nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This name is a synonym of Durga, a goddess in Hinduism as well, and Senju Kannon is considered to be a transformed body of Kannon Bodhisattva, Kannon Bosatsu, which was established in India under influence of Hinduism.
Japanese: この名はヒンドゥー教の女神ドゥルガーの異名でもあり、インドでヒンドゥー教の影響を受けて成立した観音菩薩の変化身（へんげしん）と考えられている。
English: Sanmayagyo Symbol is an opened lotus (lotus flower in full bloom. A pair of shokatsu renge (slightly-opened lotus buds) of Sho kannon (Holy Deity of Mercy)) and renge-jo (on lotus) nyoi hoju (a sacred jewel, said to remove suffering, and capable of granting every wish).
Japanese: 三昧耶形は開蓮華（満開のハスの花。聖観音の初割蓮華と対をなす）、蓮華上如意宝珠。
English: In Japanese there are various names such as 'Juichimen Senju Kannon' (Eleven-faced and thousand-armed kannon), 'Senju Sengen Kannon' (Thousand-armed and thousand-eyed kannon), 'Juichimen Senju Sengen Kannon' (Eleven-faced, thousand-armed and thousand-eyed kannon) and 'Senju Senpi Kannon' (Thousand-armed and thousand-elbowed kannon).
Japanese: 日本語では「十一面千手観音」、「千手千眼（せんげん）観音」「十一面千手千眼観音」、「千手千臂（せんぴ）観音）」などさまざまな呼び方がある。
English: The name of 'Senju-sengen' originates from the fact that it has one eye in each palm of a thousand arms.
Japanese: 「千手千眼」の名は、千本の手のそれぞれの掌に一眼をもつとされることから来ている。
English: A thousand arms indicate the vastness of Kannon's mercy and power as endeavors to relieve every living things.
Japanese: 千本の手は、どのような衆生をも漏らさず救済しようとする、観音の慈悲と力の広大さを表している。
English: The reason why Kannon Bosatsu have a thousand arms is written in "Senju-sengen Kanzeon Bosatsu Kodaienman Muge Daihishin Darani-kyo Sutra" (Nilakanta (ka) -sutra) translated by Gabon-Datsuma (Bhagavaddharma).
Japanese: 観音菩薩が千の手を得た謂われとして、伽梵達摩訳『千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼經』がある。
English: Daihishin Dharani (Great Compassionate Heart Dharani) in this sutra has been recited at Zen sect temples in China and Japan up until the current time.
Japanese: この経の中に置かれた大悲心陀羅尼は現在でも中国や日本の禅宗寺院で読誦されている。
English: In addition, it is also said to relieve suffering in hell and control the achievement of various wishes and peaceful birth by showing that there is a benefit of no obstacle (無礙の大用) for relief of all living things.
Japanese: また地獄の苦悩を済度するともいい、一切衆生を済度するに、無礙の大用あることを表して諸願成就・産生平穏を司るという。
English: Among Senju Kannon statues, there is a statue with 27 faces instead of 11 faces, so that 'Juichimen Senju-sengen Kannon' is not always true.
Japanese: 千手観音像の中には十一面ではなく二十七面につくる像もあり、必ずしも「十一面千手千眼観音」が正しいとは言いきれない。
English: In addition, the designated name for national treasure and important cultural property based on the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties is unified to 'Senju Kannon.'
Japanese: また、文化財保護法による国宝、重要文化財の指定名称は「千手観音」に統一されている。
English: It means that Senju Kannon is also called 'Rengeo' (lotus king) because it is a king of Kannon, so that the name of Rengeoin (the formal name of Sanjusangendo Temple in Kyoto) originates from this.
Japanese: 千手観音を「蓮華王」とも称するのは観音の王であるとの意味で、蓮華王院（京都の三十三間堂の正式名称）の名はこれに由来する。
English: Although there exist both seated statues and standing statues, and statues with a thousand arms actually, generally it has 11 faces and 42 arms (the statue of principal image of Buddha, at Dojo-ji Temple in Wakayama is an exception with 44 arms).
Japanese: 坐像、立像ともにあり、実際に千本の手を表現した作例もあるが、十一面四十二臂とするものが一般的である（和歌山・道成寺本尊像は例外で、四十四臂に表わす）。
English: The 42 arms is explained as follows; the 40 hands except two clasped hands in prayer at the front of the breast relieve each of the 25 worlds, that is, '25X40=1,000.'
Japanese: 四十二臂の意味については、胸前で合掌する2本の手を除いた40本の手が、それぞれ25の世界を救うものであり、「25×40＝1,000」であると説明されている。
English: The '25 worlds' here means 'three realms and twenty-five forms of existence' in Buddhism which is a thought that there are 25 worlds from heaven to hell (it is considered that there are 14 forms in Yokkai (the realm of desire), 7 forms in Shikikai (the realm of form) and 4 forms in Mushikikai (the realm of non-form).
Japanese: ここで言う「25の世界」とは、仏教で言う「三界二十五有（う）」のことで、天上界から地獄まで25の世界があるという考えである（欲界に十四有、色界に七有、無色界に四有があるとされる）。
English: The statue of principal image at Sanjusangendo Temple in Kyoto (seated statue) is a representative work of Tankei, a Busshi (a sculptor of Buddhist statues) in the Kamakura period and is a typical statue with 11 faces and 42 arms.
Japanese: 京都三十三間堂の本尊（坐像）は、鎌倉時代の仏師湛慶の代表作であるとともに、十一面四十二臂像の典型作である。
English: The two hands among 42 hands are joined in prayer in front of the breast and in the other two hands brought together in front of stomach there is Hohatsu (a bowl used by Buddhist monks for meals, and as a begging bowl) (this is called Hohatsu-shu (hands for Hohatsu)).
Japanese: 42本の手のうち2本は胸前で合掌し、他の2本は腹前で組み合わせて宝鉢（ほうはつ）を持つ（これを宝鉢手という）。
English: In the other 38 hands there are various Jimotsu (the hand-held attributes of a Buddhist image) such as Horin (Dharma-wheel (cakra)), Shakujo (pewter staff) and Suibyo (water jug).
Japanese: 他の38本の脇手にはそれぞれ法輪、錫杖（しゃくじょう）、水瓶（すいびょう）などさまざまな持物（じもつ）を持つ。
English: Jimotsu with 38 hands is different from statues and is not necessarily uniform.
Japanese: 38手に何を持つかについては、像によっても異なり、必ずしも決まっていない。
English: In addition, some Jimotsu were often lost through the years or changed to supply materials in later age.
Japanese: また、長年の間に持物が紛失したり、後世の補作に替わっている場合が多い。
English: The statue at the main hall of the Toshodai-ji Temple in Nara (standing statue), the statue of principal image in Fujii-dera Temple in Osaka and the statue of principal image in Juho-ji Temple in Kyoto are works which actually expressed a thousand arms.
Japanese: 奈良唐招提寺金堂像（立像）、大阪葛井寺本尊像（坐像）、京都寿宝寺本尊像（立像）は、実際に千本の手を表現した作例である。
English: The statue at Toshodai-ji Temple, which is over 5 m high, has 42 big arms and many small arms (it is said that 953 arms remain) in the spaces between the big arms.
Japanese: 像高5mを超える唐招提寺像は大手が42本で、大手の隙間に無数の小手（現存953本という）を表わす。
English: The statue at Fujii-dera Temple has 40 big arms (with no Hohatsu-shu) and 1,001 small arms.
Japanese: 葛井寺像は、大手が40本（宝鉢手をつくらない）、小手は1,001本である。
English: When viewed from the front, the small arms of the statue in Fujii-dera Temple appear to be coming directly out of the body, but they are actually attached to two column supports that stand just behind the statue.
Japanese: 葛井寺像の小手は、正面から見ると像本体から直接生えているように見えるが、実は、像背後に立てた2本の支柱にびっしりと小手が取りつけられている。
English: The remaining traces of eyes painted on the palms of the large and small arms of the statue at Fujii-dera Temple demonstrate that the statue once had literally 'a thousand arms and a thousand eyes'.
Japanese: 葛井寺像の大手・小手の掌には、絵具で「眼」が描かれていたことがわずかに残る痕跡から判明し、文字通り「千手千眼」を表わしたものであった。
English: While Senju Kannon statues are hardly found in India, there are remains in China such as Longmen Caves from the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 千手観音の造像例は、インドにはほとんど知られないが、中国では唐代の龍門石窟などに遺例がある。
English: In Japan, Senju Kannon began to be worshipped in an early age and it had been shaped into a statue since the Nara period before Kukai transmitted pure esotericism.
Japanese: 日本での千手観音信仰の開始は古く、空海が正純密教を伝える以前、奈良時代から造像が行われていた。
English: It was known that Senju-do hall was built in Todai-ji Temple from 729 to 749 and Senju Kannon statue was placed in its Kodo (Lecture Hall) which does not exist now.
Japanese: 東大寺には天平年間に千手堂が建てられたことが知られ、同寺の今はない講堂にも千手観音像が安置されていた。
English: Among existing works in Japan, the statue at Fujii-dera Temple, which is considered to have been made in the middle of the 8th century, is recognized as the oldest work, and the statue at Toshodai-ji Temple is a work from the end of the 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century.
Japanese: 日本における現存作例では、8世紀半ばの制作とされる葛井寺像が最古とされ、唐招提寺像も8世紀末～9世紀初頭の作品である。
English: A badly damaged statue of Senju Kannon was discovered in the body of Kitamuki (north-faced) principal image, a hidden Buddhist statue, at Dojo-ji Temple in Wakayama, which seems to be the principal image from the early age of Dojo-ji Temple during the Nara period.
Japanese: 和歌山・道成寺の秘仏北向本尊像の胎内からは大破した千手観音像が発見されているが、これは道成寺草創期の本尊と思われ、奈良時代に遡るものである。
English: Besides these, Kiyomizu-dera Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple and Kokawa-dera Temple, a pilgrim stamp office of the Saigoku (western part of Japan), are famous for enshrining Senju Kannon.
Japanese: その他、千手観音をまつる著名寺院としては、清水寺、三十三間堂、西国札所の粉河寺などがある。
English: The principal image at Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto is a Buddhist image which is shown to the public only once in 33 years, and shows the original form to bring two arms together over the head among 42 arms, and is called 'Kiyomizu style.'
Japanese: 京都・清水寺本尊（立像）は、33年に一度開扉の秘仏で、42本の手のうちの2本を頭上に挙げて組み合わせる独特の形をもち、「清水型」といわれている。
English: The principal image of Senju Kannon, a hidden Buddhist statue in Okunoin in the Kiyomizu-dera Temple, is a seated statue with rare 27 faces.
Japanese: 同じ清水寺の奥之院本尊の秘仏千手観音像は珍しく27面をもつ坐像である。
English: Jimotsu of Senju Kannon is described in the sutras such as "Senju-sengen Darani-kyo Sutra" (Senju-sengen Kanzeon Bosatsu Kodaienman Muge Daihishin Darani-kyo Sutra), and actual statues and pictures have been basically made in accordance with the sutras.
Japanese: 千手観音の持物（じもつ）については、『千手千眼陀羅尼経』（詳しくは『千手千眼観世音菩薩広大円満無礙大悲心陀羅尼経』）などの経典に説かれており、実際の彫像、画像などもおおむね経典にしたがって造形されている。
English: It has some rings on the top of the staff and emits a sound when walking with it.
Japanese: 杖の上方に輪をいくつも付けてあり、これを持って歩くと輪が音を発する。
English: In "Senju-sengen Darani-kyo Sutra" there is a description of the 40 arms including 'Gassho-shu' (praying hands) and 'Hohatsu-shu' in addition to the 38 arms with Jimotsu as above.
Japanese: 『千手千眼陀羅尼経』では以上の38本の持物をもつ手に加えて「合掌手」と「宝鉢手」を含めて40本の手について言及している。
English: Among actual Senju Kannon statues in Japan, many show the style of bringing two hands together in front of the stomach (on the knee in the case of seated statues) and putting Hohatsu on it.
Japanese: 日本における千手観音の実際の造像例を見ると、腹前（坐像の場合は膝上）で2本の手を組み、その上に宝鉢を乗せる形式のものが多い。
English: Unlike in Japan, learning commandments was necessary for becoming an official priest in China, so that commandments had been researched from ancient times.
Japanese: 中国では、日本と異なり、正式な僧となるには戒律を修めなければならなかったため、古くから研究が行われた。
English: It is said that in the period of the Tang Dynasty, Dosen, who founded the Nanzan-risshu sect, completed the study of the commandments and that Ganjin, who learned from Dosen's disciple, transmitted the commandments to Japan, as requested by Japanese priests who had studied in China.
Japanese: 唐代には南山律宗を開いた道宣が出て戒律学を大成し、その孫弟子である鑑真は、留学僧の要請で日本に律を伝えたとされている。
English: In Japan, commandments were introduced at a comparatively early stage in an incomplete way, so that their significance was not understood fully and they were researched in only a portion of the temples without any Jukai (rituals handing down the precepts).
Japanese: 日本においても比較的初期の段階で戒律が伝えられていたものの、不完全なものでその意義が十分されずに一部の寺院における研究に留まり、授戒の儀式も行われていなかった。
English: In 753, Ganjin came to Japan from Tang after six voyages and established Kaidan (Buddhist ordination platform) at Todai-ji Temple and conferred commandments to the people such as the retired Emperor Shomu and Emperor Shotoku for the first time in Japan.
Japanese: 天平勝宝5年（753年）、鑑真が6度の航海の末に、唐から招来し、東大寺に戒壇を開き、聖武天皇太上天皇、称徳天皇を初めとする人々に日本で初めて戒律を授けた。
English: He later devoted himself to research on the commandments at the base of Toshodai-ji Temple, and this sect still exists today as one of Nanto rokushu (the six sects of Buddhism which flourished in ancient Nara).
Japanese: 後に唐招提寺を本拠として戒律研究に専念し、南都六宗の一つとして今日まで続いている。
English: Although Ganjin transmitted 'Shibun-ritsu' (Four-Part Vinayapitaka, which explains about regulations and prohibited matters of the priests), Saicho and Kukai in the Heian period did not support it and Kukai put high value on 'Juju-ritsu' (Ten-Reciting Vinayapitaka).
Japanese: 鑑真が伝えたのは「四分律」によるものであったが、平安時代の最澄や空海はこれを支持せず、空海は「十誦律」を重んじた。
English: In addition, although vowing to follow the precepts was often implemented around Todai-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple, it became only a way to obtain a certificate as an official priest and lost substance.
Japanese: また、受戒そのものは東大寺・延暦寺を中心に盛んに行われたものの、官僧の資格をえるためのものとなり内容は形骸化していった。
English: From the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura period, Shippan and Myoe discussed the renaissance of the commandments, and subsequently Kakujo, Ugon (Yugon), Ensei and Eison implemented vowing to follow the precepts without depending on Kaidan which related to the state in 1236.
Japanese: 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代には実範・明恵が戒律復興を論じ、それを引き継いで嘉禎2年（1236年）覚盛・有厳・円晴・叡尊の4人が国家と結びついた戒壇によらない自誓受戒を行った。
English: While Kakujo emphasized 'Shibun-ritsu' and revived Toshodai-ji Temple as the base of restoration of the Risshu sect later, Enson founded the Shingon Risshu sect around 'Juju-ritsu' of the Shingon sect at the base of Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).
Japanese: 後に覚盛は「四分律」を重視して唐招提寺を復興して律宗再興の拠点としたのに対して、叡尊は西大寺_(奈良市)を拠点に真言宗の「十誦律」を中心とした真言律宗を開いた。
English: Therefore, there were three kinds of Risshu sect for 'Hokkyo-ritsu' by Shunjo, Toshodaiji school and Saidaiji school (Shingon Risshu sect) which were called 'Nankyo-ritsu.'
Japanese: このため、俊芿の「北京律」と「南京律」と呼ばれた唐招提寺派・西大寺派（真言律宗）両派の3つの律宗が並立した。
English: In some cases, these three reformist groups are called 'Shingi-ritsu' (new Risshu sect) and are distinguished from the former 'Kogi-ritsu' (old Risshu sect)
Japanese: この3派の革新派を「新義律」と呼称して、それ以前の「古義律」と区別することがある。
English: However, as a result, discussions and intercommunion among the three groups of this Shingi-ritsu promoted deepening and restored the Risshu sect, so that it was put to high value during medieval times, and called 'Zen-ritsu' combining the Zen sect and the Risshu sect.
Japanese: しかし、結果的にこの新義律3派が議論と交流を重ねることで律宗の深化と再興が進み、中世には禅宗と律宗を合わせて「禅律」とも呼ばれて重んじられた。
English: In the Muromachi period it declined again pressed by the Zen sect, but in the Edo period, Myonin, Yuson and Eun appeared and insisted on the renaissance of the commandments.
Japanese: 室町時代には禅宗に押されて再び衰退するが、江戸時代には明忍・友尊・慧雲が出現して再度戒律復興が唱えられた。
English: Besides, in the early Meiji period all Risshu temples except Toshodai-ji Temple belonged to the Shingon sect, but they became independent as the Risshu sect in 1900.
Japanese: なお、明治初期には、唐招提寺を例外として他の律宗寺院は全て真言宗に所轄されたが、1900年（明治33年）律宗として独立した。
English: A pagoda is a Buddhist building derived from the ancient Indian stupa.
Japanese: 仏塔（ぶっとう）とは、インドの「ストゥーパ（stûpa）」が起源の仏教建築物である。
English: The Sanskrit word 'stupa' was transliterated into Japanese as 'sotoba' and this became abbreviated to 'toba' and simply 'to.'
Japanese: ストゥーパはサンスクリット語で、日本では「卒塔婆（そとば）」と音写され、「塔婆（とうば）」や「塔（とう）」と略される。
English: A stupa is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics which was transmitted to China during the Han Dynasty and became influenced by the architecture of the wooden buildings of the time.
Japanese: ストゥーパは饅頭のような形に盛り上げられたインドの墓のことで、漢の時代に中国に伝わり木造建築の影響を受けた。
English: Many pagodas in Japan including the five-storey, three-storey and two-storey forms are made of wood (such as Japanese cypress).
Japanese: 日本では五重塔・三重塔・多宝塔など、木材（ヒノキなど）を使って建てられることが多い。
English: Despite the wide variation of shapes, all retain the significance of the original stupa.
Japanese: 形は大きく変わったものの、本来のストゥーパのもつ意味は変わっていない。
English: To' is an abbreviation of 'sotoba' or 'toba' and originally referred to five-storey and three-storey pagodas but came to refer to any tall, narrow structure which tapers to a point at the top such as Tokyo Tower.
Japanese: 塔（とう）とは、「卒塔婆（そとば）」もしくは「塔婆（とうば）」の略であり、本来は、五重塔・三重塔などの仏塔の意味であるが、その後、東京タワーのような先のとがった細長い建築物のことも「塔」と呼ばれるようになっていった。
English: The words 'soto' and 'tasoto' often refer to pagodas with two or more storeys such as two-storey, three-storey or five-storey pagodas/
Japanese: 層塔（そうとう）・多層塔（たそうとう）とは、三重塔や五重塔や多宝塔などのように2階建て以上の仏塔のことである。
English: Relatively short pagodas such as three-storey and five-storey varieties are often made of wood but many of the taller ones such as the thirteen-story pagoda at Tanzan-jinja Shrine are made of stone.
Japanese: 三重塔・五重塔などのように階層が低い場合は木造建築のものが多いが、談山神社の十三重塔のように階層が高くなると石造のものが多い。
English: There are also small three-storey and five-storey pagodas that are placed in gardens.
Japanese: なお、三重塔や五重塔でも庭に置くような小さいものは石造のものもある。
English: The word 'tacchu' originally referred to the 'to no hotori' (grave of a temple founder or high priest) erected by the disciples of a founding priest or Zen temple high priest following his death, or a small temple constructed in the grounds of a larger Zen temple.
Japanese: 塔頭（たっちゅう）とは、もともと禅寺において祖師や大寺・名刹の高僧の死後、その弟子が師の徳を慕って、塔（祖師や高僧の墓塔）の頭（ほとり）、または、その敷地内に建てた小院のことをいう。
English: Tacchu' as well as the word 'toin' later came to refer to a sub-temple built within the grounds of another temple to serve as the residence of a high priest in his retirement.
Japanese: それから転じて、寺院の敷地内にある、高僧が隠退後に住した子院のことも「塔頭」あるいは「塔院」と呼ぶようになった。
English: In Chinese Zen temples, it was originally the practice that the head priest would reside with the monks at the eastern or western so-do hall after he retired.
Japanese: 中国の禅寺では本来、住持を隠退した者は、東堂・西堂の僧堂で雲水たちと共同生活をする決まりとなっていた。
English: As time passed and small temples were built within the grounds of larger temples, these became inhabited but these were limited to a single Zen monk per building.
Japanese: 時代が降ると、大寺の中に小庵を結びそこに住する者が現れるようになったが、それは一禅僧の一代限りの措置であった。
English: This Chinese custom reached Japan and these buildings came to be seen as permanent sub-temples that served as the graves of individuals, such as the founding priest, who were particularly important to a Zen temple to create the uniquely Japanese concept of the 'tacchu.'
Japanese: そのような中国の慣習が日本に伝わると、開山など、禅寺にとってとりわけ大切な人の墓所としての塔頭・塔院と同一視されて永続的な施設となり、日本独自の「塔頭」という存在が認知されることとなった。
English: There were also tacchu that acquired their own patron and estate, and were kept running by the disciples.
Japanese: さらには、塔頭は、独自に檀那や寺領を獲得し、その門弟によって継承されることとなったのである。
English: Kyoso Hanjaku means evaluation of Buddhist scriptures, and was practiced in regions where Buddhist scriptures using Chinese characters were used, including China, for the purpose of evaluating and interpreting Buddhist scriptures based on the height and depth of their contents.
Japanese: 教相判釈（きょうそうはんじゃく）とは、中国をはじめとする漢訳仏典圏において、仏教の経典を、その相（内容）によって、高低、浅深を判定し解釈したもの。
English: Shaka preached many teachings during around 45 year period after he attained enlightenment and until he entered nirvana.
Japanese: 釈迦は成道して、涅槃に入るまでの45年前後の間に、多くの教えを説いた。
English: After many scriptures had been introduced into China and compiled into Buddhist scriptures using Chinese characters, they were distinguished, according to Chinese-style interpretation of Shaka's teaching, based on their contents and the era of original teachings and monks sought perfect Satori (enlightenment) in unobstructed cultivation of Buddhism from such scriptures.
Japanese: しかしてそれらの多くの経典が、中国へ伝えられ、漢訳仏典として集成されると、中国的な仏伝の解釈に基づき、これらの諸経典の教えの相や時期を分けて判別して、それらから仏道修行の完全なる悟りを得ようとした。
English: This is the origin of Kyoso Hanjaku and it was introduced into Japan, Korea and Vietnam as northern-route Buddhism.
Japanese: これが教相判釈の始まりであり、北伝の仏教として日本や朝鮮、ベトナムなどに伝えられていった。
English: Currently, however, it is widely criticized and cited as proof of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha's teachings because the era of creation of each scripture is specified to a certain extent and the fact that the Mahayana Sutra is not Shaka's direct teaching but one created in later years is well known.
Japanese: しかし、今日では、経典の成立した年代がある程度特定され、大乗経典などは、釈迦の直説ではなく後代によって成立したことが周知の事実であることから、大乗非仏説の根拠として批判されている。
English: Therefore, classification of the Buddhist Doctrines known as "Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings" (to be mentioned later) is generally rejected as being imperfect or incorrect.
Japanese: したがって五時八教説（後述）は完全なものではない、あるいは正しくないと一般的に否定されつつある。
English: However, even the oldest portion of Theravada Buddhism's tripitaka is assumed to have been compiled only 100 years after Shaka's demise and there exist no scriptures that have been confirmed as those handed down from Shaka's direct teachings.
Japanese: ただし上座部仏教の三蔵も、最古の部分でも釈迦の死後100年内に編纂されたと推測されている程度で、実際に釈迦の直接の教説の記述を伝えるものとし確定されている経典は存在しない。
English: At that time, however, there were no methods other than Kyoso Hanjaku to distinguish the many scriptures because all Buddhist scriptures, regardless of south route or north route, were believed to be the direct teachings of Shaka.
Japanese: だが、当時は南伝も北伝も、経典はすべて釈迦の説いた教えであると信じられていたため、教相判釈による以外に判別する方法が無かったともいえる。
English: In this connection, some monks still try to conduct Kyoso Hanjaku under the pretext of the history of creation of scriptures, independent of the thesis that the Mahayana teachings do not stem from the historical Buddha, from the standpoint that even though many of scriptures do not directly derive from Shaka's teachings, they cannot be completely bogus since each scripture should have been created and developed based on the original Shaka's teachings.
Japanese: またちなみに、多くの経典が釈迦の直説ではないといっても、そのおおもととなる教説により各経典が発展して成立し、まったくのデタラメとも言えないという観点から、大乗非仏説ではなく経典成立史と呼称して新しく教相の判釈を試みる傾向もある。
English: In Tibet, the introduction of Buddhism was carried out as a national project during the period from the end of the 8th century to the 9th century and various Buddhist traditions that then existed in India were introduced in one swoop in a short period.
Japanese: チベットでは、八世紀末から九世紀にかけ、国家事業として仏教の導入に取り組み、この時期にインドで行われた仏教の諸潮流のすべてを、短期間で一挙に導入した。
English: In translating Buddhist scriptures, preparation of the proper Tibetan vocabulary and grammar required for correct translation from Sanskrit was conducted beforehand and as a result, Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) of Tibetan Buddhism are much more streamlined, such as the existence of a single translation of a particular scripture and unified word selection of the same notion used in various scriptures, compared with Buddhist scriptures using Chinese characters.
Japanese: 仏典の翻訳にあたっても、サンスクリット語を正確に対訳するためのチベット語の語彙や文法の整備を行った上でとりくまれたため、ある経典に対する単一の翻訳、諸経典を通じての、同一概念に対する同一の訳語など、チベットの仏教界は、漢訳仏典と比してきわめて整然とした大蔵経を有することができた。
English: Under such circumstances, a study of Buddhist scriptures in Tibetan Buddhism was conducted from the viewpoint of how to rationally systematize a group of scriptures which also includes partially contradictory wordings.
Japanese: そのため、チベット仏教においては、部分的に矛盾する言説を有する経典群を、いかに合理的に、一つの体系とするか、という観点から仏典研究が取り組まれた。
English: In China, the problem concerning which are the real teachings of Shaka arose because Buddhist teachings were highly diversified due to too many scriptures being introduced.
Japanese: 中国においては、伝えられた経典の多さから仏教の教えがあまりにも多様化し、どれが釈迦の真実の教えかということが問題になった。
English: Under such circumstances, it was widely thought that the root of such differences in the contents of scriptures was the difference of the era and contents of Shaka's original teachings and a variety of Kyoso Hanjaku, a method for distinguishing the era of Shaka's preachings as well as judging the supreme teachings among them, were practiced by various sects.
Japanese: そこで、経典の内容が種々異なるのは、釈迦が教えを説いた時期や内容が異なるためと考え、教えを説いた時期を分類し、その中でどれが最高の教えであるかという、ひとつの判定方法として、各宗派によってさまざまな教相判釈が行われた。
English: Muyo-horin - Shaka preached Daihatusnaion-kyo Sutra (only first half of Nehan-gyo Sutra (the Nirvana Sutra) translated by Hokken).
Japanese: 無余法輪（むよほうりん）-大般泥洹経（だいはつないおんきょう、法顕訳の涅槃経前半部のみ）を説いた
English: Shaka preached Yuima-gyo (Vimalakirti Sutra) and Bontenyakushi-kyo (Brahmapariprccha Sutra) at various places.
Japanese: 各所で維摩経（ゆいまきょう）・梵天思益経（ぼんてんしやくきょう）を説いた
English: Although there is a difference between them in their interpretation of Nehan-gyo, and Ekan once criticized Dosho, both judged the Nirvana Sutra to be the supreme scripture in their Kyohan.
Japanese: また両者は涅槃経の解釈に差異があり、慧観が道生を批判したりするが、両者ともに教判上では最高の経典は涅槃経であると位置付けていた。
English: As far as the Fivefold Periods Kyohan is concerned, that of the Tendai sect is famous today but its origin is the Fivefold Periods as exhorted by Ekan.
Japanese: 今日、五時の教判といえば、天台宗のものが有名だが、もともとは慧観の提唱した五時がその始めである。
English: Therefore, the origin of 'Fivefold Periods Kyohan and Eight Teachings' of the Tendai sect can be traced back to Dosho and Ekan.
Japanese: したがって天台宗の「五時八教の教判」は、道生・慧観にそのルーツを見ることができる。
English: Kyohan based on Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings, or the thesis of Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings, is what Chigi (538 - 597) of Mt. Tendai divided Issai-kyo Sutra (complete Buddhist scriptures) into Fivefold Periods and Eight Teachings.
Japanese: 五時八教の教判、あるいは五時八教説(ごじはっきょうせつ)とは、天台山智ギ（ちぎ、538年-597年）が、一切経を五時八教に分けたものである。
English: According to this thesis, Shaka preached Kegon-kyo Sutra (Avatamska Sutra) first but as it was too difficult for people to understand, he preached Agon-kyo Sutra (Agama Sutra) next which was easier.
Japanese: 最初に華厳経を説き、その教えが難しいため人々が理解できなかったとして、次に平易な阿含経を説いたとする。