nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Inyo Gogyo Shiso (Yin-Yang Wu-Xing Thought) is a combination of 'Yin-yang' and 'Gogyo shiso' as mentioned above.
Japanese: 「陰陽五行思想」とは前述の通り「陰陽思想」と「五行思想」を組み合わせたものである。
English: Yin-yang' was originated by Emperor 'Fukki,' also known as Fukugi) who appears in ancient Chinese mythology.
Japanese: 「陰陽思想」は古代中国神話に登場する帝王「伏羲」が作り出したものである。
English: It is the idea that all the phenomena do not exist independently, but exist in one of two conflicting forms, 'yin' and 'yang' (for example, light and darkness, heaven and earth, men and women, good and evil, good fortune or bad), each one repeating rise and fall.
Japanese: 全ての事象は、それだけが単独で存在するのではなく、「陰」と「陽」という相反する形（例えば明暗、天地、男女、善悪、吉凶など）で存在し、それぞれが消長をくりかえすという思想である。
English: Meanwhile, 'Gogyo Shiso' was invented by 'U,' founder of the Ka Dynasty (also translated as the Xia Dynasty), and stated that all things consists of the five elements, 'moku, ka, do, gon, sui.'
Japanese: 一方、「五行思想」は夏(三代)の創始者「禹」が発案したものであり、万物は「木火土金水」という五つの要素により成り立つとするものである。
English: Later, Suen, an Inyoka (a practitioner of the Yin and Yang school of philosophy) from Sei (State of Qi in ancient China), completed the Inyo Gogyo Shiso by combining Yin-yang ideology and Gogyo Setsu (the Five Elements Theory), making a connection between Gogyo, the five planets and various phenomena.
Japanese: 後に斉の陰陽家鄒衍により5つの惑星と、さらにその後様々な事象と結び付けられ、陰陽思想と五行説が統合されて観念的な陰陽五行思想として完成する。
English: A distinctive feature of Gogyo shiso is the idea that the five elements influence each other.
Japanese: 五行思想の特徴は、「相生」と「相剋」という、それぞれの要素同士がお互いに影響を与え合うという考え方である。
English: Element which complement and have a strengthening influence on others are called 'Sosho' and elements which control and have a weakening influence on others are called 'Sokoku.'
Japanese: 相手の要素を補い、強める影響を与えるものを「相生」、相手の要素を抑え、弱める影響を与えるものを「相剋」という。
English: However, attention should be paid to the fact that 'Sosho' is not necessarily good simply because of it strengthens just as 'Sokoku' is not always bad simply because it weakens.
Japanese: 注意しておきたいのは、「相生」は相手を強めるので常によい、「相剋」は相手を弱めるので常に悪い、という捉え方ではないことである。
English: "Gogyo Sosho" refers to relationships between elements such as 'wood makes fire, fire makes earth, earth makes metal, metal makes water, water makes wood.'
Japanese: 「木は火を生じ、火は土を生じ、土は金を生じ、金は水を生じ、水は木を生ず」という関係を『五行相生』という。
English: Gogyo Sosho' expresses the strengthening influence elements have on others in the following order: wood, fire, earth, metal, water, and wood.
Japanese: 木→火→土→金→水→木の順に相手を強める影響をもたらすということが「五行相生」である。
English: This is symbolized in the way that wood becomes fire after burning, which generates ash (or earth) that gathers to makes a mountain, where minerals (metal) are produced, metal returns to water after corrosion and finally water grows wood.
Japanese: 木は燃えて火になり、火が燃えたあとには灰（＝土）が生じ、土が集まって山となった場所からは鉱物（金）が産出し、金は腐食して水に帰り、水は木を生長させる、という具合である。
English: "Gogyo Sokoku" refers to relationships between elements such as 'wood defeats earth, earth defeats water, water defeats fire, fire defeats metal, metal defeats wood.'
Japanese: 「水は火に勝（剋）ち、火は金に勝ち、金は木に勝ち、木は土に勝ち、土は水に勝つ」という関係を『五行相剋』という。
English: Gogyo Sokoku' expresses the weakening influence elements have on each other, in that water influences and weakens fire, as fire does metal, metal does wood, and wood does earth.
Japanese: 水は火に、火は金に、金は木に、木は土に、土は水に影響を与え、弱めるということが「五行相剋」である。
English: It is symbolized in the fact that water puts out fire, fire melts metal, from which cutting tools are made, metal cuts wood, wood shoots through earth, and earth holds streams of water.
Japanese: 水は火を消し、火は金を溶かし、金でできた刃物は木を切り倒し、木は土を押しのけて生長し、土は水の流れをせき止める、という具合である。
English: "Muhon" means "betraying one's master" (although there's a slight difference in the meaning of "謀反" and "謀叛" to be exact).
Japanese: 意味は、君主・主君にそむくことである（ただし、厳密には後述のように謀反と謀叛には微妙な差異がある）。
English: The word usually refers to an armed or militarized rebellion, but "assassinating one's master by a small group" can be defined as "muhon" as well.
Japanese: 特に武力・軍事力を動員して反乱を起こすことを指すことが多いが、少人数で君主・主君を暗殺する行為を謀反ということもある。
English: It is unusual to use this term to refer to incidents in the modern times (basically the term can be used for incidents in the premodern times).
Japanese: ただし、近代の事件を指して謀反の語を使うことはまれであり、基本的に前近代の事件を指す言葉である。
English: Muhon was viewed as a severe crime in Confucian ethics which were familiar to people in East Asia.
Japanese: 東アジアの人々に浸透した儒教の観念では大変重い罪であるととらえられた。
English: However, planning "反"(the character of "hon") alone was already a capital offence, so the provisions regarding "反" were included in the provisions of "謀反"(muhon).
Japanese: 反については謀だけで極刑となり実行してもしなくても刑に違いがないので、条文では謀反の規定で兼ねる。
English: "反" indicates "killing or wounding the emperor", while "叛"(another character of "hon") is "betraying the court (country) while helping other countries".
Japanese: 反は皇帝・天皇の殺傷、叛は本朝（本国）を裏切って外国を利することである。
English: "大逆 (taigyaku)", which became synonymous with "muhon" later, indicated a different crime (damaging the imperial tomb or imperial palace) in ritsu.
Japanese: 後に謀反・謀叛と同義になる大逆も、律では陵墓や宮闕の損壊という別の罪であった。
English: "謀反" (muhon) is defined as 'conspiracy to jeopardize the state' in both Toritsu and Yororitsu provisions.
Japanese: 唐律の条文で謀反とは「社稷を危うくせんと謀ること」、養老律では「国家を危うくせんと謀ること」である。
English: The notes for ritsu said, that the the word "state" was used to avoid mentioning the honorary title directly, so "the state" is understood as "the emperor".
Japanese: 社稷・国家とは、尊号を直接書くことをはばかったものだと律の疏（注釈）にあるので、字義通りではなく皇帝・天皇のことである。
English: In plain words, "反"(hon) is a murder or mayhem of the emperor, and 謀反 (muhon) is a plan for "反".
Japanese: はばからず直接的に書けば、反は皇帝・天皇に対する殺人と傷害、謀反はその計画である。
English: Practically, an attempt to take power on one's merit or a conspiracy, among vassals, were also regarded as muhon, as described below.
Japanese: しかし後述するように、実際の適用では、臣下の間での実力による政権奪取の試みや陰謀も謀反に含められた。
English: According to both Toritsu and Yororitsu, those who were involved with muhon, principal offenders or accomplices, would be decapitated.
Japanese: 唐律でも養老律でも、謀反に加わった者は、主犯・従犯を問わずみな斬とされた。
English: A person who attempted muhon but failed for one's insufficient ability or power to mobilize people, would also be decapitated, but the punishment for enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) charge was lighter and less people were affected.
Japanese: 謀反しようとしたが人々を動かす能力・威力が欠けていた者は、本人はやはり斬だが、縁座が狭く軽くなった。
English: A person who attempted to damage someone by a spell, would be sentenced to banishment or a lighter punishment, for the charge of creating and using evil words.
Japanese: 呪術で害そうとするのは、謀反ではなく妖書妖言を造り用いる罪で、流刑以下となる。
English: The sons (aged fifteen and under), the mothers, the daughters, the wives, the concubines, the wives and concubines of the sons, the grandparents, the grandchildren, the brothers as well as the subordinate people, assets, farmlands and housing lands of the muhon convicts were confiscated by the government.
Japanese: 年15以下の子、母女（母と娘）、妻妾、子の妻妾、祖孫（祖父母と孫）、兄弟、部曲（隷属民）、資財、田宅が没官になった。
English: Males aged eighty and over and females aged sixty and over, as well as disabled people were immune from confiscation.
Japanese: 縁座の免除については、男で年80以上または篤疾、女で年60以上と廃疾の者は没官を免れた。
English: Those who had married into other families, become adopted by other families, or entered the priesthood, were immune from complicity, as well as the fiancées.
Japanese: 他家に嫁にいった者、出養（他家に養子に出た者）、入道（道士、僧侶などの出家者）、婚約者は連座を免れた。
English: If someone was charged with muhon, even family members-in-law would be involved for complicity.
Japanese: 嫁と養子は実家に出た謀反人からは連座しないが、入った先の家に謀反人が出ればそこで連座する。
English: The fathers and the sons along with the subordinate people, assets, farmlands and housing lands of the muhon convicts were confiscated.
Japanese: 父子（父と息子）、家人（唐律の部曲にあたる隷属民）、資財、田宅が没官となった。
English: There was no enza (only the convicts themselves were punished) if the convicts were Buddhist monks, ladies, public slaves, imperial tomb guards, Kunuhi (government-owned slave), or Shinuhi (privately-owned slave).
Japanese: 僧侶、婦人、官戸、陵戸、家人、公奴婢、私奴婢が犯人の場合、本人が刑されるだけで、縁座はなかった。
English: In the provisions of Taiho Ritsuryo Code and Yoro Ritsuryo Code of the ancient Japan, '謀反,' pronounced "bouhen" or "muhen", was differentiated from '謀叛.'
Japanese: 古代日本の大宝律令・養老律令の律の規程では、「謀反」はぼうへん・むへんと発音して、「謀叛」とは区別されていた。
English: 謀反' was defined as a crime of attempting to overthrow the government or kill the emperor.
Japanese: 「謀反」とは国家（政権）の転覆や天皇の殺害を企ててる罪のことであった。
English: On the other hand, '謀叛' was a crime of attempting to overthrow the government without damaging the emperor (without high treason crime), as well as betrayal or defection to foreign countries.
Japanese: 一方「謀叛」はいわゆる天皇に危害を加えるなどの大逆罪を含まない国家（政権）の転覆及び敵国への内通・亡命などが対象となった。
English: As a result of political strife, many noblemen were killed for the charge of muhon between the seventh and eighth centuries,
Japanese: 7世紀～8世紀に政争の末、謀反・謀叛の罪によって殺害された貴族は少なくない。
English: In Japan, the ritsu provisions were different from actual punishment, and taking over the government by killing retainers or uprisings by Ezo (northerners) or Hayato people (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) were regarded as "反" or "謀反", even when the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) was fully realized.
Japanese: 日本では律の規定と実際の刑罰に乖離があり、律令制全盛期でも、廷臣の殺害による政権奪取や、蝦夷や隼人の反乱が反・謀反とされていた。
English: "謀反", "謀叛", and "taigyaku" had been confused since then, and in the late Heian Period, "謀叛 " and "謀反" became synonyms both pronounced "muhon".
Japanese: 当時から謀反・謀叛・大逆の語には混用があり、平安時代後期になると謀叛と謀反はともに「むほん」と読む同義語になった。
English: From the Nara Period through the early Heian Period, most people charged with muhon were executed, but the extent of the prosecution and accompanying enza, or the severity of the punishment, were affected by political decisions.
Japanese: 奈良時代と平安時代初めに、謀反を起こした（とされた）人はほとんど死刑になったが、その対象者と縁座の範囲・量刑は政治的判断で左右された。
English: There was a tendency that differentiation between decapitation and hanging were disregarded, and only the principal offenders were killed, while enza convicts had lighter punishment than specified in the ritsu provisions.
Japanese: 斬と絞の区別は無視され、主犯だけが死刑になり、縁座者への刑は律の規定より軽くなる傾向があった。
English: People started to avoid the death penalty for nobles of the capital during the Heian Period, and few people were charged with muhon, as it was a severe crime leading to the death penalty.
Japanese: 平安時代頃から、中央貴族に対する死刑は好まれなくなり、死刑に繋がる重い刑罰である謀反・謀叛はほとんど適用されなくなる。
English: Japan was an island country and with its stable state system with the emperor, betrayal or defection to neighboring countries, as well as overthrowing the government without an emperor, was unlikely.
Japanese: また、陸続きの隣国が存在せず、また天皇を君主とした国家体制が続いてきたこともあり、隣国との通謀や亡命の可能性が低く、天皇を抜きとした政権転覆も考えにくかった。
English: Thus people started to use the word "謀叛" together with the word "謀反"for the same meaning.
Japanese: このためにこの頃より謀叛という語を謀反と同じ意味で用いられるようになった。
English: Some of these samurai had so much power that they got killed by the army dispatched by the central government, the Imperial Court (but actually the army consisted of other samurai) for the charge of muhon.
Japanese: その中で力を持ちすぎた者が中央政府である朝廷に謀反人と見なされ、中央から派遣された軍隊（実際には、これも武士たちである）によって討たれる事件が起こるようになった。
English: So people started to call a rebellion by a vassal samurai against his lord "muhon".
Japanese: ある武士と主君の関係を結んでいる家臣の武士が、主君の武士に反抗することが起こり、これを謀反と呼ぶ。
English: During the Warring States Period, many muhon incidents called 'gekokujo' (revolt by vassals against their lords to take over daimyo [Japanese territorial lord]) happened.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には数多くの謀反が起こって家臣が主君を追って自ら大名になる事件、「下克上」が起こるようになった。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), after finally settling this upheaval of the Warring States Period, made samurai learn the Neo-Confucianism ethics, to teach the vassals' loyalty to their lords.
Japanese: 戦国時代の動乱を最終的に収めた江戸幕府は、このような風潮を改め、家臣の主君への従順を教えるため朱子学の道徳を武士に学ばせる。
English: We can find the word "muhon" in the historical documents regarding the Seinan War and Shusui KOTOKU incident (the case of high treason) in the Meiji Period as well as February 26th Incident in 1936.
Japanese: 明治時代の西南戦争や幸徳秋水事件（大逆事件）、1936年の二・二六事件も、当時の資料には謀反の言葉が見うけられる。
English: Today people use more modern terms such as "coup d'etat" or "hanran" instead of "muhon" for armed rebellions after Meiji.
Japanese: しかし現在では、近代的な用語としてクーデターや反乱などの言葉が使われ、明治以降の武力反抗事件に謀反という言葉は用いられなくなっている。
English: In the end of the Kamakura Period, the Kamakura bakufu called the Shochu Disturbance (1324) and the Genko Incident (1332), the Emperor Godaigo's attempt to overthrow the bakufu, "the Emperor muhon (or togin [the current Emperor] muhon), so ordinary people followed that.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期、後醍醐天皇が鎌倉幕府倒幕を計画した正中の変（1324年）・元弘の変（1332年）を幕府側は「天皇御謀叛」（あるいは「当今御謀叛」）と呼び、世間一般もこれに倣った。
English: This expression is misleading if interpreted as 'the decline of the Imperial Court and the arrogance of the bakufu' according to kokoku shikan (emperor-centered historiography which is based on state Shinto).
Japanese: これは単に「朝廷の衰微・幕府の驕慢」という皇国史観的な発想で解釈すると事実の見誤りの生じさせる言葉である。
English: After the late Heian Period, the Imperial Court slowly lost the power to maintain the social order with the police and the military, losing the right to judge criminal cases, thus samurai maintained the order in place of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 平安時代後期以後、朝廷は社会秩序を維持するための警察・軍事的な裏付け（「検断権」）を次第に失った。
English: On June 6, 1167, TAIRA no Shigemori of the Taira clan government (TAIRA no Kiyomori already became a priest then) was granted Japan's military and police authorities by the retired emperor Goshirakawa and the Emperor Rokujo.
Japanese: 平氏政権は仁安(日本)2年5月10日に後白河院院宣及び六条天皇宣旨によって平重盛（平清盛は既に出家）に諸国の軍事警察権が与えられた。
English: When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo established the Kamakura bakufu to head samurai groups in Japan, the Imperial Court granted the bakufu the right to judge criminal cases, for the maintenance of the social order (with 'Bunji Imperial permission' and 'Kenkyu law reconstitution').
Japanese: やがて、源頼朝によって幕府が開かれて全国の武士団を統率するようになると、鎌倉幕府が朝廷より社会秩序を維持する検断権が委ねられるようになる（「文治勅許」・「建久新制」）。
English: The right to judge criminal cases was, however, held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, in the period of the Taira clan government through the early Kamakura Period.
Japanese: だが、平氏政権・鎌倉幕府初期の段階では検断権そのものは朝廷・院が有していた。
English: The Taira clan government and the Kamakura bakufu were considered as the law-enforcement agency under the control by the Emperor or the retired emperor, who sometimes exercised the police and military forces directly.
Japanese: 平氏政権・鎌倉幕府はその下で権限を行使をする存在とされ、また朝廷・院が独自に警察力・軍事力を行使することもあった。
English: Benkan (Oversight Department: division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) kudashibumi (document issued by a superior or office) was issued (on June 13, 1221) for shugo and jito (military governor and estate steward) appointed by the Kamakura bakufu, to search and capture Yoshitoki HOJO, when the Jokyu War took place.
Japanese: 承久の乱の際に鎌倉幕府が設置した諸国の守護・地頭に対して北条義時追捕の弁官下文（承久3年5月15日）が出された。
English: This is because the right to judge criminal cases was held by the Emperor or the retired emperor, and the enforcement was delegated to the bakufu.
Japanese: これは、朝廷・院が検断権を有し幕府はそれを委ねられた存在であるという考えによる。
English: However, the Kamakura bakufu won the Jokyu War and held the police and military forces, so the Imperial Court's right to judge criminal cases became a mere name.
Japanese: だが、承久の乱で鎌倉幕府が勝利すると、幕府が日本全国の警察力・軍事力を掌握して、朝廷が持っていた検断権は形骸化した。
English: The court still held the power regarding the suits about territory of kuge (court noble) as well as temples and shrines, but as for the police and military, the court was only in a position to justify the bakufu actions.
Japanese: 公家領や寺社領に対する訴訟の権限は有していたものの、警察・軍事に関しては幕府の行動に大義名分を与える役割に限定されるようになる。
English: A rebel against the Kamakura bakufu, which was the only agency to exercise the right to criminal cases, was considered as a dysfunctional behavior in this period.
Japanese: つまり、この時代には唯一の検断権の行使機関であった鎌倉幕府に対する反抗は即ち社会秩序全体を危うくする行為と見なされていた。
English: The Emperor Godaigo's act was seen as an attempt to overthrow the state or government itself, namely "謀叛", when the Kamakura bakufu maintained the social order in Japan.
Japanese: つまり後醍醐天皇の行為は鎌倉幕府が社会秩序を維持する国家形態及び政権自体に対する転覆の企て、即ち「謀叛」であると見なされたのである。
English: Suzaku (also known as Shujaku, or in Pinyin) is one of the legendary divine beasts (God Bird) of the People's Republic of China, and is one of the four gods (also known as the Four Beasts or the Four Phenomena) who rule over the four directions; it is also important in the Five Elements Theory.
Japanese: 朱雀（すざく・しゅじゃく、ピンイン）とは、中華人民共和国の伝説上の神獣（神鳥）で、四神（四獣・四象）・五行思想の一つ。
English: It is considered to be of the same thing as the firebird and the phoenix, and some have pointed out the similarities between Suzaku and Garuda, a bird-god who appears in Indian legends.
Japanese: 鳳凰、不死鳥と同一視されることがあり、インド神話に登場するガルダとの類似も指摘されている。
English: Because of the above-mentioned reasons, Suzaku also appears from time to time in the origin stories of temples and shrines, as well as in the private (non-official) era names listed in the topographies and so forth.
Japanese: また、朱雀は上に由来して寺社の縁起や地方の地誌等に私年号として散見される。
English: In the prevailing view, "Suzaku" is thought to be a pseudonym or eulogistic name for Shucho (This theory has been proposed by the historian Taro SAKAMOTO among others.)
Japanese: 通説では朱鳥の別称、美称であるとされている（坂本太郎_(歴史学者)等の説）。
English: The 28 constellations of Chinese astrology (in which the moon's apparent path across the sky is split into 28 sections) are divided into 4 groups of 7 constellations, 1 group for each of the 4 directional gods, and each group was thought to model the appearance of its god.
Japanese: 中国の星座である二十八宿（月の見かけ上の通り道である白道を28分したもの）は、四神の名によって7宿ずつ4つにまとめられ、それぞれが四神の姿をかたどるとされる。
English: Among the seven constellations grouped into the south, Suzaku's domain, the central constellation, called the 'Star' is the heart of the Hydra constellation in Western astronomy; its central star is the principal star in the Hydra constellation, Alphard.
Japanese: そのうちの1つ、南方朱雀に属する7宿のうち、中央の「星宿」は、西洋星座のうみへび座の心臓部に当たり、その中心は、うみへび座の主星アルファルドである。
English: This second-magnitude star, whose name means 'the solitary one,' is in an area with few bright stars and thus seems to stand out; as can be inferred from their naming this as 'Star' constellation, Chinese astronomers have known of this star since very ancient times, and indeed Alphard is one of the first stars to have been discovered by the Chinese.
Japanese: 「孤独な者」を意味する名をもつこの2等星は、明るい星の少ない中にあって目立つ星であり、「星」という宿名からもわかるように、中国の天文家にも、最も古くから知られてきた星の一つであった。
English: This orange colored star, in addition to creating an image of the Ptarmigan or any other birds whose feathers are orange around the breast, may also have possibly influenced the establishment of the image of this auspicious bird 'Suzaku.'
Japanese: このオレンジ色の星が、ライチョウなど羽色が橙色系の胸をもつ鳥とともに、「朱雀」という瑞鳥のイメージの成立に、何らかの形で関与している可能性もある。
English: A local court was established in 1868 as a local administrative organ by the new government in Kyoto for it to govern areas which did not belong to any feudal domains.
Japanese: 地方制度としての裁判所（さいばんしょ）は、明治元年（1868年）に、京都の新政府が諸藩に属さない直轄地を治めるために設けた地方行政機関である。
English: Starting with the establishment of the Osaka local court on January 27, 1868, the government appointed governors and vice governors for each local court and set up twelve local courts by April same year.
Japanese: 明治元年1月27日に大坂に設けたのを初めとして、個別に総督、副総督の任命を発令し、同年4月までに12の裁判所を設けた。
English: They were established in Osaka, Hyogo, Nagasaki, Otsu, Kyoto, Yokohama, Hakodate, Niigata of Echigo-fu, Sado, Kasamatsu, Fuchu and Mikawa.
Japanese: 大坂、兵庫、長崎、大津、京都、横浜、箱館裁判所、越後府新潟裁判所、佐渡、笠松、府中、三河裁判所である。
English: As far as Edo is concerned, when the Edo-fu administrative unit was established in May 1868, Minsei (literally, civil administration) court, Shisei (literally, municipal administration) court and Shaji (literally, shrines and temples) court were established under Edo-fu.
Japanese: 江戸には、明治元年5月に江戸府が設置され、その下に民政裁判所、市政裁判所、社寺裁判所の三つの裁判所が置かれた。
English: The local courts were originally created in response to the need to fill a temporary administrative vacuum created by the establishment of the new government, and they took over the functions of Bugyosho (a magistrate's office) and Gundai-shihaijo (an administrative office for each county), both administrative offices during the Edo bakufu feudal government.
Japanese: この裁判所は、江戸幕府の奉行所と郡代支配所の機能を引き継ぎ、当座の行政の空白を埋める必要から設けられたものである。
English: When these local courts were installed, Japan was in the middle of the Boshin War, and Niigata, Sado and Hakodate did not fall under the control of the new government yet.
Japanese: 設置の当初は戊辰戦争の最中で、新潟、佐渡、箱館は新政府の支配の外にあった。
English: The new government promulgated the Constitution of 1868 on leap April 21, the same year, and declared the fu-han-ken tripartite governance system.
Japanese: 政府は、同年閏4月21日に政体書を出して、府藩県三治制を敷くことを布告した。
English: The Hakodate Court was established quickly as a local administrative organ in Hakodate (present-day, Hakodate City) in 1868 to govern Ezo (a northern island of Japan inhabited by Ainu indigenous people).
Japanese: 箱館裁判所(はこだてさいばんしょ)は、慶応4年（9月8日から改元して明治元年）(1868年)の短時日に、蝦夷地を統治するために箱館（現在の函館市）に設けられた裁判所(地方制度)である。
English: The new government in Kyoto appointed Prince Yoshiakira of Ninnajinomiya the governor of the Hakodate Court on April 12, 1868.
Japanese: 京都の新政府は、慶応4年(1868年)4月12日に、皇族の仁和寺宮嘉彰親王を箱館裁判所総督に任命した。
English: However, Prince Yoshiakira flatly refused the appointment, the already-appointed vice governor of Hakodate Court, Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI, was reappointed as the governor on leap April 5.
Japanese: 嘉彰親王が固辞したため、閏4月5日に、副総督の清水谷公考を改めて総督に任命した。
English: Amid the uncertain situation of Ezo due to the continuing Boshin War, SHIMIZUDANI headed for Hakodate by ship across the Sea of Japan.
Japanese: この頃まだ戊辰戦争が継続中であり、蝦夷地の情勢も不透明であったが、清水谷らは敦賀から日本海の海路をとって箱館に向けて出発した。
English: At that time, Kita-Ezochi (later Sakhalin) where both Ainu and Russian people inhabited was under a direct control of bakufu, and Higashi-Ezochi and Nichi-Ezochi which later became Hokkaido were ruled by both bakufu and several feudal domains (Matsumae Domain, Morioka Domain, Sendai Domain, Aizu Domain, Hirosaki Domain and Shonai Domain), with each occupying almost fifty percent.
Japanese: この時点での蝦夷地は、日露雑居の北蝦夷地（後の樺太）が幕府の直轄で、後の北海道にあたる東蝦夷地と西蝦夷地には、幕府直轄領と諸藩領（松前藩、盛岡藩、仙台藩、会津藩、弘前藩、庄内藩）がおよそ半々に入り組んでいた。
English: Although the Hakodate Court was not meant for disabling these feudal domains, it exercised a power over them in practical terms.
Japanese: 箱館裁判所は、諸藩領を廃止するものではなかったが、実質的に諸藩の上位に立つ権威を行使した。
English: Also, the new government ordered the Court not to use the tax yields in Ezo for purposes other than land reclamation.
Japanese: また、蝦夷地の税収は開拓のために用いるので、他の用途に使ってはならないという指示を出した。
English: On April 21, the new government promulgated the Constitution of 1868 which stipulated a transformation of the local courts into fu or ken (prefecture) administrative unit (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system).
Japanese: 閏4月21日に新政府は政体書を発して、各地の裁判所を府または県に改編することにした。
English: According to this system, the Hakodate Court was renamed as Hakodate-fu on 24th with appointment of SHIMIZUDANI as its first governor.
Japanese: これに基づき、箱館裁判所も24日に箱館府に改称され、清水谷が府知事に任命された。
English: On the same day, the group of SHIMIZUDANI had just arrived in Ezo (Esashi in Ezo).
Japanese: この日清水谷の一行はちょうど蝦夷地（江差）に到着したばかりであった。
English: After entering Hakodate on the following 26th, SHIMIZUDANI took over the work smoothly from Katsunobu SUGIURA, then-Hakodate bugyo (a magistrate), and established the Hakodate Court in Goryokaku on May 1.
Japanese: 清水谷は26日に箱館に入り、箱館奉行の杉浦勝誠から平穏に政務を引き継ぎ、5月1日に、箱館裁判所を五稜郭に開設した。
English: On the following July 17, a district court in Hakodate informed the Hakodate Court that the Hakodate Court was renamed Hakodate-fu.
Japanese: この後、7月17日、現地の裁判所が箱館府に改称した旨を管内に告示した。
English: Governor: Prince Yoshiakira of Ninnajinomiya: April 12, 1868 - leap April 5.
Japanese: 総督　仁和寺宮嘉彰親王　慶応4年(1868年)4月12日-閏4月5日)
English: In measuring the length of something long such as rope, the length is easily represented by the hiro by a manner that a measurer repeats the following: Hold a rope in one's both hands and then outspread the arms.
Japanese: 紐などの長さを測るときに、紐を両手で持ち、両手を一杯に広げるということを繰り返すことで、尋による長さを簡単に求めることができる。
English: For example, the depth of water is sounded by passing the end of a fishing line down until it reaches to the bottom and then measuring the length of the line.
Japanese: 釣糸を底までたらしてそのときの釣糸の長さを測れば、水深を計測することができる。