nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The term derives from the following passage in the petition: 'As we observe how the present government fares, it resides neither in the emperor above nor in the people below, but it solely belongs to 'Yushi.'
Japanese: この中にある「臣等伏シテ方今政権ノ帰スル所ヲ察スルニ、上帝室ニ在ラス下人民ニ在ラス、而独有司ニ帰ス」の言に由来している。
English: The state of affair was such that only the bureaucrats got together to determine national policies without resort to parliamentary government.
Japanese: 議会政治によらず彼らの合議だけで国家の方針を決めているのが現状である。
English: It severely criticized contradiction to the spirit of "The Charter Oath of Five Articles" which emphasized 'open discussion' by the public.
Japanese: これは国民の「輿論公議」を重んじるとした『五箇条の御誓文』の精神に反すると痛烈に批判。
English: Later the term was used as a slogan for criticizing the government and requesting the establishment of a parliament in the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
Japanese: 以後自由民権運動における政府批判と議会設置を求めるスローガンとして用いられた。
English: Northern Trade was the trade between China (Northern Song Dynasty) and the Oshu-Fujiwara clan or the Abe clan (Oshu) and the Dewa Kiyohara clan who dominated Ou before then.
Japanese: 北方貿易（ほっぽうぼうえき）とは、奥州藤原氏、あるいはそれ以前に奥羽を支配した安倍氏(奥州)や出羽清原氏が中国（北宋）との間で行った貿易。
English: Unlike the trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China that was done by TAIRA no Kiyomori, it seems to have gone through a northern route.
Japanese: のちに平清盛が南宋との間で行った日宋貿易と違い、北方のルートを通ったと思われる。
English: Shakuzetsu-nichi Day is a day controlled by Rasetsu-shin God (type of evil spirit) of Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang) (in the customs of nobles and ordinary citizens), and was considered unlucky day.
Japanese: 赤舌日（しゃくぜつにち）とは、（貴族や民間の風習において）陰陽道の羅刹神が支配する日であり、転じて不吉とされる日である。
English: In Onmyodo, it is said that Shakuzetsu-jin God (Guardian god at the west gate of Oto [imperial capital] of Taisai-jin God [spirit of Jupiter]) employs six Kijin (demon-gods) to send one by one every six days to protect.
Japanese: 陰陽道においては赤舌神（太歳神の王都の西門の番神）が六鬼の鬼神を使役し、それを六日周期で一鬼ずつ遣わして守護せらるという。
English: Due to the high-handed behavior of one of the Kijin employed (the third Rasetsu-shin God), it is said that it had better not to hold such event as weddings and celebrations on the day of the Kijin which comes every six days.
Japanese: さようの日のうち、使役する鬼神の一鬼(第三番目の羅刹神)が横暴であるため、転じて六日ごとに訪れるその日は結婚や祝い事などの行事はしない方が良いとされる。
English: At the present time, people are little conscious of this Shakuzetsu-nichi Day (an unlucky day) and most people do not know the existence of such days.
Japanese: 現在はこの赤舌日を意識することはあまりなく、このような日があることを知らない人が大半である。
English: The Onmyodo teachings have nothing to say on the subject of Shakuzetsu-nichi Day.
Japanese: 赤舌日といふこと、陰陽道(おんやうだう)には沙汰なき事なり（陰陽道では問題にしないことだ）。
English: Shakuzetsu-nichi Day together with Shakko-nichi Day is thought to have influenced folk belief of Rokuyo (a recurring six-day series of lucky or unlucky days that is incorporated into the Japanese calendar) one way or another.
Japanese: 現在の民間での六曜信仰に、赤口日とともになんらかの形で影響したと考えられている。
English: The Imperial Court decided local administration sections in order to establish centralized administrative framework and divided various provinces into four grades in accordance with political power, economic power and national power such as land area, kokudaka (crop yield), population.
Japanese: 朝廷は中央集権体制を確立するために地方行政区画をおこない、政治力・経済力や土地面積・石高・人口などの国力により地方諸国を四等級に分けた。
English: Also, provinces were classified into ongoku (far countries), chugoku (middle countries), kingoku (near countries) in accordance with the distance from Kyoto.
Japanese: また、京からの遠近によって、遠国（おんごく）・中国（ちゅうごく）・近国（きんごく）にも分けている。
English: Officers of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), Hyoefu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards), Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) stood by in Jinza (court, also referred to as Joza) to work on rotating shifts.
Japanese: 近衛府・兵衛府･衛門府が陣座（じんざ、杖座（じょうざ）とも）に詰めて交替で上番・勤務を務めた。
English: For that reason, the conference for agreement on state affairs by those Kugyo was referred to as "Jin no sadame" or "Jingi."
Japanese: そのため、こうした公卿達による国政議定の会議を陣定・陣儀などと称した。
English: The Osaka Conference is a meeting which took place in Osaka Prefecture on February 11, 1875 and where the dignitaries of the Meiji government, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, got together to discuss the government's prospective policy (the establishment of constitutional government) and the appointment of Sangi (councillors).
Japanese: 大阪会議（おおさかかいぎ）は、明治8年（1875年）2月11日に明治政府の要人である大久保利通・木戸孝允・板垣退助らが大阪府に集い、今後の政府の方針（立憲政治の樹立）および参議就任等の案件について協議した会議。
English: As a result the advocates of the Seikanron, including Sangi Takamori SAIGO, Shinpei ETO and Taisuke ITAGAKI, resigned to leave the government.
Japanese: その結果、征韓派の参議・西郷隆盛や江藤新平、板垣退助らが下野し、政府を去った。
English: The rest of the leaders established the Naimusho (Japan's Ministry of the Interior) under Okubo's initiative to readjust the makeshift and chaotic political reforms thus far made.
Japanese: 残った要人は、急速かつ無秩序に行われたこれまでの制度改革を整理すべく大久保を中心に内務省(日本)を設置。
English: Under Okubo's leadership, Okubo, Tomomi IWAKURA, Shigenobu OKUMA and Hirobumi ITO reorganized the government, but immediately after that, they clashed over the issue of the Taiwan expedition; eventually, Takayoshi KIDO, the leader of the Choshu faction, resigned from the office and thus Okubo's despotic regime virtually came into being.
Japanese: 大久保を中心に岩倉具視・大隈重信・伊藤博文らが政府の再編を行うが、直後に台湾出兵をめぐる意見が対立、その結果、長州閥のトップ木戸孝允までが職を去る事態に陥り、ほぼ大久保専制体制となる。
English: Discontent with the radical reforms made by the Okubo government manifested itself all over the country: the Saga War broke out and warriors rose in revolt across the country; in Kagoshima Prefecture, the Shigakko (school mainly for warriors) party controlled the municipal government as they pleased; and Itagaki and his colleagues formed the Aikokukoto party to initiate the Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Rights).
Japanese: 大久保主導政府の急進的な改革に対する不満が、全国で顕在化し、佐賀の乱はじめ各地で士族の反乱、鹿児島県においては私学校党による県政の壟断を招き、また板垣らは愛国公党を結成して自由民権運動を始動した。
English: In such a situation Iwakura was attacked by Kumakichi TAKECHI and other discontent warriors from the former regime at Kuichigaizaka, Akasaka (Minato Ward, Tokyo Prefecture) (which is called the Kuichigai Incident).
Japanese: そのような状況下、赤坂(東京都港区)喰違坂で岩倉が不平士族の武市熊吉らに襲撃される事件（喰違の変）が発生。
English: Moreover, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who had assumed the office of the Minister of the Left, submitted a petition against the radical reforms led by Okubo.
Japanese: さらに左大臣に就任した島津久光が、大久保主導の急進的改革への反対建白書を提出した。
English: The land-tax reform to provide the financial basis for the political reforms had made little progress; hence, Okubo gradually became anxious.
Japanese: 政治改革のための財政的基盤となる地租改正も遅々として進まず、次第に大久保も焦り始めていた。
English: Kaoru INOUE, who had left the government to start a business in Osaka at the time, was concerned about this situation, and with the recognition of the necessity of cooperation between Okubo, Kido and Itagaki to break the political chaos, he attempted to mediate between them with his sworn friend, Hirobumi ITO.
Japanese: 当時官界を去り、大阪で実業界に入っていた井上馨は、この情勢を憂い、混迷する政局を打開するには大久保・木戸・板垣による連携が必要であるとの認識を抱き、盟友の伊藤博文とともに仲介役を試みる。
English: In December 1874, Inoue invited Kido, who had returned to Yamaguchi Prefecture, to Osaka.
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）12月井上は、山口県へ帰っていた木戸を大阪に呼び寄せた。
English: Also he asked Nobuo KOMURO and Shigeru FURUSAWA, democratic activists, to invite Itagaki from Tokyo.
Japanese: また自由民権運動の士小室信夫・古沢滋らに依頼して、東京にいた板垣も招いた。
English: Thus, Okubo, Kido and Itagaki gathered in Osaka to have a three-way meeting mediated by Inoue and Ito.
Japanese: こうして大阪に集った大久保・木戸・板垣三者による協議が、井上・伊藤を周旋役として行われることとなった。
English: Having arrived at Osaka, Kido and Itagaki had their first talk in the presence of Inoue, Komuro and Furusawa on January 22, 1875, where they discussed the establishment of 'Minsen Giin' (an Elected Assembly).
Japanese: 明治8年1月22日大阪へ到着した木戸と板垣による会談が、まず井上・小室・古沢の同席のもと行われ、民選議院開設についての話し合いが行われた。
English: On January 29 Kido and Okubo had a meeting where the former's return to the government was determined.
Japanese: つづいて29日、木戸と大久保の会談が行われ、木戸の政府復帰が決定される。
English: Okubo took it as a good opportunity to restore Kido to the government for the purpose to alleviate the criticisms against his political supremacy, and so he agreed to meet Kido; however, he did not consider it necessary to bring Itagaki back to the government, so he did not meet him at the beginning.
Japanese: 大久保は、木戸を政府へ復帰させることにより、自らの権力集中に対する批判を和らげる良い機会と考え、この会談に応じたが、板垣に対しては政権に復帰させる必要性を感じていなかったので、当初大久保・板垣両者は面会にいたらなかった。
English: Kido was planning to ally himself with Itagaki at the three-way meeting to restrain Okubo's arbitrariness and also intended to regain his voice; therefore he was anxious to return to the government together with Itagaki.
Japanese: 木戸は、三者協議において板垣と連合することにより大久保の専権を抑制しようとし、また自らの発言権を回復する意図があったことから、板垣とともに政府に復帰することを強く望んでいた。
English: Itagaki was seeking to use Kido to persuade Okubo into implementing parliamentary government at the meeting.
Japanese: 板垣は、この会議で木戸を利用して議会政治導入を大久保に約束させることを企図していた。
English: His plan was to explain the need to immediately establish a parliament to Kido, who by nature had enlightened ideas and was proactively supportive of the implementation of a parliamentary system, aiming to use Kido to convince Okubo to adopt a constitutional system as the government's policy.
Japanese: 元来開明的で議会制導入に積極的であった木戸に、議会早期開設の必要性を説き、木戸を通じて、大久保が立憲体制を政府方針とすることを画策した。
English: Initially, Okubo was not enthusiastic about the introduction of a parliamentary system (such as constitutional or party government).
Japanese: 大久保は当初、議会制（立憲政治・政党政治など）の導入に対しては消極的であった。
English: First, in order to establish a basic legal system and increase national power to resist the pressures of the Western powers, the existent system was more practical as it would enable them to consolidate the powers of Satsuma and Choshu factions to carry out consistent policies under the authority of the emperor.
Japanese: 第一に、欧米列強の圧力に対抗するための根本的な法整備や国力増進のためには、天皇の権威のもとで薩長が権力を集積し、一貫した政策を継続できる現体制のほうが現実的であること。
English: Secondly, "the premature implementation of party government would involve a risk of 'political confusion caused by divisions between small parties,'" if Japan's then situation, in which many unemployed warriors took emotional rather than ideological action under the banner of "the Movement for Liberty and People's Rights," were taken into account.
Japanese: 第二に、『自由民権運動』の看板を掲げながら、思想よりはむしろ感情で行動する失業士族の多い当時の日本の国情を踏まえれば、『政党政治の早期断行には「小党分立による国政の迷走」というリスクが伴う』こと。
English: Nevertheless, he was moved by Kido's s persuasion and also thought that "instead of leaving Itagaki outside the government to let him join radical groups, he should keep him inside in order to sever the anti-government movement," and thus he took a softer line.
Japanese: しかし、木戸の説得に押され、また『板垣を在野で放置して過激派と結びつかれるよりも、政府につなぎとめておいた方が、政府への反対運動を分断できる』と考え、態度を軟化させた。
English: Itagaki, feeling hopeful at the news of the change of Okubo's attitude, turned cooperative when his requests for the establishment of constitutional government and a bicameral system as well as for separation of powers were all accepted.
Japanese: 大久保の変化を聞いて手応えを感じた板垣も、立憲政体樹立・三権分立・二院制議会確立などの政府改革の要求が認められたことで協力的な態度に転ずる
English: The expectations of the three finally came into alignment after they reached a compromise over the issue of government appointments, including the matter of Kido's return to the government, which Okubo desired.
Japanese: また大久保が望んだ木戸の復帰などの人事案などが合意を見たことで三者の思惑がようやく一致した。
English: On February 11, Kido formally invited Okubo and Itagaki (Inoue and Ito who were also present) to 'Kagai,' a Japanese restaurant in Kitahama, to hold the three-way meeting.
Japanese: 2月11日、木戸が大久保と板垣を招待する（井上・伊藤が同席）という形式で、北浜の料亭「加賀伊（かがい）」での三者会議が行われた。
English: On this occasion, however, they did not discuss politics but only enjoyed dinner and pleasant talks (according to "Hokobiroi" and other sources).
Japanese: ただしこの席では政治の話はいっさい出ず、三者による酒席・歓談のみが行われたという（『保古飛呂比』等）。
English: Pleased that they had reached an agreement after all the discussions they had had over a month, Kido suggested that the restaurant's name be renamed 'Kagairo,' and he calligraphed the name on its signboard by himself.
Japanese: しかし、1ヶ月におよぶ議論の妥結を喜んだ木戸は、舞台となった料亭・加賀伊の店名を「花外楼」と改名することを提案、みずから看板を揮毫した。
English: The proposition for political reforms which had been agreed on by the three was immediately submitted to Sanetomi SANJO, the Dajo Daijin (Grand Minister), and the comeback of Kido and Itagaki as Sangi was scheduled in March.
Japanese: 三者合意による政体改革案は、ただちに太政大臣三条実美に提出され、3月に木戸・板垣は参議へ復帰することとなった。
English: Based on the agreement, the Emperor Meiji issued 'an imperial edict on constitutional government' on April 14 to declare that 'Genroin' (a Senate in Japan), 'Daishin-in' (a predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan) and 'Chihokan Kaigi' (an Assembly of Prefectural Governors) should be established with a view to the gradual formation of constitutional government.
Japanese: 合意に基づき、さっそく4月14日には明治天皇より「立憲政体の詔書」が発せられ、元老院(日本)・大審院・地方官会議を設置し、段階的に立憲政体を立てることが宣言された。
English: On the other hand, Itagaki's assumption of office as Sangi caused the movement of the formation of Aikokusha (literally, the Society of Patriots) to fail, so he was severely criticized by the Jiyu Minken fraction for his betrayal and pressed to offer vindication.
Japanese: いっぽう板垣は参議就任により、愛国社創立運動の失敗を招いたため、自由民権派から背信行為を厳しく糾弾され、釈明に追われることとなった。
English: Thus, the new system had been established only after considerable difficulty, but it was not long before Kido and Itagaki clashed over the issue of the power of the Assembly of Prefectural Governors.
Japanese: 難産の末に確立された新体制であったが、ほどなく地方官会議の権限をめぐって木戸と板垣が対立するようになる。
English: Discord over how to handle the Ganghwa Island incident, which had just taken place, worsened the situation, and finally Itagaki resigned from the office of Sangi.
Japanese: 折から発生した江華島事件の処理をめぐる意見対立も重なり、板垣はついに参議を辞任。
English: Kido, who had joined the cabinet with Itagaki, inevitably lost his influence, and in addition his chronic illness, which had aggravated around this time, hindered his political activities; thus his position in the government also went down.
Japanese: 板垣とセットで入閣した木戸の発言力も必然的に下がり、さらにこの頃より持病の悪化から表立った政治活動を行いにくくなったこともあり、木戸の政府内での地位も低下した。
English: The Minister of the Left, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who had shown an attitude to cooperate with Itagaki at a time, also resigned; consequently the old regime led by Iwakura and Okubo was restored.
Japanese: 一時期板垣と連携する動きを見せた左大臣・島津久光までもが辞表を提出し、岩倉・大久保らが主導権を握る体制に戻った。
English: As a result, Okubo's former despotic system was revived in a more powerful form.
Japanese: 結果として大阪会議以前の大久保の独裁体制が、より強化された形で復活したといえる。
English: However, it can be said that the conference was of some significance in that it helped indicate the future direction of constitutional and parliamentary government.
Japanese: ただし、将来的な立憲政体・議会政治の方向性が示されたという点においては、それなりの意義があった会議であったとも言える。
English: "Chikusen-joirei" was an ordinance which took effect in October 711 in order to promote circulation of money and attempt to circulation to the government.
Japanese: 蓄銭叙位令（ちくせんじょいれい）は、和銅4年（711年）10月に、銭の流通を促進するためと、政府への環流を計って施行された法令。
English: Later, the ordinance was abolished in 800 because saving money caused dead storage in the country.
Japanese: 後に、蓄銭が地方での銭の死蔵を招いたため、延暦19年（800年）に廃止された。
English: In addition, it was prohibited to borrow money from others with the aim of acquisition of court rank and lenders were also subject to criminal punishment.
Japanese: また、位階の獲得を目的に他人から銭を借りることを禁じ、貸した者も処罰対象とされている。
English: Moreover, 'zan' (heaviest punishment among gokei [five punishments]), which was more severe than 'zu-sannen' (imprisonment of three years) of the Taiho Code, was added to punishments for manufacture of shichusen (counterfeit money) to prevent it.
Japanese: さらに、私鋳銭を製造しないよう、私鋳銭製造の罪に、大宝律の「徒三年」より厳しい「斬」（五刑の最高刑）が加えられている。
English: Saemon no jo Yorimasa SHIMAZU, the fifth son of Rokurozaemon no jo Tadayori SHIMAZU (the fourth son of Tadatsuna) of the Echizen Shimazu Clan was appointed as Jito (manager and lord of manor) of Yono-go, Asai-gun County, Omi Province, where he became the founder of the Goshu Shimazu Clan.
Japanese: 越前島津氏系の島津六郎左衛門尉忠頼（忠綱四男）の五男・左衛門尉頼昌は、近江国浅井郡町野郷地頭に任じられ、江州島津氏の祖となる。
English: The descendants of the direct line changed the name to Sugaura, which came down to the Shinshiro Tadamori SUGAURA family, Shoya (village headman) of the Honda Clan in the Zeze Domain.
Japanese: 直系子孫は、菅浦と改姓し、膳所藩本多氏庄屋・菅浦新四郎忠盛家に至る。
English: The Jomon period is approximately from 16,500 to 3,000 years ago (the tenth century B.C.) in terms of date, developed from the end of the Pleistocene epoch to the Holocene epoch in the Japanese archipelago in terms of geological age, and is comparable to the Mesolithic period or the Neolithic period in terms of the world history.
Japanese: 縄文時代（じょうもんじだい）は、年代でいうと今から約16,500年から約3,000年前（紀元前10世紀）、地質時代では更新世末期から完新世にかけて日本列島で発展した時代であり、世界史では中石器時代ないし新石器時代に相当する時代である。
English: The main differences between the Paleolithic period and the Jomon period are the emergence of the earthenware, the spread of tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house) and the style of shell mounds.
Japanese: 旧石器時代と縄文時代の違いは、土器の出現や竪穴住居の普及、貝塚の形式などがあげられる。
English: The end of the Jomon period, that varies greatly in different regions, was marked by the emergence of the Yayoi culture characterized by typical paddy cultivation; however, many scholars have different theories about the date, which was placed sometime between the tenth century B.C. and several centuries B.C.
Japanese: 縄文時代の終りについては、地域差が大きいものの、定型的な水田耕作を特徴とする弥生文化の登場を契機とするが、その年代については紀元前数世紀から紀元前10世紀頃までで、多くの議論がある。
English: The subsequent period is the late Shell mound period which is also known as the Post Jomon period in the northern Tohoku region and Hokkaido.
Japanese: 次の時代は、貝塚時代後期、東北北部から北海道では続縄文時代と呼ばれる。
English: The Jomon period is the term for the time when Jomon earthenware was in use; however, it comes to include the characteristics of people's lives at the time and to describe the society characterized by the ability to produce ground stoneware, the use of earthenware, the economy based on hunting and gathering, and the sedentary life.
Japanese: 縄文時代は、縄文土器が使用された時代を示す呼称であったが、次第に生活内容を加えた特徴の説明が為されるようになり、磨製石器を造る技術、土器の使用、狩猟採集経済、定住化した社会ととらえられるようになった。
English: The term 'Jomon' is derived from the fact that Edward S. Morse (1838-1925) reported earthenware excavated from the Omori shell mounds in 1877 as Cord Marked Pottery.
Japanese: 「縄文」という名称は、エドワード・S・モース（EdwardS.Morse1838-1925）が1877年（明治10）大森貝塚から発掘した土器をCordMarkedPotteryと報告したことに由来する。
English: The term 'Cord Marked Pottery' was translated into 'Sakumon doki' (索紋土器) by Ryokichi YATABE but later changed to 'Jomon doki' (縄紋土器) by Mitsutaro SHIRAI.
Japanese: この用語は谷田部良吉により「索紋土器」（さくもんどき）と訳されたが、後に白井光太郎が「縄紋土器」と改めた。
English: The Jomon period is divided into six periods according to styles of earthenware: the incipient period, the earlier period, the early period, the middle period, the end period, and the last period.
Japanese: 土器型式上の区分から、縄文時代は、草創期・早期・前期・中期・後期・晩期の6期に分けられる。
English: In the beginning of the study, there were only three periods, the early period, the middle period, and the end period; however, the earlier period and the last period were added due to the increase in available materials and the progress of research and the incipient period was added lastly.
Japanese: 研究当初は、前・中・後の三期区分だったが、資料の増加や研究の進展によって早期、晩期が加わり、最後に草創期が加えられた。
English: The periodization reflects the development of the earthenware study; therefore, the middle period does not correspond to the middle period in the Jomon period.
Japanese: そうした土器研究上の経緯を反映した時期区分であるため、中期が縄文時代の中頃というわけでもない。
English: Periodization needs to be reconsidered taking into account the people's regular vocation or the content of the cultural development; however, it is commonly used and well-established.
Japanese: 生業や文化内容から見た時代区分としても再考の余地があるものの、慣用化した時期区分として定着している。
English: The periods measured in the carbon-14 dating method using AMS technique are the following: the incipient period (approximately from 15,000 to 12,000 years ago), the earlier period (approximately from 12,000 to 7,000 years ago), the early period (approximately from 7,000 to 5,500 years ago), the middle period (approximately from 5,500 to 4,500 years ago), the end period (approximately from 4,500 to 3,300 years ago), and the last period (approximately from 3,300 to 2,800).
Japanese: この時期区分を、炭素14年代測定法AMS法で測定して炭素14年代測定法年代較正で示すと、草創期（約15,000～12,000年前）、早期（約12,000～7,000年前）、前期（約7,000～5,500年前）、中期（約5,500～4,500年前）、後期（約4,500～3,300年前）、晩期（約3,300～2,800）となる。
English: In addition to periodization based on the sequence of Jomon earthenware, another method of periodization uses different aspects of the Jomon culture to divide the Jomon period into several periods.
Japanese: また先に示した土器編年による区分の他、縄文時代を文化形式の側面から見て幾つかの時期に分類する方法も存在している。
English: Scholars have different methods to determine how the Jomon period fits into cultural history and so far there is no established theory by academic circles.
Japanese: 縄文時代の文化史的区分については研究者によって幾つかの方法があり、現在のところ学界に定説が確立されているわけではない。
English: Okamura, an archaeologist, based his periodization on the degree of adapting to sedentary life: he assumed that the Jomon people built dwellings and set up garbage dump sites from the incipient period to the earlier period, however, they lived in a semi-sedentary life, didn't always have dwellings, and lived a nomadic life depending upon the season.
Japanese: 考古学者の岡村は、定住化の程度で時期区分すると草創期から早期半ば頃までは住居とゴミ捨て場が設置されるが、住居をもたなかったり、季節によって移動生活を送るなどの半定住段階であると想定している。
English: Subsequently, the Jomon people established sedentary life from the earlier period to the beginning of the early period; shell mounds were placed around their settlements and large-scale garbage dump sites were formed.
Japanese: 次いで早期末から前期初頭には、定住が確立し集落の周りに貝塚が形成され、大規模な捨て場が形成される。
English: By the latter half of the middle period, regional differences became pronounced, large-scale settlements appeared in eastern Japan, and the number of remains peaked.
Japanese: 中期後半には、東日本では地域色が顕著になるとともに、大規模な集落が出現して遺跡数もピークに達する。
English: On the other hand, there are few remains in western Japan and there is a possibility that the people abandoned sedentary life by the early period.
Japanese: 一方西日本では遺跡数が少なく定住生活が前期には已に交替している可能性すらある。
English: The adoption of sedentary life kept its pace in the first half of the last period and accelerated its pace in the latter half of the last period; Setouchi and the northern Kyushu regions introduced rice cropping and the Jomon period transitioned into the early Yayoi period.
Japanese: この傾向は晩期前半まで続き、後半はさらに定住化が進み、瀬戸内から九州北部は稲作を導入し、弥生時代早期へと移ってゆく。
English: Sasaki, a scholar of the cultural anthropology, classified the incipient period of the periodization based on the Jomon earthenware sequence as the first Jomon period which was the transitional period between the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period, the earlier period as the second Jomon period which was the period when the Jomon culture progressed toward maturity, and from the early period to the last period as the third Jomon period which was the period when the matured Jomon culture was maintained.
Japanese: 文化人類学者の佐々木は縄文土器編年区分のうち草創期を旧石器時代から新石器時代への移行期として縄文Ⅰ期、土器編年の縄文早期を縄文文化が完成に向かう時期として縄文Ⅱ期、土器編年の縄文前期から晩期までを完成した縄文文化が保持された時期として縄文Ⅲ期に分類した。
English: The IZUMI's periodization is similar to Sasaki's: Izumi classified the incipient Jomon period as 'the exploratory period,' the earlier Jomon period as 'the experimental period,' and from the early to the last Jomon period as 'the stable period.'
Japanese: 泉も佐々木による区分に近く、縄文草創期を「模索期」、縄文早期を「実験期」、縄文前期から晩期までを「安定期」としている。
English: However, the environment had such rapid and severe changes in the short period of time that the cold period changed into the warm period in the several hundred years in the last glacial age called the late glacial stage approximately from 13,000 to 10,000 years ago.
Japanese: しかし、最後の氷期である晩氷期と呼ばれる約1万3000から1万年前の気候は、数百年で寒冷期と温暖期が入れ替わるほどで、急激な厳しい環境変化が短期間のうちに起こった。
English: Until then, the conifer forests covered much of the Japanese archipelago; however, the deciduous broad-leaved forests grew and spread from southwest Japan along the coast of the Pacific and the deciduous broad-leaved and the laurel forests came to cover much of the Japanese archipelago except Hokkaido.
Japanese: それまでは、針葉樹林が列島を覆っていたが、西南日本から太平洋沿岸伝いに落葉広葉樹林が増加し拡がっていき、北海道をのぞいて列島の多くが落葉広葉樹林と照葉樹林で覆われた。