nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However after Tsunayoshi's death in 1709, when Hakuseki ARAI took the office of Shogun Ienobu's assistant, he abolished this law before even holding a funeral ceremony for Tsunayoshi.
Japanese: が、綱吉の死後、宝永6年（1709年）、新井白石が6代将軍家宣の補佐役となると綱吉の葬式も終えぬうちに真っ先にこの法令は廃止された。
English: It is said that at that time some residents of Edo kicked and mistreated dogs to make up for all the times they had been unable to up till then.
Japanese: この時、江戸市民の中にはこれまでのお返しとばかりに犬を蹴飛ばしたりしていじめる者もいたという。
English: From then on, among common people in Edo, the eating of meat including pork and wild boar rapidly spread and changed from 'medicine' for the purpose of nourishment to something to be enjoyed.
Japanese: 以降、江戸庶民の間にイノシシや豚肉などの肉食が急速に広まり、滋養目的の「薬喰い」から、肉食そのものを楽しむ方向へと変化した。
English: In this period, specialist meat shops which remain even today appeared.
Japanese: 現在まで続く獣肉（じゅうにく）料理専門店もこの時期（1710年代）に現れている。
English: On the other hand, due to the influence of Buddhism there was still a tradition for disliking the consumption of animal flesh and it was only from the Meiji Period onwards that people began to eating meat on a wide scale.
Japanese: もっとも、従来より仏教の影響もあり獣肉を食するのを嫌悪する風潮はあり、本格的に獣肉を食するようになるのは明治時代以降の事である。
English: While in Korea and in China, they usually eat dog meat, in Japan dog meat is not regarded as a common foodstuff.
Japanese: 中国や韓国で犬肉を普通に食する一方で、現代日本では犬肉は一般的な食材とはみなされていない。
English: It is said that the 'law prohibiting cruelty to animals' was intentionally deleted from the collection of laws compiled by the Shogunate, so as not to damage the Shogunate's authority.
Japanese: この「生類憐れみの令」は、幕府の権威の失墜につながらないよう、「徳川禁令考」など、幕府やその関係者が編纂した法令集からは意図的に削除されているともいわれている。
English: It is said that the Great Famine (1695-1696) of the Genroku era was caused by cold-weather damage in the Tohokoku region which lead harvests to drop to 30% of the average, and in Tsugaru Domain over 50,000 people (one third of the domain's population) died.
Japanese: 元禄の大飢饉は1695年～1696年（元禄8年～9年）に東北を中心とする東北地方を襲った冷害で、収穫が平年の3割しかなく、津軽藩では領民の3分の1に相当する5万以上の死者を出したという。
English: The following is recorded in 'Jimokushintsuuki' which describes the state fo the famine: "Walking along the road, I saw people who died of starvation left to rot, and in villages the number of empty house was increasing day by day.
Japanese: 飢饉の様子を記録した『耳目心痛記』（じもくしんつうき）によると、「道を往けば、餓死者が野ざらしになり、村では死に絶えた家が続き日増しに増えた。
English: In addition, due to the persevering law, birds and animals were not afraid of humans and men wandering around due to famine were attacked by crows and kites, becoming the prey of stray dogs if they fell.
Japanese: さらに長く続いた生類憐れみの令のために、鳥も獣も人を恐れることがないから、飢餓で彷徨する人は息のあるうちにさえカラスやトビに襲われ、倒れれば野犬の餌食となったという。
English: The criticism that "Everything is the wrong way round, and there is neither a way nor law" stemmed from this state of affairs.
Japanese: この法に対する「万事・万物が逆で道も法もない」との批判は、このような事情を背景にした言葉であった。
English: This famine affected the entire country and the increase in rice prices lead to destructive urban riots by farmers in Izushi Domain, Tajima Province.
Japanese: この飢饉は、全国的にも影響を及ぼし、但馬国出石藩では農民による打ちこわしが起き米価は騰貴した。
English: However even during the famine the Shogunate accommodated 80,000 wild dogs in the kennels in Nakano and gave them 3 go (0.18L) of polished rice, 50 moon (187g) of bean paste and 1 go of sardines daily.
Japanese: ところがこの様な飢饉の中でも、幕府は8万匹の野犬を中野犬小屋に収容し、犬一匹につき一日に白米3合、味噌50匁（約187グラム）、干しイワシ一合を与えていた。
English: Citizens of Edo were furious about how well dogs were treated by the Shogunate.
Japanese: 江戸町民の間では米価騰貴の中での幕府の犬への厚い待遇に対して、憤りが高まった。
English: However, there are calls to critically review the accepted view of these ordinances.
Japanese: しかし、この生類憐みの令についても正史に対する批判としての見直し論がある。
English: Kyoko YAMAMURO, who is in favour of a review, estimates "The aim of the ordinances was to wipe out violent tendencies of the Civil War Period which still remained in Tsunayoshi's time.
Japanese: 見直し論の立場に立つ山室恭子は、「生類憐みの令の目的は、綱吉の時代にはまだ残っていた戦国時代の荒々しい風潮を一掃することであった」と推測している。
English: However, as the contents of the law were surprising, people in Edo made fun of them, to which the Shogunate responded by issuing further detailed instructions in succession, entering a viscous circle which lead to future generations hearing of them as 'curious tales' which differed greatly from the reality.
Japanese: ただ、意外性の強いお触れであったために江戸の人々は次々に裏をかいておちょくり、そのため幕府側も次々に詳細なお触れで対抗するという、ある意味で不幸なループに陥り、そのため、実質をはるかに上回る「面白い話」として後世に伝えられてしまったのではないか、という。
English: In addition, she also approximates that Ienobu, the 6th Shogun, and his assistant Hakuseki ARAI must have intended to make their policies look much better.
Japanese: また、六代将軍家宣や儒学思想に基づく新井白石らの政治をことさらに良く見せようとする意図もあったと推測する。
English: Furthermore, there is another theory that the ordinances aimed to promote the exposure of hidden Christians by discovering the slaughter of animals, as Christians of the time ate meat.
Japanese: また当時のキリシタンは肉食を推進していた為、この令の発布によって動物殺生を発見させ、隠れキリシタンの摘発を促進したという説もある。
English: Those who support this theory insist there is no clear evidence to support the idea the "The law prohibiting cruelty to animals was an evil law aimed at minor killings to inflict severe punishment on the offender."
Japanese: この説を主張する者によると「生類憐みの令は、些細な殺生を禁じ、違反者に対して厳罰で報いた悪法である」とする確かな根拠は、実は確認されていないという。
English: According to investigations into punishment records of the time, although there are cases of severe punishment for lawbreakers among very small numbers of samurai, the punishment was not for violation of the law but for violation of the official notice, which can be interpreted as severe punishment being more linked with 'rebellion' and 'treason' than law-breaking.
Japanese: 当時の処罰記録の調査によると、ごく少数の武家階級の生類憐みの令違反に対しては厳罰が下された事例も発見できるものの、それらの多くは生類憐みの令に違反したためというよりは、お触れに違反したためという、いわば「反逆罪」的な要素をもっての厳罰であるという解釈がある。
English: Some insist that there were very few cases of townspeople being severely punished for breaking the law against cruelty to animals.
Japanese: 町民階級などに至っては、生類憐みの令違反で厳罰に処された事例は少数であるとする。
English: Moreover, there are few records regarding the law in the diary of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA, lord chamberlain of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, suggesting that there is a high possibility that the law did not have a high importance attached to it.
Japanese: また、徳川綱吉の側用人であった柳沢吉保の日記には、生類憐みの令に関する記述があまりなく、重要な法令とは受け止められていなかった可能性が強いのではないかと推論する。
English: However, Tsunayoshi left a will "to keep the law for 100 years".
Japanese: ただし、「生類憐れみの令を100年守ること」を綱吉はわざわざ遺言している。
English: Other people insist that if the law was not important, Tsunayoshi would not have left such a will and there was no need for the Confucian scholar Hakuseki ARAI to declare the abolition of the law.
Japanese: 重要でないのなら、綱吉の遺言もある筈もなく、わざわざ儒学者の白石が廃止を宣言する必要もなかったとする見解もある。
English: Although it appears an evil law from the viewpoint of the offender, there was still a persevering custom from the Civil War Period of "Achieving promotion (monetary gain) by killing others", as well as a tendency to leave sick people, oxen and horses in fields and on mountains and of driving sick travellers out of inns.
Japanese: 生類憐みの令を処罰された側から見ると悪法に見えるが、例えば、当時、まだ戦国時代(日本)の「人を殺して出世する（賃金を得る）」がごとき風習が未だ根強く、病人や牛馬などを山野に捨てる風習や、宿で旅人が病気になると追い出されるなどの悪習があった。
English: Therefore, if the aim of the law was to improve these bad customs and practices, it is not possible to make a hasty judgment whether the severe punishment was right or wrong.
Japanese: したがって、こうした悪習などを改めるための法律であったと考えれば、厳罰を以って処すことの是非を軽々しく評価はできない。
English: Additionally, there is a theory that the custom of common people keeping dogs started with the introduction of this law.
Japanese: 尚、生類憐みの令がきっかけで庶民にも犬を飼う習慣が出来たとする説も存在する。
English: Also, as it had come to the stage where dogs given free reign in the gardens of feudal lords would run stray and were often found wandering around town, 40,000 dogs were given accommodation due to the law.
Japanese: 他に当時、大名屋敷で放し飼いにされた犬が野犬化し市街地に出没するという事態もあり、この法令で4万匹の犬を収容していたとされる。
English: Nonetheless there is a view that there were nearly 100,000 dogs in Edo at the time and if they become feral, order in Edo could not be maintained.
Japanese: しかし江戸市街には10万匹近い犬がいた為、その犬が野犬化したら、江戸の治安を維持できないとする意見もある。
English: As for Tsunayoshi's reign itself, he governed well at first but towards the end his public estimation was low because of this law.
Japanese: 徳川綱吉の治世については、前期は善政を行ったが、その後期は「生類憐みの令」などが主な理由となって、評価は低い。
English: However, there is a movement to revalue Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, started by Yoshihiko AMINO and others.
Japanese: しかしながら、網野善彦らに端を発する江戸時代見直しの流れの中で、徳川綱吉の再評価をする動きはある。
English: As mentioned above, the law covered a series of ordinances for animal protection in the following order:
Japanese: 先述の通り生類憐れみの令は複数のお触れに及ぶが、その流れは以下の通り。
English: On February 27th, 1687, the consumption of fish and birds (including chickens, turtles and shellfish) was prohibited.
Japanese: 貞享4年（1687年）2月27日：魚鳥類食料禁止（鶏と亀と貝類も含む）
English: On April 9th, 1687, deserters of sick horses were ordered to exile (10 villagers in Musashi Province).
Japanese: 貞享4年（1687年）4月9日：病気の馬遺棄者が遠流に処される（武蔵国村民10人）
English: On April 30th, 1687, a lower class government official was ordered to change his behaviour after throwing stones at doves.
Japanese: 貞享4年（1687年）4月30日：持筒頭下役人が鳩に投石したため遠慮処分
English: On June 26th, 1687, Jintayu TATARA, a vassal of the AKITA family, was sentenced to death because Kihin AKITA (the heir of Suehisa AKITA, middle inner page, a direct retainer of Edo bakufu) shot a dart with a blowgun at a swallow.
Japanese: 貞享4年（1687年）6月26日：旗本の秋田季品（中奥小姓秋田季久の嫡男）が吹矢で燕を撃ったため、代理として同家家臣多々越甚大夫が死罪
English: On May 29th, 1688, Hisataka DAIRUI, a direct retainer of the Shogunate, was punished for a violation of the ordinance.
Japanese: 元禄元年（1688年）5月29日：旗本大類久高が法令違反を理由に処罰される
English: On October 3rd, 1688, villagers in Niiha-mura Village, Musashi Province were punished for cutting trees on which birds built nests.
Japanese: 元禄元年（1688年）10月3日：鳥が巣を作った木を切り、武蔵国新羽村の村民が処罰される
English: On February 27th, 1689, 14 indirect vassals and 25 farmers were exiled to Kozu island due to abandonment of sick horses.
Japanese: 元禄2年（1689年）2月27日：病馬を捨てたとして陪臣14名・農民25名が神津島へ流罪
English: On October 4th, 1689, Masanao SAKAI, a direct retainer of the Shogunate, was sentenced to house arrest, because dogs had a fight and were killed in front of a conference chamber.
Japanese: 元禄2年（1689年）10月4日：評定所の前で犬が争い、死んだため旗本坂井政直が閉門
English: On October 24th, 1691, it was prohibited to teach dogs, cats and mice to do tricks for shows.
Japanese: 元禄4年（1691年）10月24日：犬・猫・鼠に芸を覚えさせて見世物にすることを禁止
English: On October, 16 th, 1695, 11 people including a police sergeant, were ordered to commit Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) due to a violation of the law.
Japanese: 元禄8年（1695年）10月16日：法令違反として大阪与力はじめ11人が切腹。
English: On October 29th, 1695, during the great famine of Genroku (1695 to 1696), doghouses in Nakano were completed.
Japanese: 元禄8年（1695年）10月29日：元禄の大飢饉（1695年～1696年）の最中、中野の犬小屋が完成。
English: Denpachi AMANO and Chozaemon NAKABO were appointed to managers of doghouses, and a general administrator, administrators of dog houses and dog doctors were established, in addition, residents in Edo were ordered to make payment of 30 koku (91.74 cubic meters) of rice, 10 barrels of bean paste, 10 bags of dried fish and 56 faggots of firewood.
Japanese: 天野伝八および中坊長左衛門を犬小屋支配とし、ほかに犬小屋総奉行、犬小屋奉行、犬医師などを置き、犬金上納金として府民から毎日米330石、味噌10樽、干鰮10俵、薪56束などを納めさせた。
English: On August 6th, 1696, it was announced that a reward of 30 Ryo would be paid to anyone who informed on a dog killing.
Japanese: 元禄9年（1696年）8月6日：犬殺しを密告した者に賞金30両と布告。
English: In East Asia, several policies for the protection of living things had been established and there is a discussion which points out their influence on the law prohibiting cruelty to animals.
Japanese: 東アジア世界では、仏教の思想の下、いくつかの生類保護政策がとられており、これらの「生類憐みの令」への影響を指摘する学説がある。
English: In 5th century China, the eating of meat was completely prohibited, because it involved taking lives of animals, based on the commandment to abstain from meat-eating in apocryphal scripture of Mahayana Buddhism.
Japanese: 5世紀頃の中国では、大乗仏教の偽経『梵綱経』の第3に食肉戒より、動物の命を絶つことを理由に、肉食を完全に禁止している。
English: In addition, in Japan also, laws and ordinances to prohibit destruction of life appeared here and there after the latter half of 7th century.
Japanese: また、日本においても仏教の影響から7世紀後半以降に殺傷を禁ずる法令が散見される。
English: Not only in Japan, but equally in the Korean Peninsula where the influence of Mahayana Buddhism was strong, a similar law was promulgated.
Japanese: 日本だけでなく、同じく大乗仏教の影響が強かった朝鮮半島においても、同様の法令が発布されている。
English: In Baekje, prohibition of killing animals in 599 (prohibiting hunting and hawk-breeding, ordering fishermen to burn up fishing nets).
Japanese: 百済：殺傷禁止令（狩猟や鷹の飼育も禁止、漁民には、漁網を焼き捨てさせている）（599年）
English: "Hennentai" is one of descriptive methods of history, whereby historical affairs are described in chronological order.
Japanese: 編年体（へんねんたい）とは歴史の記述法の一つで、起こった出来事を年代順に記してゆく方法を指す。
English: On the otherhand, "Kidentai" is a way to describe historical information about any individual or country independently.
Japanese: 対して、個人や一つの国に関しての情報をまとめて記述するのを紀伝体という。
English: Except "Nihonshoki" (Chronicle of Japan), Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories) were written by its typical descriptive style called "Kokushitai."
Japanese: 日本の六国史のうち『日本書紀』を除くものは国史体とよばれる独特の記述法になっている。
English: Kokushitai is regarded as a kind of Hennentai style, since it is basically written in the Hennentai method and contains a series of biographies along with a necrology of each major figure.
Japanese: これは編年体を基本としつつ、重要人物の死亡記事があるごとに簡単な列伝を挿入するものであるが、編年体の一種とされる。
English: Kansei Igaku no Kin was an academic control performed during the Kansei Reforms in 1790, by a roju (senior councilor) of the Edo Shogunate, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 寛政異学の禁（かんせいいがくのきん）とは、1790年（寛政2年）、江戸幕府老中松平定信が寛政の改革で行った学問の統制である。
English: In order to regain leadership after going through the Tenmei Famine in times of Okitsugu TANUMA, the shogunate chose Neo-Confucianism out of Confucianism for the official learning, which put importance on the hierarchic order and agriculture; on the other hand, they banned Kobunjigaku, (study of ancient rhetoric) and the Kogaku (learning about ancient teachings), which were popular learning at that time for corrupting public morals.
Japanese: 田沼意次時代の天明の大飢饉を乗り越え、低下した幕府の指導力を取り戻すために、儒学のうち農業と上下の秩序を重視した朱子学を正学とし、当時流行していた古文辞学や古学を「風俗を乱すもの」として禁じた。
English: Also, the lectures at Shoheizaka School (a governmental school), and the appointment examinations of the government officials adopted Neo-Confucianism only.
Japanese: 幕府の学問所である昌平坂学問所の講義や、役人登用試験も朱子学だけで行わせた。
English: Some domain schools followed these examples, and as a result, some Confucians who had taught different leanings opposed to Neo-Confucianism lost many of their students and fell into great difficulty.
Japanese: 諸藩の藩校でもこれにならうものも出、朱子学に反対する学問を唱えていた儒者は生徒が少なくなり困窮したものもあったという。
English: The five Confucians who opposed the Kansei Igaku no Kin (Bosai KAMEDA, Hokuzan YAMAMOTO, Taiho TSUKADA, Hoshu TOSHIMA, and Kakumei ICHIKAWA) were called Goki (five demons) of the Kansei era.
Japanese: なお、異学の禁に反対した儒者五名（亀田鵬斎、山本北山、冢田大峯、豊島豊洲、市川鶴鳴)を特に寛政の五鬼という。
English: In Shoheizaka School, while the heterodox leanings were prohibited, learnings and lectures of Japanese heterodox schools were still allowed.
Japanese: 昌平坂学問所では異学の講義を禁じられたが、国内の異学派による学問や講義を禁じられたわけではない。
English: The Satsuma Domain and the Choshu Domain had been in conflict with each other, but an intermediation by Ryoma SAKAMOTO led to the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance.
Japanese: 薩長は禁門の変などで激しく対立していたが、坂本竜馬の仲介で薩長同盟が結ばれた。
English: Gaichi means the territories of Japan (the Empire of Japan) other than the so-called inland in the period before the end of the World War II.
Japanese: 外地（がいち）とは、第二次世界大戦終結前の日本（大日本帝国）において、いわゆる内地以外の統治区域をいう。
English: Under the current law of Japan, 'Gaichi' simply means 'the regions located outside of Japan' and is not restricted to the former Japan's territories (Refer to Definition of Gaichi).
Japanese: なお、日本の現行法において単に「外地」という場合は「本邦以外の地域」を意味し、日本の旧統治区域に限定されない（外地の語の用法参照）。
English: After Japan colonized Taiwan, different types or contents of laws came into effect in various regions, and legal norms were needed to clarify the application of these laws.
Japanese: 日本は、台湾を領土とした後、地域により異なる形式・内容の法令が施行される事態になったため、これらの法令の適用関係を定めるための法規範が必要になった。
English: Therefore, the Common law (Act No.39 of 1918) was enacted and came into effect on April 17, 1918 to determine the application range of the laws in these regions where Japan held sovereignty and to integrate those laws (As of 2005, no official measure has been taken to abolish the said Common law, but it is considered practically invalid).
Japanese: そのため、1918年に、日本の統治権が及ぶ各地域間の法令の適用範囲の確定及び連絡統一を目的とする共通法（大正7年法律第39号）（1918年4月17日施行）が制定された（2005年現在も廃止の措置は採られていないが、事実上失効していると解されている）。
English: The Common law was considered applicable to overseas territories (including the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands which were not Japan's territories) due to the nature.
Japanese: なお、共通法は、その性質上当然に（領土ではない関東州や南洋群島も含む）外地にも施行されるべき法律とされていた。
English: Further, Article 1 of the Common law legally defines Gaichi as the region that is not included in the inland (Article 2 stipulates that Karafuto [Sakhalin] is included in the inland).
Japanese: また、法的には共通法1条で内地（同条2項で樺太は内地に含むと規定）とされていない地域が外地に該当する。
English: Although Japan once lost its sovereignty over Sakhalin as a result of unequal treaties signed from the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period, the southern area below latitude 50 degrees was reverted to Japan after the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905 (it was originally defined as the inland by the Common law and was treated as a quasi-territory.
Japanese: 樺太は、幕末から明治初頭にかけての不平等条約で一旦喪失したが、1905年調印のポーツマス条約により、緯度50度線以南が日本領に復帰した（もともと共通法で内地とされ準内地的扱い。
English: Since Southern Sakhalin, just as Taiwan and Korea, was Japan's territory, the Japanese government took measures based on the viewpoint that the legislation in the region required the consent of the Imperial Diet.
Japanese: 南樺太についても、台湾や朝鮮と同様に日本の領土であったため、帝国議会の協賛を要するという見解を前提にした方策が採られた。
English: The governor-general of Karafuto-cho (Government Office of Sakhalin) located in Southern Sakhalin had the authority to issue orders (laws) in the form of Karafuto-cho order.
Japanese: 南樺太に設置された樺太庁の長たる樺太庁長官には樺太庁令という形式の命令(法律)を発する権限はあった。
English: However, unlike the governor-generals of Taiwan and Korea, the governor-general of Karafuto-cho was not generally entrusted with the legislative power by the Japanese government.
Japanese: しかし、台湾総督や朝鮮総督とは異なり、立法権を一般的に委任する方策は採られなかった。
English: That's because many residents of Southern Sakhalin were immigrants from the inland unlike Taiwan and Korea, and it was considered proper that the laws of the inland were applied to the immigrants without modifications.
Japanese: これは、台湾や朝鮮とは異なり南樺太は内地からの移住者が多かったため、内地からの移住者については内地の法令をそのまま適用するのが相当であったためである。
English: Thus, laws which should be enforced in Southern Sakhalin were specified by the imperial edicts, and for such laws the edicts also established some exceptions having regional or tribal characteristics.
Japanese: そのため、南樺太に施行すべき法律を勅令で定めるほか、施行される法律については勅令により若干の地方的又は種族法的な性質を有する特例を設ける方式を採った。
English: For the reasons, Southern Sakhalin was not treated as Gaichi and the Common law, previously stated, defined it as the inland.
Japanese: そのような事情から南樺太を外地として扱わないことがあり、前述の共通法でも内地として扱われていた。
English: In accord with the abolishment of 'Special cases for the laws enforced in Karafuto'(Imperial edict No.124 of 1920), Sakhalin was incorporated into the inland on April 1, 1943 in the name and reality.
Japanese: なお、1943年（昭和18年）4月1日、「樺太ニ施行スル法律ノ特例ニ関スル件」（大正9年勅令第124号）の廃止にともない、名実ともに樺太が内地に編入された。
English: Administrative district ⋯ Local authorities (City, Town, and Village) were established under Karafuto-cho (one of prefectures of Japan in the pre-war period).
Japanese: 行政区分・・・樺太庁（都道府県戦前の都庁府県のひとつ）の下に市町村設置
English: Taiwan was ceded to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki and that was the first Gaichi (an overseas territory) that Japan acquired.
Japanese: 日本が外地を最初に取得したのは、下関条約の締結に伴い台湾の割譲を受けたことが最初である。
English: At that time, a formal question arose about whether the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (hereinafter referred to as 'the Constitution'), which had been enforced in the inland, could be applied to the regions where Japan acquired sovereignty after the enforcement of the Constitution (More specifically, the question is about whether the legislation of Gaichi needed the consent of the Imperial Diet in accordance with Article 5 of the Constitution).
Japanese: その際、既に内地に施行されていた大日本帝国憲法（以下、単に「憲法」という）の効力がその後に統治権を取得した地域に対しても及ぶかという形式的な問題（具体的には、外地の立法につき憲法5条の規定により帝国議会の協賛が必要か否かという問題）が生じた。
English: Also, a practical question arose about whether it was proper to apply the laws, which had been enforced in the inland, without any modifications to Gaichi, where residents had different customs from the inland inhabitants.
Japanese: また、内地人とは異なる慣習を持つ者が住む地域に対して内地に施行されていた法令をそのまま外地にも施行するのが相当かという実質的な問題も生じた。
English: The government consulted foreign advisors and, referring to the legislation systems of the advisors' home coutries, established a governing policy based on the premise that the Constitution should be in force in Gaichi which were included in Japan's territories (Southern Sakhalin, Taiwan, and Korea) and should not be in force in Gaichi which were not included in Japan's territories (the Kwantung Leased Territory and the South Sea Islands).
Japanese: 当時の政府は、外国人顧問から聴いた母国の植民地法制を参考にしつつ、日本の領域(国家)たる外地（南樺太、台湾、朝鮮）には憲法の効力が及ぶのに対し、日本の領土ではない外地（関東州、南洋群島）には憲法の効力が及ばないという考え方を前提にして、統治方針を決めた。
English: On the other hand, with regard to the above assumption about colonies, Tatsukichi MINOBE denied the interpretation of the government, stating that it was legitimate to interpret that the Constitution should not be enforced to all colonies,' in his book "the Lecture of the Constitution."
Japanese: これに対し美濃部達吉は、著書『憲法講話』において上記植民地の見解をふまえ「凡て殖民地には憲法は施行せられないと解するのが正当な解釈である」として政府の解釈を否定した。
English: On the type of laws to be enforced in Gaichi, the governing policy varied depending on whether or not the region was Japan's territory.
Japanese: 外地に施行すべき法令の形式については、日本の領土であったか否かという点で統治方針が区別される。
English: If the region was Japan's territory, the governing policy also varied depending on whether or not the region had a high percentage of the residents from the inland.
Japanese: また、領土であった地域については内地人の割合が多かったか否かという点により統治方針が区別される。
English: As for governing Taiwan, the government of that time settled on the governing policy based on the above viewpoint that the Constitution should be in force in Taiwan as it was Japan's territory and the legislation in Taiwan required the consent of the Imperial Diet in accordance with Article 5 of the Constitution.
Japanese: 台湾統治に当っては、当時の政府の見解としては、前述のとおり日本の領土であるため憲法の効力が及び、台湾における立法についても憲法5条により帝国議会の協賛を要するという見解を基本として統治方針を固めた。
English: However, since research for local customs was required, the government predicted that it would take some time to establish the laws reflecting the actual conditions of Taiwan.
Japanese: しかし、慣習調査の必要もあり、台湾の実情を踏まえた法律を整備することには時間を費やすことが予想された。
English: Therefore, although some variations were observed depending on the period, the government delegated the legislative power to the governor-general of Taiwan Sotokufu, which was founded for the administration of Taiwan, by granting authority to issue orders (laws or ordinances) with the exception of the laws that should be enforced in Taiwan for its nature (The delegation was comprehensive, so some people argued that it might be against the Constitution).
Japanese: そのため、時期によって差異はあるものの、その性質上当然に施行されるべき法律は別として、台湾統治のために設置された台湾総督府の長たる台湾総督が発する命令(法律)（律令）という形で立法権を委任する（委任が包括的であったため、憲法違反ではないかという議論が起きた。
English: Also, the government allowed the laws enforced in the inland to be enforced in Taiwan with imperial edicts (In the early colonial period, the former was operated as a general rule, but the latter became a general rule later.
Japanese: ）ほか、内地に施行される法律につき勅令で台湾にも施行することができるようにする方針を採った（初期は前者が原則だったが、後に後者が原則になる。
English: Administrative district ⋯ Regions were divided into Taiwan administrative districts adopted during Japan colonial period and Cities, Towns, Villages were established under each district (Shrines were founded in the settlement of indigenous inhabitants of Taiwan).
Japanese: 行政区分・・・地方を日本統治時代の台湾行政区分で区分、その下に市・街・庄（台湾原住民の集落には社を設置）。
English: (5 prefectures and 3 sub-prefectures correspond to prefectures of the inland and City, Town, Village, and Shrine correspond to City, Town, and Village of the inland).
Japanese: (5州3庁は内地の都庁府県に、市・街・庄および社は内地の市町村に相当)