nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, who was a peasant, ended the Sengoku period and launched the Taiko-kenchi (nationwide land survey) in 1582 and improved upon complicated landholding relationships such as when several persons held rights to the same land, resulting in a renewed property system.
Japanese: 戦国時代を終息させた農民出身の豊臣秀吉は、1582年（天正10年）に太閤検地を開始し、1つの土地に数人のもの者が権利をもつ、複雑な土地所有関係を整理し、土地制度を一新させた。
English: With the complete collapse of the manorial system, early-modern land holding based on the Kokudaka system was granted, and peasants assumed obligations to pay nengu in return for the right to cultivate, while the daimyo obtained territories in exchange for Kaieki (to forfeit rank of samurai and properties) and Kunigae (to transfer a daimyo from one fief to another).
Japanese: ここに荘園制度を完全に崩壊し、石高制による近世的土地所有を実現し、農民には耕作権を認めるとともに年貢を納める義務を負わせるとともに、大名には所領をあてがうとともに、改易や国替を可能とした。
English: Hideyoshi also conducted the Sword Hunt in 1588 to deprive the farming rank the right to wear a sword and to restrict the use of weapons which completed the heinobunri (separation of the warrior class from the soil) while creating the early-modern samurai rank.
Japanese: 秀吉はまた、1588年に刀狩を実施して、百姓身分から帯刀権を奪い、武器使用を規制して兵農分離を完成させたいっぽうで、近世的な武士身分を創出した。
English: Feudal ranks during the Edo period included the following: the Tokugawa Family in the Edo bakufu, daimyo with over 10,000 Goku crop yields (one domain per unit), hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) who had less than 10,000 Goku crop yields but obtained the omemie privilege (privilege to have an audience with their lord), gokenin without the omemie privilege, and high-ranked vassal of daimyo with higher crop yields.
Japanese: 江戸時代の封建領主としては、江戸幕府の徳川将軍家をはじめとして、藩を単位とする1万石以上の大名、1万石未満だが御目見の特権を有する旗本、御目見の特権のない御家人江戸時代の御家人、また石高の高い大名の上級家臣があった。
English: In the early Edo period, daimyo introduced the Jigatachigyo system in which property was granted to dominant Samurai (kyunin: upper class retainers); however, because kyunin sometimes freely collected nengu, daimyo expanded the territory under their control and the horoku system (salary) became a common system in around the 1690's.
Japanese: 江戸初期には、大名は一定の土地を有力武士（給人）にあたえる地方知行制がとられていたが、給人が勝手に年貢を徴収することもあったため、大名は自ら治める支配領域を拡大し、1690年頃には俸禄制度が一般的となった。
English: Due to the abolition of domains and the employment of prefectural governance after the Meiji Restoration, the central government terminated the chigyo system, and Samurai privileges were fully abolished by Haitorei (the decree banning the wearing of swords) and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend).
Japanese: その知行制度も、明治維新後の廃藩置県によって中央政府が任命した府知事・県令の派遣によって終わり、武士の特権も廃刀令と秩禄処分によって完全に廃止された。
English: After the name of the character in "Heike Monogatari" (The tale of the Heike), Satsumanokami TAIRA no Tadanori, a person who steals a ride on a train or the like is colloquially called Satsumanokami because Tadanori is the homophone of fare cheating.
Japanese: 『平家物語』に登場する薩摩守平忠度（たいらのただのり）から、俗語で電車などのただ乗り(無賃乗車)を薩摩守ということがある。
English: During the Edo period, the post was inherited by the Shimazu clan that was the lord of Satsuma province for generations while Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA was also appointed the post.
Japanese: 江戸時代は、松平忠吉も任ぜられている他、代々の薩摩藩藩主たる島津氏に世襲された。
English: These women were allowed direct contact with the Tokugawa shogun family and their wives and ranked the highest in O-oku.
Japanese: 徳川将軍家や御台所への謁見が許される「お目見え以上」の女中であり、大奥における最高位。
English: The joro otoshiyori is the official responsible for social, cultural and other important ceremonies and served as advisor to the shogun and his wife.
Japanese: 社交や文化行事などの典礼を司る式部官であり、常に将軍や御台所の傍についてその相談役となった。
English: Many of the women who rose to the position came from noble families of Kyo and were well-versed in court protocols, laws and special events and are believed to have accompanies the bride to wed the shogun and live in the Edo Castle.
Japanese: 主に有職故実に長けた京の公家出身の女中がこの役職に就くことが多く、彼女たちのほとんどは御台所や御簾中の輿入れに伴って奥入りしたと考えられている。
English: Although ranking the highest among the women of O-oku, they are believed to have wielded little influence within Ooku, due to the lack of opportunity to influence the shogunate's policy on court nobility or due to the fact that the shogun's wife had little power.
Japanese: 奥女中の階級の中では最上位に位置する上臈御年寄だが、幕府の公家対策・あるいは御台所が権力を持つ機会が少なかったためか、大奥の中で実権を持つことはあまりなかったとされる。
English: For this reason, lower-ranking toshiyori actually held the highest authority in O-oku, dominating all important and lesser matters.
Japanese: このため、本来は上臈御年寄よりも下位の御年寄が大奥の最高権力者となり、大奥における大事小事を差配した。
English: Notwithstanding, there were joro otoshiyori who demonstrated influence over shogunate policy, such as Uemon no suke no tsubone during the reign of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, Takakoka during the reign of Ieharu TOKUGAWA, Anekoji under Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA and Utahashi under Iesada TOKUGAWA, showing that "absence of power" was not necessarily true.
Japanese: しかしながら、徳川綱吉時代の右衛門佐局、徳川家治時代の高岳、徳川家慶時代の姉小路、徳川家定時代の歌橋など、上臈御年寄でありながら幕政をも左右するほどの権力を握った者もおり、単純に「権力を持たなかった」とは言い切れない。
English: Falconry dates back to the medieval times when similar positions could be found in feudal domains.
Japanese: なお、その源流は中世に遡り、諸藩の中にも同様の役職を設置したところがある。
English: In contrast to the takajo (hawker) in charge of training the birds, the torimi was responsible for supervising the bird habitat in the hunting grounds in order to guide the shogun to locations with a high percentage of prey.
Japanese: 鷹匠が鷹を調教する役目を担ったのに対して、鳥見は鷹狩を行う現地（鷹狩場）における鳥の生息状況を監視してより獲物の多い場所へと導く役割を担った。
English: Once a hunting ground was established, the torimi took charge of preventing poaching, feeding birds to become prey and mobilizing people from neighboring villages and securing safety.
Japanese: また、鷹狩場が一定の地域に固定されると、密猟の防止や獲物となる鳥への餌付け、更に周辺農村部における人員動員や治安確保も担当した。
English: Because the torimi required extensive knowledge and experience in hunting, the post was regarded a skilled post and was very often hereditary.
Japanese: 狩に関する知識などは長年の経験によるところが大きく、技能職として世襲される事が多かった。
English: Due to instances of the torimi entering the premises of samurai and daimyo estates in order to "inspect the bird habitat" and also due to the exceptionally large stipend of 80 bales of rice, it has been said that the torimi served as intelligence officers as well.
Japanese: また鳥の生息状況を見ると称して、武家屋敷・大名屋敷に入ることもあったことや、その職責からして80俵5人扶持は大きいことから、諜報部員としての側面があったとも言われている。
English: Although the post is believed to have been created because falconry was the favorite sport of shoguns since Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, it did not become an official position until 1643 when 10 torimis were appointed under the wakadoshiyori.
Japanese: 徳川家康以来、江戸幕府歴代将軍が鷹狩を愛好した事からこうした役職はその時々に応じてあったと考えられているが、若年寄の下に10人が鳥見に任じられて正式な役職として成立したのは寛永20年（1643年）のことである。
English: The sport was abolished under Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's edict prohibiting harm on living things but was restored and expanded under the reign of Yoshimune TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 徳川綱吉の生類憐れみの令によって一時大幅に削減されたが、徳川吉宗の時代に復活して以後拡張された。
English: It was later abolished permanently in December 1967 when Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA decided to adopt the Western military system.
Japanese: その後、徳川慶喜が西洋軍制を採用する方針を固めた慶応2年12月（1866年、西暦では翌1867年）廃止された。
English: Torimi stationed at the hunting ground hired men from neighboring villages as "takaban," which posed a heavy burden on the appointees and at times caused villagers to riot, due in part to the mobilization of villagers during the shogun's hunt.
Japanese: なお、現地に滞在した在宅鳥見の下には周辺農村から村役の一環として「鷹番」が登用されていたが、その負担は大きく将軍鷹狩の際の人夫徴発と合わせて一揆などの騒動を起こす一因にもなった。
English: Geki was one of the government posts belonging to Daijokan, which was the highest organization of the Imperial Court under the ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 外記（げき）は律令制において朝廷組織の最高機関・太政官に属した職の一つである。
English: Geki, placed under Shonagon, took charge of revising the imperial edicts created by Naiki of Nakatsukasasho, and creating the documents to be presented from Daijokan to the emperor.
Japanese: 少納言の下に置かれ、中務省の内記が作成した詔勅を校勘し、太政官から天皇に上げる奏文を作成した。
English: Geki, under the command of Shokei of Daijokan, also supervised the ceremonies and public affairs of the Imperial Court by examining precedents and submitting a report on them to contribute to smooth operation of the ceremonies and affairs as required.
Japanese: また太政官の上卿の指示に従って朝廷の儀式・公事の奉行を行い、必要に応じて関係する先例を調査・上申してその円滑な遂行に努めた。
English: For the importance of the duties of Geki, the corresponding court rank was raised in June 15, 783, and in March 7, 815, Geki began to share the duty 'Goshokiroku' of recording the emperor's daily activities that had been undertaken by Naiki.
Japanese: その重要性から延暦2年5月11日(旧暦)（783年6月15日）には官位相当が引き上げられ、また弘仁6年1月23日(旧暦)（815年3月7日）には、内記が行っていた御所記録（天皇の日々の動静を記す）の職務を分担するようになった。
English: When Kurodo was established and the authority of Shonagon became a mere formality, part of duties and authority of Shonagon were transferred to Geki.
Japanese: また、蔵人が置かれて少納言の権限が形骸化すると、その職務・権限の一部が外記に移された。
English: As Geki achieved so many duties, they rose to higher positions so that some Geki were promoted to as high as Fifth Rank in the middle of the Heian period.
Japanese: このように職務多忙であったことから外記の地位も上昇し、平安時代中期には五位に昇進する大外記も現れるようになった。
English: Gonkan (Gondaigeki, Gonshogeki) and the like were sometimes established to compensate the shortage of personnel, but on January 4, 1188, it was decided to set the upper limit of the prescribed number for Daigeki and Shogeki in total to 6.
Japanese: また人数を補うために権官（権大外記・権少外記）などが設けられる事があったが、文治3年12月4日(旧暦)（1188年1月4日）には最大定員を大少合わせて6名とすることになった。
English: Like Shi, Geki was originally a high ranking post to serve as a stepping-stone toward higher posts for low ranking officials who excelled at Confucianism and writing; but after the Kamakura period, the post was inherited by the Funabashi family (Kiyohara clan) and the Oshikoji family (Nakahara clan), both of which were families that had produced Myogyodo scholars for generations, and some members were appointed to Kokusoin betto which had been traditionally held by the nobles.
Japanese: 本来は顕官の1つとして史_(律令制)とともに儒学・文筆に優れた下級官人が任じられて昇進への足がかりとする役職であったが、鎌倉時代以後には明経道の家柄であった舟橋家（清原氏）・押小路家（中原氏）両家の世襲となり、また従来は公卿が任じられていた穀倉院別当に任命されるものもいた。
English: The descendants of the branch families of the Nakahara clan were not appointed Daigeki but Gondaigeki instead.
Japanese: なお、中原氏庶流出身者などは大外記には任じられず、替わりに権大外記に任命された。
English: During the Muromachi period, the descendants of the Funabashi family began to serve as the instructor to the emperor to be promoted to Shonagon without serving as Geki for generations; therefore, Kyokumu was solely inherited by the Oshikoji family.
Japanese: 室町時代に入ると、舟橋家は代々天皇の侍読として外記を経ずに少納言に上ることになったために、局務は押小路家のみによる世襲となった。
English: During the Edo period, the Oshikoji family used the authority of Kyokumu in mobilizing not only Shisho but also Jigekanjin in the respective ministries to perform ceremonies and public affairs of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 江戸時代には押小路家は局務の権限として史生のみならず各省の地下人官人を動員して朝廷の儀式・公事の遂行に努めた。
English: It is considered that those Jige Kannin were counted more than 60 families and collectively called 'Gekikata.'
Japanese: こうした地下官人達を「外記方」と呼び60家以上が存在したと言われている。
English: At first, they were the members of Shonagonkyoku, which was the office of Shonagon, but later, they began to have their own office called Gekicho, which was called Gekikyoku later.
Japanese: 初めは少納言の事務所である少納言局を構成していたが、外記庁（後には外記局）と呼ばれる独自の事務所を持つに至った。
English: Meetings of Daijokan were sometimes held in the building of Gekicho and those meetings were called Gekisei.
Japanese: なお、太政官の会議が外記庁の施設を用いて行われる場合があり、これを外記政と呼ぶ。
English: Geki kept the business diary 'Geki Nikki' for future reference; but in the latter half of the Heian period, because the ritsuryo legal code system was loosened and Geki became to keep the matters regarding the official duties in their personal diaries to conceal the matters from outside so as to require the inheritance right of Geki and public authority, Geki consequently declined.
Japanese: 外記の職務日記として「外記日記」が書かれて後日の参考としたが、平安時代後期には律令制の弛緩に加え、外記が職務に関する事項を個人の日記に記して外部に秘して、外記の世襲化と公的権威の付与を促したために衰微した。
English: FUJIWARA no Yorinaga, who was concerned about the situation, ordered Geki to keep Geki Nikki, but failed.
Japanese: これを憂慮した藤原頼長が外記日記の励行を命じたものの失敗に終わっている。
English: "Fushin" here means ' general public laber services' in Buddhist terminology.
Japanese: ここでいう普請は、仏教用語で「ひろく大衆に労役に従事してもらう」という意味である。
English: Tenyaku referred to Honkan, a government post, which belonged to Nakatsukasasho in the ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 典鑰（てんやく）とは、律令制において中務省に属した品官（ほんかん）である。
English: As Tenyaku first appeared with Kenmotsu in the Article of the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Jito, i.e., in 693, of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), it is considered that Tenyaku existed in the era of Asukakiyomihara Code.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の持統天皇7年（693年）条に監物と共に初出しているため、飛鳥浄御原令期には存在したと考えられている。
English: Tenyaku went to the Imperial Court every morning to receive a key from Mikadonotsukasa of Kokyujunishi, kept the key, handed the key to Kenmotsu if required or received the key returned from Kenmotsu, and returned the key to Mikadonotsukasa in the evening.
Japanese: 典鑰は毎朝参内して後宮十二司の闡司より鑰を受け取ってこれを保管し、必要に応じて監物に鑰を渡したり返納を受けたりして夕方にはまた闡司に返却した。
English: It is considered that the roles were strictly divided such that Tenyaku were only in charge of managing the key, Kenmotsu were in charge of receiving the key from Tenyaku, locking and unlocking with the key, and managing the delivery of the things to and from the warehouse, and Shuyaku (Daishuyaku, Shoshuyaku) were in charge of actual delivery of the things to and from the warehouse.
Japanese: なお、典鑰は鑰の管理のみを担当し、典鑰から鑰を受け取った監物が鑰の開け閉めと出納の管理を行い、主鑰（大主鑰・少主鑰）が実際の出納を行うという役割分担が厳格にされていたとされている。
English: The kanjo-kumigashira is a member of kanjo-sho, the office of financial affairs, in charge of supervising and managing bureaucrats belonging to office under the command of its commissioner, the kanjo-bugyo, for administration of the cognate's financial policy and agricultural policy.
Japanese: 勘定所に属して勘定奉行の支配を受けて勘定所所属の諸役人を指揮・監督を行い、幕府財政及び農政を担当した。
English: The post is generally believed to have been created in 1664. However, the post name had already appeared more than 30 years before during the Kanei period and the date of establishment may be traced back to this date.
Japanese: 設置時期は寛文4年（1664年）とするのが通説であるが、それよりも30年以上も前の寛永年間には既にこの名称が登場しているため、設置上限はこの時期まで遡ることが可能とされている。
English: According to the job rank system in 1672, there were 12 appointed to this post, earning executive allowance of 100 bales of rice and two of the kanjo-kumigashira were appointed to take charge of Edo Castle whereas the rest appointed to cover the Osaka region and the Kanto region (at least 4 appointees).
Japanese: 寛文12年（1672年）の職制によれば定員12名・役料は100俵であり、御殿（江戸城）担当が2名が設置され、残りは上方担当と関東地方担当に振り分けられていた（最低4名）。
English: The executive allowance was abolished once in 1682 but was restored in 1722 with rank-based salary of 350 bales.
Japanese: 天和(日本)2年（1782年）に一旦役料が廃止されたが、享保7年（1722年）に改めて役高350俵が与えられた。
English: The region-based job function was abolished in the structural reform implemented in the following year (1723) and replaced by category-based appointments, namely, Goten-zume for Edo Castle, kattekata, torika-aratame, ukagaikata and shomuki-kanjocho-aratame.
Japanese: 翌8年（1723年）の制度改革によって地域別振り分けを廃して、代わりに御殿詰・勝手方・取箇改・伺方・諸向勘定帳改の部門別振り分けが導入された。
English: Mikinotsukasa (also called Sakenotsukasa) was a branch office of Kunaisho, erected under the ritsuryo legal code system.
Japanese: 酒造司（みきのつかさ、さけのつかさ）は、律令制の下で置かれた役所で宮内省の被官。
English: In Mikinotsukasa, three Shitokan officials, i.e., Kami, Jo, and Sakan were placed; on the other hand, an official corresponding to Suke was not prepared.
Japanese: 四等官は正（かみ）、佑（じょう）、令史（さかん）が1名ずつおかれ次官（すけ）に相当する職は置かれなかった。
English: Sakadono for brewing sake was built in Mikinotsukasa, where officials such as Betto and Ben were placed.
Japanese: また、酒などを醸造するための酒殿（さかどの）が設置され、別当、弁などの職が置かれていた。
English: Kunin-chojakunin is a post that existed in the Edo Period.
Japanese: 公人朝夕人（くにんちょうじゃくにん）とは、江戸時代にあった役職の一つ。
English: The job function was to assist the Shogun during his travels to the Imperial Palace in Kyoto and to Nikko Shrine, to resolve the difficulty the Shogun in sokutai (ceremonial court dress) experiences when wishing to relieve himself, by slipping a copper, cylindrical container (urinal) into the dress from the side of the hakama.
Japanese: 将軍の上洛・参内、日光社参の際、将軍が束帯すがたで排尿をおこないにくいとき、袴の脇から現在のポータブルトイレ、尿瓶（しびん）にあたる銅製の筒（尿筒、しとづつ）をさしこみ、排尿中ささえるのが仕事である。
English: Tsuchida Family served this hereditary post from the time of FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, the 4th Shogun of the Kamakura bakufu, and had been in service also of the Ashikaga Shogun family, Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 土田家が、世襲で、鎌倉幕府4代将軍の藤原頼経の頃から将軍に仕え、足利将軍家、織田信長、豊臣秀吉にも、仕えていた。
English: Although this job function would easily be perceived in modern TV variety shows as a target of comic banter because of what the job involves, the hereditary nature of the post dating back to the Kamakura period and the proximity of the postholder to the ruler suggest that the family enjoyed prestige despite the surprise and contempt modern people might feel toward them.
Japanese: やってる事が将軍のいわゆる「下の世話」なのでバラエティ番組なのでは、何かのギャクのようにとらわれるが、鎌倉時代から家が続き代々世襲している事と、将軍や権力者は誰でも近づけるわけではないので、現代の感覚では驚きと見下した感情が涌き出るようだが、当時としてはいわゆる名家だろう。
English: According to Tsuchida family records, the hereditary post dates back to 1219, when they served as attendant to Shogun FUJIWARA no Yoritsune on his travel from Kyoto eastward.
Japanese: 土田家の由緒書によれば、世襲の由来は承久元年、将軍藤原頼経東下向のとき、京都から扈従してまかり下るのにはじまるという。
English: There is little documentation regarding the Kunin-chojakunin (Magozaemon TSUCHIDA), although the attendant is believed not to be from samurai class but was servant to the samurai but at times is believed to have been a lower-ranking samurai or common folk.
Japanese: 公人朝夕人（土田孫左衛門）に、ついては資料が少なく、身分は武士ではなく武家奉公人だったといわれているが、下級武士身分だった説や町人扱いだった説もある。
English: the Kunin-chojakunin was at least authorized to carry one small sword and to bear a family name.
Japanese: 少なくとも小刀一本持つ事が許され、苗字は公式に名乗る事が出来たそうである。
English: Because the post was not an everyday function, it is unknown what the Kunin-chojakunin did to make a living.
Japanese: ただ毎日のように仕事がある立場ではないので、普段は何をして生活していたのかは不明のままである。
English: Shogun-kokenshoku is one of the three key posts in Edo shogunate created in the final years of the Edo period, along with Seiji sosaishoku (president of political affairs) and Kyoto shugoshoku (military governor of Kyoto).
Japanese: 将軍後見職（しょうぐんこうけんしょく）は、江戸時代後期、幕末に新設された政事総裁職、京都守護職と並ぶ江戸幕府三要職の一つである。
English: Because the 14th Seiitaishogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA assumed office in 1858 still in his youth, Yoshiyori TAYASU from gosankyo (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) was chosen to take this role in August of the same year, in the name of the will of former Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA and the precedent of Masayuki HOSHINA filling this role for the 4th Shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA for the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA (both shogun were assumed office in youth).
Japanese: 安政6年（1858年）、幼少の徳川家茂が14代征夷大将軍に就任したために、同年8月前将軍徳川家定の遺命と、同じく幼少で将軍に付いた4代将軍徳川家綱時の保科正之・11代将軍徳川家斉における松平定信時の先例を名目に御三卿の田安慶頼が任命された。
English: However, it was a formal post created by the Tairo (chief minister) Naosuke II, without any real power or official recognition.
Japanese: ただし、実際には大老井伊直弼が形式的に擁立したもので正式な役職でもなく、実権も有しなかった。
English: However, in May 1862, demand from the Imperial Court to take punitive action against the followers of Ii inside the Edo shogunate led to the resignation of Yoshiyori TAYASU appointed to the post by Ii, on grounds that Iemochi had reached adulthood.
Japanese: ところが、文久2年（1862年）5月、朝廷内部に幕府内の親井伊派の処分を要求する動きがあり、その対応の一環として「家茂の成人」を理由に井伊に擁立された田安慶頼が後見職から退いた。
English: This was followed by an Imperial decree ordering Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI be appointed Shogun-kokenshoku, as an official position in the Edo shogunate.
Japanese: 続いて朝廷より、一橋慶喜を幕府の正式な役職としての将軍後見職に任じるように勅諚が下された。
English: In response, Yoshinobu was appointed to the post, now newly made official, in July of the same year.
Japanese: これを受けて同年7月に慶喜が幕府の正式な役職として新設された将軍後見職に任命された。
English: The post was abolished in March 1864 when Yoshinobu was moved to the post of Kinri Goshuei Sotoku (post to guard Kinri Palace).
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）3月、慶喜が禁裏守衛総督に転じたために廃止された。
English: Tenka-bito (or tenka-nin) refers to the people who controlled the world as they knew it (in this case, the Japanese islands).
Japanese: 天下人（てんかびと／てんかにん）とは、天下の政権を掌握した人のことをいう。
English: It refers to the people who unified and controlled the whole of Japan, except Ryukyu (Okinawa prefecture) and most areas of Ezochi (Hokkaido), from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period.
Japanese: 主に戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、琉球（沖縄県）と蝦夷地（北海道）の大半を除く日本全土を自らの支配下に置き、日本全土を統一した者を指す。
English: "Tenka" is a concept, which originated in China that referred to the entire world; it has been used in Japan since ancient times.
Japanese: もともと「天下」とは、世界の全体を指す抽象概念であり、古代中国の思想概念だったものが、日本でも古代から用いられるようになった。
English: The word "tenka" is seen on the roban (dew basin at the bottom of a pagoda finial) of Asuka-dera Temple established by SOGA no Umako, which confirms that the word was already used in 596.
Japanese: 「天下」という言葉は、蘇我馬子が草創した飛鳥寺の塔の露盤銘で、推古天皇4年（596年）に使用されていることが確認されている。
English: Since then, the word has frequently been used to the extent that Government of an Emperor is called "chitenka" (rule the tenka).
Japanese: それ以降、しきりに用いられ、天皇の支配を「治天下」と表現したりしている。
English: It is not certain when the word "tenka-bito" first became an established word or who started using it, however, it is said that the first book in which this word was mentioned was "Kawasumi Taikoki" written in 1621, and it is thought that this word had already become a common word among the people of that time.
Japanese: 「天下人」という言葉がいつ頃出来上がって、誰が使い始めたかは定かではないが、江戸時代初期の元和(日本)7年（1621年）より書かれた『川角太閤記』が初めてといわれており、この頃にはすでに普及・定着しつつあったことがわかる。
English: The conditions for achieving the status of tenka-bito differ according to the period and the individual.
Japanese: 天下人が天下を取った人である以上、当然の条件としていえるが、天下人が取った天下の内容が時代によって一様ではなかった。
English: For example, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo called his project 'Beginning of a unified country (tenka no shoshi),' however, his governing areas cannot be compared with the sixty or so provinces that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA governed.
Japanese: 例えば、源頼朝は、自らの事業を「天下の草創」と称したが、後の豊臣秀吉や徳川家康が日本六十余州を支配したことに比べ、頼朝は比較にならないほどである。
English: However, the reason Yoritomo was called tenka-bito is because he influenced the whole country through the firm master-and-servant relationship (obligation and service) with each samurai.
Japanese: しかし、頼朝が天下人と呼ばれるのは、御家人制と呼ばれる個々の武士たちとの主従的結合（御恩と奉公）を通じて、全国に影響力を及ぼすことができたためである。
English: Nobunaga was aiming to unify the whole country under 'Nobunaga ODA's unification of Japan policy,' however, he suddenly died in the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 信長は「織田信長天下布武」のもと、天下統一を志していたが、本能寺の変で急死。
English: The reason he was regarded as 'the master of tenka (tenka no nushi)' or 'Mr. Tenka (tenka sama)' is because he controlled the center of Japan, i.e. Kyoto.
Japanese: しかし、信長が在世中から「天下の主」「天下様」とされていたのは、天下＝日本の中心部、つまり京都を支配下に置いていたことである。
English: Tenka-bito took control of the government as the vassal of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 天下人は、例外なく朝廷の臣下としての形を取りながら、政治の実権を握った。
English: It can be said that, by having the Imperial family as their leader, they were in fact running the country.
Japanese: 彼らは天皇家（天皇・治天の君）を頭の上に戴いて事業を進めていたといえる。
English: As the samurai government came to prominence, the Imperial family was gradually losing its power, to the extent that they had authority but no power.
Japanese: 武家政権が出現した頃には、天皇家は次第に権力を失いつつあり、権威だけを保有する方向に向かっていた。
English: Tenka-bito as the vassal of the Imperial Court governed the country in two ways: as a military officer such as Seiitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) and as a civil officer such as Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) and Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister); however, to holding such a position was not necessarily a requirement of a tenka-bito.
Japanese: 朝廷の臣下としての天下人は、征夷大将軍のような武官コースを取る場合と、関白・太政大臣といった文官コースを取る場合とがあったが、それは関係のないことであり、一定のポストに就かなければ天下人と見られないわけではない。
English: Yoritomo, Takauji, and Ieyasu all became Seiitaishogun, however, Hideyoshi chose to be kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor).
Japanese: 頼朝、尊氏、家康は征夷大将軍になっているが、秀吉は関白となる道を選んだ。