nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Otomo camp deployed 1000 horsemen on Mt. Omure, 1000 horsemen headed by Chikazane ICHIMADA and Akinari TAKITA on Tateishi-toge pass between Buzen and Bungo, and 800 horsemen headed by Yasuhisa SHIDE and Masahisa NODA on Jizo-toge pass.
Japanese: 大友軍は1,000騎を大村山上に、豊前・豊後を結ぶ道の立石峠に一萬田親実と田北鑑生の1,000騎、地蔵峠に志手泰久と野原昌久の800騎を布陣した。
English: The Ouchi camp spied out the Otomo camp and embarrassed them, confused the Otomo camp by sending false reports to them -- Then, by taking the advice of Tomoyasu SADA, jito (Steward) in Usa-gun County and the head of the Sada clan, the Ouchi clan went over Sada, and in the early morning on May 28, 1534, went through to the Seiba ga haru field and made a surprise attack on the Otomo camp hidden in Mt. Omure.
Japanese: 大内軍は間者を用いて大友軍の動きを調べ、動向を手の内にしたり、虚報を流して大友軍を翻弄したうえ、宇佐郡地頭の佐田氏の主、佐田朝泰の進言を容れ、佐田越えののち4月6日早朝、勢場ヶ原に抜け、大村山に籠もる大友軍の奇襲を図った。
English: Yasunori HIROSE offered an idea that they should call back the armies in garrison on Tateishi-toge pass and Jizo-toge pass in haste and make the horsemen swoop down from the mountain onto the Ouchi army to put them to rout.
Japanese: 広瀬裕則が立石・地蔵の両峠を守る軍勢を急遽呼び戻し、坂落としにて大内軍を蹴散らそうと提言した。
English: But Ujinao thought that the enemy was so exhausted that just a small force could defeat them, and said that, above all things, it was sneaky to just look down the enemy moving up the mountain, and rejected the idea.
Japanese: しかし氏直は、敵軍は疲労しており、小勢でも勝利を得ることができると考え、何よりも敵の寄せるのを見ているのは卑怯であると主張し、この提言を却下。
English: In the beginning, the swooping down Otomo army successfully fought the enemy such that Chikamasa defeated Nagato SUGI in a one-on-one fight -- On the other hand, since the Ouchi army outnumbered the Otomo army, it changed their battle formation to kakuyoku (crane's wing), and encircled and attacked the Otomo army, which resulted in a fierce and desperate battle.
Japanese: 突撃した大友軍は親将が杉長門を一騎討ちで討ち取るなど、初期はよく戦ったが、数で勝る大内軍は鶴翼の陣に切り替え、前後左右から少数の大友軍を攻め、壮絶な死闘が展開された。
English: Ujinao was at the front and commanded the army, but when an arrow shot his horse, he fell from the horse and fought on foot, then collapsed from an arrow wound.
Japanese: 先頭に立って陣頭指揮をとった氏直は、矢が馬に当たり転落し、徒歩で戦ったが、矢疵を受けて倒れた。
English: Most of the Otomo army was destroyed in close combat, and those including Chikamasa SODA and Yasunori HIROSE attempted to save Ujinao, but were killed in the battlefield.
Japanese: さらに白兵戦にて大友主軍はほぼ壊滅、氏直を助けようとした寒田親将、広瀬裕則以下が戦死した。
English: The Ouchi army was so intoxicated by successive victories that they could not cope with those surprise attacks and were easily defeated -- That ended up in a thrashing with a great number of soldiers killed and their captain Okifusa SUE wounded.
Japanese: 緒戦の勝利に油断していた大内軍は対抗できず、すぐに崩れて大敗、大人数が討たれ、主将の陶興房も負傷した。
English: Suffering a reversal, the Ouchi army retreated along the Yorimo-gawa river toward Takada, Bungo and withdrew beyond the sea to Suo.
Japanese: 逆転敗北となった大内軍は寄藻川沿いに豊後高田方面へと退却し、海路周防に撤退した。
English: In the end, the Ouchi army withdrew and the Otomo army won, yet, the battle was a draw in a military sense because the Otomo army also lost its two commanders in chief and the main army was broken up.
Japanese: 結果的に大内軍が撤退し、大友軍の勝利ということにはなったが、大友軍も二人の総大将を失い、本軍が崩れていたことから、軍事的には「引き分け」と分類される。
English: Thereafter, the two camps still fought against each other, but in 1538, they finally made peace through the mediation of the twelfth shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA -- As a result, the subjugation of northern Kyushu by Yoshitaka OUCHI met with a hitch.
Japanese: その後も二国間はまだ交戦していたが、天文(元号)7年（1538年）に室町幕府第12代将軍・足利義晴の仲介を受けて和睦し、結果、大内義隆による九州平定は頓挫した。
English: Okifusa SUE, who lost in the main battle, was dispatched to Kyushu subsequently to fight the Shoni clan and other powerful clans in Chikuzen, which proved that Yoshitaka still remained trusted.
Japanese: 本合戦で敗れた陶興房は、その後も九州に派遣され、少弐氏や筑前の豪族らなどと戦うなど、義隆の信頼は失われなかった。
English: After the Seiba ga haru battle, there had not been such a big-scale battle between the Otomo clan and the Ouchi clan, and once they made peace, there had not been any clash between the clans.
Japanese: この戦いののち、大友大内間の大規模な衝突はなくなり、和平が実現すると二国間での衝突自体もほぼなくなった。
English: When Yoshitaka OUCHI was killed by Harukata SUE (Dainei-ji no hen (Dainei-ji Temple Incident)), the Otomo clan gained in influence suddenly; conversely, when the Ryuzoji clan, which had once supported the Ouchi clan, became independent, the Ouchi clan lost most of the influence in northern Kyushu -- Accordingly, the Otomo clan assumed the hegemony of northern Kyushu.
Japanese: その後、大内義隆が陶晴賢に討たれる（大寧寺の変）と、大友氏が一挙に勢力を伸ばし、また一時大内についていた龍造寺氏が独立したことで大内は北九州での勢力をほとんど失い、これによって北九州の覇権は大友氏が獲得した。
English: Now, 'the battlefield of the Seiba ga haru Battle' remains in Yamaga-machi town, Kitsuki City, and tombstones of those including Ujinao YOSHIHIRO and Chikamasa SODA can be found on the top of Mt. Omure.
Japanese: 現在、杵築市山香町に「勢場ヶ原古戦場」が残っているほか、大村山山頂には吉弘氏直、寒田親将などの墓石がある。
English: Koriwasen meant a merchant ship that operated a service from Japan to Korea only for the purpose of trade during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 興利倭船（こうりわせん）とは、室町時代、日本から朝鮮へ交易のみを目的に訪れた商船のことを指す。
English: Since the first phase wako (Japanese pirates) fiercely raided coasts when the Korean kingdom was founded, the Korean kingdom used the profits made by the trade in suppressing the wako.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝建国期において倭寇前期倭寇が猛威を奮っており、朝鮮王朝は交易の利を持って倭寇の沈静化を図った。
English: Such powers as Kyushu tandai (the Military Governor of Kyushu), shugo (provincial governor appointed by the shogun), and kokujin (native chieftains, certain local powers) were authorized to have traffic for both diplomatic and commercial purposes, and the ships which brought those envoys were called Shisosen (envoy sending ship).
Japanese: 九州探題や守護・国人のような大勢力に対しては外交と公貿易を兼ねた通交が許可され、それら通交使節を派遣する船は使送船と呼ばれた。
English: Japanese citizens were also allowed to visit Korea and trade freely with the Koreans, and the ship dispatched for them were called Koriwasen and the Japanese citizens who visited Korea only for commercial purposes were called Koriwa.
Japanese: 一般庶民に対しても朝鮮に来港し自由に交易を行うことが許可され、こうして派遣された交易船は興利倭船、交易のみを目的として訪れる日本人は興利倭人もしくは興利倭と呼ばれた。
English: Also the operators of Koriwasen were citizens who usually lived on fishing; therefore, since the operators could not trade in such expensive commodities as pepper, tanboku, and copper, they exchanged salt and fish with rice.
Japanese: 興利倭船の担い手は平常は漁を行なっているような庶民であり、使送船のように胡椒・丹木・銅のような高価な物資を取り扱うことは出来ず、塩や魚をもって米穀に替えていた。
English: Koriwa were originally wako; therefore, they were cunning fellows to the Korean kingdom such that some of them raided Ming and brought their pillage to Korea to trade with Koreans, or were on board bearing arms and traded in their pillage at strictly guarded places and conducted raids as wako on the poorly guarded places.
Japanese: 興利倭は倭寇の転身したものであり、明で倭寇を働きその略奪品を持って朝鮮へ交易に訪れる、あるいは船中に武器を携帯し防備の厚い所では交易を行う一方、防備の薄い所では倭寇と化す者もあり、朝鮮王朝にとって油断のならない相手であった。
English: Although the Korean kingdom restricted the port to Koriwasen to enter the Busan Inlet (釜山浦) and Jepo (薺浦) (Chinkae City, Gyengsangnam-do (South Gyeongsang Province) 慶尚南道鎮海市) in 1400 but it was not completely observed; and the Korean kingdom required Koriwa to bear gyojo (passport) issued by the lord of their residence in 1407.
Japanese: 1400年、朝鮮王朝は興利倭船の入港場を釜山浦・薺浦（慶尚南道鎮海市）に限定するが徹底されず、1407年に居住地領主の行状（渡航証明書）の所持が義務化される。
English: That entry restriction would drive Koriwa into a corner -- In 1427, Saemontaro SODA, who was originally wako and influential figure in Tsushima, made a petition to the Korea kingdom to allow them free trade all over Gyengsangnam-do: In response, the Korea kingdom rejected the petition but added Yeompo, Ulsan-Gwangyeoksi (Ulsan Metropolitan City 蔚山広域市) instead.
Japanese: こうした入港場の制限は興利倭の生活を困窮させるものであり、1427年に倭寇出身の対馬の実力者早田左衛門太郎が慶尚道全域において任意に交易出来るよう朝鮮王朝に請願するが拒絶され、代わりに塩浦（蔚山広域市）のみ入港場に追加された。
English: Thereafter, the Soda clan and the So clan kept presenting petitions to increase the ports to enter, but they were not granted.
Japanese: その後も早田氏・宗氏により入港場の増設が請願されるが許可されることはなかった。
English: As the ports were restricted, some Koriwa could not find anyone to deal with and stayed in Korea for a long time, and entered private houses and forced the residents to buy their commodities.
Japanese: 入港場の制限に伴い、取引相手が付かず長期滞在し、民家に散入し押し売りを働く興利倭が出現する。
English: The Korea kingdom facilitated Koriwasen to leave the port early by purchasing the goods for which Koriwa could not find anyone to deal with.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝はそうした買い手の付かない物については王朝が買い取ることで興利倭船の早期出港を図ることになる。
English: Although Koriwasen were dispatched from regions other than Tsushima at the beginning of the Korea kingdom, as the regulation on the traffic progressed and traffic expenses increased such as restriction on the ports for Koriwasen to enter, requirement for Koriwa to bear gyojo, enforcement of bunin system (require all the passenger to bear passage permission issued by the So clan), Koriwasen dispatched from the region other than Tsushima gradually disappeared.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝建国当初においては対馬以外の地域からも興利倭船が派遣されていたが、入港場の制限・行状所持の義務化・文引制の施行等、通交統制が進み通交経費の増加に伴い、対馬以外の地域から派遣される興利倭船は姿を消すことになる。
English: In 1510, when the revolt of the So clan and 恒居倭 (Japanese who had been settled down in Sanpo, Korea) failed in the Sanpo Disturbance, Koriwasen were forbidden by the Articles of Japanese Jinshin yakujo and the Koriwasen disappeared.
Japanese: 1510年、三浦の乱において宗氏及び恒居倭（三浦に定住していた日本人）の蜂起が失敗に終わると、壬申約条において興利倭船は禁止され、以降姿を消した。
English: Kuji Kongen was a book on ancient practices and precedents of the imperial court written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 公事根源（くじこんげん）は、室町時代に一条兼良によって書かれた有職故実書。
English: According to the colophon, it was written by Kaneyoshi for his disciples in 1422, and also, it was written by nineteen-year-old Kaneyoshi at the request from Seii taishogun (Commander in chief) of the Muromachi bakufu, Yoshikazu ASHIKAGA, without referring to any book.
Japanese: 奥書によると、応永29年（1422年）に兼良が自分の子弟の教育のために書いたものとあり、また別に室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義量の求めに応じて、19才の兼良が何の書物も見ずに書いて進ったともある。
English: With reference to "Kenmu nenchugyoji" (Annual Ceremonies of the Kenmu Era) written by Emperor Godaigo and "Nenchu gyoji uta awase" (Annual Court Ceremonies Poetry competitions) written by Kaneyoshi's grandfather Yoshimoto NIJO, and so forth, the book contains some 100 imperial court functions from shihohai (ceremony called worship of the four quarters) on New Year's Day to tsuina (ceremony called to drive out evil spirits) on New Year's Eve in monthly order with the origin, source, details, and features.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇の『建武年中行事』や祖父二条良基の『年中行事歌合』などを参考にして元旦の四方拝から大晦日の追儺までの宮中行事100余を月の順序で記し、起源・由来・内容・特色などを記した。
English: The book was considered important in later generations, and annotations such as "Kuji Kongen Shushaku" (annotation on Kuji Kongen) (Kenrin MATSUSHITA), "Kuji Kongen Guko" (My thinking on Kuji Kongen) (Fusatsune HAYAMI), and "Kuji Kongen Shinshaku" (New Interpretation of Kuji Kongen) (Masanao SEKINE) were written.
Japanese: 後世に重んじられ、『公事根源集釈』（松下見林）・『公事根源愚考』（速水房常）・『公事根源新釈』（関根正直）等の注釈書が書かれている。
English: Kujisen was money paid in place of taxes in kind (including labor) as daisenno (paying dues in cash instead of in kind; commutation) for kuji (public duties) during Medieval Japan.
Japanese: 公事銭（くじせん）とは、中世日本において、公事の代銭納として現物（労力を含める）の代わりに納付する銭のこと。
English: It was widespread, as money became circulating more rapidly due to agricultural production increase, and development of commerce, industry, and transportation; and in the Muromachi period, this name was also applied to kuji which was decided to be paid by money from the beginning.
Japanese: 農業生産の向上や商工業及び交通の発達によって貨幣流通が盛んになるにつれて広く行われるようになり、室町時代には最初から銭納を想定した公事に対してもこの名称が用いられた。
English: Kujisen was virtually collected for each title; therefore, for the city residents, taxes were collected by the titles of munebetsu sen (household tax), jishi sen (land tax), and mabechi sen (building and land tax), and for the market, taxes were collected by ichiba sen (marketplace tax), and zayaku sen (guild tax).
Japanese: ただし、実際の公事銭徴収は名目別に行われ、都市の住民に対しては棟別銭・地子銭・間別銭など、市場に対しては市庭銭・座役銭の名目で徴収された。
English: The Jisharyo mainly meant shoryo (individual holding) settled for maintaining and operating temples and shrines.
Japanese: 主に寺社領とは、寺社の維持・運営のために設置された所領のことである。
English: In ancient times, in addition to shinden (also referred to as kanda; land held by a shrine) and jiden (also referred to as terada; land held by a temple), fuko (households of temples and shrines) granted by the Ritsuryo state (state based on ritsuryo code in the seventh century) and the early time shoen (estate) which was established by konden (development of fallow land or creation of new rice paddies) were the main source of income for the temples and shrines (Some big temples and shrines had systems such as zojishi (officials responsible for building temples, and shingun - also referred to as kamikoori; deity district).
Japanese: 古代においては自前の神田・寺田に加え、律令国家によって給付された封戸や墾田開発によって成立した初期荘園が寺社の大きな収入源であった（一部の大寺院・大神社には造寺司や神郡の制度もあった）。
English: Replacing the systems, after the mid Heian period, the government dispatched azukari dokoro (estate custodian) to the local estates based on shoen that consisted of donated lands that had been granted Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) or the like as a business foundation, and also appointed the local magnate or influential farmer to shokan (estate officer) or myoshu (local landowner and cultivator) to oppose the rule of kokuga (provincial government office).
Japanese: これに替わって平安時代中期以後に不輸の権(日本)などを獲得した寄進地系荘園を経営基盤として現地に預所を派遣するとともに、現地の有力者や農民を荘官・名主に任命して国衙からの支配に対抗した。
English: The state of rule differed between the temple and shrine -- In the temples, the right of shoen ryoshu (estate proprietor) was not divided into multiple positions in a system and the estate was put under centralized control, or alternatively, the right was divided between the main temple and inge (temple next in rank of monzeki that had imperial connections), that belonged to the main temple, to prevent an invasion from outside; but in fourteenth century, as the temples were exposed to invasions of bushi, the temples enhanced its direct rule in the shoen near the precinct of the temple to secure its kajishi (additional tax).
Japanese: ただし、寺院と神社では支配の傾向に違いがあり、寺院では荘園領主としての権限が複数の職の体系に分割されずに一元的な支配が行われるか、寺院本体とそこに属する院家の間で分割され、他者の参入を防ごうとしたが、14世紀になると武士による侵略に晒されたために、寺院周辺の荘園における直務支配を強化して確実に加地子得分の確保を目指すようになった。
English: On the other hand, in the shrines, shake (hereditary priest at a shrine) divided and ruled the shoen to secure stable income, but gradually privatized the shoen as its own karei (hereditary land), even sold the shoen to the others in some cases.
Japanese: 一方神社では社家が荘園を分割支配して安定した収入確保を図ろうとするが、次第に自己の家領として私物化して場合によっては第三者に譲渡する例も現れた。
English: Then, the government issued various jisha kogyoho (Shrine restoration policy) to prevent an invasion from outside the religious institution and embezzlement from inside the religious institution, but was little effective.
Japanese: そこで、外部からの侵略と内部からの押領を防ぐために各種の寺社興行法が定められたが、効力は薄かった。
English: When the shoen system collapsed in the disturbances during the Nanbokucho period (North and South Dynasties period) and the Sengoku period (Warring states period), many of the jisharyo were lost -- In the Toyotomi administration, kenchi (cadastral surveys) was strengthened, whereby merely a part of shuinchi (estates of temple and shrine confirmed by the shogun and exempted from tax) was protected under the bakuhan system (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains).
Japanese: やがて、南北朝時代(日本)や戦国時代(日本)の戦乱によって荘園制が崩壊すると、多くの寺社領が失われ、統一政権では検地の強化によって、一部の朱印地が幕藩体制によって保護されるに過ぎなくなる。
English: Under the land reform accompanying the chisokaisei (revision of land-tax) during the Meiji period, the Jisharyo was broken up.
Japanese: そして、明治政府の地租改正に伴う土地改革によって寺社領は解体されることになった。
English: The bukeryo included from individual holdings owned by samurai (warriors) retainers to individual holdings owned by the Ise Heishi (a branch of the Taira clan) and the Kawachi Genji (a branch of the Minamoto family), each a chief of the warrior houses, based on their military authority.
Japanese: 武家領には一般的な武士が持つ所領から、武家の棟梁である伊勢平氏・河内源氏が武家公権に由来する所領まで存在した。
English: Local samurai warriors including the Ise Heishi clan and the Kawachi Genji, both originating from middle and lower ranked officials, were qualified as shoen ryoshu (proprietary lord of manor) in their local power base.
Japanese: 元々中・下級の官人身分であった伊勢平氏や河内源氏をはじめとする地方の武士は自己の根拠地において荘園領主としての資格を有していた。
English: Among others, the Ise Heishi formed its economic foundation by receiving chigyokoku and shoen throughout Japan in the process of establishing the Taira administration, which culminated in ruling of thirty or more chigyokoku and 500 or more shoen.
Japanese: その中でも伊勢平氏は平氏政権樹立の過程で各地の知行国や荘園を獲得して経済的基盤を形成し、最盛期には30ヶ国以上の知行国と500ヶ所以上の荘園を支配していた。
English: The Kawachi Genji received nine provinces (Shimousa Province, Kazusa Province, Musashi Province, Sagami Province, Izu Province, Echigo Province, Shinano Province, Suruga Province, Bungo Province) among those that had been the Ise Heishi's chigyokoku, and 500 or more shoen, that had been mokkan ryo (confiscated lands) -- All of them were received as rewards in the Jisho no ran (Jisho civil war, 1180) in the process of establishing the Kamakura bakufu (military government of Kamakura).
Japanese: 河内源氏は鎌倉幕府樹立の過程で治承の戦いの際に恩賞などの形で獲得した旧伊勢平氏知行国のうち9ヶ国（下総国・上総国・武蔵国・相模国・伊豆国・越後国・信濃国・駿河国・豊後国）及び没官領となった500ヶ所以上の荘園を獲得した。
English: The former provinces were called Kanto gobunkoku (Kamakura bakufu's provincial jurisdiction) and the latter shoen were called Kanto goryo (Kamakura bakufu's private estates), both of which were also collectively called Heike mokkan ryo (lands confiscated from the Heike).
Japanese: 前者を関東御分国・後者を関東御領と呼び、一括して平家没官領とも称する。
English: Here, Kamakura dono (Lord of Kamakura), who was the head of the head family of the Kawachi Genji, had attained the position of one of the greatest shoen ryoshu of Japan in those days.
Japanese: ここにおいて河内源氏の宗家当主である鎌倉殿は、当時の日本における屈指の荘園領主としての地位を獲得した。
English: To those shoryo, gokenin (personal retainers of the shogun) were appointed as shugo (protectors, or military governors) or jito (stewards), and a strong system of government was constructed based on their military forces.
Japanese: こうした所領には御家人が守護・地頭として宛がわれてその軍事力を背景に強力な支配体制が構築された。
English: Even after the whole family line of the Kawachi Genji was destroyed, the position was taken over by the successive seii taishogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo), which expanded its power by taking over the shoryo and various shiki (the right to use land and to share in the products of the land) which were confiscated in disturbances such as the Jokyu no ran (Jokyu disturbance; 1221) and in times of crisis and rebellion of gokenin.
Japanese: この地位は河内源氏宗家断絶後も歴代征夷大将軍に継承され、承久の乱などの内乱や御家人の不祥事などで没収された所領や所職を接収して拡大していった。
English: Many of the gokenin applied military and police powers, which they had obtained after becoming shugo or jito of the Kamakura bakufu, on their own shoryo to remove various kinds of shiki associated with their own shoryo.
Japanese: 彼らの多くは鎌倉幕府の守護や地頭になって獲得した軍事的・警察的権限を自己の所領にも展開し、他の所職を排除しようとした。
English: The rule of the gokenin remained subject to the shoen koryosei system; therefore, although samurai's monopolistic control of the shoryo was liable to appear earlier in the local shoryo of the gokenin than the shoryo of the Kamakura bakufu, which stated the policy of having gokenin in harmony with the other powerful houses, influences of the court nobles, temples, and shrines, which occupied higher various shiki, and the local kokuga cannot be completely removed during this period.
Japanese: ただし、その支配は荘園公領制の範疇におけるものであり、他の権門との協調を掲げる鎌倉幕府の所領よりも地方にある御家人の所領の方が武士による所領の独占的支配の傾向が早く出現するものの、この時代には上級の所職を占める公家・寺社や現地の国衙からの影響力を完全に排除するには至らなかった。
English: On the other hand, the Ashikaga clan, which raised from a mere gokenin to found the Muromachi bakufu, gained the shoryo by depriving the enemies of the shoryo during the Nanbokucho civil war, but lost their shoryo when their shoryo was taken as rewards to the others or was deprived by the enemies -- Consequently, its goryosho (shogunal domain) was far less than that of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: これに対して一介の御家人から室町幕府を創設した足利氏の場合は、南北朝の内乱の中で敵から奪った所領の増加がある一方で恩賞や敵からの略奪による所領の喪失もあり、その御料所の規模は鎌倉幕府のそれよりも遥かに乏しかった。
English: Under the influences of the long-lasting civil war and hanzeirei (half-tax decrees), Jisha honjoryo (lands of temples and nobles) and koryo were severely declined, and the shiki associated with the lands became in name only.
Japanese: だが、長い内乱や半済令の影響で寺社本所領や公領の衰退が著しく、彼らが持っていた職は名目上のものとなった。
English: As a result, each of the bushi throughout Japan including shugo daimyo (great feudal lord) established an integral rule over his own shoryo, which influenced the goryosho of the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: この結果、守護大名をはじめとする各地の武士によって自己の所領の全一的支配が確立され、その影響は室町幕府の御料所にも及んでいった。
English: This trend spread throughout Japan as the daimyo ryogokusei system (daimyo control over provinces) was introduced, and observed through bakuhan taisei (power structure of bakufu and daimyo domains) until hanseki hokan (surrender of the domain registers to the emperor) and chitsuroku shobun (abolish hereditary stipend) were carried out.
Japanese: この傾向は大名領国制への以降とともに日本全国規模で確立され、幕藩体制を経て明治の版籍奉還・秩禄処分まで続いた。
English: It was a town or settlement developed as commodity production grew in rural communities such as a farming village from the Medieval period to early Modern period in Japan.
Japanese: 日本において中世から近世の時代に、農村部などで商品生産の発展に伴って発生した町・集落。
English: Zaigomachi was different from Jokamachi (castle town) or Jinyamachi (town around the feudal lord's residence) which prospered around the castle or the hancho (feudal lord's office/residence), Shukubamachi (post station town) which was formed around shukuba (post station), or Monzenmachi (temple town) formed around a temple or a shrine and did not have any landmark featuring the town (castle, big post station, large temple or shrine, or the like) and it spontaneously developed in farming villages a distance from the aforementioned machi (towns).
Japanese: 城郭や藩庁などを中心に栄えた城下町や陣屋町、宿場中心に形成された宿場町、寺社を中心に形成された門前町などと決定的に違うのは、町の中心となる施設（城郭・大きな宿場・有力寺社など）がないことで、前述の町等まで距離がある農村部において自然発生的にできたものである。
English: Unlike such towns as Jokamachi, Zaigomachi was characteristic of many farmers as its residents and those engaged in commerce and industry, and has both features of being an urban district and a farming village.
Japanese: 城下町などと違い、商工業者のほかに農民をが多く在住しているも特徴で、都市部と農村の性格を併せ持つのも特徴である。
English: Some Zaigomachi were categorized as Shitamachi (neighborhoods of merchants and artisans), and many of the districts originated from Zaigomachi in modern Japan were towns with such a friendly atmosphere that they can be called modern versions of Shitamachi.
Japanese: また下町と呼ばれる範疇に含まれるものもあり、現代において在郷町を起源とする地区の中には、現代の下町と呼べるような庶民的な町も多い。
English: Jinyamachi was one of the former Japanese city forms.
Japanese: 陣屋町（じんやまち）とは、かつての日本における都市形態のひとつである。
English: Jinyamachi was formed around jinya (feudal lord's residence) in the feudal domain and chigyosho (sub-fief) or daikansho (district office) in Tenryo (shogunal lands) during the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代の藩・知行所における陣屋、もしくは天領における代官所などを中心に形成された町である。
English: Jinyamachi developed into a town as a number of bukeyashiki (samurai mansions) stand and those engaged in commerce and industry gathered there to trade with samurai and others who were working at the jinya.
Japanese: 武家屋敷が建ち並び、また陣屋に関わる武士等を相手に商売を営む商工業者が集まり発展した町である。
English: Since many of Jokamachi (towns below the castle) in the Edo period had hancho (feudal lord's office) therein, those Jokamachi can be categorized as a kind of Jinyamachi in a wide sense.
Japanese: なお、江戸時代における城下町の多くは、藩庁が置かれていたため、広義では陣屋町の一種ともいえる。
English: In modern Japan, there were many districts that originated from Jinyamachi and some of their names included 'Jinyamachi' 'jinya' or the like, their rows of houses and buildings were conserved and protected, and they were considered tourist destinations.
Japanese: 現代において、この陣屋町を起源にもつ地区は多くあり、「陣屋町」「陣屋」などがしばしば地名として残っているほか、町並み保存が行われ、観光地となっているところもある。
English: It was a general term for a city form developed in a historical background and social conditions during the Medieval and the Early Modern periods, mainly in Japan.
Japanese: 主に日本で、中世や近世において歴史的な背景や当時の社会情勢から生まれた町の形態の総称である。