nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For Takeda, the Kawanakajima area was a strategic place that was connected to Echizen Province via the northern Shinano area in the north of Zenko-ji Temple, and for Uesugi, it was also a strategic place that, when going to east from there would enable reaching Kozuke and Kai via Oagata and Saku, and when going to south from there, would enable reaching the middle-Shinano area (present Matsumotodaira).
Japanese: 武田にとっては善光寺平以北の北信濃から越後国へとつながる要地であり、上杉にとっては千曲川沿いに東に進めば小県・佐久を通って上野・甲斐に至り、そのまま南下すれば中信地方（現在の松本平）に至る要地であった。
English: The Kurita clan, the Ichikawa clan, samurai owning small-sized land, such as Yashiro, Odagiri and Shimazu, and local samurai existed independently in this area, but they became to be integrated gradually into the control of the Murakami clan.
Japanese: この地域には栗田氏や市川氏、屋代、小田切、島津などの小国人領主や地侍が分立していたが、徐々に村上氏の支配下に組み込まれていった。
English: These persons followed Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI when the Takeda clan started invading Shinano, but some of them started coming under the Takeda clan when the power of the Murakami clan declined.
Japanese: これらの者達は、武田氏が信濃に侵攻を始めた当初は村上義清に従っていたが、村上氏の勢力が衰退すると武田氏に応じる者が出始める。
English: The first battle of the Battle of Kawanakajima was fought in 1553, and is called Fuse-no-tatakai or Hachiman-no-tatakai.
Japanese: 川中島の戦いの第一次合戦は、天文22年（1553年）に行われ、布施の戦いあるいは八幡の戦いとも言う。
English: Sending his forces in April, 1553, Harunobu defeated the remaining forces of the Ogasawara clan and took the castles of the Murakami clan.
Japanese: 天文22年（1553年）4月、晴信は北信濃へ出兵して、小笠原氏の残党と村上氏の諸城を攻略。
English: Becoming unable to hold Katsurao-jo Castle, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI abandoned the castle and fled to Echigo Province, seeking Kagetora's support.
Japanese: 支えきれなくなった村上義清は、葛尾城を捨てて越後国へ逃れ、景虎に支援を願った。
English: In May, Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI fought back Takeda's forces, leading the samurai land owners in northern Shinano and a support troop of 5,000 soldiers from Kagetora, and won the Battle of Hachiman (around present Takemizuwake-jinja Shrine in the Yawata area of Chikuma City).
Japanese: 5月、村上義清は北信濃の国人衆と景虎からの支援の兵5000を率いて反攻し、八幡の戦い（現千曲市八幡地区、武水別神社付近）で勝利。
English: In July, Takeda forces invaded the northern Shinano area again, took castles on the Murakami side, and attacked Shioda-jo Castle where Yoshikiyo MURAKAMI entrenched himself.
Japanese: 7月、武田軍は再び北信濃に侵攻し、村上方の諸城を落として村上義清の立て籠もる塩田城を攻めた。
English: His forces defeated the spearhead of Takeda's forces in the Battle of Fuse (present Shinonoi, Nagano City), took Arato-jo Castle (in present Kamiyamada area in Chikuma City), and attacked Aoyagi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 布施の戦い（現長野市篠ノ井）で武田軍の先鋒を破り、軍を進めて荒砥城（現千曲市上山田地区）を落とし、青柳城を攻めた。
English: Takeda's forces attempted a night attack to Arato-jo Castle to cut off the retreat path of Nagao's forces, and therefore, Kagetora made his forces retreat to Hachiman.
Japanese: 武田軍は、荒砥城に夜襲をしかけ、長尾軍の退路を断とうとしたため、景虎は八幡まで兵を退く。
English: However, because Harunobu who had entrenched himself in Shioda-jo Castle, avoided a decisive fighting, Kagetora went back to Echigo Province on September 20, saying that he achieved certain results in the battle.
Japanese: しかしながら、塩田城に籠もった晴信が決戦を避けたため、景虎は一定の戦果を挙げたとして9月20日に越後国へ引き揚げた。
English: This battle was fought in the area along the Chikuma-gawa River in the south of Zenkoji-daira, including Kawanakajima, and therefore, it is known that powerful local clans against the Takeda clan controlled most of Zenkoji-daira until that time.
Japanese: この戦いは川中島を含む善光寺平より南の千曲川沿いで行われており、善光寺平の大半をこの時期まで反武田方の諸豪族が掌握していたことが判る。
English: However, although the protective wall called the Murakami clan collapsed, he succeeded in preventing the following situation from occurring: Local samurai landowners went to the Takeda side en masse.
Japanese: しかしながら、村上氏という防壁が崩れた事により北信濃の国人衆が一斉に武田氏に靡く事態を防ぐ事には成功した。
English: Although having been prevented from expanding its territory into Zenkoji-daira, the Takeda clan became enabled to completely control Hanishina County, which had been the main base of the Murakami clan, in addition to Oagata.
Japanese: 武田氏にとっても、善光寺平進出は阻まれたものの、小県はもちろん村上氏の本領埴科郡を完全に掌握できることになった。
English: After the first battle, Kagetora went to Kyoto to have an audience with Emperor Gonara to express his gratitude for having been awarded an Imperial court rank and for having been appointed to an Imperial court post, and gained an Imperial order to punish his private enemies.
Japanese: 景虎は、第一次合戦の後に、叙位任官の御礼言上のため上洛して後奈良天皇に拝謁し、「私敵治罰の綸旨（りんじ）」を得た。
English: Based on this order, people who took against Kagetora were made rebels, and he gained a legitimate reason to fight the Takeda clan.
Japanese: これにより、景虎と敵対する者は賊軍とされ、武田氏との戦いの大義名分を得た。
English: However, Shunroku SHIBATSUJI, a researcher of the Takeda clan, raised questions about the theory on the ground that there is no reliable historical materials to support Kagetora's participation in the battle of Fuse.
Japanese: 反面、武田氏研究者の柴辻俊六は、布施の戦いに関しても景虎が自ら出陣したとする確実な史料での確認が取れないとして、疑問を呈している。
English: The second battle of the Battle of Kawanakajima was fought in 1555, and is also called the Battle of the Sai-gawa River.
Japanese: 川中島の戦いの第二次合戦は、天文24年（1555年）に行われ、犀川の戦いとも言う。
English: In 1554, Harunobu formed an alliance with the Gohojo clan and with the Imagawa clan, to make the rear side of his territory safer (an alliance among three provinces of Kai, Sagami and Suruga).
Japanese: 天文23年（1554年）、晴信は後北条氏、今川氏とそれぞれ同盟を結んで背後を固めた（甲相駿三国同盟）。
English: In 1555, Kakuju KURITA at Zenko-ji Temple in Shinano Province changed his position to the Takeda side.
Japanese: 天文24年・弘治元年（1555年）、信濃国善光寺の栗田鶴寿が武田方に寝返った。
English: Therefore, the southern half of Zenkoji-daira became under the control of the Takeda side and pressure against powerful local clans on the Nagao side in the north of Zenko-ji Temple increased.
Japanese: そのため、善光寺平の南半分が武田氏の勢力下の置かれ、善光寺以北の長尾方諸豪族への圧力が高まった。
English: Kakuju KURITA and Takeda's troops of 3,000 soldiers to support Kurita entrenched themselves in Asahiyama-jo Castle (located in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), and Kagetora built Katsurayama-jo Castle (located in Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture) to contain the forces in Asahiyama-jo Castle and as an advance base site of his troops.
Japanese: 栗田鶴寿と武田氏の援軍兵3000は、栗田氏の旭山城（長野県長野市）に篭城、景虎は旭山城を封じ込めるため、そして前進拠点として葛山城（長野県長野市）を築いた。
English: Harunobu as well led his troops to Kawanakajima to support the forces in Asahiyama-jo Castle, and both forces became to confront across the Sai-gawa River (in Nagano Prefecture).
Japanese: 晴信も旭山城の後詰として川中島へ出陣し、犀川(長野県)を挟んで両軍は対峙した。
English: On August 5, Nagao's forces crossed the Sai-gawa River to start fighting, but neither side won the battle decisively, making the confrontation state continued for slightly more than 200 days.
Japanese: 7月19日、長尾軍が犀川を渡って戦いをしかけるが決着はつかず、両軍は200日余に渡り対陣することになる。
English: It is said that Takeda's forces with a longer logistic routes (the road between the battle line and the military base site) were excruciated for procuring food.
Japanese: 兵站線（前線と根拠地の間の道）の長い武田軍は、兵糧の調達に苦しんだとされる。
English: It can be assumed that unrest took place among Nagao's forces as well, and Kagetora requested his military commanders to submit a written oath showing loyalty to him.
Japanese: 長尾軍の中でも動揺が起こっていたらしく、景虎は諸将に忠誠を確認する誓紙を求めている。
English: On the 29th of the second October (in the old calendar), Yoshimoto IMAGAWA mediated between two parties to establish peace between them, and then both sides withdrew their forces.
Japanese: 閏10月15日、駿河国の今川義元の仲介で和睦が成立し、両軍は撤兵した。
English: As conditions to make the peace, Harunobu admitted that local samurai land owners, such as the Suda clan, the Inoue clan and the Shimazu clan, should be allowed to restore their former territories, and it was also decided that Asahiyama-jo Castle should be destroyed completely.
Japanese: 和睦の条件として、晴信は須田氏、井上氏、島津氏など北信濃国人衆の旧領復帰を認め、旭山城を破却することになった。
English: Then the Nagao side became to secure the northern half of Zenkoji-daira (the area in the north of the Sai-gawa River).
Japanese: これにより長尾氏の勢力は、善光寺平の北半分（犀川以北）を確保したことになる。
English: After this, Harunobu made Yoshiyasu KISO and Yoshimasa KISO, a father and his son, in Kiso County surrendered, and completed the conquer of the southern Shinano area.
Japanese: その後、晴信は木曽郡の木曾義康・木曾義昌父子を降伏させ、南信濃平定を完成させた。
English: The third battle of the Battle of Kawanakajima was fought in 1557, and is also called the Battle of Uenohara.
Japanese: 川中島の戦いの第三次合戦は、弘治(日本)3年（1557年）に行われ、上野原の戦いとも言う。
English: To counterattack Takeda's forces whose power became increasingly more dominant in the northern Shinano area, Kagetora NAGAO led his forces to the area.
Japanese: 武田晴信の北信濃への著しい勢力伸張に反撃すべく、長尾景虎は出陣した。
English: In Echigo Province in 1556, Kagetora attempted to become a priest and to live a retired life
Japanese: 弘治2年（1556年）、越後国では景虎が出家隠遁を図る事件が起きている。
English: For this, his retainers deterred the attempt by making their pledge of allegiance to Kagetora, and he refrained from becoming a priest.
Japanese: 家臣団が景虎への忠誠を誓ってこれを引き止め、出家は取りやめになっている。
English: While the Nagao clan was involved in the internal problem, Harunobu continued maneuvering local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area.
Japanese: 長尾氏が内輪もめを起こしている間に、晴信は北信濃国人衆への調略を進めた。
English: At the same time, he made Yukitaka SANADA attack Amakazari-jo Castle in the eastern part of Zenkoji-daira (located in Matsushiro, Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), taking the castle in August.
Japanese: 同時に真田幸隆に善光寺平東部の尼巌城（長野県長野市松代）を攻めさせ、8月にこれを陥れた。
English: Furthermore, maneuvering Tomohide OKUMA who had caused friction with Kagetora, he made Okuma rebel Kagetora, to invade Echigo.
Japanese: 更に景虎と不和になった大熊朝秀を調略し、反乱を起こさせて越後侵攻を図った。
English: In January of 1557, Kagetora dedicated a prayer to Takemizuwake-jinja Shrine to pray for defeating the Takeda clan.
Japanese: 弘治3年（1557年）正月、景虎は武水別神社に願文を捧げて、武田氏討滅を祈願している。
English: In February, Harunobu took Katsurayama-jo Castle (located in Shinano Province), which had been a front-line base of the Nagao force, and then approached Iiyama-jo Castle, where Masayori TAKANASHI resided.
Japanese: 2月、晴信は長尾方の前進拠点であった葛山城(信濃国)を落とし、高梨政頼の居城飯山城に迫った。
English: The borders between Shinano Province and Echigo Province were closed due to accumulated snow in this season, and this situation made military commanders on the Nagao side unrest.
Japanese: 積雪のため信越国境が封鎖されている時期であり、長尾方諸将の動揺を誘った。
English: In the period from April to June, he took castles on the Takeda side in the northern Shinano area, and invaded deeply into Takeda's territory to take back the control of Zenkoji-daira.
Japanese: 4月から6月にかけて北信濃の武田方の諸城を落とし、武田領深く侵攻し善光寺平奪回を図った。
English: However, Takeda's forces avoided fighting a decisive battle, and Kagetora made his forces retreat to Iiyama-jo Castle (located in Iiyama City, Nagano Prefecture).
Japanese: しかしながら、武田軍は決戦を避け、景虎は飯山城（長野県飯山市）に引き揚げた。
English: On the other hand, a branch troop of Takeda's forces took Otari-jo Castle (located in Otari Village, Kita-Azumi County, Nagano Prefecture) in Azumi County, located near to the border between Shinano Province and Echigo Province, indirectly holding the movements of Nagao's forces in check from another direction.
Japanese: 一方、武田軍の支隊が安曇郡の信越国境近くの小谷城（おたりじょう、長野県北安曇郡小谷村）を落とし、別方面から長尾軍を牽制する。
English: On September 21, both forces fought in Uenohara (in Ueno, Nagano City, Nagano Prefecture), but with neither side being able to win decisively, the combat lines became deadlocked.
Japanese: 8月29日、両軍は上野原（長野県長野市上野）で交戦するが決定的な戦いではなく、戦線は膠着した。
English: Except for restoring Asahiyama-jo Castle, Kagetora could not produce any significant results, he made his forces retreat to Echigo Province in September.
Japanese: 景虎は旭山城を再興したのみで大きな戦果もなく、9月に越後国へ引き揚げた。
English: In Kyoto, Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who was to subdue the barbarians") confronted Nagayoshi MIYOSHI and Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and fled to Kutsuki-dani, Omi Province.
Japanese: 京都では、征夷大将軍・足利義輝が三好長慶、松永久秀と対立し近江国朽木谷へ逃れる事件が起きた。
English: Yoshiteru eagerly desired Kagetora to come to Kyoto to recover his power, and sent gonaisho (a letter issued with the signature of the shogun) urging the Nagao clan and the Takeda clan to make peace.
Japanese: 義輝は勢力回復のため景虎の上洛を熱望しており、長尾氏と武田氏の和睦を勧告する御内書を送った。
English: In this way, the control of Shinano Province by the Takeda clan became authorized by the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: これにより、武田氏の信濃国支配が室町幕府により正当化されることになった。
English: However, Harunobu insisted his legitimacy saying that 'we are fighting invasion from other provinces to fulfill the responsibility of the shugo post of Shinano province,' and accused Kagetora instead.
Japanese: しかしながら、晴信は「信濃守護の職責を果たすため他国の侵略と戦っている」と自らの正当性を主張して、逆に景虎を責めた。
English: Through the series of the fights, the territory of the Takeda clan in the northern Shinano area expanded, and the Takanashi clan, which was a powerful sworn ally of the Nagao clan, declined, losing Nakano (in the northern part of Zenkoji-daira) that was its main area.
Japanese: 一連の戦闘によって北信濃の武田氏勢力は拡大し、長尾氏の有力な盟友であった高梨氏は本拠地中野（善光寺平北部）を失って弱体化する。
English: Therefore, Kagetora strengthened the control of the remaining local samurai landowners in the northern Shinano area, and became to make efforts to make them retainers of the Nagao family.
Japanese: このため、景虎は残る長尾方の北信濃国人衆への支配を強化して、実質的な家臣化を進めることになる。
English: The fourth battle of Kawanakajima was fought in 1561, and is also called the Battle of Hachimanbara..
Japanese: 川中島の戦いの第四次合戦は、永禄4年（1561年）に行われ、八幡原の戦いとも言う。
English: Of the five battles of the Battle of Kawanakajima, only this one escalated into a large-scale battle, producing many casualties.
Japanese: 第一次から第五次にわたる川中島の戦いの中で唯一大規模な戦いとなり、多くの死傷者を出した。
English: This battle is so famous that the term of 'the Battle of Kawanakajima' indicates this one when used generally.
Japanese: 一般に「川中島の戦い」と言った場合にこの戦いを指すほど有名な戦いである。
English: However, only the historical documents describing the details of the battle are war tales, such as "Koyo Gunkan" (record of the military exploits of the Takeda family).
Japanese: しかしながら、合戦の具体的経過を述べる史料は『甲陽軍鑑』などの軍記物語しかない。
English: Therefore, popularly known details of the battle are described in this section based on war tales written in the Edo period, such as "Koyo Gunkan," although they lack credibility as historical documents.
Japanese: そのため、本節では史料的な信頼性には欠けるが『甲陽軍鑑』など江戸時代の軍記物語を元に巷間知られる合戦の経過を述べることになる。
English: Because no reliable historical document is available, the detailed aspects of this battle are still a riddle even now.
Japanese: 確実な史料が存在しないため、この合戦の具体的な様相は現在のところ謎である。
English: However, highly reliable historical documents indicating that the battle was fought actually, for example, "Myohoji-ki" (literally, records in Myoho-ji Temple), and kanjo letters (letters commending distinguished achievements in a battle) in the Takeda clan and those in the Uesugi clan, remain, and therefore, it is certain that fierce battles were fought in this area in this year.
Japanese: しかしながら、『妙法寺記』や武田氏、上杉氏の感状など、この合戦があったことを伝える信頼性の高い史料は残っており、この年にこの地で激戦があったことは確かである。
English: Writers today sometimes describe their opinions about this battle, but many of them are conjectures based on no historical document.
Japanese: 現代の作家などがこの合戦についての新説を述べることがあるが、いずれも史料に基づかない想像が多い。
English: In 1552, defeated by Ujiyasu HOJO, Norimasa UESUGI, Kanto Kanrei, fled to Echigo Province, and proposed that he would hand over the head post of the Uesugi family and the Kanto Kanrei post to Kagetora.
Japanese: 天文21年（1552年）、北条氏康に敗れた関東管領・上杉憲政は越後国へ逃れ、景虎に上杉氏の家督と関東管領職の譲渡を申し入れていた。
English: In 1559, Kagetora made the second visit to Kyoto to get approval of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post.
Japanese: 永禄2年（1559年）、景虎は関東管領職就任の許しを得るため、二度目の上洛を果たした。
English: In March of 1561, Kagetora sieged Odawara-jo Castle, but was unable to mount a successful offensive, because the defense was tight.
Japanese: 永禄4年（1561年）3月、景虎は小田原城を包囲するが、守りが堅く攻めあぐねた。
English: Ujiyasu HOJO requested help of Shingen TAKEDA (Harunobu TAKEDA entered into priesthood in 1559 and changed his name to Shingen TAKEDA), and responding to this request, Shingen invaded the northern Shinano area.
Japanese: 北条氏康は、同盟者の武田信玄（武田晴信が永禄2年に出家して改名）に援助を要請し、信玄はこれに応えて北信濃に侵攻。
English: Meanwhile, some of military commanders in Kanto became to make their soldiers retreat at their discretion, and consequently, Kagetora released the siege of Odawara-jo Castile.
Japanese: やがて関東諸将の一部が勝手に撤兵するに及んで、景虎は小田原城の包囲を解いた。
English: Kagetora held the ceremony of inheriting the head post of the Uesugi family and that of assuming the Kanto Kanrei post at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine in Kamakura City, Sagami Province, and changing his name to Masatora UESUGI, returned to Echigo province.
Japanese: 景虎は、相模国・鎌倉市の鶴岡八幡宮で、上杉家家督相続と関東管領職就任の儀式を行い、名を上杉政虎と改めて越後国へ引き揚げた。
English: For Masatora who was aiming to conquer Kanto, it was urgent to secure the border of Shinano and Echigo Provinces behind them.
Japanese: 関東制圧を目指す政虎にとって、背後の信越国境を固めることは急務であった。
English: Therefore, to defeat the Takeda, it was necessary to conquer Kaizu-jo Castle, which was the front military base site of the Takeda forces.
Japanese: そのため、武田氏の前進拠点である海津城を攻略して、武田軍を叩く必要があった。
English: Masatora UESUGI and his forces arrived at Zenko-ji Temple on September 23, and made transportation corps and 5,000 soldiers stay at Zenko-ji Temple.
Japanese: 上杉政虎は、8月15日に善光寺に着陣し、荷駄隊と兵5000を善光寺に残した。
English: Leading 13,000 soldiers, he continued going further southward, crossed the Sai-gawa River and the Chikuma-gawa River, and set his front military base on Saijo-san Mountain in the southern part of Zenkoji-daira.
Japanese: 自らは兵13000を率いて更に南下を続け、犀川・千曲川を渡り善光寺平南部の妻女山に陣取った。
English: Located in the south of Kawanakajima, Saijo-san Mountain was positioned face to face with Kaizu-jo Castle located in the east of Kawanakajima.
Japanese: 妻女山は川中島より更に南に位置し、川中島の東にある海津城と相対する。
English: Hearing from Masanobu KOSAKA, a retainer of the Takeda clan at Kaizu-jo Castle, that Masatora left the base with his forces, Shingen TAKEDA made his forces depart from Kofu on September 24.
Japanese: 武田信玄は、海津城の武田氏家臣・高坂昌信から政虎が出陣したという知らせを受け、16日に甲府を進発した。
English: Leading 20,000 soldiers, Shingen set up his military base on Chausu-yama Mountain in the west of Zenkoji-daira on the October 2, confronting UESUGI's forces.
Japanese: 信玄は、24日に兵2万を率いて善光寺平西方の茶臼山に陣取って上杉軍と対峙した。
English: By the way, no description exists in "Koyo Gunkan" that Shingen set up his military base on Chausu-yama Mountain, and therefore, the setting-up of his military base on Chausu-yama Mountain is based on war tales written after "Koyo Gunkan."
Japanese: なお、『甲陽軍鑑』には信玄が茶臼山に陣取ったという記述はなく、茶臼山布陣はそれ以後の軍記物語によるものである。
English: It is said that Shingen actually entered Shiozaki-jo Castle at the southern end of Zenkoji-daira, which was located confronting Saijo-san Mountain across the Chikuma-gawa River.
Japanese: 実際には善光寺平南端の、妻女山とは千曲川を挟んで対峙する位置にある塩崎城に入ったといわれている。
English: The confrontation state continued as it was, and since Takeda forces didn't like the deadlock situation, they moved across Hachimanbara in Kawanakajima to enter Kaizu-jo Castle on October 7.
Japanese: そのまま睨み合いが続き、武田軍は戦線硬直を避けるため、29日に川中島の八幡原を横断して海津城に入城した。
English: On this occasion, Kenshin could have set up his military base before Shingen and could have attacked Kaizu-jo Castle, but he did not do it.
Japanese: 謙信はこの時、信玄よりも先に陣を敷き海津城を攻める事も出来たが攻める事は無かった。
English: However, anyway, the Kaizu-jo Castle gave Uesugi's forces an opportunity of making the war state advantageous to them.
Japanese: しかし、どちらしろ、この海津城は戦局を上杉軍優勢に進めるきっかけとなっている。
English: As the confrontation state extended further, senior vassals of the Takeda clan, fearing demoralization of its forces, insisted that they should start a decisive battle with Uesugi's forces.
Japanese: 更に睨み合いが続き、士気の低下を恐れた武田氏の重臣たちは、上杉軍との決戦を主張する。
English: Shingen, who knew the strength of Uesugi's forces, was still cautious, and ordered Kansuke YAMAMOTO and Nobuharu BABA to work out a plan to destroy Uesugi's forces completely..
Japanese: 政虎の強さを知る信玄はなおも慎重であり、山本勘助と馬場信春に上杉軍撃滅の作戦立案を命じた。
English: Kansuke YAMAMOTO and Nobuharu BABA proposed the plan to divide their forces into two troops, organizing a separate large-scaled troop..
Japanese: 山本勘助と馬場信春は、兵を二手に分ける、大規模な別働隊の編成を献策した。
English: This military strategy was as follows: This separate troop attacks Uesugi's forces on Saijo-san Mountain; regardless of the result, Uesugi's forces will come down the mountain; and then the body of Takeda's forces is awaiting in the plain field, and eventually the two troops take the pincer attack movement to destroy Uesugi's forces completely.
Japanese: この別働隊に妻女山の上杉軍を攻撃させ、上杉軍が勝っても負けても山を下るから、これを平野部に布陣した本隊が待ち伏せし、別働隊と挟撃して殲滅する作戦である。
English: This strategy was named 'woodpecker strategy,' because it resembled the woodpecker's behavior in which the bird knocks a tree where insects live within; and insects jump out from the trunk in surprise; then the bird eats them with its bill.
Japanese: これは啄木鳥（きつつき）が嘴（くちばし）で虫の潜む木を叩き、驚いて飛び出した虫を喰らうことに似ていることから、「啄木鳥戦法」と名づけられた。
English: (Kansuke YAMAMOTO is famous as a military strategist for Shingen, but his general images were created in the Edo period and later.
Japanese: （信玄の軍師として知名度の高い山本勘助だが、一般的なイメージは江戸期以降の創作物によるものである。
English: Even in "Koyo Gunkan" read widely in the Edo period, no description of a military strategist is made about Kansuke.
Japanese: 江戸期に広く読まれていた『甲陽軍鑑』でも、勘助について軍師という表現は用いていない。
English: In "Ichikawa Monjo" (Ichikawa's documents) found after the war, there is a description that he may have been an orderly officer..
Japanese: 戦後に発見された『市河文書』では伝令将校的な武士とも取れる記述がある。
English: However, at that time, it was ordinary to have a powerful retainer play the role of the 'messenger,' in negotiations with powerful local clans under control or with lords of other provinces, and therefore, it is pointed out as well that it would not be correct to consider him simply as an orderly officer.
Japanese: しかしながら、有力な支配下豪族や他国の領主との外交においては、有力家臣を「取り次ぎ役」することは当時としては一般的であり、単なる伝令とするのは事実誤認との指摘もある。
English: Although his evaluation has not been established yet, it seems certain that he occupied a certain position in the Takeda family.
Japanese: 評価はいまだ定まっていないが、武田家内においてしかるべき地位にあったことは、確かなようである。）
English: In the midnight on October 17, the separate 12,000-soldier troops led by Masanobu KOSAKA and Nobuharu BABA went toward Saijo-san Mountain, and Shingen brought his main 8,000-soldier troops to Hachimanbara and gave an order to take the crane-wings-shaped battle formation.
Japanese: 9月9日深夜、高坂昌信・馬場信春らが率いる別働隊1万2千が妻女山に向い、信玄率いる本隊8000は八幡原に鶴翼の陣で布陣した。
English: However, Masatora detected the movement, based on the fact that an unusually large amount of smoke came from the cooking.
Japanese: しかし、政虎は海津城からの炊煙がいつになく多いことから、この動きを察知する。
English: Prohibiting generating any sound, Masatora descended Saijo-san Mountain stealthily under the cloak of night, and crossed the Chikuma-gawa River at Amenomiya-no-watashi.
Japanese: 政虎は一切の物音を立てることを禁じて、夜陰に乗じて密かに妻女山を下り、雨宮の渡しから千曲川を対岸に渡った。
English: This is the scene corresponding to the phrase of 'Bensei-shukushuku yoru kawawo wataru' (crossing a river in the night, making even horse-whipping sound smaller) in "Kawanakajima," a Chinese poem composed by Sanyo RAI.
Japanese: これが、頼山陽の漢詩『川中島』の一節、「鞭声粛々夜河を渡る」（べんせいしゅくしゅく、よるかわをわたる）の場面である。
English: Masatora gave Kagemochi AMAKASU 1,000 soldiers, and deployed them at the river crossing area to prepare for the possible attack by the separate troops of Takeda's forces.
Japanese: 政虎は、甘粕景持に兵1000を与えて渡河地点に配置し、武田軍の別働隊に備えた。
English: Around 8 AM on October 17, when dense fog in and around Kawanakajima cleared, the main troops of Takeda's forces was astonished seeing Uesugi's forces that should not have been there were in battle formation just in front of them
Japanese: 10日午前8時頃、川中島を包む深い霧が晴れた時、いるはずのない上杉軍が眼前に布陣しているのを見て、信玄率いる武田軍本隊は愕然とした。
English: With Kageie KAKIZAKI, a bold military commander, as the spearhead, Masatora's forces attacked Takeda's forces in the battle formation of "Kuruma-gakarino-jin" (in which soldiers were placed in the formation like spokes of a wheel, and made attacks successively).
Japanese: 政虎は、猛将・柿崎景家を先鋒に、車懸りの陣（車輪のスポークのように部隊を配置し、次々攻撃する陣形）で武田軍に襲いかかった。
English: Completely outwitted Takeda's forces fought back using a crane-wings-shaped battle formation (soldiers were placed in the formation of the wings-spread shape of a crane, to enclose the enemy forces entirely), however they were in bad shape, with Nobushige TAKEDA, Shingen's younger brother, Kansuke YAMAMOTO, Torasada MOROZUMI, and Gengoro HAJIKANO killed in action.
Japanese: 武田軍は完全に裏をかかれた形になり、鶴翼の陣（鶴が翼を広げたように部隊を配置し、敵全体を包み込む陣形）を敷いて応戦したものの、信玄の弟の武田信繁や山本勘助、諸角虎定、初鹿野源五郎らが討死するなど、劣勢であった。