nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is recorded that there were some villages whose territorial form was jusan (13)-kyu with the assignment of 13 feudal lords (even there is a record that a village called Owari-mura located in Oku County [present Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture], a territory of Okayama Domain, was shared by as many as 26 lords during the Kyoho era).
Japanese: 記録によると13人の領主が割り当てられた十三給という村落も存在した（なお、岡山藩領の邑久郡尾張村（現在の岡山県瀬戸内市）では享保年間に26人の領主に分割されていたとする記録がある）。
English: This system is believed to have been introduced for such reasons as securing a well-balanced real income in proportion to the fertility of land and tax rate, inhibiting hatamoto from exercising their right to chigyo-chi, and preventing villagers from uniting by dividing the village with the presence of several small-stipendiary chigyo-tori (recipients of land revenue).
Japanese: この制度導入の背景には土地の良し悪しや年貢率による実収とのバランス、旗本による知行権行使の抑制、小禄知行取の存在、村を分断して農民たちの団結を防ぐなどが言われている。
English: However, some scholars say that despite the bakufu's intentions, this system, which made hatamoto difficult to control their chigyo-chi in a stable manner, impoverished them and consequently it accelerated the decline of the Edo bakufu which was sustained by the military power of hatamoto.
Japanese: もっともこれが却って旗本の知行地支配の不安定を招いて旗本の窮乏化、ひいては旗本の軍事力に支えられた江戸幕府の衰微を促したとする説もある。
English: In fact, there was no rule to prohibit village officers to assume more than one post under the different feudal lords, and therefore, one person was able to hold the post of nanushi in different territories.
Japanese: しかし領主間の村役人の兼職を禁止するものではなく一人の人物が複数の名主職を兼任する場合もある。
English: However, due to conflicting interests between feudal lords and other factors, different persons were usually assigned to the same posts such as nanushi in each territory, and such a redundancy often caused confusion in village policy as a whole.
Japanese: しかし領主間の利害対立も絡み別々の人物が名主等に任命されることが多く村政の混乱を招きがちであった。
English: The feudal lords did not rule a village jointly, but each one had his own designated area of control.
Japanese: 複数の領主が共同領主として村落を支配したわけではなくそれぞれの領主ごとに支配領域が決定された。
English: A village was not uniformly divided based on geographical distinctions (e.g. east and west and north and south); each territory was readjusted on a case-by-case basis in view of the conditions of its land (e.g. the land's fertility).
Japanese: 区分けの方法は村を東西や南北などの地理的条件により一律に区切るということはせずに各田畑の良し悪しなどを考慮して個別に帰属が決定された。
English: However, This complicated division sometimes hindered the mutual surveillance system called gonin-gumi (history of Japan) where neighboring families were obliged to watch each other.
Japanese: だが、このために近隣同士が監視する五人組(日本史)の組織が機能しなくなる場合があった。
English: In addition to the gonin-gumi unit established based on each feudal lord's chigyo (enfeoffment), other units such as community-level "go gonin-gumi" (community mutual surveillance unit) were formed, and such a pluralism of the mutual surveillance complicated the village political situations.
Japanese: 領主が自己の知行に基づいて定めた五人組とは別に居住地域単位による郷五人組が編成されるなど、この点も村政の混乱に拍車をかけた。
English: In Tokametsuke, an Andon (a paper-covered lamp stand) was lit in a dark room, and a reasonable number of holes were pricked on its parts made of Washi (Japanese paper), and from a distance, the numbers of those holes were counted.
Japanese: 暗い部屋で行灯に火をらせ、和紙の部分に針で穴を適当な数だけ開け、その穴を遠くから数える。
English: Another method which was passed down for improving eyesight was to repeatedly come and go between a dark room or a closet and a bright room.
Japanese: また、視力を鍛える他の方法として、真っ暗な部屋や押し入れと明るい部屋を何度も行き来する方法が伝えられている。
English: The Ninja were considered to have improved their eyesight not only through the methods described above, but also through the ingestion of Sansho (Japanese pepper).
Japanese: 忍者は、上記のような方法等で視力を鍛えるだけでなく、山椒を摂取する事で視力を高めていたとされる。
English: Established on June 17, 1871, the New Currency Regulation was Japan's first coinage act of modern times.
Japanese: 新貨条例（しんかじょうれい）は、明治4年5月10日(旧暦)（1871年6月17日）に制定された、近代日本最初の貨幣法である。
English: Although the currency system in the Edo period had been kept in almost the same manner by the new government after Meiji Restoration, there were problems including organizing han bills (bills usable only in a particular feudal clan) (further, prefectural bills taken over from the han bills) issued by each domain independently and integrating koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) (Keisu kahei [currency by table]) in eastern Japan and chogin (collective term of silver) (Hyodo kahei [currency valued by weight]) in western Japan in order to establish a centralized state.
Japanese: 明治維新後も新政府は、江戸時代の貨幣制度をほぼそのまま受け継いだが、中央集権的な国家を建設するためには、各藩が独自に発行していた藩札（さらにそれを受け継いだ府県札）の整理や、東日本の小判（計数貨幣）と西日本の丁銀（秤量貨幣）の統一なども課題として残されていた。
English: Besides, the currency system partially using quaternary (1 ryo was equal to 4 bu, and 1bu was equal to 4 shu.) was too difficult for foreigners to understand and its improvement was required.
Japanese: また、1両が4分、1分が4朱という一部4進法が用いられる貨幣体系も外国人からは分かりにくく、改善が求められていた。
English: In those days, the new government was caught in serious financial difficulties not only because a great amount of gold flowed outside the country due to the different exchange ratios between gold and silver at home and abroad, but also because the expenses for Boshin Civil War and the encouragement of new industry was required.
Japanese: また当時、国内外の金銀比価の差により、大量の金が国外へ流出していた上、さらに戊辰戦争による戦費や、殖産興業のために新政府は深刻な財政不足に陥っていた。
English: In order to secure a large budget, a lot of inconvertible paper currency, Dajokan-satsu (state bill) 5 types; 10 ryo, 5 ryo, 1 ryo, 1 bu, and 1 shu), introduced by an accountant, Kosei YURI (a feudal retainer of the Fukui clan, Kosei YURI later) was issued and the credibility of the government currency significantly fell off.
Japanese: 大量の予算を充足する目的から、会計事務掛由利公正（福井藩士。のち由利公正）が導入した不換紙幣太政官札（10両、5両、1両、1分、1朱の5種）が大量に発行され、政府貨幣の信用が著しく低下していた。
English: It is said that the value of Dajokan-satsu against 100 ryo of gold net price went down from 120 ryo to 150 ryo.
Japanese: その価値は金正価100両に対し、太政官札120両から150両まで下落したという。
English: Because a lot of forged gold and silver coins had circulated since the Edo period as coin casting technology was outdated and immature and they were used for trade settlement, a lot of complaints were made by foreign countries.
Japanese: 硬貨の鋳造技術も旧態依然の未熟なものであり、江戸時代以来、偽造金銀銭が多く流通しており、貿易決済にも用いられたため諸外国からの苦情が殺到。
English: In addition, round shaped coins were needed since square coins drastically deteriorated as their four corners became worn through circulation.
Japanese: また方形の貨幣は流通に従って四隅が摩耗するなど、品質の低下が激しく、円形通貨の必要性も叫ばれた。
English: In order to resolve the discrepancy mentioned above, Mint Bureau (Japan) was established by the petition of Shigenobu OKUMA, an officer of Foreign Affairs Council, an accountant and Goyo-gakari (a general affairs official of the Imperial Household) in February 1869.
Japanese: 上記の矛盾を解決するため明治2年2月、外国官判事兼会計御用掛大隈重信の建白により、造幣局(日本)が設立されることとなった。
English: In March 1869, OKUMA petitioned Sanetomi SANJO, a hosho (chief administrative officer) to change the currency unit, from ryo to yen, adopting the decimal system, and to change the shape of coins, from square to round, and then all of them were approved.
Japanese: 大隈は同年3月輔相三条実美に対し、通貨単位を両から円に改めること、10進法を基本とすること、硬貨を方形ではなく円形とすることなどを建白し、了承された。
English: However, it took two years after the approval to put the new currency "yen" into effect.
Japanese: しかし、実際に新通貨「円」が施行されるまでは、この後2年の歳月を要することになる。
English: It was because it took a lot of time to recover from the destruction of facilities by fire (in November 1869) at the planned site of Mint Bureau which was to produce new currencies, and to clean up fake money and inconvertible paper currencies circulating in the market.
Japanese: 新貨幣生産を担うべき造幣局予定地の火災（明治2年11月）による設備の焼失や、市場に流通する偽金・不換紙幣の整理に時間を割かれたためである。
English: OKUMA, who became the vice governor of accounting, forced to circulate Dajokan-satsu with his edict to promise the Dajokan-satsu could be exchanged for the new currencies to be prepared, whereas he prohibited exchanging Dajokan-satsu for specie money.
Japanese: 会計官副知事となった大隈は、とりあえず太政官札と準備中の新貨幣との交換を約束するとの布告を出して強制的に太政官札を通用させる一方、正金との引き替えを禁じる。
English: However, the value of Dajokan-satsu continuously dropped to be 185 ryo against 100 ryo of specie money in June 1869.
Japanese: しかし、太政官札価値の下落はなおも続き、明治2年6月には正金100両に対し185両にまで低下した。
English: In addition, OKUMA, who became Okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury) (became Minbu-taifu [Senior Ministerial Assistant of Popular Affairs] and Sangi [councilor) later]), rushed to collect forged old 2 bu bills (a half of 1 ryo) swamped with complaints from abroad.
Japanese: さらに大蔵大輔（のち民部大輔・参議を兼任）となった大隈は、外国から苦情が殺到していた贋造の旧二分金（1両の半分）の回収を急いだ。
English: In November, in addition to Dajokan-satsu which had only large bills, small bills (2 bu, 1 bu, 2 shu and 1 shu) called "Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs)-satsu (bill)" were issued and circulated for convenience.
Japanese: 11月には、それまで高い額面しか無かった太政官札に加え、便宜のため小額紙幣（2分、1分、2朱、1朱）を「民部省札」として発行、流通させた。
English: By those efforts, the value of Dajokan-satsu became almost the same as that of specie money in 1870, regaining its trust.
Japanese: これらの努力により明治3年には、太政官札はほぼ正金と同価値にまで信用を回復する。
English: However, since fake Dajokan-satsu started to circulate, it was urgent need to issue elaborate bills to avoid forgery.
Japanese: しかし今度は偽太政官札が流通し始めており、偽造が不可能なほど精細な紙幣の発行が急がれた。
English: OKUMA requested a company in the North German Confederation to print bills and started to issue Meiji Tsuho (the new paper notes, Germanic bills).
Japanese: 大隈は北ドイツ連邦の会社に印刷を依頼し、明治通宝（新紙幣、ゲルマン札）の発行を開始した。
English: After buying state-of-the-art minting machines from Hong Kong, a modern way of minting currency was introduced to prevent forgery.
Japanese: 最新式の鋳造機を香港から購入し、贋造が難しい近代的な貨幣鋳造が開始された。
English: Five types of Japanese gold coin (20 yen, 10 yen, 5 yen, 2 yen and 1 yen) as the standard money, one type of Japanese silver coin (1 yen) as subsidiary money, four types of Japanese silver coin (50 sen, 20 sen, 10 sen and 5 sen), and four types of Japanese subsidiary money (2 sen, 1 sen, kinaka coin (a half mon) and 1 rin) were issued.
Japanese: 本位貨幣として日本の金貨5種（20円、10円、5円、2円、1円）、一円銀貨1種（1円）、補助貨幣として）、日本の銀貨4種（50銭、20銭、10銭、5銭）、日本の補助貨幣4種（2銭、1銭、半銭、1厘）が発行された。
English: The old currencies (Manei-koban-kin, Kanei-tsuho, Tenpo-tsuho and others) ｗere exchanged for the new ones since December, 1871.
Japanese: 明治4年12月より、旧貨幣（万延小判金・寛永通宝・天保通宝など）と新銭貨との交換が行われている。
English: Nine types of paper currencies, Meiji-tsuho (100 yen, 50 yen, 10 yen, 5 yen, 2 yen, 1 yen, a half yen, 20 sen and 10 sen) were issued (they later came to be exchanged for old han bills or Dajokan-satsu).
Japanese: 紙幣に関しては、明治通宝が額面9種（100円、50円、10円、5円、2円、1円、半円、20銭、10銭）をもって発行された（のちに旧藩札や太政官札と交換されることになる）。
English: Although the new currency system was prepared for its establishment because minting new currencies started in the Mint, it was not decided yet whether standard money should be gold or silver.
Japanese: 造幣寮で新貨幣鋳造が始まったことにより、新たな貨幣制度の制定の準備が整ったが、金・銀どちらを本位貨幣にするかは、結論は出ていなかった。
English: As mentioned above, gold was insufficient because a lot of gold had flowed outside the country since the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 上記のように幕末期以来大量の金が国外に流出していたため、金準備が不足していた。
English: In addition, although OKUMA was considering bimetallism should be introduced as "nickel silver (Mexican dollar)"-based transaction was normal in Yokohama City as well as many other Asian countries, he decided the gold standard system would be introduced based on the proposal, "now, most countries are going to the gold standard system." by Hirobumi ITO, Okura no shofu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of the Treasury) and Minbu shohu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), who was on a business trip to the United States at that time.
Japanese: また横浜市では、他の多くのアジア諸国と同様に「洋銀（メキシコドル）」での取引が常態化していたため、大隈としては金銀複本位制を考えていたが、当時アメリカ合衆国に出張中の大蔵少輔兼民部少輔伊藤博文の「現在、世界の大勢は金本位に向かいつつあり」との建言に基づき、金本位制の採用を決定する。
English: The standard of currency unit was changed from "ryo" to "yen" (1 ryo to 1 yen).
Japanese: 貨幣の基準単位を「両」から「圓（円）」に切り替え（旧1両を新1円とする）る。
English: The gold content of 1 yen gold coin was specified as 1.5-gram to pure gold 2 bu (it was equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar).
Japanese: 1円金貨の含有金を純金2分1.5グラムとする（1アメリカ合衆国ドルに相当する）。
English: Therefore, the currency system became more understandable, since 1 ryo became 1 yen, which was also equivalent to 1 U.S. dollar.
Japanese: これにより、旧1両が新1円となり、さらに1米ドルとも連動する分かりやすい体系となった。
English: In addition, the national bank system of the United States was introduced by ITO's proposal, and "National Bank (Meiji)" (despite the name, it was a private bank), established by the regulation of national bank enacted in 1872 had a role to issue paper money.
Japanese: なお、やはり伊藤の建議により、アメリカのナショナルバンク制が導入されることになり、翌年制定の国立銀行条例により設立された「国立銀行(明治)」（名前は国立だが民営である）が紙幣の発行を担うことになった。
English: New paper money (Meiji Tsuho) started to be exchanged for old han bills, Dajokan-satsu and Minbusho-satsu (money issued by Ministry of Popular Affairs) in February 1872, and most of them had been collected by 1879.
Japanese: また、明治5年2月より旧藩札・太政官札・民部省札と新紙幣（明治通宝）の交換が開始され、明治12年までにはほぼ回収が終了した。
English: Although the New Currency Regulation stipulated the gold standard system, bimetallism was practically used since the gold standard system wa snot put into practice because of the currency circumstances at home and abroad.
Japanese: 新貨条例は金本位制を制定したものであったが、実際には国内外の貨幣事情から、その後も金本位制は実現せず、事実上は金銀複本位制が実態となった。
English: As ITO's proposal, though the gold standard system was becoming a mainstream in Europe and the United States at that time, Asian countries including Qing were still a silver-oriented economic area and nickel silver (Mexican dollar silver coin) was used for foreign trade.
Japanese: 伊藤の建議どおり当時欧米では金本位制が主流になりつつあったとはいえ、清をはじめアジア諸国は依然として銀主体の経済圏であり、また対外交易でも洋銀（メキシコドル銀貨）が通用していた。
English: Then, on the advice of Oriental Bank of the U.K., 1 yen silver coins (called "silver trade dollar" later) were minted for convenience in addition to 1 yen gold coins as the standard money and the use of them only in the ports open to foreign countries was permitted without limitation.
Japanese: そこでイギリス東洋銀行の助言により、本位貨幣である一円金貨とは別に便宜上、貿易用の一円銀貨（のち「貿易銀」と呼ばれる）を鋳造し、開港地に限り無制限通用を認めた。
English: It means that bimetallism was practically adopted, though the New Currency Regulation announced the gold standard system.
Japanese: このため新貨条例では金本位制をうたっていながら、実質的には金銀複本位制を採ったことになる。
English: In fact, as silver price dropped since around 1873, more gold coins flowed outside the country.
Japanese: 実際、明治6年（1873年）頃から銀価格の下落が進むにつれ、金貨の国外流出はいっそう激しくなった。
English: In 1875, though 1 yen silver coin content (silver content percentage) had been equivalent to that of Mexico dollar, it became equivalent to silver trade coins of the U.S. dollar, called "silver trade dollar" formally, and was handled as de facto standard money (New Currency Regulation was renamed "The Currency Act").
Japanese: 明治8年（1875年）には、これまでメキシコドルに一致させてきた一円銀貨の品目（銀含有率）を米ドルの貿易銀貨と一致させることとし、正式に「貿易銀」と呼称し、事実上の本位貨幣として扱われることとなった（なお、新貨条例は「貨幣条例」と改称された）。
English: Around 1877, the amount of silver coins in circulation exceeded that of gold coins in the market, so Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury), OKUMA proposed to introduce bimetallism.
Japanese: 明治10年頃には市場では銀貨の流通量が金貨を上回るようになり、大蔵卿・大隈は金銀複本位制の導入を建議するにいたる。
English: In 1878, the use of 1 yen silver coins without limitation was permitted not only in the ports open to foreign countries but also any places in Japan.
Japanese: 明治11年には開港場だけでなく、国内での無制限通用も認められることとなった。
English: However, due to the revision of the regulation of national bank in 1876, it was virtually permitted to issue inconvertible paper currency, and inflation caused by issuing inconvertible paper currency repeatedly in accordance with increasing war spending for Seinan War rapidly progressed.
Japanese: しかしすでに明治9年の国立銀行条例改正により事実上不換紙幣の発行が認められるようになっており、ｃ不換紙幣の増発が続いたため、インフレが急速に進行。
English: Due to further outflow of gold and silver and the increasing hoard of them, the Matsukata deflation policy (also known as the Matsukata finance, a financial measure to induce deflation to eliminate inflation generated by raising funds for war cost of the Seinan War) came in.
Japanese: 金銀の流出、および退蔵化がさらに進んだため、松方デフレ政策の登場となる。
English: After the downfall of OKUMA due to political change in 1881, by ultra-reduced budget led by Masayoshi MATSUKATA, who became Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) (became Minister of Finance in 1884), and the exclusive issuance of paper money in accordance with the establishment of the Bank of Japan, silver was well prepared and the silver standard system started in 1885.
Japanese: 明治十四年の政変により大隈が失脚した後、大蔵卿（明治17年より大蔵大臣）となった松方正義が主導した超緊縮財政、および明治15年（1882年）の日本銀行設立による紙幣発行独占により銀準備が回復し、明治18年（1885年）に銀本位制に移行した。
English: The gold standard system was further studied under MATSUKATA's leadership and, using reparations from the Sino-Japanese War to build up the necessary gold reserves, the gold standard system was eventually enacted and implemented in 1897. (The value of the yen was devalued to 0.75 g of gold, half its previous value.)
Japanese: その後も金本位制は松方主導の下に研究が進められ、紆余曲折を経て日清戦争の賠償金を正価準備として充足するなどして、明治30年（1897年）にが制定され、ようやく導入されることになる（ただし、金平価を0.75グラム1円という旧来の2分の1の平価とした）。
English: Warabite sword is one of the Japanese iron swords.
Japanese: 蕨手刀(わらびてとう、わらびてがたな、わらびてかたな)は、日本の鉄製刀の一種。
English: It was made in the late Kofun period (tumulus period), from the sixth century to the eighth century, primarily in Tohoku Region.
Japanese: 古墳時代終末期の6世紀から8世紀頃にかけて東北地方を中心に制作される。
English: An accouterment of sword, tsuka-gashira (pommel) which decorates the hilt of the sword is characteristic for its circinate design like crosier of bracken.
Japanese: 太刀身の柄端を飾る刀装具である柄頭が、蕨の若芽のように渦をまくのがデザイン的特徴である。
English: And the hilt is not made of wood, but tomoganetsuka (combined iron blade and haft) which has iron nakago (end of the blade) winded with cords or strings as a grip.
Japanese: また、柄には木を用いず、鉄の茎（なかご）に紐や糸などを巻いて握りとしている共鉄柄（ともがねつか）である。
English: Many of them were found in Hokkaido and Tohoku Region, and especially in Iwate Prefecture, more than 70 were found.
Japanese: 発見場所の分布は北海道・東北地方が多く特に岩手県からの出土が70点以上と極めて多い。
English: And some of latter form has hilt of tweezers-shaped lacework.
Japanese: また新しい年代のものには柄に毛抜形の透かしの入った形状を持つものがある。
English: The case of theft of Kusanagi no tsurugi (alternate name for Ama-no-Murakumo no Tsurugi, the sword of the Imperial regalia) occurred in 668.
Japanese: 草薙剣盗難事件（くさなぎのつるぎとうなんじけん）は、668年(天智天皇7年)に発生した盗難事件。
English: There is a description as follows in the history of Emperor Tenchi of "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan) regarding the case in 668: This year the priest Dogyo stole Kusanagi no tsurugi; he fled to Silla (ancient Korean kingdom), but he had stormy weather on his way, got lost and turned back.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』天智天皇紀には668年（天智天皇7年）のこととして、「是歳。沙門道行盗草薙剣、逃向新羅。而中路風雨。荒迷而帰」（この年、僧道行が草薙剣を盗んだ。新羅に向かって逃げたが、その路の途中で風雨が荒れ、迷って帰ってきた。）と記載されている。
English: (He fled to Silla, but had stormy weather on his way, got lost and turned back.)
Japanese: （新羅に向かって逃げたが、その路の途中で風雨が荒れ、迷って帰ってきた。）
English: The shrine's biography of Atsuta-jingu Shrine showed that when Silla's priest Dogyo visited the Atsuta-jingu Shrine, he trespassed on the shrine through Seisetsu Gate and stole the Kusanagi no tsurugi.
Japanese: 熱田神宮の社伝では、新羅の僧・道行が、熱田神宮を参詣した折、清雪門より内部に侵入し、草薙剣を盗み出したとなっている。
English: (The Seisetsu Gate has been closed since this case, and called 'Akazu no Mon' [a never-opened gate].)
Japanese: （この事件以来、清雪門は「不開門（あかずのもん）」と呼ばれ、閉ざされたままとなっている。）
English: It is the same as the description in "Nihon Shoki" that although Dogyo tried to come back to his homeland Silla carrying the Kusanagi no tsurugi with him, the storm prevented him from doing so.
Japanese: 道行は草薙剣を持って祖国の新羅に渡ろうとしたが、嵐により果たせず失敗に終わったとする点は『日本書紀』と同じである。
English: According to the shrine's biography, Dogyo was held in captivity, and the Kusanagi no tsurugi was kept in the Imperial Court after that.
Japanese: 社伝によると道行はその後捕らわれの身となり、草薙剣は宮中で預かることになった。
English: However, this seemed to be prompted by the fact that Emperor Tenmu got sick by the curse of the Kusanagi no tsurugi (realistically because of the pressure and rebellion from the Atsuta-jingu Shrine), and that Emperor Tenmu passed away.
Japanese: ただしこれは、天武天皇が草薙剣の祟り（合理的に解釈するならば熱田側からの圧力や反乱）によって病を得て崩御したことがきっかけであったとされる。
English: According to a rumor, Hanaten, the name of a place in Osaka City, derived from the episode that Dogyo scared of divine punishment (storm) threw out the Kusanagi no tsurugi there (the Japanese word Hanatsu means to throw out something and the word Hanatsu turned into Hanate then Hanaten), and there is Ajihayao-jinja Shrine there which handed down the tradition.
Japanese: なお、大阪市の放出（はなてん）という地名は、道行が神罰（嵐）を怖れ、草薙剣を放り出したことが由来（はなつて→はなて→はなてん）とする説があり、同地にはその伝承を伝える阿遅速雄神社がある。
English: Dogyo stole the Kusanagi no tsurugi because he thought that if the wonder-working of the sword became Silla's possessions, its divine power would help Silla to be a great power.
Japanese: 霊験あらたかな草薙剣を盗んで新羅の物にすれば、その神通力で新羅が強国になることができるというのが動機であった。
English: It is believed that after the arrest, Dogyo was beheaded in Hakata, or that he was absolved and founded Hokai-ji Temple in Chita City, Aichi Prefecture.
Japanese: 逮捕後、道行は博多で斬首されたとも、赦免されて愛知県知多市の法海寺を開いたともいわれている。
English: According to a theory, if it was true that Dogyo was discharged as previously described, there was a possibility that Emperor Tenmu performed his own work in this case.
Japanese: 上述のように道行が赦免されたのだとすると、この事件はそもそも天智天皇の自作自演だった可能性がある、という説もある。
English: In other words, the side of Emperor Tenmu bribed Dogyo into stealing for the purpose of recovering the Kusanagi no tsurugi which YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto left in the care of Miyazu Hime at his own discretion, resulting in letting go of.
Japanese: つまり、日本武尊が独断で宮簀媛に預け、結果的に手放すことになってしまった草薙剣を取り返すべく、道行を買収したわけである。
English: In this case, Emperor Tenmu gave Dogyo his approval to erect Hokai-ji Temple as rewards for his work.
Japanese: この場合、天智天皇が法海寺建立を許可したのはその褒美ということになる。
English: Indeed this theory may help dissipate the unnaturalness that Emperor Tenmu possessed the Kusanagi no tsurugi for 18 years from 668 to 686 without returning it.
Japanese: 確かにこの説に従えば、668年から686年までの18年間も剣を返還せずに占有していた不自然さは解消できるだろう。
English: It may be said that in the first place Emperor Tenmu should not be met with the curse of the Kusanagi no tsurugi if it was proper treatment that the Imperial Court took the Kusanagi no tsurugi in charge after the case.
Japanese: そもそも、事件後に草薙剣を宮中で預かったのが正当な処置であるのなら、天武天皇が草薙剣の祟りに見舞われるはずなどないとも言える。
English: Independent Party (Mushozoku-dan) refers to a faction within the Diet of the House of Peers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 無所属団（むしょぞくだん）とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の名称。
English: The formal name is 'Independents;' however, most members of the House of Peers were not legally affiliated with any party, and those members could not be distinguished from the members of 'Pure Independents' who were not affiliated with any party including even the faction within the Diet, so the name of 'the Independent Party' was used.
Japanese: 正式名称は「無所属」であるが、貴族院議員は法律上はほとんどが無所属であり、またこの会派も含めたどこの会派にも属していない「純無所属」議員との区別が付かなくなってしまう為にこの名称で呼ばれる事が多い。
English: Also, because the name of a parliamentary group from the Meiji period to the early Taisho period and that from the later Taisho period to the Showa period were the same, the group in the former period was called as the "First Independents" as well as the other in the latter was called as the "Second Independents" to be distinguished for convenience.
Japanese: また、明治から大正前期と大正後期から昭和にかけて同一名称の会派が存在しているため、便宜上前者を「第一次無所属」、後者を「第二次無所属」と呼んで区別する。
English: However, it was recognized as a formal parliamentary group on March 20, 1911.
Japanese: ただし、正式な会派として認められたのは、1911年3月20日である。
English: It was based on a group which was formed against party cabinet and for protecting the nonparty principle by a small number of the Pure Independents such as Shinkichi TAKAHASHI (scholar), Toshiaya BOJO and Shinanojo ARICHI who had felt a crisis of the establishment of the first Okuma Cabinet by the Kenseito (Constitutional Party) in 1898.
Japanese: 1998年の憲政党による第1次大隈内閣の成立した事に危機感を抱いた高橋新吉_(英学者)・坊城俊章・有地品之允ら少数の純無所属議員が政党内閣に反対して超然主義を擁護するために結成した集団が原点であった。
English: However, at that time the group could not come into effect as a faction within the Diet due to the small number of members, and it was usually with the Sawa-kai (one of factions within the Diet) that had the similar points of view.
Japanese: しかし、当時は少数で院内交渉会派としては成立せず、もっぱら考え方の近い茶話会と行動をともにする事が多かった。