nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He moved to 'Chienkan school' (the principal was a missionary named Guido Herman Fridolin VERBEEK), which was a Saga Domain school to learn Western studies in English, remodelled the residence of the feudal retainer of the Isahaya clan Yamamoto family in Goto Town, Nagasaki, and served along with Taneomi SOEJIMA with the same rank of vice-principal.
Japanese: そして慶応元年（1865年）、佐賀藩が長崎の五島町にあった諌早藩士山本家屋敷を改造した佐賀藩校英学塾「致遠館」（校長：宣教師グイド・フルベッキ）にて、副島種臣と共に教頭格となって指導に当たった。
English: He made a plan with Soejima to advise Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") in the Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor), then fled from Saga Domain and went to Kyoto, however, he was arrested and repatriated to Saga and ordered not to leave his house for a month.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）、副島と共に征夷大将軍徳川慶喜に大政奉還を勧めることを計画し、脱藩して京都へ赴いたが、捕縛の上、佐賀に送還され、1か月の謹慎処分を受けた。
English: At the time of the Meiji restoration in 1868, he was appointed to judge of foreign affairs, which was a position of Choshi sanyo (a councilor of the feudal retainer of the domain at government post).
Japanese: 明治維新に際しては明治元年（1868年）、徴士参与職、外国事務局判事に任ぜられた。
English: He showed his abilities in negotiation with English minister Harry PARKS on the prohibition of Christianity, also, he concurrently held the post of vice governor of accounts from 1869, engaged in the handling of the Takanawa negotiation and financial administration such as the establishment of the New Currency Regulation.
Japanese: キリスト教禁令についてのイギリス公使ハリー・パークスとの交渉などで手腕を発揮するとともに、明治2年（1869年）からは会計官副知事を兼務し、高輪談判の処理や新貨条例の制定などの金融行政にも携わった。
English: He was appointed the Councilor in 1870, then became the president of affairs at the Ministry of Finance in May 1873, holding the posts of the Councilor and the Director General of the Ministry of Finance concurrently from October.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）に参議に補され、明治6年（1873年）5月、大蔵省事務総裁、10月から参議兼大蔵卿になった。
English: Young bureaucrats such as Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE gathered around Okuma, and in cooperation with Takayoshi KIDO, they appealed for the construction of a modern state in an earlier period in order to check the activities of Toshimichi OKUBO and others.
Japanese: 大隈の下には伊藤博文や井上馨といった若手官僚が集まり、木戸孝允とも結んで近代国家の早期建設を謳って大久保利通らを牽制した。
English: Okuma's private residence where Ito, Inoue and other young bureaucrats got together, absorbed in the discussion of politics, was called 'Tsukiji Ryozanpaku.'
Japanese: 当時、伊藤や井上らが集って政治談義にふけった大隈の私邸をさして「築地梁山泊」と称した。
English: Okuma, who changed the Ministry of Finance to an important government office by merging with the Ministry of the Treasury, was a fundamental contributor to reforms such as the Reformed systems of land and tax, and promoted the policy for local production industry.
Japanese: 民部省を吸収合併させて大蔵省を一大官庁とした大隈は地租改正などの改革に当たるとともに、殖産興業政策を推進した。
English: He opposed the Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea), and submitted a written proposal to the Dajokan (cabinet) jointly with Toshimichi OKUBO on the promotion of local production industry and financial reform in October 1875.
Japanese: 征韓論には反対し、その後、殖産興業と財政改革という点から、明治8年（1875年）10月には、大久保利通と連名で財政についての意見書を太政官に提出したりしている。
English: Sympathizing with the Democratic-rights movement, he submitted a written proposal for the establishment of the National Diet and appealed for the issuance of the Constitution in an earlier period and the immediate establishment of the National Diet.
Japanese: 自由民権運動に同情して国会開設意見書を提出して早期の憲法公布と国会の即時開設を説いた。
English: On the other hand, he had conflicts with his old friend Ito and the Satcho (Satsuma and Choshu) forces in relation to national property disposal by the Hokkaido Development Commissioner.
Japanese: 一方、開拓使官有物払下げ事件を巡りかつての盟友である伊藤ら薩長勢と対立した。
English: And the misgovernment of financial affairs done by Okuma himself led to the discharge of the Councilor in October 12, 1881.
Japanese: 大隈自身の財政上の失政もあり、明治14年（1881年）10月12日、参議を免官となった。
English: He submitted a proposal for the foundation of the Kaikeikensain (Board of Audit) in 1880.
Japanese: 明治13年（1880年）には、会計検査院創設のための建議をおこなっている。
English: Okuma, who went into the opposition party, formed the Constitutional Progressive Party with Azusa ONO in March 1882 for the establishment of the National Diet 10 years later, and Yukio OZAKI, Tsuyoshi INUKAI, Ryukei YANO and others hastened to join.
Japanese: 野に下った大隈は、10年後の国会開設に備え、明治15年（1882年）3月には小野梓とともに立憲改進党を結成、尾崎行雄、犬養毅、矢野龍渓（龍渓）らが馳せ参じた。
English: And in October, he established Tokyo Senmon Gakko (current Waseda University) with Azusa ONO, Sanae TAKATA and others in the suburbs of Tokyo, Waseda.
Japanese: また10月、小野梓や高田早苗らと東京専門学校（現早稲田大学）を東京郊外の早稲田に開設した。
English: Appreciative of Okuma's ability for diplomacy, Ito chose his political enemy Okuma as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) for the revision of an unequal treaty, and he assumed the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) in February 1888.
Japanese: 大隈の外交手腕を評価する伊藤は、不平等条約改正のため、政敵である大隈を外務大臣(日本)として選び、明治21年（1888年）2月より、大隈は外務大臣(日本)に就任した。
English: When Kiyotaka KURODA formed a cabinet in the same year, Okuma continued in office, but the treaty plan which included the introduction of foreign judges was resisted by opposing factions, and Okuma was attacked with a bomb by Tsuneki KURUSIMA, a member of the Nationalist organization Genyosha in 1889, lost his right leg and resigned.
Japanese: 同年黒田清隆が組閣すると大隈は留任するが、外国人判事を導入するという条約案が反対派の抵抗に遭い、明治22年（1889年）には国家主義組織玄洋社の一員である来島恒喜に爆弾による襲撃を受け、右脚を失うとともに、辞職した。
English: He assumed the post of Minister for Foreign Affairs again in 1896 during the second Matsukata Cabinet (called the 'SHOWAI [Matsukata and Okuma] Cabinet'), but he opposed the Satsuma clan force and resigned in 1897.
Japanese: 明治29年（1896年）第2次松方内閣（「松隈内閣」（しょうわいないかく）と呼ばれる）で再び外相に就任するが薩摩藩勢と対立して明治30年（1897年）に辞職した。
English: He formed the Constitutional Political Party with Taisuke ITAGAKI and others in June 1898, received an official appointment as the first Prime Minister from an out-of-domain faction, then formed the first political party Cabinet in Japan.
Japanese: 明治31年（1898年）6月に板垣退助らと憲政党を結成し、同年6月30日に藩閥以外からでは初の内閣総理大臣を拝命、日本初の政党内閣を組閣した。
English: However, the old Liberal Party (Japan) and the old Progressive Party (Japan) formed an opposition, and the Minister of Education, Yukio OZAKI, resigned due to the Kyowa Speech Affair, and antagonism concerning the succession of personnel became much more severe.
Japanese: しかし旧自由党(日本)と旧進歩党(日本)の間に対立が生じ、また文相尾崎行雄が共和演説事件をきっかけに辞職すると後任人事をめぐって対立はさらに激化。
English: As Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the old Progressive Party assumed the post of the next Minister of Education, Toru HOSHI of the old Liberal Party, who was dissatisfied with the result, declared one-sidedly the dissolution of the Constitutional Political Party, and formed a new Constitutional Political Party.
Japanese: 後任文相に旧進歩党の犬養毅が就いたことに不満を持った旧自由党の星亨は、一方的に憲政党の解党を宣言、新たな憲政党を結成した。
English: All in all, on November 8, just four months after the formation of the cabinet, the Ministry ended in resignation, and Okuma had to lead the New Constitutional Political Party in organizing the old Progressive Party.
Japanese: 結局、組閣からわずか4ヶ月後の11月8日、内閣は総辞職する羽目となり、大隈は旧進歩党をまとめて憲政本党を率いることとなった。
English: He withdrew from the political world temporarily in 1907 and put his energies into the development of cultural affairs, such as assuming the post of the President of Waseda University, contributing to the translation project of European literatures as the President of the Great Japan Civilization Association, and assuming the post of campaign club leader of the Antarctic exploration.
Japanese: 明治40年（1907年）、いったん政界を引退し、早稲田大学総長への就任、大日本文明協会会長としてのヨーロッパ文献の日本語翻訳事業、南極探検隊後援会長への就任など、精力的に文化事業を展開した。
English: He formed his second Cabinet in 1914, succeeding Gonbei YAMAMOTO, who resigned due to the Siemens Affair.
Japanese: 大正3年（1914年）にはシーメンス事件で辞職した山本権兵衛の後を受けて、2度目の内閣を組織した。
English: In July, when the First World War broke out, he declared war against Germany on August 23, seeking to preserve Japan's interests in the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 7月、第一次世界大戦が起こると、中国大陸での権益確保を求めて、8月23日に対ドイツ宣戦布告をおこなった。
English: In 1915, the next year he submitted Twenty-one Demands with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Takaaki KATO.
Japanese: 翌・大正4年（1915年）には外相加藤高明と共に対華21ヶ条要求を提出した。
English: However, when the scandal of the Interior Minister, Kanetake OURA (the Oura Affair) arose, Okuma, who held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in August, reshuffled the Cabinet, but the cabinet began to lose public support.
Japanese: しかし内相大浦兼武の汚職事件（大浦事件）が起こると、8月には自身が外務大臣を兼任するなどして内閣を改造するも、内閣は次第に国民の支持を失っていった。
English: Furthermore, Genro (elder statesman) put more and more pressure on the Cabinet, and when the Ministry resigned finally in October 1916, Okuma fully retired for once and for all from the political world.
Japanese: さらに内閣に対する元老の圧迫が激しさを増し、大正5年（1916年）10月ついに内閣は総辞職、あわせて政界から完全に引退した。
English: He was 78 years and 6 months old when he retired, which is the oldest age on record among the successive Prime Ministers in Japan as of the year 2009.
Japanese: 退任時の年齢は満78歳6ヶ月で、これは2009年現在も日本の歴代総理大臣中最高齢の記録である。
English: He died in January 10, 1922 in Waseda, with a funeral service held at his residence on January 17, and then an unprecedented 'National Funeral' held at Hibiya Park.
Japanese: 大正11年（1922年）1月10日に早稲田で死去、1月17日に自邸での告別式ののち、日比谷公園で未曾有の「国民葬」が催された。
English: As the word "National" implies, about 300,000 general citizens attended the funeral, and many citizens not only at the site but also on the streets stood and regretted parting with Okuma.
Japanese: その名が示すように式には約30万人の一般市民が参列、会場だけでなく沿道にも多数の市民が並んで大隈との別れを惜しんだ。
English: The State Funeral of Aritomo YAMAGATA was held at the same site, Hibiya Park, three weeks later, which reflected his relative unpopularity, as there were few people apart from those who were affiliated with the government, so it was said to be 'like a bureaucrat or military funeral,' and as reported by the Tokyo Nichinichi journal the next day, 'it was a state funeral without the people, so the empty tents brought lonesome feelings.'
Japanese: この三週間後に同じ日比谷公園で行われた山縣有朋の「国葬」では、山縣の不人気を反映して政府関係者以外は人影もまばらで「まるで官葬か軍葬」と言われ、翌日の東京日日新聞は「民抜きの国葬で、幄舎の中はガランドウの寂しさ」と報じたほどだった。
English: It is widely known that Okuma regarded Hirobumi ITO as his rival, and so certain related episodes have been passed down.
Japanese: 伊藤博文をライバル視していたことがよく知られており、以下のようなエピソードが伝えられている。
English: Okuma settled into a second residence in Oiso Town in 1897; at that time Ito had his own residence just 60 meters west of it.
Japanese: 明治30年（1897年）に大磯町に別邸を構えたが、この別荘から西へわずか60メートルの地所には、当時、伊藤が本邸を構えていた。
English: As Ito, who was often in conflict with him on political matters, lived near Okuma's second residence in Oiso, Okuma rarely used the house, and so he settled into another second residence in Kozu, vacating his residence in Oiso just 10 years later.
Japanese: 様々な政治上の軋轢があった相手との近い距離のためか、大磯別邸はあまり使用されず、明治40年（1907年）には別邸を新たに国府津に構え、わずか10年で大磯を引き払っている。
English: According to the essay "Law and People" (Shunjusha Publishing Company educational library, 1943) written by Yorozu ODA, a scholar of administrative law, who was from the same province as Okuma and favored by him, he was satisfied with the speech Ito gave at the opening ceremony of Waseda University in which he said, 'although I have been in conflict with Okuma over various matters, the fact that he built this educational institute by himself is beyond reproach.'
Japanese: 大隈と同郷で、かれに目をかけられた行政法学者織田萬のエッセイ集『法と人』（1943年、春秋社教養叢書）によると、早稲田大学開学式典で伊藤が「大隈君とはいろいろ競ってきたが、教育機関を自ら作ったという点ではかなわない」と述べたことに満悦したという。
English: When Ito was murdered in Harbin, Okuma was sorrowed but also envious, saying 'he was able to die so gloriously.'
Japanese: また伊藤がハルビンで暗殺されると、「なんと華々しい死に方をしたものか」と悲しみつつも本気でうらやんだとのことである。
English: Okuma brought tomatos and melons and visited Jinzo NARUSE in his sickbed to encourage him in 1919.
Japanese: 大正8年（1919年）、病床にあった成瀬仁蔵を励ますために、トマトやメロンをもって見舞った。
English: He was popular and invited everywhere to speak, so it is said that he visited both the temperance group and the sake brewing industry in the same day.
Japanese: あちこちに講演に招かれて人気があったが、禁酒団体と酒造業組合を一日のうちにはしごしたことがあるという。
English: This happened due to the fact that Okuma, as a statesman, had to ask for support from all kind of fields.
Japanese: これは大隈が政治家であるため様々な方面に応援を求めなければならなかったという事情も存在する。
English: Yoshimaru SATO, a part-time teacher at Waseda University, pointed out that this was an underlying cause of why Okuma's library had not been published until the present day.
Japanese: 早稲田大学非常勤講師の佐藤能丸は、このことが今日に至るまで大隈の全集が発行されていない遠因となっていると指摘している。
English: He was quite rational, so he changed the calendar in Japan to the Gregorian calendar that we currently use.
Japanese: 極めて合理的な考えを持っており、日本の暦を現在使われているグレゴリオ暦に変えた。
English: It is said that Saigo also hated Okuma as a 'snobbish public servant,' and in 'The Written Opinions of Kuranosuke SAIGO,' which he wrote before coming to Tokyo in 1871, although he did not directly mention him by name, he criticized Okuma's policy as one which was 'not the policy of warriors,' and then Yasukazu YASUBA, who entered the Ministry of Finance the same year with the recommendation of Saigo, submitted a written proposal for the impeachment of Okuma (which was rejected because both Saigo and Okubo opposed it.), making Okuma's antipathy towards Saigo much stronger.
Japanese: 一方、西郷も大隈を「俗吏」とみなして嫌っていたとされ、特に明治4年（1871年）の西郷上京の際に書かれた「西郷吉之助意見書」では名指しこそ避けたものの大隈の政策を「武士のやること」ではないと切捨て、更に同年に西郷の推挙で大蔵省入りした安場保和が大隈への弾劾意見書を提出したこと（西郷も大久保もこれには反対したために却下された）によって、大隈の西郷への反感は抜きがたいものになったとされる。
English: However, Okuma described Saigo by saying 'he had a lot of heart.'
Japanese: しかし、大隈は西郷について、「人情には極めて篤かった」とも述べている。
English: "Shigenobu OKUMA Library" in five volumes edited by Ki KIMURA, including 'Okuma Haku Sekijitsutan' (The Count of Okuma's old memorial story) was published by Waseda University Publishing from 1969 to 1970.
Japanese: 昭和44年（1969年）から45年（1970年）にかけて、早稲田大学出版部で「大隈伯昔日譚」などが入った木村毅監修『大隈重信叢書』全5巻が出された。
English: His natural voice, heard at a general election campaign speech and recorded with an early-type gramophone in 1915, was made public by by Tokyo University's advanced technology center in 2007.
Japanese: 平成19年（2007年）、大正4年（1915年）に蝋管（蓄音機の初期型）に録音された総選挙応援演説の肉声が、東京大学先端科学技術センターにより公開された。
English: There is no clear evidence, but Ieyasu, who said he was the descendant of SUGAWARA no Michizane, lived in Oguma Village in Chikugo Province (current Fukuoka Prefecture) for a long time, and then changed the family name to Okuma.
Japanese: 明確ではないが、菅原道真の末裔を称する家泰が筑後国大隈村（現：福岡県）に土着して大隈に改姓。
English: His grandchild Takaie settled in Nakatsue Village in Bungo Province (current Oita Prefecture), then served the Nabeshima family.
Japanese: 孫の孝家が豊後国中津江村（現・大分県）に移住して、やがて鍋島氏に仕えたという。
English: Shigenobu OKUMA had two faces, one as a statesman and one as an educator, and his statues are divided into those with full-dress uniform and those in academic gowns.
Japanese: 大隈重信は政治家と教育者という2つの顔を持っていたため、主に大礼服姿のものとガウン姿のものに分けられる。
English: There are two statues of Okuma on the Waseda campus of Waseda University, and on October 17, 1932 the famous standing statue with a gown was made on the 50th anniversary of the foundation of Waseda University and the 10th anniversary of his death.
Japanese: 早稲田大学早稲田キャンパスには2体の大隈像があり、有名なガウン姿の立像は昭和7年（1932年）10月17日、早稲田大学創設50周年と大隈重信没後10回忌を兼ねて作られた。
English: The creator of the statues was Fumio ASAKURA, a sculptor who made three statues of Okuma, with this standing statue being the second one.
Japanese: 製作者である彫刻家の朝倉文夫は大隈像を3回制作しているが、この立像は2回目のもの。
English: The statue with a full-dress uniform which is not as widely known and stands inside Okuma Hall was also made by Fumio ASAKURA and was his first statue of Okuma.
Japanese: また、あまり知られていない大礼服姿の大隈像は大隈講堂内にあり、制作者は同じく朝倉文夫で1回目に制作した大隈像である。
English: Originally this statue was at the same place where the statue with a gown stands today, but it was moved inside Okuma Hall.
Japanese: 元々は現在ガウン姿の大隈像がある位置にあったが、大隈講堂内に移設された。
English: The statue of Okuma in the Diet Building was put on display along with those of Taisuke ITAGAKI and Hirobumi ITO in the central hall on the first floor in praise of the establishment of the first political party Cabinet in Japan.
Japanese: 国会議事堂にある大隈像は、中央広間1階に日本初の政党内閣を樹立した功績を称え、板垣退助、伊藤博文とともに飾られている。
English: These were made in February 1938 in honor of the 50th anniversary of the issuance of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 昭和13年（1938年）2月に大日本帝国憲法発布50周年を記念して作られた。
English: The statue of Okuma in the Okuma Memorial Hall in Saga City, Saga Prefecture was established at the site of his birthplace in April 1988.
Japanese: 佐賀県佐賀市にある大隈記念館内にある大隈像は昭和63年（1988年）4月に大隈重信の生家跡地に建てられた。
English: It is a standing statue in full-dress uniform, standing at a height of 180 centimeters which is as tall as Shigenobu OKUMA himself.
Japanese: 大礼服姿の立像で、高さは180cmあり、実際の大隈重信の身長と同じとされている。
English: He was born in the Tayasu residence in Edo as the first son of Okiyuki TANUMA on July 27, 1719.
Japanese: 享保4年（1719年）7月27日、田沼意行の長男として江戸の田安屋敷で生まれる。
English: His father Okiyuki was an ashigaru (common foot soldier) of the Kishu domain, but Okitsugu was appointed as a humble direct retainer to the shogun by the eighth Seii Taishogun (Barbarian-Subduing Generalissimo), Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 父・意行は紀州藩の足軽だったが、第8代征夷大将軍の徳川吉宗に登用され小身旗本となった。
English: Okitsugu was selected as the Nishinomaru (west compound of the Edo castle) pageboy to Ieshige TOKUGAWA, the ninth shogun, and inherited the stipend of 600 koku of rice on his father's death in 1735.
Japanese: 意次は第9代将軍となる徳川家重の西丸小姓として抜擢され、享保20年（1735年）に父の遺跡600石を継ぐ。
English: It is said that Okitsugu was very grateful to Shichimen-daimyojin for this and changed his family crest to the the seven luminaries (with one central circle surrounded by six other circles).
Japanese: そのため意次は七面大明神に感謝し、家紋を七曜星に変更したといわれる。
English: He became a junior-fifth-rank official of the Imperial Palace Keeper's Bureau in 1737, and served in the castle keep when Ieshige became shogun in 1745.
Japanese: 元文2年（1737年）、従五位主殿寮になり、延享2年（1745年）には家重の将軍就任に伴って本丸に仕える。
English: He was given an additional fief of 1,400 koku of rice in 1748 and another 3,000 koku in 1755; he was also promoted from a shogunate attendant to informing him of visitors and conveying messages (toritsugi) to a feudal lord (daimyo) with a fief of 10000 koku of rice by Ieshige TOKUGAWA in order to judge the 1758 uprising in the Hachiman domain of Mino province (the Gujo uprising).
Japanese: 寛延元年（1748年）に1,400石を加増され、宝暦5年（1755年）には更に3,000石を加増され、その後家重によって宝暦8年（1758年）に起きた美濃国八幡藩の一揆（郡上一揆）に関する裁判にあたらせるために、御側御用取次から1万石の大名に取り立てられた。
English: Even after Ieshige's death in 1761, Okitsugu was trusted by the 10th shogun, Ieharu TOKUGAWA, Ieshige's heir; he was promoted quickly, given an additional fief of 5,000 koku of rice, promoted from an officer in charge of general affairs and accounts (goyonin) to a shogunate chamberlain (sobayonin), advanced to the junior fourth rank, became the lord of Sagara Castle with a fief of 20,000 koku, and was promoted to a grand chamberlain (jiju) and a senior councilor (roju).
Japanese: 宝暦11年（1761年）、家重が死去した後も、世子の第10代将軍徳川家治の信任は厚く、破竹の勢いで昇進し、明和4年（1767年）にはさらに5,000石加増、御用人から側用人へと出世し従四位に進み2万石の相良城主となって、明和6年（1769年）には侍従にあがり老中格になる。
English: He was appointed feudal lord (daimyo) of Sagara domain with a fief of 57,000 koku of rice, also served as a senior councilor (roju) and was given 10 additional fiefs; in other words, he was promoted from a shogunate direct retainer (hatamoto) with a fief of 600 koku to a feudal lord (daimyo) with a fief of 57,000 koku, and was the first person to be promoted from a shogunate chamberlain (sobayonin) to a senior councilor (roju).
Japanese: 安永元年（1772年）、相良藩5万7,000石の大名に取り立てられ、老中を兼任し、前後10回の加増で僅か600石の旗本から5万7,000石の大名にまで昇進し、側用人から老中になった初めての人物となった。
English: The cabinet members of the shogunate government, including Okitsugu and Takechika MATSUDAIRA, the head of roju, began to reform the government and took the reins of power, with the result that this period was called the Tanuma period.
Japanese: この頃より老中首座である松平武元など意次を中心とした幕府の閣僚は、数々の幕政改革を手がけ、田沼時代と呼ばれる権勢を握る。
English: They executed policies such as the formation of trade guilds (kabunakama), the monopoly system of the copper guild and so on, mine development, the Ezo (current Hokkaido) development plan, the expansion of foreign trade by exclusive selling of sea products (dried sea cucumber, dried abalone, and shark-fin), and the reclamation of the Inba marsh in Shimosa province.
Japanese: 内容は株仲間の結成、銅座などの専売制の実施、鉱山の開発、蝦夷地の開発計画、俵物などの専売による外国との貿易の拡大、下総国印旛沼の干拓に着手する等の政策を実施した。
English: However, due to this early capitalism of their society, the lives of the townspeople and officials became focused on money, and bribes were rampant.
Japanese: しかし、社会の初期資本主義化によって、町人・役人の生活が金銭中心のものとなり、そのために事実として賄賂が横行した。
English: While the culture of townspeople developed in urban areas, farmers who had been reduced to poverty by non-profitable agriculture abandoned their fields and drifted into cities, thus ruining agricultural communities.
Japanese: また、都市部で町人の文化が発展する一方、益の薄い農業で困窮した農民が田畑を放棄し、都市部へ流れ込んだために農村の荒廃が生じた。
English: The canal work in the Inba marsh failed, disasters such as fires in Edo and a large-scale eruption of Mt. Asama occurred, and the Tenmei Famine took place in weakened rural areas, causing food shortages and epidemics.
Japanese: 印旛沼運河工事の失敗や江戸の火事・浅間山の大噴火などの災害の勃発、疲弊した農村部に天明の大飢饉と呼ばれる食糧難や疫病が生じた。
English: Domains with financial difficulties took advantage of the higher rice prices to pay off their debts and collect land taxes more strictly.
Japanese: その中にあって財政難に陥っていた諸藩は米価の値上がりを借金返済の機会とし、検地により年貢の取立てを厳しくしていった。
English: Under these circumstances, people were unhappy due to worsened public peace in urban areas and the intensification of uprisings and destructive urban riots, Tanuma was suspected of bribery because he safeguarded the interests of merchants in Edo, and Tanuma's politics gradually began to be criticized.
Japanese: このような世相の中、それらが元による都市部の治安の悪化、一揆・打ちこわしの激化により不満が高まり、江戸商人への権益を図りすぎたことを理由に贈収賄疑惑を流されるなど、次第に田沼政治への批判が集まっていく。
English: He tried to expand Japan's trade surplus, increase gold holdings, and open trade with the Russian Empire; he also made friends with Gennai HIRAGA and others, protected Western learning, and took on men of talent based on a merit system regardless of the hereditary four-class order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), but these sudden reformations provoked a backlash among conservatives in the shogunate cabinet.
Japanese: 外国との貿易を黒字化させて国内の金保有量を高め、さらには北方においてロシア帝国との貿易も行おうとしていたほか、平賀源内などと親交を持ち、蘭学を手厚く保護し、士農工商の別にとらわれない実力主義に基づく人材登用も試みたが、これらの急激な改革が身分制度や朱子学を重視する保守的な幕府閣僚の反発を買い、
English: In 1784, Masakoto SANO assassinated Okitomo TANUMA, his son and vise-senior councillor (wakadoshiyori), in Edo-jo Castle, and Okitsugu's power began to wane.
Japanese: 天明4年（1784年）に息子で若年寄の田沼意知が江戸城内で佐野政言に暗殺されたことを契機とし、権勢が衰え始める。
English: Okitsugu was distanced from Ieharu immediately before his death on the grounds that Ieharu was angry with him, and he lost his position while the death of the shogun was hidden (the death of nobles was usually kept secret for some time).
Japanese: 死の直前から「家治の勘気を被った」としてその周辺から遠ざけられていた意次は、将軍の死が秘せられていた間（高貴な人の死は一定期間秘せられるのが通例）に失脚する。
English: The additional fief of 20,000 koku from the Ieharu period was forfeited on leap October 5, and in addition, he was ordered to give up his property in his warehouse (kurayashiki) in Osaka and hand over his Edo residence.
Japanese: 閏10月5日には家治時代の加増分の2万石を没収され、さらに大坂にある蔵屋敷の財産の没収と江戸屋敷の明け渡しも命じられた。
English: He was punished severely: Sagara-jo Castle was destroyed, and the money and grain stored in the castle forfeited.
Japanese: 相良城は打ち壊し、城内に備蓄されていた金穀は没収と徹底的に処罰された。
English: Since his first son Okitomo TANUMA was already dead and his other three sons were adopted out, his grandson Okiaki TANUMA was allowed to take over as head of the family, provided that their territory was reduced to a fief of 10,000 koku in the Mutsu province.
Japanese: 長男の田沼意知は既に死去していて、他の三人の子供は全て養子に出されていたため、孫の田沼意明が陸奥1万石に減転封のうえで家督を継ぐことを許された。
English: This was very severe punishment: Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA and Akifusa MANABE, who, like Okitsugu, had been promoted from a low rank official to a shogunate chamberlain (sobayonin), were only resigned without punishment and were allowed to keep their fiefs.
Japanese: 同じく軽輩から側用人として権力をのぼりつめた柳沢吉保や間部詮房が、辞任のみで処罰は無く家禄も維持し続けたことに比べると最も苛烈な末路となった。
English: However, Toshiakira KAWAJI described him as a 'great heroic figure' and 'honest heroic figure.'
Japanese: しかし、川路聖謨は「よほどの豪傑」「正直の豪傑」であったと評している。