nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After the first edition was completed, various editions such as (四點万葉集 and 中院本) and "Shirin Saiyosho" (Commentary of Leaves from a Forest of Words) were handed to Keichu, and he revised the first edition based on these new documents to compose the final version.
Japanese: 初稿本が完成した後、水戸家によって作られた校本（四點万葉集と中院本）と『詞林采葉抄』が契沖に貸し与えられ、それらの新しい資料を用いて初稿本をあらためたのが精選本である。
English: In the first edition, Choryu's theory was cited in many instances, and the book effectively depicted Keichu's commentary and criticism in regard to a single poem.
Japanese: 初稿本は長流の説を引くことが多く、一つの歌に対する契沖の感想や批評がよくあらわれている。
English: The final edition was better in that it proposed a more genuine interpretation of the poem and was precise based on the documents.
Japanese: 純粋に歌の解釈のみを提出し、文献を基礎にして確実であるという点では、精選本の方が優れているという。
English: As a study on "Manyoshu", "Daishoki" has a good reputation as an innovative project following those of Sengaku during the Kamakura period and Kigin KITAMURA during the Genroku era.
Japanese: 『万葉集』研究としての『代匠記』は、鎌倉時代の仙覺や元禄期の北村季吟に続いて、画期的な事業と評価されている。
English: This book is representative of Keichu's commentary and approach supported by his extensive knowledge of Buddhist scriptures and Chinese classic books that was not biased by the author's opinion or ideology.
Japanese: 仏典漢籍の莫大な知識を補助に、著者の主観・思想を交えないという契沖の註釈と方法がもっともよく出ている代表作である。
English: Matsukage Chunagon Monogatari is a fictional tale completed during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 松陰中納言物語（まつかげちゅうなごんものがたり）は、室町時代に成立したとされる作り物語。
English: Hyobukyo no Miya is a name for a fictitious Imperial prince, for convenience, whose real name is unknown in the tale.
Japanese: 兵部卿宮（ひょうぶきょうのみや）は、物語に登場する、本名のわからない架空の皇子の便宜上の名称。
English: Hyobukyo no Miya is a fictitious character who appears in "The Tale of Genji," which was written by Murasaki Shikibu.
Japanese: 兵部卿宮（ひょうぶきょうのみや）は、紫式部が著した小説『源氏物語』に登場する架空の人物である。
English: He had two daughters by his lawful wife, who was from a noble family, and seems to have had four sons by the same mother.
Japanese: 高貴な出自の北の方との間に二人の娘があり、恐らく同腹と思われる息子も四人いる。
English: In addition to them, he had a daughter (later known as Murasaki no ue) by his concubine (the daughter of Azechi no Dainagon), but his lawful wife hated her, so he rarely visited her even after the concubine died.
Japanese: この他、側室（按察大納言の娘）との間に一女（のちの紫の上）をもうけたが、北の方がこれを憎んだため、側室が亡くなった後も滅多に訪れなかった。
English: However, during Genji's dark days, he even deserted Murasaki no ue, though he was Genji's biological father, and it earned Genji's displeasure, so he was treated coolly after Genji's return.
Japanese: そのため娘を光源氏に略奪され、後に妻となったことを知らされてから音信を復活する。
English: However, during Genji's dark days, by deserting Murasaki no ue, despite being her biological father, Hyobukyo no miya earned Genji's displeasure, and so was treated coolly after Genji's return.
Japanese: しかし源氏の失意時代には権力者を憚って、実父でありながら紫の上をも見捨てて源氏の不興を買い、源氏の復帰後は逆に冷たくあしらわれた。
English: He was treated seriously as the older brother of Empress Fujitsubo and a maternal relative of Emperor Reizei, and considered to have a reputation second to Genji and Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) (Tono Chujo [the first secretary's captain]).
Japanese: 藤壺中宮の兄、冷泉帝の外戚として、源氏や太政大臣（頭中将）に次ぐ声望があるとされ、世間からも重く扱われた（「若菜下」）。
English: Although the second daughter (O nyogo) of his lawful wife entered kokyu (Empress's residence), she could not attain Genji's support and her life ended without her becoming the Empress.
Japanese: しかし北の方腹の次女（王女御）は冷泉帝の後宮に入内したものの、源氏の協力を得られなかったこともあって立后できずに終わった。
English: His oldest daughter (the lawful wife of Higekuro) by the same mother also had her husband taken away by Tamakazura, an adopted daughter of Genji.
Japanese: また同腹の長女（髭黒の北の方）も、夫を源氏の養女である玉鬘に奪われる。
English: Moreover, he took in his grandchild, Makibashira, together with his eldest daughter, who later married Hotaru Hyobukyo no Miya; unfortunately, they did not get along and so the family was unhappy.
Japanese: さらに長女と共に引き取った孫の真木柱も、のち蛍兵部卿宮と結婚したもののうまくいかないなど、家庭は不幸であった。
English: Priest Akashi is a fictitious character in "The Tale of Genji," which is a novel written by Murasaki Shikibu.
Japanese: 明石入道（あかしのにゅうどう）は、紫式部が著した小説『源氏物語』に登場する架空の人物である。
English: He gave up being kyokan (an official of the Capital), to become Harima no kuni no kami (the governor of Harima Province), and then became a priest to live on the seashore of Akashi.
Japanese: 京官に見切りを付けて播磨国守となり、そのまま出家して明石の浦に住まう。
English: Praying to Sumiyoshi Myojin God for a good match for his daughter (lady Akashi) from early on, he invited Genji to Akashi following a divine revelation in a dream, then married him to his daughter.
Japanese: 娘（明石の御方）の良縁を早くから住吉明神に祈願しており、霊夢により源氏を明石に迎え、娘と結婚させた。
English: After Genji returned to Kyoto, though reluctant, he sent his daughter and newborn baby, young lady Akashi, to the capital with his wife, and stayed in Akashi.
Japanese: 源氏帰京後、別れを惜しみつつ娘と生まれた明石の姫君を妻と共に都に送り、自分は残った。
English: When he heard that young lady Akashi bore a prince of Emperor Kinjo, he believed his dream had come true and hid himself in a mountain recess, making his house a temple and leaving his disciple behind.
Japanese: 姫君が今上帝の皇子を生んだと聞くと、大願成就を信じ、家を寺として弟子を残し、深山にあとをくらました。
English: Otsu-e is a style of painting and local specialty which Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, has been noted for from the early Edo period.
Japanese: 大津絵（おおつ-え）とは、滋賀県大津市で江戸時代初期から名産としてきた民俗学絵画である。
English: The subject of these paintings varied, and among those who traveled Tokaido Gojusan-tsugi (53 stages in Tokai-do Road) the paintings were known as a souvenier or a charm.
Japanese: さまざまな画題を扱っており、東海道五十三次を旅する旅人たちの間の土産物・護符として知られていた。
English: The name of 'Otsu-e' is also used to refer to the original song, ongyoku (a popular old-style Japanese song accompanied by shamisen music), a folk song (Otsu-e bushi) which shares the subject of Otsu-e, and also a kind of classical Japanese dance based on Otsu-e bushi (Otsu-e dancing).
Japanese: 大津絵の画題を唄い込んだ元唄・音曲・俗曲（大津絵節）、大津絵節を元に踊る日本舞踊の一種（大津絵踊り）にも、「大津絵」の名がついている。
English: The birthplace of Otsu-e is Oiwake Station (Higechaya-oiwake [Higashichaya bisection]) in Omi Province (Shiga Prefecture), which was to the west of Osaka no seki (the Osaka Barrier), Tokaido Gojusan-tsugi.
Japanese: 東海道五十三次、逢坂関の西側に位置する近江国追分駅(滋賀県)（髭茶屋追分）を発祥の地とする。
English: At first they were painted as a form of expressing one's faith, but before long they transformed into secular paintings, and since the 18th century, they came to be accompanied with educational and satirical didactic poems.
Japanese: 当初は信仰の一環として描かれたものであったが、やがて世俗画へと転じ、加えて18世紀ごろより教訓的・風刺的な道歌を伴うようになった。
English: The early characteristics of Otsue which contained many Buddhist paintings are well expressed in the haiku by Basho MATSUO, 'Various kinds of Buddha are drawn in Otsu-e, so which one will the painter draw in the New Year.'
Japanese: 松尾芭蕉の俳句「大津絵の筆のはじめは何佛」には、仏画が多かった初期の大津絵の特徴が表れている。
English: Also, it is said that during the oppression of Christianity during the early Edo period, the Otsu-e were used as a perfect guise to say that 'I am a Buddhist.'
Japanese: また、江戸時代初期のキリシタン弾圧に際して「自分は仏教である」という蓑関連事象的役割も有していたと言われる。
English: During the eras of Bunka and Bunsei (1804-1829), the representative subjects of Otsu-e painting called 'Ten kinds of Otsu-e' were decided, meanwhile its effectiveness as a charm came to be advocated; ('Fujimusume' (wisteria maiden) is effective for helping find a good match, 'Ogre's reciting Buddhist invocations in midwinter' is to help babies crying at night, and 'raijin (the god of thunder) sugata katachi (form)' will prevent being struck by lightning, etc.)
Japanese: 文化(元号)・文政期（1804年-1829年）には「大津絵十種」と呼ばれる代表的画題が確定し、一方でお守りとしての効能も唱えられるようになった（「藤娘」は良縁、「鬼の寒念仏」は子供の夜泣き、「雷神姿かたち」は雷除けなど）。
English: The gods, Buddha, people, and animals are painted humorously, and a didactic poem is added.
Japanese: 神仏や人物、動物がユーモラスなタッチで描かれ、道歌が添えられている。
English: In many paintings and didactic poems, human relationships and the teachings of society are expressed satirically.
Japanese: 多くの絵画・道歌には、人間関係や社会に関する教訓が風刺を込めて表されている。
English: A humorous painting in which a Japanese monkey tries to use a gourd to pin down a giant catfish which is causing an earthquake.
Japanese: 地震を起こす大鯰をニホンザルがヒョウタンを用いて押さえ込もうとしている滑稽画。
English: Chinese classical literature is a general term for the works written in Chinese (classical Chinese) and the study of these classics.
Japanese: 漢文学（かんぶんがく）とは、漢文（古典中国語）で書いた作品の総称と、それに対する研究の学問のことである。
English: Originally the term referred to works written in Chinese by people other than the Chinese (the Han people), such as Japanese people, and the studies concerning these works.
Japanese: 本来は日本人など中国人（漢族）以外の人々が漢文で書いた作品及びそれに関する学問を指していた。
English: However, due to the vernacular language movement in China after the Xinhai Revolution and the introduction of simplified Chinese characters, a distinction between classical and modern Chinese arose.
Japanese: しかし、辛亥革命以後の白話運動や簡体字の導入などによって、漢文と現代中国語の文体に差異が生じるようになった。
English: Therefore, the works written in classical Chinese by Chinese people (the Han people) before the Xinhai Revolution are sometimes called 'Chinese classical literature' to distinguish them from the (contemporary) Chinese literature written in modern Chinese.
Japanese: そのため、辛亥革命以前に中国人（漢族）によって漢文で書かれた作品についても、現代中国語で書かれた（現代）中国文学と区別する意味で「漢文学」と呼称する場合がある。
English: (It is an established theory that what are called ancient Japanese characters are a pretense made by posterity), therefore Chinese characters were introduced from China.
Japanese: （いわゆる神代文字なるものが後世の仮託であることは定説化されている）ので、中国より漢字を受け入れた。
English: Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), which was compiled as an authentic history of the Imperial court, was written in orthodox Chinese, which illustrates that Japanese society was in the process of adopting written Chinese.
Japanese: 朝廷の正史として編纂された『日本書紀』が、正統的な漢文で書かれたことも、そうした流れに日本社会があったことの例証である。
English: Not only prose but also poetry was attempted to be written, and "Kaifuso" (Fond Recollections of Poetry) contained works which had been written since the seventh century.
Japanese: 散文のみならず、詩作も試みられ、『懐風藻』には、7世紀からの作品が収められている。
English: After this, Chinese poetry and prose were made in Japan, and this trend reached its peak during the following three periods: In the ninth century, when SUGAWARA no Michizane was alive, the 15th century when <Gozan Bungaku> (Literally, Five Mountain Literature) flourished mainly in Zen temples, and the 18th century when Confucianism became widely known to samurai, also known as the period of Chazan KAN.
Japanese: その後も、漢詩漢文は日本社会で作られ続けたが、広まりと高まりを見せたのは、9世紀の菅原道真の時期、15世紀の禅宗寺院を中心にした〈五山文学〉の時期、18世紀の儒学が武士たちに広まった菅茶山たちの時期である。
English: Around the time of the Meiji Restoration, when many western books were imported, many vocabularies which had Chinese origin were adopted as they were translated, so there was a time when Chinese poetry became popular.
Japanese: 明治維新のころも、西洋の文物を輸入するときに、翻訳語として漢文に源流をもつ語彙が多く採用されたこともあって、漢詩が流行した時期もあった。
English: However, after the late Taisho period, this practice declined rapidly, and composition of Chinese poetry and prose was done by only a limited number of people with refined taste.
Japanese: しかし、大正後期以降になると急速に衰え、漢詩漢文の製作は、一部の趣味人の手わざとなってしまった。
English: In the 1960's, Hideo FUJIKAWA, a scholar of German literature, Shinichiro NAKAMURA, a novelist, and others began to reevaluate the Chinese poetry and prose from the Edo period.
Japanese: 1960年代になって、ドイツ文学者の富士川英郎や小説家の中村真一郎たちが、江戸時代の漢詩文の再評価をはじめた。
English: Since this time, the tradition of Chinese literature in Japan has been reevaluated and the research has continued to advance; a series of books titled "Compendium of Japanese Classic Literature" has been published since the 1980's by Iwanami Shoten, which came to include many works belonging to the genre of Chinese literature, including a second volume on the Meiji period.
Japanese: この頃から、日本の漢文学の伝統が見直されるようになり、1980年代から刊行された岩波書店の『日本古典文学大系』のシリーズには、続編の明治篇も含めて、多くの漢文学に属する作品が収録されるようになり、研究も進んでいる。
English: Karumi is a state that a poet can achieve by pursuing the teachings of Buddhism and essentially establishing a state of sabi, after which they further pursue this state so that they can describe the subject abruptly and candidly.
Japanese: 作者が仏教的修行を積み、それにより本質的に確立されたさびの境地をさらに高次化し、対象を飄然と率直に表現しようとする詩情を言う。
English: In other words, Karumi is a form of expression through which a poet can deeply communicate with nature or their surroundings via empathy or telepathy and feel the essence of the subject, from which the poet can express what they felt through poetry.
Japanese: 換言すれば、作者が感情移入やテレパシーを介し、自然風物や身辺の対象に入り込んで、その本質に触れたことにより得たものが、そのまま句として表出するような表現技法である。
English: It was an innovative technique at the time, and is quite interesting in terms of literature as well as the study of psychic phenomena, because the technique required a poet to overcome trials and tribulations in the process of having empathy with the subject, and in doing so improve their capacity for poetic expression and psychic communication.
Japanese: 当時としては画期的な手法であり、自然風物などの対象に移入する過程における荊棘を克服し、自らの詩的表現能力や心霊的意思疎通能力を高める意味もあり、文学的にも心霊学的にも興味深いものだと考えられる。
English: Hanafubuki is the state in which flower petals are falling like a snowstorm.
Japanese: 花吹雪（はなふぶき）とは、花びらが、あたかも雪がふぶいているかのごとく舞い散るさまのことである。
English: In Japan, the word 'hana (flower)' traditionally refers to cherry blossom especially in haiku (seventeen-syllable poem) and waka (thirty-one-syllable poem), so 'hanafubuki' specifically refers to cherry blossoms in full bloom falling like a snowstorm.
Japanese: 日本では、古来「花」の一語が、特に俳句や和歌の世界においては「サクラ」を意味する例が見られ、とくに「花吹雪」といった場合には、満開の桜が吹雪のように散る様子を指す。
English: In the field of haiku, cherry blossoms falling like a snowstorm is regarded as a scenery distinctive of spring (in particular the season between late spring to early summer), so "hanafubuki" is designated as a kigo (a word depicting a season) for spring.
Japanese: 俳句の世界においては、桜が花吹雪の態で散る様子が、春の季節感（とくに春の終わりから初夏へ向かう時季）の特徴的なさまであるとして、花吹雪は春の季語とされている。
English: Namco Bandai Games Inc. produced sticker makers large enough for one to step into named 'Hanafubuki' and 'Hanafubuki 2.'
Japanese: バンダイナムコゲームスから、「花吹雪」「花吹雪2」という名前の全身シール機（プリント倶楽部、またはプリクラ）が出ている。
English: Examples of famous wakashu are Chokusen wakashu (anthologies compiled by Imperial command) such as "Kokin Wakashu" (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) and "Shin Kokin Wakashu" (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).
Japanese: 代表的なものに、勅撰和歌集（帝王の命で国が編纂したもの）として『古今和歌集』や『新古今和歌集』などがある。
English: There are also personal collections of poetry called Shisenshu such as "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu" (The Ogura's Sequence of 100 Poems by 100 Poets).
Japanese: また、小倉百人一首などのように個人が撰出した和歌集（私撰集）もある。
English: Some wakashu are collections of poetry by one poet while the others are collections of poems by many poets.
Japanese: また、一人の歌人の和歌を編集したものと多くの歌人の和歌を編集したものとがある。
English: A man named Kisuke who murdered his younger brother was on a boat on the Takase-gawa River in Kyoto that took Kyoto criminals to a distant island.
Japanese: 京都の罪人を遠島に送るために高瀬川(京都府)を下る舟に、弟を殺した喜助という男が乗せられた。
English: Shobe HANEDA, a police constable and an escort of Kisuke, questioned him why he was smiling peacefully.
Japanese: 護送役の同心である羽田庄兵衛は、喜助がいかにも晴れやかな顔をしている事を不審に思い、訳を尋ねる。
English: Ogai simultaneously published a self-commentary 'Takasebune Engi' which caused controversy about the theme of the story: Whether it was to be satisfied with 'one's lot in life,' 'euthanasia,' or both.
Japanese: 鴎外は同時に自作解説「高瀬舟縁起」を発表しており、これによって長らくテーマは「知足」か「安楽死」か、それとも両方かで揉めてきた。
English: A similar confusion existed in the relation between 'Sansho Dayu' Sansho the Bailiff) and his self-commentary 'Rekishi Sonomama to Rekishi Banare' (History As It Is and History Abandoned).
Japanese: 同様の混乱は「山椒大夫」と自作解説「歴史其儘と歴史離れ」との間にも生じていた。
English: It was pointed out, however, that a criticism against the Factory Act was submerged in 'Sansho Dayu,' so that some considered Ogai's self-commentaries to be deceptive means against censorship.
Japanese: しかし、「山椒大夫」には工場法批判が潜められているという指摘から、鴎外の自作解説は検閲への目眩ましであろうとの見解も生まれた。
English: That means that 'marrying a wife from a wealthy merchant' was 'digit of an abacus,' a metaphor for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, and the theme of being satisfied with 'one's lot in life' could be a criticism of the 21 Demands to China.
Japanese: すなわち「妻を好い身代の商人の家から向かへた」という設定は「十露盤（ソロバン）の桁」を変えれば日英同盟の寓喩であり、「知足」のテーマは対華21ヶ条要求への批判として浮上してくる。
English: That is why 'Takasebune' is now re-evaluated as a modern novel in the Meiji period that was supported by the history of the time.
Japanese: こうして「高瀬舟」は今、歴史に借景した明治の現代小説としての再評価へと向かいつつある。
English: Kakyo Hyoshiki is the oldest extant Kagakusho written by FUJIWARA no Hamanari.
Japanese: 歌経標式（かきょうひょうしき）は、藤原浜成が著した、現存最古の歌学書。
English: The preface is dated June 16, 772 and the postscript is dated July 4 of the same year.
Japanese: 序文には宝亀三（772）年五月七日の、跋文には同月二十五日の日付がある。
English: Kakyo Hyoshiki discussed how Japanese poems should be through the application of rules derived from the Chinese poetic tradition.
Japanese: 中国の詩学を下にして、それを歌に応用し歌とはどのようにあるべきかを論じたもの。
English: By applying the theory of poems in Chinese that is a fundamentally different language to Japanese and its poems, however, some "unreasonableness" was inevitable.
Japanese: ただ、言語上に根本的な相違を有する中国語、そこから生まれた漢詩の理論を、日本語、更には歌に援用したために、そこには”無理”が生じることとなる。
English: As a result, it should be stated that this book has value in the history of literature, but it is less valuable in terms of influence on Japanese poetry of later days.
Japanese: 結果、現在では文学史上の存在意義は認められるが、後の和歌（実作）に対する価値は低いと言わざるを得ない。
English: It is yet worth considering the reason why such a book was written at that time although it had "unreasonableness."
Japanese: だが、一方でそのような”無理”を抱えながら、何故当時かようなものが著されたのかは、考えられる必要があろう。
English: The story appeared in 1925 at the head of the first issue of 'Aozora' (Blue Sky), a dojinshi (publication sold directly and not via commercial publishers) that Kajii published with Takao NAKATANI and Shigeru TONOMURA.
Japanese: 1925年（大正14年）、中谷孝雄、外村繁らとの同人誌「青空」の創刊号の巻頭に掲載された。
English: Later, through the efforts of his friends such as Tatsuji MIYOSHI, a collection of Kajii's stories was published by Musashinoshoin in 1931, a year prior to his death.
Japanese: その後、梶井の友人である三好達治らの奔走により、亡くなる一年ほど前（1931年）に武蔵野書院より作品集として刊行された。
English: After it was published the story was highly praised by critics such as Hideo KOBAYASHI, and contributed to Kajii's reputation in the literary world.
Japanese: 刊行された後、小林秀雄(批評家)らに高く評価され、梶井自身が文壇に認められる作品となった。
English: I,' the protagonist, had lung disease and always suffered from an illogical anxiety, and losing interest in the things 'I' used to enjoy, such as music, poems, and 'my' favorite stationery store Maruzen, then wandering aimlessly around the city.
Japanese: 肺を病んだ「私」は得体の知れない不安に始終苛まれ、それまで関心を持っていた音楽や詩、文具店の丸善への興味を失い、当てもなくさまよい歩く。
English: One day, 'I' happened to stop in front of a fruit store on Teramachi-dori Street that 'I' frequented (the store was 'Yao' in Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City, which went out of business in January 25, 2009).
Japanese: そんな折り、普段から気に入っていた寺町通の果物屋（京都市中京区「八百卯」・2009年1月25日閉店）の前で「私」はふと足を止める。
English: I' eagerly bought a lemon, finding the cold texture of the fruit comfortable for 'my' feverish hand and 'my' anxiety somewhat diminished.
Japanese: 「私」は気に入ってそのレモンを一つ買ったが、肺病で熱を帯びた手にその果実の冷たさはちょうど良く、それまでの不安が幾分か和むのに気がつく。
English: Then 'I' stopped by Maruzen, which 'I' had not visited for a while, but the store makes 'me' uneasy again.
Japanese: そしてそのまま、足が遠ざかっていた丸善に立ち寄るが、「私」はまた不安な気持ちにさせられる。
English: I' looked through books of paintings that 'I' used to love but 'I' couldn't shake the feeling of unease, so feeling frustrated 'I' placed the lemon on a pile of books imagining the lemon to be a bomb.
Japanese: 普段気に入って見ていた画集を見てもその気持ちが変わらないのに不満を覚えた「私」は、画集を積み上げたうえに時限爆弾に見立ててレモンを置いて立ち去る。
English: Following this, 'I' imagined how things that made 'me' uneasy had been blown to pieces by the lemon bomb and enters a state of excitement, alone.
Japanese: その後「私」は、私を不安にさせた様々な物事が、爆弾に見立てたレモンによって爆破される様を思い浮かべて、一人興奮する。
English: As a tuberculosis patient himself (and dying young due to the illness), many of the protagonists in Kajii's stories have lung disease.
Japanese: 梶井自身結核に冒されていた（後に結核により早世）こともあり、梶井の作品には本作のほかにも肺病の主人公の作品が多い。
English: It is also said that there has been no end to the number of people who have visited Maruzen's Kyoto branch (closed in October 2005) and left a lemon.
Japanese: また丸善・京都店（2005年10月閉店）にはレモンを置き去る人があとを絶たなかったといわれる。
English: "Sayuri" (Memoirs of a Geisha) was a novel by Arthur GOLDEN, published in 1997.
Japanese: 『さゆり』(MemoirsofaGeisha)は、1997年に出版されたアーサー・ゴールデンによる小説。
English: The story was set in Kyoto, Japan before World War II and was about the eventful life of a woman who was sold at the age of nine and lived as a geisha (Japanese professional female entertainer at parties).
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦前の日本の京都を舞台に、9歳で身売りされ芸者として生きた1人の女性の波乱の人生を描いた物語である。
English: After the novel was published, Mineko IWASAKI (岩崎峰子, renamed 岩崎究香 later) sued Arthur Golden for breach of contract and defamation of character.
Japanese: 小説出版後、岩崎峰子（後に岩崎究香と改名）は名誉毀損と契約違反でアーサー・ゴールデンを訴えた。
English: The plaintiff asserted that the contract that was agreed upon states that all characters in the novel were to be kept anonymous.
Japanese: 原告によれば、契約では小説の登場人物はすべて匿名ということになっていた。
English: This was because there was a code of silence in the geisha community and breaking the code was a serious offense.
Japanese: なぜならこのことは芸者社会では暗黙の了解であり、これを破ることは重大な違反だったからである。
English: Once the plaintiff's name was published, she received many death threats, and faced pressure to commit suicide for insulting the geisha community; but she decided to sue Golden.
Japanese: 原告の名前が活字になったとき、彼女は数多くの死の恐怖にさらされ、芸者社会を侮辱したことに対して自殺を迫られたが、彼女はゴールデンを訴えることを選択した。
English: In 2003, Iwasaki won an out of court settlement ensuring that Golden would pay compensation to her.
Japanese: 2003年、示談によりゴールデンが賠償金を支払うことで決着し、岩崎が勝訴した。
English: Although Iwasaki never mentioned it in public, she suggested in her autobiography 'Geisha, A Life' (title for the US edition; 'Geisha of Gion' was the title for the UK edition) that she was offended by the novel 'Memoirs of a Geisha' because it did not provide a faithful description of the life of a geisha.
Japanese: 岩崎は決して公の場では言及しなかったが、彼女自身の自伝「Geisha,ALife（アメリカでの書籍名。イギリスでは「GeishaofGion」として出版）」によって小説「MemoirsofGeisha」が如何に芸者の生活を忠実に表現できなかった事に感情を害した。
English: Above all, she said that she could especially not overlook the description of 'Mizuage' (coming-of-age ceremony for an apprentice geisha) as selling of the right of deflowering an apprentice geisha, which was far removed from the fact.
Japanese: 特に「水揚げ」が処女代と言う様に描かれていたと言う、事実からは程遠い箇所を見過ごす事はできなかったと言う。
English: Many of the characters in 'Sayuri' corresponded to those she knew and those close to her.
Japanese: 「さゆり」では登場人物の多くは彼女が知っている人物か近しい人物に該当した。
English: Although the novel describes them as spiteful and malevolent, in real life they were very kind to her; besides, the novel described Chiyo as being treated like a slave when she entered the okiya (geisha dwelling), when in fact, Iwasaki was treated kindly and preferentially.
Japanese: しかし、小説では意地悪で憎たらしく描かれている人たちも、実際にはとても親切であったし、千代が置屋に入ったときに奴隷のように扱われたとされている場面も実際には岩崎は優しくされ、特別な扱いを受けた。
English: She also wrote that 'Sourpuss' was, in fact, a sister she developed a close relationship with and 'Nobu' was her patron and lover.
Japanese: Sourpussは実は非常に親密な関係にあった姉妹であったし、「延（ノブ）」は彼女の後見人であり、恋人でもあったと書かれている。
English: Although Iwasaki never mentioned this in public (it is believed in the West that a traditional Japanese woman would not show her innermost personal feelings), Golden's book was a distorted description of the happiest events in her past.
Japanese: 岩崎は決して公然とは言わなかったが（伝統的な日本女性は一番奥にある個人的感情は表に出さないと西洋では思われているが）、ゴールデンの本は岩崎の過去の幸せな出来事の歪んだ見解を読むようなものだった。
English: She trusted Golden with her secrets, but Golden betrayed her in order to write a bestseller.
Japanese: 彼女はゴールデンに秘密を打ち明けたが、ゴールデンはベストセラーを書くために彼女の信頼を裏切った。
English: Sakimori-no-uta is a group of poems written by the Sakimori guards who were deployed on the coast of Kyushu after Taika no Kaishin (The Great Reformation of the Taika Era).
Japanese: 防人歌(さきもりのうた)とは大化の改新の後、九州沿岸の守りについた防人が詠んだ歌である。
English: The duties of the Sakimori guards were harsh: They had to travel long distances from eastern Japan to Kyushu by themselves, and they had to procure their own food and arms while they were performing duties.
Japanese: 防人とは厳しい任務であり、遠い東国から九州までは自力で移動せねばならず、さらにその任務期間中の兵は食糧も武器も各自で調達しなければならない。