nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This line increased the descendants and then the family line which belonged to samurai status expanded, except for branch families.
Japanese: この道筋が子孫の増加、分家以外で武士身分に属する家系が拡大する機会となった。
English: And even after the military families were established in medieval times, apart from this, the post corresponding to the military officer in the Imperial Court existed, but he could not be admitted as bushi unless coming from samurai status even though he got the government post.
Japanese: また、中世になり武門の家が確立した後でも、それとは別に朝廷の武官に相当する職種が一応存在したが、たとえこの官職を得ても、武士身分出身でなければ武士とは認められなかった。
English: The military families here basically refer to the descendents of Johei Tengyo kunkosha and among them, several schools of the 'Minamoto clan' or the 'Taira clan' and the 'Hidesato school' who are the descendents of FUJIWARA no Hidesato are particularly famous.
Japanese: ここで言う武門の家とは、承平天慶勲功者子孫（承平天慶の乱で勲功のあった者の子孫）が基本であり、その中でも「源氏」及び「平氏」の諸流と藤原秀郷の子孫の「秀郷流」が特に有名である。
English: Except for these, many bushi were from the 'Toshihito school' whose originator was FUJIWARA no Toshihito and from the Utsunomiya clan who were the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michikane; additionally there was the Watanabe clan from Saga-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Oe clan where OE no Hiromoto was famous; the famous samurai groups originated from one of these family lines.
Japanese: これら以外だと藤原利仁を始祖とする「利仁流」や、藤原道兼の後裔とする宇都宮氏が多く、他に嵯峨源氏の渡辺氏や大江広元が有名な大江氏などがあり、有力な武士団はこれらの家系のどれかを起源としていた。
English: Especially before gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became common, such a point of view dominated and thus, like Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a person originating from farmers or from a status not of samurai status could not admitted as bushi by definition.
Japanese: 特に下克上が一般化する以前においてこの認識が強く、戦国時代(日本)の豊臣秀吉のように、百姓その他武士身分以外出身の人物は当然、武士として認められるはずがなかった。
English: As their families were admitted as bushi because of their ancestors' military renown, they were proud of their family line or famous ancestors.
Japanese: 先祖の武名によって自分の家が武士として認められていたため、かれらは自分の家系や高名な先祖を誇っていたとも言える。
English: Certainly the bushi who originated from the aristocrats such as genpeitokitsu (shortened expression of four major families) or the military arts as a technique can be explained, but the explanation of the shoryo as economic base which supported their samurai function or the master-subordinate relationship as a human base is too weak.
Japanese: 確かに源平藤橘といった貴族を起源とする武士や技術としての武芸については説明ができるが、彼らの職能を支える経済的基盤としての所領や人的基盤としての主従関係への説明が弱すぎる。
English: To overcome such weak points, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and so on started to insist that the bushi during the early period were given an economic base as tato fumyo and when the national policy changed to the latter half of the dynasty state during the 11th century, the bushi acquired the lord status as the manager of shoen koryo.
Japanese: こうした弱点を克服する議論として主張されはじめたのが、下向井龍彦らによって主張されているように、出現期の武士が田堵負名としての経済基盤を与えられており、11世紀の後期王朝国家に国家体制が変質した時点で、荘園公領の管理者としての領主身分を獲得したとする議論である。
English: According to the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function,' the social class considered as bushi was limited to shodaibu or elite cavalry warriors coming from samurai status, whose family business was military art, during the period when the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan emerged; and later, through the medieval times, the class of 'bushi in a broad sense' came to have the master-subordinate relationship with 'bushi in a narrow sense' and expanded after the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 「職能」起源論では、武士とみなされる社会階層は源氏、平氏などの発生期には武芸を家業とする諸大夫、侍身分のエリート騎馬戦士に限定されていたとし、その後、中世を通じて「狭義の武士」との主従関係を通じて「広義の武士」とみなされる階層が室町時代以降拡大していった。
English: Also among the servants who belonged to the family organization of bushi during the early period, there were the roto who fought as cavalry warriors in the battlefield like bushi or jusotsu (officer's servants) who fought on foot, but in the Muromachi and Sengoku period the samurai status spread increasingly and jizamurai (local samurai), originally coming from the class of farmers, as bushi in a broad sense appeared by having a relationship between lord and vassal through the military service for the class of myoshu (owner of rice fields) of shoryo governed by the bushi in a narrow sense, as well as the master-subordinate relationship of the bushi in a narrow sense.
Japanese: 発生期の武士の家組織の内部奉公人の中においても武士と同様に戦場では騎馬戦士として活動した郎党や、徒歩で戦った従卒がいたが、室町・戦国期になると武士身分の拡散が大きくなり、狭義の武士同士の主従関係のほかに、本来は百姓身分でありながら狭義の武士の支配する所領の名主層から軍役を通じて主従関係を持つようになった広義の武士としての地侍などが登場する。
English: Likewise, after the Muromachi period, complicated stratification by class formed in bushi, but the expanded range of the samurai status led to the temporarily fixed class system in bushi during the Edo period.
Japanese: このように室町時代以降、武士内部に複雑な身分階層が成立していったが、これらは拡大した武士身分の範囲が一応確定された江戸時代の武士内部の身分制度に結実している。
English: If classified minutely it will be an endless task and depending on daimyo family (feudal lord family) the way to classify or the name vary and thus it will be just a rough guide.
Japanese: 細かく分ければきりが無く、大名家などによっても分け方や名称が違うため、あくまで大体の目安である。
English: The samurai status is called 'shibun' (samurai class) and the shibun is roughly divided into 'samurai' and 'kachi' (foot guards).
Japanese: 武士の身分を「士分」といい、士分は、大きく「侍」と「徒士（かち）」に分けられる。
English: This is because the classification was preserved after ages, where whether he was an original bushi or not depended on whether his family business was part of the cavalry fighting or not, even though fighting by group on foot became mainstream and cavalry fighting became relatively limited at the war scenes after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts when the number of recruitments to the battlefield dramatically increased.
Japanese: これは南北朝時代以降、戦場への動員人数が激増して徒歩での集団戦が主体となり、騎馬戦闘を行う戦闘局面が比較的限定されるようになっても、本来の武士であるか否かは騎馬戦闘を家業とするか層か否かという基準での線引きが後世まで保持されていったためである。
English: The 'samurai' were the original bushi in a narrow sense, had shoryo (chigyo [enfeoffment]) and when the war happened he rode on a horse and had the entitlement of 'omemie' ([the privilege to have] an audience [with one's lord, a dignitary, etc.]).
Japanese: 「侍」は狭義の、つまり本来の武士であり、所領（知行）を持ち、戦のときは馬に乗る者で「御目見え」の資格を持つ。
English: The 'kachi' were given fuchi mai (an allowance in rice), fought on foot and did not have the entitlement of 'omemie.'
Japanese: 「徒士」は扶持米をもらい、徒歩で戦うもので、「御目見え」の資格を持たない。
English: Among 'samurai,' those who had about more than 1000 koku (about 180,000 liters) were called taishin (big feudal lord) or hitomochi (big feudal lord) and when war occurred they were appointed to the samurai general and in times of peace they held a post in the magistrate's office and sometimes were selected to sobayonin (lord chamberlain) or a chief retainer of management.
Japanese: 「侍」の内、1000石程度以上の者は大身（たいしん）、人持ちと呼ばれることがあり、戦のときは備の侍大将となり、平時は奉行職等を歴任し、抜擢されて側用人や仕置き家老となることもある。
English: The 'samurai' under those were called hirazamurai (lower-ranked samurai), heishi (lower-ranked samurai), umanori (horseback riding) and so on.
Japanese: それ以下の「侍」は平侍（ひらざむらい）、平士、馬乗りなどと呼ばれる。
English: Among those who worked under the bakufu's office and were nominally hired only in one generation, the '与力' (yoriki, a police sergeant) was originally '寄騎' (yoriki, lower-ranked samurai), that is, they were in the class of cavalry warriors who came from the bushi who established a temporal master-subordinate relationship every time war happened and were 'samurai,' and doshin (a police constable) were 'kachi.'
Japanese: 幕府の役所の下役で一代限り雇用名目の者達のうち、与力は本来は寄騎、つまり戦のたびに臨時の主従関係を結ぶ武士に由来する騎馬戦士身分で「侍」、同心は「徒士」である。
English: Goshi (country samurai), who lived in the country, were bushi and many of them were in the class of 'kachi' but some of them were in the class of 'samurai.'
Japanese: 郷士は郷に住む武士で、多くは「徒士」身分であるが、「侍」身分の者もいる。
English: They were regarded as those who were the same class as the jusotsu who helped the bushi in the early times in battle.
Japanese: 発生期の武士の戦闘補助を行った従卒と同一の階層とみなされたわけである。
English: Okakae (retainer) was hired only in one generation, but in fact was often inherited, and among many of keihai some of them were professional and in the class of samurai.
Japanese: お抱えは、一代限りの雇用の者だが、実際は世襲することも多く、軽輩の者が多いなかで、専門職で侍身分の者もいた。
English: Bushi were firstly in the class which guarded the Emperor and aristocrats and suppressed the conflicts as symbolized in 'samurai,' but when the Kamakura bakufu was established through the Taira clan government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, bushi developed into the official authority which were in charge of military affairs and police activities against the Imperial Court, kokushi (provincial governors) and shoen which were traditionally ruling powers.
Japanese: 武士は当初、「侍」に象徴されるように天皇・貴族の警護や紛争の鎮圧を任とする階層であったが、平清盛の平氏政権を経て鎌倉幕府の成立に至り、旧来の支配権力である朝廷・国司・荘園に対して全国の軍事・警察を担う公権力に発展した。
English: And each bushi was increasingly in charge of regional government practices as kokushi or the lords of shoen.
Japanese: また、個々人の武士が国司・荘園領主として地方の政務を担う局面も拡大していった。
English: In the formation process of the Edo bakufu through the Muromachi, Sengoku, and Azuchi-Momoyama period, the area where the bushi were in charge of the official authority gradually and continuously increased.
Japanese: 室町時代・戦国時代(日本)・安土桃山時代を経て江戸幕府成立に至る過程で、次第に武士が公権力を担う領域は拡大し続けた。
English: After the Edo period bushi spread across all of society, many of them came to work as 'civil officers,' though they were traditionally in charge of duty positions corresponding to warriors or 'military officers.'
Japanese: 江戸時代以降は社会の全てを覆うようになり、元来軍人・「武官」に相当する職務であった武士が「文官」として働くことが多くなった。
English: The field of performance of the bushi after the Edo period moved from military affairs to culture.
Japanese: 江戸時代以降の武士は、軍事から文化へと活躍の場を移っていくことになる。
English: During the Edo period, the bushi corresponding to a civil officer was called 'yakugata' and the bushi corresponding to a military officer 'bankata.'
Japanese: 江戸時代には文官に相当する武士を「役方」、武官に相当する武士を「番方」と呼んだ。
English: The kabuki-mono (the crazy ones, dandy), who followed their master to the grave with the moral tone of bushi during the Sengoku period, were forbidden for the maintenance of public order during the generation of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the Edo bakufu authorized Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) of Confucianism as public scholarship and thus the bushi should emphasize the faith, justice and loyalty and behave nobly.
Japanese: 戦国の武士の気風を受け継ぎ殉死などを行なうかぶき者を公秩序維持のため徳川家綱の代に禁止し、江戸幕府が、儒教の朱子学を公の学問としたため、信・義・忠を重んじ、気高い振る舞いを行なうのが武士であるとされた。
English: For this reason, the morality of samurai was born, which was the ideal for bushi and the philosophy of the ruler and later led to the concept of bushido, for example the bushi put their honor before money and so on.
Japanese: このため名誉を金銭より重んじるなど、後世において武士道という概念につながるような、武士としての理想や支配者としての価値観としての「士道」が生まれた。
English: However, some evoked the traditional bushi identity, opposing Confucius morality of the samurai which formed during the stable Edo period.
Japanese: しかし、安定期であった江戸時代を通じて形成された、儒教的な「士道」に反発し武士としての本来のありようを訴える人もいた。
English: One such bushi, the feudal retainer of the Saga clan Tsunetomo YAMAMOTO talked on this and the contents were edited in the description called 'bushido' in "Hagakure" (the book of Bushido), but they did not spread in the society of bushi.
Japanese: そうした武士の一人、佐賀藩士・山本常朝が話した内容が『葉隠』に「武士道」という記述としてまとめられているが、それは武士社会に広まることはなかった。
English: According to this, 'it is not Shinto, not Confucianism, not Buddhism, but the concept which mixes these three and since ancient and medieval times it has excelled only in military art; Tetsutaro (Tesshu YAMAOKA) called it bushido' and at least from the viewpoint of Tesshu YAMAOKA, it had existed since the medieval times but he said that it was not called 'bushido' until he named it.
Japanese: それによると「神道にあらず儒道にあらず仏道にあらず、神儒仏三道融和の道念にして、中古以降専ら武門に於て其著しきを見る。鉄太郎（鉄舟）これを名付けて武士道と云ふ」とあり、少なくとも山岡鉄舟の認識では、中世より存在したが、自分が名付けるまでは「武士道」とは呼ばれていなかったとしている。
English: Later, Inazo NITOBE wrote "Bushido (Inazo NITOBE)" to introduce bushido to American people, but after the Sino-Japanese War, it was reimported to Japan and formed the ethical framework for military officers, mixing with the ethics which the military officers of the Empire of Japan should have, and on the other hand it appeared as aesthetic in various forms in the world of literature or entertainment.
Japanese: その後新渡戸稲造がアメリカ人に紹介するために書いた『武士道(新渡戸稲造)』が、日清戦争以降、逆輸入され広く受け入れられ、大日本帝国の軍人が持つべき倫理と接合して、軍人の倫理の骨格をかたちづくり、また一方では、美学として文学や芸能の世界でさまざまなかたちとなってあらわれた。
English: "Samurai" is the positional title for officials in Japan from the ancient to middle ages, and an alternative name for "bushi" (warrior) that was derived from the first meaning.
Japanese: 侍（さむらい）は、古代から中世にかけての日本における官人の身分呼称、あるいはそこから発展的に生じた武士の別名。
English: Originally, this was a term for the class of low-ranking technical palace officials up to the sixth rank who worked for aristocracy and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo), but eventually was used to define the bushi, who were technical palace officials with military skills.
Japanese: 元来は有力貴族や諸大夫に仕える位階六位どまりの下級技能官人層（侍品さむらいほん）を指すが、次第にその中でも武芸を職能とする技能官人である武士を指すことが多くなった。
English: The position of bushi originally had two classes, the militaristic aristocracy with the position of shodaibu, and the ordinary bushi with the position of samurai.
Japanese: 初期の武士身分は諸大夫身分の軍事貴族と、侍身分の一般武士のふたつの階層から構成されていた。
English: As time passed, the range of bushi class was expanded and jizamurai (local samurai) with positions lower than samurai were also considered bushi while the term samurai began to indicate upper class bushi.
Japanese: 時代が下って武士階層の裾野が広がり、侍身分より下の地侍なども武士の扱いを受けるようになると、侍は上層の武士を指すようになった。
English: For example, "the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam" (Nipojisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary), published in early seventeen century, gave the meaning of the terms Buxi and Mononofu as 'bujin' (warrior) and 'gunjin' (military man), respectively, however, Saburai was translated as 'a nobleman or person to be respected', suggesting that samurai were special people within the bushi class.
Japanese: たとえば、17世紀初頭に刊行された『日葡辞書』では、BuxiやMononofuはそれぞれ「武人」「軍人」という訳語が与えられているのに対して、Saburaiは「貴人、または尊敬すべき人」と訳されていることからも、侍が武士階層の中でも特別な存在であったことは窺えよう。
English: Strictly speaking, upper class bushi indicates the class of bushi who had the right to fight on horseback, which had been used to define bushi since the beginning of the bushi class.
Japanese: ちなみに、ここで言う上層とは、厳密には発生期の武士と同様に、騎馬戦闘の権利資格を有する階層の武士を指す。
English: "Samurai" is a fairly recent pronunciation that arose in the sixteenth century; before that, it was pronounced "saburai" from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period and "saburahi" in the Heian period.
Japanese: 「サムライ」は16世紀になって登場した比較的新しい語形であり、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけては「サブライ」、平安時代には「サブラヒ」とそれぞれ発音されていた。
English: The following is a brief history of the word "saburafu". The oldest form of this word to have been found is "samorafu", which made its appearance in the Nara period.
Japanese: 以下、「サブラフ」の語史について述べれば、まず奈良時代には「サモラフ」という語形で登場しており、これが遡り得る最も古い語形であるであると考えられる。
English: "Samorafu" is a combination of the verb "morafu" (meaning wait) and the prefix "sa", which was added to fix the rhythm of the word, and the verb "morafu" is thought to have come from the verb "moru" (meaning lookout, guard) and the suffix "fu", which was added to include the nuance of "existence" or "continuance".
Japanese: 「サモラフ」は動詞「モラフ（候）」に語調を整える接頭語「サ」が接続したもので、「モラフ」は動詞「モル（窺・守）」に存在・継続の意の助動詞（動詞性接尾語ともいう）「フ」が接続して生まれた語であると推定されている。
English: As its roots suggest, the word "samorafu" originally conveyed the meaning of carefully watching an opponent's actions; in fact, it was already used in the Nara period to communicate the idea of waiting close by to a nobleman on the lookout while awaiting instructions.
Japanese: その語構成からも窺えるように、「サモラフ」の原義は相手の様子をじっと窺うという意味であったが、奈良時代には既に貴人の傍らに控えて様子を窺いつつその命令が下るのを待つという意味でも使用されていた。
English: A vowel was replaced in the Heian period that changed "Samorahu" to "Samurahu," and a further consonant change led to the word form, "mandafu."
Japanese: この「サモラフ」が平安時代に母音交替を起こしていったん「サムラフ」となり、更に子音交替を起こした結果「サブラフ」という語形が誕生したと考えられている。
English: "mandafu" was used to read the character "侍," indicating that it was used as a word to indicate service to a nobleman.
Japanese: 「サブラフ」は「侍」の訓としても使用されていることからもわかるように、平安時代にはもっぱら貴人の側にお仕えするという意味で使用されていた。
English: The kanji (Chinese character) "侍" originally meant "to be on hand to work for and serve an aristocrat," and only in Japan is the word used to refer to ginou kanjin (culturally and academically accomplished palace officials) with military skills who belonged to the bushi class.
Japanese: 「侍」という漢字には、元来「貴族のそばで仕えて仕事をする」という意味があるが、武士に類する武芸を家芸とする技能官人を意味するのは日本だけである。
English: The conjunctive form of "saburafu" became "saburahi" in the Heian period, and while this originally meant "a person who is on hand to take care of and serve his/her lord" (or the act of doing so), it later came to mean ginou kanjin of low to middle rank who served upper class aristocrats at the Imperial Court, before finally coming to indicate only one type of ginou kanjin: the "bushi."
Japanese: さてその「サブラフ」の連用形から平安時代に「サブラヒ」という名詞が生まれたわけであるが、その原義は「主君の側近くで面倒を見ること、またその人」で、後に朝廷に仕える官人でありながら同時に上級貴族に伺候した中下級の技能官人層を指すようになり、そこからそうした技能官人の一角を構成した「武士」を指すようになった。
English: In other words, the word "saburafu" originally included the nuance of not only "bushi" but also other low- to middle-ranking ginou kanjin such as myoboke (legal experts), so it did not have the connotation of warrior or soldier.
Japanese: つまり、最初は武士のみならず、明法家などの他の中下級技能官人も「侍」とされたのであり、そこに武人を意味する要素はなかったのである。
English: As mentioned before, "saburahi" changed to "saburai" and then "samurai," but this word was used to indicate bushi in general regardless of position from around the Edo period, but until then, it was only used to indicate the aristocrats or higher-ranking bushi who were the vassals of the shogun.
Japanese: 前述したように、「サブラヒ」はその後「サブライ」→「サムライ」と語形変化を遂げていったが、地位に関係なく武士全般をこの種の語で呼ぶようになったのは、江戸時代近くからであり、それまでは貴族や将軍などの家臣である上級武士に限定されていた。
English: Arahabaki belief is a folk belief found in the Tohoku region.
Japanese: アラハバキ（荒覇吐、荒吐、荒脛巾）信仰は、東北地方一帯に見られる民俗信仰。
English: Many aspects of its origin are unknown and there is a theory that says it was a tradition that the people of eastern Japan, the Emishi (Ebisu, Ezo), who were considered 'Matsurowanu tami' (people who do not obey) preserved while they were being driven into the Tohoku region by the Yamato government/Imperial Court.
Japanese: その起源は不明な点が多く、「まつろわぬ民」であった日本東部の民・蝦夷（えみし、えびす、えぞ）がヤマト王権・朝廷により東北地方へと追いやられながらも守り続けた伝承とする説が唱えられている。
English: Shrines dedicated to Arahabaki are common in the Tohoku region, but are also found south of the Kanto region.
Japanese: アラハバキを祀る神社は東北地方に多く見られるが、関東以南でもみることができる。
English: However, these shrines in many cases do not enshrine Arahabaki as the main god, but as a Monkyakujin (guest god).
Japanese: ただしそれは主祭神としてではなく、門客神（もんきゃくじん）として祀られているケースが多い。
English: Monkyakujin means 'Maroudogami' (guest god) placed at the gate of the shrine and 'Maroudogami' is usually the local god whose land had been taken away by the later gods that feature in Japanese myths and is placed into the inferior guest god position.
Japanese: 門客神とは、神社の門に置かれた「客人神（まろうどがみ）」のことで、「客人神」は地主神がその土地を奪われて、後からやって来た日本神話に登場する神々と立場を逆転させられて、客神となったと考えられている。
English: One case where Arahabaki is enshrined as a 'Maroudogami' for example is the 'Hikawa-jinja Shrine' in Omiya, Saitama Prefecture.
Japanese: アラハバキが「客人神」として祀られているケースは、例えば埼玉県大宮にある「氷川神社」で見られる。
English: This sessha (auxiliary shrine [dedicated to a deity close-related to that of a main shrine]) is called the 'Monkyaku-jinja Shrine' but was originally called 'Arahabaki-jinja Shrine.'
Japanese: この摂社は「門客人神社」と呼ばれるが、元々は「荒脛巾（あらはばき）神社」と呼ばれていたとのことである。
English: The word 'Hahaki' means 'snake tree' or 'dragon tree' and straight trees were originally the center of festivals and were portrayed as snakes.
Japanese: 「ハハキ」とは「蛇木（ははき）」あるいは「竜木（ははき）」であり、直立する樹木は蛇に見立てられ、古来祭りの中枢にあったという。
English: At Ise Jingu Shine, a 'Hahaki-kami' is enshrined in a shrine that is positioned southwest from the inner shrine, in other words, the 'tatsumi' direction, and ceremonies are conducted on the 18th of June, September and December (Doyo days) at the 'hour of Mi' (around 10 am).
Japanese: また、伊勢神宮には「波波木（ははき）神」が祀られているが、その祀られる場所は内宮の東南、つまり「辰巳」の方角、その祭祀は6、9、12月の18日（これは土用にあたる）の「巳の刻」に行われるというのである。
English: Since 'Tatsu' means 'dragon' and 'Mi' means 'snake,' it is easy to imagine that it has a strong relation with snakes.
Japanese: 「辰」＝「竜」、「巳」＝「蛇」だから、蛇と深い関わりがあると容易に想像がつく。
English: It became 'Arahabaki-kami', in which "Hahaki-kami' is later added by the prefix for 'to appear' (ara).
Japanese: ちなみに、「波波木神」が後に「顕れる」という接頭語が付いて、「顕波波木神」になったという。
English: Taga-jo Castle was the base built by the Nara and Heian period court to control the Emishi living in the Tohoku region.
Japanese: 多賀城とは、奈良・平安期の朝廷が東北地方に住んでいた蝦夷を制圧するために築いた拠点である。
English: According to Kenichi TANIGAWA, it is said that Arahabaki was enshrined by the court to protect Taga-jo Castle from enemies.
Japanese: 谷川健一によれば、これは朝廷が外敵から多賀城を守るためにアラハバキを祀ったとしている。
English: In other words, he explains that Arahabaki had the characteristic of being a 'sae no kami' (god that prevents intrusion).
Japanese: つまりこれはアラハバキに「塞の神」としての性格があったためと述べている。
English: Additionally, according to Tanigawa, the traditional Emishi control strategy of the court was 'use the Emishi to control the Emishi,' and they used Arahabaki, which was originally an Emishi god, to protect Taga-jo Castle as a sae no kami and tried to ward off the Emishi.
Japanese: さらに谷川によると、朝廷の伝統的な蝦夷統治の政策は、「蝦夷をもって蝦夷を制す」であったそうで、もともと蝦夷の神であったアラハバキを多賀城を守るための塞の神として配し、蝦夷を撃退しようとしていたという。
English: The Arahabaki-jinja Shrine near Taga-jo Castle as mentioned above had shears as an offering and also lanterns made from cast iron.
Japanese: 先の、多賀城跡近くにあるアラハバキ神社には鋏が奉納され、さらに鋳鉄製の灯篭もあるという。
English: Hikawa-jinja Shrine mentioned earlier for enshrining Arahabaki as a guest god is of the Izumo branch (transferred from Kitsuki-jinja Shrine located at Hi-kawa River of Izumo).
Japanese: 先のアラハバキを客人神として祀る氷川神社であるが、出雲の流れを汲むという（出雲の斐川にあった杵築神社から移った）。
English: The monks at Hikawa-jinja Shrine are said to be a branch of the Mononobe clan, who were a clan of blacksmiths.
Japanese: また氷川神社の祀官は鍛冶氏族である物部氏の流れを組むとのことである。
English: However, there is also a theory that phonologically Hikawa came from 'Shikawa' and Hikawa came from 'Bikawa' and the two have no relation at all.
Japanese: 但し、音韻的に斐川は「シカワ」から転訛したものであり、氷川は「ピカワ」から転訛したものであることから、全く繋がりはないとの説もある。
English: It is also worthwhile to note that the shrines in Hikawa-jinja Shrine group in Omiya (the three stars, Hikawa-jinja, Nakahikawa-jinja and Onnahikawa-jinja shrines, along with Tsuki-jinja Shrine, Munakata-jinja Shrine and Hisaizu-jinja Shrine in Koshigaya) are aligned in the shape of the constellation Orion, or Kamudo (god's gate) and if the Ara-kawa River that follow beside them is considered as the Milky Way, it seems to depict the skies.
Japanese: またこの大宮を中心とする氷川神社群（三ツ星である氷川神社、中氷川神社、女氷川神社に調神社、宗像神社、越谷の久伊豆神社まで含めたもの）はオリオン座の形、つまりカムド（神門）の形に並んでおり、脇を流れる荒川を天の川とすれば、ちょうど天を映した形になっている点は注目に値する。
English: Furthermore, this Hikawa-jinja Shrine group is located on the other side of the Chichibu-jinja Shrine group (aligned in the shape of the Big Dipper = Amenotorifune, Ukefune) crossing the Hagihiyoshi-jinja Shrine in Tokigawa-cho, Hiki-gun.
Japanese: さらにこの氷川神社群は秩父神社群（北斗七星（＝アメノトリフネ、ウケフネ）の形に並んでいる）と比企郡ときがわ町の萩日吉神社において一点で交わり一対一で対応している。
English: This suggests a strong relation with ancient Korean Dokyo because of the highly accurate measurement technology.
Japanese: このことは、あるいは（その測量技術の精度の高さもあることから）古代朝鮮道教との強いつながりを窺わせる。
English: Since Hikawa-jinja Shrine is an old establishment listed in the "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) and the main god of Hikawa-jinja Shrine became Susanoo (in other words, the original main god Arahabaki became the guest god) only because of political reasons of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the story on the link between Izumo and Hikawa may be taken as part of the process of Emishi (including Toraijin [people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese]) control by the Yamato Court.
Japanese: 氷川神社が延喜式に掲載されている古社であり、かつ、氷川神社の主祭神がスサノオになった（＝元々主祭神であったアラハバキ神が客人神になった）のは江戸幕府の政治的意図によるものであることからすれば、出雲と氷川の繋がりの話は、大和朝廷による蝦夷（含、渡来人）支配の一過程であると捉えたほうがよさそうである。
English: According to Masakazu OMI, the gate guest god figure said to have transformed from Arahabaki often has only one eye.
Japanese: 近江雅和によると、アラハバキから変容したとされる門客人神の像は、片目で祀られていることが多いという。