nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, several unfortunate incidents befell the throne: Princess Yamanobe no Himemiko, a sotomago (grandchild from a daughter married into another family) of SOGA no Akae followed her husband Imperial Prince Otsu to the grave when he was eliminated by Empress Jito, and ISHIKAWA no Tone no Iratsume, the wife of the late Emperor Monmu, was stripped of her rank due to infidelity and her children Hironari no Oji and Hiroyo no Oji were stripped of their standing as members of the Imperial family by association.
Japanese: しかしながら、蘇我赤兄の外孫である山辺皇女が、持統天皇に排除された夫の大津皇子に殉死したり、また文武天皇の妻の石川刀子娘が、天皇崩御後に某男との関係を持った事からその身分を剥奪され、子の広成皇子・広世皇子も連座して皇族の身分を剥奪される事件なども起こしている。
English: The Tone no Iratsume's incident is allegedly a conspiracy hatched by FUJIWARA no Fuhito and his wife Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo to eliminate rivals and ensure the enthronement of Prince Obito, who was Fuhito's half brother born from a different mother.
Japanese: 刀子娘の事件は、異母兄弟の首皇子の競争相手を排除しようとしての藤原不比等・県犬養三千代夫婦の陰謀とされる。
English: According to "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of tanka), Imperial Prince Hozumi, a sotomago of Akae, was accused of adultery with Tajima no Himemiko and demoted.
Japanese: また万葉集によれば、同じ赤兄の外孫である穂積親王も但馬皇女との密通が露見して左遷された。
English: Imperial Prince Hozumi was fortunate enough to have climbed the ranks to Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) after Empress Jito's death; however, he died young.
Japanese: 穂積皇子は、幸いにも持統崩御後に太政大臣に出世したが、若くして亡くなった。
English: Fuhito's legal wife was SOGA no Masako who was Yasumaro's daughter (and the mother of FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, and FUJIWARA no Umakai).
Japanese: 不比等の正妻は、安麻呂の娘の蘇我娼子（藤原武智麻呂・藤原房前・藤原宇合の母）である。
English: Yasumaro's younger brother ISHIKAWA no Iwatari and his son ISHIKAWA no Toshitari became associated with the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan which was directly descended from Muchimaro by virtue of Masako's marriage to Fuhito.
Japanese: その故を持って、その弟の石川石足と子の石川年足は、当時嫡流とされた武智麻呂を祖とする藤原南家と結びつくようになる。
English: Toshitari served as Daihitsu (senior assistant president) to the Shibi chudai (the office handled the principal Empress Komyo's affairs) which was established by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (the second son of Muchimaro), and barely maintained his standing as a middle class nobility.
Japanese: 年足は、武智麻呂次男の藤原仲麻呂が設立した紫微中台の大弼としてその補佐に当たり、中流貴族としてなんとかその命脈を保った。
English: However, as the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan entered a terminal decline after FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's Rebellion, the Ishikawa clan also failed to produce other kugyo (court noble) succeeding ISHIKAWA no Mamori (Toshitari's grandchild and the seventh generation of Umako's grandchildren), who was Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and sangi (Councillor), died after the transfer of the capital to the Heian-kyo, and would vanish from history.
Japanese: しかし、その藤原南家が藤原仲麻呂の乱で衰退してしまうと、石川氏も平安京遷都後亡くなった正四位上・参議、石川真守（年足の孫、馬子の7代孫）を最後に公卿は出なくなり、歴史から姿を消した。
English: Soga clan's lineage continues to the present day through the maternal line of SOGA no Masako who married FUJIWARA no Fuhito and gave birth to three sons: FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, and FUJIWARA no Umakai.
Japanese: 蘇我氏の血統は、藤原不比等に嫁いで藤原武智麻呂、藤原房前、藤原宇合の三男を儲けた蘇我娼子を通して女系ではあるが現代にも伝わっている。
English: Incidentally, the only other person who introduced Soga clan blood to the Imperial line was SOGA no Iname's daughter SOGA no Kitashihime.
Japanese: なお他に蘇我氏の血を天皇家に残したのは、蘇我稲目の娘である蘇我堅塩媛のみである。
English: The lineage is as follows: SOGA no Kitashihime, Sakurai no Oji, Kibitsuhime Okimi, Empress Kogyoku, Emperor Tenchi, and the present emperor.
Japanese: その系統は蘇我堅塩媛―桜井皇子―吉備姫王―皇極天皇―天智天皇―今上天皇となる。
English: The theory concerning the migrant origins of the Soga clan' took academic circles by storm when it was first proposed by Teiji KADOWAKI in 1971, and became widely popular among ancient history buffs.
Japanese: 門脇禎二が1971年に提唱した「蘇我氏渡来人説」は学界を席巻しただけでなく、一般の古代史ファンにも広く受け入れられた。
English: Yasutami SUZUKI and Yukihisa YAMAO both supported Kadowaki's assertion that the Baekje high official Machi MOKU, who is said to have arrived during the reign of Emperor Ojin, is one and the same individual as SOGA no Machi; but, as Kenkichi KATO and Yoshitane SAKAMOTO have pointed out, there are many historical discrepancies and little evidence to prove the migrant origins of the Soga clan.
Japanese: 門脇が提唱したのは応神天皇の代に渡来した、百済の高官、木満致（もくまち）と蘇我満智（まち）が同一人物とする説で、鈴木靖民や山尾幸久らの支持を得た一方、加藤謙吉や坂本義種らが指摘したように、史料上の問題点が多く、蘇我氏を渡来人とみなす根拠は薄弱である。
English: As the issues listed below reveal, it is impossible to prove that SOGA no Machi and Machi MOKU were the same person.
Japanese: 問題点は整理すると以下の通りであり、木満致と蘇我満智を同一人物であると実証することは不可能である。
English: Whereas the name 'Machi MOKU' appears in the "Nihonshoki" in 294 during the Emperor Ojin's reign, it is quoted in the historical interpretation as 414; Furthermore, 'Machi MOKURA' appears in the History of Baekje of the "Samguk Sagi" (History of the Three Kingdoms) in 475, pointing to the chronological inconsistencies between the respective sources.
Japanese: 「木満致」の名が見える『日本書紀』の応神天皇25年（西暦294年、史料解釈上は414年）と「木刕満致」の名が見える『三国史記』百済本紀の蓋鹵王21年（西暦475年）とでは時代が異なる
English: It is unlikely that Machi MOKU, a member of a well regarded clan in Baekje, would forsake his family name and introduce himself as Soga clan.
Japanese: 百済の名門氏族である木満致が、自らの姓を捨て蘇我氏を名乗ったことの不自然さ
English: The inscription in the "Samguk Sagi" describing Machi MOKURA as having 'travelled south' does not indicate that he travelled to Wakoku (Japan).
Japanese: 木刕満致が「南行」したとの『三国史記』の記述がそのまま倭国へ渡来したことを意味しないこと
English: Machi MOKU was from a prestigious clan in Baekje; however, his grandchild's name was Goryeo which referred to the kingdom of Goguryeo.
Japanese: 百済の名門氏族出身でありながら、孫の名前が高句麗を意味する高麗であること
English: Machi named his child "Karako," (means Korean) and Karako, in turn, named his own child, who would later father Iname, "Koma" (means Goryeo), both of which are distinctly exotic names.
Japanese: 満智の子は韓子（からこ）で、その子（稲目の父にあたる）は高麗（こま）という異国風の名前であった。
English: Their exotic names are one of the factors that gave cause to 'the theory of the migrant origins of the Soga clan'; but, as Chiaki MIZUTANI explains, the theory's wide appeal was also underlined by its conformity to historical perception of the Soga clans anti-establishment alignment.
Japanese: そのことも渡来人説を生み出す要因となっているが、水谷千秋は「蘇我氏渡来人説」が広く受け入れられた背景を蘇我氏を逆賊とする史観と適合していたからではないかと述べている。
English: Furthermore, "Karako" as it is inscribed in the September 531 entry of the "Nihonshoki" refers to a 'child born of union between a Japanese man and a woman from a neighboring country'; since Karako is a common term used to describe people of mixed Wa (Japanese) and Korean descent, it is hard to believe that it specified any individual.
Japanese: また、韓子は『日本書紀』継体天皇24年秋9月の条の注に「大日本人娶蕃女所生為韓子也」（大日本人、蕃女（となりのくにのめ）を娶りて生めるを韓子とす）とされているように、倭韓混血児の通称であり、実在の人物名としては考えがたい。
English: TAKENOUCHI no Sukune was previously alleged to be a fiction created by subsequent generations, and there are also those who view Soganoishikawa no Sukune to be a creation of descendents of the Ishikawa clan.
Japanese: 武内宿禰以前は後世の架上と言われており、蘇我石川宿禰も子孫の石川氏による創作と見る説がある。
English: On November 13th, 2005, the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties announced it had been excavating remnants of what is believe to be the "Valley Palace Gate" of SOGA no Iruka's residence at Amakashi no Oka Toroku Site; archeologists expect their findings to verify inscriptions in the "Nihonshoki."
Japanese: 2005年11月13日奈良文化財研究所は甘樫丘東麓遺跡で蘇我入鹿邸「谷の宮門」跡とみられる遺構を発掘したと発表、考古学者たちは『日本書紀』の記述が裏付けられるだろうと期待を寄せている。
English: Hongan (also called Ubusuna) refers to the registered address on the family register under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code) in China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan.
Japanese: 本貫（ほんがん/うぶすな）は、中国・朝鮮半島及び日本の律令制で戸籍に記載された本籍地のことをいう。
English: In Japan, samurai families called their 'place of the surname' 'hongan' or 'honganchi (place of hongan).'
Japanese: 日本では、武家が「名字（苗字）の地」を「本貫」「本貫地」と呼ぶようになった。
English: Outside of Japan, hongan is known to be used as an expression for the birthplace of the clan's originator, which is still being put in use in the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 海外では、現在でも朝鮮半島で行われている、氏族の始祖の発祥地を表す用法が知られている。
English: In China, it is used as the place where the family register is registered, or in ways (such as the birthplace of the originator) that derived from the use already described.
Japanese: 中国では、戸籍が置かれた場所、ないし、それから派生した用法（始祖の出自の場所など）で使用される。
English: People were placed on the family register and the tax register of their honganchi, and leaving the honganchi without permission was considered as vagrancy and was prohibited.
Japanese: 人々は本貫地の戸籍・計帳に載せられて勝手に本貫地を離れることは浮浪として禁じられていた。
English: Three years after a family's escape, and six years after the escape of a member of the family, they were removed from the family and tax register, and became 絶貫 (a person without a birthplace).
Japanese: 逃走の戸は3年、戸口は6年が経過すると戸籍・計帳から除かれて絶貫（本貫を持たない者）となった。
English: Later, when those that fled were found, measures either 'tosho henpu' that made them admitted to the family register that they had fled to, or 'hongan kanpu' that had them deported back to their original honganchi, was taken (however, for people with hongan in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, 'hongan kanpu' was taken).
Japanese: その後、逃走者が発見された場合には逃亡先の戸籍に編入させられる「当所編附」あるいは元の本貫地への強制送還させられる「本貫還附」の措置が取られた（ただし、陸奥国・出羽国の本貫者については「本貫還附」が決められていた）。
English: Also, the measure to exempt the returnees from a year of labor was taken to encourage voluntary return ('sokan') of those that fled.
Japanese: また養老4年（720年）以後は逃走者の自主的帰還（「走還」）を促すために走還した者の課役を1年間免除する措置を取った。
English: Furthermore, there were stipulations such as when a student withdrew from Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) notification must be made to hongan (Gaku-ryo [law on scholarship]); when a commandeered laborer died before his return, notification must be made to hongan (Fueki-ryo [law on tax]); chonai and shijin (lower rank officers) whose master died must be returned to hongan (Senjo-ryo [law on recruitment and promotion of government officials]); and sakimori (soldiers deployed for boarder defenses) who fell sick must be returned to hongan (Gunbo-ryo [law on military defense]).
Japanese: また、大学寮の学生が退学した場合は本貫に通告すること（学令）、徴発された労役者が帰還前に死亡した場合には本貫に通告すること（賦役令）、本主が死亡した帳内・資人は本貫に送還すること（選叙令）、病気になって倒れた防人は本貫に送還すること（軍防令）などの規定が存在した。
English: Later, the samurai class that suddenly rose to power after the late Heian Period began using their territory land (myoden) as their surname (myoji).
Japanese: その後、平安時代末期以降に勃興した武士階級が、所領とした土地（名田）を名字（苗字）とするようになった。
English: For example, honganchi of the Mori clan was Mori-no-sho in Sagami Province, and that of the Amago clan was Amago-go, Kora-no-sho in Omi Province.
Japanese: たとえば毛利氏の本貫地は相模国毛利荘、尼子氏の本貫地は近江国甲良荘尼子郷である。
English: Since the deity enshrined in honganchi was called 'Ubusunagami' (guardian deity of one's birthplace), Hongan was also called Ubusuna, and gradually became a synonym of 'Ujigami' (guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion).
Japanese: 本貫地に祀られている神を、「産土神（うぶすながみ）」と称するため、本貫を（うぶすな）と訓み、次第に「氏神（うじがみ）」と同意語となった。
English: Although the family name, which describes the origin of the same clan, is the same, it was considered a different clan when the hongan was different.
Japanese: 同一の氏族のルーツを表すモノである、同姓の場合でも本貫が違えば別の氏族と見なされる。
English: Since there are only about 250 family names in Korea and family names such as Kim, Ri, Bag, Choe, and Jeong (the five major names) hold a majority, people have identified each other by connecting hongan and the family names.
Japanese: 朝鮮の姓は約250と少なく、金、李、朴、崔、鄭（5大姓）などの姓が多数を占めるため、本貫と姓をつなげる事でお互いを区別してきた面もある。
English: For instance, in the case of the family name of Kim, hongan was an effective measure in distinguishing clans, since there was the royal family of Gimhae Gaya (in Gaya) and the royal family of Silla, which were clans with completely different lineage.
Japanese: たとえば金姓の場合、金海伽耶(駕洛国)王族系と新羅王族系と全く血統の違う氏族が在るために本貫は氏族を区別する為の有効な手段であった。
English: In South Korea, the greatest figure among one's ancestor was referred to as Shiso (founder), and the place where he or his descendants settled down or were appointed were regarded as hongan.
Japanese: 韓国の本貫では先祖の中の偉大な人物を始祖と呼び、その人物かその子孫が住み着いた土地や封じられた場所などを本貫とする。
English: Also, even with the same hongan, if its difference is obvious, there are cases where it is treated as another hongan or making changes to the hongan.
Japanese: また同本貫でも明らかに異なる場合は別本貫として扱ったり本貫を変えるケースがある。
English: For example, in the case of the Gimhae Kim clan, there was the hongan having the royal family of Gimgwan Gaya as its founder, the Jeung Gimhae Kim clan having Sayaka as its founder, and the Kim clan (they later changed their name to the Gimnyeong Kim clan) claimed themselves as the descendants of the royal family of Silla and having Gimhae as its hongan.
Japanese: たとえば、金海金氏の場合、金官伽耶王族を祖とする本貫と沙也可などを祖とする贈金海金氏、新羅王族の末裔を称し、金海を本貫にした金氏（後に金寧金氏と改称した）が存在した。
English: In addition, the Andong Kim clan also includes the Kim clan (the old Andong Kim clan) claiming themselves as the descendants of the royal family of Silla, and the new Andong Kim clan having a meritorious retainer for establishment of Goryeo as its founder.
Japanese: また、安東金氏にも新羅王族の末裔を称する金氏（旧安東金氏）と高麗建国の功臣を祖とする新安東金氏がある。
English: When the hongan is the same, one is named by the use of Koretsuji (generational character) and so on, and in most cases, the same Chinese character is used to name those who are of the same generation.
Japanese: 同じ本貫の場合、名前を付ける場合に行列字などを用いて同じ代同士は同じ漢字を使って人名朝鮮人の名前するケースも多い。
English: Zokufu held such an important position that during the period of Yi Dynasty Korea (1392-1910), that the first thing to save in case of fire was zokufu.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮時代（1392年-1910年）に火事に遭った場合最初に持ち出すのは族譜と言われたほど重要な地位を占めていた。
English: The first zokufu made in the Korean Peninsula is said to be the zokufu of the Suwon Paik clan made in 1403.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島で最初に作られた族譜は、1403年に作られた水原白氏の族譜とされる。
English: Although zokufu has been created since the 15th century, it is said to be after the 16th century when zokufu was officially created.
Japanese: 15世紀から族譜の作成が行われていたものの本格的に族譜が作られるのは16世紀以降になってからだと言われている。
English: One of the roles of hongan or zokufu in Korea is for Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) to prove the legitimacy and quality of their family lines.
Japanese: 朝鮮に於ける本貫や族譜の役割は、両班が自らの家系の正統性や優秀性を証明する為の側面もある。
English: Due to this attribute, the common hongan in South Korea consist mostly of the royal families of Silla, the royal families of Gaya (their Chushiso were the meritorious retainers who contributed to Tongilsilla), local ruling families and nobles of Silla, meritorious retainers of Goryeo, and immigrants such as famous Chinese scholars and military commanders (However, Wang families or Son families among Chinese immigrants have no hongan with the ancestry of the immigrants or small hongan with unclear origin.)
Japanese: その性格ゆえか、韓国に多い本貫は、新羅王族系、伽耶王族系（中始祖が統一新羅に貢献した功臣）、新羅豪族・貴族系、高麗の功臣及び中国の著名な学者や武将などの渡来系（ただし、中国渡来系の中で王姓・孫姓などは、渡来系を祖先とする本貫が皆無か由来が不明な小さな本貫のみである）が大半を占める。
English: On the other hand, the Baekje line is extremely limited having families of the Jeongseon Jeon clan and the Cheonan Jeon clan, and the Goguryeo line has mainly the Jinju Gang clan.
Japanese: 反面百済系は、旌善全氏、天安全氏の系列、高句麗系は、晋州姜氏ぐらいと極端に少ない。
English: In addition, there are cases where a branch family is established and separate into a new hongan each time families prospered.
Japanese: また、隆盛を誇った家系はそのつど分家し、新たな本貫に別れる場合がある。
English: For example, in the line of the Gyeongju Kim clan of the royal family of Silla, the descendants of the third and fourth sons of the 56th King Gyeongsun (the last king of Silla) is the Gyeongju Kim clan.
Japanese: たとえば、新羅王族の慶州金氏の系列では、56代敬順王（新羅最後の王）の3男と4男の子孫が慶州金氏である。
English: The blood line of the first son died out, and the line was divided by the second son becoming the Raju Kim clan, the fifth son becoming 義城金氏, the sixth son becoming the Hongju Kim clan, the seventh son becoming Eonyang Kim clan, the eighth son becoming the Samcheog Kim clan, and the ninth son becoming the Ulsan Kim clan.
Japanese: 長男の血統は絶え、次男が羅州金氏、5男が義城金氏、6男が洪州金氏、7男が彦陽金氏、8男が三陟金氏、9男が蔚山金氏と別れている。
English: The blood line of the fourth son is separated further into smaller groups, and has big families including the Andong Kim clan and the Gimnyeong Kim clan.
Japanese: 4男の血統は更に細かく別れ、安東金氏、金寧金氏などの大族を抱えている。
English: Moreover, the descendants of the 54th King Gyeongmyeong are also separated into more than ten hongan including his first son's Milyang bag clan.
Japanese: また、54代景明王の子孫も長男の密陽朴氏を初めとして10以上の本貫に別れている。
English: However, government posts and zokufu were sold from the late to the end of Yi Dynasty Korea period, which confused the hongan as blood line.
Japanese: しかしながら、李氏朝鮮後期から末期かけて売官や族譜の売買が行われ、血統としての本貫は混乱してしまった。
English: In Republic of Korea, until the Civil Code Article 809 Section 1 was declared void at the Constitutional Court in 1997 (Marriage ban of the same family name and hongan), marriage between those having the same family name and the same hongan was prohibited.
Japanese: 大韓民国では、1997年に憲法裁判所で民法第809条1号が無効と判断されるまで、同姓同本貫の場合の結婚が禁止されていた（同姓同本不婚）。
English: After this ruling, de facto marriage couples with the same family names and hongan surfaced, and had come to be provided with the benefit of lawful marriage (Today marriage within eighth degree relatives is not legally permitted in South Korea).
Japanese: この判決後、同姓同本の事実婚の夫婦が表に出、法律上の夫婦の便宜を受けることが出来るようになった（現在韓国では、八親等内の親戚の結婚は法的に認められない）。
English: (The Gimhae Kim clan, the Gimhae Heo clan, and the Incheon Ri clan have different family names, but they share the originator as King Suro-wang in Gimgwan Gaya, and were treated as the same hongan, which prevented them from getting married.)
Japanese: （なお、金海金氏と金海許氏と仁川李氏は別姓であるが始祖を同じ金官伽耶の首露王としているため同本貫として扱われ、結婚が認められなかった。）
English: Within the hongan with the same name, there is one that regards Sayaka (Kim Chung-seon) who was a Japanese general who surrendered at the Bunroku campaign as the originator, but it is treated as another hongan.
Japanese: 同名の本貫に、文禄の役時の日本の降将沙也可（金忠善）を始祖とするものがあるが別本貫扱いになる。
English: The Gimhae Heo clan is considered to be the descendants of King Suro-wang of Gimgwan Gaya, and treated equally with the hongan of the Gimhae Kim clan.
Japanese: 金海許氏は、金官伽耶の首露王の子孫とし、金海金氏と同本貫扱いとする。
English: This stems from the fact that King Suro-wang and his wife from the Heo clan had ten sons, two of which were given the family name of Heo.
Japanese: これは首露王と王妃許氏の間に10人の息子がおり、そのうち2人に許姓を名乗らせたと言う事から来ている。
English: They claim Alpyeong as their first ancestor, and they served as the village mayor of Keupryang, one of the six villages at the time of establishment of Silla (Silla-Yukbu).
Japanese: 始祖を謁平と称し、新羅建国時の6村(新羅六部）の一つ、及梁部の村長をしていた。
English: Just as the Gyeongju Ri clan, they claim 蘇伐都利 (Yeonweon CHOE), the village mayor of 沙梁部, one of the Silla-Yukbu at the time of establishment of Silla, as their originator.
Japanese: 慶州李氏と同じく、新羅建国時の新羅六部の一つ沙梁部の村長だった蘇伐都利（崔淵源）を始祖と称する。
English: Although with the same hongan, there are groups having Dojeong JEONG, a descendant of Pae ho JI, as the originator, a group having Sonwi JEONG as the originator, and a group having Eung JEONG as the originator.
Japanese: 同じ本貫ながら、智伯虎の子孫である鄭道正を始祖とする派と、鄭遜位を始祖とする派、鄭膺を始祖とする派がある。
English: After the upheavals in the West Jin period, hogan was detached from its use as an indication one's birthplace, to a genealogical meaning that indicates the origin of the first ancestor.
Japanese: 動乱を経た西晋以降、本貫はその人物の出身地とは乖離して始祖の出自を示す系譜上の意味となった。
English: Among the Chinese residents and Chinese descents that are living abroad, the word hongan is used to indicate the hometown of ancestors in China (for both the registered address and the original domicile).
Japanese: 華僑・華人の間では、中国における祖先の出身地を示すものとして本貫の語が用いられる（本籍・原籍とも）。
English: Rangaku is a general term for European art and science, culture and skills imported into Japan through the Netherlands in the Edo period.
Japanese: 蘭学（らんがく）は、江戸時代にオランダを通じて日本に入ってきたヨーロッパの学術・文化・技術の総称。
English: Among the pioneers, Joken NISHIKAWA from Nagasaki, Hizen Province wrote "Kaitsushoko" (Considerations on commerce with foreign countries) which described overseas circumstances he learned in Nagasaki from the viewpoint of trade relations.
Japanese: 先駆者としては、肥前国長崎生まれの西川如見がおり、長崎で見聞した海外事情を通商関係の観点から記述した『華夷通商考』を著した。
English: He also learned astronomy and calendar from Yoshinobu KOBAYASHI, and his theory, based on Chinese astronomy though, showed great understanding of European astronomy as well.
Japanese: かれはまた、天文・暦算を林吉右衛門門下の小林義信に学んでおり、その学説は中国の天文学説を主としながらもヨーロッパ天文学説についても深い理解を寄せていた。
English: At first, interpreters began to study Rangaku, and Hakuseki ARAI demonstrated the enlightened understanding of overseas circumstances in his book "Seiyo kibun" (Western Accounts), and then, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA relaxed the import ban on Chinese translations of Dutch documents, and told Konmei AOKI and Genjo NORO to study Dutch and promoted practical learning, which eventually allowed Rangaku to thrive.
Japanese: 通詞によって学ばれ始め、新井白石が『西洋紀聞』で開明的な海外理解を示し、徳川吉宗が漢訳蘭書の輸入禁止を緩和し、青木昆陽、野呂元丈に蘭語学習を命じ、実学を奨励したのちに盛んになった。
English: In the latter half of the Edo period, some wealthy Saigoku Daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in western Japan) including Shigehide SHIMAZU were so enthusiastic about Rangaku as to be called Ranheki daimyo (daimyo that affects anything Dutch), and then, Rangaku further developed with the support from these daimyo.
Japanese: 江戸時代も後半にさしかかると島津重豪をはじめ、財力ある西国大名の中にも蘭癖大名と呼ばれるほど蘭学に傾倒した者が現れ、その支援によって蘭学がいっそう振興した。
English: In 1774 during Tanuma period (when Okitsugu TANUMA led the bakufu), Genpaku SUGITA, Ryotaku MAENO and others translated a Dutch medical textbook, "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" into Japanese and published as "Kaitai Shinsho" (New Book of Anatomy), and Tadao SHIZUKI studied Newtonian mechanics and published the translation, "Rekisho Shinsho" (New Writings on Calendrical Phenomena).
Japanese: 田沼時代の1774年には、杉田玄白・前野良沢らがオランダの医学書の『ターヘル・アナトミア』を訳して『解体新書』として刊行、志筑忠雄はニュートン力学を研究し、『暦象新書』として訳した。
English: Bakufu Tenmonkata (officers in charge of astronomy) started translating maps of the world, and published "Shintei Bankokuzenzu" (A revised World Map) in 1810.
Japanese: 幕府天文方では世界地図の翻訳事業がなされ、1810年『新訂万国全図』を刊行した。
English: In 1782, Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, a merchant in Ise Province, drifted and went to Russia via the Aleutian Islands, and returned to Japan ten years later.
Japanese: 伊勢国の商人である大黒屋光太夫は1782年に漂流してアリューシャン列島からロシアへ渡り、10数年を経て帰国を果たした。
English: His rich knowledge of overseas was organized by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA into the book titled "Hokusa bunryaku" (Stories about Russia Told by a Repatriated Drifter) and encouraged the development of Rangaku.
Japanese: 彼の豊富な海外知識は桂川甫周が『北槎聞略』としてまとめ、蘭学発展のための刺激にもなった。
English: As for dictionaries, based on Halma's "Dutch-French Dictionary," the first Dutch-Japanese dictionary in Japan was compiled by Sanpaku INAMURA, Genzui UDAGAWA and others in 1796 and published as "Haruma wage" (the Japanese Edition of Halma's Dictionary" in 1798.
Japanese: 辞書としては、ハルマの『蘭仏辞書』をもとにして、1796年に日本最初の蘭和辞典が稲村三伯・宇田川玄随らによって編纂され1798年『ハルマ和解』として刊行された。
English: As Rangaku flourished, bakufu adopted a proposal by Kageyasu TAKAHASHI, and established Bansho-wage Goyo (Government Office for Translation of Barbarian Books) and made them translate foreign books, but the project was left unfinished.
Japanese: 蘭学興隆に伴い、幕府は高橋景保の建議を容れ、1811年に天文方に蛮書和解御用を設けて洋書翻訳をさせたが、これは未完に終わった。
English: During the Bunsei era, Philipp Franz von SIEBOLD came to Japan and founded his school, Narutaki-juku in the suburbs of Nagasaki and taught pupils including Choei TAKANO and Sanei KOSEKI.
Japanese: 文政年間にはフィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトが日本を訪れ、長崎の郊外に鳴滝塾を開いて高野長英や小関三英などの門下生を教えた。
English: On the other hand, the Edo bakufu, on the alert for foreign countries calling for the opening of Japan, started to suppress political and ideological activities, and crackdowns such as Siebold Incident and Bansha no goku (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning) took place, which were followed by orders to restrict translation of foreign books.
Japanese: 一方、外国からの開国要求を警戒した江戸幕府により、政治・思想面では抑圧が加わり、シーボルト事件、蛮社の獄などの弾圧事件が起こり、続いて蘭書翻訳取締令が出された。
English: At the end of the Edo period, Japan was forced to open up to the West, and new learning such as German studies in the German language flew into Japan.
Japanese: 幕末には日本も開国を余儀なくされて英語による英学、ドイツ語による獨逸学などの新たな学問が流入するようになった