nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Alternatively, it meant towns and the rows of houses and buildings in present day Japan that originated under the aforementioned historical factors, and especially those that have conserved the atmosphere of those days.
Japanese: あるいは、現代において過去のそれを起源とした町で、特に当時の情緒を色濃く残した町・町並みのことである。
English: Especially the history towns which conserved the rows of houses and buildings were of great value in the historical and cultural sense so, they were designated as World Heritage sites or Important traditional building Preservation Area, or they were considered tourist destinations.
Japanese: 特に町並みが保存されたものは非常に歴史的・文化的価値が高いもので、世界遺産や重要伝統的建造物群保存地区に指定されていたり、観光地となっていたりする。
English: If not in the aforementioned state, many of them had their rows of houses and buildings conserved by the efforts of their residents.
Japanese: そのような状態でなくても、地元住民の努力によって町並みが保存されているものも多い。
English: town inside the Jokamachi and Jinyamachi, formed with those samurai houses like bukeyashiki (samurai mansion) and samurai yashiki (samurai resident) gathered
Japanese: 城下町・陣屋町において、武士が居住する武家屋敷・侍屋敷が集まってできた町
English: town formed with many temples, many of teramachi were in Jokamachi or in the vicinity of Jokamachi during the Edo period
Japanese: -寺院が多く集まってできた町で、江戸時代の城下町やその周辺に多かった
English: town formed around the whole area of a sea port or river port (including a fishing village which is a settlement with residents engaged in fishery)
Japanese: -海や河川の港の周囲に形成された町（漁業を営む小集落である漁村も含まれる）
English: town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries and those engaged in industries such as mining industry, civil engineering, and the construction industry, or a town that prospered as a result of trading related products
Japanese: -伝統産業に従事する職人や、鉱山や土木業などの産業に従事する者が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町
English: town formed with artisans engaged in traditional industries, or a town that prospered as a result of trading their products, which is a kind of the aforementioned Industrial town
Japanese: -伝統産業に従事する職人が集まってできた町、あるいはその産業・工芸品の売買によって栄えた町で、上記産業町の一種
English: general term for districts and towns where many of those engaged in commerce and industry and lower class samurai live, and the districts and towns with a friendly atmosphere
Japanese: -商工業者や下級武士などが多くすんでいる地区・町の通称で、庶民的な町のこと
English: Gafusei was one of the systems of examining and certificating an envoy (endorsement).
Japanese: 牙符制（がふせい）とは、外交使節の審査・認証を行なう制度（査証制度）の一つ。
English: The system was implemented in the trade between Japan and Yi Dynasty of Korea (the Japan-Korea trade) during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 室町時代において日本が朝鮮王朝と行った貿易（日朝貿易）で実施された。
English: Like kangofusei (tally system) in the Japan-Ming trade, Gafusei was a system where a tally was split into two halves and used for certifying an envoy where the communication tally called gafu (seal tally) or zogefu (ivory tally) was used in place of the kangofu.
Japanese: 牙符制は日明貿易における勘合符制と同様、一つの符を二つに裂いた割符を以って使節の査証を行なう制度であり、勘合符の代わりに牙符あるいは象牙符とも呼ばれる通信符が使用された。
English: Gafu was an inscribed ivory tally split into halves, each of which was 13.6 cm round with one of the halves inscribed with 'Korean communication' in Tensho characters and the other half inscribed with the year issued '1474.'
Japanese: 牙符とは文字を刻んだ象牙を半割りにした割符であり、円周は四寸五分、片面に「朝鮮通信」と篆書体(てんしょ)で刻まれ、反対面には発給年次「成化十年甲午」と彫られていた。
English: Ten sets of tallies were prepared by the Yi-Dynasty with serial numbers from one to ten, and the left halves were kept by the Yi-Dynasty and the right halves were kept by the Japan side.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝により10枚製作され、それぞれ一から十まで通し番号が入っており、左符を朝鮮側、右符を日本側が保管した。
English: The envoy dispatched from Japan brought any of the halves, that were to be matched with the other half kept by Yi-Dynasty as an endorsement.
Japanese: 日本から通交する使節はいずれかの牙符を携行し、朝鮮側の保管する片割れと突き合わせることで査証を行った。
English: Later, the sets of tallies were renewed, then the left halves were kept by the Japan side and the right halves were kept by Yi-Dynasty this time.
Japanese: 後に一度改給され、新符では日本側が左符を、朝鮮側が右符を保管することになる。
English: The medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, and only the recipients of copper seals called toso (tosho in Japanese) were allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi dynasty.
Japanese: 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、朝鮮王朝から図書と呼ばれる銅製印章を受けた者のみ通交が許されていた。
English: Those who were to start interaction carried shokei (letter of introduction) sealed with toso so that he could be certified by using the stamp seal.
Japanese: 通交を行う者は図書を押印した書契を携行し、その印影を持って査証を行っていた。
English: Since the Muromachi bakufu was on an equal footing with the Yi-Dynasty, it need not be allowed to have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty; therefore, the Muromachi bakufu was permitted to freely have diplomatic relations with the Yi Dynasty.
Japanese: しかし室町幕府は朝鮮王朝と同格の存在であり、許可を受けなければならない立場にはなく、自由な通交が認められていた。
English: For that reason, no such endorsement as toso was applied to the envoys.
Japanese: しかしそのため、これらの使節には図書という査証の手段が存在しなかった。
English: By grasping kangofu, the Muromachi bakufu placed the Japan-Ming trade under control and made it as a source of revenue.
Japanese: 室町幕府は勘合符を掌握することで日明貿易を統制下に置き、幕府の財源としていた。
English: Yoshimasa also sought to make the Japan-Yi dynasty trade as a source of revenue and made a proposal to the Yi-Dynasty to introduce Gafusei.
Japanese: 義政は日朝貿易も同様に財源化することを意図し、朝鮮王朝に牙符制の導入を申し入れる。
English: Since the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoy had interaction with Korea during this period, the Yoshimasa's proposal matched the intention of the Yi Dynasty that wanted to subdue the pseudo envoys, Gafusei was to be introduced.
Japanese: この時期、偽の王城大臣使が朝鮮に通交しており、義政の申し入れは偽使抑制を願う朝鮮王朝の思惑と一致し、牙符制が導入されることになる。
English: Since the Medieval Japan-Korea trade was limited trade, for those who sought to open up or expand their trade, the pseudo envoy was an effective option.
Japanese: 中世日朝貿易は制限貿易であり、貿易へ新規参入もしくは拡大を図る者にとって、偽使は一つの有力な選択肢であった。
English: No endorsement for the King of Japan envoy nor the Ojo-daijin envoy existed until Gafusei was introduced, and from the 1450s, pseudo envoys representing the Ojo-daijin envoy appeared with the intention of acquiring the rights and interests of trading, and in the 1470s, diplomatic boom by pseudo envoys called 'sending of diplomatic missions to Korea boom' occurred.
Japanese: 牙符制が導入されるまで日本国王使・王城大臣使に対する査証の手段は存在せず、1450年代から貿易利権を目当てに王城大臣使を名乗る偽使が出現し、1470年代には偽使により「朝鮮遣使ブーム」と呼ばれる偽王城大臣使の大量通交が発生する。
English: It was considered that a coalition of the So clan in Tsushima and merchants in Hakata dispatched the pseudo envoys.
Japanese: 偽の王城大臣使を派遣していたのは、対馬の宗氏と博多商人の連合体であったとされている。
English: As for toso, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys had advanced counterfeiting techniques such as stealing the seal and producing a wooden seal; however, they could not counterfeit Gafu.
Japanese: これら偽使派遣勢力は、図書に関しては印影を盗み木印を製作するなど高度な偽造技術を持っていたが、牙符の偽造は困難であった。
English: For fear of having Gafusei come into effect, the powers to dispatch the pseudo envoys attempted to disturb the effectuation by catching the King of Japan envoy who had received Gafu in 1474 at Tsushima, or dispatching the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoys to Korea in 1480 to spread a false rumor that the Gafu were scattered.
Japanese: 偽使派遣勢力は牙符制の発効を恐れ、1474年の牙符発給を受けた日本国王使を対馬で一時拘束する、あるいは1480年に偽王城大臣使を朝鮮に派遣し、牙符が散逸したとする撹乱情報を伝えるなど、妨害を試みている。
English: Gafusei came into effect when the King of Japan carrying Gafu visited Korea in 1482; thereafter, the Ojo-daijin envoy stopped and the pseudo envoy powers had been contained.
Japanese: しかし、1482年に牙符を所持した日本国王使が朝鮮に訪れることで牙符制が発効し、それを期に王城大臣使の通交は途絶え、偽使勢力は封じ込められている。
English: Yoshimasa regarded controlling over the right of Japan-Korea trade as important such that he secretly owned Gafu and did not allow even the influential shugo (military governor) living in the capital to dispatch the Ojo-daijin envoy.
Japanese: 義政は日朝貿易権の統制を重要視しており、牙符を極秘裡に私蔵し在京有力守護に対しても王城大臣使の派遣を許さなかった。
English: After Yoshimasa died, the family in line to inherit the shogunate divided into two in the Meio no seihen (Meio disturbance), Gafu flew out as they were sold by the piece for winning the influential shugo to their own side, and in 1501, the pseudo envoys schemed by the Ouchi clan, were dispatched.
Japanese: しかし義政の死後、明応の政変により将軍家が二つに割れて争う中、牙符は有力守護を味方に付ける道具として切り売りされて流出し、1501年には大内氏の手による偽日本国王使が通交している。
English: Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, who deprived Yoshitane ASHIKAGA of the position of shogun in the Meio disturbance, planned to invalidate Gafu owned by Yoshioki Ouchi, who supported Yoshitane, and in 1504, asked the Yi-Dynasty to renew Gafu.
Japanese: 明応の政変において足利義材から将軍職を奪った足利義澄・細川政元は、義材を擁する大内義興所有の牙符を無効化しようと図り、1504年、朝鮮王朝に牙符の改給を提案する。
English: Only two or three halves of the Gafu seemed to have been left under Yoshizumi's hand at that moment.
Japanese: この時、義澄の手元には2・3枚の牙符しか残されてなかったと見られている。
English: The Yi-Dynasty accepted Yoshizumi's requirement and issued new set of ten Gafu, whereby the scattered old Gafu were invalidated.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝は義澄の提案を受け入れ新符10枚が発給され、これにより散逸した旧符は無効となる。
English: Even with the renewal of Gafu, Yoshizumi and Masamoto could not take control of the Japan-Korea trade.
Japanese: しかし、牙符改給は義澄・政元による日朝貿易の再統制には繋がらなかった。
English: Yoshizumi and Masamoto needed cooperation of the Otomo clan to oppose Yoshioki Ouchi -- It was considered that at least two halves of Gafu were given to the Otomo clan.
Japanese: 義澄・政元は大内義興に対抗するため大友氏の協力を必要としており、少なくとも2枚の牙符が大友氏に引き渡されたと見られている。
English: Those Gafu owned by the Ouchi clan, the Otomo clan, and the Mori clan were lent out to the So clan, who used them in dispatching the pseudo King of Japan envoy and the pseudo Ojo-daijin envoy.
Japanese: これらの大内氏・大友氏・毛利氏の所有する牙符は宗氏に貸し出され、偽日本国王使・偽王城大臣使の通交に使用された。
English: It was considered that Gafu were always placed in Tsushima around 1540.
Japanese: 1540年頃には牙符は恒常的に対馬に置かれていたものと考えられている。
English: It could be concluded that most of the Kings of Japan envoys and the Ojo-daijin envoys dispatched to Korea after 1540 were pseudo envoys.
Japanese: 結果として、1504年以降朝鮮に通交した日本国王使・王城大臣使の大半は偽使であると見られている。
English: Although Gafusei was effective in controlling dispatch of envoys at the beginning, Gafu flew after the Meio no ran and lost its effect.
Japanese: 牙符制は導入当初こそ通交統制に効果を発揮したが、明応の政変を期に牙符が流出し効力を失う。
English: As a result, Yoshimasa's plan to place Japan-Korea trade under the control of the Muromachi bakufu failed, but Gafusei was observed until Bunroku Keicho no Eki.
Japanese: 結局、日朝貿易を室町幕府の統制下に置こうという義政の目論見は無に帰すが、牙符制そのものは文禄・慶長の役まで続けられる。
English: Chinese, represented by Wang Zhi (王直), accounted for a large part of wako in those days, many of whom made their headquarters on the coasts of the Goto Islands and Hirado of Japan to escape the crackdown by Ming.
Japanese: 当時の倭寇は王直に代表される中国人が多くを占めていたが、明の取締を逃れるために日本の五島列島や平戸島などの沿岸に拠点を構えている者も少なくなかった。
English: In those days, since Japan was in the midst of the Sengoku period (warring states period), they did not establish a system of arresting wako.
Japanese: だが、当時の日本は戦国時代(日本)にあり、倭寇を取締る体制になっていなかった。
English: The governor of Zhejiang 楊宜 dispatched an envoy to Japan, and asked Japan to arrest wako, while trying to gather intelligence of Japan's actual circumstances.
Japanese: そこで、浙江都督であった楊宜は日本に使者を派遣して倭寇の取締を要請するとともに、日本の実情を探ろうと考えた。
English: In 1556, Cheng Shun-kung came over to Japan through ryukyu and entered Bungo Province, where he was arrested by the Otomo clan, the ruler of the province in those days, and confined in Ryuho-an of Kaizo-ji Temple, Usuki City.
Japanese: 嘉靖34年（日本の弘治(日本)2年/1556年）に琉球を経由して日本の豊後国に入国したが、当時同国を支配していた大友氏に捕えられて臼杵市の海蔵寺龍宝庵に幽閉されてしまった。
English: During the next year, a subject of Cheng Shun-kung went to Kyoto with an envoy of the Otomo clan, and was allowed to request the Muromachi bakufu to suppress wako -- On the other hand, Cheng Shun-kung was still confined in Bungo Province, but allowed to gather intelligence of Japan's actual circumstances.
Japanese: 翌年、鄭舜功の部下が大友氏の使者とともに京都に赴いて室町幕府に倭寇禁圧の要請をする事を許されたが、鄭舜功自身は豊後にて軟禁状態に置かれていたものの、日本の国情の調査を行うことは許された。
English: When Cheng Shun-kung returned to Ningpo, China together with an envoy monk of the Otomo clan, 楊宜 had already lost his position by 趙文華 and 胡宗憲 -- On the contrary, Cheng Shun-kung was arrested and exiled to Sichuan and imprisoned there for seven years.
Japanese: 嘉靖36年（日本の永禄元年/1558年）、大友氏の使僧とともに寧波に送り返されたものの、既に楊宜は趙文華・胡宗憲らによって失脚させられており、却って捕えられて四川省に配流されて7年間にわたって牢に押し込められた。
English: At the end of the Kangzi period, Cheng Shun-kung wrote his experiences in Japan and Japan's actual circumstances in "Nihon Ikkan" (Japan One Model.)
Japanese: 嘉靖年間末期に自己の日本での体験や日本の実情を記した『日本一鑑』を撰述した。
English: Keryo were such holdings as shoryo (individual estates) and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) inherited by kenmon (an influential family) for generations in Medieval Japan.
Japanese: 家領（けりょう）とは中世の権門が代々伝領してきた所領・荘園などのこと。
English: It was considered that the first example of keryo was of the early shoen which were owned by koshin (the Imperial family) or court nobles who ordered Ie no tsukasa (house stewards) and the like via order documents using a kacho (tag), kafu (code), and iejirushi (house mark showing ownership by the family) to operate the holding from the end of the Nara period to the early Heian period; they were called 'XX keryo' (XX family's holding) or 'XX kaden' (XX family's paddy field).
Japanese: 奈良時代末期から平安時代初期に皇親・貴族が所有して家牒・家符・家印などを用いた命令文書で家司などに命じて経営させた初期荘園を「○○家領」「××家田」などと呼称したのが最初と考えられている。
English: After the mid Heian period, the Fujiwara clan including the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, was subdivided into the Kujo line, Ononomiya line, Kanin line and the like, and the Mido line which derived from the Kujo line established the status of Sekke (line of regents and advisers).
Japanese: 平安時代中期以後、藤原北家などの藤原氏一族が更に細分化され、九条流・小野宮流・閑院流などが成立し、やがて九条流から派生した御堂流が摂家としての地位を確立した。
English: In that process, shoryo and shoen which belonged to each clan and each house, as well as facilities such as jibutsudo (Buddhist sanctuaries) had assumed functions to control the clan; at that time, the main family such as Uji no Choja (chieftain) or kacho (family head) began to manage them.
Japanese: その過程でそれぞれの氏や家に附属する所領や荘園、持仏堂などの施設が一族内部を統制する機能を持ち、氏長者や家長などの本主によって管理されるようになった。
English: Those shoryo and shoen were classified according to the kanshoku (official position) and ikai (court rank) of the respective main family, controlled over by the mandokoro (administrative office) of the main family, and the Ie no tsukasa was appointed to carry out the role.
Japanese: そうした所領や荘園をそれぞれの本主の官職・位階に基づいて区別され、本主の政所によって統括され、家司を預所に補任して荘務を行わせた。
English: Kugen (a standard deed acknowledging a holder's ownership), which was a deed of the keryo, was inherited for generations by an heir such as a legitimate son, along with the kaki (records inherited within the family).
Japanese: 家領の権利書である公験は家記などとともに代々嫡男などの後継者に継承された。
English: Originally, the shoryo the family owned as the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan mainly accounted for the family's holdings; but later, the kangakuin (a school founded in Heian-kyo [the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto]) which was Uji no In (celebrated villa), jiinryo (the holdings of a temple) such as of Hosei-ji Temple or Byodo-in Temple which were temples closely related with the line of the house, became treated as keryo of the Sekkan-ke (the Fujiwara regent's line).
Japanese: 元は藤氏長者としての所領を中核としていたが、後には氏院である勧学院や同流ゆかりの寺院である法成寺や平等院などの寺院領が摂関家の家領として扱われるようになった。
English: Thereafter, as the Sekkan-ke were divided, the aforementioned keryo were transferred as watariryo (land transferred from lord to lord) (also known as denka watariryo), with the rank of sekkan and the chieftain of the Fujiwara clan; the shoryo and shoen which were added to the estate of the Sekkan-ke after the insei (period of rule by a cloistered emperor) was divided among the Konoe family, the Kujo family, and the like; and later, they were established as the keryo inherent to respective five branched Sekkan-ke.
Japanese: その後、摂関家の分立に伴ってこうした家領は渡領（殿下渡領）として摂関・藤氏長者の地位とともに移動し、院政期以後に摂関家の財産となった所領・荘園は近衛家・九条家などに分割され、後に5つに分立したそれぞれの摂関家固有の家領として確立されることになった。
English: Teibi Yakujo were regulations relating to the control of visitors to Japan which were agreed between the Yi-Dynasty and the So clan in Tsushima in 1547.
Japanese: 丁未約条（ていびやくじょう）とは、1547年に朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間で結ばれた来航者取締規則のこと。
English: In the saryan wahen (Coup of Shinryo IWAYA) which occurred in 1544, the Jinshin Yakujo concluded between the So clan and the Yi-Dynasty in 1512 was denounced; thereafter, trading (trade concurrent with a diplomacy visit) from Japan was inhibited except for the King of Japan envoy (the Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] envoy) and the envoys from the Ouchi clan and the Shoni clan.
Japanese: 1544年に発生した蛇梁倭変により、1512年に宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間で締結された壬申約条は破棄され、日本国王使（室町幕府使節）および大内氏・少弐氏の使節を除き、日本からの通交（外交を兼ねた貿易）は禁じられた。
English: The Teibi Yakujo that was concluded when the So clan, who were economically dependent on Japan-Korea trade, managed to effect a breakthrough in the situation and a pseudo King of Japan envoy was dispatched in 1547.
Japanese: 日朝貿易を経済的基盤としていた宗氏は事態の打開を図り、1547年に偽日本国王使を派遣した結果、締結されたのが丁未約条である。
English: The Jinshin Yakujo, which was a peace treaty ending the Sanpo War, forced the So clan to restrain the dispatching of trade ships so as to force the reduction of toshu saikensen (Annual Tribute Ships to Korea from the Lord of Tsushima, and trade ships annually dispatched from Tsushima for trading and diplomatic visits) from 50 to 25, and to stop dispatching saikensen under the name of many shimuchowe (Japanese people other than the residents of Tsushima).
Japanese: 三浦の乱の講和条約である壬申約条では、島主歳遣船（対馬から通交のため毎年派遣される貿易船）を50隻から25隻に削減、多くの深処倭（対馬以外の日本人のこと）名義の歳遣船の停止等、宗氏に通交の抑制を強いるものであった。
English: Through repeated negotiations thereafter, the toshu saikensen increased in number to 30, but, they were reduced to 25 again by the Teibi Yakujo.
Japanese: その後の度重なる交渉により、島主歳遣船は30隻にまで回復していたが、丁未約条では再び25隻に削減される。
English: In addition to this, the Teibi Yakujo was greater in severity than the Jinshin Yakujo in that it stopped the right to trade for Jutoshonin (Japanese given Korean government evidence to be granted special privileges in trading) and Jushokunin (Japanese given Korean government post who has special technique such as healing art) before 1550, reduced the entry ports from both Busan Inlet and Jepo (Jinhae City, Gyeongsang-namdo Prefecture) to one of only Busan Inlet, and took those who stayed on Gadokdo Island or further west places as wako.
Japanese: またそれ以外に、50年以前の受図書人（朝鮮王朝により通交許可を受けた者）・受職人（朝鮮王朝より官位を受けた者）の通交権の停止、入港場を釜山浦・薺浦（慶尚南道鎮海市）の二港から釜山浦一港に削減、加徳島以西に来泊する者は倭寇とみなす等、壬申約条よりもさらに通交の抑制を進める厳しい内容となっていた。
English: After the Teibi Yakujo was concluded, the So clan continued negotiations for requesting a reduction in restrictions relating to trading and diplomacy visits, and in 1557 the Teishi Yakujo was concluded.
Japanese: 丁未約条締結後、宗氏は通交抑制の緩和を求める交渉を繰り返し、1557年に丁巳約条が締結されることとなる。
English: "Teiji-in uta-awase" refers to "uta-awase" (the contest of 'tanka' [thirty-one Japanese syllable's poem]), held on April 22, 913, by Cloistered Emperor Uda at his residence Teji-in.
Japanese: 亭子院歌合（ていじいんうたあわせ）とは、延喜13年3月13日(旧暦)（913年4月22日）に宇多法皇が自分の御所としていた亭子院において開いた歌合。
English: Originally, 10 pairs of tanka were planned to be read for each topic of February (in the lunar calendar), March (in the lunar calendar), April (in the lunar calendar), and love (or summer), which added up to 40 pairs (80 tanka).
Japanese: 本来は2月(旧暦)・3月(旧暦)・4月(旧暦)・恋を題材としてそれぞれ10番（40番80首）にて行われる予定であった。
English: In reality, five pairs of tanka were omitted for some reason from each of April and summer, so 30 pairs (60 tanka) were read, while a document also contained the omitted ones.
Japanese: 実際には、何らかの事情によって、4月と夏が5番ずつ略されて計30番60首で行われた（ただし、記録には省略されたものも採録されている）。
English: The participants were two groups of chiefs, the imperial prince, "utayomi" (tanka composer), "kataudo" (submitter of tanka), "hanja" (judge), "koji" (presenter of tanka), "kazusashi" (scorer), and others.
Japanese: 参加者は左右の頭・親王・歌よみ・方人・判者・講師・員刺（かずさし）などによって構成された。
English: The well-known tanka composers in Teiji-in uta-awase were FUJIWARA no Okikaze, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, SAKANOUE no Korenori, and KI no Tsurayuki, and in addition, Cloistered Emperor Uda, Ise, and ONAKAOMI no Yorimoto composed tanka of their own.
Japanese: 歌よみとして知られているのは、藤原興風・凡河内躬恒・坂上是則・紀貫之であるが他に宇多法皇・伊勢・大中臣頼基の歌も含まれていた。
English: FUJIWARA no Tadafusa was appointed a hanja, but he was absent that day, so Cloistered Emperor Uda himself judged which tanka was better than the other.
Japanese: 判者は藤原忠房が任じられていたが、当日不参のため法皇が直接判を下した。
English: At present, there exist two kinds of shohon on Teiji-in uta-awase; that is, the work in 10 volumes that seems to be a prototype, and the work in 20 volumes that is said to have been modeled after the first one in later days.
Japanese: 現存の証本には原型と考えられる10巻本と後世のものとされる20巻本がある。
English: It is considered to be a synonym of 'Namazamurai', which appeared in "Okagami" (Great Mirror; a historical tale), and in diaries such as "Chuyuki" (The Diary of a Court Official) and "Meigetsuki" (Chronicle of the Bright Moon), and stories such as "Konjaku monogatari shu" (Tales of a Time Now Past), "Kokon chomon ju" (A collection of Tales Heard, Past and Present), "Heike monogatari" (Tale of the Heike), and "Ujishui monogatari" (Tales of the Uji Collection).
Japanese: 『大鏡』に登場する「なまざむらい」と同義語とされ、『中右記』や『明月記』などの日記類、『今昔物語集』・『古今著聞集』・『平家物語』・『宇治拾遺物語』の物語類などにも登場する。
English: The position first appeared in around the 11th century when the samurai rank system was created, and it fulfilled the role of serving the household institution of court nobles, however, it ranked under Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) who would raise to Shii (Fourth Rank) or Goi (Fifth Rank), mainly placed at Rokui (Sixth Rank) (rarely, some rose to Goi).
Japanese: 11世紀の侍階層出現の頃より現れて公家の家政機関に奉仕する役目を担うが、四位・五位へ昇進する諸大夫より下位に置かれて、基本的には六位に置かれていた（稀に五位に昇る者が存在した）。
English: It is believed that the word 'Aozamurai' originated from the fact that costumes for those at Rokui rank were of hanada (medium blue); besides, based on the connotations of blue, that is to say "immature," 'Aozamurai' also meant a young or low ranking samurai.
Japanese: 六位層は位袍の色が青系の縹であったことから、「青侍」という語が生じたと言われ、また青が持つ“未熟”という意味から年若いあるいは位階の低い侍の意味も有したとされている。
English: In the late Medieval period, with the mandokoro (Administrative Office) and Ie no tsukasa (house steward) system that constituted mandokoro being broken up by the court, those of the court nobles at the level of vassals were to be reassigned to retainers, mainly including shodaibu and Aozamurai; however, the court nobles at the lower and middle levels who could not have vassals at shodaibu rank had only Aozamurai constituting their vassals and managing their households, whereas Aozamurai and vassals were treated as synonyms in some cases (according to "Noritoki Kyo ki" [The Diary of Noritoki YAMASHINA]).
Japanese: ただし、公家社会において政所及びこれを構成する家司の制度が解体された中世後期に入ると、公家の家臣層も諸大夫と青侍を中心とする家僕に再編成されることになるが、諸大夫を持てない中下層公家では青侍のみで家僕が構成されて公家家政を運営するようになり、青侍と家僕が同義語として扱われる場合もあった（『教言卿記』など）。
English: It was known that, in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), when the Emperor or Sekkan (regents and advisers) was to issue hosho paper (edict paper) to make a command regarding low ranked people, the benkan (Council of State) who received the order commanded his own Aozamurai to issue the hosho paper, which was called Aozamurai hosho (according to the diaries "Chikanaga Kyo ki" [The Diary of Chikanaga KANROJI], "Nobutane Kyo ki [The Diary of Nobutane NAKANOMIKADO] and "Sanetaka ko ki" [The Diary of Sanetaka SANJONISHI]).
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には天皇や摂関などが身分が低い者に対して命令を下すための奉書を発給する際にこれを承った弁官などが自己の青侍に命じて奉書を発給させた青侍奉書が存在したことが知られている（『親長卿記』・『宣胤卿記』・『実隆公記』など）。
English: "Aoso-za" refers to "za" (the guild) of "aoso" (Boehmeria nipononivea, a fiber material for clothing), which was established in the later middle ages of Japan.
Japanese: 青苧座（あおそざ）とは中世後期に繊維素材である青苧を扱う商人たちで結成された座のこと。
English: Well-known major aoso-za existed in Echigofuchu (the then aoso-producing area, now part of Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture), in Omi Sakamoto (the then midpoint of the aoso distribution network, now part of Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture), and in Kyoto and in the area now called Tennoji Ward, Osaka (then both aoso-consuming cities).
Japanese: 主要なものとして越後府中（生産地）・近江坂本（中継地）・京都・天王寺区（ともに消費地）が知られている。
English: But at least, it must have been established before the position of "honjo" (proprietor or guarantor of manor) was transferred around 1383 from the Ogimachisanjo family to the Sanjonishi family (relatives of the Ogimachisanjo family).
Japanese: しかし少なくとも、南北朝時代(日本)末期の永徳3年（1383年）頃に本所が正親町三条家から同族の三条西家に譲渡される以前と考えられる。