nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the event that the Korean government is to decide on signing an agreement with another country or to decide how to deal with any diplomatic matters such as giving privileges, disposition and signing contracts with foreigners, they shall consult the Japanese government beforehand.
Japanese: 一韓国政府ハ外国トノ条約締結其他重要ナル外交案件即外国人ニ対スル特権、譲与若ハ契約等ノ処理ニ関シテハ予メ日本政府ト協議スヘシ
English: The king of Japan was a title of the ruler of Japan, which was used mainly by the head of the military government internationally during the medieval and early-modern times.
Japanese: 日本国王（にほんこくおう）とは、中世期から近世期において特に武家政権の長が対外的に使用した日本の統治者の称号である。
English: It had come to be used as the diplomatic title of the Muromachi shogun since Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun of Muromachi shogunate government, was appointed king of Japan under a seal of investiture of a title of 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi' by the emperor of the Ming dynasty.
Japanese: 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満が、明皇帝から「日本国王源道義（にほんこくおうげんどうぎ）」の封号を与えられ、日本国王に冊封されて以降、室町将軍の外交称号として使用された。
English: In Chinese historical documents, the ruler of Japan was called 'the king of Wo' but in the Tang dynasty era, the term 'the king of Japan' (Nihon-kokuo) came into use.
Japanese: 中国の史書では、日本の統治者を「倭王」と称していたが、唐代以後、「日本国王」号が使用されるようになる。
English: The phrase, 'Edicts for the King of Japan,' is seen in the "The Collection of Qu Jiang Zhang, Chancellor of Tang dynasty" (唐丞相曲江張先生文集).
Japanese: 『唐丞相曲江張先生文集』には「勅日本国王書（にほんこくおうにちょくするのしょ）」と記されている。
English: In addition, the sentense which read, 'in 1266 a diplomatic message of Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan dynasty, was sent to 'the king of Japan' in 1266,' is seen in "Chapter of Japan" in the "History of Yuan Dynasty (Yuan-shi)."
Japanese: また、『元史日本伝』には、1266年、元(王朝)朝皇帝フビライ・ハーンから「日本国王」に送った国書がある。
English: In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Imperial Prince Kanenaga was given the title of the king of Japan under the name of 'Ryokai' by the Ming dynasty on the condition that he crack down on the Japanese pirates.
Japanese: また、南北朝時代(日本)時代には、懐良親王が倭寇の取り締まりを条件に明朝から冊封を受け、「良懐」の名で日本国王の称号を受けている。
English: After Imperial Prince Kanenaga fell from power, there occurred an abnormal situation in which the shogunate government and the feudal lords in Kyushu traded with the Ming under the name of 'Ryokai, the king of Japan.'
Japanese: 懐良親王の勢力が駆逐された後は、幕府や九州の大名が「日本国王良懐」と称して対明貿易を行う変則状態が続く。
English: The Ming Dynasty also needed to have relations with the ruler of Japan, who was able to crack down on Japanese pirates, but they rejected the offer of trade with regard to the domestic opinion for the restoration of Confucianism, on the grounds that the Ashikaga clan was not the ruler of Japan but only a 'shogun,' or the vassal of the party of Jimyoin, who was considered by the Ming Dynasty as the name of the political opponent of 'Ryokai' (Imperial Prince Kanenaga) over the succession of the imperial throne.
Japanese: 明朝側としても倭寇を取り締まる能力のある日本の支配者との通交の必要はあったものの、儒教復興が叫ばれていた当時、足利氏が日本の君主ではなく「持明」（持明院統の天皇の事。明朝は「持明」を「良懐」（懐良親王）と日本の王位を争っている人物名と解釈していた）の臣下の「将軍」にすぎないことを理由に、通交を拒否していた。
English: In 1380 Hu Weiyong, the Left Chancellor of the Ming Dynasty, tried to communicate secretly with Yoshimitsu, who was then in the Buddhist priesthood, and Yoshimitsu intended to begin trade without using his position as vassal of the emperor.
Japanese: しかし、1380年に発覚した明の左丞相（大臣）胡惟庸の謀叛と、当時辞官出家していた義満が、天皇の臣下という立場をとらずに通交を試みようとした。
English: As a result, an envoy, who was dispatched in 1401 with the letter of 'Nihon Junsango Dogi,' accomplished the object and returned to Japan with a Ming envoy, who bore a letter of the Jianwen Emperor (period of reign: 1398 -1402) addressed to 'Nihon-kokuo Gen Dogi.'
Japanese: その結果、1401年（応永8年）、「日本准三后道義」の表文を携えて派遣された使節はついに目的を果たし、「日本国王源道義」宛の建文帝（在位1398年～1402年）の詔書を携えて明使とともに帰国した。
English: While the Ming envoy was in Japan, the Emperor Yongle (period of reign: 1402-1424) ascended the throne in the wake of the Jingnan Incident (1399-1402).
Japanese: ところが、明使の滞在中、靖難の変（1399年～1402年）により成祖永楽帝（在位1402年～1424年）が即位。
English: The Emperor Yongle, who was accused of being a usurper soon after his ascension, welcomed the envoy from the 'outer barbarians' as an opportunity to prove his virtues, and gave Yoshimitsu the seal of 'the king of Japan' (Nihon-kokuo no in) and a tally (a certificate to show that the ship was lawfully registered by the Ming), which was necessary for trading.
Japanese: 即位して間もなく、簒奪者との謗りも受けていた永楽帝は、「外夷」からの使節の到来を自らの天子としての徳を証明するものとして喜び、義満に「日本国王之印」と通交に必要な勘合符を与えた。
English: In this way, Yoshimitsu obtained the title of 'the king of Japan,' and internationally acknowledged as a king who served the Chinese emperor.
Japanese: こうして義満は「日本国王」の称号を獲得し、中華皇帝に臣従する外臣として認知され、国際的な国王として承認された。
English: Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, who became the fourth shogun after Yoshimitsu's death, broke off relations with Ming, but the sixth shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed diplomatic relations.
Japanese: 義満の死後、4代将軍となった足利義持は明と断交するが、6代将軍足利義教が国交を再開。
English: In association with the above, letters from Korea called the shogun the king of Japan, while the Japanese side used the title of 'Somebody of the Minamoto clan, the king of Japan.'
Japanese: これに伴い、朝鮮からの来書にも将軍を日本国王と称したが、日本側では、「日本国源某」の称号を用いた。
English: During the peace negotiation process of Japan's first invasion of Korea in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Emperor Wanli of the Ming sent a letter to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代、文禄の役の講和折衝にあたり、明の神宗万暦帝は豊臣秀吉に誥命を送った。
English: In this letter was a sentence which read, 'I hereby appoint you the king of Japan,' but Hideyoshi refused the investiture by the Chinese court and started the Japan's second invasion of Korea.
Japanese: その中に、「茲に特に爾を封じて日本国王と為す」の一文があり、秀吉は冊封を拒否して慶長の役に突入した。
English: A story has been handed down that Hideyoshi was so infuriated that he tore the letter and threw it away, but this a fiction created later.
Japanese: なお、激怒した秀吉が誥命が書かれた国書を破り捨てたとされる話が伝えられているが後世の創作である。
English: In fact, the letter was kept by Yoshiharu HORIO, who received it from Hideyoshi, and is currently in the possession of the Osaka Museum of History as important cultural property (the official letter to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI from the King of Ming, 綾本墨書 明王贈豊太閤冊封文).
Japanese: 実際には国書を下げ渡された堀尾吉晴が保管しており、現在も重要文化財（「綾本墨書明王贈豊太閤冊封文」）として大阪歴史博物館に所蔵されている。
English: Hidetada TOKUGAWA, the second shogun of Edo shogunate government, intended to resume diplomatic relations with the Yi dynasty of Korea, and ordered the So clan of Tsushima domain to negotiate.
Japanese: 江戸幕府2代将軍徳川秀忠は李氏朝鮮との国交修復を図り、対馬藩主の宗氏に交渉を命じた。
English: The So clan falsified a sovereign's message, using the title of 'the king of Japan' for the shogun.
Japanese: しかし宗氏は国書を偽造し、その国書において将軍の肩書きを「日本国王」とした。
English: However, this falsification was revealed in 1633 (the Yanagawa Incident), and thereafter the shogunate government used the title of 'the Tycoon of Japan' (Nihonkoku Taikun) for the shogun.
Japanese: しかしこの偽造は寛永10年には発覚し（柳川一件）、幕府はこれ以後将軍の肩書きとして「日本国大君」の称号を使用した。
English: The title of 'the king of Japan' was temporarily used in the era of Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA according to a proposal by Hakuseki ARAI, but Yoshimune TOKUGAWA again switched to 'Tycoon,' and all successive shoguns used the title of 'Tycoon.'
Japanese: 徳川家宣の時代には新井白石の建議で一時的に「日本国王」を用いたことがあったが、徳川吉宗はふたたび「大君」号に改め、以降全ての将軍は「大君」号を使用した。
English: After the Meiji period, when the emperor of Japan became the head of state, he began to use the title of 'the emperor of Japan' or 'Nihonkoku Tenno' in foreign affairs as well, and the title of 'the king of Japan' fell into obscurity.
Japanese: 明治時代以降は天皇が最高権威者となり、対外的にも「日本国皇帝」もしくは「日本国天皇」の号を用いたために「日本国王」号は用いられることが無くなった。
English: On the Korean Peninsula, people have traditionally admired the person who ruled Chugen (China) as emperor, and considered only that person qualified to use the term '皇' (emperor).
Japanese: 朝鮮半島では、長らく中原を治める天子を皇帝と仰ぎ、それが唯一「wikt皇」の文字を使用できる存在として見てきた。
English: Therefore, they didn't allow their own king or the kings of neighboring countries to use the character '皇' on the grounds that it went against reason, and they called the emperor of Japan 'the king of Japan' or '일본_천황' (Ilbon Chonhwang).
Japanese: それゆえ、自らの王や周辺諸国の王が「皇」の文字を使用する事は道理に反するとして認めず、天皇の事を「日本国王」「wko일본_천황」などと呼んできた。
English: The situation continues even today, and opinions in the world of mass media are split as to which should be used in situations which are not public occasions, 'the king of Japan' (日王) or 'the emperor of Japan' (天皇), although most of the media uses 'the kinf of Japan' (日王).
Japanese: それは現在でも続いており、公式な場以外のマスコミなどでは未だに「日王」と呼ぶか「天皇」と呼ぶかで意見が分かれており、大半は「日王」表記が主である。
English: The Kannonji family feud is the family trouble that broke out in the family of Rokkaku clan that was a warring load of Minami Omi Province in 1563 during the Sengoku period (the Warring State Period of Japan).
Japanese: 観音寺騒動（かんのんじそうどう）は、戦国時代(日本)の永禄6年（1563年）に、南近江国の戦国大名・六角氏の家中で起こった御家騒動。
English: When Sadayori ROKKAKU was the family head (or Jindai, a deputy whose role was to proceed to battlefield on behalf of his load during the Muromachi period thereafter), Rokkaku clan entered into the height of its prosperity such as dominating in effect the Azai clan who was the warring load of Kita Omi Province and being granted the post of Kanrei-dai (representative of a shogunal deputy) by Muromachi Shougunate.
Japanese: 六角氏は六角定頼が当主（あるいは陣代）の時代、北近江の戦国大名であった浅井氏を事実上の支配下に置き、さらに室町幕府からも管領代の地位を与えられるなどして全盛期を迎えていた。
English: After the death of Sadayori, his successor Yosikata ROKKAKU attacked Nagayoshi MIYOSHI who was then Kanrei-dai and started building up a strong political power in Kinai area and tried in vain to expand his strength among the national political arena.
Japanese: 定頼の死後、後を継いだ六角義賢は、当時管領代となり、畿内に一大政権を築きつつあった三好長慶と抗争して、中央政界での勢力を拡大しようとしたがこれに失敗。
English: Besides, Azai clan under domination by Rokkaku clan started to show signs of independence at the opportunity of the death of Sadayori.
Japanese: そのうえ、定頼の死去を見て服属下にあった浅井氏が自立傾向を見せ始める。
English: In 1560, Yosikata intended to defeat Azai clan heading a battalion but was defeated by Nagamasa AZAI at the Battle of Norada.
Japanese: 永禄3年（1560年）、義賢は大軍を率いて浅井氏を討とうとしたが野良田の戦いで浅井長政に敗れた。
English: Yosikata ROKKAKU declined his authority in Omi with the family trouble of Omi Sasaki clan also involved.
Japanese: 近江佐々木氏の家中問題も絡み、六角義賢の近江における権威は低下した。
English: Yosikata, who had handed over the patrimony to Yoshiharu ROKKAKU, his son in the previous year, entered into priesthood taking the occasion of this defeat.
Japanese: この前年に家督を子の六角義治に譲っていた義賢は、この敗戦を契機に出家する。
English: While Yoshiharu succeeded the patrimony, he assassinated Katatoyo GOTO in the Kannonji Castle in 1563 who was an important chief retainer of Rokkaku clan.
Japanese: 跡を継いだ義治であるが、永禄6年に六角氏の有力な重臣であった後藤賢豊を観音寺城内において暗殺してしまった。
English: Amongst various views of the background, it is said that Yoshiharu assassinated Katatoyoin order to recover the authority as the family head, after struggles between Katatoyo's authority and Yosiharu, the young family head, since Katatoyo was such a well respected chief vassal as a meritorious retainer of Rokkaku clan since the period of Sadayori and well admired of as "twin To (phonetic alphabet of 藤 後藤, GOTO and 進藤, SINDO) of Rokkaku clan" that he held the authority to execute administrative affairs on behalf of the family head.
Japanese: 理由は諸説あるが、賢豊は定頼時代からの六角家中における功臣として人望も厚く、進藤貞治と共に「六角氏の両藤」と称されるほどの宿老で、奉行人として六角氏の当主代理として政務を執行できる権限を有していたことから、賢豊の権力と若年の当主・義治とが争った末に、当主としての執行権を取り戻すために暗殺したと言われている。
English: Since Katatoyo was regarded as the top of senior vassals and well respected as described above, this feud (the pretext why Yoshiharu killed Katatoyo being feigned to be bureiuchi (death penalty by sword slash for rudeness)) led up to distrust of Yoshiharu among the feudatory of Rokkaku clan in connection with the trouble of reigns of the both families of Rokkaku clan and Sasaki clan, the latter being Rokkaku clan's root.
Japanese: 賢豊は前述したように重臣の筆頭格であり人望も厚かったから、この事件（義治が賢豊を討ち取った名目は無礼討ちとされていた）は、佐々木六角氏の家督問題と関係して六角家臣団の義治に対する不信を持たせることにつながった。
English: And in response to Azai's movement to attack Rokkaku clan, there appeared in Rokkaku clan some traitors to stand for Azai's side.
Japanese: そして浅井氏が六角氏を攻める動きを見せたことで、浅井方につく者まで現れ始めた。
English: Further, Yoshiharu, together with his father, was deported from Kannonji Castle temporarily by elements of the Rokkaku feudatory who felt discontented with the feud.
Japanese: さらに義治はこの事件に不満を抱く一部家臣団によって、父と共に一時的に観音寺城を追われてしまった。
English: Although Yosikata and Yoshiharu, father and son, returned to Kannonji castle through the mediation by Sadahide GAMO and Katahide GAMO, father and son, Yoshitaka and Yoshiharu had to consent to hand over the patrimony to Yoshisada ROKKAKU (Yoshiharu's brother), and furthermore, to clip the power of Rokkaku clan as the family head through signing for "Rokkakushi shikimoku (Rokkaku clan's bunkokuho, laws and standards established by Sengoku daimyo to govern their territories)".
Japanese: 蒲生定秀・蒲生賢秀親子の仲介により、義賢・義治親子は観音寺城に復帰することになったが、家督を六角義定（義治の弟）に譲ること、さらに「六角氏式目」に署名して、六角氏の当主権限を縮小することを認めざるを得なくなった。
English: Meanwhile, the patrimony of Goto clan was succeeded by Takaharu GOTO, the second son, because the first son, Iki no kami (governor of Iki Province) had been murdered together with their father.
Japanese: なお、後藤氏の家督は長男・壱岐守が父と共に誅殺されていたため、次男の後藤高治が継いだ。
English: It can be given as the root of the feud that Rokkaku clan had not grown out thoroughly from shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal loads) to warring load of the early-modern times.
Japanese: 騒動の原因であるが、六角氏が守護大名から近世戦国大名へと完全に脱皮していなかったことが挙げられる。
English: Most of Vassals of Rokkaku clan were such local samurai loads that they were highly independent although they were retained.
Japanese: 六角氏の家臣の多くは国人領主であり、被官化されていたとはいえ独立性が高かった。
English: Those vassals served obediently during the period of Sadayori who was a wise ruler, but Yosikata and Yoshiharu who succeeded to Sadayori after his death repeatedly made political errors against Nagyoshi MIYOSHI and Nagamasa Azai, and lost control over powerful local loads (kokujin) such as Goto clan.
Japanese: 名君である定頼存命中は彼らも服属していたが、定頼の死後、後を継いだ義賢・義治は三好長慶や浅井長政に対して失策を重ね、後藤氏のような有力国人衆への統制を失うこととなったのである。
English: Also according to a different view which denied Yosikata and Yosiharu as the head family of Rokkaku clan, among the Rokkaku family, there was the legitimate Rokkaku family whose heads were "Ujituna-Yoshizane-Yoshihide-Yosisato" that held higher social standing than Mitsukuri family whose role was Jindai and whose heads were "Sadayori-Yoshikata-Yoshiharu", and the relationship between the legitimate Rokkaku family and the family of Jindai including Yosikata was opposing to each other and very uncertain.
Japanese: また、義賢・義治が六角本家でないとする異説によれば、六角氏内部には「定頼-義賢-義治」の陣代箕作家より家格が上の、「氏綱-義実-義秀-義郷」と続く六角本家があり、本家と義賢ら陣代家の間は対立関係で非常に危うい状態だったという。
English: The Kannonji family feud led to the decline of unity and power of not only the head family of Rokkaku clan but also allied local samurais in Minami Omi area.
Japanese: この観音寺騒動は六角氏本家だけではなく、南近江の国人連合の結束と勢力の衰退につながった。
English: Nobunaga ODA took this opportunity to invade Minami Omi in 1568.
Japanese: それを好機と捉えた織田信長は永禄11年（1568年）に南近江に侵攻する。
English: Although Rokkaku clan once defeated back ODA with support by Miyoshi Sanninshu (Miyoshi Triumvirate) who were also opposed to ODA, the next year Mitsukuri Castle was attacked to fall, and Rokkaku clan also lost their footing around Kannonji Castle.
Japanese: 一度は織田を共通の敵とする三好三人衆の助勢を得て撃退するも、翌年には箕作城を攻められ落城することになり、同時に観音寺城周辺の地盤も失った。
English: Rokkaku clan was made to transfer their foothold to Koga county, and some local lords such as Sadahide GAMO and his children became to belong to ODA's side.
Japanese: 六角氏は甲賀郡に拠点を移すことになり、蒲生定秀親子ら一部国人は織田方に属することとなった。
English: While this feud was a prelude to the fall of Rokkaku clan, it was a very favorable incident for Nobunaga to secure the route for Kyoto from Gifu where he headquartered.
Japanese: この騒動は六角氏零落の序曲であり、同時に信長がその本拠、岐阜からの上洛のルートを確保する上では、大変に好都合な出来事だったといえるのである。
English: Sakekabu is one of the licensing systems in the sake brewing industry, which was implemented by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) of Japan as a basic policy for controlling sake brewing.
Japanese: 酒株（さけかぶ）とは、日本の江戸幕府が酒造統制の基本政策として行なった、醸造業の免許制の一つ。
English: The tag carried the name and address of the brewer and koku (a unit of volume) of sake to be brewed on the front and the writing "gokanjosho" (financial ministry) on the back, and was marked with brands.
Japanese: 表に酒造人の名前と住所、そして酒造石(単位)が書かれ、裏には「御勘定所」と書かれ、焼印が押してあった。
English: This is what is referred to as sakekabu or shuzokabu, but in the field of Japanese history, the entire system surrounding it came to be referred to as "sakekabu" or sakekabu system.
Japanese: これが、酒株または酒造株と呼ばれるものであるが、日本史の中で「酒株」というときには、この酒株をとりまく制度全般を酒株もしくは酒株制度と呼ぶようになった。
English: After first publishing sakukabu in 1657, the bakufu prohibited those who did not hold it from brewing sake and set a ceiling on the amount of rice that could be consumed in brewing sake by each brewer.
Japanese: 明暦3年（1657年）、幕府は初めて酒株を発行し、これを持っていない者には酒造りを禁じるとともに、それぞれの酒造人が酒造で消費できる米の量の上限を定めた。
English: Sake was not just a luxury but a necessity of life for people in rural areas, especially in domains in northern regions such as Tohoku and Hokuriku, to warm up.
Japanese: 日本酒はたんなる贅沢品ではなく、地方、とくに東北・北陸などの北国諸藩においては身体を温めるための生活必需品であった。
English: On the other hand, rice, an ingredient in sake, was an essential staple food for Japanese people, and its yield was fixed, in principle.
Japanese: 一方、原料のコメは日本人にとって欠くことのできない主食であり、また原則的には収穫量が決まっていた。
English: Therefore, how to distribute the rice, or "a limited resource," was always a critical economic issue for the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: そのため、その「限りある資源」である米をどのように配分するかが、つねに江戸幕府の重要な経済課題となっていた。
English: Leaving the sake brewing to free economy mechanisms might cause situations where small sake breweries would not be able to obtain genryo mai (a rice type used for sake production) and where big sake breweries would keep edible varieties of rice to themselves for brewing sake.
Japanese: 酒造りを自由経済原理に任せてしまうと、小さな酒蔵が原料米を確保できなかったり、大きな酒屋が食糧米を酒に加工して囲い込んでしまうといった事態が恐れられた。
English: The bakufu thus introduced what is now called the licensing system to the sake brewing industry by issuing sakekabu so that each sake brewery would be able to fairly purchase the amount of genryo mai commensurate with its scale and production capability according to yield and quality of rice in each year.
Japanese: そこで幕府は、それぞれの酒蔵が規模や生産能力に見合った原料米を、その年々の米の収穫量や作柄と比例して公平に仕入れることができるように、酒株を発行し、醸造業を今でいうところの免許制にしたのである。
English: Sakekabu was allowed to be transferred and leased within the same province, so when a sake brewery faced financial trouble or did not have an heir, the dominant sake brewery in the neighborhood often bought sakekabu of those troubled breweries to expand its operations.
Japanese: 酒株は、同一国内であれば譲渡や貸借も許されたので、酒屋が経営不振になったり、相続人がいない場合、近くの有力酒屋がその酒株を買い集めて、経営規模を拡大することがよくあった。
English: When temporarily leaving the sake brewing business, breweries took such measures as yasumikabu, meaning not using the license one holds, and kashikabu, meaning temporarily giving other brewer the use of the license.
Japanese: 一時的に酒造業から離れる場合も、株を持っているのに使わない休株（やすみかぶ）や、一時的に他の酒造人に使わせておく貸株（かしかぶ）といったことも行なわれた。
English: The amount of sake produced by a brewer with sakekabu is expressed in sake brewing kokudaka (yield in the unit of koku), which is the percentage of sake produced using one koku (about 180 litters) of unhulled rice (Taxation was based on rice in this stage at that time. When polished, it becomes some 60 percent in volume depending on how well it is polished. That means the volume of only the brown rice is about 0.6 koku).
Japanese: 酒株を持った酒造人が生産する酒の量を酒造石高といい、籾米1石（当時の徴税はこの状態であり、精米すると精米度合いにもよるがおよそ6割になる。つまり玄米だけの体積は0.6石程度となる）を使った際に生成できる酒の歩合である。
English: Kokudaka of sake produced from a koku of unhulled rice is referred to as sakedare percentage.
Japanese: 籾米1石に対して造られる酒の石高を酒垂れ歩合（さけだれぶあい）という。
English: Higher quality of sake, i.e., gozenshu (high quality sake), morohaku (sake of 100% polished white rice), katahaku (sake brewed from polished white rice as kakemai and unpolished rice as kojimai), and namizake (sake brewed from unpolished rice), in that order, usually has the higher rice-polishing ratio, greater decrease volume, and smaller sakedare percentage.
Japanese: 一般的に並酒、片白、諸白、御膳酒と酒質が高級になっていくにつれ精米歩合が上がるため減量分は大きくなるり、酒垂れ歩合は低い値をとるようになる。
English: Sakedare percentage is calculated by dividing 75 percent of total volume of polished rice obtained from a koku of unhulled rice and almost the same amount of water as polished rice (25 percent is sake lees) by one koku of unhulled rice.
Japanese: 酒垂れ歩合の計算は、籾米1石から算出する精米+精米とほぼ同量の水の数値の75％（25％は酒粕）から籾米1石を割った数値である。
English: How well the rice is to be polished differs depending on the grade of sake, and morohaku and other high quality kinds of sake use highly polished rice.
Japanese: 精米の度合は物によって異なるが、諸白など上質な酒では精米の度合いが高い。
English: The rice is hulled into brown rice, which further decreases in amount to approximately 70 kg (About 0.4 koku in volume. These values are calculated based on the rice-polishing ratio slightly lower than that for present-day futsushu [regular sake]), and the same volume of water is added to this to brew 0.8 koku of sake.
Japanese: そのため、籾を取った玄米の状態からかさはさらに減りだいたい70kg程度（およそ体積は0.4石である。数値は現在の普通酒と同程度より少し低い程度の精米歩合と考え算出）となり、これに同体積の水を加え酒造すると0.8石となる。
English: About 25 percent of the weight of 0.8 koku (about 145 liters) of sake thus brewed is usually sake lees, meaning that about 110 liters of sake is produced from polished rice (sakedare percentage is about 0.61) (with large variations depending partly on the amount of water and sakedare percentage), and this value is similar to that of the Sendai Domain as mentioned above.
Japanese: この0.8石分（約145リットル）には酒粕が一般的に重量の25％ほど含まれているため、（水の量や精米歩合にもよるためずれが大きいが）白米から110リットル程度の酒が出来ることになり（酒垂れ歩合は0.61程度）、上記の仙台藩における数値と近い値をとる。
English: Despite this, it is not always true that sakedare percentage is constantly below 1.00. In other words, kokudaka of the sake to be produced is always lower than that of unhulled rice used.
Japanese: それでは、酒垂れ歩合はつねに1.00よりも低い値をとるか、いいかえれば消費した籾米の石高よりも生産される酒の石高がつねに低いか、といえばそれもそうとは限らない。
English: One koku of water is usually added to one koku of polished rice to produce sake, but for example, a method of brewing sake in winter, which is invented in the Kanbun era, uses 1.2 to 1.3 koku of water using a sake brewing technique called "kumimizu nobashi" (drawn water dilution), so more than one koku of pure sake is eventually produced from one koku of unhulled rice with a sakedare percentage being more than 1.00.
Japanese: たとえば酒造りには「汲水延ばし（くみみずのばし）」などと表現される技法があり、これは通常の酒造りにおいては精米1石に対して水1石を加えていたものを、寛文年間に改良された寒造りなどでは加える水を1.2～1.3石とするため、結果として1石の籾米から生酒1石以上が生産され、酒垂れ歩合は1.00以上になるからである。
English: Each brewer was not supposed to use rice exceeding shuzokabu amount stated on a license tag as mentioned above, but because it was difficult to control the amount of genryo mai very strictly at the scene of sake brewing, the amount exceeding shuzokabu amount was often used in reality.
Japanese: 上記のように、鑑札に書かれた酒造株高を上回って米を使うことは、建前としては許されなかったが、酒造りの現場では、原料米の量はそんなに厳密に限ることができないために、実際に使う量は往々にして酒造株高を上回った。
English: The amount of genryo mai actually used, including the excess amount over the shuzokabu amount, is referred to as the amount of rice for brewing sake.
Japanese: このように酒造株高を上回った分を含めて実際に原料米として消費した米の量を酒造米高という。
English: Greater disparity between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake directly meant less revenue from tax on sake to the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕府にとっては、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差が拡大していくことは、そのまま酒をめぐる税収の減少を意味していた。
English: Therefore there was a pressing need to prevent such disparities, and surveys were conducted nationwide in 1666, 1680, 1697 and 1788 in order to investigate and find out the actual situation and to correct the situations to obtain appropriate values.
Japanese: そのためそれを防ぐことが急がれ、実態を調査、把握し、適正な数値に是正するために、寛文6年（1666年）、延宝8年（1680年）、元禄10年（1697年）、天明8年（1788年）などに全国調査を行なった。
English: The purpose was to secure the financial basis for the bakufu to any extent at all by grasping the actual condition of sake brewing kokudaka and strengthening taxation.
Japanese: 酒造石高の実態を把握して課税を強化し、幕府の財政基盤を少しでも確かにすることであった。
English: It was in the Genroku era when the world was peaceful and public morals were corrupted, and statesmen regarded the common people's intoxication with sake as illicit and intended to crack down on such behavior.
Japanese: ときは元禄太平の世で風紀が乱れ、庶民が酒に酔いしれるのは不届きである、といった為政者からの引き締めであった。