nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Apart from higher normal schools, temporary teacher training schools were set up in imperial universities and various directly controlled schools to solve the shortage of teachers for normal schools, middle schools and higher women's schools.
Japanese: 高等師範学校とは別に帝国大学及び直轄諸学校内に臨時教員養成所が設けられ、師範学校、中学校、高等女学校の教員不足の解消が図られた。
English: Particularly from the end of the Taisho period to the early Showa period the quota of these temporary teacher training schools was more than half of the quota of higher normal schools (in 1926 the number of students in temporary teacher training schools was 1532, while 2719 in higher normal schools), playing a great role of supplying a lot of middle school teachers, etc..
Japanese: ことに大正末から昭和初期にかけては、臨時教員養成所の定員は高等師範学校の定員の半分を超える規模で（1926年（大正15年）当時：臨時教員養成所生徒数1542名、高等師範学校生徒数2719名）、多数の中学校教員を供給するなど、大きな役割を果たした。
English: First temporary teacher training schools; Tokyo Higher Normal School,Tokyo University of Arts and Sciences (1922- 1944)
Japanese: 第一臨時教員養成所東京高等師範学校、東京文理科大学（1922年-1944年）
English: Agricultural Teacher Training School => Agricultural Teacher Training School Attached to Agricultural College of Tokyo Imperial University => Agricultural Teacher Training School Attached to Tokyo Imperial University of Agricultural Department => becoming independent as Tokyo Agricultural Teachers College (=> Tokyo University of Education)
Japanese: 農業教員養成所→東京帝国大学農科大学附属農業教員養成所（1899年）→東京帝国大学農学部附属農業教員養成所→東京農業教育専門学校（→東京教育大学）として独立
English: Commercial Teacher Training School Attached to Tokyo Higher Commercial School (1899-)=> Commercial Teacher Training School Attached to Tokyo University of Commerce (old system) => abolished on May, 1949.
Japanese: 東京高等商業学校附設商業教員養成所（1899年-）→東京商科大学(旧制)附属商業教員養成所→1949年5月廃止
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Tokyo Higher Technical School (1899-)=> Higher Technical Teacher Training School attached to Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Japanese: 東京高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1899年-）→東京工業大学附属高等工業教員養成所
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Osaka Higher Technical School (1920-)=> Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Osaka Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 大阪高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1920年-）→大阪工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Yokohama Higher Technical School (1929-)=> Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Yokohama Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 横浜高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1929年-）→横浜工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Nagoya Higher Technical School (1929-)=> Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Nagoya Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 名古屋高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1929年-）→名古屋工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: Temporary Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Kumamoto Higher Technical School (1939-) => Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Kumamoto Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 熊本高等工業学校附設工業臨時教員養成所（1939年）→熊本工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Hiroshima Higher Technical School (1939-)=> Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Hiroshima Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 広島高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1939年）→広島工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Sendai Higher Technical School (1943)=> Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Sendai Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 仙台高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1943年）→仙台工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Kanazawa Higher Technical School (1943) => Technical Teacher Training School Attached to Kanazawa Vocational Technical School
Japanese: 金沢高等工業学校附設工業教員養成所（1943年）→金沢工業専門学校附設工業教員養成所
English: With educational system reform, these schools became a part of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kumamoto University, Hiroshima University, Muroran Institute of Technology, Ibaraki University, Kanazawa University, and Tohoku University, respectively, and commercial teacher training and industrial teacher training programs were set up.
Japanese: これらは学制改革でそれぞれ東京工業大学・熊本大学・広島大学・室蘭工業大学・茨城大学・金沢大学・東北大学の一部となって、商業教員養成課程・工業教員養成課程が設置された。
English: In private university specialty divisions (university specialty divisions (old system) correspond to old-system vocational schools by Vocational School Order) and in private vocational schools, a higher normal school section/higher normal school course for training teachers for normal schools/middle schools and higher women's schools and normal school course for training teachers for elementary schools were set up.
Japanese: 私立大学専門部（大学専門部(旧制)＝専門学校令による旧制専門学校にあたる）・私立専門学校に、師範学校・中学校、高等女学校の教員を養成するための高等師範部・高等師範科が、小学校の教員を養成するための師範科が、設置された。
English: Besides normal schools and higher normal schools, government-established old-system vocational schools and private vocational schools provided various courses in training teachers for art, music, physical education and martial arts.
Japanese: 師範学校、高等師範学校などの他に、官立の旧制専門学校、私立の専門学校・各種学校において図画、音楽、体育・武道、教員の養成課程があった。
English: Old-system advanced Course of girls' high schools and women's vocational school had contributed greatly in training homemaking teachers.
Japanese: 家庭科教員の養成は高等女学校専攻科、旧制女子専門学校が大きな役割を果たしていた。
English: Tokyo Higher Sports School (1941) => Tokyo Vocational Sports School => Tokyo University of Education => Tsukuba University
Japanese: 東京高等体育学校（1941年）→東京体育専門学校→東京教育大学→筑波大学
English: Japanese Physical Education Association Training Institute of Gymnastics => Japanese Physical Education Normal School of Gymnastics => Japan Vocational Sports School => Nippon Sport Science University
Japanese: 日本体育会体操練習所→日本体育会体操学校→日本体育専門学校→日本体育大学
English: Hirosaki Women's Japanese and Western Sewing Normal School Course (1928), Hirosaki Women's Japanese and Western Sewing Higher Normal School Course (1933) => Tohoku Women's College
Japanese: 弘前和洋裁縫女学校師範科（1928年）、弘前和洋裁縫女学校高等師範科（1933年）→東北女子大学
English: Jinjo shogakko was a name for institutions of elementary education from the Meiji period to early Showa period.
Japanese: 尋常小学校（じんじょうしょうがっこう）は、明治時代から昭和初期にかけての初等教育機関の名称。
English: Jinjo shogakko and koto shogakko (higher elementary schools) were established by the Primary School Order in 1886.
Japanese: 1886年（明治19年）の小学校令で尋常小学校・高等小学校が設置される。
English: The duration of study at jinjo shogakko (compulsory education) at the time was either three or four years.
Japanese: この時の尋常小学校（義務教育）の修業年数は3年間若しくは4年間であった。
English: Through several changes that followed, it was extended to six years in 1907 under Vice-Minister of Education, Masataro SAWAYANAGI.
Japanese: その後何回かの変遷を経て、澤柳政太郎文部次官の下、1907年（明治40年）に6年間に延長された。
English: Kokumin gakko (national schools) were established by the National School Order in 1941, and jinjo shogakko and koto shogakko were put to an end.
Japanese: 1941年（昭和16年）の国民学校令により、国民学校が設置され、尋常小学校・高等小学校は消滅した。
English: Kobe Naval Training Center is a naval officer training Institute and Navy Arsenal that Bakufu established in Kobe City in May 1864 under a proposal of Kaishu Katsu, a government's naval magistrate.
Japanese: 神戸海軍操練所（こうべかいぐんそうれんじょ）は、江戸時代の1864年（元治1年）5月に、軍艦奉行の勝海舟の建言により幕府が神戸市に設置した海軍士官養成機関、海軍工廠である。
English: Although KATSU was a shogun's retainer, he foresaw collapse of the Bakufu and many patriots of forces of overthrowing the Shogunate gathered to him.
Japanese: 幕臣でありながら幕府の瓦解を予見していた勝の元には、倒幕派の志士も多く集っていた。
English: Kobe which had been a fishing village began to develop as a port town since this training center was established in Kobe.
Japanese: この操練所が神戸に出来て以後、漁村であった神戸は港町としての成長を見せ始めるようになる。
English: KATSU foresaw it, and advised the locals who took care of him there that 'you had better buy lands before it's too late.'
Japanese: それを見越していた勝は、地元で自分の世話をしてくれた者に「今のうちに土地を買っておくがいい」と助言した。
English: However, the Choshu Domain, which had lost its position in Coup of August 18, was accused of having attacked Kyoto, Kinmon Incident.
Japanese: しかし、八月十八日の政変で失脚した長州藩が京都へ進攻した禁門の変の責を問われた。
English: This training center with many students who were sympathetic to Tosa Dappan Roshi (masterless samurai who left the Tosa domain) or Choshu was closed down in 1865, the following year, because it was deemed to have a strong anti-Bakufu hue in spite of an organ of the Bakufu.
Japanese: さらに土佐脱藩浪士や長州に同情的な意見を持つ生徒が多かったこの操練所は、幕府の機関でありながら反幕府的な色合いが濃いとして翌年1865年に閉鎖された。
English: Some researcher such as Rei MATSUURA and Hiroshi SHINOHARA proposes an opinion that a private school of Kaishu KATSU and Kobe Naval Training Center should be considered individually.
Japanese: ちなみに、神戸海軍操練所と勝海舟個人の私塾は別物として考えねばならないという説が、松浦玲や篠原宏といった研究者から出されている。
English: He was disappointed at closing of the training center that was the stage of youth after leaving the domain and dismissal of KATSU as his teacher.
Japanese: 脱藩後の青春の舞台であった操練所の閉鎖と、師である勝の罷免は彼を失望させた。
English: However, adopting the opinions of such as Rei MATSUURA, Ryoma was not able to enter Kobe Naval Training Center, and was not a leading student of the private school of Kaishu KATSU.
Japanese: ただし、松浦玲などの意見を採用するならば、龍馬は神戸海軍操練所には入れず、勝海舟個人の私塾の塾頭でもなかった。
English: In fact, it is thought that not Ryoma but Yonosuke SATO was managed the private school of Kaishu KATSU.
Japanese: 実際のところ、勝海舟の私塾を取り仕切っていたのは龍馬ではなく、佐藤与之助であったと考えられる。
English: However, KATSU himself told in "Hikawa seiwa" that Ryoma SAKAMOTO was a leading student of the private school.
Japanese: しかし、勝自身が、『氷川清話』のなかで、坂本竜馬が塾頭であったと語っている。
English: It may be impossible to think SAKAMOTO had no relationship with the Kobe Naval Training Center or the private supplementary school associated with it.
Japanese: したがって、坂本が、神戸の海軍操練所あるいは、それに付随した塾と全く関係がなかったということはできないだろう。
English: Narutakijuku was a private school established in the suburbs of Nagasaki by Philip Franz von Siebold in 1824.
Japanese: 鳴滝塾（なるたきじゅく）は、文政7年（1824年）に、フィリップ・フランツ・フォン・シーボルトが長崎郊外に設けた私塾。
English: Siebold commuted from Dejima to his school, and he taught a wide range scientific fields of study such as western medicine and the natural sciences.
Japanese: シーボルトは出島から塾まで通い、西洋医学や自然科学など科学の幅広い分野を教授した。
English: Those who studied at Narutakijuku amounted to more than 50 people, including Choei TAKANO, Keisaku NINOMIYA, Genboku ITO and Seikai TOTSUKA.
Japanese: 鳴滝塾で学んだのは、高野長英、二宮敬作、伊東玄朴、戸塚静海など50人以上に及ぶ。
English: The site of this private school is located in Narutaki, Nagasaki city, and it is a national historic site, 'Former Site of Siebold's Residence.'
Japanese: 私塾の跡地は現在の長崎市鳴滝にあり、国の史跡「シーボルト宅跡」となっている。
English: Siebold Memorial Museum was opened by the City of Nagasaki in 1989, in the area neighboring the former site of Siebold's residence.
Japanese: 跡地に隣接して1989年（平成元年）に長崎市によりシーボルト記念館が開館された。
English: Rangaku Juku is a kind of gakumonjo (school), spread as a private school in the Edo period, to learn Western studies.
Japanese: 蘭学塾（らんがくじゅく）は、江戸時代に西洋の学問を学ぶために私塾として広まった学問所。
English: As a place to study western learning (蘭学, Rangaku), it was used to teach western medicine and astronomy mainly in the beginning; chemistry, physics, and western architectonics additionally in the later years, and took a large roll in the modernization of Japan.
Japanese: ヨーロッパの学問（蘭学）を初期は主に西洋医学と天文学、後に化学、物理学、西洋建築学等を学ぶ場所として使われ、その後の日本の近代化に大きな役割を果たした。
English: In the Edo period, the studies of Europe (western medicine, chemistry, physics) mean the western learning (蘭学, Rangaku), because in the period of national isolation, Netherlands was the only trading partner for Japan with the exception of Qing (current People's Republic of China).
Japanese: 江戸時代はヨーロッパの学問（西洋医学、化学、物理学等）と言えば蘭学であるが、これは鎖国時代に清（中華人民共和国）を除けば海外と交易していた相手はオランダのみであったためである。
English: Many of the western books came to Japan through the Netherlands (阿蘭陀, Oranda) and were called the books of the Netherlands, '蘭書 (Ransho),' and those western studies from the other parts of Europe were also called the learning of the Netherlands, '蘭学 (Rangaku).'
Japanese: 洋書の多くは都合オランダ経由で入ってきたためオランダ（阿蘭陀）の書物「蘭書」と呼びオランダ以外の西洋学問のこともオランダ（阿蘭陀）学問「蘭学」で呼ぶようになった。
English: Although western learning had been banned by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which was concerning about the effect of Christianity, at the earliest stage of the commerce between the West, the ban was lifted as a part of the reformation in the period of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the 8th seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians) and the history of Rangaku in Japan was started.
Japanese: 西洋との交流が始まった最初期は西洋のキリスト教による影響を鑑みて江戸幕府は蘭学の禁止を打ち出していたが、八代征夷大将軍徳川吉宗公の代に改革の一部として解禁され日本の蘭学史が幕を開けた。
English: However, after the ban that had continued about 100 years in Japan, even the translators in Nagasaki could not read and write Dutch, and under the circumstance in which only one mistake could lead to Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), the translators were unenterprising about dissemination of western learning (they also thought western learning would diminish the value of translators.)
Japanese: しかし禁令が布かれて百年あまりの日本では長崎で通詞をする人間も読み書きは出来ず、ひとたび失敗をすれば切腹させられかねない状況や、通詞としての価値を下げかねない蘭学の普及に積極的になることはなかった。
English: Also in the desperately-needed medical field, only some translators, trained by the doctors working for the Dutch trading houses in Dejima, put out schools that brought down a branch of medical science, a blending of Japanese and western styles of medical techniques, called Koumougeka (紅毛外科) (red hair surgery) by heredity, and although the Edo bakufu called on some Chinese classical literary people such as Genjo NORO and Konyo AOKI to solve the issue, they could only wrote down some 700 words.
Japanese: また、切実に求められた医学の分野では出島オランダ商館医に指導を受けた通詞の家のいくつかが紅毛外科（こうもうげか）と称する和洋折衷の医学を一子相伝的に伝える流派を生み出すのみであり、幕府は漢文学者であった野呂元丈、青木昆陽らを招聘して対策に当たらせたが単語700余りを書き留めるに終わってしまった。
English: The book of medicine, "Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy)," published 50 years after the lifting of the ban, salvaged the situation.
Japanese: この状況を打開したのは禁令解禁より50年余りが経過した後に出版された医書『解体新書』であった。
English: The doctors such as Ryotaku MAENO and Genpaku SUGITA succeeded to translate the western book of medicine, "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" by self-study.
Japanese: 医師、前野良沢、杉田玄白らが独学で西洋医学書『ターヘル・アナトミア』の訳出に成功。
English: Before that, even though the ban had been lifted, if they acted openly they could be considered as ones with traitorous intention against the Edo bakufu and immediately subjected to penalties.
Japanese: それまで蘭学は禁令が解かれたとはいえ表立って行動を起こせば幕府への反逆の意思ありとみなされ、即処罰の対象にされかねない状況であった。
English: However, because of the success, many disciples gathered to study with Genpaku SUGITA, and with the need of a private school for their training, Rangakujuku, 'Tenshinro (天真楼)' was established.
Japanese: しかし、この成功により杉田玄白の下には多くの弟子が集まりその教育のために私塾の必要性が生じここに蘭学塾「天真楼」が創設された。
English: Gentaku OTSUKI, one of the disciples of Ryotaku MAENO and Genpaku SUGITA, established a private school called 'Shirando (芝蘭堂)' after finished studying in 'Tenshinro.'
Japanese: 前野良沢、杉田玄白の弟子大槻玄沢は「天真楼」に学んだ後、私塾「芝蘭堂」を創設。
English: Many Rangakujuku were established from those Rangakujuku (Tenshinro, Shirando) in the late Edo period when people were anxious to bring in knowledge of overseas
Japanese: これらの塾から海外の事を取り入れようとやっきになっていた江戸時代末期の蘭学塾が多くが作られた。
English: In particular, Keiogijuku University originated in a Rangakujuku and the word 'Juku' still means the university because of this fact.
Japanese: 特に慶應義塾大学などは元々は蘭学塾からスタートしており、今でも大学のことを塾と呼ぶのはこの名残である。
English: Choyo Gakko was a three-story school with tile-roofing in western style, which was built in the premises of the current Tsuruoka City Hall by order of prefectural governor Michitsune MISHIMA in 1876.
Japanese: 朝暘学校（ちょうようがっこう）は、1876年（明治9年）に県令三島通庸の命により現在の鶴岡市役所の敷地内に建設された洋風瓦葺3階建ての学校のことである。
English: This was because he intended to notify the region where the people were antipathetic to the Meiji government of the prestige of the new government and the beginning of a new era.
Japanese: これは明治政府に対する反感の強かったこの地方に、新政府の威光と新しい時代が始まったことを告げるねらいがあった。
English: He made efforts to muster top-level human resources and build the school from his experience of construction of Ginza Renga-gai (brick town or brick street) when he was a counselor of the Tokyo city.
Japanese: そのため東京市参事での銀座煉瓦街建設の経験から当時の最高レベルの人材を集め、学校建設に力を注いだのである。
English: Monument of the prefectural official Sukeyuki HARAGUCHI, a samurai ancestor of Kagoshima, who directed the construction of the school, is located in Seiko-ji Temple in the city.
Japanese: 同市内の井岡寺（せいこうじ）に建設指揮に当たった県官吏鹿児島県士族原口祐之の寿碑
English: A sophisticated 1:50 scale model of Choyo Gakko is exhibited in the former Shonai Domain school, Chido-kan (Confucian school), opposite to the Tsuruoka City Hall.
Japanese: 朝暘学校の50分の1スケールの精巧な模型が鶴岡市役所向かいの旧庄内藩校致道館に展示
English: School of foreign languages (old education system) is a group of higher education schools that were, among those specialty schools under the old education system that existed until the school system reform was conducted after the end of World War II, dedicated to learning of foreign languages and renamed 'foreign affairs college' (or foreign language college) during World War II (which are therefore different from schools of foreign languages established as vocational schools).
Japanese: ここでいう旧制外国語学校とは、第二次世界大戦後に学制改革が行われるまで存在した旧制専門学校のうち、外国語の専門教育を行うものであり、戦時期に「外事専門学校」（もしくは語学専門学校）と改称された一群の高等教育機関を指す（したがって各種学校として設立された外国語学校とは異なる）。
English: This article also describes the 'schools of foreign languages' in the early Meiji period as a 'prehistory' when they weren't yet instituted as vocational schools under the old education system.
Japanese: なお、この項目では「前史」ともいうべき旧制専門学校として制度化される以前の明治初期の「外国語学校」についても述べる。
English: A large number of schools of foreign languages were established all over the country as national, public and private schools from the end of the Tokugawa period to the period around the Meiji Restoration, but many of them were either abolished or converted to junior high schools (old education system), and only three schools in Tokyo and Osaka remained as national higher education institutes.
Japanese: 幕末期から明治維新期にかけ、全国に官公私立の外国語学校が多数設立されたが、多くは廃止されるか旧制中学校に転換され、高等教育機関としては東京・大阪の官立3校のみが残った。
English: Of them, two schools except for Tokyo Gaikokugo Gakko (Tokyo School of Foreign Language) were restructured into Higher Middle School (Senior High School [old education system]).
Japanese: このうち東京外国語学校(旧制)を除く2校は、高等中学校-旧制高等学校に改組された。
English: There was only one School of Foreign Languages (Foreign Affairs College) that became a vocational school (old education system) upon enactment of the Acts of Colleges, which was National Tokyo School of Foreign Language in Tokyo, and subsequently one national school in Osaka, one public school in Kokura and one pubic school in Kobe were founded, while private schools were established such as Tenri School of Foreign Languages.
Japanese: 専門学校令施行の時点で旧制専門学校となった外国語学校（外事専門学校）は、東京の官立東京外国語学校1校のみであったが、これ以後大阪に官立1校、小倉・神戸に公立各1校が設置、私立校としては天理外国語学校などが設立された。
English: In 1944 during World War II, the majority of schools of foreign languages were renamed 'foreign affairs college.'
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦中の1944年、外国語学校はそのほとんどが「外事専門学校」（外専）と改称された。
English: Two national schools were inherited by Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and Osaka University of Foreign Studies, while two public schools by the University of Kitakyushu and Kobe City University of Foreign Studies.
Japanese: 官立2校は東京外国語大学・大阪外国語大学の国立2外大に、公立2校は北九州市立大学・神戸市外国語大学に継承されている。
English: The prosperity of 'yogaku-juku' (literally school of foreign languages) established at various parts of Japan from the end of the Tokugawa period to years around the Meiji Restoration culminated by the establishment of the Tokyo School of Foreign Language (under old education system) in 1873 and seven national schools of foreign languages in Aichi, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Niigata, Miyagi and Osaka (two in Nagasaki).
Japanese: 幕末以降、明治維新期に至るまで国内各地での洋学塾の盛行は、1873年の東京外国語学校(旧制)設立、翌1874年の愛知・広島・長崎・新潟・宮城・大阪の官立外国語学校7校の設立（うち長崎は2校）に結実した。
English: Since English was particularly popular among foreign languages in those days, the English Department of the Tokyo School of Foreign Languages became independent as Daiichi High School (old education system), and other national schools of foreign languages were also renamed English Language School.
Japanese: 当時の外国語教育のなかで特に盛んだったのは英語であったため、東京外国語学校の英語科は第一高等学校(旧制)として独立、それ以外の官立外国語学校も英語学校と改称された。
English: But because of the financial difficulty following the Seinan War, English Language Schools in Aichi, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Niigata and Miyagi were closed in 1877 (and were later transferred to their respective prefectures and reformed as junior high schools [old education system]), and those in Tokyo and Osaka were reformed to be Preparatory School of the University of Tokyo and Osaka Technical College, respectively, which became the predecessor of Daiichi High School (old education system) and Daisan High School (old education system), respectively.
Japanese: しかし西南戦争後の財政難により1877年、愛知・広島・長崎・新潟・宮城の各英語学校は廃止（その後地元の県に移管され、旧制中学校に改編）、東京・大阪の英語学校はそれぞれ東京大学予備門および大阪専門学校に改組され、第一高等学校(旧制)・第三高等学校(旧制)の前身となった。
English: Partly affected by the decline of "bunmei kaika" (civilization and enlightenment), other private foreign language schools started to rapidly decline in those days.
Japanese: また文明開化の退潮も影響して、他の私立外国語学校もこの頃から急速に減少していった。
English: The remaining Tokyo School of Foreign Languages was merged by Tokyo Shogyo Gakko (Tokyo Commercial College) (predecessor of Hitotsubashi University) in 1885, marking a temporary disappearance of national schools of foreign languages.
Japanese: 残る東京外国語学校も1885年には東京商業学校（一橋大学の前身）に併合され官立外国語学校は一時消滅した。
English: A school of foreign languages was established as an affiliated institute of Tokyo Higher Commercial School, the successor of Tokyo Commercial College, in 1897 and was independent as Tokyo School of Foreign Languages two years later or in 1899.
Japanese: 1897年、東京商業学校の後身である東京高等商業学校の附属として外国語学校が設置、さらに2年後の1899年には東京外国語学校として独立した。
English: In the 1920s, Osaka School of Foreign Languages (old education system) was established in 1921, and Tenri School of Foreign Languages (predecessor of Tenri University) was established as the first private school of foreign languages as per the Acts of Colleges in 1927.
Japanese: ついで1920年代に入ると、1921年に大阪外国語学校(旧制)、1927年には私立最初の専門学校令による外国語学校として天理外国語学校（天理大学の前身）が設立された。
English: Those schools of foreign languages were positioned as institutes for training of people who would conduct some activities in foreign countries such as diplomatic activities, trading or missionary work, and what characterized those schools was that they emphasized education of minor languages such as Chinese, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Malay and Indian languages other than English, French, and German, the essential academic subjects for those who intend to enter Imperial universities from senior high schools (old education system).
Japanese: これらの外国語学校は外交・貿易・布教など海外活動実務者の養成機関として位置づけられ、旧制高等学校-帝国大学進学者にとって必須の教養であった英語・フランス語・ドイツ語のみならず、中国語・ロシア語・スペイン語・ポルトガル語・マレー語・印度諸言語など、よりマイナーな語学の教育を重視していたという点に特徴がある。
English: From 1944, almost every foreign language school was renamed 'foreign affairs college,' and this system survived basically until the school system reform after the end of World War II.
Japanese: 1944年以後各外国語学校はおおむね「外事専門学校」と改称、基本的には戦後の学制改革まで引き継がれた。
English: In 1946, after World War II, two public foreign affairs colleges, one in Kobe and the other in Kokura, were established as the last schools in the old education system.
Japanese: 戦争終結後の1946年、旧制校としては最末期のものになる神戸・小倉の公立外専2校が設立された。
English: When universities under the new system of education were established following the school system reform in 1949, many of them were incorporated or merged by four-year universities (and partly to junior colleges) and finally abolished in 1951.
Japanese: 1949年の学制改革による新制大学設立に際し、多くは4年制大学（一部は短期大学）に包括・吸収され1951年に廃止となった。
English: The 'Language Course' of Kaisei School, which originated to Bansho-wage Goyo (Government Office for Translation of Barbarian Books) established in 1857 by the Tokugawa Shogunate, was separated from Kaisei School, and language schools of the Foreign Affairs Ministry were integrated together with the said separated course to become Tokyo School of Foreign Languages.
Japanese: 1857年設置された江戸幕府の蛮書和解御用を源流とする開成学校の「語学課程」を分離、外務省の語学学校などを統合し設立。
English: It was renamed Aichi English Language School, but closed in 1877, and the school building and facilities were inherited by Aichi Junior High School in Aichi Prefecture, which was renamed Daiichi Junior High School in Aichi Prefecture in 1899 and then became the predecessor of today's Aichi Prefectural Asahigaoka High School.
Japanese: 愛知英語学校と改称され、1877年の廃止にともなって愛知県愛知中学校が校舎・施設を引き継ぎ開校、1899年に愛知県第一中学校に改称、現在の愛知県立旭丘高等学校の前身となった。