nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: From 1882 to 1883, when the martial law, the regulations for the area of Japanese residents in China and Korea, and the amendment to the Conscription Ordinance were brought before the Chamber of Elders, he was appointed a member of the Cabinet Committee.
Japanese: 明治15年（1882年）から明治16年（1883年）にかけては、戒厳令、清韓両国在留ノ御国人取締規則、徴兵令改正案が元老院審議に付されるに当たり内閣委員に命ぜられる。
English: In October 1885, he was raised to Shoshii (Senior Fourth Rank), and became a councilor of the Chamber of Elders again in December after Sanjiin was abolished.
Japanese: 明治18年（1885年）10月、正四位に叙され、12月、参事院が廃された後は再び元老院議官となる。
English: In October 1886, he was raised to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), and became Associate Judge of Supreme Court in February 1887.
Japanese: 明治19年（1886年）10月、従三位に叙され、明治20年（1887年）2月、高等法院陪席裁判官となる。
English: In addition, the site where Naoyoshi YAMGUCHI 's residence once stood is located in Hanashima, Takeo City, which is now the location of a community center.
Japanese: なお、山口尚芳の屋敷跡は武雄市の花島にあり、現在は公民館の敷地となっている。
English: At the side of the community center, there is a monument erected by local supporters in 1930.
Japanese: また、公民館の横には、昭和5年（1930年）に地元の有志により建設された記念碑が立っている。
English: Katsuragi no Onara (also called "Kazuraki no Onara"; the date of birth and death unknown) is gozoku (local ruling family) who lived during the Asuka period.
Japanese: 葛城烏那羅（かつらぎ／かずらきのおなら、生没年不明）は、飛鳥時代の豪族。
English: When SOGA no Umako attacked MONONOBE no Moriya, Katsuragi joined the war along with Prince Hatsusebe, Prince Umayado, etc.
Japanese: 蘇我馬子が物部守屋を討った際、泊瀬部皇子・厩戸皇子らとともに参陣した。
English: In November, 590, Katsuragi led the retainers and followers of various clans as one of taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") for subjugation of Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) and set up a camp in Tsukushi Province with over twenty-thousand troops on the Japanese side (although the troops did not actually cross the sea).
Japanese: 崇峻天皇4年（590年）11月、新羅討伐大将軍の一人として諸氏の臣・連を率いて稗将部隊2万余を領し、筑紫に在陣（ただし実際に渡海はしていない）。
English: When Prince Umayado paid gyokei (visit of imperial person) to a hot spring in Iyo Province (called "Iyo-no-yu", probably the present-day Dogo-onsen Hot Spring), he accompanied the Prince along with a monk named Eji who was another close advisor.
Japanese: 厩戸皇子が伊予国の温泉（いよのゆ、現在の道後温泉か）に行啓した折には、同じく側近の僧・恵慈とともに同行した。
English: KI no Kaion (1663 - October 31, 1742) was joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a shamisen accompaniment) author, kyokashi (a person who makes and teaches a comic tanka), and haiku poet who lived during the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 紀海音（きのかいおん、寛文3年（1663年）-寛保2年10月4日(旧暦)（1742年10月31日））は、江戸時代中期の浄瑠璃作家、狂歌師、俳人。
English: His father was Zenemon TAIYA, a merchant of confectionery in Midomae, Osaka Prefecture (with the haiku pen name of Teiin), and his older brother was kyokashi named Yuensaiteiryu.
Japanese: 父は大阪御堂前の菓子商鯛屋善右衛門（俳号：貞因）で、兄に狂歌師油煙斎貞柳がいる。
English: Later he quit the priesthood and went to Osaka and studied waka (Japanese poetry) under Keichu (a scholar of Japanese classics), haikai (seventeen-syllable verse) under Teishitsu YASUHARA, and kyoka under his older brother.
Japanese: その後還俗して大阪に出て、和歌を契沖に、俳諧を安原貞室に、狂歌を兄に学んだ。
English: From around 1707 until 1723, he was active as joruri author at Toyotake-za Theater in Osaka and was a rival of Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU of the Takemoto-za Theater, but he devoted to haikai and kyoka since then.
Japanese: 1707年（宝永4年）から1723年（享保8年）頃まで大坂豊竹座の浄瑠璃作家として活躍し、竹本座の近松門左衛門と対抗していたが、それ以降は俳諧、狂歌に専念した。
English: Masakazu TOYAMA (October 23, 1848 - March 8, 1900) was an educator, writer, and sociologist who lived in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 外山正一（とやま・まさかず、嘉永元年9月27日(旧暦)（1848年10月23日）-明治33年（1900年）3月8日は、明治時代の教育家・文学者・社会学者。
English: His academic talents became well known when he was still young since he studied English at the Bansho shirabesho Institute when he was 13, and became a teacher at the Kaiseijo Institute when he was 16.
Japanese: 13歳で蕃書調所で英語を学び、1864年には16歳にして開成所の教授方になるほど、若くしてその英才を謳われる。
English: Recommended by Kaishu KATSU, in 1866, he went to England with Masanao NAKAMURA as students supporting the bakufu and learned the latest British cultural systems.
Japanese: 勝海舟の推挙により1866年（慶応2年）、中村正直らとともに幕府派遣留学生として渡英、イギリスの最新の文化制度を学ぶ。
English: He was away from Tokyo and working at a school in Shizuoka for a while, but because the new government recognized his outstanding language abilities, he was appointed to Benmu-Shoki in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and went to the US.
Japanese: 一時東京を離れて静岡で学問所に努めていたが、抜群の語学力を新政府に認められ、1870年（明治3年）、外務省弁務少記に任ぜられ渡米。
English: He however immediately resigned, studied at アンポール High School in Michigan, and then entered the University of Michigan.
Japanese: しかし直ちに辞職しミシガン州アンポール・ハイスクールを経てミシガン大学に入学。
English: He studied philosophy and science in the US, which was in the recovery period from the Civil War, and returned to Japan in 1876.
Japanese: おりしも南北戦争の復興期であったアメリカ合衆国の地で、哲学と科学を専攻し1876年（明治9年）に帰朝した。
English: After returning to Japan, he started to teach sociology at Kaisei School in 1877 and became the first Japanese professor when the school was reorganized into Tokyo University (later to become Tokyo Imperial University).
Japanese: 帰朝後は開成学校で社会学の教鞭をとり1877年（明治10年）、同校が東京大学（後の東京帝国大学）に改編されると日本人初の教授となった。
English: The most up-to-date knowledge that Toyama obtained in Europe and the US from the end of the Edo period through the beginning of the Meiji period was important for the Japanese government at that time.
Japanese: 幕末期から明治初期にかけて欧米で学んだ外山の新知識は当時の政府には重要であった。
English: As if knowing what the government wanted to know, he introduced sociological theories established by Spencer to Japan, was called "the Guardian of the Reading Circle of Spencer's Work," and became the pioneer of Japanese sociology.
Japanese: そんな空気に応えるかのように、スペンサーの社会学を日本に紹介し『スペンサー輪読の番人』と呼ばれ、日本の社会学の草分けとなった。
English: In 1882, he published "Shintaishisho" (A Collection of Poems in the New Style) in cooperation with his coworkers Ryokichi Watabe and Tetsujiro INOUE.
Japanese: 1882年（明治15年）、同僚の矢田部良吉、井上哲次郎とともに『新体詩抄』を発表。
English: Although their poems were at the study level, they explored a new-age poetic style differing from the traditional waka and haiku styles, and greatly influenced modern literature.
Japanese: いずれも習作の域を出ないが、従来の和歌・俳句と異なる新時代の詩の形式を模索し、近代文学に多大な影響を及ぼした。
English: In 1889, in cooperation with Yujiro MOTORA (former professor at the University of Tokyo) and Naibu KANDA (former professor at the Tokyo College of Commerce [of the old system school]), he established Seisoku Yobiko (a prep school) in Shiba.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）、元良勇次郎（元東大教授）、神田乃武（元東京商科大学(旧制)教授）と共に、芝に正則予備校を開設。
English: In order to promote romanization of the Japanese language, he formed the "Romajikai" (Society for the Romanization of the Japanese Alphabet) and insisted on termination of the use of Chinese characters and kana writing.
Japanese: 日本語のローマ字化推進のため『羅馬字会』を結成して漢字や仮名(文字)の廃止を唱えた。
English: He played an extensive role in educational and cultural activities in the Meiji period by insisting that Japan require educational improvement to be at the same level as powerful Western countries, and that, to realize this, it was necessary to provide good education to the female population and build public libraries.
Japanese: 西洋列強と伍するためには教育の向上が必要であり、そのためには女子教育の充実と公立図書館の整備を訴えるなど、明治の教育文化活動において幅広く活躍した。
English: After serving as the President of the Department of Literature at Tokyo Imperial University (currently the Dean of the Department of Literature at the University of Tokyo), he worked as the Chancellor of the same university, a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers), and then the Minister of Education successively during the third Ito administration.
Japanese: 東京帝大文科大学長（現在の東大文学部長）を経て同総長・貴族院(日本)議員、第3次伊藤内閣の歴代の文部大臣などを務めた。
English: He was also an active writer and published many books such as "Engeki Kairyo Shian" (1886), "Nihon Kaiga no Mirai" (1890), and "Nihon Chishiki Doutokushi" (1895).
Japanese: 著作活動もさかんで、『演劇改良私案』（1886）、『日本絵画の未来』（1890）、『日本知識道徳史』（1895）他多数の著書を残した。
English: Although he was a member of the elite who worked at a university and was at an important post in the government, he led a frugal life.
Japanese: 当時のエリート階級で、大学や政府の要職を務めた外山だが、生活は質素だった。
English: His life was described as 'a life with only one maid and an old servant even though his position was quite high' ("Hikawa Seiwa" [Quiet Talks at the Hikawa Mansion] written by Kaishu KATSU) and his grave in the Yanaka Cemetery is also small.
Japanese: 「あのくらいの位置にいるのに、内には下女一人に、老僕しか使わない」（勝海舟『氷川清話』）暮らしぶりで、谷中墓地の墓も小ぶりである。
English: Toyama was a stylish man; he wore the latest fashion items such as a derby hat and a jacket with a vivid and bright color, and was called 'Akamon Tengu.'
Japanese: スタイリストであった外山は、山高帽に派手な色の外套という当時最新のファッションに身を包み「赤門天狗」と呼ばれていた。
English: Believing that the right haircut would result in brain development, he kept changing where he had his hair cut.
Japanese: 散髪のやり方次第で頭脳は発達すると考えて、どの店の散髪がよいか理髪店を絶えず替えていた。
English: It is believed that Shoichi TOYAMA was the first one to call 'banzai' to Emperor Meiji at the ceremony of issuance of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法発布の記念式典に明治天皇に対して｢万歳」を始めて唱えたのは外山正一であると言われている。
English: This poem described the brave battle that 'Battotai,' a force of the government army that attacked the enemy with swords, engaged in during the Seinan Warn.
Japanese: 西南戦争で官軍の斬りこみ部隊「抜刀隊」の奮戦を扱った勇壮な詩である。
English: This poem was unique in the sense that the last two lines 'advance and prepare to die with your shining sword until the enemy dies' were repeated.
Japanese: ここでは「敵の亡ぶるそれまでは　進めや進め諸共に玉散る剣抜きつれて　死する覚悟で進むべし」という終わりの2行を繰り返す独自の詩形である。
English: Afterwards, an Imperial Japanese Army Band instructor of French nationality, Charles Leroux, composed a tune for this poem and the song became a major hit as the first Japanese military song.
Japanese: のち、大日本帝国陸軍軍楽隊教官のフランス人シャルル・ルルーによって曲が作られ、日本で最初の軍歌として爆発的にヒットした。
English: Then, the song was arranged into a march called 'Fusoka' or 'Rikugun Bunretsu Koshinkyoku,' was sung by the former pre-war Army, and is still sung by the current SDF.
Japanese: この曲は「扶桑歌」「陸軍分列行進曲」とも呼ばれる行進曲として編曲され、旧陸軍から現在の自衛隊にまで受け継がれている名曲である。
English: In 1883, when he was the Dean of the Department of Literature of the University Tokyo, he interviewed a new student.
Japanese: 東大文科大学学長のときの1883年（明治16年）、ある新入生の面接を行った。
English: When Toyama asked the student 'what you want to study for,' the student said 'I wish to become a bridge across the Pacific.'
Japanese: 外山が「君は何の為に勉強するのかね。」と問うと、件の新入生は「我、太平洋の架け橋とならん。」と答えた。
English: Planning to improve the quality of English and British Literature education, Toyama strongly encouraged the Greek Irish Yakumo KOIZUMI to become an instructor of British Literature at Tokyo Imperial University.
Japanese: 英語、英文学教育の充実を考えた外山は、ギリシャ系アイルランド人、小泉八雲に強く働きかけ東京帝国大学英文学講師に招聘した。
English: Hozen EIRAKU (1795-September 16, 1854) was a ceramic artist of kyo-yaki (Kyoto style ceramic art) who was active during the nineteenth century.
Japanese: 永樂保全（えいらくほぜん、1795年（寛政7年）-1854年（嘉永7年）9月16日）は、19世紀に活躍した京焼の陶芸家。
English: In 1817 he succeeded to the professional name of Zengoro the eleventh; in 1827, he was invited to kaiyo (formation of kiln) of oniwa-yaki (literally, "ware of honorable park") at Nishihama Goten Palace by the tenth lord of the Kishu Domain, Harutomi TOKUGAWA, where his work won an award, and he received a gold seal of 'kahinshiryu' (literally, "a riverside of the Yellow River and a tributary of the river") and a silver seal of 'Eiraku.'
Japanese: 十一代善五郎を襲名したのは1817年であり、1827年には紀州藩十代藩主徳川治寶の西浜御殿の御庭焼開窯に招かれ、作品を賞して「河濱支流（かひんしりゅう）」の金印と「永樂」の銀印を拝領した。
English: In 1843, he passed on the name Zengoro to his son, Wazen EIRAKU, and called himself Zenichiro, and in 1848 he changed his name to Yasutake (written as 保全, which can also be read as Hozen).
Japanese: 1843年に息子の永樂和全に善五郎の名を譲って善一郎と名乗り、さらに1848年には保全（やすたけ）と名乗りを変えた。
English: He was active in a separate line from other kyo-yaki arists such as Eisen OKUDA and Eisen's apprentices, Kamesuke KINKO, Mokubei AOKI, and Dohachi NINAMI.
Japanese: 奥田穎川やその弟子の欽古亀祐、青木木米、仁阿弥道八など他の京焼作家とは別軸で活躍していた。
English: For a long time he was active in Kyoto; later he positively engaged in creating potteries even after he left Kyoto, in areas such as Otsu City and Takatsuki City, Settsu Province.
Japanese: 長年京都で活動し、その後大津市や摂津国高槻市など京都を離れた地域でも積極的に陶作を行なった。
English: According to one theory, one of the reasons for his leaving Kyoto was that he did not get along well with his son, Wazen EIRAKU.
Japanese: 一説には息子の永樂和全と不仲だったのも京都を離れた理由の一つだという。
English: Other than doburo which he created as Zengoro the doburo master, there are various works of tea bowls, mukozuke (a dish placed on the far side of the rice and soup), and futamono (a lidded dish).
Japanese: 土風炉師・善五郎として代々制作した土風炉の他、茶碗、向付や蓋物など様々な作品がある。
English: He worked on both earthenware and porcelain such as koshi-yaki (koshi pottery), annan-yaki, and kinrande (ceramics with gold patterns); both his original works and reproductions (copy, haiku (a Japanese poem in seventeen syllables having a 5-7-5 syllabic form and traditionally containing a reference to the seasons) include many grate pieces.
Japanese: 交趾焼、安南焼、金襴手など陶器・磁器の双方を手掛けており、オリジナル、写し（コピー、俳句）ともに優品が多い。
English: Especially his copied works show a polished and high-quality finished form.
Japanese: 特に写しの作品は京焼としてアレンジし、洗練された高い完成度が見られる。
English: Around this time in 1806, he was adopted by Zengoro the tenth (Ryozen EIRAKU).
Japanese: 1806年（文化(元号)3年）この頃、十代善五郎（永樂了全）の養子となる。
English: During 1819 and 1822, he remarried a daughter of the Kimura clan, Mukade-ya (a pharmacy), in which he had served in childhood.
Japanese: 1819年（文政2年）この年から1822年の間に、幼少時奉公した百足屋木村氏（薬舗）の娘と再婚。
English: In 1827, he was invited to kaiyo of oniwa-yaki by the lord of the Kishu Domain, Harutomi TOKUGAWA, where he received a silver seal of "Eiraku".
Japanese: 1827年（文政9年）紀州藩・徳川治寶の御庭焼開窯に招かれ、「永樂」の銀印を拝領した。
English: In 1843, he passed on the name Zengoro to his son, Wazen EIRAKU, and called himself Zenichiro.
Japanese: 1843年（天保14年）永樂和全に善五郎の名を譲り、善一郎と名乗る。
English: Shohei KIMURA (July, 1841 - April 27, 1906) was a businessman and a statesman from the Province of Yamashiro (current Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 木村荘平（きむらしょうへい、1841年7月-1906年4月27日）は、山城国（現在の京都府）出身の実業家、政治家である。
English: He held the following positions: president of Iroha Gomei Kaisha, Director of Tokyo Cattle Market Company (butcher house); Chief of Tokyo meat sellers association (whole sale meat sellers); president of Tokyo Hakuzen Company Ltd., (crematory); president of Tokyo Shibaura Kosen Company Ltd. (Japanese - style hotel with restaurant, equipped with in-house hot springs); president of Japan Beer Company Ltd. (Ebisu Beer); councilor of Tokyo Chamber of Commerce; advisor to Japan Businessman's Association; elected representative to Shiba Ward; city council member of Tokyo City Assembly; council member to Tokyo Prefectural Assembly.
Japanese: いろは合名会社社長、東京家畜市場会社（屠場）理事、東京諸畜売肉商（肉卸問屋）組合頭取、東京博善株式会社（火葬場）社長、東京本芝浦鉱泉株式会社（温泉つき割烹旅館）社長、日本麦酒醸造会社（ヱビスビール）社長、東京商業会議所議員、日本商家同志会顧問、芝区議会議員、東京市議会議員、東京府議会議員。
English: He operated the biggest gyunabe (beef pot) chain restaurants in Japan of the days called the restaurants "Iroha," thus he was called "the King Iroha."
Japanese: 当時日本最大の牛鍋チェーン店「いろは」を経営し、「いろは大王」と謳われた。
English: In July 1841, he was born in Fushimi of Yamashiro Province (current Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City).
Japanese: 1841年（天保12年）7月、山城国伏見（現在の京都市伏見区）に生まれる。
English: While his father was once adopted by Kimura family in Ujitawara (present Ujitawara-cho, Tsuzuki County, Kyoto Prefecture) along with his wife, later both returned to the original Uebayashi family for some reason; on this occasion, only Rokuzo was left under the custody of the Kimura family.
Japanese: 父が宇治田原（現在の京都府綴喜郡宇治田原町）の木村家に夫婦養子に入った後、理由あって上林家に戻ったが、そのとき鹿蔵のみ木村家に残されたという。
English: Throughout his childhood, he liked mischief and fight over study; although he was sent to terakoya school at age seven, it is said that he could barely write his own name after three years of study.
Japanese: 幼時より悪戯と喧嘩を好み、7歳で寺子屋に預けられたが学業は不振で、3年間の勉学の後も自らの姓名しか書けなかったと伝えられる。
English: During the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, he served as purveyors to the Satsuma Domain, but he went bankrupt because the Satsuma Domain bilked Shohei for his accounts receivable.
Japanese: 1868年の鳥羽伏見の戦いで薩摩藩御用をつとめたが、売掛金を踏み倒されて倒産。
English: In 1870, he opened a tea manufacturing and trading store in Sakaecho-dori in Kobe City with a capital of 300,000 yen, but he went bankrupt because of slump in business.
Japanese: 1870年、神戸市栄町通(神戸市)に資本金30万円で製茶貿易商店を設立するも、事業不振により倒産。
English: In 1878, he went to Tokyo at the invitation of a former retainer of the Satsuma Domain, and Daikeishi (top of the police department) of Keishi-cho (Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, domestic affairs division) in Meiji government Toshiyoshi KAWAJI, who was a right-hand man to the Secretary of Interior, Toshimitsu OKUBO (also a former retainer of the Satsuma Domain), through the relationship between Shohei and the Satsuma Domain during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi; Shohei received a disposed government-managed butcher house from Meiji Government, which brought him a success.
Japanese: 1878年（明治11年）、鳥羽伏見以来の縁により、内務卿・大久保利通の懐刀と呼ばれた薩摩藩出身の警視庁(内務省)大警視（のちの警視総監）の川路利良の招きを受けて上京し、明治政府から官営屠場の払い下げを受けて成功。
English: He opened the first restaurant (Daiichi Iroha) in Mitashikoku-cho, Shiba Ward (current Shiba 3 chome, Minato Ward, Tokyo) and 20 branch restaurants throughout Tokyo area, while he had each of the branch restaurants managed by one of his mistresses.
Japanese: 芝区三田四国町（現在の港区(東京都)芝(東京都港区)3丁目）の一号店（第一いろは）をはじめとして、東京市内20箇所にのぼる支店にそれぞれ愛人を配置して各店の経営にあたらせた。
English: At the same time, he organized the Tokyo Meat Sellers Association by calling together those wholesale meat sellers in Tokyo Prefecture from 15 wards and 6 districts, while he also became a member of the board of directors for the Tokyo Cattle Market Company.
Japanese: 傍ら、東京府下15区6郡の肉問屋を糾合して東京諸畜売肉商組合を結成すると共に、1887年（明治20年）には東京家畜市場会社の理事に就任。
English: Along with those businesses, he also managed the Tokyo Shibaura Kosen Company Ltd.; this company's "Shibahama-kan Hotel" attached with its own hot spring, and "Shibaura-kan," a first-class Japanese restaurant, became successful as resort facilities in Shibaura, before Shibaura seashore area was reclaimed for land space.
Japanese: また、ほかにも東京本芝浦鉱泉株式会社を経営、同社の温泉付旅館「芝浜館」と料亭「芝浦館」は、芝浦埋め立て以前のリゾート施設として成功した。
English: He was politically aligned with the sect of Toru HOSHI, and in 1896, Shohei was elected as a member of Tokyo City Council.
Japanese: 政治的には星亨の派閥に属し、1896年（明治29年）、東京市会議員に当選。
English: He died on April 27, 1906 for the cancer in jaw area, while he was just about to run for the House of Representatives from Tokyo Prefectural Assembly.
Japanese: 東京府会議員から衆議院進出を計画していた矢先、1906年（明治39年）4月27日に顎癌で死去。
English: His first daughter Eiko was known as a novelist with a pen name of Akebono KIMURA; his fourth son Sota KIMURA was also a novelist; the sixth son Shoroku was known as a magician with a stage name of Marini KIMURA; the eighth son Shohachi KIMURA was a painter; the tenth son Soju KIMURA was a novelist who won the Naoki prize; the twelfth son Sojuni KIMURA was a movie director.
Japanese: 長女栄子が木村曙の筆名で作家として知られた他、四男木村荘太も作家、六男荘六は奇術師木村マリニー、八男木村荘八は画家、十男木村荘十は直木賞作家、十二男木村荘十二は映画監督となった。
English: Genshin UDAGAWA (January 24, 1770 - January 2, 1835) was a Ranpoi (a person who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) who lived during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 宇田川玄真（うだがわげんしん、明和6年12月28日(旧暦)（1770年1月24日）-天保5年12月4日(旧暦)（1835年1月2日））は、江戸時代後期の蘭方医。
English: His disciples included Choshuku YOSHIDA, Hotei FUJII, Shindo TSUBOI, Nobuhiro SATO, Koan OGATA, Komin KAWAMOTO, Genpo MITSUKURI, Yokusai IINUMA, and Rinso AOCHI.
Japanese: 門弟に吉田長淑、藤井方亭、坪井信道、佐藤信淵、緒方洪庵、川本幸民、箕作阮甫、飯沼慾斎、青地林宗らがいる。
English: While yet at an early age, he studied at Tenshinro, the private school of Genpaku SUGITA, and then entered Shirando, the private school of Gentaku OTSUKI who was a pupil of Genpaku, and he was called the head of Shirando Big Four.
Japanese: 若くして杉田玄白の私塾・天真楼、その弟子大槻玄沢の私塾・芝蘭堂で学び芝蘭堂四天王筆頭と称された。
English: He was adopted by Genpaku SUGITA by marrying his daughter, however soon got disowned (as for the reason, it is said that Genshin had indulged in dissipation probably because he had been still young).
Japanese: 一時杉田玄白の娘と結婚、養子となったが離縁される（若気の至りか放蕩を重ねた故といわれる）。
English: In 1798, on the death of Genzui UDAGAWA, who was Shirando's most able disciple, he was adopted by the Udagawa family and took over as head of the family.
Japanese: 寛政9年（1798年）、芝蘭堂の高弟宇田川玄随が亡くなると宇田川家の当主として養子に入りその跡を継いだ。
English: He was invited to take a post as translator of Western academic books on the astronomical observatory by the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), which was considering a revision of the calendar, and then, as a Dutch book translator, worked on the translation of an encyclopedia originally compiled by Noel Chomel, French scholar.
Japanese: のちに改暦に悩む江戸幕府からの要請で天文台の蘭書（西洋の学術書）翻訳員として招聘され和蘭書籍和解御用方としてフランスのノエル・ショメールが編纂した百科事典の翻訳に携わった。
English: Besides Genshin's private school Fuundo laid the foundations not only of medical science but also of wide range of fields including chemistry, science, and natural philosophy, and he was praised as the titan of the middle period of Western studies.
Japanese: また玄真が開いた私塾・風雲堂は医学のみならず、化学、科学、自然哲学など幅広い分野で日本の礎を築いていくことになり蘭学中期の大立者と賞賛された。
English: Genshin devoted himself to the development of Western studies as a Ranpoi and was also involved in the compilation of the Halma Wage (Dutch-Japanese Dictionary based on the dictionary by Halma), the first Dutch-Japanese dictionary in Japan.
Japanese: 玄真は蘭方医として蘭学の発展に尽くし日本初の蘭日辞書ハルマ和解の編纂にも参加。
English: He also revised and enlarged the "Seisetsu Naika Senyo" (Selected Points of Western Theories on Internal Medicine) that had been translated by his adoptive father Genzui, and invented new characters for describing medical terms (he did not apply some Chinese characters which had already existed to new concepts, he practically made new characters [although those look like Chinese characters even to Chinese and Japanese]) including '腺' which refers to secretor and '膵' which refers to pancreas; this was one of Genshin's epoch-making achievements.
Japanese: また、養父玄随の訳した『西説内科撰要』の増補改訂版を作成し、分泌器官に用いる「腺」や膵臓の「膵」の字など医学用語を作成（字を発見し当てはめたわけではなく造字した）したのも玄真の功績の一つである。
English: The Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy) translated by Genpaku SUGITA, Ryotaku MAENO and others had laid the foundation of Western studies of the Edo period and of anatomy of Japan, and later, their disciple Gentaku OTSUKI had published the revised edition of Kaitai Shinsho with better translation and illustrations by copper-plate etchings, however, the development of anatomy had not much advanced since then.
Japanese: 杉田玄白、前野良沢らが訳した解体新書は江戸蘭学、日本解剖学の基礎を築いたが、その後継者大槻玄沢がより正確な訳と版画凹版画を用いたものに改良した「重訂解体新書」を刊行するなど解剖学ではその改善に留まる。
English: Genshin vigorously translated numerous up-to-date Dutch anatomy books, besides he commissioned a famous painter Denzen AODO to make illustrations and published an original translation of an anatomy text 'Waran Naikei Ihan Teimo' (Medical Examples in Outline) with Denzen's illustrations.
Japanese: 玄真は最新のオランダ解剖学書を次々と訳し亜欧堂田善に解剖図を依頼して独自の解剖学訳書「和蘭内景医範提網」を刊行。
English: The book became a bestseller, which exceeded the sales of the revised edition of Kaitai Shinsho, and, together with the Kaitai Shinsho and its revised edition, the book was highly acclaimed as a leading translation work in the early stage of anatomical history in Japan.
Japanese: 「重訂解体新書」を越えるベストセラーになり「解体新書」、「重訂解体新書」と並ぶ日本初期解剖学史を代表する訳書として絶賛された。
English: Waran Naikei Ihan Teimo (Medical Examples in Outline): Summary of the Ensei Ihan and an anatomy book which was acclaimed that it could rival the Kaitai Shinsho
Japanese: 和蘭内景医範提網（遠西医範の要約本。解体新書に並ぶと評された解剖学書）
English: Genjo NORO (January 15, 1694 - August 6, 1761) was a scholar of herbalism of the mid Edo period.
Japanese: 野呂元丈（のろげんじょう、元禄6年12月20日(旧暦)（1694年1月15日）-宝暦11年7月6日(旧暦)（1761年8月6日））は、江戸時代中期の本草学者。
English: The then seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") Yoshimune TOKUGAWA was open-minded to introduce practical kinds of Western studies and he ordered Noro and Konyo AOKI to learn Dutch.
Japanese: 当時の征夷大将軍徳川吉宗は西洋の学問のうち、実用的なものについては禁を緩め導入を図ったが、この吉宗の命を受けて青木昆陽とともに蘭語を学ぶ。
English: He heard about the botany book written by John Jonston from Dutch residence who resided in Edo and he wrote the "Oranda Honzo Wage" (Dutch Botany Explained in Japanese), the first natural history book in Japan.
Japanese: さらに江戸参府中のオランダ人からヨンストンの本草書の存在を聞いて、日本最初の西洋博物学書ともいうべき『阿蘭陀本草和解』を著した。