nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The term "Dashi" includes Hikiyama (pulled-type float), Kakiyama (shouldered-type float) and other types of floats, while Okiyama (fixed-type float) may also be included in this category from the meaning of its kanji
Japanese: 山車には、曳き山、舁き山などが含まれ、読みの意味から考えると山（置き山）なども含まれる。
English: The most popular Dashi is Hikiyama equipped with wheels, followed by Kakiyama with long bars to shoulder.
Japanese: 最も一般的なものは車輪の付いた曳き山で、その他にはかき棒のついた舁き山などがある。
English: As was mentioned in the beginning, there are many names applied to Dashi, so it becomes necessary to be careful to discern the types of Dashi correctly, since, on the one hand, the same kind of Dashi have different names depending upon the region, but at the same time the same names are used for different types.
Japanese: 呼称は冒頭であげたようなものがあるが、同じものでも地域によって呼称が異なっていたり、異なったものに同じ呼称が用いられていることもあり、非常に複雑であるため注意を要する。
English: Everywhere in Japan, there exist many kinds of Dashi, while increasing number of Dashi have been elaborated in elegant taste.
Japanese: 山車は風流として練りだされたものが増え、全国各地で様々なものが存在する。
English: Although many yorishiro roles have decreased importance as a representative of a divine spirit, there are still some reminders of the roles of old yorishiro, such as beautifully attired little children or dolls on a float stage and other ornaments decorated as substitutes of yorishiro.
Japanese: 依り代としての役割が薄れたものが多いが、稚児や人形が乗っていたり、依り代として用いられるものが装飾に施されているなどの名残がある。
English: Some Hikiyama-type Dashi have very elaborate mechanism, and their sizes range from the normal size of portable shrine to more than ten fold that, weighing a few tons.
Japanese: 曳き山の山車の中には非常に凝ったからくりを持つものもあり、また大きさも普通の神輿サイズからその10倍以上の大きさ（重量で数トン程度）のものまで様々である。
English: Among them, the biggest Dashi in Japan is said to be Dekayama (literally, huge mountain) weighing about 20 tons, used at Seihaku-sai festival in Nanao City, Ishikawa Prefecture.
Japanese: 中でも、石川県七尾市の青柏祭の曳山（でか山）は重量約２０トンであり、日本最大とされる。
English: The appearance of such huge Dashi could be attributed to more effective pulling methods making it possible to move such enormous objects, to the preference of yorishiro for taller, more attractive Dashi, and contest among shrine parishioners to produce elegant Dashi.
Japanese: 大きな物が生まれた理由として、引くという形式から巨大なものが運行可能であるということ、依り代としてより目立つ背の高いものが用いられた名残、氏子同士の風流としての競い合いの結果などがあげられる。
English: There are many different types of undercarriages for Dashi, depending upon regions and districts, for example, wheels inside or outside the carriage, wooden or metal wheels of different sizes, with different structural designs for the frame of the carriage, etc.
Japanese: 台車の形状は地域や地区によって、車輪が台車の内についているものや外についているもの、車輪が木製のものや金属製のもの、車輪の大きさ、台車本体の木材の組み方などの違いがあり、数多くの種類がある。
English: Dashi usually have four wheels, but some may have additional wheels.
Japanese: 車輪の数としては四輪が一般的であり、それに補助の車輪がついているものもある。
English: Hikiyama (pull-type Dashi) seen at the Otsu-matsuri Festival held in Otsu city, Shiga prefecture, and the Dashi used at Ishidori-Matsuri Festival in northern Mie prefecture, have three wheels, while the Nirin Yatai with two wheels are pulled in the central eastern part of Totoumi Province from Morimachi, Shizuoka Prefecture and in Iwata City, and Dashi at the Hamasaki Gion Yamagasa have six wheels.
Japanese: ほかには滋賀県大津市の大津祭での曳山や三重県北部の石取祭に使われる山車が三輪であり、静岡県森町(静岡県)から磐田市にかけての遠江国中東部で引き回される二輪屋台、浜崎祇園山笠のように六輪あるものもある。
English: Ogi-gion festival once had a yama without wheels and it was moved by feeding numbers of logs, one after another, under the yama and moving the Yama along on the rolling logs, but such a primitive method was abolished, and the yama is now equipped with regular wheels.
Japanese: 小城祇園においては、旧来は車輪がついていない山の下に丸太を次々に敷き挽いて運行するという珍しいものだったが、現在は普通に車輪のついた曳き山となっている。
English: Dashi are usually moved by human power, but some are equipped with engines and steering wheels which can be driven like an automobile.
Japanese: 多くの場合、山車は人力で引いて動かすが、中にはエンジンやハンドルがついており自動車のように運転できるものもある。
English: In India, there is a religious belief that any one who is run over and killed by a divine float may be allowed to go to heaven.
Japanese: インドでは、神様の山車に轢かれ死ぬと、天国にいけるという宗教行為がある。
English: A Sensu or Ogi (folding fan) is an implement used to move air by hand like Uchiwa fans, and its frame is several dozens of wooden strips tied together with thread at their ends (kaname referred to as pivot), and when used, a Sensu or Ogi is widely unfolded and waved back and forth to create a cooling airflow.
Japanese: 扇子（せんす）・扇（おうぎ）とは、うちわと同じく自分の手で風を送るのに用いる道具であり、数本から数十本の細長い骨組みを束ねて端の一点（要＝かなめ）で固定し、使用時には開いて可動できる。
English: They are made out of accordion folded Washi (Japanese paper) pasted to movable strips of wood, and when a Sensu or Ogi is unfolded, it shows the accordion folded paper attached to the movable wooden strips.
Japanese: 骨には大抵和紙が貼られており、展開すると紙を貼られた部分が段々の扇面となる。
English: The angle a Sensu or Ogi when unfolded varies from 90 - 180 degrees, with around 120 degrees being the norm.
Japanese: 扇子を開く角度は、大体90度から180度の間であり、円を三等分した中心角120度前後のものが主流である。
English: The shape of the unfolded fan is called 'Ogigata or Senkei' and is used as a term in geometry.
Japanese: 扇子を開いた形は、「扇形（おうぎがた、せんけい）」と言い、幾何学の用語にもなっている。
English: The shape of an unfolded Sensu is known as 'Suehiro' in Japanese, and has been considered lucky.
Japanese: このような扇子の形状は、「末広」に通ずるので縁起のよいものとされてきた。
English: The word 'Ogi' has its origin in 'afugi (あふぎ)' (something which creates wind) which had derived from 'afugu (あふぐ)', and it has been hard to ascertain the association between the words.
Japanese: 「おうぎ」は、語源は「あふぐ」（扇ぐ）の派生形の「あふぎ」であるが、日本語の変化により関聨がわかりにくくなった。
English: Uchiwa were made much earlier than Sensu, and it is recorded that Uchiwa were being used in China in B.C.
Japanese: 扇子とうちわでは、うちわの方が遙かに成立が早く、紀元前の中国で用いられたという記録がある。
English: Among ancient Egyptian wall paintings, there is one showing a scene where a King was being attended by servants holding a huge Hane-uchiwa (feathered fan.)
Japanese: また、古代エジプトの壁画にも、王の脇に巨大な羽根うちわを掲げた従者が侍っている図がある。
English: History shows that uchiwa has existed since the appearance of civilization, and was adopted in Japan during the 7th century, the idea of developing it into a folding fan, Sensu, to make it easy to carry around was invented around the 8th century.
Japanese: このようにうちわは文明発祥時から存在する古い物であり、日本へは7世紀頃に伝来したが、うちわを折り畳んで携帯に便利な扇子にするというアイデアは、ずっと時代が下り、8世紀頃の日本で発明された。
English: The idea of developing an Uchiwa into Sensu was inspired from a things that were made by tying wooden strips together (like a present day memo pad) with thread through holes in the end of the wooden strips.
Japanese: 扇子の着想は、一説には、木簡（今で言うメモ帳のような物）を束ねて一端に穴を開け、紐などで繋いだ物が起源であるとされる。
English: A Sensu has been used as an expression of respect and good wishes and as a gift and as a communication tool since the Heian period, besides its function to create an airflow.
Japanese: 平安時代頃から、扇子（扇）はあおぐという役割だけでなく、儀礼や贈答、コミュニケーションの道具としても用いられた。
English: In fact, a lot of literature and historical books, including the Tale of Genji, say that a Sensu had Waka (poem) written on it or were decorated with some flowers.
Japanese: 具体的には和歌を書いて贈ったり、花を載せて贈ったりしたことが、源氏物語など、多くの文学作品や歴史書に書かれている。
English: Sensu invented in Japan were exported through China to the West in the age of discovery, and because of its convenient folding into a compact size it developed in a unique way, becoming very popular among high-class women of the times, as a communication tool when there were about 150 shops handling Sensu in Paris during the 17th century.
Japanese: 日本で発明された扇子は、コンパクトに折り畳めるという利点が高く評価され、大航海時代には中国を経由して西洋にまで輸出されて独自の発展を遂げ、17世紀のパリには扇を扱う店が150軒を数えるほど、上流階級の女性のコミュニケーションの道具として大流行した。
English: Among folding fans developed in Europe, there were some called Hane-ogi (feathered folding fan) and Yo-sen made of lace (for handicraft) knitted onto the strips.
Japanese: ヨーロッパで発展したものには、羽根扇やレース(手芸)を編みこんだ洋扇などがある。
English: It has been popularly known that Thomas Edison was successful using bamboo ribs of Sensu for filaments for his invention the incandescent bulb.
Japanese: トーマス・エジソンが、白熱電球のフィラメントに竹製の扇子の骨を使って成功したという有名な話がある。
English: Generally, ribs are made of bamboo or wood, in a tapered shape that become thinner towards the end.
Japanese: 骨の材質は、一般的には竹製または木製の物が多く、先端部ほど薄く細くなるテーパ構造になっている。
English: Most ribs of Sensu products are thin and long, and the accordion like folded Washi is glued to the ribs that show the accordion like folds of a Sensu when unfolded.
Japanese: 大抵の扇子の骨は細長く、折り畳んだ和紙を張って開くと段になるように展開する。
English: Ribs constituting the most ends of the frame (Oyabone, ribs at both ends of a folding fan) are the thickest, and unlike inside ribs, become thicker toward the end.
Japanese: 骨組みのうち一番外側の部分（親骨）はとくに太く、内側の骨とは逆に先端部ほど太くなっている。
English: Oyabone of expensive or fancy products are decorated with lacquer or gold-lacquer craft.
Japanese: 高級な物では、親骨に装飾として漆塗りや蒔絵などの細工が施されている。
English: A Sensu made with only a frame is usually made from a Koboku (fragrant wood) such as Koboku-byakudan (wood sandal of fragrant wood) by whittling them flat.
Japanese: 骨のみの扇子は、香木白檀などの香木を平たく削って作られることがある。
English: Such type of Sensu is now losing popularity, and paper folding fans using Washi are gaining more popularity.
Japanese: この形式の扇子はすたれ気味であり、和紙などを貼った紙扇が主流である。
English: There are Tessen products which are made of paper- or cloth-pasted on iron ribs, made of stacked iron pieces like Tanzaku (small card on which Japanese poems are usually written vertically), and which don't open although its appearance is like a Sensu's shape.
Japanese: 骨だけが鉄製で紙や布などを張ったもの、鉄の短冊を重ねたもの、また扇子の形を模しただけで開かない鉄扇も存在する。
English: From the need for painting on a curved area, fan painting progressed in drawing pictures on a curved shape (ogigata- or senkei-shaped place) was developed and is known as a Japanese painting style.
Japanese: この扇面に絵を描く必要から、湾曲した形状（いわゆる扇形）の紙に描く、扇絵と呼ばれる日本画の形式が発展した。
English: After the concept of Sensu spread to Europe, it developed into silk- or lace-glued Yo-sen.
Japanese: 扇子のアイデアがヨーロッパに輸出された時は、絹やレースを貼った洋扇に発展した。
English: In Okinawa, there are products called Kuba-ogi with surface made of leaves of a Biro (Kuba) (Livistona chinensis.)
Japanese: また、沖縄では扇面にヤシ科のビロウ（クバ）の葉を使ったクバ扇（くばおーじ）というものがある。
English: If it's brakes, the Sensu won't be able to fulfill its primary function, so this is the most important point
Japanese: この部位が壊れると扇子としての用を為さなくなるため、最も重要な部分である。
English: The purpose of a Sensu is to induce an airflow for cooling by waving it by hand on a hot day.
Japanese: 暑いときに、手元で扇子を開いて自ら風を送ることで涼しさを得ることを目的に扇ぐ。
English: When making a fire using charcoal, a Shibu-uchiwa (fan coated with persimmon tannin) or a Hifuki-dake (bamboo blowpipe used to stimulate a fire) will be perfect rather than a Sensu, but when making a holy fire at temples and shrines in Naritasan, it is observed for people to stimulate the fire by waving a unfolded Sensu back and forth.
Japanese: 炭火をおこす場合に扇ぐ用途には向いていない、渋うちわか火吹き竹が妥当であろう、成田山等の寺社で護摩を焚く場合には、点火後、扇子を広げて火を扇ぐ所作が見られる。
English: In a scene where noodle like udon (Japanese wheat noodle) is eaten in a Rakugo, a folded Sensu is often used to substitute for chopsticks.
Japanese: 落語でのうどんなどを食べる場面で、畳んだ状態での扇子を箸に見立てて用いる。
English: Hanashika (professional Rakugo storyteller) calls it Kaze (wind) as slang (a Tenugui towel is called Mandala as slang.)
Japanese: 噺家の隠語では扇子は風（かぜ）と呼ばれる（ちなみに手拭はマンダラ）。
English: When a person sits on the floor as a greeting, he takes out a folded Sensu from within the front overlap of his kimono (usually) and places it in front of his knees, before saying his greeting or thank-yous, considering the folded Sensu as a border line.
Japanese: 座って挨拶をするときに、胸元から畳んだ状態の扇子を自らの膝前に置き、それを境にするように相手に礼を行う。
English: Thus the folded Sensu to work as kekkai barrier in order to constitute a border line between himself and another person.
Japanese: これは扇子に自他のさかいをつくる結界としての役割をもたせたものである。
English: In the past, there were cases where a Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) designed Sensu was opened to be used for a target for bow and arrow.
Japanese: かつては、日の丸の扇子（白地に赤い丸が描かれている）を開いて、弓の的にした事例がある。
English: There is a famous story about NASU no Yoichi shooting an arrow into a Sensu placed at the top of a Taira clan's boat in the Genpei War.
Japanese: 源平合戦で弓矢の達人と言われた那須与一が、平氏の船の上に掲げられた扇の的を射抜いた故事は有名。
English: When playing Shogi (Japanese chess) or Igo (game of Igo), a Kishi (player) is likely to unfold or fold a Sensu while thinking about his strategy.
Japanese: 将棋や囲碁の対局時、棋士(将棋)や棋士(囲碁)が考える際に手で開け閉めしていることがある。
English: It is because habitual motions to fold and unfold a Sensu has a soothing effect on thinking when anticipating the coming moves.
Japanese: これは数十手先の着手を読む際に、開閉の単調なリズムが思考へ好影響をもたらすためである。
English: The sound folding and unfolding is sometimes likely to be annoying to the other parson, so it is considered good manners for the player to reciprocate the motion during his or her turn, as much as possible.
Japanese: なお扇子の開け閉めは相手にとって雑音として受け取られる場合もあることから、極力自分の考慮時間中に行う事が相手に対する礼節とされている。
English: A Sensu is used as a prop in classical Japanese dance or Nogaku, or for a substitute of a prop used in Shimai (No dance in plain clothes) or Su-odori Japanese dance on stage.
Japanese: 日本舞踊や能楽における小道具として、また仕舞・素踊などの際に本来の舞台において用いられる小道具の代りとして用いられる。
English: To discipline in a rakugo, a kodanshi pats his/her own head with a Sensu or a master pats his apprentice on his/her head with a Sensu rather than with the hand.
Japanese: 落語で自分の頭を叩いたり、踊りの師匠が弟子をたしなめるのに、手ではなく扇子を使って頭を叩く。
English: (In Samurai society, the act of slapping someone's head with a Sensu was an extreme insult.
Japanese: （但し、武士階級では扇子で頭を叩かれる（叩く）行為は非常に屈辱を与える（あるいは受ける）物とされた。
English: It is believed that the act to slap someone's head, hand, or leg with a Sensu began in the Meiji era.)
Japanese: 扇子で頭や手足を叩く行為は明治以降に行われる様になったと思われる。)
English: The 'harisen' is a giant folding fan which is usually made to appear closed, and is used by a straight man (tsukkomi) in a Dotsuki manzai (comic backchat using a tap as an interjection.)
Japanese: 大きな紙を折り畳んで一方をテープで止めたものは、「ハリセン」と呼ばれ、ドツキ漫才などでツッコミ用に使われる。
English: Tosenkyo Japanese game, is throwing a Sensu at a target and knocking it down..
Japanese: 投扇興（とうせんきょう）といい、扇子を的に向かって投げ、的を落とす遊びに用いる。
English: A white-surfaced Sensu available for writing a waka poem on to be presented as a gift can be a decoration and a gift, which will be described below:
Japanese: 和歌を書いて贈る場合の白地の扇子も装飾あるいは次の贈答の意味だといえる。
English: A Sensu seemed to be popular sales promotion item in the past, but an Uchiwa seems to have taken its place.
Japanese: かつては販売促進の物品に使われていたこともあったようだが、うちわにその座を追われた格好である。
English: Among nobles in society, during the Heian period, a senior-ranked person, from a noble class, used to give a Sensu to a lower-ranked person as a gift.
Japanese: この他、平安時代などに於ける貴族階級で上位の階級の者が親しい階級の者に下賜するときの贈答品としても用いられた。
English: A 'Tessen' made of iron ribs is hardly different from an iron bar, and can be a weapon used to slap or beat.
Japanese: 骨に鉄を用いた「鉄扇」はほとんど鉄棒と変らないため、殴打用の武器となる。
English: In places where a weapon, such as a sword, was not allowed, a Sensu was often used as an Anki (small concealed weapon) for self-protection.
Japanese: かつては刀剣などの武器を持込むことが禁じられた場所において、護身用の暗器として多く用いられた。
English: There are newly developed Sensu that conceal a blade or needle in the arc-shaped paper surface, and concealing a blade of a short-typed knife in the frame.
Japanese: 扇子の紙の弧の部分に刃や針を仕込んだものの他、骨組みが稼動しない物に短刀クラスの刀身を仕込んだ物などが考案されている。
English: Since, for a samurai warrior to carry an Inro (pill case) or a Sensu with him was fashionable, it was easy to flee from investigations.
Japanese: 侍にとって印籠や扇子を持つことは一種のファッションであった為、取調べを逃れることが容易であった。
English: When supporters dressed in Japanese clothes are cheering, they keep rhythm by moving a Sensu on which the word 'victory' is written.
Japanese: 応援団が和装で声援を送る時、手に「必勝」などの文字が描かれた扇子を振って調子を取る。
English: Mostly, a Hane-sensu is employed as an item carried by a noblewoman appearing in a musical and adds more opulence to the play.
Japanese: 主に歌劇中の女性貴族の持ち物として用いられ、劇中の華やかさを彩る物となっている。
English: Dancing in a disco was popular in the 1990s and many people danced with a Hane-sensu in JULIANA'S TOKYO British discotheque in Shibaura, so that's why it was called Juli-sen.
Japanese: 1990年代にはディスコで踊ることが流行し、ジュリアナ東京でも多く用いられたことからジュリ扇とも呼ばれた。
English: A Hane-sensu can be used for a prop in strip theaters.
Japanese: またこの羽根扇子はストリップ劇場などの舞台でも小道具として使われることがある。
English: In this case, after a Kimpu is put on a Sensu with a Kaname closer to the giver, the Sensu with a Kimpu on it is turned with the Kaname closer to the receiver and offered.
Japanese: このとき要を手前にして、金封をのせ、相手の膝前に要がむくように、転回してさしだす。
English: It means that a Sensu substitutes for a tray although originally, a tray should be used to offer a Kimpu.
Japanese: これは本来盆にのせてさしだすところを扇子で代用するという意味をもつ。
English: When committing Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), a short knife should be in fact plunged into the abdomen, but it has gradually become a ritualistic thing, and eventually, a Sensu substituted as a short knife for Seppuku.
Japanese: 切腹の際、本来は実際に短刀で腹を切るのであるが、次第に形式化して切る形だけとなり、後には小刀が扇子で代用されるようになった。
English: This is a competition where the quality of a Sensu held by the two groups of people in the Imperial court in the Heian period, and pictures were painted on the surface of the Sensu.
Japanese: 平安時代の宮中において2組に分かれて、扇を持ち合い、その描かれた絵画や材質の優劣を競い合う行事である。
English: A Sensu was made every month for an On-tsuki-ogi (御月扇) because the Emperor carried it with him for a visit at the Naishidokoro (a place where the sacred mirror was enshrined) storing the three sacred imperial treasures on the 1st day of the month, and also the Edokoro government office presented a fan with pictures of Kenjo sage in ancient China on its surface and pictures of plants and flowers on Kin-gin Sunago (gold and silver leaf reduced to powder) on the reverse side as a Kenjo-Onsuehiro fan.
Japanese: 毎月一日、天皇が三種の神器が安置されている内侍所へ参拝する為に御月扇として月毎に扇が新調されたほか、毎年、絵所から賢聖御末広として、表面に古代中国の賢聖、裏面に金銀砂子に草花を描いた扇が献上された。
English: There are an Ogi-mon crest designed based upon a Suridatami-ogi (摺り畳扇) and a Hi-ogi-mon crest designed based upon an Ita-ogi (a fan with thin wooden board) which are used for designing family crests.
Japanese: 家紋の意匠としても用いられ、摺り畳扇を図案化した扇紋（おうぎもん）と板扇を図案化した檜扇紋（ひおうぎもん）がある。
English: Ogi-mon crests include a five-ribs-fan crest representing the number of ribs, a Gangi-ogi crest showing realistic designs, a Sori-ogi crest with a portion of sori-kaeri (leaning backward) and an Ogi-bone (ogi-ribs) and a Jigami using parts of a fan.
Japanese: 扇紋には五本骨扇等の骨の数によって表されるものや・より写実的な図案の雁木扇や反り返りの付けられた反り扇、また、扇の部位を用いた扇骨（おうぎぼね）や地紙（じがみ）といったものもある。
English: There are the Satake-ogi crest for the Satake clan, the Shimabara-ogi crest for the domain of Shimabara and the Asano-ogi crest for the Asano clan, and the 'Takasaki-ogi crest (Mitsu-Gangi-ogi)' for the domain of Takasaki and Sanyutei appears in novels.
Japanese: 佐竹氏の佐竹扇、島原藩の島原扇や浅野氏の浅野扇等があり、高崎藩や三遊亭の紋である「高崎扇（三つ雁木扇）」は小説などにも出てくる。
English: Crests are used for a design of letter boxes and folding screens, and there is a picture of two fans with a painting of a scene from "the Tale of Genji" in the area from the front cover of 'Senmen Genji Makie Bunko' and its side as well as an artistic 'Senmen-chirashi byobu' folding screen produced by Sotatsu TAWARAYA.
Japanese: 文箱や屏風の意匠としても用いられ、「扇面源氏蒔絵文庫」には文庫の蓋表から側面にかけて、『源氏物語』の一場面が描かれた扇を二面描いているほか、俵屋宗達の「扇面散屏風」も作成されている。
English: Kamigatamai is a type of Japanese dance that emerged in Kyoto from 1800, in the middle of the Edo period, to the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 上方舞（かみがたまい）とは、江戸時代中期（1800年）から末期にかけて上方で発生した、日本舞踊の一種。
English: Kamigatamai originated in gotenmai (a kind of traditional Japanese dance) and static dance based on noh-type dancing, with added elements of Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and ningyo joruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater); the dance is performed in a tranquil manner with an emphasis on inner expression.
Japanese: 源流となった御殿舞と、能を基本にした静的な舞に、歌舞伎や人形浄瑠璃の要素を加味しており、しっとりとした内面的な舞い方をする。
English: In kamigatamai, the Inoue and Shinozuka Schools, developed in Kyoto, are specifically called Kyomai (Kyoto dance).
Japanese: また上方舞のうち、京都で発展した井上流、篠塚流を京舞（きょうまい）と呼ぶ。
English: The oldest school of kyomai, was established from 1804 to 1830 by Bunzaburo SHINOZUKA, a choreographer of kabuki shosagoto (kabuki drama).
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の文化(元号)・文政期（1804年-1830年）に、歌舞伎所作事の振付師・篠塚文三郎によって創設された京舞最古の流派。
English: A school established in 1806, the later Edo period, by Yugoro YAMAMURA, a choreographer of kamigata kabuki (kabuki of Kyoto and Osaka region), who worked with Utaemon NAKAMURA the third, dominating the world of kamigata dance at that time.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の文化三年（1806年）、三代目中村歌右衛門と共に活躍し、当時の上方舞踊界を席巻した上方歌舞伎の振付師・山村友五郎によって創設。
English: The School originated in gotenmai, a traditional Japanese dance style developed by kyogen (farce played during a No play cycle) performers who served at the Imperial Palace in Kyoto at the end of the Edo period, and was established in early Meiji period by Fuji YOSHIMURA.
Japanese: 江戸時代末期に京都の京都御所に出仕した狂言師が始めた御殿舞を源流とし、明治初期に吉村ふじによって創設された流派。
English: Incense burning is an example of Geido (art), aimed at enjoying incense while meditating in a quiet world away from the pressures of daily life, and to appreciate the fragrance rising from Koboku (fragrant wood) burned ("taku" in Japanese) according to traditional rituals.
Japanese: 香道（こうどう）とは、香りを楽しみ、日常を離れた集中と静寂の世界に遊ぶことを目的とした芸道で、一定の作法のもとに香木を炷（た）き、立ち上る香りを鑑賞するものである。
English: It is sometimes called Monko (listening to incense) or Ko-asobi (playing with incense) (the Chinese character of "taku" is 炷 [made up of two parts, "火" on the left and "主" on the right], but it may not be displayed in some Japanese environments; the same applies to the rest of this article)
Japanese: 聞香または香あそびということもある（たくは炷（火篇に主）であるが、一部の日本語環境では表示できない可能性がある。以下同様）。
English: Incense burning is regarded as a comprehensive art form because instruments decorated at the Ko-seki (incense ceremony) or used during procedures for burning Koboku have many artistic elements (see "Accessories used for incense burning" below), and recording paper used in Kumiko (incense combinations; see "Kumiko" below) have calligraphic elements.
Japanese: 同時に、香席に飾られたり、手前に使用する道具は美術的要素が高く（香道の道具）、組香（組香）の記録紙には書道の要素が加わることなど、総合芸術といわれる。
English: Since the term 'Ko wo Kiku (listening to burning incense)' is officially used and the term 'Ko wo Kagu (smelling incense)' is wrong (not considered elegant) when burning incense, the term 'Kiku' is also used.
Japanese: 香道においては香を「聞く」と表現するのが正式であり、「嗅ぐ」という表現は誤りである（不粋とされる）ため、本稿においても「聞く」と表現している。
English: Koboku originally used in religion (mainly Buddhism) was introduced to Awaji Island in 595 and was used to appreciate incense by listening to as it burns, and as a result, incense burning developed as unique Japanese Geido.
Japanese: 香道は、香木が推古天皇3年（595年）に淡路島に漂着してから、宗教的（主として仏教）に利用されてきた香木を、炷き、香りを聞いて鑑賞するものとして利用するようになり、結果として日本独自の芸道として発展した。
English: It was systematized as 'Monko (聞香; or 門香 also pronounced as Monko in Japanese; see "Monko" below)' which means listening to and appreciating Koboku incense, and furthermore as Kumiko (see "Kumiko" below) which is a game of distinguishing different types of incense by listening.
Japanese: 特に、香木の香りを聞き、鑑賞する「聞香」（門香）、さらに香りを聞き分ける遊びである組香（組香）として体系化したものである。
English: During the Higashiyama Culture that flourished in the Muromachi period, incense burning rituals were established almost at about the same time Sado (tea ceremony) and Kado (flower arrangement) were established, and it is believed that incense burning had become close to the contemporary style.
Japanese: 室町時代の東山文化のころ、茶道や華道が大成するのとほぼ同時期に作法なども大成され、現在の形に近いものになったと考えられている。
English: Around this time, the 'Rikkoku-gomi,' method of categorizing Koboku into various kinds of incense, was also systematized.
Japanese: この頃、それぞれに異なる香りを有する香木の分類法である「六国五味」（りっこくごみ、六国五味）なども体系化された。
English: Incense burning is often performed without using any instruments or accessories like senko (incense stick), etc. and is lit directly, and in many cases, it is performed through the processes of putting burned Tadon (charcoal briquettes) in the Monko-ro (or Kikiko-ro; incense burner used in Monko), shaping the ash, putting a mica board called Ginyo on top of the ash, and burning Koboku cutting it into thin cubes measuring a few millimeters, and exuding incense.
Japanese: 香道においては、線香等のように直接点火するものはあまり用いられず、多くは聞香炉に灰と熾した炭団を入れ、灰を形作り、その上に銀葉という雲母の板をのせ、数ミリ角に薄く切った香木を熱し、香りを発散させる方式がとられる。
English: The amount of exuded incense is decided by a degree of heat, so, the heat conducted is adjusted through the process of changing the distance between Ginyo and Tadon by pressing Ginyo on top of the ash.
Japanese: 熱の強さによって、銀葉を灰の上で押すことで、銀葉と炭団の位置を調節することで伝わる熱を調節し、香りの発散の度合いを決める。