nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to the job class system of the Edo bakufu, the oniwaban was one of the Hiroshiki officials (inner apartment supply officers for Edo-jo Castle) which were organized with only men and belonged to Ooku, the harem of shogun.
Japanese: 御庭番は江戸幕府の職制では大奥に属する男性の職員である広敷役人のひとつである。
English: Their official duty was security but they sometimes conducted intelligence-gathering activities under the command of the aides of the shogun, Sobagoyotoritsuki (an attendant of the shogun who conveyed the shogun's messages and commands.)
Japanese: 奥向きの警備を表向きの職務とするが、時に将軍の側近である側御用取次から命令を受け、情報収集活動を行った。
English: They were also required to report any suspicious activities by regularly inspecting the feudal lords and vassals of the shogun as well as Edo city.
Japanese: また、日常的に大名・幕臣のことや江戸市中のことを観察することとされ、異常があれば報告するよう定められていたとされる。
English: The oniwaban could get close to the shogun's palace due to their duty as the garden security guard and sometimes met the shogun in person to report the intelligence they collected even though they were just a Gokenin (retainers) which was the lower position than Omemie (the vassals with the privilege to have an audience with the shogun.)
Japanese: 御庭番は、庭の番の名目で御殿に近づくことができため、報告にあたっては御目見得以下の御家人身分であっても将軍に直接面会することもあった。
English: One of the oniwaban, Nagataka KAWAMURA was promoted to the high position with the property of 1000 crop yields according to Ashidaka system (the system to give low-class people extra property as wage when they got a higher position than their family class) for having worked as an Ongokubugyo (a magistrate placed at an important area directly controlled by the bakufu) at the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 中には幕末に遠国奉行を歴任して足高の制で1000石取りまで昇進した川村修就のような人物もいる。
English: The predecessors of oniwaban were officials called kusurigomeyaku (gunpowder charger) in Kishu domain where Yoshimune was the lord before becoming shogun.
Japanese: 御庭番の前身は、吉宗が将軍就任前に藩主を務めていた紀州藩お抱えの薬込役と呼ばれる役人たちであった。
English: In the Kishu domain, the kusurigomeyaku officially worked as security guard of the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside,) but also conducted intelligence-gathering activities under the direct command of the lord like the oniwaban.
Japanese: 紀州藩でも奥向きの警備を表向きの職務とし、藩主の命を受けて情報収集を行っていたとされる。
English: When Yoshimune became shogun, more than a dozen of the kusurigomeyaku came to Edo with Yoshimune and were incorporated as Shogun's retainer to become his oniwaban.
Japanese: 吉宗が将軍に就任したとき、薬込役のうち十数人の者たちが吉宗に随行して江戸に移り、幕臣に編入されて、御庭番となった。
English: Although there were dozens of kusurigomeyaku in the Kishu domain, only a little more than a dozen of them were transferred to the bakufu.
Japanese: 紀州藩の薬込役は全体で数十人おり、その中から幕臣に編入されたのは十数人だけであった。
English: However, they were appointed just because they accompanied Yoshimune to Edo on their turn of duty but not because they were specially selected.
Japanese: しかし、これは輪番で江戸に随行した者を任命しただけであって、特に選抜して連れてきたというわけではない。
English: Yoshimune created the position of oniwaban because people from Iga and Koga who had worked for the bakufu since Ieyasu era, no longer functioned as ninja and secret agents.
Japanese: 吉宗が御庭番を新設した理由としては、家康以来幕府に仕えてきた伊賀者、甲賀者が忍者としての機能を失い、間諜として使い物にならなくなったことがあげられる。
English: He also wanted his reliable retainers as his secret agents, who had worked for his family for generations, because he was a shogun from the Kishu family, a branch family of the shogun family.
Japanese: また、傍流の紀州家から将軍家を継いだ吉宗が、代々自分の家に仕えてきて信頼のおける者を間諜に用いようとしたことも理由としてあげられる。
English: He also wanted to make the shogun power stronger by compensating the lack of inspection ability under the direct control of shogun because Ometsuke, the official senior inspector of the bakufu, actually acted as the ceremony officer whose main duty was conveying commands.
Japanese: また、幕府の公式の監察官である大目付が伝令を主たる職務とする儀礼官になるなど将軍直属の監察能力の形骸化があり、これを補って将軍権力を強化する意味あいもあった。
English: The oniwaban was inherited by about a dozen descendent families of the kusurigomeyaku who were nominated as the first oniwanan by Yoshimune when they were transferred from the Kishu domain to the bakufu.
Japanese: 御庭番は吉宗のとき紀州藩から幕府に編入され初代の御庭番に任命された者たちの子孫十数家の世襲からなった。
English: They kept the unity as the oniwaban family for generations and fulfilled their duties cooperatively.
Japanese: 彼らは世襲によってまかなわれる御庭番の家筋としての団結を保ち、御庭番の職務を協同して行っていた。
English: The oniwaban families were originally lower-ranking vassals but most of them were promoted to the direct retainer of the shogun by the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 御庭番の家筋の諸家は当初はすべてが下級の御家人であったが、幕末までに大半の家が下級の旗本にまで上昇した。
English: When an oniwaban got a promotion, he naturally resigned the position of oniwaban which was for the lower-class retainers, however when his child stared working for the bakufu, the first position of this child had to be the oniwaban.
Japanese: 御庭番出身の者が出世すれば当然に軽輩の職務である御庭番からは離れることになるがその子が新たに幕府に出仕するときは御庭番となる定めであった。
English: They were also listed in the directory of Edo officials and their information was released including their name, address, income and resume even though they were secret agents.
Japanese: また彼らは当時の江戸武鑑に御庭番として収録されており、間諜でありながら氏名、住居はもとより収入や経歴に至るまで公開されていた。
English: Onkokugoyo is the inspection trip to rural areas that the oniwaban made with their identity concealed.
Japanese: 御庭番が幕臣としての身分を隠し、遠国に実情を調査に出かける旅行のことを「遠国御用」という。
English: As previously mentioned, their performance as secret agents was not dramatic like the ninja as people generally imagine today, however the frequent onkokugoyo was one of their important duties.
Japanese: 既に触れたように彼らは一般に膾炙したように忍者のような華々しい間諜行動はとらなかったようであるが、それでもしばしば命ぜられる遠国御用は重要な任務であった。
English: The statements about oniwaban often say, 'As soon as the oniwaban received a mission, they went to a clothes shop owned by the bakufu, masqueraded as someone else in a secret room of the shop, and left Edo immediately with no notice to their family,' however, the oniwaban's writings and the bakufu's official records show that it was just a story.
Japanese: 御庭番に関する記述では、「御庭番は台命を受けるや直ちに幕府御用達呉服店に赴き秘密の部屋で変装し家族にも告げずに直ちに出発する」などとしたものをよく見かけるが、御庭番自身の談話や彼らの書き残した記録や幕府に残る公的記録から、これは伝説に過ぎないことがわかっている。
English: In reality, they went back home once and prepared well for the trip prior to their departure when they received a mission of intelligence collection.
Japanese: 実際には、情報収集の命令を受けた御庭番は、出発前に一度自宅に戻って綿密に準備していた。
English: They maintained close contact with the oniwaban families including the patriarch who had already retired from the oniwban after his promotion to the shogun's retainer.
Japanese: 彼らは幕臣として出世し御庭番の職務を離れた長老までも含めた御庭番家筋の間で相互に親密に連絡を取り合った。
English: The oniwaban who had received a mission from the bakufu, discussed the investigation content with the patriarch of their family and the senior oniwaban.
Japanese: 台命を受けた御庭番は家筋の長老をはじめとする先輩御庭番達に調査内容について相談していた。
English: (However, they submitted an oath stated 'I hereby agree not to leak any confidential information during my duties to any third parties including my family' when they became the oniwaban.
Japanese: （しかし御庭番達は「他人はもとより親兄弟と雖も職務上の秘密を漏らさない」旨の誓紙を就任時に提出していた）。
English: The investigation reports were made in writing and were reviewed by senior oniwaban before submission.
Japanese: 調査報告にあたっても報告は書面で認め、先輩御庭番達の校閲を経てから報告が行われた。
English: The trip schedule recorded on their reports said that they had left Edo immediately after receiving a mission and reported their investigations as soon as they came back from the ongokugoyo, however they actually stayed at their house for few days before and after their trip to prepare for the trip and write investigation reports.
Japanese: 報告書上の旅程は下命後直ちに出発し帰着後直ちに復命したという形式をとったが実際には事前の準備と事後の報告書作成のために前後数日間の在宅期間が存在していた。
English: They reported the untrue trip schedule because they needed to pretend as if they worked single-mindedly on their mission and also because the trip allowance was paid by the day.
Japanese: これは脇目もふらず職務に邁進したという建前をとる必要があったことと日割で出張手当が支給されたことによると思われる。
English: In Kyoto and Osaka where the oniwaban often visited on the ongokugoyo trip, the purveyors were stationed as the local staff to support the secretive investigation by the oniwaban.
Japanese: 遠国御用のたびに立ち寄ることになる京都、大坂には、毎回御用を命ぜられた御庭番が立ち寄る御用達町人が御庭番の隠密調査を支援するための一種の現地スタッフとして配置されていた。
English: The oniwan could accomplish their duties on their first onkokugoyo trip thanks to the purveyors' support.
Japanese: 御庭番は初めての御用でも彼らの助けを得て無事に任務を果たすことができた。
English: Saigokusuji-gundai was one of the gundai set in four places in the Edo period.
Japanese: 西国筋郡代（さいごくすじぐんだい）とは、江戸時代に4ヶ所設置された郡代の一つ。
English: Saigokusuji-gundai, an administrative officer as well as a local governor who managed the affairs of Kyushu region which was the territory under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate, had a fief of 162,000 koku.
Japanese: 九州の徳川幕府直轄領の民治を司る行政官であり代官であり、16万2千石を所轄する。
English: Saigokusuji-gundai was regarded as the higher position than other regular gundai because it had close relationship with tozama yuhan (outside feudal lord of powerful domain), such as the Shimazu clan, the Hosokawa clan, the Nabeshima clan, and the Kuroda clan.
Japanese: また接することの多い島津氏、細川氏、鍋島氏、黒田氏という外様雄藩との関係から通常の代官より格上の郡代とされた。
English: Since their job was to watch developments in the Kyushu domains, cooperating with Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate), they were also known as "Kyushu Tandai" (local feudal commissioner).
Japanese: その任務は長崎奉行と協力して九州諸藩の動静監視であり「九州探題」とも呼ばれた。
English: "Bakuhan-taisei" is a historical concept of social system of early modern Japan viewed basically from feudal homage between bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (or seii-taishogun, literally "great general who subdues the barbarians) and han (domains) (or daimyo, meaning "feudal lords").
Japanese: 幕藩体制（ばくはんたいせい）とは、近世日本の社会体制のあり方を、幕府（征夷大将軍）と藩（大名）という封建制度的主従関係を基点にとらえた歴史学上の概念である。
English: In the pre-war days, the term meant a political system itself in the narrow sense, but along with the development of the historical science in the post-war era, the term has become to mean a concept that indicates the features of entire society system of the early modern Japan.
Japanese: 戦前段階には狭義に政治体制自体を指していたが、戦後の歴史学の進展に伴い、近世日本の社会体制全体の特色を示す概念として使われるようになった。
English: It was characterized with the Edo bakufu as the supreme governing institution at the top of warriors, and yet with each feudal lord which maintained somewhat independent governing structure in its own territory (domain), as well as with the tax system based on annual yield of rice, Kokudaka-sei, whereby tax is paid by rice and other actual goods.
Japanese: 江戸幕府を全ての武士の頂点とし、最高の統治機関としながらも、各大名がそれぞれの領地においてある程度独立した統治機構（藩）を形成していることと、米などを現物で納めさせて年貢とする石高制をその基礎においていることが特徴である。
English: Daimyo (feudal lords) were classified into Shinpan daimyo (descendants of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA), Fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) and Tozama daimyo (non-Tokugawa feudal lords), all of which were controlled by Tokugawa shogunate through Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords were required to spend every other year in their residences in Edo) and Kaieki (change or forfeit of ranks).
Japanese: 諸大名を親藩、譜代大名、外様大名に分け、参勤交代や改易によってこれを統制した。
English: Samurai (warriors) were positioned at the governing class in the hierarchy called "Shinokosho" ("warriors, peasants, artisans and merchants") (Although it is pointed out that the term of "Shinokosho" was not correctly representing the order of hereditary social status at that time.)
Japanese: また、士農工商などといわれる身分制度によって武士を支配階級に位置づけた（もっとも士農工商という言葉は当時の階級を正確に表してはいないと指摘されている）。
English: Kokudaka-sei tax system was gradually formed through heino-bunri (the separation of warriors and peasants) and kenchi (cadastral surveys) during the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Japanese: 石高制については安土桃山時代に兵農分離が行われ検地によって徐々に形成されていった。
English: Various systems to build up Bakuhan-taisei, including systems of sakoku (national isolation), chigyo (enfeoffment) and murauke (village wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) were established under the reigns of the first to third shogunates, namely Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Hidetada TOKUGAWA and Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 幕藩体制を形作る諸制度は初代将軍徳川家康以降、2代徳川秀忠、3代徳川家光の時代に、鎖国体制や知行制、村請制などが確立されていった。
English: During the Edo period, the growth of merchant capital and the penetration of the commodity economy to agricultural villages contributed to the transformation of the hierarchy of village communities, which, however, caused such turmoils in the community as uprising peasants and destructive riots, and compelled both Bakufu (shogunate) government and Han (local domain) governments to try to reform their political systems.
Japanese: 江戸時代には商人資本の成長や農村への商品経済の浸透、それらによる身分制の変質など、村落共同体の動揺は一揆や打ちこわしを招き、幕府や諸藩は幕政改革や藩政改革を行い再編を試みる。
English: In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, bakufu (shogunate) ended its seclusion policy and opened the country to the world, and along with the extension of the authority of the Imperial court, reconciliation between the Imperial court and shogunate was promoted.
Japanese: 幕末には幕府は鎖国政策を改めて開国し、朝廷権威も伸長して公武合体路線が進められる。
English: Although the governing structure by old han (feudal domains) was maintained for a while in the early Meiji period, Bakuhan-taisei was eventually brought to the end through a series of Hanseki Hokan (the return of lands and people to the Emperor) and Haihan Chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) under the new policy of centralization.
Japanese: 明治初期には旧藩による統治は維持されるが、中央集権政策のもと版籍奉還、廃藩置県により幕藩体制は終結する。
English: They were stations for guards (jishinban) during the Edo period, who worked as vigilante corps (jikeidan), which made the history of firefighting in Japan.
Japanese: 江戸時代に、日本の消防歴史、自警団の役割をしていた自身番の詰所のこと。
English: Banya often had lodges and a fire watchtowers, and were seen in major cities such as Edo, Osaka and Kyoto, and in castle towns in the countryside.
Japanese: 木戸番や火の見櫓を併設していることが多く江戸や大坂、京都などの大都市、地方の城下町で見られた。
English: Because local citizens took turns to work as guards, the tradition lives to this day, and many of these stations remain today as volunteer fire stations, which are bases for local security, or community centers.
Japanese: 自身番は、地元住民が交代で役割を担っていたことから、現在も地域の安全の拠点となる消防団の詰所や公民館として跡地が残る場所が多い。
English: There are some banya now used as youth hostels (e.g. Momoiwaso Youth Hostel).
Japanese: ユースホステルとして利用されているものもある（桃岩荘ユースホステル）。
English: It is the war against Ezo/Emishi (the generic name of the native people living in the north part of Japan) by the troops led by MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi, the goovernor of Mutsu Province, and KIYOHARA no Sadahira ("清原貞衡" Studies suggest this Sadahira is the same person with "清原真衡") during the Eikyu era from 1069 to 1074.
Japanese: 西暦1069年から1074年までの延久年間に、陸奥守源頼俊が清原貞衡（清原真衡と同一人物との有力説がある）と共に兵を率い蝦夷を攻略したとされる戦い。
English: Emperor Gosanjo tried to follow the ruling of Emperor Kanmu, and he formulated various policies, to finalize the reconstruction of Imperial Palace, and the subjugation of Ezo (Emishi).
Japanese: 後三条天皇は桓武天皇を意識し、大内裏の再建と征夷の完遂を政策として打ち立てる。
English: Upon the Imperial order of Emperor Gosanjo, the governor of Mutsu Province MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi organized troops in 1070, and left the provincial capital of Mutsu going up to the north.
Japanese: これを請け、陸奥守源頼俊は延久2年（1070年）に軍を編成し、国府を発ち、北上する。
English: During the course of this expedition, FUJIWARA no Motomichi (Sani [courtier without post]) seized and ran off with the seal of the provincial official and the key of the provincial storage (the proof of the authenticity of the provincial official status).
Japanese: 遠征途上、藤原基通(散位)が国司の印と国正倉の鍵を奪い逃走する事件が発生する。
English: The governor of Shimotsuke Province, MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, notified the Imperial Court that Motomichi surrendered to him along with the seal and the key of the provincial official.
Japanese: 都に下野国守源義家から、基通が印と鍵を持参して投降して来たので逮捕したとの報がはいる。
English: Although KIYOHARA no Sadahira was granted a reward to be appointed as Chinjufu Shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defence of the North) for the victory, MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not receive any reward.
Japanese: 戦後の論功として、清原貞衡は鎮守府将軍に任ぜられたが、源頼俊に対する行賞は何もなかった。
English: The first theory is that the expedition of Yoritoshi actually ended as a great success as he insisted, by conquering the regions from Tsugaru Peninsula to Shimokita Peninsula and expanding the ruling of the Imperial Court throughout the Honshu Island.
Japanese: 一つ目は、頼俊の遠征はその主張のように大成功し、津軽半島と下北半島までの本州全土を朝廷の支配下に置いたとするものである。
English: In this theory, the main force of the expedition troops was assumed to be the group led by Kiyohara clan of Dewa Province, therefore the downfall of MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi did not affect the course of this war.
Japanese: 遠征軍の主力が出羽清原氏によると見られることから、実質上の総大将は清原貞衡で、源頼俊の失脚はそれほど影響が無かったと見る。
English: As the result of this expedition against Ezo/Emishi operated long after the earlier expeditions promoted by Emperor Kanmu and Emperor Saga, new counties were established in the territorialized area, such as Kuji County (Mutsu Province) and Nukanobe County.
Japanese: これにより、桓武・嵯峨天皇朝以来の大遠征で、支配下に入った地域で建郡が行われ、久慈郡(陸奥国)、糠部郡などが置かれた。
English: After these events, the northern extremity of Japan was pushed further to the region facing to the Tsugaru Straits (which was considered to be the eastern extremity at that time) until the end of Edo period before the modern era of Japan.
Japanese: これ以降近代（江戸時代後期）に至るまで津軽海峡までが日本の北端（当時の感覚では東端）となったとする。
English: The other theory assumes that the expedition was called off because of the downfall of the supreme commander Yoritoshi, therefore the expedition was half-finished.
Japanese: もうひとつは、合戦は総大将頼俊が遠征途中で失脚したため、事実上遠征は中止され、成果は中途半端に終わったとするもの。
English: This theory mentioned the awkward point of the expedition troops marching and fighting in the severe winter conditions of the northern part of Japan; it is assumed that the report of Yoritoshi to the Imperial Court stating the grand victory over Ezo was exaggerated in order to cover up his disgraceful matter of losing the important official instruments; in reality, the conquest of Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsula regions to be ruled under the Imperial Court was succeeded by the later expeditions operated by Kiyohara clan, or even later by the Oshu Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: この説では冬季に行軍が困難であることや頼俊の報告は自分の不祥事の穴埋めをするための誇大報告とし、津軽半島、下北半島までが朝廷の支配下に入ったのは、その後の清原氏や奥州藤原氏によるものとする。
English: As the result of Zenkunen War, (the Twelve-year War of Oshu) Abe clan of Mutsu Province (Oshu, the alternative name of Mutsu Province area) went to extinction, and Kiyohara clan of Dewa Province took control of both Dewa and Mutsu Provinces.
Japanese: 1051年から1062年の前九年の役（奥州十二年合戦）で陸奥の安倍氏(奥州)が滅亡し、出羽国の出羽清原氏が陸奥も支配することになった。
English: At the same time, Toiseibaiken (the right of ruling the north-eastern regions of Japan) split into two authorities as Mutsu Province Chinjufu (the defense capital of the North) and Akita-jo Castle of Dewa Province were integrated into Chinjufu as a single authority.
Japanese: それと同時に、陸奥鎮守府と出羽秋田城に分かれていた東夷成敗権が鎮守府に一本化された。
English: Another theory states that this matter was actually the intrigue of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie plotted against Yoritoshi, sprung from the fear for Yoritoshi to establish his influence in Mutsu Province.
Japanese: この不祥事は頼俊が陸奥に勢力を植えつけることを恐れた源義家の陰謀によるとの説がある。
English: As the result of this expedition, only KIYOHARA no Sadahira was rewarded for the victory by being appointed as the Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), which strengthened the presence and influence of Kiyohara clan in Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 結果として貞衡だけが軍功を認められ鎮守府将軍に叙せられ、奥羽における清原氏の勢力は益々盛んになった。
English: However, studies also suggest that although Kiyohara clan was boasting the ironclad solidarity during Zenkunen War period, the discord and frustration against the head of the clan Sadahira was developed within the clan after the Enkyu Ezo War, causing the Gosannen War that led the downfall of Kiyohara clan.
Japanese: しかし、この合戦での軋轢や当主真衡への一族の不満などから、前九年の役当時には一枚岩であった清原氏内部には次第に不協和音が生まれ始め、最終的には後三年の役を招いたとの評価がある。
English: The report of Yoritoshi to the Imperial Court mentioned that his troops had reached to 'Ezogawa Keshima,' although the location of this 'Ezogawa Keshima' has not been clarified today whether 'Ezogawa Keshima' was located in Ezo (Hokkaido Island) or the in the northern part of Honshu Island; it is also considered that Yoritoshi exaggerated the military gains and other results in his report.
Japanese: なお、この合戦で「衣曾別嶋」まで遠征を行ったと頼俊が報告しているが、この「衣曾別嶋」が蝦夷（北海道）であるという説と本州北部であるという説、頼俊が戦果を誇大報告したという説などがある。
English: The historical records and the evidence of this war are limited, thus there are many unclear points to be clarified before published in textbooks as a historical fact.
Japanese: この合戦については史料は少なく、未詳な点が多くあり、まだ一般的に教科書には登場していない。
English: Old provincial names are the names of the ryoseikoku (province) that were used up to the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 旧国名（きゅうこくめい）は、明治初頭まで使用されていた令制国の名称のことである。
English: For example, Ryukyu was a dependent state of the Satsuma domain (the Ryukyu Kingdom); however, at the time of the Meiji restoration the Japanese government made it 'Ryukyu Province'; and after having been annexed to Kagoshima Prefecture in 1871, Ryukyu was separated from Kagoshimas Prefecture in 1879 and became Okinawa Prefecture.
Japanese: 一例を挙げると、琉球は薩摩藩の付庸国（琉球王国）であったが、明治維新に際して令制国「琉球国」を新設の後、1871年に鹿児島県への編入を経て1879年に分割され、沖縄県となった。
English: The name of ryoseikoku (provinces) and the divisions have been used for a long time even after the provinces were ceased to be used as administrative unit.
Japanese: 令制国が行政単位として使われなくなってからもその名称と区画は長く用いられてきた。
English: However, after the Meiji period the old provincial names were almost never used for administrative purposes; as the result, they rapidly fell into disuse.
Japanese: しかし明治以降は行政において全くと言ってよい程使用されなくなったため、急速に廃れた。
English: At present, the old provincial names are used in several ways; first, people use them to distinguish the same place names in different places; second, people use them when they do not like to use prefecture names that are taken from a city name or a county name instead of coming up with their own and most prefecture names are settled using such substitution; third, people use old provincial names locally; (a typical example is 'Shinano Province' or 'Shinshu' which are consciously called by people in Nagano Prefecture except in the northern part of Nagano Prefecture where Nagano City is located.)
Japanese: 現代では、離れたところにある同じ地名を区別する際に用いられたり、府県名が郡名や都市名で代用したものが大半であるため、それで呼ぶことを嫌う場合や地域において用いられている（長野県を県庁所在地である長野市が所在する北信地方以外では意識的に「信濃国」或いは「信州」と呼ぶケースが代表的）。
English: There are no new provinces although the term 'old provincial names' (kyukokumei) has the word 'old' (kyu) in it.
Japanese: 「旧」と付くが、それに代わる新しい国名というものがあるわけではない。
English: The reason the names of the provinces are called old provincial names (kyukokumei) is merely a matter of avoiding confusion between the country as a state (kuni) and the provinces which were within the country; or a reason might be that the prefecture names were used as if they supplanted the provincial names in family register and in mailing address that were used in mail.
Japanese: 国家としての国名との混同を避ける、もしくは戸籍や郵便などの地名の表記において、府県名が旧国名に代わるもののように使用されたために、そう呼ばれているだけである。
English: The relationships between provinces and prefectures are varied depending on which areas they are located; there are prefectures which straddle plural provinces (Shizuoka Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Hyogo Prefecture, and so on) as well as provinces that straddle plural prefectures (Musashi Province, Tanba Provinces, Bizen Provinces, and so on).
Japanese: 国と県の関係は地域により様々で、複数の国にまたがる県（静岡県・三重県・兵庫県など）と、複数の県にまたがる国（武蔵国・丹波国・肥前国など）の両方がある。
English: There are cases in which the geographical area of a province accords with that of a prefecture as well there are cases in which a prefetural border is drawn in such a way in that a province is divided into two halves.
Japanese: 国と県の範囲が一致するところ、国を分断する形で県境が引かれたところもある。
English: In the prefectures where they straddle plural provinces people in the prefectural government are conscious of the names of the provinces as regional division and sometimes the names of the provinces are taken up in the administrative division; examples: Hida Province Regional Development Bureau of the Subordinate Organization of Gifu Prefecture; the Bureau for the Residents of the Tajima Province of the subordinate organization of the prefecture office of Hyogo Prefecture and so forth.
Japanese: 複数の国にまたがって設けられた県では、国名が県内の地方区分として意識され、行政区分にも引き継がれることがある（例：岐阜県下部組織の飛騨国地方振興局、兵庫県庁下部組織の但馬国県民局など）。