nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The cabinet positions of High Chancellor, the Ministers of the Left and Right, the Councillors and the Lords of each Ministry were abolished, while the post of Prime Minister and that of the various government Ministers, namely of the Imperial Household, Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Finance, the Army, the Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communications and Transportation, were established.
Japanese: 太政大臣、左右大臣、参議及び各省卿の職制を廃し、新たに内閣総理大臣並びに宮内省、外務省、内務省(日本)、大蔵省、陸軍省、海軍省、司法省、文部省、農商務省(日本)及び逓信省の各大臣を置くこと。
English: A Cabinet consisting of the Prime Minister and the various Ministers (excluding the Imperial Household Minister) was formed.
Japanese: 内閣総理大臣及び各大臣（宮内大臣を除く。）をもって、内閣(日本)を組織すること。
English: These steps clarified the separation between the Imperial court and the government, and created the foundation of a governmental system in which each minister took a share of administrative responsibility.
Japanese: これにより、宮中（宮廷）と府中（政府）の別が明定され、行政責任を各省大臣が個別に負う体制の基礎が生まれた。
English: In addition, with passage of the Naikaku-shokken ("the powers of each Cabinet position," which had seven articles in all), put in place at the same time as the Daijokan tasshi no. 69, guidelines--mainly concerned with defining the limits of the Prime Minister's power--for the management of the Cabinet system were established.
Japanese: また、同時に定められた内閣職権（全7条）によって、内閣機構の運営基準、主として内閣総理大臣の職務権限が定められた。
English: The Naikaku-shokken stipulated that the Prime Minister "shall report state affairs to the Emperor, receive the Emperor's instructions, and direct the course of policies as the first among ministers" (Article 2) and "maintain unity among the different branches of the administration" (Article 4); the Prime Minister, therefore, possessed extensive authority, at least formally.
Japanese: 内閣総理大臣は「内閣ノ首班トシ機務ヲ奏宣シ旨ヲ承テ大政ノ方向ヲ指示」（2条）し、また「行政全部ヲ統督」（4条）すると定められ、少なくとも形式上は強力な権限を与えられていた。
English: Yet in reality, given the context of feuding among the domainal cliques, it was quite difficult for the Cabinet to function effectively.
Japanese: しかし実際には、藩閥が対立均衡している下で、内閣が十分に力を発揮することは難しかった。
English: The government posts of High Chancellor, the Ministers of the Left and Right, the Councillors and the Lords of each Ministry shall be abolished, and the posts of Prime Minister and the Ministers of each ministry, whom together shall form the Cabinet, shall be established (the 1885 Daijokan tasshi no. 69).
Japanese: 太政大臣左右大臣参議各省卿ノ職制ヲ廃シ内閣総理大臣及各省諸大臣ヲ置キ内閣ヲ組織ス（明治18年太政官達第69号）
English: The government posts of High Chancellor, the Ministers of the Left and Right, the Councillors and the Lords of each Ministry shall be abolished, and the posts of Prime Minister and the Ministers of Imperial Household, Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Finance, the Army, the Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communications and Transportation shall be established.
Japanese: 今般太政大臣左右大臣参議各省卿ノ職制ヲ廃シ更ニ内閣総理大臣及宮内外務内務大蔵陸軍海軍司法文部農商務逓信ノ諸大臣ヲ置ク
English: The Cabinet shall be formed, and shall consist of the Prime Minister and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Finance, the Army, the Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communication and Transportation.
Japanese: 内閣総理大臣及外務内務大蔵陸軍海軍司法文部農商務逓信ノ諸大臣ヲ以テ内閣ヲ組織ス
English: Article 1: The Cabinet shall be under the direct control of the Emperor, and when appropriate, the State Ministers shall advise the Emperor and shall have full responsibility for the outcome.
Japanese: 第一條　内閣天皇ノ直轄ニ屬シ大權ノ施行ニ關シ國務大臣輔弼ノ任ヲ致ス所トス
English: Article 2: The Prime Minister shall report on the affairs of state to the Emperor, receive the Emperor's instructions and direct the course of policies as the first among ministers.
Japanese: 第二條　内閣總理大臣ハ内閣ノ首班トシ機務ヲ奏宣シ旨ヲ承テ大政ノ方向ヲ指示スヘシ
English: Article 4: The Prime Minister shall oversee the entire administration and shall possess the right to demand an explanation of and investigate into each minister's performance.
Japanese: 第四條　内閣總理大臣ハ行政全部ヲ統督シ各部ノ成績ニ付説明ヲ求メ及ヒ之ヲ檢明スルコトヲ得
English: Article 5: Laws and ordinances shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister, and the work of each ministry shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Minister of the ministry in question.
Japanese: 第五條　凢ソ法律勅令ニハ内閣總理大臣之ニ副署シ、其各省主任ノ事務ニ屬スルモノハ内閣總理大臣及主任大臣之ニ副署スヘシ
English: Article 6: Any appointments or dismissals of Cabinet Ministers shall be reported to the Emperor by the Prime Minister, and the appointment or dismissal of the Prime Minister shall be reported to the Emperor by the ranking Minister of State.
Japanese: 第六條　各國務大臣ノ任免ハ内閣總理大臣之ヲ奏宣シ、内閣總理大臣ノ任免ハ首席國務大臣之ヲ奏宣ス
English: Article 7: In the event a Minister of State is incapacitated, a temporary order shall be issued assigning his or her duties to another Minister of State.
Japanese: 第七條　各大臣事故アルトキハ臨時命ヲ承ケテ他ノ大臣其事務ヲ管理スルコトアルヘシ
English: Under this constitution, the Emperor had the right of absolute sovereignty, and it was stated that "the respective State Ministers shall advise the Emperor, and shall be held responsible for the outcome of their advice" (first paragraph of Article no. 55).
Japanese: この憲法では、天皇が統治権を総攬するものとし、「国務各大臣ハ天皇ヲ輔弼シ其ノ責ニ任ス」（55条1項）と定められた。
English: The executive power of the government was under the personal control of the Emperor, who was assisted by the Ministers of State, and so the Cabinet was originally established merely as a consultative body, within which Ministers of State engaged in discussion to ensure that their opinions were consistent with each other.
Japanese: 行政権は国務各大臣の輔弼により天皇が自ら行うものとされ、内閣は国務各大臣の協議と意思統一のための組織体にすぎないものとされた。
English: On December 24 of the same year (1889), the government promulgated the Naikaku-kansei (Imperial edict no. 135, of 1889), a set of guidelines for managing the Cabinet system.
Japanese: 同年12月24日、内閣制度運営の基準として、内閣官制（明治22年勅令第135号）が公布される。
English: Although in terms of content the Naikaku-kansei largely continued along the same lines as those of its predecessor, the Naikaku-shokken, it did weaken the power and authority of the Prime Minister.
Japanese: その内容はほぼ内閣職権を引き継いだが、内閣総理大臣の権限は弱められた。
English: The Naikaku-kansei stipulated that "as the head among the ministers, the Prime Minister shall report affairs of state to the Emperor, receive the Emperor's instructions, and maintain unity among the different branches of the administration" (Article no. 2), but the abovementioned "head" meant simply "prima inter pares" (first among equals).
Japanese: 「内閣総理大臣ハ各大臣ノ首班トシテ機務ヲ奏宣シ旨ヲ承ケテ行政各部ノ統一ヲ保持ス」（2条）と定めていたが、この「首班」とは「同輩中の首席」を意味すると解された。
English: Article 2: The Prime Minister, as the head among the ministers, shall report affairs of state to the Emperor, receive his instructions, direct the course of policies, and supervise each organ of the administration.
Japanese: 第二条　内閣総理大臣ハ各大臣ノ首班トシテ機務ヲ奏宣シ旨ヲ承ケテ行政各部ノ統一ヲ保持ス
English: Article 3: The Prime Minister has the right to cancel proceedings or orders of any organ of the administration and when necessary to request the Emperor make a decision.
Japanese: 第三条　内閣総理大臣ハ須要ト認ムルトキハ行政各部ノ処分又ハ命令ヲ中止セシメ勅裁ヲ待ツコトヲ得
English: Article 4: Imperial edicts concerning laws and general administration shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister and the State Minister, and imperial edicts concerning each ministry's duties shall be countersigned by the Minister of State of the ministry in question.
Japanese: 第四条　凡ソ法律及一般ノ行政ニ係ル勅令ハ内閣総理大臣及主任大臣之ニ副署スヘシ　勅令ノ各省專任ノ行政事務ニ屬スル者ハ主任ノ各省大臣之ニ副署スヘシ
English: Note also that each minister shall handle the general tasks facing his or her ministry, while any important matters concerning high-level administration shall be discussed at a Cabinet meeting.
Japanese: 其ノ他各省主任ノ事務ニ就キ高等行政ニ関係シ事体稍重キモノハ総テ閣議ヲ経ヘシ
English: Article 6: Each minister has the right to submit any matter for which he or she is responsible to the Prime Minister, and may request a Cabinet meeting.
Japanese: 第六条　主任大臣ハ其ノ所見ニ由リ何等ノ件ヲ問ハス内閣総理大臣ニ提出シ閣議ヲ求ムルコトヲ得
English: Article 7: In wartime, military strategy and orders shall be reported to the Emperor, and with the exception of any directives sent to the Cabinet by order of the Emperor, all such military decisions shall be reported to the Prime Minister by the Minister of the Army or Navy.
Japanese: 第七条　事ノ軍機軍令ニ係リ奏上スルモノハ天皇ノ旨ニ依リ之ヲ内閣ニ下付セラルルノ件ヲ除ク外陸軍大臣海軍大臣ヨリ内閣総理大臣ニ報告スヘシ
English: Article 8: In the event the Prime Minister is incapacitated, a temporary order shall be issued assigning his or her duties to another Minister of State.
Japanese: 第八条　内閣総理大臣故障アルトキハ他ノ大臣臨時命ヲ承ケ其ノ事務ヲ代理スヘシ
English: Article 9: In the event the State Minister is incapacitated, either a temporary order shall be issued transferring his or her duties to another Minister of State or an order shall be issued assigning the tasks of his office to be managed by another State Minister.
Japanese: 第九条　各省大臣故障アルトキハ他ノ大臣臨時摂任シ又ハ命ヲ承ケ其ノ事務ヲ管理スヘシ
English: Article 10: Ministers of State not placed in charge of any ministries may be made members of the Cabinet by special order.
Japanese: 第十条　各省大臣ノ外特旨ニ依リ国務大臣トシテ内閣員ニ列セシメラルルコトアルヘシ
English: The Naikaku-kansei was amended in 1907 with the abolition of the Kobunshiki (an Imperial edict) and the passage of the Koshikirei (an amended version of the Kobunshiki).
Japanese: 1907年（明治40年）公文式(勅令)廃止・公式令制定に伴って内閣官制を改正した。
English: In this amendment, the Chokurei fukusho kitei (an Imperial edict on the rules of countersignature), stipulated in Article 4 of the Naikaku-kansei, was moved to the Koshikirei, while the right of the Prime Minister to issue cabinet orders, as recorded in the Kobunshiki, was moved to the Naikaku-shokken.
Japanese: この改正では、内閣官制第四条にあった勅令副署規定を公式令に移し、公文式にあった内閣総理大臣の閣令制定権をここに移した。
English: On this occasion, the rule that each minister could countersign laws and so forth by him or herself was abolished, and it was decided that all Imperial edicts had to be countersigned by the Prime Minister.
Japanese: その際、各省大臣の単独副署の制度が廃止され、全ての勅令に内閣総理大臣が副署することになった。
English: Moreover, Article 4 section two clarified the extent of the Prime Minister's administrative power over local governments.
Japanese: また、第四条ノニにおいて、内閣総理大臣の地方官庁に対する職権を明確にした。
English: Article 4: The Prime Minister has the right, either through his own authority or by special commission, to issue cabinet orders.
Japanese: 第四条　内閣総理大臣ハ其ノ職権又ハ特別ノ委任ニ依リ閣令ヲ発スルコトヲ得
English: Article 4, section two: The Prime Minister shall oversee and supervise the Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police (of Tokyo) and the Director-general and prefectural governor of the government of Hokkaido, but if any of the Prime Minister's orders or directives is found to be against regulations or considered harmful to the public interest or authority, it shall be suspended or revoked.
Japanese: 第四条ノ二　内閣総理大臣ハ所管ノ事務ニ付警視総監、北海道庁長官府県知事ヲ指揮監督ス若シ其ノ命令又ハ処分ノ成規ニ違ヒ、公益ヲ害シ又ハ権限ヲ犯スモノアリト認ムルトキハ之ヲ停止シ又ハ取消スコトヲ得
English: In Jorisei (system of land subdivision in ancient Japan), 6 shaku (unit of distance approximately equal to 30.3 centimeters) was 1 bu (歩; a unit of land measurement) and 60 bu made up 1 cho: However, at Taiko kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), 1 cho became 60 ken (unit of distance, approximately 1.818 meters) with 1 ken being 6 shaku and 3 sun (a unit of distance, approximately 3.03 centimeters) but later with 1 ken equals to 6 shaku.
Japanese: 条里制においては6尺を1歩(尺貫法)として60歩を1町としていたが、太閤検地の際に6尺3寸を1間とする60間となり、後に6尺を1間とする60間となった。
English: In 1891 after Japan signed the treaty of the meter, 1.2 kilometers was defined as 11 cho based on meters.
Japanese: メートル条約加入後の1891年に、メートルを基準として1.2キロメートルを11町と定めた。
English: That means that 1 cho is approximately 109.09 meters, and 1 kilometer consists of approximately 9.1 cho.
Japanese: すなわち1町は約109.09メートル、1キロメートルは約9.1町となる。
English: In Jorisei, an area of a square with sides of 1 cho was considered as 1 cho (chobu) (As 1 cho was 60 bu, the area was 3600 bu).
Japanese: 条里制においては、一辺の長さが1町の正方形の面積（1町が60歩なので3600歩）を1町（町歩）としていた。
English: In 1891 after Japan signed the treaty of the meter, 120 hectares was defined as 121 cho.
Japanese: メートル条約加入後の1891年に120ヘクタールを121町と定めた。
English: This means that 1 cho is approximately 0.9917 hectares (9917 square meters) and 1 square meter is approximately 100.83 cho.
Japanese: すなわち1町は約0.9917ヘクタール（9917平方メートル）、1平方キロメートルは約100.83町となる。
English: As 1 cho is very close to 1 hectare, Japan's transfer to the metric system in terms of areas went smoothly.
Japanese: 1町は1ヘクタールに非常に近い値であることから、日本においては面積の単位のメートル法への移行はスムーズに行われた。
English: Junigessho (Twelve gessho) refers to the marker that indicates the position of the sun on the ecliptic, and its signs correspond to those of the Western astrology one to one.
Japanese: 十二月将（じゅうにげっしょう）とは、太陽が黄道上のどの位置にあるかの指標で、西洋占星術のサインと1対1の対応がある。
English: Junitensho (Twelve symbolism) used in Rikujinshinka (Six Chinese fortune-telling based on time) are thought to have been made based on Junigessho.
Japanese: 六壬神課で使用する十二天将は、十二月将をベースに作成されたと考えられる。
English: As the sign of the sun's position is called sun sign in the Western astrology, the god of the sun's position in twelve gods which are originally the divisions obtained by dividing the ecliptic into twelve should be called gessho, but gessho is used to mean the twelve gods in many cases.
Japanese: 西洋占星術で、太陽が位置するサインをサン・サインを呼ぶように、本来は黄道を12に分割して得られた区分である十二神の中で太陽が位置する神を月将と呼ぶべきであるが、十二神の意味で月将が使用されることが多い。
English: The Chinese letters slightly or very different in appearance but same in sound are used.
Japanese: 「大冲」は「太冲」や冲と同じ意味の衝（ちゅう）を使って、「大衝」や「太衝」と書かれることがある。
English: Senji ryakketsu (the oldest existing book on yin-yan) in the material "Nihon Onmyodo-shi Sosetsu" (Japanese yin-yan history review paper) written by Shuichi MURAYAMA contains a name with a wrong letter.
Japanese: 村山修一著『日本陰陽道史総説』所載の占事略决では「勝光」を「勝先」としているが「勝光」が正しい。
English: Even a letter in a name was changed in order to avoid using the same letter and sound as in Jinso (Renzong)'s name after the Northern Sung Dynasty.
Japanese: 「登明」は本来は「徴明」であったが北宋の仁宗(宋)以降は、仁宗の諱である「禎」と通音の「徴」を嫌って「登明」と書かれるようになった。
English: The Taika Reforms are political reforms based on Kaishin no Mikotonori (the Imperial Reform Edict) issued in 646 in the Asuka period.
Japanese: 大化の改新（たいかのかいしん）は飛鳥時代の孝徳天皇2年春正月甲子朔（西暦646年）に発布された改新の詔（かいしんのみことのり）に基づく政治的改革。
English: It is said they have been carried out after Isshi-no-hen (the Murder in the Year of Issi (one of the 60 Oriental Zodiacs)) where Emperor Tenchi (latter-day Emperor Tenchi) assassinated SOGA no Iruka and destroyed the head family of Soga clan (this assassination case is sometimes referred to as the Taika Reforms).
Japanese: 天智天皇（後の天智天皇）らが蘇我入鹿を暗殺し蘇我氏本宗家を滅ぼした乙巳の変（いっしのへん）の後に行われたとされる（この暗殺事件を大化の改新と呼ぶこともある）。
English: The palace of Emperor (the capital city) was transferred from Asuka to Naniwanomiya Palace (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), which is said to have become the turning point from the politics centered around Gozoku (local ruling families) such as the Soga clan to the politics centered around Emperor.
Japanese: 天皇の宮(首都)を飛鳥から難波宮（現在の大阪市中央区(大阪市)）に移し、蘇我氏など飛鳥の豪族を中心とした政治から天皇中心の政治への転換点となったとされる。
English: The Soga clan was holding the reigns of government for four generations including SOGA no Iname, SOGA no Umako, SOGA no Emishi, and Soga no Iruka.
Japanese: 蘇我氏は蘇我稲目、蘇我馬子、蘇我蝦夷、蘇我入鹿の四代にわたり政権を掌握していた。
English: FUJIWARA no Kamako (latter-day FUJIWARA no Kamatari), getting indignant at the tyrannical ruling by the Soga clan and intending to recover authority to the great king family (Imperial Family), first approached Emperor Kotoku to learn that he was not a man of such caliber, much to his despair.
Japanese: 藤原鎌足（のちの藤原鎌足）は、蘇我氏による専横に憤り、大王家（天皇家）へ権力を取り戻すため、まず孝徳天皇と接触するも、その器ではないとあきらめる。
English: Naka no Oe no Oji married a daughter of SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro (Soganoishikawamaro) who was critical of Emishi and Iruka.
Japanese: 中大兄皇子は、蝦夷・入鹿に批判的な蘇我倉山田石川麻呂（蘇我石川麻呂）の娘と結婚。
English: Then, on July 13, 645, Naka no Oe no Oji, NAKATOMI no Kamatari, etc. assassinated SOGA no Iruka themselves.
Japanese: そして、皇極天皇4年（645年）6月12日(旧暦)、板蓋宮にて中大兄皇子や中臣鎌足らが実行犯となり蘇我入鹿を暗殺。
English: This incident (the fall of the head family of the Soga clan) is referred to as Isshi-no-hen after the Oriental Zodiac, because this is the year that it happened.
Japanese: この蘇我氏本宗家滅亡事件をこの年の干支にちなんで乙巳の変（いっしのへん）という。
English: On July 15, 645, immediately after Isshi-no-hen, Emperor Kogyoku stepped down from the throne, tried to pass over the throne to Naka no Oe no Oji but as a result of a meeting between Naka no Oe and Kamatari, the younger brother of the Emperor, Prince Karu, acceded to the throne and became Emperor Kotoku, with Naka no Oe no Oji becoming the Crown Prince.
Japanese: 皇極4年（645年）6月14日、乙巳の変の直後、皇極天皇は退位し、中大兄皇子に皇位を譲ろうとしたが、中大兄と鎌足との相談の結果、皇弟・軽皇子が即位し、孝徳天皇となり、中大兄皇子が皇太子になった。
English: This is presumed to have imitated the situation at the time of Empress Suiko, when Prince Shotoku was the Crown Prince and took the helm of politics.
Japanese: これは、推古天皇の時、聖徳太子が皇太子で政治の実権を握っていたことを模したものであると推定されている。
English: This political power shift was not aimed at taking over authority from the Soga clan but at centralization of authority and reform of national administration which will enable adaptation to the tide of the East Asian situation.
Japanese: この政権交替は、蘇我氏に変わって権力を握ることではなく、東アジア情勢の流れに即応できる権力の集中と国政の改革であったと考えられている。
English: Sadaijin (minister of the left): ABE no Uchimaro, Udaijin (minister of the right): SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro, Naishin: FUJIWARA no Kamatari.
Japanese: 左大臣阿倍内麻呂（あべのうちまろのおみ）、右大臣蘇我倉山田石川麻呂（そがのくらやまだのいしかわまろ）、内臣藤原鎌足
English: On July 20, Emperor Kotoku and Naka no Oe no Oji gathered their retainers under a big zelkova tree and swore to gods, 'the way the policy is carried out by Emperor is only one' and 'we slew the tyrant (Soga clan) and from now on, there will be only one policy for Emperor and only one Court for retainers."
Japanese: 6月19日、孝徳天皇と中大兄皇子は群臣を大槻の樹に集めて「帝道は唯一である」「暴逆（蘇我氏）は誅した。これより後は君に二政なし、臣に二朝なし」と神々に誓った。
English: On September 3, Kokushis (provincial governors) were sent to eastern provinces and the new regime decided to carry out political reforms it aimed at.
Japanese: 8月5日、東国に国司（くにのみこともち）を遣わし、新政権の目指す政治改革を行うこととした。
English: Kokushis consisted of eight groups and, even though it is not clear which area each group was sent to, it can be assumed, from the grant of honors to the latter-day reports on their missions, that the third and fifth groups were sent to the Keno area and Tokai area, respectively.
Japanese: それは8組からなっていたが、どの地域に遣わされたかは定かではないが、第3組は毛野方面に、第5組は東海方面に遣わされたと、後の復命の論功行賞から推定できる。
English: The new regime dispatched eight groups of Kokushis to eastern provinces with such breadth as a unit area.
Japanese: 新政権は、このような広さを単位区域にして8組の国司を東国に派遣した。
English: The Prince Furuhito no Oe was of Soga origin and had been determined to become the next Emperor by Iruka but, after Isshi-no-hen, he became a priest and escaped to Yoshino.
Japanese: 皇子は蘇我氏の血を引いていて、入鹿によって次期天皇とされていたが、乙巳の変の後出家し吉野へ逃れていた。
English: (System of Complete State Ownership of Land and People): The land (manor) and people (Bemin) which belonged to Gozoku (local ruling families) until then were expropriated and all were decided to belong to Emperor.
Japanese: （公地公民制）それまでの豪族の私地（田荘）や私民（部民）を公収して田地や民はすべて天皇のものとする。
English: (Kokugun System): Kuni, kori, and agata, the administrative units present until then, were reorganized into ryoseikoku (province) and its accompanying kori (subordinate administrative units).
Japanese: （国郡制度）今まであった国（くに）、郡（こおり）、県（あがた）、県（こおり）などを整理し、令制国とそれに付随する郡に整備しなおした。
English: As for the Kokugun System, kuni, agata, etc. which had been the influence area of Gozoku, were reorganized and reshaped in the form of the present ryoseikoku.
Japanese: 国郡制度に関しては、旧来の豪族の勢力圏であった国や県（あがた）などを整備し直し、現在の令制国の姿に整えられていった。
English: (Law of Handen Shuju (land ownership)): A family registration system of ancient times and keicho (yearly tax registers) were prepared and the state-owned public land was lent to the public.
Japanese: （班田収授の法）古代の戸籍制度と計帳を作成し、公地を公民に貸し与える。
English: In addition, though not included in the four articles of the Edict, significant reforms were made on other systems.
Japanese: また詔の四か条に無いが、その他の制度に対しても大きな改革が行われている。
English: The imperial mausoleum which could be prepared was redefined according to the position, even though the mausoleums could be built freely until then.
Japanese: 今まで自由に作れた陵墓を身分に合わせて作ることの出来る陵墓を規定し直した。
English: Various restrictions were imposed such as prohibition of martyrdom and restriction of the time to construct a mausoleum of Emperor to 7 days or less.
Japanese: 殉死の禁止や、天皇の陵にかける時間を7日以内に制限するなど、さまざまな制限が加えられた。
English: Tomonomiyatsuko and Shinabe (technicians in offices), which had been traditional hereditary posts, were abolished and so was the system whereby a specific clan inherited a specific post (for example, the Mononobe clan administered the military affair and the Nakatomi clan took charge of the religious service).
Japanese: 従来の世襲制の役職であった、伴造、品部（しなべ、しなじなのとものお）を廃止し、特定の氏族が特定の役職を世襲する制度を廃止した（たとえば、物部氏であれば、軍事を司り、中臣氏であれば祭祀を司る）。
English: This and institution of the Hassho hyakkan prompted transition to the bureaucracy (however, it appears that a post was present where the hereditary system remained, such as the religious service of which the Nakatomi clan was in charge).
Japanese: これと八省百官の制定によって官僚制への移行が行われた（しかし祭祀などの面では、中臣氏がこれを行うと言う様に世襲制が残った役職もあった様である）。
English: Oomi and Omuraji were abolished and replaced with Sadaijin and Udaijin, as Dajokan (Grand Council of State) was set up.
Japanese: 大臣・大連は、廃止になり、代わりに太政官が置かれ、左大臣・右大臣に置き換わった。
English: Oomi and Omuraji were to be selected from the hereditary title holders of Omi and Muraji, respectively, but with Sadaijin and Udaijin (and Dajo-daijin (the Grand Minister) which was added later), etc., there disappeared restrictions of Omi and Muraji.
Japanese: 大臣は臣のカバネ（かばね）から、大連は連の姓から出されることに成っていたが、左大臣・右大臣（後に付け加わる太政大臣）などでは、臣・連の制約が無くなった。
English: The system of twelve grades of cap rank determined by Prince Shotoku was revised to thirteen grades in 647, nineteen grades in 649, and twenty-six grades in 664.
Japanese: 聖徳太子の制定した冠位十二階を改定し、大化3年（647年）冠位十三階→大化5年（649年）十九階→天智3年（664年）二十六階へと改めた。
English: This is thought to be a reform to incorporate the powerful clans, which produced Oomi and Omuraji which were not included in the twelve grades of cap rank system, into the rank system and to establish a rank system with Emperor at the top.
Japanese: これは従来、冠位十二階に含まれなかった、大臣・大連などを輩出する有力氏族を冠位制度へ組み込み、天皇を頂点とした序列をつける為の改革だと思われる。
English: The reason why the number of the cap ranks increased every year is thought to be because the transition to bureaucracy brought deficiency of the cap ranks, which were to be given to the low-level bureaucrats.
Japanese: 冠位の数が年々増加していったのは、官僚制への切り替えにより下級官僚に与える冠位が不足したからと推測できる。
English: Ryomin (law-abiding people) without cap ranks were determined to wear white clothes and they were referred to as hakucho (ordinary people).
Japanese: 冠位の無い良民は白い衣を身につける事とされ、これは白丁（はくてい）と呼ばれた。
English: In the Taika Reforms, there are seen portions where the bureaucratic system of Tang and Confucianism were actively accepted based on information the Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China brought back.
Japanese: 大化の改新には、遣唐使の持ってきた情報を元に唐の官僚制と儒教を積極的に受容した部分が見られる。
English: However, because it was impossible to change the traditional shizoku (clan) system at once, there are seen portions which were significantly modified in a Japanese way.
Japanese: しかしながら、従来の氏族制度を一度に変える事は不可能な為、日本流にかなり変更されている部分が見受けられる。
English: While reforms of the political system were carried out, on the diplomatic front, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro was sent to Silla and, in exchange for a hostage, the tax payment in kind by Minama, which had lost its substance, was abolished to straighten up diplomatic problems with three Korean countries (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla) and ease the tension.
Japanese: 政治制度の改革が進められる一方で、外交面では高向玄理を新羅へ派遣して人質を取る代わりに形骸化していた任那の調を廃止して朝鮮三国（高句麗、百済、新羅）との外交問題を整理して緊張を和らげた。
English: Envoys were dispatched to Tang Dynasty and while keeping a friendly relationship, they tried to import the advanced legal systems and culture.
Japanese: 唐へは遣唐使を派遣して友好関係を保ちつつ進んだ法制度や文化の輸入に努めた。
English: This can be seen from an article in "Nihonshoki" that in 648, at the time of effectuation of the thirteen grades of cap rank, Ministers of the Left and the Right refused to wear the crowns of the new system.
Japanese: 大化4年（648年）の冠位十三階の施行の際に左右両大臣が新制の冠の着用を拒んだと『日本書紀』にあることがそれを物語っている。
English: In the next year, 649, the Minister of the Left, ABE no Uchimaro, died and immediately thereafter, the Minister of the Right, SOGANOKURA-YAMADA no Ishikawamaro was charged with a rebellion.
Japanese: 翌大化5年（649年）左大臣阿倍内麻呂が死去し、その直後に右大臣蘇我倉山田石川麻呂が謀反の嫌疑がかけられた。