nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: SAIONJI announced a policy of tolerating the moderates, avoiding cracking down on socialism indiscriminately.
Japanese: 西園寺は社会主義をみだりに弾圧することを避け、穏健派の存在は容認する方針を打ち出した。
English: Supported by this policy, the first legal socialist party "Japan Socialist Party" was established on January 28.
Japanese: これに乗じて1月28日、初の合法的社会主義政党「日本社会党(1906年)」が結成された。
English: This party, however, was divided into two groups; advocates of direct action (hard-liners) who insisted on violent revolution, including KOTOKU, and advocates of parliament activities (soft-liners) who insisted on legal takeover through parliaments, including Tetsuji TAZOE.
Japanese: しかし同党は、暴力革命を主張する幸徳ら「直接行動派（硬派）」と、議会を通じた合法的政権奪取を主張する田添鉄二ら「議会政策派（軟派）」とに分裂。
English: Conflict between the said two groups, especially the existence of the hard-liners, was regarded as dangerous by the government, and the prohibition order against association was issued on a charge of infringement against the Security Police Law, one year after the establishment of the party.
Japanese: 両者の対立、殊に硬派の存在は政府に危険視され、結党から1年で治安警察法違反による結社禁止命令が下される。
English: In such a situation, tens of socialists gathered at a movie theater in Kanda, Tokyo (Chiyoda-ku) called "Kinki-kan Theater" on June 22, 1908, in order to welcome Koken YAMAGUCHI, who had just been discharged from prison.
Japanese: このような中にあって、1908年6月22日、東京・神田(千代田区)の映画館「錦輝館（きんきかん）」に社会主義者数十名が集い、山口孤剣の出獄歓迎会が開催された。
English: YAMAGUCHI had contributed an article of argument and consideration titled "Kick the parents" to Heimin Shinbun (Commoner's Newspaper) (No.59) in March 1907, severely criticizing the feudal family system.
Japanese: 山口は1907年3月、封建的家族制度を痛烈に批判する論考「父母を蹴れ」を平民新聞（第59号）に寄稿した。
English: Due to this article he had been accused of violating Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Regulations), sentenced to three months in prison (a year and two months in total with other charges), and discharged on June 18 the next year.
Japanese: これにより山口は新聞紙条例違反の罪に問われ、3ヶ月（余罪も含めて1年2ヶ月）の禁錮に処せられていたが、翌年6月18日に出獄した。
English: In this case of troubles brought on by publication, Sanshiro ISHIKAWA was also imprisoned, was discharged from prison earlier than YAMAGUCHI, and he, feeling sorry that the hard-liners and the soft-liners separately held a gathering for celebrating his discharge from prison, suggested that the both groups should jointly celebrate YAMAGUCHI's discharge from prison.
Japanese: この筆禍事件で山口と同じく投獄され、先んじて出獄を果たした平民新聞編集者の石川三四郎は、自らの出獄歓迎会を硬派と軟派が別々に催したことに寂しさを覚え、共同で同志の出獄を祝うよう両派に働きかけた。
English: The hard-liners and the soft-liners were still opposed to each other, but they could have the welcome party in cooperation, partly because YAMAGUCHI, who was in prison, could not directly be involved in this matter.
Japanese: 硬派と軟派の相克はなお継続していたが、当時獄中にいた山口がこの問題に直接関与していなかったこともあり、両派合同の歓迎会が実現したのである。
English: On the afternoon of June 22 (the time varies according to materials), the celebration was started by an opening speech of ISHIKAWA, the originator.
Japanese: 6月22日午後（時刻は資料により異なる）、歓迎会は発起人の石川による開会の辞から始まった。
English: Just before the end of the celebration, a group of hard-liners including Kanson ARAHATA, Takuji UTSUNOMIYA, Sakae OSUGI and Genjiro MURAKI suddenly waved red flags (the number of the flags varies according to materials) on which white letters saying 'Anarchism,' 'Social Revolution' and 'SOCIALISM' were written, and started to sing songs of revolution.
Japanese: しかし散会間際に、荒畑寒村、宇都宮卓爾、大杉栄、村木源次郎ら硬派の一団は、突如赤地に白の文字で「無政府共産」「社会革命」「SOCIALISM」などと書かれた赤旗（本数は資料により異なる）を翻し、革命歌を歌い始めた。
English: ISIHIKAWA tried to stop them but they did not follow him and ran out of Kinki-kan Theater yelling 'Hurrah for anarchism!' at the top of their voice.
Japanese: 石川はこれを制止しようとしたが、硬派は従わず、「アナキズム万歳」などと絶叫しながら錦輝館を飛び出した。
English: The police force was standing by and watching for the celebration, but as soon as they saw the hard-liners appearing at the street, they rushed in toward the hard-liners to take away the red flags, only to wrestle with with the hard-liners, who fought back in order to secure the flags.
Japanese: 歓迎会開催に当たり現場で待機していた警官隊は、街頭に現れた硬派の面々を認めるや駆け寄って赤旗を奪おうとし、これを拒んだ彼らともみ合った。
English: As a result of this fight, many people including Kanson ARAHATA, Takuji UTSUNOMIYA, Sakae OSUGI, Genjiro MURAKI, Satoru SATO, Yasunosuke TOKUNAGA, Eiji MORIOKA, Shin MOMOSE, and four women (Satoko OSUGA, Suga KANNO, Reiko KOGURE and Matsuko KAMIKAWA) were arrested, and SAKAI and YAMAKAWA, who tried to stop the fight, were also arrested.
Japanese: この格闘の末、荒畑寒村、宇都宮卓爾、大杉栄、村木源次郎、佐藤悟、徳永保之助、森岡栄治、百瀬晋のほか、女性4名（大須賀里子、管野スガ、小暮礼子、神川松子）が検挙され、またこれを止めに入った堺と山川も同じく検挙された。
English: SAKAI 'simply lay in a coma in his cell,' and KOGURE 'suddenly had a fit and writhed in agony but was left as she was without any treatment.' (the article as of June 26 in Tokyo Niroku Newspaper).
Japanese: 堺は「檻房中にて唯（ただ）昏睡し居り」、小暮は「房内にて突然癪を起して苦しみ居るも、何等の手術も施さず其儘（そのまま）に打捨て置」かれた（6月26日付け東京二六新聞）。
English: As leaders of the social movement were arrested all together, socialists got upset and rebelled against the police.
Japanese: 社会主義運動の指導者層が一挙に拘束されたことで、社会主義者らは動揺し、警察に反発した。
English: On July 7, posters were found stuck to telephone poles that said 'We will hold a meeting at Hibiya Park on July 10 in order to avenge the incident of Kinki-kan Theater. The attendee should carry petroleum oil, a club and matchsticks.' (the article as of July 8 in Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper).
Japanese: 7月7日には、電柱に「来る十日日比谷公園にて大会を開き錦輝館の復讐を為す。来会者は石油、棍棒、マッチ携帯の事」などと書かれた張り紙が発見された（7月8日付け東京日日新聞）。
English: On August 15 at 9:00 a.m., the fourteen arrested people, accused of resisting the government officials and violating the Security Police Law, were on trial at the Tokyo District Court.
Japanese: 8月15日午前9時、官吏抗拒罪及び治安警察法違反に問われた逮捕者14名に対する裁判が東京地方裁判所で開かれた。
English: SAKAI insisted that his several comrades who carried red flags were simply on their way home with the flags rolled up in order to make them inconspicuous when the policemen jumped onto them and turned to violence.
Japanese: 堺は、赤旗を持っていた数名は目立たぬように旗を巻いて帰路に就こうとしたのに、躍り出た警官が暴力に訴えたと主張。
English: SATO acknowledged that he was the first to sing songs of revolution in a loud voice and to yell 'Hurrah for anarchism,' and replied that the ultimate objectives of anarchism and of socilalism may be the same.
Japanese: 佐藤は、自らが率先して革命歌を高唱し、「無政府主義万歳」と叫んだことを認めると共に、無政府主義も社会主義も究極の目的は一致するかもしれぬと答えた。
English: OSUGI insisted that, as the policemen who had been waylaying him and his comrades tried to take away red flags, violently ordering them to roll up the flags, they resisted the policeman shouting, 'It is a robbery to take away people's possessions without reason.'
Japanese: また大杉は、待ち伏せた警官が「旗を巻け」と叫んで赤旗を奪おうとしたので、「理由なく所有権を取るのは強盗である」と叫んで争った旨を主張した。
English: The decision was handed down on August 29, after the second public trial on August 22 in which OSUGI's wife was summoned as witness.
Japanese: 大杉の妻らを証人として喚問した8月22日の第2回公判を経て、判決は8月29日に下された。
English: KAMIKAWA and KANNO, found not guilty, were discharged from prison on September 1 and TOKUGAWA and KOGURE, given a suspended sentence, were discharged on September 4, while OSUGI was sentenced to two years and six months in prison and fined 25 yen, SAKAI, YAMAKAWA and MORIOKA were sentenced to two years in prison and fined 20 yen, and ARAHATA and UTSUNOMIYA were sentenced to one year and six months in prison and fined 15 yen.
Japanese: 無罪となった神川と管野は9月1日に、また執行猶予の付いた徳永と小暮は4日にそれぞれ出獄したが、大杉には重禁錮2年6ヶ月と罰金25円、堺、山川、森岡には重禁錮2年と罰金20円、荒畑、宇都宮には重禁錮1年6ヶ月と罰金15円が科せられた。
English: According to what the parties including ARAHATA disclosed later, the red flags were waved only in order to demonstrate against the soft-liners.
Japanese: 荒畑ら当事者がのちに明かしたところによれば、赤旗を翻したのは軟派に対する示威行動に過ぎなかった。
English: The contents of the decision were contrary to their optimistic expectation that they would not be severely punished.
Japanese: 判決は、大した罰を受けるとは考えていなかった彼らの楽観を裏切る内容であった。
English: On June 27, five days after the incident, SAIONJI announced his intention of resignation to the Minister of Home Affairs Takashi HARA and others.
Japanese: 事件発生から5日後の6月27日、西園寺は内務大臣原敬らに辞意を表明。
English: Although there were certain disturbing elements such as economic downturn in those days, the resignation prompted a flurry of speculation because the cabinet was dissolved shortly after the ruling Seiyu Party won the tenth general election of the House of Representative in May with a historic landslide victory.
Japanese: 景気の悪化など大きな不安要素はあったものの、5月に行われた第10回衆議院議員総選挙で、与党政友会が歴史的大勝を果たした矢先の退陣は憶測を呼んだ。
English: The official reason of the resignation was Saionji's failing health, but it is said that the direct cause of the resignation was Arimoto YAMAGATA's report to the Emperor that said 'The incident occurred as a result of a move to reconcile with socialists by the Saionji's cabinet, so it was a blunder by the cabinet.'
Japanese: 表向きは健康上の問題によるとされたが、山縣有朋が「事件は社会主義者に対する融和の結果発生した。これは西園寺内閣の失策である」と奏上したのが直接の原因といわれている。
English: KOTOKU, who escaped imprisonment because he had been in his hometown in Kochi at the time of the incident, went back to Tokyo as soon as he heard of the incident and struggled to rebuild the movement.
Japanese: 事件発生時、幸徳は郷里の高知県にいたため難を逃れたが、事件を知るや直ちに上京し、勢力の建て直しに奔走した。
English: As a result, anarchists and those close to anarchism became the majority in the socialist movement.
Japanese: この結果、無政府主義者やそれに近い者が社会運動の主流派を占めるに至った。
English: This trend was further spurred by the stronger crackdown by the newly-formed second Katsura Cabinet, and developed into the Taigyaku Jiken (case of high treason) or the Kotoku Incident in 1910.
Japanese: 新たに成立した第2次桂内閣による取締り強化もこの流れに拍車をかけ、1910年の大逆事件（幸徳事件）へと発展した。
English: The Imperial standard is a pair of banners made of red brocade with a gold sun (Hi no mihata) and a silver moon (Tsuki no mihata) embroidered or pictured on each.
Japanese: 赤地の錦に、金色の日像・銀色の月像を刺繍したり、描いたりした旗（この日之御旗と月之御旗は二つ一組）。
English: The Retired Emperor Gotoba bestowed it on his warrior in the Jokyu War (1221) for the first time in history.
Japanese: 承久の乱（1221年（承久3年））に際し、後鳥羽上皇が配下の将に与えた物が、歴史上の錦旗の初見とされる。
English: In January 1868, the Imperial standard was unfurled at Toji Temple, which had been the headquarters of the Satsuma clan at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
Japanese: 1868年（慶応4年）正月、鳥羽伏見の戦いにおいて、薩摩藩の本営であった東寺に錦旗が掲げられた。
English: This Imperial standard was entrusted to be prepared when Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma clan and Yajiro SHINAGAWA of the Choshu clan met Tomomi IWAKURA at Tsuneyuki NAKAMIKADO's second house in Iwakura Village, Otagi County on November 1, 1867.
Japanese: この錦旗は、慶応3年10月6日に薩摩藩の大久保利通と長州藩の品川弥二郎が、愛宕郡岩倉村にある中御門経之の別邸で岩倉具視と会見した際に調製を委嘱された物であった。
English: OKUBO got Yamato-nishiki type silk and red and white damask silk in Kyoto City and had one of a pair of the banners made secretly at the residence of the Satsuma clan in Kyoto.
Japanese: 大久保が京都市中で大和錦と紅白の緞子を調達し、半分を京都薩摩藩邸で密造させた。
English: While the banner of the Imperial army helped boost the morale of the soldiers of its army very much, it gave a serious shock to the soldiers of the Edo shogunate's army, who came to feel that their army turned into the rebel army.
Japanese: 官軍の証である錦旗の存在は士気を大いに鼓舞すると共に、賊軍の立場となった江戸幕府側に非常に大きな打撃を与えた。
English: Mitsuaki TANAKA, who joined the war as a retainer of the Tosa clan and later became Minister of the Imperial Households and Secretary of the Cabinet, witnessed the white-faced soldiers of the Edo shogunate retreating at the sight of the Imperial standards in the battle fields, saying, 'We'd better stop fighting, otherwise we will become the enemy of the Emperor.'
Japanese: 当時土佐藩士として戦いに参加し、のちに宮内大臣や内閣書記官長などを歴任した田中光顕は、錦の御旗を知らしめただけで前線の幕府兵達が「このままでは朝敵になってしまう」と青ざめて退却する場面を目撃している。
English: After Meiji Restoration the Imperial standards and battle flags used in the Boshin War were kept in Yushu-kan, a treasure house of Ministry of Army and in Zusho-ryo, a library of Imperial Household Ministry.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争に使用された各種錦旗及び軍旗類は、明治維新後は陸軍省の遊就館や宮内省図書寮に保存された。
English: In 1888 the Meiji government ordered Kasei UKITA, a painter of Choshu Domain, to draw the Imperial standards.
Japanese: 1888年（明治21年）政府は、長州藩出身の絵師、浮田可成（うきたかせい）に旗の絵を描かせた。
English: He painted thirty-four paintings of seventeen types of banners, which were compiled into a book in four volumes named "Boshin shoyo Kinki oyobi Gunki-shinzu" (Pictures of the Imperial Standards and Battle Flags Used in the Boshin War).
Japanese: それらは17種34枚の絵図に図化され、『戊辰所用錦旗及軍旗真図』（ぼしんしょようきんきおよびぐんきしんず）4巻にまとめられた。
English: Against the communist revolution, Shumei OKAWA argued for 'Kinki Revolution' that aimed to steer Japan in the right direction with an emperor at the top.
Japanese: 大川周明は、共産主義革命に対抗して天皇を頂点とする「錦旗革命（きんきかくめい）」を起こして、日本を正しい方向に導くべきだと唱えた。
English: Thus, the October Incident in which OKAWA participated, plotted by the military officers of Imperial Japanese Army, was also called 'Kinki Revolution Coup.'
Japanese: このため、大川自身も計画に参加した大日本帝国陸軍将校によるクーデター計画・十月事件を「錦旗革命事件」とも称する。
English: Kobunjigaku is a school of Confucianism founded by Sorai OGYU in the Edo period.
Japanese: 古文辞学（こぶんじがく）とは、江戸時代に興った荻生徂徠に始まる儒教の一派。
English: The Prince Otomo enthronement theory was advocated in the Edo period and it was a long-lasting dispute in the Japanese history.
Japanese: 大友皇子即位説（おおとものみこそくいせつ）は、江戸時代から唱えられた学説で、日本史学で長く続く論争点である。
English: Emperor Kobun who led the imperial court after the death of Emperor Tenchi in 671 lost in the Jinshin War against Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) and died in 672.
Japanese: 671年、天智天皇の死後に朝廷を主宰した弘文天皇は、翌672年の壬申の乱で、大海人皇子（天武天皇）に敗れて死んだ。
English: The point in dispute was over whether Prince Otomo was enthroned and became an emperor or died without enthronement.
Japanese: この間に大友皇子が即位して天皇になったのか、それとも即位しないうちに死んだのかが争点である。
English: Prince Otomo was given a posthumous title in 1870 and called Emperor Kobun, so the theory was also called an Emperor Kobun enthronement theory.
Japanese: 大友皇子は1870年に諡号を贈られて弘文天皇と呼ばれたため、弘文天皇即位説（こうぶんてんのうそくいせつ）ともいう。
English: The basic historical document regarding the Jinshin War was "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), which does not say that Prince Otomo became the crown prince or was enthroned.
Japanese: 過去から現在まで壬申の乱の基本史料は『日本書紀』であり、これは大友皇子が皇太子になったとも、即位したとも記さない。
English: "Kaifuso" (Fond Recollections of Poetry) that was written later does refer to Prince Otome as 'the crown prince,' but not as an emperor.
Japanese: やや時代がくだる『懐風藻』は、大友皇子を「皇太子」と記すが、天皇とはしない。
English: "Chronicles of Japan" is a government-selected historical document which was compiled by Imperial Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』は官撰史書であり、天武天皇の子舎人親王が編纂を統括した。
English: The Prince Otomo enthronement theory says that the compiler did not wrote about the enthronement in Chronicles, although he knew that the prince was enthroned.
Japanese: そこで『書紀』の編纂者は即位の事実を知りながら記さなかったというのが、大友皇子即位説の考えである。
English: The Prince Otomo non-enthronement theory basically accepts the description of Chronicles and says that Prince Otomo was not enthroned but he did lead the imperial court.
Japanese: 基本的に『書紀』の記述を容認し、即位はなかったが大友皇子が朝廷を率いたとするのが大友皇子非即位説である。
English: Ruling the country without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne is called Shosei, so the non-enthronement theory may be called a Prince Otomo Shosei theory.
Japanese: 天皇にはならないが天皇の立場で政治をとることを称制というので、非即位説は大友皇子称制説と言い換えることもできる。
English: There are other theories on this issue: the Yamatohime no Okimi enthronement theory says that the empress of Emperor Tenchi, Yamatohime no Okimi, was enthroned instead of Prince Otomo, and the Yamatohime no Okimi Shosei theory says that Yamatohime no Okimi ruled the country without official accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne.
Japanese: この問題をめぐっては他に、大友皇子ではなく天智天皇の皇后倭姫王が即位したとする倭姫王即位説、即位しなかったが政務をとったとする倭姫王称制説がある。
English: Therefore the government gave Prince Otomo a posthumous title of Emperor Kobun in 1870.
Japanese: そのため1870年（明治3年）に政府は大友皇子に「弘文天皇」と追諡した。
English: By the end of the Meiji period, however, the reasons for the enthronement theory were questioned and now, at the beginning of the 21st century, it is generally understood that the prince was not enthroned.
Japanese: しかし明治時代の終わり頃から即位説の根拠に疑問が提出され、21世紀初めの現在では即位はなかったとみる見方が有力である。
English: "Mizu Kagami" (The Water Mirror), "Okagami" (The Great Mirror), "Fuso Ryakki" (A Brief History of Japan), "Dainihonshi" (Great history of Japan), Nobutomo BAN, official theories in the Meiji period
Japanese: -『水鏡』,『大鏡』,『扶桑略記』,『大日本史』,伴信友,明治日本の公式説
English: The following sections describe issues that support the enthronement theory and some objections to them from the viewpoint of the non-enthronement theory.
Japanese: 以下では、即位説を支える論点をまず記し、それに対して非即位説の立場からどの様な反論があるかを紹介する。
English: The earliest document was "Saikyuki" (exemplary book on Heian rituals) written in the 10th century, and it says that Emperor Tenchi 'was enthroned in December' in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: もっとも早いのは10世紀に書かれた『西宮記』で、天智天皇10年の「12月に帝位に即く」とある。
English: "Fuso Ryakki" (A Brief History of Japan) says 'Otomo Grand Minister became the crown prince in October in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi. The emperor died on December 3. Prince Otomo was enthroned on December 5.'
Japanese: 『扶桑略記』は、「天智天皇10年10月に大友太政大臣が皇太子に立った。12月3日に天皇が崩じた。同5日に大友皇太子が帝位についた」と記す。
English: "Ritsubo Shidai" (Joun Gairyaku) says 'he was enthroned on December 5' in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 『立坊次第』（紹運要略）には、天智天皇10年に「同年12月5日帝位に即く」とある。
English: "Mizu Kagami" says that 'Prince Otomo was appointed as togu in October' and 'since the emperor died on December 3, in the 10th year of Emperor Tenchi, Prince Otomo succeeded the throne on December 5'.
Japanese: 『水鏡』は、「10月には大友皇子を東宮に立てた」、「天智天皇10年12月3日に失せたため、同5日に大友王子が位を継いだ」とする。
English: "Okagami" (the Great Mirror) did not state the enthronement of Prince Otomo in the section of the succession of Tenchi and Tenmu, but says that 'Prince Otomo became an emperor and died as an emperor,' and 'this prince held the post of Grand Minister and became the emperor in the same year.'
Japanese: 『大鏡』は天智・天武の継承では大友皇子の即位に触れないが、別のところで「大友皇子はやがて帝になり、帝のまま失せた」と記す、また「この皇子は太政大臣の位で、つぎにはやがて同じ年のうちにみかどとなった」とも書く。
English: With such a lot of descriptions, it can be concluded that in the Heian period the enthronement of Prince Otomo was generally accepted as a fact.
Japanese: このように数は多く、平安時代には大友皇子即位が事実として受け入れられていたと言ってよい。
English: However, it cannot be denied that the Heian period was centuries after the Jinshin War in the 7th century, and a large quantity of such descriptions can be partly attributed to "Fuso Ryakki" (A Brief History of Japan).
Japanese: しかし、7世紀の壬申の乱からみて時代が下ることは否定できず、また、数の多さは部分的には『扶桑略記』の影響力の産物でもある。
English: "Okagami" (the Great Mirror) contains an erroneous description that Prince Otomo became Emperor Tenmu, and there is a question about its reliability as a historical document.
Japanese: 『大鏡』は大友皇子が天武天皇になったとする単純な誤りがあり、史料としての信頼性に疑問がある。
English: "Mizu Kagami" also contains erroneous descriptions, saying that Tenchi went missing and two days later Price Otomo was enthroned.
Japanese: その点は『水鏡』なども同じで、天智が行方不明になったのでその2日後に大友皇子が即位したとする。
English: The most detailed and oldest historical material regarding the Jinshin War that still exists today is "Chronicles of Japan."
Japanese: 壬申の乱について今に伝わるもっとも詳しく、時代も古い史料は、『日本書紀』である。
English: "Chronicles of Japan" says that Emperor Tenchi was followed by Emperor Tenmu and does not mention the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
Japanese: 『書紀』では天智天皇の次の天皇は天武天皇となっており、大友皇子の即位はまったく見えない。
English: The Prince Otomo enthronement theory considers that a compiler of "Chronicles of Japan" deleted the fact of the enthronement of Prince Otomo intentionally.
Japanese: 大友皇子即位説とは『日本書紀』の編者が曲筆して大友即位の事実を抹殺したという説でもある。
English: Volume 27 of "Chronicles of Japan" deals with the period of Emperor Tenchi, volumes 28 and 29, the period of Emperor Tenmu and the last volume 30, the period of Emperor Jito.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の巻27は天智天皇の時代、巻28と29は天武天皇の時代、最終の巻30は持統天皇の時代を扱う。
English: Volume 28 deals with only the first year of Emperor Tenmu and volume 29 deals with the remaining 14 years.
Japanese: このうち、巻28は天武天皇元年だけにあてられ、巻29が残りの14年間を扱う。
English: The first year of Emperor Tenmu in "Chronicles of Japan" is the year of the Jinshin War that occurred from June to July.
Japanese: 『書紀』がいう天武天皇元年は壬申の乱が起きた年であり、この年の6月から7月に戦いが起こった。
English: It is clear that the Jinshin War was regarded as a particularly important incidence in the compilation of "Chronicles of Japan".
Japanese: 『書紀』編纂において、壬申の乱が特別重要な事件とみなされていたことは明らかである。
English: It is considered that, like the Taika Reforms, this war was recognized as an important incidence that characterized the 'new era' at the time of compilation of the Chronicles.
Japanese: これには、この内戦が大化改新とともに編纂当時の「現代」を作り出した重要な事件であるという認識が働いていたと思われる。
English: Imperial Prince Toneri, son of Tenmu, led the compilers of "Chronicles of Japan" and the emperor at the time of its completion was Empress Gensho, a grandchild of Tenmu, so the Tenmu family held the Imperial Throne during the compilation of the Chronicles.
Japanese: 『書紀』の編者を率いたのは舎人親王で天武の子、完成時の元正天皇は天武の孫で、編纂期間中を通じて皇位は天武系が占めていた。
English: It is known that the government erased undesirable facts from "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), and they seemed to consider that it was better than making up lies.
Japanese: 政権が望まない事実を削除したことは後続の『続日本紀』に例があり、まったくの嘘を創作することと比べれば抵抗が少なかったと思われる。
English: However, only two imperial family members, Price Otomo and Yamabe no Okimi, died in the war, and all the other imperial family members related to Emperor Tenchi, including Kadono no Okimi, son of Otomo, stayed in the imperial court.
Japanese: しかし、乱で死んだ皇族は大友皇子と山部王の二人だけで、他の天智系皇族は大友の子葛野王をも含めて全員が残って朝廷を構成した。
English: Since the imperial family and vassals were expected to read "Chronicles of Japan," some pointed out that it seemed difficult for the compilers to deny well-known facts.
Japanese: 彼ら皇族・臣下は『日本書紀』の想定読者でもあるので、よく知られた事実を否定するような操作は難しかったのではないかという指摘もある。
English: A fact that the contents of "Chronicles of Japan" were unreliable may support the conclusion that its authenticity was unknown, but it cannot lead to such conclusions that the contrary to the descriptions of "Chronicles of Japan" was true or imaginations of advocates were true.
Japanese: また、『書紀』の内容が信頼できないことからは、真偽不明という結論は導けても、そこから直ちに『書紀』の記述の反対が真実だとか、論者の想像が真実だとかいう結論は導けない。
English: It is possible to doubt descriptions of "Chronicles of Japan" and deny the enthronement of Prince Otomo as well.
Japanese: 書紀の記述に信をおかず、同時に大友皇子の即位を認めない説も可能である。
English: "Chronicles of Japan" says that the year of the Jinshin War is the first year of Emperor Tenmu and the enthronement of Emperor Tenmu was February 27 in the second year of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 『書紀』は、壬申の乱の年を天武天皇元年とする一方で、天武天皇の即位を天武天皇2年2月27日と記す。
English: This statement seemed contradictory but it was common description for some emperors; for example, Emperor Tenchi was enthroned in the 7th year of his reign and Empress Jito was enthroned in the 4th year of her reign.
Japanese: 一見して矛盾するが、この書き方は天智天皇、持統天皇のときも同じで、それぞれ治世の7年め、4年めに即位したと記す。
English: Since this is a matter of the policy of chronology of "Chronicles of Japan," it was not directly associated with the issue of the enthronement of Prince Otomo.
Japanese: 『書紀』の編年方針全体の問題であるから、ここから直ちに大友皇子の即位には結びつかない。
English: A theory that the compilers of "Chronicles of Japan" originally placed the first year of Emperor Tenmu following the year of Jinshin (or Mizunoe-saru, one of the Oriental Zodiac) was developed based on the policy of compilation.
Japanese: 『書紀』がもともと天武天皇元年を壬申年の翌年においたのではないかという説は、この編纂方針をふまえた上で展開される。
English: If such chronological order was determined from the very start of compiling "Chronicles of Japan," it can be estimated that the first year of Emperor Tenmu was designated for the next year of Jinshin not because it was the year of enthronement but because the Jinshin year was under the reign of another emperor.
Japanese: もし、最初の段階での『日本書紀』が天武元年を壬申年の翌年においていたのなら、それは即位年にあわせたからではなく、壬申年が別の天皇の年だったからだと推定できるのである。
English: The Chronicles of Japan falsifying theory advocated by Nobutomo BAN says that Chronicles of Japan was actually completed in 714 and falsified (revised) in 720, which was generally believed as the year of completion.
Japanese: 伴信友が唱えた日本書紀改刪説は、和銅7年（714年）に『日本書紀』はいったん完成しており、通常言われる養老4年（720年）はそれを改刪（改定）したものとする。
English: The tai sui article of "Chronicles of Japan" shows the Oriental zodiac of a year by generally stating 'the tai sui of this year was xx' at the end of the article of the first year of the emperor.
Japanese: 『書紀』の太歳記事は年の干支を記すもので、通常「この年の太歳は○○である」とその天皇の元年の記事の末尾に記す。