nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to the article dated November 14, 1175 of ''Gyokuyo (Diary of Kanezane KUJO), Ise Jingu Shrine complained the Kodama party's violent conduct against Takayama mikuriya (manors of Imperial family and powerful shrines) in Midono County, Kozuke Province; therefore, the Imperial Court were investigating the allegations of the party.
Japanese: 『玉葉』の安元元年（1175年）11月14日条に、伊勢神宮より上野国緑野郡高山御厨に対する児玉庄の濫行が訴え出され、朝廷では児玉庄にその実否を問い合わせている、との旨の記述がある。
English: Since Kodama no sho and Takayama mikuriya were neighboring regions bordering Kanna-gawa River, the conflict might have been brought about because of this.
Japanese: 児玉庄と高山御厨は、神流川を境界にして隣接していたので両者の間で紛争が生じたものと考えられる。
English: In the "family tree of the seven groups of samurai warriors in Musashi Province," there is a mention that 'Takayama misho of Kozuke Province' was in the shoryo (territory) of Sanetaka ASAMI (one of the sons of Hirokata or Ienaga's nephew); the description indicates that Takayama mikuriya was sacked by the Kodama party later despite the inquiry of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 『武蔵七党系図』には、阿佐美実高（弘方の子息の1人で家長の甥）の所領中に、「上野国高山御庄」とある為、朝廷の問い合わせにかかわらず高山御厨がやがて児玉党によって略奪された事が分かる。
English: It suggests that the Kodama party spread its power over the border of Musashi Province into the southern part of Kozuke Province at the end of the twelfth Century.
Japanese: 12世紀末の時点で児玉党が武蔵国国境を越え、その勢力を上野国南部にまで広げていた事が分かる。
English: On March 18, 1184, two Shoguns of the Minamoto clan arrived in Settsu Province and MINAMOTO no Noriyori became Daishogun (command in chief) of the Ote army.
Japanese: 寿永3年（1184年）2月5日、源氏の両将が摂津国に至り、大手軍の大将軍は源範頼となった。
English: The SHO family, which consisted of sons of the head family of the Kodama party, followed the Shogun and on March 20, they joined the Battle of Ichinotani.
Japanese: 児玉党本宗家の子息である庄氏一族はこれに従い、2月7日、一ノ谷の戦いに参戦する。
English: Ienaga defeated TAIRA no Tomomasa, and working with Kagesue KAJIWARA (or his father Kagetoki), he captured the beaten vice-shogun or Sanmi no chujo (Junior Third Rank) of Ikuta no mori, TAIRA no Shigehira, however, his oldest son Yoriie SHO was killed in the battle and Ienaga lost the direct line taking over as head of the family.
Japanese: 家長は、平朝昌を討ち取り、敗走した生田森の副将軍三位中将平重衡を須磨区海岸で梶原景季（あるいはその父景時）と共に捕える功績を上げるが、長男である庄頼家が戦死し、家督を継ぐべき直系が絶える。
English: Because of that, he adopted Ietsugu SHO, Yoriie's younger brother, but eventually, the successor of the SHO family became Tokiie HONJO, who was Ietsugu's younger brother (Later, Ietsugu's family became Bicchu-Sho clan).
Japanese: そこで頼家の弟である庄家次を養子にむかえるが、結局、そのまた弟の本庄時家が児玉の庄氏を継ぐ事となる（家次の一族は、その後、備中庄氏となる）。
English: Then, Tokiie, who replaced Yoriie to take over the Kodama Sho clan, took the name, the Honjo clan.
Japanese: そして、児玉庄氏を頼家に代わって継いだ時家が本庄氏を名乗る事となる。
English: Ienaga got the position of Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) in Kusakabe no sho (manor), Bicchu Province as a reward for his military exploits and this is thought to have led to forming the Honjo clan.
Japanese: 家長は武功をあげた恩賞として備中国草壁荘の地頭職を与えられている（この事がきっかけとなって、本庄氏が生じたと考えられる）。
English: "The Tale of the Heike" says that it was Takaie SHO who captured Shigehira alive while "Genpei Seisui ki" (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans) and "Shokemonjo" of Okayama Prefecture shows that it was Ienaga.
Japanese: 『平家物語』では、重衡生け捕りは庄高家であるとしているが、『源平盛衰記』及び岡山県の『荘家文書』には家長であると記されている。
English: Moreover, "Azuma Kagami" says that it was 'Iekuni' who captured Shigehira, however, there is no other description of a man named Iekuni in the document; therefore, the name is probably a misspelling of the name Ienaga gathered from the description of "Genpei Seisui ki" and other historical materials.
Japanese: また、『吾妻鏡』では重衡を捕らえたのは「家国」であると書かれているが、他に家国という人物の所見が見られないため、『源平盛衰記』の記述などから家長の誤記と考えられる。
English: Many researchers think that it was Ienaga who captured Shigehira alive; this is because he was granted rewards that matched his military exploits (Refer to Others also).
Japanese: 研究者の間では、重衡の生け捕りを行なったのは家長であると有力視されているが、これは武功に見合うだけの恩賞を与えられている為である（その他の方も参照）。
English: According to "Azuma Kagami", on March 13, 1193, the feud arose in Musashi Province between the Tan party (in the southwest) and the Kodama party (in the northwest) and their relationship worsened to the brink of a battle.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』によると、建久4年（1193年）2月9日、武蔵国の丹党（南西部に位置する）と児玉党（北西部に位置する）の両武士団の間で確執が生じ、合戦が生じる直前にまで及んでいた。
English: Hearing of the feud, Shigetada HATAKEYAMA came to the province for arbitration; then on 22, he succeeded in the settlement.
Japanese: それを聞いて駆けつけた畠山重忠の仲裁によって、18日には和平をして両党は退いたとある。
English: This means that the strained relationship between the parties continued for about ten days; if their bad mood hadn't changed and they had started a battle, it would have greatly influenced on the power balance of the local samurai groups (at that time, it is thought to have been Ienaga or his son who led the Kodama party.)
Japanese: 約10日間の緊張状態が続いていた事になり、もしそのまま開戦していたのなら、武蔵国の武士団勢力分布図に大きく影響を及ぼす事になったと考えられる（この時、児玉党を率いていたのは、家長か、あるいはその子息と考えられる）。
English: Afterwards, at the beginning of the fifteenth Century, War of Zenshu UESUGI happened and both the Tan party and the Kodama party sided with Ujinori UESUGI (another name of Zenshu before becoming a monk); eventually, both parties were beaten and lost their territories.
Japanese: 後世（15世紀初め）の話となるが、上杉禅秀の乱の際には、丹党と児玉党の両武士団は上杉氏憲（入道して禅秀）に味方し、共に敗れて所領を召し上げられている。
English: In 1418, Saemon HONJO (seems to have changed his name into 西号, 本庄元朝, or Genno after becoming a monk) seized Aguhara Village, however, Mochiuji ASHIKAGA, Kamakura Kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) ordered him to return the land to the previous lord.
Japanese: 応永25年（1418年）、本庄左衛門（入道して西号、本庄元朝か元翁と見られる）が阿久原村を押領するも、鎌倉公方足利持氏が元の領主に返還するようにと命じている
English: (the Aguhara Village used to be home to the Kodama party and the HONJO clan originated in the village; therefore, they must have been unbearably disappointed when they were deprived of their land.)
Japanese: （阿久原は平安時代後期では児玉党の本拠地であり、本庄氏にとっては先祖発祥地であり、それを奪われた事は耐え難かったものとみられる）。
English: At the time of Jisho-Juei War (the Genpei War), the Kodama party, which was the biggest samurai group in Musashi-shichito Parties, showed 'Touchiwa' on their battle flag and later, this became known as 'Gunbaidanuchiwa-mon' (There is a description of the Kodama party's battle flag in "Genpei Seisui ki").
Japanese: 治承・寿永の乱（源平合戦）の時、児玉党（武蔵七党中最大の武士団）は軍旗に「唐団扇」を描いたが、これはのちに「軍配団扇紋」となる（『源平盛衰記』に児玉党の軍旗について記述がある）。
English: That means that it has the oldest history as a crest of the samurai family (in terms of bibliographic consideration).
Japanese: すなわち、武家家紋としては最古級の歴史を持つものである（文献史料上においては）。
English: Samurai used family crests to identify themselves on the battlefields; at first, they were created to bring big samurai groups together and strengthen the local solidarity (As branch samurai families were given their own land, they took the name of their places and added modifications to the original design of their family crest to identify themselves.)
Japanese: 武家家紋は敵味方の識別や家示が目的とされるが、生じた当初は、大きな武士団をまとめ、結束力を高める為に生じたと考えられる（領地を分家に与え、分家は土地名を名乗り、そして家紋もアレンジする）。
English: Each of the brothers delivered great performance at war such as the battle of Uji-gawa River, Battle of Awazu, the Battle of Ichinotani, the battle of Oshu, and Jokyu War.
Japanese: それぞれ、宇治川の戦いや粟津の戦い、一ノ谷の戦い、奥州合戦や承久の乱など、各戦において武功を上げている。
English: Ienaga had five sons: Yoriie, Ietsuna (later changed into Sadatsuna), Ietsugu, Tokiie, and Tokinaga (As described above, Yoriie was killed in the Battle of Ichinotani; Ietsugu left and settled down in Bicchu Province; and Tokiie took the name of HONJO and remained.)
Japanese: 家長には、頼家（依家）、家綱（改め定綱）、家次、時家、時長の5人の子息がいる（上述の様に、頼家は一ノ谷の戦いで戦死、家次は備中国へ行き土着、時家は本庄氏を名乗り、在地に残る）。
English: "Azuma Kagami" says that on March 20, 1184, Shigehira was captured alive in Akashi by Kagetoki KAJIWARA (father of Kagesue KAJIWARA) and Iekuni (Ienaga).
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』には、寿永3年（1184年）2月7日、明石において、重衡が梶原景時（景季の父）と家国（家長）に生け捕られたと記述がある。
English: Considering that this material has lots of writing errors and mix-ups of names, there is the possibility of Kagesue being mistaken for Kagetoki.
Japanese: 人名の誤記や混同が多い資料である事を考えると、景季を景時と誤記した可能性もある。
English: Another tradition delivers that Suburo Tadaie captured Shigehira alive; in this way, there are various theories as to the samurai who caught Shigehira.
Japanese: また、別の伝承では、三郎忠家が重衡を生け捕ったとあり、重衡を捕えた武士の名は諸説ある。
English: "Azuma Kagami"reported Kanemitsu HIGUCHI as "a person who had a close relationship with members of the Kodama clan in Musashi Province".
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』によると、樋口兼光は、「武蔵国児玉の輩（ともがら）と親昵（しんぢつ）たるの間」とあり、親しい関係だった事が記されている。
English: On December 5, 1190, when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo went to the capital Kyoto, Taro SHO was the thirteenth in the leading unit following the commander (strangely, the name Taro also appears in the document as twenty-eighth in the following unit with armed force) and then, on April 21, 1195, Taro SHO was a member of the army following shogun at the time of the memorial service of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in Todai-ji temple.
Japanese: 建久元年（1190年）11月7日、源頼朝の上洛に際し、先陣随将の13番として庄太郎の名があり（後陣随兵28番目にもなぜか庄太郎の名がある）、建久6年（1195年）3月10日、将軍頼朝公東大寺供養にも、御随兵として庄太郎の名が見える。
English: Also, it remains even unclear that he died in Musashi Province or in Bicchu Province; there is no report of his death.
Japanese: 武蔵国で亡くなったのか、備中国で亡くなったのかも分からず、そうした伝承がない。
English: However, it is assumed that his cremains were returned to Musashi from the fact that the family temple of the SHO clan, Yusho-ji Temple, was built at the beginning of the thirteenth Century.
Japanese: しかし、13世紀初めに庄氏の菩提寺である宥庄寺（後の宥勝寺）が建立した事から遺骨は武蔵に戻ったと考えられる。
English: (Before the temple was established, his cremains might have been placed in the KODAMA clan's temple, Saiko-ji Temple.)
Japanese: （建立するまでは児玉氏の菩提寺である西光寺に納められた可能性もあるが）。
English: In 1190, the name of Saburo SHIHODEN (Hirotaka SHO) can be found behind Taro SHO while the name of Shiro SHO (Takaie) can be found in the document as thirty-first in the following unit with armed force.
Japanese: 建久元年の際には、庄太郎の後ろに四方田三郎（庄弘高）の名が見られ、後陣随兵31番には庄四郎（高家）の名が見られる。
English: The name of Saburo SHIHODEN also followed Taro SHO at the time of the memorial service in Todai-ji Temple in 1195.
Japanese: 建久6年の東大寺供養の際にも、やはり庄太郎の後ろには四方田三郎の名が見られる。
English: Based on this, Ienaga was an older brother of Hirotaka, who is thought to have been Jiro Hirotaka SHIHODEN instead of Saburo SHIHODEN.
Japanese: この事から考えても家長が弘高の兄であり、四方田三郎ではなく、本来は四方田二郎弘高と考えられる。
English: For details, please refer to the item of Hirotaka SHO; however, various studies have revealed that there are some mistakes in "Shokemonjo" of Okayama Prefecture.
Japanese: 詳しい事は庄弘高の方を参照してもらいたいが、諸々の研究結果から岡山県の『荘家文書』の伝えには誤りが見られる。
English: Yoshinori SHIBUKAWA (1838 - 1904) was an astronomer from the end of Edo period to the Meiji era.
Japanese: 渋川敬典（しぶかわよしのり、天保9年（1838年）－明治37年（1904年））は、幕末・明治期の天文学者。
English: When he was eight years old, his father was placed in disinheritance and deported in the aftermath of Tempo Reforms; therefore his uncle Sukekata SHIBUKSWA succeeded to the family estate.
Japanese: 8歳の時に天保の改革の反動によって父が廃嫡・流刑となったために、家督は叔父の渋川佑賢が継ぐことになる。
English: However in 1857, as Suketaka died unexpectedly soon after having succeeded to Tenmonkata, Yoshinori hurriedly assumed the position next year.
Japanese: ところが、安政4年（1857年）に天文方を継いだばかりの佑賢が急死したために、翌年急遽、敬典が天文方を継承した。
English: In 1869, the post of Tenmonkata was abolished, after that he worked for Seigakukyoku of the Greate Learning for a while and finally became an official at Tokyo astronomical observatory.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）に天文方が廃された後は、大学星学局に属した後、東京天文台職員として出仕した。
English: Masamitsu OYAMA (dates of birth and death unknown) was a busho (Japanese military commander) lived over the end of Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 小山政光（おやままさみつ、生没年未詳）は、平安時代末期、鎌倉時代初期の武将。
English: Masamitsu OTA moved to Shimotsuke Province around 1150 in the end of the Heian period and settled in Oyama shoen (manor in medieval Japan), calling himself Shiro OYAMA or Shimotsukenodaiten OYAMA to be the founder of the Oyama family.
Japanese: 太田政光は平安時代末期の1150年頃、下野国に移住して小山荘に住し、小山四郎、小山下野大椽と称し小山氏の祖となった。
English: When Yoritomo raised an army in August 1180, Masamitsu and his son, Tomomasa were in Kyoto as Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto).
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）8月の源頼朝挙兵の際、政光と嫡子朝政は大番役として在京していた。
English: However, Masamitsu's wife SAMUKAWA no Ama, who had once been a Menoto of Yoritomo, visited Yoritomo's lodging with her son Tomomitsu who had not yet reached the manhood, when Yoritomo raised an army again in Boso in October of the same year.
Japanese: が、頼朝の乳母であった後妻の寒河尼が元服前の朝光を伴って10月に房総で再起した頼朝の宿所を訪ねている。
English: SAMUKAWA no Ama's visit to Yoritomo led the armed groups belonging to the Oyama clan holding the fort to take Yoritomo's side because of the custom in those days: while the family head is away, his wife is authorized to handle all affairs of the clan.
Japanese: 夫の不在中は妻が権限を持つのが慣習であり、これによって在地にあった小山氏の武士団は頼朝方に立つ事になる。
English: When Masamitsu entertained Yoritomo who was on his way to Oshu for joining the Battle of Oshu broke out in July 1189 at the lodging in Shimotsuke Province, the Naozane KUMAGAI's son, Naoie KUMAGAI came to pay a visit to Yoritomo.
Japanese: 文治5年（1189年）7月の奥州合戦で奥州へ向かう道中、下野の宿舎で政光が頼朝の接待をしていた時、頼朝の前に熊谷直実の子熊谷直家が祗候していた。
English: In reply to the Masamitsu's question about the person, Yoritomo introduced Naoie by saying 'He is Kojiro Naoie KUMAGAI, the bravest warrior in Japan.'
Japanese: 政光が何者か訪ねると、頼朝は「この者は本朝無双の勇士の熊谷小次郎直家である」と紹介した。
English: When Masamitsu asked Yoritomo the reason why Yoritomo called Naoie the bravest warrior, Yoritomo praised Naoie saying 'Because Naoie and his father desperately fought a series of battles to defeat the Heike clan, including the Battle of Ichinotani.'
Japanese: 政光が何故無双と称するのか問うと、「一ノ谷の戦いをはじめとする平氏追討の戦場で父と共に度々命がけで戦ったからである」と褒めた。
English: Masamitsu burst into a laugh at Yoritomo's remark and said, 'Naoie is not the only warrior to fight for our master (Yoritomo) at the cost of our own lives.'
Japanese: 政光は大いに笑って「君（頼朝）のために命を捨てるのは、直家に限った事ではありません。
English: Since such a fellow like Naoie cannot afford to employ enough retainers of his own, there is nothing he can do but render distinguish services by himself and gain fame.
Japanese: 「だたしこのような者はろくに郎党を持てないために自分で勲功をあげ、高名手柄にするしかないのでしょう。
English: Then, he sarcastically ordered his sons, 'Everyone, let's spearhead the next battle and render distinguish services by ourselves, otherwise we would not be praised as the bravest warriors in Japan by our master.'
Japanese: 息子たちに「皆の者、今度の戦では先頭に進んで自分自身で手柄を立てて、本朝無双の勇士と褒めていただこうではないか。」と命じた。
English: This episode is known as an example showing the difference between 'Daimyo' warrior and 'Shomyo' warrior; the former, a feudal overlord, was allowed to regard his retainers' fame as his feats, while the latter had to win fame by himself.
Japanese: これは家人の高名がそのまま自己の戦功となる大領主の「大名」武士と、自身で戦功を立てるしかない「小名」武士の違いを示す例として知られる。
English: Tadatsune KAZANIN (January 1173 (by the old calendar) - August 25, 1229) was a kugyo (court noble) who lived in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 花山院忠経（かざんいんただつね、承安(日本)3年（1173年）1月(旧暦)-寛喜元年8月5日(旧暦)（1229年8月25日））は鎌倉時代の公卿。
English: Akitsune YAMAJI (date of birth unknown - September 24, 1881) was an astronomer in the late Edo period.
Japanese: 山路彰常（やまじあきつね、？－明治14年（1881年）9月24日）は、幕末期の天文学者。
English: In 1834, he became an apprentice of Tenmonkata and joined a calendar amendment project for the Tenpo reki (Tenpo calendar) coordinated by his father and Kagesuke SHIBUKAWA, after which he also compiled the almanac of "Shinpo Rekisho" as Rekisho (expository books about the calendar).
Japanese: 天保5年（1834年）に天文方見習となり、父や渋川景佑による天保暦改暦に参加した。改暦後もその暦書である『新法暦書』の暦理撰述を行った。
English: Resulting from this achievement, an exceptional Tenmonkata nomination for the two generations, the Yamaji father and son, occured in 1846.
Japanese: その功績によって弘化3年（1846年）に異例の親子2代の天文方任命が行われた。
English: Also, in 1838, he had a meeting with the curator of Dutch trading house, Johannes Erdewin Niemann in Sanpu (obligation to lord to live in Edo), together with Kagesuke SHIBUKAWA, and reported the veracity of the Morrison Incident to Tadakuni MIZUNO, who was in the post of roju (member of the Shogun's council of elders) in the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: また、天保9年（1838年）には渋川敬直とともに江戸参府中のオランダ商館長ヨハネス・エルデウィン・ニーマンと会談し、モリソン号事件の真相を江戸幕府老中水野忠邦に報告した。
English: He served as a Bansho-wage Goyo (Government Office for Translation of Barbarian Books) from 1856 until Bansho Shirabesho was separated from Tenmonkata.
Japanese: 安政3年（1856年）から蕃書調所が天文方から分離するまで蛮書和解御用を務めた。
English: On behalf of his father, he led a research project on the telegraph instruments which Matthew (Calbraith) PERRY had given to the Edo bakufu and also led a project to compile a nautical almanac which he and his father were ordered to complete; further in 1860, he compiled "Bankoku Zenzu" (map of the world) together with Shuzo SHIBATA.
Japanese: マシュー・ペリーが江戸幕府に贈った電信機に関する調査や父とともに命じられた航海暦の編纂では父に代わって主導し、万延元年（1860年）には柴田収蔵とともに『万国全図』編纂した。
English: After his father's death in 1861, he inherited the family estate, and continued the work until the abolition of Tenmonkata while the amount of his activity kept decreasing with the decline of the status of Tenmonkata.
Japanese: 文久元年（1861年）の父の没後に家督を継承し、明治2年（1869年）の天文方廃止までその職にあるが、天文方の地位低下に伴って活動が縮小していった。
English: His legitimate son, Akiyoshi (Ichiro) YAMAJI, who was an apprentice of Tenmonkata, joined Shogitai (an elite corps of the Shogunate) at the Boshin War and went missing in action (he was later captured in the Hakodate War).
Japanese: 戊辰戦争では天文方見習であった嫡男山路彰善（一郎）が彰義隊に参加して行方不明となる（後に箱館戦争で捕らえられる）。
English: After the abolition of Tenmonkata, in Spring 1869, with his legitimate grandchild Yakichi YAMAJI (oldest son of Akiyoshi), he moved to Shizuoka City with no salary; soon after that (no later than 1872), he handed over the family estate to Yakichi and lived there in retirement.
Japanese: 天文方廃止後の明治2年（1869年）春に嫡孫の山路彌吉（彰善の長男）を連れて無禄にて静岡市に移り住み、程なく（遅くとも明治5年（1872年）以前に）彌吉に家督を譲り、隠居生活を送った。
English: In 1872, Akitsune heard that Akiyoshi had been taken into custody at the Tsuyama Domain because of his participation in the Boshin War.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）、彰常は彰善が戊辰戦争で捕らえられて津山藩に預けられていることを知った。
English: Aizan (Yakichi) YAMAJI wrote the following story in his commentaries entitled "Meikatsumika": when Akitsune tried to convince Aizan in his childhood (in Shizuoka) that he should learn "the way of merchant" from that time on, Aizan spoke out proudly as a son of samurai family that he would rather kill himself than become a humble merchant.
Japanese: 山路愛山（彌吉）は回想録『命耶罪耶』の中で子供の頃（静岡時代）に彰常より、これからは「商人の道」を学ぶように諭された時に武士の子としての誇りから「卑しむべき商人たらんよりは寧ろ自殺するこそよけれ」と叫んだことを記している。
English: Aizan, who later achieved great success as a journalist and historian, realized that what his grandfather had said was due to his anxiety for his grandson and agonized over his own attitude, so he displayed portraits of three generations, Yoshitsugu, Yukitaka and Akitsune YAMAJI, and admonished younger people that they should see their acheivement as a model to be followed.
Japanese: 後にジャーナリスト・歴史家として大成した愛山はこの時の祖父の言が、孫の将来を憂慮した言葉であったと気づいて悔やみ、家に山路徳風・諧孝、そして彰常の3代の肖像画を掲げて子弟に祖父らの業績を鑑にする様に諭したという。
English: Yukiyoshi YAMAJI (1729 - February 26, 1778) was a Confucianist, Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language), Wasanka (mathematician), astronomer and geographer in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 山路之徽（やまじゆきよし、享保14年（1729年）－安永7年1月30日(旧暦)（1778年2月26日））は、江戸時代中期の儒学者・蘭学者・和算家・天文学者・地理学者。
English: In 1760, remaining heyazumi (an adult-age eldest son who has yet to come into his inheritance), he was appointed Rekisaku sokuryo goyo (an official in charge of making a calendar and surveying of land) to support his father with Yasusuke TOITA and Hoshi FUNAYAMA.
Japanese: 宝暦10年（1760年）に部屋住みのまま暦作測量御用に任じられて、戸板保佑・船山輔之とともに父を補佐した。
English: He was assigned to Kobushin-gumi (a group of samurai without official appointments who receive small salaries) to succeed his father on March 29, 1773, and became a Confucian attached to Hyojosho (conference chamber) on June 8, 1777.
Japanese: 安永2年3月7日（1773年3月29日）に父の後を継いで小普請に配属されたが、安永6年5月3日（1777年6月8日）に評定所勤役儒者となった。
English: Because he had his son die ahead of him, he adopted Yoshitsugu, a son of Masahisa OGURA: a fellow pupil from Sendai Domain.
Japanese: 子供に先立たれたため、同門の仙台藩小倉雅久の子山路徳風を養子にした。
English: He wrote some books such as "Rangaku shogen" (An introduction to Western studies) (year of work unknown), "Bankoku chiri zusetsu" (Atlas of the world) (1775), and so on.
Japanese: 著書に『蘭学緒言』（年次不明）・『萬国地理図説』（安永4年（1775年））などがある。
English: Sadamasa KAZANIN (December 21, 1218 - March 28, 1294) was a kugyo (court noble) who lived in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 花山院定雅（かざんいんさだまさ、建保6年12月2日(旧暦)（1218年12月21日）-永仁2年2月30日(旧暦)（1294年3月28日））は鎌倉時代の公卿。
English: Shokei SHIBATA (June 21, 1850 - August 2, 1910) was a chemist and pharmacologist in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 柴田承桂（しばたしょうけい、嘉永3年5月12日(旧暦)（1850年6月21日）-明治43年（1910年）8月2日）は、明治の化学者、薬学者。
English: Shokei was the adopted child of Shokei SHIBATA (柴田承慶), who was a doctor in the Owari Domain, and inherited the SHIBATA family property, but rather than become a doctor, he decided on a career as a chemist and pharmacologist.
Japanese: 尾張藩医柴田承慶の養子となり柴田家を継ぐが、承桂は医師を志さず、化学者、薬学者の道を選ぶ。
English: Two years later, the Ministry of Education ordered Shokei to go to Germany to study organic chemistry under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who was at the Humboldt University of Berlin, after which Shokei studied pharmacy and hygienics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Japanese: 2年後、文部省の命令でドイツに留学し、ベルリン大学のホフマンの下で有機化学を学び、ついでミュンヘン大学で薬学・衛生学を学んだ。
English: He came back in 1874, and became the first professor of the Department of medicine manufacturing at the Tokyo Igakko (Tokyo Medical School).
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）に帰国して、東京医学校の初代製薬学科教授に就任する。
English: He joined the translation project of "Hyakkazensho (Encyclopedia, or systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts)" and was in charge of translation of 'geology,' 'orchardry' and 'history of ancient time' (which introduced the subject of archaeology to Japan for the first time).
Japanese: 『百科全書』の翻訳事業に参加して「地質学」「果園篇」「太古史」の翻訳を担当した（「太古史」は、日本に初めて考古学の紹介をすることとなる）。
English: After that, he successively filled posts as director of Shiyaku (medical and pharmaceutical test) in the Health and Medical Bureau of the Ministry of Education and manager of both the Tokyo Shiyakujo and Osaka Shiyakujo (national medical and pharmaceutical products test laboratory organization), but retired from that work because he was prone to illness and after that, he devoted himself to literary work.
Japanese: その後、文部省衛生局司薬監督、東京・大阪両司薬場長を歴任するが病気がちのために退官して、以後著述活動に専念した。
English: In addition, although he was no longer in a government post, he was still engaged in compiling the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, which was enacted in 1886, and the revision of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia in 1891.
Japanese: また、当時既に官職にはなかったが明治19年（1886年）制定の薬局方日本薬局方および改正日本薬局方（明治24年（1891年））の編纂に携わった。
English: "Butsurigaku (Physics)" written by Risuke SHIMAMURA and Zenshichi MARUYA, edited by Teizo IIMORI, proofread and assisted by Keizo TANBA and Shokei SHIBATA in 1879-1882
Japanese: 飯盛挺造編、丹波敬三、柴田承桂校補『物理学』島村利助、丸屋善七、1879-1882年
English: "Kennyoho (The Method of Urinalysis)" authored by Karl Theodor Ludwing NEUBAUER, translated by Junichiro SHIMOYAMA, proofread and assisted by Shokei SHIBATA, written by Junichiro SHIMOYAMA in 1881
Japanese: ノイバウヱル著、下山順一郎訳、柴田承桂校補『検尿法』下山順一郎、1881年
English: "Koshu Eisei Ron (The Theory of Public Health)" written by Friedrich SANDEL, translated by Shokei SHIBATA, revised by Sensai NAGAYO, published by Chikuunshooku in 1882
Japanese: フリードリヒ・サンデル、柴田承桂訳、長與專齋校閲『公衆衛生論』竹雲書屋、1882年
English: "Futsu Dobutsu Gaku (General Zoology) " written by Risuke SHIMAMURA and Zenshichi MARUYA, edited by Keizo TANBA and Shokei SHIBATA, assisted by Kazuma TAKAMATSU in 1883
Japanese: 丹波敬三、柴田承桂編、高松数馬補『普通動物学』島村利助、丸屋善七、1883年
English: "Yakuhin Meii (List of Medicine Names)" new and revised edition, written by Risuke SHIMAMURA and Zenshichi MARUYA, proofread and assisted by Yuzuru ITO, Shokei SHIBATA and Junnosuke MURAI in 1883
Japanese: 伊藤謙著、柴田承桂、村井純之助校補『薬品名彙』増訂、島村利助、丸屋善七、1883年
English: "Nihon Yakkyokuho Zuihan (Japanese Pharmacopeia Accompaniment)" written by Seitoku KASHIMURA and others, edited by Seitoku KASHIMURA and Jugoro ISE, asisted by Shokei SHIBATA in 1887
Japanese: 樫村清徳、伊勢錠五郎編、柴田承桂補『日本薬局方随伴』樫村清徳等、1887年
English: "Yakuyo Shokubutsu Gaku (Medicinal Plants and Herbs)" edited by Junichiro SHIMOYAMA, corrected by Shokei SHIBATA in 1910
Japanese: 下山順一郎編、柴田承桂訂『薬用植物学』改正増補13版、蒼キュウ堂、1910年