nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is contemplated that radiation emitted from such ingredient is unlikely to cause injury to human bodies and it might be good for health since it activates immunity by the Hormesis effect.
Japanese: これらが放つ放射線は人体に被曝を及ぼす可能性は小さく、ホルミシス効果で免疫を活性化させるので、むしろ健康のではないかと考えられている。
English: However, as any of diseases mentioned above have not been firmly proved to be susceptible to radiation and therefore, research in this regard is expected.
Japanese: ただいずれの適応症も今のところ確たる根拠に基づいた医療が得られておらず、今後の研究が待たれるところである。
English: Misasa Medical Center of Okayama University Medical School has been established at Misasa-onsen Hot Spring with the aim of proving the therapeutic efficacy of Radon hot springs and is conducting research activities on a full-scale.
Japanese: ラドン温泉の治療効果を解明すべく、三朝温泉には岡山大学医学部附属病院三朝医療センターが設置されており、本格的な研究を行っている。
English: As hydrosulfate has the effect of easing the stiff part (stiff skin) and making easier to move, sulfate springs are quite effective for gout and neuralgia.
Japanese: 硫酸塩は、強張った患部（硬くなった肌）を柔らかくして動きやすくする働きを持っているため痛風や神経痛の症状に効果が高い。
English: Among sulfate springs, those containing calcium sulfate have thick and smooth tactile impression.
Japanese: 硫酸塩の中でも、硫酸カルシウムを多く含む泉質の場合、とろりとした滑らかな触感を伴う。
English: While sulfuric acid is hazardous substance, sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate etc. are harmless substances.
Japanese: 硫酸は危険な物質だが、硫酸ナトリウム・硫酸マグネシウムなどは無害な物質である。
English: Sulfate springs have no particular harmful influence on human bodies except for persons who are prohibited to bathe in hot springs.
Japanese: 硫酸塩泉は温泉入浴を禁じられている人以外にはこれといった弊害のない無難な泉質である。
English: The notational system of character reference to Onsen mark is &#x2668; (&#9832;).
Japanese: 温泉マークの文字参照による表記方法は、&#x2668;（&#9832;）である。
English: The purposes of the use of hot springs around the world are basically divided into several categories; namely, taking a rest through bathing (it is mainstream in Japan), recuperation by bathing, enjoying while bathing (such as swimming), drinking (drinking of hot spring water) and utilizing steam (sauna and steam bath).
Japanese: 世界的に温泉の利用形態は大きく分けて、入浴して体を休める（日本ではこれが主流）、入浴して療養する、入浴して楽しむ（泳ぐなど）、そして飲む（飲泉）、蒸気を利用する（サウナや蒸し風呂）に大別される。
English: Taking a rest by bathing is a unique Japanese culture which reflects its humid climate (Japanese-style bathing is spread exceptionally in some regions in Asia).
Japanese: 入浴して体を休めるのは湿潤な気候に反映した日本独自の文化（例外的にアジアの一部で日本的な入浴が広まっている）である。
English: Globally, hot springs are considered to be used for enjoying, healing, drinking or steaming.
Japanese: 世界的には楽しむ、療養する、あるいは飲むもの、蒸すものとして認識されている。
English: However, thanks to the current Japanese cultural boom as well as the spread of Onsen culture (to be mentioned later), Japanese-style bathing is gradually spreading globally.
Japanese: だが、今日の日本文化のブームやonsen文化の浸透（後述）によって、日本式の入浴が世界中で拡がっている部分も見られる。
English: In Europe, 'drinking hot spring water,' namely drinking of hot spring water, is deeply rooted as hot spring culture in particular.
Japanese: ヨーロッパでは特に「温泉を飲む」、すなわち飲泉が温泉文化として深く根付いている。
English: Carlsbad, a famous hot spring after which the name of Carls hot spring was created, is a hot spring for drinking.
Japanese: カルルス温泉の由来にもなった有名なカルルスバードなどは飲泉のための温泉地である。
English: However, hot spring resorts didn't develop there because of the small quantity of hot spring water as well as its low temperature resulting from the lack of a volcanic belt.
Japanese: しかし、火山帯が少ないため湯量が少なく、また泉温が低かったため、温泉地は発展しなかった。
English: In addition, bathing was considered to be harmful for a body due to the spread of infectious diseases, such as the plague, as well as social background including religious reasons and the practice of bathing was shied away from by people (concerning the details, refer to the item of bathing).
Japanese: また、ペストなどの伝染病蔓延や宗教的理由による社会背景などにより、入浴が身体を害するものとみなされ、入浴という習慣が敬遠されていった（詳しくは入浴の項を参照）。
English: On the other hand, as the quality of drinking water was poor in Europe, some visitors to hot spring resorts used to drink hot spring water.
Japanese: 一方、ヨーロッパでは飲用水の質が悪く、そのため一部の入浴客は温泉水を飲用していた。
English: Such bottled hot spring water gained a good reputation and since then, the notion of "hot spring was water to drink," namely the practice of drinking hot spring water took root as culture.
Japanese: これが大変な評判を呼び、以後は”温泉は飲むもの”、すなわち飲泉が文化として根付いた。
English: In Japan, Wilkinson Ginger Ail originally used hot spring water as an ingredient.
Japanese: なお、日本においてもウィルキンソン・ジンジャーエールなどは初期に炭酸泉水を原料としていた。
English: As the drinking of hot spring water showed clear medical effects, it was soon associated with medical science.
Japanese: またこれにより、温泉水を直に飲用したことで医療効果が鮮明であったことから、飲泉と医学がすぐに結びついた。
English: In Japan, by contrast, spa therapy had been deemed as folk therapy for a while because of the adoration for the newly imported western medicine and spa research was delayed.
Japanese: これは日本の温泉が、流入した西洋医学の崇拝が妨げとなって、しばらく温泉療法が民間療法と見做されて研究が遅れたのとは対称的である。
English: (However, research activities was continuously conducted at Beppu-onsen Hot Spring, where the big-scale facilities for sick and wounded soldiers were operated by Army/Navy, and Misasa-onsen Hot Spring by establishing a hot spring hospital and in cooperation with neighboring universities.)
Japanese: （尤も、陸海軍の大規模な傷病者施設のあった別府温泉や、三朝温泉など一部の温泉では温泉病院が設けられたり近隣の大学と結びつき、営々と研究も行われていた）
English: Bath and Carlsbad, well-known as the town of hot spring currently, have developed as health resorts and there are hot spring hospitals and nursing homes at present.
Japanese: 今日温泉町として知られるバースやカルルスバードなどは保養地としても発展し、温泉病院や老後施設なども完備する。
English: Although hotels and restaurants also exist, they don't have the facilities for hot spring bathing inside the building (the fact that the climate in Europe, especially in west and east Europe, is not so humid as Japan is a big reason why the culture of bathing has not developed).
Japanese: また、ホテルやレストランも建てられているが、中に入浴用の温泉は存在しない（ヨーロッパ、特に西欧や東欧は日本ほど湿潤でないことも入浴文化が発展しなかった大きな理由である）。
English: By contrast, limited number of hot spring resorts, such as Baden-Baden and Spa, were places for bathing originally.
Japanese: 対してバーデンバーデンやスパなどのように入浴用として形成された温泉地も少数ながら存在する。
English: Unlike in Japan, however, the notion of 'soaking' doesn't exist even at these places.
Japanese: しかし、いずれも日本の温泉のように「浸かる」という概念が存在しない。
English: Baden-Baden in Germany has developed as a resort town where casinos, boutiques, jewel shops and high-grade hotels are located, rather than as a hot spring resort.
Japanese: ドイツのバーデンバーデンは温泉としてより、むしろ付随するカジノやブティック、宝石店や高級ホテルなどによるリゾート地として発展した。
English: Other than the above, there are public baths and many people swim in a big bath using hot spring water in the same fashion as in a swimming pool (swimming is deemed as the breach of manners in Japan).
Japanese: その他、共同浴場が設けられており、温泉水の大浴槽でプール感覚と同様に泳ぐ者も多い（日本ではマナー違反とされる）。
English: In this sense, public baths can be said as the place where people get used to hot water, something like hot swimming pools in Japan.
Japanese: その意味で、日本の温水プールのような具合で湯に親しむ場所となっていると言える。
English: Spas in Belgium, which have became the common name for international hot spring resorts, have developed as hot springs for recuperation.
Japanese: また、国際的な温泉地の固定名称にもなったベルギーのスパは療養向けに発展した温泉地である。
English: As its hot spring district is small and baths for recuperation are set in each hotel room, its atmosphere resembles to that of hot springs for toji in Japan.
Japanese: 温泉街の規模が小さく、ホテルの個室内に療養用の浴槽が設けられており、日本の湯治向け温泉に雰囲気が似ている。
English: However, bathing is done solely for the purpose of recuperation and unlike in Japan, the notion of "soaking leisurely and relieving fatigue" doesn't exist.
Japanese: だが、湯船に入るのは専ら療養目的であるので、日本のように”ゆったり浸って疲れを癒す”という概念は存在しない。
English: Hot spring culture in Hungary, where public baths were constructed during the ancient Roman period, has a history of nearly 2000 years.
Japanese: ハンガリーでは古代ローマ時代から公衆浴場が建設され、2000年近くに渡る温泉文化を持っている。
English: In America, some hot springs are scattered along the volcanic belt, though the number is less than in Japan.
Japanese: アメリカ大陸には日本ほどではないが、一部の火山帯を中心に温泉が点在する。
English: The most famous one among them are the Hot Springs in Arkansas.
Japanese: その中で最も有名なのがアーカンソー州にあるホットスプリングスである。
English: In 1541, the Spanish discovered a hot spring which had been used by indigenous people from long ago and named it Hot Springs (namely, the place where hot water gushes out).
Japanese: 1541年にスペイン人が原住民が古くから使用していた温泉を発見し、ここをホットスプリング（すなわち、熱い湯の吹き出る場所）と名付けた。
English: However, in spite of the abundant quantity of hot spring water, bathing is not necessary there because the humidity level is as low as in Europe.
Japanese: しかし、ここは湯量が豊富であるにも関わらず、西欧と同様湿度が低いために入浴の必要が無い。
English: Therefore, hot spring water is only used for showers, saunas and massage and the development of the town is supported by casinos and resort facilities.
Japanese: したがって、あくまでシャワー、サウナやマッサージとして使用されるにとどまっており、付随するカジノなどのリゾート施設が発展を後押ししている。
English: Further, hot spring water of Hot Springs has been believed to be good for health without concrete grounds and there has been no affiliation between hot springs and medical science.
Japanese: また、ホットスプリングスも漫然として健康に良いと見做されていただけであり、温泉と医学も結びつかなかった。
English: This is the result of Japanese people's exploitation of hot springs in Korean Peninsula in the wake of Japan's annexation of Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: これは日韓併合に伴い、日本人が朝鮮半島で温泉開発を行ったことに因るものである。
English: Japanese people who visit hot springs in Korea for the first time sometimes suffer culture shock due to the difference in culture between two countries (for example, Koreans bring nothing when bathing).
Japanese: しかし、日本とは文化的な相違があり、初めて訪れる日本人はカルチャーショックを受けることがある（たとえば、入浴の際に何も持たない）。
English: Indigenous people Maori knew the benefits of hot springs and used them for recuperation.
Japanese: 原住民のマオリの人々も温泉の効能を知っており、温泉を療養に用いてたという。
English: In the early 20th century, New Zealand strived to develop hot spring resorts nationwide taking advantage of its abundant hot spring water.
Japanese: 20世紀前半には国を挙げて豊富な温泉水に目を向け、滞在型の温泉リゾートを開発しようとした。
English: Such development, however, didn't progress very much because its climate was not as humid as that of Japan and the practice of bathing was not prevalent among the white people who settled there.
Japanese: しかし、日本ほど湿潤な気候でないことと、入植した白人には入浴という習慣が根付いていなかったため、さほど進展しなかった。
English: At present, the use of hot springs in New Zealand is linked with healthcare activities, such as sports and exercise, and hot springs have developed as health resorts where people shed sweat after participating in sports and/or outdoor activities.
Japanese: 今日、ニュージーランドの温泉はスポーツやエクササイズといった健康面で結びつき、あくまでスポーツやアウトドア後に汗を流すための保養施設として発展している。
English: Swimming pools which use hot spring water are very popular among people and the core facilities of a hot spring town.
Japanese: また、温泉水を利用した温泉プールは非常に人気があり、温泉地の主力施設となっている。
English: The movement to make 'Onsen' a global term started around 2003.
Japanese: 2003年頃から、「Onsen」を世界で通用する言葉にする運動がある。
English: This movement was prompted by the fact that the commonly used English translation of Onsen, 'Hot Spring' and 'Spa,' mean the place where hot water gushes and hot springs for recuperation respectively (the latter derives from the city name Spa (Belgium) which is famous as the host city of Formula 1 World Championship) and both of them evoke the image of something different from the Japanese Onsen.
Japanese: これは、一般的な英語訳である「HotSpring」では熱水が湧出する場所、「Spa」では療養温泉という意味があり（元はフォーミュラ1ベルギーグランプリ開催地としても有名なスパ(ベルギー)に由来する）、日本の一般的な温泉のイメージとどちらも離れているからである。
English: People of Kusatsu-onsen Hot Spring are actively conducting the movement to make 'Onsen' a global term.
Japanese: 「Onsen」を世界で通用する言葉にする運動は、草津温泉などが積極的に行っている。
English: Probably thanks to the above, foreign tourists whose main purpose is visiting Onsen have been increasing recently.
Japanese: その為か最近では温泉をメインとし日本を訪れる外国人観光客も増え始めている。
English: Tours from abroad that specialize in Onsen as well as English web-sites introducing Onsen at various places in Japan are also seen recently.
Japanese: 海外からの温泉旅行専門のツアーや日本の各地の温泉を紹介する英語版のウェブサイトも見られる.。
English: Manzai or comic dialogue is a type of entertainment or talk show performed mainly by a comedy duo, which has been uniquely developed in Japan's Kinki region based upon the traditional form of manzai observed on New Year's Day.
Japanese: 漫才（まんざい）は、古来の萬歳を元に、日本の近畿地方で独自に発達したとされる、主に2人組で披露される演芸・話芸。
English: Manzai was named by the advertising department of Yoshimoto Kogyo in 1933 after Mandan started by Benshi (Japanese film narrators for silent movies) at the end of the Taisho era.
Japanese: 大正末期に映画の弁士によって始められた漫談にちなみ、昭和8年頃に吉本興業宣伝部によって漫才と名付けられた。
English: Manzai (written in different kanji from the main topic Manzai) which is said to be the origin of manzai is a form of entertainment that started in the Heian period to deliver a congratulatory speech for the New Year along with chanting and dancing.
Japanese: 漫才の発祥と言われる万歳（まんざい）は、平安時代から始まった芸能で、新年を言祝ぐ（ことほぐ）歌舞である。
English: A pair of performers visit each house, with one of them playing the drum and the other dancing with it after delivering a congratulatory speech for the New Year.
Japanese: 2人一組で家々を訪れ、新年を祝う口上を述べた後に、1人片方が打つ鼓に合わせてもう1人が舞う。
English: In the Edo period, manzai named after its originating location including Owari Manzai, Mikawa Manzai and Yamato Manzai became popular in many places throughout the country, which developed into something much funnier by adding more wisecracks and riddle dialogues to utamai (a performance of singing and dancing).
Japanese: 江戸時代には、全国各地でその地名を冠した尾張萬歳、三河萬歳、その後、大和万歳などが興り、歌舞のみでなく言葉の掛け合い噺や謎かけ問答を芸に加えて滑稽味を増し発展していった。
English: Manzai (written in different kanji used as the main topic and the previously-mentioned Manzai), which is an Osaka vaudeville started in the Meiji period, is based upon Sankyoku Manzai, one of many types of manzai.
Japanese: 明治時代から行われた大阪の寄席演芸である万才（まんざい）は、この万歳のうち三曲萬歳をベースにしたとされる。
English: Sankyoku Manzai was a boisterous manzai using a Chinese fiddle, a drum and a shamisen, and the early Manzai was accompanied by some musical instruments after the fashion of Sankyoku Manzai.
Japanese: 三曲万歳は胡弓・鼓・三味線による賑やかな万歳で、初期の万才もこれに倣って楽器伴奏を伴っていた。
English: Some of the early manzai entertainers included Entatsu TAMAGOYA, a pioneer of manzai, and a duo of Sutemaru SUNAGAWA and Haruyo NAKAMURA.
Japanese: 初期の万才の芸人には、万才という分野を切り開いたパイオニアである玉子屋円辰や、砂川捨丸・中村春代のコンビなどがある。
English: However, vaudeville at the time was mainly comprised of rakugo (traditional comic storytelling) and manzai was regarded just as a supporting type of entertainment.
Japanese: ただし当時の寄席演芸は落語が中心であり、万才は添え物的な立場に置かれていた。
English: After that, manzai began including elements of Niwaka (an impromptu comic play), Karukuchi, which was transformed from Niwaka and had a form of rakugo played by two persons, as well as Rokyoku (recitation of a kind of sung narrative), and reached its present form.
Japanese: その後、俄や、俄から転化し2人で落語を演じる形式の軽口、浪曲の要素が混ざり合って今の形式になった。
English: At the end of the Taisho period, a duo of Entatsu YOKOYAMA and Achako HANABISHI, who were Yoshimoto Kogyo entertainers, established manzai as a talk show called 'Shabekuri Manzai' in which entertainers made people laugh only with their conversation, and their style achieved significant popularity.
Japanese: 大正末期には、吉本興業の芸人である横山エンタツ・花菱アチャコのコンビが、万才を会話だけの話芸「しゃべくり漫才」として成立させ、絶大な人気を博した。
English: Up to the beginning of Showa period, manzai had been described mainly in either '萬才' or '萬歳.'
Japanese: 昭和初期までは基本的に「萬才」「萬歳」の表記が使われることが多かった。
English: However, when an advertising department was established in Yoshimoto Kogyo in January 1933 which announced in 'Yoshimoto Engei Tsushin' that they would change its description in kanji (Chinese characters) to '漫才.'
Japanese: しかし、1933年（昭和8年）1月に吉本興業内に宣伝部が創設され、この宣伝部が発行した「吉本演藝通信」の中で「漫才」と表記を改称することが宣言された。
English: Therefore, it is now widely accepted that Tetsuhiko HASHIMOTO, who was managing the advertising department at the time, started using the kanji '漫才' to describe manzai.
Japanese: このことから、現在では当時同社の宣伝部門を統括していた橋本鐵彦を「漫才」の名付け親とするのが通説となっている。
English: However, some people believe that the person who started using the kanji '漫才' to describe manzai was actually Shonosuke HAYASHI, the general manager of Yoshimoto Kogyo at the time, rather than HASHIMOTO since the kanji '漫才' had been already used as one of the business line of Yoshimoto Kogyo in March 1932, when Yoshimoto Kogyo changes its name to Yoshimoto Kogyo Gomei Kaisha.
Japanese: しかしこの前年の1932年3月に吉本興業が「吉本興業合名会社」として改組された際に、営業品目の一つとして「漫才」の表記が既に使われていることなどから、「漫才」の名付け親は橋本ではなく、当時同社の総支配人だった林正之助であるとする説もある。
English: Since the appearance of Entatsu and Achako, the popularity of manzai has rapidly spread among people and many other forms of manzai-shi have emerged.
Japanese: エンタツ・アチャコ以降、漫才は急速に普及し、他のスター漫才師も生みだした。
English: In Tokyo, Kingoro YANAGIYA who was on familiar terms with Entatsu and Achako was inspired by manzai and thus had Goro and Rokuro of the Yanagiya family perform comical conversation on stage.
Japanese: 東京ではエンタツ・アチャコと懇意にしていた柳家金語楼が触発されて、一門の梧楼と緑朗に高座で掛け合いを演じさせた。
English: On the other hand, there were some manzai-shi, who maintained the classic style of using some musical instrument, including Sutemaru SUNAGAWA, Haruyo NAKAMURA, Kashimashi-Musume in Kansai, and Keiko and Yoshie UTSUMI as well as Chiyowaka and Chiyokiku SHOKAKUYA in Tokyo.
Japanese: 一方、砂川捨丸・中村春代やかしまし娘、東京では内海桂子・好江、松鶴家千代若・千代菊など、お囃子を取り入れた古典的なスタイルを崩さなかった漫才師もいた。
English: Some manzai-shi, who did not have an exclusivity contract with Yoshimoto Kogyo, gathered in Osaka and established Dannosuke Geino-sha, a company that received orders for and engaged in managing entertainment.
Japanese: 吉本興業と専属契約していなかった漫才師たちは大阪に結集し、仕事の受注やマネージメントをする団之助芸能社を立ち上げた。
English: Dannosuke SHOKAKUYA gathered several manzai-shi at Sanno, Nishinari Ward, which was a convenient place for gathering people in terms of public transportation.
Japanese: 松鶴家団之助が交通の便などがよかったために西成区山王で芸人を集めた。
English: Later, it became easier for entertainers to work in places other than Sanno due to the development of public transportation, and many of them signed a contract with Yoshimoto Kogyo or Shochiku Geino.
Japanese: その後、交通機関の発達で山王を離れての活動が容易になり、多くの芸人は吉本興業や松竹芸能と契約するようになった。
English: Popular entertainers on television and radio shows in the Kansai region during the period included duos such as Daimaru and Raketto NAKATA, Itoshi YUMEJI and Koishi KIMI, Miyako Chocho and Yuji NANTO, Koro JINSEI and Sachiko IKUE, Ohama and Kohama UNABARA, and Manga trio.
Japanese: 上方では中田ダイマル・ラケット、夢路いとし・喜味こいし、ミヤコ蝶々・南都雄二、人生幸朗・生恵幸子・海原お浜・小浜、漫画トリオなどがラジオ・テレビで活躍した。
English: In Tokyo, the duos of Senta and Mankichi who were described earlier, Tenya SHISHI and Wanya SETO, and Toppu and Raito COLUMBIA were also active on television and radio shows.
Japanese: 東京では前述の千太・万吉、獅子てんや・瀬戸わんや、コロムビア・トップ・ライトなどがラジオ・テレビで活躍した。
English: In the late 1970's, manzai became popular through the TV shows on the Fuji television channel, namely "Kao Meijin Gekijo" and "THE MANZAI," and some mid-career and young manzai-shi including duos of Yasushi YOKOYAMA and Kiyoshi NISHIKAWA, Kausu and Botan NAKATA, Comedy No.1, Two-Beat, Sento and Ruisu HOSHI, The Bonchi, Norio NISHIKAWA and Yoshio KAMIGATA, Shinsuke and Ryusuke as well as BB achieved significant popularity.
Japanese: 1970年代後半にはフジテレビの番組『花王名人劇場』、『THEMANZAI』からマンザイブームが起こり、横山やすし・西川きよし、中田カウス・ボタン、コメディNo.1、ツービート、星セント・ルイス、ザ・ぼんち、西川のりお・上方よしお、紳助・竜介、BB(漫才)などの中堅や若手漫才師が人気を集めた。
English: Manzai was originally developed as a form of entertainment performed in a storyteller theater; however, manzai has also had a remarkable affinity with the mass media and has thus been frequently shown or introduced on radio and TV shows.
Japanese: 漫才は寄席で行われる演芸として発達したが、マスメディアとの親和性にも優れており、ラジオ番組やテレビ番組でも多く披露されていった。
English: Other countries such as the U.S.A., Germany, Korea and China also have similar types of entertainment; however, no performance where nori-tsukkomi and dotsuki (hitting your partner) are seen in these countries due to cultural differences.
Japanese: アメリカ、ドイツ、大韓民国、中国などの国々にも似たようなものがあるが、日本との文化的な違いから漫才のように空気を読んだノリツッコミやドツくのようなパフォーマンスは見られない。
English: Manzai is a talk show performed mainly by a duo, but there are some cases where a trio (a group of three members) perform it.
Japanese: 漫才は主に2名で演じられる話芸だが、3名以上のグループで演じられる場合もある。
English: Background music may be used or the performers themselves may play some musical instrument.
Japanese: 背景音楽が使用される場合もあるし、演者自身が楽器を演奏する場合もある。
English: Traditionally, many male performers wore matching costumes or suits, which were tailored with flashy, primary-color lame fabric.
Japanese: 衣装は、男性の場合、伝統的にはペアあるいはそれに類するスーツ着用がほとんどで、そのスーツが派手に原色のラメなどで彩られるものが多かった。
English: However, the young manzai-shi who were also active as comedians in the manzai boom in 1970's started changing the tradition and many of them began wearing more fashionable or informal dress which can be seen on the street.
Japanese: しかし、1970年代の漫才ブームの頃に若手として登場したお笑いタレント兼務の漫才師たちにより、その伝統は崩されていき、よりファッショナブルにあるいはラフに、カジュアルなストリートファッションのような衣装で演じられることが多くなっていった。
English: Also, one or both member(s) of some comedians and manzai-shi duos sometimes wear unusual costumes in order to represent their unique characters or trademark (Yoshichi SHIMADA of BB in their younger days, Taka of Taka and Toshi, etc.).
Japanese: しかし中には、キャラ作りや自らのトレードマークの誇示のために片方もしくは双方が変わった衣装を着ることもある(若手時代のBBの島田洋七、タカアンドトシのタカ(タカアンドトシ)など)。
English: Roles in manzai can be divided into two types; boke and tsukkomi.
Japanese: 2名の演者は、ボケ役とツッコミ役と呼ばれる二つの役割に分けることができる。
English: He/she uses obvious mistakes and misunderstandings to mainly tell silly or funny jokes about the topic, to make the audience laugh.
Japanese: 話題の中に明らかな間違いや勘違いなどを織り込んで笑いを誘う所作を行ったり、冗談などを主に言う。
English: The partner of the boke comic immediately points out the mistakes or misunderstandings made by the boke comic to show the audience what is funny about it.
Japanese: 一方、その相方は、ボケ役の間違いを素早く指摘し、笑いどころを観客に提示する役割を担う。
English: Common ways to react to the boke comic's jokes are to slap or hit the boke person's head with a light item or to hit the chest of the boke person with the back of his/her hand.
Japanese: ボケ役の頭を平手や軽い道具で叩いたり胸の辺りを手の甲で叩いて指摘する事が多い。
English: Boke used to be called toboke because he/she often made the audiences' laugh by acting stupid (the word is originated from "tobokeru," which means playing fool in Japanese).
Japanese: もともとボケ役は、そのとぼける行為によって笑いを誘うことが多かったことからとぼけ役と呼称されていた。
English: In introducing the roles of a duo (or trio) as 'tsukkomi toboke' on stage, the phrase came to be interpreted as 'tsukkomi to boke' (tsukkomi AND boke), which became the current names for each role.
Japanese: 芸席において紹介のつど「つっこみ（役）・とぼけ（役）」と称されていたことが、後に音だけで「つっこみ（役）とぼけ（役）」→「つっこみ（役）と、ぼけ（役）」のように転じたことから、現在のように「つっこみ（役）・ぼけ（役）」と称されている。
English: The timing of tsukkomi itself often provokes laughter of the audience.
Japanese: ツッコミを入れるタイミングそのものが、観客の笑いを誘う場合も少なくない。
English: Tsukkomi also provides a break in the ongoing topic of the boke person and thus is effective in producing brisk structural rhythms.
Japanese: また、ツッコミが入ることにより、ボケ役が進行する話題に区切りを与え、構成上の小気味よいリズムを生み出す効果もある。
English: There is another style of tsukkomi called 'nori-tsukkomi' in which a tsukkomi person does not butt in the boke's joke immediately, but develops the joke further before butting in.
Japanese: 即座にツッコミを入れず、ツッコミ役がボケを更に広げた後にツッコミを入れる「ノリツッコミ」と呼ばれるものも存在する。
English: However, the laughter is actually provoked by the tsukkomi person in nori-tsukkomi, and thus is different from the original role of tsukkomi.
Japanese: しかし、これは実質的にツッコミが笑いを誘う役割を担うため、本来のツッコミとは異なる。
English: According to Daijisen (a type of Japanese dictionary), tsukkomi is a role that develops a plot of the topic; however, that is not necessarily so.
Japanese: 大辞泉によれば、ツッコミは「漫才で、ぼけに対して、主に話の筋を進める役」とされているが、実際には必ずしもそうとは限らない。
English: Roles of boke and tsukkomi can be switched around; versatile entertainers can switch their roles naturally depending on the situation.
Japanese: またその役割分担も必ずしも固定的ではなく、達者とされるコンビほど、流れによって自然にボケとツッコミが入れ替わる展開を用いる。
English: Therefore, it is a good guess that boke and tsukkomi are not fixed roles in a precise sense, and the exchange of conversation between the two roles is just conceptualized.
Japanese: そのため、ボケとツッコミは厳密には、固定化された役割とは限らず、やり取りの様を概念化したものだと考えるのが妥当である。
English: Examples of manzai duos where the tsukkomi person develops a plot include Nakagawa-ke, Noiru and Koiru SHOWA, and Itoshi YUMEJI and Koishi KIMI.
Japanese: なお、ツッコミ役が進行する漫才師は中川家、昭和のいる・こいる、夢路いとし・喜味こいし等がいる。
English: Examples of manzai duos where roles of boke and tsukkomi are not fixed include Daimaru and Raketto NAKATA, Yasushi YOKOYAMA and Kiyoshi NISHIKAWA, Kausu and Botan NAKATA, All Hanshin and Kyojin, Tomiizu, and Kenta and Yuta OKA.
Japanese: 役割分担は固定的ではない漫才師には、中田ダイマル・ラケット、横山やすし・西川きよし、中田カウス・ボタン、オール阪神・巨人、トミーズ、おかけんた・ゆうたなどが該当する。