nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 770, when Ukuhau, the Lord Ukame of the Emishi, ran back to his homeplace, MICHISHIMA no Shimatari was dispatched to pursue him.
Japanese: 宝亀元年（770年）蝦夷の宇漢迷公宇屈波宇賊地に逃げ帰り、道嶋嶋足ら派遣。
English: In 774 and 775, KI no Hirozumi and OTOMO no Surugamaro went on an expedition to defeat Emishi/Ezo troops that had invaded Momonou-jo Castle.
Japanese: 宝亀5年（774年）紀広純、大伴駿河麻呂派遣、に侵攻した蝦夷を征討（～宝亀6年）。
English: In 777, fighting against rebels continued in Dewa Province, and although the army of Dewa Province did succumb to the Emishi on one occasion, the rebellions were temporarily put down in the following year, 778.
Japanese: 宝亀8年（777年）出羽において戦闘継続、出羽国軍蝦夷に敗れるも翌年までには一旦反乱収束。
English: In 791, FUNYA no Ohara, OTOMO no Otomaro, Shuntetsu KUDARANOKONISHIKI, Hamanari TAJIHI and Tamuramaro SAKANOUE were dispatched.
Japanese: 延暦10年（791年）文屋大原、大伴弟麻呂、百済王俊哲、多治比浜成、坂上田村麻呂投入。
English: From 1051 through 1062, the Abe clan (in Mutsu Province) was subdued through the Early Nine Years' War.
Japanese: 永承6年（1051年）-康平5年（1062年）安倍氏(奥州)征討（前九年の役）。
English: From 1083 through 1087, the Kiyohara clan in Dewa Province was subdued through the Later Three Years' War.
Japanese: 永保3年（1083年）-寛治元年（1087年）出羽清原氏征討（後三年の役）。
English: The campaign of the three biggest petitions is a political movement caused by petitions ("The three biggest petitions") submitted to Genroin (the Chamber of Elders) (Japan) by Kenkichi KATAOKA in October 1887.
Japanese: 三大事件建白運動（さんだいじけんけんぱくうんどう）とは、1887年（明治20年）10月に片岡健吉が元老院_(日本)に提出した建白書（「三大事件建白」）をきっかけに起きた政治運動。
English: It is known as the last campaign of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement as well as the campaign to unite for a common purpose.
Japanese: 大同団結運動と並んで自由民権運動の最後を飾る運動として知られている。
English: In 1886, Kaoru INOUE, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan) in The First Ito Cabinet, held a meeting for revision of a treaty with delegation from foreign countries, and the proposal in the meeting included some compromises such as raising tax and employment of foreign judges.
Japanese: 1886年、第1次伊藤内閣の外務大臣(日本)井上馨が条約改正のための会議を諸外国の使節団と改正会議を行うが、その提案には関税の引き上げや外国人判事の任用など譲歩を示した。
English: Therefore, Jutaro KOMURA, Koyata TORIO, and Gustave Emile BOISSONADE submitted the adverse opinion, and furthermore, it caused a scene that Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Tateki TANI turned in his resignation in 1887.
Japanese: このため、小村寿太郎や鳥尾小弥太、法律顧問ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードがこれに反対意見を提出し、更に翌1887年には農商務大臣谷干城が辞表を提出する騒ぎとなった。
English: Members of the Civil-Right group who found out about this unanimously criticized the government, and in Tokyo, students and political activists caused a demonstration.
Japanese: これを知った民権派が一斉に政府を非難し、東京では学生や壮士によるデモも起こされた。
English: Amidst these situations, the Civil-Right group in Kochi Prefecture submitted a petition called 'the three biggest petitions' focusing on 1) establishment of free speech, 2) restoring mental balance of civilians by reducing a land tax, and 3) recovery of diplomacy (realization of revision of a treaty on an equal footing), saying these unrests were because of a policy of Europeanization as national disgrace and oppression of public opinions.
Japanese: このような中で片岡健吉を代表とする高知県の民権派が、今回の混乱は国辱的な欧化政策と言論弾圧による世論の抑圧にあると唱えて、①言論の自由の確立②地租軽減による民心の安定③外交の回復（対等な立場による条約改正実現）を柱とした「三大事件建白」と呼ばれる建白書を提出した。
English: Just then, the campaign to unite for a common purpose by Shojiro GOTO was gathering stream, while Yukio OZAKI and Toru HOSHI, as well as KATAOKA, called for unity of the Civil-Right group and to criticize the government in accordance with the campaign.
Japanese: 折りしも、後藤象二郎による大同団結運動が盛り上がっている最中であり、片岡の他に尾崎行雄や星亨もこれにこうじて民権派の団結と政府批判を呼びかけた。
English: Against these activity, the government promulgated hoan jorei (regulations for the preservation of law and order) in December 1887 and arrested Kataoka, as well as exiled and arrested many other activists, and thus this campaign had no choice but to be collapsed.
Japanese: これに対して政府は同年12月に保安条例を発布して片岡を逮捕したほか多数の運動家を追放・逮捕してこの運動は挫折を余儀なくされた。
English: In addition, this caused breakup of the campaign to unite for a common purpose and the Freedom and People's Rights Movement reached a tuning point.
Japanese: また、この影響で大同団結運動も分裂を来たし、自由民権運動は大きな曲がり角に差し掛かる事になった。
English: Precise location is undetermined because excavation and research have not been undertaken, but it is considered to have been along the Hokuriku-do Road in a mountainous area in southern Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: 詳細な位置は発掘調査がなされておらず確定していないが、福井県敦賀市南部の山間部の北陸道沿いなどにあったと考えられている。
English: Based on written records, excavation and research, and presumption that it was founded after Yamanakagoe (a local road) from Omi and Fukasakagoe (a mountain path separating Fukui Prefecture and Shiga Prefecture) were united, recent study shows that Hikida, Tsuruga City is the most likely location.
Japanese: 文書の記録や発掘調査、および近江からの山中越と深坂越が一つになった後に設置されたとの推定から、近年の研究では敦賀市疋田が有力とされる。
English: It is considered to have founded to protect Omi no miya from Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) in the period of Emperor Tenchi, its scale could have been either equaling or surpassing gunga (county government offices) and gundan (military service).
Japanese: 天智天皇の頃に近江宮を東国から防衛するために設けられたとされ、郡衙や軍団(古代日本)と同等以上の規模だったと考えられる。
English: In 764, when FUJIWARA no Nakamaro raised a rebellion, the checking station was closed to stop him running away to Echizen Province where his son lived.
Japanese: 天平宝字8年（764年）に藤原仲麻呂が反乱を起こした際には、息子のいる越前国への逃走を防ぐために関が閉じられた。
English: After that, it was destroyed in 789, and there is no record that Arachi no-seki was closed in the Kusuko Incident in 810, alternatively, Osaka no-seki checking station in Omi Province received notification, so it is considered to have been abolished completely by this time.
Japanese: その後、延暦8年（789年）に廃され、弘仁元年（810年）の薬子の変では愛発関を閉じた記録はなく、代わって近江国の相坂関に連絡が行っており、、この頃には完全に廃止されていたとされる。
English: Kuichigai Incident was an assassination attempt on Tomomi IWAKURA, the Minister of Right, which occurred in Kuichigaizaka, Akasaka, Tokyo (now Minato Ward, Tokyo) on January 14, 1874.
Japanese: 喰違の変（くいちがいのへん）は、明治7年（1874年）1月14日に東京の赤坂(東京都港区)喰違坂で起きた、右大臣岩倉具視に対する暗殺未遂事件。
English: The resignation of Seikan-ha (supporters of sending army to Korea) Sangi (councilors), including Takamori SAIGO, Shinpei ETO and Taisuke ITAGAI, who were defeated at the Seikan Ronsou (debate on subjugation of Korea) occured in October 1873, made fuhei shizoku (former samurai with gripes) even more frustrated since they looked forward to conquer Korea.
Japanese: 前年明治6年（1873年）10月に政府内で起きたいわゆる征韓論争に敗れた征韓派参議の西郷隆盛・江藤新平・板垣退助らが下野したことは、征韓論に期するところのあった不平士族らにとって、いっそうの不満を高めることとなった。
English: Especially, the resentment against Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right and Toshimichi OKUBO, Secretary of Interior, who led the aforementioned debate in place of Sanetomi SANJO, the Grand Minister who had to retire due to sudden illness, was increasingly grown.
Japanese: とりわけ、急病により一線を退いた太政大臣三条実美に代わって、論争を主導した右大臣岩倉具視や内務卿大久保利通に対する恨みは次第に増幅されていった。
English: At the night of January 14, 1874, when Iwakura finished his work and left the temporal imperial palace to his home (they used the Akasaka Palace as the Imperial Palace because of the fire in previous year), he was attacked by assailants when his hose-drawn buggy reached to Kuichigaizaka, Akasaka.
Japanese: 明治7年1月14日夜、公務を終え、赤坂の仮皇居（前年の火災により赤坂離宮を皇居としていた）から退出して自宅へ帰る途中だった岩倉の馬車が、赤坂喰違坂にさしかかった際、襲撃者たちがいっせいに岩倉を襲った。
English: The assault team consisted of nine people, Kumakichi TAKECHI who had been a shizoku (a samurai-oriented family) from Kochi Prefecture and worked at Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well as Kikuma TAKECHI, Norio YAMAZAKI, Naokata SHIMAZAKI, Yoshiaki SHIMOMURA, Masahiko IWATA, Yasumichi NAKAYAMA, Shigeki NAKANISHI and 悦弥太 SAWADA.
Japanese: 襲撃者は高知県士族で、もと外務省に出仕していた武市熊吉ほか、武市喜久馬、山崎則雄、島崎直方、下村義明、岩田正彦、中山泰道、中西茂樹、沢田悦弥太の総勢9人。
English: Iwakura was slightly injured below eyebrow and left hip by the attack, but survived because he fell off to Yotsuyago (a moat in Yotsuya) of the Imperial Palace, and the assailants lost the sight of him.
Japanese: 岩倉は襲撃者の攻撃により、眉の下と左腰に軽い負傷はしたものの、皇居の四ッ谷濠へ転落し、襲撃者達が岩倉の姿を見失ったため、一命を取り留めた。
English: However, the incident shocked him greatly therefore his return to the official duties was about a month later, on February 23 (Saga War happened during the period).
Japanese: ただし、精神的な動揺は大きく、公務復帰は1箇月後の2月23日となった（この療養中に佐賀の乱が発生している）。
English: Okubo was relieved to hear Iwakura's injury was slight one, but as he was strongly concerned about the fact the assault was made to a high government official by the Fuheishizoku, he told Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, the Daikeishi (top of the police) to search for the criminals.
Japanese: 岩倉が軽傷と知ってひとまず安心するが、不平士族による政府高官の襲撃という事態を重く見た大久保は、ただちに警視庁大警視川路利良に早急な犯人捜索を命じた。
English: As a result, the nine criminals, including Kumakichi TAKECHI, were arrested three days after the incident, on January 17.
Japanese: その甲斐あって事件の3日後の1月17日には、武市熊吉ら9人は逮捕された。
English: Four years later, in 1878, Toshimichi OKUBO was assassinated by a group of shizoku from Ishikawa Prefecture, including Ichiro SHIMADA, at the Kioizaka (Kioizaka Incident), which was just ahead from Kuichigai Mitsuke.
Japanese: なお4年後の明治11年（1878年）、喰違見附のすぐ先にある紀尾井坂で、大久保利通が石川県士族島田一郎らに襲撃されて、暗殺されている（→紀尾井坂の変）。
English: Watakushiikusa (also called shisen [private warfare]) is a small-scale military/battle conducted in Japan before the early-modern period for Katakiuchi (revenge) or for self-preservation, without an official order such as Daijokanpu (official documents of Daijokan, which is the office of the supreme political leader), senji (imperial decree) or an order from bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 私軍（わたくしいくさ・私戦（しせん））とは、近世以前の日本において太政官符や宣旨、幕府の命令などの公的命令によらずして、敵討や自力救済のために行われる小規模な武力行使・戦闘行為。
English: There were cases where a person of the samurai class waged a battle against his opponent for the defense of his territory.
Japanese: 武士階層は、所領の防衛などのために対立相手に戦いをしかけることがあった。
English: In the Kamakura period this deliberate conduct of hostilities was called kosen (intentional war) and defensive action was called bosen (defensive war), and they were collectively known as 'kosen-bosen'.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代にはこうした意図的な戦闘行為を故戦（こせん）、それに対する防衛を防戦（ぼうせん）と呼び、これらを一括して「故戦防戦」と呼んだ。
English: During periods when the dignity of central authority declined, legal means to resolve territorial disputes were ineffective, and instead these wars were often waged as a form of self-preservation.
Japanese: 中央権力の威信が低下した時代には、所領紛争を法的手段で解決する方法が無力であったために、代わりに自力救済の一環としてこうした戦いがしばしば行われていた。
English: The Imperial Court in the Heian period deliberately ignored all the watakushiikusa and shisen, and adopted a noninterference policy in relation to them.
Japanese: 平安時代の朝廷は私軍・私戦によるに対しては一切の黙殺と不干渉の措置を取った。
English: One of the examples is that TAIRA no Masakado's War was not suppressed until TAIRA no Masakado staged a rebellious act attacking a provincial governor (although TAIRA no Sadamori on the opposing side was similar in that he had disturbed the peace and at the beginning of Masakado's War he had been ordered to hunt down and kill Sadamori), and another example is that, for the Go Sannen no Eki (Later Three-Year Campaign), reward grants were not given to the subordinates of MINAMOTO no Yoshiie.
Japanese: 平将門の乱において平将門が国司襲撃という公に対する反逆行為に出るまで鎮圧を行わなかったこと（逆に私戦を行って秩序を乱している点では対立する平貞盛なども同一であり、将門の乱初期においては将門に貞盛追討が命じられたこともある）や後三年の役において源義家の配下に恩賞を与えなかった事がその例である。
English: After that, when Kamakura bakufu (a samurai government) was established, the active suppression of such kosen-bosen came to be enforced in addition to the enhancement of the 'trial system,' and a policy of eliminating the causes of watakushiikusa and shisen by means of making Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally) a crime was adopted in 1310.
Japanese: その後、武家政権である鎌倉幕府が成立すると、裁判制度の充実を図るとともにこうした故戦防戦を積極的に抑制する方針に転じ、延慶(日本)3年（1310年）に刈田狼藉を犯罪と規定するなど私軍・私戦の原因を絶つ政策を採った。
English: Subsequently, starting in 1346 such policies were frequently put in place by the Muromachi bakufu, and in 1352 even those who staged defensive wars were given criminal penalties regardless of their reasons.
Japanese: 続いて室町幕府も貞和2年（1346年）を皮切りに度々出され、観応3年（1352年）には、防戦を行った者も理由の如何を問わずに処罰の対象とされた。
English: In the Sengoku period, similar bans were issued in 1514 and 1516.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の永正11年（1514年）と永正13年（1516年）にも同様の禁令が出されている。
English: The ban in 1516 was issued nationwide; to confiscate half of the defender's territory if the whole territory of the offender was confiscated, and to confiscate the whole of the defender's territory if the offender was sentenced to death (although no Japanese territorial lords or local samurai lords were punished in this way).
Japanese: 永正13年の禁令は全国的に出され、故戦者が全所領没収ならば防戦者も所領の半分を没収され、更に故戦者が死刑にされた場合には防戦者に対しても全所領没収が課される事になっていた（もっとも、これによって処罰された戦国大名・国人領主などは皆無であったが）。
English: Furthermore, there is a theory that the law penalizing defenses is the origin of the principle of Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel, both parties are to blame), which was stipulated in bunkokuho (the law which individual Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period enforced in their own domain).
Japanese: なお、防戦に対する処罰規定は戦国大名の分国法などにおける喧嘩両成敗の元となったとする説もある。
English: The complete elimination of watakushiikusa and shisen was accomplished only after the Toyotomi government's enforcement of sobuji rei (Peace edicts) and after this policy was carried through by 'the punitive expeditions of shogunate's army' (Odawara no Jin [the Siege of Odawara] and Oshu-shioki [the Repression of Oshu District]).
Japanese: 日本から私軍・私戦が一掃されるのは豊臣政権の惣無事令施行とその違反者に対する「公儀の軍勢による征伐」（小田原の陣・奥州仕置）によってこの方針の貫徹が行われて以後の事になる。
English: Takefu riot was a rebellion that occurred in Echizen City, Fukui Prefecture in 1870 after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 武生騒動（たけふそうどう）とは、福井県越前市で明治維新後の明治3年に発生した暴動。
English: At that time, Bakufu (Shogunate) treated the Honda family, the ruler of Echizen City (the area previously known as Fusho City), with the equivalent of a Daimyo treatment as a baishin (indirect vassals) of the Echizen-fukui Domain, however in the peerage system established by the Meiji government, the lord Sukemoto HONDA was ranked as a Shizoku (warrior class) not Kazoku (the peerage).
Japanese: 当時、越前市（旧武生市に相当）を治めていた本多家は、越前福井藩の陪臣として幕府から大名格の処遇を得てきたが、明治政府が制定した華族制度では、当主の本多副元が華族でなく士族とされた。
English: His old retainers and townspeople were not happy about this therefore they demanded for a change and a rebellion had occurred.
Japanese: このことを不服とした旧家臣や町民が変更を求めて行動を起こし暴動に至った。
English: In this rebellion, Yoshiomi SEKI, who was a member of the Kameyama Shachu and Kaientai (both were names of an association of leaderless warriors organized by Ryoma SAKAMOTO), was arrested for his involvement.
Japanese: この騒動で亀山社中や海援隊(浪士結社)の一員でもあった関義臣も連座により逮捕された。
English: Sukemoto HONDA was raised to the peerage and he erected a monument of Fusahito in Ryosen-ji temple for the 15 retainers who fought and died in the rebellion.
Japanese: 本多副元は華族に昇格、この騒動で犠牲になった藩士15名を哀慕するために龍泉寺に成仁の碑を建立した。
English: Kumon was originally a general term for official documents in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and derived from it, it also meant the government official who dealt with such documents.
Japanese: 公文（くもん）とは、本来は律令制における公文書の総称であり、転じてこうした文書の取り扱う官吏の事も指した。
English: In the later generations, kuge (a court noble), temples and shoen also used the term for important documents and the person in charge of dealing with it.
Japanese: 後世においては公家や寺院、荘園でも重要文書やそれを扱う担当者の事を指した。
English: In addition, the archive of kumon as documents and the workplace of the person in charge were called 'kumonjo' (administration office).
Japanese: なお、文書である公文の保管所や担当者の勤務場所を「公文所（くもんじょ）」と呼ぶ。
English: In the Ritsuryo law, the items on 'Shikisei-ritsu' (Office Penal Laws) defined "kumon as official documents," and the law called Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) was enacted to determine the form and the procedure of the official documents.
Japanese: 律令法においては「職制律」の疏において“公文謂在官文書”と定義され、また「公式令（くしきりょう）」と呼ばれる令が制定されて公文書の様式や手続が定められていた。
English: In the Imperial Court, dai-keicho (the grand yearly tax registers), shozeicho (balance sheets of tax rice), chocho (list of choyo [tribute and labor]) and choshucho (report of affairs of state) submitted by Kokushi (provincial governors) in various places at fixed times of the year were particularly called shidonokumon.
Japanese: 朝廷においては、特に毎年一定の時期に各地の国司から提出される大計帳・正税帳・調帳・朝集帳を四度公文（しどのくもん/よどのくもん）と呼んだ。
English: The Court audited the figures in shidonokumon in order to reveal Kokushi's dishonesty, and treated them as important basic information on administration and financial affairs.
Japanese: この数字を監査する事で国司の不正に対する監視を行うとともに、行政・財政の基本資料としても重要視された。
English: And in kokuga (provincial government offices), kumonjo was set up in order to produce these documents, and the figures who had skill in writing or calculation were appointed as zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) such as kokushi and shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties about documents).
Japanese: また、国衙においてはこれらの文書を作成するために公文所が設置され、文筆や計算に通じた人物を国司・史生と言った在庁官人に任命した。
English: The document management following this was also done in Kuge's Mandokoro (administrative board), sogo (office of monastic affairs) of temples, and so on.
Japanese: 公家の政所や寺院の僧綱などにおいてもこれに倣った文書管理が行われた。
English: In the beginning, those were also called 'kaigo' (post), 'shutsuno' (receipts and expenditure) and 'azukari' (an additional post to the chief of Naizenshi), but as the documents to deal with increased and started to include even lawsuits, all of them began to be called kumon uniformly.
Japanese: 当初は「開闔（かいごう）」・「出納（しゅつのう）」・「預（あずかり）」などとも呼ばれていたが、次第に取扱う文書が多くなり訴訟なども担当するようになると、それらも「公文」と称せられる様になった。
English: The person in charge of shoki (amanuensis) in the hikitsuke (judicial board) of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was also called 'Kumon,' whose duties included acceptance of documents for shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues).
Japanese: また、鎌倉幕府の引付の書記担当者も「公文」と呼ばれて所務沙汰の文書の受付などを行った。
English: The letter of appointment issued by Ashikaga Shogun Family to appoint the chief priest of Gozan-Jissetsu (five great Zen temples and ten important temples of Rinzai sect) was also called 'Kumon' or 'Kojo.'
Japanese: また、足利将軍家が発給した五山十刹などの住持を任命（補任）する辞令を「公文」もしくは「公帖（こうじょう）」と呼んだ。
English: The Five Mountain System had already existed in the Kamakura bakufu with the issuance of kumon (kojo), and it was improved by Takauji ASHIKAGA, the first seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu, who was actively protecting the Zen sect.
Japanese: 五山制度は鎌倉幕府にも存在しており公文（公帖）が出されていたが、同制度が整備されたのは、室町幕府初代征夷大将軍足利尊氏が禅宗保護に積極的であったことに由来する。
English: Therefore, kumon (kojo) was usually issued in the form of Migyosho (a document for informing people of the decision of Third Rank or upper people) or Gonaisho (official document).
Japanese: 従って公文（公帖）は将軍直々の命令書である御教書もしくは御内書形式で発給されるのが通例であった。
English: (The procedure: at first, Shogun selects a nominee referring to the name list submitted by representative Buddhist monks: Rokuon soroku [highest-ranking priest of the Gozan, the leader of the Zen sect] and Inryoshiki [corresponding officer of Shogun and Soroku], then the Kumon Bugyo [magistrate] makes the text under Shogun's instruction, Shogun later confirms it, and signs and seals it to issue to the representative Buddhist monks who hand it over to the nominee).
Japanese: （手続としては、僧侶代表（鹿苑僧録・蔭涼職）から出された名簿を参考に将軍が選任し、将軍の指示に従って公文奉行が本文を執筆し、将軍が内容を確認の上で署名捺印して僧侶代表に発給してそれを被任命者に授与した）
English: Also, from the middle of the Muromachi period, kumon (kojo) was sometimes issued for the purpose of appointing the monk who did not live in the temple as Jujishoku (a resident head of the temple) that was considered as honorary position.
Japanese: また、室町時代中期以後には実際には居住していない僧侶に対して名誉職の意味を持った住持職任命を目的とした公文（公帖）が発給される場合があった。
English: The Reisen (honorarium) presented in exchange of kumon (kojo) is said to have been not only the important financial resource of the Muromachi bakufu, but also the funds for enabling Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA to work underground (because the appointive power over the chief priest of 'Gozan-Jissetsu' was considered being in Ashikaga Shogun himself, not in Muromachi bakufu.)
Japanese: こうした公文（公帖）の発給のために献上された礼銭が室町幕府の重要な財政収入になったのみでなく、織田信長によって京都を追放された足利義昭の追放中の活動資金にもなったと言われている（「五山十刹」の住持の任免権は室町幕府ではなく、足利将軍個人にあると考えられていたため）。
English: Moreover, the authority to issue kumon (kojo) regarding temples in the Kanto region, such as the Kamakura Gozan Temples, was held by the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: なお、鎌倉五山などの関東の寺院に関する公文（公帖）は鎌倉府に発給権があった。
English: Local Shugo (provincial constables) would sometimes issue kumon (kojo) for provincial temples on behalf of the shogun.
Japanese: 地方の寺院については現地の守護が将軍の代理として発給した例も存在している。
English: Afterward, following Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's retirement to become a priest, the Toyotomi government, then the Edo bakufu handled the issuance of kumon (kojo).
Japanese: その後、足利義昭の出家による引退後は代わって豊臣政権や江戸幕府が公文（公帖）が発給している。
English: The Edo bakufu enforced the Gozan-Jissetsu Shozan no Shohatto (various laws put in force in Gozan-Jissetsu and Shozan [Zen temples other than Gozan-Jissetsu]) to abolish the Inryoshiki, and set up Konjin soroku in place of Rokuon soroku, adding strict qualification restrictions such as 'No issuance of kojo without hinpotsu (preaching by shuso [the leader of monks practicing asceticism] on behalf of Jujishoku).'
Japanese: 江戸幕府は五山十刹諸山之諸法度を出して蔭涼職を廃して鹿苑僧録に替わって金地院僧録を設置し、「秉払なしに公帖を発行してはならない」などの厳しい資格制限を付けた。
English: However, as exceptions, kumon (kojo) was sometimes issued to Tofuku-ji Temple by the Kujo family or the Ichijo family, and as Inzen (a decree from the retired Emperor) or Rinji (the Emperor's command) it was issued to Tenryu-ji Temple, Daitoku-ji Temple, Nanzen-ji Temple and so on.
Japanese: ただし、東福寺は九条家・一条家のいずれかが、天竜寺・大徳寺・南禅寺などは院宣や綸旨によって出される事もあった。
English: In shoen, persons who made a text to submit to kokuga and ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor) had been called 'kumon,' but this name later began to be also used for persons other than those in charge of writing and 'kumon' became a post name of low-ranking shokan (an officer governing shoen) of shoen.
Japanese: 荘園においては国衙や領家に対して提出する文書を作成する者を「公文」と呼んだが、後には文書を担当する者以外に対しても広く使われるようになり、荘園の下級荘官の役職として「公文」の呼称が用いられるようになった。
English: In the beginning, they were generally sent from ryoke, but some time later, kaihatsu-ryoshu (local notables who actually developed the land) who were well-informed about the local situation began to be appointed, thus it was handed down to posterity along with kyuden meaning incomes from land taxes on shoryo (territory).
Japanese: 本来は領家より派遣されるのが一般的であったが、後には現地の事情に通じた開発領主が任命され、給田と呼ばれる所領給与とともに子孫に継承されていった。
English: As a responsible person of the village, they served as a supervisor of shoen and peasants living in there, and nengu (annual tribute, land tax) and the compulsory service were paid through them.
Japanese: 彼らは現地の村々における責任者として荘園ならびにそこに住む百姓を監督する役目を担い、年貢・夫役などは彼らを通じて徴収された。
English: However, when the confrontation occurred between ryoke or jito (manager and lord of manor) and peasants, they were put in the difficult position between them.
Japanese: だが、領家・地頭・百姓間において対立が生じるとその間に挟まれて苦慮する立場でもあった。
English: In addition, kumon kanryo, the clerical expense at kenchu (land survey) for checking the cadaster owned by kumon of kokuga against that of kumon of shoen, was imposed on peasants as extra tax at the time of kenchu, in order to cover the actual expense and the reward to kumon of shoen who actually handled the practice.
Japanese: なお、検注に際して国衙側の公文が持つ土地台帳と荘園側の公文が持つ台帳を勘合する際の事務経費を公文勘料（くもんかんりょう）と呼び、検注時に農民に対して臨時に賦課されて、実際の経費及び実務に当たった荘園側の公文に対する得分（報酬）として宛がわれた。
English: Naikaku-shokken (Official Powers of the Cabinet) is a rule that stipulated duties of the Prime Minister and management of the cabinet in Japan.
Japanese: 内閣職権（ないかくしょっけん）とは、日本において、内閣総理大臣の職務及び内閣運営方法を定めた規則。
English: Dajokan tasshi dai 69 go (No.69 of proclamation by the Grand Council of State) in 1885 made the transition from the System of Departments of State to the cabinet system, and the first Ito Cabinet established Naikaku-shokken to lay down Prime Minister's power.
Japanese: 1885年（明治18年）の太政官達第69号により太政官制から内閣制度へ移行され、内閣総理大臣の権限等を定めるために第1次伊藤内閣が内閣職権を制定する。
English: The major difference from the Cabinet Organization Order established in 1889 is the strength of the Prime Minister's power.
Japanese: 1889年に制定された内閣官制との大きな違いは内閣総理大臣権限の強弱である。