nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Sukunamaro wrote poems prior to 724, which were dedicated to his lover serving in the Imperial Court, and these two verses, collected in the "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves [namely, Japanese poetry]), are his only remaining works.
Japanese: 神亀元年（724年）より以前、宮仕えする恋人に対する歌があり、『万葉集』にはこの2首のみ残る。
English: The year of his death is unknown, but he is considered to have been dead by around 727.
Japanese: 没年は不詳だが、おそらく神亀4年（727年）頃までに亡くなったと思われる。
English: According to the "Manyoshu" (4-759), he is known to have lived in the village of Tamura (currently Amatsuji-machi, Nara City, Nara Prefecture), and at that time, he was an Udaiben (Major Controller of the Right).
Japanese: また『万葉集』（4-759）によれば田村里（現在の奈良県奈良市尼辻町）に住んでいたことが知られ、時に右大弁だった。
English: In "Soga Monogatari" (the tale of Soga), which was established during the Kamakura through Muromachi periods, Abihiko is described as Demon King Abi who was exiled from the ancestral Ezo (northerners).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代～室町時代成立の『曽我物語』に蝦夷の祖を流罪にされた鬼王安日とする伝承が記載されている。
English: Abihiko is supposed to be the older brother of Nagasunehiko, and some say that Abihiko and Nagasunehiko made an escape to Hirosaki in Aomori Prefecture, and others say that Abihiko was singly exiled to the Tsugaru region.
Japanese: 長髄彦の兄とされ、彼と共に青森県の弘前に逃れたとも、単独で津軽地方に流されたとも伝わる。
English: Abihiko is generally regarded as a fictious person, but a theory says that Abihiko is actually the same person as Nagasunehiko.
Japanese: 一般的には架空の人物であると考えられているが、長髄彦と同一人物であるとする説もある。
English: On December 16, 1180, he raised an army along with his older brother Yoshitsune YAMAMOTO in Seta and Noji in the Omi Province, conforming the rises of Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) in various provinces.
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）11月21日、諸国の清和源氏の旗上に同調して、兄の山本義経とともに近江国の勢多・野路で挙兵。
English: According to the "Gyokuyo," written by Kanezane KUJO, Yoshikane tried to attack Kyoto no matter what, but Kai-Genji (Minamoto clan) sent an envoy to tell Yoshikane to hold back until reinforcement arrives because if he attacked with an outnumbered army, he may be turned away.
Japanese: 九条兼実の『玉葉』は、義兼は左右なく（京へ？）打ち入ろうと欲するが、甲斐源氏が使者を送って、無勢で攻め寄せても追い返される恐れがあるので、援軍が到着するまで暫く攻撃を止めさせているという伝聞を記している。
English: On December 26, Ietsugu HIRATA (also known as Hirata Nyudo) on the Taira clan side attacked Omi, defeated Takayori NOSE on the Minamoto clan side, and conquered the castle of Yoshikane.
Japanese: 12月1日、平氏方の平田家継（平田入道）が近江へ攻め込み、源氏方の能瀬高頼を討ち、更に義兼の城を落とした。
English: The army of Mino-Genji (the Minamoto clan) arrived to support Yoshitsune and Yoshikane, but on December 30, they were turned away by the envoy to search and kill which was led by TAIRA no Tomomori, the Daishogun (command-in-chief).
Japanese: 美濃源氏の軍勢が義経・義兼の援軍に到着するが、12月5日に平知盛を大将軍とする追討使と戦い追い散らされる。
English: Then Yoshitsune and Yoshikane managed to escape and barricaded themselves in the Yamamotoyama-jo Castle, but on January 9, the castle was attacked and captured by TAIRA no Tomomori and TAIRA no Sukemori.
Japanese: 義経・義兼は逃れて山本山城に篭るが、12月15日に知盛・平資盛の軍勢に攻められて落城。
English: According to "Gyokuyo," there was a rumor that the head of Yoshikane was placed as one of the severed heads, but it corrects that the rumor was not true.
Japanese: 『玉葉』は討ち取られた首級に義兼の首があったとの噂を伝えるが、これは誤報であったと訂正している。
English: According to the "Genpei Seisuiki" (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), Yoshikane joined the army of MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka in 1183, invaded in the Echizen Province as the Daisho (Major Captain) of the vanguard along with the citizens of the Shinano and Kaga Provinces, and established and barricaded themselves in the Hiuchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 『源平盛衰記』によると、寿永2年（1183年）義兼は源義仲の軍に加わり、信濃国、加賀国の住人とともに先陣の大将として越前国へ攻め込み、燧城を構えて立て篭もっている。
English: When Yoshinaka went to Kyoto by following the Taira clan, Yoshikane and his older brother Yoshitsune were appointed as the guard of Kyoto (according to "Kikki" and "Genpei Seisuiki").
Japanese: 義仲が平氏を逐って入京すると、義兼は兄の義経とともに京都の警護に任じられた（『吉記』『源平盛衰記』）。
English: Kanemitsu IGA (year of birth and death unknown) was a gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) and a governmental official responsible for practical works in the late Kamakura period through the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 伊賀兼光（いがかねみつ、生没年不詳）は、鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代(日本)にかけての御家人、実務官僚。
English: It is said that the clan began to use the family name Iga since IGA no Tomomitsu who was the Iga no kuni no Kami (Governor of Iga Province) in the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期の、伊賀国守伊賀朝光以降、伊賀を名字としたとされている。
English: Although the clan had been senior vassals of the Kamakura bakufu as maternal relatives of the Hojo clan, they lost their power due to the Incident of the Iga clan, and then they worked as governmental officials responsible for practical works such as Hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) and Hikitsukeshu (Coadjutor of the High Court).
Japanese: 以後、北条氏の外戚として鎌倉幕府の有力御家人であったが伊賀氏の変以後勢力を弱め、評定衆、引付衆など幕府の実務官僚として活躍した家系である。
English: Although his shoryo (territory) at this time is unknown, a historian Yoshihiko AMINO assumes that FUJIWARA no Kanemitsu as follows was Kanemitsu IGA; the former Governor of Ise Province who took over the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of the Jisei-kyo Village and Hyugaura in Wakasa Province in December 1265 as the heir of Mitsumune IGA, great grandfather of Kanemitsu, and a donor and former Ise no kami (Governor of Ise Province) who appears on Monju Bosatsuzo Bokushomei (statue of Manjusri [bodhisattva], ink inscriptions) of the Hannya-ji Temple in Yamato Province dated in April 1324.
Japanese: この頃の所領は不明であるが、歴史学者の網野善彦は、文永2年（1265年）11月に兼光の曾祖父伊賀光宗の跡（後継者）として、若狭国耳西郷・日向浦の地頭職を継承したことが確認されている伊勢前司、及び、元亨4年（1324年）3月の日付がある大和国般若寺の文殊菩薩像墨書銘に見える施主前伊勢守藤原兼光を、伊賀兼光と推定している。
English: According to this theory, Kanemitsu had engaged in secret communication with the Emperor Godaigo before the Kenmu Restoration because Shuon (a priest, also known as Monkan) is listed in the Monju Bosatsuzo Bokushomei as a petitioner, and 'Konrinshoshu migonjoju' (realization of an ambition of being Gold Wheel holy lord) is thought to suggest the success of the Shochu Disturbance which was raised by the Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: この説では、文殊菩薩像墨書銘に願主として殊音（文観）が見えること、「金輪聖主御願成就」とあるのは後醍醐天皇による正中の変の成功を指しているとして、兼光を建武の新政以前から後醍醐天皇に内通していたと見ている。
English: When the Kenmu Restoration started, Kanemitsu concurrently served as Shugo (Military Governor) and kokushi (provincial governors) of Wakasa Province, and Zusho no kami (Director of the Bureau of Drawings and Books), Tosa no kami (Governor of Tosa Province), and Okura no shofu (Junior Assistant Minister of the Ministry of the Treasury) as additional posts.
Japanese: 建武の新政が始まると、若狭守護と国司を兼任し、更に図書頭兼土佐守、大蔵少輔に任ぜられる。
English: Meanwhile, he concurrently served as Zasso-Ketsudansho (agency of Kenmu government to file lawsuits) (in charge of Gokinai capital region), Kubodokoro (a court of justice), Kirokujo (land record office) and Onshogata (the Reward Office which was the administrative organ of the Kenmu Restoration, responsible for granting military awards called 'onsho'), and played an important role as the top official of the Restoration.
Japanese: 一方で雑訴決断所（五畿内担当）、窪所、記録所、恩賞方を兼任し、新政の役職の中枢を占める幹部として活躍した。
English: Shinichi SATO evaluates that his favorite retainers were appointed unusually to destroy the hereditary government office system.
Japanese: これには、官司請負制を打破しようと寵臣を使った異例の人事を行ったとの佐藤進一の評価がある。
English: Masanori HOJO (1189 - December 4, 1204) was a busho (Japanese military commander) in the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 北条政範（ほうじょうまさのり、文治5年（1189年）-元久元年11月5日(旧暦)（1204年11月27日）は鎌倉時代初期の武将。
English: Since his mother was from Kyoto, he went to Kyoto as an envoy when MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, the third shogun, welcomed the daughter of Nobukiyo BOMON, a noble in Kyoto, as his lawful wife.
Japanese: 母が京の出身と言うこともあり、3代将軍源実朝が都の貴族である坊門信清の娘を正室に迎える際の使者として上洛した。
English: Judging from his high official court rank for a man of his age, it is considered that Tokimasa's legitimate son was Masanori whose mother, Maki no kata, was from a noble family, rather than Yoshitoki HOJO who was Masanori's older paternal half-brother.
Japanese: 若年での官位の高さなどから見て、時政の嫡男は異母兄の北条義時ではなく、貴族出身である牧の方を母とする政範であったと見られる。
English: The death of Masanori who was favored by Tokimasa and Maki no kata triggered internal conflicts in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and in the Hojo clan, which led to Shigetada HATAKEYAMA Rebellion and Makishi Incident.
Japanese: 時政・牧の方鍾愛の子であった政範の死は、畠山重忠の乱、牧氏事件と続く鎌倉幕府、北条氏一族内紛のきっかけとなっている。
English: Jufukuin (1570-April 7, 1631) was the concubine of Toshiie MAEDA, who was the founder of the Maeda clan, the ruling family of the Kaga domain.
Japanese: 寿福院（じゅふくいん、元亀元年（1570年）-寛永8年3月6日(旧暦)（1631年4月7日））は、加賀藩主前田氏の祖・前田利家の側室。
English: While staying at a camp in Nagoya Castel during the Bunroku-Keicho War, Toshiie flirted with her and made her his concubine, and she later gave birth to Toshitsune MAEDA, the third head of the Maeda clan.
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役において名護屋城の陣中にあった利家に見初められ側室となり、3代当主前田利常を生んだ。
English: When she first came to serve the clan, it was discovered that she and the sixth daughter of the Maeda clan had the same name, and she was required to change her name to 'Chobo', or 'Ochobo.'
Japanese: 前田家に仕えるにあたり、同家6女の「千世」と音が同じということで、「千代保」（ちょぼ、おちょぼとも）と改名させられた。
English: After the death of Toshinaga MAEDA, the second head of the clan, Jufukuin's son Toshitsune became the head of the clan, and Jufukuin was dispatched to Edo as a hostage in exchange for Hoshunin.
Japanese: 二代藩主・前田利長の死後、寿福院の息子利常が藩主となったため、芳春院と入れ替わりに江戸へ下向し、人質となる。
English: Incidentally, it is known that Jufukuin and Hoshunin were on very bad terms (although Hoshuin seems to have been on good terms with other concubines, because she petitioned the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] to appoint Toshitaka MAEDA, another concubine's son, as a daimyo [Japanese feudal lord]).
Japanese: ちなみに芳春院とはかなりの不仲であることで知られる（芳春院は他の側室とは仲が良かったらしく、別の側室出生の前田利孝の大名取り立てを幕府に訴えたりしている）。
English: This fact is rarely introduced in TV series or novels, possibly because it is detrimental to the image of Hoshunin, who is known as 'a wise woman.'
Japanese: このことは「賢女」として知られる芳春院のマイナス点となるためか、ドラマや小説などで書かれることは非常に少ない。
English: After cremation at Ikegami Honmon-ji Temple, her funeral service was held a second time at Kyoo-ji Temple in Kanazawa (currently Kanazawa City), and her ashes were placed in a tomb in Myojo-ji Temple in Noto Province.
Japanese: 池上本門寺で荼毘に付された後、経王寺(金沢市)（現・金沢市）にて再び葬儀が行われ、能登国妙成寺に納骨される。
English: Jufukuin was an ardent follower of the Nichirenshu Sect and presented the Lotus Sutra to Tanjo-ji Temple In Awa Province (Kamogawa City) as a tribute in 1622 when she was dispatched to Edo as a hostage.
Japanese: 寿福院は熱心な日蓮宗徒であり、江戸に人質に出されていた元和(日本)8年（1622年）、安房国の誕生寺(鴨川市)に法華経を奉納している。
English: In addition, she donated a main temple and five-story pagoda to Myoken-ji Temple in Kyoto, and dedicated a five-story pagoda to Toshiie for the peace of his soul in Mt. Minobu.
Japanese: 他にも京都の妙顕寺に本堂・五重塔を、身延山に利家の菩提を弔うため五重塔を奉献している。
English: Incidentally, the novel "My Ambition Stretching over Thousands of Miles" (authored by Akihiko NAKAMURA), which depicts the three generations of the Maeda clan from Toshitsune to Tsunanori MAEDA, has been run in the Hokkoku newspaper since January 2007, and featured 'Ochobo' as a protagonist in the first half part of the story.
Japanese: 2007年1月より、北國新聞に利常～前田綱紀の前田3代を扱った小説『われに千里の思いあり』（中村彰彦作）が連載されているが、「おちょぼ」は前半の主役として登場している。
English: Seiichi HATANO (July 21, 1877- January 17, 1950) was a Japanese expert in the history of philosophy and in the philosophy of religion.
Japanese: 波多野精一（はたのせいいち、1877年7月21日-1950年1月17日）は、日本の哲学史家・宗教哲学者。
English: 1877: Seiichi was born in Matsumoto town (currently, Matsumoto City) in Chikuma County, Nagano Prefecture.
Japanese: 1877年（明治10年）：長野県筑摩郡松本町（現松本市）に生まれる。
English: Ietoshi HATAKEYAMA (1465-1531) was a member of the Noto Hatakeyama clan in the early Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 畠山家俊（はたけやまいえとし、寛正6年（1465年）-享禄4年（1531年））は、戦国時代_(日本)初期の能登畠山氏の一族。
English: It is said that Renno, the last wife of Rennyo, the eighth chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, was his twin sister.
Japanese: 本願寺8世蓮如の最後の妻となった蓮能は双子の姉であったと伝えられる。
English: His father ruled Hakui County in Noto Province as a member of a branch of the Noto Hatakeyama clan, and was treated as if he were Shugo (provincial constable) because of his kinship with the Hatakeyama clan, the shogunal deputy (kanrei).
Japanese: 父は能登畠山氏庶流の一人として能登国羽咋郡を支配していたが、管領畠山氏一門という事で守護に準じた待遇を受けている。
English: Afterwards, Ietoshi shuttled between his fiefdom and Kyoto, where he had his daughters married to powerful nobility and became acquainted with Tamehiro REIZEI and others through waka (Japanese poetry).
Japanese: 以後も家俊は領国と京都を往復して有力公家と婚姻を結んだり、冷泉為広らと和歌を通じた交流を行っている。
English: In 1531 - when, triggered by conflict between Jitsunyo, the ninth chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple, and opposing factions, small- and large-scale uprisings took place in Kaga Province - Ietoshi and his army headed for Kaga Province to save Jitsugo (13th son of Rennyo), Renno's son, but Ietoshi was defeated and killed by enemies dispatched from Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 1531年（享禄4年）、本願寺9世実如と一門衆との争いにより加賀国で発生した大小一揆が勃発すると、蓮能所生の実悟（蓮如の13男）救援のために加賀に出陣するが、本願寺から派遣された討伐軍に敗れて討ち死にした。
English: Minushi no Himemiko (year of birth unknown - September 22, 737) was the daughter of Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 水主皇女（みぬしのひめみこ、生年不詳-天平9年8月20日(旧暦)（737年9月22日））は、天智天皇の皇女。
English: However, unlike other princesses, there are almost no detailed records relating to her and there are therefore many uncertainties regarding what type of life she led.
Japanese: しかし、他の皇女とは違い、彼女に関する詳細な記録はほとんど無く、どのような人生を送ったかは不明な点が多い。
English: When she was unable to come to the Imperial Palace because of illness, Emperor Gensho ordered the composition of a poem themed on snow to console her.
Japanese: 病気で宮中に出仕できずにいた水主皇女を慰める為、雪を詠った歌を作る様、元正天皇が命じた。
English: It seems that Minushi no Himemiko was a dedicated Buddhist; she purchased rice and crop fields in Hirose County of Yamato Province and presented them to Gufuku-ji Temple in 734.
Japanese: 熱心な仏教信者だったようで、天平6年（734年）大和国広瀬郡の水陸田を購入し弘福寺に施入している。
English: "The Minushi-no-miya Sutra," which was created by Minushi no Himemiko, became popular to the extent that it was loaned to many places for transcription, and even an index was made.
Japanese: 彼女が作成した「水主宮経」は写経の為に各所に貸し出され、目録も作られたほどである。
English: On March 23, 737, she was promoted to Third Rank but passed away on September 22 of the same year.
Japanese: 天平9年（737年）2月14日三品に昇進し、その年の8月20日に薨去した。
English: When Emperor Gensho came to the well near the Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards, he ordered ISHIKAWA no Asomi Kietsuoba, a senior court lady (uchinohimetone), to write the following snow-themed.
Japanese: 冬の日、靱負（ゆけひ）の御井（みゐ）に幸いでましし時、内命婦（うちのひめとね）石川朝臣諱曰邑婆詔を応（うけたま）はりて雪を賦（よ）める歌一首
English: It snows heavily outside/ Branches of pine bow to the ground/ Without enjoying the scenery/ Lady is in bed behind the screen: Volume 20-4439
Japanese: 松が枝の地につくまで降る雪を　見ずてや妹が籠もりをるらむ　巻20-4439
English: Therefore, His Imperial Majesty ordered court ladies to compose poems themed on snow and dedicated them to Princess Minushi.
Japanese: 因此の日太上天皇、侍嬬等に勅りたまはく、水主内親王の為に、雪を賦みて奉献れとのりたまへり。
English: Although many court ladies created their own verses, only Ishikawa no Myobu succeeded in creating the verses of this quality and in presenting the verses to the emperor.
Japanese: 是に諸の命婦等、作歌し堪ねたれば、此の石川命婦、独り此の歌を作みて奏せりき。
English: There is a theory which says he was granted to use the surname of 'Sen' from Rikyu since he invented a baked confectionery using flour and sugar, which was the origin of 'senbei' (a rice cracker).
Japanese: 小麦粉と砂糖を使った焼き菓子を考案したことから、利休から「千」の姓を名乗る事を許され、のちに「せんべい（煎餅）」の名の由来になったという説がある。
English: Another theory says that senbei is originated from 'parched rice cake,' and so the truth is unknown.
Japanese: 他説には「煎った餅」が変化したというものもあり、はっきりとはわかっていない。
English: Masaaki KOSAKA (January 23, 1900 - December 9, 1969) was a Japanese philosopher.
Japanese: 高坂正顕（こうさかまさあき、1900年1月23日-1969年12月9日）は、日本の哲学者。
English: Kosaka together with Keiji NISHITANI, Iwao KOYAMA, and Shigetaka SUZUKI are referred to as "the Big Four of the Kyoto school.'
Japanese: 西谷啓治、高山岩男、鈴木成高と共に「京都学派四天王」と呼ばれている。
English: This record reveals the information manipulation activities conducted in Japan during the 1950's by the U.S. Information Service (USIS) which was concerned over the influence of communism on Japan.
Japanese: 1950年代に日本の左傾化を恐れた米広報文化交流局が日本で行った世論工作を詳述した報告書だった。
English: According to the report, the anti-communism campaign targeting the professors of Kyoto University was launched in 1952, whereby Shunjiro HATTORI, the president of Kyoto University, and the USIS Kobe office dispatched Kojiro YOSHIKAWA, a professor of literature, Masaaki KOSAKA, a professor of education, and others to the United States to train them as anticommunists.
Japanese: この報告書によれば、1952年に京都大学の教授陣を対象にした反共工作が行われ服部峻治郎総長とUSIS神戸支部が、吉川幸次郎文学部教授、高坂正顕教育学部教授らを米国に派遣し反共主義者として教育した。
English: The report continues that after returning to Japan, those anti-communism professors kept in touch with the USIS and succeeded in curbing the influence of communism by taking control of each department.
Japanese: 帰国後はこれら反共派がUSISと接触を続けるとともに、各学部の主導権を握り、左派封じ込めに成功したとしている。
English: Tadanaga SAKAKIBARA (1585 - March 15, 1604) was the second son of Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, the first lord of the Tatebayashi Domain in Kozuke Province.
Japanese: 榊原忠長（さかきばらただなが、天正13年（1585年）-慶長9年2月15日(旧暦)（1604年3月15日））は、上野国館林藩初代藩主・榊原康政の次男。
English: In 1604, however, he died at the young age of 20 without inheriting the clan from his father, who outlived him.
Japanese: しかし、家督相続以前の慶長9年（1604年）、父に先立ち20歳の若さで夭折した。
English: Because Tadanaga had no children, his younger brother, Yasukatsu SAKAKIBARA, became heir apparent and took over as the head of the family when his father Yasumasa died.
Japanese: 子がなかったため嫡子の座には弟の榊原康勝が就き、父・康政の死後、家督を相続した。
English: Matsuchiyo MATSUDAIRA (1594 - February 7, 1599) was a daimyo (feudal lord) in the Azuchi Momoyama period.
Japanese: 松平松千代（まつだいらまつちよ、文禄3年（1594年）-慶長4年1月12日(旧暦)（1599年2月7日）は安土桃山時代の大名。
English: As Yasunao MATSUDAIRA, the head of Nagasawa Matsudaira clan and the lord of the Fukaya Domain, died without an heir in 1593, Matsuchiyo, soon after birth, succeeded the Nagasawa Matsudaira clan and became the lord of the Fukaya Domain in the following year.
Japanese: 文禄2年（1593年）に長沢松平家当主で深谷藩主でもある松平康直が嗣子なくして没したため、その翌年、生後間もなく長沢松平家を継ぎ、深谷藩主となった。
English: Incidentally, the above-mentioned date of birth and death is given by "Tokugawa Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Genealogy," whereas "Record of Bakufu's Blessing Heirs "reads that Matsuchiyo was born in 1592 and passed away on March 29, 1594.
Japanese: なお、上記の生没年は『徳川幕府家譜』に拠ったものであるが、『幕府祚胤伝』では「文禄元年（1592年）誕生、文禄3年（1594年）2月8日(旧暦)死去」とされている。
English: He had been a vassal of the Uragami clan (Munekage URAGAMI), and after the downfall of the Uragami clan, he served the Ukita clan and guarded Sarayama-jo Castle and Muroo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 元浦上氏（浦上宗景）家臣であり、主家滅亡後に宇喜多家に仕え、佐良山城・室尾城の守備に就く。
English: Renin HAIGO (1807-1892) was a scholar of Japanese classical literature in the late Edo period and the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 拝郷蓮茵（はいごうれんいん、1807年-1892年）は江戸時代、明治時代の国学者。
English: Okogo no Tsubone (1590 - June 4, 1615) was a woman who lived during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) and the early Edo period.
Japanese: 阿古御局（おこごのつぼね、天正18年〔1590年〕-慶長20年5月8日(旧暦)〔1615年6月4日〕）は、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初頭にかけて生きた女性。
English: She was also called 'Chujo,' 'Bensaisyo Ako Dai-joro,' 'Wago no Kata,' or 'Wago no Tsubone.'
Japanese: 中将、弁宰相阿古大上臈、和期の方または和期の局（ともに「わご」と読む）とも。
English: The word 'joro' refers to court ladies in Joganden (Imperial Residence for Sewing), Naishi no Tsukasa (female secretaries to an emperor), or Naishi no suke (court ladies of higher ranks) of the Second or Third Rank, in other words, the daughters or granddaughters of daijin (councils of the Imperial Court) who were allowed to put on the colors of the Imperial families.
Japanese: 上臈とは貞観殿、内侍司、および二位、三位の典侍で禁色をゆるされた大臣の女、あるいは孫女などのこと。
English: Joro was commonly called "Dainagon no Tsubone," "Chunagon no Tsubone," "Saemon no Kami," "Sochi," "Ichii no Tsubone," "Nii no Tsubone," "Sanmi no Tsubone," and so on, whereas joro of slightly lower ranks were commonly called "Azechi."
Japanese: 上臈には『大納言局』、『中納言局』、『左衛門督』、『帥』、『一位局』、『二位局』、『三位局』などとつけ、少々低いところには『按察使』とつける。
English: Even if ladies were ranked the Third Rank or higher, they were prohibited from using the style of joro if they were not allowed to put on the colors of the Imperial families.
Japanese: 三位以上の夫人でも禁色を許されないものは上臈と称することは許されなかった。
English: In particular, 'dai-joro' refers to court ladies of higher ranks who served in the Sento Palace (the Palace for a Retired Emperor) or for Shippei-ke, or Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents [the Toyotomi clan was considered one of Sekkan-ke at that time.])
Japanese: 特に大上臈は仙洞（上皇御所）および執柄家（摂関家）におかれた女房（豊臣は摂関家の一つと捉えられていた。）。
English: However, a decree by ex-Emperor Yokoin made it possible for her to visit the Imperial Palace as a special case without appointing adoptive parents because she was a descendant of TAIRA no Shigemori.
Japanese: しかし、陽光院勅定により平重盛の子孫のため仮親を立てずとも参内可能という特例を得た。
English: According to "Kansei Compilation of Genealogies of Vassals in Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)," Kiku at first 'entered the service of' Lady Yodo and visited the Imperial Palace as a member of a retinue of dai-joro.
Japanese: 『寛政諸家系図伝』によると、菊ははじめ淀殿に「宮仕え」し、大上臈の列に列して参内した。
English: During the Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka), Okogo no Tsubone committed suicide (at the age of 36) together with Lord Hideyori and Lady Yodo inside the food storehouse in the gardening quarter of the (Osaka) castle.
Japanese: 大坂の陣では山里曲輪の糒蔵にて秀頼・淀殿と共に命運を共にした（36歳）。
English: Nagakatsu FUJIKAKE (1557 - July 7, 1617) was a busho (Japanese military commander) who lived during the Azuchi Momoyama period and the early Edo period.
Japanese: 藤掛永勝（ふじかけながかつ、弘治(日本)3年（1557年）-元和(日本)3年6月5日(旧暦)（1617年7月7日））は、安土桃山時代から江戸時代前期にかけての武将。
English: After Nagatsugu's death in 1558, Nagakatsu was raised by his maternal grandfather, Zenemon FUJIKAKE, and named himself 'Fujikake.'
Japanese: 永禄元年（1558年）に永継が死去した後、外祖父・藤掛善右衛門に養育されたことから藤掛姓を称した。
English: Upon the establishment of a bond between the Oda clan and the Azai clan through marriage, Nagakatsu accompanied Oichi no Kata (Lady Oichi), the sister of Nobunaga ODA, to the Azai clan for which he came to serve.
Japanese: 織田氏と浅井氏との婚儀に際しては、永勝は信長の妹お市の方に随伴して浅井氏に仕える。
English: In 1579, when Otsugi (Hidekatsu HASHIBA), the fourth son of Nobunaga, was adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Nagakatsu served as an aide to Otsugi by the order of Nobunaga.
Japanese: 天正7年（1579年）、信長の四男於次（羽柴秀勝）が豊臣秀吉に養子入りすると、信長の命によってその補佐役を務めた。
English: After Nobunaga's death, when Hidekatsu was appointed lord of Tanba Province, Nagakatsu was given 6,000 koku (fief) in the village of Ogumo, Hikami County in Tanaba Province.
Japanese: 信長の死後、秀勝が丹波国一国の国主に封ぜられるや、同国氷上郡小雲にて6000石を与えられた。
English: After Hidekatsu died from illness in 1585, Nagakatsu became a vassal of Hideyoshi and built Yatsuai-jo Castle in the fiefdom of Kanbayashi in Tanba Province, where he was given 13,000 koku.
Japanese: 天正13年（1585年）に秀勝が病死した後、秀吉の直臣となって丹波上林1万3000石を領し八津合城を築いた。
English: After guarding the Korai-bashi Bridge of Osaka-jo Castle, he embarked on the siege of Tanabe-jo Castle in Tango Province (The Battle of Tanabe-jo Castle).
Japanese: 大坂城下の高麗橋を警備した後、丹後国田辺城(丹後国)攻めに参加した（田辺城の戦い）。
English: Because of his involvement in the West Camp, it is said that his fief in Kanbayashi, Ikaruga County, Tanba Province was reduced to 6,000 koku after the Battle of Sekigahara, or that his fiefs were first confiscated before the 6,000 koku fief in Kanbayashi was subsequently returned to him.
Japanese: そのため、戦後は丹波何鹿郡上林6000石に減封されたとも、一旦改易された後に改めて上林6000石に封ぜられたともされる。
English: Throughout the Edo period, the Fujikake clan maintained its status as a taishin hatamoto (greater vassal) (4,000 koku), whose jinya (headquarters) was located in the Yatsuai district in Kanbayashi (currently: Yatsuai-machi, Ayabe City, Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じて、藤掛氏（藤懸氏）は上林八津合（現在の綾部市八津合町）に陣屋を構える大身旗本（4000石）として存続した。
English: Naga no miko (year of birth unknown - July 9, 715) was a member of the imperial family, who came to the fore from the late Asuka period to the early Nara period.
Japanese: 長皇子（ながのみこ、生年不詳-和銅8年6月4日(旧暦)（715年7月9日））は飛鳥時代後期から奈良時代初期にかけて活躍した皇族。