nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Under the seclusion policy, foreign trades were mainly limited to those with China at the Chinese residential area in Nagasaki, and with the Netherlands at Dejima island, but also through Tsushima Domain, trade with Yi Dynasty of Korea was authorized by the shogunate government at the consular office (wakan).
Japanese: 貿易は鎖国政策を布いていたために、主流は長崎市の唐人屋敷における中国、出島におけるオランダとの交易であるが、対馬藩を仲介した李氏朝鮮との倭館での交易も幕府の公認を受けたものだった。
English: There were several loopholes, for example, intermediary trade with China and Southeast Asia through Ryukyu under the control of Satsuma Domain and trade with Ainu and Russia through the Matsumae Domain.
Japanese: 抜け道もいくつか存在し、薩摩藩の支配下にあった琉球を通じた中国、東南アジアとの仲介貿易、松前藩を介したアイヌ・ロシアとの交易などがおこなわれていた。
English: While there might be some exceptions, they were all protected carefully in foreign countries, and then returned to Japan after learning foreign knowledge.
Japanese: 例外もあるだろうが、かれらは一応に外国の手厚い保護を受け外国の知識を得て日本に帰国した。
English: Kodayu DAIKOKUYA, who drifted to Russia and presented to Catherine II of Russia at the end of the 18th century, and Manjiro NAKAHAMA (John Manjiro), who would play an active role at the end of Edo period, were one of them.
Japanese: 18世紀末に、ロシアに漂流しエカチェリーナ2世に謁見した大黒屋光太夫や、幕末に活躍する中浜万次郎（ジョン万次郎）もその一人である。
English: After the settling of the warring period, the Edo period saw the social stability and peace and the revitalization of economy, and people began to speack freely to lead flourishing various studies.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、戦乱が静まり社会が安定し平和になったことと経済活動が活発になったことにより人びとの言論活動も活発になり多様な学問が開花した。
English: One of characteristics of studies in the Edo period was the appearance of the positivistic approachs based on written materials, which was different from those in the medieval times laying stress on the intuitional and associational thoughts of the researcher.
Japanese: 江戸時代の学問の特徴としては、研究者個人の直感的、連想的な思考を軸とする中世的な発想で研究を進めるのではなく、文献などに基づき実証的に研究するという態度が現れたことが挙げられる。
English: Thus, the Edo period is historically defined as the early-modern times, which is no longer the medieval but not yet the modern times.
Japanese: このように、中世を離れ近代に近い時期として、江戸時代は歴史の上で近世と定義されている。
English: In the middle of Edo period, many domain schools were established in various places as one part of domain reform.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期になると、藩政改革の一環としての藩校開学が各地で行われるようになる。
English: However, some of these schools taught medicine and western technologies, and further, even accepted common people.
Japanese: しかし、一部には医術や西洋技術を講義し、さらに庶民までも受講対象となるところもあった。
English: For common people, the intellectual class such as Buddhist monks gathered children of common people together, and taught them basic reading and writing.
Japanese: 庶民レベルでは僧侶ら知識階級が庶民らの子どもを集めて基本的な読み書きを教えた。
English: The increase of such private elementary schools (terakoya) contributed to raise the literacy rate of Japan, which became a driving force to support modernization from the end of the Edo to the Meiji period.
Japanese: この寺子屋が増えていったことで日本の識字率が高まっていき、幕末から明治にかけての近代化を支える原動力となった。
English: In big cities such as Kyoto and Osaka, private schools, such as Kogido school opened by Jinsai ITO, had existed since early in the Edo period, but after around the middle of the Edo period, private schools called village schools appeared in rural areas.
Japanese: また、京都や大坂などの大きな町では江戸時代初期から伊藤仁斎が古義堂を開くなど私塾を構えるところもあったが、江戸中期くらいから郷村で村塾といわれる私塾が出てきた。
English: Haikai: Teitoku MATSUNAGA (Teimon-style haiku poetry), Soin NISHIYAMA (Danrin-style haiku poetry), Basho MATSUO (Bahso-style haiku poetry), Buson YOSA, and Issa KOBAYASHI
Japanese: 俳諧：松永貞徳（貞門俳諧）、西山宗因（談林俳諧）、松尾芭蕉（蕉風俳諧）、与謝蕪村、小林一茶
English: Actors: Danjuro ICHIKAWA, Sanemon ARASHI the first, Tojuro SAKATA, Kikunojo SEGAWA the third, Kikugoro ONOE the third, and Koshiro MATSUMOTO the fifth
Japanese: 役者：市川團十郎、嵐三右衛門(初代)、坂田藤十郎、瀬川菊之丞(3代目)、尾上菊五郎(3代目)、松本幸四郎(5代目)
English: Temples and shrines: the reconstructions of the main hall of Kiyomizu-dera Temple, the five-story pagoda of To-ji Temple, Manpuku-ji Temple, the main hall of Zenko-ji Temple, the the Great Buddha Hall of Todaij-ji Temple, the main hall of Izumo-taisha Shrine, and the main hall of Kasuga-taisha Shrine
Japanese: 寺社：清水寺本堂、東寺の五重塔、萬福寺、善光寺本堂、東大寺大仏殿、出雲大社本殿、春日神社本殿の改築
English: Japanese-style painting (pictures on partitions): Kano school (Tanyu KANO), Rinpa school (Sotatsu TAWARAYA and Korin OGATA), Hoitsu SAKAI, and Tosa school (Mitsuki TOSA)
Japanese: 日本画（障壁画）：狩野派（狩野探幽）、琳派（俵屋宗達、尾形光琳）、酒井抱一、土佐派（土佐光起）
English: Ukiyoe: Moronobu HISHIKAWA, Harunobu SUZUKI, Kiyonaga TORII, Utamaro KITAGAWA, Sharaku TOSHUSAI, Hokusai KATSUSHIKA, Hiroshige UTAGAWA, Toyokuni UTAGAWA, and Kunisada UTAGAWA
Japanese: 浮世絵：菱川師宣、鈴木春信、鳥居清長、喜多川歌麿、東洲斎写楽、葛飾北斎、歌川広重、歌川豊国、歌川国貞
English: Western Painting: Gennai HIRAGA, Kokan SHIBA, Denzen AODO, Naotake ODANO, Shozan SATAKE, and Yoshimi SATAKE
Japanese: 西洋画：平賀源内、司馬江漢、亜欧堂田善、小田野直武、佐竹曙山、佐竹義躬
English: Ceramics ware: Arita Ware (Kakiemon SAKAIDA), Kyoto Ware (Jinsei NONOMURA), Kutani Ware, Seto Ware, and Hagi Ware
Japanese: 陶磁器：有田焼（酒井田柿右衛門）、京焼（野々村仁清）、九谷焼、瀬戸焼、萩焼
English: Plants for classical gardening: camellia, cherry tree, peony, Chinese peony, Japanese plum, azalea, chrysanthemum, maple tree, pink, morning glory, Lychnis senno, primula, Japanese iris, rohdea, Ardisia crispa, Ardisia crenata, Ardisia japonica, Psilotum nudum, Dendrobium moniliforme, Neofinetia falcata, Davallia mariesii, Chinese wild ginger, Adonis ramosa, and dandelion
Japanese: 古典園芸植物：ツバキ、サクラ、ボタン(植物)、シャクヤク、ウメ、ツツジ、キク、カエデ、ナデシコ、アサガオ、センノウ、サクラソウ、ハナショウブ、オモト、カラタチバナ、マンリョウ、ヤブコウジ、松葉蘭、長生蘭、富貴蘭、シノブ、細辛、フクジュソウ、タンポポ
English: Entertainment: cherry blossom viewing, shell gathering, fireworks in the Japanese history, viewing of autumnal leaves, Edo's three licensed kabuki theaters, grand sumo tournament, visit to Naritasan Shinsho-ji Temple, and pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine)
Japanese: 娯楽：花見、潮干狩り、花火日本での歴史、紅葉紅葉狩り、江戸三座、大相撲、成田参詣、お伊勢参り
English: Confucianism developed not as a religion but rather as a study, and from the beginning to the middle of Edo period, the doctrines of Zhu Xi (the shushigaku school) and the teaching of Wan Yangming (the yomeigaku school) became popular.
Japanese: 儒教は日本においてはむしろ儒学として発展し、江戸時代初期から中頃にかけて朱子学や陽明学が盛んになった。
English: Buddhism was not so popular in general because it was used by the shogunate government as a ruling measure of people (the parishioner system) as a part of religious policies.
Japanese: 仏教は、幕府の宗教政策の一貫として民衆支配の方策として用いられたために（檀家制度）一概に不振だった。
English: Buddhism community became corrupt, and so-called 'funeral Buddhism' was established around this time.
Japanese: 仏教内部も腐敗し、いわゆる「葬式仏教」が成立したのもこの時期だった。
English: The fuju-fuse (no receiving and no giving) group of the Nichiren sect, which was determined to be a heresy by the Oda government and Tokugawa shogunate, was cracked down on completely.
Japanese: 織田政権や徳川幕府より邪宗とされた日蓮宗不受不施派は徹底的に弾圧された。
English: With respect to Shinto, reactionary Shintoism excluding Confucianism and Buddhism was advocated along with the development of the study of Japanese classics, and the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism started in some part.
Japanese: 神道では国学の隆盛に伴い、儒仏を廃した復古神道が唱えられ、一部では神仏分離が始まった。
English: Reactionary Shintoism excluded teachings of Confucianism and Buddhism, while there appeared Confucian Shintoism, or the syncretic fusion of Shintoism and Confucianism, such as Suika Shintoism.
Japanese: 復古神道は儒教や仏教の教えを排除したが、一方では、神道と儒教が習合した神儒一致の垂加神道などの儒教神道が現れた。
English: At the end of Edo period, reactionary Shintoism and Suika Shintoism also had an influence on the thought of reverence for the emperor as well as on policies in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 復古神道や垂加神道は幕末の尊王思想にも影響を与え、明治期の政策にも影響を与えた。
English: Since the power of the imperial court was restored by the Meiji Restoration, pro-Imperial shrines were built in various places (for example, Minatogawa-jinja Shrine was also built at around this time), and Imperial mausoleums were authorized in various places.
Japanese: 明治維新で朝廷権力が復活したために、各地で勤皇の神社が建立され（湊川神社もこの頃）、天皇陵が各地で定められた。
English: Since the edict expelling the European missionaries (bateren) by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Christianity called Yasokyo had been regulated severely all through the Edo period.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉による伴天連追放令の流れを受け、耶蘇教と呼ばれたキリスト教は江戸時代のほとんどを通じて徹底した取締りを受けた。
English: Since Christianity was also brought from England and Portugal which were trading countries in the early Edo period, the ban was never completed.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期は交易国であったイギリスやポルトガルなどからもキリスト教が伝えられたため、禁止令も徹底されなかった。
English: However, along with the reinforcement of the seclusion policy, the crackdown on Christianity was strengthened, and a mass execution known as 'mass martyrdom in Genna era' was executed in Nishizaka of Nagasaki City in 1622.
Japanese: しかし鎖国政策をおめるにつれてキリスト教の弾圧が強化され、には長崎市西坂で「元和の大殉教」として知られる大量処刑が行われた。
English: In the period of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, three major policies were established: the establishment of a feudal system, thoroughness of national isolation, and a ban against Christianity, which forced Christians to choose either martyrdom or renunciation.
Japanese: 三代将軍徳川家光の時代には、封建制度の確立、鎖国の徹底、キリシタンの禁止が三大政策となり、キリスト教徒は殉教か棄教のいずれかを選択せざるを得なくなった。
English: After the Shimabara War that occured in 1637, surveillance over Christians was set up across the country, and through the temple-parishioner system they were prosecuted.
Japanese: におきた島原の乱後は全国でキリシタン取締りが徹底され、寺請制度などの制度によってキリシタンを摘発した。
English: The imperial decree of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor is an imperial decree established on October 23, 1868 (the Gregorian calendar) at the same time of changing Keio year 4 to Meiji gannen (Year of 1868) and it is a system for assigning one era name for each Emperor's reign.
Japanese: 一世一元の詔（いっせいいちげんのみことのり）は、慶応4年9月8日(旧暦)（グレゴリオ暦1868年10月23日）、慶応4年を改めて明治元年とするとともに、天皇一代に元号一つという一世一元の制を定めた詔。
English: The era name changed to Taisho in July 1912, following the accession (to the throne) by the Emperor Taisho and it changed to Showa in December 1926, following the accession (to the throne) by the Emperor Showa.
Japanese: 1912年7月に大正天皇践祚による大正への改元、1926年12月に昭和天皇践祚による昭和への改元がされている。
English: Index to Laws in Japan, run by the National Diet Library, mentions that the imperial decree of the practice of assigning one era name to the reign of each Emperor was lost its effectiveness by the Era Name Law which was established in 1979.
Japanese: 国立国会図書館が運営する日本法令索引では、1979年に元号法制定によって一世一元の詔は実効性喪失と記載している。
English: Although I am not perfect, I am honored to take on this assignment with the help of the spirit from the past Emperors and I will serve my role in all affairs of the state's politics myself.'
Japanese: 「朕、否徳と雖も、幸に祖宗の霊に頼り、祇みて鴻緒を承け、躬万機の政を親す。」
English: Charter Oath of Five Articles was basic policy of the Meiji government represented to Kugyo (court nobles) and lords by the Emperor Meiji (15 years old at that time) on April 6, 1868.
Japanese: 五箇条の御誓文（ごかじょうのごせいもん）とは、明治元年3月14日(旧暦)（1868年4月6日）に明治天皇（当時15歳）が公卿や諸侯などに示した明治政府の基本方針。
English: From the beginning of inauguration, the New Meiji Government advocated fair discussion and sought national policy as the concrete measure.
Japanese: 明治新政府は発足当初から公議を標榜し、その具体的方策としての国是を模索していた。
English: New Year in 1868, Sanyo (councilor), Kosei YURI from Fukui Domain made up Gijinoteitaii Five Articles which was partially similar to Senchu hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO) and submitted to gijo (official post) and vice-president, Tomomi IWAKURA through Sanyo, Michitomi HIGASHIKUZE.
Japanese: 明治元年正月、福井藩出身の参与由利公正が、坂本龍馬の船中八策と似ている部分が多い議事之体大意五箇条を起案し、参与東久世通禧を通じて議定兼副総裁の岩倉具視に提出した。
English: Because Seido torishirabe Sanyo (Councilor in charge of examining regulations) Takachika FUKUOKA added words 'setting up a council by feudal lords' at the beginning of the first article of the Yuri gokajo (Five Articles designed by Yuri) and the title was changed to "kaimei" (pledge of feudal lords), it stepped back to feudalistic direction and the mood of pledge of feudal lords deepened.
Japanese: 制度取調参与の福岡孝弟は、この由利五箇条に対して第一条冒頭に「列侯会議を興し」の字句を入れるなどして封建的な方向へ後退させ、表題も会盟に改めたため、列侯会盟の色彩が非常に強くなった。
English: Fukuoka also requested the Emperor's and lords's commitment to kaimei as an announcement.
Japanese: さらに福岡は発表の形式として天皇と諸侯が共に会盟を約する形を提案した。
English: However this 'kaimei' which treated equally the Emperor and lords was criticized that it was against the principle of Restoration of Imperial Rule.
Japanese: しかし、この「会盟」形式は、天皇と諸侯とを対等に扱うものであり王政復古(日本)の理念に反するという批判にさらされた。
English: Therefore general bureau adviser Takayoshi KIDO proposed another form that the emperor pray to tenjinchigi (the gods of heaven and earth) as leader of Kugyo and lords, then pledge and sign together with them, and the proposal was adopted.
Japanese: そこで、総裁局顧問の木戸孝允が、天皇が天神地祗（てんじんちぎ。分かり易く言えば神）を祀り、神前で公卿・諸侯を率いている状態で共に誓いかつ全員が署名するという形式を提案し、採用されることとなった。
English: At that time, Takayoshi KIDO changed 'setting up a council by feudal lords' in the first article of Fukuoka's draft to 'setting up deliberative assemblies widely' and deleted the article 5 which restricted the term of 'choshi' (official) and added newly the article 4 of Kido's final draft and put the order of the whole five articles in proper order and the contents became more universal by those big changes.
Japanese: その際、木戸孝允は、福岡案第一条の「列侯会議を興し」を「広ク会議ヲ興シ」に改め、「徴士」の任用期間を制限していた福岡案第五条を削除して木戸最終案第四条を新たに組み込み、五箇条の順序を体裁良く整え直すなどして大幅に変更を加え、より普遍的な内容にした。
English: Also gijo (official post) and a vice-president Sanetomi SANJO changed 'kaimei' of the title of Fukuoka's draft to 'oath,' therefore Five Articles by Kido was called 'Seimon,' 'Goseimon,' 'Gokajo Seimon,' or 'Gokajo no Goseimon.'
Japanese: また、議定兼副総裁の三条実美も福岡案表題の「会盟」を「誓」に修正したため、木戸による五箇条が「誓文」「御誓文」「五箇条誓文」「五箇条の御誓文」と呼ばれるようになった。
English: This Kido gokajo (Five Articles designed by Kido) was approved by the Emperor Meiji as Japanese national policy to be declared to the world and was pledged on March 14, 1868 just as Kido targeted to ensure the large scale of Imperial court to the world.
Japanese: この木戸五箇条が天下に布告すべき日本の国是として明治天皇の裁可を受け、1868年（慶応4年）3月14日、朝廷の規模の大きさを天下に確定させんとする木戸の狙い通り、誓約された。
English: Kido stated later that he aimed 'to pledge with kohaku (nobles), show the direction for people and give the lords of domains responsibilities.'
Japanese: 木戸は後日、「天下の侯伯と誓い、億兆の向ふ所を知らしめ、藩主をして其責に任ぜんと欲し」たと述べている。
English: The original of Charter Oath was written by Arisugawanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito who gave the Emperor instructions in calligraphy on royal command of the Emperor Meiji on March 13 (old lunar calendar) and shown in the ceremony, Tenjinchigigoseisai (the gods of heaven and earth festival for oath) held at the main building, Kyoto Imperial Palace Shishinden hall on March 14 (old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 御誓文は明治天皇の勅命によって、3月13日(旧暦)に天皇の書道指南役であった有栖川宮幟仁親王の手で正本が揮毫され、翌3月14日(旧暦)、京都御所の正殿である京都御所紫宸殿で行われた天神地祇御誓祭という儀式によって示された。
English: After Jingikan (officer of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony) performed ceremonies of salt water, sanmai (throwing rice), kamioroshi kami uta (God's song of seance) and offering, the Emperor arrived.
Japanese: 神祇官が塩水行事、散米行事、神おろし神歌、献供の儀式を行った後、天皇が出御。
English: The copy of Charter Oath' was in the Daijokan nittshi with Ordinance and response paper, and also the program of Tenjinchigigoseisai, saimon and shinkan were put on before and after the article.
Japanese: 太政官日誌には「御誓文之御写」が勅語と奉答書とともに掲載されたほか、その前後には天神地祇御誓祭の式次第と御祭文や御宸翰が掲載された。
English: At that time Daijokan nittshi was available at urban book stores, but not distributed in the rural areas yet and to the general public Gobo no keiji (five edict boards) taking over traditional policies of bakufu such as a ban of Christianity was posted.
Japanese: 当時の太政官日誌は都市の書店で一般に発売されていたが、各農村にまで配布されておらず、一般国民に対しては、キリスト教の禁止など幕府の旧来の政策を踏襲する五榜の掲示が出された。
English: In April 1868, the Constitution of the New Meiji Government regime declared 'to define Charter Oath as the objectives, establish new national policy, systems and regulations' and consequently quoted whole texts of Five Articles.
Japanese: 明治元年閏4月に明治新政府の政治体制を定めた政体書は、劈頭で「大いに斯国是を定め制度規律を建てるは御誓文を以て目的とす」と掲げ、続いて御誓文の五箇条全文を引用した。
English: The Constitution of 1868 was affected by the American Constitution, separation of powers (of administration, legislation, and judicature), gosen (mutual election) of government posts, and the introduction of domain parliament were stated and local administration was considered 'shall abide by Charter Oath.'
Japanese: 政体書は、アメリカ憲法の影響を受けたものであり、三権分立や官職の互選、藩代表議会の設置などが定められ、また、地方行政は「御誓文を体すべし」とされた。
English: Other than those, on the declaration of April 12 in the same year it ordered domains to proceed with reform such as selection for talented people based on the purpose of Charter Oath.
Japanese: このほか、同年4月12日の布告では、諸藩に対して御誓文の趣旨に沿って人材抜擢などの改革を進めることを命じている。
English: Also in kokuyusho (document of official notice) to people in various places, Charter Oath was quoted in some cases.
Japanese: また、各地の人民に対して出された告諭書にも御誓文を部分的に引用する例がある。
English: For example, in August 1868, 'official notice to shimin (warrior and ordinary people) of Ou region stated 'All affairs of State shall be referred to public opinion through general conferences because affairs of state shall not belong to a single person' based on the first article of Charter Oath, in October of the same year, 'an outline of official notice to residents in Kyoto Prefecture stated 'The government and the people shall act in harmony to accomplish one's aspiration' based on the third article of Charter Oath.
Japanese: 例えば、明治元年8月の「奥羽士民に対する告諭」は御誓文の第一条を元に「広く会議を興し万機公論に決するは素より天下の事一人の私する所にあらざればなり」と述べ、同年10月の「京都府下人民告諭大意」は第三条を元に「上下心を一にし、末々に至るまで各其志を遂げさせ」と述べている。
English: The system based on the Constitution of 1868 was undermined and moreover in 1871 centralization was established by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) and the importance of Charter Oath began to fade.
Japanese: その後、政体書体制がなし崩しになり、さらには明治4年（1871年）の廃藩置県により中央集権が確立するに至り、御誓文の存在意義が薄れかけた。
English: On April 1, 1872, when Iwakura Mission was staying in Washington, Charter Oath came to an issue.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）4月1日、岩倉使節団がワシントン滞在中、御誓文の話題になった。
English: Takayoshi KIDO said 'That's right. That happened. Do you still remember the Charter Oath?' and seemed to have forgotten the existence.
Japanese: 木戸孝允は「なるほど左様なことがあった。その御誓文を今覚えておるか」と言い、その存在を忘れていた模様である。
English: Takayoshi KIDO was given a copy of Charter Oath at that time and on the next day he said 'I read that Charter Oath carefully more than once and found it remarkable. The main idea shouldn't be changed. I support it with my life as long as I'm alive.'
Japanese: この時、御誓文の写しを貰った木戸孝允は翌日には「かの御誓文は昨夜反復熟読したが、実によくできておる。この御主意は決して改変してはならぬ。自分の目の黒い間は死を賭しても支持する」と語った。
English: In 1875, it was declared in Rikkenseitai no Shosho (An imperial edict for the establishment of the constitutional system of government) issued on the initiative of Takayoshi KIDO, 'expand the main idea of Charter Oath…gradually establish constitutional state.'
Japanese: 1875年（明治8年）、木戸孝允の主導により出された立憲政体の詔書で「誓文の意を拡充して...漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て」と宣言。
English: While the Freedom and People's Rights Movement was growing, Charter Oath was accepted generally as a pledge of realization of constitutional government.
Japanese: 自由民権運動が高まる中、御誓文は立憲政治の実現を公約したものとして一般に受け止められるようになった。
English: Especially the first article 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by open discussion' was not intended for popularly-elected parliament at the beginning, but later it was considered as a basis of introduction of popularly-elected parliament.
Japanese: 特に第一条「広く会議を興し万機公論に決すべし」は、当初は民選議会を意図したものではなかったが、後に民選議会を開設すべき根拠とされた。
English: For example, 'petition to establish the Diet' drawn up by Emori UEKI in April 1880 and submitted by Kenkichi KATAOKA and Hironaka KONO is well-known.
Japanese: 例えば、1880年（明治13年）4月に植木枝盛が起草し片岡健吉・河野広中らが提出した「国会を開設するの允可を上願する書」が著名である。
English: Until Imperial Diet was introduced based on Meiji Constitution, the Freedom and People's Rights group criticized the government repeatedly demanding realization of Charter Oath.
Japanese: 明治憲法制定により帝国議会が開設されるまでの間、自由民権派は御誓文の実現を求めて政府に対する批判を繰り返した。
English: After the war, provisions of Charter Oath was quoted in Humanity declaration of the Emperor Showa on January 1, 1946.
Japanese: 戦後、1946年（昭和21年）1月1日の昭和天皇の人間宣言で、御誓文の条文が引用されている。
English: When the Emperor Showa saw the draft of prime minister Kijuro SHIDEHARA led by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) for the first time, the Emperor said 'it is fine, but to show that the Imperial Family has never been dictatorial, it that possible to add Charter Oath of Five Articles of the Emperor Meiji?' and it was added in haste under permission from GHQ.
Japanese: 昭和天皇は幣原喜重郎首相が連合国軍最高司令官総司令部に主導されて作成した草案を初めて見た際に、「これで結構だが、これまでも皇室が決して独裁的なものでなかったことを示すために、明治天皇の五箇条の御誓文を加えることはできないだろうか」と述べ、急遽GHQの許可を得て加えられることになった。
English: The emperor said later 'actually it was the purpose of the edict, so the divinity or other things came next. (snip) it was the emperor Meiji who adopted democracy. He also swore to God and issued Charter Oath of Five Articles, by which Meiji Constitution was made, so I think it was necessary to show that democracy was not imported.'
Japanese: 天皇は後に、「それが実は、あの詔書の一番の目的であって、神格とかそういうことは二の問題でした。（中略）民主主義を採用したのは明治大帝の思召しである。しかも神に誓われた。そうして五箇条御誓文を発して、それが基となって明治憲法ができたんで、民主主義というものは決して輸入物ではないということを示す必要が大いにあったと思います。」と語っている。
English: On June 25, 1946, at the beginning of consideration of the Constitution of Japan in the Lower House, Prime Minister Shigeru YOSHIDA referred to Charter Oath.
Japanese: 1946年（昭和21年）6月25日、衆議院本会議における日本国憲法案の審議の初め、当時の吉田茂首相は御誓文に言及した。
English: As the example above, shortly after the war, the ruling class claimed that Charter Oath of Five Articles was the principle of democracy.
Japanese: このように敗戦後の初期には支配層は五箇条の御誓文は民主主義の原理であると主張した。
English: The Emperor Meiji called that just 'seimon' (Charter Oath), (for example in Rikkenseitai no Shosho in 1875).
Japanese: 明治天皇自身がこれを呼ぶときは単に「誓文」という（例えば1875年の立憲政体の詔書）。
English: This article was the fifth in the Yuri draft, but it was changed to the first by Fukuoka.
Japanese: この条文は、由利案では第五条であったが、福岡によって第一条に移された。
English: Fukuoka himself looked back that it was because he thought 'establishment of lords conference is the first work to be done.'
Japanese: その理由は「諸侯会議を以て第一着の事業と考え」たためと福岡自身が回顧している。
English: (Base on "The origin of Charter Oath of Five Articles and the Constitution of 1868" written by Takachika FUKUOKA in 1919)
Japanese: （福岡孝弟『五箇条御誓文と政体書の由来に就いて』1919年に依る。)
English: Regarding the first part 'Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established,' in the Yuri draft there was no word equivalent to 'assembly' and in the revised draft of Fukuoka 'Council by feudal lords' appeared and at the final stage it was revised to 'widely established deliberative assemblies.'
Japanese: 前段の「広く会議を興し」については、由利案には「会議」に相当する語はなく、福岡の修正案で「列侯会議」の語があらわれ、これが最終段階で「広く会議」と修正された。
English: Fukuoka was asked in later years 'Were you also going to get common people engaged in this assemblies at that time?' and he answered 'It can be interpreted so in retrospect, but I'm ashamed to say, I was not thinking about that at that time' 'Widely didn't mean holding assemblies by gathering people's opinions widely, but holding assemblies widely through all prefectures.'
Japanese: 福岡は後年「この時平民までも此議会に与らしめる御つもりであったか」と問われ、「それは後から考えればそうも解釈されるが、御恥ずかしい話ですが当時私はまだその考えはなかったです」「広くとは人々の意見を広く集めて会議するというのではなく府藩県にわたりて広く何処にも会議を興すという義です」と答えた。
English: However the vague revision to 'widely established deliberative assemblies' not restricting 'councils by feudal lords' was extended later by civil rights advocates as the authority to establish popularly-elected parliament, being far from the original intentions of drafters.
Japanese: しかしながら、ここを「列侯会議」に限定せずに漠然と「広く会議」に改めたことは、後に起草者たちの意図を離れ、民権論者によって民選議会を開設すべき根拠として拡張解釈されるようになった。
English: 公論' (open discussion) is a synonym or abbreviation of '公議輿論' which means 'everyone's opinion' or 'open discussion.'
Japanese: 「公論」は公議と同義、または公議輿論の略語であり、「みんなの意見」または「公開された議論」といったような意味である。
English: It seems that the phrase '万機公論に決すべし(all matters decided by open discussion)' was adopted from '万機宜しく公議に決すへし (all matters decided by open discussion)' of Senchu hassaku (the basic outline of the new regime) (in 1867) drawn up by Ryoma SAKAMOTO who was a friend of Yuri.
Japanese: 「万機公論に決すべし」の語句は、由利と親交のあった坂本竜馬の船中八策（慶応三年六月）に「万機宜しく公議に決すへし」とあり、ここから採られたものとみられる。
English: In the draft of Yuri it was written first 'banki kogi' (万機公議) and later revised to 'banki koron' (万機公論).
Japanese: 由利の草稿では、初めは「万機公議」と書き、後で「万機公論」と改めている。