nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Aristocrats and government officials who undertook such authority and duty developed human resources: they pampered their children as well as gifted disciples.
Japanese: この体制を担う貴族や官人の家組織の中では、子弟や外部から能力を見込んだ弟子に対し、幼少期から家業たる専門業務の英才教育をほどこして家業を担う人材を育成した。
English: The appearance of warriors is considered a type of government office contract system: families of military arts undertook military and police force.
Japanese: 先述の武士の登場も、武芸の家系に軍事警察力を請け負わせる官司請負制の一形態とみなせる。
English: In regional politics, the Court delegated much administrative authority to Kokushi and in return, they bore the responsibility to pay taxes above a certain level to the government.
Japanese: 特に地方政治においては、国司へ大幅な行政権を委任する代わりに一定以上の租税進納を義務づける政治形態が進んだ。
English: At that time, administrative authority was delegated to the heads of kokushi who were dispatched to provinces, and they were called Zuryo.
Japanese: このとき、行政権が委任されたのは現地赴任した国司の筆頭者であり、受領と呼ばれた。
English: It is thought that Zuryo saved a large amount of money by collecting taxes from millionaires, due to their authority and developed arbitrary regional politics, leading to Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against Kokushi) which often happened from the end of the 10th century to the middle of the 11th century.
Japanese: 受領は、大きな権限を背景として富豪層からの徴税によって巨富を蓄え、また恣意的な地方政治を展開したとされ、その現れが10世紀後期～11世紀中期に頻発した国司苛政上訴だったと考えられてきた。
English: At any rate, zuryo had to develop millionaires through the Myoden contract system and collect set taxes from them.
Japanese: いずれにせよ、受領は名田請負契約などを通じて富豪層を育成する存在であるとともに、富豪から規定の税を徴収しなければならない存在でもあった。
English: Millionaires made enormous fortunes through the Myoden contract system and tried to increase their interest beyond the zuryo's control by directly connecting to central official circles.
Japanese: また富豪層は受領との名田請負契約に基づいて巨富を築くと同時に中央官界とも直接結びついて受領を牽制するなど、受領の統制を超えて権益拡大を図る存在でもあった。
English: With the change in the tax collecting system in the 10th century, influential classes (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines) took over private land (shieiden: lands directly governed by such powers) in many places.
Japanese: 10世紀前期に従来の租税収取体系が変質したことに伴い、権門層（有力貴族・寺社）は各地に私領（私営田）を形成した。
English: The influential obtained licenses from Daijokan, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) or Kokuga to prevent Kokuga from confiscating their shoen, (the former was called Kanshofu sho: a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs, and the latter was called Kokumen sho: a shoen allowed exemption from so or other tribute in bempo or binho system).
Japanese: 権門層は、荘園を国衙に収公されないよう太政官、民部省や国衙の免許を獲得し、前者を官省符荘といい後者を国免荘という。
English: In the latter half of the 10th century, Emperor Hanayama issued several policies including Private estate Regulation Acts in order to control the influential.
Japanese: こうした動きに対し、10世紀後期に登場した花山天皇は権門抑制を目的として荘園整理令などの諸政策を発布した。
English: The policies conducted by FUJIWARA no Michinaga, who himself lived most extravagantly while in power, contained aspects of controlling the influential.
Japanese: 摂関政治で最大の栄華を誇った藤原道長の施策にはむしろ抑制的な面も見られる。
English: The largest problems for the regency were how to deal with the contradiction between the Fumyo's tax managing system and the Zuryo administration, and how to restrict shoen owned by the influential.
Japanese: 摂関政治の最大の課題は、負名体制と受領行政との矛盾、そして権門の荘園整理にどう取り組むかという点にあった。
English: In the early to middle of the 11th century, the regency's approaches of the various problems began to pay off.
Japanese: 摂関政治による諸課題への取り組みに成果が見られ始めたのが、11世紀前期～中期にかけての時期である。
English: During this period, some policies, which affected the social structure, were developed: the Koden kanmotsu rippo, which fixed the domestic tax rate, was introduced; bechimyo (large territories including mountains and forests) was authorized alongside small-sized Myoden; Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on every private estate in one province) in order to get financial resources for large-scale projects.
Japanese: この期間、国内税率を一律固定化する公田官物率法が導入されたり、小規模な名田に並行して広く領域的な別名が公認されるようになったり、大規模事業の財源として一国単位で一律に課税する一国平均役が成立するなど、社会構造に変革を及ぼすような政策がとられた。
English: The dynasty state, which started in the early 10th century, changed into a more-medieval form.
Japanese: このため、10世紀前期に始まった王朝国家体制はより中世的な形態へ移行した。
English: The dynasty state before the mid-11th century is noted as the early dynasty state and the period after the mid-11th century as the later dynasty state.
Japanese: 11世紀中期を画期として以前を前期王朝国家、以後を後期王朝国家と区分する。
English: In the first stage of the 11th century, the Joshin (a people lived in eastern China and northern Korea) attacked Northern Kyushu (Toi invasion in 1019).
Japanese: 11世紀前期には、女真族が北部九州に来襲する事変が発生した（1019年、刀伊の入寇）。
English: By this time, Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the Ritsuryo system), Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) developed new rice fields, owned these fields, and ensured their power by donating such fields to the influential.
Japanese: この時期までに郡司・郷司・負名層が自ら墾田して領主となる開発領主が登場しており、彼らは自領を権門へ寄進することで権利を確保していった。
English: In contrast, the lands in the Kokugaryo were reorganized into districts such as Gun (county), Go (district), Ho, Jo.
Japanese: これに対応して、国衙領内部も郡・郷・保・条などに再編成されていった。
English: Specific owners did not hold land ownership for these shoen and public lands.
Japanese: これら荘園や公領は特定の領主が私有地として独占的な支配権を持つのではなかった。
English: Rather, the Imperial Court, the influential who had the authority to collect taxes, warriors who lived there as local lords, as well as myoshu had multilayered interests in these lands.
Japanese: 支配単位ごとに上は収税権をもつ朝廷、権門から在地領主として地域に根を下ろした武士などを経て、下は名主層に至る、複数者の権利が重層的にからんでいた。
English: Land ownership was known as 'Shiki' (literally means profession) and since Shiki was comprised of a multilayered system, this system was called the Shiki system.
Japanese: 各主体が保有する権利は「職」（しき）とよばれ、職が重層的な体系をなしていたことから、これを職の体系という。
English: The system established from the late stage of the 11th century to the 12th century based on the Shiki system is called Shoen Koryo Sei.
Japanese: そして職の体系を基盤として11世紀後期～12世紀に成立した体制を荘園公領制という。
English: After that time, defect in the regency that neither Sekkan-ke nor emperors could take the political initiative for social changes was exposed, leading to a lack of function.
Japanese: 社会の変動に対応する政治的イニシアチブを摂関家と天皇のいずれもがとりえないという摂関政治の欠陥が露呈し、機能不全に陥っていった。
English: Emperor Gosanjo, who had no maternal relatives from the Fujiwara clan, directly ruled the country.
Japanese: 同後期に登場した、外戚に藤原氏を持たない後三条天皇は天皇親政を行った。
English: He coped with the challenges associated with social changes in those days such as promoting effective regulation of shoen by establishing the Kiroku shoen kenkeijo (office for the investigation of estate documents) (Enkyu Manor Regulation Acts).
Japanese: 記録荘園券契所を設置して実効的な荘園整理を進める（延久の荘園整理令）など、当時の社会変動に伴う課題に自ら取り組んでいった。
English: After the abdication, the retired Emperor Shirakawa developed his own policies from the viewpoint of the head of the Emperor's family.
Japanese: 退位して上皇となった後は天皇家の長という立場で独自の政策を展開していった。
English: The retired Emperor Shirakawa, in order to design and carry out his policy, made middle-class aristocracy Inshi (official of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office), and placed Hokumen no Bushi (the Imprerial Palace Guards) as his own military force.
Japanese: 白河上皇は、自らの政策を企画・遂行するために中流貴族を院司とし、また院独自の軍事力として北面の武士を置いた。
English: He also made Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) Inshi, the head of warriors instead of Kawachi-genji (Minamoto clan).
Japanese: また当時、河内源氏に代わって武士の棟梁となりつつあった伊勢平氏を院司としたりした。
English: He also put shoen in many places under his control with the development of shoen koryo sei.
Japanese: また荘園公領制の進展に伴って各地の荘園を集積するなど、経済的な支配力も強めていった。
English: In the 12th century, Chigyo kokusei (proprietary province system) was widely performed: in this system, influential aristocrats owned the authority to collect taxes from certain provinces.
Japanese: 12世紀に入ると、有力貴族などが特定の国の租税収取権を保有する知行国制がひろく実施されるようになった。
English: Chigyo kokusei developed together with shoen koryosei, which means only the influential could derive economic profits.
Japanese: 知行国制は、荘園公領制の進展と軌を一にしたものであり、経済的利得権が権門勢家へ集中していったことを表している。
English: After the death of the retired Emperor Toba in the middle of the 12th century, a political fight for the seat of chiten no kimi occurred, which involved the Emperor's family and Sekkan-ke, and was resolved after a military confrontation (the Hogen War).
Japanese: 12世紀中期に鳥羽上皇が没すると、治天の君の座を巡って天皇家・摂関家を巻き込む政争が起こり、軍事衝突によって解決した（保元の乱）。
English: Some years later, a military confrontation brought another political fight (the Heiji War) to an end and through these two wars, the warriors'political status rose.
Japanese: 続いて、数年後に再び政争が軍事衝突によって終結し（平治の乱）、両乱を通じて武士の政治的地位が上昇した。
English: These wars astounded people of the time because they had not had a political fight which involved a military force for 300 years and several decades since the War of retired Emperor Heizei, in the early Heian period.
Japanese: 保元以前、武力で政争が解決した事例は平安初期の平城上皇の変にまで遡り、三百数十年ぶりの異変だったため、当時の人々に大きな衝撃を与えた。
English: TAIRA no Kiyomori, who distinguished himself during these two wars, developed his career and supported Goshirakawa's cloister government.
Japanese: 両乱で大きな勲功のあった平清盛は異例の出世を遂げ、後白河天皇の院政を支えた。
English: Although the Taira clan government was established under an aristocratic society, it had some similarities to the first military government, such as the setting up of jito (manager and lord of manor) and provincial officers in many places.
Japanese: 平氏政権は、貴族社会の中で成立したが、各地に地頭や国守護人を設置するなど最初の武家政権としての性格を持っていた。
English: Aristocracy, temples and shrines rebelled against the Taira clan government.
Japanese: 平氏政権の支配に対して、貴族・寺社層から反発が出されるようになった。
English: With such complaints in the background, Prince Mochihito, a son of the retired Emperor Goshirakawa, rose in arms to subjugate the Taira clan in 1180.
Japanese: そうした不満を背景として1180年に後白河の皇子以仁王が反平氏の兵を挙げた。
English: Although it was soon crushed, many warriors and powerful regionals who had been discontent with the Taira government rose in arms one after another.
Japanese: この挙兵はすぐに鎮圧されたが、平家支配に潜在的な不満を抱いていた各地の武士・豪族層が次々に挙兵した。
English: The war finally ended in the victory of the first military government, Kamakura bakufu, which placed its headquarters in the Kanto region (the Jisho-Juei War).
Japanese: 最終的に関東に本拠を置いた武家政権、すなわち鎌倉幕府の勝利によって内乱は終結した（治承・寿永の乱）。
English: During the war, the Kamakura bakufu obtained the right to rule Togoku as well as military and police authorities, becoming a local government independent of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: この乱の過程で鎌倉幕府は朝廷から東国の支配権、軍事警察権を獲得し、朝廷から独立した地方政権へと成長していた。
English: This new period of history is considered to have started with the establishment of Kamakura bakufu and this point is regarded as the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の成立をもって新たな時代区分が開始したとされ、この時点が平安時代の終期とされている。
English: The foundation of the Ritsuryo system, which officially started in the 8th century, was an individual-controlling system: rulers determined the number of people, according to family register and the yearly tax registers, and taxed those people.
Japanese: 8世紀に本格的に始まった律令制の根幹は、戸籍・計帳によって人民を把握し、課税の対象とする人別支配であった。
English: However, it became apparent that many people who wanted to escape taxation began falsifying the register, escaping and wandering about during the latter stage of the Nara period (the latter stage of the 8th century).
Japanese: しかし、奈良時代後期（8世紀後期）ごろから、課税から逃れたい人民らの偽籍・逃亡・浮浪が次第に顕著となっていった。
English: FUJIWARA no Sonohito, Udaijin (Mnister of the Right) in the early part of the Heian period, made positive efforts to rescue the poor, which showed that there was a problematic increase in the number of poor people.
Japanese: 平安時代初期の右大臣藤原園人は、貧民救済を主要政策として精力的に取り組んだが、貧民層の増大が課題となっていたことを物語っている。
English: In the earlier part of the Heian period, people were divided into a few millionaires and a majority of poor people (common peasants).
Japanese: 平安前期には、人民内部で少数の富豪層と大多数の貧困層（一般百姓層）へと階層の二極分化が進んだ。
English: The millionaires became related with Ingu oshinke (imperial families and nobles) through the reclaimed land development, and began to put common peasants under their influence.
Japanese: 富豪層は院宮王臣家（皇族、有力貴族）と墾田開発などを通じて関係を結び、一般百姓層を自らの影響下へ置き始めていた。
English: Since the poor were under the influence of the millionaires, the former could falsify the register, escape and wander about more easily than before, which lead to the downfall of the individual-based tax system.
Japanese: 貧困層は、富豪層の影響下に入ることで、偽籍・逃亡・浮浪をより容易なものとし、人別支配に基づく課税制度は破綻を迎えるようになった。
English: Around the early part of the Heian period, the Imperial Court gave up the individual-based tax system, and moved into the land-based tax system.
Japanese: 平安中期のはじめごろ、朝廷は人別支配を放擲し、土地課税を基調とした支配へと移行した。
English: Millionaires who were descents from aristocracy who had settled in the country or local magistrates grew into Tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager): they undertook cultivation of Myoden and tax collection from kokuga and expanded their economic power.
Japanese: それに伴って、地方に土着した貴族や郡司らに出自する富豪層は、国衙から名田経営と租税収取を請け負う田堵負名へ成長し、より一層経済力をつけていった。
English: The gap between millionaires and common peasants gew larger and larger; the latter gradually came under the former's influence.
Japanese: 富豪層と一般百姓層の格差はますます増大し、一般百姓は次第に富豪の支配下に組み込まれていった。
English: It is considered that Emperor Kanmu strongly admired China; he followed Tang emperors and performed Koten saishi (a sacred ceremony that acknowleges an Emperor as son of heaven).
Japanese: 桓武天皇は中国皇帝にならい郊天祭祀を行うなど、中国への志向が強かったと考えられている。
English: During his reign, Chinese Buddhism (Tendai sect and Esoteric Buddhism), was introduced to Japan by Saicho and Kukai, respectively, for the first time.
Japanese: 桓武期には従来の日本に見られない中国仏教（天台宗、密教）が最澄、空海によって伝来された。
English: Japanese traditional religion was influenced by Buddhism, Honji-suijaku setsu (theory of original reality and manifested traces) was introduced, leading to the Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism.
Japanese: こうした仏教の影響を日本古来の信仰も受けて、本地垂迹説があらわれて神仏習合が進んでいった。
English: From Emperor Saga to Emperor Seiwa, the Tang-way culture was in full bloom; poetry books of Chinese classics, including Ryounshu (Cloud-borne collection), were compiled and Tang-way calligraphy was popular.
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇から清和天皇にかけての時期は、凌雲集などの漢文詩集が編纂されたり、唐風の書がはやるなど、唐風文化が花開いた。
English: Although the beginnings of Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) were seen in the Nara period, it was hidden under the shadow of Tang-way culture.
Japanese: 文化の国風化（日本化）の萌芽は、奈良時代から見られていたが、平安初期は唐風文化の影に隠れるかのようになっていた。
English: When the influence of the Tang dynasty weakened, factors which were uniquely Japanese became apparent.
Japanese: しかし、唐風化の波が沈静化すると、ふたたび日本的な要素が文化の前面へと現れてきた。
English: It is characterized by the following: the prosperity of waka, diaries, chronicles, which occurred because description of ancient and medieval Japanese became easier following the invention of hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (one of the Japanese syllabaries); the appearance of Kan-i-sokutai (official uniform in aristocratic culture), and the appearance of Shinden-zukuri style (architecture representative [characteristic] of a nobleman's residence in the Heian period).
Japanese: 特徴としては、平仮名・片仮名の発明で中古日本語の表記が容易になったことによる、和歌・日記・物語文学の隆盛、官衣束帯の登場（官服の国風化）、寝殿造の登場などがある。
English: In the mid-Heian period, Mappo-shiso (the "end of the world" belief) was prevalent, and Pure Land Buddhism, the Jodo (Pure Land) sect was widely accepted.
Japanese: また、平安中期は、仏教の末法思想が人々に広く浸透し、浄土思想・浄土教が盛んとなった。
English: It was during this time that Buddhism was widely accepted among ordinary people and Kuya as well as Ryonin of Yuzu nenbutsu (reciting the name of Amida Buddha) was active among them.
Japanese: 民衆に仏教信仰が拡がったのもこの時期であり、空也や融通念仏の良忍などの僧が民衆の中で活躍した。
English: At the end of the Heian period, literature was born that looked back over the past, such as historical tales and war chronicles.
Japanese: 平安末期になると歴史物語・軍記物語などの時代を顧みる文学が芽生えた。
English: Tendai Buddhism and Mountain Buddhism spread all over Japan and the regions where this was prominent included Kunisaki peninsula in the Bungo Province (including Main Hall in Fuki-ji Temple) and Hokuriku Region (including Heisen-ji Temple).
Japanese: 天台仏教・山岳仏教が日本各地へ広がり、豊後国東半島（豊貴寺大堂など）や北陸地方（平泉寺など）などで動きが顕著であった。
English: Songs and ballads called imayo were popular among ordinary people and "Ryojin hisho" (folk song collection) was compiled under the order of retired Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: 当時、民衆の間に今様という歌謡が流行し、後白河上皇により今様を集成した『梁塵秘抄』が編まれた。
English: Choju-Jinbutsu-giga (scrolls of frolicking animals and humans) was drawn during this period which is said to have been drawn by Kakuya (Toba Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest)) and shows vivid and humorous pictures of people.
Japanese: 覚猷（鳥羽僧正）筆と伝えられ、人々の様子をユーモラスかつ活き活きとした姿で描いた鳥獣人物戯画もこの時代の作品である。
English: Located in Katagihara in Saikyo Ward of Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, Katagihara haiji ato are the ruins of an ancient temple, which are designated as a National Historic Site.
Japanese: 樫原廃寺跡（かたぎはらはいじあと）は、京都府京都市西京区樫原にある古代寺院跡で、国指定の史跡である。
English: Today, the site is in a historic park, and has a reconstructed octagonal tower (a stylobate).
Japanese: 現在では、復元された八角塔（基壇）を中心に周辺一帯が史跡公園となっている。
English: The ruins were discovered during the construction of municipal houses in 1967, and an excavation research was conducted.
Japanese: 1967年（昭和42年）に、市営住宅の建設に伴い発見され発掘調査が実施された。
English: This research first found granite foundation stones, and has determined that there had been an octagonal tower (remains of an octagonal tower stylobate supported by bricks were found).
Japanese: この時、花崗岩の礎石が見つかり八角塔（八角形の瓦積み基壇の塔跡）の存在が確認された。
English: Also, remains of a chumon (an inner gate) with a base mound were found at the south of the octagonal tower, along with remains of a cloister facing south and mud walls with a roof surrounding the tower at the east and the west.
Japanese: 八角塔を中心に南側には基壇を持つ中門が検出され、南面回廊や東側・西側には築地が巡っていた塀跡も確認された。
English: From what was found about the remains and the land shape of the site, this temple probably had a similar arrangement of buildings to that of Shitenno-ji Temple which has Chumon, a tower, Kondo (a main hall), and Kodo Hall (a lecture hall) arranged in a straight line.
Japanese: 遺構の検出状況と現状の地形から、中門・塔・金堂・講堂などが一直線上に並ぶ四天王寺と同様の伽藍配置であったと推定される。
English: This site was designated as a National Historic Site on March 1, 1971, because the remains were excellently preserved and an octagonal tower that has been rarely discovered in this country was recognized to have existed, and they are valuable remains of a temple in terms of architectural history.
Japanese: 遺存状況が極めて良く、国内では発見例の極めて少ない八角塔が検出され、建築史上重要な寺院跡として、1971年（昭和46年）3月1日に史跡に指定された。
English: On this occasion, the octagonal stylobate of the tower was reconstructed, and a historic park was built around the remains to preserve them.
Japanese: その際、八角塔の基壇が復元され、周辺一帯が史跡公園として整備保存された。
English: In 1997, since a private housing development was planned in an area north to this site, another excavation was conducted, when remains of cloisters on the northern border of the temple and of three buildings supported by hottate bashira (earthfast posts) were found, and research that followed recognized that a stylobate of a building to the north of the tower still remained.
Japanese: さらに、1997年（平成9年）には、指定地域の北方で民間の宅地開発に伴い発掘調査が実施され、寺域北辺を画する回廊跡と掘立柱建物3棟が検出され、続いて実施された確認調査では塔の北側に建物基壇が検出された。
English: Since this research clearly uncovered the northern border and those buildings of the temple that had been unclear, the area including these remains were added to the designated Historic Site.
Japanese: これまで明らかでなかった寺域の北辺と伽藍の一部が明らかとなり、これらの地域を含む一帯が史跡に追加指定された。
English: The Battle at Makishima-jo Castle refers to the battle which occurred between Nobunaga ODA's army and Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's army from April (March in old lunar calendar) to August (July in old lunar calendar) in 1573.
Japanese: 填島城の戦い（まきしまじょうのたたかい）は、元亀4年（1573年）3月から7月にかけて行なわれた織田信長軍と足利義昭軍の戦い。
English: Yoshiaki lost the battle and was expelled from Kyoto, leading to the virtual downfall of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: この戦いで義昭が信長に敗れて京都から追放され、実質的に室町幕府は滅亡した。
English: Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, supported by Nobunaga ODA, went to Kyoto and became the fifteenth Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）9月、織田信長に擁されて上洛し、室町幕府の第15代将軍に就任した足利義昭。
English: At first, he was in a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, but gradually came into conflict with him because of Nabunaga's attempts to control the Shogun's power, such as Denchu on okite (regulations for the shogunal residence) issued by Nobunaga in 1569.
Japanese: 当初は信長と協調関係にあったが、将軍権力の抑制を図る信長の一連の動き（永禄12年（1569年）1月に信長が出した殿中御掟等）により次第に信長と対立するようになった。
English: Although Yoshiaki officially had a cooperative relationship with Nobunaga, he formed a coalition against Nobunaga by secretly giving an order of subjugation to Shingen TAKEDA, Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Kennyo.
Japanese: 表向きは信長との協調関係は継続していたものの、密かに武田信玄・浅井長政・朝倉義景・顕如らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成した。
English: In 1572, Nobunaga sent an accusatory letter, called Iken 17 kajo (your 17 problems) to Yoshiaki, making their conflict public.
Japanese: 元亀3年（1572年）には信長から義昭に異見十七箇条が突きつけられ、両者の対立は決定的になる。
English: "Shincho koki (Biography of Nobunaga ODA)" says that it had already become apparent that Yoshiaki showed a rebellious attitude toward Nobunaga.
Japanese: 『信長公記』によれば、この時期には既に義昭が信長に対し反抗する意思を有していたことは明白になっていたとされている。
English: Nobunaga had difficulty because of the coalition and was hit with a serious crisis when Shingen TAKEDA started his westward strategy and invaded Higashi Mino Province.
Japanese: 信長は包囲網に苦しめられ、元亀3年（1572年）10月には武田信玄が西上作戦を開始して東美濃国に侵攻するなど危機的状況に陥った。
English: However, Shingen's chronic disease worsened around February (January in old lunar calendar) in 1573, and Takeda's army stopped moving.
Japanese: 元亀4年（1573年）1月頃から信玄が持病を悪化させたために武田軍の進軍は停滞する。
English: The purpose was to subdugate Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was openly showing hostile behavior, and had raised an army with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI and Miyoshi sanninshu (Nagayuki MIYOSHU, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI).
Japanese: 松永久秀や三好義継、三好三人衆らと結んで挙兵し、公然と敵対行動を見せた足利義昭を討伐するためである。
English: When Nobunaga went up to Kyoto, Yusai HOSOKAWA and Murashige ARAKI, who had advised Yoshiaki not to raise an army, agreed to Mitsuhide AKECHI's plot, abandoned Yoshiaki, and welcomed Nobunaga at Osaka to side with him.
Japanese: この上洛の際、義昭の挙兵を諫めた細川幽斎と荒木村重は明智光秀の調略を受けて義昭を見限り、信長に味方するべく逢坂で出迎えている。
English: "Nihonshi (The History of Japan) " written by Luis Frois describes Nobunaga's march to Kyoto with his many soldiers as follows:
Japanese: なお、ルイス・フロイスの『日本史』では、信長が大軍を率いて上洛したときのことを、次のように記している。
English: As soon as Kyoto citizens heard that Nobunaga was mustering his army to subdugate Kubosama (Shogun), they left Kamigyo and Shimogyo, which were very close to where Yoshiaki stayed.
Japanese: 「京都の市民は、信長が公方様（足利義昭）を討伐するために軍勢を召集していると聞くや否や、急遽、わずかの地所を隔てていた上京、ならびに下京から立ち去った。
English: People were dragging their household articles; women, children and the aged were fleeing to nearby villages; and grown-ups were wandering about the city crying with their children on their shoulders or in their arms, quite at a loss as to where to go.'
Japanese: 人々は家財を引き、婦女子や老人は都に近い村落に逃れ、あるいは子供たちを頸や腕に掛け、どこへ行くべきか途方に暮れ、泣きながら市中を彷徨した」
English: So, Nobunaga sent Mitsuhide AKECHI and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA as emissaries to Yoshiaki in order to make peace with him on the condition that he would take the tonsure and send hostages.
Japanese: そのため信長は、明智光秀と細川藤孝を使者として義昭のもとに送り、自らの剃髪と人質を差し出すことを条件にして和睦を求めた。
English: Yoshiaki rejected the offer, surrounded the house of Sadakatsu MURAI, Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) and burned it down on May 11th (March 30th in old lunar calendar).
Japanese: しかし義昭は拒絶し、3月30日には京都所司代であった村井貞勝の屋敷を包囲し、焼き払うという軍事行動を行なった。
English: On May 12th (April 1st in old lunar calendar), Nobunaga ordered his men to set fire to Kamigyo and Shimogyo, the base of Yoshiaki's power, in order to punish him.
Japanese: 4月1日、信長は義昭に対する一連の報復のため、義昭の勢力基盤である上京と下京への焼き討ちを命じた。
English: Although Nobunaga stopped setting fire to Shimogyo, he did not forgive Kamigyo, where Shogun's retainers and a lot of merchants supporting Bakufu lived, and set fire to this area.
Japanese: 信長は下京への焼き討ちは中止したが、幕臣や幕府を支持する商人などが多く住居する上京は許さず、焼き討ちを実行した。
English: It was a bloodcurdling, horrible scene; every temple in Kamigyo was burning from midnight till the next day; 50 villages around Kyoto city were burned down; it was as if we were facing Judgment Day.
Japanese: 「恐るべき戦慄的な情景が展開され、上京は深更から翌日まですべての寺院が焼失し、都周辺の50村が焼け、最後の審判の日さながらであった。