nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Sadatsune SASAKI, an enemy of Motoharu KIKKAWA on meeting Kenshin considered him to be an Otengu (big tengu (a mountain spirit, portrayed as winged and having a long nose)), and is said to have said 'I hear you are an Otengu of Katsuragi TAKAMA, Goki (five oni demons) of Omine,' other leading theories are ' a great man of about 1.818 m height,' but in fact his height was uncertain as several literature describes Kenshin as a 'small' person.
Japanese: 吉川元春の使者・佐々木定経が謙信と対面したとき、「音に聞こえし大峰の五鬼、葛城高天の大天狗（謙信）にや」と謙信のことを大天狗扱いするなど、「六尺近い偉丈夫」が有力説とされてきたが、「小柄」と表記されている文献もいくつか存在し、謙信の身長については諸説があり定かではないのが実情であった。
English: Recent research revealed, a armor among articles left by the deceased, indicating that his height was about 156 centimeters.
Japanese: しかし、近年の研究で遺品の甲冑の大きさなどから五尺二寸ほど（約156cm）であったことがわかっている。
English: Since the average height of men at the time was about 159 centimeters, an expression of being a 'small' man among tough busho (Japanese military commander) was appropriate.
Japanese: 当時の男性の平均身長は159cm程度であったため、屈強な武将たちの中で考えると「小柄」という表現が正しいことがわかっている。
English: In March 1578, a month before his death, Kenshin summoned an artist from Kyoto to make a self portrait and also a painting of his back.
Japanese: 死去する1か月前の2月、謙信は京都から画家を呼び寄せて自らの肖像画と後姿を描かせた。
English: Although the portrait showing an image of Kenshin is still well known, it was amazing that the artist was asked to draw a picture of a sake cup in place of his back.
Japanese: 肖像画は現在でもよく知られている謙信像だが、後姿はなんと盃を描かせたという。
English: Regarding the picture of his back Kenshin is believed to have said, 'This sake cup shows an image of my shadow.'
Japanese: このときのことを謙信は、「この盃すなわち我が後影なり」と語ったとされる。
English: Presently, there exists no contemporary portrait of Kenshin, but a collection of pictures of Kenshin in his later years were once possessed by Muryoko-in Temple on Mt. Koya, in 1893, the paintings were lost due to fire.
Japanese: 謙信には現存する同時代の肖像画が存在しないが、高野山無量光院にはかつて晩年期を描いた画像が所蔵されており、1893年（明治31年）の火災で焼失したという。
English: During the Edo period, Shingen as well as other Sengoku daimyos (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) together attempted to record, in the form of a gunkimono (war tales), various images of Kenshin such as a military warrior, Hottai (religious appearance) busho or a Buddhist monk, in the style of Buddhist painting.
Japanese: 江戸時代には信玄はじめ他の戦国諸大名と同様に軍記物による影響を受け、軍陣武者像や法体武将像、仏画風僧侶像など多様な謙信のイメージが確立する。
English: During his stay in Kyoto in 1559, Kenshin put a lord of an inn in Sakai to death as he was rude, then drove out the citizens who protested against such an act, and furthermore, set fire to the town.
Japanese: 永禄12年（1559年）には上洛中、堺で無礼を働いた旅宿の主を手討ちにし、それに抗議した町人たちを追い払い、さらに町に放火したという。
English: Besides, Kenshin had killed Kanetada NAGAO, Jodai (the keeper of castle) of Umayabashi-jo Castle, and his retainers by reason that 'he suspected them of rebellion.'
Japanese: 他にも厩橋城の城代・長尾謙忠とその郎党を「謀反の疑い有り」として討ったこともある。
English: These anecdotes report one side of his bizarre character but all are not corroborated.
Japanese: これらの逸話は彼の奇矯な性格の一面を伝えているが、全てに確証があるわけではない。
English: It is said that during the ceremony for assuming the position of Kanto Kanrei in 1561, Kenshin was upset with the indecent behavior of Nagayashi NARITA, lord of Oshi-jo castle, and slapped him in the face with a sensu (folding fan).
Japanese: 永禄4年（1561年）、関東管領の就任式では忍城城主・成田長泰の非礼に激昂し、顔面を扇子で打ちつけたという。
English: Nagayasu NARITA was humiliated in front of other warlords, he immediately led his soldiers and returned to his castle.
Japanese: 諸将の面前で辱めを受けた成田長泰は直ちに兵を率いて帰城してしまった。
English: The reasons were attributed to Nagayasu NARITA bowing without dismounting from a horse while warlords usually bowed after dismounting from a horse, the Narita clan descended from the Fujiwara clan, a family lineage which was given permission to bow without dismounting to the likes of, MINAMOTO no Yoshiie, the head of the samurai (warrior) families.
Japanese: 原因は諸将が下馬拝跪する中、成田長泰のみが馬上から会釈をしたためであったが、成田氏は藤原氏の流れをくむ名家で、武家棟梁の源義家にも馬上から会釈を許された家柄であった。
English: Kenshin did not seem to be aware of this tradition, and this incident rapidly increased an antipathy toward him among the warlords in the Kanto region, which was later a major obstacle in his advancing to the Kanto region.
Japanese: 謙信はこの故事を知らなかったと思われるが、この事件によって関東諸将の謙信への反感が急速に高まり、以後の関東進出の大きな足かせとなった。
English: This incident is known as an anecdote informing of Kenshin's short temper and indiscreet nature.
Japanese: この事件は、謙信の激昂しやすく短慮な一面を伝える逸話として知られる。
English: However, since the social position of the Narita clan was not as high as to show such arrogant behavior, and any precedent of bowing to Yoshiie without dismounting is not found in any original historical materials, researchers do not recognize this as a fact.
Japanese: ただし、成田氏の地位はこのように尊大な態度を取れるほど過大ではなく、義家を馬上で迎える先例も原史料では認められず、研究者間はこれを事実とは認めていない。
English: At a battlefield, Kenshin fought without fear as he believed that even if a bullet grazed his hair it could not hit him, he dedicated ganmon (prayer) for self rightness to Shinto and Buddhist deities before any battle.
Japanese: 戦場において、銃弾が頭髪をかすめようとも、自分に当たるわけがないと信じて恐れもなく戦ったり、合戦前には自分の正当性を示す願文を神仏に奉納した。
English: Kenshin ordered a temporarily withdrawal due to random shooting by an uprising of Ikko sect followers while attacking Asahiyama-jo Castle at the border between Ecchu Province and Kaga Province in September 1573, he demanded Yoji, the son of Kagesuke YOSHIE, to remain in custody within the camp as he fought bravely in a flurry of bullets and did not withdraw as ordered.
Japanese: 天正元年（1573年）8月に越中国と加賀国の国境にある朝日山城を攻めた際に、一向一揆による鉄砲の乱射を受けて謙信は一時撤退を命じたが、吉江景資の子・与次だけは弾が飛び交う中で奮戦して撤退しようとしなかったため、謙信は与次を陣内に拘禁した。
English: The surprised people requested Kenshin to forgive him, but he refused saying, 'if Yoji was killed in this battle, I would be too ashamed to face his parents (Mr. and Mrs. Kagesuke YOSHIE) in Echigo Province,' and explained the facts of the situation to the Yoshie family.
Japanese: 驚いた周辺は与次を許すように申し入れたが、謙信は「ここで与次を戦死させたら、越後の父母（吉江景資夫妻）に面目が立たなくなる」とこれを拒んで、事情を吉江家に伝えている。
English: Yoji was soon forgiven, he became an adopted son-in-law of Kagesuke NAKAJO who died suddenly, and was renamed to Kageyasu NAKAJO.
Japanese: 与次は間もなく許されて、急死した中条景資の婿養子となって中条景泰と改名した。
English: Kenshin was fed up with internal struggles among vassals, estrangements of Kokujin formation and frustrated with stale mate battles with Shingen, so he frequently confined himself at Bishamonten-do Hall to gradually enter the world of religious beliefs.
Japanese: 家臣団の内部抗争・国人層の離反・信玄との戦いが膠着状態に陥りつつある状況に嫌気がさした謙信は毘沙門天堂に篭ることが多くなり、次第に信仰の世界に入っていくようになった。
English: On May 12, 1556, Kenshin informed his vassals, his intention of becoming a priest, and on August 13, 1556, he ran away from Kasugayama-jo Castle and headed for Mt. Koya.
Japanese: 弘治2年（1556年）3月23日、家臣団に出家の意向を伝え、6月28日には春日山城を出奔、高野山を目指した。
English: However, on September 30, 1556, Kenshin was dissuaded from becoming a priest by the desperate requests of the vassals who caught up with him at Handago village, Katsujo County at the foot of Mt. Katsuragi in Yamato Province.
Japanese: しかし8月17日、大和国の葛城山山麓、葛上郡吐田郷村で家臣が追いつき必死に懇願した結果、謙信は出家を思いとどまった。
English: The following anecdote expresses the bizarre character of Kenshin, it is said that the incident was deliberately planned, aiming to win the hearts and minds of the people who caused disturbances, the issue was finally settled by submitting a written oath to 'serve respectfully and entertain no treachery thereafter.'
Japanese: 謙信の奇矯な性格をよく表している逸話とされているが、家臣団が謙信に「以後は謹んで臣従し二心を抱かず」との誓紙を差し出したことで騒動は治まっていることから、人心掌握を目的とした計画的な行動だったともいわれている。
English: It is said that Kenshin heard of Shingen's death while eating, he dropped his chopsticks and cried out saying, 'I lost the closest rival, and such a hero will never appear again in this world (according to "Nihon Gaishi" (historical book on Japan).'
Japanese: 信玄の死を伝え聞いた食事中の謙信は、「吾れ好敵手を失へり、世に復たこれほどの英雄男子あらんや（『日本外史』より）」と箸を落として号泣したという。
English: There is a high possibility that the following incident has been fabricated in later generations, when his vassal recommended an attack saying, 'With Shingen's death it is a good chance to attack the Takeda clan,' Kenshin dismissed it by replying 'It is a childish thing to do, even for a person like Katsuyori.'
Japanese: 後世の創作の可能性が高いが、「信玄亡き今こそ武田攻めの好機」と攻撃を薦める家臣の意見を「勝頼風情にそのような事をしても大人げない」と退けている。
English: Even today there is a speculation that a lifelong fate with Shingen may have changed to a kind of friendship between Kenshin and Shingen, but the fact is that Kenshin seemed to hate Shingen.
Japanese: 信玄との生涯にわたる因縁からか、それが転じて二人の間には友情めいたものがあったのではないかと現在でも推測されることがあるが、実際のところ謙信は信玄をかなり嫌っていたようである。
English: It is said that Shingen expelled his father and misled his enemies by using tricks (not that Shingen's actions were especially strange considering it was the Sengoku period (warlike period)), but Kenshin was furious as it was contrary to his morals.
Japanese: 信玄が父親を追放したり、謀略を駆使して敵を貶めたりするのは謙信に言わせるところの道徳観に反しており（もっとも、戦国という時代を考えれば、信玄の行いは別にあってもおかしくないものだが）、謙信は信玄の行いに激怒したという。
English: One theory suggests that Shingen ignored profits made from several conflicts, this was a cause for Kenshin genuinely hating Shingen, (also, Shingen's actions run contrary to Kenshin's sense of morality, but there is no conclusive evidence that Kenshin 'disliked' Shingen as an individual).
Japanese: 信玄との利益を度外視した数々の闘争は、謙信が純粋に信玄を嫌っていたことが原因だという説もある（もっともこれらは道徳観に反する行いが理由とも解釈できるため、謙信がいわれもなく信玄個人を「毛嫌い」していたという確証はない）。
English: Ujimasa IMAGAWA had stopped the supply of salt to Shingen TAKEDA who Kenshin disliked, (Ujimasa had anticipated this as Kai and Shinano Provinces under the control of Takeda clan did not produce salt being inland provinces), Shingen criticized this as 'a cowardly act,' and Kenshin sent salt to Shingen saying, 'I send you salt from Echigo Province as I intend to settle with you through battle (it is believed that the phrase 'sending salt to an enemy' originated from this anecdote).
Japanese: しかし、嫌っていた武田信玄が今川氏真によって塩止めを受けたときは（武田氏の領国甲斐国と信濃国は内陸のため、塩が取れない。これを見越した氏真の行動であった）、氏真の行いを「卑怯な行為」と批判し、「私は戦いでそなたと決着をつけるつもりだ。だから、越後の塩を送ろう」といって、信玄に塩を送ったという（「敵に塩を送る」という言葉はここから派生したといわれている）。
English: At the time, as a token of gratitude Shingen sent a Fukuoka Ichimonji (a sword for supply stoppage of salt) a sword with 'Hirokuchi' inscribed, this has been designated as an important cultural property, and is in the possession of the Tokyo National Museum.
Japanese: この時、感謝の印として信玄が謙信に送ったとされる福岡一文字の在銘太刀「弘口」一振（塩留めの太刀）は重要文化財に指定され、東京国立博物館に所蔵されている。
English: It is said that Kenshin's vassals could know whether he would go into battle or not just by a look his meals.
Japanese: 謙信の部下は、謙信の食事を見ただけでもうすぐ戦に行くのかどうかが分かったと言う。
English: This was because Kenshin normally did not eat much, but ate a significant amount before going into battle.
Japanese: これは、普段はあまり食べない謙信が、戦の前になるとかなりの量を食べたためである。
English: Since Kenshin made a lifelong commitment to strictly observe the Buddhist commandment of celibacy, all of his children (Kagekatsu UESUGI, Kagetora UESUGI, Yoshiharu HATAKEYAMA and Kagekuni YAMAURA) were adopted.
Japanese: 生涯不犯を貫いたため、その子供は全員（上杉景勝・上杉景虎・畠山義春・山浦景国）養子だった。
English: In 1559, while in Kyoto an acquaintance, Sakihisa KONOE, expressed his impression in a letter, 'shohitsu (assistant director of danjodai., Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office under the ritsuryo system) (referring to Kenshin) seemed to prefer young people as he often gathered many frail wakashu (younger members of soson village system), and often drank a lot of sake through the night,' some historians related this letter to the fact that Kenshin had no relationship with women throughout his lifetime, and concluded that he preferred men.
Japanese: 永禄2年（1559年）、上洛した謙信と交流した近衛前久は「この間は度々おいで候て、華奢なる若衆を多く集め候て、大酒までにて、たびたび夜をあかし申し候、少弼（謙信）は若いのが好みとの由承り候」と謙信を観察しており、この書状と謙信が生涯にわたって女犯を一切断ったことを結びつけて、謙信は専ら男色のみを愛好したと見る歴史家もいる。
English: A Nanshoku (shudo) (gay) was a general custom among the busho (Japanese military commanders) in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 但し、男色(衆道)を愛好することは戦国武将の間では、極めて一般的な風習であった。
English: One was that Kenshin still in his twenties fell in love with Isehime, a daughter of Uneme CHIBA an enemy commander and lord of Hirai-jo Castle in Kozuke Province, they were torn apart by strong opposition from a senior vassal (Kageie KAKIZAKI and others), after taking tonsure and becoming a priest, the daughter killed herself, Kenshin was distressed to the extent of not eating and finally becoming bedridden ('Shorin Yawa').
Japanese: ひとつは、彼がまだ二十代の折、敵将の上野・平井城主千葉采女の娘である伊勢姫と恋に落ちたが、重臣（柿崎景家ら）の猛烈な反対によって引き裂かれ、娘が剃髪出家した後、ほどなくして自害してしまい、食事ものどを通らず病床に伏せてしまうほどに心を痛めたというもの（「松隣夜話」）。
English: In addition to the above, there are almost similar anecdotes of falling in love with the first daughter of Kagetsuna NAOE who served as a waiting woman of Kenshin, and with Taehime who was a younger sister of Sakihisa KONOE, and it is suggested that such heartbreaking experiences were a contributing factor which led Kenshin to become a celibate.
Japanese: この他にも、謙信の侍女として仕えていた直江景綱の長女や、近衛前久の妹・絶姫との間にほぼ同様の逸話があり、このような悲痛な経験が謙信を独身主義へと導く一端になったと仄めかしている。
English: Kenshin's heartbreaking love stories are introduced in many novels and dramas even today, most of them are legends written in only certain history books such as war chronicles and so on, and is not proved.
Japanese: こうした謙信の悲痛な恋物語は今日でも多くの小説やドラマなどで採り入れられているが、いずれも軍記などの不確かな史書のみで語られる伝説に過ぎず、実証はされていない。
English: There are various theories on facts of Kenshin's relationship with women, which cannot be confirmed, they are not based on reliable evidence.
Japanese: 謙信が女性と交渉した事実が確認できないことについて様々な説があるが、いずれも確かな根拠に基づいたものではない。
English: Although Kenshin liked sake very much, he did not prefer to drink with others, he would step out onto a veranda (a narrow wooden passage along the end of a house facing the garden) and help himself to sake while eating pickled ume (plum).
Japanese: 大の酒好きであったが、他人と酒を酌み交わすような飲み方を好まず、ひとり縁側に出て、梅干だけを肴に手酌で飲んでいたと言われる。
English: It has been said that the cause of his death was cerebral vascular disturbance due to hypertension caused by excessive drinking and intake of salt by pickled ume (plum) eaten with sake (a historical material describes that he fell in a toilet in the snow causing cerebral hemorrhage).
Japanese: 死因について、過度の飲酒とつまみの梅干による塩分の取りすぎによる高血圧が原因の脳血管障害と言われている（雪の中、厠で倒れたと史料にあることも、死因が脳溢血だと考えられる一因である）。
English: Besides the above, there are other theories one was that when Kenshin went to the lavatory he was killed with a spear by a murderer who was dispatched by Nobunaga, another strange theory that he died of women's disease (details are stated in Kenshin UESUGI was female), others are Kenshin died of gastric or esophageal cancer due to excessive drinking of sake, and that he was killed with arsenic poison by Nobunaga ODA are still other theories.
Japanese: 他に、厠で用を足していた時に信長の派遣で雪隠隠れをしていた刺客に槍で刺されて殺害されたという説、婦人病（詳細は上杉謙信女性説に記載）で亡くなったとという奇説や、酒の飲みすぎからくる胃癌、食道癌説、織田信長にヒ素で毒殺されたなどの説もある。
English: It is said that he had an onset of cerebral vascular disturbance (believed to be) at the age of 40, in 1569, and had difficulty in moving his left lower extremity.
Japanese: 40歳（1569年）の時、脳血管障害（と思われる）を発症、左下肢を動かしにくくなった、と言われる。
English: Since Kenshin was the last person who could oppose Nobunaga ODA, his death seemed to be a considerable shock at the time.
Japanese: 謙信は織田信長と対抗できる最後の一人だったため、当時からその死は相当な衝撃を与えたようである。
English: Kenshin's funeral ceremony was performed on May 1, 1578, the situation at the time is described in "Kitakoshi Gundan" as follows.
Japanese: 謙信の葬儀は3月15日に執り行なわれたが、このときのことを『北越軍談』はこう記している。
English: A magnificent procession of all who walked before and after the coffin were, Kamon (family), Shukuro (chief vassal), Samurai taisho (in charge of guard and departure for the front in a war), Bugyo (magistrate), Tonin (the director), Kinju (attendant) and tozama (outside feudal lord), brave troops followed, people suppressed the sound of crying with their sleeves, and men and women of all ages could not suppress tears.'
Japanese: 「家門・宿老・侍隊将・奉行・頭人・近習・外様、出棺の前後を打囲て行列の姿堂々たれ共、獅竜の部伍に事替り、衆皆哭慟の声を呑み、喪服の袂を絞りければ、街に蹲る男女老若共に泪止め兼ねたり。」
English: It was as if a red star (referring to Zhuge Liang) fell and the Shoku (Shu) army tumbled while camping in Gojogen (Wuzhang Plains), not only officers and men in Kasugayama-jo Castle but also those gathered in the castle town, suddenly lost a helm while sailing, and drifted with the waves into the giant sea.'
Japanese: 「彼五丈原の営中、赤星（諸葛亮）落て蜀軍傾覆するが如く、春日山の郭内は云にや及ぶ、城下に来り集る将士、宛然航路に楫を失ひ、巨海の波に漂ふに斉し」
English: A reason why Kenshin, who demonstrated unrivaled strength in battle, could not gain full control of the nation was that he had to often settle uprisings of the Ikko sect followers in Ecchu Province (although he believed in Buddhism, Kenshin professed the Shingon sect).
Japanese: 戦では無類の強さを発揮した謙信が天下を取れなかった理由は越中国の一向一揆に手間取ったこともあげられる（謙信は仏を信仰していたが、信仰していたのは真言宗）。
English: Similarly, the daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) of the Asakura clan in the Hokuriku region was annoyed with the Ikko sect in Kaga Province and his strategies did not work out beyond the foothold.
Japanese: 同じく北陸の大名であった朝倉氏も加賀の一向宗に悩まされ地盤を越えた戦略を取ることが出来なかった。
English: Kenshin had an outstanding ability in military affairs, and was reputed to be 'Echigo no Ryu' (dragon of Echigo Province) or 'god of war' in future generations.
Japanese: 軍事能力に卓越しており、「越後の龍」や「軍神」などと後世で評されている。
English: Generally Kenshin was considered a genius and won almost all of his lifetime battles due to rapid tactics and accurate strategy.
Japanese: 一般には謙信は天才型で、迅速な用兵と駆け引きの的確さから生涯殆どの戦で勝利をおさめたという見方が強い。
English: According to a letter sent by Kyoga to a priest at Ada of Chofuku-ji Temple in Kai Province, in 1576, Shingen TAKEDA an old enemy always described Kenshin as an 'Unrivaled Taisho (general) in Japan.'
Japanese: 天正4年に甲斐の僧・教賀が長福寺の空陀に送った書状によれば、宿敵たる武田信玄も常々謙信をして「日本無双之名大将」と評していたそうである。
English: Even after Kenshin's death, the Uesugi army was so strong that it was rumored in the area ruled by Nobunaga ODA that 'both the Takeda army and the Uesugi army had unrivaled strength in the nation' (refer to the article of March in the Tensho era (April 1582) in Yamato no kuni Kofuku-ji Renjo-in kiroku (the records of Kofuku-ji Temple and Renjo-in Temple).
Japanese: 上杉軍の強さは、謙信の死後も、織田信長の支配地域において｢武田軍と上杉軍の強さは天下一である」と噂されるほどのものであった（大和国興福寺蓮成院記録・天正十年三月の項を参照）。
English: According to the people around Kyoto where nationwide information gathered during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), it was understood that 'the Takeda army and the Uesugi army were stronger than any other army in Japan,' and such public estimation was firm even after the death of Kenshin.
Japanese: つまり、日本全国の情報が集まる戦国時代の京都周辺の人々にとって、「武田軍と上杉軍が日本最強」ということはほとんど常識であり、謙信の死後もその評価が揺らぐことはなかったということである。
English: It is told that Kenshin battled as many as about 70 times throughout his lifetime, and was defeated only twice, and it is also believed that in terms of open battle, he was defeated only once at the Battle of Ikunoyama with Ujiyasu HOJO ("Kenshinko Gonenpu" (Chronological Record of Kenshin)).
Japanese: その生涯で約70回もの合戦を行い、敗北は僅か2回と伝えられ、野戦に限れば北条氏康との生野山合戦の1回のみとされる（『謙信公御年譜』）。
English: Kenshin was often reputed for his management in military affairs, as regards to domestic administration there was no big mismanagement, he succeeded in making big profits from the gold mine based on detailed strategy, and also made huge profits from maritime trade through the Japan Sea route.
Japanese: 軍事面で評されることが多いが、内政面に関しても大きな失政はなく、綿密に計画された金山運営で大きな利益をあげることに成功しており、また日本海側の海上交易の要衝としての利益も大きかった。
English: From the above example one cannot say Kenshin was 'good at military administration, but not good at domestic administration' (As a supplement, it was estimated that Kenshin's stored amount of nengu (land tax) was 997,000 koku (of rice) (a unit of volume: rice 1-koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1-koku is 0.278 cubic meter) and Shingen TAKEDA's was 835,000 koku which exceeded one million koku at the peak, their economic powers were almost even).
Japanese: これらのことから一概に「戦上手の内政下手」とは言えない（補足として、謙信の年貢の収納高は推定99万7000石、武田信玄は推定83万5000石で最盛期は100万石超。経済力では両者ほぼ互角である）。
English: Kenshin put enormous wealth to good use and showed good results due to his civil administration, Sukemasa OTA highly evaluated him as 'a good feudal lord as people's standard of living in Echigo Province improved dramatically after Kenshin became a feudal lord.'
Japanese: 豊富な資金力を生かして民政面でも成果を上げており、太田資正は、｢謙信の代になって越後の民衆の生活水準が劇的に向上しており、民を慈しむ優秀な領主である｣と高い評価を下している。
English: Inspite of being possessed with special powers to move at lightning speed and inspire command in open battle, Kenshin often failed in the siege of castles and withdrew (Odawara-jo Castle, Usji-jo Castle, Karasawayama-jo Castle and so on).
Japanese: 野戦での電光石火で神がかり的な采配に比べ、攻城戦には失敗し撤退することもしばしばあった（小田原城、臼井城、唐沢山城等）。
English: At the time, Odawara-jo Castle had a strong image of a fortified city with a huge sogamae (outer citadel), but its actual scale was small having neither sogamae nor Sannomaru.
Japanese: 小田原城といえば、巨大な総構えを持つ城塞都市というイメージが強いが、当時は総構えどころか、三の丸も存在しない程度の規模であった。
English: Kenshin failed in attacks on branch castles such as Tamanawa-jo Castle and so on, which were conducted at the same time as besieging Odawara-jo Castle, and due to this failure, he was counterattacked by the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 小田原包囲と同時に行っていた玉縄城などの支城攻略も失敗に終わっており、その後の北条の逆襲を招く結果となった。
English: Kenshin's vulnerability was exposed in the large-scale prolonged and protracted battles with both Daimyo families (feudal lord families) of Takeda and Hojo, although Kenshin was not defeated in direct confrontation, he finally lost lands in the Kanto region except for a part of Kozuke Province.
Japanese: 武田・北条両大名家と繰り広げた長期に渡る大規模な持久戦で露呈した脆さは致命的であり、直接の対陣での敗北は殆ど無いにも関わらず、関東においては最終的に上野の一部以外は殆ど失ってしまった。
English: The vulnerability in the protracted battles resulted because it was difficult to transport military artilleries from snow areas to far off enemy territories with poor line supplies, hence he was forced to participate in short-term activities to achieve greater results.
Japanese: 持久戦の弱さは、豪雪地帯から遠く補給線の貧弱な敵地に向けて長期的な軍事行動を取ることが不可能であり、それゆえに短期的な活動で多大な成果を得なくてはならなかったことが原因であると見られる。
English: Kenshin was seldom defeated in direct military activities, as he did not directly rule in the occupied territories he forgave people who were estranged, and this happened whenever he returned to his province, in long-term strategies he only obtained part of Kozuke Province from the Hojo clan and the Takeda clan.
Japanese: また、直接の軍事行動で敗北は殆どなかったものの、占領地を直接支配しなかったがために謙信が帰国するたび関東衆の離反を許すこととなり、北条・武田に対しての長期戦略は上野の一部を得るにとどまってしまった。
English: Even though he eventually succeeded in defending his provision by interrupting Takeda proceeding into the north and holding up Hojo's breakthrough, the results Kenshin obtained from the invasion were poor.
Japanese: 結果として武田の北進を阻み、北条の躍進を停滞させるなど、国防に成功したものの、侵略の成果は乏しいものとなった。
English: Especially in the offensive and defensive battle of Usui-jo Castle, Shirai Nyudo JOSAN, a strategist who took over command from Tanesada HARA with a troop of 2,000 soldiers severely defeated the Uesugi army with a military force of 15,000 soldiers at least seven times bigger than that of Tanesada.
Japanese: 特に臼井城の攻防では原胤貞2千の軍勢に上杉1万5千と7倍以上であったにもかかわらず、胤貞より指揮を受け継いだ軍師・白井入道浄三に大敗している。
English: However, this battle leaves room for discussion because the primary materials had no evidence.
Japanese: ただしこの合戦は一次資料による裏づけが存在しないため、議論の余地を残している。
English: Just before the fourth Battle of Kawanakajima, Kenshin led a big allied force of Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) with more than 100,000 soldiers attacked Odawara-jo Castle in one stroke, and cornered the Hojo clan to the brink of collapse, Shingen TAKEDA took military actions in Shinano Province in an unguarded moment.
Japanese: 第四次川中島の合戦の直前、10万を超える東国の大連合軍を率いて一気に小田原城などに攻め込み北条氏を滅亡寸前まで追い詰めたが、隙をついて武田信玄が信濃にて軍事行動を起こした。
English: However, Shingen just took actions to make the warlords of Uesugi clan uneasy, and had no intention to fight seriously (in fact, Shingen withdrew immediately after the Uesugi army stopped the action).
Japanese: だが、信玄は上杉氏諸将の不安をあおるために行動を起こしただけで本気で戦をする気はなかった（事実、上杉軍が動きを止めた後すぐに撤退している）。
English: Although he insisted on continuing the strategy because he had insight in Shingen's designs, Kenshin had to withdraw due to objections from the warlords in the Kanto region.
Japanese: 謙信は信玄の意図を見抜いていて作戦続行を主張したが、関東諸将の反対で撤退するしかなかった。