nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the tumultuous years of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), there was a tremendous increase in agricultural production, but because all Japan had become a jigsaw puzzle made up of nodes of local authority who went through an endless cycle of prosperity and decline, and because the period also saw many feudal lords begin to declare their independence, it became extremely difficult to keep track of the true total agricultural productivity even on the land within one's own jurisdiction.
Japanese: 室町・戦国時代(日本)の混乱時代、農業生産高は爆発的に増加したが、各地にモザイクのように存在する割拠勢力はそれぞれ消長を繰り返し、また支配下にも多くの自立領主がいるため、自領の実質総農業生産高を把握するのも困難であった。
English: But eventually there arose the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), who by weathering countless wars and riots were able to establish their total authority over all the land within their domains, thereby rendering the system of public and private estates obsolete.
Japanese: しかし、戦乱を経て地方に荘園や国衙領という枠を超えた一円に支配権を確立する戦国大名が成長する。
English: Some such daimyo began to conduct land surveys, which provided the data they needed in order to set up systems of taxation within their own domains.
Japanese: 彼らは、自分の支配地域における課税を行うための資料として土地の調査を行った。
English: Nobunaga ODA, who had such a meteoric rise to power, conducted a land survey of his entire territory, making an effort to maintain both a high agricultural production and accurate tax ledgers.
Japanese: 急速に勢力を拡大した織田信長もその領国内でこの検地を行い、農業生産高とそれに基づく課税台帳の整備に力を入れた。
English: After Nobunaga died, his successor, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, carried out the first nation-wide land survey (which is called the "Taiko Kenchi" because one of Hideyoshi's official titles was "Taiko").
Japanese: 信長死後その政権を引き継いだ豊臣秀吉は初めて全国的に検地（太閤検地）を実施した。
English: Yet in most cases it was not Hideyoshi's own retainers who were personally conducting the survey, but rather was simply a system of personal reports by the various daimyo of the results of their own individual surveys.
Japanese: しかし、この検地も実際に豊臣氏の家臣が直接行ったものではなく、多くは大名の自己申告制であった。
English: Another aspect of this Taiko Kenchi that is particularly ground-breaking is that it surveyed the cultivators, not the landlords, and so began the system of assessing taxes directly on the individual cultivators.
Japanese: また、太閤検地が画期的なのは、土地の所有者ではなく、耕作者を調査し、耕作者に課税したことである。
English: As a result, the legitimacy of the positions of a great many medieval-period middleman tax collectors and the like were repudiated, since now cultivators were paying taxes directly to their local lords; at the agricultural village level, Hideyoshi's survey had eliminated nearly all the extortionist middleman warriors who lived off others' effort in one clean sweep.
Japanese: これにより、土地に対して重層的にあった中世的な中間権利である様々な職が否定され、耕作者は直接領主に納税することとなり、農村にいた中間搾取者としての武士はほぼ一掃されることとなった。
English: In the Edo period, which followed on the heels of Hideyoshi's time, land surveys were occasionally conducted, either to take advantage of advances in agricultural techniques or the opening of new rice paddies, or because the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the domain conducting the survey had fallen into difficult financial straits.
Japanese: 続く江戸時代は、農業技術の進歩と新田開発の進展、幕府や藩の財政悪化などによりたびたび検地が行われた。
English: Since such surveys had a strong tendency to increase the tax burden on farmers, occasionally farmers would riot in an attempt to prevent the surveys from being completed.
Japanese: 検地により農民への課税は重くなる傾向が強いため、農民も一揆などでそれを阻止しようと試みることもあった。
English: The Meiji government eliminated the old tax system, which taxed the overall agricultural production, and introduced a new nationwide land tax (based on the total amount--not the productivity--of land owned), and with this, kenchi, with their focus on yield, were no longer conducted.
Japanese: 明治政府は、農業収入に課税する年貢制ではなく、全土地に課税する地租を導入し、検地は行わなくなった。
English: Ikko ikki (literally, "Ikko-sect riot") is a general term for riots during Japan's Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan) caused by followers of the Hongan-ji Temple branch within the Jodo Shinshu sect (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism), which was also called the "Ikko" or "only one direction (to heaven)" sect.
Japanese: 一向一揆（いっこういっき）は、戦国時代(日本)に浄土真宗（一向宗）浄土真宗本願寺派の信徒たちがおこした一揆の総称。
English: In an effort to avoid disturbances, the leadership of the Jodo Shinshu Honganji organization organized its followers of warriors, farmers, and craftsmen/merchants, thereby instituting a religiously based autonomous government over them.
Japanese: 争乱の排除をめざして浄土真宗本願寺教団によって組織された武士、農民、商工業者などによって形成された宗教的自治である。
English: In 1488, after the Ikko ikki destroyed the shugo (military governor) of Kaga Province, Masachika TOGASHI, society learned of their great power.
Japanese: 1488年、加賀国守護富樫政親を滅ぼすことでその勢力を世に知らしめる。
English: Until the last days of the Sengoku period, when the Ikko ikki were finally suppressed by Nobunaga ODA and others, Ikko ikki managed to set up and govern peaceful, prosperous neighborhoods all over the country.
Japanese: 戦国時代末期、織田信長などによって平定されるまでは各地に安定した豊かな町が築かれた。
English: Because their main strongholds, including Osaka in Settsu Province, Nagashima-cho in Ise Province (Mie Prefecture today), and the Yahagi-gawa River basin in Mikawa Province were all in the low-lying wetlands, some have suggested the Ikko ikki may have developed advanced flood control techniques (without which it would have been difficult to create prosperous communities in such flood-prone areas).
Japanese: 本拠地とされた摂津国大阪や伊勢国長島町(三重県)、三河国矢作川流域などは湿地帯であったことから、高度な治水技術があったのではないかとの見方もされている。
English: The Ikko ikki initiated dozens of large-scale assaults (including the Battle of Kuzuryu-gawa River) in an attempt to restore their control over Yoshizaki-gobo Temple in Echizen Province, which had been usurped by the Asakura clan, and later, they fought with such powerful men as Nobunaga ODA and Harumoto HOSOKAWA, who had begun to fear that the sheer size of the Ikko riots (ikki) threatened to shake the very foundations of warrior rule; in the end, the Ikko ikki itself became somewhat analogous to Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), and fought for hegemony over Japan.
Japanese: 朝倉氏に奪われた越前国吉崎御坊を取り戻すため何十回となく大規模な戦を起こしたり（九頭竜川の戦い）、一揆の拡大によって武家政権の基盤を脅かされることを恐れた織田信長や細川晴元ら権力者との争いを展開するなど戦国大名化して覇権を争ってもいる。
English: But in 1580, when their resistance to Nobunaga ODA was quelled, the Ikko (Jodo Shinshu) sect patriarch, Kennyo, was forced to flee the Ikko stronghold of Osaka, and thereafter a rift appeared in the power structure of Hongan-ji Temple itself, and from that point on one heard of Ikko ikki no more.
Japanese: しかし、1580年織田信長との抗争に敗れて顕如が大坂を退去した後は本願寺の分裂騒動もあって一向一揆という名称は見られなくなる。
English: The Battle of Minatogawa was fought on July 12, 1336 during the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) in Minatogawa, Settsu Province (modern day Chuo Ward/Hyogo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) between the forces of the brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA who had traveled east from Kyushu and Yoshisada NITTA and Masashige KUSUNOKI who were loyal to Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: 湊川の戦い（みなとがわのたたかい）は、南北朝時代(日本)の1336年7月4日（（建武(日本)3年）5月25日(旧暦)）に、摂津国湊川（現・兵庫県神戸市中央区_(神戸市)・兵庫区）で、九州から東上して来た足利尊氏・足利直義兄弟らの軍と、これを迎え撃った後醍醐天皇方の新田義貞・楠木正成の軍との間で行われた合戦である。
English: At the beginning of 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA was defeated by Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI and Akiie KITABATAKE before being driven back to Kyoto and fleeing to Kyushu.
Japanese: この年の初め、足利尊氏は新田義貞・楠木正成・北畠顕家らに敗れて京都を追われ九州へ落ち延びていた。
English: During this time, Masashige advised Emperor Godaigo that peace be made with the Ashikaga faction now that circumstances were beneficial for the imperial faction but the emperor rejected this and dispatched a force with Yoshisada as supreme commander westward to kill Takauji.
Japanese: ここで、正成が後醍醐天皇に、状況が宮方に有利な今のうちに足利方と和睦する事を進言するが、後醍醐はこれを退け、義貞を総大将とする尊氏追討の軍を西国へ向けて派遣した。
English: Masashige earned the distrust of the Imperial Court as a result of his advice to make peace and was removed from the force and placed under house arrest in his hometown.
Japanese: なお、正成は和睦を進言した事で朝廷の不信を買い、この追討軍からは外され、国許での謹慎を命じられた。
English: Yoshisada wasted time during his assault on Norimura AKAMATSU (Enshin) of the Ashikaga faction who was held up within Shirahata-jo Castle of Harima Province, and during this time Takauji conquered Kyushu in the Battle of Tatarahama and regrouped before heading east with the aim of recapturing Kyoto.
Japanese: 義貞は播磨国の白旗城に篭城する足利方の赤松則村（円心）を攻めている間に時間を空費し、この間に尊氏は多々良浜の戦いで九州を制覇して体制を立て直すと、京都奪還をめざして東進をはじめた。
English: Takauji departed Hakata with KO no Moronao, passed through Tomonoura of Bingo Province, joined forces with fleets commanded by the Hosokawa clan, Toki clan and Kono clan, and proceeded east by sea.
Japanese: 尊氏は高師直らと博多を発ち、備後国鞆津を経て、四国で細川氏・土岐氏・河野氏らの率いる船隊と合流して海路を東進した。
English: Nitta's army which was met by Takauji's army on the return eastward began a retreat but Akamatsu's forces commenced pursuit and Nitta's army fled among mass betrayal and surrender to the Ashikaga army.
Japanese: 尊氏軍の東上に遭い、撤退を始めた新田軍に赤松勢が追撃を仕掛け、新田軍は大量の寝返りや足利軍への投降者を出しながら敗走した。
English: Yoshisada, whose forces had dwindled rapidly, pulled his troops back to Hyogo and attempted to regroup.
Japanese: 一気に陣営がやせ細ってしまった義貞は、兵庫まで兵を退いて体制の立て直しを図った。
English: Emperor Godaigo ordered Masashige to fight the Ashikaga army in Hyogo and sent reinforcements.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は正成に兵庫で足利軍と戦うよう命じ、援軍として差し向けた。
English: Nitta's army was unable to raise a navy, so established its headquarters in Nihonmatsu (between Wadamisaki and Egenoyama) and also deployed the forces of Yoshisuke WAKIYA and Ujiaki ODACHI in Wadamisaki in preparation for the naval landing.
Japanese: 水軍を用意できなかった新田軍は、本陣を二本松（和田岬と会下山の中間）に置き、和田岬にも脇屋義助・大館氏明などの軍勢を配置して水軍の上陸に備えた。
English: During the battle, the main line of the land army commanded by Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA proceeded along the Saigoku-kaido Road, and Yorihisa SHONI mounted an attack on the flanks of the Nitta forces in Wadamisaki.
Japanese: 合戦では、足利直義を司令官とする陸上軍の主力は西国街道を進み、少弐頼尚は和田岬の新田軍に側面から攻撃をかけた。
English: The army of Takatsune SHIBA circled round from Yamanote to the rear of Masashige KUSUNOKI who had stationed his forces in Egenoyama.
Japanese: また、斯波高経の軍は山の手から会下山に陣する楠木正成の背後に回った。
English: Jozen HOSOKAWA proceeded east by sea and landed at the forest of Ikuta-jinja Shrine (Sannomiya and Mikage areas of Kobe City), causing Yoshisada to fear that his path of retreat may be cut off and flee eastward, leaving the Kusunoki army isolated.
Japanese: さらに、細川定禅が海路を東進し生田神社の森（神戸市三宮、御影付近）から上陸すると、義貞は退路を絶たれる危険を感じて東走し、楠木軍は孤立する。
English: Masashige KUSUNOKI was tightly encircled and, despite fighting fiercely, his forces were too heavily outnumbered and were destroyed.
Japanese: 楠木正成は重囲に落ち、奮戦するものの多勢に無勢はいかんともしがたく、楠木軍は壊滅。
English: The sea level in the vicinity of Kobe City was higher at the time than it is now, and the sea reached further up the Mt. Rokko area than it does today, meaning that level ground was narrow and not suitable for the movement of large armies.
Japanese: 当時の神戸市付近は、現在よりも海面が高かったこともあり、今以上に海が六甲山地に迫っていて平地が狭く、大軍の行動には適さなかった。
English: It is due to this that the imperial faction's complete lack of navy was the decisive reason for its defeat.
Japanese: そのため、宮方は水軍を全く持っていなかったことが決定的な敗因となった。
English: The Battle of Minatogawa and the 'Sakurai no wakare' (separation in Sakurai) in which Masashige sent his son and heir Masatsura KUSUNOKI back to his headquarters in Kawachi Province were dramatized in pre-war Emperor-centered nationalistic views and songs depicting Masashige fighting loyally for the emperor despite the fact that he knew the battle could not be won.
Japanese: 湊川の戦いや、正成が出陣前に嫡子の楠木正行を本拠地の河内国へ帰した「桜井の別れ」などは、戦前の皇国史観教育や唱歌などで、正成が勝てぬ戦と知りながら天皇のために忠義を尽くして死んだなどと脚色して伝えられた。
English: In modern day Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, Minatogawa-jinja Shrine enshrining Masashige and the KUSUNOKI family stands on the place in which the brothers Masashige and Masasue KUSUNOKI died, and there are stone monuments such as 'A Shushin Nanshi no Haka' (the grave of loyal subject Nanshi) written by Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA himself.
Japanese: 現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区(神戸市)には、楠木正成・正季兄弟終焉の地として正成ら楠木一族を祭神に祀った湊川神社があり、徳川光圀自筆の「嗚呼忠臣楠子之墓」の石碑などが存在する。
English: During the air battle off Kyushu of March 21, 1945 in the closing days of the Pacific War, the 'First Jinrai Oka Kogekitai and First Jinrai Kogekitai' (attack units comprised of rocket powered 'Oka' (aircraft) and their carrier aircraft, the Type 1 Attack bomber) launched attacks on the US Navy high-speed aircraft carrier task force which was closing in on the southern offshore, but were intercepted and destroyed by enemy carrier-based fighter units.
Japanese: 太平洋戦争末期の1945年3月21日の九州沖航空戦の際、「神風特別攻撃隊第一神雷桜花隊・第一神雷攻撃隊」（ロケット特攻機「桜花(航空機)」と、その母機である一式陸上攻撃機で編成された攻撃隊）は、九州南方沖に迫った米海軍高速空母機動部隊に対する攻撃に出撃したものの、敵の艦上戦闘機部隊の迎撃により全滅した。
English: During an attack on the Kanoya Base, it is said that the unit's commander, Lieutenant Commander Goro NONAKA, muttered the words 'This is Minatogawa' (meaning that the situation resembled the Battle of Minatogawa).
Japanese: この部隊の指揮官であった海軍少佐野中五郎は、鹿屋市基地を出撃する際に、「これは湊川だよ（湊川の戦いのようなものだよ）」と呟いたと言われている。
English: The local bureaucratic system was formed into a three-tier administrative organization of kuni (provinces), gun/kori (districts) and ri/sato (villages) under the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) enacted in the year 701.
Japanese: 地方官制（ちほうかんせい）は、701年（大宝元）に制定された大宝律令で国・郡・里の三段階の行政組織に編成された。
English: Kuni no miyatsuko (the heads of local governments) for large and small provinces were appointed, provincial borders were fixed, and agatanushi (territorial rulers) of large and small territories were installed.
Japanese: 「大国小国の国造（くにのみやつこ）を定めたまい、また国々の堺、及び大県（おおあがた）小県（おあがた）の県主（あがたぬし）を定めたまう。」
English: Year 4 'Appoint heads of provinces and districts, install chiefs of territories and villages; appoint the ruler of this province as head of that province and district.'
Japanese: 4年「今より以降国郡に長を立て、県邑に首を置かむ。即ち当国の幹了しき者を取りて、其の国郡の首長に任ぜよ。」
English: Emperor Seimu was the 13th emperor of Japan and lived in the 4th century before Emperor Ojin (15th), Emperor Nintoku (16th) and the five kings of Wa (Japan) in what was the first half of the Kofun period.
Japanese: 成務天皇は13代で、応神天皇（15代）仁徳天皇（16代）や倭の五王よりも遡る4世紀のことで、時代でいうと古墳時代の前期にあたる。
English: It is difficult to contemplate that kuni no miyatsuko and agatanushi were stationed throughout the entire country during this peirod, and these references are thought to be rhetorical flourishes of "Nihonshoki."
Japanese: この時代に全国的に国造・県主を配置したとは考えがたく、記事そのものは『日本書紀』の潤色であると考えられている。
English: However, it can be thought that these articles refer to the fact that, during the Yamato Dynasty, powerful families of areas loyal to the court were controlled by being appointed agatanushi and that the areas ruled by agatanushi were called agata.
Japanese: しかし、この記事が、ヤマト王権において、服属させた周辺の豪族を県主として把握し、県主によって支配される領域を県（アガタ）と呼んでいたことを伝えていると考えることはできる。
English: "Nihon Shoki" contains articles relating to the establishment of numerous miyake (imperially controlled territories) in June 535 but the names of many of these miyake match surviving place names and their existence can be confirmed.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』安閑天皇二年（535）5月に屯倉の大量設置の記事がみられるが、これらの屯倉の名前の多くが、現存する地名と一致し、その実在を確認できる。
English: In an entry for September of the same year, there is an article pertaining to the establishment of inukaibe (corporations of dog keepers) but it is clear from the numerous examples in which surviving miyake place names are located next to inube place names that watchdogs were used to guard miyake (watchdogs were reared by the Inukai clan), and it is surmised that the establishment of miyake and inukaibe also began during the reign of Emperor Ankan (first half of the sixth century).
Japanese: また、同年八月の条に、犬養部の設置記事がみられるが、現存する屯倉の地名と犬養という地名との近接例も多いことから、屯倉の守衛に番犬が用いられた（番犬を飼養していたのが犬養氏）だということが明らかになっており、屯倉や犬養部の設置時期も安閑天皇の頃（6世紀前半頃）に始まったと推察される。
English: When these miyake developed and expanded to a certain size, they became the bases of kohori (written as 県 in Chinese characters), which was a unit that the central government directly administered and controlled in local areas, and it is believed that they later developed into the kohori (written as 郡) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: この屯倉がある程度発達・広域展開した段階で、屯倉を拠点として、直接的に地方を把握・管轄した単位が県（コホリ）であり、のちに律令制における郡（コホリ）へと発展していったと考えられている。
English: The difference between agata and kohori may be that the former depends on the control of a local head and managed indirectly, whereas the latter was part of an organization that attempted direct management and control.
Japanese: 県（アガタ）と県（コホリ）との違いは、前者が在地首長の支配力に依存し、間接的に地方を把握するものであったのに対し、後者は直接的に地方の把握・支配の体系を作り出そうとしていたところにあるだろう。
English: The Yamato Dynasty appointed local leaders as kuni no miyatsuko, and controlled all of the provinces via such political control.
Japanese: ヤマト政権は、地方の大首長を国造などに任命し、政治的支配をそのまま認める形で、全国的に支配していた。
English: However, despite the opposition of the kuni no miyatsuko of provinces including Kibi Province and Tsukushi Province (Iwai War in 527), it is thought from the fact that this reflects the unification of the nation that it was this period in which ancient Japan was established.
Japanese: しかし、吉備国造や筑紫国造（527年の磐井の乱）などの反抗もあったが、古代国家統一の情勢にあり、日本の古代国家の成立期に当たると考えられている。
English: It is assumed that it was during the reign of Emperor Tenmu that the organization of local administration spread throughout the entire country.
Japanese: 地方の行政組織が全国的規模で動き出したのは天武朝においてであったと推定されている。
English: The basic households of this system were called henko (the organization of the people) which included three or four seitei (men in good health between 21 and 60 years of age) and were the fundamental unit from which gundan (army corps) soldiers were selected in what was known as one soldier per household.
Japanese: その基礎となる戸は、正丁（せいてい）成年男子を三丁ないし四丁含むような編成を編戸（へんこ）といい、一戸一兵士という、軍団の兵士を選ぶ基礎単位になった。
English: Administrative areas were divided between the areas ruled by the emperor, the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara - Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi [Izumi later became separate], and Yamashiro), and the shichido (the seven districts of ancient Japan - Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido) (called "Dosei," a system of administrative areas according to main roads), and 66 provinces were created below these in addition to Iki Province and Tsushima Province.
Japanese: 行政区画は、天皇の権力の及ぶ範囲、畿内（大和・摂津・河内（後、和泉が分立）・山城）と七道（東海・東山・北陸・山陰・山陽・南海・西海）に分け（道制）、その下に66国と壱岐国（いき）嶋、対馬国（つしま）嶋が置かれた。
English: The administrative organization of areas generally consisted of provinces, districts and villages and these were headed by kokushi (provincial governors), gunji (district managers) and richo (village chiefs) respectively.
Japanese: 地方は一般に国・郡・里の行政組織に編成され、それぞれ国司・郡司・里長が置かれた。
English: Local government offices were called kanga, located in provinces and districts and known as kokufu (or kokuga - provincial offices) and guke (or gunga - district offices).
Japanese: 地方の役所は官衙（かんが）といい、国と群に置かれ、国府（国衙）・群家（郡衙）といった。
English: The roads (6-12 meters wide) of ancient Japan which linked central government with regional administration organizations were built, and seki (barriers) and umaya (facilities for providing houses, food, etc.) were constructed.
Japanese: 中央政府と地方行政組織を結ぶ日本の古代道路（幅約6～12メートル）が整備され、さらに、関や駅なども整備された。
English: Kokushi consisted of kami, suke, jo, sakan and shisei.
Japanese: 国司は、守（かみ）・介（すけ）・掾（じょう）・目（さかん）・史生（しせい）が置かれた。
English: Kokushi were appointed from central government on an alternate basis as mikotomochi (a court official dispatched to a provincial post by imperial order) of the emperor, and were responsible for governing the province by serving as commanders of gunji (district managers).
Japanese: 国司は、中央から天皇のミコトモチ（御言持）として交替で赴任し、郡司を指揮して国内の支配に当たった。
English: Provinces were ranked according to their size, as taikoku, jokoku, chukoku and gekoku, and were governed by different officials so that, for example, chukoku would not have a suke and gekoku would not have a jo, but the size classification criteria are unknown.
Japanese: 国にも大・上・中・下の四等級があり、中国には介がなく、下国にはさらに掾も置かれないなど、職員の異同があるが、等級区分の基準はつまびらかではない。
English: It is thought that the ritsuryo system provinces were established prior to the year 681.
Japanese: 国は、天武10年(681年)以前に、律令制の国が成立していたと考えられる。
English: Numerous mokkan (narrow strips of wood on which an official message were written) have been excavated at Den Asuka Itabukimiya Ato (the supposed ruins of Asuka-Itabuki-no-miya Palace), and within these is written a 'kanotomi year' which is equivalent to the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Tenmu (681).
Japanese: 伝飛鳥板蓋宮址から多数の木簡が出土し、それらの木簡の中に「辛巳年」という「天武十年」に相当する年紀が書かれていた。
English: Gundan were composed of 1,000 soldiers and included one daiki officer and two shoki officers.
Japanese: 軍団は、兵士千人で構成され、大毅（だいき）一人・少毅二人がおかれた。
English: Within gundan, platoons (cavalry/infantry) were composed of 50 men, and each platoon was commanded by a taisei (commander of 50 men), two platoons (100 men) were commanded by a ryosochi (commander of 100 men) and four platoons (200 men) were commanded by a koi (commander of 200 men).
Japanese: その内部は、五十人で一隊（騎兵隊・歩兵隊）で構成され、隊正（たいせい、五十長）が隊を、旅帥（りょそち、百長）が二隊（百人）を、校尉（こうい、二百長）が四隊をそれぞれ統率した。
English: In the case that gundan had more than 600 men, there was one daiki and one shoki, and if comprised of fewer than 500 men, there was only one such ki commander.
Japanese: 六百人以上の場合は、大・少毅各一人、五百人以下ならば、ただ毅が一人置かれた。
English: Like gunryo (collective term for the dairyo and shoryo ranks of district manager), daiki and shoki (collectively called gunki) were also appointed from local leaders.
Japanese: 大毅・少毅（あわせて軍毅という）もまた郡領と同じく在地の首長層から任命された。
English: Gunji consisted of dairyo, shoryo, shusei and shucho.
Japanese: 郡司は、大領（だいりょう）・少領（しょうりょう）・主政（しゅせい）・主帳（しゅちょう）が置かれた。
English: Distircts were restricted to 20 villages in which 20 villages was comprised of 1,000 households, and were classified as one of five grades depending on the number of villages within the territory.
Japanese: 郡は二十里、二十里は千戸を上限として、その領内に含まれる里数によって五等級に区分される。
English: Daigun consisted of 16-20 villages, jogun of 12-15, chugun of 8-11, gegun of 4-7 and shogun of 2-3, among which gegun did not have a shusei, and shogun did not differentiate between dairyo and shoryo but rather there was only a single manager.
Japanese: 大郡は十六～二十里、上郡は十二～十五里、中郡は八～十一里、下郡は四～七里、小郡二～三里で、下郡には主政が置かれず、小郡では大領・少領を区別せずにただ領一人にを置いた。
English: Districts grew from the established miyake during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the mid-sixth century to become part of the local administration organization of the Yamato Dynasty.
Japanese: 郡は、六世紀の中葉頃の欽明朝に屯倉の設置が拡大されていき、ヤマト政権の地方政治組織となっていった。
English: The district system began with the enacting of the Taiho Code in 701 but regional administration organization before this time also consisted of 'kori' which was written using a different character (評).
Japanese: 郡の制度は701年（大宝元）施行の大宝令に始まるが、それ以前の地方行政組織は「評」と書かれ、「コオリ」と称された。
English: In 715, villages were renamed by go which were composed of 2 or 3 ri/sato and headed by a gocho (township chief).
Japanese: 715年（霊亀元）に里は郷（ごう）と改称され、郷は2～3里に分かれ統率者は郷長であった。
English: Each village had a head of village called "risei" but villages were abolished circa 740 and replaced by the gosei (township system).
Japanese: 里には里正が置かれたが、740年（天平12）頃を境に里は廃止され郷制に移行した。
English: The Kinai region consisted of Yamato Province, Kawachi Province, Settsu Province and Yamashiro Province, which were called "Shikinai" (lit. Four Kinai Provinces) but Izumi Province later became independent from Kawachi province and the region became known as "Gokinai" (lit. Five Kinai Provinces).
Japanese: 畿内は当初大和国（やまと）・河内国（かわち）・摂津国（せっつ）・山城国（やましろ）の四カ国からなり、四畿内と称されたが、のち河内の国から和泉国（いずみ）の国が分立して五畿内となった。
English: The shichido were administrative areas that followed the main roads (including water channels) which stretched away from the capital in all directions, and consisted of Tokaido, Tosando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido.
Japanese: 七道は京を中心にして四方にのびる幹線交通路（水路も含む）に沿った行政区分で、東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道である。
English: Among these, Saikaido contained Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) which was located in Chikuzen Province and, in addition to protecting national borders and conducting external affairs, served to govern all islands under its jurisdiction according to the koku-gun-ri system (province-district-village system).
Japanese: このうち西海道には大宰府（だざいふ）が筑前の国に置かれ、国境の防衛や外交事務に当たるとともに、管内諸国島を国、郡、里の三段階で統轄した。