nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Besides, it is called Jarai (or Sharei) or Taikubari pose (体配) to shoot according to defined manner and rules of decorum ('Taikubari' is a term from the Heki schools).
Japanese: また、定められた作法に則り、礼法に従って射を披露することを射礼や体配などという（「体配」とは日置流系の用語）。
English: Today some Jarai are defined by The All Nippon Kyudo Federation like "Hitote-sharei (a way of ceremonial shooting with a pair of arrows)" and "Makiwara-sharei (a way of ceremonial shooting to shoot a straw target)" and the existing schools, each handed down their own individual sharei (Taikubari).
Japanese: 今日では全日本弓道連盟により「一手射礼」「巻藁射礼」などいくつかの射礼が定められており、現存の各流派もそれぞれ独自の射礼（体配）を伝えている。
English: However, during the Edo Period the phrases; 'Ogasawara etiquette, Heki technique,' reveal, that the Ogasawara school specialized in rules of decorum while the Heki school specialized in shooting style.
Japanese: ただし江戸時代には「礼は小笠原、射は日置」といわれ、礼法については小笠原流が、射法については日置流が専門であると認識されていた。
English: Yumiire has been classified into Kisha and Busha (歩射) shooting while riding horseback or Kachidachi (not riding horseback).
Japanese: 弓射は伝統的に、騎乗か徒立（非騎乗）かにより騎射と歩射に分けられてきた。
English: Moreover, various Busha techniques had developed after the establishment of the Heki school, among which Toshiya (Dosha) (通し矢), which was at it's peak during the Edo Period, developed independently.
Japanese: また日置流誕生以降、歩射技術が様々に発展したが、その中でも江戸時代に隆盛した通し矢（堂射）は独自の発展を遂げた。
English: Kisha (Umayumi) is a term against Busha (歩射) and a Yumiire style on horseback.
Japanese: 騎射（きしゃ・うまゆみ）とは歩射に対しての用語で、騎乗して行う弓射。
English: Kyuba (archery and equestrianism)' came to mean general military art and fighting itself because it was considered to be a profession of the Samurai, and 'Kyuba-no-ie (samurai family)' meant family lineage of Samurai and 'Kyuba-no-michi (the spirit of the samurai)' meant the morals for Samurai be faithful to.
Japanese: 武士の表芸とされたことから「弓馬」は武芸一般や戦そのものを指すようになり、「弓馬の家」とは武士の家柄を、弓馬の道とは武士の守るべき道徳を意味した。
English: Kisha was a major fighting style on the battlefield until early medieval times, but foot soldiers came to play a major role of Yumiire since around the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and horse soldiers also learned to shoot alighting from horses, so that the fighting style of Kisha had disappeared.
Japanese: 中世前期まで戦場での主要な戦闘法であったが、南北朝時代(日本)頃から弓射の主体は歩兵となり、騎兵も下馬して射るようになったため、騎射戦闘は消滅していった。
English: Hunting had been actively practiced as a Kisha discipline, and Yabusame archery on horseback, Kasagake and Inuou-mono (collectively called Kisha-Mitsumono) were popular as ceremonies or games.
Japanese: 騎射の訓練としては狩猟が盛んに行われ、また儀式・競技化された流鏑馬、笠懸、犬追物（総称して騎射三物という）も流行した。
English: Riding a horse on the battlefield was a privilege for high class Samurai and Kisha were considered the highest rank of Kyujutsu in the Edo Period.
Japanese: 戦場で馬に騎乗することは身分の高い武士のみに許された特権であり、江戸時代に入っても騎射が弓術の最高位のものとされていた。
English: Busha, Kachiyumi ('Hosha' is not an official reading) is a term against Kisha and is a style of Yumiire done while walking rather than on horseback.
Japanese: 歩射（ぶしゃ・かちゆみ・「ほしゃ」は正式な読みではない）とは騎射に対しての用語で、騎乗せずに地面に立って行う弓射。
English: Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) when Busha was generalized in battle, the Heki school based on the Kyujutsu of Busha, was founded in early Sengoku Period and various techniques such as Kuriya (繰矢・尋矢, 遠矢) to release arrow from far away and Sashiya (指矢, 数矢) of Sokusha (quick shooting) were developed (see Gosha).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以降、戦陣において歩射が一般化すると、戦国時代初期には歩射弓術を基礎とする日置流が発生し、矢を遠くへ飛ばす繰矢・尋矢（くりや、遠矢とも）、速射をする指矢（さしや、数矢とも）など様々な技法が発展した（五射参照）。
English: The Busha groups basically adopted the style of shooting a target (enemy) by drawing their bow in a kneeling position, and transmitted other techniques of various styles.
Japanese: 武射系では、膝を着いて弓を引き、的（敵）を射る射術が基本であり、その他にも様々な体勢の技術が伝わる。
English: Dosha is a Toshiya style of competitive sport shooting performed actively during the Edo Period at Sanjusangen-do in Kyoto, Edo Sanjusangen-do, Todai-ji Temple, etc.
Japanese: 堂射とは江戸時代に京都三十三間堂、江戸三十三間堂、東大寺などで盛んに行われた通し矢競技の射術。
English: Yumiire has been traditionally classified into Kisha and Busha, but Dosha is often added as another style of shooting, because it was in it's prime and developed independently during Edo Period.
Japanese: 弓射の分類は伝統的に騎射と歩射の二分類であるが、江戸時代に堂射が隆盛し独自の発展を遂げたので、射法の系統としては堂射を加えた3分類とされることが多い。
English: Dosha is the game of shooting at Nokishita (a space under the eaves) with limited height and width (at Sanjusangendo, it is about 5.5m high, 2.5m wide and 120m long), and the technique has been developed independently because of the need for an arrow to fly a long distance over a low path, and also for a number of arrows to hit a target within a certain time limit, is contested,
Japanese: 堂射は高さ・幅に制限のある長い軒下（三十三間堂は高さ約5.5m、幅約2.5m、距離約120m）を射通す競技で、低い弾道で長距離矢を飛ばし、さらに決められた時間内で射通した矢数を競うため、独自の技術的発展を遂げた。
English: After the mid-Edo Period, the Dosha boom declined, but the equipment (such as Yugake) and technique that was improved for Dosha later contributed much to Kyujutsu.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期以降堂射ブームは沈静化したものの、堂射用に改良された道具（ゆがけ等）や技術が後の弓術に寄与した面は大きい。
English: It is well know that the archers of the Chikurin and Kishu-chikurin groups from the Bishu-Heki and the Heki schools, left astounding records.
Japanese: 日置流尾州日置流竹林派（ちくりんは）、紀州竹林派の射手が驚異的な記録を残した事で有名。
English: The Imperial court nori-yumi game presented an award to the winner with the most points and the loser had to accept Bappai (alcohol which must be drunk as a penalty).
Japanese: 朝廷行事の賭弓（のりゆみ）では、的中場所により賞品が支給され、敗者には罰杯を課すなど遊戯的性格を持っていた。
English: Kusajishi' established in the Kamakura Period was also considered as 'Yusha (遊射)' and was different from strict ceremonial shooting.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代発祥の「草鹿」も「遊射」とされ、厳格な儀式の射とは異なるものであった。
English: In the Edo Period Kakeyumi (betting on a shooting) was strictly controlled, but some qualified Yaba archery ranges were in operation.
Japanese: 江戸時代には賭弓（かけゆみ）は厳しく規正されたが、一部には免許のもと営業する矢場があった。
English: After Meiji, there were many shops where customers could draw a bow for money downtown, but a few remain today.
Japanese: 明治以降も料金を取って弓を引かせる店が繁華街を中心に多く存在したが、今日では数えるほどしか存在しない。
English: Moreover, a game called Yokyu (楊弓) to shoot a suspended target with bow smaller than the Daikyu long bow (a bow of normal length) was popular among the high class and later among the common people.
Japanese: また大弓（通常の長さの弓）より小さい弓を用いるものとして、楊弓という吊り的を射る遊びも上流階級を中心に、後には庶民に親しまれた。
English: Some Yokyu-ba (house for Yokyu) in the Edo Period placed women to pick arrows up and made them prostitute themselves secretly.
Japanese: 江戸時代の楊弓場では矢取りのために女を置き、密かに売春させる例もあった。
English: Shihanmato Kyudo, originating from the Obi district, Miyazaki Prefecture (presently Nichinan City) was said to have allowed archery games by a lord because of the farmer's contribution to a victory in battle using the Hankyu, small-sized bow, during the Sengoku Period.
Japanese: 宮崎県飫肥地方（現日南市）発祥の四半的弓道は、戦国時代に農民が半弓を持って戦闘に参加して勝利に貢献した功により、領主から遊戯用として使用を許されたと伝わるもので、同地で愛好されてきた。
English: Even today, shrines in various places perform Yumiire/Kyusha Gyoji (shooting events) called 'Busha (奉射),' 'Oyumi-Shinji ritual,' etc.
Japanese: 現在でも各地の神社では「奉射（ぶしゃ）」・「御弓神事」などと称する弓射行事が行われている。
English: Most of them are performed as religious ceremonies that include fortune-telling for the coming year, rather than a just being a mere game.
Japanese: 多くは単なる競技ではなく、年占的性格を持つ宗教儀礼として行われている。
English: In Japan the bow and arrow appeared in the beginning of the Jomon Period (10,000-13,000 years ago) and was used as a tool for hunting.
Japanese: 日本では縄文時代草創期（13000年〜10000年前）には既に登場し、狩猟の道具として使用される。
English: As decorated, lacquered bows were buried with prey, it seems to have been used already for witching and spiritual events.
Japanese: 漆塗りに装飾を施した弓が狩りとった獲物と共に埋葬されるなど、呪術的・霊的用途に使われた形跡が既に見られる。
English: In the Yayoi Period life changed from hunting and gathering to rice farming, which led to many problems on lands in order to getting field and water, so the bow and arrow developed into weapons on the battlefield.
Japanese: 弥生時代時代に入ると狩猟生活から稲作へと人々の生活が変化、それに伴い土地や水源確保のため領地争いが盛んになり、戦いの場で弓矢も武器として使用される。
English: During this period, the bow and arrow were improved for strength and a long bow with a grip on the lower side, was devised.
Japanese: この時弓矢により強い威力を求めた改良がなされ、長尺、弓幹下側を握る弓となる。
English: "The Chronicles of Japan" says that the 'Emperor went to Asazuma. He saw horses owned by someone below the Daiseni rank at Nagara-jinja shrine. At that time, he made them practice archery on horseback,' as well as 'Umayumi (騁射)' and 'Haseyumi (馳射),' so, original Kisha seemed to have been performed as a shrine ritual, and it also describes that "Taisha-rokuho" was defined by Emperor Monmu and put on exhibition at the end of the Asuka Period.
Japanese: 飛鳥時代、『日本書紀』に「朝嬬に幸す。因りて大山位より以下の馬を長柄神社に看す。乃ち馬的射させたまふ」、他にも「騁射」「馳射」との記述があるなど神事としての騎射の原型も読み取れ、また飛鳥時代末期には文武天皇により『大射禄法』が定められ、展覧されたとの記述もある。
English: According to the "Shoku-Nihongi," Kisha was actively performed during the Nara Period.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』には奈良時代には盛んに騎射が行われていたとの記述がある。
English: The origin of the "Yakatamochi-no-shinji ritual" of Muroki-jinja Shrine goes back to the Nara Period, which shows that the spiritual power of the bow and arrow was already believed in.
Japanese: 室城神社の『矢形餅の神事』などは起源が奈良時代まで遡り、既に弓矢の霊妙な力が信じられていた様子が伺える。
English: It is suspected that some forms of Kyuju and codes of etiquette existed in ancient times, but there is little historical data to explain Yumiire in ancient times.
Japanese: 古代までにはなんらかの弓術、礼式の形はあったと考えられるが、しかし史料も乏しく史実としての古代の弓射の実体は解っていない。
English: Additionally, it is said that some schools existed since around that time from folk tales, but it is highly possible that they are the fiction of a later age.
Japanese: またこの頃から存在していたという流派が伝承などで見られるが、史実としては後世の創作である可能性が高い。
English: Over hundreds of years, the structure of Wakyu progressed (for details, see the article; History of Wakyu) and Kyujutsu developed greatly which led to today's Kyudo, Kataboshi Yugake was invented (a type of thumb glove) at the beginning of Edo Period (see the article on Yugake) and the techniques of 'Tsunomi' and 'Yugaeri (the technique where the Japanese bow turns in the left hand after the release).'
Japanese: この数百年の間に和弓の構造は大きく進化（詳細は和弓歴史欄参照のこと）、江戸初期には堅帽子ゆがけの発明（ゆがけ項参照のこと）、さらに技術面では「角見」「弓返り」の技術が発明される等、この時期に弓術は現在の弓道に繋がる大きな進歩を遂げる。
English: Since Samurai appeared in the 10th centuries during the Heian Period, Kisha and Kyujutsu had been considered to be Kyuba-no-michi as a profession of the Samurai.
Japanese: 平安時代の10世紀頃、武士が登場して以来、騎射・弓術は武士の表芸として弓馬の道とされた。
English: Kisha and Kyujutsu were major forces in battle and were practiced actively as operational martial arts until the middle of the Sengoku Period.
Japanese: 騎射・弓術は実戦武術としての稽古も盛んに行われるなど、戦国中期までは戦での主戦力であった。
English: In addition, bow and arrows were considered to have the power to drive off evil and were treated as highly spiritual goods or sacred equipment (even today Hamayumi (ceremonial bow is used to drive off evil) keeps a trace of faith and Kyudo and the Yabusame-shinji ritual are performed in various places).
Japanese: また、弓矢は邪を祓う力があるとされ、霊器・神器として、精神性の高いものとして扱われていた（現在でも破魔弓として信仰の名残や各地で弓道、流鏑馬神事が行われている)。
English: In the Kamakura Period 'Kisha-Mitsumono,' three archers riding horses, Inuou-mono, Kasagake, and Yabusame, were actively performed as one of the military arts or as a performance at events, but it declined temporarily in Azuchi-momoyama Period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には「騎射三物」と言われる、流鏑馬・犬追物・笠懸が武芸の一つとして、また行事ごとにおいて盛んに行われたが、室町時代・安土桃山時代と時代が進むにつれ一時的に衰退する。
English: The 'Bow and arrow' retired from the status of major weapon in battlefields in the latter part of the Sengoku Period, but 'Yumiire' remained popular as a profession among Samurai so, that drawing a bow was considered to be a discipline of mind and body even during the peaceful Edo Period and various schools of Kyujutsu and ways of shooting developed.
Japanese: 戦国後期に「弓」が戦場の主戦力から後退するが、依然「弓射」は武士の表芸とされ武士の間での人気も高く、心身鍛練の道として泰平の江戸の世においても弓は引かれ弓術流派、射術は発展していく。
English: At the beginning of the Edo Period, 'Toshiya,' a competitive sport of shooting at a target through Nokishita (about 120m long) of Sanjusangendo, gradually became popular and the sharp shooters of feudal retainers from each domain competed in order to be called 'Tenka-soitsu (the best shooter in Japan)' by staking their domain's prestige and their lives.
Japanese: 江戸初期には三十三間堂の軒下（長さ約120m）を射通す「通し矢」が次第に盛んとなり、「天下総一」をかけて各藩腕利きの藩士が藩の威信と己の命を懸けて競い合った。
English: In 1669 Kanzaemon HOSHINO (Bishu-Chikurin group of Heki school) recorded 8,000 Toshiya shooting 10,242 arrows and in 1686 Daihachiro WASA (Kishu-chikurin group of Heki school) recorded 8,133 Toshiya shooting 13,053 arrows.
Japanese: 寛文9年(1669年)星野勘左衛門（日置流尾州竹林派）によって総矢数10,242本・通し矢数8,000本、貞享3年(1686年)和佐大八郎（日置流紀州竹林派）によって総矢数13,053本・通し矢数8,133本という大記録が生まれる。
English: In the mid-Edo Period, Yabusame, which once declined temporarily, was promoted by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA and had revived as a shrine ritual all over Japan.
Japanese: 江戸中期、徳川吉宗により一時衰退していた流鏑馬が奨励され、以降、復興した流鏑馬が全国の神社等で神事として行われる。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, martial arts lost its aim as military art because of the demise of the bakufu and abolishment of the class system.
Japanese: 明治維新後は幕府の崩壊、身分制度が廃止され武術は武芸としての目的を失う。
English: In the middle of civilization and enlightenment and Europeanized thought, martial arts were considered to be "out of fashion" and Kyujutsu also declined like other martial arts so much that the "bow and arrow" came to mean entertainment and sex culture such as Kakeyumi among the feelings of the common people.
Japanese: 文明開化、欧化思想の中で武術そのものが『時代遅れ』とされ、弓術もその例に漏れず衰退の一途をたどり、大衆の意識では『弓』と言えば賭け弓等の娯楽・性風俗の弓を指す程までにかつての弓術は影を潜める。
English: In spite of such this, some Kyujutsu-ka stove greatly to survive and opened training halls in each house, so that martial arts began to be revalued gradually among the common people, and this included a revaluation of Bushido (the spirit of the samurai).
Japanese: その世相の中、一部の弓術家らは各々自宅道場を開く等、根強く弓術の存続に力を注ぎ、やがて武士道の再認識がされるなど次第に庶民の間で武術・武道が見直され初めた。
English: In 1895 some volunteers of martial artists at that time organized The Dainippon Butoku-kai association and promoted the spread of Kyujutsu, which was incorporated into school education to discipline the mind and the body.
Japanese: 明治28年(1895年)当時の武道家有志により大日本武徳会を結成、弓術も奨励され心身鍛錬を目的として学校教育に取り入れられる等普及を図る。
English: In 1919 the name of Kyujutsu was changed to Kyudo and various martial arts including Kyudo spread not only inland in Japan, but also to foreign countries.
Japanese: 大正時代8年(1919年)に弓術は弓道へと改称、弓道含め各武道の普及は日本の内地に留まらず外地にまで及んだ。
English: However, reflecting the nationalistic social situation at that time, martial arts came to gradually be influenced by the nation.
Japanese: ただ、当時の国家主義的な世相を反映して、武道は次第に国家の影響を受けるようになって行く。
English: One of the goals of Butoku-kai was a systematization of technique such as Kendo-gata (style of Kendo, Japanese art of fencing) and Judo-gata (style of Judo, Japanese art of self-defense), so, after that in Kyudo the integration of shooting styles was attempted.
Japanese: 武徳会の目的の一つに剣道型・柔道型など技術の体系化があり、弓道もそれに習う形で射法統一が試みられた。
English: In 1934 the representatives of Kyudo-ka from various schools and board members of Kyudo-bu, Butoku-kai, gathered and talked about the integration of shooting styles at the head office of Butoku-kai, and established 'Kyudo-yosoku (the basic art of shooting an arrow)' after clamorous discussion.
Japanese: 昭和9年（1934年）様々な流派を代表する弓道家や武徳会弓道部役員が集まり、武徳会本部で射形統一が話し合われ、喧々囂々の議論の末「弓道要則」を制定した。
English: However, it was criticized by schools and cultural figures and also disputed in papers, being unfavorably received so much that it was ridiculed to be 'Nue-mato shaho (the slippery art of shooting an arrow).'
Japanese: しかし、流派関係者や文化人からの批判が相次ぎ、新聞紙上でも論争が起きて「鵺的射法」とまで揶揄されるまでに不評であった。
English: When the Butoku-kai was reorganized as an affiliate company of government, the idea to improve the shooting style was proposed again, so that in 1944 'Kyudo-Kyohan (teaching method of Kyudo)' was edited by 'Kyudo-Kyohan Seitei Iinkai (committee to establish Kyudo-Kyohan),' in which both of the shooting style of 'Kyudo-yosoku' and the existing shooting style of front and skew were admitted before the end of the World War II.
Japanese: 武徳会が政府の外郭団体として再出発する際に再度射型改善の声が上がり、昭和19年（1944年）に「弓道教範制定委員会」の手によって「弓道教範」が作成され、、「弓道要則」の射法と、従来の正面・斜面の射法を併せて認めるに至り終戦を迎える。
English: After World War II, Butoku-kai was dispatched by General Headquarters (in 1946) and all martial arts were prohibited, but in 1949 The All Nippon Kyudo Federation was established by efforts of Kyudo-ka at that time.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により武徳会は解散（昭和時代21年(1946年)）させられ武道全般禁止となるが、時の弓道家の尽力により昭和24年(1949年)全日本弓道連盟設立。
English: Kyudo was revived as "a path to mental training" and "Kyudo-shaho Hassetsu" was established by representative Kyudo-ka at that time, which has been in use until now.
Japanese: 弓道は『精神修養の道』として復活し、当時を代表する弓道家らにより『弓道射法八節』が定められ、現在に至る。
English: Kyujutsu in Japan has been classified into Yumiire Kisha (Umayumi) while riding a horse and Yumiire Busha (歩射) (Katiyumi. Recently it is also called 'Hosha' in order to avoid confusion with Busha (武射)).
Japanese: 日本の弓術は古代より、騎乗して行う弓射・騎射（きしゃ／うまゆみ）、騎乗せず立って行う弓射・歩射（ぶしゃ／かちゆみ。近年では武射との混同を避け「ほしゃ」とも。）に分類されてきた。
English: In addition to these, Toshiya (Dosha) at Sanjusangendo popular during the Edo Period, is also a big category.
Japanese: これに加え、江戸時代に流行した三十三間堂の通し矢・通し矢（どうしゃ）も一大分野である。
English: This basic classification had been generally adopted until Meiji Period, but came to be forgotten by many archers over a long time.
Japanese: この基本的な分類は明治期まで一般的であったが、時代が経つにつれて射手の多くからは忘れられていった。
English: Based upon the ideas of 'Busha,' 'Kisha'' and 'Dosha,' it is easy to understand the character of schools.
Japanese: 「歩射」「騎射」「堂射」の概念を根本に置くと流派の性格を理解しやすい。
English: (However, these classification show the difference of shooting styles and not necessarily the difference of the schools.)
Japanese: （ただこれらの分類は射法の違いであって、必ずしも流派の違いに直結するものではない。）
English: Ogasawara school regards Busha and Kisha differently and it divides 'Busha,' 'Kisha,' and 'code of etiquette' and gives licenses separately.
Japanese: 小笠原流では歩射と騎射は別物であり、「歩射」「騎射」「礼法」と分けて考えられ免許もそれぞれ別にある。
English: In the Heki school groups, some groups perform both Busha and Dosha, while other groups did not dare to perform Dosha because of the emphases of Busha.
Japanese: 日置流諸派では歩射と堂射の両方を行った系統もあるが、歩射を重んじて敢えて堂射を行わなかった系統もある。
English: Various names were seen in the schools of Kyujutsu, but the actual activities of many old schools are not known so the name of 'school' did not have the same meaning of today's school.
Japanese: 弓術の流派には様々な名称のものが伝わるが、古い流派は実体が不明なものが多く、「流」とは称していても今日的な流派と同様のものではない。
English: "Gendai Kyudo Koza (courses in the Modern Japanese art of archery)" described major schools such as Son school (尊流), Shinto school, the Nihon school, Kashima school, Taishi school, Ban school, Ki school, Hidesato school, Henmi school, Takeda school, Heki school, Yamato school and the Ogasawara school, among which the Ogasawara school, Tekeda school, Heki school and the Yamato school were seen after recent times as well.
Japanese: 『現代弓道講座』では主な流派として尊流、神道流、日本流、鹿島流、太子流、伴流、紀流、秀郷流、逸見流、武田流、日置流、大和流、小笠原流をあげているが、そのうち近世以降に見られる流派は小笠原流、武田流、日置流、大和流である。
English: These are divided into two main categories of the school of Kyuba-kojitsu (ancient practices of customs about archery and equestrianism) centered on the Yusoku-kojitsu and the other of Kyujutsu centered on shooting style.
Japanese: これらを大別すると、有職故実を中心とする弓馬故実の流派と、射法を中心とする弓術の流派に分けられる。
English: In addition, Kyudo is divided into Reisha groups and Busha groups; in fact Reisha groups correspond to Ogasawara school and Busha group correspond to Heki school.
Japanese: なお、現在では弓道を礼射系・武射系と分類しているが、実質的に礼射系は小笠原流、武射系は日置流系に該当する。
English: Ogasawara school and Takeda school is said 'to place priority on etiquette' ('Kyujutsu-yoran (directory of archery)', "Bugibu of Kojiruien encyclopedia") and schools of ancient practices on Kyuba (Kyuba-kojitsu).
Japanese: 小笠原流・武田流は「もっぱら法式を第一とする」（「弓術要覧」『古事類苑武技部』』）とされ、弓馬に関する故実（弓馬故実）の流派である。
English: The schools which perform Kisha are usually included in this lineage and they transmit various ceremonies of Busha as well as Kisha such as Yabusame and Kasagake.
Japanese: 騎射を行うのはほぼこの系統の流派であり、流鏑馬・笠懸などの騎射のほか、歩射の諸儀式などを伝える。
English: In Samurai society the technique of Kyuba had been traditionally emphasized and various styles of Kyuba were performed actively from the Kamakura Period to the Muromachi Period.
Japanese: 武家社会においては伝統的に弓馬術が重んじられ、鎌倉～室町時代には弓馬の諸式が盛んに行われた。
English: Ogasawara school: the founder of the school was Nagakiyo OGASAWARA and it was established by Sadamune OGASAWARA and Tsuneoki OGASAWARA (小笠原常興) in the Muromachi Period.
Japanese: 小笠原流…鎌倉時代の小笠原長清を祖とし、室町時代の小笠原貞宗・小笠原常興によって大成されたとする流派。
English: It gained the status as the center of Kyuba-kojitsu in Muromachi Shogunate and was valued highly in Edo Shogunate as well.
Japanese: 室町幕府において弓馬故実の中心的地位を得、江戸幕府でも重んじられた。
English: Takeda-ryu Kisha Yabusame: the school to transmit ancient practices of the Aki-Takeda and Wakasa-Takeda clans.
Japanese: 武田流騎射流鏑馬…武田氏安芸武田氏・武田氏若狭武田氏の故実を伝える流派である。
English: It was taught to Yusai HOSOKAWA, who was a relative of the Wakasa-Takeda clan in the Azuchi-Momoyama Period and was preserved in the domain of Kumamoto in the Edo Period, called Hosokawa-ryu Kyuba-gunrei Kojitsu (Hosokawa's ancient practices of customs about archery, troops and military etiquette).
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に若狭武田氏の縁戚であった細川幽斎（幽斎）に伝授され、江戸時代は細川流弓馬軍礼故実と称して熊本藩で保護された。
English: Masatsugu Danjo HEKI, the founder of Heki school, is considered the founder of shooting and Heki school later played the center role in Kyujutsu.
Japanese: 日置流祖の日置弾正正次は射術の祖とされ、日置流は後の弓術の中核となる。
English: Yamato-Heki keito group, Heki school (Yoshida school): founded by Masatsugu Danjo HEKI in the middle of the Muromachi Period.
Japanese: 日置流大和日置系統　(吉田流)（へき）…室町時代中期ごろの日置弾正正次に始まる。
English: Since the major forces of Yumiire in battles at that time were foot soldiers, it mainly practices Busha.
Japanese: 当時の合戦では弓射の主体は歩兵であったので、歩射が中心の流派である。
English: (Except for the Chikurin school) It split into many groups from the Azuchi-Momoyama Period to the beginning of the Edo Period.
Japanese: （竹林派を除く）　安土桃山時代から江戸初期にかけて多くの分派に分かれた。
English: The lineage is shown in accordance with representative theory, but actual lineage is complicated and unclear so that the following do not completely show the relationship between each school.
Japanese: 系統は代表的な説によるが、実際の系統は複雑、不明確な点もあるため、各派の関係を完全には示していない。
English: Heki-Yamashina school: Ietsugu Heiemon KATAOKA or his grandchild Iekiyo Suke'emon
Japanese: 日置流山科派（やましな）…片岡平右衛門家次、または孫の助右衛門家清。
English: Heki-Sakonemon school: Narishige Sakon-uemon YOSHIDA (Moku-sori (木反))
Japanese: 日置流左近衛門派（左近右衛門派）（さこんえもん）…吉田左近右衛門業茂（木反）。
English: It is said that Kazan learned Heki-Jutoku school from his father and mastered the secrets of the Heki-Dosetsu school, Okura school, Insai school, Chikurin school, Takeda school, Ogasawara school and the Henmi school.
Japanese: 香山は父より日置流寿徳派を学び、その後諸国を遊歴して日置流道雪派、大蔵派、印西派、竹林派、武田流、小笠原流、逸見流の秘奥を究めたという。
English: He established Yamato school, incorporating the ideas of Confucianism and Buddhism around Shinto religion thought.
Japanese: 神道思想を中心とした儒仏の思想をも織り混ぜて大和流として大成させた。
English: Heki-Ikkan school: founded by Ikkan Matabe ONO in Kansei era.
Japanese: 日置流一貫流（いっかん）…大野又兵衛一貫により寛政年間に創始された。
English: Yoshida-to school (domain of Shibata, domain of Kumamoto), Toyohide school (豊秀流) (domain of Aizu), Taishi school (domain of Himeji), etc.
Japanese: 吉田当流（新発田藩、熊本藩）、豊秀流（会津藩）、太子流（姫路藩）など。
English: Suiboku-ga (ink painting) is the art of painting in just one color using 'Sumi (Japanese ink),' not only for painting lines, but also gradation showing contrasting density and lighting.
Japanese: 水墨画（すいぼくが）とは、「墨」一色で表現される絵画で、墨線だけでなく、墨を面的に使用し、暈かしで濃淡・明暗を表す。
English: It was established as a technique for Sansui-ga (landscapes painting) in China in the latter part of Tang, and in Song, Suiboku-ga of Shikunshi (four plants of high virtue) (pine, bamboo, plum, and chrysanthemum) were painted by bunjin-kanryo (government officials of letters).
Japanese: 中国で唐代後半に山水画の技法として成立し、宋代には、文人官僚の余技としての、四君子（松竹梅菊）の水墨画が行われた。
English: The pictures brought to Japan showed the thoughts of Zen such as "Daruma-zu (portrait of Dharma)" and "Hyonen-zu (painting of catching Japanese catfish with a bottle gourd)," but they had changed gradually and Sansui-ga landscapes were painted as well.
Japanese: 日本に伝わった絵画は、『達磨図』・『瓢鮎図』などのように禅の思想を表すものであったが、徐々に変化を遂げ、風景を描く山水画も書かれるようになった。