nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the beginning, the Monchu-dokoro did not handle the judicial administration pertaining to lawsuits, but simply conveyed to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the head of samurais, the details of lawsuits.
Japanese: 当初、問注所は訴訟に対する裁判事務は行わず、武家棟梁である源頼朝へ訴訟事案を進達することを任務としていた。
English: Disgusted by the shouts and arguments exchanged within his compound, Yoritomo ordered the relocation of the Monchu-dokoro.
Japanese: 頼朝邸内に多数の訴人が集まり、怒号・喧噪が飛び交ったため、頼朝はそれにうんざりし問注所の移転を命じた。
English: Although the Monchu-dokoro was relocated on April 27, 1199, Yoritomo had died shortly before the relocation.
Japanese: その結果1199年（建久10）4月1日(旧暦)、問注所は別の場所へ移転されたが、その直前に頼朝は死亡していた。
English: Today the "historical monument of Monchujo" stands in front of the Kamakura City Onari Elementary School, which was the site of the relocated Monchujo.
Japanese: なお現在、移転後の地（現鎌倉市立御成小学校前）には「問注所旧蹟碑」が立てられている。
English: As the Monchujo, which at first was responsible for lawsuits and judicial affairs in general, could no longer cope with the increasing number of lawsuits, much faster handling of the cases was called for.
Japanese: 問注所は当初、訴訟・裁判事務全般を所管したが、訴訟事案の増加に伴い、次第に事案が滞り始め、事務処理の迅速化が求められるようになった。
English: As a result, the position of Hikitsukeshu (member of the Hikitsuke, a judicial body of the Muromachi period) was established on January 13, 1249.
Japanese: そこで、1249年（建長1）12月9日(旧暦)、引付衆が新設された。
English: Responsibilities were divided between the Monchujo and Hikitsukeshu; Hikitsukeshu dealt with Shomu-sata (lawsuits brought about by gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods)), whereas Monchu-dokoro handled Zatsumu-zata (other civil cases) and served within the court (mainly receiving petitions.).
Japanese: 引付衆は御家人の所領関係訴訟（所務沙汰）を扱い、問注所ではその他の民事訴訟（雑務沙汰）及び訴訟雑務（主に訴状の受理）を扱うという役割分担がなされた。
English: The above mentioned Hikitsukeshu, Monchujo, and Samurai-dokoro handled cases that took place in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region); Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) controlled cases that took place in Saigoku (the western part of Japan).
Japanese: 以上の引付衆・問注所・侍所の所管地域は東国に限られており、西国については京の六波羅探題等が所管していた。
English: Therefore Monchujo handled general civil suits in Togoku.
Japanese: すなわち問注所は東国の一般民事訴訟を取り扱っていたということになる。
English: However, it was Mandokoro, and not Monchujo, which held jurisdiction over general civil suits within the city of Kamakura.
Japanese: しかしそのうち鎌倉市中の一般民事訴訟については問注所ではなく政所が所管していた。
English: "Kubodokoro", a government body whose precise function is unknown, was established during the Kenmu Restoration Period.
Japanese: 建武の新政期において、その性格が不明な役所である「窪所」が設置されている。
English: According to Hiroshi KASAMATSU, the Kubodokoro was a place where people filed lawsuits, because the kanji character for "kubo" can be seen as the overlapped kanji characters for "monchu" written in the cursive script style (there is also a theory that the Kubodokoro was a station for security guards).
Japanese: これについて笠松宏至は、「窪」は草書体の「問注」を重ねた文字であるとして、訴訟受付機関であったとしている（警護所であったとする説もある）。
English: At the beginning, the Muromachi bakufu established the Monchujo also as a body that dealt with lawsuits, but its function remained only to manage the recordings and summaries of lawsuits.
Japanese: 室町幕府も当初は訴訟処理機関として問注所を設置したが、記録文書の管理や簡易訴訟のみを取り扱うにとどまった。
English: "Kendan-sata" is a term used in medieval Japan, referring to lawsuits and trials relating to criminal cases.
Japanese: 検断沙汰（けんだんさた）とは、中世日本で使用された用語であり、刑事関係の訴訟・裁判のことである。
English: "Kendan" is a word which means both to govern and judge; since public safety administration and criminal justice were undifferentiated in medieval Japan, the concept of governing was closely associated with the concept of judging (according to a Japanese - Portuguese dictionary, "kendan" is a role which governs and judges).
Japanese: 検断とは統治すること・裁判することを意味する言葉であり、中世日本では治安行政と刑事司法とが未分化だったため、統治することが裁判を行うことと密接につながっていたのである（日葡辞書によると、検断は統治・裁判を行う役職、とある）。
English: Kendan-sata included the suits and trials carried out for charges which threatened public safety, such as cases of murder and injury, theft and robbery, or rebellion.
Japanese: 検断沙汰には、殺人・傷害事件、窃盗・強盗事件、また謀叛など、治安を脅かす罪科に対する訴訟・裁判が含まれていた。
English: In the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), kendan-sata was under the jurisdiction of samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region), and in Saigoku (the western part of Japan), it was under the jurisdiction of kendan-bugyo (magistrate for trial) of Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府において検断沙汰を所管したのは、東国については侍所、西国については六波羅探題の検断奉行であった。
English: In the Muromachi period, the right to judge criminal cases (the right to govern and judge) was decentralized from the bakufu to shugo (provincial constables), and to kokujin (local samurai) down to soson (a community consisting of peasans' self-governing association); in some cases, the soson, by exercising such a right, judged the criminal cases which took place in their community (jikendan).
Japanese: 室町時代になると、検断権（統治・裁判権）が幕府→守護→国人・惣村へと分散化していき、例えば惣村自体が検断権を行使する自検断も行われた。
English: "Shomusata" is a term used in medieval Japan referring to disputes, suits, and trials over shoryo (territory) and nengu (land tax).
Japanese: 所務沙汰（しょむさた）は、中世日本で使用された用語であり、所領や年貢に関する相論や訴訟・裁判のことである。
English: Originally, the word "shomu" meant jobs and duties, as suggested by the characters which mean "work that is related to the place"; however, with the development of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) during the Heian period, the word came to express the concept for the rights and obligations pertaining to the managerial work in shoen (manors) and koryo (the imperial teritories), and further during the Kamakura period, the word was extended to mean the property management of domains such as shoryo.
Japanese: 所務とは、元来、務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味する言葉だったが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理職務に付随する権利・義務を表すようになり、鎌倉時代頃には転じて所領等の不動産管理を意味した。
English: Agricultural lands were the sinews (capital) of the agricultural production which carried considerable weight in the economy of medieval Japan.
Japanese: 中世日本の経済で大きなウェイトを占めていた農業生産の元手（資本）となるのは農地である。
English: Thus, in order to judge shomusata appropriately, Kamakura bakufu had established a very detailed system for settling lawsuits.
Japanese: そこで、鎌倉幕府では所務沙汰を適正に裁判するため、非常に精緻な訴訟処理システムを確立していた。
English: Shomusata was handled by hikitsukeshu (co-adjustor of the High Court), as the following procedure was carried out.
Japanese: 所務沙汰を取り扱うのは引付衆であり、それは次のような手順で行われた。
English: The hikitsukeshu disclosed the complaint to the ronnin (defendant), and had ronnin make a written argument (statement).
Japanese: 引付衆は訴状を論人（被告）へ開示した上で、書面（陳状）で反論させた。
English: The sonin then wrote conter-arguments twice, and the ronnin were also entitled to write further counter-arguments twice.
Japanese: この後、訴人から書面で2回反駁を加え、論人からも書面で2回反論できた。
English: In this way, the plaintiff and the defendant were both given opportunities to make written allegations to the other party three times.
Japanese: このように原告・被告から三回ずつ相手方に書面で主張できるようになっていた。
English: The hikitsukeshu submitted the results to the assessment assembly, and after a decision among the hyojoshu (a member of the Council of State) was made, the verdict was issued to the prevailing party as a gechijo (notification).
Japanese: 引付衆はその結果を評定会議へ上申し、評定衆で判決を行った後、勝訴人へ下知状を交付した。
English: As explained above, the system ensured transparency and fairness in order to prevent the outcome of a trial to be one-sided or to reflect the inclinations of a particular influential individual.
Japanese: 以上から判るとおり、裁判結果が決して一方の主張に偏ることなく、特定の権力者の意向が反映しないよう、透明性と公平性が確保されたシステムが構築されていたのである。
English: Zatsumusata is a term that was used in medieval Japan, referring to civil dispute, suit, and trial except for territory and land tax.
Japanese: 雑務沙汰（ざつむさた/ぞうむさた）とは、中世日本で使用された用語であり、所領・年貢を除く民事関係の相論・訴訟・裁判のことである。
English: Zatsumu literally means 'miscellaneous business' and was used in contrast to Shomu (see shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues) for reference).
Japanese: 雑務とは文字どおり「その他もろもろの仕事・案件」を意味する言葉であり、所務に対する用語として使用された（所務沙汰も参照）。
English: Zatsumusata included loan and personal property suits, such as, money loan, sales contract or longtime disposal of farmland or others, and slave trading.
Japanese: 雑務沙汰に含まれるのは、例えば金銭貸借、農地等の年紀売・永年沽却、奴婢の売買など、債権や動産に関する相論であった。
English: In the Kamakura bakufu, monchujo (a court of justice) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region) and mandokoro (Administrative Board) in Kamakura City held jurisdiction over Zatsumusata.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府において雑務沙汰を所管したのは、東国については問注所、鎌倉市中については政所だった。
English: "Kagemusha" (the body double) is a person, during the Sengoku period (the period of warring states), employed by a busho (a Japanese military commander) as his straw man dressed in the identical clothes as his.
Japanese: 影武者（かげむしゃ）とは、日本の戦国時代(日本)の武将などが用いた、自分と同じ服装をさせて身代わりとさせた人物のこと。
English: Since photography was not available at that time and an assailant did not always know the face of the lord, it was an effective measure.
Japanese: 当時は写真が無かったため、襲撃者が主君の顔を知っているとは限らず有効な手段であった。
English: It is said that Nobushige (Yukimura) SANADA confused his enemies in the battlefield using as many as seven kagemushas.
Japanese: 真田信繁(幸村)は７人もの影武者を用いて、戦場で敵を混乱させたといわれている。
English: Even in the present day, there is a view that Kim Jong-il of North Korea has his own kagemusha.
Japanese: また現代においても、北朝鮮の金正日には影武者が存在するという説がある。
English: Some people allege that while he is actually already dead, they are disguising the kagemusha as Kim Jong-il.
Japanese: 本人はすでに死亡しており影武者を使って生きているように見せかけていると唱える者もいる。
English: Derived from the meaning above, the term "kagemusha" is used today to refer to a celebrities' tactic to distract the attention of mass-media by using a secretary or a friend as their dummy in order to avoid interviews or being chased by paparazzi.
Japanese: 上記の意味が転じて、現代においても著名人がマスメディアの取材、追跡を避けるため、秘書や友人など関係者を身代わりとして、マスメディアを引き付けることを「影武者」という。
English: The term "Matsugo yoshi" refers to a son who was adopted on his adoptive father's deathbed.
Japanese: 末期養子（まつごようし）とは、養父が死に瀕したときに縁組された養子。
English: During the Edo period, when a head of a samurai family, without a son to carry on the family name, was on his deathbed due to an accident or disease, a son was urgently adopted in order to prevent the extinction of the family name.
Japanese: 末期養子（まつごようし）とは、江戸時代、武家の当主で嗣子のない者が事故・急病などで死に瀕した場合に、家の断絶を防ぐために緊急に養子縁組をした。
English: Even when the head of the family had been already dead, sometimes an adoption was carried out in the name of the family head by concealing his death for some time.
Japanese: 当主が既に死亡しているにもかかわらず、周囲のものがそれを隠して当主の名において養子縁組を行うこともあった。
English: However, as Matsugo yoshi was an emergency measure, if the family head managed to recover miraculously, he was able to cancel the adoption.
Japanese: ただし、これは一種の緊急避難の措置であり、危篤状態にあった当主が奇跡的に回復した場合などには、当主がその縁組を取り消すことも可能であった。
English: To take over as the reign of a samurai family, a successor was required to notify and to be approved as the heir and son by the head family beforehand (the family of the Tokugawa Shogun was the head family of all the daimyo families).
Japanese: 武家の家督を継ぐためには、主家（大名にとっては徳川将軍家が主家ということになる）に事前に届出をして嫡子たることを認められる必要があった。
English: A successor of a daimyo family whose rank was Omemie (a rank with the privilege to have an audience with one's lord or a dignitary) or higher had to have an audience with the Shogun before the adoption took place.
Japanese: 御目見以上の格の大名家においては、さらに将軍との謁見を済ませておくことも必要とされた。
English: Primarily, it was difficult to confirm the will of the family head by that time the Matsugo yoshi was required.
Japanese: まず、末期養子においては当主の意思を確認する事が困難であった事による。
English: It was feared that retainers might assassinate the family head and replace him with someone convenient to their needs.
Japanese: 家臣などが当主を暗殺して、自分の都合の良い当主に挿げ替えるなどの不法が行われる事態を危惧したものである。
English: But the most important purpose for the prohibition was in the bakufu's motivation to weaken the influence of daimyo in order to control them more easily.
Japanese: だが最も重要な理由として、幕府が大名の力を削ぎ統制を強めることに大いに意を用いていた事にある。
English: During the early Edo period when the control system had not been established yet, especially the period between the foundation of the bakufu and the regime of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, many daimyo families became extinct due to the lack of an heir.
Japanese: 支配体制のいまだ確立していない江戸時代初期には特に顕著で、幕府の成立から三代征夷大将軍徳川家光の治下にかけて、嗣子がないために取り潰される大名家が続出した。
English: On the other hand, the samurais who served the extinct daimyo families became ronin(the masterless samurai), which caused a social instability.
Japanese: しかしその反面、それらの大名家に仕えていた武士たちは浪人となる他なく、社会不安も増すことになった。
English: The most telling example of such a case was the Keian Incident of 1651, or so-called the Incident of Shosetsu YUI.
Japanese: それが極致に達したのが、慶安4年（1651年）に起きた慶安の変、いわゆる由井正雪の乱である。
English: The incident involved ronins who banded together in an attempt to overthrow the bakufu, and was a sign of the growing political unrest as a result of strict controls which the shogunate enforced on daimyos.
Japanese: 浪人が徒党を組んで幕府転覆を図ったこの事件は、幕府の大名統制策が新たな不安定要因を生み出していたことをはっきりと示していた。
English: In the earlier Shimabara War (1637 - 1638), many ronins participated in the uprising which made its suppression difficult.
Japanese: また、これより前、寛永14年（1637年）から翌年にかけて起こった島原の乱においても、多くの浪人が一揆に加わったことが、その鎮定を困難にしたとされる。
English: For the circumstance described above, and together with the fact that the control system of the shogunate was considered complete and secure for the time being, in 1651, the shogunate lifted the ban on Matsugo yoshi.
Japanese: このような事情と、幕府の支配体制が一応の完成を見たことから、慶安4年、幕府は末期養子の禁を解いた。
English: However, even after the lifting of a ban, for Matsugo yoshi to be given approval, the procedure of "Hanmoto Mitodoke", in which the family head was confirmed as alive and his will for adoption was certified by a bakufu official, had to be carried out, which made it not always as straightforward as it could have been.
Japanese: とはいえ、末期養子の認可のためには、幕府から派遣された役人が直接当主の生存と養子縁組の意思を確かめる判元見届（はんもとみとどけ）という手続きが必要であり、無制限に認められたわけではなかった。
English: The permission for the adoption of Matsugo yoshi by family heads aged less than 17 was decreed in 1663, and the permission for those aged over 50 was decreed in 1683.
Japanese: 17歳未満の者が許可されるのは寛文3年（1663年）、50歳以上の者が許可されるのは天和(日本)3年（1683年）になってからであった。
English: "Inzen" is a document which an Inshi (official of the In no cho, or Retired Emperor's Office) issues in a format of hosho (a document informing a decision of the upper ranked personages such as an emperor or shogun) upon direct orders from Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor).
Japanese: 院宣（いんぜん）とは、太上天皇からの命令を受けた院司が、奉書形式で発給する文書。
English: According to "Hososhiyo-sho", when the Myobo-ke (judicial officials) interpreted Yororitsuryo Sagi-ritsu (punitive clause regarding fabrication of official documents and government properties under the Yororitsuryo code) earlier, it was described that the fabrication of the Daijo Tenno Zen (a decree by the Retired Emperor) is a crime comparable to the fabrication of the Shosho (an imperial decree), which shows that the concept of inzen could have been in use early in the history. Nonetheless, the first record which mentions the term inzen is "Encho Shichi-nen Daijingu Kanchu", taken from "Dai Nihon Shiryo" (the Historical Materials of Japan) Vol.1, no.6, which was a document that, upon receipt of an imperial decree from Emperor Uda in 927, Ise-jingu Shrine issued as the Emperor Uda's instructions to Shingun (a district designated as a sanctuary which enjoyed certain privileges under an Imperial charter).
Japanese: 『法曹至要抄』によれば、養老律令詐偽律の解釈を巡る明法家の先例の学説として「太上天皇宣」の偽造は詔書と同一の罪に当たるとする説を挙げており早くから知られていた可能性があるが、院宣に関する記録の初見は延長(日本)7年（927年）の宇多天皇が伊勢神宮に宣旨を下されたことを受けて神宮側がその指示を神郡に向けて発した「延長七年大神宮勘注」（『大日本史料』一之六）である。
English: As the system of Insei (rule by the Retired Emperor) was enforced in the late Heian period, Chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) used inzen and innocho kudashibumi to strongly express and achieve his political intentions.
Japanese: 平安時代後期に院政が始まると、治天の君（院政を行う上皇）は、院宣や院庁下文を発給することで、自らの政治意思を明示・具現化していった。
English: While an innocho kudashibumi, such as Shochoku (imperial edict) and Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State), was a document that expressed the final decision of the government, an inzen was considered a much simpler document from the point of view of its format and efficacy.
Japanese: 院庁下文が、詔勅や太政官符などの政府として最終決定意思を表示する文書と、同等の効力が認められていたのに対し、院宣は形式の面でも効力の面でも、簡易なものとして発給されていた。
English: In other words, while an innocho kudashibumi was issued for important matters of the government, an inzen was used when immediate and flexible actions are required.
Japanese: すなわち、政府の重要事項については院庁下文で対応し、より即効的または柔軟な対応が必要なときは院宣を発給していたのである。
English: Ruiju Kokushi, completed and established in 892, is a history book edited by SUGAWARA no Michizane, which classified and recompiled the entries of six classical Japanese history texts compiled in chronological order, following the example of Leishu ("classified books") in China.
Japanese: 類聚国史（るいじゅうこくし）は編年体である六国史の記載を中国の類書にならい分類再編集したもので、菅原道真の編纂により、892年（寛平4年）に完成・成立した歴史書である。
English: In the period of the Tang Dynasty in China, it was widely done to excerpt necessary parts from old books to classify and recompile them for making prose and poetry or organizing knowledge, and such books were called Leishu.
Japanese: 中国の唐代では、詩文の作成や知識の整理のために、古典の中から必要な箇所を抜書きして分類編纂することが広く行われ、これを類書と称した。
English: This book also follows the style of Leishu and therefore can be regarded as a Leishu.
Japanese: この書もまた、類書の形態を踏襲しており、この書を類書として見ることも可能である。
English: Regarding the date of establishment, one theory is that since "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (sixth of the six history texts) was completed in 901 and Michizane was exiled to Dazaifu just before that year, the excerpted part of the book was added at a later date.
Japanese: 本書の成立時期に言及すれば、『日本三代実録』の部分については、同書は901年（延喜元年）完成であり、その直前に道真が大宰府に流されているために同書部分は後世の加筆であると言う説がある。
English: And the other theory is that since Michizane himself was involved in the compilation of the 'Sandai Jitsuroku' and had the draft before its completion, he added a few touches to it before his exile.
Japanese: また、「三代実録」の編纂には道真自身も関与していたために完成前にその草稿を保有しており、流罪前にその草稿を元にして加筆されたとする説がある。
English: It originally came in 205 volumes consisting of 200 text books, two catalogs and three genealogical charts, but they were scattered and lost in the Onin War, and only 62 of them are now in existence.
Japanese: もとは本文200巻目録2巻系図3巻の計205巻であったが、応仁の乱で散逸したとされ、現存するのは62巻のみである。
English: All entries are classified into 18 categories (Ruiju): gods of heaven and earth, the emperor, consort of the emperor, human affairs, events in the year, music, prize and party, dedication, political affairs, criminal law, organization of government, literature, rice fields, good omen, natural calamity, the teachings of Buddha, manners and customs, and strange customs.
Japanese: 神祇、帝王、後宮、人事、歳時、音楽、賞宴、奉献、政理、刑法、官制、文学、田地、祥瑞、災異、仏道、風俗、殊俗という18の分類（類聚）ごとにまとめられておいる。
English: The lost part had five categories such as the crown prince, subjugation, and place-names according to Jun TAKADA, a professor at Kokugakuin University.
Japanese: 散逸した部には國學院大學教授の高田淳によれば、東宮、征討、地名、等5つの分類があったという。
English: It is worth noting that the book provides convenience for referring the precedents in the texts of the early Heian period in particular which are easy for searching, and unnecessary modifications to the text were all avoided true to the original text.
Japanese: 特筆すべきは検索が容易な平安前期の史書で特に先例を調べるのに便宜を図っており、原文主義をとって余計な文章の改変を一切排している。
English: It is also a valuable material to restore the "Nihon Koki" (one of the six history texts), many parts of which are now lost.
Japanese: 『日本後紀』の多くが失われているため、復元する資料としても貴重である。
English: Honcho Seiki refers to the history book compiled during the late Heian period.
Japanese: 本朝世紀（ほんちょうせいき）は、平安時代末期に編纂された歴史書である。
English: It was compiled by FUJIWARA no Shinzei as a history book that continued the legacy of Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories), upon the imperial order by the Retired Emperor Toba (1103-1156, reigned as an emperor: 1107-1123).
Japanese: 六国史後を継ぐ史書として、鳥羽上皇（1103年-1156年、天皇在位1107年-1123年）の命により、信西が編纂。
English: The book continues on "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), and it covers from the time of Emperor Uda (from 877) to the time of Emperor Konoe (reigned: 1141-1155).
Japanese: 『日本三代実録』に続くもので、宇多天皇の877年以降、近衛天皇（在位1141年-1155年）までを扱う。
English: Since Shinzei died during the Heiji War in 1159, the book was left unfinished, and moreover, a large part of it was scattered and lost.
Japanese: 信西が平治の乱（1159年）で死んだため、未定稿に終わったうえ、多くが散逸している。
English: The existing documents belong to a part that records the years between 935 and 1153, and are considered important historical documents of the period.
Japanese: 現存しているのは935年～1153年のうち一部であるが、同時代の重要な史料である。
English: References to Genko no Ran often include a series of conflicts fought until the fall of the Kamakura Bakufu (shogunate government) in 1333.
Japanese: 1333年（元弘3年/正慶2年）に鎌倉幕府が滅亡に至るまでの一連の戦乱を含めることも多い。
English: Contrastingly, an increasing number of those in the gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) stratum were ruined because of the burden imposed on them by ikoku-keigoban-yaku (a kind of military service imposed on the gokenin in which they had to guard areas other than those they usually guarded), which continued even after the Mongolian expeditions against Japan; delays to the provision of rewards and settlement of lawsuits following the Mongolian expeditions; the gradual emergence of a monetary economy; and the division of their territory.
Japanese: 一方で御家人層では、元寇後も続けられた異国警固番役の負担、元寇の恩賞や訴訟の停滞、貨幣経済の普及、所領分割などによって没落する者も増加していった。
English: That activated Akuto (a villain of the medieval times) in the respective provinces, and gradually the bakufu lost support.
Japanese: 社会的混乱から諸国では悪党の活動が活発化し、幕府は次第に支持を失っていった。
English: After the late thirteenth century, the Imperial Court adopted the ryoto tetsuritsu system, a system in which succession to the imperial throne alternated between the two ancestral lines of the imperial family: Emperor Gofukakusa (the Jimyoin line) and Emperor Kameyama (the Daikakuji line).
Japanese: 朝廷では、13世紀後半以降、後深草天皇の子孫（持明院統）と亀山天皇の子孫（大覚寺統）の両血統の天皇が交互に即位する両統迭立が行われていた。
English: That led to disruption among the Imperial nobles, by which they became factionalized according to the supporting imperial lines.
Japanese: だが、公家社会の中に支持皇統による派閥が生じるようになるなど混乱を引き起こした。
English: The Shochu Conspiracy of 1324 was prevented by Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto).
Japanese: 1324年（正中(元号)元年）の正中の変は六波羅探題によって未然に察知された。
English: Godaigo vindicated himself to the bakufu and was pardoned, but his close adviser Suketomo HINO was exiled to Sadoga-shima Island.
Japanese: 後醍醐は幕府に釈明して赦されたものの、側近の日野資朝は佐渡島へ流罪となった。
English: Godaigo resumed his plan to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu with his close adviser Toshimoto HINO, who had been exempted from punishment, and a monk called Monkan from the Shingon-shu sect of Tantric Buddhism.
Japanese: だが後醍醐は、処分を免れた側近の日野俊基や真言宗密教の僧文観らと再び倒幕計画を進めた。
English: In August 1331, Godaigo's close adviser Sadafusa YOSHIDA informed Rokuhara Tandai of the plan to overthrow the bakufu.
Japanese: 1331年（元弘元年）8月、後醍醐の側近である吉田定房が六波羅探題に倒幕計画を密告。
English: Following this, Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Morinaga raised an army in Yoshino, Yamato Province, while at the same time Masashige KUSUNOKI, a villain from Kawachi Province, raised an army at Shimo Akasaka-jo Castle in Kawachi Province.
Japanese: 後醍醐の皇子・護良親王や、河内国の悪党・楠木正成もこれに呼応して、それぞれ大和国の吉野および河内国の下赤坂城で挙兵した。
English: The bakufu dispatched the punitive force that had been formed by Sadanao OSARAGI, Sadafuyu KANAZAWA, Takauji ASHIKAGA and Yoshisada NITTA.
Japanese: 幕府は大仏貞直、金沢貞冬、足利尊氏（後の尊氏）、新田義貞らの討伐軍を差し向けた。
English: The army of the bakufu scaled the wall of Shimo Akasaka-jo Castle while the army of Kusunoki employed unprecedented tactics against the bakufu army, such as throwing enormous trees down onto them, pouring boiling water over them, and collapsing the outer layer of the two-layered wall to which they were clinging.
Japanese: 楠木軍は城壁に取り付いた幕府軍に対して大木を落としたり、熱湯を浴びせかけたり、予め設けておいた二重塀を落としたりといった奇策を駆使した。
English: In October, he set fire to Shimo Akasaka -jo Castle by himself and pretended to commit suicide, and then vanished (the battle of Akasaka-jo Castle).
Japanese: 10月、自ら下赤坂城に火をかけて自害したように見せかけ、姿をくらませた（赤坂城の戦い）。