nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Also, in 1579, Yoritsuna began to suspect that his first son, Nobutsuna Anegakoji, would launch a rebellion, and so killed him (some people say it happened in 1583).
Japanese: また天正7年（1579年）には長男の姉小路信綱に謀反の疑いをかけ殺害した（天正11年（1583年）のこととする説もある）。
English: In 1582, when Nobunaga died at the Honnoji Incident, he attacked his enemies Terumori EMA and the Kojima clan, as well as his real younger brother Akitsuna NABEYAMA, conquering Hida thoroughly.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）、信長が本能寺の変で死去すると、かねてから敵対関係にあった江馬輝盛や小島氏、さらに実弟の鍋山顕綱を討って、飛騨を完全に制圧した。
English: A consequence of this was that he provoked an invasion by Nagachika KANAMORI, under the order from Hideyoshi; Takado-jo Castle in Hida, in which he had taken refuge, was attacked, and he surrendered (the Battle of Toyama).
Japanese: このため、秀吉の命を受けた金森長近の侵攻を招き、自身の籠もった飛騨高堂城を攻められて降伏した（富山の役）。
English: Many of his family including his son, Hidetsuna ANEGAKOJI, killed themselves, but Yoritsuna survived, was confined in Kyoto, and died there in 1587.
Japanese: 子の姉小路秀綱など一族の多くは自害したが、頼綱は助命されて京都に幽閉され、天正15年（1587年）に同地で没した。
English: Takatsune SHIBA (1305 - August 17, 1367) was a busho (Japanese military commander) and provincial military governor in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 斯波高経（しばたかつね、嘉元3年（1305年）-貞治6年/正平(日本)22年7月13日(旧暦)（1367年8月9日））は、南北朝時代(日本)の武将、守護大名。
English: His family lineage was the Shiba clan, which was a family of the Ashikaga clan that originated from MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni, a son of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie who was the head of the Kawachi-Genji-- one of the families of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan originated from Emperor Seiwa)--and Chinju-fu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North).
Japanese: 家系は清和源氏の一家系　河内源氏の棟梁　鎮守府将軍源義家の子　源義国を祖とする足利氏の一門　斯波氏。
English: His family were allowed to identify themselves as Ashikaga in public because they were a family of good pedigree, and it was apparently his great-great-grandfather Ieuji or Takatsune himself that described themselves as the Shiba family.
Japanese: 名門ゆえに足利姓の公称を許されており、斯波氏を称するのは高祖父の家氏とも、高経ともいう。
English: When the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came into power, Yoshimasa SHIBA became kanrei (shogunal deputy) and his father Takatsune acted as the guardian.
Japanese: 室町幕府が成立すると斯波義将が管領となり、父の高経がその後見をつとめた。
English: His children included Ienaga SHIBA, Ujitsune SHIBA, Ujiyori SHIBA and Yoshitane SHIBA in addition to Yoshimasa SHIBA, and his brothers included Iekane SHIBA who became the originator of the Oshu-Shiba clan.
Japanese: 高経の子には、斯波義将の他に斯波家長、斯波氏経、斯波氏頼、斯波義種がおり、弟には奥州斯波氏の祖となる斯波家兼らがいる。
English: MINAMOTO no Yoshiie - MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni - Yoshiyasu ASHIKAGA - Yoshikane ASHIKAGA - Yoshiuji ASHIKAGA (the third head of ASHIKAGA family) -Yasuuji ASHIKAGA - Ieuji SHIBA - Muneie SHIBA - Iesada SHIBA - Takatsune SHIBA - Yoshimasa SHIBA.
Japanese: 源義家－源義国－足利義康－足利義兼－足利義氏(足利家3代目当主)－足利泰氏－斯波家氏－斯波宗家－斯波家貞－斯波高経－斯波義将
English: In 1333, he joined in an attack on Kamakura (Kamakura-zeme) following Takauji ASHIKAGA who was acting in response to a statement by the Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: 元弘3年（1333年）に後醍醐天皇の綸旨に応じた足利尊氏に従い、鎌倉攻めに参加する。
English: Kenmu no Shinsei (the new government of Emperor Godaigo and the new policies) was started by Emperor Godaigo after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but later, Takatsune followed Takauji when Takauji seceded from the Kenmu government, and Takatsune took part in various battles in various places as a powerful military commander of samurai warriors since then.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に後醍醐天皇による建武の新政が行われ、後に尊氏らが建武政権から離反するとこれにも従って、以後武家方の有力武将として各地を転戦する。
English: Takatsune joined the Battle of Minato-gawa River between Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI in 1336 too.
Japanese: 延元元年/建武(日本)3年（1336年）の新田義貞、楠木正成との間で行われた湊川の戦いにも参陣。
English: When it came to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, during which Takauji ASHIKAGA formed a samurai government in Kyoto (the Northern Court) and Emperor Godaigo set up the Southern Court in Yoshino, Takatsune became engaged in a tug-of-war against the Southern Court, mainly in Hokuriku region as a military governor of Echizen Province.
Japanese: 足利尊氏が京都に武家政権を成立させ、後醍醐らが吉野に南朝を成立させて南北朝時代となると、越前国守護として主に北陸方面で南朝方と攻防を繰り広げた。
English: Because Yoshisada NITTA's army entered Echizen Province with Imperial Prince Takayoshi and Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi at its head, after the Battle of Minato-gawa River, the war situation in Echizen grew intense.
Japanese: 湊川の戦い後、新田義貞が、尊良親王、恒良親王を奉じて越前へ入国し、越前での戦況は激しさを増していった。
English: In 1337, Takatsune attacked Kanagasaki-jo Castle (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture) of the Southern Court in Echizen with KO no Moroyasu and defeated Yoshisada and his son Yoshiaki NITTA who had both Imperial Princes on their side.
Japanese: 延元2年/建武4年（1337年）に、越前で高師泰と共に南朝方の金ケ崎城（福井県敦賀市）を攻め、両親王を擁した義貞、新田義顕親子を破る。
English: Although letting Yoshisada, who was a de facto commander, get away, Takatsune's other military exploits included making Imperial Prince Takayoshi and Yoshiaki commit suicide and capturing Imperial Prince Tsuneyoshi.
Japanese: 事実上の大将であった義貞こそ取り逃がしたものの、尊良親王と義顕を自害させ、恒良親王を捕らえるなどの軍功をあげる。
English: After that, Takatsune was deprived of his Fuchu (cities which have local governments at their core) and Kanagasaki-jo Castle as a result of a resumed offensive from Yoshisada NITTA, but he held off Yoshisada's offence by bringing temple-goers of Heisen-ji Temple over to his side.
Japanese: その後新田義貞の巻き返しによって府中や金ヶ崎城を奪われたが、高経は平泉寺の宗徒を自陣営に抱き込んで義貞の攻勢を防いだ。
English: In August 1338, Takatsune finally scored a big success, killing Yoshisada at Tomyoji Nawate (a footpath between rice fields of Tomyo-ji Temple) in Fujishima, Echizen Province.
Japanese: そして延元3年/建武5年（1338年）閏7月、越前藤島の灯明寺畷においてついに義貞自身を討ち取る大功をあげた。
English: Takatsune had Yoshisada's younger brother Yoshisuke WAKIYA as the court's side commander before him from 1339 and faced an uphill battle, meaning he had to run away from Echizen to Kaga Province for a time.
Japanese: 暦応2年/延元4年（1339年）からは義貞の弟脇屋義助が宮方の大将として立ち塞がり、一時は越前から加賀へ落ちるなど苦戦を味わった。
English: However, Takatsune made a countercharge to expel Yoshisuke to Mino Province in 1340 and breaking through the rest of the court's forces to subjugate Echizen in 1341.
Japanese: しかし、暦応3年/興国元年（1340年）に反攻をしかけ義助を美濃へ追い、暦応4年/興国2年（1341年）残る宮方勢力を討ち破り越前を平定した。
English: Before long, when the Kanno Disturbance, which had grown from the internal conflict in the Ashikaga family, happened, Takatsune took sides with Naoyoshi ASHIKAGA at first and became a powerful military commander, but later he took the side of Takauji ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: やがて足利家の内紛から発展した観応の擾乱が起こると、はじめ足利直義方に与してその有力武将となるも、後に足利尊氏方についた。
English: When the South Court tried to take control of Kyoto - Shohei itto (temporal unification of the Northern and Southern Courts) - Takatsune assisted Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA in recapturing Kyoto.
Japanese: 正平一統における南朝方の京都制圧においては、足利義詮を助けて京都奪還に功をあげた。
English: In 1355, however, Takatsune led a rebellion against the bakufu again in response to Tadafuyu ASHIKAGA and came to control Kyoto by himself this time.
Japanese: しかし正平10年/文和4年（1355年）、足利直冬に呼応して再び幕府に反旗を翻し、今度は自身が京都を制圧するに至った。
English: In 1356, he left Tadafuyu's side and returned to the bakufu again.
Japanese: 正平12年/延文元年（1356年）、直冬方から離反しまたも幕府へ帰参する。
English: When Takauji died in 1358, he took the tonsure, renamed himself Docho and assisted Yoshiakira who became the second Shogun.
Japanese: 正平13年/延文3年（1358年）、尊氏が死去すると剃髪し道朝と称して2代将軍となった義詮の補佐を行う。
English: The fact that Kiyouji HOSOKAWA fell from the position of shitsuji (the later kanrei [shognal deputy]) and ran away to the Southern Court let the Shiba family get more power, and Takatsune placed his son Yoshimasa SHIBA in the post of shitsuji in 1362 and he himself got the real power to take the initiative in bakufu.
Japanese: 康安元年/正平16年（1361年）に、それまで執事（後の管領）であった細川清氏が失脚して南朝へ下ると斯波家の力が強まり、高経は康安2年/正平17年（1362年）に子の斯波義将を執事（管領）職に就かせ、実権は自身が握って幕政を主導した。
English: Also he placed his fifth son Yoshitane SHIBA as the head of kozamurai dokoro (a group of officers to guard the Shogun), and the Shiba family took a hold on the nucleus of the Bakufu.
Japanese: また5男の斯波義種を小侍所の頭人に据えるなど幕府中枢を斯波一族で占めた。
English: Takatsune got the real power of the bakufu, but his uncompromising political style triggered protests by territorial lords and temple and shrine groups.
Japanese: 幕府の実権を握った高経であったが、その強権的な政治は諸大名や寺社勢力からの反発を招くに至る。
English: Especially, Doyo SASAKI (Takauji KYOGOKU), who was the father-in-law of Ujiyori SHIBA who was the third son of Takatsune, hated Takatsune because Takatsune had made Yoshimasa kanrei rejecting Ujiyori whom Doyo had pushed, and both were in fierce conflict.
Japanese: 特に高経の3男斯波氏頼の舅であった佐々木道誉（京極高氏）は、かつて自身の推す氏頼を退けて義将を管領とした高経を憎んでいたため、両者は激しく対立する。
English: In August 1366, suddenly he was ordered to go back to his territory by Shogun Yoshiakira and was toppled (the Joji incident).
Japanese: 正平21年/貞治5年（1366年）8月、突如として将軍義詮より領国へ戻るように命じられ失脚した（貞治の変）。
English: Because Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, for whom Doyo pushed, assumed the post of substitute kanrei, the conflict between the Shiba family and the Hosokawa family remained after Yoshimasa had come back to the shogunate government; this conflict led to the Koryaku Coup in the time of the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 後任の管領には道誉が推す細川頼之が就任したため義将の幕政復帰後も斯波氏と細川氏の対立構図は残り、3代将軍足利義満時代の康暦の政変へとつながっていく。
English: Although Takatsune, who had fled the capital, continued to fight against a punitive force from the government, he died at Somayama-jo Castle (Minamiechizen-cho, Fukui Prefecture) in 1367.
Japanese: 都落ちした高経は幕府の討伐軍に屈す事無く戦い続けたが、貞治6年/正平22年（1367年）に杣山城（福井県南越前町）で死去。
English: It is said in "Taiheiki" (The Record of the Great Peace) that Takatsune obtained notable swords called Onikiri and Onimaru when he killed Yoshisada NITTA in Fujishima.
Japanese: 『太平記』において新田義貞を藤島にて討ち取った際、鬼切と鬼丸の二振りの名刀を手に入れたとされる。
English: The next day, Takauji ASHIKAGA demanded the handover of the two swords, saying 'they are hereditary family heirlooms of the Minamoto clan,' but Takatsune said 'they burned' and handed Takauji two burned-out swords.
Japanese: 後日、足利尊氏が「それは源氏重代の家宝だから」と引渡しを求めたが、高経は「焼けてしまった」と言って焼けた太刀を渡した。
English: In later years, after the downfall of Takatsune, Onimaru was obtained once more by the Muromachi shogunate family and Onikiri was given to and handed down in the Mogami family of the Shiba family.
Japanese: 後年、高経が失脚すると鬼丸は室町将軍家の手に渡り、鬼切は斯波一族の最上氏に伝来した。
English: While Takatsune was taking the reins of government, he couldn't bear to watch the slow moving construction of Gojo-bashi Bridge, which was entrusted to Doyo SASAKI, and Takatsune did it himself.
Japanese: 高経が政権を掌握していた時期、佐々木道誉に任せた五条橋の架橋工事が遅々として進まないのを見かね、高経が全て終わらせた。
English: When the cherry blossom viewing party, which Takatsune organized, was held at a residence of the shogun, Doyo, who thought he had lost face, had first said he would attend, but he changed on the day and held a big cherry blossom viewing party at his own house.
Japanese: 道誉は面目を潰されたと思い、後日将軍邸で行われた高経主催の花見が行われる際、初め出席するとの返事をしたが、当日になってこれを違え、自邸で盛大な花見を催した。
English: The party was so tremendous that the party at the shogun's residence was over-shadowed, and Takatsune lost face this time.
Japanese: それは将軍邸での花見が霞むほどで、今度は高経が面目を潰された格好になった。
English: Whether or not it is true, these are anecdotes to illustrate that Takatsune was on bad terms with Takauji and Doyo.
Japanese: 真偽の程はともかく、高経が尊氏、道誉と仲が良くはなかった事を伝える逸話である。
English: On January 29, 1337, Takatsune was made Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and appointed Uma no kami (Captain of the Right Division of Bureau of Horses).
Japanese: 1337年（建武(日本)4・延元2）１月29日、従五位下に叙し、右馬頭に任官。
English: On January 15, 1342, he was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and transferred to Shuri no daibu (Master of the Office of Palace Repairs).
Japanese: 1342年（暦応5・興国3）１月15日、従四位下に昇叙し、修理大夫に転任。
English: Shinpei GOTO (July 24, 1857 - April 13, 1929) is known as a doctor, a high-rank official, and a politician who played active roles in various fields through Meiji, Taisho and early Showa Period.
Japanese: 後藤新平（ごとうしんぺい、安政4年6月4日(旧暦)（1857年7月24日）-昭和4年（1929年）4月13日）は明治・大正・昭和初期の医師・官僚・政治家である。
English: He was raised to the peerage, and his final title was a count; he was given a title of a baron in 1906, a viscount in 1922, and a count in 1928.
Japanese: 伯爵（明治39年（1906年）男爵、大正11年（1922年）子爵、昭和3年（1928年）伯爵）。
English: While he was given the nickname of 'furoshiki' (a Japanese wrapping cloth; the word is often used for talking big and bragging about something) for his large-scale projects, he was actually a capable manager of colonial administration as well as talented city planner.
Japanese: 計画の規模の大きさから「風呂敷」とあだ名されたが、日本の有能な植民地経営者で有能な都市計画家。
English: He successively took the positions of the Civil Administrative General of the Governor-General of Formosa and the President of the South Manchuria Railway Company to assist Japanese intrusion into the Eurasian continent, and also contributed to developing the national railway system as chief of the Japan Railway Bureau.
Japanese: 台湾総督府民政長官、満鉄総裁を歴任し日本の大陸進出を支え、鉄道省総裁として国内の鉄道の整備に貢献した。
English: Furthermore, he held positions of the Minister of Home Affairs and the President of the Imperial Capital Reconstruction Department concurrently to draft out the Tokyo reconstruction plan after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923.
Japanese: また、関東大震災後に内務大臣兼帝都復興院総裁として東京の都市復興計画を立案した。
English: Choei TAKANO, a scholar of the Western studies (rangakusha) of the late Edo Period, was his granduncle, a politician Etsusaburo SIINA, his nephew, the politician Yusuke TSURUMI, a son-in-law who married with his daughter, and a sociologist Kazuko TSURUMI, a philosopher Shunsuke TSURUMI, a theatrical director Seki SANO are his grandchildren.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の蘭学者・高野長英は後藤の大叔父に当たり、甥に政治家の椎名悦三郎、娘婿に政治家の鶴見祐輔、孫に社会学者の鶴見和子、哲学者の鶴見俊輔、演出家の佐野碩をもつ。
English: When he was thirteen years old, he received much recognition from Yasukazu YASUBA, the Great Secretary of Isawa Prefecture, and became Yasuba's live-in student with Makoto SAITO, who later became the Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy, while he worked at the Prefectural office by recommendation of Yasuba; GOTO moved to Tokyo when he was fifteen year old, to work as a gatekeeper and chore manager under Shozo SHOMURA, the junior clerk of the Grand Council of Tokyo,.
Japanese: 胆沢県大参事であった安場保和にみとめられ、後の海軍大将・斎藤実とともに13歳で書生として引き立てられ県庁に勤務しのち15歳で上京し、東京太政官少史・荘村省三のもとで門番兼雑用役になる。
English: The relationship with Shinpei and Yasuda continued, and when YASUBA became the governor of Fukushima Prefecture after participating in the delegation of Tomomi IWAKURA and homecoming, Shinpei returned to Fukushima to count on Yasuba and entered Fukushima International Study School when he was sixteen years old.
Japanese: 安場との縁はその後も続き、安場が岩倉使節団に参加して帰国した直後に福島県令となると新平は安場を頼り、16歳で福島洋学校に入った。
English: Although Shinpei himself intended to become a politician in early years, the influence of Choei TAKANO (his granduncle of his mother's side) and the oppression againstChoei affected many others to convince Shinpei to become a doctor.
Japanese: 新平本人は最初から政治家を志していたとされるが母方の大伯父である高野の弾圧等の影響もあって医者を進められた。
English: His benefactors, Yasuba and Mitsuhiro OKADA (later changed to AGAWA), also recommended him to become a doctor, thus he reluctantly entered the Sukagawa Medical School when he was 17 years old.
Japanese: 恩師・安場や岡田（阿川）光裕の進めもあって17歳で須賀川医学校に気の進まないまま入学。
English: Yet his school record was excellent at this school, and he got a position in a hospital in Tsuruoka City of Yamagata Prefecture, but as Yasuba became the Governor of Aichi Prefecture, he decided to follow him and became a doctor at Aichi Municipal Medical School (current the medical department of Nagoya University) in Aichi Prefecture.
Japanese: ただし同校では成績は優秀で卒業後、山形県鶴岡の病院勤務が決まっていたが安場が愛知県令をつとめることになり、それについていくことにして愛知県の愛知県医学校（現・名古屋大学医学部）で医者となる。
English: He was rapidly promoted here, and became the principal of the school and concurrently director of the attached hospital at the age of twenty-four, administrating the general management of the school and the hospital.
Japanese: ここで彼はめざましく昇進し24歳で学校長兼病院長となり、病院に関わる事務に当たっている。
English: While he was in this position, he examined the wounds of Taisuke ITAGAKI who was stabbed by a hoodlum while he was canvassing in Gifu City.
Japanese: またこの間、岐阜市で遊説中に暴漢に刺され負傷した板垣退助を診察している。
English: After a medical check-up done by Goto, Itagaki noted that he was disappointed for not being able to make him into politics.
Japanese: 後藤の診察を受けた後、板垣は「彼を政治家にできないのが残念だ」と口にしたという。
English: While he was highly regarded as a doctor, he himself was said to be suffering from a strong inferiority complex for becoming a doctor without receiving a standard Western medical science education at an advanced organization.
Japanese: 医師として高い評価を受ける一方で、先進的な機関で西洋医学を本格的に学べないまま医者となったことに強い劣等感を抱いていたとも伝わっている。
English: His achievements at the Aichi Municipal Medical School were well-recognized, and he was appointed to the staff of the Hygienic Bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs in February, 1882.
Japanese: 明治15年（1882年）2月、愛知県医学校での実績を認められて内務省(日本)衛生局に入り、医者としてよりも官僚として病院・衛生に関する行政に従事することとなった。
English: While he strongly recognized the superior points of Western civilizations, he also noticed his inferiority complex when confronted with the West.
Japanese: 西洋文明の優れた一面を強く認識する一方で同時にコンプレックスを抱くことになったという。
English: When he returned to Japan, he was awarded a medical doctorate for the results of his study in Germany, and he was installed as the chief of the Hygienic Bureau of the Ministry of Home Affairs in December, 1892 on the recommendation of Sensai NAGAYO.
Japanese: 帰国後、留学中の研究の成果を認められて医学博士号を与えられ、明治25年（1892年）12月には長与専斎の推薦で内務省衛生局長に就任した。
English: In 1893, he was implicated in a plot of the Sohma Incident and imprisoned for five months; although he was finally declared not guilty, he was given a leave of absence as Chief of Hygienic Bureau, and he fell into obscurity for a while.
Japanese: 明治26年（1893年）、相馬事件に巻き込まれて5ヶ月間にわたって収監され最終的には無罪となったものの衛生局長を非職となり、一時逼塞する破目となった。
English: After suffering hardship from the Sohma Incident, he came back to public service in April 1, 1895, on the recommendation of his friend.
Japanese: 明治28年（1895年）4月1日、相馬事件で辛酸を舐めたが友人の推薦で復帰。
English: He worked for the quarantine service performed on returning soldiers from Sino-Japanese War at Nino-shima Island near the Port of Hiroshima, Hiroshima City, as the administrative director of the Temporal Quarantine Department of the Imperial Army of Japan; his skilful administration was recognized by his superior officer, the Staff Officer of the Imperial Army of Japan, Gentaro KODAMA.
Japanese: 日清戦争の帰還兵に対する検疫業務に広島市・広島港似島で臨時陸軍検疫部事務長官として従事し、その行政手腕の巧みさからこの件の上司であった陸軍参謀の兒玉源太郎の目にとまる。
English: In March 1898, he was appointed the Civil Administrative General of the Governor-General of Formosa by the nomination of Gentaro KODAMA who became the Governor-General of the Governor-General of Formosa.
Japanese: 明治31年（1898年）3月、台湾総督となった兒玉源太郎の抜擢により、台湾総督府民政長官となる。
English: He conducted thoroughgoing research and investigation of local conditions to carry out economic reform and infrastructure construction.
Japanese: そこで新平は、徹底した調査事業を行って現地の状況を知悉した上で経済改革とインフラストラクチャー建設を進めた。
English: He explained his methodology following the 'principles of biology,' (giving a metaphorical example for explanation, 'the eyes of a flounder can not be transformed into the eyes of a sea bream.")
Japanese: こういった手法を後藤は自ら「生物学の原則」に則ったものであると説明している（比喩で「ヒラメの目をタイの目にすることは出来ない」と語っている）。
English: He meant that any social custom or system is similar to that of nature, while they have been derived from proper reasoning and necessity, therefore unreasonable attempt at changing them would inevitably lead to a strong resistance.
Japanese: それは、社会の習慣や制度は生物と同様で相応の理由と必要性から発生したものであり、無理に変更すれば当然大きな反発を招く。
English: In conclusion, he noted that an administrative body has to know local conditions and situations thoroughly, and conduct the administrative activities based upon that knowledge.
Japanese: よって現地を知悉し、状況に合わせた施政をおこなっていくべきであるというものであった。
English: First, he founded the Special Taiwanese Custom and Practice Research Board, and invited Santaro OKAMATSU, a jurist and professor of Kyoto Imperial University, while he became the chairman of the board himself.
Japanese: まず、台湾における調査事業として臨時台湾旧慣調査会を発足させ京都帝国大学教授で法学者の岡松参太郎を招聘し、同時に自ら同会の会長に就任した。
English: At the same time, he directed the research project for the law system of the Qing Dynasty by setting up another group led by Yorozu ODA, who was also a jurist and professor of Kyoto Imperial University, Naoki KANO, who was still a research student at that time but later became the scholar of Chinese philosophy, and Shigeru KATO, a historian of Chinese history.
Japanese: また同じく京都大学教授で法学者の織田萬をリーダーとして当時まだ研究生であった中国哲学研究者の狩野直喜、中国史家の加藤繁などを加えて、清朝の法制度の研究をさせた。
English: Research results of this group was gathered as a report titled "The Administrative System of the Qing Dynasty," and its exhaustive study content became the essential material for studying the modern history of China.
Japanese: これらの研究の成果が『清国行政法』であり、その網羅的な研究内容は近世・近代中国史研究に欠かせない資料となっている。
English: When he invited Inazo NITOBE from the United States, Nitobe once declined the offer because of his sickly condition, but he presented special conditions, such as bringing a bed into the office, and finally succeeded to persuade Nitobe to accept the offer.
Japanese: アメリカから新渡戸稲造をスカウトする際には病弱を理由に一度は断られるが、執務室にベッドを持ち込む事などの特別な条件を提示して承知させている。
English: Recruiting Nitobe produced fruitful results as the Chief of the Production Development Bureau of the Governor-General of Formosa to spread and improve the production of sugarcane and sweet potatoes throughout Taiwan.
Japanese: スカウトされた新渡戸は、殖産局長として台湾でのサトウキビやサツマイモの普及と改良に大きな成果を残している。
English: It was also during the Governor-General of Formosa period when he met with Yoshikoto NAKAMURA, who later became the trusted assistant throughout his life.
Japanese: また、生涯の腹心となった中村是公と出会ったのも台湾総督府時代であった。
English: In those days, it was a big social problem that smoking opium was a popular habit among people in Taiwan, which was also a common issue in mainland China.
Japanese: 当時、中国本土同様に台湾でもアヘンの吸引が庶民の間で常習となっており大きな社会問題となっていた。
English: One of the triggers of the anti-Japanese movement came from the impending fear that the Japanese administration was trying to ban opium.
Japanese: また、「日本人はアヘンを禁止しようとしている」という危機感が抗日運動の引き金のひとつだった。
English: He first imposed a high tax rate on purchasing opium, and secondly he enforced a licensing system for using opium, both intended to gradually reduce the number of opium users.
Japanese: まずアヘンに高率の税をかけて購入しにくくさせるとともに、吸引を免許制として次第に吸引者を減らしていく方法を採用した。
English: According to the data of the Governor-General of Formosa, the number of opium addicts were 169,000 in 1900, and 62,000 in 1917, and 26,000 in 1928.
Japanese: 総督府によると、明治33年（1900年）には16万9000人であったアヘン中毒者は大正6年（1917年）には6万2000人となり、昭和3年（1928年）には2万6000人となった。
English: In 1945, Taiwan completely discontinued issuing an opium usage license.
Japanese: なお、台湾は昭和20年（1945年）にアヘン吸引免許の発行を全面停止した。
English: There is a point of view that the enforcement of Shinpei's policy succeeded to eradicate opium usage in Taiwan and put away those backdoor groups who had dealt with opium as an income source, although some also suggest that Shinpei himself gradually deepened his relationship with those backdoor groups and also the concessions related with opium involved Shigemaru SUGIYAMA and others as the partners.
Japanese: これにより新平の施策実行から50年近くかけて、台湾はアヘンの根絶、アヘンを重要な資金源としていた黒社会の勢力を大きく後退させる事にしたという見方がある一方、これによって新平自身が、杉山茂丸らをパートナーとして阿片利権・裏社会との関わりを深めていったという見方も存在する。
English: In 1906, Shinpei became the first president of the South Manchuria Railways Company, and played an active role in the administration of Manchuria based in Dalian City.
Japanese: 明治39年（1906年）、新平は南満洲鉄道初代総裁に就任し、大連市を拠点に満洲経営に活躍した。
English: He recruited such talented people fromwhen he served in Taiwan, such as Yoshikoto NAKAMURA and Santaro OKAMATSU, and also many capable young people in their thirties and fourties to develop the infrastructure of the Manchurian Railways, expand hygienic facilities, and construct cities in Manchuria including Dalian City.
Japanese: ここでも後藤は中村是公や岡松参太郎ら台湾時代の人材を多く起用するとともに30代、40代の若手の優秀な人材を招聘し、満鉄のインフラ整備、衛生施設の拡充、大連などの都市の建設に当たった。
English: He considered research projects indispensable for pursuing his 'biological development,' therefore he once again founded a research department inside the South Manchuria Railways Company.
Japanese: また満洲でも「生物学的開発」のために調査事業が不可欠と考え、満鉄内に満鉄調査部を発足させている。