nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: That indicates that honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) Ise-jingu Shrine could not always protect donators, or kaihatsu-ryoshu, who became their local official, and rather, it did not matter to them whether the position of the local official was held by MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo or Tsunetane CHIBA, as long as their share was guaranteed and, even more, increased.
Japanese: 相馬御厨も大庭御厨も、本所の伊勢神宮は必ずしも下司となった寄進主（開発領主）を保護出来きれなかった、自分の取り分が確保され、更には増えるのなら、下司職が、源義朝でも、千葉常胤でも構わなかったということである。
English: The donation of Soma-mikuriya by Yoshimune SATAKE, who was on the side of the Taira family, thereafter indicates the increasing instability since the Heiji War.
Japanese: その不安定さは、平治の乱以降、いよいよ高まったというのが、その後の平家側佐竹義宗の相馬御厨寄進として現れる。
English: Yoshimune SATAKE's letter of donation dated February 1161 states as follows.
Japanese: 永暦(日本)2年（1161年)正月日の佐竹義宗の寄進状には、以下のようにある。
English: 自国人平常晴今常澄父也,手譲平常重并嫡男常胤,依官物負累,譲国司藤原親通朝臣,彼朝臣譲二男親盛朝臣,而依匝瑳北条之由緒,以当御厨公験,所譲給義宗也,然者父常晴長譲渡他人畢所也.
Japanese: 自国人平常晴今常澄父也、手譲平常重并嫡男常胤、依官物負累、譲国司藤原親通朝臣、彼朝臣譲二男親盛朝臣、而依匝瑳北条之由緒、以当御厨公験、所譲給義宗也、然者父常晴長譲渡他人畢所也。
English: In fact, however, the land was not 'given to Yoshimune,' but was, again, captured by him.
Japanese: しかし、実際には「所譲給義宗也」ではなく、ここでも奪いとったという。
English: The fact was that Yoshimune SATAKE obtained a deed that the former Shimosa no kami FUJIWARA no Chikamichi had, from Chikamichi's second son FUJIWARA no Chikamori, who was Shimosa no kami, and the donation was based on the deed.
Japanese: その後、実際には佐竹義宗が前下総守藤原親通が持っていた新券（証文）を親通の次男・藤原親盛(下総守)から入手したものであり、これに基づいた寄進であった。
English: In view of the past history, it is considered that the deed was already invalidated in 1146, but it is also considered that since Chikamori's daughter was a concubine of TAIRA no Shigemori, the deed was presented in an expectation of support from the Taira family.
Japanese: これまでの経緯からすれば、この新券は既に久安2年の時点で無効になったと考えられるが、親盛の娘は平重盛の側室であり、平氏側の支援を期待して提示したとも考えられている。
English: This resulted in a conflict between the negi Akimori ARAKIDA, who was a member of the Masatomi family and a feudal lord on Tsunetane's side, and the negi Hikoaki WATARAI, who was a feudal lord on Yoshimune's side, in the Ise-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: このため、伊勢神宮側では常胤側の領主となっていた禰宜荒木田明盛（正富の一族）と義宗側の領主となっていた禰宜度会彦章の対立が生じた。
English: Later, Yoshimune's donation of money for festivals to the Ise-jingu Shrine to fulfill the promise of the letter of donation was appreciated, and an imperial decree was issued in 1163 to approve Yoshimune's donation.
Japanese: その後、義宗が伊勢神宮に供祭料を負担して寄進状の約束を果たしたことが評価され、長寛元年（1163年）に義宗の寄進を是とする宣旨が出された。
English: Then, on July 23, 1166, Akimori submitted to Hikoaki a deed to accept Hikoaki's assertion, and a compromise deed was made on July 9, 1167 ("The Kunugi Documents," 'Compromise deed of Kotai-jingu Shrine Gonnegi [assistant senior priests] Akimori ARAKIDA dated July 9, 1167,' printed in "Heian ibun" [Documents of the Heian period], Vol. 7, No. 3425).
Japanese: 続いて永万2年6月18日に明盛から彦章に彦章の主張を認める事を示す契状を提出、仁安(日本)2年6月14日付で和与状が作成された（『檪木文書』「仁安二年六月十四日付皇太神宮権祢宜荒木田明盛和与状」（『平安遺文』第7巻3425号所収））。
English: At that time, a compromise indicated a consensus transfer of a right, such as territory or position, and there was doctrine that did not allow Kuikaeshi (a right of claim for return in the Middle Ages' Law) with respect to a consensus transfer of a right ("Hosso shiyosho" [The Essentials for the Judiciary]).
Japanese: 当時において和与とは、合意に基づく所領や所職等権利の譲与を指しており、和与に基づく権利の移転は悔返を認めない法理（『法曹至要抄』）が存在した。
English: Since the position of Hikoaki WATARAI, who was given all the rights from Akimori ARAKIDA by the compromise, was established, the winning of Yoshimune SATAKE, who was appointed as Hikoaki's local official, was determined.
Japanese: この和与によって荒木田明盛から権利一切を譲られた度会彦章による相馬御厨における伊勢神宮側の領主としての地位が確定したため、彼が下司とした佐竹義宗の勝訴が確定することとなった。
English: The conflict between the Satake clan and the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke started there, and was solved when the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's raising of an army in 1180, defeated the Taira family at the Battle of Fujigawa, and then attacked the Satake clan to put them to flight.
Japanese: 佐竹氏と、千葉介、上総介一族との対立はここに始まり、それが解消するのは、治承4年（1180年）の源頼朝の旗揚げに、千葉介、上総介一族が合流し、富士川の戦いで平家を破ったあと、転じて佐竹氏を攻めて敗走させたときである。
English: It is said that the reason why the families of Chiba no suke and Kazusa no suke joined Yoritomo was not because they were followers of the generations of the Genji family as stated in "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East); rather, they supported Yoritomo to fight back against the attacks by the Fujiwara clan of Shimosa, who was aligned with the Taira family, and the Satake clan of Hitachi in an attempt to recover their lost territories, which was a revival gamble.
Japanese: 千葉介、上総介一族が、頼朝に加担したのは、『吾妻鏡』にいうような、両氏が累代の源氏の郎等であったからではなく、平家と結んだ下総の藤原氏、そして常陸の佐竹氏の侵攻に対して、頼朝を担ぐことによってそれを押し返し、奪い取られた自領を復活する為の起死回生の掛けであったといわれる。
English: It is obvious from the history of Soma-mikuriya that especially for Tsunetane CHIBA, MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo was not someone he felt 'obligated to.'
Japanese: 特に千葉常胤にとっては、源義朝は「御恩」を感じるような相手ではないことは相馬御厨での経緯を見れば明らかである。
English: While some believe that Kinomidokyo dates back to the Wado era (from 708 to 715) of the Nara period, it is generally agreed that it began in 729.
Japanese: 奈良時代の和銅年間に始まったとする説もあるが、天平元年（729年）が有力である。
English: Kinomidokyo was a Buddhist service where priests were invited inside the Imperial Court in the spring and fall to selectively read Daihannyakyo (Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra) to pray for the peace and security of the nation.
Japanese: 季御読経は、春と秋に国家安泰を祈願して宮中に僧を招き、大般若経を転読する仏教法会である。
English: A hoe (Buddhist mass) was usually held for three or four days; on the second day, the monks were entertained by a tea service called 'hikicha,' and on the third day rounds of debate were held called 'rongi.'
Japanese: 通常4日ないし3日間の法会が開かれ、2日目に「引茶」という茶の接待が僧侶に対して行われ、3日目には僧侶同士の「論義」が行われる。
English: On the first or final day of a Kinomidokyo, a ritual was performed through the Imperial Court, together with a hoe, for those entering into Buddhist priesthood at each temple.
Japanese: 初日ないし最終日には法会と共に各寺院の得度を朝廷から賜る儀礼が行われた。
English: Kinomidokyo was established as an official function of the Imperial Court in 859, but by this time it had already been held as a 'Shikinomidokyo' (seasonal reading of the Great Perfection of Insight Sutra) throughout the year.
Japanese: 宮中の公式行事として確立したのは貞観(日本)元年（859年）であるが、この頃には「四季御読経」として年間を通じて催されていた。
English: It was performed less frequently later on due to Emperor Yozei taking the throne in 877, and Kinomidokyo came to be performed only during the spring and fall.
Japanese: その後、元慶元年（877年）の陽成天皇の践祚より回数を減じて、春秋の季御読経に改められた。
English: The number of priests who gathered at a Kinomidokyo ranged from 60 to 100, and this was on a larger scale than other hoe, such as the Gosaie (ritual for the Sutra of Golden Light performed at the Imperial Palace) and the Saishoko (the annual five days of lectures on the Konkomyo-saisho sutra).
Japanese: 参集する僧侶は60～100名前後に及び、御斎会、最勝講などの法会と比べても規模の大きいものであった。
English: In later years, Kinomidokyo became an extravagant wining and dining feast rather than a Buddhist mass due to nobles gathering for hikicha service and then food and drink service at night.
Japanese: また、引茶の接待や、夜には参集した貴族に対して酒肴の接待があったことから、時代を経るにつれて仏教法会より饗応の宴としての派手さが目立つようになった。
English: By the tenth century, aside from court functions, Kinomidokyo came to be held privately and hosted by the Daijo Tenno (Retired Emperor), the Togu (Crown Prince) or the Kogo (Empress).
Japanese: 10世紀頃には宮中行事とは別に太上天皇や東宮（皇太子）、皇后などの主催でも私的に季御読経が催されるようになった。
English: In 924 it was hosted by FUJIWARA no Shoshi, which was clearly intended as a display of power for the Chugu (Palace of the Empress).
Japanese: 延長(元号)2年（924年）には藤原彰子が主催しているが、これは明らかに中宮の権力誇示を目的としていた。
English: When FUJIWARA no Michinaga stepped out from the political center stage, however, Kinomidokyo by regents and advisors were held less frequently, and by the following era of FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, the service almost never held at all.
Japanese: ただし、藤原道長が政治の表舞台から外れると摂関家における季御読経の回数は減り、続く藤原頼通の時代にはほとんど行われなくなっていった。
English: Originating from Tang, 'Cha' (tea) during the Heian period was one of the latest cultural trends and was very highly valued.
Japanese: 平安期における「茶」は唐より伝来された最新の文化で大変貴重であった。
English: Consequently, it took enormous time and money to prepare tea services for the Imperial Court.
Japanese: そのため、宮中における茶の接待には準備も含めて莫大な手間と費用がかかった。
English: The manners in which hikicha was served involved serving sencha (green tea of middle grade) to priests formed in an orderly line; condiments would then be added, such as amazura (traditional sweetener commonly used in the past), koboku (skin of Magnolia obovata used for crude drugs) and ginger to suit individual tastes.
Japanese: 引茶の飲茶法は、整然と並ぶ僧侶に対して、まず煎茶を注ぎ、甘葛、厚朴、生姜などの薬味を好みにより投じて供したとされる。
English: After it was first introduced to Japan, a valuable kind of sencha was used that had been brought over by the Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China), but by the late ninth century, the zochashi (a person who manages a tea garden) at the Kurodo-dokoro (chamberlain's office) made tea from plants that had been grown in the tea garden of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 初め煎茶は遣唐使によりもたらされた貴重なものが用いられたが、9世紀後半には宮中の内裏茶園で栽培され、蔵人所の造茶使が製造を行っている。
English: Shoju originally meant 'subordinates,' and those in this category were owned by nobleman, military families, temples, and shrines and propertied farmer and so on for servile labors, and were regarded as properties to be transferred or inherited.
Japanese: 本来は「従者」の意味であり、貴人・武家・寺社・有力農民などに付属して、雑務労役を担い、譲渡や相続の対象となった。
English: There existed 'Genin' (underlings) as a close parallel to Shoju and two of them were often used in pair as 'Genin - Shoju'; generally, Genin meant the slaves of upper class farmers and were called 'Hyakusho Genin' (Genin of farmers), while Shoju meant the slaves of a military family and was called 'Jito Genin' (Genin of jito - manager and lord of manor.)
Japanese: 同類身分として「下人」があり、「下人・所従」と総称されることが多いが、下人は「百姓下人」などと上層農民に付属する隷属民を指すのに対し、所従は「地頭所従」などと主に武家の隷属民を指すことが多かった。
English: However, in practice, as those definitely in the class of Genin were sometimes called 'Shoju', the two designations were used interchangeably with no significant differences in usage.
Japanese: ただ、実際は明らかに下人と同一階層の身分を「所従」と呼ぶこともあり、用法に厳格な違いはなく混用されていた。
English: As some Shoju even had their own independent households and families and cultivated their land independently, Shoju was not a uniformly established class, in reality.
Japanese: 所従の中には一家を構えて自営耕作を行うものもおり、その身分的実態は一律ではなかった。
English: Shoju were descended from 'Kenin' (houseman) that existed before the Nara period, and usually belonged to the master's house by themselves from generation to generation.
Japanese: 系譜としては奈良時代以前の「家人（けにん）」の流れを引くものであり、主家へ累代一身専属するのが普通であった。
English: As Shoju were subordinate to the military family, they attended their master on the battlefields in wartime doing such labor as packhorse driving or carrying the enemy's head; nevertheless, they were not regarded as samurai warriors, and even if they carried the enemy's head, it was not considered as a military achievement.
Japanese: 武家に付随する所従は合戦において戦場に同行し、馬の口引き、敵の首担ぎなどの職責を担ったが、通常士分とは認められておらずその首を取っても手柄とは見なされなかった。
English: After the early-modern times, the designation Shoju became gradually obsolete, while the word Genin became used frequently as a designation of slaves whether their masters were military families or farmers.
Japanese: 近世以降、所従の語は余り使われなくなり隷属民の呼称としては武家、農家にかかわらず下人の称が多く用いられるようになった。
English: Gozen-sata was an informal consultation chaired and attended by Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") in the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun.)
Japanese: 御前沙汰（ごぜんさた）とは、室町幕府において征夷大将軍が主宰・臨席した非公式な評定のこと。
English: Later, it replaced hyojo (consultation) held with hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) and hikitsukeshu (coadjustor of the High Court) and began to deal with matters to make official decisions.
Japanese: 後に評定衆・引付衆による評定に代わって公的な決定もここにおいて行われるようになった。
English: When bakufu officials were factionalized and declared secession in the Kanno Disturbance, the second shogun, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA held a consultation in Onshokata (office to do desk work concerning the Onsho award) with a consultative body replacing the collapsed hyojoshu and hikitsukeshu, which was regarded as the origin of gozen-sata.
Japanese: 観応の擾乱によって幕府官僚の分裂・離反が生じた事から、2代将軍足利義詮が崩壊した評定衆・引付衆に代わる合議体として恩賞方にて開いたのが起源とされている。
English: In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation.
Japanese: 3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。
English: After Yoriyuki died, Yoshimitsu abdicated the office of shogun in favor of his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA and entered the priesthood, yet he kept controlling the bakufu and made bakufu's policy decisions by chairing and holding gozen-sata instead of formal consultations, which nominally retired shogun Yoshimitsu could not convene -- and the shogun Yoshimochi followed the decisions.
Japanese: 更に頼之の没後、義満は息子足利義持に将軍職を譲って自らは出家するが、幕府の実権を握り続け、表面上引退しているために自らは召集できない公式な評定に代わって自ら主宰する御前沙汰を開いて幕府の政策決定を行い、将軍義持はこれに従う存在となった。
English: To strengthen the power of shogun against the shogunal deputy and others, the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA started out to extend the influence of gozen-sata that was chaired and attended by the shogun -- he included shomu (land management) as well as zasso on the agenda of gozen-sata, and also organized gozen-sata shu (members of gozen-sata) from working-level officials of yuhitsu (amanuenses) and bugyonin (magistrates) and qualified them to attend gozen-sata.
Japanese: 6代将軍足利義教は、管領などに対抗して将軍の権威を高めるために、将軍が主宰・臨席する御前沙汰の権威強化に乗り出し、雑訴のみならず所務も御前沙汰の評定対象として加え、実務を担当する右筆・奉行人の中から御前沙汰衆を選んで御前沙汰への参加資格を与えた。
English: Here, gozen-sata had become the virtual highest consulting body in the Muromachi bakufu centered around the shogun as the final decision-maker and gozen-sata shu as the officials under the shogun's direct command.
Japanese: これによって、御前沙汰は最終決裁者である将軍とその直臣官僚とも言える御前沙汰衆を中心とする室町幕府における事実上の最高評議機関となった。
English: After the Onin War, the shogun's presence at gozen-sata became less, and in the tenure of the eleventh shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA, the shogun namely chaired, but did not attend gozen-sata, which resulted in a procedure whereby naidan shu (judges), shogun's entourages, brought the decisions to the shogun for the approval.
Japanese: だが、応仁の乱以後には将軍の臨席は減少し、11代将軍足利義澄の頃には将軍主宰とされながら実際には将軍が臨席する事は無く、側近である内談衆が決定事項を将軍に取り次いで裁可を得る仕組みとなった。
English: Tadachika NAKAYAMA was a court noble who lived from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period and served as Naidaijin (Minister of the Palace); the name given to his diary (which is written as '山塊' in kanji) is derived from a combination of the last kanji of Tadachika's yago (family name), which is written as '中山' in kanji, and the first kanji of the Chinese name given to the office of minister ('塊門', which is pronounced "Kaimon").
Japanese: 中山忠親は平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期の公卿で内大臣を務めた人物で、書名の「山槐」とは忠親の家号「中山」と、大臣家の唐名（槐門）を合わせたものに由来する。
English: According to an existent document, it was written over the course of about 40 years, from 1151 to 1194.
Japanese: 現存する伝文によれば、記載時期は仁平元年（1151年）から建久5年（1194年）までの40年間あまりである。
English: Tadachika was given important posts by Goshirakawa-in (the Retired Emperor Goshirakawa) and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, and the diary's existent period stretches from the Taira clan's rise, through its golden days, to its fall.
Japanese: 忠親は後白河院や源頼朝に重用され、日記の現存期間は平氏の興隆から全盛、滅亡の時期にあたる。
English: It has many unique articles on the situation in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan) from the time of the Taira clan's government to the Jisho-Juei War, and is treated as an important historical resource.
Japanese: 平氏政権時代から治承・寿永の乱での東国情勢などについて独自の記事も多く、重要史料として扱われている。
English: Although it lacks an article on the Hogen War and Heiji War, the articles on the birth of Emperor Antoku in 1178, his enthronement in 1180, and the enthronement and Daijoe (banquet on the occasion of the first ceremonial offering of rice by the newly-enthroned emperor) of Emperor Gotoba in 1184 are precise, which shows that Tadachika was familiar with chogi (ceremony at the Imperial Court) and the political situation.
Japanese: 保元の乱・平治の乱の記事は欠けているが、治承2年（1178年）の安徳天皇誕生、同4年（1180年）の即位、元暦元年（1184年）の後鳥羽天皇の即位と大嘗会の記事は緻密で、忠親が朝儀や政界の情勢に通じていたことが分かる。
English: Its descriptions of TAIRA no Shigemori's entry to the priesthood, the repair of Owada no tomari (Owada port) by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the uprising of Prince Mochihito, the Battle of Fujigawa and so on differ from those in other war chronicles such as Heike Monogatari (The Tale of the Heike) and Genpei Seisui ki (The Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), and it displays differences in historical evidence.
Japanese: 平重盛の出家、平清盛による大輪田泊の改修、以仁王の挙兵、富士川の戦いなどにおいて、平家物語や源平盛衰記などの軍記物語とは異なる記述があり、史実の相違を示している。
English: Kokumori refers to the estimated production output (To-dai; one To was about 18 liters) per tan (an old land area unit; 991.7 square meters) of rice in rice paddies, fields and residential areas in a land survey.
Japanese: 石盛（こくもり）とは、検地における田畠屋敷の法定の段あたりの見積生産高（斗代）のこと。
English: Although standards varied over the ages, it was customary to set basic grades; grades for rice paddies and fields were given according to their merits, such as productivity, on three basic levels: high grade (very fertile rice paddy), medium grade and lower grade (worn-out rice paddy); rice paddies with better production than high grade were "superfine rice paddies" and those with worse production than lower grade were "bottom-ranked rice paddies."
Japanese: 時代によって基準は違うものの、生産高など田畠の優劣に応じて上田・中田・下田を基本としてその上に上々田、その下に下々田という等級を設置するのが通例であった。
English: In the Taiko Kenchi (land surveys conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), the method for ranking rice paddies was to reduce 2 To (36 liters) when the rank of the rice paddy is downgraded by one (also known as "Nitokudari," literally meaning "reduction of Two To"); rice paddies that produced 1 Koku and 5 To (about 270 liters) was ranked as high grade, those that produced 1 Koku and 3 To (about 235 liters) as medium grade, and those that produced 1 Koku and 1 To (about 198 liters) as lower grade; while the standard for residential areas was to be 1 Koku and 2 To (about 216 liters), other fields known as 'mihakarai,' such as bottom-ranked rice paddies, fields and riverside fields were left to the discretion of the person in charge of the land survey.
Japanese: 太閤検地においては、上田を1石(単位)5斗、中田を1石3斗、下田を1石1斗としてランクが1つ落ちるごとに2斗ずつ下げる方法（2斗下り）が採用され、屋敷地は1石2斗を基準とすること、下々田・畠・河原などについては「見計い」とされ、検地担当者の裁量によるものとされた。
English: During the Edo period, a method was adopted using Nitokudari in which rice paddies producing 9 To (162 liters) as bottom-ranked rice paddies and fields producing 1 Koku and 2 To (about 216 liters) as high-grade fields.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、下々田は9斗、畠は上畠を1石2斗として2斗下りする方法が採用されている。
English: Several places in rice paddies and fields would be selected at random and the average of the crop per 3.3 square meters of these locations was calculated after harvesting.
Japanese: ある田畠の中でランダムに数ヶ所を選んで付近1坪を収穫してその平均収穫高を算出する。
English: When the average crop of unhulled rice was 1 Sho (1.8 liters) per 3.3 square meters, it was equivalent to 3 Koku (30 To = 300 Sho, or about 541 liters) per tan.
Japanese: もし、平均の稲籾の収穫高が1坪あたり1升とすれば、1段（３30坪）あたり換算で3石（30斗＝300升）となる。
English: When rice was threshed by 50%, it was calculated that the amount of brown rice was equal to 1 Koku and 5 To; in other words, it was '1 Koku 5 To-dai' per tan, meaning it corresponded to the 'high grade' rice paddy.
Japanese: 5分摺りで脱穀をした場合、玄米の量は半分の1石5斗になると算定できるため、「1石5斗代」すなわち1段あたり1石5斗ということになり、「上田」に相当することになる。
English: A number of daimyo also adopted a method of calculating a harvest yield by reducing it by 20% and enforcing Kangenbiki (subtraction due to losses by drying) (this calculation was done by modifying three koku to 2 Koku 4 To (about 432 liters) by reducing it 20 percent and ending up with '1 Koku 2 To-dai').
Japanese: また、大名によっては干減引2割を行って、収穫高を2割減で算定（3石を2割引の2石4斗に修正して、最終的に「1石2斗代」と算出）する方法を用いる藩もあった。
English: Evaluations of land in land surveys depended largely on the judgment of the person in charge, and this sometimes resulted in rice paddies and fields in commercial and industrial business areas being given high estimates and those in important political and military areas as well as remote areas being given low estimates in order to attract support from the public.
Japanese: もっとも、検地における土地の評価は担当者の判断に依拠するところが大きく、街道沿いなどの商工業が盛んな地域の田畠では高く見積もられ、政治的・軍事的要地や僻地では民心掌握のために低く見積もられ事があった。
English: As this was seen to be unfair imposition on the peasants, there are some cases of these estimates resulting in revolts.
Japanese: これが農民から見ると賦課の不公平にも見られ、時には農民一揆の原因になることもあった。
English: During the middle of the Edo period, Kokumori based on evenness came to be adopted regardless of any conditions; Kangenbiki was abolished and Kokumori taken on residential areas and high-grade fields were altered to be the same amount of lower-grade rice paddies, or 1 Koku and 1 To, while for fields, the method of exercising Nitokudari from this amount was adopted.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期頃には、条件に関わらず一律の石盛が採用されるようになり、干減引が廃されて屋敷地と上畠を下田の石盛1石1斗に揃え、畠についてはそこから2斗下りする方法が採用されるようになった。
English: As productivity advanced in farmlands, actual harvest yields often exceeded the calculated amount of Kokumori, but this calculating method continued until the land-tax reform during the Meiji period.
Japanese: だが、農地の生産力向上に伴い、石盛の算定額より実際の収穫量が上回る事が多くなっていくが、算出方法はほぼそのまま明治の地租改正まで引き継がれている。
English: Furthermore, when Kokumori was to be revised in a land survey, an increase in Kokumori was called "Kokumori-deme" and a decrease was called "Kokumori-chigaibiki"; the term used when upgrading a piece of land (e.g.: from a field to a rice paddy) became called "Kokuma-shukkoku" and downgrading (e.g.: from a rice paddy to a field) became called "Kokuma-biki."
Japanese: なお、検地による石盛の修正があった場合、石盛の増加分を石盛出目（こくもりでめ）、減少分を石盛違引（こくもりちがいびき）と称し、土地の名目が上昇（畠→田）を石間出石（こくましゅっこく）、反対に下落（田→畠）を石間引（こくまびき）と称した。
English: Kokumen no sho (also referred to as Kokumensho) was a kind of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) during the late Heian period which was exempt from miscellaneous taxes by kokushi (provincial governor).
Japanese: 国免荘（こくめんのしょう）は、平安時代後期の荘園のうち、国司によって諸役の免除を受けたもの。
English: During the late Heian period, kokushi became influential in the provincial government and assumed the authority to decide shoekimenjo (exemption of miscellaneous taxes) on Arata (also referred to as Areta; rice field of low grade) and the like.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に入ると、地方統治における国司の権限は強力となり、荒田などの諸役免除などを決定する権限を保持するようになる。
English: Kokushi managed to extend his influence even to shoen that had already been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption, Japan) and Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property, Japan), which had resulted in Kokumen no sho.
Japanese: これを不輸の権(日本)・不入の権(日本)を獲得した荘園に対しても適用を拡大しようとしたのが国免荘である。
English: Since kokushi gave such treatment entirely at his discretion, that exemption could be cancelled by a newly assigned kokushi.
Japanese: ただし、これは当該の国司の個人裁量によるものであったから、国司が交代すると無効になる可能性があった。
English: Therefore, the lords of shoen wanted their lands to be granted a much stronger Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Chokumen sho (imperially exempted manor).
Japanese: このため、荘園領主たちは更に効力が強い官省符荘や勅免荘への認定を期待するようになった。