nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Kamakura New Buddhism (new schools of Japanese Buddhism founded during the Kamakura period) and the Shingon Ritsushu Sect, which had been established independently of the Imperial Court, started to issue their original official certificates in the name of their respective sects instead of the Daijokan.
Japanese: 朝廷と無関係に成立した鎌倉新仏教や真言律宗は、太政官に替わって宗派の名において独自の度牒を発行するようになった。
English: The Edo Shogunate approved the issue of original certificates by each sect, but controlled the system by limiting the source of issue to their head temples.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は各宗派の独自発行を認めたが、替わりに発行元を本山に限定する事で統制を行った。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, these provisions were abolished and each sect has issued Docho official certificates (mostly at the time of entrance into the priesthood) on the basis of their respective stipulations.
Japanese: 明治維新後はこうした規定は廃止され、各宗派それぞれの規定に基づいて（大抵は得度時に）度牒を交付する事になっている。
English: Tsugenjakurei (1322 - June 7, 1391) was a Soto sect Buddhist monk during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 通幻寂霊（つうげんじゃくれい、元亨2年（1322年）-明徳2年/元中8年5月5日(旧暦)（1391年6月7日））は、南北朝時代(日本)の曹洞宗の僧。
English: He took the tonsure under Jozansozen of Daikoji Temple in Buzen Province at the age of 17, and in the next year he was ordained as a Buddhist priest by receiving the commandments of Buddhism at the ordination hall of Dazaifu.
Japanese: 17歳で豊前国大光寺の定山祖禅について出家し、翌年太宰府戒壇院で受戒している。
English: In 1340, he studied under Meihosotetsu at Daijo-ji Temple in Kaga Province, and in 1352, he studied under Gazanjoseki at Soji-ji Temple in Noto Province and inherited their teachings.
Japanese: 1340年加賀国大乗寺の明峰素哲に、1352年能登国總持寺の峨山韶碩に師事してその法を継いだ。
English: In 1358, he became the fifth head priest of Soji-ji Temple, and in 1370, he founded Yotaku-ji Temple in Tanba Province under the patronage of Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA.
Japanese: 1368年總持寺5世となり、1370年細川頼之の庇護を受け丹波国に永沢寺を開いた。
English: A legend say that Jyakurei was a baby who had been brought up by a ghost of 'Child rearing Ghost'.
Japanese: 民話「子育て幽霊」の幽霊によって育てられた赤ん坊の後身が寂霊であるとする伝承がある。
English: Kohokakumyo (1271 - June 27, 1361) was a Rinzai sect Buddhist monk from the late Kamakura period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 孤峰覚明（こほうかくみょう、文永8年（1271年）-康安元年/正平(日本)16年5月24日(旧暦)（1361年6月27日））は、鎌倉時代後期から南北朝時代(日本)にかけての臨済宗の僧。
English: As he learned that there was extralingual transmission of the Zen dharma 'Zen sect', he practiced Zen meditation under Muhonkakushin, who studied Buddhism in Sung China and was in Kokoku-ji Temple in Kii Province, and further studied the genuine Zen sect Buddhism under Ryozen Homyo in Dewa Province, then under Koho Kennichi in Ungan-ji temple in Nasu, and under Nanbo Shomyo in Hakata Sofuku-ji temple (in Fukuoka City, at present).
Japanese: 教外別伝の禅宗があることを知り、紀伊国興国寺において入宋僧である無本覚心に参禅し、更に出羽国の了然法明、那須雲岩寺の高峰顕日、博多崇福寺(福岡市)の南浦紹明に師事し本格的な禅宗を学ぶ。
English: In 1311, he went to China during the Yuan dynasty, practiced Zen meditation under Chuho Myohon, Kurinseimu, and others in Tianmu Mountain (Zhejiang Province), and returned to Japan.
Japanese: 1311年（応長元年）中国（元(王朝)）に渡り、天目山(浙江省)の中峰明本・古林清茂などに参禅したのち帰国した。
English: After studying under Nanbo Shomyo in Kencho-ji Temple in Kamakura and Keizan Jokin in Yoko-ji Temple in Noto Province, he founded Unju-ji Temple in Izumo Province.
Japanese: 鎌倉建長寺の南浦紹明・能登国永光寺の瑩山紹瑾に師事したのち、出雲国に雲樹寺を開いた。
English: He raised an army against Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was invited by Emperor Godaigo in Mt. Senjozan in Hoki Province where he provided advice to the emperor in response to the question, and conferred on the title Kokusai Kokushi and the Imperial prayer 'Tencho Unju Kosei Zenji.'
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府に対して挙兵し、伯耆国船上山にいた後醍醐天皇に招かれて天皇からの諮問に答え、国済国師の号と天長雲樹興聖禅寺の額を賜った。
English: He went up to Kyoto again and lived in Myoko-ji Temple, while conferred Emperor Gomurakami in Yoshino, Yamato Province his mantle and the title of Sanko Kokushi.
Japanese: 再び上洛して妙光寺に住し、一方で大和国吉野で後村上天皇に衣鉢を与え三光国師の号を賜った。
English: His portraits have been kept in Unju-ji Temple in Yasugi City, Shimane Prefecture, Kogaku-ji in Koshu City (former Enzan City), Yamanashi Prefecture, and others.
Japanese: 頂相は島根県安来市の雲樹寺や山梨県甲州市塩山市の向嶽寺などに所蔵されている。
English: The town names of 'Hamaderacho' in Nishiku in Sakai City and Takaoka City in Osaka Prefecture originated from the nickname 'Hama no Tera' for 'Daioji Temple' constructed by Sanko Kokushi.
Japanese: 大阪府堺市西区(堺市)と高石市には「浜寺町」と呼ばれる地域があり、これは三光国師が建てた「大雄寺」が「浜の寺」と呼ばれたことに由来する。
English: There are 'Sanko bridge' and 'Sanko hall' that originated in Sanko Kokushi in 2 chome, Hamadera Suwanomoricho naka, Nishiku, Sakai City.
Japanese: なお、現在の堺市西区浜寺諏訪森町中2丁に「三光橋」、「三光会館」と三光国師に由来するものが残っている。
English: Joan (790 - March 25, 844) was a Hosso sect Buddhist monk during the early Heian period.
Japanese: 静安（じょうあん、延暦9年（790年）-承和(日本)11年3月3日(旧暦)（844年3月25日））は、平安時代前期の法相宗の僧。
English: He studied the Hosso doctrine under Joto in Saidai-ji Temple in Nara and lived in Ganko-ji Temple.
Japanese: 奈良西大寺(奈良市)の常騰に師事して法相教学を学び、元興寺に住した。
English: Joan first carried out the religious service 'Butsumyoe' in 838 and 'Kanbutsuse' in the Imperial Court, and thereafter, the services continued as annual events of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 宮中において、838年（承和5年）に仏名会が、840年（承和7年）に潅仏会が静安によってはじめて修され、以後宮中における年中行事の法会となる。
English: Bodai Senna (Bodhisena, 704-760) was a priest from a foreign country in the Nara period.
Japanese: 菩提僊那（ぼだいせんな、ボーディセーナ、704年-760年）は、奈良時代の渡来僧。
English: His biography was recorded in "NanTenjiku Baramon Sojo Hi" (Stone Monument for Baramon Sojo [high Buddhist priest Barahman] from India) compiled by his disciple Shuei, and in 'Daianji Bodai Denraiki' (Introduction of bodhi at Daian-ji Temple) of "Todaiji Yoroku" (the Digest Record of Todai-ji Temple).
Japanese: 弟子の修栄が撰した『南天竺婆羅門僧正碑』及び『東大寺要録』中の「大安寺菩提伝来記」に伝記が残されている。
English: During his adolescence, he went to the Tang Dynasty China following the great achievement of Rookataksya and An Shigao.
Japanese: 彼は青年期に（唐(王朝)）へローカタクシャや安世高の偉業を追って渡った。
English: He preached mainly at Chongfu-si Temple of Changan in Tang, and during staying in China he was requested to visit Japan by a learned priest from Japan Rikyo and an assistant envoy of the tenth Kento-shi (a Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty China) NAKATOMI no Nashiro, then he came to Japan in 736 with a priest from Kingdom of Champa Buttetsu and a priest from Tang Dosen (Daoxuan).
Japanese: 唐では長安の崇福寺を拠点に活動していたようで、唐滞在中に日本からの入唐僧理鏡や第十次遣唐使副使中臣名代らの要請により、チャンパ王国出身の僧仏哲・唐の僧道璿とともに736年（天平8年）に来日した。
English: The three priests first visited Dazai-fu (local government office) in Kyushu, met Gyoki, entered Heijokyo (the capital of Japan in the Nara period), resided at Daian-ji Temple and was given jifuku (allocations of cloth, meaning economical support by the Imperial Court).
Japanese: 3人の僧ははじめ九州の大宰府に赴き、行基に迎えられて平城京に入り、その中の大安寺に住し、時服を与えられた。
English: In 751, he was appointed to Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest), and on April 9, 752, he served as a doshi (priest in charge of ceremonies) for Kaigan-kuyo (consecrating a newly made Buddhist statue or image by inserting the eyes) of the statue of Rushana-butsu in Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 751年（天平勝宝3年）僧正に任じられ、翌752年（天平勝宝4年）4月9日には東大寺盧舎那仏像の開眼供養の導師をつとめている。
English: On February 25, 760, he died facing the west and joining his palms together in Daian-ji Temple.
Japanese: 760年（天平宝字4年）2月25日、僊那は大安寺にて西方を向いて合掌したまま死去した。
English: By the invitation of Japanese including a priest Rikyo, in 726 he came to Japan with his master Bodai Senna and a priest from Tang Dosen (Daoxuan).
Japanese: 当時日本から唐に入っていた僧理鏡らの招きにより、726年（天平8年）師の菩提僊那・唐の僧道センとともに来日した。
English: Buttetsu taught some dance performances including 'Bosatsu' and 'Bato,' and 'Rinyugaku' (Indian music for dance later developed as a gagaku [Japanese court dance and music]).
Japanese: 「菩薩」・「抜頭」などといった舞や林邑楽（雅楽の楽種の一つ）を伝えた。
English: At Daian-ji Temple, he taught Rinyugaku to musicians and in 752 at the ceremony of Kaigan-kuyo (consecrating a newly made Buddhist statue or image by inserting the eyes) of Daibutsu (statue of Buddha) of Todai-ji Temple, he taught some dance to performers.
Japanese: 大安寺では林邑楽などを楽人に教え、752年（天平勝宝4年）の東大寺大仏開眼供養会の際も舞を伝授した。
English: Ryuzen (1038 - August 21, 1100) was a Hosso sect Buddhist monk in the late Heian period.
Japanese: 隆禅（りゅうぜん、長暦2年（1038年）-康和2年7月14日(旧暦)（1100年8月21日））は、平安時代後期の法相宗の僧。
English: In 1073, he served as an instructor in a Buddhist service Yuimae, was appointed an administrative position Risshi in 1082, served as the chief priest and the highest ranked monk Hoin at Kofukuji Temple, and was appointed a high-ranked administrative position Gondaisozu.
Japanese: 1073年（延久5年）維摩会の講師をつとめ、1082年（永保2年）に律師に任じられ、以後興福寺別当・法印を経て権大僧都に任じられた。
English: In 1087, he founded Daijoin Temple in Kofukuji Temple to become the first head priest, and laid a foundation for Daijoin Temple as a monzeki temple (a temple of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility enter the priesthood), which was comparable to Ichijoji Temple.
Japanese: 1087年（寛治元年）興福寺に大乗院を開創して第1世となり、一乗院と並ぶ門跡寺院としての大乗院の礎を築いた。
English: In 1096, he was appointed gon no betto (acting chief) of Kofukuji Temple and concurrently served as an official of Hasadera Temple and Daianji Temple in Yamato Province.
Japanese: 1096年（永長元年）には興福寺権別当に任じられ、大和国長谷寺・大安寺の寺務も兼任していた。
English: Koho (1306 - July 28, 1362) was a Shingon sect scholar-monk during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 杲宝（こうほう、徳治元年（1306年）-貞治元年/正平(日本)17年7月7日(旧暦)（1362年7月28日））は、南北朝時代(日本)の真言宗の学僧。
English: In his childhood he went up to Mt. Koya to become a priest, and thereafter, he studied Shingon Mikkyo, a form of Esoteric Buddhism, under Raiho of Bodaiin of Toji Temple.
Japanese: 幼いころに出家して高野山にのぼり、その後は東寺宝菩提院の頼宝に真言密教を学んだ。
English: Then, he underwent the ritual of consecration for Sanboryu by Joho of Makinoosan, and received the Dharma transmission abhiseka by Yokai of Jisonin of Kajuji Temple.
Japanese: ついで、槙尾山の浄宝に三宝流の灌頂を受け、勧修寺慈尊院の栄海に師事して伝法灌頂を受けた。
English: While successively serving as the head priest of a Buddhist service Kangakue in Toji Temple, Hoin, the highest ranked monk, and Daisojo, the highest rank in Japanese Buddhism, he was dedicated to the study of the Shingon doctrine so that he has been regarded as the restorer of the Shingon doctrine together with the monk Yukai in Mt. Koya.
Japanese: 東寺勧学会学頭・法印・大僧正を歴任する一方、真言教学の研究に専念し、高野山の宥快とともに真言教学の中興の祖と称される。
English: Omi Saigoku Sanjusankasho (the 33 temples in Omi Province of Saigoku [provinces in Kinki region]) refers to 33 sacred places enshrining Kannon for pilgrimage and are located in present Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 近江西国三十三箇所（おうみさいごくさんじゅうさんかしょ）とは、滋賀県にある33か所の観音霊場のこと。
English: Those sacred places with old temples are surrounded by mountains including Mt. Hira, Mt. Hiei and Mt. Suzuka, and have a rich natural environment and a history of more than one thousand years.
Japanese: 比良、比叡、鈴鹿などの山々に囲まれ、豊かな自然に抱かれて建つ古刹は、一千有余年の歴史を現在も刻んでいる。
English: Shotoku sect is one of Japanese Buddhism sect for which Horyu-ji Temple in Ikaruga-cho, Ikoma-gun, Nara Prefecture is Sohonzan (Grand Head temple).
Japanese: 聖徳宗（しょうとくしゅう）は、日本の仏教宗派の一つであり、奈良県生駒郡斑鳩町の法隆寺を総本山とする。
English: Hokki-ji Temple and Horin-ji Temple (Ikaruga-cho) are the shohonzan (a head temple) of the sect and here are 29 branch temples, such as Chugu-ji Temple, which is a Monzeki Temples (temple in which Imperial family serves as head priest).
Japanese: 小本山に法起寺・法輪寺(斑鳩町)、門跡寺院の中宮寺など末寺は、29ヵ寺。
English: It separated from the Hosso sect in 1950 and was granted status as religious corporation in 1952.
Japanese: 昭和25年（1950年）に、法相宗からの独立を果たす（宗教法人として認可されたのは、昭和27年（1952年））。
English: Chuin School is one of the sects of the Shingon Buddhism (Tomitsu) that places emphasis on jiso (one of Buddhism practical trainings).
Japanese: 中院流（ちゅういんりゅう）は、真言宗（東密）の事相（じそう）の法流の一つ。
English: Although it is a leading school in the Mount Koya tradition of esoteric Buddhism, it is not included in the Yataku Konpon Juniryu (12 schools of Hirosawa School and Ono School).
Japanese: 高野山に伝わる代表的な事相の法流であるが野澤根本十二流には入っていない。
English: Meizan devoted greater energy into the restoration of Mount Koya under Joyo of Koyasan (known as Kishin Shonin or Jikyo Shonin, titles for a Buddhist high priest).
Japanese: 明算は高野山定誉(祈親上人・持経上人)のもとに高野山の復興のために尽力した。
English: Residing in the Chuin (located outside the Naiin) of Mount Koya, Meizan drew a large number of monks wishing to learn jiso from him, due to his extensive knowledge of the hiketsu (esoteric secrets, namely, the methods of learning and protocols related to such methods) that had been handed down from the monk Kukai (Kobo Daishi) to Shinzen.
Japanese: 高野山の中院（弘法大師御住坊）に住して、空海（弘法大師）より真然に相承（受け継がれた）された秘訣（修法の方法や修法に関する決まりごとなど）に精通していたため、多くの僧侶が事相などの修学のために明算のもとを訪れたという。
English: To earn denpo-kanjo (the consecration for the Transmission of the Dharma) at Mount Koya, the Shidokegyo (Four Trainings) based on the Chuin School is conducted at a Shingon temple in Mount Koya (or at the kegyo dojo [Daibosatsuin Temple] when held at Koyasan University or even at Koyasan Shingon temple located outside Mount Koya).
Japanese: 高野山内で伝法灌頂を受法する場合、中院流の次第をもとにした四度加行（しどけぎょう）を高野山にある高野山真言宗の寺院（高野山大学で行う場合の加行道場（大菩提院）などもある。また、高野山以外の地域に所在する高野山真言宗寺院で行う場合もある。）で行う。
English: Today, the Chuin school commonly combines Shidokegyo with Rishukyobo (Principle of wisdom sutra)-kegyo discipline.
Japanese: 現在、中院流では、四度加行と併せて理趣経法（りしゅきょうぼう）加行を行うことが多い。
English: In addition, Goshinpo (self-defense)-kegyo may be conducted previous to Shidokegyo at some temples, based on their respective study protocols.
Japanese: またこの他に各寺固有の作法として護身法（ごしんぽう）加行を四度加行に入るより前に行うことがある。
English: Shidokegyo is a term used in the Shingon sect and schools other than Chuin also conducted Shidokegyo, but there may be some differences in discipline or sequence.
Japanese: 真言宗では四度加行は共通の名称だが、中院流以外の他の法流でも四度加行を行うが、行の内容や順序が違う場合がある。
English: In addition, Shidokegyo is an essential for every Shingon monks and is a basic method in esoteric Buddhist discipline.
Japanese: また、四度加行は真言宗の僧侶にとって必修であり、基本の行法(修法)である。
English: Shidokegyo of the Chuin school takes place four stages, namely Juhachi-do (Eighteen Paths), Kongo-kai (Diamond Realm), Taizo-kai (Womb Realm) and Goma (Fire Ritual), and each stage has Kegyo (trainings) and Shogyo (ascetic practices) disciplines.
Japanese: 中院流の四度加行では、十八道（じゅうはちどう）・金剛界（こんごうかい）・胎蔵界（たいぞうかい）・護摩（ごま)の4つの段階があり、4つの段階それぞれに加行（けぎょう）・正行（しょうぎょう）がある。
English: Denpo-kanjo is granted only after undergoing these four stages, and the qualified person is able to join denppo-kanjo-dan and gain the title of Denpo Ajari.
Japanese: 4つの段階を経て、伝法灌頂を受法する資格があり、伝法灌頂檀に入檀して、伝法阿闍梨位を得られる。
English: The difference between Chuin and other schools in Shidokegyo practice as an example, the Juhachi-do, which actually is named Juhachido-nenjukubi-shidai, consists of 18 types of mudra (symbolic hand gestures) and shingon (mantras).
Japanese: 中院流と他の法流の違いを四度加行を例として挙げれば、十八道は、詳しくは十八道念誦頸次第（じゅはちどうねんじゅくびしだい）といい、18種類の印契・真言で構成されている。
English: The image of Buddha worshipped, however, is Dainichi Nyorai for the Chuin school, Nyoirin Kanzeon Bosatsu for Sanpoin school and Ryobu-funi Dainichi Nyorai for the Denboin School.
Japanese: ここまでは他流でも同様であるが、そのときの本尊は、中院流で大日如来、三宝院流では如意輪観世音菩薩、伝法院流では、両部不二の大日如来である。
English: The principal image of worship during Shidokegyo in the Chuin school is the picture image of Kongokai Dainichi Nyorai alone is enshrined for the stages of Juhachido kegyo and shogyo and Kongokai kegyo.
Japanese: なお、中院流の四度加行中の本尊の仕様を記せば、十八道加行・正行・金剛界加行までは絵像で単独で描かれた金剛界大日如来を安置することになっている。
English: The images of Kongokai Dainichi Nyorai, the Statue of Kobodaishi, and Koya Shisha Myojin are enshrined.
Japanese: また、絵像の金剛界大日如来と弘法大師像・高野四社明神（絵像）を併せて安置することになっている。
English: During Kongokai-kegyo and Taizokai-kegyo, the principal object of worship is Kongokai Mandala, and during Taizokai-shogyo, Taizo Mandala is the object of worship.
Japanese: 金剛界正行・胎蔵界加行の間は金剛界曼荼羅を、胎蔵界正行には胎蔵曼荼羅を本尊とする。
English: In many cases, the three images are displayed at front and are not changed until reaching the Goma-shogyo stage.
Japanese: 当初より三幅(もしくは両界)を正面に安置し護摩正行まで掛け替えない場合も多い。
English: The Shidokegyo of the Chuin school requires the start of Sho-gyo discipline in the Juhachi-do with worship repeated 108 times (or 21 times) as practice to repent and seek forgiveness of sins and later by raihai-kegyo (kegyo) of chanting the sutra and the mantra.
Japanese: 中院流の四度加行の過程を記せば、十八道の正行に入るためには、懺悔滅罪のための行として108遍（もしくは21遍）の礼拝（らいはい）をして、読経・真言念誦をする礼拝加行（加行）を行う。
English: Sho-gyo begins for completion of 'Juhachido-nenju-kubishidai,' which Sho-gyo method of discipline serves as Kegyo for the next stage, Kongokai, which then in turn serves as the Sho-gyo method for Kongokai (Kongokai-nenju-shidai), progressing on similarly to use as Kegyo for Taizokai stage.
Japanese: その後、「十八道念誦頸次第」を行法する十八道の正行に入り、（十八道を終えたたことになる）十八道の正行で用いた「十八道念誦次第」の行法が、次の金剛界の加行となり、つぎに金剛界への正行(金剛界念誦次第)に進み、金剛界の正行の行法が、胎蔵界の加行となる。
English: (With Shogyo in Taizokai used as Shogyokai-nenju-shidai) Kegyo-Shogyo cycle is repeated for a finite number of days until completion of Shogyo in the Goma stage (where the shidai is 'Sokusaigoma-watakushi-shidai-tsuketari-fudo').
Japanese: (胎蔵界の正行は胎蔵界念誦次第を用いる)こうして加行・正行と繰り返して、護摩の正行(次第は「息災護摩私次第付不動」そくさいごまわたくししだいつけたりふどう)が終えるまで日数を決めて繰り返し行う。
English: However, the reading of the shidai (a book which the method of Shidokegyo or esoteric ritual written) alone does not complete training in each realm of the process.
Japanese: しかし、次第（四度加行や修法の方法などを記した書物）を読むだけでは、事相の習得は出来ない。
English: The oral tradition of the Ajari (high priest) which was not written in the shidai is an essential component of the discipline, and the methods based on this oral tradition and contents of the shidai complete mastery in practical training.
Japanese: 次第に記されていない阿闍梨（師）の口伝（師から弟子への面授）が不可欠であり、この口伝に基づいた作法と次第の内容を行うことが事相を習得することである。
English: The most simplified Kegyo (shortest) is taken place for 28 days and it may sometimes be for 100 days, therefore the number of days are determined in advance.
Japanese: また、最略加行（最短）で28日間、100日間行う場合もあり、日数を定めるようになってきている。
English: Previously, the training was conducted over a long duration but it has been revised later that the number of days are determined.
Japanese: 以前は長期間にわたり行っていたが、後になり日数を定めるようになった。
English: Shidokegyo consists of three training sessions a day, namely, shoya (at seven p.m.), goya (at four a.m.) and nicchu (at ten a.m.), and when it is interrupted, the practice will start from the beginning.
Japanese: 四度加行は、一日に三座、初夜（午後7時）・後夜（午前4時）・日中（午前10時）行い、四度加行を中断した場合は最初からやりなおすことになっている。
English: In addition, a person during the Shidokegyo training must obey strict rules by performing purification bathing before training, as well as bathing with water for purification after trips to the toilet.
Japanese: また、四度加行中は斎戒沐浴を行い、修法中に便所に行って中座した場合は、直ちに水浴して身体を清浄にしてからでないと修法が行えないなど、厳格な規則がある。
English: In order to receive practical training (in the Shingon sect), koka-kanjo permission must be granted by the Ajari or master without exception.
Japanese: （真言宗で）事相の伝授を受けるためには、必ず、事相の教えを乞う、阿闍梨（師）より許可灌頂(こかかんじょう)を受けなければならない。
English: In the process of Shidokegyo, although the practical training, which is necessary as a manner for Kegyo is taught, denpo-kanjo is essential for undergoing Ichiryu-denju (initiation of practical training in the Shingon sect) because denpo-kanjo is necessary to receive training in the discipline.
Japanese: 四度加行を行う過程で、加行を行うための作法で必要とされる事相の伝授が適宜、行われるが、伝法灌頂を受けていないと伝授出来ない行法(修法)があるため、事相の一流伝授を受けるためには伝法灌頂を受けていることが必須条件である。
English: After Chuin school's Ichiryu-denju is completed, many monks pursue further advancement in training by studying other teachings over a period of several years (which may vary by monk because each monk have temple affairs to attend to in addition to training) to receive Ichiryu-denju in such schools.
Japanese: 中院流の一流伝授を受けた後、事相の研鑽のためにさらに、他の法流を数年の期間をかけて学んで、（僧侶によっては、寺院の寺務があるため、学び終えるまでの期間には個人差がある）法流の一流伝授を受ける僧侶も多い。
English: If a monk wishes to learn an esoteric method in other schools, training in the method without going through the entire process is possible.
Japanese: 他法流に自分が学びたい修法があった場合、その修法だけの伝授を受けることが出来る。
English: Details of the teachings may be different in each Ajari who will be in charge of teaching.
Japanese: 伝授の内容は、指導する阿闍梨（師）により細部に関しては個人差がある。
English: Such difference may occur because, for instance, each Ajari had learned in different schools other than Chuin school.
Japanese: これは伝授をする阿闍梨（師）が中院流以外の流派の伝授を受けていたりなどの理由が挙げられる。
English: Valuing Menju (person-to-person teaching based on oral communication) in the teaching of practical training is one of the reasons to split into various schools.
Japanese: 事相の伝授には面授（口伝）を重んじたためであり、このことが事相の流派が分派した理由でもある。
English: Although nearly all monks (temples) at Mount Koya provide training of the Chuin school, there are also some monks who studied under other schools and teaches other teachings to the monks if requested.
Japanese: 高野山内では中院流を教えている僧侶（寺院）がほとんどだが、中院流と他の法流を受け継いでいる僧侶（寺院）が高野山内にあり、希望する僧侶に他の法流を教えることもある。
English: Kamakura Bukkyo (Kamakura Buddhism) refers to the movement for Buddhist reform developed from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura Period.
Japanese: 鎌倉仏教（かまくらぶっきょう）とは、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけて発生した仏教変革の動きを指す。
English: Sometimes the Buddhist sects which were newly established by the influence of the spread of Jodo-shiso (Pure Land Buddhism) and the introduction of the Zen sect are especially called 'Kamakura Shin Bukkyo' (Kamakura New Buddhism').
Japanese: 特に浄土思想の普及や禅宗の伝来の影響によって新しく成立した仏教宗派のことを鎌倉新仏教（かまくらしんぶっきょう）と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: Although Heian Bukkyo (Buddhism in the Heian period) had been for court nobles, Kamakura New Buddhism spread among newly rising samurai class (especially, the Rinzai sect and the Soto sect) and among the common people (especially, the Jodo sect, the Jodoshin sect, the Ji sect and the Nichiren sect).
Japanese: 平安仏教が貴族仏教であったのにたいして、鎌倉新仏教はあらたに台頭してきた武士階級（特に臨済宗・曹洞宗）や一般庶民へと広がっていった（浄土宗・浄土真宗・時宗・日蓮宗）。
English: However, partly because of the suppression by Sanmon (the Tendai sect) and by the powerful families who cooperated with Sanmon, it was after the Sengoku period (period of warring states, Japan) that those sects began to have a power (except the Rinzai sect which was protected by Kamakura bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]).
Japanese: ただし、山門（天台宗）勢力やそれと結んだ権門体制勢力の弾圧もあり、これらの宗派が力を持ち始めるのは戦国時代(日本)以降である（鎌倉幕府の庇護を受けた臨済宗を除く）。
English: Categorizing Kamakura Buddhism into 'Old Buddhism' and 'New Buddhism' is relatively new idea.
Japanese: 鎌倉仏教を「旧仏教」「新仏教」と呼んで区分する考え方は比較的新しい考え方である。
English: These terms were first used in "Nihon Bukkyoshi-ko" (Outline of the History of Japanese Buddhism) published in the Meiji period (1898-1899) by Senjo MURAKAMI who is regarded as the pioneer of the research on the history of Buddhism in Japan.
Japanese: この語が最初に用いられたのは、日本仏教史研究の先駆者とされる村上専精が明治期に出した『日本仏教史綱』（1898年－1899年）である。
English: He described the term 'new Buddhism' with the explanation of the movement of the reform by the priests of the old Buddhism including Myokei, and defined the temples which did not join in such movement as 'conventional Buddhism' or 'old sect.'
Japanese: 「新仏教」という表現には明恵以下の旧仏教側の改革の動きをも含めて解説し、こうした動きに加わらなかった既存寺院を「従来仏教」「古宗」と表記している。
English: In the Taisho period, there appeared the views which distinguished above 6 sects that established in the Kamakura period from the other sects.
Japanese: そして大正期に入ってから、鎌倉時代に成立した上記6宗派をもって既存宗派と区別する見解が登場した。
English: After Zennosuke TSUJI used the terms 'old sect' and 'new sect,' Tokujo OYA used 'old Buddhism' and 'new Buddhism' like today, then these terms became fixed.
Japanese: 辻善之助が「旧宗」「新宗」、続いて大屋徳城が今日のような「旧仏教」「新仏教」と呼んで以後、この呼称が定着した。
English: However, recently some problems about the categorization are pointed out.
Japanese: ところが、近年入るとこうした分け方にいくつかの問題点が指摘されている。
English: Among them, the biggest problem is 'whether the Shingon-ritsu sect founded by Eison and Ninsho was a new Buddhism or not.'
Japanese: が、一番の問題とされているのが、「叡尊・忍性の真言律宗は新仏教ではないのか？」という点である。
English: Kenji MATSUO proposed a theory that the Shingon-ritsu sect was one of the Kamakura New Buddhism as following.
Japanese: 松尾剛次は、以下のように、真言律宗を鎌倉新仏教の1つとする説を唱えた。
English: He considered that 'the independence from the nation' and 'the relief of the individual' were the most important factors of Kamakura New Buddhism, and these two factors made them possible to change from the Buddhism for the court nobles to Kamakura New Buddhism, the Buddhism for the common people.
Japanese: 鎌倉新仏教の最も重要な要素を「国家からの自立」と「個人の救済」と捉え、この2つがあって初めて貴族仏教から脱却して民衆仏教としての鎌倉新仏教が成立したとする.。