nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Butoku Kai aimed toward the unification of forms in various martial arts as one of its projects, and while 'the Kendo form of the Empire of Japan' for Kendo and 'the Jujutsu form of the Dai Nippon Butokukai' for Judo (the Japanese art of self-defense) were established, the shooting forms of Kyudo were set for unification as well.
Japanese: 武徳会は事業の1つとして各武道の型統一を目指し、剣道では「大日本帝国剣道形」、柔道は「大日本武徳会柔術形」などが制定され、弓道もまた射型統一を行う事になる。
English: In September 1933, based on requests from the national meeting of Hanshi (the top rank) and Kyoshi (prestigious title) held in May of that year, a 'kyudo kata (shooting form) research committee' was formed by famous Kyudo-ka, who were called from all over the country by the chairman of Butoku Kai, Soroku SUZUKI.
Japanese: 昭和8年（1933年）5月に開催された全国範士・教士会からの要請を受け、同年9月、当時の武徳会会長鈴木荘六によって全国から招集された著名弓道家により「弓道形調査委員会」を構成。
English: Sadajiro ATOBE, the director of the Kyudo-bu in Butoku Kai, became the committee's chairman, and discussions for 'the united shooting form' were held for three days, beginning on November 10, at the Butokuden in Kyoto.
Japanese: 武徳会弓道部長跡部定次郎が委員長となり、同年11月10日より京都・武徳殿で「統一射法」に向けて3日間にわたる議論が交わされることとなる。
English: The first day, three Jarai (shooting ceremonies), Makiwara-jarai (a way of ceremonial shooting to shoot straw butt), formal shooting facing targets and formal standing shooting, based on the Ogasawara school, were decided.
Japanese: 初日は小笠原流を基本にした巻藁射礼、的前射礼、立射礼の3つの射礼が決定される。
English: The second day, shooting forms were discussed, but when 'Uchiokoshi (anchoring) (mentioned later in Shaho hassetsu)' was discussed they each advocated their own school's shooting forms, 'Shomen-uchiokoshi' or 'Shamen-uchiokoshi (anchoring in slanting position)' and would not give in, leading to a hot debate and ending the day without a conclusion.
Japanese: 2日目は射法について審議されるが、「打起し（後述射法八節）」の審議に入るとそれぞれ自己の流派射法から「正面打起し」と「斜面打起し」を主張し合い、互いに譲らず喧々囂々白熱した議論へと発展、その日は議論の決着を見ずに終了した。
English: On the final day, the discussion seemed to break down, all agreed to adopt the compromise proposal of 'an intermediate method for Shomen-uchiokoshi and Shamen-uchiokoshi' presented by Hanshi Noribe, and a tentative decision was made.
Japanese: 最終日、議論はほとんど決裂の様相を呈していたが、九州の祝部範士から出された妥協案「正面打起し・斜面打起しの中間的方法」を採用する事で一同は賛成を表明、これで一応の決定を得た。
English: In November 1934, this was called 'Kyudo-yosoku (basic art of shooting an arrow)' and was officially established as the united shooting form.
Japanese: 昭和9年（1934年）11月、これを持って「弓道要則」とし統一射法として正式に制定。
English: Butoku Kai tried to spread and enforce it nationwide, but this 'intermediate compromise' raised many opinions pro and con from the Kyudo world, and a major debate emerged in magazines and newspapers, eventually mocking it a 'Nue-mato shaho (slippery art of shooting an arrow).'
Japanese: 武徳会は全国に普及、徹底させようとするも、この「中間的妥協案」には弓道界から賛否続出、雑誌・新聞紙上で大論争が展開され、ついには「鵺（ぬえ）的射法」と揶揄されるまでに至る。
English: In 1937, the Sino-Japanese War erupted, and in the following year the 'National General Mobilization Act' was issued.
Japanese: 昭和12年（1937年）日中戦争勃発、翌年の昭和13年（1938年）「国家総動員法」公布。
English: Martial arts were thus gradually incorporated under government management for 'enhancement of the national strength and enhancement of the national prestige,' and were put to use.
Japanese: 武道は政府・武道団体幹部によって「国力増強・国威発揚」を狙って次第に政府管理下に組み込まれ始め、そして利用されてゆく。
English: The Pacific War erupted in 1941, and as a result of discussions by government agencies, a new management organization for martial arts was established that year as an extra-departmental organization of the government, co-managed by the five ministries of Health and Welfare, Education, Army, Navy, and the Interior.
Japanese: 昭和16年（1941年）太平洋戦争勃発、同年政府機関による議論の末、厚生・文部・陸軍・海軍・内務の5省共管による政府の外郭団体とした新たな武道統括団体の新設。
English: The existing Butoku Kai was reorganized and united into this martial arts organization, and was therefore subsumed under it.
Japanese: 既存の武徳会はこれに包含される形でこの武道団体に改組・帰一される事となる。
English: In 1942, the existing Butoku Kai was reorganized with Prime Minister Hideki TOJO as its chairman, the ministers of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Education, Ministry of the Army, Ministry of the Navy, Ministry of the Interior and an academic expert as vice-chairmen, a private citizen as administrative director, and governors of the region as the heads of the branches.
Japanese: 翌昭和17年（1942年）、既存の武徳会は改組され会長に東條英機内閣総理大臣、副会長に厚生省・文部省・陸軍省・海軍省・内務省(日本)の各大臣と学識経験者1名をそれぞれ招き、理事長に民間人、各支部長には各地の知事をあてた。
English: The headquarters operation was transferred from the Butokuden in Kyoto to the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Tokyo, and thus a new Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was established as an extra-departmental organization of the government, co-managed by five government ministries.
Japanese: 本部は京都の武徳殿から東京の厚生省内に移転、こうして政府5省が共管する政府の外郭団体として新たな大日本武徳会が発足する。
English: Martial arts grew and spread significantly with this new start as an extra-departmental organization of the government.
Japanese: 政府の外郭団体として再出発したことにより、武道は飛躍的に発展普及する。
English: Kyudo, which was treated somewhat like a conserved martial art and an intangible cultural property, participated actively in activities such as the dispatch of players to Shinkyo (Xingjing) (July 1942) for the 'Japan-Manchuria Budo Championship,' celebrating the tenth anniversary of the founding of Manchukuo.
Japanese: 保存武道・無形文化財的扱いであった弓道も、満州国建国10周年を記念した「日満交歓武道大会」に選手団を新京へ派遣（昭和17年（1942年）7月）するなど積極的に活動を行う。
English: In March 1943, the new Butoku Kai changed the titles to Hanshi, Tasshi and Renshi (Senior Teacher), and the dan-i (qualification of rank) to a to-i system, with the fifth 'to' as the first dan level, the fourth 'to' as the second dan level, and so on to the first 'to' as the fifth dan, thus abolishing the sixth dan and those above it.
Japanese: 昭和18年（1943年）3月、新武徳会は称号を範士・達士・錬士とし、段位を等位制に改め、初段を五等、二段を四等～五段を一等として、六段以上の段位を廃止。
English: In March 1944, Hanshi, Yozaburo UNO, the chairman of the Kyudo-bu in the new Butoku Kai, established and became the chairman of the 'Kyudo-Kyohan Seitei Iinkai (committee to establish Kyudo-Kyohan)' and created the 'Kyudo-Kyohan (teaching method of Kyudo).'
Japanese: 昭和19年（1944年）3月、新武徳会弓道部会長宇野要三郎範士が委員長となり「弓道教範制定委員会」を設け、「弓道教範」を作成。
English: Regarding the pending issue of the form of Uchiokoshi, they accepted the 'Kyudo-yosoku' while also accepting the traditional Shomen and Shamen, and adopted the three styles of Shomen, Shamen and Kyudo-yosoku.
Japanese: 懸案事項であった打起しの形式は「弓道要則」を認めつつ従来の正面・斜面もそれぞれ認め、正面・斜面・弓道要則の3様式を採用した。
English: While they were active, for instance performing guidance tours and traveling reviews, when the Pacific War situation became imminent the government strongly recommended martial arts training to the citizens in order to focus the lives of the citizens entirely on the pursuance of the war.
Japanese: 巡回指導や移動審査の実施など活発に行動する反面、太平洋戦争の戦局が切迫するにつれ、政府は国民生活の全てを戦争遂行に結集すべく国民への武道の修練を強く奨励した。
English: However, toward the end of the war, air raids and naval gunfire by the Allied Forces became fierce in various parts of Japan, and many Kyudo dojo burned down.
Japanese: しかし、戦争末期には日本各地で連合国軍の空襲や艦砲射撃が苛烈を極め多くの弓道場が焼失。
English: The Kyudo dojo that survived the fires were used for purposes other than Kyudo (warehouses, lodges, etc.), and the environment for pursuing Kyudo and martial arts became very much worse.
Japanese: また、焼け残った弓道場も弓道以外の目的（倉庫・宿舎等）で使用されるなどして、弓道や武道を行う環境は極度に悪化した。
English: Furthermore, due to the hardship of life there was no room for the bow in terms of time nor psychology, and people became distanced from Kyudo.
Japanese: その上、生活の困窮から弓に割く時間的・心理的余裕も無くなり、国民から弓道は遠ざかっていった。
English: After the war, due to a backlash against the rigorous enforcement of martial arts from before the war to during the war--which was something of a national policy--people's feelings toward the martial arts became very harsh.
Japanese: 終戦後、戦前〜戦中の国策とも言うべき武道励行に対する反動から、国民の武道に対する感情は非常に厳しいものとなる。
English: When World War II ended, Butoku Kai tried to immediately change its existing nature to that of a private organization, and therefore privatized its operation in January 1946.
Japanese: 武徳会は終戦に伴い、ただちに従来の性格を改めて民間団体に改組するべく、昭和21年（1946年）1月には運営の民営化をはかった。
English: Efforts were made on behalf of conservation and development through mutual cooperation with various martial arts organizations, the board members were appointed from among the private citizens, being recommended through a council elected from around the country, and the items they handled were limited to Kendo, Judo and Kyudo.
Japanese: 武道の諸団体と相協力して維持発展に努力を期し、役員も全国から選ばれた評議員の会で純民間人を推薦してこれをあて、取扱う種目も剣道・柔道・弓道などに限定した。
English: They were approved by the Minister of Education, but the surveys by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers gradually became vigorous, and for the following reasons there emerged an atmosphere in which dissolution was ordered.
Japanese: 文部大臣の認可も得たが、次第に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からの調査が活発となり、以下の理由で解散を命じる空気が漂い始める。
English: They comprised high-level military personnel and police officers related to the Special Higher Police both centrally and locally, and were connected to national organizations.
Japanese: 中央・地方を通じ高級軍人・特別高等警察関係の警察官を網羅し国家組織と結びついていた。
English: Butoku Kai and the Ministry of Education held various talks, but eventually they recognized that dissolution was unavoidable and so ultimately decided on dissolution.
Japanese: 武徳会と文部省は種々協議を重ねるが、解散止む無しとの認識にいたり、ついに解散を決定した。
English: They presented a report to the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers on September 28, 1946, and announced a voluntary dissolution on October 31, bringing an end to the 52-year history of Butoku Kai.
Japanese: 昭和21年（1946年）9月28日付で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部あてに報告書を提出、10月31日自主解散を宣言し、52年にわたる武徳会の歴史を閉じた。
English: However, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers did not accept the voluntary dissolution of Butoku Kai and instead ordered the dissolution of Butoku Kai on November 9, expelling around 5,000 people from the public and private sectors who were involved in Butoku Kai.
Japanese: しかし、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は武徳会の自発的解散を認めず、11月9日武徳会に対し解散を命じ、武徳会に関係した官民約五千名が追放された。
English: With the dissolution of the Butoku Kai, enthusiasts organized local federations in various regions, spreading them nationwide.
Japanese: 武徳会の解散にともない、愛好者によって各地で地方連盟の組織化が進み全国的に波及する。
English: The All Nippon Kyudo Federation was formed in 1947, gathering the consensus of these various organizations.
Japanese: これら諸団体の総意を結集して昭和22（1947年）年「全日本弓道連盟」を結成。
English: On April 3, 1949, the 'Nihon Kyudo Federation' was founded, and on August 2 it was formally accepted as member of the Japan Amateur Sports Association.
Japanese: 昭和24年（1949年）4月3日新たに「日本弓道連盟」を結成、8月2日日本体育協会に正式加盟が承認される。
English: When the state of society settled in 1954, the movement to re-establish Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, which had occurred two years earlier, became active again and emerged as an issue within the Kyudo federation as well.
Japanese: 世情が落ち着いた昭和29年（1954年）、昭和27年に起きた大日本武徳会再建活動が再度活発となり、弓道連盟内でも問題となる。
English: However, after careful discussions the Ministry of Education rejected the request for the establishment of Butoku Kai in August 1955, given the existence of a national organization democratically organized and operating soundly, and which was also a member of the Japan Amateur Sports Association.
Japanese: しかし、文部省は慎重な審議の結果、民主的に組織されて健全に活動している全国的な団体が既に設立され、日本体育協会にも加盟している事などの理由で、昭和30年（1955年）8月武徳会設立認可申請を却下した。
English: On January 18, 1957, it was renamed as the 'All Nippon Kyudo Federation.'
Japanese: 昭和32年（1957年）1月18日「全日本弓道連盟」へと名称を改めた。
English: In August 1953, 'Textbook of Archery, Volume 1' was published to alleviate the confusion in shooting forms that had occurred after the war, as well as to clarify the fundamental principles of Kyudo.
Japanese: 戦後の射法混乱を改善し、弓道の大綱を明らかにすべく、昭和28年（1953年）8月「弓道教本第一巻」が発刊される。
English: The advantages of various schools were utilized as indicators of modern Kyudo, and the fundamental principles of Kyudo could be learned without the need for a participant to belong to a specific school.
Japanese: 様々な流派の長所を生かして現代弓道の指標とし、特定の流派に所属しないでも弓道の大綱を学ぶ事が出来る様になった。
English: In the 'Textbook of Archery,' Shaho hassetsu was defined, and the united uchiokoshi (intermediate uchiokoshi) in the 'Kyudo-yosoku,' which was established in the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, was officially abolished, so that the Shomen and Shamen uchiokoshi methods were adopted.
Japanese: 「弓道教本」では射法八節を定め、大日本武徳会で制定された「弓道要則」の統一打起し（中間打起し）を正式に廃し、正面・斜面の打起し方法を採用した。
English: Manners and movements of the Ogasawara school were mainly adopted for Jarai and Taihai (posture and manner of the martial art), unifying the Jarai and Taihai, which varied among schools, to a style consistent with that of the federation, and correcting the confusion in matches and reviews.
Japanese: 射礼・体配は小笠原流の作法・動作を中心に採り入れ、流派ごとにまちまちであった射礼・体配を連盟方式に統一し、試合や審査上の混乱を是正した。
English: In November and December of 1945, martial art (Kendo, Judo, naginata (Japanese halberd), Kyudo) classes in schools were fully prohibited by the Ministry of Education, Physical Development issues 80 and 100, and extracurricular club activities were prohibited.
Japanese: 昭和20年（1945年）11月・12月、文部省発体80号・100号により、学校における武道（剣道・柔道・薙刀・弓道）の授業は全面的に禁止され、課外の部活動も禁止された。
English: The Ministry of Education attempted to cast aside anything of a wartime nature from school education, treating martial arts licenses as void and avoiding the use of the term 'martial arts,' claiming that it contained some military meaning.
Japanese: 文部省は学校教育における戦時色の払拭に努め、武道の免許状も無効扱いとされ、「武道」という言葉自体に軍事的な意味合いを含むとして使用は控えられた。
English: Later, on July 25, 1951, in response to a notification from the Administrative Vice-Minister of Education, Kyudo was approved as a tool for physical education in junior high school and above; thus it was permitted to be used again in school education, and the ban on extracurricular club activities was lifted.
Japanese: その後、昭和26年（1951年）7月25日、文部事務次官通知により中学校以上の体育教材として弓道の実施が認可され、再び学校教育に採り入れることが許可され、課外の部活動も解禁される。
English: On March 29, 1967, the Ministry of Education's Physical Development Issue 120 was announced, thereby allowing Kyudo to be taught in physical education classes as a regular curriculum for high school physical education.
Japanese: 昭和42年（1967年）3月29日、文部省発体120号の通達により、弓道が高校正課体育種目として体育の時間に指導することが可能となる。
English: In 1989, with the revision of the government course guidelines for high school, 'combative sports' was changed to 'martial arts,' and Kyudo, which was placed under 'individual events' instead of 'combative sports,' was included in the 'martial arts' domain.
Japanese: 平成元年（1989年）、高等学校学習指導要領改訂にともない、「格技」は「武道」に改められ、これまで「格技」ではなく「個人種目」に含まれていた弓道は、「武道」の領域に含まれる事になった。
English: Today, the All Nippon Kyudo Federation is taking the lead in adopting the characteristics of the schools, and with the mainstream shooting forms taking into consideration its nature as a sport in modern society, the shooting forms are becoming more consistent nationwide, so that there are fewer differences among regions.
Japanese: 現在では全日本弓道連盟が中心になり、各流派の特徴を取り入れるなど現代社会のスポーツ性を考慮した射法が主流となって、全国的に射法が平均化され地域差が少なくなっている現状がある。
English: However, the 'shooting form based on a unified view' of the All Nippon Kyudo Federation is vague, with differences in regard to technical theory being apparent among instructors, and consequently there is no so-called 'united shooting form' such as the 'Kendo form of Japan' (the name of which was changed from 'the Kendo form of the Empire of Japan') by the All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF).
Japanese: ただし、全日本弓道連盟の「統一見解による射法」は非常に曖昧なもので、指導者によって技術論に差異が認められるなど全日本剣道連盟による「剣道」（「大日本帝国剣道形」の名称変更）の様ないわゆる「統一射法」は存在しない。
English: Shaho hassetsu' (discussed later), 'manners' and 'distance' are the only aspects that are officially defined by the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.
Japanese: 全日本弓道連盟が公式に定めているのは「射法八節（後述）」「礼法」「間合い」のみとなっている。
English: As an extreme example, it's considered acceptable for now, when the same bow, arrow and Kyudo gloves are used at the same shooting range, but the techniques are completely opposite.
Japanese: 同じ射距離で同じ弓・矢・カケを用いているにも関わらず、極論全く正反対の技術であっても現在のところは通用している。
English: The reason for such differences in technical theory is in the unique evolutionary process of Japanese Kyudo.
Japanese: このような技術論に差異が認められる所以は日本の弓術独特の進化過程に起因する。
English: There is a history of development behind it, where the evolution and development occurred separately among the schools depending on the purpose, such as for horseback shooting 'Kisha' (to shoot an arrow while riding a horse), shooting on foot 'Busha' (to shoot an arrow while walking) and Toshiya shooting, 'Dosha,' (long-range archery).
Japanese: 目的に合わせて、馬上の射「騎射」、徒歩（かち）の射「歩射」、通し矢の射「堂射」と、流派の中でそれぞれで独自に進化、発展した経緯が背景にある。
English: The techniques of the schools and techniques from traditional technical systems in Japanese Kyudo, such as Busha, Kisha and Dosha, became intermixed in the 'Shaho hassetsu,' and techniques were sorted out by archers and instructors, so that today many archers follow the 'shooting form' that is a mixture of those techniques.
Japanese: 「射法八節」の中で流派技術であったり、日本弓術の伝統的技術体系である歩射・騎射・堂射の技術が入り乱れるなど、射手や指導者によって技術の取捨選択が成され、現在では多くの射手はそれぞれの技術が入り交じった「射法」を行っているのが現状である。
English: Archers who draw the bow with a clear understanding of Busha, Kisha and Dosha, which have different goals, have become very rare.
Japanese: 目標がそれぞれ異なる歩射・騎射・堂射を明確に把握して弓を引いている射手は非常に少数となった。
English: Thus, with the change taking place in the high dan-i instructor class, the rising and fading popularity of shooting techniques and shooting forms over time is viewed as one of the characteristics of today's Kyudo.
Japanese: 従って高段位である指導者層の変遷に伴い、時代による射技・射型の流行・廃れが現代弓道の1つの特徴として見られる。
English: Meanwhile, the Kyudo and Kyujutsu schools continuing from ancient times either value the foundation (either Kisha, Busha or Dosha) of their development or assume the ancient tradition through consistent techniques and teachings that meet the different purposes by preserving the teachings of the ryuso (a founder of a school, an originator), traditional schools, etc.
Japanese: 一方で、古来から続く弓道、弓術流派は自身の発展の土台（「騎射」「歩射」「堂射」の内のどれか）を重要視、または流祖の教え、古流の保存など、それぞれの目的に合わせ一貫した技術・教えにより古来からの伝統を受け継いでいる。
English: Many schools and organizations operate under the All Nippon Kyudo Federation, but there are schools and organizations that operate without any involvement with the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.
Japanese: 全日本弓道連盟に属して活動している流派・団体も多いが、全日本弓道連盟とは一切関与せずに活動を行っている流派・団体も存在する。
English: As a unique example, in February 2009 there was a college student from a prefecture in western Japan who wore a mask shaped like a horse in a match, and that contestant won first place.
Japanese: ユニークな所では、2009年の2月、西日本の某県の大学生で馬の形をしたアニマルマスクをかぶって試合に臨み、優勝した人物がいる。
English: It raised an issue with many criticisms such as, 'It's disrespectful to Kyudo,' or 'It's impolite.'
Japanese: 「弓道をなめている」「礼を逸している」などの批判が多く、問題になった。
English: If one takes such an action in public, he/she will be banned for life by the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.
Japanese: 尚、このようなことを公の場でやった場合、全日本弓道連盟から永久追放される。
English: The All Nippon Kyudo Federation explains and instructs the basic movements of shooting in eight separate parts.
Japanese: 全日本弓道連盟では、射の基本動作を8つの節に分けて説明・指導をしている。
English: This is called Shaho hassetsu (Kyudo hassetsu) and was established by the Shaho-seitei-iin (constitution committee of shooting an arrow) of the Nihon Kyudo Federation (predecessor of the All Nippon Kyudo Federation) after the war.
Japanese: これを射法八節（弓道八節）と言い、戦後に日本弓道連盟（全弓連の前身）の射法制定委員により制定された。
English: The following are the basic contents of Shaho hassetsu, as described in the 'Textbook of Archery' issued by the All Nippon Kyudo Federation.
Japanese: 以下は全弓連発行の「弓道教本」により説明されている射法八節の基本的内容である。
English: Japanese bow, approximately 221cm long (possibly being slightly longer or shorter), held about one-third the way from the bottom.
Japanese: 和弓長さ221cm（多少の長短がある）、握りの位置は下から三分の一のあたり。
English: Originally, it was a bamboo bow made of bamboo and wood glued together with isinglass (a kind of gelatin), but today bamboo bows glued with synthetic adhesive or affordable ones made of fiber-reinforced plastic (glass fiber, carbon fiber) are popular.
Japanese: 本来は竹と木材を鰾（ニベ。ゼラチンの一種）で張り合わせた竹弓だが、現在では合成接着剤で張り合わせた竹弓や、安価な繊維強化プラスチック（ガラス繊維、炭素繊維）製のものが普及している。
English: Metallic arrowhead, nock to fix the arrow and three feathers attached to a no (spatula) (also called the shaft) made of bamboo, duralumin or carbon.
Japanese: 竹またはジュラルミンまたはカーボン製の箆（の。矢柄、シャフトとも呼ばれる）に金属製の板付（矢尻）、矢をつがえる筈、三枚の羽をつけたもの。
English: Today, the kataboshi (a glove with hardened thumb) with a wooden tsuno (called a boshi) inside for the thumb is common.
Japanese: 現在では親指に木製の角（帽子という）が入っている堅帽子のものが主流。
English: In the past, waboshi (a soft glove (without a hardened thumb)), which had no tsuno inside, was mainstream (the tsuno can be inconvenient because one can neither draw a bow while on horseback nor hold a sword).
Japanese: 昔は、和帽子（柔帽子）という角の入っていないものが本流であった（角入りでは、馬上で弓を引いたり、刀を握ることが出来ないので都合が悪い。
English: Originally, the tsuno was inserted to make improvements for drawing many strong bows in Toshiya at Sanjusangendo Temple.
Japanese: そもそも角が入った理由は、三十三間堂での通し矢で強弓を数多く引けるように改良されたため）。
English: There is only kataboshi for Yotsugake, but Morogake comes in a type without a tsuno for Kisha (being the same type that the samurai wore) and ones with boshi inside (Morogake is basically used only by people in the Ogasawara school).
Japanese: 四つ弽は堅帽子のみだが、諸弽は、騎射用の（昔の武士が付けていたものと同じ）角のないものと帽子が入ったものと二つある（諸弽は基本的に、小笠原流の人のみが使用する）。
English: For Mitsugake, there are three types of yugake: the waboshi, which has no tsuno inside as mentioned above; the kataboshi; and the tsunoiriboshi, which falls between those two.
Japanese: 三つ弽は、先に述べたとおり角の入っていない和帽子・堅帽子のほか、この二つの中間的な角入り帽子と言う三つの種類の弽が存在する。
English: Twined hemp or synthetic (Kevlar, aramid, etc.) coated with kusune (pine resin boiled with oil) for additional strength.
Japanese: 麻(繊維)または合成繊維（ケブラーやアラミドなど）をよりあわせたものの表面に薬煉（「くすね」と読む。松脂を油を加えて煮たもの）を塗って補強してある。
English: Currently, there are more than 1,400 public and private Kyudo dojo in Japan, and in some cases temporary dojo are built in gymnasiums, etc., with due attention to safety.
Japanese: 現在日本国内には公設・私設合わせて1,400箇所以上の弓道場があり、体育館等に安全を配慮した上で仮設道場を造る場合もある。
English: Kyudo dojo are categorized as kyudo dojo for regular close-range shooting or kyudo dojo for long-distance shooting, and the number of people who can face the target (the number of targets to be placed) varies from one to 15 or more, depending on the size of the dojo.
Japanese: 弓道場は競技の違いから近的場、遠的場があり、同時に的前に立てる人数（置ける的の数）はその道場の規模によって1人〜15人以上と大きく幅がある。
English: The distance from the shooting position (archer) to the target is 28 m, and normally a target 36 cm in diameter is used.
Japanese: 射位（射手）から的までの距離が28m、通常は直径が一尺二寸（36cm）の的を置く。
English: Matoba, which houses a dirt hillock and the targets, has dirt piled to form a slope to prevent damage to arrows, and this is called Azuchi.
Japanese: 的場には矢が痛まないよう土が斜めに盛ってあり、これを安土（あづち）という。
English: Most Kyudo dojo in junior high school to college are of this kind, as are public and private dojo, and regular training is done in the Kyudo dojo for close-range shooting.
Japanese: 中学校〜大学、公設道場から私設道場まで殆どの弓道場がこれで、通常の稽古は近的道場で行う。
English: Because it's relatively easy to obtain the floor space, many archers build simple dojo for one to two persons in their own homes.
Japanese: 敷地面積が比較的取りやすいため、個人宅に1人〜2人立ちの簡易道場を造る弓道家も少なくない。
English: Generally, the distance from the shooting position to the target is 60 m, and normally a target 1 m in diameter is used.
Japanese: 一般的には射位から的までの距離が60mあり、通常は直径1mの的を置く。
English: Most are built next to a Kyudo dojo for the regular close-range shooting, and today, due to space limitations, there are dojo built across two floors, such as the Kyudo dojo in Tokyo Budoh-Kan, or those that are also used for archery.
Japanese: 近的場との併設が殆どで、現在は敷地面積の制約上、東京武道館弓道場など近・遠的射場を上下二階建てに設計された道場やアーチェリーとの併用も見られる。
English: For training and matches, a Kyudo uniform is worn, while for formal occasions (Jarai, Shukuga shakai (the celebration ceremony of shooting, Hono shakai (the dedication ceremony of shooting), etc.) or when receiving reviews for high dan-i and award titles, traditional Japanese clothing is worn.
Japanese: 練習、試合等では弓道衣を、改まった場（射礼、祝賀射会、奉納射会など）や高段位・称号の審査を受ける際は和服を着用する。
English: The hakama (a pleated and divided skirt made in fine stripes) is in black or navy, and men wear machi (horse-riding) hakama while women wear either machi hakama or andon hakama without the koshiita (back plate).
Japanese: 袴は黒または紺で、男性は馬乗袴、女性は腰板のないもので襠袴（馬乗袴）または行灯袴。
English: In major competitions involving the All Nippon Kyudo Federation, men and women must wear kimono with snug-fitting white sleeves, black hakama and shirotabi.
Japanese: 全弓連が関与する代表的大会では、男女とも白筒袖・黒袴・白足袋を着用すると定められている。