nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Furthermore, the bakufu did not show an assertive attitude toward searching for alternative territories (to be found by the bakufu to compensate for its mismanagement of the hanzei as mentioned above), despite the regulation it created to do so.
Japanese: 更に代替地の規定については幕府が代替地探しに積極的な態度を見せなかった。
English: Among the goals in the enactment of this law, the following points can be regarded as more significant than others: First, the basic principles of administration of territories and the basic approach toward litigation over territories were established by the Muromachi bakufu, resulting in the de facto recognition of the Shugo-ryogoku system; second, the relationships with the Imperial family and Sekkan-ke, both of which were exempt from hanzei by this law, were strengthened, clearing the way for Yoshimitsu to rule over the Imperial Court and the Retired Emperor in later years.
Japanese: この法令によって意図されたものとしては、今後の室町幕府の土地に関する基本的原則と所領訴訟に対する姿勢が確立して、結果的には守護領国制が事実上公認されたこと、半済から守られることとなった天皇家や摂関家との関係を強化して後年の義満による朝廷・院政支配への道を開いたことの意味の方が大きいと言える。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), onshu was the registration of a person who came forward after having been missing from the family registers or the keicho (yearly tax registers), or after having been away from the place of registry.
Japanese: 陰首（おんしゅ）とは、律令制において戸籍や計帳から欠落している者及び浮浪の者が自主的に名乗り出て登録されること。
English: In contrast, the registration of individuals who were uncovered by a Guji (the chief of those serving at a shrine who controlled festivals and general affairs) was called kasshutsu, and reinstating individuals who had become one-time vagrants as residents of their original family register was called sokan.
Japanese: これに対して官司の摘発によって登録された者を括出（かっしゅつ）、一度浮浪となった者が元の戸籍に復帰することを走還（そうかん）と呼ぶ。
English: There was no substantial difference among these three types of people, and population increases in the family registers associated with their registration reflected on the ability rating of the Kokushi (provincial governors) and Gunji (local magistrates) (kokaryo (regulation on the efficiency rating of government officials)).
Japanese: これら3者は実質的には大差がなく、これに伴う戸籍人口の増加は国司・郡司の考課にも反映された（考課令）。
English: In the Yoro ritsuryo code (a code promulgated during the Yoro period), there was a regulation on onshu, but the oldest documented record dates back to 726 when the Taiho code was in effect.
Japanese: 養老律令に規定があったが、実際には大宝律令施行期である霊亀3年（726年）が記録上最古である。
English: The purpose of the regulation was originally to secure tax payers, but during the early Heian period, onshu and kasshutsu were used as a legal loophole to migrate to the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) where the tax burden was lighter than in other provinces.
Japanese: 本来は課役負担者の確保が趣旨であったが、平安時代に入ると陰首・括出は地方より税負担の軽い畿内に移住するための法の抜け穴として利用された。
English: A number of people even had their names entered in another family's registry to illegally obtain kubunden (farm land given under the Ritsuryo system) or onni (a system of passing court ranks onto a new generation through ancestors under the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 中には他者の戸籍に入って口分田や蔭位を不正に獲得する者まで出現した。
English: Consequently, onshu and kasshutsu were temporarily banned in 800 and only sokan was permitted.
Japanese: このため、延暦19年（800年）に一旦、陰首・括出の禁止が出されて走還のみが認められることになる。
English: Onshu and kasshutsu were reinstated in 806, but were banned again in 855.
Japanese: しかし、大同(日本)元年（806年）には復活し、更に斉衡2年（855年）に再度、陰首・括出が禁止された。
English: During the Middle Ages in Japan, a kojichi was the act of privately seizing the assets of a debtor whose credit had fallen into default.
Japanese: 高質（こうじち）は、中世日本において債権が債務不履行に陥った債権者の財産を私的に差し押さえる行為。
English: It was common to include a statement of approval for imposing kojichi in promissory notes and in a document such as an "I owe you."
Japanese: 借用書などに高質を取ることを認める文言を入れあるのが一般的であった。
English: In principle, the levy of a kojichi was not restricted by location and it was possible to claim it even in places with right of asylum or when the debtor was under the protection of authorities (these were regarded as extraterritorial areas in the case of Shichitori, which was the attachment of property of a third party living in the same area of a debtor in default).
Japanese: 原則的には場所の制約を受けず（質取行為では禁じられているアジール的空間や権力者の保護下でも）に請求が可能であった。
English: A kojichi allowed creditors to attach a debtor's properties (mainly movable properties) equivalent to the total amount of credit only, whenever and wherever they found such debtors.
Japanese: 債務者を発見次第直ちに債務者が持つ債権額相当分の財産（主として動産）のみを差し押さえることになっていた。
English: In extreme cases, however, cows, horses, wives and children, not considered to be subject to seizure in general, were occasionally attached for the alleged reason that the property on hand of a debtor was short of the amount of credit.
Japanese: ただし、極端な場合には持ち合わせの財産が債権額に達しないことを理由として一般的には差し押さえの対象にはならないと考えられていたウシやウマ、妻子などを差し押さえる場合もあった。
English: For this reason, they were called 'pawns at a high price' (a highly risky pawn), which is considered to be the origin of the word 'kojichi' ("ko" indicates "high" and "jichi (shichi)" indicates "pawn" in Chinese characters).
Japanese: このため、「高値の質物」（リスクが高い質物）と言われ、それが「高質」の語源とも言われている。
English: Dosoyaku, also known as kurayaku, was a tax on doso (pawnbrokers and moneylenders) in Kyoto during the medieval era.
Japanese: 土倉役（どそうやく）とは、倉役（くらやく）とも呼ばれ、中世において京都の土倉に対して行われた課税。
English: Due to the fact that doso in Kyoto were under the control of Gion-sha Shrine, which was affiliated with Enryaku-ji Temple, they were often taxed by both and also subject to extraordinary taxation by the Imperial court.
Japanese: 特に京都の土倉は延暦寺及びその傘下であった祇園社の支配を受けていたため、両者からの徴税を度々受けた他、朝廷からも臨時徴税を受けた。
English: The taxation was so frequent that there was an article protecting doso in the Kenmu code.
Japanese: その徴税の頻繁ぶりは建武式目では土倉の保護について1条を置いているほどであった。
English: As the Muromachi bakufu was establishing authority in Kyoto, deputy collecting officials of the Imperial court took on the task of imposing independent taxes on doso for the bakufu that had a weak financial base.
Japanese: 室町幕府が京都の支配権を確立するにつれて朝廷の徴収代理から、財政基盤の弱かった幕府独自の土倉への課税を行うようになった。
English: In 1393 the bakufu issued 'Five rules regarding doso and sake shops scattered around Rakuchu' which was a five-article law.
Japanese: そして明徳4年（1393年）には「洛中辺土散在土倉并酒屋役条々」という5ヶ条からなる法令を出した。
English: The law denied the interests of influential families, including Enryaku-ji Temple, minimizing the taxation by the Imperial court and other parties.
Japanese: これによって延暦寺などの有力権門の権益は否定され、朝廷などによる課税も最低限に制限された。
English: It is believed that dosoyaku was charged in accordance with the number of items held by a doso.
Japanese: 土倉役は土倉が抑えている質物の員数に応じて徴収されたと考えられている。
English: Sake shops and doso paid the bakufu 6,000 kan (now obsolete unit of currency) per year in return for being exempted from other taxes.
Japanese: その代わりに酒屋と土倉が年間6,000貫を幕府に納める代わりに原則的にはその他の課税を免除した。
English: The bakufu directly collected dosoyaku at first, but later on appointed influential doso as nosenkata (an institution to collect tax from moneylenders and sake breweries) and had them collect dosoyaku from several dozens of doso.
Japanese: 当初は幕府が直接徴収していたものの、後には有力土倉を納銭方に任じて数十軒単位ごとに土倉役を徴収させた。
English: Furthermore, the bakufu also appointed a Kubo-okura (financial branch) and entrusted the revenue, including dosoyaku and Sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake breweries by Muromachi bakufu), with selected nosenkata.
Japanese: 更に特定の納銭方に土倉役や酒屋役などの収入を一時的に預けてそこから財政的な支出をさせるという公方御倉の指定も行われるようになった。
English: A conflict over dosoyaku with the Enryaku-ji Temple continued for nearly a hundred years, and the state that Enryaku-ji Temple collected dosoyaku at their discretion and the bakufu issued the ban was occurred repeatedly even in Bunmei Era (1469-1487).
Japanese: だが、土倉役を巡る延暦寺との対立は引き続き、その後も延暦寺などが勝手に徴収を行い、幕府が禁令を出すという事態の繰り返しが100年近く経た文明_(日本)年間にも繰り返されている。
English: When Tokuseirei (ordering return of land sold and dissolution of debts) was issued due to a peasant uprising, the bakufu had to suspend the collection of dosoyaku, making it an unstable form of revenue even though it was an indispensable form of income.
Japanese: 更に土一揆によって徳政令が出された場合には、幕府は土倉役の徴収を停止しなければならず、幕府に欠く事の出来ない財政収入でありながら不安定さとも隣り合わせていた。
English: The amount of revenue is not clear, but based on records of the time, it is estimated that 200 kanmon was paid to the bakufu every month during the Kakitsu Era (1141-1144).
Japanese: その収入額は明確ではないが、一説には当時の記録より嘉吉年間に月額200貫文が幕府に納付されていたと推定されている。
English: Shoki shoen (early shoen) were shoen (manors) established through an accumulation of wasteland and a collection of reclaimed rice fields from the eighth to the ninth century.
Japanese: 初期荘園（しょきしょうえん）は、8～9世紀に未墾地の墾田化・既墾の墾田の集積を通して成立した荘園。
English: After the Konden Einen Shizai Law (a law allowing farmers to permanently own reclaimed fields) was enacted, temples and shrines, as well as nobles in the capital began reclaiming fields on a large scale with active support from the Kokuga (provincial government offices) under the ritsuryo code.
Japanese: 墾田永年私財法が制定されると中央の寺社・貴族は、律令国家・国衙の積極的な援助のもとに大規模な開墾を展開する。
English: At important points in the reclaimed fields, houses called "sho" or "shosho" were constructed for the development and management of the land.
Japanese: 墾田の要所には開発と経営のため、「荘」または「荘所」という家屋が設置された。
English: There were many Jikonchi Kei Shoen in rural areas, in which vast wastelands were defined in order to develop the land with the aid of the Kokuga under the ritsuryo code, while, in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), there were many Kikonchi Ke Shoen, which were collected through purchase, exchange, transfer, and donation of well-cultivated rice fields called Konata.
Japanese: 律令国家・国衙の援助で広大な未開地を設定して開発する、自墾地系荘園（じこんちけいしょうえん）は地方に多く、すでに熟田化した墾田を買得・相博・譲与・寄進などで集積した、既墾地系荘園（きこんちけいしょうえん）は畿内に多い。
English: In general, nobody lived in the Shoki Shoen, so farmers from neighboring handen (allotted farmlands) worked the fields by renting them under the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: これらの初期荘園には荘民が存在せず、耕作労働力は周辺の班田農民に対する賃租が一般的であった。
English: In the ninth century when the Ritsuryo system began to dissolve, the Jikonchi Kei Shoen were no longer able sustain a work force and quickly disappeared.
Japanese: 律令制が解体を始める9世紀には、自墾地系荘園は労働力を確保できなくなり急速に姿を消した。
English: Nobles, powerful temples and shrines attempted to stabilize the management of the shoen by appointing a resident of an emerging wealthy class as a sho cho (administrator of a manor) and maintaining a labor force by accepting impoverished people who had run off due debts or escaped from their distributed assignments.
Japanese: 有力寺社・貴族は労働力の確保のため、在地の新興富豪層を荘長に任じ、負債のため流亡した貧しい人や課役の追及を逃れた人を荘園に迎え入れることで、経営の安定化を図ろうとした。
English: The expansion of Kikonchi Kei Shoen due to donations from wealthy farmers created serious commotion on the financial base of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 富豪農民の寄進による既墾地系荘園の増加は、律令体制の財政基盤に深刻な動揺を与えた。
English: In 902, FUJIWARA no Tokihira put into effect the Manor Regulation Acts without success, resulting in a dysfunctional handen-sei (Ritsuryo land-allotment system).
Japanese: 藤原時平は延喜2年（902年）に荘園整理令を発するが効果はなく、班田制は機能不全に陥った。
English: The shoen at the time, however, depended on the contribution of labor from vagrants and handen farmers for the reclaimed fields, and it is neither slave-labor system, nor the system under which the field and residents were controlled in an integrated manner.
Japanese: ただし、この時期の荘園は墾田に対する浮浪・班田農民の寄作を基礎としていて、労働奴隷制的でも、領域と住民を一元的に掌握していたわけでもなかった。
English: Furthermore, from the eleventh to twelfth century, cessation of state power, such as fuyu (tax exemptions) and zoyakumen (exception from all levies except regular land taxes) for contributors was not conducted on donated shoen (manors based on donation).
Japanese: また、11～12世紀の寄進型荘園のように、田地の不輸や寄作者の雑役免といった国家的諸権限の割譲もなかった。
English: As donated shoen, which were oriented towards total control of the fields and residents, were established nationwide in the late Heian period, Shoki Shoen were incorporated into the system and eventually disappeared.
Japanese: 領域と住民の全面的掌握を指向する寄進型荘園が、平安時代後期に全国的に成立すると、初期荘園もその中に組み込まれて解消していった。
English: The term Ichiban-yari refers to a warrior or group of warriors who engaged in combat using a spear.
Japanese: 一番槍（いちばんやり）とは、槍を用いて交戦の口火を切る軍団もしくは個人のこと。
English: Although it was primarily used in reference to battles during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), in modern society it refers to the first person to distinguish themselves.
Japanese: 主に戦国時代(日本)の合戦で用いられた言葉であるが、現代社会においても最初に手柄をあげた人の事を指す。
English: In battles during the Sengoku period (Japan), Ichiban-yari usually referred to the first warrior to defeat an enemy with a spear.
Japanese: 主に日本の戦国時代(日本)の合戦では、敵軍に対し最初に槍で勝利をあげた者を指した。
English: Being that Ichiban-yari was considered proof of valor, it not only raised a soldier's reputation, but also made them eligible for Onsho (reward grants).
Japanese: それ自体が勇猛な証であると評価されたことから、武士の名を高めるほか恩賞の対象となった。
English: In a rare example, one of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's vassals named Katsunari MIZUNO was punished for taking the position of Ichiban-yari in spite of his status as general (this was ostensibly due to the concern that if the general had died at an early stage of the battle, his army would have suffered a debacle, but he was also punished as a warning against being too self-assertive as a leader).
Japanese: 珍しい例では徳川家康の家臣団であった水野勝成は、大将格であったにもかかわらず一番槍をあげ軍令違反として処罰されている（表面的な理由は、大将格が序盤で戦死すると総崩れになる可能性を危惧したものだが、統率者としての自己顕示欲の強さを戒める面もある）。
English: Shidosen were funds donated to temples for memorial services for the deceased and for the management and upkeep of shido (also known as mitamaya (a place where spirits are enshrined) or jibutsu-do hall).
Japanese: 祠堂銭（しどうせん）とは、故人の冥福を祈るために祠堂（御霊屋・持仏堂とも）の管理・修繕費用あるいは供養費用として寺院に寄進する金銭のこと。
English: Using gathered Shidosen funds, monks engaged in moneylending both inside and outside of the temples, using the interest for social work in addition to continuously managing and maintaining the temples.
Japanese: 祠堂銭として集められた金銭を資金として寺院の内外に貸付を行い、その利息により寺院の管理・運営の維持を図ったり、社会事業の財源などとした。
English: Especially during the early medieval period, as Zen became an emerging religious sect, monks turned to interest gained from Shidosen in place of shoen (manors in medieval Japan) which had been the financial resource for traditional religious sects.
Japanese: 特に中世に入り新興宗派である禅宗が広まると、伝統宗派の荘園に代わる財源を祠堂銭の利息に求めた。
English: The Imperial Court and the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) banned Shidosen at first, but later on accepted it, protecting Buddhism by exempting shidosen from Tokuseirei (ordering a return of sold land and a dissolution of debts).
Japanese: 当初、朝廷や幕府は祠堂銭を禁止する姿勢を取ったが、後には仏教保護の一環として反対に祠堂銭を徳政令の対象外とするなど、容認・保護の姿勢に転じた。
English: Consequently, temples other than those of the Zen sect began to lend money as a way to manage surplus funds as well as Shidosen, and in the early Muromachi period, temples were operating similar to for-profit financial institutions.
Japanese: このため、禅宗以外の寺院を含めて本来の祠堂銭だけではなく、余剰資金の運営手段として貸付を行うようになり、室町時代に入る頃には寺院は営利目的の金融業と同じようになっていった。
English: Even though the official purpose of the moneylending was to generate funds to manage the temples and have memorial services for the deceased, the real purpose was for profit-making.
Japanese: 実態は営利目的であったものの、表向きはあくまでも寺院の管理や故人の供養のための経費捻出を目的としていた。
English: As the interest for such occasions was as low as two monshi (monthly interest of two mon per one-hundred mon) there were many who depended on this system.
Japanese: そのために、利息は2文子（元金100文につき月利2文）という低利のために利用者が多かった。
English: In addition, due to political instability, a flurry of donations came in from people turning to religion and entrusting their properties to secure, well-built temple warehouses.
Japanese: 更に当時の政情不安から信仰に救いを求めた人々からの金銭などの寄進が相次いだこと、同様の理由で防備が頑丈な寺院の倉庫に財物を預ける人々も多かった。
English: On account of Shidosen being the property of a temple, people were afraid of being unable to rest in peace after death if they failed to repay their debts, which worked as psychological pressure to repay Shidosen.
Japanese: 更に寺院の財物である祠堂銭は本来は仏の所有物であり、返済を怠れば死後の成仏もままならないのではという利用者の信仰心に由来する不安感が祠堂銭の返済に対する心理的圧力として働いた。
English: Even so, there were some who were unable to pay for their debts and when temples managing Shidosen sought Private Acts of Virtuous Government, they were sometimes targeted in Tokusei uprisings.
Japanese: それでも、やはり利用者がどうしても返せない場合もあり、祠堂銭を運営する寺院が私徳政を求める徳政一揆の攻撃対象となる場合もあった。
English: As it became the early modern era, Shidosen began to fade out due to the Edo bakufu controlling the temples,However, but still Shidosen lending and loans between temples and supporters was not unusual.
Japanese: 近世に入ると、江戸幕府による寺院統制の影響もあって祠堂銭も下火となっていくが、なおも寺院・檀家間などで祠堂銭・名目金の貸付が行われる事も珍しくはなかった。
English: Under the Aitai Sumashi Rei (Mutual Settlement Decree) specifying restriction of civil actions established by the Edo bakufu, the bakufu would not take up trials concerning interest-bearing loans.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が民事裁判の制限を定めた相対済令においては利息付の金融に関する裁判を幕府は取り上げないこととなっていた。
English: On the other hand, Shidosen that was to pay for the upkeep of a temple and memorial services was exempt from the decree, even when it was put out at interest.
Japanese: 祠堂銭については寺院の維持・供養などを目的としたものについては、利息付の貸出の場合でも同令の対象外とされていた。
English: The term Heike no Ochudo means fugitives who retreated to remote regions after their defeat in the Jisho-Juei War (the Genpei War).
Japanese: 平家の落人（へいけのおちゅうど）とは、治承・寿永の乱（源平合戦）において敗北し僻地に隠遁した敗残者のこと。
English: Although the term Heike no Ochimusha (surviving samurai) is sometimes used, Heike no Ochudo is commonly used since not only samurai but also court nobles, women and children were among the fugitives.
Japanese: 平家の落武者ともいうが、落人の中には武士に限らず公卿や女性や子供なども含まれたため、平家の落人というのが一般的である。
English: The oral tradition saying that Heike no Ochudo retreated to specific regions is commonly called the Heike no Ochudo legend.
Japanese: こうした平家の落人が特定の地域に逃れた伝承を俗に平家の落人伝説などという。
English: Though 132 villages throughout the nation insist that their residents are the descendants of Ochudo, almost all of their arguments are considered to be incredible.
Japanese: このような落人の子孫を主張する村は全国で132箇所もありその殆どが信憑性に欠けると考えられる。
English: In the first place, Heike no Ochudo were fugitives of the Taira family side who were repeatedly defeated in the Battle of Ichi no tani, the Battle of Yashima and the Battle of Dan no ura during the Genpei War in which Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and the Taira family fought a decisive battle.
Japanese: そもそも平家の落人とは、清和源氏と平家とが雌雄を決した源平合戦で一ノ谷の戦い、屋島の戦い、壇ノ浦の戦いにおいて平家方が連戦連敗を繰り返した中で発生した平家方の難民である。
English: As the remnants of the Taira family who escaped from pursuers hid themselves in many places as Ochudo, various oral traditions were born and have been passed down.
Japanese: 残党の追捕から逃れた者が落人となって各地に潜んだことから様々な伝承が伝えられるようになった。
English: However, Heike no Ochudo is more commonly used since people other than samurai also escaped and hid themselves.
Japanese: しかし、必ずしも武士だけが落ち延びたわけではないことから平家の落人という言われ方をすることの方が比較的多い。
English: Places where Heike no Ochudo hid themselves are called Heike-dani (villages of Heike fugitives), Heikezuka (burial mound of Heike fugitives), Heike no kakurezato (villages where Heike fugitives hid themselves) or Heike no Ochudo no sato (villages where Heike fugitives settled down).
Japanese: そうした平家の落人が潜んだ地域を平家谷、平家塚、平家の隠れ里、平家の落人の里などという。
English: A common misunderstanding regarding the Heike no Ochudo legend is the confusion of the descendants of Heike no Ochudo with those of the Taira family.
Japanese: 平家の落人伝承にある誤解としてよくあるのが、平家の落人の末裔が即ち平家一門の末裔であることと混同されることが少なくないことである。
English: Although there exist quite a lot of oral traditions saying that members of the Taira family escaped to the place concerned, the notion of Heike no Ochudo stands for "people who sided with the Taira family and thereafter escaped to a certain place."
Japanese: 確かに平家の一門が落ち延びたという伝承も少なくはないが、平家の落人という概念が形容するものは「平家方に与して落ち延びた人」である。
English: Therefore, it shouldn't be forgotten that samurai who sided with the Taira family were included, other than the members of Taira family, in Heike no Ochudo.
Japanese: 平家一門の例もあれば、平家側に与した武士の例もあったということを忘れてはならない。
English: Further, since the nature of the Genpei War was the feud between Ise-Heishi and Bando-Heishi, which sided with the Genji clan, Heike no Ochudo cannot be identified with the Taira clan.
Japanese: また、源平合戦そのものも伊勢平氏と源氏を担いだ坂東平氏の争いであることから平家の落人＝平氏とは言えない。
English: However, given the fact that a war usually creates many fugitives, it is natural to consider that many people of the Taira family became fugitives since the Taira family was defeated and collapsed though it held sway over the western part of Japan and held a large army.
Japanese: ただし、戦において落人が発生することは珍しいことではなく、まして西海に覇を唱え、大軍を擁しながらも大敗・滅亡した平家にとって多くの落人が発生したことは当然といえる。
English: Further, as a result of marriage of the descendants of Heike no Ochudo, indirect descendants increased accordingly and such indirect descendants were sometimes called Heike no Ochudo as well.
Japanese: また、平家の落人といわれる家系が姻戚関係を結んだ結果間接的な子孫も増えるのは当然なことであるが、そうした間接的な血筋までも平家の落人を称する場合がある。
English: Though the above practice is not necessarily wrong, it sometimes gave rise to cases where oral traditions of Heike no Ochudo were mistakenly understood since they have been passed down orally.
Japanese: それは一概に間違いではないが、口伝を基本としている平家の落人伝承が誤って認識される素ともなった。
English: Furthermore, it sometimes led to the fabrication of oral traditions, caused cases where some oral traditions were judged to be fabricated because of exaggeration or extended interpretation arising from petty mistakes and/or made oral traditions themselves ambiguous.
Japanese: また、虚構を生んだり、虚構でないにせよ些細な誤認が誇張や拡大解釈につながることで捏造と判断されたり、伝承自体が曖昧になりやすい側面もある。
English: At any rate, there is no doubt that there were a considerable number of Heike no Ochudo.
Japanese: いずれにせよ、平家の落人といわれる人々が相当数存在したことは事実に相違ない。
English: This fact is proved by Mikka Heishi no ran (Three days rebellion of the Taira clan), which was initiated by the remnants of the Taira family, and the rebellion initiated by Suketomo JO, who sided with the Taira family.
Japanese: それは、後に平家の残党が起こした三日平氏の乱やかつての平家方城助職の起こした謀叛などをみても明らかである。
English: In view of the situation where Ochudo managed to survive by hiding themselves, however, it can be easily imagined that their history was supposed to be kept secret.
Japanese: しかし、落人が世から身を隠し潜むことにより生き長らえたという境遇にあった以上、その歴史は長く秘匿されるべきものとされていたことは想像に難くはない。
English: In this sense, setting aside the question of the degree of credibility or the existence of facts, there are few legends that can be verified objectively from the historical viewpoint.
Japanese: その意味で信憑性の程度や事実の如何はともかくとしても、歴史学的に客観的な検証能力を有するものは著しく少ないのが実情であるといえよう。
English: Also, attention should be paid to the fact that in the Edo Period, people who were engaged in the profession called keizushiri made their living by visiting villages and drawing for local residents genealogical tables showing that they came from a distinguished historical family.
Japanese: 江戸時代には系図知りと呼ばれる職業の者が村々を廻り、土地の者のために史上の名家から連なる系図を作成して生計を立てていたことにも留意する必要がある。
English: Setting aside the question of correctness or historical verification, it is true that there exist surnames associated with Heike no Ochudo legends throughout Japan, and such oral traditions filled with mystery and darkness stir people's imagination for history.
Japanese: とはいえ、歴史としての正確性や検証性はともかくとしても、平家の落人伝説にちなんだ姓も日本国各地で存在していることも事実であり、またそうした謎の多き、闇に包まれた伝承がいわゆる歴史のロマンを想起させる要因でもある。
English: The Taira family constructed villages in inaccessible areas such as sparsely populated areas, mountain areas or ravines.
Japanese: そのため、平家は人口が少ないところや山間部や谷間など人がよりがたい所に里を築く。
English: The existence of kakurezato was accidentally noticed by outside people when the residents dropped tableware or other household utensils in the river while washing or in the mountains.
Japanese: 食器や生活用品を洗ったりする時に川に誤って流してしまったり山中に落としてしまったりで外部の人間にきづかれたりすることがある。
English: However, only a handful of people noticed the existence of kakurezato or could go there.
Japanese: 気づくのはごく少数であり、平家の落人の隠れ里にいけるのも少数である。
English: Even in such cases, however, outside people couldn't find kakurezato again, or saw lacquer ware come floating down from upstream and as a result, they sometimes came to think of kakurezato as something like a specter.
Japanese: こういった場合、再度隠れ里に行くことができなかったり川上から漆塗りの器が流れてきたりすることから隠れ里自体を妖怪化して考えることがある。
English: Under such circumstances, Heike no kakurezato were often conceived of as mysterious entities called "kakurezato."
Japanese: これにより、平家の隠れ里が『隠れ里』として神秘的な存在にとられることも多い。