nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Riding on the horse named Hoshotuskige and raising a distinguished sword named Azuki Nagamitsu, Masatora tried to slash at Shingen who sat on shogi (a folding stool) three times.
Japanese: 放生月毛に跨がり、名刀、小豆長光を振り上げた政虎は床机（しょうぎ）に座る信玄に三太刀にわたり斬りつけた。
English: Shingen held out against the attacks with his military fan but an edge of his shoulders were injured, and Masatora failed to kill him because Shingen's attendants came running to the site.
Japanese: 信玄は軍配をもってこれを凌ぐが肩先を負傷し、信玄の供回りが駆けつけたため惜しくも討ちもらした。
English: In the pictures or bronze statues depicting the Battle of Kawanakajima, Kenshin (Masatora) was depicted as a priest wearing Gyoninzutsumi (priest attire worn in battles).
Japanese: 川中島の戦いを描いた絵画や銅像では、謙信（政虎）が行人包みの僧体に描かれている。
English: However, it was in 1570, in nine years after this incident, that Masatora entered the priesthood and became to call himself Kenshin UESUGI.
Japanese: しかしながら、政虎が出家して上杉謙信を名乗るのは9年後の元亀元年（1570年）である。
English: This scene, famous as a man-to-man fight between Shingen and Kenshin, often appears in historical novels or historical dramas, but has not been considered a historical fact.
Japanese: 信玄と謙信の一騎討ちとして有名なこの場面は、歴史小説やドラマ等にしばしば登場しているが、史実とは考えられていない。
English: However, in the letter Masatora sent to Sakihisa KONOE, who was Kanpaku (the top adviser to the emperor) and his ally, after the battle, he wrote that he himself used his sword in the fight, and therefore, it is considered that the battle was a fierce one.
Japanese: ただし、盟友関係にあった関白・近衛前久に宛てて、合戦後に政虎が送った書状では、政虎自ら太刀を振ったと述べられており、激戦であったことは確かとされる。
English: Having been outwitted by Masatora and invaded empty Saijo-san Mountain, the separate troops of Takeda's forces led by Masanobu KOSAKA and Nobuharu BABA rushed to Hachimanbara.
Japanese: 政虎に出し抜かれ、もぬけの空の妻女山に攻め込んだ高坂昌信・馬場信春率いる武田軍の別働隊は、八幡原に急行した。
English: Takeda's separate troops routed Amakasu's troops, which brought up the rear of Uesugi's forces, and reached Hachimanbara before the noon (around 12 AM).
Japanese: 武田別働隊は、上杉軍のしんがりを務めていた甘糟隊を蹴散らし、昼前（午前12時頃）には八幡原に到着した。
English: Although the arrival was considerably later than planned, the main troops of Takeda's forces had still held out against attacks by Uesugi's forces, and with the separate troops arriving, Uesugi's forces became to be attacked from both sides.
Japanese: 予定よりかなり遅れはしたが、武田軍の本隊は上杉軍の攻撃になお耐えており、別働隊の到着によって上杉軍は挟撃される形となった。
English: Shingen also stopped chasing Uesugi's forces in around 4 PM, and as he made his forces retreat to Hachimanbara, the battle ended.
Japanese: 信玄も午後4時に追撃を止めて八幡原に兵を引いたことで合戦は終わった。
English: Merging 3,000 soldiers placed in Zenko-ji Temple in the north of Kawanakajima, Uesugi's forces went back to Echigo Province.
Japanese: 上杉軍は川中島北の善光寺に配置していた兵3000と合流して、越後国に引き上げた。
English: It is said that 3,000 soldiers of Uesugi's forces and 4,000 soldiers of Takeda's forces were killed in the battle.
Japanese: この戦による死者は、上杉軍が3000余、武田軍が4000余と伝えられる。
English: Shingen left Hachimanbara after he made his soldiers give a shout of victory, and Masatora as well returned to Echigo after having identified severed heads.
Japanese: 信玄は、八幡原で勝鬨を上げさせて引き上げ、政虎も首実検を行った上で越後へ帰還している。
English: "Koyo Gunkan" described that 'the Uesugi side won in the first half of the battle and the Takeda side the latter half of it.'
Japanese: 『甲陽軍鑑』はこの戦を「前半は上杉の勝ち、後半は武田の勝ち」としている。
English: However, while Takeda's forces lost Nobushige Takeda, deputy general, and Torasada MOROZUMI in the fight, both being in the highest echelon class, no echelon of Uesugi's forces was killed in the fight (in Uesugi's forces, Nagazane ARAKAWA and Yoshitoki SHIDA were killed in the fight)
Japanese: ただ、武田軍は最高幹部級の副将武田信繁・諸角虎定が戦死しているのに対し、上杉軍の幹部に戦死者がいない（上杉軍では荒川長実・志田義時などが討ち取られている。）
English: Therefore, there is the opinion that the battle ended in a state advantageous to Uesugi's forces strategically (in particular, the death in the fight of Nobushige, deputy general, cast a dark shadow.
Japanese: このため、戦術的には上杉軍優勢で終わったとの見方もある（特に副将信繁の戦死は影を落とした。
English: Three kanjo letters (letters commending distinguished achievements in a battle) issued by Masatora for this battle remain and are called 'bloodstained kanjo letters.'
Japanese: この合戦に対する政虎の感状が3通残っており、これを「血染めの感状」と呼ぶ。
English: It has been confirmed that two kanjo letters exist on the Takeda side as well, but they were audited as fabricated ones by major researchers including Shunroku SHIBATSUJI, because the sentence style, the character style, and the handwriting style were dubious.
Japanese: 信玄側にも2通の感状が確認されているが、柴辻俊六を始め、主な研究者からは、文体や書体、筆跡等が疑わしいことから、偽文書であると鑑定されている。
English: It is guessed, based on the power of the forces and the situation at that time, that Nobushige OYAMADA participated in the separate troops, but the fact has not been confirmed by any historical document.
Japanese: なお、小山田信茂については戦力や当時の情勢から判断して別動隊に参加していたと推測されているが、史料上確認ができていない。
English: In "Myohoji-ki," he is described as "Mr. Yasaburo GUNNAI joined the Yokoire (flanking attack)," and this description of joining the flanking attack is often used as a base of the theory that the separate troops existed actually.
Japanese: 『妙法寺記』に「郡内弥三郎殿は（中略）よこいれを成され候ひて」とあり、よこいれ＝側面攻撃をしたと言う記録が別働隊説の根拠とされることが多い。
English: The fifth and final battle of Kawanakajima was fought in 1564, and is also called the confrontation at Shiozaki.
Japanese: 川中島の戦いの最終戦である第五次合戦は、永禄7年（1564年）、塩崎の対陣とも言う。
English: Terutora (輝虎) UESUGI (awarded a character of shogun Yoshiteru (義輝), Masatora UESUGI changed his name toward the end of 1561) led his forces to Kawanakajima.
Japanese: 上杉輝虎（上杉政虎が、永禄4年末に、将軍義輝の一字を賜り改名）は川中島に出陣した。
English: However, Shingen TAKEDA placed his forces in Shiozaki-jo Castle and avoided fighting a decisive battle, and therefore, both forces ended in a confronting state.
Japanese: しかしながら、武田信玄は決戦を避けて塩崎城に布陣し、にらみ合いで終わった。
English: Terutora UESUGI sent his troops to Kanto every year to continue fighting with Ujiyasu HOJO, and Shingen TAKEDA always threatened the rear side of Terutora.
Japanese: 上杉輝虎は、関東へ連年出兵して北条氏康との戦いを続け、武田信玄は常に輝虎の背後を脅かしていた。
English: Hating Shingen fiercely, Terutora dedicated a prayer titled "Harunobu TAKEDA's wrongdoings" in Kankinjo (a place to read sutras silently) in Kasugayama-jo Castle (located in Joetsu City, Niigata Prefecture) and in Yahiko-jinja Shrine (located in Yahiko Village, Nishikanbara County, Niigata Prefecture), and in the prayer, he abused Shingen in the worst possible terms, pledging to exterminate him without fail.
Japanese: 輝虎の信玄への憎悪は凄まじく、居城であった春日山城（新潟県上越市）内の看経所と弥彦神社（新潟県西蒲原郡弥彦村）に、「武田晴信悪行之事」と題する願文を奉納し、そこで信玄を口を極めて罵り、必ず退治すると誓っている。
English: Both Shingen and Terutora intervened in a conflict between Yoshiyori MITSUKI and Tokimori EMA in Hida Province in 1564, with Shingen supporting the Ema clan and Terutora the Miki clan.
Japanese: 永禄7年（1564年）、飛騨国の三木良頼と江馬時盛の争いに、信玄が江馬氏を、輝虎が三木氏を支援して介入する。
English: Shingen advanced his forces up to Shiozaki-jo Castle at the southern end of Zenkoji-daira, but avoided fighting a decisive battle and both forces remained confronting each other.
Japanese: 信玄は善光寺平南端の塩崎城まで進出するが決戦は避け、2ヶ月に渡り対陣する。
English: After this, Shingen expanded his power toward areas along the Tokai-do road, Mino Province and Kozuke Province, while Terutora concentrated his power to send his forces to Kanto.
Japanese: 以後、信玄は東海道や美濃国、上野国方面に向かって勢力を拡大し、輝虎は関東出兵に力を注だ。
English: In September (in the old calendar) of 1568, Nobunaga ODA achieved making his big forces enter Kyoto, supporting Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）9月、織田信長が足利義昭を擁して大軍を率い、上洛を果たした。
English: The territory of the Imagawa family, whose power declined after Yoshimoto IMAGAWA was killed by the Nobunaga side in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, collapsed immediately, and Ujizane IMAGAWA, the head of the family, fled.
Japanese: 永禄3年（1560年）に桶狭間の戦いで今川義元が信長に討たれて以降、弱体化していた今川氏の領国はたちまち瓦解し、当主の今川氏真は逃亡した。
English: Enraged by the situation, Ujiyasu HOJO sent his forces to Suruga Province to fight with Takeda's forces, making the tripartite alliance collapsed.
Japanese: これに激怒した北条氏康は、駿河国へ出兵して武田軍と戦いになり、三国同盟は崩壊した。
English: Even after both Shingen TAKEDA and Kenshin UESUGI died from illness, Kai forces and Echigo forces continued to fight with each other over the possession of Kawanakajima.
Japanese: 武田信玄と上杉謙信の両者が病死した後も甲越両軍は川中島の領有を巡って争いが続いた。
English: Therefore, Kagekatsu UESUGI made peace with the Takeda side through marriage with a half-sister of Katsuyori TAKEDA, establishing the Ko-Etsu Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Uesugi clan in Echigo Province), ending fights between both forces.
Japanese: そのため、上杉景勝は武田勝頼の異母妹と婚を通じて和睦して甲越同盟を築き両軍の戦いに終止符は打たれた。
English: After that, Uesugi's forces held out against attacks by Oda's forces, including Katsuie SHIBATA, the leader of the forces, Toshiie MAEDA, and Narimasa SASSA, until the Honnoji Incident, but Takeda's forces were ruined by the allied forces of Oda's main troops and Tokugawa's forces.
Japanese: その後上杉軍は柴田勝家を主将に前田利家、佐々成政らからなる織田軍の攻勢を本能寺の変までしのいだものの、武田軍は織田本隊と徳川連合軍によって滅亡させられた。
English: After the Takeda family was annihilated, Kawanakajima was controlled by Nagayoshi MORI, a retainer of the Oda family, but losing Oda's support after the Honnoji Incident, he retreated from there.
Japanese: 武田家壊滅後の川中島は織田の家臣森長可によって支配されたが本能寺の変で後ろ盾を失い撤退する。
English: After that, Kawanakajima became a place where the three powers of the Uesugi clan, the Tokugawa clan, and the Hojo clan competed for dominance, and Kagekatsu UESUGI became successful there anyway.
Japanese: その後は上杉、徳川、北条三つ巴の草刈場と化して上杉景勝が一応の成果を収めた。
English: However, as the territory of the Uesugi family was changed to Aizu-Yonezawa by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the Kawanakajima area came under the control of the Tokugawa clan.
Japanese: しかしながら、豊臣秀吉によって上杉家は会津米沢へ移封されて川中島の地域は徳川の勢力下となった。
English: However, the Sanada clan was transferred from Ueda to Kaizu-jo Castle (located in Matsushiro) by the Tokugawa administration, and because the area was the place where the ancestors of the lord of the domain and of the retainers had had a lively showing, therefore the battle sites were protected and tales about the sites were handed down for generations until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: しかしながら、徳川政権により上田から海津城（松代）に移された真田氏は藩主は勿論、家臣団にとっても武田配下だった「御先祖様」活躍の地であるためもあって幕末まで戦跡は保護されたり語り継がれることとなった。
English: People praised superior military strategies of Shingen and of Kenshin, but the tale has been handed down for generations that Hideyoshi blamed them saying 'What slow battles they fought.'
Japanese: 人々は信玄と謙信の優れた軍略を称賛したが、秀吉は「はかのいかぬ戦をしたものよ」となじった、という話が伝わる。
English: From old times, many pundits have evaluated this battle in the following way: Shingen and Kenshin consumed lots of forces and the time of more than ten years in local battles over the control of the narrow Kawanakajima area, unnecessarily allowing Nobunaga to gain dominant power.
Japanese: 狭い川中島を巡る局地戦で、信玄と謙信が兵力と10年以上の時間を浪費したため、いたずらに信長の台頭を許す結果になったと、古来、多くの論者がこの戦いを評している。
English: Therefore, many novelists and critics judge that Shingen and Kenshin were merely local daimyo and that Nobunaga and Hideyoshi were by far superior to them in ability.
Japanese: それゆえに、信玄・謙信は、所詮は地方大名にすぎず、天下人となった信長、秀吉の方が器量は遥かに上であると断ずる作家や評論家は多い。
English: On the other hand, some commentators in recent years presented the view that the battles were necessary for both of the sides.
Japanese: 一方で、近年の論者には、双方にとって必要な戦いであったという見方もある。
English: In other words, the clash between them was inevitable for the following reasons, according to this view: For Shingen with the tripartite alliance among Kai Province, Sagami Province and Suruga Province as a major premise, it was inevitable to confront Kenshin who was an enemy of the Gohojo clan (later, Shingen stormed Suruga Province, breaking the tripartite alliance, but was isolated and was placed in a serious military situation), and even for Kenshin, not only the Takanashi family but also the Echigo Province constituting his base might have been placed in a dangerous state if he allowed Shingen to take the northern Shinano area easily.
Japanese: すなわち、甲相駿三国同盟が戦略の大前提であった信玄にとって、後北条氏の敵対者であった謙信との対決は必然であり（後に三国同盟を破棄して駿河国へ乱入した信玄は孤立して厳しい戦略状況に陥っている）、謙信にとっても信玄の北信濃領有を易々と許せば、高梨家のみならず本国の越後国自体が危機に陥りかねないことから、両者の衝突は必然であったとするものである。
English: The records of the Battle of Kawanakajima include views different from those known widely.
Japanese: 川中島の戦いにおける記録の中には、周知されているのとは別の説が存在する。
English: One view states that the Takeda clan and the Nagao clan fought the Battle of Kawanakajima to strengthen centripetal force in their respective clans, against the retainers that might have rebelled internally in their respective clans otherwise.
Japanese: 川中島の戦いは、戦を行う理由として、武田氏、長尾氏両氏が内乱を起こしかねない臣下に対して求心力を高めるためのパフォーマンスのようなものだったとする説がある。
English: Another view states that the Takada clan was forced to make the attacks to confirm the alliance relationship.
Japanese: また、同盟関係の証明のため、武田が攻めざるを得なかった、という説もある。
English: Concerning 'woodpecker strategy' known widely from old times, there are a few different views and counterarguments.
Japanese: 古くから流布されている「啄木鳥の戦法」については、いくつかの異論や反論が存在する。
English: First, the slope of the ridge of Saijo-san Mountain is too steep for the passage of horses, and therefore, it is questionable whether the pincer operation was possible actually.
Japanese: まず、妻女山の尾根の傾斜がきつく、馬が通るだけの余裕がないため、実際に挟み撃ちが可能かについて疑問が出されている。
English: From this, the following view was generated: the Takeda side enclosed the Uesugi's forces that had set up their military base on Saijo-yama Mountain and employed the starving strategy, and for this, the entire Uesugi's forces rushed to attack the main military base of the Takeda forces to escape from the difficult situation.
Japanese: そこで妻女山に陣をしいた上杉軍を取り囲んで兵糧攻めにしたところ、窮地を脱しようと上杉軍が全軍で武田軍本陣に突撃をかけたのではないかとする説が生まれた。
English: Yet another theory, 'unexpected encounter theory' states as follows: while both forces were marching in a dense fog condition, the main troops of both sides encountered unexpectedly, developing into a battle.
Japanese: また、両軍ともに濃霧の中で行軍していて、本隊同士が期せずして遭遇して合戦になったという「予期せぬ遭遇説」もある。
English: This theory enables the explanation of the unusually high death rate for battles at that time and is said to have a certain amount of credibility based on analyses of circumstantial evidence and others.
Japanese: この説は、当時の合戦にしては異常ともいえる死亡率の高さの説明にもなり、状況証拠などを分析により一定の信憑性があるとされる。
English: First of all, the 'woodpecker strategy' based itself solely on the description of 'Koyo Gunkan,' and the 'Koyo Gunkan' has been questioned as a historical document.
Japanese: そもそも「啄木鳥の戦法」自体が「甲陽軍鑑」を唯一の出自としており、その「甲陽軍鑑」は史料性に疑問が持たれている。
English: By the way, the 'unexpected encounter theory' was introduced in 'When history moves,' a TV program by NHK.
Japanese: なお、「予期せぬ遭遇説」については日本放送協会の「その時歴史が動いた」で紹介された。
English: Saijo-San Mountain is a tactically disadvantageous place (being difficult to move soldiers and to get supplies, and to be enclosed easily by enemy forces).
Japanese: 妻女山は戦術的に死地にあたり(兵を動かしにくく補給も困難で囲まれやすい)。
English: It is said that even though Nobutsuna NAOE and Kageie KAKIZAKI opposed stationing there, Kenshin daringly set up his military base there.
Japanese: しかしながら、直江景綱・柿崎景家らが反対したにもかかわらず謙信はあえて陣を敷いたともいわれる。
English: Because it is unbelievable that Kenshin UESUGI, being a person with an exceptional strategic eye, could not understand the geographic shape of Kawanakajima, there is the surmise that he placed his forces there as a last resort.
Japanese: 稀有な戦術眼の持ち主である上杉謙信が川中島の地形を理解していなかったはずはないため、背水の陣を敷いたのではないかとの推測もある。
English: Concerning the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, "Joko-ji Temple Monjo" (a document remaining in a temple having located in Naganuma, Shinshu-Mizuguchi County; present Joko-ji Temple is located at a place different from this site) includes a section related to the Battle of Kawanakajima, and it is described that the temple was damaged by fires in a battle on November 5 (in the old calendar), 1561
Japanese: また、第四次川中島合戦に関して『浄興寺文書』（信州水内郡長沼にあった寺に伝わる文章、現在の浄興寺は場所が異なる）と言う文章に川中島合戦に関連する一節があり、そこには永禄4年9月28日、合戦の折に寺が戦火にあった旨の記述がある。
English: However, if this description was true, it becomes that, although both forces had lost as many as 20% of them in the battle on October 18, they continued fighting further for a long period of time.
Japanese: この記述が事実だとすると、9月10日の戦いで両軍共に全軍の2割に達する戦死者を出しながら、なおも長期間戦いを続けていたことになってしまう。
English: Therefore, either the date on this document, the date of the battle, or the number of dead soldiers is dubious.
Japanese: したがって、文書の日付か、合戦の日付か、戦死者数の記述のどれかが怪しい事になる。
English: Football matches between Albirex Niigata and Ventforet Kofu in Japan Professional Football League become excited as a present version of the Battle of Kawanakajima, because the former club team is based in a place related to Kenshin and the latter to Shingen
Japanese: 日本プロサッカーリーグのサッカークラブ、アルビレックス新潟とヴァンフォーレ甲府の試合は、それぞれ謙信と信玄にゆかりのある地をホームタウン（本拠地）としているため、現代版の川中島合戦として盛り上がる。
English: In the first match in Nagano between the two teams, persons wearing armors of Takeda's forces and those of Uesugi forces staged performances, and such performances have been staged there thereafter.
Japanese: 長野での初対決で武田・上杉両軍による甲冑武者パフォーマンスが行われ、以来定着した。
English: By the way, the term of a Derby match is originally used for indicating a match between teams whose hometowns are the same, but in Japan, is sometimes used also indicating a match that becomes especially excited due to a special historical reason, and the Kawanakajima Derby is a typical example of the latter type.
Japanese: ちなみにダービーマッチとは本来、地元を同じくするチーム同士の試合をいうが、日本では因縁があったり特別盛り上がる試合を指すこともあり、川中島ダービーは後者。
English: Taisho Democracy refers to the movements that emerged in Japan's Taisho period, urging for greater freedom and democracy in politics, society and culture.
Japanese: 大正デモクラシーとは、日本の大正時代に現れた政治・社会・文化の各方面における民主主義、自由主義的な運動を指す。
English: The Taisho Democracy movement (or Taisho Democracy for short) is a name given collectively to the social climate and thought oriented toward democracy and freedom that emerged during the Taisho period and swept the entire country.
Japanese: 大正デモクラシー運動（あるいは単に大正デモクラシー）は、大正時代に興った日本全体を巻き込む民主主義的あるいは自由主義的な風潮・思潮の総称である。
English: There was a wide range of movements organized by a variety of groups organized voluntarily in various areas of society, such as political movements calling for elections and for freedom of speech, assembly and association, the drive in the area of foreign policy opposing dispatch of troops to other countries that imposed a huge burden on citizens in poverty, movement in society demanding gender equality, liberation and non-discrimination of "buraku" people, and winning rights of association and labor strikes, and in the cultural sphere movements calling for free education, self-autonomy of universities and independence of art associations from the rule of the Ministry of Education.
Japanese: 政治面においては選挙や言論・集会・結社の自由に関しての運動、外交面においては生活に困窮した国民への負担が大きい海外派兵の停止を求めた運動、社会面においては男女平等、部落差別解放運動、団結権、ストライキ権などの獲得運動、文化面においては自由教育の獲得、大学の自治権獲得運動、美術団体の文部省支配からの独立など、様々な方面から様々な自主的集団による運動が展開された。
English: The name "Taisho Democracy" was coined by the historian Seizaburo SHINOBU (third son of Junpei SHINOBU) who proposed the use of the term in his own work and became widely used ever since.
Japanese: 「大正デモクラシー」という名称は信夫清三郎（信夫淳平三男、歴史学者）がに自著でその呼称を提唱して以来定着したものである。
English: However, the term was created after World WarⅡ, prompting the argument that the term is inappropriate as a history term due to the ambiguity of its definition and content, though supporters of this argument are in the minority.
Japanese: ただし第二次世界大戦以後の造語であり、その定義や内容も曖昧であることなどから歴史用語としての「大正デモクラシー」を不適当であると否定する説も少数ではあるが存在する。
English: Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War brought relaxation of international tensions in Asia, leading to the formation of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) in Tokyo in 1905 and other movements aspiring to winning democratic freedom.
Japanese: 日露戦争における日本の勝利はアジア諸国における国際的緊張関係の緩和要因となり、には東京で中国同盟会が結成されるなど民主主義的自由の獲得を目指した運動が本格化していった。
English: Simultaneously, Japan's rapid development of capitalism and economic growth raised political and civic awareness in the general public and resulted in the formation of various voluntary groups to address a variety of issues and cultivation of a social climate that encouraged action to win freedom and human rights and to liberate people from suppression.
Japanese: 一方、資本主義の急速な発展と成長は日本の一般市民に政治的・市民的自由を自覚させ、様々な課題を掲げた自主集団が設立され自由と権利の獲得、抑圧からの解放に対して声高に叫ばれる時代背景ができ上がっていった。
English: It was under such conditions that an uprising broke out in 1911 ("Xinhai Year" in the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese calendar) in Szechwan Province, opposing railway nationalization by the imperial government, and led to the declaration of independence and establishment of the Republic of China by the aforementioned Chinese Revolutionary Alliance (Xinhai Revolution).
Japanese: このような状況の中で、1911年（宣統3年干支辛亥）に清の四川省で発生した鉄道国有化の反対運動をきっかけとして、先述の中国革命同盟会が独立を宣言して中華民国を建国した（辛亥革命）。
English: Deciding that the political confusion in China was a prime opportunity for Japan to expand its power, War Minister Yūsaku UEHARA proposed to the third administration of Prime Minister Kinmochi SAIONJI to create two new infantry divisions on the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: この中国情勢の混乱を勢力圏拡大の好機と判断した陸軍大臣の上原勇作は、当時の第三次西園寺公望内閣に対し朝鮮半島に2個師団を新設するよう提言した。
English: However, SAIONJI's refusal on grounds of fiscal problems stemming from the Russo-Japanese War and of issues of international relations led to UEHARA driving the Saionji administration to mass resignation by taking advantage of the law requiring that the military-related ministers to be named from among active-duty military officers in order to form an army-led administration.
Japanese: しかし西園寺は日露戦争を要因とした財政難や国際関係の問題などを理由に拒否した為、上原は軍部大臣現役武官制を利用して西園寺内閣を内閣総辞職へ追い込み、陸軍主導の内閣を成立させようと画策した。
English: The third administration of Taro KATSURA, a member of the Meiji oligarchy representing dominant former feudal domains and strongly influenced by the Japanese Imperial Army, was formed under these circumstances.
Japanese: こうした背景の中、藩閥出身で陸軍の影響力が強い第三次桂太郎内閣が組閣された。
English: The Katsura cabinet angered the Japanese people and drew criticism of oligarchic rule by Yukio OZAKI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Lower House of the Imperial Diet, spurring the first Movement to Protect Constitutional Government aimed at "doing away with the oligarchy and protecting constitutional rule" and ending with mass resignation of the cabinet after only 53 days (Taisho Political Crisis).
Japanese: この桂内閣に対し国民は怒り、また衆議院議員の尾崎行雄や犬養毅らは藩閥政治であるとして桂内閣を批判し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」を掲げた第一次護憲運動が展開され第三次桂太郎内閣は組閣してからわずか53日で内閣総辞職に追い込まれた（大正政変）。
English: The next administration led by Prime Minister Gonbei YAMAMOTO, with Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) as mainstream party, worked on reform to curb the influence of the Imperial Army and Navy in civilian government, including the abrogation of the law requiring military-related ministers to be active-duty military officers, but was forced into mass resignation in face of public ire over the corruption scandal involving high-ranking navy officers (Siemens Scandal).
Japanese: 続いて設立された立憲政友会を与党とする山本権兵衛内閣は軍部大臣現役武官制の廃止など陸海軍の内閣への発言力を弱める改革に着手したが、海軍高官の贈賄事件（シーメンス事件）の影響により再び国民の怒りを買いに内閣総辞職を余儀なくされた。
English: When World WarⅠ broke out following the Sarajevo Incident, the second Shigenobu OKUMA administration declared war on Germany under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and entered the war.
Japanese: その頃、サラエヴォ事件をきっかけとして第一次世界大戦が勃発すると第二次大隈重信内閣は日英同盟に基づいてドイツに宣戦布告し、第一次世界大戦に参戦する。
English: This built the momentum for international cooperation in Japan and intensified the movements for democracy and liberalism.
Japanese: これは日本の国際協調気運を高め、民主主義的な運動・自由主義的な運動をさらに激化させることとなった。
English: With the publication of the political magazine "Daisan Teikoku" (The Third Empire) by Tomoji ISHIDA and others and the proposal of government founded on democracy by Sakuzo YOSHINO of Tokyo Imperial University, the movement calling for popular elections began to grow.
Japanese: 、石田友治らによって言論雑誌『第三帝国(雑誌)』が刊行され、またには東京大学の吉野作造により民本主義による政治が提唱された事を背景に、次第に普通選挙運動が活発になっていった。
English: In addition, Tatsukichi MINOBE proposed the "Emperor-as-organ" theory, arguing that the nation should be the body holding sovereignty, and supported cabinet formation by political parties.
Japanese: また美濃部達吉は天皇機関説を提唱し、国家が統治権の主体であるべきと主張し政党内閣を支持した。
English: This theory was opposed by Shinkichi UESUGI who upheld the stance that the Emperor holds sovereignty but was repeatedly brought to attention as the foundation for interpretation of the Constitution in realizing legislative rule.
Japanese: この説に対して上杉慎吉は天皇機関説天皇機関説前史の立場から批判を行ったが、天皇機関説は議会政治を実現する上での憲法解釈上の大きな根拠として度々取り上げられるようになった。