nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Hideyoshi's Katanagari (sword hunt) meant that not only from the farmers but also weapons owned by jisha seiryoku were collected and this led to the disappearance of jisha seiryoku from the power structure of Japan after 500 years of existence.
Japanese: 秀吉の刀狩は、百姓等のみならず寺社勢力の武器没収も意味しており、この結果として約五百年間続いた寺社勢力は日本の権力構造から消えることとなった。
English: Zoyaku (Zoeki) is the term for the taxation system introduced after the middle of the Heian period.
Japanese: 雑役（ぞうやく/ざつえき）とは、平安時代中期以後に導入された租税体系のこと。
English: Whereas Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and Nengu (land tax) are considered as the transformation of the tax, So (rice tax) of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), Zoyaku indicated Zokuji (all miscellaneous dues in the form of non-rice products and labor), Buyaku (labor service), Rinji Zoyaku (extraordinary irregular levies) that are considered as a continuance of a per-capita tax, Zoyo (irregular corvee) (regarding what the taxes of Yo [labor or alternative goods] and Cho [textile goods or alternative money] transformed into, there are two theories: one theory asserts Kanmotsu and another Zoyaku).
Japanese: 律令制の租税である租が変質したと考えられる官物・年貢に対して、雑徭など人身別賦課を引く雑公事・夫役・臨時雑役などを指して称した（庸・調の後身に関しては官物説と雑役説の両方がある）。
English: Originally it was a tax on prominent citizens, but with the establishment of Kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute) in the middle of the 11h century, it transformed into a tax against land.
Japanese: 当初は有力な公民に対する賦課として行われる形式を採っていたが、11世紀中期の官物率法の成立を機に次第に土地に対する賦課へと変質していった。
English: A payer added two sho (a unit of volume, approx. 1.8 liters) of nobemai (additional rice to cover the loss in weight of the land tax rice) to one bale (a traditional unit of measurement for rice, equalling 60 kilograms) three to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and five sho (a unit of volume, approx. 1.8 liters) of annual rice tax, and paid a total of three to and seven sho of rice tax.
Japanese: 年貢米1俵3斗5升に延米2升を加えて、合計3斗7升として公納するものである。
English: However, starting in 1616, a payer had to pay three to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and seven sho (a unit of measure, approx. 1.8 liters) of rice tax to the okura (a rice storehouse of the Edo shogunate) because one bale was set at three to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and five sho (a unit of measure, approx. 1.8 liters), with two sho of nobemai added on (Jikata Hanreiroku 5).
Japanese: しかし、元和(日本)2年から1俵を3斗5升として、これに2升の延米を加えて、3斗7升入にして、御蔵に納めさせた（地方凡例録5）。
English: In Joshu Takasaki, though, four to (a measure of volume, approx. 18 liters) and six sho (a unit of measure, approx. 1.8 liters) of nobemai were added to each koku (about 180 liters; an old unit of volume) of hontomai (Jikata Ochiboshu 5).
Japanese: ただし上州高崎では「四六延」といって、本途米1石について4斗6升ずつの延米を加えることになっていた（地方落穂集5）。
English: The Three-day War by the Taira Clan was one of the domestic conflicts which occurred in the Jisho-Juei War during the late Heian period.
Japanese: 三日平氏の乱（みっかへいしのらん）は、平安時代末期の内乱、治承・寿永の乱の戦いの一つ。
English: The incident was an uprising from August to September of 1184 by the remnants of the Taira clan, who had been hiding in Iga Province or Ise Province since the Taira clan's flight from Kyoto in the previous year.
Japanese: 元暦元年（1184年）7月から8月にかけて、前年の平氏都落ち後に、伊賀国・伊勢国に潜伏していた平氏残党が蜂起した事件。
English: It was referred to as the 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan' in "Heike Monogatari" (The tale of the Heike), but it was the incident of Three-day War by the Taira Clan (Kamakura period) in 1204, 20 years later, which was really suppressed in three days and was originally called 'Three-day War by the Taira Clan,' while this rebellion by the Taira clan in 1184 was a major one.
Japanese: 『平家物語』で「三日平氏の乱」とされているが、本来3日間で鎮圧され「三日平氏の乱」と称されたのは、この20年後の元久元年（1204年）三日平氏の乱(鎌倉時代)の事件であり、この1184年の平氏反乱は大規模なものであった。
English: Even after the Taira clan escaped to Saigoku (the western part of Japan) in July 1183, men of the Taira clan lived over wide areas of both Iga and Ise Provinces, which had been their home territory, so Koreyoshi OUCHI was assigned as Ise shugo (military governor of Ise) and Saneharu OI, a vassal in Musashi Province, was dispatched to Ise to subdue the Taira clan and their retainers there in April 1184.
Japanese: 寿永2年（1183年）7月の平氏西走後も、その本拠であった伊賀・伊勢両国には平氏家人が播居しており、元暦元年（1184年）3月に大内惟義が伊賀の守護に補任され、武蔵国の御家人大井実春が平家与党討伐のため伊勢に派遣される。
English: When a rebellion headed by TAIRA no Ietsugu broke out around 8:00 PM of August 21, 1184, many of Koreyoshi's retainers were killed in the attack.
Japanese: 7月7日辰の刻（午後8時頃）に平家継を大将軍とする反乱が勃発し、襲撃を受けた惟義の郎従が多数殺害された。
English: At the same time, also in Ise, TAIRA no Nobukane and his followers blocked off Mt. Suzuka by cutting down trees and rose in revolt, which was said to upset the whole In ("Gyokuyo" (The Diary of Kanezane KUJO) the article of August 22, 1184).
Japanese: 時を同じくして伊勢でも平信兼以下が鈴鹿山を切り塞いで謀反を起こし、院中は例えようもないほど動揺したという（『玉葉』7月8日条）。
English: Ietsugu was defeated and his head put on public display, while TOMITA no Iesuke, Ieyoshi and Iekiyo Nyudo, who were Samurai Daishos (commander of warriors), were defeated and killed.
Japanese: 家継が討ち取られて梟首され、侍大将の富田家助・家能・家清入道らが討ち取られた。
English: Although the rebellion was all but subdued, the Minamoto clan also suffered enormous damages, including the deaths in battle of Hideyoshi SASAKI, an old general, and as many as several hundred horsemen.
Japanese: 反乱はほぼ鎮圧されたものの、源氏方も老将佐々木秀義が討ち死にし、死者数百騎に及ぶ大きな損害を受けた。
English: On September 16, taking the matter seriously, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune to find TAIRA no Nobukane, who was the dominant figure of the Taira clan.
Japanese: 8月3日、事態を重く見た源頼朝は、蜂起した平氏勢力の中の最有力人物である平信兼の捜索を源義経に命じる。
English: On September 23, Nobukane's three sons, TAIRA no Kanehira, TAIRA no Nobuhira and TAIRA no Kanetoki, were summoned to Yoshitsune's residence in Kyoto and were put to the sword or forced to commit suicide.
Japanese: 10日、信兼の3人の子息、平兼衡・平信衡・平兼時が京の義経邸に呼び出され、斬殺、自害へ追い込まれている。
English: There is no record in the diaries written by nobles about the subsequent course of the battle, but according to "Genpei Seisui Ki" (Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira clans), after a fierce battle, about 100 horsemen on the Nobukane side that holed up in the castle of Takino, Ise Province were defeated and killed.
Japanese: その後の合戦の経過について貴族の日記による記録はないが、『源平盛衰記』によると、伊勢国滝野の城に立てこもる100騎ほどの信兼軍が激戦の末、討ち取られたという。
English: Yoshitsune was appointed as Saemon no shojo (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) by the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa on September 19, while he was in the midst of putting down TAIRA no Nobukane.
Japanese: この平信兼追討の最中の8月6日、義経は後白河天皇より左衛門少尉、検非違使に任じられた。
English: A report from Yoshitsune stating that he had summoned Nobukane's three sons to his accommodation and killed them and that Nobukane had been dismissed from Dewa no kuni Kokushi (the governor of Dewa Province) reached Kamakura on October 9, and on October 22 a letter was sent out from Yoritomoto to put the land of Nobukane and the men of the Taira clan in Kyoto under Yoshitsune's control ("Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East)).
Japanese: 8月26日、鎌倉に義経から信兼の子息3人を宿所に呼び寄せて誅した事、信兼が出羽国国司を解官されたとの報告が届き、9月9日、信兼以下平氏家人の京都における所有地を、義経の支配とするよう頼朝から書状が出された（『吾妻鏡』）。
English: After the Battle of Ichinotani, MINAMOTO no Noriyori and the main body of the Kamakura warriors had returned to the East, but on September 21, in the midst of this rebellion, Noriyori again left Kamakura and, on October 22, headed from Kyoto for Saikai (the provinces on the western seacoast) to search out and kill the Taira clan.
Japanese: 一ノ谷の戦い以降、源範頼以下主な鎌倉武士は帰東しており、またこの反乱の最中の8月8日に、範頼は平氏追討のために鎌倉を出立し、9月1日に京から西海へ向かっている。
English: The remnants of the Taira clan made the capital so fearful that Goshirakawain prevented Yoshitsune's sortie to Yashima in January of the following year to maintain security, and this perturbed situation was what caused the appointment of Yoshitsune to Kebiishi and Saemon no jo (Lieutenant of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards).
Japanese: 平氏残党に対する都の不安は大きく、後白河院は治安維持のために翌年正月の義経の屋島出撃を引き留めており、義経の検非違使・左衛門尉任官は、このような情勢の不安による人事であった。
English: According to recent studies, it is thought that Yoshitsune was dismissed from the army to search out and kill the Taira clan not because Yoritomo resented the appointment of Yoshitsune without his permission (as described in "Azuma Kagami," which was compiled in later years), but because Yoshitsune was needed to maintain the security of Kyoto and the Cloistered Emperor and nobles were strongly against it.
Japanese: 近年の研究では、義経が平氏追討から外されたのは、後年の編纂書『吾妻鏡』が記すような無断任官による頼朝の怒りのためではなく、京都の治安維持に義経が必要であり、法皇や貴族たちの強い反対があったためと考えられている。
English: In addition, TAIRA no Nobukane and TAIRA no Ietsugu were samurai in the imperial capital who had collaborated to aid Yoshitsune's entrance to the capital for the purpose of defeating MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
Japanese: なお、平信兼と平家継は源義仲打倒の立場から、義経の入京に協力した京武者たちであった。
English: According to "Azuma Kagami," Nobukane's sons were responsible for the incident, but from the fact that they went to Yoshitsune's residence, they seem not to have been deeply involved in the rebellion.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』では信兼の息子たちが事件の張本であったとするが、彼らは義経の屋敷に出向いている事から、反乱と深い関わりは持っていなかったと見られる。
English: It is thought that Yoritomo's policy of excluding or subordinating the independent samurai in the imperial capital was the reason which underlay the hunt for Nobukane.
Japanese: 信兼追討の背景には、独立性の強い京武者の排除、従属させようとする頼朝の方針があったと考えられる。
English: The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) was conducted by the Heike in order to track down and kill the rebelling powers in the Hokuriku region, and intensified around September 1181 (ending around December 1181 or January 1182 (November 1181 by the old lunar calendar)).
Japanese: 養和の北陸出兵（ようわのほくりくしゅっぺい）とは、養和元年（1181年）7月頃から活発化した北陸地方反乱勢力に対する平家の追討活動のことである（養和元年11月まで）。
English: MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka defeated Sukemoto JO in the battle at Yokota River in July or August 1181 (June 1181 by the old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 治承5年（1181年）6月の横田河原の戦いにおいて源義仲が平家方の越後国の雄城助職を打ち破る。
English: Immediately afterwards, powerful families in the Hokuriku region (including Kaga Province, Noto Province and Wakasa Province) began to rebel.
Japanese: その直後から加賀国・能登国・若狭国の北陸豪族達が反乱活動を開始する。
English: In various locations in the Hokuriku region, the monk-soldiers and the jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) of Hakuzan-jinja Shrine, a branch shrine of Enryaku-ji Temple, had clashed with kokuga seiryoku (the force of the provincial headquarters) even before the Jisho-Juei War.
Japanese: 治承・寿永の乱以前から北陸各地では、延暦寺の末寺である白山神社の衆徒・神人たちと国衙勢力との間に対立が見られた。
English: Thus, there had been a preexisting feeling that the Taira clan (who were considered to be on the same side as the kokuga) antagonized the local people.
Japanese: このように、国衙方と目される平家には以前から在地の反感を買う土壌があった。
English: In addition, there were signs of insurgency such as the agreement of the Kokujin (local samurai) in Wakasa to the offense and defense in Omi Province in November or December 1180 (November 1180 by the old lunar calendar).
Japanese: また、治承4年11月の近江攻防に若狭の国人が同意する動きがあるなどの反乱の萌芽がみられていた。
English: In the latter half of September 1181, a rebellion broke out in Kaga and Noto, and spread to Echizen Province.
Japanese: 養和元年（1181年）7月後半頃、加賀・能登で反乱の動きが起こり、それは越前国へと波及した。
English: Following this, TAIRA no Michimori and TAIRA no Tsunemasa departed for Hokuriku as envoys for the search and kill expedition in September or October (August by the old lunar calendar) ("Kikki" (a diary by Tsunefusa YOSHIDA)).
Japanese: ついで、8月平通盛・平経正が追討使として北陸に出陣する（『吉記』）。
English: Michimori entered the provincial capital of Echizen Province, but the residents of Echizen and Kaga did not obey him, and on October 22, a war broke out between the rebel forces and Michimori at Suizu.
Japanese: 通盛は越前国国府に入るが、越前・加賀の住人は従わず、9月6日水津にて反乱勢力と通盛との間に戦闘が行なわれる。
English: In November or December (October by the old lunar calendar), a plan was developed to deliver reinforcements, but in reality, reinforcements were not dispatched ("Gyokuyo" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane)).
Japanese: 10月には都で北陸の援兵の計画が練られるが実際には援軍は派遣されなかった（『玉葉』）。
English: On December 16, TAIRA no Michimori returned to Kyoto without having accomplished anything on his expedition to Hokuriku ("Kikki" (a diary by Tsunefusa YOSHIDA)).
Japanese: 11月2日平通盛は北陸の遠征に何の実績を上げることもできずに帰京する（『吉記』）。
English: Later, the Taira clan planned an expedition to Hokuriku, but the dispatch of troops was put off in the name of preparations for the Daijo-sai festival (a festival to celebrate the succession of an emperor), and it was ultimately postponed until 1183, when the mighty expedition started.
Japanese: その後平家によって北陸への遠征は計画がされるが大嘗祭の準備を名目に翌養和2年（1182年）の出兵は見送られ、寿永2年（1183年）に大遠征が開始されるまで北陸出兵は見送られることになる。
English: At that time, the rebel forces had taken control of the Tokai-do and Tosan-do Roads as well, but Hokuriku was recognized as an important supplier of army provisions, so it was this region as well as Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) where the Taira clan had to suppress the rebellion.
Japanese: 当時、東海道・東山道も反乱勢力に制圧されていたが、北陸は平家の兵糧の補給地として大切な地域との認識があり、鎮西と並んで平家が反乱を早急に鎮圧しなければならない地域であった。
English: The books compiled in later years, including "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East), state that the serial dispatch of troops to Hokuriku was 'in order to seek out and kill Yoshinaka' but Yoshinaka's name was not recorded in the records made at the time, until the June 14, 1183 entry in "Gyokuyo" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane).
Japanese: なお、後年の編纂物である『吾妻鏡』などには一連の北陸出兵が「義仲討伐の為」と記されているが、当時の記録には、『玉葉』寿永2年（1183年）5月16日条まで義仲の名前は記載されていない。
English: The Yowa no Hokuriku syuppei (the dispatch of troops to Hokuriku region in the Yowa period) and the dispatch of troops in the Juei period were not to find and kill Yoshinaka but to find and kill the rebel forces in Hokuriku, and the rebel forces in Hokuriku were not under Yoshinaka's command from the time when troops were dispatched to Hokuriku.
Japanese: この養和の出兵ならびに寿永の出兵は義仲討伐という名目ではなくあくまでも北陸反乱勢力の討伐であり、北陸反乱諸勢力も養和の出兵の頃から義仲の配下にいたわけではないのである。
English: Machi-koji Street was a street that was central to the townspeople of Kyoto in the middle ages, and was lined with doso (underground warehouses).
Japanese: 町小路（まちこうじ）とは、中世日本京都の町衆の中心となった通りであり、そこには土倉が建ち並んでいた。
English: The predecessor of machikoji were the Machijiri-koji Street of Heian-kyo and became Shinmachi-dori Street from the Edo period.
Japanese: 町小路の前身は、平安京の町尻小路であり、江戸時代以降は、新町通となる。
English: Geologically, it was a first-rate location in Kyoto at that time because it was on high grounds that would not be affected by the flooding of the Kamo-gawa River (Yodo-gawa River system).
Japanese: 地勢的には、鴨川(淀川水系)が氾濫しても、その影響の及ばない高台に属し、当時の京都の一等地である。
English: The merchant houses and factories of the craftspeople lined the street, whereas the courtiers and military families had homes east of the Higashinotoin-dori Street, which was more prone to flooding.
Japanese: そして、そこ並んでいたのは、商人の商家や職人の工房であり、それに対し、公家や武家は、より洪水の危険の及ぶ東洞院通以東に居を構えていた。
English: The wealthier townspeople were called 'Utokunin' and paid for the Yamahoko Junko (procession of Gion Festival Floats) during the Gion-e (service for souls of Gion) instead of the government and were called 'Junya no Senmin' (people of the lower class who are wealthy).
Japanese: 町衆の中の富裕層は、「有徳人」と称され、祇園会の際に国家に代わって山鉾巡行の費用を拠出し、「潤屋の賤民」と呼ばれた。
English: Following the notation method of 'East-West street and South-North street' (example: Shijo Karasuma) used even today that began with the establishment of Heian-kyo, the location where a Machi-koji Street bisects a East-West street was called 'XX-cho (town).'
Japanese: 平安京以来、現在も用いられる「東西通＋南北通」（例：四条烏丸）という地点の表記の方法にならい、町小路が東西の通りと交差する地点は、「○○＋町」と呼ばれた。
English: Kamakura Mochiuji ki is a military diary depicting the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 『鎌倉持氏記』（かまくらもちうじき）は、室町時代の永享の乱・結城合戦を描いた軍記物である。
English: According to the okugaki (postscript), a person called Asaba Minbu shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs) scribed the book as the last diary of Kamakura kubo (Governor-general of the Kanto region) Mochiuji ASHIKAGA in September 1451.
Japanese: 奥書によると、浅羽民部少輔なる人物が宝徳3年（1451年）8月に鎌倉公方足利持氏の最後の日記として書き留めたものである。
English: It records the events of the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle in Mana (Chinese characters) starting with the dispute between Kamakura kubo Mochiuji ASHIKAGA and Kanto kanrei (shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) Akimitsu UESUGI, and ends with the execution of Mochiuji's remaining children, Shuno and Ano,
Japanese: 鎌倉公方足利持氏と関東管領上杉憲実の不和から始まり、持氏の遺児である春王・安王の処刑に至るまでの永享の乱・結城合戦の顛末を真字（漢文）体で実録的に記している。
English: The writing is sympathetic to Mochiuji ASHIKAGA compared with the "Eikyo ki" (Yuji Battle Record), written based on the Kamakura Mochiuji ki, but like the Eikyo ki, it finds Mochiuji guilty of causing the Eikyo Rebellion and strongly criticizes Mochiuji's actions that led to the Rebellion as "the acts of a devil".
Japanese: その筆致は同書に依拠して書かれた『永享記』（『結城戦場記』）と比べると足利持氏を擁護する傾向にあるが、永享の乱の根本的原因は『永享記』と同じく持氏側に求め、乱に至らしめた持氏の行動を「天魔の所行」と強く非難している。
English: On the other hand, it praises the Mochiuji-side advisors, Naokane ISSHIKI and Norinao UESUGI, who were related with the author and opposed the Kanto kanrei Uesugi clan, as 'very committed people.'
Japanese: また一方で、作者の縁者であり関東管領上杉氏と対立して永享の乱の後に殺された持氏側近一色直兼・上杉憲直らのことは「誠に志の深き者なり」などと称揚する。
English: Masaaki KAJIWARA classified the military records related to the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle into two types, 'those that recorded facts centering on the Eikyo Rebellion' and 'those that were story-like and embellished centering on the Yuki Battle.'
Japanese: 梶原正昭は永享の乱・結城合戦関係軍記を大きく「永享の乱を中心とした実録的なもの」と「結城合戦を中心とした潤色の多い物語的なもの」の2系統に分類した。
English: "Kamakura Mochiuji ki" is an example of the first type, and it has become almost definite from the research of Kajiwara and later Riku SATO, that it was the basis of all military records that depict the Eikyo Rebellion and Yuki Battle.
Japanese: 『鎌倉持氏記』は前者の代表で、かつ永享の乱・結城合戦を描くすべての軍記の源流になったことが梶原やその後の佐藤陸の研究でほぼ確定的となっている。
English: The various military records influenced each other and their relationship is not sufficiently clear yet, but the military records that are known to have been directly influenced or strongly affected by "Kamakura Mochiuji ki" are the following.
Japanese: 諸軍記は相互に影響しあっておりその関係性は未だ十分には明らかになっていないが、特に『鎌倉持氏記』に直接依拠、あるいは強い影響を受けたとされる軍記は以下の通りである。
English: The contents cover the time from discord of the kubo and kanrei to the point when the wet nurses of Shuno and Ano become nuns after the brothers' execution and it is suggested that the Eikyo Rebellion part was based on "Kamakura Mochiuji ki" and the Yuki Battle part was based on "Yukisenjo ki."
Japanese: 内容は公方管領の不和から春王・安王の処刑後に乳人らが出家するところまでで、永享の乱の部分は『鎌倉持氏記』、結城合戦の部分は『結城戦場記』がもとになったとされる。
English: It was formerly designated as the missing middle volume of "Kamakura Daizoshi" (Military chronicle written during the Muromachi period), but is currently considered as a separate document.
Japanese: かつては『鎌倉大草紙』の欠損した中巻に充てられていたが、現在は別書とされている。
English: The contents begin with Norizane UESUGI becoming a priest after the Eikyo Rebellion and ends with the wet nurses of Shuno and Ano becoming nuns, suggesting an influence by "Yukisenjo ki" and "Eikyo ki."
Japanese: 内容は永享の乱の後の上杉憲実の出家から春王・安王の乳人の出家までで、『結城戦場記』や『永享記』との関わりも指摘されている。
English: The okugaki describes it as a copy of the diary of Yuki clan Karo (chief retainer) Mizutani Nyudo in September 1451.
Japanese: 奥書には宝徳3年（1451年）8月に結城氏家老の水谷入道の日記を写したものとある。
English: Katanashi (Kessei) was one of the governmental affairs conducted at the Imperial Court during the Heian period.
Japanese: 結政（かたなし/けっせい）とは、平安時代の朝廷にて行われた政務の1つ。
English: It sometimes was the term used to designated the place where it was conducted (Katanashi-dokoro)
Japanese: また、それが行われる場所（結政所（かたなしどころ））を指す場合もある。
English: It is suggested that it was formed by the nominalization of the word 'Katanenasu,' meaning to generalize or summarize.
Japanese: 元は「一括する」・「まとめる」という意味のある「結ね成す（かたねなす）」という動詞が名詞化したものと言われている。
English: The word 'katane' relates to opening up a document to read and then tying it up again, and this act had an important meaning in actuality for Katanashi.
Japanese: 「結ね」とは、文書を広げて読み上げて元のように結びなおすという意味を持っており、実際に結政においてこの行為が重要な意味を有した。
English: The documents of issues from the government officials and provinces were organized by the Benkan (controllers) before they were sent to the Dajokan (Grand Council of State).
Japanese: 官司・令制国から出された議案は太政官に挙げられる前に弁官がその文書を整理した。
English: Katanashi was called Kan katanashi if the meeting of Daijokan, 'Sei' was a Kansei (a council at the Dajokan Office) to be conducted at the Dajokan Office, and was called Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) katanashi if it was a Gekisei (a council at the Geki office) conducted at the Geki Office.
Japanese: 結政はその後に開かれる太政官の会議である「政」が太政官庁で行われる官政の場合には官結政、外記庁で行われる外記政の場合には外記結政と呼ばれた。
English: The Katanashi-dokoro where Katanashi was conducted was different depending upon where the 'Sei' was held (west corridor of the Dajokan Office for Kansei and Geki South Building, the annex on the south side of the Geki Office for Gekisei).
Japanese: 「政」の開催場所のよって結政が開かれる結政所が違った（官政は太政官庁西廊、外記政は外記南舎（外記庁の南側に置かれた離れ）。
English: However, in later years, Katanashi were held at the Geki South Building even for Kansei and other than the fact that the official seal of the Daijokan was stored at the Fumidono next to the Geki South Building, everything else was the same.
Japanese: ただし、後世には官政においても外記南舎で結政が開かれるようになり、外記南舎の脇の文殿にて太政官の官印が保管されるようになった）以外は基本的には同じである。
English: First, all of the Benkan and Shi (lower ranking official) (Ritsuryo system [a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code]) and as witnesses, Shonagon (lesser councilor of state) and Geki, sit in the Katanashi-dokoro.
Japanese: まず結政所に弁官全員とその下の史(律令制)、更に立会いとして少納言・外記が着座する。
English: The Daiben (major controller) and other Benkan take it out and read through it, return it to the Shi and this is re-tied and shown to all of the Benkan.
Japanese: 大弁以下の弁官はこれを取り出して目を通し、史に返却した後に再度結びなおして全ての弁官にこれを見せる。
English: After the Shi reads out the document (called Katanemosu), then the Benkan confirm the documents that should be taken up to the Sei and the meeting ends.
Japanese: その後、史が読み上げて（結申（かたねもうす））、更に弁官が政に取り上げるべき文書を確認して終わる。
English: Later, after the Sei, those that have become Dajokanpu (official documents issued by Dajokan) are returned to the Benkan, who then perform the shoin (a ceremony to seal documents issued by the government) which was necessary for the kanpu (official documents).
Japanese: その後、政を経て太政官符などの形となったものが弁官に返されて官符に必要な請印（押印）を行った。
English: In times of emergencies, Sei were not held but an upper courtier who was waiting at the meeting would confirm this, and the Sangi (councilor) or Shonagon would ask the Benkan at the Katanashi-dokoro to attach the seal to the document and this procedure was called Katanashi shoin.
Japanese: なお、緊急時には政が開かれず、会議が開かれる陣座に待機していた上卿がこれを確認した後で参議・少納言が結政所にいる弁官に請印を求める結政請印という手続もあった。
English: In the late Heian period, Kansei and Gekisei declined and actual governmental affairs were often run by Katanashi shoin.
Japanese: 平安時代後期には官政も外記政も衰微して結政請印で実際の政務が行われることが多くなった。
English: The Wake clan was a Gozoku (local ruling family) based in the Wake District (formerly Fujino District) of Bizen Province.
Japanese: 和気氏（わけうじ）は、備前国和気郡（古くは藤野郡と称した）を本拠とした豪族である。
English: It is said that their patriarch was Nuteshiwakenomikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin.
Japanese: 垂仁天皇の皇子鐸石別命（ぬてしわけのみこと）を祖とすると伝えられる。
English: The surname was changed from Kimi to Mahito, then to Sukune, and in 774 the surname Ason was given.
Japanese: 姓（かばね）は公（きみ）から真人（まひと）、宿禰などを経て774年（宝亀5年）に朝臣の姓が与えられた。
English: In the Nara period, WAKE no Hiromushi (who adopted the name Hokin-ni after entering the priesthood) and his younger brother WAKE no Kiyomaro, who had made achievements in a plot by the Usa Hachiman-gu oracle against the Buddhist monk Dokyo, advanced to the Imperial court and were given the surname Wake Ason by Fujinowake no Mahito.
Japanese: 奈良時代和気広虫（出家して法均尼と号する）と弟の和気清麻呂が僧道鏡に対する宇佐八幡宮神託事件で功があって朝廷に進出し、藤野別真人から和気朝臣の氏姓が与えられた。
English: Kiyomaro's son WAKE no Hiroyo served the Imperial court as a scholar, and established Kobun-in, which was a Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) for the members of the clan.
Japanese: 清麻呂の子和気広世などは学者として朝廷に仕え、広世は和気氏出身者のための大学別曹の弘文院を設置している。