nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In March, 1332, the bakufu beheaded Toshimoto HINO and Tomoyuki KITABATAKE as well as Suketomo HINO, who had been in exile, and exiled Godaigo to Okino-shima island.
Japanese: 1332年（元弘2年/正慶元年）3月、日野俊基や北畠具行、先に流罪となっていた日野資朝らを斬罪とし、後醍醐を隠岐島へ配流した。
English: In November 1332, Masashige KUSUNOKI raised an army at Chihaya-jo Castle in Mount Kongo, in Kawachi Province (Highland Kongo).
Japanese: 1332年（元弘2年/正慶元年）11月、楠木正成は河内国金剛山(金剛山地)の千早城で挙兵した。
English: In January 1333, he defeated the Rokuhara Tandai army at Tenno-ji Temple in Settsu Province, etc.
Japanese: 1333年（元弘3年/正慶2年）1月には六波羅勢を摂津国天王寺などで撃破した。
English: Kami-Akasaka-jo Castle had strong defenses that forced the bakufu army to engage in a bitter fight, but the bakufu army cut off the water supply to the castle in order that Shogen HIRANO would be forced to surrender.
Japanese: 上赤坂城の守りは堅く幕府軍も苦戦するが、城の水源を絶ち、平野将監らを降伏させた。
English: The Kusunoki army then gave the bakufu army another drubbing by employing the novel strategy of shooting arrows from among straw figures dressed in armor that acted as decoys.
Japanese: だが楠木軍は、鎧を着せた藁人形を囮として矢を射掛けるといった奇策により、再び幕府軍を翻弄した。
English: Meanwhile, on receiving the news that, despite having been engaged in fighting to take Chihaya-jo Castle for such a long time, the bakufu army had yet to take control of it, the feeling that the time was ripe to overthrow the bakufu spread throughout the provinces of Japan.
Japanese: そうしている間に、幕府軍が千早城に大軍を貼り付けにしながら落とせずにいるとの報に触発され、各地に倒幕の機運が広がっていった。
English: Having seen the circumstances, in leap February Godaigo escaped from Oki no shima Island with the aid of Nagatoshi NAWA.
Japanese: このような状況を見て、閏2月、後醍醐天皇は名和長年の働きで隠岐島を脱出した。
English: On May 7, Takauji ASHIKAGA defeated Rokuhara Tandai in cooperation with Doyo SASAKI, Norimura AKAMATSU and the like, and conquered Kyoto.
Japanese: 5月7日、足利高氏は佐々木道誉や赤松則村らと呼応して六波羅探題を攻め落とし、京都を制圧した。
English: On May 9, they committed suicide with their swords at Renge-ji Temple in Banba of Omi Province, and the emperors Kogen, Gofushimi and Hanazono were arrested.
Japanese: しかし、5月9日、近江国の番場蓮華寺で自刃し、光厳天皇、後伏見天皇、花園天皇は捕らえられた。
English: The Nitta army pushed southward across the Tonegawa River while increasing the number of soldiers by rallying the clan and neighboring gokenin.
Japanese: 新田軍は一族や周辺御家人を集めて兵を増やしつつ、利根川を越えて南進した。
English: The bakufu army was defeated at the battles of Kotesashi ga hara and Bubaigawara (the Kamakura period), and was cornered in Kamakura.
Japanese: しかし、小手指ヶ原の戦いや分倍河原の戦い(鎌倉時代)で敗退し、鎌倉へ追い詰められた。
English: Kamakura was attacked from three directions, with the Nitta army attacking from the Gokurakji-saka and the Kobukuro-zaka and the army of Yoshisada NITTA and his younger brother Yoshisuke WAKIYA attacking from the Kesho-zaka.
Japanese: 新田軍は極楽寺坂、巨福呂坂、そして義貞と弟脇屋義助は化粧坂の三方から鎌倉を攻撃した。
English: Yoshisada NITTA devised a plan and outmaneuvered the bakufu army by charging Kamakura from Inamura ga saki.
Japanese: 新田義貞は一計を案じ、幕府軍の裏をかいて稲村ガ崎から鎌倉へ突入した。
English: On May 22 the bakufu army fell, and the HOJO family, including Takatoki HOJO, fell at Toshoji-Temple (Toshoji Gassen (Tosho-ji War)).
Japanese: 幕府軍は5月22日、北条高時ら北条一門は東勝寺において滅亡した（東勝寺合戦）。
English: The chinzei tandai (the military governor of Kyushu) Hidetoki HOJO was also attacked by Sadatsune SHONI, Sadamune OTOMO and Sadahisa SHIMAZU, and on May 25 he committed suicide with his sword in Hakata.
Japanese: 鎮西探題北条英時も、少弐貞経、大友貞宗、島津貞久らに攻められて5月25日に博多で自刃した。
English: The term "Japanese race" expresses a notion of a political community (nation) which embodies all cultural groups (ethnic groups) that possess a Japanese nationality and/or roots in the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: 日本民族（にほんみんぞく）という言葉は、一つには日本の国籍や日本列島にルーツを持つ全ての文化的集団（エスニック・グループ）を統合した政治的共同体（ネーション）を表す概念である。
English: In a broad sense, the term "Japanese" is commonly and ambiguously used to mean "belonging to Japan" or "having a Japanese nationality".
Japanese: この広い意味の場合は、ごくあいまいに「日本に属している」、あるいは「日本国の国籍を持つ」という意味での「日本人」と言う呼称が一般的である。
English: Terms such as the "Soviet race" or the "Chinese race", which were employed by multiethnic states in the communist bloc such as the former Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China with an intention of suppressing the separatism in order to maintain the tight political integration, are translated into Japanese using the term "minzoku" which means race.
Japanese: かつてのソ連や、中華人民共和国など、共産圏の多民族国家での、分離主義を抑制し、強い政治的統合を意図した用語である、ソヴィエト民族、中華民族といった呼称については、日本語でも民族の語で訳されている。
English: In feudal days of old, lower ranked samurai took the heads severed from the bodies of foes killed on the battlefield to their commanders for identification called "Kubi jikken"; this activity took place because a severed head was crucial piece of identification evidence leading to conferring of honors on lower ranking samurai.
Japanese: 首実検（くびじっけん）とは、前近代、配下の武士が戦場で討ちとった敵方の首級（くび・しるし）の身元を大将が判定し、その配下の武士の論功行賞の重要な判定材料とするために行われた作業。
English: General and senior retainers required the individual claiming to have made the kill to provide the severed head and the details surrounding the kill and the deceased's name; in some situations, recognition of valor occurred following corroboration from a witness.
Japanese: 大将や重臣が、討ち取ったと主張する者にその首を提出させ、相手の氏名や討ち取った経緯を、場合によっては証人を伴い確認した上で戦功として承認する。
English: The validation of a severed head was also sometimes made by a prisoner of war or an enemy combatant turncoat.
Japanese: 首級の確認は、寝返りした、または捕虜となった敵方に確認させることもあった。
English: Samurai were prepared that their heads would be taken to the enemy anytime, therefore they always paid particular attention to grooming.
Japanese: 武士は自身の首は敵将に供せられることを覚悟し常日頃身だしなみに気を使った。
English: "A severed head must: be well washed with water, blood and grime washed off, have the hair combed, and arranged as before in a topknot; if you are applying face powder or lip rouge to the head at the same time, you must apply it as if to yourself (as per original text), if there are wounds on the face sprinkle rice flour on the damage to conceal the wound and write the full name of the head (i.e.. deceased) on a slip of paper and affix to the head."
Japanese: 「首を水にて能く洗ひ、血又は土などを洗ひ落し、髪を引きさき、もとゆひに髻を高くゆひ上ぐべし。もし、かねつけおしろいべになどつけたる首ならば、其の如くにこしらへ（原文のまま）べし、顔に疵付きたらば米の粉をふりかけて、疵をまぎらかす也、紙札に首の姓名を書いて付くる也」
English: The hair was drawn up into a topknot and arranged higher than usual and, to arrange the hair it was made wet from the outset; a comb was used from the right side and the hair made to stand up using the ridge of the comb; the arrangement of hair was completed when paper cord securing the topknot was tied in four places.
Japanese: 髪は普通時よりも高く結い上げ、髪を結うにははじめから水を付け、右から櫛をつかい、櫛の「みね」で立て、元結いを櫛で4度たたいて結いおさめる。
English: Ordinarily, avoidance of touching the hair with the ridge of a comb stemmed from this practice.
Japanese: 普段、櫛の「みね」を髪に当てることを忌みきらうのは、ここからきたものである。
English: It is from this practice that ordinarily, when seating people at low-lying serving tables, 'Ebisu table placement' (where the wood grain faces the person) is avoided.
Japanese: ここから、普段、竪に木目を人に向けて膳を据えることを「えびす膳」といって忌みきらう。
English: The commander would view inside the chumon gate (inner gate); whereas it was etiquette for people showing the head to stay outside the chumon gate.
Japanese: 大将は中門のなかでこれを実検して、見せる者は中門の外にいるのが作法とされる。
English: The commander's dress would consist of: wearing lacquered or painted headgear, dressing in armor on top of ceremonial court robes, wearing yugake (a tool to draw a bow), sayamaki (short sword) and tachi (long sword), his outer sash was tied with a headband, in the folds of which an white arrow of eagle tail-feather with black point in the middle collected from the battlefield was inserted, on his back he carried a quiver of arrows; amongst which a whip stick was placed (which was threaded), wearing tsuranuki (footwear), clasping a lacquered "Shigeto" bow in the left hand and holding a folding fan in the right hand; a rug was placed on a folding stool, whereupon the commander sat on the white section of the fur.
Japanese: 大将の装束は、縁塗または梨地打烏帽子をかむり、鎧直垂の上に鎧を着し、弽（ゆがけ）を差し、鞘巻をいたし、太刀を佩き、上帯鉢巻を締め、きりふ中黒の征矢をさし、逆顔の箙を負い、鞭を箙に差し、頬貫を穿き、左手に重藤の弓をにぎり、右手に扇をもち、床机に敷皮をしかせて腰を掛け、白毛のところをふまえて着座する。
English: At the time the actual viewing took place, the stool was removed, and the bow was placed upright. The hilt of long sword held in the right hand was grasped and the long sword slightly drawn, the enemy was faced and then a turn made to the right, glanced through the left eye, the drawn sword replaced, the bow taken in the right hand and placed upright, the fan held in the left hand opened, and if during the daytime, the sun was faced, if at night keep the moon kept to the back and the fan opened using the left hand.
Japanese: 実検の時には、床机をはずし、立って弓杖をつき、右手を太刀の柄にかけすこし太刀を抜きかけ、敵に向かうこころで右の方へ顔を外向け、左の目尻でただ一目見て、抜きかけの太刀をおさめ、弓を右手にとって弓杖につき、左手で扇を開き、昼ならば日の方を、夜ならば月を外にして左扇をつかう。
English: If the long sword was then held by a retainer, the retainer was made to stand while his left hand was placed on the hilt of the long sword and slightly drew the sword.
Japanese: 太刀を従者にもたせるならば、左側に太刀の柄に手をかけすこし抜きかけて立たせる。
English: No matter who the other people were, lacquered and painted headgear was worn and armor worn over court robes and a long sword carried.
Japanese: その他の者どももいずれも縁塗または折烏帽子に鎧直垂の上に鎧を着し、太刀を佩く。
English: Etiquette was maintained as if on the battlefield; decapitated heads of commanders were highly likely to have been recovered from the enemy side.
Japanese: 作法はすべからく戦場にあるが如く、大将の首級などは敵方から奪還に来襲することも大いにあり得るからである。
English: The etiquette of checking a head was to firstly grasp the hair in the right hand, and lifting it up place the receptacle tray below using the right hand, and to sit down cross legged.
Japanese: 実検の作法は、まず右手で髻をにぎり、引き上げめにして、右手に台を持ち下から受けて持って出て、すわるとき両膝をふせて安座する。
English: Once the tray had been placed below the head, the thumb of the left hand was placed in the ear of the severed head while the remaining fingers held and supported the jaw, and the right hand held the cheek and the jaw to lift the head up; the head was then shown in profile by turning to the left while drawing back.
Japanese: ついで台を下に置き、首の耳に左手拇指を入れ、残る指で頤をおさえ、右手は頬から頤へあてて持ち上げ、首の横顔を見せて左へ回って立ち退く。
English: When the viewing was taking place, located to the left of the commander between the commander and those individuals looking at him was a sosha (a person in charge of informing a shogun or daimyo of the name of visitors to the residence before a meeting) who announced the name of the person who severed the head.
Japanese: 実検のときは、大将とお目に掛ける者の間、大将の左方に奏者が居て、首をあげた者の名を披露する。
English: In situations when there was no tray for the head, tissue paper of a folding fan was provided upon which to rest the head.
Japanese: 首の台の無い場合は鼻紙またはふつうの扇裏を台として首を受けるように出す。
English: When the viewing was over, the person who held the head raised voices after he placed the head, which was turned to face the enemy, on a tray outside the chumon gate or on a lid of a bucket for served head and he stepped back the distance of about five bows.
Japanese: 実検がすめば、首を中門の外の台または首桶の蓋の上に置き、首を敵方に向け、弓杖5つほど退いて立ち並んで、ときの声をあげる。
English: As matters progressed, two earthenware plates were placed on top of each other on an rimless tray; on the far side a laver of dried konbu (kelp) was placed, which was then placed toward the head's mouth; sake (rice wine) was poured twice into the upper earthenware plate which is then placed face down near the head as if to give a drink; in addition, sake was again poured twice into the lower earthenware plate and placed as if to give a drink after the kelp was again placed toward the mouth.
Japanese: つづいて縁の無い折敷に土器（かわらけ）を2つかさねて、向こうにコンブ1きれを置いて、コンブを首の口によせ傍に置き、上の杯に2度酒をつがせ、飲ませる体にして傍にふせて置き、またコンブを口に寄せ、下の杯に酒を2度いれて飲ませる体にする。
English: The holder of the sake container was constantly changing, proceeding with the left hand the top of the coiffure was held, a crease of the spear held with the right hand, and then sake was poured into the plate with the left hand which is twisted toward the back of the hand.
Japanese: このとき銚子の持ち方は常にかわり、左手を先にしかつらの星のところを持って、右手は長柄の折目を持って、左手甲のかたへ捻って逆に酒をつぐ。
English: It is from this practice that one laver of kelp, leaving two plates, having two drinks, pouring drinks using the left hand in the opposite way, leaving cups face down etc are avoided.
Japanese: ここから、コンブ1きれ、杯2つ置くこと、2献のむこと、左酌で逆に酒をいれること、杯をうつぶせて置くことなどを忌みきらう。
English: The head was shown by viewing from the left by taking the topknot in the right hand holding the face of the head outwards then raising the face upwards a little.
Japanese: 髻を右手にとり、首の面を先にして、すこし仰向け、左を御覧あるようにお目に掛ける。
English: After making a viewing, the head was sometimes disposed, affixed to a prison gate or sent in a bucket back to the enemy.
Japanese: 首は、実検ののち、捨てることも、獄門にかけることも、首桶にいれて敵方に送ることもある。
English: Noble's heads were wrapped in silk, and placed in a bucket facing the seam.
Japanese: 貴人の首ならば、生絹（すずし）で包んで、桶の綴目に面を向けて入れる。
English: When the head was packed using bird feathers, the ends of any excess string during packing were folded over and tied off pointing towards the right.
Japanese: 保呂でつつむ時は保呂のこし紐を切って、両端をたたんで右の方を上にして包む。
English: Also, when heads were handed-over to the enemy this act was called "arrow of farewell"; a single used arrow from the battlefield was carried in the right hand and the cord securing the bucket with the head in it was carried in the left hand.
Japanese: また、首を敵にひきわたすときは暇乞いの矢といって、征矢1筋をそえ、右に持って、首桶の緒を左手にもつ。
English: The place to affix a tag for a commander was the left side of the topknot, for priests and others a hole was pierced in the ear.
Japanese: 札をつける箇所は大将分の首は左鬂の髪、入道ならば耳に穴をあけてつける。
English: Also, offerings were arranged for formalities of individuals who died on the battlefield; for commanders, offerings of kelp and sake were prepared.
Japanese: また、戦死者の格式に応じて供物が用意され、大将の首にはコンブや酒などが供えられるなどした。
English: If the head belonged to an individual with the status of a commander, viewings were called "Kubi taimen"; if it was a head of a senior vassal, it was called "Kenchi."
Japanese: 大将格の首であれば首対面、重臣級の首であれば検知などと名称も変化している。
English: Currently in general, when the police endeavor to identify if a suspect is actually a criminal, eye-witnesses act to verify the identity of suspects; the colloquial term "Kubi jikken" is widely used when referring to a "line up."
Japanese: 現在は一般に、警察が被疑者を真犯人か否か検証するために目撃者に被疑者の面相を確認させる行為（面通し）を指す俗語として用いられることが多い。
English: Yamato Monogatari (literally, "Tales of Yamato") is a story of the Middle Ages of Japan, written in the Heian period.
Japanese: 大和物語（やまとものがたり）は、平安時代に成立した中古日本の物語である。
English: From its property as an uta-monogatari, the characters in the story were often written by using their real name, official position or title or nyobo-na (name as a court lady), referring to certain existing people specifically.
Japanese: 歌物語の性格上登場人物は実名・官名・女房名で登場し具体的にある固定の人物を指していることが多い。
English: Accomplishment of this literary work is estimated at around 950 during the reign of the Emperor Murakami, in the early Heian period, following the accomplishment of "Ise Monogatari."
Japanese: 平安時代前期、『伊勢物語』の成立後で、村上天皇の御世、950年ごろと推定されている。
English: ARIWARA no Shigeharu and the Emperor Kazan were purported to be the authors of "Yamato Monogatari" previously, but the truth has not been found out yet.
Japanese: 『大和物語』の実作者は古くは、在原滋春・花山天皇が擬せられたが、現在に至るまで未詳である。
English: It seems that a nyobo serving near the Emperor Uda was concerned with the production of this literary work, because it includes a lot of subjects on the Emperor Uda and his surrounding people.
Japanese: 宇多天皇や周辺の人物が話題になることが多く、宇多天皇の身辺に侍っていた女房が関わっているらしい。
English: However, without setting a specific leading character like "Ise Monogatari," this literary work collects narratives relating to waka poems and uta-monogatari consisting of a series of poems composed by real people like emperors, nobles, Buddhist priests in those days, each of which is compiled in a chapter.
Japanese: しかし『伊勢物語』とは異なり統一的な主人公はおらず、各段ごとに和歌にまつわる説話や、当時の天皇・貴族・僧ら実在の人物による歌語りが連なった歌物語の集成となっている。
English: The first half through the 146th chapter consists of poems composed around the period when the literary work was accomplished, as well as commentaries made by the Imperial family and nobles on the origin of those poems.
Japanese: 第146段までの前半は（物語成立の）近年に詠まれた歌を核として、皇族貴族たちがその由来を語る歌語りとなっている。
English: The latter half consists of old folklore including poems whose theme is an encounter with others through tragic love, separation, reunion and so on, having strong characteristics of narrative elements.
Japanese: 後半は、悲恋や離別、再会など人の出会いと歌を通した古い民間伝説が語られており、説話的要素の強い内容になっている。
English: It includes 'a legend of Ikuta-gawa River' (the 147th chapter) with a story about a young lady who committed suicide by throwing herself into Ikuta-gawa River for taking to heart the propositions of marriage from two men, as well as 'a legend of Ubasute-yama Mountain' (the 156th chapter).
Japanese: 二人から求婚された乙女が生田川に身を投げる「生田川伝説」（147段）や、「姥捨山伝説」（156段）などである。
English: The literary work was strongly influenced by "Ise Monogatari," which is suggested in the matter that the same story as 'Tsutsuizutsu' (curb of a well) included in "Ise Monogatari" is also included in "Yamato Monogatari."
Japanese: 『伊勢物語』にあらわれる「筒井筒」と同じ話が『大和物語』にも出てくるなど、『伊勢物語』の影響は色濃い。
English: Furthermore, it is supposed that "Yamato Monogatari" may have some relations with "Gosen Wakashu" (selected collection of Japanese poetry) and "Mitsune's Poetry Book" compiled by OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, because some poems in these books appear in "Yamato Monogatari."
Japanese: 『後撰和歌集』や凡河内躬恒の『躬恒集』などの和歌が『大和物語』出てくることから、何らかの関係がある。
English: Ise shonin (Ise merchants) were counted among the three major Japanese merchants along with Osaka shonin (Osaka merchants) and Omi shonin (Omi merchants).
Japanese: 伊勢商人（いせしょうにん）は、大阪商人、近江商人と並ぶ日本三大商人の１つである。
English: They expanded the business network across the country by starting in business not only in Ise Province, where their headquarters were placed, but also in the so-called three cities, Edo (now Tokyo), Osaka and Kyoto since the latter half of the 16th century, in the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代の16世紀後半から、本所となる伊勢以外にも江戸、大阪、京都などいわゆる三都に出店し日本全国に商売のネットワークを広げていった。
English: The most representative person among the Ise shonin was Takatoshi MITSUI, who opened the kimono shop (draper) Echigoya in Edo and laid the foundation of the Mitsui Family.
Japanese: 伊勢商人として、最も代表的な存在は江戸に呉服店越後屋を出店し三井家の基礎を作った三井高利である。
English: Ise shonin were originally merchants who had gone around the whole country selling cotton imported to Japan since the mid Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan).
Japanese: 伊勢商人は、元々、戦国時代(日本)中期から日本に流入してきた木綿を全国に出歩いて行って売りさばいていた存在であった。
English: As cotton at that time was regarded as a high-class cloth, the profit made from the cotton business improved their status so much that they were called wealthy merchants.
Japanese: 当時の木綿は高級生地であったため、これらから得た利益が彼らを豪商と呼ばれる存在へと高めていった。
English: While some Ise shonin dealt in wood, paper, and sake besides cotton and kimono fabric, some of them started finance businesses and exchange shops.
Japanese: 木綿・呉服のほか、材木・紙・酒を扱った伊勢商人がおり、金融業・両替商となる者もいた。
English: Ise shonin opened stores in Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto one after another during the Kanei and Genroku eras, namely from the early Edo period to the mid Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代前期に当たる寛永年間から中期に当たる元禄年間にかけて、続々と江戸や大阪、京に出店するものが現れた。
English: This reflects the situation that the rule by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became steady and the economic system was established and expanded.
Japanese: これは江戸幕府による支配が安定し、経済制度の整備が進められた事を反映している。
English: As Ise shonin had a character of running considerably sound businesses, a saying 'Omi-dorobo, Ise-kojiki' (Omi shonin are thieves, while Ise shonin are beggars) remains to represent such a unique character.
Japanese: 伊勢商人のキャラクターとしては彼らの商売はかなり手堅かった事から「近江泥棒、伊勢乞食」と言う言葉が残されている。
English: (This means that Omi shonin were greedy, while Ise shonin were persistent in income and outgo like poor beggars.)
Japanese: （近江商人はがめつく、伊勢商人は、貧乏な乞食のように、出納にうるさいと言う意味。）
English: Particularly, it is believed that the information on various areas all around Japan, which was brought by people making a pilgrimage to Ise (Shrine) because they went to Ise Shrine via Tsu City and Matsuzaka City, helped the Ise shonin develop.
Japanese: 特に伊勢参りに向かう人々が津市や松阪市を経由していく事から、彼から諸国の情報を手に入れられた事が伊勢商人の発展につながっていると見られている。
English: (Meanwhile, there are descriptions in "Konjaku Monogatari shu" [a collection of anecdotes] and "Jinkokki" [a book in which geography, customs humanity of each province are written] that people who came from Ise Province plunder property even if they cheat their parents.)
Japanese: （なお、『今昔物語集』や『人国記』には伊勢人は親をも騙して財物を奪うと記載される。）
English: (However, the above-mentioned description in the former work was only based on the subjectivity of the author, while the latter work was a book filled with sarcasm and slander regarding people living in various areas.)
Japanese: （しかし前者は物語作者の主観でしかなく、後者は諸国人への皮肉と誹謗が多く見られる書物である。）
English: Yamashiro no kuniikki (the uprising in Yamashiro Province) occurred in three southern counties (Kuse-gun, Tsuzuki-gun and Soraku-gun) of Yamashiro Province (currently the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture) in 1485.
Japanese: 山城国一揆（やましろのくにいっき）は、1485年（文明(日本)17年）、山城国（現在の京都府南部）南半の上三郡（久世郡、綴喜郡、相楽郡）で起きた。
English: Local samurais and farmers cooperated to eliminate the political influence of the shugo daimyo (military governor) of the Hatakeyama clan, and functioned as self-governing community for the succeeding eight years.
Japanese: 国人や農民が協力し、守護大名畠山氏の政治的影響力を排除し、以後8年間自治を行った。
English: Strictly speaking, the uprising in Yamashiro Province was not a "kuniikki" but a "sokoku ikki", because the uprising was started by farmers belonging to so (a community organized by a self-governing association of farmers).
Japanese: 山城国一揆は惣の農民らが参加している点で厳密には国一揆ではなく惣国一揆とでも言うべきものである。
English: Until the time when the Hatakeyama clan was appointed in 1478, only a nominally appointed Shugo had served Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: 1478年の畠山氏任命まで、本来、山城国には、名目上の守護しか置かれていなかった。
English: In 1485, local samurais and farmers in Minami-Yamashiro gathered in Byodoin Temple in Uji to conduct a conference.
Japanese: 1485年、南山城の国人衆や農民らが宇治の平等院に集まり評定を持った。
English: During the conference, they stipulated an autonomous law called "Kunijuokite", and decided to eliminate the influence of both HATAKEYAMAs in order for Minami-Yamashiro to become a self-governing community.
Japanese: この評定で「国中掟法」を取り決め、両畠山氏の影響を排除し、南山城の自治を行うことを決めた。
English: The new regime of Minami-Yamashiro, where the local samurais conducted the affairs of the province, assumed a political form called "Sokoku" (a federation of so villages).
Japanese: 国人衆により政治がおこなわれ、南山城は惣国とよばれる政治形態となった。
English: The Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) did not wish Yamashiro Province, which had been put under the direct jurisdiction of the government, to be taken over by and to be put under the direct control of an influential feudal lord.
Japanese: 室町幕府では、幕府のお膝元である山城国が有力守護の支配下に入る事を望んでいなかった。
English: The self-governance administrated by local samurais created conflicts between local samurais and farmers, as well as conflicts among themselves.
Japanese: 国人衆による政治は、国人と農民の対立、また国人同士の対立を生むことになった。
English: The disorder within the bakufu brought by the Coup of Meio prompted the bakufu leaders to wipe out the local samurais of Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: 特に明応の政変による幕府内部の混乱は幕府有力者達による山城国人衆への切り崩し工作となって現れた。
English: In 1493, the sokoku held a meeting to abandon its autonomy and the organization was dismantled; the community was then put under the rule of Sadamichi ISE, a newly appointed shugo.
Japanese: 1493年（明応2年）には自ら自治を放棄する集会を開き惣国は解体され、新しい守護の伊勢貞陸の支配下に入ることになった。
English: Since Hiroyuki MIURA presented this uprising in his research titled "National Assembly in the Age of Civil War" in 1912, the uprising in Yamashiro Province became widely-known.
Japanese: 1912年に三浦周行が、論文「戦国時代の国民議会」でこの一揆を取り上げて以後、広く知られるようになった。
English: "Basara" is a word which expressed the social and cultural trends during the Northern and Southern Courts period (in the Japanese medieval period), which was actually used as a vogue word at that time.
Japanese: ばさらとは、日本の中世、南北朝時代の社会風潮や文化的流行をあらわす言葉であり、実際に当時の流行語として用いられた。
English: Although the word is rendered in Chinese characters in several versions, such as "婆娑羅", and "vajra" in Sanskrit refers to diamond, it is not known as to how the meaning of the word was transformed as it was used in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 婆娑羅など幾つかの漢字表記があり、梵語（サンスクリット語）で「vajra金剛石（ダイアモンド）」を意味するが、意味の転化は不明であるとされる。