nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Among these apartments, it is said that there are houses that are made up of multiple apartments with different address numbers jointed together, by removing their side walls, and on the other hand, there are the buildings that are divided into two by a partition wall to make two houses.
Japanese: 中にはかつての複数戸の横の壁を打ち抜いて連結し、番地的には複数戸から成る一軒の建物や、逆に従来の建物を中で仕切って二軒に分割した物もあるようだ。
English: Major kinds of takegakis for use in Japanese gardens include Kennin-ji-gaki, Korai-gaki, Numazu-gaki, Tepposode-gaki, Fusuma-gaki, Uguisu-gaki, Yotsume-gaki, Daitoku-ji-gaki, and Tachiai-gaki.
Japanese: 日本庭園に使用される主な竹垣は建仁寺垣、高麗垣、沼津垣、鉄砲袖垣、襖垣、鶯垣、四つ目垣、大徳寺垣、立会垣など。
English: Tokai Nature Trail is a long-distance nature trail that connects the distance of 1,697 km from 'Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park' in Hachioji City, Tokyo Prefecture to 'Meiji no Mori Mino Quasi-National Park' in Minoo City, Osaka Prefecture, extending over 11 prefectures and some 90 municipalities.
Japanese: 東海自然歩道（とうかいしぜんほどう）は、東京都八王子市の「明治の森高尾国定公園」から大阪府箕面市の「明治の森箕面国定公園」までの11都府県約90市町村にまたがる長さ1,697kmの長距離自然歩道。
English: In 1969, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (later the department in charge was succeeded by the Ministry of Environment) proposed the construction of a long-distance nature trail, and the construction that started in 1970 under the cooperation of the municipalities concerned, completed in 1974.
Japanese: 1969年（昭和44年）、厚生省（後に担当部局は環境省に継承）が長距離自然歩道をつくることを提案し、1970年（昭和45年）から関係自治体の協力のもとに整備が始められ、1974年（昭和49年）に完成した。
English: The project of Tokaido Nature Trail construction was presented at the beginning of the year 1969 as a policy of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Japanese: 東海自然歩道の構想は昭和44年の年頭において厚生省の施策として発表された。
English: At that time, induced by the drastic infrastructure development and urban congestion, negative impacts of the rapid economic growth, including four major pollution diseases, anticipated to become more serious, and therefore, when this project proposed the reevaluation of the nature as a space of relaxation, it gained the public overwhelming support, and since then, following this example, many nature trails has been constructed.
Japanese: 各地方のインフラ整備や都市の過密化が急激に進められ、四大公害病等の高度経済成長の影の面が顕在化してきていた当時、憩いの場としての自然を見直そうというこの構想は、国民から絶大な支持を得、以後、これを習って数々の自然歩道が整備された。
English: The planification and implementation of Tokai Nature Trail owed largely to the efforts of Michio OI, who was at the then National Park Department of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (later National Park Bureau of the Environment Agency).
Japanese: 東海自然歩道の、企画・実現には当時の厚生省国立公園部（後に環境庁国立公園局）に在籍していた大井道夫の尽力によるところが大きい。
English: He conceptualized the construction of Tokai Nature Trail, the first nature trail in Japan, and carried out the construction, taking a hint from nature trails in the United States including the one constructed in the Appalachian Mountains.
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国のアパラチア山脈などで建設されていた自然歩道をヒントに、日本初の自然歩道である東海自然歩道を企画、実現した。
English: His plan of connecting two national parks gave the opportunity to the highlands, marshlands, and valleys among others located on the trail to be successively designated as national parks.
Japanese: 彼の、二つの国定公園を歩道で結ぶというこの企画を契機として、道中の高原や湿原、峡谷等が次々と国定公園に指定された。
English: The attempt of designating the places that were not tourist spots nor deep mountains but gifted with natural ecosystems as national parks, allocated a new role as a protected forest network to the national parks, which in general had been seen as tourist attractions until then, and thus inspired future possibilities for national parks.
Japanese: 観光地でも山奥でもない、しかし自然の生態系が存在している場所を公園に指定したこの試みは、それまで観光地としての意味あいが強かった国定公園に保護林ネットワークとしての役割を持たせ、後の国定公園のあり方について示唆を与える事となった。
English: When it is regarded as a retail store, it is often written as "町屋," and when it is regarded as a residence, it is often written as "町家."
Japanese: 店舗としてみる場合は町屋と書く、住居としてみる場合は、民家の一種であり、町家と書くことが多い。
English: The Machiya style was originally invented in the middle Heian period, and had been modified almost to the present style by the middle Edo period.
Japanese: 平安時代中期ころより発展し、江戸時代の中ごろには現在残る形にほぼ近いものとなった。
English: The external appearance of the style is characterized by a red color lattice called "bengara-koshi," Mushiko windows, Inuyarais, etc.
Japanese: 外観は、紅殻格子（べんがらこうし）と呼ばれる色の濃い格子、虫籠（むしこ）窓、犬矢来などが特徴的である。
English: Housing lots for machiyas are sometimes called "Unagi-no-nedoko (bed for eel)," because the width is small and the depth is large.
Japanese: 町家の立地する敷地は、間口が狭く奥行きが深いため、「うなぎの寝床」と呼ばれる。
English: It is said that this is because the amount of Chohi （fees for maintenance of shared facilities and administration) was determined based on the width of the housing lot.
Japanese: これは、江戸時代頃に町費が間口に応じて決められたためであるとする俗説が流布している。
English: In order to arrange as many houses as possible along a street, the width and the depth of each house necessarily become small and large respectively.
Japanese: 通りに多くの家屋を建ち並ばせるためには、必然的に間口が狭く、奥行きが深くなる。
English: Most surviving machiyas in Kyoto were built after the great fire, "Dondo-yaki," caused by the rebellion of Hamagurimon in 1864.
Japanese: 京都に現存する町家は、1864年の蛤御門の変ののちに発生した大火（どんど焼）以降に建てられたものがほとんどである。
English: According to a survey carried out by Kyoto City in 1998, about 28,000 machiyas exist in the central area of the city and about 1000 of them are disappearing every year.
Japanese: 1998年の京都市の調査によると、町家は市中心部だけで約28,000軒残っており、毎年1,000軒程度が失われている。
English: Because looking down a daimyo's processions was not allowed, the second story was only permitted to have a low ceiling and to be used as a store room.
Japanese: 大名行列を見下ろしてはいけないことから、2階の天井が低く抑えられ、物置としての用途で許可されていた。
English: Unlike modern methods of construction, kyo-machiyas employ stone bases (hitotsu-ishi, tama-ishi) and lime plaster walls of Okabe-zukuri or Makabe-zukuri.
Japanese: 京町家は、在来工法と異なり、基礎に石（一つ石、玉石）を用い、壁は漆喰塗り籠の大壁造りや真壁(建築)造りである。
English: Tsugite, shiguchi, and hozo techniques (techniques to connect members) are used for structural members of the building, and the building is reinforced with daizen, dabo, kusabi, etc. (parts to reinforce the structure).
Japanese: 建物の構造材には継手・仕口・ほぞを用い大栓、だぼ、楔などで補強される。
English: According to the modern method of construction, a continuous footing is built from concrete as the base, and walls, such as curtain walls built from synthetic building materials or wood plates and mortar-finished Okabe-zukuri walls, are often employed.
Japanese: 在来工法では、基礎は鉄筋コンクリートによる布基礎、新建材や木板の張り壁やモルタル塗りの大壁造りが多い。
English: They are installed to protect machiyas from mud scattered by running horses and urination of dogs and cats that run through passages under the eaves, which are called Inubashiri.
Japanese: 馬のはねる泥、犬走りと呼ばれる軒下を通る犬や猫の放尿から壁を守るもの。
English: When Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang dynasty suffered from malaria, a general appeared in the emperor's dream and killed the devil that had agonized the emperor.
Japanese: 唐の玄宗皇帝がマラリアに罹った際、武将が夢の中にあらわれて、皇帝を苦しめていた悪鬼を退治した。
English: When the emperor asked the general about his identity, the general replied that he was a person named Shoki who failed the imperial civil service examination and committed suicide, but revived to reciprocate the favor of the emperor who kindly buried the dead reverently.
Japanese: 皇帝が尋ねると、科挙に失敗したため自殺したが、玄宗皇帝に手厚く葬られたため恩義に報いてはせ参じた鍾馗という人物だった。
English: Each of these gardens combines daylighting and venting functions.
Japanese: これらの庭は、いずれも採光、風の通り道としての機能を兼ね備えている。
English: They are also called "Bengara-koshi" because many of them are painted with a paint produced by mixing a material containing, as a principal component, particles of ferric oxide (red rust) called "Bengara," and egoma seed oil.
Japanese: 多くは、紅殻（べんがら）と呼ばれる酸化第二鉄（赤サビ）を主成分とした粉末にエゴマ油などを混ぜて塗られているため、紅殻格子とも呼ばれる。
English: A pigment called "Bengara" is named after the north-eastern area of India, Bengal, where the pigment is produced.
Japanese: 顔料の紅殻（紅柄、弁柄）は、産地であるインド北東部の地名ベンガル地方に因んでいる。
English: Tenshu (天守) refers to a structure that became the symbol of a castle after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 天守（てんしゅ）とは日本の戦国時代(日本)以降城の象徴的存在となった建造物のことである。
English: Presently existing Tenshu will be roughly described here; for further details, see 'Genzon Tenshu' (existing castle tower).
Japanese: また、現存する天守に関しては大まかに解説するが、詳細は「現存天守」を参照のこと。
English: For a list of items for: existence, year of destruction by fire, year of reconstruction, not-existing/now existing/reconstructed, and so on for the Tenshu of each castle, see 'List of Tenshu.'
Japanese: 各城の天守の存在、焼失年、再建年、非・現存・再建などを列挙した一覧は「天守の一覧」を参照のこと。
English: The generally used term is Tenshukaku (keep or tower), a reference which appeared around the Meiji period.
Japanese: 天守閣（てんしゅかく）と、一般的には呼ばれているが、明治時代前後に見られるようになった俗称である。
English: Tenshu was sometimes regarded as the largest Yagura (turret) in a castle and in some castles was called Oyagura (big turret) or Tenshu-Yagura turret.
Japanese: 城内で最大の櫓(城郭)とみられることがあり、大櫓や天守櫓などと呼ぶ城もあった。
English: Today, a three-story turret of a castle without a Tenshu as described later is also categorized as a Tenshu, as is a similar Yagura serving as a symbol; they are sometimes collectively called "Tenshu structure."
Japanese: 現在では、後述する天守のない城の三階櫓やそれに準じる象徴的な櫓も天守に分類され、それらを総称して天守建築などということもある。
English: Apart from the special cases of Tenshu of Azuchi-jo Castle in the Tensho era and Osaka-jo Castle, which were used as living quarters, Tenshu of many castles in Japan came to be used as lofts around the Edo period, and Nagoya-jo Castle Dai-Tenshu (large keep) was little used and gradually came to be an empty house.
Japanese: 日本の城の天守は、住宅として利用された天正期の安土城や大坂城などの天守は別格として、江戸時代前後には、主に物置として利用されることが多くなり、名古屋城大天守ではほとんど利用されることがなく空家のような建物となっていった。
English: Therefore, Tenshu was not such a residence as Seiden (main palace) symbolic of a Chinese castle but closer to a keep tower of a European castle.
Japanese: したがって、中国の城の象徴的建物である正殿のような邸宅ではなく、西洋の城にあるkeeptowerに近い。
English: Tenshu of two-tier to five-tier structures in appearance were seen in large numbers and, at the end of the Azuchi-Momoyama period, many were constructed at Honmaru (the most important castle enclosure) deemed to be the final protective stronghold.
Japanese: 外観で2重から5重のものがよく見られ、安土桃山時代の末には最終防衛拠点としての位置づけがされており、本丸に築くことが多かった。
English: There were Tenshu surrounded by additional enclosures in Honmaru, which were called Tenshukuruwa and Tenshumaru.
Japanese: 本丸の中で天守をさらに囲う郭を造り、天守郭（てんしゅくるわ）や天守丸（てんしゅまる）ということもある。
English: Even in the early-modern times (after the Azuchi-Momoyama period), many castles did not even have Tenshudai (base of keep); construction of Tenshu having been judged unnecessary from the start.
Japanese: 近世（安土桃山時代以降）でも当初より天守を建てる必要がないとの判断から天守台さえ造られなかった城も多い。
English: In the Edo period, a growing number of Tenshu in castles were not reconstructed after being destroyed by fire.
Japanese: 江戸期になると、天守のあった城でも、焼失後再建を見送ることが多くなる。
English: Also, there were some castles with Tenshudai on which Tenshu were not constructed for some reason.
Japanese: また、天守台はあるが何らかの理由によってその上に天守の造られていない城も見られた。
English: In the following four situations, Tenshudai and Tenshu were not constructed in the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸期、天守台と天守が造営されなかったのには、次の4つの場合がある。
English: Tenshu was destroyed by fire or collapsed, but after that, reconstruction was judged unnecessary (Edo-jo Castle, Osaka-jo Castle, and so on).
Japanese: 天守はあったが焼失・倒壊し、以降は造営の必要がないと判断されたケース（江戸城、大坂城など）。
English: Tenshu was destroyed by fire or collapsed, but after that, due to deference to the Bakufu or economic difficulties, was not reconstructed (Kanazawa-jo Castle, Fukui-jo Castle, Saga-jo Castle, and so on).
Japanese: 天守はあったが焼失・倒壊し、その後幕府に遠慮し、または財政難から建造しなかったケース（金沢城、福井城、佐賀城など）。
English: Tenshudai was constructed with intention to construct Tenshu, or construction of Tenshu was planned, but it was not realized due to deference to the Bakufu or economic difficulties (Fukuoka-jo Castle, Ako-jo Castle, and so on).
Japanese: 天守を造営するつもりで天守台までは築いたか築く計画はあったが、幕府に遠慮し、または財政難から全く建てなかったケース（福岡城、赤穂城など）。
English: Many of the above castles used or constructed Sanju Yagura (Three-tiered turret) and Sumi-Yagura turret instead of Tenshu under the pretext of Gosankai Yagura (Three-storied turret), while there were castles which did not have these (Kagoshima-jo Castle, Hitoyoshi-jo Castle, and so on).
Japanese: 以上の城では御三階櫓という名目で三重櫓や隅櫓を天守の代わりにする、または建てることが多かったが、これらもない城もあった（鹿児島城、人吉城など）。
English: Some of the current Tenshu are possibly Gosankai Yagura and the multiple-story Yagura as Tenshu substitutes in the castles without Tenshu at that time.
Japanese: 現在の天守には、当時の天守のない城の御三階櫓や代用の多重櫓を含んでいることがある。
English: Gosankai Yagura (also known as Osankai Yagura) refers to three-story Yagura in the castles where construction of Tenshu was prohibited or not performed due to Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses) and Ikkoku Ichijo Rei (Law of One Castle per Province) promulgated in the Edo period.
Japanese: 御三階櫓（おさんがいやぐら・ごさんがいやぐら）は、江戸時代の武家諸法度や一国一城令などの発布により、天守の建てられなかった、または建てなかった城にあった3重の櫓のことである。
English: These were 'Virtual Tenshu,' which were called that to avoid the name "Tenshu" in deference to the Bakufu.
Japanese: 幕府への配慮から天守の名称を避け、そう呼んだ「実質上の天守」である。
English: Depending on the castle, it was also called Gosankai (Kokura-jo Castle), Oyagura (big turret) (Shiraishi-jo Castle), Sanju Yagura (Shirakawa Komine-jo Castle), and so on.
Japanese: 城によっては、御三階（小倉城）や大櫓（白石城）、三重櫓（白河小峰城）とも呼ばれた。
English: Regardless of the names, some were five-story and four-story inside, such as Kanazawa-jo Castle and Mito-jo Castle.
Japanese: その名にもかかわらず、金沢城や水戸城のもののように内部は5階や4階であることもあった。
English: Although many were constructed in Honmaru as Tenshu were, some were constructed in Ninomaru (outer citadel) as Gosankai Yagura in Tokushima-jo Castle and Mito-jo Castle were.
Japanese: 天守と同様に本丸に建てられることが多かったが、徳島城や水戸城の御三階櫓のように二の丸に造られることもあった。
English: In many cases, the structures often called Tenshu substitutes indicate 'Virtual Tenshu,' and multiple-story Yagura, which are sometimes treated as Tenshu depending on their scale and design (Kurume-jo Castle tatsumi three-story turret, Fukui-jo Castle three-story turret and so on).
Japanese: しばしば、天守代用と呼ばれている建造物は、主に「事実上の天守」を指すことが多く、その規模や意匠によっては、天守として扱うこともある（久留米城巽三重櫓、福井城三重櫓など）多重櫓のことである。
English: The multiple-story Yagura so recognized include not only Sanju Yagura such as Gosankai Yagura but also Niju Yagura (two-story turret).
Japanese: このように認識されていた多重櫓は御三階櫓などの三重櫓に限らず、二重櫓もあった。
English: However, the above situation indicates that Sumi-Yagura turret and Yagura with special functions were deemed to be symbolic structures instead of Tenshu, so these Yagura are sometimes not recognized as Tenshu as Gosankai Yagura are.
Japanese: しかし、これは、隅櫓や特殊な役目にある櫓が天守に代わる象徴的存在として位置づけられたものであるため、御三階櫓ほどには天守として見られないこともある。
English: Also, there were not only Yagura but also a Tenshu substitute such as 'Odashishoin' of Kubota-jo Castle, which was a Goten (palace) constructed on Honmaru foundation.
Japanese: また、櫓に限らず、久保田城の「御出書院」のように御殿を本丸塁上に建てて天守の代用としていた例もある。
English: For early Tenshu, functions primarily as living quarters were considered important and some Tenshu were not constructed on the foundation in Kuruwa (castle compound), such as the four-story structure named 'Tenshu' built by Nobunaga ODA in Gifu-jo Castle.
Japanese: 天守は、初期では主に住宅としての機能が重視され、織田信長によって岐阜城に建てられた「天主」と名づけられた四階建の建物のように曲輪の塁上に建てない構造であることもあった。
English: Afterwards, usage as living quarters and guest house was considered important also for Tenshu of Azuchi-jo Castle and Osaka-jo Castle, and in the Keicho era, Tenshu with a feature of Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a Tokonoma), such as Okayama-jo Castle keep and Kumamoto-jo Castle keep, were constructed.
Japanese: その後の安土城や大坂城の天守にも住居や迎賓のための建物としての用途が重視され、慶長期には岡山城天守や熊本城天守のように書院造の要素を含んだ天守が建てられた。
English: On the other hand, Tenshu emphasizing gorgeous appearance and with as simple interior as possible, such as Nagoya-jo Castle keep by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and Hiroshima-jo Castle keep, appeared, and it is considered that, thereafter, the function of a building into which the lord or guests enter started to disappear from Tenshu.
Japanese: 一方で、徳川家康の名古屋城天守や広島城天守のように外観を重視して、内部をなるべく簡素に造ったものも表れ、以降、城主や客人が立ち入る建物としての機能が天守からは省略され始めたと考えられている。
English: After that, many Tenshu were empty and quite a lot of Tenshu were used as lofts.
Japanese: その後は、空き家であることが多く、物置として用いられることも少なくなかった。
English: Ten good points and purposes were described in the 'Ten virtues of Tenshu' in the military science of the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代の兵学では、天守の10の利点と目的が「天守十徳」として述べられている。
English: It is considered that, early on, Tenshu featured the functions of Monomi-Yagura turret, control tower, and the final protective stronghold, but, from around the time of suppression of the Kinki region by Nobunaga ODA, Tenshu gradually came to be a structure symbolic of strong power which could be seen from a distance.
Japanese: 初期の頃は物見櫓・司令塔・攻城戦の最終防御設備としての要素が強かったが、織田信長の近畿地方平定の頃からは遠方からでも見望できる華麗な権力を象徴する建造物という色彩が濃くなっていったものとも考えられている。
English: Yasuhiro NISHIGAYA regards the origins of the structure symbolic of a castle to be such temporary high-rise buildings as lookouts found in the Yoshinogari site and so on and watch towers and so on in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 西ヶ谷恭弘は、吉野ヶ里遺跡などにあった楼観や戦国時代の井楼等の仮設の高層建築に城郭の象徴となる建物の起源を求めている。
English: A building constructed as a symbol which was first called "Tenshu" was the Tenshu constructed in Muromachi-dai (the mansion of the Ashikaga family) which was Gosho (palace) of the 15th Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: そのような象徴的に建てられたものを最初に“てんしゅ”と呼んだのは室町幕府第15代将軍足利義昭の御所であった室町第に建てられた天主であるというものである。
English: On the other hand, Masayuki MIURA regards the origins of Tenshu to be permanent high-rise buildings of large scale constructed on the foundation stone in castles of the Medieval period instead of watch towers.
Japanese: 一方、三浦正幸は、天守の起源を井楼等に求めず、中世の城郭などに建てられた恒久的な高層で大型の礎石建物であるとしている。
English: It is generally said that the allegedly first full-scale Tenshu of five tiers or more which can be seen today was the Tenshu constructed by Nobunaga ODA in 1579 in Azuchi-jo Castle (Azuchi-cho, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 一般的に今日見られる本格的な5重以上の天守の最初のものとされているのは織田信長が天正7年（1579年）に建造した安土城（滋賀県安土町）の天主であるといわれる。
English: However, symbolic structures like Tenshu were not absolutely nonexistent before Azuchi-jo Castle was built; examples from various places include Seishoken of Dokan OTA which had been in Edo-jo Castle around 1469, Settsu Province Itami-jo Castle (Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture), Yamato Province, Tamonyama-jo Castle built by Hisahide MATSUNAGA in the Eiroku era (1558-1569), and the Yonkai Yagura (four-story turret) in Shigisan-jo Castle.
Japanese: ただし、天守のような象徴的な建物は安土城以前に全くなかったわけではなく、1469年前後の江戸城にあった太田道灌の静勝軒、摂津国伊丹城（兵庫県伊丹市）、また松永久秀が永禄年間（1558年-1569年）に築いた大和国多聞山城や信貴山城の四階櫓などが各地に造られていた。
English: While castles in which such a structure as Tenshu were first built are unknown, Itami-jo Castle, Gakuden-jo Castle, Tamonyama-jo Castle, and so on have been listed as Tenshu first seen on the grounds of ancient documents and so on; however, specific ancient structural remnants have not been found for these structures and it is difficult to prove that they were Tenshu first seen.
Japanese: 天守のような建物が初めて造られた城はわかっておらず、伊丹城、楽田城、多聞山城などが古文献などを根拠に天守の初見として挙げられているが、具体的な遺構などは不詳であり、いずれも、天守の初見であるとの立証が難しくなっている。
English: The name is considered to have originated from Densu and Tenshu, or also to have been given by religious thought such as Buddhistic thought or by a corruption of Tenshu (Deus, which means Zeus) of Christianity.
Japanese: 名前の起こりは殿主、殿守から由来するか、仏教思想やキリスト教の天主（でうす、ゼウスのこと）の訛ったものなどの宗教思想からの命名とも考えられている。
English: According to Shigetaka MIYAKAMI, the name Tenshu originated from Tenshu of Gifu-jo Castle, where Nobunaga ODA, requesting Shuryo SAKUGEN, gave the name to a four-story palace understood to be located at Fumoto (the foothill).
Japanese: 宮上茂隆によると、天守の名称の由来は岐阜城の天主が始まりであり、織田信長が、策彦周良に依頼して麓にあったという四階の御殿に命名したものであるという。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI further popularized so-called Tenshu, symbolic multiple-story buildings which had been so constructed.
Japanese: そのように、建てられてきた城の象徴的な多重建物、いわゆる天守をさらに流行させたのは豊臣秀吉である。
English: After the gorgeous Tenshu of Osaka-jo Castle and Fushimi-jo Castle were constructed in succession by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Daimyo (feudal lord) in various places imitated this and built high-rise Tenshu in their own castles.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉により大坂城・伏見城と相次いで豪華な天守が造営されると、それを手本に各地の大名が自身の城に高層の天守を造営させた。
English: Tenshu is pointed to as one of the features of Shokuho period fortresses, because Tenshu were seen in great number in 'Shokuho period fortresses' developed under the Shokuho government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI ("Shoku" and "ho" are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi).
Japanese: このように、天守は織田信長、豊臣秀吉の織豊政権下に置いて発達した「織豊系城郭」に顕著に見られることから織豊系城郭の特徴のひとつにあげられる。
English: Experts who participated actively in Tenshu construction in that period included Masakiyo NAKAI and Mataemon OKANO.
Japanese: また、この時代に活躍した天守造営の名手として中井正清・岡野又右衛門などが挙げられる。
English: When the Toyotomi government began falling off, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and territorial lords started to construct large-scale, decorative Tenshu, including Tokugawa Nagoya-jo Castle and Himeji-jo Castle, which surpassed Toyotomi Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: 豊臣政権が衰退し始めると徳川家康の下、徳川名古屋城を始めに諸大名が姫路城などの豊臣大坂城を超える大規模で装飾的な天守を造営していった。
English: However, after Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun, promulgated Buke shohatto, high-rise Tenshu structures with the name of 'Tenshu' ceased to be constructed.
Japanese: しかし、3代徳川家光の武家諸法度の発布以降は「天守」と付く高層の天守建築は原則として造られなくなる。
English: Due to Tenshu height restriction imposed by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA around 1609, only powerful Kunimochi Daimyo (a feudal lord having domain of one province or more) were permitted to construct Tenshu of five or more tiers.
Japanese: 1609年前後に徳川家康により行われたという天守の高さ制限によって5重以上の天守は国持ちの有力大名に限られたとされている。
English: After that, some Daimyo refrained from constructing five-tiered Tenshu, and in the case of Kokura-jo Castle (1610) which was built after that, the fourth-tier roof was taken away and the floor of the fifth story was protruded in order not to make it five-tiered.
Japanese: それ以降、5重天守をはばかる大名も現れ、それ以降に造られた小倉城（1610年）では4重目屋根を撤去し5階平面を張り出させ5重となることを回避している。
English: Due to Ikkoku Ichijo Rei promulgated by Tokugawa Shogunate in 1615, new construction and renovation/repair of a castle were not allowed without the Bakufu's permission, and new construction of Tenshu was also prohibited without permission.
Japanese: 元和(日本)元年（1615年）徳川幕府による一国一城令により幕府の許可なく新たな築城、城の改修・補修ができなくなり、天守も同様に許可なく新たに造営することが禁じられた。
English: After this, in a similar way, some were constructed as virtual five-tiered Tenshu but made as nominal four-tiered ones, regarding the fourth-tier roof as Hisashi (eaves), as in the case of Tsuyama-jo Castle (1616) and Fukuyama-jo Castle (Bingo Province) (1622), and some were constructed as five-story Tenshu inside but made to appear three-tiered from the outside as in the case of Takamatsu-jo Castle (Sanuki Province) (1669).
Japanese: これ以降も同様に、津山城（1616年）や福山城(備後国)（1622年）のように4重目の屋根を庇とみなして事実上の5重天守でありながら名目上4重天守とするものや、高松城(讃岐国)（1669年）のように内部5階建てでありながら外見を3重とするものなどが造られた。
English: Also, some five-tiered Tenshu were reconstructed into three-tiered ones, as in the case of Matsuyama-jo Castle (Iyo Province) in Iyo Province.
Japanese: また、伊予国の松山城(伊予国)のように5重の天守を3重に改築するものもあった。
English: Some constructed large-scale Sanju Yagura with Tenshu in mind but refrained from naming them Tenshu and called them Gosankai Yagura and so on.
Japanese: また、天守を意識して建てられた大規模な三重櫓も天守という名称をはばかり、御三階櫓などと呼んだ。
English: With the dawning of the Edo period, peace came and the defensive role of castles was gradually changed to the role as government offices; thus, the role of Tenshu was also finished, and Goten and Ninomaru/Sannomaru were gradually expanded in castles.
Japanese: 江戸期になり平和な時代が訪れると、城は防衛の役目を終え政庁へと変化していったので、天守の役目も終わり、城は次第に御殿や二の丸・三の丸が拡充されていった。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, most of the structures including Tenshu which were in castles and Jinya (regional government office) were disposed of by the private sector or by government as requisitioned military facilities/land and knocked down; however, some Tenshu were conserved as a result of the civic movement and approaches by public officials/military personnel for conservation.
Japanese: 明治維新の後は、城郭や陣屋にあった建物は天守も、民間によって或は、軍事施設・土地としての接収によってほとんどは払い下げ、破却されたが、中には市民運動や公人・軍関係者などの保存の働きかけなどによって保存された天守がある。