nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Cultural heritages such as the residences of royal aristocrats and the Summer Palace were looted, victimized by arson, destroyed, and a market even opened for the loot in order to exchange it for money.
Japanese: 連合軍の暴挙によって王侯貴族の邸宅や頤和園などの文化遺産が掠奪・放火・破壊の対象となり、奪った宝物を換金するための泥棒市がたつほどであった。
English: The Japanese army went before other armies to retrieve the spoils of war and suppressed Zongli Yamen and the Ministry of Revenue (Ministry of Finance government office) and seized about 2,914,800 taels of bateigin (the Japanese term for Chinese boat-shaped silver or gold ingots called sycee in English) and 320,000 koku (a unit of volume of rice, 1 koku equals 180.39 liters) of brown rice.
Japanese: 日本軍は他国軍に先駆けて戦利品確保に動き出し、まず総理衙門と戸部_(官庁)（財務担当官庁）を押さえて約291万4800両の馬蹄銀や32万石の玄米を鹵獲した。
English: Empress Dowager Cixi disguised herself as a poor peasant and escaped before Beijing was conquered, stopping at Datong City, Shanxi Province, before finally arriving at Xi'an in October.
Japanese: なお、西太后は北京陥落前に貧しい庶民に扮して脱出し、途中山西省大同市などに寄りつつ10月西安に辿り着いた。
English: Since she had previously escaped from the capital to Rehe Province, she had to flee from the capital twice in her lifetime.
Japanese: 彼女はアロー戦争の時にも、熱河に逃げているので生涯で二度も都落ちをしたことになる。
English: She made her nephew Emperor Guangxu accompany her flight from the capital, but had his concubine Imperial Consort Zhen assassinated by ordering eunuchs to push her down the well behind Ningxia Palace of the Forbidden City.
Japanese: 都落ちに際しては甥である光緒帝も同行させたが、その愛妃珍妃については宦官に命じて紫禁城寧寿宮裏にある井戸に落とし殺害させている。
English: She made Emperor Guangxu accompany her fearing that if she left him behind in Beijing direct imperial rule may be revived with the support of the allied western powers.
Japanese: 光緒帝を同行させたのは北京に残しておくことで列強を後ろ盾にした皇帝親政が復活する可能性を彼女が恐れたためである。
English: She ordered the assassination of Imperial Consort Zhen, who she considered to be dangerous, because Zhen had all of Emperor Guangxu's affection, and because Zhen reminded the Empress of her own youthful days, and she wanted to prevent Zhen from becoming the second Empress Dowager.
Japanese: 珍妃の殺害を命じたのは、彼女が光緒帝の寵愛を独占していたことや、若き日の西太后に似ており後々第2の西太后となることを危惧したことが原因であったと言われる。
English: The occupation of Beijing by the allied forces continued for one year, but Empress Dowager Cixi detested this and did not try to return.
Japanese: 連合軍の北京占領はおよそ一年続いたが、それを嫌って西太后は帰ろうとしなかった。
English: The path Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu Emperor took during their escape and return journey is shown on the following diagram 'Beijing Legation Quarter.'
Japanese: 下に掲げる「東南互保」の図に西太后・光緒帝の逃走と帰還の経路を載せる。
English: The proclamation of war by the Qing Dynasty resulted in the isolation of foreigners and Chinese Christians living in the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: 清朝の宣戦布告は、清朝内に在住する外国人及び中国人クリスチャンの孤立を意味するも同然であった。
English: The foreign envoys and Chinese Christians living in Beijing in particular were faced with a very tense state of affairs.
Japanese: 特に北京にいた外国公使たちと中国人クリスチャンにとっては切迫した事態を招来した。
English: There were about 925 foreigners and three thousand Chinese Christians of various age and gender who escaped to the legation area southeast of the Forbidden City called Beijing Legation Quarter at that time.
Japanese: 当時紫禁城東南にある東交民巷というエリアに設けられていた公使館区域には、およそ外国人925名、中国人クリスチャンが3000名ほどの老若男女が逃げ込んでいた。
English: However, the total of defending soldiers from each nation's legation and military volunteers was just 481.
Japanese: しかし各国公使館の護衛兵と義勇兵は合わせても481名に過ぎなかったという。
English: They were told to leave China within 24 hours on June 19, and attacks began immediately the following day.
Japanese: 6月19日に24時間以内の国外退去命令が伝えられ、翌日から早速攻撃が開始された。
English: They were besieged for about two months before the Eight-Nation Alliance force occupied Beijing on August 14.
Japanese: 以後八ヶ国連合軍が北京を占領する8月14日までのおよそ二ヶ月弱、籠城を余儀なくされるのである。
English: Well known people among the besieged were Pelliot, who was a famous Chinese scholar, Robert Hart, who resided in China for a long period as the Inspectorate General of Customs, George Ernest Morrison, Unokichi HATTORI, Naoki KANO, and Teikichi KOJO.
Japanese: ちなみに籠城した人の中には、中国研究者として名高いペリオや海関総税務司として長年中国に滞在していたロバート・ハート、G.E.モリソン（GeorgeErnestMorrison）、服部宇之吉、狩野直喜、古城貞吉といった有名人も含まれていた。
English: It is said that the presence of the Japanese Goro SHIBA was important during this siege, and he contributed greatly to the defensive success.
Japanese: この籠城にあって日本人柴五郎の存在は大きく、籠城成功に多大な寄与をしたと言われる。
English: Goro SHIBA held the rank of lieutenant colonel of artillery, and was transferred to the post of military officer of the Beijing legation in the Qing Dynasty.
Japanese: 柴五郎は当時砲兵中佐の階級にあり、北京公使館付武官として清朝に赴任していた。
English: The group of besieged was the meeting place of every nation, so mutual agreement was an important issue, and Goro SHIBA, who had multi-language skills in English, French, and Chinese, took part in negotiations and contributed greatly to the understanding of all parties.
Japanese: 籠城組は各国の寄り合い所帯であったため、まず意思疎通が大きな問題となったが、英語・フランス語・中国語と数ヶ国語に精通する柴中佐はよく間に立って相互理解に大きな役割を果たした。
English: The general leader of this besieged group was the British envoy Claude MacDonald but the actual leader during the siege was Goro SHIBA (since he was the most senior military officer), and he received much praise from not only Japanese but also European and US parties after the release.
Japanese: またこの籠城組の全体的な指導者はイギリス公使クロード・マクドナルドであったが、籠城戦に当たって実質総指揮を担ったのは柴五郎であり（各国中で最先任の士官だったから）、解放後日本人からだけでなく欧米人からも多くの賛辞が寄せられている。
English: He was the younger brother of Sanshi TOKAI (real name Shiro SHIBA), who was famous as the author of political literature of Meiji Era, "Kajin no Kigu" (Chance Encounters with Beautiful Women).
Japanese: なお柴五郎は、明治期の政治小説『佳人之奇遇』で有名な東海散士こと柴四郎の弟にあたる。
English: The Siege of Beijing cannot be understood with just a simple diagram of Chinese versus foreigners.
Japanese: またこの北京籠城を中国人対外国人という単純な図式で捉えることはできないであろう。
English: Many Chinese Christians escaped into the legation area as mentioned before, and it cannot be denied that they played many important roles during the siege.
Japanese: 上で触れているように公使館区域には中国人クリスチャンも多く逃げ込んできており、彼らが籠城の上で多くの重要な役割を果たしたことは否定できない。
English: They not only participated in the battle, but also in patrols, defense construction, fire extinguishment, rescuing of casualties, and conducted secret communication with the outside (allied forces), and even Goro SHIBA reflected, 'if there were no Christians to rescue us, we could not have maintained the government of Prince Su with our small number of soldiers' and 'the mission succeeded due to the trust of many Chinese'.
Japanese: 彼らは戦闘は無論、見張りや防衛工事、消火活動、負傷者の救護、外（連合軍）との秘密の連絡をこなし、柴五郎も「耶蘇教民がいてわれわれを助けなかったならば、われわれ小数の兵にては、とうてい粛親王府は保てなかったかと思われます」、「無事にあの任務を果たせたのも信用し合っていた多くの中国人のお陰でした。
English: They would have been treated as Hanjian (traitors) and faced misfortune if we revealed it so we did not report it back then."
Japanese: そのことを明らかにすると、彼らは漢奸として、不幸な目にあうので、当時は報告しませんでした」と回顧している。
English: In other words, they were sustained during the siege because Japanese, Europeans, Americans, and Chinese united without big conflict, preventing an internal debacle.
Japanese: すなわち日本人や欧米人、中国人が団結し、大きな軋轢がなかったことこそが籠城を支えた、少なくとも内からの瓦解を防いだと言っても過言ではない。
English: The greatest cause of the siege's success was the Qing dynasty's inconsistent attitude toward war.
Japanese: しかし籠城を成功させた最も大きな理由は、清朝の不徹底な交戦姿勢にあった。
English: While they made a 'proclamation of war' from the order of Empress Dowager Cixi, from the start the Qing dynasty had no conviction that they would win against the allied western powers.
Japanese: 西太后の命により「宣戦布告」したものの、当初から列強に勝利する確信は清朝側に無かった。
English: As a result, they were reluctant to massacre people held within the legation area when considering the retribution of allied forces after losing the war.
Japanese: したがって敗戦後の連合軍の報復を考慮したとき、公使館に立てこもる人々を虐殺することに躊躇を覚えていたのである。
English: Goro SHIBA also felt those differences in opinion in the surrounding area, and stated after the release that 甘軍 of Gansu Province seriously considered terminating the siege, and the division under the direct control of Ronglu shot but made very few attacks.
Japanese: 柴五郎らもその辺の温度差を敏感に感じ取っており、柴は董福祥の甘軍は真剣に包囲殲滅を目指しているが、栄禄直轄の部隊は銃撃するものの突撃などは少なかったと解放後に述べている。
English: As shown in the diagram on the right, the lines of defense at the government of Prince Su and at the French embassy gradually retreated, but the line of defense at the side of British Embassy, where the families of the envoy of each nation escaped to, changed very little.
Japanese: 右略図にあるように、防衛線は粛親王府やフランス公使館方面が徐々に後退しているものの、各国公使の家族が避難していたイギリス公使館側の防衛戦にはほとんど変化がない。
English: The envoy Tokujiro NISHI, who was under siege with SHIBA, stated, "The Qing government lacked its former decisiveness," and the Qing dynasty was also confused about the treatment of the group of envoys, and could not made a harsh decision within the two months of besiegement.
Japanese: 柴同様籠城していた西徳二郎公使が「清国政府としてはそれまでの決心がない」というように、清朝側も公使団の扱いに困惑し、非情な決断をしかねたという背景が二ヶ月の籠城戦にはあった。
English: It could be said that envoys were placed in the middle of a tug-of-war between the resistance and peace parties of the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: あるいは清朝内の徹底抗戦派と和平派の綱引きの間に公使館は置かれていたといえる。
English: Some modern studies state that the Qing dynasty was planning to keep people of the legation alive as hostages and use them to make profitable diplomatic deals.
Japanese: 近年の研究には、公使館の人々を人質として生かし、列強との外交交渉を有利に運ぶ材料として清朝が考えていたという主張をするものもある。
English: While there were surprise and night attacks by the Qing dynasty army, there were periods of cease-fire in between and people were able to rest while the group of envoys and Qing dynasty held meetings.
Japanese: 清朝軍によって襲撃・夜襲を仕掛けられることはあったものの、時折休戦が差し挟まれ、その間公使団と清朝とは話し合いをもったため休息することが可能であった。
English: There was a mild cease-fire that continued for several days from July 17th to the fall of Beijing, and they were able to supply food and ammunitions that were facing shortages.
Japanese: 特に7月17日以降から北京陥落の数日前までは比較的穏やかな休戦状態が維持継続され、尽きかけた食料・弾薬を調達することもできた。
English: The offensive movement of the Qing dynasty army strengthened once again between August 11 to 14, but reinforcements finally arrived during the afternoon of August 14 to end the besiegement that lasted slightly less than 2 months.
Japanese: 8月11日から14日までは再び清朝軍の攻勢が強まったが、8月14日の午後ついに援軍が来て2ヶ月弱の籠城戦は終わりをつげた。
English: There were 925 foreigners besieged, but there were only twenty resulting deaths.
Japanese: 籠城を余儀なくされた外国人は925名に上るが、戦死者は20名ほどであった。
English: Since the Japanese were assigned to defend the government of Prince Su which was attacked strongly, they suffered the highest ratio of casualties among the nations.
Japanese: 日本人は攻撃の激しかった粛親王府防衛を受け持っていたため、各国の中で最も死者率が高かった。
English: When Empress Dowager Cixi made a "proclamation of war" to make her stance toward the allied western powers clear, some influential bureaucracy in the local provinces such as Liu Kunyi, who was the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, who was the Viceroy of Huguang, and Li Hongzhang, who was the Viceroy of Liangguang, stated that the above order was a forgery and refused to participate in suppressing the Boxers.
Japanese: 西太后が「宣戦布告」の上諭を出して列強への態度を明確化した頃、両江総督劉坤一や湖広総督張之洞、両広総督李鴻章ら地方の有力官僚らは、この上諭を偽詔とした上で従わない旨宣言し、そして義和団の鎮圧に動いた。
English: They also made an agreement with the embassy of the allied western powers called the 'Southeast Mutual Protection Movement' and tried to limit civil disorder of the Boxers to the northern region of China.
Japanese: また列強各国領事と「東南互保」という了解を結び、義和団の騒擾を中国北部に限定するようし向けた。
English: To be exact, Sheng Xuanhuai and Zhang Jian made a great effort between high local officials and the embassy of each nation, and agreed to Article 9 of '保護南省商教章程' and Article 10 of '保護上海租界城廂章程' to promise the protection of the lives and finances of foreigners unless the allied western powers invaded.
Japanese: 具体的には、盛宣懐や張謇が地方大官と各国領事の間を奔走し、「保護南省商教章程」9ヶ条と「保護上海租界城廂章程」10ヶ条を結び、外国人の生命及び財産を列強が進攻しない限り保護することを確約した。
English: This 'article' was established since the interests of the high local officials such as the governor-general and Junbu of southeastern China and the allied western powers matched.
Japanese: この「条款」は中国東南に位置する地方の総督や巡撫といった大官と列強との利害が一致したため成立した。
English: In other words, the local high officials of the Qing dynasty conspired to make the interests of the provinces a priority and took a first step to make sure that the influence of the Boxers would not reach their areas.
Japanese: いわば、清朝の地方の大官僚たちが結託して地方の利害を優先させ、義和団の影響が及ばないよう先手をうったといえる。
English: The resolute servants reported to the throne to demand impeachment since this was obviously something that went against the orders of Empress Dowager Cixi, but she did not give out a special punishment.
Japanese: これは明らかに西太后の命に背くものであったため、剛毅らは弾劾上奏を行ったが西太后は特段処分を下さなかった。
English: With a tacit understanding of the 'Southeast Mutual Protection Movement,' this was one of the political bargains she made in case the war with the allied western powers looked threatening, so as to not be persecuted for complete responsibility of a lost battle.
Japanese: つまり列強との戦争の雲行きが怪しくなった場合に備え、「東南互保」を暗黙裡に認め、敗戦の総責任を負うことを求められないようにした政治的駆引きの一つであった。
English: Empress Dowager Cixi was not persecuted for the Boxer Rebellion as described later.
Japanese: 実際後述するように西太后は義和団の乱に関して何ら責任追及を受けていない。
English: They gave out the order for punishment on August 20, and called the Boxers 'Kenpi' or 'Danpi' and labeled it as a rebel army.
Japanese: すなわち8月20日に己を罪する詔を出し、義和団を「拳匪」あるいは「団匪」と呼び反乱軍と認定した。
English: The Boxers who had the slogan of 'Rescue the Qing Dynasty and Defeat Western Europe' lost their hope in the Qing dynasty and changed it to 'Overthrow Qing, Destroy the Foreigners' (There were other versions such as 'flatten Qing' or 'oppose Qing').
Japanese: それまで「扶清滅洋」を旗印にしていた義和団は、清朝に失望し「掃清滅洋」（清を掃〔はら〕い洋を滅すべし）と変えるに至った（他に「清を平らぐ」、「清に反〔そむ〕く」などのバージョンもある）。
English: The biggest reason for this was that the Qing dynasty was forced into paying huge reparations by the Boxer Protocol (Xinchou Protocol; Xinchou was a name of the year in Chinese Sexagenary cycle), and had to pass this burden on to commoners.
Japanese: これは後述する北京議定書（辛丑条約）によって過大な賠償金を強いられることになった清朝が、その負担を庶民に転嫁せざるを得なくなったことも大きな理由である。
English: A further several ten thousand soldiers led by General Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee from Germany were dispatched to the allied force in September 1900 after the occupation of Beijing, and when he became Allied Supreme Commander, he began a clean up operation around Beijing similar to repetitive punishment.
Japanese: 北京占領後の1900年9月に、連合軍にドイツからアルフレート・フォン・ヴァルダーゼー元帥率いる数万人の兵力が増強され、彼が連合国総司令官になると、北京周辺の度重なる懲罰的掃討作戦を展開した。
English: There were a total of 78 hunts for Boxers by all nations, and these were conducted across a vast region of Shanhaiguan and Baoding cities, to the neighboring area of the border line of Shanxi and Zhili Provinces.
Japanese: 各国を合わせると計78回に及ぶ義和団残党狩りが行われ、それは山海関や保定、山西省と直隷省との境界線付近まで含む広大な範囲にわたった。
English: When the Boxers occupied Blagoveshchensk along the Amur River in June, Russia destroyed Sixty-Four Villages East of the River of the Chinese Residency area within Russia and occupied Tosansho (literally three provinces of the east) (Manchuria) by moving the army south.
Japanese: 6月に義和団がアムール川沿いのロシアの街ブラゴヴェシチェンスクを占領すると、報復としてロシア領内にあった中国人居住区である江東六十四屯を崩壊させ、さらに南へ軍を進め東三省（満州）一帯を占領した。
English: As apparent from the table on the right, there were actually more soldiers dispatched after the fall of Beijing and at the peak totaled 71,920 soldiers.
Japanese: 右表に明らかなように、実は北京陥落以後の方が投入された兵力は多く、最大71920名に上る。
English: The allied forces dispatched many soldiers as mentioned above, but how many casualties were there?
Japanese: 連合軍は上記のように多くの兵力を投入したが、どの程度の死傷者を出したのであろうか。
English: According to calculations by the Japanese army, the number of dead over the whole period totaled up to 757, and 2654 were injured.
Japanese: 日本軍の計算に依れば、全期間にわたる死者数は757名、負傷者数は2654名とされている。
English: Japan faced with more casualties than any other country (349 dead and 933 injured).
Japanese: ちなみに最も多くの死傷者を出したのは日本であった（死者349名・負傷者933名）。
English: Furthermore, 241 people (53 Catholics and 188 Protestants) such as missionaries and fathers of the church, and 23,000 Chinese Christians were killed by the Qing dynasty and the Boxers.
Japanese: また清朝や義和団によって殺害された人々は宣教師や神父など教会関係者が241名（カトリック53人＋プロテスタント188人）、中国人クリスチャン23000人といわれる。
English: Meanwhile, the number of casualties of the Qing Dynasty and the Boxers lacks valid statistics, but it can be assumed a huge number of casualties were produced over the one year war period because the Japanese army stated that there were about 4000 dead bodies just from the attack of Tianjin.
Japanese: 一方清朝や義和団側の死傷者は統計としては正確性を欠かざるをえないが、上で引用したように天津城攻防戦だけで4000名ほどの遺体があったと日本軍が書いていることから考えて、一年ほどの戦争期間に多大な死傷者を出したことは容易に想像できる。
English: Empress Dowager Cixi gave out an imperial order to suppress the Boxers in the midst of fleeing from Beijing, but instructed Li Hongzhang to compromise with the allied western powers at the same time.
Japanese: 西太后は北京から逃走する途中で義和団を弾圧する上諭を出したが、同時に列強との和議を図るよう李鴻章に指示を出した。
English: "Measure the amount of resources in China and win the favor of the allies" (if the social status of Qing Dynasty (and the Dowager Empress) could be guaranteed, do it regardless of expenses).
Japanese: 「中華の物力を量りて、與国の歓心を結べ」（「清朝の〔そして西太后の〕地位さえ保証されるなら金に糸目はつけるな）。
English: The negotiations with the allied western powers were carried out by Aisin-Gioro Yìkuāng and Li Hongzhang, who came back to power as Governor General of Zhili and superintendent of trade for the northern ports, but being the losing nation he was obliged to the allied western powers, and met demands with very strict conditions.
Japanese: 列強との交渉は愛新覚羅奕キョウ及び直隷総督兼北洋大臣に返り咲いた李鴻章が担ったが、敗戦国という立場上列強の言いなりとならざるを得ず、非常に厳しい条件が付せられた。
English: The responsibility for the Boxer Rebellion was placed on Zaiyi or Prince Duan, several resolute senior vassals including Gangyi, and 50 local high officials, who were either executed or deported.
Japanese: 義和団の乱の責任は端郡王載漪や剛毅ら数人の重臣と地方官僚50人ほどに帰せられ、処刑もしくは流刑を言い渡された。
English: The most severe part of the treaty made on September 7, 1901 was the amount of reparations.
Japanese: 1901年9月7日に締結された条約中、もっとも過酷だったのは賠償金の額であった。
English: While the annual revenue of the Qing Dynasty was slightly more than 88 million taels, the reparation was 450 million taels, rising to 980 million taels with interest.
Japanese: 清朝の歳入が8800万両強であったにもかかわらず、課された賠償金の総額は4億5000万両、利息を含めると9億8000万両にも上った。
English: Disapproval of this treaty spread among citizens and the 'Overthrow Qing, Destroy the Foreigners' slogan that was hostile to the Qing dynasty started to spread among non-Boxers.
Japanese: このしわ寄せは庶民にいき、「掃清滅洋」という清朝を敵視するスローガンは、義和団以外にも広がりを見せるようになる。
English: As these were included within the Boxer Protocol, they occurred due to strong demands from each of the powerful nations.
Japanese: これらは北京議定書に盛り込まれているように、列強各国の強い意向によって実現したものである。
English: After the Arrow War, various foreign nations felt frustrated with the falling social status of Zongli Yamen, which had become burdened with the diplomacy that the Qing dynasty placed great importance on, and as a result Zongli Yamen was abolished and replaced with the Foreign Office.
Japanese: アロー戦争以後清朝の外交を担ってきた総理衙門が清朝官庁内で次第に地位低下したことに不満を覚えた諸外国が、清朝が外交を重視するよう求めた結果、総理衙門を廃止し外務部をつくらせるに至った。
English: Empress Dowager Cixi reformed her anti-foreign attitude after returning to Beijing, and started to show tolerance toward western cultures by beginning to learn English despite being close to 70 years old.
Japanese: 北京に帰った西太后は排外姿勢を改め、70歳近い年齢でありながら英語を習い始めるなど、西欧文明に寛容な態度を取り始めた。
English: The aims included transition toward a constitutional monarchy, modernization of the army, economic advancement, and reformation of education through the abolishment of Kakyo (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats), pointing in the same direction as the Hundred Day's Reform of Kang Youwei that Empress Dowager crushed several years ago.
Japanese: これは立憲君主制への移行・軍の近代化・経済振興・科挙廃止を視野に入れた教育改革を目指すもので、方向性は数年前西太后が取り潰した康有為らの戊戌変法と同じものであった。
English: The Boxer Protocol swept away the strong resistance of conservative factions including Gangyi, against Western European influence, which had a great influence on this.
Japanese: これには剛毅など西欧化に対し強く反対していた保守勢力が、北京議定書によって一掃されたことも大きく影響している。
English: The modernized army directly under the control of Governor General of Zhili lost against the allied nations and received great damages during the Boxer Rebellion, but the army of Yuan Shikai only suppressed the Boxers and did not directly participate in the war against the powerful nations, and so suffered very little damage.
Japanese: 義和団の乱において直隷総督配下の近代化軍隊は連合軍に敗れて大きな打撃を受けたが、袁世凱の軍だけは義和団をたたくのみで、直接列強との戦争に参加しなかったためほとんど無傷であった。
English: At the same time, Yuan Shikai enjoyed 'good fortune' with the consecutive deaths of powerful people of the Qing dynasty such as Li Hongzhang, Liu Kunyi, and Ronglu, so Shikai, who led the Qing dynasty's only elite troops, used this effectively as a political tool.
Japanese: 同時期、李鴻章や劉坤一、栄禄といった清朝の実力者が次々と死去するという「幸運」もあって、清朝一の精鋭部隊を率いる袁世凱は、それを政治資本として有効に活用していった。
English: It became the driving force for Yuan Shikai to be promoted to Governor General of Zhili as the successor to Li Hongzhang, the President of Republic of China after the Xinhai Revolution, and Empire of China (1915-1916) (Emperor of Hongxian).
Japanese: それはやがて袁世凱を李鴻章の後任として直隷総督へと出世させ、さらに辛亥革命後の中華民国大総統、中華帝国(1915年-1916年)（洪憲帝）へと押し上げる原動力となった。
English: Additionally, Yuan Shikai, who was a member of the Han race, held the greatest military power in the weakened Qing dynasty, and this in itself eventually brought about unrest and confrontation between the Manchu and Han ethnic groups.
Japanese: 付言すれば、漢民族である袁世凱が衰退した清朝にあって最強兵力を保持し続けること自体が、やがて満漢対立という民族間の軋轢を増す不安定要因となっていった。
English: The Boxer Protocol permitted foreign troops to be stationed at Beijing and Tianjin, and the Qing dynasty had to accept foreign control of financial affairs (custom tariff, 常関税, and salt tax were held as a guarantee until payment) due to the massive reparations, and the Republic of China was not set up as an independent nation, instead becoming a 'half-colony'.
Japanese: 北京議定書によって、北京や天津に外国の駐兵権を認め、また巨額の賠償金によって外国による財政支配（海関税・常関税・塩税が支払われるまでの担保として押さえられた）を受容せざるを得なくなった清朝、そして中華民国は、もはや独立国としての体裁をなさず、「半植民地」ともいうべき状態に陥った。
English: The biggest influence was that the people's dissatisfaction was aimed not toward the allied western powers, but the Qing dynasty itself.
Japanese: 最も大きな影響は、民衆の不平不満の矛先が列強よりもむしろ清朝自体に向けられるようになったことであろう。
English: All we can rely on now is the heart of the people," but she simply cut ties with the Boxers after the fall of Beijing, and commoners lost trust in the attitude of the Empress and the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: 頼るところは最早人心のみ」と述べながら、北京陥落後あっさり義和団を切り捨てた清朝・西太后の姿勢は大きな失望を一般民衆に与えた。
English: The ultimate reason why people gave up on the Qing dynasty was the fact that a huge load was imposed upon commoners in order to pay the huge reparation determined by the Boxer Protocol.
Japanese: さらに北京議定書によって定められた巨額の賠償金を支払うために、過大な負担を民衆に強いたことは、人々が清朝を見限るのに決定的な理由となりえた。
English: Each time Sun Yat-sen tried and failed to start a revolution in China, people around him sneered at his recklessness.
Japanese: 孫文は中国で何度も革命を行おうとして失敗し、その度に無謀だと周囲から冷笑されていた。
English: However, people could not simply stand by and watch after the Boxer Rebellion, and gradually they began to actively support Sun Yat-sen.
Japanese: しかし義和団の乱以後民衆の中に傍観者的な雰囲気が減り、孫文たちを積極的に応援する風向きが俄かに増加したと述べている。
English: Each nation dispatched soldiers in order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, but a tangible confrontation developed between Japan and Russia.
Japanese: 義和団の乱鎮圧のために各国それぞれが出兵したが、その中で日本とロシアの対立が顕在化していった。
English: The occupation of Manchuria by the Russian army and their unethical military movements greatly worried each nation and was enough to make Japan feel threatened over its interest in Korea.
Japanese: 特にロシア軍の満洲占領とモラルを欠いた軍事行動は、各国に多大な懸念を与えるとともに、日本に朝鮮における自国の権益が脅かされるのではという危機感を与えるのに十分であった。
English: England also started to show interest in Japan in order to protect its own interest in China, and this led to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902.
Japanese: イギリスも中国における自国の利権を守るために日本に期待を示すようになり、1902年に日英同盟を締結するに至った。
English: The Qing dynasty faced the greatest danger of 'partition' (division of China) since the Sino-Japanese War but this crisis lessened due to the Boxer Rebellion.
Japanese: 日清戦争以降、清朝は「瓜分」（中国分割）の最大危機にさらされていたが、義和団の乱によって勢いに歯止めがかけられた。
English: The allied army showed extreme strength during battles, but they found occupation challenging, and were made aware of the difficulty in conquering Chinese territory.
Japanese: 戦闘において圧倒的な強さを示した連合軍であったが、その後の占領地支配には手を焼き、中国の領土支配の困難さに嫌でも気づかざるを得なかった。