nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Yoritsune's close advisers, Mototsuna GOTO, Hidetane CHIBA, Yasumochi MIYOSHI, and others were dismissed, and Mitsutoki, whose shoryo (territory) was confiscated, was banished to Izu Province.
Japanese: 頼経側近の後藤基綱・千葉秀胤・三善康持らは罷免、また光時も所領を没収され伊豆国へ配流となった。
English: As in August, Yoritsune was banished from Kamakura, and went back to Kyoto, Tokiyori's authority was established in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 7月には頼経も鎌倉を追放され、京都へ戻り、鎌倉幕府内における時頼の権力が確立された。
English: However, as the Nagoe family, with Tokiaki HOJO, a younger brother of Mitsutoki, as its center, remained as the anti-Tokuso power inside the Hojo clan, it stood against Tokuso in Nigatsu-sodo (February rebellion) after Tokiyori's death.
Japanese: ただし、名越氏は光時の弟北条時章を中心に依然として北条氏内部における反得宗勢力として残り、時頼の死後の二月騒動で再び敵対することとなる。
English: Although it was made in various periods, as a historical and archaeological term, it often refers to the bronze mirror excavated from the remains in China, Korea and Japan.
Japanese: 銅鏡は各時代に製作されたが、歴史・考古学用語としては中国、朝鮮、日本の遺跡から発掘される青銅製の鏡を指すことが多い。
English: It functioned as a religious, rites and festivals tool and it had been widely used until modern times in which grass mirrors were introduced from the West and spread.
Japanese: 宗教・祭祀用具としての機能をもち、近代に西洋よりガラス鏡が伝来普及するまで一般に広く使われていた。
English: Tools such as bronze mirror have remained as bride's household articles for marriage ceremony of feudal lords and others in recent times in Japan.
Japanese: 日本の近世では、大名などの婚礼の嫁入り道具として銅鏡などが残されている。
English: It was made in the following procedure: casting in a mold, polishing it, having it plated with tin, and polishing it again.
Japanese: 製作は、鋳型に鋳造したのち研磨、錫メッキ、研磨という手順で作られる。
English: Grime which caused tarnishes was removed by substances such as oxalic acid contained in the above-mentioned plants, and the mirror regained its gloss.
Japanese: 含まれているシュウ酸などによって曇りの原因となる汚れが取り除かれ、輝きが蘇った。
English: Since around the Genroku period, amalgam was made by mercurifying powdered tin, where plum vinegar was added to, and to polish the mirror.
Japanese: 元禄頃からは、水銀に錫の粉末を混ぜてアマルガムを作り、これに梅酢を加えて砥ぐようになった。
English: Grime on the surface was removed by citric acid, wherein tin amalgam was attached to become tinned, and then a beautiful surface of the mirror was obtained.
Japanese: クエン酸で表面の汚れが除去され、そこに錫アマルガムが付着することでメッキ状態になり、美しい鏡面が得られた。
English: There was a handle on the center of the reverse side of the polished mirror, around which various images and designs were given.
Japanese: 磨かれた鏡面の裏側には中心に鈕（つまみ）があり、その周囲にさまざまな画像や文様が鋳出されている。
English: A lot of divine beasts mirrors having deities' images and animal designs can be found in the bronze mirrors made in ancient China, and other mirrors are classified into various types such as Hokakukikukyo Mirror (designs of ruler and compass), Kaiju Budo Kyo Mirror (designs of animals and grapes) and Naiko Kamonkyo Mirror (semicircle designs) according to their designs on the reverse.
Japanese: 古代中国製の銅鏡には、神像と動物文を鋳出した神獣鏡が多く、その他、背面の文様によって「方格規矩鏡（ほうかくきくきょう）」「海獣葡萄鏡」「内行花文鏡（ないこうかもんきょう）」などさまざまな形式に分類されている。
English: When it comes to its use, it is believed that it was not simply as a tool to catch sight of a thing like a mirror being used today but a tool for religious services and magic rites.
Japanese: 用途としては、現在使われている鏡のように単純に物の姿を映し出す道具としてではなく、祭祀・呪術用の道具として用いられたと考えられている。
English: In the inscriptions of mirrors, it is often understood that "Keishi" refers to the mirror craftsman for a capital and "Shushi" for a state.
Japanese: 鏡の銘文中では、「京師」は都の鏡づくり師であり、「州師」は州の鏡づくり師の意に解せられる場合が多い。
English: In Japan, a lot of bronze mirrors have been excavated from the remains of Yayoi through Tumulus periods.
Japanese: 日本においては、弥生時代から古墳時代の遺跡で多くの銅鏡が発掘されている。
English: Mirrors excavated are classified into load ship mirrors which were imported from the continent and domestic Hoseikyo mirrors which were modeled after the former.
Japanese: 出土する鏡は、大陸からの輸入品の舶載鏡と、それを模した国産の仿製鏡（ほうせいきょう）に分類される。
English: There are Hokakukikukyo Mirror, excavated from the Yayoi remains in northern part of Kyushu, Naiko Kamonkyo Mirror, and Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror (triangle-edged divine beasts mirror), excavated from keyhole-shaped mound centering around Yamato throughout the country.
Japanese: 種類としては、北部九州の弥生遺跡から出土する方格規矩鏡（ほうかくきくきょう）や内行花文鏡（ないこうかもんきょう）、大和を中心として全国各地の前方後円墳から出土する三角縁神獣鏡（さんかくぶちしんじゅうきょう）などがある。
English: Bronze mirror is considered to be an unearthed article characteristic of Yayoi period along with bronze bell, and discussions on the mirror and bronze bell cultural region, and others according to the distribution have been under way.
Japanese: 銅鏡は、銅鐸とともに弥生時代を特徴づける出土品とされ、分布により銅鏡・銅鐸文化圏などが論じられている。
English: In the mid-Yayoi period, mirrors of Former Han (dynasty of China) came to be buried together as accessories in an earthenware jar-coffin in northern part of Kyushu.
Japanese: 弥生時代の中期、北部九州では、甕棺墓に前漢鏡が副葬されるようになった。
English: While it was a highly appreciated treasure equipment, mirrors of the Later Han, which came to be buried together with others in the late Yayoi period, had the engraved prayer for perpetual youth and longevity, meaning those who had got the mirror were guaranteed for longevity and fertility.
Japanese: 銅鏡は宝器として珍重され、後期になって副葬され始めるようになった後漢鏡は、不老長寿への祈りを込めた文が刻まれ、その鏡を持った人は長寿や子孫の繁栄が約されるというものだった。
English: However, not everybody but only the powerful and priests were allowed to own it.
Japanese: また、誰でもが銅鏡を所有出来るのではなく、有力者や司祭者などに限られていた。
English: In the coastal area of Genkai-nada Sea among other part of northern part of Kyushu, earthenware jar-coffins which were buried together with as many as twenty to thirty mirrors can be found in remains such as Sugu-Okamoto and Mikumo remains, which tells us how luxurious kings' graves were.
Japanese: 北部九州でも玄界灘沿岸の地域では、須玖・岡本遺跡や三雲遺跡などで20枚とか30枚もの大量の鏡を副葬した甕棺があり、王の墓の豪華さが分かる。
English: The practice of burying bronze mirrors together in a grave was handed down in Tumulus period and spread throughout the country.
Japanese: 墓に銅鏡を副葬するという風習は、古墳時代にも引き継がれて、全国に広まった。
English: Mirrors as burial goods were so-called Han mirrors or Han style mirrors in the early, mid and late period, and they later came to be Zui-Tang mirrors among the tombs of the Final Kofun period.
Japanese: 副葬品としての鏡は、前・中・後期には、いわゆる漢鏡もしくは漢式鏡であったが、終末期古墳では隋・唐鏡になっている。
English: In the early Tumulus period, the following were excavated: 36 mirrors from Tsubaiotsukayama Tumulus, 34 from Shinyama Tumulus in Koryo-cho, Nara Prefecture, about 30 from Samida Takarazuka Tumulus, 23 from Yamato Tenjinyama Tumulus, 22 from Otabiyama Tumulus in Habokino City, Osaka Prefecture, 12 from Shikinzan Tumulus, 30 from Tsuruyama Tumulus in Bizen City, Okayama Prefecture, 13 from Bizen Kurumazuka, 11 from Higashinomiya Tumulus in Inuyama City, Aichi Prefecture, 13 (after being avoided grave robbing) from Sakurai Chausuyama Tumulus and the like.
Japanese: 古墳時代前期では、椿井大塚山古墳の36面、奈良県広陵町の新山古墳の34面、佐味田宝塚古墳の約30面、大和天神山古墳の23面、大阪羽曳野市の御旅山古墳の22面、紫金山古墳の12面、岡山県備前市の鶴山古墳の30面、備前車塚の13面、愛知県犬山市の東之宮古墳の11面、桜井茶臼山古墳の13面（盗掘を逃れた数）などが出土した。
English: It is believed to be particular manners of people in ancient Japan that bronze mirrors were buried together with the dead in a coffin.
Japanese: これは、銅鏡を棺の中に入れて死者と共に埋めるという倭人特有の習俗とみられる。
English: Because twelve out of thirteen Kinen mirrors, which were with the name of an era of China, were included in bronze mirrors produced in this period, these mirrors were used as references to estimate the era when the excavated tumulus or other burial goods were produced.
Japanese: この時代の銅鏡の中には、中国大陸の年号が銘されている紀年鏡が13枚のうち12枚が含まれており、出土した古墳やその他の副葬品が製造された年代を推定するための参考資料とされている。
English: Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirror, Divine Beasts Mirror Kind and Gabuntai Shinjukyo Mirror (Imperial mausolea and tombs of Koganezuka Tumulus in Izumi City, Osaka Prefecture) each in 239.
Japanese: 景初三年（西暦239年）三角縁神獣鏡と神獣鏡種類、画文帯神獣鏡（大阪府和泉市黄金塚古墳）が、各1面ずつ。
English: Two Sankakubuchi Banryu Mirrors in 240 (4th Year of Jingchu [the name of an era had changed and it no longer exists but it is 240 in Western calendar system]).
Japanese: 景初四年（年号は正始_(魏)に変わり存在しないが西暦240年を指す。）三角縁盤龍鏡2面。
English: According to so-called Gishiwajinden (The History of the Wei Dynasty) in Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms), when Princess Himiko of Yamataikoku Kingdom dispatched envoys to Gi in 239, she was given from Emperor a golden stamp "Shingi Wao" (the title of the king of Wa (Japan)) and a hundred of bronze mirrors.
Japanese: 『三国志』のいわゆる「魏志倭人伝」によると、西暦239年に邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼が魏に遣使をした際、帝から「親魏倭王」金印と銅鏡百枚などを授かったという。
English: It is expected that bronze mirror will be the clue to determine the location of Yamataikoku Kingdom with this description.
Japanese: この記述から、銅鏡は邪馬台国の所在地を決定づける手掛かりになるのではないかと期待されている。
English: A great deal of Sankakubuchi Shinjukyo Mirrors (a round mirror with raised edge and relief engraving of animals and gods) excavated from either of Tsubaiotsukayama Tumulus in Kyoto Prefecture and Kurozuka Tumulus in Nara Prefecture are believed to be the one which determines the location of Yamataikoku Kingdom, and this has long been controversial but no conclusion has been reached.
Japanese: 京都府の椿井大塚山古墳および奈良県の黒塚古墳から大量に出土した三角縁神獣鏡のいずれかがこれに該当するものではないかと言われているが、古くから論争が繰り広げられており、結論は出ていない。
English: After the Heian period, "Japanese mirror" having Japanese designs such as crane, mandarin duck, chrysanthemum or paulownia on its reverse side was produced.
Japanese: 平安時代以降は、鏡背に鶴、鴛鴦（おしどり）、菊、桐などの日本式の文様を表した「和鏡」も製作された。
English: There are Yata no Kagami (the sacred mirror of Yata), one of the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family, and Higata and Hiboko mirrors as the objects appearing in Japanese Myths, and some are enshrined in a shrine as a deity.
Japanese: 日本神話に登場するものとしては、三種の神器の一つの八咫鏡や日像鏡・日矛鏡などがあり、鏡を神体として社に祀っていることがある。
English: After the Heian period, many "kyo-zos" (mirror images), which were made as the object for religious pray by engraving lines of Buddha on the mirror, were produced, and later they developed into Kakebotoke (hanging plaque Buddha) which were bronze plates with an image made by hannikubori engraving method.
Japanese: 平安時代以降、鏡面に仏像を線彫りにして信仰礼拝の対象とした「鏡像」（きょうぞう）が盛んに製作され、これは後に銅板に半肉彫りの彫像を取り付けた「懸仏」（かけぼとけ）に発展した。
English: Uchikowashi refers to an action to destroy residences of the people who were considered to act wrong, and it was one of the patterns of grass-roots movements in the Edo period.
Japanese: 打ちこわし（うちこわし）とは、江戸時代の民衆運動の形態のうち、不正を働いたとみなされた者の家屋などを破壊する行為のこと。
English: People who were considered to cause the price increase by buying up goods were often attacked by Uchikowashi mainly in urban areas, but with uprisings, sometimes privilege merchants and village officers who were considered to link to maladministration of their feudal lord were also attacked.
Japanese: 主に都市部において、買占めなどによる物価高騰の原因とされた者に対して行われることが多いが、一揆に伴って、領主の悪政と結びついたとされた特権商人や村役人に対して行われることもあった。
English: Household articles were also looted, but on the other hand, there are many known cases that Uchikowashi was restricted only to destroying residences and looting and setting fire were strictly forbidden to insist it was a justifiable sanction.
Japanese: 家財の略奪なども行われたが、一方で正当な制裁行為であることを主張するために、家屋の破壊だけにとどめ略奪や放火は厳に戒められた事例も多く知られている。
English: The first Uchikowashi in urban areas broke out in Nagasaki in 1703, and it broke out for the first time in Edo in 1733.
Japanese: 都市における最初の打ちこわしは、元禄16年（1703年）に長崎で発生し、享保18年（1733年）には江戸でもはじめて発生した。
English: Since then it often broke out due to famines and political uncertainties, and it especially increased to the end of the Edo period when prices rose sharply.
Japanese: それ以後も飢饉や政情不安などによりしばしば発生し、とくに物価が急に上がった幕末にかけて増加した。
English: Shukun oshikome (or simply called 'oshikome') is a practice seen in the samurai society beginning in the Kamakura period, and it especially refers to the forcible confinement of the allegedly misbehaving lord based on the decision made by Karo (chief retainers) and others after consultation.
Japanese: 主君押込（しゅくんおしこめ、単なる「押込」とも）は鎌倉時代から武家社会に見られた慣行で、特に江戸時代の幕藩体制において、行跡が悪いとされる藩主を、家老らの合議による決定により、強制的に監禁（押込）する行為を指す。
English: In the samurai society of the medieval period, Confucianism was not so influential that vassals did not necessarily see their lord as all-important.
Japanese: 中世の武家社会においては後世ほど儒教の影響が強くなかったため、主君は家臣にとって必ずしも絶対的な存在ではなかった。
English: A lord and his vassals were mutually dependant and cooperated with each other to form a community, and they often changed their partners and those relations were not fixed.
Japanese: 主君と家臣団は相互に依存・協力しあう運命共同体であり、その間に離合集散も多く固定化した関係ではなかった。
English: Therefore, some lords who ignored their vassals' intention were dethroned through discussions by the vassals, and at times, a powerful vassal became the lord based on the consultation.
Japanese: そのため、家臣団の意向を無視する主君は、しばしば家臣団の衆議によって廃立され、時には家臣団の有力者が衆議に基づいて新たな主君となることもあった。
English: This trend became eminent in the Muromachi period, and the murder of Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA by Akamatsu clan (Kakitsu War), dethronement of Shogun Yoshiki ASHIKAGA by Masamoto HOSOKAWA (Meio Coup) and the murder of Shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA by Hisahide MATSUNAGA (Eiroku War) can all be understood as shukun oshikome of the shogun families.
Japanese: このような傾向は室町時代に顕著となり、赤松氏による将軍足利義教の殺害（嘉吉の乱）、細川政元による将軍足利義材の廃立（明応の政変）、松永久秀による将軍足利義輝の殺害（永禄の変）は、いずれも将軍家に対する主君押込めとして理解することが可能である。
English: At that time, shugodai (deputy military governor) sometimes dethroned their lord, shugo daimyo (provincial military governor turned daimyo).
Japanese: また、当時は守護代により主君である守護大名の廃立がたびたび行われた。
English: These phenomena tended to be simply seen as gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) in the past, but as the study progresses on the form of territory ruling by daimyo in the Warring States period, more people think that the ruling system was never be autocratic and took into consultations and intentions of the vassalage.
Japanese: これらの現象は従来は下克上の一言で片づけられてきた嫌いがあるが、戦国大名による領国支配の形態の研究が進むにつれ、その支配体制が決して専制的なものでなく、家臣団の衆議・意向を汲み取っていたものであるとの見方が多くなってきている。
English: Based on this point of view, gekokujo is now generally understood as the phenomenon caused by this practice of shukun oshikome.
Japanese: この観点から近年、下克上をこの慣行による現象とする理解が広まってきている。
English: In the Edo period when samurai ethics of seeing loyalty to lord as all-important were gradually established, the phenomenon was not seen with Tokugawa Shogunate Family at least, but the practice remained to be seen as an extraordinary step to forcibly confine lords who misconducted themselves.
Japanese: 主君に対する忠誠を絶対とする武家倫理が徐々に確立した江戸時代においては、少なくとも徳川将軍家では見られなくなったものの、非常の措置として行跡の悪い藩主を強制的に監禁する行為は慣行として残った。
English: If the tyranny-caused damage become serious, or misconducts by a lord are discovered by the shogunate government, the family is seen as incompetent to rule the territory and is likely to receive a punishment such as transference from one fief to another, curtailment of its fief, and in the worst case, removal of samurai status and expropriation of territories.
Japanese: もし暴政により被害が深刻化した場合、あるいは藩主の不行跡が幕府に発覚した場合は、領地を治める能力が無いとして転封や減封、最悪の場合は改易という処分を受けかねないためである。
English: If the lord misconducts himself, chief retainers admonish him to mend his ways.
Japanese: 藩主の行跡が悪い場合、家老らによって行いを改めるよう、諫言が行われる。
English: Such an admonition was a risky action that sometimes makes the lord angry and that the retainers who admonished might be slain by the lord himself, but to admonish was a duty for vassals to observe.
Japanese: このような諫言は場合によっては、藩主の怒りを買い手討ちにされる危険な行為であったが、家臣としての義務であった。
English: If the lord does not mend his ways after admonitions are made several times, senior vassals including karo (chief retainers) gather and discuss the issue.
Japanese: 諫言が何度か行われ、それでも藩主の行いが改まらない場合、家老ら重臣が集まって協議が行われる。
English: With those who skilled in the martial arts or are strong-muscled in the position of Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers) or higher in waiting in the side, chief retainers say to their lord, 'You behaved very badly, so you should be confined' and vassals take swords away from the lord and imprison him to a place such as a confinement room.
Japanese: あらかじめ目付クラス以上のある程度の身分有る者で、腕の立つ者、腕力強健な者を側に控えさせておき、家老一同が藩主の前に並び「お身持ち良ろしからず、暫くお慎みあるべし」と藩主に告げ、家臣が藩主の刀を取り上げ、座敷牢のような所へ強制的に監禁してしまう。
English: If senior vassals including karo conclude that the lord fully reformed himself and will mend his ways, the lord is allowed to get back to the original position after making a written promise.
Japanese: 家老ら重臣により、藩主が十分に改心して今後の行いも改まるであろうと判断された場合、藩主は「誓約書」を書いて、元の地位に復帰する。
English: The written promise says mending his ways, governing well and not retaliating upon vassals who confined him.
Japanese: 「誓約書」には、行いを改めること、善政を施すこと、押込を行った家臣らに報復を行わないこと等が明記される。
English: If the lord shows no sign of remorse or the remorse is seen as a pretense or the vassals think that the lord is highly like to sink into corruption and tyrannize again, the lord will be forced to retire, and the retirement is reported to the shogunate government and an appropriate person is chosen among legitimate children and brothers.
Japanese: 監禁の後も、藩主に改悛の情が見えず、あるいは偽りの様子としか受け取られない場合、再び悪行や暴政を行う可能性が高いと判断された場合は、藩主は強制的に隠居させられ、藩主隠居の旨幕府に届け出、嫡子や兄弟の妥当な人物が藩主となる。
English: Some were just struggles for power, and in some cases, reform-minded lords were confined by their vassals who blamed the lord for his misgovernment to protect their vested interests
Japanese: 単なる権力争いであった場合や、あるいは改革をなそうとする君主が、既得権を維持せんとする重臣から「悪政」を咎められ押込められる例も少なくなかった。
English: Yozan UESUGI, who is generally seen as a wise ruler, was once being driven to the brink of oshikome by his vassals who opposed to his reform (Shichike Disturbance).
Japanese: 一般に名君と評価される上杉鷹山も、一時は改革に反対する老臣から押込を受ける寸前まで追い込まれた事件もある（七家騒動）。
English: The Hyojosho is an institution that handled lawsuits before modern times, or the place where such institution was located.
Japanese: 評定所（ひょうじょうしょ）は、近代以前に訴訟を扱った機関およびそれが存在した場所のこと。
English: Having been located at Tatsuno-guchi, outside the Edo-jo Castle, the institution handled important government issues, suits among Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and Hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo Shogunate), and trials for cross-jurisdictional problems that involved one or more Bugyo (the shogunate administrators).
Japanese: 江戸城外の辰ノ口にあり、幕政の重要事項や大名旗本の訴訟、複数の奉行の管轄にまたがる問題の裁判を行なった機関である。
English: The Jisha-bugyo, Machi-bugyo, and Kanjo-bugyo were called san Bugyo (three magistrates) and they were major members of the Hyojosho.
Japanese: また寺社奉行、町奉行、勘定奉行は三奉行と呼ばれ、評定所のもっとも中心になる構成員であった。
English: Sobayonin (lord chamberlain) and those who stayed in Edo on business, such as Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy), Osaka jodai (the keeper of Osaka Castle), and the Ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) attended later.
Japanese: 後には、側用人、江戸出府中の京都所司代、大坂城代、遠国奉行なども列席した。
English: Examples are trials between different social status such as samurai and common people, or the plaintiff and defendant having different lords, such as trials between the Edo townspeople and people of religion controlled by the Jisha-bugyo and between people of the shogun's demesne and people of the land of domains.
Japanese: 武士と庶民のような身分違いと町奉行所管轄の江戸の町民と寺社奉行所管轄の宗教者の裁判、天領の領民と藩領民など原告と被告の領主が異なる場合である。
English: In history, the Hyojosho was considered to be established in the time of the act of November 1635.
Japanese: 評定所の歴史については、寛永12年（1635年）11月の法令から、この時期に設置されたとされる。
English: Among some theories about its location, the most common one suggests that it would have been placed in the compartment in the denso-yashiki (a residence for the imperial envoy) after residences of Sakai Uta no kami (the Sakai clan, Director of Music) and Ukyo no suke (Assistant Master of the Western Capital Offices), where the trials had been held were burnt down by the Great Fire of Meireki (according to Ryosuke ISHII, Koji FUKUHIRO and others).
Japanese: ただその場所については諸説があり、もっとも一般的な説は、明暦の大火によって、それまで評定の行われた酒井雅楽頭と安藤右京亮の屋敷が消失したため、以降伝奏屋敷を仕切って評定所を置いたというものである（石井良助・服藤弘司など）。
English: This was mentioned in the document submitted by the Hyojosho, by request from the government in the Kyoho era (1716-1735).
Japanese: これは享保期に幕府の求めに応じて、評定所が提出した書上のなかに記載されている事項である。
English: However, Joji FUJII, who studied the 'Daily records of the Edo bakufu' in detail, pointed out that 'Yoriai' (a meeting) had taken place in the denso-yashiki on December 3, 1636 ("Studies of the process of the formation of the roju system in the Edo Shogunate").
Japanese: しかし「江戸幕府日記」を詳細に検討した藤井譲治は、寛永12年12月3日に伝奏屋敷で「寄合」が行われたことを明らかにしている（『江戸幕府老中制形成過程の研究』）。
English: Fujita also figured out the number of times and the places the 'Yoriai' had been held from the records.
Japanese: また藤井は寛永9年から12年にかけての「寄合」の数と場所を同日記から説明した。
English: The document submitted by the Hyojosho in the Kyoho era should be reviewed because it was made after the Hyojosho had burned down in 1717.
Japanese: 享保期の評定所が提出した書上は、享保2年（1717年）評定所が火事で消失した後のものであり、再検討を要するものであろう。
English: In the act of 1636, the Hyojosho was referred to as 'Yoriaijo;' the name of the Hyojosho was not necessarily used from the beginning.
Japanese: 評定所の呼称については、先述の寛永12年の法令では「寄合場」と記載され、必ずしも「評定所」の呼称が当初から用いられたわけではない。
English: The term of 'Hyojosho' in the acts by the Edo Shogunate first appeared in May 1652 while the term had not been seen in 'Meyasubako uragaki' (the endorsement of the written complaint) until October 1654.
Japanese: 幕府法令の初見は慶安5年（1652年）5月のもので、目安裏書については管見の限り承応3年（1654年）10月以降である。
English: In around the Kanbun era (1661-1672), the yoriai was divided into 'shikijitsu meeting,' 'tachiai meeting,' and 'uchiza meeting' with different members and agendas on each day.
Japanese: また、寛文年間頃、寄合の種類が式日・立合・内座寄合に分かれたことで、出席する構成員や協議内容が日により異なっていった。
English: Shikijitu was set as a day of consultation for important government issues, and the Roju, who initially had been a major member, came to attend only the shikijitsu, the day of consultation.
Japanese: 式日は幕政の重要事項の諮問を行う日となり、初期には主要な構成員であった老中が、諮問が行われる式日にのみの出席に変わった。
English: The number of days Roju attended decreased to once a month in 1720.
Japanese: 老中については享保5年（1720年）に月一度の出席にまで頻度が低下している。
English: Tachiai was a trial day, and the Sobayonin and those who stayed in Edo on business, such as Kyoto shoshidai, Osaka jodai, and the Ongoku-bugyo, sometimes attended as well.
Japanese: 立合は裁判が行われる日で、側用人や在府中の京都所司代・大坂城代・遠国奉行なども列席する場合があった。
English: Uchiza yoriai was sometimes held in the Bugyo's residence, and thus it was not always categorized as the Hyojosho.
Japanese: 内座寄合は奉行宅で行われることもあり、評定所の範囲に入れない場合もある。
English: Each domain had an institution referred to as 'Hyojosho' or 'Goyoyashiki' (a residence for official business) to judge samurai who were under the control of its domain.
Japanese: 各藩にも、同様に自藩管轄の武士を裁く組織が存在し評定所又は御用屋敷と呼ばれていた。
English: Gosho Sendo-mairi is an incident occurred on July 21, 1787, in which many people circled around the Gosho (Imperial Palace) to make sendo-mairi (literally a visit to shrine a thousand times for prayer).
Japanese: 御所千度参り（ごしょせんどまいり）は、天明7年6月7日(旧暦)（1787年7月21日）に発生した、京都御所の周囲を多数の人々が廻り、千度参りをした事件。
English: It started with only a few people but the number gradually increased, reaching three million on July 24 and seven million on Augist 1, respectively, some historical materials said.
Japanese: 初めは数人だったが、その数は段々増えて行き、6月10日(旧暦)には3万人に達し、6月18日(旧暦)頃には7万人に達したという。
English: It is said that the people practicing Gosho Sendo-mairi came from not only Kyoto and its nearby regions but also Kawachi Province, Omi Province, Osaka City and other regions.
Japanese: 御所千度参りに集まった人々は、京都やその周辺のみならず、河内国や近江国、大阪市などから来た者もいたという。
English: In addition, Arisugawa no Miya (Imperial Prince) and the Ichijo family served tea and the Kujo family and the Takatsukasa family distributed rice balls.
Japanese: 他にも、有栖川宮や一条家などでは茶が、九条家や鷹司家からは握り飯が配られた。
English: The Emperor Kokaku, deeply concerned with the situation, requested a relief of the people suffering from famine to the Edo bakufu (feudal government controlled by a shogun) through the Kyoto shoshidai (Kyoto deputy).
Japanese: この事態を憂慮した光格天皇が京都所司代を通じて江戸幕府に飢饉に苦しむ民衆救済を要求する。
English: Therefore, Sukehira TAKATSUKASA, who was the Emperor's uncle serving as Kanpaku (chief advisor to the Emperor), made a similar request, expecting to be severely punished.
Japanese: そのため、天皇の叔父でもある関白鷹司輔平も厳罰を覚悟して同様の申し入れを行った。
English: In response to that, the bakufu decided to release 1,500 hyo (bales) of rice to the Kyoto citizen and to overlook the violation of the regulations as the act by the Emperor and the Kanpaku could be considered justifiable due to the serious situation.
Japanese: これに対して幕府は米1,500俵を京都市民への放出を決定、法度違反に関しては事態の深刻さから天皇や関白が行動を起こしたのももっともな事であるとして不問とした。