nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Handen Shuju was gradually relaxed in the late Nara period due to an increasing number of peasant wandering around or escaping, and the existence of shoen (manor in medieval Japan) accepted those peasants.
Japanese: 班田収授は、奈良時代最末期になると、浮浪・逃亡する百姓の増加や、そうした百姓を荘園が受け入れたことを背景として、次第に弛緩し始めた。
English: Therefore, the Emperor Kanmu strove to maintain the Handen Shuju by adopting a system of Juninen-ippan (reallocations of rice land which were carried out once every 12 year) instead of Rokunen-ippan.
Japanese: そのため、桓武天皇は6年1班を12年1班に改め、班田収授の維持を図った。
English: However, due to the deficiency of rice fields, the complexity of the procedure for Handen Shuju, the increase of false registers and so on, Handen Shuju was abandoned in the early Heian period.
Japanese: しかし、田地の不足、班田手続きの煩雑さ、偽籍の増加等により、平安時代初期には班田収授が実施されなくなった。
English: Handen Shuju carried out in 902 under the instruction of the Emperor Daigo was the last Handen Shuju in effect.
Japanese: 902年（延喜2年）、醍醐天皇により班田が行われたが、実質的にこれが最後の班田となった。
English: However, the model country, Tang Dynasty introduced Ryozei-ho (taxation law in enforcement in China until the Ming Dynasty) in 780 instead of the Equal-field system that had already collapsed.
Japanese: その手本となった唐が780年に両税法を施行し既に均田制が崩壊している。
English: Therefore, it must have been difficult for Japan at that time to introduce such a system.
Japanese: よって、このような制度を当時の日本が導入する事自体に無理があったと言える。
English: So-Yo-Cho (a tax system, corvee) was a tax system under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) adopted in China and Japan.
Japanese: 租庸調（そようちょう）は、中国及び日本の律令制下での租税制度である。
English: The Silla Kingdom, which was strengthened by adopting the Ritsuryo system following its ally, the Tang Dynasty, that had already attained the development by perfecting the Ritsuryo system, overthrew Paekche and Goguryeo.
Japanese: 律令制を整え発展した唐と連合し，その律令制を受容することで強大化した新羅が，百済・高句麗を滅ぼした。
English: The Silla Kingdom also eliminated the Tang Dynasty from the Korean peninsula finally, ensuring the unified domination over the Korean peninsula.
Japanese: ついには唐をも朝鮮半島から排除して，朝鮮半島の統一的支配を確立する。
English: Facing the highly volatile situation in East Asia in the seventh century, there emerged a need for "Wa" (ancient Japan, "Wa" was called "Japan" after the establishment of the name of the country by the Emperor Tenmu) to establish a centralized state under the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: このような７世紀の東アジアの激動を背景として，倭（天武天皇による国号制定以後日本）では中央集権的律令国家建設の必要性が生じた。
English: In this context, So-Yo-Cho was introduced from the Tang Dynasty to Japan along with the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: このような文脈において，唐からの律令摂取に伴い租庸調制は導入された。
English: Jintozei (primitive taxes which were imposed individually) were the core financial resources in the tax system of Japan until around the 10th century, when the taxation system was converted from an individual tax imposition system to a land tax imposition system: this conversion was triggered by the collapse of the system of complete state ownership of land and citizens, after the managing system based on the family register and Keicho (the yearly tax registers) had collapsed.
Japanese: 日本の税体系は，10世紀頃の籍帳支配崩壊に伴う公地公民制の崩壊をうけて，課税が個別的人身賦課方式から土地賦課方式へ転換されるまで，人頭税を財源の中心とするものであった。
English: So of So-Yo-Cho, land tax, was kept at low rate aimed at securing the lowest living standard of a peasant so as to acquire a stable subject of taxation.
Japanese: 土地税の租は，課税対象確保のための農民の最低生活の保障の意味で，低率に抑えられていた。
English: Yo and Cho of So-Yo-Cho, kinds of Jintozei, were recognized as the core financial resources, becoming an overwhelming burden on people.
Japanese: 庸調などの人頭税は，財源の中心と位置づけられており，民衆にとっては極めて負担過重なものであった。
English: So was set at 2.2 bundles every 10 a, which was equivalent to 3% to 10% of the annual yield.
Japanese: 租は、田1段につき2束2把とされ、これは収穫量の3%～10%に当たった。
English: After earmarking some rice for stockpile (Fudokoku staple) for an emergency, the remainder was regarded as main financial resources of kokuga (provincial government offices).
Japanese: 災害時用の備蓄米（不動穀）を差し引いた残りが国衙の主要財源とされた。
English: Therefore, soon after the enforcement of the Ritsuryo codes, the government changed the system to collect the interest born by loaning seed rice to peasants (called Suiko [government loans made to peasants]), which became the main financial resources.
Japanese: よって律令施行よりまもなく、これを種籾として百姓に貸し付けた（出挙）利子を主要財源とするようになった。
English: A part of the rice was presented as tax to the capital in the style of shomai (rice made by pounding it in a mortar) during the period of January to August 30 (old calendar).
Japanese: 一部は舂米（臼で搗いて脱穀した米）として、1月から8月30日までの間に、京へ運上された。
English: Yo was levied on Seitei (a man in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) and Jitei (disabilities between 21 and 60 years of age and Rotei [old man over 61 years of age]).
Japanese: 正丁（21～60歳の男性）・次丁（正丁の障害者と老丁（61歳以上の男性））へ賦課された。
English: Originally, they were obliged to engage in labor services in the capital (called Saieki), however, they were exempted from labor service if they paid tax by substitutes including cloth, cotton, rice, and salt.
Japanese: 元来は、京へ上って労役が課せられるとされていたが（歳役）、その代納物として布・綿・米・塩などを京へ納入した。
English: Yo was the financial resources used for covering the expenditure on food given to Eji (a guard) and Uneme (a court lady), as well as the expenditure on wages and food given to Koekimin (drafted workers under the Ritsuryo system) engaging in public utilities.
Japanese: 庸は、衛士や采女の食糧や公共事業の雇役民への賃金・食糧に用いる財源となった。
English: Paying tax by textile products was basic (called Seicho), while paying tax by 34 kinds of local indigenous products or money was also admitted instead (called Chozatsubutsu [miscellaneous things that were paid as tributes]).
Japanese: 繊維製品の納入が基本であり(正調)代わりに地方特産品34品目または貨幣による納入も認められていた(調雑物)。
English: Delivered to the capital, Cho was allotted to the salary for the government official (Iroku [stipends paid to people who were in the fourth rank and the fifth rank]) and kiroku [salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system]), etc. as the main financial resources of the central government.
Japanese: 京へ納入され中央政府の主要財源として、官人の給与（位禄・季禄）などに充てられた。
English: Seicho was mainly divided into two groups; one was called "Chokinu" in which tax was paid by silk, and the other was called "Chofu" in which tax was paid by cloth.
Japanese: 正調は大きく分けて絹で納入する調絹（ちょうきぬ）と布で納入する調布（ちょうふ）に分けることが出来る。
English: In those days, silk was a top quality product used by the people of high rank, like emperor.
Japanese: 当時において、絹は天皇などの高貴な身分の人々が用いる最高級品であった。
English: Therefore, cloth paid under the Chofu in those days indicated the textile products made of hemp, ramie (an Asian flowering nettle), kazura (vines) and other materials except silk.
Japanese: 従って当時の調布とは、麻をはじめ苧・葛などの絹以外の繊維製品を指していた。
English: Although there were differences by age, the regulations based on the Taiho ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Taiho period) and Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) stipulated as follows.
Japanese: 時代によって違うものの、大宝律令・養老律令の規定に基づけば以下とされていた。
English: One hiki (also called one tan) was the basic unit of Chokinu, measuring 15.3 meters long by 66 cm wide, which was equivalent to the Cho paid by six members of Seitei.
Japanese: 調絹は長さ5丈1尺・広さ2尺2寸で1疋（1反）となし、正丁6名分の調とする。
English: On the other hand, one tan was the basic unit of Chofu, measuring 15.6 meters long by 72 cm wide, which was equivalent to the Cho paid by two members of Seitei.
Japanese: 調布は長さ5丈2尺・広さ2尺4寸で1端（1反）となし、正丁2名分の調とする。
English: This regulation was, however, revised in the Yoro period, therefore a newly established regulation, which is mentioned below, was applied practically.
Japanese: 実際の運用においては、養老年間に改訂が行われ、以下の規定が定められた。
English: In Chokinu, one hiki (one tan) was changed to 18 meters in length by 57 cm in width, which was equivalent to the Cho paid by six members of Seitei.
Japanese: 調絹は長さ6丈・広さ1尺9寸で1疋（1反）となし、正丁6名分の調とする。
English: In Chofu, one tan was changed to 12.6 meters in length by 72 cm in width, which was equivalent to the Cho paid by one member of Seitei.
Japanese: 調布は長さ4丈2尺・広さ2尺4寸で1端（1反）となし、正丁1名分の調とする。
English: Especially, Mino ashiginu (silk textile) made in Mino Province and Modano nuno (hemp fabric) made in Kazusa Province had enjoyed an established reputation for their high quality from old times.
Japanese: 特に美濃国で作られた絁（絹織物）である美濃絁と上総国で作られた布（麻織物）である望陀布は、古くから品質は上質とされた。
English: Note: Hida Province was exempted from paying Cho and Yo, instead 10 members of Shotei (woodworkers, also called Takumi-no-yohoro) were commandeered for one year of duty from each village every year.
Japanese: 註：飛騨は調・庸を免除され替わりに匠丁（しょうてい、たくみのよほろ）を里ごと10人1年交替で徴発した。
English: In return for the provision of rice fields based on the Equal-field system, people were put under an obligation to present about 360 litters of millet.
Japanese: 均田制に基づく田地の支給に対して、粟（穀物）2石を納める義務を負った。
English: Yo was the tax paid for evading the obligation to engage in 20 days labor service per year that was laid down in the Ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 律令においては、年間20日の労役の義務があり、それを免れるために収める税が庸であった。
English: So as well as Zei are the goods and services that the government collect to ensure public finance for the nation.
Japanese: 租（そ）は、税（ぜい）と並んで、国家維持に必要な財政を調達するために、政府が徴収する財物・サービスのことである。
English: According to Setsumon-kaiji (Shuowen Jiezi) (Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters), So is defined as "Tax levied on rice crops," which was originally Denso, and was collected nominally for ritual expenses.
Japanese: 説文解字には「田賦なり」とあり、元々は田からの徴税である田租（でんそ）をさし、祭祀の費用としての徴収を名目としていた。
English: So is what is newly collected (Flow), and saved So (Stock) is Zei.
Japanese: 新たに徴収したもの（フロー）を租といい、租を貯蓄したもの（ストック）を税という。
English: Machi-shu (also known as Cho-shu) was a class consisting of wealthy commercial and industrial men, including doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders), in Kyoto from the Muromachi period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) in Japan.
Japanese: 町衆（まちしゅう/ちょうしゅう）とは、室町時代から戦国時代(日本)にかけての、特に土倉などの京都の裕福な商工業者である。
English: Representing a concept that inherited Kyowarabe (Kyoto's young people) and the like in the Heian period, Machi-shu was to be evolved into Chonin (townspeople) in the early-modern and Edo periods.
Japanese: 平安時代の京童などを継承する概念で近世、江戸時代の町人へと継承される。
English: Although it is mostly read 'Machi-shu' today, it was apparently read 'Cho-shu' according to the historical materials in that period including "Setsuyo-shu" (a book on oriental medicine written by Waichi SUGIYAMA in the 1610s) and "Nippojisho" (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, published 1603-1604).
Japanese: 今日では「まちしゅう」と読まれることが多いが、『節要集』『日葡辞書』などの同時代史料によれば「ちょうしゅう」と発音されていたようである。
English: Ryoke is a term used in the context of Japanese shoen (manor in medieval Japan) to represent a lord of the shoen, donated by Kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land).
Japanese: 領家（りょうけ）は、日本の荘園において、荘園を開発した開発領主（かいほつりょうしゅ）から寄進を受けた荘園領主である。
English: In the mid-Heian period, from the late 10th century to the 11th century, farmland development and their privatization by Tato, local powerful farmers, had been accelerated.
Japanese: 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀の頃、地方の有力農民である田堵（たと）による田地開発とその私有地化が活発化した。
English: However, their status of land possession actually lacked legal foundation and was therefore quite unstable, with a high possibility of confiscation of their lands by kokuga (provincial government offices).
Japanese: しかし、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
English: Consequently, many Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to retain their dominion and the right to manage shoen by donating their shoen to the powerful central nobility, temples, and shrines.
Japanese: そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
English: At that time, Manor Regulation Acts were often ordered by a 'new government' upon the change of the emperors, and also in many cases, kokuga did not authorize the ownership of shoen and incorporated them into Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
Japanese: 当時、天皇の代替わりの際に「新政」として荘園整理令が出されたり、また、国衙が荘園を認めずに国衙領へ編入しようとすることが多かった。
English: To cope with this situation, some ryoke would donate their shoen to more authoritative bodies like the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
Japanese: そこで、より権威のある皇族や摂関家へ領家から荘園寄進が行われることがあった。
English: Specifically, the honke and ryoke who had effective dominion of shoen were called Honjo.
Japanese: 本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者を本所（ほんじょ）と呼んだ。
English: In some cases, other nobility who were granted part of the rights and profits of honjo regarding shoen were called ryoke.
Japanese: 本所が、荘園に係る権利・利益の一部を他の貴族へ付与し、その貴族を領家ということもあった。
English: Through those shokan, ryoke collected harvests from their shoen as nengu (land tax), and imposed labor service (kuji [public duties]) on the shomin (farmers living in their manor), taking those taxes as their own revenue.
Japanese: 領家は荘官を通じて、荘園からの収穫を年貢として徴収したり、荘園内の百姓（荘民）に労役を課したり（公事）して、自らの収入とした。
English: Since ryoke mostly resided in the central areas, when disputes or trouble erupted in local areas, ryoke usually had shokan deal with them, or dispatched an envoy called onshi to solve the situation.
Japanese: 領家はほとんどの場合、中央に在していたため、現地で紛争が発生した時は、その対応を荘官へ任せたり、御使（おんし）という使者を派遣して対応させることが多かった。
English: In later eras, shokan began to work like samurai, and in some cases in the Kamakura period, some shokan were even appointed as jito (manager and lord of manor) by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 時代が下ると、荘官の武士化が始まり、鎌倉時代には荘官が鎌倉幕府から地頭に任じられる例も見られた。
English: Gradually, these armed shokan had come to disregard ryoke, encroaching their dominion.
Japanese: 武士化した荘官は、次第に領家を軽視するようになり、領家の支配権は蚕食されていった。
English: At the beginning of the Muromachi period, the introduction of the hanzei system (the system where the Muromachi bakufu allowed military governors or Shugo to collect half of the taxes from manors and demesnes as military funds) further encroached on ryoke's vested interests.
Japanese: 室町時代に入ると、守護に直接、荘園からの年貢徴収を認める半済が行われるようになり、領家の権益はさらに奪われていった。
English: Eventually, shoen were demised by taiko kenchi (the cadastral surveys conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), leading to extinction of the position of ryoke as well.
Japanese: 最終的には、太閤検地に伴う荘園の解体により領家という地位も消滅したことになる。
English: Kaihatsu-ryoshu (also pronounced as Kaihotsu-ryoshu) were those who owned the lands they developed as their territories in Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in Japan.
Japanese: 開発領主（かいほつりょうしゅ/かいはつりょうしゅ）は、日本の荘園公領制において、田地を開発して領地を確保した者をいう。
English: After Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them permanently) took effect in 743, a number of land owners based on konden (newly developed rice field) emerged over an extensive area.
Japanese: 天平15年（743年）の墾田永年私財法の施行以後、墾田に基づく土地私有者は広く発生した。
English: Originally, Kaihatsu meant to 'carve out and revive' the land, suggesting not only cultivation of undeveloped wilderness, but also resumption of ruined fields.
Japanese: もともと開発は田地を「ひらきおこす」という意味で、未開の原野の開墾だけでなく荒廃田の再開も含んだ。
English: An award given to developers who resumed ruined fields was at first nothing but the right to cultivate the land on a temporary basis, but eventually evolved into permanent rights in the early Heian period, which greatly motivated Tato (wealthy cultivators) and powerful local clans at Gunji (magistrates) level to cultivate fields.
Japanese: 当初は、荒廃田を再開させた開発者には、期限つきで耕作権が認められるに過ぎなかったが、平安時代初期には終身の権利に発展したため、富豪農民（田堵）・郡司級土豪は積極的に開発を行った。
English: However, since in many cases resumed ruined lands would end up being confiscated by kokuga, in the mid-Heian period, a load-style development method of widely taking up and carving out undeveloped wilderness outside of cultivated areas became the mainstream.
Japanese: しかし荒廃田を再開しても国衙に収公されてしまう場合が多く、平安時代中期には条里外の未開原野を広く占めて開田する領主的開発が主流となった。
English: First, setting up the development base, they paid development expenses to recruit ronin (masterless samurai) and peasants as workforce inside and outside of their provinces.
Japanese: まず開発拠点を設置して、開発費用を支出して労働力である内外の浪人や百姓を誘致した。
English: At developed farmlands, strong ruling rights were officially given to shoryo (territory) fields and their farmers by kokuga.
Japanese: 開発された田地では、所領田畠とその農民に対する強力な進止権が国衙より公的に与えられた。
English: Kaihatsu-ryoshu were assumed the position of the officers' organization, such as Gunji (a local government for Gun territory), Goji (a local government official for Go territory), Hoji (a local government official for Ho territory), and Bechimyo myoshu (a local government official for Bechimyo territory), and guaranteed the local load rights, which included the rights for shomu (land management) centered on Kanno (encouragement of agriculture) of developed fields, private tax collection of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks) and buyaku (labor service), and judgment of criminal cases.
Japanese: 郡司・郷司・保司・別名名主などの職の体系に補任された開発領主は、開発田の勧農を中心とする所務、私的な雑役・夫役の徴収、検断権といった根本領主権を保証された。
English: The situation for development inside shoen was the same, where kaihatsu-ryoshu were appointed as lower ranked officers or kumon (a local shoen official below the gesu in rank), and so on.
Japanese: 荘園内の開発でも事情は同じであり、開発領主は下司・公文などに任じられた。
English: Kaihatsu-ryoshu carefully stored the documents that clearly stipulated the basis of their rights (kugen [a type of certification authorizing a certain privilege to a person]), handing them down for generations.
Japanese: 開発領主は、権利の所在を明記した文書（公験）を大事に保管し、子孫代々伝世していった。
English: However, it was highly possible that authorization to them were revoked upon the change of kokushi (provincial governors), and also, disputes with other kaihatsu-ryoshu often erupted over such elements as the border.
Japanese: しかし、国司が交代すると認可を取り消される可能性も高く、境界などを巡って他の開発領主などと紛争が起こることもたびたびあった。
English: Therefore, kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to secure their dominion and management rights by donating their developed fields to major central nobility, temples, and shrines, that were more powerful than kokuga, to eliminate the pressure from kokuga (those shoen were specifically categorized as donated shoen).
Japanese: 開発領主は国衙よりも権威のある中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ開発田地を寄進して（寄進型荘園）、国衙の圧力を断ち切ることで支配権・管理権を確保していった。
English: In many cases, when donating shoen, kaihatsu-ryoshu were appointed as shokan (an officer governing shoen) by the lord of the manor to whom they donated it.
Japanese: 荘園寄進時に、開発領主は寄進先の荘園領主から荘官に任じられることが多く見られた。
English: However, also being Zaichokanjin (local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), kaihatsu-ryoshu would remain inside the kokugaryo if they determined it would be advantageous for them to keep close ties with kokuga.
Japanese: 一方で、開発領主は在庁官人でもあり、国衙と結びつくのが有利な場合はそのまま国衙領にとどまった。
English: In around the mid-Heian period, a number of lower-ranking noblemen with samurai status, who were left out of the central political world, went down to the provinces.
Japanese: 平安中期頃、中央政界からあぶれた武士身分の下級貴族が多数、地方へ下向してきた。
English: Kaihatsu-ryoshu tried to establish the lord-and-vassal relationship with those samurai to facilitate dispute resolution over their shoen.
Japanese: 開発領主はそれらの武士貴族と主従関係を結ぶことにより、荘園を巡る紛争解決に役立てようとした。
English: Among honke and ryoke, both of which are the lords of the manor of Nihon-shoen (manor in medieval Japan), honjo was the lord that had the right to assert Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in shoen), or in other words, had the effective dominion over the shoen.
Japanese: 本所（ほんじょ）は、日本荘園の荘園領主である本家および領家のうち、荘務を行う権限、すなわち荘園の実効支配権を有した者をいう。
English: In the late Heian period, there were rapidly growing numbers of donated manors, shoen donated to central nobles, temples or shrines by local lords asking for their protection of the shoen from shuko (confiscation) by kokuga (provincial government offices) and so on.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に、在地領主が国衙などによる収公から荘園を守るため、中央の貴族や寺社へ寄進してその保護を求める寄進地系荘園が急速に増加した。
English: There were even cases in which the nobles, the temples or the shrines that had received a donation from the shoen further donated it to the more dominant nobles, temples or shrines in the upper-class.
Japanese: 寄進を受けた貴族や寺社がさらに上位の有力貴族・有力寺社へ寄進を行なうケースもあった。
English: In the shoen governing system formed in this way, the lords who had effective dominion over the shoen were called honjo.
Japanese: こうして形成された荘園支配体系の中で実効的な支配権を得たものが本所と呼ばれた。
English: Deriving from the above meaning of honjo, a person who assumed control over za (trade association) also came to be called honjo during the later medieval period (the Muromachi period).
Japanese: 上記の本所から転じて中世後期（室町時代）には座の支配権者も本所と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Closer to our own times, during the Edo period for instance, a Court noble, included in organizations of groups of every walks of life throughout the country, were also called honjo.
Japanese: 下って江戸時代等に全国の諸身分集団を組織化した公家も本所と呼ばれている。
English: Besides, some places governed by the honjo were also called "Honjo," and this is the reason why there are places named Honjo throughout Japan.
Japanese: また、本所が支配した土地を「本所」と称することもあり、日本各地の本所地名の由来となっている。
English: In the middle of the Heian period, around the late tenth century to eleventh century, development and privatization of rice fields by locally influential farmers called Tato (cultivators) were accelerated.
Japanese: 平安時代中葉の10世紀後期から11世紀の頃、地方の有力農民である田堵（たと）による田地開発とその私有地化が活発化した。
English: Owners of these developed rice fields were called kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) but their land ownership lacked legal basis and was so unstable that there was high possibility of the shuko by the kokuga.
Japanese: このような開発田地の所有者を開発領主というが、その土地所有は法的根拠に欠け、国衙に収公される可能性も高く、非常に不安定なものであった。
English: This made many kaihatsu-ryoshu donate their shoen to dominant nobles, temples or shrines in central capital in order to secure the dominion and the management rights over the shoen.
Japanese: そのため、開発領主の多くは、中央の有力貴族や有力寺社へ荘園を寄進することで、荘園の支配権・管理権を確保するようになった。
English: At that time, Manor Regulation Acts were often enforced as 'a new government' when a new emperor ascended the throne, and the kokuga, who did not admit the shoen, often tried to incorporate the shoen into koryo (an Imperial demesne).
Japanese: 当時、天皇の代替わりの際に「新政」として荘園整理令が出されたり、また、国衙が荘園を認めずに公領へ編入しようとすることが多かった。
English: As a result, in some cases, the ryoke authority alone could not maintain ownership of the shoen.
Japanese: その結果、領家の権威だけでは荘園の所有が維持できないケースも見られた。
English: For that reason, the ryoke sometimes donated the shoen to the Imperial family or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), which had more authority than the ryoke.
Japanese: そこで、より権威のある皇族や摂関家へ領家から荘園寄進が行われることがあった。
English: Among the honke and ryoke, the lords of a manor that had effective dominion over the shoen, were called honjo.
Japanese: 本家・領家のうち、荘園の実効支配権を持つ者が本所（ほんじょ）である。
English: Among the lords of the manor who had multilayered structures, the honke, who often occupied the most advantageous position in the real world, became the honjo in many cases.
Japanese: 重層的な構成を取っていた荘園領主のうちで実社会においてもっとも有力な地位に立っていることが多かった本家が本所になることが多かった。
English: However, even other lords of the manor, such as the ryoke, were also called honjo when they actually assumed the authority of administration and administration of justice at their shoen, or in other words, the right to assert Shomu.
Japanese: しかしながら、実際に在地における行政・司法の権限、すなわち荘務権を掌握していた者が領家などであったとしても本所と呼ばれていた。
English: In the Kamakura period, there were more cases in which lords of a manor were collectively called honjo by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or samurai.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に入ると、幕府や武士の側から荘園領主を一括して本所と呼ぶ例が増えてくる。
English: Therefore, a variety of services and obligations against the honjo, such as nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties) were called Honjo-yaku and regarded as the most significant among the burdens on people at the shoen.
Japanese: そのため、本所に対する年貢・公事などの各種奉仕・負担を本所役と呼び、荘園における荘民の負担の中でもっとも主たる地位を占めていた。
English: The honjo, which had maintained effective dominion over the shoen, came to exercise its own jurisdiction over the management of the shoen.
Japanese: 本所は、荘園の実効支配権を有しており、荘園の運営に当たって、独自の裁判権を行使するようになった。
English: As a result, a legal system independent from the Ritsuryo codes, the primary law, was developed to form a new legal system called honjo law.
Japanese: そのため、本来の法令である律令から独立した法体系が形成されていき、これを本所法（ほんじょほう）という。
English: In the event of any dispute arising in the shoen, a trial was held at the honjo's domestic governing institutions such as Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and persons mainly concerned with the dispute and officials of the honjo participated.
Japanese: 荘園で紛争が生じたときは、政所などといった本所の家政機関において裁判が開かれ、紛争当事者や本所の関係者が出席した。