nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 907, the Tang Dynasty perished and this brought an end to Japanese missions to Tang China.
Japanese: 907年（延喜7）には唐が滅亡し、遣唐使は再開されないままその歴史に幕を下ろした。
English: The Fushu were Emishi who lived in the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa and came under the control of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 俘囚（ふしゅう）とは、陸奥国・出羽国の蝦夷のうち、朝廷の支配に属するようになったもの。
English: There are two origins of Ifu: people who became Ifu along with the territorial expansion of Japan, and people who were taken captive and then emigrated to the Japanese territory.
Japanese: 日本の領土拡大によって俘囚となったもの、捕虜となって国内に移配されたものの二種の起源がある。
English: the Fushu who were sent to the Japanese territory were a group of Emishi men and women who had yielded to the power of Yamato (Japan) during the wars that occurred intermittently between Yamato and Emishi between the seventh century and ninth century and thus were forced to emigrate to the Japanese territory.
Japanese: 移配された俘囚は、7世紀から9世紀まで断続的に続いた大和と蝦夷の戦争で、大和へ帰服した蝦夷男女が集団で強制移住させられたものである。
English: The Imperial Court made kokushi (provincial governors) take care of the Fushu exclusively other than their regular tasks, so those kokushi supervised, trained, protected and nurtured the Fushu.
Japanese: 朝廷は国司に「俘囚専当」を兼任させ、俘囚の監督と教化・保護養育に当たらせた。
English: The Fushu who had been forced to emigrate to the Japanese territory were issued with food as a Fushu allowance by kokushi and given remission from payment of Yo (tax in kind) and Cho (another type of tax) until they could earn a living by themselves.
Japanese: 俘囚は、定住先で生計が立てられるようになるまで、俘囚料という名目で国司から食糧を支給され、庸・調の税が免除された。
English: However, those Fushu never started earning a living by themselves in their permanent places to stay and continued to receive the Fushu allowance.
Japanese: しかし実際に移配俘囚が定住先で自活することはなく、俘囚料の給付を受け続けた。
English: The Fushu had a lifestyle that was very different from that of the public peasants in general, and their lives were mainly centered on hunting and training in the art of warfare.
Japanese: 俘囚は、一般の公民百姓らとは大きく異なる生活様式を有しており、狩猟および武芸訓練が俘囚生活の特徴であった。
English: To erase the differences between the Fushu and the public peasants, in 812 the Imperial Court issued an order to the kokushi to select competent persons from the Fushu as full-time Ifucho (leaders of Ifu) who would exercise their punitive authority for crimes in Fushu society.
Japanese: 俘囚と公民百姓の差異に対応するため、812年（弘仁3）、朝廷は国司に対し、俘囚の中から優れた者を夷俘長に専任し、俘囚社会における刑罰権を夷俘長に与える旨の命令を発出している。
English: In the ninth century the emigrant Fushu were positioned as a major military force for the maintenance of security in the nation (known as the kokuga forces system).
Japanese: 9世紀、移配俘囚は国内の治安維持のための主要な軍事力として位置づけられていた（→国衙軍制）。
English: Fushu's hunting and military arts were centered on horseback riding and Kisha (shooting an arrow while riding a horse), and thus many samurai who came to the forefront at the time were heavily influenced by the Fushu's skills in battle.
Japanese: 俘囚が有していた狩猟技術・武芸技術は、乗馬と騎射を中心とするものであり、俘囚の戦闘技術は当時登場しつつあった武士たちへ大きな影響を与えた。
English: For example, Fushu's warabite-to (curved swords) were developed into a kind of sword, Kenukigata Tachi (Tachi with a shape of tweezer), that would be used by samurai.
Japanese: 例えば俘囚が使用していた蕨手刀は、武士が使用することとなる毛抜形太刀へと発展している。
English: In this way, the Fushu's skills in battle were handed down to samurai, who at that time were in the early developmental stage.
Japanese: このように、俘囚の戦闘技術は揺籃期の武士へと継承されていったのである。
English: However, uprisings by the Fushu gradually emerged, as seen in 'Arakashi no Ran (rebellion)' arose in Izumo Province in 813, the 'Shimousa-Fushu no Ran (rebellion)' arose in 875 and the 'Kamiusa-Fushu no Ran (rebellion)' in 883.
Japanese: しかし、813年頃の出雲国「荒橿の乱」、875年の「下総俘囚の乱」、883年の「上総俘囚の乱」などのように、俘囚による騒乱が次第に発生するようになった。
English: It is thought that these rebellions occurred as outcries for improvement of how to treat the Fushu, but the Imperial Court, which did not know how to handle the situation, announced its policy of sending emigrated Fushu back to Ou (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) in 897.
Japanese: これらの原因は、俘囚らによる処遇改善要求であったと考えられているが、こうした事態に頭を悩ませた朝廷は、897年（寛平9）、移配俘囚を奥羽へ送還する政策を打ち出した。
English: In this way, most of the Fushu who had been dispersed throughout Japan were sent back to Ou.
Japanese: これにより全国へ移配されていた俘囚のほとんどは奥羽へ還住することとなった。
English: It is thought that the Fushu who stayed in the Mutsu and Dewa provinces were given remission from payment of So (a type of tax), unlike people of the same region who took the side of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 陸奥国・出羽国にとどまった俘囚は、同じ地域の朝廷派の人々と異なり、租税を免除されていたと考えられている。
English: They received food and cloth from Kokuga in the Mutsu and Dewa provinces, and they swore obedience to Kokuga and contributed their local specialties to them.
Japanese: 彼らは陸奥・出羽の国衙から食糧と布を与えられる代わりに、服従を誓い、特産物を貢いでいた。
English: Although Fushu was a position created by the Imperial Court who intended to set frontiersmen at the lower rank, they gradually gained power based on their tax-free condition and through the trading system, as mentioned earlier.
Japanese: 俘囚という地位は、辺境の人を下位に置こうとする朝廷の態度が作ったものであるが、俘囚たちは無税の条件を基盤に、前記の事実上の交易をも利用して、大きな力を得るようになった。
English: This led to the power of the Abe clan (Oshu), who were promoted as chiefs of Fushu, the Dewa-Kiyohara clan, who were promoted to be masters of Fushu, and the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, who were promoted to be superior heads of Fushu.
Japanese: これが、俘囚長を称した安倍氏(奥州)、俘囚主を称した出羽清原氏、俘囚上頭を称した奥州藤原氏の勢威につながった。
English: However, it is thought that the Fushu had cultural wealth nearly equal to that of other Japanese people in the era of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: しかし、奥州藤原氏の時代には、俘囚は文化的に他の日本人と大差ないものになっていたと考えられる。
English: After the destruction of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, Kamakura bakufu took over the Mutsu and Dewa provinces by sending samurai into the Kanto region.
Japanese: 奥州藤原氏の滅亡後、鎌倉幕府は関東の武士を送り込んで陸奥・出羽を支配した。
English: From this period, the position of the Fushu was no longer perceived as special and thus no longer recorded in history.
Japanese: 俘囚の地位を特別視するようなことは次第になくなり、歴史に記されることもなくなった。
English: Incidentally, Mineo KAIHO (1943 -) insists that the Ando clan, the Gozoku (local ruling family) in the Tsugaru region in the Medieval period, were ranked at a position equal to a chief of the Fushu.
Japanese: なお、海保嶺夫（1943年-）は中世津軽地方の豪族安東氏を俘囚長と同様の存在としている。
English: Bushi (武士, mononofu, samurai) existed from the 10th century to the 19th century and was a member of a family community whose top was the master of Soke (the head family) and whose profession was a warrior.
Japanese: 武士（ぶし、もののふ）は、10世紀から19世紀にかけての日本に存在し、戦士を本分とするとされた宗家の主人を頂点とした家族共同体の成員。
English: The bushi who emerged during the late ancient times finished the ancient times by force, played a leading role in medieval society and established the social system in the early-modern times.
Japanese: 古代末に発生した武士はその武力で古代を終焉させ、中世社会で主導的役割を果たし、近世で完成された社会体制を築き上げた。
English: The concept of bushi slightly varies depending on the periods and it is difficult to express it in one word, but the common theme through the periods is that they were members of a private army group of armed fighters.
Japanese: 武士の概念は時代により微妙に変化しており、一言では言い表すには難しいが、各時代でも共通しているのは武装した私兵集団の構成員だという点である。
English: However, all the private army groups of armed fighters are not said to have been bushi and it must be emphasized that they were not approved as bushi without the social authorization as the bearer of public military police.
Japanese: ただし、武装した私兵集団が全て武士であるとは言えず、公的な軍事警察力の担い手としての社会的な公認がなければ武士と認められなかったこともまた、強調しなければならない。
English: And there are several theories about the origin of bushi and there is no conclusive one yet.
Japanese: また、武士の起源に関しても諸説が有り、まだ決定的な学説があるわけではない。
English: The study on the origin of bushi is closely related to 'Discovering the medieval times in Japanese history.'
Japanese: 武士の起源研究は「日本の歴史における中世の発見」と密接に関わっている。
English: First, the classical theory on the origin of bushi by 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' (local notables who actually developed the land) will be described below, followed by the recently popular theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function.'
Japanese: 以下、まず古典的「開発領主」武士起源論と近年流行の「職能」武士起源論を記述する。
English: Historian Hiroyuki MIURA and so on in the Meiji period 'discovered' that medieval times also existed in Japan.
Japanese: 明治時代の歴史学者三浦周行らによって日本にも中世があったことが「発見」された。
English: In the history study of Europe and America in those days, the medieval times were peculiar to Europe and America and indispensable in developing into the modern age.
Japanese: 当時の欧米史学では、中世は欧米特有なもので、近代へ発展するために必須な時代とされていた。
English: Asia and Africa were still in the ancient societies (in those days) and were not able to develop into modern societies like Europe and America.
Japanese: アジア・アフリカはいまだ（当時）古代社会であり、欧米のような近代社会に発展することは不可能とされていた。
English: MIURA and so on noted that medieval Europe was supported by the knights who were 'armed suzerain' emerging on the frontier by the Great Barbarian Invasion of Germanic peoples, positioned the bushi, who flourished in the frontier society centering on Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) from the middle of Heian period in Japan, as 'armed suzerain' who were the same as the knights, 'discovered' that there also existed medieval times in Japan, which was the only country in Asia, and insisted that Japan could be modernized.
Japanese: 三浦らは、ヨーロッパの中世が、ゲルマン民族の大移動によって辺境で発生した「武装した封建領主」である騎士によって支えられていたことに着目し、日本で平安時代中期から東国を中心とした辺境社会で活躍した武士を騎士と同じ「武装した封建領主」と位置づけ、アジアで唯一日本にも中世が存在したことを「発見」し、日本は近代化できると主張した。
English: The bushi were the kaihatsu-ryoshu of shieiden (private lands directly governed by powerful families) and they originally came from 'armed planters' to counteract subservient serfs and interfering zuryo (the head of the provincial governors).
Japanese: 武士は私営田の開発領主であり、その起源は、抵抗する配下の農奴と介入する受領に対抗するために「武装した大農園主」が起源とする。
English: This classical theory was widely accepted and also after the war became mainstream in the academics.
Japanese: この古典的な学説は広く受け容れられ、戦後も学界の主流を占めることとなった。
English: Influenced by the materialist concept of history, Tadashi ISHIMODA and others positioned the bushi as the reformer who pushed out the ancient governing class such as the aristocrats and religious power of influence and brought on the medieval times.
Japanese: 唯物史観の影響を受け、武士は古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、中世をもたらした変革者として石母田正らによって位置づけられた。
English: However, all the emergence of bushi could not be explained by the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' theory.
Japanese: しかし、「開発領主」論では全ての武士の発生を説明できたわけではなかった。
English: In particular, the high-ranking bushi originating from the members of major bushi groups such as the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan, the Fujiwara clan and so on or the bushi who were closely linked with influential families such as the Imperial Court, the cloister government and so on can not be explained.
Japanese: 特に、武士団の主要メンバーである源氏、平氏、藤原氏などを起源とする上級武士や朝廷、院など権門と密接に結びついた武士の起源を説明できない。
English: And Shinichi SATO, Masataka UWAYOKOTE, Yoshimi TODA, Masaaki TAKAHASHI and others proposed the theory on the origin of bushi by 'samurai function' that the bushi originally came from the bushi staying in Kyoto.
Japanese: そこで佐藤進一、上横手雅敬、戸田芳実、高橋昌明らによってこれら在京の武士を武士の起源とする「職能」武士起源論が提唱された。
English: Generally, bushi refers to 'a service member who is a master of military art and battle or a military strategist,' but by this definition, the difference between the 'military officer' under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) before the Heian period and the bushi is not clear.
Japanese: 武士は、一般に「武芸に通じ、戦闘を職業とする軍人、あるいは兵法家のこと」とされるが、これだけでは平安時代以前の律令制体制下の「武官」との違いがはっきりしない。
English: For example, the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, who was famous as a military officer, was an excellent military officer but is not said to have been a bushi.
Japanese: 例えば、武人として名高い征夷大将軍の坂上田村麻呂は、すぐれた武官であるが、武士であるとはいえない。
English: In China and Korea, 'military officer' existed but those who were similar to 'bushi' in Japan did not exist.
Japanese: 中国や朝鮮には「武人」は存在したが、日本の「武士」に似た者は存在しなかった。
English: In terms of the eras, those who are said to have been bushi appeared during the formative period of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) in the middle of the Heian period of the tenth century.
Japanese: 時代的にいえば、武士と言える存在は平安時代中期の10世紀（国風文化の成立期）に登場する。
English: Simply speaking, military officers were 'government officials (espcially one of low to medium rank) who were armed and a full-time government [public] employee-like officials trained under the Ritsuryo-system,' while the bushi were 'the people who consisted of a 'lower ranking nobles,' 'lower ranking government officials' and 'people from powerful or medieval families' who regarded the new military art established during the 10th century as their iegei and were officially authorized to be armed by the Imperial Court or kokufu (provincial office)' and they did not acquire the military art of the Ritsuryo-system style in the training institution of the organization of the government according to the Ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 簡単にいえば、武官は「官人として武装しており、律令官制の中で訓練を受けた常勤の公務員的存在」であるのに対して、武士は「10世紀に成立した新式の武芸を家芸とし、武装を朝廷や国府から公認された「下級貴族」、「下級官人」、「有力者の家人中世の家人」からなる人々」であって、律令官制の訓練機構で律令制式の武芸を身につけた者ではなかった。
English: During the period when this point was not fully clarified in historical studies, bushi were sometimes seen as gang groups who were privately armed outside of the nation's control.
Japanese: この点が歴史学において十分解明されていなかった時期には武士を国家の統制外で私的に武装する暴力団的なものと見る見方もあった。
English: It is certain that the behavioral principle of bushi society, which were an armed group, is significantly similar to the behavioral principle which is characteristically seen in a gangster organization like yakuza and so on in modern society.
Japanese: ただし、武装集団である武士社会の行動原理に、現代社会ではヤクザなどの暴力団組織に特徴的に認められる行動原理が無視できないほど共通しているのも確かである。
English: The system of the dynasty state during the Heian period outsourced the Imperial Court's administrative organizations such as military affair (military art), accounting (calculation) and legal work (Myobo [law]) to the 'ie' (family) of the official for practical works who had succeeded various iegei (family's specialty) from a government official who was trained in the Ritsuryo-system organization.
Japanese: 軍事（武芸）や経理（算）、法務（明法）といった朝廷の行政機構を、律令制機構内で養成された官人から様々な家芸を継承する実務官人の「家」にアウトソーシングしていったのが平安時代の王朝国家体制であった。
English: In the system of the dynasty state, lower-ranking nobles who were officials for practical works appointed to the zuryo and who were promoted up to shii (Fourth Rank) or goi (Fifth Rank) were called shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) and the technical officers and kenin (retainers) who were promoted up to rokui (Sixth Rank) and served upper-ranking nobles or shodaibu were called samurai (warrior) and they were in charge of administrative affairs.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制では四位、五位どまりの受領に任命されるクラスの実務官人である下級貴族を諸大夫（しょだいぶ）と、上級貴族や諸大夫に仕える六位どまりの技能官人や家人を侍（さむらい）と呼び、彼らが行政実務を担っていた。
English: Technical officers who did the practical work of military art were divided into these two statuses and the military aristocracies such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and so on, who were staying in Kyoto, were in the shodaibu status and the majority of local bushi were in the samurai status.
Japanese: 武芸の実務、技能官人たる武士もこの両身分にまたがっており、在京の清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が諸大夫身分、大多数の在地武士が侍身分であった。
English: In local societies, the zuryo who reigned in kokuga (provincial government office) was in the shodaibu status and those who served them and formed the dynasty were in the samurai status.
Japanese: 地域社会においては国衙に君臨する受領が諸大夫身分であり、それに仕えて支配者層を形成したのが侍身分であった。
English: We can see a part of these situations in the description, where distinctively, 'samurai' refers to nobility and 'bushi' a military officer, in the Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604) during the early 17th century, some centuries after the time of bushi's emergence.
Japanese: こうした事情は武士の発生時期から数世紀下る17世紀初頭の日葡辞書に、「さむらい」は貴人を意味し、「ぶし」は軍人を意味すると区別して記載されていることにもその一端が現れている。
English: It is more accurate to say that the majority of bushi, except for upper-class bushi, formed a part of the samurai status, rather than that the bushi who were recognized as those who served the aristocrats were called samurai, as they say.
Japanese: よく言われるように貴族に仕える存在として認識された武士を侍と呼んだと言うよりもむしろ、上層武士を除く大多数の武士が侍身分の一角を形成したと言った方が正確であろう。
English: And the iegei of a family in a shodaibu or samurai class such as bushi was inherited from parent to child from the cradle by special education, or was inherited to those who were accepted as having the talent and became disciples or roto (retainer), and if they were excellent they were adopted.
Japanese: また、武士などの諸大夫、侍クラスの家の家芸は親から子へ幼少時からの英才教育で伝えられると共に、能力を見込んだ者を弟子や郎党にして伝授し、優秀であれば養子に迎えた。
English: The real image of bushi was, so to speak, a military affiliated entrepreneur licensed by the nation.
Japanese: いわば、国家から免許を受けた軍事下請企業家こそが武士の実像であった。
English: And the Imperial Court or kokuga called up the people who belonged to a bushi family and made them cope with disputes and so on, if necessary.
Japanese: そして、朝廷や国衙は必要に応じて武士の家に属する者を召集して紛争の収拾などに当たったのである。
English: And apart from this, until the early medieval times, those who could have the right of enforcing sanctions to others on their merits, including the kugyo (the top court officials) class, were called 'bushi.'
Japanese: なお、これとは別に中世の前期の頃までは、他者に対して実力による制裁権を行使できる者を公卿クラスを含めて「武士」と言い表す呼称も存在した。
English: This is clear in the name list of Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side), who were active under the cloister government, in which many Buddhist priests, Shinto priests, and others not of the samurai status were included.
Japanese: このことは、院政下で活躍した北面武士などもその名簿を参照すると、侍身分以外の僧侶・神官などが多数含まれている事でも分かる。
English: As for the origin of bushi, the theory that the class of emerging local lords were armed because of a need for self-defense was traditionally mainstream, but recently a theory proposed that its origin is the warrior status which consisted of the military aristocrats such as Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) or lower-ranking government officials and they were linked with the owners of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) or kokuga from the formation period of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) and developed into the managers of the shoryo (territory).
Japanese: 武士の起源については、従来は新興地方領主層が自衛の必要から武装した面を重視する説が主流であったが、近年は清和源氏や桓武平氏のような軍事貴族や下級官人層から構成される戦士身分が起源であり、彼らが平安後期の荘園公領制成立期から荘園領主や国衙と結びついて所領経営者として発展していったとみる説が提唱されている。
English: During the Heian period, with the move to the system where the reins of power were concentrated on the zuryo who were hitto-kokushi (the head of the provincial governors) in the Imperial Court's governance of the local regions, the class of rich farmers' attacks against the deprivation by zuryo happened frequently.
Japanese: 平安時代、朝廷の地方支配が筆頭国司である受領に権力を集中する体制に移行すると、受領の収奪に対する富豪百姓層の武装襲撃が頻発するようになった。
English: The Ezo (northerners) group, that is, barbarians, who were in custody as prisoners in each region after the war for conquest of the north-east region, were first made by zuryos to be the private armies who were in charge of suppression and good at cavalry attack.
Japanese: 当初、受領たちは東北制圧戦争に伴って各地に捕囚として抑留された蝦夷集団、すなわち俘囚を騎馬襲撃戦を得意とする私兵として鎮圧に当たらせた。
English: However, as the friction between barbarians and the local society became fierce, they were sent back to the north-east.
Japanese: しかし俘囚と在地社会の軋轢が激しくなると彼らは東北に帰還させられたと考えられている。
English: Instead of this, people with zuryo experience or their children, who had participated in actual fighting or security duties using the barbarians as private armies and were off the career track of the central government and fell from the class of shodaibu who could become zuryo, were recruited to suppress regional conflicts.
Japanese: それに替わって、俘囚を私兵として治安維持活動の実戦に参加したことのある受領経験者やその子弟で、中央の出世コースからはずれ、受領になりうる諸大夫層からも転落した者達が、地域紛争の鎮圧に登用された。
English: Then, Emperor Uda and Emperor Daigo implemented a reform of the national administration by recruiting SUGAWARA no Michizane, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, and others and then tumultuous events happened across Japan.
Japanese: おりしも宇多天皇、醍醐天皇が菅原道真や藤原時平らを登用して行った国政改革により全国的な騒乱状況が生じていた。
English: In order to return to the class of shodaibu, they improved the Ezo's fighting tactics, wore oyoroi (big armor) and a sword composed of a blade and a hilt, used chokyu (long bow), flourished as cavaliers and firstly and publicly were authorized as families of military arts.
Japanese: 彼らは諸大夫層への復帰を賭け、蝦夷の戦術に改良を施して、大鎧と毛抜型太刀を身につけ長弓を操るエリート騎馬戦士として活躍し、最初の武芸の家としての公認を受けた。
English: FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Takamochi, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and so on are considered as the first generation of bushi; in the local lands they signed contracts for farming the koden (field administered directly by a ruler) with kokuga in the similar way as wealthy farmer class (tato fumyo [cultivator/tax manager]) did and got an economic base as warriors.
Japanese: 藤原秀郷、平高望、源経基らがこの第一世代の武士と考えられ、彼らは在地において従来の富豪百姓層（田堵負名）と同様に大規模な公田請作を国衙と契約することで武人としての経済基盤を与えられた。
English: However, they were dissatisfied with the treatment for their deeds of valor and were disgraced as emerging warriors by kokugas, who forcibly collected taxes from them; also when they interfered with the regional conflicts out of their self-pride as warriors, the kokugas failed to handle the situation well, all of which triggered the revolts by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado who was a grandson of TAIRA no Takamochi, and others, namely, the Johei and Tengyo War.
Japanese: しかし勲功への処遇の不満や、国衙側が彼等の新興の武人としての誇りを踏みにじるような徴税収奪に走ったり、彼らが武人としての自負から地域紛争に介入したときの対応を誤ったりしたことをきっかけに起きたのが、藤原純友や平高望の孫の平将門らによる反乱、承平天慶の乱であった。
English: These revolts were quelled by the bushi who came together from across Japan to get the approval of their deeds of valor from the Imperial Court and the families of military art, that is, the family lines publicly authorized as bushi were considered as the descendants of Johei Tengyo kunkosha (people who served with distinguish in the Johei and Tengyo War) and '武' (military affair) became a 'family business' of the aristocrat family and Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan), Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) and the Fujiwara clan of the Hidesato line were established as military families at this time.
Japanese: この反乱は朝廷の勲功認定を目的に全国から集結した武士たちによって鎮圧され、武芸の家、すなわち、武士として公認された家系は、承平天慶勲功者の子孫ということになり、「武」が貴族の家としての「家業」となり、武家としての清和源氏や桓武平氏、秀郷流藤原氏もこの時に確定した。
English: At this point, the bushi were still farm managers who leased public fields from provincial lords and produced agricultural products as their economic bases, but not the managers of shoryo.
Japanese: この時点ではまだ武士の経済基盤は公田請作経営で所領経営者ではなかった。
English: However during the middle of the 11th century shoens spread rapidly and the armed conflicts between shoen koryos (public lands and private estates) in various provinces often happened, and many bushi were appointed to shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen or gunji (district managers), goji (a local government official under the ritsuryo system) and hoji (an officer governing koryo, or public land) of koryo (public lands) as the managers of tax collection, police activity and justice for shoens or koryo such as gun, go, and ho; consequently the bushi were established as the managers of public lands who owned these lands.
Japanese: しかし11世紀半ばに荘園の一円化が進み、諸国の荘園公領間で武力紛争が頻発するようになると、荘園及び公領である郡、郷、保の徴税、警察、裁判責任者としての荘園の荘官(荘司)や公領の郡司、郷司、保司に軍事紛争に対応できる武士が任命されることが多くなり、これらを領地とする所領経営者としての武士が成立したのである。
English: The bushi can also be defined as a professional status whose family business was the public entertainment of military art as well as social status.
Japanese: 武士は社会的な身分であるのと同時に、武芸という芸能を家業とする職業的な身分であるとも規定できる。
English: That is, the person who was born into a family which succeeded horseback archery and the manners of fighting, can be called a bushi.
Japanese: つまりウマ上の弓道や合戦の作法を継承する家に生まれ、それを継いだ人物が武士であると言える。
English: On the other hand, even if someone excelled in military arts and were high in rank, he could not be admitted as bushi unless they originated from a samurai status.
Japanese: 逆に言えば、いくら武芸に優れていて身分が高くても、出生が武士身分でない限り武士とは認められなかった。
English: To obtain the samurai status except for this, he had to become a roto of a man with authentic samurai status, receive the instruction of traditional military art in the family and get the right to succeed the iegei, so as to establish a newly independent family.
Japanese: これ以外で武士の身分を得るには、正統な武士身分の者の郎党となってその家伝来の武芸の伝授を受け、さらに新たに独立の家を起こすに当たって家芸の継承権を得るしかなかった。