nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Ban pointed out that this indicates that the year following the Jinshin year was originally designated as the first year of Emperor Tenmu which was concluded with the tai sui article, but the article was left when the first year of Emperor Tenmu was changed to the prior year.
Japanese: これは、もともと壬申の翌年を天武天皇元年として太歳記事をおいた痕跡であり、後になって天武元年を繰り上げたときに移し忘れたのだとする。
English: Ban also pointed out other evidences that revision was not organized properly; for example, Prince Oama was variously referred to as 'kotaishi (crown prince),' 'kotaitei (the younger brother of an Emperor who is heir apparent),' or 'togu' in Tenchi Tenno ki and Tenmu Tenno ki, and a story that Prince Oama declined the Imperial Throne and became a priest appeared twice in different volumes.
Japanese: また、天智天皇紀と天武天皇紀の間で大海人皇子を「皇太子」「皇太弟」「東宮」とばらばらの用語で表現しており、大海人皇子が皇位を辞退して出家した場面が巻をへだてて2度出てくる点も、改定時の整理が不十分だったためだと考える。
English: Sadakichi KIDA criticized this theory by pointing out that the Jinshin year was the first year of an emperor's reign whether "Chronicles of Japan" was revised or not.
Japanese: 喜田貞吉は、改定されてもされなくても壬申年が元年に変わりないという点を指摘してこの説を批判した。
English: According to the rule of the tai sui of the first year, the Jinshin year was the first year of Emperor Kobun even if it was not the first year of Emperor Tenmu, and the tai sui article should have been placed in the Jinshin year in "Chronicles of Japan" before revision.
Japanese: 元年太歳のルールに従えば、壬申年は天武天皇の元年でなくとも弘文天皇の元年なのだから、改定前の『書紀』の壬申年にも太歳記事があったはずである。
English: A careless mistake in forgetting deletion may be acceptable, but it was not understandable that the tai sui article was erased from where it could be left untouched.
Japanese: 消し忘れ1つの疎漏はまだしも、何もしなければいいところでわざわざ太歳記事を削ったのは誤りとして理解しがたい。
English: In consideration of that fact, it is natural to think that the tai sui article did not appear in the first year not because it was overlooked, but because it was edited in such a way from the beginning.
Japanese: そのように考えると、元年に太歳記事がないのは見落としのせいではなく、もともとそのように編集されていたのだとするほうが自然である。
English: The tai sui article was written for convenience of readers, and there was no direct relationship between the Oriental zodiac and the enthronement.
Japanese: 太歳記事は読者の便宜をはかるためのものであって、干支と即位の間に直接の関係はない。
English: "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) written in the Nara period says that when Emperor Junnin gave the name of EMI no Oshikatsu to FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 758, the emperor praised the Fujiwara clan for their achievements by stating in the imperial order, 'almost a hundred years from the days of the Minister of the Center at Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya (omitted) through the reigns of ten emperors.'
Japanese: 奈良時代に書かれた『続日本紀』には、天平宝字2年（758年）に淳仁天皇が藤原仲麻呂に恵美押勝の名を与えたときに、藤原氏の功績を称えて「近江大津宮の内大臣より（中略）君十帝をへて年ほとんど一百」と勅で述べたことが記されている。
English: Since this 'Minister of the Center' refers to FUJIWARA no Kamatari and Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya was a capital established by Emperor Tenchi, there are only nine emperors during the said period, namely, Tenchi, Tenmu, Jito, Monmu, Genmei, Gensho, Shomu, Koken, and Junnin.
Japanese: この「内大臣」は藤原鎌足のことで、近江大津宮は天智天皇が定めた都であるから、天智からたどることにすると、天智、天武、持統天皇、文武天皇、元明天皇、元正天皇、聖武天皇、孝謙天皇、淳仁の9人にしかならない。
English: In the East Pagoda of Yakushiji Temple in Nara, there is a roban (dew basin at the bottom of a pagoda finial) with an inscription 'in the eighth year of the enthronement of His Majesty the Emperor at Kiyohara no Miya, the year of Koshin.'
Japanese: 奈良の薬師寺の東塔には露盤があり、そこに銘文があって、「維清原宮馭宇天皇即位八年庚辰の歳」というくだりがある。
English: Since Kiyohara no Miya refers to Asuka Kiyomihara no Miya, this 'Emperor' is Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 清原宮とは飛鳥浄御原宮にあてられるから、この「天皇」は天武天皇である。
English: If the Jinshin year (672) is the first year of Emperor Tenmu as described in "Chronicles of Japan," the Koshin year is the ninth year.
Japanese: 『書紀』がいうように壬申年（672年）が天武天皇元年だとすると、庚辰年は9年になる。
English: This is a proof that the first year of Emperor Tenmu was considered to be the Kiyu year in the period of Emperor Jito when the inscription was made, and that "Chronicles of Japan" modified the calculated number of years.
Japanese: これは銘をいれた当時、持統天皇の時代に天武天皇元年が癸酉とみなされていた証拠であり、ひいては『日本書紀』が年数の計算を変更した証拠でもある。
English: However, "Chronicles of Japan" says that the enthronement occurred in the second year of Emperor Tenmu, or the Kiyu year, and that the first year was the Jinshin year, the description of 'in the eighth year of the enthronement' does not contradict the contents of "Chronicles of Japan."
Japanese: しかし『日本書紀』は即位が天武天皇2年の癸酉年にあったと記した上で元年を壬申年においているのだから、「即位八年」という表記は『書紀』の内容と食い違うものではない。
English: "Kaifuso" written in the Nara period described a story of Prince Otomo sympathetically and, unlike "Chronicles of Japan," it called Prince Otomo 'crown prince', but it did not refer to him as an emperor or describe that he was enthroned.
Japanese: 奈良時代に書かれた『懐風藻』は、大友皇子の伝を同情的に書き、『書紀』と異なり大友皇子を「皇太子」とするが、天皇とは呼ばず、即位したとも書かない。
English: "Kaifuso" contains an episode of Kadono no Okimi, son of Otomo, who was described as 'the oldest son of Prince Otomo'.
Japanese: 『懐風藻』には大友の子葛野王の伝もあり、そこでも葛野王は「大友太子の長子」とある。
English: Yoshiomi TANIMORI considered that the fact that "Kaifuso" referred to Emperor Tenchi as Tankai Ex-Emperor suggests presence of Tankai Post-Emperor and the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
Japanese: 谷森種松は、『懐風藻』が天智天皇のことを「淡海先帝」とことさらに「先」の字を付けて書いたのは、淡海後帝の存在を暗示するもので、大友皇子の即位を知らせようとしたのだと考えた。
English: Nobutomo BAN argued that the preface declared that "Kaifuso" contained poems 'from Tankai to Heito,' but Prince Otomo was the only one poet of the Tankai (Omi) period, indicating that this one was the emperor.
Japanese: 伴信友がこれに加えて、序文が「淡海から平都」までの詩をとったというのに、淡海朝（近江朝）の詩人が大友皇子1人だけというのは、暗にこの1人が天皇だったことを示すと論じた。
English: "Kaifuso" says that 'the will of heaven was not implemented' when Prince Otomo died, and there is a theory that states that the 'the will of heaven' means the position of the emperor.
Japanese: また『懐風藻』には大友皇子の最期を記すとき、「天命を果たさなかった」とあり、この「天命」の字を天皇の地位と解釈する説がある。
English: It is well known in the field of ancient history that advocates can make various interpretations to their advantage by using this kind of cipher theory, so it is not regarded as an academic approach anymore.
Japanese: ただ、この種の暗号説を用いれば、論者の都合でいかような解釈でも振り出すことができることは古代史ではよく知られており、今日学問的な論証として取り上げられることはない。
English: The first thesis that covered a history of theories on the enthronement of Prince Otomo was 大友天皇考Study of Emperor Otomo, a thesis covering "Dainihonshi" (Great history of Japan) by Kojiro HIRADE, published in 1897.
Japanese: 大友皇子即位をめぐる学説史を通観した研究論文は、『大日本史』までを扱った1897年（明治30年）に発表された平出鏗二郎の論文「大友天皇考」が初めである。
English: Based on this thesis, "Study history: Jinshin War" by Ryosaku HOSHINO detailed the studies up to modern times and is the most important literary work today.
Japanese: これを踏まえ、現代まで通して詳述したのが星野良作『研究史壬申の乱』で、今日までこれがもっとも充実した著作である。
English: The first literary work that advocated the enthronement theory based on historical investigations was "Teio Rekisu Zu" written by Kassho NABA in 1624 in the Edo period.
Japanese: 考証を経た上で即位論を唱えた最初の著作は、江戸時代の寛永4年（1624年）に那波活所が書いた『帝王暦数図』である。
English: It says that "Chronicles of Japan," "Kaifuso" and a Koshi Jijoshi document indicated that Prince Otomo was an emperor.
Japanese: それによれば『日本書紀』、『懐風藻』、瞽史児女子の書に大友皇子が帝だったという事実が書かれているという。
English: Since 'Emperor Otomo' was not found in "Chronicles of Japan" and "Kaifuso," it was considered that the conclusion was made based on some proofs, but details were unknown because the text was lost.
Japanese: 『書紀』と『懐風藻』に「大友帝」とは書かれていないから、何らかの論証を経た結論と思われるが、本文が失われているので内容不明である。
English: "Dainihonshi" (Great history of Japan) compiled by order of Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA contained a history of Emperor Otomo as one of its 'three characteristics'.
Japanese: その後、徳川光圀が編纂させた『大日本史』が、その「三大特質」の一つとして大友天皇紀を立てた。
English: Since the enthronement was just a theory, the history could be edited without mentioning it, but the history of Otomo was compiled according to the strong intention of Mitsukuni.
Japanese: それでも即位は説にすぎないから、伝を立てずにおく編集もありえたが、光圀の強い意向で大友紀が設けられた。
English: Katsushika KUSAKABE wrote "Yakushiji Satsumei Shaku (Interpretation of Inscription of Yakushiji Temple)" in 1794 and pointed out the existence of the inscription "the eighth year of enthronement, Boshin" on the East Pagoda of Yakushiji Temple, noted that the tai sui article of the history of Tenmu was in the second year instead of the first year, and asserted that if the Jinshin year was not an interregnum, Otomo had the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: 寛政6年（1794年）には、日下部勝皋が『薬師寺檫銘釈』を著して、薬師寺東塔の銘文「即位八年庚辰」の存在を指摘し、天武紀の太歳記事が元年ではなく2年にあることに注意を喚起して、壬申年は空位でないなら大友が皇位にあったのだと主張した。
English: Kotosuga TANIGAWA opposed to the enthronement theory and doubted the worth of Mizu Kagami as a historical material in "Zoku Dainihonshi Shiki" (a commentary on Japanese history) in 1774 and asserted that it was inconceivable that a state ceremony of enthronement was held immediately after the death of the emperor even in a turbulent age, not to mention the war immediately followed the ceremony.
Japanese: 即位説に反対して、谷川士清は安永3年（1774年）に『続大日本史私記』で水鏡の資料的価値に疑問をはさみ、即位のような大礼が天皇の死後すぐに行われたのは乱世でも考えにくいことで、乱が起きる前の時点ではなおさらだと論じた。
English: Yoshiki KONDO authored "Theories of Legitimacy" in 1829, put forward a theory that the Jinshin year was an interregnum, and argued that interpretation of the inscription of Yakushiji Temple and the tai sui article did not necessarily follow that Otomo was enthroned.
Japanese: また、近藤芳樹は文政12年（1829年）に『正統論』を著し、壬申年は空位の年だったという説をとり、薬師寺銘や太歳記事の解釈も直ちに大友即位を意味しないと論じた。
English: The final authoritative edition of the study of the Jinshin War in the Edo period is said to be "Nagara no Yamakaze" (The Mountain Wind of Nagara: a detailed commentary on Chronicles of Japan) written by Nobutomo BAN.
Japanese: 江戸時代の壬申の乱研究の決定版は、伴信友があらわした『長等の山風』とされる。
English: Ban advocated a Chronicles of Japan falsifying theory in "Hikobae" (Essays on Study of Historical Artefacts), and based on this theory he argued the enthronement theory in "Nagara no Yamakaze," supposing that the first year of Emperor Otomo was established in "Chronicles of Japan" in 714.
Japanese: 伴は『比古婆衣』で日本書紀改刪説を唱え、『長等の山風』でこの説を根拠に据えて即位説を論じ、和銅7年の『日本書紀』には大友天皇の元年が立てられていたと推測した。
English: Ban also argued that "Kaifuso" was formulated not to disclose the fact of the enthronement.
Japanese: また、『懐風藻』は即位の事実をあからさまに記すことを憚って字句を作ったのだと説いた。
English: All points at issue that support the enthronement theory were shown in the book by Ban and the Prince Otomo enthronement theory became a common view.
Japanese: 伴の著作によって即位説を支える論点は出揃い、大友皇子即位説が通説となった。
English: Since general history books, such as "Nihon Seiki", supported the Prince Otomo enthronement theory, the enthronement of Prince Otomo was a prevailing view among intellectuals at the end of the Edo period and in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 『日本政記』など一般向けの歴史書も大友皇子即位説をとったから、幕末の知識人の間で大友天皇の即位は常識化しており、明治時代の初めまでその状態が続いた。
English: On July 23, 1870, the young Meiji government gave posthumous titles of Emperor Kobun, Emperor Junnin, and Emperor Chukyo to Otomo Tei, Dethroned Emperor (Awaji) and Dethroned Emperor Kujo, respectively.
Japanese: 明治時代の初め、1870年（明治3年）7月23日に、政府は大友帝、廃帝、九条廃帝にそれぞれ弘文天皇、淳仁天皇、仲恭天皇と追諡した。
English: It was an offer of posthumous titles to three emperors, not an act to acknowledge them as emperors by giving such titles.
Japanese: 三人とも、天皇に対して諡を奉るという形式をとっており、諡をつけることで天皇に列したのではない。
English: Since it was clear that Junnin and Chukyo were emperors without posthumous titles, there was no problem, but the existence of 'Otomo Tei' was only based on theories.
Japanese: 淳仁、仲恭が天皇であったことは明白で、単に諡号がなかっただけであったから問題にはならなかったが、「大友帝」の存在は学説に拠るものだった。
English: People inside and outside government presented dissenting opinions, but the government did not accept them because they were a minority.
Japanese: 政府内外から反対意見が提出されたが、政府はその説を少数とみて採らなかった。
English: In 1904, Sadakichi KIDA published a thesis 'the history of Emperor Otomo with precedents of succession of empresses to the Imperial Throne' to suggest that there was a possibility that an empress was put up in the Jinshin year.
Japanese: 1904年（明治37年）に喜田貞吉が論文「女帝の皇位継承に関する先例を論じて大日本史の大友天皇本紀に及ぶ」を出して壬申年に女帝があった可能性を示唆した。
English: Kida criticized the "Chronicles of Japan" falsifying theory in this thesis and argued that double mistakes could not be made at the same time: the unnecessary tai sui in the second year of Emperor Tenmu was not deleted and the necessary tai sui Jinshin was deleted erroneously.
Japanese: 喜田はこの論文で『日本書紀』改刪説を批判して、不必要な天武天皇2年の太歳を削り忘れ、必要な太歳壬申を誤って削るという二重の不手際はありえないと論じた。
English: Kida argued the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory and the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement or Shosei theory became a dominant theory in the academic world.
Japanese: 論争を経て喜田は倭姫王即位説にまで論を進め、学界では倭姫王の即位または称制説が優勢になった。
English: However, when Kida lost his job due to Nanbokucho-Seijunron (argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in 1911, the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement or Shosei theory similar to that argument was also criticized.
Japanese: しかし、1911年（明治44年）に喜田が南北朝正閏論で職を失うと、同種の性格を持つこの論争も冷水を浴びせられた。
English: Kida developed his theory further and published a thesis 'Go Tankai no miya Gyo Tenno theory' in 1922.
Japanese: 喜田はその後も自論を発展させて1922年（大正11年）の論文「後淡海宮御宇天皇論」で区切りをつけた。
English: In response to this, Katsumi KUROITA argued in 1932 that a rough outline of Kida's thesis was acceptable but there was no proof of the enthronement, and assumed Shosei (ruling without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne).
Japanese: これに対しては1932年（昭和7年）に黒板勝美が、大筋は認めるが即位の証拠はないとして称制を推定した。
English: The enthronement theory was considered to be associated with the morals of advocates in the Edo period to 1945.
Japanese: 江戸時代から1945年まで、即位説は論者の道徳的姿勢にも関わる問題と意識されていた。
English: Kassho NABA who argued the enthronement first asserted that his theory followed the precedent of justification of Shu Emperor and put forward the theory of justification of Sogaku (Neo-Confucianism).
Japanese: 初めに即位を論じた那波活所は、自説を蜀皇帝を正当とした例にならうものとして、宋学の名分論を前面に出した。
English: Most advocates of the Prince Otomo enthronement theory criticized Emperor Tenmu as a criminal and blamed opponents who did not make such criticism by saying that such attitude could lead to acceptance of treason.
Japanese: その後も大友天皇即位説をとる者の多くは、天武天皇を簒奪者として非難し、そのような非難をしないのは反逆の容認につながると論敵を非難した。
English: The advocates of the non-enthronement theory, on the other hand, blamed opponents by saying that it was insolent that commoners gave titles of emperors.
Japanese: 逆に非即位説の論者は、臣下の身で勝手に天皇の称号を与える不遜を咎めて応酬した。
English: Various ideological theories were advocated before the early Meiji period, but none of them were judged correct as long as they were academic disputes.
Japanese: こういうわけで、明治初期までイデオロギー的発言は活発だったが、学問上の論争にとどまる限り、それがいずれかの有利不利に働くことはなかった。
English: The Prince Otomo enthronement theory was approved by the government in 1872 simply because it was a dominant theory at that time.
Japanese: 明治3年に大友皇子即位説が政府公認となったのは、単にそれが当時有力な説だったからである。
English: Once posthumous titles were given to emperors, however, the opponents to the enthronement of Emperor Kobun were doomed to be opponents to the judgment of Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: しかしひとたび追諡がなされると、弘文天皇即位に反対するものは追諡した明治天皇の決定に反することになった。
English: In Japan in those days, calm discussions were possible only within the academic circle of history, but there was no academic freedom outside the circle, and the government, politicians, shintoists and newspapers attacked the impiety of scholars.
Japanese: 当時の日本では、歴史学界内部に限れば冷静な議論が可能であったが、一歩外に出れば学問の自由は存在せず、政府、政治家、神道家、新聞が、学者の不敬を格好の攻撃材料とした。
English: When advancing the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory, Kida had to defend his theory from the allegation of irreverence by making a lame excuse.
Japanese: 倭姫即位説を唱えるに際し、喜田は自説が不敬ではないという言い訳を、苦しい理屈を作って弁じなければならなかった。
English: Scholars were dispirited and did not respond to the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory actively.
Japanese: 学者たちは萎縮し、結果として、倭姫即位説への反応は賛否とも鈍いものであった。
English: However, since the urgent task for historians was elimination of the Kokoku Shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto), the priority of succession to the Imperial Throne decreased.
Japanese: しかし歴史学者が取り組んだ当面の課題は皇国史観の払拭であったため、皇位継承問題の重要度は低くなった。
English: The difference between the enthronement theory and the non-enthronement theory is whether the ceremony of the enthronement was held, or when it was held.
Japanese: 即位説と非即位説の違いは、要するに即位の礼が行われたかという儀式の日取りに関することである。
English: Historians considered that it was important that Prince Otomo ruled the imperial court and the Jinshin War occurred regarding to the succession to the Imperial Throne, and whether formal enthronement was performed was a trivial problem.
Japanese: 大友皇子が朝廷を主宰していたこと、壬申の乱が皇位継承をめぐって争われたことが重要なのであって、形式的な即位の有無は小さな問題にすぎないという態度である。
English: Takashi TANAKA who supported the Kokoku Shikan kept his interest in the issue of the Imperial Throne and picked up the issue of succession after the war.
Japanese: 皇位問題への関心を絶やさなかったのは、皇国史観を護った田中卓で、戦前の関心をひきついで継承問題をとりあげた。
English: Tanaka published a thesis that denied the theory that 'Chutenno' was Yamatohime no Okimi, which was the basis of argument of the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory and got the issue back to where it was at the start.
Japanese: 田中は1951年の論文で倭姫即位説の論拠だった「中天皇」を倭姫とする説を突き崩し、問題は白紙に返ることになった。
English: Many studies were made on the Jinshin War, its various aspects were discussed actively, and the enthronement issue was also considered.
Japanese: 以後、壬申の乱研究が盛行し、乱のあらゆる側面が活発に論じられようになると、即位問題もその中で取り上げられた。
English: By that time, the criticism of the Chronicles of Japan falsifying theory by Kida and the criticism of the Yamatohime no Okimi emperor theory by Tanaka had become common perception.
Japanese: この時には、喜田による書紀改刪説批判、田中による倭姫中天皇説批判は共通の認識になっていた。
English: However, since the reliability of descriptions of "Chronicles of Japan" did not increase, the dispute regarding the enthronement theory was not solved, and was left to the conjecture of scholars.
Japanese: しかしこの間、『日本書紀』の記述の信頼性が高まったわけでもないので、即位説をめぐる論争は決定打を欠くまま諸学者の推測にゆだねられることになった。
English: Kojiro NAOKI who led the studies of the Jinshin War after the war supported the Prince Otomo Shosei theory, which became the mainstream.
Japanese: 戦後の壬申の乱研究を主導した直木孝次郎は大友皇子称制説をとり、これが主流と言ってよい。
English: Mitsuo TOYAMA advocated the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory again in the 1990's and Kazuhiro KURAMOTO asserted a theory in the 2000's that the Jinshin War broke out when the enthronement of Yamatohime no Okimi was planned, resulting in revival of the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement and Shosei theories with the background of a relay successor empress theory, and the issue was still unsettled.
Japanese: だが、1990年代に遠山美都男が改めて倭姫即位説を、2000年代に入って倉本一宏が倭姫の即位を予定した段階での乱勃発を説くなど、中継ぎ女帝論を背景にした倭姫即位・称制説が盛り返し、決着はついていない。
English: If Emperor Kobun was excluded, the number of generation of emperors was shifted by one, and it has an influence on the number of generation of the current emperor.
Japanese: 弘文天皇を除くと、以後の天皇の代数は全部一つずれることになり、現天皇の代数にも影響が及ぶ。
English: There are many other emperors whose number of generation was uncertain, and historians have to admit that the number of generation was a matter of political decision.
Japanese: しかし、天皇の代数を定め難い箇所は他にも多々あるので、歴史学の立場からは、代数は政治的決定の産物としか言いようがない。
English: The numbers are not changed by theories in the study of history after the war, and Emperor Kobun is the 39th emperor in the genealogy and chart.
Japanese: 戦後史学では学説によって数が変わることはなく、系図や表では現在も弘文天皇が第39代と記される。
English: Tetsudai Fushin was a large-scale civil engineering work done by territorial lords under the orders from the Toyotomi government and the Edo Shogunate.
Japanese: 手伝普請（てつだいふしん）は、豊臣政権や江戸幕府が諸大名に命じて行わせた大規模な土木建築工事のことである。
English: Buildings such as Osaka-jo Castle, Jurakudai Residence, Hoko-ji Temple Daibutsu-den Hall, Nagoya-jo Castle in Hizen Province, and Fushimi-jo Castle were constructed.
Japanese: 大坂城、聚楽第、方広寺大仏殿、肥前国の名護屋城、伏見城などが築城・造営された。
English: It strained the financial status of the territorial lords along with the military responsibilities in the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役の軍事的な負担とともに、諸大名の財政を逼迫させることになった。
English: It started with the requisition of Sengokufu (one laborer per yakudaka (salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post) of 1000 koku (approximately 278 cubic meters of crop yields)) for the construction of the castle town of Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 江戸城下町建設のために、千石夫（役高1000石につき1人の人足）を徴発したことに始まる。
English: After that, Edo-jo Castle, Hikone-jo Castle, Kameyama-jo Castle (Tanba Province), Sunpu-jo Castle, Nagoya-jo Castle, and Takada-jo Castle were constructed, and the territorial lords were mobilized for Fushin.
Japanese: その後、江戸城、彦根城、篠山城、亀山城(丹波国)、駿府城、名古屋城、高田城などの築城が続き、大名が普請に動員された。
English: The territorial lords in the early Edo period needed to adjust the ruling system in their own territory in order to respond to the order from the Shogunate to mobilize for Fushin.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期の諸大名は、幕府の普請動員に応えるために、自らの領内の支配体制を整える必要があった。
English: Just as the Shogun had enourmous authority over the territorial lords, the lords of the domains were required to establish the system with themselves ruling at the top (called "the establishment of the Domain System").
Japanese: 将軍が諸大名に対して強大な権力を誇示したように、藩内においては藩主自らを頂点とした体制を固めさせられることになったのである（「藩体制の成立」と呼ばれる）。
English: The strife over authority between the Karo (chief retainer) or the lord's own family and the lord of the domain led to conflicts and caused many family troubles.
Japanese: 家老・一族と藩主との権力闘争は軋轢を生み、多くの御家騒動を引き起こした。
English: Also, Tozama Daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lords) were integrated into the military system of the Shogunate by the mobilization for Tetsudai Fushin.
Japanese: また、外様大名は手伝普請に動員されることを通じて、幕府の軍役体系に組み込まれていった。
English: Among the most famous Fushin of rivers were the repair work of Yamato-gawa River in the Hoei era, the repair works of rivers and embankments in the flood-damaged areas in the Kanto region in the Kanpo era, and the embankment works of Kiso-gawa River, Nagara-gawa River, and Ibi-gawa River by Satsuma Domain in the Houreki era (Horeki Chisui Incident).
Japanese: 宝永の大和川改修工事、寛保の関東水損地域の河川・堤防改修工事、薩摩藩による宝暦期の木曾川・長良川・揖斐川の治水工事（宝暦治水事件）などが有名である。
English: Apart from constructions of castles and embankment works, the constructions and repair works of the following buildings were done by Tetsudai Fushin: shrines and temples in Nikko, Tokugawa Family's temples, namely Kanei-ji Temple and Zojo-ji Temple, the mausoleums of the Shogun and his family, the Imperial Palace and Residence.
Japanese: 築城・治水の他に手伝普請の対象となったのは、日光の社寺、徳川家の菩提寺である寛永寺・増上寺、将軍および家族の霊廟、禁裏・御所などの造営・修復である。
English: In the early Edo period, each domain paid the expenses and the domain was actually in charge of Fushin.
Japanese: 江戸時代の初期には、各藩が費用を負担し、実際に藩が取り仕切って普請が行われていた。
English: However, as time went by, Fushin was increasingly conducted by contracts made by merchants, and payment in cash became more and more common.
Japanese: しかし、時代が下るにしたがって、落札した町人などが現場の責任を負う請負形式が多くなり、さらには金納化も進行した。
English: And after 1775, payment in cash became the regular form of payment.
Japanese: そして、安永4年（1775年）以降は完全に金納化が通常の形となった。
English: Basically, each domain was responsible only for the expenses, and the Shogunate sent officials to supervise Fushin.
Japanese: 基本的には、各藩は費用を負担するだけとなり、幕府が直接担当役人を派遣して指揮監督するようになった。
English: Tetsudai Fushin in the Edo period strained the financial status of each domain and became one of the causes for the financial difficulties of the domains.
Japanese: 江戸時代の手伝普請も各藩の負担は過重であり、藩の財政を逼迫させる要因のひとつとなった。
English: However, Tetsudai Fushinthe was reduced or exempted from the domains which were assigned other tasks.
Japanese: ただし、他の課役・重職を担っている藩には、手伝普請を軽減あるいは免除する処置がとられた。
English: For example, following domains were exempted from Tetsudai Fushin in the middle and later period: Owari, Kishu, Mito, and Kaga; the domains with their lords filling such important posts as Roju; the domains with their lords filling the posts of shikoseki (anteroom seats for feudal lords and direct retainer of the shogun at the Edo-jo castle); and the domains in charge of the guard of Nagasaki, namely Saga and Fukuoka.
Japanese: 中後期の例では、尾張藩・紀州藩・水戸藩・加賀藩、老中などの要職在任中の藩、伺候席の大名、長崎警固を担う佐賀藩・福岡藩は免除されていた。
English: Ninsokuyoseba, Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata Ninsokuyoseba by formal name, was a self-support facility set up by the Edo Shogunate for minor offenders and those who are likely to commit crimes.
Japanese: 人足寄場（にんそくよせば）、正式名称火付盗賊改方人足寄場（かやくがたにんそくよせば）とは江戸幕府の設置した軽罪人・虞犯者の自立支援施設である。