nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: 下番 of Kanagawa Magistrate's office received trainings from and had exercises jointly with the English army that stationed in Yokohama City.
Japanese: 横浜市駐留のイギリス軍から、神奈川奉行所の下番などが指導を受け、合同演習も行った。
English: A number of officers of Kanagawa Magistrate's office including Shigeaki KUBOTA or Sakuzaemon Furuya later became officers of bakufu rikugun infantry.
Japanese: 神奈川奉行所からは、窪田鎮章や古屋佐久左衛門のように後に幕府陸軍の歩兵隊士官となった者も多かった。
English: 下番, soldiers, were incorporated into infantry, and were assigned to military guards in Hakodate, and so on.
Japanese: 兵士である下番も歩兵隊に改編されて箱館の警備部隊として配置されるなどした。
English: (For this reason, simple recognition of `bakufu navy was English style and rice-gun was French style' is wrong.)
Japanese: （このため、「幕府海軍＝イギリス式、陸軍＝フランス式」と単純に解釈するのは誤りである。）
English: (Apart from bakufu, some domains including the rikugun of the Kishu Domain were under the influence of Prussia rikugun [army]).
Japanese: （なお、幕府以外では紀州藩陸軍のようにプロシア陸軍から影響を受けた藩もあった）。
English: The bakufu rikugun was eventually educated by the French military advisory group, and in 1866, Denshutai was organized.
Japanese: 最終的にフランス軍事顧問団による教育が行われることになり、1866年に伝習隊の編成が行われた。
English: In the following year, officers including senior lieutenant Chanoine arrived, and firstly, the training commenced in Ota jinya (regional government office) in Yokohama City, and several months later, they transferred to Edo.
Japanese: 翌年にシャノワーヌ大尉以下が着任し、はじめは横浜の太田陣屋で、数ヵ月後に江戸へ移って伝習が開始された。
English: In June, the education to be a officer was commenced for applicants of hatamoto between 14 and 19 years old.
Japanese: 6月には14～19歳の旗本子弟志願者を対象に士官教育も開始されている。
English: Some soldiers of Denshutai received trainings from Japanese instructors due to shortage of French instructors.
Japanese: フランス人教官の不足から、伝習隊の一部は日本人教官による指導を受けていた。
English: Regarding the infantry, the regiment consisting of two battalions (each battalion has 10 platoons is the largest unit of the army.
Japanese: 歩兵隊については、2個大隊（各10個小隊）からなる連隊が最大の編成単位であった。
English: The Usei-kai, which lasted for three days, from June 17th (Monday) to June 19th (Wednesday), 1907, is the name given to an evening banquet held by Kinmochi SAIONJI, then prime minister, at his private residence in Kandasurugadai, to which he invited various Japanese literati.
Japanese: 雨声会（うせいかい）とは、1907年（明治40年）6月17日（月曜日）から6月19日（水〃）までの3日間に、当時の総理大臣西園寺公望が、日本の文学者を神田駿河台の私邸に招き、一夕の歓談をなした宴会の事である。
English: This is said to be the first time since the start of the Meiji period that the prime minister of the entire nation invited people of letters to such an event.
Japanese: 一国の宰相が文士を招待したのは、明治時代ではこれが最初であったという。
English: The fact that Suiin EMI and Roku TOKUTOMI were not invited was much lamented in newspapers of the day, and the party also gave rise to many other rumors and social gossip.
Japanese: 当時の新聞によれば、江見水蔭、徳富蘆花が選にもれたことを遺憾とし、またいろいろなうわさ話を生じたという。
English: This incident occurred between Japan and France during The Sino-Japanese War
Japanese: シドニー号事件（シドニーごうじけん）は、日清戦争のとき、日仏2国間で問題となった事件。
English: This incident ultimately set one example in the application of international law in time of war, as a passenger from a neutral country on a neutral ship was arrested as a "forbidden" person in wartime.
Japanese: 中立国船舶の乗客である中立国人が戦時禁制人として逮捕され、戦時国際法上の一例となった。
English: In October 1894, during The Sino-Japanese War, two American passengers called Wild and Cameron, along with Chinese legation staff of Washington, arrived at Yokohama on a vessel, Gehrig.
Japanese: 明治27年10月、日清戦争のさなか、ワイルド、カメロンとそれぞれ称するアメリカ人2名が、ワシントン駐箚の中国公使館員とともに、ゲーリック号の乗客として、横浜に寄港した。
English: Because Japanese officials found out that these two were producers of underwater mines and had an intention of attacking Japanese Navy by their contract with Chinese government, they conducted a search on the vessel, only to find out that the two were already aboard a French vessel, Sydney, bounded for Shanghai via Kobe.
Japanese: 彼らは水雷の製造者で、日本海軍を攻撃する意図をもって、中国政府との契約により渡中する旨の報がつたえられたから、日本官憲は、同船を臨検したところ、2名は既に、フランスと極北諸港間の航路に就航するフランス船シドニー号に移乗し、神戸経由上海に行こうとしていた。
English: Japanese Navy again investigated the Sydney at Kobe and discovered some material evidences; two American were thus arrested and the fleet was released.
Japanese: 日本海軍は、神戸において同船を臨検し、物的証拠を得たから、2名を戦時禁制人として逮捕し、同船を解放した。
English: Although captain of fleet as well as the French consulate proclaimed the protest for this exceptional action, and there were many arguments amont many international law experts, this incident pioneered an example of punishing not only those who are obviously on military duty of hostile country, but also those who merely intend to be involved in.
Japanese: 本件に関しては船長ならびにフランス領事の抗議を受け、国際法学者の間にも種々、論議があったが、要するに、本件は、ただ敵国のために軍事上の任務に従事するもののみならず、従事しようとする企図のあるものをも処分する例を開いたものとなった。
English: Meiji Tsuho are governmental bills (non-convertible paper money) issued at the beginning of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 明治通宝（めいじつうほう）とは明治時代初期に発行された政府紙幣（不換紙幣）である。
English: They are also called ''German bills'' because they were produced in a private factory in Frankfurt am Main in Germany.
Japanese: またドイツのフランクフルト・アム・マインにあった民間工場で製造されたことから「ゲルマン札」の別名がある。
English: A new government was formed by the Meiji Restoration, which was in need for military expenditures; therefore, a great amount of paper money had been issued.
Japanese: 明治維新により新政府が成立したが、戊辰戦争のため新政府は軍事費の出費の必要があり大量の紙幣が発行されていた。
English: However, they were miscellaneous bills issued by the government and nongovermental organizations such as Dajokan (Grand Council of State) bills, Prefecture bills, Mimbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) bills, Kawase-gaisha(Exchange Company) bills, which wereof the same style as Han (domain) bills in the Edo period, and there were also a large number of counterfeited bills.
Japanese: しかし紙幣といっても江戸時代の藩札の様式を踏襲した多種多様の雑多な紙幣、すなわち太政官札、府県札、民部省札、為替会社札など官民発行のものが流通しており、偽造紙幣も大量にあった。
English: For this reason, introduction of modern bills was necessary as well as the introduction of a common currency ''yen (currency)'' for Japan to be a modern nation.
Japanese: そのため近代国家のためにも共通通貨「円(通貨)」の導入とともに近代的紙幣の導入が必要であった。
English: At first, the Japanese government had planned to order the new bills from the U.K., but the firm of Dondorf and Normann from Germany persuaded the government saying their ''relief printing'' was effective to prevent counterfeiting.
Japanese: 当初日本政府はイギリスに新紙幣を発注する予定であったが、ドイツからドンドルフ・ナウマン社による「エルヘート凸版」による印刷の方が偽造防止に効果があるとの売込みがあった。
English: Moreover, they offered to transfer the technique to Japan, which would allow Japan to obtain the modern printing technique; therefore the Japanese government ordered nine kinds of bills in October 1870, of which the total amount was worth 50,000,000 yen (later on they ordered an additional amount of 53,530,000 yen).
Japanese: そのうえ技術移転を日本にしてもいいとの条件もあったことから、日本政府は近代的印刷技術も獲得できることもあり1870年（明治3年）10月に9券種、額面5000万円分（後に5353万円分を追加発注）の発注を行った。
English: In 1871, the next year, the bills which they had ordered in December started to arrive, however, these bills were found not to be perfect upon safety measures.
Japanese: 翌年の1871年（明治4年）12月に発注していた紙幣が届き始めたが、この紙幣は安全対策のため未完成であった。
English: Thus, they added the words ''Meiji Tsuho'' and the official seal of ''Okurakyo (Minister of the Treaty) '' before printing.
Japanese: そのため紙幣寮で「明治通宝」の文言や「大蔵卿」の印官印などを補って印刷し完成させた。
English: Also, at the beginning, 100 people wrote the letters of ''Meiji Tsuho'' on the bills by hand, and then they figured out it would take too much time because there were nearly 200,000,000 bills, which were worth approximately 100,000,000 yen; therefore, they switched to woodblock printing and discarded 52,000 bills which had been handwritten.
Japanese: なお当初は「明治通宝」の文字を100人が手書きで記入していたが、約1億円分、2億枚近くもあることから記入に年数がかかりすぎるとして木版印刷に変更され記入していた52,000枚は廃棄処分された。
English: Meiji Tsuho, issued in May 1872, were welcomed by the people as fresh bills that announced the arrival of a new period, and at the same time, the removal of the former bills in circulation was proceeded.
Japanese: 明治通宝は1872年（明治5年）4月に発行され、民衆からは新時代の到来を告げる斬新な紙幣として歓迎され、雑多な旧紙幣の回収も進められた。
English: Firstly, some bills of different face values were of the identical size, so forgery changing the face values was rampant and counterfeiting happened very frequently.
Japanese: まずサイズが額面によっては同一であったため、それに付け込んで額面を変造する不正が横行したほか、偽造が多発した。
English: Also, they had defects that they were easily damaged and discolored probably because the Western paper used for Japanese bills were not suitable for the Japanese climate of high temperature and humidity.
Japanese: また紙幣の洋紙が日本の高温多湿の気候に合わなかったためか損傷しやすく変色しやすいという欠陥があった。
English: Later, according to the contract, the technique transfer was proceeded and the original plates were delivered to Japan.
Japanese: その後、当初の契約道り技術移転が行われ印刷原版が日本側に引き渡された。
English: As a result, Meiji Tsuho bills were switched to domestic production, which happened to be useful to the immense expenditures during the Seinan War, which broke out in 1877.
Japanese: そのため明治通宝札は日本国産のものに切り替えられ、折りしも1877年（明治10年）に勃発した西南戦争の際には莫大な軍事費支出に役立つこととなった。
English: The use was banned after December 31, 1899, and these bills were abolished.
Japanese: 1899年（明治32年）12月31日をもって法的通用が禁止され廃止された。
English: The design of Meiji Tsuho was later used in manufacturing Japanese military bills, Taiwan Bank bills, and SC First Bank (Standard Chartered First Bank Korea Limited) bills.
Japanese: 明治通宝のデザインを踏襲して後に軍用手票、台湾銀行券、第一銀行券（大韓帝国通用紙幣）の製造にも使用された。
English: A quasi fudai daimyo refers to some tozama daimyo (outsider to the ruler) clans, who became treated as fudai daimyo clans (relative or very close to the ruler), mainly in regards to the blood relations to the ruling family of the Edo period in Japan, mainly because of their the clans' achievement over the time.
Japanese: 準譜代大名（じゅんふだいだいみょう）外様大名の中で、幕閣において長年の功績のある大名を始めとして、主に血縁関係により譜代大名に準ずる家格の大名をいう。
English: This name came to be used later for convenience, so those clans were not called with this name at the time of the Edo period.
Japanese: あくまでも、後世に便宜上使用されている呼称であり、同時代である近世江戸時代にはこの呼称はない。
English: Fudaraku-tokai is a form of the ascetic practice of sacrifice performed in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 補陀落渡海（ふだらくとかい）は、日本の中世において行われた、捨身行の形態である。
English: This practice was performed basically in the way that practitioners got on the wooden boat called Tokai-bune set afloat on the water near the southward beach and set sail.
Japanese: この行為の基本的な形態は、南方に臨む海岸に渡海船と呼ばれる小型の木造船を浮かべて行者が乗り込み、そのまま沖に出るというものである。
English: In some cases 108 pieces of stone were tied to the practitioner's body to deter him from coming back alive.
Japanese: 場合によってはさらに108の石を身体に巻き付けて、行者の生還を防止する。
English: However, in the Edo period the practice was changed into the form of carrying a dead body into the Tokai-bune to be buried at sea (the case with a chief priest of Darakusan-ji Temple is known).
Japanese: ただし江戸時代には、既に死んでいる人物の遺体（陀落山寺の住職の事例が知られている）を渡海船に乗せて水葬で葬るという形に変化する。
English: The most famous example of fudaraku-tokai was the practice in Nachikatsura-cho, Ki Province (Wakayama Prefecture), which is said to have been performed 20 times from 868 to 1722 according to "Kumano Nendaiki (the Chronicle of Kumano)."
Japanese: 最も有名なものは紀伊国（和歌山県）の那智勝浦町における補陀落渡海で、『熊野年代記』によると、868年から1722年の間に20回実施されたという。
English: In addition to this, there are written records of the practices of fudaraku-tokai having been performed in Ashizuri-misaki Cape, Muroto-misaki Cape, Hitachinaka City and so on.
Japanese: この他、足摺岬、室戸岬、ひたちなか市などでも補陀落渡海が行われたとの記録がある。
English: The practitioners of tokai in Kumano Nachi were mainly chief priests of Fudarakusan-ji Temple in principle, but it is recorded in an entry dated May 27, 1233 of "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East) that an ex-samurai named Rokuroyukihide SHIMOKAWABE took the second name of 智定房 and tried tokai as a special case.
Japanese: 熊野那智での渡海の場合は、原則として補陀落山寺の住職が渡海行の主体であったが、例外として『吾妻鏡』天福元年（1233年）五月二十七日の条に、下河辺六郎行秀という元武士が補陀落山で「智定房」と号し渡海に臨んだと記されている。
English: Historical materials on tokai-bune being scarce, tokai-bune rebuilt at Fudarakusan-ji Temple is a Japanese-style fishing boat with a hip-and-gable-roofed box on it and four Torii (shrine gate) put up around the box.
Japanese: 渡海船についての史料は少ないが、補陀洛山寺で復元された渡海船の場合は、和船の上に入母屋造りの箱を設置して、その四方に四つの鳥居が付加されるという設計となっている。
English: In other cases gate-like structures are used instead of Torii, and those are called 'Hosshinmon gate,' 'Shugyomon gate,' 'Bodaimon gate,' and 'Nehanmon gate' respectively.
Japanese: 鳥居の代わりに門を模したものを付加する場合もあるが、これらの門はそれぞれ「発心門」「修行門」「菩提門」「涅槃門」と呼ばれる。
English: Practitioners get in the box on the boat, which is not designed for the crew members to move in and out.
Japanese: 船上に設置された箱の中には行者が乗り込むことになるが、この箱は船室とは異なり、乗組員が出入りすることは考えられていない。
English: That is, once the practitioners get in the box on Tokai-bune, they are not supposed to get out of it until they die.
Japanese: すなわち行者は渡海船の箱の中に入ったら、死に至るまでそこから出ることは無い。
English: Tokai-bune doesn't carry ro, oars or sails, so it basically just drifts away with the sea current after casting off and separated off the escort boat.
Japanese: 渡海船には艪、櫂、帆などの動力装置は搭載されておらず、出航後、伴走船から切り離された後は、基本的には海流に流されて漂流するだけとなる。
English: In Buddhist beliefs, like Amida jodo(the Pure Land) in the west, jodo also exists in the south and it was called fudaraku 補陀落 (it is also written as 補陀洛, 普陀落 or 普陀洛).
Japanese: 仏教では西方の阿弥陀浄土と同様、南方にも浄土があるとされ、補陀落（補陀洛、普陀落、普陀洛とも書く）と呼ばれた。
English: In ancient times a sentence 'Sukunahikona no Mikoto went over to Misaki in Kumano and at last reached Tokoyo no kuni (parallel universe beyond the sea)' in the volumes of divine age of "Chronicles of Japan" shows that there is a bridge between this and the next world.
Japanese: 古くは『日本書紀』神代巻上で「少彦名命、行きて熊野の御碕に至りて、遂に常世国に適（いでま）しぬ」という他界との繋がりがみえる。
English: Besides, being abundant in deep mountains, Kumano, in which a mountain religion has been developed, has been a dojo of Shugendo (Japanese ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites) of Kumano Gongen Deity, which is a syncretized religion of Shinto with Buddhism (in this case, above-mentioned Pure Land Buddhism).
Japanese: また熊野は深山も多く山岳信仰が発達し、前述の仏教浄土も結びついた神仏習合・熊野権現の修験道道場となる。
English: Then, in the Heian Period in Japan, Jodo sect's thought of 'Ojo' epitomized by its cries, 'abhorrence of (living in) this impure world' and 'seeking rebirth in the Pure Land' became popular and the Utopia beyond the sea was syncretized with the Pure Land.
Japanese: そして日本では平安時代に「厭離穢土・欣求浄土」に代表される浄土教往生思想が広まり、海の彼方の理想郷と浄土とが習合されたのであった。
English: Shinobi-monomi is a way of patrolling during the Sengoku period where a person hides in fields and mountains and searches for the enemy's situation in the battle field.
Japanese: 忍び物見（しのびものみ）は、戦国時代(日本)、戦場で、山野に隠れて敵情をさぐる斥候。
English: In Shinobi-monomi, a person conceals himself unnoticed in the mountains and fields, hides behind a bush and searches the state of the territory and the movement of the enemy.
Japanese: だれにも見つからないように山野に伏し、草むらにかくれ、敵地の形勢、敵兵の動静などを視察する。
English: Shinobi-monomi was classified lower than the usual monomi (which is equal to the later shoko-sekko (officer patrol)) and tosotsu (foot soldier) and ashigaru (common foot soldier) were assigned to perform this task.
Japanese: ふつうの物見（のちの将校斥候くらいに相当する）よりは地位は低く、徒卒、足軽などがあてられた。
English: There is a description in 'Kenbunzatsuroku' on Nobunaga ODA making a monomi search for the enemy's state.
Japanese: 「見聞雑録」には、織田信長が忍び物見を出して敵情をさぐらせたことがある。
English: In 'Ouu Eikei Gunki' (a war chronicle), Masamune DATE used a shibami to guard against a night attack by the enemy.
Japanese: 「奥羽永慶軍記」には、伊達政宗が芝見（しばみ）をつかって敵の夜討を警戒したことがある。
English: A description can be seen in the article of July 26, 1582 of the 'Matsudaira Ietada Nikki' (a diary of Ietada MATSUDAIRA), about Ieyasu TOKUGAWA using a kamari when he was fighting Yoritada SUWA of Shinano Province.
Japanese: かまりのことは、「松平家忠日記」天正10年7月26日の条に、徳川家康が信濃の諏訪頼忠とたたかったときにかまりをつかったことがみる。
English: An article dated September 23, 1582 in 'Osukaki,' describes Ieyasu TOKUGAWA commanding a group of vassals in Yokosuka to perform kamari when he was fighting Ujinao HOJO at the Shinpu-jo Castle in the Kai Province.
Japanese: 「大須賀記」天正10年8月27日には、徳川家康が北条氏直と甲斐国新府でたたかったときに横須賀衆の手でかまりの指図をさせたことがみえる。
English: Before the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), it was a government office called Zenshiki, but when Taiho Ritsuryo was formulated it was divided into Naizenshi (Imperial Table Office) which served Emperor's food and Daizenshiki which served hospitable foods.
Japanese: 大宝律令以前は膳職という官司であったが、大宝律令制定時に、天皇の食事を掌る内膳司と饗膳の食事を掌る大膳職に分割された。
English: However, dietary staple was served by Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household) and Daizenshiki was in charge of delivery, production, cooking and provision of supplementary dishes or condiments and so on.
Japanese: ただし、主食については大炊寮が掌っており、大膳職は副食・調味料などの調達・製造・調理・供給の部分を担当した。
English: According to the "Yoro-ryo" (Yoro Code), 'Kaheisho,' which provided salted food (of meat or fish), condiments such as Chinese sauce and misho (original form of miso or say sauce), fruits, rice cake products (millet and so on) and so on and dealt confectioneries and rice cakes under the jurisdiction of it, and 'Shoin' (section in charge of primitive soy sauce, sho) were established.
Japanese: 『養老令』によれば、醢（肉や魚を塩辛状にしたもの）、醤・未醤（みそ）などの調味料、菓（くだもの）、雑餅（雑穀などの餅製品）などを供給し、管下の組織として菓・餅類を扱う「菓餅所」と醤・未醤を扱う「醤院」が設置された。
English: According to the "Kanshoku Hisho" (a text describing rules of ceremony and etiquette to be observed in the imperial court and by samurai that was written during the early Heian period in around 1200), "Shokugensho" (A book on Japanese government officials written by Chikafusa KITABATAKE), "Hyakuryo Kunyosho" (practical guide on Yusoku kojitsu [court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette]) and so on, it was described that increasingly, Daibu, who would become Kami (director) for years to come, was selected from Shii (Fourth Rank) and Suke, the assistant director, from Rokui (Sixth Rank) conversely.
Japanese: 『官職秘抄』や『職原鈔』、『百寮訓要抄』などによると、後世には長官である大夫は四位から、逆に次官である亮は六位から選ばれる例が多くなった事が記されている。
English: And by Kyakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations [of the ritsuryo]) on August 25, 808, the fixed number of Shojo (Junior Secretary) and Shosakan (Junior Clerk) was increased by one member.
Japanese: また、大同(日本)3年7月26日(旧暦)（808年8月21日）の格式によって少進・少属の定員が1名増加されている。
English: Among the fragmentary writings, contents that are highly important include descriptions on Robe of Feathers Legend that is handed down by tradition in the Lake Yogo area in Ika County and the tradition of Chikubushima Island.
Japanese: 断片的な文の中で特筆すべきなのは、伊香郡余呉湖に伝わる羽衣伝説と竹生島の伝承に言及している箇所である。
English: A Honke-matsuke-ronso was a dispute between a head family and a branch family of a daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) family (particularly early modern daimyo) concerning social standing during the Edo period.
Japanese: 本家末家論争（ほんけまつけろんそう）は、江戸時代の大名（近世大名）における本家・分家関係にある大名家の家格をめぐる争いである。
English: Unlike disputes that would result in actual benefits, such as those over shoryo (territory) between soryo (heir) and other children during the medieval period, or internal squabble over headship rights in a daimyo family in the Edo period, this head-and-branch family dispute was about trivial formality such as superiority or equality in social standing in the same clan.
Japanese: 中世の惣領と庶子の所領争いや、同じ時代でもお家騒動のような実利面がなく、瑣末とも思える身分的上下・対等という形式をめぐって争われたものである。
English: Early modern daimyo adopted primogeniture without exception, and daimyo during the early modern era would often give part of their shoryo (territory) to children other than the heir and requested the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) recognized their children as official daimyo.
Japanese: 近世大名は例外なく長子相続制をとるが、家を継がせない子に所領の一部を割いて与え、幕府に正式な大名として認めてもらうことは、近世初期にしばしば行なわれた。
English: In that case, this branch family was officially a direct vassal of the Tokugawa Shogun family and not a retainer of the head family, but the head family tended to disdain its branch family.
Japanese: その場合、分家側は徳川将軍家の家臣になるから、本家の家臣ではないと言えることになるが、本家の側では何かと分家を卑下しようとする。
English: After an independent Daimyo family had been established, social standing became a sensitive issue to both head and branch families, resulting in disputes over a legal child or their head-and-branch relation.
Japanese: 独立した大名家を興した後、両者の家格意識の高揚によって、正嫡、本末関係が論じられた。
English: If the head family had submitted "honke-todokegaki" (head family registration), the bakufu acknowledged the head-and-branch family relationship, and the head family was required to submit notifications of general matters or promotions in these families to the bakufu.
Japanese: 本家より本家届書の提出がされている場合、その本分家関係が幕府に承認され、一般事項や官位昇進に際して本家の届出が必要であった。
English: Disputes between the head and branch families often occurred in the following cases: the head family registration was not submitted because the head-and-branch relationship was not clear; suzerainty was transferred to a branch family after the head family had lost its social standing; or a branch family was established because the eldest child born out of wedlock or the adopted heir was disinherited.
Japanese: 本分家関係が曖昧で不明確なために未提出であった場合や、本宗家の家格が低下した後、分家・別家に宗主権が遷移した場合、庶長子や養嗣子が廃嫡され別家した場合などで論争となった。
English: In these cases, the points in dispute were whether the bakufu issued a shuinjo (vermilion-seal document of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) to the branch family separately from the head family; whether the territory of branch families or domains should be included in the Domain Maps; or how the burden of military services should be allocated.
Japanese: この場合、幕府より別途朱印状が発給されていることや、国絵図作成の際に分家・支藩領知を含むか否か、または、軍役の負担などが論点となった。
English: Hidemune DATE, the eldest child born out of wedlock of Masamune DATE, had been named as soryo (heir) by receiving Shiki (bestowing a character from the superior's real name) of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, but after the hegemony of the Tokugawa clan, Tadamune DATE, the eldest legitimate son, became soryo.
Japanese: 伊達政宗の庶長子、伊達秀宗は豊臣秀吉の賜諱を受け伊達氏惣領とされたが、徳川氏の覇権後に嫡男伊達忠宗が惣領とされた。
English: He established a bekke (branch family) independently in Uwajima which was awarded to his father, Masamune, in recognition of his contribution of joining the Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka), and he became a kokushu-daimyo (a daimyo with his own domain).
Japanese: 父・政宗の大坂冬の陣参陣の功によって与えられた宇和島に別家を立て独立、国主大名となった。
English: However, the bakufu, with the aim of reducing the strength of the Echizen family, ordered Mitsunaga to relocate by exchanging his territory with that of Tadamasa MATSUDAIRA, the lord of the Takada domain (a younger brother of Tadanao and an adopted child of Eisho-in).
Japanese: しかし、越前家の力を削ぎたい幕府の命令により、高田藩主松平忠昌（忠直弟・英勝院の養子）と領知を交換する形で転封。
English: Although social standing of Mitsunaga as Jusanmi Chujo (Junior Third Rank, Middle Captain) was higher than that of Tadamasa as Shoshiinoge Saisho (Senior Fourth Rank, Councilor), this in-house strife in the Echigo family forced Mitsunaga to be deprived of his position, privileges and properties, and be banished.
Japanese: 光長が従三位中将、忠昌が正四位下宰相と光長が家格の上では優遇されていたが、越後騒動によって改易・配流された。
English: Yorifusa TOKUGAWA, lord of the Mito Domain of the Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family), had been considered to be a branch family of Yorinobu TOKUGAWA (material half-brother), who had the same mother, Yojuin, until 1636 when he was granted the name of Tokugawa.
Japanese: 徳川御三家水戸藩主徳川頼房は1636年（寛永13年）に徳川賜姓されるまで、同じ養珠院を母とする徳川頼宣の分家扱いであった。
English: Although Yorishige MATSUDAIRA, a lord of the Takamatsu Domain, was the eldest child of Yorifusa TOKUGAWA, Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, his material half-brother, inherited the Mito Domain.
Japanese: 高松藩主松平頼重は徳川頼房の長子であるが、母を同じくする徳川光圀が水戸藩を相続した。
English: Toshitaka IKEDA, a legitimate son of Terumasa IKEDA; Tadatsugu IKEDA, a legitimate son of Tokuhime (Princess Toku; keishitsu [second wife] of Terumasa and a daughter of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA); and Tadao IKEDA, an adopted younger brother of Tadatsugu were all shihon daimyos with their own domains.
Japanese: 池田輝政の嫡男池田利隆と輝政継室督姫（徳川家康娘）の嫡男池田忠継及びその弟で養子の池田忠雄がともに四品国主大名であった。
English: Masanaga TAKEBE, a child of Mitsushige TAKEBE who was a 700 koku Amagasaki Gundai (intendant of a region or administrator of a town) under the Toyotomi government, is said to have been a relative of the Ikeda family as his mother was the adopted daughter of Terumasa IKEDA.
Japanese: 豊臣政権下で尼崎郡代700石であった建部光重の子・建部政長は池田輝政の養女を母とする池田家縁家とされる。
English: He served with distinction in the Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka) as a makushita (retainer of the shogun) of the Toshitaka and Tadatsugu IKEDA brothers, and he was promoted to a daimyo of the Amagasaki Domain with 10,000 koku.
Japanese: 池田利隆・忠継兄弟の幕下の大坂の陣で戦功を挙げ、尼崎藩1万石を与えられ大名に取り立てられた。