nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Fu issued by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was specially called Daijokanpu, but in organizations other than Daijokan such as Hassho and danjodai a command was given to officials in the lower grade in the form of fu, and even officials in the low grade used fu to give a command to their subordinate officials.
Japanese: 太政官が下す符を特に太政官符と呼称されるが、太政官以外の機関、すなわち八省や弾正台から下級の官司や令制国に出す命令、更により下位にある官司でも自己よりも下級の官司に対しては符の形式の命令文書が出されていた。
English: A long and narrow wood plate bearing a 'gunpu,' a command given by gunji (district managers), was excavated from theHachimanbayashi remains (Nagaoka City, Niigata Prefecture) and the Yamagaki remains (Tanba City, Hyogo Prefecture).
Japanese: 例えば、郡司の命令が記された「郡符」が記された木簡が八幡林遺跡（新潟県長岡市）や山垣遺跡（兵庫県丹波市）から出土している。
English: The format of fu is established in Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code), and according to the format, the first line of fu begins with the opening sentence 'So-and-so (The senior official's name) gives a command to So-and-so (the subordinate official's name),' the second line contains the order and the closing line read, "Implement upon receipt."
Japanese: 公式令(律令法)にその書式が定められており、符は初行に○○○（上級の官司）符其×××（下級の官司）の書出に始まり、2行目より事実書（内容の記載）が行われて「符至奉行（符至らば奉行（文書の内容を実施）せよ）」の句が書止として付される。
English: A "Daijokanpu", however, had a summary of command inserted between the opening sentence and the second line that contained the actual command.
Japanese: ただし、太政官符の場合は初行の書出と2行目の事実書の間に1行設け符の概要を示す事書が加えられる。
English: And instead of the closing sentence stipulated in Kushuki-ryo being used ("Implement upon receipt"), informal closing sentences such as "especially commanded" or "hereby commanded" were used.
Japanese: また、書止には公式令で定められた「符至奉行」の他に「故符（ことさらに符す）」・「以符（もって符す）」などの略式のものも用いられた。
English: Beneath the closing sentence was written the position, rank and name (in that precise order) of the official who issued the document, and on the line under it was the date it was issued (In the cases of a Daijokanpu, the rank and name of the Benkan (Daijokan official) is written on the upper part, and the name of the scribe is placed under it, as required by the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 書止の次の行には実際の発給担当者の位署が官職・位階・姓名の順に従って記載され（太政官符の場合は、行の上部に弁官、下部に史(律令制)の位署がなされた）、その次の行に発給された年月日が記載された。
English: The format of placing the closing sentence, the rank and name of the issuer, and the date of issue on individual lines in that precise order was used solely in "fu" and proved that the document was a "fu".
Japanese: 書止－発給者位署－発給年月日の順に記載され、なおかつそれぞれ改行が行われるのは符のみの書式であり、符であることを示す証であった。
English: Although some of the other parts were changed and/or omitted, the position and order of the lines that stated the rank of the issuer, and the date of issue, was never changed or omitted.
Japanese: このため、他の部分には書式の一部省略が行われることがあっても、発給者位署と発給年月日の位置と順序が改められたり省略されることは無かった。
English: Below the date of issuance, the rank and name of the messenger who carried the document to the receiver were written, and concluded with, 'Refer to the procedures of the formal fu in cases of reikoku and denfu (relay messenger system, or when a document had been sent via relay messenger to officials in various districts).'
Japanese: 発給年月日の下側にこの符を相手先に送付した使人の位署がされ、最後の行に「鈴剋　伝符亦准此（鈴剋（れいこく）・伝符（ともに駅伝制に用いられるもので、転じて駅伝を介して諸国の国司に送られてきた場合）もまた此れ（正規の符の手続）に准ぜよ）」と書かれて締め括られる。
English: After the mid Heian period, "Daijokan-pu" (the "fu"issued by the Grand Council of State) was replaced by the "Kansenji" (a government edict), while non-Grand Council officials used various forms of "kudashi-fumi" (order papers sent to subordinates) instead of the "fu."
Japanese: 平安時代中期以後、太政官符は官宣旨（弁官下文）にその役目を取って代わられ、他の官司の符も各種の下文に役目を譲った。
English: Some of the "Fu," such as "Daijokan-pu," were occasionally issued after that, and remained as a official document form until the Meji Restoration ended the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: ただし、太政官符など一部の符はその後も出される場合があり、明治維新による律令制官司の終焉まで一応、公文書の書式としての符は存続していたと言える。
English: Omi no kuninomiyatsuko (Omi kokuzo) was the kuninomiyatsuko (kokuzo: the head of a local government) who governed the western part of Omi Province (the west coast of Lake Biwa).
Japanese: 淡海国造（おうみのくにのみやつこ・おうみこくぞう)は近江国西部(琵琶湖西岸)を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kokuzohongi" (The Original Records of Provincial Governors), Otamuyawake, the third descendant of Hikoimasu no Miko (a prince of Emperor Kaika), is said to have been appointed the Omi no kuninomiyatsuko in Seimu Emperor's era.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると、成務天皇朝に彦坐王3世孫の大陀牟夜別が淡海国造に任じられたという。
English: Yasu no kuninomiyatsuko (Yasu kokuzo) was the Kuninomiyatsuko (kokuzo: the head of a local government) who governed the eastern part of Omi Province (the east coast of Lake Biwa).
Japanese: 安国造（やすのくにのみやつこ・やすこくぞう)は近江国東部(琵琶湖東岸)を支配した国造。
English: Shinzei is originally denso (rice field tax) collected from Jinko (the administrative households that was considered as belonging to deities) of specific shrines, stored and used for religious services and repair of the shrine under the ritsuryo system of ancient Japan.
Japanese: 神税（しんぜい）とは、古代日本の律令制において、特定の神社の神戸から徴収された田租を貯蓄して保管し、神社の祭祀・修繕に用いるために充てられた稲穀。
English: Being official grains under the control of Kokushi (provincial governor), it was prohibited from being offered as suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries) in the same way as shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices warehouse) and it remained even after the integration of official grains in 734.
Japanese: 国司が監督する官稲であるが、正税のように出挙に出すことは禁じられた他、天平6年（734年）の官稲混合以後も存置された。
English: In the Heian period, with the worsening financial situations of the imperial court, part of shinzei was sent to the capital to finance horoku (salary) and expenses of Jingikan (officer of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony).
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、朝廷財政の悪化とともに神税の一部が平安京に送られて神祇官の官人の俸禄や経費に充てられた。
English: NUKATA no Kunimiyatsuko (aka. Kokuzo NUKATA) was the leading local family that ruled the western part of Mino Province (or the eastern part of Omi Province) in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 額田国造（ぬかたのくにみやつこ・ぬかたこくぞう）は美濃国西部（または近江国東部）を支配した国造。
English: Kokuzo hongi (the original record of provincial governors) says that OOTADARO no Mikoto, a grandchild of HIKOKUNIBUKU no Mikoto, was appointed to NUKATA no Kunimiyatsuko (the head of the local government) by the Seimu Imperial Court.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると彦訓服命の孫の大直侶宇命が成務朝に額田国造に任じられたとある。
English: Keicho-chogin is a kind chogin (collective term of silver) which started to be minted in July 1601, the beginning of Edo period, and it is a silver coin by weight standard as well.
Japanese: 慶長丁銀（けいちょうちょうぎん）とは江戸時代の初期、すなわち慶長6年（1601年）7月に鋳造開始された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨である。
English: The keicho- chogin and keicho- mameitagen (keicho is the name of era in Edo period) are collectively called by keicho-gin.
Japanese: 慶長丁銀および慶長丁銀慶長豆板銀を総称して慶長銀（けいちょうぎん）と呼ぶ。
English: They are also called by keicho-kingin (gold and silver) along with Keicho oban, Keicho koban, and Keicho ichibuban.
Japanese: また慶長大判、慶長小判、慶長小判慶長一分判と伴に慶長金銀（けいちょうきんぎん）と呼ぶ。
English: At front side, hallmarks of "(image of Daikokuten), joze" and "joze, ho" were inscribed from several or more than 10 places.
Japanese: 表面には「（大黒天像）、常是」および「常是、寳」の極印が数箇所から十数箇所打たれている。
English: As the image of Daikoku inclines a little, it is distinguished from shotoku chogin with the image facing the front.
Japanese: また大黒像がやや斜め向きであることから、正面を向いている正徳丁銀と区別される。
English: The junimen-daikoku chogin where daikoku by 12 phases were inscribed were for taxation to Edo bakufu(Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) or celebration.
Japanese: また12面の大黒像を打った十二面大黒丁銀は江戸幕府への運上用あるいは祝儀用とされる。
English: The daikoku chogin in the beginning was thin since it was cut appropriately where many hallmarks were inscribed and forms were various and simple with small charactesr.
Japanese: 初期のものは切遣いを想定しているため一般的に薄手であり、極印の打数が多く形状が多様で素朴なつくりであり、文字が小さい。
English: The daikoku chogin in the latter period were similar to genroku- chogin in its form where daikoku hallmarks were inscribed at two places at top and bottom as well as six places at both sides totaling eight hallmarks.
Japanese: 後期のものは上下に大黒印2箇所と両脇に6箇所、計8箇所の極印が打たれ、元禄丁銀の形式に近い。
English: In Keicho era (1596-1615), 16,000 kan (unit of weight) of silver was contributed to ginza (history)(organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during Edo period), but in 1694 when silver production in Japan was reduced, total cupellated silver contributed to ginza was 5,090 kan in total including 1,973 kan of kogi (shogunate) cupellated silver and 3,297 kan of kai (buying) cupellated silver from feudal lords, and in the latter period when the form was regulated,.the remaining amount of silver declined in accordance with the production amount.
Japanese: 慶長期は銀座(歴史)へ年間16,000貫程度の寄銀があったのに対し、日本国内の産銀が減少した後の元禄7年（1694年）には銀座に納入された灰吹銀が1,973貫、買灰吹銀3,297の計5,090貫程度となっており、形式が規格化された後期のほうが産銀量に伴い現存数が少ない。
English: In May 1601, based on the suggestion by Shouemon GOTO (there are two theories that he was the same as Shozaburokoji GOTO of kinza and he was a different person) and kanbe SUEYOSHI, wealthy merchant in Hirano, Settsu Province, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA decided that Sakube YUASA in Sakai was Daikoku-Joze, and ginza was established in Fushimi, Kyoto with Joze as its head where keicho- chogin started to be minted (there are several theories about establishment period).
Japanese: 慶長6年（1601年）5月、徳川家康は後藤庄右衛門（金座の後藤庄三郎光次と同一人物、または別人との二説あり）および摂津国平野区の豪商末吉勘兵衛の建議により、堺の湯浅作兵衛に大黒常是と名乗らせ、常是を長とする銀座を京都の伏見に設立し、慶長丁銀の鋳造が始まった（設立時期には諸説あり）。
English: Prior to issuance of keicho- chogin, workmen in Nanryoza in Sakai presented Kiku-ichi-monji-ingin (Ichimoniji is trims above and below the artwork of a hanging scroll), ebisu-ichi-monji-ingin and kukurihakama-chogin as a sample to Ieyasu, and kukurihakama-chogin where hallmark of Daikokuzo was inscribed was selected, and it was established as original of keicho-chogin.
Japanese: 慶長丁銀の発行に先立ち堺の南鐐座（なんりょうざ）職人らは、菊一文字印銀（きくいちもんじいんぎん）、夷一文字印銀（えびすいちもんじいんぎん）および括袴丁銀（くくりはかまちょうぎん）を手本として家康の上覧に供したところ、大黒像の極印を打った括袴丁銀が選定され、慶長丁銀の原型となったとされる。
English: In addition to "daikokuzo","joze" and "ho", omodaka-chogin where hallmark of family crest of ichiran-omodaka was inscribed was regarded to be the trial of minting coin in the beginning.
Japanese: また「大黒像」、「常是」、「寳」に加えて家紋の一覧沢瀉（おもだか）の極印が打たれた澤瀉丁銀（おもだかちょうぎん）は初期の試鋳貨幣的存在と考えられている。
English: This chogin was a flat "namako" type silver mass where silver and bronze were mixed, upon which hallmark of "joze", "ho" and Daikokuzo" were inscribed.
Japanese: この丁銀は銀に銅を加えた合金を鋳造した平たい「なまこ」型の銀塊に「常是」、「寳」の文字および「大黒像」の極印が打たれたものである。
English: Standard of weight was a piece of silver, which is 43 monme (unit of weight), that is about 161 grams, but actually it ranged from 20 monme, that is about 75 grams, to 60 monme, that is about 225 grams, and it was used for trading after determinig the amount by weight.
Japanese: 量目（質量）は銀一枚すなわち四十三匁（約161グラム）を基準としたが、実際には20匁（約75グラム）から60匁（約225グラム）程度のものまで存在するなど不定であり、取引には天秤で量目を定めてから用いられた。
English: The unit of currency of silver by weight standard was ginten (ten is 10) ryo where 43 monme was a piece of silver before Azuchi- Momoyama Period, but it was used mainly for giving prize.
Japanese: 秤量銀貨の通貨単位は、安土桃山時代以前は銀拾両すなわち四十三匁を銀一枚とする単位を用いていたが、これは主として賞賜目的のものである。
English: After the silver coin started to be used actively for trading from Genki and Tensho era, kan (unit of weight) and monme were used frequently.
Japanese: 元亀、天正年間頃から商取引に活発に銀貨が使用されるようになると、貫、匁の表記が多くなった。
English: In Edo period, kan and momen were mainly used to express the weight such as silver by what monme (silver by what kan), which was called ginmoku, and since silver coins were used by weight standard as a currency of merchant, trading was conducted mainly by silver.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると貫、匁の表記が主流となり、銀何匁（銀何貫）と表記されこれを銀目と称し、また秤量銀貨は商人の通貨であったことから、商品取引相場の多くは銀建であった。
English: Since silver by weight standard needs many works by weighing at each trade, at ginza and currency exchange, it was defined to be a piece of silver (43 momen) for giving as prize and 500 momen for trading, where it was used as "gold and silver by wrapping" that was wrapped by Japanese paper with seal.
Japanese: このような秤量銀貨は取引の度に秤量するという煩雑さを伴うため、銀座および両替商で賞賜目的には銀一枚（43匁）、および商取引などには500匁毎にまとめ、和紙で包み封印をした、「包金銀」の形で取引に使用されるようになった。
English: As they were called by "using silver by kamigata (kinki region including Kyoto and Osaka)", chogin and mameitagin were used not only in western Japan centering around Osaka but also along Sea of Japan in Hokuriku and Tohoku region.
Japanese: 丁銀および豆板銀は「上方の銀遣い」と呼ばれるように大坂を中心とする西日本はもとより北陸地方から東北地方の日本海側を中心に流通した。
English: In unification of the currency, it was Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's ambitious strategy to show people that he was a ruler of the country facilitating the smooth unification of the country, by way of taking over the system in which silver by weight standard had been widely used among merchants centering around Osaka, as well as distributing the keicho-chogin in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka area), the base of Hideyori TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: これは徳川家康が通貨統一にあたり、以前から秤量銀貨が大坂を中心として商人に広く使用されている実情を踏まえ、この形態をそのまま継承し、慶長銀を豊臣秀頼の膝元である上方に流通させることにより、常に天下は徳川のものであることを知らしめ全国統一を円滑に進めるという、したたかな政略のひとつであった。
English: The reason that silver by weight standard was widely accepted by merchants are as follows; 1. Rationality where value is defined by standard 2. Convenience where calculation is made by decimal method by the unit of "kan","monme" and "fun"(unit of weight) 3. Trade with China, where ginjo (silver mass called by gincho and cupellated silver) such as batei-gin was the main currency for trading by high price, was frequently conducted.
Japanese: 秤量銀貨が商人に広く受け入れられたのは、秤量により実質価値を定めることの合理性、「貫」、「匁」、「分（ふん）」を単位とする十進法の計算の利便性、また馬蹄銀などの銀錠（銀挺、灰吹銀と呼ばれる銀塊）を高額取引用通貨の中心とする中国との取引が盛んであったことなどが挙げられる。
English: Another reason is that there were some silver mines including Ikuno Silver Mine, Inaba Silver Mine, Tada Silver Mine and Tsushima Silver Mine as well as Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in western Japan, and there was an abundant supply of cupellated silver produced by shiborigin (kind of silver) from rough bronze at Osaka Bronze Production.
Japanese: また石見銀山を始めとして、生野銀山、因幡銀山、多田銀山、対馬銀山など多くの銀山が西日本に偏在し、また大坂銅吹所における荒銅からの絞銀（しぼりぎん）による灰吹銀の供給が潤沢であったこともその要因である。
English: The ideal of bakufu was to use solely keicho-gin by unification of weight standard in place of currency of daimyo's territory such as kocho-gin and gokuin-gin that had been used before that, but keicho-gin was not distributed as far as local areas since a large amount of money was distributed to foreign countries as a result of payment of trade, and thereby they had to wait for arrival of genroku-gin for unification of currency.
Japanese: 幕府は、それまで流通していた古丁銀、極印銀などの領国貨幣に代え、慶長銀による秤量銀貨の統一を理想としたが、貿易対価の支払いによる多額に上る海外流出のため地方まで慶長銀が充分に行渡らず、通貨の統一には元禄銀の登場を待たねばならなかった。
English: In April 1697, the bakufu ordered that the use of keicho-gin be stopped by March 1698; however, many people hoarded them instead of exchanging them, so in January 1698, the bakufu ordered that its use be stopped by March 1699, but to no avail.
Japanese: 元禄10年（1697年）4月に幕府は11年（1698年）3月限りで慶長銀を通用停止とする触れを出したが、引換が進捗せず退蔵する者が多かったため、11年（1698年）1月に通用を12年（1699年）3月限りと改めたが、通用停止には至らなかった。
English: Chogin in the beginning of Keicho era was cut by chisel in accordance with trade price, but in order to stop it, in 1620, Edo bakufu started to mint mameita-gin (small silver) composed of flat particle whose karat was the same as chogin (0.1 to 10 monme), and prohibited its cutting by chisel thereafter.
Japanese: 慶長初期の丁銀は取引価格に応じて鏨（たがね）で切断して用いる切遣いが行われていたが、江戸幕府はこれを防止するため、元和(日本)6年(1620年)から、0.1匁から10匁程度の丁銀と同品位である平たい粒状の豆板銀（小玉銀）の鋳造を始め、以後切遣いは禁止した。
English: This mameitagin was used for adjusting small amount and small trading, and played a supplementary role of chogin.
Japanese: この豆板銀は少量の量目調整用および、小額の取引用に使用され丁銀の補助的役割を果たした。
English: Keicho-mameitagin was minted at the same karat as keicho-chogin where hallmark of "(daokokuzo) joze" or "joze, ho"were inscribed, and daikokuzo inclines a little, which is similar to chogin.
Japanese: 慶長豆板銀（けいちょうまめいたぎん）は慶長丁銀と同品位につくられ、「（大黒像）、常是」または「常是、寳」の極印が打たれたもので、丁銀に準じ大黒像はやや斜めを向いていた。
English: There were large coins where several hallmarks of daikokuzo were inscribed, and it was also said that there was no "daikokuzo at both sides"where hallmarks were inscribed at both sides, but it was confirmed to have existed.
Japanese: 大型で大黒印が数ヶ所打たれたものも存在し、また両面に打たれた「両面大黒」は存在しないといわれたこともあるが、存在が確認されている。
English: The rate of gold and silver contained in the coin in Edo period was confidential, and it was strictly prohibited to analyze the coin by ordinary citizen.
Japanese: 江戸時代の貨幣の金および銀の含有率は、極秘事項とされ、民間での貨幣の分析は厳禁とされた。
English: However, the rate of containment for gold and silver was very important information for money changer, and it was analyzed in secret, and the mechants knew the result.
Japanese: しかし両替商にとって、この金銀含有量は大変重要な情報であり、密かに分析が行われ商人の知るところとなっていた。
English: The quartz was not useful in the analysis of karat of silver, but those who were well versed in it such as appraiser of silver and money changer determined the karat by eutectic composition that was seen in rust on the surface and crack.
Japanese: 銀品位の分析では試金石は役に立たないが、銀座の銀見役、両替商など熟練者は、表面の錆色、割れ目などに見られる共晶組織から品位を判断したという。
English: The rate of silver contained was listed by exchange rate of silver and keicho-chogin in ginza.
Japanese: 銀の含有率の表示は銀座における銀地金と慶長丁銀との引き換え比率で表示された。
English: For example,cupellated silver that was the best silver (pure silver) by refining method at that time was bought by keicho-chogin by adding 10 % in ginza, and it was called "10% addition".
Japanese: たとえば当時の製錬技術で最高の上銀（純銀）とされた地金すなわち灰吹銀は、一割り増しの慶長丁銀で銀座に買い取られ、「一割入れ」と呼ばれた。
English: By this standard, the same karat as keicho-gin, which was 80% of the cupellated silver, was 1.1X0.800.88 where it was bought by 0.88 of the weighted value of chogin..
Japanese: これを基準に慶長丁銀と同品位、すなわち80%の灰吹銀は1.1×0.800.88となり、0.88倍の量目の慶長丁銀で買い取られた。
English: The coin in Keicho era (koban and chogin) was called "temaefuki"where maker of gold and silver handiworks obtained the metal by himself, delivered to kinza and ginza after processing it in the form of coin, and issued after the hallmarks were inscribed.
Japanese: 慶長期の貨幣（小判および丁銀）は「手前吹き」と称して、金銀細工師が自己責任で地金を入手し、貨幣の形に加工した上で、金座および銀座に納め、極印が打たれ発行される形式である。
English: There is no record of exact minting amount of keicho-koban since historical record including "Ginza Kakitome" (record of ginza) was lost by Fire of Meireki.
Japanese: さらに明暦の大火による『銀座書留』など記録史料焼失のため慶長小判銀の正確な鋳造量の記録は無い。
English: However, by the amount distributed to foreign country as trade settlement estimated by Hakuseki ARAI later and value estimated by reminting to genroku-kobangin, total of chogin and mameitagin were 1,200,000 kan (about 4,500 ton).
Japanese: しかし、後に新井白石らの推定による貿易決済としての海外流出高と、元禄小判銀への吹替え（改鋳）高などから推定した数値によれば、丁銀および豆板銀の合計で120万貫（約4,500トン）である。
English: "Getsudo-kenbunroku"(record of society from 1679 to 1734) says that minting amount was a little more than 350,000 kan (about 1,310 ton), but it is doubtful considering the amount of keicho-gin that was distributed to foreign countries.
Japanese: 『月堂見聞集』では鋳造量を35万貫余（約1,310トン）としているが、慶長銀の海外流出高から考えて疑問である。
English: After the Fire of Meireki in 1659, by using lost gold and silver in gold warehouse in third bailey of Edo Castle, chogin as much as a little more than 103,484 kan 753 monme was minted.
Japanese: 明暦の大火以降、万治2年（1659年）、江戸城三の丸の地で御金蔵の焼損金銀を用いて103,484貫753匁余の丁銀が鋳造された。
English: When kogi (shogunate) cupellated silver paid by silver mine of tenryo (shogunal demesne) was entrusted to ginza, they made chogin from it and their income, buichi-gin, was determined to be 3% of the minting amount, while remaining part was paid to bakufu.
Japanese: 天領の銀山から上納された公儀灰吹銀を預り、丁銀を吹きたてた場合の銀座の収入である分一銀（ぶいちぎん）は鋳造高の3%とされ、残りは幕府に上納した。
English: Kyoho-chogin is a silver coin by weight standard as well as a kind of chogin that was issued in September 1714, and it was called by "Shotoku-chogin"as well.
Japanese: 享保丁銀（きょうほうちょうぎん）とは正徳(日本)4年（1714年）8月に発行された丁銀の一種で秤量銀貨であり、正徳丁銀（しょうとくちょうぎん）と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: Kyoho-chogin (shotoku-chogin) and kyoho-mameitagin (shotokumameitagin) (name of the coin in the same era) were collectively called by kyoho-gin and shotoku-gin.
Japanese: 享保丁銀（正徳丁銀）および享保丁銀享保豆板銀（正徳豆板銀）を総称して享保銀（きょうほうぎん）あるいは正徳銀（しょうとくぎん）と呼ぶ。
English: On the front side, hallmark of (daikokutenzo)" joze" and "joze ho"were inscribed, and the form was the same as that of keicho-chogin.
Japanese: 表面には「（大黒天像）、常是」および「常是、寳」の極印が打たれ、慶長丁銀と同形式である。
English: Sometimes those inscribed with more than 10 hallmarks including daikoku hallmark were called shotoku-chogin as initial minting, while those with less than 9 hallmarks were called kyoho-chogin as second minting.
Japanese: 大黒印を含めて極印10面打以上のものを初期鋳造として正徳丁銀と呼び、9面打以下のものを次期鋳造として享保丁銀と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: Daikoku-chogin where 12 hallmarks of daikoku were inscribed was used for payment to the authorities or celebration, but in this case, it is impossible to classify kyoho and shotoku by the number of hallmarks inscribed.
Japanese: また12面の大黒像を打った12面大黒丁銀は上納用あるいは祝儀用とされるが、この場合、極印打数からの享保と正徳との区別は不可能である。
English: As for koban (former Japanese oval gold coin), the karat was upgraded a little when shotoku koban was changed to kyoho koban, and there is a theory that the karat of chogin was also upgraded in the early stage to keep a balance with gold coin.
Japanese: 尚、小判については正徳小判から享保小判への変更に付き若干の品位向上となったが、丁銀についても金貨とのバランスの関係から初期の頃に品位を若干向上させる変更を行ったとする説もある。
English: In October 1712, Hakuseki ARAI discharged Hideshige OGIWARA who was a kanjobugyo (commissioner of finance), and started to remint to go back to the system of keicho currency in order to stop confusion caused by repetitive reminting of silver by weight standard.
Japanese: 正徳2年（1712年）9月、新井白石は勘定奉行の荻原重秀を罷免に追い込み、度重なる秤量銀貨吹き替えによる混乱を是正しようと、慶長の幣制へ復帰するべく吹替え（改鋳）に着手した。
English: Ginza (organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during Edo period) which gained enomous amount of profit by reminting was inspected on June 24, 1714, and toshiyori (heads) of ginza including Shozaemon FUKAE were exiled to isolated island or punished with kessho (confiscation of one's estate for punishment): this incident was called Shotoku no chi (political reform of Shotoku).
Japanese: また宝永期の吹替えにより莫大な利益を上げていた銀座(歴史)に対し正徳4年5月13日に手入れが決行され、深江庄左衛門ら銀座年寄りらが遠島流罪、闕所などに処された。
English: After that, in place of Kyuemon SEKI,, Joze DAIKOKU who was Chozaemon DAIKOKU retuned to ginza.
Japanese: （正徳の治）この後、関久右衛門に代わり大黒常是こと大黒長左衛門が帰役を命ぜられ銀座に復帰した。
English: This reminting was a return to the silver coin at higher karat, and a method of spliting silver and broze in cupellating was needed to seperate cupellated silver and refined bronze in genroku-chogin and hoei-chogin at lower karat which were collected from market.
Japanese: この吹替えは、より高品位の銀貨への復帰であるため、市場から回収された低品位の元禄丁銀および宝永丁銀から灰吹銀および精銅を分離する、銀銅吹分けが必要であった。
English: The classification was carried out in Asakusa Suwa-cho in Tokyo in June 1714, and in Kyoto it was carried out at the house of Shozaemon FUKAE who was punished at kessho.and Naizosuke NAKAMURA.
Japanese: 吹分けは正徳4年5月から浅草諏訪町にて、また京都では闕所に処せられた深江庄左衛門および中村内蔵助の屋敷において行われた。
English: In Kyoto, fukisho (place of reminting) was established in these houses where reminting was started by cupellating method from the end of December by those who reminted bronze from Osaka, but from December of 1718, Osaka Reminting Place started to be responsible for all the works.
Japanese: 屋敷に吹所を立て大坂から銅吹屋が交代で詰め12月末から灰吹法により行われたが、享保3年（1718年）11月からは大坂銅吹所が一切を請負うことになった。
English: Rather than economic development,Hakuseki ARAI who was a Neo-Confucian scholar emphasized moral of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) based on the motto by Ieyasu TOKUNAGA "currency must be reminted by material which is respected all the time,"but the situation changed drastically from Keicho era.
Japanese: 朱子学者であった新井白石は、経済発展よりも徳川家康による「貨幣は常に尊敬に値する素材で吹き立てられるべき」という言葉通りに江戸幕府の道義を重んじたのであったが、状況は慶長期とは一変していた。
English: In other words, in addition to low silver production, amount was in short supply by distribution to foreign country and population increased by double, causing development of economic activity on large scale.
Japanese: すなわち、銀の産出が低迷していたのに加え、海外流出による絶対量の不足、さらに人口は2倍程度に増加し経済活動は飛躍的に発展していたのであった。
English: Fot this reason, the amount of minted coin was reduced and commodity price gradually went down as a result of deflation, which resulted in recession.
Japanese: このため貨幣鋳造量は減少し、デフレーションにより物価は次第に下落して不況に陥ることになった。
English: For a while, after the start of distributing kyoho-gin, both genroku-gin and four types of hoei-gin were used.
Japanese: 享保銀が流通し始めてからしばらくは、元禄銀および宝永銀4種の併用が続いた。