nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As both of his parents were French, Montblanc was raised in France and his nationality was also French.
Japanese: 父母がフランス人であったため、モンブラン自身はフランスで育ち、国籍もフランスだった。
English: In 1854, when the news broke that the fleet led by Matthew Perry of the United States of America had forced Japan to open the country, Montblanc became interested in Japan and eager to travel there.
Japanese: 1854年（嘉永7年）アメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー艦隊が日本を開国させたというニュースが流れるや、日本に対する興味を持ち、渡航を熱望するようになる。
English: In September 1858, Montblanc first came to Japan accompanying Baron Gros, who was dispatched to the Qing dynasty as French ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary.
Japanese: 1858年（安政5年）、フランス特命全権使節として清に派遣されたグロ男爵に随行し、9月に初めて来日。
English: After the conclusion of the Franco-Japanese Treaty of Commerce, Montblanc separated from Baron Gros and travelled to the Philippines to conduct academic research at the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Japanese: 日仏通商条約の締結後、グロ男爵と別れて外務省から依頼された学術調査のためフィリピンに渡航した。
English: In 1862 Montblanc again visited Japan and stayed in Yokohama, where he got to know the minister Duchesne de Bellecour,
Japanese: 1862年（文久2年）、再び日本を訪れたモンブランは横浜に滞在し、公使のデュシェーヌ・ド・ベルクールと交流する。
English: When he returned to France, Montblanc took Kenjiro SAITO as his private secretary and diligently studied Japanese language and culture.
Japanese: 帰国に際し私設秘書として斎藤健次郎を伴い、日本語や日本文化の研究に勤しんだ。
English: At the end of 1863, responding to a forceful request for the expulsion of foreigners by Emperor Komei, the Edo bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) dispatched a mission led by a Gaikoku bugyo (corresponding to a foreign minister), Nagaoki IKEDA, to France in order to close Yokohama Port.
Japanese: 1863年末、江戸幕府が孝明天皇の強い攘夷論の要望から横浜港を鎖港するために外国奉行池田長発を正使とする交渉団をフランスへ派遣した。
English: Montblanc actively contacted the mission and arranged for the mission to take a Paris observation tour and hold talks with key figures in the French government.
Japanese: これと積極的に接触し、使節団のパリ見学やフランス政府要人との会談を斡旋した。
English: Also Montblanc contacted another mission including a Gaikoku bugyo, Takenaka SHIBATA, who was dispatched to France again in 1865, and encouraged the conclusion of a treaty of commerce between Japan and Belgium.
Japanese: また1865年（慶応元年）に再び派遣された外国奉行柴田剛中らが渡仏した際にも接触し、日本とベルギーとの通商条約締結を勧めた。
English: However, Montblanc did not win Shibata's trust very much, perhaps because of his patronizing attitude.
Japanese: しかし、モンブランのお仕着せがましい態度ゆえか、柴田からはあまり信用されなかった。
English: At around the same time, students smuggled from the Satsuma clan were dispatched to London accompanied by Hisanobu NIIRO, Tomoatsu GODAI, Munenori TERASHIMA, and others.
Japanese: 同じ頃、薩摩藩の密航留学生が新納久脩・五代友厚・寺島宗則らに伴われ、ロンドンに派遣されていた。
English: Montblanc was not successful in negotiating with the bakufu mission and moved to Britain with SAITO.
Japanese: 幕府使節との接触が不調に終わったモンブランは、斎藤を伴ってイギリスへ渡った。
English: The Satsuma clan, working toward fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country and strengthening the military) and shokusan kogyo (increasing production and encouraging new industries), welcomed this proposal and immediately started preliminary negotiations.
Japanese: 富国強兵・殖産興業を目指していた薩摩藩はこの申し入れを喜び、早速予備交渉を行った。
English: When GODAI and others travelled to the continent, they also visited Montblanc's residence and enjoyed hunting together.
Japanese: 五代らが各国の視察のため、大陸に渡った際には、モンブラン邸も訪れ、ともに狩りなどを楽しんでいる。
English: On October 15, 1865 in Brussels, Montblanc and NIIRO and GODAI exchanged the twelve-article contract to establish a trading company.
Japanese: 慶応元年8月25日（1865年10月15日）にはブリュッセルにおいてモンブランと新納・五代との間で12箇条からなる貿易商社設立の契約書が交換された。
English: Immediately after that, Montblanc stated at the Geographic Society held in Paris, and in line with the Satsuma clan's opinion, "Japan is a union of lords having an Emperor as their chief and it was a mistake for countries to conclude a treaty with the bakufu"
Japanese: その直後、モンブランはパリで開催された地理学協会で、「日本は天皇をいただく諸侯連合で、諸国が幕府と条約を結んだのはまちがいだ」というような、薩摩藩の主張にそった発表をしている。
English: In the following year a contract for imported goods was renewed and the lord of the Satsuma Domain, Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, sent a letter to Montblanc thanking him for making a private agreement to establish a trading company.
Japanese: 翌年には輸入品に関する契約が更新され、薩摩藩主島津忠義からの商社設立内約の礼状がモンブランに贈られている。
English: As a result of their association with Montblanc, the Satsuma clan joined the Paris Expo in 1867 and participated as a nominally different exhibitor from the bakufu with Montblanc as their representative.
Japanese: こうしたモンブランと薩摩藩との交流にともない、1867年（慶応3年）にパリで行われたパリ万国博覧会(1867年)においては、薩摩藩はモンブランを代理人として、幕府とは別名義の出展者として参加、出品することとなった。
English: A chief retainer, Michihira IWASHITA, was dispatched to Paris as the ambassador plenipotentiary of the Satsuma Domain and Ryukyu Islands (which were in effect under the control of the Satsuma Domain) and prepared for the Expo together with Montblanc.
Japanese: 家老岩下方平は薩摩藩および琉球王国（当時、事実上薩摩藩の支配下にあった）の全権としてパリに派遣され、モンブランとともに万博の準備を進めた。
English: However, the bakufu also sent a mission to Paris led by Akitake TOKUGAWA (who later became lord of the Mito Domain, and who was also the younger brother of seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA).
Japanese: しかし、そこへ幕府もまた、使節徳川昭武（のちの水戸藩主。征夷大将軍徳川慶喜の弟）を派遣した。
English: They were very surprised at the exhibition to see the Satsuma clan, and Kazutsugu MUKOYAMA (the Gaikoku bugyo) and Taichi TANABE (the Shihai kumigashira - a kind of department chief) protested especially strongly and requested the removal of both the name "Ryukyu" from the exhibitor list, and the flag with the mark of "a cross in a circle (the crest of the Shimazu family)," and they also requested the name "His Majesty of the Ryukyu Kingdom, Matsudaira Shuri no daibu (Master of the Office of Palace Repairs), MINAMOTO no Mochihisa" be amended to just "Matsudaira Shuri no daibu."
Japanese: 一行が到着して薩摩藩の出展に大いに驚き、随行した外国奉行向山一履、支配組頭田辺太一らは厳しく抗議し、特に出展者名から「琉球」の二文字と「丸に十字（島津家の家紋）」の旗章を削ること、および「琉球国陛下松平修理大夫源茂久」の名を「松平修理大夫」のみに改めることを求めた。
English: Montblanc as a representative to the Satsuma clan and IWASHITA negotiated with them, insisting that they could not compromise about the name of "the government managed by the Satsuma governor-general."
Japanese: 薩摩藩代理人のモンブランは岩下とともに交渉し、「薩摩太守の政府」の名前は譲れないとして談判した。
English: Finally negotiations reached an agreement that both of them could fly the Hinomaru, the national flag of Japan, one for the government led by Taikun (i.e. shogun) for the bakufu side, and one for the government led by the Satsuma governor-general for the Satsuma clan side.
Japanese: 結局幕府側は「大君政府」、薩摩藩側は「薩摩太守の政府」とし、ともに日の丸を掲げることで妥協となった。
English: Furthermore, Montblanc convinced the influential Parisian papers such as "Le Figaro," "Le Journal des débats," and "Le Temps" to publish an article in line with the opinion he had already been announced at the Geographic Society; that Japan was not ruled by a TOKUGAWA shogun as an absolute monarch, but instead was a federation where many local feudal lords exist, like in Germany, and that even the TOKUGAWA family was just one of those feudal lords.
Japanese: モンブランはさらにパリの有力紙『フィガロ(新聞)』『デバ』『ル・タン』といった新聞に、すでに地理学会で発表していた「日本は絶対君主としての徳川将軍が治める国ではなく、ドイツと同様各地の大名が林立する領邦国家であり、徳川家といえども一大名に過ぎない」との論調の記事を掲載させた。
English: Montblanc visited Japan again, was offered a position as an advisor on military reform by the Satsuma clan, and stayed in Kagoshima cementing adherence to the Satsuma clan.
Japanese: この年、日本を再訪したモンブランは薩摩藩から軍制改革顧問に招聘され、鹿児島に滞在するなど、薩摩藩との密着度を深めていく。
English: However, after the Anglo-Satsuma War, and following Hisamitsu SHIMAZU's (Mochihisa's father) intention, the Satsuma clan started to take a pro-British stance, adopting the British military system and interacting with the British envoy, Harry Parkes.
Japanese: しかし、薩摩藩は薩英戦争後、茂久の父・島津久光の方針によりイギリス式兵制を採用したり、英国公使ハリー・パークスとの交流から、親英政策を採っていた。
English: Therefore it was seen as dangerous to offer too much support to Montblanc, who was a French/Belgian.
Japanese: フランス（ベルギー）人であるモンブランに過剰に肩入れするのは危険と見られていた。
English: Britain also showed a reluctance to appoint a French person as an advisor for the military system, and students studying abroad such as Kiyonari YOSHIDA, Naonobu SAMEJIMA and Arinori MORI submitted a petition in which they stated that they considered Montblanc dangerous to the domain government office.
Japanese: 英国からもフランス人の軍制顧問任命に難色を示され、薩摩藩留学生の吉田清成・鮫島尚信・森有礼らもモンブランを危険視する建言が藩庁へ提出されていた。
English: In response, the Imperial Court announced the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Osei fukko) and the return of the TOKUGAWA family's territory was decided in the Kogosho conference (the meeting held in the presence of the Emperor in the Kogosho Conference Room of Kyoto Imperial Palace) and generally the political situation remained uncertain.
Japanese: それに対し朝廷からは王政復古が下され、小御所会議で徳川家領土の返還が決定されるなど、流動的な政局が続く。
English: However Toshimichi OKUBO, acting with the authority of the Satsuma clan, got Montblanc and Hiroyasu MATSUKI (a.k.a Munenori TERASHIMA) to write a declaration from the new regime to foreign countries to gain the approval of the new regime and declare the continuation of diplomacy.
Japanese: しかし薩摩藩要路の大久保利通は新政権の諸外国への承認獲得と外交の継続宣言をすべく、モンブランと松木弘安（寺島宗則）に、新政権から諸外国への通達詔書を作成させている。
English: In the following year, 1868, the Battle of Toba-Fushimi broke out and the new government defeated the army of the previous bakufu, gaining supremacy and increasing the number of clans following them.
Japanese: 翌慶応4年（1868年）初め鳥羽・伏見の戦いで新政府が旧幕府軍を破り、優位に立つと、新政府に従う諸藩も増えた。
English: In the Kobe incident (January 11) and the Sakai incident (February 15), Montblanc, with the rank of diplomacy advisor to the new government, supported Tomoatsu GODAI, an officer of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and also took charge of negotiating with Parks and Léon Roches (the French envoy) and helped the new government in diplomatic matters.
Japanese: 神戸事件（1月11日）や堺事件（2月15日）においては、モンブランは新政府の外交顧問格として、外国事務局判事の五代友厚を支え、パークスやレオン・ロッシュ（フランス公使）との交渉を担うなど、京都において新政府の外交を助けた。
English: Because of this outstanding achievement, Munenari DATE (lord of the Uwajima clan), the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the new government, notified the French envoy Roches, who was stationed in Edo, that Montblanc was to be appointed Japanese Consul General in Paris.
Japanese: このような功績から新政府の外務大臣(日本)伊達宗城（宇和島藩主）は、江戸に駐在していたフランス公使ロッシュに対し、モンブランをパリの日本公務弁理職（総領事）に任ずると通知している。
English: Subsequently Montblanc planned to install a telegraph system between Osaka and Kobe and submitted a proposal to the new government.
Japanese: その後モンブランは大阪・神戸間に電信を架設する計画を立て、新政府に願書を提出している。
English: However, the new government already had a plan to introduce one for itself and had ordered the machinery from Britain, and therefore turned down Montblanc's proposal.
Japanese: しかし、すでに新政府は自ら架設する計画があり、機械も英国に発注していたため、モンブラン提案を断った。
English: In 1869 Montblanc had an audience with Tadayoshi (a.k.a Mochihisa) SHIMAZU in Kagoshima, moved to Tokyo and advised the new government about diplomatic issues, such as the territorial rights issue of Sakhalin, and religious matters (resulting from the criticism by foreign countries of the four crackdowns on Christians in Nagasaki - "Urakami Yoban Kuzure" in Japanese).
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）、モンブランは鹿児島で島津忠義（茂久）に謁見した後、今度は東京において、樺太の領有権問題や宗教問題（浦上四番崩れにより日本が諸外国から抗議されたのを受けたもの）など、新政府の外交に助言をよせた。
English: However because the need to be in Europe for direct negotiations arose, at the end of the year Montblanc returned to France with students, Masana MAEDA and Kosuke OHORI (a.k.a Ichinoshin OTA).
Japanese: しかし、ヨーロッパにいて直接交渉の必要があり、年末に、留学生の前田正名と御堀耕助（大田市之進）を伴ってフランスへ帰国した。
English: After arriving in Paris Montblanc remarkably became Japanese Consul General with the approval of Napoleon III.
Japanese: パリに到着後、モンブランはナポレオン3世の承認を受け、異例の日本総領事となる。
English: Montblanc turned his private residence in 8 Tivoli, Paris, into the Japanese Consulate, served as the Consul and let MAEDA live there.
Japanese: モンブランはパリのティヴォリ街8番地の自宅を日本総領事館（日本公務弁理職事務局）とし、前田を住まわせるとともに領事任務に当たった。
English: Also, Montblanc defended the policy of cracking down on Christians in Japan, and tried to start direct diplomatic negotiations between Japan and Russia.
Japanese: また日本のキリシタン弾圧政策の弁明につとめるとともに、日露国交交渉に直接乗り出そうとした。
English: However, because he was French, the French Government did not allow Montblanc to take up the post of ambassador with a right to represent Japanese diplomacy so he was not able to become involved.
Japanese: しかし、フランス人であったため、日本外交の代表権を持つ公使就任をフランス政府に拒まれ、実現しなかった。
English: When Paris fell into disarray with the formation of the Paris Commune during the siege by the Prussian army due to the breakout of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), the Japanese government dismissed Montblanc and decided to dispatch Naonobu SAMEJIMA as the new commissioner.
Japanese: 普仏戦争（1870年-1871年）の勃発に伴い、プロイセン軍の包囲下パリ・コミューンが成立するなど、パリが混乱に陥ると、日本政府はモンブランを解任し、新たに鮫島尚信を弁務使として派遣することを決定。
English: Montblanc was dismissed on October 28, 1870, and subsequently established the Society of Japanese Studies (Société des études japonaises) in Paris with like-minded people to promote the study of Japanese language and Japanese culture in France.
Japanese: 1870年10月28日付けで解任されたモンブランは、その後パリにあって同好の士と共に日本文化研究協会(Sociétédesétudesjaponaises)を作り、フランスにおける日本語・日本文化研究を推進した。
English: Montblanc wrote books including "Japanese Circumstances" and the French translation of "Kyuo Dowa" (Kyuo's Edifying Talks) written by Kyuo SHIBATA.
Japanese: 著書に『日本事情』や、『鳩翁道話』（柴田鳩翁）のフランス語訳などがある。
English: Montblanc had a craving for fame, was vain and often boastful, and was therefore often kept at arm's length or regarded as a charlatan.
Japanese: 名誉欲や虚栄心が強く大言壮語も多かったため、しばしば敬遠されたり山師扱いされた。
English: "Le Japon" (Japan) in 1865, Clay Books - a Japanese translation is included in "Montblanc's Record of Personal Experiences in Japan" mentioned above.
Japanese: 『日本LeJapon』（1865年、クレイ書店）　上記『モンブランの日本見聞記』に邦訳収録
English: "Considérations Générales sur l'Etat Actuel du Japon" (General Consideration on the Present State of Japan) in 1866, with the French version published by Martinee Books and the English version published by Brule Books - from the record of talks of the general meeting of the Geographic Society held on December 15, 1865.
Japanese: 『日本の現状についての一般的考察ConsidérationsGénéralessurlEtatActuelduJapon』（1866年、フランス語-マルチネ書店、英語-ブリュール書店）1865年12月15日地理学総会における講演録
English: "Le Japon en 1866" (Japan in 1866) in 1866 (the excerpt from "Encyclopedic Annual") - keeping the original French text.
Japanese: 『1866年における日本LeJaponen1866』（1866年、『百科年鑑』からの抄録）にフランス語原文収蔵
English: "Japan - Its Systems, Products, and Relationship with Europe" (1867, published in the fifty-seventh volume of "Contemporary Critique")
Japanese: 『日本その制度、産物、ヨーロッパとの関係』（1867年、『同時代評論』第57巻に発表したもの）
English: "Philippine Islands"(1877, published in the second volume of "Association for Japanese Studies Collection of Papers - Chinese, Tatars, and Indochinese")
Japanese: 『フィリピン諸島』（1877年、『日本研究協会論文集　中国人、だったん人、インドシナ人』第2巻に発表したもの）
English: Katsuemon NOSE (1638 to November 21, 1691) was a feudal retainer of Okayama Domain with chigyo (a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief) of 800 koku (222.4 cubic meters).
Japanese: 能勢勝右衛門（のせかつえもん、寛永15年（1638年）-元禄4年10月2日(旧暦)（1691年11月21日））は、岡山藩士・知行800石。
English: His common name was Shouemon, and later changed to Katsuemon (but Toshikazu TAKAYANAGI is pointing out that 'Katsuemon' was a vocational naming).
Japanese: 通称は少右衛門のち勝右衛門（但し、高柳利一は「勝右衛門」は役務上の呼称ではないかと指摘している）。
English: In August 1901, he became ill and he was ordered to take sick leave by Tadaaki HIOKI, (Karo [chief retainer]) and Takenori TAKEDA (Bangashira)
Japanese: 元禄4年8月病となり、日置忠明（家老）・池田武憲（番頭）に病気養生を申し渡された。
English: After that in NOSE head family, Gonnojo died early at the age of 35 in 1700 and Tojuro NOSE, a son of his uncle Sukegoro NOSE, became the adopted son to inherit the family, but the family head of the head family in later generations are not known.
Japanese: その後の能勢本家は、権之丞が元禄13年（1700年）に35歳で若死し、叔父能勢助五郎の子能勢藤十郎が権之丞の養子となり相続したが以降の本家の当主は誰であったのか不明である。
English: On the other hand, Sukegoro's family lineage continued to exist with 150 koku (41.7 cubic meters) (300 koku (83.4 cubic meters) at the end of the Edo period), and after Sukegoro, the family was succeeded in the order of Shotaifu NOSE, Yorinori NOSE, Yoritada NOSE, Katsuo NOSE.
Japanese: 一方で助五郎の家系は150石（幕末は300石）で存続し、助五郎以降は能勢少大夫―能勢頼則―能勢頼忠―能勢勝男と続いた。
English: Kamon SHIBATA (February 6, 1863 - August 25, 1919) is a statesman who served as Education Minister, a member of the House of Peers, and so on.
Japanese: 柴田家門（しばたかもん、1863年2月6日（文久2年12月18日(旧暦)）-1919年（大正8年）8月25日）は、文部大臣、貴族院議員などを務めた政治家。
English: He was born to Eisuke SHIBATA as the first son at Heian-inishie in the castle town of Hagi (present Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture).
Japanese: 萩城下平安古（現在の山口県萩市平安古東区）に柴田英佐（えいすけ）の長男として出生。
English: In 1882, he came up to Tokyo and enrolled at Daigakuyobimon (Daiichi Koto Chugakko (First High School), The present University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts) before advancing to the law school of Tokyo University (The present faculty of law at Tokyo University).
Japanese: 1882年（明治15年）に上京し、大学予備門（第一高等中学校、現在の東京大学教養学部）を経て、東京大学法科大学（現在の東京大学法学部）に進学。
English: After graduation from the university in 1890, he served as Secretary of the Cabinet, Counsellor of Cabinet Legislation Bureau and a consultation officer for a public administrative court.
Japanese: 1890年、同大学卒業後、内閣書記官、法制局参事官、行政裁判所評定官等を務める。
English: Yasunobu KANO (January 10,1614-October 1,1685) was a painter in the Kano school during the Edo period.
Japanese: 狩野安信（かのうやすのぶ、慶長18年12月1日(旧暦)（1614年1月10日）-貞享2年9月4日(旧暦)（1685年10月1日））は江戸時代の狩野派の絵師である。
English: Since Sadanobu KANO, head of the Kano family, did not have a child when he fell into critical condition in 1623, Naganobu KANO and Yoshinobu KANO, two major figures in the family, had discussions in which they decided to adopt Yasunobu, then 10 years old, as Sadanobu's child and have him take over the Soryo family (the head family).
Japanese: 元和9年（1623年）危篤に陥った宗家当主の狩野貞信には子供がいなかったため、一門の重鎮に当たる狩野長信と狩野吉信の話し合いの結果、当時10歳であった安信を貞信の養子として惣領家を嗣ぐことが決められた。
English: Compared to the existing works of his brothers, his works suggest that he did not have a gift for painting and that he seemed to be harassed by Tanyu in various ways.
Japanese: 伝存する作品を兄たちと比べると、画才に恵まれていたとは言えず、探幽から様々な嫌がらせを受けたようだ。
English: Some of his episodes are included in 'Sangyoan Zasshi' (Journal of Sangyoan), in which Tangen KIMURA, who studied under Tanshin KANO, Tanyu's son, discussed painting; for instance the reason why Nakabashi family took over soke (the head family) was because of Tanyu's consideration to enable Yasunobu to earn his daily bread, which is ill-intended and differs from historical facts; and when a roju (senior councilor) told him and two big brothers to paint, Tanyu said to him, "Watch your expert brothers paint," which humiliated him.
Japanese: 探幽の息子の狩野探信に学んだ木村探元の画論書「三暁庵雑志」では、中橋家が宗家を継いだのは、安信が食いはぶれないようにするための探幽の配慮といった、史実と異なる悪意が込められた話や、ある時、三兄弟が老中から絵を描くよう言われた際、探幽に「兄たち妙手が描くのを見ておれ」と申しつけられ恥をかかされたといったエピソードが記されている。
English: Facing these harassments by Tanyu, Yasunobu went out of his way to visit Soko YAMAGA to paint mushae (ukiyoe prints of warriors), trained in the art of painting such as learning the teachings of yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and was conferred hogen in 1662.
Japanese: そうした探幽のいじめを受ける中で、安信は、武者絵を描くためにわざわざ山鹿素行を訪れ、有職故実の教えを受けるなどの画技の研鑽に努め、寛文2年（1662年）には法眼に叙された。
English: Additionally, he married off his daughters to Masunobu KANO, Tanyu's adopted son who was alienated from him after Tanyu had a biological child, and Tsunenobu KANO, Tanyu's nephew, thus trying to unite the Kano family while competing against Tanyu.
Japanese: また、娘を探幽の養子であり、探幽に実子が生まれてからは疎んじられた狩野益信や甥の狩野常信に嫁がせ、探幽に対抗しつつ狩野家の結束を固める策をとっている。
English: Gado Yoketsu' (Secret of the Art of Painting), which Yasunobu wrote in his last days in 1680, is often quoted as providing the ideas of Naonobu on painting and as a theory of painting that is representative of the Kano school.
Japanese: 絵画における尚信の考え、引いては狩野派を代表する画論としてしばしば引用されるのが、晩年の延宝8年（1680年）に著した「画道要訣」である。
English: In that, Yasunobu claimed that there were two different types of great paintings; one was 'shitsuga' (painting of quality), which was made possible by the talent of a genius, and the other was 'gakuga' (painting of learning), which resulted from learning of classics.
Japanese: この中で安信は、優れた絵画には、天才が才能にまかせて描く「質画」と古典の学習を重ねた末に得る「学画」の二種類があるとしている。
English: He also insisted that 'gakuga,' which could be handed down to the painters of later generations through classics, overweighed 'shitsuga,' which would end in a product of only one generation however great the painting was.
Japanese: また、どんなに素晴らしい絵でも一代限りの成果で終わってしまう「質画」よりも、古典を通じて後の絵師たちに伝達可能な「学画」の方が勝るとしている。
English: But Yasunobu never denied good points of shitsuga, and set much store on its attitude, which should be called shinga (painting of mind) that 'concentrated the mind's eye on the tip of a brush.'.
Japanese: ただし、安信は質画の良さまで否定したわけではなく、さらに「心性の眼を筆の先に徹する」心画とも言うべき姿勢をもっとも重視している。
English: Shisei KOYAMA (1807 - October 28, 1862) was a doctor who lived in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 小山肆成（こやましせい、文化(元号)4年（1807年）-文久2年9月6日(旧暦)（1862年10月28日））は、江戸時代後期の医師。
English: In the field of medical science in Wakayama Prefecture, he and Seishu HANAOKA are both highly recognized and there is a common phrase 'Seishu of the north, and Hoshu of the south.'
Japanese: 和歌山県の医学界では華岡青洲と並び「北の青洲、南の蓬洲」と評価されている。
English: He was born in 1807 to a jizamurai (high-ranking individual in a rural community) family in Hisagi Village, Muro County, Wakayama Prefecture (currently Hisagi, Shirahama Town, Nishi-Muro County, Wakayama Prefecture).
Japanese: 文化4年（1807年）、紀伊国牟婁郡久木村（現和歌山県西牟婁郡白浜町久木）の地士の家に生まれた。
English: Witnessing the outbreak of smallpox in the Kumano Region from 1838 to 1842, Shisei sold his family heirlooms such as swords to purchase cows to be used in his experiments.
Japanese: 天保9年（1838年）から天保13年（1842年）にかけて熊野地方で猛威を振るった天然痘を目の当たりにしたため、家宝の刀など家財を売り払って実験用のウシを購入した。
English: In 1847, he translated the book on the principle of smallpox vaccination called "Intoryaku" and wrote "Into Shinpo Zensho" (The Principle of New Smallpox Vaccination).
Japanese: 弘化4年（1847年）に牛痘法の書『引痘略』を校刻し、『引痘新法全書』を著した。
English: In 1849, he developed gyukajintobyo, which was a high-immunity smallpox vaccine.
Japanese: 嘉永2年（1849年）には強い免疫性を持つ天然痘ワクチンの牛化人痘苗（ぎゅうかじんとうびょう）の開発に成功した。
English: Although his vaccine development was half a century later than a British doctor Edward JENNER, Shisei's vaccine allowed lower incidence and therefore has been highly recognized globally.
Japanese: イギリスのエドワード・ジェンナーによる種痘開発から半世紀遅れたが、発病率はより低く世界的にも高評価を受けている。
English: Michinobu KANO (December 20, 1730-September 24, 1790) was a painter in the Takekawacho family and later the sixth in the Kobikicho-famly Kano school during the Edo period.
Japanese: 狩野典信（かのうみちのぶ、享保15年11月11日(旧暦)（1730年12月20日）-寛政2年8月16日(旧暦)（1790年9月24日））は江戸時代の竹川町家、後に木挽町家狩野派6代目の絵師である。
English: He became a hogen (priest of the second highest rank) at the age of 33 in 1762, an okueshi (prestigious official painter) in the following year, and an oishinami in 1773, which made his generation the first in the Takekawacho family to be an okueshi.
Japanese: 宝暦12年（1762年）33歳で法眼、翌年奥絵師を仰せつけられ、安永2年（1773年）には御医師並となって、竹川町家は典信の代で初めて奥絵師となった。
English: It was a general custom to return one's land once he received a new residence, but Michinobu was a strong favorite with Ieharu TOKUGAWA and received a new land in 1777 while still possessing his former residence in Takekawa-cho.
Japanese: 典信は徳川家治の寵愛深く、通常新たな屋敷を拝領すればそれまでの土地は返却するのが習わしであるのに、安永6年（1777年）竹川町の屋敷はそのままに木挽町に新たな土地を拝領した。
English: His residence in Kobikicho was a portion of the former residence of Okitsugu TANUMA, which spawned a folklore that Michinobu and Okitsugu met through each other's postern, and Okitsugu always held his private consultations in Michinobu's residence.
Japanese: 木挽町の屋敷は田沼意次の旧邸を分与されたものであり、ここから典信と意次は互いに裏門から往来し、意次の密議はつねに典信の屋敷で計られたという伝承が生まれた。
English: In the mid 18th century, when the introduction of the Nanpin school helped the popular art world grow into maturity, the Kano school, which had been a mere name, became unable to satisfy their clients and began to lose them.
Japanese: 18世紀半ば、南蘋派の流入が契機に本格的な民間画壇が育ち始めると、形骸化が進んでいた狩野派は飽きられ顧客が奪われ始めた。
English: Sensing a crisis, Michinobu strived to rejuvenate the debilitated Kano school by restoring the strong brushing line of Chinese-style painting.
Japanese: これに危機感をもった典信は、漢画の力強い描線を復活させることにより弱体化した狩野派の再建を目指した。
English: Attempts like this appealed to the shogun, which perhaps is why Michinobu was a favorite.
Japanese: こうした試みが将軍の好みと合致したのが、典信が寵愛を受けた理由であろう。