nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As a result that the Second World War ended, Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were demobilized and military men who were originally supposed to carry a sword went out of existence.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦が終了した結果、大日本帝国陸軍、大日本帝国海軍が解体され、旧来その対象とされていた軍人が存在しなくなった。
English: Considering that Haitorei had already lost its effectiveness at that time, the government decided to abolish this act by the article No.4 of the law on organizing regulations relevant to the Cabinet and the Prime Minister's Office (the 203rd law in 1954).
Japanese: 当時においては既に実効性を喪失していると判断した政府は、内閣及び総理府関係法令の整理に関する法律（昭和29年法律第203号）の本則第4号により本法を廃止することとした。
English: The First Ito Cabinet was launched when Sangi (councilor), Hirobumi ITO was assigned as the first prime minister and lasted from December 22 to April 30.
Japanese: 第1次伊藤内閣（だい1じいとうないかく）は、参議の伊藤博文が初代内閣総理大臣に任命され、12月22日から4月30日まで続いた内閣(日本)。
English: It was the first Japanese Cabinet based on the cabinet system founded after abolishing the System of Departments of State by Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) number 69.
Japanese: 太政官達第69号により太政官制を廃止し、代わりに創設された内閣制に基づいて成立した日本最初の内閣である。
English: Organized with an emphasis on balanced assignment, the cabinet consisted mainly of people from domain cliques, with 4 people from the Choshu Domain and four from the Satsuma Domain being inducted into the cabinet (however, Kiyotaka KURODA, who was thought to be the central figure of the Satsuma clique, did not get a place in the Cabinet at that time).
Japanese: いわゆる藩閥出身者が殆どを占め、長州藩・薩摩藩出身者が各4名ずつ入閣させる（ただし、薩摩閥の中核と見られていた黒田清隆は当初入閣せず）などのバランス重視型の布陣となった。
English: The preparation for constitutional system progressed steadily as the reform of Imperial Japanese Army toward German-style system, education reform such as Imperial University Law and Primary School Order and establishment of local authority system were carried out, and Ito himself made the draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan along with Kowashi INOUE, Kentaro KANEKO, and Miyoji ITO.
Japanese: 大日本帝国陸軍のドイツ式組織への改革や帝国大学令・小学校令などの制定に代表される教育改革、市町村制の確立などが行われ、伊藤自身も井上毅・金子堅太郎・伊東巳代治と大日本帝国憲法草案を作成するなど、立憲体制への準備が着々と進められた。
English: However, the policy of Europeanization represented by Rokumeikan and 'a foreigner judge' system, which was included in the amendment of the treaty promoted by Ito's sworn ally Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan), antagonized inside and outside Japan, and criticism of the government was mounted rapidly due to the petition of three major affairs by democratic-rights movement, the movement to unite for a common purpose and the resignation of Tateki TANI, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, who was thought to be a member of conservative political party (direct rule by the emperor party) ([The crisis of the 20th year of the Meiji era]).
Japanese: だが、伊藤の盟友である井上馨外務大臣(日本)が進めた条約改正案にあった「外国人裁判官」制度と鹿鳴館に代表される欧化政策が内外の反感を買い、自由民権運動による三大事件建白書や大同団結運動、保守中正派（天皇親政派）と見られた谷干城農商務大臣の辞任を招くなど、政府批判が一気に高まった（「明治20年の危機」）。
English: So Ito was obliged to have Inoue step down and took his political enemies Shigenobu OKUMA and Kiyotaka KURODA into cabinet as a Minister of Foreign Affair and a Minister of Agriculture and Commerce respectively, and set out to suppress the Freedom and People's Rights Movement Party, however, he resigned from prime minister to assume as Chairman of the Privy Council with the view to concentrating on the establishment of constitution and Former Imperial House Act.
Japanese: そこで伊藤はやむなく井上を辞任させて、政敵と言える大隈重信と黒田清隆をそれぞれ外務大臣・農商務大臣として入閣させ、保安条例を制定して自由民権派の弾圧に乗り出したが、憲法・旧皇室典範の制定事業に専念するために、総理大臣を辞して新設の枢密院議長に転じた。
English: In this section mentioned are achievemens of Kuroda Cabinet as well as the background of Sanjo Provisional Cabinet lead by Sanetomi SANJO, Minister of the Interior, that existed for two months after Kuroda's stepping down from his position as Prime Minister.
Japanese: 本項では、黒田内閣の事績とともに、黒田の総理辞任後2ヵ月間にわたって存在した内大臣･三條實美を首班とする三條暫定内閣（さんじょうざんていないかく）の背景についても解説する。
English: Sanjo Provisional Cabinet continued from October 25 to December 24 in the same year.
Japanese: 三條暫定内閣は、10月25日から同年12月24日まで続いた内閣である。
English: Hirobumi ITO decided to step down from his position as Prime Minister and assume office as the first Chairman of the Privy Council in order to focus on the establishment of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and nominated Kiyotaka KURODA who was one of the important figures of the domain and who had already been in the cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, as his successor.
Japanese: 伊藤博文は大日本帝国憲法の制定に専念するため総理を辞して初代枢密院議長に転じることになり、後任には藩閥の中心的存在のひとりで農商務大臣として閣内にあった黒田清隆を推奏した。
English: KURODA had all ministers stay in office except his position as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce which was taken over by Takeaki ENOMOTO, Minister of Communication, and started a new cabinet (Later, Kaoru INOUE was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce).
Japanese: 黒田は自分が務めていた農商務大臣を逓信大臣の榎本武揚に兼務させたほかは、全閣僚を留任させて新内閣を発足させた（農商務大臣には後に井上馨を専任）。
English: The purpose of Kuroda Cabinet was to enhance the control of Jiyu Minken Undo (democratic-rights movement) which would be rekindled due to the establishment of the constitution and the foundation of the imperial diet, and also to revise the unequal treaty which had been untouched since it was concluded with the allied western powers.
Japanese: 黒田内閣の役目は、憲法制定と帝国議会開設によって再燃が予想された自由民権運動に対する取締り強化と、欧米列強との間に交わされたままとなっていた不平等条約の条約改正することであった。
English: The day after the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the election law of the members of the House of Representatives were issued (February 12, 1889), KURODA made the speech called 'speech of the doctrine of superiority' in order to show his attitude to cope with the political parties to the bottom in the luncheon held at Rokumeikan, and on the other hand, he had Shigenobu OKUMA, who was also the former president of the Constitutional Progressive Party, stay in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) to assign the mission to revise the treaty.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法、衆議院議員選挙法が公布された翌日（1889年（明治22年）2月12日）、黒田は鹿鳴館で開催された午餐会の席上において「超然主義演説」を行って政党との徹底対決の姿勢を示したが、その一方で立憲改進党前総裁（実質は党首）で外務大臣(日本)の大隈重信を留任させて条約改正の任にあたらせた。
English: Also, as for the position of Minister of Communication which was vacant due to the transfer of Takeaki ENOMOTO to the Minister of Education after the former Minister of Education, Arinori MORI, was assassinated, KURODA appointed Shojiro GOTO, former advocate of the Great Merger Movement, in order to water down the movement and prevent the democratic-rights parties from getting together.
Japanese: また文部大臣の森有礼の暗殺後、榎本武揚が文部大臣に移動して空席となった逓信大臣には、大同団結運動の主唱者であった後藤象二郎を充てて、同運動を骨抜きにすることで自由民権諸派の団結を阻止した。
English: As for the revision of treaty, he achieved to conclude Japan-Mexico Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation which was an equal treaty with Mexico, so the negotiation for the unequal treaty with the powerful countries seemed to be going well.
Japanese: また条約改正の分野でも、メキシコとの間に平等条約である日墨修好通商条約を締結することに成功、列強との条約改正交渉も順調に行くかに見えた。
English: However, once they realized the revision proposal prepared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs contained the article suggesting an appointment of a foreign judge as a compromise plan, it caused an utter confusion like a madhouse.
Japanese: しかし外務省が用意した改正草案に妥協案として「外国人裁判官の任用」の条項が含まれていたことが明らかになると、蜂の巣を突いたような大騒動となった。
English: The Great Merger Movement that had once fallen apart was rekindled, this time involving Taisuke ITAGAKI, and even the insiders of the government such as Aritomo YAMAGATA, Shojiro GOTO, Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE and so on showed their will against the compromise plan.
Japanese: 一旦解体したはずの大同団結運動が今度は板垣退助を擁して再燃し、政府内からも山縣有朋や後藤象二郎、伊藤博文、井上馨らが妥協案に反対する意志を示した。
English: Following this, on October 18, Tsuneki KURUSHIMA, a member of the Genyosha Nationalism Organization, threw a bomb at OKUMA, who was about to enter the official residence for the Minister of Foreign Affairs by carriage; the bomb severely injured OKUMA and he had to have his right leg amputated.
Japanese: そこへ来て10月18日には、馬車で外相官邸に入ろうとした大隈に国家主義団体玄洋社団員来島恒喜が爆烈弾を投げつけ、大隈が右脚切断の重傷を負うという椿事が発生した。
English: However, Emperor Meiji didn't accept the resignation except KURODA's, and ordered the other ministers to stay in their positions and newly appointed Sanetomi SANJO as Prime Minister keeping him as Minister of the center, in order to maintain the cabinet.
Japanese: ところが明治天皇は黒田の辞表のみを受理して、他の閣僚には引き続きその任に当たることを命じるとともに、内大臣の三條實美に内閣総理大臣を兼任させて内閣を存続させた。
English: In this period, each system could be run flexibly, and Emperor's vagary could be accepted.
Japanese: 諸制度の運用に関してはまだ柔軟性があり、天皇の気まぐれもまだ許容された時代だった。
English: Setting aside the question about his real power, SANJO had always strived to organize everything as head seat of new Meiji government since the System of Departments of State was introduced in 1869, but it was four years earlier that it was put an end by the introduction of cabinet system led by Hirobumi ITO.
Japanese: 三條は1869年（明治2年）に太政官制太政官制が導入されて以来、実権はさておき、名目上は常に明治新政府の首班として諸事万端を整えることに努めてきたが、伊藤博文の主導する内閣制度の導入によってこれに終止符が打たれたのはこの4年前のことだった。
English: Once ITO assumed office as Prime Minister, SANJO transferred to imperial court as Minister of the center, after that, he served as a close adviser of Emperor, but Minister of center's Office was originally a honorary position exclusively set up for SANJO, so actually he was just like a man in a penthouse without means to go down.
Japanese: 伊藤が内閣総理大臣に就任したことにともない、三條は内大臣として宮中にまわり、以後は天皇の側近としてこれを「常侍輔弼」することになったのだが、そもそも内大臣府は三條処遇のために創られた名誉職であり、実際は彼を二階へあげて梯子を外したも同然だった。
English: The office Emperor gave to SANJO was 'double duties' not 'provisional double duties', and after that, Emperor did not get in contact with him.
Japanese: 天皇が三條に下した命は「臨時兼任」ではなく「兼任」であり、しかもその後は何の沙汰も下さない日が続いた。
English: On December 24 in the same year, two months after that, Emperor finally ordered Aritomo YAMAGATA for a formation of the cabinet.
Japanese: 天皇が次の山縣有朋に組閣の大命を下したのは実に2ヵ月も経った同年12月24日のことだった。
English: This is why the term was considered having a cabinet, and it came to be called 'Sanjo Provisional Cabinet'.
Japanese: そのためこの期間はひとつの内閣が存在したものとして、これを「三條暫定内閣」と呼ぶことになった。
English: However, once the constitution was put in force and the position such as 'provisional double duty' or 'provisional duty' settled down as a system, the background of the double duty of SANJO had gradually come to be treated as a special exception in the past.
Japanese: しかしやがて憲法が施行され、内閣総理大臣の「内閣総理大臣臨時代理内閣総理大臣「臨時兼任」と「臨時代理」」や「内閣総理大臣臨時代理内閣総理大臣「臨時兼任」と「臨時代理」」が制度として定着すると、この三條による総理兼任の背後事情は次第に過去の特別な例外として扱われるようになった。
English: It is the widely-accepted theory today that 'SANJO is not included as the Prime Ministers in the history' as it was because 'the post was continued from Kuroda Cabinet' though 'SANJO, Minister of the center, also held the post as Prime Minister' in the two months.
Japanese: 今日ではこの2ヵ月間に「内大臣の三條が内閣総理大臣を兼任していた」とはしながらも、それは「黒田内閣の延長」であって「三條は歴代の内閣総理大臣には含めない」とすることが時代の趨勢となっている。
English: Shindenbunchi is a form of samurai branch family in the Edo period.
Japanese: 新田分知（しんでんぶんち）とは、江戸時代における武家の分家形態の一つである。
English: When a branch family is established, the family is given a territory newly developed after entering into a new domain, not a territory given by the lord.
Japanese: 分家の創設の際に、主君から与えられた領地ではなく入封後新規に開発した領地（新田）を分与する方式である。
English: When the branch family of a daimyo had more than ten thousands koku (approximately 1.8 million liters of crop yield) in the territory given as shindenbunchi, the branch family might be called XX Shinden-han (domain).
Japanese: 大名家の新田分知において分家も1万石以上の石高がある場合、分家のことを○○新田藩と称することがある。
English: Cases with daimyo will be mainly explained below, but the same is true in hatamoto except as otherwise noted.
Japanese: 以下においては、大名家のケースを中心に記述するが、特に注釈しない場合は旗本の場合も同様である。
English: An appointed territory distributed, but the income from the territory as rice stored provided by the head family (e.g. a branch family of the Satake clan of Kubota Domain).
Japanese: 領地を指定して分与するが、そこからの収入は本家から蔵米で支給する（久保田藩佐竹氏の分家など）。
English: Only income provided by the head family without designating territory to be distributed (a branch family of the Asano clan of Hiroshima Domain).
Japanese: 分与する領地を指定せず、収入のみを本家から支給する（広島藩浅野氏の分家など）。
English: In any case, the territory of a branch family was recognized as a new paddy on newly reclaimed land and was distinguished from originally registered rice paddies.
Japanese: いずれのケースにおいても分家の領地は新田高として本来の領地である本田高と区別される。
English: Also, omote-daka of the head family did not change even when the samurai status of the branch family was changed due to succeeding the head family and its territory was returned to it.
Japanese: また、分家が本家を相続するなどして改易され分知領が本家に返されても本家の表高は変化しない。
English: However, in the cases of fudai daimyo (daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who were often transferred from one fief to another, the territory of a branch family was sometimes treated as a registered rice paddy with no specific procedure.
Japanese: ただし、転封の多い譜代大名や旗本の場合は、特に手続きもなく分家の領地が本田高として扱われるようになるケースがある。
English: For example, the Naito clan of Iwakitaira Domain whose crop yields were 70,000 koku received 10,000 koku and established Yunagaya Domain as shindenbunchi in the form of 1, but the territory of 70,000 koku given with the relocation of Nobeoka Domain did not include the territory for Yunagaya Domain.
Japanese: 例えば、磐城平藩7万石の内藤氏は1.の形式の新田分知により1万石を分与し湯長谷藩を創設したが、延岡藩転封時に与えられた7万石の領地には湯長谷藩の分が含まれていなかった。
English: Since the territory of Yunagaya Domain was a new paddy of Iwakitaira Domain, the territory of the branch family should be included in that of the head family even if the head family was relocated.
Japanese: 湯長谷藩の領地は岩城平藩の新田であるので、本家が転封されても分家の領地は本家の領地内に設定されなければならない。
English: Even those who received shindenbunchi were treated equally as ordinary daimyo or hatamoto, but the administration of their territories was, in most cases, dependent on their head families and their unique administration was a rare case.
Japanese: 新田分知を受けた者であっても江戸幕府からは通常の大名旗本と同様に扱われるが、その領地の治政は多くの場合本家に依存して独自の治績が残ることは希である。
English: Shinden domains which survived by the end of the Edo period no longer existed after the Meiji Restoration because independent jinya (regional government office) was established or they were absorbed by their head families.
Japanese: 新田藩のうち幕末まで存続した藩は明治維新時に独自の陣屋を設けたり本藩に吸収されたりしたため、維新後には新田藩と称される藩は存在しない。
English: Shirakawa Shinden domain of Shirakawa Domain, Mutsu Province - the Matsudaira clan (composed of two domains of the Echizen Matsudaira family and the Okudaira clan)
Japanese: 陸奥国白河藩白河新田藩-松平氏（越前松平家系と奥平氏系の2藩がある）
English: Kofu Shinden domain, Kai Provinces - the Yanagisawa clan (composed of two domains, the one which became the lord of Kurokawa Domain, Echigo Province and the other became the lord of Echigo Mikkaichi Domain later)
Japanese: 甲斐国甲府新田藩-柳沢氏（後に越後国黒川藩主となる藩，越後三日市藩主となる藩の2藩がある）
English: Koriyama Shinden domain, Yamato Province - the Honda clan (composed of three domains, the one to became the lord of Yamazaki Domain of Harima Province, the one to become the lord of Harima Akashi Domain, and another one)
Japanese: 大和国郡山新田藩-本多氏（後に播磨国山崎藩主となる藩，播磨明石藩主となる藩の他1藩がある）
English: A branch domain of Tottori Domain, Inaba Province - the Ikeda clan (later became Shikano Domain of Tottori Domain and Wakasa Domain of Tottori Domain)
Japanese: 因幡国鳥取藩支藩-池田氏（後に鳥取藩鹿奴藩および鳥取藩若桜藩となる）
English: A branch domain of Okayama Domain, Bizen Province - the Ikeda clan (Later became Kamogata Domain and Ikusaka Domain of Okayama Domain.)
Japanese: 備前国岡山藩支藩-池田氏（後に岡山藩鴨方藩および岡山藩生坂藩となる）
English: Nisso boeki was the trade done between Japan and the Sung Dynasty (Southern Sung Dynasty) in China.
Japanese: 日宋貿易（にっそうぼうえき）とは、日本と中国の宋(王朝)朝（南宋）の間で行われた貿易である。
English: The trade was done from the 10th through 13th century, which is equivalent to mid Heian through mid Kamakura period in Japan.
Japanese: 10世紀から13世紀にかけて行われ、日本の時代区分では平安時代の中期から鎌倉時代の中期にあたる。
English: In Japan Tsuruga, Echizen Province, and Hakata where many Chinese lived in the Kamakura Period became international cities and were the bases for the trade.
Japanese: 日本では越前国敦賀や、鎌倉時代には多くの宋人が住み国際都市となった博多が拠点となる。
English: The Sung Dynasty (960-1279) which was established in 960 placed shihakushi (the public office that operated on trade on the sea in China from Tang-Dynasty period to Ming Dynasty period) in various places, and traded with Japan and Korea, and it also did the trade between China and countries in the southern area.
Japanese: 960年（天徳(日本)4年）に成立した宋（960‐1279）は貿易を振興する目的で各地に市舶司を設置し、日本、朝鮮との貿易や南海貿易を行った。
English: However, although the function of Dazaifu did not disappear, the trade decreased drastically.
Japanese: だが、大宰府は平安時代になると機能が消失したわけではないものの衰微する。
English: TAIRA no Tadamori, who was also Echizen no kami (Governor of Echizen Province), aiming at the trade between Japan and China, governed Kanzaki no sho (imperial estate) in Hizen Province which was goinryo (lands attached to the place of a retired emperor), and did his own trade.
Japanese: 越前守でもあった平忠盛は日宋貿易に着目し、後院領である肥前国神崎荘を知行して独自に交易を行った。
English: With the establishment of Taira clan government, the Taira clan did trade with silver produced in Ise Province, which was the basis of the force of the clan, as an export item.
Japanese: 平氏政権が成立し、平氏は勢力基盤であった伊勢国の産出する銀などを輸出品に貿易を行った。
English: In 1173 he extended Owada no tomari (part of present Kobe Port), which was the outer port of Fukuhara-kyo (Capital of Fukuhara), Settsu Province, and established diplomatic relations with China to promote trade.
Japanese: 1173年（承安(日本)3年）には摂津国福原京の外港にあたる大輪田泊（現在の神戸港の一部）を拡張し、3月に正式に国交を開いて貿易振興策を行う。
English: On the other hand, such measures caused price increase by the huge influx of Sung currency and social anxiety against foreign countries since the fall of Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 一方で、宋銭の大量流入による物価高騰や、唐朝滅亡以来の異国に対する社会不安なども起こっている。
English: But, Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) allowed private trade and came to have Chinzei Bugyo (Defense Commissioner of the West) govern Hakata and send official merchant ships of the bakufu.
Japanese: だが、鎌倉幕府は民間貿易を認め、鎮西奉行が博多を統治して幕府からの御用商船を派遣するようになった。
English: As the Tokuso Family of the Hojo clan also supported the Zen sect that samurai class worshiped, the private monks from China came to Japan on board the trade ships.
Japanese: 武士層が信仰した禅宗は北条氏得宗家も保護していたため、民間の渡来僧は貿易船に便乗して来日した。
English: Japan's economic exchange with Southern Sung affected the Mongolian invasion attempts against Japan, and the trade between Japan and Yuan Dynasty was done even after the fall of Southern Dynasty as the extension of the trade.
Japanese: 南宋との経済交流は蒙古襲来（元寇）へも影響し、南宋の滅亡後も延長として日元貿易が行われている。
English: But the instances of the trade between the two countries became scarce in historical materials, and it is considered that Chinese merchants residing in Japan had been already difficult by then.
Japanese: だが、史料上にも乏しくなり、中国商人の日本居住が困難になっていたと考えられている。
English: The Sung currency, ceramics and silk goods, books and stationery, perfume materials and medicines, and fine arts including pictures were imported into Japan.
Japanese: 日本へは宋銭、陶磁器や絹織物、書籍や文具、香料や薬品、絵画などの美術品などが輸入された。
English: Minerals such as copper and sulfur, lumber produced in western pars of Japan including Suo Province and handicrafts including Japanese swords were exported from Japan.
Japanese: 日本からは銅や硫黄などの鉱物や周防国など西国で産した木材、日本刀などの工芸品が輸出された。
English: The Sung currency imported into Japan helped the development of currency use in Japan, and the imported Buddhist scriptures affected Kamakura Bukkyo (new Buddhist movements of the Kamakura period).
Japanese: 日本に輸入された宋銭は、日本社会における貨幣利用の進展に役立ち、仏教経典の輸入は鎌倉仏教にも影響を与える。
English: Oban as a standing force was the oldest force among the similar organization called gobangata (the collective name of five military organizations in the Edo period: kosho-gumi [the page corps], shoinban [the castle guards], shinban [the new guards], oban [the great guards], and kojunin [the escort guards]).
Japanese: 常備兵力としての大番は、同様の組織である五番方（小姓組、書院番、新番、大番、小十人）の中で最も古い。
English: Oban was organized in 1586, the year following the Kazumasa ISHIKAWA's escape, when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA changed his military system to the system used in the army of Takeda.
Japanese: 石川数正が出奔した翌年の天正14年（1586年）に徳川家康が徳川家の軍制を武田流に変更した際に編制された。
English: In 1592, with the reconstruction of Edo Castle, the six residences were moved from the previous places and situated in the east side of Edo Castle.
Japanese: 文禄元年（1592年）には江戸城改築にともない、当時あった6組の屋敷地を江戸城北西側に設けている。
English: (In Chiyoda-ku, the six districts, from Ichiban-cho to Rokuban-cho [from the first district to the sixth district], whose names are related to the six residential sites, still remain.)
Japanese: （千代田区には一番町(千代田区)から六番町(千代田区)までの地名が現在も残る。）
English: Following the enhancement of oban and the improvement of the bakufu system, oban consisted of twelve units, serving as Honmaru-roju-shihai.
Japanese: その後の増強と幕府制度の整備にともない、本丸老中支配として12組となる。
English: When Tadahide TOKUGAWA was installed as Shogun, Shoinban and Koshogumi (originally it was called Hanabatake-ban [literally, "Guards at the Flower Garden" because there was a flower garden in front of Kuroshoin-saikonoma, the first place where Koshogumi guarded]) were newly created.
Japanese: 徳川秀忠が将軍に就任し、書院番・小姓組（創設当初は花畑番）が新たに創設された。
English: Since Oban was not the guardians of a shogun, an ogosho (a retired shogun), and a seishi (the heir), oban was not placed to Nishinomaru (the western enceinte).
Japanese: そのため、将軍・大御所・世子の親衛隊ではない大番が西の丸に置かれる事はない。
English: One oban unit consisted of one ban-gashira (the captain), four kumi-gashira (the leaders), fifty banshi (the guards), ten yoriki (the constables), and twenty doshin (the policemen).
Japanese: 1つの組は番頭1名、組頭4名、番士50名、与力10名、同心20名で構成される。
English: The hatamoto with a fief of about 200 koku was installed as banshi, although the installation to banshi was decided by the amount of his fief (the shortfall was not covered by the ashidakasei [a wage system that guaranteed standardized compensation by the Tokugawa bakufu officials]).
Japanese: 番士は持ち高勤め（足高制による補填がない）であるがだいたい200石高の旗本が就任した。
English: In wartime, as the vanguard of a hatamoto troop, oban with various ashigaru-gumi (the teams of the lowest-rank samurai) served as cavalry for defense against an attack by the enemy.
Japanese: 職務は、戦時においては旗本部隊の一番先手として各種足軽組等を付属した上で備の騎馬隊として働いた。
English: In the early Edo period, in addition to Nijo Castle and Osaka Castle, oban guarded Fushimi Castle and Sunpu Castle; however, the guard of Fushimi Castle and Sunpu Castle were abolished because Fushimi Castle was razed and the guard of Sunpu Castle was taken over by shoinban.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期にはこのほかに伏見城と駿府城の警護に当たっっていたが、伏見在番は伏見廃城により、駿府在番は書院番が勤めることになり、それぞれ廃止された。
English: Although oban was the oldest military organization, the social standing was lower than koshogumi and shoinban which were called "ryoban."
Japanese: 大番は歴史が古いものの、「両番」と称せられる小姓組、書院番に比べ家格は一段低いとされた。
English: In Satsuma Domain, until the social ranks were organized, the samurai whose family ranks were later divided into okoshogumi and shinban (new guards) were called oban.
Japanese: なお、薩摩藩では家格が整備されるまで、後年に御小姓与と新番の身分に分別された武士を大番と呼んでいた。
English: Isshinkai(イルチンフェ) was a biggest political association of the times which was active in the Korean Empire from 1904 to 1910.
Japanese: 一進会（イルチンフェ・いっしんかい）とは、1904年から1910年まで大韓帝国で活動した当時最大の政治結社。
English: It was an organization founded by a part of Kaika group which was tired of the struggle for power in the court and heading to the direction to accomplish the modernization of South Korea even if it needed foreign countries' supports.
Japanese: 宮廷での権力闘争に幻滅し、次第に外国勢力の力を借りてでも韓国の近代化を成し遂げようとする方向に傾いていきつつあった一部開化派の人々が設立した団体。
English: They especially paid attention to and approached to Empire of Japan which was increasing the influencial power in the world after the victory of Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War, and they came under the patronage of Japanese Government and Japanese Army.
Japanese: 中でも日清戦争、日露戦争の勝利により世界的に影響力を強めつつあった大日本帝国に注目・接近し、日本政府・日本軍の特別の庇護を受けた。
English: They actively operated in order to realize Kan-Nichi Gappo, an consolidation of Japan and South Korea on an equal basis (a different concept from the Japanese Annexation of Korea).
Japanese: 日本と韓国の対等な連邦である韓日合邦（日韓併合とは異なる概念）の実現のために活発に活動した。
English: At that time, it was the biggest political association of The Korean Empire, and the number of its members was between 800 thousands and one million.
Japanese: 当時、大韓帝国では最も大きな政治結社であり、会員数は80万人から100万人であった。