nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This phenomenon occurs because of the fact that a front tends to become stationary along the southern shore of Honshu as expansion of continental anticyclone which was dominant during winter in the vicinity of Honshu or the path of the migratory anticyclone leans to the north, and on the other hand, cold and wet northeast airstream flows along southern edge of the expansion of anticyclone from the north.
Japanese: 冬の間、本州付近を支配していた大陸高気圧の張り出しや、移動性高気圧の通り道が北に偏り、一方で、その北方高気圧の張り出しの南縁辺に沿って、冷湿な北東気流が吹いたり、本州南岸沿いに前線が停滞し易くなるために生ずる。
English: On such occasion, it is also one of the characteristics that small low-pressure systems tends to be spawned frequently.
Japanese: そのときには南岸に小低気圧が頻繁に発生し易くなるのも、また特色である。
English: Therefore this expression is usually used for the Pacific coastal area in west and east Japan and this phenomenon cannot be seen in north Japan.
Japanese: そのため、西～東日本太平洋沿岸部にかけていう場合が多く、北日本にはこの現象は見られない。
English: In recent years, partly because of tendency of unusually warm winter and influences of global warming, natanetsuyu tends to be carried forward to the winter and fluctuation of weather is worried about.
Japanese: 近年は、暖冬傾向、及び、温暖化の影響もあり、菜種梅雨が冬に繰り上がるきらいがあり、気候の変動が懸念される面もある。
English: As an example, in February 1990, cloudy days continues centering on the latter half of the month and total hours of sunlight was only 81 hours symbolizing quite unusually warm winter.
Japanese: 例としては、1990年（平成2年）2月は月の後半を中心に曇雨天続きで、東京での同・月間日照時間は僅か81時間しかならず、大暖冬を象徴するかのようだった。
English: In March 1985, in regions on Pacific coast from the west up to the Kanto region, cold rainy days continued throughout the month.
Japanese: また、1985年（昭和60年）には3月は月全体を通して関東以西の太平洋側地方では冷たい雨の連続であった。
English: In Tokyo in the same month and year, there was no clear day (the worst record excluding June and July which fall under tsuyu season) and it was commented in the Weather Chart Diary published by the Japan Weather Association as "dark March."
Japanese: 東京では同年月での快晴日数は0（梅雨期である6、7月を除いては初のワースト記録）、日本気象協会発行の天気図日記では「暗い3月」と評される程であった。
English: In 1988, 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1999 also, cloudy or rainy days continued rather long in March, hours of sunlight in the month was short excluding north Japan.
Japanese: その他、1988年（昭和63年）、1991年（平成3年）、1992年（平成4年）、1995年（平成7年）、1999年（平成11年）と3月が比較的長いこと曇雨天が持続した影響で、月間日照時間は北日本除いてかなり少なかった。
English: Therefore, March in certain years around the end of the twentieth century were labeled unpleasantly as "no sun above field mustard," "month unfavorable for outdoor amusement," "rain apparel such as umbrellas indispensable for cherry blossom viewing party," "commencement day ceremony and closing exercises on rainy day" and so on.
Japanese: そのため、20世紀末にかけての3月は、「菜の花の上にお日様無し」、「行楽受難・鬼門の月」、「花見には傘など雨具が必需品」、「卒業式、終業式はいつも雨」などと不名誉なレッテルが貼られたこともあった。
English: Other than those years, in 2002 and 2006, the south coast front became stationary and unclear sky which tended to rain mainly in the morning and night continued and certain weather-related casters commented "the forerunner of natanetsuyu."
Japanese: その他、2002年（平成14年）、2006年（平成18年）には2月おわりから3月初めにかけて、南岸前線が停滞したり、朝晩中心に雨の降り易いすっきりしない空が続いて、お天気キャスターの一部では「菜種梅雨の走り?」と評されたりもした。
English: As unohana (deutzia) blossoms bloom just in this period, it is called also "unohanakutashi," which hints the rain that spoils blossoms.
Japanese: ちょうど、その時期が卯の花が咲く頃にあたり、卯の花を腐らせるような雨ということから、卯の花腐し（くたし）とも呼ぶことがある。
English: "Hashiri" means "forerunner" and "hashiri tsuyu" is also understood as a rain continues in advance of baiu.
Japanese: 「走り」とは、「先駆け」を意味し、「走り梅雨」とは、梅雨に先駆けて降り続く雨と解釈することもある。
English: It is the baiu season for Nansei Islands such as Okinawa and it is often seen when the baiu front in the vicinity of Nansei Islands goes up to the north temporarily along the south coast of Honshu.
Japanese: 沖縄など南西諸島の梅雨期にあり、南西諸島付近にある梅雨前線が一時的に本州南岸沿いに北上したときに多く見られる。
English: If Okhotsk anticyclon appears in the first half of May, as it tends to be influenced by northeast airstream, on the Pacific side from the Kanto region to the north, low temperature and cloudy or rainy weather continues for a long period of time.
Japanese: また、オホーツク海高気圧が5月前半に出現した場合に、北東気流の影響を受け易くなるため、関東以北の太平洋側で低温と曇雨天が長続きすることがある。
English: The case like May storm in which cold front extending behind developed low-pressure system passing the Japan Sea or north Japan, after passing through Honshu and reaching the Pacific side, becomes a stationary front along the north side of the dominant high-pressure system on the southern sea and unsettled weather continues mainly on the Pacific coastal area in east Japan is a similar phenomenon.
Japanese: その他、メイストームなど、日本海や北日本方面を通過する発達した低気圧の後面に伸びる寒冷前線が本州を通過して、太平洋側に達した後、南海上の優勢な高気圧の北側に沿って、そのまま停滞前線と化して、太平洋側、主に東日本太平洋沿岸部でしばらくぐずつき天気が続くケースもその類いである。
English: Continual rain mainly around the end of November and the beginning of December is called "sazanka tsuyu."
Japanese: 主に11月下旬から12月上旬にかけての、連続した降雨を「さざんか梅雨」と言う。
English: In certain years, however, in the same period as Honshu, unsettled chilly weather caused mainly by force of Okhotsk anticyclone coming down to the south continues for around two weeks.
Japanese: しかし、本州と同じ時期に、年によっては、2週間くらい、主にオホーツク高気圧の勢力南下に伴うぐずつき肌寒い天気が続くことがある。
English: Among top twenty in recorded history for all observation points in Japan, only four points have been recorded for baiu.
Japanese: 日本の全観測点の観測史上上位20のうち、梅雨のものは4地点しかない。
English: As reasons for this, it is mentioned that, in the period of baiu, localized torrential rain accompanied by cold does not occur often and that typhoon does not come often.
Japanese: この理由として、梅雨の時期は寒気を伴った激しい集中豪雨が発生しにくいこと、台風が接近しにくいことが挙げられる。
English: During the period of baiu, it rained 122 mm in May, 2,242 mm in June, 2,299 mm in July and 1,717 mm in August.
Japanese: 梅雨期間中の5月に122mm、6月に2242mm、7月に2299mm、8月に1717mmの雨が降った。
English: "Samidareshiki" means that certain matter continues for a long time period like rainfall in the baiu season.
Japanese: 「五月雨式」とは、梅雨時の雨のように、物事が長くだらだらと続くことである。
English: Sunny spells during baiu is called "satsukibare" (literally, sunny spells in May), but, in recent years, it is more popular that this expression is read as "gogatsubare" and means fine weather in the beginning of May by new calendar (solar calendar).
Japanese: 梅雨の晴れ間のことを五月晴れ（さつきばれ）というが、この言葉は最近では「ごがつばれ」とも読んで新暦5月初旬のよく晴れた天候を指すことの方が多い。
English: Japan Meteorological Agency, which is a specialist for weather, determined to call fine weather in May as "satsukibare" and sunny spells during baiu season as "tsuyuno aimano hare" (sunny spells during baiu).
Japanese: お天気の専門家である気象庁では、五月の晴れのことを「さつき晴れ」と呼び、梅雨時の晴れ間のことを「梅雨の合間の晴れ」と呼ぶように取り決めている。
English: Omi Province was one of the provinces, the former local administration division, and is located in Tosando.
Japanese: 近江国（おうみのくに）は、かつて日本の地方行政区分だった令制国の一つで、東山道に位置する。
English: In early days, Omi Province was described as 'Awaumi,' 'Afumi' or 'Chikatsu Awaumi no kuni.'
Japanese: 近江国は、当初は淡海（あはうみ、あふみ）と書き、近淡海（ちかつあはうみ）とも呼んだ。
English: Kokufu (provincial office) was placed in Seta, Kurita County and the remains of the office were found in the present Sandaiji, Otsu City in 1964.
Japanese: 国府は栗太郡勢多におかれ、1964年に現在の大津市三大寺で遺跡が発見された。
English: At first, the provincial monastery and nunnery in that area was Koka-dera Temple (Shigaraki-cho, Koka City, Shiga Prefecture at present, the remains of 'Shigaraki no miya'),
Japanese: 国分寺・国分尼寺は、はじめ甲可寺（現甲賀市信楽町、紫香楽宮跡とされてきた）。
English: Afterwards, the provincial monastery and nunnery was transferred to Seta Ruin Temple (Jinryo, Otsu City) and then it was transferred to the site of Kokusho-ji Temple in 820 after Seta Ruin Temple was burned down,
Japanese: その後、瀬田廃寺（大津市神領）にうつり、焼失の後、820年（弘仁11年）に国昌寺跡（大津市国分）に移された。
English: In a 'mokkan' (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written: made after 'Taika no Kaishin' [Great Reformation of the Taika Era] till the introduction of the Ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code]) made in the period from Asuka-kyo place to Fujiwara-kyo palace, Omi Province was described as 'Chikatsu no umi' (近水海).
Japanese: 飛鳥京から藤原宮時代の木簡（大化の改新以後～律令制前）には近江国を「近水海」と記載されている。
English: In the Jinmyocho (the list of deities) of Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), 13 'za' and 10 'sha' of Taisha (grand shrine) and 142 'za' and 132 'sha' of Shosha (small shrine), namely, 155 'za' and 142 'sha' in total, were recorded.
Japanese: 延喜式神名帳には大社13座10社、小社142座132社の計155座142社が記されている。
English: Although it is considered that 'Ichinomiya,' 'Ninomiya,' and 'Sannomiya' were Takebe-jinja Shrine, Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine, and Taga-taisha Shrine or Mikami-jinja Shrine, respectively, it is probable that Hiyoshi-jinja Shrine, which was deeply related with Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, actually had a strong power.
Japanese: 一宮は建部神社、二宮は日吉大社、三宮は多賀大社あるいは御上神社とされるが、実際には比叡山延暦寺と関係の深い日吉神社の力が強かったと見られている。
English: Keihanshin is both a collective name for the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe, and an area name indicating the main part of the Kinki region centered around these three cities.
Japanese: 京阪神（けいはんしん）は、京都市・大阪市・神戸市の3市の総称、あるいは、これら3市を中心とした近畿地方の主要部を指す地域名称である。
English: As it is made up simply of the initial sounds of the three city names, it is used when describing events and facilities limited to those three cities as one group, such as 'The Three Keihanshin Universities (Kyoto University, Osaka University and Kobe University),' etc.
Japanese: 単純に三都市の頭文字を取ったもので、「京阪神三大学（京都大学・大阪大学・神戸大学）」など三都市に限った事象や施設を一つのグループとして表現する際に使用する。
English: It indicates an urban area including Kyoto City, Osaka City and Kobe City along with their surrounding satellite smaller cities.
Japanese: 京都市、大阪市、神戸市、および、これら3市の衛星都市を合わせた都市圏を指す。
English: An economic area centered around the three cities above in which the capitals of all six prefectures in the Kinki region (excluding Mie Prefecture) are concentrated.
Japanese: 上記3市を中心として、近畿2府4県（三重県を除く近畿地方）の全都道府県庁所在地が集中している経済地域。
English: The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications specified the urban area with Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe as its central cities (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) (absolute urban area) as the Keihanshin Metropolitan area (from the 2005 national census).
Japanese: 総務省では、大阪市・京都市・神戸市の3市を中心市とした都市圏(総務省)（絶対都市圏）を京阪神大都市圏としている（2005年国勢調査）。
English: The extent corresponds to the parts colored in dark blue, blue and light blue in the right figure, and covers the entire area of Osaka prefecture, the southern part of Hyogo Prefecture, the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, the northern part and part of the southern part of Nara Prefecture, the southern part and part of the northern part of Shiga Prefecture, Hashimoto City, Iwade City, Katsuragi Town and Kudoyama Town in Wakayama Prefecture and Nabari City in Mie Prefecture, with a population of about 18.64 million people.
Japanese: 範囲は、右上の図の紺色・青色・水色部分に相当し、大阪府全域、兵庫県南部、京都府南部、奈良県北部および南部の一部、滋賀県南部および北部の一部、和歌山県の橋本市・岩出市・かつらぎ町・九度山町、三重県の名張市に及び、人口は約1864万人。
English: In Japan, it boasts of a scale second only to the Kanto Metropolitan area, ranked as one of the three major metropolitan areas in the nation and also one of the seven largest, while in the world it is ranked as the 6th to 7th largest urban area.
Japanese: 日本では、関東大都市圏に次ぐ規模を誇っており、三大都市圏あるいは七大都市圏の一つとされる一方、世界6～7位の大都市圏である。
English: Since the Osaka City center surpasses others in the area in aspects of the tertiary industries such as business and merchandising, the urban area centered in the heart of Osaka is sometimes regarded as the Keihanshin Metropolitan area (refer to Osaka).
Japanese: この地域の業務・物販面などの第三次産業では、大阪市の都心が抜きん出ているため、同市の都心を中心とした都市圏を京阪神大都市圏と見なすこともある（→大阪を参照）。
English: more than 10% of its population commuting to a central city
Japanese: 一方、大阪市・京都市・神戸市の3市は、各々昼間人口が1を超えているため、各々が中心市となって都市圏を形成しているとも考えられる。
English: Based on this viewpoint, the Urban Employment Area (10% commuter area [more than 10% of its population commuting to a central city]) has separately specified the Osaka urban area, Kyoto urban area and Kobe urban area (relative urban area).
Japanese: その立場に立った都市雇用圏（10%都市圏）では、大阪都市圏、京都都市圏、神戸都市圏と、別々に都市圏（相対都市圏）を設定している。
English: In addition, there are many cases where a modern city uses industry as a base of wealth in the course of its growth, attracting workers and thereby gaining in its concentration of population.
Japanese: また、近代都市はその成長過程で工業を富の基盤とし、労働者を引き寄せて人口集中を実現する例が多い。
English: Also up until Japan's period of high economic growth, the population engaged in the secondary industries was largest in the urban areas of large cities.
Japanese: 日本でも高度経済成長期まで、大都市の都市部では第二次産業人口が最も多かった。
English: From this perspective, a densely-populated zone formed in an industrial area being specified as a 'city'is something that is seen world-over.
Japanese: この観点から、世界的には工業地帯に形成された人口密集地帯を1つの「都市」とする例が見られる。
English: In accordance with this traditional point of view, the Hanshin Industrial Zone centered in Osaka City and Kobe City is specified as a city (urban area), and the urban area centered in Kyoto City which is not based on modern heavy chemical industries is treated separately.
Japanese: この伝統的な見方に沿う場合、大阪市・神戸市を中心とした阪神工業地帯を1つの都市（都市圏）とし、近代重化学工業を基盤としない京都市を中心とした都市圏は別に扱う。
English: Examples of it being divided in this manner into the 'Hanshin urban area' and 'Kyoto urban area' can be seen in the Urban Agglomeration of the United Nations and the GDP by urban areas by PricewaterhouseCoopers Co., Ltd., etc.
Japanese: このように「阪神都市圏」と「京都都市圏」に分ける例は、国際連合のUrbanAgglomerationやプライスウォーターハウスクーパース社の都市圏別GDPなどに見られる。
English: In the ancient times, many emperors (tycoons) placed their hometowns (refer to the capitals in Japan) in the Nara Basin, and in this case, the port in what is currently Sakai City was connected with those hometowns by Nagao-kaido Road, Takeuchi-kaido Road, etc. bound for the city.
Japanese: 古代には、奈良盆地に天皇（大君）がその在所を置くことが多く（→日本の首都）、その場合には港にあたる現在の堺市に向かう長尾街道・竹内街道などで両者は結ばれていた。
English: On the other hand, in time periods focusing on diplomacy, or if an emperor wanted to establish themselves at a distance from the existing powers in the Nara Basin, their capitals were placed to the south of the southern coast of Lake Biwa along the inland water system logistics route from the Japan Sea, via Wakasa Bay, Lake Biwa, the Yodo River, Osaka Bay and to the Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 他方、外交が重視される時期や、奈良盆地の既存勢力と距離を置きたい場合には、日本海-若狭湾-琵琶湖-淀川-大阪湾-瀬戸内海の内陸水系物流ルート沿いの琵琶湖南岸以南に都が置かれた。
English: Because of a large-scale preparation of the capitals, such as Fujiwara-kyo Palace, Heijo-kyo Palace and Heian-kyo Palace, the compulsion of concentrated dwelling of powerful regional clans and nobles from their local lands into the capitals, and the preparation of the official roads for tax payments and government officials, (refer to the ancient roads of Japan), the provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara (Kinai region) had become an economic area in which the wealth of Japan was concentrated.
Japanese: 藤原京・平城京・平安京などの大規模な首都整備、豪族・貴族の在地から首都への集住強制、納税や官人の往来のための官道整備（→日本の古代道路）などにより、畿内は日本の富が集中する経済地域となっていった。
English: Thereafter, although the power was dispersed in court nobles, samurai families and temples, and the concentration of taxes in Kinai region was sometimes weakened, wealth was taken in with the establishment of the the Muromachi shogunate government and the South Court (Japan) as well as the expansion of Hyogo and Sakai by trade.
Japanese: その後、公家・武家・寺院に権力が分散し、税の畿内集中が弱まることもあったが、室町幕府や南朝(日本)が置かれたり、貿易により兵庫や堺が伸張して富を集めた。
English: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built their bases here and carried out economic reforms, and in addition, a concentration of population and economic development were seen by conducting a large-scale engineering works for the shogun (tetsudai bushin) and by forming castle towns.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に入ると織田信長や豊臣秀吉が当地に拠点を築いて経済改革を行い、また、大規模な手伝普請と城下町形成を行うことで人口の集住と経済発展が見られた。
English: In the Edo period, the westward sea route (from the northeast Japan to Osaka)(kitamae-bune vessel), and the eastward sea route (from the northeast Japan to Edo) (higaki-kaisen vessel, taru-kaisen vessel) were connected with Kyoto and Osaka (Kamigata area) on the inland water logistics route stated above, and the five main roads (Gokaido) were prepared as land routes.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、上述の内陸水系物流ルート上の京都・大坂（上方）に、海路では西廻り航路（北前船）や東廻り航路（菱垣廻船・樽廻船）が繋がり、陸路では五街道などが整備された。
English: And the Omi merchants dispersed in various areas in Japan, changing Kamigata area to a collection and distribution center and financial center of Japan (the Edo shogunate directly controlled Kamigata area, and moreover, among three privileged branches of Tokugawa family, placed the Kishu Tokugawa family on the Tomogashima Channel in the eastward sea route, and the Owari Tokugawa family on the junction of Tokai-do Road and Nakasen-do Road).
Japanese: また、近江商人が日本各地に分散して上方を日本の物資の集散地および金融の中心地へと変えた（江戸幕府は、上方を直轄地とし、さらに御三家の内、東廻り航路の友ヶ島水道に紀州徳川家、東海道・中山道合流地に尾張徳川家を置いた）。
English: In Osaka where warehouses of each domain were concentrated, the Dojima Rice Exchange, the first commodity futures exchange in the world, was established, and bills of exchange for long-distance transactions also came to be used, making Osaka, the 'kitchen of Japan,' the center of the Japanese economy.
Japanese: 大坂には各藩の蔵屋敷が集まり、世界初の商品先物取引所たる堂島米会所が置かれ、遠隔地取引での為替手形も用いられるようになり、大坂は「天下の台所」として日本経済の中心地となった。
English: Kyoto had been developed as a high-value-added commodity production area, or industrial city, such as those for the wealthy class, and its products and craftsmen circulated around various areas in Japan, which brought the accompanying influence of Kyoto culture to those regions thereon.
Japanese: 京は富裕層向けを初めとした高付加価値商品生産地、すなわち工業都市として発展し、製品・職人が日本各地へと流れ、付随して京文化の影響を各地に与えた。
English: After the opening of Japan to the world in the Meiji era, Kobe had been developed as an international trade port and modernization of the cities in Osaka and Kyoto had also advanced.
Japanese: 明治の開国を通じ神戸が国際貿易港として発展し、大阪・京都も都市の近代化が進んでいった。
English: As Osaka, an economic city called the 'kitchen of Japan,' was in good health, Edo succeeded in attracting many wealthy people by Sankinkotai system (a daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) and became a major consumer area in Edo period, and after changing its name to Tokyo, established a centralized administrative framework, and came to collect more wealth by taxes and foreign trade.
Japanese: 「天下の台所」と呼ばれた経済都市の大阪は健在であったが、江戸期以来参勤交代で富裕層の集住に成功して大消費地となった江戸が、東京となって中央集権体制を確立し、税と外貿で富を更に集めるようになった。
English: However, through the Sino-Japanese War which broke out in 1894, Osaka developed into the largest industrial and commercial city in Japan, called the 'Manchester of the East,' while Kobe had rapidly progressed to become the largest port city in the East, causing the cities to once more be the center of culture and economy in Japan (also refer to the Hanshin-kan Modernism).
Japanese: しかし明治27年に勃発した日清戦争を契機に大阪は「東洋のマンチェスター」と呼ばれる日本最大の商工業都市に発展し、神戸は東洋最大の港湾都市へ飛躍するなど、再び日本における文化・経済の中心地となった（阪神間モダニズムも参照）。
English: Further, after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, there were many immigrants from the Kanto region, which caused a further increase boom in the culture and economy.
Japanese: さらに大正12年の関東大震災後には関東からの移住者が多数あり、文化・経済の更なる興隆を見た。
English: During the second half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s, as the Sino-Japanese war was developing into World War II, the wartime regime was established by Fumimaro KONOE's government, and various industrial sectors were put under the control of the government.
Japanese: 昭和10年代、日中戦争から第二次世界大戦へ突入していく中で近衛文麿政権により戦時体制が作られ、様々な業種が国家の統制管理に置かれる状況となった。
English: For this reason, companies in Keihanshin and other areas were integrated and forced to place their headquarters in Tokyo, and companies, zaibatsu conglomerates and capitalists moved from Keihanshin to Tokyo one after another.
Japanese: このため、京阪神や他の地域の企業が統合されて東京に本社を置くことになったり、京阪神から東京へ企業や財閥・資本家の移動が相次いだ。
English: After the war, manufacturing output was increased by new construction or expansion projects of factories and business establishments in the Hanshin Industrial Zone; however, because of unipolar concentration of Tokyo, headquarters and business establishments have continued to move to Tokyo thereafter.
Japanese: 戦後、阪神工業地帯などでの工場・事業所の新設や拡張などで、製造業生産高が増大していくが、東京一極集中による東京への本社や事業所の移転はその後も継続している。
English: On the other hand, universities with excellent research equipment, research achievements and professors, and research facilities based on industry-academia-government collaboration, including the Kansai Science City and the Kobe Medical Industry Development Project, are concentrated in the area, and it is not the case that the economical environment would decrease their size.
Japanese: 一方、研究設備や研究成果、教授陣が充実している大学や、関西文化学術研究都市や神戸医療産業都市構想を初めとした産学官連携研究施設が集積しており、経済面の環境が縮小している訳ではない。
English: According to a report by PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers Co., Ltd.), the GDP of the Hanshin area is the 7th largest among those of world urban areas, and according to business environment assessment by MasterCard International Incorporated, this area is ranked 19th, and still a huge economic area in the world.
Japanese: PwC社のリポートでは、阪神地区のGDPが世界の都市圏の7位、マスターカード社のリポートでは、世界のビジネス都市としての環境の評価で19位を格付けされるなど、世界的には未だ巨大な経済圏である。
English: Keihanshin forms a large urban area; however, a considerably undulating landscape spreads therein.
Japanese: 大きな都市圏を形成している京阪神ではあるが、かなり起伏の富んだ地形が広がっている。
English: It spreads over the Harima Plain, Kyoto Basin, Nara Basin and Omi Basin, mainly centered in the Osaka Plain.
Japanese: 主に大阪平野を中心に、播磨平野・京都盆地・奈良盆地・近江盆地に広がっている。
English: In this point, Keihanshin, in which the cities spread across mountains, such as Ikoma Mountains and Rokko Mountains, is very different from the Tokyo area, which spreads out in a radial fashion with the center in the Kanto Plain.
Japanese: この点で、起伏の少ない関東平野を中心として放射状に広がっている東京圏と比べると、生駒山地や六甲山地などの山地を挟んで都市が広がっている京阪神と大きく異なっている。
English: Plains, basins: Osaka Plain, Harima Plain, Kyoto Basin, Nara Basin, Kameoka Basin, Omi Basin, Yamashina Basin and Ueno Basin
Japanese: 平野・盆地…大阪平野、播磨平野、京都盆地、奈良盆地、亀岡盆地、近江盆地、山科盆地、上野盆地
English: Mountainous regions, mountains: Ikoma Mountains, Rokko Mountains, Kii Mountains, Mt. Hiei, Mt. Ikoma, Mt. Oe and Mt. Kongo (Kongo Mountains)
Japanese: 山地・山…生駒山地、六甲山地、紀伊山地、比叡山、生駒山、大江山、金剛山(金剛山地)
English: The plains mainly belong to the Seto Inland Sea climate, while the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, the southern part of Shiga Prefecture, the northern part of Nara Prefecture and the Iga region of Mie Prefecture belong to the inland climate.
Japanese: 主に平野部では瀬戸内海式気候、京都府南部・滋賀県南部・奈良県北部・三重県伊賀地方・伊賀地方などの内陸部は内陸性気候に属する。
English: Further, in Hanshin area, the seasonal cold wind named 'Rokko Oroshi' blows down from Mt. Rokko, and in Kosei area of Shiga Prefecture, the Hira Oroshi wind from Mt. Hira.
Japanese: また阪神地域では六甲山から六甲山六甲颪、滋賀県湖西地域では比良山から比良颪が吹き荒れる。
English: In addition, since it is widely covered with urban areas, a heat-island phenomenon is seen, which brings about a tendency toward coldness in winter and fierce heat in summer, as the climate is modified by this phenomenon.
Japanese: また都市地域に広く覆われていることからヒートアイランド現象がみられ、冬の冷え込みの弱さや夏の猛暑がもたらされ、その現象によって気候修飾を受ける。
English: In Keihanshin, construction of the interurban routes (inter-city trains) modeled after those of the United States of America has flourished.
Japanese: 京阪神では、アメリカ合衆国の例に倣ったインターアーバン（都市間電車）路線の建設が盛んとなった。
English: Beginning with the Hanshin Line (started in 1905), the opening of the subsequent Minoo Arima Electric Tramway (later Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line, started in 1910), the Hanshin Kobe Main Line (started in 1920) and other lines became a trigger for focusing on the suburban farming areas which had previously been unexploited hinterlands in Kobe and Hokusetsu region.
Japanese: 阪神本線（1905年開業）を嚆矢とし、続く箕面有馬電気軌道（後の阪急宝塚本線、1910年開業）、阪急神戸本線（1920年開業）ほかの各線の開通は、神戸・北摂の未開拓な後背地であった近郊農村地帯への着目のきっかけとなった。
English: And the development of a suburban residential area for the purpose of creating comfortable living environment was promoted in the space between two railroads, the scenic southern slope of Mt. Rokko along these railways, (Hanshin-kan Modernism).
Japanese: そして、快適な住環境創造を目的とする郊外住宅地の開発が、鉄道沿線である風光明媚な六甲山南斜面、いわゆる阪神間において進められた（阪神間モダニズム）。