nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However a moat was often dug in an upland settlement during the end of the Yayoi period and Sakamogi (fence made of thorny or steeple branches to prevent entry of an enemy) were placed at the moat in some cases (Asahi site at Aichi Prefecture).
Japanese: しかしながら、弥生時代後期の高地性集落にしばしば環濠が掘削されていること、環濠内に逆茂木（さかもぎ）と呼ばれる防御施設が設置された事例が認められる（愛知県朝日遺跡など）。
English: These indicate that some moats were equipped with defending facilities and an opinion insisting that the function of the moat should be considered depending upon the region and period is very persuasive.
Japanese: このことから、環濠自体に防御的な機能を持たせた事例が存在することもまた明らかであり、環濠の性格については地域・時期によって異なる意味づけを持たせるべきではないかといった主張は説得力がある。
English: On the other hand, upland settlements have been long considered a type of defensive settlement.
Japanese: 一方、やはり古くから防衛集落と目されてきた集落の類型として、高地性集落が挙げられる。
English: Upland settlements are often found along the Setouchi seacoast to Osaka Bay in the latter to end of the middle of the Yayoi period (the latter to the end of IV period) and middle to the end of the end period (the middle to the end of the V period), and they are settlements located at very high ground compared to general settlement in the Yayoi period (50 to 300 meters high compared to flatland).
Japanese: 高地性集落は、弥生時代中期後半～末（IV期後半～末）、そして後期中葉～末（V期中葉～末）に瀬戸内沿岸から大阪湾にかけて頻繁に見られるもので、弥生時代の一般的な集落からみて遙かに高い場所（平地からの比高差が50～300メートル以上）に営まれている集落のことである。
English: The Kinai IV period was considered to parallel the first half of the end period in northern Kyushu and the Kinai V period was considered to parallel the latter half of the end period, and identified as 50 to 250 A.D. in actual chronology until 1970s.
Japanese: 1970年代までは、畿内IV期がおおよそ北部九州の後期前半、畿内V期が後期後半に併行するとされ、実年代では紀元50年～250年ごろに比定されていた。
English: History books describe that the Wakoku War had occurred around the end of the second century and it is around the end of the Kinai IV period to the early V period in view of the period.
Japanese: 史書にある、いわゆる倭国大乱は、各種の史書に記載された年代がおおよそ2世紀後半～末に当たり、当時の年代観ではおおよそ畿内IV期末～V期前半期に該当していた。
English: Therefore the Wakoku War was considered as a reason for the prospering of the upland settlements.
Japanese: このため、高地性集落の盛行は倭国大乱を原因とするものだという理解が主流であった。
English: According to a correction, the Wakoku War comes under the latter to end of the Kinai V period, which has no periodical consistency with upland settlements, and theory stating upland settlements were not related to the Wakoku War, became the mainstream.
Japanese: 倭国大乱は畿内V期後半～末に該当し、畿内IV期の高地性集落とは時代的に整合的でないとされ、これらは倭国大乱とは無関係とする意見が主流を占めるようになった。
English: Therefore, as for upland settlements in the Kinai IV period, there is some opinion insisting that there were wars not described in history books during the period, as well as an opinion insisting that there is no need to assume wars for its background.
Japanese: このため、畿内IV期の高地性集落については、この時期に史書には記載されない戦乱があったという主張の他に、背景に戦乱を想定する必要はないという意見も見られるようになった。
English: The argument has not yet seen a settlement, especially the latter argues that living in a location with a wide view enabled the monitoring of watch marine traffic, or it was a group that mainly lived off dry field farming and they did not need to live on a low-lying ground, which is profitable for rice-paddy cultivation.
Japanese: 特に後者の場合、見晴らしがよい立地に住むことで、海上交通の見張り役となっていたとか、畑作を主とする生活をしていた集団であって水田耕作に有利な低地に住む必要がなかったなどといったさまざまな議論が行われており、未だ決着はついていない。
English: On the other hand, upland settlements in the Kinki region in the latter half of the end period (Kannonjiyama site at Izumi City, Osaka Prefecture and Kosobe site at Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture are mountain castle with moat) are considered to hold some relationship to the Wakoku War, as its prospered period in both northern Kyushu and Kinai matches to the period of Wakoku War described in history books, after the correction of the period described earlier.
Japanese: 一方、後期後半期の近畿の高地性集落（大阪府和泉市観音寺山遺跡、同高槻市古曾部遺跡などは環濠を巡らす山城）については、その盛行期が、上述の理由から北部九州・畿内ともおおよそ史書に記載された倭国大乱の年代とほぼ一致することから、これらを倭国大乱と関連させる理解が主流を占めているようである。
English: Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty") describes that there were conflicts between various districts before Himiko ruled the Yamatai-Koku kingdom.
Japanese: 魏志倭人伝には、卑弥呼が邪馬台国を治める以前は、諸国が対立し互いに攻め合っていたという記述がある。
English: Dongyi zhuan (the record of encounters with the eastern barbarians) in Gokanjo (Historical records of the Later Han Dynasty) describes Wakoku (Japan) was in a troubled state (Wakoku War) during the time of the Emperor Ling (Han dynasty) to the Emperor Huan (the Han dynasty).
Japanese: また、後漢書東夷伝には、桓帝(漢)・霊帝(漢)の治世の間、倭国が多いに乱れたという記述がある（倭国大乱）。
English: As a result of recent chronological corrections to the Yayoi IV/V period in Kinai, the description is now considered to fall under the latter to the end of the Yayoi period (latter V period to VI period).
Japanese: 近年、畿内の弥生時代IV・V期の年代観の訂正により、これらはおおよそ弥生時代後期後半-末（V期後半-VI期）に併行するという考えが主流になった。
English: These are many upland settlements and moat settlements are found around Kinai to northern Kyushu, Setouchi, Sanin, Hokuriku, Tokai region, and east in this period, and it is an established theory that these are evidence for the Wakoku War.
Japanese: この時期には、畿内を中心として北部九州から瀬戸内、あるいは山陰から北陸、東海地域以東にまで高地性集落が見られること、環濠集落が多く見られることなどから、これらを倭国大乱の証拠であるとする考え方はほぼ定説となっている。
English: However, not many researchers insist on the occurrence of actual battles as there was little development in weapons compared to the previous generation, especially very few weapons for close combat are found apart from burial goods and few human bones with trauma were excavated.
Japanese: しかしながら、前代に比べて武器の発達が見られず、特に近接武器が副葬品以外ではほとんど認められないこと、受傷人骨の少なさなどから、具体的な戦闘が頻発していたと主張する研究者はあまり多くない。
English: No clear picture about the Wakoku War has been unraveled.
Japanese: 倭国大乱がどのような争いであったのかは未だ具体的に解明されていないのが現状である。
English: For Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kinai theory, there is no archeological material evidence to show that northern Kyushu powers migrated to Yamato.
Japanese: 邪馬台国畿内説では、北部九州勢力が大和へと移動したことを示す物的証拠は考古学的にはほとんど認められないのが実情である。
English: Recently the point of view is the battle occurred because of the Kinai power trying to reorganize a logistics system, originally taking initiative of the northern Kyushu power who took the lead in acquisition and nation-wide distribution of raw materials including iron and shipped goods from the continent.
Japanese: 近年ではむしろ北部九州勢力が中心となって、鉄などの資源の入手や大陸からの舶載品などを全国に流通させていた物流システムを畿内勢力が再編成し直そうとして起こった戦いであったという。
English: For the Yamatai-Koku kingdom in Kyushu theory, on the other hand, the amount of ironware excavated from the Setouchi region even after the middle of the end of the Yayoi period was very limited when compared to northern Kyushu, and the level of ironware manufacturing technique was very low compared to northern Kyushu.
Japanese: 一方、邪馬台国九州説では、弥生時代後期中葉以降に至っても瀬戸内地域では鉄器の出土量は北部九州と比べて明らかに少なく、また、鉄器製作技術は北部九州と比べて格段に低かった。
English: Cause of the Wakoku War was related to description of Seisen in the Kojiki (The Records of Ancient Matters) and it is said that the northern Kyushu power moved to Yamato, where they built Yamato Chotei (the Imperial Court).
Japanese: 倭国大乱の原因については、古事記等の西遷の記述と結びつけ、北部九州勢力が大和へと移動してヤマト朝廷を建てたとする。
English: It is thought that later in the period, large settlements subdued smaller settlements and the chief and upper ranks started to seize power in the settlement.
Japanese: 時代が下るにつれ、大型集落が小型集落を従え、集落内で首長層が力を持ってきたと考えられている。
English: The square-shaped low funkyubo (grave mound) was created around the Kinki region, the burial system of the Yayoi period was practiced in Sanin (Izumo) to Hokuriku, and a large-scale grave mound was created in the Setouchi region.
Japanese: 近畿周辺では方形低墳丘墓がつくられ、山陰（出雲）から北陸にかけては弥生時代の墓制が、瀬戸内地方では大型墳丘墓がそれぞれ営まれた。
English: Among the Setouchi region, areas around Okayama Prefecture and Western Hiroshima Prefecture called Kibi holds grave mounds of the largest scale from the end of Yayoi period, Tatetsuki Grave Mound (80 m at longest point) in Kurashiki City, Okayama Prefecture.
Japanese: 瀬戸内地方のなかでも吉備と呼ばれる岡山県と広島県東部の地域では、弥生時代後期の最大級の墳丘墓は、岡山県倉敷市の楯築墳丘墓（最大長約80メートル）である。
English: Many tokushu-kidai (ceremonial vessels stand) shaped earthwares and tokushu tsubo (ceremonial jar) shaped earthenware were used in the burial ritual of the chief in this region.
Japanese: この地域では首長の葬送儀礼には、特殊器台形土器と特殊壺形土器が数多く使用された。
English: These earthenware emerged in the Kibi region and spread to Mimasaka Province, Bizen Province, Bicchu Province and Bingo Province, where the earthenware matured mainly in Hirano in southern Bicchu.
Japanese: これらの土器は、吉備地方で発生し、美作国・備前国・備中国・備後国の地域に分布し、その発達の中心は、備中南部の平野であった。
English: Funkyubo in Sanin is presumed to have emerged in Miyoshi in Chugoku Sanchi (Chugoku Range) and yosumi tosshutsugata funkyubo (square grave mounds with four corners protruding outward) (approximately 45 m x 35 m in large size), appeared in the Izumo region.
Japanese: 中国山地の三次で発生したと推定され、出雲地域で発達した四隅突出型の墳丘墓（大きなものは約45メートル×約35メートル）が現れる。
English: These used construction equivalent to that seen in the Kofun period later and it spread to the Izumo region in Sanin to Noto Peninsula in Hokuriku.
Japanese: これらは後の古墳時代に匹敵する土木建築を駆使したもので、その分布は山陰の出雲地方や北陸の能登半島にまで拡がっている。
English: Tokushu-kidai (ceremonial vessel stand) shaped earthenware and tokushu tsubo (ceremonial jar) shaped earthenware were excavated from a concentrated distribution center of Yasugi Grave and Nishidani Grave Mounds, which indicate Izumo and the Kibi region formed an alliance.
Japanese: 出雲地域に存在する安来・西谷の両墳丘墓集積地には特殊器台形土器と特殊壺形土器し、出雲と吉備の両地域に同盟関係が生まれていたことを示していると考えられている。
English: These characteristics of the grave mound came together and led to the Kofun (tumulus) (such as large keyhole-shaped tomb mound) in a later period.
Japanese: これらの墓の特徴が寄り集まって後代の古墳（前方後円墳など）の形成につながったとされている。
English: Regional powers in the Yayoi period can be divided into powers of northern Kyushu, Kibi, Sanin, Kinki, Sanen (Tokai), and Kanto.
Japanese: 弥生時代の地域勢力は、北部九州・吉備・山陰・近畿・三遠（東海）・関東の勢力に大別することができる。
English: It is believed that smaller groups combined to form one power as period went forward.
Japanese: 時代の進行とともに連合していき、一つの勢力が出来ていった、と考えられる。
English: Period forwarded with battles over commerce between regions as well as battles over acquisition of cultivation land and iron for farming equipment, for development of rice-paddy cultivation.
Japanese: 水田農耕発展のために農地の拡大と農具となる鉄の獲得のため、また地域間の交易をめぐる争いのために戦いが起こり時代が進行していった。
English: Tools used in the Yayoi period can be divided into materials, such as; stoneware, woodenware, bronze-ware, ironware, and earthenware.
Japanese: 弥生時代の道具類を材質から分類すると、大きく石器、木器・青銅器・鉄器・土器などに分けることができる。
English: There were two types of stoneware; chipped stone tools passed down from the Jomon culture and ground stoneware (continental ground stoneware) introduced from the Mumun pottery culture on the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 石器には、縄文文化より伝わった打製石器を中心とする一群と、朝鮮半島無文土器文化より伝わった磨製石器の一群（大陸系磨製石器）がある。
English: Chipped stone tools were used as hunting tools and sharp-edged tools such as Sekizoku (a flint arrowhead) and scraper.
Japanese: 打製石器は、石鏃やスクレイパー（削器・掻器）など、狩猟具（武器）・利器として用いられた。
English: Sanukite, Anzangan rock (andesite) and kokuyoseki (obsidian) were often used as material, and it was manufactured with a method passed down from Jomon period.
Japanese: 石材としてはサヌカイトなどの安山岩系の岩石や黒曜石などが主に用いられ、縄文時代からの製作技術を受け継いで作られた。
English: On the other hand, there was stoneware called continental ground stoneware that came into Japan with introduction of rice-paddy cultivation, such as tools, including Hamaguribamasei stone axe and Eguriirikataba, stone axe, and farming equipment, including ishi-bocho (a stone implement, sickle) and stone stickle.
Japanese: 一方、水稲農耕の流入とともに流入した大陸系磨製石器と呼ばれる石器群には、蛤刃磨製石斧や抉入片刃石斧といった工具や、石包丁や石鎌などといった農具がある。
English: These were new types of tools adapted in the Yayoi period and they used tools for cultivation and harvest, as rice-paddy cultivation techniques spread.
Japanese: 水稲農耕技術の受容にともなう開墾や耕起、収穫に用いられる道具として、弥生時代になって新たに導入された道具類である。
English: Weapon type bronze ware such as bronze halberd, doka (bronze halberd for rituals) and bronze swords are well known in the northern Kyushu region, and dotaku (a bell-shaped bronze vessel) is known from the Kinai region.
Japanese: 北部九州を中心とする地域では銅矛や銅剣・銅戈などの武器形青銅器が、一方畿内を中心とする地域では銅鐸がよく知られる。
English: Bronze halberd, doka (bronze halberd for rituals), and bronze swords distributed mainly in northern Kyushu, Sanin and the Shikoku region were introduced at the end of early period and manufacturing started right after that.
Japanese: 北部九州や山陰、四国地方などに主に分布する銅矛や銅剣、銅戈などは、前期末に製品が持ち込まれるとともに、すぐに生産も開始された。
English: On the other hand, although dotaku is thought to have been introduced from the Korean Peninsula, there was a difference in forms of introduced and manufactured products, and the process of manufacturing in Japan Archipelago is not known.
Japanese: 一方銅鐸も半島から伝わったと考えられるが、持ち込まれた製品と列島で作られた製品とは形態にやや差があり、列島での生産開始過程はよくわからない。
English: Weapon type bronze ware bronze swords and bronze halberds were a dignity symbol of the owner at the time of emergence, and it is possible that they were used as actual weapons, as its edge was sharpened.
Japanese: 出現当初の銅剣や銅矛など武器形青銅器は、所有者の威儀を示す象徴的なものであると同時に、刃が研ぎ澄まされていたことなどから実際に戦闘に使われる実用武器としても使われていた可能性が高い。
English: Weapon type bronze ware at that time was usually buried as burial goods, which indicate that they were used as the property of the individual.
Japanese: この段階の武器形青銅器は墓に副葬されることが一般的で、個人の所有物として使われていたことがわかる。
English: In and after the first half of the middle of the Yayoi period, manufactured weapon type bronze ware such as bronze swords, doka (bronze halberd for ritual) and bronze halberds gradually increased in thickness.
Japanese: 弥生時代中期前半以降、銅剣・銅矛・銅戈などの武器形青銅器は、徐々に太く作られるようになったと理解できる。
English: However, dotaku became larger and part for hanging was lost as period went forward, therefore it became an object for viewing whereas originally it was a bell with metal parts hung inside for ringing.
Japanese: しかし、時代が下るにつれて徐々に大型化するとともに、つるす部分が退化することから、最初は舌を内部につるして鳴らすものとして用いられたが、徐々に見るものへと変わっていったと考えられている。
English: Bronze mirrors were also introduced at the end of the early Yayoi period and the manufacture in the Japan Archipelago started on and after the middle period.
Japanese: また、鏡も弥生時代前期末に渡来し、中期末以降列島でも生産されるようになった。
English: In these manners, most of large bronze ware were used for rituals, except for the time of emergence.
Japanese: このように、大型の青銅器は出現当初をのぞいてほとんどが祭祀に用いられるものであった。
English: There are very few, but some smaller bronze ware were also excavated, such as the tip of a spade used as farming equipment, a Japanese-style plane with long handle as a tool, and an arrowhead as smaller weapon.
Japanese: このほかに鋤先などの農具やヤリガンナなどの工具、鏃などの小型武器などもみられるが、大型の青銅器に比べて非常に少量である。
English: Apart from a few examples in the very initial stage (few examples of bronze ware manufactured by grinding weapon type bronze ware imported from Korean Peninsula), bronze ware was manufactured by pouring metal into a mold.
Japanese: 青銅器は、最初期のごく一部の例（半島から流入した武器形青銅器などの一部を研ぎ出すことにより製作される事例がわずかに存在する）をのぞき、鋳型に溶けた金属を流し込むことにより生産された。
English: Many of the molds for bronze ware in its time of emergence, around the end of the early Yayoi period to the first half of the middle Yayoi period, were found mainly in south west part of the Saga plain, around Saga City, and Ogi City, Saga Prefecture.
Japanese: 青銅器の鋳型は、列島での初現期にあたる弥生時代前期末～中期前半期のものは主に佐賀県佐賀市から小城市にかけての佐賀平野南西部に多く見られる。
English: By the latter half of middle period, bronze ware was intensively manufactured in Nakai and Hie sites at Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture and in Suku sites in Kasuga City.
Japanese: 中期後半までに青銅器の生産は福岡県福岡市那珂・比恵遺跡群や春日市須玖遺跡群などで集中的に行われるようになる。
English: Most weapon type bronze ware were intensively manufactured in these sites, except for the flat bronze sword.
Japanese: 平形銅剣をのぞくほとんどの武器形青銅器はこれらの遺跡群で集中的に生産されたと考えられている。
English: However sites with concentrated evidence of bronze ware manufacturing, such as those in northern Kyushu, have not yet been found and its manufacturing and distribution system remain unsolved.
Japanese: しかし、北部九州ほど青銅器生産の証拠が集中して発見される遺跡は未だ見つかっておらず、その生産体制や流通体制などには未解明の部分が多い。
English: Ironware emerged in the earlier Yayoi period and it became widespread around northern Kyushu mainly as tools, by the first half of middle of Yayoi period.
Japanese: 鉄器の初現は弥生時代早期とされ、弥生時代中期前半までには北部九州で工具を中心に一般化した。
English: They spread across western Japan and were adapted as weapons and farming equipment on and after the end of the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 後期以降に西日本全域に拡散するとともに、武器や農具としても採用されるようになった。
English: Ironware was mainly used for sharp-edged tools, especially implements and farming equipment (harvesting equipment) because of its durability and sharpness of edge.
Japanese: 鉄器は耐久性や刃の鋭さから主に利器として、特に工具や農具（収穫具）として用いられた。
English: Smaller tools, manufactured by grinding a fragment of forged iron axe, were in use at the time of its emergence, but Japan made an iron axe called Fukurojo-Teppu (literally 'bag-shaped iron axe,' hollow structured iron axe) emerged in northern Kyushu by the first half of middle period and it gradually spread around western Japan.
Japanese: 出現当初は鍛造鉄斧の断片を研ぎ出して小型の工具などとして使っていたが、中期前半までには北部九州で袋状鉄斧と呼ばれる列島製の鉄斧が出現し、徐々に西日本一帯へと波及していった。
English: However ironware during this period were made from iron imported from the peninsula and iron making in Japan Archipelago is said have started after the end of the Kofun period.
Japanese: ただし、この時期の鉄器は鉄素材を半島から輸入して製作されており、列島で製鉄が見られるのは古墳時代後期以降と考えられる。
English: There are two types of ironware manufacturing methods during the Yayoi period; a cold chisel cutting method that cuts/breaks off iron material and grind to sharpen its edge, and a forging method that create shapes by forging (Although a very few cases are suspected with a possibility of the casting method, a furnace that can withstand operation at high temperature is required to melt iron and it is questionable if there was such technology during the Yayoi period.)
Japanese: 弥生時代における鉄器の生産には、材料となる鉄を切り・折り取り、刃を磨き出すことによって作られる鏨切り技法と、鍛造により形を作り出す鍛造技法があることがわかっている（ごく一部の例について、鋳造により作られた可能性が示唆されているが、鉄を溶かすためにはきわめて高温の操業に耐えうる炉が必要であり、弥生時代にこのような技術が存在したかどうかは疑問視されている）。
English: Ironware manufacturing by forging had started by the first half of the middle of the Yayoi period in northern Kyushu, especially in surrounding area of Fukuoka City.
Japanese: 北部九州、特に福岡市周辺地域では弥生時代中期前半までに鍛造技法による鉄器の生産が開始された。
English: On the other hand, ironware manufacturing by cold chisel cutting was common in surrounding area of Yame City, also in northern Kyushu, even at the end of the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 一方、同じ北部九州でも八女市などの周辺地域では弥生時代後期になっても鏨切りによる鉄器生産が一般的であった。
English: Moreover, although ironware manufacturing by forging was introduced to the Setouchi region by the end of the Yayoi period, technology was clearly lower than that of northern Kyushu and ironware manufacturing by cold chisel cutting was practiced in general.
Japanese: 瀬戸内地方でも、弥生時代後期までには鍛造による鉄器生産が伝播していたが、技術的には北部九州のそれよりも明らかに低い水準にあり、同時に鏨切りによる鉄器製作も普遍的に行われていた。
English: A large amount of ironware from the end of the Yayoi period were excavated from sites along the coastal areas of the Genkai-nada Sea, but very little were excavated from sites along the coastal areas of the Seto Inland Sea and Kinki region.
Japanese: 弥生時代後期には、玄界灘沿岸地域の遺跡から鉄器が大量に出てくるが、瀬戸内海沿岸各地方や近畿地方の遺跡からはごくわずかしか出てこない。
English: It is suspected that the coastal area of the Genkai-nada Sea monopolized the route of iron acquisition.
Japanese: つまり玄界灘沿岸地域が鉄資源入手ルートを独占していたと推定されている。
English: Therefore, a war may have broken out over the control of the iron acquisition route, but it is not archaeologically proved yet.
Japanese: それゆえに、鉄資源の入手ルートの支配権を巡って戦争が起こったのではないかと考えられているが、今はまだ考古学的に立証することができない。
English: Assuming that there was a war, the formation of a wide area political alliance, such as the Yamatai-Koku kingdom alliance, centering on powers of Yamato in Kinki region is also assumed.
Japanese: 戦争が起こったと仮定すれば、近畿地方の大和勢力を中心に、広域の政治連合、例えば邪馬台国連合のような同盟ができあがっていたとことが想定されている。
English: For earthenware, bisque (fired pottery) earthenware, which was fired in low temperature oxidative flames, called Yayoi earthenware was used.
Japanese: 土器は、弥生土器と呼ばれる、低温酸化炎焼成の素焼き土器が用いられた。
English: In actual fact, only earthenware in the early period and earthenware from during and after the middle period in western Japan, especially in northern Kyushu, is less decorative, but earthenware from other regions and periods often have various decorations.
Japanese: 実際に装飾が少ないのは前期段階の土器と中期以降の西日本、特に北部九州の土器で、そのほかの地域・時代の土器にはしばしば多様な装飾が施される。
English: For types of wares, there were mainly jars, pots and a small one-legged tray for one person, especially the pot was not general ware during the Jomon period and it is believed that pots became widespread as storage container, as rice became the main food supply.
Japanese: 器種として主要なものに甕・壷・高坏があり、特に壷は縄文時代には一般化しなかった器種で、弥生時代になって米が主要な食糧となったため、貯蔵容器として定着したと理解されている。
English: Earthenware was manufactured in each settlement and it is vaguely believed that the material was self-sufficient in each settlement, but there was hardly any case of ancient structural remnants for earthenware manufacturing found.
Japanese: 土器の生産は集落ごとに行われ、集落ごとに自給自足によりまかなわれたと漠然と考えられているが、土器生産に関する遺構はほとんど事例がない。
English: Recently earthenware of firing failure and earthware with a cracked surface from high temperature are being studied and the possibility of intensive earthenware manufacturing in large-scale settlements were raised.
Japanese: 最近、土器の焼成失敗品や、強い熱を受けたために器壁が薄くはじけるように割れた土器に注目して、大規模な集落で土器が集中的に生産された可能性が提起された。
English: From the fact that the form of earthenware strongly shows regionality, earthenware manufactured on local land and earthenware suspected to have been brought in from other regions were compared and there is a possibility of the movement of larger amounts of earthenware than previously assumed.
Japanese: また、土器の形態は地域性をきわめてよく表すため、その特徴に着目して他地域から搬入された可能性の高い土器と在地の土器とを峻別し、土器はこれまで思われていたよりもずっと多量に移動している可能性が指摘されている。
English: Although there are many excellent pieces of work in dinning utensils, which are lacquered and have fine decorations, it is rare for woodenware to be excavated in good condition as they easily rot, and the details are still not known.
Japanese: 特に食膳具には漆を塗ったり細かな装飾を施すなどした優品が多いが、木器は腐るために良好な状態で出土する例はまれであり、詳しいことは未だよくわかっていない。
English: There are several examples of settlements in the Yayoi period and common examples of ancient structural remnants are; tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) as a dwelling, dug-standing pillar building and storage pit for storage facility, doko (a pit) (non-uniform shaped hole/pit) for various purposes such as garbage pit and firing of earthenware, a ditch surrounding settlement and section in the settlement (a moat and a sectional ditch).
Japanese: 弥生時代の集落には様々な例があるが、一般的に発見されるものとして、居住施設としての竪穴住居、貯蔵施設としての貯蔵穴や掘立柱建物、ゴミ捨て場や土器の焼成など様々な用途に使われたと考えられる土坑（不定形の穴）、集落の周りを巡らせたり集落内部を区画するように掘られた溝（環濠や区画溝など）の遺構がある。
English: Round and a square shapes are popular for ground shapes, and a rectangle and a square with round edges follow after that but they show differences in each region.
Japanese: 平面形態は円形・方形が主流で、長方形・隅丸方形がそれに次ぐ位置を占めるが、地域によって多様な様相を示す。
English: A dwelling with square ground shape that carries on the tradition from last period of the Jomon period and a dwelling with a distinctive shape, which has a round ground shape with a bowl like shallow concavity at center and a pair of small hole (could be holes for pillars) at the side of the concavity, both from earlier period are found in northern Kyushu.
Japanese: 早期の北部九州の住居には、縄文時代晩期の系譜を引き継ぐと考えられる平面方形のもののほかに、平面円形で中央に浅い皿状のくぼみを持ち、その両脇に小さな穴（柱穴か）を1対持つ特徴的な形態の住居が存在する。
English: It is called 'Shokikurigata dwelling' as it was first recognized at the Shokikuri site in Fuyo District, Sud Chungcheong, Republic of Korea (However the name is only used in Japan, and the term 'Shokikuri type-' are used not only for shape of dwelling, but to whole cultural description including form of earthenware and stoneware in Korean archaeological society.)
Japanese: 韓国忠清南道扶余郡松菊里遺跡で最初に注目されたことから、「松菊里型住居」ともよばれる（ただしこの名称は日本国内に限定して使用され、韓国考古学界ではむしろ「松菊里類型」という用語は住居跡の形態のみでなく土器や石器組成を含めた文化総体の名称として用いられることが一般的となっている）。
English: It is assumed that the dwelling (habitation) site from the end to last of Jomon period around western Japan and 'Shokikurigata dwelling' became original forms of round plan dwellings that became main stream in the early to middle Yayoi period.
Japanese: この松菊里型住居は、縄文時代後・晩期に西日本一帯でしばしば見られる円形プランの住居跡とともに、弥生時代前期から中期にかけて主流となる円形住居の祖形となったと考えられている。
English: In the middle of the Yayoi period, a round plan dwelling excelled in styles of dwelling plans around northern Kyushu to western Japan.
Japanese: 弥生時代中期には、住居のプランは北部九州から西日本一帯で円形プランのものが卓越した。