nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For reference, the table below shows the following data sets, although they are less reliable owing to some defects of sources, such as the data confusion with the total population (approx. 500,000) of Yamashiro Province or the repetition of the same figure in different years.
Japanese: このほか明らかに山城国全域の人口と混乱して50万人前後の人口を伝えたり、同じ人口に関して異なる年代で記述されるなど、信頼の低いものもあるが、参考までに以下列挙する。
English: The population surveyed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in Yamashiro Province, excluding the samurai class, is shown below.
Japanese: なお幕府が調査した山城国の武家人口等を除いた領民人口は以下の通りである。
English: Kyoto had been the largest city in Japan until the Kanei era when the population of Edo increased sharply owing to the introduction of Sankinkotai (shogunate scheme requiring feudal lords to stay in residence in Edo every other year).
Japanese: 参勤交代で江戸の人口が急増する寛永年間まで京都は日本最大の都市であった。
English: Although no data for the population in the latter Edo period is available, it is supposed that the population in Yamashiro Province was in the consistent decline and the population in Kyoto also went falling to the 200,000 level.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の人口を伝える史料は残っていないが、山城国の人口がほぼ一貫して減少しており、京都の人口も20万人台まで減少していたと考えられる。
English: An estimation based on the figure 69,055, the reported number of the townspeople's household in 1864, concludes that Kyoto had 350,000 people in the last years of the Edo period and this might have exceeded that of Osaka, however, the study on the Shumon-ninbetsu-aratame-cho (religion-based population census records) estimates that the population in Kyoto was around 280,000.
Japanese: 元治元年(1864年)の6万9055戸と伝えられる町方戸数から、幕末の京都の人口を大坂以上の35万人とする試算もあるが、宗門人別改帳‎の研究からは28万人程度と推計されている。
English: Detailed demographic records from the late 17th century are available for population of townspeople in the three Osaka districts (Kitagumi, Minamigumi and Tenmagumi).
Japanese: 17世紀後半より大坂三郷(北組、南組、天満組)の町方人口の詳細が伝わっている。
English: Chuso' in the table below means the population of Buddhist priests not belonging to any of the two Honganji schools, while the priests of these two schools are included in the population of townspeople in the three districts mentioned above.
Japanese: 下表中僧とは両本願寺派以外の僧侶の人口を指し、両本願寺派の僧は三郷町方人口に含まれている。
English: The figures of population for 1738 and 1743 in the "Nanboku ryo machibugyo rencho shojo" (the joint report by the Minami and Kita town magistrates) seem to be erroneous, but they are included herein in italics for reference.
Japanese: 『南北両町奉行連著書上』が伝える元文三年(1738年)、寛保三年(1743年)の人口は誤記と思われるが、参考までに斜体で記載する。
English: After 1749, all priests of the two Honganji schools are included in the urban population in the three districts.
Japanese: 寛延二年(1749年)以降は両本願寺派以外の全僧侶の人口も三郷町方人口に含まれるようになる。
English: The breakdown of the population in each district by number of cho (towns), households and persons as of September 1708 is shown below.
Japanese: 元禄十六年(1703年)九月の各組の町数・家数・人口の構成は以下の通りである。
English: As statistical figures on the discriminated class living in such communities since 1756 are available, and the aggregated figures of the two categories are shown below for reference.
Japanese: 宝暦六年(1756年)以降被差別階級の穢多村の統計が残っており、参考までに両者の合計を示す。
English: (Source: a population registry titled "Higashimachi bugyo isshiki Yamashiro-no-kami Naoatsu Kyuzo Sango narabini Etamura Hyogo Nishinomiya Shiwakujima Ninzudaka-cho")
Japanese: (以上出典は『東町奉行一式山城守直温旧蔵三郷並穢多村兵庫西宮塩飽島人数高帳』)
English: The population in Osaka, which decreased due to the Osaka no eki (Siege of Osaka), recovered quickly and exceeded the population in Kyoto during the Genroku era.
Japanese: 大坂の役で興廃したがすぐに復興し、元禄年間に京都の人口を追い抜いた。
English: The population of townspeople alone once exceeded 400,000, but it fell to 300,000 at the end of the Edo period, and finally it dropped down to the 200,000 level in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 町方人口だけで40万人を超えたが、幕末には30万人まで減り、明治時代には総人口が20万人台となった。
English: The Osaka City magistrate assumed jurisdiction over Sakai for a while, and therefore, some scholars argue that Osaka and Sakai formed a single urban sphere in the Edo Period.
Japanese: 大坂町奉行が堺奉行を兼ねていた時期もあり、江戸時代大坂と堺が一個の都市圏を築いていたと主張する人もいる。
English: The population of the greater Osaka area combining the populations of the two cities is believed to have exceeded Kyoto's population during the Azuchi-Momoyama period until Osaka no eki occurred.
Japanese: 両者の人口を合わせた大坂都市圏の人口は、安土桃山時代より大坂の役まで京都の人口を上回っていたと考えられる。
English: Kyoto, currently known as the cultural and industrial center, had been the national capital since the period of Heian-kyo with the Imperial Court and the headquarters of a numerous leading Buddhist sects, despite the serious setbacks suffered in the Onin War, and it was the city representing Japan as the center of the academic activities, arts and religion at that time,
Japanese: 文化および工業都市･京は平安京以来の都であり、応仁の乱によって大打撃を受けたものの、依然として朝廷や仏教の有力宗派のうちのいくつかの本山などが設置され、学術・芸術・宗教の面では当時の日本を代表する都市であった。
English: The city functioned as a commodities' distributing center by land due to its inland location, and enjoyed the growth of the financial industry, such as the money changers, taking advantage of the river routes connecting from Wakasa Bay to Lake Biwa and Yodogawa River.
Japanese: 内陸部にあって陸上流通の拠点の1であるとともに、若狭湾から琵琶湖や淀川など経る内水系流通経路にあって両替商などの金融業も発達した。
English: It was also the production center for fine crafts, represented by Nishijin textile and Kyo-yaki ceramics, giving great influence in commercial and industrial activities in Japan.
Japanese: また、西陣織・京焼に代表される工芸品の生産地として商工業に大きな影響力を与えていた。
English: Bordered by the Tonegawa and Arakawa (Kanto) rivers and by the Tamagawa River, the area, where Sensoji Temple and Shinagawa Minato Port were located, thrived as a port town and a post station since sometime before the Edo period
Japanese: 江戸時代以前より浅草寺と品川湊あるいは利根川・荒川(関東)と多摩川に挟まれた港町・宿場町として栄えていた。
English: The city grew dramatically under Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's urban development initiative, combined with government policy requiring shogunal retainers including hatamoto (direct retainers) to set up residence in Edo and the Sankinkotai scheme imposed on feudal lords, and these policies lead to the presence of a large samurai population in Edo on a permanent basis.
Japanese: だが、徳川家康による都市改造によって大きく成長し、加えて旗本・御家人の定府政策、諸侯に対する参勤交代政策によって、大勢の武士が常時江戸に居住することとなった。
English: Consequently, influx of various materials to support the samurai class lead to the subsequent population growth in the commercial and industrial sectors.
Japanese: 彼らの消費生活を支えるために多くの物資が流れ込んでそれを扱う商工業者の人口も増加した。
English: By the Horeki era, Edo had gained recognition as 'Japan's foremost land' spurred by the emergence of the town people called as 'Edokko' for their distinctive spirit.
Japanese: 宝暦年間には「日本第一の土地」とまで称されて、「江戸っ子」と呼ばれる独自の気質を持った町人たちが台頭した。
English: Osaka is an economic center that continued its development over the course of history by changing its function--as a trade port (Naniwa no Tsu), as a temple town under Ishiyama Gobo Temple, and more later as the seat of the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: 経済都市･大坂は貿易港であった難波津や石山御坊寺内町、豊臣政権の拠点など幾度かその都市の性格を変えながら発展を続けてきた。
English: Although the city once suffered heavy damages during the Siege of Osaka, it recovered with the support of the Edo bakufu that positioned the city as the only center of commerce in the western Japan.
Japanese: 大坂の陣によって大打撃を受けるものの、江戸幕府はここを西国唯一の物流拠点と位置づけて再建を支援した。
English: As a result, the feudal lords were encouraged to build a storehouse attached to the residence in Osaka and trade rice and other goods brought from their domains in order to cover their cost of administration in Edo as well as in the respective domains.
Japanese: その結果、諸侯の蔵屋敷が大坂に集まるようになり、藩の年貢米・産物を大坂で売却して江戸や領国における政治運営の費用に充てるという構図が形成されるに至った。
English: (Feudal lords in eastern Japan commonly had a storehouse attached to the residence in Edo, but quite a lot of them also set up a residence-cum-storehouse or a similar facility in Osaka as well.)
Japanese: （東国の藩の場合、江戸が用いられるのが通常であったが、その場合でも大坂に蔵屋敷など何らかの拠点を有した藩は少なくない。）
English: The city also played an important role as the terminal for Kitamae-bune cargo ships that traveled trade routes in the Sea of Japan, a relay station for trading goods that were exported through Nagasaki, as well as the center of distribution by water along the Yodogawa River to the city of Kyo (Kyoto).
Japanese: また、北前船の終着地、あるいは、長崎貿易の交易品の中継地としての役割や、淀川を利用した京への水運の拠点としての役割も大きかった。
English: The three cities were collectively called Sankatsu (three ports) during the Keicho era (although Kyo was not a port town but an inland city, due to its importance as a commercial and distributing center, this term was applied), however, in due course, the term Santo came to be used as well with the increased political presence of Edo.
Japanese: 三都は慶長年間には三ヶ津（さんかつ）と呼ばれていた（京は内陸都市で港町ではないが、物流拠点としての意味合いで用いられた）が、江戸の政治的地位の向上に伴い、三都の呼び名も用いられるようになった。
English: In particular, Kyo as the center of Kanei culture, Osaka as the center of Genroku culture, and Edo as the center of Kasei culture, the three cities gave birth to distinctive cultures in reflection of different times and conditions.
Japanese: 特に京は寛永文化、大坂は元禄文化、江戸は化政文化の中心地として、それぞれの時代や環境に合わせた固有の文化を繁栄させていった。
English: Gyokuzo HIROSE (younger brother of Tanso HIROSE), a Confucian scholar of the latter Edo Period who had lived not only in Edo but also in Osaka, describes the people's characters of these three cities in his essay "Kyukeisodou Zuihitsu," as "the people of Kyo are sensitive, the people of Osaka are avid and the people of Edo are proud," making a comparison of the people in these three cities with each examples.
Japanese: なお、江戸時代後期の儒学者で江戸や大坂に住んだこともある広瀬旭荘（広瀬淡窓の弟）は、『九桂草堂随筆』という随筆の中で「京の人は細なり。大坂の人は貪なり。江戸の人は夸なり……是三都人気の異る所以なり」と述べていくつか事例を挙げながら三都の比較を試みている。
English: They believed that 'people of other areas--be it Edo or Osaka--are rural people and there is nowhere else to live but in the capital city.'
Japanese: 彼らは「江戸大坂といえども皆田舎である、すむに都に如くはなし（及ぶものはない）」と考えている。
English: They think that without seeing Kyoto, people will never understand that our country (Japan) is 'a country unified under the one and only legitimate Imperial monarchy' and it is more honorable than any other countries.
Japanese: だが、京都を見なければ我国（日本）が「百王一統（万世一系）」で万国（他国）よりも尊いことを理解できないであろう。
English: They believe that 'the aristocracy may be elevated in status but is poor and ingratiate themselves to us Osaka merchants and there is nothing more important in the world than wealth.'
Japanese: 彼らは「公卿は官禄は高くても貧しく、我輩の商賈（大坂商人）に手を下くる（へつらう）。世の中に富より尊いものがあろうか」と考えている。
English: They think that without seeing Osaka, people will never understand that our country (Japan) is 'rich with goods and highly accessible by ship' and the country is richer than other countries.
Japanese: だが、大坂を見なければ我邦（日本）が「産物多く、船楫便利」で万国（他国）よりも富みたることを理解できないであろう。
English: They believe that, 'when even feudal lords are poor (having debts due to financial problems), being poor is not a shame and making achievements (winning fame or recognition) at the expense of money is better.'
Japanese: 彼らは「諸侯でさえも貧しい（財政難で多額の負債を抱えた）時節である。貧しいは愧ることではなく、実を置いても立身する（名声を得る）ほうがいい」と考えている。
English: They think that without seeing Edo, people will never understand that our country (Japan) has 'a large population and is more prosperous than any other countries, with concentrated information and goods.'.
Japanese: だが、江戸を見なければ我邦（日本）の「人口衆く（多く）、諸侯輻湊（集中）」して万国（他国）よりも繁華なることを理解できないであろう。と、述べた。
English: Lastly, Gyokuzo concludes that, despite the differences of the three, they are the cities that Japan should be proud of.
Japanese: 三都それぞれに違うものの、日本の誇るべき都市であると結論付けている。
English: In the Meiji period they were designated as Sampu (Three Urban Prefectures), and even after the city system was established, these three cities enjoyed an exceptional treatment for quite a while, and thus, they maintained the highly valued status over long period of time.
Japanese: 明治以後も三府が設置され、市制成立後も暫くは市制特例が敷かれるなど、長きに渡って重要視されていくこととなる。
English: Haji pottery is a type of earthenware that evolved from Yayoi-type pottery and was produced from the Kofun (tumulus) to Nara and Heian periods, until replaced by Kawarake earthenware in the medieval and early modern times.
Japanese: 土師器（はじき）とは、弥生式土器の流れを汲み、古墳時代～奈良時代・平安時代まで生産され、中世・近世のかわらけに取って代わられるまで生産された素焼きの土器である。
English: The pottery was made in the same age as Sue pottery (unglazed earthenware) but was inferior in quality to Sue pottery.
Japanese: 須恵器と同じ時代に並行して作られたが、土師器のほうが品質的に下であった。
English: Although made mostly as pots and other storage containers, it was also used as bowls, plates and other wares used in making offerings to divinities until the mid-ninth century.
Japanese: 多く生産されたのは甕等の貯蔵用具だが、9世紀中頃までは坏や皿などの供膳具もそれなりに生産されていた。
English: The pottery is not airtight and is made by firing with oxidizing flame in a small pottery oven dug on the ground.
Japanese: 小さな土器焼成坑を地面に掘って焼成するので、密閉性はなく酸素の供給がされる酸化焔焼成によって焼き上げる。
English: For this reason, firing occurs at 600 to 750 degrees, lower than for Sue pottery, creating pottery that is either orange or rust-colored and softer than Sue pottery.
Japanese: そのため、焼成温度は須恵器に劣る600～750度で焼成されることになり、橙色ないし赤褐色を呈し、須恵器にくらべ軟質である。
English: Haji was used in place of Yayoi pottery in the Kofun period.
Japanese: 古墳時代に入ってからは、弥生土器に代わって土師器が用いられるようになった。
English: Haji has been classified by shape into Shonai type and Furu type (excavated from Furu Site in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture), with the Shonai type regarded the older type of Haji pottery.
Japanese: 土師器の土器形式として庄内式とか布留式（奈良県天理市布留遺跡から出土）とか命名され、庄内式土器の方が古い段階の土師器とされた。
English: When Shonai type pottery was still used, there were no large tumuli showing consistency in form.
Japanese: この庄内式土器の段階では定型化した大型の円墳は未だ出現していなかった。
English: Although roughly identical in age as Sue pottery, Haji pottery is an evolved form of Yayoi type pottery and therefore is extremely difficult to determine from which type Haji pottery started.
Japanese: 須恵器とほぼ同時期に生産されていたものであるが、土師器の技法は弥生式土器の延長線上にあり、どの形式から土師器かを土器自体から決定することは難しい。
English: Initially, occurrence with tumuli was regarded its distinctive historical features, but the emphasis today is on nationwide occurrence.
Japanese: 当初は古墳に伴うという時代的特徴が手がかりとなったが、現在では、全国的斉一性が重視されている。
English: In contrast to Jomon and Yayoi types that were strongly regional in characteristic, Haji is found distributed widely from Honshu to Kyushu islands, based on identical design and production method, although some regional traits can also be found if scrutinized closely.
Japanese: 縄文式土器、弥生式土器は地域色が強かったのに対し、土師器では、厳密に言えば地方色もあるが、同じような意匠・技法による土器が本州から九州までの規模で分布する。
English: This strongly supports the theory that there was dramatic growth of cultural exchange unheard of in the previous age, behind which advances were made in political unification.
Japanese: これは、前代と一線を画すような文化交流の増大を意味し、その裏に政治的統一の進展を見る説が有力である。
English: From the ninth century, exchange between groups of Haji craftsmen (Hajibe) and Sue craftsmen (Tobe) grew, resulting in the creation of a large volume of earthenware that is midway between the two in terms of design, such as Rokuro-haji and Haji-shitsu pottery.
Japanese: 9世紀以降は土師器工人集団（土師部）と須恵器工人集団（陶部）との交流が活発になり、轆轤土師器、土師質土器などと呼ばれる両者の中間様式の土器が多量につくられるようになった。
English: Among the Constitutional Party in power, the cabinet was organized with OKUMA from the former Progressive Party (Japan) as the Prime Minister and Taisuke ITAGAKI from the former Liberal Party (Japan) as Minister of Home Affairs.
Japanese: 与党となった憲政党のうち、旧進歩党(日本)系の大隈を首相に、旧自由党(日本)系の板垣退助を特に内務大臣(日本)に迎えて組織した。
English: Therefore, the cabinet is also called the Waihan Cabinet derived from Okuma and Itagaki's names.
Japanese: そのため、大隈の「隈」と板垣の「板」をとって隈板内閣（わいはんないかく）ともいう。
English: As a result of compromise of Genro (elder statesman) to force of the Diet, OKUMA, who was the head seat of the Constitutional Party, the leading party in the House of Representatives at that time, and ITAGAKI formed the cabinet, receiving an Imperial mandate.
Japanese: 元老が議会勢力に妥協した結果、当時衆議院第一党であった憲政党の首班大隈と板垣に大命が降下されて組閣された。
English: Although the cabinet lacked the condition in the sense that the head seat did not have position in the diet (the House of Representatives), it was Japan's first party cabinet in terms of the fact that the cabinet members were not from the military but from political parties.
Japanese: 首班が議会（衆議院）に議席を持たないという意味ではやや条件を欠くが、軍部大臣以外を政党人によってかためたという点では、日本史上初の政党内閣であるといえる。
English: However, inside the Constitutional Party, which was congeries of parties, conflict between the former Progressive Party (Japan) side and the former Liberal Party (Japan) side was serious.
Japanese: しかし寄合所帯の憲政党内部では、旧進歩党(日本)系と旧自由党(日本)系の軋轢が強かった。
English: In addition, dismissal of Yukio OZAKI, the Minister of Education, triggered by the Kyowa enzetsu affair brought an entanglement of replacement that escalated into division of the Constitutional Party by HOSHI
Japanese: それに加え、文相尾崎行雄の共和演説事件による罷免をめぐり後任人事が両者間で紛糾し、星らによる憲政党の分裂騒ぎに発展。
English: This section describes the history of architecture in Japan.
Japanese: 日本建築史（にほんけんちくし）では、日本における建築の歴史を記述する。
English: The study of architecture has been conducted since the Edo period as part of greater studies on the practices of ancient court and samurai families, but it was only in the Meiji period that architectural study emerged as an independent branch of learning (the term 'kenchiku' [建築], meaning 'architecture', was itself coined in the Meiji period).
Japanese: 江戸時代から建築に対する有職故実的な研究は行われていたが、学問として成立するのは明治時代以降である（建築という用語自体、明治時代に造られたもの）。
English: It is said that Kingo TATSUNO, an early Japanese architect, was once asked about Japanese architectural history whilst studying abroad in London, and, having completely failed to answer the question, he felt a compelling need for a study on the subject.
Japanese: 最初期の日本人建築家辰野金吾はロンドン留学の際に「日本の建築にはどのような歴史があるか」と聞かれて何も答えられず、自国の建築史研究の必要を感じたという。
English: The first step in the study of Japanese architectural history occurred when one of Tatsuno's students, Chuta ITO, academically proved that Horyu-ji Temple was Japan's oldest structure.
Japanese: 辰野の教え子、伊東忠太は法隆寺が日本最古の建築であることを学問的に論じ、ここに日本建築史が第一歩を記した。
English: The manuscript "A Shortened History of Japan's Fine Arts," published in 1900 to coincide with Japan's participation in the world's fair in Paris, was compiled chiefly by Tenshin OKAKURA with Chuta ITO in charge of the architecture section; it was strongly influenced by Tenshin's method of classifying the history of fine arts and his established framework of architectural history.
Japanese: 1900年（明治33年）、パリ万博に際して岡倉天心を中心に『稿本日本帝国美術略史』が刊行されたが、建築の部門を任された伊東忠太は天心の美術史区分に大きな影響を受け、建築史の大枠を築いた。
English: A key issue in those days was the protection of temple architecture, as many temples had been badly affected by haibutsu-kishaku (the anti-Buddhist movement in the Meiji era that resulted in the destruction of many Buddhist temples), and so Tadashi SEKINO conducted field research to record the year of construction of the major buildings located in Nara and Kyoto.
Japanese: 当時、廃仏毀釈で大きな打撃を受けた寺院建築の保護が課題となっており、関野貞は奈良・京都の主な建築を調査し、それらの建築年代をまとめていった。
English: Historians and scholars of architectural history were in dispute about the year of construction of Horyu-ji Temple (and whether or not the temple had been rebuilt), which led to a more in-depth study of Japan's architectural history using methods such as archaeological excavation and surveying remnants of ancient structures, examining the styles of existing buildings and studying literature such as Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories).
Japanese: また、建築史学者と歴史家の間に法隆寺の建設年代に関する論争（法隆寺再建・非再建論争）が起こったが、現存する建物の様式論や、六国史などの文献研究はもとより、遺構調査など考古学の発掘成果も取り入れられるようになって、学問の深化が見られた。
English: Until World War II, studies focused on ancient and medieval shrine and temple architecture, but since the War, the scope of research widened to include shrines and temples of the Edo period and modern structures from and since the Meiji period (studies during and after the Meiji period included the study of structures left behind by ex-colonies that were constructed by Japanese architects).
Japanese: 第2次世界大戦前までは古代・中世の社寺建築が研究の中心であったが、第二次世界大戦後は民家、江戸時代の社寺、明治以降の近代建築と次第に対象が広がっている（明治以降、旧植民地に日本人建築家の残した作品も対象になっている）。
English: There is growing interest in old buildings with no particular significance; a small roadside shrine, for instance, is a valuable symbol of local history.
Japanese: 身近な街の古い建物にも関心が高まっており、例えば道端の祠のようなものでも、地域の歴史を物語るものとして評価されることがある。
English: Since the modern era, western culture has also had an influence, but at the same time, a unique Japanese style of architecture has developed that is integrated with the natural environment and culture of Japan.
Japanese: また近代以降は西欧の影響を強く受けているが、日本の風土・文化に合わせた独自な展開も見られる。
English: Japanese architecture, which mainly uses posts and beams, differs from Western architecture of bricks and stones, and traditional Japanese architecture gained attention in 20th century architectural modernism since it was ahead of its time in the use of modern architectural concepts.
Japanese: 柱・梁を基本構造とする日本建築と、煉瓦や石で壁を築いてゆく西洋建築は対照的な存在であり、20世紀のモダニズム建築の時代になると、近代建築の理念を先取りした点があるとして注目されるようになった。
English: The Sannai-Maruyama site of the Jomon period has revealed the fact that the architectural technology of the time was surprisingly high.
Japanese: 縄文時代の遺跡である三内丸山遺跡からは予想以上に高度な建築技術を持っていたことがうかがえる。
English: Todai-ji Temple (Hokke-do Hall, Tegai-mon Gate, etc.), Shoso (warehouse) of Shoso-in Treasure Repository, Toshodai-ji Temple (Kon-do Hall [main hall of the temple], Ko-do Hall [hall used for ritual, instruction and reading sutras], etc.), Horyu-ji Temple (Yumedono [the Hall of Visions], etc.).
Japanese: 東大寺（法華堂、転害門など）、正倉院正倉、唐招提寺（金堂、講堂など）、法隆寺（夢殿など）
English: During the Asuka and Nara periods, Japan adopted architectural techniques from China and the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 飛鳥時代・奈良時代は、朝鮮半島や中国から建築技術を取り入れた時期である。
English: The construction of temples also began after the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan in 538.
Japanese: 仏教公伝（538年）以降、日本でも寺院建築が建てられるようになった。
English: Also known as Hoko-ji Temple or Gango-ji Temple, Asuka-dera Temple (Asuka-mura Village, Takaichi-gun, Nara Prefecture), which was built by the Asuka clan in the period from 588 to 609, and Shitenno-ji Temple (Tennoji, Tennoji-ku, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture), which is said to have been founded by Prince Shotoku, are believed to be the oldest Japanese Buddhist temples (the original building not existing in either case).
Japanese: 588年から609年にかけて蘇我氏が築いた飛鳥寺（奈良県高市郡明日香村。法興寺、元興寺とも）や593年聖徳太子創建とされる摂津国の四天王寺(大阪府大阪市天王寺区。天王寺)が、日本最古の伽藍とされる（いずれも当初の建物は現存しない）。
English: The oldest temples that exist in their original structure are Saiin Garan (Western Precinct Complex consisting of Naka-mon Gate, Five-Story Pagoda, Kon-do Hall, Dai-Ko-do Hall, etc.) of Horyu-ji Temple and the Three-Story Pagoda of Hokki-ji Temple (both located in Ikaruga-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 現存するものとしては法隆寺の西院伽藍、法起寺三重塔（ともに奈良県生駒郡斑鳩町）が最古のものである。
English: Saiin Garan of Horyu-ji Temple was once believed to have been built in the age of Prince Shotoku, but it is now considered, thanks to the development of research in the modern times, that the complex was destroyed by fire in 670 and rebuilt sometime between the late seventh and early eighth century.
Japanese: 法隆寺西院伽藍は、かつては聖徳太子の時代の建築と信じられていたが、近代における研究の進展の結果、670年の火災以後、7世紀末から8世紀初めの再建と考えられている。
English: During the aristocratic era of the Heian period, architectural style came to possess typically Japanese features, where rooms creating a serene atmosphere with thinner pillars and lower ceilings were preferred.
Japanese: 平安時代、国風文化の時代になると建築様式も日本化し、柱を細く、天井を低めにした穏やかな空間が好まれるようになった。
English: During and after the Heian period, a unique Japanese style of architecture developed called Wayo Kenchiku (Japanese-style architecture).
Japanese: 平安時代以降には日本独自の形態として発展し、この建築様式を和様建築と呼ぶ。
English: Restoration of Todai-ji Temple and construction of Jodo-ji Temple (Ono City) (Daibutsu-yo [Buddhist architectural style] which is also known as Tenjiku-yo [India style], Chogen SHUNJOBO)
Japanese: 東大寺の復興と浄土寺(小野市)建立（大仏様あるいは天竺様、俊乗坊重源）
English: As trading with China increased in the Kamakura period, Chinese architectural styles were re-introduced into Japan.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に入ると、中国との交易が活発になったことで、再び中国の建築様式が伝えられた。
English: The style brought to Japan first was one which was utilized in the restoration of Todai-ji Temple (Daibutsu-yo or Tenjiku-yo).
Japanese: まず入ってきたのは東大寺再興の際に用いられた様式である（大仏様あるいは天竺様）。
English: Todai-ji Temple and the statue of Birushana Buddha, both built in the Tenpyo era, were destroyed by fire during the Jisho-Juei War which took place at the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: 天平時代に建設された東大寺東大寺盧舎那仏像は平安時代末期の治承・寿永の乱の中、焼失した。