "Bunka shureishu" (second imperial kanshi collection), seeking the basis of the Chinese literature education, which was necessary for Chinese poetry making, in the history education based on Chinese historiography.
Japanese: 特に嵯峨天皇は文学を重んじて『凌雲集』・『経国集』・『文華秀麗集』の三勅撰漢詩集が編纂され、漢詩作成のために必要な漢文学教育の基礎を中国正史由来の史学教育に求めた。
English: Therefore, monjo hakase's rank was raised to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in 821.
Japanese: このため、弘仁12年（821年）には文章博士は相当官位を従五位下に引き上げられた。
English: It was a higher rank than myogyo hakase, who was considered to be the head among hakase, and was the only rank which was equivalent to the nobles among hakase.
Japanese: これは博士の中で筆頭とされた明経博士よりも上位であり、かつ博士中唯一の貴族相当の位階であった。
English: Under such circumstances, daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) issued on December 23, 820 laid down that the then existing policies underwent a complete change, limiting monjosho only to sons from respectable families (nobles).
Japanese: このような情勢の中で、弘仁11年11月15日(旧暦)（820年12月23日）の太政官符では、従来の方針を一転して「良家（公卿）子弟」のみに限定する規定が定められた。
English: Although this was abolished due to monjo hakase MIYAKO no Haraaka's report to the throne in 827 after the merger of the two subjects ("Honcho monzui" (anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese), as Haraaka died two years before, it may have been done when he was alive), sons of nobles were subsequently allowed to be adopted as monjosho and monjosho from hakucho families were put under pressure from monjosho from the noble families.
Japanese: これは両科統合後の天長4年（827年）文章博士都腹赤の上奏（『本朝文粋』、ただし腹赤は2年前に没しており、生前に行われたものか）によって撤廃されたものの、貴族子弟の文章生採用が事実上認められたために白丁文章生は貴族文章生によって圧迫を受けるようになった。
English: It triggered the monopoly of kiden no sho and monjosho, which played a role in recruiting talents from the middle- and low-classes through different processes from regular appointments, by sons of the nobles, resulting in their hereditary positions, monjo hakase and below.
Japanese: 本来は正規外に中下級身分からの人材登用の役目を担っていた紀伝・文章生が貴族子弟によって独占されて、文章博士以下の世襲が進行するきっかけとなった。
English: Also, what was required of kidendo changed to the historical knowledge that could be used in Chinese poetry and therefore drew much attention from the emperors and the nobles.
Japanese: また、紀伝道に求められるものも、天皇や公卿からも強い関心を抱かれていた漢詩などの文学の材料としての歴史的知識に移るようになっていった。
English: On April 20, 834, kidendo and monjodo were merged (if one accepts the theory that their names were not established as 'do,' kidenka and monjoka were merged).
Japanese: 承和_(日本)元年3月8日_(旧暦)（834年4月20日）に紀伝道と文章道（「道」の呼称が未だ成立していなかったとする見解を採るならば、紀伝科と文章科）は統合されることとされた。
English: Following this, kiden hakase's seat was merged into that of monjo hakase (from one person to two people), and kiden tokugosho and kiden no sho were merged into monjo tokugosho and monjosho respectively.
Japanese: 以後、紀伝博士の定員は文章博士の定員に移され（1名→2名）、紀伝得業生・紀伝生もそれぞれ文章得業生・文章生に吸収された。
English: The subject name became 'kidendo (kidenka)' and 'monjo hakase' was adopted as a title, although the officially abolished names, 'monjodo (monjoka)' and 'kiden hakase,' remained as common names.
Japanese: 学科名は「紀伝道（紀伝科）」・博士の号は「文章博士」が採用され、官制上は廃止された文章道（文章科）・紀伝博士はそれぞれ別称・通称的な存在として残されるようになっていった。
English: This can be understood as them trying to keep balance between the fact that monjo hakase existed before the establishment of kidendo and that they were the positions set for studying 'kiden.'
Japanese: これは文章博士が紀伝道成立以前からある官である事と「紀伝」を学ぶために設置された官職であった事実との間でバランスを取った結果とも考えられている。
English: However, as all other subject names and titles of hakase corresponded with each other (myogyo hakase for myogyodo, san hakase (professor of mathematics) for sando and myobo hakase for myobodo in which once the title of ritsugaku hakase (professor of the law in the Ritsuryo system) was used but changed to myobo hakase later on), it left room for misunderstanding after the Meiji period that monjodo and kidendo existed separately and kidendo was absorbed into monjodo.
Japanese: が、結果的には他の学科が学科名と博士の称号の合致を見ている（明経道＝明経博士、算道＝算博士、明法道では当初律学博士という呼称が用いられたものの後に明法博士と改称された）ことから、明治以後に文章道と紀伝道が別々に存在したのが紀伝道が文章道に併合されたという誤った解釈を流布させる原因となった。
English: Meanwhile, in reality, there are some accounts in "Sandaijitsuroku" in which both myogyo and kiden appear, and there is also a description in "Nihongi Ryaku" (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) that 'kidenmyogyodo' students were ordered from the daigakuryo to attend lectures on the chronicles of Japan on April 10, 964, and a similar account can also be found in "Ruijufusensho" (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093).
Japanese: だが、実際には『三代実録』には明経・紀伝がしばし併記して記述され、『日本紀略』の応和4年2月25日(旧暦)（964年4月10日）の講日本紀（後述）において大学寮から「紀伝明経道」学生の出席が命じられた経緯が記されており、この出来事ついて触れた『類聚符宣抄』も同様の記載をしている。
English: In addition, an imperial decree issued on September 25, 969 recorded in "Ruijufusensho" (a collection of statute books dating from the years 737 to 1093) clearly states the word 'kidendo.'
Japanese: また、『類聚符宣抄』に収められた安和2年8月11日(旧暦)（969年9月25日）に出された宣旨にも「紀伝道」という語が明記されている。
English: In contrast, although we can also find the word 'monjodo' in the records ('monjo' used in SUGAWARA no Michizane's sojo (documents reported to the Emperor) dated March 29, 884 discussing the situation surrounding subjects in "Kanke bunso" (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) is thought to mean monjodo), it was transitional and after entering the 10th century, only 'kidendo' was used in official occasions.
Japanese: これに対して「文章道」という言葉を用いた例も全く無い訳ではない（『菅家文章』元慶8年2月25日付の菅原道真奏状の中に書かれた道（学科）の現状についての件の中で用いられた「文章」は文章道という呼称を用いたものとされている）ものの、過渡的なものであり、10世紀に入ると公的な場においては「紀伝道」のみが用いられるようになる。
English: The term 'monjodo' may have been used as a common name; however, it is believed that 'monjodo' was never used as an official name for the subject.
Japanese: 俗称として「文章道」という言葉もまた通用していた可能性はあるものの、「文章道」が公式な学科名として用いられたことは無かったと考えられている。
English: Monjo hakase SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who was active at the time of the merger of kidendo, also served as daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), contributing to the development of the subject and founding a school to the north of the daigakuryo called monjoin.
Japanese: 紀伝道の統合期に活躍した文章博士である菅原清公は大学頭を兼務してその発展に貢献し、大学寮の北側に文章院という学舎を設置した。
English: Later, the Sugawara clan produced four monjo hakase, Kiyokimi, SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, SUGAWARA no Michizane and SUGAWARA no Atsushige and monjoin was granted the position of daigaku jikiso (official dormitory) (it is said that daigaku besso (academic facility for nobles) was built in rivalry with it).
Japanese: 後に菅原氏は清公・菅原是善・菅原道真・菅原淳茂の4代の文章博士を輩出し、文章院は大学直曹（公認寄宿舎）としての地位を得るに至った（これに対抗するために設置されたのが大学別曹と言われている）。
English: The materials used as textbooks were 'Sanshi' (three historical records of ancient China), which included "Shiki" (Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty), "Kanjo" (Historical records of the Han Dynasty) and "Gokanjo" (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) from history and "Wen Xuan" as a main book, and others such as "Sanguo Zhi" (History of the Three Kingdoms), "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty) and Erya from literature.
Japanese: 教科書としては歴史からは「三史」と呼ばれた『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』と文学からは『文選_(書物)』を中心として、『三国志_(歴史書)』・『晋書』・『爾雅』などが用いられていた。
English: Also, the fact that monjo hakase and kiden students (monjosho) played roles in lectures on the chronicles of Japan (lectures on "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan)) (in particular, YATABE no Nazane (gimonjosho (student passed Ryoshi) later, Dainaiki (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs)) who attended the lecture on the chronicles of Japan in the Gangyo era and later compiled 'Nihonshoki Shiki' (The Private Record of Chronicles of Japan) is well known) and that kiden students joined the staff of the Senkokushisho (History Compilation Bureau), which involved compiling the national history, shows that they probably had lectures on "Rikkokushi" (the Six National Histories), which includes "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and others.
Japanese: また、後に講日本紀（『日本書紀』の講義）に文章博士や紀伝学生（文章生）も関わっている（特に元慶講日本紀を受講して後に「日本書紀私記」をまとめたとされる矢田部名実（擬文章生、後に大内記）などは良く知られている）ことや国史編纂に関与した撰国史所の職員に紀伝学生が加わっていることから、『日本書紀』以下の「六国史」に関する講義も行われていたと考えられている。
English: Until the end of the Jogan era, the establishment was settled in two monjo hakase, 20 monjosho (including 2 monjo tokugosho) and 20 gimonjosho (the monjosho reserve); however, as people would be ranked as nobles when becoming monjo hakase with distinguished achievements in the study, the position was endlessly sought after, resulting in the introduction of an examination system.
Japanese: 貞観年間までに文章博士2名、文章生20名（うち文章得業生2名）、擬文章生20名（文章生の予備生）という構成となり、それでも学問が成就して文章博士になれば貴族に達するために志願者数が絶えず、そのために試験制度が導入された。
English: Following this, gimonjosho, those who enjoyed On I (the automatic promotion of persons at the age of 21, whose parents are from the Imperial Prince to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents are above upper third rank) and those who were given permission by imperial decree would take Shoshi (an examination held by Shikibusho for determining whether applicants are employable) on poetry, which was held directly by the Shikibu sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and those who passed this examination became monjosho (a record shows that in exceptional cases, students were promoted to monjo tokugosho).
Japanese: 続いて擬文章生及び蔭位の対象者、宣旨などで特に許された者に対して式部省が直接行う省試にて詩賦を課し、それに合格することにより初めて文章生になった（記録では極稀に文章得業生に抜擢された例もある）。
English: Excellent students among monjosho were granted gakumonryo (the scholarship for Monjosho who study at Daigakuryo in the Heian period) from the Kokusoin (Imperial Granary) and were called Kyuryo gakusei (students who were selected for Kyuryo (scholarship)).
Japanese: 文章生の中でも優秀者は給料学生と呼ばれて穀倉院より学問料が支給された。
English: As the number of monjo tokugosho was very limited and there was a tradition of choosing kyuryo gakusei primarily from them, those students who remained monjosho for a long time were sometimes appointed to government posts with their teacher's recommendation before finishing their study.
Japanese: 文章得業生は定員が少なく、しかも給料学生が優先的に選ばれる慣例であったため、長く文章生であった学生は中途で教官の推挙を受けて学業を終える以前に官職に任じられることもあった。
English: After a certain period of time studying as Monjo tokugosho (their third, fifth and seventh year etc.), they took the official appointment examination for the "shusai" rank (both hosakushi examination and taisaku examination) and wrote two articles in the horyakusaku examination.
Japanese: 文章得業生が一定年限（3・5・7年目など）を経て秀才試（方策試・対策とも）を受験して方略策2条を作成した。
English: Those who passed the exams would be appointed as kyokan (an official of the Capital) in the next jimoku (appointment ceremonies) and it would open the door to monjo hakase for them in the future.
Japanese: 及第者は次の除目で京官に任じられた他、将来的には文章博士への道も開かれた。
English: Also, through these processes, the official appointment examination for the "shinshi" rank was phased out and only the official appointment examination for the "shusai" rank was left as an official examination to recruit government officials, which resulted in the word 'shusai' becoming a synonym of monjo tokugosho and 'shinshi,' monjosho.
Japanese: なお、この過程で進士試が廃されて正式な官吏登用試験としては秀才試のみが行われるようになり、秀才は文章得業生の、同じく進士は文章生の別名となっていった。
English: Later, as those who experienced monjo hakase, instead of those who experienced myogyo hakase, began dominating important positions such as daigaku no kami, jidoku (imperial tutor) and shikibu no taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Ceremonial) and some were even promoted to kugyo, monjodo sometimes became involved in Confucianism, which was under myogyodo's control.
Japanese: やがて、文章博士経験者が従来の明経博士経験者に代わって大学頭・侍読・式部大輔などの要職を独占して公卿に昇進する者も登場するようになり、明経道が管轄する儒学に関する事柄にも文章道が関与することもあった。
English: Also, writing kiden kanmon (report about histories), which was a task of kiden hakase, was handed over to monjo hakase.
Japanese: また、紀伝博士が行っていた紀伝勘文の作成も文章博士が引き継いでいる。
English: However, there came the trend of forming kinds of academic cliques as the families which produced excellent scholars, such as the above mentioned Sugawara clan as well as the Oe clan and families like the Fujiwara clan (mainly Hino Line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan and the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), which were able to receive similar education at Kangakuin (educational institutions) despite their not being kyuryo gakusei, started to pass down monjo hakase and monjosho and monjo hakase began recommending their followers to the positions.
Japanese: しかし、前述の菅原氏や大江氏など優秀な学者を代々輩出した一族や給料学生以外の学生でも勧学院より同じような学問料が支給された藤原氏（主として藤原北家日野流・藤原南家・藤原式家）などによる文章博士や文章生の世襲や文章博士による門人の推挙による一種の学閥化の風潮が次第に見られるようになった。
English: Also, as mentioned before, monjosho and monjo tokugosho preferred getting government posts with their teacher's recommendation to taking the difficult official appointment examination for the "shusai" rank.
Japanese: また、文章生や文章得業生も難関である秀才試を受験するよりも、前述のように教官の推挙を受けて官職を得る選択をするようになった。
English: Following this, the examination gradually became superficial: it is said ("Godansho" (an ancient journal)) that OE no Masahira, who took the horyakushi exam in 979, had been informed what would be on the exam from his examiner, SUGAWARA no Fumitoki, while in the 11th century, even the jujo system (a system in which those who could not pass the exam after taking it a certain number of times would be granted special acceptance) was introduced.
Japanese: そのために試験も次第に形式的なものとなり、天元(日本)2年（979年）に方略試を受けた大江匡衡は、事前に出題博士であった菅原文時から問題の出題箇所の通告を受けた（『江談抄』）とされ、更には11世紀に入ると十上制（一定回数試験を受けても合格できなかった者に対して特別に合格を認める制度）さえ導入されるようになっていった。
English: In addition, there were cases in which students taking the exam conspired with certain nobles and persons of influence would exercise the power to let the students get through shoshi as well as the difficult official appointment examination for the "shusai" rank in exchange for some benefits from those students.
Japanese: 加えて試験を受ける学生と特定の有力貴族が通じて、学生側から有力者への利益供与などと引換にその権力を背景に省試や秀才試合格を得ようとする例も見られるようになった。
English: Articles in "Shoyuki" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke) dated January 14, 989 and the next day states that Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Michinaga got disowned by his father, Sessho (regent) FUJIWARA no Kaneie: it was because Michinaga ordered the capture of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonial) TACHIBANA no Yoshinobu and brought him forcibly to his house when he got upset knowing that Nagasuke KANNABI, whom Michinaga recommended, failed the shoshi exam.
Japanese: 『小右記』永延2年12月4日(旧暦)（989年1月14日）及び翌日条によれば、権中納言藤原道長が自らが推挙した甘南備永資が省試に落ちた腹いせに式部少輔橘淑信を強引に捕えて自邸まで引き回したために父親の摂政藤原兼家より一時勘当された事件が記されている。
English: In addition, new trends of studies substantially stopped coming in from China after the mid Heian period following the discontinuance of Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 更に平安時代中期以後には、遣唐使廃止の影響で中国からの新規の学問風潮の流入が実質上停止された。
English: This cut off any possible development of kidendo and the subject became one in which only traditions were maintained, resulting in domination by certain monjo hakase families and making it their kagaku (hereditary learning).
Japanese: そのために、紀伝道発展の要素も絶たれて伝統を固守するだけの学問となり、その結果として文章博士の家による独占・家学化が進んだ。
English: Following this, the cases in which monjo hakase were recruited from other families than those which inherited positions of hakase died out and each hakase established their own government-backed school operated by themselves at their homes, providing education.
Japanese: これによって、博士職を世襲する家以外から文章博士が登用される事は無くなり、博士達はそれぞれの家に家塾を設けて教育するようになった。
English: Therefore, although kidendo and monjo hakase continued until the end of the Edo period, it is thought that their existence as an actual subject lasted only until the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: このため、紀伝道・文章博士そのものは幕末まで続くが、教育学科としての実態が存在していたのは平安時代末期までであったと考えられている。
English: The Battle of Kawarayama-jo Castle is a battle that broke out in Aseri County, Hoki Province in July 1585.
Japanese: 河原山城の戦い（かわらやまじょうのたたかい）は天正13年（1585年）7月に伯耆国汗入郡の河原山城で起きた戦い。