nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After Gabo Reform carried out during the reign of Gao Zong, some people were freed from the social status as hakucho and became government official, but the discrimination against them consistently remained.
Japanese: 高宗時代の甲午改革の後、白丁の身分から解消され国家官吏になる者も現れたが、差別は相変わらず残った。
English: In 1923, Chosenkoheisya (Korean social organization) was established to eliminate the discrimination against hakucho and waged the movement to eliminate the class difference along with the Zenkoku Suiheisha (the National Levelers' Association) in Japan.
Japanese: 1923年に白丁差別解消のための朝鮮衡平社が作られ、日本の水平社と協力して身分差別解消の運動を行っていた。
English: According to the statistical investigation carried out in 1926 by Chosen Sotoku-fu (Korean government-general), hakucho who existed in Korean Peninsula at that time were 8,211 families and 36,809 people.
Japanese: 1926年の朝鮮総督府の統計調査によると、当時の朝鮮半島の白丁は8211世帯、3万6809人にのぼる。
English: Added a set of occupation related to cows such as slaughter, leather products industry, shoe industry to the above, it became 48.8 percent.
Japanese: これに屠畜、製革、製靴など牛に関係する一連の職業をあわせると48.8パーセント。
English: The discriminated class in the Republic of Korea had disappeared due to the social disorder by the independence and later outbreak of the Korean War and the flow of population to urban areas in the process of industrialization and democratization, however, still now 'Pekuchon' or 'Petchonnomu' are sometimes used as a swear word.
Japanese: 独立とその後の朝鮮戦争勃発による社会的混乱、工業化・民主化の過程での都市部への人口の移動によって、大韓民国の被差別階級は姿を消すこととなったが、現在もなお罵倒語として「白丁」（ペクチョン）「白丁野郎（ペッチョンノム）」という言葉が使われることがある。
English: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) says that 'Under the socialism, hakucho issue has already been solved' however, the sense of discrimination is persistent as they accused the president of Republic of Korea of being 'Human hakucho'.
Japanese: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国は、「社会主義社会の下では、白丁問題は既に解決している」と回答しているが、実際には韓国の大統領を「人間白丁」と罵るように、差別意識は根強い。
English: Mokushi was a govermental post in the Edo period which was in charge of maintaining ranches under direct control of the bakufu, as subordinates of an officer in the bakufu, and it is said that the officers in the post were responsible for managing the Goyoboku of the Tokugawa bakufu (public ranches of horses + hunting grounds for Shogun).
Japanese: 牧士（もくし）とは江戸時代、幕府の役人の配下として、幕府直轄の牧場の維持管理を担った一つの役職のことを言い、徳川幕府の御用牧（公営馬牧場＋将軍の狩猟場）の管理を任されていたとされる。
English: Although each of the officers was a farmer, he was permitted to ride on a horse, to own his family name and to wear a sword, being the highest-positioned person of farmers.
Japanese: 農民でありながら乗馬・苗字帯刀などが許されるなど農村部において最も身分の高い存在だった。
English: Because there were many ranches in the northen part of Chiba Prefecture, lots of information aboutMOkushi is available there.
Japanese: 千葉県の北部には牧場が多く点在していた為、牧士に関する情報が多くある。
English: Tsukasa (also known as Shi) was a rank in government offices mainly placed under the ministries in the ancient Japanese ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 司（つかさ/し）は日本古代の律令制において主に省のもとに置かれた官司の等級の一つである。
English: Along with Shiki (ritsuryo system) and Ryo (ritsuryo system), Tsukasa was mainly placed under the ministries (Nakatsukasasho, Jibusho, Gyobusho, Hyobusho, Okurasho, and Kunaisho), Emonfu, and Kyoshiki to be in charge of clerical work.
Japanese: 職(律令制)や寮(律令制)と並び主に省（中務省・治部省・刑部省・兵部省・大蔵省・宮内省の各省）や衛門府・京職のもとに置かれて事務を行った。
English: Usually, Shitokan consisted of Kami, Suke, Jo, and Sakan but Tsukasa did not have Suke in general.
Japanese: 通常四等官は長官・次官・判官・主典の四者から構成されるが､司の場合は基本的に次官が欠けている。
English: While Shiki and Ryo were independent of the ministries to some extent, Tsukasa was mostly under the command of the higher organizations including the ministries.
Japanese: また､前二者が省との間はある程度の独立関係であるのに対し､こちらはほぼ完全に省など上級機関の統制下に置かれている。
English: As Tsukasa was ranked lower than Shiki and Ryo, it included a lot of branches in charge of work-site operations, most of which were consolidated during the Heian period.
Japanese: 職・寮・司の中で最も格が低いため､現業部門が多く平安時代に大部分が整理・統合された。
English: Organizations called Gen and Sho under the command of Togubo were also a kind of Tsukasa.
Japanese: 春宮坊管下は監（げん）および署（しょ）と呼ばれる機関があるが､これも司の一種である。
English: Shitokan of Otsukasa included Kami (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Jo (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) - Daisakan (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade) - Shosakan (Greater Initial Rank, Lower Grade.)
Japanese: 大司四等官の構成は正（正六位上）-佑（従七位下）-大令史（大初位上）-少令史（大初位下）
English: Shitokan of Shotsukasa and Gen included Kami (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Jo (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Sakan (Lesser Initial Rank, Upper Grade.)
Japanese: 小司・監四等官の構成は正（従六位上）-佑（正八位下）-令史（少初位上）
English: Ryo was a rank in government offices under the ancient Japanese ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 寮（つかさ・りょう）は日本古代の律令制における官司の等級の一つである。
English: Ryo took charge of clerical work together with Shiki (ritsuryo system) and Tsukasa mainly under the ministries (Nakatsukasasho, Shikibusho, Jibusho, Minbusho, and Kunaisho).
Japanese: 寮は職_(律令制)や司と共に主に省（中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省・宮内省の各省）のもとで事務を行った。
English: Shitokan, the regular officials, were described as Kami, Suke, Jo, and Sakan, respectively.
Japanese: 基本職員である四等官はそれぞれ頭（長官）－助（次官）－充（判官）－属（主典）とあらわす。
English: Shitokan of Oryo included Kami (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) - Suke (Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Taijo (Senior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) - Shojo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) - Daisakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade) - Shosakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 大寮四等官の構成は頭（従五位上）-助（正六位下）-大允（正七位下）-少允（従七位上）-大属（従八位上）-少属（従八位下）
English: Shitokan of Shoryo included Kami (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) - Suke (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Jo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) - Daisakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shosakan (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 小寮四等官の構成は頭（従五位下）-助（従六位上）-允（従七位上）-大属（従八位下）-少属（大初位上）
English: Shiki was an organization to take charge of clerical work along with Ryo (ritsuryo system) and Tsukasa (also known as Shi) and to rule special areas (like Kyoto), mainly under the ministries (two ministries of Nakatsukasasho and Kunaisho).
Japanese: 職は寮(律令制)や司と共に主に省（中務省・宮内省の二省）などのもとで事務を行う組織､また特別地域（京など）を統治する組織である。
English: Shitokan, the regular officials, were called Daibu (Kami) - Suke - Jo - Sakan.
Japanese: 基本職員である四等官は大夫（長官）－亮（次官）－進（判官）－属（主典）と呼ばれる。
English: Since Togubo and Shiki had completely the same configuration of Shitokan, corresponding court ranks and the like, Togubo is considered to have been a kind of Shiki.
Japanese: 春宮坊は四等官の構成､官位相当などがまったく同じであることから職の一種と考えられている。
English: Shitokan of Daishiki were Daibu (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) - Suke (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) - Daijo (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade) - Shojo (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Daisakan (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shosakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade.)
Japanese: 大職四等官の構成は大夫（従四位下）-亮（従五位下）-大進（従六位上）-少進（従六位下）-大属（正八位下）-少属（従八位上）
English: Shitokan of Shoshiki included Daibu (Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) - Suke (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) - Daijo (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shojo (Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade) - Daisakan (Senior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade) - Shosakan (Junior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 小職四等官の構成は大夫（正五位上）-亮（従五位下）-大進（従六位下）-少進（正七位上）-大属（正八位下）-少属（従八位上）
English: These terms are used even today, however, the origin of them refers to a woman owned by a husband, which is condemned by feminists.
Japanese: これらは現在でも使われるが、語源として夫の所有する人という意味がありフェミニズム論者には好まれない側面もあるという。
English: After the Heian period, the title of fujin became less and less used along with the title hi and hin (consorts of an emperor), and it was virtually abolished in the era of the Emperor Junna.
Japanese: 平安時代以降、妃・嬪(ひん)の号とともに次第に用いられなくなり淳和天皇期に事実上廃止された。
English: Naiki was officials under the direct control of Nakatsukasasho, and took charge of drafting of imperial messages, imperial edicts, diplomas of court rank, and recording of emperor's activities.
Japanese: 内記は中務省直属の官で詔勅・宣命・位記の起草・天皇の行動記録を職掌としていた。
English: For that reason, good writers among officials and scholars were preferentially appointed Naiki, and Dainaiki was limited to those who had passed the National examination in history (and Chinese literature).
Japanese: そのため文筆の上手い官人や学者が優先的に就任し、大内記は紀伝道（文章道）の国家試験合格者に限定されていた。
English: However, in the Heian period, the role of naiki was gradually reduced.
Japanese: ところが平安時代に入ると、内記の役割が徐々に衰退していくことになる。
English: Naiki was in charge of recording the official activities of the emperor, and was not qualified to enter Dairi, the emperor's residence.
Japanese: 内記は天皇の公的な行動記録を残すことを職掌としており私的空間である内裏に立入ることは出来なかった。
English: When Kurododokoro was established and its officials Kurodo was qualified to enter Dairi, the emperor began to issue imperial orders to Daijokan through Kurodo; accordingly, the emperor did not need to go out from Dairi except for occasions like imperial court events, and eventually the emperor and Naiki had less and less contact with each other, which was the reason that Naiki lost their duties of recording the emperor's activities.
Japanese: ところが、蔵人所が設置されて蔵人には内裏への立入が認められたために、天皇は蔵人を通じて太政官に命令（勅旨）を下すようになり、宮中行事などを除いて天皇が内裏の外に出る必要性がなくなったために、結果的には天皇と内記の接触が減少したことにより行動記録の職掌を失った。
English: Besides, as Geki, the officials in charge of drafting the orders from Daijokan, expanded their authority and absorbed the duty of drafting the imperial messages, Naiki lost their roles.
Japanese: 更に太政官の命令を起草する外記が勢力を拡大して詔勅起草の職掌を奪ったことが重なり、その役割を失っていったのである。
English: Naiki was independent from Shitokan as the officials under the direct command of Nakatsukasasho (i.e., Honkan, Isshi) and their office was called Naikikyoku.
Japanese: 中務省直属の官として四等官からは独立しており（品官（ほんかん）・一司）、事務所は内記局と呼ばれる。
English: Following the Chinese Kikyochu, Naikikyoku recorded daily activities of the emperor and compiled as 'Naikikyoku Nikki;' but for the above-mentioned reasons, they ceased that duty in the latter half of the Heian period and their documents have been lost except for some superior writings.
Japanese: また、中国の起居注に倣って天皇の日々の動静についての記録をとって「内記日記」としてまとめられていたが、前述の理由により平安時代後期には行われなくなり、現在は一部の逸文以外は残されていない。
English: Kenmotsu was officials of Honkan that belonged to Nakatsukasasho under the ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 監物（けんもつ）は律令制において中務省に属した官人品官（ほんかん）。
English: Kenmotsu was the officials under the direct command of Nakatsukasasho and was in charge of supervising the maintenance and delivery operations of keys of warehouses of the government offices.
Japanese: 監物は中務省直属の官で諸官庁の倉庫の鍵を管理・出納事務の監察に携わった。
English: Therefore, Kenmotsu virtually ruled Tenyaku of Nakatsukasasho, Shuyaku of Okurasho and Kuraryo, all of which dealt with the keys.
Japanese: そのため鍵を実際に取り扱う中務省の典鑰や大蔵省・内蔵寮の主鑰を実質的に統率した。
English: It might have been originally 'Gemotsushiki' under the direct command of the emperor, which was incorporated into Nakatsukasasho when the ritsuryo code took effect.
Japanese: もともとは天皇直属の「下物職」であったらしく律令施行によって中務省に組み込まれた。
English: Kenmotsu had been divided into three ranks Dai, Chu, and Sho, but Kenmotsusakan replaced Chukenmotsu and assisted the operations.
Japanese: 大・中・少の三員あったが中監物は廃止され替わりに監物主典（けんもつさかん）が設置されて事務を補助した。
English: The post of Monjo hakase was established on August 30, 728 in order to supplement Myogyo-do (Daigaku-ryo's then main subject to study and teach Chinese classics of Confucianism such as shisho-gokyo [四書五経: the four books and five classics]) through teaching Chinese classics of other than Confucianism, and at that time Ritsugaku hakase (teacher of law, which was later called myobo hakase) was concurrently established.
Japanese: 神亀5年7月21日(旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において、明経道を補助する事（儒学以外の漢文の解釈）を目的として律学博士（後の明法博士）とともに設置された。
English: Two years later, myobo-sho (subject of law) and monjo-sho (subject of history and Chinese literature) were recruited on April 18, 730, and as a result, these subjects became virtural independent subject each.
Japanese: 2年後の天平2年3月27日(旧暦)（730年4月18日）に明法生・文章生が設置されて事実上の独立した教科となった。
English: Gakuryo (the law on scholarship) formulated under the ritsuryo codes focused, following Tang's system, on myogyo-do which was to teach Confucianism, the dominant philosophy in Chinese dynasties, and the post of monjo hakase was installed for the purpose of supplementing myogyo-do.
Japanese: 日本の律令法における学令は、唐の制度に倣って中国王朝の支配思想であった儒学を教える明経道を中心に置いた規定がなされ、文章博士はそれを補う目的で設置されたものであった。
English: In Japan, however, literature and history attracted more interest due to their approachable nature than philosophical study (myogyo-do) and administrative study (myobo-do) did.
Japanese: ところが、日本においては思想（明経道）や実務（明法道）よりも親しみやすい文学・史学への関心が高かった。
English: As a result, the status of monjo hakase came to rise as illustrated by OMI no Mifune's assuming office as Daigaku no kami (the principal of Daigaku-ryo) and as monjo hakase at the same time in 772.
Japanese: そのため宝亀3年（772年）には淡海三船が大学寮の長である大学頭と文章博士を兼ねるなど、文章博士の地位が高まるようになった。
English: The status of monjo hakase was raised to be equivalent to the official court rank of Jugoinoge (junior fifth rank, lower grade) on March 15, 811, passing myogyo hakase, the then highest ranking post among various kinds of hakase, and becoming the only teacher within Daigaku-ryo with a Court noble status.
Japanese: 弘仁12年2月17日(旧暦)（811年3月15日）に官位相当が従五位下に引き上げられ、諸博士の筆頭であった明経博士を追い越して大学寮の教官で唯一の貴族身分とされた。
English: Furthermore, the teaching staff quota of Kiden-do was raised to two on April 20, 834 incorporating a post of Kiden Hakase which had been installed in 808.
Japanese: 更に承和(日本)元年3月8日(旧暦)（834年4月20日）には、紀伝博士（大同(日本)3年（808年）設置）1名を統合して定員を2名とした。
English: Since then, either kiden-ka or kiden-do came to be used as the subject name, but teacher's title continued to be monjo hakase which had been in use since the Jinki era (except some examples of using 'kiden hakase' to stress the meaning of 'a history teacher' in sentences where hakase of other subjects were mentioned together).
Japanese: 以後、学科名としては紀伝科あるいは紀伝道が採用されたものの、博士の号は神亀以来の「文章博士」の呼称が採用された（ただし、文章中に他の科の博士と併記する場合には、「紀伝道の博士」という意味で「紀伝博士」の表記を用いた例もある）。
English: Additionally, shikiden (a rice field given to senior bureaucrats based on office) for Monjo Hakase was increased from 4 cho (1 cho under the ritsuryo system equaled to 11,800 sq. m.) to 6 cho in 859.
Japanese: 更に貞観(日本)元年（859年）には職田が4町から6町に増加された。
English: Roles of monjo hakase were mainly teaching and conducting tests at Daigaku-ryo, but they sometimes included giving lectures to emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, and writing, on their requests, Chinese-style poems, reports on history, application letters for promotion, etc.
Japanese: 文章博士は大学寮における教授・試験などの業務の他に、天皇や摂関、公卿の侍読を務めたり、彼らの依頼を受けて漢詩を作成したり、紀伝勘文や申文などの文章を執筆することがあった。
English: Consequently, personnel in the post of monjo hakase often became familiar with persons in positions of authority and, by the end of the Heian period, as many as twelve such personnel became Court nobles based on their recommendations, including HARUZUMI no Yoshitada, TACHIBANA no Hiromi and KI no Haseo.
Japanese: そのため、権力中枢との距離が近くなり、彼らの推挙を受けて公卿まで昇る者も少なくはなく、春澄善縄・橘広相・紀長谷雄ら平安時代末期までに12名を数える。
English: The most outstanding group of people among them was the Sugawara clan founded by SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi who established Monjoin (one of the privately owned dormitories/lecture halls located in Daigaku-ryo) in around the middle of the ninth century.
Japanese: だが、その中でも最たる者は9世紀中頃に文章院を創設した菅原清公を祖とする菅原氏であった。
English: Having produced monjo hakase who later became a Court noble over three consecutive generations, i.e. from Kiyokimi to SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, then to SUGAWARA no Michizane, the Sugawara clan was in such a strong position that they looked as if they were holding the post of hakase by heredity.
Japanese: 菅原氏は清公・菅原是善・菅原道真と3代にわたって文章博士から公卿に昇り、博士職を世襲する勢いであった。
English: In addition, Monjoin was officially recognized as jikiso (Daigaku-ryo's dormitory where lectures were delivered as well), which is said to have made the Sugawara clan so much more outstanding that able scholars such as TACHIBANA no Hiromi and SHIMADA no Tadaomi joined the Sugawara clan's pupils to receive lectures at Sugawara's private residence (a private school familiarly called 'Kanke-roka' [菅家廊下: the hallway of Sugawara's house]).
Japanese: また文章院が大学寮における紀伝道の直曹として公認された事から、橘広相・島田忠臣ら有能な人物が、大学寮の外においても菅原氏の門人に列して私邸に参してまで教えを受けた（「菅家廊下」）とされている。
English: Additionally, both SUGAWARA no Takami and SUGAWARA no Atsushige, who have been implicated in the Incident and appointed respectively Daigaku no kami and monjo hakase after returning to the capital, died at an early age.
Japanese: また、連座して左遷された菅原高視・菅原淳茂は復帰後それぞれ大学頭、文章博士に任じられたものの早世した。
English: Against the background of those days, however, when most of government posts were increasingly being filled by succession, the Oe clan took the place of the Fujiwara clan, especially monopolizing the two monjo hakase posts from 934 to 943, with OE no Koretoki, the first monjo hakase coming from the Oe clan (appointed in 929), and OE no Asatsuna, who filled the other of the two posts under the monjo hakase quota.
Japanese: だが、この当時どこの官職においても世襲化が進んでおり、菅原氏に代わって大江氏がその地位を占め、特に承平(日本)4年から天慶6年までは、大江氏最初の文章博士であった大江維時（延長(日本)7年任命）に加えて、大江朝綱がもう1枠の文章博士に任じられた。
English: The Oe clan, as a result, deprived the Sugawara clan of half the latter's control over Monjoin through a monopoly on the monjo hakase posts, which even the Sugawara clan could not achieve.
Japanese: このことで、菅原氏ですら行わなかった文章博士の一族独占を行って文章院の管轄権の半分を菅原氏から奪った。
English: The presence of the Fujiwara clan in kiden-do, however, was also quite remarkable after the appointment to monjo hakase of FUJIWARA no Sugane (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan) and FUJIWARA no Sukeyo (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan).
Japanese: だが、藤原菅根（藤原南家）・藤原佐世（藤原式家）の文章博士任官以後に紀伝道に進出してきた藤原氏の台頭も目覚しかった。
English: Especially, the Fujiwara clan owned Kangakuin, one of Daigaku-besso (private dormitories/lecture-halls located in Daigaku-ryo), which was believed to have been established in rivalry with Monjoin, and worked, en masse, to enhance the family's presence in the educational scene.
Japanese: 特に藤原氏は文章院に対抗して設立されたとも言われている大学別曹・勧学院を有しており、一族を挙げてこうした動きを支えた。
English: Consequently, either of the five families, namely the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan and the Hino line of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan interchangeably filled both of the two monjo hakase posts after the mid Heian period.
Japanese: このため、平安時代中期以後は菅原氏・大江氏・藤原氏の南家・式家・藤原北家のうちの日野流の5つの家系が交互に文章博士2名に就いてその地位を占めるようになった。
English: It is said that those five families were able to monopolize the quota of two monjo hakase by heredity because a person who once became monjo hakase could be promoted, capitalizing on his many opportunities to be acquainted with influential figures such as emperors, regents and chancellors, and Court nobles, to an important post such as benkan (a key position in the Grand Council of State called Dajokan) in a relatively shorter period of time than could other types of hakase who were hardly able to rise to a higher post and, further, because he could continue to gain the social trust and status, even after that, as a distinguished academic just as monjo hakase could.
Japanese: 定数2名の文章博士を5系統で世襲・独占するという形態が成立した背景には、文章博士は天皇や摂関以下公卿と面識を得る機会が多く、1度就任するとそれ以上の昇進が困難であった他の博士と比べて比較的短期間で弁官などの要職に転任して、その後も学識経験者として文章博士と同様の社会的信頼・地位を得ることが可能であったことによるとされている。
English: In the ritsuryo system, Kannin meant officials at the rank of Sakan of Tsukasa (also known as Shi) or above and the court rank of Sixth Rank or below, and in the Heian period, it meant officials at the rank of Jo or below, specifically lieutenant of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) or under.
Japanese: 律令制では諸司の主典以上六位以下、平安時代には判官以下、特に近衛府の将監以下の官吏を指した。
English: In a narrow sense, Kannin means the officials of Shitokan and the officials at the government posts of Honkan, both of which had corresponding court ranks, except for Gunji; and in a broad sense, Kannin collectively means the officials including Gunji and officials without corresponding court ranks such as Tukaibe, Tomobe, and Toneri.
Japanese: 官人とは狭義では郡司を除く官位相当のある四等官または品官の官職についている官吏のことをいい､広義では郡司や官位相当のない使部・伴部・舎人なども含めて総称される。
English: In some cases, among the above definition, those at Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade (Fifth Rank) or above may be called the nobles and only those below that court rank may be called Kannin.
Japanese: その中でも従五位下（五位）以上のものを貴族と呼称してそれ以下の位階に属する者のみを官人と称する場合もある。
English: In that case, as Sanni did not hold the posts of Shitokan or Honkan even when they were at Fifth Rank or above, they were sometimes treated accordingly as Kanjin.
Japanese: この場合、五位以上でも散位の場合は四等官・品官の地位にいないため、官人に准じて扱われる場合もある。
English: Kannin at Eighth Rank or above were exempted from Soyocho, Yo, and Zoyo, and treated favorably in punishment.
Japanese: 八位以上の官人には租庸調・庸・雑徭が免除され､刑罰の上でも優遇された。
English: Kannin at Fifth Rank or above had privileges of Onni to receive court ranks for their family members, and of receiving paddy fields and the like; and those at higher court ranks had bigger privileges.
Japanese: 五位以上には親族に位階を賜る蔭位の特典や田地の下賜などがあり､さらに官位が昇るにつれて特典が大きくなった。
English: Bukan was Kannin who bore swords, specifically an officer at the military organizations such as Efu, Meryo, and Tsuwamonogura, a leading officer of an army, and Junsatsudanjo (a patrolling officer) at Danjodai.
Japanese: 武官とは帯刀する官人のことで具体的には軍事機関である衛府や馬寮､兵庫の職員､軍団の幹部､及び弾正台の巡察弾正などを指した。
English: Only Kannin at Dazaifu and Udoneri, who bore swords, were treated as Bunkan, not Bunkan.
Japanese: ただし､大宰府の職員や内舎人など帯刀する官人は武官ではなく文官として扱われた。
English: Kyokan was also called Naikan, meaning Kannin who worked at the national government, and Gekan meant Kannin who worked at local governments.
Japanese: 京官（きょうかん）は内官ともいい中央官庁に勤務する官人を称し､外官（げかん）とは地方官のことをいう。
English: Shikiji was Kannin who had duties, whereas Sanni (also known as Sani) was Kannin who did not have duties, i.e., who only had the court ranks.
Japanese: 職事（しきじ）とは職務を持つ官人をいい､散位（さんに・さんい）とは職務を持たない官人､つまり位階だけしか持っていない者のこと。
English: Most of Sanni were retired Kannin; those who lived in Kyoto and those who were at Fifth Rank or above and lived in local provinces held full-time positions in Sanniryo, and the others alternately worked at respective Kokufu.
Japanese: 散位はほとんどが退職官人で京内の者と地方の五位以上の者は散位寮に常勤し､それ以外の者は各国府に交替勤務した。
English: They were classified into Bunkan, Bukan, Kyokan, and Gekan, and it is considered that Bukan (Busanni) were under the supervision of Hyobusho.
Japanese: 武官・文官､京官・外官の区分がありこのうち武官（武散位）については兵部省が取り扱ったとも言われている。
English: Hannin was a post appointed by Daijokan, and Hanpo was a post appointed by Shikibusho, or Hyobusho in some cases.
Japanese: 判任（はんにん）は太政官の任命､判補（はんぽ）は式部省（一部は兵部省）の任命する官。
English: Kannin in a broad sense, and, for reference, Shicho (also known as Jicho), workers from local provinces, are shown below.
Japanese: ここでは広義の官人および参考として地方からの労働者である仕丁（しちょう・じちょう）を掲げた。
English: Kami took charge of decision, Suke took charge of assistance, Jo took charge of audit and clerical work, and Sakan took charge of drafting of documents.
Japanese: 長官（かみ）が決裁､次官（すけ）が補佐､判官（じょう）が監査・事務､主典（さかん）が文書起草を行う。
English: They should have been independently established as Shiki, Ryo, and Tsukasa (also known as Shi), however, the number of officials in this category was too small to do so, as a result, Honkan was established.
Japanese: 本来は職(律令制)・寮(律令制)・司として独立させるべきであるがそれには規模が小さいためこのような形態となった。
English: Zonin were opposite to Shikiji consisted of Shitokan and Honkan, and high-ranking Kannin including Saigi no Chojo.
Japanese: 四等官・品官からなる職事や才伎長上などの上級官人に対する存在である。
English: The officials were appointed by Hanpo at Shikibusho, worked on a shift system, and did not have a corresponding court rank.
Japanese: 式部省の判補によって採用されて交代で勤務する分番を採っており、官位相当はない。
English: They were annually rated using the three-point scale of Jo, Chu, Ge, and were conferred on the ranks higher by up to three based on the rating of eight years (according to the law in 706, this rule was operated based on a six years rating in fact).
Japanese: 毎年上・中・下の3等で評価され、8年分の評価（ただし706年の格式で実際には6年分の評価で運用）に基づいて最大で3階相当分の叙位が行われた。
English: Shisho were originally placed in some offices such as Daijokan, Jingikan, the eight ministries, Shuzeiryo, and Shukeiryo; however, as the administration became complicated, Shisho were additionally placed in other offices.
Japanese: もともとは太政官・神祇官や八省および主税寮・主計寮など一部の官司にしか置かれていなかったが､行政の煩雑化に伴って様々な官司へ増置された。
English: Sho was suffixed onto the respective office names like Kansho, Shosho, and in the later ages, Sho were placed in a lot of offices of Shiki and Ryo.
Japanese: 掌の前には各官司名が入り（官掌・省掌など）後には職・寮などにも多数設置された。