nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Therefore, the hereditary titles for nobles were Ason, Sukune, and Imiki.
Japanese: したがって、貴族の姓（カバネ）としては、朝臣、宿禰、忌寸の三つである。
English: Those described above are a developed form of Ouji, Kouji, and Tomo no Miyatsuko in 'Kasshi no Sen' and the clan system was further reorganized to include 52 clans of Ason, 50 clans of Sukune, and 11 clans of Imiki.
Japanese: 以上が「甲子の宣」の大氏、小氏、伴造氏の発展形であり、その間にさらに氏族の再編が進められ、朝臣52氏、宿禰50氏、忌寸11氏に収（おさ）められた。
English: In 701, with the Taiho Code a special privilege for nobles above the third and for bureaucrats above the fourth and fifth office ranks was made clear.
Japanese: 大宝律令（701年）で、貴族の三位以上と四、五位の官位にともなう特権が明確にされた。
English: It is said that in 702 the same treatment with the powerful clans in the capital was made for the powerful local clans by letting the powerful local clans to register the clan name and hereditary title of Kuni no Miyatsuko in the various provinces to the government.
Japanese: 地方豪族についても、702年（大宝2）、諸国国造の氏姓を政府に登録することによって、中央豪族と同様の対応がなされたものとされる。
English: With the general public, every one was to be registered in the family register by the ancient family registration system of 670 and the ancient family registration system of 690; thus, with the system of clans and hereditary titles of which the hereditary title of Be was predominant was completed.
Japanese: 一般の公民については、670年（天智9）の古代の戸籍制度、690年（持統4）の古代の戸籍制度によって、すべて戸籍に登載されることとなり、部姓を主とする氏姓制度が完成されることとなった。
English: However, the existing register of Taiho 2 (the year 702) contains the parts in which family name and hereditary title were not written down; also there were considerable number of cases in which the name of a group such as Kuni no Miyatsuko group, Agatanushi group was written down; therefore, we can assume that there were many who did not have their own individual title and people who used the group name, to which they identified themselves as his hereditary title.
Japanese: しかしながら、現存する702年の大宝2年籍に、氏姓を記入されていない者、国造族、県主族などと記された者がかなり存在するため、このとき、まだ無姓の者、族姓の者が多数いたことが伺（うかが）える。
English: In 757, the Imperial government decided not to write down people with no hereditary title and people with group title as it is into the family register
Japanese: 757年（天平宝字1）、戸籍に無姓の者と族姓の者とをそのまま記（しる）すことをやめることとした。
English: There were people who were made to tentatively identify thenselves using their group names by showing that they belonged to the community of Kuni no Miyatsuko or the community of Agatanushi.
Japanese: 国造、県主の共同体に属することを示すことによって族姓を仮称させた者がいた。
English: The clan name and hereditary title were given to such people officially after this.
Japanese: そして、これ以後、このような者たちには正式に氏姓が与えられるようになった。
English: During the period between the eighth century and the ninth century there were many changes made in the hereditary titles; this change was geared to the people with the lower social position who were excluded from the rank of higher hereditary position in the Yakusa no Kabane Reform as well as these peasants.
Japanese: 8～9世紀において改賜姓がさかんに行われているのは、八色の姓において、上級の氏姓にもれた下級の身分の者や、これらの農民を主な対象としたものである。
English: The order of Kabane (the hereditary title) is 1. no Kabane, 2. Miyatsuko, Kimi, Fuhito, Sukuri, Suguri, Hito, 3. Muraji.
Japanese: その順位は、1.無姓、2.→造、公、史、勝、村主、拘登（ひと）、3.→連　というようになる。
English: This is the same treatment with the changes made in the Imperial Court of Emperor Tenmu in which the Kabane of the clan corresponding to the head of clan was changed into Muraji as the preliminary step before to get to Yakusa no Kabane (eight official titles conferred upon nobles by Emperor Tenmu in 684); Emperor Tenmu made this Muraji (above the rank of Shokini) a base point and changed into four hereditary titles of above Imiki.
Japanese: これは、天武朝において氏上に相当する氏が八色の姓に改姓する前段階として、まず連への改姓が行われ、この連＝小錦位以上を基点として、忌寸以上の四つの姓へ改められたことと同様の対応である。
English: Under the clan name the changes of Kasuga to Okasuga and Nakatomi to Onakatomi were made; also Sukune was changed to Osukune; accordingly the system of clans and hereditary titles came to penetrate more pervasively in general.
Japanese: 氏の名において春日より大春日、中臣より大中臣への変更、また宿禰から大宿禰への変更が行われるなどしたため、氏姓の制は、全般的に、より緻密に浸透することになった。
English: The general characteristic of these lies in the point that at the beginning the top rank is raised and then for the direct line that connected with the raised rank changes of clan name and hereditary title is made; because of this procedural order, an influential person is extracted.
Japanese: これらの全般的な特徴として、まず首位の昇叙があり、ついでそれに連なる直系親族のみに対し氏姓の変更が行われるといった順序により同族の中から有力な者が抽出されるという点にある。
English: In addition, giving clan names and hereditary titles to princes by demoting them from the nobility to subject came to be executed quite often; examples include TAIRA no Ason from Emperor Kammu and MINAMOTO no Ason from Emperor Seiwa.
Japanese: また、桓武天皇より平朝臣、清和天皇などから源朝臣の氏姓（ウヂ・カバネ）が生まれたように、諸皇子に氏姓をあたえる臣籍降下が盛んに行われるようになった。
English: For these reasons, the Shisei Seido (the system of clans and hereditary titles) that is related to the ritsuryo system came to hardly function as a system to appoint talented people effectively.
Japanese: これらのため、律令的氏姓制度は、人材登用制度としてはほとんど有効に機能しなくなった。
English: On the other hand, family registration system based on the ritsuryo system was gradually phased out; in the tenth century, people who became strong among powerful local clans became the retainers of the influential nobles and invaded clan names and hereditary titles; in essence, the phenomenon of so-called Bomei Kain (misrepresentation of one's clan name and hereditary title) became quite commonplace.
Japanese: 一方、律令的戸籍制度も次第に行われなくなり、10世紀には、地方豪族で実力を蓄えた者は、有力な貴族の家人となり、その氏姓を侵すようにさえなり、いわゆる冒名仮蔭（ぼうめいかいん）の現象が一般化した。
English: Therefore, the clan name and hereditary title in Japan came to concentrate on such names as Minamoto, Taira, Fuji, Tachibana, Ki, Sugawara, Oe, Nakahara, Sakagami, Kamo, Ono, Koremune, Kiyohara and such.
Japanese: そのため、天下の氏姓は、源・平・藤・橘か、紀、菅原、大江、中原、坂上、賀茂、小野、惟宗（これむね）、清原などに集中されるようになった。
English: Also, this is because specific family lineage became fixed from the formation of family business.
Japanese: これは家業の成立によって、特定の家柄が固定されるようになったためでもある。
English: For example, the Tsuruga clan of Echizen Province, the Atsuta-Daiguji family adopted a son from the Fujiwara clan and called themselves Fujiwara Ason; also they took the daughter of the Fujiwara clan in marriage and named 'Fujiwara Ason' by the maternal line; examples of other clan names and hereditary titles also exist.
Japanese: たとえば、越前国の敦賀氏、熱田大宮司家らが藤原氏から養子を迎えて「藤原朝臣」を名乗ったり、それらの氏の女子をめとり母系によって「藤原朝臣」その他の氏姓を称した例もある。
English: Warriors also invaded the clan names and hereditary titles of the head family or proprietors of manor as the land steward; many of them called themselves the same clan name and the hereditary title they invaded.
Japanese: 武士もまた、地頭として、本家、領家の氏姓を侵し、同じ氏姓を名乗る者が増えた。
English: In this situation, even among the people who share the same hereditary title, there arose the need to divide the clan name and in the case of nobles family name and in the case of the warriors surname came to be born.
Japanese: ここにおいて、同姓の間でも、さらに族名を分かつ必要にせまられ、貴族では家名、武士では名字（みようじ）が生ずるのである。
English: There is already an example in "Nihon Genho Zen-aku Ryoik"i (set of three books of Buddhist stories, written in the late eighth and early 9th century); in this book FUMI no Imiki in the Ito County, Kii Province is called Saburo KAMITA.
Japanese: すでに『日本現報善悪霊異記』に、紀伊国伊刀郡人文忌寸（ふみのいみき）を、上田三郎と称した例がある。
English: A surname that replaced the clan name and hereditary title occurred in this way as a part of Azana and it seems that later it was separated from Azana and became independent.
Japanese: 氏姓に取って代わることになる苗字（名字）は、このように字の一部分として発生し、さらに字から分離独立したものとされる。
English: Because the early family name was one's place of residence and the name of territory, many times father, son and brothers have the different family names.
Japanese: 初期の苗字は、自分の居住地や所領の名であったため、父子兄弟が苗字を異（こと）にしている場合も多い。
English: However, gradually the family name meant the name of the family and the clan; with this shift in meaning, the family name became fixed and the name was to be kept even the family moved to other province.
Japanese: しかし、やがて苗字が家名・一族の名前を意味するようになると、他国に移っても一族の苗字は変更されないようになった。
English: Because of this a family name was used in the same way as a clan name and hereditary title after the 12th century.
Japanese: このため、苗字は、12世紀以後、氏姓と同じように用いられることとなった。
English: The characteristic of a family name in the current sense comes from this family name derived from Azana basically.
Japanese: 今日的な意味での姓（セイ）の特徴は、基本的にはこの苗字（名字）から発生している。
English: Tomonomiyatsuko is the Gozoku (local powerful clans) who administered each group of tsukasa (offices) in the Yamato Dynasty under or sometimes together with the clans of muraji (one of ancient Japanese hereditary titles denoting rank and political standing).
Japanese: 伴造（とものみやつこ）とは、連（むらじ）とも重なり、また連の下でヤマト王権の各部司を分掌した豪族である。
English: Among Tomonomiyatsuko are toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) like Hata clan, Yamatonoaya clan, and Kawachinoaya clan.
Japanese: 伴造には、秦氏（はた）、東漢氏（やまとのあや）、西文氏（かわちのあや）など代表的な渡来人がある。
English: And there are other clans like Yuge, Yazume, Hatori, Inukai, Tsukishine and Shitori.
Japanese: 他に、弓削（ゆげ）、矢集（やずめ）、服部（はとり）、犬養（いぬかい）、舂米（つきしね）、倭文（しとり）などの氏がある。
English: They called themselves with the kabane (hereditary title) of muraji, miyatsuko, atai and kimi.
Japanese: 彼らは、連、造（みやつこ）、直（あたい）、公（きみ）などの姓（かばね）を称した。
English: Sankan-Seibatsu (the conquest of three countries in old Korea) was written in the war affairs of the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), on the military expeditions against Silla (pronounced "Shiragi" in Japanese: Kingdom of ancient Korea) by the Empress Jingu who was a descendant of Prince Amenohiboko of Silla.
Japanese: 三韓征伐（さんかんせいばつ）とは、『日本書紀』に記述が残る、新羅の王子、アメノヒボコの子孫神功皇后が行ったとされる新羅出兵をさす。
English: After Silla surrendered, two remaining countries from the three (Paekche [pronounced "Kudara" in Japanese: Kingdom of ancient Korea] and Koguryo [pronounced "Kokuri" in Japanese: Kingdom of ancient Korea]) surrendered to Japanese authority, one after another; so, this war affair came to be known as the Sankan-Seibatsu.
Japanese: 新羅が降伏した後、三韓の残り二国（百済、高句麗）も相次いで日本の支配下に入ったとされるためこの名で呼ばれる。
English: It is said that Korea became a dependency to Japan by 'Sankan-Saibatsu' after "Nihonshoki" was finished.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』成立後、「三韓征伐」によって朝鮮は日本の属国に入ったとされる。
English: A reaction in those Japanese who favored this opinion would be an acceptance of Korea as 'a dependency to Japan' or point of fact 'used to be a dependency to Japan.'
Japanese: この見解を正当とみる人は朝鮮を「日本の属国」もしくは「元日本の属国」として扱う事が多い。
English: In order to justify an advance upon Korea, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI aggressively used a legitimate reason (After the Sankan-Seibatsu Korea is dependency to Japan, which has the right to rule the country); then executed the battle of Bunroku and Keicho (Japanese invasions of Korea, two campaigns to attack Korea).
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役（朝鮮出兵）の大義名分（朝鮮は三韓征伐以来、日本の属国であり支配する権利がある）として積極的に用いられた。
English: During the Edo period, scholarly researchers in the discipline of Japanese literature and culture came to widely accept the validity of the theories (for example, "Bukejiki" [the account of the military houses] by Soko YAMAGA); this positively supported the Sankan-Seibatsu, and the subsequent use of the Sankan-Seibatsu was legitimate as a central thesis for the battles of Bunroku and Keicho.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると国学研究の中で三韓征伐、およびそれを大義名分とした文禄・慶長の役を肯定的にとらえる論説（山鹿素行『武家事紀』など）が広まるようになった。
English: It continued to support this theory in and after the Meiji period.
Japanese: この傾向は明治時代以降も続き、征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際（韓国併合）や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策（皇民化教育など）が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
English: Japanese militaristic authorities utilized this theory as background support in many ideological situations; on the occasion of rising the Seikanron (Debate to conquer Korea), merging Korean Empires (the annexation of Korea) practically and when Nikkan Doso Ron (Japan and Korea have a common ancestor) was birthed, then the assimilation policy in foreign lands (for example, imperialization education on Korea during Japan's colonial rule) was implemented and went forward.
Japanese: 征韓論が台頭したとき、そして実際に大韓帝国を併合する際（韓国併合）や、日韓同祖論が生まれて外地における同化政策（皇民化教育など）が進められるようになったときも、その思想的背景の一つとなった。
English: Under Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto), all Japanese shared a common sense that it was taboo to present a doubtful comment about content of the kiki (Kojiki ["A Record of an Ancient Matter"] and Nihonshoki ["Chronicles of Japan"]) and that the existence of Empress Jingu was a historical fact.
Japanese: また、皇国史観の下、記紀の記述に疑義を呈することはタブー視され、神功皇后の存在も史実とされた。
English: In postwar history, Japanese historians and scholars gained freedom and separation from the Kokoku Shikan and progressed in their positive research into the kiki.
Japanese: 戦後史学では、戦前の皇国史観から解放され記紀への実証的研究が進んだ。
English: This resulted in the mainstream of academic world's theory that the real existence of Empress Jingu could not be proved, due to the two factors: 'Sankan-Seibatsu' was written without any definite supporting statements; and it was written with many inclusive elements of mythological exaggerations.
Japanese: 結果、学界の主流では「三韓征伐」に関する記述は具体的ではなく神話的誇張が多く神功皇后の実在を実証できないとされている。
English: The militaristic advance into the Korean peninsula by Wa (also pronounced "Yamato" in Japanese: ancient Japan) in the fourth century is treated in completely different historical materials of the same historical period such as: Gwanggaeto Stele (Gwanggaeto Stele was built in '411' by King Jangsu of Goguryeo Jian, Jinling Province, China) and the Seven-Branched Sword (Nanatsusaya no Tachi in "Nihon shoki").
Japanese: 4世紀の倭の朝鮮半島進出は、広開土王碑・七支刀など、全く別の同時代史料によって論じられている。
English: There was a time when some scholars tended to theorize that the Imperial Japanese Army tried to legitimize their militaristic advance into Korean peninsula by Empire of Japan; therefore, the efforts of the Imperial Japanese Army were directed in altering any inconvenient historical facts on Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele (a theory introduced by Rijinhi, a Professor of Wako University).
Japanese: 一時期、現在の広開土王碑碑文は大日本帝国陸軍が大日本帝国の半島進出を正当化するため不都合な歴史を改竄したものであるという説を唱える向きがあったが（李進煕和光大名誉教授説）。
English: (Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele; the oldest engraved print found; it is identical to the one retrieved by the old Imperial Japanese Army; 'Put a period to the Debate about the Alteration'; the Yomiuri Shimbun, April 12, 2006, page 12.)
Japanese: （好太王碑　最古の拓本発見　旧日本陸軍入手のものと一致　「改竄論争に終止符」読売新聞2006年4月12日12面）
English: Additionally, the events of the Wakoku (Japan, also known as Yamato sovereignty [ancient Japan sovereignty]) from the late fourth century saw a steady progression in Japanese militaristic advancement into the southern regions of the Korean Peninsula; reports of this fact were revealed in several documents of historical materials, and archaeological artifacts.
Japanese: また、4世紀後期ごろから倭国（ヤマト王権）が朝鮮半島南部へ進出したことを示す文献史料・考古史料は少なからず残されている。
English: The Inscription on the Gwanggaeto Stele said that, as far as a reading according to a commonly accepted theory, Wakoku progressed in leading the Japanese militaristic advance into the Korean Peninsula to make Paekche and Silla serve as vassal countries and had a furious battle with Koguryo.
Japanese: また、広開土王碑文も、通説に従って読む限り、碑文にある、倭が朝鮮半島に進出して百済や新羅を臣従させ、高句麗と激しく戦っていたこと、とする。
English: This interpretation of the inscription was then established as the universally established evaluation, granting the fact in 'Some components of the statements were exaggerations of a great achievement, but most of the components reflected accurately on historical facts.'
Japanese: このことは、「功績を大きく見せるための誇張はあってもおおむね史実を反映したもの」とする評価が定着した。
English: Furthermore, regarding discription in Chinese history books (such as "Sungshu" [Book of the Sung dynasty]), there is an opinion that there was supportive evidence of Wakoku having had some influential power over the small states in the Southern Korean peninsula."
Japanese: また中国史書（『宋書』など）の記述について、倭国が朝鮮半島南部の小国家群に対して何らかの影響力を持っていた傍証とする見解がある。
English: A Korean history book, "Samguk Sagi" (History of the Three Kingdoms), also provided evidence of these same events; there were details describing repeated invasions into the Korea Kingdoms by Wa and the taking hostage of the princes of Silla and Paekche.
Japanese: 朝鮮側の史書『三国史記』からも度重なる倭の侵攻や新羅や百済が倭に王子を人質に差し出していたことが知られる。
English: (Korean literature on Wa and Wajin [Japanese people]) Later, artifacts of the Wakoku (Japan) were discovered in the excavation of the zenpo-koenfun (keyhole-shaped mound) in area of old Gaya (Mimana) in southern Korea.
Japanese: （倭・倭人関連の朝鮮文献）また、韓国南部の旧伽耶（任那）地域の前方後円墳の発掘で倭国産と見られる遺物が出てきた。
English: Those evidences, even dismissing the tale of 'Sankan-Seibatsu,' would be determinate factor in the foundation of the theory that Wa progressed in his militaristic advance into the Korean peninsula during the later portion of the fourth century as historical fact.
Japanese: これらのことから、「三韓征伐」説話を根拠として全く用いることがなくとも、4世紀後半以降の倭の朝鮮半島進出自体は歴史的事実として立証できるとする。
English: However, there is no description such as 'Attacks by Okinagarashihime or the Queen of Wa' on the Gwanggaeto Stele and Korean materials including "Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms)," and "Sangokuiji Yusa (an Anecdotal History of the Three Kingdoms in Ancient Korea)."
Japanese: ただし広開土王碑や、『三国史記』・『三国遺事』といった、朝鮮側の資料には、「オキナガナラシヒメあるいは倭女王の来襲」などという記述は全く見られない。
English: Of this fact 'Sankan-Seibatsu by Empress Jingu' in kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki) itself is doubtful.
Japanese: そのことから、記紀の記す「神功皇后の三韓征伐」そのものは疑わしいであろう。
English: Samguk Sagi was less mistaken on this chronology of applicable historical data in comparison to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) and the sexagenarian cycle between the Gwanggaeto Stele and the Samguk Sagi had only one years difference.
Japanese: 三国史記は、日本書紀に比べ該当時期の編年の狂いが少なく、広開土王碑と三国史記の干支年が1年異なる程度である。
English: In comparison, the kiki (Kojiki and Nihonshoki) has no description of any furious battles with Koguryo, written on the Gwanggaeto Stele.
Japanese: それに対し記紀には広開土王碑に見られるような高句麗などとの激しい戦闘を伝えるものが全くない。
English: So, this indicates Japanese people during this period did not record documents concretely written by letters.
Japanese: このことから、この頃の日本は事実を具体的に文字による記録で残すことをしなかったと見られる。
English: It was during this period in the investigation of Japanese history, scholars researching the external articles of "Nihonshoki," in a break through, identified through calculations was the correct dating of the events; the method used in calculation, was the movement backward in years by two cycles (one cycle = 60 years), 120 years, to the estimated sexagenarian cycle in the book.
Japanese: この頃の『日本書紀』の対外的な記事には、推定干支を二運120年繰り下げる計算をすれば正しいと思われる記事がある。
English: Originally, a tradision native to Japan has no recorded articles about the Oriental zodiac; so, scholars believed in the extreme scarcity of an identifiable foundation for these historical facts.
Japanese: 日本の固有の伝承は元来干支記事などもなく、史実の核は非常に乏しいと考えられる。
English: Currently, the academic world has the theory that the rationale in the subjugation of Silla was formed in Japan with the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu; in consideration of the fact in which Sankan-Seibatsu was actually written at some distant point in time. (There was an article in the "Shoku Nihongi" [a continuation of Nihonshoki; an imperially commissioned Japanese history text] about a visiting envoy of Silla, who became outraged upon hearing the official story of the Empress Jingu.)
Japanese: 現在の学界では、三韓征伐説話は、はるか後の時代になって、新羅の日本への服従を正当化するために（『続日本紀』には、来新羅使の前で神功皇后説話を聞かせて立腹させたという記事もある）創作された説がある。
English: Scholars formed a hypothesis that Japan may have fabricated the tale of Sankan-Seibatsu based on a vague memory of a battle on the Korean peninsula and a historical event of an Imperial visit to the Tsukushi Asakra Palace during the expedition to Silla by Empress Saimei.
Japanese: これは、かつて日本は朝鮮半島で闘ったことがあるというわずかな記憶と、女帝斉明天皇が新羅遠征のために、筑紫朝倉宮まで行幸した故事を元に、創作されたとする仮説が唱えられている。
English: The Conscription Ordinance (Edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state] Non-number) (1889 Law No.1) was enacted in 1873, which stipulated the obligation of Japanese citizens to military service.
Japanese: 徴兵令（ちょうへいれい、太政官布告無号）（明治22年法律第1号）は、1873年（明治6年）に制定され、国民の兵役義務を定めた日本の法令。
English: It was fully revised in 1889 and shifted to the Military Service Law in 1927.
Japanese: 明治22年に全面改正され、1927年（昭和2年）、兵役法に移行した。
English: The imperial army which fought the Boshin War, that is the army of the Meiji new government, consisted of the armies from various domains such as Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa under the commands of Masujiro OMURA, Takamori SAIGO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, respectively, and there had been no army the government recruited and organized on its own.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争における官軍、すなわち明治新政府の軍は、長州藩・薩摩藩・土佐藩など諸藩の軍の集合で、大村益次郎、西郷隆盛、板垣退助らがそれぞれ指揮しており、政府が独自に徴兵して組織した軍はなかった。
English: The Goshinpei (army to convoy the Emperor) under the direct command of the Meiji Government was organized based on a part of the Choshu domain's army with recruited ronin (samurai with no lord) in Kyoto.
Japanese: 明治政府直属の御親兵も、長州藩の一部部隊を元に諸藩の在京の浪人を集めて組織されたものだった。
English: Omura, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Aritomo YAMAGATA (Ronshu ichifuhei) and others had been advocating the necessity of universal conscription since early days.
Japanese: 大村や西郷従道、山縣有朋（論主一賦兵）らは、早くから「国民皆兵」の必要性を唱えていた。
English: This is because they understood that an army depending on personal fighting ability like the one used in the early modern times would be difficult to win modern wars.
Japanese: これは、近世的な個人的武技に頼る戦闘では、近代戦において勝利を得るのが困難であることを理解していたからである。
English: However, the universal conscription required to abolish the social and family status and introduce the equality of all people, which meant nothing but the dissolution of the samurai class that accounted for the largest part of the privileged class in the Edo period.
Japanese: しかし、これには身分・家格を廃して四民平等を導入せねばならず、すなわち江戸時代の特権階級のうち最大の人口を占める武士の解体を意味する。
English: Therefore, there were a lot of conservative people against it within the government, with Hisamitsu SHIMAZU as the leader, Issei MAEBARA, Toshiaki KIRINO and others, and Takamori SAIGO took a passive stance for conscription because he had his own plan of the volunteer 'sohei' military system in consideration of the middle to lower class samurai.
Japanese: そのため、政府内にも島津久光を筆頭に前原一誠・桐野利秋ら保守的な反対論者を多数抱えており、また西郷隆盛も「壮兵」といって、中下層士族の立場を考慮した志願兵制度を構想していて徴兵制には消極的であった。
English: Eventually, the conscription plan was miscarried once, partially due to the assassination of Omura.
Japanese: そのうち、大村が暗殺された事もあって構想は一旦は挫折する事となった。
English: On January 3, 1871, the conscription regulation was enacted based on Aritomo YAMAGATA's plan, which stipulated to recruit five people for every one million koku in each domain irrespective of shizoku (person with samurai ancestors), low ranking samurai or commoner.
Japanese: 明治3年11月13日_(旧暦)（新暦：1871年1月3日）に山縣有朋の構想のもと、徴兵規則（ちょうへいきそく）が制定され、各府藩県より士族・卒・庶人にかかわらず1万石につき5人を徴兵することを定めた。
English: Then, on April 2, 1871, the armies from three domains (Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa) was organized as Shinpei (imperial guard,) adopting a part of Saigo's idea and, in July of the same year, the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) was carried out with the backing of this military strength.
Japanese: 続いて翌明治4年2月13日_(旧暦)（新暦：1871年4月2日）には、西郷の構想の一部をも取り込む形で三藩（薩摩・長州・土佐）の軍が親兵として編成され、この兵力を背景に同年7月廃藩置県が断行された。
English: Subsequently, the necessity to create a national army for a modern nation under centralized administrative framework was recognized, and Takamori SAIGO finally supported Yamagata's opinion and turned down the opposing opinions by Toshiaki KIRINO and others, even after Yamagata was forced into resignation due to the Yamashiroya incident.
Japanese: 続いて、中央集権体制の近代国家にとって国民軍の創出が必要と認識され、西郷隆盛も最終的には山縣の考え方を支持して、山城屋事件で山縣が辞職に追い込まれた後も、西郷は桐野利秋らの反対論を退けた。
English: On December 28, 1872, the proclamation of conscription was issued and, on January 10, 1873, the Conscription Ordinance became effective.
Japanese: 明治5年11月28日_(旧暦)（新暦：1872年12月28日）に徴兵告諭が出され、翌明治6年（1873年）1月10日（新暦）に徴兵令が施行。
English: As a precondition to realize the nationwide conscription, the creation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872 following the Family Registration Law enacted in 1871 should be mentioned.
Japanese: なお、全国的な徴兵制を敷くことを可能にした前提条件として、明治4年制定の戸籍法に基づいて翌明治5年壬申に壬申戸籍が編製されたことが挙げられる。