nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, as for the actual circumstances that occurred back then, the historical records are limited to those with a 'bansei ikkei' history view in later generations, like in the "Nihonshoki" and so on, so there are also objections to the theories mentioned above.
Japanese: しかし、実際にどのような経緯があったかについては、依拠しうる史料が、後代に「万世一系」史観の立場で書かれた『日本書紀』などに限られているため、前述の各説には異論もある。
English: Back then, an idea stating that not only one blood line succeeded the throne of Wakoku, but the throne was succeeded in between plural powerful ruling families (theory of joint sovereignty) can also be seen.
Japanese: 当時は、一つの血統が倭国王位を継いだのではなく、複数の有力な豪族たちの間で倭国王位が継承されたとする考え（連合王権説）も見られる。
English: It is said that around the period of Emperor Kinmei (middle of the 6th century), the son of Emperor Ketai, the lineage of the Emperor, which had been unstable, was stabilized.
Japanese: 不安定な基盤にのっていた王統が確立したのが継体の子である欽明天皇の頃（6世紀中期）だと言われている。
English: After Emperor Kinmei, the systems and cultures of China had begun to be assimilated actively, and in the beginning of 7th century, like the assimilation of kani system (system indicating court ranks by headgear colors), the government with the Imperial Family in the center had begun to be formed.
Japanese: 欽明以後、中国の制度・文化の摂取が積極的に行われるようになっていき、7世紀初頭には冠位制度の導入など、天皇家を中心とした政府が形成され始めることとなった。
English: Also, in this period, it can be seen in "Zuisho" that the Emperor proclaimed himself as 'Tenshi' (Emperor) against the Yang-di of Sui.
Japanese: また、この時期、隋の煬帝に対して「天子」と自称したと『隋書』に見える。
English: After the Reformation of Taika, the movement to construct the government and system of the country with the Emperor in the center was activated by introducing Ritsuryo, which is the system of rules and regulations in China (Tang).
Japanese: 大化の改新以降、中国（唐）の法令体系である律令を導入することにより、天皇を中心とした政府・国家体制を構築しようとする動きが活発となっていった。
English: Such trials did not progress at once because of resistance from the local ruling families, but finally, they were completed by Emperor Tenmu and his successors.
Japanese: それらの試みは旧来の豪族たちの抵抗により一気に進展はしなかったが、最終的には、天武天皇及びその後継者によって完結することとなった。
English: Especially Emperor Tenmu, who usurped the Imperial throne with the military, exercised absolute powers.
Japanese: 特に天武は、軍事力により皇位を奪取したことを背景として、絶対的な権力を行使した。
English: Further, it is believed that the title of the King, before the establishment of the title of the Emperor, was Wakoku-o and Wao (diplomatically), and Amenoshitashiroshimesuokimi (domestically).
Japanese: なお、天皇号が成立する以前の王号は、倭国王・倭王（外国向け）および治天下大王（国内向け）だったと考えられている。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, the Emperor stood on the organization of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) and exercised his actual powers, but since the form of the government conformed to rules and regulations, it was relatively stable.
Japanese: 律令制下で天皇は太政官組織に依拠し、実体的な権力を振るったが、この政治形態は法令に則っていたため、比較的安定したものだった。
English: Approvals of the Emperor were needed to enforce principle political matters, and the importance of the Emperor was secured.
Japanese: 主要な政策事項の実施には、天皇の裁可が必要とされており、天皇の重要性が確保されていた。
English: However, around the beginning of the Heian period during the middle and latter period of the 9th century, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan began to assume as Sessho (regency) and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), which acted in place of the Emperor.
Japanese: しかし、平安初期の9世紀中後期ごろから、藤原北家が天皇の行為を代理・代行する摂政・関白に就任するようになった。
English: Especially Emperor Seiwa, who was enthroned in 858, was only nine years old, and there was no precedent of such young Emperor until then.
Japanese: 特に858年（天安(日本)2年）に即位した清和天皇はわずか9歳で、これほど低年齢の天皇はそれまでに例がない。
English: The enthronement of such a young Emperor shows that the Emperor gradually lost his actual power, and this form of government is called Sekkanseiji.
Japanese: このような幼帝の即位は、天皇が次第に実権を失っていたことを示すもので、こうした政治体制を摂関政治という。
English: The background of the establishment of Sekkanseiji was that because threats inside and outside the country had gone, politics had been stabilized, and the center of the politics began to be moved to the management of ceremonies and personal matters.
Japanese: 摂関政治の成立の背景には、国内外の脅威がなくなったことにともなって政治運営が安定化し、政治の中心が儀式運営や人事などへ移行していったことにある。
English: Because of that, it is thought that it was possible for the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkanke, or line of regents and advisers) to act as supreme power in place of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: そのため、藤原北家（摂関家）が天皇家の統治権を代行することが可能となったと考えられる。
English: Also, it is considered that the source of Sekkanke power was the continuation of the secure position of the maternal grandfather of the Imperial family by Sekkanke.
Japanese: また、摂関家の権力の源泉としては、摂関家が天皇家の外祖父（母方の祖父）としての地位を確保し続けたことにあるとされている。
English: However, this series of phenomena, oppositely reflecting the fact that the position of the Emperor was stabilized, and the possibility of the threat being abolished had been reduced.
Japanese: もっとも、このような一連の現象は、逆に言えば、天皇という地位が制度的に安定し、他の勢力からその存立を脅かされる可能性が薄らいだことの反映でもある。
English: Around this time, in the Kanto region, TAIRA no Masakado, who was an Imperial descendant of Emperor Kanmu for five generations, suppressed the internal conflicts between his relatives, and when he intervened in disputes amongst the neighboring provinces, he opposed the local Kokushi (provincial governor), soon caused insurrection and called himself 'Shinno' (new Emperor), banished Kokushi appointed by the Imperial Court, and appointed his Kokushi to 7 provinces in Kanto and Izu region.
Japanese: このころ、関東では桓武天皇5代の皇胤平将門が親族間の内紛を抑え、近隣諸国の紛争に介入したところ、在地の国司と対立、やがて叛乱を起こして自ら「新皇」（新天皇）と名乗り、朝廷の任命した国司を追放し、関東7ヶ国と伊豆国に自分の国司を任命した。
English: It can be said that a new country was established, but Masakado, like calling the Emperor in Kyoto (at that time was Emperor Suzaku) 'Honno,' didn't completely deny the authority of the Emperor.
Japanese: 新国家の樹立とも言えるが、将門は京都の天皇（当時は朱雀天皇）を「本皇」と呼ぶなど、天皇の権威を完全に否定したわけではなかった。
English: Also, the insurrection of Masakado itself couldn't gain support of the samurai in Kanto, and the new government collapsed because Masakado died in battle in just 3 months.
Japanese: また、将門の叛乱自体も、関東の武士たちの支持を得られず、わずか3ヶ月で将門が戦死して新政権は崩壊した。
English: Emperor Gosanjo, who was enthroned in the latter Heian period, could act relatively freely because he was in position without any Sekkanke amongst maternal relatives.
Japanese: 平安後期に即位した後三条天皇は、摂関家を外戚に持たない立場だったことから、摂関の権力から比較的自由に行動することができた。
English: Because of that, like the establishment of Kiroku Shoenken Keijo (Kirokujo, or Land Record Office), he developed various original new policies.
Japanese: そのため、記録荘園券契所の設置など、さまざまな独自の新政策を展開していった。
English: There is a theory that Emperor Gosanjo, even after he abdicated the throne, planned to manage politics as Joko (retired Empire).
Japanese: 後三条は、譲位後も上皇として政治の運営にあたることを企図していたという説がある。
English: If the theory is correct, it can be regarded as the first Insei preceding the Shirakawa Insei (ruled by the retired Emperor Shirakawa), but since Gosanjo had passed away in less than a half year after abdication, his real intention remains a mystery.
Japanese: この説が正しければ、白河院政に先立つ最初の院政ということもできるが、後三条は譲位後半年足らずで死去したのでその真意は謎のままである。
English: Emperor Shirakawa, who was the son of Gosanjo, needed to become a conservator for his son, Emperor Horikawa, and his grandson, Emperor Toba, since they both were enthroned in their childhood, gradually came into power, and finally, he came to reign over the Imperial Court as an absolute monarch.
Japanese: 後三条の子息の白河天皇は、子息堀河天皇・孫鳥羽天皇がいずれも幼少で即位し、父・祖父として後見役となる必要があったことから、次第に権力を掌握するようになり、最終的には専制君主として朝廷に君臨するに至った。
English: Joko (In), after establishing Insei, privately formed relationships between lord and vassals with many nobilities and reigned as "Chiten no Kimi" (actual ruler of the country), and since it was based on the parental authority as father and the position as the lord of nobilities, his position was more firm than that of Sekkanseiji, which was a conservator as maternal grandfather of the Emperor.
Japanese: 院政を布いた上皇（院）は、多くの貴族たちと私的に主従関係を結び、治天の君（事実上の国王）として君臨したが、それは父としての親権と貴族たちの主人としての立場に基づくもので、天皇の外祖父ゆえに後見人としてふるまった摂関政治よりもいっそう強固なものであった。
English: Chiten no Kimi, holding Hokumen no Bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards) as his own military power, formed the relationships between lord and vassals with samurai such as the Taira and Minamoto clans and placed them in important positions, but as a result, it opened the way to solving political disputes by military power, and led to the birth of the Taira clan government and the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by the Minamoto clan.
Japanese: 治天の君は、自己の軍事力として北面武士を保持し、平氏や源氏などの武士とも主従関係を結んで重用したが、このことは結果的に、武力による政治紛争の解決への道を開くことになり、平氏政権の誕生や源氏による鎌倉幕府の登場につながった。
English: Retired Emperor Gotoba further established Saimen no Bushi (Imperial Guards), but was abolished after the defeat in the Jokyu War.
Japanese: 後鳥羽上皇はさらに西面武士を設置したが、承久の乱の敗北により廃止された。
English: After the Jokyu War, the Imperial Court lost its military power and was subordinated to the bakufu, and this sometimes resulted in a situation where the Emperor was appointed upon orders from the bakufu.
Japanese: 承久の乱以後は、朝廷は独自の軍事力を失って、幕府に対して従属的な立場に立たされることになり、ときには幕府の命令で天皇が任免される事態にまで至った。
English: After this, Insei continued until the Edo period, but the period in which it formed actual political power is regarded as about 250 years from the Shirakawa Insei until the period of Emperor Goenyu in the Northern and Southern Court Period (Japan).
Japanese: 院政はこの後江戸時代まで続くが、実体的な政権を構成したのは、白河院政から南北朝時代(日本)の後円融天皇までの約250年間とされている。
English: After the death of Retired Emperor Goenyu, almost all of the few political powers left in the Imperial Court were requisitioned to bakufu by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, many nobilities also subordinated to Bakufu by forming lord and vassal relationships with Muromachi-dono (the head position of Muromachi Bakufu inherited by Ashikaga family), Insei lost the objective to rule, the Imperial Court lost its functions as a government, and the position fell into a profitable community by nobilities (Kuge) with the Emperor in center.
Japanese: 後円融上皇の死後、わずかに残っていた朝廷の政治的権力も足利義満の手でほとんどすべて幕府に接収され、貴族たちも多くは室町殿と主従関係を結んで幕府に従属し、院政は支配する対象自体を失い、朝廷も政府としての機能を失い、天皇を中心とする貴族たち（公家）の利益共同体に転落する。
English: As for the system of the country during the Medieval period, it is generally characterized as the regression of the Emperor and Kuge and extension of Buke (samurai families), but the theories are various, like the kenmon taisei theory, a theory that suggests Kuge and Buke both kept the country together, is presented.
Japanese: 中世の国家体制については、一般的には天皇・公家の後退と武家の伸張によって特徴付けられるが、公家と武家が両々相俟って国家を維持したとする権門体制論も提出されているなど学説も多様である。
English: Since Koryo (Imperial demesne, or Kokugaryo) under the Ritsuryo system persistently continued even after the spread of the manorial system, there was room for Joko to use considerable power until the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
Japanese: 荘園制の普及にもかかわらず律令体制下の公領（国衙領）がなお根強く残されていたことから、鎌倉幕府の成立前後までは上皇がかなりの権力を振るう余地はあった。
English: However, the loss of the Emperor's authority after the Jokyu War (1221) was remarkable, and like diplomatic efforts against Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) and foreign trade, sending ships to Tang, they were both lead by the Kamakura Bakufu, and showed the unity of power amongst Buke.
Japanese: しかし承久の乱（1221年）以降の天皇の権威の失墜は著しく、元寇に当たっての外交的処理や唐船派遣などの外国貿易など、いずれも鎌倉幕府の主導の下に行われており、武家一元化の動向を示していた。
English: However, after the civil war that followed, two Imperial Courts stood at the same time in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), and they were taken under control by the Northern Court, which was the side of the Ashikaga Shogunate, absorbing the Southern Court.
Japanese: しかしその後の内乱を通じて南北朝時代(日本)が並立し、足利将軍家方の北朝_(日本)が南朝_(日本)を吸収することで収拾された。
English: Around this period, the Emperor's loss of power was remarkable, and the 3rd Shogun of Muromachi Bakufu, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, is said have planned to take over the Imperial throne by making his son, Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, heir, but since the death of Yoshimitsu, when the Imperial Court tried to give the honorable title Daijo Tenno to Yoshimitsu, the 4th Shogun of Muromachi Bakufu, Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, strongly refused to accept this (it is said that it was because he didn't like his father since Yoshimitsu cared more about Yoshitsugu than himself), the truth is not yet certain.
Japanese: この頃は天皇の権威の低下が著しく、室町幕府三代将軍足利義満は、自分の子足利義嗣を皇位継承者とする皇位簒奪計画を持ったと言われるが、義満の死後、朝廷が義満に太上（だいじょう）天皇の尊号を贈ろうとした際には、室町幕府四代将軍足利義持がこれを固辞している（義満が自分より義嗣をかわいがっていたため、父を快く思わなかったためといわれている）ので、その真相については未だ定かではない。
English: At the end of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the destitution of the Emperor and Kuge in Kyoto was remarkable, like some Kuge begged by putting his formal headwear for court nobles upside down and some Kuge going to public bathhouse, but it was continued as a system because of the intentional protections of the Emperor and Kuge in both political and economical ways made by powerful Sengoku-daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) and the government by Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)末期には京都での天皇や公家の窮乏は著しく、烏帽子を逆さまにして物乞いをしたり、共同浴場に出向いたりする公家も生じるようになったが、有力戦国大名や織田信長政権が天皇・公家を政治的・経済的に意識的に保護したことによってその後まで制度として継続することになる。
English: In the Edo period, the Emperor did not hold actual political power, and had an economical base of only 10,000 koku (unit for measuring land in Japan) (later 30,000 koku) of territory.
Japanese: 江戸時代においては、天皇は政治的実権を取得することなく、実際の石高は1万石（のち3万石）程度の経済基盤しか持たなかった。
English: It is believed also that the target of respect was pointed at the daimyo and Seii Taishogun (Ue-sama, Shogun-sama), and the Emperor and Kuge were given respect only because of their indirect relationship with common people.
Japanese: 庶民の尊敬の対象は大名や征夷大将軍（上様、将軍様）に向けられ、天皇や公家は庶民とは間接的に縁のある存在（天子様）として敬意が払われる程度であったとも考えられている。
English: However, even though Kuge had lost their actual power, they strived to elevate the authority of the Emperor as the main branch of a family in cultural activities such as sado (tea ceremony) and haikai (seventeen-syllable verse), and starting with the final authority to decide the name of era when changing it, all official court ranks of shogun and daimyo were ceremoniously granted by the Emperor, and the Emperor was an existence having important meaning as the source of authority (against this fact, the bakufu also tried to reduce the Emperor's authority to being ceremonious by intervening in changing the name of the era and personal matters).
Japanese: しかしながら公家は実権は失っていたものの茶道・俳諧等の文化活動においてその嫡流たる天皇の権威高揚に努め、天皇は改元にあたって元号を決定する最終的権限を持っていたこと（元号勅定の原則）を始め、将軍や大名の官位も、儀礼上全て天皇から任命されるものであり、権威の源泉として重要な意味を持つ存在であった（これに対しても幕府が元号決定や人事への介入を行い、その権威の縮小・儀礼化を図っている）。
English: In the latter Edo period, Emperor Kokaku tried to give a posthumous title to his father, Kaninnomiya Imperial Prince Sukehito, and this came into conflict with Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA of the bakufu, who opposed that there is no precedent of giving a title to one who was not enthroned as the Emperor, and this was called the Songo Ikken (honorific title incident),
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には光格天皇が父親の閑院宮典仁（すけひと）親王に太上天皇の追号を送ろうとしたが、天皇に即位しなかった者への贈位は前例がないとして反対した幕府の松平定信と衝突する尊号一件と呼ばれる事件が発生した。
English: However in the latter half of the eighteenth century, a theory called Taisei Inin Ron, that says people must obey the shogun since the power of Seii Taishogun is entrusted by the Emperor, was proposed in the learned society, and the nature of the authorities of both shogun and the Emperor had begun to be reconsidered.
Japanese: しかし18世紀後半から、征夷大将軍の権力は天皇から委任されたものであるから、将軍に従わなければならないとする大政委任論が学界で提唱されるようになり、将軍の権威付けとともに天皇の権威性も見直されていくようになっていった。
English: When the shogunate system started to waver, both the Edo Bakufu and the anti-bakufu forces planned to use the authority of the Emperor, and as a result, the authority of the Emperor was heightened.
Japanese: 幕藩体制が揺ぎ始めると、江戸幕府も反幕勢力もその権威を利用しようと画策し、結果的に天皇の権威が高められていく。
English: As for the visit of the Matthew PERRY's fleet, the bakufu could not correspond on their own, and reported it to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: マシュー・ペリー来航に伴う対応について、幕府は独断では処理できず、朝廷に報告を行った。
English: From this incident the authority of the Emperor was restored, but at first, the bakufu tried to stop the criticism from anti-bakufu forces by carrying out Kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the shogunate).
Japanese: このことによって天皇の権威は復活したが、幕府は当初、公武合体により、反幕勢力の批判を封じ込めようとした。
English: However, this plan failed, and the anti-bakufu forces, mainly Satsuma and Choshu, tried to begin overthrowing the shogunate.
Japanese: しかしこの画策は失敗し、薩摩・長州を主体とする反幕勢力による武力倒幕が行われようとした。
English: The Bakufu forestalled them by conducting Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), but the shogun was forced to conduct Jikan-nochi (returning of all government posts and territories), and the old shogunate army that was discontented about that, and then collided with the Imperial army in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, and the civil war began.
Japanese: 幕府はその機先を制して大政奉還を行ったが、将軍は「辞官納地」（全ての官職と領地の返上）を強要され、それに不満の旧幕府軍は鳥羽伏見の戦いで官軍と衝突し、内戦となった。
English: By that process, in Hakodate, Hokkaido, a republic was declared for a while by Takeaki ENOMOTO ('the Ezo Republic').
Japanese: その過程で北海道函館では、榎本武揚らによって一時共和制が宣言される（「蝦夷共和国」）。
English: The Ezo Republic' elected their president (sosai), but was soon subjugated by the Imperial army.
Japanese: 「蝦夷共和国」は選挙によって大統領（総裁）を選出したが、官軍に程なく平定された。
English: Toshimichi OKUBO and others, who succeeded to overthrow the bakufu through this Boshin War, at first managed the new government, with the Emperor at center, by the Daijokan (Great Council of State) system of Kyoto.
Japanese: この戊辰戦争を通じて倒幕に成功した大久保利通らは、天皇を中心とする新政権を当初、京都の太政官制度によって運営した。
English: However, when Taisuke ITAGAKI and others, who resigned from the post of Sangi (councilor) after the political change of Seikanron (debate about the subjugation of Korea), started the Jiyuminken Undo (the Freedom and People's Rights Movement), that movement developed gradually into a movement by the people to establish the Diet, and the government promulgated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and established the Diet and the cabinet system.
Japanese: しかし征韓論政変によって参議から下野した板垣退助らが自由民権運動を開始し、それが次第に議会開設の国民運動として発展すると、政府は大日本帝国憲法を発布し、議会と内閣制度を発足させた。
English: With this, the system of the Imperial Household adopted a Prussian style constitutional monarch, but the Imperial House Act, which was established at the same time with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, was considered as 'the family codes of the Imperial Household,' that could not be changed nor abandoned by the cabinet or the Diet, and the system of the Imperial Household began to be used as a system of divine right to reign over the people.
Japanese: これにより皇室制度は、プロイセン式の立憲君主制を採ったが、大日本帝国憲法と同時に制定された皇室典範は、内閣や国会も改廃できない「皇室の家法」とされ、皇室制度は国民統治の神権的機関として利用されるようになる。
English: There are many scholars that define this system of Imperial Household as the system of absolutism by the Emperor, which holds absolute powers that are isolated from the people.
Japanese: こうした皇室制度は、国民から隔絶した絶対的な権力を有する天皇制天皇制絶対主義であると規定する学者も少なくない。
English: Further about the system of the Imperial Household, the word 'Tennosei' (Emperor system) is used generally, but Tennosei is originally a word for the Comintern, and it is not appropriate for it to be used as a historical term.
Japanese: なお皇室制度について、一般には「天皇制」が広く用いられるが、天皇制とは本来コミンテルンの用語であり、歴史用語としては適当でない。
English: In 1898, Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education in the first Okuma Shigenobu Cabinet, made a speech in an educational meeting, attacking the greed of the domain clique by saying 'If a republic is established in Japan, Mitsui and Mitsubishi would be the president.' and this became a problem, because making an assumption of a republic under the system of Imperial Household was disrespectful, and he was forced into resignation (Kyowaenzetsu Jiken, or republic speech incident).
Japanese: 明治31年（1898年）には、第一次大隈重信内閣の文部大臣尾崎行雄が、ある教育会の席上で藩閥勢力の拝金主義を攻撃した演説に「日本で共和制が実施されれば、三井・三菱は大統領となるだろう」とあったため問題となり、皇室制度の下にあって共和制を想定することは不敬にあたるとして辞任に追い込まれた（共和演説事件）。
English: It is said that there was a plan by the anti-Okuma force, the Taro KATSURA group, in the background, but Tsuyoshi INUKAI was appointed as the next Minister of Education.
Japanese: その背景には反大隈勢力の桂太郎派の画策があったと言われるが、後任の文相には犬養毅が任命された。
English: In 1911, the Taigyaku Jiken (a case of high treason) was developed and was used as an excuse to oppress socialists by the government at that time, and 12 people, including Shusui KOTOKU, were executed for attempting to assassinate Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: 明治44年（1911年）には大逆事件が生じ、時の政権から社会主義者弾圧の口実に使用され、明治天皇を暗殺しようとしたとして幸徳秋水ら12人が死刑に処された。
English: Roka TOKUTOMI wrote 'Muhonron' (on rebellion) and advocated not to be afraid to rebel and Takuboku ISHIKAWA declared war against the 'situation of exclusive period,' but Kafu NAGAI intentionally kept his distance of social interests on this occasion.
Japanese: 徳富蘆花は、「謀反論」を書き、謀反を恐れてはならないとし、石川啄木は「時代閉塞の現状」への宣戦布告を行ったが、永井荷風はこれを機に社会的関心から意識的に遠ざかるようになった。
English: After that, the existence of the Emperor was used to evade public criticism against the government's policy, and since speeches and writings criticizing the Emperor were strictly punished, criticism against the Emperor vanished, and came to be called 'the period of winter.'
Japanese: その後は、政府の方針に対する世論の批判をかわす目的で天皇の存在は利用され、天皇を批判する言論は不敬罪として厳重に罰せられたこともあって、天皇批判は影を潜め、「冬の時代」とも称されるようなった。
English: After that, going through two campaigns to defend constitutionalism, the press became active, and this is also known as Taisho democracy.
Japanese: その後、2度にわたる憲政擁護運動を経て、大正デモクラシーと言われるように言論界も活況を呈するようになる。
English: During the period of Taisho democracy, ideas such as Minponshugi, or a democratic interpretation of Tennosei in liberalism, by Sakuzo YOSHINO appeared.
Japanese: 大正デモクラシーの時期には、天皇制を自由主義的に解釈する吉野作造の民本主義なども現れた。
English: However in 1925, the Maintenance of Public Order Law was proclaimed along with the Universal Manhood Suffrage Act, and speeches and activities containing changes of national polity were prohibited.
Japanese: しかし、大正14年（1925年）には普通選挙法と同時に治安維持法が公布され、国体の変革を包含する言論や運動が禁止された。
English: In 1935, Tatsukichi MINOBE emphasized the theory of the Emperor as an organ of government, which was the mainstream in the learned society, and was denounced in the House of Peers, his books became prohibited, he was prosecuted for lese majesty, and he resigned from the members of the House of Peers.
Japanese: 昭和10年（1935年）、美濃部達吉はそれまで学会で主流だった天皇機関説を主張したことで貴族院で排撃され、著書は発禁処分となり不敬罪で告訴され、貴族院議員の職を辞した。
English: The existence of the Emperor was greatly used as a means to suppress criticism by public opinion against the government and the military.
Japanese: 政府や軍の活動に対する世論の批判を抑える目的として天皇の存在は大きく利用されることとなった。
English: After the Great Depression, based on the May 15th and February 20th Incidents, the military gained power and greatly utilized the existence of the Emperor.
Japanese: 世界恐慌の後、五・一五事件、二・二六事件を踏まえ、軍部が擡頭し天皇の存在を大きく利用する。
English: In the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the supreme command of the military was given to the Emperor, not to the government, and using that as a reason, the military ignored governmental policy and became involved in the Manchurian and other incidents.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法において軍の統帥権は、政府ではなく天皇にあると定められていることを理由に、政府の方針を無視し満州事変等を引き起こした。
English: The sacred and inviolable nature of the Emperor was also emphasized, the government was pressured, and using the rule that Military ministers were officers on active-duty, incidents violating supreme command, and declarations of proved national polity, strengthened the military's power.
Japanese: また天皇の神聖不可侵を強調して、政府に圧力を加え軍部大臣現役武官制や統帥権干犯問題、国体明徴宣言を通じて勢力を強めていく。
English: Around this period, scholars of historic studies of Ancient Japan, like Sokichi TSUDA, were forced to resign simply because he regarded myths to be different from historical facts.
Japanese: この頃には、津田左右吉らの日本古代史学者が、神話は歴史事実とは異なるとしただけで職を追われるようになった。
English: It was at the time of the Pacific War that authority reached its peak, and after the period when the National General Mobilization Act was issued in 1938, the Emperor was deified as Arahitogami, and the system of the nation under war with the Emperor in the center was established by the military (refer to Kokoku Shikan, or Emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
Japanese: その権威が頂点に達したのは太平洋戦争時であり、昭和13年（1938年）の国家総動員法が発令された頃より、軍部により現人神（あらひとがみ）と神格化され、天皇を中心とした戦時国家体制が作られた（皇国史観を参照）。