nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Through their depiction in period dramas, it is often misunderstood that among Japanese swords, kozuka (the hilt of a small sword or the small sword itself) and kogai (a spatula attached to a small sword), which were stored in the scabbard as an accouterment of uchigatana and short swords, were weapons used as shuriken in emergencies.
Japanese: なお日本刀のうち、打刀や脇差の刀装具として鞘に格納される小柄（こづか）や笄（こうがい）を、緊急時に手裏剣として用いる武器のように時代劇の描写で誤解されている。
English: However, a kozuka is a single-edged knife for daily use, and a kogai is a spatula for fixing hair, and it is extremely difficult to throw them as a shuriken since the center of gravity is unadjusted and its strength is inadequate.
Japanese: しかし、小柄は日用の刃物として用いる片刃のナイフ、笄は髪などを整えるヘラであり、手裏剣のように重心調整がなされていないため打剣するのは極めて難しく強度にも問題がある。
English: Kurumaken have blades placed on a cross-shaped or fylfot-shaped iron plate, and bo shuriken are small sticks made of iron with one or two ends sharpened.
Japanese: 車剣は十字形や卍形などの鉄板に刃をつけたもの、棒手裏剣は鉄でできた小棒の片方または両方をとがらせたものである。
English: Kurumaken stabilize while spinning in the air during toteki, so the accuracy of hitting the target can improve after a relatively short period of training.
Japanese: 車剣は投擲時の回転により飛行が安定するため、比較的短期の修練によって命中精度が向上するといわれる。
English: On the other hand, a disadvantage is that the sound they generate when spinning makes it easier to be noticed by the target, and that it is inconvenient to carry along.
Japanese: その一方回転音があって相手に勘付かれやすい、携行に不便、などの欠点がある。
English: Additionally, since it does not pierce deep into the target, it is not effective enough in killing or wounding an enemy, but sometimes such weakness is offset by applying poison to the blade.
Japanese: また、対象に深く突き刺さるわけではないため殺傷力が不十分なこともあり、刃に毒物を塗布することでその欠点を補完することがある。
English: According to the number of blades pointing radially, they are called sealed cross blades, roppoken (six-blade shuriken), happoken (eight-blade shuriken), and ten-blade shuriken among other types.
Japanese: 放射状に突出した剣の数により四方剣（十字剣）、六方剣、八方剣、十方剣などがある。
English: In society in general, and in the media, the word 'shuriken' often paints an image of kurumaken, but this is probably because the shape resonates in the popular imagination.
Japanese: 一般に、またメディアにおいて、「手裏剣」と言うと車剣のイメージが強いが、これはその形状が想像力を強く喚起するためと言えよう。
English: The bo shuriken is a simply-shaped weapon, but the length, and center of gravity among other factors vary according to the school.
Japanese: 棒手裏剣は単純な形状の武器ではあるが、流派によって長さや重心などに様々なバリエーションがある。
English: It overcomes the weaknesses of kurumaken such as regarding portability, the power to kill and wound, and the sound when thrown, but requires a more advanced toteki skill.
Japanese: 携行、殺傷力、投擲音のなさなど車剣の欠点を克服しているが、より高度な投擲技術が必要である。
English: In order to make it easy to carry, there are pairs of bo shuriken with blades on both sides, secured in the middle like scissors, to close into the shape of a stick when carried and open into a cross when used.
Japanese: 携行を容易にするため、両端を刃とする2本の棒手裏剣を中央でハサミのように留め、携行時は閉じて棒状、使用時は開いて十字にする、という形式も見られる。
English: The Negishi-ryu school uses a heavy shuriken with the center of gravity at the front, aimed at stabilizing the flight of the weapon, as well as increasing its force.
Japanese: 根岸流は前重心の、重めの手裏剣を使うが、これは剣の飛行を安定させるとともに威力を追求しているらしい。
English: Depending on the practitioner, various things can be used as 'shuriken,' such as the shuriken 'hyo' (also known as Chinese-style), which is shaped like an arrowhead, or unusually heavy and huge shuriken.
Japanese: 矢じりの形の手裏剣「鏢」（中国式ともいわれる）や、異常に重たい巨大な手裏剣も存在し、術者しだいで様々なものが「手裏剣」に変化する。
English: The word 'strike' is used instead of 'throw' for shuriken, but writers may use 'throw' in novels out of consideration that it is not a common expression.
Japanese: 手裏剣は「投げる」ではなく「打つ」というが、聞き慣れないことから小説などでは作者の配慮で「投げる」と表記されることもある。
English: This is a method of toteki where the pointed end is held in the opposite direction and the sword is inverted at the moment of striking, flying in the same way as the 'chokudaho.'
Japanese: 尖端を逆にして持った状態から、「打つ」瞬間に剣を反転させ、「直打法」のように飛翔する投擲法。
English: This method of toteki is common for kurumaken and knife throwing in the West, and in the toteki of kurumaken a movement as of spinning a sword is necessary.
Japanese: これは車剣や西洋のナイフ投げなどに多くみられる投擲方法で、車剣の投擲では剣に回転を与える動作が必要とされる。
English: In the case of large sealed cross blades, in one method of toteki one grasps one of the swords with a finger placed on the other sword, and the sword is made to spin by striking it in a hammering motion.
Japanese: 大型の十字剣（四方剣）の場合、1本の剣を握り、他の1本の剣に指をかけ、腕を打ちおろすように剣を打つことで回転を与える、などの投擲法がある。
English: Meanwhile, in knife throwing the target is hit by adjusting the speed of the throw and the way it spins and depending on the distance from the target.
Japanese: 一方、ナイフ投げの場合は、対象との距離により、投げ出す速度と回転の掛け具合を変えて、刺中させる打法となる。
English: Among Japanese shuriken techniques, the 'chokudaho' is the most basic way of daken, but it is a unique technique from an international standpoint.
Japanese: 日本の手裏剣術の場合、「直打法」が最も基本的な打剣方法だが、世界的にみれば特異な技術である。
English: Its use as a camouflaged weapon was not widespread, but was passed down as a hidden, secret technique in judo (a Japanese art of self-defense), and swordplay among others, and therefore the names and usage vary according to the school.
Japanese: 隠し武器としての使用法は、一般に広く伝わった物ではなく、柔術、剣術などの流派の奥、極意として伝わったため、名称や使用法は流派によって様々である。
English: One school calls it the hidden sword technique, and the school practices attacking stealthily, attacking mainly the vital parts of the body such as the neck, throat, chest, the pit of the stomach, and the backbone (spinal cord).
Japanese: ある流派では穏剣術と称し、その流派では背後からの攻撃などの不意打ちが多く、狙う所は首、喉元、胸、みぞおち、背骨(脊髄)など人体急所が多い。
English: Additionally, the ura (back) of shuriken is for combat, while the omote (front) is used for daken (methods for toteki at the opponent).
Japanese: また、格闘用の使用法を手裏剣の裏、打剣（相手に投擲する方法）を表と表記する。
English: Scenes where multiple shuriken are thrown one after the other, or are used as a method of attack to kill or injure an enemy are common in ninja cartoons and movies, but the main purpose of the weapons and tools for ninja are basically to 'gain time for escape' and they were not commonly used to actively provoke a fight.
Japanese: よく忍者漫画や映画などで、次々に複数の手裏剣を投げつけたり、敵を殺傷する攻撃手段として使用するシーンがあるが、基本的に忍者の武器・道具というのは「逃走用の時間稼ぎ」が主目的であり、積極的にこちらから戦闘を仕掛ける目的で使用する事は少ない。
English: Additionally, the main goal of the ninja is not to fight, but to 'gain information (or spread misinformation) and return safely,' corresponding to today's secret agents or covert special mobile units, and such scenes as those where the characters bring around bulky iron pieces of shuriken and throw them one after another are unrealistic.
Japanese: また、忍者の主目的は戦闘ではなく「情報を得て（もしくは偽情報を流布するなどして）無事に戻る」事で今で言うスパイ工作員や隠密特殊機動部隊に相当し、かさばる鉄の塊である手裏剣を何枚も携帯して、次々何枚も投げるというシーンは現実性に乏しい。
English: In reality, they carried one or two for an emergency escape, or one bo shuriken to be used as a tool to climb stone walls and dig holes.
Japanese: 実際には、緊急避難用に1-2枚持つか、石垣を登ったり、穴を掘ったりする為に道具として棒手裏剣を1本持つなどに過ぎない。
English: Shuriken, the use of which was taught at dojo (halls used for martial arts training) as a 'martial art,' and the shuriken which ninja carried following its original use, should be treated as separate things.
Japanese: 「武術」としての道場などで教える手裏剣と、忍者が本来の使用意図で携帯した手裏剣は別物として考える必要がある。
English: They appear as children's toys, as weapons used by a mysterious group called ninja.
Japanese: 忍者という神秘的な集団が使う武器として、子供のおもちゃにも模倣されている。
English: Many are made of hollow plastic with safety in mind, and since they can be folded into origami, they have become a plaything for children.
Japanese: 安全性を考慮し、中を空洞にしたプラスチック製の物が多いが、折り紙などでも折ることが出来るため、子供の遊び道具となっている。
English: The shuriken is created by folding two origami papers into the form of an actual shuriken.
Japanese: 実際の手裏剣を参考に2枚の折り紙で折る事により、手裏剣の形状を作る。
English: Yokan, in general, is a Japanese confection which is made by jellifying bean jam, mainly made from adzuki beans, with Japan agar.
Japanese: 羊羹（ようかん）は、一般には小豆を主体とした餡を寒天で固めた和菓子である。
English: Originally, yokan (羊羹) was Chinese broth (羹) of sheep (羊), as the Chinese characters stand for.
Japanese: もともとは中国の料理で、読んで字のごとくヒツジの羹（あつもの）であった。
English: The broth made by boiling mutton becomes jellied due to gelatin of the meat as it gets cold.
Japanese: これは羊の肉を煮たスープの類だが、冷めることで肉のゼラチンによって固まり、自然に煮凝りの状態となる。
English: Kan' is the Tang reading derived from early-modern Chinese, and is close to the tone of Putonghua (Chinese common language) 'kon (geng1).'
Japanese: 「かん」は近世中国語に由来する唐音であり、普通話音「コン(geng1)」に近い。
English: Because of the prohibition of meat-eating in the religious precepts (five commandments) of the Zen sect, they used adzuki beans instead of mutton for a vegetarian dish.
Japanese: 禅宗では肉食が戒律（五戒）により禁じられているため、精進料理として羊肉の代わりに小豆を用いたもの。
English: According to another theory, when a Chinese confection shaped like a liver of sheep was brought to Japan, the letter '肝' in the name '羊肝こう' was mistaken for '羹', and they began to call it '羊羹' ("Kiyushoran", an encyclopedic book on cultures).
Japanese: 別の説によると、羊の肝臓の形をした菓子である「羊肝こう」が、中国から日本に伝えられた際、「肝」と「羹」が混同され、「羊羹」と呼ばれるようになった（『嬉遊笑覧』）ともされる。
English: The yokan made with sugar was called 'sato-yokan' (sugar yokan) to distinguish from ordinary yokan made with amazura (traditional sweetener commonly used in the past).
Japanese: 砂糖を用いた羊羹を特に「砂糖羊羹」と称し、一般的な羊羹には甘葛などが用いられることが多かった。
English: In the 17th century, the production of brown sugar began in the Ryuku Kingdom, Amami Islands and other areas, and then the sugar was brought to Japan's mainland by Satsuma clan and became a common sweetener for yokan.
Japanese: だが、17世紀以後琉球王国や奄美諸島などで黒砂糖の生産が開始されて薩摩藩によって日本本土に持ち込まれると、砂糖が用いられるのが一般的になった。
English: Neri-yokan was originated by 岡本善右衛門 of Surugaya (confectionery shop) in Wakayama City in 1589.
Japanese: 1589年（天正17年）、和歌山市の駿河屋岡本善右衛門によって「煉羊羹」がつくられた。
English: Kyozan SANTO (younger brother of Kyoden SANTO) wrote in "Kumo no itomaki" (essay literature) in 1844 that neri-yokan was first made in the late 18th century by 喜太郎, a confectioner in Edo, and some experts support his opinion.
Japanese: 山東京山（山東京伝の弟）が弘化元年（1844年）に書いた『蜘蛛の糸巻』の中で練羊羹は寛政期（18世紀後期）に江戸の菓子職人である喜太郎という人物が初めて作ったという説を載せており、これを支持する専門家もいる。
English: In the night of October 19, 1648, a warimoto (a village official) of Iwamurada, Saku-gun, Shinshu, 篠澤佐五右衛門良重 presented yokan to Inaba no kami (the governor of Inaba province), the lord of Komoro-jo Castle.
Japanese: 江戸初期の慶安元年（1648年）10月19日晩には信州佐久郡岩村田の割元の篠澤佐五右衛門良重が小諸城主青山因幡守に羊羹を献上している。
English: It is mentioned in the document which belongs to his descendant 篠澤明剛 and is put on view to the public in Saku City Mochizuki Museum of History and Folklore.
Japanese: この文献は子孫の篠澤明剛が所有しているが、現在は佐久市立望月歴史民族資料館にて一般公開されている。
English: Among mushi-yokan, inexpensive ones which contain less adzuki beans and sugar are called Decchi-yokan (apprentice's yokan).
Japanese: さらに蒸し羊羹のうち小豆や砂糖を減らした安価な羊羹を丁稚羊羹と称した。
English: In 1861, mizu-yokan, containing less agar and more water, was first made by Edo Seijuken.
Japanese: 1861年には、寒天を減らし、水分を多くした水羊羹が江戸清寿軒でつくられた。
English: Other new types of yokan such as Kingyoku-kan (transparent jelly containing agar and sugar), Awayuki (confection of meringue jellified with agar), and Mizore-kan (jelly containing agar, sugar and glutinous rice flour) also appeared in this period.
Japanese: また、この時期には金玉かん、淡雪（メレンゲ(菓子)を寒天で固めたもの）、みぞれかんといったあらたな羊羹も登場した。
English: In addition to them, various types of yokan using a variety of local products can be seen everywhere in Japan.
Japanese: 現在では、このほか、全国各地のさまざまな産物を用いた羊羹が存在する。
English: In the People's Republic of China, sweet Yankan (pronounced as yánggēng in Chinese, written with the same Chinese characters as yokan), which contain adzuki beans and chestnuts just like Japanese yokan, are made and sold in Tianjin and Beijing.
Japanese: また、中華人民共和国でも、天津市や北京市で日本のものと同じような、小豆や栗を使った甘い「羊羹ヤンカンyánggēng」が製造販売されている。
English: Some kinds of yokan (yankan) unique to China are also made and sold, which are flavored with fruits such as a thorn apple, peach, apple, and so on.
Japanese: ほかに中国独特のサンザシ、モモ、リンゴなどを加えたフルーツ風味のものも製造販売されている。
English: Among mushi-yokan as an ordinary type of yokan in those days, inexpensive ones made of less adzuki beans and sugar were called decchi-yokan.
Japanese: 当時普通であった蒸し羊羹のうち、小豆や砂糖を減らした安価な羊羹を丁稚羊羹と称した。
English: The name of decchi-yokan is said to have come from a sales talk: 'It's cheap enough for decchi (an apprentice) to buy as a souvenir when they go back home for a visit.'
Japanese: 丁稚羊羹の由来は「安価であるので丁稚が里帰りの時に土産にできる」とのセールストークから始まったとされる。
English: Today, they are still sold under the name of 'decchi-yokan' or 'mushi-yokan' as a staple product of small Japanese confectionery shops in Kyoto City and southern part of Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 現在でも、京都市内や滋賀南部では現在でも「でっち羊羹」「蒸し羊羹」として小さな和菓子屋の主力商品として販売されている。
English: Many of decchi-yokan contain sprinkled chestnuts, Dainagon or other Japanese confectionery.
Japanese: なお、丁稚羊羹の中には、栗や大納言などの和菓子がちりばめられているものも多い。
English: The tradition and techniques of the shop can be seen in the yokan, so they have many fans as hidden, but established sweets.
Japanese: その店の伝統や技法が息づいていることから、隠れた銘菓としてファンが多い。
English: The reason why yokan are covered with plastic or paper printed with a bamboo-sheath pattern is because of the tradition of mushi-yokan.
Japanese: 羊羹のプラスチックや紙の包装が竹の皮の印刷であるのは、この蒸し羊羹の伝統によるとされる。
English: - there are two ways to use: simply jellify persimmon jam with agar, or jellify it after mixing with white bean jam.
Japanese: -柿で作ったジャムをそのまま寒天で固める方法と、白餡に混ぜて固める方法がある。
English: yokan color: when blackish clothes fade and get tinged with red, the color is called 'yokan color.'
Japanese: 羊羹色：黒色などの衣類が、色あせて赤みを帯びた色を「羊羹色」と呼ぶ。
English: Yoru no ume (night plum): the most famous yokan under this name is 'Ogura-yokan Yoru no ume (registered trademark)', a representative product of Toraya Kurokawa (commonly known as Toraya (Akasaka, Minato Ward, Tokyo), the main store located in Akasaka).
Japanese: 夜の梅：虎屋黒川（通称とらや(東京都港区赤坂)、本店・赤坂）の代表的商品「小倉羊羹夜の梅（登録商標）」がいちばん有名である。
English: It is named by comparing the adzuki beans at the cut end to white plum blossoms in the shadows of night.
Japanese: 切り口に見える小豆の粒の様子を、夜の闇の中に咲く白い梅の花に例えて付けられた名称。
English: Ogura-yokan of Toraya is the neri-yokan which are characterized by the amount and hardness of adzuki beans: they are made of a little less beans than ordinary ones in number, and the beans are soft.
Japanese: とらやのものは、一般的な小倉羊羹よりも小豆の粒の量が少なめで粒のかたさもやわらかいのが特徴の煉羊羹。
English: The name 'Yoru no ume' is used by not only Toraya but also Surugaya and Tsuruyahachiman (confectionery shops) by common consent.
Japanese: 「夜の梅」という呼称は、とらや以外にも駿河屋と鶴屋八幡で使われているが、いずれも合意の上で使われている。
English: It's like a cross between a gem and a pagodite: a phrase written in Soseki NATSUME's "Kusamakura" (novel) to express the beauty of yokan.
Japanese: 玉と蝋石の雑種のよう：夏目漱石の著した『草枕』の作中において羊羹の美しさを表現した言葉。
English: The phrase is a part of well-known passage of the novel, following the description of yokan: 'No matter how you look at it, it's a work of art.'
Japanese: 「どう見ても一個の美術品だ」という羊羹描写に続く、有名な一節の一部である。
English: Tanin-don or tanin-donburi is a dish in which beef or pork that is boiled with onions in a stock mixed with soy sauce, mirin and sugar, stiffened with eggs, and then placed on donburi meshi (a bowl of boiled rice).
Japanese: 他人丼（たにんどん、-どんぶり）とは、牛肉もしくは豚肉を、玉ねぎなどと割り下で煮て卵でとじ、丼飯の上に乗せた料理である。
English: Oyako-don is made using chicken and eggs, whereas tanin-don is made using meat except for chicken (beef or pork), i.e., using meat of a stranger for an egg; hence tanin-don is named after this recipe.
Japanese: 親子丼が鶏の肉と鶏の卵を使うことに対し、鶏肉以外の肉（牛肉・豚肉）を使用する事（他人の肉を使用する）から名づけられた。
English: The reason for this came from the thought that beef was a symbol of westernization of Japan like sukiyaki, and the call "tanin (stragner)" sounded humble.
Japanese: これは牛肉は牛鍋に示されるように文明開化の象徴であり、「他人」とは粗末な呼び方だという考えがあったからである。
English: However, some restaurants served kaika-don using pork.
Japanese: ただし、店によっては「開化丼」と称しても豚肉を使用したのが出されることもある。
English: Donburi with beef meant "tanin-don" until Gyu-don (donburimono with cooked beef on cooked rice) chains such as Yoshinoya penetrated into the Kansai region.
Japanese: 吉野家などの牛丼チェーンが関西に進出するまでは、牛肉の丼といえば「他人丼」であった。
English: Many noodle shops and restaurants still have menus without Gyu-don but have with Tanin-don.
Japanese: 今でも、うどん屋や食堂ではメニューに牛丼がなくても、他人丼はある事が多い。
English: Restaurants in the country side often serve "tanin-don" under tha name of "oyako-don" in which pork used in stir-fried dishes is used instead of chicken to save preparing time and effort.
Japanese: 地方の食堂では鶏肉を用意する手間の関係で「親子丼」と称して、実際には炒め物に使う豚肉などを利用して「他人丼」が供されることがしばしばある。
English: "Rotensho" (露天商) are people who do business outside or under the sun, and who have no store.
Japanese: 露天商（ろてんしょう）とは露天（屋外や青空の下）で店舗を持たず商売をする者。
English: Tekiya is basically a traditional ancient Japanese vocation in which one travels looking for business in locations where a large number of people are expected, mainly around the sando (an approach to the temple) or precincts of temples and shrines, for rites and festivals, fairs, and annual events.
Japanese: -的屋とは基本的には祭礼や縁日や時節や年中行事で、寺社の参道や境内または門前町を主に、人出が見込まれる場所を渡り歩き商売をする、日本古来の伝統的な生業を指す。
English: Their business methods vary from simple ones where products are placed on a mat on the ground to show tents built as temporary buildings operated by organizations.
Japanese: 商売の手段としては、地面に引いた敷物のうえに商品を並べる簡易なものから、仮設建築としての見世物小屋を集団組織で営むものまで様々である。
English: Yatai is not a method of business, but the use of a simple roof and counter, and while some tekiya conduct business in this way the word generally refers to yatai restaurants called yatai-gai seen all over Japan.
Japanese: -屋台とは商売の方法ではなく、簡易の屋根と売り台を持って商売をする形態であり、的屋などもこの形態を用いる者もあるが、一般的には日本各地に見られる屋台街といわれる屋台の飲食店などを指す。
English: Monouri, not often seen today, are people who do business with a unique 'yobigoe' (call) and a musical instrument while walking through town, and since they used to pull along products stacked on large carts and bicycles, they were also called hikiuri.
Japanese: -物売りとは最近ではあまり見られなくなったが、独特の「呼び声」や「鳴り物」を使い町を練り歩きながら商売をする者を指し、大八車や自転車に積んだ商品を引いていたので引き売りとも呼ばれる。
English: Gyosho generally refers to those who do business through door-to-door sales with regular customers, but in suburbs or areas with a small trade-area, the main customers of monouri may also be regular customers, and tofu, natto (fermented soybeans), vegetables, and fish monouri tend to fall under this category.
Japanese: -行商とは一般的には固定客への訪問販売によって商売をする者を指すが、郊外や商圏の規模の小さい所では物売りであっても、固定客が主な客層である場合もあり、特に豆腐や納豆や野菜や魚の物売りなどがこの傾向にある。
English: It is said that today's tekiya date back to traders of lotus leaves (dealing with seasonal goods) who sold lucky charms of the season at markets (morning markets and seasonal markets) and fairs, magicians performing street performances on the main streets, and acrobatic artists also known as daikagura (lion dancer) and kyokugomashi (spinning trick performers).
Japanese: 古くは市（朝市、定期市）や縁日などで時節の縁起物を売っていた蓮の葉商いや、その目抜き通りで大道芸などを行っていた手品師、太神楽とも言われる曲芸師や曲独楽師などが、現在の的屋の源流ともいわれる。
English: The origin is known to be the peddlers such as botefuri who helped the poor in the Edo period, or the yatai (having a roof and counter, as well as a simple kitchen and chairs for customers) mainly for eating and drinking which became popular from the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代に生活困窮者の救済を目的とした棒手売（棒手振）などの物売り、または江戸時代から盛んになった飲食を中心とした屋台（屋根、売り台はもちろん簡易な厨房設備や客の椅子まで備えていた）などが、起源といわれている。
English: Even today, ice cream sellers, mobile bakeries, peddlers coming into the city from the suburbs (in the Kanto area, peddlers from Chiba are well-known), oden (a Japanese dish containing all kinds of ingredients cooked in a special broth of soy sauce, sugar, and sake) yatai doing business in a fixed location near parks, and tekiya at festivals and fairs remain common not only in inner-cities, but in various regions.
Japanese: 現在でも観光地などでのアイスクリーム売りやパンの移動販売、郊外から都心へ通う行商人（関東圏では千葉の行商人が良く知られる存在である）公園付近で定置で営業するおでんの屋台、祭りや縁日の的屋業などは地方、都心に限らず健在な地域も多い。
English: As a new type of rotensho, some people do business in the yatai style using converted vehicles in business districts where shopping areas or the food service industry do not exist.
Japanese: 新たな露天商としては、商店街や外食産業の無いビジネス街などで、改造した車両を用いて、屋台形式で商売する者もいる。
English: Additionally, many ordinary people have a rotensho business as a venture or for both a hobby and for profit in places such as flea markets hosted by municipal organizations.
Japanese: また自治体などで主催する蚤の市やフリーマーケットと呼ばれる蚤の市のような場所で、ベンチャービジネスや趣味と実益を兼ねた一般人が露店商を営むものも多い。
English: Shoe polishing is originally an occupation from Europe and the United States where leather shoes are worn, but with the Westernization which followed the Meiji Restoration, it developed as an occupation in Japan as well.
Japanese: -靴磨きとは元々は欧米の革靴を履く習慣のある地域の職業であるが、明治維新の西欧化に伴い、日本でも職業として確立した。
English: During the economic restoration which followed World War II, it was regularly seen all over Japan as a way the poor earned their bread and butter, but they have become a rare sight in recent years.
Japanese: 第2次世界大戦後の復興時には、生活困窮者の生活の糧として日本各地で日常的に見られたが、近年ではほとんど見られることは無い。
English: Many have bought their own shops in recent years, but even today, there are fortune-tellers in the centers of cities doing business in the open air with only a counter.
Japanese: -近年では店舗を持つものも多く見られるが、現在でも都心部では台一つで露天で商いする占い師の姿が見られる。
English: Blade sharpeners were used for kitchen knives, pinking shears, razors, expensive knives, and even by carpenters who were not skilled in sharpening.
Japanese: -包丁や和裁や剃刀（和剃刀）または、大工なども研ぐ技術が拙い者（つたないもの）や高価な刃物などは砥ぎ師を利用した。
English: In recent years, hardware stores have taken it up as a side job, but in the days when Japanese (as opposed to Western) knives were commonly used, they were often seen in every town in busy shopping areas.
Japanese: 近年では金物屋が兼業で営むぐらいだが、和物（洋物の反対語）の刃物が世間一般で広く使われていた時代には、どの町でも人通りの多い商店街などでよく見られた。
English: The coin-run scales seen at amusement parks and festivals in Europe and the United States spread mainly to India and Southeast Asia, and have become a business done by individuals at fixed locations on the street or in a mobile capacity.
Japanese: -欧米の遊園地や祭りで見られる有料の体重計が、インドや東南アジアを中心に広まり、個人で路上などにおいて定置や移動方式で商売している。
English: In recent years, machines which can simultaneously also measure height, and are lighter for better portability have become common, and it has become possible to see sales people for mobile body measuring even on the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 近年では同時に身長も計測でき、軽量で移動に適した機械が普及し、中国大陸などでも移動身体測定の商売人が見られる。
English: These are commonly seen in parks at weekends in South and Central America, and are often performed by nurses with formal qualification for additional income.
Japanese: -中南米の休日の公園などでよく見られ、大抵は正式な資格を持った看護士が副収入として行っている。
English: They basically only do haircuts, but occasionally there are barbers who use such things as water tanks, to shave and shampoo.
Japanese: 基本的には散髪だけだが、まれに貯水器などを利用して髭剃りや洗髪まで行う床屋もある。
English: This is sometimes performed at the same time by the barbers described above, but because of the lack of water or as water is precious, there are businesses where the soft hair is removed by twisting two strings to twist and pull off the hair, or alcohol is used to burn the soft hair.
Japanese: -上記の床屋が兼任する場合もあるが、水が無い、または貴重であるというなどの理由から、産毛を2本の糸を紙縒る（こよる）ことによって、毛を巻き込み引き抜く方法や、アルコールなどを燃やして産毛を焼くといった方法で行う商売がある。
English: Seen in areas within the sphere of Chinese civilization, it is basically performed mainly on the upper body because the customer is seated in a chair.
Japanese: -中華文明圏の国で見られるが、基本的は客を椅子に座らせて行うので上半身中心に行う事が多い。
English: Additionally, in beach resorts in Southeast Asia, some beachgoers lay almost naked, so it is a simple business offering a full-body massage using a towel and oil.
Japanese: また東南アジアのビーチリゾートでは海水浴客が裸で寝そべっているので、タオルとオイルを持って全身マッサージを勧めるといった手軽な商売でもある。
English: A form of gambling known to be the origin of magic, played with three cups and one ball, hiding the ball under one cup, and the customer tries to guess which cup it is under.
Japanese: -手品の起源と言われる賭け事、3つのカップと一つのボールを操り、一つのカップにボールを忍ばせる、客はどのカップに入っているかを当てると言うゲーム。
English: This is seen especially in countries where motorcycles with smaller tank capacities are the main means of transportation.
Japanese: -特にタンクの容量が少ないオートバイを主な移動手段としている国で見られる。
English: This is historically a very old occupation, appearing in stories and literature as a theme or character setting.
Japanese: -歴史的に非常に古い職業でもあり、物語りや文学作品などで題材や人物設定として表現される。
English: They are seen mainly in developing countries pulling a luggage rack with something akin to a bookcase with products neatly displayed for sale.
Japanese: -荷台や本棚のようなものに綺麗に商品を並べ、引き売りしている姿が発展途上国を中心にみられる。