nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is considered that the origin was successors of traditional genin since the Medieval period and reisaimin (people who lived from hand to mouth) captured by human trafficking at the time of disorder from the Sengoku period (period of warring states) to the early Edo period.
Japanese: その由来については中世以来の伝統的な下人の後継や戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけての混乱期に人身売買によって獲得された零細民であったと考えられている。
English: In the Sengoku period, humans were trafficked due to habit of ranbodori (pillage by soldiers after battles) but the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) prohibited human trafficking.
Japanese: 戦国時代には乱妨取の習慣による人身売買が行われていたが、江戸幕府はこれを禁じた。
English: However, enslavement due to human trafficking was widely spread in rural areas since management of agricultural village society was unstable at that time and peasant folk who were not able to manage farms and hon-byakusho (peasants) who were annoyed with lack of labor shared a mutual interest.
Japanese: だが、当時の農村社会の経営は不安定であり、農業経営の出来なくなった小農民と労働力不足に悩まされる本百姓層の利害の一致によりこうした人身売買による隷属化が農村部において横行した。
English: As regulation of human trafficking was reinforced, shichiken hokonin (a servant put in pledge) appeared as a way to circumvent the regulation.
Japanese: やがて人身売買に対する規制が強化されると、一種の脱法行為として人身質入による質券奉公人（しちけんほうこうにん）が出現する。
English: The principal amount (borrowing amount) written on the pledge bill was equivalent to the servant's value and the interest of the debt was equivalent to servant's labor during the debt period, and the servant was bounded by his master i.e. creditor until he as debtor wiped off the principle amount, but in fact it was fudai genin by de facto human trafficking under the name of pledge.
Japanese: これは質券に書かれた本金（借入額）を奉公人の価格・利息の支払を債務期間中の労働に相当させ、借方である奉公人が本金を返済しない限りは身柄は修身にわたって貸方である主家に拘束されるという仕組であり、質取行為に名を借りた事実上の人身売買による譜代下人であった。
English: Due to the stabilization of the farm management after the middle of the Edo period, the fudai genin or shichiken hokonin turned out to be nenki hokonin (apprentices) in advanced agricultural areas, however, in developing areas, such fudai hokonin existed till the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期以後の農業経営の安定化に伴い、先進農業地域では譜代下人や質権奉公人は、年季奉公人（ねんきほうこうにん）に転化する事例も見られたが、途上地域では幕末までこうした譜代下人が存在した。
English: Bakufu and domains officially prohibited human trafficking but in fact overlooked the existence of fudai genin since they wanted to give priority to stabilization of land tax collection caused by stability of farm management.
Japanese: また、幕府や諸藩は表向きはこうした人身売買を禁じていたが、農業経営の安定による年貢徴収の安定化を優先させる配慮から、こうした譜代下人の存在を黙認していた。
English: An old custom, Fudai genin (in other words, Keho) ended in the Meiji period since the release of social status and the prohibition of naming were issued in an ordinance in 1872.
Japanese: 明治に入ると、旧来の慣習である譜代下人（家抱）は、身分の解禁および呼称の禁止が1872年の法令で発せられ、終焉を迎えた。
English: Shi was a collective name of Daishi and Shoshi established in Jingikan and Daijokan (Benkankyoku) under the Japanese ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 史（し）とは、日本律令制において神祇官・太政官（弁官局）に設置された大史・少史の総称。
English: The corresponding court rank of Daishi of Jingikan was Junior Sixth Rank, Senior Eighth Rank and that of Shoshi of Jingikan was Junior Sixth Rank, Junior Eighth Rank, whereas that of Daishi of Daijokan was Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade and that of Shoshi of Daijokan was Junior Sixth Rank, Senior Seventh Rank, both of which were higher than those of Jingikan.
Japanese: 官位相当は神祇官の大史は従六位正八位、同少史は従六位従八位であるのに対して、太政官の大史は正六位上、同少史は従六位正七位とそれよりも高く位置づけられている。
English: The prescribed number for Jingikan was one for each of Daishi and Shoshi (two in total), and that for Daijokan was two for each of Daishi and Shoshi for each of Sabenkankyoku and Ubenkankyoku (eight in total.)
Japanese: 定員は神祇官は大少各1名（全2名）、太政官は左右弁官局に大少各2名（全8名）。
English: The officials who were in charge of writing were traditionally called 'Fuhito', and the kabane of Shi was sometimes conferred on the Chinese and Korean clans settled in Japan who held the post of Shi.
Japanese: 古くから文筆を掌る官を「史（ふひと）」と呼び、この職に就いた渡来人系の氏族に対して史(姓)のカバネが授けられる事があった。
English: In the ritsuryo legal code system, the duties of Shi were recording and creating official documents under the command of a senior official, examining the official documents, reading proofs and asking for instructions from the senior official.
Japanese: 律令制においては、上級者の命令を受けて公文書の記録・作成を掌り、公文書の内容を吟味して上級者の判断を仰ぎ、読申することを職掌とした。
English: Shi of Daijokan were also called Hachishi, meaning eight Shi, because they belonged to Benkankyoku headed by Benkan, which was divided into Sabenkankyoku and Ubenkankyoku, in each of which there were two for each of Sadaishi, Udaishi, Sashoshi, and Ushoshi, i.e., eight Shi in total.
Japanese: 太政官の史は、弁官が率いる弁官局に属しており、同局が左右に分かれていることから、左大史・右大史・左大史・左少史に各2名合わせて8名存在することから八史（はちし）とも呼ばれた。
English: Later, when Daishi in Benkankyoku were raised to Fifth Rank (Taifu), they were especially called Taifushi (or Shitaifu.)
Japanese: 後に弁官局の大史から五位の位階（大夫）に昇るものが現れるようになり、これを特に大夫史（史大夫）と呼んだ。
English: After OTSUKI no Tomochika was appointed Sadaishi corresponding to Fifth Rank, the Otsuki clan (the Mibu family, the Omiya family) served as Daishi Joseki, which was Kanmu, for generations, being in charge of keeping the transmission of records and documents of Daijokan under the name of 'Kanmu family.'
Japanese: 小槻奉親が五位の左大史に就任して以後、小槻氏（壬生家壬生家（小槻姓）・大宮家大宮家（小槻氏））は代々にわたって大史上席（官務）を務めたため、「官務家」と称され、太政官の記録・文書の伝領保存の任にあたるようになる。
English: Daisanji was a government post next to a chief of chihokan (local officials) placed during the time of fu-han-ken sanchisei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 大参事（だいさんじ）は、明治時代初期の府藩県三治制の時期に置かれた、地方官の長官に次ぐ官職。
English: In 1869, it was decided that Sei Daisanji (formal Daisanji) and Gon Daisanji (temporary Daisanji) were placed under prefectural governors (Chifuji [prefectural governor], Chihanji [domain governor], Chikenji [prefectural governor]) by the reform of the governmental regulations after the return of lands and people to the emperor (There was no gonkan [supernumerary position] in prefectures).
Japanese: 明治2年、版籍奉還後の官制改正で、都道府県知事（知府事・知藩事・知県事）の下に正・権の大参事を置くと定められた（県には権官はなし）。
English: Sei and Gon Daisanji in domains must concurrently have been members of Kogisho (the lower house) but after the Kogisho abolished, either of them became a councilor of Shugiin (whose name was changed from Kogisho).
Japanese: 諸藩の正・権大参事は、公議所を兼任することとされ、公議所が廃止された後は、いずれか1名が集議院の議員となった。
English: In 1871, councilors were placed in prefectures and the government post of Daisanji was abolished due to the establishment of governmental regulation of prefectures accompanying Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: 明治4年、廃藩置県に伴う府県官制の制定によって、府県には参事が置かれることとなり、大参事の官職は廃止された。
English: Suruga no kuni no miyatsuko (珠流河国造), also known as Suruga kokuzo, was a kuni no miyatsuko ruled over the east part of Suruga Province in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 珠流河国造（するがのくにみやつこ・するがこくぞう)は駿河国東部を支配した国造。
English: This family name is originated from the fact that the clan sent Toneri people (valets) for Emperor Kinmei at the Shikishima no Kanasashi no miya (the palace for this emperor), existed in modern-day's Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 氏名の由来は欽明天皇の皇居磯城嶋金刺宮(奈良県桜井市)で、同天皇の舎人を出した。
English: Present Numazu City, Gotenba City, Susono City, Shimizucho, Nagaizumicho, and Oyamacho in Shizuoka Prefecture.
Japanese: 現在の静岡県沼津市・御殿場市・裾野市・清水町(静岡県)・長泉町・小山町。
English: Iohara no kuni miyatsuko (廬原国造), also known as Iohara kokuzo, was a kuni no miyatsuko that ruled the west part of Suruga Province.
Japanese: 廬原国造（いおはらのくにみやつこ・いおはらこくぞう)は駿河国西部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kojiki," Iohara no kunimiyatsuko is a son of Hikosashikatawake no mikoto, a Prince of Emperor Koken, having Toshiba and Kunisaki clans in the same line of family.
Japanese: 『古事記』では孝霊天皇の皇子日子刺肩別命の子で利波氏・国前氏などと同系。
English: Totsuomi kuni no miyatsuko (遠淡海国造), also known as Totsuomi kokuzo, was a kuni no miyatsuko ruled the west part of Totomi Province in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 遠淡海国造（とおつおうみのくにみやつこ・とおつおうみこくぞう)は遠江国西部を支配した国造。
English: However, "Kuninomiyatsuko hongi" described it was Ikimi no mikoto, a son of Ikashikoo no mikoto, the founder of the Mononobe clan, who was appointed as Totsuomikuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: ただし、『国造本紀』には物部氏の祖である伊香色雄の子の印岐美命が成務朝に遠淡海国造に任じられたとある。
English: Izu no kuni no miyatsuko (or Izu kokuzou) was a Kuni no miyatsuko that governed Izu Province in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 伊豆国造（いずのくにみやつこ・いずこくぞう）は伊豆国を支配した国造。
English: It has been said he could have been Wakatake no mikoto (稚武王), a son of Yamatotakeru no mikoto, while he was appointed as Izuno Kuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Empress Jingu (also known as Shinko), according to "Kuni no miyatsuko hongi".
Japanese: 日本武尊の子の稚武王のことか？『国造本紀』によると神功朝に伊豆国造に任じられたとある。
English: Sagamu no kuni no miyatsuko (also known as Sagamu kokuzo) was a kuni no miyatsuko ruled the east part of Sagami Province.
Japanese: 相武国造（さがむのくにのみやつこ・さがむこくぞう)は相模国東部を支配した国造。
English: "Kojiki" describes that Sagamu no kuni no miyatsuko plotted to burn Yamatotakeru no mikoto to death but defeated instead.
Japanese: 『古事記』に相武国造が倭建命を焼き殺そうとして逆に攻め滅ぼされた記述がある。
English: Shinaga no kuni no miyatsuko (師長国造), also known as Shinaga kokuzo, was a kuni no miyatsuko ruled the west part of Sagami Province.
Japanese: 師長国造（しながのくにのみやつこ・しながこくぞう)は相模国西部を支配した国造。
English: Chichibu no kuni no miyatsuko (知々夫国造) was a kuni no miyatsuko, who ruled the west part of Musashi Province.
Japanese: 知々夫国造（ちちぶのくにのみやつこ・ちちぶこくぞう)は武蔵国西部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kuni no miyatsuko hongi," Chichibu no kuni no mikoto, the 10th descendant from Omoikane no mikoto, was appointed as Chichibu no kuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Sujin.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』には崇神朝に10世孫の知知夫命が知々夫国造に任じられたとある。
English: Musashi no kuni no miyatsuko (无邪志国造), also known as Musashi kokuzo, was a kuni no miyatsuko that ruled the east part of Musashi Province.
Japanese: 无邪志国造（むさしのくにのみやつこ・むさしこくぞう）は武蔵国東部を支配した国造。
English: It is said that Etamohi no mikoto, the 10th descendant from Futaino ukamoroo no kamusa no mikoto was appointed as Musashi no kuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 成務天皇朝に二井之宇迦諸忍之神狭命の10世孫の兄多毛比命が无邪志国造に任じられたという。
English: The bases of the Mononobe clan was Iruma Gun, Musashi Province (Iruma City, Kawagoe City, Sayama City, Tokorozawa City, Fujimi City, Fujimino City, Saitama Prefecture.)
Japanese: 物部氏は武蔵国入間郡（埼玉県入間市・川越市・狭山市・所沢市・富士見市・ふじみ野市など）。
English: Nagas no kuni no miyatsuko (also known as Nagasa kokuzo) was a kuni no miyatsuko that ruled the east part of Awa Province in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 長狭国造（ながさのくにのみやつこ・ながさこくぞう)は安房国東部を支配した国造。
English: Chichibu no kuni no miyatsuko (知々夫国造) was a kuni no miyatsuko, who ruled the west part of Musashi Province.
Japanese: 伊甚国造（いじむのくにのみやつこ・いじみのくにのみやつこ・いじむこくぞう・いじみこくぞう)は上総国東部を支配した国造。
English: Ikoroto, a grandson of Ikohoto no mikoto, the founder of Awa no kuni no miyatsuko, was appointed as Ijimunokuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 成務天皇朝に阿波国造の祖伊許保止命の孫の伊己侶止が伊甚国造に任じられたという。
English: The clan was descended from the same line as Izumo no kuni no miyatsuko, Tootsuomino kuni no miyatsuko, Kamituunakami kuni no miyatsuko, Shimotsuunakami kuni no miyatsuko, Musashi no kuni no miyatsuko, and Awa no kuni no miyatsuko.
Japanese: 出雲国造・遠淡海国造・上菟上国造・下菟上国造・无邪志国造・阿波国造などと同系。
English: Umakuta no kuni no miyatsuko (also known as Makuta no kuni no miyatsuko, Umakuta kokuzo, Makuta kokuzo) was a kuni no miyatsuko that ruled the middle west part of Kazusa Province in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 馬来田国造（うまくたのくにのみやつこ・まくたのくにのみやつこ・うまくたこくぞう・まくたこくぞう)は上総国中西部を支配した国造。
English: it is considered that Fukagawaomi no mikoto, a son of Takekoro no mikoto, the kuni no miyatsuko of Ibaragi, was appointed as Umakuta no kuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 成務天皇朝に茨城国造建許呂命の子の深河意弥命が馬来田国造になったという。
English: Musa no kuni no miyatsuko (武社国造), also known as Musa kokuzo, was a kuni no miyatsuko that ruled the northeast part of Kazusa Province in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 武社国造（むさのくにのみやつこ・むさこくぞう)は上総国北東部を支配した国造。
English: Inba no kuni no miyatsuko (also known as Inbakokuzo) was a kuni no miyatsuko that ruled the middle part of Kazusa Province.
Japanese: 印波国造（いんばのくにのみやつこ・いんばこくぞう)は下総国中部を支配した国造。
English: Chiba no kunimiyatsuko 千葉国造 was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the middle south of Kazusa Province.
Japanese: 千葉国造（ちはのくにみやつこ・ちはこくぞう)は下総国中南部を支配した国造。
English: Shimotsuunakami kuninomiyatsuko 下海上国造 was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the east part of Shimousa Province.
Japanese: 下海上国造（しもつうなかみのくにみやつこ・しもつうなかみこくぞう)は下総国東部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kokuzo hongi" (the original record of provincial governors), Oshitateketahi, the 7th descendant from Takehiyodori no Mikoto, became Kamitsuunakami no kunimiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu, and a grandson of Oshitatutakehi became Shimotsuunakami no kunimiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Onin.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』その7世孫忍立化多比が成務天皇朝に上海上国造になり、その孫久都伎直が応神天皇朝に下海上国造になったという。
English: The Izumo clan: It was descended from the same line as Izumo no kuninomiyatsuko, Musashi no kuninomiyatsuko, Kamituunakami kuninomiyatsuko, Ijimu no kuninomiyatsuko, Tootsuomi no kuninomiyatsuko, and the like.
Japanese: 出雲氏......出雲国造・武蔵国造・上海上国造・伊甚国造・遠淡海国造などと同系。
English: Kamitsuunakami no kunimiyatsuko 上海上国造 (also known as Kamitsuunakamikokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the central part of Kazusa Province.
Japanese: 上海上国造（かみつうなかみのくにみやつこ・かみつうなかみこくぞう)は上総国中部を支配した国造。
English: The Izumo clan: It was descended from the same line as Izumo no kuninomiyatsuko, Musashi no kuninomiyatsuko, Shimotsuunakami kuninomiyatsuko, Ijimu no kuninomiyatsuko, Tootsuomi no kuninomiyatsuko, and the like.
Japanese: 出雲氏......出雲国造・武蔵国造・下海上国造・伊甚国造・遠淡海国造などと同系。
English: Taka no kunimiyatsuko 高国造 was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the north part of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 高国造（たかのくにみやつこ・たかこくぞう)は常陸国北部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Hitachi Fudoki," Tatemisahi no mikoto, a descendant from Takehiyodori no mikoto (Misahi no mikoto according to "Kuni no miyatsuko hongi") was appointed Taka no kunimiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 『常陸風土記』によると成務天皇朝にその子孫の建御狭日命(『国造本紀』では彌佐比命)が高国造に任じられたという。
English: Michinokuchinokihe no kunimiyatsuko 道口岐閉国造 (also known as Michinokuchinokihekokkuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the northern edge of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 道口岐閉国造（みちのくちのきへのくにみやつこ・みちのくちのきへこくぞう)は常陸国北端を支配した国造。
English: Niiharino kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Niiharikokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the west part of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 新治国造（にいはりのくにのみやつこ・にいはりこくぞう)は常陸国西部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Hitachinokuni Fudoki," Hinarasunomikoto, the ancestor of Niiharino kuninomiyatsuko, reached this land in his eastern military expedition during the reign of Emperor Sujin.
Japanese: 『常陸国風土記』によると、崇神天皇朝に新治国造の祖である毘奈良珠命が東征でこの地に至ったという。
English: According to "Kokuzo hongi," Hinarafunomikoto, a son of Mitsuroginomikoto, was appointed Niiharino kuninomiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると、成務天皇朝に美都呂岐命の子の比奈布命が新治国造に任じられたという。
English: Tsukuba no kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Tsukubakokuzo) was Kuninomiyatsuko ruled the south part of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 筑波国造（つくばのくにのみやつこ・つくばこくぞう)は常陸国南部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Hitachinokuni Fudoki," this land was once called Ki no kuni, but Tsukuba no mikoto who was kuninomiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Sujin changed the name of Kuni to his name.
Japanese: 『常陸国風土記』によると、この地は昔は紀の国といっていたが、崇神天皇朝の国造の筑箪命が自分の名前の国名に改めたという。
English: According to "Kuninomiyatsuko hongi", Aheshiko no mikoto, a grandson of Oshikorimi no mikoto, was appointed Tsukuba no kuninomiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると、成務天皇朝に忍凝見命の孫の阿閇色命が筑波国造に任じられたという。
English: Kuji no kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Kujikokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the north central part of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 久自国造（くじのくにのみやつこ・くじこくぞう)は常陸国北中部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kokuzo hongi," Funasesukune, the third generation from Ikagashikoo, was appointed Kuji no kuninomiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると、成務天皇朝に伊香色雄の3世孫の船瀬宿禰が久自国造に任じられたという。
English: Naka no kuninomiyatsuko 仲国造 (also known as Nakakokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the east part of Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 仲国造（なかのくにのみやつこ・なかこくぞう)は常陸国東部を支配した国造。
English: Motosu no kunimiyatsuko (also known as Motosukokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the central west of Mino Province.
Japanese: 本巣国造（もとすのくにみやつこ・もとすこくぞう）は美濃国中西部を支配した国造。
English: Minonoshiri no kunimiyatsuko (also known as Minonosihrinokokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the east of Mino Province.
Japanese: 三野後国造（みののしりのくにみやつこ・みののしりのこくぞう）は美濃国東部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kokuzo hongi," Mononobenoominokabura no mikoto, a grandson of Izumonooomi, was appointed Minonoshiri no kunimiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると、出雲大臣命の孫の臣賀夫良命が成務天皇朝に三野後国造に任じられたという。
English: According to the Code of Households, goho (ho) consisted of five households and performed mutual surveillance to prevent crime and escape, and the hocho was in charge of the goho.
Japanese: 戸令によれば、5つの戸をによる五保（保）を編成させて、犯罪や逃亡の防止などのための相互監視などを行わせ、保長はその責任者となった。
English: At first the goho was the system for the agricultural community in the county, however, in the Heian period, each bo (a unit of administrative district in the Heian period) was divided into four ho (a unit of jobosei [a series of avenues running at right angles to each other]) and, moreover, each ho was composed of four cho (a unit of distance) in Heiankyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto).
Japanese: 当初は地方の農村を対象とした制度であったが、平安時代に入ると平安京の中で各坊を4つの保に分割して更に各保を4町とした。
English: In 862, each ho within Heiankyo was organized, and a hocho was selected from keishi (household superintendent) of koshin (Emperor's family) and nobles to protect the security of ho.
Japanese: 貞観(日本)4年（862年）には、平安京内の各保を組織して皇親・貴族の家司の中から保長を任じて、保内の治安維持に当たらせている。
English: Minonosakino kuninomiyatsuko 三野前国造 (also known as Minonosakinokokuzo, Minonomichinokuchi no kuninomiyatsuko, and Minonomichinokuchikokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled Mino Province.
Japanese: 三野前国造（みののさきのくにのみやつこ・みののさきのこくぞう・みののみちのくちのくにのみやつこ・みののみちのくちこくぞう）は美濃国を支配した国造。
English: Musashi no kuninomiyatsuko 牟義都国造 (also known as Mugetsukokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled the central part of Mino Province.
Japanese: 牟義都国造（むげつのくにのみやつこ・むげつこくぞう）は美濃国北中部を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kojiki," Oousu no mikoto, a son of Emperor Keiko, made an illicit love to Otohime, a daughter of Oone no miko, and had a son Oshigurootohiko no miko, who was the ancestor of the clan.
Japanese: 『古事記』によると、景行天皇の子の大碓命が大根王の娘の弟媛と密通して誕生した押黒弟日子王が祖という。
English: The Muge 身毛 clan: It is also written as 牟下, 牟下都, 牟下津, 牟宜都, 牟義, 武義, and 牟宜津.
Japanese: 身毛氏　......　牟下・牟下都・牟下津・牟宜都・牟義・武義・牟宜津氏などとも。
English: The clan became a relative of Kamoagatanushi by marriage and took over the role of presenting wonder-working fountain to Ookimi.
Japanese: 鴨県主の姻族で、同氏に代わって美泉を大王に献上する儀式を担当したという。
English: Shinano no kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Shinanokokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled Shinano Province.
Japanese: 科野国造（しなののくにのみやつこ・しなのこくぞう)は信濃国を支配した国造。
English: Kanyaimimi no mikoto, a son of Emperor Jinmu, was the ancestor of the clan and Iotake, a grandson of Kanyaimimi no mikoto, was appointed Shinanonokuni no miyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 神武天皇の子の神八井耳命が祖で、成務天皇朝にその孫の五百建命が科野国造に任じられたという。
English: Hida no kuninomiyatsuko 斐陀国造 (also known as Hidakokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled Hida Province.
Japanese: 斐陀国造（ひだのくにのみやつこ・ひだこくぞう）は飛騨国を支配した国造。
English: According to "Kokuzo hongi", Ooyakinomikoto, a son of Okutsuyoso, was appointed Hidanokuninomiyatsuko during the reign of Emperor Seimu.
Japanese: 『国造本紀』によると成務天皇朝に奥津餘曾の子の大八埼命が斐陀国造に任じられたという。
English: Kamitsukenu no kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Kamitsukenukokuzo, Kamitsuke no kuninomiyatsuko, and Kamitsukenokokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled Kamitsuke Province.
Japanese: 上毛野国造（かみつけぬのくにのみやつこ・かみつけぬこくぞう・かみつけののくにのみやつこ・かみつけのこくぞう)は上野国を支配した国造。
English: According to "Nihonshoki", Toyokiiruhiko no mikoto, who was a Prince of Emperor Sujin and ordered to rule Togoku, was the ancestor of Kamitsukenu no kuninomiyatsuko and Shimotsukenu no kuninomiyatsuko.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によると、崇神天皇の皇子豊城入彦が東国統治を命じられ、上毛野国造や下毛野国造などの祖先になったという。
English: It is said that Hikosashima no miko, a grandson of Toyokiiruhiko no mikoto, was appointed Tosando Jugokoku Totoku during the reign of Emperor Keiko, and his son Mimorowake no kimi succeeded him and governed well.
Japanese: また、その孫の彦狭嶋王が景行朝に東山道十五国都督に任じられ、その子御諸別王も引き続き、善政を行ったという。
English: As many mounds including Tenjinyama kofun, the biggest kofun in the eastern Japan, are found in this area, there might have been a big country different from the Yamato Kingdom.
Japanese: 同地域には東日本最大規模を誇る天神山古墳ほか多数の古墳があり、大和政権と異なる一大国家をなしていた可能性がある。
English: Shimotsukenu no kuninomiyatsuko (also known as Shimotsukenukokuzo, Shimotsukeno no kunimomiyatsuko, and Shimotsukenokokuzo) was kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) ruled Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: 下毛野国造（しもみつけぬのくにのみやつこ・しもつけぬこくぞう・しもつけののくにのみやつこ・しもつけのこくぞう)は下野国を支配した国造。
English: According to "Nihonshoki," Toyokiiruhiko no mikoto, who was a Prince of Emperor Sujin and ordered to rule Togoku, was the ancestor of Kamitsukenu no kuninomiyatsuko and Shimotsukenu no kuninomiyatsuko.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』によると、崇神天皇の皇子豊城入彦が東国統治を命じられ、上毛野国造や下毛野国造などの祖先になったという。
English: According to "Nihonshoki," Narawake, the fourth descendant from Toyokiiruhiko no mikoto, was appointed Shimotsuke no kunimiyatsuko.
Japanese: 『旧事本紀』によると、仁徳朝に豊城入彦命の４世孫の奈良別が下毛国造に任じられたという。
English: Originally in Edo bakufu, yuhitsu served as close adviser to Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") writing gonaisho (a letter issued over the signature of the shogun), hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun), making a fair copy of hatto (law) and preparing official documents under the orders of roju (member of shogun's council of elders), but when Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA became shogun, he brought yuhitsu of the time of Tatebayashi Domain to Edo-jo Castle and involved in his secrets instead of existing yuhitsu.
Japanese: 元々江戸幕府には右筆の職が存在して征夷大将軍の側近として御内書・奉書の執筆や法度浄書などを行い、また老中などの指示に従って公文書などの作成などを担当したが、徳川綱吉が将軍になると、館林藩時代の右筆を江戸城に連れてきて、従来の右筆に代わって自己の機密のことを関与させた。
English: Therefore existing yuhitsu were called 'omote yuhitsu' and new yuhitsu were called 'oku yuhitsu' and they had different duties and the important duties around shogun were imposed on oku yuhitsu.
Japanese: このため、従来の右筆は「表右筆」と呼ばれ、新しい右筆は「奥右筆」と呼ばれて職務が分割され、将軍身辺に関わる重要な職務は奥右筆の管轄となった。
English: After that, a practice was established in which the successor was chosen from omote yuhitsu when 'oku yuhitsu' had a vacant position, and the official duties began to be divided.
Japanese: その後、「奥右筆」に空席が出来た際には表右筆から後任を選ぶ慣例が成立して両者の職掌の棲み分けが図られるようになった。
English: Therefore omote yuhitsu became just a amanuensis of bakufu and their duties began to be limited to make roju hosho, bakufu nikki (diary of bakufu), Shuinjyo (a vermillion seal letter), autographic signature and to make fair copy of furegaki (bakufu orders) (about 400 pieces) to distribute from bakufu across the country and to manage Bugencho (Registers of vassals) of daimyo (feudal lords) and list of shogun's retainers such as hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu).
Japanese: このため、表右筆は単なる幕府の書記役に過ぎなくなり、老中奉書や幕府日記、朱印状、判物の作成、幕府から全国に頒布する触書（約400枚前後）の浄書、大名の分限帳や旗本ら幕臣の名簿管理の業務に限定されるようになった。
English: Omote yuhitsu were composed of 2 or 3 kumigashira (a head of the group) (300 bales of yakudaka [salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post]) and about 30 omote yuhitsu (150 bales of yakudaka).
Japanese: 表右筆は定員2・3名の組頭（役高300俵）と30名前後の表右筆（役高150俵）から構成されていた。
English: Nasu no kuninomiyatsuko was kuninomiyatsuko ruled the northeast part of Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: 那須国造（なすのくにのみやつこ・なすこくぞう)は下野国北東部を支配した国造。