nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is said that this type of chozubachi embodies the spirit of the tea ceremony, such as wabi (taste for the simple and quiet) and sabi (subdued refinement), emphasizing the rustic beauty of natural stone.
Japanese: 自然石のもつ野趣を重視して作られたものでわび・さびなどの茶道の精神を具現化しているとも言える。
English: It is a chozubachi made of the sickle-shaped natural stone with a round or oval shaped hole; the one in the roji of Gepparo (tea pavilion) of Katsura Imperial Villa is well known.
Japanese: 鎌のように曲がった自然石に円形か楕円の穴を掘ったもので桂離宮月破楼露地が有名。
English: It is a chozubachi made of a part of the deserted stone lantern or pagoda, and its old texture evokes the feelings of 'wabi and sabi.'
Japanese: 打ち捨てられた、燈籠や塔の部分を利用して作った手水鉢で、古びた風合いが「わび・さび」を感じさせるものになっている。
English: This is made from the stone pagoda and its edge has a surplice-shaped lattice pattern.
Japanese: 石造宝塔の塔身を利用して作られるもので回りに袈裟状の格子模様が入る。
English: The one in Shukkei-tei of Shosei-en Garden in Higashi Hongan-ji Temple was made out of the stone pagoda in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 東本願寺渉成園縮景亭にあるものは鎌倉時代の宝塔の塔身を使用している。
English: Made out of bodies of Hokyoin pagoda or multi-storied pagoda, featuring the relief of Buddha on sides.
Japanese: 宝筴印塔や多層塔の塔身を利用したもので、面に仏が彫られているのが特徴である。
English: The foundation of a stone lantern is used for this type, and it is considered that those with 'kaeribana (lotus petal design carved around the lower base of a lantern)' are valuable.
Japanese: 石燈籠などの基礎を利用したもので、「反花」などの装飾があるものがよいとされる。
English: The umbrella-shaped top story of a multi-storied pagoda is laid on its side and the part of the eave is carved in the shape of basin; this is an unusual type.
Japanese: 多層塔の笠の部分を横に立て、軒の部分を凹型に掘り込んだものであるが、例は少ない。
English: The umbrella part of a stone lantern or a multi-storied pagoda is placed upside down, and its beautiful curve is used for the chozubachi.
Japanese: 石灯篭や多層塔などの笠の部分を逆さにして反りの美しさを見立てた手水鉢
English: During the Edo period, chozubachi came to be considered essential in roji, and many chozubachi came into existence such as those made of natural materials and those designed especially for the chozubachi at roji.
Japanese: 江戸時代になりと露地に手水鉢が不可欠のものと見なされるようになり、天然自然のものを利用したものから、露地の手水鉢の用途のためにデザインされ作られたものが登場するようになった。
English: Today most of the washbasins called 'chozubachi' belong to this category, and a lot of imitations of 'masterpieces' from 'famous gardens' are appearing on the market.
Japanese: 現在「手水鉢」といわれているものの多くがこの区分に入るもので「名園」「名庭」の「名品」の模倣が多く出回っている。
English: The figures in the emakimono (picture scroll) such as "Genji monogatari emaki" (The Tale of Genji Picture Scrolls), "Nenju gyoji emaki" (Picture Scroll of the Annual Rites and Ceremonies), and "Ban dainagon emaki" (Ban Major Counselor Picture Scrolls) are important materials to learn about the Japanese costume during the Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代の日本の衣服については、『源氏物語絵巻』、『年中行事絵巻』、『伴大納言絵詞』などの絵巻物に描かれた人物像が重要な資料である。
English: "Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicle of Japan), "Shoku Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued), "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan)", "Nihon Kiryaku" (The Abbreviated History of Japan) and tales and diaries are also important materials.
Japanese: 『日本後紀』、『続日本後紀』、『日本三代実録』、『日本紀略』、そして物語・日記などの書物も当時を知る資料である。
English: Because materials for clothing such as silk and hemp have much less durability than metal or wood, there is almost no possibility for such materials to survive through the years.
Japanese: これは衣服の原材料である絹・麻などの繊維は金属・木材に比べて極めて時間経過による劣化が激しく、時代を超えて残ることが殆ど無い為である。
English: Until the mid-Heian period, the costume had not been so different from that of the Nara period, but after SUGAWARA no Michizane abolished the envoys to Tang dynasty China, the Chinese culture became less influential and an indigenous culture developed in every aspect.
Japanese: 平安時代も中期までは服装について奈良時代と大きく違うことはなかったが、菅原道真によって遣唐使が廃止された以降、あらゆる文化の側面に於いて中国大陸の文化の影響を離れた日本独自の国風文化が盛んになった。
English: Due to the development of woven pattern (design) and dye techniques, colorful clothing came to be used in ceremonial rituals in the Imperial court, showing the cultural improvement in clothing of the court nobles.
Japanese: 織模様(紋)や染色技術の進展によって色彩に多様性が生まれ、朝廷における儀式行事に用いられることによって貴族の衣服は文化的な向上を見せた。
English: In order to add firmness to a rather big costume, stiffly starched clothing called 'kowashozoku' appeared and the changes in costumes were unified into a certain style.
Japanese: また、大振りとなった装束に張りを持たせる為、強く糊を張った「強装束」または「剛装束」（どちらも「こわしょうぞく」）と呼ばれる着装法の登場によって、装束の形状変化は一定の終着に至った。
English: The costumes that appeared during the Heian period had been used for ceremonies in the Imperial court and bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) since then, and the shape of clothing has essentially been the same until today, though "how to wear costumes" and "how rituals and costumes related to each other" had gone through various changes through the years.
Japanese: 平安期に登場した装束はそれ以降も朝廷・幕府等の儀礼に用いられ、着装法や着装する儀式と装束の相関に様々な時代的変化を経たものの、形状等の基礎的な部分に於いては現代に至っても通底している。
English: Today we know more about the costume during the Heian period than that prior to the Heian period.
Japanese: 現在、平安時代以前の衣服と比べれば、平安時代の衣服のほうが、より詳しくわかっている。
English: However, when costumes in the Heian period are restored, it is mostly done by presumption even though present experts study historical evidences.
Japanese: しかし、現在の専門家が考証する場合であっても、平安時代の衣服を復元する試みにおいては、推定により作っている部分が多い。
English: Today, restored clothing based on historical investigation, mostly the Heian-style costumes, are exhibited at the Costume Museum in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 現在、京都府京都市下京区に、風俗博物館があり、そこでは平安時代の日本の衣服を中心に、考証により復元された服が展示されている。
English: Some people create works for amusement based on "Genji Monogatari" (The Tale of Genji) today, and many people love original "Genji Monogatari" and the works based on it.
Japanese: 現代において、『源氏物語』をもとにして大衆向けの娯楽作品を制作する人や、『源氏物語』または『源氏物語』をもとにして作られた作品を愛好する人たちが少なくない。
English: Therefore nonexperts 'restore' the Heian costume in their works, and place them on exhibition.
Japanese: このため、専門家でない人たちが平安時代の衣服を「復元」して不特定多数に公開することがある。
English: Today the Heian-style costume mostly can be seen in the following events: the parade of the Ages (a festival in which the Heian costume is restored), kyokusui no en (a drinking party for Heian period nobles at which cups of sake were floated down a winding stream and participants seated on the bank had to improvise a tanka poem before taking a sip), and some events held by department stores, industrial associations of Japanese clothes, and kimono schools.
Japanese: 現代においては、平安時代に由来する、叉は平安時代を復元した祭りの時代行列、曲水の宴等、デパート、和服の業界団体や着付け教室主催の各種行事、等で見られる場合が多い。
English: It consists of, from inside to outside, kosode (a kimono with short sleeves worn as underclothing), oguchi bakama (wide-bottomed skirted trousers), hitoe (an unlined kimono), ue no hakama (over trousers), shitagasane (train-robe), kyo (a train of shitagasane), hoeki no ho (the top layer of men's formal court attire), and sekitai (a black leather belt the back of which was embedded with gemstones).
Japanese: 構成は内側から、小袖（こそで）、大口袴（おおぐちばかま）、単（ひとえ）、表袴（うえのはかま）、下襲（したがさね）、裾（きょ）、袍（ほうえきのほう）、石帯（せきたい）。
English: Hanpi (a short-sleeved, thigh-length jacket) was supposed to be worn over the shitagasane, but people were allowed not to wear it in winter (because nobody can see it), and later it was abolished.
Japanese: 下襲の上に半臂（はんぴ）を着用することになっていたが、冬期は着なくても良い（バレない）こととなり、後に廃された。
English: Akome (a lined gown) had been worn under the shitagasane, but after the Meiji period nobody wore it except for the Imperial families.
Japanese: 下襲の下に衵（あこめ）を着用していたが、明治以降皇族以外は着用しないこととなった。
English: Military officers of Sanmi (Third Rank) and above wore the same clothing as bunkan, therefore those who wore black bukan sokutai were automatically identified as military officials of Shii (Fourth Rank).
Japanese: なお、三位以上の武官は文官と同じ装束であり、従って黒色の武官束帯を着用していると自動的に四位の武官であると判別できる。
English: From inside to outside, it consists of kosode, oguchi bakama, ue no hakama, hitoe, hanpi, shitagasane, ketteki no ho (open sleeve seams outer robe), and sekitai.
Japanese: 構成は内側から、小袖（こそで）、大口袴（おおぐちばかま）、表袴（うえのはかま）、単（ひとえ）、半臂（はんぴ）、下襲（したがさね）、闕腋袍（けってきのほう）、石帯（せきたい）。
English: Being different from bunkan's hoteki no ho (sewn sleeve seams outer robe), ketteki no ho has an opening at the side, so hanpi must be worn.
Japanese: 文官の縫腋の袍と違い闕腋の袍は脇が開いているため、半臂を略することが出来ない。
English: From inside to outside, it consists of kosode, hitoe, sashinuki (gathered trousers), shitagasane, and hoeki no ho.
Japanese: 構成は内側から、小袖（こそで）、単（ひとえ）、指貫（さしぬき）、下襲（したがさね）、縫腋の袍（ほうえきのほう）。
English: It was almost the same shape as kariginu, but different in that suikan had a long cord to fasten a collar and two pairs of kikutoji (tassel) being attached to four places.
Japanese: 狩衣と、ほぼ同じ形であるが、襟を止めるための長い紐が付いてる点と菊綴が２個づつ４ヶ所に付いてる点が異なる。
English: The hem of suikan was sometimes tucked into hakama, and sometimes not, and moreover, the collar was sometimes done like kariginu and sometimes formed into a V-shape.
Japanese: 着方も、裾を袴の中に入れる場合と入れない場合、襟を狩衣と同様にする場合とＶ字型にする場合がある。
English: From inside to outside, it consists of kosode, naga bakama (long hakama), hitoe, itsutsuginu (five-layered robe), uchiginu (a lustrous silk robe), uwagi (outer robe), karaginu (a waist length Chinese style jacket), and mo (long pleated skirts).
Japanese: 構成は内側から、小袖（こそで）、長袴（ながばかま）、単（ひとえ）、五衣（いつつぎぬ）、打衣（うちぎぬ）、表衣（うわぎ）、唐衣（からぎぬ）、裳（も）。
English: In addition to the clothes mentioned above, Mononogu shozoku (a formal wear worn until the late Heian period) contained hire (cloth sash hung from the shoulders) and kuntai (cloth sash hung from the waist), with the hair done up and hokan (crown) on top of the head, in which the Nara period customs remained.
Japanese: 物具装束(もののぐしょうぞく、平安末期までの正装)では上記に比礼（ひれ）、桾帯（くんたい）を追加、髪の毛を結い上げ、宝冠（ほうかん）を追加、奈良時代の風俗を残す。
English: The color of kosode was always white; hakama was pleated and its color was always scarlet in the Heian period regardless of marriage status; after the Edo period, an unmarried woman wore a deep violet hakama, while a married woman wore a scarlet hakama.
Japanese: 小袖の色は常に白、袴は捻襠(ねじまち)仕立てで、色は平安時代には未既婚にかかわらず常に緋とされたが江戸時代以降は未婚者は濃紫(こき)、既婚者は緋とされた。
English: It is almost the same as the suikan for a man, but this one has five kikutoji and they are attached on the shoulders instead of the back.
Japanese: 男性の水干と同様であるが菊綴が5ヶ所となり、背中の菊綴が両肩に付く点が異なる。
English: The present hosonaga is similar to uchigi, but it has no okumi (a gusset). (Hitoe has okumi under the uchigi)
Japanese: 現行の細長は袿に似てるが衽(おくみ)が無い点が異なる（その下の単には衽がある）。
English: It sometimes refers to hosonaga no ho (ketteki no ho for boys, and hakama is ue no hakama).
Japanese: 細長の袍（闕腋（けってき）の袍の少年版、袴は表袴）を指す場合もある。
English: In the process of organizing religious services by the government since the Meiji period, a new rule that a Shinto priest must wear ikan or kariginu was established.
Japanese: 明治以降国家によって祭祀制度が整えられていく際、神職の服制に関して衣冠・狩衣を用いるよう制度化された。
English: Shinto priests' costume: ikan for daisaishiki (the grand festival ceremony), saifuku (the formal costume of a Shinto priest when performing religious ceremonies, made of white silk) for chusaishiki (the middle festival ceremony), kariginu or joe (a garment worn in religious ceremonies) for shosaishiki (the small festival ceremony) and other miscellaneous festivals.
Japanese: 男性神職装束：大祭式に衣冠、中祭式に斎服（白色の衣冠）、小祭式・その他の雑祭については狩衣或いは浄衣を用いる。
English: Miko shozoku (costume for shrine maiden): it is considered that this costume inherited the Heian-style costume in that it requires white kosode and scarlet hakama.
Japanese: 巫女装束：白小袖（白衣）に緋袴を履く点で平安装束の延長線にあると考えられる。
English: The term Kyo language (written in Japanese as either 京言葉, きょうことば or 京ことば) or Kyoto-ben (Kyoto dialect) means a Japanese dialect spoken either in the old town area of Kyoto City, in the narrow sense, or in the area including Yamashiro Province and Nantan (around Kameoka basin), in the broad sense, both in Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 京言葉（きょうことば、京ことばと表記されることも）または京都弁（きょうとべん）とは、狭義では京都府京都市旧市街、広義では京都府山城国と南丹（亀岡盆地周辺）で話される日本語の方言。
English: Its accents belong to a group of Keihan style accents, but it has still many different accents from those of Osaka dialect and other dialects of the same group.
Japanese: 京阪式アクセントであるが、大阪弁などのアクセントとは異なることも多い。
English: Kyo language is said to have been influenced by a court language spoken at court since the Imperial palace had been located in Kyoto for a long period.
Japanese: 京都には長い間御所が存在していたため、宮中で話されていた御所言葉の影響を受けているとされる。
English: In Kyo language, honorific language and euphemistic expressions are frequently used in order to make the tone of conversation euphonic and polite avoiding any offending expression as much as possible, but it often happens to induce ironic effects or cynicism and make people who do not correctly understand Kyo language feel some difficulty in communication.
Japanese: 敬語や婉曲表現を多用し、柔らかく丁寧な口調でなるべく会話に角が立たない言い回しをするが、それが皮肉となるケースも多く、京言葉を解せない人々がコミュニケーションをとりにくい、と感じることもある。
English: However, many scholars point out such way of soft expression of Kyo language is a factor that produces gracefulness, which is a major difference between Kyoto and Osaka dialects.
Japanese: ただし、それらが大阪弁と京都弁の大きな違いである優雅さの要因であるとする研究者も多い。
English: Kyo language can be classified into two prominent types, one being a noble language (Court language) spoken at the Imperial palace and another being an ordinary language (town language) spoken among the people in town.
Japanese: 京言葉は、大きく分けて御所で話された公家言葉（御所言葉）と、街中で話されるもの（町ことば）に分類される。
English: However, since Kyo language has recently been influenced by Osaka and other dialects including the standard dialect, and has gradually transformed itself toward the standard or Tokyo dialect's direction, so that difference between these dialects has become less.
Japanese: ただ、近年では大阪弁の影響のほか、標準語の影響により、標準語化・東京弁化が進むと共にこれらの差異が少なくなってきているといわれる。
English: The first one (noble language as described above) was spoken by court ladies among imperial families and court nobles within the Imperial court since the Muromachi period, part of which are still being spoken within some shrines and temples of today.
Japanese: 前者の公家言葉は、宮中や宮家、公家のあいだで室町時代の初期から女官によって話されたもので、現在では一部の社寺に残されている。
English: There are some more dialects of Kyo language, such as 'miburi language' (gesture words) similar to a simplified sign language, as well as 'namasu language' (Red-light district language), a traditional language spoken in Shimabara, a famous amusement area.
Japanese: 簡易的な手話の様を呈する「身振り語」や、嶋原で用いられてきた伝統的な「廓言葉（なます言葉）」がある。
English: Generally speaking, it is characterized by frequent use of long vowels and euphonic changes 'u,' giving an impression of being slow-paced, unstrained and floppy.
Japanese: 長母音やウ音便を多用することから、全般的にテンポが遅く、ゆったりとした柔らかい印象を与えるのが特徴的である。
English: Long vowels of 'u' and 'o' are cut short, modifying, for example, 'gakkou' (school) to 'gakko,' 'sanshou' (Japanese pepper) to 'sansho.'
Japanese: 長母音の「う」や「お」を短く発音し、「学校」（がっこう）を「ガッコ」と、「山椒」（さんしょう）を「サンショ」とする。
English: Phonemic letters of nouns and verbs are sometimes long drawn in pronunciation, altering, for example, 'ka' (mosquito) to 'ka-a,' and 'no' (field) to 'no-o.'
Japanese: また、名詞や動詞の音素文字を長く伸ばすことも行われ、「蚊」（か）を「カア」と、「野」（の）を「ノオ」とすることがある。
English: Further, some people convert pronunciation of vowel 'i' into 'e' as a dialect, and pronounce, for example, 'shirame' instead of 'shirami' (louse).
Japanese: さらに、訛としてiの母音をeに転化させ「虱」（しらみ）を「シラメ」とするものがある。
English: There are some examples to change pronunciation of 'shi' [ʃi] to 'hi' [çi], as in the case of 'hitsurei' instead of 'shitsurei' (literally, 'excuse me'), as well as 's' to [ʃi] and 'm' to [b].
Japanese: 「シ」[ʃi]を「ヒ」[çi]に転化して「失礼」（しつれい）を「ヒツレイ」としたり、[s]を[ʃi]に、[m]を[b]に転化させる例などがある。
English: Imperative forms of some godan doshi (5-grade conjugation verbs) conjugate at 'i' dan (i-grade), being considered as an abbreviation of 'nasai' and may be used in addition to normal forms of the standard Japanese.
Japanese: 五段動詞の命令形では、標準語と同様の命令形に加えてい段で活用するものがあり、これは「～なさい」を省略したものと考えられる。
English: In other Kinki dialects, many people do not discriminate between '... rahen' and '... rehen,' which frequently causes communication gaps among speakers.
Japanese: 他の近畿方言では「～らへん」「～れへん」を区別しないことが多く、コミュニケーションギャップが生じやすい。
English: Negative forms of SA-gyo and KA-gyo henkaku katsuyo (SA-row and KA-row irregular conjugation group verbs) conjugate frequently at 'i' dan (i-grade,) in which cases 'hin' shall be fixed as a relevant postpositional particle.
Japanese: さ行変格活用、か行変格活用の否定は、い段で活用することが多く、その場合否定の助詞は「ひん」となる。
English: Presently, such wording as 'e' dan (e-grade) conjugative group verbs with postfix 'hen' are increasingly used, due to the influence of Osaka and other dialects.
Japanese: 現在は、大阪他の言い方に従って、え段+「へん」などと言う事も増えている。
English: Such forms as i-dan (i-grade) conjugation plus postfix 'hin' and 'e' dan (e-grade) plus 'hen' are both the conversion from imperfective forms plus 'yahen.'
Japanese: い段+「ひん」、え段+「へん」ともに、未然形+「やへん」が変化したものである。
English: In order to make ichidan doshi (1-grade conjugation verbs) express inducement, a short postfix 'yo' is added but for the verb 'suru' (literally, 'do') which changes itself to long pronunciation of 'sho.'
Japanese: 一段動詞の場合は短く「よ」を付けるが、「する」は「しょう」と伸ばす。
English: Expressions of inability, or negative expressions of ability, often take a form of 'yo... n' or 'yo... hin.'
Japanese: 不可能を言う場合、「よう～ん」、「よう～ひん」の形を取ることが多い。
English: Compared with other Kansai areas, this form of respectful expression is more mundanely used in Kyoto, but with less degrees of respect.
Japanese: 日常的に多用される尊敬語表現で、関西の他地域よりも使用頻度が高いと同時に敬意度は低くなっている。
English: Only in the surrounding areas of Kyoto, some polite languages are used to make an expression objective.
Japanese: 丁寧語として客観的立場から表現する用法もあり、これは京都周辺のみの表現である。
English: (Examples) 'Okoshiyasu' (literally, 'Welcome, here'), 'okakeyashitookureyasu' (also referred as dozo okakekudasaimase, literally, 'please take your seat')
Japanese: （例）「お越しやす」、「おかけやしとおくれやす」（どうぞお掛けくださいませ）
English: This is one example of the well-known Kyo language as a polite form of decisive expression, corresponding to '... desu' in Tokyo dialect and '... dasu' in Osaka dialect.
Japanese: 断定の丁寧語で、東京の「です」、大阪の「だす」に相当する良く知られた京言葉。
English: (Examples) 'Omedetosandosu' (literally, 'congratulations'), 'Asu ikaharun dosuka' (literally, 'Are you leaving tomorrow?'), 'so doshita' (literally, 'so you have told')
Japanese: （例）「おめでとうさんどす」、「明日行かはるんどすか」、「そうどした」
English: In the case of request or declination, Kyo language prefers euphemistic and indecisive expressions and avoids straightforward words.
Japanese: 依頼や辞退を表すときには、直接的な言い方は避け、婉曲的で非断定的な言い回しを好む。
English: For example, in order to make a request for somebody to 'do something,' negative interrogatives by insinuation are used, such as '... shite morawashimahen yaroka' (... shite moraewashimasen deshoka, literally 'Won't you kindly do... ?').
Japanese: 例えば「～して下さい」という要求をする時も、「～してもらわしまへんやろか」（～してもらえはしませんでしょうか）のような遠回しな否定疑問を用いる。
English: When declining any solicitation, too, shadowy expressions are used, like 'ookini' (literally, 'thank you'), 'kangaetoki massa' (literally, 'let me consider') and so on, which expressions are considered respectful to the solicitors.
Japanese: 辞退する時も、「おおきに」「考えときまっさ」などと曖昧な表現をすることによって、勧めてきた相手を敬った表現をする。
English: Another way used frequently to decline any request politely is to subjectify other persons like your husband, saying, for example, 'I have to ask for my husband's opinion.'
Japanese: また、「主人に訊かなければ分からない」などと他人を主体化させ、丁重に断る方法も良く用いられる。
English: As is described below, a story of 'bubu zuke' was created in such a climate as people disliked any direct expression.
Japanese: 後述する「ぶぶ漬け」も、そのような直接的表現を嫌う風土によるものである。
English: As a typical example of non-verbal communications in Kyoto, a story of 'bubu zuke' (also referred as cha-zuke, literally 'a bowl of rice doused in hot tea') is often cited, although there are many other examples such as 'zabuton' (literally, 'a cushion') on a doorstep and 'a hibachi brazier' in a cold day.
Japanese: 京都における非言語的コミュニケーション（ノンバーバル・コミュニケーション）を物語る上でよく用いられるのが、「ぶぶ漬け」（茶漬け）の例である（他に玄関先での「座布団」と寒い日の「火鉢」の例もある）。
English: This story of bubu zuke tells that, when you visit somebody and are offered bubu zuke, you must understand you are casually induced to leave soon.
Japanese: これは、他人の家を訪問した際、その家の人にぶぶ漬けを勧められたら、それは帰宅をさりげなく促しているというものである。
English: On the one hand, this story is generally interpreted as the host's apology to say, 'I cannot entertain you with anything more than bubu zuke today, so please come on the other day, if you like,' but at the same time this is considered as a kind of communication rules to express the host's intention without giving bitter feelings, that is a special custom available only in such closed society as Kyoto.
Japanese: 一般に「今日はぶぶ漬け程度の粗食しかおもてなし出来ないので、日を改めてまた来てくれ」という意味に解釈されているが、角が立たないように自分の意思を伝える一種の取り決めごととも言えることで、京都という独特の閉鎖的社会だからこそ成り立った習慣である。
English: In the first place, 'being offered any meal' means that you are visiting him at mealtime or you have extended your stay until mealtime, and this kind of action should be regarded as unmannerly from common-sense.
Japanese: そもそも「食事を勧められる」ということは、客がそのような食事時に訪問しているか、あるいは食事時まで居続けているということであり、常識的に考えれば失礼な行為に当たる。
English: The host may expect a sociable effect of 'offering meals' that reminds any guest of lapse of time and urges him to leave without discourteousness.
Japanese: 家人が「食事を勧める」ことで、訪問者は時間を自覚でき、家人側も相手に対して失礼を犯さずに帰宅を要求することができる、という社交的な効果があると考えられる。
English: The most ideal case of such communications might be that, after once or twice the host offers bubu zuke which the guest declines, the host still offers it so that the guest may accept it and get into the house to take it with gratitude.
Japanese: この場合の理想的なやり取りとしては、家人がぶぶ漬けを勧めてきたら、客人は一旦はこれを固辞し、少なくとも2回断ってもまだ勧めてくるようだったら有難く家の中に上がって頂く。
English: It is considered as a common-sense for a visitor to once decline an offer of bubu zuke, and, therefore, if he accepts the offer and takes it without reserve, he will give an impression to the host that 'he or she is bold.'
Japanese: ぶぶ漬けを勧められても一旦はこれを断るのは常識であり、もし遠慮も無く真に受けて食べてしまうと、家人に｢あの人は厚かましい｣という印象を抱かれてしまいかねない。
English: However, in most cases, the host will not continue to offer bubu zuke more than once or twice, and then the visitor may say 'Well, I have to leave now.
Japanese: もっとも大抵の場合、1回または2回断った時点で家人はぶぶ漬けを勧めるのをあっさりやめるので、客人は｢ほな、この辺でお暇致します。
English: Otherwise, the host may sometimes take an action to casually induce the visitor to leave.
Japanese: このとき家人が何らかの行動を起こして、さりげなく客人に帰るよう促すこともある。
English: Nevertheless, since it is possible that some hosts might in fact wish to entertain his guest with bubu zuke, visitors are required to be skilled in the technique of rhythmic breathing to understand the host's real intent.
Japanese: ただし、実際にぶぶ漬けを用意して、他意なくご馳走しようとしている場合もあるので、相手の真意を探るには阿吽の呼吸とも言える絶妙なテクニックが必要となる。
English: Needless to say, the story of 'bubu zuke' is just a parable of one of so many traditional implicit communications existing in the daily life of the people living in Kyoto that may never be explained in a simple sentence.
Japanese: もちろん、「ぶぶ漬け」はあくまで喩えであり、その他の日常生活においても、京都ではコミュニケーションにおける伝統的な暗黙の了解事項が多々存在しており、一言では到底説明し切れない。
English: Any of such ways of communication of Kyoto people as established through their traditional customs is usually unfamiliar to the people of non-Kyoto areas, and causes various troubles of miscommunication; for example, a host might be compelled to prepare any meal in a hurry.
Japanese: どちらにせよ、古くからの慣習によって成り立っているそのコミュニケーションに慣れていない非京都圏の人々には全く意図が伝わらず、慌てて実際に料理を用意しなければならない場合もある。
English: Another example of such trouble is to give an unfavorable impression to any guest who knows the implication of bubu zuke simply as 'kaette okure yasu' (literally, 'please leave here'), which may possibly lead them to an unnecessary conflict; and, such being the case, bubu zuke and other typical communication ways of traditional Kyoto people are not recommended to use except for between congenial persons.
Japanese: また、逆に非京都圏の客人が単に「帰っておくれやす。」の意味としてだけ知っていた場合、客人の心証を害す等、余計なトラブルを招きかねないので、気心知れた相手以外には用いないことが奨められる戦略である。
English: An episode concerning 'bubu zuke' is cited in a novel "Mystery of bubu-zuke legend" by Ko KITAMORI (contained in a collection of short stories of the same title).
Japanese: なお「ぶぶ漬け」に関するエピソードを扱った小説には北森鴻『ぶぶ漬け伝説の謎』（同名の短編集に収められている）が存在する。
English: In addition to such typical clitic words as '... nahai,' '... ya' and '... e,' many distinctive expressions and vocabularies are used in Kyoto.
Japanese: 「～なはい」や「～や」、「～え」などの接語の他にも、独特の表現や語彙が存在する。