nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The agreement of the Disarmament Washington Naval Treaty that a 10:6 tonnage ratio of capital ships, being cut down from a 10:7 ratio which Japan contended, between the navies of the United States and Great Britain and Japan drove generals exasperation, but Togo is said to have urged them by saying that 'there was neither ratio nor limit in skill-up training.'
Japanese: ワシントン軍縮条約の結果主力艦の保有比率が対英米6割と希望の7割より低く抑えられたことに憤激する将官達に向かって、「でも訓練には比率も制限もないでしょう」と諭したと言われる。
English: Togo respected Gengo KOGA as a military man, who fought in the naval Battle of Miyako-wan Gulf and was killed there.
Japanese: 東郷は宮古湾海戦にて奮戦、戦死した甲賀源吾を軍人として尊敬していた。
English: He also vindicated the memory of Tadamasa OGURI, who had been executed by guillotine as a rebel by the New Meiji Government.
Japanese: また、明治新政府によって逆賊として斬首に処せられた小栗忠順の名誉を後に回復している。
English: Destroying the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Battle of Tsushima, Togo invited Oguri's bereaved family who lived in a remote village to his private residence to praise Oguri's distinguished service (Oguri had built the Yokosuka Dockyard for future Japan before his death) and to express his deep gratitude to them, saying, "The Yokosuka Dockyard was able to provide enough supplies and maintenance for the Combined Fleet, which brought us victory in the Battle of Tsushima."
Japanese: 日本海海戦でバルチック艦隊を破って後、山村で隠棲していた彼の遺族を私邸に招き、「日本海海戦で勝利を得たのは、（小栗上野介が生前に建造した）横須賀造船所で艦隊の十分な補給と整備を受けることができたからである」と故人の功績を称え、感謝の言葉を惜しまなかったという。
English: During Togo's state funeral, memorial messages for him were broadcast by radio from both England and America to Japan.
Japanese: 東郷の国葬に併せて英米両国から日本向けに追悼のメッセージがラジオで放送された。
English: The message of Bolton EYRES-MONSEL, First Lord of the Admiralty, by BBC from England, and the message of William STANDLEY, Chief of Naval Operation, by NBC from America were broadcast respectively, and it happened that the program by NBC finished earlier than planned, so the NBC broadcast the Japanese songs "Oedo Nihon-bashi Bridge" and "Kappore," which were completely unsuitable to the funeral memory, to fill its allotted time.
Japanese: イギリスからはボルトン・イヤーズ＝モンセル海軍省(イギリス)のメッセージが英国放送協会から、アメリカからはウィリアム・スタンドレイアメリカ海軍作戦部長のメッセージがNBCからそれぞれ放送されたが、アメリカからの放送では予定より早く終了したため、時間調整に日本の曲として『お江戸日本橋』『かっぽれ』という、おおよそ追悼に似つかわしくない音楽が放送されてしまうというハプニングが起こった。
English: The program was broadcast all over Japan, and some Japanese people thought that the two songs chosen by NBC were a technical problem.
Japanese: この模様が全国に生中継されてしまった日本国内では、アメリカ側の選曲を問題視する声が一部で出たという。
English: Whenever Boutros-Ghali, the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, came to Japan, he always visited to the Togo-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 元国際連合事務総長のブトロス・ガリは、日本に来ると必ず東郷神社に参拝した。
English: Ghali, a person from Egypt, says, "Togo encouraged and liberated my heart when I was young."
Japanese: エジプト出身であるガリは「小さい頃、ものすごく励まされた、心を解放された」と言っている。
English: The General's flag hoisted over the flagship Mikasa during the Battle of Tsushima was donated by Togo to the HMS Worcester possessing the training ship 'Worcester,' for cadets, where he used to study, when he attended Imperial Prince Higashihushiminomiya Yorihito, on behalf of the Emperor Meiji, to participate in the coronation ceremony of George V (King of Britain) in 1911.
Japanese: 日本海海戦の際、旗艦三笠に掲げられた大将旗は1911年に、イギリス国王のジョージ5世(イギリス王)の戴冠式に明治天皇の名代、東伏見宮依仁親王に随行して出席した際、かつての留学先だった海員練習船「ウースター」校に寄贈されていた。
English: With no record about such a background of the flag in Japan, the flag's whereabouts had been unknown for a long time, but research conducted by Teruo MAYSUHASHI, Guji (chief of those who serves shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) of Togo-jinja Shrine, while writing Togo's biography in 2004 revealed that the Foundation of the Marine Society, succeeding to the property of the HMS Worcester, had preserved a silver cup, and the bust of Fleet Admiral Togo as well General's flag Togo had donated at that time.
Japanese: 日本側にこうした経緯を記した記録がなかったため、長らく所在不明となっていたが、2004年東郷神社の松橋暉男宮司が著書の執筆にあたり調査したところ、ウースター校の財産を引き継いでいる財団マリン・ソサエティーが、同時に寄贈された銀杯や東郷元帥の胸像とともに所蔵していることがわかった。
English: When the shrine staff requested that the foundation lend these things that Togo had left for the grand festival in the following year, it permanently donated them.
Japanese: 神社側が来年の大祭の際に貸してもらうよう申し入れたところ、無償で永久貸与されることになった。
English: Togo used a pair of binoculars made by Carl Zeiss to check the sinking of the enemy fleet and the surrender in the Battle of Tsushima.
Japanese: 日本海海戦時カール・ツァイスの双眼鏡を敵の沈没状況や降伏確認に使用した。
English: This binoculars offered both five times and ten times magnification, and were imported by the Konishi head office (now KONICA MINOLTA HOLDINGS., INC) in 1904 just after they went on the market.
Japanese: この双眼鏡は5倍と10倍兼用で、発売されて間もない1904年（明治37年）小西本店（現コニカミノルタホールディングス）が輸入したもの。
English: Japan bestowed several honors on Togo including the Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, the Order of the Golden Kite (first class), the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flower, and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Japanese: 日本大勲位菊花章頸飾、大勲位菊花大綬章、功一級金鵄勲章、勲一等旭日桐花大綬章、勲一等瑞宝章
English: Britain awarded him the Order of Merit, and the Royal Victorian Order.
Japanese: イギリスメリット勲章、ヴィクトリア第一等勲章（RoyalVictorianOrder）
English: Shoyo TSUBOUCHI (坪内 逍遥, orthographic style: 逍遙, June 22, 1859 - February 28, 1935) was a novelist, critic, translator, and playwright in Japan who was active in the Meiji Era.
Japanese: 坪内逍遥（つぼうちしょうよう、正字体：逍遙、1859年6月22日（安政6年5月22日(旧暦)）-2月28日）は明治に活躍した日本の小説家、評論家、翻訳家、劇作家。
English: His best-known works are "Shosetsu Shinzui" (The Essence of Novels), "Tosei shosei katagi" (The Character of Modern Students, 1885-6) and his translation of the complete works of Shakespeare.
Japanese: 代表作に『小説神髄』『当世書生気質』およびシェイクスピア全集の翻訳。
English: He was born in Ota-juku (Nakasen-do Road) (present-day Minokamo City, Gifu Prefecture), Kamo-gun District, Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture) which was governed by Owari Domain.
Japanese: 尾張藩の領地だった、美濃国加茂郡(岐阜県)太田宿(中山道)（現・岐阜県美濃加茂市）の生まれ。
English: He was working as a clerk at Ota daikansho (regional office of administrative official), but later, he and all of his family members moved to Nagoya where his family home was located.
Japanese: 太田代官所の手代をつとめていたが、のちに一家で実家のある名古屋へ戻った。
English: He was influenced by his mother, and immersed himself in literature of the Edo period such as Yomihon (books for reading), Kusazoshi (books with a wealth of illustrations), as well as Haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) and Waka (classical Japanese verse) at an early age.
Japanese: 母の影響を受け、幼くして読本・草双紙などの江戸文学や俳諧、和歌に親しむ。
English: He studied at Yogakko (School of Western Studies) (present-day Aichi Prefectural Asahigaoka High School), Tokyo Yobimon (Preparatory School of the University of Tokyo) (later became Daiichi High School [the first old-education-system high school]), graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (this Arts is just a contrast to Science, meaning he did not necessarily major in Arts) from the Department of Politics, Faculty of Letters of the University of Tokyo (later became Tokyo Imperial University).
Japanese: 洋学校（現・愛知県立旭丘高等学校）、東京大学予備門（のちの第一高等学校(旧制)）を経て、東京大学（のちの東京帝国大学）文学部政治科卒業、文学士（当時は文学士といっても理学に対する文学なので文学を専攻したわけではない）。
English: He denied tales that rewards good and punishes evil which was preferred in Edo period, and he has stated that a novel should depict the human empathy first, followed by the depiction of times and folkways.
Japanese: 江戸時代の勧善懲悪の物語を否定し、小説はまず人情を描くべきで世態風俗の描写がこれに次ぐと論じた。
English: He made a huge contribution to the establishment of literary history in both modern times and the present day by this psychological realism.
Japanese: この心理的写実主義によって日本の近現代文学史の誕生に大きく貢献した。
English: However, he was still not quite free of influence from Gesaku (literary work of a playful, mocking, joking, silly or frivolous nature) literature himself, and later, the incompleteness of these modern literature standpoints were critically indicated by Shimei FUTABATEI in "Shosetsu Soron"(general remarks of a novel), "Ukigumo (Shimei FUTABATEI)" (Floating Clouds) (the first "Ukigumo" was published in the name of Yuzo TSUBOUCHI for commercial reasons).
Japanese: しかし逍遙自身がそれまでの戯作文学の影響から脱しきれておらず、これらの近代文学観が不完全なものに終っていることが、後に二葉亭四迷の『小説総論』『浮雲(二葉亭四迷)』によって批判的に示された（『浮雲』第一編は営業上の理由で坪内雄蔵名義で刊行された）。
English: He wrote shin kabuki (new kabuki) "Kiri Hitoha" (A Paulownia Leaf), "Hototogisu Kojo no Rakugetsu" (The Sinking Moon over the Lonely Castle Where the Cuckoo Cries), "Onatsu Kyoran" (Onatsu's Madness), and "Maki no kata" (Lady Maki).
Japanese: 新歌舞伎『桐一葉』『沓手鳥孤城落月』『お夏狂乱』『牧の方』を書いた。
English: The Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum of Waseda University was constructed to commemorate Shoyo's accomplishments that translated the complete works of William SHAKESPEARE.
Japanese: 早稲田大学の演劇博物館は、逍遙のウィリアム・シェイクスピア全訳の偉業を記念して建設されたものである。
English: "Sao zenshu" (the complete works of William SHAKESPEARE) was composed of 40 books, of which only the first book (December 1909) was published jointly by Fuzanbo and Waseda University Press, and the remaining books including the second were independently published by the Waseda University Press.
Japanese: 「沙翁全集」全40冊、第一編（12月）のみ富山房と早稲田大学出版部との共同出版、第二編以降は早稲田大学出版部の単独出版。
English: It was first titled "Sao Kessakushu" (the masterpieces of Shakespeare) until the 23rd book, followed by "Sao zenshu" (the complete works of Shakespeare) after the 24th book, then the entire book's titles including the first books were changed to "Sao Zenshu" thereafter.
Japanese: 当初第23編迄は「沙翁傑作集」と称し、第24編より「沙翁全集」と改称、以後最初の分も「沙翁全集」と改称。
English: "Shinshu Shakespeare Zenshu" (newly compiled complete works of Shakespeare), a total of 20 boxes (total of 40 books, with two books enclosed in the one box) were published by Chuo Koronsha.
Japanese: 「新修シェークスピア全集」全20函（全40冊、1函に２冊収納）中央公論社。
English: It was the revised editions of the aforementioned books published by Waseda University Press, and they were like new books including "Othello" which had changed completely,
Japanese: 上記早大出版部本の改訂だが「オセロー」など殆ど新稿と云っても良いほど面目を新たにしている。
English: (Distributed from September 1933 to May 1935) Afterwards, using this version as an original, new editions were published by Sogensha (total of one book), and Shinjusha (separate volume) in the postwar period.
Japanese: （9月より5月迄配本）以後この版を底本として戦後に創元社（全１冊）、新樹社（分冊）等から新版が出されている。
English: Since the Chuo Koronsha versions have quite a lot of errata, you should use the list of errata that appeared on the monthly supplement newsletter "Sao Fukko" (renaissance of Shakespeare) to correct them.
Japanese: 中央公論社版は誤植が少なくなく付録月報の「沙翁復興」に正誤表が掲載されている号があるのでそれで訂正して利用すべきである。
English: He went there frequently to meet her for several years when he was a college student, and they got married in 1886.
Japanese: 学生であった逍遙が数年間通いつめ、明治19年（1886年）に結婚した。
English: As they didn't have a child, Shoyo adopted his older brother Giei's third son Shiko TSUBOUCHI (former personnel of Takarazuka Revue and theater critic), but dissolved the adoption afterward.
Japanese: 二人には子がなく、逍遙は兄義衛の三男・坪内士行（元宝塚歌劇団職員で演劇評論家）を養子としたが後に養子縁組を解消した。
English: FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu (December 17, 1239 - October 14, 1256) was the fifth Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Kamakura shogunate.
Japanese: 藤原頼嗣（ふじわらのよりつぐ、延応元年11月21日(旧暦)（1239年12月17日）-康元元年9月25日(旧暦)（1256年10月14日））は、鎌倉幕府5代征夷大将軍である。
English: He was a shogun from the Kujo family, one of the five regent families of the Fujiwara clan, and is also called Yoritsugu KUJO.
Japanese: 五摂家のひとつ、九条家の出身の摂家将軍で九条頼嗣（くじょうよりつぐ）とも呼ばれる。
English: In the following year, 1245, he married Hiwada-hime, daughter of Tsunetoki HOJO (Hiwada-hime died in 1247).
Japanese: 翌寛元3年（1245年）北条経時の妹檜皮姫を妻とする（檜皮姫は宝治元年（1247年）に没する）。
English: In 1246, Yoritsune was exiled to Kyoto as a result of the Miya Sodo (Palace Disturbance), but Yoritsugu stayed as shogun in Kamakura.
Japanese: 寛元4年（1246年）宮騒動により頼経が京へ追放された後も、頼嗣は将軍として鎌倉に留まった。
English: However, in 1251, the shogunate accused Yoritsugu of involvement in the rebellion of the Buddhist monk Ryogyo and others, and invited the Imperial Prince Munetaka, son of the Retired Emperor Gosaga, as the new shogun.
Japanese: しかし、建長3年（1251年）、了行法師らの謀叛事件に頼経が関係したとして、幕府は後嵯峨上皇の皇子宗尊親王を新将軍とすることに決定。
English: Kazan WATANABE (October 20, 1793 to November 23, 1841) was a politician and painter who lived during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 渡辺崋山（わたなべかざん、寛政5年9月16日(旧暦)（1793年10月20日）-天保12年10月11日(旧暦)（1841年11月23日））は、江戸時代後期の政治家・画家。
English: His common name was Nobori (or Tadashi) ('Noboru' is also written in some of his works), and his personal name was Sadayasu.
Japanese: 通称は登（のぼり・ただし一部の絵には「のぼる」と揮毫）、諱は定静（さだやす）。
English: The Watanabe family maintained the family status of joshi (superior samurai) in the Tahara Domain and was granted 100 koku through generations, but since his father Sadamichi was an adopted son, his salary was reduced to 15-people buchi (or 27 koku when converted to koku in the Tahara Domain) and the actual income was only 12 koku because of the financial difficulties of the domain.
Japanese: 渡辺家は田原藩の中でも上士の家格を持ち、代々100石の禄を与えられていたが、父定通は養子であったために15人扶持（石に直すと田原藩では27石）に削られ、加えて折からの藩の財政難による減俸で実収入はわずか12石足らずであった。
English: Because his father Sadamichi was prone to illness, the family's money was very much spent on the cost of Sadamichi's medicine, and therefore he spent his childhood in extreme poverty.
Japanese: さらに父定通が病気がちであったために医薬に多くの費用がかかったこともあり、幼少期は極端な貧窮の中に送った。
English: These descriptions of suffering were used in an ethics textbook before the Pacific War, together with the descriptions of his dedication to study in later years.
Japanese: この悲劇が、のちの勉学に励む姿とあわせて太平洋戦争以前の修身の教科書に掲載されていた。
English: Given the circumstances as well as his talent, Kazan, young as he was, came to support the family by selling his drawings.
Japanese: こうした中、まだ少年の崋山は生計を助けるために得意であった絵を売って、生計を支えるようになった。
English: Later he became a student of Buncho TANI, which led to a great leap in his abilities as a painter; he achieved success in his mid-twenties, which lifted his family's life from financial misery to modesty.
Japanese: のちに谷文晁（たにぶんちょう）に入門し、絵の才能は大きく花開くこととなり、20代半ばには画家として著名となり、生活にも苦労せずにすむようになった。
English: He was also dedicated to learning; he studied Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) under Seiko TAKAMI and later under Kodo MATSUZAKI and eventually under Issai SATO while he attended Shoheizaka Gakumonjo (Shoheizaka School).
Japanese: 一方で学問にも励み、鷹見星皐、後に松崎慊堂から儒学（朱子学）を学び、昌平坂学問所に通い佐藤一斎からも学んでいる。
English: At eight years of age he was assigned to serve as an attendant to Kamekichi, an heir of the domain lord Yasutomo MIYAKE, as well as Kamekichi's younger brother Motokichi (who later became the domain lord Yasuaki MIYAKE) after Kamekichi's early death, and because of this assignment Kazan was well remembered by his master Yasutomo, which means he was very close to the lord family from his childhood days.
Japanese: 藩士としては、8歳で時の藩主三宅康友の嫡男・亀吉の伽役を命じられ、亀吉の夭折後もその弟・元吉（後の藩主・三宅康明）の伽役となり、藩主康友からも目をかけられるなど、幼少時から藩主一家にごく近い位置にあった。
English: The memories of his younger days created in him a sense of familiarity and a high degree of loyalty to the lord family.
Japanese: こういった生い立ちが崋山の藩主一家への親近感や一層の忠誠心につながっていった。
English: At 16 years of age he was officially ordered to work at the Edo residence of the Tahara Domain, where the roles he was assigned were those very close to the lord, such as Nando-yaku (being in charge of the lord's personal care) or Tsukaiban (a role similar to that of a liaison).
Japanese: 16歳で正式に藩の江戸屋敷に出仕するが、納戸役・使番等など、藩主にごく近い役目であった。
English: In 1823 he married Taka, a daughter of the Wada family of the Tahara Domain, and inherited the Watanabe family following the death of his father, whereupon he took over the karoku (hereditary stipend) of 80 koku (the stipend returned to the original level with his father's promotion in the domain administration) in 1825.
Japanese: 文政6年（1823年）、田原藩の和田氏の娘・たかと結婚し、同8年（1825年）には父の病死のため32歳で家督を相続し、80石の家禄を引き継いだ（父の藩内の出世に合わせて、禄は復帰していた）。
English: The leaders of the domain administration intended to adopt a member of the Himeji Domain's lord family, which was relatively rich in those days, with a dowry in order to solve the domain's financial distress.
Japanese: 藩首脳部は貧窮する藩財政を打開するため、当時比較的裕福であった姫路藩から持参金つき養子を迎えようとした。
English: Kazan strongly opposed their plan and conducted an effort, together with Sadachika MAKI, one of the lord chamberlains, demanding that Yasuaki's half-brother Tomonobu MIYAKE be made the next lord.
Japanese: 崋山はこれに強く反発し、用人の真木定前らとともに康明の異母弟・三宅友信の擁立運動を行った。
English: The top management of the domain administration finally governed the decision, and Yasunao MIYAKE, adopted from the Himeji Domain, became the new lord; consequently, Kazan led the desperate life of a drunkard for a while.
Japanese: 結局藩上層部の意思がとおって養子・三宅康直が藩主となり、崋山は一時自暴自棄となって酒浸りの生活を送っている。
English: However, Kazan negotiated with the domain administration and the Himeji Domain; he had them approve that a son of Tomonobu MIYAKE would marry a daughter of Yasunao and that their son would be the next domain lord (an arrangement that was later realized as their son, Yasuyoshi MIYAKE).
Japanese: しかし、一方で藩首脳部と姫路藩と交渉して後日に三宅友信の男子と康直の娘を結婚させ、生まれた男子（のちの三宅康保）を次の藩主とすることを承諾させている。
English: The top management of the domain also granted the status of former domain lord to Tomonobu and gave him preferential treatment by giving him a separate residence at Sugamo, partly for the purpose of soothing the opposition group, including Kazan.
Japanese: また藩首脳部は、崋山ら反対派の慰撫の目的もあって、友信に前藩主の格式を与え、巣鴨に別邸を与えて優遇した。
English: Kazan came to be on good terms with Tomonobu as one of his chamberlains, and this close relationship led to Tomonobu's willing provision of funds when Kazan wanted to purchase foreign books.
Japanese: 崋山は側用人として親しく友信と接することとなり、こののちに崋山が多くの蘭学書の購入を希望する際には友信が快く資金を出すこともあった。
English: Tomonobu authored a biography of Kazan titled 'Kazan Sensei Ryakuden' (Brief History of Teacher Kazan) in 1881, after the death of Kazan.
Japanese: 友信は崋山の死後の明治14年（1881年）に「崋山先生略伝」として崋山の伝記を書き残している。
English: In May 1832, Kazan assumed Toshiyori-yaku Masseki (the lowest position of executive retainer, which is a position of Karo, or chief retainer) of the Tahara Domain.
Japanese: 天保3年（1832年）5月、崋山は田原藩の年寄役末席（家老職）に就任する。
English: Already a renowned painter since his mid-twenties, Kazan seemed to dedicate himself to painting away from the important positions of the domain administration, but his wish wasn't honored.
Japanese: 20代半ばから絵画ですでに名を挙げていた崋山は、藩政の中枢にはできるだけ近よらずに画業に専念したかったようだが、その希望はかなわなかった。
English: He introduced the merit system, in which the stipend was determined based on the rank of one's role instead of the status of family, in order to promote the employment of excellent people and improve the retainers' morale; he also took measures to reduce the expenditures of the domain.
Japanese: 優秀な藩士の登用と士気向上のため、B16を導入し、家格よりも役職を反映した俸禄形式とし、合わせて支出の引き締めを図った。
English: Nagatsune first conducted the technical improvement of rice cultivation in Tahara, and among the measures taken by him the introduction to remove pests from rice fields with whale oil is believed to have brought great success.
Japanese: 永常はまず田原で稲作の技術改良を行い、特に鯨油によるイネの害虫駆除法の導入は大きな成果につながったといわれている。
English: He also promoted the cultivation of commercial crops, which had come to be a major income source for the domain, and particularly he attempted to establish sugar cane in Atsumi Peninsula, which is particularly warm in climate, but that effort didn't succeed.
Japanese: さらに当時諸藩の有力な財源となりつつあった商品作物の栽培を行い、特に温暖な渥美半島に着目してサトウキビ栽培を同地に定着させようとしたが、これはあまりうまくいかなかった。
English: Other achievements of Nagatsune include the successful cultivation of Hazenoki (Rhus succedanea, a kind of wax tree) and Kozo (a mixture of Broussonetia kazinoki and B. papyrifera, a material for Japanese paper), mastery of the wax extraction technique, and the settlement of production of unglazed earthenware as a samurai's side job.
Japanese: このほか、ハゼノキ・コウゾの栽培や蠟絞りの技術や、藩士の内職として土焼人形の製造法なども伝えている。
English: When the Tempo Famine struck the domain from 1836 to 1837, Kazan helped the domain survive without any deaths due to starvation by taking various precautions, including the construction of food storages (named "Homin-kura"), education on strict compliance with the law and order, the importance of saving by means of a handbook called "Kyoko Kokoroe-sho" (Handbook for Disaster Preparedness), and imparting the principle of priority on the survival of the domain's people to the samurai retainers of the domain; consequently, the Tahara Domain was the only domain that was awarded by the Tokugawa shogunate for its great feat.
Japanese: 天保7年（1836年）から翌年にかけての天保の大飢饉の際には、あらかじめ食料備蓄庫（報民倉と命名）を築いておいたことや『凶荒心得書』という対応手引きを著して家中に綱紀粛正と倹約の徹底、領民救済の優先を徹底させることなどで、貧しい藩内で誰も餓死者を出さず、そのために全国で唯一幕府から表彰を受けている。
English: Kazan participated in Shoshikai (a kind of think tank) established by a Confucian official of Kishu Domain, Katsusuke ENDO, and exchanged notes with many people (including Choei TAKANO) regarding measures to be taken against famine.
Japanese: また、紀州藩儒官遠藤勝助が設立した尚歯会に参加し、高野長英などと飢饉の対策について話し合った。
English: As a result of such discussion, Choei authored "Kyuko Nibutsu-ko" (Two Crops for Disaster Restoration), in which potatoes and soba (buckwheat noodle) should be prepared as a solution to famine, and Kazan, an expert painter, provided illustrations for the book.
Japanese: この成果として長英はジャガイモ（馬鈴薯）とソバ（早ソバ）を飢饉対策に提案した『救荒二物考』を上梓するが、絵心のある崋山がその挿絵を担当している。
English: Their study circle further grew with the occurrence of the Morrison Incident, involving Dutch scholars (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language), with Choei, Sanei KOSEKI and Kanae HATAZAKI, the shogunate retainer Toshiakira KAWAJI, Kando HAKURA and Hidetatsu EGAWA (Tarozaemon) being members, covering a range of themes to discuss in detail, even extending to issues of naval defense.
Japanese: その後この学問サークルはモリソン号事件とともにさらに広がりを見せ、蘭学者の長英や小関三英、幡崎鼎、幕臣の川路聖謨、羽倉簡堂、江川英龍（太郎左衛門）などが加わり、海防問題などで深く議論するようになった。
English: Egawa, in particular, became a devoted disciple of Kazan and received advice from him on the naval defense policy for the shogunate government.
Japanese: 特に江川は崋山に深く師事するようになり、幕府の海防政策などの助言を受けている。
English: Toko FUJITA, who attended those sessions, remembered the enthusiastic Kazan and described him as 'the Great Donor in Rangaku.'
Japanese: こうした崋山の姿を、この会合に顔を出したこともある藤田東湖は、「蘭学にて大施主」と呼んでいる。
English: Although Kazan himself was not a Dutch scholar, Fujita's description came from his status as the leader of Dutch scholars in those days.
Japanese: 崋山自身は蘭学者ではないものの、時の蘭学者たちのリーダー的存在であるとみなしての呼び名である。
English: Those activities, however, were viewed unfavorably by the conservatives of the shogunate, particularly Yozo TORII, the metsuke (inspector of the Tokugawa shogunate).
Japanese: しかし幕府の保守派、特に幕府目付鳥居耀蔵らはこれらの動きを嫌っていた。
English: Torii was originally from the Hayashi family, which traditionally served the shogunate as Confucianist (New-Confucianist) and, given that background, did not like the interference of Dutch scholars in the politics of the shogunate and, according to some interpretations, considered Kazan and Egawa as traitors of Confucianism because they had once studied Confucianism under the Hayashi family (Shoheizaka School).
Japanese: 鳥居は元々幕府の儒学（朱子学）を担う林家の出であり、蘭学者が幕府の政治に介入することを好まなかったし、加えてそもそも崋山や江川も林家（昌平坂学問所）で儒学を学んだこともあり、鳥居からすれば彼らを裏切り者と感じていたともいわれる。
English: Torii finally attempted to make Egawa and Kazan criminals based on a false charge in June 1839.
Japanese: 天保10年（1839年）5月、鳥居はついにでっちあげの罪を設けて江川や崋山を罪に落とそうとした。
English: Egawa was safe, as he was harbored by roju (Shogun's council member) Tadakuni MIZUNO, but Kazan criticized the shogunate's conservative naval defense policy while his house was being searched and, because of that agitation, his personal paper "Shinkiron," which he had refrained from publishing, was found by house researchers, whereupon he was deemed guilty of blaming the shogunate's policy; consequently, he was placed under house arrest in his hometown of Tahara.
Japanese: 江川は老中水野忠邦にかばわれて無事だったが、崋山は家宅捜索の際に幕府の保守的海防方針を批判し、そのために発表を控えていた『慎機論』が発見されてしまい、幕政批判で有罪となり、国元田原で蟄居することとなった。
English: Two years later, one of Kazan's disciples, Hanko FUKUDA, felt sorry for the miserable life of the Kazan family living in confinement in the Ikenohara residence of Tahara and planned an exhibition of his paintings in Edo so as to apply the profits to the Kazan family's living expenses.
Japanese: 翌々年、田原の池ノ原屋敷で謹慎生活を送る崋山一家の貧窮ぶりを憂慮した門人福田半香の計らいで江戸で崋山の書画会を開き、その代金を生活費に充てることとなった。