nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Wakasa Domain was a feudal domain owning areas around Hatto-gun, Inaba Province (Wakasa-cho, Yazu-gun, Tottori Prefecture).
Japanese: 若桜藩（わかさはん）は因幡国八東郡（鳥取県八頭郡若桜町）周辺を領した藩。
English: In 1600 the lord of the Wakasa-jo Castle, Shigekata KINOSHITA, joined the western army during the Battle of Sekigahara, and with the defeat in war he committed suicide causing the abolition of the domain.
Japanese: 慶長5年（1600年）若桜城主・木下重堅は関ヶ原の戦いで西軍に属し、敗戦とともに自害したため廃絶となった。
English: Second generation Ieharu YAMAZAKI relocated to Nariwa Domain, Bicchu Province in 1617.
Japanese: 2代・山崎家治は元和(日本)3年（1617年）備中国成羽藩に転封となった。
English: Chiho San Shinpo (Three New Local Laws) refers to three laws on the Japanese local administration system that were enacted during the Meiji period.
Japanese: 地方三新法（ちほうさんしんぽう）は、明治時代の日本が制定した三つの地方制度関連法のことである。
English: More specifically, it refers to the following three laws: Gunkuchoson henseiho (the Law for Reorganization of Counties, Wards, Towns and Villages), Fukenkai kisoku (the Rules for Prefectural Assemblies) and Chihozei kisoku (the Rules for Local Taxes).
Japanese: 具体的には郡区町村編制法、府県会規則、地方税規則の三つの法令をいう。
English: A nationally-standardized local autonomy system was established during the Meiji period through these laws.
Japanese: これにより明治時代において、全国統一の本格的な地方自治制度が確立した。
English: Ku (Wards, established in cities; some large cities are divided into several wards.)
Japanese: 区（都市においた,大都市は一つにまとめられず、複数の区に分割された）
English: When the Three Local New Laws were enacted, the Seinan War had drawn to its close, but peasants' uprisings were occurring frequently and the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) was growing.
Japanese: 地方三新法が制定された頃は、西南戦争は終結に至るも、農民一揆が頻発し、また自由民権運動が拡大しつつある社会状況であった。
English: In such circumstances, it was widely pointed out that reforming the local administrative system was indispensable in order to stabilize to political situation.
Japanese: このような中で、政局を安定させるためにも地方制度改革が必要不可欠であるとの指摘がひろくなされた。
English: Because of this, the laws were proposed by Toshimichi OKUBO, who was serving as the Minister of the Interior in the Ministry of the Interior (Japan) at the time and took a great interest in developing local administration.
Japanese: そのため、当時内務省(日本)で内務卿を務め地方行政の整備に力を入れていた大久保利通により発案されたものである。
English: Specifically, they were drafted on the basis of an opinion paper titled 'reorganization of the local administration system' which Toshimichi OKUBO submitted to the Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) Sanetomi SANJO on March 11, 1878, and they were then adopted after the deliberations and resolutions of the second chihokan kaigi (assembly of prefectural governors) and the Genroin (the Chamber of Elders, Japan).
Japanese: 具体的には、明治11年（1878年）3月11日に大久保利通が三条実美太政大臣に提出した意見書「地方之体制等改正之儀」上申に基き、第2回地方官会議と元老院(日本)の審議及び議決を経て制定された。
English: While the central government approved the autonomy of towns and villages which had had the tradition of self-government since the Edo period, it made them carry out decisions made through kocho (heads of towns and villages).
Japanese: 江戸時代からの自治の伝統があった町村には、自治の実態を認めつつ、戸長を通じて上からの決定を実施させることにした。
English: In principle, there was one kocho for each town or village, but in fact, one kocho took charge of several towns or villages.
Japanese: 一つの町村に一人の戸長が原則だったが、実際にはすぐにいくつかの町村を包括する方式に移った。
English: The government legislated certain local autonomy after reconsidering the failure of the daiku-shoku system (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions), which was designed to make all local systems extensions of the central government.
Japanese: 地方制度をすべて中央政府の延長にしようとした大区小区制の失敗に対する反省から、一定の地方自治を法定した。
English: However, the concession was not great, and all things considered, it was still a centralized local administration system.
Japanese: ただし、その譲歩は大きなものではなく、全体的にみれば集権的な地方制度であった。
English: In particular, because the self-government at the level of towns and villages had already existed before being fixed by the central government, approval in this case did not mean greater autonomy for municipalities.
Japanese: 特に町村レベルには上からの法定以前に自治があったので、ここでの承認は自治拡大を意味するものではなかった。
English: Setting up prefectural assemblies was substantial progress towards local autonomy and the parliamentary system.
Japanese: もっとも、府県会設置は、地方自治と議会制に向けた実質的前進であった。
English: Even though there were various limitations, the fact that the prefectural assemblies all over the country became the bases for the Jiyu Minken Undo sects to criticize and attack the government means that the autonomy of prefectural assemblies was not a hollow gesture.
Japanese: 様々な制限があったとしても、各地の府県会が自由民権運動派の政府攻撃の拠点となったことは、府県会自治が空虚な器でなかったことを意味している。
English: Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (the law for reorganization of counties, wards, towns and villages) was the law regarding a Japanese local government system, established in 1878.
Japanese: 郡区町村編制法（ぐんくちょうそんへんせいほう）は、1878年（明治11年）に制定された日本の地方制度に関する法令である。
English: This law, one of the so-called three new bills related to the local government system, was enacted as Dajokan Fukoku or Tasshi (Edict or Proclamation of the Grand Council of State) No. 17 in July 22, 1878.
Japanese: いわゆる地方三新法の一つとして、1878年7月22日、太政官布告・太政官達第17号として制定された。
English: It was introduced to review the previous Daiku-shoku Sei (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions), which had been unpopular as the system did not meet local circumstances.
Japanese: 従前の大区小区制が地方の実情に合わず不評であったことから、これを見直すために導入されたものである。
English: By 1900, Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho was abolished or revoked one after another in every prefectures since 1888 when Shi Sei (a system of cities) and Cho Son Sei (a system of towns and villages) were enacted and 1890 when Fu Ken Sei (a system of prefectures) and Gun Sei (a system of counties) were enacted (precisely enforced in accordance with the supplementary provision in Gun Sei).
Japanese: 1888年（明治21年）に制定された市制・町村制、1890年（明治23年）に制定された府県制・郡制により（具体的には郡制附則の規定により同法施行時に）、各府県において1900年（明治33年）までに順次廃止または失効した。
English: It consisted of six articles and later nine articles after three articles were added by Dajokan Fukoku No. 14 of 1880.
Japanese: 全6条、のち1880年（明治13年）の太政官布告第14号により3条が追加されて全9条。
English: Large counties were divided (Article 3) and a Guncho (county mayor) was placed by county (The first part of Article 5).
Japanese: 郡は、広すぎるものを分割した上で（第3条）、一人の郡長を置いた（第5条前段）。
English: When the county was small, one Guncho governed multiple counties (The latter part of Article 5).
Japanese: 郡が狭い場合には、複数の郡に一人の郡長を置くこともあった（第5条後段）。
English: Wards were established within counties exclusively in the three urban prefectures, treaty port cities and densely-populated areas, and multiple wards were placed in large densely-populated areas (Article 4).
Japanese: 三府・条約港日本の条約港および人口密集地には、郡から分けて区を置き、広い人口密集地には複数の区を置いた（第4条）。
English: Regarding the three largest cities, according to the major city population statistics before a census was started, Tokyo had 15 wards including Kojimachi Ward, and Osaka had four wards; Higashi Ward (Osaka City), Nishi Ward (Osaka City), Minami Ward (Osaka City) and Kita Ward (Osaka City), and Kyoto had two wards; Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward.
Japanese: 国勢調査以前の日本の人口統計主要都市人口で見ると、日本三大都市の東京には麹町区以下東京15区、大阪には東区(大阪市)・西区(大阪市)・南区(大阪市)・北区(大阪市)の4区、京都には上京区・下京区の2区が置かれた。
English: As for other cities, a ward was placed in each city; Nagoya City, Kanazawa City, Hiroshima City, Wakayama City, Yokohama City, Sendai City, Sakai City, Fukuoka City, Kumamoto City, Kobe City, Niigata City, Okayama City, Nagasaki City, Hakodate City, Akamagaseki City and Sapporo City.
Japanese: その他は都市毎に1区ずつが置かれ、名古屋市・金沢市・広島市・和歌山市・横浜市・仙台市・堺市・福岡市・熊本市・神戸市・新潟市・岡山市・長崎市・函館市・赤間関市・札幌市が設置された
English: And the reason is unknown why wards were established in the low population cities such as Akamagaseki Ward (20,966 people) and Sapporo Ward (2,678 people) while no wards were done in the cities with a relatively large population such as Toyama, Kagoshima, Fukui and Tokushima.
Japanese: なお、赤間関区20,966人、札幌区2,678人など本籍人口が少ない都市に区が設置され、富山・鹿児島・福井・徳島等の本籍人口が比較的多い都市に区が設置されなかった経緯については不明である。
English: As for towns and villages within wards, the Kucho can be concurrently engaged in the Kocho's role (Article 6).
Japanese: 区内の町村については区長が戸長の事務を兼ねることもできた（第6条）。
English: This law restored the traditional county, town and village system for the convenience of the public as well as granted a certain level of local autonomy by introducing the public election for the Kocho.
Japanese: 旧来の郡町村制に戻し人民の便宜を図ると同時に、戸長を民選とすることにより地方に一定の自治を認めた。
English: Meanwhile, it aimed to maintain the centralized government system by placing the Guncho and Kucho, who were appointed by the government, in a higher position than the Kocho, while putting them under the control of the Prefecture governor, who was appointed likewise and directed by the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs.
Japanese: しかしその一方で、官選である郡長・区長が戸長の上に位置し、また郡長・区長が同じく官選である府県知事の指揮下に置かれ、その府県知事を内務省(日本)が指揮することで、中央集権の体制維持も図ったのである。
English: It was meant to establish the centralized administrative framework through the so-called "hamlet demise," which was not accomplished due to a strong connection local communities had.
Japanese: いわゆる『部落解体』を行い中央集権体制を作ろうとしたが、地方におけるまとまりが強く達成することができなかった。
English: Ginza is a name used for mints in the medieval and modern ages of Japan, where coins were manufactured and silver bullion was bought and sold.
Japanese: 銀座(ぎんざ)とは、中近世の日本の政権において貨幣の鋳造および銀地金の買売を担った場所に与えられた呼称である。
English: Ginza was also formed by "ginya," money changers who were also silver craftsmen and minted hallmarked silver coins in various parts of the country, starting in the Sengoku Period.
Japanese: その他、戦国時代(日本)より現れた両替商兼銀細工師である銀屋（ぎんや）が各地で極印銀を鋳造し、銀座はこうした業者から成立した。
English: In Kaga domain, for example, the Kanazawa city ginza had a group of silversmiths, who minted silver coins hallmarked as domain currency in the early Edo Period.
Japanese: 例えば加賀藩では銀細工師集団である金沢市銀座があり江戸時代の初期にかけて領国貨幣である極印銀を鋳造した。
English: The presence of ginza in various parts of the country until the Edo Period was caused by the shortage of Keicho chogin coins in areas outside Edo, due silver being exported out of the country.
Japanese: このような各地銀座が江戸時代まで続いた理由は、銀の海外流出などにより慶長丁銀が地方まで充分に行き渡らなかったことに起因する。
English: The name "gin (silver)" and "za (place)" is believed to originate from the fact that a mint chiefly issuing silver coins was located there and also that minting such coins in other areas was strictly controlled.
Japanese: 当時の主な通貨のうちの銀貨の鋳造が行われたこと、この場所以外での貨幣鋳造が厳しく取り締まられたこと、などにより「銀・座」の名が付けられたと思われる。
English: The ginza consisted of the jouze-yakusho, the office in charge of printing hallmarks of authenticity and wrapping minted coins, and ginza-yakusho where the officers of the ginza assembled.
Japanese: 銀座は極印打および包封を行う常是役所（じょうぜやくしょ）、および座人が会同する銀座役所（ぎんざやくしょ）よりなる。
English: The jouze-yakusho post was hereditary, with Sakuemon DAIKOKU, the eldest son of Sakuemon YUASA, assuming the post in Kyoto and Saemon DAIKOKU, the second son of the same, in charge of silver mint inspection as gin-aratameyaku.
Japanese: 常是役所は京都は湯浅作兵衛の長男である大黒作右衛門、江戸は次男である大黒長左衛門が銀改役となり以後世襲制となった。
English: With a pledge to establish a free currency minting bureau in the amended tariff treaty that the Edo shogunate concluded with Britain, France, the United States and Holland in 1866, the ginza and the kinza were closed with the Meiji Restoration on April 17, 1868.
Japanese: 慶應2年（1866年）、幕府が改税約書によりイギリス、フランス、アメリカ合衆国、オランダ四ヵ国と交わした自由造幣局設立の確約を受け、慶應4年（1868年）4月17日、明治維新は金座および銀座を接収した。
English: On April 21, the currency office established under Dajokan (Grand Council of State) minted 2-bu gold coins and 1-bu silver coins at the former kinza and ginza but it closed on February 5, 1869.
Japanese: 同月21日、太政官に設立された貨幣司（かへいし）は旧金座、銀座で二分金および一分銀などを鋳造し、明治2年（1869年）2月5日に廃止された。
English: After his triumph in the Battle of Sekigahara, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA set up a mint near Fushimi Castle in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, in 1601.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康は、日本国内の覇権を意識し、1601年(慶長6年)、京都伏見区の伏見城下に貨幣鋳造所を設立した。
English: There, he ordered the Sakai money changer Sakubei YUASA to supervise the operation, which was headed Yoshikata SUEYOSHI (Kanbei Yoshikata HIRANO (SUEYOSHI) and his son Yoshiyasu (Saemon Yoshiyasu SUEYOSHI).
Japanese: 堺の両替商、湯浅作兵衛に命じて取り仕切らせ、頭役には、末吉氏の末吉利方(平野(末吉)勘兵衛利方)と子の末吉吉康（吉安）(末吉孫左衛門吉康)がなった。
English: They were a powerful merchant clan of Hirano-go, Sumiyoshi-gun, Settsu Province (present-day Hirano-ku, Osaka City), along with the Tojiro HIRANO and Kuemon HIRANO of the same clan.
Japanese: 彼らは摂津国住吉郡平野郷(大阪市平野区)の豪商で、同族の平野藤次郎、平野九右衛門も頭役となった。
English: As the officer in charge of stamping hallmarks, Sakubei YUASA was granted the new family name DAIKOKUJOUZE from the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 極印方の湯浅作兵衛は徳川家より大黒常是（だいこくじょうぜ）という姓名を与えられた。
English: From then on he stamped the name "Jouze" on newly minted coins as a hallmark and wrapped them with official seals.
Japanese: これ以降大黒常是家は鋳造された銀貨に「常是」の略号を刻印して銀貨の極印・包装を担当した。
English: The location of the ginza moved with the transition of power of the Tokugawa shogunate, with ginza created in Sunpu, followed by Fushimi-ginza in Kyoto Ryogae-cho in 1608 and Suruga-ginza in Edo Shinryogae-cho in 1612.
Japanese: 徳川幕府の中枢が移るに従い駿府にも銀座が設けられ、さらに慶長13年（1608年）に伏見銀座は京都両替町、続いて慶長17年（1612年）に駿河銀座は江戸新両替町に移された。
English: Sunpu-ginza was established in 1606 alongside the Sunpu-jyo Castle, where Ieyasu TOKUGAWA lived after his retirement, and the ginza was manned in alternate shifts by zajin officers and jouze inspectors from Kyoto-ginza since 1611.
Japanese: 慶長11年（1606年）徳川家康が隠居の地、駿府城築城と同時進行に設立したとされる銀座である。
English: It has been manned in alternate shifts by zajin officers and jouze inspectors from Kyoto-ginza since 1611.
Japanese: 慶長16年（1611年）より京都銀座より座人および常是役人が勤番交代で詰めたという。
English: The objective is believed to be the minting of silver ingots and chogin silver that had been stored in Sunpu Castle.
Japanese: 主に駿府城の蓄財としての分銅銀、丁銀を鋳造することが目的であったとされる。
English: The functions of Sunpu-ginza moved to Edo in 1612, but the name remains in the location as Ryogae-cho, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City.
Japanese: 慶長17年（1612年）に駿府銀座の機能は江戸へ移転したが、この地は現在静岡市葵区両替町として名残を有する。
English: Kyoto-ginza was created with the move from Fushimi-ginza in 1608 to the location between Muromachi-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street and across 4 town blocks south of Nijo-dori Street, Oshikoji-dori Street, Oike-dori Street and Aneyakoji-dori Street, which came to be known as Ryogaecho-dori.
Japanese: 慶長13年（1608年）、伏見銀座より移転し、京都の室町通と烏丸通の中間、二条通から三条通までの四町（二条下ル、押小路通下ル、御池通下ル、姉小路通下ル）に亘って拝領して設立され、この地を両替町通と称するようになった。
English: The name Ryogae-cho found in various ginzas is due to the fact that cupellated silver from various silver mines in the country was purchased by each ginza with the officially minted chogin silver, and this trade was named Nangyo-gin silver exchange.
Japanese: この各地銀座所在地の両替町という名称は諸国の銀山より産出される灰吹銀を、銀座が公鋳の丁銀を以って買い入れることを南鐐替（なんりょうがえ）と称したことによる。
English: In Kyoto-ginza, the Jouze estate is located at the northeastern corner of Ryogaecho-oike, with the ginza office adjoining it to the north.
Japanese: 京都銀座では常是屋敷は両替町御池の北東側角にあり、銀座役所はその北側に隣接していた。
English: Before the ginza was set up, the area had a high concentration of cloth-dyeing shops, which moved to replacement land granted near Nishinotoin-dori and Takoyakushi-dori streets.
Japanese: 銀座移転前のこの地は染物屋が多く集居していたが、西洞院通蛸薬師通付近に替地を与えられ立ち退いた。
English: Located in the Osaka area where coinage was used heavily, it became the center of Chogin silver minting and continued to operate alongside other ginzas in Sunpu and later in Edo, until the ginza reform in 1800.
Japanese: 銀遣いの上方にあることから丁銀鋳造の中心地となり、駿河、後に江戸とともに貨幣鋳造を担い、これは寛政12年（1800年）の銀座改革まで続いた。
English: The ginza located in Ryogaecho, Koraibashi-higashi 1-chome, Osaka, was established in 1608 (or 1606, according to another report) for the purpose of gathering cupellated silver from Ikuno and Iwami silver mines and silver extracted from silver ore at the Osaka Dobukijo refinery and sending them to the ginza in Kyoto.
Japanese: 慶長13年（1608年）（慶長11年との説も有り確定的でない）大坂高麗橋東一丁目両替町に設立された銀座は、主に生野銀山および石見銀山からの灰吹銀および大坂銅吹所における粗銅からの絞銀を集積して京都の銀座に送る役割を果たした。
English: Located in the center of commerce where silver coins were used, the ginza served as an outlet for Kyoto-ginza
Japanese: 銀遣いである商業の中心地にあって京都銀座の出見世（でみせ）としての機能を果たした。
English: Sunpu-ginza was moved Edo in 1612, to occupy the 4 town blocks south of Torimachi Kyobashi (Chuo-ku Tokyo), which was then called Shin-ryogae-cho, because there already was Hon-ryogae-cho where Edo-kinza was located.
Japanese: 慶長17年（1612年）に駿府銀座より移転し、通町京橋(東京都中央区)より南へ四町までを拝領して、既に江戸金座が本両替町と呼ばれていたことから、この地を新両替町と称した。
English: Before Meiwa Period, the ginza minted coins was based on weight, such as Chogin silver and mameitagin silver.
Japanese: 明和年間以前は銀座は専ら丁銀および豆板銀すなわち秤量銀貨を鋳造した。
English: However, currency based on value stamped on the coin became mainstream with the issue of Gomommegin in September 1765, followed by others such as the Nangyo nishu-gin of September 1772.
Japanese: だが、明和2年（1765年）9月の五匁銀発行を皮切りに明和9年(1772年)9月の南鐐二朱銀発行以降は計数銀貨の鋳造が主流となった。
English: The ginza later became responsible for minting the Kan'ei Tsuho shinchu-yonmon (currency unit) coin from 1768, marking the start of yonmon coin minting under the supervision of the ginza until the Bunkyu and Eiho periods
Japanese: 加えて明和5年（1768年）から寛永通寳真鍮當四文(通貨単位)銭の鋳造を請負い、これ以降、文久永宝に至るまで四文銭の鋳造は銀座の指導監督のもと行われることとなった。
English: With the exposure of illegalities at Edo-ginza in June 1800, the silver coin inspection officer Chozaemon VIII Tsunefusa of the DAIKOKU family was dismissed and placed under house arrest for life.
Japanese: 寛政12年（1800年）6月、江戸銀座において不正行為が発覚したことを機に、銀改役の大黒長左衛門八代目常房は家職放免の上、永蟄居を命じられた。
English: Subsequently, he replaced by Sakuemon IX Tsuneaki of the same family summoned to Edo from Kyoto-ginza and henceforth serving as inspection officer for both ginzas in Kyoto and Edo.
Japanese: その後京都銀座から大黒作右衛門九代目常明が江戸へ招致され、京都および江戸両座の銀改役を兼任することとなった。
English: After reorganization of the ginza, the number of officers was reduced to 15, and the mint was ordered to be moved to Nihonbashi-kakigaara-cho (present-day Nihonbashi Ningyocho) for resumption of Nanryo nishuban coins.
Japanese: この銀座粛正の後、座人は15人に縮小され、同年11月に日本橋蛎殻町（現在の日本橋人形町）に移転される事が申し渡され、南鐐二朱判鋳造が再開された。
English: Since then, minting was consolidated at Edo-ginza, with the ginzas in Kyoto and Osaka in charge of recovering and exchanging old currency for new issues.
Japanese: それ以降、貨幣鋳造は江戸銀座に集約され、京都、大坂の銀座は貨幣吹替えの際の旧銀貨の回収、引換を行なった。
English: Nagasaki-ginza reportedly established in 1614 (exact date unknown) in Susukihara in Nagasaki City and later in Omuracho, Shimabaracho and Kitairikomi operated chiefly to prevent illegal export of silver and prevent outflow of quality cupellated silver and was staffed by a silver inspector or ginza assistant manager dispatched alternately for one-year assignments.
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）（設立時期は諸説あり確定的でない）に長崎市芊（すすき）原、後に大村町、島原町北入込に設立された銀座は、主に銀の海外への不正持ち出しの監視、良質灰吹銀輸出の防止の役割を果たし、京の銀座より銀見役および銀座手代が一年毎に交代派遣された。
English: Although cupellated silver coming from silver mines was purchased by the ginza as a rule for minting into Chogin silver, many sought to make profits by shipping the ore directly to Nagasaki rather than selling it to the ginza.
Japanese: 銀山から山出しされた灰吹銀は原則として銀座が買上、丁銀に鋳造することになっていたが、灰吹銀を銀座に売り渡さず直接長崎に送り利益を得る者が続出した。
English: For this reason, the shogunate banned cupellated silver export in 1609, enforced trade in Keicho silver and strengthened surveillance.
Japanese: そのため幕府は慶長14年（1609年）に灰吹銀輸出を禁止、慶長銀で決済するよう定め、監視を強めた。
English: However, foreign traders found the Keicho silver, containing 20% lead and lower in quality, extremely troublesome because it required refining into quality silver.
Japanese: しかし銅を20%含有する、より品位の低い慶長銀により決済しなければならないというものは、外国人にとって甚だ迷惑なものであり、上銀に精錬し直さなければならなかった。
English: This lead to the creation and export of forged Daikoku coins with fake Keiko stamp impressions made from good cupellated silver.
Japanese: 良質灰吹銀に偽造の慶長銀の極印を打ち「似せ大黒」を作成し、輸出するといったことも行われ、
English: One was Kaihaifukigin, private operation based on purchase of cupellated silver from silver mines located in private properties and of silver available in the marketplace to forge Chogin silver for income from part of the revenues.
Japanese: 一つは諸国の私領銀山より産出される灰吹銀および世上流通の灰吹銀を買い上げ、丁銀に吹き立て利益の一部を運上する、買灰吹銀（かいはいふきぎん）（寄銀）による自家営業形式。
English: The other was the official minting with shogunate-property cupellated silver from shogunate-owned silver mines in Iwami, Ikuno and Sado Kinzan for minting Chogin silver.
Japanese: もう一つは石見、生野、佐渡金山などの天領にある銀山から上納される、公儀灰吹銀（こうぎはいふきぎん）（御銀）を預り丁銀に吹き立てた。
English: 3% of the mint volume was granted to the ginza as its share (buichi-gin) and the rest shipped to the shogunate.
Japanese: その鋳造高に対する3%を分一銀（ぶいちぎん）として銀座が受け取り、残りを上納する御用達形式があった。
English: The official minting method was adopted for the reminting of recovered older silver coins at currency changes that took place in the Genroku Period and thereafter.
Japanese: なお元禄以降の貨幣吹替えの際、回収された旧貨幣を吹元とする場合の取り扱いは御用達形式に準じるものであった。
English: Silver used for minting consisted of cupellated silver from the shogunate reserves, recovered old coins and cupellated silver purchased by the ginza.
Japanese: 吹元銀として、幕府御金蔵より渡す灰吹銀、回収された古銀、銀座が買い上げた灰吹銀などがある。
English: Others were refined again and reclassified as top-quality ichiwari-ire, mixing the silver with lead in the statutory proportion, weighed, stored in boxes, sealed and handed from the silver inspector (ginmiyaku) to the jouze-tedai (assistant manager).
Japanese: それ以下のものは精錬し直して、最上位の一割入れとし、規定の割合に銅を組み合わせて秤量し取組みが行われ箱に入れ封印し、銀見役から常是手代へ引き継ぐ
English: Coins were minted in batches of 12 kan (approx. 45 kg), with the ore placed in a tomebashi (skull crucible) for melting and next collected by the yuiriyaku in a steel ladle for pouring into Chogin or mameitagin molds containing hot water.
Japanese: 取り組みの行われた地金を12貫を一吹として留鉢（坩堝）にいれ吹鎔かし常是手代湯入役が鉄柄杓で汲み上げ熱湯を張った丁銀および豆板銀の型に流し込んだ。
English: Coins were screened by quality in shape, with coins that passed inspection counted and weighed and later sent to the jouze-gokuinyaku.
Japanese: 形の良否により選別され、合格したものは数量および目方が改められた後、常是極印役に引き継ぐ。
English: The coins were stamped with the jouze-gokuinyaku hallmark, annealed, immersed in plum vinegar, and any lead on the surface was dissolved to refine the silver color.
Japanese: 常是極印役により極印打ちが行われ、さらに焼鈍しが行われた後、梅酢に漬けられ、表面の銅を溶解して銀色が整えられた。
English: Chogin silver coins were packed in units of 200 and mameitagin coins in 500 mon and were sealed by the zanin officers for shipping to the ginza.
Japanese: 丁銀は200枚ずつ、豆板銀は500匁ずつ包み、座人封で銀座に廻した。
English: In order to confirm the silver quality of the minted Chogin coins, lead was added for reminting, with jouze-tedai (assistant manager) standing as witness, with the cupellation method to alter silver content.
Japanese: 鋳造された丁銀の銀品位が正しいか否かを検査するため、常是手代立会いの下、鉛を加えて吹き戻され灰吹法により含有銀量が改められた。
English: The error margin in silver content for 100 mon of Chogin coins was 0.3 mon for Keicho gin and Kyoho chogin, 0.8 for Genroku chogin, 1.11 for Eiho chogin, 1.33 for Eiji gin, 1.51 for Mitsuhou gin, 1.7 for Yotsuhou gin and 1.5 for Genbun chogin.
Japanese: 丁銀100匁当りの含有上銀の許容誤差は慶長銀および享保丁銀0.3匁、元禄丁銀0.8匁、宝永丁銀1.11匁、永字銀1.33匁、三ツ宝銀1.51匁、四ツ宝銀1.7匁、および元文丁銀1.5匁であった。
English: With the ginza reform of 1800, control by the kanjo-bugyo was strengthened, placing coin minting an operation directly done by the shogunate and making tadashifuki no longer necessary from the Bunsei chogin.
Japanese: 寛政12年（1800年）の銀座改革により勘定奉行による統制が強化され「御勘定附切り」となり、それ以降、文政丁銀から糺吹は必要なしと判断され廃止された。
English: The period of Japanese rule of Taiwan refers to approximately fifty years during which time Taiwan was governed by Japan as colony from April 17, 1895 when the Qing dynasty ceded Taiwan to Imperial Japan due to the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War to October 25, 1945 when Taiwan was put under the rule of the Republic of China.
Japanese: 台湾の日本統治時代（にっぽんとうちじだい）は、日清戦争の敗戦に伴い清朝が台湾を大日本帝国に割譲した1895年（明治28年）4月17日から、第二次世界大戦後の1945年（昭和1945年）10月25日、中華民国統治下に置かれるまでの植民地支配の約50年間を指す。
English: In Taiwan, the period of Japanese rule is called by different names such as "日本時代","日治時代","日據時代","日本統治時期" or "日本殖民時期", depending upon the political positions or historic perspectives, and "日據時代" implies a criticism of Japanese rule.
Japanese: なお、台湾では政治的立場や、歴史認識に対する観点の相違などによって、日本統治時代をそれぞれ日本時代、日治時代、日據時代、日本統治時期あるいは日本殖民時期と呼称しているが、日據時代と表記する場合については日本統治時代に対し批判的な意味合いがある。
English: The period between May 1895 and the Silaian Incident in 1915 is classified as the first phase of Japanese rule.
Japanese: 日本統治の初期段階は1895年5月から1915年の西来庵事件までを第1期と区分することができる。