nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It was also mentioned in "Nihonshoki" that Emperor Nintoku started the palace in Naniwa during the Kofun period (the Tumuli period), and Emperor Kotoku established Naniwa no Nagara no Toyosaki no Miya Palace in the Asuka period.
Japanese: 古墳時代には仁徳天皇が最初に難波に宮を置いたとする伝承があり（『日本書紀』）、飛鳥時代には孝徳天皇が難波長柄豊崎宮を設けた。
English: However, it is thought that these palaces were just the Emperors' residences (Miya) and were not the capitals which were the central cities of the state.
Japanese: しかし、これらはいずれも王の居所である宮（みや）にすぎず、国家の中心都市である京（みやこ）には至っていなかったと考えられている。
English: The existence of the Naniwa no miya Palace in the Asuka period has been confirmed with the exploration by Tokutaro YAMANE and others who excavated the Daigokuden ruins; however, the existence of the capital and surrounding region, the center city, has not been confirmed.
Japanese: 山根徳太郎らの調査によって、太極殿跡が発掘されるなど飛鳥時代における難波宮の存在は確認されているが、都市域である京域の存在は認められていない。
English: In 726 during the early Nara period, Emperor Shomu ordered FUJIWARA no Umakai to build the Rikyu (an Imperial Villa) with tiled roofing at the Naniwa no miya.
Japanese: 奈良時代前期の726年（神亀3）、聖武天皇が藤原宇合に命じ、難波宮に瓦葺の離宮を造営した。
English: It is thought that the capital city surrounding Naniwa no miya, that is, Naniwa no kyo, was constructed around the same time.
Japanese: この時期に、難波宮の周辺に京域、すなわち難波京も造営されたと考えられている。
English: The excavation revealed that many ditches, which were stretching to the east, west, north, and south directions (Seihoi), existed in a wide area around the Koki Naniwa no Miya Palace in the Nara period and many structural sites were also placed at Seihoi.
Japanese: 発掘調査によれば、奈良時代の後期難波宮周辺には正東西南北方位（正方位）にのびる溝が広い範囲で多数検出されており、建物跡も正方位に築かれたものが多い。
English: Moreover, many people were thought to live there because many types of earthenware, including pieces with ink writing, were excavated from ditches.
Japanese: さらに、溝からは墨書土器を含む多数の土器が出土しており、相当数の人間が生活していたことが想定されている。
English: Emperor Shomu returned to the Heijo-kyo capital in 745, the following year after the transfer of the capital; however, Naniwa-kyo prospered as the second capital city (Baito) and as a port for a Japanese envoy travelling to the Tang Dynasty China.
Japanese: 聖武天皇は遷都の翌年745年に再び平城京に遷るが、その後も副都（陪都）として、また遣唐使の港として栄えた。
English: After the capital was transferred to Nagaoka-kyo, Naniwa-kyo as the Baito was discontinued and the history of Naniwa-kyo was over following the establishment of Settsu Kokufu (provincial office of Settsu Province).
Japanese: また、長岡京遷都に至り副都としての難波京を廃止し、摂津国府に転じ難波京の歴史に幕を閉じた。
English: Gobosei (Pentagram) is a figure consisting of five lines of equal length that are mutually intersected, and is one kind of star-shaped regular polygon.
Japanese: 五芒星（ごぼうせい、英語：Pentagram）または五芒星形・五角星形・五線星型・星型五角形・正5/2角形は、互いに交差する、長さの等しい5本の線分から構成される図形で星型正多角形の一種である。
English: It is also known as Gobosei shape, five-pointed star shape, 五線星型, star-shaped pentagon, 正5/2角形.
Japanese: 五芒星は、五芒星形・五角星形・五線星型・星型五角形・正5/2角形とも呼ばれる。
English: It has been used in all countries as a figure that can design five elements in parallel.
Japanese: 5つの要素を並列的に図案化できる図形として、洋の東西を問わず使われてきた。
English: Depending on the usage, it can be used as protection, or it can symbolize the devil, when it is placed upside down.
Japanese: 扱い方一つで守護に用いることもあれば、上下を逆向きにして悪魔の象徴になることもある。
English: Further, it is often used as a mark representing a star, because the outer five triangles are associated with the glitter of a star.
Japanese: また、外側の5つの三角形が星の光彩を連想させる事から、星を表す記号としてよく用いられる。
English: The shape without the inner small regular pentagon (five-pointed star) is often called Gobosei.
Japanese: 内側に生じる小さな正五角形を取り除いた形（☆：五光星）もしばしば五芒星と呼ばれることがある。
English: One is to make one point upward (often called "upright pentagram, "as shown in the upper right figure.
Japanese: 右上の図のように1角が上を向くようにする方法（しばしば「上向き」と呼ばれる）。
English: The other is to make the two points upward by rotating it by 36 degree (angle) (often called 'downward pentagram').
Japanese: そして、これを36度(角度)回転させて得られる、2角が上を向くようにする方法（しばしば「下向き」と呼ばれる）である。
English: It is not constant in history which one is used, but the upright one has been more frequently used in recent years.
Japanese: いずれを用いるかは歴史的には一定していないが、近年では上向きのほうが多く用いられる。
English: Kastellet fortress in Denmark, Goryokaku in Hokkaido, and the municipal emblem of Nagasaki City are based on the Gobosei.
Japanese: デンマークのカステレット要塞、北海道の五稜郭、長崎市の市町村章は五芒星を元にしている。
English: The meaning contained in the mark is that it represents the rivalry of the functions of the five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) in Onmyo-gogyo-setsu (The Theory of Five Elements), which formed the basis of Onmyodo.
Japanese: 印にこめられたその意味は、陰陽道の基本概念となった陰陽五行説、木・火・土・金・水の五つの元素の働きの相克を表したものである。
English: ABE no Seimei, Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) in the Heian period in Japan used the crest of Gobosei as the symbol of Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).
Japanese: 日本の平安時代の陰陽師、安倍晴明は五行思想の象徴として、五芒星の紋を用いた。
English: A Gobosei was embroidered with gold line (silver line) on the top of the official cap of the military uniform (Imperial Japanese Army) formal attire (taireifuku [court dress, full-dress uniform]) that the under-officers put on as the formal attire or the ceremonial dress.
Japanese: 准士官が正装・礼装時に着用する軍服(大日本帝国陸軍)正装（大礼服）の正帽の天井には、金線（銀線）で五芒星が刺繍されていた。
English: According to the "Army dress code system" (1900 imperial edict No. 364), the Gobosei was embroidered on the caps of the Imperial Army from taisho (general) to soldiers.
Japanese: 「陸軍服制」（明治33年勅令第364号）によると、大将から兵卒まで、帝国陸軍の軍帽には五芒星が刺繍されていた。
English: It is said to have been designed after the calyx of a cherry blossom or to have been adopted as a pun based on two possible meanings for "tamayoke" (written as "弾除け," it means bulletproof", but written as "多魔除け," it means "barrier against multiple evils"); however, the word's origin and exact meaning are unknown.
Japanese: 桜花の萼（がく）の形を模しているとも、弾除け（多魔除け）の意味をかついで採用されていたとも言われており、その起源や意味についてははっきりしない。
English: Furthermore, the army patch on the uniform for military campaigns that was worn by all the army civilian employees, including officials appointed by the emperor, was designed based on the Gobosei, and it was used as the official style (1943 style).
Japanese: また陸軍軍属においても、親任官以下全ての陸軍軍属が着用する軍属従軍服（軍属服）では、五芒星を模した臂章が制式（昭和18年制）であった。
English: In addition, the badge type (cloisonne) mark, worn when they were in business suit, used Gobosei.
Japanese: 他、背広着用時に佩用するバッジ型（七宝焼き）の徽章でも五芒星が使われていた。
English: Historically, it is identified the oldest use of the Gobosei was in the Mesopotamian books around 3000 B.C.
Japanese: 歴史的に確認されているもっとも古い五芒星の用法は、紀元前3000年頃のメソポタミアの書物である。
English: Further, the downward Gobosei was used as the pictogram representing 'corner, small space, hole,' and so on.
Japanese: さらに下向き五芒星を「角・小さな空間・穴」などの意味を表す絵文字とする。
English: As it represents a womb in Egypt, it is said it had a sexual meaning.
Japanese: エジプトでは子宮をあらわさせていたことから性的意味合いがあるとも言われている。
English: In Babylonia, the forward, backward, left, right, and upward directions were assigned to each side of the figure, representing Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Saturn, and Venus for the upward, which was believed to represent the appearance of the mother goddess, Ishtar.
Japanese: バビロニアでは、図形の各側面に前後左右と上の各方向を割り当て、それぞれ木星・水星・火星・土星、そして上に地母神イシュタルの現れとされた金星を対応させた。
English: Further, each point was assigned to each of the five elements, which are the four elements of Fire, Water, Wind, and Earth and Ether (theology) added.
Japanese: また、火・水・風・土の四大元素にエーテル(神学)を加えた五大元素にもそれぞれの頂点が対応させられた。
English: On July 25, 1869, 274 former feudal domain lords, who returned their territories and people to the Chotei (Imperial Court), were appointed to the position of Chihanji.
Japanese: 明治2年6月17日(旧暦)（1869年7月25日）、版籍奉還により領地・領民を朝廷に返還した旧藩主274名が任命されて成立した。
English: Chihanji had a range of responsibilities from taking care of economy such as taxation, compulsory labor and productivity improvement, administration of justice such as punishment and reward, to military affairs, education, and the family register survey.
Japanese: その職務は、徴税・賦役・生産力向上などの経済、刑罰・賞与などの司法、軍事、教育、戸籍調査など多岐に渡るものだった。
English: The position of the Chihanji was allowed to be inherited as it was traditionally for the domain lords and they were also allowed to have their own military and judicial systems.
Japanese: 知藩事は従来の藩主に認められていた世襲がそのまま認められ、独自の軍隊・司法組織などを持つことが認められていた。
English: On the other hand, however, the Karoku (hereditary stipend) for the Chihanji was set to 10% of the gross yield of their domain, separated from the domain's finance, and the Chihanji had to follow the rules set by the central government about the systems of office organization, salary and military in their domains, leaving the internal affairs to be under scrutiny.
Japanese: その一方で、知藩事の家禄は藩の実収石高の十分の一と定められて藩財政から切り離され、藩の職制・禄制・兵制は中央政府が定めた規定に従うこととされており、藩の内情についても強く監督されていた。
English: At that time, the land of domains and tenryo (a Shogunal demesne) were intricate; and collecting nengu (land tax) was totally inefficient.
Japanese: しかし、当時の藩領と天領は複雑に入り組んでいたため、年貢の徴収は非効率的であった。
English: Therefore, they needed to stabilize the state's financial affairs and establish centralization by the new Meiji government.
Japanese: そのため、国家財政の安定化を行なって明治新政府の中央集権を確立させる必要があった。
English: Due to these circumstances, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) were conducted on August 29, 1871, when all the Chihanji lost their positions and finished their roles to become the peerage.
Japanese: このような事情に伴い、明治4年7月14日(旧暦)（1871年8月29日）に廃藩置県が実施され、知藩事全員が失職して華族となり、その役目を終えた。
English: For example, the document issued from Daijokan (Grand Council of State) to Michiaki HACHISUKA was addressed as 'To Hachisuka Tokushima Han-chiji (chiji of the Tokushima Domain)'.
Japanese: 例えば、太政官から蜂須賀茂韶に対して出された文書（明治3年）の宛名には「蜂須賀徳島藩知事」とある。
English: The statement of Requesting the Equal Merger of Korea and Japan is a statement to request an equal merger between Korea and Japan sent to Emperor Sunjong (of the Korean Empire), the Resident-General of Korea Arasuke SONE and Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong on December 4, 1909 by a group of Chinilpa (literally "people friendly to Japan") called Iljinhoe which was under the influence of Japan in the Korean Empire (officially reported membership was a few million but actual membership was a few ten thousands).
Japanese: 韓日合邦を要求する声明書(かんにちごうほうをようきゅうするせいめいしょ)とは、1909年12月4日、大韓帝国で日本の影響下にあったチンイルパ一進会（公称会員数百万人・実数数万人程度）が皇帝純宗(朝鮮王)、韓国統監曾禰荒助、首相李完用に送った朝鮮と日本の対等合併を要望する声明書である。
English: In the statement, it says 'Tragedies in Korean history are our own fault, so we would like to plead to our Emperor and the Emperor of Japan to give Koreans the opportunity to enjoy the same treatment as the first class citizens of Japan. We ask the Japanese to develop our government and society' and suggest the Korean Empire and the Empire of Japan establish a new unified political body together and create a new empire by equal merger of both Empires.
Japanese: この声明書の中で、「これまでの朝鮮の歴史の悲劇は自分達が招いたことであり、我が国の皇帝陛下と日本天皇陛下に懇願し、朝鮮人も日本人と同じ一等国民の待遇を享受して、政府と社会を発展させようではないか」と、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が新たに一つの政治機関を設立し、大韓帝国と大日本帝国が対等合邦して一つの大帝国を作るように求めた。
English: Because the Iljinhoe group were receiving strong criticism not only from the general public but also from intellectuals at that time and the group was back Japan's invasion of Korea together with another Chinilpa Prime Minister Lee Wan-Yong, in North and South Korea, people were fiercely critical toward this statement as 'a view opposing the protection of national sovereignty, the effort of the Righteous Army (Korean army) and the patriotic enlightenment movement.
Japanese: 南北朝鮮では当時一進会が民衆のみならず知識人からも強い批判を受けていたこと、それまで一進会が同じくチンイルパの李完用首相と共に日本の朝鮮侵出を援護してきたことなどから、この声明書に対して「国権防衛運動、義兵闘争、愛国啓蒙運動などに反するもの」であると非常に批判的である。
English: In fact, there was a record saying that many members of the Iljinhoe felt 'Japan deceived us' when they found out about Korean annexation by Japan.
Japanese: 実際一進会会員の多くは日本による朝鮮併合をしるや、「日本に騙された。」と感じ後悔したという記録もある。
English: The point was, because Japan was aware of them being responsible for the invasion and colonial administration, they were rather sympathetic for Chinilpa (literally "people friendly to Japan") as a whole.
Japanese: ただし日本では侵略と植民地統治の当事国であるという意識から、チンイルパ（親日派）全体に対してやや同情的であるという背景を指摘する声もある。
English: There are some barbed criticism in North and South Korea saying 'Even if they were betrayed, they were still responsible for being betrayed' considering that the serious result that the group brought was the loss of the sovereignty and to fall under colonial rule.
Japanese: また招いた結果が国権を喪失し植民地支配に陥ったという重大事態であるので「騙されたとしても、騙された事に対する責任がある。」とする厳しい意見も南北朝鮮を中心に存在している。
English: Ikkunbanmin-ron is a theory in which constitutional authority is given to only one ruler, and under this sovereignty any discrimination and distinction from social status shold not be allowed among all other people.
Japanese: 一君万民論（いっくんばんみんろん）はただ一人の君主にのみ生来の権威・権限を認め、その他の臣下・人民の間には原則として一切の差別・身分差を認めないとする思想・主張である。
English: OK
Japanese: 日本では幕末に吉田松陰などが唱え、討幕派の志士により広く支持された。
English: At first the Meiji Government kept the class system, introducing the peerage system by transferring the samurai class, the previous ruling class, into one of the classes of the new system as Shizoku (literally, the warrior class), but the major political changes the government took, including Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domain and establishment of prefectures), Conscription Ordinance and Chitsuroku-shobun (measures to abolish hereditary stipends) were significant blows to the privileged class.
Japanese: 明治政府は華族制度の創設や武士身分の士族への編入など、当初は旧来の身分制度をある程度継承したものの、廃藩置県・徴兵令・秩禄処分といった政策の強行は特権身分に対して大きな打撃を与えた。
English: Meantime, as the Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was still robust as an undercurrent ideology at the court and among ordinary people, the authority of the emperor was consequently reinforced, and the privileges to the nobles other than the Imperial Family became gradually reduced.
Japanese: その後も一君万民論は朝野における思想的底流として根強く、断続的に天皇の権威強化と皇室以外の身分特権の縮小がなされていった。
English: The warrior class turned out to be a mere shell in the early stage, and the peerage system, in which a good deal of privilege relating to the House of Peers was given, stirred up criticism.
Japanese: 士族制度は早い段階で形骸化し、貴族院(日本)に依拠する少なからぬ特権を有した華族制度に対しても批判は少なくなかった。
English: The Ikkunbanmin-ron theory was used as a great cause of toppling the domain clique system and introducing democracy, and it functioned as an ideology to oppose not only to the inherited privileges but also to the powerful wealthy class, most notably Zaibatsu (industrial and financial conglomerates).
Japanese: 一君万民論は藩閥体制打倒とデモクラシー導入の大義として掲げられ、身分的特権のみならず財閥などの経済的権力に対抗するイデオロギーとしても機能した。
English: In the early Showa period, the theory once again got supporters, including out-of-power intellectuals, young officers and reformist bureaucrats.
Japanese: 昭和前期においては在野の知識層のみならず青年将校や革新官僚が一君万民論の支持勢力として登場した。
English: The theory has no longer been advocated openly since Japan lost the Second World War and was occupied by the Allied Forces accordingly.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦の敗戦にともなう被占領以降は表立って唱えられることはなくなった。
English: Hanbatsu (domain clique) is a critical designation for the group of people from the former domains in southwest Japan (the domains of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen; they were so-called, Sacchodohi), who occupied important posts in the Japanese government from the Meiji to the Taisho period.
Japanese: 藩閥（はんばつ）は明治から大正にかけて、日本の政府と軍の要職を占めた旧・西南諸藩（薩摩藩・長州藩・土佐藩・肥前藩のいわゆる薩長土肥）出身者のグループに対する批判的呼称である。
English: The cabinet, most of which members are the constituent members of Hanbatsu, are called Hanbatsu (han-dominated) government.
Japanese: 藩閥の構成員が閣僚の多数を占める内閣(日本)を、藩閥政府あるいは藩閥内閣という。
English: Even though Tosa and Hizen were included in Sacchodohi (the abbreviated form of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen), the people from these domains were the minority and those from Satsuma and Choshu domains formed far larger-scale cliques
Japanese: 薩長土肥とはいうものの、土佐・肥前出身者は少数にとどまり、薩摩・長州両藩出身者が群を抜いて大規模な閥族を形成した。
English: Under newly-organized governmental system after Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, most of the councilors and chiefs of the ministries were occupied by the people from Sacchodohi, and the domain-clique government was organized.
Japanese: 1871年の廃藩置県後に整った新しい官制で、薩長土肥の出身者が参議や各省の卿の大部分を独占したため、藩閥政府が形成された。
English: Then Satsuma clique lost its momentum after Takamori SAIGO went into opposition and died in Seinan War and Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated in Kioizaka Incident, so Choshu clique including Hirobumi ITO and Aritomo YAMAGATA virtually reigned supreme.
Japanese: やがて西郷隆盛の下野と西南戦争での死、紀尾井坂の変での大久保利通の暗殺によって薩摩閥は勢いを失い、実質的に伊藤博文や山縣有朋ら長州閥の一人勝ちとなった。
English: After the establishment of cabinet system in1885 many people from Satsuma and Choshu became prime minister, ministers of state and Genro (senator).
Japanese: 1885年に内閣制度ができたあとも、薩長出身者の多くが内閣総理大臣、国務大臣、元老となった。
English: Domain clique has been treated critically since then because it is the resistance forces against parliamentary government and is also the preferential system that conflicts with democracy or an idealism such as ikkunbanmin-ron (the theory where constitutional authority was given only to one ruler and any discrimination and distinction of social status were generally not allowed among others).
Japanese: 藩閥は議会政治に対する抵抗勢力であり、民本主義もしくは一君万民論的な理想論とは相容れない情実的システムであるため、当時から批判的に取り扱われてきた。
English: It was the subject of criticism since the time of the Freedom and People's Rights and 'Dispel clique group. Defend constitutional government' was the slogan of Taisho Democracy.
Japanese: 自由民権運動の頃から批判の対象とされ、大正デモクラシーでは「閥族打破・憲政擁護」が合言葉とされた。
English: On the other hand, an organic tie between the government and departments of the Army was formed by the domain clique, so there is a view that when bureaucrats and military men who were employed through examinations and training institutions in the Showa period held actual power of their departments, red tape swelled causing the national policy to keep straying unsettled and decreased sense of tension without domain clique brought corruption of the political parties and made them pander to bureaucrats and the military.
Japanese: 一方で政府と軍の各部署の間の有機的な連係が藩閥によって形成されていたという側面もあり、昭和に入り試験や育成機関から採用された官僚や軍人が部署の実権を掌握するようになると縦割り的弊害が甚だしくなり国家の方針が定まらず迷走することになり、藩閥の消滅による緊張感の低下が政党の腐敗を招き、官僚や軍部に迎合するようになったと見る説もある。
English: After the Meiji Period, as is widely alleged like 'Satsuma'a Navy, Choshu's Army,' Satsuma clique gained the power within the Navy as marked by Gonbei YAMAMOTO and Heihachiro TOGO and Choshu clique gained the power within the Army as represented by Aritomo YAMAGATA and Taro KATSURA.
Japanese: 明治時代以降、一般に「薩の海軍、長の陸軍」というように海軍では山本権兵衛や東郷平八郎に代表される薩摩閥が、陸軍では山県有朋や桂太郎に代表される長州閥が勢力を握っていたとされる。
English: However, there were several influential persons of Satusma clique such as Iwao OYAMA, Michitsura NOZU and Yusaku UEHARA in the Army, so it's no easy to classify simply with domain clique.
Japanese: しかし、陸軍内にも大山巌や野津道貫や上原勇作といった薩摩閥の実力者がおり、決して単純に分類できるわけではない。
English: When graduates of the Army War College and Naval Academy (Japan) assumed important posts, these forces of domain clique within the military shrank gradually because the performance of their school days was valued.
Japanese: これらの軍隊内の藩閥勢力は、要職者に陸軍大学校や海軍兵学校(日本)卒業者が就任するようになると学校時代の成績が重要視されるようになったため、徐々に減少していった。
English: Later the influence of Aritomo YAMAGATA increased and Masatake TERAUCHI and Giichi TANAKA formed Yamagata clique in the Army and they became mainstream in the Army.
Japanese: 後に陸軍では山県有朋の影響力が増大し、寺内正毅や田中義一らが山県閥を形成し、陸軍内の主流派となった。
English: However, in the Taisho period the influence of Yamagata decreased and soon the clique of the Army separated into Tosei faction and Kodo faction.
Japanese: しかし大正期に入ると山県の影響力は低下し、やがて陸軍内の派閥は統制派と皇道派に別れていくことになる。
English: The Navy became inclined to value Keibatsu Blood Connection more than the hometown clique and it was said that the blood relationship of one's wife was the factor of career progress along with experience of studying abroad and the class standing at Naval Academy
Japanese: 海軍では出身地閥より閨閥が重視される傾向が生まれ、海外留学経験・海軍兵学校での席次ともに夫人の血縁が出世の要件と言われた。
English: Only Hisaichi TERAUCHI (a son of Masatake TERAUCHI), who served as Minister of Army, was the native of Choshu who served as any of the three secretaries of the Army, and the only Satsuma native that served as any of the three secretaries of the Navy was Eisuke YAMAMOTO (a nephew of Gonbei YAMAMOTO), who was the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined fleet.
Japanese: 昭和期に陸軍三長官を務めた長州出身者は陸相を務めた寺内寿一（寺内正毅の子）一人であり、海軍三長官を務めた薩摩出身者は連合艦隊司令官を務めた山本英輔（山本権兵衛の甥）一人である。
English: In 770, Shirakabe no okimi (Prince Shirakabe), the grandchild of Emperor Tenchi, was enthroned (as Emperor Konin) after Emperor Shotoku died.
Japanese: 宝亀元年（770年）称徳天皇が崩御して、天智天皇の孫の白壁王が即位した（光仁天皇）。
English: A descendant of Emperor Tenmu inherited the imperial throne after Jinshin War, however, many Imperial Family members from the Imperial line of Emperor Tenmu were either killed or punished due to continuous political changes during the Nara period.
Japanese: 壬申の乱以来、天武天皇の子孫が皇位を世襲してきたが、奈良期に打ち続いた政変で天武系の皇族の多くが殺されるか刑を受けていた。
English: Therefore, mainstream factions of the Imperial line from Emperor Tenmu died out after the death of Emperor Shotoku, leading to the revival of the Imperial of Tenji.
Japanese: そのため称徳天皇の死によって天武系の主流が断絶して、天智系の天皇が復活することとなった。
English: HIKAMI no Kawatsugu was the child of Shioyaki no okimi (Prince Shioyaki or HIKAMI no Shioyaki) and Imperial Princess Fuwa (the Imperial princess of Emperor Shomu) and was also the great-grandchild of Emperor Tenmu, however, Hikami was dethroned due to the execution of Shioyaki no okimi from his involvement in FUJIWARA no Nakamaro's War.
Japanese: 氷上川継は塩焼王（氷上塩焼）と不破内親王（聖武天皇の皇女）の子で天武天皇の曾孫になるが、塩焼王が藤原仲麻呂の乱に与して処刑されたこともあり、皇嗣からは外されていた。
English: Many believed that Kawatsugu, whose parents were both from the Imperial line of Emperor Tenmu, should be the legitimate succession to the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: 両親とも天武天皇の系統の川継こそが正統の皇位継承者であると考える者も少なくなかったと思われる。
English: In February, 782, the following year of the enthronement, YAMATO no Otohito, a shijin (a lower rank officer of the Imperial or noble families, used as a guard or miscellaneous serviceman) of Kawatsugu, was captured after he entered the palace wearing weapons.
Japanese: 即位の翌年の延暦元年（782年）閏正月、川継の資人の大和乙人が武器を帯びて宮中に闖入して捕らえられた。
English: His confession revealed Kawatsugu's plan to gather a group of people to break into the palace from Hokumon (the North gate), and overthrow the Imperial Court in the evening of March 2.
Japanese: その証言は同月10日夜に川継が一味を集めて北門から宮中に押し入り、朝廷を倒そうと云うものであった。
English: Immediately after the confession, the Imperial envoy was sent to capture Kawatsugu, however, Kawatsugu was already gone.
Japanese: 直ちに川継を捕らえるため勅使が派遣されるが、川継はいち早く逃亡してしまう。
English: On March 14, the same month, Kawatsugu was captured while he was hiding in Katsujo County, Yamato Province.
Japanese: 間もなく、同月14日に川継は大和国葛上郡に潜伏しているところを捕らえられた。
English: Even though the crime that Kawatsugu committed was deserving of the punishment of death, he instead received a lower punishment and was exiled to Izu Province.
Japanese: 川継の罪は極刑に値するところ、死一等を減じられて伊豆国へ流罪となった。
English: As a result of being implicated in the incident, Sangi (a councilor) FUJIWARA no Hamanari (the Capital House of the Fujiwara clan), his father-in-law, was demoted to the Dazai no ingai no sochi (an outer official of the Dazaifu) and the Capital House collapsed at only the second generation.
Japanese: この事件に連座して川継の舅である参議・藤原浜成（藤原京家）は大宰員外帥に左遷され、京家は二代目にして早くも没落した。
English: Furthermore, YAMANOUE no Funanushi, Mikata no okimi, Sangi OTOMO no Yakamochi, Ueji no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Outer Palace Guards) SAKANOUE no Karitamaro were also punished.
Japanese: また山上船主、三方王、参議・大伴家持、右衛士督・坂上苅田麻呂らも処罰を受けた。
English: There is no record about Uona's crime in "Shoku Nihongi," however, it is thought that he was implicated in Kawatsugu's incident.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』には罪状についての記録はないが、川継の事件に連座したものと考えられる。
English: In 806, after the death of Emperor Kenmu, the crime of Kawatsugu was forgiven and he returned to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 桓武天皇の崩御後の大同(日本)元年（806年）川継は罪を許されて従五位下に復している。
English: Sukuigoya is a public shelter of the Edo Period, built by the Edo shogunate or local feudal domain for victims of earthquakes, fire, floods, famine and other natural disasters.
Japanese: 救小屋（すくいごや）とは、江戸時代、地震や火災、洪水、飢饉などの天災の際に、被害にあった人々を救助するために、江戸幕府や藩などが立てた公的な救済施設（小屋）のことである。