nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: When Hideyoshi died in 1598, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who was the leader of the Council of Five Elders (五大老), started to distinguish himself and took the lead in negotiations for peace through the withdrawal of the army, which had advanced into Korea; subsequently, he became the person who virtually controlled the government.
Japanese: 慶長3年（1598年）秀吉が死去すると、五大老の筆頭である徳川家康が頭角を現し朝鮮遠征軍撤退の和平交渉でも主導権を握り実質的な政権運営者へとのし上がっていった。
English: Anti-Ieyasu powers led by Mitsunari ISHIDA opposed such moves by Ieyasu, resulting in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which divided the entire country into two parties.
Japanese: これに対し石田三成を中心とした反家康勢力が反発し慶長5年（1600年）に全国を二分する関ヶ原の戦いが勃発した。
English: Ieyasu, who won the war, strengthened the base of his government and was appointed by the Emperor as Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") in 1603.
Japanese: これに勝利した徳川家康は政権の基盤を固め慶長8年（1603年）征夷大将軍に任じられる。
English: With this the Azuchi Momoyama period ended completely, and an unprecedented age of peace--the Edo period--was born.
Japanese: これにより安土桃山時代は完全に終わりを告げ未曾有の太平、江戸時代が始まった。
English: Nobunaga ODA forced Kennyo (顕如) to surrender and concluded the war with Ishiyama Honganji Temple (石山本願寺) (Ishiyama War (1570 –1580)).
Japanese: 織田信長、顕如を降伏させ、石山本願寺との対決を終わらせる（石山合戦（1570～1580））
English: The Honnoji Incident (1582)=>the Battle of Yamazaki: treason by Mitsuhide AKECHI ended in a relatively short-lived rule.
Japanese: 本能寺の変（天正9年・1582）→山崎の戦：明智光秀の謀反も俗に言う三日天下で終わる。
English: The Kiyosu Meeting (1582)=>the Battle of Shizugatake (1583): in the fight for the position as Nobunaga ODA's successor, Katsuie SHIBATA, who was the top senior retainer, was at enmity with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 清洲会議（天正9年・1582）→賤ヶ岳の戦い（天正10年・1583）：織田信長の後継争いで、筆頭家老であった柴田勝家と豊臣秀吉が反目。
English: The Battle of Komaki Nagakute (小牧・長久手の戦い) (1584): a war between Hideyoshi HASHIBA and Nobukatsu ODA, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA=>made peace
Japanese: 小牧・長久手の戦い（天正11年・1584）：羽柴秀吉と織田信雄、徳川家康との戦い→和睦
English: Kyushu was suppressed (1587)=>after conquering Kyushu, he issued the Order to Expel Christian Priests (伴天連追放令) from Hakata.
Japanese: 九州征伐（天正15年・1587）→九州平定後、博多で伴天連追放令発布
English: After the siege of Odawara, the Go-Hojo clan surrendered to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Japan was unified (1590).
Japanese: 小田原の役、後北条氏が豊臣秀吉に降伏、天下統一（天正18年・1590）
English: In the Azuchi Momoyama period, newly emerging merchants who were considered wealthy merchants rose in power, and a tendency toward a luxurious and large-scale culture emerged, supported by their wealth.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代には、都市部において豪商と呼ばれる新興商人が成長し、その富を背景にした豪華で大掛かりな文化傾向が見られる。
English: Fewer works based on Buddhist themes were produced, with newer works focusing more on human beings and prepared in a more modern style.
Japanese: 仏教主義的な作品が減り、代わりに人間中心、現世的な作風が見受けられる。
English: The tea ceremony became popular, and accordingly fine utensils imported from Tang were prized; on the other hand, Wabi-cha (わび茶) also developed as a resistance to such a tendency.
Japanese: 茶の湯が流行し、唐物の名物茶道具が珍重された一方で、それへの反抗としてのわび茶も発達した。
English: Sometimes, utensils for the tea ceremony were given by a daimyo to his vassal as a prize, or the tea ceremony affected political events by serving to strengthen the ties between the samurai and the merchants.
Japanese: 茶器が大名から家臣への報奨とされたり、茶会が武将と豪商を結ぶなど政治にも影響した。
English: One should remember the impact of European culture, which had occurred through trade with Spain and Portugal since the arrival in Japan of Francisco Xavier in 1549.
Japanese: 特筆すべき点としては、天文(元号)18年（1549年）のフランシスコ・ザビエル来日以来の南蛮貿易によってもたらされた南蛮文化の影響が挙げられる。
English: It is significant that Japan had the first contact with Western culture (formally, without China, etc., acting as an intermediary), although it was still small in scale.
Japanese: まだ小規模ではあったが、日本が初めて西洋文化と直接（中国などを介さずに、正式な形で）触れ合ったという点で重要である。
English: The manufacturing techniques of Korean pottery originated when many daimyos from western Japan, who had participated in the Bunroku-Keicho War together with Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, brought Korean potters with them to their own land and had the potters make the pottery.
Japanese: 朝鮮陶法：豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役に参加した西日本の大名が、多くの朝鮮人の陶工を自領に連れ帰させ、作らせたのを発祥とする。
English: It originated with the pottery made by Korean potters who became vassals of Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, when the latter became the daimyo of the Kokura clan.
Japanese: 細川忠興が小倉藩主となった際に、家臣となった朝鮮人陶工に命じて焼かせたものが発祥とする。
English: There are the type printing by wood block, which was prepared by transferring the know-how of Korean technicians upon the dispatch of troops to Korea, and the Western type printing, which was introduced by Valignano, from the Society of Jesus.
Japanese: 朝鮮出兵により朝鮮人技術者の技術を移植した木版による活字印刷と、イエズス会のヴァリニャーニが伝えた西洋の活字印刷によるものがある。
English: Christian-ban (Amakusa-ban): 'Amakusa-ban Heike Monogatari (天草版平家物語),' 'Amakusa-ban Isoho Monogatari (天草版伊曽保物語),' 'Guia do Pecador,' 'Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam (日葡辞書)'
Japanese: キリシタン版（天草版）：「天草版平家物語」、「天草版伊曽保物語｣、｢ぎゃ・ど・ぺかとる」、「日葡辞書」
English: They were referred to as Shokuho-type castles, stone walls made from piled-up field stones (野面積み石垣) were starting to be used, and generally castles with castle towers were constructed.
Japanese: 織豊系城郭と呼ばれ、野面積み石垣が用いられるようになり、天守を持つ城郭建築が主流となる。
English: The Tobaku movement refers to the political movement at the end of the Edo period, which aimed to overthrow Edo Bakufu as well as the political power structure.
Japanese: 倒幕運動（とうばくうんどう）は、主として江戸時代後期の幕末に、江戸幕府を打倒して政権打倒を目的とした幕末の政治運動を意味する。
English: In a narrow sense, it refers to the Tobaku movement that aimed at an overthrow through the exercise of military power, but in a broad sense the meaning includes political maneuvers targeting the transfer of political power without military conflict.
Japanese: 狭義では、武力で倒すことを目的とした討幕運動を指すが、広義では、軍事衝突を回避した政権移譲を目指す政治工作も含めて倒幕運動と呼ぶ。
English: Nowadays, the movements led by Emperor Godaigo at the end of the Kamakura period, as intended to overthrow Kamakura Bakufu (the Shochu Incident or the Genko Incident), are also sometimes referred to as the Tobaku movement.
Japanese: 更に今日では、鎌倉幕府末期の後醍醐天皇が主導した鎌倉幕府倒幕の動き（正中の変・元弘の変）のことも「倒幕運動」と呼ぶこともある。
English: During the Edo period the study of Japanese literature and culture (particularly the study of Japanese classic literature) flourished, and many foreign vessels came to Japan; when Matthew Calbraith Perry of the United States and Evfimiy Vasil'evich Putyatin of Russia came to Japan and requested trade, Bakufu requested permission by the Imperial Court, whereupon the traditional authority of the Emperor and the Imperial Court were revived.
Japanese: 江戸時代には日本の古典研究などを行う国学が発達し、外国船の来航が多発し、アメリカのマシュー・ペリーやロシアのプチャーチンらが来航して通商を求めると、幕府は条約締結に際して朝廷の勅許を求めたため、天皇、朝廷の伝統的権威が復興する。
English: When Bakufu executed trade agreements with various countries and opened the country to foreign trade and diplomatic relations, activists outside of government, who were under the influence of Mito-gaku, built up the argument of tobaku against Bakufu, which, for reasons that were superficial, did not carry out the expulsion of foreigners.
Japanese: 幕府が諸外国と通商条約を締結して開国を行うと、在野の志士(活動家)たちは、水戸学の思想的影響のもと、名分論に基づき攘夷を断行しない幕府に対する倒幕論が形成された。
English: Bakufu approached the authority of the Imperial Court and conducted Kobu-gattai (公武合体）policies targeting the re-establishment of their power, but the Sonno joi (尊王攘夷）faction, including the court nobles Tomomi IWAKURA, Takamori SAIGO (Kichinosuke), Toshimichi OKUBO, Tatewaki KOMATSU of the Satsuma clan, Kogoro KATSURA (Takayoshi KIDO) and Saneomi HIROSAWA of the Choshu clan, plotted the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule and tobaku by military power.
Japanese: 幕府は朝廷権威に接近して権力の再構築を図る公武合体政策を行うが、公家の岩倉具視や、薩摩藩の西郷隆盛(吉之助)、大久保利通、小松帯刀、長州藩の桂小五郎(木戸孝允)、広沢真臣などの尊皇攘夷派らは、王政復古、武力討幕路線を構想する。
English: The Choshu clan toppled to become chouteki (朝敵), but after the death of Emperor Komei, who belonged to the sect that sought the expulsion of foreigners, Satsuma and Choshu concluded the Saccho Coalition (薩長同盟), and the fifteenth shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, seeking the establishment of the Kougi government, conducted the restoration of imperial rule; however, the Meiji Government was established through the acceptance of restoration of imperial rule (Japan), and upon the defeat of the former Bakufu army in the Battle of Toba Fushimi, the order to hunt down Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was released, and even though the Bakufu structure was legally extinguished, the Tobaku movement through military power became active.
Japanese: 長州藩は没落して朝敵となるが、攘夷派であった孝明天皇の崩御、薩長同盟で薩摩と長州が密約を結ぶと、15代将軍の徳川慶喜は大政奉還を行い公議政体構築を目指すが、王政復古(日本)により明治政府が成立、鳥羽伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北し、徳川慶喜に対する追討令が出ると、法的には幕府機構は消滅しているものの武力討幕運動が盛んになる。
English: Examples of this include the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman (in 1792), the Phaeton Incident (in 1808), and the Golovnin Incident (in 1811).
Japanese: アダム・ラクスマンの来航（寛政4年（1792年））、フェートン号事件（文化5年（1808年））やゴローニン事件（文化8（1811年））がそれらの例である。
English: The feeling that they did not want to have the peaceful world of Edo (society under a system of national isolation) was disturbing and disruptive, and ultimately it led to the movement for the expulsion of foreigners.
Japanese: 江戸の天下泰平の世の中（鎖国体制下の社会）を乱されたくない・邪魔されたくないといった心情は、攘夷運動になっていった。
English: As is the general course for all persons/powers in charge of the government in any age, Edo Bakufu, which had shown the overwhelming military power symbolized by the black ships, chose to open the country to the world as a practical solution.
Japanese: 政権を担当する者・勢力はいつの世でもそうすることが多いが（そうなることが多いが）、黒船に象徴される圧倒的な武力を見せ付けられた江戸幕府は、現実的な解として、開国を選択する。
English: During the latter half of the Edo period, the idea of "original way of thinking by Japanese people prior to the introduction of foreign religions" arose in the studies of Japanese literature and culture, which emphasized Japanese classical literature.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期ごろ、日本の古典を研究する学問国学のなかから、“外来宗教伝来以前の日本人固有の考え方”という発想が起こった。
English: This was probably a result of the social feeling or atmosphere, as indicated by words of warning by the priest Ryokan, who 'preferred to use the words of Tang.'
Japanese: 良寛坊主が残した戒語のひとつ「好んで唐言葉を使う」によって表される社会の気分・雰囲気から生まれたものだと思われる。
English: The "originality of Japanese people," which was pursued by this idea, eventually led to the Emperor, and with increasing pressure from foreign countries the feeling for Sonno joi also intensified.
Japanese: この発想で追求された“日本人固有”の行き着くところは天皇になり、外圧の高まりとともに尊皇攘夷も高ぶっていくことになった。
English: Upon the visit to Kyoto by the fourteenth shogun Iemochi, Roshi-gumi (浪士組) was established, over concerns of diminished security in Kyoto.
Japanese: 十四代将軍家茂の上洛の折、京都の治安悪化が懸念され浪士組が結成される。
English: Bakufu could not ignore the Imperial Court's request for the expulsion of foreigners, and superficially it ordered various clans to conduct the above.
Japanese: 朝廷からの攘夷願いを無視できず、幕府は形式的な攘夷命令を諸藩に下す。
English: The Satsuma clan concluded, from the Anglo-Satsuma War, that the expulsion of foreigners was impossible; thus it changed its opinion to one in favor of opening the country, and endeavored to strengthen the clan and acquire advanced technology.
Japanese: 薩摩藩は、薩英戦争の経験から攘夷は不可能であると判断し、開国に論を変え、藩力の充実と先進技術の取得に努めることになった。
English: After the Shimonoseki War, the Choshu clan maintained its opinion on the expulsion of foreigners, based on the idea of Sonno; however, when Emperor Komei permitted the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan in 1865, Sonno and the expulsion of foreigners could no longer be connected, and those advocating the expulsion of foreigners lost their power.
Japanese: 長州藩は下関戦争の後尊皇論を基盤に藩論は攘夷で維持していたが、1865年、日米修好通商条約に孝明天皇が勅許を出したことにより尊皇と攘夷は結びつかなくなり、攘夷の力が失われた。
English: With Ryoma SAKAMOTO of the Tosa clan acting as an intermediary, the Satsuma and Choshu clans reconciled and concluded a secret agreement for tobaku.
Japanese: 土佐藩の坂本龍馬らの仲介があって、薩摩藩と長州藩は和解、倒幕の密約を結ぶ。
English: Despite the fact that during a certain period of time the Choshu clan showed the attitude of 'obedience to Bakufu' as the result of activities by Zokuron-to (俗論党), before and after such period they were also anti-Bakufu.
Japanese: 長州藩は、俗論党により途中「幕府恭順」姿勢を見せるも、その前後は反幕府という姿勢だった。
English: As for the Satsuma clan/Tosa clan, while they initially targeted a meeting by various daimyos headed by the Tokugawa clan, at a certain point they turned their back on Bakufu and joined hands with their former enemy, the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 薩摩藩・土佐藩などは、当初は公武合体・徳川家を議長とする諸侯会議を目標としていたが、ある段階から幕府を見切り、それまでの敵の長州藩と手を結んだ。
English: On October 14, 1867 the Imperial Court gave a secret tobaku order to Satsuma/Choshu (but some believe this order was a work of forgery).
Japanese: 1867年10月14日に密かに薩長に討幕の密勅がだされた（捏造説もある）。
English: Nevertheless, through such facts as the advice/efforts of Toyoshige YAMAUCHI, the feudal lord of the Tosa clan, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, conducted the restoration to imperial rule on the same day that such order was given.
Japanese: しかし、土佐藩主山内豊信らの進言・尽力により、同じ日に徳川慶喜は大政奉還した。
English: It is ironic that the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, which was decisive in the establishment of Edo Bakufu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, left many lessons to various daimyos over a period of more than 200 years, which led to the Tobaku movement..
Japanese: 徳川家康による江戸幕府創設を決定付けた1600年の関ヶ原の戦いは、皮肉にも200年以上の時を超え各大名に多くの教訓を残し、それは倒幕運動へとつながっていく。
English: It is said that the Shimazu clan sided with the Western Army because it lacked the ability to gather information.
Japanese: 島津氏が西軍に付いたのは、当時の情報収集能力の欠如が原因と言われる。
English: The Shimazu clan at that time lacked sufficient knowledge regarding the situation in the Kyoto-Osaka district, so it had no choice but to join the Western Army; it was their regret over this decision that resulted in the Satsuma clan starting to show signs of becoming an independent realm, placing spies in various regions and trying to strengthen its ability to collect information.
Japanese: 当時の島津氏は上方の情勢に疎かったがために西軍に付かざるを得ない状況となり、この反省から、以後薩摩藩は独立王国の様相を呈し始め、各地に密偵を配置し、情報収集力の増強に努めた。
English: Any spies entering its territory were severely punished, even if they were related to Bakufu, and thereby the clan endeavored to avoid the leakage of information, continued to accumulate foreign currency through secret trade with overseas countries, and acquired military power exceeding that of Bakufu.
Japanese: 越境してきた密偵はたとえ幕府関係者であろうと厳しく断罪し、情報の漏洩防止に努め、密貿易によって外貨を蓄え続け、幕府に勝る軍事力を獲得した。
English: The power thus strengthened was utilized in the Tobaku movement that followed, and while the Satsuma clan pretended to be pro-Bakufu at all times it ended up secretly concluding the Saccho Coalition.
Japanese: このような繋がりの増強は、後の倒幕運動にも生かされるようになり、薩摩藩は終始佐幕派を装いつつ、結果として秘密裏に薩長同盟を締結する事に成功した。
English: In the case of the Mori clan, despite its having taken a neutral position in the Battle of Sekigahara, its territory was reduced and hard feelings against the Tokugawa family accumulated within the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 毛利氏の場合、中立の立場をとったにも関わらず減封という結果になり、長州藩内には徳川家への怨恨が蓄積するようになった。
English: Throughout the Edo period, the Choshu clan superficially existed as a normal clan that assumed an attitude of obedience toward Bakufu; however, it is said that with each new year it conducted a ceremony to confirm its hard feelings against Bakufu (although no decisive evidence exists).
Japanese: 長州藩は江戸期全体を通して表向きは幕府に恭順の姿勢をとる普通の藩として存在していたが、毎年正月には幕府への怨恨を確かめる儀式を執り行っていたと伝えられる（確たる証拠はない）。
English: When YOSHIDA was executed as a result of the Ansei Purge (安政の大獄), the Choshu clan started to clearly indicate its attitude of opposition to Bakufu at all times, which resulted in the Kinmon Rebellion (禁門の変), and twice they were punitively expedited by Bakufu.
Japanese: 安政の大獄によって吉田が処刑されると、これを機に長州藩は終始幕府への敵対心をむき出しにし、その結果禁門の変を起こし、二度に渡る幕府からの征討を受けた。
English: In the meantime there occurred a coup d'etat by Zokuron-to, a pro-Bakufu power, and opinions within the clan temporarily shifted to pro-Bakufu; but Zokuron-to was defeated by Kihei-tai (奇兵隊) led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and the opinion of the clan again shifted toward the Tobaku movement.
Japanese: この間、俗論党という佐幕派勢力によるクーデターも起き、藩論は一時佐幕に傾いた事もあるが、高杉晋作率いる奇兵隊によって俗論党政権は掃討され、再度藩論は倒幕に動くこととなった。
English: The Choshu clan directly displayed its hard feelings toward the Tokugawa family as a result of defeat in the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いで生じた怨恨を直に徳川家にぶつけたのが、この長州藩であった。
English: Perhaps because of such directness, after the restoration Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's ill feelings against the Choshu disappeared; however, it is said that he had strong ill feelings against Satsuma, which pretended to be pro-Bakufu but ultimately moved over to the enemy ("Last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (最後の将軍 徳川慶喜)," "Ryoma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく)," written by Ryotaro SHIBA).
Japanese: その直接さがゆえ、徳川慶喜は維新後、長州に対しての恨みが消えていったが、佐幕派を装いつつ結果的に寝返った薩摩に対しての恨みは強かったと言われる(司馬遼太郎著『最後の将軍徳川慶喜』『竜馬がゆく』ほか)。
English: Before the war, Tosa was under the rule of the Chosokabe clan, but the clan was unfortunately subjected to the confiscation of its land as the result of the war, and Tosa had to accept a new daimyo, Kazutoyo YAMAUCHI.
Japanese: 戦前、土佐は長宗我部氏の支配にあったが、結果領地没収の憂き目にあい、土佐には新しい城主・山内一豊を迎えることになった。
English: However, Kazutoyo was ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hidetada TOKUGAWA to exclude the vassals of the former lordship, the Chosokabe clan.
Japanese: だが、一豊は徳川家康、徳川秀忠に、旧臣の長宗我部氏の家臣達を排除する事を命令されていた。
English: In accordance with such orders, the Yamauchi clan tried to distinguish between the vassals of the Chosokabe clan, who were called Goshi (郷士), and its own vassals, who were called Joshi (上士).
Japanese: この命令に従って山内氏は長宗我部氏の家臣達を郷士、自身の家臣達を上士と区別し、差別化を図った。
English: Subsequently, when the Chosokabe clan was extinguished in the Siege of Osaka, the Joshi continued to exercise severe discrimination against the Goshi for more than 200 years.
Japanese: さらに、大坂の役にて長宗我部氏が断絶すると、上士達は200年以上に渡って郷士に激しい差別を与え続けた。
English: As the result of hard feelings against such treatment, talented people such as Zuisan TAKECHI, Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA appeared among the Goshi, and their success effectively sped up the Tobaku movement.
Japanese: この怨恨により、郷士から武市瑞山、坂本龍馬、中岡慎太郎といった人材が生まれ、彼らの活躍により倒幕運動は一気に早まった。
English: However, for Sakamoto and Nakaoka the target of their hard feelings was not the Tokugawa family but the bakuhan system, which had given birth to the discrimination between the Joshi and Goshi; they conquered such feelings and cooperated with Joshi such as Shojiro GOTO, Taisuke ITAGAKI, etc., and urged Bakufu to restore imperial rule.
Japanese: ただし、坂本や中岡にとっては、恨みの対象は徳川家ではなく、上士・郷士という差別を生み出した幕藩体制そのものにあり、彼らは怨恨を越えて後藤象二郎、板垣退助といった上士と手を組み、幕府に大政奉還を促した。
English: However, most of the Goshi who were active in the Tobaku movement died violently without seeing the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: しかし活躍した郷士達はそのほとんどが明治維新を見ることなく非業の死を遂げる。
English: Goshi such as Takechi, who was executed on false charges by the daimyo Yodo YAMAUCHI, numbered more than a few.
Japanese: 中には武市のように当時の藩主山内容堂によって無実の罪を着せられ処刑された者も少なくなかった。
English: As a result, the people who in fact conducted Tobaku were not Goshi who had been humbled by the Tokugawa family after the Battle of Sekigahara but were instead Joshi who had received overwhelmingly preferential treatment by the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 結果、倒幕を行ったのは、関ヶ原の戦いによって徳川家におとしめられた郷士達ではなく、徳川家によって余りある恩を受けた上士達であった。
English: The soldiers of the Tosa clan fought well in the Boshin Civil War under the leadership of Taisuke ITAGAKI, and while Ryoma SAKAMOTO planned the restoration of Imperial rule, it was carried out by Yodo.
Japanese: 土佐藩兵は板垣を大将に戊辰戦争でよく活躍しており、さらに大政奉還の青写真を描いたのは坂本龍馬であったが、それを実行に移したのは容堂であった。
English: Also, people who were successful within the new Meiji government were nearly all Joshi, such as Goto and Itagaki.
Japanese: そして、明治新政府内で栄進したのは、後藤や板垣といった上士にほぼ限られている。
English: This was because of Yodo's attitude in which, although he oppressed kinno (勤皇) activists within his clan, he served the Imperial Court and at the same time took actions for the benefit of Bakufu.
Japanese: この事は、容堂が藩内の勤皇志士を弾圧する一方で朝廷に奉仕し、かつ幕府にも良かれという行動を取ったことから来ている。
English: As a result, although Yodo's name is listed among the Bakumatsu-no-shikenko (幕末の四賢候), he continued to defend Bakufu even when the Tobaku movement became active; this brought about confusion in political conditions at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period, and his reputation declined.
Japanese: 結果、容堂は幕末の四賢侯の一人に挙げられていながらも、討幕運動が盛んになり続けても逆に幕府を擁護したため幕末及び明治初期の政局に混乱をきたす事となり、彼の評価は芳しい物ではなくなっていく。
English: This was truly an irony of history, but it was also very logical, considering the fact that Bakufu had placed Yodo in a position as daimyo.
Japanese: まさに歴史の皮肉としか言えないが、幕府が容堂を藩主にまで押し上げた事実を考えれば、当然の事でもあった。
English: Onin War, fought from 1467 till 1477, was a civil war that broke out during the Muromachi period when the ruling Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") was Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth person to hold this position.
Japanese: 応仁の乱（おうにんのらん、1467年（応仁元年）-1477年（文明(日本)9年））は、室町時代の8代征夷大将軍足利義政のときに起こった内乱。
English: Strife between Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Kanrei (Shogun's deputy of the Muromachi Bakufu), and influential shugo daimyos (military governors-turned-provincial lords) including Mochitoyo YAMANA (later tonsured and renamed Sozen YAMANA) expanded nationwide except in some regions including Kyushu, and thereby triggering the advent of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States in Japan).
Japanese: 室町幕府管領の細川勝元と、山名持豊（出家して山名宗全）らの有力守護大名が争い、九州など一部の地方を除く全国に拡大、影響し、戦国時代(日本)に突入するきっかけとなった。
English: In the Muromachi bakufu, a system of Shukuro government (literally, "government by experienced senior officers") as a coalition of influential shugos (military governors) upholding the Shogun (reverentially addressed to as Muromachi-dono) had been established by generations of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, by whose times the turmoil of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (period in which two - north and south) rivaling splits of the Imperial Family were fighting each other and revolts by influential shugo daimyos had been pacified.
Japanese: 室町幕府は、南北朝時代(日本)の混乱や有力守護大名による反乱が収束した将軍足利義満・足利義持の代に、将軍（室町殿）を推戴する有力守護の連合体として宿老政治が確立していた。
English: When Sixth Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, who had been selected for his office by lottery, but turned out to be a despotic ruler, was lured out and slain by Mitsusuke AKAMATSU (the Kakitsu Incident), the ruling power began to disintegrate.
Japanese: 籤引きによって選ばれた6代将軍の足利義教が専制政治をしき、1441年に赤松満祐に誘殺されると（嘉吉の乱）、政権内の情勢にほころびが見え始める。
English: Yoshinori's legitimate son Yoshikatsu ASHIKAGA succeeded his father as the Seventh Shogun at the age of nine, but he died a sudden death in less than a year, and Yoshimasa, Yoshikatsu's immediate younger brother inherited the Shogun at the age of eight, supported by Kanrei Mochikuni HATAKEYAMA and others.
Japanese: 7代将軍に義教の嫡子足利義勝が9歳で将軍職を継いだが、僅か一年足らずのうちに急逝し、義勝の次弟である義政が管領の畠山持国らに推挙され、8歳で将軍職を継承した。
English: Surrounded by mother Shigeko HINO and beloved concubine Imamari no tsubone and strongly influenced by close aides including Kasai vassal leader Sadachika ISE and Shinzui KIKEI, Yoshimasa grew into a capricious man of culture.
Japanese: 義政は、母日野重子や愛妾今参局らに囲まれ、家宰の伊勢貞親や季瓊真蘂等の側近の強い影響を受けて育ち気まぐれな文化人に成長した。
English: As Yoshimasa lacked dynamism to lead shugo daimyos and immersed himself solely in tea ceremony, gardening and sarugaku plays, the actual steering of the Bakufu was in the hands of strongmen including Katsumoto of the deputy family, Sozen of one of Shishoku ke (four families appointed to deputy directorship of the Board of Retainers) and Yoshimasa's legitimate wife Tomiko HINO.
Japanese: 義政は、守護大名を統率する覇気に乏しく、もっぱら茶・作庭・猿楽などに没頭し、幕政は実力者の管領家の勝元・四職家の宗全、正室の日野富子らに左右されていた。
English: Tired of successive Doikki (peasant uprisings) and political confusion, Yoshimasa had come to dream of retiring from the Shogunate and living in seclusion.
Japanese: 義政は打続く土一揆や政治的混乱に倦んで、将軍を引退して隠遁生活への移行を夢見るようになっていた。
English: At the age of 29, Yoshimasa thought of retiring, transferring the position of Shogun to his real younger brother Yoshihiro, Monzeki (chief priest of a temple qualified to accept a member of the imperial family or of the nobility) of Jodoji Temple, by reason of the absence of an inheriting son, born to either Tomiko or the concubine.
Japanese: 義政は29歳になって、富子や側室との間に後継男子がないことを理由に、将軍職を実弟の浄土寺門跡義尋に譲って隠居することを思い立つ。
English: Hearing about the offer of the position, Yoshihiro, considering the young enough age of Yoshimasa to have an inheriting son, firmly declined the proposal for voluntary transfer of the Shogunate.
Japanese: 禅譲を持ちかけられた義尋は、まだ若い義政に後継男子誕生の可能性があることを考慮して将軍職就任の要請を固辞し続けた。