nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since 1955, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force has been stationed in the airport, and although it is currently the airport under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense, it has been open for private aviation (even during the stationing of the U.S. forces), and used under the name of 'Miho Airport'.
Japanese: 昭和30年より航空自衛隊が駐留しており、現在、防衛省管轄の飛行場であるが、（米軍の駐留中から）民間航空にも開放され、「美保飛行場」（または「美保空港」）の通称で利用されている。
English: Although the traces of the airport have faded due to the land improvement, the remains of the affiliated facilities such as bomb shelters can be found in the surrounding area.
Japanese: 土地改良によって痕跡は薄れてはいるが、防空壕などの付帯設備の残骸が周辺各地にも残っている。
English: Tsuge no Kuni no Miyatsuko (also called 'Tsuge Kokuzo') was a Kuni no miyatsuko (the head of a local government) who ruled the northern-east of Yamato Province.
Japanese: 闘鶏国造（つげのくにのみやつこ・つげこくぞう)は大和国北東部を支配した国造。
English: His surname was Atai, however, he took on irreverent behavior toward Empress Oshisaka no Onakatsu no Hime no Mikoto during the Emperor Ingyo's era, and therefore his surname was demoted to Inagi.
Japanese: 姓は直だが、允恭朝に忍坂大中姫皇后に不敬があったため、稲置姓に落とされた。
English: Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko (also called 'Yamato Kokuzo') was a Kuni no Miyatsuko (the head of a local government) who ruled over the center of Yamato Province.
Japanese: 倭国造（やまとのくにのみやつこ・やまとこくぞう)は大和国中央部を支配した国造。
English: He made his name during the Eastern Expedition of the Emperor Jinmu, and he was appointed as the Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko for the first time in 658 B.C.
Japanese: 神武天皇の東征において功があり、神武天皇二年に初めて倭国造に任じられたという。
English: Although his surname was Atai, Yamato no Tatsumaro's surname became Muraji in 681, the surname of the entire clan became Muraji in 683 and became Imiki in 685, and Yamato no Nagaoka and Mizumori were promoted to Sukune in the Nara period.
Japanese: 姓は直だが、天武天皇10年(681年)に倭竜麻呂が連姓に、12年に一族が連に、14年に忌寸姓に、さらに奈良時代には大和長岡と水守が宿禰に昇格した。
English: He had almost been killed by Emperor Richu because he got himself involved in the Imperial succession conflict, however, he was saved by presenting his younger sister, Hinohime, as Uneme (ancient court hostess).
Japanese: 皇位継承争いに絡んで履中天皇に殺されかけたが、妹の日之媛を釆女として謙譲したことによって助命された。
English: Kazuraki no Kuni no Miyatsuko (also called 'Kazuraki Kokuzo', 'Katsuragi no Kuni no Miyatsuko', or 'Katsuragi Kokuzo') was a Kuni no Miyatsuko (the head of a local government) who ruled over the southern-west of Yamato Province.
Japanese: 葛城国造（かずらきのくにのみやつこ・かずらきこくぞう・かつらぎのくにのみやつこ・かつらぎこくぞう)は大和国南西部を支配した国造。
English: The Kazuraki clan, who prospered in the fifth century, descended from Takeuchi no Sukune with the surname of Omi and with a different lineage, but they were integrated into the same lineage by marriage.
Japanese: 5世紀に繁栄した葛城氏は武内宿祢の子孫で、姓も臣で別系統だが、婚姻関係によって同系統化している。
English: In the same region, there were several Grand shrines and Myojin-taisha shrines in the Engi System such as Katsuragi Miagata-Jinja Shrine and Katsuragi Hitokotonushi-Jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 同地域には葛城御縣神社・葛城一言主神社など延喜の制の名神大社・大社が連立。
English: Ekirei is a bell provided by the Imperial Court to government officials who traveled on official business, under the ritsuryo system of ancient Japan.
Japanese: 駅鈴（えきれい）は、日本の古代律令制に、官吏の公務出張の際に、朝廷より支給された鈴である。
English: It is believed to have been created along with ekiden-sei (transportation system) consisting of ekiba (horses for transportation of official travelers) and tenma (post horses) established by Kaishin no Mikotonori (the Imperial Reform Edict) which was issued by Emperor Kotoku on January 1, 646 (according to old lunar calendar), and government officials brought ekishi (or ninsoku (coolie, laborer)) and ekiba or ekifune into requisition by ringing this bell at umaya.
Japanese: 646年（大化2年）1月1日(旧暦)、孝徳天皇によって発せられた改新の詔による、駅馬・伝馬の駅伝制の設置に伴って造られたと考えられており、官吏は駅において、この鈴を鳴らして駅子（人足）と駅馬または駅舟を徴発させた。
English: Umaya provided one official with one ekiba accompanied by two ekiko, one of whom guided the horse with ekirei and the other guarded the official and ekiba.
Japanese: 駅では、官吏1人に対して駅馬1疋を給し駅子2人を従わせ、うち1人が駅鈴を持って馬を引き、もう1人は、官吏と駅馬の警護をした。
English: The only actual bells that exist today are two ekirei of the Oki Province (about 5.5cm in width, 5.0cm in depth and 6.5cm in height) designated as the national important cultural property.
Japanese: 現在残っている実物は、国の重要文化財に指定されている隠岐国駅鈴2口（幅約5.5センチメートル、奥行約5.0cm、高さ約6.5cm）のみである。
English: These ekirei are stored and displayed at the Treasure House of the Oki Family, located next to Tamawakasumikoto Jinja Shrine in Okinoshima-cho, Shimane Prefecture and are maintained by Mr. Oki, who is Guji (chief of those who serves shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) of this shrine and also a descendant of Okinokuni no miyatsuko.
Japanese: この駅鈴は島根県隠岐の島町の玉若酢命神社に隣接する億岐家宝物館に保管・展示され、同神社宮司で隠岐国造の末裔である億岐氏によって管理されている。
English: Horanomiya was an Imperial Palace which Emperor Junnin built in Omi Province in Nara period, which was placed as 'Hokukyo' in the system of multi-capital of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara).
Japanese: 保良宮（ほらのみや）は、奈良時代に近江国（滋賀県）に淳仁天皇が営んだ皇居で、平城京の複都制「北京」（ほくきょう）とされた。
English: After Shomu Daijo Tenno (the retired Emperor) died, in 757, he conquered the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro and seized political power.
Japanese: 聖武太上天皇の死後、757年(天平勝宝9年)、橘奈良麻呂の乱を平定し政権を掌握した。
English: In 758, he had Prince Oi accept abdication by Empress Koken and ascend the throne (Emperor Junnin).
Japanese: 758年（天平宝字2年）、孝謙天皇からの譲位を受ける形で即位させる（淳仁天皇）。
English: On December 13, 759, in the period of retired Empress Koken and Emperor Junnin, construction of Horanomiya was started in Omi Province because it was deeply related to the Fujiwara clan (Nakamaro's grandfather FUJIWARA no Fuhito's posthumous title was Tankaiko [Tankai means Omi], and his father FUJIWARA no Muchimaro was an Omi no kami [governor of Omi Province]) and Nakamaro himself was an Omi no kuni no kami (governor of Omi Province).
Japanese: 孝謙上皇と淳仁天皇の時代の759年(天平宝字3年)11月16日、藤原氏と縁が深く（仲麻呂の祖父藤原不比等は淡海公、父藤原武智麻呂は近江守）仲麻呂も近江国守であったことから、近江国に保良宮の造営が開始された。
English: On December 3, the Emperor decreed that he would move to Horanomiya for a while to remodel Heijo-kyu Palace and proclaimed `I think we should build Hokukyo,' and as a result, two counties (allegedly Shiga gun and Kurita gun) near the capital were placed as kiken (prefectures near the capital) for a long period, where cho (a tribute) was collected instead yo (a tribute) as in Heijo-kyo.
Japanese: 10月28日、天皇は平城宮の改作のため、しばらく保良宮に移ると詔し、更に「朕思う所有り、北京を造らんと議る」と勅して、都に近い2郡（滋賀郡と栗太郡と見られる）を割いて永く畿県とし、庸を停めて平城京に準じた調を納めるようにした。
English: On May 8, construction of halls and hedge of Horanomiya was shared out to provinces, and it was completed at a dash.
Japanese: 3月25日、保良宮の諸殿と屋垣の工事を諸国に分配して一時に完成させる。
English: On July 3, Emperor Junnin and retired Empress Koken decided to return to Heijo-kyu Palace due to their bad relationship, and Emperor Junnin entered Chuguin Palace while retired Empress Koken became a priest and entered Hokke-ji Temple.
Japanese: 5月23日、淳仁天皇と孝謙上皇の不仲で平城宮に戻ることになり、淳仁天皇は中宮院に、孝謙上皇は出家して法華寺に入る。
English: In 764, KIBI no Makibi who was close to retired Empress Koken emerged around this time.
Japanese: 764年（天平宝字8年）、このころ、孝謙上皇と関係が深い吉備真備が台頭。
English: It is a leading theory that it was on the right bank of the Seta-gawa River flowing from the Lake Biwa, stood around the Ishiyama Kokubu site in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 琵琶湖から流れ出す瀬田川右岸に位置し、滋賀県大津市の石山国分遺跡の周辺に比肩する説が有力。
English: Since the traces of tsukijibei (a mud wall with a roof) and tiles around 760, the era of Heijo-kyo were excavated there, they are considered to be the remains of related facility.
Japanese: ここからは築地塀の跡や平城京と共通の760年前後の瓦が出土しており関連した施設の跡であると考えられる。
English: The Ishiyama-dera Temple and the Provincial Monastery of the Omi Province (Kokubun-ji Temple) were around there and Omi Kokucho (provincial government office of Omi) was on the opposite side of the Seta-gawa River, so the environment was well-ordered, and in Kokubu 2nd street, there is a stone called 'Heso-ishi' (navel stone) which was allegedly one of the foundation stones of Horanomiya.
Japanese: 周辺には石山寺や近江国分寺、瀬田川対岸には近江国庁があり環境も整っており、国分2丁目には「へそ石」とよばれる保良宮の礎石の一つと伝えられている石が残っている。
English: There is a theory that Gyokkei-ji Temple (Chokushi, Shigaraki-cho, Koka City, Shiga Prefecture) near the Shigaraki no Miya Palace site is the remains.
Japanese: 紫香楽宮跡近くの玉桂寺（滋賀県甲賀市信楽町勅旨）を跡とする説がある。
English: According to a tradition, Suga-jinja Shrine, Sugaura, Nishi-Azai-cho, Ika-gun, north of the Lake Biwa is that hall.
Japanese: 琵琶湖の北部にある伊香郡西浅井町管浦の須賀神社(西浅井町)がこれに当たるとの伝承がある。
English: Even now, a custom in which people have to be barefoot to visit the holly precincts of the shrine is strictly observed.
Japanese: 神域は裸足で参拝しなければならないとの慣わしが現在も厳しく守られている。
English: In addition, this shrine holds 'Emperor Junnin festival' every 50 years, and the upcoming 1250th anniversary is scheduled to be held in 2013.
Japanese: また、この神社では50年ごとに「淳仁天皇祭」が斎行されており、次は平成25年（2013年）に1250年祭が奉祀される予定になっている。
English: Shokokumaki is a farm developed and controlled by Hyobusho (ministry of military) in ancient Japan, which mainly provided war-horses, horses presented to nobles and ekiden (ekiba (horses for transportation of official travelers) and post horse).
Japanese: 諸国牧（しょこくまき）は、古代の日本において、兵部省により開発・管轄された牧場であり、主に軍馬や貴族への貢馬、駅伝などの供給源とされた。
English: In order to let horses and cows gathered from shokokumaki run loose, farms called kintomaki were established in Kyushu and around the Kinai region.
Japanese: また、諸国牧から集められた馬牛を放し飼いにするため、近都牧（きんとまき）と呼ばれる牧が九州や畿内周辺に設置された。
English: It is not clear when shokokumaki and kintomaki were established, but it is believed that they were established around the Asuka period.
Japanese: 諸国牧・近都牧がいつ設置されたのかは定かではないが、飛鳥時代の頃だと考えられている。
English: Shokokumaki is a farm controlled by Hyobusho (ministry of military), and according to "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) 24 horse farms, 12 cow farms and 3 horse-cow farms, totaling in 39 farms, were established in 18 provinces, each of which sent horses that have reached the age of five to Sayu Meryo (the right and left divisions of Meryo, the bureau of horses) every year, while farms in various districts along the Saikaido Road sent horses to Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region).
Japanese: 諸国牧は、兵部省が所轄する牧で、延喜式によると18ヵ国に馬牧が24ヵ所、牛牧が12ヵ所、馬牛牧が3ヵ所の計39の牧が設置され、毎年、各牧から馬は5歳に達したものが左右馬寮に送られ、西海道諸国の牧からは大宰府に送られた。
English: In order to let those horses and cows sent from various districts run loose, kintomaki was established mainly in Kyushu and around the Kinki region.
Japanese: この諸国から貢上された馬牛を放し飼いにする為に設けられたのが近都牧で、主に九州・近畿周辺に設置された。
English: Under the ritsuryo system, one bokucho, who was responsible for maki, and one makicho, who was in charge of clerical work, were assigned to each farm, two bokushi per one hundred horses/cows were appointed to take care of them, and bokucho and his subordinates were subject to instruction and supervision of Kokushi (provincial governor).
Japanese: 律令制下においては、各牧には、牧の責任者の牧長（ぼくちょう）1名、文書事務にあたる牧帳（まきちょう）1名がおかれ、ウマウシ100頭ごとに牧子（ぼくし）二名で飼育にあたり、国司が牧長以下らを指揮・監督していた。
English: In the central government Hyomashi (Office of Military Horses) controlled farms all over Japan as well as public and private horse farms, and there was a system for governmental control over provision and management of riding horses, in which horses in the farms fit for riding were sent to the army and kept at a rich soldier's house and the other horses were used for ekiden.
Japanese: 中央では、兵馬司が、全国の牧と公私の馬牧を管理し、牧で乗馬に適するものは、軍団に送り裕福な兵士の家で飼育され、駄馬は、駅伝場として使用されるなど、国家によって騎馬の供給管理を統制するための仕組みがつくられていた。
English: Bokucho, makicho and bokushi, while managing the farm, were punished when they got free-range horses thin or lost, or when the prescribed goal of increase (60 ponies per 100 mares) was not attained, and they were given rice as rewards when more ponies were produced than prescribed.
Japanese: なお、牧長・牧帳・牧子らが牧の経営にあたり、放牧中の馬を痩せさせたり、失ったり、あるいは、母蓄100頭に対して駒犢60頭という規定の増産数に達しない場合は、罰せられ、規定以上に駒犢を増やすことができれば、褒美として稲が与えられた。
English: Syakkonichi (Siyakukonichi) is the day ruled by Hachigokusotsushin (Hachigokusosshin) of onmyodo (way of IN and Yang), and thought to be the bad luck day for kuji (public duties), suit and contract.
Japanese: 赤口日（しやくこうにち・しゃっこうにち）とは、陰陽道の八嶽卒神が支配する日であり、公事・訴訟・契約などの凶日とされる。
English: In onmyodo, it is said that Shakkojin (the guardian god of the east gate of the capital of Taisaijin [the god of Jupiter]) employs the eight fierce gods, and guards the gate by sending one of them in turn a day in a eight-day cycle.
Japanese: 陰陽道においては赤口神（太歳神の王都の東門の番神）が八鬼の鬼神を使役し、それを八日周期で一鬼ずつ遣わして守護せらるという。
English: In these eight days, because the one of the employed fierce gods (Hachigokusotsushin, the fourth fierce god) is the inauspicious god with eight faces and eight arms, its day is made Shakkonichi and thought to be the bad luck day.
Japanese: さようの日のうち、使役する鬼神の一鬼(第四番目の八嶽卒神)が八面八臂の凶神であるため、その日を赤口日とし凶日とされる。
English: It is thought that Syakkonichi, with Shakuzetsunichi (the day ruled by Syakuzetsujin [the guardian god of the west gate of the capital of Taisaijin]) had some influence on the present folk belief in Rokuyo (literally, "six days," the traditional six days in Japanese calendar).
Japanese: 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤舌日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
English: Kingyokushochusho is a law book written by NAKAHARA no Norizumi (Norizumi NAKAHARA) in the end of the Kamakura Period.
Japanese: 金玉掌中抄（きんぎょくしょうちゅうしょう）は、鎌倉時代末期に中原章澄が書いた法律書。
English: Norizumi is known to have served under Sanekane SAIONJI as the keishi (household superintendent), later been promoted to the Myobo hakase (teacher of the law in the Ritsuryo System) and the Syuri gon no daibu (provisional master in the Office of Palace Repairs) and given a lecture to Emperor Hanazono on the Ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 章澄は西園寺実兼の家司を務め、後に明法博士兼修理権大夫に昇進して花園天皇に律令を講じたことで知られている。
English: In this book, he explains 72 cases, mostly the criminal law, quoting from the text of the Ritsuryokyakushiki (laws of codes and ethics [conduct]) and the theories of his hereditary learning.
Japanese: 刑事法を中心として72の事例について、律令格式の正文及び家学の学説を引用して解説している。
English: It enables you to understand the level of Myobodo (study of codes) and Kugeho (laws issued by imperial court) at that time, and it includes quotation from scattered and lost text sentences of the Ritsuryo codes, so it is considered an important material for the restoration of the codes.
Japanese: 当時の明法道及び公家法の水準を知ることが出来るとともに、散逸した律令の正文の引用を含んでいるため、その再現のための重要資料とされている。
English: Saibanshiyosho is a law book compiled by SAKANOUE no Akimoto on the Imperial command of the retired Emperor Gotoba in 1207, the beginning of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 裁判至要抄（さいばんしようしょう）は、鎌倉時代初期の承元元年（1207年）に後鳥羽上皇の院宣を受けた坂上明基によって編纂された勅撰法律書。
English: It consists of thirty-three cases, mainly civil legal ones, which include citation from Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) as well as texts for interpretation by the author, SAKANOUE no Akimoto.
Japanese: 民事法を中心として33の事例について、律令格式のからの引用と著者である坂上明基の解釈を記した案文から構成されている。
English: It puts emphasis on explanations about Suiko (government loans made to peasants), inheritance, buying and selling, borrowing and lending, landholding and assignment of property.
Japanese: 主に出挙・相続・売買・貸借・土地所有・財産譲与などに関して重点的に解説されている。
English: This law book refers to Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) and "Hossoshiyo-sho" (The Essentials for the Judiciary) which is said to have been compiled by SAKANOUE no Akikane and revised by his grandson Akimoto, but in some cases provisions and texts different from the interpretation in "Hossoshiyo-sho" are presented, and it is highly valued in that it tries to interpret laws in accordance with the actual situation of society instead of sticking to rigid literal interpretation of laws.
Japanese: 律令格式や祖父坂上明兼が編纂し、明基が校訂したとされる『法曹至要抄』を参考としているが、条文や『法曹至要抄』の解釈とは違う案文を提示している部分もあり、杓子定規的な法文解釈に拘らずに社会の実情に合わせた法解釈を試みている点で評価されている。
English: It is believed that this law book was created as an example used for preparing Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court by scholars of the law) and practical documents, as a part of the efforts to reinforce responses to lawsuits under the cloister government of the retired Emperor Gotoba.
Japanese: 後鳥羽上皇の院政において訴訟対応への強化が図られ、その一環として明法勘文や実務文書作成のための手本として作成されたと考えられている。
English: SAKANOUE no Akimoto had close ties with the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), being said to have picked out articles concerning civil affairs from "Hossoshiyo-sho" to submit them to the bakufu at the request of the Kamakura bakufu, influenced not only kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) in the later generations but also Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) in the Kamakura period, and had an impact on studies of the transition process from kugeho to bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government).
Japanese: 坂上明基は鎌倉幕府の依頼を受けて『法曹至要抄』の中の民事関係の記事を抄出して幕府に提出したと言われるなど幕府とのつながりも深く、後世の公家法のみならず、鎌倉幕府の御成敗式目にもその影響が見られ、公家法から武家法への移行過程の研究にも影響を与えている。
English: Myobo kanmon is kanmon (report) prepared by scholars (Myobo-ke) of Myobodo (study of Codes) including Myobo hakase to respond to consultation.
Japanese: 明法勘文（みょうぼうかんもん）とは、明法博士ら明法道の学者（明法家）が、諮問に対する解答として勘申した文書（勘文）。
English: It is mainly responses to the Imperial Court and In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) asking for legal interpretation of Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) concerning specific accidents and problems, but sometimes it contains answers to specific questions from the Emperor and Kugyo (the top court officials) and self-answered questions.
Japanese: 主として朝廷・院庁より個々の事件・問題に対する律令格式などによる法的解釈を諮問された場合の解答として行われるが、天皇や公卿などからの個別の質問や自問答による解答なども含まれる場合がある。
English: Normally an imperial decree intended by the Emperor or Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was handed down via recorders of gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office of the Council of State) or Benkankyoku (Controllers' Office) to Myobo hakase, who replied in the form of kanmon.
Japanese: 通常は天皇や太政官の意向を受けた宣旨が外記局もしくは弁官局の史(律令制)より明法博士に下され、それに対して勘文の形式で解答を出すことになる。
English: At first such an imperial decree was formally handed down to an instruction group of Myobo hakase called 'Myobo-zoshi' but after the ninth century it was handed down to Myobo hakase personally.
Japanese: 当初は「明法曹司」などと呼ばれる明法博士の教授団（組織）に対して下される形式が取られたが、9世紀以後には明法博士個人に対して出されるようになった。
English: The scope of kanmon covered both criminal and civil affairs, and later reports on matters which were not directly related to Myobodo were sometimes submitted.
Japanese: 勘文の範囲は刑事・民事を問わず行われ、後には明法道とは直接関係のない問題についても勘申が行われる場合もあった。
English: In the tenth century, when the authority related to trials of government officials' crimes was moved to Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) of Daijokan, kanmon concerning charges and penalties of crime accounted for the large majority of Myobo kanmon, so they were especially called 'Zaimyo kanmon' (kanmon for charges).
Japanese: なお、10世紀に入ると、官人の犯罪に関する裁判の権能が太政官の陣定に移された関係上、犯罪の罪名や処罰に関する明法勘文が大きな部分を占めて、特に「罪名勘文」（ざいみょうかんもん）とも呼ばれている。
English: The oldest Myobo kanmon in Japan is the one concerning interpretation of Regulations for selection of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) included in "Hosoruirin," and was replied by FUJIWARA no Fuhito, Dainagon (Major Counselor) and Kadono no Okimi, Shikibukyo, who were involved in compilation of Taiho Code and also served as Ryokan, because there was no government post of Myobo hakase in those days.
Japanese: 日本最古の明法勘文は、『法曹類林』所収の大宝律令選任令の解釈に関するもので、当時は明法博士の官職が存在していなかったために、律令編纂に関与して令官を兼ねていた大納言藤原不比等と式部卿葛野王が回答している。
English: In addition, the oldest record of kanmon created by Myobo is the one concerning the replacement of Kokushi in the article of October 14, 758 of "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued).
Japanese: また、明法博士による勘文に関する最古の記録は『続日本紀』天平宝字2年9月8日（丁丑/758年10月14日）条の国司交替に関する勘文を最古とする。
English: Three kanmon written by daihanji (judge) SANUKI no Naganao, Myobo hakase 御輔長道 and Sadaishi (senior recorder of the left) 川枯勝成 in the so-called 'Zengai Jiken'(described in the article of December 6, 846 of "Shoku Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued)), in which benkan Yoshio TOMONO accused all of his five fellow benkan of violating Soni ryo (Regulations for Monks and Nuns) in their customary public administration which had been implemented for many years, are well known.
Japanese: また、『続日本後紀』承和(日本)13年11月14日(旧暦)（壬子/846年12月6日）条に引載されたいわゆる「善愷事件」（弁官伴善男が、弁官局で長年行われてきた慣例上の行政処理を僧尼令違反であるとして同僚弁官5名全員を告発した事件）における大判事讃岐永直・明法博士御輔長道・左大史川枯勝成による3通の勘文が知られている。
English: At the beginning, the matter to be reported is written in a sentence, "Kanjin... no koto," and the body text starts in the next line.
Japanese: まず、冒頭に勘申すべき事柄を「勘申～事」と記した上で次行より本文が開始される。
English: Next, the body text of Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) upon which kanmon is based is cited (this is stipulated in Laws of codes and ethics (conduct) concerning conviction of 断獄律).
Japanese: 続いて勘申の根拠となる律令格式の本文を引用する（これは断獄律断罪引律令格式条によって規定されている）。
English: The text body of "Ritsu-no-shuge" and "Ryonoshuge," commentaries compiled by Imperial command, is cited in the same format.
Japanese: また、後には勅撰の律令注釈書である『律集解』・『令集解』本文からも引用も同様の書式で行われている。
English: Such kanmon were used as conference materials in Jin no sadame and In no hyojo (consultation under the government by the retired Emperor) and included in many works by Myobo-ke such as "Hosoruirin" and "Seiji yoryaku," and later treated as one of the sources of court noble laws.
Japanese: こうした勘文は陣定・院評定などの会議資料として用いられた他、『法曹類林』や『政事要略』以下多くの明法家の著書に採録され、後には公家法の法源の1つとして扱われる場合もあった。
English: Myobo kanmon had been actively created by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), when the political power of the Imperial Court and In no cho was well retained in and around Kyoto, but Myobodo declined with the downfall of such political power and Myobo kanmon were no longer created.
Japanese: こうした明法勘文は、朝廷・院庁の政治的権威が京都とその周辺部で堅持されていた南北朝時代(日本)の頃までは盛んに作成されていたが、以後政治的権力の失墜とともに明法道も衰退し、明法勘文が作成されることはほとんど無くなったとされている。
English: Kangakukigen is a history book of the study of the Chinese classics written by Sueyasu IJICHI of Satsuma domain in the late Edo Period.
Japanese: 漢学紀源（かんがくきげん）は、江戸時代後期に薩摩藩伊地知季安によって書かれた漢学史書。
English: It seems that the book was written in the period between 1812 and 1841 when he was moved back to the main land and confined after he was implicated in the Kinshiroku-kuzure affair (the family feud in Satsuma domain in 1808) and exiled to a remote island.
Japanese: 著者が近思録崩れに連座して遠島とされた後に本土に移されて幽閉された文化(日本)9年（1812年）から天保12年（1841年）の時期に書かれたとされている。
English: "Gakumongenryu" is a history book of the study of Chinese classics written by Shiso NABA (Rodo NABA, NABA is also pronounced NAWA) in the middle of the Edo Period.
Japanese: 『学問源流』（がくもんげんりゅう）は、江戸時代中期に那波師曾（魯堂）によって書かれた漢学史書。
English: In 1789, Shiso, who realized his days were numbered, made his pupil write at his dictation, after his death, his own younger brother Mototsugu OKUDA (Shosai OKUDA) found the manuscript while he was arranging the articles left by Shiso, and talked with the heir of Shiso, then published it in 1794.
Japanese: 寛政元年（1789年）、自分の余命を悟った師曾が門人に口述筆記させ、その死後に遺品を整理していた実弟の奥田元継（奥田尚斎）がこれを発見し、師曾の嫡子と相談の上で同6年（1794年）に刊行された。
English: He writes that Confucianism had been overwhelmed by Buddhism since the Engi and Tenryaku Period and it changed into the learning of Zen monks, that Seika FUJIWARA began the serious study of Shushigaku, and that later Jinsai ITO and his son Togai ITO, Ansai YAMAZAKI, Toju NAKAE, and Sorai OGYU tried to criticize Shushigaku for meiri (fame and profit), insisting on different theories from Shushigaku such as Yomeigaku (Neo-Confucianism based on teaching of WANG Yangming) and Kobunjigaku (study of ancient rhetoric school), and finally he stresses that Shushigaku is the right and completed Confucianism from which meiri was eliminated.
Japanese: 延喜・天暦以来、儒教が仏教に圧倒されて儒教が禅僧の学問と化したこと、藤原惺窩が日本における宋学の端緒を付けたこと、その後伊藤仁斎・伊藤東涯父子や山崎闇斎・中江藤樹・荻生徂徠らが、名利をもって陽明学や古文辞学などの異説を掲げて朱子学の排撃を試みたこと、だが朱子学こそが名利を捨てて学問として成就された正統な儒学であることを論じている。
English: It was published several times through the Edo Period because of the demand to defend Shushigaku at that time and its clear writing, after the Meiji Period, it was also published with movable type system by Hakubunkan (a publisher).
Japanese: 朱子学擁護という当時の時代の要請とその分かりやすい文章から、江戸時代を通じて何回か刊行され、明治以後も博文館より活字本として刊行されている。
English: Fu is an official document used by government officials in the upper grade to give a command to those in the lower grade under the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 符（ふ）とは、律令制において上級の官司（所管）より下級の官司（被管）に対して命令を下す際に用いる公文書のこと。