nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For instance, in these problems, chopsticks are difficult to use for people who have disturbance of consciousness or motility disorder of fingertips, here, if they use spork (particularly, they use the spork with fork-like tip), it is easy for them to bring food to their mouths without moving their faces to eating utensils in unnatural posture.
Japanese: こういった問題において、例えば箸は軽度の意識障害や指先の運動機能障害がある場合に大変扱い難い食器となってしまうわけだが、ここで先割れスプーン（特に先端部がフォーク状になっているもの）を使うと、無理な姿勢で食器に顔を近づけずとも、口元まで食事を運びやすい。
English: In addition, eating utensils with tweezers and spoon function are developed and they are found in stores handling rehabilitation goods.
Japanese: またその他にもピンセットとスプーンを併せたような食器も開発されており、それらは介護用品取扱店などで見掛けることができる。
English: Using these well-devised eating utensils is one of the solution for Inugui, however, on the other hand, it is important for us to understand that 'some people are forced to eat like a dog' because of individual unavoidable reasons.
Japanese: こういった工夫された食器の使用は一つの解決策ではあるが、その一方では止むに止まれぬ個々の事情により「犬食いをせざるを得ない」ということへの理解も重要だと言えよう。
English: Kurimanju, one of traditional Japanese confectioneries, is a type of manju (a bun stuffed with azuki-bean paste).
Japanese: 栗饅頭（くりまんじゅう）は、和菓子の種類の一つであり、饅頭の種類の一つである。
English: Sometimes it refers to the manju which was baked after brushing some egg yolk on the surface to create chestnut-like color, shine, and shape.
Japanese: 饅頭の表面に卵黄を塗り焼くことによって、栗のような色・照り・形をした饅頭のことを言うこともある。
English: Or sometimes it refers to the manju which are made using the above two methods.
Japanese: あるいは、この二つのいずれをも取り入れたもののことを言うこともある。
English: There are many types of Kurimanju, such as the Kurimanju which has the boiled-smashed-chestnut paste mixed with white bean jam and the Kurimanju with a whole boiled-chestnut inside.
Japanese: 白餡にゆでた栗をつぶした餡をまぜたもの、あるいはゆでた栗をそのまま入れたものなど多くの種類がある。
English: Many of the Kurimanju sold at supermarkets and other stores have the dark brown color created by baking them after putting some egg yolk on top.
Japanese: スーパーマーケットなどで市販されている栗饅頭の多くは、卵黄を塗ることによって焦げ茶色の焼き色をつけている。
English: However, the manufactures of Kurimanju make various efforts to reduce the sweetness so that they become more palatable for the customers who don't have sweet tooth.
Japanese: しかし、栗饅頭を製造しているメーカーは様々な努力によって甘さを抑え、甘党でない顧客にも食べやすくするなどの工夫を行っている。
English: Kurimanju, one of the most popular traditional Japanese confectioneries, is sold at many supermarkets and convenience stores.
Japanese: 栗饅頭は、和菓子の中でも最も身近なものの一つであり、スーパーやコンビニエンスストアでも多く売られている。
English: There are many manufactures all over Japan which have made Kurimanju for a long time; some of which have turned out to be the local specialties or souvenirs of the regions.
Japanese: 全国各地には古くより栗饅頭を作っている製造元も多く、その中にはその地域の名物菓子、土産菓子にまでなっているものもある。
English: Kogetsudo, located in Kokurakita Ward, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture, has made their own Kurimanju since the company was established in 1895.
Japanese: 福岡県北九州市小倉北区の湖月堂（こげつどう）の栗饅頭は、1895年（明治28年）の創業以来作られている
English: At the time when the company was established, their Kurimanju gained a high reputation because people bought it as the "Kachiguri" (literally "a winning chestnut"), praying for a victory in the Japanese-Sino War and the Japanese-Russo War.
Japanese: 創業当時は日清戦争・日露戦争の戦勝祈願として、「勝ち栗」に通じるとして高い評判を得た。
English: The author, Seicho MATSUMOTO, who was originally from Kokurakita Ward, Kitakyushu City, talks about the Kurimanju in a television commercial.
Japanese: 北九州市小倉北区出身の作家・松本清張もテレビCMなどで栗饅頭について語っている。
English: The Kurimanju produced by Tanaka-kyokueido (a confectionery shop) is a local specialty of Nagasaki Prefecture since the middle of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 長崎市の田中旭栄堂（たなかきょくえいどう）の栗饅頭も、明治中期より長崎市の名物菓子である。
English: The Kurimanju won the top award, the Honorary President Award, at the 21st National Confectionery Exposition (held in Matsue City) in 1988.
Japanese: 1988年の第21回全国菓子大博覧会（松江市）で最高賞の名誉総裁賞を受賞している。
English: It was called "the sweetest manju in Nagasaki" because in order to keep good quality in the summer, the chestnuts were boiled in syrup until all the syrup was dissolved.
Japanese: 昔は夏場に日持ちさせるために栗を煮るのにつかう汁を煮詰めていたため、「長崎一甘い饅頭」と呼ばれていた。
English: Hojo Kudai Meika no Isaoshi is the title of kabuki kyogen play.
Japanese: 北条九代名家功（ほうじょうくだいめいかのいさおし）は歌舞伎狂言の外題。
English: As the story of Takatoki HOJO from the first part had a good reputation, only this part is performed today.
Japanese: 第1幕（上の巻）の北条高時の件が好評だったので現在ではもっぱらこの幕のみ上演される。
English: It was written as a part of campaign to improve dramas upon the request of `kyuko kai,' a group of intellectuals that aim to modernize classic kabuki.
Japanese: 旧来の歌舞伎の近代化を図る知識人のグループ「求古会」の要請により、演劇改良運動の一環として書かれた。
English: He was outraged when he heard that a ronin(masterless samurai), Saburo ADACHI killed Takatoki's favorite dog that had attacked Saburo's mother.
Japanese: 折しも浪人の安達三郎が自らの母を襲った高時の愛犬を打ち殺したと聞き激怒。
English: His vassals including OSARAGI Mutsunokami and Jonosuke AKITA Nyudo persuaded Takatoki by saying, `Please do not kill someone unnecessarily because today is the anniversary of your ancestor, Yoshitoki HOJO's death,' and Takatoki unwillingly accepted to save ADACHI.
Japanese: しかし、家臣の大仏陸奥守や秋田城之介入道らに「今日は先祖北条義時公の御命日なので無益な殺生はお止しくだされ。」と諌められしぶしぶ助命する。
English: He was cared for by OSARAGI Mutsunokami and Jonosuke AKITA Nyudo, who rushed to the place where he was after hearing what happened to Takatoki, and Takatoki found out that he had been cheated.
Japanese: 変事を聞いて駆け付けた大仏、秋田らによって介抱され自分がだまされたと気づく。
English: Then, jeering laughter of Tengu (long-nosed goblin) rang in the sky, Takatoki became angry and glared at the sky with a naginata (Japanese halberd) in his hand.
Japanese: と、天空より天狗の嘲笑、怒った高時は薙刀を手に空をにらみつけるのであった。
English: While "Katsurekimono" has died out, the play of "Takatoki" is still performed.
Japanese: 多くの『活歴物』が断絶している中で、『高時』のみ現代に生き残っている。
English: This is because the topic on the stupidity of a person of power, which is common now and in the old days, a simple and clear story outline, the interesting Tengu Mai (dance), and a well-kown dialogue, ` Hojo kyudai menmen taru' (the Hojo clan lasted for nine generations), are loved by audiences.
Japanese: これは、昔も今も変わらぬ権力者の愚かさというテーマ、単純明快な筋と天狗舞の面白さ、「北条九代綿綿たる」などの名セリフなどが観客に受けるからである。
English: An innovative production where Takatoki was sitting to the side as the drama was unfolded was based on the idea of Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the ninth generation) at the time of the first performance.
Japanese: 幕明きに高時が横を向いて座っているという当時としては斬新な演出は初演時の市川團十郎(9代目)の工夫によるものである。
English: Kaoru OSANAI mentioned that `glaring at the sky, which is meaningless, is a typical thing that Takatoki would do,'
Japanese: 小山内薫は「睨んでも始まらない天を睨むのがいかにも高時らしい。」と評している。
English: Danjuro dedicated to learn another main character, Yoshisada NITTA, asking a scholar to study and reproduce Kacchu (armor and helmet) of Yoshisada, to draw a picture of Yoshisada's tachi nagashi at Inamuragasaki to give his friends.
Japanese: 団十郎はもう一人の主人公新田義貞に力を入れ、学者に義貞の甲冑を研究させて復元したり、稲村ヶ崎での太刀流しの絵を描かせて贔屓に配布した。
English: The cartoon (drawn by Kyosai KAWANABE), which criticized the play, was published by Robun KANAGAKI in `Kabuki Shinpo' (Kabuki Newspaper), and caused controversy.
Japanese: 仮名垣魯文が風刺した漫画（河鍋暁斎筆）を「歌舞伎新報」に掲載させて批判し問題となった。
English: `It is the illustration of Takatoki who was dancing Tengu mai, and nothing seems wrong with the picture on first glance.'
Japanese: 「・・・それは高時の天狗舞の図で、一見しては別に仔細もないようである。」
English: `Aside from Takatoki looking like Danjuro's, all the Tengu that dragged Takatoki about resembled members of Kyuko.'
Japanese: 「高時が団十郎の似顔にかかれてあるは勿論、それをひき廻している天狗どもが、すべて求古会員に擬えてあるというのであった。」
English: `somebody discovered that the number of Tengu is the same as the number of members, and the family names of the members appeared by tracing the faces and wings of Tengu like they did when they tried to find a picture.'
Japanese: 「天狗の数も会員と同数で、かの絵探しと同じように、その天狗の顔と翼をたどっていくと、会員の苗字がことごとく平仮名で現れるということを誰かが発見した。」
English: `That is, it meant that Danjuro was tossed about by the members of Kyuko, and Danjuro became angry at first.'
Japanese: 「つまり団十郎が求古会員に翻弄されているという」諷刺であるというので、本人の団十郎がまず怒った。」
English: `After examination on the matter, Hikosaku KUBOTA, who was one of Kyogen writers and was the editor of "Kabuki Shinpo" (Kabuki Newspaper), was determined to be the one who did such a thing, and thus, Mr. KUBOTA came to be in the firing line.'
Japanese: 「詮議の結果、それは狂言作者の一人で『歌舞伎新報』の編集者たる久保田彦作の仕業に相違ないと決められて、久保田氏が批判の矢面に立つことになった。」
English: `This incident was resolved after Mr. Kubota submitted an apologizing letter.' (By Kido OKAMOTO, "Meiji Gekidan Ranpu no Motonite" published by Iwanami bunko, in 1993)
Japanese: 「・・・・同氏から鹿爪らしい謝罪状を提出して事済みになったそうである。」（岡本綺堂『明治劇談・ランプの下にて』岩波文庫1993年）
English: His favorite concubine, Kinugasa, the fourth generation, Fukusuke NAKAMURA (later known as Utaemon NAKAMURA [the fifth generation])
Japanese: 愛妾　衣笠・・・・・・・・・四代目中村福助（のち中村歌右衛門(5代目)）
English: Kyuso is a specter in Japan which has the form of a mouse and is said to have lived for hundreds and thousands of years by undergoing transformation.
Japanese: 旧鼠（きゅうそ）は、変化して何百年・何千年を生きているという日本のネズミの妖怪。
English: It is a mouse about the size of a medium-sized dog and is said to eat even a cat; on the other hand, sometimes it is said to mate with a cat and rear its blood-related kittens (as later described).
Japanese: 中型イヌほどの大きさで、ネコすらも食べるといわれる鼠であるが、その反面、猫と交わり、血のつながった子猫（後述）を育てることもあるという。
English: According to "Ehon Hyaku Monogatari" (Picture Book of a Hundred Stories), a collection of strange stories during the Edo period, kyuso lived in a stable of a certain house during the Bunmei era.
Japanese: 江戸時代の奇談集『絵本百物語』によれば、文明(日本)年間、ある家の厩舎に旧鼠が棲みついていたという。
English: This bogy turned into a specter over the years; it became an extremely giant mouse which was said to have lived over three thousand years.
Japanese: この化け物は、歳を重ねて妖怪と化し、さらに3千年余りを生き永らえているという、怖ろしく大きな鼠であった。
English: One day, a cat appeared under the above-described circumstances, mated with kyuso, and bore five kittens.
Japanese: そのような所へある日1匹の猫がやってきて旧鼠と交わり、やがて5匹の子猫を産んだ。
English: Kyuso saw the motherless kittens every night and took care of thm; then once the kittens were safely grown up, kyuso disappeared somewhere.
Japanese: 親無しとなった子猫たちに対して旧鼠は、夜な夜なそのもとへやってきてこれらの世話をし、猫たちが無事に育った後にどこかへと姿を消したという。
English: According to the same book, kyuso in Yamato Province (present-day Nara Prefecture) was a calico cat with the hair of red, white and black colors, and was said to be always eating cats.
Japanese: また同書によれば、大和国（現在の奈良県）にいた旧鼠は、その毛色が赤白黒の三毛というもので、いつも猫を食べていたという。
English: Furthermore, the following description is contained in "Okinagusa", an essay written during the mid-Edo period.
Japanese: そのほか、江戸中期の随筆『翁草（おきなぐさ）』には以下のようにある。
English: This is a story taking place in around 1751 in Owari Province, Nagoya-go (present-day Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture) in Aichi-gun (Aichi Prefecture).
Japanese: 宝暦も初めの頃（1751年頃）の尾張国は愛知郡(愛知県)名古屋郷（現・愛知県名古屋市）での話。
English: At a certain house, andon (paper-covered lamp stand) was burning out almost every night; when the cause was searched, it was discovered that kyuso had been appearing in the middle of the night to lick the fish oil that was used for the light.
Japanese: 毎晩のように行灯の火が消える家があり、原因は何であるかと調べたところ、夜中に旧鼠が現れて灯りに使う魚油を舐め取っていたという。
English: A cat was prepared in hope of getting rid of the bogy mouse; then kyuso appeared.
Japanese: そこでこの化けもの鼠を退治すべく猫を用意して夜を待ち、かくして旧鼠が現れた。
English: However, the cat failed to catch kyuso and instead, kyuso bit into the cat's throat, killed it, and shrewdly ran away.
Japanese: しかし旧鼠は猫の爪にかかることなく、それどころが猫の喉に噛みついて殺し、まんまと逃げ去ってしまった。
English: People in the household were very much surprised, and after poking around various places in search of a cat which was good at killing mice, once again challenged kyuso.
Japanese: 家の者は大いに驚き、改めてあちこちを回って鼠退治の巧い猫を捜し当て、再び旧鼠に挑むこととなる。
English: Time ticked away, and it is said that eventually kyuso moved and the two fought; once again, however, kyuso bit the cat to death and ran away.
Japanese: 時が過ぎ、ついにたまりかねた旧鼠は動いて猫と組み合い争ったが、またもや猫を噛み殺して逃げ去ったという。
English: As such, people observed a scene just like the one described in the proverb, "a cornered mouse will bite the cat", running true to form.
Japanese: こうして人々は、ことわざ「窮鼠（きゅうそ）猫を噛む」を地で行くありさまを目にしたとのことである。
English: Kinukatsugi is a dish which small satoimo taro potatoes are steamed with their skins on and eaten by pealing their skins.
Japanese: きぬかつぎは、サトイモの小芋を皮のまま蒸し、その皮を剥いて食べる料理。
English: The naming came from the way in which satoimo taro potatoes with their skins resembles 'kinukazuki,' which was the female head cover (often made of silk) worn during the Heian period.
Japanese: サトイモの皮のついた様子を、平安時代の女性の衣装・衣被ぎ（きぬかづき）になぞらえて名付けたものである。
English: Because of its origin, kinukatsugi is also called 'kinukazuki,' or written in Japanese characters as '絹かつぎ,' meaning 'carrying silk.'
Japanese: 由来からきぬかづきとも呼ばれたり、「絹かつぎ」と表記される場合もある。
English: Also, the variety of small satoimo taro potatoes called Ishikawa-wase, which are in season in the early autumn, is particularly referred to as 'kinukatsugi.'
Japanese: また、石川早生という品種のサトイモの、特に秋口にのみ出回る子芋もきぬかつぎと呼ばれている。
English: Small satoimo taro potatoes are steamed with their skins on and eaten with condiments such as salt or miso paste.
Japanese: 子芋を皮ごと蒸す、または茹でたものを、塩や味噌などの調味料で味をつけて食する。
English: Their skins are usually pealed when eating, and one of the most well-known methods of pealing the skin is to separate the skin and the potato by inserting the knife underneath the skin and move it along the circumference of the potato, then the potato are pushed out when eating.
Japanese: 皮は除いて食べられるが、剥き方のひとつに皮の内側に包丁を入れてぐるりと切れ込みを入れた後、中身を押し出して食べる方法が良く知られる。
English: Oshiroibaba (also called "Oshiroibabaa") or "Oshiroi Basan" is a specter in the form of an old woman according a legend told in the basin of Totsu-kawa River, Yoshino-gun, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 白粉婆（おしろいばばあ、おしろいばば）または白粉婆さん（おしろいばあさん）は、奈良県吉野郡十津川流域に伝わる老婆の妖怪。
English: This specter is said to look like an old woman who appears by dragging a mirror and making a jangling sound.
Japanese: 鏡を引きずってジャラジャラと音を立てつつ現れる、老婆の姿の妖怪といわれる。
English: In "Konjaku Hyakki Shui" (Ancient and Modern Gleanings of the Hundred Demons) by Sekien TORIYAMA, it is depicted under the name "Oshiroibaba" as a very stooped old woman with a large, ragged umbrella over her head, walking with a stick in her right hand and holding a sake bottle in her left hand.
Japanese: 鳥山石燕『今昔百鬼拾遺』には「白粉婆」の名で、ひどく腰の曲がった老婆が、大きな破れ傘を頭に被り、右手で杖をつき、左手には酒徳利を持っている姿が描かれている。
English: According to an expository writing of the same book, it is a waiting woman serving a deity of face powder called "Shifunsenjo" (Goddess of White Powder); however, it is unclear whether this is the same one as the Oshiroibaba according to the legend in Nara.
Japanese: 同書の解説文によれば、脂粉仙娘（しふんせんじょ）というおしろいの神に仕えている侍女とされているが、奈良の伝承における白粉婆と同一のものかは不明。
English: It is said that the face is entirely painted with white powder; the painting is not only thick but also very dauby, in such a way that one feels scared just by looking at the face.
Japanese: 顔一面に白粉を塗りたくっているが、この塗り方が厚ぼったい上にひどく雑で、見るだけで恐怖を覚えるともいう。
English: In "Zusetsu Minzokugaku Zenshu" (Illustrated Collection of Folklore) written by a folklorist called Morihiko FUJISAWA, it is depicted as a specter of the same type as Yuki Onna (Snow Woman) and that it appears on a snow night seeking sake in the Noto Peninsula region in Ishikawa Prefecture; however, there is actually no such tradition in Noto and one theory has it that Fujisawa invented the story by association of "Konjaku Hyakki Shui".
Japanese: 民俗学者・藤沢衛彦の著書『図説民俗学全集』によれば、雪女と同種の妖怪であり、石川県能登半島地方で雪の降る夜に酒を求めて現れるとされるが、実際には能登にはそのような伝承は存在せず、藤沢が『今昔百鬼拾遺』から連想して創作したものとの説がある。
English: Also, although the relation with the above-described Oshiroibaba is unclear, there is also the following legend in which an old woman named "Oshiroibaba" appeared during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: また上記の白粉婆との関連は不明だが、室町時代に「白粉婆」という名の老婆が現れたという、以下のような伝説もある。
English: In response to an idea generated by Reverend Koshin, zasu (a head priest of a temple) of Hase-dera Temple, artist monks gathered from all over the country to paint Kannon Bosatsu (Kannon Buddhisattva), which is honzon (principal object of worship at a temple) of the temple, on a sheet of paper, as large as the entire hondo (main hall), in hope that the conditions of the war-torn country would improve as much as possible.
Japanese: 長谷寺の座主・弘深上人の発案で、戦乱の世を少しでも良くするべく、本堂一杯の大きさの紙に寺の本尊である観音菩薩を描くことになり、全国から画僧たちが集まった。
English: One day, however, troops of Ashikaga Shogun intruded the temple and rooted out the crops of the temple in requisition.
Japanese: しかしある日、足利将軍家の軍勢が寺に押しかけ、寺や町の穀物を根こそぎ徴発してしまった。
English: Artist-monks who heard the rumor feared that no food may be served to them; however, a trainee priest of the temple who explained the circumstances informed the artist-monks that food can still be prepared with the saving of Kannon.
Japanese: 噂を聞いた画僧たちは食事が出ないのでは不安がっていたところ、寺の小僧は事情を説明した上で、それでも観音の救いによって食事の支度ができると伝えた。
English: Artist-monks, in wonder, were led by the trainee priest to the well where a young girl was washing rice.
Japanese: 不思議に思った画僧たちが小僧の案内で井戸端へ行くと、1人の娘が米を研いでいた。
English: When the girl washed the rice in a tub and emptied it in a colander, a single grain of rice remained in the tub; when the girl soaked it in water, the rice swelled and filled the tub entirely, and kept increasing as the girl washed the rice.
Japanese: 桶で研いだ米をざるにあけると、桶に1粒だけ米が残り、それを水につけると米が桶一杯に膨れ上がり、それをさらに研ぐことで米はどんどん増えていた。
English: One of the artist-monks, wishing to see the face of the girl who may be an incarnation of Kannon (Deity of Mercy), threw a pebble at her without listing to his associates who tried to stop him.
Japanese: 画僧の1人は、彼女が観音の化身ならば顔を見てみたいと、仲間の制止も聞かずに小石を投げつけた。
English: The face, which was painted with white powder, was like that of a wrinkled old woman because she had been through a lot for the sake of the artist-monks.
Japanese: その顔は白粉を塗っていたが、画僧たちのために苦労を重ねたことで皺だらけの老婆のようになっていた。
English: However, none of the artist-monks noticed the girl's true face because they were all down on their knees before her radiance and with their gratefulness.
Japanese: しかし画僧たちはそのまばゆさ、ありがたさを前にして1人残らずひれ伏していたため、誰1人その素顔に気づくことはなかった。
English: Until around the Meiji period, an event of painting this statue with white powder was held at Shusho-e (New Year's Service) during New Year Holidays every year.
Japanese: 明治時代の頃までは、毎年正月の修正会でこの像に白粉を塗る行事が行われていたという。
English: The paintings on the door on the upper part, as well as on the four sides on the lower part, are the work of both lacquer painting and oil painting.
Japanese: 上部の扉、下部の四面などにある絵画は漆絵と油絵の混用で制作されている。
English: The original Buddha statue of honzon (principal object of worship at a temple) was stolen in the thirteenth century; today, a bronze Kannon-zo (statue of the Kannon) is enshrined temporarily.
Japanese: もともとの本尊仏像は、１３世紀に盗難にあい、現在は仮に金銅観音像を納めてある。
English: Taisho Roman (often described in the Chinese character '大正浪漫') refers to a trend of thought or cultural events that conveys the atmosphere of the Taisho period.
Japanese: 大正ロマン（たいしょうろまん：しばしば「大正浪漫」とも表記される）とは、大正時代の雰囲気を伝える思潮や文化事象を指して呼ぶことばである。
English: The idealistic trend in hoping for a new era and the liberation of an individual, which were affected by the 'romanticism' of Europe around the 19th century, began to be referred to as 'Taisho Roman.'
Japanese: 19世紀を中心にヨーロッパで展開した精神運動である「ロマン主義」の影響を受け、大正時代の個人の解放や新しい時代への理想に満ちた風潮にかぶせて、このように呼ばれるようになった。
English: Although it lasted only for 15 years between Meiji and Showa periods, Taisho period saw dynamic changes both within and outside of the country.
Japanese: 大正時代は、明治と昭和にはさまれ15年と短いながらも、国内外が激動の時代であった。
English: Japan experienced the Meiji Restoration and opening of the country, and enhanced its national strength thanks to the favorable economic situation triggered by its victory in two wars (Japanese-Sino War and Japanese-Russo War).
Japanese: とくに日本では明治維新を経て開国し、二度の戦勝（日清戦争・日露戦争）による好景気も得て国力も高まった。
English: During this period, as a country of imperialism, Japan ranked with the western powers, which invigorated them to join the victorious side in World War I, and the whole nation were thrilled with the enhancement of the national prestige.
Japanese: 帝国主義の国として欧米列強と肩を並べ、勢いを得て第一次世界大戦にも参戦、勝利の側につき国中が国威の発揚に沸いた時代である。
English: The Shinokosho class system of the Edo period (consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) placed merchants in the lowest ranks; however, this rank was reversed due to the economic liberalization in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 士農工商と江戸時代には最下層とされた商人の立場が、明治時代の経済の自由化とともに逆転する。
English: The company system learned from the western countries was growing, and private companies, which were only privately-run stores in a system, developed on a large scale and carried out overseas expansion.
Japanese: 欧米から学んだ会社制度が発達し、制度上は個人商店であった私企業が発展、世界に向けて大規模化していく。
English: People called 'the newly rich' owing to the speculative gains also appeared, and the dreams and ambitions for the new era were aroused among ordinary people.
Japanese: また投機の成功で「成金」と呼ばれるような個人も現れ、庶民においても新時代への夢や野望が大いに掻き立てられた。
English: After civilization and enlightenment, the influence of feudalism and national isolation seemed to disappear and modern culture flooded into Japan from Western countries.
Japanese: 文明開化を経て封建主義や鎖国の影響も影をひそめ、欧米から近代文化がどっと流入する。
English: Although the scenery in the countryside did not change, the foundation of towns and cities came to be formed gradually over 45 years during the Meiji period.
Japanese: 農村村落の風景は変わらないものの、明治の45年間をかけて、徐々に町や都市の基盤が形づくられた時期である。
English: The propagation of culture and information was further promoted in this period, which was partially due to the introduction of new media along with the development of technologies in the fields of audio recording, moving-pictures and printing.
Japanese: 録音や活動写真そして印刷技術などの発達による新しいメディアの出現もあり、文化・情報の伝播がいっそう促進された時代でもある。
English: Taisho democracy' emerged and the social status of ordinary people and women improved.
Japanese: 「大正デモクラシー」つまり民本主義が台頭（民衆と女性の地位向上）した。
English: New art, including literature, painting, music and plays, which had been influenced by Western culture, spread.
Japanese: 西洋文化の影響を受けた新しい文芸・絵画・音楽・演劇などの芸術が流布した。
English: In terms of thoughts also, freedom, liberation and saltation spread and popular culture blossomed mainly in the city areas.
Japanese: 思想的にも自由と開放・躍動の気分が横溢し、都市を中心とする大衆文化が花開いた。
English: Even in rural agricultural communities, which used to be isolated before, the situations in cities were quickly passed around by the movement of people and the increased distribution of goods along with the development of railways and introduction of automobiles.
Japanese: かつてはそれぞれ孤立していた地方農村にも、鉄道の発達や自動車の出現による人々の移動や物資の流通増加にともない、このような都市の状況がいち早く伝わるようになった。
English: However, in the latter half of this period, to make matters worse, the depression after World War I and the Great Kanto Earthquake occurred, and the stress from the inability to cope with the extreme ups and downs in the economy or the sudden change of a new era was accumulated at the bottom of the society.
Japanese: しかし、時代の後半に入ると大戦後の恐慌や関東大震災もあり、経済の激しい浮き沈みや新時代への急激な変化に対応できないストレスも底辺に潜在化してくる。
English: As seen in the 'proletarian literature' movement around the end of the Taisho period, in response to the political movement requiring transformation of the society, it was true that the longing and admiration expressed towards the passion to seek freedom by insisting on a person's rights despite the oppression by officials, either in secret, or openly, with the expectation of being punished, left a dramatic impression on the people of that period.
Japanese: 社会変革を求める政治運動に呼応して、大正末期ごろ興った「プロレタリア文学」運動に見えるように、官憲の弾圧に抵抗しながらも身を隠し、あるいは処罰を覚悟しながらも自らを主張する、その自由獲得への情熱に対する憧れや賛美が、同時代の人々にドラマチックな感動を与えたのも事実であろう。
English: Also, many famous people died by such diseases as pulmonary tuberculosis, which had been incurable at that time, as well as incidents resulting from the popular trend in free love.
Japanese: また、未だ克服されなかった肺結核などの病による著名人の死や、自由恋愛の流行による事件も数少なくなかった。
English: The shift to a new era excited people, but caused ambivalent struggles and psychological frictions, which led to social anxiety.
Japanese: 新時代への飛躍に心躍らせながらも、同時に社会不安に通底するアンビバレントな葛藤や心理的摩擦もあった。
English: It was from this period to the beginning of the Showa period that drugs and suicide became popular among writers and artists.
Japanese: 昭和の時代にかけて、作家や芸術家のあいだに薬物や自傷による自殺が流行するのも、この頃からである。
English: Due to the spread of tabloids, such news was exaggerated andcirculated, and a kind of atmosphere of degenerate arts and nihilism was created on social anxiety.
Japanese: 大衆紙の流布とともにそれらの情報が増幅して伝えられ、時代の不安の上にある種の退廃芸術的かつニヒリズム的な気分も醸し出された。