nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Nakatsukasasho (the Ministry of Central Affairs) developed the record of court ladies, and Shikibusho developed the records of Naige governmental officials and kokuga (provincial government office compounds) officials in the rank higher than the fifth rank and lower than Shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties about documents) of ryoseikoku (province) in the court rank and also developed the record of Gunji (local magistrates) once a year, while Hyobusho (the Ministry of Military) developed the records of military officers and Jibusho (the Ministry of Civil Administration) developed the records of monks once a year.
Japanese: 女官については中務省が、内外官司と五位以上、令制国の史生以下の国衙職員及び郡司については式部省（ただし、郡司については年1回）、武官については兵部省、僧侶について治部省（ただし年1回）作成された。
English: Those records were submitted to Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) in advance before presenting those records to the emperor on June 20 and on December 20 (the official submission of the records to Daijokan was made on January 1 [old calendar] and July 1 [old calendar] after `内裏分').
Japanese: 6月20日・12月20日に天皇に見せるために事前に蔵人所に提出（「内裏分」の後、1月1日(旧暦)・7月1日(旧暦)に太政官に対して正式な提出が行われた）。
English: The official court rank, name, and appointed time of the appointed person were recorded in bunincho (Records of Bunin [appointment]), and the information of the person who left the job due to his death or transfer to another division within the same year was corrected with a red pen.
Japanese: 補任帳は補任者の官位姓名及び任官日時が記載され、その年のうちに死去・異動によって職を離れた者は朱筆で訂正が加えられた。
English: Apart from this, the record of appointments to government posts was summarized in the form of timeline for future reference.
Japanese: また、これとは別に官職補任の記録を年表形式でまとめて後日の参考にすることが行われた。
English: The records of court nobles including "Kugyo bunin" (directory of court nobles), "kokushi bunin" (directory of Kokushi [provincial governor]),"Kurodo bunin" (directory of chamberlain), "Benkan bunin" (directory of benkan [controller of the Oversight Department]), and "Ryakumyo dodai," the records of samurai families including "Shogun shikken (regent) sidai," "Kanto hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) den," "Ryuei bunin (appointment)," and the records of temples including "Todaiji-bettoshidai (History of Todai-ji Temple betto),""Kofukuji Betto Shidai,""Tendai-zasu-ki" (Archives of Tendai-zasu), and "To-ji Choja Bunin" (records of the To-ji choja [the chief abbot of To-ji temple]) are well known.
Japanese: 公家では『公卿補任』・『国司補任』・『蔵人補任』・『弁官補任』・『歴名土代』など、武家では『将軍執権次第』・『関東評定衆伝』・『柳営補任』、寺院では『東大寺別当次第』・『興福寺別当次第』・『天台座主記』・『東寺長者補任』などが知られている。
English: Seikyo-sha was an opinion group and publishing house, which was established with a total of thirteen people as Dojin (coterie).
Japanese: 政教社（せいきょうしゃ）は、計１３名を同人として設立された言論団体・出版社である。
English: They included Enryo INOUE, Setsurei MIYAKE, Ichiro TANAHASHI, Seiran OOUCHI, Mokurai SHIMAJI and others from the Tetsugakukan (the predecessor of Toyo University) Group and Shigetaka SHIGA, Jugo SUGIURA and others from the Tokyo Eigo School (Tokyo English School, the predecessor of the Nihon Gakuen Junior High and High Schools).
Japanese: 主として井上円了、三宅雪嶺、棚橋一郎、大内青巒、島地黙雷ら哲学館（現在の東洋大学の前身）グループと、志賀重昂、杉浦重剛ら東京英語学校（現在の日本学園中学・高等学校の前身）グループから成る。
English: Seikyo-sha founded a magazine, "Nihonjin (The Japanese)", in April 1888 to promote nationalism in defiance of the Meiji government's policy that overemphasized on Europeanism.
Japanese: 明治政府による偏重した欧化主義政策を批判する立場から「国粋主義」を標榜し、1888年4月に雑誌『日本人(雑誌)』を創刊した。
English: In January 1907, Shinbun Nihon (a newspaper) fell into financial difficulties and when the president Katsunan KUGA resigned, many of the employees revolted against the profit-chasing style of Kinsuke ITO, the new president, and joined "Nihonjin" edited by MIYAKE, who was a close friend of Katsunan.
Japanese: 1907年1月、陸羯南の発行していた新聞日本(新聞)が経営難に陥り、陸羯南が社長を退いたことで社員の多くが新社長・伊藤欽亮の経営第一主義に反発し、羯南の盟友であった三宅の『日本人』に合流。
English: "Nihon oyobi Nihonjin" of Seikyo-sha competed with "Kokumin-no tomo (friend of the people)" published by Soho TOKUTOMI's Minyu-sha, and both won and shared popularity in the opinion world.
Japanese: 政教社の『日本及び日本人』は、徳富蘇峰の民友社が発行した『国民の友』と対抗し、言論界を二分化するほどの人気を博した。
English: Minyu-sha saw the Rokumeikan-bunka Culture, led by the government, as an aristocratic Europeanism and continued to criticize the government from the position of the commoners' Europeanism.
Japanese: 民友社は政府主導の鹿鳴館文化を貴族的欧化であると見なし、平民的欧化主義の立場から政府批判を繰り返していた。
English: In 1920 Seikyo-sha published "Josei Nipponjin (The Japanese Women)" and discussed the position of the Japanese women in the world.
Japanese: また、には「女性日本人」を発刊し、世界における日本女性の立場を論じている。
English: Following examples can be given for the ways in which Seikyo-sha's Dojins involved themselves in the society.
Japanese: 政教社同人による社会への関わり方として、次の事例を挙げることができる。
English: Toyo University (successor of the above-mentioned Tetsugakukan, built in 1887) established by Enryo INOUE, was a boys-only private school that became Japan's first coeducational private university; the school admitted girls (in 1916) for the first time in Japan and also produced women teachers.
Japanese: 井上円了による東洋大学（前述の哲学館（1887年創立）の後身）は、男子専門だった私立学校で、日本で初めて女子の入学を許可（1916年）し、さらに女性教員を世に送り出すなどした、最初の共学の私立大学である。
English: Joshi Bungei Gakusha (established in 1888 and was the predecessor of the Chiyoda Jogakuen) which was created by Mokurai SHIMAJI, was the pioneer in women's education based on Buddhist teachings, and the Tokyo Koto Jogakko (built in 1903 and was the predecessor of Tokyo Joshigakuen Junior High Schools) built by Ichiro TANAHASHI was the first private women's school for comprehensive higher education in the Tokyo prefecture.
Japanese: また、島地黙雷による女子文芸学舎（現在の千代田女学園の前身、1888年創立）は、仏教を基調とする女子教育の先駆であり、棚橋一郎が創立した東京高等女学校（現在の東京女子学園中学校・高等学校の前身、1903年創立）は、東京府下で最初の、普通科の私立高等女学校である。
English: After Setsurei resigned from Seikyo-sha in a reorganization after the Great Kanto Earthquake, Seikyo-sha began to be dominated by nationalists such as Ryozo IOGI and Koshi MITSUI, and was finally dissolved in April.
Japanese: 関東大震災後の改組問題で雪嶺が退社したのちの政教社は、五百木良三・三井甲之ら日本主義者によって牛耳られるようになり、4月に解散した。
English: Minyu-sha was an opinion group and publishing house established by Soho TOKUTOMI.
Japanese: 民友社（みんゆうしゃ）は、、徳富蘇峰により設立された言論団体・出版社である。
English: In 1887, Soho TOKUTOMI, who came to Tokyo from Kumamoto City, and those related to the former Oe Gijuku established the group.
Japanese: 1887年（明治20年）、熊本市から上京した徳富蘇峰および旧大江義塾関係者により設立。
English: The group founded the magazine "Kokumin no Tomo (Friend of the people)", and Aizan YAMAJI, Yosaburo TAKEKOSHI, Rokka TOKUTOMI and Doppo KUNIKIDA joined the magazine.
Japanese: 雑誌『国民之友』を創刊し山路愛山・竹越与三郎・徳冨蘆花・国木田独歩らが入社した。
English: Minyu-sha promoted "democratism" (commoner's Europeanism) and criticized 'Europeanism' by the government as "aristocratic Europeanism".
Japanese: 民友社は「平民主義」（平民的欧化主義）を標榜して政府による「欧化主義」を「貴族的欧化主義」と批判した。
English: The Minyu-sha also opposed the ultranationalism (the principle of preserving the national essence) promoted by the Seikyo-sha; these two groups evenly split contemporary public opinion.
Japanese: 政教社の掲げる国粋主義（国粋保存主義）とも対峙し当時の言論界を二分する勢力を形成した。
English: Minyu-sha took the position close to moderates faction of The Freedom of People's Rights Movement (such as Kaishin Party), and progressive comments and European and American social problems were introduced in "Kokumin no Tomo".
Japanese: 自由民権運動の穏健派（改進党など）に近い立場をとり、『国民之友』では進歩的な言論や欧米での社会問題が紹介された。
English: The magazine was also appreciated by writers as a sphere of publication of new literary works of modern times; it introduced literary works including "Maihime" by Ogai MORI.
Japanese: また、近代の新しい文学作品の発表舞台としても作家たちから重視され、森鴎外の「舞姫」などが掲載された。
English: Employees who did not follow in step left the company one after another, and in 1898, "Kokumin no Tomo" was discontinued.
Japanese: これに従わない社員たちは次々に退社し、1898年に『国民之友』は廃刊となった。
English: Even after that, Minyu-sha continued its operation such as publication of Soho's literary works until 1933.
Japanese: その後も民友社は蘇峰の著作を刊行するなど事業を維持し、まで存続した。
English: Doppo KUNIKIDA went to the Sino-Japanese War as a correspondent and contributed series of articles called "Aitei Tsushin report".
Japanese: 国木田独歩-日清戦争のとき、記者として従軍し、のちに『愛弟通信』としてまとめられる記事を寄稿した。
English: It is said that kujishi was the origin of the lawyer system in Japan after the daigennin (lawyer in the Meiji period) system in the Meiji period, but the nature of the systems was very different.
Japanese: 明治期に代言人制度を経て日本における弁護士制度の源流となったとされているが、その性格は大きく異なる。
English: The main jobs of kujishi were teaching the related parties of the lawsuit about the necessary procedures and the techniques in the court upon request from such parties, creating necessary documents on their behalf, and making settlement arrangement.
Japanese: 訴訟の当事者の依頼を受けて必要な手続方法や訴訟技術を教示したり、必要な書類の作成代行を行ったり、内済（和解手続）の斡旋を行うことが主な業務であった。
English: However, sometimes they were engaged in illegal conducts such as attending the trial and supporting the legal procedures pretending to be the relative of the related party or municipal officials, or buying old bond for debt or receivables ledger and using them to obtain money and valuables from the other party.
Japanese: しかし、時には親族や町役人・村役人に成りすまして法廷に出廷して訴訟を補佐したり、古い借金証文や売掛帳面などを買い取って出訴して、相手側に内済を迫って金品を得るなどの不法な行為を行った。
English: However, kujishi was playing an important role as advising people regarding the complex legal procedures at that time and taking advantage of the connections with officials of magistrate's offices in the legal procedures, and they were imperative for the people in that period.
Japanese: しかし、当時の複雑な訴訟手続に対して適切なアドバイスを与える存在であるとともに奉行所の役人などとの人脈を用いて訴訟を有利に進めるなど、当時の人々にとってはなくてはならない存在でもあった。
English: In addition, although kujiyado, who were kuji (public duties) agent officially approved by a magistrate's office, and kujishi were different, but in fact, the only difference between them was whether they were approved or not.
Japanese: なお、奉行所公認の公事代理人であった公事宿とは別のものでああるが、実際には公認の有無の差しかなかったとも言われている。
English: There were many cases where managers and assistant managers of kujiyado were acting as kujishi, or kujishi were employed by kujiyado (雇下代).
Japanese: 公事宿の主人・下代が公事師としても活動していていたり、公事宿に雇用されている公事師（「雇下代」）の例も少なくなかった。
English: Bugei is a military art practiced by soldiers, military officers, and samurai in order to fight in a battlefield during the period from the ancient times to the medieval period, the early modern period in Japan.
Japanese: 日本の古代から中世、近世初期までにおいて、軍の兵や武官、武士が当時の戦場で戦うために訓練した技芸を武芸という。
English: "Gokanjo" (historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) wajinden states '其兵有矛楯木弓竹矢 或以骨為鏃,' while "Gishiwajinden" (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty") states '兵用矛楯木弓木弓短下長上竹箭或鉄鏃或骨鏃.'
Japanese: 『後漢書』倭人伝では「其兵有矛楯木弓竹矢或以骨為鏃」であったものが、『魏志倭人伝』では「兵用矛楯木弓木弓短下長上竹箭或鉄鏃或骨鏃」とある。
English: "Gishiwajinden," states that hoko (long-handled Chinese spear), shields, wooden bows, and arrowheads made of iron (or bone) were used in the 200s in Wakoku.
Japanese: 西暦200年代頃の倭において矛、盾、木弓と鉄（或いは骨）の鏃が用いられていたとの記述がある。
English: During the period of Yamato Court, the Otomo clan or the Mononobe clan existed as a clan in charge of military affairs.
Japanese: 大和朝廷の成立した時代には、大伴氏や物部氏などが軍事を担った氏族として存在した。
English: The hoko, swords, bows, grip (sumo) are described in "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), which are probably the oldest history books of Japan.
Japanese: 日本最古の史書といえる『古事記』や『日本書紀』に、矛、剣、刀、弓、捔力（相撲）などの記述が見られる。
English: In the period when the ritsuryo system was established, the training institution according to the ritsuryo codes had a military art based on the ritsuryo system style of military officers.
Japanese: 律令制が整った時代の律令官制の訓練機構では武官の律令制式の武芸があった。
English: Emperor Tenmu issued the order concerning tactics and training for horse-riding to military officers, and horse soldier troops were enhanced based on the educational system through Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) and Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period).
Japanese: 天武天皇は武官に対して用兵・乗馬の訓練に関する発令をし、大宝律令と養老律令を通じて学制で騎兵隊が強調された。
English: In 724 in the period of Emperor Shomu, 30,000 soldiers of the military located in nine countries of Bando (old Kanto region) started to take lessons in Kisha (to shoot an arrow with riding a horse) and received training in gunjin (battle array).
Japanese: 聖武天皇神亀元年（724年）には、坂東9カ国の軍三万が騎射の教習と軍陣の訓練を受けるようになった。
English: Apart from those soldiers, the people including 'lower-ranking nobles' (shodaibu), 'lower-ranking government officials' (samurai), 'lower-ranking government officials of influential families' (samurai), who were officially approved to arm themselves in the kokuga forces system by the Imperial Court or kokuga (provincial government office compounds), became warriors, organizing an armed group with 'the new-type military art' which was established in the 10th century.
Japanese: また、これとは別に国衙軍制で武装を朝廷や国衙から公認された「下級貴族（諸大夫）」、「下級官人（侍）」、「有力者の家人（侍）」からなる人々が武士となり、10世紀に成立した「新式の武芸」を家芸とし、武装集団を組織した。
English: From this period to the Kamakura period, mainly one-on-one battles by warriors, bows, swords, nagamaki, naginata (a long pole with a sharp curving sword), and yoroidoshi (dagger like thrusting blade for use against an armored opponent) were used in the battle.
Japanese: この時代から鎌倉時代では、戦法は武士同士の一騎討ちが主で、戦闘の手段は主に弓、太刀、長巻、薙刀、鎧通しを用いた。
English: A change occurred when Mongol invaded Japan and the Japanese army fought against the Mongol army which used group tactics in the latter half of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉時代後期の元寇において元(王朝)軍が用いた集団戦への対応などから変化が生じた。
English: After reviewing weapons to replace piercing weapons having a long handle with weapons suitable for group tactics, spears were considered to be a main weapon, which led to the introduction and widespread use of firearms matchlock guns that used gunpowder.
Japanese: このことに適した武器として長柄の刺突武器が見直された結果、槍が主力武器とされ、火薬を用いた火器火縄銃の伝来、普及へと変化した。
English: After entering the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and military organization placed in each domain ceased to experience war for about 250 years as Japan became peaceful.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入り、天下泰平の世になると江戸幕府や各藩に置かれた軍制は約250年間戦争を経験しないまま存続した。
English: At this time, the Edo bakufu force was supported by the French Second Empire, while the force overthrowing the Edo bakufu was supported by the British Empire, and both deployed firearms and warships.
Japanese: この際、幕府側は主にフランス第二帝政の支援を、倒幕側は主にイギリス帝国の支援を受け、火器や軍艦が導入された。
English: After the Meiji Government established itself as the Empire of Japan, two military forces; Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), which introduced the military system of the German Empire, Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which modeled on the British Empire, were organized, and thus, military technology and military drills were modernized.
Japanese: 明治政府により、大日本帝国になってはドイツ帝国の軍制を取り入れた大日本帝国陸軍とイギリスを規範とした大日本帝国海軍の二つの軍隊が編成され、軍事技術や練兵が近代化へ向かった。
English: In Navy, battles at close range using sharp weapons including swords, spears, bayonet drills, and knives and dull weapons such as bats were called hand-to-hand combat.
Japanese: 尚、陸軍において、刀剣、槍、銃剣、ナイフなどの鋭器や棍棒などの鈍器を用いた至近距離の戦闘は白兵戦と呼んだ。
English: (Meanwhile, after entering the Edo period, warriors had no chance to go to battle, and military arts changed, adding skills and generating various schools.)
Japanese: （一方、江戸時代に入って武士が戦場から遠ざかるにつれて、各種武芸は技術化が進んで諸流派が生み出されつつ内容を変えていった。）
English: (The schools were established as schools in the art of Japanese archery, swordplay, jujutsu, gunnery, and military science, and were practiced as 'essential disciplines of warriors.')
Japanese: （弓術、剣術、柔術、砲術、兵学等の流派となって「武士のたしなみ」として修練された。）
English: (After the Meiji Restoration, gunnery, and military science were abolished, and other schools, which were also diminished, were not adopted in the educational system as they were determined to be unsuitable to be included in physical education classes.)
Japanese: （明治維新後に兵学、砲術は滅び、他も衰えたこれらはいったんは体育に向かないと教育制度にとり入れられなかった。）
English: (However, after the Russo-Japanese War, they were adopted into the school education system for its educational value in fostering Japanese spirit, rather than a mere skill, and were established as Budo [martial arts].)
Japanese: （だが、日露戦争以後、技術ではなく大和心を養成するという教育的価値が評価され学校教育にとりいれられて武道となった。）
English: (During the Occupation, Budo was forbidden by General Headquarters [GHQ], however, it was resumed as Gendai Budo [modern martial art] after Japan became independent.)
Japanese: （占領期に連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により禁止されるも、独立後現代武道として再開された。）
English: Warriors began to ride horses during battles, which brought changes to both battlefield tactics and military techniques.
Japanese: 馬が騎馬として軍陣に利用されるにつれて、戦闘様式や武芸に技法に変化が生まれた。
English: Emperor Tenmu issued an order concerning tactics and training for horse riding to military officers, and horse soldier troops were enhanced based on the educational system through Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) and Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro era).
Japanese: 天武天皇は武官に対して用兵・乗馬の訓練に関する発令をし、大宝律令と養老律令を通じて学制で騎兵隊が強調された。
English: For warriors who appeared after that, horse riding was considered the most important military art, and only warriors (Shodaibu and Samurai) and roto (retainer) were allowed to practice horse riding.
Japanese: その後現れた武士にとっては騎馬が最重要の武芸であり、騎馬は武士（諸大夫と侍）と郎党にのみ許された。
English: Even in the Edo period, the rank of Samurai differed greatly based on whether they were allowed to ride a horse on a battlefield or not.
Japanese: その後江戸時代に至っても、騎馬が許されるか、徒歩で戦場に出る身分かで士分が大きく分かれた。
English: Busha, a bow (weapon) was available in ancient times, and was developed as Kisha (to shoot an arrow with riding a horse) alongside the development of horse-riding.
Japanese: 弓(武器)は古くから歩射があったが、騎馬の発達につれて騎射として発達した。
English: Along with Kisha (to shoot an arrow with riding a horse), Busha (to shoot an arrow while walking) was also performed an important military art during the medieval period and modern times even after the appearance of firearms.
Japanese: 歩射も騎射と平行して中世と近世を通じ、火器の登場後も中心武芸の一つとして行われた。
English: Tsurugi, a Japanese sword in the early Japanese period, mainly Nara period, refers to a double-edged sword, and the first Tsurugi were made of bronze.
Japanese: 上代の日本刀（つるぎ）とは、刀剣のうち両刃のものをさすが、まず青銅製のものが現れた。
English: The Japanese sword which is a single-edged sword is considered to have changed from a straight sword to wanto (scimitar), and sword-wielding techniques were also changed and developed after the middle of the Heian period.
Japanese: 刀剣のうち片刃のものである日本刀は平安時代中期以後、直刀から彎刀へ移行し、操刀技法も変化、発達したとみられる。
English: Hoko (long-handled Chinese spear) is a long pole weapon, and the joint with a handle is called fukuroho in which a handle is inserted.
Japanese: 矛は槍のような長柄武器であるが、柄との接合部は袋穂とよばれ、ここに柄を差し込む。
English: According to "Katabisashi" written by Hikomaro SAITO, the origin of the spear is the hoko during the age of gods.
Japanese: 槍の由来は、斉藤彦麿の『傍廂（かたびさし）』によれば、神代の矛である。
English: However, the term, 'long spear' appeared in the part where Naka no Oe no Oji and NAKATOMI no Kamatari executed SOGA no Iruka, of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: 但し、『日本書紀』の中大兄皇子と中臣鎌足が蘇我入鹿を誅する記述中に既に「長槍」の語が現れている。
English: The difference between Nagamaki and Nakamaki is that Nagamaki originally had a longer nakago (end of the blade) while Nakatsumaki were lengthened by extending the nakago of a long Japanese sword of regular length.
Japanese: 違いは、最初から茎を長く作ってあるのが長巻で、通常の茎の長さの大太刀の柄を延長して長くしたものが中巻とされる。
English: Naginata (Japanese halberd) is a weapon with a blade warpage attached to the top of a long handle, and was originally called 'Naginata' or 'Naganata.'
Japanese: 薙刀は長い柄の先に反りのある刀身を装着した武具で、当初は「長刀」（なぎなた、ながなた）と呼ばれた。
English: Before modern times, in a battle field, an enemy general was beheaded with a Japanese sword after being pushed down, which was called Kumiuchi.
Japanese: 近世以前、戦場では敵将を倒し組み伏せて、日本刀でその首をとる事がなされたが、これを組討という。
English: According to "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), it appears that striking or kicking was also allowed in sumo wrestling in ancient times.
Japanese: 古代の相撲では打つ、蹴るなどの方法もとられていたことが『古事記』や『日本書紀』の記述などから伺われる。
English: In the period of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan, and in the medieval period in Japan, fairness and graciousness were required in a battle, and the battle was done on a one-on-one basis.
Japanese: 源平の時代や中世日本における合戦では正々堂々潔さが求められ、一騎討ち（一騎懸け）が行われていた。
English: Concerning one-on-one battles, it was common to cut at each other with a sword after battling using bows and arrows, which was followed by kumiuchi (grappling) ("Genpei Seisui ki" [Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans] by Sanemitsu TOHEI).
Japanese: この一騎討ちでは矢合わせ、打物（太刀）での斬りあいのあと組討に至るのが一般的であったという（『源平盛衰記』藤平実光）。
English: Volume 10 of "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace), describes kumiuchi on a horse by Shitara Gorozaemon jo (Lieutenant) and Saito Genki Okina (an old man).
Japanese: 『太平記』巻第九には設楽五郎左衛門尉と斎藤玄基翁の馬上組討が記されている。
English: Still kumiuchi remained an important military art in battles ('six or seven times out of ten times, kumiuchi was done in battle with warriors donning kacchu [armor].'
Japanese: その後も合戦において組討は重要な武芸であった（「甲冑の戦いは十度に六、七度組討に至ることは必定なり。」
English: That's why warriors must practice the sumo wrestling which was done by ancient warriors.' according to "Sumo Torikumidensho" by Ryuetsu Morinao KIMURA in 1745)
Japanese: 「往古の武士の相撲を修行せしことここにあるなり。」木村柳悦守直撲『角力取組伝書』延享二年）
English: In this manner, information began to be collected on the proper timing and distance at which to use bows, firearms, spears, and swords, as well as information on battles themselves and on methods allowing wrestlers without great strength to pin strong opponents on the ground.
Japanese: このように、弓・火器、槍、刀剣の間合いに続く格闘において、微力でもって剛強の人を組み伏せた時の形状などが集められ研究された。
English: The Kibi clan Disturbance, which is believed to have happened in the fifth century, is an example of old wars which Suigun (warriors battle in the sea) were involved in.
Japanese: 水軍の登場する古い戦乱として、5世紀のことと考えられる吉備氏の乱などが知られる。
English: The hull form haniwa (a clay figure artifact) reproduced wasen in ancient times, and are records that show morotabune-boat was used for military use in ancient times.
Japanese: 船型埴輪は古代の和船の様子を表しており、古代に諸手船（もろたぶね）が軍事用に使われていた記録がある。
English: During the late Heian period (the end of ancient times), military forces like 'pirates' became active at sea, much like warriors on land.
Japanese: 陸上の武士のように、平安時代後期（古代末期）には海上で活動する軍事勢力「海賊」が活躍するようになった。
English: They used fishing boats or merchant ships armed with boards instead of warships which were specially designed.
Japanese: 専用に設計された軍船ではなく、漁船や商船を楯板で武装したものを使用した。
English: Fully equipped warships such as Atake-bune (a type of naval warship) appeared after the middle of the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 本格的な軍船の登場は室町時代中期以降のことであり、安宅船などの軍船があった。
English: Within Chinese communities, black gunpowder was invented early on, and grenades in which gunpowder was put or primitive manual guns were used became widely available in the 10th century.
Japanese: 中華圏では、早くから黒色火薬が発明されて火薬を詰めた擲弾や原始的な手銃が使用されており、10世紀にはかなり普及した兵器だった。
English: Tetsuhau (gun), which appeared at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan in the 13th century, was the first firearm with gunpowder that was used in Japan.
Japanese: 火薬入りの火器が日本で使用されたのは、13世紀の元寇襲来の際に登場したてつはうが最初である。
English: It is believed that the process to manufacture black gunpowder was introduced to Japan during the period from the 13th century to the 14th century through trades with Konan (Jiangnan) of China and Korea.
Japanese: その後、中国の江南や朝鮮との交易によって13から14世紀の日本にも黒色火薬の製法が伝来したと考えられている。
English: It is said that Masashige KUSUNOKI used tetsuhau (gun) to hold a castle, and it is recorded that the military force of the Hosokawa clan used tetsuhau (gun) or fire arrows in the Onin War.
Japanese: 伝承としては、楠木正成が篭城戦でてつはうを使ったとされているほか、応仁の乱では、細川氏の軍勢がてつはうや火箭（ロケットのこと）を使用したとの記述が残されている。
English: Further, it is said that Dokan OTA, too, discovered 'Moyuru tsuchi' (flammable dirt), which was considered to be natural saltpeter, in building the Edo Castle, and developed and used weapons using gunpowder such as signal fire or fire arrows, which used 'Moyuru tsuchi' as a material.
Japanese: また、太田道灌も江戸城築城の際に天然の硝石と思われる「燃土」を発見し、これを用いた狼煙や火箭といった火薬兵器を使用したと伝えられている。
English: After entering the Sengoku period (period of warring state), matchlock guns made in Europe were introduced and domestically manufactured for widespread use.
Japanese: 続いて戦国時代(日本)に入ると、ヨーロッパ製の火縄銃が種子島に伝来し、国産化されて広く普及した。
English: However, in Japan, where iron was mainly processed by hammering, it was difficult to produce cannons.
Japanese: しかし、鉄の加工技術が鍛造中心だった日本では鋳造製の大砲を製造する事が困難であった。