nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although coal-fired power generation stopped in 1894, the new thermal power plant, Higashikujo Power Plant, was started in 1900 in response to the increasing demand.
Japanese: 石炭火力は1894年（明治27年）にいったん全廃するものの、その後需要の増加に伴い復活し、1900年（明治33年）には新たな火力発電所である東九条発電所を着工することとなった。
English: In 1914, Kyoto Dento started a railway businesses in Kyoto and Fukui Prefectures.
Japanese: その後、1914年（大正3年）からは京都府と福井県において鉄道業を行うようになる。
English: This was to ensure stable supply destinations of electricity, and it was a common practice for many companies such as Tokyo Dento (which established the subsequent Enoshima Electric Railway and Tobu Ikaho Permanent Way) before World War II.
Japanese: これは安定した電力の供給先を確保するのが目的で、戦前は東京電燈（後の江ノ島電鉄線や東武伊香保軌道線などが該当）など多くの会社で行われていた。
English: On September 27, 1925, the company opened the Eizan Main Line, Eizan Electric Railway by utilizing their knowhow in the business.
Japanese: 1925年（大正14年）9月27日にはそのノウハウを生かして叡山電鉄叡山本線を開業。
English: Kyoto Dento competed fiercely with other bus companies of the area for customers, and eventually succeeded in making them subsidiary companies (former Kyoto Bus).
Japanese: そして沿線のバス会社と猛烈な乗客争奪合戦を繰り広げた後傘下に収めた（京都バスの前身）。
English: Under government control during World War II, the contribution from the electric power generation and transmission department and the electric power distribution department was ordered in 1941.
Japanese: 戦時統制により、1941年（昭和16年）に発送電部門と配電部門の出資命令が出された。
English: The land transportation business, such as the railway business, was started separately with the foundation of Keifuku Electric Railroad in March 1942.
Japanese: 鉄道業等の陸上輸送事業は、1942年（昭和17年）3月に京福電気鉄道として分離発足した。
English: On April 1, 1942, the electric power generation and transmission department of Kyoto Dento contributed to Japan Electric Generation and Transmission Company and the electric power distribution department contributed to Kanasai Haiden and Hokuriku Haiden, and at the same time the liquidation of the company started, which was completed in 1944.
Japanese: 同年4月1日に発送電部門を日本発送電、配電部門を関西配電、北陸配電に出資、以降清算に入り、1944年（昭和19年）に、清算を完了した。
English: In 1946, Kyoto Bus was founded by merging the subsidiary bus companies of Kyoto Dento in the Kyoto area, which eventually covered the routes consisting of 120.9 km in Kyoto and Fukui by 1950.
Japanese: 1946年（昭和21年）に京都バスを設立して京都電燈の傘下であった京都地区のバス会社をまとめ、1950年（昭和25年）頃には京都と福井で合わせて120.9kmもの路線網を擁することになった。
English: However, managing many small-scale routes led to the financial difficulties for the company, from around 1955, many routes were sold to Keihan Electric Railway, which was planning to extend their business in the Mt. Hiei area.
Japanese: しかし小規模な路線が多く経営的には苦しく、1955年（昭和30年）頃から比叡山方面への進出をもくろむ京阪電気鉄道の傘下となっていった。
English: The non-profitable lines were abandoned, Eizan Electric Railway was split-up in 1986, and the railway business in Fukui Prefecture was discontinued in 2003 (except for part of the lines inherited by Echizen Railway).
Japanese: 不採算路線の廃止、1986年（昭和61年）に叡山電鉄の分社化、2003年（平成15年）に福井県における鉄道事業の廃止（一部路線はえちぜん鉄道が継承）をおこなった。
English: Today in 2009, four remaining lines, which are Arashiyama Main Line of Keifuku Electric Railroad, Kitano Line of Keifuku Electric Railroad, Kosaku Line of Keifuku Electric Railroad (Eizan Cable), and Eizan Ropeway, covering 12.8 km, are still in operation.
Japanese: その結果、2009年（平成21年）現在では、鉄道事業としては京福電気鉄道嵐山本線、京福電気鉄道北野線、京福電気鉄道鋼索線（叡山ケーブル）、叡山ロープウェイの4路線12.8kmを残すのみとなっている。
English: The eight storey reinforced concrete building of the Kyoto branch of the Kansai Electric Power, which stands in front of the Karasuma Exit (North Exit) of JR Kyoto Station, is one of the most modern buildings in Kyoto and was originally built as the headquarters of Kyoto Dento in 1937.
Japanese: JR京都駅の烏丸口（北口）側にある関西電力京都支店の建物（鉄筋コンクリート造8階建）は、京都の近代建築の一つであるが、もともとは1937年（昭和12年）に、京都電燈の本社として建設されたものである。
English: In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), the term kaieki referred to removing someone from their current post and appointing someone new to that position.
Japanese: 改易（かいえき）とは、律令制度では現職者の任を解き新任者を補任することをいう。
English: In the Edo period, the term kaieki referred to a punishment to samurai, including territorial lords (called "daimyo") and direct vassals of the shogun (called "hatamoto"), by which they were deprived of their status as samurai, along with their territories, castles and residences.
Japanese: 江戸時代においては大名、旗本などの武士に課せられた刑罰を意味し、武士の身分を剥奪して所領と城・屋敷を没収することをいう。
English: In the Edo period, when a Daimyo family became subject to kaieki, they were beheaded (Katsuike MATSUKURA in the Shimabara War, for example) or were forced to carry out Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) (Naganori ASANO in the Genroku Ako Incident, for example) if they committed a serious crime.
Japanese: 江戸時代、大名家が改易されると、何らかの重い罪を受けての場合は大名は斬首（島原の乱の松倉勝家）または切腹（元禄赤穂事件の浅野長矩など）となる。
English: Or, they may have been forced to stay with a different Daimyo family to live under strict surveillance (Tadanao MATSUDAIRA and Tadateru MATSUDAIRA, for example).
Japanese: それ以外でも他の大名家などへお預けとなり、厳しい監視の下で蟄居させられる（松平忠直・松平忠輝など）。
English: Note, however, many Daimyo were forgiven after receiving the kaieki decision and continued their family line as they or some of their descendents were appointed as feudal lords or direct vassals of the shogun.
Japanese: ただし、改易の処分を受けても後に許され、大名本人または子孫や一族の者が小大名や旗本に取り立てられ家名が存続することも少なくない。
English: Also, there were some cases where Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family) were forgiven after receiving the kaieki decision, and their descendents returned to the original positions to receive almost the same stipend.
Japanese: 譜代・親藩の中には、改易処分のあとに許されて、その子孫が旧知とほぼ同じ待遇で、復帰した例もある。
English: After the Battle of Sekigahara, 88 Daimyo families that joined the West army, such as Mitsunari ISHIDA (Omi), Yukinaga KONISHI (Higo), Hideie UKITA (Bizen Okayama), and Morichika CHOSOKABE (Tosa), were subjected to kaieki, and also, 5 Daimyo families such as the Mori clan (Terumoto MORI) and Uesugi clan (Kagekatsu UESUGI) were subjected to a severe genpo.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いの戦後処理により石田三成（近江）、小西行長（肥後）、宇喜多秀家（備前岡山）、長宗我部盛親（土佐）を始め西軍についた88の大名家が改易され、毛利氏（毛利輝元）、上杉氏（上杉景勝）など5大名家が大幅な減封を受けた。
English: During the war-free period after the Siege of Osaka, kaieki was mainly applied as punishments for the extinction of a family line or breach of the Shogunate law.
Japanese: 大坂の役以後、戦争が無くなると、世嗣断絶と幕法違反による改易が主なものとなった。
English: Since it was prohibited for a Daimyo to apply for an adoption of a son after becoming seriously ill, many Daimyo families suffered kaieki as a result of the extinction of lineages.
Japanese: 末期養子（大名が危篤になってから養子を願い出ること）が禁止されていたため、多くの大名家が世嗣断絶により改易となった。
English: Also, Masanori FUKUSHIMA was subjected to kaieki for violation of the Shogunate law when he tried to repair Hiroshima-jo Castle without permission.
Japanese: また福島正則は広島城無断修築を咎められた幕法違反により改易されている。
English: Furthermore, there were Daimyo such as Tadachika OKUBO and Masazumi HONDA who were subject to kaieki because they lost the power struggle inside the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 大久保忠隣や本多正純のように幕府内部の権力闘争に敗れて改易された大名もいた。
English: As a result, during the three Tokugawa generations of Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu, 82 Tozama Daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) families and 49 Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family) families were subject to kaieki.
Japanese: そのために、徳川家康、徳川秀忠、徳川家光の三代の時代に外様大名82家、親藩・譜代大名49家が改易された。
English: The Edo shogunate gradually established its domination by turning territories that were left unoccupied as a result of kaieki or genpo into shogunate territories and by allocating these territories to the relatives and hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa family and transferring feudal lords unrelated to the family to remote territories.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は改易、減封によって生じた空白地を天領（直轄地）にし、親藩・譜代大名を新たに配置して、外様大名を遠隔地に転封するなどして幕府権力の絶対優位を確立していった。
English: Meanwhile, however, there were many ronin because of kaieki, and this caused social unrest to grow and finally resulted in a rebellion (Keian Incident).
Japanese: しかし、改易によって大量の浪人が生じて社会不安につながり、浪人による反乱未遂事件（慶安の変）が起きた。
English: For this reason, the bakufu reviewed its policy and the Matsugo yoshi no kin (ban on adoption of a son on one's deathbed) was loosened during the time of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: このため幕府は政策を見直し、4代徳川家綱の時代に末期養子の禁は緩和された。
English: During the time of the fifth shogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the target of the Daimyo abolishment measure shifted to Fudai Daimyo (a daimyo of a hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), and as a result, 27 families were subjected to kaieki.
Japanese: 5代徳川綱吉の時代には廃絶政策は譜代大名に向けられ27家が改易された。
English: The shogunate system was established afterwards and accordingly, the application of kaieki and transfers decreased, and the allocation of Daimyo was fixed until the end of the bakufu.
Japanese: これ以後は幕藩体制が確立して改易、転封は減少して大名は固定化されるようになり、幕末に至った。
English: After the Battle of Sekigahara through the Edo period, a total of 248 families consisting of 127 Tozama Daimyo families and 121 Shinpan and Fudai Daimyo families were subject to kaieki.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い以降、江戸時代を通じて外様大名127家、親藩・譜代大名121家の計248家が改易されている。
English: After the Toyotomi clan was destroyed in the Siege of Osaka, no more Daimyo attempted armed resistance and all handed over their castles and lands to the bakufu without resistance.
Japanese: 大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅ぼされて以後、武力抵抗をした大名は皆無であり、全て無抵抗で城と領地を幕府へ明渡している。
English: At the end of the Edo period, the Choshu clan defeated the bakufu army through armed resistance (the Choshu Conquest), the bakufu dramatically lost its power and absolute control over the Daimyo, and the shogunate system was destroyed as a result of the Boshin War that occurred after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.
Japanese: 幕末に長州藩が幕府軍に武力抵抗して打ち勝ち（長州征伐）、幕府の弱体化が顕になって大名への絶対的統制は崩れ、鳥羽伏見の戦い以後の戊辰戦争により幕藩体制は終焉した。
English: After the Boshin War, the new Meiji government subjected one family (Jozai clan) to kaieki and 22 families, such as the Aizu and Sendai clans, to genpo.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争後、明治新政府により1家（請西藩）が改易され、会津藩、仙台藩など22家が減封の処分を受けている。
English: Note that, immediately before Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) occurred, Nagatomo KURODA of the Fukuoka Domain was forced to resign as the governor of the domain due to the fake bill incident and Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito was appointed to take over the position.
Japanese: なお、廃藩置県直前に福岡藩の黒田長知が偽札事件を理由に藩知事を更迭されて代わりに有栖川宮熾仁親王が任命されている。
English: This was generally considered to be kaieki because the governor position could be hereditary like the lord position even after lands and people were returned to the Emperor.
Japanese: しかし、版籍奉還後の藩知事にも藩主同様の世襲が認めれていたことから、事実上の改易であったと言える。
English: Although we have no examples of Daimyo being subjected to kaieki, one of the most common reasons for the kaieki of ordinary samurai was the running away (flight or escape from one's domain) of the current or former heads of households.
Japanese: 大名における実例はないものの、一般の武士における改易の理由として多いものに当主・隠居の欠落（出奔・無断脱藩）によるものがある。
English: When this occurred, kaieki was applied even though there was a successor, and when those who had run away were captured, they were sometimes executed because they were 'not loyal.'
Japanese: この場合には後継者がいても改易され、捕らえられた場合には「不忠」を理由に処刑される事もあった。
English: There were some cases where those who were once subject to kaieki received amnesty, but it would only allow them to serve the lord that they had served before kaieki, and there were only a few cases in which they returned to their services and received the same amount of stipend as they had received before kaieki.
Japanese: なお、一旦改易された者が恩赦などを受ける場合もあったが、この場合の効果は改易される前の主君への再仕官が認められるという程度であり、改易前の禄高で復帰できた例は少なかった。
English: The word "Kunitomo" referred to Kunitomo Village in Sakata County, Omi Province (present-day Kunitomo-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture), which was renowned for its production of firearms along with Sakai City during the Warring States period through to the end of the Edo period, and also to gunsmiths who worked in Kunitomo Village (called "Kunitomo Kaji" in Japanese).
Japanese: 国友（くにとも）は、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代末期まで「堺市」と並び称せられた鉄砲生産地、近江国坂田郡国友村（現、滋賀県長浜市国友町）及び工人の「国友鍛冶」を指す語。
English: The entire village operated in a manner similar to an industrial estate, with craftsmen all specializing in a particular facet of firearm production such as those who manufactured important components such as the barrels, others known as 'taishi' who crafted the stocks, and those called 'karakuri' who made the mechanical parts and various metal components as well as the decoration and inlaying that was applied to the barrel and base plate.
Japanese: 村がひとつの工業団地的性格を持ち、銃身等主要部分を作る鍛冶のほかに、銃床を作る「台師」、「からくり」と呼ばれる機関部や各種の金属部品それに銃身や地板（機関部基板）等に施す装飾の象嵌等にそれぞれの専門職人が居り、分業体制がとられていた。
English: Ikkansai KUNITOMO (Tobeshigeyuki) was known for the development of high power telescopes and a compressed gas cylinder air gun called a 'kiho.'
Japanese: また国友一貫斎（藤兵衛重恭）は「気砲」と呼ばれる蓄気ボンベ式の空気銃や高性能望遠鏡の開発で知られる。
English: Firearm production in Kunitomo is reputed to have begun in 1544 when samples were ordered by Shogun Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 鉄砲製造の起源は、天文(元号)13年（1544年）、将軍足利義晴より見本の銃を示され作ったのが始まりと伝えられる。
English: A close alliance with the shogunate during the Edo period led to orders being placed and workers being alternately seconded to Edo where they carried out firearm maintenance at Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 江戸時代には幕府と密接に連携し一定量の発注を受けて生産し、工人等は交代で江戸に詰め、江戸城での銃器メンテナンスも行った。
English: Invitations from feudal lords throughout Japan meant many gunsmiths relocated to these areas, and many pieces produced by such individuals were inscribed both 'Kunimoto' and the gunsmith's real name.
Japanese: また、各地の領主の招聘に応じその地に逗留・移住する銃工も多く、それら銃工の作品には「国友」銘のほか本名で鐫られたものも多い。
English: Some of the firearms that bear the name "Kunitomo" are believed to have been made by gunsmiths who were not born in Kunitomo Village but learned gunsmithing skills in the village, or called by the name simply to increase their commercial value.
Japanese: それに、国友出身でない銃工が国友で修行して「国友」を名乗る例や商品価値を高めるための「国友」銘もあるといわれる。
English: Whereas guns made in Sakai City, which was also well known for the manufacture of firearms, were famous mainly for their artistic value, such as elaborate metal works and beautiful inlays, many of the firearms manufactured in Kunitomo were excellent works of functional beauty.
Japanese: 並び称せられた「堺」の銃は、豪華な装飾金具や象嵌が施された「見た目の付加価値」であるのに対し、国友の製品は「機能美的」に洗練された秀作が多い。
English: Approximately 25% of the firearms in Japan during this period carried the Kunitomo inscription and these were equal in popularity to guns produced in Sakai.
Japanese: 日本の古式銃の約四分の一は国友銘と云われ、「堺」と人気を二分していた。
English: Today firearm craftsmanship of Kunitomo is exhibited on the portable shrine used during festivals held by Nagahama Hachiman-gu Shrine as well as the metal fixtures adorning the Nagahama Butsudan altar.
Japanese: 現在、鉄砲の技術は長浜八幡宮の祭りに繰り出される曳山（山車）や長浜仏壇の金具に生かされている。
English: Goshiki no sen a status of discrimination in ancient Japan which was constituted under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 五色の賤（ごしきのせん）とは、律令制の元で設置された古代日本の被差別身分である。
English: There is a theory that the origin of discrimination during the medieval period, as well as those living in special hamlets in modern Japan, lies in goshiki no sen; however, this fact is often debated.
Japanese: 中世の被差別民や近現代日本の被差別部落の直接的な起源であるとする説が存在するが議論がある。
English: The Ritsuryo system, brought in Japan during the latter half of the seventh century, adopted the Ryosen system which largely divided the people into the Ryomin (lit. good people) and the Senmin (the lowly persons) after a model from China (the Law of Ryosen, enacted in 645).
Japanese: 7世紀後半に日本に導入された律令制は、中国のそれに倣って、国民を良民と賤民とに大別する良賤制を採用した（良賤の法、645年制定）。
English: Senmin: Ryoko, Kanko, Kenin-the ancient Kenin, Kunuhi, and Shinuhi
Japanese: 賤民陵戸（りょうこ）、官戸（かんこ）、家人古代の家人（けにん）、官奴婢（くぬひ）、私奴婢（しぬひ）
English: Ryoko were those who were demoted to the lowly status as a result of the enforcement of the Yoro Penal and Administrative Codes and were treated the same as Ryomin, except for their rights concerning marriage.
Japanese: このうち陵戸は養老律令施行によって賤民となったため結婚以外は良民と同等であった。
English: Kanko were those who were demoted to the lowly status as punishment for their criminal acts and were granted the same farming rights as Ryomin.
Japanese: 官戸は犯罪行為の罰として賤民に落とされた身分で口分田等は良民と同等。
English: Kunuhi were subdivided into two types; those who inherited this status and those who had been reduced due to a penalty for a criminal act, both of which were pardoned to return to the Ryomin when they became 60 years old and 76 years old, respectively.
Japanese: 官奴婢には古来からのものと犯罪によって落とされた二種類があり､それぞれ60歳・76歳で良民に復帰できた。
English: Kenin, or household servants, had the same status as shinuhi but it was forbidden to trade kenin and their occupational choice was limited.
Japanese: 家人は待遇としては私奴婢と同等であるが売買は禁止され仕事に制限があった。
English: Ryoko were engaged in the protection of the mausoleums of emperors and imperial family members; kanko and kunuhi in the cultivation of government-owned land; and kenin and shinuhi in the performance of chores for private households.
Japanese: 陵戸は天皇や皇族の陵墓の守衛、官戸と官奴婢は官田の耕作、家人と私奴婢は私家の雑用に従事した。
English: Ryoko were under the control of Shoryoryo (the Bureau of Imperial Mausolea) (or Shoryoji), and Kanko and Kunuhi were under the control of Yakko-no-tsukasa (director in charge of registers of male and female public slaves, and their allotment lands), later Tonomori-no-tsukasa (Bureau of Household).
Japanese: 陵戸は諸陵寮(諸陵司)､官戸と官奴婢は官奴司のちに主殿寮が管轄した。
English: Kunuhi and shinuhi, who were traded and pawned, were not treated as human beings.
Japanese: 官奴婢や私奴婢は、売買や質入の対象となるなど、非人道的な扱いを受けた。
English: However there was a system in place which allowed them to rise to a higher status once they reached a certain age; therefore, their status was not as tightly fixed as those who were discriminated in the Edo period who were treated as a kind of outcast segregated from samurai, farmers, and townsmen for their filth.
Japanese: だが、一定の年齢に達すれば上の階層に上がる事ができる制度などもあり、穢れなどを理由に武士、百姓、町人などと隔絶した一種の身分外身分と言える扱いを受けた江戸時代の被差別民の身分ほど固定されたものではなかった。
English: On the other hand, nuhi did not have any official independent community for themselves and were individually treated as property of the Ryomin or the Imperial court; therefore, their basis to secure their rights was probably more fragile when compared to others who were discriminated in the Edo period who found some security in their communities headed by Etagashira (head of eta (discriminated people) which secured their rights.
Japanese: 一方、奴婢は自らの公認された自立的な共同体を持たず、個人別に良民や朝廷の所有物とされるなど、穢多頭に統率されるなどの形で一定の権利保障の基盤になる共同体組織の保持を保証された江戸時代の被差別民と比べると、権利保障の基盤は脆弱であったとも言える。
English: As the imperial court was no longer able to maintain control over the population based on the land allotment system and the family registration system and depended more and more on indirect means of control through rich families (called "tato fumyo" in Japanese) who were subcontracted for the management of farmland, the Ritsuryo system gradually collapsed and the status system itself was reduced to a nominal existence.
Japanese: 朝廷が班田制と戸籍制度を基礎にした人民の人別支配を放棄し、名田経営を請け負う田堵負名を通じた間接支配への移行により律令制が解体していく過程で、この身分制も次第に有名無実化した。
English: Marriages between ryomin and senmin gradually became tolerated and some ryomin even sought to be exempted from taxes by marrying senmin.
Japanese: 良賤間の通婚も次第に黙認されるようになり、中には賤民と結婚して租税を免れようとする者も現れた。
English: In 789, it was ordained that children born between the Ryomin and the Senmin should become the Ryomin, and in 907, the nuhi system was abolished.
Japanese: 789年には良賤間の通婚でできた子は良民とされる事になり、907年には奴婢制度が廃止された。
English: (In another opinion, the nuhi system had already been abolished in the Kanpyo era at the end of the ninth century.)
Japanese: （これには、9世紀末の寛平年間に既に廃止されていたとする見解も存在する）
English: Therefore, it can be concluded that the ancient lowly persons and those discriminated after the medieval period as well as communities of discriminated people during the Edo period which came to be called burakumin (people come from or live in special hamlets) in the modern period and after were not connected historically and had different origins.
Japanese: よって、古代の賎民と中世以降の被差別民、さらに近代以降被差別部落と呼ばれるようになった江戸時代の被差別民共同体との歴史的連続性はなく、性質の異なる起源を有したと考えられる。
English: Instantaneous discharge matchlock is an ignition system for matchlock guns, which are represented by Japanese hinawa-ju (literally, fire rope gun).
Japanese: 瞬発式火縄銃（しゅんぱつしきひなわじゅう）は、火縄銃の点火方式の一つで、これを用いた銃は日本の火縄銃に代表される。
English: The lock mechanism is released by pulling the trigger and a burning slow match strikes the primer in a flashpan by a spring to set off an explosion.
Japanese: 引金を引くことによってロック機構が解除され、ばねの反発力で瞬時に火皿の火薬に火縄を叩きつけて撃発できる。
English: On the other hand, the system common in Europe, Islamic countries in Western Asia and China is called gradual discharge matchlock.
Japanese: これに対し、ヨーロッパや西アジアのイスラム諸国、中国に多い方式は緩発式火縄銃と呼ばれる。
English: A serpentine holding match is kept at a lifted position by means of a spring, and the serpentine is slowly brought to the flashpan as the trigger is pulled, and the fire on the match contacts with the priming powder in the pan to make an explosion.
Japanese: これは逆にばねの力で火縄を装着した火挟みを常に上がった状態にもどす反発力がかかっており、引金を引くと引いた速度に連動してゆっくりと火挟みが火皿に降り、火縄の火が火皿の火薬に触れて撃発する。
English: When the trigger is released in the middle of aiming, the serpentine, which is resisted by the upward force of the spring, returns to the lifted position.
Japanese: また、照準途中で引金の手を緩めると、常に上がるようにばね仕掛けになっているため火挟みが上に戻る。
English: Although the accuracy is lower, this type of gun is suitable for hunting because it has small risk of accidental discharge and can be carried with burning match.
Japanese: これは命中精度に劣るが、暴発の危険が少なく火縄を付けたまま持ち歩ける利点から、狩猟に向いている。
English: In Europe, musket troops traditionally formed a line and discharged in a volley in the same direction to lay down a barrage at orders of a commander, therefore accuracy rates were of no particular concern.
Japanese: またヨーロッパの銃兵隊は伝統的に隊列を組んだまま指揮官の命令で同じ方向に向けて一斉射撃して弾幕を張る戦法が一般的であったため、命中率は特に問題とはされなかった。
English: This type of matchlock was invented in Southern Europe in the 16th century, but the firing mechanism which makes a match strike the flashpan by means of a spring action to the flintlock which produces a spark by striking steel with a flint, and was used only for a short period.
Japanese: この方式の火縄銃は16世紀に南欧で生み出されたものの、ばねによって火縄を火皿にたたきつける激発機構は、すぐに火打石を火打ち金にたたきつけて火花を飛ばすフリントロック式銃を生み出し、ごく短い間しか使われなかった。
English: During the short period, however, the European-style instantaneous discharge matchlock introduced to Southeast Asia by the Portuguese was improved and the instantaneous discharge matchlock called Malacca-style was invented.
Japanese: しかし、この短い間にポルトガル人によって東南アジアに伝えられた欧州式の瞬発式火縄銃は現地で改良され、マラッカ式と呼ばれる様式の瞬発式火縄銃を生み出した。
English: According to one theory, barrage tactics were less effective in the forest area of Southeast Asia because of obstructive trees, and for that reason, the instantaneous discharge ones suited for sniping became popular and accepted.
Japanese: 一説によると東南アジアの森林地帯では樹木が邪魔になって弾幕戦の効果が低く、狙撃に適した瞬発式が好まれ受容されたとも言われている。
English: This style of gun naturally fit in the tactics for shooting war using traditional Japanese archery and became prevalent in Japan.
Japanese: 日本人の古来の弓術の射撃戦方法論にも無理なく適合できるこの形式の銃が普及したと考えられている。
English: Although it is generally believed that the Portuguese introduced matchlocks to Japan and that the European-style ones were brought in as they were, most Portuguese called Nanban-jin (literally, southern barbarians) in Japan at that time were actually not directly from Portugal.
Japanese: 一般に日本に火縄銃を伝えたのはポルトガル人とされており、欧州の銃がそのまま持ち込まれたと思われがちであるが、当時日本で南蛮人と呼ばれたポルトガル人達の多くは、実はポルトガル本国から直接渡来した者は少なかった。
English: Most of them were descendants of Portuguese who settled down at the footholds secured in India or Southeast Asia and married local people some generations ago.
Japanese: インドや東南アジアに確保した拠点都市などに定着し、現地人と婚姻して世代を重ねた者たちが大半を占めた。
English: It is therefore not strange that the guns imported into Japan were Malacca-style.
Japanese: そのため、彼らが日本に伝えた銃がマラッカ式であることは特に不思議ではない。
English: With the advance of historical study, the most likely theory is now that the introduction of guns into Japan simultaneously took place at various places in southwestern Japan during a short period by wako (Japanese pirates) involved in trade with Southeast Asia.
Japanese: また、史学的な研究の進展によって、日本への鉄砲伝来は東南アジア交易に従事した倭寇勢力によって、短い間に西日本各地へ同時多発的に起こったとする説が有力視されてきている。