nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, both the head of the Tsushinshi, Koshin (黄慎), and its deputy head, Boku Kocho (朴弘長), could not be received by Hideyoshi.
Japanese: しかしながら、正使・黄慎と副使・朴弘長は共に秀吉より接見を許されなかった。
English: Diplomatic relations between Japan and Korea remained broken after the Bunroku-Keicho War, and entering the Edo period, the first action the Japan side took for restoring diplomatic relations with Yi Dynasty Korea was to sound the Korean side to send Tsushinshi.
Japanese: 江戸期の日朝交流は豊臣秀吉による文禄・慶長の役の後、断絶していた李氏朝鮮との国交を回復すべく、日本側から朝鮮側に通信使の派遣を打診したことにはじまる。
English: Towards the end of the Muromachi period, the real power of the trade between Japan and Korea and that between Japan and the Ming moved to daimyo, making daimyo gain power and making weaker the validity of the control by the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 室町時代末期、日朝・日明貿易の実権が大名に移り、力を蓄えさせたと共に、室町幕府の支配の正当性が薄れる結果になった。
English: To prevent such a situation from prevailing, it was necessary for the Edo bakufu to establish diplomatic relations with Korea ahead of daimyo in the western part of Japan.
Japanese: そうなることを防ぐため、江戸幕府は地理的に有利な西日本の大名に先んじて、朝鮮と国交を結ぶ必要があった。
English: This was because the land of the Tsushima Domain was mountainous and not fitted for farming and was forced to remain in a poor state without trade with Korea.
Japanese: これは対馬藩が山がちで耕作に向いておらず、朝鮮との貿易なくては窮乏が必至となるためである。
English: To make sure the restoration of diplomatic relations, the Tshushima Domain forged even sovereign's message, and the envoy on the Korean side approved the message, even though knowing that it was forged one.
Japanese: 国交回復を確実なものとするために対馬藩は国書の偽造まで行い、朝鮮側使者も偽造を黙認した。
English: For this, the bakufu only admonished Yoshinari SO, the lord of the Tsushima Domain without any penalty, but Yanagawa who blew the whistle was exiled to Tsugaru.
Japanese: これに対し、対馬藩主・宗義成は忠告のみでお咎めなし、密告した柳川は津軽へ流罪とされた。
English: On the other hand, after the Bunroku-Keicho War ended and the Ming, which had helped Korea in the war, pulled out its troops from the Korean peninsular, Korea began to fear Japan and thought that it should manage to establish a good relationship with Japan (according to "Korea, the 208th Items of the Itemized Ming History").
Japanese: 一方、朝鮮では文禄・慶長の役が終わり、朝鮮を手助けした明が朝鮮半島から撤退すると日本を恐れ、友好関係を何とか結びたいという考えを持っていたようである『明史列伝第二百八朝鮮』
English: A translation: Hideyoshi died (and the war between the Ming and Japan stopped), and all of our troops (Ming troops) had been pulled out, and then Korea came to fear Japan exceedingly and came to consider establishing a good relationship with Japan, but on the other hand, Korea feared that the establishment of diplomatic relations might anger the Ming.
Japanese: （訳；秀吉が死に（明と日本は停戦したため）、我が軍（明の軍隊）が全て撤退すると、朝鮮は日本を甚だしく恐れ、日本と友好関係を結びたいと考えたが、その一方で（日本と国交を結ぶことで）明の機嫌を損ねるのではないかと恐れた）。
English: Meanwhile, the first Tsushinshi in the Edo period was sent to the bakufu due to efforts of the Tsushima Domain and had an audience with Ieyasu on June 29, 1607.
Japanese: こうした中、対馬藩の努力によって1607年（慶長12年）、江戸時代はじめての通信使が幕府に派遣され6月29日（5月6日(旧暦)）、家康に謁見した。
English: This means that the main mission of these envoys was to bring back to Korea the Confucians and potters who had been brought to Japan during the war.
Japanese: 日本に連れ去られた儒家、陶工などの捕虜を朝鮮に連れ帰るのが主目的という意味である。
English: It is said that most of these Confucians returned to Korea but many of these potters remained in Japan.
Japanese: このうち儒家はほとんどが帰国した一方、陶工の多くが日本に留まったとされる。
English: The reason is considered as follows: In Japan at that time, potters who produced chaki (tea utensils) and earthenware, considered having a value equal to that of a province, were treated favorably, for example, given the samurai status, but in Yi Dynasty Korea, potters were designated as humble or lowly people with the lowest social status in the social status system based on the Confucian thought: They were forced to work like slaves and were placed in such harsh conditions that they were punished physically when committing an error, or in other words, there existed fundamental discrimination against craftsmen.
Japanese: これは当時日本で一国ほどの価値があるとされた茶器や陶器を作り出す陶工を大名が藩の庇護の下、士分を与えるなど手厚い待遇をしていたのに比べ、李氏朝鮮では儒教思想による身分制において陶工は最下層の賤民に位置づけられ、奴隷的な労働を強いられるとともに、失策を犯した場合には体罰を課せられるという過酷な状況にあり、職人に対する根源的な差別があったことが原因である。
English: After that, following the precedent in the Muromochi period in which the two nations retained a good relationship, an envoy fromm Korea came to be sent to Japan corresponding to a request from the Tokugawa shogunate, and then the name of the envoy was changed from Kaito-ken-sakkanshi to Tsushinshi.
Japanese: その後、両国が友好関係にあった室町時代の前例に則って、徳川幕府から通信使派遣の要望により国使は回答兼刷還使から通信使となった。
English: Tsushinshi came to Edo through the following route: The envoy got on board a ship at Pusan Metropolitan City, called at Tsushima, sailed through the Seto Inland Sea via Shimonoseki City, changed ships to Kawa gozabune (a roofed pleasure boat with a tatami floor and shoji used in a river) at Osaka, sailed up the Yodo-gawa River, and from Yodo, went by road in a procession of palanquins, each of which carried one of the three highest-ranked persons of the envoy, horses on which high or middle officers of the envoy rode and the other lower officers of the envoy who walked, via Kyoto.
Japanese: 通信使は釜山広域市から海路、対馬に寄港し、それから下関市を経て瀬戸内海を航行し、大坂からは川御座船に乗り換えて淀川を遡航し、淀よりは輿（三使）、馬（上・中官）と徒歩（下官）で行列を連ね、陸路を京都を経て江戸に向かうルートを取った。
English: In the Omi Province, the passage of the route that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA used after he won the Battle of Sekigahara was approved.
Japanese: 近江国では関ケ原合戦で勝利した後に徳川家康が通った道の通行を認許している。
English: According to a viewpoint, this route was selected for paying a respect to the Tsushinshi, but there is another viewpoint of considering that the selection might have been made for showing the Tokugawa family's military prestige by making them trace the route of its unification of Japan.
Japanese: このルート選定については、信使一行に対する敬意を示しているという見方とともに、徳川家の天下統一の軌跡をたどることでその武威を示す意図があったのではないかとする見方もある。
English: After that, Tsushinshi were sent from the Korean side to pay homage to a new shogun or to cerebrate the birth of a heir to a shogun.
Japanese: その後、通信使は将軍の代替わりや世継ぎの誕生に際して、朝鮮側から祝賀使節として派遣されるようになった。
English: Tsushinshi came twelve times in total, but in 1811, the travel of Tsushinshi was stopped at Tsushima, and thereafter no Tsushinshi came to Japan.
Japanese: 計12回の通信使が派遣されているが、1811年（文化(元号)8年）に通信使が対馬までで差し止められたのを最後に断絶した。
English: However, the Korean side did not permit the envoy to come up to Seoul Special City mainly for military reasons, and a ceremony for the return call was held at Wakan (consular office) in Pusan Metropolitan City.
Japanese: しかしながら、主として軍事的な理由においてソウル特別市まで上る事を朝鮮側から拒否され、釜山広域市に貿易目的で設立された倭館で返礼の儀式が行われた。
English: The envoy from the Tsushima Domain in 1629, which consisted mainly of priests and was sent up to Hanseong, was the only exception.
Japanese: 唯一の例外は1629年（寛永6年）に漢城に送られた僧を中心とした対馬藩使節である。
English: It is said that the reason was as follows: At that time, Korea suffered from frequent invasions of Kokin, and the Korean side wanted to show Kokin that Korea had the support of Japan.
Japanese: これは後金の度重なる侵入に苦しむ朝鮮側が日本の後ろ盾があるように見せかけたかったためであるとされている。
English: In this case, the Tsushima Domain successfully requested Yi Dynasty Korea to export China-made cotton.
Japanese: なお、この際にも対馬藩側は李氏朝鮮に対して中国産の木綿を輸出を依頼し、成功している。
English: Concerning Tsushinshi, Japanese at that time rumored that 'Tsushinshi brings tributes to Japan, because otherwise, the shogun would invade the Korean peninsular again.'
Japanese: 通信使について当時の日本人らは「朝鮮が日本に朝貢をしなければ将軍は再び朝鮮半島を侵攻するため、通信使は貢物を持って日本へ来る」などという噂をしていた。
English: Therefore, although the term of Raikoshi (indicating a messenger with an article of tribute from a foreign country) was not used in any official documents, the term of Raiko (coming to pay tribute), which indicated an outright master-slave relationship, came to be used widely among the general public, as for envoys from Ryukyu.
Japanese: そのため、幕府の公式文書では「来貢使」という用語は一切使われていないにも関わらず、民間では琉球使節と同様に一方的な従属関係を示す「来貢」という言葉が広まっていた。
English: In "Chosenjin Raiheiki" (a document about Koreans who visited Japan to pay tributes), it is described that, referring to "Sankan Seibatsu" (The Conquest of the Three Korean Kingdoms), Chosen Tsushinshi was an envoy bringing tributes to Japan, suggesting that Japanese considered, from the beginning, Chosen Tsushinshi an envoy bringing tributes.
Japanese: 『朝鮮人来聘記』等においても三韓征伐等を持ち出して朝鮮通信使は朝貢使節であると見なしており、当初から日本人が朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節団として捉えていたことがうかがえる。
English: The Tsushinshi who visited Japan in the Enkyo era (1744 to 1748) submitted a report to the Korean Imperial Court after returning from Japan, and in it, described the following: The bakufu informed lords that Tsushinshi came to Japan 'to pay tributes from Korea' and all of the past envoys knew the fact but acquiesced fearing the disputes that would occur otherwise.
Japanese: 延享度の通信使の朝鮮朝廷への帰国報告では、信使の渡来を幕府は諸侯に「朝鮮入貢」として知らせており、それまでの使節もそれを知りながら紛争を恐れて知らぬふりをしていた旨が記されている。
English: In the year next to the year when the Yanagawa Incident occurred, the So clan in Tsushima invited Tsushinshi, instead of the Yanagawa family that had mainly handled such events until then.
Japanese: 通信使は柳川事件の翌年に、それまで柳川家主導で応対されていたものが対馬宗氏の手によって招かれた。
English: The Japan side led this change, and the main point of the change was to alter the terms for expressing the Tokugawa shogun in the sovereign's message on the Korean side from King of Japan to Tycoon of Japan (the term of tycoon was devised by Gyokuho Korin, a high priest at Five Great Zen Temples of Kyoto).
Japanese: これは日本側の主導によるもので、変更の骨子は、第一に、朝鮮側の国書で徳川将軍の呼称を日本国王から日本国大君に変更すること（この「大君」呼称の考案者は京都五山の高僧・玉峰光璘である）であった。
English: The second point was to use Japanese-style year names instead of the Oriental zodiac in letters of each sovereign, and the third was that the Korean side should change the name of the envoy from Kaitoshi-ken-sakkanshi to Tsushinshi.
Japanese: 第二に親書に記載される年紀の表記を干支から日本の年号に変更するということ、第三に使者の名称を朝鮮側が回答使兼刷還使から通信使に変更するというものである。
English: One opinion is as follows: Use of the title of 'King' and the 'Oriental zodiac' was a residue of the China-centered sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system, indicating the traditional eastern Asian diplomatic order with China placed at the top and nations around it considered dependent on China, and it was time to try separating from such a system and to make such a situation acknowledged by the Korean side as well.
Japanese: そもそも「国王」称号や「干支」の使用は中華秩序における冊封体制の残滓であり、中華帝国を頂点として周辺諸国を従属国視する、伝統的東アジア外交秩序そのものであり、いまこそ、その体制から離脱を図り、かつ朝鮮側にもそれを認知させようとしたのだ、という論である。
English: On the other hand, there is another opinion as in the following: Since the title of 'King' indicated the emperor domestically, the term of 'Tycoon' was simply used as the second best term hesitating to utilize the term of King, and therefore, the change of the title name was made solely based on a domestic factor.
Japanese: その一方で「国王」称号は国内的には天皇をさすため、これに遠慮し次善の策として「大君」を用いたという、もっぱら国内的要因に鑑みての変更にすぎないではないかという論もある。
English: Anyway, this system change did not develop into a serious diplomatic problem as when Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Shotoku era (1711 - 1716), as described later.
Japanese: いずれにせよこの制度改定は、後述の正徳(日本)度来日の際のような深刻な外交問題には発展しなかった。
English: It is said that the reason was as follows: At that time, Yi Dynasty Korea was busy for combating pressure from the north by Kokin, and therefore, did not dispute or could not afford to dispute the system change on the Japan side.
Japanese: その理由としては当時、李氏朝鮮は北方から後金の圧迫に忙殺されていたため、日本側の制度変更にあえて異論を挟まなかった、あるいは挟む余裕がなかったとされる。
English: The envoy that came to Japan in this occasion presented to the bakufu a message written directly by the King of Korea and bronze mirrors, and visited Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine where daigongen (Great Avatar) Ieyasu, considered having been Shinkun (a god-like head of Japan), was buried.
Japanese: この来日の際には、幕府に朝鮮国王直筆の親書、銅鏡が進呈され、また使節団が神君とされる大権現家康が眠る日光東照宮を参拝をした。
English: However, the former ways of treating and entertaining the envoy were totally changed in the new system, resultantly leading to diplomatic conflicts between Japan and Korea.
Japanese: しかしながら、これは従来の饗応、待遇を全面的に変更するものであり、結果として日朝間の外交摩擦に発展する。
English: To treat a Tsushinshi envoy, one million ryo (assuming that one ryo is equal to one koku (roughly, rice of 180 liters), this amounted up to 1/4 of the four million koku from the land controlled directly by the bakufu) was required, and attention must also be paid to the fact that Hakuseki originally opposed the invitation of the envoy to Japan itself.
Japanese: 通信使接遇には一度に約100万両（1両＝1石換算で幕府の直轄領約400万石の1/4に相当する）かかるものであり、もともと白石は来日招聘そのものに反対であった点が注目される。
English: However, there was the background that Masanao TSUCHIYA, the head of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) at that time, insisted on inviting Tsushinshi as in the past and Hakuseki had to make concessions.
Japanese: しかし当時の老中首座土屋政直が従来どおり来日を招聘すべしと異論を挟んだため、白石も折れた経緯がある。
English: Then Hakuseki simplified the treatment of the envoy as in the following based on 'Being equal,' 'Being simple,' and 'Being friendly:' For simplifying the treatment, banquets should be held at the six places of Shimonoseki City, Tomonoura, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya and Sunpu between Tsushima and Edo, only meals should be provided in other lodging places, and the lords of the domains where the envoy passed should not be required to go to meet the envoy.
Japanese: そこで、白石は、「対等」「簡素」「和親」を骨子として、まず待遇を簡素化し、対馬から江戸の間で宴席は下関市、鞆の浦、大坂、京都、名古屋、駿府の6ヶ所に限定し、他の宿所では食料の提供にとどめることとし、接待には通過する各藩の藩主が出向かずともよいことにした。
English: The cost of entertaining the envoy was reduced to 600 thousand ryo by these efforts, and the term for the title of shogun was changed to King of Japan again.
Japanese: これらの努力により接待費用を60万両に抑える一方、将軍呼称を再び日本国王に変更した。
English: The reason why the term for the title of shogun was changed was explained as follows: The change was made because the state of the nation in the Edo period had become stabilized, then the domestic positioning of shogun became like sovereign rather than a winner of wars, and therefore, it was intended to use the term of 'King of Japan' to clearly show that the Tokuwaga shogun became effectively a sovereign, or because the term of 'Tycoon' was used in Korea for indicating a prince, and therefore, use of 'King of Japan' was restored to remedy the unequal state of using the term.
Japanese: この変更の理由としては江戸時代も安定期に向かい、将軍の国内的地位が幕初の覇者的性格から実質的に君主的性格に移行した現実を踏まえ、「国王」を称することにより徳川将軍が実質的意味において君主的性格を帯びるようになったことを鮮明にせんとしたとも、あるいは、「大君」は朝鮮国内においては王子のことを指すので、これではむしろ対等ではないので国王に戻すのだとも説明されている。
English: Being apart from whether the usage of the term is appropriate or not, this change was informed unilaterally to the Korean side immediately before Chosen Tsushinshi departed for Japan.
Japanese: 呼称の当否は別とし、この変更は朝鮮通信使の来日直前に一方的に通告された。
English: Therefore, this problem developed into a serious diplomatic conflict, plunging both Japan and Korea sides into endless arguments concerning the positioning of shogun, including Nobuatsu HAYASHI and Hoshu AMENOMORI, Hanju of the Tsushima Domain (a Confucian scholar who worked for the Tsushima Domain).
Japanese: このため、深刻な外交摩擦に発展し、将軍の名分をめぐって林信篤や対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲も巻き込んで日朝双方を果てしない議論にまき起む結果となった。
English: When Tsushinshi came to Japan in the Kyoho era (1716 - 1736) after the one in the Shotoku era, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA restored the use of Tycoon, without getting involved in the positioning-of-shogun problem, and also totally restored the treatment of the envoy for the reason that the original rules should be followed.
Japanese: なお、正徳の次に来日した享保度の通信使の際には徳川吉宗は名分論には深入りせず、再び大君に復し、待遇も祖法遵守を理由に全面的に天和(日本)度に戻している。
English: Normally, Tsushinshi should come immediately, but Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, roju, sent a messenger in 1788 to request the postponement of the arrival, and in 1791, sounded out the Korean side about the possibility of visiting Tsushima instead of Edo.
Japanese: 本来であれば早速通信使来日となるのだが、老中松平定信は、1788年（天明8年）に延期要請の使者を、また1791年（寛政3年）には江戸にかえて対馬での招聘を打診した。
English: The negotiation did not go smoothly, and the visit was realized 20 years later, or 1811, at last.
Japanese: 交渉は難航し、結局20年後の1811年（文化8年）にようやく実現した。
English: Both Japan and Korea entered an era of financial difficulty at that time, and the timing was finally consented because they came to have the same cost-saving viewpoint.
Japanese: この頃になると日朝双方とも財政難であり、経費節減志向でようやく一致したのである。
English: However, although the cost of the bakufu for this event was reduced, the domestic meaning of showing the prestige of the shogun was damaged.
Japanese: ただ、幕府の出費節減はなったが、国内的な将軍権威の発露というもうひとつの意義は損なわれた。
English: Therefore, when Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA assumed shogun in 1841, Tadakuni MIZUNO, roju, planned to invite Tsushinshi to Osaka instead of Edo.
Japanese: そのため1841年（天保12年）、徳川家慶が将軍につくと、老中・水野忠邦は江戸招聘から大坂招聘に変更する計画を立案している。
English: This plan was aimed at producing the following three effects at the same time: Reducing the power of the lords in the west part of Japan through mobilizing them to attend to Tsushinshi, exhibiting the prestige of the bakufu, and reducing the cost burdened by the bakufu through canceling the procession between Osaka and Edo.
Japanese: 西国大名を接待に動員することで大名の勢力削減をおこない、一方で幕府の権威を示し、かつ大坂・江戸間の行列を圧縮することにより幕府の経費を節減できるという一石三鳥の効果を狙ったものである。
English: However, this plan was opposed within the bakufu and failed, and after this, no plan to invite Tsushinshi was compiled until the bakufu system became extinct.
Japanese: しかしこの計画は幕府内の反対にあい計画は頓挫し、以後幕府滅亡まで通信使来日の計画はのぼらなくなった。
English: Concerning Chosen Tsushinshi's views of Japan, Ingyom KIM, who came to Japan as a member of the eleventh Chosen Tsushinshi, described in details in "Nittosoyuka" (Song of a grand trip to Japan) his record of the visit to Japan, and as an example, he described about Osaka as follows:
Japanese: 朝鮮通信使の見た日本については第11次朝鮮通信使として来日した金仁謙が書いた記録である『日東壮遊歌』に詳しく、例として大阪について次のように記述している。
English: The landscape of Tomonoura was highly evaluated by Chosen Tsushinshi, and it is recorded that it was the most beautiful place in Japan (by the eighth Chosen Tsushinshi).
Japanese: また鞆の浦の景観を朝鮮通信使が高く評価し、日本で最も美しいとしたことも記録に残っている（第8次通信使）。
English: It is pointed out by Scholars in Japan that such education in Korea has implanted in Korean minds the images of 'Korea, a culturally advanced nation' and 'Japan, a culturally inferior nation' and has formed the foundation of the theory that all of the culture in Japan originated in Korea.
Japanese: 日本の学者等によって、韓国のこのような教育が「文化先進国の朝鮮」と「文化劣等国の日本」という意識を韓国民に植え付け韓国起源説の根拠となっているとも指摘されている。
English: However, when reading documents concerning that time, for example, actual written diaries (such as Nittosoyuka), it is found that Japan was advanced culturally and was prosperous, showing differences between what is educated in Korea and reality.
Japanese: だが、朝鮮通信使が実際に書いた日記（日東壮遊歌など）などの当時の資料を紐解くと、進んだ文化を持つ日本の繁栄ぶりが描写されており、韓国の教育とは相違が見受けられる。
English: Therefore, the Tokugawa shogunate, which was established after the war, needed to import advanced things and requested Korea to conduct negotiations with Japan through the head of the Tsushima island.
Japanese: ために戦乱後成立した日本の徳川幕府は先進文物を受け入れるために、対馬島主をとおして交渉を許可するように朝鮮に懇請した。
English: Korea, while resenting Japanese crimes, permitted the negotiations, referring to its basic policy of being friendly to neighbors, within certain limitations (according to Kiyu yakujo (Treaty in 1609)).
Japanese: 朝鮮では日本が犯した誤りを恨みながらも建国以来の交隣政策の原則に照らし、制限された範囲内での交渉を許した（1609年（光海君2年）、己酉約条）。
English: Then Wakan was placed again in Pusan Metropolitan City, where Japanese bought rice, cotton, Asian ginseng, etc.
Japanese: そうして釜山広域市に再び倭館が設置され、そこで日本人は米、木綿、朝鮮人参などを求めていった。
English: In addition, Japan requested Korea to send an envoy, considering Korea a culturally advanced nation.
Japanese: また日本は朝鮮を文化の先進国と考え、使節を派遣するよう要請してきた。
English: For this, Korea sent Tsushinshi consisting of approx. 400 persons, and they were treated as national guests.
Japanese: これに対し朝鮮では通信使を派遣したが、その一行はおよそ400余人になり、国賓として待遇を受けた。
English: Therefore, Tsushinshi played the role of introducing advanced culture in Korea to Japan, in addition to the mission as a diplomatic envoy.
Japanese: したがって通信使は外交使節としてだけでなく、朝鮮の先進文化を日本に伝播する役割も果たした。
English: As described above, Chosen Tsushinshi was a national envoy that came to Japan to make congratulations to the shogun family, and was provided with the same role as an envoy to bring tributes to a Chinese emperor or was used for showing the prestige of shogun.
Japanese: 前述のように朝鮮通信使は主として将軍家を祝賀するためにやってきた国使であり、中国皇帝に対する朝貢使節と同様の役割、すなわち将軍の権威の誇示に利用された。
English: Japan at that time enforced the national isolation policy and therefore, the visit of Tsushinshi gave people a rare opportunity to know Chinese culture, though indirectly.
Japanese: 同時に鎖国を国是としていた当時の日本において、間接的にではあっても中国文化に触れることのできる数少ない機会でもあった。
English: Therefore, many Japanese writers and artists visited the places where Tsushinshi stayed, also generating the byproduct that cultural exchanges among peoples of the two nations were made actively.
Japanese: そのため、通信使の宿泊先には多くの日本の文人墨客が集まり、大いに交流がなされるという副産物をもたらした。
English: The guest hall (called Taichoro) adjacent to the present main hall in the premises of Fukuzen-ji Temple in the Tomonouwa of the Bingo Province was built in 1690 in the Edo period and was used as a state guest hall for Chosen Tsushinshi throughout the Edo period, also becoming a place where Japanese scholars of the Chinese classics and Japanese calligraphers interacted with Tsushinshi.
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じて朝鮮通信使一行のための迎賓館として使用された備後国鞆の浦（現在の広島県福山市鞆町）の福禅寺境内の現在の本堂と隣接する客殿（対潮楼）は江戸時代の1690年（元禄3年）に建立され、日本の漢学者や書家らとの交流の場となった。
English: In 1711, Bangyan LI, an officer of the envoy, praised the scenery of Sensui-jima Island and Benten-jima Island located on the opposite shore was the '日東第一形勝' (meaning that the most beautiful scenic area in the east of Korea) when viewed from the guest hall.
Japanese: 1711年（正徳元年）に従事官の李邦彦が客殿から対岸に位置する仙酔島や弁天島(福山市)の眺望を「日東第一形勝（朝鮮より東で一番美しい景勝地という意」）と賞賛した。
English: In 1748, Gye-hui HONG, the head officer of the envoy, named the guest hall "Taichoro" (literally, a tide-viewing hall) and left a calligraphy writing the name.
Japanese: 1748年（寛延元年）に正史の洪啓禧が客殿を「対潮楼」と名づけた書をのこした。
English: On the other hand, regardless of the route Tsushinshi took, it was requested for farmers in the Tokaido, Kinai, Saigoku regions located to the west of the Musashi and Sagami Provinces to provide physical labor and to bear costs.
Japanese: 反面、通信使の往来路であると否とにかかわらず、武蔵・相模以西の東海道・畿内・西国の農民には労役の提供や費用の負担が求められた。
English: Therefore, the visit of Tsushinshi to Japan forced farmers to bear a heavy burden additionally.
Japanese: そのため、通信使の来朝は農民達にとっては臨時に重い負担を強いられるものでもあった。
English: In 1764, even the following incident occurred in a guest hall in Osaka: Denzo SUZUKI, an interpreter at the Tsushima Domain, was hit by a stick seriously, and for this, a Tushinshi interpreter (都訓導) Cheon-Jong CHOI was stabbed to death with a spear in at night.
Japanese: 1764年（宝暦14年）には大阪の客館で、対馬藩の通詞・鈴木伝蔵が杖で打ち据えられ、通信使一行の都訓導・崔天崇を夜中に槍を使って刺殺するという事件まで起こっている。
English: There is another view of considering that the Chosen Tsushinshi, which should come for friendly purpose, bore distorted views due to cultural differences between the Japanese and the Korean at that time, leading to Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) and the annexation of Korea in later years.
Japanese: また一説には、友好使節のはずの朝鮮通信使が、当時の朝鮮人と日本人の間の文化の違いからかえって偏見を生み、のちの征韓論や韓国併合に繋がったとする考えがある。
English: Citing the Sankan Seibatsu and the Bunroku-Keicho War by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in addition to documents at the time, such as "Chosenjin Raiheiki" and "Chosenjin Raichoki" (a document about Koreans who visited Japan), the Korean side points out, as a basis of the argument, that there exist descriptions trying to consider Chosen Tsushinshi as an envoy for paying tributes.
Japanese: また『朝鮮人来聘記』や『朝鮮人来朝記』といった当時の資料に、三韓征伐や豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役を持ち出して朝鮮通信使を朝貢使節と見なそうとしている記述があることも併せて論拠としている。
English: On the other hand, while fundamentally disparaging Japanese as 'Wajin' (an older name for Japanese), Koreans were astonished in the Muromochi period by the existence of Japan-original characters of Hiragana and Katakana and by the splendor of cities, such as Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, in the Edo period.
Japanese: その一方、基本的に日本人を「倭人」として見下しながらも古く室町には平仮名、片仮名と言った固有文字の存在に、江戸時代には京都、大阪、江戸といった都市の絢爛豪華さに驚いた。
English: In particular, each of the Chosen Tsushinshi envoys showed interest in water-pumping wheels in Japan and brought back pictures depicting the structure many times.
Japanese: 特に歴代の朝鮮通信使は日本の揚水式水車に興味を示し、幾度もその構造を絵図面に写して自国に持ち帰った。
English: However, because it is not recorded that water wheels of this type were used in Yi Dynasty Korea, it is likely that such water wheels were not made in Korea.
Japanese: しかしながら、その後に李氏朝鮮でこの種の水車が用いられたという歴史がないことから実現はしなかったようである。