nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However this does not prove that Tomokuyu existed in the 5th century, and it seems that the name of Nashiro and Koshiro were changed to Tomokuyu to adapt to a system in the Heian period.
Japanese: しかしこれは、5世紀に湯沐邑があった証拠にはならず、名代・子代を平安時代の制度に呼び替えたものと思われる。
English: Volume 28 of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), which is called 'Jinsinki', recorded the First Year of Emperor Tenmu (672) and most of its sections were allotted to the Jinshin War.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』巻28、いわゆる「壬申紀」は、天武天皇元年（672年）の一年間を記し、そのほとんどを壬申の乱にあてる。
English: The word 'Tomokuyu' itself is not seen in the chronicles but since the words 'Tomoku' and 'Yunonagashi' were derived from Tomokuyu, the original Tomokuyu is considered to have existed at that time.
Japanese: 「湯沐邑」という語そのものは見えないが、「湯沐」や「湯沐令」は湯沐邑から派生した語なので、元となる湯沐邑もあったと考えられる。
English: Because the Tang Dynasty, which conquered China at the age, had no Tomokuyu, Japanese 'Tomokuyu' seems to have been introduced from a system in the age of the Han dynasty.
Japanese: その時代に中国を支配した唐王朝に湯沐邑はなかったので、日本の「湯沐邑」は漢代の制度からとったと思われる。
English: Prince Oama sent an envoy to O no Honji, a Yunonagashi of Ahachimanokoori (Anpachi District), on June 22, two days before he took action by himself, and ordered him to raise an army to block the road of Fuwa.
Japanese: 大海人皇子は自ら行動を起こす2日前、6月22日に使者を出し、安八磨郡（安八郡）の湯沐令（ゆのうながし）の多品治に兵を挙げて不破道を塞ぐよう命じた。
English: Following this order, 3000 soldiers of Mino Province blocked the road for Prince Oama by the 25th.
Japanese: これを受けて25日までに美濃の兵3000が大海人皇子のために不破道をふさいだ。
English: One theory is that soldiers were said to be from Tomokuyu and in another theory the soldiers are from the whole Mino Province, but with either theory, it is certain that Tomokuyu of Ahachimanokoori raised the army first.
Japanese: この兵を湯沐邑の兵力とみる説と、美濃国全体の兵力とする説とがあるが、いずれの場合でも安八磨郡の湯沐邑が真っ先に軍事行動を起こしたことは確実である。
English: On the 24th, near Uda public office on the way to Ise Province, Prince Oama happened to see 50 draft horses which carried rice of Tomokuyu to Ise Province.
Japanese: 24日、皇子は伊勢に向かう途中で、莬田郡家のそばで湯沐の米を運ぶ伊勢国の駄50匹に会った。
English: On the 25th, MIYAKE no Iwatoko, a head of local officers,; MIWA no Kobito, a vice-head of the local officers,; TANAKA no Tarimaro and TAKATA no Niinomi, Yunonagashi, met Prince Oama at Suzuka public office in Ise Province.
Japanese: 25日、伊勢の鈴鹿郡家で、国司守の三宅石床、介の三輪子首、湯沐令の田中足麻呂、高田新家が出迎えた。
English: Taking into account a scale of Jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) under the later Ritsuryo system, Tomokuyu at that time seems to have not been a part of Ahachimanokoori but a whole district, and range of the district included later Ikeda District, possibly wider.
Japanese: 後の律令制の下での食封の規模をあてはめれば、湯沐邑は安八磨郡の一部ではなく、郡全体にあたるのではないかと考えられ、その郡の範囲は後の池田郡を含み、さらに広かった可能性もある。
English: There is two theories about TANAKA no Tarimaro; one says he was the same Yunonagashi of Ahachimanokoori as O no Honji, another says there was the other Tomokuyu in Ise Province and he was there.
Japanese: 田中足麻呂については、多品治と同じく安八磨郡の湯沐邑の令だったとする説と、伊勢国に別の湯沐邑があったとする説がある。
English: Tomokuyu under the Ritsuryo system was only a source of revenue, but the Tomokuyu at that time are supposed to have had a close relationship with the Prince.
Japanese: 後の律令制の湯沐邑は収入源でしかないが、この頃の湯沐邑と皇子との関係には密接なものがあったと推察される。
English: Tomokuyu was set for Togu (crown prince) and Chugu (the Empress) in the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 律令制度では、東宮（皇太子）と中宮（皇后）のために湯沐邑が置かれた。
English: When Taiho Ritsuryo Code and Yoro Ritsuryo Code were established, 2000 houses of Tomokuyu may have been allotted for only Chugu and later 2000 houses may have been added for Togu.
Japanese: 大宝律令、養老律令制定時には中宮のみ2000戸の湯沐邑が置かれ、後になって東宮2000戸が追加されたらしい。
English: Imperial Prince Hachijo-no-miya Naohito (December 10, 1671 – September 19, 1689) was a member of the Imperial family who lived in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 八条宮尚仁親王（はちじょうのみやなおひとしんのう、寛文11年11月9日(旧暦)（1671年12月10日）-元禄2年8月6日(旧暦)（1689年9月19日））は江戸時代前期の皇族。
English: Saku-no-miya (August 12, 1689 - June 7, 1692) was a member of the Imperial family who lived in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 作宮（さくのみや、元禄2年6月27日(旧暦)（1689年8月12日）-元禄5年4月23日(旧暦)（1692年6月7日））は江戸時代中期の皇族。
English: His childhood name was Masanomiya, and in 1691 it was renamed Saku-no-miya.
Japanese: 幼少は最初、正宮（まさのみや）で元禄4年（1691年）作宮に改称した。
English: After the death of Imperial Prince Hachijo-no-miya Naohito who had no heir in September 1689, Saku-no-miya became the heir of Imperial Prince to succeed to the Miyake (house of an imperial prince) as designated by his father (the Emperor) in November of the same year, and was granted the Miyago (reigning name) of Tokiwai-no-miya.
Japanese: 元禄2年8月八条宮尚仁親王が継嗣となる王子のないまま薨去したため、父帝の命によって、親王の継嗣として同年10月宮家を相続し、常磐井宮の宮号を賜る。
English: Although Saku-no-miya succeeded to the Miyake, he did not live in the Miyake's residence, therefore sometimes he is not counted as a member of the Katsura-no-miya clan.
Japanese: 作宮については、宮家を継承しているが、宮家の屋敷に入っていなかったため、桂宮歴代に加えない場合もある。
English: Imperial Prince Kyogoku-no-miya Kinhito (February 18, 1733 – July 14, 1770) was a member of the Imperial family who lived in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 京極宮公仁親王（きょうごくのみやきんひとしんのう、享保18年1月5日(旧暦)（1733年2月18日）-明和7年6月22日(旧暦)（1770年7月14日））は江戸時代中期の日本の皇族。
English: He was called Wakamiya when young, and in 1741, he changed his name to Kosamaro.
Japanese: 幼称は若宮、後、寛保元年（1741年）胡佐麿（こさまろ）と改称する。
English: In 1754, he got married to Princess Shitsuko, the third daughter of Imperial Prince Kanin-no-miya Naohito, and succeeded to the family from Imperial Prince Yakahito.
Japanese: 翌宝暦4年（1754年）閑院宮直仁親王の第3王女室子女王と結婚し、家仁親王から家督を譲られる。
English: In 1756, Princess Shitsuko died and in 1759, he remarried Toshiko, a daughter of Munenao TOKUGAWA from the Kishu Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 宝暦6年（1756年）室子女王が薨去し、宝暦9年（1759年）紀州徳川家の徳川宗直の女寿子と再婚する。
English: His only biological child was Princess Masuko (later the wife of Harusada HITOTSUBASHI) by his first wife Princess Shitsuko.
Japanese: 実子は、最初の妃であった室子女王との間に儲けた在子（ますこ）女王（後に一橋治済室）一人だけであった。
English: However in 1789 Toshiko died and the Miyake (families allowed to have the status of Imperial family) lost its head.
Japanese: しかし、寛政元年（1789年）に寿子妃が死去し、宮家は空主となった。
English: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-miya Takehito (July 28, 1810 – July 7, 1811) was a member of the imperial family of Japan who lived in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 桂宮盛仁親王（かつらのみやたけひとしんのう、文化(元号)7年6月27日(旧暦)（1810年）-文化8年5月17日(旧暦)（1811年7月7日））は江戸時代後期の日本の皇族。
English: In September 1810, the prince became the head of the Kyogoku-no-miya famly under the order of his father, the Emperor Kokaku, and was granted Miyago (reigning name) of Katsura-no-miya.
Japanese: 文化7年（1810年）9月父帝光格天皇の命で京極宮を継承し、桂宮の宮号を賜る。
English: On July 6, 1811, he was given the title of Imperial Prince and renamed Takehito; however, he passed away on the following day.
Japanese: 翌文化8年（1811年）5月16日親王宣下を受け、盛仁と命名されるが、同月17日没。
English: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-miya Misahito (December 11, 1833 – April 20, 1836) was a member of the Japanese Imperial family who lived in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 桂宮節仁親王（かつらのみやみさひとしんのう、天保4年11月1日(旧暦)（1833年12月11日）-天保7年3月5日(旧暦)（1836年4月20日））は江戸時代後期の日本の皇族。
English: On April 19, 1836, he was given the title of Imperial Prince and renamed Misahito; however, he passed away on the following day.
Japanese: 天保7年（1836年）3月4日親王宣下を受け、節仁と命名されるが、翌日（実は同日）薨去。
English: The name Ichishihime no Okimi is not found in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) or "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which were thought to be the basic historical documents, but only appears as the princess of the Emperor Kobun in "Honcho koin jounroku" (the Emperor's family tree) which was edited after a long period of time.
Japanese: 壱志姫王の名は『日本書紀』『続日本紀』などの基本史料に確認出来ず、遥か時代を下った『本朝皇胤紹運録』に弘文天皇の女として見えるだけである。
English: There is an annotation in "Honcho koin jounroku" as this; 'Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade), and the mother was Mimimotoji, the daughter of Taishokkan (Holder of the Grand Crown), FUJIWARA no Kamatari,'so it is clear that her mother was Mimimotoji.
Japanese: 同書に付された「従四下、母大織冠（鎌足）女耳面刀自」の注記から、母は耳面刀自であることも分かる。
English: There is no description about Mimimotoji in any documents, but according to "Kaifuso" (Fond Recollections of Poetry), Kamatari gave his daughter marry to the Prince Otomo.
Japanese: 耳面刀自なる人物も他に見えないが、『懐風藻』大友皇子伝によれば、鎌足が娘を大友皇子に捧げたことがあるという。
English: She had been living after the enforcement of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) in 702 if the description of her official rank 'Jushiinoge' is creditable.
Japanese: 「従四下」の官位が信用出来れば、大宝(日本)2年（702年）の大宝律令施行以後も生存していたと推される。
English: The members of the Imperial Family at that time were usually named after their guardians, most of the time their menoto (wet nurse), and we can assume that Ichishihime no Okimi was dependent of the Ichishi no kimi clan (later Sukune [the third highest of the eight hereditary titles]) which emerged in Ichishi County, Ise Province.
Japanese: 当時の皇族の名は資養者の関係から命名され、乳母のウジが採られることが多いが、壱志姫王の場合も伊勢国一志郡に興る壱師君（後に宿禰）が扶養者であったと推測される。
English: The Imperial Princess Takata (674 - April 22, 728) was a princess of the Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 田形皇女（たかたのひめみこ、天武天皇3年（674年）-神亀5年（728年）3月5日）は、天武天皇の皇女。
English: On October 14, 706, the Princess Takata took over the position of Saio (an unmarried female relative of a Japanese emperor, serving at Ise Grand Shrine [Ise-jingu Shrine]) from the Princess Izumi, and left the capital for Ise Province.
Japanese: 慶雲3年（706年）8月29日、退下した泉皇女の跡を継ぐ形で斎王として伊勢に下向した。
English: It is not known exactly when she retired from Saio and returned to Heijo-kyo, but it is believed to be after the demise of the Emperor Monmu on July 22, 707.
Japanese: 退下して平城京に帰った時期は明らかではないが、おそらく慶雲4年（707年）の6月15日に文武天皇が崩御した後と思われる。
English: It is also unknown when, but after she returned to Heijo-kyo, she married Mutobe no o, and gave birth to the Princess KASA no Nui who grew up to be one of the great court poets.
Japanese: 時期は不明だが平城京に帰った後、六人部王と結婚し、後に歌人となる笠縫女王を生んだ。
English: There is no poetry by the Princess Takata found, but "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of poetry) contained the poems written by her husband, Mutobe no o and her daughter, the Princess KASA no Nui.
Japanese: 田形皇女自身は歌を残していないが、夫の六人部王と娘の笠縫女王の歌が『万葉集』に残されている。
English: The Imperial Princess Ota (year of birth unknown - c. March, 667) was one of the Imperial Family members during the Asuka period.
Japanese: 大田皇女（おおたのひめみこ、生年不詳-天智天皇6年（667年）2月(旧暦)頃）は、飛鳥時代の皇族。
English: The Princess Ota, as well as her younger sister, Uno no Sarara, married the Emperor Tenmu, and gave birth to Oku no himemiko (the Princess Oku) and the Prince Otsu, but she died young before the enthronement of her husband.
Japanese: 妹の野讚良皇女とともに天武天皇の妃となり、大来皇女、大津皇子を生むが、夫の即位を見ずに若くして死ぬ。
English: When she died, the Princess Oku was seven years old and the Prince Otsu was five, so both were fostered out to the Emperor Tenchi (Tenji), their maternal grandfather.
Japanese: 当時大伯皇女は7歳、大津皇子は5歳で、母方の祖父である天智天皇に引き取られたという。
English: She was buried together with her grandmother, the Empress Kogyoku and her aunt, Hashihito no Himemiko (a younger sister of the Emperor Tenchi [Tenji] and also the empress of the Emperor Kotoku).
Japanese: 祖母皇極天皇、叔母間人皇女（天智の妹、孝徳天皇皇后）とともに葬られた。
English: Guessing from the fact that her younger sister-uterine, the Princess Uno no Sarara became an empress later, if the Princess Ota had lived longer, she would have become the empress of Tenmu.
Japanese: 同母妹の野讚良皇女がのちに皇后となったことからみても、長生きしていれば天武の皇后となるはずの妃であった。
English: It is assumed that the loss of his mother in his early age affected the Prince Otsu's life significantly, including the confrontation against the Prince Kusakabe later on.
Japanese: 大津皇子にとってこの母を早くに亡くしたことは、皇后所生の草壁皇子との後の対立を含め、人生に大きな影響を与えたと思われる。
English: The Imperial Princess Izumi (year of birth unknown - March 21, 734) was a princess of the Emperor Tenchi (Tenji).
Japanese: 泉皇女（いずみのひめみこ、生年不詳-天平6年（734年）2月8日(旧暦)）は、天智天皇の皇女。
English: On February 22, 702, 当麻真人橘, who held Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), was assigned the role of Saiku no kami (a director of the Bureau of the High Priestess of Ise).
Japanese: 同2年（702年）1月17日、新しく設けられた斎宮寮長官「斎宮頭」に、従五位下であった当麻真人橘が任命された。
English: After this assignment, it became customary that a government official who held Jugoinoge was assigned Saiku no kami.
Japanese: これ以降、斎宮頭には、従五位下に相当する位の官人が任命される事となった。
English: On September 20, 706, the Princess Takata was newly selected by divination as Saio, and the Princess Izumi retired from the post of Saio.
Japanese: 同年の8月5日には、新たに田形皇女が斎王にト定され、泉皇女は退下した。
English: After she returned to Kyoto on February 23, 715, she was conferred Sanbon (third rank) and was given the right to collect tax from 100 more families.
Japanese: 霊亀元年（715年）1月11日に帰京後、三品に叙せられていた泉皇女は、100戸、封を加増された。
English: The Tennosei (Imperial Family system) is a state system with the emperor acting as the monarch or titular head.
Japanese: 天皇制（皇室制度）（てんのうせい／こうしつせいど）は、天皇を君主又は象徴とする国家体制。
English: It sometimes specifically indicates the state system after the Meiji period (modern Tennosei) when the emperor acted as the head or symbol of the state.
Japanese: 特に天皇を元首又は象徴とする近代以降の国家体制（近代天皇制）を指すこともある。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution) states the Emperor as the head of state and the Constitution of Japan placing the Emperor as the symbol of Japan and of the unified citizens of Japan.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法（明治憲法）では天皇を元首とし、また日本国憲法では天皇を日本国の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴として位置付けている。
English: From the end of the Meiji period until the end of the World War II to describe the system as Tennosei (Emperor System) was to commit blasphemy; the system was called kokutai made up of two kanji (fundamental character of the nation) in the Chinese way of reading and kunigara or kuniburi in the Japanese way of reading; the term was derived from the Records of Emperor Cheng of Han in Kanjo (Historical records of the Han Dynasty).
Japanese: 明治後期から敗戦までは天皇制などと表現することは不敬な表現であり、国体（＝くにがら、くにぶり/漢書成帝紀）とよばれた。
English: The word 'Tennosei' was a translated term of the German word 'Monarchie' which means 'monarchy' in English and was originally a new word Marxists coined.
Japanese: 「天皇制」という用語は「君主制」を意味するドイツ語のMonarchieの和訳とされ、本来はマルクス主義者が使用した造語であった。
English: In 1922, the Japanese Communist Party was secretly formed with a slogan of 'abolition of the monarchy'.
Japanese: 1922年、日本共産党が秘密裏に結成され、「君主制の廃止」をスローガンに掲げた。
English: Comintern These of 1932 (so-called these of 32) likened the Japanese monarchism to the tsarism of Russia which was the absolute monarchy and rendered the Japanese monarchism as 'Tennosei' (Emperor System) and defined that the combination of the Emperor system, parasitic landowners (privileged people under the feudal system) and bourgeoisie (monopolistic capitalists) is the essence of the Japanese power mechanism.
Japanese: 1932年のコミンテルンテーゼ（いわゆる32年テーゼ）は、共産主義革命を日本で行うため日本の君主制をロシア帝国の絶対君主制であるツァーリズムになぞらえて「天皇制」と表記し、天皇制と封建階級（寄生地主）・ブルジョワジー（独占資本）との結合が日本の権力機構の本質であると規定した。
English: Although the word 'Tennosei' was for the Communist party until the end of the World War II and was not generally recognized, the word now has no connection with the Communist party and is widely used even in the media.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦が終結するまで「天皇制」は共産党の用語であり、一般には認知されていなかったが、現代では共産党と関係なくマスメディア等一般にも使用されている。
English: However, because of the origin of the word Tennosei, many people avoid the word and the expression Koshitsu (Imperial family) is quite often used; also there exist people who are still adamantly using the word kokutai (fundamental character of the nation).
Japanese: ただし、天皇制という語の由来からこれを忌避して皇室という表現もよく用いられ、中にはあえて国体と戦前によく使われた表現を用いる人も根強く存在する。
English: Some historians are against applying the word Tennosei to the state system before recent times because the Emperor was not in the front line of the national governing system.
Japanese: 歴史学者の間では天皇が国家統治機構の前面に登場する近代以前の国家体制に適用することに対して批判もある。
English: Historically, it is thought that the Imperial Family came from the Great King or Okimi of the 'Yamato Sovereignty' (Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Okimi) that existed in the Kofun period.
Japanese: 歴史学上、天皇家は古墳時代に見られたヤマト王権の「大王(ヤマト王権)（あめのしたしろしめすおおきみ）」（あるいは「大王（おおきみ）」）に由来すると考えられている。
English: The appearance of the large keyhole-shaped tomb mounds from the mid third century, indicates the establishment of a unified authority and the family of the Great King at that time are thought to be the ancestors of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 3世紀中期に見られる前方後円墳の登場は統一政権の成立を示唆しており、このときに成立した大王家が天皇家の祖先だと考えられている。
English: As for the origin of the Great King's family, there were several theories, such as having the lineage of Himiko of Yamataikoku (Yamatai Kingdom) in the Yayoi period as the King's ancestors, the dynasty of the King's ancestor was established in the fourth century, and onwards.
Japanese: 大王家の出自については、弥生時代の邪馬台国の卑弥呼の系統を大王家の祖先とする説、大王家祖先の王朝は4世紀に成立したとする説、など多くの説が提出されており定まっていない。
English: The Great King at that time was thought to be responsible not only for the military aspect but also for the rituals and ceremonies.
Japanese: 当初の大王は軍事的な側面だけではなく、祭祀的な側面も持っていたと考えられる。
English: With the onset of the eighth century, the Ritsuryo system taken from China was implemented and the centralized authoritarian rule centering on Emperor was established; accordingly, Emperor directly administered the government (the Emperor System in the ancient sovereignty).
Japanese: 8世紀になると中国の政治体制に倣った律令制が整備され、天皇を中心とした中央集権制が確立し、親政が行われた（古代天皇制）。
English: At the beginning of the time when the Ritsuryo system was established, the position of the Emperor in the political decision making was to be unquestioned but from around the ninth century, the noble hierarchy gradually started to have the right of decision making.
Japanese: 律令制が確立した当初において、政治意思決定に天皇が占める位置は絶対的なものとされていたが、9世紀ごろから貴族層が実質的な政治意思決定権を次第に掌握するようになっていった。
English: During the tenth century, the regency of the Fujiwara clan (Fijiwara-Hokke, the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) who had a strong matrimonial relationship with the Emperor, was established in the central position of decision making.
Japanese: 10世紀には貴族層の中でも天皇と強い姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏（藤原北家）が政治意思決定の中心を占める摂関政治が成立した。
English: At the end of the 11th century the government by a retired emperor in which a retired emperor who is the reign of the Imperial Family reigns as the real king (Chiten no kimi [the retired emperor in power]) began.
Japanese: 11世紀末になると天皇家の家督者たる太上天皇が実質的な国王（治天の君）として君臨し、政務に当たる院政が始まった。
English: While in the position of the Emperor, there were so many restrictions but once they abdicated the throne to become Joko (Retired Emperor), they became free and gained complete power as the monarch.
Japanese: 天皇位にある間は制約が多かったものの、譲位して上皇となると自由な立場になり君主としての実権を得た。
English: When the samurai government was established in Kamakura (in 1192), it became a dual government of the Chotei (Imperial Court), centered with the Emperor and the retired Emperor and Bakufu (samurai government) with a shogun in the middle.
Japanese: 鎌倉に武家政権が成立すると、天皇・上皇を中心とした朝廷と将軍を中心とした幕府とによる二重政権の様相を呈した。
English: However, the power of the Emperor side had not weakened yet; when the Kamakura Bakufu fell, Emperor Godaigo restored the direct rule.
Japanese: だが、天皇側の勢力もまだ強く、鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると後醍醐天皇が天皇親政を復活させた。
English: Although the authority of Emperor was weakened after a long period of warfare which occurred following the split of the Imperial Court, the Imperial Court continued to exist mainly as the successor of culture and tradition.
Japanese: その後続いた長い戦乱の中、天皇の権威は衰えながらも主に文化・伝統の継承者として存続していった。
English: Neither Nobunaga ODA nor Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI denied the existence and authority of the Emperor and by using the Emperors in their politics, they strengthened their own authority.
Japanese: 織田信長、豊臣秀吉も天皇の存在や権威を否定せず、政治に利用することによって自らの権威を高めていった。
English: The authority of the Emperor was preserved under the Edo Bakufu (from 1603); but as seen in the Shie Incident Emperors had almost no political power except few occasions such as deciding the name of an era; (Shie Incident refers to the incident in which Emperor Gomizuno gave purple robes, symbolizing the highest order of priesthood, to Daitoku-ji Temple and Myoshin-ji Temple in 1627 without the approval of Bakufu and caused Bakufu to take back the purple robes to deny the authority of Emperor Gomizuno.)
Japanese: 江戸幕府のもとでも天皇の権威は温存されたが、紫衣事件などにみられるように、年号の勅定などを僅かな例外として政治権力はほとんどなかった。
English: Because the Bakufu chose Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) as the academic subject to be studied, Sonnoron (Imperialism), which placed 'Mikado' (the Emperor) as the legitimate ruler rather than a hegemon of the Tokugawa clan, became popular among people such as the Mito-Tokugawa family (Mito Domain).
Japanese: 幕府が学問に儒学の朱子学を採用したことから、覇者である徳川家より「みかど」が正当な支配者であるという尊王論が水戸徳川家（水戸藩）を中心として盛んになった。
English: At the end of the Edo period, the Sonno-joi argument occurred and the Emperor became the center of the anti-shogunate movement.
Japanese: 江戸時代末になると尊皇攘夷論が興り、天皇は討幕運動の中心にまつりあげられた。
English: The Sonno-joi became a political thought to establish a system with the Emperor at its center and to keep independence from foreign powers and destabilized the political situation at the end of the Edo period on a grand scale.
Japanese: 尊王攘夷論は、天皇を中心とした政治体制を築き、対外的に独立を保とうという政治思想となり、幕末の政治状況を大きく揺るがせた。
English: The Ikkunpanmin Shiso (the thought where constitutional authority was given to only one ruler and any discrimination and distinction against social status were generally not allowed among people) is spurious thought on equality, but it also became an ideology to deny the authority of shogunate.
Japanese: 吉田松陰の唱えた一君万民思想は擬似的な平等思想であり、幕府の権威を否定するイデオロギーともなった。
English: However, some Sonno-joi supporters were calling Emperor 'gyoku' or 'tama' and they were aware that Emperor was a tool for them to use for attaining the political power.
Japanese: しかし、尊皇攘夷派の志士の一部は天皇を「玉」（ぎょく）と呼び、政権を取るために利用する道具だと認識していた。
English: To create an independent state to oppose the European countries, a centralized administrative framework was formed.
Japanese: ヨーロッパに対抗する独立国家を創出するため、中央集権体制が創られた。
English: While handling Fuheishizoku-no-Hanran (rebellions of former samurai with gripes) and Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right), the Meiji Government began to realize the need for a parliamentary system.
Japanese: 明治政府は不平を持つ士族の反乱や自由民権運動への対応の中から、議会制度の必要性を認識していった。
English: For the modernization of Japan, they understood that they needed to allow political involvement of the general public; so they began to search for a modern framework for the nation.
Japanese: 日本の近代化のためにも、国民の政治への関与を一定程度認めることは必要であり、近代的な国家体制が模索された。
English: To announce to the nation that the real ruler was not a shogun but an emperor, the Kyushu general office director of suppression circulated a document stating "We had so many different Shoguns but the Emperor is still there without his blood line cut".
Japanese: なお、真の統治者が将軍ではなく天皇である事を知らしめるため、当時、九州鎮撫総監が“将軍はいろいろ変わったが、天子様は変わらず血統も絶えずに存在する”という趣旨の文書を民衆に配布している。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan is said to be written with reference to the constitutions of the Kingdom of Prussia and Belgium.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法はプロイセン王国やベルギーの憲法を参考に作成されたと言われている。
English: Hirobumi ITO realized that, in Europe, there was a religion (Christianity) at the base of the unified nation supporting the political system including the parliamentary system, so he expected the Imperial Family to become the 'axis' (mental support) to replace religion.
Japanese: 伊藤博文は、ヨーロッパでは議会制度も含む政治体制を支える国民統合の基礎に宗教（キリスト教）があることを知り、宗教に替わりうる「機軸」（精神的支柱）として皇室に期待した。
English: In Article 1 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, it says, 'The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal' and Article 4 says 'The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and the exercise of them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution'; in which, unlike the Constitution of Japan, clearly states the Emperor is the Genshu 'Head of the State'.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第1条で、「大日本帝國ハ萬世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス」と定められており、大日本帝国憲法第4条で「天皇ハ国ノ元首ニシテ統治権ヲ総攬シ此ノ憲法ノ条規ニ依リテ之ヲ行フ」と、日本国憲法とは異なり明確に「元首」と規定されている。
English: Even Hirobumi ITO, who drew up the Constitution of the Empire of Japan did not expect the Emperor to take the complete role of the monarch.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法を起草した伊藤博文も、天皇に絶対君主の役割を期待するようなことはなかった。
English: Reading the contents literally gives the impression that the Emperor had great power; but even after the Meiji period, the Emperor rarely governed the affairs of state directly.
Japanese: 法文を素直に解釈すると、大日本帝国憲法においての天皇は大きな権力を持っていたように読めるが、明治以降も、天皇が直接命令して政治を行うことはあまり無かった。