nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In an July 16, 1288, imperial decree by Emperor Fushimi prohibiting hunting and fishing, the area outside Rakuchu to which the ban applied was referred to as 'Kinkyo' and specified as an area extending to the base of Mt. Higashi (Kyoto Prefecture) in the east, Akae (modern-day Furukawa-cho, Hazukashi, Fushimi Ward) in the south, the eastern side the Katsura-gawa River in the west, and Mt. Kamo in the north.
Japanese: 正応元年6月10日(旧暦)（1288年7月9日）の伏見天皇による殺生禁止の宣旨には、宣旨を適用する洛中の外側を「近境」と表現して、東は東山(京都府)の下、南を赤江（現在の伏見区羽束師古川町）、西を桂川の東、北を賀茂の山と定めている。
English: The Imperial Court and the Muromachi bakufu imposed Sakaya yaku (taxes imposed on sake brewing) on 'Rakuchu Hendo' at the end of the Kamakura period, and it became general practice to use the name Rakugai instead of Hendo since around the time of the Onin War.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期の朝廷や室町幕府が酒屋役を「洛中辺土」に課しており、応仁の乱の頃から辺土に替わって洛外という語が一般的になる。
English: From the Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (Japan), the custom arose of calling the area north of Sanjo-dori Street Kamikyo, and the area in the south of the street Shimokyo, with Kamikyo and Shimokyo each having their own sogamae (outer citadel).
Japanese: 室町時代から戦国時代_(日本)にかけて三条通を境目として北側を上京（かみきょう）、南側を下京（しもきょう）と呼ぶ慣習が生まれ、上京と下京がそれぞれ別個の惣構を持った。
English: When reconstructing Kyoto, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI implemented his Taiko-kenchi land survey in Rakuchu from around 1587, and in 1591 he constructed doi (mound) around central Kyoto.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉の京都改造の際に1587年頃より洛中の太閤検地を行い、続いて1591年には京都中心部を囲うように土居を建設した。
English: Upon designating the area inside of the doi as Rakuchu and the area outside as Rakugai, Hideyoshi went on to specifically designate inner Rakuchu; with the exception of villages such as Ueno, Nishinokyo, Chudoji, Kujo and Shiokoji which were treated as agricultural villages; as Kyochu and allowed a certain degree of self-governance by machi-doshiyori (ward heads) and later by chodai (town officials who assisted government officials).
Japanese: また、土居の内側を洛中・外側を洛外として、洛中内部において更に農村として扱った上野・西ノ京・中堂寺・九条・塩小路などの村々を除いた洛中地域を特に京中（きょうちゅう）として上京・下京のそれぞれの町年寄（後に町代）による一定の自治を認めた。
English: As a result of this, an early modern period Kyoto consisting a territorially-connected community of 'Sogumi' (Kamikyo and Shimokyo), 'Machigumi' (also known as kunimachi) and each 'machi' (town) came to be formed.
Japanese: これによって「惣組」（上京・下京）－「町組」（「組町」とも）－各町という近世京都の地縁共同体が形成される事になる。
English: The city subsequently expanded beyond Kyochu into the entire Rakuchu area and even into Rakugai, and the entire Rakuchu area and part of Rakugai were made exempt from jishi (land tax) with the visit of the Seii Taishogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA to Kyoto in 1634.
Japanese: その後、京中を越えて洛中全域そして洛外にも都市部が拡大し、1634年の征夷大将軍徳川家光の上洛を機に洛中全域と洛外の一部に地子免除が認められた。
English: With the establishment of the post of Kyoto machi-bugyo in 1669, all Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines with the exception of monzeki temples (temples of high rank where members of imperial family and nobility entered the priesthood) came under the control of machi-bugyo.
Japanese: 1669年の京都町奉行の設置を機に、門跡寺院を除く寺社の管轄が町奉行となった。
English: Owing to the completion (in 1670) an embankment along the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River System) on which construction began immediately afterwards, the natural conditions dividing Rakuchu from Rakugai changed significantly when the river beach of the Kamo-gawa River was eliminated and the river transformed into a channel while channels to the north of Gojo disappeared.
Japanese: また、直後に始まった鴨川(淀川水系)の堤防設置工事にの完成（1670年）によって鴨川の河原が消えて水路化し、逆に五条以北の水路が消えたために洛中と洛外を区切る自然条件が大きく変化した。
English: As a result of this, the urban area rapidly expanded to include the north of Rakuchu, which led to the expansion of a city called 'Rakuchu Rakugai Machitsuzuki' (lit. town extending from Rakuchu to Rakugai).
Japanese: それにより急激に洛中の北側に市街が広がって「洛中洛外町続」と呼ばれる都市の拡大のきっかけになった。
English: Machi-bugyo adopted a policy to restrain the expansion of the town but it was in fact the case that until then end of the Edo period, a situation continued in which the city's expansion preceded any ratification by the machi-bugyo or the yoriki (police sergeants) who were responsible for assessing the propriety of new town planning.
Japanese: 町奉行は町の拡大を抑制する方針を採ったが、実際には都市の拡大が先行して町奉行及び新しい町割の是非を審査する新地掛の与力がこれを追認する状況が幕末まで続いた。
English: Kamikyo and Shimokyo which extended to Rakugai became the basis of early modern period Kyoto City.
Japanese: この洛外にまで広がった上京と下京が近代以後の京都市の基礎となっていくことになる。
English: The presence of an active fault in Kyoto City has been confirmed, and this has historically caused great damage.
Japanese: 京都市内には活断層の存在が確認され、歴史的にも大きな被害をもたらしている。
English: Many cultural properties including a large number of wooden buildings and Buddhist images exist in modern-day Kyoto City, and there is continuing recognition of research findings which claim that these cultural properties have survived because the majority of them were located outside of the residential area until the early Showa period and therefore escaped the fires that repeatedly spread from the urban center.
Japanese: ところで、現在京都市内には、多くの木造建築物や仏像などの文化財が数多く現存しているが、その理由として、これらの文化財は昭和初期までほとんどが住宅地の外にあり、幾たびかの市街地からの延焼をまぬがれてきたから存在するとの研究結果が認知されつつある。
English: However, experts are voicing the fear that the probability that cultural properties enveloped by the sprawl of recent residential areas can become lost in fires caused by earthquakes and other factors is greater than ever before.
Japanese: ところが、近時住宅地にのみこまれた文化財は、地震等による大火で失われる確立が過去に無いほど非常に危険な状態にあると危惧する声が有識者の中から上がっている。
English: When judging the earthquake resistance of those cultural properties in accordance with current standards, there are many buildings that fail but dismantling and repair can only be conducted once every century and requires enormous amounts of money.
Japanese: また、それら文化財自体の地震などへの耐震性についても、現在の基準で判断すると問題のある建物も相当数あるが、解体修理は世紀単位で一度しかできず、莫大な費用を要する。
English: There is therefore the fear that a building determined to be insufficiently earthquake resistant may be forced to restrict admission and there would be many cases for which even assessments could not be conducted.
Japanese: そのため、万一耐震不足と認定されれば、入場制限を強いられる恐れがあり、診断さえ行われない場合が多い。
English: As the first elementary schools established in Japan under the school district system were 64 District Elementary Schools in Kyoto which were founded in 1869, prior to the establishment of the national school system (in 1872).
Japanese: 日本における最初の学区制小学校は、国の学校制度創設（1872年）に先立ち、1869年に創設された64校の京都の番組小学校である。
English: Many of these elementary schools were consolidated but 22 still remain.
Japanese: これらの小学校のうち多くは統廃合されたが、22校は現在も残っている。
English: They not only functioned as educational institutions but also as government offices, police stations, fire departments, healthcare centers and so on.
Japanese: 教育機関としての機能だけでなく、役所・警察・消防・保健所等の機能も併せ持っていた。
English: Even today, the school district of a District Elementary School is called motogakku (original school district), and is a unit of council organization.
Japanese: 現在でも、番組小学校の学区は元学区と呼ばれ、自治会組織の単位となっている。
English: Aso-kai or Asonoumi is an inland sea called kaisekiko surrounded by Miyazu City and Yosano-cho Yosano-gun Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 阿蘇海（あそかい、あそのうみ）は京都府宮津市、与謝郡与謝野町にまたがる内海（海跡湖）。
English: In the closed-section of the bay the Noda-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture) flows out, and the sea water of Miyazu Bay flows in and out only through a narrow aqueduct.
Japanese: 湾奥には野田川(京都府)が流入し、宮津湾とは狭い水道でのみつながる。
English: Although the scenery of Amanohashidate is entrancingly beautiful, the quality of water in the Aso-kai and Miyazu Bay across the Amanohashidate has been increasingly polluted due to the delay of sewage work in Noda-gawa River system, which flows into Aso-kai.
Japanese: 天橋立の風光明媚さとは裏腹に、野田川水系の下水道整備が遅れたため、阿蘇海に流入する川の水質悪化にともない、阿蘇海や天橋立をはさむ宮津湾でも水質汚濁が進んでいる。
English: The mean value of fiscal year 2005 was 2 -3 mg/l in Aso-kai and 1 -1.5 mg/l in Miyazu Bay, both of which tend to increase year by year.
Japanese: 2005年度平均値では阿蘇海で2～3mg/l（宮津湾で1～1.5mg/l）で、年々値が上昇する傾向にある。
English: The fiscal year 2005 investigation showed that the value of chemical oxygen demand did not meet the requirement.
Japanese: 2005年度調査では若狭湾、宮津湾とともに化学的酸素要求量(化学的酸素要求量)が基準未達成であった。
English: Since it is a lagoon, eutrophication and organic contamination are the most serious problem in the sea area of Wakasa Bay, Kyoto Prefecture where waste water standards for nitrogen and phosphorus are regulated.
Japanese: 潟湖であることから京都府下の若狭湾の窒素・燐排水基準の規制のある海域では富栄養化と有機汚濁が最も深刻である。
English: Mt. Atago (Atagoyama or Atagosan in Japanese) is a mountain located in the border between Yamashiro Province and Tanba Province, the northwest part of Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 愛宕山（あたごやま、あたごさん）は、京都府京都市右京区の北西部、山城国と丹波国の国境にある山。
English: The top of the mountain is in Kyoto City and the city boundary exists about 1.5 km west of it, thus the mountain extends to Kameoka City.
Japanese: 山頂は京都市に所在するが、約1.5km西に市境があり、山体は亀岡市にまたがる。
English: Mt. Atago, which stands northwest of Kyoto Basin, has been worshipped along with Mt. Hiei, which stands northeast of the Kyoto Basin.
Japanese: 京都盆地の西北にそびえ、京都盆地東北の比叡山と並び古くより信仰対象の山とされた。
English: On top of the mountain there exists Atago-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City), which has been worshipped by the people of Kyoto as hibuse no kami or gods to protects from fire and theft from a long time ago.
Japanese: 山頂には愛宕神社(京都市)があり、古来より火伏せの神様として京都の住民の信仰を集めている。
English: It is also known that Mitsuhide AKECHI visited the Atago-jinja Shrine and composed a tanka poem just prior to the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 本能寺の変の直前に明智光秀が愛宕神社を参詣し愛宕百韻を詠んだことでも知られる。
English: A mountain trail from Kameoka City up to the Mt. Atago was the route taken by Mitsuhide, and that is why it has been called 'Akechi-goe.'
Japanese: 亀岡市から愛宕山への登山道は光秀が通ったことから「明智越え」と呼ばれている。
English: Mt. Miyama is a mountain which is located in the boundary between Nose-cho, Toyono-gun, Osaka Prefecture and Nantan City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 深山（みやま）は大阪府豊能郡能勢町と京都府南丹市との境界に位置する山。
English: The most popular one is an approach from Okururikei River Valley, and it takes approximately one hour and fifty minutes to reach the mountain top.
Japanese: 最もポピュラーなルートは奥るり渓方面からアプローチするもので、頂上まで1時間50分ほどが必要である。
English: To Okururikei River Valley, buses go from Nose Electric Railway Nissei-chuo Station or JR Sanin Main Line Sonobe Station.
Japanese: 奥るり渓には能勢電鉄日生中央駅もしくは、JR山陰本線園部駅からバスがある。
English: Another route is to approach from Hirono district and buses go from Kameoka Station.
Japanese: もう一つは、広野方面からアプローチするもので、広野には亀岡駅からバスがある。
English: From Fukusumi, it takes approximately two and an half hours to the top of the mountain by way of Sasayamanomori Park, Kosaka-toge Pass, and Mt. Funasaka.
Japanese: 福住からささやまの森公園、庫坂峠、舩坂山を経由して2時間半程度で山頂に着くことができる。
English: Ohara (the kanji used is 大原 which is pronounced as O-o-ha-ra or O-ha-ra) is the name of a small-scale basin located in the upstream region of Takano-gawa River (Kyoto City) at the western foot of Mt. Hiei in the northeastern part of Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: 大原（おおはら/おはら）は、京都市左京区北東部の比叡山西麓高野川(京都市)上流部に位置する小規模盆地の名称。
English: Ohara used to belong to Otagi District, Yamashiro Province and was also called 'Yase Ohara' in combination with Yase which neighbored Ohara to its south.
Japanese: かつては山城国愛宕郡に属し、南隣の八瀬とセットで「八瀬大原」とも称された。
English: Since Ohara was close to the Enryaku-ji Temple, many temples of Tendai sect such as Shorin-in Temple and Raigo-in Temple (Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City), Sanzen-in Temple, Jakko-in Temple, etc. were built.
Japanese: また延暦寺に近かったことから、勝林院・来迎院(京都市左京区)・三千院・寂光院など多くの天台宗系寺院が建立された。
English: Ohara was also used as an escape route from Kyoto in times of war and political strife, and since ancient times was also known as a place at which to enter the Buddhist priesthood or to retire from the society.
Japanese: また、戦争・政争による京都からの脱出のルートとしても用いられ、出家・隠遁の地としても古くから知られていた。
English: Ohara is known as the place where individuals who included Imperial Prince Koretaka, Kenreimonin but also brothers of Jakunen, Jakucho and Jakuzen who were called the Ohara no Sanjaku (or Tokiwa no Sanjaku), FUJIWARA no Akinobu, Saigyo and KAMO no Chomei retired from the world.
Japanese: 惟喬親王や建礼門院をはじめ、大原三寂（常盤三寂）と称された寂念・寂超・寂然兄弟、藤原顕信・西行・鴨長明などの隠遁の地として知られている。
English: After the middle ages, Ohara was known as a place where firewood and charcoal were produced, and Oharame (the women of Ohara), who were as highly regarded as Shirakawame (women from Kita-Shirakawa who sell flowers) and Katsurame (women from Katsura, Kyoto city), with their unique clothing would walk to Kyoto to sell this firewood and charcoal.
Japanese: 中世以後は薪炭の生産地として知られ、独自のいでたちをした大原女が京都まで薪炭を売り歩き、白川女・桂女と並び称された。
English: During the early-modern period, Ohara-go Township consisted of 12 villages, but in 1883 the eight central villages merged to form the village of 'Ohara-mura,' and when the city-town-village system was enacted in 1889 the remaining four villages merged to form Ohara Village, Otagi District.
Japanese: 近世の大原郷は12の村から構成されていたが、1883年に中心部の8村が合併して「大原村」を名乗り、1889年の町村制制定の際に残り4村を合併して愛宕郡大原村となった。
English: At that time, the 12 former villages continued as settlements and Kochidani subsequently separated to form a 13th settlement.
Japanese: その際、旧12の村はそのまま集落として引き継がれ、後に13番目の集落として古知谷が分離・成立した。
English: In 1949, Ohara Village was incorporated into Kyoto City's Sakyo Ward, and the 13 settlements were each designated koaza (small administrative unit of a village) named 'Ohara XX-cho.'
Japanese: 1949年に大原村は京都市左京区に編入され、13の集落はそれぞれ「大原○○町」と呼ばれる小字となった。
English: It indicates an area where a small number of houses are sparsely scattered.
Japanese: 第一次産業（農林漁業）に従事する者が多く、家屋の数と密集度が少ない地域を指す名称である。
English: Many residents of 村 engage in primary industry (agriculture, forestry and fishery).
Japanese: 村（むら、そん）とは、集落や基礎自治体の一種で、第一次産業（農林漁業）に従事する者が多く、家屋の数と密集度が少ない地域を指す名称である。
English: A village also describes a specified small world or community (for example, a parliament village, or a tent village).
Japanese: なお、小さな世界･共同体を称して村ともいう（例：国会村、テント村）。
English: A premodern 'village', also called a spontaneous village, was a unit of community where a group of people share a living space.
Japanese: 近代化以前の「村」は自然村（しぜんそん）ともいわれ、生活の場となる共同体の単位であった。
English: A 'village' in the Edo period (1615-1868) was a unit of autonomous community of farming ranks that developed from medieval 惣村 (soson, a self-governing rural community).
Japanese: 江戸時代には百姓身分の自治結集の単位であり、中世の惣村を継承していた。
English: In the early Medieval Ages, a unit of a landlord's territorial land was 'shoen koryo' (a private estate and a public land) and the underlying unit of 'myoden' (a rice field lot under the charge of a nominal holder).
Japanese: また、中世初期の領主が荘園公領とその下部単位である名田を領地の単位としていた。
English: In contrast, during the Sengoku period (Warring States period, 1482-1558) or the Edo period, a unit of a landlord's territorial land was a village or a town.
Japanese: それに対し、戦国時代(日本)や江戸時代の領主の領地は村や町を単位としていた。
English: During the Edo period, a farming rank was one of social status in which a farmer had 'kokudaka' (crop yield) in his village and his duties and rights were approved by paying his nengu' (land tax) to the landlord, whichever his regular vocation was agriculture, labor industry, or commerce.
Japanese: 江戸時代の百姓身分とは、主たる生業が農業・手工業・商業のいずれかであるかを問わず、村に石高を持ち、領主に年貢を納める形で権利義務を承認された身分階層を指した。
English: Almost all the modern and postmodern administrative districts called Oaza have developed from those once existed spontaneous villages.
Japanese: 近現代の大字（おおあざ）といわれる行政区域は、ほぼかつての自然村を継承している。
English: They have survived as the smallest unit of regional autonomy and as an organization unit of residents' association (for example, a regional association, a neighborhood association) or a local fire brigade of a fire company.
Japanese: 自治会（地区会・町内会）や消防団の地域分団の編成単位として、地域自治の最小単位としての命脈を保っている面がある。
English: The Local Autonomy Act, based on the Constitution of Japan Article 92, defines a village (son, mura) as one of local public authorities.
Japanese: 日本国憲法第92条に基づく地方自治法では、村（そん、むら）は地方公共団体の一つである。
English: Each municipality defines whether to read its village(s) 'son' or 'mura'.
Japanese: 読み方を「そん」「むら」のどちらになるのかは各自治体で規定している。
English: Few prefectures read their villages as 'son': only Tottori prefecture, Okayama prefecture, Tokushima prefecture, Miyazaki prefecture and Okinawa prefecture (In Yamaguchi prefecture, villages used to be read as 'son' but these villages were united into one town and now there disappeared a village).
Japanese: なお、「そん」で統一されている県は少なく、鳥取県・岡山県・徳島県・宮崎県・沖縄県のみである（かつては山口県も「そん」で統一されていたが、合併により村が消滅した）。
English: Tokyo Prefecture used to read its 新島本村 as 'Niijima Honson' (村 was read as 'son').
Japanese: かつては東京都にも「そん」と読む新島本村（にいじまほんそん）があった。
English: The name was replaced by '新島村' (Niijima-mura) on April 1, 1992.
Japanese: しかしながら、1992年4月1日、新島村（にいじまむら）に改称され、消滅した。
English: This can be regarded as 'exceptional' because it was from the toponym, '本村' (Honson).
Japanese: ただしこれは、本村（ほんそん）という地名に由来するため、例外的といえる。
English: The place name 'Tomo no ura' (literally, the inlet of an archer's bracer) refers to a time-honored harbor, port and sea area (bay), which is located in the south end of the Numakuma Peninsula in Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture, having flourished from ancient times.
Japanese: 鞆の浦（とものうら）は、広島県福山市の沼隈半島の南端にある古代より栄えた港・港町および海域（湾）である。
English: The coastal regions and the whole islands offshore are collectively called 'the Tomo-koen Park,' which is designated place of extraordinary scenic beauty and national park of Japan.
Japanese: 沿岸部と沖の島々一帯は「鞆公園」として国の名勝及び国立公園に指定されている。
English: The Tomo-koen Park was chosen in 1992 as one of the 100 Best Townscapes, and in 2007 as one of the 100 Most Beautiful Japanese Historical Landscapes.
Japanese: 1992年には都市景観100選に、2007年には美しい日本の歴史的風土100選にも選ばれた。
English: Today the place name 'Tomonoura' refers to a wider area including the city area, but etymologically, 'Tomo no ura' means an 'inlet which is located in Tomo,' thus specifically referring to the Tomo-ko Harbor.
Japanese: 現在は市街地を含めた範囲を「鞆の浦」と呼ぶことも多いが、本来「鞆の浦」とは「鞆にある入り江」という意味であり厳密には鞆港のことである。
English: An area in and around Tomonoura was designated place of extraordinary scenic beauty in 1925, and it composes a group of the first national parks designated pursuant to the National Park Acts enacted in 1931 (the Seto Inland Sea National Park).
Japanese: 鞆の浦周辺は1925年に名勝･鞆の浦の指定を受け、さらに1931年に制定された国立公園法において国立公園として最初に指定された地区のひとつである（瀬戸内海国立公園）。
English: Therefore, the landscapes of Tomo was depicted in some commemorative postage stamps and postcards which were printed in the year of the national park designation of 1934.
Japanese: そのため1934年の国立公園指定当時の記念切手や絵葉書には鞆の風景が描かれているものがある。
English: At high tide, the ocean currents from the Bungo-suido Channel and the Kii-suido Channel flow into the Seto Inland Sea, where they collide off the coast of Tomonoura (located roughly in the center of the Seto Inland Sea); at low tide, however, they flow away from each other, with the current from the Kii-suido Channel flowing to the east and that from the Bungo-suido Channel flowing to the west and the coast of Tomonoura serving as a kind of central border.
Japanese: 瀬戸内海の海流は満潮時に豊後水道や紀伊水道から瀬戸内海に流れ込み瀬戸内海のほぼ中央に位置する鞆の浦沖でぶつかり、逆に干潮時には鞆の浦沖を境にして東西に分かれて流れ出してゆく。
English: During the period when a near-coasted voyage using the geonavigation called 'Jinori' was the mainstream, people had to wait for the changing tide at Tomonoura to sail across the Seto Inland Sea off the Numakuma Peninsula.
Japanese: 「地乗り」と呼ばれる陸地を目印とした沿岸航海が主流の時代に、沼隈半島沖の瀬戸内海を横断するには鞆の浦で潮流が変わるのを待たなければならなかった。
English: Because of this particular topographical feature, Tomonoura became known as Shiomachi no minato (a port for awaiting a favorable tide) from ancient times onward, as chanted in some poems composed by Tabito OTOMO and others, in Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
Japanese: このような地理的条件から大伴旅人などによる万葉集に詠まれるように、古代より潮待ちの港と知られていた。
English: Further, Tomo is deemed as one of the candidate sites that may have been the land of 'Toma' that appeared in the Gishiwajinden (an 'Account of the Wa [inhabitants of the western Japanese archipelago in the late third century]' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty" which comprises "The History of the Three Kingdoms" written by Chen Shou, where the account is known as the first historical record of Japan).
Japanese: また、鞆は魏志倭人伝に書かれる「投馬国」の推定地のひとつともなっている。
English: Historical townscape is well conserved in Tomo, the harbor of which is the one and only place where we can see a complete set of the harbor facilities of the Edo period intact, consisting of 'joya-to' (all-night street lamp), 'gangi' (stair-like landing area), 'hatoba' (wharf), 'tadeba' (old dock) and 'funa-bansho' (old coast guard station).
Japanese: 古い町並みがよく残り、江戸時代の港湾施設である「常夜燈」、「雁木」、「波止場」、「焚場」、「船番所」が全て揃って残っているのは全国でも鞆港のみである。
English: Note that a road construction and improvement project may demolish a part of the tadeba (see an article of Issues regarding Tomonoura Reclamation and Bridge Formation Plan).
Japanese: ただし、焚場の一部は道路整備事業により破壊される可能性がある（鞆の浦埋立て架橋計画問題参照）。
English: In addition, this project has created conflict between the opponents, who request to preserve the historical landscape, mainly Tomonoura, saying the project may seriously impair the scenery, and the proponents, the companies (the municipal and the prefectural governments) saying that the damage will be limited.
Japanese: また、他にもこの事業により景観が大きく損なわれるとして、主に鞆の浦の歴史的景観の保全を求める人々などから計画に反対の声が上がっており、景観の破壊は限定的とする事業者側（市および県）と対立している。
English: Eight poems about Tomonoura can be found in the Manyoshu, including: 'My beloved wife saw this needle juniper at Tomonoura as we travelled down from Kyoto together./ Now that I am on the way back, the tree still remains alive though she departed this world.' (by Tabito OTOMO) and 'Whenever I see that juniper on the rocky beach of Tomonoura,/ I will remember my wife who used to see the tree with me./ How can I forget her?' (by Tabito OTOMO).
Japanese: 「吾妹子（わぎもこ）が見し鞆の浦のむろの木は常世にあれど見し人ぞなき（大伴旅人）」や「鞆の浦の礒のむろの木見むごとに相見し妹は忘らえめやも（大伴旅人）」等、万葉集には鞆の浦を詠んだ歌が八首残されている。
English: Although the origin of Tomo until that is unclear, the distribution of ruins and others suggests that it is highly possible that some sort of settlement was organized to some extent in the Yayoi period.
Japanese: それ以前の鞆の成り立ちがどのようなものであったかは、はっきりしないが、遺跡の分布状況などから、弥生時代にはすでにある程度の集落が成立していた可能性が高いと考えられている。
English: In the Heian period, on the outskirts of Tomo were built Seikan-ji Temple by Saicho (founder of the Tendai sect of Buddhism in Japan) and Io-ji Temple by Kukai (founder of the Shingon sect of Buddhism in Japan), serving as the hubs of the both Tendai and Shingon teachings, respectively, to be spread over the southern Bingo Province.
Japanese: 平安時代には鞆近郊に最澄により静観寺、空海により医王寺が創建され、備後国南部における布教の拠点となった。
English: The name of Nunakuma-jinja Shrine, which is the principal shrine of Yasaka-jinja Shrine in Kyoto, is stated in the 'Engishiki,' codes and procedures in the Heian Period.
Japanese: 京都の八坂神社の本社である沼名前神社は平安時代の法令「延喜式」にも記載されている。
English: Including these temples and shrines mentioned above, 19 of old and historical temples and dozens of small and large shrines had been built by the Edo period and are still standing along the narrow streets of Tomo today, which sight redolent of their prosperity.
Japanese: これらを含め江戸時代までに狭い町並みに由緒ある寺が十九ヶ寺・神社大小あわせ数十社も建ち並んでおり、その繁栄ぶりが伺える。
English: In 1336, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who was on his way back to Kyoto after winning the Battle of Tatarahama, was granted here a decree of Emperor Kogon for tracking down and killing Yoshisada NITTA.
Japanese: 1336年（建武(日本)3年）には多々良浜の戦いに勝利した足利尊氏が京に上る途中この地で光厳天皇より新田義貞追討の院宣を賜る。
English: During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, many battles (Tomo kassen) were fought between the Northern Court and the Southern Court in an area covering the sea off Tomonoura and the town of Tomo, thereby destroying invaluable cultural properties such as a five-storey pagoda of Seikan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 南北朝時代には鞆の浦沖から鞆にかけての地域で北朝と南朝との合戦（鞆合戦）が幾度もあり、静観寺五重塔などの貴重な文化財が失われた。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), the Mori clan built the Tomo-yogai Fortress (present-day Tomo-jo Castle) in the center of Tomo, which made Tomo serve as a foothold of Bingo Province.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には毛利氏によって鞆中心部に「鞆要害」（現在の鞆城）が築かれるなど備後国の拠点のひとつとなっていた。
English: After being banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga ODA, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA who was the 15th Shogun of the Muromachi the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) moved his camp to Tomo, supported by the Mori and some other clans, where Yoshiaki attempted to seize the opportunity to defeat Nobunaga.
Japanese: 室町幕府15代将軍足利義昭は織田信長により京都を追放された後、毛利氏などの支援のもと鞆に拠点を移し信長打倒の機会を窺った。