nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Yoshimune became the eighth shogun even though the highest ranked gosanke was the Owari family, and the reason is generally explained that because his age was the closest to Ieyasu among the members of the Tokugawa gosanke.
Japanese: 徳川御三家の中から家康との世代的な近さを理由に、御三家筆頭の尾張家を抑えて第8代将軍に就任した、と一般的には説明されている。
English: However, there was a genuine descendent of the male lineage of Hidetada TOKUGAWA named Kiyotake MATSUDAIRA who was lord of the Tatebayashi Domain and the uncle of Ietsugu.
Japanese: 実際は、館林藩主で家継の叔父に当たる松平清武という、れっきとした秀忠の男系子孫が存在していた。
English: However, Kiyotake was not considered for selection because the Tatebayashi Domain had been experiencing an outbreak of uprisings due to high taxes, he had already been adopted once before, and also he was elderly with no male children (he had an adopted son-in-law).
Japanese: しかし、館林藩領内は重税のため一揆が頻発していた上、本人もひとたび他家に養子に出た身であり、すでに高齢で男子がいなかった（婿養子はいた）という事情により、選考対象から外れていた。
English: The heads of the Owari Tokugawa family, which ranked higher than the Kishu Tokugawa family, died one after another at a young age, which made the age of Yoshimune closest to Ieyasu; some people suspect that it would have been plotted.
Japanese: 御三家の中では格上であった尾張徳川家の当主が相次いで若くして病死したために、吉宗が家康に最も近い世代になったのであるが、そのため陰謀を疑う向きもある。
English: In addition, it is also suspected that the leaders of the bakufu might have conspired it under the instruction of Hiroko KONOE (Tenei-in) who was the legal wife of Ienobu TOKUGAWA or Gekkoin who was the biological mother of Ietsugu.
Japanese: さらに徳川家宣の正室・近衛熙子、あるいは家継生母・月光院の操作による幕閣の陰謀もあったのではないかとも言われている。
English: In previous cases, a domain would be abolished and its retainers would become vassals of the bakufu when a lord was called by Edo-jo Castle to assume the post of shogun, such as the fifth shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA from Tatebayashi Domain, and the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA from Kofu Domain.
Japanese: 過去の例では、第5代将軍・徳川綱吉の館林藩、第6代将軍・徳川家宣の甲府藩は、当主が将軍の継嗣として江戸城に呼ばれると廃藩にされ、その藩士は幕臣となった。
English: However, Yoshimune kept his domain by giving it to Munenao TOKUGAWA, his cousin, claiming that gosanke was a sacred land granted by Tosho-Shinkun (literally, 'sacred lord of the east') Ieyasu.
Japanese: しかし吉宗は、御三家は東照神君家康から拝領した聖地であるとして、従兄の徳川宗直に家督を譲ることで存続させた。
English: He then moved to Edo-jo Castle with only twenty-odd retainers as his attendants, including Hisamichi KANO and Ujinori ARIMA, whom he had chosen from the retainers of the Kishu clan excluding high-ranked retainers.
Japanese: その上で、紀州藩士のうちから加納久通・有馬氏倫ら大禄でない者を二十数名選び、側役として従えただけで江戸城に入城した。
English: These measures were accepted favorably by fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) and bakufu hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who were afraid that the retainers close to the shogun might hold political power.
Japanese: こうした措置が、側近政治に怯える譜代大名や旗本から、好感を持って迎えられた。
English: After becoming shogun, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA dismissed Akifusa MANABE and Hakuseki ARAI who had been sobayonin (lord chamberlains) since the era of the sixth shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA, to restore rule from the sobayonin to the shogun.
Japanese: 将軍に就任すると、第6代将軍・徳川家宣時代からの側用人であった間部詮房や新井白石を罷免し、側用人政治から将軍親政に復した。
English: Yoshimune appointed Tadayuki MIZUNO as roju, and began financial reconstruction, making good use of his experience of domain duties in Kishu Domain.
Japanese: 吉宗は紀州藩主としての藩政の経験を活かし、水野忠之を老中に任命して財政再建を始める。
English: Yoshimune executed the Kyoho Reforms, one of the three major reforms during the Edo period, by the stabilization of the bakufu's financial revenue by means of a fixed tax rate and agemai (tribute rice) system, the development of new fields, the reform of bureaucratic systems including the tashidaka system (a wage system established by the Edo bakufu), the appointment of Tadasuke OOKA as a part of the reforms, improvement in the administration of justice by establishing the Kujikata Osadamegaki to accelerate judicial hearings, the establishment of measures against fires by installing Edo firefighters, and reforms to the bakufu's worsening finances.
Japanese: 定免法や上米の制による幕府財政収入の安定化、新田開発の推進、足高の制の制定等の官僚制度改革、そしてその一環ともいえる大岡忠相の登用、また訴訟のスピードアップのため公事方御定書を制定しての司法制度改革、江戸町火消しを設置しての火事対策、悪化した幕府財政の立て直しなどの改革を図り、江戸三大改革のひとつである享保の改革を行った。
English: His other reforms include the reorganization of the ladies chambers, considering public opinion in policy-making by means of installing opinion boxes, improving health care service by establishing Koishikawa Yojosho hospital, and partially lifting the ban on importing western books (one factor that later led to the active studies of Western sciences).
Japanese: また、大奥の整備、目安箱の設置による庶民の意見を政治へ反映、小石川養生所を設置しての医療政策、洋書輸入の一部解禁（のちの蘭学興隆の一因となる）といった改革も行う。
English: He then amended the bakufu's policy that had been promoting studies since the era of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA so as to promote martial arts.
Japanese: そして、第4代将軍・徳川家綱時代から続いていた学問を奨励する文治政治を見直し、武芸を奨励する武断政治を志した。
English: On the other hand, peasants were plunged into poverty by the goko-gomin (fifty percent for the government, fifty percent for citizens) system of annual land taxes, leading to frequent uprisings.
Japanese: 一方で年貢を五公五民にする増税政策によって、農民の生活は窮乏し、一揆の頻発を招いた。
English: However, the reform is highly praised as the most successful of the three major reforms during the Edo period.
Japanese: しかし、江戸幕府の三大改革の中で最も成功したものとして高く評価されている。
English: There are many opinions that the Edo Bakufu would have collapsed much earlier if there had not been reforms by Yoshimune.
Japanese: 吉宗の改革が無ければ、江戸幕府の崩壊はもっと早く到来したであろうとする意見も多い。
English: To restrict the increasing number of joint suicides at the time due to the influence of ningyo jyoruri (traditional Japanese puppet theater) written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU, those couples who attempted joint suicide but failed were exposed to public view in busy areas.
Japanese: この当時、近松門左衛門の人形浄瑠璃の影響で流行した心中を抑制するために、心中未遂で生き残った男女を人通りの多い場所でさらしものにさせる、といったことも行っている。
English: On October 20, 1745, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA ceded the post of shogun to his eldest son Ieshige TOKUGAWA, but a speech defect which left him unable to govern meant that Yoshimune held onto actual power until his death.
Japanese: 延享2年（1745年）9月25日、将軍職を長男・徳川家重に譲るが、家重は言語不明瞭で政務が執れるような状態では無かったため、自分が死去するまで大御所として実権を握り続けた。
English: There were some movements in support of Munetake TOKUGAWA, the second son who was more intelligent than the sickly Ieshige, or Munetada TOKUGAWA, the fourth son, for the new shogun, but it is said that Yoshimune dared to choose Ieshige in order to avoid conflict between Munetake and Munetada over the post of shogun.
Japanese: なおこのとき、病弱な家重より聡明な次男・徳川宗武や四男・徳川宗尹を新将軍に推す動きもあったが、吉宗は宗武と宗尹による将軍継嗣争いを避けるため、あえて家重を選んだと言われている。
English: Although Ieshige had a speech impediment, he had normal intelligence, and one opinion states that he was competent to perform government affairs.
Japanese: ただし家重は、言語障害はあったものの、知能は正常であり、一説には将軍として政務を行える力量の持ち主であったとも言われる。
English: Munetake and Munetada were not adopted and established the Tayasu-Tokugawa family and Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family respectively as bekke (branch families) (ryokyo [two privileged branches of the Tokugawa family]), while remaining within Edo-jo Castle as dependents (following the death of Yoshimune, the Shimizu-Tokugawa family was established, which formed the gosankyo [three privileged branches of Tokugawa family]).
Japanese: 宗武、宗尹は養子には出さず、部屋住みのような形で江戸城内にとどめたまま別家に取り立て、田安徳川家、一橋徳川家（両卿）が創設された（吉宗の死後に清水徳川家が創設されて御三卿となった）。
English: Yoshimune died on July 12, 1751, six years after retiring as shogun.
Japanese: 将軍引退から6年が経った寛延4年（1751年）6月20日に死去した。
English: According to a record by Motohiro KONOE, Hiroko KONOE's father, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA was tall at more than six shaku (about 180 cm).
Japanese: 近衛熙子の父・近衛基熙の記録によると、身長が六尺（約180cm）を超える長身であった。
English: He had a dark complexion and was physically strong, and it is said that he competed in sumo wrestling with a sekitori (a sumo wrestler ranked in the top two divisions) on the order of his father Mitsusada.
Japanese: 色が黒く、体力もあり父・光貞に命じられ関取と相撲の取り組みをした話も伝えられる。
English: Regarding his height, the ihai (Buddhist mortuary tablets) which are said to have been made the same height as each successive shogun are preserved at Daiju-ji Temple.
Japanese: ただし身長については、歴代将軍の身長と同じ高さで作られたと言われる位牌が大樹寺に収められている。
English: Because his ihai measures only 155.5cm in length, there is the opinion that it is difficult to consider that he was tall at six shaku (about 180cm) in height (refer to 'Successive Shogun Ihai at Daiju-ji Temple').
Japanese: 位牌の高さは155.5cmであるため、六尺の長身であったとは考えにくいという説がある（大樹寺歴代将軍位牌参照）。
English: However, according to the investigation carried out when his cremains were moved to another place, the difference between his actual height and the length of ihai is considerably large.
Japanese: しかしながら遺骨改葬時の比較調査によると、実際の身長と位牌の高さには意外に大きな差がある事が判明している。
English: He studied under Tsunenobu KANO and gave painting lessons to Tsunenobu's grandson Hisanobu KANO.
Japanese: 狩野常信の師事を受けており、常信の孫・狩野古信に絵の手ほどきをしている。
English: There is also a record that homosexual young men served as 'yudono-ban' who, wearing a loincloth only, attended to the naked shogun in the bathroom.
Japanese: 褌一つで裸の将軍に仕える「湯殿番」に男色対象の若者を当てていた記録も残っている。
English: It is said that he preferred plain women, as a story says that when he visited a village, he immediately fell in love with a physically unattractive woman whom no one wanted to marry and made her his concubine.
Japanese: 容貌が悪い女性が好みという説もあり、村を訪れた時に容貌が悪くて嫁の付き手がいない女性に一目惚れし、側室に入れたという逸話もある。
English: After succeeding the position of shogun, Yoshimune abolished most of the laws and ordinances which were enacted according to the 'Shotoku no chi' (political reforms) established by Hakuseki ARAI.
Japanese: 吉宗は将軍就任後、新井白石らの手による「正徳の治」で行われた法令のほとんどを廃止した。
English: It was because Yoshimune thought that the policies of Hakuseki were wrong, but he showed understanding of some policies and did not abolish the laws that seemed right to him.
Japanese: これは白石の方針が間違っているとの考えによるものであるが、正しいと考えた方針には理解を示し、廃止しなかった。
English: It is for this reason that the shogun vassals, who believed that Yoshimune hated Hakuseki, were surprised and could not understand Yoshimune's thinking.
Japanese: そのため、吉宗は白石が嫌いであると思っていた幕臣たちは驚き、吉宗の考えが理解できなかった。
English: There is also a theory that Yoshimune disposed of Hakuseki's books and suppressed his academic work.
Japanese: なお、一説には著書を廃棄して学問的な弾圧をも加えたとも言われている。
English: It is said that he respected Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun, because he was enthusiastic with regard to the reformation of the shogunate like Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the founder of the Tokugawa bakufu, but he criticized Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth shogun, because he abolished the 'Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei' (ordinances of animal protection) that was an ordinance established by Tsunayoshi, on the same day that he assumed the post of shogun.
Japanese: 一方で幕府創設者である徳川家康と並んで幕政改革に熱心であった第5代将軍・徳川綱吉を尊敬し、綱吉が定めた「生類憐れみの令」を即日廃止した第6代将軍・徳川家宣を批判したと言われる。
English: However, it was not the case that he agreed with Tsunayoshi's policies, as he reinstated falconry which was prohibited during the time of Tsunayoshi.
Japanese: ただし綱吉時代に禁止されていた鷹狩の復活も行なっており、必ずしも綱吉の政策に賛同していたわけではない。
English: It is also known that he conducted flood control and land reclamation, basic policies of the Edo bakufu, and planted cherry trees in Asukayama Park, a bank of Sumida-gawa River, and other places as a part urban improvement.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の基本政策である治水や埋め立て、町場の整備の一環として飛鳥山公園や墨田川堤などへ桜の植樹をしたことでも知られる。
English: Yoshimune himself strived to live a simple life and cut costs, by wearing cotton kimono and having a meal twice a day, in the morning and evening, consisting of no more than 'one soup and three dishes.'
Japanese: 自ら質素倹約に努め、着物は木綿、食事は朝夕の2回とし、献立も「一汁三菜」とした。
English: If a vassal wore gorgeous clothes, Yoshimune would not reply to him at all and give him a silent warning by gazing at his clothes.
Japanese: 家臣が華美な服装をしていると、一切返答せず、じっとその服装に目を注いで暗に注意を促した。
English: He completely reformed Ietsugu's funeral ceremony which was scheduled to be highly luxurious according to precedent.
Japanese: それまでの例にならって、華美な様式で行われる予定だった家継の葬儀の様式を全て改めた。
English: It is said that this was intended to reduce the workforce, with the consideration that the beautiful women would not have difficulty finding a husband (however, there is an anecdote that Yoshimune preferred more homely women).
Japanese: これは人員削減を図る一方、容姿の良い者なら嫁のもらい手に困らないだろうという判断があったとされる（ただし、容貌の悪い女のほうが吉宗の好みだという逸話もある）。
English: Muneharu TOKUGAWA of the Owari Tokugawa family, the highest-ranked gosanke, tried to develop the economy by using differenct policy from Yoshimune by proactively promoting economic activities, but his extravagant lifestyle, which conflicted with the reforms by Yoshimune, caused ill feelings in the bakufu, and senior retainers of the Owari family including Masatake TAKENOKOSHI also became anxious about the policy of Muneharu, who was then ordered to retire and confine himself at home, with doors and windows locked.
Japanese: 御三家筆頭尾張徳川家の徳川宗春は吉宗と異なった経済政策をとり、積極政策による経済の発展を図ったが、吉宗の改革と異なる華美振る舞いが幕府の忌諱に触れ、また竹腰正武らの尾張家重臣層も宗春の政策を危ぶんだため、宗春は隠居謹慎の上、閉門を命じられた。
English: This punishment was not pardoned even after his death, and his gravestone was covered with a wire net which indicated a criminal until he was pardoned in 1764.
Japanese: その処分は宗春の死後も解かれることがなく、1764年に赦免されるまで、墓石には罪人を示す金網が被せられていた。
English: Yoshimune was harsh on those who acted contrary to his policy, even though the person was his relative or a powerful fudai daimyo; another example is the punishment of Masamine SAKAKIBARA who was known for lavishly spending in pursuit of his pleasure such as redeeming Takao-dayu (courtesan).
Japanese: また、高尾太夫を落籍するなど華美な遊興で知られた榊原政岑も処罰するなど、自らの方針に反対する者は親藩であろうと譜代の重鎮であろうと容赦はしなかった。
English: Yoshimune offered Tenei-in, who nominated him as shogun, a considerable annual recompense of 12,000 ryo, and also offered Gekkoin, who had been hostile to him, an annual recompense of 10,000 ryo and built Fukiage Palace for her.
Japanese: 吉宗を将軍に指名した天英院には年間1万2千両という格別な報酬を与え、さらに敵対した月光院にも居所として吹上御殿を建設し、年間1万両にも及ぶ報酬を与えるなどした。
English: Because he strived to adjust the price of rice in order to stabilize people's lives, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA was called the 'Rice Shogun' and 'Hachiboku Shogun' (after the character for 'rice' [米] separated into hachi [八] and boku [木]).
Japanese: 生活の安定を図って米価の調節に努めたため、「米将軍」と呼ばれ、また「米」の字をばらして「八木（はちぼく）将軍」とも呼ばれた。
English: Yoshimune's Kyoho Reforms were mostly successful, and the financial affairs of the bakufu were reconstructed to a certain extent.
Japanese: 吉宗の行なった享保の改革は一応成功し、幕府財政もある程度は再建された。
English: Therefore this reform became the basis of later reforms such as the Kansei Reforms and the Tempo Reforms.
Japanese: そのため、この改革はのちの寛政の改革、天保の改革などの基本となった。
English: However, the bakufu had to treat agemairei as a temporary measure because it could have resulted in a loss of prestige to shogunate, and peasant revolts occurred frequently as a result of the tax increases.
Japanese: だが、上米令は将軍権威の失墜を招きかねないため一時的なものにならざるを得ず、増税は百姓一揆の頻発を招いた。
English: Consequently, both the Kansei Reforms and Tempo Reforms could not succeed these policies, and ultimately failed.
Japanese: そのため、寛政・天保の両改革ではこれらの政策を継承できず、結局失敗に終わる。
English: In "Gyakusetsu no Nihon-shi" (paradoxical Japanese history) written by Motohiko IZAWA, there is a description that 'Yoshimune was a wise ruler in many respects, but was completely foolish when it came to the economy.'
Japanese: 井沢元彦は『逆説の日本史』の中で「吉宗は名君である点も多分にあるが、経済に関しては全くの暗君だった」と述べている。
English: He said that this economical weakness was not attributed to the personal weakness of Yoshimune himself but rather attributed commonly to the general upper stratum of samurai society in those days, which was deeply steeped in Confucianism in which business was regarded with contempt.
Japanese: ただこれは吉宗個人の弱点というよりも、商業蔑視の儒教に強く染まった当時の武家社会上層部全体に共通するものであると述べている。
English: Because Yoshimune thought that the steep rise in rice prices was caused by a commodity futures trading based on speculation, he temporarily suspended the futures market.
Japanese: 吉宗は米価の高騰を、投機が飛び交う商品先物取引に原因があると見ていたので、先物市場をしばらく休場してみることにした。
English: He was then faced with a crash in the price of rice, forcing him to reopen the futures market which caused the price of rice to increase.
Japanese: すると、今度は米価の暴落に直面したので、再び先物市場を再開すると米価が上がった。
English: When the above are considered, some current researchers think that Yoshimune did not understand the risk hedge characteristic of the futures market at the time.
Japanese: このことから考えると、吉宗は当時、先物市場のリスクヘッジの特性を理解していなかったのではないか?という意見が、現在の研究者の間にある。
English: However, the futures market that was established by Dojima Rice Market in Osaka with a permission of the bakufu in 1730 was the first futures market in the world, and some people think that it was impossible for a samurai, who was not a merchant, to understand such a new financial market.
Japanese: ただし先物市場は、1730年に江戸幕府が大坂の堂島米会所にその許可を与えたのが世界最初であり、このような最先端の金融取引に対する理解を、商人でもない武士に期待すること自体が無理との声もある。
English: Yoshimune's cost-cutting policy and Muneharu TOKUGAWA's free economic policy are compared in many television dramas and novels.
Japanese: テレビドラマや小説などのフィクションでは、吉宗の緊縮経済政策と徳川宗春の自由経済政策が対比される事が多い。
English: Contrary to that, the Genbun Koban (oval coin) minted in the first year of the Genbun era (1736) is recognized as the first reflation policy of the bakufu and is highly praised as one of a few examples of recoinage which exerted a favorable influence on the Japanese economy.
Japanese: 一方で、元文元年（1736年）に行われた元文小判は幕府初のリフレーション政策と位置づけられており、日本経済に好影響をもたらした数少ない改鋳であるとと積極的に評価されている。
English: Yoshimune was opposed to recoinage because previous cases of recoinage punished the public, however, the object of the coinage was not to gain marginal profits but to increase money supply for its own sake.
Japanese: 吉宗は以前の改鋳が庶民を苦しめたこともあり、改鋳に否定的であったが、改鋳は差益を得る目的ではなく、純粋に通貨供給量を増やすものであった。
English: Yoshimune TOKUGAWA had a deep connection to whaling, which was one of the core industries of the Kishu Domain, and twice had the kujira-gumi (a whaling group) of Kumano-nada Sea conduct large scale whaling expeditions combined with military exercises.
Japanese: 紀州藩の基幹産業の一つである捕鯨との関わりも深く、熊野灘の鯨組に軍事訓練を兼ねた大規模捕鯨を2度実施させている。
English: He established a maritime safety network using signal fires stretching from kujira-yamami (a control tower on high ground used to search for and capture whales) to Wakayama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 鯨山見（高台にある鯨の探索や捕鯨の司令塔）から和歌山城まで狼煙を使った海上保安の連絡網を設けていた。
English: After becoming shogun, he strived to ensure maritime safety by creating a position called 'Kujirabune Sayamawashi Goyo' to use kujirabune (traditional Japanese ship used for whaling) when a river flooded, to save victims and retrieve cargoes and rubbishes flushed into the gulf of Edo.
Japanese: 将軍就任後、河川氾濫による被災者の救出や、江戸湾へ流出した河川荷役、塵芥の回収に、鯨舟（古式捕鯨の和船）を使い、「鯨舟鞘廻御用」という役職を設けて海上保安に務めた。
English: He established the 'Oniwaban' (the shogunate's guard of the inner garden) (ninja [professional spy in feudal Japan highly trained in stealth and secrecy]) for the first time as shogun in order to supervise domains and rebellions.
Japanese: 将軍として初めて「御庭番」（忍者）を創設し、諸藩や反逆者を取り締まらせた。
English: When Yoshimune was a lord of the Kishu Domain, Tadasuke OOKA served as bugyo (magistrate) of Yamada in Ise Province, which frequently had lawsuits with its neighbor domain of Kishu, and there is an anecdote about the relationship between Yoshimune and Tadasuke.
Japanese: 紀州藩主時代には、隣接地であるため係争の発生しやすい伊勢国の山田奉行を大岡忠相が務めており、両者を関係付ける逸話が存在する。
English: HIEDA no Are (dates of birth and death unknown; lived in the latter half of the 7th century through the beginning of the 8th century) compiled "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters).
Japanese: 稗田阿礼（ひえだのあれ、生没年不詳。7世紀後半から8世紀初頭の人）は、『古事記』の編纂者として知られる人物である。
English: Nothing is known about HIEDA no Are beyond the fact Are was 'one of the compilers of Kojiki.'
Japanese: 稗田阿礼という人物については、「古事記の編纂者の一人」という以外にはほとんど何もわかっていない。
English: Are's name does not appear in "Nihonshoki" (the Chronicle of Japan) which was compiled around the same time as Kojiki or in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) which described about the period when Are lived.
Japanese: 同時代に編まれた『日本書紀』にもこの時代の事を記した『続日本紀』にも名前は出てこない。
English: Able to memorize something upon seeing or hearing it, Are was assigned to memorize "Tei-ki" (records of Emperor's family tree) and "Kyuji" (mythical tradition) for Are's incredible memory.
Japanese: 一度目や耳にしたことは決して忘れなかったので、その記憶力の良さを見込まれて『帝紀』『旧辞』等の誦習を命ぜられた。
English: In the era of the Empress Genmei, Are recited what Are memorized for O no Yasumaro, who wrote it down on paper to compile "Kojiki" by Imperial command.
Japanese: 元明天皇の代、詔により太安万侶が阿礼の誦する所を筆録し、『古事記』を編んだ。
English: Naturally bright and intelligent, Are could recite upon reading but once and memorize upon hearing but once.
Japanese: 聡明な人で、目に触れたものは即座に言葉にすることができ、耳に触れたものは心に留めて忘れることはない。
English: The Emperor Tenmu immediately ordered Are to memorize "Teio no Hitsugi" (Imperial Sun-Lineage) and "Sendai no Kuji" (Ancient Dicta of Former Ages).
Japanese: すぐさま（天武）天皇は阿礼に「『帝皇日継』（ていおうのひつぎ。帝紀）と『先代旧辞』（せんだいのくじ。旧辞）を誦習せよ」と命じた。
English: Normally, a 'toneri' refers to a male servant, but Kunio YANAGIDA, a folklorist, and Nobutsuna SAIGO, a mythologist, insisted that 'HIEDA no Are was a woman.'
Japanese: 「舎人」（とねり）といえば通常は男性であるが、民俗学者の柳田國男、神話学者の西郷信綱らは「稗田阿礼は女性である」とする説を唱えている。
English: They argue that the Hieda clan stemmed from the same family as the Sarume no kimi clan who had Amenouzume (goddess of entertainment) as its earliest ancestor and was assigned to serve the Imperial Court as miko (a shrine maiden) and nyoju (a court lady in a lower rank).
Japanese: 稗田氏はアメノウズメを始祖とする猿女君（さるめのきみ）と同族であり、猿女君は巫女や女孺（にょうじゅ。下級女官）として朝廷に仕える一族であるというのがその根拠である。
English: Although this theory has been treated as an established one for a long time, recently, Takeshi UMEHARA who studies ancient history vigorously as what he calls himself 'an outsider' released his analysis on Are; judging from the bold and blunt writing style of "Kojiki" and the age of Are, the name HIEDA no Are may be another name of FUJIWARA no Fuhito.
Japanese: この説は長らく定説的に扱われて来たが、近年、古代史について「部外者として」精力的な研究をしている梅原猛は、『古事記』のその大胆で無遠慮な書き方や年齢などから推定して、稗田阿礼というのは実は藤原不比等の別名ではないかとの説を提出している。
English: This new theory is accepted among ancient history fanatics, but not academically.
Japanese: この説は学界は別として、古代史マニアの間では一定の評価を受けている。
English: Meta-jinja Shrine in Hieda cho, Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture, enshrines HIEDA no Are as shusaijin (main enshrined deity) (HIEDA no Are no mikoto).
Japanese: 奈良県大和郡山市稗田町の賣太神社（めたじんじゃ）では、稗田阿礼が主斎神（稗田阿禮命）とされている。
English: This is because the Sarume-no-kimi HIEDA family lived in the area near the Shrine and Are was reportedly born there.
Japanese: 付近一帯が猿女君稗田一族の居住地であったため、阿礼の出身地とされているからである。
English: His natural father was a younger brother of Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, the 12th shogun, and a cousin of Iesada TOKUGAWA, the 13th shogun.
Japanese: 実父は第12代将軍徳川家慶の実弟であり、第13代将軍徳川家定の従兄弟にあたる。
English: Iemochi was the first son of Nariyuki TOKUGAWA (a family head of the Shimizu Tokugawa Family and the Kishu Tokugawa Family), but his father died before he was born.
Japanese: 徳川斉順（清水徳川家および紀州徳川家の当主）の長男であるが、父は家茂が生まれる前に薨去した。
English: As the closest relative to Iesada TOKUGAWA, the 13th shogun who did not have an heir, Iemochi became the 14th shogun at the age of thirteen, supported by Naosuke II, Fudai Hitto and others in the Nanki group (the group that supported Yoshitomi from the Kishu-Tokugawa family).
Japanese: 徳川氏中、世継ぎのいなかった第13代将軍・徳川家定に最も近い血筋の人物であるとして、譜代筆頭の井伊直弼ら南紀派の支持を受けて13歳で第14代将軍となる。
English: Not only did he have the genealogy, but a discerning attitude as well, and it is said that he held great prestige among the shogunal retainers, such as Kaishu KATSU, who gave their loyalty to him.
Japanese: 血筋だけでなく英明な風格を備えており、勝海舟をはじめ幕臣からの信望厚く、忠誠を集めたと言われている。
English: Iemochi was born on May 24, 1846 as the first son of Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, the 11th lord of the Kishu Domain in Kishu edohantei (residence maintained by a daimyo in Edo) in Edo (current Minato Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: 弘化3年（1846年）閏5月24日、紀州藩第11代藩主・徳川斉順の長男として江戸の紀州江戸藩邸（現：東京都港区(東京都)）で生まれる。
English: Due to the passing of his uncle, the 12th lord of the domain named Narikatsu TOKUGAWA, Iemochi was adopted to take over the family estate when he was four years old and became the 13th lord of the domain in 1849.
Japanese: 嘉永2年（1849年）に叔父で第12代藩主である徳川斉彊が死去したため、その養子縁組として家督を4歳で継ぎ、第13代藩主となった。
English: He defeated the Hitotsubashi family in a struggle in 1858, then became the 14th shogun due to the death of the 13th shogun, Iesada TOKUGAWA, soon after the struggle.
Japanese: 安政5年（1858年）、一橋派との抗争の末に勝利し、直後に第13代将軍・徳川家定も死去したために第14代将軍となった。