nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Grenades which were called horokubiya (cooking-pot fire arrows) or horokubiya (cooking-pot fire arrows) were used instead of cannons, and were still used in the Edo period.
Japanese: 大砲の代替として焙烙火矢や焙烙火矢と呼ばれた擲弾が使用され、江戸時代においても使用されている。
English: Before the modern times, systematized war strategies, tactics, battles (may include wrestling) in military affairs were referred to as Heiho (art of warfare).
Japanese: 近世以前、軍事における戦略、戦術、戦闘、（格闘も含む場合がある）、について体系化したものを兵法といった。
English: It is described that 'there are 4 skills of martial arts; that are archery, gunnery, art of warfare, equestrian art' in "Koyo Gunkan" (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family), which is a military science book written based on the achievements of the Takeda family in Kai Province in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 例として、戦国時代の甲斐武田家の事跡を基として書かれた軍学書である『甲陽軍鑑』には、「武芸四門とは弓鉄砲兵法馬是れ四なり」とある。
English: Buninjo (appointment letter) is a generic term of documents issued by an appointer when a specific person is appointed to a governmental post, Ikai (Court rank), and various posts.
Japanese: 補任状（ぶにんじょう）とは、特定の個人を官職・位階・諸職に補任する際に任命権者側から発給された文書の総称。
English: Under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a ceremony in which Iki (a letter of appointment) is awarded for Ikai, and a notification of a governmental post by senji (imperial decree) and its incidental ceremony are implemented at the time of appointment.
Japanese: 律令制においては補任の際には位階は位記授与、官職は宣旨による告示とそれに付随する儀式が行われる。
English: However, after the middle of the Heian Period when the procedures of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) became relaxed, the case that an appointment was made by the issued appointment letter appeared.
Japanese: だが、平安時代中期以後に律令制の手続が弛緩すると、補任状の発給によって補任とする例が現れる。
English: The important appointments were made by Iki (a letter of appointment) or by imperial decree, but common appointments were generally made by kuzen (oral decree).
Japanese: 朝廷による補任は重要なものは位記・宣旨によって行われたが一般的には口宣案によって行われた。
English: When an appointment for various posts of an influential family is made by themselves, buninjo was used.
Japanese: また、権門による自己の諸職の補任が行われる場合にも補任状をもって行われるようになった。
English: The form of bunijo is not based on a specific form, but the buninjo contains the term, `appointment' in a sentence or in a document to make a clear distinction between the buninjo and other documents.
Japanese: 補任状と言っても特定の書式が存在する訳ではなく、書出もしくは文中に「補任」の文言が含まれて補任のための文書と明確であるものを指している。
English: Under the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), kudashibumi (edict from a senior official in government or military which had the status of a binding official document) from the shogun family or Mandokoro were buninjo while autographic signature, Shuinjo(a shogunal license for foreign trade), kokuinjyo were used by shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku period, and under the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府・室町幕府では将軍家もしくは政所の下文が補任状であったが、守護大名・戦国大名そして江戸幕府では判物・朱印状・黒印状などによって行われている。
English: When a chief priest in the court rank lower than gozan (Zen temples highly ranked by the government) is appointed, a document called kojo (an official writ of appointment to the chief priest of Zen temple) is issued.
Japanese: 室町幕府の五山以下の住持の補任には公帖（公文）と呼ばれる形式の文書が出される。
English: The special buninjo called `Inari no kumon' is issued when an influential monk assumes another post as a chief priest of a temple where he doesn't actually live.
Japanese: 更に有力な僧侶が実際には居住していない遠方の寺院の住持を兼ねる場合には「坐公文」（いなりのくもん）と呼ばれる特殊な補任状も出されている。
English: Hancho was a place (a castle or a mansion) where the office of a domain was set up under the shogunate system.
Japanese: 藩庁とは、幕藩体制下において、藩の役所が置かれたところ（城郭・屋敷）である。
English: The towns that developed around hancho were called jinyamachi, and those that developed around a castle jokamachi (castle towns).
Japanese: 藩庁を中心に栄えた町を陣屋町といい、陣屋が城であった場合は城下町と呼ばれた。
English: "Ukagaikata" indicates the name of a government post in Kanjosho (the department in charge of financial and public affairs) of the Edo bakufu or officers (called kanjo-shu) of that department.
Japanese: 伺方（うかがいかた）とは、江戸幕府の職名で勘定所の一部門及びそこに属する職員（勘定衆）を指す。
English: Two of the finance group heads assumed the chief ukagaigata post, and although some eras are unclear, of the 230 or so kanjo-shu officers in the Edo period around 40 held the Ukagaikata post.
Japanese: 勘定組頭のうち、2名が伺方組頭を務め、時期によって不定ではあるが江戸時代後期に230名前後いた勘定衆のうちおよそ40名前後が伺方に属していた。
English: Ukagaikata included the following jobs: 'nakanoma-gakari' for handling the various taxes in the direct territories of the shogun, 'Shinpo-gata' for handling repairs to bakufu-related shrines and temples, 'Ohayashi-kata' for managing mountains and forests in bakufu territories, 'Otaka-kata' for supervising the falconry of Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and clerical work related to the falconry, 'Unjo-kata' for handling Unjo (business-related taxes), Myoga (tax for the use of a mountain, river, lake or sea) and Buichi (various miscellaneous taxes).
Japanese: 伺方のうちでいくつかの職掌に分かれており、天領の小物成・高掛物などを扱う「中之間掛」、幕府関連寺社の修造などを扱う「神宝方」、幕府領の山林を管理する「御林方」、征夷大将軍の鷹狩・鹿狩関連の事務を行う「御鷹方」、運上・冥加・分一を扱う「運上方」。
English: Other positions included: 'Shoiriyo-kata' for handling paying or lending expenses of daikan (local governor) of the bakufu, 'Shomon-shirabekata' for sorting out documents issued by daikan-sho (daikan's offices) or Azukari-dokoro, 'Ginmimono-gakari' for checking applications from the kanjosho (for exemptions for building ports or markets, cutting woods or Unjo and other taxes), 'Shuzo-gakari' for supervising sake-brewers, including sake-kabu (a sake-brewing license), and 'Kinshu-gakari' for handling muyaku-kin (no tax), collecting jono-kin (monetary contributions) and doing clerical jobs related to these operations.
Japanese: 幕府代官への経費の支給・貸付を行う「諸入用方」、代官所・預所から出された文書の整理にあたる「証文調方」、勘定所に属する各種申請（港や市場の設置、御林伐出、運上・小物成などの免除など）を審査した「吟味物掛」、酒株をはじめ酒造業を監督した「酒造掛」、無役金や上納金の取立や関連事務を行う「金集掛」などが存在した。
English: Sante-gakari indicates criminal trials in the Edo period for a samurai, his wife or his children with the family status that had omemie ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc].)
Japanese: 三手掛（さんてがかり）とは、江戸時代に行われた御目見以上の家格を持つ武士及びその妻子らに対する刑事裁判のこと。
English: Roju (an officer at the second highest post in the Edo bakufu government) gave instructions for the trial, machi-bugyo (a government officer in charge of public affairs) was appointed as Kakari-bugyo (the officer in charge of the trial), and Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate) and Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers) were present at the trial.
Japanese: 老中の指図のもとに行われ、掛奉行（担当者）として町奉行が任じられ、大目付・目付が立ち会った。
English: When a samurai with a high status was involved or the case itself was a serious one, jisha-bugyo (a government officer in charge of shrines and temple) and kanjo-bugyo (in charge of financial affairs) also attended the trial, making it Gote-gakari.
Japanese: 上級身分の武士や事件そのものが重大である場合には寺社奉行・勘定奉行も加わった五手掛によって行われた。
English: The trials concerned with a samurai himself, his wife or his legitimate heir took place in Hyojosho (conference chamber), and the other trials in a bugyo-sho (bugyo office), and the Ometsuke officer declared at the start of a trial that the it was to be conducted under the instructions of Roju.
Japanese: 武士本人やその妻、嫡子の裁判は評定所で、それ以外は奉行所にて行われ、冒頭に大目付が老中の指図を受けて裁判を行うことを宣した。
English: However, the trial was actually conducted by a machi-bugyo officer and his yoriki (assistant), attended by Okachi-metsuke (officers to work under Metsuke).
Japanese: ただし、実際の裁判は町奉行及び与力が御徒目付の立会を受けて吟味を行っていた。
English: Although the Ometsuke officer and the Metsuke officer made joint signatures on the Ukagaisho (trial record), Oshioki-zuke or Otogame-zuke which was equivalent to the actual judicial judgment, was made by the machi-bugyo alone, and Ometsuke and the others were not allowed to take part.
Japanese: 伺書（調書）に大目付や目付は連署するものの、実際の判決部分に相当する御仕置附・御咎附は町奉行単独で行われ、大目付らは関与できなかった。
English: It was said that this was because Ometsuke officers and Metsuke officers, who were originally people outside the trial work, were prohibited from reading criminal-related laws and regulations including Kujigata-osadamegaki (the law of Edo bakufu).
Japanese: これは公事方御定書をはじめとする江戸幕府の刑事法規を本来裁判業務の部外者であった大目付・目付が見ることが禁じられていたことによるという。
English: Criminal trails for people who had no omemie or people who were not direct retainers of shogun were conducted at a machi-bugyo office, with the presence of only one Metsuke officer.
Japanese: なお、御目見以下や陪臣の刑事裁判は町奉行所にて目付1名の立会のみにて町奉行が行った。
English: Hanmoto Mitodoke was a term used to describe the act of confirmation by a government officer that was sent from the Edo bakufu, when a samurai family applied for matsugo-yoshi (adopting a son on the family head's deathbed).
Japanese: 判元見届（はんもとみとどけ）とは、江戸時代に武家から末期養子の申請が出された際に江戸幕府から役人が派遣されて行われる確認作業のこと。
English: It was performed to confirm whether the family head (Hanmoto) who was in critical condition was still alive, and to check if there were anything questionable about the application.
Japanese: 申請者である危篤の当主（判元）の生存を見届けるとともに、願書に不審な点が無いかを確認するために行われる。
English: It was also performed to prevent cases where the seal on the application for matsugo yoshi had been forged, since the family head who was supposed to affix his seal on the application had already deceased.
Japanese: 末期養子の届出に押判しなければならない当主が既に死亡していて、押印が偽造されている事態を防止するために行われるものである。
English: With the presence of the family head, relatives of the son who was to be adopted, and one who was able to function as the family head, Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Edo shogunate) made the confirmation for daimyo families, and for Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogun family) or Gokennin (also a direct retainer of the shogun family but ranked lower than Hatamoto), kashira (head) or shihai of the Hatamoto or Gokenin group (when no kashira or shihai was available, it was carried out by Metsuke [inspector of foot soldiers] officer) made the confirmation.
Japanese: 大名家の場合には大目付が、旗本・御家人の場合には所属する頭・支配（不在の場合には目付が代行）が、当主及び養子予定者の親族遠類及び当主の同役などが立ち会った上で確認が行われた。
English: Afterwards, in the case for a Hatamoto or Gokenin, another matsugo-yoshi application was generated anew by the kashira (head) or shihai of his Hatamoto or Gokenin group, and both applications were submitted to Roju (the second-highest governmental post in the Edo bakufu) and Wakadoshiyori (the managerial post just under Roju).
Japanese: それから、旗本・御家人の場合には所属する頭・支配（目付）によって改めて末期養子届が作成されて併せて老中・若年寄に提出された。
English: From old times, there existed Banyaku in charge of guarding institutions related to the Imperial Court such as Eji-joban (serving in Eji [guard] by coming up to Kyoto from a province) in the Ritsuryo system, Oban (guard for the imperial palace of the emperor and retired emperor, and residence of Sekkan-ke [the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor]) in and after the mid Heian period, and so on.
Japanese: 律令制における衛士上番や平安時代中期以後における大番（天皇・上皇の御所や摂関家の邸宅警備）などの朝廷関係機関を警備する番役が古くから存在していた。
English: The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) imposed various kinds of Banyaku on Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) across the country as part of military service called Gokeninyaku, and succeeded to part of load of Banyaku to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府は全国の御家人に御家人役と呼ばれる軍役の一環として各種の番役をかけるとともに、朝廷に対する番役負担の一部を継承した。
English: The biggest one was called Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), and as well as 'Kyoto Obanyaku' inheriting Oban in Kyoto, there existed 'Kamakura Obanyaku' which guarded a Shogun's palace and governmental institutions in Kamakura.
Japanese: 最大のものは大番役と呼ばれるもので、京都の大番を継承した「京都大番役」と同様に鎌倉にあった将軍御所や幕府機関を警備する「鎌倉大番役」が存在した。
English: Shugo (provincial constable) in ryoseikoku (province) was granted authority necessary to cause Gokenin in the province to engage in Obanyaku ('Oban-saisoku (Shugo's authority to command Gokenin, lower ranked vassals to guard Kyoto), and such authority was regarded as one of Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping).
Japanese: 令制国の守護は国内の御家人を大番役に従事させるために必要な権限が与えられており（「大番催促」）、大犯三箇条のうちの1つに数えられている。
English: It was subordinated to Chokunin (imperial appointment), Sonin (appointment by Dajokan [Grand Council of State] upon imperial approval) and Hannin (appointment by Shikibu-sho [the Ministry of Ceremonial] upon approval of Dajokan), and was mainly used when conducting Bunin for Zonin (lower-ranking government official).
Japanese: 勅任・奏任・判任の下位に置かれており、主に雑任を補任する際に用いられる。
English: The appointment was made by Dajokan upon selection by Shikibu-sho or Hyobu-sho (the Ministry of Military), but the ministry substantially held the appointing power, and furthermore, it is considered that the selection was conducted in consideration of an intention of government official who would supervise a government post to subject to Bunin.
Japanese: 式部省もしくは兵部省が選考して太政官が任命するが、実質的な任命権限は省にあり、更に選考には補任される官職が属する官司の意向も考慮されてと考えられている。
English: Targeted officers were Bunbankan (officers subject to shiftwork) whose rank was equivalent to Mui (no rank) or Shoi (Initial Rank) such as Toneri (palace servant), Shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties about documents), Shibu (low rank bureaucrats), Tomo no miyatsuko (servant of the court administering a group), Chonai (lower-rank officers provided to imperial princes or princesses in order to guard them and/or perform miscellaneous services), Shijin (lower-rank officers provided to vassals in order to guard them and/or perform miscellaneous services) and so on.
Japanese: 対象になるのは、舎人・史生・使部・伴部・帳内・資人など無位もしくは初位相当の分番官である。
English: Bansho is a facility in which guards were stationed for security and surveillance.
Japanese: 番所（ばんしょ）とは、警備や見張りのために設置された番人が詰めるために設けられた施設。
English: Bansho were installed in the key spots for transportation to inspect travelers, baggage, and vessels as well as to collect taxes.
Japanese: 交通の要所に番所が設置され、通行人や荷物、船舶などを検査・徴税を行った。
English: Uraga bansho and Shimoda bansho are well-known as the ones established by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and funaaratame bansho (vessel inspection bansho) were installed in major ports in various places as well as in large river basin like the Tone-gawa River and the Yodo-gawa River.
Japanese: 江戸幕府設置のものでは浦賀番所・下田番所などが知られ、各地の主要港や利根川・淀川などの大河川流域などに船改番所が設置されていた。
English: In addition, tomi-bansho (marine affair bansho), set up in major ports where foreign vessels were likely to arrive such as Nagasaki Port, watched for suspicious vessels and individuals from a high place in collaboration with funaaratame-bansho and sekisho.
Japanese: 更に長崎港のような外国船の来航が予想される主要港や箱根関所などの主要関所の近くには遠見番所が設置され、船改番所や関所と連携して不審船や不振な人を高所から監視する役目を担っていた。
English: In Edo, bansho meant machi-bugyo-sho (magistrate's office), but there were many types of bansho such as gomon-bansho installed at the castle gate of Edo Castle, tsuji-bansho installed in the streets of samurai residences, hashi-bansho installed at the foot of major bridges like Ryogoku-bashi Bridge, kido-banya (simple lodging house) installed by kido (town gate), and jishin-banya installed inside a town.
Japanese: 一方、江戸において「（御）番所」は町奉行所を指していたが、この他にも江戸城の城門に設置された御門番所、武家地の警備のために辻などに置いた辻番所、両国橋などの主要な橋のたもとに置かれた橋番所、町人地の木戸に設けられた木戸番屋、その他町内に配された自身番屋などがあった。
English: In addition to setting up bansho in important spots inside the territory such as shukuba-machi (post stations), some domains installed kuchidome-bansho and sakaime-bansho on the borders with other domains or tenryo (a shogunal demesne) to inspect travelers and baggage, to avoid the outflow of people of the domain and goods to other domains as well as to collect taxes.
Japanese: また、諸藩の中でも宿場町などの領内の重要地点や他領や天領との境界に番所（口留番所・境目番所）設置して通行人や荷物の取り締まりを行い、領民や物資の領外への流出を阻止したり徴税を行ったりした。
English: Because Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) prohibited daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) from installing sekisho privately, bansho served as sekisho, in practice.
Japanese: なお、武家諸法度には大名が私に関所を設置することを禁止する規定があり、実際には番所の設置が関所の代替の役目を果たしていた。
English: In the Ryukyu Kingdom, bansho served as a regional office ruling its magiri (province) in recent times.
Japanese: 琉球王国においては、近世期に地方機関である間切を統治する役所のことを指した。
English: Bansho in the kingdom, which was responsible for overall local administration including tax payment to the royal authorities and jito (manager and lord of manor), and labor service management, also functioned as a supply center of human resources and horses for reaching Shuri.
Japanese: 王府及び地頭への貢租上納や夫遣い、地方行政全般にわたって執り行い、首里との人馬網の拠点としても用いられた。
English: But there are many unclear points about bansho because a lot of magiri-related written materials were lost as a result of social disorder caused by the Ryukyu Annexation, the Battle of Okinawa, etc.
Japanese: ただし、琉球処分や沖縄戦などの混乱によって間切関連の文書の多くが失われたために不明な点が多い。
English: Banjo refers to a working pattern taken by lower-ranking government officials such as Zonin and so on in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 番上（ばんじょう）とは、日本の律令制において雑任などの下級官人が行っていた勤務形態。
English: As opposed to Chojo (full-time working pattern), a part-time and shift working pattern was called Banjo, and officials taking this working pattern were called Bunban (shiftwork).
Japanese: 常勤形態を取る長上に対して、非常勤の交替勤務の形態を番上と呼び、この形態で勤務していた官人を分番と呼んだ。
English: Instead of Bunban, such officials themselves came to be called Banjo or Banjokan later.
Japanese: 後に分番に代わって当該官人そのもののことも番上あるいは番上官と呼ぶようになった。
English: As compared with Chojo, treatments and ranking were low, and it was extremely difficult for them to be promoted to a rank equivalent to or higher than Goi (Fifth Rank).
Japanese: 長上と比較して待遇や昇進は低く、五位以上に昇ることは極めて困難であった。
English: Azuke means a way of detention pending trial or punishment in Bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government) in which a person is interned in some private citizen's place such as relatives.
Japanese: 預（あずけ）とは、武家法における未決拘留・刑罰の1つで親族などの私人の元で拘禁状態に置くこと。
English: For the reasons of insufficient detention facilities and inappropriateness of interning people of different social status in the same facilities, people of high social status (court noble, samurai family and Buddhist monks) were taken to major gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) during the time of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and so this became a custom under the Bukeho in the samurai society in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
Japanese: 中世・近世には拘禁施設が不十分であること、身分が異なる者を同一施設に拘禁することは身分制度の建前上不適切とされたことを理由として身分が高い者（公家・武家・僧侶）を有力な御家人のもとに預けることが鎌倉幕府において行われており武家法の慣例として武家社会で行われてきた。
English: In the Edo period, under the justice system of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), azuke came to be conducted for each rank of the society (however, mushuku [homeless and jobless persons] were basically detained in prison).
Japanese: それが江戸時代になると、江戸幕府の司法制度において社会各層に対して行われるようになった（ただし、無宿に関しては牢獄での拘禁が基本とされていた）。
English: Regarding samurai, those who had omemie ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.]) or above, or 500 koku or more, were taken to a Daimyo family (feudal lord family).
Japanese: 武士の場合、原則として御目見以上かつ500石以上は大名家に預けられた。
English: Also, when kokujihan (political prisoner) or daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) was punished, they were taken to a daimyo family, and there were systems of 'azuke' and 'nagaazuke,' in which there is no remission in lifetime.
Japanese: また、国事犯や大名が処罰される場合にも大名家への預が行われ、単なる預と終身赦免がないことを前提とした「永預（ながあずけ）」があった。
English: If common people committed a minor crime, they were interned according to azuke instead of being retained in prison.
Japanese: 庶民の場合においても軽微な罪の者に対してはなるべく拘禁はせず、預をもって代替させる方針を採っていた。
English: Such criminals were imposed tegusari penalty (confinement to one's residence and restraint in behavior with handcuffs on the wrists) and taken to yadoazuke (choazuke) (taken to an inn where people who are on a lawsuit-related business trip stayed) in the city or muraazuke (taken to a village officer's house) in the country.
Japanese: このような罪人は手鎖をかけられて都市では宿預（町預）、地方では村預に処せられた。
English: A person who was imposed on azuke had to be suspended for a certain period at home or at a specified facility (kujiyado, jishinbanya, etc.).
Japanese: 預となった者は自宅もしくは特定の施設（公事宿・自身番屋など）にて一定期間謹慎・蟄居した。
English: According to "Kujigata-osadamegaki" (the law of Edo bakufu), if a person imposed on azuke who was under detention pending trial ran away, such person was imposed a more severe penalty than the original penalty.
Japanese: 『公事方御定書』によればもし未決拘留中の預の者が逃亡すれば、本来課せられる刑罰より1段重い刑に処せられた。
English: Any person who was in charge of azuke or any organization in charge (such as gonin-gumi) was required to seek runaway criminal, and if not found, the person or organization in charge was imposed a fine.
Japanese: また、預かった人・団体（五人組など）は探索の義務を有し、これを見つけ出せなければ過料に処せられた。
English: In addition, if the person/organization in charge took off the handcuff of a criminal without permission, such person/organization was imposed tegusari penalty (confinement to one's residence and restraint in behavior with handcuffs on the wrists) for a hundred days (when the expected penalty was lighter than fine or 叱, the criminal was not handcuffed when taken to azuke).
Japanese: また、勝手に手鎖を外せば「手鎖100日」の刑罰が課された（もっとも、予想される刑罰が過料・叱などの手鎖よりも軽微に留まる場合には始めから手鎖を免除されたまま預けられた）。
English: Also, when a person under the age of 15 or a person with disabilities (except blind people who belonged to za [a trade association]) was expelled or ento (to be exiled to a remote island), such person was taken to his/her relatives.
Japanese: また、15歳未満の幼年者や障害者（座に属する盲人を除く）が追放・遠島に相当する場合には親族に預けられた。
English: A person of mushuku who became sick during detention pending trial or a person under the age of 15 who had no relatives was taken to tamari, which was managed by hiningashira (the head of people who belonged to none of the four "classes" of the Edo period and was therefore considered an outcast)..
Japanese: 未決中に重病になった無宿の拘留者や身寄りのない15歳未満の幼年者は、非人頭が管理する溜に預けられた。
English: "Azukarichi" (or "Azukechi") indicates the land a person has entrusted to another person to keep and manage.
Japanese: 預地（あずかりち/あずけち）とは、他者から預かって管理を委託された土地のこと。
English: Originally, "azukarichi" referred to shared land or land remaining after allocation had been made, to land that the land owner entrusted as a favor to its kosakunin (tenant farmers) free of charge (or for a small fee) or to forest area land owned by villages.
Japanese: 地割や惣作の際に生じた余剰地や地主が小作人に恩恵として無償もしくは軽負担で預けた土地、村が所有した林野（村持林野）などを預地と呼んだ。
English: However, it was more commonly used to refer to land that was in the direct territories of the Edo bafuku (called Tenryo) but whose control was actually entrusted to Daimyo (feudal lords), Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) or ongoku-bugyo (Edo bakufu government officers placed outside Edo), who were otherwise called Azukari-dokoro.
Japanese: しかしながら、もっとも知られているものは江戸幕府の直轄地（天領）を大名・旗本・幕府の遠国奉行らに預けて統治を代行させた土地を指す（「預所」とも）。
English: Then the bakufu entrusted as Azukarichi the bakufu territories gained after the Battle of Sekigahara to Daimyo who were made to govern instead, and the bakufu gained the land tax income.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い以後に獲得した幕府領を預地として大名らに預けて代わりに統治を行わせ、幕府はその年貢収入を獲得していた。
English: The operation to govern the land itself was entrusted to the clan, and nengu (land tax) rice crop from the land was placed in bakufu rice warehouses in key areas, after a portion of the yearly contribution was nominally given to clans such as Kuchimai or Kuchinaga.
Japanese: 統治自体は委託された藩の仕置に任されており、徴税した年貢の一部を口米・口永などの名目で手数料として藩に与えられた他は主要地にある幕府の米蔵に納められた。
English: However, in the areas where lots of bakufu territories were located, such as the Kanto region, the land was not entrusted to daimyo (feudal lords) but rather controlled by the bakufu daikan (bakufu government officers sent to those bakufu territories) for those areas.
Japanese: ただし、幕府領の多くを占めた関東地方などでは大名による預地は設定されず、幕府代官による支配が行われた。