nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It was rebuilt in 1747 with a traditional and open design having white stucco exterior walls, gables of various styles including oirimoya on the second floor, chidori, and kara, functional wrap-around verandas with baluster finial forged high handrails, and large sliding doors.
Japanese: 1747年（延久4年）に再建されたものであるが白漆喰で塗られた外壁に、2重目の大入母屋や千鳥破風、軒唐破風、実用的な外廻縁と擬宝珠高欄や大きな引戸が付けられた古式で開放的な意匠である。
English: Bronze orcas adorn the large roof of the top floor as well as the massive irimoya-roof of the second floor.
Japanese: 最上重屋根大棟上と2重目大入母屋屋根の大棟上には青銅製の鯱があげられている。
English: The Chinese character 唐 (kara, indicating China) is used because it gives a new or unusual external view.
Japanese: 外観上新しい、または、変わった形をしていることから、「唐」の字を付けられている。
English: However, it is sometimes used for a lower floor: For example, in the tenshu of Iwakuni-jo Castle, the style is used for the third floor.
Japanese: しかし、岩国城天守3重目などのように、下重をそうした造りにしたものもある。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA restricted the number of floors of tenshu that could be newly built, and therefore, it is said that such a style was also used, to bypass the restriction, to reduce the externally counted number of floors of the tenshu built in the Keicho era (1596 - 1615) or later.
Japanese: また、慶長期以降に立てられたこういった天守は、徳川家康から事実上の天守階層規制があったといわれる時期に、それをパスするため、また自主規制によって、外観の階層を減らした結果でもあるとみられている。
English: The structure is something like what is made by enclosing a protruded sotomawarien (a narrow veranda all around a room, outside the sliding storm doors, used for viewing the surrounding area) with walls or boards.
Japanese: 張り出させた外廻縁（遠望のために部屋を回周した濡縁型の縁側）を壁や戸板などで囲ったようなものである。
English: When rain water leaks from the roof or the veranda decays, storm doors or walls from the eaves to the veranda can be erected around the veranda, making the building look like this style.
Japanese: 防水上の欠陥などによって雨漏りや縁側の老朽化が著しくなったため、縁側外面、縁側板敷き上から軒下まで雨戸を付けるか、完全な壁を造ってしまう、などによってそのような造りにできる。
English: However, doors or walls are sometimes erected between the eaves of the upper most floor and the roof(s) of the lower floor(s), or the veranda itself is sometimes moved.
Japanese: しかし、最上階の軒から下重の屋根まで囲ってしまったり、縁側自体を撤去してしまうこともある。
English: The cypress bark roof is a roofing method which uses cypress bark.
Japanese: 檜皮葺（ひわだぶき）とは、屋根葺手法の一つで、ヒノキの樹皮を用いて施工する。
English: It is a traditional technique peculiar to Japan since ancient times, being a one-of-a-kind roofing method in the world.
Japanese: 日本古来から伝わる伝統的手法で、世界に類を見ない日本独自の屋根工法である。
English: Bark of standing timbers of cypress, 70 years old or older with sufficient diameter, is peeled and molded to become the roofing material.
Japanese: 樹齢70年以上の充分な樹径のあるヒノキの立ち木から剥いた皮を成型した檜皮を用いる。
English: When collecting cypress bark, since only the superficial part of the bark is peeled off of standing cypress without cutting down trees, it is said to be an environmentally friendly roofing method.
Japanese: 檜皮を取る際、ヒノキを伐採せずに表皮だけを剥がすように採取することから、環境にやさしい施工方法であるといわれる。
English: In recent years, however, there have been a few challenges, including a decreasing number of cypress trees that are large enough, as well as a decreasing number of craftspeople to collect cypress bark known as motokawa-shi.
Japanese: しかし近年は充分な樹径のあるヒノキの減少や、原皮師（もとかわし）と呼ばれる檜皮採取の職人の減少などの課題がある。
English: The oldest recorded case of the cypress bark roof was the roofing various halls of Sofuku-ji Temple (Otsu City) (an abandoned temple) with cypress bark in 668.
Japanese: 668年に崇福寺(大津市)（廃寺）諸堂が檜皮で葺かれていた記録が最古の事例。
English: It is said that the cypress bark roof was used for many buildings of Heijo-kyu Palace in the Nara Period.
Japanese: 奈良時代には平城宮の建物にも檜皮葺が多く用いられていたと伝えられる。
English: At Heijo-kyu Palace the main buildings were tile-roofed, whereas the auxiliary buildings were covered with cypress bark roofs.
Japanese: 主要な建物が瓦葺だったのに対し、檜皮葺は付属的な建物の屋根に用いられた。
English: Since then, the cypress bark roof began to be used for residences of aristocrats, Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines being considered the most prestigious examples of roofing techniques, including kokera-buki (roofing with thin wood shingles), thatching, and tiling.
Japanese: その後、杮葺・茅葺・瓦葺など屋根葺工法の中で最も格式の高い技法として、貴族の住居や寺社仏閣に使用されるようになった。
English: Lay cypress bark pieces and nail each shingle with bamboo nails, laying the next row of shingles on top of the ones that have been fixed, with a 1.2 cm overlap.
Japanese: 檜皮を1.2センチメートルずつ、ずらしながら重ねて葺いてゆき、竹釘で檜皮を固定する。
English: The cypress bark roof gives depth and an air of stateliness to a building while enhancing the appearance of the roof with an airy and graceful curved line.
Japanese: 軒先を厚く見せて重厚感をかもし出し、軽快で優美な屋根の曲線を作ることができる。
English: The Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles and Selection of Military Posts is an edict and notice of Dajokan (Grand Council of state) issued by the Meiji Government to Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) on January 14, 1873, regarding the property management policies on castles and jinya (regional government office) across the country.
Japanese: 全国城郭存廃ノ処分並兵営地等撰定方（ぜんこくじょうかくそんぱいのしょぶんならびにへいえいちとうせんていかた）は1873年（明治6年）1月14日に明治政府から大蔵省に発せられた、全国の城郭陣屋の財産所管方針の太政官布告・太政官達書。
English: Castles and jinya were categorized into those that are to be used by the Army for military purposes and those that are to be handed over to Okura-sho for disposal as properties to be sold.
Japanese: 陸軍が軍用として使用する城郭陣屋と、大蔵省に引渡し売却用財産として処分する城郭陣屋に区分された。
English: The Ordinance is mostly referred to in simpler abbreviated form as 'Ordinance for Disposal of Castles' or 'Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles.'
Japanese: 単に「廃城令」または「存城廃城令」と略されて使用されている場合が多い。
English: This Ordinance is a document issued from the Meiji Government to Okura-sho as a notice of Dajokan, stating that among the lands and buildings of castles across the country that had belonged to the Department of War, those that are to be retained by the Army for military purposes will be kept, meaning they will continue to be national administrative assets, and the other lands and buildings will be disposed of, meaning they will be national ordinary properties managed by and to be disposed of by Okura-sho.
Japanese: 明治政府から太政官達書として大蔵省に発せられた文書で、今まで全国の城郭の土地建物については、陸軍省所管財産であったが、今後陸軍が軍用の財産として残す部分については存城処分、すなわち引き続き陸軍省所管の国有財産行政財産とするも、それ以外については廃城処分、すなわち大蔵省所管の国有財産普通財産に所管換えし、大蔵省において処分すべし、とした。
English: In this case, keeping castles (i.e. making them administrative assets of the Department of War) was not intended for preserving the lands and buildings as 'cultural properties' as in today's concept; rather, it aimed to convert time-honored castle buildings, stone walls, trees, and so on to Army posts etc.
Japanese: この場合の存城処分＝陸軍省行政財産とは旧城郭陣屋を、現在の概念である「文化財」として土地や建造物を保存しようとするものではなく、陸軍の兵営地等として旧来の城郭建造物、石垣、樹木等を整理すべしとしたものである。
English: Later on, while there is the example of Wakamatsu-jo Castle, which was completely taken apart to construct an Army post, there is also the example of Himeji-jo Castle, which was partially torn down to establish Army facilities but still retains major buildings such as a tenshu (main keep or tower of a castle) and most structural remnants, being designated a National Treasure and a special historic site.
Japanese: その後、陸軍の兵営地とする目的で城郭建造物がすべて取り壊された若松城の例がある一方、一部の建造物が取り壊され、陸軍施設が設置されたが、天守等の主要な建造物やほとんどの遺構が現存し、国宝、特別史跡になっている姫路城の例がある。
English: Even among the castles that were kept for conversion to Army sites, some castles, such as Hikone-jo Castle, had their lands and buildings preserved under an exceptional policy of the Meiji Government, being designated National Treasures and special historic sites.
Japanese: 例外的に、存城処分として陸軍用地となった城郭であっても、彦根城のように、明治政府の特例政策として城郭の土地と建造物が保存され、国宝、特別史跡となっているものもある。
English: Castles that were disposed of were placed under the management of Okura-sho as ordinary properties and became sites to be sold for local organizations, schools, etc.
Japanese: また、廃城処分とは大蔵省の普通財産に所管換えし、地方団代や学校敷地等として売却するための用地となったものである。
English: However, some castles, such as Inuyama-jo Castle and Matsumoto-jo Castle, after their buildings were specified to be sold and/or demolished, have been preserved for various reasons and designated as National Treasures and historic sites.
Japanese: ただし、犬山城や松本城のように、建造物が売却、取壊しの対象になったが、それぞれの理由により現存し、国宝、史跡になっているものもある。
English: Later, in 1890, some castle sites that had been determined to serve as sites for the Department of War became disused and were sold only to the former lords of the domains or local organizations at reasonable prices without public auctions.
Japanese: 後に、1890年（明治23年）になって、陸軍省用地としたものの不用になった城郭である土地が、元藩主や地方団体に限り、公売によらず相当対価をもって払い下げられることもあった。
English: The reason was that 'if castles are sold to former castellans, who have connections to the castles that had been inherited from their ancestors over the past several hundred years, and the castellans are to preserve the shapes of the castles and hand them down to later generations, the castles would show part of the course of our history, which is favorable.'
Japanese: 「旧城主は祖先以来数百年間伝来の縁故により、これを払い渡し旧形を保存し、後世に伝えるなら歴史上の沿革を示す一端となり好都合である」ことを理由とした。
English: Although this was a forerunner event of the protection of cultural properties as historic sites, the protection of historic sites by a legal system had to await the establishment of the Historical Spot, Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monument Preservation Law of 1919.
Japanese: 「史跡としての文化財保護」のさきがけといえるが、史跡の法的な保護制度は、1919年（大正8年）制定の史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法を待たなければならない。
English: Although the lands and the buildings related to military and castles across the country have been managed by the Department of War, an order was given to renew the management of those that are required by Army, as shown in Supplement 1.'
Japanese: 「全国城郭及び軍事に関係する土地建物は、これまで陸軍省の所轄であったが、このたび、別冊一号のとおり、陸軍が必要とする分について改めて陸軍省所轄を仰せ付けられた。」
English: Because the other time-honored castles, jinya, etc. that are listed in Supplement 2 were determined to be disposed of, they will all be handed over to Okura-sho, including attached buildings, trees, and stones; hence, dispose of them after receiving them from the Department of War.'
Japanese: 「その残り第二号の旧来の城郭陣屋等は廃されたので、付属の建物木石に至るまですべて大蔵省に引き渡すので、陸軍省より受け取ったうえ、処分すべし。」
English: Thus, castles and jinya across the country were divided into administrative assets managed by the Department of War and ordinary properties managed by Okura-sho.
Japanese: このように、全国の城郭陣屋が陸軍省所管の行政財産と大蔵省所管の普通財産に振り分けられた。
English: Category of collected materials: Dajoruiten (records from the cabinet of the Meiji Government), series 2, from 1871 to 1877, vol. 214, heisei (military system) 13, establishment of chindai (garrison) and offices 4
Japanese: 所蔵資料の分類：太政類典・第二編・明治四年～明治十年・第二百十四巻・兵制十三・鎮台及諸庁制置四
English: Although the lands and the buildings related to the military and castles across the country have been managed by the Department of War, an order was given to renew the management of those that are required by the Army, as shown in Supplement 1.
Japanese: 全国城郭及ヒ軍事ニ関渉スル地所建物是迄陸軍省管轄ノ処今度別冊第一号ノ通リ陸軍必要分改テ同省管轄被仰付。
English: Because the other time-honored castles, jinya, etc. that are listed in Supplement 2 were determined to be disposed of, they will all be handed over to Okura-sho, including attached buildings, trees, and stones; hence, dispose of them after receiving them from the Department of War.
Japanese: 其余第二号ノ通リ旧来ノ城郭陣屋等被廃候条付属ノ建物木石ニ至ル迄総テ其省へ可引渡ニ付同省ヨリ受取リタリ上処分スヘシ。
English: If there are land shortages, further selection will be made, and if an inquiry is made after discussion with Okura-sho, the lands are supposed to be handed over free of charge; in that case, arrange the land rents etc. at Okura-sho.
Japanese: 地所不足スレハ更ニ撰定シ其省協議ノ上伺候ハヾ無代ニテ可相渡筈ニ付地代等ハ於其省取計ヘシ。
English: If military camps, drill fields, etc. become necessary, and artillery mounds, ramparts, etc. are to be constructed after lines of defense across the country have been defined, their sites will be selected by the Department of War, and after discussion with Okura-sho, if an inquiry is made, the sites are supposed to be handed over free of charge; in that case, arrange the land rents etc. at Okura-sho again.
Japanese: 一　今後屯営地所練兵場等有用ノ節且全国防禦線決定ノ日ニ至リ砲墩塁壁等建築ノ地所ハ陸軍省ニ於テ撰定シ其省ヘ協議ノ上伺出候ハヾ無代ニテ可渡筈ニ付地代等ハ是又於其省取計フヘシ
English: Among thirteen places, which are Kisarazu, Niigata, Mizusawa, Aomori, Gifu, Nanao, Hyogo, Otsu, Tsuruga, Hamada, Susakiura, Chiba, and Nagasaki, required areas will be determined by the Department of War, and after discussions with Okura-sho, lands will be provided; hence, arrange the means of transfer.
Japanese: 一　木更津、新潟、水沢、青森、岐阜、七尾、兵庫、大津、敦賀、浜田、須崎浦、千葉、長崎十三ヶ所必要ノ区域陸軍省ニ於テ相定其省協議ノ上地所可受取筈ニ付引渡方取計フヘシ
English: A notice has recently been issued regarding castles etc., and among castles in each region, all castles other than those to be managed by the Department of War as in Supplement have been directed to be managed by Okura-sho.
Japanese: 先般城塞等ノ儀ニ付相達候次第モ有之候処、各地方旧城郭ノ内別紙陸軍省所轄ヲ除ノ外総テ当省ノ所轄ニ被仰付候。
English: Hence, survey the castles, jinya, drill fields, and other properties that had previously been in military use in each jurisdiction in detail from the size of buildings to trees by marking off fields in units of tan, and then submit the survey results with attached drawings by March 15 without delay.
Japanese: 各管内ニ有之候城郭陣屋練兵場等其他従前軍事ニ属セシ分ハ反別建物ノ広狭並樹木等迄詳細取調絵図相添、来ル三月十五日迄無遅滞届出ヘシ。
English: Although the areas where soldiers and ammunition are retained by the Department of War; that is, areas where their withdrawal is difficult at the moment, may eventually be confiscated, survey those areas thoroughly as well, because marking off fields in units of tan herein may affect the prospect of commencement in the future.
Japanese: 但陸軍省ニテ兵隊弾薬差置即今難引揚場所ハ追々領収ノ運ニモ可至候得共、本文反別等ノ儀ハ将来着手ノ目途ニモ相係候ニ付右等ノ場所モ無洩取調可。
English: Although the Hakodate Goryokaku fort had been exempted from this measure, it was determined to be kept under the management of the Department of War in the notice of Dajokan issued in December of the same year.
Japanese: なお、函館五稜郭は、この時点での処分からは除かれていたが、同年12月の太政官達により、陸軍省所管の存城と同様の処分となった。
English: Mokoshi is a small roof-like structure attached to walls under eaves in Buddhist halls, Buddhist towers or tenshukaku (keeps or towers of castles).
Japanese: 裳階（もこし）は、仏堂、仏塔、天守閣等で、軒下壁面に付いた庇状構造物。
English: This structure makes the building look like it has more floors than it really does, and therefore its use is effective for improving the graciousness of the building's outside appearance.
Japanese: 建物を実際より多層に見せることで外観の優美さを際立たせる効果がある。
English: Wachigaiya is an okiya (geisha dwelling) and machiai-jaya (tea house to lend seats and tables, or rooms) that even now operates in Shimabara, a hanamachi (geisha district) in Kyoto.
Japanese: 輪違屋（わちがいや）とは、現在も営業されている京都の花街、嶋原の置屋兼待合茶屋である。
English: In the past, it employed geigi (geisha girls) as well, but today, employs only tayu (geisha of the highest rank), providing training opportunities for them, and is used for banquets.
Japanese: かつては芸妓等も抱えていたが現在は太夫のみを抱え、太夫の教育の場であり、また、宴席の場として営まれている。
English: On the street door, there is a 'no visitors allowed' sign (this store practices so-called 'Ichigensan Okotowari' – only accepting new customers through introductions).
Japanese: 表に「観覧謝絶」の札がある（いわゆる「一見さんおことわり」の店である）。
English: It features an 'Umbrella room,' on whose sliding doors umbrellas used in tayu parades are pasted, and a 'Room of autumn leaves,' on whose walls autumn leaves, drawn tracing real ones, are colored.
Japanese: 太夫道中に使われる傘を襖に貼り込んだ「傘の間」、本物の紅葉を使って型取りしたうえに彩色した壁が使われた「紅葉の間」が特徴的である。
English: Wachigaiya is well known through "Wachigaiya Itosato," a novel by Jiro ASADA and broadcasted as a TV drama, but there is no record on the Wachigaiya side that Itosato lived at Wachigaiya.
Japanese: 浅田次郎小説およびテレビドラマの『輪違屋糸里』で有名だが、糸里が輪違屋にいた　との記録は輪違屋側にはない。
English: (The episode in novels or dramas in which Itosato becomes 'Sakuragi tayu' is fictional.)
Japanese: （糸里が「桜木太夫」となる小説・ドラマでのエピソードはフィクション）。
English: Koguchi is an entrance fixed to castle walls built in the medieval period and afterward, and 'koguchi' means narrow path and narrow entrance.
Japanese: 虎口（こぐち）とは中世以降の城郭における出入り口のことで、「こぐち」には狭い道・狭い口という意味がある。
English: When '虎口' is read Koko, it means a battlefield or a dangerous place in an encampment in the medieval period.
Japanese: 「虎口（ここう）」とよむ場合は、中世の戦場や陣地における危険な場所を意味する。
English: Koguchi was a front opening area fixed to castle walls or Kuruwa (walls of a castle or a space reserved for various purposes) and served as an entrance and exit for military forces of the castle.
Japanese: 虎口は城郭、あるいは曲輪の正面開口に当たり、城内の軍勢にとっての出入口であった。
English: At the same time, if there was an attack on the castle, the enemy tried to come closer and closer to Koguchi, and the Koguchi became a key point in defense of the castle, so it was strictly secured and protected.
Japanese: 同時に、城攻めの際には寄せ手が肉薄する攻防の要所となるため厳重に防御される。
English: A long time ago, a wooden gate was put in the open section and two turrets were built on either side near the gate for emergencies.
Japanese: 古くは開口に木戸等の門を設け、両脇に櫓(城郭)を建てて攻め手に備えた。
English: They were simple, but in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), the Koguchi made a remarkable development and became a key factor in castle territories.
Japanese: 簡易なものであったが、戦国時代(日本)に著しい発展を遂げ、城の縄張の重要要素となっていった。
English: As time passed and a unified authority appeared, technological integration occurred, and the Masugata and Umadashi styles both gradually spread throughout Japan.
Japanese: 時間の経過や統一政権の出現で技術的融合がおこり、しだいに枡形は東日本にも、馬出しは西日本にも広がっていった。
English: In the meantime, to ensure strict protection and security, castles equipped with two Koguchi, Masugata style inside Umadashi style, appeared.
Japanese: やがて内側に枡形、外側に馬出しと、両形態の虎口を二重に構え防備をより厳重にした城も現れた。
English: Aizu Wakamatsu-jo Castle has of two Koguchi, Masugata style inside Umadashi style, for the north demaru (a small castle or tower built onto and projecting from a larger castle) and the west demaru.
Japanese: 会津若松城は、馬出し形状の北出丸、西出丸を外側に備え、その内側は桝形を備える二重構造となっていた。
English: This structure helped the gate door to be in a blind spot in an attack, and in many battles of the Boshin War at the end of Edo period, they were successful in preventing the New Government Army from breaking through Kita demaru Ottemon gate, allowing the castle to be held for a long time.
Japanese: この構造は門扉が砲撃の死角となるようにできており、幕末戊辰戦争では緒戦において北出丸の追手門を突破しようとした新政府軍の阻止に成功し、長期籠城戦に持ち込んだ。
English: The most basic style of Koguchi was Hirairi (with the entrance on the long side of the building), in which a Koguchi was inside a moat or earthwork.
Japanese: もっとも基本的な形態は平入り（ひらいり）と呼ばれるもので堀、土塁（石垣）などで曲輪を構成してその真正面に虎口を備えるものであった。
English: This style was intended to protect the gate from surging large armies at the front, that was a disadvantage for the castle.
Japanese: この場合、大軍で押し寄せた寄せ手を正面から防ぐことになり城側に不利となる。
English: In mountain castles built in the medieval period, a very steep approach was instead constructed before the Koguchi to slow the enemy's advance.
Japanese: そこで特に中世山城では虎口前面を急な坂とすることで寄せ手の勢いを削ぐ構造が採られた。
English: To hide the inside of a castle make the front unrecognizable, a new style of Koguchi called Ichimonji koguchi was built, in which a straight-line bulwark called 'Shitomi' (a wooden lattice door that opens up vertically) was installed inside Koguchi, or another style called 'Kazashi' (walls, embankments, or plants used to prevent the enemy from seeing activities inside a castle) was installed outside Koguchi.
Japanese: 虎口の内側に「蔀（しとみ）」や、虎口の外側に「芎（かざし）」と呼ばれる一文字形（一直線）の防塁（土塁や石垣など）を構築し、前面から郭内が容易に視認できないようにしたものも現れ、一文字虎口（いちもんじこぐち）と呼ばれた。
English: As the scale of battles became larger, the importance of Koguchi increased, and much care was given to the design and location of moats, earthworks and stone walls to enhance the defensive capability of castle walls.
Japanese: 合戦が大規模になってくるとさらに虎口の重要性は増し、城郭の防衛力向上のため、堀、土塁、石垣の配置に工夫が施されるようになる。
English: In Kuichigai-koguchi entrances, earthworks or stone walls were built in different directions, not in parallel, and an entrance was constructed at the side so that the enemy was compelled to follow the S-shaped pathway.
Japanese: 喰違虎口（くいちがいこぐち）は土塁や石垣を平行ではなく、食い違いにすることによって、開口部を側面に設け、攻城側はS字の進路を取らざるを得なくなった。
English: As a result of the construction of the two gates, even if an enemy could managed to enter the Masugata enclosure through the first gate, they were prevented from entering the castle ground by the second gate, and were vulnerable to attack in the Masugata area.
Japanese: 攻撃側は桝形内部に侵入しても2番目の門に城内への侵入を阻まれ、桝形内部で守備側からの攻撃を全面に浴びることとなる。
English: Soto-masugata was an enclosure projected outside the main Koguchi in Kuruwa, and a gate was fixed to it to make another gate at the forefront.
Japanese: 外枡形は、主な曲輪の虎口の外に地続きの小さな方形空間を張り出させ、最前にもう1つの門を開いたものである。
English: The basic type seems to have been composed of Korai-mon Gate as a front gate and Yagura-mon Gate as a rear gate, but some Masugatamon gates had only a rear gate without a front gate and others had only a front gate.
Japanese: 最前の門を高麗門、その後方の門を櫓門としたものが基本的な形状であると見られているが、後方の門のみで最前の門がないものや、最前の門のみのものもある。
English: Castle walls constructed in the Azuchi and Edo periods mostly had Masugata or similar types of Koguchi, and to prevent an enemy from easily proceeding straight, many of the paths following the first gate were designed to bend to the right or left.
Japanese: 近世城郭はその多くが枡形、あるいはそれに類する虎口を備え、侵入した攻撃側が容易に直進できないようにするため右折または左折構造を採る場合が多い。
English: Separate from Masugata, a Koguchi type developed in the eastern part of Japan was Umadashi.
Japanese: 枡形とは別に東日本中心に発展した虎口の形態が馬出（うまだし）である。
English: Umadashi was a small Kuruwa placed outside of Koguchi facing a moat, and was made in arc shape or U-shape by heaping up earth or constructing stone walls.
Japanese: 堀に面する虎口の外側に、弧状またはコの字型に土塁や石垣を積みできる小規模な曲輪である。
English: Some Deguruwa (compounds that jut out or are slightly separated from the main components of a castle complex) and Demaru (small towers built onto and projecting from a larger castle) were made in the Umadashi kuruwa style, and the Sanada-maru at Osaka Castle is a good example.
Japanese: 大坂城に築かれたの真田丸のように、出郭（でぐるわ）、出丸（でまる）には馬出曲輪の形状をしたのがある。
English: Uryuyama Castle is a yamashiro (a castle on a mountain) that was built on Uryu-yama Mountain (with a height of 301m above sea level) in present Kiyozawaguchi-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City (Otagi County, Yamashiro Province at that time) in the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 瓜生山城（うりゅうやまじょう）は、現在の京都市左京区北白川清沢口町（当時は山城国愛宕郡）にある瓜生山（標高301m）に築かれた戦国時代(日本)の山城である。
English: It is also called Kitashirakawa Castle based on its location or Shogunjizosan Castle based on another name of the mountain.
Japanese: この山の所在地より北白川城（きたしらかわじょう）、山の別名より勝軍地蔵山城（しょうぐんじぞうさんじょう）とも呼ばれている。
English: Uryu-yama Mountain has been worshiped since 1361 in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, when Shogunzizo-do Hall was built, and the hall was moved to the present site (Uryuzan-cho, Kitashirakawa) in 1762 in the Edo period.
Japanese: 瓜生山は南北朝時代(日本)の延文6年/正平(日本)（1361年）以来、勝軍地蔵堂が設置（江戸時代の宝暦12年（1762年）に麓の現在地（北白川瓜生山町）に移転）されて信仰の対象とされていた。
English: However, in 1527, Takakuni HOSOKAWA, kanrei (a shogunal deputy), built a castle in the area from the mountain top to Jigoku-dani Valley on the east side to fight against Harumoto HOSOKAWA.
Japanese: ところが、大永7年（1527年）、管領細川高国が細川晴元に対抗するために山頂から東の地蔵谷にかけて城を築城した。
English: On July 29, 1531, however, the castle fell to the enemy before Takakuni died in a fight.
Japanese: だが、享禄4年6月6日(旧暦)（1531年7月19日）に高国の戦死に先駆けて落城した。
English: Then on April 30, 1547, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Muromachi bakufu entered this castle together with Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA and Taneie KONOE and barricaded themselves there to defeat Harumoto HOSOKAWA who had become Kanrei.
Japanese: 続いて、天文(日本)16年3月30日(旧暦)（1547年4月20日）、室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義晴が管領となっていた細川晴元を討つために細川氏綱・近衛稙家らと結んでここに籠城した。
English: However, on August 14, 1547, the castle fell to an attack by Harumoto who had brought Kyoto under his control on August 7, and Yoshiharu and Yoshifuji ASHIKAGA, father and son, escaped to Omi Province.
Japanese: しかしながら、7月12日(旧暦)（7月28日）に京都を制圧していた晴元の攻撃を受けて7日後の天文16年7月19日(旧暦)（1547年8月4日）に落城し、義晴・足利義藤親子は近江国に脱出した。
English: Furthermore, on March 19, 1561, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, a vassal of the Miyoshi clan, attacked and destroyed Shigesumi NAGAHARA, a vassal of the Rokkaku clan, who had occupied this castle.
Japanese: 更に永禄4年2月24日(旧暦)（1561年3月9日）には、三好氏家臣松永久秀がこの城にいた六角氏家臣永原重澄を攻め滅ぼしている。
English: After that, in the attack and burning of Mt. Hiei by Nobunaga ODA in 1571, Mitsuhide AKECHI entered this castle to hold movements of the Enryaku-ji Temple side in check indirectly.
Japanese: その後、織田信長の比叡山焼き討ち(1571年)では、明智光秀がこの城に入って延暦寺を牽制した。