nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Matsumae Domain (Ezo no shimanushi [kyakushinkaku]=>kotaiyoriai [alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period]=>mujo)=>Yanagawa Domain (mujo)=>Fukuyama Domain (mujo=>joshukaku); mutaka (no crop yields)=>10,000 koku-kaku (class)=>9,000 koku=>10,000 koku-kaku=>30,000 koku-kaku; tozama; Yanagi no ma
Japanese: 松前藩（蝦夷嶋主（客臣格）→交代寄合→無城）→梁川藩（無城）→福山藩（無城→城主格）無高→1万石格→9,000石→1万石格→3万石格外様柳間
English: Chofu Domain (joshu=>mujo=>joshukaku); 50,000 koku=>38,000 koku=>50,000; tozama; Yanagi no ma
Japanese: 長府藩（城主→無城→城主格）5万石→3万8,000石→5万石外様柳間
English: "Jifuku" means the clothes, or allocations of these clothes, bestowed by the Imperial Court to the Emperor's family members and their retainers in spring and autumn or in summer and winter, every year.
Japanese: 時服（じふく）は、毎年、春と秋とに、または夏と冬とに、朝廷から皇親以下諸臣に賜った衣服である。
English: Especially, the clothes awarded to koshin (Emperor's family members) were called "Oroku" (王禄), a part of which given especially to a princess (a title without the imperial proclamation for an entitlement of an Imperial Princess) was called "Oroku"(女王禄) (same in pronunciation but different in writing).
Japanese: 皇親に賜わるのをとくに王禄と呼び、特に対象を女王(皇族)とする場合には女王禄と称した。
English: According to the rules specified in "Rokuryo" (the "rules on stipends"), koshin (Emperor's family members) of more than thirteen years old were entitled to receive such jifuku materials in spring as two rolls of thick silk fabrics, two spools of yarn, four pieces of about 15m long cloth and ten spades, and in autumn such jifuku materials as two rolls of thick silk fabrics, two tons (old measuring unit in the ancient Japan) of cotton, six pieces of cloth and four pieces of iron products.
Japanese: 「禄令」には、皇親で年13以上のものに時服の料として、春は絁（あしぎぬ）2疋、糸2絢、布4端、鍬10口、秋は絁2疋、綿2屯、布6端、鉄4挺をたまうという規定がある。
English: The purpose of this jifuku system was to financially support koshin (Emperor's family members) holding no official post nor court rank (particularly, imperial princesses and other female royalties)
Japanese: 本来、皇親と言えども官職についていない者及び品位が授けられていない者（とりわけ内親王などの女性皇族）を経済的に保護する目的があった。
English: If any koshin member holding a government post, was promoted to goi (the fifth rank) or higher position, he was entitled to receive either jifuku or kiroku (stipends) whichever higher it may be, according to the "Ryo-no-gige" (commentary on the Ryo), although the "Engishiki"(an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) says both jifuku and kiroku were given to him.
Japanese: なお、官職についている皇親が五位以上に達した場合は季禄と比較して多い方を支給した（『令義解』、ただし『延喜式』には両方支給するとしている）。
English: In 787, or 6th year of the Enryaku era, if any Shoo (a prince without imperial proclamation) of rokui (the sixth rank) was assigned to any government post of the same sixth rank, he could receive kiroku (a stipend paid to government officers) corresponding to his post, while other Shoo ranked at shichii (the seventh rank) or lower position was presented with jifuku instead of kiroku.
Japanese: 延暦6年には六位の諸王が六位の官職に就いた場合は、その官職の季禄を七位以下の場合は季禄に代わって時服料を授けた。
English: In 801, jifuku was bestowed on some members of the Imperial Family who were assigned to some jobs for the government but could not receive kiroku (stipend) due to shortage of their service days.
Japanese: 同20年には官職についている皇族で上日が不足して季禄が支給されない者には時服料を支給された。
English: Jifuku was sometimes granted to specific retainers on a temporary basis in the sense of incentive award, according to the Article of November 20, 760 (old calendar) in the "Shoku Nihon-gi" (the "Chronicle of Japan, Continued").
Japanese: 臣下に対する時服は特定の者に対する褒賞の意味合いで臨時に支給される例もあった（『続日本紀』天平宝字4年11月20日(旧暦)条）。
English: Sho (Mikotonori, or an edict of the Emperor) of October 17, 808, decided to include many other officials as recipients of jifuku (clothes of the season) and started in the beginning to bestow Summer clothes for the months from December to the next May and Winter clothes for the months from June to November to such retainers, both full-timers and part-timers, as those who attended their offices more than 120 days a year, various guards who served more than 80 days a year, chamberlains and deputy chamberlains who worked more than 40 nights a year, and Nakatsukasanojo (Secretaries of Ministry of Central Affairs) or udoneri (Ministerial equerries) who served more than 50 nights a year.
Japanese: 大同(日本)3年9月20日(旧暦)詔によって、以後には諸司にも時服を給わることになり、当初は12月から5月までを夏の時服、6月から11月までを冬の時服とし、長上番上および上日が120日以上の者、諸衛は番上80日以上の者、侍従次侍従夜40日以上の者、中務丞内舎人夜50日以上の者に給わった。
English: But, later in the year of 809, another Sho (Mikotonori, or an Emperor's edict) was proclaimed to adjust details of necessary service days of civil officers to those of various guards and also set new rules on initial salaries of new comers.
Japanese: しかし、その後これを改め、大同4年詔して、文官の番上日数を諸衛と同一とし、初任者給与にかんする規定をさだめた。
English: In 812, jifuku bestowal to court ladies of goi (Fifth Rank) and higher ranks resumed, which had been suspended since the Daido era, and, in 820, detailed regulations on allocations of jifuku were set up in a form.
Japanese: 弘仁3年、女官職五位以上の者にたいして、大同年間時服支給を停止されたのを復旧し、弘仁11年、式をさだめ、時服給与にかんする細則を規定した。
English: In 870, Toyosaki-o proposed to limit the number of recipients of stipends among O clan to 429, and his proposal was accepted, while further confinement was posed, as described in "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), to limit the number of princesses entitled to stipends to 262, in both cases of which replenishment could be done only when vacancy occurred.
Japanese: 貞観(日本)12年、豊前王の建議をいれて、王氏で禄を賜う者を429人に限定したが、『延喜式』では、さらに女王にも262人に限定し、いずれも欠員の生じたばあいにのみ、補充されることになった。
English: According to "the Engishiki," jifuku was bestowed on Shoo (princes without imperial proclamation) of more than twelve years old, and more specifically the second generation princes received six rolls (about 50 yards) of silk cloth, twelve spools of yarn, eighteen pieces of about 15m long cloth procured as tax, and thirty spades, while princes of more than four generations were presented with jifuku in accordance with the Ryo (administrative law of Ritsuryo code).
Japanese: また、『延喜式』には諸王年12以上に時服を賜うこととし、2世王は絹6匹、糸12絢、調布18端、鍬30口とし、4世王以下は令のごとしとされた。
English: "The Engishiki" also described to suspend supplying jifuku to any shoo prince who became a priest, together with other provisions on numbers of salaried officials and quantities of cotton, silk and other textile fabrics awarded to them.
Japanese: 諸王で出家した者は時服を給するのを停止することにさだめられ、諸司の給与人員と布帛の数量などが規定された。
English: Subsequently, this custom of jifuku went out of fashion, except only the ceremonies of Oroku (allocations of cloth to imperial princesses without proclamation) held on January 8, the next day of Aouma-no-Sechie (the seasonal court banquet appreciating an auspicious white or light gray horse, held on January 7 every year) and on the day of snake in the middle of November, the next day of the Niiname-sai festival (a ceremonial offering by the Emperor of newly harvested rice to the deity).
Japanese: のちにこのことはすたれ、わずかに白馬の節会の翌日正月8日、新嘗祭の翌日11月中巳日に女王禄（3文字をオウロクとよむのが慣習）という式がおこなわれるにすぎなくなった。
English: Being attended by the Emperor and Empress, together with nyogo (Emperor's consorts) and naishi no tsukasa (female court attendants), the imperial princesses were seated at akuza (sitting places in a temporary house set in a ceremonial courtyard) in the order of generations, not of ages.
Japanese: 天皇が出御し、皇后をはじめ女御内侍司以下これに列し、女王は世をもって次とし、長幼にはよらず、幄座につく。
English: As a court official called each name of the princesses in accordance with a name list, the called princess would respond aloud and proceed to receive the Oroku gifts, with which they retired from the ceremony.
Japanese: 官人が名簿を執って名を喚び、女王は称唯（イショウとよむのが慣習）して進み禄を受けて退出した。
English: In addition, in the Edo Period, seii-taishogun (literally, a great general who subdues the barbarians) presented wadded kosode (a kimono with short sleeves) as jifuku to daimyo (feudal lords) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the shogunate).
Japanese: なお、江戸時代に征夷大将軍から大名、旗本に時服を賜うことがあったが、それは綿入の小袖をあたえた。
English: The Hotobun Incident was an incident which occurred in 1903, as a chairman of the House of Representatives, Hironaka KONO read impeachment of the First Taro KATSURA Cabinet in Hotobun (formal response speech) to the imperial rescript at the opening of the Diet, and this led to the dissolution of the House of Representatives in the end.
Japanese: 奉答文事件（ほうとうぶんじけん）は、明治36年（1903年）、衆議院議長河野広中が、開院勅語にたいする奉答文において、第1次桂内閣弾劾の文を朗読し、けっきょく衆議院解散に至った事件である。
English: On December 10, 1903, at the opening of the Diet, a chairman of the House of Representatives, Hironaka KONO broke with the precedent of the House and added an impeachment against the Cabinet into Hotobun to the imperial rescript, and he gained approval by the House.
Japanese: 明治36年12月10日、議会開会のさい、衆議院議長河野広中は、開院の勅語にたいして奉答文で議院の先例を破って内閣弾劾の文を綴りこみ、議院の賛成を得た。
English: In the first place, according to precedent, Hotobun by the House of Representatives to the imperial rescript granted on the opening day of the Diet, was to be presented the Imperial Court after its draft written by the chief secretary at the House of Representatives was conferred at the draft committee, asked the floor for its approval, and being passed.
Japanese: そもそも、衆議院からする開院式当日下賜の勅語にたいする奉答文は、先例によれば衆議院書記官長によって起草されたものを、さらに起草委員の協議の結果、これを議場に諮り賛同をもとめ、賛同をへて、宮中に捧呈した。
English: At that time, relationship between Japan and Russia was at issue, and KONO really did make up his mind.
Japanese: 当時、日本とロシアの関係が問題となっており、河野は心中深く決心するところがあった。
English: KONO broke with the precedent and added words such as, 'Now the national prosperity meets a chance in a million, but the Cabinet doesn't follow this and the internal administration takes a stopgap policy so that we lose the chance in diplomacy' into Hotobun and impeached the Cabinet, so that he could let the Meiji emperor know of people's voice.
Japanese: 河野は先例を破って、奉答文中に「今ヤ国運ノ興隆洵々ニ千載ノ一遇ナルニ当リテ、閣臣ノ施設之ニ伴ハス内政ハ弥縫ヲ事トシ、外交ハ機宜ヲ失シ」その他を綴って内閣を弾劾し、国民の意思を明治天皇の耳にいれようと謀った。
English: He first asked the secretary HAYASHIDA about the precedent of the House, then he made up his mind to seek for the way as long as an interpretation of the law allowed and he interpreted that drafts written by the chief secretary as precedent, Hotobun formed by the members of the House, and drafts by draft committee only remained as a reference for the chairman, so he took the approach with his draft which was mentioned above in his pocket, read this and asked for approval in the House.
Japanese: まず林田書記官について議院の先例をただし、法規の解釈上許す範囲の道を求めて決心するところがあり、先例である書記官長起草の原案、議員から成立した奉答文、起草委員の起草文は単に議長の参考にとどまるものと解釈し、自分が起草した上記一通を懐中し議場に臨み、これを朗読し、議場の賛同を求めたのである。
English: Members of the House who got used to precedent of drafts being made out only with moderate words showing loyalty and intention of meeting the imperial notion, might not have paid enough attention to the wording, they passed it by unanimity.
Japanese: 先例で、単に平穏な文字を並べて誠忠、勅意の副う旨をもって起草されることになれた議員は、文言にその意を深くとどめなかったのか、満場一致でこれを可決した。
English: Later, the members realized the wording, and Tetsuo USUI as a representative of 68 independents, Tomofusa SASA as a representative of 18 Imperial Party members, Tadasu KUWABARA as a representative of 33 Chusei-to Party members, Keizaburo UCHIYAMA as a representative of 25 Koyu Club members packed into the office of the House of representatives, and they claimed that the secretary's action was careless, and pressed the chairman for conferring it again, but both didn't respond.
Japanese: のちに議員はその文言に気づき、無所属68名の代表として臼井哲夫、帝国党18名の代表として佐々友房、中正党33名の代表として桑原政、交友倶楽部25名の代表として内山敬三郎が、議院事務室につめかけ、書記官長の措置は注意を欠く旨をのべ、議長に奉答文の再議を迫ったが、いずれも応じなかった。
English: In the meantime, a visit to the Imperial Palace for presenting the chairman's Hotobun was scheduled on the following day, 11, at 11 in the morning, but all of a sudden at twilight, the Imperial Household Ministry announced that the visit should have been postponed, and on 11, dissolution of the Diet was ordered.
Japanese: こうしている間に、議長奉答文捧呈のため参内は翌11日午前11時と定められたが、薄暮、突如として宮内省から参内を延期すべき旨通達があり、ついに11日、議会解散の命がくだされた。
English: Kokuritsu Ginko Shihei was paper currency issued by the National Bank in the early Meiji Period.
Japanese: 国立銀行紙幣（こくりつぎんこうしへい）とは明治の初期に国立銀行(明治)が発行した紙幣である。
English: Currencies such as Meiji Tsuho (government note in Meiji Period) which was issued after the Meiji Restoration were inconvertible paper currency (paper currency which was not assured an exchange with standard money, such as gold and silver), and at that time, gold standard system was an international trend, so Japan also needed to issue convertible currency (paper currency which was assured an exchange with standard money).
Japanese: 明治維新以降に発行されていた明治通宝などは不換紙幣（主に金や銀の本位貨幣と交換が保証されていない紙幣）であり、当時は金本位制が国際的な流れで日本でも兌換紙幣（本位貨幣と交換が保障されている紙幣）を発行する必要性があった。
English: The Meiji Government left an establishment of the gold standard system to the private sector, and enacted a regulation of national bank in 1872, (to establish issue banks with private capital, and oblige them to issue convertible currency).
Japanese: 明治政府は金本位制度の確立を民間に任せることとし、1872年に国立銀行条例（民間資本で発券銀行を設立し兌換紙幣の発行を義務付けるというもの。）を制定した。
English: Four national banks (in Meiji Period) were built and convertible Kokuritsu Ginko Shihei was issued since 1873.
Japanese: これにより4行の国立銀行(明治)が設立され、1873年から兌換紙幣の国立銀行紙幣が発行された。
English: But they ran into financial difficulty due to the lack of gold coins, and since the regulation of national bank was forced to be amended to permit issuance of inconvertible currency, the number of banks increased abruptly and new Kokuritsu Ginko Shihei (inconvertible currency) was issued.
Japanese: しかし金貨の不足から経営不振に陥り、やむなく国立銀行条例を改正し不換紙幣の発行が認められるようになってからは銀行の数が急増し、新たな国立銀行紙幣（不換紙幣）が発行された。
English: Being issued by each bank, names of issuers varied by banks, but the face value and the forms were unified.
Japanese: 各銀行が発行したため発行者名は銀行ごとに異なるが額面や形式は統一されている。
English: Due to the establishment of the Bank of Japan, they became uncurrent as well as Kaizo Shihei (convertible currency issed by the Meiji government), in December, 1899.
Japanese: 日本銀行の設立により改造紙幣とともに、1899年12月に通用停止となった。
English: Kobu-ochoku juhakka-jo was the name for eighteen articles which were said to be issued in September 1615 by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who received an imperial order from Emperor Gomizunoo to display in Shishin den inside the Imperial palace.
Japanese: 公武法制応勅十八箇条（こうぶおうちょくじゅうはっかじょう）とは、元和(日本)元年（1615年）8月に徳川家康が、後水尾天皇の勅命を受けて御所の紫宸殿に掲げるために定めたとされている18ヶ条。
English: It was quoted in part one of the first volume of "Tokugawa kinrei ko" (Tokugawa Interdictory) that it was in the possession of the Suwa clan, and the articles were considered to have specified a samurai government and peace for the whole nation.
Japanese: 『徳川禁令考』前集一に諏訪氏所蔵として引用されており、武家政道と天下太平について定めたものとされる。
English: However, its contents were not in accordance with the legislation and ways of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at the time, and especially in article 18, 'Toei-zan' (Mt. Toei-zan) (sango [literally, "mountain name," which is the title prefixed to the name of a Buddhist temple] of Kanei-ji Temple) which could not have existed, was contained.
Japanese: ところが、その内容は当時の幕府の法令に形式に則しておらず、特に第18条に至っては当時存在する筈の無い「東叡山」（寛永寺の山号）が含まれている。
English: There were many inconsistencies, such as the description on the Kanei-ji Temple that it was established in 1625 which was ten years after 1615, and that the temple was also named at this time by Tenkai.
Japanese: 同寺の創建は元和元年から10年後の寛永2年（1625年）で、山号もこの時に天海が命名した）という言葉が登場するなど矛盾が多い。
English: The existence of Kobu-ochoku juhakka-jo is being denied by the researchers of legal history of the present day, and it is assumed that the document was a apocryphal book which was created by the Edo bakufu to display its superiority in social position over the Kuge (court nobles) Government (Imperial Court).
Japanese: 今日の法制史の研究者の間ではその存在を否定されており、公家政権（朝廷）に対する江戸幕府の優越的地位を示すために創作された偽書であると考えられている。
English: Furthermore, Tomohiko OKANO, a researcher, paid attention to the replacement of the meaning of Shogakuin Junnain ryo-in betto (Shogakuin: private school of Ariwara family; Junnain: a family school named after the Summer Place of Emperor Junnna; betto: school chancellor) as a post of Kuge that originally had the social standing of Genji no chojya (chief of the Minamoto clan) to toryo (a leader of samurai family) in the samurai class.
Japanese: また、岡野友彦は源氏長者の地位を本来持っていた公家の役職としての奨学院淳和院両院別当としての意味から武家の棟梁としての意味に換骨奪胎していることに注目した。
English: He assumes that a person who made the forgery reflected plans of the Tokugawa Shogunate family to control the Kuge Government (Imperial Court) based on their social standing as Genjino Choja (chief of the Minamonto Clan) on this monjo (written material).
Japanese: この文書を偽造した人物が徳川将軍家が源氏長者の地位を根拠として公家政権（朝廷）の支配を行おうとした方針を文書に反映させているとしている。
English: Jogan-kyaku Code was one of the Kyakushiki codes (amendments and enforcement regulations of the Ritsuryo Code) that was submitted to the Emperor on May 31, 869, and was enforced on October 19 the same year with the imperial decree.
Japanese: 貞観格（じょうがんきゃく）は、平安時代の貞観(日本)11年4月13日(旧暦)（869年5月27日）に奏進され、同年9月7日(旧暦)（同年10月15日）の宣旨によって施行された格式。
English: It consists of 12 volumes, of which the last 2 volumes were appendicies of temporary acts 'Rinji-kaku' (lit. temporary codes) by modeling a Kaigen temporary code of the Tang Dynasty in China.
Japanese: 全12巻であるが、最後の2巻は格に該当しない臨時の法令類を唐の『開元留司格』に倣って「臨時格」として末尾に掲げたものである。
English: FUJIWARA no Yoshimi, who received the Imperial order, started the compilation and after his death, mainly FUJIWARA no Ujimune compiled it.
Japanese: 藤原良相が勅を受けて編纂を開始し、その没後は藤原氏宗が中心となって編纂した。
English: Following 'Konin-kyaku Code,' they chose from Shochoku (imperial edicts) and Daijokanpu (official documents from the Department of State to local governments) significant laws which had been enforced for 49 years (820-868) and arranged them according to each ministry.
Japanese: 「弘仁格」を継いで弘仁11年（820年）より延喜10年（868年）までの49年間の詔勅・太政官符のうち編纂当時に実際に行われていた重要な取捨選択して各省毎に配列した。
English: During compilation, the laws that had been already shown in the 'Konin-kyaku Code' or had been abolished at the time were removed.
Japanese: 編纂に当たっては「弘仁格」に既出のもの、編纂当時に廃止されていたものは掲載しなかった。
English: Also, changes were made by deleting the laws of which some parts were not used and the specific phrases which modified the laws.
Japanese: 更に一部が使われていない場合や修飾のための「繁麗之文」にあたる部分には該当部分を削除するなどの修正が施されている。
English: The original text of the 'Jogan-kyaku Code' was lost, however, many phrases are quoted in the "Ruiju sandai kaku" (Assorted regulations from Three Reigns) and "Seiji Yoryaku" (Brief Outline of Government) by KOREMUNE no Masasuke.
Japanese: 「貞観格」の原文は残されていないが、『類聚三代格』や惟宗允亮の『政事要略』にその多くが引用されており、
English: They are contrapositions of Gaii, which were given to powerful local clans, and Kuni, which were given for their military exploits.
Japanese: 地方豪族などに与えられる外位や武功によって授けられる勲位と対置される。
English: The 14 ranks from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) were considered as chokuju (ranks given directly by the emperor) and regarded as noble status.
Japanese: 正一位から従五位下までの14階が天皇から直接授けられる勅授とされ、貴族身分として位置づけられていた。
English: Later, some powerful families in the government occupied the higher Naii ranks and retained their privilege by succeeding Oni (the automatic promotion system in which the people at the age of 21 whose parents were from Imperial to the fifth rank or grandparents upper than third rank, were conferred an Imperial title).
Japanese: のちに中央でも有力な一部の家系が上位の内位を独占して蔭位の恩恵を受けることで世襲してその恩恵を維持することとなった。
English: Sanyo-kai is a parliamentary group of the House of Peers (Japan) in the Meiji period (March 24, 1891-February 20, 1899).
Japanese: 三曜会（さんようかい）とは、明治時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派（1891年3月24日－1899年2月20日）。
English: It was founded in March 1891, added new members such as the peerage and large taxpaying members of Diet as well as original members, incumbent members of the House of Peers to the Doshi-kai that had been founded in November 4, 1890, making out the voluntary document and rules stipulating that it should hold assemblies on every Monday, Wednesday and Friday (the name of the group 'Sanyo' [Three-day-a-week] derived from that).
Japanese: 1890年11月4日に発足していた同志会が、翌年3月に新たに従来の現職貴族院議員以外の華族や多額納税議員をも会員に加え、毎週月・水・金曜日に会合を開く（会派名の「三曜」はこれに由来する）こととする主意書・規約書を作成して発足した。
English: It advocated the neutrality between the government and minto (general term of the political parties such as Liberal Party, Progressive Party and so on which conflicted with a han-dominated government when imperial Diet was inaugurated) of the House of Representatives and argued that the government and parties such as minto should collaborate and form 'a responsible cabinet' to work on the internal and external matters for the national interest and people's welfare.
Japanese: 政府と衆議院の民党の間において中立を標榜し、国利民福のために政府と民党などの政党側が協調して「責任内閣」を組織して内外の課題にあたるべきであると主張した。
English: Later it supported a hard-line foreign policy collaborating with the Konwa-kai of Tateki TANI and the Constitutional Progressive Party of minto, and criticized government for its policy of transcendentalism, han-dominated politics and treaty revision.
Japanese: 後に谷干城の懇話会や民党の立憲改進党などと連携して対外硬路線を採り、政府の超然主義・藩閥政治・条約改正路線を批判した。
English: After many candidates were defeated in the first mutual election of members of Diet in 1897, it declined and in 1899, it was merged into the large taxpaying members of Diet group, Asahi Club.
Japanese: 1897年の最初の議員互選で多くの落選者を出して以後は衰退し、1899年に多額納税議員系の朝日倶楽部に合流した。
English: The idea of compiling the laws was around from the time of Emperor Kanmu, but the project only went into full swing when a "law office" was established during Emperor Saga's reign, and FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu was appointed as the head, with FUJIWARA no Kadonomaro, AKISHINO no Yasuhito, FUJIWARA no Mimori, TACHIBANA no Tsunenushi, and OKIHARA no Miniku as members.
Japanese: 格式編纂の構想は、桓武天皇の頃から存在したが、嵯峨天皇の時代に「造格式所」を設置して、藤原冬嗣を総裁として藤原葛野麻呂・秋篠安人・藤原三守・橘常主・興原敏久らと事にあたらしめてから編纂事業が本格化した。
English: On June 5th, 820, both the Konin-Kyaku and Konin-Shiki were completed and submitted.
Japanese: 弘仁11年4月21日(旧暦)（820年6月5日）に弘仁格・弘仁式が同時に撰進された。
English: After revisions and corrections were made to it, it was resubmitted 10 years later on October 26th, 830, and put into effect on December 5th of the same year.
Japanese: その後修訂が加えられて10年後の天長7年10月7日(旧暦)（830年10月26日）に改めて撰進され、同年11月17日(旧暦)（同年12月5日）に施行された。
English: As flaws were found in the finalized edition, it was amended and the revised version was distributed on May 24th, 840 under the new title, 'Kaisei Irohibyu Kyakushiki' (Revised and improved edition of the law).
Japanese: しかし、その後完成した格式にも不備が見つかったために、更に筆削が行われ、承和(日本)7年4月20日(旧暦)（840年5月24日）に「改正遺漏紕繆格式」として改めて頒行が行われた。
English: The most important of the Imperial rescripts, official documents from the State Council, and formal petitions to the Emperor that were enforced for 119 years (from 701 to 819) were compiled by the the respective government officials.
Japanese: 大宝(日本)元年（701年）から弘仁10年（819年）までの119年間に施行された詔・勅・官符・官奏などのうち重要なものを関連する官司別に編纂した。
English: The statutes that were still in effect at the time of compilation were collected, and those that were no longer valid were omitted, leaving only the pertinent laws.
Japanese: また、編纂時点で有効な法規を原文に従って採録しているが、採録されたものでも一部条文が無効とされている場合にはその部分については削除して、有効な条文のみを掲載している。
English: Although the original volumes were all lost, the volume titles are listed in the "Koninkyaku-sho" (Extracts of the Konin-Kyaku Code, listed below).
Japanese: 原文は全巻亡失しているが、『弘仁格抄』（後述）によってその篇目が知ることが出来る。
English: Much of the original content is known due to fragments of the code that are included in the "Ruiju sandai kaku" (Assorted regulations from the three generations) and the "Seiji Yoryaku" (Brief outline of the government).
Japanese: また、『類聚三代格』及び『政事要略』に収められた逸文などによってその内容の多くを知ることが出来る。
English: The "Koninkyaku-sho"contains extracts of all the Imperial rescripts, official documents from the Grand Council of State, and formal petitions to the Emperor that were compiled in the Konin-kyaku Code, and is arranged in order of the date they were listed, together with a brief overview of the point.
Japanese: 弘仁格抄（こうにんきゃくしょう）とは、弘仁格に採録された個々の詔・勅・官符・官奏の要旨と発出された年月日を掲載された順序に従って、抄出したものである。
English: The Imperial rescripts were simply listed as 'sho' and 'choku' as they already bore the issue date, which showed which Emperor's era it originated from.
Japanese: 詔・勅は発出年月日によってどの天皇の代のものかが明らかとなるために単に「詔」・「勅」とのみ示されている。