nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In May (April in old lunar calendar) 1183, an army led by So-daisho Koremori to defeat MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka departed in groups one by one, recruiting as many as a hundred thousand (or forty thousand acccording to some sources) soldiers, which was equivalent to the entire force of the Taira clan, and advanced to Hokuriku.
Japanese: 寿永2年（1183年）4月、維盛を総大将として源義仲追討軍が逐次出発し、平氏の総力を結集した総勢10万（4万とも）の軍勢が北陸に向かう。
English: According to "Gyokuyo," out of forty thousand soldiers, only four or five soldiers wearing armor were found alive; the vast majority of the Taira army was killed and the rest fled into mountains and forests, leaving all their belongings behind, only to be found and murdered later.
Japanese: 『玉葉』によると、4万の平氏軍で甲冑を付けていたのは4,5騎で平氏軍の過半数が死亡、残りは物具を捨てて山林に逃げたが討ち取られた。
English: Commanders Moritoshi, Kageie, and Tadakiyo, who were the bravest among the Taira clan, fled with no subordinates accompanying them.
Japanese: 平氏第一の勇士であった侍大将の盛俊、景家、忠清らは一人の供もなく逃げ去った。
English: The Taira army was defeated by an enemy of only five thousand soldiers while the supreme commander (Koremori) and the three commanders of warriors were vying for authority.
Japanese: 敵軍はわずかに5千、かの三人の侍大将と大将軍（維盛）らで権威を争っている間に敗北に及んだという。
English: The 'The Exile of the Taira clan' chapter of "Heike Monogatari" depicts TAIRA no Takakiyo and TAIRA no Tomomori as suspecting Koremori and the other sons of Shigemori of having changed their minds since they saw Koremori, who had been reluctant to leave his heir, TAIRA no Takakiyo, in Kyoto and to part from his wife and his other children, late for departure.
Japanese: 『平家物語』の「一門都落ち」では、嫡男平高清を都に残し、妻子との名残を惜しんで遅れた維盛とその弟たち重盛系一族の変心を、平宗盛や平知盛が疑うような場面がある。
English: In March 1184, sometime before or after the Battle of Ichinotani, Koremori secretly left camp and fled.
Japanese: 寿永3年（1184年）2月、維盛は一ノ谷の戦い前後、密かに陣中から逃亡する。
English: Later, he became a priest at Mt. Koya, made a pilgrimage to Kumano Sanzan (three major shrines of Kumano-Hongu-Taisha, Kumano-Hayatama-Taisha, and Kumano-Nachi-Taisha) and in May, committed suicide by drowning himself in the sea around the Ki no Matsushima islands off Nachi.
Japanese: のちに高野山に入って出家し、熊野三山を参詣して3月末、那智の沖の紀の松島で入水自殺した。
English: The rumor that Koremori committed suicide by drowning himself spread to Kyo and reached Kenreimonin Ukyo no daibu (the administrator of eastern Kyoto), who had been on friendly terms with him, felt saddened, and made the waka poems of condolence: 'His beautiful look, which was likened to cherry blossoms in spring, vainly ended up dead under the sea' and 'What a sad thing that he had such a bitter experience of downing himself in Kumano inlet.'
Japanese: 維盛入水の噂は都にも届き、親交のあった建礼門院右京大夫はその死を悼み、「春の花色によそへし面影のむなしき波のしたにくちぬる」「悲しくもかゝるうきめをみ熊野の浦わの波に身を沈めける」と詠んでいる。
English: "Zenchu-ki" in the military epic, "Genpei Seisuiki" (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans), has a different story; instead of committing suicide, after his pilgrimage to Kumano, Koremori went to Kyoto to plead with the Cloistered Emperor for his life, and the Cloistered Emperor communicated Koremori's wish to Yoritomo, who wanted Koremori to come to Kanto (the east of Japan) but he died of disease on the way to Kamakura in Yu-shimojuku in Sagami Province.
Japanese: 『源平盛衰記』に記された『禅中記』の異説によれば、維盛は入水ではなく、熊野に参詣したのち都に上って法皇に助命を乞い、法皇が頼朝に伝えたところ、頼朝が維盛の関東下向を望んだので、鎌倉へ下向する途中に相模国の湯下宿で病没したという。
English: According to the entry for May 1184 in the "Kikki," there was a rumor circulated that TAIRA no Tadafusa, a younger brother of Koremori, had secretly been to Kanto, was pardoned and returned to Kyoto.
Japanese: 『吉記』の寿永3年（1184年）4月の条に、維盛の弟平忠房が密かに関東へ下向し、許されて帰洛するという風聞が記されている。
English: The same record also mentions that Tadafusa was beheaded the following year, which conflicts with the above description and it would be reasonable to conclude that it is Koremori, not Yoshifusa, that is discussed in the above.
Japanese: 忠房は同記に翌年斬首されることが書かれており、矛盾するので前者の忠房は維盛の誤りとみられる。
English: Koremori is also thought to have left Yashima peninsula sometime before or after the Battle of Ichinotani in March and died of disease in Sagami in May.
Japanese: 維盛は寿永3年2月、一ノ谷の合戦前後に屋島を脱走して4月ごろ相模で病死したとも考えられる。
English: Some scholars say that rumors of Koremori's suicide were deliberately circulated to prevent a search for Taira soldiers by Yoritomo, and that Koremori, who was actually alive, traveled across the country, settled in Irokawa-go in Kii Province, and had two sons: Morihiro, who later named himself Shimizu, and Moriyiasu, who later named himself Mizuguchi, the ancestor of the Irokawa clan in the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), although this story remains unproven.
Japanese: また、維盛が入水したというのは頼朝の残党狩りから逃れる為の流言で、実は生き延びて各地を転々とし、最終的には紀伊国色川郷に落ち着き盛広・盛安の男子をもうけ、盛広は清水を名乗り、盛安は水口を名乗って戦国時代_(日本)の色川氏の祖となったと言うが、真実かどうかは不詳である。
English: Shoen UEMURA (real name: Tsune or Tsuneko UEMURA, April 23, 1875, - August 27, 1949), born and raised at Shimogyo, Kyoto Prefecture in the Meiji period, was a Japanese-style painter who drew 'Bijinga' ('Beautiful Woman Painting') from a woman's viewpoint.
Japanese: 上村松園（うえむらしょうえん、本名：上村津禰（つね）（常子（つねこ）とも）、1875年（明治8年）4月23日-1949年（昭和24年）8月27日）は、明治の京都府下京（しもぎょう）に生まれ育ち、女性の目を通して「美人画」を描いた日本画。
English: Her son, Shoko UEMURA, and grandson, Atsushi UEMURA, are Japanese-style painters.
Japanese: 同じく日本画家の上村松篁（しょうこう）は息子、上村淳之（あつし）は孫にあたる。
English: The second daughter of the owners of a tea shop in central Kyoto, Shoen grew up surrounded by traditional Kyoto culture and spent her whole life painting women, aiming to produce, in her own words, 'pictures like exquisite jewels, clear and without a trace of vulgarity' and 'authentic 'bijinga' paintings that are the culmination of truth, goodness and beauty.'
Japanese: 京都市下京区四条通御幸町の葉茶屋「ちきり屋」の次女として生まれ、京の伝統文化に育まれた松園は、明治・大正・昭和を通して生涯、「一点の卑俗なところもなく、清澄な感じのする香高い珠玉のような絵」、「真・善・美の極致に達した本格的な美人画」（松園のことば）を念願として女性を描き続けた。
English: Although Meiji society did not approve of women wanting to become artists, Nakako continuously supported Shoen, offering undeerstanding and encouragement.
Japanese: 明治の女性が画家を志すなど、世間で認めるところではなかったが、仲子は常に松園を理解し励まし支え続けた。
English: It was because of my mother that I was able to paint, making pictures my life and my crutch, without experiencing life's hardships.'
Japanese: 「私は母のおかげで、生活の苦労を感じずに絵を生命とも杖ともして、それと闘えたのであった。」
English: The loss of her mother led her to produce several dignified pieces including 'Mother and Child,' 'Ao-mayu' (Blue Eyebrows), 'Evenfall,' and 'Late Autumn.'
Japanese: 母を亡くした後には、「母子」「青眉」「夕暮」「晩秋」など母を追慕する格調高い作品が生まれた。
English: Hana-gatami,' painted in 1915, was based on the yokyoku (song used in Noh) of the same name, which tells the story of 'Teruhi no mae,' a woman loved by Emperor Keitai when he was a prince, who went to Kyoto, met the Emperor by chance at an autumn leaf viewing party and performed a dance holding a flower basket she had received from him as a gift.
Japanese: 1915年の「花がたみ」の題材、謡曲「花筐（はながたみ）」は、継体天皇の皇子時代に寵を受けた「照日の前」が形見の花筐を手に都に上り、紅葉狩りに行き逢った帝の前で舞うという内容である。
English: Hono-o,' created in 1918 and based on another yokyoku 'Aoi no ue,' is painted in the Momyama style and depicts Rokujo no Miyasudokoro from the "Tale of Genji"; Shoen said it was 'the only work one of my many pictures to depict such a seductive woman.'
Japanese: 1918年の「焔」の題材、謡曲「葵上」は、『源氏物語』に登場する六条御息所の生霊を桃山風俗にて描いた、松園言うところの「数多くある絵のうち、たった一枚の凄艶な絵」である。
English: Rokujo no Miyasudokoro was a proud noble woman and former lover of Hikaru Genji, who became a vengeful spirit because of her humiliation of and jealousy toward his wife Aoi no ue and haunted her to death.
Japanese: （誇り高い六条御息所は光源氏の正妻、葵の上への屈辱と嫉妬から生霊になり、葵の上を取り殺してしまう）。
English: 1875: Shoen was born as the second daughter of the owner of Chikiri-ya, a leaf tea store, located at Gokomachi, Shijo Street, Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 1875年、京都の下京区四条通御幸町の葉茶屋「ちきり屋」の次女として生まれる。
English: 1887: She entered Kyoto Gagakko (Kyoto School of Drawing) and studied under Shonen SUZUKI, who was a member of the Shijo-ha School.
Japanese: 1887年、京都画学校に入学、四条派の鈴木松年（すずきしょうねん）に師事。
English: 1890: She submitted her work 'Shiki Bijin-zu' (lit. 'Paintings of Beautiful Women in Four Seasons') to the Third National Exposition and won the First Meritorious Award (She drew attention when her work was purchased by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, the third son of Victoria, Queen of England, who was visiting Japan).
Japanese: 1890年、第3回内国勧業博覧会に「四季美人図」を出品、一等褒状受賞（この絵を、来日中であったヴィクトリア(イギリス女王)の三男アーサー(コノート公)が購入し話題となった）。
English: Soshi-arai Komachi (based on a yokyoku and Iwao KONGO's noh performance), 1937
Japanese: 草子洗い小町（そうしあらいこまち：謡曲および金剛巌の能舞台より）1937
English: The basic story is that Komachi was accused of plagiarizing an old poem included in a bound poem book and cleared the suspicion by washing the book to erase the old poem.
Japanese: 古歌の剽窃との濡れ衣を掛けられた小町はその証拠とされる草子を洗って疑いを晴らしたという題材
English: Shunju-zu (Painting of Spring and Autumn) (a set of two: a painting of young girls representing spring and an elderly woman representing autumn), 1930
Japanese: 春秋図（一対：うら若い娘たちを春に、やや年長の女を秋に見立てた図）1930
English: Jo no mai (a painting of a woman expressing the 'inviolable strong will hidden in women,' who serenely, bravely and gracefully performs a shimai or noh dance in plain clothes 'Jo no mai'), 1936 (Important Cultural Heritage)
Japanese: 序の舞（「なにものにも犯されない、女性のうちにひそむ強い意志」を静かなうちに凛として気品のある仕舞「序の舞」を通して描いている）1936（重要文化財）
English: Miyao's "Jo no mai" was also filmed, and the movie vividly depicts the lives of Shoen as she tries to make her way in the unsympathetic art world of the Meiji period and her supportive mother, Sei (1984, Toei, starring Yuko NATORI).
Japanese: 宮尾の作品『序の舞』はさらに映像化もされており、明治期の周囲の無理解に屈することなく画業を貫いた松園とそれを支えた母勢以の生き方が活写されている（1984年、東映、主演名取裕子）
English: Seijitsu (Fine Day), 1941 (painting a woman who is starching a kimono garment with her sleeves tucked up)
Japanese: 晴日（せいじつ）1941（たすきがけで着物の洗い張りをしている女性）
English: Yuugure (Evenfall), 1941 (a woman trying to thread a needle in the light of dusk with an open shoji sliding door
Japanese: 夕暮（ゆうぐれ）1941（障子をあけて、夕暮れの光で針に糸を通そうとしている女性）
English: Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (March 27, 1824 to October 25, 1891) was a member of the Imperial family who lived in the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the early part of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 久邇宮朝彦親王（くにのみやあさひこしんのう、文政7年2月27日(旧暦)（1824年3月27日）-明治24年（1891年）10月25日）は、幕末から明治時代初期の皇族。
English: He was adopted by Emperor Ninko in 1836 and given the title of Imperial Prince with the name Narinori in 1837.
Japanese: 天保7年（1836年）、仁孝天皇の猶子となり、翌・天保8年（1837年）親王宣下、成憲（なりのり）の名を下賜される。
English: In 1838, he entered the Buddhist priesthood, was given the name Sono, and assigned as the Head Priest of Ichijoin, a subtemple of Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara.
Japanese: 天保9年（1838年）に得度して尊応（そんおう）の諱を賜り、奈良興福寺塔頭・一乗院の門主となる。
English: In 1852, he assumed the position of the Head Priest of Shorenin Monzeki Temple and changed his "hoi" (Buddhist name) to Sonyu.
Japanese: 嘉永5年（1852年）、空席となった青蓮院門跡門主の座に就き、法諱を尊融（そんゆう）と改める。
English: As Shorenin was a temple headed by Imperial Princes and located at Awataguchi, he was known by the traditional names Shoreninnomiya and Awatanomiya.
Japanese: 青蓮院が宮門跡で、また粟田口の地にあったことから、歴代門主同様青蓮院宮または粟田宮と称される。
English: In 1859, during the Ansei Purge that resulted from the question of who should succeed Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA, Tairo (chief minister) Naosuke II condemned Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonyu (Asahiko), who opposed the Court's sanctioning of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan and supported Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, to perpetual confinement (Inkyo eichikkyo).
Japanese: 尊融法親王は日米修好通商条約の勅許に反対し、将軍徳川家定の後継者問題では徳川慶喜を支持したことなどから大老井伊直弼に目を付けられ、安政6年（1859年）には安政の大獄で「隠居永蟄居」を命じられる。
English: Since this treatment disqualified him from the title Shorenin no miya, Prince Sonyu lived in seclusion at Keihoken, a subtemple of Shokoku-ji Temple and adopted the name Shishioinnomiya.
Japanese: このため青蓮院宮を名乗れなくなった尊融法親王は、相国寺塔頭の桂芳軒に幽居して獅子王院宮と称した。
English: In 1862, Cloistered Imperial Prince Sonyu was pardoned and regained his former title, and in the same year he became involved in politics as Kokuji Goyogakari (state affairs official).
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）に赦免されて復帰した尊融法親王は、同年には国事御用掛として朝政に参画、翌・文久3年（1863年）8月27日(旧暦)には還俗して中川宮の宮号を名乗る。
English: On October 9 in 1863, he left the priesthood and adopted the "miya-go," a name granted for an independent Imperial family, Nakagawanomiya.
Japanese: 翌・文久3年（1863年）8月27日(旧暦)には還俗して中川宮の宮号を名乗る。
English: In the first half of 1863, court nobles with ties to the Choshu clan, who were known as the Tobaku Sonjo-ha (lit. anti-shogunate, pro-Emperor, pro-foreigner-expulsion faction), were the dominant group in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）前半は長州藩系公卿を中心とした討幕・尊攘派が朝廷の主流であった。
English: As they engaged in lobbying the Imperial Court, anti-shogunate samurai were focusing their attention to how to make the Imperial Court manipulate the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Japanese: そして、尊攘討幕派の志士たちの朝廷工作活動は、いかに朝廷に幕府を制御させるかという点に目標が移っていた。
English: The plan was that Emperor Komei, during the Imperial visit to Yamato, would hold a meeting on military actions for the purpose of expulsion of foreigners, thereby gaining control of the military and the government from the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Japanese: 孝明天皇の大和行幸の際に、天皇自ら攘夷のための軍議を開き、軍議を開くことによって自動的に幕府から軍事権および施政権を取り返すということを企てていた。
English: At the same time, their strategy was to make sure that the Shogunate forces led by Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") would be the very ones responsible for expelling foreigners and to take the consequences.
Japanese: 同時に、征夷大将軍が率いる幕府軍こそ最も攘夷を実行すべき責任があり、当然取るべき責任を取ってもらうという算段でもあった。
English: Imperial Prince Sonyu, who was the leader of the Kobu-gattai-ha (lit. court and shogunate unification faction), was avoided by pro-Choshu nobles and anti-Shogunate samurai and was about to be forced to stay away from Kyoto as the Envoy to Pacify the Western Regions, a scheme designed by Yasuomi MAKI.
Japanese: 公武合体派の領袖であった尊融親王は長州派公卿や尊攘討幕派の志士たちから嫌われ、真木保臣らの画策によって「西国鎮撫使」の名のもと、都から遠ざけられかけもした。
English: Aware of the true intention behind the scheme, he refused to serve as the Envoy and handed the role to his political opponent, Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, a powerful leader of pro-Choshu nobles and the Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of Dazaifu, the local government office in Kyushu).
Japanese: これを察知した親王は西国鎮撫使の就任を固辞し、政敵であり長州派公卿の有力者であった大宰帥・有栖川宮熾仁親王にその役目を押し付けた。
English: Imperial Prince Sonyu also joined forces with the Aizu clan, which served as Kyoto Shugoshoku (Military Commissioner of Kyoto), and the Satsuma clan, which was on friendly terms with the Aizu clan at that time and, with the unofficial approval of Emperor Komei, staged the August 18 Deportation, which expelled from Kyoto pro-Choshu court nobles and the Choshu clan, who advocated the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the expulsion of foreign forces.
Japanese: さらに尊融親王は京都守護職を務める会津藩やこの時期会津藩と友好関係にあった薩摩藩と手を結び、急進的な倒幕と攘夷決行を唱える長州派公卿と長州藩を京から排除しようとし、彼らを嫌い幕府を信頼していた孝明天皇から内意を引き出し、八月十八日の政変を行う。
English: Due to thit, he came to be called Innomiya, a popular name for Danjoin (as Danjoin was customarily served by Imperial Princes).
Japanese: 以後は、弾正尹の通称である尹宮（いんのみや）と称される（弾正尹は親王が任命される事が通例だったため）。
English: Following the removal of pro-Choshu court nobles and the Choshu clan from the Imperial government in the August 18 Deportation, Imperial Prince Asahiko and Military Commissioner of Kyoto Katamori MATSUDAIRA gained the trust of Emperor Komei, but this created a strong sense of bitterness and rancor in the Choshu clan samurai and anti-Shogunate samurai, who stepped down from office.
Japanese: 八月十八日の政変により長州派公卿および長州藩が朝廷から退くと、朝彦親王は京都守護職松平容保とともに孝明天皇の信任を篤く受けるが、これは同時に、下野した長州藩士や倒幕・尊攘派の志士たちの強烈な恨みを買うことにもなる。
English: In 1864, some anti-Shogunate samurai, planning to set fire to the residence of Imperial Prince Asahiko and murder Katamori, had Shuntaro FURUTAKA, an arms dealer who also served as a liaison between the Choshu clan and pro-Choshu nobles, procure a large number of weapons.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）、一部の尊攘倒幕派は朝彦親王邸への放火や容保の殺害を計画、長州藩と長州派公卿との連絡役でもあった武器商人の古高俊太郎に大量の武器を用意させた。
English: But immediately before the implementation of the plan, Furutaka was arrested by the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), and many of the people involved in the scheme were killed or arrested in what was known as the Ikedaya Incident.
Japanese: しかし、実行寸前で古高が新撰組に捕らえられ、計画に関与していた者の多くが池田屋事件で闘死、もしくは捕縛された。
English: In the same year, the Kinmon Rebellion took place and the shogunate government twice attempted to attack the Choshu clan in retribution for the rebellion, but was defeated following the loss of their leader, Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, through illness.
Japanese: 同年禁門の変をが発生、その報復として二度も長州征伐が試みられたが、幕府は将軍の徳川家茂を病で失い、戦闘でも敗北した。
English: On January 3, 1868, the Lords of the Choshu clan (father Takachika MORI and son Hiroatsu MORI) and all pro-Choshu court nobles (anti-shogunate nobles) were reinstated at the Kogosho Conference.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）12月9日、小御所会議において、長州藩主父子（毛利敬親・毛利広封）やすべての長州派公卿（討幕・尊攘派公卿）が復権する。
English: Anti-shogunate court nobles including Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, Sanetomi SANJO, and Tomomi IWAKURA decided to put Imperial Prince Asahiko under custody of the Hiroshima clan in 1868.
Japanese: 有栖川宮熾仁親王・中山忠能・三条実美・岩倉具視ら討幕・尊攘派公卿は、朝彦親王を明治元年（1868年）、広島藩預かりとした。
English: Like his father, Imperial Prince Kuniie, he had a high sex drive and according to one typical story, fathered a child with a shrine maiden in his youth.
Japanese: 朝彦親王は父の邦家親王と同様に相当な精力家であり、若年時には神社の巫女を孕ませるなどの、ませた逸話を持つ。
English: After he left the priesthood, he had many children, including Prince Kayanomiya Kuninori, Prince Kuninomiya Kuniyoshi (father of Empress Kojun), Prince Nashimotonomiya Morimasa, Prince Kuninomiya Taka, Prince Asakanomiya Yasuhiko, and Prince Higashikuninomiya Naruhiko (who served as Prime Minister of Japan).
Japanese: 還俗してからも子を多く作り、賀陽宮邦憲王、久邇宮邦彦王（香淳皇后の父）、梨本宮守正王、久邇宮多嘉王、朝香宮鳩彦王、東久邇宮稔彦王（内閣総理大臣）などをもうける。
English: Akihito, the current Emperor of Japan, and his children all come from the Kuninomiya family through Empress Kojun and are direct descendants of Imperial Prince Asahiko.
Japanese: 明仁以下の皇族は香淳皇后を介して久邇宮家の血を引いており、直系子孫にあたる。
English: He is also known as the founder of Kogakkan University, one of a few educational institutes that train Shinto priests, and his "Diaries of Imperial Prince Asahiko" are valuable historical materials on the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 神職を育成する数少ない大学、皇學館大学の創始者としても知られるほか、親王が書き残した日記は『朝彦親王日記』と呼ばれ、幕末維新史料として重視されている。
English: Manshi KIYOZAWA, August 10, 1863 - June 6, 1903 was a Japanese philosopher and Buddhist monk in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 清沢満之（きよざわまんし、文久3年6月26日(旧暦)〈1863年8月10日〉-明治36年〈1903年〉6月6日）は、日本の明治期に活躍した哲学者・宗教家。
English: He was the son of an Owari clansman, Naganori TOKUNAGA, from Nagoya in Owari Province (present day Nagoya City).
Japanese: 尾張藩士、徳永永則の子として、尾張国名古屋（現、名古屋市）に生まれる。
English: In February 1878, he entered the Buddhist priesthood, becoming a monk of the Otani school of Jodo Shinshu, and after entering Higashi Hongan-ji's Ikuei School, he was chosen to go to the University of Tokyo's preparatory school (Tokyo Yobimon), graduating from the university's Department of Philosophy of the Faculty of Letters with highest honors in 1887.
Japanese: 1878年2月、得度して真宗大谷派の僧侶となり、東本願寺育英教校に入学、その留学生として東京大学予備門に進み、1887年に東京大学文学部哲学科を首席で卒業。
English: While a student, he founded the 'Philosophical Society' together with Enryo INOUE and others, and edited the first edition of the "Journal of the Society of Philosophy" in February 1887.
Japanese: 学生時代に、井上円了らと「哲学会」を始め、1887年2月に『哲学会雑誌』を創刊した際には編集に当たる。
English: In July 1888, he was asked by the Otani school of Jodo Shinshu to became principal of Kyoto Prefecture Junior High School, which was run by the sect and, at the same time, he also lectured at Takakura Daigaku-ryo; later, he married Yasuko KIYOZAWA and became the chief priest of Saiho-ji Temple in Hekinan City, Aichi Prefecture.
Japanese: 1888年7月には、真宗大谷派の要請で、当時、同派が経営を委嘱されていた京都府尋常中学校の校長を務め、高倉大学寮にも出講する一方、清沢やす子と結婚し、愛知県碧南市の西方寺の住職となる。
English: Around that time, he started to practice the so-called "Minimum Possible," leading a life of abstinence and self-denial with minimal comfort.
Japanese: この頃からミニマム・ポッシブル（MinimumPossible）と呼ばれる最低限の制欲自戒生活を始める。
English: While maintaining this lifestyle, academically he repeatedly read texts such as "Tannisho" (Lamentations of Divergences) and while practicing self-discipline, he introduced his "being philosophical," which was the area of his specialty, and wrote "Shukyo Tetsugaku Gaikotsu" (The Skeleton of a Philosophy of Religion) and "Tarikimon Tetsugaku Gaikotsu" (The Skeleton of a Philosophy of Gate of the Other Power).
Japanese: そんな生活を続ける中、学問の面でも『歎異抄』などをよく読み、その自戒生活の実践の中で得意の哲学的を駆使して『宗教哲学骸骨』『他力門哲学骸骨』を執筆する。
English: His "Shukyo Tetsugaku Gaikotsu," published in August 1892, became well-known after being translated into English at the World Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in September 1893.
Japanese: 1892年8月に刊行された『宗教哲学骸骨』は、1893年9月のシカゴ万国宗教大会で英訳されて評判となった。
English: He developed pulmonary tuberculosis in 1894, and moved to Shirakawa Village, Otagi District, Kyoto Prefecture (present day Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City) in 1896.
Japanese: 1894年、肺結核を発病し、1896年に京都府愛宕郡白川村（現在の京都市左京区）に移り済む。
English: He published "Kyokaijigen" (Timely Words for the Religious World) together with Kakushin IMAGAWA and Masamaru INABA, proposed and promoted various reforms with the expectation of modernizing Higashi Hongan-ji Temple's organization and educational system and often opposed temple authorities until he was expelled from the sect.
Japanese: 今川覚神や稲葉昌丸らと『教界時言』を発刊、東本願寺における近代的な教育制度・組織の確立を期して種々の改革を建議・推進し、しばしば当局者と対立し、宗門からの除名処分を受ける。
English: His expulsion was resolved in 1898 and in September the following year, he set up a private school, Kokodo, in Hongo-Morikawa, Tokyo, which produced many Shinshu and Buddhist scholars such as Kanae TADA, Gessho SASAKI, and Haya AKEGARASU.
Japanese: 1898年、宗門よりの除名を解かれ、1899年9月に東京本郷森川に私塾浩々洞を開き、多田鼎、佐々木月樵、暁烏敏ら多くの真宗学者、仏教学者を輩出する。
English: In the same year, he became dean of Shinshu University, which was founded in Sugamo, Tokyo by Higashi Hongan-ji Temple (Later, the university was merged with Takakura Daigaku-ryo and moved to Kyoto, and the name changed to Shinshu Otani University; present-day Otani University), but he resigned the following year.
Japanese: 同年、東本願寺が東京巣鴨に開校した真宗大学（後に、高倉大学寮と併合、京都に移されて真宗大谷大学と改称、現、大谷大学）の学監に就任するも、翌年辞任。
English: He died from a worsening of his pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 39 in Saiho-ji Temple on June 6, 1903, without seeing his reforms completed.
Japanese: 明治36年（1903年）6月6日、肺結核が悪化し、改革の道半ばにして西方寺にて死去、満39歳没。
English: Due to his education in modern Western philosophy, he was able to better understand the beliefs of Jodo Shinshu and introduce it to modern ideas and, on the basis of his education and faith, he greatly contributed to propelling the modernization of Buddhism both domestically and internationally.
Japanese: 西洋近代哲学の素養の上に立って浄土真宗の信仰を受け止め、近代思想界に紹介した功績、また、そうした素養と信仰とに基づき、内外両面において仏教の近代化を推進した功績は大きい。
English: SUGAWARA no Michizane (his name can also be read as Michimasa and Doshin) (August 5, 845 - March 31, 903) was a scholar, composer of Chinese poems, and a politician who lived in the Heian period.
Japanese: 菅原道真（すがわらのみちざね、みちまさ、どうしん、正字体では菅原道眞、承和(日本)12年6月25日(旧暦)（845年8月1日）-延喜3年2月25日(旧暦)（903年3月31日））は日本の平安時代の学者、漢詩人、政治家である。
English: However, after being falsely charged by the Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), FUJIWARA no Tokihira, he was demoted to Governor of Dazaifu (the imperial office governing Kyushu) and, before dying there, he cursed the Imperial Court for this series of events and later was enshrined as a god.
Japanese: しかし、左大臣藤原時平に讒訴され、大宰府へ権帥として左遷されそこで没し、為に、朝廷に祟りをなし天神として祀られる。
English: The family name was originally Haji but it was changed to Sugawara during his grandfather, SUGAWARA no Kiyotomo's time.
Japanese: 菅原氏は、道真の祖父菅原清公（きよとも）のとき土師氏より氏を改めたもの。
English: The Sugawara clan was a scholarly family, with his grandfather and father both serving as Monjo Hakase, and, at the time, its members were mid-ranking court nobles.
Japanese: 祖父と父はともに文章博士（もんじょうはかせ）を務めた学者の家系であり、当時は中流の公家であった。
English: The Tomo clan that his mother was from produced famous poets such as OTOMO no Tabito and OTOMO no Yakamochi (the family name was originally Otomo but was changed in order to avoid using the personal name of Emperor Junna, who was called Prince Otomo before ascending the throne).
Japanese: 母方の伴氏は、大伴旅人、大伴家持ら高名な歌人を輩出している（古代の大伴氏が淳和天皇の避諱で改名した）。