nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In a Chasitsu (tea house), a firing system similar to the Irori fireplace is called "Ro" (hearth), which is placed in a tatami mat room.
Japanese: 茶室にも囲炉裏に良く似た火の座があるが、茶道では「炉」と称し、畳の間に切る。
English: Its regular size is 42.42cm, or 54.54cm for a big fireplace of the Urasenke school of tea ceremony, which is much smaller than common Irori fireplaces.
Japanese: 寸法も一尺四寸（42.42cm）あるいは裏千家の大炉の場合でも一尺八寸（54.54cm）四方で、一般的な囲炉裏よりはるかに小さい。
English: In irori fireplaces, various types of cuisine such as fried rice were cooked in the Irori fireplace using jizaikagi, an irori pot hook (to be described later), or Gotoku (a metal stand) for putting a pan on the fire.
Japanese: 囲炉裏では自在鉤（後述）や五徳を用いて鍋を火にかけ、炊飯をはじめあらゆる調理を行なった。
English: In addition, ingredients such as skewered fish are often stuck in ash around the fire, and other ingredients are also buried in ashes for cooking.
Japanese: また串に刺した魚などの食材を火の周囲の灰に刺したり、灰の中に食材を埋めて焼くことも多い。
English: To be more specific, Kamado (cooking stove) was made in the Tohoku region mainly around 1955-1964; until then, various ingredients had been cooked in the Irori fireplace.
Japanese: ちなみに北陸地方に竈（かまど）が作られるのは昭和30年代が中心で、それまではあらゆる煮炊きを囲炉裏で行なっていた。
English: In western Japan, whose climate is warm and mild, the use of Irori fireplace in summer is not encouraged, and an Irori fireplace and a kamado have been used differently since the old days.
Japanese: 温暖な西日本では夏季の囲炉裏の使用を嫌い、竈との使い分けが古くから行なわれている。
English: Before the early modern period when fire was used as a major means of lighting, the Irori fireplace was a safe means that could light up a room.
Japanese: 火が主要な照明であった近世以前、囲炉裏は安全に部屋を照らすことのできる手段だった。
English: Articles for lighting, such as oil or candles, were too expensive for common people to use.
Japanese: また照明専用具として油やろうそくがありはしたが、いずれも庶民にとっては高価なものであった。
English: During the period when making a fire using tools such as a match was not easy, the fire of the Irori fireplace was always kept lit so that it could be used for making a fire for the Kamado or lighting.
Japanese: マッチなどによる着火が容易でない時代、囲炉裏の火は絶やされることなく、竈（かまど）や照明具の火種として使われた。
English: In general, sitting locations of family members were determined, which made family members aware of their ranks and the order of a family.
Japanese: 通常家族の成員の着座場所が決まっており、家族内の序列秩序を再確認する機能も重要であった。
English: For instance, the names of sitting locations include yokoza (seat for the master of the house around the open hearth), Kakaza (seat for the housewife of a house, next to the master of a house, located near the kitchen, kyakuza (seat used by a guest, next to yokoza, near the entrance), Kijiri (seat for servants of a house, opposite yokoza) Shimoza (seat near the entrance).
Japanese: 例えば横座、嬶座(かかざ)、客座、木尻または下座(げざ)といったものが挙げられる。
English: This feature can be said to be a fundamental structure of a Japanese house that was originated in Ro (hearth) located at the center of a pit dwelling (house) in the Jomon period
Japanese: この機能は縄文時代の竪穴式住居の中央に設けられた炉以来引き継がれてきた日本の民家の基本構造とも言える。
English: In modern architecture, some features are handed down to Kotatsu (small table with an electric heater underneath and covered by a quilt); some say that family communication itself has been deteriorated today.
Japanese: 現代建築では炬燵にその機能が一部継承されている部分があるが、今日では家族団欒そのものが衰退しつつあるとする見方もある。
English: Filling warm air around a room reduces moisture content of wood, keeping wood from rotting.
Japanese: 部屋中に暖かい空気を充満させることによって、木材中の含水率を下げ、腐食しづらくなる。
English: Tar included in smoke from burning wood penetrates into building materials of beams, thatched roof, or straw roof, enhancing bug-proof property or waterproofing property.
Japanese: また薪を燃やすときの煙に含まれるタール（木タール）が、梁や茅葺屋根、藁屋根の建材に浸透し、防虫性や防水性を高める。
English: Since the adjustment of the fire intensity of the Irori fireplace is difficult, the Jizaikagi is able to adjust its length so that a distance from the fire of the Irori fireplace can be adjusted.
Japanese: 火力の調整がしづらい囲炉裏の火からの距離を調節するため、長さを調節できる。
English: Gotoku is a metal stand consisting of a round frame with three legs extending upward or downward from the frame.
Japanese: -金属製の台であり、上下何れかに円形の枠を形成し、3本の足が伸びている構造。
English: There are two ways of using it; grilling food over a net placed on the upper side of the Gotoku, and placing a pan directly on the Gotoku for cooking food.
Japanese: 五徳の上部に網を乗せ焼き物をする場合と、直接鍋などを乗せ煮たきをする場合がある。
English: In the Hokuriku region, a Gotoku with a large ring on it is called Kanawa, and is used for a large metal pan which is too big for placement of the Jizaikagi to be hung up.
Japanese: 北陸地方特有の上部に大きな輪の付いたものは金輪（かなわ）と呼ばれ、自在鉤では吊るせないほどの大きな鉄鍋をのせて使われる。
English: Watashi is a horizontally long metal grid stand with handles attached to its legs and in the center, and it is used for grilling Mochi (rice cake) or Dango (dumpling) in the Irori fireplace.
Japanese: -金属製で左右に長い格子状のものに、足と中央に柄を取り付けたもので、囲炉裏で餅や団子などを焼く台として使うもの。
English: It can be used to adjust the fire intensity by moving or overturning burning charcoal pieces or wood pieces.
Japanese: 火の付いた炭や木を移動させたりひっくり返したりして火力の調整を行う。
English: Daijuno is a deep Juno with legs to be placed on a board and is used for safe carriage of charcoal fire.
Japanese: -炭火を安全に運ぶため、深型の十能に足をつけ、板の上などに置けるようにしたもの。
English: It is made of ceramic, metal, or stone, and when used is often buried into coals at the corner of the Irori fireplace.
Japanese: 陶器製・金属製・石造のものがあり、囲炉裏の角で灰に埋めて使われることが多い。
English: The hidana is made larger than the Irori fireplace, and it serves to diffuse smoke or heat as well as to keep fire sparks from stirring up.
Japanese: 囲炉裏より大きく作られ、上部に舞い上がる火の粉を防ぐと共に、煙や熱を拡散させる働きがある。
English: It is used to dry rain gear or to preserve food by hanging it in smoke.
Japanese: 雨具などを掛け乾燥させたり、食品を吊るし煙による燻煙で保存食を作ったりする。
English: Many Hidanas that have been made recently are grids for decorative purposes, however, they are of no use, as fire sparks or smoke get through them.
Japanese: 近年作られる多くの火棚は装飾目的で格子状に作られるが、本来格子状では火の粉や煙が通り抜けるので役に立たない。
English: In the fairy tale "Saru kani gassen" (battle between Crab and Monkey), a chestnut which had gone in the fire of the Irori fireplace burst from fire and directly hit the monkey, and the monkey was burned.
Japanese: 童話「さるかに合戦」の話の中には、クリが囲炉裏の火中に入り、火力で弾けた栗が猿を直撃、やけどを負わせる内容がある。
English: In fact, this has actually happened from time to time, since chestnuts, rice cakes, and mountain plants were often buried and cooked in coals of the Irori fireplace.
Japanese: これはかつて囲炉裏の灰に栗や餅、山菜などを埋めて焼き、食べていた習慣から時折起きていた事故である。
English: This episode seemed more realistic to children who lived when the Irori fireplace was commonly in his/her house, than to today's children.
Japanese: 今の子供がこの話を聞くより、囲炉裏が普通に民家にあった時代の子供が聞いた時に非常に生々しい実感を持って感じることのできるエピソードであった。
English: Tsukisara no Ki (tsukisarasaku, tokisara no ki, tokisara saku) (system of stockades) was a josaku (official defense site) in Koshi Province during ancient Japan.
Japanese: 都岐沙羅柵（つきさらのき、つきさらさく、ときさらのき、ときさらさく）は、古代日本の城柵の一つで、越国におかれた。
English: The josaku is known to have existed in 658, but other than that, it is not known where was located and when it was established and abandoned.
Japanese: 658年にあったことが知れるだけで、場所と設置・廃止年は不明である。
English: It was described in the entry for July 4, 658 of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) that many emishi (people living in the northern part of Japan at that time) came to the capital and were given official ranks and gifts.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』斉明天皇4年（658年）7月4日条に、蝦夷が多人数で都に来て位と物を授かったことが記されている。
English: At that time, government officers on the Japan side were granted prizes as well, and tsukisara no kinomiyakko (a kind of government official) was conferred a rank of Ifutashina (the 18th position in the 19-level positions of the government officials) (位2階) while his matsurigotohito (hogan) (a person at the official hogan position) was given the rank of ihitoshina (the lowest position in the 19-level positions of the government officials) (位1階).
Japanese: このとき日本側の官吏も賞を与えられ、都岐沙羅柵造は位2階、その判官が位1階を授けられた。
English: It is surmised that the tsukisara no kinomiyakko and matsurigotohito played certain roles in ABE no Hirafu's northern navigation, which led to the visit to the capital by emishi.
Japanese: 蝦夷の来訪は阿倍比羅夫北航の成果であり、都岐沙羅の柵造と判官はそこで何らかの役割を果たしたと推測できる。
English: There are many theories regarding the exact location such as between Nutari no Ki (system of stockades) and Iwafune no Ki (system of stockades), both in present-day Niigata Prefecture, around the border between present-day Niigata Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture and in the Yuri area in Akita Prefecture.
Japanese: 位置については現在の新潟県にあった渟足柵と磐舟柵の中間、現在の新潟県と山形県の境界付近、秋田県の由利地方など諸説ある。
English: Shizuki-jo Castle (also called Shigetsu-jo Castle) is Shizuki-san (mountain) Fushimi-jo Castle, which was in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 指月城（しづきじょう・しげつじょう）は京都市伏見区にあった指月山伏見城のこと。
English: Chigi/katsuogi is a material provided on roofs of buildings, but nowadays is found only in shrine buildings.
Japanese: 千木（ちぎ）・鰹木（かつおぎ）は、今日では神社建築にのみ見られる、建造物の屋根に設けられた部材である。
English: Chigi indicates crossed trees placed at each end of a roof, and katsuogi is a number of trees placed in parallel with each other but perpendicularly to the ridge of a roof.
Japanese: 千木は屋根の両端で交叉させた木であり、鰹木は屋根の上に棟に直角になるように何本か平行して並べた木である。
English: However, they are nowadays seen only in shrines and have become symbolic with shrine buildings.
Japanese: しかし、今日では神社にのみ用いられ、神社建築の象徴のようになっている。
English: In ancient times, two wooden logs were simply crossed and tied together to make a roof without their tips being cut neatly.
Japanese: 千木は古代、屋根を作るときに木材2本を交叉させて結びつけ、先端を切り揃えずにそのままにした。
English: It is considered that both chigi and katsuogi were to reinforce the structure.
Japanese: 千木・鰹木ともに元々は建物の補強のためのものであったと考えられている。
English: In shrines in the Izumo area including Izumo Taisha Shrine, the sotosogi style (both ends of chigi are cut vertically) is used for the shrines whose god is male and the uchisogi style (both ends of chigi are cut horizontally) for the shrines whose god is female.
Japanese: 出雲大社を始めとして出雲諸社は、祭神が男神の社は千木を外削ぎ（先端を地面に対して垂直に削る）に、女神の社は内削ぎ（水平に削る）にしている。
English: However, at Ise-jingu shrine, the main god of Kotai-jingu Shrine and Toyouke Dai-jingu Shrine are female, Amaterasu Omikami and Toyoukebime, respectively, but the chigi is cut in the uchisogi style and the number of katsuogi is ten for the inner shrine, and the chigi is cut in the sotosogi style and the number of katsuogi is nine for the outer shrine.
Japanese: ただし、伊勢神宮の場合、皇大神宮の祭神天照大神、豊受大神宮の祭神トヨウケビメとともに主祭神が女神であるのにもかかわらず、内宮では千木・鰹木が内削ぎ・10本、外宮は外削ぎ・9本である。
English: For example, Tsukiyomi no miya (literally, "moon-reading palace"), which is a betsugu in the inner shrine, and Tsukiyomi no miya (literally, "moon night-viewing palace"), which is a betsugu in the outer shrine, are dedicated to the same male god whose name is Tsukuyomi (written Tsukuyomi no mikoto at the betsugu in the outer shrine, literally, "moon night-viewing male god").
Japanese: 例えば、内宮別宮の月讀宮、外宮別宮の月夜見宮は主祭神はともに同じ祭神であるツクヨミ（外宮別宮は「月夜見尊」と表記している）と男神である。
English: However, regardless of whether the main god is male or female, betsugu in the inner shrine have uchisogi-style chigi and an even number of katsuogi, whereas betsugu in the outer shrine have sotosogi-style chigi and an odd number of katsuogi.
Japanese: しかしながら、祭神の男女を問わず内宮別宮は内削ぎ・偶数の鰹木、外宮別宮は外削ぎ・奇数の鰹木である。
English: There are various theories regarding an explanation for this rule, but it has been speculated that the main god in the outer shrine may originally not have had masculine properties.
Japanese: この理由には諸説あり、外宮の祭神がもともと男神的性格を帯びたものではなかったとする議論もある。
English: "Poppo Land" Fukuchiyama Railway Hall is a railway exhibition pavilion in Fukuchiyama City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 福知山鉄道館ポッポランド（ふくちやまてつどうかんポッポランド）とは京都府福知山市内にある鉄道保存展示施設である。
English: It was established in 1998 by a local organization, Shinmachi Shotengai (Shinmachi Shopping Street) Cooperative Association, to display objects used in Hokutan Railway.
Japanese: 北丹鉄道で使用されていた品々を展示するために、地元の新町商店街事業協同組合により1998年に設立された。
English: N gauge rail way models that faithfully reproduced the railway layout of Fukuchiyama Station at that time were created in 1997 by Fukuchiyama City in celebration of its 60th anniversary, and they are displayed in "Poppo Land" Fukuchiyama Railway Hall.
Japanese: 福知山市が市制60周年を記念して1997年（平成9年）に制作した、当時の福知山駅線路配置を忠実に再現したNゲージ鉄道模型が展示されている。
English: The current railway layout is different from the past layout, due to construction for elevating the Fukuchiyama Station; the Fukuchiyama Station on the ground at that time was saved as a model.
Japanese: 福知山駅の高架化工事に伴い、現在の線路配置とは異なっており、地上時代の福知山駅を模型で保存したものとなっている。
English: The steam locomotive was assigned to Fukuchiyama Engine Depot (later Fukuchiyama Rail Depot) from 1957 to 1970, and after it was retired in 1973, it was preserved in the Ikuno town-run Ikuno Primary School (later changed to Asago city-run Ikuno Primary School due to merging of cities towns and villages).
Japanese: 1957年（昭和32年）から1970年（昭和45年）まで福知山機関区（後の福知山電車区）に配属されていた蒸気機関車で、1973年（昭和48年）に廃車された後、生野町立（当時、後に市町村合併により朝来市立）生野小学校に保存されていた。
English: This vehicle was going to be dismantled in August 1998, which was when the Poppo Land opened.
Japanese: この車両が1998年8月に解体されることになり、ポッポランドの開館と重なった。
English: Thus, only the driving wheel of the vehicle was contributed by JR-West to Poppo Land for display in the pavilion.
Japanese: そのため、動輪のみを西日本旅客鉄道（JR西日本）から寄贈を受けて館内に展示することになった。
English: Apart from this, there is a building named "Poppo Land II Fukuchiyama Railway Hall" where a whole car of Number 56, JNR steam locomotive C58 class is preserved.
Japanese: これとは別に本館から少し離れた場所に「福知山鉄道館ポッポランド2号館」という建物があり、そこに国鉄C58形蒸気機関車56号機が1両そのまま保存されている。
English: It was transferred to Fukuchiyama Engine Depot on February 26, 1961 and was used in Fukuchiyama until March 25, 1970, when it was retired.
Japanese: 1961年（昭和36年）2月26日に福知山機関区に転属し、1970年（昭和45年）3月25日廃車となるまで福知山で使用されていた。
English: In October 1968, it pulled the Imperial train for the National Sports Festival in Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: この間、1968年（昭和43年）10月には福井国体でのお召し列車牽引をしている。
English: After it was retired, it was initially preserved in a park which used to be the Fukuchiyama Nishi Station of Hokutan Railway, and then it was transferred to and accommodated in Poppo Land on September 25, 1999.
Japanese: 廃車後、北丹鉄道の福知山西駅跡の公園で保存されていたが、1999年9月25日にポッポランドに移転収蔵された。
English: Since monzen-machi (literally, a town in front of a gate) developed spontaneously around a powerful shrine or temple and are considered as a set with the sando road, the area considered to be 'sando' depends on the customs of the each area.
Japanese: 参道は、一般的に、影響力がある神社や寺の周辺で、自然発生した門前町とセットに認識されている場所も多く、どの範囲を「参道」と呼ぶかは、場所によって異なり、それぞれの場所の慣習による。
English: However, in a broader sense, it means the road from a busy street to the nearby shrine or temple.
Japanese: 広義には街道筋など人通りの多いところから寺社に至る道の全てを意味する。
English: In such case, the main sando is often called omote sando (for example, the 'omote sando' near Meiji-jingu Shrine in Tokyo is the main sando for Meiji-jingu shrine and connects the Yagurazawa-okan road, present-day National Route 246 and Meiji-jingu shrine, and is also established as a geographical name).
Japanese: その場合、一番メインの参道は「表参道」などと呼ばれることが多い（たとえば東京明治神宮付近の「表参道」は、現在では国道246号線となっている矢倉沢往還と明治神宮をつなぐ、明治神宮にとっての主要参道のことであり、地名となって定着してもいる）。
English: In addition, roads have often been redirected towards a shrine or temple for pilgrimages and the bent portions of these roads are sometimes also called 'sando' (for example, Kogane-shuku (a geographical name): the Mito-kaido road has been redirected to make it convenient to visit Hondo-ji Temple).
Japanese: また、参詣のために街道筋が捻じ曲げられて寺社に近づいていたところなども、珍しくはなく、その捻じ曲げられた周辺の街道筋をも「参道」と呼ぶ場合がある（例→小金宿：水戸街道が本土寺への参詣の便のためにねじまげられていた事例）。
English: A tsukubai is one of facilities for Japanese traditional gardens and installed in an entry garden to a teahouse.
Japanese: つくばい（蹲踞、蹲）とは日本庭園の添景物の一つで露地（茶庭）に設置される。
English: It includes a low-height chozubachi (basin) provided for visitors to purify their hands before entering the teahouse, and several yaku-ishis (functional stones) arranged around the chozubachi.
Japanese: 茶室に入る前に、手を清めるために置かれた背の低い手水鉢につくばいの構成および役石をおいて趣を加えたもの。
English: It is originated from a tea ceremony custom of visitors purifying their hands while stooping down.
Japanese: もともと茶道の習わしで、客人が這いつくばるように身を低くして、手を清めたのが始まりである。
English: It also serves as a gate to enter a special area for tea ceremony, or the teahouse.
Japanese: 茶事を行うための茶室という特別な空間に向かうための結界としても作用する。
English: A traditional tsukubai provided beside a teahouse includes a "chozubachi (mizubachi) "at the center, three "yaku-ishis (a mae-ishi, a teshoku-ishi, and a yuoke-ishi)", and a "suimon (umi)".
Japanese: 茶室に添えられる本格的なつくばいは、「手水鉢（水鉢）」を中心に、「前石」「手燭石」「湯桶石」（この3つの石を“役石”という）、「水門（海）」で構成されている。
English: During tea ceremony, visitors purify themselves by washing their hands using a scoop of water from the chozubachi before entering the teahouse.
Japanese: 茶事の時に客人は席入りする前にここから柄杓一杯の水をとり、手を洗う事によって身を清める。
English: A chozubachi, provided near a veranda of a building, for washing hands is called an ensaki-chozubachi or kazaribachimae.
Japanese: 建物の縁側で手水を使うために置かれた手水鉢を縁先手水鉢、または飾り鉢前という。
English: For this reason, a tall chozubachi is commonly used as an ensaki-chozubachi, and if one of low height is used, it is placed on a stone stand.
Japanese: そのため手水鉢は背の高いもの、あるいは背の低いものは台石に乗せたものを選ぶ。
English: A kagami-ishi is a stone placed between the ensaki-chozubachi and the open veranda in order to prevent water spilled over the ensaki-chozubachi from wetting the veranda.
Japanese: 蟄石は濡れ縁の下に置かれる水返しの石であり鉢からこぼれた水が縁の板に飛び散るのを防ぐ役割がある。
English: It is a stone on which an attendant steps when he or she serves a scoop of water to his or her master to wash the hands.
Japanese: 水汲み石は貴人の手水の時に、従者が水を汲んで差し出すときに乗る石である。
English: These yaku-ishis may be arranged the other way around, depending on whether the installation site is to the left or to the right of the veranda and whether the installation site is close to a sodegaki (low fence flanking the entrance).
Japanese: これらの役石の置き方は設置場所が縁側の左端か右端か、袖垣の近くかで左右が逆になる。
English: A seiden (shoden) is the central building of a palace, a shrine, etc.
Japanese: 正殿（せいでん、しょうでん）は、宮殿、神社、神宮などの中心となる建物。
English: The promulgation ceremony of the Meiji Constitution was held in this seiden on February 11, 1889.
Japanese: 明治22年（1889年）2月11日大日本帝国憲法発布式典が挙行された。
English: It was burned down along with other buildings of the palace due to the Great Tokyo Air Raid in 1945.
Japanese: 昭和20年（1945年）の東京大空襲により他の宮殿殿舎とともに焼失した。
English: The Seiden of the Imperial Palace is the central building of the palace and facing the courtyard to the east.
Japanese: 皇居正殿（せいでん）は、皇居宮殿の中心となる殿舎で、中庭に向かって東面している。
English: In 1990, the throne was built in Matsu-no-ma of the Seiden and the enthronement ceremony for the Emperor Heisei was held.
Japanese: 平成2年（1990年）正殿松の間に高御座が設置され、今上天皇の即位の礼が挙行された。
English: Tsuchimikado-dono Palace is a Shinden-zukuri style residence built by MINAMOTO no Masanobu.
Japanese: 土御門殿（つちみかどどの）は、源雅信によって建設された、寝殿造の邸宅。
English: It was also called Kyogoku-dono or Jotomondai (because it faced Tsuchimikado-oji Street that ran up to the Joto-mon Gate of the imperial palace).
Japanese: 別名を京極殿、また上東門第（内裏の上東門に至る土御門大路に面しているため）とも称した。
English: MINAMOTO no Masanobu had FUJIWARA no Michinaga, Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) at Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau) live there when he married Masanobu's daughter, Rinshi, and Michinaga inherited the residence after Masanobu died.
Japanese: 雅信の娘源倫子と従三位京職藤原道長が結婚する際に道長を住まわせ、雅信の死後に道長に継承されてその邸宅となった。
English: FUJIWARA no Shoshi, the eldest daughter of Michinaga and Empress of Emperor Ichijo, used this residence to give birth to Imperial Prince Atsuhira (later Emperor Goichijo) and Imperial Prince Atsunaga (later Emperor Gosuzaku).
Japanese: 道長の長女・一条天皇中宮藤原彰子が里邸として、ここで敦成親王（後の後一条天皇）と敦良親王（後の後朱雀天皇）を出産した。
English: When Shoshi later became nyoin (the position given to a close female relative of the Emperor, a woman of comparable standing, or a person in that position), she used Jotomonin for her name as a nyoin, after Jotomondai, which was another name for the residence.
Japanese: なお後に彰子が女院となる際、別名の上東門第にちなんで院号を上東門院とした。
English: FUJIWARA no Kishi, a younger sister of Shoshi, also later gave birth to Emperor Goreizei at this residence, which was used as a satodairi (a temporary palace) for three emperors, Goichijo, Gosuzaku and Goreizei.
Japanese: 彰子の妹藤原嬉子もここで後冷泉天皇を出産、後一条、後朱雀、後冷泉ら三代の天皇の里内裏ともなった。
English: According to "Midokanpaku-ki (Midokanpaku diary)," when peacocks arrived at the imperial court from North Soh Dynasty in China in 1015, Emperor Sanjo, the emperor at that time, presented them to Michinaga, who is said to have kept them at Tsuchimikado-dono Palace.
Japanese: また『御堂関白記』によれば、長和4年（1015年）北宋朝からクジャクが朝廷に届き、これを時の三条天皇が道長に下賜し、道長は土御門殿で飼っていたという。
English: The residence was destroyed in a fire in 1016, but a residence more splendid than the former one was reconstructed using goods for reconstruction presented by kokushi (provincial governors) of the provinces under the ryo system.
Japanese: 長和5年（1016年）に、火事で焼失するが、令制国の国司たちによって届けられた屋敷再建の品物によって、以前より立派な屋敷が再建された。
English: Kuruwas are the most important areas in a castle, and can serve as defensive positions, as spaces for building facilities, and as living quarters for soldiers.
Japanese: 曲輪は、防御陣地・建造物を建てる敷地・兵の駐屯施設として、城郭の最重要施設である。
English: It is said that most castles built during the middle ages (mainly yamajiros [mountain castles]) contain many kuruwas of small area, while those built during the early modern period (mainly hirajiros [flatland castles]) often contain a lesser number of kuruwas of larger area.
Japanese: 中世の城郭では（主に山城）多数の小規模な曲輪をもつものが多く、近世の城郭（主に平城）では少数の大規模な曲輪をもつものが多いと言われる。
English: One of the important factors in determining the issue of battles at castles is the shape and structure of the castle.
Japanese: 城郭での戦いの勝敗を決める要素の一つに、城郭の形状・構造が挙げられる。
English: For this reason, when a castle is to be built, the nawabari (castle layout) is determined and kuruwas are arranged, taking the location of the castle, etc. into consideration, with the intention of giving the defender an advantage.
Japanese: そのため築城に際して、なるべく防御側に有利になるよう、城郭の立地なども考慮して縄張（なわばり、城郭の設計・計画）が決められ、曲輪が配置される。
English: It can be said that the basic purpose of the nawabari is to effectively arrange three major kuruwas, or the honmaru (the core of the castle), and the ninomaru (literally "Second circle") and sannomaru (literally "Third circle"), both of which serve as auxiliary areas for the honmaru, so that the honmaru is surrounded by the ninomaru and sannomaru.
Japanese: 縄張の基本は主要な3つの曲輪、すなわち城郭の核となる本丸（ほんまる）の周囲に、補佐的な二の丸（にのまる）、三の丸（さんのまる）を効果的に縦深配置することと言える。
English: While this arrangement increases the defensive capability of the castle in every direction, surrounding each kuruwa sequentially requires that a large area of land be allotted to the castle grounds.
Japanese: 4方向に対して等しく防御が厚くなるが、曲輪を囲んでいく構造のために城郭の規模を大きくせざるを得ない。
English: This is a variation of the rinkaku style, in which the circular or semicircular ninomaru and sannomaru are arranged around the honmaru at the center.
Japanese: 輪郭式の亜流で中央にの本丸の周囲に円形、ないし半円形に二の丸、三の丸が配置される。
English: While this causes the depth of the castle to increase, the sides and rear of the honmaru may be exposed, making the castle more vulnerable to attacks on areas other than the otemon (central gate).
Japanese: 奥行は深くなるものの、本丸の脇や背後が露出してしまい、その結果搦手門等の守りが大手門（大手）に比べ手薄になることもある。
English: According to this nawabari, the honmaru is located adjacent to the castle walls, and other kuruwas are arranged to surround the honmaru.
Japanese: 本丸を城郭の片隅に配置し、その2方向、あるいは3方向を他の曲輪で囲む縄張である。
English: This arrangement is suitable for castles built along natural barriers such as swamps, rivers, mountains, or cliffs, since the "natural barriers" can cover the exposed sides of the honmaru.
Japanese: 本丸の露出している側（たとえば背後）に、湖沼や山河、絶壁などの「天然の防御設備」がある場所に向く縄張である。
English: Some yamajiros built in the Warring States period (Japan) and hirajiros built in the early Edo period have adopted this style.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の山城や江戸時代の初期の平山城にこの構造の城郭がある。
English: There were many castles that should be classified into variations, expansions, and combinations of these styles (the combination of the rinkaku style and the teikaku style, for example).
Japanese: これらの変形・発展型や合体型（例えば“輪郭式+梯郭式”といったように）と言えるものも数多くあった。
English: In addition, the same castle may be considered differently and classified into a different style depending on the researcher.
Japanese: そのほか研究者によっては、同じ城でも区分名称や認識が違う場合もある。