nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: During the Edo period, many chosan peasants generally left for urban areas where they lived on low wages.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、逃散した百姓が都市部へ出て、安い賃金で生活することが一般に見られた。
English: Therefore, the rulers (bakufu [feudal government headed by a shogun], feudal lords and direct vassals of the shogun) strictly forbade the chosan and generally did not recognize migration.
Japanese: そのため、支配者（幕府、大名、旗本ら）は百姓の逃散を厳しく禁ずるとともに、移住も原則として認めなかった。
English: Since public versus private land tax tended to fall consistently throughout the Edo period (especially in government-ruled areas), it is thought that chosan was no longer serious issue.
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じて公対民の年貢率は一貫して下がる傾向があり（特に幕府直轄地において）逃散はそれほど深刻な問題とはならなくなっていったと考えられる。
English: Nevertheless, there were cases of peasants using chosan as a means of demanding rights, and they flowed into to urban areas such as Edo.
Japanese: それでも、百姓らは権利要求の手段として、逃散を行うこともあり、江戸などの都市部へ流入した。
English: This led to urban problems, such as rising crime, which still continue to the present day.
Japanese: それに伴う犯罪の増加など、現代まで続く都市問題が見られるようになった。
English: * In some domains (such as the Satsuma Domain), the harsh exploitation of farmers throughout the entire Edo period meant that the conditions under which middle-class or wealthy farmers could become established never emerged.
Japanese: （※）一部の藩（薩摩藩など）においては全江戸期を通じて農民に対する厳しい収奪が行われ、中農、富農が成立する条件は成立しなかったとされることもある。
English: However, under extreme exploitation, some farmers would become ruined, which should lead to the concentration of wealth and the emergence of wealthy farmers.
Japanese: しかし度を越した収奪が行われれば没落する農民が現れ富の寡占が進んで富農が出現するはずである。
English: Therefore the reason why middle-class or wealthy farmers could not become established was land taxes which were sufficiently heavy to prevent farmers from becoming independent.
Japanese: そのため、中農、富農が成立しないということは逆に農民が自立可能な程度の年貢であったことになる。
English: It refers to hospital doctors who, forced to work long hours which violate Labor Standards Law such as working continuous 72 hour shifts, despair at the lack of improvement in working conditions and resign.
Japanese: 72時間連続の当直明け勤務など、労働基準法に違反する長時間労働を強いられている病院の医師が、待遇が改善されずに絶望して辞職することを指す。
English: As a result of the Koizumi administration's medical expenditure reduction policy, working conditions for public practice physicians grew steadily worse.
Japanese: 小泉政権がすすめてきた医療費削減政策の結果、日本の勤務医の労働環境は悪化の一途をたどってきた。
English: Exhausted physicians eventually chose to resign out of protest.
Japanese: こうした状況に疲弊しきった勤務医が、最後にとりうる抵抗手段として辞職を選ぶようになった。
English: There were often a chain reactions of resignations which had the serious effect of causing treatment systems of foundation hospitals in both rural and urban areas to collapse.
Japanese: 辞職はしばしば連鎖的に発生し、地方か都市かを問わず、基幹病院の診療体制を崩壊させる深刻な影響を与えている。
English: Symbolizing the phenomenon and movement of medical care break down, the term spread on the physician's thread of 2 Channel (an online forum) from around 2005.
Japanese: 医療崩壊を象徴する現象・行動として、2005年ころから2ちゃんねるの医者板で広まった用法である。
English: Hideki KOMATSU wrote about the collapse of the medical care system in "Iryo Hokai: 'Tachisarigata Sabotage' to ha nani ka" (Collapse of Medical Care: What is 'Walk-off Sabotage').
Japanese: 医療崩壊を描いた小松秀樹の著書、「医療崩壊―『立ち去り型サボタージュ』とは何か」
English: In his book, the author refers to the phenomenon of 'chosan' as 'tachisarigata sabotage' (Walk-off Sabotage).
Japanese: この本では、「逃散」に相当する現象は「立ち去り型サボタージュ」と呼びかえられている。
English: After the book was released, the latter term which sound milder became commonly used more.
Japanese: この本が出てからは口当たりのよい後者の名称で呼ばれることが多い
English: "Kaito Shokoku-ki" (lit. Record of the Eastern Nations) is a historic book about Japan and the Ryukyu Kingdom written in classical Chinese by Joseon Dynasty minister Suk-ju SHIN.
Japanese: 『海東諸国紀』（かいとうしょこくき,）は、李氏朝鮮領議政（宰相）申叔舟(シン・スクチュ)が日本と琉球王国について記述した漢文書籍の歴史書。
English: After being dispatched to Japan as the recorder of travel logs for the Joseon envoy, Shin wrote the book in 1443 under the order of King Seongjong and it records details including those of Japan's Imperial Family, lords (influential people throughout the ages), place names, the state of national affairs, the movements of the diplomatic mission, and rules of the reception met by the envoy, and so on.
Japanese: 1443年（世宗(朝鮮王)25年）朝鮮通信使書状官として日本に赴いた後、成宗の命を受けて作成したもので、日本の天皇家や国王(各時代の権力者)、地名、国情、交聘往来の沿革、使臣館待遇接待の節目などを記録している。
English: Maps including those of the whole of Japan, Kyushu, Iki Island, Tsushima Island and the Ryukyu Kingdom, and picture of the Korean Sanpo Rebellion are included at the beginning of the book.
Japanese: 海東諸国全図、西海道九州図、壱岐島図、対馬図、琉球王国図、朝鮮三浦の乱図などの地図が冒頭に掲げられている。
English: The main body of the book consists of 'Nihonkoku-ki' (chronicle of Japan), 'Ryukyukoku-ki' (chronicle of the Ryukyu Kingdom) and 'Chohei Osetsu-ki' (chronicle of the Joseon envoy's reception), each of which records details of history, geography, rulers and language.
Japanese: 本文は「日本国紀」、「琉球国紀」、「朝聘応接紀」に分かれ、それぞれの歴史、地理、支配者、言語などを詳細に記す。
English: It also records details of how envoys from Japanese regional rulers (daimyo) which visited Joseon were received.
Japanese: また当時朝鮮を訪れていた日本の地方支配者（大名）使節の接遇方法も詳細に記されている。
English: In addition to serving as an important resource for the history of Japan and Ryukyu, the book also provides invaluable information on the history of the Japanese language.
Japanese: 日本史、琉球史の重要資料であるだけでなく、日本語史でも見逃せない資料を提供している。
English: A facsimile edition entitled 'Chosen Shiryo Sokan' (Joseon History Collection) was published by the Korean History Compilation Committee in 1933 and a detailed translated edition was published in Japan by Iwanami Paperbacks in 1991.
Japanese: 1933年に朝鮮史編集会から「朝鮮史料叢刊」として影印刊行され、日本では1991年に詳細な訳注本が岩波文庫から出版されている。
English: Sakimori was a military system carried out under in ancient China and in Japan under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) from the Asuka period to the Heian period.
Japanese: 防人（さきもり）は古代中国や、日本の飛鳥時代から平安時代、律令制度下で行われた軍事制度である。
English: In Japan, sakimori was deployed for the defense of outlying territories such as the coast of Kyushu due to the fear of a possible invasion by Tang Dynasty China after the major defeat suffered by Japanese troops, who had been dispatched to aid Baekje on the Korean peninsula, by the allied forces of Tang Dynasty China and the Silla Kingdom at the Battle of Baekgang in 663.
Japanese: 日本の防人は、大化の改新の後、663年に朝鮮半島の百済救済のために出兵した倭軍が白村江の戦いにて唐・新羅の連合軍に大敗したことを契機に、唐が攻めてくるのではないかとの憂慮から九州沿岸の防衛のため設置された辺境防備の兵である。
English: As was the case in China, the term of service was three years, troops were dispatched from provincial legions, the term of service was often extended, and soldiers had to pay for their own food and weaponry.
Japanese: 中国同様、任期は3年で諸国の軍団から派遣され、任期は延長される事がよくあり、食料・武器は自弁であった。
English: Because the soldiers, who were mainly drafted from eastern Japan which had a larger population, were not exempt from taxation during their service, they bore a heavy burden as farmers and it is thought that morale was low.
Japanese: 主に人口の多い東日本から徴兵され、その間も税は免除される事はないため、農民にとっては重い負担であり、兵士の士気は低かったと考えられている。
English: During the Heian period, in 792 during the reign of Emperor Kanmu, the Kondei-no-sei (national militant organization) was established which abolished legions and troops, and the Imperial Court, which placed importance on the quantity rather than the quality of soldiers for national defense, postponed the abolition of sakimori.
Japanese: 平安時代に入り、桓武天皇の792年に健児の制が成立して軍団、兵士が廃止され、国土防衛のため兵士の質よりも数を重視した朝廷は防人廃止を先送りした。
English: In actuality, the only conflict to have taken place between sakimori troops and a foreign force was the Toi invasion of 1019 in which Jurchen people from the coastal region of China invaded northern Kyushu through Tsushima Island.
Japanese: 実際に防人軍団の外国勢力との交戦は、1019年に中国沿海地方の女真族が対馬から北九州を襲撃した刀伊の入寇の1度だけである。
English: When Hokumen no Bushi (Northern Guard), Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agents), Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent) and regional samurai groups formed during Japan's period of cloistered imperial rule, the cloistered emperors who emphasized the quality of troops gradually reduced the sizes of sakimori legions, and the system eventually vanished along with the Dazaifu.
Japanese: 院政期になり北面武士・追捕使・押領使・各地の地方武士団が成立すると、質を重視する院は次第に防人軍団の規模を縮小し、大宰府消滅とともに消えていった。
English: "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), a collection of poetry written during the Nara period, contains more than 100 poems collectively called sakimori-no-uta (Sakimori poems) that were composed by soldiers drafted for sakimori and their family members.
Japanese: 奈良時代に成立した『万葉集』には防人のために徴用された兵や、その家族が詠んだ歌が100首以上収録されており、防人歌と総称される。
English: Many of the poems are composed in eastern dialects such as that of the Kanto region and, along with Azumauta (eastern Japanese poems), depict ancient lifestyles.
Japanese: 関東地方など東国の言葉が使われている事も多く、東歌ともに古代の生活様相を伝えている。
English: In a broad sense, dogo refers to 'specific small local clans' as opposed to large regional clans which control wide territories.
Japanese: 土豪（どごう）とは、広義には広域を支配する領主や在地の大豪族に対して、特定の「土地の小豪族」をさす。
English: Dogo is a historical term that frequently appears in relation to the Muromachi period and the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) but when used in reference to the period of Yamato dynasty, it refers to kuninomiyatsuko (provincial governor) class of local heads.
Japanese: 土豪という用語は、室町・戦国期に頻出する歴史用語であるが、大和朝廷時代の歴史用語として、地方首長である国造層を指す語としても使用されている。
English: It means that they were low-ranking samurai who served as both warriors and farmers.
Japanese: 武士の中では下位で、侍でもあり百姓でもあるという兵農未分離の状態という意味である。
English: As the separation of farmers and samurai took place, weaker samurai families came to be called 'dogo' (narrow sense).
Japanese: 兵農分離が進み、武家として存在していても弱小の場合、土豪（狭義）と言う。
English: In wider sense, while larger gozoku (local ruling families) had a large power to reign some counties in his assigned region whether he stayed in the center or the local, dogo was a retainer or hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of jito, who were usually smaller gozoku and reigned some villages which were under control of or independent from the larger gozoku, or kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) of the jito's linage, and even included zaichi-ryoshu (local lord) which was to be the main stream of jizamurai.
Japanese: また、広義の場合には、豪族（大豪族）が中央から下ったか在地かはともかく、その地域で、数郡を支配する大勢力を有したのに対し、一般にその傘下にあるか、あるいは独立した在地の数村を支配する小規模の豪族である、地頭やその系譜をひく国人領主の家臣或いは被官たる者で地侍の主筋になる在地領主をも含む概念。
English: Kugutsu were groups of people who traveled around the country and made a living in the performing arts, appearing on the records from around the ninth century.
Japanese: 傀儡子（くぐつ、傀儡とも言う）とは、9世紀頃から各資料に現れだした、諸国を旅し、芸能によって生計を営んでいた集団の事である。
English: They are said to have used magic to conduct various performances, particularly the control of puppets.
Japanese: 呪術等を用い、色々な芸能を行うことが出来、また特に人形を操っていたとされる。
English: Due to their livelihood, their relationship to subsequent groups such as miko (shrine maidens), Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) performers, ichigo (female fortune-tellers) and Itako (The Japanese shaman) has been identified.
Japanese: その生活体系から、後の時代の、巫女、歌舞伎、市子、イタコ等との関連性が指摘されている。
English: The term is used to contrast the period with the age of samurai government following the Kamakura period, and the name derives from the fact that political power was held by an imperial dynasty headed by an emperor.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降の武家政権の時代と比較して、政治の実権が帝王の統治する「王朝」すなわち朝廷にあったことに由来する名称である。
English: It was often used as a historical term before the war but is no longer used today because it does not reflect the actual state of affairs due to the fact the Imperial Court existed and possessed a certain degree of influence even after the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 史学上の用語としては戦前にはしばしば用いられたが、鎌倉時代以後においても朝廷機構が存在して一定の影響力を有していたことから、実情を反映したものとは言えないために今日では用いられていない。
English: When used to define a period of cultural history, it is also used to refer particularly to period of nationalistic culture of the Heian period which prospered mainly within the Imperial Court.
Japanese: また文化史的な時代区分として、主として宮廷を舞台として栄えた平安時代の国風文化を特に強調する場合、これがもっぱら行われた期間を指すこともある。
English: In this case, the term refers to the period between the mid-Heian period (during and after the 10th century) and the Taira clan's administrative period, or before the Insei period (period of cloistered imperial rule).
Japanese: この場合には、平安中期（10世紀以降）から平氏政権期まで、もしくは下限を院政期以前とする。
English: After World War II, a theory known as the dynastic state theory was developed, and according to this theory, the political system of the regime that held power in the tenth and eleventh centuries was different from that of the Ritsuryo regime (a political system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism).
Japanese: なお、戦後において10-11世紀の国家体制を律令国家体制とは異なる体制（王朝国家体制）とする王朝国家論が唱えられるようになった。
English: However, the term "Dynastic period" is used to describe a period of Japanese history that also includes the Ritsuryo regime, so it is necessary to keep in mind that the concept of "dynasty" was different for each national regime.
Japanese: しかし王朝時代には律令国家体制期も含むために王朝国家の指す時代的概念が異なることに注意を必要とする。
English: A soson meant a community (in the form of a village) organized through autonomous, territorial connections among peasants in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 惣村（そうそん）は、中世日本における百姓の自治的・地縁的結合による共同組織（村落形態）を指す。
English: Under shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in the early medieval period (from the late Heian period to the mid-Kamakura period), the 'myo' (rice-field lot under the charge of a nominal holder), which was managed by a lord of public land qualified as Gunji (a local government official), Goji (a local government official under the Ritsuryo system) or Hoji (an officer governing public land), shokan (an officer governing a shoen (manor)) often overlapped that of a lord of public land or some powerful myoshu (owner of rice fields) who was concurrently a peasant (they instead officially held peasant status in the early age) was mixed in a mosaic-like manner.
Japanese: 中世初期（平安時代後期～鎌倉時代中期）までの荘園公領制においては、郡司、郷司、保司などの資格を持つ公領領主、公領領主ともしばしば重複する荘官、一部の有力な名主百姓（むしろ初期においては彼らこそが正式な百姓身分保持者）が管理する「名田」（みょう）がモザイク状に混在していた。
English: Peasants, or other workers engaged in a small industry such as general agriculture who didn't even have peasant status were subordinate to a lord or a myoshu, respectively, as retainers or people of low rank.
Japanese: 百姓、あるいはその身分すら持たない一般の農業などの零細な産業従事者らはそれぞれの領主、名主（みょうしゅ）に家人、下人などとして従属していた。
English: Because the peasants' livelihoods and economic activities depended on the myo, which were located in a mosaic-like manner, their residences spread thin and there was no community in the form of a village where residences were densely packed.
Japanese: 百姓らの生活・経済活動はモザイク状の名を中心としていたため、彼らの住居はまばらに散在しており、住居が密集する村落という形態は出現していなかった。
English: However, in the late Kamakura period, since Jito (a manager and lord of the manor) moved into the governance of the manor and public land, the livelihood and economy that had been dependent on the myo rapidly disappeared, and the conventional shoen koryo sei began to change.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉後期ごろになると、地頭が荘園・公領支配へ進出していったことにより、名を中心とした生活経済は急速に姿を消していき、従来の荘園公領制が変質し始めた。
English: Under those circumstances the peasants strengthened their territorial connections through the distribution of water supplies, the construction and repair of channels and roads, and self-defense from border conflicts, wars and robbers.
Japanese: そうした中で、百姓らは、水利配分や水路・道路の修築、境界紛争・戦乱や盗賊からの自衛などを契機として地縁的な結合を強めていった。
English: First, villages in which residences separated from cultivated lands gathered together gradually formed in parts of the Kinai region (the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and around the Kinki region.
Japanese: まず畿内・近畿周辺において、耕地から住居が分離して住宅同士が集合する村落が次第に形成されていった。
English: These villages, which consisted of all (惣て)members within range, came to be called soson (惣村) or so (惣).
Japanese: このような村落は、その範囲内に住む惣て（すべて）の構成員により形成されていたことから、惣村または惣と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Through nationwide wars in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), a new style of connection called a village, which appeared in the Kinai region, spread to other regions.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)の全国的な動乱を経て、畿内に発生した村落という新たな結合形態は各地へ拡大していった。
English: Within range of the manor or public land (Go, Ho, etc.) which was a governing unit, sosho (the autonomous village community) and sogo (a village community), which were formed by unifying more than one soson, sometimes appeared.
Japanese: 支配単位である荘園や公領（郷・保など）の範囲で、複数の惣村がさらに結合する惣荘（そうしょう）・惣郷（そうごう）が形成されることもあった。
English: In sosho and sogo, the peasants had a high tendency toward unity and self-reliance, and a number of sosho and sogo appeared in the Kinai region where the soson were most developed.
Japanese: 惣荘や惣郷は、百姓の団結・自立の傾向が強く、かつ最も惣村が発達していた畿内に多く出現した。
English: In the Tohoku, Kanto and Kyushu regions far from the Kinai region, moderately unified villages were formed within a range larger than that of a soson (as a unit of manor or public land), and such villages were called goson (autonomous villages).
Japanese: また、畿内から遠い東北・関東・九州では、惣村よりも広い範囲（荘園・公領単位）で、ゆるやかな村落結合が形成されたが、これを郷村（ごうそん）という。
English: In the Kanto region, the existence of sosho or sogo was not identified; however, as an exception the 'Katori monjo' (Katori document) contained information that a community close to a sosho or a sogo existed in Sahara, Shimousa Province.
Japanese: なお、関東においては、惣荘や惣郷の存在について確認されていないが、特殊な事例であるが、「香取文書」には、下総国佐原において、それに近いものが存在していたことが書かれている。
English: During the Muromachi period the authority of the shugo (provincial constable) was strengthened, and the intervention by the shugo in the governance of the manor and public land increased.
Japanese: 室町時代には、守護の権限が強化され、守護による荘園・公領支配への介入が増加した。
English: To secure the right of self-government, the soson increased their tendency to build relationships with the Shugo or Kokujin (local samurai), not with a lord of the manor or a lord of public land.
Japanese: 惣村は自治権を確保するために、荘園領主・公領領主ではなく、守護や国人と関係を結ぶ傾向を強めていった。
English: Consequently, some persons of great influence in soson became samurai by entering into the relationship of master to servant with the Shugo or Kokujin.
Japanese: そして、惣村の有力者の中には、守護や国人と主従関係を結んで武士となる者も現れた。
English: Soson reached the mature stage in the mid-Muromachi period (around the fifteenth century), and it is said that the self-governing capability was very enhanced so as to respond to conflicts such as the Onin War.
Japanese: 惣村が最盛期を迎えたのは室町時代中期（15世紀）ごろであり、応仁の乱などの戦乱に対応するため、自治能力が非常に高まったとされる。
English: In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period), the governance of entire region by the warring lords became stronger, and gradually the soson's autonomy was usurped.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)に入ると、戦国大名による一円支配が強まり、惣村の自治権が次第に奪われていった。
English: As a result of heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil) (Sword Hunt) and the confirmation of land ownership (Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), which had been implemented by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the style of connection called the soson finally disappeared, and there emerged early-modern villages that survived in the Edo period.
Japanese: 最終的には、豊臣秀吉による兵農分離（刀狩）と土地所有確認（太閤検地）の結果、惣村という結合形態は消滅し、江戸時代に続く近世村落が形成していったとされる。
English: However, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was passed down to early-modern villages mainly in terms of religious service and water supplies, and it is considered that such a characteristic was instrumental in unifying and maintaining the village under the murauke system (village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment) and Bungo (system of governing the Go).
Japanese: しかし、惣村の持っていた自治的性格は、祭祀面や水利面などを中心に近世村落へも幾分か継承され、村請制度や分郷下における村の統一維持に大きな役割を果たしたと考えられている。
English: Among the members of soson, young people prior to becoming Otona were called wakashu (young members of the soson village system).
Japanese: また、惣村の構成員のうち、乙名になる前の若年者を若衆（わかしゅ）といった。
English: The title, Otona, was also called choro (patriarch), shukuro (chief vassal), roju (elder) or toshiyori (head), and was given to a member of the soson who ranked higher in terms of age and experience.
Japanese: 乙名は長老・宿老・老中・年寄とも呼ばれ、惣村の構成員のうち年齢や経験が上位の者があたった。
English: The Otona originally meant a representative of miyaza (organization of shrine parishioners in a hamlet), which executed religious services in a village; however, as the soson was connected mainly through a ceremony held at miyaza, Otona came to mean the leader of the soson.
Japanese: 乙名は元々、村落の祭祀を執り行う宮座（みやざ）の代表者をさしていたが、惣村の結合が宮座での儀式を中心として行われていたことから、惣村の指導者を意味するようになった。
English: The title of Otona wasn't given to one person but was instead given to a group comprising two or more persons, such a group being in charge of soson operations, coordination and negotiations.
Japanese: 乙名は一人ではなく複数人で構成され、惣村の運営・調整・交渉などに当たっていた。
English: Only people of great influence who had been myoshu or had cultivated lands could be members of Otona.
Japanese: 乙名になりうるのは、かつての名主層や多くの耕地を保有する者などの有力者たちであった。
English: The word satanin originally meant a person who executed the order or judgment on site, on behalf of the lord of the manor or the shokan.
Japanese: 沙汰人は元来、荘園領主や荘官の代理人として、命令や判決を現地で執行する者をさした。
English: Along with the weakening of shoen koryo sei and the development of the soson, the satanin strengthened the relationship with the soson and sometimes became a leader of the soson.
Japanese: 荘園公領制の弱体化と惣村の発達に伴い、沙汰人は惣村とのつながりを強めていき、惣村の指導者となることもあった。
English: A point of differentiation between the Otona and satanin was that the members of the Otona were selected by seniority from among the members of the soson, but the satanin was selected from among people who acted as executers on behalf of a lord or a shokan, and its position was transferred by heredity.
Japanese: 乙名が惣村の構成員から年功序列で選出されたのに対し、沙汰人は領主・荘官の執行人という職を出自とし、またその地位を世襲していた点で異なっていた。
English: Wakashu played a central part in the work of the community, such as police, self-defense, firefighting, construction and cultivation.
Japanese: 若衆は、惣村の警察・自衛・消防・普請・耕作など共同体の労働の中心を担っていた。
English: However, a widow who inherited the assets of her deceased husband was sometimes recognized as a member of the soson.
Japanese: ただし、死亡した夫の財産を相続した後家（寡婦・未亡人）については、惣村の構成員として認められることもあった。
English: With the change of the times, since the governing system by myo collapsed and many general peasants (jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility)) attained economic self-sufficiency, such jigenin came to be recognized as members of soson.
Japanese: 時代が経過すると名による支配体制が崩れて、多くの一般百姓（地下人じげにん）が経済的に自立していったため、これらの地下人も惣村の構成員に加わっていった。
English: A peasant who was allowed to participate in the miyaza, or the center of the connection of soson, was called Sobyakusho (member of the soson village system) and was recognized as a member of the soson.
Japanese: 惣村の結合の中心である宮座への参加が認められた百姓を惣百姓といい、惣村の構成員とされた。
English: The soson was unified around the miyaza, which held various events (annual events, Mujin-ko (beneficial association), Tanomoshi-ko (beneficial association), etc.) at a shrine in the village.
Japanese: 惣村の結合は、村の神社での各種行事（年中行事や無尽講・頼母子講など）を取り仕切る宮座を中核としていた。
English: When a problem to be resolved or a matter to be decided arose in the soson, a meeting called a yoriai was held and attended by members of the soson, and the decision was made by the soson.
Japanese: 惣村で問題や決定すべき事項が生じたときは、惣村の構成員が出席する寄合（よりあい）という会議を開いて、独自の決定を行っていった。
English: To maintain the unity of the soson, the independent rules called so okite (rules) were specified in yoriai, and if a member violated the rules, a jikendan (voluntary ruling and judgment) was sometimes implemented by the soson for the purpose of carrying out banishment, forfeiture of property, a bodily penalty or the death penalty.
Japanese: 惣村の結合を維持するため、寄合などで惣掟（そうおきて）という独自の規約を定め、惣掟に違反した場合は惣村自らが追放刑・財産没収・身体刑・死刑などを執行する自検断（じけんだん）が行われることもあった。
English: The banishment and forfeiture of property were sometimes extinguished when a certain period of time passed; however, kendan (ruling and judgment) for theft or injury was carried out very strictly, and the death sentence was often handed down.
Japanese: 追放刑や財産没収は、一定年限が経過した後に解除されることもあったが、窃盗や傷害に対する検断は非常に厳しく、死刑となることも少なくなかった。
English: A major feature was that the laws and customs of the medieval period specified that a lord or a Jito who had the right to rule should have the right of kendan, but the soson under control had such a right.
Japanese: なお、中世の法慣習では、支配権を有する領主や地頭などが検断権を持つこととされていたが、支配される側の惣村が検断権を持っていた点に大きな特徴がある。