nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is considered that the bakufu considered the Tenmei Famine as well as they were expected of tokusei (benevolent rule) as Ienari TOKUGA became the Seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues barbicans, commonly referred to as Shogun) in May of the same year.
Japanese: この背景には、天明の大飢饉や、同年4月に徳川家斉が征夷大将軍に就任した事から徳政を求める意味もあったと思われる。
English: The act by the Imperial Court led to the actual relief reminded the people of the existence of the Imperial Court, which had been almost forgotten throughout the Edo period due to the tight control on the Imperial Court by the bakufu, as a result this incident became one of the causes to rise the sonnoron (imperial loyalism).
Japanese: また、朝廷の行動が実際の救済行動に結びついたことで、幕府の朝廷統制によって江戸時代を通じて忘れられかけていた朝廷の存在を民衆に再度思い起こさせる結果となり、尊王論の興隆の一因となった。
English: The kokufu (provincial office) of Mutsu Province was in present Tagajo City, Miyagi Prefecture, and kokushi (provincial governors) began to be sent down in the first half of the eighth century.
Japanese: 陸奥国の国府は現在の宮城県多賀城市にあり、八世紀前半から国司が派遣されるようになった。
English: Mutsu Province was the northernmost of 66 provinces in Japan (though it was thought to be the easternmost in those days), and was the remote region along with Dewa Province as well as the large country with vast territory.
Japanese: 陸奥国は66ヶ国中、日本の北限にあたり（当時は東限と認識されていた）、出羽国と並ぶ辺境の国であると同時に、広大な領域を有する大国でもあった。
English: While Mutsu Province was a place with good goldmine and breeding of good horses, the governor of it was on a mission of subduing some tribes of Ezo who did not come under the yoke of the Imperial Court, and subsuming other tribes of Ezo who once submitted (Fushu) but often seceded from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 陸奥国は、金山や良馬に恵まれる一方、その国司は、朝廷の支配に属さない蝦夷を帰服させ、しばしば離反を繰り返した俘囚を服属させる任務を帯びていた。
English: Because of some tribes of Ezo who did not submit down to posterity, the territory of Mutsu Province did not expand to the Shimokita Peninsula or Tsugaru region.
Japanese: 後代まで服属しない蝦夷がいたため、陸奥国の領域は下北半島または津軽地方に及ばなかった。
English: Therefore, Seii taishoguns (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") or Chinju-fu shoguns (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) were dispatched to Mutsu Province and Chinju-fu (army base) was deployed in the subdued area and the Chinju-fu shogun, the chief of it ranked with kokushi.
Japanese: そのため、陸奥国には征夷大将軍や鎮守府将軍が派遣され、平定した地域には陸奥国府と並び鎮守府が置かれ、その長官たる鎮守府将軍は国司と同格とされた。
English: Thus, military aristocrats from Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) or Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) were often assigned as Mutsu no kami successively and they often doubled as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun.
Japanese: こうして代々の陸奥守には清和源氏や桓武平氏などの軍事貴族が任ぜられることが多く、また陸奥守が鎮守府将軍を兼ねる場合も少なくなかった。
English: In case of Yoriyoshi, four generations of the Minamoto clan, from the earliest ancestor, MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto to his father, held the post of Chinju-fu shogun, and when the Abe clan (in Oshu, northern Japan), who was the chief of Fushu (subdued Ezo) and the autonomous ruler of Okuroku-gun (six counties in northern Japan), conflicted with kokufu, Yoriyoshi was also dispatched as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun and subdued them in 12 years.
Japanese: 頼義は源氏始祖の源経基以来、父の代まて4代にわたり鎮守府将軍を歴任しており、蝦夷の俘囚長で奥六郡の支配者である安倍氏(奥州)が国府と対立した際、これを平定するため陸奥守・鎮守府将軍として派遣され、12年の歳月を経て平定した。
English: After that Mutsu was calm for a while but there still remained the area in Ezo which was not annexed to Mutsu Province, so MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi from Yamato-Genji (Minamoto clan), who was remotely related to Yoriyoshi, subdued as far as the northern edge of Aomori with the troops of the Kiyohara clan in Dewa Province and the authority of Mutsu kokufu came to range throughout Tohoku area.
Japanese: その後は、しばらく陸奥は平穏であったが、依然として東北には陸奥国に編入しきれていない蝦夷の領域があり、頼義の遠縁にあたる大和源氏の源頼俊が出羽清原氏の援軍を得て、青森北端までを制圧し、陸奥国府の威光が東北一帯まで及ぶようになった。
English: After that, Yoriyoshi's son, MINAMOTO no Yoshiie stepped in an internal strife of the Kiyohara clan, who ruled Okuroku-gun after the Abe clan, suppressed this and performed his deeds of arms.
Japanese: その後、頼義の子の源義家も安倍氏の後に奥六郡の支配者となった清原氏の内紛に介入、これを鎮定し、武勲を挙げた。
English: After the Gosannen War was suppressed, the Oshu-Fujiwara clan became the effective ruler of Ou region and the position of kokushi of Mutsu Province became more like a revenue agent.
Japanese: 後三年の役が平定された後は、奥州藤原氏が奥羽一帯の実質的な支配者となり、陸奥国司は徴税官的側面が強くなった。
English: FUJIWARA no Hidehira, the third head of the Oshu-Fujiwara clan, got the position of Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun; however, it is said that MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who developed a feeling of hostility toward Hidehira, took actions for Hidehira's dismissal and soon Hidehira was dismissed.
Japanese: 三代　藤原秀衡は陸奥守・鎮守府将軍の地位を得たが、敵対心を抱いた頼朝により免官運動がなされ、程なく免官されたという。
English: After FUJIWARA no Hidehira died, Oshu-Fujiwara was defeated by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and when Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established, Mutsu no kami became the honorable position served by senior vassals such as the Hojo clan or the Adachi clan.
Japanese: 藤原秀衡の死後、奥州藤原氏は源頼朝に討たれ、鎌倉幕府が成立すると、陸奥守は北条氏や安達氏など有力御家人が務める栄職とされた。
English: Imperial Prince Norinaga, who became the Emperor Gomurakami later, entered Mutsu kokufu, the provincial capital of Mutsu Province, which had become shinno ninkoku (the province whose gubernatorial posts were reserved as sinecures for imperial princes) in the time of Emperor Godaigo after the downfall of Kamakura bakufu, and Akiie KITABATAKE, as Mutsu Osuke (Assistant Governor of Mutsu Province) and Chinju-fu daishogun, had mighty battles against the force of Takauji ASHIKAGA leading the force of Tohoku (north) region.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府滅亡後は、後醍醐天皇の時代には親王任国となっていたため、後の後村上天皇となる義良親王が陸奥国府に入り、北畠顕家が陸奥大介鎮守府大将軍を務め、東北勢を率いて足利尊氏の勢力と大戦を繰り返した。
English: Since Masamune DATE it became customary that the position of Mutsu no kami as an official court title for samurai was granted to the family head of the Date family or the lord of the Sendai Domain, that is, the position was taken over by the Date clan by heredity till the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 伊達政宗以降、武家官位としての陸奥守の職は伊達家当主・仙台藩主に与えられるのが慣例となり、代々伊達氏が世襲し幕末まで続いた。
English: Aside from this, another position of Mutsu no kami was assigned to Fifth-ranked Jige-ke (family status of non-noble retainers who were not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace) by the Imperial Court in Kyoto.
Japanese: 一方京都では、これとは別に朝廷によって五位クラスの地下家が陸奥守に任命されていた。
English: Chucho Jijitsu (The record of the central nation) is a history book about the thought of reverence for the emperor, written by Soko YAMAGA.
Japanese: 中朝事実（ちゅうちょうじじつ）は、山鹿素行が記した尊王思想の歴史書。
English: Confucianism was popular in Japan then, and people were so influenced by it that they were apt to think anything about China was great and superior to the Japanese one.
Japanese: 当時の日本では儒学が流行し、支那の物は何でも優れ日本の物は劣る、という支那かぶれの風潮があった。
English: In addition, the Confucianism's view of the world is based on the Sinocentrism that the Chinese empire is stronger than any other nearby barbarian countries and that the Chinese people are ethically superior to the barbarian.
Japanese: また、儒教的世界観では、支那の帝国が周辺の野蛮人の国よりも勢力も強く、倫理的にも優れるという中華思想が根本にあった。
English: In China at that time, the Ming Dynasty of the Han race was destroyed and the Manchurian who was a barbarian living in the north of the Great Wall of China became the emperor and established the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: 当時支那は漢民族の明朝が滅んで、万里の長城の北の野蛮人の満州族が皇帝の清朝となっていた。
English: Historically, the dynasties in China had changed many times, and the vassals often rebelled and killed their lords to take over them.
Japanese: また歴史を見ると、支那では王朝が何度も替わって家臣が君主を弑することが何回も行われている。
English: On the other hand, Japan has never been invaded and controlled by foreign countries and it has been under the emperors' ruling of unbroken imperial line and kept the bonds between lords and vassals.
Japanese: これに対し日本は、外国に支配されたことがなく、万世一系の天皇が支配して君臣の義が守られている。
English: This book asserts that it is Japan, not China, that is the central kingdom.
Japanese: 支那は中華ではなく、日本こそが中朝（中華）であるというのが、この書の主張である。
English: In the Edo period, the sonnoka (people with reverence for emperors) emphasized the "unbroken line of emperors" which implied the incredibly long history and continuity of the imperial family, to heighten respect and support for emperors.
Japanese: 江戸時代、尊皇家は天皇への尊崇と支持を高めるため、天皇家の大変な古さと不変性という「万世一系」を強調した。
English: Soko YAMAGA claimed that the imperial lineage in the mythological age prior to Jinmu had lasted two million years.
Japanese: 山鹿素行は、神武に先立つ皇統の神代段階は200万年続いたと主張している。
English: Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens) is a bureau of Kunaisho (the Ministry of the Imperial Household) under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 大炊寮（おおいりょう）とは日本の律令制において宮内省に属する機関の一つである。
English: The bureau was responsible for food preparation for Buddhist and Shinto ceremonies and feasts in the court and food management.
Japanese: 宮中で行われる仏事、神事の供物、宴会での宴席の準備、管理を分掌する。
English: Kugo means meals for the emperor and kugoin was responsible for cooking meals for the imperial family including the emperor, retired emperors, princes and empresses, and for food preparation and management.
Japanese: 供御とは天皇の食事であり、天皇、太上天皇、東宮、中宮など皇族の食事を調理すると共に食材を準備、管理する。
English: Kodai Sanjo generally refers to ancient mountain castles built in the historical period from Asuka to Nara, which were influenced by the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 古代山城（こだいさんじょう）は、飛鳥時代から奈良時代にかけて築かれた古代の山城のうち、朝鮮半島からの影響が指摘されるものを一般に指す。
English: However, since the origin in the form of this particular reference definition is uncertain, scholars in the study of archaeology usually settle on the term Kodai Sanjo for the mountain castles.
Japanese: ただし、この呼称は定義に未確定な部分があるので、考古学上は単に古代山城と呼ばれることが多い。
English: Kodai Sanjo refers to castles which was built in several locations of western Japan in ancient times and be written some statements in the 'Nihon-shoki' (the oldest chronicles of Japan) or 'Shoku Nihongi' (Chronicle of Japan Continued), or other lineage of these mountain castles.
Japanese: 古代山城とは、西日本各地に古代に造られた山城の中で、「日本書紀」「続日本紀」になんらかの記載がある諸城およびその系統の山城。
English: Especially after the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the Emperor Tenchi ordered the constructions of Mizushiro (castles on lakes or marshes erected for defensive reasons) and Yamashiro (castles built on the top of mountains or halfway up the mountains for defensive reasons) throughout the country in preparation for invasions by the Tang Dynasty and the Silla (ancient Korean Kingdom).
Japanese: 特に663年の白村江の戦いの後、唐や新羅による侵攻に備え、天智天皇の命で各地に水城や山城が建設された。
English: In the Nihon-shoki, it is written, 'The castle was built under the direction of exiled nobles of Kudara (Baekje, Paekche)' in the articles about Nagato-jo Castle, Ono-jo Castle (Chikuzen Province) and Kii-jo Castle.
Japanese: 日本書紀における長門城、大野城(筑前国)、基肄城の記事に「亡命百済貴族が築城の指導に当たった」とある。
English: Including this feature described above, castles referred to as 'Kodai Sanjo' had some points in common such as construction periods and their architecture, and so on.
Japanese: これらを含め築城年代・構造など共通性が見られるものを「古代山城」と称する。
English: Moreover, it is pointed out that some Kodai Sanjo castles, like Ito Castle, had a relationship with Chinese fortresses.
Japanese: このほか古代山城の中には怡土城のように中国城砦との関係が指摘されるものもある。
English: Additionally, as ancient structural remnants similar to Kodai Sanjo, the sixteen Kogo-ishi (rows of stones arranged on mountain slopes in Kyushu and Western Japan; also refers to "a mountain castle of Kogo-ishi style"), including Kinojo (ogre's castle) in Soja City (It was designated as a national historical site in 1986), were discovered throughout Japan.
Japanese: また古代山城に類似した遺構として、神籠石（式山城）が総社市・鬼ノ城（1986年国の史跡に指定）など日本各地で16城発見されている。
English: Some of the Kogo-ishi castles are supposed to be ones of the Kodai Sanjo castle group which are documented but whose location has not been confirmed yet.
Japanese: 記録にはあるものの未だに場所が確認されていない古代山城群のひとつに比定されるものもある。
English: Additionally, other Kogo-ishi castles are found as "the multiunit remain for religious rituals in inmost village community" or "the castles which were constructed in a backwoods area by exiled clans coming from the Asian continent."
Japanese: だが、そのほかに「奥集落の祭祀複合遺跡」や「大陸渡来氏族が追われて奥地に建造した城」などもある。
English: Further more, there were different systems of ancient castles: Miyakonojo (a capital or a city surrounded by castle walls), Kokufu-jo castle, sekisho (checking station), a fort, Mizushiro, a josaku (an official defense site) and Chinju-fu (Pacification and Defense Headquarters) in Tohoku and Hokuriku regions, and Jokan (a castle of mansion-style).
Japanese: また、別系統の古代城郭に都城、国府城、関所、要害、水城、東北・北陸の城柵・鎮守府城、城館などがある。
English: In general, the 'Kofun period' (tumulus period) refers to the period ranging from the middle of the third century to the later part of the seventh century, approximately 400 years.
Japanese: 古墳時代（こふんじだい）とは、一般に3世紀半ば過ぎから7世紀末までの約400年間を指す。
English: However, especially during the period of the mid-third century to the late sixth century, these were the years of the 'Kofun period' in which the Japanese people built many keyhole-shaped mounds throughout the northern territory of the 'Tohoku Region' and the southern 'Kyushu region'; therefore, this period would sometimes be referred to as the 'keyhole-shaped mounds period.'
Japanese: が、中でも3世紀半ば過ぎから6世紀末までは、前方後円墳が北は東北地方から南は九州地方の南部まで造り続けられた時代であり、前方後円墳の世紀ともいわれる。
English: After the keyhole-shaped mounds were no longer built, mound construction would continue from the seventh century onward; but with other forms of tumulus built shapes: the square tumulus [(方墳) "hofun" in Japanese], circular tumulus [(円墳) "empun" in Japanese], and octagonal tumulus [(八角墳) "hakkakufun" in Japanese].
Japanese: 前方後円墳が造られなくなった7世紀には、方墳・円墳、八角墳などが造り続けられる。
English: Taking into consideration what was known of the 'Kofun period' as a view point into the establishment of the Japanese Nation, historians and other experts came to this conclusion; that ancient Japan was formed during the early and middle portions of the 'Kofun period,' then to be fully developed and established during the late and final periods of the 'Kofun.'
Japanese: 日本国家の成立から考察すれば、前期・中期の古代国家の形成期を経て、後期から終末期にかけて日本の古代国家が成立したと考えられている。
English: Historians and other experts considered that this 'Yamato sovereignty' provided to the powerful families or clans of Japan the permission to build the keyhole-shaped mounds; it was through this mound permission process that a unified authority was established.
Japanese: 前方後円墳はヤマト王権が倭の統一政権として確立してゆくなかで、各地の豪族に許可した形式であると考えられている。
English: In the latter half of the third century and onward; large keyhole-shaped mounds which were considered to be imperial mounds, were significantly scaled up from the mounds in the early 'Kofun period' and appeared in Nara Basin.
Japanese: 3世紀の後半から奈良盆地に王墓と見られる前代より格段に規模を増した前方後円墳が出現した。
English: Then, from the middle to end of the fourth century, in a fifty year period, four large keyhole-shaped mounds of the 'okimi' (great king) class in scale of size were built in the Saki (also pronounced, "Sofu") region of the Northern Nara Basin.
Japanese: 4世紀中頃から末までの半世紀の間に奈良盆地の北部佐紀（ソフ（層富）とも）の地に4基の大王墓クラスの前方後円墳が築かれる。
English: However, it was around end of the sixth century that keyhole-shaped mound building ceased in Japan.
Japanese: それが、6世紀の終わりには日本各地で、ほぼ時を同じくして前方後円墳が築造されなくなった。
English: Japanese external relations in this historical period, the fourth century onward, included militaristic advances upon the Korean peninsula; this resulted in the subjugation of the Silla (an ancient Korean Kingdom) and Paekche (an ancient Korean Kingdom), and furious battles with Goguryeo (an ancient Korean Kingdom).
Japanese: 対外関係としては、4世紀以降朝鮮半島に進出し、新羅や百済を臣従させ、高句麗と激しく戦った。
English: Additionally, in the Zuisho (Book of the Sui Dynasty), there were reports confirming Wakoku's (ancient Japan) affluence and possession of rare goods following the conquest of Goguryeo and Silla.
Japanese: また、隋書などにおいても、倭国は珍物が多く、高句麗や新羅を従えていたとの記述が存在する。
English: Bronze ware was introduced to Japan from the continent (Asian continent), but unlike other ancient Oriental regions the inception of iron ware usage was closer to the introduction of bronze ware.
Japanese: 青銅器も大陸から移入されたが、古代オリエント地域などと違って鉄器使用の年代と隔たりがない。
English: Thus, the bronze ware of Japan would not be implemented widely; Japanese people abruptly replaced bronze with superior efficient iron ware.
Japanese: そのため実用に用いる機会に乏しく、性能に優れた鉄に取って代わられた。
English: The 'Kofun' period was divided into three periods: from the late half of the third century to the early fourth century, it was called the Early 'Kofun' period; then from the end of the fourth century, it was called the Middle 'Kofun' period; during the early sixth century to mid-seventh century was called the Late 'Kofun' period.
Japanese: 3世紀後半から、4世紀初め頃が古墳時代前期、4世紀末から古墳時代中期、6世紀初めから7世紀の半ばごろまでを古墳時代後期としている。
English: This construction would broaden to include the Kanto region in the early eight century, ending in Tohoku Region at the approximate close of the eighth century.
Japanese: 関東では8世紀のはじめごろ、東北地方では8世紀の末ごろでほぼ終わる。
English: At the end of the third century, one of the Yayoi period's burial systems was called the funkyubo (grave mound or tumulus) [tombs of Shucho (head of an organization, chief)]; these tumulus appeared all over western Japan, and those funkyubo would have contained unique tsubogata doki (jar-shaped pottery vessels, unglazed earthenware) and kidaigata doki (stand-shaped pottery vessels, unglazed earthenware) inside.
Japanese: 3世紀の後半には、西日本各地に特殊な壺形土器、器台形土器を伴った弥生時代の墓制墳丘墓（首長墓）が現れる。
English: Later in this early 'Kofun' period, a circular tumulus appeared and was positioned as a precursor to the keyhole-shaped mound; then another 'Kofun' development was of a large square tumulus, and this appeared only in the distinctively cultural sphere of Izumo Province; also, this large square tumulus seemed to be developed from yosumi tosshutsugata funkyubo (square mounds whose four corners protruded outward).
Japanese: その後、前方後円墳のさきがけと位置付けられる円墳、出雲文化圏特有の四隅突出型墳から変化した大型方墳が代表的である。
English: Later, large keyhole-shaped mounds, which were about same size as an okimi ryo (great king's or Emperor's tomb), were constructed in the concentrated regions of the Nara Basin.
Japanese: それから少し経ち、奈良盆地に大王陵クラスの大型前方後円墳の建設が集中した。
English: These 'kofun' interment facilities were structured with a vertical style stone chamber, and burial goods were contained inside: Magical goods, mirrors, gems, swords, and stone objects in addition to iron farming tools.
Japanese: 埋葬施設は竪穴式石室で、副葬品は呪術的な鏡・玉・剣・石製品のほか鉄製農耕具が見られる。
English: Sakurai City, Nara Prefectur: Hashihaka tomb mound [It was apparently the burial site of Himiko (first known ruler of Japan), a queen of Yamatai koku (Yamatai Kingdom); this was the first Obo class mound constructed in Japanese history.
Japanese: 奈良県桜井市、箸墓古墳（邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼の墓と目され、最初の王墓。
English: In the early fifth century large keyhole-shaped mounds appeared; these Kofun were similar in size to the Obo class (tomb of the King or Emperor) mounds, located upon the Kawachi Plain from within the regions of the Nara Basin.
Japanese: 5世紀の初頭、王墓クラスの大型前方後円墳が奈良盆地から河内平野に移った。
English: It would be during the middle of the fifth century, a vertically constructed stone chamber became relatively wider than a previous shape (It was used to be a long and narrow shape), which was an interior structure of a large class Kofun (ancient burial mound), and was implemented in the Kanai region; the Kofun would have been designed to house a stone coffin, shaped in the form of a large oblong chest (for clothing, personal effects, etc.).
Japanese: 5世紀半ばになり、畿内の大型古墳の竪穴式石室が狭長なものから幅広なものになり、長持ち型石棺を納めるようになった。
English: Kofuns of gigantic dimensions appeared in several locations, and a large portion of the burial goods inside these Kofun were composed of militaristic objects; such as: Harnesses, kacchu (armor), and swords.
Japanese: 各地に巨大古墳が出現するようになり、副葬品に、馬具・甲冑・刀などの軍事的なものが多くなった。
English: In the late half of the fifth century, Kofun mounds in the northern part of Kyushu and the Kinai region increasingly adopted the horizontal stone chamber structural style.
Japanese: 5世紀後半には、北部九州と畿内の古墳に横穴式石室が採用されるものが増えてきた。
English: Additionally, around this same time period the Japanese people started to produce objects and tools: Sueki (unglazed ceramic-ware), Kyoku jin gama (a curved blade reaping hook), a U-shape edged spade and hoe, all were to appear in the southern part of Osaka Prefecture.
Japanese: またこの頃大阪南部で、須恵器の生産が始まり、曲刃鎌やU字形鋤先・鍬先が現れた。
English: It would be at the end of the fifth century that advanced clustered tumuli mounds appeared in one section of the Kinai region, and house shaped stone coffins were introduced inside these large Kofun mounds.
Japanese: 5世紀の終わりには、畿内の一部に先進的な群集墳が現れ、大型古墳に家型石棺が取り入れられるようになった。
English: The Japanese people began construction of underground vertically chambered tombs in the southeast Kyushu region and northern region of Kyushu; it was then that the soshoku kofun (decorated tombs) appeared.
Japanese: 南東九州地方や北部九州に地下式横穴墓がつくられ始め、また、装飾古墳が出現しだした。
English: Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture: Misanzai Kofun (burial mounds attributed to the Emperor Richu, 365 meters long)
Japanese: 大阪府堺市上石津（かみいしづ）ミサンザイ古墳（伝履中天皇陵、365メートル）
English: In the early half of the sixth century, the people in western Japan enthusiastically constructed a horizontal stone chamber inside the Kofu mounds of western Japan.
Japanese: 6世紀の前半には、西日本の古墳に横穴式石室が盛んに造られるようになった。
English: Mise Maruyama Tumulus (Mise Maruyama Kofun: It is apparently the burial tomb mound of Emperor Kinmei; the total length is 318 meters long, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture)
Japanese: 見瀬丸山古墳（みせまるやまこふん、欽明陵と推定される、全長318メートル、奈良県橿原市）
English: Bidatsu ryo Tumulus (Bidatsu ryo Kofun: The total length is less than 100 meters: The last keyhole-shaped tomb mound of Okimi ryo)
Japanese: 敏達陵古墳（びだつりょうこふん、全長100メートル未満、大王陵最後の前方後円墳）
English: For a while, the people of the Kinai region continued in their construction of square tumulus and circle tumulus mounds; this period is known as the final stage of Kofun period.
Japanese: 畿内でも方墳や円墳がしばらくの間築造されていた時期を古墳時代の終末期と呼んでいる。
English: Kasuga Mukaiyama Tumulus (Taishi-cho, Minamikawachi County, Osaka Prefecture: Shinagadani Kofun gun (group), current burial mound of Emperor Yomei, square tumulus with a length and width of 63 by 60 meters)
Japanese: 春日向山古墳（大阪府南河内郡太子町磯長谷古墳群、現用明天皇陵、63×60メートルの方墳）
English: Yamada Takatsuka Tumulus (Taishi-cho, Minamikawachi County, Osaka Prefecture: Shinagadani Kofun gun (group), current burial mound of Emperor Suiko, square tumulus with a length and width of 63 by 56 meters)
Japanese: 山田高塚古墳（大阪府南河内郡太子町磯長谷古墳群、現推古天皇陵、63×56メートルの方墳）
English: Ishibutai Kofun (Shimasho, Asuka-mura, Takaichi-gun, Nara Prefecture: It seems to be the burial mound of SOGA no Umako, a square tumulus with about 50 meters in both length and width; the total length of the horizontal stone chamber is 19.1meters.)
Japanese: 石舞台古墳（奈良県高市郡明日香村島庄、蘇我馬子の墓と推定、一辺約50ｍの方墳、全長19.1mの横穴式石室）
English: Bakuya Kofun (Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara Prefecture: there is high probability in this being the burial mound of Oshisaka no Hikohito no Oenomiko, a circle tumulus, 43 meters in diameter)
Japanese: 牧野古墳（奈良県北葛城郡広陵町、押坂彦人大兄の墓である可能性が高い、径43メートルの円墳
English: Analytical research of the excavations by historians and other experts resulted in the conclusion that there were two political forces at the end stage of the Yayoi Period; one central force was in the northern part of Kyushu, and another central force was in located in the southeastern part of the Nara Basin.
Japanese: 弥生時代末期には、発掘調査の結果から、北部九州を中心とする政治勢力と奈良盆地東南部を中心とする政治勢力が存在していたことが判っている。
English: Historians and other experts believed that the Yamato sovereignty's establishment was based upon either one of two parent political organizations during the middle of the third century.
Japanese: このいずれかが母体となって3世紀半ばまでにヤマト王権が成立したと考えられている。
English: However, the results of archeological studies strongly indicate that the political power in the Nara Basin was joined to the political powers of the Kibi; later, these conjoined powers would form the basis of the Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: が、考古学の成果は奈良盆地勢力が吉備政権などと連合してヤマト王権へ成長したことを強く示唆している。
English: Although some scholars expressed the opinion that a powerful force in the northern part of Kyushu lorded over the Nara Basin, and subsequently moved their capital into the Nara Basin; this theory gradually lost academic support.
Japanese: 北部九州の勢力が奈良盆地勢力を制圧し、奈良盆地へ東遷したとする見解もあるが、次第に支持を失ってきている。