nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: With the arrival of Kurofune (the black ships of Commodore Matthew Perry) and the conclusion of Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan as the turning point, the trade system controlled by the bakufu (Sakoku) was dissolved, resultantly lowering the authority of the bakufu and increasing the authority of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 同後半の黒船来航と日米和親条約締結を契機として、幕府の管理貿易体制（鎖国）は解かれ、結果として幕府の威信は低下し、朝廷の権威が増大した。
English: However, the bakufu was defeated in the civil war with Satsuma domain and Choshu domain against such a move of the bakufu (Boshin Civil War) and was ruined.
Japanese: しかしながら、反発する薩摩藩、長州藩らとの内戦（戊辰戦争）に敗北し、瓦解した。
English: During the Edo period, the general public as well came to participate in cultural activities actively, and Kabuki, Haikai (seventeen-syllable verses), Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Okage mairi (a pilgrimage to the Ise Shrine) became popular.
Japanese: 江戸時代は文化の担い手が庶民にまで拡がり、歌舞伎、俳諧、浮世絵、お陰参りなどが盛んになった。
English: The restoration government centered on the domains for overthrowing the bakufu expelled the former bakufu powers via the Boshin Civil War, and then established the new Meiji government.
Japanese: 倒幕派の諸藩を中心とする維新政府は戊辰戦争を経て旧幕府勢力を退けると、明治新政府を樹立した。
English: Under the Emperor's power, the new government introduced various systems from European countries and the United States, and made a set of reformations called Maiji Restoration, such as Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), abolition of the class system, establishment of the system of law and construction of national infrastructures.
Japanese: 新政府は天皇大権のもと欧米の諸制度を積極的に導入し、廃藩置県、身分解放、法制整備、国家インフラの整備など明治維新と呼ばれる一連の改革を遂行した。
English: In the process, the government placed the former Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo area except Sakhalin (almost all areas of Hokkaido and Kurile Islands) and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands) completely into the Japanese territories, fixing the boundaries of Japan.
Japanese: その過程で日本の境界領域であった旧琉球王国領域や、樺太を除く蝦夷地（北海道の大部分と千島列島）、小笠原諸島を完全に日本の領域内におき、国境を画定した。
English: Aiming at revising unequal treaties, the new government made efforts to establish national systems, such as the establishment of the Imperial Diet and the enactment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 新政府は不平等条約の改正を目指し、帝国議会の設置や大日本帝国憲法の制定など国制整備に努めた。
English: In addition, the government promoted the fostering of industries and the strengthening of military power (so-called Fukoku-kyohei) as a national policy, forwarding the move to convert Japan into a modern state rapidly.
Japanese: 一方で、産業育成と軍事力強化（富国強兵）を国策として推し進め、近代国家の建設は急速に進展した。
English: After winning the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, Japan became one of the great world powers.
Japanese: 日本は、日清戦争と日露戦争に勝利を収めた後、列強の一角を占めるようになった。
English: Then, acquiring an international position, Japan ruled Taiwan and annexed Korea.
Japanese: そして、国際的地位を確保していく中で日本統治時代(台湾)や韓国併合を行なった。
English: In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.
Japanese: 文化面では、欧米から新たな学問・芸術・文物が伝来し、その有様は文明開化と呼ばれた。
English: Culture largely different from that during the Edo period or before developed: For example, the literature called novels based on individualism, had not existed until then in Japan, were introduced.
Japanese: それまでの日本に存在しなかった個人主義に基づく小説という文学が登場するなど、江戸時代以前とは大きく異なった文化が展開した。
English: In religion, the syncretism of Shintoism and Buddhism was rejected (separation of Buddhism and Shintoism), and moves to oppress Buddhism (Haibutsu-kishaku) were also observed.
Japanese: 宗教面では従来の神仏混交が改められ（神仏分離）、仏教弾圧（廃仏毀釈）などの動きも見られた。
English: Japan entered the First World War based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and won the war, becoming counted as one of the great world powers.
Japanese: 日本は日英同盟に基づき第一次世界大戦に参戦して勝利し、列強の一つに数えられるようになった。
English: However, when the great war ended, Japan was troubled because the economy was seriously depressed due to reaction to the previous demand, followed by the Great Kanto Earthquake as well.
Japanese: しかしながら、大戦が終わるとその反動による深刻な不景気に苦しみ、そこに関東大震災が追い討ちをかけた。
English: The Japanese army came to have power replacing party politics, and occupied Manchuria and established Manchukuo, developing, before long, into the Sino-Japanese war (Shina-jihen) with the Republic of China.
Japanese: 政党政治に代って日本軍が力を持ち、満州を占領して満州国を樹立し、やがて中華民国との日中戦争（支那事変）に発展した。
English: Withdrawing from the League of Nations, Japan allied itself with the fascist government of Germany and that of Italy (the alliance of Japan, Germany, and Italy) and entered World War II (the Pacific War/the Greater East Asian War).
Japanese: 国際連盟を脱退し、日本はドイツ、イタリアのファシスト政権と日独伊三国同盟結び、第二次世界大戦（太平洋戦争・大東亜戦争）に突入した。
English: Japanese troops were overwhelmed by the strength of US's material superiority and trade-disrupting strategy, and with atomic bombs dropped, Japan was defeated in Word War II.
Japanese: 日本軍はアメリカ軍の物量と通商破壊戦に圧倒され、原子爆弾を投下されて第二次世界大戦に敗れた。
English: After the war, Japan was placed under control of General Headquarters (GHQ), and enacted the Constitution of Japan based upon the national system with Emperor as a symbol of the unity of the people, on popular sovereignty and on pacifism.
Japanese: 戦後は連合国軍最高司令官総司令部(GHQ)の占領下に置かれ、象徴天皇制、国民主権、平和主義などに基づく日本国憲法を新たに制定した。
English: After restoring its sovereignty by concluding peace treaties, Japan concluded a Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan as a nation of the Western Bloc in the cold war state.
Japanese: 日本国との平和条約により主権を回復した後、冷戦下の西側陣営として日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の相互協力及び安全保障条約を締結した。
English: Under the conservative-versus-progressive party system established in 1955 by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan, Japan has become one of major economic powers via a high economic growth period.
Japanese: 自民党と社会党の保革55年体制のもと、高度経済成長を経て経済大国の仲間入りを果たした。
English: The sluggish economy having long lasted after that was called the lost decade, and the economical structure was reformed.
Japanese: その後の長期にわたる不況は失われた10年と呼ばれ、経済面での構造改革が進められた。
English: As a result, the 1955-system by Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party of Japan collapsed and a coalition government, not including Liberal Democratic Party and Communist Party, was realized.
Japanese: その結果、自社両党による55年体制が崩壊し、非自民・非共産連立政権が成立した。
English: The culture and lives have been diversified consistently since the end of the war, but entering the 21st century, they have further diversified together with globalization and the trend of society where the Internet has been used more and more widely.
Japanese: 21世紀を迎え、グローバル化やインターネット社会の拡大なども相まって、戦後一貫して進んできた文化・生活の多様化が、一層進展している。
English: Periods in Japanese history are classified in various ways, and there is no accepted theory.
Japanese: 日本の歴史における時代区分には様々なものがあり、定説とよべるものはない。
English: However, roughly it can be said that classifying the periods into (the primitive period), ancient times, the medieval period, the early-modern times, modern times, and the contemporary period is widely accepted in the researching of history.
Japanese: しかしながら、一応のところ、（原始・）古代・中世・近世・近代（・現代(時代区分)）とする時代区分法が歴史研究では広く受け入れられている。
English: Even using this classification, there are considerably different opinions concerning when each of these periods started and ended.
Japanese: この場合でも、各時代の画期をいつにおくかは論者によって大きく異なる。
English: Concerning the start of the ancient times, there are the following opinions about the era when an ancient state was formed: the 3rd century, the 5th century, and the 7th century
Japanese: 古代の始期については古代国家の形成時期をめぐって見解が分かれており、3世紀説、5世紀説、7世紀説がある。
English: Concerning the medieval period, it is said that the shoen koryo sei, which existed as the social and economical system throughout the medieval period, provides an index for specifying the period.
Japanese: 中世については、中世通じての社会経済体制であった荘園公領制が時代の指標とされる。
English: Based on the index, it is considered that the medieval period started in the latter half of the 11th century to the 12th century, when the shoen koryo sei was started and established, and ended in the latter half of the 16th century when the taiko kenchi, which made the shoen koryo sei extinct, was conducted.
Japanese: 始期は11世紀後半〜12世紀の荘園公領制形成期に、終期は荘園公領制が消滅した16世紀後半の太閤検地にそれぞれ求められる。
English: It is generally said that modern times started around the end of the Edo period to Meiji Restoration, but there is another opinion that the modern times started in the first half of 18th century when the household-based handcraft industry started.
Japanese: 近代の始期は一般に幕末期〜明治維新期とされるが、18世紀前半の家内制手工業の勃興を近代の始まりとする考えもある。
English: Furthermore, the timing of the defeat in the Pacific War is sometimes used as the end of the modern times and the start of the contemporary period (for more information, refer to ancient times, medieval Japan, the early-modern times, modern times, or the contemporary period).
Japanese: さらに、太平洋戦争での敗戦をもって近代と現代を区分することもある（以上の詳細→古代、中世日本、近世、近代、現代(時代区分)）。
English: The theories concerning the classification of historical periods, described above, are significantly affected by the evolution phase concept of history, and it is pointed out that they have a limitation in not taking into account that history is layered and is continuous.
Japanese: 上記のような時代区分論は、発展段階史観の影響を少なからず受けており、歴史の重層性・連続性にあまり目を向けていないという限界が指摘されている。
English: Therefore, some researchers have begun to propose 'period change theory' in which periods should not be classified, but changed.
Japanese: そのため、時代を区分する対象ではなく移行するものとして捉える「時代移行論」を提唱する研究者も現れ始めている。
English: According to a well-known period classification based on this theory, a period is classified mainly based on where the political center was located.
Japanese: 一般によく知られている時代区分は、主として政治センターの所在地に着目した時代区分である。
English: However, this classification of historical periods is not based upon clear criteria for the classification and is inappropriate for classifying historical periods for researching of history.
Japanese: この時代区分は明確な区分基準を持っている訳ではなく、歴史研究上の時代区分としては適当でない。
English: The era when no historical documents are available and the historical archaeological materials that remain are classified, based on the classification of historical periods used in archaeology, in the Paleolithic period (in Japan), the Jomon period, the Yayoi period, and the Tumulus period.
Japanese: 文献史料がなく考古史料が残る時代は、考古学上の時代区分に従い、旧石器時代(日本)・縄文時代・弥生時代・古墳時代と区分する。
English: The era when a certain amount of historical documents remain are classified, based upon where the political center was located, into the Asuka period, the Nara period, the Heian period, the Kamakura period, the Muromachi period, the Azuchi-Momoyam period, and the Edo period.
Japanese: 文献史料がある程度残る時代以降は政治センターの所在地に従って、飛鳥時代・奈良時代・平安時代・鎌倉時代・室町時代・安土桃山時代・江戸時代と区分する。
English: However, since this classification is not always complete enough, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) and the Sengoku period (in Japan) are also included in the classification as well.
Japanese: だが、これだけでは必ずしも十分でないため南北朝時代(日本)・戦国時代(日本)という区分を設けている。
English: However, based upon the period when each Emperor was or is on his throne, the Meiji period, the Taisho period, the Showa period, and the Heisei period are used instead.
Japanese: しかしながら、天皇の在位に従って明治・大正・昭和・平成と呼ばれている。
English: Concerning the areas located remotely from the center of Japan, such as Hokkaido, the northern Tohoku area and the islands in the southeast of the main islands of Japan, different classifications of historical periods are used (for more information, refer to the table of the classification of historical periods in Japanese history).
Japanese: また、北海道・北東北、南西諸島などの周縁部については、これらとは異なる時代区分が用いられている（詳細→日本史時代区分表）。
English: Furthermore, the following classification, based upon the cultural aspects, is also used: Jomon culture, Yayoi culture, tumulus culture, Asuka culture, Hakuho culture, Tenpyo culture, Konin-Jokan culture, Kokufu culture (Japan's original national culture), Insei period culture, Kamakura culture, Kitayama culture, Higashiyama culture, Momoyama culture, Genroku culture, Kasei culture, Meiji culture, and popular culture (for more information, refer to "cultural history of Japan."
Japanese: また、文化面に着目して、縄文文化・弥生文化・古墳文化・飛鳥文化・白鳳文化・天平文化・弘仁・貞観文化・国風文化・院政期文化・鎌倉文化・北山文化・東山文化・桃山文化・元禄文化・化政文化・明治文化・大衆文化〜などとする区分もある（詳細→日本の文化歴史）。
English: Modern historical concepts were introduced in Japan during the Meiji Restoration or later, or during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Japanese: 日本における近代的な歴史思想の導入は、19世紀後半の明治維新以降のことである。
English: However, even before that, history was considered and descriptions of history had been made.
Japanese: しかし、それ以前も、古代から歴史認識および歴史叙述の展開が見られた。
English: In the 6th century when the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) was going to form a unified nation, Teiki, which recorded the family tree of the Wa royal family, and Kyuji, in which mythology of Wa was described, were compiled.
Japanese: ヤマト王権が統一国家を形成しようとしていた6世紀には、倭王家の系譜を記す『帝紀』・倭国の神話を記す『旧辞』が、編纂された。
English: Inheriting such a historical document-compiling tradition, the compilation of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), the first official document about Japanese history, was completed during the first half of the 8th century when a unified nation based on Ritsuryo codes was established.
Japanese: そうした修史の伝統を継承して、律令統一国家が成立した8世紀前半には、日本最初の正史である『日本書紀』が完成した。
English: Strongly affected by the official histories of China, "Nihonshoki" strongly appeals the legitimacy of control by the Emperor and its contents mostly include descriptions of how succession to the Imperial Throne had been made.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』は中国の正史の影響を強く受けており、天皇支配の正統性を強く訴え、皇位継承の経緯に関する記述が主たる内容だったが、もう一つ重要な点としては、中国・朝鮮に対する日本の独自性を主張していたことであった。
English: This assertion of 'the legitimacy of the Emperor' and the 'uniqueness of Japan' were main themes in Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories), which in addition to "Nihonshoki," include "Shoku Nihongi" (chronicle of Japan, continued), "Nihon Koki" (later chronicle of Japan), "Shoku Nihon Koki" (later chronicle of Japan, Continued), "Nihon montoku tenno jitsuroku" (the fifth national history, covering years 850 - 858, reign of Montoku) and "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (the sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts), and its effects remained until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: この「天皇の正統性」「日本の独自性」の主張は、『日本書紀』を含むその後の正史（いわゆる六国史、『続日本紀』『日本後紀』『続日本後紀』『日本文徳天皇実録』『日本三代実録』）の主要なテーマであり、以後、幕末期までその影響が及んだ。
English: The Rikkokushi, the official histories, were compiled as a national project centered on an organization called Senkokushisho the (history compilation bureau).
Japanese: 正史である六国史の編纂は「撰国史所」などと呼ばれていた機関を中心に国家事業として行われた。
English: However, no further official history was compiled after the compilation of Shinkokushi (a new national history), which was to follow "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku," was stopped before being completed.
Japanese: しかし、『日本三代実録』を次ぐ『新国史』の編纂が途中で中止されたのを最後に正史の編纂は行われなくなった。
English: During the middle era of the Heian period and later, government officials compiled various chronicles, including "Ruiju Kokushi" (classified national history), "Nihongi Ryaku" (a summary of Japanese chronologies), and "Hyakuren sho" (history book from the Kamakura period), as the historical documents that they would refer to in conducting their political operations.
Japanese: 平安中期以降は官人らが政務処理に先例を参照するための歴史資料として『類聚国史』『日本紀略』『百錬抄』やその他各種の年代記が編纂された。
English: However, in the latter half of the Heian period, the Kokufu Bunka, in which human beings were depicted in Japanese styles, prevailed, and many historical stories, war chronicles and collections of anecdotes were written in the Japanese-writing style that enabled the descriptions to be made more flexibly and richly.
Japanese: しかし、平安後期になると、人間をあるがままに日本風に描くという国風文化の影響のもと、表現形式がより柔軟かつ豊富な和文体による歴史物語・軍記物語・説話集が多数記されるようになった。
English: It is understood that these were produced by giving new historical meanings to the views of history in the previous official histories.
Japanese: これらは、従前の正史的歴史観への新たな歴史的意味付けの所産であると解されている。
English: Typical examples of these include "Eiga monogatari" (a tale of flowering fortunes), "Okagami" (the great mirror) and "Masukagami" (the clear mirror) for the historical stories, "Heike Monogatari" (the tale of the Heike) and "Taiheiki" (the record of the great peace) for war chronicles, and "Konjaku monogatari shu" (tales of times now and then collection) for collections of anecdotes.
Japanese: 代表的なものとしては、歴史物語では『栄花物語』『大鏡』『増鏡』などが、軍記物語では『平家物語』『太平記』などが、説話集では『今昔物語集』などがある。
English: These books helped to make history recognized widely by samurai and the general public.
Japanese: こうした作品により、武士や庶民へも歴史認識が広く流布することとなった。
English: It was Jien who, representing these court nobles, wrote "Gukansho" (jottings of a fool) to show a new recognition of history.
Japanese: これら公家層を代表して、新たな歴史認識を示したのは慈円の『愚管抄』である。
English: Jien described Japanese history based on Mappo-shiso (the "end of the world" belief) and dori (order), and tried to rationally understand, based on the concept of dori, why samurai came to gain such strong political power.
Japanese: 慈円は末法思想と「道理」をテーマとして国初以来の歴史を説き起こし、武家が大きな政治権力を握ったことを「道理」観念で合理的に理解しようとした。
English: For this, however, mythologies in "Nihonshoki" were read actively by Shinto priests, and the concept of connecting history with the mythologies was created centering on the standpoint of the Shinto religion.
Japanese: しかし、それに対抗して神官の間では『日本書紀』神話の講読が盛行し、神道の立場を中心として神話と歴史を結合させる思想が起こった。
English: With such a situation as a background, Chikafusa KITABATAKE wrote, in around the middle of the medieval period, "Jinno shotoki" (records of the legitimate succession of the divine emperors) whose theme was Shinkoku-shiso (the thought considering Japan as the land of the gods) based on the Shinto religion.
Japanese: これを背景として、中世中期には、北畠親房により神道的な神国思想をテーマとする『神皇正統記』が著された。
English: During the medieval period, history was also recognized through ceremonies in annual events and in Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette), and therefore, many diaries and records were written to hand over practices from older days to later generations.
Japanese: また、中世のもう一つの歴史認識は、年中行事や有職故実などの儀礼を通じて歴史を考えるというもので、そのため、故実を伝えるための日記や各種記録文書が多数作成された。
English: Entering the early-modern times (the Edo period), the Shogun family and Daimyo families (feudal lord families) adopted Confucian thought actively to legitimatize their power and compiled their own histories to assert their legitimacy.
Japanese: 近世（江戸時代）に入ると、将軍家や大名家は権力を正当化するため、儒教思想を積極的に採用し、歴史の編纂を通じて自らの正当性を主張した。
English: Confucianism is originally provided with rational thinking, and the state of Confucian thought being widely accepted produced descriptions of history based on something like rationalism: Tokushi Yoron (lessons from History) and Koshitsu (study book about ancient history), both of which were written by Hakuseki ARAI, are such examples.
Japanese: 儒教は本来合理的な思考を有しており、儒教思想の興隆は合理主義的な歴史叙述、例えば新井白石の『読史余論』『古史通』などとして結実した。
English: These movements led to fact-based research of history, or the historical research of political systems by Sorai OGYU and Togai ITO, and affected Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature) as well.
Japanese: これらの動きは実証的な歴史研究、すなわち18世紀の荻生徂徠や伊藤東涯らによる政治制度史研究へとつながっていき、あわせて国学へも大きな影響を与えた。
English: Nakamoto insisted that religion and philosophy, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto, had also changed historically and should be considered objectively, and not considered absolutely true.
Japanese: 仲基は、仏教・儒教・神道といった宗教・思想も歴史的に変化してきたのであり、これらを絶対視するのでなく客観的に捉えるべきことを唱えている。
English: This situation is evaluated to show that the research of history in Japan had already been provided with enough bases for accepting modern history.
Japanese: こうした状況は、日本の歴史研究が近代的な歴史学を受容するための十分な素地を既に生んでいたと評価されている。
English: On the other hand, during the latter half of the Edo period, as the bakufu-domain system became unmatched with needs at that time and pressure from foreign nations had heightened, interests for history had increased among general public as well, and many popular histories, such as "Nihon Gaishi" (historical book on Japan) and "Kochoshiryaku" (brief history book about emperors from Jinmu to Gokomatsu), were published.
Japanese: 一方、江戸後期には幕藩体制の矛盾と対外緊張の高まりの中、庶民の間でも歴史への関心が広がり、『日本外史』『皇朝史略』など通俗的な歴史書が多く出版された。
English: During the era from around the end of the Edo period to the Meiji Restoration, modern European history, such as history of civilization, had been brought to Japan rapidly, and in particular, progressive views of history and evolutionary views of history had rapidly become well known.
Japanese: 幕末から明治維新にかけて、文明史など西欧の近代歴史学が一気に流入したが、特に進歩史観・進化史観が日本で急速に広まった。
English: These views of history had not existed in Japan until then, and had the nature of trying to find universal laws in history.
Japanese: これは従来の日本にない新しい歴史観であり、歴史の中に普遍的な法則性を見出そうとする歴史観であった。
English: Affected by these situations, Ukichi TAGUCHI and Yukichi FUKUZAWA, both of whom were placed out of power, wrote "Nihon kaika shoshi" (literally, small history of Japanese civilization) and "Bunmeiron no gairyaku" (an outline of a theory of civilization), respectively.
Japanese: この影響のもと、在野において書かれたのが田口卯吉『日本開化小史』や福澤諭吉『文明論之概略』などである。
English: On the other hand, from the viewpoint of building a nation-state centered on the Emperor, the Meiji government developed nationalistic descriptions of history.
Japanese: 一方、明治政府の立場からは、天皇を中心とする国民国家を建設するため、国家主義的な歴史叙述が構築されていった。
English: Therefore, the Taika Reforms, Kenmu Restoration and Meiji Restoration were positioned as the most important reformations, and these nationalistic views of history had been actively introduced, in particular, into actual education of history.
Japanese: そのため大化の改新・建武の新政・明治維新が最も重要な改革に位置づけられ、こうした国家主義的な歴史観はとりわけ歴史教育の現場へ積極的に導入されていった。
English: Kokugaku in the previous period and the thought of revering the Emperor existed in the background of such a move, and the thought of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese that existed in "Nihonshoki" and had been maintained thereafter as well existing base.
Japanese: これは前代の国学や尊王思想を背景とするもので、根底には『日本書紀』以来続いてきた日本の歴史の独自性を強調する考えが流れていた。
English: Thus, two flows of thoughts, the direction of trying to find universality in history and the direction of emphasizing uniqueness of Japanese history, can be found in the recognition of history and descriptions of history during the Meiji period and later.
Japanese: このように、明治以降の歴史認識・歴史叙述には、2つの潮流-歴史に普遍性を見出す方向と日本の歴史の独自性を強調する方向-を見出しうるのである。
English: In 1887, Ludwig Riess, a disciple of Leopold von Ranke, the founder of positivism-based history, was invited to Imperial University.
Japanese: 明治20年に実証主義史学の祖レオポルト・フォン・ランケの弟子に当たるルードビヒ・リースが帝国大学に招聘された。
English: Riess taught strict positivism-based history, formed so-called government-led academism, but had the tendency to place too much emphasis on checking historical evidences.
Japanese: リースは厳密な実証史学を指導し、いわゆる官学アカデミズムが形成されたが、史料考証を重んじすぎるという憾みがあった。
English: Towards the end of the Meiji period, evolution phase-based views of history was advocated affected by the German historical school, and materialistic views of history based on Marxism was introduced to Japan as well.
Japanese: 明治末期には、ドイツ歴史学派の影響による発展段階史観が唱えられ、またマルクス主義による唯物史観が紹介された。
English: Entering the Taisho period, the historical theory (by Kant and Dilthey) strongly denying the concept of considering that history progresses according to a law, a concept strongly supported in Marxism-based materialistic views of history, was introduced, strengthening interests in the philosophy of history.
Japanese: 大正期に入ると、マルクス唯物史観が重んじる歴史法則性を強く否定視する歴史理論（カントやディルタイ）が紹介され、歴史哲学への関心を高める契機となった。
English: During this period, interests were generated in various areas of history, such as socioeconomic history, cultural history, and ideological history.
Japanese: この時期は社会経済史・文化史・思想史など幅広い分野に関心が拡がっていた。
English: While history advanced in this way, collisions between history and nationalistic views of history occurred (for example, the incident of "Shinto is a remnant of the ancient custom of worshiping heaven," Nanbokucho-Seijunron (an argument on legitimacy of either Northern or Southern Dynasty) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), and the incident of the emperor-as-organ theory).
Japanese: こうした歴史学の発展の一方で、歴史学と国家主義的な歴史観との衝突も発生していた（「神道は祭天の古俗」事件、南北朝時代(日本)南北朝正閏論と後世への影響、天皇機関説事件など）。
English: Then, entering the Showa period, nationalistic views of history centered on the Emperor (Kokoku Shikan, that is emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto) and poetic justice views of history became prosperous.
Japanese: 昭和期に入ると国粋主義的な天皇を中心とする歴史観（皇国史観）や勧善懲悪史観が隆盛するに至った。