nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On January 11, 1198, Emperor Tsuchimikado took over the Imperial Throne, but Emperor Go-Toba continued to run his cloister government as a retired emperor for 23 years until 1221, spanning three generations starting from Emperor Tsuchimikado and continuing to Emperor Juntoku and Emperor Chukyo.
Japanese: 建久9年（1198年）1月11日、土御門天皇に譲位し、以後、土御門、順徳天皇、仲恭天皇と承久三年（1221年）まで、3代23年間に渡り太上天皇として院政を敷く。
English: Once he became the retired emperor, he made an active effort to become a (high-ranking) courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace, as a court noble (traditionally, people who served an emperor would stay with him after his reign) in order to reform the system of the cloister government; he was ready to take forceful action against the Kamakura government, which had started to behave conspicuously.
Japanese: 上皇になると殿上人を整理（旧来は天皇在位中の殿上人はそのまま院の殿上人となる慣例であった）して院政機構の改革を行うなどの積極的な政策を採って、台頭する鎌倉幕府に対しても強硬的な路線を採った。
English: On May 14, 1221, the Retired Emperor Go-Toba gave an official document to expel the regent Yoshitoki HOJO from the government; he gathered the solders near Kyoto and triggered the Jokyu War, but he was severely beaten by the Kamakura government.
Japanese: 承久3年（1221年）5月14日、後鳥羽上皇は、時の執権北条義時追討の院宣を出し、畿内・近国の兵を召集して承久の乱を起こしたが、幕府の大軍に完敗。
English: Slightly more than two months after the incident, on July 9, Yoshitoki's son Yasutoki HOJO came to Kyoto with 190,000 solders; subsequently, the Retired Emperor Go-Toba was sentenced to deportation and sent to Oki no-shima Island (Naka no shima, Ama County, Oki Province, the present-day Ama-cho Town).
Japanese: わずか2ヶ月あとの7月9日、19万の大軍を率いて上京した義時の嫡男北条泰時によって、後鳥羽上皇は隠岐島（隠岐国海士郡の中ノ島、現海士町）に配流された。
English: Emperor Juntoku helped his father defeat the Kamakura government, but he was then sent to Sado ga-shima Island; the Emperor Tsuchimikado also went to Tosa Province by his own will, although he was not involved in the incident.
Japanese: 父の倒幕計画に協力した順徳上皇は佐渡島に流され、関与しなかった土御門上皇も自ら望んで土佐国に遷った。
English: Apart from these three retired emperors, the Retired Emperor's prince, Masanari, was sentenced to deportation and sent to Tajima Province; Prince Yorihito was sentenced to deportation and sent to Bizen Province.
Japanese: これら三上皇のほかに、院の皇子雅成親王は但馬国へ、頼仁親王は備前国にそれぞれ配流された。
English: Furthermore, the young Emperor Chukyo, who was enthroned for three months (he was four years old) was removed, and instead Takakura-in's grandchild (the future Emperor Horikawa) was recommended to succeed the Imperial Throne, and his father, Prince Morisada, took control of the cloister government.
Japanese: さらに、在位わずか3ヶ月足らずの幼帝仲恭天皇（当時四歳）も廃され、代わりに高倉院の孫、後堀河天皇が皇位に推挙され、その父守貞親王が院政を執ることになった。
English: The Retired Emperorr Go-Toba, who had become a cloistered emperor before he was about to be sentenced to deportation and sent to Oki, died at the place of exile on February 20, 1239, while Emperor Shijo was in power.
Japanese: 隠岐に流される直前に出家して法皇となった後鳥羽上皇は、四条天皇代の延応元年（1239年）2月20日、配所にて崩御。
English: Because there was no one to succeed the Imperial Throne from Emperor Go-Takakura's line, Emperor Go-Saga (Prince Tsuchimikado) was enthroned in July 1242; and the suffix -in used in posthumous Buddhist names was changed to Go-Toba-in.
Japanese: 後高倉皇統の断絶によって後嵯峨天皇（土御門院皇子）の即位となった仁治3年（1242年）7月、院号が後鳥羽院に改められた。
English: This is an exception, and there is no other successive Emperor but Go-Toba-in whose posthumous name was changed.
Japanese: 歴代の天皇の中で諡が改められたのは後鳥羽院のみであり、かなり例外的と言える。
English: Go-Toba (no)-in was one of the greatest, most outstanding poets of the Medieval period; his poems had an enormous impact on the later periods.
Japanese: 後鳥羽院（ごとば-（の）-いん）は中世屈指にして史上有数の歌人であり、その歌作は同時代および後代に大きな影響を与えている。
English: It is unknown when Go-Toba-in acquired an interest in poetry, but generally it is said that he started when he abdicated the throne in January 1198; also, in August of that year he suddenly started writing poems after the imperial visit to Kumano, and in 1199 he often opened poetry competitions (poetry parties or contests).
Japanese: 院がいつごろから歌作に興味を持ちはじめたかは分明ではないが、通説では建久9年（1198年）一月の譲位、ならびに同8月の熊野行幸以降急速に和歌に志すようになり、正治元年（1199年）以降盛んに歌会・歌合などを行うようになった。
English: Go-Toba-in admired FUJIWARA no Sadaie's (Teika) style of poetry writing, the latter being the main person of the Kujo Family in the world of tanka poetry; the tanka circle, being similar to 新儀非拠達磨歌 at that time, was the stylistic manner of praising something and criticizing at the same time.
Japanese: 院は当初から、当時新儀非拠達磨歌と毀誉褒貶相半ばしていた九条家歌壇、ことにその中心人物であった藤原定家の歌風につよい憧れを持っていた。
English: In July 1200, when Shoji Shodo Hyakushu Waka was held, Go-Toba-in invited the poets of the Kujo Family, representing the world of tanka poetry, along with members of the tanka circle and the Mikohidari Family, such as Princess Shikishi (Shokushi), Yoshitsune KUJO, FUJIWARA no Shunzei (Toshinari), Jien, Jakuren, FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika) and FUJIWARA no Ietaka to send poems to the Imperial Palace or temples.
Japanese: 正治2年（1200年）7月に主宰した正治初度百首和歌においては、式子内親王、九条良経、藤原俊成、慈円、寂蓮、藤原定家、藤原家隆ら、九条家歌壇・御子左家系の歌人に詠進を求めている。
English: With this collection of 100 poems, Go-Toba-in began studying under FUJIWARA no Shunzei (Toshinari); he was directly affected by the style of FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika), and his poetry experienced dramatic improvement.
Japanese: この百首歌を契機に、院は藤原俊成に師事し、定家の作風に直接の影響を受けるようになり、その歌作は急速に進歩してゆく。
English: The reprehensive poets were FUJIWARA no Masatsune, MINAMOTO no Tomochika, KAMO no Chomei and Go-Toba in no Kunaikyo, who were mostly newcomers from among the aides of Go-Toba-in; he tried to find new poets to serve the other people, but later on it helped to create a base for the In aide group together with the KUJO Family group and the Mikohidari Family group within Shin Kokin Kajin gun.
Japanese: 対象となった歌人は藤原雅経、源具親、鴨長明、後鳥羽院宮内卿ら院の近臣を中心とする新人のグループで、この時期、院は熱心に新たな歌人を発掘し、周囲に仕えさせることで、後に新古今歌人群のなかにあって、九条家グループ、御子左家グループと鼎立する院近臣グループの基盤がここに整ったといえる。
English: Having been involved in two 100-poem collections, Go-Toba in became more determined to live as a poet and finally decided to make an anthology of poems (collected) by imperial command; in July 1201 he rebuilt the Waka-dokoro.
Japanese: 二度の百首歌を経ていよいよ和歌に志を深めた院はついに勅撰集の撰進を思い立ち、建仁元年（1201年）七月には和歌所を再興する。
English: The Yoryuudo were FUJIWARA no Yoshitsune, Gien, MINAMOTO no Michichika, MINAMOTO no Michitomo, Shakua (Shunzei, Toshinari), FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika), Jakuren, FUJIWARA no Ietaka, FUJIWARA no Takanobu, FUJIWARA no Ariie (Rokujo-Toke), MINAMOTO no Tomochika, FUJIWARA no Masatsune, KAMO no Chomei, FUJIWARA no Hideyoshi (Hideto), for a total of 14 poets (the last three poets were added later), and Kaiko was MINAMOTO no Ienaga.
Japanese: 寄人は藤原良経、慈円、源通親、源通具、釈阿（俊成）、藤原定家、寂蓮、藤原家隆、藤原隆信、藤原有家（六条藤家）、源具親、藤原雅経、鴨長明、藤原秀能の十四名（最後の三名は後に追加）、開闔は源家長である。
English: The 30 main contemporary poets created poems by turns, and each poet gave a Han-shi in the poetry-contest style, as the largest such event yet held; this poetry contest was the most valuable in literary history, since it evaluated the poems of the Shin kokin period and revealed talented poets who had previously been unknown.
Japanese: 当代の主要歌人三十人に百首歌を召してこれを結番し、歌合形式で判詞を加えるという空前絶後の企画であったが、この歌合は、新古今期の歌論の充実、新進歌人の成長などの面から見ても文学史上逸することのできない価値を持つ。
English: Furthermore, in November of that year, after the great poetry event, six poets, FUJIWARA no Sadaie (Teika), FUJIWARA no Ariie, MINAMOTO no Michitomo, FUJIWARA no Ietaka, FUJIWARA no Masatsune, and Jakuren were tasked with organizing an anthology (collection) of poems by imperial command; this was the start of making "Shin-Kokin Wakashu (New Collection of Ancient and Modem Times)" for the Imperial Court.
Japanese: さらにこのような大規模な企画を経て、同年十一月にはついに藤原定家、藤原有家、源通具、藤原家隆、藤原雅経、寂蓮の六人に勅撰集の命を下し、『新古今和歌集』撰進がはじまった。
English: In terms of editing the above, according to the record written in "Meigetsu-ki" and others, Go-Toba-in was deeply involved in choosing poems or constructing the layout of the poems, so it would not be an exaggeration to state that he was one of the actual editors.
Japanese: 同集の編集にあたっては、『明月記』そのほかの記録から、院自身が撰歌、配列などに深く関与し、実質的に後鳥羽院が撰者の一人であったとも言っても決して過言ではない。
English: In later years, the title of Hakuseki ARAI's essay, 'Oritaku Shiba no ki," came from Go-Toba-in's poem.
Japanese: また後生、新井白石が著した自叙伝「折たく柴の記」の書名は、後鳥羽院の御製
English: Each time I think of you, I pick some branches of the tree and burn them in the fire; it is nice to cough with smoke, as if it were your memento. (Shin-Kokin Wakashu (New Collection of Ancient and Modem Times) Volume No. 8, "Song of sorrow").
Japanese: 思ひ出づる折りたく柴の夕煙むせぶもうれし忘れ形見に（新古今和歌集巻第八『哀傷歌』）に由来する。
English: After the Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa died, Go-Toba-in, as a Chiten no kimi, ruled the government directly or started a cloister government, whereupon he forced Emperor Tsuchimikado to abdicate from the throne and let his favorite (the future Emperor Juntoku) assume the throne, followed by Emperor Juntoku's descendants as successors; thus it is needless to say that the lords and princes were hostile against him due to this incident.
Japanese: 後白河法皇の死後は自ら親政及び院政を行ったが、治天の君として土御門天皇を退かせて寵愛する順徳天皇を立てその子孫に皇位継承させた事には貴族社会からは勿論、他の親王達からの不満を買った。
English: Apart from Go-Toba-in's aides, the lords turned a cold shoulder toward Go-Toba-in because he had an arbitrary government (although he was not very talented as a leader), and he attempted incautious plans to defeat the Kamakura government.
Japanese: そして実力的な裏付けの乏しい専制政治的な政策や無謀な討幕計画に対しては院の側近以外の貴族達は冷ややかな対応に終始した。
English: Consequently, after the Jokyu War there was little sympathy for Go-Toba-in, although the Kamakura government had strong political power; in historical books such as "Gukansho," "Rokudai shojiki" and "Jinno shotoki," it is said that the Emperor deserved to die the way he did after ruling the government through the use of his dominant power.
Japanese: このため、承久の乱後においては、幕府の政治的影響力の拡大を差し引いても後鳥羽院に同情的な意見は少なく、『愚管抄』・『六代勝事記』・『神皇正統記』などは、いずれも院が覇道的な政策を追求した結果が招いた自業自得の最期であったと手厳しいものがあった。
English: On the other hand, there was a movement to re-evaluate Go-Toba-in as a poet after the closure of the Kamakura government.
Japanese: これに対して、鎌倉幕府滅亡後には歌人としての後鳥羽院を再評価しようとする動きも高まった。
English: The Go-Toba-in shows the aspect of his support for court culture in "Masukagami."
Japanese: 『増鏡』における後鳥羽院はこうした和歌をはじめとする「宮廷文化の擁護者」としての側面をより強調している。
English: There is a cremation mound called Okiamacho no misasagi at Ama-cho Town, Oki County, Shimane Prefecture.
Japanese: 島根県隠岐郡海士町に隠岐海士町陵（おきあまちょうのみささぎ）と通称される火葬塚がある。
English: Kusa Moeru (1979 NHK period drama) played by Yoshinori ENDO=>Tatsunosuke ONOE (original)
Japanese: 草燃える（1979年NHK大河ドラマ）演：遠藤義徳→尾上辰之助(初代)
English: Emperor Sanjo (February 5, 976 - June 5, 1017) was the sixty-seventh Emperor.
Japanese: 三条天皇（さんじょうてんのう、天延4年1月3日（976年2月5日）-寛仁元年5月9日（1017年6月5日））は第67代の天皇。
English: He was in power from June 13, 1011 to January 29, 1016.
Japanese: 在位は寛弘8年（1011年）6月13日から長和5年（1016年）1月29日まで。
English: He was born as the second prince of Emperor Reizei, and his mother was the eldest daughter of the dajo daijin (grand minister) FUJIWARA no Kaneie, Zo-Ko-Go-Gu FUJIWARA no Choshi.
Japanese: 冷泉天皇の第二皇子に生まれ、母は摂政太政大臣藤原兼家の長女・贈皇后宮藤原超子。
English: He lost his mother when he was seven, his father (Emperor Reizei) had a mental problem, and his guardian was feeble.
Japanese: 七歳で母を失い、父冷泉上皇は精神病を患っていたため、その後見は薄弱であった。
English: According to "O-kagami (The Great Mirror)," it is said that the Emperor looked very much like his maternal grandfather, Kaneie, so he won his favor.
Japanese: 外祖父兼家に容姿が酷似して立派であったといい、兼家の鍾愛を受けて育ったことが『大鏡』に見える。
English: There was a ceremonial investiture of the crown prince under the circumstance of having both Emperor Reizei and Emperor Enyu's sides in power by turns; the crown prince was called 'Sakasa no Moke no kimi' because he was eleven years old, four years older than the Emperor.
Japanese: 冷泉・円融天皇両系の迭立に基づく立太子であったが、東宮の方が天皇より4歳年上の11歳であったため、「さかさの儲けの君」といわれた。
English: Since Emperor's maternal uncles, FUJIWARA no Michitaka, FUJIWARA no Michikane and FUJIWARA no Michinaga, took political power by turns under Emperor Ichijo's supervision and regulated Kokyu (a special part of the Imperial Palace in which empresses and princesses live), Emperor Sanjo was 36 years old when he was finally enthroned, having been the crown prince for 25 years, when he took over from Emperor Ichijo.
Japanese: 外舅にあたる藤原道隆・藤原道兼・藤原道長三兄弟が先後して政権を掌握し、それぞれ一条天皇のもとで後宮政策を布いたため、三条天皇は25年という長い東宮時代を経て、36歳でようやく一条帝の譲りを受けて即位。
English: The relationship between Michinaga and Emperor Sanjo wasn't good, as Michinaga tried to set up an early enthronement for his maternal grandchildren while the Emperor preferred to rule the government directly; after Emperor Sanjo's chugu, FUJIWARA no Kenshi (Michinaga's second daughter) had a baby girl, although a boy was expected, and Michinaga approached the Emperor to abdicate the throne on the basis of the Emperor's eye disease.
Japanese: 外孫の早期即位を図る道長と親政を望む三条天皇との関係は円滑を欠き、かつ三条天皇が納れた道長の次女・中宮藤原妍子が両者の期待を裏切って女児を生んだこともあり、道長は天皇の眼病を理由にしきりに譲位を迫った。
English: As his disease got worse, Emperor Sanjo abdicated by taking Michinaga's advice after the first prince, Ko-Ichijo-in, became the crown prince.
Japanese: 病状の悪化もあり、三条天皇は第一皇子小一条院の立太子を条件に、道長の勧めに従い退位した。
English: After Emperor Sanjo died, his eldest son Prince Atsuhira was indirectly pressured by Michinaga, and eventually he declined the position of Crown Prince on his own accord.
Japanese: 三条天皇の死後、その長子敦明親王は道長に無言の圧迫を掛けられ、ついに自ら東宮を辞退する挙に出た。
English: Consequently, Emperor Reizei and Emperor Enyu would no longer share the Imperial Throne; thus the throne was kept with Emperor Enyu's direct descendant for a long time, as Emperor Sanjo's blood line was carried over to the next generation of the Imperial Family through Princess Teishi.
Japanese: このことにより冷泉・円融両系の迭立に終止符が打たれ、皇位は永く円融天皇の直系に帰したが、三条天皇の血統もまた皇女禎子内親王を通じて以後の天皇家へ受け継がれていくことになる。
English: The name of Arisugawa came from Prince Yoshihito, the originator of Fushimi no miya, since his name was also Arisugawa.
Japanese: 宮号の由来は、伏見宮家の祖、栄仁親王が、有栖川とも称したことに因む。
English: Arisugawa no miya had taught calligraphy and poetry to succeeding generations and had the trust of the Imperial Family; additionally, he had a close relationship with shogun families as there was a marriage relationship between them and they were close to both court nobles and samurai families.
Japanese: 有栖川宮家は歴代、書道・歌道の師範を勤めて皇室の信任篤く、将軍家とも婚姻関係を結び、公武ともに密接であった。
English: For generations the Arisugawa no miya used to send sons of the family, except for the eldest son, to Kan-ei-ji Temple in Ueno, Edo and to Chion-in Temple in Higashiyama, Kyoto, as imperial princes in holy orders, or so-called priest-princes.
Japanese: また代々、江戸上野の寛永寺や京都東山の知恩院などに次男以下の子弟を門跡として入寺させていた。
English: In 1625, Emperor Go-Yozei's seventh prince, Takamatsu no miya Yoshihito, established Arisugawa no miya.
Japanese: 寛永2年（1625年）、後陽成天皇の第7皇子・高松宮好仁親王が創設。
English: The name of the court noble started with Takamatsu no miya and then established Takamatsu-Dono, the palace of his grandmother, Haruko KANSHUJI.
Japanese: 宮号は、初め高松宮で、親王の祖母・勧修寺晴子の御所高松殿に由来する。
English: Prince Yoshihito's Empress was Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), Hidetada TOKUGAWA's adopted daughter, Kame-Hime (Princess Kame) (her real father was Hidetada's nephew and son-in-law, Tadao MATSUDAIRA of Echizen han, Echizen domain); but they did not have a male child, so their nephew, Prince Nagahito, Emperor Mizunoo's prince, was adopted to become the second generation of the court nobility, being so named Hanamachi no miya.
Japanese: 好仁親王は征夷大将軍徳川秀忠の養女・亀姫（実父は秀忠の甥で娘婿にも当たる越前藩松平忠直）を妃としたが嗣子が無かったため、甥にあたる後水尾天皇の皇子・良仁親王が養嗣子として第2代となり、花町宮を名乗った。
English: Since the former Emperor Go-Komyo's adopted son, Prince Satohito (later called Emperor Reigen) was too young to succeed to the Imperial Throne, Prince Nagahito was soon enthroned as Emperor Gosai for the meantime; the Emperor ordered his Prince Arisugawa no miya Yukihito to take over Takamatsu no miya so that his original name as a court noble was changed to Arisugawa no miya (the name came from Prince Yoshihito's temporary palace in Arisugawa, Kyoto).
Japanese: やがて良仁親王が後西天皇として即位することになるが、これは先代後光明天皇の養子・識仁親王（後の霊元天皇）が幼少であったための中継ぎであり、後西天皇は自分の皇子・有栖川宮幸仁親王に高松宮を継がせて、宮号を有栖川宮（幸仁親王の別荘所在地である京都・有栖川に由来）に改めた。
English: However, the event was handed down by the third child of Emperor Taisho and the name of the court noble was changed to Takamatsu no miya.
Japanese: しかし祭祀は、大正天皇の第三子により継承され、宮号は、その際、ふたたび高松宮と改められた。
English: It is well known they had famous, highly educated people as retainers, such as KAMO no Suetaka, Ganku and Tadahiko IIDA.
Japanese: 賀茂季鷹・岸駒・飯田忠彦など、著名な文化人や学者を家臣として抱えていたことも有名。
English: There is an episode in which, when Shogun Ietsuna died in 1680, the third successor, Prince Yukihito, was about to be captured by a chief minister, Tadakiyo SAKAI; it is one of the theories that emerged and became known, as both the Imperial Palace and Shogun tried to set up the story.
Japanese: 3代・幸仁親王は、延宝8年（1680年）に将軍家綱が死去した際、大老の酒井忠清によって将軍に擁立されようとした、とする宮将軍擁立説がある。
English: One of the sixth successors, Prince Orihito's daughter Princess Sazanomiya Takako, became the wife of the twelfth shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA; moreover, Princess Tomi no miya Yoshiko became the wife of Nariaki TOKUGAWA and had Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 6代・織仁親王の娘のうち、楽宮喬子女王は12代将軍徳川家慶の正室となり、登美宮吉子女王は徳川斉昭の正室となって徳川慶喜を生んだ。
English: The eighth successor, Prince Takahito (1812-1886), was ordered to become the president of Koten Kokyu sho (the former Kokugakuin University) and Shinto Kyodo shoku; after teaching Emperor Meiji and Princess Kazuno miya Chikako in various studies, he was given the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum in recognition of his achievements as a teacher.
Japanese: 8代・幟仁親王（1812年-1886年）は、國學院大学の前身である皇典講究所や神道教導職の総裁に任ぜられ、明治天皇、和宮親子内親王の学問師範を務めた功績を以って大勲位菊花大綬章を賜った。
English: The ninth successor, Prince Taruhito (1835-1895), was Princess Kazunomiya's fiancee, who was active as a solider before and after the Meiji Restoration; he also did well politically, serving as a member of the Chamber of Elders, a senator and a chairman.
Japanese: 9代・熾仁親王（1835年-1895年）は和宮の婚約者だった人として知られ、明治維新前後において軍人として活躍し、政治面でも元老院議官、次いで議長を務めた。
English: Prince Taruhito became the President after the restoration of Imperial rule in December 1867, but he also acted as Toigun Governor-General during the Boshin War, attack commander in the Seinan War (the Southwestern (Satsuma) Rebellion in 1877), and became Chief General of the Army and Navy in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894.
Japanese: 熾仁親王は慶応3年（1867年）12月、王政復古により総裁の座に就き、戊辰戦争に際して東征軍大総督を務め、1877年（明治10年）の西南戦争で征討総督となり、1894年（明治27年）の日清戦争では陸海全軍の総参謀長を務めた。
English: The tenth successor, Prince Takehito (1862-1914), became a marshal and a full admiral; moreover, he assisted Emperor Taisho when he was still a prince.
Japanese: 10代・威仁親王（1862年-1914年）は元帥・海軍大将となったほか、東宮時代の大正天皇をよく輔導した。
English: Prince Takehito's adopted child, Prince Tanehito, died before his father, but he endeavored to make the third generation of Arisugawa no miya, and when the Prince died the Emperor Taisho gave the name of Takamatsu no miya, as an exception, to the third prince, Takamatsu no miya Nobuhito, to succeed Arisugawa no miya in family events.
Japanese: 威仁親王の嗣子・栽仁王は父に先じて早世したが、有栖川宮3代の勲功に鑑み、大正天皇は親王の臨終に際し、特旨を以って第3皇子・高松宮宣仁親王に高松宮の称号を与え、有栖川宮家の祭祀を継がせた。
English: In 2003, a person named as a descendant of the Arisugawa no miya family (an illegitimate child of Prince Nobuhito) committed fraud.
Japanese: 2003年（平成15年）、有栖川宮家の末裔（宣仁親王御落胤）と自称する者による詐欺事件が起きた。
English: Emperor Ninko (March 16, 1800 - February 21, 1846) was the 120th Emperor (his reign was from October 31, 1817 to February 21, 1846).
Japanese: 仁孝天皇（にんこうてんのう、寛政12年2月21日（1800年3月16日）-弘化3年1月26日（1846年2月21日））は、第120代天皇（在位文化(元号)14年9月21日（1817年10月31日）-弘化3年1月26日）。
English: He became the crown prince as an adopted son of his father's chugu (second consort of an emperor), Princess Yoshiko (Shin-Seiwa in), on March 24, 1809.
Japanese: 文化6年（1809年）3月24日、父帝の中宮欣子内親王（新清和院）の養子として立太子された。
English: The Emperor was enthroned in 1817, and he put his efforts into the reconstruction of the ceremony of the Imperial Court, as his father, Emperor Kokaku, wanted him to do.
Japanese: 文化14年（1817年）に即位し、父光格上皇の意をうけて朝儀復興に尽力した。
English: The Emperor aimed to establish an educational facility for imperial families and the children of court nobles, and ordered the buke-denso (buke-tenso) (an imperial official in charge of communication between the samurai and the court), Sanemi TOKUDAIJI, to negotiate with the government of Edo.
Japanese: 皇族や公家の子弟のための教育機関の設置を志し、武家伝奏徳大寺実堅に江戸幕府との折衝を命じた。
English: A year after the Emperor's death (1847), an educational center for court nobles was established outside of Kenshun mon Gate at the Imperial Palace, thus realizing his last wish.
Japanese: 崩御の翌年にあたる弘化4年（1847年）、天皇の遺志によって御所の建春門外に公家講学の所として学習所が設立された。
English: The Emperor was entombed at Nochi no Tsuki no Wa no Misasagi, Senzan-cho Town, Imagumano, Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 京都市東山区今熊野泉山町の後月輪陵（のちのつきのわのみささぎ）に葬られた。
English: Emperor Saga (October 3, 786 - August 24, 842) was the fifty-second Emperor (his reign lasted from May 8, 809 to May 29, 823).
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇（さがてんのう、延暦5年9月7日（786年10月3日）-承和9年7月15日（842年8月24日））は、日本の第52代天皇（在位：大同4年4月1日（809年5月8日）-弘仁14年4月16日（823年5月29日））。
English: However, Emperor Heizei already had Prince Takaoka and Prince Abo, so the means by which Emperor Saga became the second prince was that his deceased father, Emperor Kammu, had intended it.
Japanese: だが、平城天皇には既に高岳親王・阿保親王の両親王がいたことから、皇太弟擁立の背景には、亡父・桓武天皇の意向が働いたといわれている。
English: Given the above situation, Emperor Saga's nephew, Prince Takaoka, became the crown prince after the Emperor's enthronement, and a year later (810) there was "the Revolt of Kusuko," when Emperor Heizei attempted to regain the throne.
Japanese: このような事情から即位後に甥にあたる高岳親王を皇太子としたが、翌年810年に平城天皇が復位を試みた「薬子の変」が発生する。
English: After this incident, Prince Takaoka lost power, and the Emperor felt guilty for having set his biological son up as the crown prince; Prince Otomo, his half-brother, became the second prince who was willing to descend and leave the royal family (which was an indirect cause of the Showa Incident).
Japanese: この結果、高岳親王は廃されるが、実子を立てる事に気まずさを感じたためか今度はかねてから臣籍降下を望んでいた異母弟の大伴親王（淳和天皇）を強引に皇太弟に立ててしまった（これが承和の変の遠因となる）。
English: Apart from anything else, the culture within the Imperial Palace became very popular (the Konin culture), and seemingly the time passed in peace.
Japanese: ともあれ、以後表面上は平穏な治世を送り宮廷の文化が盛んな時期（弘仁文化）を過ごした。
English: However, agricultural production was in a slump at that time (according to "Nihon Koki" there were seven consecutive years of draught damage, beginning in 817), and due to this situation there was the problem of serious financial difficulty.
Japanese: だが、当時は農業生産が極度の不振（『日本後紀』によれば、817年より7年連続で干害などの被害を受けたとされている）にあり、その結果として当時財政難は深刻であった。
English: In 820, four key personalities from the Fujiwara clan of the Imperial Palace (FUJIWARA no Uchimaro, FUJIWARA no Huyutsugu, FUJIWARA no Otsugu and FUJIWARA no Sonondo) sent Fuko (a vassal household allotted to a courtier feudal estate) back (15,000 units of land in total) (furthermore, FUJIWARA no Otsugu sent 2,000 units of land back in 825, while Emperor Junna was in power).
Japanese: 820年には当時朝廷内で大きな権勢を誇っていた藤原氏の有力者4人（藤原内麻呂・藤原冬嗣親子、藤原緒嗣、藤原園人）が揃って封戸を返上（計15,000戸）している（更に緒嗣は淳和天皇時代の825年に2,000戸を追加返上した）。
English: At the end of this government, the restriction toward latifundism was tempered and the wild fields were developed, while government-own fields (kueiden) and the fields directly owned by the Emperor (chokushi den) were established.
Japanese: また、最末期には大土地所有の制限を緩和して荒田開発を進め、公営田・勅旨田の設置などが行われている。
English: In 823 Emperor Saga stepped down from the throne and passed the position to Prince Otomo, although FUJIWARA no Otsugu opposed this with respect to the financial problems (there was too great a financial burden to have two retired emperors).
Japanese: 823年、財政上の問題を理由（上皇が2人では財政負担が大きい）に反対する藤原冬嗣の主張を押し切って大伴親王に譲位した。
English: After the retirement, not only did he order the construction of Reizen In and Saga In, which made the financial situation worse for the Imperial Palace, but he also interfered in politics as the top of the palace after his biological son, Prince Masara (Emperor Ninmyo), became Emperor; moreover, despite the opposition of the emperors Junna and Ninmyo, he set Prince Tsunesada up as the crown prince, who was his grandchild and Emperor Junna's prince, so in subsequent years his autocratic style caused many problems.
Japanese: 退位後は冷然院・嵯峨院を造営して財政を逼迫させただけでなく、実子正良親王（仁明天皇）が即位すると「皇室の長」として政治に干渉する場面も多くなり、更に淳和上皇や仁明天皇の反対を押し切って自分の外孫でもある淳和上皇の皇子恒貞親王を皇太子とするなど、朝廷内で絶大な権力を振るって後に様々な火種を残した。