nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Moreover, since tenno is called 'The Emperor' in foreign countries, there is an example of 'name + Tenno' (for example, 'Hirohito Tenno' (the Emperor Hirohito) in the movie "The Last Emperor").
Japanese: また、外国では「Theemperor」と呼ばれることから「名前+天皇」の用例がある（例『ラストエンペラー』での「裕仁天皇」）。
English: Similar examples can be seen even in Japan, but calling the emperor by a name without an honorific title can be often perceived as a declaration of intention that special respect is not paid to the emperor.
Japanese: 国内でも同様の用例は見られるが、名指しは天皇に特別な敬意を示さない意思表示として受け取られる場合も多い。
English: In some publications and printed matters, 'Heisei Tenno' (the Emperor Heisei) is used as the third person without using the title of honor and there are arguments for and against this.
Japanese: 一部の出版物及び印刷物において、敬称を用いない三人称として「平成天皇｣が用いられる事があるが、これには賛否両論がある。
English: It is said that such notation came from the fact that Emperor Showa was already expressed as 'Showa Tenno' (the Emperor Showa) instead of 'Kinjo Tenno' (the present Emperor) in some publications after World War II.
Japanese: こうした表記法は、第二次世界大戦後、一部の出版物で昭和天皇を「今上天皇」と表現せず、既に「昭和天皇」と表記していた事が始まりとされる。
English: The name 'Heisei Tenno' (Emperor Heisei) is the form of posthumous title or imina (posthumous name) of the person concerned and therefore it is incorrect to use it during his lifetime.
Japanese: 「平成天皇」という呼称は当人の死後の追号・諡の形式であることから、これを生前に使用することは誤っている。
English: A posthumous title is the title given after the demise of the Emperor and gengo (era name) does not necessarily become his posthumous title from an institutional standpoint (after Meiji period the custom was just followed and nothing is prescribed for the posthumous title in Kyu Koshitsu-rei (the Old Imperial Families' Act) and so on).
Japanese: 追号は天皇が崩御した後に贈られる称号であり、制度上は必ずしも元号が追号になるわけではない（明治以降は慣例を踏襲しただけであり、旧皇室令等でも規定されていない）。
English: There are many people, particularly among the so-called conservatives, who think that the name of 'Heisei Tenno' (the Emperor Heisei) is not used on television or in the newspaper because it arises from the idea that 'it is irreverent to use "Heisei Tenno" (the Emperor Heisei) which should be a posthumous title of the present Emperor during his lifetime' as described above.
Japanese: テレビや新聞で「平成天皇」という呼称が用いられないのは、前述したように「追号になるはずの“平成天皇”を存命中に用いるのは不敬」という考えに起因するからだと考える人が、いわゆる保守派を中心にして多い。
English: The name 'Heisei Tenno' (Emperor Heisei) is not considered as a wrong expression and there are celebrities including Ichiro FURUTACHI who usually use the name of 'Heisei Tenno'.
Japanese: 「平成天皇」という呼称が間違った表現とされているわけではないし、古舘伊知郎など、「平成天皇」の呼称をよく用いる有名人もいる。
English: It is convenient to call 'Heisei Tenno' (Emperor Heisei) in the meaning of creating uniformity in the names of the emperors or following the rule of 'name of gengo (era name) emperor' (the practice of assigning one era name to one emperor).
Japanese: 天皇の呼称に統一性を持たせる意味や、明治以降の「元号天皇の呼称」という規則（一世一元の制）に倣う意味で、「平成天皇」と呼ぶことは便利である。
English: The Emperor Shomu (701 - June 8, 756, reign: March 7, 724 - August 23, 749) was the 45th Emperor in Nara Period.
Japanese: 聖武天皇（しょうむてんのう、大宝(日本)元年（701年）-天平勝宝8年5月2日(旧暦)（756年6月4日）、在位：神亀元年2月4日(旧暦)（724年3月3日）-天平勝宝元年7月2日(旧暦)（749年8月19日））は奈良時代の第45代天皇である。
English: His honorary title, shi, (a posthumous name) was Ameshirushikuni Oshiharakitoyosakurahiko no Sumeramikoto, Shohokanjinshomukotei or Shamishoman.
Japanese: 尊号（諡）を天璽国押開豊桜彦天皇（あめしるしくにおしはらきとよさくらひこのすめらみこと）、勝宝感神聖武皇帝（しょうほうかんじんしょうむこうてい）、沙弥勝満（しゃみしょうまん）とも言う。
English: He was born as the first Prince of the Emperor Monmu, but his father died when he was seven years old and his mother Miyako developed mental illness and thereafter she did not see the Prince for a long time (the Emperor was thirty-seven years old when the Emperor met Miyako who had recovered from mental illness after the Emperor began to understand things).
Japanese: 文武天皇の第一皇子として生まれたが7歳で父は死没、母の宮子も心的障害に陥りその後は長く皇子に会う事はなかった（物心がついた天皇が病気が平癒した宮子と対面したのは天皇が37歳のときのことであった）。
English: Therefore, the Empress Genmei (Princess of the Emperor Tenchi), who was mother of the Emperor Monmu, ascended the throne as an interim emperor.
Japanese: このため、文武天皇の母親である元明天皇（天智天皇皇女）が中継ぎの天皇として即位した。
English: In 714, genpuku (a ceremony held to celebrate one's coming of age) was held for Prince Obito, and he was invested as crown prince, but due to his poor health and a conflict between pro-imperial forces and the Fujiwara clan, who were maternally related to the Imperial family, his enthronement was postponed and the Empress Gensho, younger sister of the Emperor Monmu, succeeded to the Imperial Throne as "an interim empress for the interim emperor".
Japanese: 和銅7年（714年）には首皇子の元服が行われて正式に立太子されるも病弱であったことと皇親勢力と外戚である藤原氏との対立もあり、即位は先延ばしにされ文武天皇の妹である元正天皇が「中継ぎの中継ぎ」として皇位を継ぐことになった。
English: In the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Shomu, Nagayao, representing pro-imperial force, came to power.
Japanese: 聖武天皇の治世の初期は皇親勢力を代表する長屋王が政権を担当していた。
English: However, in those days it was a practice to install a member of the Imperial Family as the Empress because the Empress could ascend the throne as an interim emperor after the death of the Emperor (her husband) and therefore Nagayao opposed the installation of Komyoshi as the Empress.
Japanese: しかしながら皇后は夫の天皇亡き後に中継ぎの天皇として即位する可能性があるため皇族しか立后されないのが当時の慣習であったことから、長屋王は光明子の立后に反対していた。
English: It was said that Nagayao no Hen (Conspiracy of Nagayao) was planned by Fujiwara four brothers who were sons of Fuhito and brothers of Komyoshi in order to eliminate Nagayao and make Komyoshi the Empress.
Japanese: 長屋王の変は長屋王を取り除き光明子を皇后にするために不比等の息子で光明子の兄弟である藤原四兄弟が仕組んだものといわれている。
English: However, plagues were prevalent in 737 and most of high officials in the government including Fujiwara four brothers died, then to respond to such catastrophe, Suzuka no Okimi, who was Nagayao's real younger brother, was hastily appointed to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) to barely keep up the appearance of the government.
Japanese: しかし天平9年（737年）に疫病が流行して藤原四兄弟をはじめとして政府高官の殆どが死亡するという惨事に見舞われて、急遽長屋王の実弟である鈴鹿王を太政大臣に任じて辛うじて政府の体裁を整える。
English: Because disasters and plagues (smallpox) occurred frequently during Tenpyo era, Emperor Shomu became a devout believer of Buddhism and he issued the Imperial Edict to erect Kokubun-ji Temple in 741, the Imperial Edict to erect the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple in 743.
Japanese: 天平年間は災害や疫病（天然痘）が多発したため聖武天皇は仏教に深く帰依し、天平13年（741年）には国分寺建立の詔を、天平16年（743年）には東大寺盧舎那仏像の建立の詔を出している。
English: In addition, Emperor Shomu tried to escape from disasters by transferring the capital several times, but due to strong rejection by public and private sectors, he finally transferred the capital back to Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara).
Japanese: また度々遷都を行って災いから脱却しようとしたものの官民の反発が強く、最終的には平城京に復帰した。
English: Additionally, since grand persons of the Fujiwara clan died one after another, national administration was managed by TACHIBANA no Moroe (maternal half-brother of the Empress Komyo).
Japanese: また藤原氏の重鎮が相次いで亡くなったため、国政は橘諸兄（光明皇后とは異父兄弟にあたる）が取り仕切っていた。
English: In 743, Konden einen shizai Law (the Law Permitting Permanent Ownership of Newly Cultivated Land) was established because there were many uncultivated wastes.
Japanese: 天平16年（743年）には、耕されない荒れ地が多いため新たに墾田永年私財法を制定した。
English: On March 7, 744, Prince Asaka died suddenly of beriberi.
Japanese: 天平17年閏1月13日(旧暦)（744年3月7日）には安積親王が脚気のため急死した。
English: On August 23, 749, he ceded the Imperial Throne to his daughter, Imperial Princess Abe (Empress Koken), (according to a theory, the Emperor who called himself "Sanpo no Yakko" (a servant to Sanpo, three treasures of Buddhism: Buddha, sutras and priesthood) entered priesthood at his own discretion and in response to this, the Imperial Court hastily took the procedure of abdication of the Emperor).
Japanese: 天平勝宝元年7月2日（749年8月19日）、娘の阿倍内親王（孝謙天皇）に譲位（一説には自らを「三宝の奴」と称した天皇が独断で出家してしまい、それを受けた朝廷が慌てて退位の手続を取ったともいわれる）。
English: On May 30, 752, the ceremony in which Rushana Statue in Todai-ji Temple was given eyes, a ritual believed to invest the figure with sacred spirit, was held.
Japanese: 天平勝宝4年4月9日(旧暦)（752年5月30日）に東大寺盧舎那仏像開眼供養を行う。
English: In 754, a priest of Tang, Jianzhen, came to Japan and met the Empress and the Emperor and around the same time, the Emperor lost her mother Miyako who had suffered from the disease for a long time.
Japanese: 天平勝宝6年（754年）、唐僧鑑真が来日し皇后や天皇と共に会ったが、同時期に長く病気を患っていた母の宮子と死別する。
English: In 756, he passed away leaving his will to make Prince Funado, who was a grandchild prince of Emperor Tenmu, the Crown Prince.
Japanese: 天平勝宝8年（756年）に天武天皇の2世王・道祖王を皇太子にする遺言を残して崩御。
English: Jinki was from February 4 (old lunar calendar) (March 7, 724) to August 5 (old lunar calendar) (September 6, 729).
Japanese: 神亀724年2月4日（3月3日）-729年8月5日(旧暦)（9月6日）
English: Tenpyo was from August 5 (old lunar calendar) (September 6, 729) to April 14 (old lunar calendar) (May 8, 749).
Japanese: 天平729年8月5日（9月6日）-749年4月14日(旧暦)（5月8日）
English: Teiki is a field which collects the genealogy of successive emperors or Imperial family trees.
Japanese: 歴代の天皇あるいは天皇家の系譜類、あるいはそれらをまとめた分野のこと。
English: The Teiki were books compiled by Emperor Tenchi's two children, Imperial Prince Kawashima and Prince Osakabe under the Imperial order since 681, and are thought to be records of the transmission of the genealogy of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 帝紀（ていき）とは、681年（天武天皇10年）より天智天皇2子の川島皇子・忍壁皇子らが勅命により編纂した書物で、天皇家の系譜の伝承を記したものと考えられている。
English: It is said that Emperor Tenmu made HIEDA no Are recite the Teiki from memory along with the "Kyuji" (mythical tradition), and later this was said to be the basic historical material for the compilation of the later Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: 『旧辞』と共に、天武天皇が稗田阿礼に暗誦させたといわれ、のちに記紀編纂の基本史料となったと伝えられる。
English: Besides a theory that says the Teiki indicated only a specific book of Ancient Japanese Literature, there is a theory that says the Teiki indicated not only a specific book but also the whole books which record the tradition of the genealogy of the Imperial Family
Japanese: 帝紀とは上記の特定の書物だけを指すとする説の他に、特定の書物だけを指すのではなく天皇家の系譜の伝承を記した書物全般を帝紀と呼ぶとする説
English: Tokyoku Shidai of the Founders of the Imperial Family' noted as 'referred to as "Hitsugi" in old days' in the article of November, 688 in Nihonshoki
Japanese: 日本書紀持統天皇2年11月条に書かれている「古くは『日嗣』と呼ばれた」との注釈が付けられている「皇祖等之登極次第」
English: However, there are opinions that the "Teiki," "Teio Honki," and "Senki," which have the letter "ki" meaning 'nenki' and the "Hitsugi" which does not have the letter "ki" should be thought separately.
Japanese: 但し、「年紀」を意味する『紀』の文字を含む『帝紀』、『帝王本紀』、『先紀』と『紀』の文字を含まない『日嗣』等は分けて考えるべきであるとする見解もある。
English: Further, there are opinions that the 'common noun' which is thought to be the generic term for several books or documents that satisfy fixed conditions, such as the "Teiki," which every family was thought to have, and the "Teio Honki" (Chronicle of Emperors) which existing contents were supposed to be different, and the 'proper noun' which is thought to describe specific books that are complied at a specific point of time called "Teiki no Hitsugi" should be clearly distinguished.
Japanese: また、諸家がそれぞれ持っているとされる『帝紀』や内容の異なるものが存在するとされる『帝王本紀』のような一定の条件を満たす複数の書物ないしは文書の総称であると考えられる「普通名詞」と、『帝王の日嗣』といった特定の時点で編纂された特定の書物を示すと見られる「固有名詞」とは明確に区別するべきであるとする見解もある。
English: Also, from the fact that even though the names differ slightly, in the introduction of the Kojiki, usually it is recorded with two history books set side by side like the "Teiki" and "Kyuji," there is a viewpoint that they were not just separate Records, but was originally written with the premise that these would be combined to make one Record, and it exists as a 'Japanese style biographical historiography' different from the Chinese biographical historiography which combines two history books,
Japanese: また古事記の序文などにはそれぞれ名前は微妙に異なるものの、ほとんどの場合に『帝紀』と『旧辞』をはじめとして二つの史書が並べて記されていることなどから、これらは単に別々のものを並べているのではなくもともと組み合わせることを前提に作られた一体のものであり、二つの史書を組み合わせた中国の紀伝体とは異なる「日本式の紀伝体」とでもいうべき形態が存在するのではないかとする見方もある。
English: Empress Suiko (554 - April 15, 628), the thirty-third emperor of Japan, reigned for 36 years from January 15, 593 to April 15, 628, or for 37 years according to the "Kojiki" (Records of Ancient Matters).
Japanese: 推古天皇（すいこてんのう、欽明天皇15年（554年）-推古天皇36年3月7日(旧暦)（628年4月15日）『古事記』では戊子年3月15日）は、第33代の天皇（在位：崇峻天皇5年12月8日(旧暦)（593年1月15日）-推古天皇36年3月7日（628年4月15日）36年、『古事記』では37年）。
English: She was the first monarch of Japan to use the title of "tenno," which has now become established as the general title for the emperor of Japan.
Japanese: 天皇号を初めて用いた日本の君主であり、「天皇」は現在、日本皇帝の一般的な呼称として定着している。
English: However, after a wooden tablet with the letters, Tenno, was found in the Asukaike Ruins in 1998, a theory that says Emperor Temmu was the first to use the title Tenno has become predominant.
Japanese: ただし、1998年の飛鳥池遺跡での天皇の文字を記した木簡が発見された以後は、天武天皇が最初の天皇号使用者との説が有力となっている。
English: Although there are various theories as to when the Asuka period in the history of Japan began but it is general to regard enthronement of Emperor Suiko as the beginning.
Japanese: 日本の歴史の飛鳥時代の始まりはいつなのか諸説あるが、推古天皇の即位を基準にするのが一般的である。
English: It was a period when the Buddhist culture that was introduced to Japan blossomed fully and this culture is referred to as the Asuka culture.
Japanese: 日本に伝来した仏教文化が本格的に華開いた時代であり、これを飛鳥文化という。
English: She, Toyomikekashigiyahime (the Emperor Suiko's name in Kojiki), resided in the Imperial Palace of Owarida and ruled the country for 37 years.
Japanese: 妹（いも）、豊御食炊屋比売（とよみけかしぎやひめ）命、小治田（をはりだ）宮に坐しまして、天の下治らしめすこと、三十七歳（みそじまりななとせ）なりき。
English: In "Nihonshoki," it is described that 'she was fair of face and figure, and was well-mannered and polite.'
Japanese: 『日本書紀』に「姿色端麗・進止軌制」（「姿色（みかお）端麗（きらきら）しく」、挙措動作は乱れなくととのって（進止軌制）いた）と記される。
English: In 571, she became the wife of Prince NUNAKAKURA no Futomashiki (the thirtieth Emperor Bidatsu), her elder paternal half-brother.
Japanese: 欽明天皇32年（571年）に異母兄・渟中倉太珠敷皇子（第30代敏達天皇）の妃となる。
English: In 576, upon the death of Empress Hirohime, she was named the empress and, on September 15, 585 when she was 35 years old, the Emperor Bidatsu passed away.
Japanese: 敏達天皇5年3月（576年）、皇后広姫の逝去を承け皇后に立てられ、敏達14年8月乙酉朔己亥（8月15日(旧暦)）（585年9月15日）、35歳のとき、敏達天皇が没した。
English: However, according to the chronicle of Suiko in "Nihonshoki," she was named the empress at the age of 18 and, when this theory is adopted, she became the empress in 571, the year of enthronement of Emperor Bidatsu, contradicting an article on investiture of Hirohime as the empress and suggesting a possible mistake either in the article on investiture of Hirohime as the empress or the age of Suiko at the time of her investiture as the empress.
Japanese: ただし、『日本書紀』推古紀によれば18歳で皇后に立てられたとあり、これを採用した場合には欽明天皇32年（敏達天皇即位の年）に皇后となったことになり、広姫立后の記事と矛盾することになり、広姫立后記事か推古の立后時の年齢のいずれかが誤りの可能性がある。
English: She gave birth to two sons and five daughters including Princess Ujinokaitako (the wife of Prince Shotoku), Prince Takeda, Princess Oharida (the wife of OSHISAKA no Hikohito no Oenomiko), Prince Owari (the father of TACHIBANA no Oiratsume, the wife of Prince Shotoku), Princess Tame (the wife of Prince Tamura-later Emperor Jomei), etc.
Japanese: 菟道貝蛸皇女（聖徳太子妃）、竹田皇子、小墾田皇女（押坂彦人大兄皇子妃）、尾張皇子（聖徳太子の妃橘大郎女の父）、田眼皇女（田村皇子（後の舒明天皇）妃）ら二男五女をもうけた。
English: In May 586, Prince Anahobe broke in hinkyu (the funeral parlor) and the Empress was saved by her favorite retainer, MIWA no Sakau, who found himself being killed.
Japanese: 用明元年夏5月（586年）、殯に穴穂部皇子が侵入し、皇后は寵臣三輪逆に助けられたが、逆の方は殺されるはめとなった。
English: Thereafter, Emperor Yomei held the Imperial Throne for about 2 years but, after he died of illness on May 21, 587, MONONOBE no Moriya, who endorsed Prince Anahobe, fought with SOGA no Umako, who supported Prince Hatsusebe, ending in the victory of the Soga clan.
Japanese: その後、用明天皇が2年ほど皇位に在ったが、用明2年4月乙巳朔癸丑（旧暦4月9日(旧暦)『古事記』では4月15日(旧暦)）（587年）に病没後、穴穂部皇子を推す物部守屋と泊瀬部皇子を支持する蘇我馬子が戦い、蘇我氏の勝利に終わった。
English: It is said that Empress Dowager Bidatsu therefore issued an imperial edict ordering Prince Hatsusebe (Emperor Sushun) to be enthroned.
Japanese: そこで敏達皇太后が詔を下して泊瀬部皇子（崇峻天皇）に即位を命じたという。
English: However, after five years, on December 12, 592, Emperor Sushun was assassinated by instruction of Umako and next month, on January 15, 593, Princess Nukatabe, the empress-before-last, was begged by Umako to be enthroned at the Imperial Palace of Toyoura.
Japanese: しかし、5年後の祟峻5年11月癸卯朔乙巳（旧暦11月3日(旧暦)）（592年）には崇峻天皇が馬子の指図によって暗殺されてしまい、翌月である12月壬申朔己卯（旧暦12月8日(旧暦)）に、先々代の皇后であった額田部皇女が、馬子に請われて、豊浦宮において即位した。
English: At that time, she was 39 years old and became the first female monarch in history (however, this is the case when Empress Jingu and Crown Princess Iitoyo are excluded).
Japanese: 時に彼女は39歳で、史上初の女帝となった（ただし、神功皇后と飯豊青皇女を歴代から除外した場合）。
English: Behind this, there is a story that the Empress Dowager hoped for enthronement of her biological son Prince Takeda, but because an opinion for enthronement of OSHISAKA no Hikohito no Oenomiko became stronger, centering around the opponents of the Soga clan and, in order to suppress that movement, Umako and the Empress Dowager decided that she be enthroned (however, before long, Prince Takeda passed away).
Japanese: その背景には皇太后が実子の竹田皇子の擁立を願ったものの、敏達の最初の皇后が生んだ押坂彦人大兄皇子（舒明天皇の父）の擁立論が蘇我氏に反対する勢力を中心に強まったために、馬子と皇太后がその動きを抑えるために竹田皇子への中継ぎとして即位したのだと言われている（だが、竹田皇子は間もなく死去してしまう）。
English: On May 15, 593, she appointed her nephew, Prince Umayado (Prince Shotoku), as the Crown Prince and let him administer the critical affairs of state as a proxy.
Japanese: 翌年（593年）4月10日(旧暦)、甥の厩戸皇子（聖徳太子）を皇太子として万機を摂行させた。
English: This is thought to be because of a relationship that the father of Umayado was her elder brother, Emperor Yomei, and also his mother was her younger paternal half-sister (and their biological mothers were sisters), and thus Umayado was her most trustworthy relative.
Japanese: 厩戸の父は推古天皇の同母兄の用明天皇、母も異母妹（かつ生母同士が実の姉妹関係）の間柄であり、竹田皇子亡き後において厩戸が天皇にとって最も信頼のおける血縁者であったからだと見られている。
English: Joan R. Piggott, a scholar of Asian studies at Cornell University, describes this combination of a female Emperor and a male regent as a complimentary type condominium based on a contrapuntal relationship between a responsibility of a religious service and a responsibility of public administration.
Japanese: コーネル大学のアジア研究者ジョーン・ピゴットは、このような女性天皇と男性摂政というとりあわせを、祭祀の責務と行政の責務のあいだの対位法的な関係をベースにした相補型の共同統治であると述べている。
English: Joseph M. Kitagawa, a professor emeritus and a historian of religion at University of Chicago, describes that she resembles Himiko of Yamatai-Koku Kingdom in that she had a shamanistic ability and was the highest authority holder who was passive and female, and governed the country for a long time through a consanguine man.
Japanese: シカゴ大学名誉教授で宗教史学者のジョゼフ・キタガワは、シャーマン的能力の持ち主で、血縁の男性を介して長期間の統治を行った受動的な女性最高権者である点が、邪馬台国の卑弥呼に似ていると述べている。
English: Emperor Suiko was a bright person who balanced the influences of the Crown Prince and the minister Umako, so as not to provoke antipathy of Gozoku (local ruling families), and labored skillfully for the endurance of sovereignty.
Japanese: 推古天皇は頭脳明晰な人で、皇太子と大臣馬子の勢力のバランスをとり、豪族の反感を買わぬように、巧みに王権の存続を図った。
English: During her reign, when the Soga clan was at the height of its prosperity, the Emperor did not go as far as to damage the interest of the country by compromising even with Umako, her maternal relative and a senior vassal.
Japanese: 在位中は蘇我氏の最盛期であるが、帝は外戚で重臣の馬子に対しても、国家の利益を損じてまで譲歩した事がなかった。
English: It is said that, long afterward in 624, when Umako hoped for the right to rule Katsuragi-ken Prefecture (which is said to be Umako's birthplace), she refused this demand by saying that "even though you are my uncle, if I donate a public land to a private person, the future generation will call me a foolish woman and, on the other hand, they will criticize you as being disloyal."
Japanese: ずっと後のことではあるが、推古天皇32年（624年）、馬子が葛城県（馬子の本居（ウブスナ）とされる）の支配権を望んだ時、女帝は、「あなたは私の叔父ではあるが、だからといって、公の土地を私人に譲ってしまっては、後世の人には私が愚かな女だといわれ、一方であなたも、不忠だと謗られよう」と言って、この要求を拒絶したという。
English: As described above, under fair reign of the Empress, Prince Shotoku fully exhibited his ability and enacted Kan I junikai (twelve grades of cap rank) (in 603) and Seventeen-Article Constitution (in 604) one after another to carry out improvement of laws and organizations.
Japanese: このように、公正な女帝の治世のもと、聖徳太子はその才能を十分に発揮し、冠位十二階（603年）・十七条憲法（604年）を次々に制定して、法令・組織の整備を進めた。
English: For the purpose of having orthodoxy granted by an emperor of China, there had often been envoys sent in the past but, for the first time, they were sent as an envoy in order to emphasize independence of Japan.
Japanese: 中国皇帝から政権の正統性を付与してもらう目的で、過去にもたびたび使節が派遣されていたが、初めて日本の独立性を強調する目的で使節が派遣された。
English: Also, as the imperial decree issued in 594 which says that Sanbo (three treasures of Buddhism; Buddha, sutras and priesthood) should be respected shows, the Empress, together with the Prince and Umako, tried to make Buddhism flourish and let Horyu-ji Temple to be built in Ikaruga (a town in Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: また、推古天皇二年に出された、三宝（仏・法・僧）を敬うべしという詔が示しているように、女帝は太子や馬子と共に仏法興隆にも努め、斑鳩に法隆寺を建立させたりした。
English: In 620, Prince Shotoku and Umako compiled "Tennoki" (a Record of Emperors) and "a National Record "and donated them to the Empress but, two years later, the Prince passed away at the age of 49 and after 4 years, SOGA no Umako also died.
Japanese: 推古天皇28年（620年）、聖徳太子と馬子は『天皇記』『国記』を編纂して献上したが、2年後には太子が49歳で薨去し、4年後、蘇我馬子も亡くなった。
English: The mind-set of the Empress, who lost her senior vassals one after another, whom she let handle the affairs of state, must have been lonely as she grew older.
Japanese: 長年国政を任せてきた重臣を次々に失った女帝の心境は、老いが深まるにつれ寂寥なものであったに違いない。
English: On April 15, 628, she passed away at the Imperial residence of Oharida at the age of 75.
Japanese: 推古天皇36年3月7日（628年4月15日）、75歳で小墾田宮において崩御。
English: A day before her death, the Empress summoned Prince Tamura, the legitimate grandchild of Emperor Bidatsu, to her bedside and admonished him to see things through respectfully and also rebuked Prince YAMASHIRO no Oe to listen to opinions of other people, apparently avoiding appointment of her successor.
Japanese: 死の前日に、女帝は敏達天皇の嫡孫・田村皇子を枕元に呼び、謹しんで物事を明察するように諭し、さらに聖徳太子の子山背大兄王にも、他人の意見を納れるように誡めただけで、後継者の指名は避けたようである。
English: According to "Kojiki," a Japanese history book, 'the funeral rites were conducted on October 23, 628 and, according to the posthumous order, her remains were buried in the tomb where her son, Prince Tamura, slept.
Japanese: 日本の歴史書である『古事記』には、「その年の9月20日(旧暦)に喪礼が執り行われ、遺令によって女帝の亡骸は息子・竹田皇子が眠る墓に合葬された。
English: In later years, though not known when, she was reburied in Shinaga no Yamada no Misasagi (the Yamada Imperial tomb in Shinaga; by an archeological term, Yamada Takatsuka Tumulus) located at Yamada, Taishi-cho, Minami Kawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture.'
Japanese: 後年、時期は不明ながら、大阪府南河内郡太子町山田にある河内国磯長山田陵（しながのやまだのみささぎ、考古学名としては山田高塚古墳）に改葬された」とある。
English: Empress Dowager Shoken (May 9, 1849 – April 9, 1914) was a member of the Japanese Imperial family.
Japanese: 昭憲皇太后（しょうけんこうたいごう、1849年4月17日(旧暦)（新暦5月9日）-1914年4月9日）は、日本の皇族。
English: Empress Dowager Shoken was sickly and did not have a biological child, but as a lawful wife she adopted the child (Emperor Taisho) between her husband and his concubine.
Japanese: 病弱で実子はなかったが、嫡妻として、夫の側室が生んだ大正天皇を養子とした。
English: She was the third daughter of Juichii-sadaijin Tadaka ICHIJO, and her real mother was Tamiko NIIHATA, a concubine (Tadaka's lawful wife was Princess Fushimi no miya Junko).
Japanese: 従一位左大臣一条忠香の三女で、生母は側室新畑民子（忠香の正室は伏見宮順子女王）。
English: Chiyogimi (Teruhime), Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA's fiancée, was Empress Dowager Shoken's older sister, and Mikako ICHIJO (adopted daughter of Tadaka, biological daughter of Kinhisa IMADEGAWA), who married Yoshinobu instead of Chiyogimi, was her step-sister.
Japanese: 徳川慶喜の婚約者であった千代君（照姫）は実の姉であり、千代君に代わって慶喜に嫁いだ一条美賀子（忠香養女、実は今出川公久の娘）とも義理の姉妹となる。
English: On July 29, 1867, she was authorized as the new Emperor Meiji's consort.
Japanese: 慶応3年6月28日(旧暦)（1867年7月29日）、新帝明治天皇の女御に治定。
English: Through connections of the Fushimi-no-Miya family, Nioko WAKAE, a female scholar of Chinese classics and an imperialist (1835-1881), was involved in the nurturing of Tadaka's daughters as a tutor, but in the face of choosing a consort from the ICHIJO family, Nioko is said to have recommended the younger sister Suegimi over the older sister.
Japanese: 伏見宮家の縁故で、女流漢学者で勤王論者の若江薫子（1835―1881年）が家庭教師として忠香の娘たちの養育に携わっていたが、女御を一条家から出すのに際し、薫子は姉を差し置いて妹の寿栄君を推薦したと言われている。
English: On Febuary 7, 1869, she changed her name to Haruko.
Japanese: 明治元年12月26日(旧暦)（1869年2月7日）、美子（はるこ）と改名。