nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: From the start of the Kanbun era, the Iro (old retainers) of the Kanei era began to die and retire from the front stage on after another.
Japanese: 寛永の遺老と呼ばれた面々は、寛文年間に入ると相次いで死去したり、老齢で表舞台から隠退するなどした。
English: As a result, in the last half of Ietsuna's reign (the Kanbun and the Enpo eras), Tadakiyo SAKAI assumed the position of Tairo in 1666 to replace the Iro retainers and the bakufu came to be administered by the orders of Ietsuna himself with a Roju council system under the leadership of Tadakiyo.
Japanese: このため、彼らに代わって寛文6年（1666年）には酒井忠清が大老に就任し、治世後半の寛文・延宝期には忠清の主導のもと老中合議制と家綱自身の上意により幕政が運営された。
English: In the last half of his reign, the bakufu focused on agriculture as a countermeasure against famine, learning from the great famine of Kanei which had occurred in Iemitsu's time.
Japanese: 治世後半には家光期に起こった寛永の大飢饉の反省から飢饉対策として農政に重点が置かれた。
English: Further, economic and distribution policies were developed nationwide, and cultural projects such as the compilation of "Honchotsugan" (a chronological account of Japanese history in Chinese characters completed in 1670) were also carried out.
Japanese: そして、全国的な流通・経済政策が展開され、『本朝通鑑』編纂などの文化事業も行われた。
English: Furthermore, during Ietsuna's time, organization of the bakufu administration was completed, the relationship between the bakufu and the Imperial Court became stable, and externally, Saksaynu (head of the Ainu) rose up in rebellion in Ezochi, however the seclusion policy dating back to the time of Iemitsu was strongly maintained.
Japanese: また、家綱期には幕府職制の整備が完成され、幕朝関係も安定し、対外的には蝦夷地でのシャクシャイン蜂起などが起こっているが、家光期以来の鎖国政策が堅持された。
English: In addition, in that period, troubles occurred in Daimyo families such as the Date and Echigo families.
Japanese: また、この時期には伊達騒動や越後騒動など大名家の御家騒動も発生している。
English: As Ietsuna had bean physically weak since birth and even in his mid-thirties had no son, there was great concern over the issue of a Shogunal heir.
Japanese: 家綱自身は生まれつき体が弱く病弱で、30半ばに至っても男子がなかったため将軍継嗣問題が憂慮されていた。
English: When Ietsuna was taken ill his condition became critical around the end of May 1680, he adopted his youngest brother Tsunayoshi MATSUDAIRA, the lord of Tatebayashi Domain and made him the Shogunal successor on the advice of Masatoshi HOTTA, dying shortly after on June 4.
Japanese: 延宝8年（1680年）5月初旬に病に倒れ、危篤状態に陥った家綱は、堀田正俊の勧めを受けて末弟の館林藩主松平綱吉を養子に迎えて将軍後嗣とし、直後の5月8日に死去した。
English: At the time when Ietsuna's condition became critical, Tadakiyo SAKAI was grooming the Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Yukihito for Shogun, as he was descended from Hideyasu YUKI, elder brother of Ietsuna's grandfather Hidetada TOKUGAWA, following a precedent from the Kamakura period when a Miyashogun (Shogun from the Imperial Court) was introduced after the death of Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo.
Japanese: 家綱の危篤に際して、酒井忠清は鎌倉時代に将軍源実朝の死後に宮将軍が迎えられた例ならい、祖父・徳川秀忠の兄・結城秀康の血を引く有栖川宮幸仁親王を将軍に迎えようとした。
English: However, there is a theory about this 'back-up Miyashogun' that suggests this plan was never realized due to opposition from Masatoshi HOTTA.
Japanese: しかし、堀田正俊の反対にあって実現しなかったとする宮将軍擁立説がある。
English: According to "Bunbu Taiheiki" (Record of literary and military arts), Ietsuna had of gentle disposition and enjoyed painting and fishing, and even became known as 'Lord do so' due to his tendency to leave government affairs to Roju such as Tadakiyo SAKAI, himself merely giving approval by saying, 'Do so.'
Japanese: 『文武太平記』に拠れば、家綱は温厚な人柄で絵画や魚釣りなど趣味を好み、政務を酒井忠清はじめ老中らに任せ自らは「左様せい」で決裁していたことから「左様せい様」という異名が付けられたという。
English: While this anecdote indicate the Tadakiyo SAKAI's autocracy and Ietsuna's inability to display leadership as head of the bakufu, Tatsuya TUJI and Chizuru FUKUDA point out the importance of the Shogun's wishes in decision making in the bakufu administration.
Japanese: この逸話は家綱自身が幕政指導者としての指導力を発揮できず酒井忠清の専制を示すものとしても引用されているが、辻達也や福田千鶴らは幕政の意思決定における将軍上意の重要性を指摘している。
English: He contracted meningitis four months after his birth, and is understood to have possibly suffered a brain injury as a result.
Japanese: 生後4ヶ月で脳膜炎にかかったことがあり、このため脳に障害があったのではないかとされている。
English: That stability was maintained until Ietsuna's Genpuku (coming of age), was due to the fact the bakufu was blessed with excellent members such as Masayuki HOSHINA who were a true legacy of the Iemitsu era.
Japanese: 家綱が元服するまでは保科正之ら家光時代の遺産ともいうべき人材に恵まれていたのが安定した時代を築ける幸運でもあった。
English: There is a passage in the 'Memoirs of Tokugawa rulers and retainers' stating, 'Although I am young, I have succeeded to the achievements of my predecessors and have acquired this grand position.'
Japanese: 徳川名君名臣言行録では、「吾、幼年なりといえども、先業を承け継ぎ、大位に居れり」とある。
English: According to 'Hakuseki Shukan' written by Hakuseki ARAI, Ietsuna took pleasure in reading the 'Joganseiyo,' a political book written about Taiso, the second Emperor of Tang Dynasty in China, and consulted it for administration of the bakufu.
Japanese: 新井白石著の「白石手簡」では、家綱は中国の唐時代の政治書である「貞観政要」を好み、幕政運営の参考にしたという。
English: According to the "Buyashokudan," during Ietsuna's childhood, when he went up to the keep of Edo-jo Castle shortly after his assuming the position of Shogun, an attendant invited him to look through a telescope, but Ietsuna refused, saying, 'Even though I am young, I am still a Shogun.
Japanese: 『武野燭談』に拠れば、家綱の将軍就任から間もない幼少期のことであるが、江戸城天守閣へ登った際、近習の者が遠眼鏡をすすめたが、「自分は少年ながら将軍である。
English: If people knew that the Shogun looks down from the keep on everything around through a telescope, they would surely be upset.'
Japanese: もし将軍が天守から遠眼鏡で四方を見下ろしていると知れたら、おそらく世人は嫌な思いをするに違いない」と遠眼鏡を手に取らなかったという。
English: Once, Ietsuna was told about exiles to an island and asked his aides what the exiles ate, but as nobody was able to answer Ietsuna retorted, 'If you are going to save them from death by condemning them to exile, why do you not provide them with food?'
Japanese: 島流しになり、流人となった者の話を聞き、家綱は、彼らは一体、何を食べているのだ、と側近に尋ねたが誰も答えられず、それに対し、家綱は「命を助けて流罪にしたのに何故、食料を与えないのか」といった。
English: On hearing this his father Iemitsu was delighted and ordered his retainers to 'Make this Takechiyo's (Ietsuna's) first ruling,' after which exiles are said to have started to receive food.
Japanese: それを、聞いた父の家光は喜び、「これを竹千代（家綱）の仕置きはじめにせよ」と家臣に命じ、流人に食料を与えるようになったという。
English: Ietsuna calmly removed it by picking it out with his chopsticks, just as a page made to prepare a replacement.
Japanese: 家綱は平然とその髪の毛を箸で摘まんで取り除いたが、小姓が替えの物を用意しようとした。
English: However, Ietsuna said to the page, 'Empty the soup out of the bowl on your way back and return it to the kitchen.'
Japanese: だが、家綱はその小姓に対し、「その汁は途中で捨て、椀を空にして下げるように」といった。
English: In other words, he ordered the page to handle it as a regular refill by emptying the bowl, demonstrating Ietsuna's desire not to cause any remonstration.
Japanese: つまり、これは御椀を空にすることにより、普段のおかわりと同じ様に扱えということで、咎められる者が出ないようにとの家綱の配慮があったということである。
English: He is said to have lent his support after the Great Fire of Meireki by providing capital to rebuild samurai residences, shrines and temples destroyed by fire in Edo City.
Japanese: 明暦の大火により、焼失被害にあった江戸市中の武家屋敷、社寺仏閣などに資金援助し、復興に助力したという。
English: On July 10, 1653 (or August 12 according to the "Record of Heirs to the Bakufu"), he was transferred to Udaijin (Minister of the Right).
Japanese: 承応2年（1653年）7月10日（『幕府祚胤伝』では8月12日）、右大臣に転任。
English: Sen TSUDA (August 6, 1837 - April 24, 1908) was a Japanese agriculturist and a Christian.
Japanese: 津田仙（つだせん、天保8年7月6日(旧暦)（1837年8月6日）-1908年4月24日）は、日本の農学者、キリスト者。
English: Along with Joseph Hardy NEESIMA (Joe NIIJIMA), one of the founders of the Doshisha, and Masanao NAKAMURA, a liberalist professor of the University of Tokyo, he was known as one of the three pillars of the Christian world.
Japanese: 同志社大の創始者新島襄、人間の自由と平等を説いた東京大学教授の中村正直とともに、"キリスト教界の三傑"とうたわれた。
English: In 1627, at the age of 15, he studied at Seitoku Shoin, a hanko (domain school) in Sakura Domain (the predecessor of the present Chiba Prefectural Sakura Senior High School).
Japanese: 寛永4年、15歳で佐倉藩・藩校、成徳書院（現在の千葉県立佐倉高等学校の前身）で学ぶ。
English: The lord of the domain, Masayoshi HOTTA had a keen interest in Western studies, and under the domain's command, Sen studied Dutch, English, Western studies, and Gunnery.
Japanese: 藩主堀田正睦の洋学気風もあり、藩命でオランダ語、英語の他、洋学や砲術を学ぶ。
English: In 1855, he entered government service, and enrolled in Rangaku Juku (Institute for Dutch Studies) in Edo to study English among other subjects under Einosuke MORIYAMA.
Japanese: 1855年に出仕し、江戸では蘭学塾へ入門し、森山栄之助の下で英語などを学ぶ。
English: He was employed as a translator for the magistrate of foreign affairs and went to the United States of America in 1867 with Yukichi FUKUZAWA as an attendant for the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 外国奉行の通訳として採用され、1867年（慶応3年）には福澤諭吉らと幕府随員としてアメリカ合衆国へ洋行。
English: Having left the government post after the Meiji Restoration, he worked for Tsukiji Hotel, a Western-style Japanese hotel, and cultivated Western vegetables.
Japanese: 明治維新が成ると官職を辞して、1869年には築地の洋風旅館、築地ホテルに勤め、西洋野菜の栽培などを手がける。
English: Kiyotaka KURODA, the Suke (assistant director), who was interested in education for girls, proposed to send female exchange students with the Iwakura mission, for which Sen volunteered his daughter, Umeko.
Japanese: 女子教育に関心のあった開拓次官の黒田清隆が、政府が派遣する岩倉使節団に女子留学生を随行させることを企画すると、娘の梅子を応募する。
English: After working for Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), he accompanied Tsunetami SANO (the founder of the Japanese Red Cross Society) as a secretary when Sano attended the world exposition in Vienna as a vice-president.
Japanese: 民部省に勤めたのち、明治6（1873）年には、ウイーン万国博覧会に副総裁として出席する佐野常民（日本赤十字社の創設者）の書記官として随行。
English: He was taught by a Dutch agriculturist Daniel HOOIBRENK, and on May of 1874, following his return to Japan, he published a compilation of HOOIBRENK's dictations in "Nogyo Sanji" (three farming methods).
Japanese: オランダ人農学者のダニエル・ホイブレイクの指導を受け、帰国後の74年5月に口述記録をまとめて『農業三事』として出版した。
English: In January, 1875, he was baptized with his wife Hatsu by Julius Soper, an American Methodist Episcopal missionary, as the first Japanese Methodist.
Japanese: 明治8（1875）年1月、米国メソジスト監督派教会のジュリアス・ソーバー宣教師により日本初のメソジスト派第一号信者として妻の初と共に洗礼。
English: In his magazine 'Nogyo Zasshi' (a magazine of agriculture), he sold American corn seeds by mail order; this was said to be the first mail order service in Japan.
Japanese: 仙が自ら創刊した「農業雑誌」で、1876年（明治9年）にアメリカ産トウモロコシの種の通信販売を始め、これが日本で最初の通信販売といわれている。
English: In the same year, he was invited by Nobuchika KURIHARA to teach wine making in Kofu.
Japanese: 同年には、栗原信近に招かれワイン醸造技術指導のため甲府を訪れている。
English: After his death, Kanzo UCHIMURA and Inazo NITOBE wrote a eulogy, praising his life works called him 'Daiheimin' (the great commoner).
Japanese: 死後、内村鑑三や新渡戸稲造らは仙の事業を讃える一文を残し、「大平民」と称された。
English: The seeds of pseudoacacia that Sen had brought back from the world exposition in Vienna were planted in Otemachi in 1875 following his return to Japan, which became the first roadside trees in Tokyo.
Japanese: 仙がウィーン万博から持ち帰ったニセアカシアの種子は、帰国後の明治8年に大手町に植えられ、これが東京初の街路樹となった。
English: Takeaki ENOMOTO (December 5, 1936 [August 25, 1936 according to the old calender] – December 26, 1908) was a samurai, shogun's retainer and statesman during the end of Edo period and Meiji period.
Japanese: 榎本武揚（えのもとたけあき、天保7年8月25日(旧暦)（1836年10月5日）-明治41年（1908年）10月26日）は、江戸幕末～明治期の武士・幕臣、政治家。
English: His father was a shogun's retainer, Takenori (also Embei) ENOMOTO; his wife was Tatsu ENOMOTO, who was a daughter of Dokai HAYASHI and a sister of Kenkai HAYASHI.
Japanese: 父は幕臣榎本武規（円兵衛）、妻は林洞海の娘で林研海の妹でもある榎本たつ。
English: Kamajiro ENOMOTO, who was later called Takeaki, was born in Okachimachi, Shitaya, Edo (now Okachimachi, Taito Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: のちに榎本武揚を称する榎本釜次郎は、江戸下谷御徒町（現東京都台東区御徒町）に生まれた。
English: His father, formerly named Ryosuke HAKODA, was from Hakodamura, Bigofukuyama Domain (now Hakoda, Kannabe Town, Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture), then went to Edo and bought the status of the Enomoto family, becoming a shogun's retainer via adoption into the Enomoto family by marrying one of their daughters, and renamed himself Embei Takenori ENOMOTO.
Japanese: 父はもとの名を箱田良助といい、備後福山藩箱田村（現広島県福山市神辺町箱田）出身で、江戸へ出て幕臣榎本家の株を買い、榎本家の娘と結婚することで養子縁組みして幕臣となり、榎本円兵衛武規を称した。
English: Kamajiro had learned Confucianism and Sinology at Shoheizaka Gakumonjo (Shoheizaka School) and English at a private school of John Manjiro since he was a child, and at the age of nineteen he went to Hakodate, Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu, now Hakodate City, Hokkaido) as a follower of Toshihiro HORI, who was an ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in Edo period), and took part in the exploration of Sakhalin.
Japanese: 釜次郎は幼少の頃から昌平坂学問所で儒学・漢学、ジョン万次郎の私塾で英語を学び、19歳で遠国奉行堀利煕の従者として蝦夷地箱館（現北海道函館市）に赴き、樺太探検に参加する。
English: In 1856, he entered the Naval Training Center in Nagasaki, which had been newly established by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), where he studied the international situation, Western studies called Rangaku, seamanship, chemistry, etc.
Japanese: 安政3年（1856年）には幕府が新設した長崎海軍伝習所に入所、国際情勢や蘭学と呼ばれた西洋の学問や航海術・舎密学（化学）などを学んだ。
English: He studied in the Netherlands from 1862 to 1867.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）から慶応3年（1867年）までオランダに留学。
English: He went through the Austro-Prussian War as a kansenbukan (a military officer to observe military operations) where he studied international law and obtained knowledge about military affairs, shipbuilding and vessels, then returned to Japan on board the Kaiyo Maru Warship, which had been ordered by the bakufu, and after serving as a gunkangashira-nami (a post in the navy), in January 1868, after Taisei Hokan (a transfer of power back to the Emperor), he was appointed Kaigun Fuku-sosai (the vice-president of the navy), which had been Tokugawa Family's kashoku (a hereditary occupation), and became a considerably leading figure in the Tokugawa Navy.
Japanese: 普墺戦争を観戦武官として経験、国際法や軍事知識、造船や船舶に関する知識を学び、幕府が発注した軍艦開陽丸で帰国、軍艦頭並を経て大政奉還後の慶応4年（1868年）1月に徳川家家職の海軍副総裁に任ぜられ、実質的に徳川海軍のトップとなった。
English: Following Taisei Hokan by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1868, the Boshin War broke out.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）、徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行い、続いて戊辰戦争が起こった。
English: Right after the war began, the former bakufu fleet led by ENOMOTO was anchored offshore near Mt. Tempo in Osaka, but when the army of former bakufu was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, Yoshinobu and his followers, who had been in Osaka Castle, boarded and commanded the flagship ‛Kaiyo' to withdraw to Edo without notifying the shogun's retainers of the war party (in order to distinguish a warship from a troopship, "Maru" should be put only on a troopship; therefore, ‛Kaiyo Maru Warship' is inaccurate in this case).
Japanese: 開戦直後、榎本の率いる旧幕府艦隊は大坂の天保山沖に停泊していたが、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が敗北すると、大坂城にいた慶喜らは、主戦派の幕臣に無断で旗艦「開陽」に座乗し江戸へ引き揚げた（軍艦と輸送船を区別するため"丸"を付すのは輸送船のみとされており「開陽丸」は誤りである）。
English: When Edo Castle was relinquished to the new government army, ENOMOTO, dissatisfied with the way the new government was treating the Tokugawa Family, led the former bakufu fleet composed of eight warships, Kaiyo, Kaiten Maru, Banryu Maru, Chiyodagata Maru, Shinsokumaru, Mikaho Maru, Kanrin Maru and Chogei Maru, with the other former shogun's retainers of the resistance force.
Japanese: 新政府軍が江戸開城すると、徳川家に対する政府の処置を不満とし榎本は抗戦派の旧幕臣とともに開陽、回天丸、蟠竜丸、千代田形丸、神速丸、美嘉保丸、咸臨丸、長鯨丸の8艦から成る旧幕府艦隊を率いて脱出する。
English: On the way, Kanrin Maru was carried offshore near Shimizu by a storm, where it was found by the new government navy, fiercely attacked and seized.
Japanese: 途中暴風により清水沖に流された咸臨丸は新政府軍に発見され猛攻を受け拿捕された。
English: Absorbing the members of the Shinsengumi (a shogunate police force located in Kyoto), the army of the Ouetsu-reppan Alliance and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA, who was the lord of the Kuwana Domain, the ENOMOTO forces fled to Ezochi (Hokkaido), occupied Goryokaku (the pentagonal fort built in Hakodate City) and established the Ezo Republic, of which ENOMOTO became the president by nyusatsu (election).
Japanese: 新選組や奥羽越列藩同盟軍、桑名藩藩主松平定敬らを収容し蝦夷地（北海道）に逃走、箱館の五稜郭に拠り、蝦夷共和国を樹立して入札（選挙）の実施により総裁となった。
English: At this point, the United States, which had declared and maintained its position of neutrality, supporting neither the new government nor the former bakufu, due to adept maneuvering by the new government announced that it would support the new government, and as a result the new government took possession of the then newest and most powerful ironclad warship, 'Azumakan,' renaming it 'Kotetsu'; the warship had been purchased by bakufu but hitherto not possessed by any political party because of the neutral status of the United States.
Japanese: 折りしも局外中立を宣言し新政府・旧幕いずれにも加担せずとの姿勢を貫いていた米国は新政府の巧みな切り崩しにより新政府支持を表明、幕府が買い付けたものの局外中立により所有が空中に浮いていた当時最新鋭の装甲軍艦「東艦」は新政府の手中に収まり「甲鉄」と命名された。
English: Even Kaiyo, which had been reputedly the sturdiest ship until then, was made of wood, so its inferiority in terms of defensibility was undeniable even with its superiority in weight and number of equipped cannons; thus ENOMOTO, much concerned about this situation, carried out an uncommon military operation to seize Kotetsu in a surprise attack.
Japanese: 当時最新最強と謳われた開陽でさえ木造艦であり、砲数・トン数では勝るものの防備性の劣勢は否めず、これを大いに憂慮した榎本は同艦奇襲・奪取の奇策を実行に移す。
English: It was a tactic approved by international law, so-called 'abordage', by which attackers approach the target ship displaying the flag of a third country on their ship, switch the flag to their own when they come close enough, attach the side of their ship to the target ship, and board to attack.
Japanese: これは当時万国公法にて認められた戦法、いわゆる「アボルダージュ」であり、至近距離まで第三国の国旗を掲げて接近し至近距離で自国の旗に切り替え、接舷の上、特攻するというものである。
English: ENOMOTO assigned this operation to two warships, Kaiten and Shinsokumaru, and appointed Gengo KOGA, the captain of Kaiten, as commander.
Japanese: 榎本はこの作戦を回天、神速丸の2艦を以て当たらしめ、その長として回天艦長の甲賀源吾を任じた。
English: However, they were struck again by a storm, making the Shinsokumaru unable to continue the operation, so the Kaiten was forced to carry out the attack alone.
Japanese: しかしまたもや暴風に見舞われ、神速丸は離脱、やむを得ず回天1艦のみでの突入となった。
English: The Kaiten succeeded in attaching itself to the side of the Kotetsu, but the Enomoto forces hesitated in boarding because of a big gap in the height of the gunwale of both ships; as a result they received heavy gunfire from Gatling guns, failed in the operation and fled, incurring great damage including the death of Captain Koga.
Japanese: しかし接舷には成功したものの我彼の舷高に大いに開きがあり、突入を躊躇した榎本軍はガトリング砲の砲火を浴び、突入作戦に失敗、甲賀艦長も戦死するなど大打撃を受け敗走した。
English: Losing the Kaiyo and having allowed the new government forces to obtain the Kotetsu, the Tokugawa Navy, which used to be known as the largest and strongest, had now become unalterably inferior and substantially lost marine control.
Japanese: 開陽を失い、新政府軍が甲鉄を手中に収めるにいたり、最大最強を誇った徳川海軍の劣勢は決定的となり、事実上、制海権を失ったのである。
English: In the following year, 1869, due to the Kaiyo running aground and sinking, shortage of funds, frequent desertions of soldiers, closing of the gun batteries in Benten Daiba (Cape Benten Battery) led by scouts from the new government forces, and losing all warships in the Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay, the inferior position of the Enomoto forces had become indisputable and ENOMOTO surrendered.
Japanese: 翌明治2年（1869年）、開陽座礁沈没、戦費の枯渇、相次ぐ自軍兵士の逃亡、新政府軍斥候による弁天台場砲台閉鎖、箱館湾海戦による全艦喪失など劣勢は決定的となり、榎本は降伏した。
English: Having decided to surrender, ENOMOTO sent his 'Bankoku Kairitsu Zensho (a compendium of international marine laws)' by Ortolan (which was a copy made by ENOMOTO himself on which he added many footnotes and other comments), which he had carried with him continually since he was in the Netherlands, to Ryosuke KURODA (Kiyotaka KURODA), a general staff of the punitive forces against Ezo, hoping it would not be lost in the battle.
Japanese: 降伏を決意した榎本は、オランダ留学時代から肌身離さず携えていたオルトラン著「万国海律全書」（自らが書写し数多くの脚注等を挿入）を戦災から回避しようと蝦夷征討軍海陸軍総参謀黒田了介（黒田清隆）に送った。
English: KURODA was greatly impressed with ENOMOTO's outstanding ability, and so strove to persuade people in various sectors that they must save his life, protesting that he was a man with unparalleled intelligence in the country; thanks to KURODA's hard efforts in pleading for his life to be spared, ENOMOTO was kept alive and put in a prison located in Tatsunokuchi, Edo.
Japanese: 黒田は榎本の非凡な才に感服し、皇国無二の才として断然助命しようと各方面に説諭、その熱心な助命嘆願活動により一命をとりとめ、江戸辰の口の牢に投獄された。
English: Yukichi FUKUZAWA, despite being critical of him, was one of the people who made efforts to spare his life.
Japanese: また、榎本には批判的であった福澤諭吉も助命に尽力したひとりでもある。
English: It is said that FUKUZAWA was asked to translate the aforesaid 'Bankoku Kairitsu Zensho' by KURODA, but after one glance at it he refused to accept the task, saying that no one but ENOMOTO was qualified to undertake it.
Japanese: 福沢は黒田から前記「海律全書」の翻訳を依頼されたが、一瞥した福沢は、その任に当たるについては榎本の他にその資格なしとして辞退したと伝えられている。
English: On January 6, 1872, ENOMOTO was pardoned and discharged from prison, and appointed to a post in the new government out of regard for his ability.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）1月6日、榎本は特赦出獄、その才能を買われて新政府に登用された。
English: On August 8 in the same year, he served as a fourth-ranked shusshi (a supernumerary government official) for Kaitakushi (a government office responsible for Hokkaido development), the undersecretary of which was Kiyotaka KURODA, and was appointed to investigate and explore Hokkaido mines.
Japanese: 同年3月8日、黒田清隆が次官を務める開拓使に四等出仕として仕官、北海道鉱山検査巡回を命じられた。
English: In January 1874, he became an envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Russia, and concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg.
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）1月、ロシア特命全権公使となり、樺太・千島交換条約を締結した。
English: Also, when the government of Peru appealed to an international court against Japan in the Maria Luz Incident, Russian Emperor Alexander II went into arbitration and so ENOMOTO attended the trial in Saint Petersburg in which Japan won the case.
Japanese: またマリア・ルス号事件でペルー政府が国際法廷に対し日本を提訴した件で、露帝アレクサンドル2世が調停に乗り出したことから、サンクトペテルブルクでの裁判に臨んで勝訴を得た。
English: When he became ambassador to Russia, he was appointed chujo (vice-admiral) in the navy; this came to be because according to diplomatic customs of the time, it was judged that a military officer would have more advantage in negotiation, and Hirobumi ITO proposed it to the government.
Japanese: 駐露公使就任にあたって、榎本は海軍中将に任命されたが、これは当時の外交慣例で武官公使の方が交渉上有利と判断されたためで、伊藤博文らの建言で実現したものである。
English: After returning to Japan, he successively held posts as the second-ranked shusshi (a supernumerary government official) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, gaimu-taifu (a post in the Foreign Ministry), gijokan (a post in the Decoration Bureau), kaigunkyo (the chief of the navy), goyo-gakari (a government official assigned to perform a certain task) in the construction of the Imperial Palace, jimu fuku-sosai (a vice-secretary-general) in the construction of the Imperial Palace, a minister to Shin (China), and goyo-gakari in the investigation of the revision of a treaty; after the cabinet system was established, due to his ability, he assumed the ministership in six Cabinets in a row as the Minister of Communication, the Minister of Education, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Commerce and Agriculture (between the Minister of Education and the Minister of the Foreign Affairs, he assumed the membership of the Privy Council [Japan]).
Japanese: 帰国後は外務省二等出仕、外務大輔、議定官、海軍卿、皇居御造営御用掛、皇居御造営事務副総裁、駐清公使、条約改正取調御用掛等を歴任し、内閣制度の成立後は能力を買われ6度の内閣で連続して、逓信大臣、文部大臣、外務大臣、農商務大臣を歴任した（文相・外相の前後に枢密院(日本)就任）。
English: He served as the Minister of Agriculture for more than three years in the wartime Cabinet during the Sino-Japanese War, when the replacement of the Cabinet members was frequently made; it was the longest term in the history of the Ministry of Agriculture, so it may be a proof of ENOMOTO's extraordinary abilities, with which he was given important posts to maintain the balance among factions made of former bakufu clans.
Japanese: 閣僚交代が頻繁であった当時、特に日清戦争只中の戦時内内閣時の農相在任期間は3年余に及び、歴代農相の中で最長を記録していることからも藩閥にあってバランサーとして重用された榎本の稀代の才が窺い知れる。
English: While he was the Minister of Commerce and Agriculture, he gave orders for the first time to begin preventive construction for the Ashio Copper Mine pollution case, which had been an impending problem at that time, and made an inspection tour of the site for the first time as a minister, although the visit was conducted privately.
Japanese: 農商務大臣時代には、懸案であった足尾鉱毒事件について初めて予防工事命令を出し、私的ながら大臣自ら初めて現地視察を行った。