nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Despite this, Hideyoshi purged Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and his family during the Bunroku period, which made the decline of the Toyotomi clan conclusive.
Japanese: にも関わらず、文禄年間に秀吉が行なった豊臣秀次とその一族に対する粛清は、豊臣一族の衰退を決定的なものとしたのである。
English: Hideyoshi also divided his vassals trained from their boyhood into Budan-ha and Bunchi-ha, and had them work hard.
Japanese: また、秀吉は子飼いの家臣団を、武断派と文治派で分離してそれぞれ登用した。
English: Although it can be said that it was typical of Hideyoshi's way of using people effectively, it resulted in the conflict between Budan-ha including Kiyomasa KATO and Bunchi-ha including Mitsunari ISHIDA after Hideyoshi's death.
Japanese: 人材を効率よく使おうという秀吉らしいやり方と言えるのだが、それは秀吉没後に加藤清正ら武断派と、石田三成ら文治派の抗争へと発展した。
English: In his later years, Hideyoshi forbade feudal lords to make marital relationships with each other without his permission in order to stabilize the Toyotomi government, to which his son, Hideyori, would succeed.
Japanese: さらに秀吉は晩年、後継者の秀頼における豊臣政権を磐石なものとするために、諸大名に無断で婚姻を結ぶことを禁止している。
English: In addition, Hideyoshi established the supreme organization of the Toyotomi government by appointing the following influential feudal lords as 'Gotairo' (Council of Five Elders): Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Toshiie MAEDA, Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA, and Takakage KOBAYAKAWA (Kagekatsu UESUGI after Takakage's death in 1597).
Japanese: さらに徳川家康・前田利家・毛利輝元・宇喜多秀家・小早川隆景（慶長2年の隆景没後は、上杉景勝）ら、有力大名を五大老に任じて豊臣政権の最高機関とした。
English: This was a so-called cabinet system and various matters were decided by the agreement of the 'Gotairo.'
Japanese: これはいわゆる内閣制度であり、この五大老の合議によって天下の諸事が決定されるというものであった。
English: Clerical work, such as land survey, was conducted by so-called Gobugyo (five major magistrates), Hideyoshi's vassals trained from their boyhood: Mitsunari ISHIDA, Nagamasa ASANO, Geni MAEDA, Nagamori MASHITA and Masaie NAGATSUKA.
Japanese: また、検地などの事務的な処理に関しては、秀吉子飼いの家臣である石田三成・浅野長政・前田玄以・増田長盛・長束正家らいわゆる五奉行によって執行された。
English: Yoshiharu HORIO, Kazuuji NAKAMURA and Chikamasa IKOMA worked as 'Sanchuro' (arbitration office) in order to control and supervise 'Gotairo' and 'Gobugyo.'
Japanese: そして、この五大老と五奉行の調整・監視役として堀尾吉晴・中村一氏・生駒親正らが三中老を務めた。
English: However, those systems, Gotairo, Sanchuro and Gobugyo, are said to have not developed enough as political structures.
Japanese: しかし、これら五大老・三中老・五奉行の制度はいずれも、政治機構としては未熟だったと言われている。
English: In fact, Ieyasu Tokugawa, who became outstandingly influential after Hideyoshi's death, made marital relationships with several lords without the Toyotomi clan's permission.
Japanese: 事実、秀吉の没後に五大老の中でも特にその勢力が抜きん出ていた徳川家康は、豊臣氏に無断で諸大名と婚姻関係を結んでいる。
English: While it is said that Hideyoshi established that political structure partly because he wanted to contain Ieyasu, Hideyoshi's intentions seemed to have resulted in failure.
Japanese: 秀吉がこの政治機構を定めたのは、家康に対する牽制の意味もあったと言われているが、結果的にみてそれは失敗に終わったと言えるのである。
English: (However, the Toyotomi clan could control the Tokugawa clan while Toshiie Maeda was alive, because Toshiie could compete with Ieyasu: if Toshiie had not passed away only eight months after Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu might have had difficulty in gaining control of the government.)
Japanese: （ただし、家康と対抗可能な勢力を誇っていた前田利家が存命中は、徳川家が豊臣家を上回る権威を持つことは阻止できており、利家が秀吉の死から僅か8ヵ月後に病死しなければ家康の政権獲得は困難だったとも考えられる。）
English: The Toyotomi clan's territory (directly-controlled land) was 2,220,000 koku in total and was less than Ieyasu's territory in the Kanto region, which was 2,500,000 koku.
Japanese: 豊臣氏の所領（蔵入地）も、全国合わせて222万石と、家康が関東で支配していた250万石に及ばない石高であった。
English: However, as the Toyotomi clan owned the major gold and silver mines, they financially overpowered the Tokugawa clan.
Japanese: ただし、全国の主要金山・銀山を支配していたため、財政的には豊臣氏が徳川氏を圧倒していた。
English: While Hideyoshi, after having given some of his territory to his greatest vassal, directly owned 2,220,000 koku-land, Ieyasu's 2,500,000 koku-territory included the lands given to his vassal, and Ieyasu's directly-controlled land was one million koku-territory; therefore, Hideyoshi's territory was in fact much bigger than Ieyasu's.
Japanese: また秀吉の222万石というのは多くの直臣に所領を分け与えた残りであり、一方の家康の250万石は直臣に分け与えた所領もあわせての数字であり、家康自身の蔵入地は約100万石であるので秀吉の方が大きい。
English: As mentioned above, the Toyotomi government functioned, keeping a fragile balance, only when it depended upon influential feudal lords under the control of Hideyoshi, a very powerful dictator.
Japanese: このように、豊臣政権の政権基盤は秀吉という強大な一独裁者のもとで、大勢力を持つ諸大名の上に乗っかり、危ういバランスによって何とか機能していた一代政権に過ぎなかった。
English: Therefore, after Hideyoshi's death, the Toyotomi government's inconsistencies and weak points came to the surface and it was taken over by the Tokugawa clan within a few years.
Japanese: このため、秀吉没後に豊臣政権の矛盾、及び弱体が表面化し、わずか数年の後に徳川氏によって取って代わられることとなったのである。
English: Although the Toyotomi Government had 'bugho', magistrates as government bureaucrats who were in charge of national politics from its beginning, they didn't have any systematic laws until the end of the government.
Japanese: 豊臣政権では、国政の執行官僚としての奉行は当初から存在していたが、体制を定めた体系的な法令は政権末期まで存在しなかった。
English: In 1595, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI accused Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI of raising a rebellion and made Hidetsugu commit suicide by disembowelment and punished Hidetsugu's vassals.
Japanese: 文禄4年（1595年）に豊臣秀吉は豊臣秀次を謀反を企てたとの理由で切腹させ秀次の部下も粛正した。
English: In the same year, due to the power vacuum and for the assistant of Hideyori TOYOTOMI, a very young lord, 'On Okite' (five rules and regulations) and 'On Okite Tsuika' (nine supplements to the rules and regulations) were issued under the 'rensho' (assistant to regents) of 'Gotairo' and the political function of the government was established.
Japanese: この権力の空白と幼君の豊臣秀頼補佐のために後の五大老の連署を受けて同年「御掟」五箇条と「御掟追加」九箇条を公布し政権機能を制定した。
English: Gotairo' and 'Sanchuro' were established as well as 'Gobugyo', who were in charge of public administration, justice, financial administration, civil engineering work and religion, and 'Juhinshu' (Ten influential families), who were in charge of the acceptance of lawsuits and hearing of opinions, were established.
Japanese: 五大老・三中老が置かれ、行政、司法、財政、土木、宗教の担当官として五奉行を設置、また訴訟の受理・聴取を担当する十人衆が設置された。
English: When Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI passed away in 1598, those systems were to support the Toyotomi government; however, the laws did not always function.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉が慶長3年（1598年）に死去するとこれらの体制で政権を維持することとなったが、必ずしも法令が機能したとは言えない結果となった。
English: Most of the provisions written in 'On Okite' and 'On Okite Tsuika' were adopted into 'Buke shohatto' (Laws for the Military Houses) issued by the 'Edo bakufu' (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: なお「御掟」「御掟追加」の条文は後に江戸幕府の「武家諸法度」に大幅に取り入れられている。
English: In local regions, the Toyotomi government established a 'Daimyo chigyo system' (system of giving fiefs to a Daimyo); the government admitted each feudal lord's sovereignty by issuing 'shuinjo' (a vermillion seal letter).
Japanese: 地方においては、朱印状を発行して大名の統治権を改めて認めるという大名知行制を敷いた。
English: While 'shugo daimyo' (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) during the Muromachi period reigned over a whole region or province, Hideyoshi established the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi and made the area that each feudal lord could reign 'goson' (a self-governing village).
Japanese: 室町時代の守護大名は国ごとあるいは郡ごとの一円支配だったのに対し、秀吉は太閤蔵入地を設定して大名の支配を郷村単位の支配としたことに意義がある。
English: The central administration was able to take part in the rural area's financial and domestic administrations through Hideyoshi's directly-controlled land, which indicated the local regions carried a lot of weight.
Japanese: また、中央政権は太閤蔵入地を通じてその地の財政・内政に関与することができるなど、豊臣政権は地方に発言力があった。
English: Hideyoshi placed 'fudai daimyo' (a daimyo in hereditary vassalage to the Toyotomi clan) near Osaka, while placing 'tozama daimyo' (nonhereditary feudal lord) in remote regions such as shifting Ieyasu TOKUGAWA to the Kanto region.
Japanese: 大名配置についても、大坂の周辺に譜代の大名を置き、徳川家康を関東に移すなど外様は辺境に置かれた。
English: Hideyoshi tried to prevent those in charge of government practices from having military forces; for example, Hideyoshi gave 200,000 koku to the 'bugyoshu' (group of magistrates), including Mitsunari ISHIDA, and didn't allow 'tozama' to participate in government affairs.
Japanese: そして石田三成など政務を執る奉行衆は20万石前後とし、外様には政権参与を原則的に許してないなど、政務者と軍事力の分離が図られた。
English: First, by gaining approximately two million koku from the land directly controlled by Taiko Hideyoshi; second, by gaining profits of gold and silver from gold and silver mines, which were part of Hideyoshi's directly controlled territories (Sado Gold Mine of Sado Province and Iwami Silver Mine of Iwami Province and Ikuno Silver Mine of Tajima Province) (Hideyoshi issued the new coins, 'Tensho-Oban' and 'Tensho Tsuho' after a long interval since 'Kocho-Junisen' (twelve coins casted in Japan) had been issued in the Heian period; third, gaining profits by directly controlling cities where commerce had developed (Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Fushimi and Nagasaki).
Japanese: 第一に、上記に掲げた太閤蔵入地約200万石、第二に、直轄領とした金山・銀山（佐渡国佐渡金山、石見国石見銀山、但馬国生野銀山）から上がる金銀の収益（金銀の収益を背景に、平安時代に発行された皇朝十二銭以来となる国内発行の貨幣（天正大判・天正通宝）を発行）、第三に、商業が発達した都市（大坂、堺、京都、伏見、長崎）を直轄地とすることから上がる収益であった。
English: On the head side are the designs for 'Japan', 'one yen' (both in kanji) and a sapling, while on the tail side is the number 'one' and the year of mintage.
Japanese: 表面には「日本国」と「一円」そして「若木」が、裏面には「1」と製造年がデザインされている。
English: In 1954, one year before it was issued, designs for this one-yen coin and (former) 50-yen coin were sought from the public for the first time after the war.
Japanese: 発行される前年の1954年、この一円硬貨と（旧）五十円硬貨のデザインが戦後初めて一般公募された。
English: The sapling on the head side was designed by Masami NAKAMURA who lived in Kyoto Prefecture at the time, and the number '1' on the tail side was designed by Toshio TAKASHIMA who lived in Osaka Prefecture at the time.
Japanese: 表の「若木」のデザインは当時京都府在住の中村雅美のものが、裏の「1」のデザインは当時大阪府在住の高島登二雄のものが、それぞれ選ばれた。
English: There was no specific model for the sapling design, instead the concept is that, because there is no particular model, it can be related to any tree.
Japanese: ちなみに若木のデザインのモデルは特になく、特定のモデルがないからこそ却ってどの木にも通じる、という考え方である。
English: Before the consumption tax was introduced, the coins were sparsely used in supermarkets etc., however, after the tax was introduced, the supply significantly increased as well as that of five-yen coins, so they began to be minted in high volume especially during the Heisei period.
Japanese: 消費税導入前はスーパーマーケットなどで細々と流通している程度であったが、導入以降は五円硬貨とともに流通量が激増したため、特に平成に入ってから大量に製造されている。
English: Since 1997, when the consumption tax was increased from 3% to 5%, however, their need has decreased and so has their mintage.
Japanese: しかし消費税が3％から5％に増税された1997年以降はあまり必要性が無くなったため製造量を減らし始めている。
English: Especially in 2001, only about 8 million coins were minted, so coins manufactured in that year are traded at relatively high prices (compared to their face value) in old coin shops etc.
Japanese: 特に2001年（平成13年）は800万枚程度しか製造されなかったため、同年製造の分は未使用であれば古銭商などで（額面に比べれば）比較的高値で取引されている。
English: It is well known that the cost to mint a one-yen coin is higher than one yen, and the more they mint, the more money they lose.
Japanese: 一円硬貨1枚を製造するのにかかるコストは1円以上で、造れば造るほど赤字となっているという話は有名である。
English: The cost of the raw material, aluminum, alone is about 0.7 yen, and it is said that the cost is around 1.6 - 1.8 yen to finish manufacturing a one-yen coin.
Japanese: 原料となるアルミニウムの原価だけで1枚あたり0.7円程度かかっており、そこから1円玉として出来上がるまでに1枚あたり1.6～1.8円程度のコストがかかっていると言われている。
English: This one-yen brass coin was issued after the war, but because there was a risk that the coins may be melted due to an increase in price for the raw metal, production was ceased.
Japanese: なおこの一円黄銅貨は戦後発行であるが、素材金属価格の高騰により鋳つぶしされる危険があるため、失効した。
English: The Japan Mint defines that the side on which the year is marked is the tail side for convenience sake, however, unlike coins from the Meiji period, the 100-yen coin legally has no head or tail.
Japanese: 造幣局(日本)では便宜上年号の記された面を「裏」としているが、明治時代の硬貨と異なり法律上、百円硬貨に表裏はない。
English: On the head side are the designs for 'Japan', '100 yen' (both in kanji) and Japanese cherries, and on the tail side is the number '100' and the year of manufacture.
Japanese: 表面には「日本国」と「百円」そしてサクラが、裏面には「100」と製造年がデザインされている。
English: For the character for '100,' a design similar to the character for '50' on current 50-yen coin is used.
Japanese: 「100」の文字は現行五十円硬貨の「50」と類似したデザインが用いられている。
English: In 1957, the 100-yen silver coin was issued with the design of a "Hoo" (a mythological sacred bird in Chinese lore, a phoenix) as the first silver coin minted after the war.
Japanese: 1957年に戦後初めての銀貨として鳳凰を意匠とする100円銀貨が発行された。
English: At the same time, the design of the 50-yen coin was also changed and both designs were sought from the public.
Japanese: なお、この際に五十円硬貨もデザインが変更となり、デザインはともに一般公募された。
English: Assuming it is 50 yen, the price of silver contained in a 100-yen silver coin is (50x4.8x0.6) 144 yen, which exceeds the face value.
Japanese: 仮に50円とした場合の百円銀貨に含まれる銀の価格は(50x4.8x0.6)144円となり額面金額を超える。
English: If the value of silver were to go even higher, there is a potential risk that the coin will become subject to illegal acts against the Act on Control of Damaging and Other Acts Related to Coins.
Japanese: 今後銀相場がさらに高くなった場合、違法な貨幣損傷等取締法行為の対象にされる恐れが潜在的にある。
English: Karuka, sakujo, komeya were the Japanese names for the ramrod used for loading muzzle loading guns.
Japanese: 槊杖（かるか・さくじょう・こめや）とは、前装式古式銃の装塡用の棒につけられた名称である。
English: The Chinese characters used for the word are seen very rarely in Japanese historical documents, and the word is most often written in katakana characters, then hiragana characters, then Chinese characters.
Japanese: 日本では歴史的な記録としてこの漢字を見ることは少なく、使用頻度的にはカタカナ表記の「カルカ」、ひらがなの「かるか」、漢字で「㮶」（木偏に朔）の順で用いられる。
English: Even when the word is written with Chinese characters, they are accompanied by furigana (Japanese characters showing how to read the Chinese characters), and after the Meiji period, the scholarly reading of the word tends to be sakujo following the Chinese reading style.
Japanese: 漢字で表記された場合でも、その多くは「かるか」の振り仮名が付されており、明治以降学術的呼称として、音読みで「さくじょう」と呼ばれる傾向にあるようである。
English: It was used not only for loading but also for cleaning the bore (Those that were strictly for cleaning were called washing arrows).
Japanese: 装塡ばかりでなく銃腔清掃にも使用する（但し、清掃専用のものは「洗い矢」と云う）。
English: When Japanese guns were using the matchlock system, bullets were loaded from the muzzle (muzzle loading method).
Japanese: 日本の銃が火縄式であった時代は、玉込めを銃口から行い、先込め（前装式装塡法）であった。
English: The tool used to load ammunition was sakujo or alternatively called karuka.
Japanese: そのときの、弾薬の装塡のための用具が「槊杖」であり、「かるか」ともいう。
English: Even after guns developed to adopt breech loading, a ramrod was kept with certain guns, such as those for military use, for maintenance purposes.
Japanese: その後、銃が後装式に進歩しても、軍用銃等にはメンテナンス用に添えられていた。
English: Japanese matchlock guns had a tunnel-like hole in the wooden floor part of the barrel in order to install the ramrod, but since it was not sturdy enough to use for loading, another larger, more resilient one was carried with the gun during training.
Japanese: 日本の火縄銃では、銃身の下部の銃床木部に、槊杖を収めるためのトンネル状の穴が設けられてそこに収まっていたが、そのままそれを装塡に使用するには耐久力に乏しいので、稽古等では太目の丈夫なものを別に携行した。
English: The ramrod that was attached to the gun was strictly for use in emergencies.
Japanese: 銃の附属品として添えられたものは、あくまで緊急時の予備的なものである。
English: Some guns with larger caliber did not have the hole for the ramrod and they were kept with a big oak stick made for the purporse.
Japanese: また、大口径の銃には槊杖の穴がないものも多く、太い専用の樫棒を別途組み合わせて保管した。
English: Ramrods that accompanied Western flintlock and percussion guns were made of steel.
Japanese: 材質は、欧米のフリントロック銃やパーカッション銃に附属したものは鉄製である。
English: Some of the Japanese flintlock guns, such as Yonezawa-zutsu or guns used by Kanryu School of Shooting had ramrods made of steel but most ramrods were made of wood.
Japanese: 日本の火縄銃は、米沢筒や関流砲術仕様の銃等、鉄製のものもあるが殆どは木製である。
English: Maizuru Prefecture is a prefecture established in 1871 based on the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: 舞鶴県（まいづるけん）は廃藩置県により1871年（明治4年）に設置された県。
English: Maizuru Prefecture was established under the policy of Haihan-chiken and lasted only three months.
Japanese: 舞鶴県は廃藩置県により各藩が県と改編されたもので、約3ヶ月だけ存在した。
English: Maizuru Domain was originally called Tanabe Domain of the Tango Province, but the name overlapped with Tanabe Domain of the Kii Province.
Japanese: そもそも舞鶴は丹後田辺藩であったが、和歌山県の紀伊田辺藩と重複していた。
English: Therefore, it was renamed after Maizuru-jo Castle which was a pseudonym for Tanabe-jo Castle (Tango Province) by order of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State).
Japanese: そこで、太政官の命により、田辺城(丹後国)の雅名であった舞鶴城から藩名をとって舞鶴藩にしたものである。
English: The prefectural government was in the Maizuru-jo Castle, but later, it was consolidated into Toyooka Prefecture along with Miyazu Prefecture and Mineyama Prefecture of the same Tango Province.
Japanese: 県庁は舞鶴城におかれ、後に同じ丹後国の宮津県や峰山県とともに豊岡県に統合された。
English: July 14, 1871: Under the policy of Haihan-chiken, Tango-Tanabe Domain (Maizuru Domain/35,000 koku) was reorganized as Maizuru Prefecture.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）7月14日：廃藩置県により丹後田辺藩（舞鶴藩／3.5万石）が舞鶴県として発足。
English: Toyooka Prefecture is a prefecture established in 1871 based on the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: 豊岡県（とよおかけん）は廃藩置県により1871年（明治4年）に設置された県。
English: July 14, 1871: Under the policy of Haihan-chiken, Toyooka Domain (15,000 koku) was reorganized as Toyooka Prefecture.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）7月14日：廃藩置県により豊岡藩（1.5万石）が豊岡県となる。
English: November 22, 1871: A total of 11 prefectures and 16 counties including Maizuru Prefecture and Sasayama Prefecture were consolidated into Toyooka Prefecture.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）11月22日：舞鶴県や篠山県など11県16郡を豊岡県に統合。
English: Ikuno Prefecture/Izushi Prefecture (30,000 koku)/Toyooka Prefecture (15,000 koku)/Muraoka Prefecture (11,000 koku).
Japanese: 生野県／出石県（3万石）／豊岡県（1.5万石）／村岡県（1.1万石）
English: Miyazu Prefecture (70,000 koku)/Maizuru Prefecture (35,000 koku)/Mineyama Prefecture (11,000 koku)/Kumihama Prefecture.
Japanese: 宮津県（7万石）／舞鶴県（3.5万石）／峰山県（1.1万石）／久美浜県
English: Miyazu Prefecture is a prefecture established in 1871 based on the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: 宮津県（みやづけん）は廃藩置県により1871年（明治4年）に設置された県。
English: July 14, 1871: Under the policy of Haihan-chiken, Miyazu Domain (70,000 koku) was reorganized as Miyazu Prefecture.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）7月14日：廃藩置県により宮津藩（7万石）が宮津県として発足。
English: Mineyama Prefecture was established in 1871 through Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: 峰山県（みねやまけん）は廃藩置県により1871年（明治4年）に設置された県。
English: July 14, 1871: Mineyama Domain was inaugurated as Mineyama Prefecture through Haihan-chiken.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）7月14日：廃藩置県により峰山藩（1.1万石）が峰山県として発足。
English: The Battle of Otsu-jo Castle took place from October 13, 1600 to October 21, 1600.
Japanese: 大津城の戦い（おおつじょうのたたかい）とは、（慶長5年9月7日(旧暦)（1600年10月13日））-慶長5年9月15日(旧暦)（1600年10月21日））まで行なわれた戦い。
English: After Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI died, the opposition between Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who set out to rule the world, Mitsunari ISHIDA, a defender of the Toyotomi clan and member of the anti-Ieyasu group, came to the forefront in the wake of the attack on Aizu in 1600.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉の死後、天下人の座を狙う徳川家康と、豊臣氏擁護の立場から家康と対立する石田三成ら反家康派の対立は、慶長5年の会津攻めを契機として表面化する。
English: Taking the opportunity presented by Ieyasu leaving to attack Aizu, Mitsunari ISHIDA rallied anti-Ieyasu daimyos (feudal lords) such as Yoshitsugu OTANI and Terumoto MORI and took up arms.
Japanese: 石田三成は家康が会津攻めに赴いたことを好機として、大谷吉継や毛利輝元ら反家康派の諸大名を糾合して挙兵した。
English: He then captured the Fushiki-jo Castle exploiting Ieyasu's absence from the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), and after that he set out to suppress the Hokuriku region and Ise area in Ise Province.
Japanese: そして、家康が畿内を留守にしている隙をついて伏見城を落とし、次いで北陸地方や伊勢国伊勢方面の平定に乗り出していた。
English: Yoshitsugu OTANI, who was a daimyo in Tsuruga, Echizen Province, assisted with the suppression of the Hokuriku area.
Japanese: 北陸方面の平定には、越前国敦賀の大名である大谷吉継が担当することとなった。
English: And as a member of the Hokuriku area force Takatsugu KYOGOKU, the lord of Otsu-jo Castle in Omi Province, was part of the Yoshitsugu army.
Japanese: そして、この北陸方面軍の一員として、近江国大津城の城主・京極高次が加わっていたのである。
English: However, while Yoshitsugu was changing his course from the Hokuriku area to Mino Province, Takatsugu suddenly switched to the East side, led his 3,000 soldiers to Otsu-jo Castle and fortified the defenses there.
Japanese: ところが高次は吉継が北陸から美濃国へと転進する最中に突如東軍に寝返り、手勢3000名を率いて大津城に籠城し防備を固め始めた。
English: Yodo-dono (Lady Yodo; Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's concubine and the mother of Hideyori, the heir to the Toyotomi clan) was surprised to hear of this treachery and dispatched an envoy to Takatsugu's wife (Yodo-dono's younger sister Hatsu/Joko-in was at Otsu-jo Castle as she was Takatsugu's lawful wife) to call for a truce and surrender, but the Otsu side never accepted it.
Japanese: この出来事に大坂城の淀殿は驚き、高次夫人に使者を遣わして（淀殿の妹である初（常高院）は高次の正室として城中にあった）、停戦・降伏を求めるが大津側は断固として拒否。
English: In response, the West squad started to besiege Otsu-jo Castle on October 13, 1600 with a force of 15,000 strong mainly organized by daimyos in the Kyushu areas such as Muneshige TACHIBANA, Hidekane MORI and Hirokado TSUKUSHI and led by Motoyasu MORI in retribution for Takatsugu's treachery.
Japanese: これに対して西軍側は高次の裏切りに対する報復として、毛利元康を大将とし、それに立花宗茂、毛利秀包、筑紫広門ら九州方面の諸大名の軍勢を中心とした総勢1万5000人の軍勢をもって、慶長5年9月7日より大津城に対して包囲攻撃を開始した。
English: People who took an especially active role included Akao Izu no kami and Oi YAMADA, who are said to have sallied forth from the castle with 500 elite warriors and stormed their enemy.
Japanese: 中でも赤尾伊豆・山田大炊の活躍はめざましく、精兵500を率いて城外の大軍へ討って出、存分に暴れ回ったという。
English: Takatsugu defended fiercely, but a spearhead convoy led by Kichiemon TACHIBANA from the Tachibana force reached the castle walls.
Japanese: 高次も必死に防戦するが、ここに立花勢の先鋒大将・立花吉右衛門が一隊を率いて城壁に取り付いた。
English: Takatsugu and other Kyogoku forces fought to the last, but eventually became exhausted and surrendered the castle on October 21st.
Japanese: 高次をはじめとする京極勢は奮戦したが遂に力尽き、9月15日に降伏して大津城を開城する。
English: The West squad won tactically at this siege of Otsu-jo Castle but was defeated strategically.
Japanese: この大津城攻防戦は、戦術的には西軍が勝利したが、戦略的には西軍の敗北であった。
English: This is because October 21, 1600, when Takatsugu surrendered Otsu-jo Castle, was the very day that the Battle of Sekigahara took place.
Japanese: なぜならば、高次が大津城を開城した9月15日は、関ヶ原の戦いが繰り広げられた当日だったからである。
English: Which means that the West squad was forced to fight with the disadvantage of fighting against the East squad without the 15,000 warriors that should have been deployed to Sekigahara.
Japanese: つまり、西軍は本来なら関ヶ原にあったはずの1万5000人の兵力を欠いたまま東軍と戦うという不利な状況に追い込まれていたのである。
English: The lack of participation by Muneshige TACHIBANA at Sekigahara was especially lucky for Ieyasu and unlucky for the West squad because Ieyasu feared Muneshige's gallantry in action.
Japanese: 特に、家康がその武勇を恐れていた立花宗茂が関ヶ原の本戦に参加できなかったということは、家康にとっては幸運であり、西軍にとっては不運でもあった。
English: There is the possibility that if Muneshige had joined the Battle of Sekigahara with a force of more than 10,000, the outcome of the battle may have been different.
Japanese: もし、宗茂が1万を超える大軍を率いて本戦に参加できていたなら、東西両軍の勝敗は変わっていた可能さえ指摘されているのである。
English: In fact, after Muneshige had made Takatsugu surrender Otsu-jo Castle on October 21, he and his troops advanced to Kusatsu city, where he knew of the defeat of the West squad and was forced to retreat to Osaka-jo Castle; because of this, after the battle he forfeited the rank of Samurai and his properties.
Japanese: ちなみに、宗茂は9月15日に大津城を開城させた後、軍勢を率いて草津市にまで進出していたが、そこで西軍の壊滅を知って大坂城に退却することを余儀なくされ、戦後に改易されてしまった。
English: On the other hand, Takatsugu KYOGOKU received great praise from Ieyasu for attracting Muneshige TACHIBANA to Otsu-jo Castle and containing him there, so much so that after the Battle of Sekigahara he sent Takatomo KYOGOKU, Takatsugu's younger brother, to Koyasan and not only allowed him to return as a daimyo but also gave him the territories of Obama-jo Castle, comprised of 92,000 koku (unit), in Wakasa Province.
Japanese: なお、敗軍の将である京極高次に対して、家康はあの立花宗茂をよく押さえてくれたということから、関ヶ原後に高次の弟・京極高知を使者として高野山に派遣し、大名としての復帰を許しただけではなく、若狭国一国小浜城9万2000石(単位)の所領を与えるなど、宗茂を大津城に引き付けたことを大いに賞賛したという。
English: The term heimin designated a class of family and was created in 1869 in Japan.
Japanese: 日本では、1869年（明治2年）に新設された族称の一つが平民である。