nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: She was born at the Minamioji residence in Shimogamo Village, Otagi County, Province of Yamashiro (present-day Shimokamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto) and on October 14, 1845, at the age of 13, she became a wife of the Crown Prince, Imperial Prince Osahito (later Emperor Komei), who was 2 years older than her.
Japanese: 山城国愛宕郡下鴨村（現京都市左京区下鴨）の南大路家で誕生し、弘化2年（1845年）9月14日(旧暦)、13歳の時に、2歳年上の東宮統仁親王（のちの孝明天皇）の妃となる。
English: Emperor Komei was enthroned in the year following their marriage, and on January 1, 1849, she received Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), then on January 9 of the same year, she officially entered the Imperial Palace and was proclaimed Nyogo (a high-ranking lady in the court).
Japanese: 結婚翌年には孝明天皇が即位し、嘉永元年（1848年）12月7日(旧暦)従三位、同月12月15日(旧暦)入内して女御宣下を被る。
English: Emperor Komei wanted Asako to become an empress, but he met Shogunate's opposition that maintained that she should first have the court rank of Jusangu, so on June 13, 1853, Asako was promoted to Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) and Jusangu.
Japanese: 孝明天皇は夙子の立后を望んだが、先ず准三宮に叙すべしという幕府の反対にあい、嘉永6年（1853年）5月7日(旧暦)、夙子は正三位・准三宮に上る。
English: In 1850, she gave birth to the first princess, Imperial Princess Yoriko (1850 - 1852), and in 1858, she gave birth to the second princess, Fukinomiya (1858 - 1859), but because they both died in their infancy, on August 26, 1860, by the order of the Emperor, she named the 9-year old second prince Sachinomiya as 'her own son.'
Japanese: 嘉永3年（1850年）に第一皇女順子内親王（1850年-1852年）、安政5年（1858年）に第二皇女富貴宮（1858年-1859年）を生んだが、いずれも幼児期に夭折したため、万延元年（1860年）7月10日(旧暦)、勅令により9歳の第二皇子祐宮を「実子」と称した。
English: When she was 34, Emperor Komei died unexpectedly and, after Emperor Meiji was enthroned, she was officially made Empress Dowager on April 10, 1868.
Japanese: 34歳で夫孝明天皇の急逝に遭い、明治天皇即位後、慶応4年（1868年）3月18日(旧暦)、皇太后に冊立。
English: After the capital was renamed Tokyo, she moved to Akasaka Detached Palace in 1872 then, in July of the same year, she moved to Aoyama Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 東京奠都後、明治5年（1872年）、赤坂離宮に遷御、同7年、青山御所に移る。
English: Her Imperial mausoleum is Nochino-Tsukinowano-Tohokuno-Misasagi in Imakumano, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, where Emperor Komei is also entombed.
Japanese: 御陵は京都市東山区今熊野の後月輪東北陵（のちのつきのわのとうほくのみささぎ）で、孝明帝と同所になっている。
English: Kyoto Omiya Imperial Palace was constructed for Empress Dowager Asako in 1867.
Japanese: なお、京都大宮御所は、皇太后夙子のために慶応3年（1867年）造営されたものである。
English: Originally aristocrats, they became warriors after moving to Kanto as vassals of Imperial Prince Munetaka when he was chosen to be Shogun.
Japanese: 元は公家であるが、鎌倉幕府の将軍に選ばれた親王の従者として関東に下向し、武士化した。
English: They are well-known for being a warrior family that prospered from the Kamakura and Muromachi Periods to the Edo Period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代、室町時代から江戸時代にかけて栄えた武家の一族が著名である。
English: Belonging to the Kajuji line of the Northern (Hokke) Fujiwara, they were a middle rank aristocratic family until the mid-Kamakura Period, when Shigefusa Kajuji was put in charge of Uesugi no Sho in Ikaruga District of Tanba Province (present-day vicinity of Uesugicho, Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture), thereby acquiring the surname of Uesugi.
Japanese: 藤原北家勧修寺流の流れを汲み、鎌倉時代の中頃まで京都の中級公家の家柄であった、重房の代に至って丹波国何鹿郡上杉庄（うえすぎのしょう、現在の京都府綾部市上杉町周辺）を領したことにより上杉を名字とした。
English: Originally, they were court nobles who served the Imperial Family, but they moved to Kamakura upon Imperial Prince Munetaka's installation as Shogun during the late Kamakura Period, after which they became warriors.
Japanese: 元々は、天皇家に仕える公家であったが、鎌倉時代後期、親王の将軍就任に従って鎌倉へ下向してのちに武士となった。
English: During the Muromachi Period they passed on the stewardship of the Kamakura Kubo and subsequently the Kanto Kanrei position (a shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) through hereditary succession, and they also prospered as a powerful shugo daimyo family that held the governorship of Sagami, Musashi, Kozuke and Echigo Provinces.
Japanese: 室町時代は鎌倉府にあって鎌倉公方の執事、次いで関東管領の職を世襲し、相模国、武蔵国、上野国、越後国など一門で4ヶ国の守護職を占める有力守護大名としても栄えた。
English: However, their power gradually declined due to internal strife over hegemony in Kanto between the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family that was already based in Kanto and had been serving Kamakura-fu, and the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi family that originally lived in Kyoto and served Muromachi-fu.
Japanese: しかし、従来より鎌倉府に仕え関東に拠点のあった山内上杉家と、当初は室町幕府に仕えて京都に在住した扇谷上杉家が、関東の覇権をかけて内紛を起こし次第に勢力を衰退させる。
English: During the Warring States Period, control of Kanto was gradually taken over by the newly arising force of the Gohojo clan, and the head of the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family, Norimasa UESUGI, passed on the Uesugi name to Kagetora NAGAO (later Kenshin UESUGI) of the Nagao clan, who was gaining power as the Governor of Echigo.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には関東における覇権を、次第に新興勢力である後北条氏に押され、山内上杉家の当主上杉憲政は、越後守護代として勢力を台頭させていた長尾氏の長尾景虎（後の上杉謙信）に上杉の名跡を譲った。
English: Through this, the Uesugi clan gradually regained power and his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI (of the Nagao clan), served n th Council of Five Elders (Go-Tairo) in the Toyotomi government and received Aizu domain, worth 1.2 million koku.
Japanese: これにより再び上杉氏は勢いを取り戻し、その養子上杉景勝（長尾氏のうち長尾氏より）は豊臣政権の五大老を務め、会津藩120万石。
English: Later, they faced a crisis of having no heir, and they were demoted to 150,000 koku (in reality 330,000), but they maintained their position as daimyo until the end of Edo Shogunate.
Japanese: のち無嗣の危機に瀕したこともあり15万石（実高33万石）に減知されたが、幕末まで大名としての地位を維持した。
English: During the time of the first Uesugi, Shigefusa, they moved to Kamakura with Imperial Prince Munetaka, who was installed as Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Kamakura Shogunate, and they became relatives of the powerful vassal family, the Ashikaga clan, through arranged marriages.
Japanese: 初代上杉重房のとき、鎌倉幕府の征夷大将軍に迎えられた宗尊親王に従って鎌倉へ下向し、有力御家人の足利氏と姻戚関係を結んだ。
English: During the Period of the Southern and Northern Courts, Shigefusa's grandson, Norifusa UESUGI, whose younger sister, Kiyoko UESUGI, was Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA's mother, was assigned as Shugo (governor) of Kozuke Province as a reward for helping Takauji, and he fought against the Southern Court supporters, the Nitta clan, in the Kanto Area.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)、重房の孫・上杉憲房は妹の上杉清子が足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟の母であったことから尊氏を助けて功績を立て、上野国の守護に任ぜられて関東地方で南朝方の新田氏と戦った。
English: Furthermore, another grandson of Shigefusa became a monk named Nichijo, who followed the Daimoku doctrine and owned Hongoku-ji Temple in Kyoto, as well as Honjo-ji Temple in Sanjo, Echigo Province (Sanjo City, Niigata Prefecture).
Japanese: また、重房の別の孫は題目宗の僧となって日静と名乗り、京本圀寺や越後国三条本成寺（新潟県三条市）を有した。
English: He edited 'Kamakura Denchu Mondo,' a collection of his accomplished master, Nichiin's debates and was implemental in the prospering of this school.
Japanese: 師の名僧日印の問答対決を「鎌倉殿中問答」にまとめ、宗門の興隆を導いた。
English: Later, during the Kanno Disturbance, there were troubles such as confrontations with the Ko clan, but during Norifusa's son, Noriaki UESUGI's time, the family became Shugo of Kozuke, Echigo and Izu Provinces.
Japanese: その後、観応の擾乱では高氏と対立するなど波乱もあったが、憲房の子の上杉憲顕の時代には上野・越後国・伊豆国の守護を兼ねた。
English: In 1363, Noriaki UESUGI was assigned as a steward (Kanrei) of Kamakura Kubo Motouji ASHIKAGA, and after he became the first Kanto Kanrei, the family split into four branches: the Inukake, the Yamanouchi, the Takuma and the Ogigayatsu (the name of their place of residence is used at the beginning of the surname).
Japanese: 上杉憲顕が1363年に鎌倉公方足利基氏の執事（管領）に任ぜられて、初代の関東管領になって以来、鎌倉に居住した一族から犬懸（いぬかけ）、山内（やまのうち）、宅間（たくま）、扇谷（おうぎがやつ）の4家が出た（頭に居住地名を冠している）。
English: The Takum-Uesugi family declined early, and the Inukake-Uesugi family dropped out from the main lineage after the Uprising of Zenshu UESUGI, therefore, from the mid-15th century the 2 families of the Yamanouchi-Uesugi, descendants of Noriaki, and the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi, descendants of Noriaki's cousin, became dominant, with the Kanto Kanrei position being dominated by the head of the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family.
Japanese: 宅間上杉家は早くに衰え、犬懸上杉家は上杉禅秀の乱により主流派から脱落したので、15世紀半ばからは憲顕の子孫山内上杉家と、憲顕の従兄弟の子孫扇谷上杉家の2家が有力となるが、関東管領の職はもっぱら山内上杉家の当主が独占した。
English: Kanto Kanrei Norizane UESUGI, who was the head of Yamanouchi-Uesugi family at this time, made his mark on history as the one who restored the Ashikaga School.
Japanese: この頃の山内上杉家当主であった関東管領上杉憲実は、足利学校の再興者として歴史に名を残している。
English: On the other hand, antagonism between the Uesugi clan and the Ashikaga Kubo family broke into the open and, in 1454, civil war (the Kyotoku Incident) began when Kamakura Kubo Shigeuji ASHIKAGA killed Kanto Kanrei Noritada UESUGI, and Kanto effectively entered the Warring States Period over 10 years prior to the Onin War.
Japanese: その一方、上杉氏と足利公方家の対立が鮮明となり、1454年には鎌倉公方足利成氏が関東管領上杉憲忠（憲実の子）を殺害したことに発する内乱（享徳の乱）が発生し、関東は応仁の乱よりも十数年早く事実上の戦国時代_(日本)に突入することとなった。
English: During the Kyotoku Incident, the Ogigayatsu- and Yamanouchi-Uesugi families formed an alliance and fought against the Koga Kubo (the later form of the Kamakura Kubo) but after making peace, they began to fight among themselves, leading to a decline in their power, and they came under pressure from the emerging Gohojo clan.
Japanese: 享徳の乱の際、扇谷・山内両上杉家は連合して古河公方（鎌倉公方の後身）と敵対していたが、古河公方との和睦後は両家で争うようになり、内紛の末に衰退し、新興の後北条氏に圧迫されるようになる。
English: The Ogigayatsu-Uesugi family, which held power in Musashi Province, was defeated and destroyed by the Gohojo clan at the Kawagoe Night Battle in 1545, and Norimasa UESUGI of the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family, who was based in Kozuke Province, began to receive direct attacks from the Gohojo Clan, causing their power to also deteriorate.
Japanese: 武蔵国に勢力をもっていた扇谷上杉家は、1545年の河越夜戦で後北条氏に敗れて滅亡し、上野国を本拠としていた山内上杉家の上杉憲政も、河越夜戦以降は後北条氏の攻撃を直に受けるようになって勢力を衰退させていった。
English: Norimasa finally gave up Kanto, and he came to rely on the Echigo Nagao clan, which originally was of vassal lineage and also related through marriage.
Japanese: 憲政はついに関東を放棄し、もとは家臣筋であり外戚でもあった越後長尾氏を頼った。
English: In 1561, Norimasa passed on the name of Yamanouchi-Uesugi and the position of Kanto Kanrei to Kagetora NAGAO (later Kenshin UESUGI) of the Echigo Nagai clan, and Norimasa moved to Kasuga-yama Mountain.
Japanese: 1561年、憲政は山内上杉家の名跡と関東管領の職を、越後長尾氏の長尾景虎（後の上杉謙信）に譲り、自身は春日山に移った。
English: Kenshin UESUGI based himself in Echigo and expanded his territory into Kanto and the Hokuriku Region, but after his death, a fight to become the head of the family (Otate War) developed between his two adopted sons, Kagekatsu UESUGI and Kagetora UESUGI, and because of this turmoil they lost their territories in the Kanto Region.
Japanese: 上杉謙信は、越後を拠点として領国を関東と北陸地方に拡大したが、その死後、二人の養子上杉景勝と上杉景虎の間で家督争い（御館の乱）が起こり、この混乱によって関東地方の領国を喪失した。
English: Kagekatsu, the son of Kenshin's older sister, who was from the Nagao family (the Echigo Nagao clan), won this war and inherited the name of the Uesugi clan, but later members of the clan (the Nagao Uesugi clan) call Kenshin the first generation and Kagekatsu the second generation.
Japanese: この争いは、長尾一族の出身（越後長尾氏）で謙信の姉の子にあたる景勝が勝利し、上杉氏の名跡を継承するが、謙信・景勝以降の上杉氏（長尾上杉氏）では、謙信を初代、景勝を二代と称している。
English: During this time, in 1587 he captured the rebel Shigeie SHIBATA and reunified Echigo and in 1589, restored order in Sado Province on Hideyoshi's orders.
Japanese: この間、1587年には反抗した新発田重家を攻略して越後を再統一し、1589年には秀吉の命により佐渡国を平定。
English: He possessed Echigo and Sado Provinces as well as Shonai region in Dewa Province, totaling 910,000 koku, and with many gold mines within their territory, his actual income was said to have been 1.2 million koku.
Japanese: 越後、佐渡、出羽国庄内地方の91万石を領有し、領内に多くの金山を抱えてその実収入は120万石と言われた。
English: In 1598, Kagekatsu was transferred to the neighboring Aizu domain, and his territories of Mutsu Province's Aizu, Shirakawa Domain, Tamura District, Adachi District, Fukushima Domain, Date District, Shonai (Tagawa District and Akumi District), Okitama District, Higashikanbara District and Sado, totaled 1.2 million koku but in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, he fought against Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and was demoted to 300,000 koku (in reality 510,000 koku) in Yonezawa domain.
Japanese: 1598年、景勝は隣国の会津藩に移封され、陸奥国の会津・白河藩・田村郡・安達郡・福島藩・伊達郡・庄内（田川郡と飽海郡）・置賜郡、東蒲原郡、佐渡などに総計120万石を領有するが、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いに際して徳川家康に敵対し、米沢藩30万石（実高51万石余）に減封された。
English: In 1664, Kagekatsu's grandson, Tsunakatsu UESUGI, died suddenly and there was a danger of the family dying out, but due to efforts by Tsunakatsu's father-in-law, Masayuki HOSOKAWA, who was a younger brother of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, Tsunanori UESUGI, the son of his daughter's husband, Yoshihira KIRA (Kozu no suke, descendant of the female side of Ogigayatsu Uesugi family) became an adopted son of Tsunakatsu, and as a result the family was permitted to continue its family name with a half stipend of 150,000 koku (30,000 koku in actuality).
Japanese: 1664年、景勝の孫上杉綱勝が急死して断絶の危機を迎えたが、綱勝の舅保科正之（徳川家光の実弟）の尽力により、妹婿吉良義央（上野介、扇谷上杉家の女系子孫）の子上杉綱憲が綱勝の養子に入りした結果、半知15万石（実高30万石余）で家名存続することを許された。
English: The continuous demotions reduced the size of the Uesugi, but they enshrined Kenshin UESUGI's remains, brought in from Mt. Kasugayama Castle in Echigo, within the keep of Yonezawa Castle the remains of Kenshin UESUGI, and they maintained a proud samurai tradition based on Kenshin Worship.
Japanese: 上杉氏は相次ぐ減封により規模を縮小させたが、越後の春日山城から持ち込んだ上杉謙信の遺骸を米沢城の本丸内に安置し、謙信崇拝に基づいた誇り高い士風を守った。
English: Furthermore, financial troubles caused by the demotions troubled them, but during the latter Edo Period, Yozan (Harunori) UESUGI rebuilt their economy through encouraging new industries in the domain.
Japanese: また、減封のため財政難に悩まされたが、江戸時代後期には上杉鷹山（治憲）が藩の殖産興業を行って財政を立て直した。
English: Kuninori UESUGI, who is a professor at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, is the sixteenth head of the Uesugi family of Yonezawa Domain (seventeenth, counting from Kenshin).
Japanese: 宇宙工学で宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部教授の上杉邦憲は米沢藩上杉家の16代目当主にあたる（謙信から数えて17代目）。
English: Noritoshi UESUGI of the Fukaya family became a hanshi (samurai) of Hirafuku Domain, and it is said that the descendants of the Takuma-Uesugi family and Norikatsu UESUGI of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi family became hatamoto, vassals to the shogun.
Japanese: 深谷家上杉憲俊は平福藩藩士になり、宅間上杉家や扇谷家上杉憲勝の子孫は旗本になったと云われる。
English: Descendants of Nagakazu UESUGI, the second son of Masashige JOJO (Nyuan UESUGI), survived as the hatamoto (koke) Uesugi clan, and their territory included Inba District and Chiba District in Shimousa Province.
Japanese: 上条政繁（上杉入庵）の次男・上杉長員の子孫は、旗本（高家）上杉氏として存続し、領地は下総国印旛郡・千葉郡などである。
English: Descendants of the eldest son, Kagehiro, served the Uesugi family as the Noto Hatakeyama family, and descendants of the third son, Yoshizane, also became the hatamoto (later koke) Hatakeyama clan, and the one who stopped Tsunanori UESUGI's dispatching of troops was Yoshizane's descendant, Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA (opinions that suggest the Chizaka and Irobe clans are myths), the descendant of Yoshizane.
Japanese: 長男・景広の子孫は能登畠山家として上杉家に仕え、三男・義真の子孫も旗本（のち高家）畠山氏、上杉綱憲の挙兵を止めたのがその末裔である畠山義寧（千坂や色部だというのは俗説）である。
English: Furthermore, Norimasa UESUGI's descendants and the vassal families belonging to the Uesugi clan, such as the Chizaka clan and the Sanbonji clan, continued to exist as Yonezawa hanshi.
Japanese: また米沢藩士としても、上杉憲政の後裔や千坂氏、山本寺氏など上杉家の庶家が存続した。
English: There are many branch families of the Uesugi clan, and the following lineages that branched out during the generations of the sons of Yorishige UESUGI and Norifusa UESUGI are the most well-known.
Japanese: 上杉氏には数多くの分家があり、上杉頼重、上杉憲房の子息の代で分かれた以下の系統が著名である。
English: They prospered during the Muromachi Period, but they all declined in the turmoil after the Warring States Period and, as noted above, many of their descendants became hatamoto or hanshi of various domains, the only ones remaining as daimyo during the Edo Period being the Kagatsume clan and the main Yamanouchi-Uesugi clan, who adopted Kenshin UESUGI from the Nagao clan.
Japanese: 室町時代は隆盛したが、戦国時代以降の混乱によりいずれも没落しており、その末裔は上記のように旗本や諸藩士になる者が多く、江戸時代に大名として存続したのは長尾氏から上杉謙信を養子に迎えた山内上杉宗家と加賀爪氏のみとなった。
English: Shigeyoshi lost the political battle against KO no Moronao and died, and even though they continued to exist through adoption from the Yamanouchi-Uesugi family, the heir lineage eventually became absorbed by the Yamanouchi family.
Japanese: 重能が高師直との政争に破れ死去し、山内上杉家から養子を迎え存続したが、嫡流は次第に山内家に吸収されていった。
English: As for the illegitimate line, there is the family of a son of Norifusa, Shigekane UESUGI, which produced Norinao UESUGI, who served as a vassal of Mochiuji ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 庶流としては、憲房の一子、上杉重兼の一族がおり、足利持氏の側近を務めた上杉憲直を輩出している。
English: During the Warring States Period, they served Ujitsuna HOJO and, after the decline of the Gohojo clan, they used the name Takuma-Uesugi family and became Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's hatamoto.
Japanese: 戦国期には北条氏綱に降り、後北条氏滅亡後は宅間上杉家を名乗り、徳川家康の旗本となった。
English: Norifuji became the steward of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, the son of Takauji ASHIKAGA, and lived in Inukake, becoming the patriarch of Inukake family.
Japanese: 憲藤は足利尊氏の子の足利義詮の執事となり犬懸に在住し犬懸家の祖となったとされる。
English: They declined due to the Uprising of Zenshu Uesugi during the generation of Norifuji's grandson, Zenshu UESUGI, and they were distanced from the main group in the government of Kanto, but many of Ujinori's children served the Shogunate and the bloodline continued to exist, and some of them even became Kanto shitsuji (stewards) to the Horigoe Kubo, and continuing to make their mark in the politics of Kanto even after Zenshu's time.
Japanese: 憲藤の孫の上杉禅秀の代に上杉禅秀の乱により衰退し、関東の政治の主流派からは遠ざかったが、氏憲の子の多くは幕府に仕え血統は存続し、一部は堀越公方の関東執事となるなど、禅秀以降も関東の政治に足跡を残した。
English: However, after the Warring States Period, their status was unclear, and it is considered that they became ruined.
Japanese: しかし、戦国時代を境にその動静は確認できなくなり、没落したと思われる。
English: Descendants of Kenshin UESUGI (Kagetora NAGAO of the Sanjo Nagao family), who succeeded Norimasa, in particular, are also called the Nagao-Uesugi clan.
Japanese: 憲政から家督を譲られた上杉謙信（長尾景虎<三条長尾家>）の系統を特に長尾上杉氏とも呼ぶ。
English: It began when the descendants of Tomosada UESUGI, a son of Norifusa's older brother, Shigeaki UESUGI, lived in Ogigayatsu in Kamakura.
Japanese: 憲房の兄上杉重顕の子の上杉朝定の子孫が鎌倉の扇谷の地に在住したのが始まり。
English: The Echigo-Uesugi family, who were hereditary Shugo of Echigo Province, split into the Inukake-Uesugi family (through adoption, it is the Yamanouchi Uesugi family by bloodline), and within Echigo Province, the Sanbonji-Uesugi family, the Yamaura-Uesugi family and the Jojo-Uesugi family.
Japanese: また、犬懸上杉家から越後守護を世襲する越後上杉家が分かれ（養子により血統的には山内上杉家）、越後国内に山本寺上杉家、山浦氏、上条上杉家を分家した。
English: They became antagonistic to the Deputy Shugo Nagao clan and during Fusatada UESUGI's time, they defeated the Nagao clan, becoming the dominant power in what was their heyday.
Japanese: 守護代の長尾氏と対立するようになり、上杉房定の代には長尾氏を抑え優勢となり全盛期を築き上げた。
English: After Fusatada's death, there was a mutiny when Tamekage NAGAO, who supported Sadazane UESUGI, staged Fusayoshi UESUGI's suicide, then after Tamekage's death, Sadazane UESUGI attempted to regain power with the support of the Date clan, but he was defeated in the Tenbun War and died without an heir, thereby eliminating the family line in 1550.
Japanese: 房定の死後は、上杉定実を擁する長尾為景によって上杉房能が自害に追い込まれるなど下克上され、上杉定実は為景の死後、伊達氏の支援により復権を図るものの天文の乱により挫折し、後継のないまま死去、1550年に断絶した。
English: Even though an illegitimate line within the Uesugi family, descendants included Sadayori UESUGI, who served as acting head of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi family at one point and, because he was valued by Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, became Shugo of Awa Province.
Japanese: 上杉家では庶流筋であるが、子孫としては上杉定頼がおり、彼は一時扇谷上杉家の家督代行を務め、足利持氏に重用され安房国の守護となっている。
English: Akikage (Kagekatsu) NAGAOKA from the Ueda Nagao family was adopted by Kenshin UESUGI and changed his name to Kagekatsu UESUGI.
Japanese: 上田長尾家出身の長岡顕景（景勝）は上杉謙信の養子となり、名を上杉景勝と改めた。
English: After Kenshin's death, was victorious in the Odate War, becoming the leader of the Uesugi clan, served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and gained territory worth 1.2 million koku in Aizu (Aizu domain, Mutsu Province).
Japanese: 謙信死後、御館の乱を制し、上杉氏の惣領となり、豊臣秀吉に仕え、会津120万石（陸奥国会津藩）を領した。
English: At the Battle of Sekigahara after Hideyoshi's death, they sided with Mitsunari Ishida's Western Army, but after the battle they were pardoned by Ieyasu and continued to exist in the 300,000 koku Yonezawa domain in Dewa Province until the end of the Shogunate.
Japanese: 秀吉の死後、関ヶ原の戦いでは石田三成ら西軍に付いだが、戦後に家康から罪を許され、出羽国米沢藩30万石で幕末まで存続した。
English: Masujiro OMURA (May 30, 1824 - December 7, 1869) was a physician, Western studies scholar and military theorist from Choshu Domain (now Yamaguchi Prefecture) at the end of the Edo era.
Japanese: 大村益次郎（おおむらますじろう、文政7年5月3日(旧暦)（1824年5月30日）-明治2年11月5日(旧暦)（1869年12月7日））は、幕末期の長州藩（現・山口県）の医師、西洋学者、軍事学者。
English: He worked as the hyobu taifu of Ministry of the Military (later renamed Vice Minister of Army Ministry) and he is often regarded as the de facto founder of the Imperial Japanese Army or the father of the Japanese Army.
Japanese: 初代の兵部省兵部大輔（後の陸軍次官）を務め、事実上の大日本帝国陸軍の創始者、あるいは陸軍建設の祖と見なされることも多い。
English: Masujiro was born as the eldest son between a rural physician, Takamasu MURATA, and his wife Mume, in Suzenji Village Aza Omura, Yoshiki District, Suo Province (present-day Suzenji, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture.)
Japanese: 周防国吉敷郡鋳銭司村（すぜんじ）字大村（現・山口県山口市鋳銭司）に村医の村田孝益と妻むめの長男として生まれる。
English: In 1842, he learned medicine and rangaku (Western studies) from Yusai UMEDA in Hofu City and, from April 1843, at Yusai's recommendation, he studied under Tanso HIROSE from Hita City, Bungo Province till July 1844.
Japanese: 天保13年（1842年）、防府市の梅田幽斎に医学や蘭学を学び、翌年4月梅田の勧めで豊後国日田市の広瀬淡窓の門下となり、1844年6月まで学ぶ。
English: He returned home at his father's request in 1850, becoming a rural physician and taking the name Ryoan MURATA.
Japanese: 嘉永3年（1850年）、父親に請われて帰郷し、村医となって村田良庵と名乗る。
English: As he was a brusque man of few words and tended to give tedious and difficult to understand diagnoses, he was not popular with local people, who criticized him by asking, 'What did he study in Osaka?'
Japanese: だが口数が少なく無愛想で、村人が診てもらうと身体のしくみ等を何やら小難しい言葉でくどくどと説明したので「大阪で何の勉強したのやら」とあまり評判のよい医者ではなかったという。
English: After the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's black ships from the USA in 1853, there was a need for experts in Western studies and Omura was asked to serve in Uwajima Domain, Iyo Province.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）、アメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー提督率いる黒船が来航するなど、蘭学者の知識が求められる時代となり、大村は伊予国宇和島藩の要請で出仕する。
English: When the chief retainer came back to the domain, he reprimanded the officials and changed Omura's stipend to 100 koku, the same as for senior samurai.
Japanese: このあと帰ってきた家老は役人たちを叱責し、100石取の上士格御雇へ改めた。
English: It appears the officials thought they had given a good deal to Omura, who had shown up in shabby dress without any explanation.
Japanese: 役人たちにしてみれば、高待遇との約束で来ていながら、役人に事情も説明せず汚い身なりで現れた益次郎に対して、親切心をもってした待遇であったらしい。
English: Omura gave lectures on and translated Western knowledge and military theory and, in 1854 and 1855, he went to Nagasaki to study the construction of warships.
Japanese: 大村は宇和島藩で西洋兵学・蘭学の講義と翻訳を手がけ、1854年、55年には長崎へ赴いて軍艦製造の研究を行った。
English: Omura was accompanied on the trip to Nagasaki by Keisaku NINOMIYA, a student of the German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold, who had come to Dejima in the 1820s.
Japanese: 長崎へは二宮敬作が同行したが、敬作は、文政年間に出島へ来航したドイツ人医師フィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトの弟子であった。
English: Keisaku introduced him to Siebold's daughter, Ine KUSUMOTO, who was studying obstetrics.
Japanese: Omura、敬作から、シーボルトの娘で産科修行をしていた楠本イネを紹介される。
English: Back in Uwajima, Omura produced a model of a Western-style warship with the lantern maker, Kazo (later called Kozan MAEBARA).
Japanese: 宇和島では提灯屋の嘉蔵（かぞう）（後の前原巧山）とともに洋式軍艦の雛形を製造する。
English: Omura was very impressed by the talent of Kazo who was modest, uneducated and of low class.
Japanese: 大村はこの謙虚で身分の低いほとんど無学の職人・嘉蔵の才能に驚かされたという。
English: In May 1856, he went to Edo and opened the 'Kyukyodo' academy, teaching rangaku, military theory and medicine.
Japanese: 安政3年（1856年）4月、江戸に出て「鳩居堂」を開塾して蘭学・兵学・医学を教える。
English: While still working for Uwajima Domain, he was also employed by the Tokugawa Shogunate as an assistant teacher at the Bansho Shirabesho institute for Western studies, receiving monthly rice for 20 persons and an annual income of 20 ryos.
Japanese: 宇和島藩御雇の身分のまま、同時に徳川幕府の蕃書調所教授方手伝となり、月米20人扶持・年給20両を支給される。
English: In 1860, at Choshu's request, he was made a samurai of Choshu with an annual stipend of 25 sacks of rice at, although he remained in Edo.
Japanese: 万延元年（1860年）、長州藩の要請により江戸在住のまま同藩士となり、扶持は年米25俵。
English: In 1862, he studied under James Curtis Hepburn, who had been asked by the government to teach taught English and math at the request of the government.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、幕府から委託されて英語、数学を教えていたジェームス・カーティス・ヘボンのもとで学んだ。