nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The family head in the Showa period was Sukekoto; Sukeatsu had first been adopted by Saneatsu MUSHANOKOJI and then accepted by the Kadenokoji family.
Japanese: 昭和の当主は資承、なお、資淳を養子に迎えるさい、資淳を一度武者小路実篤の養子にしてから勘解由小路家に迎え入れた。
English: Unjo meikan (the books giving a detailed view of the Imperial family and its offshoots) state that 'the founder was Suketada, Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) Councilor, who was the youngest son of Mitsuhiro, Shonii (Senior Second Rank) Gondainagon (Junior Chief of the Councilor of State) and six generations away from Toyomitsu KARASUMARU.'
Japanese: 雲上明鑑に、「始祖は烏丸豊光六代正二位権大納言光広の末男正三位参議資忠なり」とある。
English: The Shirakawa family lineage of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan continued to FUJIWARA no Tsunetada, the son of Koretada/Koremasa and his son Yukitada, and Yukitada then took the name Kadenokoji.
Japanese: 藤原北家白河家流では、藤原伊尹の子孫経尹－行尹と続き、行尹が勘解由小路を号したとある。
English: In the Kajuji-ryu (the Kajuji lineage) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the family record showed Tamefusa - Tametaka - Mitsufusa (a vice minister of Kageyushicho), and Takakiyo, the descendant (Kadenokoji).
Japanese: 同勧修寺流では、為房－為隆－光房（勘解由次官）と系図に記され、さらに子孫高清（勘解由小路）とある。
English: In the Hino-shi ryu (the Hino clan lineage) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, the family lineage showed Sukenaga HINO - Kanemitsu - Yorisuke (Kadenokoji), and in the Hino Karasuma-ryu, the record showed Mitsuhiro KARASUMA - Suketada (KADENOKOJI).
Japanese: また同日野氏流では、日野資長－金光－頼資（勘解由小路）とあり、同日野烏丸流では、烏丸光広－（勘解由小路）資忠と見える。
English: Yoshishige KADENOKOJI and Kadenokoji Uhyoe-no-kami (the chief of an organization called Uhyoefu), who appear in documents in the half a century from the time of Meitoku when the Northern and Southern Courts were combined, were the families from the Shiba clan.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)が合体した明徳の頃から半世紀の間に、文献に現れた勘解由小路義重、勘解由小路右兵衛督などは、それそれ斯波氏からの一族であった。
English: In ancient times the Kamo clan were teacher of the Abe clan, and held a superior status.
Japanese: 本来、賀茂氏は安倍氏の師匠筋であり、古代にあっては安倍氏より優位にあった。
English: In the Muromachi period, Arinaga (aka Aritoyo/Arinari), the son of KAMO no Arikata, took the name of Kadenokoji.
Japanese: 室町時代に賀茂在方の子在貞・在長（在豊・在成とも）が勘解由小路を称した。
English: The family went into decline after the death of Aritomi at the end of the Muromachi period after being deprived of rekido, their family business, by the Abe clan, and was discontinued in the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
Japanese: 室町時代の終わり在富の没後には家業の暦道を安倍氏に奪われて衰退し、戦国時代(日本)には断絶したとされる。
English: According to one theory, Aritomi disinherited Arimasa KADENOKOJI who was his heir as he knew that Arimasa had been christened as Christian; he then adopted Aritane, who was his nephew, but later assassinated him, and personally terminated the family name.
Japanese: 一説によれば、在富の嫡男である勘解由小路在昌がキリスト教の洗礼を受けた事を知った在富がこれを廃嫡し、続いて甥の在種を養子とするが、後に在富自身がこれを暗殺して自ら家名を絶ったとも言われている。
English: The Kotokui/Kadei family (the illegitimate family lineage of the Kamo clan) was rebuilt in the Edo period and was allowed to administer the onmyodo together with the Tsuchimikado family (i.e. the Abe clan), but the family lost a battle with the Tsuchimikado family and went into decline again.
Japanese: 江戸時代に幸徳井家（賀茂氏の庶流である）が再興し、土御門家（安倍氏のこと）とともに陰陽道の管理を任されたが、土御門氏との争いに負け、再び衰退した。
English: The Toin family belonged to the court nobility of the Dojo family of Kanin-ryu (the Kanin family) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, which existed from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 洞院家（とういんけ）は、鎌倉時代から室町時代にかけて存在した藤原北家閑院流の堂上公家。
English: Saneo was the maternal grandfather of three emperors; the Emperor Gouda, the Emperor Fushimi, and the Emperor Hanazono, and was valued at the Imperial Courts of both the Daikakuji lineage and the Jimyoin lineage.
Japanese: 実雄は後宇多天皇・伏見天皇・花園天皇の3代の天皇の外祖父であり、大覚寺統・持明院統双方の朝廷で重んじられた。
English: Kinkata TOIN, the fourth generation of the family, was promoted to Grand Minister, authored "Kodaireki" (a chronicle) and "Entairyaku" (a journal written by Kinkata), and is also said to be the author of "Shugaisho" (a book including maps).
Japanese: 『皇代暦』・『園太暦』の著者で『拾芥抄』の著者ともされている4代目洞院公賢は太政大臣にまで昇った。
English: In the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, the family split to Sanenatsu TOIN of the Northern Court and Saneyo TOIN of the Southern Court; but was reunited in the sixth generation by Kinsada TOIN, the son of Sanenatsu.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)には北朝(日本)方の洞院実夏と南朝(日本)方の洞院実世に分裂したが、実夏の子である6代目の洞院公定の代に再統一された。
English: However, Kinkazu TOIN, the ninth generation of the family, suddenly disposed of all the household goods and documents when, in 1476 during the Onin War, he realized the absence of absolutes of the world and became a priest.
Japanese: だが、9代目の洞院公数が世の無常を感じて応仁の乱の最中である文明(日本)8年（1476年）に突如全家財・文書を処分して出家してしまった。
English: Kintsura TOIN, his son (who in fact came from the Saionji family), was chosen as the heir, but he too left to become a monk and the family was discontinued upon his death.
Japanese: その後、子の洞院公連（実は西園寺家出身）が立てられたものの、公連の出家とその死によって断絶してしまった。
English: The Shibayama family was a "Tosho-ke" (hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of an illegitimate family lineage of Kajuji of the Takafuji group of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and its social standing was a prestigious family.
Japanese: 芝山家（しばやまけ）は、藤原北家高藤流勧修寺庶流の堂上家、家格は、名家。
English: The family was started when Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury) Nobutoyo KAJUJI, a biological child of Ukyo no suke (Assistant Master of the Western Capital Offices) Okiyasu ABE (who was the fifth son of Haretoyo KAJUJI, a Jun-daijin (Vice Minister)) was adopted by his uncle Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Mitsutoyo KAJUJI and was named SHIBAYAMA.
Japanese: 右京亮・阿部致康（准大臣・勧修寺晴豊の五男）の実子である大蔵卿・勧修寺宣豊が、叔父である権大納言・勧修寺光豊の猶子となり、芝山を称したのにはじまる。
English: Originally, Shibayama was an another name for the KAJUJI family, and the first family head of the KAJUJI family, Naidaijin (minister of the center) Tsuneaki KAJUJI was also called Naidaijin Shibayama.
Japanese: 芝山とは元々勧修寺家の別称であり、勧修寺家初代、内大臣・勧修寺経顕も芝山内大臣と称した。
English: After the first family head, Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) Nobutoyo SHIBAYAMA, waka poetry had been their family business for generations, and they also had 100 koku crop yields of rice during the Edo period.
Japanese: 初代・権大納言・芝山宣豊以降、代々歌道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、蔵米100石であった。
English: In 1868, the eighth family head, Kudai-taifu (post of Imperial Household Ministry) Kuninori SHIBAYAMA's adopted son Kokuei, who was the chief priest of Kofuku-ji Kensho-in Temple (also a son of Sangi (councillor) Toshimasa BOJO), created the Imazono family after exclaustration.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）、8代・宮内大輔・芝山国典の養子（実は参議・坊城俊政の子）で、興福寺賢聖院住持の国映が復飾して「今園家」を興した。
English: Moreover, the seventh family head, Kudai-taifu (post of Imperial Household Ministry) Kunitoyo SHIBAYAMA's adopted son Hokun, who was the chief priest of Kofuku-ji Joshin-in Temple (also a son of Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor Toshiaki BOJO), also created the Shibakoji family after exclaustration.
Japanese: また、7代・宮内大輔・芝山国豊の養子で興福寺成身院住持の豊訓（実は権大納言・坊城俊明の子）が、同じく復飾し「芝小路家」を興した。
English: SHIBAYAMA, his adoptive mother and the lawful wife of the ninth family head Minbu taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) Yoshitoyo SHIBAYAMA, temporary succeeded the headship of the family.
Japanese: 明治12年（1879年）、芝山慶豊が隠居し、養母の9代・民部大輔・芝山敬豊の正室・芝山益子が一旦は家督を相続する。
English: She handed the headship of the family to her adopted son, Suketoyo SHIBAYAMA, who was Toshimasa BOJO's biological son.
Japanese: 明治17年（1884年）養子の芝山祐豊（実は坊城俊政の子）に家督を譲った。
English: The Kanroji family was "Tosho-ke" (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of the main branch of the Kajuji line of the Takafuji group of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and its social standing was prestigious family.
Japanese: 甘露寺家（かんろじけ）は、藤原北家高藤流勧修寺一門嫡流の堂上家、家格は、名家。
English: Since Naidaijin (minister of the center) FUJIWARA no Takafuji's great-grandchild, Gon Dainagon (provisional major counselor) FUJIWARA no Tamesuke was called Kanroji, Tamesuke was considered to be the founder of the Kanroji family.
Japanese: 内大臣・藤原高藤（勧修寺流の祖）の曾孫である権大納言・藤原為輔が甘露寺を号したことから、為輔を甘露寺家の祖とする。
English: Although they were called the 'Yoshida family' until the end of the Kamakura period, 'Kanroji' became their family name from the time of a Gon Chunagon (Provisional Middle Counselor) Fujinaga YOSHIDA.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の終わりまで、「吉田家」を称していたが、権中納言・吉田藤長の頃から「甘露寺」を家名とした。
English: After Fujinaga KANROJI, the flute and Confucianism were their family business for generations, and they also had 200 koku crop yields during the Edo period.
Japanese: 甘露寺藤長以降、代々笛・儒道を家業とし、江戸時代の石高は200石であった。
English: During the Meiji Era the forty-second family head was Sangi (councillor) Katsunaga KANROJI, and the family was raised to the peer level and count.
Japanese: 42代当主の参議・甘露寺勝長で明治に至り、子孫は華族に列し伯爵に叙せられた。
English: The Kurahashi family was a "Tosho-ke" (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) of a branch family of Tsuchimikado of the Abe clan and its social standing was hange, kuge of lower rank.
Japanese: 倉橋家（くらはしけ）は、阿倍氏土御門庶流の堂上家、家格は、半家(公家)。
English: The family started when a decendant of ABE no Seimei, Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Buereau of Divination) (Junior Third Rank, non-Councilor) Hisanaga TSUCHIMIKADO's second son Yasuyoshi created a branch family named 'Kurahashi' in 1612.
Japanese: 慶長17年（1612）、安倍晴明の末裔である陰陽頭（従三位・非参議）・土御門久脩の次男・泰吉が分家して「倉橋」を称したのにはじまる。
English: After the first family head, Minbukyo (Minister of Popular Affairs) Yasuyoshi KURAHASHI, Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements) was their family business for generations, and they also had 150 koku crop yields during the Edo period.
Japanese: 初代・民部卿・倉橋泰吉以降、代々陰陽道を業とし、江戸時代の石高は、150石であった。
English: During the Meiji Era, the tenth family head was Jibukyo (Minister of the Ministry of Civil Administration) Yasutoshi KURAHASHI, and the family was raised to the peer level and viscount.
Japanese: 10代当主の治部卿・倉橋泰聡で明治に至り華族に列し子爵に叙せられた。
English: The branch of the main families of the Ashikaga clan (head family) that had inherited the post of Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shogun) since the first generation of Takauji ASHIKAGA was referred to as the Ashikaga Shogunate family.
Japanese: 足利将軍家（あしかがしょうぐんけ）は、足利氏の惣領家（宗家）のうち、とくに足利尊氏以来の、代々室町幕府の征夷大将軍職を世襲した一家。
English: Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, the eldest son of the first Shogun, Takauji, succeeded his father as the second Shogun, and subsequently, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA became the third Shogun.
Japanese: 初代尊氏の後は2代として長男足利義詮が継ぎ、3代足利義満を経ている。
English: If we trace the family lineage back from MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto (the founder of the Minamoto clan) to MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, MINAMOTO no Yoriyoshi, and the renowned MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, we can see that these five generations of the Ashikaga Shogunate family were appointed Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North), which was an honorable post for a samurai family.
Japanese: その系譜をたどれば源氏の祖　源経基以来、源満仲、源頼信、源頼義そして名高き源義家に至るまで五代にわたり武家の栄誉である鎮守府将軍に任ぜられた。
English: Based in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly in the Kanto region), the family enhanced its reputation as a leader of the samurai families and gained the confidence of the Imperial Court by suppressing civil wars, until eventually it acquired the name "Ashikaga clan" when MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni, the third son of Yoshiie, settled in Ashikaga Manor, Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: 国内の兵乱を平定、朝廷の信望を得るとともに東国を拠点として武家の棟梁としての名声をあげ、義家の三男である源義国が下野国足利荘に住し足利氏となった。
English: During the Kamakura period, he was treated as Monyo (meaning a blood relation) having won the trust of the bakufu because he was a distant relative to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, his father had a close relationship with Yoritomo's father (Yoshitomo), and his legitimate wife was a sister of Masako HOJO, who was Yoritomo's wife.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代は源頼朝と遠縁として、また父が頼朝の父　源義朝と浅からぬ縁があったこと、頼朝の御台所　北条政子の妹を正室としたこともあり、幕府の信望を得て門葉として遇された。
English: After the Shogun of the Minamoto clan was overthrown during the reign of the third Shogun, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, the family became respected samurai families as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan.
Japanese: 源氏将軍が三代　源実朝の代で滅ぶと源氏の嫡流として武家の尊敬を集めた。
English: Although the family occasionally aroused the suspicions of the Hojo clan, which held control over the shogunate government as they held the post of regent, the lineage was maintained for generation after generation because of their marital relations with the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 幕政を牛耳った執権北条氏から時折、警戒の念を抱かれつつ、代々、北条氏との縁戚関係を結ぶことで家系を保った。
English: The family was a powerful Gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) whose territories expanded to Shimotsuke, Mutsu, Mikawa, and the Saigoku (western part of Japan, especially Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki) such as Tanba, who had dozens of branch families.
Japanese: 所領も下野、陸奥、三河、丹波など西国にも及び、支族は数十にも及ぶ有力御家人であった。
English: When Emperor Godaigo's rebellion broke out, the family at first marched to Kyoto as the army of the bakufu.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇の謀反が明らかになった後は当初、幕府軍として京都に進撃したが、
English: However, after receiving the Imperial decree to track down the Kamakura bakufu in Tanba, Takauji ASHIKAGA took the Imperial Court's side and helped Emperor Godaigo to start the Kenmu Restoration.
Japanese: 丹波で鎌倉幕府の追討宣旨を奉じ、足利尊氏が朝廷方に転じ後醍醐天皇の建武の新政に貢献した。
English: However, Emperor Godaigo's policy which aimed at political primacy of the Court nobles caused various confusion, resulting in the accumulation of discontent among samurai families.
Japanese: しかし、公家一党の支配確立を目指す、後醍醐天皇の政治が様々な混乱を呼ぶとともに武家の不満が集積した。
English: After Takauji ASHIKAGA received an inzen (a decree issued by a retired Emperor) from Emperor Kogen of the Jimyoin line, a rival to Emperor Godaigo's line, he established the Northern Court (Japan) and was appointed Seii taishogun; thus, the head family of the Ashikaga clan became the Ashikaga Shogunate family.
Japanese: 足利尊氏が後醍醐天皇の皇統とは宿敵にあたる持明院統の光厳天皇の院宣を受けて、北朝(日本)を樹立、征夷大将軍に任ぜられることで足利宗家は足利将軍家として成立することとなった。
English: Motouji ASHIKAGA, the third son of Takauji, who became Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region), went down to the Kanto region and established the Ashikaga family of Kamakura kubo.
Japanese: 尊氏の三男足利基氏は鎌倉公方となって関東地方に下向し、鎌倉公方足利家を起こす。
English: Successive generations of Kubo used the Japanese kanji character of "uji" (氏) as their tsuji (distinctive character used in the names of all people belonging to a single clan or lineage) for their personal names, to which another character taken from the name of the then Shogun was added. (An exception to this was the name given to the third Kamakura kubo, Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, which contained only the character "mitsu" (満), which was taken from the personal name of the then Shogun, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, because otherwise he would have had the same name as his father, Ujimitsu ASHIKAGA.)
Japanese: 歴代公方は諱において氏の字を通字として時の将軍の片諱を重ねた（ただし、第3代鎌倉公方足利満兼は父・足利氏満と重なるために将軍足利義満からの片諱のみを用いた。
English: The third Koga kubo, Takamoto ASHIKAGA, had initially borne the name 'Takauji', but this coincided with the original name of the first Shogun, Takauji ASHIKAGA. Therefore, he later changed his name to 'Takamoto' (高基), which contained the character (Moto), taken from the personal name of the first Kamakura kubo, Motouji.
Japanese: 第3代古河公方足利高基は初め「高氏」と名乗ったが、初代将軍足利尊氏の初名と重なるために後に初代鎌倉公方・基氏の片諱より「高基」と改名した）。
English: Masatomo ASHIKAGA, a son of the sixth Shogun (Yoshinori ASHIKAGA), used the name Horigoe Kubo and went to Izu Province.
Japanese: また、6代将軍足利義教の子足利政知は堀越公方を称して伊豆国に下向した。
English: In the Awa Province, the descendants of Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA changed their surname to Hirashima (Hirashima kubo) and continued through the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: また阿波国では足利義維の子孫が江戸時代末まで平島（平島公方）と姓を変え続いていた。
English: The Ashikaga Shogunate family appointed the entire Ashikaga clan and its branch families as the military governor or the close retainer of the Muromachi bakufu, treating them as Goikka-shu (the Ashikaga family groups).
Japanese: 足利将軍家は足利氏の一門・庶家を御一家衆として室町幕府の守護・側近とした。
English: Oral tradition has it that the Kira clan and the Imagawa clan were entitled to produce successors to the head family of the Ashikaga clan if no official successor could be found.
Japanese: 吉良氏と今川氏は足利宗家を継ぐ者がいなかったときの継承者を出す格式であったとの伝承がある。
English: The Shibukawa and Ishibashi clans held a high standing within the Ashikaga family group as they were direct branches of the Ashikaga Shogunate family.
Japanese: また、御一家のうちでも渋川氏、石橋氏などは将軍家連枝として高い家格を有した。
English: The Minamoto clan (Genji) is a family whose honorary surname was Minamoto.
Japanese: 源氏（げんじ、みなもとうじ）は、「源」を氏・姓（本姓）とする一族である。
English: The most famous branch family of the Minamoto clan was the Seiwa-Genji who established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and became Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), whereas the noblest was the Murakami-Genji.
Japanese: もっとも有名なものは、幕府を開き征夷大将軍の家柄となった清和源氏であるが、家格が最も高いのは村上源氏であるとされる。
English: Nowadays, there are not so many people, approximately 4000 according to an estimation, who carry Minamoto as their surname, because the families of the Minamoto clan (whose hereditary title is Minamoto) have their own family names.
Japanese: 源姓（本姓が源氏）の家系はそれぞれ別の苗字を号しているため、現在「源」を今日的な意味の姓として名乗る例はそれほど多くなく、推定人口は4,000人程である。
English: However, the Seiwa-Genji of MINAMOTO no Yoshitada's line (the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshitaka (Sahyoegonza), MINAMOTO no Yoshikiyo (Sakyogonnodaibu) and Kawachi-Genji, the descendants of MINAMOTO no Yoshikatsu) carry Genji as thier surname and the documents published in the Edo period say that both their surname and hereditary title were Minamoto.
Japanese: しかし、源義忠流清和源氏（源義高(左兵衛権佐)・源義清(左京権大夫)及び源義雄の子孫、河内源氏）は現在も、源を今日的な意味の姓としており、江戸時代の資料等にも苗字・姓とも源となっている。
English: The Minamoto clan, which refers to a clan who carries Minamoto as surname, was given by the Emperor Saga to his children to honor their having originated from the Imperial Family.
Japanese: 源氏は源の姓を持つ氏族であるが、嵯峨天皇が生まれた子らにその姓を与え、皇室と祖を同じくするという名誉の意味をこめて与えた。
English: Since the increase in the number of the Emperor Saga's princes and princesses might have caused the Imperial court's fiscal tightness, it was a better way for the Emperor's bloodlines to allow these princes and princesses to become his subject earlier in order to ensure the prosperity of his descendants.
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇に皇子皇女が増え、朝廷の財政を逼迫させる基にもなることから、早くに臣籍降下することが皇胤にとって子孫繁栄の道であった。
English: There were cases in which even princes did not want to become emperor, in which the imperial families who had no chance to be a prince or princess asked him themselves to allow them to become his subject or in which the Imperial court asked them unilaterally to be his subject, thus the environment surrounding the clans separated from the Imperial household were always linked with the financial situation of the Imperial court.
Japanese: 親王ながら、皇位を望めない場合や、諸王にあって親王宣下を望めない皇族が自ら降下を求める場合と、朝廷から一方的に降下させる場合とがあり皇別氏族を取り巻く状況は朝廷の財政事情と常に連動する要素が強かった。
English: Some of the other emperors after the Emperor Saga also demoted their family members to being their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto and those Minamoto clan who were descended from the Emperor Saga called themselves Saga-Genji and afterwards, the Minamoto clan took their parental emperors' names as their clan's surnames (such as Ninmyo-Genji, Montoku-Genji, Seiwa-Genji and Uda-Genji).
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇の後の天皇も度々皇族を源氏として臣籍に下したことから、嵯峨天皇を祖とする源氏を嵯峨源氏と称する様になり、以後源氏はそれぞれの祖と仰ぐ天皇の号をもって氏族の称とした（仁明源氏、文徳源氏、清和源氏、宇多源氏など）。
English: Although one of the aims of the Imperial court's demotion of their family members to their subjects by giving them the surname of Minamoto was to allow them to be the subsidiary of the Imperial Family as upper class nobles, in fact only a few of them kept their status for more than three generations, while many others took regional posts as middle classes and later became samurai, or earned a sparse living as middle and lower classes in the center.
Japanese: また、朝廷が皇族を臣籍降下させ源氏とした背景としては、上級貴族として皇室の藩塀とすることという理由もあったが、実際には3代目以降も上級貴族であり続けた例はほとんどなく、大半は受領階級として地方へ赴任しそこで土着して武士化するか、中央で中下級貴族として細々と生き延びた。
English: Its most representative Kamon (family crest) 'Sasarindo' (bamboo grass and gentians) is older than 'Mitsuuroko' (three scales in a circle) of the Hojo clan, which contains triangles, and is said to be the oldest in Japan.
Japanese: また、代表的な家紋である「笹竜胆」は北条氏の家紋である三角形が並んでいる「三つ鱗」より古く、日本最古の家紋であると言われている。
English: The Seiwa-Genji is one of the so-called 21 branch families of the Minamoto clan and it is often considered to be the mainstream of the Minamoto clan due to its historical fame as military Genji.
Japanese: 清和源氏は、二十一流あるといわれる源氏における一家系であるが、武家源氏として歴史上に名を馳せたことにより、清和源氏をして源氏と称することが多い。
English: Seiwa-Genji, who enjoyed its fame as military Genji, originated in Kinai, or current Kansai region, spread to various regions, and then split up into Settu-Genji, Yamato-Genji and Kawachi-Genji after MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka, and MINAMOTO no Yoshiie (Taro Yoshiie HACHIMAN) of the Kawachi-Genji, who were based in Kawachi Province, was the mainstream of them, whose descendants flourished as samurai represented by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who established the Kamakura bakufu, and other clans such as Ishikawa-Genji, Kai-Genji, Hitachi-Genji, Shimotsuke-Genji (Ashikaga clan) and Kozuke-Genji (Nitta clan) were descended from Kawachi-Genji as well.
Japanese: 武家源氏として名を馳せた清和源氏においては畿内に始まり各地に土着しており、源満仲の子から摂津源氏、大和源氏、河内源氏とに分かれ、河内国を本拠地とした河内源氏の源義家（八幡太郎義家）はその主流で、その子孫は鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝に代表される武士として栄え、さらに河内源氏からは石川源氏、甲斐源氏、常陸源氏、下野源氏（足利氏）、上野源氏（新田氏）などが分派している。
English: Tada-Genji, Mino-Genji and others were descended from Settu Province-based Settsu-Genji and they were a branch of Seiwa-Genji and the so-called 'military Genji.'
Japanese: 摂津国を本拠地とした摂津源氏からは多田源氏、美濃源氏その他が分派しており、いずれも清和源氏一門であり、いわゆる「武家源氏」である。
English: Another example of military Genji compared to Seiwa-Genji is 'Toru-ryu Saga-Genji' who originated from MINAMOTO no Toru of the Saga-Genji, and those who represented the clan as the warriors of Saga-Genji include Settu Province-based Watanabe clan and its branch Matsuura clan, and also those among Uda-Genji who were based in Omi Province were called Omi-Genji (Sasaki-Genji) and grew up to be the powerful samurai group known as the Sasaki clan.
Japanese: 清和源氏以外に武家となった源氏としては、嵯峨源氏の源融を祖とする「融流嵯峨源氏」があり、嵯峨源氏の武家として系譜を伝えた代表は、摂津国を基盤とした渡辺氏とその分流の松浦氏であり、また宇多源氏の中で武家として近江国を基盤とした系統は近江源氏（佐佐木源氏）と称し、佐々木氏として有力武士団に成長していく。
English: An example of a Minamoto clan who gained power as central noble is Murakami-Genji, who was descended from the princes of Emperor Murakami.
Japanese: 中央貴族として栄えた源氏として村上天皇の皇子を祖とする村上源氏がある。
English: The reason why some Minamoto clan flourished as nobles while others became samurai and Shinto priests is because their positions were largely dependent on the political situation, who demoted them and their maternal classes and influences.
Japanese: 同じ源氏でも公卿として繁栄する系統や、武士や神官となる系統に別れるのは、政治情勢や臣籍降下する者、母方の勢力や身分がその後の官途に大きく左右する為である。
English: Especially, the demotion of the sons of the emperors was called 'Issei no Genji' (Minamoto clan of the first generation) and they were given preferential treatment in regard to their position.
Japanese: 特に天皇の皇子が降下することを、「一世の源氏」といい、任官の上で大いに優遇された。
English: The demotion of the grandsons of the emperors was called 'Nisei no Genji' (Minamoto clan of the second generation) and they had disadvantages against Issei no Genji.
Japanese: 皇孫に至って臣籍降下することを「二世の源氏」といい、一世の源氏よりも家系的には不利を蒙った。
English: Since the late Heian period, when it became customary for the princes and princesses who were unrelated to the succession to become priests, the Minamoto clan who were direct descendant of the Imperial Family almost became extinct, although a new family (Hirohata family) came out in the Edo period.
Japanese: 平安時代後期以降、皇位継承とは関わりのない皇子皇女たちは出家する慣例が生まれたため、賜姓源氏はほとんど途絶えていたが、江戸時代に入って一家が生まれた（広幡家）。
English: It is said that the descendants of 21 emperors were given the surnames of Minamoto since the Emperor Saga (including the families which became extinct in the generations of the people who were given the surname themselves and in their children's generations).
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇以来、21代の天皇の子孫に源氏が与えられたと言われている（源氏を与えられた当人やその子の代で断絶・消滅した家も含めて）。