nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is said that the patriarch of the Kuwanomi-dera Temple who pleaded to spare their lives was also killed by Nobunaga in the same way.
Japanese: 侍女の助命嘆願を行った桑実寺の長老も、同じ方法で信長に殺されたと言われている。
English: However, the Kuwanomi-dera Temple considers that he was not actually killed because a record remains of the patriarch who was said to have been killed at the time even after Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: ただし、桑実寺では、このとき殺害されたはずの長老の記録が本能寺の変以降も残っているため、実際には殺されていないとしている。
English: In addition, although there is a description of their 'punishment' in the literature, there is no record to show that the waiting women were also killed.
Japanese: また、文献に「成敗された」とはあるが、侍女たちも殺害されたとは記録に無い。
English: Some people say that they were not killed because there was a way of punishing when arrested by tying them in a row in those days.
Japanese: 当時、縄目を受けるという成敗（処罰）の方法もあったことから、殺害にまでは至らなかったとの説もある。
English: Most of the actions Nobunaga implemented against enemy were not extraordinary cruel in those days.
Japanese: 信長の敵勢力に対する行為の大半は、当時としては取り立てて残虐というわけではない。
English: Some of the methods and executions were implemented by other daimyo such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 実際これ等の所業・処刑方法には、徳川家康等の大名も行ったものがある。
English: For example, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI executed more than 200 women by transfixing children with a spear and crucifying women as an example to the Mori clan near the borders of the Bizen, Mimasaka and Harima Provinces in 1577 (according to a letter of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as of January 22 in the next year), and Shingen TAKEDA, Kenshin UESUGI and other daimyo sold enemy as slaves (according to the diaries of missionaries in those days such as Luis SOTELO) and put enemy women up for auction (the Battle of Otaihara), which was not so unique.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉が天正5年に備前国・美作国・播磨国の国境付近で毛利氏への見せしめに、女・子供200人以上を子供は串刺しに、女は磔にして処刑した行為（同年12月5日の羽柴秀吉書状）、武田信玄・上杉謙信等の敵を奴隷として売却すること（ルイ・ソテロ等、当時の伝道師の日記）や敵方の女性を競売にかけたり（小田井原の戦い）といった行為等もことさら珍しいことではなかった。
English: In this way, it is necessary to evaluate their actions considering situations at that time and the differences in the concept of morality.
Japanese: このように当時の状況や道徳の違いを考慮してその行動を評価する必要がある。
English: The portrait held at the Choko-ji Temple in the Toyoda City, Aichi Prefecture is said to be that of Nobunaga, and the seated statue held by Hikami-cho, Hyogo Prefecture is said to be that of Nobunaga.
Japanese: 信長の肖像画としては、愛知県豊田市の長興寺(豊田市)所蔵のもの、および、兵庫県氷上町が所蔵する坐像（「第一次信長包囲網」参照）が、そのように伝えられている。
English: In addition, it is said that the realistic portrait was painted by an artist who came from Europe, but it was destroyed by fire at the time in an air raid on the main land of Japan.
Japanese: このほか、ヨーロッパから来た画家によって写実的な肖像画が描かれていたとも言われるが、日本本土空襲により焼失している。
English: According to the existing photograph, he was characterized by thick masculine eyebrows, big sharp eyes, high bridge of the nose, a compressed mouth, long sharp shape, masculine mustache and so on.
Japanese: 現存する写真によれば、太く力強い眉毛、大きく鋭い眼、鼻筋の通った高い鼻、引き締まった口、面長で鋭い輪郭、男らしくたくわえられた髭（ひげ）などが特徴である。
English: However, this portrait has no historical evidence to back it up and it is also said that it was painted at the time of a public commendation project of 'loyal subjects' during the Meiji period.
Japanese: ただし、この肖像画に関しては史料的裏付けが無く、明治時代に行われた「忠臣」の顕彰事業時に作成されたとも言われている。
English: He was about 170 cm tall (see notes) and seemed to have such a high-pitched voice and there was an episode explaining that his voice could be heard from 500 m away.
Japanese: 身長は約170cm程度で（比較資料：1E0m脚注・出典）、500m向こうから声が聞こえたという逸話があるほど、かなり甲高い声であったという。
English: Actually, he danced with common people and wiped their sweat, or appeared in front of common people when he directed construction.
Japanese: 実際、庶民と共に踊ってその汗を拭いてやったり、工事の音頭をとる際等にはその姿を庶民の前に晒している。
English: Judging from his behavior that he put lights everywhere in Azuchi-jo Castle to allow people in the town near the castle enjoy the Obon festival (a Festival of the Dead or Buddhist All Souls' Day), he seemed to love festivals.
Japanese: お盆では安土城の至る所に明かりをつけ城下町の住人の目を楽しませるといった行動から祭り好きでもあったようである。
English: Since he reformed the financial conditions of the noble class including the Imperial Court since he went to Kyoto, he also had a deep relationship with kuge.
Japanese: 上京以来朝廷等の貴族階級の財政状態を改善したことから公家とも親交が深かった。
English: It seems that he got along especially well with Sakihisa KONOE partly because of their common hobbies although they were hostile towards each other at first.
Japanese: 特に近衛前久とは最初は敵対していたにも拘らず、趣味の一致などと相まって特に仲がよかったようである。
English: It is said that he had homosexual relationships with many chigo (a page) such as Toshiie MAEDA, Hidemasa HORI and Naritoshi MORI who was later known by the name of Ranmaru MORI.
Japanese: 小姓の前田利家、堀秀政、後には森蘭丸の名で知られる森成利（異説あり）ら多くの稚児と関係を持ったと伝わる。
English: Nobunaga favored imported articles, and for example, he wore a velvet cape and western hat in "the great military parade in Kyoto" which he held inviting Emperor Ogimachi.
Japanese: 南蛮品を好み、正親町天皇を招き開催した『京都御馬揃え』にベルベットのマント、西洋帽子を着用し参加した。
English: He was interested in a back man who was a servant of Alessandro VALIGNANO, given to him.
Japanese: アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノの使用人であった黒人に興味を示して譲り受けた。
English: It is said that he understood the meaning of the articles presented by the Society of Jesus such as a world globe, a clock and maps (In those days Japanese did not know that this world was a round object and nobody could understand the explanation about the world being a globe at the time it was presented, but Nobunaga said that 'It makes sense' and understood it).
Japanese: イエズス会の献上した地球儀・時計・地図などをよく理解したといわれる（当時はこの世界が丸い物体であることを知る日本人はおらず、地球儀献上の際も家臣の誰もがその説明を理解できなかったが、信長は「理にかなっている」と言い、理解した）。
English: Although he was famous for an unique character, Luis FROIS seemed to see him as a normal man in daily life.
Japanese: 奇抜な性格で知られるが、ルイス・フロイスには日常生活は普通に見えたようである。
English: He presented a painting on a folding screen of Azuchi-jo Castle to Pope Gregorius XIII, but it is said that it actually arrived in 1585 which was after Nobunaga's death.
Japanese: ローマ教皇グレゴリウス13世_(ローマ教皇)に安土城の屏風絵を贈っていたが、実際に届いたのは信長の死後の1585年であったとされる。
English: He liked Igo (a board game of capturing territory) (it is said that the word "meijin" (master) originated from Nobunaga) and Kowaka-mai and disliked sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the eleventh to fourteenth centuries).
Japanese: 囲碁（名人という言葉は信長発祥といわれている）・幸若舞を好み、猿楽（能）を嫌った。
English: It is said that he loved the following part of Kowaka-mai "Atsumori" and often danced, which reveals his view of life;
Japanese: 幸若舞『敦盛』の以下の一節は、信長の人生観と合致していたのか、特にお気に入りで、よく舞ったといわれている。
English: In addition, it is said that Nobunaga's vassals and common people participated in Sumo matches without regard to the social class.
Japanese: また、相撲大会は身分問わず、信長の側近と庶民が入り混じって相撲をとっていたといわれる。
English: In addition, he had hobbies related to physical training and martial art training such as swimming, falconry, Japanese horse-back archery, techniques and the art of Japanese archery.
Japanese: そのほか水術、鷹狩、馬術、弓術などの身体鍛錬、武術鍛錬に繋がるものを趣味としていた。
English: When Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI died in action, a famous cook of the Miyoshi family named Tsubouchi was captured by the Oda family.
Japanese: 三好義継が敗死したとき、坪内という名のある三好家の料理人が織田家の捕虜となった。
English: At the time Nobunaga promised him that 'If you cook well I will forgive your sin and hire you as a cook.'
Japanese: このとき、信長は坪内に対して「料理がうまければ罪を許して料理人として雇う」と約束した。
English: After Nobunaga ate the dishes which Tsubouchi cooked, he was going to execute him because 'It was sloppy.'
Japanese: そして坪内が作った料理を信長は食したが、このとき「料理が水っぽい」として坪内を処刑しようとした。
English: It is said that Nobunaga said that 'the second dish was very good,' and hired him as a cook.
Japanese: そして2度目に出された料理に対して、信長は「大変うまい」と認め、料理人として取り立てたという。
English: Later, Tsubouchi said, 'You should have served the second dish the first time.'
Japanese: 後で坪内は、「最初から2度目の料理を出していたら良かったのではないか」と訊ねられた。
English: Then, he said, 'I just cooked a sophisticated dish in Kyoto style at first, and cooked a strong-tasting dish in country style next, which meant that Nobunaga was merely a countryman.'
Japanese: すると、「最初は京風の上品な料理、次は味の濃い田舎料理を作っただけです。しょせん信長公も田舎者ということですよ」と語った。
English: It had often been interpreted as 'Unifying the whole country with military power,' but from recent research, it is often understood as 'Controlling the whole country by a military government.'
Japanese: 「武力を持って天下を取る」という風に解釈されることが多いが、近年の研究では「武家の政権を以て天下を支配する」という意味に取ることが多い。
English: As mentioned above, Nobunaga used this sign since he changed the name of Inokuchi to Gifu after the capture of Mino Province.
Japanese: 上述のように信長は美濃攻略後に井ノ口を岐阜と改名した頃からこの印を用いている。
English: However, judging from the policies for Ikko Ikki and the Enryaku-ji Temple, the usage of stone statue of Jizo and gravestones for the stone wall of the Azuchi-jo Castle, and descriptions by Luis FROIS, he seemed to be a materialist, criticize the autocratic manners of priests at the time, praise the Christian missionaries and doubted the existence of Shinto and Buddhist deities and the immortality of the soul.
Japanese: が、一向一揆や延暦寺に対する政策や、安土城の石垣に地蔵仏や墓石を用いたこと、ルイス・フロイスの記載などから唯物論的思考法を身に付け、当時の僧侶についてはその横暴を非難し、キリスト教の宣教師を誉め、神仏の存在や霊魂の不滅を信じることはなかったとも言われている。
English: However, attention should be paid to the fact that most of the historical materials showing Nobunaga's severe attitude against Buddhist were described by the Society of Jesus which opposed Buddhism.
Japanese: ただし、織田信長が仏教勢力に対して厳しい姿勢で臨んだとする史料のほとんどは、仏教勢力と対立関係にあったイエズス会のものであることに注意する必要がある。
English: In addition, there is research that points out that the historical view that Nobunaga attempted to destroy Ikko Ikki was spread by the Honganji Buddhist Sect during the Edo period.
Japanese: さらに、信長が一向一揆を滅ぼそうとしたとする史観は、江戸時代に本願寺教団によって流布されたものであるとの研究もある。
English: On the other hand, he used the pictures which subjects originating from Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism for ceiling and wall paintings at the Tenshu of the Azuchi-jo Castle, and he did not ban the religious activities of the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) and Enryaku-ji Temple.
Japanese: また一方では安土城天主内の天井、壁画に仏教、道教、儒教を題材とした絵画を使用したり、浄土真宗や延暦寺の宗教活動自体は禁止しなかった。
English: It is also said that he placed a big stone named "Brahma Mountain" (梵山) in place of him as shintai (an object of worship housed in a Shinto shrine and believed to contain the spirit of a deity) and forced vassals and people in the territory to worship it ("Frois's History of Japan" written by Luis FROIS).
Japanese: 安土城内に信長に代わる『梵山』と称する大石を安置して神体とし、家臣や領民に礼拝を強要したと伝えられる（ルイス・フロイス『フロイス日本史』）。
English: While this self-deification is supported affirmatively by many theories from the viewpoint of his relationship with the Imperial Court and the idea of invading the continent, there are also many negative theories.
Japanese: この自己神格化については、朝廷との関係や大陸出兵構想などの視点から肯定的な学説が数ある一方、否定的な学説も多い。
English: In addition, since Frois described this after Nobunaga's death and there is no description in historical materials of the first grade except those of Frois, some research doubts the reliability of Frois's description itself.
Japanese: また、フロイスがこのことを記述したのは信長の死後で、フロイスの記述以外の一級史料に見ることができないため、フロイスの記述そのものの信憑性について疑問視する研究もある。
English: There are the two theories on the relationship between Nobunaga and the Imperial Court, a theory of rivalry and another theory of reconciliation.
Japanese: 信長と朝廷との関係については、対立関係にあったとする説（対立説）と融和的な関係にあったとする説（融和説）で学界は二分されている。
English: The relationship between Emperor Ogimachi, a representative of the Imperial Court, and Nobunaga is a big issue determining the character of the Oda government, which has been actively discussed since 1970s.
Japanese: 朝廷の代表者である正親町天皇と信長の関係については、織田政権の性格づけに関わる大きな問題であり、1970年代より活発な論争が行われてきた。
English: After the 1990s, Akira IMATANI published "Nobunaga and the Emperor" in which Emperor Ogimachi was described as the strongest rival of Nobunaga.
Japanese: 1990年代以降は、今谷明が正親町天皇を信長への最大の対抗者として位置づけた『信長と天皇』を上梓した。
English: Sakujin KIRINO, Kyoko TACHIBANA and others set up 'A theory which considers the Imperial Court as the mastermind' of Honno-ji Incident based upon empirical research.
Japanese: 桐野作人・立花京子らが実証研究に基づく本能寺の変「朝廷黒幕説」を提示した。
English: In this way, it has been actively debated, combined with research on the real truth about the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: このように、本能寺の変の真相研究などと絡んで論争が活発になっている。
English: However, partly because of incomplete historical materials, the events between Nobunaga and the Imperial Court can be interpreted differently.
Japanese: ただし、残存史料が不完全なこともあり、信長と朝廷の出来事をめぐっては全く違う解釈が可能である。
English: A theory of rivalry: Koki AKITA, Naohiro ASAO, Toru IKE, Akira IMATANI, Takahiro OKUNO, Kyoko TACHIBANA, Hisashi FUJIKI and Tatsuo FUJITA
Japanese: 対立説…秋田弘毅、朝尾直弘、池亨、今谷明、奥野高廣、立花京子、藤木久志、藤田達生
English: A theory of reconciliation: Sakujin KIRINO, Katsuhiro TANIGUCHI, Masanobu HASHIMOTO, Shin HORI, Seichiro MIKI, Hirofumi YAMAMOTO and Osamu WAKITA
Japanese: 融和説…桐野作人、谷口克広、橋本政宣、堀新、三鬼清一郎、山本博文、脇田修
English: In January 1574 (December 1573 by the old lunar calendar), Nobunaga told Emperor to abdicate the throne, and the Emperor was pleased to accept this.
Japanese: 天正元年（1573年）12月に信長より譲位の申し入れがあり、天皇もこれを喜んで受諾した。
English: However, since it was at the end of the year, abdication of the throne was not implemented and as a result, it was not implemented before Nobunaga's death.
Japanese: しかし、年が押し迫っていたため譲位は行われず、結局信長の死まで譲位は行われなかった。
English: Nobunaga not only gave money to the Imperial Court, but also intervened, so he opposed the Emperor who did not obey him.
Japanese: 信長は朝廷に対しては金を出すだけでなく、口も出し、信長の言いなりにならない天皇と対立した。
English: The emperor rejected that Nobunaga would gain power to control the Emperor and Shogun by implementing abdication of the throne to the Imperial Prince Sanehito and the appointment to Shogun to Yoshihiro ASHIKAGA (a child of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA) at the same time: insisted by Asao.
Japanese: 誠仁親王への譲位と足利義尋（足利義昭の子）への将軍宣下を同時に行うことで、信長が両者を包摂した権力者になることを天皇が拒絶した…朝尾
English: Abdication of the Emperor could be possible after securing Nobunaga's financial support.
Japanese: 天皇の譲位は、信長の経済的バックアップによりはじめて可能となるのである。
English: In other words, even if the Emperor's side desired abdication, it was impossible unless Nobunaga agreed.
Japanese: すなわち、天皇側が譲位を希望しても、信長が同意しない限り譲位は不可能であった。
English: Soon after the great military parade in Kyoto in 1581, the wish to abdicate the throne was conveyed to Nobunaga from Emperor Ogimachi.
Japanese: 天正9年（1581年）の京都御馬揃え直後、正親町天皇から退位の希望が信長に伝えられた。
English: In "Oyu-dono no ue no nikki," which was internal information of the Imperial Court, there was a description as 'It is very happy occasion' that the date of abdicating of the throne was determined to be May 7 of the same year.
Japanese: 朝廷の内部資料である『お湯殿の上の日記』には同年3月24日に譲位が一旦決定して「めでたいめでたい」とまで記載された。
English: However, in the record of May 13 of "Kanemi Kyoki" (The Diary of Kanemi) there is a description that the abdication was reversed and stopped.
Japanese: にも関わらず、『兼見卿記』4月1日には一転中止になったと記されている。
English: Emperor Ogimachi was delighted by the good treatment from the Nobunaga side during the great military parade in Kyoto, sent a letter to Nobunaga presenting clothes and gave an award to Nobutada as well.
Japanese: 正親町天皇は馬揃えにおける信長側の好待遇に喜んで信長に手紙を送って御服を下賜し、信忠にも褒賞を与えている。
English: Therefore, he did not aim to intimidate the Imperial Court, but had a political agenda to demonstrate the recovery of peace in Kyoto and show respect for the Imperial Court by treating the Emperor very well.
Japanese: そのため、朝廷を威圧する目的はなく、京都の平和回復を宣伝するとともに天皇を厚遇して朝廷尊重の姿勢を見せる政治的な目的があった。
English: In order to remove the somber atmosphere of the Imperial Court accompanied by the death of Fusako MADENOKOJI, mother of Imperial Prince Sanehito, Nobunaga restaged a large Sagicho (ritual bonfire of New Year's decorations) held at Azuchi-jo Castle, requested by the Imperial Court: Hori.
Japanese: 誠仁親王の生母である万里小路房子の死去に伴う沈滞した朝廷の雰囲気を払拭するために、朝廷から依頼され、信長が安土城で行わせた大規模な左義長を再現した…堀
English: Although Nobunaga used the title Kazusa no suke by himself when he stayed in Owari Province, he did not receive any government post directly from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 信長は尾張時代には上総介を自称していたものの、直接朝廷より任官を受けることはなかった。
English: This was in contrast to his father Nobuhide who received government posts such as Bingo no kami (provincial governor of Bingo) and Mikawa no kami (governor of Mikawa Province) from donations to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: これは朝廷に献金を行って備後守や三河守の官を得た父信秀とは対照的である。
English: Even after he went to Kyoto under Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, he accepted comparatively lower government posts such as Danjo shochu (an assistant President of the Board of Censors) and Danjo daihitsu (senior assistant President of the Board of Censors).
Japanese: 足利義昭を奉じて上洛した後も弾正少忠や弾正大弼といった比較的低い官に甘んじている。
English: Only in the three years after he was assigned to Sangi (councilor) in 1574, he was promoted to Junii (Junior Second Rank) Udaijin (minister of the right).
Japanese: 天正2年（1574年）に参議に任官して以降わずか3年で従二位右大臣に昇進している。
English: There were only four persons, TAIRA no Kiyomori, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, and Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who attained such a high post before him.
Japanese: 彼以前に上位を占めた武家は平清盛・足利義満・足利義持・足利義教の4人しかいない。
English: However, after he resigned Udaijin and Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) on April 1578, he did not receive any government post and remained Sani (courtier without post).
Japanese: しかし天正6年（1578年）4月に右大臣兼右近衛大将を辞した後、官職に就かず散位のままであった。
English: The second time, on June 1582, Haretoyo KAJUJI who was buke tenso (liaison officer between the imperial court and the military government) and Sadakatsu MURAI who was Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) discussed Nobunaga's appointment.
Japanese: 二度目となる天正10年5月には武家伝奏・勧修寺晴豊と京都所司代・村井貞勝の間で信長の任官について話し合いが持たれた。
English: At this time, all offers were considered that Nobunaga be appointed to any post among seii taishogun, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) and chief adviser to the Emperor.
Japanese: この際、信長が征夷大将軍・太政大臣・関白のうちどれかに任官することがどちらからか申し出された。
English: However, since the Honnoji Incident occurred before Nobunaga's official response, it is not sure what kind of idea Nobunaga had.
Japanese: が、信長側からの正式な反応が行われる前に本能寺の変が起こったため、信長がどのような考えを持っていたかは不明である。
English: The fact that Nobunaga did not respond clearly shows his attitude was to separate from or suppress the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 信長が三職推任に明確に反応しなかったのは、朝廷離れの姿勢、もしくは朝廷への圧迫を示したものである。
English: It was because he tried to achieve release from the structure of the Imperial Court by standing outside of the government post system: Asao.
Japanese: 官位制度の枠外に立つことで朝廷の枠組みから解放されようとしたため…朝尾
English: Since Nobunaga was assigned to Ukone no daisho against Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, he did not need a government post: Taniguchi.
Japanese: 足利義昭への対抗として右近衛大将に任官した以上、信長にとって官位は不要だった…谷口
English: As for the Sanshoku suinin mondai, the viewpoint that the Imperial Court led this issue in both theories was influential, but Kyoko TACHIBANA proposed a new theory that it was led by Nobunaga's will, and as a result, it led to a dispute.
Japanese: 三職推任問題については、双方の説も朝廷主導と見るのが有力であったが、立花京子が信長の意思であるとの新説を提唱し、論争となった。
English: In addition, it was also thought that Nobunaga could not answer because he did not have time since the conditions were suggested just before the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: なお、三職推任問題については、条件提示が本能寺の変直前であったために時間がなくて返答できなかったとも考えられている。
English: Not many Nobunaga 's vassals were officially conferred to a court rank or appointed to an office, and most of them were given ranks like Jugoi such as Shuri no suke (assistant officer of the Office of Palace Repairs) and Chikuzen no kami (governor of Chikuzen Province).
Japanese: 信長の家臣のうちで正式に叙位任官された者はそれほど多くなく、修理亮や筑前守など従五位前後のものに留まった。
English: In addition, among his family members, his legitimate son Nobutada was promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) Konoe no chujo (middle captain of the palace guards), but the government posts of others were not so high.
Japanese: また一族でも嫡子信忠は従三位近衛中将まで昇ったが、その他の者の官位も高くはなかった。
English: On the other hand, he made petitioned for an official rank for the confederal daimyo and for his vassals such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Yoshishige SATAKE.
Japanese: 一方で、徳川家康や佐竹義重といった同盟大名や家臣への官位奏請も行っている。
English: He gave Shuinjo (shogunate license to trade) of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) to merchants and traders, and abolished unnecessary sekisho (checking station) to activate the economy and distribution.
Japanese: 商工業者に楽市・楽座の朱印状を与え、不必要な関所を撤廃して経済と流通を活性化させた。
English: In addition, he established control over territories through land surveys, had vassals move to the town near the castle, and organized a regular army.
Japanese: とともに、検地を徹底して領国支配を確立し、家臣を城下に居住させて常備軍を編成した。
English: However, he did not abolish all za (a trade association) (if he were to do this, the distribution system, at that time, would be paralyzed).
Japanese: ただ、全ての座を無くさせたわけではない（そんな事をすれば当時の流通は麻痺してしまう）。
English: Therefore, he implemented rakuza where it could be possible, while he utilized za in cities like Kyoto where za had the power.
Japanese: したがって楽座にできるところは楽座に、京都のように座が力を持っている都市では座を利用した。
English: While he adopted Tokichiro KINOSHITA (Hideyoshi HASHIBA) who was a son of a foot soldier, Mitsuhide AKECHI who was ronin (masterless samurai), Kazumasu TAKIGAWA who was considered to have been ninja (professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy) and so on, he exiled hereditary senior vassals such as Nobumori SAKUMA and Hidesada HAYASHI.
Japanese: 足軽出身の木下藤吉郎（羽柴秀吉）、浪人になっていた明智光秀、忍者出身とされている滝川一益などを登用する一方で、譜代の重臣である佐久間信盛や林秀貞らを追放した。
English: Although Sakuma and Hayashi made contributions to some extent, they were inferior to other hereditary senior vassals such as Katsuie SHIBATA who contributed much as a commander of the Hokuriku district army.
Japanese: 佐久間や林にはそれなりの実績があったが、同様の譜代家臣ながら北陸方面軍の指揮官として活躍する柴田勝家などと比すと物足りないものがあった。
English: Some people say that Nobunaga accomplished housecleaning as a punishment against Sakuma and Hayashi who insisted on getting more rights and interest than deserved by their contributions.
Japanese: 重臣として織田家に居座りつつ、活躍以上の利権を自己主張する佐久間や林に対し、懲罰的粛清を断行したと見る向きもある。
English: However, he sent a letter of chastisement of nineteen articles to Nobumori SAKUMA, which, in its essence, forced him to choose retiring or achieving a feat for his life, so that it did not request an exile with no mercy.
Japanese: しかし、佐久間信盛には19ヶ条の折檻状をだし、それを要約するとただ有無を言わさず追放したのでは無く、隠棲するか命を懸けて手柄を立てるかを選ばせている。
English: This letter of chastisement and the return of Toshiie MAEDA show that Nobunaga had a policy to forgive a vassal if he made a bigger contribution than his failure.
Japanese: この折檻状や前田利家の復帰から、失敗を上回る功績を立てれば許すという方針を持っていたと言える。
English: It can be considered that the purge of hereditary vassals such as Nobumori SAKUMA and Hidesada HAYASHI and Morinari ANDO aimed to reorganize the territories of vassals and increase direct control of Oda family territories.
Japanese: 佐久間信盛や林秀貞ら譜代家臣および安藤守就の粛正については、家臣の所領を整理し織田家直轄領を増やす目的もあったと見る事もできる。
English: For example, he gave "famous tea utensils" which had the same value as a province, as Onsho (reward grants) in stead of territory or money.
Japanese: 一国に値する程の価値があった『名器と称される茶道具』を領地、金銭に代わる恩賞として与えたりもした。
English: The issue of Onsho (reward grants) and the increase of territory had been more or less a big problem for any daimyo.
Japanese: 恩賞と領地加増の関係については、どの大名にとっても多かれ少なかれ頭の痛い問題であった。
English: There is an episode about Kazumasu TAKIGAWA achieving distinguished war service with the capture of Kai Province and he required Nobunaga to give him a tea utensil named Jukokonasu as Onsho, but that he was disappointed to receive only the title of Kanto Kanrei (A shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) and the additional territory of Kozuke Province.
Japanese: 甲斐攻略で戦功を上げた滝川一益が信長に対し、珠光小茄子という茶器を恩賞として希望したが、与えられたのは関東管領の称号と上野一国の加増でがっかりしたという逸話がある。
English: Nobunaga accepted foreign soldiers who came with missionaries and adopted them as his own soldiers.
Japanese: 宣教師と共にやってきた外国兵を受け入れ、国籍を問わず、自らの兵として登用していた。
English: However, he sometimes showed human kindness, for example, when he knew that Hideyoshi HASHIBA was cool against his lawful wife Kodaiin who hadn't had children, he called Hideyoshi, scolded him severely and sent a letter of encouragement to her.
Japanese: が、羽柴秀吉が子に恵まれない正室・高台院に対して辛く当たっていることを知ると、秀吉を呼び出して厳しく叱責し、ねねに対しては励ましの手紙を送るなど、人間味を見せているところがある。
English: In addition, although he exiled Nobumori and Nobuhide SAKUMA, he allowed Nobuhide's return after Nobumori's death.
Japanese: また、彼が追放した佐久間信盛・信栄に関しては信盛が亡くなると、信栄の帰参を許した。
English: It is not sure this was because he judged that Nobuhide expressed remorse, but he seemed to mind the movement of the Sakuma family.
Japanese: 反省したと判断したのかは不明だがその動向を気にしてはいたようである。