nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Many female fans also visit the tombs of Shinsen-gumi members, who, together with Imperial loyalists such as Ryoma SAKAMOTO, are "idols of Japanese history"; but as the Meiji Government was established by Imperial loyalists who were opposed to them, hardly any notice was taken of Shinsen-gumi from a historical standpoint until recently, and their current popularity owes much to many novels about them written by such people as Kan SHIMOZAWA, Ryotaro SHIBA, and also TV dramas, movies, etc.
Japanese: 新撰組組員の墓参りをする女性ファンも多く、坂本龍馬ら勤皇の志士と共に“日本史のアイドル的存在”となっているが、明治政府がかれらと敵対する勤皇派志士たちによって設立された経緯もあり、近年まで史学的にもほとんど注目されることがなく、現在における人気は子母沢寛や司馬遼太郎らによる新選組をテーマにした数々の小説やTVドラマ・映画等の影響が大きい。
English: However, some people from Yamaguchi Prefecture and that area, which produced many Imperial loyalists, regard Shinsen-gumi as "a group of terrorists employed by the shogunate " (Masuo MATSUOKA, member of the House of Councilors/taken from his speech at the National Diet, during his time in office).
Japanese: ただし、勤皇の志士たちを多く輩出した山口県などを出身とする人々には彼らを「幕府に雇われたテロリスト集団」として位置づける人もいる（松岡滿壽男参議院議員・当時の国会での発言より）。
English: They are also known for setting strict Kyokuchu Hatto (Shinsen-gumi Rules) to maintain order within Shinsen-gumi, purging those who violated the rules, and for their group flag with one kanji character, "Makoto", and original short coats with mountain-like patterns painted on the sleeves.
Japanese: 隊の規律維持のために厳しい局中法度を定め違反者に対し粛清を行ったことや、「誠」の一字の隊旗や袖口に山形の模様を染め抜いた独特の羽織でも知られる。
English: In 1862, upon the visit of Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Seii Taishogun, to Kyoto, the Edo shogunate recruited roshi for the purpose of guarding the Shogun.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、江戸幕府は征夷大将軍・徳川家茂の上洛に際して、将軍警護の名目で浪士を募集した。
English: On February 27 of the following year, 1863, over 200 roshis gathered and formed the group Roshi-gumi, and before the Shogun's trip traveled westward to Kyoto via Nakasen-do Road.
Japanese: 翌年文久3年（1863年）2月27日、集まった200名余りの浪士達は将軍上洛に先がけ、浪士組として一団を成し、中山道を西上する。
English: Tadatoshi MATSUDAIRA, Kyuo UDONO, Jibuemon KUBOTA, Tesshu YAMAOKA, Kinnosuke NAKAJO, Tadazaburo SASAKI and others were assigned as Roshi Torishimari-yaku.
Japanese: 浪士取締役には、松平忠敏、鵜殿鳩翁、窪田治部右衛門、山岡鉄舟、中条金之助、佐々木只三郎らが任じられた。
English: After arriving in Kyoto, KIYOKAWA communicated secretly with imperial loyalist parties, and his scheme to make Roshi-gumi a force under control of the Emperor was discovered.
Japanese: 京に到着後、清河が勤王勢力と通じ、浪士組を天皇配下の兵力にしようとする画策が露見する。
English: After discussion among Roshi Torishimari-yaku, it was decided that Roshi-gumi would return to Edo in order to obstruct KIYOKAWA's plan.
Japanese: 浪士取締役の協議の結果、清河の計画を阻止するために浪士組は江戸に戻ることとなった。
English: On the other hand, the Shiei-kan Party lead by Isami KONDO and Toshizo HIJIKATA, and the Mito Party lead by Kamo SERIZAWA, argued that they should remain in Kyoto by all means, in order to guard the Shogun.
Japanese: これに対し近藤勇、土方歳三を中心とする試衛館派と、芹沢鴨を中心とする水戸派は、あくまでも将軍警護の為の京都残留を主張した。
English: In response to this, the Shiei-kan and Mito Parties, along with Yuzan NEGISHI and his group controlled by TONOUCHI, remained in Mibu Village of Kyoto, but the NEGISHI party withdrew immediately afterwards, TONOUCHI and IESATO were excluded, and in March of the same year "Mibu Roshi-gumi" (also known as "Seichu Roshi-gumi") was formed.
Japanese: これに応えて試衛館派、水戸派、殿内以下、根岸友山一派などが京の壬生村に残ったが、根岸派は直後に脱退、殿内・家里は排斥され、同年3月、新選組の前身である「壬生浪士組」（「精忠浪士組」とも）が結成される。
English: As a result, Mibu Roshi-gumi became a group of about 36 men, and was assigned by Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Kyoto Shugoshoku, to control lawless acts by Sonno-joi extremists (loyalists aiming for overthrow of the shogunate), and guard in the city of Kyoto.
Japanese: その結果36人余の集団となった壬生浪士組は、京都守護職・松平容保より、主に尊攘激派（勤王倒幕）浪士達による不逞行為の取り締まりと市中警護を任された。
English: In August of the same year, Mibu Roshi-gumi was dispatched to subdue the Political Turmoil of August 18th, and was recognized for their efforts.
Japanese: 同年8月に起きた八月十八日の政変に出動し、壬生浪士組はその働きを評価される。
English: There are two stories regarding this name, one is that it was granted by Buke Denso (at that time, Sadaisa NOMIYA and Masanori ASUKAI), and the other is that it was granted by Katamori MATSUDAIRA, feudal lord of the Aizu Clan.
Japanese: なお、隊名は武家伝奏（当時は野宮定功と飛鳥井雅典）から賜ったという説と、会津藩主・松平容保から賜ったという二つの説がある。
English: In September 1863, KONDO, HIJIKATA and other members of Shiei-kan Party purged SERIZAWA and other Mito Party members, gained control of Shinsen-gumi, and established an organizational structure headed by KONDO.
Japanese: 文久3年9月、近藤・土方ら試衛館派は、芹沢ら水戸派を粛清して隊を掌握し、近藤を頂点とする組織を整備する。
English: In the Ikedaya Incident of June 5, 1864, they prevented a planned uprising by the Sonno-joi Party, and also fought in the Forbidden Gates Incident.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）6月5日の池田屋事件では尊王攘夷派の蜂起の計画を未然に防ぎ、また、禁門の変でも戦った。
English: After being awarded a letter of appreciation and a reward of over 200 ryo from the Imperial court/shogunate/Aizu Clan, they recruiting a second round of members, and when KONDO returned to Edo, he let Kinetaro ITO and his followers join Shinsen-gumi.
Japanese: 池田屋・禁門の変の働きで朝廷・幕府・会津藩より感状と200両余りの褒賞金を下賜されると、元治元年9月に第二次の隊士募集を行い、更に近藤が江戸へ帰郷した際に伊東甲子太郎らの一派を入隊させる。
English: Shinsen-gumi developed into a group of over 200 men, and to accommodate its members, moved its headquarters from Mibu military post to Nishi Hongan-ji Temple (Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City).
Japanese: 新選組は200人を超す集団へと成長し、隊士を収容するために壬生屯所から西本願寺（京都市下京区）へ本拠を移転する。
English: In March 1867, ITO and his group, due to differences in ideology, were assigned the post of Goryo Eji and separated from Shinsen-gumi, but were purged by Shinsen-gumi in November of the same year.
Japanese: 慶応3年3月、伊東らの一派は思想の違いなどから御陵衛士を拝命して隊から分派するが、同年11月、新選組によって粛清される。
English: Shisen-gumi was given a mission by the shogunate to prevent advancement of the new government's army into Kofu, changed their name to Koyo Chinbutai and set out, but lost the war.
Japanese: 新選組は幕府から、新政府軍の甲府進軍を阻止する任務を与えられ甲陽鎮撫隊へと名を改め出撃するも敗戦。
English: They returned to Edo after the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma, but due to policy differences, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA and others separated to form Seihei-tai.
Japanese: 甲州勝沼の戦いの後、江戸に戻ったが、方針の相違から永倉新八、原田左之助らは分離して靖兵隊を結成した。
English: Although Isami KONDO, Toshizo HIJIKATA and others moved to Nagareyama and tried to regain power, Isami KONDO was caught by the army of the new government and executed, and Soji OKITA also died in Edo as his tuberculosis worsened.
Japanese: 近藤勇、土方歳三らは再起をかけ、流山へ移動するも、近藤勇が新政府軍に捕われ処刑され、沖田総司も持病であった肺結核の悪化により江戸にて死亡した。
English: Shinsen-gumi participated in the Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, the Battle of Aizu, and others, but in Aizu, Hajime SAITO and others left the group.
Japanese: 新選組は宇都宮城の戦い、会津戦争などに参戦するが、会津では斎藤一等が離隊する。
English: Subsequently, they joined Takeaki ENOMOTO and others who were aiming to establish the Republic of Ezo, and actively fought in the Battle of Futamataguchi.
Japanese: その後蝦夷共和国の成立を目指す榎本武揚らに合流し、二股口の戦い等で活躍する。
English: The army of the new government was advancing, and when Toshizo HIJIKATA and a few others tried to advance and rescue Shinsen-gumi who were fighting at Benten Daiba with the army of the new government, Toshizo HIJIKATA was hit by a bullet and died, and as there was almost no food or water left, Shinsen-gumi surrendered.
Japanese: 新政府軍が箱館に進軍しており、弁天台場で新政府軍と戦っていた新選組を助けようと土方歳三ら数名が助けに向かうが土方歳三が銃弾に当たり死亡し、食料や水も尽きてきたので新選組は降伏した。
English: September 18th, Kamo SERIZAWA and Goro HIRAYAMA were purged and Jusuke HIRAMA escaped, as the result of an internal strife (this is disputed).
Japanese: 9月18日(旧暦)芹沢鴨、平山五郎が内部抗争で粛清され、平間重助脱出（異説あり）
English: September 26th, Isetake MIKURA, Samanosuke ARAKIDA and Kojuro KUSUNOKI were purged on the grounds that they were spies of the Choshu Clan.
Japanese: 9月26日(旧暦)御倉伊勢武、荒木田左馬之助、楠小十郎、長州藩の間者として粛清
English: June 5, 1864, in the Ikedaya Incident Sotaro ANDO, Kakuzaemon NITTA and others were injured and died 1month later, and Eisuke OKUSAWA died in action.
Japanese: 元治元年6月5日(旧暦)池田屋事件安藤早太郎、新田革左衛門ら負傷し1ヵ月後死亡、奥沢栄助戦死
English: Around August of 1864, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Hajime SAITO, Kai SHIMADA, Masajiro OZEKI and others, who were unsatisfied with Isami KONDO's attitude, submitted a five-point report of misconduct to Katamori MATSUDAIRA of Aizu.
Japanese: 元治元年8月頃近藤勇の態度に遺憾を感じた永倉新八、原田左之助、斎藤一、島田魁、尾関雅次郎らが会津・松平容保に非行五ヶ条を提出。
English: November 18 1867, Kinetaro ITO, Heisuke TODO, Arinosuke MONAI, Takeo HATTORI and others were stabbed to death in the Aburano-koji Incident.
Japanese: 慶応3年11月18日(旧暦)油小路事件伊東甲子太郎、藤堂平助、毛内有之助、服部武雄ら刺殺
English: January 10 1868, when Shinsen-gumi was on their way to Edo on war ships Fujiyama and Jundo-maru, Susumu YAMAZAKI died (this is disputed).
Japanese: 慶応4年1月10日(旧暦)新選組、軍艦富士山(軍艦)と順動丸で江戸に向かう途中山崎烝死亡（異説あり）
English: March 13 1868, established military post around the KANEKO residence in Gohei Nitta (present-day Ayase 4-chome, Adachi Ward, Tokyo) and stayed there (until April 1st).
Japanese: 慶応4年3月13日(旧暦)五兵衛新田（現在の東京都足立区綾瀬(足立区)四丁目）の金子家を中心に屯所を設営して滞在（4月1日まで）
English: May 14 1869, Kazue SOMA assumed position as Commander of Shinsen-gumi, Shinsen-gumi surrendered at Benten Daiba.
Japanese: 明治2年5月14日(旧暦)相馬主計新選組局長就任弁天台場の新選組、降伏する
English: Kyokuchu Hatto (Kyokuchu Hatto-sho), together with Gunchu Hatto, are said to have been established to maintain order in Shinsen-gumi.
Japanese: 局中法度（局中法度書）は「軍中法度」と並び新選組の規律維持のために定められたとされている。
English: The rules are said to have originated during the Roshi-gumi days, when members became Oazukari, samurai serving the Aizu Clan, and KONDO and other Shiei-kan Party members handed down the rules to SERIZAWA and other Mito Party members.
Japanese: 成立は会津藩預となった浪士組時代に近藤ら試衛館派から芹沢ら水戸派に提示されたと考えられている。
English: The rules started to function as law when Roshi-gumi changed its name to "Shinsen-gumi," and the organization lead by KONDO/HIJIKATA had been well-established, and are said to have been applied when Kinetaro ITO and his group were purged.
Japanese: 法として機能し始めたのは「新選組」と名を改め近藤・土方を中心とする組織が整ってからで、伊東甲子太郎ら一派の粛清の際にも適用されたといわれる。
English: The contents were abstract, as can be seen in Article 1, "One should not act against the ways of the samurai," and interpretation of the rules was up to the Commander or Vice Commander.
Japanese: 第一条「士道ニ背キ間敷事」など抽象的な内容で、解釈は局長や副長の一存に委ねられるものであった。
English: The total number of Shinsen-gumi members purged up to the Battle of Toba Fushimi, including Kamo SERIZAWA (initial Commander) and Nishiki NIIMI, is 41.
Japanese: 鳥羽伏見の戦い以前に、新選組隊内において粛清された隊士は初代局長芹沢鴨や新見錦らを含めて41名である。
English: The rules became famous after Kan SHIMOZAWA introduced them in his book "Shinsengumi Shimatsuki," and are known by the following 5 Articles, although no historical materials describing all 5 Articles have been found as of now.
Japanese: 子母沢寛の著書『新撰組始末記』で紹介されて以来、有名となり、以下の5ヶ条として知られるが、同時代史料にはこれを全て記録した物は現在までのところ発見されていない。
English: However, in the memoirs left by Shinpachi NAGAKURA in the Meiji era there is mention of a Hatto "Prohibition," consisting of 4 Articles, excluding "One shall not be allowed to engage in a private battle."
Japanese: しかし、明治になってから永倉新八が残した回想録には、法度「禁令」という物がありここには「私ノ闘争ヲ不許」を欠く4ヵ条が示されている。
English: Thus, it is assumed that Kyokuchu Hatto was created by SHIMOZAWA based on the above Prohibition, and by mixing "Gunchu Hatto" which had been separately set forth.
Japanese: そのため、局中法度とは、この禁令に、別に定められていた「軍中法度」を混ぜて子母沢が創作したものと推測されている。
English: Also, it has been pointed out that the rules are similar to Shin-mon Chou, on which the pupils of Tennen Rishin-ryu take a pledge.
Japanese: また、天然理心流入門の際に誓約させられる神文帳との類似性も指摘されている。
English: Due to the impact of many works which will be described later, there is a strong general understanding that Shinsen-gumi took a leading part in maintenance of public order in Kyoto during the last days of the shogunate, but actually, the important area around the Imperial Palace was guarded by 2,000 elite troops under direct control of the Aizu Clan, and around that were another 500 men of Kyoto Mimawarigumi, composed of vassals of the shogunate.
Japanese: 後述する数々の創作物の影響もあり、幕末、京都の治安維持の主力を担っていたのは新選組であるとの認識も一般には強いが、実際は重要な御所近辺は会津直轄隊の精鋭2000人、その周りは幕臣で構成される見廻組500人が固めていた。
English: Shinsen-gumi was composed of 200 men, in charge of such areas as Fushimi Ward (which in those days was a town that did not belong to Kyoto).
Japanese: 新選組はというと200人で伏見区（当時は京都とは別の町であった）などを担当していた。
English: Nevertheless, while Kyoto Mimawarigumi dutifully stayed in their area, Shinsen-gumi is said to have often gone outside their assigned area, for various reasons such reasons as escape of members, etc.
Japanese: もっとも京都見廻組などが律儀に管轄を守っていたのに対し、新撰組は浪士の逃亡などを理由に管轄破りをすることも少なくなかったといわれる。
English: They are said to have worn short coats colored very light blue, with mountain-like patterns painted in white at the sleeves, and most members in movies, etc., are usually wearing this coat.
Japanese: 袖口に山形の模様（ダンダラ模様）を白く染め抜いた浅葱色（薄い水色）の羽織を着用していたとされ、映画などでは隊士はほとんどこの姿で表される。
English: The mountain-like patterns on short coats are those of Ako Roshi of Chushingura, when they marched into and attacked the KIRA residence, and very light blue is said to be the color of the seppuku kamishimo worn by a samurai when he commits hara-kiri, but the short coats of Shinsen-gumi seem to have been abolished after the 1st year, and the last recorded instance of the coats being worn was in the Ikedaya Incident.
Japanese: 羽織のダンダラは忠臣蔵の赤穂浪士が吉良邸に討ち入りするときに着ていた羽織の柄で、浅葱色は武士が切腹の時に着る切腹裃の色だと伝えられているが、羽織は実際には最初の1年ほどで廃止されたらしく、池田屋事件の時に着用していたとする証言が最後の記録である。
English: The group flag normally has a red background with a white "Makoto" character painted on it, and has mountain-like patterns the same as the short coats.
Japanese: 赤地に白字で「誠」を染め抜き、隊服と同じようにダンダラが入っていたとする隊旗が一般的。
English: Apparently, there is a secret meaning because when the flag flutters, the kanji character "Makoto" (誠) looks like the character "Shi" (試) used in "Shiei-kan" (試衛館) of KONDO's parents' home.
Japanese: 「誠」という字が旗が揺れたときに、近藤の実家「試衛館」の「試」に見えるからという理由も隠されているらしい。
English: This flag was prepared on a special order, by Furugi Momen-sho, which is the current Takashimaya.
Japanese: この旗は現在の高島屋にあたる古着・木綿商によって特注で製作されたものである。
English: Shinsen-gumi was headed by a Commander who was supported by a Vice Commander, and under them were such functions as: Fukucho Jokin (Assistant Vice Commander), Kansatsu Gata (intelligence), Kanjo Gata (accounting), etc.
Japanese: 新選組は局長を頂点に副長が補佐し、以下に副長助勤・監察方（諜報）・勘定方（会計）などを配置した。
English: Furthermore, the organization of Shinsen-gumi was such that one person held one post, unlike many organizations in the Edo era where a post was generally held by more than one person, and influence of western military systems is pointed out.
Japanese: なお、新選組の組織編制は、職務の複数制を原則とする江戸時代の各組織と違い一人制であり洋式軍制などの影響が指摘されている。
English: Usually, the members were engaged in such activities as: practicing military arts, patrolling within Kyoto City, and searching for roshi in hiding.
Japanese: 隊士達は日常的には武術の稽古や京都市内の見回りや潜伏している浪士の探索などを行った。
English: Shinsen-gumi, was comprised of men with strong kenjutsu (fencing) abilities, and in addition to KONDO's Shiei-kan, Tennen Rishin-ryu, which was the main line, there were men of various kenjutsu schools, including Shindo Munen Ryu, Hokushin Itto Ryu, etc., and also members who learned sojutsu (spearmanship), jujutsu (judo), etc., and they used group fighting tactics, with emphasis on actual fighting.
Japanese: 剣術集団である新選組は、中心となる近藤ら試衛館の天然理心流に加えて神道無念流剣術、北辰一刀流剣術などさまざまな剣術流派に加え、槍術や柔術などを学んだ隊士もおり、実戦本意の集団戦法の集団であった。
English: It is assumed that they were short of funds upon start of the group, but during the time when the group was placed under the control of Kyoto Shugoshoku, operating expenses of the group were covered by goyo-kin financed from the Aizu Clan.
Japanese: 結成当時には財政難であったと推測されるが、京都守護職配下時代は、隊の運営資金を会津藩からの御用金で賄っていた。
English: Ryojun MATSUMOTO, President of the shogunate's School of Western Medicine, conducted medical examination of the members upon invitation of Isami KONDO, and also acted as an army surgeon during the Boshin War.
Japanese: 幕府西洋医学所頭取の医師である松本良順は近藤勇の招きで隊士の診察を行い、戊辰戦争でも軍医を務めた。
English: Ryojin MATSUMOTO also recommended that Shinsen-gumi raise pigs, and when they were stationed in Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, piglets brought in from Kobe were raised (fed on leftovers), and MATSUMOTO made members eat pork.
Japanese: なお、松本良順は新選組にブタを飼うようすすめ、西本願寺駐屯時に神戸から子豚を持ち込み養豚させ（餌は残飯）、豚肉を隊士に食べさせていた。
English: After the establishment of the New Meiji Government, in which men from the former Satsuma and Choshu Clans played leading roles, and before the Pacific War, Shinsen-gumi, which had been opposed to the Imperial loyalists, was seen as the enemy in many cases, based on the historical view that Japan was a country developing under the rule of the Emperor.
Japanese: 薩長中心の明治新政府が成立すると、太平洋戦争の戦前までは皇国史観の元、勤皇志士の敵である新選組は悪役として扱われる事が多かった。
English: When Kan SHIMOZAWA made his Shinsengumi Sanbusaku public in the early Showa era, Shinsen-gumi's notoriety increased, and along with the reversal of views after the World War II, there were more cases where Shinsen-gumi was given the leading role, and attention was given to each member, and works were produced based on the members.
Japanese: 昭和初期に子母沢寛が新選組3部作を発表すると認識が広まり、戦後の価値観の転換で新選組が主役に扱われる事も多くなり、各隊士にもスポットが当てられ創作がされるようになった。
English: As an aftereffect of the above, many works were produced that were set at a different period of time, but used the structure of Shinsen-gumi and its well-known members as a motif.
Japanese: また、その余波により、時代設定を変えて、新選組の枠組や有名隊士らをモチーフにした創作も数々生まれた。
English: Heian-kyo (literally "tranquility and peace capital") was the old capital of Japan established by Emperor Kanmu in 794.
Japanese: 平安京（へいあんきょう）は、794年（延暦13）に桓武天皇により定められた日本の首都である。
English: Heian-kyo was the castle city laid out to be rectangular, of 4.5 km east-west by 2.2 km north-south, built straddling Kadono-no-koori and Otagi-no-koori counties of Yamashiro Province (currently center of Kyoto city, Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 平安京は、現在の京都府京都市中心部にあたる、山城国葛野郡・愛宕郡両郡にまたがる地に建設され、東西4.5km、南北5.2kmの長方形に区画された都城であった。
English: The Daidairi (the greater imperial palace) occupied the northernmost central position, and the Suzaku-oji Avenue (main avenue of Heian-kyo) was laid out from there to the center of the city, so as to bisect into Sakyo (left city) and Ukyo (right city) (Sakyo is on the east side and Ukyo is on the west side).
Japanese: 都の北端中央に大内裏を設け、そこから市街の中心に朱雀大路を通して左右に左京・右京（東側が左京、西側が右京である）を置くという
English: It is also said that selection of the location followed beliefs of the Shijinsoo (an ideal topography for the four Taoist gods) of Feng Shui (Chinese geomancy) as learned from China.
Japanese: この地の選定は中国から伝わった風水に基づく四神相応の考え方を元に行われたという説もある。
English: The assumed location for the western border, Nishikyogoku-oji Avenue draws a line north-south between the following two stations - Hanazono Station of the JR West Sanin main line (Kyoto pref.) and Nishi-Kyogoku Station of the Hankyu Kyoto main line.
Japanese: 西限の西京極大路の推定地は西日本旅客鉄道山陰本線花園駅(京都府)や阪急電鉄阪急京都本線西京極駅を南北に結んだラインである。
English: The inner capital was subdivided into 'Machi/Cho' (town) of approx. 120 sq. meter by Oji (main avenue) and Koji (small alley) which ran east-west and north-south.
Japanese: 京内は東西南北に走る大路・小路によって40丈（約120m）四方の「町」に分けられていた。
English: Machi (Cho) of four rows running east-west (except for the northern two rows) were called 'Jo,' and Machi of four rows running north-south were called 'Bo.'
Japanese: 東西方向に並ぶ町を4列集めたもの（北辺の2列は除く）を「条」、南北方向の列を4つ集めたものを「坊」と呼び、
English: The width of a road was approx. 12 m, even for Koji (small alleys). Oji (main avenues) were over 24 m.
Japanese: 道路の幅は小路でも4丈（約12m）、大路では8丈（約24m）以上あった。
English: Currently, most roads within Kyoto City are much narrower.
Japanese: 現存する京都市内の道路は、ほとんどの場所でこれよりずっと狭くなっている。
English: Also, Horikawa-koji Alley and Nishi Horikawa-koji Alley ran parallel to rivers (Horikawa River - Kyoto Pref) and Nishihorikawa River).
Japanese: また、堀川小路と西堀川小路には並行して川（堀川(京都府)、西堀川）が流れていた。
English: Apparently, it was to get away from Yamato Province where the nobles and Buddhists who supported the Emperor Tenmu government had gathered, and to build the capital for the new Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: が、これは天武天皇系の政権を支えてきた貴族や寺院の勢力が集まる大和国から脱して、新たな天智天皇系の都を造る意図があったといわれる。
English: However, in 794, only 10 years after that, Emperor Kanmu relocated the capital to the north of Yamashiro Province, and Heian-kyo was established.
Japanese: しかし、それから僅か10年後の794年、桓武天皇は改めて山背国北部に遷都し、平安京が成立した。
English: This re-relocation was said to have been caused by a sequence of events, from the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu which occurred in Nagaoka-Kyo, to the disinheritance of Imperial Prince Sawara, which also delayed the building of Nagaoka-Kyo and as a result it did not make much progress.
Japanese: この再遷都は、長岡京で興った藤原種継暗殺から早良親王廃太子に至る一連の騒動や、長岡京の造営がなかなか進まなかったことが影響しているとみられている。
English: The building of Heian-kyo is presumed to have started from the greater imperial palace (Daidairi), and then continued to the Kyo (urban district).
Japanese: 平安京の造営は、まず宮城（大内裏）から始められ、続いて京（市街）の造営を進めたと考えられる。
English: However, the land of Ukyo did not become developed for dwellings even during the 9th century, due to it being a wetland formed by the Katsura-gawa River (of the Yodo-gawa river system).
Japanese: もっとも、右京の地は桂川(淀川水系)の形作る湿地帯にあたるため9世紀に入っても宅地化が進まなかった。
English: In the 10th century when the Ritsuryo system became a mere façade, the land was desolated and some areas were diverted to farm lands which was, in general, prohibited in Kyo.
Japanese: 律令制がほとんど形骸化した10世紀には荒廃して本来京内では禁じられている農地へと転用されることすらあった。
English: While residents from the upper nobles, such as the Fujiwara clan, gathered in northern Sakyo, the poor went over to the eastern limit of Heian-kyo and started living next to the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa river system).
Japanese: 藤原氏のような上流貴族の宅地が左京北部へ密集する一方、貧しい人々は平安京の東限を越えて鴨川(淀川水系)の川べりに住み始めた。
English: Then the eastern riverside of Kamo-gawa River was built up with temples and second houses, so the urban district spread out to the east.
Japanese: 鴨川東岸には寺院や別荘が建設されて市街地がさらに東に広げられる傾向が生じた。
English: In 980, Rajo-mon Gate (Rasho-mon Gate), located to the southern end of Suzaku-oji Avenue, was blown down, and was never re-built.
Japanese: 980年には朱雀大路の南端にある羅城門（羅生門）が倒壊し、以後再建されることはなかった。
English: This was how the Heian-kyo gradually shifted from the original ambit to the east, to the medieval/modern ages town of Kyoto.
Japanese: こうして次第に平安京の本来の範囲より東に偏った中世・近世の京都の街が形作られた。
English: Heian-kyo (Kyoto) gradually lost its function as government administrator, by the formation of the Kamakura bakufu or Edo bakufu based in the Kanto Region.
Japanese: 平安京（京都）は、関東地方を基盤とする鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府の成立によって行政府としての機能を次第に失った。
English: At the time of the Meiji Restoration, the relocation of the capital was avoided by Edo becoming Tokyo, but it became the absent capital due to Emperor's imperial stay in Tokyo (please refer to the section of "Tokyo Tento").
Japanese: また明治維新の際には、江戸を東京とすることにより遷都は避けられたものの、天皇の東京行幸で留守の都となった（→東京奠都）。
English: However, the imperial palace was conserved under the order of Emperor Meiji and the Takamikura (Emperor's throne), which indicates the emperor's location, is still located in the Shishinden (Hall for State Ceremonies) inside the Kyoto Gosho (Kyoto Imperial Palace).
Japanese: が、明治天皇の指示で皇居は保存され、天皇の在所を示す高御座も京都御所の紫宸殿に置かれている。
English: Heian-kyo was pronounced as 'Heian-kyo' in On-yomi (Chinese readings) by later generations, but it was originally pronounced as 'Taira no Miyako' in Kun-yomi (Japanese readings).
Japanese: 平安京は後世においては音読みの「へいあんきょう」と読むが、当初は「たいらのみやこ」と訓読みした。
English: Usually, the name of the capital was commonly crowned with the name of the place, so it should have been 'Kadono Miyako.'
Japanese: 普通、京の名前は地名を冠するのが一般的であるため、本来なら「葛野京（かどののみやこ）」としても良かった。
English: However, since the turmoil of the Nagaoka-Kyo, previously mentioned, was one of reasons for relocation, they wished the name to have 'Heian' (Kun-yomi 'Taira') (peace and tranquility) to avoid the new capital having any bad luck.
Japanese: が、前項で記されている長岡京での騒動が原因のひとつとして、再び遷都された理由により、新京では悪いことが起こらず「平安」（訓読みは「たいら」）であって欲しいという意味が込められている。
English: Kyoto Station/Kyoto Municipal Subway Tozai Line/Nijo Station -Godaigo Station (1200th Anniversary, 1997)
Japanese: 京都駅・京都市営地下鉄東西線・二条～醍醐間（1200年記念、1997年）
English: The Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum exhibits the reconstructed model of Heian-kyo (1/1000, Kyoiki/Oto/Kitayama areas), the reconstructed model of Buraku-den Hall (1/20), the reconstructed model of the Shibi at Buraku-den Hall (life size) and many other excavated articles from the Heian period.
Japanese: 「京都市平安京創生館」では，平安京復元模型（1/1000：京域・鴨東・北山部分），豊楽殿復元模型（1/20），豊楽殿鴟尾実物大模型の他，平安時代の出土品を多数展示している。