nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This treaty, coupled with the Bunin (a pass issued by the So clan to enter the Korean Dynasties) system, effectively enabled the head family of the So clan to control trading among the powers within Tsushima island, strengthening territorial rule by the So clan.
Japanese: これにより、文引制と合わせ対馬島内諸勢力の通交は宗氏本宗家の支配するところとなり、宗氏の領国支配が強化されることになる。
English: Although the relationship was once severed following the Sanpo disturbance that erupted in 1510, Jinshin Yakujo (immigration rule where the Korean Dynasties warned the So clan) was concluded in 1512 and trading was resumed.
Japanese: 1510年には三浦の乱が起こり一旦は関係が断絶するが、1512年に壬申約条が結ばれ再び貿易は行われる。
English: Kokugaryo is a historical term referring to koryo (an Imperial demesne) after around the mid-Heian period, differentiated from shoen (manor in medieval Japan).
Japanese: 国衙領（こくがりょう）は、平安時代中期頃以降の公領を、荘園に対して呼ぶ歴史学用語。
English: Since around the 10th century, the tax system consisting of the ancient family registration system and handen shuju sei (a system of periodic reallocations of rice land) stipulated by the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) had almost collapsed, gradually shifting into the kokushi ukeoi system, which made Zuryo (the head of Kokushi [provincial governors] who was sent to local provinces to administer) undertake tax collection in their provinces.
Japanese: 10世紀頃から、律令制で規定していた古代の戸籍制度・班田収授による租税制度がほぼ崩壊し、現地派遣の筆頭国司である受領へ租税納入を請け負わせる国司請負制へと移行し始めた。
English: Accordingly, koryo under the control of Zuryo began to be treated like their private assets.
Japanese: これに伴い、受領の勢力下にある公領は、受領の私有財産のように扱われ始めた。
English: To deal with tax delinquencies designated to the main temples and shrines, and the high-ranked aristocracy including Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), it became customary for Zuryo to give away to those tax recipients the rights to collect taxes from parts of koryo, as an attempt to avoid poor evaluation with Zuryo koka sadame, their job performance reviews.
Japanese: 受領は租税納入先の大寺社や摂関家のような上級貴族へ滞納が生じると、勤務評定である受領功過定（ずりょうこうかさだめ）を切り抜けるために、公領の一部の租税収納権を納入先の大寺社や摂関家に与えることが慣例になっていった。
English: In this way, newly-established shoen, namely, kokumen no sho (a shoen allowed exemption from rice tax or other tributes), had been vermicularly spreading within koryo, strangling the tax collection from koryo.
Japanese: こうしてなし崩し的に公領に虫食い状に発生した新立荘園、つまり国免荘（こくめんのしょう）は、次第に公領からの租税徴集を圧迫していった。
English: Especially in the 11th century, a number of fire disasters occurred in dairi (the Imperial Palace), main temples and shrines, and it was difficult to levy extraordinary taxes for their reconstruction.
Japanese: 特に11世紀には内裏や大寺社の火災が多く、これらの再建を目的とした臨時課税が困難になる状況を来した。
English: Therefore, Manor Regulation Acts were frequently ordered to levy taxes (Ikkoku heikinyaku [taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryo in a province]) even on kokumen no sho, which was, after all, nothing more than an accomplished fact.
Japanese: そのため、単なる既成事実であった国免荘にも課税（一国平均役）をするため、たびたび荘園整理令が出された。
English: These Manor Regulation Acts prohibited establishment of new shoen after the designated base year, while legalizing these extraordinary taxes that were to be imposed on kokumen no sho created prior to the base year.
Japanese: これらの荘園整理令はある基準年以降の新立荘園を停止する一方、それ以前に発生していた国免荘を臨時課税の対象として正式に公認化するものでもあった。
English: Before that, shoen were simply agricultural lands scattered in koryo, of which the tax collection rights were exclusively possessed by the high-ranked aristocracy, main temples and shrines.
Japanese: それまでの荘園は上級貴族や大寺社が独占的に租税収納権をもつ農地が公領の農地の中に散在しているに過ぎなかった。
English: However, following these orders, the government took measures to integrate shoen into one domain in an attempt to differentiate between koryo and shoen, facilitating the levy of Ikkoku heikinyaku.
Japanese: しかし、これらの荘園整理令に際し、公領と荘園を識別して一国平均役を課することを容易にするため、荘園を一つの領域に統合する措置が行われた。
English: Thus, shoen as a governing domain was established, where a shokan (an officer governing shoen dispatched by the senior aristocracy and main temples and shrines) was delegated authority for local administration and tax collection for the nation.
Japanese: ここに上級貴族や大寺社が派遣した荘官が、行政や徴税を国家から依託される、統治領域としての荘園が成立した。
English: Eventually, the old provincial system, administered by zuryo collectively including shoen, was shifted into a new system, in which the control of land and people was roughly divided into two on the basis of shoen (administered by shokan) and koryo (administered by zuryo).
Japanese: こうしてそれまで各国の体制は、荘園も含めて一元的に受領の支配下にあったものが、荘官の支配する荘園と、受領の支配下にある公領が、大きく二分して土地・民衆支配をする形態に移行した。
English: Koryo under such a system were regarded as kokuga (provincial government offices) areas controlled by zuryo, and were called kokugaryo.
Japanese: こうした体制下の公領を、受領の指揮下にある国衙の領地とみなして、国衙領と呼ぶ。
English: Also, the historian Yoshihiko AMINO advocates a concept of shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates), focusing on the fact that medieval Japanese society consisted of shoen and koryo.
Japanese: また、歴史学者の網野善彦は、中世日本の社会が荘園と公領から構成されていることに注目して荘園公領制という概念を提唱した。
English: After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, kokugaryo was gradually placed under the control of shugo (provincial constable) and jito (manager and lord of the manor), but still remained in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 国衙領は、鎌倉幕府が成立すると次第に守護・地頭の勢力の下に置かれるようになっていったが、室町時代にも残存した。
English: Wakan (왜관) was a foreign settlement for Japanese people established at the Southern area of Korean Peninsula from the medieval to modern period of Japan, or in the Yi Dynasty Korea period (Korean Dynasties period).
Japanese: 倭館（わかん、왜관）は、中世から近世にかけて、李氏朝鮮（朝鮮王朝）時代に朝鮮半島南部に設定された日本人居留地のことである。
English: Prior to the Bunroku-Keicho War (Japan's Invasion of Korea, it is called Jinshin waran and Teiyu sairan in Korea) there were several Wakan.
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役（朝鮮出兵。韓国では壬辰倭乱・丁酉再乱と呼称）以前は複数箇所存在した。
English: In the Edo period, Wakan was restricted to only Busan Metropolitan City, where the Tsushima-fuchu Domain of Japan conducted diplomacy and commerce with Korean side.
Japanese: 江戸時代には釜山広域市に限定され、日本側は対馬府中藩が朝鮮との外交、通商を行った。
English: Unlike Ming established in 1368, Yi Dynasty Korea, established in 1392, did not prohibit commerce ships other than Choko-sen (ships used especially for paying tribute) from entering its ports, and it imposed no restriction to the port of entry.
Japanese: 1392年に成立した李氏朝鮮は、1368年に成立した明とは異なり、朝貢船以外の商船入港を禁止するようなことはなく、入港地にも一切制限を加えなかった。
English: Therefore, the number of Japanese daimyo (feudal lord) and merchants trading with Korea rapidly increased, but because some of them turned into wako (Japanese pirates) once they found unfavorable terms of trade, the Korean government eventually restricted the port of entry for koriwasen (ship for trading with Korea) only to Busanpo, Tongne Prefecture (present Busan Metropolitan City), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang left-sided Prefecture was, and, Naijiho, Jinhae Prefecture (present, Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture), the location where Local naval officer of Gyeongsang right-sided Prefecture was, around 1407.
Japanese: このため、日本の大名、商人らが朝鮮に通交する者が急増したが、彼らの中には交易に不都合があると倭寇に変貌するような者もいたので、朝鮮政府は1407年頃国防上の見地から興利倭船の入港地を慶尚左道都万戸所在地の東莱県富山浦（現在の釜山広域市）と慶尚右道都万戸所在地の金海府乃而浦（現在の慶尚南道鎮海市）に限定した。
English: In 1410, the port of entry for the Japanese official ships to dispatch envoys was also limited to those two.
Japanese: 1410年、日本の使送船（公式の使者）の入港地もこれら二港に限定された。
English: In 1426, Saemontaro SODA from Tsushima, who had great interests in the foreign trade of Korea at that time, pleaded to the Korean Government for free trade at any place in left and right sided provinces of Gyeongsang.
Japanese: 当時朝鮮貿易に大きな利権を持っていた対馬の早田左衛門太郎は1426年、慶尚左右道各地で任意に交易できるようにして欲しいと朝鮮政府に訴えた。
English: Although that request was turned down, as an alternative, Enbo (port of En) of Ulsan (present Ulsan Metropolitan City) was added to the port of entry.
Japanese: だが、これは拒否され、代償として蔚山の塩浦（現在の蔚山広域市）が入港地に追加された。
English: At first, those ports were nothing more than designated ports to accept Japanese ships, but gradually, many Japanese began living in these areas, and the Korean Government could not stop it.
Japanese: これらの港は当初日本船の入港指定地に過ぎなかったが、やがて多数の日本人が住み着くようになり、朝鮮政府はこれを制止できなかった。
English: Unnaturalized Japanese residents in the Korean Peninsula were called kokyowa, and they were self-governed headed by their leader.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島に居住し帰化しない日本人を朝鮮では恒居倭と呼び、首領を頭とする自治が行われた。
English: Some kokyowa breached the limitation of wakan to live there, engaged in fishery or agriculture, conducted illegal trade, or became wako (Japanese pirates).
Japanese: 恒居倭のなかには倭館の関限を超えて居住する、漁業や農業に従事する、密貿易を行う、倭寇化する者もいた。
English: Since the Korean Government was at first unable to exercise on Japanese the right to collect taxes nor the right to judge criminal cases, it pressured them in an attempt to put them under its control.
Japanese: 当初朝鮮政府は日本人には徴税権・検断権も行使出来なかった為、彼等を統制下に置こうと圧力をかける。
English: In 1510, the Japanese became discontented with the Korean side, partly due to troubles in trade, which caused a big-scale insurgence, with reinforcements from Tsushima.
Japanese: 1510年、交易上のトラブルもあり朝鮮側に不満を募らせた日本人は、対馬からの援軍も加えて大規模な反乱を起こす。
English: The insurgence, called the Sanpo War, was eventually suppressed by the Korean army and Sanpo Wakan was closed, part of which was resumed afterward.
Japanese: この三浦の乱は結局、朝鮮側の武力によって鎮圧され、三浦倭館は閉鎖されたが、後に一部再開された。
English: Located in the present-day Jaseonda, Dong Ward, Busan Metropolitan City, Fuzanho Wakan was administratively under the control of castle of Tongne Prefecture in the north, and militarily under the control of Local naval office in the west.
Japanese: 現在の釜山広域市東区子城台に所在し、行政的には北方にある東莱（トンネ）県城、軍事的には西方にある万戸営庁の管理下にあった。
English: After temporary closure due to the Sanpo War in 1510, Seiho (port of Sei) was resumed by the treaty between Tsushima and Korea in 1512, and then Busanpo Wakan was also resumed in 1521.
Japanese: 1510年の三浦の乱によって一時閉鎖されたが、1512年の対馬と朝鮮の条約によって薺浦が再開された後、1521年に富山浦倭館も再開された。
English: Busan Wakan existed until the invasion of Korea by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in 1592, and was the one where Japanese had resided for the longest period among others in Sanpo Wakan.
Japanese: 釜山浦倭館は1592年の豊臣秀吉による朝鮮侵攻まで存続し、三浦倭館のなかでは最も長く日本人が住んでいた。
English: This was the biggest wakan in Sanpo with 2,500 Japanese residents as of 1494.
Japanese: 三浦のうち最も大きなもので、1494年の在住日本人人口は2,500人に達した。
English: Although the Korean Government extradited the Japanese who infringed the agreement between Japan and Korea restricting the number of residents, the population would go up again after a while.
Japanese: 日本人側は朝鮮との居留人数に関する約定を破ったため朝鮮側が送還するなどしたが、いつのまにかまた増えるという状態であった。
English: In 1510, the Sanpo War erupted after the Korean Government imposed trading control as sanctions.
Japanese: 1510年には朝鮮側が制裁として貿易統制を加えたことによって三浦の乱が発生。
English: After being closed once, Naijiho Wakan was reopened by the treaty between Tsushima and Korea in 1512, but again closed due to the Wako Incident in 1544 and was never reopened.
Japanese: 一旦閉鎖されたが、1512年の対馬と朝鮮の条約によって再開され、1544年の倭寇事件で再び閉鎖され、復活しなかった。
English: Being on the shore to the south of the old town area of Ulsan across the bay, the location of Enbo Wakan is now the premise of Hyundai auto plant.
Japanese: 蔚山旧市街から湾を隔てた南岸にあり、現代自動車工場敷地となっている。
English: At that time, it was under the jurisdiction of Ulsan County office and Heiba Setsudoshi (Regional Commandants of army) of Gyeonsang-jwado Prefecture in the old town area of Ulsan.
Japanese: 当時は蔚山旧市街に置かれた蔚山郡庁と慶尚左道兵馬節度使の管轄下にあった。
English: Enbo Wakan was opened in 1426, and its population of Japanese residents stood at around 150 in 1494.
Japanese: 1426年に開港され、1494年には約150人の日本人が住んでいた。
English: In the Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, there was also a facility named 'Dongpyoung-gwan,' or commonly called wakan, that was used to entertain Japanese Daimyo and merchants asking for commercial intercourse.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮の都・漢城（現在のソウル）にも通交を求めてくる日本の大名や商人を接待するための施設「東平館」が存在し、倭館と通称された。
English: The name of the place where this wakan was located later became Waegwan-dong (倭館洞) in Seoul, which remained until the early 20th century.
Japanese: この倭館があった場所は倭館洞としてソウルの地名となり、20世紀始めまで続いた。
English: The place was renamed Yamato cho in the Korean colonial era, and now is Chung Mu Ro, Jung Ward, Seoul Special City.
Japanese: 植民地時代には大和（やまと）町と改称され、現在のソウル特別市中区忠武路である。
English: The Bunroku-Keicho War beginning in 1592 severed the diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea, and just after the war, there were many envoys who were dispatched to Korea by the Tsushima clan to ask for trade resumption but they never returned to Japan.
Japanese: 1592年に始まる文禄・慶長の役によって日朝の国交は断絶し、戦争直後対馬藩が送った貿易再開を求める使者が帰ってこないことが多かった。
English: However, thanks to desperate efforts by the Tsushima clan, including extradition of Korean captives, the first Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) arrived in Japan in 1607, leading to the recovery of Japanese-Korean diplomatic relations.
Japanese: しかし朝鮮人捕虜を送還するなど対馬藩の必死の努力によって、1607年最初の朝鮮通信使が来日し、国交回復が決まった。
English: The Tsushima clan was appointed in charge of diplomacy with Korea by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was also bestowed the exclusive right for commerce with Korea at the newly-established wakan in Busan.
Japanese: 対馬藩は江戸幕府から朝鮮外交担当を命じられ、釜山に新設された倭館における朝鮮交易の独占権も付与された。
English: Based on the Kiyu Treaty concluded in 1609, Korea bestowed government posts on the Tsushima clan and a few others, and granted them privileges as Japanese envoys.
Japanese: 1609年に締結された己酉条約によって、朝鮮は対馬藩主らに官職を与え、日本国王使としての特権を認めた。
English: Dumopo Wakan was the wakan that was newly constructed near the present-day Jwacheon-dong, Dong Ward, Busan Metropolitan City in 1607, having an area of approximately 33,000 square meters.
Japanese: 1607年、現在の釜山広域市東区佐川洞付近に新設された倭館で、約1万坪の面積があった。
English: Inside it, with the reception office for envoys at the center, the house of the manager, a building for visitors, Toko-ji Temple, the Japanese guard house, liquor stores, and some other Japanese-style houses were constructed by the Tsushima clan.
Japanese: 内部には宴享庁（使者の応接所）を中心に館主家、客館、東向寺、日本側の番所、酒屋、その他日本家屋が対馬藩によって建築された。
English: However, since its space became insufficient as the commerce had been thriving, combined with its poor transportation conditions, the Japanese-side repeatedly asked the Korean government for its relocation.
Japanese: しかし、交易の発展にともない豆毛浦倭館は手狭になり、交通も不便であったので、朝鮮側に再三移転要求を行った。
English: Choryang-dong wakan was the Japanese residential area that was newly constructed all around Ryuto-zan park in Nampo-dong, Jung Ward, Busan Metropolitan City in 1678, having an ample area of 330,000 square meters.
Japanese: 1678年、現在の釜山広域市中区南浦洞の龍頭山公園一帯に新築された日本人居留区で、10万坪もの面積があった。
English: In its large premises including Ryuto-zan mountain, there were the house of the manager, Kaiichi-daicho (trade hall) (also called Koekiba), a courthouse, Hama bandokoro (guard house for the coast), shrines such as Benten-jinja Shrine, Toko-ji Temple, and residences for Japanese (Tsushima people).
Japanese: 竜頭山を取り込んだ広大な敷地には館主屋、開市大庁（交易場）、裁判庁、浜番所、弁天神社のような神社や東向寺、日本人（対馬人）の住居があった。
English: Other than the manager of the wakan dispatched by the Tsushima clan, among Japanese who were allowed to reside in the wakan were officers such as local governors (governors in charge of trading), Yokome (job title in samurai family, the job involves watching over officers), the secretary, translators; their respective employees; and also merchants like haberdashery shop owners, tailors, and liquor shop owners.
Japanese: 倭館に居住することを許された日本人は、対馬藩から派遣された館主以下、代官（貿易担当官）、横目、書記官、通詞などの役職者やその使用人だけでなく、小間物屋、仕立屋、酒屋などの商人もいた。
English: Since Korea was the pioneer in the medicine field at that time, a number of doctors, both town doctors and doctors working at a public clinic, came to wakan to study internal medicine, surgery, acupuncture, and moxibustion, and so on.
Japanese: 当時、朝鮮は医学先進国であり、内科・外科・鍼・灸などを習得するために倭館に来るものが藩医、町医を問わず多かった。
English: In addition, in a Korean language school newly established in the Tsushima Domain by Hoshu AMENOMORI in 1727, its top performers were allowed to study at wakan.
Japanese: また1727年に雨森芳洲が対馬府中に朝鮮語学校を設置すると、その優秀者が倭館留学を認められた。
English: Needless to say, the number of its residents would jump after arrival of the trading ships from Tsushima.
Japanese: さらに対馬から交易船が到着すれば、倭館滞在者が急増したことは言うまでもない。
English: In the Medieval Period wakan trade, Japan exported copper, sulfur, and gold, and also resold the products of the south seas like sappanwood, a red dye, and spices like pepper to Korea via the Ryukyu Islands.
Japanese: 中世の倭館交易では日本側は銅、硫黄、金を輸出したが、南方物産である赤色染料のスオウ、コショウなどのスパイス類も琉球経由などで朝鮮に転売した。
English: In the public trade with the formal missions for friendship, a lot of Korean books including Daizo-kyo Sutra (the Tripitaka) were imported into Japan.
Japanese: また正式の通交使節との公貿易では、大蔵経など朝鮮の書籍も日本に輸出された。
English: In the Modern Period wakan trade, Japan exported silver, sulfur, gold, and other products of the south seas to Korea.
Japanese: 近世の倭館交易では日本側は銀、硫黄、金、その他南方物産を朝鮮側に輸出した。
English: Korea exported to Japan not only Korean products including Asian ginseng and tiger leather, but also Chinese products including raw silk thread and silk textile, which were its biggest exports in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 朝鮮側は朝鮮人参、トラ皮などの朝鮮産品も輸出したが、江戸時代前期の最大の輸出品は生糸、絹織物などの中国産品であった。
English: It was because at that time, Japanese favored Chinese silk as luxury garments over low-quality Japanese ones.
Japanese: 当時、日本の絹は品質が劣り、高級衣料として中国絹が好まれたためである。
English: While Korea was able to obtain those Chinese products through the tribute trade and border trade, Japan could not do anything but wait for the Chinese smuggling ships, as Japan had been denied entry to Ming.
Japanese: 朝鮮はこれら中国産品を、朝貢貿易や国境貿易で入手することができたが、日本は明への入港を拒絶されていたため中国密貿易船の来航を待つしかなかった。
English: The Tsushima clan made huge profits from this relay trade of Chinese products, with its stipend was estimated as over 100,000 koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield).
Japanese: 対馬藩はこの中国産品の中継貿易によって巨額の利益を上げ、藩の禄高は実質10万石以上とされた。
English: However, advancement of Japanese silk production technology in the 18th century diminished the imports of Chinese products, which had devastating effects on Busan trade.
Japanese: しかし18世紀になって日本でも絹生産の技術が向上すると、中国産品の輸入が減少し、釜山交易に打撃を与えた。
English: Also, Asian ginseng seeds, strictly prohibited by the Korean government, were secretly brought to Japan, resulting in the success of cultivation of Asian ginseng in Japan.
Japanese: また朝鮮側が厳禁していた朝鮮人参の種が密かに日本に持ち出され、日本国内でも朝鮮人参栽培に成功した。
English: At the same time, since the amount of silver produced in Japan was sharply decreased, the export of silver was prohibited and instead copper and gold became Japan's major export products.
Japanese: 一方、日本国内の銀産出量が激減したため、銀輸出が禁止され、銅や金が主要輸出品目に変わった。
English: As a result, wakan trade had dwindled after the 18th century, although it was not terminated.
Japanese: このため、18世紀以降、倭館交易は衰退するが、断絶することはなかった。
English: In 1867, a Karo (chief retainer) of the Tsushima clan who visited Busan Wakan notified the Heungseon Daewongun administration that the new Meiji government had been established, but the Korean government rejected receipt of the Japanese sovereign's message, saying Japan's new sovereign identified himself as 'Emperor.'
Japanese: 釜山倭館に来航した対馬藩家老は1867年、明治新政府の成立を興宣大院君政権に通告したが、朝鮮側は日本の新しい主権者が「皇上」と名乗っていることを理由に国書の受け取りを拒否した。
English: When the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out in Japan in 1871, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs took over the right of trade with Korea, a right that had long been consigned to the Tsushima clan since the Edo period.
Japanese: 1871年日本で廃藩置県が実施されると、江戸時代以来対馬藩に委ねられていた朝鮮外交権を外務省が接収。
English: In 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA, Minister for Foreign Affairs, arrived in Busan and confiscated Choryang-dong Wakan to rename it as the Japanese diplomatic mission.
Japanese: 1872年外務丞（外務大臣）・花房義質が釜山に来航し、草梁倭館を接収して日本公館と改称した。
English: In response, the Korean government adamantly demanded Japanese withdrawal, which subsequently escalated into a diplomatic problem between Japan and Korea, leading to the rise of Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) in Japan.
Japanese: これに対して朝鮮側は強硬に退去を要求し、日朝間の外交問題に発展、日本では征韓論が台頭した。
English: Causing the Ganghwa Island Incident in 1876, Japan demanded Korea to open the country by gunboat diplomacy, and compelled it to allow Japanese diplomatic envoys to stay in Seoul by concluding the Treaty of Ganghwa in the next year.
Japanese: 日本は1876年に江華島事件を起こし、砲艦外交によって朝鮮に開国を迫り、翌年日朝修好条規を締結して日本外交使節のソウル駐在を認めさせた。
English: In Chilgok County, Gyeongsang buk-do Prefecture, Korea, a large village of Wakan (waegwan) still exists, also representing the station name of Gyeongbu Line, the interchange name of Gyeongbu motor way, and the location of Chilgok County Office, all of which were named because the place was once the army provisions storage in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 大韓民国慶尚北道漆谷郡に倭館（ウェグァン）邑が現存し、京釜線の駅名と京釜高速道路のインターチェンジ名、漆谷郡庁所在地にもなっているが、これは文禄・慶長の役で日本軍の兵糧集積所であったために付けられた地名である。
English: Chilgok Village does not exist today, since it was incorporated into Daegu Metropolitan City which was promoted to be a government-ruled municipality in 1981.
Japanese: なお、漆谷邑は1981年に大邱広域市が直轄市に昇格した時に編入されて現存しない。
English: "Handen Shuju-no-ho" (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) was a legal system related to provision and expropriation of agricultural land (rice land), enforced in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 班田収授法（はんでんしゅうじゅのほう）とは、古代日本において施行された農地（田）の支給・収容に関する法体系である。
English: Handen Shuju-sei was one of the basic systems of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan, adopted from the late Asuka period; when the Ritsuryo system was established, through the early Heian period.
Japanese: 班田収授制は、日本の律令制の根幹制度の一つであり、律令が整備された飛鳥時代後期から平安時代前期にかけて行われた。
English: Based on the family registration system and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) in the ancient times, rice land was allotted to nobles and people who had obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land from the government.
Japanese: 古代の戸籍制度・計帳に基づいて、政府から受田資格を得た貴族や人民へ田が班給された。
English: It is thought that this system was enforced under the influence of the Equal-field system adopted in China in those days.
Japanese: この制度は、当時の中国で行われていた均田制の影響のもとに施行されたと考えられている。
English: According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), an imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms in the New Year of 646 mentioned, 'Make the family register and Keicho, and enact the Handen Shuju-no-ho for the first time.'
Japanese: 日本書紀によれば、646年正月の大化の改新の詔において「初めて戸籍・計帳・班田収授法をつくれ」とある。
English: However, many experts have doubts about the description concerning the imperial edict issued on the Taika Reforms, so that it is difficult to conclude hastily that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect at this time.
Japanese: しかし、この改新の詔に関する記述には多くの疑義が出されており、このとき班田収授法が施行されたと即断することはできない。
English: It is believed that Handen Shuju-no-ho came into effect either in 670 when the family register was first made, or after the enactment of Asuka Kiyomihara-ryo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state) in 689.
Japanese: 班田収授法の発足は、初めて戸籍が作成された670年、若しくは飛鳥浄御原令が制定された689年以降であろうと考えられている。
English: According to the existing Yoro Ritsuryo Code (code promulgated in the Yoro period), the procedure for making application for Handen Shuju is recognized as follows.
Japanese: 現存する養老律令によると、班田収授の手続きは次のとおりだったことが判っている。
English: Based on the family register, rice land was allotted to the people who had newly obtained the qualifications for receiving rice land, while rice land was confiscated from people who had died.
Japanese: 戸籍において、新たに受田資格を得た者に対して田が班給されるとともに、死亡者の田は収公された。
English: From October 1 through November 1 (old calender) of the next year after the family register was made, the government official of the capital or kokufu (provincial office) made account books and revised the state of changes by comparing the newest account books with those of the previous.
Japanese: 戸籍作成翌年の10月1日から11月1日までの間に、京又は国府の官司が帳簿を作成し、前回との異動状況を校勘する。
English: In the Ritsuryo system, Kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), Iden (fields given according to the court rank), Shikibunden (rice fields given according to the position of government officials), Kuden (rice fields given to those who did meritorious deeds for the state) and Shiden (rice fields especially given by the emperor) were rice land subject to Handen Shuju.
Japanese: 律令（田令）において、口分田・位田・職分田・功田・賜田が班田収授の対象とされた。