nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the latter days of the Kamakura period, the government of the Kamakura bakufu was controlled in all but name by the tokuso (head) of the Hojo family; the naikanrei (inner administrator) Nagasaki clan held power at that time.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代後期には、鎌倉幕府は北条氏得宗家による執政体制にあり、内管領の長崎氏が勢力を持っていた。
English: The political situation had been unstable ever since the Mongol invasion, and due to this and other factors, criminals were active in several provinces, while the shogunate gradually found itself losing the support of the warrior class.
Japanese: 元寇以来の政局不安などにより、諸国では悪党が活動し、幕府は次第に武士層からの支持を失っていった。
English: In the Imperial Court, on the other hand, conflict had arisen between the Kameyama (Daikakuji) and the Gofukakusa (Jimyoin) branches of the Imperial line; a system of alternating Emperors from each lineage was in place, and in 1318 Emperor Godaigo of the Daikakuji lineage became Emperor, taking the Engi and Tenryaku eras, the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Murakami in the Heian period, as his ideal, he aimed in secret to overthrow the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: その一方で、朝廷では大覚寺統と持明院統が対立しており、相互に皇位を交代する両統迭立が行われており、1318年（文保2年）に大覚寺統の後醍醐天皇が即位し、平安時代の醍醐天皇、村上天皇の治世である延喜・天暦の治を理想とし、鎌倉幕府の打倒をひそかに目指していた。
English: As part of Emperor Godaigo's plan to topple the shogunate, he twice instigated anti-shogunal uprisings in the Shochu Disturbance of 1324 (the first year of the Shochu era) and the Genko Disturbance of 1331 (the first year of the Genko era).
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇の討幕計画は、1324年（正中(元号)元年）の正中の変、1331年（元弘元年）の元弘の変と二度までも発覚する。
English: But in the aftermath of the Genko Disturbance, Emperor Godaigo was taken captive and exiled to the island of Oki, and the Jimyoin lineage, which had the backing of the Kamakura bakufu, was able to raise their candidate, Kogon, to the throne.
Japanese: 元弘の変で後醍醐天皇は捕らわれて隠岐島に配流され、鎌倉幕府に擁立された持明院統の光厳天皇が即位した。
English: However, those who had responded to Emperor Godaigo's call to strike against the shogunate like Masashige KUSUNOKI of Kawachi Province, Emperor Godaigo's own son Imperial Prince Morinaga (also known as Moriyoshi), who had returned to secular life after serving as head abbot of the entire Tendai sect, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU of Harima Province, who provided Morinaga support, continued to resist the shogunal forces; moreover, shogunal supporters like the gokenin (lower samurai warrior vassals) Yoshisada NITTA of Kozuke Province and Takauji ASHIKAGA of Shimotsuke Province eventually turned against the shogunate and joined the Imperial cause, gathering together a force from all the various provinces sufficient to topple the shogunate.
Japanese: しかし、後醍醐天皇の討幕運動に呼応した河内国の楠木正成や後醍醐天皇の皇子で天台座主から還俗した護良親王、護良を支援した播磨国の赤松則村（円心）らが幕府軍に抵抗し、さらに幕府側の御家人である上野国の新田義貞や下野国の足利尊氏（高氏）らが幕府から朝廷へ寝返り、諸国の反幕府勢力を集める。
English: In 1333 Emperor Godaigo escaped from Oki island, whereupon he was met in Hoki Province by Nagatoshi NAWA; they went to Mount Senjo and began raising an army to strike down the shogunate.
Japanese: 1333年（元弘3年/正慶2年）に後醍醐天皇は隠岐を脱出し、伯耆国で名和長年に迎えられ船上山で倒幕の兵を挙げる。
English: In Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA's samurai destroyed the local magistrate at Rokuhara while Yoshisada NITTA mounted an attack against Kamakura itself; after Takatoki HOJO and the entire Hojo clan had been killed and (thereby) the Kamakura bakufu had been destroyed, Emperor Godaigo was met by Akamatsu and Kusunoki clans, and they all returned to the capital in triumph.
Japanese: 京都で足利高氏の兵が六波羅探題を滅ぼし、新田義貞が鎌倉を攻め、北条高時ら北条氏一族を滅ぼし鎌倉幕府が滅亡すると、後醍醐は赤松氏や楠木氏に迎えられて京都へ帰還する。
English: Emperor Godaigo declared both Emperor Kogon's reign and the Shukyo era name annulled, and announced that all imperial decrees signed by Kogon, or court appointments made by him, were invalid; he took the additional step of dismissing Fuyunori TAKATSUKASA from his position as kanpaku (chief advisor/Prime Minister).
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は光厳天皇の即位と正慶の元号を廃止、光厳が署名した詔書や光厳が与えた官位の無効を宣言し、さらに関白の鷹司冬教を解任した。
English: After returning to the capital, Godaigo entered the throne room on Tomikoji hill and repudiated Kogon's imperial rank, ushering in a new era of direct Imperial rule (and of his own second ascension, he insisted that he was not "returning to the throne" but rather had continuously been ruling since 1318); in Kyoto, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who with Imperial Prince Morinaga had directed the attack on Rokuhara, requested more troops from all the various provinces, and by paying and supplying the samurai that came to the capital, Takauji assumed military command over the government of Kyoto.
Japanese: 帰京した後醍醐は富小路坂の里内裏に入り、光厳天皇の皇位を否定し親政を開始（自らの重祚<復位>は否定し、文保2年から継続しての在位を主張）するが、京都では護良親王とともに六波羅攻撃を主導した足利高氏が諸国へ軍勢を催促し、上洛した武士を収めて京都支配を指揮していた。
English: On the fifth day of the sixth month, Takauji was appointed the Chinjufu shogun ("Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North"), and he was awarded one character from out of the Emperor's real name (Takahara), thereby changing the "Taka (高)" in his own name to the Emperor's own "Taka (尊)."
Japanese: 6月5日、高氏が鎮守府将軍に任命され、天皇の諱「尊治」から一字を与えられ「尊氏」と改めた。
English: Because Imperial Prince Morinaga, who was on his guard against the considerable might of Takauji and the rest of the Ashikaga clan, had gone off to Mt. Shigi and began acting to hem in Takauji's power, on the twenty-third day of the sixth month, Emperor Godaigo made Imperial Prince Morinaga the Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") as part of a compromise plan between the two of them.
Japanese: 尊氏ら足利氏の勢力を警戒した護良親王は奈良の信貴山に拠り尊氏を牽制する動きに出たため、後醍醐天皇は妥協策として6月23日に護良親王を征夷大将軍に任命する。
English: On the fifteenth day of the sixth month, Emperor Godaigo promulgated a decree ordering the restoration of all the old fiefs, and he continued promulgating several more commands including a decree to confiscate the lands of the jiryo, one ordering the seizure of all territories held by enemies of the Court, and one ordering retrials for poorly judged cases; these decrees made the Emperor's judgments, in the form of Imperial orders, absolutely vital in matters of land ownership, lawsuits, and more.
Japanese: 6月15日には旧領回復令が発布され、続いて寺領没収令、朝敵所領没収令、誤判再審令などが発布され土地所有権や訴訟の申請などに関しては天皇の裁断である綸旨を必要とすることとなった。
English: In the seventh month an order for the various provinces to supply an average level of relief was promulgated; enemies of the Court were defined as limited to only the Hojo clan, and relief for their fiefs was left up to the provincial governors of the various provinces.
Japanese: 7月には諸国平均安堵令が発せられ、朝敵を北条氏一族のみと定め、知行の安堵を諸国の国司に任せた。
English: In order to spread Imperial control throughout the area from the Kanto to the Tohoku regions, in the tenth month the Emperor made Akiie KITABATAKE, the son of his close associate Chikafusa KITABATAKE, the Chinjufu shogun and Protector of Mutsu Province; Chikafusa and Akiie obeyed the will of Imperial Prince Yoshinaga (later Emperor Gomurakami) and were dispatched to Mutsu Province, thereby establishing the office of shogun (general) of Mutsu, and in the twelfth month Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, obeyed the Imperial order of Emperor Godaigo's son Imperial Prince Narinaga and was dispatched to Kamakura, where the office of shogun of Kamakura was established.
Japanese: 関東地方から東北地方にかけて支配を行き渡らせるため、10月には側近の北畠親房、親房の子で鎮守府将軍・陸奥守に任命された北畠顕家が義良親王（後村上天皇）を奉じて陸奥国へ派遣されて陸奥将軍府が成立し、12月には尊氏の弟の足利直義が後醍醐皇子の成良親王を奉じて鎌倉へ派遣され、鎌倉将軍府が成立。
English: In the first month of 1334, the ceremony of the investiture of the Crown Prince was held, and Imperial Prince Tsunenaga (whose mother was Yasuko ANO) was chosen as Crown Prince.
Japanese: 1334年正月には立太子の儀が行われ、恒良親王（母：阿野廉子）が皇太子に定められる。
English: Also in the first month, plans were released for new taxes, including a 5% tax to fund construction on the Emperor's own palaces within the Daidairi, the Imperial Palace complex, and a land survey was carried out.
Japanese: 1月には天皇の皇居にあたる大内裏の造営のための二十分の一税などの新税が計画され、土地調査が行われる。
English: Plans were laid to issue new paper money called "chohei" (mulberry paper notes) and new coins, and in the third month there is a record of an Imperial decree to issue kenkon tsuho ("circulating treasures of heaven and earth"), but it cannot be confirmed whether these kenkon tsuho ever in fact existed.
Japanese: 『楮幣』とよばれる新紙幣、貨幣の発行も計画され、3月には「乾坤通宝」発行詔書が発行されているが、乾坤通宝の存在は確認されていない。
English: It was right around this time that due to these new decrees, the Court started receiving a flood of land-related problems as well as court cases and requests for rewards, and chaos caused by conflicts of authority between the mechanisms of the newly established Records office and so forth began to arise; the fact that the new government was beset with problems had come to light very quickly.
Japanese: この頃には新令により発生した所領問題、訴訟や恩賞請求の殺到、記録所などの新設された機関における権限の衝突などの混乱が起こり始め、新政の問題が早くも露呈する。
English: Dismissed from his position as Shogun and having lost his influence over the Kenmu administration, Imperial Prince Morinaga was accused of plotting to overthrow Takauji through force of arms, so in the tenth month he was seized and exiled to Kamakura.
Japanese: 将軍職を解任され、建武政権における発言力をも失っていた護良親王は武力による尊氏打倒を考えていたとされ、10月には拘束され、鎌倉へ配流される。
English: In the twelfth month, new lords of the eight ministries were appointed in a reshuffle of the bureaucracy that paid no attention to conventions of family status.
Japanese: 12月には八省卿が新たに任命され、家格の伝統を軽視した人事が行われる。
English: In the fifth month of 1335, the Zo dairi kojisho ("the office for the oversight of construction projects on the Imperial palace") was created in order to plan and execute construction projects for the Imperial palace.
Japanese: 1335年（建武(日本)2年）5月には内裏造営のための造内裏行事所が開設される。
English: In the sixth month (under the old lunar calendar) it came to light that the Court noble Kinmune SAIONJI, who served as Kanto moshitsugi (a mediator position between Court and shogunate) and was related to the Hojo clan, and other nobles sheltered Yasuie (Tokioki) HOJO, younger brother of Takatoki HOJO, and that in obedience to the will of Emperor Gofushimi of the Jimyoin lineage, a conspiracy had been formed to overthrow the new government.
Japanese: 6月(旧暦)、関東申次を務め北条氏と縁のあった公家の西園寺公宗らが北条高時の弟北条泰家（時興）を匿い、持明院統の後伏見天皇を奉じて政権転覆を企てる陰謀が発覚する。
English: Kinmune failed his attempted assassination of Emperor Godaigo and was subsequently executed, but Yasuie escaped and began calling together the remnants of the Hojo's military forces from all over the land.
Japanese: 公宗は後醍醐天皇の暗殺に失敗し誅殺されたが、泰家は逃れ、各地の北条残党に挙兵を呼びかける。
English: Even after the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu, several provinces, especially those for which the Hojo clan formerly held the governorships, arose in counter-rebellion, and in the seventh (lunar) month, in Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Pref.), Tokiyuki HOJO, the orphan of Takatoki HOJO, and his uncle Yasuie HOJO raised an army and captured Kamakura; Tadayoshi and the others were driven out, and the Nakasendai rebellion (so named because it took place between the old regime, the Hojo, and the new, the Ashikaga) began.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の滅亡後も、旧北条氏の守護国を中心に各地で反乱が起こっており、7月(旧暦)には信濃国で高時の遺児である北条時行と、その叔父北条泰家が挙兵して鎌倉を占領し直義らが追われる中先代の乱が起こる。
English: Takauji requested from Emperor Godaigo that he be appointed Seii taishogun and sotsui hoshi (Inspector General) in order to suppress Tokiyuki's rebellion, but Emperor Godaigo side-stepped these requests and appointed Imperial Prince Narinaga Seii taishogun.
Japanese: 足利尊氏は後醍醐天皇に時行討伐のための征夷大将軍、総追捕使の任命を求めるが、後醍醐天皇は要求を退け、成良親王を征夷大将軍に任命した。
English: When Takauji set out to suppress the Hojo army despite not having obtained an Imperial decree, Emperor Godaigo belatedly appointed him seito shogun (literally, "general who subdues the eastern barbarians").
Japanese: 尊氏が勅状を得ないまま北条軍の討伐に向かうと、後醍醐天皇は追って尊氏を征東将軍に任じる。
English: Takauji, after destroying Tokiyuki's army, violated Emperor Godaigo's order to return to the capital and installed himself in Kamakura instead; having become alienated from the new government, he showed his disaffection by bestowing unique rewards on the officers and men who had fought with him to put down the rebellion, and by willfully seizing the territory of the Nitta clan in the Kanto (eastern Japan).
Japanese: 時行軍を駆逐した尊氏は後醍醐天皇の帰京命令を拒否してそのまま鎌倉に居を据え、乱の鎮圧に付き従った将士に独自に恩賞を与えたり、関東にあった新田氏の領地を勝手に没収するなど新政から離反する。
English: Takauji next insisted that Yoshisada NITTA, shoji (chief) of the mushadokoro (the Imperial bodyguards) and the one who possessed the greatest military strength of all the samurai not yet estranged from the Emperor, was only pretending to support the Emperor and was secretly plotting against him, requesting that Emperor Godaigo let him suppress Yoshisada.
Japanese: 尊氏は、天皇から離反しなかった武士で最強の軍事力を持っていた武者所所司（長官）の新田義貞を君側の奸であると主張し、その討伐を後醍醐天皇に対して要請する。
English: Emperor Godaigo refused this demand by Takauji, and in the eleventh month he commanded Yoshisada to send his army out to hunt down Takauji; but the Nitta army was defeated, and in the first month of 1336 the Ashikaga army entered the capital.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は尊氏のこの要請を受けず、11月に義貞に尊氏追討を命じて出陣させるが、新田軍は敗北し、1336年（建武(日本)3年）1月に足利軍は入京する。
English: Emperor Godaigo fled to Mt. Hiei, but in the interim the armies of Akiie KITABATAKE, who had marched down from the north, and Yoshisada joined forces temporarily and, combined, were able to drive the Ashikaga army from the capital.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は比叡山へ逃れるが、奥州から下向した北畠顕家や義貞らが合流して一旦は足利軍を駆逐する。
English: That same year, the Ashikaga army once again marched east towards the capital from Kyushu, and having obtained an Imperial edict from retired Emperor Kogon of the Jimyoin lineage, in the fifth month they crushed Emperor Godaigo's loyalist forces at the battle of the Minato river; in obedience to retired Emperor Kogon, they entered the capital and thus marked the downfall of the new government, after just two and a half years.
Japanese: 同年、九州から再び東上した足利軍は、持明院統の光厳上皇の院宣を得て、5月に湊川の戦いにおいて宮方を撃破し、光厳上皇を奉じて入京、ここに新政は2年半で瓦解する。
English: Takauji, after entering the capital, had Kogon's younger brother Komyo installed on the throne, creating the Northern Dynasty (of Japan).
Japanese: 入京した尊氏は光厳上皇の弟光明天皇を即位させ北朝(日本)が成立する。
English: In the ninth month, Emperor Godaigo appointed Imperial Prince Kanenaga Seisei taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the western barbarians") and dispatched him to Kyushu, while Yoshisada NITTA went into Hokuriku (the region north-northeast of Kyoto) in obedience to Imperial Princes Tsunenaga and Takanaga.
Japanese: 9月に後醍醐天皇は皇子の懐良親王を征西大将軍に任じて九州へ派遣し、新田義貞に恒良親王・尊良親王を奉じさせて北陸へ下らせる。
English: In the eleventh month, Emperor Godaigo descended from Mt. Hiei and made peace with the Ashikaga faction, handing over the three Imperial Regalia to Emperor Komyo, but in the twelfth month he escaped from Kyoto and fled to Yoshino, whereupon he established the Yoshino Court (the Southern Dynasty), claiming that the Regalia he had passed to Komyo were fakes and insisting that he himself was the only legitimate Emperor.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇は11月には比叡山を降りて足利方と和睦し、光明天皇に三種の神器を渡すが、12月に京都を脱出し、吉野へ逃れて吉野朝廷（南朝）を成立させ、先に光明天皇に渡した神器は偽器であり自分が正統な天皇であると宣言する。
English: With this, the period of two opposing courts, the Yoshino (Southern) Court and the Court in Kyoto (of the Northern Dynasty), began; the struggles between the Northern and Southern Ccourts were to continue for over 60 years, until the two courts were finally unified in 1392.
Japanese: ここに、吉野朝廷と京都の朝廷（北朝）が対立する南北朝時代(日本)が到来し、1392年（元中9年/明徳3年）の南北朝合一まで約60年間にわたって南北朝の抗争が続いた。
English: The Records Office had its origin in the Heian-era Office of Records for Land Deeds to Shoen established by Emperor Gosanjo in 1069 in an attempt to wrest back control over land ownership from the Fujiwara line of regents and advisors; it was set as the highest and most powerful branch of the central bureaucracy in the Kenmu government.
Japanese: 記録所は、平安時代に藤原摂関家から権力を取り戻そうとした後三条天皇が1069年（延久元年）に記録荘園券契所を設置したことに由来し、建武政権における中央官庁の最高機関として設置された。
English: The Records Office was revived by Emperor Godaigo during the era of direct Imperial rule; under the Kenmu government, in addition to examining the records for all the shoen, it was also responsible for settling general legal disputes.
Japanese: 記録所は後醍醐の親政時代に再興し、建武政権では荘園文書の調査に加えて一般の訴訟も担当。
English: The Records and Rewards offices were both investigative organizations, reporting on the precedents and different viewpoints in order to pass down judgments on each individual governmental matter; such judgments then came before Godaigo, who issued a settlement for each in the form of an Imperial command.
Japanese: 記録所や恩賞方は調査機関であり、個々の政務に関する判断を下すための先例や意見が答申され、それらが後醍醐の決済を経て「綸旨」の形で発せられた。
English: It was established with an organizational structure of from four to eight sections varying by region; each would be in session on even- or odd-numbered days only.
Japanese: 地域別に担当する4～8番編成で設置され、偶数日、奇数日にそれぞれ開廷された。
English: Many talented men were appointed from both the nobility and the warrior class to serve as members, the most notable of whom, aside from the nobles, were those from the Uesugi clan, a vassal of the Ashikaga family, and Takauji ASHIKAGA's steward Ko no Moronao, as well as some from the Nikaido clan, former bureaucrats in the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 成員は公家のほか足利家家臣の上杉氏や足利尊氏の執事高師直、旧幕府の官僚二階堂氏など公家・武家双方から多くの人材が登用された。
English: Takauji was given the official ranks and titles of Chinjufu shogun and Commander of the Left Inner Palace Guards, and honored by being allowed to use the "Taka (尊)" character from Emperor Godaigo's own personal name (Takaharu (尊治)), letting him change the meaning of his name Takauji, from "high lineage/clan" to "exalted lineage/clan" (the original "taka" (high (高)) from Takauji's name had been bestowed on him by Takatoki HOJO).
Japanese: 足利尊氏に鎮守府将軍・左兵衛督の官位を与え、後醍醐天皇の諱「尊治」の一字を賜り、「高氏」→「尊氏」と名を改めさせる（高氏の「高」は北条高時からの偏諱である）。
English: Imperial Prince Morinaga had desired the position of Seii taishogun, and was in fact temporarily appointed as Shogun, but in 1334 he lost his standing, was imprisoned in Kamakura, and was divested of his position as Shogun.
Japanese: 護良親王は征夷大将軍の職を望み、一時は補任するものの、1334年（建武(日本)元年）に護良親王が失脚して鎌倉に幽閉されると将軍職も剥奪される。
English: Among the nobility, the so-called 'Three Latter-day Fusas,' Sadafusa YOSHIDA, Nobufusa MADENOKOJI, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE, along with Tadaaki CHIGUSA and Kiyotada BOMON were all appointed to important posts, while talented men in retired Emperor Gofushimi's administration were also put to use according to their abilities.
Japanese: 公家では吉田定房・万里小路宣房・北畠親房の「後の三房」と千種忠顕・坊門清忠らを重用し、後伏見天皇院政の人材も能力に応じて採用した。
English: Among the warrior clans, notable were Masanari KUSUNOKI, Nagatoshi NAWA (Protector of Hoki), and Chikamitsu YUKI (these three, with Tadaaki CHIGUSA, were called "the three trees (ki) and one grass (kusa)"); moreover, other talented men, both noble and non-noble, including the esoteric monks Monkan and Enkan of the Shingon sect, actively served in the government as well.
Japanese: 武家では楠木正成・名和長年（伯耆守）・結城親光（3名と千種忠顕とを合わせて「三木一草」という）、さらに真言宗密教の僧である文観や円観などの非・公家の人材も積極的に登用する人事であった。
English: Takauji, however, did not assume an official post in the new government, despite being rewarded, due to Emperor Godaigo's policy of valuing merit and distinguished service above all.
Japanese: しかし、後醍醐天皇によって勲功第一と賞された尊氏は、新政の役職には就かなかった。
English: This refusal to serve is said to be part of his effort to draw a line between him and Emperor Godaigo's new government.
Japanese: これは、尊氏が新政とは一線を画そうとしていたためであると言われている。
English: Emperor Godaigo's conception of politics is encapsulated best by his speech, recorded in the "Baishoron" (a war chronicle of the Nanboku period): 'Even the examples and precedents of today were once new principles.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇が政治理念を標榜した言葉として『梅松論』にある「現在の例もかつては新義であった。
English: In the beginning, the new government did not have any separate government by retired emperors, nor did it make the usual appointments of regent, chief advisor, or Seii taishogun, instead aiming to centralize all political power; superficially, the government was dressed in the guise of a restoration to direct Imperial rule, but in fact it was a government set on a truly progressive course, one that rejected the old principle of putting precedent first.
Japanese: 新政の当初は院政を行わず、摂政・関白や征夷大将軍などを設置せずに政治権力の一元化を目指しており、表面的には復古王政を装いつつ、内実は先例主義を否定する革新的な政治路線であった。
English: Emperor Godaigo and his vassals had considerable interest in China and were influenced by Neo-Confucian (the Song-period teachings of Chu Hsi) arguments of ruler and ruled and of moral duties, and it is thought that they were trying to set up a dictatorship comparable to the Song-era administration.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇やその近臣らは中国への関心や朱子学(宋学)的な君臣名分論の影響を受けていたとされ、宋代の官制との比較などから、君主独裁政を目指していたとも考えられている。
English: The 'Kenmu' era name, established in the first month of 1334, was the era name chosen in China in the twenty-fifth year of the later Han dynasty, when Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu) destroyed Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty to power; he went against precedent, and despite the fact that it was the fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year cycle and it was taboo to use the character "mu" (samurai) in that year, he overcame the resolute opposition of the nobility and selected 'Kenmu' as the era name anyway.
Japanese: 1334年正月に定められた「建武」の年号は、中国の後漢王朝の25年に劉秀(光武帝)が王莽を滅ぼし漢王朝を復興した際に定めた元号であり、先例に反し、辛酉革命説により「武」の一字が不吉であると断固反対した公家衆の反対を押し切って定めたものであった。
English: In the eighth month of 1334, as a criticism of the new government, a satire of the government called "Scribblings by the Nijo Riverbed" was published.
Japanese: 新政を批判したものとして、1334年（建武(日本)元年）8月には新政を風刺した『二条河原の落書』が書かれる。
English: Criticism of the new government was not limited to warrior families and commoners, however; in 1338, before Akiie KITABATAKE led his army out, he remonstrated with Emperor Godaigo about the failures of the new government, and his father Chikafusa KITABATAKE's "Shokugensho" as well as other nobles' diaries record comments critical of and indicating their dissatisfaction with the government, showing that later on, even nobles like the Kitabatake father-son duo, who fought to oppose the Northern dynasty, did not fully support the new government.
Japanese: 1338年（延元3年/建武(日本)5年）には北畠顕家が出陣前に新政の失敗を諌める諫奏を行い、北畠親房の『職原抄』や公家の日記などにも新政への批判や不満を述べる文章があるなど、武家や庶民のみならず、後に後醍醐天皇方について北朝と対立した北畠父子のような公家でさえ、新政を支持していなかったことが示唆される。
English: The Kenmu administration was characterized by impatience and, being unable to provide a solution to the complicated land-related lawsuits with which they were plagued, was beset by confusion.
Japanese: 建武の新政は、性急であったことと、複雑化した土地訴訟事案への対応ができなかったことで混乱した。
English: Over and above the fact that to the samurai, who had owned the lion's share of land throughout the country, having the Emperor assert direct control over that land was entirely unprecedented, Emperor Godaigo's government was also impetuous, ensuring that it would not receive the support of the samurai class.
Japanese: 実質的に全国の土地を支配していた武士を天皇が直接支配することは全く前例のないことである上、性急な政策であったため武士たちの支持を得ることはできなかった。
English: Those who were amply rewarded for their meritorious contribution to the shogunate's defeat--Takauji ASHIKAGA, Yoshisada NITTA, Masashige KUSUNOKI, etc.--were only a tiny fraction of those who fought, and Norimura (Enshin) AKAMATSU, who had joined the struggle to overthrow the shogunate from the very beginning, was forced to forfeit his Protectorship of Harima Province, and the chaos caused by situations, like when a single plot of land found itself with multiple owners, showed the unfairness of the system to reward distinguished service against the shogunate, making it likely that discontent against the new government was strong right from the beginning; but Emperor Godaigo's vassals Sadafusa YOSHIDA and Tadaaki CHIGUSA were made to take the blame for this situation and were driven out of office and forced to take the tonsure.
Japanese: 倒幕の功に応じて十分な恩賞を与えられた武士は、足利尊氏、新田義貞、楠木正成ら一部に過ぎず、最初から倒幕運動に加わって六波羅攻略に功を立てた赤松則村（円心）が播磨国の守護職を没収されたり、1つの土地に何人もの領主が現れて混乱するなど倒幕の功に対する恩賞が不公平で、新政の初期から武士の不満は強かったと推測され、後醍醐の近臣である吉田定房や千種忠顕が詰め腹を切らされる形で出家させられている。
English: Because talented men were appointed to office without regard to class differences between nobles and samurai or the presence or absence of specific abilities, the administration fell into extreme chaos.
Japanese: 公家・武家の別や能力の有無に関わりなく人材を登用したため、行政は混乱を極めた。