nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Even now, women are still prohibited on most of the yama and hoko floats, including Naginata boko which leads the parade, but now some Yamahokocho (Preservation Society) hope that women participate in the parade; in 2001, it was decided to allow women to participate in the parade upon the filing of notification with the Gion Matsuri Yamaboko Rengokai (association of Yamaboko, decorative floats, of the Gion festival) by each Yamahokocho: thereby women's participation in the parade was partly permitted (female players in festive music: two on Minamikannon yama float and three on Kanko boko float).
Japanese: 現在も、ほとんどの山鉾と巡行の先頭に立つ長刀鉾などは女人禁制の伝統を守っているが、近年、女性の参加を希望する山鉾町（保存会）がいくつかあり、2001年（平成13年）に各山鉾町の判断で祇園祭山鉾連合会に届け出るという形で女性の参加を容認する方針が決まり、南観音山で2名・函谷鉾で3名の女性囃子方の巡行参加が一部で認められた。
English: Late July: Fujioka Matsuri Festival (held in Fujioka City, Gunma Prefecture) (The festival is held in late August when the governor's race of Gunma Prefecture and Upper House election take place)
Japanese: 7月下旬：藤岡まつり（群馬県藤岡市）（群馬県知事選挙、参議院議員選挙の年は8月下旬）
English: Third Friday, Saturday, and Sunday in July: Gion Matsuri Festival of Yoshida-jinja Shrine (held in Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture; Old Tokaido Road, Yoshida-juku, the inn town) (tezutsu hanabi (fireworks holding by a person), skyrocket firework, and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's parade)
Japanese: 7月第3金・土・日曜日：吉田神社祇園祭（愛知県豊橋市；旧東海道吉田宿）（手筒花火と打ち上げ花火と源頼朝行列）
English: Late July: Oyodo Gion Matsuri Festival (held in Meiwa-cho, Mie Prefecture) (After the parade of floats, the floats are taken on two ships to make a tour on the sea. The festival is sometimes held in early August depending on the tidal level.)
Japanese: 7月下旬：大淀祇園祭（三重県明和町(三重県)）（山車が巡行後、2艘の船に乗せられ海上を一巡する。
English: July 12-14: Nanba Gion Matsuri Festival (held in Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) (On the 12th, the first day of the festival, horen (imperial carriage) is taken on the ship to go round, called funatogyo a ritual to place divine spirits on the boat to cross the river)
Japanese: 7月12～14日：難波祇園祭（大阪府大阪市）（初日の12日には鳳輦を船に乗せて巡幸する船渡御が行われる）
English: Kanbayashi Shunsho Honten Ltd. is a tea wholesale store in Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 有限会社上林春松本店（かんばやししゅんしょうほんてん）は、京都市宇治市にある茶問屋である。
English: Their main business activities are processing and selling tea, and as well as delivering tea to master families of tea ceremony, they have sales channels in department stores, and also engage in e-commerce on the World Wide Web.
Japanese: 茶の加工と販売を主な事業とし、茶道の家へ茶を収めるほか、百貨店などにも販路を持ち、WorldWideWeb上で電子商取引も行う。
English: They have 'Uji Kanbayashi Memorial Hall' on Ujibashi-dori Street, Uji City, where information about tea and tea processing utensils are open to the public.
Japanese: また、宇治市宇治橋通りに「宇治・上林記念館」を開き、茶の資料や製茶道具を公開している。
English: Uji Kanbayashi Memorial Hall is a museum of tea on Ujibashi-dori Street.
Japanese: 宇治・上林記念館（うじかんばやしきねんかん）は、宇治橋通りにあるお茶の資料館。
English: At the Chiso Museum, various costutme-related art works and materials are preserved, parts of which are exhibited at Chiso Kimono Gallery (at the second floor of head office building) and also loaned out to other museums.
Japanese: 千總資料館には、衣装関連の美術品や資料が収蔵され、その一部は千總ギャラリー（本社2階）や貸出先の美術館で展示されている。
English: Location of Head Office: 80 banchi, Mikura-cho, Sanjo-dori Karasuma-dori Nishi-iru, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City, 604-8166
Japanese: 本社所在地：〒604-8166京都市中京区三条通烏丸通西入御倉町80番地
English: The firm was founded as hoi-orimono-gyo (a business of fabrics for clerical garments) in 1555 by Sengiriya Yozaemon NISHIMURA.
Japanese: 弘治(日本)元年（1555年）、千切家西村与三右衛門により法衣織物業として創業。
English: Since the Jokyo and Genroku eras, Chiso added kinran-makimono (scrolls of gold brocade) and yuzen (printed silk fabrics) to items it handles, and continued production and sales of high quality senshokuhin (dyed fabric works).
Japanese: 貞享・元禄時代以降、金襴巻物や友禅を扱いに加え高い品質の染職品製作、販売を続けた。
English: In the Edo period, Yuzensai MIYAZAKI, a famous designer and painter of folding fan images, applied innovative designs to a conventional dyeing technology called 'noribosen' (a kind of dyeing technique using rice glue to keep undyed parts).
Japanese: 江戸時代、それまでの「糊防染」という染色技術に、扇絵師として名高い宮崎友禅斉が斬新な図柄を応用。
English: Then, Chiso was engaged in official business with Imperial Palace and Imperial families as well as in the business to supply hoi (clerical garments), yuzen kosode (kimono of short sleeves with yuzen designs) and so on to monzeki-ke (families of aristocratic and imperial lineage who became Buddhist priests after retirement.)
Japanese: 当時の千總は御所や宮家の御用、門跡家の法衣、友禅小袖などを手がけていた。
English: The firm received orders from Imperial families for interior decoration of Aoyama Imperial Palace in 1874, and of Fukiage Imperial Palace in 1875.
Japanese: そして明治7年（1874年）に青山御所、翌8年（1875年）には吹上御所の内部装飾の御用命を受ける。
English: Even during the World War II, Chiso was allowed to produce and sell yuzen fabrics as an 'authorized preserver of techniques.'
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦中も「技術保存資格者」として友禅の製造、販売を許可されていた。
English: In 1958, on the occasion of the marrage of Crown Prince Akihito, Chiso received orders for furnishing goods from Crown Princess Michiko (the Imperial family) and other Imperial families.
Japanese: また昭和33年（1958年）の皇太子明仁親王成婚に際し、皇太子妃美智子(皇室)の調度品をはじめ、各宮家の調度品を受注した。
English: To celebrate the 450th anniversary of 'Chiso,' it opened a retail shop 'Soya' on the ground floor of the head office building with a new concept of kimono (Japanese clothing) proposing integration into the living space of modern life and urban scenes.
Japanese: 創業450年を迎えた「千總」が、現代生活空間や都会の景色に溶け込む着物の提案として、新しいコンセプトの小売店「總屋」を京都本社1階にオープンした。
English: While Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who was exiled from the capital, Kyoto, stayed in the Shirohata-jo Castle of the Akamatsu clan in Harima Province, traditional performing arts were performed to comfort Yoshimitsu; after he went to Kyoto, the Akamatsu family began the custom of presenting traditional performing arts on January 13; which is described in "Mansai Nikki" (diary of Mansai, the priest).
Japanese: 足利義満が都落ちして播磨国の赤松氏の白旗城に居していた折に義満を慰めるため披露した芸事を、義満が上洛してのちに1月13日に赤松家によっておこなうのを習慣とした旨の記述が『満済日記』にある。
English: In Matsubayashi, not only full-time performers, including Shomonji (lower-ranked diviner) and sanjo (manor's area where people of the sanjo provided special skills to the imperial authority instead of rice tax), but also citizens in every class, including villagers and merchants, put on costumes todress up and visited Hana no gosho (residence of Shogun in Kyoto) or the lords called Shugo in each region; they performed the Classical Japanese dance and musical accompaniment and a congratulatory address was given.
Japanese: 松囃子では、唱門師や散所などの芸能専業者のみならず村民や町人など各階層の人間が着飾り仮装し、京都においては花の御所へ、地方においては守護など各地の権力者の邸宅へ参向し、日本舞踊や囃子が披露され、祝辞が述べられる。
English: In "Kanmon Nikki" (diary of Imperial Prince Sadafusa FUSHIMINOMIYA), there is a description of 'onna matsubayashi' (performance to cerebrate the new year), performed by merchants' wives from Shimogyo (south part of capital) at the Muromachi Imperial palace in 1437.
Japanese: 『看聞日記』には、永享9年（1437年）に下京の町人の女房らが室町御所に参向して囃子を披露した「女松囃子」についての記述がある。
English: In addition, feudal lords with their retainers also visited the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) government office to perform a dance for Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians").
Japanese: また大名らも家来を率いて幕府政庁を訪れ征夷大将軍に舞を披露していた。
English: From this aspect, it can be said that Matsubayashi is a kind of 'Kadotsuke' whereby performers play music in front of the gate of a house and are given money, or a kind of 'taste' of medieval performing arts, which is the origin of nenbutsu odori (dance while others say nenbutsu - Buddhist prayer) and shishimai Lion dance.
Japanese: 松囃子はその様相から、人家の門前で音曲を奏し金品を貰う「門付け」や、念仏踊りや獅子舞の起源である中世芸能の「風流」の一種とも言える。
English: During the Edo period, Utaizome (first-song performance of the year), which was performed in Edo-jo Castle on the night of January 2 (later January 3) by feudal lords, came to be called the Matsubayashi, and this custom supposedly spread among the merchants.
Japanese: 江戸時代になると、江戸城内に1月2日（のちには1月3日）の夜に大名らを集めておこなう謡初を松囃子と呼ぶようになり、町人にもこの慣わしが広まったとされる。
English: Matsubayashi Onoh' (Noh - a Japanese drama and dance performance to cerebrate the new year), a significant intangible folk cultural asset performed in fall for an annual celebration at the Kikuchi-jinja Shrine located in Kikuchi City, has been well preserved as it is from the Muromachi period; as the 'Matsubayashi Onoh' has a part common to the Matsubayashi that has been passed down by Noh kanze-ryu school, it is believed that there is a strong relationship there between.
Japanese: 菊池市の菊池神社の秋の例祭でとりおこなわれる重要無形民俗文化財の「松囃子御能」は、室町時代の形態が良く保存されており、能観世流に伝わる松囃子と共通する部分があって深い関連が考えられている。
English: Meanwhile, the Matsubayashi has also been preserved in the Hakata Matsubayashi Festival, the origin of the Hakata Dontaku Festival.
Japanese: また博多どんたくの起源である博多松囃子も、松囃子の形態を残している。
English: The three largest festivals in Kyoto refer to the three festivals held in Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 京都三大祭り（きょうとさんだいまつり）とは京都府京都市内で行われる3つの祭りのこと。
English: A festival held in Kamomiya-jinja Shrine (Shimogamo-jinja Shrine) and Kamowakeikazuchi-jinja Shrine (Kamigamo-jinja Shrine).
Japanese: 賀茂御祖神社（下鴨神社）と賀茂別雷神社（上賀茂神社）で行われる祭り。
English: "Kujo negi" refers to a kind of long green onion (leek) representing Japan.
Japanese: 九条葱（くじょうねぎ）とは、日本を代表する青ねぎ（葉ねぎ）の一種である。
English: It is said that the original species was a natural leek originally unplanted in Nanba, and then it was introduced to Kyoto Prefecture, where its quality has been improved since ancient times and has been traditionally produced as one of Kyo-yasai (specifically certified vegetable varieties grown in Kyoto).
Japanese: もともとは難波に自生していた葱が原種と言われ、後に京都府に伝わって、古くから品種改良が施され、伝統的に生産され続けている京野菜のひとつである。
English: It was named so because the Kujo area in Minami Ward, Kyoto City was the main production area.
Japanese: 京都市南区(京都市)九条地区が主産地であったことからその名がついた。
English: There are Kujo futonegi, of which leaf sheath is rather wide and dark green, and Sangikei Kujo negi, of which leaf sheath is narrow, and leaf color is pale (light yellow).
Japanese: 葉鞘部が比較的太く濃緑色の九条太葱、葉鞘部が細く葉色が薄い(浅黄色)浅黄系九条葱(さんぎけい_)がある。
English: There is an anecdote about Kobo-Daishi Kukai being chased by a big snake, he escaped by hiding in a leek field.
Japanese: 弘法大師空海が大ヘビに追いかけられたとき、葱畑に隠れて難を逃れたという逸話がのこっている。
English: Therefore, it is said that the farmers around To-ji Temple stopped entering the leek filed on the 21st, the fete day of To-ji Temple, and there was a tradition that eating leeks on that day caused misfortunes to the whole family.
Japanese: そのため、東寺周辺の農家の人々は東寺の縁日にあたる21日は葱畑に入らないようになり、その日に葱を食べると一家に不幸が起こるという言い伝えがあったという。
English: Fucha ryori is Japanese vegetarian cuisine introduced from China in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 普茶料理（ふちゃりょうり）は、江戸時代初期に中国からもたらされた日本の精進料理。
English: In the early Edo period (about 300 years ago), during the decline of the Ming dynasty, the Obaku sect of Zen Buddhism was introduced from China.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期（約300年前）に明の衰亡に伴い中国から禅宗の一つである黄檗宗（おうばくしゅう）が伝来する。
English: The priests brough to Japan a Chinese-style vegetarian set meal (so-called sozai) which was known as fucha ryori.
Japanese: 彼らが持ち込んだ当時の中国式の精進料理（いわゆる素菜）が、普茶料理である。
English: Four people sit around a rectangular low table and share each prepared dish which is served on a large platter, and was regarded as a novel style of eating.
Japanese: 一つの長方形の座卓を4人で囲み、一品ずつの大皿料理を分け合って食べるという様式が非常に珍しがられた。
English: Fucha ryori includes many Chinese-style dishes such as sauteed vegetables called 'unpen,' sesame tofu, and 'fake' dishes (broiled yam which looks like broiled eel).
Japanese: 料理においても中国風のものが多く、「雲片」と呼ばれる野菜の炒め煮や胡麻豆腐、「もどき」料理（山芋の蒲焼など）などがある。
English: Although it was not common for Japanese people in those days to use oil in cooking, sesame oil was used for Chinese cooking such as stir-frying and deep-frying, popularizing the use of oil in Japan
Japanese: 炒めや揚げといった中国風の調理技術には胡麻油が用いられ、日本では未発達であった油脂利用を広めた。
English: Fucha ryori was widely enjoyed as an exotic tasting dish, and spread among cultured and ordinary people at restaurants rather than being limited to temples of the Obaku sect.
Japanese: こうした普茶料理は、精進料理というよりは異国情緒を味わうものとして黄檗宗の寺院ばかりでなく、料理屋や文化人など民間でも広く嗜まれた。
English: Of note fucha ryori served at ordinary restaurants and shippoku dish (a Japanized Chinese dish served on large plates from which diners help themselves) from Nagasaki influenced each other mutually, and a tablecloth, wineglasses made of expensive glass, a water jug, and Western tableware were often used.
Japanese: 特に民間で行われた普茶料理は、長崎の卓袱料理とも影響し合い、テーブルクロスや貴重なガラス製のワイングラスや水差し、洋食器が用いられる事もしばしばあった。
English: Dishes themselves have gradually been incorporated into Japan, and fucha ryori today has been developed into distinctive dishes having vivid colors, which conventional vegetarian cuisine does not have.
Japanese: 料理そのものは次第に日本化していったが、既存の精進料理には無い鮮やかさや賑わいがあり、現在も作られている普茶料理は、見た目が鮮やかな独特のものに進化している。
English: Some temples from the Obaku sect related to Ingen, the founder of the Obaku sect, as well as temples and restaurants which serve fucha ryori are in Nagasaki City, where Kofuku-ji Temple is located.
Japanese: 黄檗宗の開祖・隠元ゆかりの黄檗系寺院をはじめ、興福寺(長崎市)がある長崎市には、普茶料理が食べられる寺院や飲食店がある。
English: Honke Nishio Yatsuhashi is the oldest manufacture of Yatsuhashi (type of sweets made with bean paste) in Kyoto, established in 1689.
Japanese: 本家西尾八ッ橋（ほんけにしおやつはし）は元禄2年（1689年）に創業された京都で一番歴史のある八ツ橋メーカー。
English: They sell Yatsuhashi of various tastes according to the season, and also develop new products such as rice tube cake made with rice flour used for Yatsuhashi.
Japanese: 季節に応じたさまざま味の八ッ橋を発売しており、八ッ橋に使われる米粉を使った純米シフォンケーキなど新しい商品の開発も行っている。
English: "Salt Yatsuhashi" released in 2007 became a popular topic as the first long-established store of Yatsuhashi introducing salt sweets.
Japanese: 2007年に発売された「塩八ッ橋」は塩スイーツをはじめて取りれた八ッ橋の老舗として話題に。
English: Although being a long-established store in business for over 300 years, it always makes new approaches for Yatsuhashi.
Japanese: 創業300年を超える老舗ながらも、常に新しい八ッ橋の提案を行っている。
English: Yatsuhashi chaya (Japanese style cafe), offering various sweets made with Yatsuhashi, has created new Yatsuhashi flavors such as Yatsuhashi Tea and Yatsuhashi Parfait.
Japanese: また八ッ橋を使った様々な菓子を提供する八ッ橋茶屋では、八ッ橋パフェ、八ッ橋ティーなど八ッ橋の新たなおいしさを提案している。
English: 1824: Tamejiro YATSUHASHIYA dedicated an ema (votive tablet) with a picture of a white horse, as a token of gratitude for the fulfilment of a prayer, to Kumano-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 文政7年八ッ橋屋為治郎が熊野神社に祈願成就の御礼に白馬の絵馬を奉納。
English: 1890: The father of the restoration of Yatsuhashi, the 12th family head Tameji, contributed to domestic and international exhibitions, and won several prizes.
Japanese: 明治23年八ツ橋中興の祖、12代為治が国内外の博覧会に出品し数々の入賞を果たす。
English: It became a popular topic of the media, TV and newspapers, as the first long-established store of Yatsuhashi introducing salt sweets.
Japanese: 塩スイーツをはじめて取り入れた八ッ橋の老舗として、テレビ、新聞等マスコミで話題に。
English: 2008: 'tame cafe,' using the mascot character Tame-chan, opened on Character Street at First Avenue near Tokyo Station.
Japanese: 平成20年東京駅一番街・キャラクターストリート内にマスコットキャラクターためちゃんを使った「tamecafe（ためカフェ）オープン。
English: Higashi (干菓子) or Higashi (乾菓子) is a generic term that refers to dry Japanese sweets.
Japanese: 干菓子（ひがし）または乾菓子（ひがし）は、水分の少ない乾燥した和菓子の総称。
English: According to definitions, rakugan (hard candy), umpei (Japanese confectionery), aruheito (toffee), rice cracker, yatsuhashi (sweet rice cracker) are included (main dry sweets are listed below).
Japanese: 定義に従えば、落雁や雲平、有平糖、煎餅、八ツ橋などが含まれる（下に主なものを列挙）。
English: In general, rice cracker or yatsuhashi are rarely imagined from the term of Higashi (dry sweets).
Japanese: ただし一般的には、干菓子という用語から煎餅や八ツ橋などが想起されることは少ない。
English: It may refer to Japanese sweets including rakugan, wasanbon (refined sugar made from sugarcane in Japan) that are made and molded from powdery ingredients (sugar, flour, etc.).
Japanese: 落雁や和三盆など、粉状の材料（砂糖や麦粉など）を成型して作る和菓子を総称することもある。
English: Sweets with 30-35% moisture content such as monaka (a wafer cake filled with bean jam), suhama, ishigoromo (wafer cake) are differentiated and categorized as `hannama gashi' (soft, sami-baked Japanese sweets).
Japanese: 最中や州浜、石衣などは水分30～35パーセントであり「半生菓子」として区別する。
English: It has been developed and used for offerings, Chanoyu (the tea ceremony), wakes and weddings, and various skills, including uchimono-gashi, unpei-zaiku and aruhei-zaiku, are applied during its development process.
Japanese: 供物や茶の湯、冠婚葬祭用として発達し、打物菓子や雲平細工、有平細工など、さまざまな技巧が施されるようになった。
English: Suzuriarai (literally, washing ink stone) is an event carried out on July 6 in the lunar calendar in preparation for welcoming the Tanabata Star festival.
Japanese: 硯洗い（すずりあらい）とは、七夕を迎える準備として旧暦七月六日に行われる行事。
English: This event was intended to use for praying for improvement in study; children wash and purify their lesson materials which they used everyday in order to repay them for their work.
Japanese: 学問の上達を祈る行事で、子供達が普段の手習いの道具を洗い清めて日ごろの労に報いるもの。
English: This event is connected to Michizane SUGAWARA known as the god of learning, and it is assumed that the origin of the event were Shinto rituals of Kitano Tenmangu Shrine (Kyoto); leaves of mulberry paper are offered to an ink stone that had been washed and purified.
Japanese: 学問の神として知られる菅原道真にまつわる行事であり、洗い清めた硯にカジノキの葉を添えて供えた北野天満宮（京都府）の神事がその原型であるとされる。
English: Kyokusui (or Gokusui) no en is a drinking party which involves cups of sake being floated down a stream in a garden, whereby participants seated on the bank had to improvise poems; if the participant could not compose a poem, he has to drink a cup of sake as a penalty.
Japanese: 曲水の宴（きょくすい＜ごくすい＞のえん）は、水の流れのある庭園などでその流れのふちに出席者が座り、流れてくる杯が自分の前を通り過ぎるまでに詩歌を読み、出来なければ罰として盃の酒を飲むという行事である。
English: Since ancient times, it was customary to carry out a purification ceremony by the river on joshi (March 3) in China, and the ceremony was transformed into a banquet during which people purified themselves and floated cups on the river on March 3.
Japanese: 中国においては、古い時代から上巳に水辺で禊を行う風習があり、それが3月3日に禊とともに杯を水に流して宴を行うようになったとされる。
English: It is said that the custom began in ancient China, during the period of Chou Kung or King Zhao of Qin.
Japanese: 中国古代、周公の時代に始まったとも秦の昭王の時代に始まったとも伝えられている。
English: On March 3, 353, Wang Xizhi, a great master of calligraphy, held kyokusui no en, and a draft of a preface to the collection of Chinese poetry recited at the banquet was "Lanting Xu" (Lang-Ting Banquet Preface) written by Xizhi WANG.
Japanese: 永和(東晋)9年（353年）3月3日、書聖と称された王羲之が曲水の宴を催したが、その際に詠じられた漢詩集の序文草稿が王羲之の書『蘭亭序』である。
English: The riverside purification ceremony on joshi and Kyokusui no en were introduced to Japan; according to Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), and was held as a court ceremony in March, 485 ('On March 3, upon Emperor's visit, winding water banquets held').
Japanese: 上巳の水辺の祓と曲水の宴は日本にも伝わり、日本書紀によると顕宗天皇元年（485年）3月には宮廷の儀式として行われたとされる（「三月上巳幸後苑曲水宴」）。
English: However, since this article was written, there was no article concerning kyokusui until an article in Shoku Nihongi (Continuation of the Nihon Shoki) was written in 728.
Japanese: ただしこの記事から曲水に関する記事は続日本記の神亀5年(728年)まで途絶えている。
English: Around 485, Kyokusui was often held in China, so it was only natural that the custom was also brought to Japan.
Japanese: 顕宗元年の時期ならば曲水は中国ではさかんに行われていて、日本にその風習が伝わっていても不自然ではない。
English: However, this article is not reliable as a historical source, and seems to have been inserted by an editor of Nihon Shoki later; since the period of Wei (220 - 265), Chinese people decided 'not to use joshi any more,' while Kenzo no ki (records of the era of the Emperor Kenzo) still used joshi, and moreover, in the ninen no jo (article of the second year of the Emperor Kenzo's reign) of Kenzo no ki, the family names based on the ranks of headdresses appeared, though these were the names used around the seventh century, and there was a gap in the official record until the eighth century.
Japanese: しかし、魏(220年～265年)以降「3日を用いて上巳を用いず」としており、顕宗の記が依然として上巳を用いているほか、顕宗の記2年の条では喜び集まったの記載にある公卿以下といった冠職姓は7世紀ごろの呼称であり、公式の記録も8世紀まで飛んでいるため、この記事については日本書紀の編者が挿入したとみられ、史料としての信憑性は低い。
English: During the Nara period, it was common for these events to be held on March 3, and they became even more popular in the latter half of the Nara period, but were abolished in the Heian period due to the demise of the Emperor Kanmu in March.
Japanese: 奈良時代にはこれらの行事は3月3日が常例となり、奈良時代後半には盛んになったが、平安時代には桓武天皇が3月に崩御したことから中止された。
English: The later Emperor Saga resumed events, and they came to be held at the Imperial palace and nobles' residences; the Fujiwara clan, who wielded power, floated a boat on the river following Chinese custom.
Japanese: 後に嵯峨天皇はこれを再開し、宮廷や貴族の邸宅などで行われるようになり、権勢を誇った藤原氏などは中国に倣って船を浮かべたりしたともいう。
English: The purification ceremony held on joshi, which is a syncretic fusion of events of Chinese origin and ancient Japanese customs, is said to have developed into the Doll Festival on March 3.
Japanese: 中国伝来の行事と日本古来の風習が習合した上巳の祓は、3月3日の桃の節句（雛祭り）に発展したとされる。
English: In the regency government, kyokusui no en was held as an official event at the Imperial palace, and "Mido Kanpaku Ki" (Diary of the Mido Chancellor) contains an article which states that Fujiwara no Michinaga held kyokusui no en in 1007, and moreover, there is an article in "Chuyuki" (a journal kept by Fujiwara no Munetada) about kyokusui no en held by Fujiwara no Moromichi in 1091.
Japanese: 摂関政治には内裏の公式行事として催されたが、『御堂関白記』には寛弘4年（1007年）藤原道長が主催したとする記事があり、『中右記』には寛治5年（1091年）藤原師通が主催したとする記事がある。
English: According to "Tenmangu Anrakuji Soso Nikki" (a record of the origin of Tenmangu Anraku-ji Temple), Kyokusui no en was held by ONO no Yoshifuru, Dazai no Daini (vice-governor of Dazaifu), at Dazaifu (a local government office in earlier times in Japan) on March 3, in 958, but was discontinued after medieval times.
Japanese: 『天満宮安楽寺草創日記』によると、大宰府でも天徳(日本)2年（958年）3月3日に大宰大弐・小野好古が始めたとされるが、中世以降は断絶した。
English: Poseokjeong (Pavilion of Stone Abalone) of South West Palace, four kilometers to the south of Kyongju City, is known as a place where 'ryusho (floating cup) kyokusui no en' was held, and the remains of abalone-shaped watercourse still exist here.
Japanese: 慶州市の南4kmにある西南離宮・鮑石亭は、「流觴曲水宴」が開かれた場所として知られ、鮑模様の石溝・曲粋渠（ゴッスゴ）が残っている。
English: This is also known as the place where the fifty-fifth king of Shilla, Gyeongae, was killed by the army of Later Pakche during a banquet in 927, which led to the collapse of Silla.
Japanese: ここは927年新羅第55代景哀王が宴会を開いている最中に後百済軍に攻め殺され、新羅が滅亡に向かうきっかけとなった場所である。
English: Kyokusui no en was introduced from China, and was a secular event in China at the time, while in Japan it was an event held at the Imperial court (the sponsor was the Emperor).
Japanese: 曲水の宴は中国より伝来した行事であり、当時の中国では世俗的な行事であったが、日本においては、宮廷の催しごと（主催者は天皇）として行われた。
English: However, in the nineteenth volume of "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), there is a poem composed by Middle Councillor, OTOMO no Yakamochi, that says 'In China people float toy boats down their garden stream today, taking delight, decking their hair with flowers,' which suggests that kyokusui no en was held as a private game by 750.
Japanese: しかし『万葉集』巻十九には、中納言大伴家持が曲水宴を詠んだ「漢人毛　筏浮而　遊云　今日曽我勢故　花縵世余（からびとの舟を浮かべて遊ぶてふ今日ぞわがせこ花かづらせよ）」があり、天平勝宝2年（750年）には私的な遊びとして催されていたことがわかる。
English: Some people claim that there are cites of Kyokusui no en at the Taga-jo Castle and the Motsu-ji Temple of Hiraizumi in Tohoku region.
Japanese: 東北地方でも多賀城や平泉の毛越寺に曲水の宴の跡が認められるという意見もある。
English: "Sakuteiki" (a secret book on gardening) written during the Heian period contains detailed information about yarimizu (artificial stream in a garden) in addition to a pond, a mid island, a waterfall, a spring, and senzai (the trees and flowers in a garden), and it is natural for the gardens in Oshu (another name for Mutsu Province) in those days to have had a winding ditch in which Kyokusui no en could be held.
Japanese: しかし、平安時代の造庭法秘伝書『作庭記』に、池・中島・滝・泉・前栽などに加えて遣水についても詳しく述べられているように、当時の奥州の庭園に曲水の宴を催すことのできる曲溝があるのは不自然ではない。
English: Even if remains of a place where kyokusui no en could be found, it does not necessarily mean that it was in fact held there.
Japanese: また、曲水の宴を催すことのできる遺構が確認されたとしても、曲水の宴が必ず催されていたとは言えない。
English: In Kurume City, Fukuoka Prefecture, the remains of what seems to be a location where Kyokusui no en was held before the eighth century was excavated, and there is a view that this is one of the reasons why Iwai, King of Tsukushi was blamed for 'his rudeness and disobedience to the Emperor.'
Japanese: また、福岡県久留米市でも、8世紀以前の曲水の宴の跡とされるものが発掘されており、筑紫の君磐井が「天皇の命に従わず、礼無きことが多かった」と非難された理由の一つであるという見解もある。