nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: An earthenware with a description of Ukai, which was estimated to be around the 5th century, a hundred years earlier than the age of Ukai in Japan, was excavated from the Chancay Valley in Peru and housed in the Amano Museum in Lima City.
Japanese: 日本の鵜飼いより100年ほど古い時代、5世紀ごろ行われたと思われる鵜飼いの様子を記した土器がペルーのチャンカイ谷より出土し、リマ市にある天野博物館に収蔵品されている。
English: It originated from the fact that the capital Kyoto was called 'Rakuyo' or 'Keiraku' as an elegant name compared to an ancient capital of the Han dynasty.
Japanese: 京の都が漢の古都になぞらえた雅称として「洛陽」「京洛（けいらく）」などと呼ばれたことから。
English: In a narrow sense it means to guard the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto at the end of the Muromachi Period (Sengoku Period in Japan), and as a result it was considered to obtain the authority necessary to control the whole country.
Japanese: 狭義では、室町時代末期（戦国時代_(日本)）に、京都にいる室町幕府の征夷大将軍を保護することを意味し、結果として全国支配に必要な権威をもたらす事であるとされた。
English: In the past Kyoto was also called 'Rakuyo' by making an analogy to Rakuyo (洛陽), the capital of China, and going to Kyoto was called 'joraku (上洛),' which had the same meaning of the term 'jokyo (going to Tokyo)' at present in a broad sense.
Japanese: かつて京都は、中国の首都であった洛陽に擬えて「洛陽」とも呼ばれており、京都へ上る事は「上洛」とも称され、広義においては現在の「上京」と同様の意味で用いられていた。
English: Besides, unlike the gorgeous image of joraku, it was sometimes compared to the reduced circumstances.
Japanese: 又、上洛という煌びやかイメージとは逆に、落ちぶれた有様を例える事もある。
English: In the middle of the 16th century, the chaotic political situation which had continued for more than 100 years after the Onin War turned into a somewhat normal condition not only for territorial lord called daimyo in the Sengoku Period, but also for common people.
Japanese: 16世紀半ばになると応仁の乱以後100年以上も続く政局不安状態はすでに常態と化しており、いわゆる戦国大名とよばれる領国支配者にとっても庶民にとっても、このような状態は普通になっていた。
English: In the situation that the powers of each place were independent, there was no substantial meaning to rule Kyoto which was already devastated by the fires of war, but the Palace of shogun was still in Kyoto, so that the guard of shogun was the best opportunity to show their powers.
Japanese: 各地の勢力が独立した状況において、既に戦火で荒廃した京都の支配に実質的な意味はなかったが、将軍の御所はいまだ京都にあり、将軍を保護することは自らの力を示す最高の機会だった。
English: It was because it was an honor as the recuperator of the ost order to bring back the shogun of the Ashikaga family, who was expelled by a vassal such as the Hosokawa and Miyoshi clans, to Kyoto and guard him.
Japanese: 細川氏や三好氏といった家臣によって追放されていた足利将軍家の将軍を京都に連れ戻して保護を与えることは、失われた秩序の回復者としての名誉を得ることだったからである。
English: For this reason, each daimyo in the Sengoku Period that held strong power planned joraku, but nobody could succeed, prevented by the struggles in each territory.
Japanese: このため、大きな勢力をもつ戦国大名たちはそれぞれに上洛を企画したが、実現は領国における抗争に妨げられ、成功したものはいなかった。
English: For example, Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was killed on the way to joraku by Nobunaga ODA's force and Kenshin UESUGI was blocked by fear of internal conflict or the snow and was not able to advance westward to Kaga Province.
Japanese: 例えば今川義元は上洛の途上で織田信長軍に討ち取られ、上杉謙信は内紛の不安や雪などに阻まれて加賀国以西に進むことができなかった。
English: The territories of these daimyo were so far from Kyoto that they had to settle the resistance on the way or the internal conflict of their own territories one by one if they wanted to achieve joraku.
Japanese: これらの大名たちの領国は京都から遠く、上洛しようとすれば途上の勢力の抵抗や本国の内紛などを一つ一つ片付けていかなければならなかったのである。
English: Only two people, Yoshioki OUCHI with Yoshitane ASHIKAGA at the head in the Eisho era and Nobunaga ODA with Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA at the head in the Eiroku era who could be said to really achieve joraku under such situation.
Japanese: このような状況下で実際に上洛を果たしたと言えるのは、永正年間に足利義稙を擁して上洛した大内義興と、永禄年間に足利義昭を擁して上洛した織田信長の2人だけである。
English: In addition, youthful Kenshin UESUGI and Nobunaga ODA went to Kyoto, aiming to be granted an audience with the shogun.
Japanese: 尚、上杉謙信や青年時代の織田信長は、将軍拝謁などを目的とした、広義での上洛は行ったことはある。
English: The legitimate reason of joraku by Yoshioki OUCHI was recovery of the old order, namely to revive the rule of the Ashikaga shogunate.
Japanese: 大内義興の上洛の大義名分は、旧秩序の回復を目的、すなわち足利幕府の支配を回復させることにあった。
English: However, in the case of the Ouchi clan, before it was completed, he was prevented by the force of the anti-Ouchi forces, like the Amago clan, and was forced to return to his own territory.
Japanese: だが、大内氏の場合、それが完成する前に尼子氏ら反大内勢力の挙兵に阻まれて領国への帰還を余儀なくされた。
English: The aims of daimyo in Sengoku Period following these were the almost same as the policy of Yoshioki OUCHI and were not even realized.
Japanese: これに続く他の戦国大名の目的もその方針は大内義興と大差の無いものであり、かつ実現すら叶わなかった。
English: However, Nobunaga ODA intended to create a new order using military power instead of making use of the old authority, and his joraku was performed on this basis.
Japanese: しかし、織田信長は、古い権威ではなく武力によって新しい秩序を作ろうと考え、彼の上洛はその足がかりとして行われた。
English: Joraku under Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA was not aimed at a tentative recovery of the old order, but was solely by using military power and ruling the whole country.
Japanese: 足利義昭を奉じて上洛したことは、既に一時的な旧秩序の回復ではなく、武力による新秩序の形成と全国支配の手段にすぎなかったのである。
English: "Miyako Odori" is a dance performance of the Gion Kobu district held in April at the Gion Kobu Kabu-renjo Theater.
Japanese: 都をどり（みやこをどり）は、毎年4月1日-4月30日にかけて祇園甲部歌舞練場で開催される祇園甲部の舞踊公演。
English: It started when it was performed by way of entertainment for an exhibition in 1872, and Masanao MAKIMURA, a governor of Kyoto Prefecture in those days, wrote lyrics and Yachiyo INOUE, Inoue school Iemoto (grand master) (the third Haruko KATAYAMA) choreographed the dance, referring to Iseno kamenoko-odori dance.
Japanese: 1872年（明治5年）、博覧会の余興として上演されたのが始まりで時の京都府知事、槇村正直が作詞を、当時新進であった井上流家元、井上八千代（三世　片山春子）が伊勢の亀の子をどりを参考に振付を担当した。
English: There were two passages on both sides of the audience to the stage on both sides, which were innovative and a bit different from former stages, and the appearance of dancers wearing the same costumes from the passage surprised the audience.
Japanese: 舞台まで両側の花道が設え、今までの舞台とは一味違う革新的で、花道からおそろいの衣装を着けた踊り子たちが登場して観客を驚かせた。
English: Since then, Miyako Odori has been performed devising new plans associated with the Oriental Zodiac or topics of the year, as well as following the style since Meiji Period based on kabuki (Japanese classical drama) or the Tale of the Genji.
Japanese: 以来、歌舞伎や源氏物語などを題材して明治以来のスタイルを踏襲しながらその年の干支や話題にちなみ、新たなる志向で上演され続けている。
English: This form gives a hint for "Kamenoko-Odori Dance" performed in the red-light district of Isefuruichi.
Japanese: この形式は伊勢古市の花街で踊られていた『亀の子踊り』にヒントを得て作られている。
English: From 1944 to 1949: It had been suspended because of World War II.
Japanese: 1944年（昭和19年）－1949年（昭和24年）第二次世界大戦で6年間休演。
English: Miyako Odori basically has adopted the style where all performers dance together while introducing famous spots in Kyoto with a long epic song to the accompaniment of a shamisen, following the same style since the Meiji Period.
Japanese: 都をどりは原則として、総踊形式で一貫し、京都の名所などを長唄などで紹介しながら踊り、明治以来その形式で踏襲されている。
English: The first scene was performed on the stage where a Gin busuma (a sliding screen put on silver foil) was set up, based upon the historical event of the Inoue school.
Japanese: 最初の場面は井上流の故事にちなみ銀襖を張り詰められた舞台から始まる。
English: A scene called "Betsu-odori Dance (another dance) " inserted in the middle was added since the Emperor Taisho enthronement commemorative performance, and contents were also increased to explain the story based upon the subjects mainly from Kabuki, literature and anecdotes while dancing for 10 minutes.
Japanese: 大正天皇即位記念公演から『別踊』（べつおどり）という中挿みの場面が加わり、さらに内容も増し、主に歌舞伎や文学、逸話などを取り入れ10分間で踊りながら物語の内容を説明をする。
English: The writers of Miyako Odori produced new stories every year with nervous mannerism and had repeat meetings about choreography, music and art to prepare the next spring's performance.
Japanese: 毎年、都をどりの作家らがマンネリを恐れ、それに悩ませながら製作し、振り付け、音楽、美術などの打ち合わせを重ねて、来年の春までに準備を続けている。
English: The geisha who is in charge of boiling tea in shifts dresses Kyoto-style Shimada with her own hair and appears with the full dress figure of a black crested haori (kimono) with a reversed neckline.
Japanese: 一日交替制で点茶をする芸妓は京風島田を地毛で結い、衿を裏返す黒紋付の正装姿で登場する。
English: A maiko or a tayu (leading actor) in the Kobu district in those days was in charge of boiling tea depending on the times, or some geishas prepared tea as time went by.
Japanese: 時代によっては舞妓、当時甲部にいた太夫が点茶を担当したり、複数の芸妓が時間によって交替することがあった。
English: In addition, the reserve maiko was often alone, but there were times when two maiko were reserved.
Japanese: また現在、控えの舞妓は一人だが、控えの舞妓が二人であった時代もあった。
English: The style of boiling tea was not done in a conventional form, but in the style of 'Ritsurei shiki (standing up and bowing),' which was devised by Urasenke school to attend to foreigners and was done outdoors at first.
Japanese: 点茶の形式は従来の形式ではなく「立礼式」というスタイルでこれは外国人を接待する為に裏千家により考案されたもので、最初は屋外で設置されていた。
English: Dorayaki is a Japanese cake usually made with two slightly raised round castella cakes (or small pancakes) with azuki bean paste in the middle.
Japanese: 銅鑼焼き、ドラ焼きとも書かれる）は、通常、やや膨らんだ円盤状のカステラ生地（または小さめのパンケーキ）二枚に、餡を挟み込んだ和菓子である。
English: If it is baked with honey added then the castella cake will be moist.
Japanese: 蜂蜜を入れて焼き上げることでしっとりとしたカステラ生地にすることができる。
English: It is said that the original dorayaki were made using only one cake with the edges folded over so they were square and the bean paste could be seen on one side.
Japanese: 初期のどら焼きは皮を一枚だけ用い、端の部分を折りたたんだため四角く、片面の中央はあんこがむき出しであったという。
English: It is said that the current method of using two pieces of castella to sandwich the bean paste was the idea of the Japanese cake shop in Ueno called 'Usagi-ya' which was founded in 1914, and this method became popular around Japan.
Japanese: 現在の二枚のカステラ風の生地で挟む方式は大正3年（1914年）創業の上野の和菓子屋「うさぎや」にて考案され、全国に広まったとされる。
English: The prevailing theory on the origin of the name Dora-yaki is because the shape is similar to a percussion instrument or Chinese gong called a Dora.
Japanese: どら焼きの名は一般に、形が打楽器の銅鑼（どら）に似ることからついたという説が有力である。
English: To show his gratitude, he mixed flour and water, spread it thinly over a hot Chinese gong and used the round baked cake to wrap bean paste and this was the origin of Dorayaki.
Japanese: そのお礼に小麦粉を水で溶いて薄く伸ばしたものを熱した銅鑼に引き、丸く焼いた生地であんこを包み、振舞ったことが起源。
English: Also there are a variety of other theories however now we cannot say for sure which is correct.
Japanese: また他にも様々な異説俗説があり、現在どれが正解かは一概に言えない状況にある。
English: In the Kinki region many Japanese cake shops sell this kind of product under the name Mikasa (said to be named after Mt. Mikasa in Nara Prefecture) and Dorayaki are commonly called "Mikasa Manju" (Mikasa bean cakes).
Japanese: 近畿地方方面では三笠（奈良県の三笠山にちなんだ名前と言われている）の商品名で当該商品を販売している和菓子屋が多く、どら焼きの事を『三笠まんじゅう』と呼ぶことが多い。
English: For example at Chidoriya Nara Kojika Co. near Kintetsu Nara Station they sell not only the usual size Dorayaki but also large Dorayaki nearly 20 cm in diameter under the product name Mikasa.
Japanese: 例えば近畿日本鉄道近鉄奈良駅近くの株式会社千鳥屋奈良小鹿などでは通常のサイズのものの他に直径20cm弱の大きなどら焼きを「三笠」や「みかさ」という商品名で売っている。
English: However, starting with Goshiki Dorayaki (the bean paste is made of five different kind beans) sold at Akanemaru Honpo Dainagon Ltd. in Osaka, there are also many local products sold under the name Dorayaki in the Kansai Region.
Japanese: しかし、大阪市の茜丸本舗株式会社大納言の五色どらやきをはじめ、関西でもどら焼きと呼んでいる地元商品もある。
English: There are also examples of cakes which differ in shape to the commonly known Dorayaki which are sold under the name Dorayaki.
Japanese: 一般的に知られているものと違う形の菓子をどら焼きと称して売る例もある。
English: One example is the Dorayaki sold by 'Sasaya Iori' at 'Kobo-ichi Fair' at To-ji Temple, Kyoto City, which has bean paste drawn into a stick shape and surrounded with Baum kuchen.
Japanese: 一例として、京都市の東寺の「弘法市」の際、「笹屋伊織」が販売する銅鑼焼きが挙げられるが、棒状に伸ばした餡にバームクーヘン状に小麦粉の生地を重ね焼くものである。
English: Dorayaki are also known as the favorite food of the cat robot which is the main character in the comic animation 'Doraemon' (created by Fujiko F. Fujio) and for people born between the 1960's and 1980's, the term Dorayaki usually conjures up the image of Doraemon.
Japanese: 漫画・アニメ『ドラえもん』（藤子・F・不二雄作）の主人公であるネコ型ロボット、ドラえもん(架空のキャラクター)の大好物としても知られ、1960年代-1980年代生まれの人にとって「どら焼きといえばドラえもん」というイメージがかなり定着している。
English: As a result, licensed products have been manufactured and sold including in the past Dorayaki named after Doraemon by Yamazaki Baking Co., Ltd. and other companies and since 2000 Bunmeido has sold Dorayaki with a Doraemon mark called "Doraemon Dorayaki" around March and September each year.
Japanese: よってタイアップ品として、かつては山崎製パンなどからドラえもんにちなんだどら焼きが製造・販売され、2000年代現在では、文明堂よりドラえもんの焼印を付けたどら焼き、『ドラえもんどら焼き』が毎年3月前後と9月前後に販売される。
English: Moreover, in the creation of "Doraemon" Dorayaki appears written in different ways.
Japanese: なお、『ドラえもん』作中では「ドラ焼き」、「ドラヤキ」などと表記される。
English: This type contains fillings such as fresh cream, custard cream or chocolate cream instead of azuki bean paste, and also jam or chopped fruit and resembles waffles.
Japanese: これは、小豆餡の代わりに生クリームやカスタードクリーム、チョコレートクリームを入れたもので、ジャム類やカットフルーツが入っており、ワッフルを彷彿とさせるタイプである。
English: The term "Maiko" refers to a young geisha or a geisha apprentice.
Japanese: 舞妓（まいこ）は年少芸妓、芸子（芸妓）の見習い、修行段階の者を指す。
English: The "Maiko (舞妓)" was written as "Maiko (舞子)" in past times, and she learned customer service skills at ozashiki (banquets in which guests were attended by geisha) at the age of 9 - 12 and stood on her feet through the training of entertainment, but now no young girls can become Maiko until she graduates junior high school in accordance with the revision of the Child Welfare Act and the Labor Standards Law after the war.
Japanese: 古くは『舞子』と書き、かつては9～12歳でお座敷に上がり接客作法を学び、芸能など修業して一人前の芸妓に成長していたが、戦後児童福祉法と労働基準法の改正にともない現在は中学卒業後でないとなれない。
English: Usually, after a 'training' period from a half to two years, Maiko wear a sash of 'Handarari,' which is half as long as darari no obi (long draping sash) as 'an apprentice' for a month and trains herself with senior geisha at a tea house.
Japanese: 通例、半年から2年ほどの「仕込み」期間を経た後、1か月間「見習い」としてだらりの帯の半分の長さの「半だらり」の帯を締め、姐さん芸妓と共に茶屋で修行する。
English: If admitted by the mistress of the geisha dwelling and the tea house association, she can debut as a new Maiko ('Misedashi').
Japanese: 置屋の女将、茶屋組合よりの許しが出れば、晴れて舞妓として「見世出し」が可能となる。
English: At ozashiki and on the stage both geisha and Maiko are heavily-powdered with Shironuri (white makeup), but while a geisha usually wears a wig, Maiko dresses her hair in traditional Japanese style and wears a gorgeous ornate hairpin, tsumami-kanzashi (a decorative hair pin) featuring something like flowers of each season.
Japanese: 座敷や舞台に上がるときは芸妓も舞妓も白塗りの厚化粧をするが芸妓が通常鬘を付けるのに対し、舞妓は自髪で日本髪を結い、四季の花などをあしらった華やかな簪つまみ簪を挿す。
English: The hair style of Maiko at the early stage is 'wareshinobu,' which turns to be 'Ofuku' in a few years later, and 1 - 4 weeks before erigae (promoted to a full-fledged geisha) she dresses 'sakko fashion (Maiko's hairstyle)' and puts teeth black (she does not paint eyebrows, which can be regarded as the custom of Hangempuku (attaining womanhood informally) continuing still now).
Japanese: 舞妓の初期は「割れしのぶ」という髪型で、2、3年後に「おふく」となり、芸妓への襟替え1～4週間前には「先笄」を結い、お歯黒を付ける（引眉しないので半元服の習慣が現代に残るものと見てよい）。
English: In accordance with the public stance that she is an apprentice because she is young, Maiko surely wears a long-sleeved kimono pulled in a tuck at the shoulders and sleeves.
Japanese: 年齢が若いために見習いであるという建前から、衣装はかならず肩上げ、袖上げのされた裾を引いた振袖の着物を着る。
English: Since Maiko wear gaudy costumes such as Pokkuri (Koppori or 'Okobo' in Kyoto, girl's lacquered wooden clogs) and darari no obi, it could be said that Maiko is a more representative figure at red-light districts in Kyoto and vicinity, rather than geisha.
Japanese: ぽっくり（こっぽりとも、京都では「おこぼ」）の下駄にだらりの帯、という派手な格好もあるせいで、現在ではむしろ芸妓（芸子）よりも舞妓のほうが上方花街の代表的存在であるといえるかもしれない。
English: Maiko is mainly in charge of dancing at ozashiki and performs the dancing of Kyomai Inoue school in Gion Kobu district and other dancing such as the Wakayagi school in other districts.
Japanese: 座敷では主に立方を勤め、祇園甲部に限って京舞井上流、それ以外では若柳流などの舞踊を披露する。
English: She is trained to use the Kyoto dialect without regard to her origin, and consequently, Maiko is often treated as if she is a symbol of Kyoto.
Japanese: いずれの出身地にかかわりなく独特の京ことば（祇園ことば）を使うよう教育されるために、京都の象徴であるがごとくあつかわれることも多い。
English: The main business is entertainment at a tea house, but recently other business such as TV appearance, visiting care facilities or hospitals and going abroad are increasing.
Japanese: 本業は茶屋においての接待であるが、最近はテレビなどのメディアへの露出、養護施設や病院への慰問、海外への派遣の仕事も多い。
English: The red-light district which was a closed space of 'No first-time customers' seemed to have gradually opened its doors to outsiders.
Japanese: かつて「一見さんお断り」の閉鎖的空間であった花街も、徐々に外に対して門戸を開いているようだ。
English: In fact, it is said that some geisha dwellings which have no Maiko are recruiting applicants for Maiko through the Internet.
Japanese: 事実、舞妓のなり手がいない置屋では、インターネットを通して舞妓志望者を募るところもあるという。
English: At present it is the five red-light districts of Gion Kobu, Miyagawa-cho, Gion Higashi, Ponto-cho, and the Kamishichiken districts, where there are Maiko in Kyoto.
Japanese: 現在、京都の花街で舞妓がいるのは祇園甲部、宮川町、祇園東、先斗町、上七軒の五花街である。
English: However, a girl who becomes a disciple of Maiko only because of her yearning feelings often resigns, because she can not bear the old-fashioned severe training of the feudalistic red-light district.
Japanese: にもかかわらず、憧れだけで入門した妓は封建的かつ前近代的な体質を持つ花街の昔気質のつらい修行に耐え切れず辞めてしまう場合が多い。
English: Therefore, it is future task how to keep highly qualified Maiko and geisha in the red-light districts.
Japanese: そのため、花街ではいかに質の高い芸舞妓を保持するかが今後の問題といえそうだ。
English: In Sakata City (Yamagata Prefecture) there are young geisha who are called Maiko, written as '舞娘,' but their costumes are different from those of Maiko in Kyoto.
Japanese: 酒田市（山形県）には舞娘と書いてまいこと読む年少芸妓が居るが、衣装は京都の舞妓とは異なる。
English: In the area of Awara-Onsen Hot Spring in Awara City, Fukui Prefecture, a Maiko appeared three years ago for the first time in 38 years.
Japanese: あわら市（福井県）の芦原温泉に於いて三年前に38年ぶりの舞妓が誕生。
English: They wear the same dress as the Maiko in Kyoto with Hikizuri no kimono and darari no obi, but they have wigs instead of doing their own hair (sometimes they have their hair done up).
Japanese: ひきずりの着物にだらりの帯、という京都の舞妓と同じ衣装、但し地毛ではなくかつら（場合により地毛で結っている時もある）。
English: The red-light district in Genrinin-cho, Nara City, has continued somehow and there are only 14 geisha including one new Maiko (with the same kimono of Maiko in Kyoto) who appeared on May 28, 2006.
Japanese: 奈良市元林院町の花街は細々と続いている、という状態で、2006年5月28日に舞妓（京都と同じ衣装）が1名誕生したが、これを入れて芸妓は14名のみ、という状態である。
English: The Maiko puts on Ohiki no furisode (long-sleeved Kimono), darari no obi, Hana kanzashi (flower featured hair pin) on her hair dressed to Japanese coiffure of Kyoto style and Okobo, which are the same as those of Maiko in Kyoto.
Japanese: 舞妓は京都と同じくお引きの振袖にだらりの帯、地毛で結った京風日本髪に花かんざしを挿し、おこぼを履く。
English: Their characteristics were like the way of a winding sash was Tateya (vertical arrow) like female servant (a winding way called 'Yagiccha').
Japanese: 京都とは異なり、帯結びが腰元の様な立て矢であるのが特徴（「やぎっちゃ」という結び方）。
English: Unlike in Kyoto, in any other red-light district it is regulated that Maiko should be more than 18 years old (high school students are prohibited) to appear at ozashiki.
Japanese: いずれの花街も京都と違い現在は舞妓として座敷に出るには18歳以上（高校生は不可）であることが定められている。
English: It thrived collectively around the key areas of amphibian transport such as Otsu, Sakamoto, and Yodo and the towns along main streets, and carried the shipped goods to the large markets at Kyoto and Nara Prefectures in those days.
Japanese: 大津、坂本、淀などの水陸交通の要地や主要街道沿いの町に集団で住み、船で運ばれたものを京都や奈良など、当時消費の激しかった地域に運び込んだ。
English: In the Muromachi Period because of its organizational power and the ease-of-getting information the Bashaku played the central role at the riots in which the Tsuchi-ikki in Shocho era and the Tokusei-ikki in Kakitsu era were famous for, and in the latter the Bashaku in Omi Province who were taken under Hieizan Enryaku-ji Temple that was attacked by the riot seceded from the riot force so that the Bashaku power itself was split.
Japanese: その組織力や情報の得やすさなどから、室町時代には、一揆の中心にもなり、正長の土一揆や嘉吉の徳政一揆などが知られているが、後者では一揆の攻撃対象となった比叡山延暦寺の保護を受けていた近江国の馬借が一揆から離反して、馬借勢力そのものが分裂している。
English: In addition, in the Tembunhokke Rebellion when the Enryaku-ji Temple led the repression, the Bashaku launched the economic blockade of Kyoto which was ruled by Hokke sect in Buddhism, blocking the checking station to Kyoto.
Japanese: また、延暦寺が鎮圧の先頭に立った天文法華の乱では、京都につながる関所を封鎖して法華宗勢力が抑える京都を経済封鎖した。
English: "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto" is a collective term of the temples in Kyoto City and Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture and Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 古都京都の文化財（こときょうとのぶんかざい）は、京都府京都市・宇治市、滋賀県大津市に存在する寺院等の総称。
English: They were registered as World Heritage sites (cultural heritage) of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1994.
Japanese: 1994年に国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産（文化遺産）として登録された。
English: (2) Kyoto had been the center area in the development of religious and nonreligious architecture and garden planning from the 8th to the 17th centuries.
Japanese: （2）京都は8世紀から17世紀の間、宗教・非宗教建築と庭園設計の進化にとって主要中心地であった。
English: Therefore, Kyoto had played the decisive role to create cultural tradition in Japan, and in especially in the area of gardening it had influenced the other regions of the world significantly after the 19th centuries.
Japanese: そのように、京都は日本の文化的伝統の創出において決定的な役割を果たし、特に庭園の場合において、それは19世紀以降世界の他の地域において意義深い影響を与えた。
English: (4) The concentration of architecture and gardening design in the existing cultural properties shows mostly this aspect of premodern Japanese material culture.
Japanese: （4）京都の現存文化財における建築と庭園設計の集積は前近代における日本の物質文化のこの側面に関する最高の表現である。
English: As time passes from registration, the environment and the landscape has deteriorated, and consequently, a plan for additional registration of Heritage sites around Kyoto City is being promoted.
Japanese: 登録当時から時間が経過し周辺環境や景観の悪化が進行しつつあるため、京都市を中心に遺産の追加登録計画が持ち上がっている。
English: In particular, following temples show a positive attitude, the local government of Kyoto City aims at the additional registrations of Kyoto-gosho Palace and the Sagano-Arashiyama area.
Japanese: 具体的には、下記が登録に前向きの姿勢を示しており、京都市が京都御所、嵯峨野嵐山一帯の追加登録を目指している。
English: The Kitano Dance is performed at the Kamishichiken Kaburenjo theater every year from April 15 to April 25.
Japanese: 北野をどり（きたの－）は毎年4月15日から4月25日にかけて上七軒歌舞練場で上演される。
English: It was first performed in 1952 in commemoration of the Daimanto-sai Festival which is held once every 50 years at the Kitano Tenmangu Shrine.
Japanese: 1952年、北野天満宮で50年に一度行われる大萬燈祭の記念に初演された。
English: In the famous finale, the song "Kamishichiken Serenade" is played and Geisha and Maiko dance to the accompaniment.
Japanese: フィナーレには『上七軒夜曲』が流れ、島田髷の芸妓と舞妓がそれに合わせながら踊るのが有名。
English: Geigi refers to geisha (Japanese singing and dancing girl) or young geisha that add zest to banquets and entertain customers by performing traditional Japanese dance, songs with shamisen accompaniment, long epic song with shamisen accompaniment, and a Japanese band using traditional musical instruments.
Japanese: 芸妓（げいぎ）とは、日本舞踊や音曲・長唄囃子で宴席に興を添え、客をもてなす芸者芸子のこと。
English: Geisha is one of professions that became popular in the mid Edo Period that refers to women serving at banquets performing their various arts and entertaining guests.
Japanese: 酒席に侍って各種の芸を披露し、座の取持ちを行う女子のことであり、江戸時代中期ごろから盛んになった職業の一つである。
English: In the early Meiji Period, otoko geisha disappeared and, thereafter, geigi was referred to as geisha in Osaka and geiko in Kyoto.
Japanese: 明治になって、男芸者がなくなり、以降は大阪で芸者、京都で芸子とよばれる。
English: Additionally, there are geigi (so called onsen geisha) in the hot springs areas and independent geigi who work through agencies but, we will discuss here only the orthodox type of geigi who come to work at traditional Japanese restaurants and machiai jaya.
Japanese: 他にも温泉地等にも芸妓（いわゆる温泉芸者）や派遣業等で独自の芸妓などが存在するがここでは料理屋（料亭）、待合茶屋に出入りする正統派の芸妓について説明する。
English: The old way of calling geigi was either 'geisha (onna geisha)' or 'geiko' but since the Meiji Period, the term 'geigi' began to be used (and we will use this term in this article).
Japanese: 芸妓は、「芸者（女芸者）」、「芸子（げいこ）」と呼ぶのが古い言いかたであるが、明治以降、「芸妓（げいぎ）」という呼名もおこなれるようになった（本稿ではこの呼名を用いる）。
English: Geisha is frequently broken down between a full-fledged geigi and trainee and the terms referring to them vary by the region.
Japanese: 芸妓は多くの場合、一人前の芸妓と見習とに区別されており、それぞれの名称が地域によって異なる。
English: Geigi is referred to as 'geisha,' whereas a trainee is referred to as 'hangyoku (child geisha)' or 'oshaku.'
Japanese: 芸妓を「芸者」、見習を「半玉（はんぎょく）」・「雛妓（おしゃく）」などと呼ぶ。