nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Japan paved the way for expansion into East Asia such as Korea, Manchuria and others through the realism and imperialism diplomacy of Mutsu diplomacy.
Japanese: 陸奥外交の現実主義・帝国主義外交によって日本は朝鮮・満洲などの東アジアへの進出の道を切り開く事になった。
English: Ote club was a political association during the mid-Meiji Period (October 20, 1894 - February 24, 1896).
Japanese: 大手倶楽部（おおてくらぶ）とは、明治中期の政治結社（1894年10月20日－1896年2月24日）。
English: As a political truce was called due to the Sino-Japanese war that started during the 4th general elections for the House of Representatives, a move was made to restore the Dainihon Kyoukai (a political association) that had been disbanded by the Second Ito cabinet the previous year.
Japanese: 第4回衆議院議員総選挙の最中に日清戦争が勃発して政治休戦が確立したのを機に、第2次伊藤内閣によって前年に解散に追い込まれた大日本協会復興を模索する動きが現れた。
English: It was formed by Kanichi OTAKE and Ritaro UEDA, both former members of Dainihon Kyokai and independent Diet members, who then recruited Tadaharu SUEYOSHI and others who were non-partisan, independent Diet members and who sympathized with the hard-line foreign policies.
Japanese: 元同会所属の無所属議員である大竹貫一や植田理太郎が、末吉忠晴ら対外硬に同調する無党派の無所属議員を勧誘して結成した。
English: Ote club announced its participation to the hard-line six parties, which made the hard-line six parties win a majority in the House of Representatives.
Japanese: 大手倶楽部は硬六派に参加を表明し、これによって硬六派は衆議院で過半数を制した。
English: During the Sino-Japanese War, it backed political ceasefire and agreed with spending the extra military expenditures, but it took a more clearly adversarial stand against the government, criticizing the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation and the accepting of the Triple Intervention after the end of the war.
Japanese: 日清戦争中は政治休戦を支持して臨時軍事費の支出に賛同したが、戦争終結後に日英通商航海条約締結と三国干渉受諾を批判して政府と対決色を強めた。
English: They were dissolved in February of 1896 in response to their plan to form a new party to compete wih the Liberal Party (Meiji), and it's Diet members joined the formation of the Progressive Party (Meiji) on March 1 of the same year.
Japanese: 自由党(明治)に対抗する新党結成構想が硬六派の間で進められると、これに呼応して1896年2月に解散、所属議員は同年3月1日の進歩党(明治)結成に参加した。
English: The Ane-gawa River Earthquake occurred in August 14, 1909 at 3:31pm with its seismic center near Ane-gawa River in the North East part in Shiga Prefecture (at latitude 35.4 degrees north and longitude 136.3 degrees east.)
Japanese: 姉川地震（あねがわじしん）は、1909年（明治42年）8月14日午後3時31分、滋賀県北東部の姉川付近（北緯35.4度、東経136.3度）を震源として発生した地震。
English: It is thought that it was caused by the movement of the Yanagase fault expanding toward north-northwest from Shiga Prefecture to Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: 滋賀県から福井県にかけて、北北西方向にのびる柳ヶ瀬断層が活動したと考えられている。
English: The earthquake measured six on the seven-point Japanese scale in the current Torahime-cho, Higashiazai District in Shiga Prefecture, where it hit the hardest, and five to four in all areas in Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 現在の滋賀県東浅井郡虎姫町で最大の震度6、滋賀県内全域で震度5〜4を記録した。
English: The noticeable earthquake was monitored in a wide area from the south of Tohoku Region to some part of Kyushu Region, and its damage hit Shiga Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture.
Japanese: 東北地方南部から九州地方の一部にかけての広い範囲で有感地震が観測され、被害は滋賀県と岐阜県に及んだ。
English: In Shiga Prefecture, the death toll was 35, 643 were injured, 2192 houses were completely destroyed, and 5985 houses were partially destroyed.
Japanese: 滋賀県では、死者35名、負傷者643名、全壊2192戸、半壊5985戸を出した。
English: The most damaged area in the prefecture was Torahime Village (current Torahime-cho) with 17 dead and 53 injured as human damage.
Japanese: その中でも大きな被害を出したのが虎姫村（現・虎姫町）で、人的被害は死者17名、負傷者53名。
English: Furthermore, 284 houses were completely destroyed and 518 were partially destroyed out of 991 houses in the village.
Japanese: さらに、全戸数991戸のうち全壊284戸､半壊518戸を出している。
English: In Gifu Prefecture, 6 people were killed, 18 people were injured, 51 houses were completely destroyed and 138 houses were partially destroyed in the West of Gifu City.
Japanese: また、岐阜県でも岐阜市西部で死者6名、重傷者18名を出し、全壊51戸、半壊138戸であった。
English: The total damages were, 41 deaths, 784 injuries, 2243 completely destroyed houses, 6503 partially destroyed houses, and 70 landslides.
Japanese: 総被害は、死者41名、負傷者784名、全壊2243戸、半壊6503戸、山崩れ70箇所であった。
English: The bottom of the Ane-gawa River estuary subsided tens of meters, and the waves of 1.8 meters high surged in Lake Biwa.
Japanese: 姉川河口の川底が数十ｍ沈降し、琵琶湖では高さ1.8ｍの波が押し寄せた。
English: Diastrophisms such as the gush of 2.5 meter high muddy water from 6 holes in the delta were observed.
Japanese: 三角洲でも6個の穴から泥水が2.5ｍ噴出するなどの地変が観測された。
English: Kokuyaku Constitution defined laws that were formulated by representatives of the people and approved by the ruler (in Japan's case it would be the Emperor) and this procedure served as a sort of promise between the ruler and his people.
Japanese: 国約憲法（こくやくけんぽう）とは、国民代表の会議によって憲法を作成して君主（日本の場合は天皇）に承認させる手続を経る事で国民と君主間の約束事として位置づけられた憲法のこと。
English: During the Movement for Liberty and People's rights sometime around 1880, the Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, the Choya Newspaper, and other major newspapers claimed that, in order to simultaneous support both the people's rights and Imperial order, a congress of the people should be convened to formulate constitutions drafts, which would be instituted once it met with the Emperor's approval, and this opinion greatly influenced the populace.
Japanese: 自由民権運動最中の1880年頃より、東京日日新聞や朝野新聞などで人権の擁護と天皇制の維持の両立のために、制憲のための会議を招集して憲法草案を作成し、天皇の合意を得られた国約憲法をもって憲法とすべしとの論調が張られ、民権家達にも影響を与えた。
English: At the National Assembly Association of the same year, it was voted that a constitution-forming body should be established before the opening of the National Diet, and each province began formulating constituion drafts.
Japanese: 同年の国会期成同盟でも国会開設を前提とした制憲議会確立を求める決議が出され、その準備のために各地で私擬憲法が作成される事になった。
English: However, the following year, an imperial edict at the opening of the National Diet declared that the constitutions would be created by the Emperor, and the idea of a constitution created by the people's representatives never materialized.
Japanese: だが、翌年の国会開設の詔書によって憲法は欽定憲法による方針が打ち出されたことによって、国約憲法論は事実上挫折した。
English: The Sawakai (literally, the Tea Party) was an internal faction within the House of Peers in Japan's National Diet, which was formed under the Meiji Constitution.
Japanese: 茶話会（さわかい）とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の一つ。
English: The Tea Party was initially formed in the Meiji period and lasted into the early stages of the Showa period (specifically, from July 22, 1893 to February 1, 1928, though official notification of its existence as an internal faction of the Diet was not given until March 1, 1894).
Japanese: 明治から昭和初期にかけて存在していた（1893年7月22日－1928年2月1日院内会派としては1894年3月1日届出）。
English: On December 22, 1891 Shigemitsu NANGO, Morimasa TAKEI, Gensho UMAYA, Shigeya OHARA and others were chosen by the Emperor to be inducted into the House of Peers, and the following day began to hold discussions at the Hoshigaoka Tea House (located in what was then Kojimachi Park) about forming a union and acting in concert.
Japanese: 1891年12月22日に貴族院議員に勅撰された南郷茂光・武井守正・馬屋原彰・小原重哉らが、翌日に当時麹町公園内にあった星ヶ岡茶寮において結束して行動するための団体結成を協議したことに始まる。
English: Two years later, Nango and the others joined with Tosuke HIRATA and Mamoru FUNAKOSHI, who were members of the House of Peers by imperial nomination, originally from government offices and both protegees of Aritomo YAMAGATA, and inaugurated Sawakai with an initial total of 18 members by imperial nomination with a headquarter set up in Saiwai Club in Uchisaiwaicho.
Japanese: 翌々年、南郷らは山縣有朋系官僚出身の勅撰議員である平田東助や船越衛と結んで計18名の勅撰議員で茶話会を発足させ、本部を内幸町の幸倶楽部に設置した。
English: Under Nango and Hirata, Sawakai joined Keigo KIYOURA's Kenkyukai (a study group) in supporting Aritomo YAMAGATA, supporting Yamagata's doctrine of transcendence.
Japanese: 南郷や平田のもとで茶話会は清浦奎吾の研究会_(貴族院)とともに山縣有朋を支持して、超然主義を奉じた。
English: In 1899, the Tea Party and the first Mushozoku (Unaffiliated Group) mobilized the supporters of the Saiwai Club in an effort to curb the power of the political parties.
Japanese: 1899年には第1次無所属とともに幸倶楽部派を旗揚げして政党側を牽制した。
English: When, during Yamagata's second term as cabinet head, Kanetake OURA, Eitaro KOMATSUBARA, and Banichiro YASUHIRO, bureaucrats who were all protegees of Yamagata, were appointed to the House of Peers by imperial selection and thereafter joined the Tea Party, the influence of the Tea Party began to grow, and they managed to acquire members from among the large-scale taxpayers and the barons, and during Hirata's tenure as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, from the late Meiji period into the early Taisho period, the group possessed 67 members at its largest; the Tea Party supported Taro KATSURA during the Keien period (1905-1912), and its power and influence grew to rival the Kenkyukai's.
Japanese: 第2次山縣内閣期に山縣系官僚出身で平田との結びつきが強かった大浦兼武・小松原英太郎・安広伴一郎が勅撰議員に任命されて茶話会に加入すると、勢力が拡大する方向に向かい、多額納税議員や男爵議員からも加入者を得て、平田が内大臣に立った明治末期から大正初期にかけて最大で67名の議員を擁して桂園時代においては桂太郎を支え、研究会と勢力を競うまでに成長した。
English: But the struggle for power with the Kenkyukai gradually began to produce friction, and after the turmoil of the Manko cabinet, the cooperation between the Kenkyukai and the Rikken Seiyukai (the Friends of Constitutional Government Party, or "Seiyukai" for short) and other challenges, the struggle for influence between the Tea Party and the Kenkyukai gradually developed into open hostility, and when some of the members of Hara's Seiyukai cabinet were chosen from the Kenkyukai, not only did the Tea Party abandon the doctrine of transcendence and join forces with the opposition Kenseikai (Constitutional Government Party), they also formed links with the various other factions among non-Kenkyukai House of Peers members in an effort to isolate and surround the Kenkyukai.
Japanese: だが、次第に研究会との勢力争いによって摩擦が生じるようになり、鰻香内閣騒動や研究会と立憲政友会との連携などを経て茶話会と研究会は次第に対立し、政友会の原内閣に研究会が閣僚を送ると、茶話会も超然主義を放棄して反対党である憲政会と連携する一方、研究会以外の他の貴族院の各会派と連携して研究会を包囲する動きを見せた（幸四派）。
English: But with the resignation of the barons due to the formation of the Koseikai in 1919, coupled with the swelling of the Kenkyukai's ranks, the influence of the Tea Party gradually began to wane.
Japanese: ところが、1919年の公正会に伴う男爵議員の離脱と研究会の膨張によって次第に勢力を減らしていくようになる。
English: Thereafter, the Tea Party did at times still take vigorous action, as when they joined forces with the Gokensan faction in an attack on the Kiyoura cabinet, which was largely led by Kenkyukai, during the second movement to defend the constitution.
Japanese: その後、第2次護憲運動では研究会主導の清浦内閣を攻撃して護憲三派と結ぶなど活発な活動を見せた時期もあった。
English: However, in 1928, they lost their Marquis Diet members and, facing total collapse, they were forced to merge with the second Mushozoku (Unaffiliated Group) and form the Dowakai.
Japanese: しかし1928年に侯爵議員を失って崩壊の危機にあった第2次無所属と合同して同和会を結成することとなった。
English: Kinroku Kosai was the public bond issued for people in the class below aristocrats in compensation for the abolition of the Roku-rewarding system after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 金禄公債（きんろくこうさい）は、明治維新で、禄制の廃止により還禄した華士族以下にその代償として交付された公債である。
English: The grand total of bonds reached 173,908,900 yen with four types of interest rate of 10%, 7%, 6%, and 5%.
Japanese: 総計1億7390万8900円、利子は1割、7分、6分、5分の4種あった。
English: The number of people qualified to receive the bond, who were paid previously under the roku system, rose to 340,000.
Japanese: この公債証書を受け取るべき者、つまり禄券を有する者の人数は、34万人にのぼった。
English: In September, 1875, the Meiji government supplied cash currency to each region, in the amount equal to 3 years worth of roku-type reward distributed in rice (Kinroku).
Japanese: 明治8年9月、明治政府は米高によって給する禄を各地方3箇年の平均相場に換算して貨幣で支給した（金禄）。
English: To avoid a government financial crisis, the government abandoned the roku-rewarding system, and established the kinroku kosai, a 30-year government bond, with a deferment period of 5 years; the interest rates were 7% for less than 100 yen, and 5% for more than 1000 yen.
Japanese: ついで財政の窮乏を補うためにそれまでの禄制を廃して、金禄公債という国債証券を発行下付し、5年据置き後30年内に償還することに定め、利子は公債の額面100円未満は7分、1000円以上は5分とした。
English: Among bonds issued at the time, it was issued in the largest quantity, reaching a grand total of 173 million 900 thousand yen; all payments were completed in 1890.
Japanese: 当時発行された公債のなかで最も巨額のもので、総額1億7390万円に達し、明治23年に全部の処置を完了した。
English: Mizugumo (literally, water spider) was one of the tools used by Ninja for crossing waters, such as moat or river.
Japanese: 水蜘蛛（みずぐも）とは、忍者が用いる道具の1つとして伝えられる、堀や川など水上を渡る際に用いたという忍び道具。
English: Many of Mizugumo handed down up to the present are footwear, attaching four pieces of wooden float around a geta (Japanese wooden sandal).
Japanese: 伝承されているものは下駄の周囲に4分割された木製の輪上の浮きを縛り付けた履物であることが多い。
English: Some original Mizugumo are handed down, but it is impossible for a person to float with them, as the float from the footwear is too small and thus the buoyancy is insufficient.
Japanese: 実物もいくつか伝わっているが、実際には履物程度の大きさの木片では浮力が足りず、人間1人を浮かせることは不可能である。
English: Further, even if Mizugumo are made in a larger size, it is hard to keep a good balance; so it needs some supporting took, such as a walking stick, to walk on the surface of water.
Japanese: また大きく作ったとしても極めてバランスがとりづらく、歩くように渡るためには竿などの補助具が必要となる。
English: In 'All Japan Ninja Championship' organized by Koga-no-sato Ninjutsu-mura (Koga Ninja Village), competitors walk with so huge Mizugumo that they have to open their both legs greatly with a stick as a supporting tool.
Japanese: 甲賀の里忍術村主催の「全日本忍者選手権大会」では両足を大きく開かねばならないほどの大型の水蜘蛛を用い、杖を補助として池渡り競技を行なっている。
English: It is said that Mizugumo was originally a tool for Ninja to walk unstable surfaces of ground, as kanjiki was (snow-shoes).
Japanese: 本来はかんじきの様に、足場の不安定な場所を歩くために用いられていた忍具だったと言われている。
English: On the contrary, there is a story that the original size was bigger, like a swimming tube, and Mizugumo was used as a potable boat, but the size was wrongly passed down.
Japanese: また、浮き輪ほどのサイズで簡易ボートのように用いたものが誤って小さいサイズで伝わったのではないか、という説もある。
English: Kanbun-inchi was a law established through a series of documents, namely ryochi-hanmono (a shogunal letter of authorization for the possesion of and ruling over a fief), shuinjo (shogunal letters with a red seal) and ryochi-mokuroku (a document supplementing ryoci-hanmono indicating the details of a fief) which were simaltaneously issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) throughout the country on April 5, fourth year of the Kanbun era in the old calendar (April 30, 1664).
Japanese: 寛文印知（かんぶんいんち）とは、寛文4年4月5日(旧暦)（1664年4月30日）に江戸幕府が日本全国の大名に対して一斉に領知判物・朱印状・領知目録を交付した。
English: Similar documents were also issued to kuge (court noble), monzeki (successor of a temple), temples, shrines and so on in the following year, and accordingly, the Edo bakufu established each daimyu's right to possess and rule its fief and the right of prople and institutions to control individual territories both nominally and virtually.
Japanese: また、翌寛文5年（1665年）には、公家・門跡・寺社などに対しても同様の措置が取られ、江戸幕府の大名領知権と日本全国の土地支配権を名実ともに確立した。
English: Shuinjo which had been possessed till then by daimyo, kuge, temples and shrines throughout the country were returned first and new shuinjo were issued to them at the same time.
Japanese: 全国の大名・公家・寺社などが持っていた朱印状が一斉に回収・再交付された。
English: As a result, this event was called Kanbun-no-shuin-aratame (renewal of shuinjo in the Kanbun era), and the newly issued shuinjo were particularly called 'Kanbun-no-shuinjo'.
Japanese: そのため、これを特に寛文朱印改（かんぶんのしゅいんあらため）と呼び、これに基づいて交付された朱印状を特に「寛文朱印状」と呼ぶ。
English: Documents cncerning the granting of fiefs, such as ryochi-hanmono and shuinjo, used to be issued to individual owners at different times, but the bakufu gave an order to all daimyo over the nation to return such documents to it, on March 7 (according to old lunar calendar), 1664.
Japanese: 従来は幕府から個々の領主に対して、領地判物・朱印状などの所領給付を示す文書を与えていたが、寛文4年3月7日(旧暦)に全国の大名に対して一旦これを返納する事を命じた。
English: Subsequently, ryochi-hanmono, shuinjo and ryochi-mokuroku, written in the same format respectively, were issued simultaneously to daimyo throughout the country under the name of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, Seiitaishogun (seiitaishogun: barbarian-quelling generalissimo).
Japanese: 続いて、4月5日付で全国の大名に対して同時に征夷大将軍徳川家綱の名義によって同一書式の領知判物・朱印状・領知目録を交付したのである。
English: These documents were issued to 219 families in total, excluding gosanke (御三家: three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family), the gosanke-equivalent Kofu Tokugawa and Tatebayashi Tokugawa families, and the Sendai Date clan for whom granting of the documents was put off to a later date because they did not agree to the way their two branch domains, Uwajima and Iyo Yoshida, were treated.
Japanese: なお、御三家とこれに準じる甲府徳川家及び館林徳川家、支藩の宇和島藩・伊予吉田藩の扱いについてまとまらなかったために後日交付となった仙台藩伊達氏を除いた219家に交付された。
English: Subsequently, a similar order for the return of documents was given to kuge, monzeki, temples and shrines on March 1 (old lunar calendar), 1665, and the new ryochi-hanmono, shuinjo and ryochi-mokuroku, each prepared in an identical format, were issued successively from July on in the same year.
Japanese: 続いて、寛文5年3月1日(旧暦)に、公家・門跡・寺社に対しても同様の命令が出されて、同年の7月以後に順次新しい同一書式の領知判物・朱印状・領知目録を交付したのである。
English: New ryochi-hanmono, shuinjo and ryochi-mokuroku were individually granted to kuge, those temples and shrines which had received shuinjo from more than one Tokugawa Shogun in the past or which possessed a territory of more than 500,000 koku (of rice).
Japanese: なお、公家と複数の徳川将軍から朱印状を受けた寺社及び50石以上の寺社領を持つ寺社に対しては個々に交付された。
English: For those temples and shrines which do not fit the conditions mentioned above, however, the documents such as shuinjo were granted on a collective basis to their higher institution, for instance, the head temple of their religious school.
Japanese: しかし、これに当てはまらない寺社については、所属する宗派の本寺などに対して一括して朱印状などが与えられた。
English: As a consequence, the documents were issued to 97 kuge, 27 monzeki temples, 27 convents, 12 inge (a branch temple to support services of the main temple), 1076 temples of other types, 365 shrines, and 7 others.
Japanese: これによって公家97家、門跡寺院27、比丘尼（尼寺）27、院家12、その他寺院1076、神社365、その他7に対して交付が行われた。
English: In the ryochi-mokuroku were specified the name of the provinces (as governed in accordance with the ritsuryo codes) including their counties and villages, and their kokudaka (stipend assessed in terms of rice production), granted by the Tokugawa Shogun family, thus concretely determining the range of a territory for each manorial head.
Japanese: 領知目録には、徳川将軍家が所領として与えた具体的な令制国郡村の名称とその石高について明記され、領主の領有する具体的な範囲が確定された。
English: The format and shosatsurei (letter-writing rules and etiquette) applied to ryochi-hanmono, shuinjo and ryochi-mokuroku issued thereafter by the Edo bakufu were standardized using those of the ones issued in 1664.
Japanese: また、江戸幕府による領知判物・朱印状・領知目録の書式と書札礼は以後これを定型とした。
English: People engaged in practical business of issuing those documents as bugyo (magistrate, shogunate administrator) included Naganori OGASAWARA and Naotsune NAGAI, who covered the domains of daimyo, Masanori INABA, the territories of kuge, Masatoshi INOUE and Naozumi KAGATSUME, the territories of temples and shrines, and Masayuki KUBO (yuhitsu [amanuensis]) who was in charge of document drafting and amending.
Japanese: なお、実際に奉行としてこれを行ったのは、大名領担当は小笠原長矩・永井尚庸、公家領担当は稲葉正則、寺社領担当は井上正利・加々爪直澄、符案及び訂正は久保正之（右筆支配）であった。
English: The total number of ryochi-hanmono, shuinjo and ryochi-mokuroku issued reached 1830.
Japanese: 一連の交付によって発給された領知判物・朱印状・領知目録の総数は1830通に及ぶ。
English: The contents of these documents were later compiled into a documentary literature called "Kanbun-inchi-shu" (or under some different names including "Kanbun-inchi-dome").
Japanese: 後にこれらの内容は『寛文印知集』（『寛文印知留』など諸本によって名称は異なる）と呼ばれた記録集にまとめられた。
English: It is not known when or by whom Kanbun-inchi-shu was compiled, and there exist a number of manuscripts and alternative versions of this literature, which work as the basic documents showing how the Edo bakufu administered the nation in those days.
Japanese: これは作成年代・編者は不明であるが、江戸幕府の全国統治の基本資料として、多くの写本・異本が作成されている。
English: Also, Kanbun-inchi-shu shows the then distribution of daimyo and each daimyo's kokudaka throughout the country almost completely, and the daimyo distribution map based on this literature is often used in school textbooks on Japanese history.
Japanese: また、これによって同時期の全国の大名の配置と石高がほぼ把握出来るために、日本史(科目)の教科書などでは、これに基づいて作成された大名の配置図が採用される事が多い。
English: When Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA became the fifth shogun in 1684, a total of 4,878 documents including shuinjo was regranted to daimyo, kuge, temples and shrines including small-scale temples and shrines which had not been covered by Kanbun-inchi, which was called tugime-ando (tsugime: inheritance, ando: recognition and guarantee by the lord of a vassal's rights regarding a piece of land or an estate, tsugime-ando [only referring to ones carried out in the Edo period]: renewal of such recognition and gurantee by each shogun]).
Japanese: 貞享元年（1684年）に徳川綱吉が将軍を継ぐと、寛文印知の対象外であった小規模寺社を含めて朱印状などの再交付（継目安堵）を行い、大名・公家・寺社他4878通が交付された。
English: This tsugime-ando came to be carried out at each shogunal succession from the eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA and thereafter.
Japanese: 徳川吉宗以後将軍の交替ごとに同じように継目安堵が行われる事となった。
English: The Sino-Japanese Agreement was the treaty concluded between Japan and the Qing Dynasty which ruled China.
Japanese: 日清協約（にっしんきょうやく）とは、日本と中国を支配していた清王朝との間で締結された条約である。
English: Commonly it is referred to 'the Sino-Japanese Agreement on Machuria and Kando' or 'the Kando Agreement' which was concluded on September 4, 1909.
Japanese: 通例では1909年9月4日に締結された「満州及び間島に関する日清協約」、別名「間島協約」を指す。
English: Before Japan annexed Korea in 1910, this agreement had a significance demarcating a border between Qing and the Korean Empire.
Japanese: この協約は、1910年の日本による韓国併合に先立って、清と大韓帝国との国境を画定させる意味を持った。
English: The Maria Luz Incident is an incident in which the Japanese government freed the Qing laborers the Peruvian ship "Maria Luz" harbored in Yokohama Port in 1872, on the ground that they were treated as slaves.
Japanese: マリア・ルス号事件（まりあるすごうじけん）は1872年（明治5年）に横浜港に停泊中のマリア・ルス号（ペルー船籍）内の清国人苦力を奴隷であるとして日本政府が解放した事件を言う。
English: On June 5, 1872, the Peruvian ship "Maria Luz (Maria Rusu)" (recorded as Maria Ruzu in Katakana in some books) heading to Peru from Macau, China, entered the Yokohama Port to repair damages from a storm.
Japanese: 1872年6月5日、中国の澳門からペルーに向かっていたペルー船籍のマリア・ルス（MariaLuzマリア・ルズと表記する書籍もあり）が、嵐で船体が損傷したため横浜港に修理の為に入港してきた。
English: A few days later, 231 Qing laborers jumped off the ship into the sea to escape the harsh treatment, and were rescued by a British warship.
Japanese: 同船には清国人（中国人）苦力231名が乗船していたが、数日後過酷な待遇から逃れる為に清国人が海へ逃亡しイギリス軍艦が救助した。
English: The United Kingdom judged "Maria Luz" to be a 'slave ship'; consequently, the British Envoy to Japan requested the Japanese government to rescue the Qing people.
Japanese: そのためイギリスはマリア・ルスを「奴隷運搬船」と判断しイギリス在日公使は日本政府に対し清国人救助を要請した。
English: So, the then Chief of Foreign Ministry (Minister of Foreign Affairs), Taneomi SOEJIMA ordered the prefectural ordinance (deputy governor) of Kanagawa, Taku OE, to rescue the Qing people.
Japanese: そのため当時の副島種臣外務卿（外務大臣）は大江卓神奈川県権令（副県知事）に清国人救助を命じた。
English: However, no bilateral treaty was signed between Japan and Peru in those days, and some government officials argued that causing a dispute with Peru could result in a disadvantage for Japan in international relations; nonetheless, Soejima resolved to take legal steps to rescue the Qing people in the name of humanitarianism and Japan's sovereignty.
Japanese: しかしながら日本とペルーの間では当時二国間条約が締結されておらず、政府内には国際紛争をペルーとの間で引き起こすと国際関係上不利であるとの意見もあったが、副島は人道主義と日本の主権独立を主張し、マリア・ルスに乗船している清国人救出のため法手続きを決定した。
English: The port of Yokohama placed "Maria Luz" under an embargo, and on July 19th, all Qing laborers were disembarked.
Japanese: マリア・ルスは横浜港からの出航停止を命じられ、7月19日に清国人全員を下船させた。
English: The captain of "Maria Luz" was indicted, and in the special court established in Kanagawa Prefectural Government, presided by Taku OE, "Maria Luz "was given a sailing permit in exchange for the release of the Qing laborers because of the court decision made on July 27.
Japanese: マリア・ルスの船長は訴追され神奈川県庁に設置された大江卓を裁判長とする特設裁判所は7月27日の判決で清国人の解放を条件にマリア・ルスの出航許可を与えた。
English: However, the captain was dissatisfied with the decision, taking legal action to execute the immigration contract, and appealed to return the Qing laborers to "Maria Luz".
Japanese: だが船長は判決を不服としたうえ清国人の「移民契約」履行請求の訴えを起こし清国人をマリア・ルスに戻すように訴えた。
English: In the second trial, the appeal was rejected on the grounds that the presented immigration contract itself was a slave contract, which was against human rights, and therefore it was invalid.
Japanese: この訴えに対し2度目の裁判では移民契約の内容は奴隷契約であり、人道に反するものであるから無効であるとして却下した。