nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Kadonomaro and other retainers remonstrated with the Retired Emperor as much as they could, but he headed for the east by palanquin with Kusuko.
Japanese: 中納言藤原葛野麻呂ら群臣は極力これを諌めたが、上皇は薬子とともに輿にのって東に向かった。
English: Emperor Saga, knowing how the Retired Emperor Heizei had responded, ordered SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro to prevent the Retired Emperor from heading for the east.
Japanese: 平城上皇の動きを知った嵯峨天皇は坂上田村麻呂に上皇の東向阻止を命じる。
English: On his departure, Tamuramaro entreated the emperor to release from confinement FUNYA no Watamaro, who had been a fellow soldier during the conquest of the Emishi (Japanese northerners), and Watamaro was set free and appointed as Sangi.
Japanese: 田村麻呂は出発に当たってかつて蝦夷征伐の戦友だった文室綿麻呂の禁錮を解くことを願い、綿麻呂は許されて参議に任じられる。
English: This was one of the rare cases where a government of the Heian period executed someone based on ritsuryo, and after this, the death penalty was not used for about 350 years until the execution of MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, which was carried out during the Hogen Disturbance in 1156.
Japanese: これは平安時代の政権が律令に基づいて死刑として処罰した数少ない事例であり、これ以降1156年の保元の乱で源為義が死刑執行されるまで約350年間一件も無い。
English: When the party of the Retired Emperor Heizei and Kusuko proceeded up to Tamura, in Soekami County, Yamato Province, they realized that their opponent's military defense was so strong, that there was no chance for them to win and they could do nothing but go back return to the Heijo-kyo.
Japanese: 平城上皇と薬子の一行は大和国添上郡田村まで来たところで、兵士が守りを固めていることを知り、とても勝機がないと悟ってやむなく平城京へ戻った。
English: On September 12 (according to the old calendar), the Retired Emperor Heizei went back to Heijo-kyo, shaved his head and became a monk, while Kusuko committed suicide by poisoning herself.
Japanese: 9月12日(旧暦)、平城上皇は平城京に戻って剃髮して出家し、薬子は毒を仰いで自殺した。
English: Imperial Prince Takaoka was deposed as the Crown Prince, and the emperor's brother Imperial Prince Otomo (who later became Emperor Junna) was appointed instead.
Japanese: 高岳親王は皇太子を廃され、代わって天皇の弟の大伴親王（後の淳和天皇）が立てられた。
English: In addition, at the time of Retired Emperor Heizei's death in 824, Emperor Junna pardoned those involved in the incident at the request of the Retired Emperor Saga, who had already abdicated the crown.
Japanese: なお、824年の平城上皇の崩御の際に、既に退位していた嵯峨上皇の要望によって淳和天皇の名によって関係者の赦免が行われている。
English: "Hanzei"means that the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) gave the power of collection of half of the customs or taxes on production from manors and lands under the control of the feudal government to the provincial constables.
Japanese: 半済（はんぜい）は、室町幕府が荘園・公領の年貢半分の徴収権を守護に認めたことを指す。
English: "Hanzei" originally meant 'paying half of the tax' and thus meant, at that time, absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes; however, in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, "Hanzei" was used to mean that half of the customs or taxes on the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government were submitted to the troops in order for provincial constables to cover military expenditure and provisions locally, and the first hanzei law was enforced by the feudal government in 1352 (Note that "Hanzei" was also used to mean absolving peasants of half of their customs or taxes in the Northern and Southern Courts period and the Muromachi period).
Japanese: 元来、半済とは「年貢の半分を納付する」という意味より百姓の年貢の半分を免除することを意味していたが、南北朝時代(日本)頃から、守護が軍費・兵糧を現地調達するために、荘園・公領の年貢の半分を軍勢に預け置くことが、半済として行われ始め、1352年に最初の半済令が幕府から出された（なお、南北朝・室町時代においても年貢の半分免除の意味で「半済」という言葉が用いられる場合も存在しており注意を要する）。
English: After that, the encroachment of provincial constables into the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government accelerated notably, resulting in advent of Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) and Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable).
Japanese: これを契機に、守護による荘園・公領への侵蝕が本格化し、守護領国制・守護大名の誕生へとつながっていった。
English: The oldest hanzei law in existence was published by the Muromachi bakufu in July 1352.
Japanese: 現存する最初の半済令は、1352年（観応3年/正平(日本)7年）7月に室町幕府から発布された。
English: At that time, the government allowed provincial constables to requisition half of the taxes from the production of the year to obtain provisions in the midst of a nationwide disturbance (the Kanno Disturbance), aiming at the manors of the Province of Omi (provincial constable: Rokkaku clan), the Province of Mino (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) and the Province of Owari (provincial constable: Yoriyasu TOKI) all of which were the bloodiest battlefields in the disturbance.
Japanese: 当時、全国的な争乱（観応の擾乱）が続いており、兵糧調達のため、激戦地であった近江国（守護：六角氏）・美濃国（守護：土岐頼康）・尾張国（守護：土岐頼康）の本所領（荘園）を対象として、その年の収穫に限り、守護に年貢半分の徴発を認めた。
English: Accordingly, provincial constables of neighboring provinces started seeking approval for the application of "Hanzei," and permission for "Hanzei" spread to the Province of Kawachi (provincial constable: KO no Moronao), the Province of Izumi (provincial constable: the Hosokawa clan), the Province of Iga (provincial constable: Yoshinaga NIKI), the Province of Ise (provincial constable: Yoshinaga NIKKI) and the Province of Shima (provincial constable: Yoshinaga NIKI) by August of the following year.
Japanese: 周辺国の守護も半済の適用を求め、翌8月には、河内国（守護：高師直）・和泉国（守護：細川氏）・伊賀国（守護：仁木義長）・伊勢国（守護：仁木義長）・志摩国（守護：仁木義長）へと半済が拡大した。
English: In 1355, to prevent the spread of the hanzei law, the feudal government exempted provinces in which the disturbance had settled from its application and made the Honjo (lord of the manor) pay half of the customs or taxes to the provincial constable, instead of letting the provincial constable directly collect the customs or taxes from peasants even in the provinces in which the disturbance was still continuing.
Japanese: 1355年（文和4年/正平10年）、幕府は半済の拡大を防ぐため、戦乱の収まった国の半済を停止するとともに、戦乱国においても、守護が年貢半分を直接徴収するのではなく、本所（荘園領主）から守護へ納入させることとした。
English: However, some provincial constables and their subordinate samurais treated the hanzei law as their established right and continued to intervene in the taxes on manors and lands under the control of the feudal government unreasonably.
Japanese: しかし、守護及びその傘下武士たちは、半済を既得権として、荘園・公領へ不当な介入を続けた。
English: Under the fluid situation in the midst of the continuing disturbance, the feudal government treated the noble class and the temple/shrine class as well as the samurai class, and thus began controlling the abusive use of samurais' hanzei authority in order to protect the authority of the noble class and the temple/shrine class.
Japanese: 当時の流動的で争乱の続く状況の中で、幕府は、武士層だけでなく貴族・寺社層も存立基盤としており、貴族・寺社層の権利保全を図るため、武士による半済の抑制に努めることとなった。
English: In June 1368, the feudal government issued a general hanzei law (the hanzei law of Oan).
Japanese: 1368年（応安元年/正平23年）6月、幕府は総括的な半済令（応安の半済令）を発布した。
English: The law recognized the right of samurais who were employed to serve the provincial constables (hanzei beneficiaries) to divide all customs and taxes on the manors equally with Honjo on a permanent basis, except for customs and taxes on the lands of the Imperial family, temples and shrines, and regent to the emperor.
Japanese: 皇族・寺社・摂関領などを例外として、全ての荘園年貢について、本所側と守護側武士（半済給付人という）とで均分することを永続的に認めるものであった。
English: This law strengthened the provincial constables' claim of the right to rule half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government, and manors and lands under the control of the feudal government became divided in various regions, and accordingly the interests of provincial constables expanded gradually.
Japanese: この法令により、守護は荘園・公領の半分の支配権を主張することとなり、各地で荘園・公領が分割され、守護の権益が拡大していった。
English: The most noticeable influence of the practice of the hanzei law was that it triggered the first step to demise of manors.
Japanese: 半済令に伴う影響としては、荘園が解体への第一歩を踏み始めた点が挙げられる。
English: Based on the practice of the hanzei law of Oan, provincial constables disfranchised half of the manors and lands under the control of the feudal government virtually, thereby resulting in the gradual demise of manors.
Japanese: 応安の半済令により、守護は実質的に荘園・公領の半分を簒奪することとなり、荘園の解体が緩やかに進行していくこととなった。
English: While provincial constables in the Kamakura period simply had military police powers, those in the Muromachi period gradually absorbed the powers of the lords of manors and the kokuga (provincial government offices) as well as the military police powers, based on the interests obtained in "Hanzei."
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の守護が国内の軍事警察権を持つにとどまっていたのに対し、室町期の守護は、半済で得た権益を元に、軍事警察権のみならず荘園領主や国衙の権能を吸収していった。
English: In parallel with that, provincial constables began controlling and governing samurais (called Kokujin) in their own territories.
Japanese: それと並行して、守護は領国内の武士（国人という。）の統制・支配も進めていった。
English: In this way, provincial constables established their authority that could be exerted in their own territories (ryogoku) by taking advantage of the practice of the hanzei law.
Japanese: このようにして、守護は半済を契機として、管轄する国内一円（これを領国という）にわたる支配権を確立していった。
English: To distinguish the provincial constables in the Kamakura period from those in the Muromachi period, provincial constables in the Muromachi period are called "Shugo daimyo," the provincial constable feudal lord, and the system in which Shugo daimyo governed their own territories is called Shugo-ryogoku system.
Japanese: そこで、鎌倉期の守護と区別するために、室町期の守護を守護大名とし、守護大名による領国支配体制を守護領国制と呼ぶ。
English: The Omiya Incident occurred at the end of the Edo period during the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, on December 10, 1867 (November 15 according to the old calendar) when Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA were killed at Omiya, the home of Shinsuke IGUCHI in Kawara-machi, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 近江屋事件（おうみやじけん）は、幕末の慶応3年11月15日(旧暦)（1867年12月10日）に坂本龍馬と中岡慎太郎が京都河原町近江屋井口新助邸において暗殺された事件のこと。
English: On November 3, Ryoma moved out of Ikedaya, which the government had had an eye on, and into Omiya.
Japanese: 龍馬はそれまで宿舎としていた池田屋が幕府に目をつけられたので、11月3日に近江屋に移った。
English: On November 13, Kashitaro ITO visited Ryoma and told him that he was being targeted by the Shinsengumi and recommended that he move to the residence of the Tosa Clan in Sanjo, which Ryoma declined.
Japanese: 11月13日、伊東甲子太郎が尋ねてきて、新選組に狙われているので三条の土佐藩邸に移ったらどうかというが、龍馬は近江屋に留まった。
English: In the late afternoon of November 15, Nakaoka visited Omiya and they talked about the Sanjo-ohashi Seisatsu Incident.
Japanese: 11月15日、夕刻に中岡が近江屋を尋ね、三条大橋制札事件について話し合う。
English: At night, a man came to Omiya, saying that he was from Totsukawa Village and wished to see Ryoma.
Japanese: 夜になり客が近江屋を訪れ、十津川郷士を名乗って龍馬に会いたいと願い出た。
English: Tokichi YAMADA, a former sumo wrestler, was about to show the visitor and his companions when he was attacked from behind (he died the next day).
Japanese: 元力士の山田藤吉は客を龍馬に会わせようとするが後から斬られた（1日後に死亡）。
English: Hearing Yamada's scream, Ryoma yelled out "Hotaena! (Be quiet)" which revealed where he was to the assassins.
Japanese: このとき「ぎゃあ！！」と大声を上げた山田に対し、龍馬は「ほたえな！」と言い、刺客に自分たちの居場所を教えてしまう。
English: At this time Ryoma had his forehead slashed (there are other theories, one saying that the assassins gave their name cards before attacking.)
Japanese: そして龍馬は額を斬られた（この他、浪士達が二人を斬る前に名刺を渡してから斬ったという説などいろいろな説がある)。
English: While Ryoma was losing consciousness, he called out "Ishikawa, where's the sword" so as not to reveal Nakaoka's real name.
Japanese: 龍馬は意識がもうろうとする中、中岡の正体がばれないように中岡のことを「石川、太刀はないか」と変名で呼んだという。
English: At the beginning, because the assassins were talking in Iyo dialect, it was thought that the deed was done by Sanosuke HARADA and Kuwajiro OISHI of the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).
Japanese: 当初、刺客が「こなくそ」と伊予弁を話していたことなどから、新選組の原田左之助や大石鍬次郎らの仕業とされた。
English: In another account, it was thought until the Meiji period that the assassination had been carried out by the Shinsengumi and because of the Ikedaya Incident, the Shinsengumi was fully purged during the Boshin Civil War.
Japanese: また、明治になるまで新撰組の仕業とされていたことや、池田屋の件などもあり、戊辰戦争においては新撰組に対して徹底した粛清が行われている。
English: After the start of the Meiji period, Nobuo IMAI, who was a member of the Kyoto Mimawarigumi, confessed to killing Ryoma; however, truth of the matter remains uncertain.
Japanese: 明治になり京都見廻組にいた今井信郎が龍馬を斬ったと自白するが、誰が斬ったのかは不明。
English: There are many unanswered questions to this incident, with theories other than Imai assassinating Ryoma, including a theory holding that the assassination was by feudal retainers or warriors of Satsuma and another interpretation by Jiro ASADA in his "Mibu Gishin Den"
Japanese: この事件に関しては不可解なことが多く、上の今井信郎説のほかにも、薩摩藩士説や、浅田次郎の『壬生義士伝』のような解釈も行われている。
English: There are also many who believe that it was the deed of Satsuma, aiming to overthrow the shogunate by force, which is the opposite to the peaceful approach taken by the Kaientai (an association of masterless samurai organized by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) and the Rikuentai (an association of masterless samurai organized by Shintaro NAKAOKA).
Japanese: 穏便に開国・倒幕を行いたかった海・陸援隊とは逆に、武力による倒幕を目指していた薩摩の仕業との声も根強い。
English: The store was managed by Shinsuke IGUCHI of Omiya from Iguchi family, a reputable family that owned lands in the area of present Shijo Kawaramachi.
Japanese: 現在の四条河原町一帯に土地を持っていた名家、井口家の近江屋井口新助が営んでいた。
English: It is also known as a place where Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA were assassinated (the Omiya incident).
Japanese: 坂本龍馬や中岡慎太郎が暗殺された場所としても知られる（近江屋事件）。
English: Now a travel agency is located at the site of Omiya, and only a stone monument remains in the place where Sakamoto and Nakaoka met a disaster.
Japanese: 近江屋の跡地には現在では旅行代理店が建ち、坂本・中岡遭難之地としての石碑のみが残る。
English: The Southern Court is also called the Yoshino Court and was the court belonging to Emperor Godaigo of the Daikaku-ji Temple line established in the period of Northern and Southern Courts and based in the Yoshino (present day Yoshino Town, Yoshino County, Nara Prefecture), Ano (present day Nishiyoshino Town, Gojo City, Nara Prefecture) in the province of Yamato, south of Kyoto, Sumiyoshi-angu (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) in the province of Settsu.
Japanese: 南朝（なんちょう）は、吉野朝廷（よしのちょうてい）とも称され、南北朝時代(日本)に京都以南の大和国の吉野（奈良県吉野郡吉野町）、賀名生（同県五條市西吉野町）、摂津国の住吉行宮（大阪府大阪市住吉区）を本拠とした大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇に属する朝廷。
English: The dynasty lasted around 56 years from 1336 to 1392 and had a government system with the conferment of court rank and era name.
Japanese: 1336年から1392年まで56年あまり存続し、叙位や元号の制定など政権としての機能を有した。
English: The Kamakura period saw the Imperial line split into two, the Jimyoin line of Emperor Gofukasa's lineage, and the Daikakuji line of Emperor Kameyama's lineage, and this situation is called "Ryoto Tetsuritsu."
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に皇統は後深草系統の持明院統と亀山系統の大覚寺統のふたつに分裂する両統迭立が起こる。
English: In 1318, Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji line, who had ascended the throne and started a direct imperial rule, plotted to overthrow the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and when he carried away the Three Sacred Treasures to Kasagi-yama Mountain to raise forces in 1331, the bakufu petitioned for the ascension of Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line.
Japanese: 文保2年（1318年）に践祚して親政を開始した大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇は倒幕計画を企て、1331年に三種の神器を持って笠置山へ入り挙兵すると、幕府の奏請により持明院統の光厳天皇が践祚される。
English: When the Kamakura shogunate collapsed due to the united actions of anti-bakufu forces in 1333, Emperor Godaigo returned to Kyoto, abolished Emperor Kogon and the era name of Shokyo, and started the Kenmu Restoration.
Japanese: 1333年、反幕勢力の結集により鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると後醍醐天皇は京へ戻り、光厳天皇と正慶年号を廃して建武の新政を開始する。
English: Emperor Godaigo overlooked Takauji ASHIKAGA when he went to settle the Nakasendai Revolt that occurred in Kanto in July 1335, but Takauji remained in Kamakura after settling the revolt and left the Kenmu government.
Japanese: 1335年（建武(日本)2年）、7月に関東で中先代の乱が起こると後醍醐天皇は討伐に向かった足利尊氏を黙認するが、乱を平定した尊氏は鎌倉に留まり建武政権から離反する。
English: The next year in 1336, Takauji was bestowed an Imperial command from Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin line while he was in hiding in Kyushu and he headed back east again.
Japanese: 翌1336年、九州落ちしていた尊氏は持明院統の光厳天皇から院宣を受けて再び東上する。
English: The Imperial forces sent Yoshisada NITTA and Masashie KUSUNOKI to attack, but Takauji defeated Nitta's forces in May at the Battle of Minatogawa and entered Kyoto.
Japanese: 宮方では新田義貞、楠木正成らを迎撃に派遣するが、5月尊氏は湊川の戦いにおいて新田ら宮方を撃破して入京する。
English: Emperor Godaigo escaped to Ei-zan Mountain and continued to rebel, but Emperor Koyo ascended the throne in August and started the Northern Court, and Takauji, who retrieved the Three Sacred Treasures from Emperor Godaigo who returned Kyoto in November, established a samurai government (later the Muromachi bakufu) in Kyoto.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は叡山に逃れて抵抗するが、8月には光明天皇を践祚して北朝が成立し、11月に帰京した後醍醐天皇から三種の神器を接収した尊氏は京都に武家政権（のちの室町幕府）を成立させる。
English: The Northern and Southern Courts were established when Emperor Godaigo escaped Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, established a court and claimed that the sacred treasures that he gave to Emperor Komyo were fake.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は京都を脱出して吉野へ逃れて朝廷を開き、光明天皇に渡した神器は偽物であると主張し、南北朝が成立する。
English: Godaigo sent Yoshisada NITTA with Imperial Princes Tsuneyoshi and Takayoshi to Hokuriku, Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi to Kyushu, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE to the province of Hitachi to gather troops at each location for the Southern Court.
Japanese: 後醍醐は、新田義貞に恒良親王、尊良親王を奉じさせて北陸へ、懐良親王を九州へ派遣し、北畠親房は常陸国へ赴いて、それぞれ諸国で南朝勢力の結集を図る。
English: Yoshisada NITTA and Akiie KITABATAKE were both killed in battle, and in 1339, Godaigo died and Emperor Gomurakami ascended the throne.
Japanese: 新田義貞、北畠顕家らはそれぞれ撃破されて戦死し、1339年（延元4年/暦応2年）には後醍醐が死去して後村上天皇が即位する。
English: On the other hand, Takauji was named Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") in 1338 by the Northern Court.
Japanese: 一方、尊氏は1338年（延元3年/暦応元年）に北朝から征夷大将軍に任じられる。
English: After Godaigo's death, Chikafusa KITABATAKE led the Southern Court but in 1348, Masatsura KUSUNOKI and others lost to KO no Moronao of the Ashikaga forces at the Battle of Shijonawate, and the Southern Court is transferred to Ano when Yoshino was attacked.
Japanese: 後醍醐の死後は北畠親房などが南朝を指揮するが、1348年（正平(日本)3年/貞和2年）には楠木正行らが四條畷の戦いにおいて足利方の高師直に敗北し、吉野に侵攻された南朝は賀名生へ移る。
English: The Shogun Takauji and the Ashikaga family chamberlain KO no Moronao became antagonized by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, who was in charge of the actual governance, leading to the Kanno Disturbance where a nation-wide battle broke out and due to this incident, the Southern Court regained its power.
Japanese: 足利政権では将軍尊氏や足利家執事の高師直と実質的政務を任された尊氏実弟の足利直義が対立し、やがて全国的な争乱に発展する観応の擾乱が起こり、これを契機に南朝は再び勢力を回復する。
English: In December 1350, Tadayoshi lost power due to a coup d'etat by Moronao, and escaped Kyoto to gather troops to bring down Moronao.
Japanese: 1350年12月、師直のクーデターで失脚した直義は京都を脱出し、師直打倒の兵を募る。
English: In 1351, aiming to recover power, Takauji reached peace with the Southern Court they were reconciled, establishing the Shohei itto and unifying the era names.
Japanese: 1351年（正平6年/観応2年）、巻き返しを図る尊氏が南朝に講和条件を出して和睦し、正平一統が成立して年号の統一が行われる。
English: Takauji caught Takayoshi in Kamakura and killed him, but the Southern Court used this chance for military action to grab both Kyoto and Kamakura back, get the Northern Court Sacred Treasures, and kidnap the three retired Emperors Kogon, Komyo, Suko and the Crown Prince Naohito of the Northern Court, which led to peace talks being broken off.
Japanese: 尊氏は鎌倉で直義を追い謀殺するが、南朝はこの機会に京と鎌倉を同時奪還する軍事的進攻を行い、北朝神器の接収、北朝の光厳・光明・崇光天皇三上皇と皇太子直仁親王の拉致を行い一統は破談となる。
English: Kyoto and Kamakura returned to the Ashikaga side, and although the Sacred Treasures and Chiten (ruling emperor) were absent, the Northern Court was re-established by the ascension of Gokogen.
Japanese: 京と鎌倉は足利方に奪還され、北朝は神器と治天が不在であったが後光厳の践祚により再建される。
English: Around this time, Tadafuyu ASHIKAGAWA, who was being protected by the Shoni clan, was chased out of Kyushu and in November of the same year, he joined the Southern Court and rebelled against Takauji.
Japanese: この頃、九州において少弐氏に擁立されていた足利直冬は九州から駆逐され、同年11月に南朝に属して尊氏に抵抗する。
English: In 1353, Masanori KUSUNOKI and Tokiuji YAMANA succeeded in recovering Kyoto for the second time, but were chased away after a short time.
Japanese: 1353年（正平8年/文和2年）には楠木正儀、山名時氏らが二度目の京都奪還を果たすも短期間で駆逐される。
English: The next year in April 1354, Chikahusa KITABATAKE, who was a core person, died and Emperor Gomurakami transferred from Ano to Kongo-ji Temple in Kawachi Province (Kawachinagano City) in October.
Japanese: 翌1354年、4月には主導的人物であった北畠親房が死去、10月に後村上天皇は賀名生から河内金剛寺(河内長野市)へ移る。
English: In 1355, Tokuiuji YAMANA tried to attack Kyoto with Tadafuyu, but could not maintain his attack and had to retreat.
Japanese: 1355年（正平10年/文和4年）にも直冬を奉じた山名時氏らが京都侵攻を行うが、維持出来ずに撤退している。
English: Regarding the Northern Court, Takuji ASHIKAGA died in 1358 and the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA started a serious mopping up of the Southern Court.
Japanese: 1358年（正平13年/延文3年）に北朝では足利尊氏が死去し、2代将軍となった足利義詮は本格的な南朝掃討をはじめる。
English: In 1361, the chamberlain Kiyouji HOSOKAWA, who had lost power within the Ashikaga government, joined the Southern Court and tried the fourth attack on Kyoto together with Masanori KUSUNOKI, and occupied the city for a while.
Japanese: 1361年（正平16年/康安元年）には足利政権において政争から失脚した執事の細川清氏が南朝に属し、楠木正儀らと4度目の京都侵攻を行い、一時的に占領する。
English: Afterwards, Emperor Gomurakami made the Shoinden (main shrine building) of the Tsumori clan, who were hereditary chief priests of the Sumiyoshi-taisha Grand Shrine in Settsu Province, his Angu (Sumiyoshi Angu), or temporary lodging especially for an Imperial visit, for about ten years and established a contact route with Shikokua and Kyushu because he held control of the naval forces in the Seto Inland Sea, who worshiped the Sumiyoshi Gods, leading to activities of the Southern Court in various places, but the betrayal of the Yamana clan and Ouchi clan to the Northern Court and the surrender of Masanori KUSUNOKI in 1363 led to its decline and it started to show a shift towards a peaceful stance by returning the three retired emperors.
Japanese: その後、後村上天皇が摂津国の住吉大社宮司の津守氏の正印殿を約10年間、行宮（住吉行宮）とし、住吉大神を奉じる瀬戸内海の水軍を傘下にして、四国、九州との連絡網を確立し、南朝は各地で活動するが、1363年には山名氏や大内氏の北朝への帰順、楠木正儀の投降などで衰退し、拉致した三上皇を返還するなど講和的態度も示している。
English: In 1368, Emperor Gomurakami died at the Sumiyoshi Angu and Emperor Chokei ascended the throne at the Angu.
Japanese: 1368年（正平23年/応安元年）には後村上天皇が住吉行宮で死去し、同地にて長慶天皇が即位する。
English: The prominent provincial constable, Doyo SASAKI, and Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA who was the regent of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA (third shogun), and other members of the Ashikaga government held independent negotiations with Masanori KUSUNOKI of the Southern Court, but Emperor Chokei took a strong stance towards the Northern Court, leading to a break down in the peace negotiations, and in 1369, Masanori surrendered to the Northern Court.
Japanese: 足利政権では有力守護の佐々木道誉、3代将軍の足利義満のもとで管領を務めた細川頼之などが南朝の楠木正儀と独自に交渉を行っていたが、長慶天皇は北朝に対して強硬的な人物であったと考えられており、和睦交渉は一時途絶し、翌1369年（正平23年/応安2年）に正儀は北朝へ投降する。
English: The Southern Court Seiseifu (Conqueror of the west) Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi held Dazaifu and controlled Kyushu using the military forces of the Kikuchi clan, the Aso clan and the Chikugo-Utsunomiya clan, but was chased away by Sadoyo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) who came as the Kyushu Tandai.
Japanese: 南朝の征西府懐良親王も菊池氏や阿蘇氏、筑後宇都宮氏の武力を背景に大宰府を有して九州を制圧していたが、九州探題として赴任した今川貞世（了俊）に駆逐される。
English: In 1383, Emperor Chokei abdicated from the throne in favor of his younger brother, Emperor Gokameyama.
Japanese: 1383年（弘和3年/永徳3年）に長慶天皇は弟の後亀山天皇に譲位する。
English: The Meitoku Rebellion in 1391 weakened the prominent provincial constable Yamana's clan, and with the samurai families united under Yoshimitsu, he had Yoshihiro OUCHI, who was the provincial constable of Isumi and Kii Provinces and whose property lay next to the Southern Court, to intervene and start serious negotiations.
Japanese: 1391年（元中8年/明徳2年）の明徳の乱で有力守護の山名氏を弱体化させ、武家勢力を統率した義満は、和泉国・紀伊国の守護で南朝と領地を接する大内義弘の仲介で本格的交渉を開始する。
English: There were three conditions: the return of the Sacred Treasures from the Southern Court, Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) to be controlled by the Daikakuji line and Chokodo property to become the Jimyoin line's property, and the throne to be passed back and forth as Ryoto Tetsuritsu.
Japanese: 南朝から北朝への神器の引渡し、国衙領を大覚寺統、長講堂領を持明院統の領地とする事、皇位は両統迭立とする事など3か条を条件に和睦が成立。
English: This established peace and in 1392, Emperor Gokameyama traveled to Kyoto to give the Sacred Treasures to Emperor Gokomatsu and a unified Southern and Northern Court was established with the termination of the Southern Court.
Japanese: 1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）に後亀山天皇は京都へ赴いて後小松天皇に神器を譲渡し、南朝が解消される形で南北朝合一は成立した（明徳の和約）。