nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: They wore hitatare (a jacket with a neckband directly and vertically sewn which is worn together with hakama, a long pleated skirt worn over a kimono), or suikan (a costume for males made of simple cloth), wore the headgear of court nobles, held swords with white rolling sheaths, and presented their songs and dances, while disguising themselves as men (as time went by, it was quite often that they wore costumes with color).
Japanese: 白い直垂・水干に立烏帽子、白鞘巻の刀をさす（時代が下ると色つきの衣装を着ることも多かった）という男装で歌や舞を披露した。
English: Even though women who danced shirabyoshi were prostitutes, because they often visited noblemen's residences, they were often discerning people, they were often shirabyoshi who were loved by some men of high social position and great fame; examples include Gio and Hotoke-gozen, who were much-loved mistresses of TAIRA no Kiyomori, and Shizuka-gozen, who was the much-loved mistress of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune.
Japanese: 白拍子を舞う女性たちは遊女とはいえ貴族の屋敷に出入りすることも多かったため、見識の高い人が多く、平清盛の愛妾となった祇王や仏御前、源義経の愛妾静御前など貴紳に愛された白拍子も多い。
English: It is a game in which players compete for the number of times he/she can kick a kemari shuttlecock made of deer skin to a certain height.
Japanese: 鹿皮製の蹴鞠鞠を一定の高さで蹴り続け、その回数の多寡を競う競技である。
English: Moreover, soccer started to be called 'shukyu' in Japanese when foreigners who came from Europe during the Meiji period and were seen having fun with the game in a foreigners' residential area, and it is said that at that time, Japanese people called it 'foreigner's kemari.'
Japanese: なお、日本語でサッカーのことを「蹴球（しゅうきゅう）」と呼ぶのは、明治時代にヨーロッパから来た外国人が外国人居留地でその競技に興ずる姿を見て、日本人が「異人さんの蹴鞠」と呼んだことからきているといわれる。
English: The history of kemari of China can be traced back to military training by Densei earlier than 300 B.C. (Warring States Period in China).
Japanese: 中国の蹴鞠の歴史は紀元前300年以上前の田斉（戦国時代(中国)）での軍事訓練にさかのぼる
English: In Han Dynasty, it was established as a competing game in which 2 teams of 12 people were striking the shuttlecock in order to kick it into the 'kyumon (goal),' and large-scale games were held in the Court.
Japanese: とされ、漢代には12人のチームが対抗して鞠を争奪し「球門」に入れた数を競う遊戯として確立し、宮廷内で大規模な競技が行われた。
English: In the Tang Dynasty, the rules became comprehensive, that the goal was put on a net between both teams, and became a single structure at the center of the playground.
Japanese: 唐代にはルールは多様化し、球門は両チームの間の網の上に設けられたり競技場の真ん中に一個設けられるなどの形になった。
English: During this period, the shuttlecock changed from a one with attached feathers to an animal's bladder filled with air so that it bounced well.
Japanese: この時期、鞠は羽根を詰めたものから動物の膀胱に空気を入れたよく弾むものへと変わっている。
English: It is also said to be introduced into Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia with the Mongolian expeditions.
Japanese: またモンゴル帝国の遠征にともなって東欧や東南アジアにも伝来したと言われている。
English: In Southeast Asia, SepakTakraw (meaning kicked shuttlecock), which is said to be the origin of kemari, is still popular nowadays.
Japanese: 東南アジアでは現在でも蹴鞠が起源といわれているセパタクロー（蹴る鞠という意味）が盛んである。
English: Subsequently the kemari game in mainland China gradually became phased out, in the Song Dynasty, team competitions were few, and it became a one-man play or group play in which the ball was kicked to keep the ball from falling to the ground.
Japanese: 蹴鞠競技はその後、中国本土では次第に廃れていき、宋(王朝)代にはチーム対抗の競技としての側面が薄れて一人または集団で地面に落とさないようにボールを蹴る技を披露する遊びとなった。
English: Soon, aristocrats and bureaucrats became so enthusiastic about kemari that duties were neglected, and prostitutes who learnt men's favorite kemari and used this as an excuse to invite customers to their shops became so conspicuous that during the early Ming Dynasty, the Chinese government issued a prohibition ordinance against kemari; this prohibition continued into the Qing Dynasty, and kemari almost disappeared completely from China.
Japanese: やがて貴族や官僚が蹴鞠に熱中して仕事をおろそかにしたり、娼妓が男たちの好きな蹴鞠をおぼえて客たちを店に誘う口実にしたりすることが目立ったため、明初期には蹴鞠の禁止令が出され、さらに清における禁止令で中国からはほぼ完全に姿を消した。
English: Emperor Tenji and FUJIWARA no Kamatari became intimate because of kemari, and it is widely known that, this brought about the Taika Reform in 645.
Japanese: 天智天皇と藤原鎌足が、蹴鞠をきっかけに親しくなり、これがきっかけで645年に大化の改新が興ったことは広く知られている。
English: Because kemari developed independently in Japan, many experts on kemari have emerged (The following is an introduction to the experts of kemari).
Japanese: 蹴鞠は日本で独自の発達を遂げ、数多の蹴鞠の達人を輩出した（下記蹴鞠蹴鞠の達人の章にて紹介）。
English: During Heian period, as an athletic sport at Court, kemari was popular among noblemen, therefore nobleman built a private practice ground called "mari-ba" (ball ground) on their own residences, and they spent the whole day practicing, every day.
Japanese: 平安時代には蹴鞠は宮廷競技として貴族の間で広く親しまれるようになり、貴族達は自身の屋敷に鞠場と呼ばれる専用の練習場を設け、日々練習に明け暮れたという。
English: Even SEI-shonagon, who was well-known for her harsh criticism, praised kemari highly in her book '"Makura-no-soshi' saying that 'Kemari is interesting.'
Japanese: 辛口の評論で知られる清少納言でさえ、著書「枕草子」のなかで「蹴鞠は面白い」と謳っているほどであった。
English: Not only aristocrats, but also the emperors, Court nobles, shogun, samurai, Shinto priests, and the general public, irrespective of age or gender, also liked kemari.
Japanese: 蹴鞠は貴族だけに止まらず、天皇、公家、将軍、武士、神官はては一般民衆に至るまで老若男女の差別無く親しまれた。
English: Rules concerning kemari underwent various refinements and were finally systematized in the Kamakura period, thereafter, the popularity had never declined.
Japanese: 蹴鞠に関する種々の制度が完成したのは鎌倉時代で、以降近代に至るまでその流行は衰えることは無かった。
English: However, in late Muromachi period, because Nobunaga ODA encouraged sumo wrestling, it is said that the popularity of kemari was gradually brought to an end.
Japanese: しかし室町時代の末期に織田信長が相撲を奨励したことで、蹴鞠の人気は次第に収束していったといわれる。
English: However, different from China, where the culture of kemari has disappeared, Japan still has kemari games held as traditional events in various places even in the present day.
Japanese: しかし蹴鞠の文化が消失した中国とは異なり、現代でも伝統行事として各地で蹴鞠が行われている。
English: Kemari was played inside a playground enclosed by motoki (elementary trees) standing at the four corners.
Japanese: 蹴鞠は、懸（かかり）または鞠壺（まりつぼ）と呼ばれる、四隅を元木（鞠を蹴り上げる高さの基準となる木。
English: One team may be composed of four, people, six people or eight people, that might be a team competition in which a ball with diameter of about 21cm to 24cm was kept in the air by kicking using "footwear," or it might be an individual match in which the person who dropped the ball lost.
Japanese: 1チーム4人、6人または8人で構成され、その中で径7～8寸の鞠をいくたび「くつ」をはいた足で蹴り続けられるかを競った団体戦と、鞠を落とした人が負けという個人戦があった。
English: Motoki (Elementary trees): garden trees planted in the four directions of a Kakari: willow (southeast), cherry (northeast), pine (northwest), maple (southwest).
Japanese: 元木懸の四方に植えられたヤナギ（東南）、サクラ（東北）、マツ（西北）、カエデ（西南）などの植木。
English: Two numekawa (leather tanned with tannin) of deer are joined together, and the overlapped part is called, koshikawa (waist leather), or 'kukuri (bundle).'
Japanese: シカの滑革（ぬめかわ）2枚をつなぎあわせ、そのかさなる部分を、腰革、また「くくり」という。
English: The Chinese ball is made of leather sewn up in five colors, and it is said to be the original shape of the ball when it was introduced from China.
Japanese: 唐鞠は五色の革を縫いあわせて製し、中国から伝来したときの鞠のかたちであるという。
English: It says in 'Imagawa-ozoshi' that, 'for marikawa (ball leather), a big doe with 2 colors in their fur during spring gives a white and high-quality leather and that pressing fingernails on the leather will cause wrinkles.'
Japanese: 「今川大草紙」によれば、「鞠皮は、春二毛の大女鹿の中にも、皮の色白で、爪にて押せば、しわのよる皮を上品とする也」という。
English: Concerning the sewing method of the leather and tokawa (attached leather), in 'Yuteihisho' (Secret Book of Garden Games), it says, 'in Kyoto City, Kawara-in House and Amabe are the best except for these two, no one can make kameri balls.
Japanese: 革の縫いかた、取革については、「遊庭秘抄」に、「洛中に、河原院、又あまべとて、此の二ヶ条ならでは鞠くくりなし。
English: Thus, one can know the meaning.'
Japanese: 可（レ）得（二）其意（一）」（（一）、（二）、（レ）は、返り点。）という。
English: There were a lot of great Kemari players throughout each era, however, FUJIWARA no Narimichi of the latter Heian period was said to be an especially unprecedented expert, who, in later Kemari literature, was called the 'saintly kicker.'
Japanese: 各時代において多数の名足を生み出したが、平安後期の藤原成通は特に希代の名人と言われ、後世の蹴鞠書でも「蹴聖」と呼ばれている。
English: In order to excel in kemari, Narimichi made an oath to practice kemari every day for 1000 days.
Japanese: 成通が蹴鞠の上達のために千日にわたって毎日蹴鞠の練習を行うという誓いを立てた。
English: It is said that at the night of the day when the oath was taken, three kemari spirits appeared as three monkeys playing kemari in his dream, that were called as Geanrin (ari), Shunyoka (yau), and Toen (ou) became the shouts when kicking a kemari.
Japanese: その誓いを成就した日の夜のこと、彼の夢に3匹の猿の姿をした鞠の精霊が現れ、その名前（夏安林（アリ）、春陽花（ヤウ）、桃園（オウ））が鞠を蹴る際の掛声になったと言われている。
English: As the guardian gods for kemari, these three monkeys are at present enshrined in Hirano-jinja Shrine of Otsu and Shiramine-jingu Shrines of Kyoto.
Japanese: この3匹の猿は蹴鞠の守護神として現在、大津の平野神社と京都の白峯神宮内に祭られている。
English: From the names, there was also a legend that made Sarutahiko the guardian god, as was written in the book "Setuyoshu."
Japanese: また、その名前から猿田彦を守護神とする伝承もあった事が『節用集』に書かれている。
English: Among the schools of the nobility, the Nanba and the Mikohidari schools had declined by the early modern age, afterwards, only the Asukai school continued.
Japanese: 公家の流派のうち難波流・御子左流は近世までに衰退したが、飛鳥井流だけはその後まで受け継がれていった。
English: The Sei-daimyojin (Energetic Great Gracious Deity) in Shiramine-jingu Shrine in the remains of the residential site of the Asukai family, was a patron saint of kemari, therefore now it is regarded as the god of sports and public entertainment centered on soccer.
Japanese: 飛鳥井家屋敷の跡にあたる白峯神宮の精大明神は蹴鞠の守護神であり、現在ではサッカーを中心としたスポーツ・芸能の神とされている。
English: On January 4 every year, 'first kemari for the New Year' is still held in Kamomioya-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 賀茂御祖神社では現在でも毎年1月4日に「蹴鞠はじめ」が行われている。
English: Shimogamo-jinja Shrine also enshrines 'Yatagarasu' (a holy crow leading Emperor Jinmu), which is also the motif of the emblem of The Japan Football Association.
Japanese: なお下鴨神社は日本サッカー協会のシンボルマークのモチーフでもある「八咫烏」を祭っている。
English: To make a kimekomi ningyo, first, thin lines are carved to represent wrinkles and patterns on the doll body which is made of wood or toso (made from the mixture of sawdust of paulownia wood and wheat starch or other sticky materials.
Japanese: 桐塑または木で作られた人形に、衣服の皺や模様の形に本体に筋彫りを入れ、
English: Then pieces of fabric are tucked into the carved grooves using an eyelet to make the doll look like it is wearing clothes.
Japanese: 筋彫りに目打ちなどで布の端を押し込んで衣装を着ているように仕立てた人形。
English: The name 'kimekomi' came from the Japanese verb that describes the action of squeezing a piece of fabric into the wood grooves, 'kimekomu,' which can be written with different Chinese characters to give different meaning, 'determined.'
Japanese: この、筋彫りに布の端を押し込む動作を「木目込む（決め込む）」ということから、木目込み人形と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Some dolls are made all from toso; other dolls are made by inserting a head, which was made separately, into the completed torso.
Japanese: 全身が桐塑で出来ているものと、頭を別に作り、完成した胴体に差し込んだものとがある。
English: When the head is made separately, eyes are often drawn rather than inserting glass eyes.
Japanese: 頭を別に仕立てる場合でも目にはガラスを入れず、描き目であることが多い。
English: It is considered that kimekomi doll originated when Tadashige TAKAHASHI, an odd-job man who was working for Kamigamo-jinja Shrine, Kyoto Prefecture, started making dolls using fabric tucked into a pieces of wood.
Japanese: 京都府の上賀茂神社に仕える雑掌高橋忠重が、木切れに布を木目込んで人形を作ったのが始まりとされている。
English: Besides human-shaped dolls, such as hina dolls (dolls displayed for the Girl's Festival) or shichifukujin (Seven Deities of Good Fortune), there are Chinese zodiac ornaments and ornamental temari (a ball of cotton wound tightly around with threads of many colors).
Japanese: 雛人形や七福神といったヒトガタの人形のほか、干支飾りや観賞用の手鞠なども存在する。
English: Nihon teien are often found in temples and gardens/remains of gardens of Daimyo (feudal lords), residences/remains of residences of statesmen and industrialists, and also on the premises of public facilities and hotels.
Japanese: 日本庭園は寺院にあるものや、大名屋敷の庭園/庭園跡などがあり、そのほかでは政治家・実業家の邸宅/邸宅跡のほか、公共施設やホテルの敷地に造られたものもある。
English: Construction of Nihon teien generally utilizes undulations of the ground or building a miniature mountain, locating a pond at the center of it, and arranging garden stones and plants so that viewers can appreciate the scenery in all seasons.
Japanese: 構成としては池を中心にして、土地の起伏を生かすか、築山を築いて、庭石や草木を配し、四季折々に鑑賞できる景色を造るのが一般的である。
English: Techniques are used to express water flowing down a mountain turning into a huge stream by imitating a water fall, and ishigumi (stone combinations) such as arranging stones and putting together rocks symbolizing religious significance like Horai-san mountain (a mountain island in China where a benevolent wizard who had a drug for achieving eternal youth was believed to reside) and Horai-to island (same as the Horai-san mountain, see above), tsuru-shima island (the island of the crane, which is a place to pray for a long life) and kame-shima island (the island of the tortoise, also a place to pray for a long life) are commonly used.
Japanese: 滝を模し水が深山から流れ出し、大きな流れになってゆく様子を表現する手法や、石を立て、また石を組合せることによる石組表現、宗教的な意味を持たせた蓬莱山や蓬莱島、鶴島、亀島などに見立てる手法が多く用いられる。
English: A form of garden called Karesansui (dry landscape) which uses no water, but imitates water flow with stones, sand, and plants ere also designed.
Japanese: また枯山水といわれる、水を用いずに、石、砂、植栽などで水流を表現する形式の庭園も作られた。
English: The idea that white sand symbolize water flow is a characteristic of this type of dry garden, and behind the concept is an idea that water is indispensable in a garden.
Japanese: 白砂で水の流れを象徴するところに特徴があるが、これは庭園には水が不可欠のものであるという考えがひそむ。
English: During and after the Muromachi period, the idea of karesansui was being connected to the thoughts of Zen Buddhism and many karesansui were constructed in Zen temples, etc.
Japanese: 室町時代以降には枯山水は禅宗の思想と結びつき、禅寺などで多く作られていく。
English: During and after the Edo era, a technique called shakkei (making use of the surrounding landscape in the design of a garden) that uses not only the objects in the garden, but also objects outside the garden has also been used widely.
Japanese: 江戸期以降になると庭園内のみならず庭園外の景色を利用する借景という手法も広く用いられる。
English: When reading the books related transition of the forms of Japanese gardens, it is understood that change of a style of building and influences of religion and thoughts came from the Asian Continent changed the form of Nihon teien.
Japanese: 日本の庭園様式の変遷をひもとけば、建築様式の変化や大陸からの宗教や思想の影響が庭を変化させている。
English: Arata ISOZAKI said the reason a Japanese garden is described as a metaphor of the sea, is that people included and arranged objects that generate the metaphor as an "analogy."
Japanese: 磯崎新は日本の庭園が特に海などをメタファーにすることにつきるように思われるのは「見立て」というメタファー発生装置を作り上げたためだと述べている。
English: The description of Sakutei-ki (the oldest book concerning gardens in Japan) also introduced the idea that a pond a spring, and the ishigumi, etc., that expresses a landscape were techniques that made a garden a metaphor of nature, such as the sea, and a landscape gardening technique that reduces the scale of natural scenery.
Japanese: 作庭記の記述も池泉やそれらを表現するための石組みなどでもうみなど、自然をメタファーとして表現し、見立てによって縮景を行う作庭手法を伝聞する。
English: It is said the reason why they used these metaphors is that common scenery that people share was necessary for a Jodo style garden (a garden of the style of the Jodo sect of Buddhism) and Shinsen (the thought of immortality), gardens that relate thoughts from ancient times because these gardens need to communicate what they expressed as models, with a large number of the general public.
Japanese: このようなメタファーを用いたのは、それが表現するものを不特定多数の人に伝える浄土式庭園や神仙などのような古来の思想を含んだ庭には表現すべきモデルとしての、人々が共有する景が必要であるからとされる。
English: These model gardens are ceremonial gardens such as funeral hall and they need to be shared by Kami (Gods) and sympathizers.
Japanese: モデルとしての斎庭などの儀式の庭はその場の神や同調者とが、共有する景が必要であるからである。
English: Although the problem of connecting between a building and external space is thought to be paradoxical in modern day Japan, it is because external space is self-evident in the Japanese construction environment and has opened up before our eyes, and there are no ties of form in modern day construction and each component of space becomes equivalent, thus outer space is being conscious of as a different form of space composition language.
Japanese: 建築から外部空間の問題は近代期の日本においては逆説的とされるが、これは日本の伝統的な建築的風土は外部空間を自明なものとして現前させてきているからで、近代建築のように様式という縛りがなくなり、すべての空間構成要素は等価となり、べつの空間構成言語として外部空間は意識される。
English: In this way, modernists who deepen their understanding of traditional space in Japan through the filter of modern day construction, were aware of the importance of external space and took up the matter for discussion.
Japanese: 近代建築のフィルターをとおして日本の伝統的空間対する理解を深めていったモダニストたちは外部空間の重要性に気付き、これを自らの空間表現の遡上に載せたのである。
English: In the lecture of the theory of landscape gardening at the Department of Architecture at Meiji University, Horiguchi stated his view on gardening as an origin of Nihon teien, reciting three examples that differ from the traditional image of gardening such as an old burial mound in ancient times, the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine and the moat embankment of the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 堀口は明治大学建築学科での造園論の講義の中で、日本庭園の起源としての自らの庭園観を披露しているが、このとき従来の庭園イメージとは異なる庭園について述べるといって、3つの要素、古代の古墳、厳島神社、皇居の堀端を上げている。
English: He said construction, gardening, and nature come together and interact and people who achieved this did so with a very large space composition which can be suitably called "space design."
Japanese: そこでは建築も、庭園も自然もそういうものがあいよりあいまて、ひとつの何か空間構成、スペースデザインというような言葉に丁度ぴったり合ったような非常に大きな空間構成をやっていると語っている。
English: That is to say, those who did the constructed did not divide the gardens and buildings, and he referred to the garden as city planning-like a total space composition that includes the atmosphere of the buildings, nature, and further premises that they were built upon.
Japanese: すなわち庭園を庭園と建築とに分けてしまうのではなく、建築や自然さらには敷地が持つ雰囲気をも含めた総合的で都市計画的な空間構成を持って庭園といっている。
English: Mr. Okada's residence built in 1934 mediated a Western-style room and a Japanese-style room through an outer space garden.
Japanese: 1934年に発表した岡田邸は洋室部分と和室とを外部空間である庭で媒介している。
English: However, in this building, the moon-viewing tower is stretched from a hall that faces south, and the space changes into a garden of autumn grass, and was made an attractive place that opens up the building to outer space.
Japanese: しかしここではいえとにわをつなぐ月見台が南面した広間から延び、そこから秋草の庭へと空間が遷移し、建物を外部へと開く魅力的な場所を提供している。
English: By presenting western style and Japanese style simultaneously and unifying the building and the garden, gives the scene depth, and completes the space composition that is connected to a sense of beauty of the Japanese.
Japanese: 和洋を並存させ、また建築と庭とを一体化させることで場面や奥行きを生じさせ、日本の美意識に通じる空間構成を完成させるに至る。
English: From the 3rd century, integration of provinces and politics advanced, and Yamato sovereignty (ancient Japan sovereignty), the state was being established during this period, and burial mounds, such as the takatsuka style tomb (a tomb built as a mound), were constructed.
Japanese: 3世紀から日本列島ではクニの統合や政治的連合などが進み、ヤマト王権が確立し国家が成立していく時期になるが、また高塚式の墳墓を伴う古墳が造られ始めた時代と考えられる。
English: Large scale use of building stones, techniques used to place huge stone blocks on top of each other and processing hard stone were applied to construct stone foundations, production of a sarcophagus and fuki-ishi (a stone covering an old tomb) were discovered, and a construction method called hanchiku (hard soil made using wooden frames) to make a hill tomb was discovered, and a large scale civil engineering such as making ponds, ditches, and embankments were carried out at the time.
Japanese: 石室の造営や石棺の製作と古墳の葺石および居館周濠の貼石などに大量の石材の使用と、大きな石材を積み上げ固い石を加工するといった技術がみられ、墳丘の造成に版築と呼ばれる工法が使用されたり、池溝の開作や築堤など大規模な土木工事が行われるようになっていた。
English: During the time of Yamato rule, there appeared entries regarding gardens appeared in the Nihon-shoki (The first official history book compiled by Imperial command), however, we have to remember that some expressions about gardens were cited from Chinese books.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の時代になると日本書紀にも庭園に関する記事が記載されるようになっているが、庭園に関する表現は中国の典籍からの引用があり、注意を要する。
English: In the Nihon-shoki for example, there is a paragraph dated February 74 that says Emperor Keiko loved the palace at Kukuri (a palace that used to exist in Mino province) so much that he filled the pond with golden carp.
Japanese: 記述として、たとえば紀元1世紀に在位した景行天皇4年春2月には、泳（くくり）の宮の庭をたいそう気に入り、庭にある池を金色の鯉で充たしたというくだりがある。
English: A little later during the Tumulus period, it is said that a garden was made around a stone that symbolized Shumisen mountain which was thought to be the center of the world in Buddhism since ancient times.
Japanese: この少し後の古墳時代には、庭園は古代から仏教世界の中心とされてきた須弥山を表す石の山のまわりに営まれているとされる。
English: An entry made during January 199 shows that ordinary people got together out of respect for the virtue of Buno of Zhou (the father of the founder of the Zhou dynasty of China) and a miraculous marsh was created within a few days, and this reminds us about historical times when white birds were flying high and fish were jumping all over the marsh.
Japanese: 仲哀天皇8年春正月では周文王の徳を尊んで庶民が集まって霊沼が日ならずしてできた様子が記載され、白鳥は高々と飛んで魚は沼池に満ち跳ねるといった故事を思わせる。
English: In the entry of 413, the Empress, while playing on a farm alone picked up some Araragi (wild rocamobole) growing on a magaki (a rough-woven fence).
Japanese: 充恭天皇2年は一人で園に遊ぶ皇后にまがきにのぞんで内の薗になっているアララギをもとめる記事がある。
English: Since magaki that divides residential and a farm land where vegetables are grown, had already been produced, this shows that substantial garden space was already established at the time, and the entry of 419 about watching cherry blossoms near a well, shows that it is reasonable to consider that a sense of beauty seen in the natural environment was already established at this stage.
Japanese: 宅地を区画するまがきを設け薗をつくって蔬菜を栽培したりするような実質的な庭空間が成立し、充恭天皇8年の、井の傍らの櫻華をみる、といった記事は自然環境的な美意識が確立していた段階と見て妥当とされる。
English: According to Nihon-shoki, Empress Suiko regnant during her reign in the former half of the 7th century had a garden that had a Shumisen and Kure-hashi Bridge (a holy arch bridge which the gods crossed) and Empress Saimei regnant of the latter half of 7th century also had the same.
Japanese: 日本書紀によると、7世紀前半に在位していた推古天皇も宮の南に須弥山と呉橋のある庭を持っていたことや、7世紀後半に在位する斉明天皇についても同様であったとされる。
English: Within the palace of the Empress Saimei regnant, in 612 a naturalized citizen from Kudara (one of the three nations in ancient Korea) built a Shumisen and Kure-hashi Bridge on Isonokami no ike (a pond in Isonokami) located south of the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 斉明天皇の宮では、612年百済の帰化人が皇居南庭石上の池畔に須弥山と呉橋を築いたとされる。
English: There is a record showing that c.a. 620, SOGA no Umako built a square-shaped pond on his residential premises and thus he was called 'shima-daijin' (the minister of islands) as his garden was unusual and won popularity.
Japanese: また620年ごろ蘇我馬子が邸宅敷地に方形の池を設け、このために「嶋大臣」と呼ばれ、この庭園が珍しく、評判になっていたという記録がある。
English: Until then, 'gardens' were built on flat agora and practically used, however, they dug a small pond with a small island, and made the 'garden' into an object for viewing.
Japanese: 平坦な広場として実用的に使われていた「庭」に小池を掘り、小島を築いて観賞の対象としての「庭園」が造られたのである。
English: When Buddhism was imported from Kudara, it caused a controversy whether to worship the Buddha or not, and the Soga family who advocated worship finally won out and they built the Asuka-dera Temple.
Japanese: 百済から仏教が伝えられたとき、崇仏か否かの論争があったが、崇仏側の蘇我氏が勝ちを占め、飛鳥寺が建立された。
English: When considering that the garden was made by the Soga family, it is easy to imagine that gardening technique also originated from Kudara.
Japanese: 庭園がこの蘇我氏によってつくられたことは、庭園の技術も百済より伝来したと想像させる。
English: The spacious characteristics of the Itsukushima-jinja Shrine, originally constructed during the period of the Empress Suiko regnant, were seen in its design, first, a large torii and plain stage appeared on the sea and second, a corridor (a covered passageway) that turns, surrounds an axis connecting a large torii (gateway to a Shinto shrine) and the main shrine, and third, buildings of the shrine and the large torii that blends with the surrounding nature can be seen off and on as viewers approach, which imitate the sea, pond, spring, and the mountain behind the shrine as an object in which the soul of a god dwells, and it becomes a massive view in scale that merges the sea and mountains into one unit.
Japanese: 推古天皇期に創建された厳島神社は、空間的特徴は海上に浮かぶ大鳥居と平舞台、本殿を結ぶ軸線に対し、曲折する回廊が取り囲み、自然に溶け込む社殿や大鳥居がアプローチにしたがって見え隠れする配置で、海を庭園の池泉に見立て、背後を囲む山岳を神体に見立てたもので、海と山を一体的に取込んだ雄大な風景が組みこまれている。