nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, this fact contradicts the present historical recognition on the Korean side and the Korean side often insists that such a description is fabricated or distorts the facts by the Japan side.
Japanese: ただしこのような事実は、現在の韓国の歴史認識と背反しているため、韓国側では日本側による捏造・歪曲とされることが多い。
English: When the Japan side insists such historical facts, the Korea side often becomes hostile.
Japanese: またこのような史実を日本側が主張することで、韓国側に反発が起こることも多い。
English: In particular, many such pictures in the Shotoku era were drawn by an order from Masanao TSUCHIYA, including "A Scroll of Pictures of a Procession of Chosen Tsushinshi in the Shotoku Era" remaining in the Tsushima Domain that is a typical example.
Japanese: とくに正徳時に老中土屋政直の命令によって大量に作成されたが、対馬藩に残る『正徳度朝鮮通信使行列図巻』はその典型である。
English: Other famous pictures concerned include "Pictures of Children in Chosen Tsushinshi" drawn by Itcho HANABUSA, a painter at that time, and "A folding screen depicting a houseboat carrying Chosen Tsushinshi" handed down in the Kishu Domain.
Japanese: 他にも当時の画家英一蝶が描いた『朝鮮通信使小童図』や紀州藩に伝わる『朝鮮通信使御楼船図屏風』が著名である。
English: The procession of an envoy parading along a road was a curious sight in the peaceful era.
Japanese: 日本の街道を練り歩く使節団の姿は、太平の世にあっては物珍しいイベントであった。
English: The three Tojin (Chinese) dances handed down, each in Higashi Tamagaki-cho, Suzuka City, in Wakebe-cho, Tsu City, or in Ushimado, Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture, are famous for imitating Chosen Tsushinshi.
Japanese: 朝鮮通信使を模したもので、今日にも伝わる著名なものとして唐人おどり（鈴鹿市東玉垣町、津市分部町）、唐子おどり（岡山県瀬戸内市牛窓）の3件がある。
English: Unlike daimyo processions, Chosen Tsushinshi included, in addition to diplomatic officers, such as the head or deputy head of the envoy, children and a marching band wearing beautiful dresses, men of culture, doctors and interpreters.
Japanese: 大名行列とは異なり、朝鮮通信使は正使や副使などの外交官の他に随行員には美しく着飾った小童や楽隊、文化人、医師、通訳などが加わっていた。
English: Therefore, the procession was accepted favorably by the general public along the road throughout the Edo period, as a kind of exotic show that came once every tens of years.
Japanese: そのため、江戸時代を通じて庶民にとっては数十年に一度やってくる異国情緒を持った一種の見世物として沿道の民衆にも親しまれていた。
English: "Pictures of Children in Chosen Tsushinshi" included the scene in which a person in a town sought kigo (signing in the present days) for a child who rode a horse, showing that the general public were easily accessible to persons in the envoy.
Japanese: 上述の『朝鮮通信使小童図』には馬に乗った小童に町人が揮毫（現代で言えばサイン）を求める様が描かれており、随行員には庶民が簡単に接触できたようである。
English: Furthermore, Obata dolls in Gokasho-cho, Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture include Tsushinshi dolls (correctly, tojin (Chinese) dolls): the dolls of children and those of a music band), suggesting that they were popular at that time together with elephants presented by a foreign country.
Japanese: さらに滋賀県東近江市五個荘町の小幡人形などには通信使人形（正確には唐人人形、　随行員である小童や楽隊の人形）があり、異国より献上された象などとともに当時の人気キャラクターであったことがうかがわれる。
English: In literary works, such as Kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment), there exist many numbers including themes of Chosen Tsushinshi.
Japanese: また歌舞伎・浄瑠璃の文芸作品に朝鮮通信使を題材として扱ったものが存在する。
English: When Tsushinshi came to Japan in 1764 in the Horeki era (1751 - 1764), the incident in which Denzo SUZUKI, a retainer of the Tsushima Domain and an interpreter, killed Cheon-Jong CHOI, an interpreter and a middle-class officer, in Osaka.
Japanese: 1764年（宝暦14年）の宝暦度の来日の際、対馬藩の家臣で通詞を担当していた鈴木伝蔵が朝鮮通信使の通詞・中官崔天宗を大坂で殺害する事件が起こった。
English: The following literary works were generated based on this incident: "Sewaryori Suzuki Bocho" ("Imaori Ezonishiki" [Ezo Brocade in modern fashion]) in 1767, "Kanjin Kanmon Tekudano Hajimari" (The Han Chinese and Korean letters, the beginningof their tricks) in 1789, and "Sewajitate Kara no Nuibari" in 1792.
Japanese: 1767年（明和4年）には『世話料理鱸包丁』（『今織蝦夷錦』）、1789年（寛政元年）には『漢人韓文手管始』、1792年（寛政4年）には『世話仕立唐縫針』など、いずれもこの一件を土台に作成された文芸作品である。
English: Kubunden indicates a field supplied uniformly to common people in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 口分田（くぶんでん）とは、律令制において、民衆へ一律に支給された農地である。
English: It is considered that a bare field in the equal-field system in Northern Wei (in China) was the predecessor of kubunden.
Japanese: 北魏（中国）の均田制における露田が口分田の前身であると考えられている。
English: It is considered that, in Japan, kubunden was introduced as it was in Tang, because the system in Tang was used as a reference in establishing the ryo (or ritsuryo) code in the Asuka period.
Japanese: 日本では、飛鳥時代に令（または律令）を制定する際、唐の制度を参考としたため、唐と同様に口分田が導入されたと考えられる。
English: The objective of the equal-field system was to supply a field uniformly to the common people, in order to make them pay taxes and to make them work for military purposes.
Japanese: 均田制は、民衆へ一律に田地を支給する代わりに、納税と軍役を義務づけることを目的としていた。
English: The system in Northern Wei was as follows: A bare field (arable field) of approx. 1.87 hectares and a field for hemp of approx. 0.47 hectares were supplied to each of the males at the age of 15 or older, and a bare field of approx. 0.93 hectares and a field for hemp of approx. 0.23 hectares to each female, and these fields had to be returned when the age of 59 was reached.
Japanese: 北魏では、15歳以上の男子に露田（耕田）40畝（約1.87ヘクタール）と麻田10畝（約0.47ヘクタール）を、女子には同じく20畝（約0.93ヘクタール）と麻田5畝（約0.23ヘクタール）を支給し、59歳になったときに返すとされていた。
English: A mulberry field of approx. 0.93 hectares was supplied to each male additionally, and it was specified that this field was inheritable.
Japanese: また男子はこれとは別に20畝の桑田を与えられ、これは世襲できるとされた。
English: It is considered that this was the origin of hereditary fields, and in addition to human beings, each head of cattle was also supplied a field of approx. 1.2 hectares (however, it is also said that these fields might have been supplied up to four heads of cattle for four years).
Japanese: こちらが後の永業田の資源と考えられ、人間だけでなく牛も30畝の田地支給を受けていた（ただし4頭まで4年までという説もある）。
English: These fields were called baiden (double fields) to prevent the same field from being used over consecutive years, and resultantly, a field of approx. 55.8 hectares were supplied to a pair of husband and wife.
Japanese: これは倍田と言い、連作防止のためのもので、夫婦に与えられる土地は全部で120畝ということになる。
English: The term of kubunden appeared for the first time in the Northern Qi which was separated from the Northern Wei, and Sue that succeeded the Northern Qi also employed an equal-field system.
Japanese: 北魏から分裂した北斉において初めて口分田の用語が登場するようになり、それを引き継いだ隋も均田制を採用した。
English: In the equal-field system in Sui, it was specified that a bare field of approx. 3.72 hectares and an inheritable field (segyoden) of approx. 0.93 hectares should be supplied to each male (the system to supply fields to wives, slaves and cattle was abolished).
Japanese: 隋の均田制では、男子に露田80畝と世業田20畝を支給することとされていた（夫人・奴婢・牛への支給は廃止されている）。
English: The bare fields were confiscated when the specified time arrived, but it was permitted to inherit segyoden from generation to generation.
Japanese: 露田は時期が来たら収公されたが、世業田は子孫代々所有することが許された。
English: In the field-related ryo code, it is specified that a field of approx. five hectares should be supplied to each adult man (teidan), of which approx. four hectares was supplied as kubunden and the remaining approx. one hectare as segyoden (this term was changed to eigyoden later).
Japanese: 唐田令では、成年男子（丁男）に100畝（1項約5ヘクタール）を支給し、うち80畝（約4ヘクタール）を口分田として残りの20畝（約1ヘクタール）を世業田（のち永業田に改称）とした。
English: It was specified that while eigyoden could be inherited from generation to generation, kubunden should be confiscated when the age of 60 was reached.
Japanese: 子孫代々相続可能な永業田に対して、口分田は60歳になると収公すると規定されていた。
English: It has been seriously argued whether the field people used for a long time could be confiscated smoothly.
Japanese: 果たして長年耕作してきた田地を円滑に収公できたか、については激しい議論が戦わされている。
English: It is considered that, to maintain the public position, part of the field that had been used for generations might have been called eigyoden and the remaining one as kubunden actually.
Japanese: 実際には代々耕作してきた田地の一部を永業田、残りを口分田と称して建前を保ったのではないかとも考えられている。
English: Towards the end of the Tang era (towards end of the eighth century), persons owning large land areas increased, gradually destroying the equal field system.
Japanese: 唐末期（8世紀末）には、大土地所有が拡大していき、呼応するように徐々に均田制が崩壊していった。
English: It is said that, in the ritsuryo code in Japan, a field of approx. 24 ares was supplied to each male as kubunden, and a field of approx. of 16 ares to a female as kubunden, and tax was collected from the crops from these fields.
Japanese: 日本の律令では、口分田として男性へ2段（720歩約24アール）、女性へはその3分の2（480歩約16アール）が支給され、その収穫から徴税（租）が行われるとされていた。
English: Article 27: To each slave owned by the government (slaves in the kanko status), the same amount of kubunden as that for an ordinary person (called ryojin) must be supplied.
Japanese: 第27条　政府所有の奴隷（官戸奴婢）の口分田は一般人（良人）に同じとする。
English: To each privately-owned slave (called keninnuhi), a field whose area is one-third of that of an ordinary person, or an area dependent on the availability of land in the area, should be supplied.
Japanese: 私有奴隷（家人奴婢）の口分田は、地域の寛狭に応じ、並びに一般人の3分の1を支給する。
English: It is considered that the original kubunden system began to be formed around the Taika Reforms, or in the middle era of the seventh century, and was established towards the end of seventh century when the ritsuryo system was formed.
Japanese: 口分田の祖型は、7世紀中葉の大化の改新頃に始まり、7世紀終盤の律令形成期に口分田制度が確立したと考えられている。
English: According to the records available, fields were supplied to people (called handen) steadily throughout the eighth century (or the Nara period), but the supply of fields stopped after 800.
Japanese: 記録上は、8世紀＝奈良時代を通じて順調に農地の支給（班田）が行われているが、800年の記録を最後に班田は行われなくなった。
English: This suggests that a certain amount of tax became to be able to be secured without using the kubunden system.
Japanese: このことは、口分田制度によらずとも一定の税収確保が可能となったことを示唆している。
English: However, even in the era when handen-based field supply was being provided as specified, all did not always function smoothly.
Japanese: ただし、班田が規定どおり行われていた時期においても全てが順調に機能していたわけではない。
English: Although paddy fields should have basically been supplied as handen, fields with no water supply available were sometimes supplied because paddy fields available were limited.
Japanese: 水田による班田が原則でありながら、水田の不足より陸田が混ぜられて支給されたりした。
English: There were the following cases as well: Based on the common law of the area (or area-dependent law), a field smaller than the one specified was actually supplied, or kubunden was supplied at a far away place.
Japanese: 地域の慣習法（郷土法）によって支給面積を削減されたり、遠方に口分田を与えられるケースもあった。
English: In the Shima Province in particular, deals with paddy fields in the Ise and Owari Provinces as the kubunden of the Shima Province were approved, because available paddy fields there were extremely small.
Japanese: 特に志摩国では水田が極度に不足していることから伊勢国・尾張国の水田を口分田とする例外規定が認められていた。
English: Although it was prohibited to trade, transfer and pawn kubunden, problems, such as pawning kubunden, began arising starting towards the latter half of the Nara period.
Japanese: また、口分田は原則として売買・譲渡・質入などが禁じられていたにもかかわらず、奈良時代後期頃から質入などの問題が発生していた。
English: When handen-based field supply ceased, kubunden effectively became owned by farmers.
Japanese: 班田が行われなくなると、口分田も事実上農民の私有地化することになる。
English: The ritsuryo code in Japan was basically an imitation of the Tang's ritsuryo code, and specifications in the Tang's ritsuryo code were used for those of the kubunden system in Japan as well.
Japanese: 日本の律令は唐律令を焼き直したものであり、口分田の制も唐田令の規定から採用している。
English: However, some modifications were made depending on situations in Japan.
Japanese: しかしながら、いくつかの点で日本の実情に合わせた変更が行われている。
English: It is estimated that the population of Japan in the Nara period was approx. five million and the arable land area was approx. 1.2 million hectares (compared with approx. 4.8 million hectares in early 21st century).
Japanese: なお、奈良時代の日本の人口は約500万人、農地は100万町（約120万ヘクタール、21世紀初頭が約480万ヘクタール）だったと推計されている。
English: 口分田 is also used as a family name, which is considered to originate in this place, and actually, the name of the honorary chairman of the wild bird society of Shiga Prefecture is 口分田 政博 (Masahiro KUMODE).
Japanese: この地発祥と思われる口分田姓もあり、滋賀県野鳥の会名誉会長に口分田政博氏がいる。
English: While some people read it as "zuryo", influenced by the reading of the number 1 above, there is no need or reason to be distinguished from the common reading "juryo".
Japanese: まれに、1.に引きずられ「ずりょう」と読む人があるが、一般に用いられる「じゅりょう」と読み分ける必要性も根拠もない。
English: During the Heian period and onwards, "zuryo" referred to the head of kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), who was dispatched to an appointed province with administrative responsibility.
Japanese: 受領（ずりょう）とは、国司四等官のうち、現地に赴任して行政責任を負う筆頭者を平安時代以後に呼んだ呼称。
English: The zuryo was usually a position taken by a kami (長官, director) who was also a kami (守, governor) or a gon no kami (権守, provisional governor), but in shinno ninkoku (provinces whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes, and where the kami or the gon no kami was not dispatched), such as the provinces of Kozuke, Hitachi, and Kazusa, the position was fulfilled by a jikan (次官, assistant director) who was also a suke (介, vice governor of provincial offices) or a Gon no suke (権介, provisional vice governor).
Japanese: 通常長官である守（かみ）、及び権守（ごんのかみ）であるが、親王任国の上野国、常陸国、上総国など守、権守が現地赴任しない国では次官の介（すけ）、権介（ごんのすけ）であった。
English: The lower-ranking aristocrats called Shodaibu, who belonged to no more than the shii (fourth rank)or goi (fifth rank), were usually appointed to this position.
Japanese: おおよそ四位、五位どまりの下級貴族である諸大夫がこの任に当てられた。
English: Jo (secretary of provincial offices) and sakan (clerk of provincial offices) who served as assistants to the Shodaibu were called ninyo (low-ranking "commissioned" provincial officers).
Japanese: 彼らの補佐官を務める掾（じょう）、目（さかん）は任用（にんよう）と呼ばれた。
English: A "yonin" was a kokushi (provincial governor) who received all the benefits as the governmental officer without having ever gone to the place of appointment.
Japanese: なお、任官されながら実際に任国に赴かず官職に伴う給付だけを受ける国司を遥任と呼ぶ。
English: From the mid 9th century to the 10th century, the conventional administration based on the ritsuryo system (such as henko-sei, the organization of the citizens, and handen-sei, the ritsuryo land-allotment system) faced its organizational limit, and the central government promoted a nation-wide reform of the system to reflect the actual social situations in order to maintain the level of the tax revenue.
Japanese: 9世紀中期～10世紀頃になると、従来の律令制（編戸制・班田制など）による統治に限界が見られるようになり、中央政府は租税収入を確保するため、社会の実情に即した国制改革を進めた。
English: The reform involved transferring a great part of the power to impose and collect taxes as well as the military power to the local officials (kokushi); in return for the secure payment of taxes to the central government, the kokushi gained the freedom to govern the province at his will.
Japanese: その改革は、地方官（国司）へ租税収取や軍事などの権限を大幅に委譲するというもので、国司は中央へ確実に租税を上納する代わりに、自由かつ強力に国内を支配する権利を得たのである。
English: The kokushi reorganized the kokugaryo (public fields administered directly by a ruler) in the province into the myoden (rice field lots in charge of a nominal holder), and by entrusting the myoden and tax management to the newly-influential wealthy class, they ensured the collection of taxes.
Japanese: 国司は、国内の国衙領（公田）を名田へ再編成し、当時台頭していた富豪層へ名田の経営と租税徴収を請け負わせることで、租税を確実に収取するようになっていった。
English: When the system of tax-management apparently became successful, the kokushi, and especially the higher ranking kami, was no longer required to be present in the appointed province
Japanese: この租税収取システムが軌道に乗ると、国司は現地へ赴任する必要がなくなり、特に上位官である守の多くは遥任するようになった。
English: As a result, the kokushi, who was actually dispatched to the appointed province, started to assume various responsibilities as well as powers, which made him virtually the highest ranked officer in the kokuga administration.
Japanese: すると、現地赴任する国司の筆頭者に、様々な責任やそれに伴う権限が集中するようになり、事実上の国衙行政の最高責任者となった。
English: There was a provision at the time that, when the kokushi changes, the successor issues a document called geyujo (discharge certificates) to his predecessor; the kokushi who received the geyujo in the province was then called "zuryo".
Japanese: 当時、国司交替の際に、後任の国司が、適正な事務引継を受けたことを証明する解由状という文書を前任の国司へ発給する定めとなっており、実際に現地で解由状を受領する国司を「受領」と呼ぶようになった。
English: While the zuryo retained most of the power, the ninyo, who were assistants to the zuryo, lost their influences and were treated like private servants to the zuryo.
Japanese: 受領が強大な権限を得た一方で、補佐官である任用たちは権限を奪われ、受領の私的従者のように使役されるようになる。
English: Some of the ninyo who had been aggravating a grievance, attacked the zuryo by collaborating with the locally influential wealthy class of tato.
Japanese: こうした状況に不満を募らせた任用の中には、現地の有力者である富豪層（田堵層）と結んで受領を襲撃する者も現れた。
English: During the late 9th century to the early 10th century, the ninyo, who were more likely to cause conflicts, were no longer employed to be dispatched to the provinces.
Japanese: 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて紛争の火種となる任用たちの現地赴任は行われなくなった。
English: The zuryo alone was dispatched to the province and carried out the practical business as the kokuga by appointing his private aides brought from Kyoto to the post of mokudai (deputy kokushi, or a deputy provincial governor); he also employed the locally influential and wealthy people as the zaichokanjin (the local officials).
Japanese: 受領のみが任国に赴任し、京から伴った私的な側近を目代に任命し、また現地の有力富豪層を在庁官人に任命して国衙の実務に当たるようになった。
English: By utilizing his immense influence, the zuryo was able to accumulate immense wealth.
Japanese: 受領は、その強大な権限を背景に、莫大な蓄財を行うことも可能であった。
English: In fact, since the zuryo was in the position to accumulate an immense amount of wealth, it is said that an endless stream of people ingratiated themselves to the sekkanke (the aristocratic families of regents and advisers), which had a great influence over personnel issues, in order to attain the post of the kokushi.
Japanese: 事実、受領になると巨額の富を得ることができたため、国司に任命されるために人事権に強い影響を及ぼしうる摂関家へ取り入る者が後を絶たなかったと言われている。
English: Furthermore, many zuryo, who accumulated wealth, remained and settled themselves in the appointed province after termination of their term.
Japanese: また、蓄財によって任国へ根を生やした受領の中には、任期後、そのまま任国へ土着した者も多かった。
English: In the 10th century onwards, the koden (the field administered directly by a ruler) in the province was reorganized as the myoden, and the fumyo system, in which the tato undertook the management of the myoden and tax, became more and more common.
Japanese: また10世紀ごろから、国内の公田を名田へ再編成し、田堵に名田経営と租税納入を請け負わせる負名体制へと移行していた。
English: There were instances in which the different tax rate and tax items were decided for each myoden depending on the local conditions; such cases came to be accepted as "precedents" between the kokushi and the tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager).
Japanese: 各地域の実情に合わせて、各名田ごとに異なる税率・税目などが設定されることがあり、これは「先例」として各国司と田堵負名の間で固定化しつつあった。
English: However, since such precedents could have been merely a personal agreements between the kokushi and tato fumyo, a new zuryo could ignore the precedent made by his predecessor to impose a prescribed tax to the tato fumyo.
Japanese: しかしこの先例は、国司・田堵負名の間の個人的な約定であるともいえたため、新たに赴任した受領が前任者の先例を無視して、規定どおりの租税を田堵負名らに賦課することもあった。
English: However, from the late 10th century and onwards, there were frequent conflicts between the zuryo and the tato fumyo, and in some cases, the tato fumyo appealed to the central government about measures taken by the zuryo.
Japanese: しかしこうして10世紀後期以降、受領と田堵負名層との間に紛争がしばしば見られるようになり、受領の施策に不満の田堵負名層が中央政府へ訴え出ることもあった。
English: Although there is an opinion that such cases reveal the harsh governance by the zuryo, when each case is looked at closely, clearly a great majority of the zuryo imposed tax according to the regulations, which shows that the zuryo were more law-abiding while the tato fumyo pursued their own interests.
Japanese: このような事例を受領層の苛政の表れと評価する意見もあるが、個別の事例を見ると受領が法令どおりに課税した例が圧倒的に多く、むしろ受領の方が遵法的であり、田堵負名層が私益を主張していることが判っている。
English: Far from being poor, the tato fumyo were indeed wealthy peasants who kept many servants, managed large scale businesses such as agriculture, and owned even many private warriors while accumulating immense wealth.
Japanese: 田堵負名層とは決して零細な農民などではなく、隷属民を多数抱え、莫大な富を蓄積して農業など諸産業を大規模に経営し、多数の私兵すら擁していた富豪百姓だったのである。
English: There were many realistic episodes about the zuryo in collections of tales, such as an episode about FUJIWARA no Nobutada, Shinano no kuni no kami (Governor of Shinano Province) in "Konjaku Monogatari-shu" (The Tale of Times Now Past), in which a phrase "a zuryo must grasp even dirt where he falls" is included, and that of FUJIWARA no Toshihito in "Uji Shui Monogatari" (Collected Tales from Uji), which later inspired Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA to write "Imogayu"(Sweet-Potato Gruel).
Japanese: 説話集にも受領の実相が描かれており、『今昔物語集』の信濃国守藤原陳忠の説話（「受領は倒るるところに土をつかめ」という文句が知られている）や、『宇治拾遺物語』の藤原利仁の説話（芥川龍之介の『芋粥』の元となった）などの例が挙げられる。
English: Kimitezuri is commonly regarded as a guardian god of the Ryukyu Kingdom that rules the sea and the sun.
Japanese: 君手摩（きみてずり）は、通説では海と太陽を司る琉球王国の守護神とされる。
English: Kimitezuri is believed to live in Niraikanai paradise (located deep in the sea, beyond the sea, or underground), and to take possession of the Kikoe Okimi (chief-priestesses) during the enthronement ceremony of a new king.
Japanese: ニライカナイ（海の深淵、海の彼方、地下にある）に住まうとされており、新しい国王の即位の儀式中、聞得大君に憑依するとされる。
English: The first historical record referring to Kimitezuri as the name of a god is Chuzanseikan (literally, Mirror of the Ages of Chuzan) compiled by Joken SHO (Choshu HANEJI).
Japanese: 君手摩を神の名とする初出史料は尚象賢（羽地朝秀）が編纂した中山世鑑である。
English: However, since 'kimi' generally means female priest (Noro) who administers religious rites in Ryukyu, and 'tezuri' means rubbing one's hands at the time of prayer, Kimitezuri is interpreted as a name of a religious ceremony, not as the name of a god in a different theory.
Japanese: しかし、一般に「君」は琉球の祭祀をつかさどる祝女（ノロ）を意味し、「手摩」は祈祷の際に手をすり合わせることを意味すること、また君手摩を行事として記載する別の史料もあることから、君手摩は神名ではなく、宗教儀式名であると解釈する説もある。
English: The Monchujo was a government body of the Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which was responsible for judicial affairs.
Japanese: 問注所（もんちゅうじょ、もんじゅうしょ）は、日本の鎌倉幕府・室町幕府に設置された訴訟事務を所管する機関である。
English: The term "Monchu" means to question both parties in connection to a case, to have them confront each other, and to record the details of the case.
Japanese: 「問注」とは、訴訟等の当事者双方から審問・対決させること、あるいはその内容を文書記録することを意味する。
English: The Monchujo was established in Kamakura on November 25, 1184.
Japanese: 1184年（元暦元）10月20日(旧暦)、鎌倉に問注所が設置された。
English: The Monchujo was established amid a large scale civil war (the Jisho-Juei War), and despite the war (or because of it), there were many lawsuits resulting at the time.
Japanese: 当時、日本は国内を二分する大規模内乱（治承・寿永の乱）の真っ直中にあったが、この内乱の中でも（又は内乱に乗じて）訴訟事案は多数発生していた。
English: The smooth and swift handling of lawsuits was one of the requirements for the unofficially established military government (later Kamakura bakufu) to be recognized as a stable government.
Japanese: 非公式に発足した関東軍事政権（後の鎌倉幕府）にとって、これらの訴訟を迅速・円滑に処理していくことが、確固たる政権として認められる条件の一つとなっていた。
English: Through the influence of his relative who worked as a wet nurse of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Yasunobu, known as a competent government official, was invited from Kyoto to Kamakura to assume the role as the first head of the monchujo.
Japanese: 康信は有能な役人として知られていたが、親類に源頼朝の乳母がいた縁もあって、初代執事として京都から鎌倉へ招かれたのである。
English: In the "Buke myomoku-sho" (Compilation of Historical Data of the Warrior Class), it is written (under the entries for the titles of offices of the first volume): "Monchujo is a government body different from Mandokoro (Administrative Board) but makes political decisions together and functions as a court of justice."
Japanese: なお、『武家名目抄』には「問注所は政所の別庁にて、ともに政事を沙汰する中にも、訴訟の裁判を本務とする所なり」（職名部（ハ）上）と記されている。
English: Furthermore, in the entry about the titles of office written on January 15, 1191 in "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East), while the betto (the assistant chief officer) and other officers of Mandokoro and Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) were each inserted at the start of a new paragraph, the "head of Monchu-dokoro" is described in the last line of the paragraph concerning Mandokoro, which may explain, according to Fumiaki SASAKI, that the Monchu-dokoro in the beginning might have been a body belonging to the Mandokoro but later become a separate and independent body.
Japanese: 更に『吾妻鏡』建久2年正月15日条に書かれた職制においても、政所と侍所については行を改めて別当以下を記載しているのに対して、問注所については政所の項目の最後に「問注所執事」と1行で記されていることから、初期の問注所は政所に属する1機関であり、後に政所から分離して独立した機関となったとする説もある（佐々木文昭説）。