nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The naginata usually has a 212.1cm long shaft and 30.3cm long blade, and since it was developed from a Japanese style sword by attaching a shaft, it remains some characteristics of a sword like a handguard and an oval-shaped cross-section of a shaft.
Japanese: 薙刀は通常柄の長さは7尺、刃は1尺程度であり、日本刀に柄をつけたものから発達したため、鍔があり、柄の断面も楕円形を呈している。
English: However, while the naginata is a "long-handled weapon" which focuses on maximizing the damage, the nagamaki is a "sword" which focuses on outreaching an enemy by having a longer shaft.
Japanese: ただし、薙刀は斬撃に特化させた『長柄武器』であるのに対し、長巻は太刀の柄を長くしてリーチを伸ばそうとした『刀』である。
English: It used to be spelled as '奈木奈多' or '長刀' in the early days; however, '薙刀' meaning slashing people and horses became more common in order to distinguish with '長刀' meaning a long sword.
Japanese: 初期の頃は「奈木奈多」と表記したり「長刀」の字が当てられていたが、長い刀を意味する「長刀」（ちょうとう）と区別するため、人馬を薙ぐ刀とし、「薙刀」と書かれるようになった。
English: However, when they are simply classified based on size, there are only two types; onaginata (can be up to three meters long) and konaginata (around one meter long).
Japanese: しかし単にサイズのみで分類するときは、大薙刀（大きなものは3mにも達する）と小薙刀（元来の種で1m前後）の2種類のみ。
English: The naginata used by men is called Shizuka model named after Shizuka Gozen, and when it is used by women, it is called Tomoe model named after Tomoe Gozen.
Japanese: 男用の薙刀を静御前にちなんで静型、女用の薙刀を巴御前にちなんで巴型という。
English: Moreover, there are naginata used by the Army and the Marines; the one used by the Army has a long shaft in order to cut horse legs while an enemy is still on the horse.
Japanese: また陸軍用と水軍用があり、陸軍用は柄が長く、相手が乗馬時に馬の足を斬る為に長い。
English: The one used by the Marines has a short shaft due to limited space on the ship and an unique shaped ferrule for storage purpose.
Japanese: 水軍用は船上で使うため、邪魔にならない様に柄が短く、立て掛ける為、石突が一変している。
English: Although long Japanese swords are still left today as they were offered to shrines, Onaginata is hardly any left.
Japanese: 大太刀は神社に奉納されて現存しているものも多いが、大薙刀はほとんど残存していない。
English: After Chinese style swords were brought from ancient China and transformed into Japanese style, the naginata came to exist as the fighting method shifted from mounted warriors with bows and arrows to foot soldiers.
Japanese: 中国から古代に伝わった剣（つるぎ）が刀すなわち日本刀になったのちに、戦場での主武器が騎馬での弓射から、徒歩での戦いが主となったときに生まれた。
English: It was widely used as a weapon by monk soldiers to protect their temples during Nara period and Heian period.
Japanese: 奈良時代から平安時代にかけて寺院の守護のために僧兵の武器として威力を発揮。
English: However, the fighting method changed to close-up fighting by foot soldiers (ashigaru) after Onin War, and the naginata was eventually replaced with spears.
Japanese: しかしながら、応仁の乱頃より戦いの主流が歩兵（足軽）による密集戦に変わり、やがて槍にとってかわられた。
English: Although it temporally disappeared due to the order issued by Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which banned samurai to carry the naginata during Edo period, it came back as a martial art for women.
Japanese: 江戸時代には江戸幕府が武士の薙刀所持を禁止した事により行き場を一時無くすが、女子の武芸とする事で喪失を免れた。
English: Because of this, different schools of naginata designed for women were established, and the sword shows held in Meiji period became quite popular.
Japanese: その影響でおんな薙刀専門流派も出現し、明治に撃剣興行では人気を博した。
English: It became a martial art mainly for women from Taisho period to post war period and is till practiced as 'Naginata' in modern day.
Japanese: 大正から戦後にかけて、主に女性の武道となり、「なぎなた」として現代も競技が盛んである。
English: Various types of naginata jutsu for men were also established and is still practiced now.
Japanese: なお、おとこ薙刀術についても多くの流派に併伝されて、今なお稽古されている。
English: The naginata form was adopted into the traditional performing arts such as the Noh theater, Bonote, Tachifuri (swinging of the sword) and Sasara dance (sasara is a Japanese traditional percussion instrument).
Japanese: 武術以外に、能や棒の手、太刀振り、ささら踊りなどの伝統芸能においても薙刀の形が採り入れられた。
English: Asomi (or Ason) (written as 朝臣) was the second rank of kabane (hereditary title) which was created in a system of Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) established in 684.
Japanese: 朝臣（あそみ、あそん）は、684年（天武13）に制定された八色の姓（やくさのかばね）の制度で新たに作られたカバネ（かばね）で、上から二番目に相当する。
English: Asomi was effectively the highest title amid vassals other than the Imperial Family because Mahito, which was the highest rank, was reserved exclusively for certain imperial clans.
Japanese: 一番上の真人（まひと）は、主に皇族に与えられたため、皇族以外の臣下の中では事実上一番上の地位にあたる。
English: The reason why Asomi was introduced was to create a superior kabane to the others such as Omi, Muraji, Obito, Atai or so on which had long been in existence.
Japanese: この朝臣が作られた背景には、従来から有った、臣（おみ）、連（むらじ）、首(曖昧さ回避)（おびと）、直（あたい）などの姓（かばね）の上位に位置する姓（かばね）を作ることでした。
English: Furthermore, the Imperial Family is thought to have tried to seize power by making superior and inferior kabane to create differences in status and favoring certain uji (clan) who have strong loyalty to the Imperial Family.
Japanese: そして、姓に優劣、待遇の差をつけ、天皇家への忠誠の厚い氏（うじ）を優遇し、天皇家への権力掌握をはかったと思われる。
English: Asomi was mainly preferentially granted to the clans whose achievement was acknowledged in the Jinshin War and who had the kabane of Omi.
Japanese: 朝臣は、主に壬申の乱で功績の有った主に臣（おみ）の姓（かばね）を持つ氏族に優先的に与えられた。
English: The clans with the kabane of Muraji which was the next rank under Omi were given the kabane of Sukune.
Japanese: その次に位置する主に連（むらじ）の姓（かばね）を持つ氏族には宿禰（すくね）の姓を与えていた。
English: Later, however, as the clans who contributed to the Imperial Court were granted the kabane of Asomi, most clans in the Nara period had the kabane of Asomi.
Japanese: しかしながら、その後も朝廷に功績が有った氏族には朝臣の姓を下賜していき、奈良時代にはほとんどの氏が朝臣の姓を持つようになった。
English: As time further passed, most nobles and samurai were descendants of Fujiwara no Asomi, Minamoto no Asomi and Taira no Asomi.
Japanese: さらに時代が下ると、大半の貴族や武士は藤原氏朝臣、源氏朝臣、平氏朝臣などの子孫で占められてしまった。
English: Also, with the fall of lower-ranked nobles due to the rise of the warrior class to power, Asomi lost its meaning in the sense of kabane used to rank status, and it became a formality which was used for official documents.
Japanese: また、武家台頭による下級貴族の没落もあり、朝臣は、序列付けの為の姓（かばね）としての意味を失ってしまい、公式文書で使う形式的なものになっていった。
English: From the Heian period, a person who was kugyo (sanmi [third court rank] or higher and sangi [councilor]) was called by putting Ason after his uji (clan name) as well as putting a honorific title as ko (minister) or kyo (minister) after his imina (real personal name).
Japanese: 平安時代以降、公卿(三位以上及び参議)、氏の下に朝臣、諱の下に公(大臣)ないし卿という敬称を以って称した。
English: Then, out of the longing for a distinguished clan, there were many people such as Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who altered a family tree, making this clan consequently the influential clan for samurai.
Japanese: そして名門への憧がれから徳川家康のように系図を改ざんする者が相次ぎ、その結果武士の大姓となった。
English: The Jiyu Minken Undo (Freedom and popular rights movement) was a political and social movement that took place in Meiji-period Japan.
Japanese: 自由民権運動（じゆうみんけんうんどう）とは、明治時代の日本において行われた政治運動・社会運動。
English: ,
Japanese: 1874年の民撰議院設立建白書以降、藩閥政府による政治に対して、議会の開設、地租の軽減、不平等条約の改正、言論と集会の自由の保障などの要求を掲げた。
English: In 1874, Taisuke ITAGAKI, together with Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO, Taneomi SOEJIMA and others, who left the government when it refused to allow an invasion of Korea in the preceding year, founded the Aikokuto Party and submitted a petition to the Council of the Left of the government calling for the establishment of an elected national assembly.
Japanese: 1873年の征韓論政変により下野した板垣退助は1874年、後藤象二郎、江藤新平、副島種臣らと愛国公党を結成、民撰議院設立建白書を政府左院に提出した。
English: In1875, the Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) was formed nationwide by Itagaki but was soon disbanded as the party had financial issues and Itagaki returned to the position of Sangi (councillor) at the Osaka conference.
Japanese: 翌年1875年には全国的な愛国社が結成されるが、大阪会議で板垣が参議に復帰した事や資金難により、すぐに消滅する。
English: As Shinpei Eto is known to have been executed for causing the Tosa War, a revolt by family with samurai ancestors in 1874, this period of the Jiyu Minken Undo movement was characterized by the antigovernment movement led by members of the former samurai class (Shizoku) and often erupted into violence.
Japanese: 江藤新平が建白書の直後に士族反乱の佐賀の乱（1874年）を起こし、死刑となっていることで知られるように、この時期の自由民権運動は政府に反感を持つ士族らに基礎を置き、武力闘争と紙一重であった。
English: However, the period of shizoku's military struggle against the government ended with the Seinan War in 1877.
Japanese: しかし、武力を用いる士族反乱の動きは西南戦争（1877年）で終わる。
English: Some upper echelons of the Risshinsha was arrested for allegedly plotting to take up arms for the war.
Japanese: なお、この際に立志社が西南戦争に乗じて挙兵しようとしたとする立志社の獄が発生して幹部が逮捕されている。
English: Following the resurgence of the Aikokusha in 1878, the Kokkai Kisei Domei (League for Establishing a National Assembly) was formed at a national convention (the fourth convention) in 1880 and filed a number of petitions for the establishment of the National Diet to the government.
Japanese: 1878年に愛国社が再興し、1880年の第四回大会で国会期成同盟が結成され、国会開設の請願・建白が政府に多数提出された。
English: The movement became widespread not only among dissatisfied Shizoku people, but also peasants in rural villages by calling for the land-tax reform.
Japanese: 地租改正を掲げることで、運動は不平士族のみならず、農村にも浸透していった。
English: The movement dominated by dissatisfied shizoku was termed the 'Shizoku Minken' (Popular rights movement among shizoku), whereas one dominated by leading members in rural villages was called the 'Gono Minken' (Popular rights movement among wealthy farmers).
Japanese: このうち、不平士族を中心にした段階の運動を士族民権、農村指導者層を中心にした段階の運動を豪農民権という。
English: In addition to these two groups that led the movement, many people from various social backgrounds, including city bourgeoisie, the poor, and gamblers, who shared the opposition to the government, joined the movement.
Japanese: この他に都市ブルジョワ層や貧困層、博徒集団に至るまで当時の政府の方針に批判的な多種多様な立場からの参加も見られた。
English: The Kokkai Kisei Domei took the stance that a constitution should be formulated through wide-ranging consultation rather than granted from above and voted that they would prepare drafts by next year 1881.
Japanese: 国会期成同盟では国約憲法論を掲げ、その前提として自ら憲法を作ろうと翌1881年までに私案を持ち寄ることを決議した。
English: Among other groups that prepared drafts for the constitution, Emori UEKI and the Kojunsha (a club founded by alumni of Keio university) developed the drafts.
Japanese: 憲法を考えるグループも生まれ、植木枝盛、交詢社（慶應義塾関係者のクラブ）らによる憲法私案が作られた。
English: The "Itsukaichi Draft Constitution," which is known to have been found at a warehouse owned by a farmer in Tama area, Tokyo in 1968, signifies how the movement powerfully and deeply permeated in the local areas.
Japanese: 1968年に東京・多摩地区の農家の土蔵から発見されて有名になった「五日市憲法」は地方における民権運動の高まりと思想的な深化を示している。
English: As the movement intensified, the government issued a series of laws and regulations, including the Zamboritsu (Defamation Law), the Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations) in 1875, and the Shukai Jorei (Assembly Regulations) in 1880, that suppressed free speech.
Japanese: 民権運動の盛り上がりに対し、政府は讒謗律、新聞紙条例の公布（1875年）、集会条例（1880年）など言論弾圧の法令で対抗した。
English: Sangi (councillor) Shigenobu OKUMA, who had been supporting for the prompt establishment of the National Diet, was relieved of his post by Sangi Hirobumi ITO and others in the 1881 Political Crisis.
Japanese: 参議・大隈重信は、政府内で国会の早期開設を唱えていたが、1881年に起こった明治十四年の政変で、参議・伊藤博文らによって罷免された。
English: In the mean time, the government acknowledged the necessity of establishing the National Diet and issued the imperial instruction that promised to establish the Diet in 10 years, intending to ward off public criticism.
Japanese: 一方、政府は国会開設の必要性を認めるとともに当面の政府批判をかわすため、10年後の国会開設を約した「国会開設の勅諭」を出した。
English: In fact, the government was speculating that the movement would wane in 10 years.
Japanese: 実は、政府は10年もたてばこの運動もおさまるだろうと思っていたという。
English: The 1881 Political Crisis drove off the radicals, which supported the freedom and popular rights movement, including Okuma, and helped the government establish a firm regime that had Hirobumi ITO as the central figure.
Japanese: 明治十四年の政変によって、自由民権運動に好意的と見られてきた大隈をはじめとする政府内の急進派が一掃され、政府は伊藤博文を中心とする体制を固める事に成功した。
English: The radicals of the Liberal Party, including Kentaro OI and Roichi NAITO, were forming drastic measures against the government's oppressive measures and ready to go to the length of resorting to violence if necessary.
Japanese: 大井憲太郎や内藤魯一など自由党急進派は政府の厳しい弾圧にテロや蜂起も辞さない過激な戦術をも検討していた。
English: There was also a growing discontent among the peasants, who were suffering the Matsukata deflation, against the Liberal Party that was preparing to become a ruling party with the establishment of the National Diet imminent.
Japanese: また松方デフレ等で困窮した農民たちも国会開設を前に準備政党化した自由党に対し不満をつのらせていた。
English: Included among the riots were the Fukushima Incident, Kabasan Incident, Gunma Incident, Iida Incident, Nagoya Incident, Takada Incident and Chichibu Incident.
Japanese: 福島事件・加波山事件・群馬事件・飯田事件・名古屋事件・高田事件・秩父事件等がよく知られている。
English: During this period, the Liberal Party was dissolved and Okuma also left the Constitutional Reform Party in the same year, which led to the virtual dissolution of the party.
Japanese: この間、自由党は解党し、同年末には改進党も大隈らが脱党し事実上分解した。
English: The popular rights movement resurged in 1886 following the Daido Danketsu movement led by Toru HOSHI and some leading political theorists, including Chomin NAKAE and Soho TOKUTOMI, came out.
Japanese: その後1886年星亨らによる大同団結運動で民権運動は再び盛り上がりを見せ、中江兆民や徳富蘇峰らの思想的な活躍も見られた。
English: The movement further intensified as the 1887 political movement broke out, calling for the switch of the foreign policy, freedom of speech and assembly, the land-tax reduction, in responses to Kaoru INOUE's foreign policy that placed importance on Westernization.
Japanese: 翌年にはさらに、井上馨による欧化主義を基本とした外交政策に対し、外交策の転換・言論集会の自由・地租軽減を要求した三大事件建白運動が起り民権運動は激しさを増した。
English: The government quelled this by establishing the Hoan Jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order) and appointing Okuma of the Constitutional Reform Party as Foreign Minister.
Japanese: これに対し政府が保安条例の制定や改進党大隈の外相入閣を行うことで運動は沈静化した。
English: However, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan specified that people's rights were "privileged" ones that were given by the emperor and these rights could be limited "by the constitution" and only permitted "within the confines of the law," in favor of public order and security.
Japanese: しかしながら、大日本帝国憲法は国民の権利を、天皇が臣民に与えた「恩恵的権利」と定義し、権利制限の根拠を「法律ニ定メタル場合」「法律ノ範囲内」などのいわゆる「法律の留保」、あるいは「安寧秩序」に求めた。
English: The freedom and popular rights movement came to reach true success when the Constitution of Japan came into force that regarded people's rights as the inviolable fundamental human right.
Japanese: 自由民権運動の真の成功は、これらの権利を永久不可侵の「基本的人権」と定めた日本国憲法施行を待たざるをえなかった。
English: In other words, the then fairly progressive Constitution of the Empire of Japan could not achieve the real aim of the movement and they had to wait to be fully realized in the democratization, which was prompted by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) after Japan's defeat in the Pacific War in 1945.
Japanese: 言い換えれば、当時相当先進的な内容であった大日本帝国憲法をもってしても自由民権運動の真意がかなえられる事は無く、1945年の太平洋戦争敗北後に、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部が行なった民主化政策でしか自由民権運動の成果は結実しえなかったのである。
English: The capital, which was located in current Nara City, Nara Prefecture, and the vicinity of Yamatokoriyama City, is thought to be modeled on 'Changan' of the Tang Dynasty and Rakuyo of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Japanese: 唐の都「長安」や北魏洛陽などを模倣して建造されたとされ、現在の奈良県奈良市および大和郡山市近辺に位置していた。
English: The discussion on the transfer of the capital from Fujiwara-kyo to Heijo-kyo began in 707, and in 708 Empress Genmei issued an edict of the transfer, which stated that the capital was 'the center of government offices and the place where people of the world gather.'
Japanese: 藤原京から平城京への遷都は707年（慶雲4）に審議が始まり、708年（和銅元）には元明天皇により遷都の詔（都というものは「百官の府であり、四海の人々が集まるところ」）が出された。
English: However, when it was relocated in 710, it is believed that the construction of only a few facilities such as the Imperial Palace, Daigokuden (the central building) and official residences were completed, and other facilities like the temple and residence were being constructed step by step until the capital was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: しかし、710年（和銅3）に遷都された時には、内裏と大極殿、その他の官舎が整備された程度と考えられており、寺院や邸宅は、山城国の長岡京に遷都するまで、段階的に造営されていったと思われる。
English: Although Heijo-kyo was temporarily abandoned due to the transfer of the capital to Kuni-kyo in 740, it was relocated to Heijo-kyo once again in 745 and was the center of the government for 74 years, until it was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo in 784.
Japanese: 740年、恭仁京への遷都によって平城京は一時的に放棄されるが、745年には、再び平城京に遷都され、その後784年（延暦3年）、長岡京に遷都されるまで74年間都がおかれ政治の中心地であった。
English: On September 6, 810, an edict to destroy Heian-kyo and transfer the capital to Heijo-kyo was issued by Emperor Heizei.
Japanese: 810年9月6日、平城天皇によって平安京を廃し平城京へ遷都する詔が出された。
English: Emperor Saga opposed this and swiftly raised an army, and the retired Emperor Heizei became a Buddhist monk on September 12 (known as the Kusuko Incident).
Japanese: これに対し嵯峨天皇が迅速に兵を動かし、9月12日、平城上皇は剃髪した（薬子の変）。
English: It was previously spelled as 'Heijo-kyo' in the school textbooks, however, it is now mostly spelled as 'Heizei-kyo.'
Japanese: 以前は学校教科書において「へいじょうきょう」と振り仮名がふられていたが、現在は多くの教科書で「へいぜいきょう」とふられている。
English: The Emperor's name '平城' is read as 'Heizei,' and the pronunciation of 'Heijo' was a combination of the Han and Wu reading of the same Chinese characters, so the standard writing was changed to 'Heizei' by simply using the Han reading.
Japanese: 平城天皇が「へいぜい」と読むことや、「へいじょう」は漢音＋呉音の表記であることなどから、漢音表記に統一した「へいぜい」とされた。
English: However, the name 'Heijo' is still commonly used, and Commemorative Events of the 1300th Anniversary of Nara Heijo-kyo Capital organized by Nara Prefecture also uses the term 'Heijo.'
Japanese: しかし世論的には未だ「へいじょう」が一般的であり、奈良県の進める平城遷都1300年記念事業も「へいじょう」と発音されている。
English: As stated above, Heijo-kyo is now read as 'Heijo-kyo' or 'Heizei-kyo,' however, it is believed that it was once read as 'Nara no Miyako.'
Japanese: このように、平城京は現代においては音読みで「へいじょうきょう」または「へいぜいきょう」と読むが、かつては「ならのみやこ」と訓読みしたというのが定説である。
English: Although there are many various theories as to why '平城' was pronounced as 'Nara,' one well accepted theory states that it came from the meaning 'flat city.'
Japanese: なぜ「平城」を「なら」と読むのかは諸説あるが、一番有力とされているのは「平坦な都」という意味である。
English: Since the word 'nara' is used to describe flattening an undulating land even in modern day, one theory states that the name came from the relocation of the capital from the mountainous place Asuka to the middle of the Nara Basin.
Japanese: 現代においても起伏のある土地を平坦にすることを「土地をならす」というが、「なら」には平坦という意味があり、山がちな飛鳥から平坦な奈良盆地の真ん中に移った都という意味が込められているとされるのがこの説である。
English: Because of this the character '平' was chosen, and in order to use the Chinese style, which uses two character for place names, '城' from the word '城市' (fortified town) was added, and they were together used for the name of the capital '平城.'
Japanese: そのため「平」の字を使ったが、中国風に雅字（良い文字の意）二字で地名を表記するために、「城市」の意を込めた「城」の字との2文字で「平城」とし、都の名称として採用したのではないかとされている。
English: Incidentally, the pronunciation 'Nara' is written as '奈良' or '寧楽' based on Manyo-gana (an early Japanese syllabary composed of Chinese characters used phonetically).
Japanese: ちなみに「奈良」や「寧楽」などは「なら」という発音の万葉仮名表記である。
English: There used to be scholars who suggested a possible connection with the Korean word 'nara' (meaning a country), however, this theory is no longer accepted (the origin of the word is believed to be 'to flatten').
Japanese: かつては朝鮮語の「ナラ（国という意味）」との関連性を指摘する学者もいたが、現在はほぼ否定されている（「均す（なら-）『平らにする』」という意味が語源とされている）。
English: The shape of Heijo-kyo was a long rectangle which had Suzaku-oji Street dividing Ukyo (west part of capital) and Sakyo (east part of the capital), and further down the Sakyo, Gekyo (extra part in the east part of Heijo-kyo) was constructed on sloping ground.
Japanese: 平城京は南北に長い長方形で、中央の朱雀大路を軸として右京と左京に分かれ、さらに左京の傾斜地に外京（げきょう）が設けられている。
English: The city planning was based on the jobo system (a series of avenues running at right angles to each other marked out the system) and was constructed with Ichijo to Kujo-oji Street running through east to west, from Suzaku-oji Street and Ichibo to Shibo Streets in Sakyo running through north to south, and from Ichibo to Shibo Street in Ukyo.
Japanese: 東西軸には一条から九条大路、南北軸には朱雀大路と左京一坊から四坊、右京一坊から四坊の大通りが設置された条坊制の都市計画である。
English: Each major street was separated by an area of roughly 532m, and those surrounded areas (known as Bo) were divided by mud walls and ditches, which were then divided into towns by three streets running down from north to south and east to west.
Japanese: 各大通りの間隔は約532m、大通りで囲まれた部分（坊）は、堀と築地（ついじ）によって区画され、さらにその中を、東西・南北に3つの道で区切って町とした。
English: The residential land of urban areas was divided based on one's rank, which allowed the high rank nobles to have 4 towns, and the rest were followed by 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 town.
Japanese: 市街地の宅地は、位階によって大きさが決められ、高級貴族が占める4町のものを筆頭として、2町・1町・1/2町・1/4町・1/8町・1/16町・1/32町などの宅地が与えられた。
English: Although it was a well established theory that the capital was modeled after Changan of Tang Dynasty, its relationship with Fujiwara-kyo, previously thought to be close, became questionable, and therefore another theory became accepted, which stated that Rakuyo in Northern Wei Dynasty was the inspiration, yet the development of the capital was unique to Japan.
Japanese: 以前は唐の都の長安を模倣して作られたというのが一般的な定説であったが、先行する藤原京との密接な関係から現在は関連が疑われており、北魏洛陽などをモデルとした、日本独自の発展系ではないかという見方も有力となっている。
English: In other words, it was a political city, rather than a military city concerned with invasion by different ethnic groups from remote regions of China.
Japanese: つまり、中国の辺境の異民族の侵略を重く見た軍事的色彩の濃い城壁でなく、きわめて政治的な都市であった。
English: The urban area of Heijo-kyo was constructed based on Shimotsu-michi Street and Nakatsu-michi Street of Yamato no kodo (the ancient paths in Yamato Province), which divided the middle part of the Yamato basin into north and south.
Japanese: 平城京の市街区域は、大和盆地中央部を南北に縦断する大和の古道大和の古道下ッ道・大和の古道中ッ道を基準としている。
English: Shimotsu-michi Street met Suzaku-oji Street, and Nakatsu-michi Street met East Shibo-oji Street, which divided the eastern part of Sakyo (although slightly off).
Japanese: 下ツ道が朱雀大路に当たり、中ツ道が左京の東を限る東四坊大路（ただし少しずれる）に当たる。
English: The extra section projecting from Nijo-oji Street and Gojo-oji Street was called Gekyo, and was the size of three bo.
Japanese: 二条大路から五条大路にかけては、三坊分の条坊区画が東四坊大路より東に張り出しており、これを外京と呼ぶ。
English: There were also two blocks projecting north from the northern part of Ukyo, and this area was called Hokuhenbo.
Japanese: また、右京の北辺は二町分が北に張り出しており、これを北辺坊と称する。
English: Heijo-kyu Palace was located at the north end of Suzaku-oji Street, and Suzaku-mon Gate was constructed there.
Japanese: 平城宮（大内裏）は朱雀大路の北端に位置し、そこに朱雀門が設置された。
English: The central building known as Daigokuden was demolished when relocating the capital in 740, and later reconstructed on the east side of the original location.
Japanese: その中心建物である大極殿は740年の遷都の際に取り壊され、後に旧位置の東側に再建された。
English: Rajo-mon Gate was on the south end of Suzaku-oji Street, and Rajo, which was built to surround the capital, was on the southern area of Kujo-oji Street.
Japanese: 朱雀大路の南端には羅城門があり、九条大路の南辺には京を取り囲む羅城があった。
English: However, it is likely that only a small part of Rajo attached to Rajo-mon Gate was actually constructed.
Japanese: ただし、実際には羅城は羅城門に接続するごく一部しか築かれなかったのではないかとする説が有力である。
English: The major temples constructed in the capital were Daian-ji Temple, Yakushi-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple and Gango-ji Temple (together called the four great temples), and each were relocated one by one when the capital was transferred from Fujiwara-kyo.
Japanese: 京内寺院の主要なものは、大安寺、薬師寺、興福寺、元興寺（以上を四大寺と称した）で、これらは藤原京から遷都に際して順次移転されたものである。
English: Todai-ji Temple was constructed on the east side of East Kyogoku-oji Street by the order of Emperor Shomu in 752, while Saidai-ji Temple (located in Nara City) was constructed on the north side of Ukyo by the order of Emperor Shotoku in 765.
Japanese: 東大寺は東京極大路に接した京域の東外にあり、聖武天皇によって752年に創建、西大寺(奈良市)は右京の北方に位置し、称徳天皇により天平神護元年（765年）に創建された。
English: On March 10, 2006, it was announced by the Yamatokoriyama board of education that Jujo-oji Street was certainly constructed in Heijo-kyo.
Japanese: 2006年3月10日、大和郡山市教育委員会らが、平城京が十条大路まで作られていたのは確実であると発表した。
English: This Rajo is thought to have been built with a simple tiled roof and wooden walls, unlike the one in China, which was built with mud walls.
Japanese: この羅城は中国の都城のような土壁ではなく、簡単な瓦葺きの板塀ではないかとみられている。
English: When investigating the possible location of Heijo-kyo, Sadamasa KITAURA discovered that ruins of the city remained on the ridges between rice fields and streets, which he recorded in "Heijo-kyu Daidairi ato tsubowari no zu," in 1852.
Japanese: 北浦定政が、自力で平城京の推定地を調査し、水田の畦や道路に街の痕跡が残ることを見つけ、1852年（嘉永5）『平城宮大内裏跡坪割之図』にまとめた。