nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This temple had many followers because it had the longest history among the branch temples and Katata prospered as a base of the water transport of Lake Biwa, which made it as rich as Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 同寺は末寺の中でも歴史が長く信徒も大勢いたこと、堅田が琵琶湖水運の拠点として栄えていた事から、本願寺に勝るとも劣らない裕福な寺院であった。
English: Although the formal reason was to concentrate the power on Hongan-ji Temple by suppressing the power of large-scale branch temples, the real reason was seemingly to revenge the permanent disadvantage of Renjun's newly-built Kensho-ji Temple in Otsu city in a scramble for followers and donations between Hongan-ji Temple whose parish overlapped with that of Kensho-ji Temple.
Japanese: そのため、表向きはこうした大規模な末寺の権力を抑圧して本願寺に権力を集めることとされたが、実際には大津市にあった蓮淳の顕証寺と地域が重複するために門徒・布施の取り合いとなり、常に新興の顕証寺が不利に立ってしまうことに対しての腹いせであったと言われている。
English: When this temple was once excommunicated during Jitsunyo's lifetime, Renjun allegedly compelled the followers of Honpuku-ji Temple to sign to approve forged evidence as true.
Japanese: 既に実如在世中にも同寺は一度破門を受けているが、その際蓮淳は本福寺の門徒を圧迫して捏造した証拠を真実と認めさせる署名まで行わせたと言われている。
English: Later, the gobo prepared by Honpuku-ji Temple as an evacuation of Rennyo and Jitsunyo was given to Jitsugen, who had been banished for being selected as the opposing hoshu during 'Osaka ichiran,' when he was allowed to return, and it became independent as one of the family temples and renamed Shotoku-ji Temple (later renamed Jikei-ji Temple).
Japanese: その後、本福寺が用意した蓮如・実如が退避していた御坊は「大坂一乱」で対立法主に立てられて追放された実賢が復帰を許された際に与えられて一門寺院の一つとして独立して称徳寺と改称した（後年に慈敬寺と再び改名する）。
English: After Jitsugen's death, Renjun who served as the guardian of this temple excommunicated Honpuku-ji Temple again in 1527 under the pretext that Honpuku-ji Temple, an Ikke temple, attempted to block Shotoku-ji Temple from headhunting followers, which meant treachery to 'Ichimon-Ikke System' and eventually to Hongan-ji itself.
Japanese: 実賢の死後、同寺の後見もしていた蓮淳は大永7年（1527年）称徳寺が本福寺の門徒を引き抜こうとして一家寺院の本福寺がそれを阻止しようとしたのは「一門一家制」、ひいては本願寺そのものへの反逆であるとして本福寺は再度破門された。
English: This was because Honpuku-ji Temple did not send a rescue when Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple and Kensho-ji Temple suffered a fire attack, but Honpuku-ji Temple did not have enough followers to form a rescue due to the complete destruction caused by the last two excommunications and, seen from the fact that Renjun was the first person who escaped, this accusation was totally wrong and quite a false charge.
Japanese: これは後述の山科本願寺と顕証寺が焼き討ちにされた際に本福寺が救援を出さなかったことを理由にしたものであるが、これは2度の破門で本福寺が完全に荒廃して救援を出せるだけの門徒もいなかったこと、そして後述のように当の蓮淳が真っ先に逃亡している事から見れば明らかに本末転倒であり、逆恨みでしかなかった。
English: In July 19, 1540, after Meiso at Honpuku-ji Temple starved to death at 72 as a result of the oppression, Renjun released Honpuku-ji Temple from excommunication with the condition that it became a branch temple of Shotoku-ji Temple (Jikei-ji Temple).
Japanese: 天文9年6月2日_(旧暦)に本福寺明宗が迫害の果てに72歳で餓死すると、蓮淳は破門解除の条件として称徳寺（慈敬寺）の末寺になるという条件を付けものであった。
English: This drove Honpuku-ji Temple to practical extinction as a lesson to other temples.
Japanese: これによって本福寺は見せしめのために廃絶寸前にまで追い込まれたのである。
English: In 1527 when Harumoto HOSOKAWA (Sumimoto's child) supported by Motonaga MIYOSHI raised an army against anti-Hongan-ji Temple Takakuni HOSOKAWA, Renjun sent his aides Raishu and Raisei of the SHIMOTSUMA brothers to support Harumoto.
Japanese: 大永7年（1527年）反本願寺の細川高国に対して三好元長が擁立する細川晴元（澄元の子）が挙兵した際に側近の下間頼秀・下間頼盛兄弟を晴元側に派遣して支援をした。
English: In return, Harumoto requested the occupation of a manor owned by the Takakuni sect, and Renjun assigned his adopted son-in-law Jikken at Chosho-ji Temple and Raishu SHIMOTSUMA to deal with it.
Japanese: これに対して晴元は北陸にある高国派荘園の占拠を要望し、蓮淳はこの処理に自分の娘婿である超勝寺実顕と下間頼秀を任じた。
English: Chosho-ji Temple had been oppressed in the same way as Hongaku-ji Temple by Gashu Sanka-ji Temples since the incident caused by Rene at Hongaku-ji Temple as mentioned before, but it was originally a historic branch temple that had existed before Rennyo and had followers all around Hokuriku, and its fame described as 'Chosho-ji Temple in the north, Hongaku-ji Temple in the south' was invariable even after the uprising of the Ikko sect followers in Kaga.
Japanese: 超勝寺は先の本覚寺蓮恵の一件以来、本覚寺と並んで賀州三ヶ寺から圧迫を受けていたが元々は蓮如以前からの由緒のある末寺であり、北陸全域に門徒を抱えており、｢北の超勝寺・南の本覚寺｣と呼ばれてきた状況は加賀一向一揆後も変わりがなかった。
English: Jitsugen replaced the local governors of the manor with his own followers without any consultations to Gashu Sanka-ji Temples on the strength of the command of Renjun, a father-in-law of Shonyo, issued under the name of hoshu Shonyo.
Japanese: 実顕は法主証如名義で出された舅蓮淳の命令をたてに賀州三ヶ寺に相談もなくこれらの荘園代官を自己の門徒に交代させていった。
English: In reaction to this, Gashu Sanka-ji Temple side--Rengo, Renko and his child Renkei, Kensei, and Jitsugo--protested to Hongan-ji Temple and denounced Jitsugen and Raishu SHIMOTSUMA.
Japanese: これに対して、賀州三ヶ寺側の蓮悟･蓮綱（蓮慶）父子・顕誓・実悟は本願寺に抗議するとともに実顕と下間頼秀を糾弾した。
English: On May 25, 1531, Gashu Sanka-ji Temples gave orders to subdue Chosho-ji Temple on the grounds that it violated 'Sanhorei' and 'Ichimon-Ikke System.'
Japanese: そして享禄4年（1531年）5月9日_(旧暦)、賀州三ヶ寺は「三法令」・「一門一家制」違反などを理由に超勝寺討伐の命令を下した。
English: However, Chosho-ji Temple was reinforced by Rene of Hongaku-ji Temple, who held grudge since the above matter, and made the followers of the two temple all over Hokuriku rise up in revolt, which made Gashu Sanka-ji Temples suffer beyond their expectations.
Japanese: ところが、超勝寺は先の一件に恨みを抱く本覚寺蓮恵の救援を受けた上、更に北陸各地にいる両寺の門徒を蜂起させたために賀州三ヶ寺は思わぬ苦戦を強いられる。
English: Moreover, receiving the report from Raishu SHIMOTSUMA who rushed back to Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple, Rennyo asserted that Jitsugen of Chosho-ji Temple just followed the order from hoshu and that those who opposed the order were the traitors to hoshu, and gave orders under the name of Shonyo to Chosho-ji Temple and the followers throughout the country that Gashu Sanka-ji Temples be subjugated.
Japanese: 更に急遽山科本願寺に戻った下間頼秀の報告を受けた蓮淳は超勝寺実顕の行為はあくまでも法主の命令に従ったものであり、その命に逆らうものは法主への反逆であるとして超勝寺と全国の門徒に対して賀州三ヶ寺の討伐命令を証如の名で発したのである。
English: In June, the followers from the Tokai region and Kinai massed in Yamashina, left for the front under the command of Jitsunyo's child Jitsuen and Raisei SHIMOTSUMA, and invaded Kaga from the Hida mountains with the support of the Uchigashima clan in Hida Province, who had been known as one of the followers.
Japanese: 6月には東海地方・畿内の門徒が山科に結集して、実如の子である実円と下間頼盛に率いられて出陣し、門徒として知られていた飛騨国の内ヶ島氏の支援を受けて飛騨山中から加賀に侵入した。
English: Looking at this, the followers of Gashu Sanka-ji Temples became greatly upset and one betrayal happened after another in fear of being 'Enemies of Buddhists' so that Shoko-ji Temple and Honsen-ji Temple were immediately taken by Hongan-ji Temple's army organized by the followers of Chosho-ji Temple and the reinforcements.
Japanese: これを見た賀州三ヶ寺側の門徒の動揺は激しく、｢仏敵｣になることを恐れた寝返りが相次いだため、松岡寺と本泉寺はたちまち超勝寺と援軍を主力とする本願寺軍の手に奪われた。
English: Takakage ASAKURA (10th family head) in Echizen, who were seeking a chance to give a blow to Hongan-ji Temple, dispatched troops to support Gashu Sanka-ji Temples.
Japanese: これに対して本願寺に打撃を与える機会を狙っていた越前の朝倉孝景(10代当主)が賀州三ヶ寺の支援のために加賀へ出兵。
English: Then, Ietoshi HATAKEYAMA, a family member of the Hatakeyama clan in Noto and Renno's real brother sent troops to Kaga on the ground of assisting his nephew Jitsugo after he got permission from the lord Yoshifusa HATAKEYAMA.
Japanese: 続いて能登畠山氏の一族で蓮能の実兄・畠山家俊も甥である実悟救援を理由に主君畠山義総の許しを得て加賀へ出兵した。
English: On November 5, around the Tedori River in Kaga Province, the allied troops of Norikage (Soteki) ASAKURA and Gashu Sanka-ji Temples once defeated the troops of Hongan-ji Temple, but in the Battle of Tsubata in November the counterattack by Hongan-ji Temple's side killed Ietoshi HATAKEYAMA and annihilated his troops and Kokyo-ji Temple, the last temple of Gashu Sanka-ji Temples was captured.
Japanese: 9月26日_(旧暦)、加賀国手取川において朝倉教景（宗滴）・賀州三ヶ寺連合軍が本願寺軍を一旦は破るものの、11月の津幡の戦いでは逆に本願寺側の反撃によって畠山家俊らが討ち死にして潰滅し、賀州三ヶ寺最後の光教寺も陥落した。
English: Consequently, Renko was confined and died soon, Renkei was executed, Rengo, Kensei, and Jitsugo fled from Kaga and became the subject of orders to hunt them down issued to branch temples and followers all through the country, and six years later they were officially excommunicated for the Hongaku-ji Temple assault plan executed by the old Gashu Sanka-ji Temples followers.
Japanese: この戦いで蓮綱は幽閉されて間もなく死去、蓮慶は処刑され、蓮悟・顕誓・実悟は加賀を脱出して全国の末寺・門徒に対して引き続き追討命令が下され、6年後の旧賀州三ヶ寺門徒の本覚寺襲撃計画を理由に正式に破門された。
English: This perfected the ruling system with Hongan-ji Temple's hoshu at the top, and at the same time the maternal grandfather Renjun, who had purged the major family members, started to build an absolute position under the name of hoshu Shonyo (Renjun seems to have later repented killing or banishing his brothers and his nephew because, nineteen years after the battle, just before he died, he asked Shonyo to permit reassociation of the survivors, Kensei, Jitsugo, and others).
Japanese: これによって本願寺法主を頂点とする支配体制が完成し、同時に主だった一族を悉く粛清した外祖父蓮淳が法主・証如を擁して絶対的な地位を築き上げることになる（さすがの蓮淳も兄弟や甥を殺害したり追放したことを後には後悔したらしく、乱から19年後の死の間際になって証如に要望して顕誓・実悟ら生き残りの復帰が認められている）。
English: This internal conflict developed into the battle between the Ikko sects in which the Chosho-ji Temple and Hongan-ji Temple side which confined to orders from Hongan-ji hoshu was called 'Dai-Ikki' (Big League) and the Gashu Sanka-ji Temples side which was purged as traitors despite they were authorized as governors of the Kaga Domain was called 'Sho-Ikki' (Little League), which is why this battle is also called 'Daisho Ikki.'
Japanese: この内紛は一向一揆同士の戦いに発展した事から、本願寺法主の命令を奉じた超勝寺・本覚寺側を「大一揆」、加賀の国主権限を認められながら反逆者として粛清された賀州三ヶ寺側を「小一揆」と呼ぶ事からこれを「大小一揆」とも呼ばれる。
English: After this battle, the followers in the Hokuriku region including Kaga fell under the direct dominance of the magistrates dispatched by the Hongan-ji Temple, and in 1546 Oyama Gobo was built in Kanazawa City as its symbol.
Japanese: これによって加賀を初めとする北陸地方の門徒は本願寺派遣の代官による直接支配下に置かれることとなり、天文15年(1546年)にその象徴として金沢市に尾山御坊が建立されることになる。
English: In June, in the middle of the Kyoroku War, Harumoto HOSOKAWA enhanced his fame by winning the Battle of Daimotsu and making Takakuni HOSOKAWA commit suicide, which also enhanced the reputation of Renjun who supported Harumoto.
Japanese: 享禄の錯乱の最中であった6月、大物崩れの勝者として細川高国を自害させ、声望を高めた細川晴元であったが、その晴元支持派だった蓮淳の名声も更に高まった。
English: At that time, Renjun was asked by Nagamasa KIZAWA, who was trying to leave his master Yoshitake (Yoshinobu) HATAKEYAMA, the governor of Kawachi Province, to belong to Harumoto, to intervene for his betrayal, but it soon came to Yoshinobu's attention.
Japanese: その頃、主家である河内守護畠山義堯から離反して晴元への転属を画策する木沢長政から、晴元への内応の仲介依頼を受けた蓮淳であったが、間もなくこの事を義宣に知られてしまう。
English: Although he was annoyed about Motonaga who often criticized him, it was not advantageous to help almost losing Nagamasa, and therefore he attempted to put this battle to an end by calling on withdrawal to both sides.
Japanese: 自分に度々意見する元長の存在を疎ましく思っていたとはいえ、劣勢の長政への肩入れも得策ではなかったためか、両軍への撤兵要請で事を収めようとした。
English: However, in May, 1532, the allied troops of Hatakeyama and Miyoshi attacked Nagamasa KIZAWA again.
Japanese: だが翌享禄5年（1532年）5月、畠山・三好連合は、木沢長政を再攻する。
English: So Harumoto requested Renjun, who caused the KIZAWA incident, to cooperate in putting down Yoshitaka and Motonaga.
Japanese: そこで晴元は、木沢の一件の発端を作った蓮淳に対して、義堯と元長の討伐への協力を依頼した。
English: Renjun accepted the situation where "a religious community participated in a mere war between samurai families."
Japanese: 『単なる武家の騒乱でありながら宗門が参戦する』事態を、蓮淳は了承した。
English: Renjun, who was responsible for the religious community in Kinai, had strong resentment against Motonaga, who was a pious follower of the Hokke sect (Nichiren sect).
Japanese: 畿内における宗門の責任者であった蓮淳は、熱心な法華宗徒であった元長に対し深い恨みを抱いていた。
English: In the past, Motonaga MIYOSHI, who had heard the Hongan-ji Temple followers persecute the Hokke sect followers in Izumi and Yamashiro, oppressed the Hongan-ji Temples side.
Japanese: 以前、本願寺門徒による和泉や山城の法華宗徒への圧迫の一件を聞きつけた三好元長によって、本願寺側は弾圧を加えられた事があった。
English: That is why Renjun recommended Shonyo, the hoshu himself who turned 17, to go for a battle, and positioned this battle as "the ultimate battle between Jodo Shinshu and the Hokke sect" in Kinai to encourage all the followers in Kinai to participate in this battle, in order to make this battle a big campaign.
Japanese: そのため蓮淳は、17歳になった証如に勧めて法主である証如自らに出陣させ、畿内における『浄土真宗と法華宗の最終決戦』と位置づけることで全畿内の門徒結集を促して、この戦いを大きく盛り上げたのである。
English: On July 17, 1532, the battle situation drastically changed by the participation of 100,000 (200,000 in a theory) Hongan-ji Temple followers.
Japanese: 同年6月15日(旧暦)（7月17日）、10万（一説には20万）と言われた本願寺門徒の参戦で戦況は一変。
English: Yoshitaka HATAKEYAMA failed to run away and killed himself as well as Motonaga MIYOSHI who was forced to take his own life at besieged Kenpon-ji Temple in Sakai City on July 22.
Japanese: 逃げ切れなかった畠山義堯を自害させた上に、同月6月20日(旧暦)（7月22日）には包囲した堺市の顕本寺(堺市)で三好元長を自害に追い込んだ。
English: Besides, Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA, who had dwelled in Sakai City, was banished to Shikoku, and consequently Sakaikubo (the municipal government based in Sakai City) perished.
Japanese: その上、堺に鎮座していた足利義維の四国追放も重なって堺公方も消滅させている。
English: However, the uprising of the Ikki army did not calm down even after the battle against Motonaga MIYOSHI, the enemy of Buddhists and a symbol of the Hokke sect, and the voice of followers to drive away other Buddhist schools than the Hokke sect overwhelmed the withholding orders by Shonyo and Renjun.
Japanese: ところが、一向一揆にとって法華宗の象徴ともいうべき仏敵三好元長との戦いが終わっても一揆軍の蜂起は収まらず、法華宗以外の仏教宗派を追放すべきだとする門徒の声が、証如や蓮淳による静止命令をも振り払った。
English: In Yamato Province, the Ikki army charged into Nara to destroy the provincial governorate Kofuku-ji Temple and Junko TSUTSUI and Toshimoto OCHI, who were growing like daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period in the province.
Japanese: 大和国では守護である興福寺と同国内で戦国大名化しつつあった筒井順興・越智利基を攻め滅ぼすべく一揆軍が奈良に突入した。
English: The Ikki army burned down all the sub-temples of Kofuku-ji Temple including Daijo-in Temple (the practice spot of Rennyo in his childhood) which had some connection with Hongan-ji Temple, and it is said that all the carp in Sarusawa-ike Pond and all the deer in Kasuga-sha Shrine were eaten up by them.
Japanese: 一揆は本願寺にとってもゆかりがある大乗院（蓮如幼少時修行の場所）を始めとして興福寺の全ての塔頭を焼き払い、猿沢池のコイや春日社のシカも悉く食い尽くされたと言われている。
English: In the end, the Ikko-Ikki army was expelled from Nara by the reinforcements of the Tsutsui and Ochi clans, but Hongan-ji Temple lost its prestige and could not avoid accepting the permanent prohibition of entering Nara.
Japanese: 最終的には筒井氏・越智氏の援軍によって一向一揆は奈良から追われたものの、本願寺は面目を失墜して奈良の永代禁制を受け入れざるを得なくなった。
English: Surprised at this, Harumoto HOSOKAWA decided to separate from Hongan-ji Temple and suppress the Ikko-Ikki army from the position of Muromachi bakufu kanrei (a shogunal deputy for the Muromachi bakufu).
Japanese: これに驚いた細川晴元は室町幕府管領の立場から、本願寺との決別と一向一揆鎮圧を決意する。
English: Knowing it, Renjun virtually affirmed the action of the Ikko-Ikki army and ordered to attack Harumoto HOSOKAWA.
Japanese: これを知った蓮淳は一向一揆の行動を事実上追認して細川晴元攻撃を命じた。
English: However, Nagamasa KIZAWA first responded to Harumoto's order, followed by Omi shugo (the governor of Omi Province) Sadayori ROKKAKU who abhorred Hongan-ji Temple, and the Hokke-Ikki army mobilized by the Hokke sect followers in Kyoto and Yamashiro Province to confront the Ikko-Ikki army.
Japanese: ところが晴元の命令にまず木沢長政が従い、更に本願寺を嫌う近江守護六角定頼と一向一揆に対抗する形で京都と山城国の法華宗徒が編成した法華一揆が呼応した。
English: On September 6, 1532, after the era changed to Tenbun, the Hokke-Ikki army assembled in Kyoto and attacked temples after temples belonging to the Hongan-ji Temple community, and on September 11 they associated with the Rokkaku clan and captured Kensho-ji Temple in Otsu where Renjun stayed, and on September 23 they besieged Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple where Shonyo stayed, with a large force of 30,000 men, and on August 22 (the old calendar) Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple went up in flames.
Japanese: 天文に改元後の同年8月7日_(旧暦)、京都に集結した法華一揆は京都にある本願寺教団の寺院を次々に攻撃、8月12日_(旧暦)には六角氏と連合して蓮淳のいる大津の顕証寺を攻め落とし、続いて8月23日_(旧暦)には、証如のいる山科本願寺を3万の大軍が包囲して、8月24日_(旧暦)には同寺も炎上した。
English: Before Kensho-ji Temple fell down, however, the most important figure Renjun ran away to another foothold Ise-Nagashima Gansho-ji Temple, and hid himself in his son Jitsue's place (Jodo Shishu) (by the way, the third excommunication of Honpuku-ji Temple, mentioned above, was done in the course of this event).
Japanese: ところが肝腎の蓮淳は顕証寺陥落の際にもう一つの拠点であった伊勢長島願証寺へと逃走して息子実恵(浄土真宗)の元に潜伏した（ちなみに前述の本福寺の3度目の破門が行われたのはこの最中であった）。
English: Isolated Shonyo was found by Renyo's youngest son Jitsuju, who had retreated into Yamashina Hongan-ji Temple, and was narrowly carried away to Ishiyama Gobo.
Japanese: 孤立した証如は山科本願寺に退避していた蓮如の末子・実従が発見して辛うじて石山御坊に連れ出したのである。
English: Shonyo renamed Ishiyama Gobo 'Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple' and made it his new foothold, and ordered Raishu and Raisei SHIMOTSUMA who were taking command in place of Renjun, to defend the temple, but Tomita Kyogyo-ji Temple was captured and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple was surrounded by the allied army of Hosokawa, Rokkaku, and the Hokke-Ikki army.
Japanese: 証如は石山御坊を「石山本願寺」と改めて、新たな根拠地として蓮淳に代わって門徒達を指揮していた下間頼秀・頼盛兄弟に防戦を命じたが、続いて富田教行寺が攻め落とされて石山本願寺もまた細川・六角・法華一揆連合軍に包囲された。
English: However, after turning into 1533, they temporarily broke the besiegement by attacking Harumoto in association with the forces having hard feelings against Harumoto such as Takakuni HOSOKAWA's brother Harukuni HOSOKAWA and Tanemichi HATANO belonging to the sect of Motonaga MIYOSHI.
Japanese: ところが翌天文2年（1533年）に入ると、細川高国の弟・細川晴国や三好元長派であった波多野稙通ら晴元に恨みを抱く勢力と連携して晴元を攻撃して一時包囲を解くことに成功する。
English: This adversely ended up in giving a legitimate reason to Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA's order to Harumoto to suppress Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: だが、それは逆に将軍足利義晴から晴元へ下された本願寺討伐令という大義名分を与えるだけに終わった。
English: After that, the situation of the war got better and worse, but in June, 1536, the Hosokawa army launched an all-out attack and the Hongan-ji Temple side was as ruined as written as 'Hongan-ji Temple was destroyed' in the diary of Emperor Gonara.
Japanese: その後戦況は一進一退を続けたが、天文4年（1536年）6月には細川軍の総攻撃が始まると、当時の後奈良天皇の日記にも「本願寺滅亡」と記されたほどである。
English: At this timing, Shonyo began peace negotiations with Renjun who was called back from Nagashima in April, and Shonyo and Renjun were discharged by imputing the responsibility of having instigated this Ikki uprising to Shimotsuma brothers and, with the condition that they and all the followers in Kinai be excommunicated, the reconciliation between the bakufu, Hosokawa, and Rokkaku was achieved in November.
Japanese: これを機に証如も4月に長島から呼び戻した蓮淳とともに和議を図り、下間兄弟を今回の一揆の扇動者としてその責任を転嫁することで証如・蓮淳の責任を不問とし、彼らや近江などの畿内門徒の総破門を行うことを条件にこの年の11月に幕府・細川・六角との和議が成立したのである。
English: After the reconciliation, Renjun continued to stay in Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple at Shonyo's request and practically recovered the position as he used to be in, as the assistant of Shonyo, who came of age, and until he died at this temple in 1550 Renjun kept the position as the virtual supreme leader of Hongan-ji Temple under the name of Shonyo.
Japanese: 和議終了後も蓮淳は証如の求めに応じて石山本願寺に留って成人した証如の補佐役として従来の立場を事実上回復し、天文19年（1550年）に同寺で没するまで蓮淳は証如の名において本願寺の事実上の最高指導者としての地位を保持し続けることになったのである。
English: It refers to the wounding or killing of the parent(s)/ grandparent(s) or the killing of uncle(s)/ aunt(s), maternal grandparent(s)/elder brother(s)/elder sister(s).
Japanese: 両親・祖父母に対する傷害・殺人、伯叔父母・外祖父母（母方の祖父母）・兄・姉に対する殺人を指す。
English: Among hachi-gyaku it ranked fourth and was regarded as the most serious crime among the problems involving a family.
Japanese: 八虐においては第4位、家庭内の問題に纏わる問題では最も重い罪とされている。
English: Apart from the gravity of a crime, all social privileges were deprived and also no amnesty was granted.
Japanese: 罪自体の軽重とは別に一切の社会的特権を剥奪され、恩赦の対象からも外された。
English: The term "akugyaku-mudo," which is used today to describe cruel act against humanity, is derived from it.
Japanese: 今日、人道に反した残虐な振る舞いを「悪逆無道」と呼称するのはこれに由来する。
English: Yushi is a system that existed prior to the Meiji period to establish a parent-child relationship with a child who was not kin.
Japanese: 猶子（ゆうし）とは、明治以前において存在した他人の子供を自分の子として親子関係を結ぶこと。
English: Unlike adoption, however, Yushi was based on a contract and had a weak connection, and a child's surname was not changed, so it was rather a fictitious parent-child relationship (in which a parent became guardian in many cases).
Japanese: ただし、養子縁組とは違い、契約関係によって成立し、子供の姓は変わらないなど親子関係の結びつきが弱く擬制的な側面（その子の後見人となる）が強い。
English: The oldest record of Yushi was allegedly the one of MINAMOTO no Sadamu who became the Yushi of Emperor Junna, but the difference between Yushi and Yoshi (adoption) is said to be not so clear until the late Heian period.
Japanese: 記録上に残る最も古いケースは源定が淳和天皇の猶子になったことであると言われているが、平安時代後期までは猶子と養子の違いは明確ではなかったと言われている。
English: It was written in a Johyobun (memorial to the Emperor) dated November 18, 872 of FUJIWARA no Mototsune, who was then the Minister of the Right and a child of FURIWARA no Nagara, that he was the Yushi of his uncle, late FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa (former Sessho Daijo daijin [Regent and the Grand Minister])
Japanese: 貞観_(日本)14年10月10日_(旧暦)の右大臣藤原基経（藤原長良の子）の上表文に自分が叔父である故藤原良房（元摂政太政大臣）の猶子であったことが記されている。
English: But Yoshifusa did not have other son and the privilege of Oni (an automatic promotion system in which an Imperial title are conferred) and the family property were inherited by Mototsune, therefore today it is regarded as Yoshi (adoption), not Yushi.
Japanese: しかし、良房に他に男子はなく、蔭位と家産は基経に継がれていることから今日では養子と解されている。
English: Furthermore, MINAMOTO no Morofusa (a child of Imperial Prince Tomohira) became the Yushi of FUJIWARA no Yorimichi, who was the husband of his older sister and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) with his surname of Minamoto unchanged, but the record of that time described him as the "adopted child with different surname" ("Shoyuki"[the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke]).
Japanese: また、具平親王の子・源師房は源氏の姓のまま姉婿である関白藤原頼通の猶子になったが、当時の記録では「異姓の養子」（『小右記』）と書かれている。
English: Another case was TAIRA no Kiyokuni who was the child of FUJIWARA no Kunitsuna, became the Yushi of TAIRA no Kiyomori, and then changed his surname to TAIRA.
Japanese: また、藤原邦綱の子の平清邦のように平清盛の猶子になってそのまま平氏に姓を改めた例もある。
English: In the Kamakura period, the difference between Yushi and an adopted child became clear and the practice was widely spread even among samurai and Buddhist monks.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には養子との区別が明確化して武士や僧侶の間にも広まっていった。
English: (Though in later years there were some cases that a parent had no real child and Yushi became heir, they were regarded as exceptions.)
Japanese: （ただし、後世においても例外的に実子が無かった場合に猶子を相続人にする例も存在したが、これは特例として考えられる。）
English: The typical examples of 1. include Mansai who became the Yushi of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, Prince Hikohito of Fushimi no miya (Emperor Gohanazono) who became the Yushi of the retired Emperor Gokomatsu in order to add dignity for his succession to the Imperial Throne, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who became Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) as the Yushi of Sakihisa KONOE.
Japanese: 1．の代表例としては、足利義満の猶子となった満済や皇位継承の箔付けのために後小松上皇の猶子となった伏見宮彦仁王（後花園天皇）、そして近衛前久の猶子として関白に就任した豊臣秀吉などがあげられる。
English: As the typical examples of 2., FUJIWARA no Moshi who became the Yushi of FUJIWARA no Yoshinobu and married with Emperor Gosanjo to give birth to Emperor Shirakawa, and TAIRA no Tokuko who became the Yushi of the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa and married with Emperor Takakura to give birth to Emperor Antoku are well-known.
Japanese: 2．の代表例としては、藤原能信の猶子として後三条天皇に入内して白河天皇を生んだ藤原茂子や後白河法皇の猶子として高倉天皇に入内して安徳天皇を生んだ平徳子などが有名である。
English: The typical examples of 3. included Yoritsuna UTSUNOMIYA who became the Yushi of Masamitsu OYAMA and made an alliance with him, and Hideie UKITA who became the Yushi of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (TOYOTOMI) and succeeded the reigns of the UKITA clan under his guardian.
Japanese: 3．の代表例としては、小山政光の猶子となって同盟を結んだ宇都宮頼綱や羽柴（豊臣）秀吉の猶子となってその後見で家督を継いだ宇喜多秀家などがあげられる。
English: For example, FUJIWARA no Yorinaga who became the Yushi of his older brother FUJIWARA no Tadamichi fought with his brother at Hogen War, and Kugyo who became the Yushi of his uncle, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, assassinated his uncle uncle.
Japanese: 兄藤原忠通の猶子になりながら保元の乱でその兄と争った藤原頼長、叔父源実朝の猶子になりながらその叔父を暗殺した公暁などである。
English: Yushi Sensei is a term criticizing the Meiji government for their domain cliques and transcendentalism.
Japanese: 有司専制（ゆうしせんせい）とは、明治政府の藩閥官僚中心・超然主義の政府を批判した言葉。
English: In 1874 Taisuke ITAGAKI and Shojiro GOTO submitted "the Petition for Establishment of Minsen Giin (An Elected Assembly)" to the government.
Japanese: 1874年に板垣退助・後藤象二郎らによって政府へ出された『民選議院設立建白書』。