nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: At this time, the Thirty-eighth Infantry Regiment of Toyohashi was incorporated into the new Twenty-Ninth Division (Imperial Japanese Army), and the Sixteenth Division was reorganized into santani-sei Shidan (Shidan comprised of three infantries).
Japanese: この時豊橋の歩兵第38連隊が新設の第29師団(日本軍)に編入されることになり、第16師団は三単位制師団に改編された。
English: The Sixteenth Division made Kyoto City its permanent base, but it shifted to Manchuria in July 1940 and that became its permanent base.
Japanese: また、それまでは第16師団は京都市を衛戍地とする常設師団であったが、1940年（昭和15年）7月に師団の衛戍地が満州となり、永久駐屯することが決まった。
English: The Fourteenth Division (Imperial Japanese Army) was dispatched to the front lines on November 6, 1941 and fought at the beginning of the war in the Philippines (1941-1942), and stationed there after Manila fell.
Japanese: 太平洋戦争では1941年（昭和16年）11月6日に第14軍(日本軍)戦闘序列に編入され、緒戦のフィリピンの戦い(1941-1942年)に参戦し、マニラ陥落後フィリピンに駐屯した。
English: It went under the commands of the Thirty-fifth Army (Imperial Japanese Army) from August 1944 and stationed itself on Layt Island.
Japanese: 1944年（昭和19年）8月からは第35軍(日本軍)隷下となりレイテ島に移駐した。
English: The Allies invaded Layt Island on October 20 of that year, and the Imperial headquarters were planning the battle on Layt Island while the Sixteenth Division was annihilated.
Japanese: この年の10月20日連合国軍がレイテ島に上陸し、大本営はレイテ島の戦いを予定したが第16師団は壊滅した。
English: Among thirteen thousand soldiers that participated in the battle on Layt Island, only six hundred twenty survived, and three regimental commanders died in the battle, and Shiro MAKINO, who was the head of the division committed suicide on August 10, 1945.
Japanese: 当初13,000名で臨んだレイテ決戦も生還者は僅か620名で、3人の連隊長が戦死しており、牧野四郎師団長も1945年（昭和20年）8月10日自決した。
English: Some of the soldier units and facilities were located in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City beside the headquarters for the division commander.
Japanese: 師団司令部ならびに一部の隷下部隊・施設は京都市伏見区内に設置されていた。
English: The dormitory of the commanders of the Sixteenth Division whose construction was completed in 1908 was later used as the main headquarters of Seibo Jogakuin School Corporation, and the division drill court was used by Ryukoku University.
Japanese: 1908年（明治41年）に完成した第16師団司令部庁舎は後に学校法人聖母女学院が法人本部として利用、師団練兵場は龍谷大学が利用する。
English: Furthermore, Fuji no Mori Station of Keihan Electric Railway Corporation had the name, Shidan mae (front of division) around the time it was established (it was renamed to the current name in 1941).
Japanese: また京阪電気鉄道藤森駅は開業当初師団前という名称であった（1941年（昭和16年）に現名称に改称）。
English: The streets and bridges such as the Shidan-kaido Road (Division Road) and Shidan Bridge (Division Bridge) over the river that flowed from Lake Biwa were established at the time the Sixteenth Division was stationed there.
Japanese: この藤森駅付近の師団街道という道路や、琵琶湖疏水に架かる師団橋という橋梁も第16師団の設置に伴い整備されたものである。
English: The Okochi clan is part of the Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), and is said to have been established when Akitsuna, the grandson of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa, moved to Okochi-go, Nukata County in Mikawa Province (which some have asserted to be the present-day Aza-Okochi, Ohira-cho, Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) and called himself Okochi.
Japanese: 大河内氏（おおこうちし）は、清和源氏、摂津源氏の一族で、源頼政の孫、顕綱（あきつな）が三河国額田郡大河内郷（愛知県岡崎市大平町字大河内・注、異説あり。洞町等）に移り住み、大河内氏を称したことを始まりとする。
English: However, the clan's activity and family tree aren't clearly defined, and the name "Akitsuna" doesn't appear in any reliable source, so to some the stated origin is only an assumption.
Japanese: しかし、大河内氏の初期段階の動向・系図には不明な点が多く、顕綱も信頼性のある資料に見えていないことから仮冒であるとする説もある。
English: Masatsuna MATSUDAIRA became an adopted son of the Nagasawa Matsudaira family, which was said to be the Nitta clan branch of the Kawachi Genji (Minamoto clan), which in turn belonged to the House of Tokugawa; since then, the clan has been known as the Okochi Matsudaira family.
Japanese: 松平正綱の代に、徳川氏一族の河内源氏で新田氏流とされる長沢松平家の養子となり、それ以後は大河内松平家と言う。
English: During the Edo period the family members held the ranks of daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) or hatamoto (samurai in the direct service of Tokugawa family), and produced prominent characters such as Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, a roju (elder) whose nickname meant "The Wisdom of Izu."
Japanese: 江戸時代は大名や旗本であり、知恵伊豆と称される老中松平信綱などを輩出した。
English: MINAMOTO no Akitsuna, who lost his grandfather MINAMOTO no Yorimasa and father MINAMOTO no Kanetsuna in the War of Prince Mochihito of 1180, fled to Okochi-go, Nukata County, in Mikawa Province (now near the Okazaki interchange of the Tomei Highway) with his mother.
Japanese: 以仁王の乱（治承4年（1180年））で、祖父源頼政と父源兼綱を討たれた源顕綱は母と共に三河国額田郡大河内郷（現在の東名高速道路の岡崎インターチェンジの辺り）に落ちた。
English: Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (1189 - 1255), the third head of the Ashikaga family, was later appointed to serve as the military governor of Mikawa Province by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as a reward for his contributions during the Jokyu War of 1221.
Japanese: 後に足利義氏(足利家3代目当主)（文治5年（1189年）～建長6年（1255年））が承久の乱（承久3年（1221年））の戦功により鎌倉幕府の命で守護職として三河国に入った。
English: A branch of the family came to take the post of daikan (regional administrator) of the Hikumaso, in Totoumi Province (now Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture) which was the territory of the Kira clan.
Japanese: 吉良氏の所領である遠江国引馬荘（静岡県浜松市）の代官となった一流がある。
English: The 12th generation, Kinbei Hidetsuna (1546 to September 13, 1618 [old calendar]) was retained by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and became the daikan (local governor) of Kanuma City during the Keicho years.
Japanese: 12代金兵衛秀綱（天文15年（1546年）-元和(日本)4年（1618年）9月13日(旧暦)）の代になって徳川家康に属し、秀綱は慶長年間に鹿沼市で代官をつとめた。
English: Among the members of the family branch that split prior to the modern times, there was a family of hatamoto that passed the name 'Zenbei OKOCHI' down through the generations.
Japanese: 近世以前に分かれた一族の別系に、代々「大河内善兵衛」を称した旗本があった。
English: In 1587, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA arranged for Masatsuna MATSUDAIRA, the second son of Hidetsuna OKOCHI, to become an adopted son of Masatsugu MATSUDAIRA, who belonged to the Nagasawa Matsudaira family group.
Japanese: 天正15年（1587年）、徳川家康により、大河内秀綱の二男松平正綱が長沢松平家庶流の松平正次の養子となった。
English: Masatsuna rose through the ranks as hatamoto and eventually became the daimyo of the Tamatsuna domain in Sagami Province, with 22,000 koku.
Japanese: 旗本として出世の後、元和(日本)3年（1617年）に相模国玉縄藩2万2000石の大名となった。
English: This is why the Okochi family is allowed to use the Matsudaira name and is therefore called Okochi Matsudaira.
Japanese: このため大河内一族は松平氏を称することが許され大河内松平家と呼ばれる。
English: Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, who was the lord of the Oshi domain in Musashi Prrovince (Gyoda City, Saitama Prefecture) and of the Kawagoe domain (Kawagoe City, Saitama Prefecture), and who was revered as the "Wisdom of Izu," was a member of the Okochi clan.
Japanese: 武蔵国忍藩（埼玉県行田市）そして川越藩主（同県川越市）であり智慧伊豆と謳われる松平信綱は大河内氏である。
English: The formal crest is a butterfly with 16 chrysanthemums (commonly called an Izu butterfly), and the alternative crest is three fans.
Japanese: 家紋は、正紋が臥蝶に十六菊（ふせちょうにじゅうろくきく）（通称、伊豆蝶）、替紋が三ツ扇（みつおうぎ）である。
English: The alternative crest of one of the branches, in the Takasaki domain, Kozuke Province (Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture), is called Takasaki-ogi crest, and the school crest of Takasaki Economics University, which is a public university run by Takasaki City, was created from this crest.
Japanese: また、分家の上野国高崎藩（群馬県高崎市）の家系の替紋は高崎扇と呼ばれ、この形を基盤に高崎市立の高崎経済大学の高崎経済大学学章ができた。
English: It had control over the Kumihama and Ikuno magistrate's office-dominated land in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba, which amounted to 926 villages and 230,000 koku.
Japanese: 丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領の926ヶ村23万石を管轄した。
English: Since the former magistrate's office was too small, a government building was newly made in 1870.
Japanese: 旧代官所は手狭であったことから、1870年（明治3年）に新庁舎が完成している。
English: As separatist movements was mounted in places dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office, three provinces of Tajima (except for a part of northern Tajima), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and formed Ikuno Prefecture in 1869.
Japanese: 生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、1869年（明治2年）、但馬（但馬北部の一部除く）、播磨、美作3ヶ国を生野県として分離した。
English: May 11, 1868: The Fuchu Court was established to rule the land formally dominated by the Ikuno magistrate's office.
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）4月19日(旧暦)、旧生野代官支配地を統治する府中裁判所が設置
English: June 18, 1868: Kumihama Prefecture was established to rule the former Kumihama dominated area.
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）閏4月28日(旧暦)、旧久美浜支配地を統括する久美浜県が発足
English: September 15, 1868: The Fuchu Court was abolished and incorporated into Kumihama Prefecture (230,000 koku).
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）7月29日(旧暦)、府中裁判所が廃止され、久美浜県に編入（23万石）
English: September 15, 1869: Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka were separated and formed Ikuno Prefecture, and a part of southern Tajima was transferred to Sasayama Domain.
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）8月10日(旧暦)、但馬、播磨、美作を生野県として分離、但馬南部の一部を篠山藩へ移管
English: In 1868, places dominated by Kumihama or Ikuno magistrate's office in the five provinces of Tango, Tanba, Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka, and the Hatamoto domain in Tajima and Tanba were already consolidated into Kumihama Prefecture, but as separatist movements grew in places dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office, Tajima (except a part of it), Harima, and Mimasaka areas were separated and consolidated into Ikuno Prefecture.
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）、丹後国、丹波国、但馬国、播磨国、美作国5ヶ国の久美浜代官所、生野奉行支配地および但馬、丹波の旗本領は久美浜県となっていたが、生野代官所支配地を中心に分離運動が高まり、但馬（一部除く）、播磨、美作3カ国の地域が生野県として分離され、成立した。
English: Under the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), former domains became prefectures, therefore there were a lot of overlooked lands.
Japanese: 廃藩置県では旧幕府領、旧藩がそのまま府県となっていたため飛び地が多かった。
English: In order to solve the problem, a consolidation of prefectures was carried out in late 1871.
Japanese: この問題を解消するために1871年（明治4年）終盤に府県統合が行われた。
English: The whole of Tajima, Harima and Mimasaka Province were consolidated into Toyooka Prefecture, Himeji Prefecture and Hojo Prefecture, respectively, and Ikuno Prefecture was abolished.
Japanese: 但馬国一円は豊岡県、播磨国一円は姫路県、美作国一円が北条県として統合されることになり、生野県は消滅した。
English: May 11, 1868: Fuchu Court was established to rule the area formerly dominated by Ikuno magistrate's office.
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）4月19日(旧暦)、旧生野代官支配地を統治する府中裁判所が設置
English: September 15, 1868: Fuchu Court was abolished and incorporated into Kumihama Prefecture (230,000 koku).
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）7月29日(旧暦)、府中裁判所が廃止され、久美浜県に編入（23万石）
English: September 15, 1869: Tajima (except a part), Harima and Mimasaka were separated from Kumihama Prefecture and consolidated into Ikuno Prefecture.
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）8月10日(旧暦)、久美浜県のうち但馬（一部除く）、播磨、美作3カ国が分離し、生野県が設置
English: December 26, 1871: Hojo Prefecture was established and Ikuno Prefecture was abolished.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）11月15日(旧暦)、北条県が発足。生野県廃止
English: Seyaku-in (the pharmacy institution), which was established in the Nara period as a ryogenokan (extra statutory office), was a rescue facility for common people as well as a garden of medicinal plants.
Japanese: 施薬院（せやくいん/やくいん）は、奈良時代に設置された令外官である庶民救済施設・薬園。
English: Seyaku-in was a facility that Prince Shotoku, based on the Buddhist philosophy of mercy, had allegedly erected within the premises of Shitenno-ji Temple, where medical herbs were cultivated to relieve people who suffered from injuries or diseases.
Japanese: 施薬院（せやくいん）は、聖徳太子が仏教の慈悲の思想に基づき、その地に薬草を栽培し、怪我や病気で苦しむ人を救うために四天王寺内に作ったと言われる施設。
English: Tradition has it that in 593, when the Prince Shotoku erected Shitenno-ji Temple in Osaka, which was the original kanji (state-sponsored temple) in Japan, he erected the Seyaku-in as one of the Shikain (four institutions) which included Hiden-in, Keiden-in, Ryobyo-in and Seyaku-in.
Japanese: 推古天皇元年（593年）、聖徳太子が大阪に日本最古の官寺・四天王寺を建立の際、四箇院の一つとして建てられたのが日本での最初とする伝承があり（四箇院とは施薬院に悲田院・敬田院・療病院を合せたものである）。
English: The Seyaku-in has occasionally been described as the beginning of social welfare and actually marked the establishment of housing facilities.
Japanese: 社会福祉のはしりとして紹介される場合がある（収容型施設のはしりであることには間違いない）。
English: Today there exists the Aizen-do Hall of Shoman-in Temple in Tennoji Ward, Osaka City, at the site where Seyaku-in used to be, and Shitennoji Hospital stands where Seyakuryobyoin once was.
Japanese: 現在は大阪市天王寺区にある勝鬘院が施薬院跡として、四天王寺病院が施薬療病院として継承されている。
English: Seyaku-in, which was established in the Nara period as a ryogenokan, was a rescue facility for common people as well as a garden of medicinal plants.
Japanese: 施薬院（せやくいん/やくいん）は、奈良時代に設置された令外官である庶民救済施設・薬園。
English: Apparently for no reason, the first character of 'se (施)' is often silent, and Seyaku-in has been generally referred to as 'Yakuin' since the medieval period.
Japanese: 「施」の字はなぜか読まれないことが多く、中世以降は主に「やくいん」と呼ばれた。
English: In 730 Seyaku-in and Hiden-in were established together based on the wish of Empress Komyo to accommodate, provide relief and dispense medicine for sick people and orphans.
Japanese: 天平2年（730年）、光明皇后の発願により、悲田院とともに創設され、病人や孤児の保護・治療・施薬を行った。
English: On the other hand, it is said that beggars crowded asking for help, and sometimes people who really needed assistance were considered to be beggars and were treated bluntly.
Japanese: ただし、施しを目当てに物乞いが暗躍したこともあり、また本当に苦しんでいる者が物乞い扱いされ、無下にされたこともあったとされる。
English: Following the death of Empress Komyo, two directors were installed; after the transfer of the national capital to the city of Heian-kyo, the Seyaku-in was also moved to the neighborhood of Gojo-Muromachi in order to continue the work; consequently, a private medicinal plant garden was established in Otokuni-gun, Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: 光明皇后崩御の後は知院事2名が置かれ、平安京へ遷都後も、施薬院は五条室町近くに移されて続行し、山城国乙訓郡に施薬院用の薬園が設けられた。
English: In 825, an office-rank system was instituted, consisting of a groom, an administrator, a secretary, a clerk and a doctor, and this system was described in the Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers).
Japanese: 天長2年（825年）には、別当、院使、判官、主典、医師の各1名を置く職制が定められ、延喜式でも継続された。
English: But the administrator lost all content and became merely a pro-forma rank.
Japanese: しかし、実務自体はほとんど無くなっており、形式的な職位に過ぎなかった。
English: During the Warring States period, Zenso YAKUIN, a descendant of the Tanba clan, served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as a close adviser and was appointed as the Yakuinshi by Emperor Ogimachi as an imperial order so as to reconstruct the Seyakuin that had lost its substances.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)に、丹波氏の後裔である施薬院全宗が、豊臣秀吉に側近として仕え、正親町天皇より勅命で施薬院使に任ぜられ、形骸化していた施薬院を復興する。
English: New art movements in the Taisho period refers to avant-garde art movements under strong influence of overseas art trends (particularly Mirai-ha [Futurism] and Dada) in the Taisho period (from the late 1910s to the early 1920s, but mainly in the early 1920s).
Japanese: 大正期新興美術運動（たいしょうきしんこうびじゅつうんどう）とは、海外の美術動向（特に未来派とダダ）の強い影響のもと、大正期（1910年代後半から1920年代前半。ただし、主として、1920年代前半）に興った、前衛的な美術運動のこと。
English: The following groups can be specifically listed as bearers of the movements:
Japanese: この運動の担い手として、具体的には、次のようなグループを挙げることができる
English: Miraiha-Bijutsu-Kyokai (Futurist Art Association) (Gyo FUMON, Shuichiro KINOSHITA [1896 - 1991], Masamu YANASE, Kamenosuke OGATA, Shuzo OURA, Mofu ASANO [1900 - 1984], and others) was established in 1920.
Japanese: 未来派美術協会（普門暁、木下秀一郎（1896年-1991年）、柳瀬正夢、尾形亀之助、大浦周蔵、浅野孟府（1900年-1984年）ら）1920年結成
English: Action (Harue KOGA, Tai KANBARA, Kigen NAKAGAWA [1892 - 1972], Toki OKAMOTO {1903 - 1986], Tomoe YABE [1892 - 1981], Kenkichi YOSHIDA [1897 - 1982], Mofu ASANO, Minoru NAKAHARA [1893 - 1990], Junnosuke YOKOYAMA [1903 - 1971], Jiro YOSHIMURA [1899 - 1942], and others) was formed in 1922.
Japanese: アクション（古賀春江、神原泰、中川紀元（1892年-1972年）、岡本唐貴（1903年-1986年）、矢部友衛（1892年-1981年）、吉田謙吉（1897年-1982年）、浅野孟府、中原実（1893年-1990年）、横山潤之助（1903年-1971年）、吉邨二郎（1899年-1942年）ら）1922年結成
English: MAVO (formed by Masamu YANASE, Tomoyoshi MURAYAMA, Kamenosuke OGATA, Shuzo OURA [1890 - 1928], and Shinro KADOWAKI and also Tatsuo OKADA [dates unknown], Masao KATO [1898-1987], Michinao TAKAMIZAWA [1899 - 1989], Tatsuo TODA [1904 - 1988], and Kimimaro YABASHI [1902 - 1964]) was formed in 1923.
Japanese: MAVO（柳瀬正夢、村山知義、尾形亀之助、大浦周蔵（1890年-1928年）、門脇晋郎で結成。他、岡田達夫（？-？）、加藤正雄（1898年-1987年）、高見沢路直（1899年-1989年）、戸田達雄（1904年-1988年）、矢橋公麿（1902年-1964年））1923年結成
English: Daiichi-Sakka-Domei (First Writers Alliance, or DSD), which had five groups and 34 members, including Shou OTA, Sanki KOBAYASHI, Nichibon SATO, Hajime MATSUSHIMA, Aokusa YOSHIKAWA, and Mitsuru MANO [all from Seiju-sha], Kiichi MURAKUMO, Tomeyoshi ARAKI, Kazuyoshi TANAKA, and Zennosuke TAMAMURA [all from Kogen-kai], Choyo TAKAGI, Shinpu YAMAUCHI, Koichi IKEDA, Nanjinshi MORITANI, Dachu NISHIMURA, and Michie TORII [all from Soku-Hogakai], Gentaro KOBAYASHI and Nio MIZUSHIMA [all from Koju-sha], Kojiro FUNASAKI, Misao MATSUDA, and Saburo ENOMOTO [all from Akahito-sha]) was formed in late June of 1922.
Japanese: 第一作家同盟（DSD、メンバー34名で五団体が結集、太田聴雨、小林三季、佐藤日梵、松島肇、吉川青草、真野満（以上、青樹社）、村雲毅一、荒木留吉、田中一良、玉村善之助（以上、高原会）、高木長葉、山内神斧、池田耕一、森谷南人子、西村陀宙、鳥居道枝（以上、蒼空邦画会）、小林源太郎、水島爾保布（以上、行樹社）、船崎光次郎、松田操、榎本三朗（以上、赤人社））1922年6月末結成
English: Moreover, 'Gekijo (theater) no Sanka' is by "Sanka" (1925) as well as by "Tan-i Sanka" (1927).
Japanese: なお、「劇場の三科」は、『三科』によるもの（1925年）と、『単位三科』によるもの（1927年）とがある。
English: The names of the movements were strongly advocated in the following bulky work "Study of New Art Movements in the Taisho Period," by Toshiharu OMUKA (which was first published in 1995).
Japanese: この運動の名称は、下記の五十殿利治による大著『大正期新興美術運動の研究』（初版は1995年刊行）により、強く提唱された。
English: Traditionally, a perception of 'art in the 1920s' (a perception to collect every piece of mainly avant-garde art trend in the 1920s) has been asserted in Japan as well, and a perception of 'new art movements in the Taisho period' includes the following criticism to 'art in the 1920s':
Japanese: 従来から、日本においても「1920年代の美術」というとらえ方（1920年代の主として前衛的な美術動向をすべてまとめるとらえ方）が主張されているが、「大正期新興美術運動」というとらえ方は、この「1920年代の美術」に対する次の批判を内包している。
English: There is no inevitable meaning in the period of '1920s' (it is not necessarily divided properly from 1920 to 1929).
Japanese: 「1920年代」という時期に、必然的な意味がないこと（必ずしも、1920年から1929年で、きちんと区分されているわけではない）
English: It simply collected the art trend in this period without concern for its artistic lineage or other aspects.
Japanese: この時期の美術動向を、その美術系統などをまったく顧慮せずに、単に一緒にしただけであること。
English: The Kyoto Red Flag Incident was a crackdown on socialists that occurred on November 30, 1920.
Japanese: 京都赤旗事件（きょうとあかはたじけん）とは、1920年（大正9年）11月30日に発生した社会主義者弾圧事件である。
English: Gizo TAKAYAMA (later the Mayor of Kyoto City), who worked as the manager of the Kyoto Branch of Yuai-kai, served in the army as a volunteer for one year and left the army in 1920.
Japanese: 友愛会京都支部の支部長を務めた高山義三（たかやまぎぞう、のちの京都市長）は、1年間志願兵として軍隊勤務に従事し、1920年に除隊した。
English: In the early morning of November 30, about 50 socialists including Sadachika NABEYAMA went to meet Takayama.
Japanese: 11月30日早朝、鍋山貞親ら50名余りの社会主義者は、出迎えのため高山のもとに赴いた。
English: Then they held up some red flags on which such messages as 'Congratulations on Mr. Gizo TAKAYAMA for his release from prison' were written in large characters, and they fought with police.
Japanese: この時彼らが「祝高山義三君出獄」などと大書した赤旗数本を掲げたため、警官隊と衝突した。
English: Nabeyama and others were indicted on suspicion of obstruction of performance of public duty, inflicting bodily injury and violation of the Public Order and Police Law, and were sentenced to two to six months' imprisonment.
Japanese: 鍋山らは公務執行妨害罪、傷害罪、及び治安警察法違反の容疑で起訴され、それぞれ2ヶ月～6ヶ月の禁錮が科せられた。
English: Senmin indicates a rank or a person of such rank who is placed lower than the common person.
Japanese: 賎民（せんみん）とは、通常の民衆よりも下位に置かれた身分またはその者を指す。
English: It originated from a sense of vigilance to those different from oneself or the majority groups to which one belonged.
Japanese: 自己もしくは、自己の属する多数派集団と異なるものに対する警戒感である。
English: The ancient people felt they conveyed a sense of awe, as if they were untouchable by those who had different languages and customs.
Japanese: 言語や習慣の異なる者に対して、古代人は畏敬の念と共に、不可触の念を抱いた。
English: In the agrarian society, a sense of vigilance was not raised toward the peasants, who possessed the same consciousness and standard of living as one's own.
Japanese: 農耕社会では、自己と同一の意識と生活を有する農民に対しては、警戒感は惹起しない。
English: However, they recognized the non-peasants, as well as the unsettled entertainers and handicraftsmen, as people who lived in a special world that was different from theirs.
Japanese: しかし、農民でなく、定住もしていない芸能人や手工業者に対しては、自己と異なる特別の世界に住む者として認識された。
English: The Brahman, a clergyman who can unconditionally perform Rinne Tensho, is on top, and many common people who can perform Rinne Tensho with strict conditions (rituals) are slaves; there are two classes between them, which are the Royal Family and the common people (merchants), and in total these four classes comprise the caste system.
Japanese: 無条件で輪廻転生できる聖職者のバラモンを頂点とし、厳しい条件（儀式）付きで輪廻転生できる多数の庶民が奴隷階級であり、両者の間に王族・平民（商人）の2階級があり、計4階級からカースト制度は成り立っている。
English: Moreover, those who are supposed definitely not to be able to perform Rinne Tensho exist under these four classes as Senmin (outcasts).
Japanese: さらにこの4階級の下に絶対に輪廻転生できないとされる人々が賎民（アウト・カースト）とされて存在している。
English: Shakyamuni appeared in such a society and preached that every one (including those whose occupations required that they take the lives of living things, such as stockbreeders and fishermen) could perform Rinne Tensho, to whom believers gathered.
Japanese: 釈迦はこのような社会に登場し、すべての人々（牧畜業、漁業関係者などの生物の命を奪う職業の人々も含む）が輪廻転生可能であることを説き、信仰を集めた。
English: Therefore, it resulted in the phenomenon that there were many Buddhists among the people who were supposed to be Senmin.
Japanese: このため、結果として賎民とされる人々に仏教徒が多いという現象を生じた。
English: Furthermore, discrimination still deeply exists--even nowadays--toward the heretics who believe in the immortality of the spirit, such as in Christianity, and who believe in the spirits of ancestors, such as in Japanese Shinto.
Japanese: また、キリスト教のように霊魂の不滅を信じたり、日本の神道のように祖霊を信ずる異教徒に対する差別が現在でも根深く存している。
English: (It is very difficult for Indians to understand that, in Japan, the ancestor worship of Shinto is mixed with Buddhism as 'my dear ancestors.')
Japanese: （日本のように神道の祖先崇拝が「御先祖様」として仏教と混交している状態はインドではなかなか理解されない）
English: The descendants of powerful local clans (generals) defeated by the Yi dynasty were also included in Senmin.
Japanese: 賎民のなかには李氏朝鮮に敗北した地方豪族（将軍）の子孫も含まれている。
English: The people were divided into Ryomin (law-abiding people) and Senmin (Goshiki no sen, five lowly castes), and the obligations of So (rice), Yo (capitation), Cho (textile products), tax payment, and zoyo (irregular corvee) were imposed upon Ryomin, who were peasants.
Japanese: 民衆を良民と賎民（五色の賤）とに分け、農民である良民には租・庸・調・納税・雑徭の義務を課した。
English: Senmin had none of the above obligations, but the Ryomin had no rights, and consequently those who chose to be free Senmin instead of inconvenient Ryomin appeared one after another.
Japanese: 賎民にはこれらの義務がなく、また良民だからと言って権利があるわけでもなく、不自由な良民よりも、自由な賎民を選択する者が続出した。
English: Those who were related to the death of people and to the processing of dead livestock due to diseases, accidents, wars and others were defined as Senmin.
Japanese: 人の死に関わったり、病気・事故・戦争などでの死牛馬の処理に関わったりする者を、賎民とするものである。
English: Entertainers were called street performers and were also defined as Senmin, since they were considered pointless.
Japanese: 芸能人も、大道芸人と呼ばれ、つかみ所のない者として、賎民呼ばわりされた。
English: However, there were also people of ambiguous existence such as fishermen and hunters, being described as 'in charge of butchery' in the 'village details' and others in each village, and therefore it wasn't possible to simply refer to them as being of the Senmin hierarchy.
Japanese: ただし、各村の「村明細帳」などに「殺生人」と記される「漁師」・「猟師」などの曖昧な存在もあり、士農工商以外を単純に賎民とすることはできない。
English: Moreover, the Imperial Family and court nobles weren't treated as Senmin, but some of the monks and priests were added to the Senmin category as kannagi or fugeki (female spiritual mediums).
Japanese: また皇族や公家は賎民扱いしないが、僧侶・神職のなかには巫・巫覡として賎民の範疇に入れられた者もいた。
English: The main regular occupations of Eta were the leather processing of dead livestock ('slaughter' was prohibited) as well as the management of footwear craftsmen and Hinin (a group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system).
Japanese: 穢多は、死牛馬（「屠殺」は禁止されていた）の皮革加工、履物職人、非人の管理などを主な生業とした。