nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After handing over the positions of kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) and toshi choja to FUJIWARA no Tadamichi, his heir son, FUJIWARA no Tadazane, who loved FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, Tadamichi's younger brother, tried to deprive FUJIWARA no Tadamichi of the positions of kanpaku and toshi choja, but since Cloistered Emperor Toba, who still effectively controlled the imperial court, ordered that the postion of kanpaku could not be freely changed, setting the problem of toshi choja aside, Tadazane and Yorinaga ordered their warriors to deprive them of Shuki-daiban (vermilion-lacquered mounted bowl), a symbol of toshi choja, declaring that Yorinaga was toshi choja.
Japanese: また、藤原忠実は嫡男の藤原忠通に関白・藤氏長者を譲った後に、その弟の藤原頼長を寵愛して関白と藤氏長者の地位を忠通から取り上げようとしたところ、院政を執っていた鳥羽法皇より藤氏長者はともかく、関白を勝手に交代させることは出来ないと命じたため、忠実・頼長は武士に命じて氏長者の印たる朱器台盤を剥奪して頼長が藤氏長者であることを宣言した。
English: As the Emperor inherits three sacred imperial treasures and Crown Prince does Tsubokiri no Mitsurugi (the sword Tsubokiri) from one generation to the next, there is the treasure of the clan that each toshi choja inherits from generation to generation.
Japanese: 歴代天皇が継承する三種の神器、歴代東宮が継承する壺切御剣のように、代々の藤氏長者が受け継ぐ伝家の宝器がある。
English: Generally, clans in ancient times dispersed gradually corresponding to the establishements of family lines during the Heian period (however, it does not mean that the clans were dismantled).
Japanese: 一般に古代における氏は、平安時代における家系の成立で分散していく（ただし、氏が解体して家に変わった訳ではない）。
English: For the gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku), the postion of toshi choja was inherited by the familiy of shippei (Chinese name for sekkan, regents and advisers); however, this does not mean that this family possessed the position to protect persons in his clan.
Japanese: 藤氏長者は五摂家のなかでも執柄（しっぺい：摂関の唐名）にある家が継承するが、だからといってこの家が氏人を保護する職掌を得ていたのではない。
English: The roles of toshi choja became increasingly more religious, and were also deconcentrated to Kofuku-ji Temple, Kasuga-sha Shrine and so on.
Japanese: 藤氏長者の役割は宗教的な色彩を強めていくとともに興福寺や春日社などに分散することになる。
English: The roles of toshi Choja ended at Meiji Restoration, with Michitaka KUJO as the last.
Japanese: 藤氏長者は明治維新の際に九条道孝を最後としてその役割を終える事になる。
English: The shogun family was a houshold system where the head of samurai, who was designated as seii taishogun (literally: "great general who subdues the barbarians") or for the head of palace guards, generated, in the medieval times in Japan, imitating the houshold system of kuge (the court noble) when establishing his government.
Japanese: 将軍家（しょうぐんけ）とは、日本の中世において、征夷大将軍または近衛大将に叙任された武家の棟梁が、政権を樹立する際に公家の家政制度に倣って創始したものである。
English: In addition to the shogun himself, it included the heir and other family members, after a hereditary system was established, and mandokoro, its household organization.
Japanese: 自身及び、世襲を確立した際には嫡子を始めとする家族と、家政機関である政所を含んだ。
English: This concept was first introduced when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was designated as Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards), and he applied this concept to his own master-servant relationships.
Japanese: 最初にこの概念が導入されたのは、源頼朝が右近衛大将に叙任されたことにより、従来自身の主従関係をこれに当てはめたものである。
English: Later, Yoritomo himself was designated for seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), followed by his sons, MINAMOTO no Yoriie and MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, establishing the system of making the post of seii taishogun hereditary.
Japanese: 後に、頼朝自身が征夷大将軍に就任し、彼の子である源頼家・源実朝が就任したことで、征夷大将軍の世襲がおこなわれるようになった。
English: Then the term 'shogun family,' an abbreviation of the 'seii taishogun family' and of the former 'udaisho' (the head of the right division) family, both Yoritomo's position names, was established.
Japanese: そして、頼朝の職名である「征夷大将軍家」・「前右大将家」の略である「将軍家」の称が確立される。
English: Since MINAMOTO no Sanetomo in the post of seii taishogun also assumed the post of udaijin (minister of the right), it became possible for the person in the post of seii taishogun to assume a daijin (minister) post.
Japanese: また、源実朝が征夷大将軍兼帯で右大臣に就任したことにより、征夷大将軍が大臣に就任することが可能となった。
English: However, during the Kamakura period, the shogun from Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) and shogun from the imperial court did not take the post of ministry even after he was released from the shogun post.
Japanese: だが、鎌倉時代においては、摂家将軍・宮将軍は将軍解任後も大臣に就任しなかった。
English: It was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA during the Muromachi period, who took the post of naidaijin (Inner minister), when shogun assumed the post of a ministry again.
Japanese: 再び大臣に就任したのは、室町時代に入り足利義満の内大臣就任からである。
English: During the Muromachi period, the term kubo instead of shogunke (shogun family) was used for seii taishogun.
Japanese: 室町時代には、征夷大将軍に対しては将軍家という言い方より公方（くぼう）と言う言い方が用いられる。
English: In the Edo period, the term was used for Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), for Gosankyo (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), and for the heir of shogun against a child from a legally unwedded wife of shogun.
Japanese: 江戸時代には徳川御三家・御三卿や将軍庶子に対する将軍の嫡子に対して用いられた。
English: The shogun family played the role of the clan governing Japan throughout the samurai-based government era.
Japanese: 将軍家は武家政権の時代を通じて日本の統治者の一族としての役割を担った。
English: Although designated by the Emperor, it boasted the power exceeding that of the imperial family in the era when the samurai-based government was first established.
Japanese: 勅令により任命されたが、武家政権の確立期には天皇家を凌ぐ威勢を誇った。
English: Although the shogun family was formally placed under the imperial court, it was customary that the shogun family was accepted as a royal family by foreign countries.
Japanese: 形式上は朝廷の臣下であったが、実際には諸外国からも王家としての待遇を受けるのが通例であった。
English: Obanyaku was the post assigned to samurai from non-capital areas to maintain the security of Kyoto during the later Heian to early Muromachi period or to maintain the security of Kamakura city during the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 大番役（おおばんやく）は、平安時代後期から室町時代初期にかけて、地方の武士に京都、鎌倉時代に入ってからは鎌倉市の警護を命じたもの。
English: When Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) was establshed during the Kamakura period, it was explicitly written in Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, provincial constable) that obanyaku was a post to be assumed by gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の武家法である御成敗式目が制定されると、大犯三ヶ条において御家人の職務として明文化された。
English: During the Kamakura and later periods, the post was assigned to each province, and shogo in each province was responsible for selecting the gokenin to assume the post in the province (oban saisoku).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降は、各国に振り分けられ、各守護が責任者となり、国内の御家人に振り分けして指揮に当たった（大番催促）。
English: The post to guard the palace and the residences of special imperial family members (and later those of the Fujiwara clan) in Kyoto was called Kyoto Obanyaku.
Japanese: 京都の皇居や院など（のちに藤原氏も）の警備に当たる職務を京都大番役という。
English: With the length of the duty being three years during the Heian period, it was a large burden on samurai in non-capital regions, and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo reduced it to half a year, being further reduced to three months in the middle of the Kamakura period when the samurai side became more influential than the kuge (court noble) side.
Japanese: 地方の武士にとっては負担が大きく、その期間は平安時代には3年勤務であったが、源頼朝が半年勤務に短縮し、公家に対して武家の優位が確定する鎌倉時代中期になると3ヶ月勤務と大幅に短縮された。
English: However, towards the end of the Heian period, it gave a chance fo samurai from non-capital provinces to gain a connection with kuge in the capital, and some samurai could obtain an official rank through their connections.
Japanese: しかしながら、平安時代末期においては地方の武士が中央の公家と結び付きを持つチャンスであり、大番役を通して官位を手にする事が出来た。
English: In other words, there was the following merit in assuming the post: A person at the obanyaku post could be assigned to the post of suke (provisional governor), gon-no-suke (provisional vice governor) or jo (secretary of provincial offices) in his original province, gaining a position in the imperial court and having his control right backed by the authority of the imperial court.
Japanese: つまり自らが在地している令制国の介・権介・掾に任命してもらう事で在庁官人としての地位を手にし、支配権を朝廷の権威に裏打ちしてもらうと言う利点があった。
English: Also, some at the post learned culture in the capital, such as making waka poems and brought it back to their original provinces
Japanese: また、和歌などの都の文化を吸収し、それを地方に持ち帰ることもあったようである。
English: There were also some demerits: For example, the post of obanyaku was sometimes assumed not by the head of a clan but by his son, and in such a case, when the head of the clan died while his son was in Kyoto, it sometimes happened that the postion of head was deprived of by his younger brother or his uncle (an example: Hirotsune KAZUSA).
Japanese: 逆にデメリットとして、こうした大番役は惣領に限らずその子が請け負う事もあったが、子が京にいる間に惣領がなくなった場合、地元で弟・叔父などが勝手に惣領の地位を収奪してしまう、という事態が起きることもあった（例：上総広常）。
English: In addition, it also happened that, while a father, the head of a clan, was in Kyoto and his son in his original province, the father could not speedily handle disturbances that occurred in the province (an example: Shigetada HATAKEYAMA).
Japanese: また、惣領である父が京にあって子が地元にいる場合、地元で騒乱があっても迅速な対応が出来かねるということもあった（例：畠山重忠）。
English: In the feaudal system based on favors and services, it became a natural post for the gokenin who served the bakufu.
Japanese: 御恩と奉公によって導き出される封建制の中にあって、幕府に仕える御家人にとっては当然の職務となる。
English: Kanto moshitsugi, also called Knato shisso, was a post introduced in the imperial court during the Kamakura period and played, together with the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) on the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) side, the role of doing communications and adjustments between the bakufu and the imperial court or the government by cloistered emperors.
Japanese: 関東申次（かんとうもうしつぎ）は、関東執奏（かんとうしっそう）とも言い、鎌倉時代の朝廷に設けられた役職で鎌倉幕府側の六波羅探題とともに、朝廷・院政と幕府の間の連絡・意見調整を行った。
English: Initially, a specific court noble privately designated by the bakufu assumed the post, but after Michiie KUJO lost his position in 1246, it became an official post designated by the bakufu and the post was hereditarily assumed effectevely by the head of the Saionji family that had a marital relation with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (his niece entered the Saionji family through a marriage).
Japanese: 初めは幕府側の私的な指名を受けて特定の貴族が就任していたが、九条道家が失脚した寛元4年（1246年）以後は幕府による指名によって任命される正式な役職となり、源頼朝と婚姻関係（姪の嫁ぎ先）があった西園寺家当主による事実上の世襲となる。
English: After the Jokyu War (the war in the Jokyu era), when the imperial court was going to decide an imprtant matter, it became basically necessary for the imperial court to get its persmission from the bakufu through the Kanto moshitsugi, and its power increased: For example, when the battle betwwen Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu) became serious concerning the imperial succession problem, the imperial succession problem or personel affairs in the imperial court became to be seriously affected by opinions of Kanto moshitsugi.
Japanese: 承久の乱以後、原則として朝廷の重要事項の決定には関東申次を経由して幕府の許可を得る事になっており、大覚寺統と持明院統による皇位継承争いの激化に伴って、皇位継承問題や宮中の人事の是非も関東申次の一存がその帰趨を握るようになり、その権威は大きくなっていった。
English: However, when Kanto moshitsugi gradually sided more with Jimyoin-to due to a private relationship of the head of the Saionji family and Daikakuji-to (the head was on bad terms with Daikakuji-to), Daikakuji-to came to communicate with the bakufu directly, and Kanto moshitsugi came to lose its power rapidly as the 14-th century started.
Japanese: だが、西園寺家当主の個人的関係（大覚寺統側との不仲）から次第に持明院統よりの態度を取るようになると大覚寺統は申次を無視して幕府との直接交渉を展開するようになり、14世紀に入ると急速に求心力を失っていく。
English: Then, after Daikakuji-to Emperor Godaigo defeated the Kamakura bakufu, the Saionji family was badly criticized, and Dainagon (chief councilor of state), Kinmune SAIONJI, who was the last Kanto moshitsugi, was executed on suspicion of a rebellion.
Japanese: やがて、大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府を滅ぼすと西園寺家への風当たりが強くなり、最後の関東申次であった大納言西園寺公宗は謀反の疑いで処刑されている。
English: Inshi (or In no tsukasa) is an official of In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) set up directly under the retired emperors and nyoin (empress, empress dowager or grand empress dowager) during the ancient period to the middle ages in Japan.
Japanese: 院司（いんし、いんのつかさ）は、日本の中世・古代において、太上天皇や女院の直属機関として設置された院庁の職員。
English: Generally mid-ranking aristocrats were appointed to Inshi concurrently with other Japanese official posts.
Japanese: 中流貴族が任命されることが多く、他の日本の官制と兼任する兼官だった。
English: As the cloister government started in the late Heian period, the post of Inshi in In no cho, a retired emperor's political organ, became an important post.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に院政が開始すると、上皇の政務機関である院庁の院司は、政治の枢要を担う重要職とされた。
English: The first case of Inshi was confirmed as In no betto (chief administrator of the Retired Emperor's Office) ABE no Yasuhito in 835, during the reign of Emperor Saga.
Japanese: 院司は、嵯峨天皇の835年（承和(日本)2年）、院別当安倍安仁とあるのが初見である。
English: At first, In no cho was established as a household agency for retired emperors and its main work consisted of trials dealing with land-related issues and with civil affairs.
Japanese: 当初、院庁は上皇の家政機関として設置され、所務沙汰・雑務沙汰が主要な用務であった。
English: The ranks of Inshi were Betto (chief officer), Hogandai (deputy chief officer) and Sakandai (secretary).
Japanese: 長官は別当（べっとう）、次官を判官代（ほうがんだい）、主典を主典代（さかんだい）といった。
English: When Emperor Shirakawa started the cloister government around 1086, the role of inshi, which made up In no cho, became very important.
Japanese: 1086年（応徳3年）前後に白河天皇が院政を開始すると、院庁を構成する院司の役割は非常に重要なものとなった。
English: Inshi issued letters and orders such as "in no cho kudashibumi" (a letter issued by in no cho), "in no cho cho" (orders issued by in no cho) and "inzen" (a decree from the retired Emperor) under the "Chiten no kimi" (the retired emperor in power) in order to carry out the cloister government.
Japanese: 院司は、治天の君（皇室の家長）の命を受け、院庁下文・院庁牒・院宣を発給し、治天の政治意思を具現化するため、実務を遂行していった。
English: Therefore, practical government officials who held successively the position of Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office), benkan (officials of the dajokan) and Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) often became inshi.
Japanese: そのため、院司には、蔵人所・弁官・受領などを歴任した実務官僚が充てられることが多かった。
English: Although they were not high-ranking aristocrats like Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) people, they had political influence because of their business ability.
Japanese: 彼らは、摂関家のような上級貴族ではなかったが、実務能力をもって登用され、政治に大きな影響を及ぼした。
English: Some inshi and other mid-ranking aristocrats became close advisors of the emperor and cloistered emperor with real power and wielded influence.
Japanese: 院司や他の中流貴族の中には、治天の側近となり、権勢をふるう者も現れた。
English: Inshi and In no kinshin made various profits behind imperial power and they often received chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom).
Japanese: 院司や院の近臣は、治天の権力を背景として、様々な利益を得ていたが、例えば知行国が給与されることもしばしば見られた。
English: One of the main reasons that TAIRA no Kiyomori gained power quickly after the Hogen War, was that he was an Inshi of Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 保元の乱以降の平清盛の急速な台頭も、後白河天皇の院司だったことが、主な理由の一つである。
English: Inshi had taken major roles in politics not only during the heights of the cloister government between Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Gotoba, but also until the beginning of the Muromachi period when the cloister government was extinguished (except certain period).
Japanese: 白河～後鳥羽までの院政最盛期が経過した後も、実質的に院政が消滅する室町時代前期まで（一部の期間を除いて）、院司は政治の枢要を担う重要な役割を果たしていった。
English: Generally, several persons were appointed as In no betto, and mostly Kugyo (the top court officials) or Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) who served the retired emperor during the reign as the emperor were appointed as In no betto.
Japanese: 複数名が任命されるのが通例で、公卿もしくは上皇の天皇在位中の蔵人頭が任命されることが多い。
English: When Kugyo was appointed as betto, it was called "Kugyo betto", and when Shii (Fourth Rank) was appointed, it was called "Shii betto."
Japanese: 公卿が任命された場合には「公卿別当」、四位が任命された場合には「四位別当」と呼ばれた。
English: During the reign of the retired Emperor Shirakawa, one In no shitsushi (chief officer) was selected from Kugyo bettos and one In no nenyo (one of the positions in In's office) was selected from Shii bettos to rule In no cho.
Japanese: 白河上皇の頃に公卿別当から院執事（いんのしつし・執事別当）、四位別当から院年預（いんのねんよ・年預別当）が1名ずつ任命されて院庁を統括した。
English: Also, in the Kamakura period, the post of In no shikken was added above In no shitsushi and In no nenyo and selected from Kugyo bettos.
Japanese: 更に鎌倉時代にはその上に院執権（いんのしっけん）1名が置かれて公卿別当の中から選ばれた。
English: In hogandai : the second highest officer in inshi and assisted betto, conducted general affairs and signed official letters issued by In no cho.
Japanese: 院判官代…別当を補佐して庶務を処理し、院庁が発給した公文に署判する。
English: During the reign of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, there were hogandai with Shii (fourth rank), however, usually one or two hogandai were selected from Goi (fifth rank) and four or five hogandai were selected from Rokui (sixth rank).
Japanese: 白河上皇の時には四位の判官代も存在したが、五位（1･2名）または六位（4･5名）から選出されるのが通例であった。
English: Inshutendai (secretary of the In no tsukasa, the third rank officer): their main works were such as document and record creation and management in In no cho and civil affairs under the betto and the hogandai.
Japanese: 院主典代…別当・判官代の下にあって院の文書・記録作成や考勘、雑務に従事した。
English: In the reign of Emperor Goshirakawa, one "Cho no nenyo" which was the highest officer in In no cho (different post from In no nenyo) was selected.
Japanese: 後白河天皇の時代に院庁職員の責任者である庁年預（ちょうのねんよ、院年預とは別の役職）が1名選出された。
English: Inkurodo (palace officer): this post was for the Kurodo with the sixth rank who could not reach the post of Inshutendai even though they had served the retired emperor since his reign as emperor.
Japanese: 院蔵人…上皇の天皇在位中の六位蔵人のうち、院主典代の定員外となった者を特に待遇した役職。
English: According to the "Sankaiki" (Tadachika NAKAYAMA's diary) MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who was Sahyoe no jo (third-ranked officer of Sahyoe-fu, the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards) was appointed as Inkurodo of Josaimonin (nyoin (a close female relative of the Emperor or a womwan of comparable standing)) on February 19, 1159 (old calendar).
Japanese: なお、女院である上西門院の院蔵人に左兵衛尉源頼朝が任命されたことが『山槐記』平治元年2月19日(旧暦)条に記されている。
English: This post functioned in reality after Emperor Gosaga appointed Tametsune YOSHIDA and Sadatsugu HAMURO in 1246 and they were in charge of all messages except Kanto moshitsugi (adjusting works between the retired emperor and Kamakura bakufu).
Japanese: 実際に機能したのは後嵯峨天皇の時代の宝治元年（1246年）に吉田為経・葉室定嗣を任命して関東申次が担当する事項以外の一切の取次を任された。
English: During the reign of Emperor Kameyama, in 1279, six members of Indenso were divided into three pairs and each pair worked in rotation.
Japanese: 亀山天皇の時代の弘安2年（1279年）には定員6名を3組に分け、交代で取次を行った。
English: During the Edo period, incumbent or predecessor dainagon (chief councilor of state) and chunagon (vice-councilor of state) were appointed as Indenso and Buke tenso concurrently.
Japanese: 江戸時代には現任あるいは前任の大納言・中納言が院伝奏を兼ねて大事にあたった。
English: The new emperor gave fuko (Residential units (ko) assigned as prebends (fu) to support top-ranking officials, temples, shrines, and royal households such as those of the queen-consort and crown prince) and zuijin (guard) to the retired emperor as well as a title of respect.
Japanese: 退位した上皇に対して新しい天皇より尊号が授与されるとともに封戸・随身が与えられた。
English: When the retired emperor entered the priesthood and became a cloistered emperor, he returned zuijins as a sign of renouncing the world.
Japanese: 上皇が出家して法皇となると、世俗から離れることを名目に随身は返上された。
English: It was one of the 12 offices belonging to kokyu, empress's residence fixed by Ryo code (administrative laws) and consisted of only court ladies.
Japanese: 令によって定められた後宮十二司の一つであり、女官のみによって構成される。
English: This position was a kind of emperor's secretary and talented ladies who were well versed in academics and etiquette were appointed.
Japanese: 天皇の秘書役とも言うべき重要な役職で、学問・礼法に通じた有能な女性が多く任命されたようである。
English: The divine mirror, which was modeled after Yata no Kagami (the eight-span mirror; one of the Imperial regalia) as one of the three sacred imperial treasures, was kept in Unmeiden (Naishidokoro), therefore, court ladies in Naishi no tsukasa had to protect and keep the mirror.
Japanese: 三種の神器のひとつ・八咫鏡を模した神鏡が温明殿（内侍所）に安置されており、この神鏡を守護捧持するのも内侍司の女官の役目である。
English: But little by little, their official duties became important and the rank became much higher during the reign of Emperor Heizei in 807.
Japanese: しかし時代が下るにつれ職掌の重要性が増し、平城天皇の大同(日本)2年（807年）には大幅に相当する位が引き上げられた。
English: After the mid Heian period, structure of the 12 offices belonging to kokyu was reorganized and the Naishi no tsukasa became only one practical official in kokyu.
Japanese: 平安時代半ば以降、後宮十二司の組織が再編され、事実上内侍司が唯一の後宮官司となる。
English: Naishi no kami/shoji, a chief of Naishi no tsukasa was treated almost as an empress, and Naishi no suke who was a deputy chief had the characteristics of an emperor's concubine.
Japanese: また、長官の尚侍は皇妃に準ずる扱いを受けるようになり、また次官の典侍も天皇の侍妾としての性格を備えていることが多かった。
English: Originally, only Naishi no kami could deal with the official duties such as introducing messages and transmitting imperial orders, and Naishi no suke and other lower ranked court ladies could not deal with them.
Japanese: 元来、奏請・伝宣の職掌は尚侍のみのものであり、典侍以下が扱うことはできなかった。
English: Later, as Naishi no kami was treated almost as an empress, Naishi no suke and the lower ranked court ladies dealt with the actual duties.
Japanese: 後に皇妃に準ずる扱いとなり、実際の女官としての業務は典侍以下が担ったと思われる。
English: Naishi no jo for joro (high rank female servant in the Imperial Court) with the First Rank was called 'Koto no naishi' or 'Nagahashi no tsubone.'
Japanese: 第一位上臈の掌侍を「勾当内侍（こうとうのないし）」または「長橋局（ながはしのつぼね）」と称する。
English: They always served for emperors and were in charge of Naishi no kami's roles such as introducing messages and transmitting imperial orders, and transmitted the official orders to Kurodo (Chamberlain).
Japanese: 天皇に常侍し、尚侍が行う奏請や伝宣を担当し、内侍宣を蔵人に伝える役目を行う。
English: After Naishi no kami and Naishi no suke became a mere facade, actual roles of Naishi no tsukasa were pursued centering on Koto no naishi.
Japanese: 尚侍・典侍が形式化したのちは、内侍司の実務は奏請・伝宣を含め勾当内侍を中心に取り仕切られた。
English: Under the reign of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Edo bakufu, it also meant a title or a honorific title allowed to a head of any distinguished family or of samurai family who was credited with his achievements.
Japanese: 室町幕府及び江戸幕府においては名門或いは功績ある武家の当主に許された称号または敬称。
English: It was around the beginning of Muromachi period that the system of giving yakata-go title was established, when the title was allowed to Ashikaga clans and other predominant Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constable) and Shugodai (deputies of Shugo, provincial constables) as well as to Kokujin (local samurai) who were credited with their contribution to the establishment of Muromachi bakufu and punitive expedition of rebellion.
Japanese: 屋形号が成立したのは室町時代初期の頃であり、足利氏の一門や有力な守護大名、守護代、主に室町幕府の成立や謀反人討伐に功ある国人に許された。
English: The word 'yakata' is written either '屋形' or '館' in kanji (Chinese characters), but no difference existed between their meanings, since '屋形' is believed to have meant simply a residence, judging from the address of Yakata, Yokoshibahikari Town, Sanbu District, Chiba Prefecture, where TAIRA no Takamochi had set up an office for governmental affairs and let his son TAIRA no Yoshikane reside, as well as the current use of the word of 'yakatabune' (a roofed pleasure boat).
Japanese: 例えば、平高望が政務所を設け子の平良兼を住まわしたとされる上総国武射郡の「屋形」の地が千葉県山武郡横芝光町屋形として現在に伝わっており、単に居館のことを意味していたものと考えられ、また屋形船なども現存し、言葉の意味としては屋形と館に違いは無い。
English: Before the Heian period, the term 'shiro' (castle) meant 'saku' (a barrier) or 'toride' (a fort), but not a residence.
Japanese: 平安時代以前、「城」は「柵」あるいは「砦」であり、居館ではなかった。
English: Subsequently, along with the rise of buke (samurai families), their 'shiro' with strategical advantages became important also as their residences, and the original meaning of 'yakata' had changed to become virtually nominal.
Japanese: その後、武家の台頭とともに戦略上有利な「城」が居館としての役目を持つようになると、「屋形」の持つ意味は実質的には薄れ名目的なものとなった。
English: But, after establishment of the Muromachi bakufu, another compellation 'oyakatasama' became commonly used for daimyo (a Japanese territorial lord) who was awarded yakata-go by the Ashikaga shogun family, while some of their senior vassals with yakata-go were called 'oyakata' or 'yakata' for short.
Japanese: しかし、室町幕府成立以降、足利将軍家から屋形号を与えられた大名に対する敬称として「御屋形様」（おやかたさま）という尊称が定着した(屋形号を有する大名は主に御屋形様(おやかたさま)と尊称されたが、重臣の場合は御屋形、屋形と略称したケースもある。