nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1924, those areas was hit by a drought, and both unions considered it was because the damaged forests had no longer absorbed nor contained water; although the unions took action separately, in 1925 the petition including thousands of signatures of the farmers and peasants and others in Gunma Prefecture was submitted to the House of Peers, the House of Representatives, the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Agricultural Affairs.
Japanese: 1924年には干ばつがあり、これは、水源地の足尾の山林が荒廃して保水能力を失ったためだと考えた両組合は、それぞれ別個に活動を行い、1925年には群馬県側の農民ら数千人の署名が集められ、貴族院、衆議院、内務大臣、農務大臣宛てに請願書が提出される。
English: The petition was mainly to ask for the authorities' permission that the victims claimed compensation for the damage by the mining pollution (in those days, since plaintiffs had the burden of proof, the victims had no chance of winning in court)
Japanese: この内容は主に、鉱害による損害賠償請求が行えるようにして欲しいというものだった（当時は原告に立証責任があったため、裁判で勝つ見込みがなかった）。
English: On the other hand, the union of Mikuriya Yosui submitted a petition to the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, and the Minister of Commerce and Industry, asking for regulation of mining and revision of the laws of mining
Japanese: 一方、三栗谷用水は、鉱業取り締まりや鉱業法改正の嘆願書を内務・農林・商工大臣宛に提出。
English: In 1936, the union of Mikuriya Yosui managed to get 85,000 yen from Furukawa Mining as funds for the project to improve the intake; before the works, they had drawn water directly from Watarase-gawa River, however, after the works, they began to draw water from the undercurrent.
Japanese: 1936年に三栗谷用水は古河鉱業から事業資金の一部8万5千円を提供させ、取水口の改良工事を行い、それまでの渡良瀬川からの直接取水から、伏流水を主に取水する方式に変更した。
English: The contract included the clause that the union should not demand money after that, however the works continued until the fourth construction in 1950, and ultimately the Furukawa side paid 1,190,000 yen which was 4 percents of total cost of 32,000,000 yen.
Japanese: 今後一切現金提供を求めないという条文が契約書に盛り込まれたが、工事は1950年の第4次工事まで続き、最終的に古河側は総工費3200万円の4%にあたる119万円を負担した。
English: In the fourth construction, the Nakagawa mineral poison settling basin was build in the mainstream of the flume (completed in 1948), and after that, the damages by the mining pollution in the lower river were reduced considerably.
Japanese: 第4次工事で、用水本流上に中川鉱毒沈砂池（1948年竣工）が設けられ、下流部の鉱毒被害は激減した。
English: However, after that, the peasants kept paying the running costs and costs for new pollution-preventing system in the form of water rate which had kept being raised.
Japanese: しかし、最新の鉱毒防止装置の維持費は、その後も用水利用料増加という形で農民の負担となった。
English: Besides, although the project itself continued until 1967 when the fifth construction was finished, Furukawa did not pay for the fifth construction.
Japanese: なお、事業そのものは1967年竣工の第5次まで続いたが、第5次工事には古河は金銭を負担していない。
English: In 1938 and 1939, Watarase-gawa River had flooded greatly and the mining pollution poured into the farmlands again.
Japanese: 1938年、1939年には渡良瀬川で大洪水があり、鉱毒が再度農地に流れ込んだ。
English: In the same year, the residents formed the Watarase-gawa River Improvement Alliance in Gunma and submitted petitions to the Ministry of Home Affairs, asking improvement of Watarase-gawa River and cultivation of the source.
Japanese: 同年、渡良瀬川改修群馬期成同盟会が結成され、内務省に対して渡良瀬川の河川改修や水源地の涵養などを求める陳情が行われた。
English: In 1940, the government approved the budget for the project, however, it is considered that they could not carry out large repairs because it was during World War II.
Japanese: 1940年、政府はこの事業に予算をつけるが、第二次世界大戦のため、あまり大規模な改修は行われなかったらしいという推測もある。
English: After that, people came to say that persons who did not cooperate with the copper production were betrayers of the country, because the increase production was demanded as a national policy, therefore the movement against the mining pollution temporarily subsided.
Japanese: これ以降の時代は、国策である銅の増産に協力しない者は非国民であるという主張がされるようになり、鉱毒反対運動は一時下火になった。
English: In 1945 World War II ended, and there were no longer controls on speeches and meetings, and in the following year, the peasants of the Watarase-gawa valley of the eastern Gunma Prefecture gathered and formed the Union for Relocation of Ashio copper mine Refinery.
Japanese: 1945年、終戦となり、言論・集会への弾圧が行われなくなると、翌1946年、群馬県東部の渡良瀬川流域の農民が集まり、足尾銅山精錬所移転期成同盟会が結成された。
English: Soon after that, the union changed its name to the Mining Pollution Eradication Committee and began negotiations directly with Furukawa Mining.
Japanese: この会はすぐに鉱害根絶同盟会と名称を変更し、古河鉱業と直接交渉を行った。
English: The towns and villages of the neighboring area changed the name of the Watarase-gawa River Improvement Committee in Gunma to the River Bank Mining Pollution Committee and continued the movement against the mining pollution; and in 1953 the Association of Mining Pollution Eradication temporally disappeared since it have been merged into the official committee the government had established.
Japanese: 周辺市町村は渡良瀬川改修群馬期成同盟会を沿岸鉱毒対策委員会と名称変更して鉱毒反対運動を続け、1953年、鉱害根絶同盟会は官製の対策委員会に吸収される形でいったん消滅した。
English: However, the official committee was dissolved after receiving one twentieth of the cost for the land improvement (8,000,000 yen) from Furukawa Mining.
Japanese: 対策委員会は古河鉱業から土地改良資金の20分の1（800万円）を受け取り解散した。
English: This 8 million yen was paid into the account of Machi-Yaba Twin Weir Land Improvement District (the new name of the water supply union).
Japanese: 800万円は、待矢場両堰土地改良区（水利組合が名称を変更したもの）の口座に入金された。
English: The Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki used the money for the works to draw water from the undercurrent like the Union of Mikuriya Yosui, however, the sizes of the flumes and areas were different so that they could not draw enough water only from the undercurrent.
Japanese: これらの資金を基に、待矢場両堰も三栗谷用水と同様、伏流水を取水するための工事を行ったが、用水の規模が違いすぎ、伏流水のみでは必要量を確保できなかった。
English: However, on May 30, 1958, in Ashio-machi, the Gengorozawa accumulation site near Ottosei-iwa collapsed.
Japanese: しかし、1958年5月30日、足尾町オットセイ岩付近にある源五郎沢堆積場が崩壊。
English: The ore wastes of the site poured into Watarase-gawa River, and through the river poured into the fields of Morita Village, Yamada County, Gunma Prefecture (present Morita in Ota City) which was drawing water for fields directly from Watarase-gawa River.
Japanese: 崩れた鉱石くずが渡良瀬川を流れ、渡良瀬川から直接農業用水を取水していた群馬県山田郡毛里田村（現在の太田市毛里田）の田畑に流れ込んだ。
English: On June 11, the peasants of Morita Village visited Ashio, however the Furukawa side just repeatedly disclaimed any responsibility for the damages.
Japanese: 6月11日には毛里田村の農民らが足尾を訪れるが、古河側は自身に責任はないという主張を繰り返した。
English: However, immediately after, people knew the fact that Furukawa Mining had paid the Japanese National Railways compensation for the tracks which had been damaged by the ore wastes' outflow.
Japanese: しかし、日本国有鉄道には、鉱石くずの流出で線路が流れたことに対して補償金を払っていたことが直後に判明。
English: So the residents were outraged and on July 10, formed the Morita Village Association (later changed its name to the Morita Area Association), and to agree with them, on August 2, the Watarase-gawa River Mining Pollution Eradication Committee of Gunma Tomo Three Cities and Three Counties was formed again mainly by the peasants of three cities and three counties of Gunma Prefecture including Kiryu City, Ota City, Tatebayashi City, Nitta County, Yamada County and Oura County.
Japanese: 住民らが激怒し、7月10日、毛里田村期成同盟会（のちの毛里田地区期成同盟会）が結成され、これを受け、さらに8月2日、群馬県桐生市、太田市、館林市、新田郡、山田郡(群馬県)、邑楽郡の農民が中心となって群馬県東毛三市三郡渡良瀬川鉱毒根絶期成同盟会が再度結成される。
English: Furukawa offered to pay 1.5 million yen to express their sympathy, however the residents of Morita Village refused it as they would not receive it unless Furukawa pays it as a part of their reparations.
Japanese: 古河側は150万円の見舞金を提示したが、毛里田村民側は賠償金の一部としてでなければ受け取れないと拒否。
English: Moreover, in the negotiation process, the Furukawa side insisted that in 1953 when they had paid for the land improvement, they had made a final composition with the condition that the victims abandoned every right to demand money after that.
Japanese: また、この交渉過程で、1953年に土地改良資金を提供したときに、永久示談を行ったと古河側は主張。
English: Regarding this composition, in 1966, the Committee of Commerce and Industry of the House of Councilors, a member (at that time) Kazuhiro SUZUKI questioned its validity, and the representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry answered that they did not think the final composition had been valid nor was valid, since it was doubtful that the chairperson of the water supply union had had the authority to make such a composition with a company and after the composition the mining pollution had been ruining them.
Japanese: この契約書に関しては、1966年、参議院商工委員会で鈴木一弘委員（当時）が有効性があるのかと問いただしたところ、農林省、通産省の担当者は、それぞれ、契約書に署名した水利組合理事長に独断でそのような契約を結ぶ権限があったか疑わしく、また、契約後も鉱毒被害が発生していることから、永久示談の成立には否定的な答弁を行っている。
English: In this period, the movement was led mainly by the Morita Village Association (later changed its name to the Morita Area Association) which had been formed by the residents of the most damaged area.
Japanese: この時期の鉱毒反対運動は、最大の被害地、毛里田村期成同盟会（のちの毛里田地区期成同盟会）が活動の中心となった。
English: Another cause that led to the fuelling of the movement was that Watarase-gawa River was excluded from the Water Quality Designated Rivers established by the government in the same year.
Japanese: 同年設置された政府の水質審議会指定河川から渡良瀬川が除外されたことも運動を大きくする原因になった。
English: In 1962, the government established Watarase-gawa River Committee in the Council of Water Quality and offered a compromise that they would accept the chairman of the Morita Village Association as a member of the official committee if he resigned as chairman of the association, however, at the beginning the members of the Morita Village Association strongly objected it thinking the government was trying to divide the local association.
Japanese: 1962年、水質審議会に渡良瀬川専門部会を設け、毛里田村期成同盟会会長が会長を辞職すれば、この会長を審議会委員に加えてよい、という内容の政治的な妥協がはかられたが、当初、毛里田村同盟会は同盟会の運動の分断を図ろうとするものだとして激しく抵抗した。
English: Also, some people said that if the government demanded such a thing, they should demand the president of Furukawa Mining who had already participated in the committee to give up his position as the president.
Japanese: また、そのような主張が認められるなら、同じく委員になっている古河鉱業の社長もその職を辞すべきだという主張もあった。
English: However, the chairman accepted the offer and resigned as the chairman, and became member of the Council of Water Quality.
Japanese: しかし、会長はこれを受け入れ、会長を辞職した上で水質審議委員となった。
English: However, his opinions as a member of the council were mostly ignored, therefore on October 5, 1964, the local people carried out Oshidashi again.
Japanese: しかし、この委員の意見はほとんど無視されたため、1964年10月5日、再び押出しが行われた。
English: In 1968 the water-quality standard was resolved, and as for copper, they fixed it at 0.06ppm by the suggestion of the Ministry of Economic Planning.
Japanese: 水質基準は経済企画庁の提案による銅0.06ppmという値で、1968年に決定された。
English: The Morita Area Association (formerly named Morita Village Association) insisted the standard must be fixed at 0.02ppm, however it was ignored.
Japanese: 毛里田地区期成同盟会（毛里田村期成同盟会が名称変更したもの）は、0.02ppmを主張したがこれは受け入れられなかった。
English: In 1971, Cadmium was detected in rice harvested in Morita, and the peasants immediately demanded from Furukawa Mining 12 billion yen as compensation for the previous 80 years.
Japanese: 1971年に毛里田で収穫された米からカドミウムが検出され、直後、農民らは80年分の賠償金120億円を古河鉱業に請求した。
English: On March 31, 971 peasants filed for arbitration to the Gunma Prefecture Pollution Council seeking compensation of 3.9 billion yen from Furukawa Mining.
Japanese: 3月31日、農民971人が古河鉱業に賠償金総額39億円の支払いを求め群馬県公害審査会に調停を申請した。
English: On April 3, the prefecture concluded the contaminated soil in Morita area was also due to the mining pollution from the Ashio copper mine.
Japanese: 4月3日、県は毛里田地区の土壌汚染についても足尾銅山の鉱毒が原因と断定。
English: In 1974, the 359.8ha of agricultural areas were designated for the Agricultural Land with Soil Pollution Control.
Japanese: 1974年に、農地359.8haを土壌汚染対策地域農用地に指定した。
English: On May 11, 1974, the Pollutions Investigation Committee, which had took over the arbitration from the Gunma Prefecture Pollutions Committee, settled the issue and ordered Furukawa Mining to pay 1.55 billion yen.
Japanese: 1974年5月11日、群馬県公害審査会から事件の処理を引継いだ公害等調整委員会において調停が成立し、古河鉱業は15億5000万円を支払った。
English: This was the first case that Furukawa accepted responsibility for the mining pollution and paid compensation (called 'baishokin,' however, in the contract, it says 'hoshokin' which means the money you give them as they suffer from damage, while 'baishokin' means the money you give them as you hurt them; before that, any monetary provision was not under the name of compensation but either of 'donation,' 'consolatory money 'cooperation money.')
Japanese: これは、古河側が鉱毒事件で責任を認めて賠償金（契約書上の文言は「補償金」）を支払った最初の出来事である（それ以前の資金提供は常に「寄付金」「見舞金」「協力金」などの名目で、賠償金ではなかった）。
English: However, Furukawa Mining acknowledged their fault only on the damages by copper but not by cadmium (the peasants did not complicate the issue by mentioning cadmium in order to reach a faster resolution.)
Japanese: ただし、古河鉱業側は、銅の被害のみを認め、カドミウムについては認めなかった（農民側も、調停申請にはあえてカドミウム問題は提示せずに早期解決を目指したという理由もある）。
English: By the decision in the reconciliation, the works for the land improvement were carried out from 1981 to 1999.
Japanese: このときの調停の内容に含まれていた土地改良は、1981年に始まり1999年に完了した。
English: Furukawa Mining paid 51 percents of the total cost of 4.34 billion yen of the land improvement project and the government and Gunma Prefecture paid the most of the rest (Kiryu City and Ota City also paid a fraction)
Japanese: 古河鉱業は土地改良事業費43億4000万円のうち51%を負担し、残りの大部分は国と群馬県が負担した（ごく一部を桐生市と太田市が負担）。
English: The opposition movements in Morita area were independent and not funded by anyone or anywhere, the peasants made their lunch packs and continued the activity which makes it different from any other movements.
Japanese: 毛里田地区の鉱毒反対運動は、どこからも主だった支援を受けず、農民の手弁当による活動であるところが他の同種の運動と大きく異なる。
English: However, this does not mean there were no offers of assistance, but there was no mechanism for accepting support.
Japanese: ただし、支援の申し出がなかったわけではなく、受け入れ体制が整わなかったのが支援を受けなかった理由であるという。
English: Immediately after the issue of Morita area was settled by arbitration, on November 18, 1974, in Kiryu City of Gunma Prefecture, the Kiryu Area Mining Pollution Committee was established, and 444 peasants participated in the negotiation with Furukawa Mining.
Japanese: 毛里田地区の調停成立直後の1974年11月18日、群馬県桐生市で桐生地区鉱毒対策委員会が設立され、農民444人が古河鉱業に対し交渉をもった。
English: It was settled on November 18, 1975, and Furukawa Mining admitted their fault on the damage by the copper and so on and paid 235 million yen.
Japanese: 1975年11月18日和解が成立し、古河鉱業は銅などによる鉱毒被害を認め、2億3500万円を支払った。
English: On October 25, 1974, 546 peasants of the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Niragawa area, Ota City, demanded compensation of 1.3 billion yen from Furukawa Mining.
Japanese: 1974年10月25日、太田市韮川地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会の農民546人が、13億円の賠償を古河鉱業に請求。
English: On December 1, 1976, it reached a settlement, and Furukawa Mining paid 110 million yen.
Japanese: 1976年12月1日、和解が成立し、古河鉱業は1億1千万円を支払った。
English: Residents who had failed to apply for compensation submitted applications to the Pollution Coordinating Committee.
Japanese: 毛里田地区で申請漏れになっていた住民が、公害等調整委員会に調停を申請。
English: In 1994, the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Morita and the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Niragawa merged.
Japanese: 1994年、毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会と、韮川地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会が合併。
English: In 2000, 2003 and 2004, Gunma Prefecture added some fields to the Agricultural Land with Soil Pollution Control.
Japanese: 2000年、2003年、2004年に、群馬県は農用地土壌汚染対策指定地域を追加指定。
English: As of 2005, the designated areas for the anti-pollution measure reach 53.74 hectares, which include damaged farmlands that there still remain damages so that they have to treat those fields as the designated areas.
Japanese: これまでに指定され、まだ解除されていない農地も含め、2005年現在の対策指定地域は53.74haである。
English: It is considered that the most of the areas designated after 2000 were the land which had been ignored in the cursory investigation in the 1970s.
Japanese: 2000年以降の追加指定地は、大部分が1970年代の調査が不十分で調査洩れになっていた地域と考えられている。
English: In 2004, Kiryu City Council adopted a petition demanding the installment of an automated water intake unit in the Nakasai water treatment plant in Ashio-machi.
Japanese: 2004年、桐生市議会は、足尾町の中才浄水場に自動取水機の設置を求める要望書を採択した。
English: In order to restore the devastated forests in the Ashio area, in 1897, the then Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce ordered plantation to Ashio, and since then a reforestation project has commenced and continues to the present (2006).
Japanese: 荒廃した足尾地区の森林を復元するため、1897年、当時の農商務省により足尾に植林が命じられ、以後、現在（2006年）に至るまで治山事業が続けられている。
English: However, there were a few years when there was no plantation for both the Meiji period and the early Showa period.
Japanese: ただし、明治期と昭和初期には植林が行われなかった時代がそれぞれ数年ずつあった。
English: According to Maebashi Forest Management Office (present Kanto Regional Forest Office), the cost of afforestation (called the cost of the degraded lands' recovery) is as follows (after 1976, the afforestation project has been continuing.)
Japanese: 治山事業に要した費用（荒廃地復旧経費）は、前橋営林署（現在の関東森林管理局群馬森林管理署）によれば、次のようである（1976年以降も植林事業は行われている）。
English: In addition, Tochigi Prefecture has been separately operating afforestation on private properties since 1958.
Japanese: このほか、栃木県が1958年ごろから別に民有地に治山事業を行っている。
English: The most of the private properties that Tochigi Prefecture has been planting belong to Furukawa Co., Ltd.
Japanese: 栃木県が植林している民有地は、ほとんどが古河機械金属の所有地である。
English: In 1988, for the afforestation projects in the Ashio area, the Maebashi Forest Management Office allocated 294 million yen and Tochigi Prefecture spent 585 million yen.
Japanese: 1988年に前橋営林署が足尾地区の治山事業に使用した金額は、2億9400万円であり、栃木県は5億8500万円を投じた。
English: For the afforestation project in the Ashio area, in 1999, the Ministry of Construction allocated 2.03 billion yen, Tochigi Prefecture spent 800 million yen, and the Ministry of Forestry spent 250 million yen.
Japanese: 1999年に建設省が足尾地区の治山事業に投じた金額は、20億3000万円であり、栃木県は8億円、林野庁は2億5000万円を投じた。
English: In addition, in 1960, Furukawa Mining paid about 3.6 million yen to the government as cooperation money for national forests restoration.
Japanese: このほか、古河鉱業は1960年に国有林復旧への協力金として政府に約360万円を支払った。
English: The money was for the national project from 1957 to 1960, and the parties concerned in the project and the company decided that the company did not have to pay for the project before 1957.
Japanese: これは1957年～1960年分として支払われ、これ以前の分については時効だという解釈がされた。
English: Regarding Ashio Mining Pollution, many articles have been written from the view of the victims, however, in order to gain impartiality, arguments that Furukawa made should be introduced.
Japanese: 足尾鉱毒事件に関しては、主に被害者側の視点での記述が多いが、中立性を確保するため、古河側の主張も併記する。
English: One publication that does directly mention the mining pollution many times is "History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation" published by Furukawa Co., Ltd. (1976)
Japanese: 古河側の直接的な文献で、鉱毒に関する言及が多い文書には、古河鉱業刊『創業100年史』（1976年）がある。
English: By the way, Furukawa Mining does not call mining pollution 'kodoku' (literally, 'mineral poison') but 'kogai' (literally, 'mineral damage.')
Japanese: なお、古河鉱業は鉱毒という語を用いず、「鉱害」という語を用いている。
English: According to the book, as early as in 1740 the peasants in the areas along Watarase-gawa River made petitions for tax exemption due to mining pollution, and based on the record, Furukawa explain that such pollution issues had existed before the company began to manage the mines.
Japanese: これによれば、1740年に既に渡良瀬川沿岸で鉱毒による免租願いが出されていることが当時の文献から確認でき、鉱毒は古河の経営になる前から存在したと主張している。
English: Also, it states that some research revealed that there had been damages by mining pollution in 1821, although due to pressure at that time no written record exists.
Japanese: また、当時は圧力があって文献では残っていないが、1821年に鉱毒被害があった、という研究も紹介している。
English: Furukawa claimed that through the construction by the Mining Pollution Prevention Law by the Mining Pollution Investigation Committee (the first) and through the river improvement constructions of Watarase-gawa River carried out before the end of the Taisho period, the mining pollution issues 'were, more or less, solved' (from "History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation").
Japanese: 古河側の主張によれば、（第1次）鉱毒調査会による鉱毒防止令による工事と、大正時代までに行われた渡良瀬川の治水工事により、鉱毒は「一応の解決をみた」（『創業100年史』より）と述べている。
English: There is no description that at that time the Common Water Union of Machi-Yaba Ryozeki and others had pointed out the mining pollution.
Japanese: この時代、待矢場両堰普通水利組合などが鉱毒に言及していたことについては記述がない。
English: And Furukawa (according to "History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation") 'had always, on the company's own motion, faced with' the negotiations with the Mining Pollution Eradication Association in Morita after the Gengorozawa accumulation site had collapsed (and they say that since before the negotiation, they had been facing with the mining pollution.)
Japanese: 源五郎沢堆積場崩壊事故後の毛里田地区鉱毒根絶期成同盟会との交渉については（それ以前から鉱毒問題に関しては）、「つねに前向きの姿勢で対処してきた」（『創業100年史』より）と述べている。
English: It says that in the 1974 arbitration, the mining pollution issues were 'ended' (from "History of 100 Years of Business from Foundation") and yet, it is not mentioned that Furukawa Mining had not admitted their responsibility for contamination by cadmium (it does not mention the Agreement of Pollution Control made in 1976 either, however this literature was published in the same year as the agreement was made, and they might not have been able to include it in the editing process.)
Japanese: 1974年の調停で、鉱毒問題については「終止符が打たれた」（『創業100年史』より）と述べているが、古河鉱業がカドミウム汚染に関する責任を認めていないことについての言及はない（1976年に結ばれた公害防止協定への言及もないが、協定成立年とこの文献の発行年が同年であることから、編集に間に合わなかったという可能性もある）。
English: Fuchu is another name for kokufu, an urban area established around its local government office (kokuga) in the ryoseikoku (province).
Japanese: 府中（ふちゅう）とは、令制国の地方官庁（国衙）を中心として成立した都市域である国府の別称。
English: However, some of Fuchu are derived from the fact that they were where those shugosho (the site for provincial administration during the Kamakura and Muromachi Period) were located.
Japanese: ただし、府中の中には、守護所（鎌倉時代・室町時代の守護または守護代が統治の本拠とした場所）が置かれたことに由来するものもある。
English: The place-names of Fuchu, which are derived from Kokufu or shugosho exist everywhere in Japan, except Hokkaido or Okinawa.
Japanese: 国府・守護所に由来する府中地名は、北海道と沖縄を除く日本各地に存在している。
English: Kurofune is a term used to refer to large, Western-style sea vessels, used before the Edo Period until the modern age.
Japanese: 黒船（くろふね）は、大型の西洋式航洋船のことで、語としては江戸時代の前から近世の日本で用いられた。
English: The term is presently used to refer to ships that came to Japan during the late Edo Period.
Japanese: 今日ではこの時代か、より狭く江戸時代末期にかけて日本に来航した船を指す歴史用語として用いられる。
English: The term is mostly associated with the fleet of United States Navy ships, led by Matthew PERRY, that arrived off the coast of Uraga in 1853.
Japanese: 特に1853年、浦賀沖に来航したアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いるアメリカ海軍艦隊の事を指す（黒船来航を参照のこと）。
English: Western ships of that day were called "black ships" because of the tar that was applied to the body of the ship.
Japanese: 当時の欧米の船はタールで船体を黒色に塗っていたため、黒船と呼ばれた。
English: Because Perry's squadron included a steamship, many associate the term "black ships" with steamships, but it also refers to the sail ships.
Japanese: ペリー艦隊には蒸気船が含まれており、しばしば黒船は蒸気船のことだと考えられるが、帆船も黒船である。
English: Today, the term is used at times to symbolize external pressure on Japan, such as by capitalist powers, or entry of foreign capital in the country that can destroy existing conventions.
Japanese: 現代では資本主義列強の日本に対する圧力や外資進出などこれまでの常識を覆す存在の代名詞的に用いられることがある。
English: "Kurofune" is the Japanese title of a 1958 film by John Houston (Original title: "The Barbarian and the Geisha").
Japanese: 黒船（くろふね、原題「THEBARBARIANANDTHEGEISHA（異人と芸者）」）とは、1958年製作のジョン・ヒューストン監督映画の邦題。
English: Shotoku no chi are the political reforms carried out mainly in the Shotoku era.
Japanese: 正徳の治（しょうとくのち）とは正徳(日本)年間を中心に進められた政治改革である。
English: Shotoku is the name of an era ruled by the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA and the seventh shogun Ietsugu TOGUGAWA when mainly Hakuseki ARAI, the shogun's teacher and Akifusa MANABE, the lord chamberlain took the reins of government.
Japanese: 正徳は江戸時代の6代将軍徳川家宣・7代徳川家継の治世の年号で、主に将軍侍講（政治顧問）の新井白石と側用人の間部詮房らが実際の政権を担った。
English: Ienobu removed influential vassals in the previous government such as Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, the chief minister as well as Terusada MATSUDAIRA, the lord chamberlain, but only Shigenobu OGIWARA, the commissioner of finance stayed in his position since no other person fitted the position.
Japanese: 家宣は大老格の柳沢吉保をはじめ側用人・松平忠周、松平輝貞ら前代の権臣を更迭したが、勘定奉行には他に適任者がいないということで引き続き荻原重秀が留任していた。