nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On the other hand, the class called 'fugo-no-yakara' (rich guy) originated from kokushi, gunshi (local government administrator sent from the central government, working under kokushi), leading people, appeared, managed myoden (rice fields as the basic unit for levying taxes) and the duty of tax collection from kokuga and began to be economically stronger.
Japanese: 一方、各地方では国司・郡司・有力百姓などを出自とする「富豪の輩」と呼ばれる階層が登場しており、国衙から名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負って、経済力をつけ始めていた。
English: Also, they took the place of the ruling-class since ancient times, forced the public into a servile position through suikyo (land lease at interest) and became dominant local governors of the people.
Japanese: また彼らは古代以来の首長層に替わって、出挙を通じて公民を隷属下に収めていき、地方の人民支配の主体ともなりつつあった。
English: Under such a situation, the imperial court practically advanced national administration reform (the reform culminated during the Kanpyo and the Engi period around 900) and authority such as the right of tax collection, military affairs and so on were widely transferred to the leaders of kokushi (zuryo) in the local administration.
Japanese: こうした状況下で、朝廷は実情に適合した国政改革を進めていき（改革が最も進展したのは900年前後の寛平・延喜期）、地方行政の分野では、国司筆頭官（受領）に対して租税収取権・軍事権などの大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
English: Through the empowerment of zuryos, they incorporated the local ruling families leading the people into a kokuga government system, instead of the jo (the third-ranking local administrator) and sakan (the fourth-ranking local administrator) who were reluctant to accept the one-sided orders they issued because jo and sakan were also old administrative aides from the same class, in order to strengthen the governance of both tax collection and military affairs.
Japanese: この権限拡大を背景として、受領たちは租税収取・軍事両面において統治を強化するため、旧来の補佐官で同一階層出自ゆえに一方的に使役しがたい掾（じょう）、目（さかん）に替えて、国内の豪族・有力者らを国衙の体制に組み入れた。
English: Many zaichokanjin were employed from the above-mentioned 'fugo-no-yakara' (tato, leading farmer and fumyo, tax collector), took on the management of the kokuga region and tax collection and contributed to levying taxes by kokushi.
Japanese: 在庁官人は、前述した「富豪の輩」（田堵・負名層）から登用された者が多く、国衙領の経営・租税徴収を行うことで、国司の租税収取に貢献した。
English: Local kokushis and their offspring served sekkan-ke (five top court noble families of FUJIWARA family's offspring) as comparatively low-ranking military aristocrats, old gunshi class supported the local military forces as kondei (local military army), and both provided kokushis with the military forces.
Japanese: 土着国司やその子孫は中央では身分が比較的低い軍事貴族として摂関家などに仕え、また旧郡司層は健児として地方軍事力を支えてきた存在であり、ともに国司へ軍事力を提供する主体であった。
English: Zaichokanjin knew how to collect taxes and were familiar with military affairs.
Japanese: このように、在庁官人は租税収取のノウハウを知り、軍事にも通じた存在だったのである。
English: Later, those who were distinguished because of military contributions to maintain security, especially during the Johei and Tengyo War, would become the bushi class as the core group.
Japanese: 後に彼らの中で治安維持の武功によって勲功を得、特に承平天慶の乱で勲功を認められた者たちが中核になって武士身分が形成されていくことになるのである。
English: During the middle of the tenth century, the administration of kokuga came to be managed by zaichokanjins, some of the zuryos did not go to their place of assignment and often left administration to the zaichokanjins.
Japanese: 10世紀中期頃、国衙行政は在庁官人の手で運営されるようになり、受領の中には任国へ赴任せず、在庁官人へ行政を任せる者も多くなっていった。
English: Yonin kokushis sent their retainers to their places of assignment as an agent to supervise the zaichokanjins.
Japanese: 遙任国司は、自分の家人などを代理人として現地へ派遣し、在庁官人の監督に当たらせた。
English: Under the supervision of mokudai, zaichokanjins undertook the practice of tax collection or military affairs in kokuga.
Japanese: 在庁官人らは、目代の監督の下、国衙で租税収取・軍事などの実務に当たった。
English: When shoen (a manor) was newly approved, zaichokanjin set the demarcation line with the shoen party and placed tags indicating the borders.
Japanese: 新たな荘園が認可されると、在庁官人は荘園側とともに境界確認を行い、境界を示す傍示を打った。
English: At that time in Japan, to ensure the tax collection from the kokuga region, ancient units such as gun and go were reorganized into medieval units such as gun, go, and ho, and zaichokanjin were mainly appointed as gunshi, goshi, and hoshi who supervised these units.
Japanese: 当時、国衙領からの租税収取を確保するために、国内が古代的な郡・郷から中世的な郡・郷・保という単位に再編成されていたが、これを管轄する郡司・郷司・保司に任命されたのも、主に在庁官人であった。
English: Zaichokanjin were also involved in preparing Ota bumi (cadastre), in which details regarding the shoens, landlords of public domains, dimensions of rice fields, crops, and so on were recorded.
Japanese: 国内の荘園・公領の領主・田地面積・作物等を記録した租税台帳である大田文の作成にも携わった。
English: And in the case of domestic conflicts, zaichokanjin were temporarily appointed as military officers of kokuga units called "tsuibushi" or "oryoshi" and functioned as the military forces that provided leadership over domestic bushis in order to maintain security.
Japanese: また、国内で紛争が発生した場合、臨時の国単位の軍事司令官たる追捕使・押領使などに任命され、国内武士を統率して国内の治安維持に当たる武力として機能した。
English: Considering the above, zaichokanjin seem to have been obedient servants of kokushi, but in fact, they were not.
Japanese: 以上のように見ると、在庁官人は国司の従順なしもべであるようにも思えるが、実態は決してそうではなかった。
English: Zaichokanjin were originally the leaders in the local region and were also the representing the interests of the region against the kokushi sent from the central government.
Japanese: 在庁官人は元々、現地の有力者であり、中央の国司に対する地域の利益代表としての顔も持っていた。
English: Thus, they formed complicated networks through marriage and if the measures and policies by kokushi were inappropriate for their interests, they often resisted kokushi.
Japanese: そのため、彼らは婚姻を通して複雑なネットワークを形成し、国司の施策が自らの意向にそぐわなければ、国司へ反抗することもしばしば見られた。
English: Especially in the eastern regions, this class of leading men had a distinctive character and even though they were zaichokanjin, they often defied kokushi or caused armed conflicts.
Japanese: 特に東国では、有力者層の独自性が強く、在庁官人でありながら国司に逆らったり、武力紛争を起こしたりする者が多かった。
English: And when zaichokanjin were appointed as gunshi, goshi, and hoshi, they were likely to deal with public domains and public rice fields in gun, go, and ho as their own lands.
Japanese: また、在庁官人は、郡司・郷司・保司に任命されると、郡・郷・保の公領・公田を自らの所領として扱う傾向があった。
English: Many zaichokanjin took on the role of developer-landlords or shoen managers as well as that of proper zaichokanjin.
Japanese: 在庁官人には、在庁官人としての側面を持ちつつも、荘園の開発領主・荘官としての側面も併せ持つ者が少なくなかったのである。
English: Thus many zaichokanjin developed into local landlords and as bushi after the middle of the Heian period (from the eleventh century to the twelfth).
Japanese: こうして、平安中期以降（11世紀～12世紀）、在庁官人の多くは、在地領主として、そして武士として成長していくこととなる。
English: In the process of development, economic and military tensions, concerning the interests of kokuga and tato and fumyo classes from where most zaichokanjin originated, were involved and frequently armed conflicts broke out.
Japanese: その過程においては国衙と在庁官人層の出自母体たる田堵負名層の権益などを巡る経済的、軍事的緊張と、それによる武力紛争の多発が大きく関わっていた。
English: Zaichokanjin took the side of the tato and fumyo classes representing their interests, and other times they took the side of those who oppressed tato and fumyo classes as soldiers to ensure the power of the imperial court and kokuga, and came to have the actual power in the local regions.
Japanese: 在庁官人はあるときは田堵負名層の利益代表として反乱側に、またあるときは朝廷・国衙ラインの権力を保証する戦士として田堵負名層を制圧する側に立ち、地域における実権を構築していったのである。
English: The tendency was strong, especially in the eastern regions, and movement aiming at pushing out the power that was a nuisance to zaichokanjin such as mokudai in kokuga or azukaridokoko (management position in trust) in shoen, would lead to the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: その傾向は関東で特に強く、在地における国衙の目代や荘園の預所（あずかっそ）といった在庁官人を翻弄する権力の排除を志向する動きが鎌倉幕府の成立へとつながっていく。
English: In the case of Hitachi Province during the Kamakura period, we can see in documents that there were status distinctions such as takokushajin, kunizoshiki, kokusho, kokushoji and miko in jokan, chuza, shosei and ichibun.
Japanese: 常陸国の場合、鎌倉時代ではあるが掾官、中座、書生、一分の他国舎人・国雑色・国掌・国承仕・御子と呼ばれる身分差があったことが文書から伺える。
English: Jokan is, as the name suggests, were regarded as localized lower-ranking kokushi descendants such as jo or sakan, and jokan often attained official ranks such as ikan and so on in emonfu (bureaucracy in the ritsuryo system of governance) and seemed to have been in a position of leadership within the kokuga.
Japanese: 掾官はその名の通り掾や目といった下級国司の子孫が土着したものと見られ、衛門府の尉官などの官位を得ていることが多く、国衙で指導的立場にいたと思われる。
English: Chuza, shosei, and ichibun were second to jokan and takokushajin, kunizoshiki, kunisho, kunishoji, and miko are regarded as practical bureaucrats.
Japanese: 中座、書生、一分はそれに次ぐ地位にあり、他国舎人・国雑色・国掌・国承仕・御子らは実務官僚であったと考えられている。
English: However, jito (management post of shoen or public domain) located in various regions by the Kamakura bakufu began to penetrate the dominion of zaichokanjin.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉幕府が各地に配置した地頭は、在庁官人の支配範囲へ侵出していく。
English: Also in the eastern regions, many zaichokanjin formed a master-subordinate relationship with seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), attained the status of gokenin (retainers) and were also appointed as jito.
Japanese: また、東国では多くの在庁官人が征夷大将軍と主従関係を結び御家人身分を獲得し、地頭にも任じられた。
English: Genko (Mongol invasion attempts against Japan) during the mid Kamakura period triggered the invasion of the power of the Kamakura bakufu towards the western regions and the administration of kokuga by zaichokanjin gradually weakened.
Japanese: 鎌倉中期の元寇を契機として、幕府権力が西国へも浸透していき、在庁官人による国衙行政は次第に弱まっていった。
English: During the Muromachi period, the strong authority was assigned to shugo (local military commander) and kokuga were put under the governance of shugo.
Japanese: 室町時代になると、守護に強力な権限が付与され、国衙は守護の支配下に置かれることとなった。
English: The power of kokuga and that of shugo were unified and the administration of kokuga ceased to exist.
Japanese: 国衙の権力は守護権力へと一元化され、国衙行政は消滅への道をたどった。
English: Thus, zaichokanjin lost their status and raison d'etre and were transferred to a class called "kokujin" (the bushi class originally from the jito class).
Japanese: そうなると、在庁官人という地位も存立基盤を失うこととなり、在庁官人は国人と呼ばれる階層へ移行していった。
English: Many zaichokanjin who became kokujin were incorporated into the bureaucracy of shugo, kokuga regions managed by zaichokanjin were reorganized into the shugo regions governed by shugo and led to the establishment of shugo ryokoku sei (governmental system by shugo).
Japanese: 国人となった在庁官人は、その多くが守護の被官に組み込まれ、在庁官人の管理していた国衙領は守護の支配する守護領へ再編成されていき、守護領国制の確立へとつながっていった。
English: On the other hand, to avoid becoming under the control of shugo, some old zaichokanjin tried to struggle to maintain an independent existence as kokujin.
Japanese: 一方で、守護支配下に入ることを嫌い、独自性を持った国人として存続を図った旧在庁官人もいた。
English: Also, considering the anarchy in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), some zaichokanjin grew up to be shugo (for example, the Ouchi clan).
Japanese: また、南北朝時代(日本)の混乱に乗じて、在庁官人から守護へ成長した者（例：大内氏）もいたのである。
English: Heinobunri indicates the disarming of the classes pushed forward during the period from the Azuchi-Momoyama through Edo periods except for the samurai (warrior) class.
Japanese: 兵農分離（へいのうぶんり）とは、安土桃山から江戸時代にかけて推し進められた武士階級以外の武装解除を指す。
English: Later, in the process of the Tokugawa family taking control of the national administration, the samurai class and other classes were separated precisely.
Japanese: のち徳川家が国政を管掌する途上において、武士と他の階級を明確に区別した。
English: In the medieval period of Japan, not only regular samurai who were jito (land steward appointed by the central military government to each of the estates [shoen] into which the countryside was divided), gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and other roto (retainers) but also jizamurai (local samurai [or dogo: local ruling family]), nobushi (unofficial warrior hidden in a forest) and farmers were armed.
Japanese: 日本の中世期においては、幕府の地頭、御家人、その郎党といった正規の武士以外に地侍（土豪）、野伏、農民等も武装していた。
English: As the farmers took the system in wartime, having younger people of their tenant farmers armed, hei (samurai) and no (farmers) were inseparable or close to a synonym.
Japanese: 農場主が小作人の子弟を郎党として戦時の体制を構成していたため、兵と農は不離あるいは同義語に近い。
English: Also, as the government that was supposed to take the duties of maintaining security had become useless, distributors also had to be armed themselves.
Japanese: また治安維持を担う政府が形骸化していたために流通業者も武装しなければならなかった。
English: Because of this, while the typical example of samurai who originated in farmers were gokenin in the Kamakura bakufu, the representative of samurai who originated in merchants was Masashige KUSUNOKI who is said to have been a distributor and others.
Japanese: このため、農業系武士の代表が鎌倉幕府の御家人たちであるならば、商業系武士の代表としては運輸業者であったといわれる楠木正成等が挙げられる。
English: That is, it is better to think that all the classes had been armed until the society was stabilized in Edo period.
Japanese: つまり武装を必要としない江戸時代の安定を見るまでは、あらゆる階層が武装していたと考えるほうがよい。
English: This means that during the Sengoku period when the battles were conducted continuously, Sengoku daimyo wanted to mobilize their strongest warriors to politically and militarily important places anytime, swiftly and over the long term.
Japanese: すなわち、継続的に戦闘が行われる戦国期においては、戦国大名はいつでも、迅速に、また長期的に政略的・軍事的要地に精兵を動員できるようにしたかった。
English: However, in the system in the Muromachi period or before where the retainers lived in their territory, it took a long time for daimyo to call out their retainers.
Japanese: だが、室町期以前のような家来達が所領に在住する地方領主制では、召集するのに時間が掛かった。
English: Also, as among their retainers, some of them were half warrior half farmer, the local lords had a problem that their retainers would have complaints against mobilization during the busy farming season.
Japanese: また、彼らの郎党には半士半農の者もおり、農繁期の動員に対して不満をもたれるといった問題もあった。
English: Because of this problem, the Ouchi clan and Miyoshi clan were able to move their army to Kyoto and attain the hegemony, but unable to maintain it.
Japanese: このため大内氏や三好氏などは京に軍を進めることには成功したが、その覇権を維持することはできなかった。
English: In contrast, if the feudal lords gathered their vassals around their castles and set them as a full-time regular army, they were able to meet the needs mentioned above and to improve soldiers' skillfulness and the quality of arms (notice: in this case the regular army mentioned here is totally different from the one stipulated in the history of military in the Western countries).
Japanese: これに対し、家臣を城下に集めて専任の常備軍（この常備軍は西洋軍事史で規定されるそれとは全くの別物である事に注意）とすれば、上記の要求を満たせる上、兵の錬度、武具の質も上げることができた。
English: On the other hand, if the lords gathered their vassals and had them live around the castles, the citizens' armament besides their soldiers would be a threat to the lords.
Japanese: 一方、家臣を城下に集中させれば、それ以外の者が武力をもつことは安定した支配への脅威となる。
English: However, as the measures meant to dissolve the classes such as kokujin (local lord) and jizamurai who had had vested interests, it was after the unification of the whole country by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI that heinobunri was thoroughly accomplished.
Japanese: ただし国人・地侍等の既得権授益層の解体を意味するため、最終的に徹底しされるのは、豊臣秀吉の天下統一後である。
English: Having their vassals move and live around the castles became a big factor for the castles to develop besides rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds).
Japanese: 兵農分離による家臣の城下への集住は、楽市楽座とともに、城下町発展の大きな要因となる。
English: These measures were to clearly define the relation of land holding and to deprive the citizens other than samurai of the right to bear arms.
Japanese: これらは、土地の支配関係を明らかにし、武士以外の武装権を剥奪するものであった。
English: Also, they were to dismantle the pirates' power and separate suigun (navy) samurai from fisher men.
Japanese: また、海上においては海賊勢力を解体して大名の水軍武士と漁民に分離するものであった。
English: The social class in Japan was precisely divided into four classes, putting the samurai at the top as the ruling class and farmers, craftsmen, and merchants into lower classes in order to put them under the samurai class.
Japanese: 支配階層を武士として、それ以外の農民、職人、商人はその下に入る階層として厳密に区別された。
English: In principal, the citizens were not allowed to change their social status, but in the mid Edo period and later this system began to collapse again.
Japanese: 原則、身分の移動は行えなくなったが、江戸中期以降、この体制は再び崩れ始める。
English: Myoshu (village headmen) were a class of people who were commissioned to manage the cultivation of farmland called myoden by lords of Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) and manors during the late Ancient period and the Middle Ages in Japan.
Japanese: 名主（みょうしゅ）は、日本の古代末期から中世日本にかけて、国衙領・荘園領主から名田の経営を請け負った。
English: They were also obligated to collect tribute and taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) for territorial rulers.
Japanese: それとともに、領主への貢納（年貢・公事・夫役）の責務を担った階層である。
English: In the early modern age, and specifically the Edo period, village headmen were called nanushi, which was one of the three official positions of a provincial community.
Japanese: 近世（江戸時代）において、名主（なぬし）は地方三役の呼び名の一つとなった。
English: In Japan, land had been controlled by the government under the ritsuryo legal codes in order to collect land taxes since the early eighth century.
Japanese: 日本では、8世紀初頭以来、律令に基づいた土地支配・租税収取が政府によって行われてきた。
English: In the ninth century, however, farmers began to flee from their villages and became vagrants in increasing numbers in order to escape government control and taxation, thereby necessitating a major change in the system of administration and taxation based on the ancient ritsuryo legal codes.
Japanese: しかし、9世紀に入ると支配・収取から逃れるために百姓たちの逃亡・浮浪が顕著となっていき、律令制支配・収取は大きな転換が迫られていた。
English: From the late 9th to 10th century, the government gradually replaced the traditional system of direct rule over individual farmers with a system of rule and taxation of land, which became the source of taxation.
Japanese: 9世紀後期～10世紀にかけて、政府は従前から実施してきた人別支配を改め、収取の対象となる土地そのものに対する支配・収取体制を確立していった。
English: The government established the system of rule (known as myo taisei) aimed at ensuring the collection of tax revenues by reorganizing government land (public farmland) into units called myoden and by hiring influential farmers called tato, who had accumulated considerable wealth during the period, to manage the myoden.
Japanese: それは、国衙が支配する土地（公田）を名田（みょうでん）という単位に再編し、当時、経済力をつけていた田堵と呼ばれる富豪層（有力百姓層）に名田経営を請け負わせることで、租税収入を確保する体制（名体制という。）であった。
English: The system, which gave tato farmers the official right to cultivate land with the acknowledgement of territorial governors, also brought considerable advantages to these farmers, who had had to maintain their land in unstable social relationships.
Japanese: また、田堵の側にとっても、権利関係が不安定なままで田地経営を行うよりも、国司の公認を得て、安定した権利関係の上で田地を経営することには大きなメリットがあった。
English: These tato farmers who cultivated myoden land were called fumyo (subcontractors) or tato fumyo.
Japanese: こうして名田を経営するようになった田堵は、負名または田堵負名などと呼ばれた。
English: As the myoden system was subsequently introduced into manors, tato farmers were commissioned to manage the cultivation of myoden land within manors as well.
Japanese: その後、荘園にも名田化が波及すると、田堵は荘園内の名田経営も請け負うようになった。
English: Although some of these tato fumyo farmers managed myoden land under the rule of local territorial lords, many of them ruled land as territorial lords themselves.
Japanese: 田堵負名には、在地領主の支配下で名田経営する者もいたが、田堵負名自身が在地領主として現地支配・管理する者も多かった。
English: Tato fumyo farmers were gradually placed under the rule of territorial governors in the role of local government officers called gunji, goji or hoji within government territories, and under the rule of manorial lords in manors as their retainers called geshi or kumon.
Japanese: そして、田堵負名は、公領にあっては在庁官人や郡司・郷司・保司などとして国司の下に、荘園にあっては下司・公文などの荘官として領主の下に、それぞれ編成されていった。
English: The ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, granted tato farmers various rights to rule and manage land in villages in order to strengthen the myoden system supported by these farmers.
Japanese: 国司や領主などの支配層は、田堵負名による名田経営を強化するために、現地での支配権・管理権を次第に付与していった。
English: Although these rights to rule and manage land varied greatly depending on the size and arrangement of myoden land, tato fumyo farmers succeeded in strengthening their control over peasants in many villages by using the authority recognized by their own rulers.
Japanese: こうして与えられた支配権・管理権は一様ではなく、名田の規模・態様によってさまざまな形態をとっていたが、いずれにせよ田堵負名は、国司・領主に認められた権限を背景に、現地において百姓らへの支配を強めていったのである。
English: During the late 11th and 12th centuries, tato fumyo farmers came to be known as myoshu.
Japanese: 11世紀後期～12世紀ごろになると、田堵負名層は名主（みょうしゅ）と呼ばれるようになった。
English: A system composed of manors and government territories as basic units of administration and taxation, known as the manorial public territory system (called shoen koryo sei in Japanese), was established during this period, with myoshu farmers forming the basis of the system.
Japanese: この時期、荘園や公領を支配・収取の単位とする体制、すなわち荘園公領制が確立したが、名主は荘園公領制の基盤を支える階層といえた。
English: As the manorial public territory system developed, various rights over myoden land were officially acknowledged by territorial governors and manorial lords as myoshushiki (myoshu rights).
Japanese: 荘園公領制の進展の中で、国司・荘園領主から認められた名田に対する諸権利は、名主職（みょうしゅしき）として確立していった。
English: In the myoden system, myoshu were obligated to collect taxes (taxes in kind, public duties and labor services) from peasants for territorial governors or manorial lords.
Japanese: 名田において、名主は百姓らから年貢・公事・夫役を徴収し、国司や荘園領主へ納入する義務を負っていた。
English: Myoshu also collected kajishi (supplementary taxes) from peasants as their own income.
Japanese: また、名主は、百姓から徴収した中から加地子を中間得分として自らの収入としていた。
English: Some of them even used unfree peasants called genin or shoju to cultivate tax-exempt land granted by the territorial governors and manorial lords or private farmland around their houses, in which case all taxes collected became their own earnings.
Japanese: さらに下人・所従と呼ばれる隷属民を使役して、国司・領主から承認された給田・免田や自らの屋敷周辺に設定した私的な田地を耕作させる者もおり、その場合、収穫物は全て名主の収入となった。
English: From the viewpoint of the ruling class, including territorial governors and manorial lords, they were part of the ruled class, while from the viewpoint of ordinary peasants, they were themselves rulers in village communities.
Japanese: 国司・荘園領主などの支配層から見れば、名主は支配される側、すなわち被支配者だったが、一般百姓らから見れば名主は現地における支配者だった。
English: Thus, the myoshu class defies simple characterization and is interpreted broadly as a class of farmers who managed the cultivation of myoden land.
Japanese: このように、名主の性格は一概に説明できるものではなく、名田を経営した階層と広義に解釈されている。
English: In Kinai (areas around Kyoto and Osaka), myoshu were mostly influential farmers who were themselves engaged in farming, but in other areas, especially in Kanto regions (region including Tokyo), retainers of warrior class were often included among myoshu.
Japanese: また、名主は、畿内周辺では農業経営に携わる有力百姓としての性格が強かったが、その他の地域では豪族的な者もおり、特に関東では武士の郎党的な者も多かった。
English: When the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power toward the end of the 12th century, some myoshu farmers, especially those in eastern regions, gained positions in the shogunate government and became gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) or were appointed as jito (local landlord).
Japanese: 12世紀末に鎌倉幕府が登場すると、特に東国の名主の中には、幕府に帰参して御家人となり、地頭に補任される者も現れた。
English: However, due to circumstances beyond my control, I hereby sell my property rights forever for the sum of 41 kan-mon.
Japanese: 雖然依有要用、直銭肆拾壱貫文仁限永代相副本券等所売渡申沙弥道忍仁実正也。
English: With the development of new fertilizers and agricultural tools, along with the improvement of rice varieties through selective breeding, agricultural production increased remarkably as a result of various circumstances, such as the spread of double-cropping in Kinai and Sanyo regions.
Japanese: 肥料や農具などの改善や米の品種改良の進展などを背景として、畿内や山陽などで二毛作が拡がるなど、農業生産が著しく向上していった。
English: An increase in agricultural production brought about not only dramatic progress in manual industry and commerce over a wide area but also the development of a monetary economy.
Japanese: また、農業生産の向上は、手工業や広い範囲での流通を劇的に進展させ、さらに貨幣経済の普及をもたらすこととなった。
English: Under these social conditions, ordinary peasants, who had been engaged in farming under the rule and control of myoshu farmers, gradually gained economic power.
Japanese: こうした社会情勢の中で、従前、名主の支配・管理下で生産に従事していた一般百姓が経済力をつけていった。
English: Having accumulated considerable wealth, these peasants purchased myoden and other properties, thereby gradually achieving freedom from the control of myoshu farmers.
Japanese: 経済力を獲得した一般百姓は、名田を購入するなどし、名主の支配から次第に逃れていった。
English: Some of these peasants were even appointed as myoshu by territorial governors or manorial lords and became members of the myoshu class.
Japanese: 中には、経済力を背景として国司・荘園領主から名主職に任じられて名主階層となる者もいた。