nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Due to the mother's humble background of the naturalized clansmen Yamatouji, there was no hope for the Emperor to become a crown prince even after his father, Shirakabe no Okimi's enthronement; but he aimed to succeed as a government bureaucrat and held the position like a palace staff person (jiju), the manager of Daigaku (Daigaku no Kami) and Nakatsukasakyo.
Japanese: 父の白壁王の即位後も母の高野新笠が身分の低い帰化氏族和氏出身であったため、立太子は望まれておらず、当初は官僚としての出世を目指しており、侍従・大学頭・中務卿などを歴任していた。
English: However, Imperial Prince Osabe, the former crown prince and his half brother with the same father, and his mother, Imperial Princess Inoe, were gotten rid of due to the political fight, and the Emperor Kammu had a ceremony of the formal investiture of the Crown Prince on February 2, 773.
Japanese: しかし、藤原氏などを巻き込んだ政争によって異母弟である前皇太子他戸親王とその母であった皇后井上内親王が突如廃されて宝亀4年（773年）1月2日に立太子。
English: TheHeijo-Kyo capital was relocated to the province of Yamashiro in order to prevent the Nara Buddhist temples from having too much political power.
Japanese: 平城京における奈良仏教各寺の影響力の肥大化を厭い、山城国への遷都を行った。
English: First, Nagaoka-kyo was built in 784, and Heian-kyo was rebuilt in 794.
Japanese: はじめに784年に長岡京を造営するが、794年に改めて平安京を造営した。
English: The troops of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, being Seii Taishogun (great general who subdues the barbarians) were sent to the Tohoku area to defeat Ezo (Emishi).
Japanese: また東北地方を侵略し蝦夷を服属させるため、坂上田村麻呂を征夷大将軍とする軍を送った。
English: However, in Emperor Kammu's last years, FUJIWARA no Otsugu of the the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan criticized the Emperor for undertaking this kind of military action and said that the policy subjected farmers to great hardship.
Japanese: しかし晩年にはこのような軍事と造作が百姓を苦しめているとして藤原式家の藤原緒嗣に批判された。
English: It was during Emperor Kammu's administration that Saicho and Kukai came back from Tang and had new influence on the Japanese Buddhist culture.
Japanese: 最澄と空海が唐から帰国し日本の仏教に新たな動きをもたらしたのも桓武治下である。
English: There is a sad aspect that Imperial Princess Inoe and Imperial Prince Osabe had an unnatural death, or that his brother, Imperial Prince Sawara, who was the first prince when the Kammu government started, was accused of assassinating FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu; he was sentenced to deportation in 785 and died.
Japanese: 井上内親王と他戸親王の不自然な死、治世のはじめに、皇太子とした弟早良親王を藤原種継暗殺の廉で785年流罪とし配所で死なしめたという暗い面も持ち合わせた。
English: As the Emperor was concerned about a grudge, he gave a tsuigo, Emperor Sudo, to Imperial Prince Sawara on August 16, 800, renamed Imperial Princess Inoe's mausoleum as Misasagi and recouped the lack of an Empress.
Japanese: 怨霊を恐れ、延暦19年（800年）7月19日、早良親王を崇道天皇と追号し、井上内親王の墓を山陵と追称し､皇后の位を復した。
English: While the Emperor is known as a guardian of Saicho and Kukai, the existing Buddhism had too much relation to (and power in) politics; Nanto Rokushu (Rikushu) (The Six Sects of the Southern Capital) were forced to lose their official rank or their rewards.
Japanese: 最澄や空海の保護者として知られる一方で、既存の仏教が政権に関与して大きな権力を持ちすぎた事から、所謂「南都六宗」と呼ばれた諸派に対しては封戸の没収など圧迫を加えている。
English: There was no strict morals in the palace, and this caused the emergence of hotbeds such as "the Kusuko Incident."
Japanese: また後宮の紊乱ぶりも言われており、後の『薬子の変』へとつながる温床となった。
English: The Emperor was posthumously given the Japanese name Yamatoneko amatsu hitsugiiyaderi.
Japanese: 日本根子皇統弥照尊（やまとねこあまつひつぎいやでりのみこと）と和風諡号をおくられた。
English: Emperor Kammu expressed a strong desire to be buried in Utano when he died; however, on the advice of a fortune teller, he was buried in Kashiwabara no Misasagi, which is located in Fushimi.
Japanese: 生前、宇多野（うたの）に葬って欲しいと固執していたが、占等の理由で、伏見の柏原陵になった。
English: On December 18, 2001, Akihito mentioned in the annual interview before his birthday, for the comment of mutual relief on the FIFA World Cup of Soccer in the following year, "I feel a certain kinship with Korea after knowing Emperor Kammu's mother's descendant is related to Baekje Muryeong-wang, according to Shoku-Nihongi (The Chronicles of Japan II)."
Japanese: 平成13年（2001年）12月18日、天皇誕生日前に恒例となっている記者会見において明仁は、翌年のサッカーFIFAワールドカップ共催に際してのコメントの一部で、「桓武天皇の生母が百済の武寧王の子孫であると続日本紀に記されていることに大韓民国とのゆかりを感じています」との発言を行った。
English: This comment was a popular topic in Korean mass media, although it was not a significant issue in Japan.
Japanese: この発言は、日本ではさほど大きく取り上げられなかったものの韓国のマスコミでは大きく報道され、話題となった。
English: From a certain news report there was an exaggerated comment stating that the Royal Family is descended from ethnic Koreans or that the Royal Family's origin started from Paekche and so on.
Japanese: そのうち一部では、「天皇家は朝鮮民族の血筋を引いている」、「皇室百済起源論」などの論理を大きく飛躍させる報道があった。
English: It is apparent that the Royal Family has no relationship with ethnic Koreans, as in Paekche there was a big difference in terms of ethnics between the Fuyo royal family and the common people of Kan-zoku; they did not even share the common language, and the common belief is that there is no blood line between the Paekche people and the ethnic Koreans who live on the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 実際には、そもそも征服王朝である百済において、扶余たる百済王族と韓族たる民衆とでは言葉すら通じないほどの民族的差異があったこと、加えて、百済の民衆と現在の朝鮮半島に暮らす朝鮮民族との間にすら血統的連続性はないこと、などの通説からして、「天皇家が朝鮮民族の血筋を引いている」という表現は明らかな誤謬であるといえる。
English: Since TAKANO no Nigasa's ancestor, Yamatouji, who came from abroad a long time ago, many generations had passed when Emperor Kammu's government started (the fourth generation from Baekje Muryeong-wang, with Yamatouji as the sixth generation); therefore, it is not accurate to say that Takano no Nigasa's ancestor is Korean.
Japanese: また、高野新笠の先祖である渡来系の和氏（やまとうじ）は、渡来の時期が古い家であり、桓武天皇の時代には日本に土着してかなりの世代（武寧王から4代、和氏となって6代）を経ているため「朝鮮民族の子孫」という表現は適切ではない。
English: The name "Korean" started being used when the Yi Dynasty/Joseon Dynasty changed the name of the country to "Empire of Korea."
Japanese: そもそも、「韓国人」の名称が使われ始めたのは李氏朝鮮が国号を大韓帝国と変えた頃からである。
English: There is some doubt academically whether Yamatouji is Baekje Muryeong-wang's descendant or not; it was an actual example that the Emperor's remark has a strong political message, knowing that the Korea mass media paid great attention to such words from the Emperor, referring to the history more than a thousand years ago, and even the former President Dae-jung [Daejung, Dae jung] Kim mentioned this in the interview.
Japanese: また、和氏が武寧王の子孫であるかどうかは、学術的に少なからず疑義を持たれており、いずれにしても1000年以上前の「続日本紀に記されていることにゆかりを感じる」という程度の発言であるにも関わらず、この発言が韓国では大きく話題にされ、当時の大統領であった金大中が大統領談話で言及までしたことは、天皇の発言が大きな影響力を持つことを物語る実例の一つとなった。
English: Daikakuji-to is a royal ancestry between the late Kamakura Period to the Northern and Southern Courts Period and used to oppose to Jimyoin-to.
Japanese: 大覚寺統（だいかくじとう）は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代にかけて皇位に即いた皇室の系統で、持明院統と対立していた。
English: Both Emperor Kameyama and Go-Uta put great effort into reconstructing Daikaku-ji Temple, which was located in the suburbs of Sagano in Kyoto, and the reason Daikakuji-to was given a name based on the name of this temple was because both Emperors established a cloister government here after they entered the priesthood.
Japanese: 亀山・後宇多天皇両天皇が京都の外れの嵯峨野にあった大覚寺の再興に尽力し、出家後はここに住んで院政を行った事からこの名称が付けられた。
English: The retired Emperor Go-Saga, who started a cloister government, left a will stating that among the imperial princes, the younger brother Emperor Kameyama's descendant should succeed to the Imperial Throne instead of Emperor Go-Fukakusa's descendant, thus causing a mutual conflict; it was therefore decided by the Kamakura shougunate to share the Imperial Throne between ancestors from both sides on the basis of a ten-year rotation (Ryoto Teiritsu) and to continue running the cloister government.
Japanese: 院政を敷いた後嵯峨上皇が、自分の皇子のうち後深草天皇の子孫ではなく弟の亀山天皇の子孫が皇位を継承するよう遺言して崩御したために、後深草と亀山の間で対立が起こり、鎌倉幕府により、両者の子孫の間でほぼ十年をめどに交互に皇位を継承（両統迭立）し、院政を行うよう裁定された。
English: After the death of Emperor Go-Nijo, his father, the retired Emperor Go-Uta, insisted that the Emperor Go-Nijo's brother, Emperor Go-Daigo, succeed to the Imperial Throne until his son, Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi (Kuninaga), reached adulthood.
Japanese: 後二条天皇の死後、父である後宇多上皇は「（後二条天皇の息子である）邦良親王が成人するまで」という条件で、後二条天皇の弟である後醍醐天皇に皇位を継がせようとする。
English: Both the retired Emperor Go-Uta and Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi (Kuninaga) resisted this, and the Emperor Go-Daigo aborted the cloister government in order to fight against it; he even tried to bring down the Kamakura shogunate.
Japanese: これに後宇多上皇や皇太子邦良親王が反発すると後醍醐天皇は院政を停止して対抗し、更に鎌倉幕府打倒を画策する。
English: Jimyoin-to and the Kamakura shogunate supported Imperial Prince Kuniyoshi (Kuninaga), but after his sudden death, they arranged for his son (Imperial Prince Yasuhito) to become the crown prince for Jimyoin-to's Emperor Kogon in order to demonstrate their rejection of Emperor Go-Daigo's line. This was done to ensure the imperial succession, but due to the collapse of the Kamakura shogunate, Emperor Go-Daigo was restored to the throne and the enthronement of Kidera-no-Miya (who was of Emperor Go-Nijo's line) did not take place.
Japanese: 持明院統や鎌倉幕府は邦良親王を支援し、親王が急死するとその息子の康仁親王を持明院統の光厳天皇の皇太子に据えて後醍醐天皇系への皇位継承を拒絶する姿勢を見せるが、1333年に鎌倉幕府は滅亡し、後醍醐天皇復位によって木寺宮（後二条天皇系）の皇位継承は否認される事となった。
English: It seemed that the imperial line was unified into Daikakuji-to (Emperor Go-Daigo's line) by the Kemmu Restoration; however, within two-and-a-half years the government collapsed.
Japanese: 建武の新政により、一時は皇統が大覚寺統（後醍醐天皇系）に統一されたかに見えたが、2年半にして崩壊。
English: The Emperor from Daikakuji-to (the Southern Court) escaped to Yoshino and Takauji ASHIKAGA backed up the Emperor from Jimyoin-to (the Northern Court), thus giving rise to a period of conflict known as the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (refer to the section on the Southern Court for additional details).
Japanese: 吉野に逃れた大覚寺統の天皇（南朝）と、足利尊氏に擁立された持明院統の天皇（北朝）の対立時代＝南北朝時代となる（以後の詳細は南朝の項目を併せて参照のこと）。
English: At the Kanno Disturbance, Kyoto was recaptured and the era was unified (Shohei itto), but it collapsed within half a year.
Japanese: 観応の擾乱の際、京都を奪回して一時的に元号を統一した（正平の一統）が、半年で崩壊する。
English: Later, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA helped organize the official enthronement ceremony and there was a condition for sharing the Imperial Throne (Ryoto Teiritsu); in terms of succession to the imperial enthronement, Emperor GO-KAMEYAMA from Daikakuji-to gave three holy durables to Emperor KOMATSU, thus marking the end of the division of the Northern and Southern Courts (the Meitoku Treaty or Meitoku Compromise).
Japanese: 後に足利義満の斡旋により、正式な譲位の儀式を行うとともに今後の皇位継承については両統迭立とするという条件で、大覚寺統の後亀山天皇が三種の神器を持明院統の後小松天皇に引き渡し、南北朝の分裂は終わった（明徳の和約）。
English: Although there was an official ceremony to return holy durables to Nancho (the Southern Court), there was no enthronement ceremony and Emperor GO-KAMEYAMA was treated as "a special retired Emperor not officially enthroned."
Japanese: しかし南朝方の入京にあたって神器帰還の儀式は行われたものの正式な譲位の儀式は行われず、後亀山天皇への処遇は「天皇として即位はしていないが特例として上皇待遇」というものであった。
English: Subsequently, succession to the Imperial Throne was kept only from the Jimyoin-to side, and the ancestors of Daikakuji-to complained about this; on one occasion a surviving retainer from Nancho (the Southern Court) stole the holy durables from the palace and barricaded himself, and incidents of this sort continued to occur until the mid-fifteenth century (Second Southern Court).
Japanese: そして以後の皇位が持明院統だけで継承されたため、大覚寺統の子孫は不満を抱き、南朝の遺臣が宮中の神器を奪取して立てこもるなどの抵抗を15世紀半ばまで続けた（後南朝）。
English: Jimyoin-to was Japanese Imperial Family ancestry between the late Kamakura period and the Southern and Northern Courts period and is a descendant of the eighty-ninth Emperor Go-Fukakusa, whose father was the eighty-eighth Emperor Go-saga.
Japanese: 持明院統（じみょういんとう）とは、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代にかけて皇位に即いた日本の皇室の系統で、第88代後嵯峨天皇の子である第89代後深草天皇の子孫である。
English: The name Jimyoin-to came from the Buddhist temple built in his palace by FUJIWARA no Motoyori, a general of Chinjufu; it was called Jimyoin, and the entire family was called the Jimyoin-to Family.
Japanese: 持明院統という名称は、鎮守府将軍藤原基頼が邸内に持仏堂を創設し、これを持明院と名づけ、その一家を持明院家と称したことに端を発する。
English: Nobuko, the daughter of Motoie JIMYOIN and the grandchild of Motoyori, became the wife of Crown Prince Morisada and, because three retired emperors were sentenced to exile after the Jokyu disturbance, Crown Prince Morisada's son Imperial Prince Yutahito was enthroned as emperor (taking the name Go-Horikawa) in accordance with the instructions of the bakufu (Imperial Prince Morisada received the respected name of Dajo Tenno and was later called Go-Takakurain).
Japanese: 基頼の孫持明院基家の娘陳子（のぶこ）は守貞親王の妃になり、承久の乱で三上皇が配流になった為、幕府の沙汰によって、守貞親王の子茂仁親王（後堀河天皇）が天皇となった（守貞親王には太上天皇の尊号がおくられ、後高倉院と称した）。
English: Emperor Go-Horikawa named and lived in the Jimyo-in palace as Sento Imperial Palace; and the retired Emperors Go-Saga and Go-Fukakusa lived in the same palace.
Japanese: そして、後堀河天皇は譲位後、持明院邸内を仙洞御所として居住したが、その後、後嵯峨、後深草両上皇もこれに倣って持明院邸内に住んだ。
English: Accordingly, the line from Emperor Go-Fukakusa to Emperor Go-Komatsu is called Jimyoin-to.
Japanese: これらにより、後深草天皇から後小松天皇に至る系統のことを持明院統と称された。
English: The retired Emperor Go-Saga, who started a cloister government, left a will for the brother of the retired Emperor Go-Fukakusa, Emperor Kameyama's descendant (Daikakuji-to), to succeed to the Imperial Throne, and this caused the mutual conflict; therefore, it was decided by the Kamakura shogunate to share the Imperial Throne between ancestors from both sides on the basis of a rotation every 10 years (Ryoto Teiritsu) and to continue running the cloister government.
Japanese: 院政を敷いた後嵯峨上皇が、後深草上皇の弟亀山天皇の子孫（大覚寺統）が皇位を継承するよう遺言して崩御したために、後深草と亀山の間で対立が起こり、鎌倉幕府により、両者の子孫の間でほぼ十年をめどに交互に皇位を継承（両統迭立）し、院政を行うよう裁定された。
English: Apparently, the royal heritage was unified by Daikakuji-to after the start of the Kemmu Restoration by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was from a minor member of Daikakuji-to; however, the new government collapsed after two-and-a-half years.
Japanese: 大覚寺統の傍流から出た後醍醐天皇による建武の新政により、一時は皇統が大覚寺統に統一されたかに見えたが、新政は2年半にして崩壊する。
English: After Emperor Go-Daigo escaped to Yoshino, Takauji ASHIKAGA backed up Emperor Komyo from Jimyoin-to (the Northern court).
Japanese: 吉野に逃れた後醍醐天皇に代えて、足利尊氏は持明院統（北朝）の光明天皇を擁立する。
English: Generally, it is said that Jimyoin-to's ancestors are the current Imperial Family; but the legitimate highbred of Jimyoin-to, Go-Kogon'in-ryu was extinguished after the generation of Emperor Shoko, son of Emperor Go-Komatsu, and strictly speaking the direct ancestor of the Imperial Family is the Fushimi-no-Miya Family, which was in the position of a cadet family (the descendant of Emperor Suko, Suko'in-ryu) of Jimyoin-to.
Japanese: 一般的に現在の日本の皇室は、この持明院統の子孫と言われているが、持明院統嫡流とされている後光厳院流は後小松天皇の子である称光天皇の代で断絶しており、厳密に言えば持明院統の分家（崇光天皇の子孫、崇光院流）と位置付けられてきた伏見宮家が現在の皇室の直接の祖先にあたる。
English: Emperor Ichijo (July 15, 980 - July 25, 1011) was the sixty-sixth Emperor.
Japanese: 一条天皇（いちじょうてんのう、天元3年6月1日（980年7月15日）-寛弘8年6月22日（1011年7月25日））は第66代天皇。
English: Emperor Ichijo's reign began on June 23, 986, and he resigned on June 13, 1011.
Japanese: 在位は寛和2年（986年）6月23日-寛弘8年（1011年）6月13日。
English: On August 1, 986, Emperor Kazan left the Imperial Palace for good in order to become a Buddhist monk, and subsequently Emperor Ichijo was enthroned in his seventh year (it is said that this was a conspiracy by Kaneie set up a grandchild for enthronement at an early age).
Japanese: 寛和2年（986）6月23日（8月1日）、花山天皇が内裏を抜け出して出家してしまったために、数え年7歳で即位した（孫の早期即位を狙った兼家の陰謀と言われる）。
English: The crown prince was Imperial Prince Okisada, son of Emperor Reizei (FUJIWARA no Kaneie), who became regent (and later became kampaku, or chief adviser, to the Emperor).
Japanese: 皇太子には冷泉天皇の皇子居貞親王（三条天皇）を立て、摂政に藤原兼家が就任した（のちに関白）。
English: After Kaneie died, his eldest son, FUJIWARA no Michitaka, became regent and kampaku to the Emperor as his maternal relative, and FUJIWARA no Teishi became Emperor Ichijo's second consort; however, in 995 he died.
Japanese: 兼家の死後は長男の藤原道隆が引き続き外戚として摂政・関白を務め、一条天皇の中宮に娘の藤原定子（ていし）を入れるが、長徳元年（995年）に病没。
English: After Michitaka's death, his brother FUJIWARA no Michikane became kanpaku to the Emperor, but he died just seven days later; FUJIWARA no Michinaga, Michitaka and Michikane's brother, who had won the power struggle with Michitaka's son FUJIWARA no Korechika, became nairan (chief secretary) and took power after receiving the recommendation of his sister and the Emperor's mother, Shoshi.
Japanese: 代わりに弟の藤原道兼が関白に就任するがわずか7日後に没し、道隆の子藤原伊周との争いに勝利した道隆・道兼の弟藤原道長が、姉で天皇の生母・詮子の推挙を受け、内覧となって実権を掌握した。
English: Michinaga set the precedent for Ittei-Nigo (an emperor having two empresses) when he made Teishi, who was the second consort of the emperor at the time, empress, and made his daughter, FUJIWARA no Shoshi, the new second consort.
Japanese: 道長は先に中宮であった定子を皇后とし、娘の藤原彰子（しょうし）を中宮に立てて、一帝二后の先例を開いた。
English: With Emperor Ichijo's enthronement, the FUJIWARA clan was in its prime under the supervision of Michitaka, Michinaga's brother; meanwhile, the Heian culture flourished with Seishonagon (who served Empress Teishi) and Murasakishikibu and Izumishikibu, both of whom served Chugu Shoshi.
Japanese: 一条天皇の時代は道隆・道長兄弟のもとで藤原氏の権勢が最盛に達し、皇后定子に仕える清少納言、中宮彰子に仕える紫式部・和泉式部らによって平安女流文学が花開いた。
English: The Emperor himself was keen to learn literature, and left his Chinese-style poem in "Honcho Monzui."
Japanese: 天皇自身、文芸に深い関心を示し、『本朝文粋』などに詩文を残している。
English: On the other hand, according to "Gukan-sho," which was written early in the Kamakura period by Jien, who was Michinaga's sixth descendent, Michinaga found a letter in the Emperor's mementos saying that 'one person tried to have all the power to himself, therefore the world is covered by clouds and people are unhappy'; Michinaga burned this letter, since he took it as saying, 'Because of Michinaga's own way of ruling the government, the world is not in peace.'
Japanese: その一方で、鎌倉時代初期に書かれた道長の6代目の子孫にあたる慈円の著した『愚管抄』によれば、天皇の死後道長は天皇の遺品の中に一通の手紙を発見し、その中には「三光明ならんと欲し、重雲を覆ひて大精暗し」と書かれていて、これを「道長の専横によって国は乱れている」という意味に解した道長はその文を焼き捨てたという一件がある。
English: This was an inconvenient fact for the clan (family) eligible for regency, and although Jien did not deny the relevance of the fact, he accused the Emperor of ignorance and honored Michinaga, remaining faithful to the Emperor.
Japanese: これは摂関家にとっては不都合な事実であるが、慈円は事実関係そのものは否定せずに、天皇の認識不足を激しく責めて道長の忠節を称えている。
English: This kind of story is written in "Kojidan," but there is another story in "Gon-ki" stating that the Emperor, late in life, wished for Teishi's son, Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, to be the crown prince, but this was blocked by Michinaga.
Japanese: また、これと似たような話は同時期に書かれた『古事談』にも記載されていることや晩年に次期東宮に定子が生んだ敦康親王を望みながらこれを阻まれたことが『権記』に記されている。
English: This story could be entirely or partly true; nevertheless, there is a theory that the relationship between the Emperor and Michinaga wasn't necessarily good.
Japanese: この話は実話かそれに近い出来事があり、天皇と道長の関係が必ずしも順調に行っていなかったのではと見る説もある。
English: The posthumous title of the 'Ichijo-in' (the ex-Emperor Ichijo) came from the name of the temporary residence, Satodairi, where the Emperor stayed during his reign (the posthumous title (tsuigo) is sometimes considered to be a type of posthumous name, but strictly speaking these are two different names).
Japanese: 在位中の里内裏（臨時の皇居）の名称により「一条院」と追号された（追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には諡号とは異なる）。
English: The Emperor was entombed in the North Imperial Mausoleum at Enyuji, Ryoan-ji Temple, Ukyo Ward, in Kyoto City.
Japanese: 京都市右京区竜安寺にある円融寺北陵（えんゆうじのきたのみささぎ）に葬られる。
English: The Emperor wished to be entombed next to the ex-Emperor Enyu in his father's mausoleum; Michinaga remembered this after the late ex-Emperor was cremated, and his okotsu (remain/ashes) were kept at Enyu-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天皇は生前、父円融院の隣に土葬されることを望んだが、道長は故院を荼毘に付してからそのことを思い出し、御骨を円融寺に納めたという。
English: Emperor Reigen (July 9, 1654 - September 24, 1732) was the 112th Emperor, counting from Emperor Jimmu.
Japanese: 霊元天皇（れいげんてんのう、承応3年5月25日（1654年7月9日）-享保17年8月6日（1732年9月24日））は神武天皇から数えて第112代天皇。
English: His reign was from March 5, 1663 to March 21, 1687.
Japanese: 在位は寛文3年1月26日（1663年3月5日）－貞享4年（1687年）3月21日。
English: Due to the sudden death of Emperor Gokomyo, there was concern that the Emperor might be poisoned by someone, and the Emperor's acceptance to adopt Atenomiya (Prince Ate, later called Emperor Reigen) was questioned; however, Emperor Gokomyo's close advisers insisted that the Emperor wanted this arrangement to be organized in order to prepare for the worst-case scenario when Atenomiya was born.
Japanese: 当時、後光明天皇が余りにも急な死に方をしたために毒殺と噂され、天皇による高貴宮（後の霊元天皇）の養子縁組の意思表示の有無が疑問とされたが、後光明天皇の側近らは天皇が高貴宮の誕生直後より万一に備えて縁組の意向を表明していたと主張している。
English: Moreover, at that time it was considered reasonable for Atenomiya (Prince Ate) to succeed as a court noble (princely house), doing so in the future as the adopted Crown Prince; however, knowing the background of Atenomiya, Prince Ate's mother was a younger cousin of Emperor Gokomyo's maternal side, and all the potential princes were either to succeed the court noble (princely house) or become priests and enter the temples, but Atenomiya (Prince Ate) was the only prince who had no planned future among the male members of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: また、高貴宮の生母が後光明天皇の母方の従妹であることや当時目ぼしい親王が全て宮家を継承するか寺院に入ってしまったために唯一将来が定まっていなかった男子皇族が高貴宮以外にいなかった事から、高貴宮が養嗣子として将来の皇位継承に備えるのが当時としては一番妥当な判断であったと考えられる。
English: In December 1662, he celebrated his coming of age (gempuku) and succeeded to the Imperial Throne after his brother, Emperor Gosai, abdicated the throne to him in January 1663.
Japanese: 1662年12月に元服し、1663年1月、兄の後西天皇から譲位されて踐祚した。
English: In the early stage of his reign, his father, the Cloistered Emperor Gomizunoo, had political control by running the cloister government, but Emperor Reigen took direct control of politics after his father's death in 1680.
Japanese: 治世の最初は父である後水尾天皇に院政を敷かれていたが、1680年、後水尾法皇崩御後は直接政務を執った。
English: Emperor Reigen aimed for the reconstruction of Imperial families to take place and created his own way to run the government, one step further than his father had tried to do; therefore, he lacked a close relationship with Japan's feudal government, so the court nobles who were on the government's side were completely deprived of their potential for succession.
Japanese: 霊元天皇は父の遺した路線を一歩進めて皇室再興と独自の政策展開を目指したために幕府と距離をとることが多く、この時代、「親幕派」と認められた公卿は徹底的に干された。
English: In 1681, Emperor Reigen forced Crown Prince Ichinomiya (later known as the Cloistered Imperial Prince Saishin), who had been named successor to the Imperial Throne in the Cloistered Emperor's will, to become a priest and banished Ichinomiya's maternal grandfather, Saneoki OGURA, to Sado Province because the latter had opposed the Emperor in what would become known as the 'Ogura Incident.'
Japanese: 特に1681年法皇の遺命により儲君に内定していた第一皇子の一宮（後の済深法親王）を強引に出家させ、反対する一宮の外祖父小倉実起を佐渡国に流刑にする「小倉事件」を引き起こす。
English: Subsequently, in 1682, when Fusasuke TAKATSUKASA resigned from his post as kanpaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, Emperor Reigen appointed Fuyutsune (Kaneteru) ICHIJO, of Udaijin (Minister of the right), to be a successor, although in an original orderly manner Motohiro KONOE of Sadaijin (Minister of the left), should have been appointed instead; but the Emperor did not do so, as he suspected that Motohiro KONOE was critical to him after giving measures to him in the wake of the Ogura Incident.
Japanese: 次いで1682年、鷹司房輔が関白を辞した際には本来の順序ならば左大臣である近衛基熙を関白に任じるべきところを、霊元天皇は彼が小倉事件ににおける自分の措置に対して批判的であると睨んでいたため、これを無視して右大臣の一条冬経（兼輝）を越任させた。
English: In 1683 there was a ceremonial investiture of the crown prince, the Imperial Prince Asahito (later called Emperor Higashiyama), who was expected to ascend to the Imperial Throne; this brought back the title of Crown Prince, which had not been used for a long time.
Japanese: 1683年には意中の皇位継承者であった朝仁親王（後の東山天皇）の立太子礼が行われ長く中断していた皇太子の称号を復活させた。
English: Because the shogun of this period, Tunayoshi TOKUGAWA, respected the Imperial Court, the relationship between the Imperial Court and Japan's feudal government was steady.
Japanese: ただしこの時期の将軍であった徳川綱吉は朝廷尊重を掲げていたため、朝幕関係は比較的安定していた。
English: After the succession of Imperial Prince Asahito (later called Emperor Higashiyama) to the Imperial Throne in 1687, he went to live at Sento-Imperial Palace and started ruling the cloister government (after this he was called Sento-sama, (Sir Sento)), and he organized the Great Thanksgiving Service (after the Enthronement of the Emperor) for the celebration of a new Emperor, which had not been done for a long time.
Japanese: 1687年に朝仁親王（東山天皇）への譲位にこぎつけた後に仙洞御所に入って院政を開始し（以後仙洞様とよばれるようになる）、その年には同じく長年中断していた新天皇の大嘗祭を行う。
English: This event inflamed the government of Edo, since it had been trying to control the Imperial Court by using the kampaku (chief adviser) to the Emperor, as well as Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto.
Japanese: これは関白及び禁中並公家諸法度を利用して朝廷の統制を図ろうしていた江戸幕府を強く刺激した。