nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Regular trains on the Kyoto Subway Karasuma Line also stop at the Kintetsu Shintanabe Station.
Japanese: また近鉄新田辺駅には、京都市営地下鉄烏丸線の普通電車が同駅まで乗り入れている。
English: JR Kyoutanabe Station was originally called Tanabe Station, but was changed at around the same time as the city was incorporated.
Japanese: JR京田辺駅は、もとは田辺という駅名で、市制施行とほぼ同時期に市名に合わせて改名した。
English: (In Tanabe City, Wakayama Prefecture, there is a Kiitanabe Station (Kisei Main Line); it is possible that the addition of 'Kii', the old name for the Wakayama area, to the name of the station was a decision by the administration of the West Japan Railway to avoid duplicate station names.)
Japanese: （和歌山県田辺市には「紀伊田辺駅」駅（紀勢本線）があるが、田辺市の方にある駅の名称に『紀伊』という和歌山県の旧国名がつくのは、同じ西日本旅客鉄道の管内で駅名の重複を避けるためと見られる）。
English: Musashi Province was one of the provinces administered by the Ryo-sei, or administrative codes.
Japanese: 武蔵国（むさしのくに）は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つ。
English: The province was equal in size to the combined areas of present-day Saitama Prefecture, the part of Tokyo east of the Sumida River (excluding Shimakyo), and the northeastern part of Kanagawa Prefecture (all of present-day Kawasaki City and the eastern and coastal parts of Yokohama City).
Japanese: 現在の埼玉県、東京都の隅田川より東の地域と島嶼を除く部分、および神奈川県の北東部（現在の川崎市全域と横浜市東部・沿岸部）を合わせた地域に当たる。
English: Additionally, it has been found that Musashi was represented differently, as the kanji 'Muzashi,' until the seventh century.
Japanese: また、7世紀頃までの武蔵は「无射志」（むざし）と表記されていた記録も見つかっている。
English: It is known that Muzashi (胸刺(むざし)), Muzashi (无邪志(むざし)) and Chichibu (知知夫(ちちぶ)) were combined to form Musashi Province.
Japanese: 胸刺（むざし）と无邪志（むざし）、知知夫（ちちぶ）が１つの国になったとされる。
English: Japanese copper, a domestic type that doesn't need refining, was found in the Chichibu district in the year 708.
Japanese: 708年（和銅元年）、秩父郡（ちちぶのこおり）で和銅（精錬の必要の無い自然銅）が発見された。
English: According to the Engishiki, which was completed in 927 during the Heian period, four government-run farms, or Chokushi-maki (勅旨牧), were built.
Japanese: 平安時代の927年（延長5年）に完成した延喜式によると、官営による4つの勅旨牧が置かれた。
English: The farms were subsequently expanded and treated as important production sites for military supplies.
Japanese: その後も勅旨牧は増設され、軍用品の生産地として重要視されるようになった。
English: Conflicts erupted among them, and in 939 the clash between MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto and MUSASHI no Takeshiba nearly triggered the beginning of Johei Tengyo no Ran (Johei Tengyo Rebellion).
Japanese: 対立もあり、939年（天慶2年）の源経基と武蔵武芝の争いは承平天慶の乱の遠因となった。
English: The government was placed in Kamakura, and as a result strong local families were removed and the southern Kanto region was reorganized by the government as an adjacent area (called "Kanto-gobunkoku").
Japanese: 反面、鎌倉に政権が置かれると、地元の有力勢力は排除され、南関東は政権のお膝元（関東御分国）として再編されていった。
English: The Chichibu clan lost its power in the Musashi Hei Ikki no Ran (Musashi Hei Riot Rebellion (武蔵平一揆の乱)), and the Uesugi clan of Kanto Kanrei (a position to support the chief of Kamakura-fu) took over Musashi Province.
Japanese: 秩父氏は武蔵平一揆の乱で力を失い、武蔵国の実権は関東管領上杉氏が握った。
English: Subsequently, in the Kanto region clashes continued between the Muromachi bakufu and the Kamakura-fu, between the Kamakura-fu and the Kanto Kanrei, between the Ogigayatsu Uesugi clan and the Yamanouchi Uesugi clan, and between the two Uesugi clans and the Kasai (家宰) (Dokan OTA and Kageharu NAGAO).
Japanese: その後関東では室町幕府と鎌倉府の対立、鎌倉府と関東管領の対立、扇谷上杉家と山内上杉家の対立、両上杉家と家宰（太田道灌や長尾景春）の対立が続いた。
English: A series of battles ensued, including the UESUGI Zenshu no Ran, Eikyo no Ran, Kyotoku no Ran, NAGAO Kageharu no Ran, Chokyo no Ran and others.
Japanese: 上杉禅秀の乱、永享の乱、享徳の乱、長尾景春の乱、長享の乱などの戦乱が起きた。
English: A frequent battleground was the Kamakura Kaido Road stretching from the northern Kanto, where traditional powerful families ruled, to Kamakura via the provincial capital of Musashi Province.
Japanese: 伝統的な豪族層が支配する北関東から武蔵国の国府を通って、鎌倉に抜ける鎌倉街道はしばしば戦場になった。
English: Having good ports such as Mutsuura and Shinagawa Minato Port, on the other hand, Musashi Province was actively engaged in trade with provinces in the west and the 'inland sea' stretching over the internal region.
Japanese: 反面、武蔵国は六浦や品川湊などの良港を抱え、西国や内陸部に広がる「内海」との交易を活発に行っていた。
English: The Go-Hojo clan became more powerful during the late Sengoku (Warring States) period.
Japanese: 戦国時代_(日本)後期から後北条氏が大きな勢力を振るうようになった。
English: They established operations in the Edo-jo, Kawagoe-jo, Iwatsuki-jo, Hachigata-jo, Takiyama-jo (later Hachioji-jo) and Kozukue-jo castles.
Japanese: 江戸城や川越城、岩槻城、鉢形城、滝山城（のちに八王子城）、小机城などに拠点が置かれた。
English: In 1590, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI defeated the Go-Hojo clan in the Odawara no Eki (the Siege of Odawara).
Japanese: 1590年（天正18年）、豊臣秀吉による小田原の役で後北条氏が滅亡。
English: With the start of the Edo period, Musashi Province became an adjacent area of the Edo bakufu and the center of politics in Japan.
Japanese: 江戸幕府開府以後は徳川政権のお膝元となり、日本政治の中心地となった。
English: In the beginning of the early modern period (1683) or, as some people say, between 1622 to 1643, a portion of the Katsushika district in Shimo-Usa Province, from the Sumida River to the Tone River (the downstream of the present-day Edo-gawa River), was combined to form the Katsushika district of Musashi Province.
Japanese: 近世初期（1683年（貞享3年）また一説によれば寛永（1622年-1643年）に、下総国葛飾郡からその一部、すなわち隅田川から利根川（現在の江戸川下流）までの地域をあわせ、武蔵国の葛飾郡とした。
English: In 1653 the Tamagawa Water Supply System was completed, and the development of the Musashino Plateau moved ahead as planned.
Japanese: 1653年（承応2年）には玉川上水が完成し、武蔵野台地の開拓が進んだ。
English: In 1853 the coastal area of Musashi Province, as well as Edo, was threatened by the arrival of the "black ships" of Commodore Perry.
Japanese: 1853年（嘉永6年）、黒船来航によって江戸をはじめ、武蔵国沿岸は脅威に晒された。
English: Because the office of the Nirayama magistrate was strongly concerned about the threat, they built Odaiba off the coast of Shinagawa and organized Hikogoro SATO in areas such as the Tama district.
Japanese: 韮山代官所は危機感を強め、品川沖にお台場を建設し、多摩郡などで佐藤彦五郎を編成した。
English: In 1854, the Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan (the Treaty of Kanagawa) was concluded in Yokohama Village, Kanagawa, Musashi-no-kuni (Musashi Province).
Japanese: 1854年（嘉永7年）、武蔵国神奈川の横浜村で日米和親条約（神奈川条約）が締結された。
English: As a result of the Meiji Restoration and the capital's subsequent transfer to Tokyo, the function of the capital was transferred from Heian-kyo (Kyoto) to Tokyo in Musashi Province (formerly Edo).
Japanese: 明治維新とそれに続く東京奠都によって首都機能が山城国の平安京（京都）から、武蔵国の東京（旧江戸）に遷された。
English: The provincial capital is believed to have been located in the urban area to the south of what is now Fuchu Station (its western side ending at the eastern half of the grounds of the present-day Okunitama-jinja Shrine) (Musashi-kokufu-kanren-iseki (武蔵国府関連遺跡) (associated remains of the provincial capital of Musashi)).
Japanese: 国庁は現在の大國魂神社の敷地の東半分を西端とし、府中駅南側の市街地部分に存在したと考えられている（武蔵国府関連遺跡）。
English: There is a temple in the area called the Iozan Saisho-in Provincial Monastery (principal image, Yakushi-nyorai), which is said to have inherited the light of Buddhism.
Japanese: その法燈を継承する寺院として同地に医王山最勝院国分寺（本尊：薬師如来）がある。
English: As for Ankoku-ji Temple, the Ryumonsan Toji-in Koan-ji Temple (principal image, Shaka-nyorai) in Katamachi, Fuchu City, Tokyo, and the Dairyuzan Toko-in Ankoku-ji Temple (principal image, Amida-nyorai) in Odomari, Koshigaya City, Saitama Prefecture, both inherited the light of Buddhism.
Japanese: 安国寺は東京都府中市片町の龍門山等持院高安寺（本尊：釈迦如来）と埼玉県越谷市大泊の大龍山東光院安国寺（本尊：阿弥陀如来）が法燈を受け継ぐ。
English: The Engishiki Jimmyo-Cho (a list of shrines) contains information on two gods and two grand shrines, as well as 42 gods, for a total of 44 gods.
Japanese: 延喜式神名帳には大社2座2社・小社42座の計44座が記載されている。
English: The Hikawa-jinja Shrine in the Adachi District and the Kanasana (金佐奈)-jinja Shrine (present-day Kanasana (金鑽)-jinja Shrine) in the Kodama District are large shrines belonging to the Myojin Taisha Shrine.
Japanese: 大社は足立郡の氷川神社と児玉郡の金佐奈神社（現金鑽神社）で、どちらも名神大社に列している。
English: The Okunitama-jinja Shrine in Miyamachi, Fuchu City, Tokyo, is a shrine to several gods; it is also referred to as Rokusho-no-miya Shrine (六所宮) and enshrines gods of the first to sixth 'miya,' as follows:
Japanese: 総社は大國魂神社(府中市)（東京都府中市宮町）で、別名・六所宮と称し、武蔵国内の一宮から六宮までの祭神が祀られている。
English: As shown above, the Ichinomiya was originally the Ono-jinja Shrine, but during the Sengoku period (Japan) the Hikawa-jinja Shrine (the former Sannomiya) served as the Ichinomiya.
Japanese: 上記のように、一宮は元々は小野神社であったが、戦国時代(日本)にそれまでの三宮の氷川神社が並存するようになった。
English: After Hikawa-jinja Shrine was referred to as Ichinomiya, the Kanasana-jinja Shrine (the Gonomiya), was referred to as Ninomiya.
Japanese: 氷川神社が一宮と称されるようになってからは、五宮の金鑽神社が二宮とされるようになった。
English: Additionally, the Hikawa-nyotai-jinja Shrine at Miyamoto, in the Midori ward of Saitama City, was originally separated from Hikawa-jinja Shrine, and subsequent to the Edo period it has been treated as Ichinomiya.
Japanese: また、さいたま市緑区(さいたま市)宮本の氷川女体神社も元は氷川神社から分かれたものであり、江戸時代以降一宮とされるようになった。
English: Kyoto City is the capital of Kyoto Prefecture and an ordinance-designated city, located in the south of Kyoto Prefecture (formerly Yamashiro Province).
Japanese: 京都市（きょうとし）は、京都府南部（旧山城国）の都市で、同府の都道府県庁所在地で政令指定都市。
English: Kyoto City, as designated by government ordinance, has the seventh-largest population of all the cities in Japan, including the special wards of Tokyo, and during the daytime the city boasts the sixth-largest population, surpassing that of Kobe City.
Japanese: 国から政令指定都市の指定を受けており、東京特別区を含めて全国第7位の人口を有する（昼間人口では神戸市を抜き第6位となる）。
English: From the benchmark Urban Employment Area, Kyoto City is the center of the Kyoto urban area, or 'Keiji,' which stretches over the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture and the southwest part of Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 都市雇用圏の基準では、京都市を中心点として京都府南部・滋賀県南西部に広がる京都都市圏（「京滋」とも言われる）が形成されている。
English: Kamakura bakufu, the government of the Azuchi Momoyama period, and Edo bakufu all placed their capitals in Kyoto City and placed them under heavy guard.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府や江戸幕府、安土桃山時代の政権も、ここを都として厳重に警備した。
English: During the approximately 1080 years from the establishment of Heian-kyo to the Emperor Meiji's relocation from Kyoto City to Tokyo City, nearly all the emperors had resided in Kyoto City (see 'Capital of Japan' for further discussion).
Japanese: 又、平安京成立後から明治天皇が東京市に行幸するまでの約1080年、ほぼ全ての天皇が居住していた都市である（→首都に関する議論は「日本の首都」を参照すること）。
English: Beginning in the Heian period, commerce and industry for urban dwellers in Heian-kyo developed; particularly in the Edo period when domestic distribution became prevalent, Kyoto City became an industrial city, shipping goods nationwide and providing technicians to local clans upon request.
Japanese: 平安時代以降、平安京の都市生活者向けの商工業が発達し、特に国内流通が活発化した江戸時代には、全国に製品を出荷する工業都市となる一方、数々の技術者を各地の藩の要請に従って派遣した。
English: Kyoto City maintains its legacy, as can be seen in traditional handicraft; furthermore, with industry-leading companies such as Nintendo and Wacoal Holdings Corporation, along with high-tech companies such as Kyocera Corporation and Shimadzu Corporation, which are headquartered in the city, Kyoto is becoming one of the areas capable of sustaining current industries.
Japanese: その伝統は現在も伝統工芸として残るのみならず、京セラや島津製作所など先端技術を持つ企業を初め、任天堂やワコールなど業界トップクラスの本社が集まるなど、現代産業を支えている地域の一つである。
English: Together with Nara City and Kanazawa City, the city is one of the few major cities in Japan that did not suffer any damage in World War II.
Japanese: 日本の主要な都市の中では奈良市や金沢市などとともに、第二次世界大戦の戦災被害を免れた数少ない都市でもある。
English: Therefore, Kyoto City still has a wealth of old historic sites, old streets and culture, making it one of the major tourist cities and centers of international tourism and culture for people from around the world.
Japanese: このため、古い史跡や町並み、文化などが数多く存在することから、日本で有数の観光都市・国際観光文化都市であり、国内外から旅行客が多い。
English: Kyoto City is located in the south of Kyoto Prefecture, having the Katsura-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system), Uji-gawa River and Kamo (賀茂)-gawa River, (which merges into the Takano-gawa River (Kyoto City) and is then referred to as the Kamo (鴨)-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system)).
Japanese: 京都府の南部に位置し、市内を賀茂川（途中で高野川(京都市)と合流し、鴨川(淀川水系)と名前を変える）、桂川(淀川水系)、宇治川などが流れる。
English: Located in the Kyoto Basin (or the Yamashiro Basin), Kyoto City has an inland climate and a significant difference in temperature between summer and winter as well as between day and night.
Japanese: 京都盆地（山城盆地）の中に位置しているので、内陸性気候を呈しており、夏と冬、昼と夜とで温度差が大きい。
English: The streets in the downtown area are laid out in a grid running north-south and east-west like a Go board, and each street in the city has a name.
Japanese: 中心市街地は東西・南北に通じる道路によって碁盤の目状に区切られており、京都市内の通りには名前がつけられている。
English: However, this system applies only to the downtown area; moreover, there are exceptions to this: some streets end halfway or merge into another, often having a new street name, and at some points there are curves.
Japanese: 但し、これは中心部に限られる上に、途中で途切れる・通りが合流する（多くの場合は新しい通り名になる）・カーブが存在するなど、画一的にそうなっているわけではない。
English: A few streets do not run at a right angle from the north-south and east-west grid, such as Kawaramachi-dori Street, which extends from the south of Shijo.
Japanese: また、ごく一部に東西あるいは南北の方向ではない、斜め方向の通りも存在する(たとえば河原町通の四条以南など)。
English: Often street names, together with the official names of towns, are used for addresses in the downtown area.
Japanese: 中心市街地の住所表示は、正式の町名と併記する形でこの通り名を用いて表す場合が多い。
English: The address begins with the name of the street on which a building is located, followed by the direction from the nearby intersection: "Agaru (up)" when the building is to the north of the intersection, "Sagaru (down)" when to the south, "Higashi-iru" when to the east, and "Nishi-iru" when to the west.
Japanese: 建物が面している通り名を先に言い、近くの交差する通りから、北に行くことを上る（あがる）、南に行くことを下る（さがる）、東に行くことを東入（ひがしいる）、西に行くことを西入（にしいる）と表現する。
English: As for the address of the Kyoto City Hall 'Kyoto-shi Nakagyo-ku Teramachi-dori Miike Agaru Kami-Honnojimae-cho 488 Banchi / 488 Kami-Honnojimae-cho, Teramachi-dori Miike Agaru, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City,' for example, 'Kami-Honnojimae-cho' is the official town name (to which a ZIP code is assigned) in the land registry, 'Teramachi-dori' is the name of the street on which the building is located, and 'Teramachi-dori Miike Agaru' points to 'the place to the north of the intersection of Teramachi-dori and Miike-dori streets.'
Japanese: 例えば、京都市役所の所在地である「京都市中京区寺町通御池上ル上本能寺前町488番地」の場合は、「上本能寺前町」が土地登記上の正式の町名（郵便番号もこれに割り当てられる）、「寺町通」は建物が面している通りの名であり、「寺町通御池上ル」は「寺町通と御池通の交差点から北に行った位置」を表す。
English: However, outside the downtown area of Kyoto City, town names and house numbers without street names are used to indicate addresses, as is the custom.
Japanese: なお、京都市内でも中心市街地以外の地域では通常どおり町名と番地で住所を表示している。
English: For example, the intersection of Shijo-dori Street and Karasuma-dori Street is called 'Shijo-Karasuma,' and the one of Kawaramachi-dori Street and Marutamachi-dori Street is called 'Kawaramachi Marutamachi.'
Japanese: 例えば、四条通と烏丸通の交差点は「四条烏丸」、河原町通と丸太町通の交差点は「河原町丸太町」である。
English: Even though there are no established rules for which street name is used first for an intersection, the names of many intersections follow the rules below:
Japanese: どちらの通りを先に呼ぶのかということについて定説はないが、多くの交差点名が以下の法則に則っている。
English: Because the section of Kawabata-dori Street between Sanjo and Shiokoji was recently opened to traffic, and the Keihan Main Line (now underground) had crossed the section before, Kawabata-dori Street cannot be used for the names of the intersections between the two streets.
Japanese: 川端通の三条～塩小路間は、開通から日が浅く、以前は京阪本線が地上を走っていたため、川端通を交差点名に用いない。
English: The names of bridges are instead used to name those intersections, such as 'Sanjo Ohashi Bridge,' 'Shijo Ohashi Bridge,' 'Gojo Ohashi Bridge,' 'Shichijo Ohashi Bridge' and 'Shiokojibashi, Shiokoji Bridge' instead of 'Kawabata Sanjo,' 'Kawabata Shijo,' 'Kawabata Gojo,' 'Kawabata Shichijo' and 'Kawabata Shiokoji'; or the word Keihan is used, such as 'Sanjo-Keihan,' 'Shijo Keihan,' 'Gojo Keihan' and 'Shichijo Keihan.'
Japanese: 例：「川端三条」、「川端四条」、「川端五条」、「川端七条」、「川端塩小路」ではなく、「三条大橋」、「四条大橋」、「五条大橋」、「七条大橋」、「塩小路橋」と橋の名前、または「三条京阪」、「四条京阪」、「五条京阪」、「七条京阪」と京阪をつけて呼ぶ。
English: Even the following intersections to the north of Sanjo are named in the same way: 'Takanobashi (Takanobashi Bridge) Higashizume' in place of 'Kawabata Kitaoji,' and 'Kamo Ohashi Bridge' or 'Keihan Demachiyanagieki-mae (Demachiyanagi or Demachi)' in place of 'Kawabata Imadegawa.'
Japanese: 同様に、三条以北も「川端北大路」→「高野橋東詰」、「川端今出川」→「賀茂大橋」または「京阪出町柳駅前」（単に「出町柳」、「出町」とも）と呼ぶ。
English: However, the bus stop for 'Kawabata Marutamachi' is called 'Marutamachi Keihan,' but its intersection is called 'Kawabata Marutamachi.'
Japanese: ただし、「川端丸太町」はバス停など「丸太町京阪」と呼ばれることもあるが、交差点名は「川端丸太町」である。
English: This is because the station names of the former City Trams Higashiyama Line and the names of the bus stops of the City Bus became generalized in many cases (although some have now been changed), and as a result the word 'Higashi-oji' is not basically used for the names of the intersections, but instead the word 'Higashiyama,' from the alias of the street Higashiyama-dori Street, is used.
Japanese: かつての市電東山線の駅や市バスのバス停の名称（現在は変更されているものもある）が一般化している事例が多いためであり、まず基本的に「東大路」を冠さず、別名の東山通から「東山」を冠する。
English: Still, the word 'Higashi-oji' can be used for intersections in the area to the north of Imadegawa-dori Street, as in 'Higashi-oji Higashi-Kurama-guchi,' since the area is outside Higashiyama.
Japanese: （ただし、今出川通以北は地域として東山から外れるため、「東大路東鞍馬口」と「東大路」を冠するものもある。）
English: If the crossing east-west street of an intersection exists only in a short section to the east of the Kamo-gawa River, or the street name changes to the east of the Kamo-gawa River, the name of the intersection is by either 'the name of the east-west street' or the combination of '"the intersection" of the name of the east-west street.'
Japanese: また、交差する東西の通りが、鴨川以東の短い区間にのみ存在する場合や鴨川以東で名称が変わる通りの場合は、単に「東西の通り名」のみ、または「東西の通り名+"の交差点"」で呼ばれることがある。
English: For example: Higashiyama Sanjo, Higashiyama Gojo, Higashiyama Shichijo, Higashi-Ichijo (the intersection of Higashi-oji-dori Street and Higashi-Ichijo-dori Street)
Japanese: 例：東山三条、東山五条、東山七条、東一条（東大路通と東一条通りの交差点）。
English: There are still a few exceptions to these rules, but most of the intersection names follow them.
Japanese: もちろんこれに該当しない交差点も一部存在しているが概ねこれに該当している。
English: Meanwhile, there are some intersection names that do not use the names of their crossing streets; for example, the intersection of Shijo-dori Street and Higashi-oji-dori Street is 'Gion,' that of Nishioji-dori Street and Marutamachi-dori Street is 'Emmachi' (or Nishinokyo Enmachi), and that of Imadegawa-dori Street and Higashi-oji-dori Street is 'Hyakumanben Crossing.'
Japanese: 一方で、通り名をもつ2つの道路の交差点であっても、例えば、四条通と東大路通の交差点は「祇園」、西大路通と丸太町通の交差点は「円町（西ノ京円町とも呼ぶ）」、今出川通と東大路通の交差点は「百万遍交差点」であるなど、通り名の合成で表さない場合がある。
English: Moreover, in some cases a section of a street has a different street name, such as Nawate-dori Street of Yamatooji-dori Street.
Japanese: また、1本の通りの一部分だけを違う名前で呼ぶ場合もある（例：大和大路通の縄手通）。
English: In writing, the official name of a street omits 'ri (り),' the declensional Kana ending of 'do-ri (通り),' or 'street.'
Japanese: ちなみに、「通り」の「り」を送り仮名としてつけないのが正式な通りの名前である。
English: Nakagyo Ward in the mid-north and Shimogyo Ward in the mid-south constitute the urban area of Kyoto City, and Shijo-Kawaramachi in particular is known as the downtown (accordingly, the area to the north of Shijo is Nakagyo and the one to the south of Shijo is Shimogyo, but Shijo belongs to Shimogyo).
Japanese: 市街地は中北部の中京区と中南部の下京区、特に四条河原町は繁華街として知られる（ちなみに四条以北が中京、以南が下京であるが四条そのものは下京である）。
English: (See the section on 'Kyoto' for the history of Kyoto City before the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: （※明治維新以前の京都市の歴史については、「京都」のページを参照する事。
English: At the end of the Edo period, Kyoto City suddenly became the political center and thrived more than ever with the explosive growth in population, but soon it fell into decline because a large part of the city was burned down in the Kinmon Rebellion; moreover, several members of the Imperial Family and court nobles moved to Tokyo.
Japanese: 幕末、にわかに政治の中心地となった京都は人口が膨れ上がりかつてない活況を見せたものの、禁門の変で街の多くが焼けたのに加え、明治維新後に皇室・公家の大半が東京へ移り住んだため、一転急速な衰退を見せた。
English: Consequently, local authorities such as the governor of Kyoto Prefecture (who also served as the mayor of Kyoto City at the onset of municipality) requested the development of industry.
Japanese: そのため、京都府都道府県知事（市制施行当初は、京都市長も兼任）などから産業の振興を呼びかける声が上がった。
English: As a result, waterways such as Lake Biwa Canal were built, the first hydroelectricity in Japan was generated with such canals, and the first electric train (streetcar) in Japan was propelled by hydroelectricity.
Japanese: それに伴い、琵琶湖疏水といった疏水の建設と、疏水を用いた日本初の水力発電、更にその電力を用いた日本初の電車（路面電車）運転などが実施された。
English: With the success of these innovative measures, for a time after the middle of the Meiji period the population increased by 10,000 every year.
Japanese: これらの先進的な施策は功を奏し、人口は明治時代中期以降しばらく、毎年一万の増加を見せるようになった。
English: To satisfy the growth in population and the needs of urban development, 'three big projects' were undertaken from the end of the Meiji period: road extension and the construction of the Kyoto City Trams, the construction of canals at Lake Biwa, and the construction of the water-supply system.
Japanese: 人口の増加と市街地の拡大に対応し、明治末期から、道路拡築及び京都市電敷設、琵琶湖疏水開削、上水道整備からなる「三大事業」が行われた。
English: Subsequently, the road plan under the Municipal Improvement Act (roads under the City Planning Act) and the construction of city trams were carried out, and the population of Kyoto City exceeded a million some time after the city absorbed the surrounding municipalities such as Fushimi City (the central part of the present-day Fushimi Ward) in the first year of the Showa period.
Japanese: それに続く形で市区改正道路（都市計画道路）事業と市電の敷設が進められ、昭和初年には、伏見市（現在の伏見区中心部）など周辺の市町村を編入し、ほどなく人口も100万人を超えた。
English: Kyoto City still has a relatively large number of pre-war buildings, not typical of Japanese cities, since it was the only city that did not suffer major damage from air strikes during World War II among the six largest cities of the three major metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Yokohama, Kobe and Nagoya).
Japanese: 第2次世界大戦中、三大都市圏六大都市（東京・大阪・京都・横浜・神戸・名古屋）の中では唯一空襲の大きな被害を受けなかったこともあり、日本の都市としては珍しく、戦前からの建造物が比較的多く残されている。
English: 1869: The second Machi-gumi Reform was carried out, being reorganized to have 33 associations in Kamigyo and 32 in Shimogyo (33 later in the same year as a result of the division of an association).
Japanese: 1869年：第2次町組改正が行われて、上京33番組、下京32番組（同年1番組が分離し33番組となる）に再編成。
English: The exhibition was held annually until 1896.
Japanese: 博覧会はこの後1896年（明治29年）まで毎年開催されることになる。
English: February 5, 1877: Kyoto Station opened with the extension of the railway from Kobe Station.
Japanese: 1877年2月5日：神戸駅(兵庫県)からの鉄道を延伸する形で、京都駅開業。
English: November 1891: The Keage Power Plant, the first hydroelectric facility in Japan using water from Lake Biwa Canal, became operational.
Japanese: 1891年11月：琵琶湖疏水の水を用いて、日本初の水力発電所となる蹴上発電所が稼動開始。
English: February 1, 1895: Kyoto Electric Railway (the latter-day Kyoto City Trams), the first streetcar in Japan, opened.
Japanese: 1895年2月1日：日本初の路面電車として京都電気鉄道（後に京都市電となる）開業。
English: 1908: The city held groundbreaking ceremonies for three big projects: road extension and the construction of the Kyoto City Trams, the second construction phase of Lake Biwa Canal, and the construction of the water-supply system.
Japanese: 1908年：京都市三大事業起工式（道路拡張及び市電、第二琵琶湖疏水建設、上水道整備）。
English: 1931: Fushimi City and one town and six villages in the Kii district, as well as one village in the Uji district, were combined to form Fushimi Ward, which then merged into Kyoto City.
Japanese: 1931年：伏見市と紀伊郡の1町6村、宇治郡の1村を市町村合併し、伏見区として京都市に編入。
English: March 31, 1931: The first subway system in the Kinki region opened with the extension of the Keihan Electric Railway Shin-Keihan Railway (the present-day Hankyu Corporation Hankyu Kyoto Main Line) to Omiya Station (Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 1931年3月31日：京阪電気鉄道新京阪鉄道（今の阪急電鉄阪急京都本線）の大宮駅(京都府)乗り入れにより、近畿地方初の地下鉄道線開業。
English: April 1, 1932: The first city trolley (Kyoto City Trolley (京都市営トロリ-バス)) opened.
Japanese: 1932年4月1日：日本初の都市トロリーバス（京都市営トロリーバス）が開業。
English: January 16, 1945: U.S. B-29 Superfortresses (bombers) flew over in formation and launched an air raid.
Japanese: 1945年1月16日米軍爆撃機B-29(爆撃機)編隊が上空飛来のうえ空襲。
English: (Incidentally, there was a social movement against the opening (see also "Railroad" and "Politics").
Japanese: （なおこの際、市民運動が起こった。鉄道と政治京都駅（東海道新幹線）も参照）。