nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This setup turned out to fund the income for Tomiko HINO, the lawful wife of Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdued the barbarians") Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and as a result, people vented their frustrations in the form of an uprising in Yamashiro Province which lasted for two years from that very year.
Japanese: この時の設置が実は征夷大将軍足利義政正室である日野富子の収入となっていたことが明らかになると、民衆の不満が爆発し、同年から2年にわたる山城土一揆のきっかけとなった。
English: The checkpoints were still in use after the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), but were all abolished under the Toyotomi administration.
Japanese: 戦国時代_(日本)以後も引き続き設置されたが、豊臣政権下で全廃されている。
English: Although there was no clear and actual condition of the Heian nobles, since the political, socioeconomic, cultural domination by the nobility was achieved from the mid to late Heian Period, this term is often used to refer to the nobles in this period.
Japanese: 平安貴族という明確な実態があったわけではないが、平安中期-後期にかけて貴族層による政治的・社会経済的・文化的支配が展開したため、同時期の貴族を表すための用語として使われることが多い。
English: Before the war, the nobles in the Heian Period were regarded to have seized political power from the Emperor and to have pursued a life of pleasure in Kyoto, but after the war, Yoshihiko HASHI<OTO gradually revealed the status of the nobles in the Heian Period.
Japanese: 戦前は、平安時代の貴族は天皇から政治実権を奪い、京で遊興にふけった退廃的な存在としてとらえられがちだったが、戦後になり橋本義彦らによって平安期の貴族の実態が次第に明らかとされていった。
English: The noble class in the early Heian Period consists of the clans from the local powerful family class in the Asuka Period, in its upper noble class.
Japanese: 平安時代初期の貴族層を見ると、飛鳥時代の豪族層に出自する氏族がまだ上流貴族階層を構成していた。
English: However as time went by, new clans including the Minamoto clan, the Tachibana clan, the Kiyohara clan, the Sugawara clan as well as the Fujiwara clan who established a deep matrimonial relation with the Emperor, started to rapidly occupy the upper noble class.
Japanese: しかし時代が進むにつれ、天皇と濃密な姻戚関係を結んだ藤原氏一族のほか、源氏、橘氏、清原氏、菅原氏といった新興氏族が急速に上流貴族階層を占めていった。
English: Then, the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan, the relatives of the Emperor, almost created a monopoly of the Giseikan (a legislative organ), and it is worthy to note that the direct descent of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan achieved the position of Sessho Kanpaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor) in the late ninth century, which made them receive and deal with the political discretion of the Emperor; and they were also successful in making the position hereditary.
Japanese: そのうち、天皇のミウチである藤原氏と源氏が議政官（公卿）をほぼ独占し始め、特に藤原北家嫡流は9世紀後半に天皇の政治決定権を受任・代行しうる摂政・関白の地位を獲得し、その地位を世襲することに成功した。
English: From the end of the ninth to the beginning of the tenth century, it was no longer possible to keep the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), based on the huge bureaucratic organization and the sophisticated statutory system, and a dynastic nation-state was newly established, in which certain administrative and legislative authorities were undertaken by the local officials and central bureaucrats.
Japanese: 9世紀末から10世紀初頭にかけて、巨大な官僚組織と精緻な法令システムを前提とする律令制の維持がもはや不可能となり、一定の行政司法権を地方官や中央官庁へ請け負わせる王朝国家が新たに成立した。
English: During this period, when the Fujiwara clan and the Minamoto clan started to occupy the political nucleus, the middle and lower class nobles who had no hope for fame, competed for assignments in the local official (Zuryo, the head of the provincial governors) or specific bureaucrats.
Japanese: 政治の中枢を藤原氏と源氏が占有し始めたこの時期、栄達の望みがない中下流貴族らは地方官（受領）や特定官庁への補任をきそって求めた。
English: The middle and lower class nobles who gained such positions strived to secure such positions, attempting to make them hereditary or a 'family business.'
Japanese: これらの職についた中下流貴族らは自らが得た職の確保をはかり、職を「家業」として世襲することに努めている。
English: The concept of the family business became established in the noble class from the tenth to the eleventh century, and a number of 'clans' were arose after the eleventh century.
Japanese: 家業の観念は、10世紀から11世紀にかけて貴族層に定着していき、11世紀以降、多くの「家」が生まれた。
English: For example, the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) which worked for Sessho and Kanpaku as a family business, the Kanmu (literally official duty) family (the Ozuki clan) which worked for the Oversight Department of the Grand Council of State as a family business, the Kyokumu (literally bureau duty) clan (the Nakahara clan and the Kiyohara clan) which worked for the duties of Geki (upper secretariat) as a family business, and the Army clan (samurai families) which was in charge in exercising force.
Japanese: 例えば、摂関を家業とする摂関家（藤原北家）、弁官事務を家業とする官務家（小槻氏）、外記事務を家業とする局務家（中原氏・清原氏）、武力行使を担当する兵の家（武家）などがある。
English: Such a system where a certain clan took charge in the administration of a specific bureau was called the government office contract system.
Japanese: このようにある氏族が特定の官庁運営を請け負う体制を官司請負制という。
English: Of these, 'the Emperor clan' topped the rest of these 'clans,' and referred to the position of emperor as a family business.
Japanese: これらの「家」の頂点に君臨したのが、天皇を家業とする「天皇家」である。
English: After the late eleventh century, the predecessors of the Emperor clan took control of the Emperor clan as a Retired Emperor or a Cloistered Emperor, and were called Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power), and held the cloister government by seizing political power.
Japanese: 11世紀後半以降、天皇家の家督者は上皇・院という立場で天皇家を支配し、治天の君と呼ばれ政治の実権を握って院政を展開した。
English: The Army clan which worked for military arts and force as a family business, developed into military nobles, and they established a gradual relation of master and servant with the local rich farmers when they transferred as a local official (Zuryo).
Japanese: 武芸・武力を家業とする兵の家が軍事貴族へと発展し、地方官（受領）として赴任した際に現地の富豪百姓らとゆるやかな主従関係を結んだ。
English: The military nobles and rich local farmers developed into samurai like this, but they were none other than Heian nobles in essence.
Japanese: こうして軍事貴族や地方の富豪百姓らは武士へと成長していったが、その本質は平安貴族に他ならなかった。
English: In the late Heian Period, disputes over the succession of family business frequently occurred inside the 'clan,' and in the mid twelfth century, the disputes evolved into tangible forms of armed conflicts (the Hogen war).
Japanese: 平安後期になると、「家」内部で家業の継承をめぐる紛争が頻発し、12世紀中葉にはその紛争が武力衝突として具現化してしまった（保元の乱）。
English: Later, TAIRA no Kiyomori from the military nobles established the Taira clan administration, and as a result of the civil war of Gisho-Juei (the Genpei war) which occurred during the course of overthrowing the Taira clan administration, a military administration (the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)) was established in the East, but the nobles continued to seize political power afterwards as well.
Japanese: その後、軍事貴族の平清盛が平氏政権をうちたて、平氏政権打倒の過程で発生したの内乱（源平合戦）の結果、東国に武家政権（鎌倉幕府）が登場することとなったが、その後も貴族たちは一定の政治実権を握り続けたのである。
English: The income source of the Heian nobles was not necessarily their shoen (manor in medieval Japan), but rather mainly in farmland and stipend given by the government depending on government post.
Japanese: 平安貴族たちの主な収入源は必ずしも荘園ではなく、むしろ官職に応じて国家から給与される田地や禄などが主要収入であった。
English: This salary was huge, and for example, the head of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan earned about 300 to 500 million yen by the government when converted to modern currency, which included Shikiden (a rice field provided for Dainagon and the higher rank), Iden (a rice field provided for yuhon-no-shinno or the fifth and higher rank officials), Shikifu (a fief to the Imperial families, higher-rank officers, and shrines and temples), Ifu (a fief to the third rank and higher vassals and princes), Shijin (lower-rank officers provided to the Imperial or noble families and used as a guard or miscellaneous services), and Kiroku (salary paid to the officers under the ritsuryo system).
Japanese: この給与は莫大なもので、例えば藤原北家の当主は、職田・位田・職封・位封・資人・季禄など現在の貨幣価値に換算して約3-5億円の収入を国家から得ていた。
English: Under the dynastic nation-state, as long as Zuryo paid the specified tax to Kyoto, they could take the rest of the tax as their own income.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制の下では、受領は規定の租税を京進さえすれば、残余の租税を自らの収入とすることができた。
English: However, the performance review of Zuryo was very severe, so it is thought that they were unable to impose taxes that were overly harsh.
Japanese: しかしながら、受領の勤務評定は非常に厳しく、あまり苛烈な租税収奪は行なわれなかっただろうとされている。
English: Still, it is said that they could accumulate great wealth once they worked as Zuryo, and quite a number of middle class nobles served the upper class nobles privately by providing them with a substantial financial contribution in order to keep the position of Zuryo.
Japanese: それでも、受領を勤めると多大な蓄財ができたといわれ、蓄財によって上流貴族へ私的に奉仕し、受領の座を確保しようとする中流貴族は少なくなかった。
English: From the late eleventh to the twelfth century in the late Heian Period, shoen and chigyo-koku (provincial fiefdom) increased, and they could not be ignored as a source of income for Heian nobles.
Japanese: 平安後期の11世紀後半から12世紀になると、急速に荘園や知行国が増加していき、平安貴族たちの収入源として無視できないものになる。
English: Shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) mainly based on shoen, was established in this period, and after that until the sixteenth century, shoen continued to exist as a source of income for the nobles.
Japanese: 荘園などを中心とした支配体制である荘園公領制はこの時期に成立し、以後、16世紀まで荘園は貴族たちの収入源として存在し続ける。
English: Konin-Jogan culture around the reign of the Emperor Saga in the early Heian Period, was centered around the culture of the central nobles, which was deeply influenced by China (Tang).
Japanese: 平安初期の嵯峨天皇治世前後の弘仁・貞観文化は、中央貴族たちの文化だったが、中国（唐）の影響を色濃く受けた文化だった。
English: Later, Chinese elements in the noble culture faded, upon which a uniquely Japanese culture emerged.
Japanese: その後、貴族文化は中国的な要素が薄まり、日本独自の発達をとげていった。
English: The clothes the nobles wore were originally introduced from China, but changed to sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress), Japan's unique formal wear.
Japanese: 貴族が着用する衣服は元々中国から導入されたものだったが、そのうち束帯という日本独特な正装へと変化した。
English: Also, Kana, which is a phonogram created by disrupting Kanji (Chinese characters), was established in this period.
Japanese: また、漢字をくずした表音文字である仮名が生まれたのもこの時期である。
English: A number of court ladies from noble families worked for kokyu (empress's residence) of the Imperial court, and they were well educated and created many stories and a diary literature through the use of Kana.
Japanese: 宮廷の後宮には貴族出身の女房らが多数出仕していたが、これらの女房は高い教養を持ち、仮名を駆使して多くの物語・日記文学を生み出した。
English: This is also a Japanese architectural style, which was developed uniquely in Japan separate from Chinese architectural style.
Japanese: これも元々中国的な建築様式が日本独自の発展をとげて生まれた日本風の建築様式である。
English: In the early Heian Period, Shingon sect was introduced by Kukai, Tendai sect by Saicho, which greatly influenced the noble's belief in Buddhism.
Japanese: 平安初期には空海によって真言宗が、最澄によって天台宗がもたらされ、貴族の仏教信仰に大きな影響を与えた。
English: In the same period, the belief in the Pure Land (worship of Amitabha) was also introduced from China, and when Mappo-shiso (the "end of the world" belief) spread in the mid Heian Period, the belief in the Pure Land flourished among the nobles.
Japanese: 同時期に浄土信仰（阿弥陀信仰）も中国から伝来しており、平安中期に末法思想が広がると、浄土信仰が貴族の間で隆盛した。
English: The Choroku–Kansei Famine was a country-wide famine that struck Japan in 1459 (the third year of the Choroku era) and lasted until 1461 (the second year of the Kansei era).
Japanese: 長禄・寛正の飢饉（ちょうろく・かんせいのききん）は、長禄3年（1459年）から寛正2年（1461年）にかけて日本全国を襲った飢饉のこと。
English: In 1459, a nation-wide drought, the Kyotoku war in the Kanto region, and a typhoon that struck the Kinai area triggered a famine in Japan that mainly affected the western part of the country.
Japanese: 長禄3年は全国的な旱魃に加えて、関東地方の享徳の乱、畿内の台風などによって西日本を中心に飢饉が発生、
English: The following year, a seemingly endless cycle of rain-induced floods and droughts that was followed by insect damage and plague led to a nation-wide famine; a succession battle within the HATAKEYAMA clan and the battle of Choroku that the SHIBA clan fought made the situation in their respective territories even worse.
Japanese: 翌年にも大雨による水害と旱魃が交互に訪れ、更に虫害と疫病も加わって飢饉が全国で拡大、畠山氏の家督争い、斯波氏の長禄合戦などによって、両氏の領国では更に事態が深刻化した。
English: In September (August in old lunar calendar) 1459, when a typhoon hit Kyoto, the Kamo-gawa River was flooded, sweeping away many houses and killing countless numbers of people.
Japanese: 京都では1459年旧暦8月に台風が直撃し、賀茂川が氾濫して多数の家屋が流出し、数え切れないほどの死者が出たほか、
English: In 1461, struggling with severe famine, many refugees fled to the city, which only worsened the situation.
Japanese: 飢饉がより深刻化した1461年（寛正2年）には、大量の流民が市中に流れ込み更に事態は悪化した。
English: It is said that 82,000 lost their lives to famine and plague in Kyoto in the first two months of 1461 alone.
Japanese: 飢餓と疫病によって、寛正2年の最初の2ヶ月で京都で8万2千人の死者が出たと言われている。
English: However, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), had no interest in the real world, renovated the Hana-no-gosho residence, and ignored the advice from the Emperor Gohanazono who became concerned with the situation.
Japanese: だが、室町幕府の征夷大将軍足利義政はこの最中に花の御所を改築し、世事に全く関心を示さず、堪りかねた後花園天皇の勧告をも無視した。
English: At the Hongan-ji Temple that was put under control of the Enryaku-ji Temple and was prohibited to conduct any Jodo Shin Sect-related activities, Rennyo tried to regain the temple's independence from the Enryaku-ji Temple while engaging himself in rescue efforts, but was met with anger, which triggered the so-called religious persecution in the Kansei Era.
Japanese: 延暦寺の支配下に置かれて浄土真宗の活動を禁じられていた本願寺では蓮如が救済活動の傍ら延暦寺からの独立を図ってその怒りを招き、いわゆる寛正の法難の原因となった。
English: The Kyoto Town Magistrate was one of the ongoku-bugyo (magistrates placed at important areas) that was set up in Kyoto by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 京都町奉行（きょうとまちぶぎょう）は、江戸幕府が京都に設置した遠国奉行の1つ。
English: Roju (member of shogun's council of elders) theoretically held control, but Kyoto Shoshidai (the administrative and political office) in fact held power due to its place of appointment.
Japanese: 老中支配であるが、任地の関係で実際には京都所司代の指揮下で職務を行った。
English: East and West Magistrate's offices were set up, with a one-month rotating reign similarl to the Edo Town Magistrate (Note that the magistrate's offices were called higashi-oyakusho and nishi-oyakusho, unlike the Edo and Osaka Town Magistrates.)
Japanese: 東西の奉行所が設置され、江戸町奉行と同様に東西1ヶ月ごとの月番制を取った（ただし、奉行所の名称は江戸・大坂町奉行とは違い、東御役所・西御役所と呼ばれていた）。
English: It was set up on January 10, 1669 as a spin-off from the Kyoto Gundai (rural intendants).
Japanese: 京都郡代から分離する形で寛文8年12月8日(旧暦)（1669年1月10日）に設置された。
English: Since the establishment of the Edo bakufu, Kyoto Shoshidai and Kyoto Gundai were in charge of administration in Kyoto and the neighboring areas.
Japanese: 江戸幕府成立以来、京都とその周辺の行政は京都所司代及び京都郡代が管轄していたが、
English: However, due to excessive workload, Kyoto Gundai was reorganized into Kyoto Daikan, responsible for the economic and finance division, and Masasada KOIDE took over judicial power in Kyoto and the neighboring areas (Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and Yamato Province) as well as administrative power in the shogunate demesne from Kyoto Gundai on December 24, 1660 ("Manji Nikki (Manji Diary)").
Japanese: その職務が過重となってきたために、京都郡代を経済・財政部門を扱う京都代官に改め、今まで京都郡代が担当していた京都とその周辺（山城国・丹波国・近江国・大和国）の裁判及び天領に関する行政の権限については、万治3年11月22日(旧暦)（1660年12月24日）に小出尹貞が執り行う事になった（『万治日記』）。
English: Note that KOIDE was despatched as a non-regular Fushimi Magistrate as there had been no title equivalent to Kyoto Magistrate at the time of his appointment, and KOIDE resided in the official residence of the former Kyoto Gundai.
Japanese: ただし、当時はまだ京都奉行にあたる役職が無かったために小出は定数外の伏見奉行として派遣されて、前京都郡代の役宅に入っている。
English: After KOIDE died on August 6, 1665, Shigenari MIYAZAKI and Masatane AMEMIYA were appointed to succeed his post in September 14, 1665.
Japanese: 寛文5年6月25日(旧暦)（1665年8月6日）に小出が死去すると、同年8月6日(旧暦)（1665年9月14日）宮崎重成と雨宮正種の2名に小出の後任を命じた。
English: On April 15, 1666, the Magistrate in Kinai, Omi Province, Tanba Province and Harima Province, which Tadasada MIZUNO had assumed, was transferred to Miyazaki and Amemiya (Mizuno officially resigned as Fushimi Magistrate in 1669).
Japanese: 翌寛文6年3月11日(旧暦)（1666年4月15日）には伏見奉行水野忠貞が兼ねていた畿内・近江国・丹波国・播磨国の奉行職を免じられて両名に移管された（水野の伏見奉行辞任は寛文9年（1669年）である）。
English: In 1668, Chikashige MAKINO of Kyoto Shoshidai decided to step down, and upon his departure, Kyoto Magistrate was founded by absorbing the civil administration division that had been managed by the Shoshidai, with Miyazaki becoming the first Higashimachi Magistrate and Amemiya becoming the first Nishimachi Magistrate.
Japanese: 更に寛文8年（1668年）に入ると、京都所司代牧野親成の退任も決まり、これを機に所司代が担当していた京都市中に対する民政部門を統合して京都奉行が成立し、宮崎は初代東町奉行・雨宮は初代西町奉行となった。
English: As described above, it managed administration and justice in Kyoto, justice in the four neighboring provinces as well as administration of the shogunate demesne, and controlled temple and shrine territories (excluding monzeki temples (temples of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility enter the priesthood)).
Japanese: 前述のように京都の行政・裁判の他、周辺4ヶ国の裁判・天領の行政及び寺社領の支配（ただし、門跡寺院は除く）を行った。
English: Also, in 1722, it merged with the duties of Otsu Magistrate to control Otsu City.
Japanese: また、享保7年（1722年）には大津奉行の職務を統合して大津市の支配も行った。
English: Along with the passage of time, new divisions emerged such as 'Gosho-muke otoriatsukai-gakari' (founded 1774, assumed by Magistrate) responsible for overseeing the corrupted kuchimuke (finance division) of the Imperial court and 'Sarachi-gakari' (founded 1813, assumed by yoriki) responsible for preventing random expansion of the Kyoto urban land and implementing appropriate urban development plans.
Japanese: 更に時代が下ると、腐敗した朝廷の口向（経理）を監督するための「御所向御取扱掛」（安永3年設置、奉行が兼務）や京都市街の無秩序な拡大を防止して適正な町割をするための「新地掛」（文化(日本)10年設置、与力が兼務）などの新たな職掌が生まれ、
English: To cope with the realignments, the number of yoriki was effectively padded by assigning children of yoriki to such duties as paid trainees, and the administrative work was outsourced to Machi-dai who used to be the head of town officials.
Japanese: これに対応するために与力の嫡子を見習名目で職務に当たらせて給銀だけを与える事で与力の数を事実上水増ししたり、本来は町役人の元締であった町代に事務業務を委任したりするようになった。
English: On January 7, 1868, it was abolished along with Kyoto Shoshidai by order of the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 慶応3年12月13日(旧暦)（1868年1月7日）に、明治政府の命令によって京都所司代とともに廃止された。
English: The Kanshoku Hisho was a reference book concerning the yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by TAIRA no Motochika in 1200 in the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 官職秘抄（かんしょくひしょう）とは、鎌倉時代初期の元治2年（1200年）頃に平基親によって書かれた有職故実の解説書。
English: Motochika, Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and Minister of the Hyobu-sho (Ministry of Military Affairs), is said to have written the book after being asked questions by the chief priest of the Ninna-ji Temple, Cloistered Imperial Prince Shukaku,
Japanese: 仁和寺門跡である守覚法親王の質問を受けて、従三位兵部卿であった基親が著したと言われている。
English: The book mainly discusses the titles of the government posts and their transitions as well as family social standing and experience required in order to be allowed to assume these posts.
Japanese: 主に官職の呼称と変遷、それにつくための家格・経歴について論じている。
English: Additionally, Motochika's position to prioritize the family's social standing rather than talent for the appointment of the government posts coincided with Chikafusa KITABATAKE's series of books in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts; some believe that Chikafusa had been influenced by the Kanshoku Hisho.
Japanese: また、才覚よりも家格を官職就任の最優先の要件とするという見解は、南北朝時代(日本)の北畠親房による一連の著作とも共通しており、親房は同書の影響を受けたとする見方もある。
English: Jisho-guso is a Yusoku kojitsu (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) written by Sadamichi ISE, the military governor of Yamashiro Province in the early Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States) in Japan.
Japanese: 常照愚草（じょうしょうぐそう）は、戦国時代(日本)初期の山城国守護職・伊勢貞陸による有職故実。
English: Sadamichi was Mandokoro Shitsuji (chief of Mandokoro, the Administrative Board) of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from 1490 through 1498.
Japanese: 貞陸は延徳2年（1490年）より明応7年（1498年）まで室町幕府政所執事を務めた。
English: It is not clear when Sadamichi wrote the book; however, he wrote it in 1521 or earlier as he died at the age of 59 in that year.
Japanese: 執筆年代は明らかではないが、貞陸が大永元年（1521年）に59歳で没していることから、それ以前の著作となる。
English: The book also describes negotiation between the nobles and soldiers in detail because he was responsible to conduct negotiations with the Imperial Court as Mandokoro Shitsuji as well as the military governor of Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: また、政所執事・山城守護として朝廷との交渉役も務めたことから、公武交渉についての記述についても詳細である。
English: Tsubo-sen, which was also called shuzo-yaku and sakatsubosen, was the most ancient form of the tax imposed on "Sakaya", sake dealers.
Japanese: 壷銭（つぼせん）とは、酒造役（しゅぞうやく）・酒壷銭（さかつぼせん）とも呼ばれ、酒屋に対する課税のもっとも古い形態である。
English: The term tsubo-sen is thought to have derived from "tsubo", a pot (ancient Chinese vessel shaped like a vase, usually used to store alcohol), as the tax was imposed based on "tsubo-su", the number of tsubo used for brewing.
Japanese: 課税基準を醸造に用いる壷数に応じて定めたことから、この名称が付いたとされている。
English: Sakaya had been spread in many parts of the country since the middle of the Kamakura Period; however, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) imposed strict controls upon Sakaya by putting "koshu no kin" (the ban on sale and purchase of sake) in force as the government believed that sake has a harmful influence on the community.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期から酒屋が全国各地に広まるが、鎌倉幕府は酒が社会に害悪をもたらすとしてこれを禁じる沽酒の禁を出して厳しく取り締まった。
English: On the contrary, the Kyoto Imperial Court tried to impose tax in compensation for allowing Sakaya to carry on their business in order to cover the decreased income from Koryo (an Imperial demesne).
Japanese: これに対して京都朝廷は公領よりの収入減少の穴埋めとして酒屋の営業を許す代わりに課税を行おうとした。
English: The oldest records show that tsubo-sen was imposed on Sakaya in "Rakuchu" (inside the capital) to cover the cost for constructing Ima Hie-sha Shrine during the Showa era.
Japanese: 正和年間の新日吉社造営費用のために洛中などの酒屋に壷銭を課したのが最古の記録である。
English: Later, miki no kami (Chief of the Sake Office) was responsible for collecting tax, and the Oshikoji family, who served as miki no kami, fulfilled the role.
Japanese: 後に造酒正が徴収を担当するようになり、造酒正を務める押小路家がその役目にあたった。
English: From 1322 and onward, Emperor Godaigo executed direct control over tsubo-yaku and had the tax imposed regularly; taking opportunity of the commencement of Kenmu Restoration, the emperor appointed Yorimoto GOJO as miki no kami and tried to deprive the Oshikoji family of the title, but failed to do so due to the collapse of the administration, and the Oshikoji family restored the right.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は元亨2年（1322年）以後、壷役の直轄化と通常課税化を図り、建武新政の開始を機に五条頼元を造酒正に任命して押小路家の権限を取り上げようとしたが、政権の崩壊とともに失敗に終わり、押小路家が復権した。
English: In the Northern Dynasty (Japan) during Joji era (1362-1368), the Oshikoji family became Sakekojiurikayaku and was bestowed the power to levy taxes.
Japanese: 貞治年間の北朝_(日本)において、年間200貫を朝廷に収めることを条件に押小路家に酒麹売課役（さけこうじうりかやく）として徴税権を与えられた。
English: However, conflict occurred between miki no kami, who enforced tax collection by pressing "kebiishi" (a police and judicial chief) into service, and influential temples, including Enryaku-ji Temple, which had "za" (a trade guild) of Sakaya under their control.
Japanese: 検非違使をも動員して徴税を強行する造酒正と酒屋の座を支配下に置く延暦寺などの有力寺院との対立が生じることになった。
English: On the other hand, the Kamakura bakufu continued to ban Sakaya and had a negative view for imposing taxes on Sakaya, which was subjected to prohibition.
Japanese: 一方鎌倉幕府は引き続きこの酒屋の禁止を続け、禁止対象である酒屋から課税する事にも否定的であった。
English: The Muromachi bakufu, which was established in place of the Kamakura bakufu, had a weak financial base; so, backed up by the military force, the Muromachi bakufu began to collect "sakaya-yaku" (the tax charged on sake dealers) from Sakaya in Kyoto while intruding into the conflict between miki no kami and influential temples.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府に代わって成立した室町幕府は財政基盤が弱かったためにその軍事力を背景に造酒正・有力寺院の対立に割ってはいる形で京都の酒屋から「酒屋役」を徴収するようになった。
English: Tsubo-sen was collected each month, totaling 12 times per year as a general rule and was also collected on a temporary basis in other occasions.
Japanese: 壷銭は定期的なものについては月ごとに年間12回徴収するのを原則として、他に臨時の課税が行われた。
English: Prior to the collection, field research for Sakaya was conducted in order to figure out tsubo-su and business conditions.
Japanese: 徴収に先立って壷数と営業状況を把握するために酒屋の実地調査が行われた。
English: Sakaya was categorized into honyaku (the predetermined amount of tax to be the tax standard for people) and hanyaku (hankuji) according to business situations, and hanyaku was subjected to taxation of half the amount of that imposed on honyaku.
Japanese: 営業実態により、本役と半役（半公事）に分けられ、半役は本役の半額の課税がされた。