nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1739, the minting of one-mon iron coin started at zeniza located in Jumantsubo of Fukagawa in Edo, Ishinomaki of Sendai, Oshiage of Honjo (Sumida Ward) in Edo, and so on, due to correction of high market price of currency and short supply of materials.
Japanese: 元文4年（1738年）には銭相場の高値是正および材料の銅の供給不足などから、江戸深川十万坪、仙台石巻、江戸本所(墨田区)押上などの銭座で鉄一文銭の鋳造が始まった。
English: Moreover, since a large amount of one-mon coins was minted at zeniza in Kameido, Edo from 1765 under the supervision of kinza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period), at zeniza in Fushimi, Kyoto from 1767, and at zeniza in Ishinomaki of Sendai (coin marked with a letter of '千'), Hitachiota City, Hitachi Province (coin marked with a letter or letters of '久' or '久二') and so on from 1768, the market price of currency fell and dropped to about 6,000 mon per ryo in around 1778.
Japanese: さらに明和2年（1765年）から金座監督の下、江戸亀戸、明和4年（1767年）から京都伏見、明和5年（1768年）からは仙台石巻（「千」字）、常陸国常陸太田市（「久、久二」字）などの銭座で鉄一文銭が大量に鋳造され、銭相場は下落し安永7年（1778年）頃には一両＝6000文前後を付けるに至った。
English: The survey on the amount of circulated coins which was conducted by the Ministry of Finance in the Meiji period revealed that 6,332,619,404 one-mon iron coins were minted in total, and the amount of one-mon iron coins minted in and after the Meiwa era was especially high as shown by the following figures: 2,262,589 kanmon (2,262,589,000 coins) in Kameido, 1,422,782 kanmon (1,422,782,000 coins) in Fushimi, 690,500 kanmon (690,500,000 coins) in Hitachiota, and so on.
Japanese: 鉄一文銭の総鋳造高は明治時代の大蔵省による流通高の調査により、6,332,619,404枚とされ、中でも明和年間以降の鋳造高が特に多く、亀戸では2,262,589貫文（2,262,589,000枚）、伏見1,422,782貫文（1,422,782,000枚）、常陸太田690,500貫文（690,500,000枚）などとなっている。
English: Because one-mon iron coin looked poor and was unpopular, a four-mon brass coin was established in accordance with the proposal made by Hisataka KAWAI..
Japanese: 鉄一文銭は見栄えも悪く不評であったことから川井久敬の建議により真鍮四文銭が制定された。
English: Zeniza was established in Shinden of Fukagawa-Senden (Koto Ward) in Edo in 1768 under the supervision of ginza (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period), and the minting of four-mon coin started there.
Japanese: 明和5年（1768年）に江戸深川千田(江東区)新田に銀座(歴史)監督の下銭座が設けられ、四文銭が鋳造された。
English: The coin which had a display of waves on the reverse side and struck turmeric gleam was called Nami-sen (literally, "wave coin") and was well received.
Japanese: 背面に波を描きウコン色に輝くこの銭貨は波銭（なみせん）とも呼ばれ好評であった。
English: Ryome (a weighed value) was one monme and four bu (5.2grams), and the specified composition was 68% of copper, 24% of zinc, and 8% of lead and so on.
Japanese: 量目は一匁四分（5.2グラム）、規定品位は銅68%、亜鉛24%、鉛など8%であった。
English: In the initial year of issuance, the number of waves on the coin was 21, but was changed to 11 in 1768 so as to make the minting easier because of difficulties in minting.
Japanese: 発行初年は二十一波のものであったが、鋳造に困難を来したため、翌年（1768年）からは簡略化した十一波に変更された。
English: The increased production of four-mon coin started in Asakusa-Hashiba in November 1821.
Japanese: 文政4年（1821年）11月からは浅草橋場で四文銭の増産が行われた。
English: The specified composition of coins minted at this time was changed to 75% of copper, 15% of zinc, and 10% of lead and so on, and the coin was called Aka-sen (literally, "red coin") because of reddish coin.
Japanese: このときのものは規定品位が銅75%、亜鉛15%、鉛など10%へ変更となり、赤みを帯びることから赤銭（あかせん）と呼ばれる。
English: In December 1857, the minting of four-mon coin started in Higashidaiku-cho, Edo, and the specified composition was changed to 65% of copper, 15% of zinc, and 20% of lead and so on.
Japanese: 安政4年（1857年）11月には江戸東大工町で四文銭の鋳造が始まり、規定品位が銅65%、亜鉛15%、鉛など20%となった。
English: The four-mon coin also came to be issued as iron coin from January 1861.
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）12月から四文銭も鉄銭として発行されるようになった。
English: The bakufu insisted that the four-mon iron coin was a four-mon refined-iron coin which was especially made of refined iron ingots, but only a small quantity was issued because of bad reputation and loss caused by the minting of coin.
Japanese: 幕府は特に精錬した鉄地金を用いた精鉄四文銭（せいてつよんもんせん）であることを強調したが、評判は悪く、鋳銭に関して損失が出るなどしたため発行は少数にとどまった。
English: The minting of four-mon iron coin also started in Higashidaiku-cho in 1860, in Mito (coin marked with a letter of 'ト') in 1865, in Ohasama, Mutsu Province (coin marked with a letter of '盛'), Ishinomaki (coin marked with a letter of '千') and Jumantsubo of Fukagawa (coin marked with a letter of 'ノ') in 1866, and in Hiroshima City, Aki Province (coin marked with a letter of 'ア') in 1867.
Japanese: 万延元年からは東大工町、慶應元年（1865年）からは水戸（「ト」字）、慶應2年（1866年）からは陸奥大迫（「盛」字）、石巻（「千」字）、深川十万坪（「ノ」字）、慶應3年（1867年）からは安芸国広島市（「ア」字）でも鋳造された。
English: Originally it stemmed from Confucianism in China and was introduced into Japan after undergoing a certain degree of transformation.
Japanese: もとは中国の儒教に由来し、日本にも一定の変容を遂げたうえで持ち込まれた。
English: In imperialism, respect for the 'emperor' who is said to govern his people with virtue, justice and benevolence is advocated, over respect for 'supremacy' or a supreme ruler who governs his people with military force (military rule).
Japanese: 尊王論は、武力（覇道）をもって支配する「覇」（覇者）に対し、徳（王道）をもって支配する「王」（王者）を尊ぶことを説く。
English: In China, since the rulers of the ancient Chou kingdom were taken as the ideal model for the emperor, the word 'king' was used instead of emperor.
Japanese: 中国においては「王」のモデルは古代周王朝の王であったことからもともと「尊王」と書いた。
English: At the time when imperialism was introduced into Japan in the Edo Period (the period during which the Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867), the tenno (emperor) was advocated as the 'king' and the shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate was the 'military ruler'; despite this, sometimes the Chinese character meaning emperor was used instead of 'king', based on assumptions of superiority, that the emperor was more than a mere 'king'.
Japanese: 尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して、日本では天皇が「王」であり、江戸幕府の征夷大将軍が「覇」であると読み換えられたが、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」という漢字に置き換えて用いることもあった。
English: In the shogunate system, the Imperial Court had restrictions put on it by the shogunate, but it was nominally situated at the top of the order of authority and the religious system.
Japanese: 幕藩体制においては、朝廷は幕府の制約を受けていたが、権威的秩序、宗教的な頂点の存在として位置づけられた。
English: When confusion over reform of the shogunate system and political chaos due to tension with foreign countries occurred, the Tokugawa shogunate tried to make use of the authority of the Imperial Court for the maintenance of political order, insisting that its political power was entrusted by the Imperial Court, and through this the authority of the Imperial Court was restored.
Japanese: 幕藩改革の混乱や、異国船の来航による対外的緊張など政治的混乱がおこると、幕府は秩序維持のため大政委任論に依存して朝廷権威を政治的に利用し、朝廷の権威が復興する。
English: In the middle of the Edo Period, the study of the Japanese classics (National Learning) became popular, and the shinto religion in addition to such famous historical works as the Records of Ancient Matters and Chronicles of Japan were increasingly studied, and the study of Japanese classics spread among the intellectual class including samurai warriors and rich farmers.
Japanese: 江戸中期に国学(学問)がさかんになり、記紀や国史、神道などの研究が行われ、武士や豪農などの知識層へも広まる。
English: At the end of the Edo Period, imperialism became more absolute as nationalism was advocated in the Hirata Japanese classics and in Mitogaku, a school of Japanese historical and Shinto studies that arose in the Mito domain, and imperialism also developed into a movement to abolish Buddhism.
Japanese: 幕末には、平田国学や水戸学などナショナリズムとして絶対化され、仏教を排斥する廃仏毀釈としても現れる。
English: When the Tokugawa shogunate ended its policy of isolation and concluded treaties with foreign countries, opening Japan to the outside world, imperialism was fused with the principle of excluding foreigners, and grew into an anti-foreign imperialism; this became a conduit for criticism of shogunate policy and for the anti-shogunate movement, and exerted an influence on national polity theory and State Shinto.
Japanese: 幕府が諸外国と条約を結び、鎖国体制を解いて開国を行うと、攘夷論と結合して尊王攘夷(尊攘)となり、幕政批判や討幕運動などへと展開していく素地のひとつとなり、明治以降の国体論や国家神道へも影響する。
English: The Tokugawa shogunate adopted the teachings of Zhu Xi (a Chinese philosopher of the twelfth century) as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold.
Japanese: 幕府の官学である朱子学との関係については、幕府は朱子学を支配原理として採用し、儒教思想が定着した。
English: However, the Tokugawa shogunate originally came to power at the end of years of battles among military families and the shogunate corresponded to the 'military government' which was contrary to 'righteous government', therefore the logic for justifying the Tokugawa shogunate was filled with contradiction from the beginning.
Japanese: しかし、徳川幕府はもともと武士の争乱の末に政権を奪取しており、「王道」に反する「覇道」にあたるから、朱子学による幕府の正統化の論理は、最初から矛盾をはらんでいた。
English: In China, the model for Confucianism and the object of admiration, the Ming dynasty went to ruin and the country came to be controlled by the Ching dynasty; China was said to have been reduced to 'a country of beasts' and no longer acted as a standard to emulate.
Japanese: 儒学のモデルであり、当時の憧れの対象であった中国では明が滅び、清に支配されて「畜類の国」となれば、もはや規範とすべき国とはいえなくなった。
English: Therefore, Soko YAMAGA said that the orthodox Confucianism rooted in Japan and concluded 'Japan was China.'
Japanese: これを見て山鹿素行は、日本こそが儒学の正統だとして、「日本こそ中国である」と論じた。
English: Moreover, the establishment of Confucianist thought in Japan meant the establishment of a China-centered view of the world in Japan, which had an influence upon emperor-centered historiography in later times and became the foundation for a Japanese style China-centered view of the world.
Japanese: また、儒教思想の日本への定着はすなわち、中華思想（華夷思想）の日本への定着を意味し、近代の皇国史観などに影響を与え、日本版中華思想ともいうべきものの下地となった。
English: In Confucianism, whether to allow the expulsion of a disqualified monarch had been a difficult problem to deal with, but the Tokugawa Shogunate adopted a position taken from the standpoint of Mencius (a Chinese thinker in the fourth century BC) concerning the teachings of Zhu Xi, and approved of the Tang-Wu revolution (the expulsions of disqualified monarchs by King Tang and King Wu) and the revolution (change of dynasty) decreed by Heaven (when the incumbent emperor is found lacking in moral virtue).
Japanese: 儒教では、放伐を認めるかどうかが難題とされてきたが、徳川幕府は朱子学について孟子的理解に立ち、湯武放伐、易姓革命論を認めていたが、それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
English: The adoption of such a principle would mean that a shogun would be able to expel an emperor; consequently the Kimon school founded by Ansai YAMAZAKI took a position opposed to the expulsion of a disqualified monarch and transformed Zhu Xi's teachings from a pro-establishment ideology to one that was anti-establishment.
Japanese: それを認めると天皇を将軍が放伐してよいことになり、山崎闇斎を始祖とする崎門学派が湯武放伐を否定して、体制思想としての朱子学を反体制思想へと転化させた。
English: Furthermore, conventional Chinese thoughts were Japanized in the same way, and united with the doctrine of excluding foreigners, developing into a radical political position criticical of the shogunate and its domain system, and as such, this became a driving force for the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: そして、従来は同じく中国思想であったものが日本化した攘夷論とむすびつき、幕府や幕藩体制を批判する先鋭な政治思想へと展開していき、この思想が明治維新の原動力となった。
English: The theory of 'expelling the barbarians' (Joi ron) was a view that prevailed in Japan during the end of the Edo period and aims to expel foreigners from Japan.
Japanese: 攘夷論（じょういろん）は、日本に於いては、江戸時代末期に広まった考えで、夷人（外国人）をしりぞける。
English: This theory was made widely known during the Edo period of Japan so as to maintain its society's peaceful state (sakoku society, where foreigners were not allowed to enter the nation) as a way to avoid the imperialism of Europe and America, who were, in those days, approaching Asia for the purpose of invasion, expansion, and colonization.
Japanese: 帝国主義の発想を持つ欧米のアジアへの接近（侵略・進出・植民地化）により、それまでの江戸の天下泰平の世の中（鎖国体制下の社会）を維持したいという発想として盛り上がった。
English: This theory was originally developed by Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) that highly valued Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) and spread nationwide as the thought of Sonno Joi ('Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians').
Japanese: 元々は朱子学を重んじた水戸学から発して全国に尊皇攘夷思想として広まった。
English: However, at time when this theory was related to the pro-Imperial thought, it led people to shift to the movement to overthrow the Shogunate.
Japanese: だが、それが勤皇思想と結んだ結果において倒幕と言うエネルギーに一転した。
English: After the opening of the port, the theory of Joi was related to the Sonno ron (theory of 'Revere the Emperor'), which was becoming prevalent due to the development of kokugaku (the study of Japanese literature and culture) and was transformed into Sonno joi ron (the theory of Sonno joi); the Sonno ron believed that Japan was the country of god and became origin of the thought of nationalism, and was supported by patriots of various domains and kugyo (court nobles).
Japanese: 開港以後は、国学(学問)の発展によって強化されつつあった日本は神国であるというナショナリズムの発想である尊皇論と結びつき、尊皇攘夷論となって諸藩の志士や公卿によって支持された。
English: However, as Japan faced the power difference from the foreign fleets during the Anglo-Satsuma War and Shimonoseki War, criticisms to the simple Joi ron arose and was replaced with Dai joi ron started by Takamasa OKUNI, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the Tsuwano Domain; Takamasa claimed that unification of the whole nation should be the first priority and should gain power that the country can confront other nations equally even by aiming fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) through trades with foreign countries; The Choshu Domain and Satsuma Domain, the major drive of the joi movement, accepted this view and started directing themselves for the opening of the country to the world.
Japanese: しかし薩英戦争や下関戦争において外国艦隊との力の差に直面したことにより、単純な攘夷論に対する批判が生じて、津和野藩の国学者大国隆正らによって唱えられた国内統一を優先して、外国との交易によって富国強兵を図ってでも、諸外国と対等に対峙する力をつけるべきだとする「大攘夷」論が登場した事によって、これを受け入れた攘夷運動の主力であった長州藩・薩摩藩の主張も事実上開国へと転向していくのである。
English: Even after that, some ordinary citizens tried to continue the Joi movement; however, because the kogi-yoron (public deliberation) issued by the Kogisho (the lower house) and the Jokyoku (a law-making body) expressed the judgment that joi (the expelling of the barbarians) was not possible, the Meiji government adopted a national policy of "opening the country up and establishing friendly relations with other countries" (kaikoku washin) in 1869 and decided not to employ joi as part of their agenda anymore (May 28).
Japanese: その後も、一部の人々は攘夷運動を進めようとした（草莽）が、明治2年（1869年）に入ると、明治政府は公議所・上局から上げられた「公議輿論」が攘夷は不可能であるという意見であったことを理由に「開国和親」を国是として以後は攘夷を議題としないことを決定（5月28日）した。
English: Furthermore, together with the peasants, the government decided to treat the ordinary citizens who had supported the Joi movement as people who had left their homeland without permission, punishing them under the law of Hitogaeshi (a law that forced peasants to return to their homelands) (According to the fifth item in the Gobo no keiji (five public notices), the actual regulation was enacted after 1869).
Japanese: また草莽に対しても出稼ぎの農民とともに勝手に本国より離れたものとして人返しの対象にすることを決定した（五榜の掲示の第5札、実際の取締規定は明治2年以後である）。
English: However, the revival of the joi ron did not completely disappear; some incidents that tried to decline the Meiji government and force the Joi movement, such as Gentaro DAIRAKU's rebellion, Nikyo Jiken (The Incidents triggered by two court nobles), and the Kurume Domain incident continued for a certain period of time.
Japanese: だが、復古的な攘夷論がこれによって一掃されたわけではなく、大楽源太郎の反乱計画や二卿事件、久留米藩難など明治政府を倒して攘夷を断行しようとする事件が暫くの間継続されることとなる。
English: The Shimonoseki War the Choshu Domain vs allied forces of the British Empire, France, Holland, and the USA
Japanese: 下関戦争　長州藩vs大英帝国・フランス・オランダ・　アメリカ合衆国連合軍
English: In Japan, 1 shaku was set 10 over 33 meters (about 30.3 centimeters).
Japanese: 日本では、明治時代に1尺(10/33)メートル（約30.3cm）と定めた。
English: It is a standard unit of length in the traditional system of weights and measures, and by extension, also the length of object or measuring ruler.
Japanese: 尺貫法の長さの基準となる単位であり、転じて物の長さのことや物差しのことも「尺」と呼ぶようになった。
English: The length of a movie film and its edited sequence are called 'shaku' because of previously-mentioned reason.
Japanese: 映画のフィルムやカットの長さのことを「尺」と呼ぶのもこれに由来する。
English: By further extension, it became to refer the time allotted in programs of TV or radio, various events, and so on.
Japanese: それがさらに広まり、テレビ、ラジオの番組や、各種イベントなどにおいて、割り当てられた時間のことを指すようにもなった。
English: The shaku was originally an anthropomorphic unit that 1 shaku was defined as the length between the tips of thumb and middle finger of open hand.
Japanese: 元々は手を広げたときの親指の先から中指の先までの長さを1尺とする身体尺であった。
English: This length is usually about 18 centimeters, which is about 60 percents of today's 1 shaku.
Japanese: この長さはおおむね18cmくらいであり、現在の尺の6割くらいの長さである。
English: Because the anthropomorphic unit was varied in its length depending on the user, an official shaku unit was defined by a particular length for 1 shaku later years.
Japanese: 身体尺は人によって長さが異なるので、後の時代に一定の長さを1尺とする公定尺を定めるようになった。
English: The private shaku unit became gradually longer which the government of the time had to confirm, and the official shaku unit was redefine.
Japanese: これは民間で使われる単位が長くなっていったため、時の政権もそれを追認する形で公定尺を改訂したものである。
English: There is also a study that longer the official shaku unit became, more tax revenue based on the shaku, the length of a product (a roll of a fabric, and so on) became.
Japanese: 尺の長さを長くすることで尺を基準にして納める税（反物など）がより多くとれるからとする説もある。
English: Around B.C. 1000 during Zhou Dynasty, 1 shaku was extended, about 24 centimeters.
Japanese: 紀元前1000年ごろの周代には、1尺が24センチメートル程度に伸びていた。
English: However, aside from the private and the official shaku, the shaku used particularly by carpenters did not change much for a long time.
Japanese: しかし、民間の尺や公定尺とは別に、大工が使用していた尺は長い間たってもほとんど変化しなかった。
English: While kane-jaku is originally the carpenter's square scale used by carpenters, it became to refer the shaku unit marked with the scale.
Japanese: 曲尺とは元々は大工が使用する指矩（さしがね）のことであるが、それに目盛られている尺のことも指すようになった。
English: It is considered today that this kane-jaku unit did not change because the construction and architectural techniques were handed down from masters to pupils outside of political influences.
Japanese: 曲尺がほとんど変化しなかったのは、建築技術は師匠から弟子へと伝えられるもので、政治の影響を受けなかったためである。
English: The official shaku unit was defined for the collection of tax or business transactions, and that did not concern with the shaku unit used among artisans.
Japanese: 公定尺は税の取立てや商取引のために制定されるものであり、職人の使う尺に干渉することはなかった。
English: The kane-jaku was derived from bu (歩; one of the traditional system of weights and measures) used for measuring the area of a land space.
Japanese: 曲尺は、面積の単位でもある歩(尺貫法)を元にして作られたものである。
English: Originally 1 bu unit was defined by the length of two steps, and 1 bu square was the 1 bu of area.
Japanese: 当初の歩は、日本語で言う2歩分（両足を前に踏み出した長さ）を1歩とし、歩四方を面積の1歩としていた。
English: In other words, 1 shaku of the kane-jaku was the length of one step (the area of 1 bu became larger to be 6 shaku square in the kane-jaku for present 1 bu).
Japanese: すなわち、曲尺の1尺は日本語で言う1歩分（片足を前に踏み出した長さ）ということになる（なお、その後1歩の面積は大きくなってゆき、現在の1歩は曲尺で6尺四方となっている）。
English: The fact 1 shaku of the kane-jaku was quite close to the unit of feet used in the Western countries was not by chance because both units were based on the length defined by the measurement of a foot.
Japanese: 曲尺の尺は西洋のフィートと非常に近い長さであるが、どちらも足を基準にしているためであり、偶然ではない。
English: During Sui Dynasty, new units da-chi (a large shaku) and xiao-chi (a small shaku) based on the kane-jaku were enacted as official shaku units which the government of Tang succeeded as well.
Japanese: 隋代には、曲尺を元にして大尺・小尺を公定尺として制定し、唐でもそれを継承した。
English: These units were introduced in Japan, and o-shaku (a large shaku) and sho-shaku (a small shaku) were enacted in the Taiho Ritsuryo (the Code of Taiho) established in 701.
Japanese: それが日本に導入され、大宝(日本)元年（701年）の大宝律令で大尺・小尺を制定している。
English: There is also another study that since koma-jaku, which was introduced from the Kingdom of Goryeo and 2 shaku larger than the da-chi, was spread before the Taiho Ritsuryo in Japan; the da-chi of Tang became sho-shaku.
Japanese: ただし異説もあり、日本には大宝令以前に高麗から渡来した大尺より2尺長い高麗尺が普及していたので、これが大宝令の大尺とされ、唐の大尺が小尺にされたともいう。
English: In this study, gofuku-jaku (a shaku unit used for producing cloth), which was equivalent to 1 shaku 2 sun of the later kane-jaku, was considered to be derived from the koma-jaku.
Japanese: この説では、後に現れる曲尺1尺2寸の呉服尺は高麗尺に基づくものであるとする。
English: Furthermore, Hiroshi ARAI says the kokan-jaku (ancient Korean shaku) theory from the analysis of actual measurements of temples and others that 0.268-meter shaku was used, not the koma-jaku.
Japanese: また、新井宏は寺院等の実測分析から高麗尺ではなく0.268mの尺が使用されていたという古韓尺説をとなえている。
English: In any case, sho-shaku later became out of use, and o-shaku became the official shaku unit in Japan.
Japanese: いずれにしても小尺はその後用いられなくなり、大尺が尺として通用することになる。
English: The da-chi used in Tang Dynasty was equivalent to 9.78 sun (29.63 centimeters) in today's kane-jaku, which suggests that the unit length has not changed much since then.
Japanese: 唐の大尺は現在の曲尺で9.78寸（29.63cm）であり、それ以来ほとんど変化していないことになる。
English: The official shaku unit was not maintained after the collapse of the Ritsuryo system, and various kind of shaku units were used throughout Japan.
Japanese: 律令制崩壊後は、全国一律の尺は維持されなくなり、各地で様々な尺が使われるようになった。
English: The representative shaku units were take-jaku (bamboo shaku; also known as kyoho-jaku [shaku of Kyoho era]) used in Kyoto region and tetsu-jaku (metal shaku; also known as matashiro-shaku [a carpenter's scale made by a joiner Matashiro]) used in Osaka region.
Japanese: 代表的なものが京都系の竹尺（享保尺）と大坂系の鉄尺（又四郎尺）である。
English: In Meiji period, the government adopted the setchu-jaku as the official kane-jaku which was defined that 1 shaku was equivalent to 10 over 33 of the meter standard (that is, 10 over 33 meters).
Japanese: 明治に入り、政府は折衷尺を公式の曲尺として採用し、メートル原器の33分の10の長さ（すなわち10/33メートル）と定めた。
English: By the new weights and measures system established in 1958, the traditional system of weights and measures was eliminated as official units and prohibited to use in business purposes after that.
Japanese: 1958年制定の計量法で尺貫法は公式の単位としては廃止され、以降商取引などの使用が禁止されている。
English: In China, the xiao-chi was not used after Tang Dynasty period, while the da-chi was used and gradually elongated to 36 centimeters by the end of Qing Dynasty.
Japanese: 中国においても、唐代以後は小尺は使われなくなり、大尺は清末まで次第に伸びて36cmほどになった。
English: Based on the meter, the da-chi was officially defined as a third meter (about 33.3 centimeters) in 1929.
Japanese: 1929年にメートルを基準として(1/3)メートル（約33.3cm）と定められた。
English: Some say that the kujira-jaku could have been derived from koma-jaku (Goryeo shaku) used before the Taiho Ritsuryo code, and other say that the kujira-jaku was invented in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 鯨尺は大宝律令以前から使われていた高麗尺（こまじゃく）に由来するとする説があるが、室町時代に作られたものだという説もある。
English: Since 1 koma-jaku was equivalent of 1.1736 shaku in the present kane-jaku, a theory suggests the koma-jaku is the origin of the gofuku-jaku, rather than the kujira-jaku.
Japanese: 高麗尺は現在の曲尺で1.1736尺であり、鯨尺よりむしろ呉服尺の起源であるとする説もある。
English: Other than the kane-jaku, Meiji government allowed the kujira-jaku as the limited use for the measurement unit of a clothing fabric, while other shaku including the gofuku-jaku were abolished.
Japanese: 明治政府は、曲尺の尺の他に鯨尺を布地の計量に限定した計量単位として認め、呉服尺などその他の尺を廃止した。
English: The shaku of the kujira-jaku (kujira-jaku shaku) was defined as 25 over 66 meters (about 37.88 centimeters).
Japanese: 鯨尺の尺（鯨尺尺）は25/66メートル（約37.88cm）と定められた。
English: There is a kobanashi (funny story) in early Edo period that Great Buddha statue of Nara and kujira (whale) of Tosa Province argued who was bigger; in the end, 'the kujira, for the kujira-jaku, was 2 sun longer than the kane, for the kane-jaku' (kane are the generic terms of metals, thus it means the Great Buddha statue in this case).
Japanese: 江戸時代初期の小噺に、奈良の大仏と土佐の鯨とが、どちらが大きいかで言い争いとなり、最後に「金（曲尺）より鯨（鯨尺）の方が二寸長い」というオチになるというものがある。
English: The name 'kujira-jaku' was derived from the fact that the ruler used for tailoring cloth was made of flexible baleen.
Japanese: なお、「鯨尺」という名前は、仕立てに使う物さしをしなやかな鯨ひげで作ったことによる。
English: In case of the manufacturing textile such as towel, the density of the produced towel is defined by the number of the reeds per 1 sun of the kujira-jaku (about 3.787 centimeters).
Japanese: またタオルなどの織物の場合、織機に使われる筬の鯨尺1寸（約3.787cm）あたりの本数によって密度が決められる。
English: In Japan 1 jo is about 3.03 meters because 1 shaku was defined to be 10 over 33 meters in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 日本では、明治時代に1尺＝(10/33)メートルと規定されたので、1丈は約3.03メートルとなる。
English: In China 1 shaku (or shi-chi) is a third meters, so 1 jo (or shi-zhang) is about 3.33 meters.
Japanese: 中国では1尺（市尺）＝(1/3)メートルなので、1丈（市丈）は約3.33メートルである。