nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: ASANO was arrested by Yoriteru KAJIKAWA, hatamoto, and others, whereupon Yoshihisa was carried to the sotetsu no ma (a room of cycad) by Koreuji SHINAGAWA, koke, and Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA.
Japanese: 浅野は旗本梶川頼照らに取り押さえられ、義央は高家品川伊氏・畠山義寧らによって蘇鉄の間へ運ばれた。
English: According to 'A Record by Okado,' which was written by Shigetomo OKADO, a metsuke who had examined ASANO, KIRA answered, 'I haven't done anything to deserve his enmity, and takumi-no-kami (the head of the Bureau of Skilled Artisans) seems to have just become insane; besides, I'm so old that I don't remember why he could have hard feelings against me.'
Japanese: 浅野を取り調べた目付多門重共の「多門筆記」によると、吉良は｢拙者何の恨うけ候覚えこれ無く、全く内匠頭乱心と相見へ申し候。且つ老体の事ゆえ何を恨み申し候や万々覚えこれ無き由｣と答えている。
English: On May 3, he asked to be released from a position of Koke-kimoiri (performing good offices for nobles), but there was a rumor that he was in conflict with retainers of the old Ako domain, and his neighbor the Hachisuka clan, from the Tomida domain in Awa Province, also worried, so in September the bakufu order the Kira family to move to a residence of Nobumochi MATSUDAIRA (hatamoto with 5,000 koku) in Honjo (Sumida Ward).
Japanese: 3月26日、高家肝煎職の御役御免願いを提出したが、旧赤穂藩士との確執が噂され、近所の阿波国徳島藩富田藩蜂須賀氏などからも懸念されたため、8月、幕命により吉良家は松平信望（5000石の旗本）の本所(墨田区)の屋敷に移された。
English: There are also those who argue tenaciously that the bakufu deserted him because the distinguished Kira family was ordered to move to such an inconvenient place by the bakufu, or that the bakufu wanted the family to be attacked.
Japanese: 名門の吉良家がこのような辺鄙な所への屋敷換えされたことで、幕府は吉良家を見捨てた、もしくは逆に討ち入りをさせたかったという説が根強くある。
English: Also, on September 23, around the time of his move, those who seemed to be close friends of Yoshihisa, such as Yasutoshi SHODA, a Ometsuke, (the man who said that Naganori ASANO was a criminal and made him commit hara-kiri in the garden), and Fuyushige TOJO (Yoshihisa's younger blood brother), shoinhanshi (the shogun's bodyguard or the castle guard), were relieved of their posts because 'they were not doing well' and they were made kobushin (samurai without official appointments who received small salaries).
Japanese: また、この屋敷替えに合わせるように、8月21日、大目付の庄田安利（浅野長矩は罪人であるとして庭先で切腹させた人物）・高家肝煎の大友義孝（吉良義央腹心の部下）・書院番士の東条冬重（義央の実弟）など、義央に近いと見られた人物が「勤めがよくない」として罷免されて小普請編入となっている。
English: While Motohiko IZAWA, a writer, said, 'he might have been held responsible for having recommended and approved a man like Asano as a receptionist,' and suggested a view that the Kira family receive a punishment due to the failure in selecting a person.
Japanese: 一方、作家井沢元彦は、｢浅野のような男を饗応役として推薦・承認した責任を取らされたのではないか｣と、人事選考の失敗が原因で吉良一派が懲罰的処分を受けたとの見解を示している。
English: Additionally, Baireiin did not accompany him when he moved but instead moved to a suburban residence of the Uesugi family in Shiba-Shirogane.
Japanese: さらに、屋敷替えに梅嶺院は同道せず、上杉家の芝白金の下屋敷へ移っている。
English: There are various theories about it (as follows), but none is certain: he worried about being attacked and was anxious about his wife; they came to be on bad terms because Tomiko said, 'Asano committed hara-kiri, so why don't you do that too?'; or, because the new residence was small, he could not take a lot of maid-servants.
Japanese: 討ち入りを懸念して妻の身を案じたため、また、富子が「浅野も腹を切ったのだからあなたも切ったらどうです？」と言ったため不仲になった、新屋敷が狭くて大勢の女中を連れることができないため等、諸説があって定かではない。
English: Apparently there was no hope of making a comeback to koke-kimoiri, so he took the initiative before he was punished by the bakufu, which was supported by popular opinion, and his request was immediately accepted.
Japanese: 高家肝煎に復帰できる見込みもなく、世論に押された幕府から処罰が下る前に先手を打ったものとも見られ、即座に受理された。
English: Kira planned a tea party to be held on January 20, 1703, but the shogun Tsunayoshi was going to visit the residence of Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA on the day, so it was rescheduled for the 30th.
Japanese: 吉良は茶会を12月4日に計画していたが、当日は将軍綱吉が柳沢吉保邸に訪問するために14日になった。
English: Through Sohen YAMADA, a master of tea ceremony, this information was conveyed to Shinbei WAKIYA (actually, he was Gengo OTAKA, one of the 47 retainers), who was a disciple of Sohen.
Japanese: この情報は茶人山田宗偏を通じて、宗偏の弟子脇屋新兵衛（その正体は47士の1人大高源五）につかまれていた。
English: Ako Roshi searched in vain for Kira, but he wasn't so easily found.
Japanese: 赤穂浪士たちは吉良の捜索にあたったものの、容易に見つけることはできなかった。
English: Chuzaemon YOSHIDA and Jujiro HAZAMA heard somebody talking in the charcoal shed beside the kitchen, so they tried to enter it, but bowls and charcoal were thrown at them, and two retainers of the Kira family attacked them with swords.
Japanese: 吉田忠左衛門や間十次郎らが、台所横の炭小屋から話し声がしたため、中へ入ろうとするや、皿鉢や炭などが投げつけられ、2人の吉良家臣たちが斬りかかってきた。
English: Incidentally, 17 people of the Kira family were killed, including Heihachiro KOBAYASHI, Ichigaku SHIMIZU, Yashichiro SHINKAI, Riemon TORII, Yoichiemon SUDO and Genpachiro SODA (according to another account, 16 people were killed).
Japanese: なお、吉良家の戦死者は小林平八郎・清水一学・新貝弥七郎・鳥居利右衛門・須藤与一右衛門・左右田源八郎ら17名（一説に16名）。
English: Other retainers seemed to lose their fighting spirit and did not fight (Roshi, who raided Kira's residence, cried, 'a group of 50 people, a group of 100 people, trying to pretend to be a raid by many people, so a tofu (bean-curd) dealer living in Kira's neighborhood told the people in the residence of the Yonezawa domain about this attack, saying that 'about 150 Ako ronin had conducted a raid).
Japanese: それ以外の家臣は戦意を喪失して戦わなかったようである（討ち入った浪士たちは口々に「五十人組、百人組」等と叫び、大人数での討ち入りであると見せかけようとしており、米沢藩邸に急を知らせた吉良邸近所の豆腐屋も、「赤穂の浪人およそ百五十人ほど討ち入り」と伝えていたという）。
English: The bakufu ordered the Uesugi family to supervise the retainers of Kira, but Tsunanori took only seven brave fighters and drove away all the retainers who did not resist.
Japanese: 吉良家臣たちは幕命により上杉家が管理するが、綱憲は勇戦が認められた7名のみを召抱え、戦わなかった家臣はすべて追い払っている。
English: Kobayashi and Shimizu are known as retainers who fought hard, but according to the 'Okochi document' they did not work so much; it goes on to state that the best fighters were retainers who had been sent by the Uesugi family, such as Shinpachiro YAMAYOSHI and Yashichiro SHINKAI.
Japanese: 奮戦者としては小林と清水が有名だが、「大河内文書」によると大した活躍はしておらず、一番活躍したのは山吉新八郎や新貝弥七郎など上杉家派遣の家臣達であったという。
English: It is said that it was Shinpachiro YAMAYOSHI who cut Yukichige CHIKAMATSU down into the pond.
Japanese: なお、近松行重が池に斬り落とされているが、この近松の相手をしたのも山吉新八郎であったとされる。
English: The head of Kira was dedicated in front of the grave of Naganori ASANO at Sengaku-ji Temple, after which they put it into a box and asked the temple to look after it.
Japanese: 吉良の首は泉岳寺の浅野長矩の墓前に捧げられたあと、箱に詰めて同寺に預けられた。
English: The temple made two monks take it back to the Kira family, and Magobe SODA, a chief retainer, and accepted it together with Kunai SAITO.
Japanese: 寺では僧二人にこれを持たせて吉良家へ送り返し、家老左右田孫兵衛と斎藤宮内がこれを受け取った。
English: Douu KURISAKI, who treated Yoshihisa when he got a sword injury, connected his head to the body, and then he was buried in Kira's family temple, Mansho-ji.
Japanese: 先の刃傷時に治療にあたった栗崎道有が首と胴体をつなぎ合わせたあと、菩提寺の万昌寺に葬られた。
English: Mansho-ji Temple in those days was located at Ichigaya, but it was renamed Mansho-in during the Taisho period and moved to Nakano, so his grave was also relocated and is now designated as a historic site.
Japanese: この当時の万昌寺は市ヶ谷にあったが、大正期に万昌院と改めて中野に移転に伴って墓も移動し、現在は史跡に指定されている。
English: However, in his territory--Hazu District of Mikawa Province--he's considered a wise ruler and is still liked due to the golden bank that he built in 1686, as well as flood-prevention projects and the development of new rice fields such as Tomiyoshi Shinden.
Japanese: しかし、領地三河国幡豆郡では、貞享3年（1686年）に築いた黄金堤による治水事業や富好新田をはじめとする新田開拓や人柄から名君とされ、地元では慕われている。
English: There is a folk toy called Akauma (a red horse) in Kira Town, and it is said to have been made when Yoshihisa inspected his territory on the back of his red horse.
Japanese: 吉良町には赤馬という郷土玩具が存在するが、これは義央が赤馬に乗って領内を視察したのを機に作られた玩具だとされる。
English: However, there was no trace of Yoshihisa's visit to his territory (it was confirmed that Yoshihisa went to his territory only once), so it is considered that he was appreciated in the place he came from mainly because the people seemed to have sympathized with their lord, who had been slain.
Japanese: もっとも、義央は領地を殆ど訪れた形跡がないことから（領地に入ったことが確認されているのは僅か一度のみ）、地元での評価は汚名を着せられた領主に対する同情によるところが大きいと思われる。
English: There are many anecdotes regarding Kira's so-called ill-treatment of receptionists other than Asano Takumi no Kami.
Japanese: 吉良には浅野内匠頭以外の饗応役にも、いわゆるいじめを行っていたという逸話が多く残っている。
English: However, one must be cautious in regard to such anecdotes because, after "Chusingura" as a tale was completed, people could have made up such stories under the influence of the tale.
Japanese: しかし物語としての『忠臣蔵』が成立した後に、物語のイメージから後世に創作された可能性も高いので、注意が必要である。
English: It is said that in 1698 Korechika KAMEI, who became a receptionist for Imperial envoys, was treated harshly by Yoshihisa, but Korechika could no longer stand it and therefore notified the chief retainer, Sanekake TAKO.
Japanese: 元禄11年（1698年）、勅使饗応役となった亀井茲親は義央からいじめを受け、耐えかねた茲親は家老の多胡真蔭にもらしたという。
English: While Sanekake protested against his lord, he secretly called a person who was in charge of supervising money and made him take a box of money from a storage room.
Japanese: 真蔭は主君を諫める一方で、密かに金遣役を呼んで納戸金一箱を取り出させた。
English: From the following day, he suddenly came to treat Korechika gently, so the situation didn't become serious; this has been handed down as an anecdote about the origin of a noted confection called Genjimaki, made in Tsuwano.
Japanese: 翌日より茲親への態度が急に優しくなったので事なきをえた、という話が津和野名産の茶菓子源氏巻誕生の逸話として残っている。
English: The anecdote first appeared in 'Hannichi kanwa (A Half-Day of Leisurely Talk)' (1749) by Nanbo OTA (Shokusanjin), and it was written after "Kanatehon Chusingura (The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)" (first performed in 1748), which contains an episode of Wakasanosuke MOMOI (Korechika KAMEI) and Honzo KAKOGAWA (Sanekake TAKO), so there is a strong possibility that it was created through posterity.
Japanese: その逸話の初出は、大田南畝（蜀山人）の「半日閑話」(1749年)であり、さらに桃井若狭之助（亀井玆親）と加古川本蔵（多胡真蔭）のエピソードが登場する『仮名手本忠臣蔵』(1748年初上演)の後に書かれているので、後世の創作の可能性が高い。
English: A Record of Reikogimi (information that is Seijin Chushinki-friendly) and A Record of Gijin (as evidence of Mimaki Budayu Nobuhisa, a retainer of the Hiroshima domain) contain an anecdote about Yasutsune KATO (lord of the Ozu domain in Iyo Province) and Masatsune TOZAWA (lord of the Shinjo domain in Dewa Province), who told Asano about Yoshihisa's ill-treatment during the Nikko Buddhist religious service but were persuaded to stand until the end of their services.
Japanese: なお、浅野が刃傷に及ぶ前、加藤泰恒（伊予大洲藩主）や戸沢正庸（出羽新庄藩主）が日光法会中に受けた義央のいじめを浅野に伝え、お役目を終えるまで耐えよと諭した逸話が、冷光君御伝記（誠尽忠臣記よりの情報としている）や義人録（広島藩士御牧武大夫信久の証言として）などに記されている。
English: The account book had a category such as 'to Kozuke no Suke,' and it was customary for the Uesugi family to adjust accounts payable and pay the costs of construction for the Kira family.
Japanese: 出納帳には「上野介殿江」という項目が設けられ、吉良家の買掛金や普請は上杉家が持つのが恒例となっていた。
English: Ukon SUDA, Edo kanjo (an official), left a letter to a chief retainer of Yonezawa, in which he wrote that 'before long we will be like the Kira family.'
Japanese: 江戸勘定須田右近は米沢の重臣にあてた書状の中で「当方もやがて吉良家同然にならん」と書き遺している。
English: Therefore, among the dramas concerning Chusingura in recent years, some describe the incident as if Yasunaga IROBE, Edo-garo of the Uesugi family, maneuvered for the killing of Kira, 'a money-eater.'
Japanese: そのため、近年の忠臣蔵を扱ったドラマの中には上杉家江戸家老の色部安長が「金食い虫」吉良を消すため策動したものであるかのように描くものもある。
English: It is not certain whether it is true or not, but the Uesugi family was painfully hard up for money--partly due to Kira--until the reformation of domain duties by Yozan UESUGI.
Japanese: 真偽は不明だが、上杉家にとって吉良の存在は、上杉鷹山による藩政改革まで藩財政を窮乏させる要因のひとつになった。
English: Additionally, when the incident was reported to the Imperial Court, Emperor Higashiyama was very glad; this was recorded in the diary of Chancellor Motohiro KONOE.
Japanese: 更に事件が朝廷に伝わった時、東山天皇の嬉々としていた様子が関白近衛基熙の日記に記されている。
English: Although Kira had faithfully carried out the decisions of the bakufu, he often served to convey policies that repressed the Imperial Court under order of the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕府の方針を忠実に実行しただけとはいえ、吉良は幕府による朝廷抑制政策の通達役に立つことが多かった。
English: Yoshihisa was one of the disciples of a tea master, SEN no Sotan, who was in his later years, and had a friendship with tea masters such as Sohen YAMADA, who wrote "Chado benmosho" (a tea-ceremony manual).
Japanese: 茶道としての義央は、茶匠千宗旦の晩年の弟子の一人であり、『茶道便蒙抄』を著した茶人山田宗偏などとも親交を持っていた。
English: He had the name 'Bokuichi' (the first letter of his name, Kozuke no Suke, was divided into two), and established the Bokuichi School.
Japanese: 「卜一（ぼくいち・上野介の上の字を二分したもの）」という茶の号を持ち、卜一流を興していた。
English: In 1701, when the swordfight occurred, Kira was in the position of Koke-kimoiri, and at the time there were nine people in such a position.
Japanese: 刃傷事件があった元禄14年（1701年）、吉良は高家肝煎の地位にあったが、当時高家肝煎は吉良を含めて9人いた。
English: Other than Kira, they were Motokuro HATAKEYAMA (Jushiijo jiju (a chamberlain)), Yoshitaka OTOMO (Jushiinoge jiju (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade Chamberlain)), Koreuji SHINAGAWA (Jushiinoge jiju), Takatsuki KYOGOKU (Jushiinoge jiju), Ujioki TODA (hatamoto) (Jushiinoge jiju), Nobukado ODA (Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) jiju), Yoshiyasu HATAKEYAMA (Jugoinoge jiju), and Sadaakira YOKOSE (Jugoinoge jiju) (as of 1701).
Japanese: 吉良以外では畠山基玄（従四位上侍従）・大友義孝（従四位下侍従）・品川伊氏（従四位下侍従）・京極高規（従四位下侍従）・戸田氏興(旗本)（従四位下侍従）・織田信門（従五位下侍従）・畠山義寧（従五位下侍従）・横瀬貞顕（従五位下侍従）である（元禄14年当時）。
English: Kira, Hatakeyama, and Otomo were Koke-kimoiri, and Kira was the oldest and the only Sashosho (Minor Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards).
Japanese: 吉良・畠山・大友の三人が高家肝煎職だが、なかでも吉良は高家肝煎職の最古参であり、且つ唯一の左少将であった。
English: Hatamoto hardly visited his own territory but instead sent their retainers, appointing them as deputies, and most of the hatamoto entrusted everything to the deputies.
Japanese: 旗本は自らの領地に入ることがほとんどなく、家臣を代官に任命して派遣し、すべてを任せている場合がほとんどである。
English: Kira also visited his territory (Kira-cho, Hazu District, Mikawa Province) only once but had never visited Shiraishi Village, Midono District, Kozuke Province; or Hitomi Village, in Usui District.
Japanese: 吉良も領地三河国幡豆郡吉良町に入ったのは一度のみで、上野国緑野郡白石村と碓氷郡人見村に至っては一度も行ったことがない。
English: However, the daimyo (especially the tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lords)) tended to have a sense of identity in their lands because they visited the places due to sankinkotai (daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo) every other year.
Japanese: 一方、大名（特に外様大名）は参勤交代で隔年に領地に入るので、領地にアイデンティティを持つ傾向が強かった。
English: Kira and Oishi were distantly related through the Konoe family shodaibu (fourth- and fifth-rank officials), the Shindo and Saito families.
Japanese: 吉良と大石の二人は、近衛家諸大夫進藤家と斎藤家を通じる形で遠縁がある。
English: To Kira, the one who succeeded to the family home of his wife's mother was related to the Oishi family.
Japanese: 吉良から見れば、妻の母親の実家を継いだ者が大石家の血の流れる者だったということになる。
English: When TAIRA no Tadatsune rose in the Revolt in the Kanto Provinces, the Imperial Court issued an Imperial order to TAIRA no Naokata, who was a military aristocracy staying in Kyoto, but had his homebase in Kanto region, to go on an expedition to conquest TAIRA no Tadatsune.
Japanese: 東国で平忠常が叛乱を起こすと、朝廷は在京の軍事貴族であり、関東に本拠を持つ平直方に平忠常征伐の勅命を下した。
English: TAIRA no Naokata gathered troops from three regions of the Tokai region, Higashiyama region and Hokuriku region along with the troops under his command and went on the expedition to conquest TAIRA no Tadatsune, but Naokata was not able to subjugate the revolt easily because the troops of Tadatsune already controlled Kanto region and the morale among his soldiers was very high.
Japanese: 平直方は麾下の軍勢と東海、東山、北陸の三道の軍を結集して討伐に向うが、関東を押さえて士気の上がる平忠常軍を攻めきれずにいた。
English: Naokata got the troops of Tadatsune cornered in a protracted war, but the Imperial Court judged the tactics of Naokata to be lenient.
Japanese: 直方は持久戦で忠常軍を追い詰めるが、朝廷は直方の戦法を手ぬるいと判断。
English: The Imperial Court appointed MINAMOTO no Yoshinobu of Kawachi Genji, who once had TAIRA no Tadatsune as his retainer, to Kai no Kami (Governor of the Kai Province) and ordered Yorinobu to put down the revolt.
Japanese: 過去に平忠常を家人としていたことのある河内源氏の源頼信を甲斐守に任じて討伐を命じた。
English: Envoy to subjugate TAIRA no Tadatsune, Governor of the Noto Province, Assistant governor of the Kozuke Province, Assistance governor of the Kozuke Province, Kebiishi (official with judicial and police powers), Junior lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards and so forth.
Japanese: 平忠常追討使・能登国守・上野国介・上総国介・検非違使・左衛門少尉など。
English: According to "Heike Monogatari" (The Tale of the Heike), Naozane KUMAGAI who slew TAIRA no Atsumori and later became a priest regretting what he had done also said that he was a descendant of Naokata.
Japanese: 『平家物語』などで平敦盛を討ち、後に後悔して出家した熊谷直実も直方の子孫を称している。
English: It can be said that TAIRA no Naokata is a person of merit who built a foundation for the Genji clan to flourish by giving Kamakura, his home ground, to the adopted son-in-law, MINAMOTO no Yoriie.
Japanese: 本拠地の鎌倉を娘婿である源頼義に与えたことから、源氏隆盛の礎を築いた功労者と言える。
English: According to 'Mutsuwaki' (The Tale of Mutsu), Naokata gave his daughter to Yoriyoshi because Naokata was impressed by the military arts of Yoriyoshi, especially he was impressed by the skills shown in Yoriyoshi's archery and horsemanship and it is said that Naokata told Yoriyoshi that he wished to have the close relationship with him as the military clans for many years to come.
Japanese: 頼義に娘を与えたのは、「陸奥話記」などによると直方が頼義の武芸（特に射騎）の巧みさに感服して同じ武門の家のものとして誼を通じていきたいと願い出たからだとされる。
English: It is said that Yoriyoshi also knew the military prowess of Naokata and married his daughter thinking that she would give birth children who would grow strong and brave men suitable to leaders of the Genji clan.
Japanese: また、頼義も直方の武勇をよく知っており、その娘との自分との間にできた子なら源氏の棟梁の名を辱めない剛の者が生まれるだろうと思い娶ったという。
English: The second son Yoshitsuna was also a brave and strong man although he never reached the level that Yoshiie reached.
Japanese: また、次男である義綱も義家を凌ぐことはなかったものの剛の者であった。
English: Yoan UDAGAWA (March 9, 1798 - June 22, 1846) was a Japanese Rangakusha (a person who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language) during the late Edo Period.
Japanese: 宇田川榕菴（うだがわようあん、1798年3月9日（寛政10年1月22日(旧暦)）-1846年6月22日（弘化3年5月29日(旧暦)））は江戸時代後期の日本の蘭学者。
English: He was born the first son of Yoju EZAWA who was a doctor of Ogaki Domain and was adopted by Genshin UDAGAWA who was a doctor of Tsuyama Domain in 1811.
Japanese: 大垣藩医江沢養樹の長男として生まれ、1811年に津山藩医宇田川玄真の養子となった。
English: After he became a doctor of Tsuyama Domain in 1817, he became a translator for Bansho-wage Goyo (Government Office for Translation of Barbarian Books) in Shogunate Tenmonkata (officer in charge of astronomy) in 1826, and moved to Edo to make "Kosei Shinpen" which was a translation book of Chomel's Encyclopedia.
Japanese: 1817年に津山藩医となった後、1826年には幕府の天文方蕃書和解御用の翻訳員となってショメール百科事典の翻訳書『厚生新編』（こうせいしんぺん）の作成に従事するため江戸に移った。
English: Genshin UDAGAWA who was Yoan's adopted father, Genzui UDAGAWA who was Genshin's adopted father, and Kosai UDAGAWA who was Yoan's adopted son are known as a Rangakusha and a scholar of Western Studies.
Japanese: 養父である宇田川玄真、またその養父である宇田川玄随、養子である宇田川興斎も蘭学者、洋学者として知られている。
English: He published pharmaceutical books such as "Ensei Iho Meibutsuko" (Introduction to Western Medicines) in collaboration with his adopted father from 1822 to 1825, "Shintei Zoho Oranda Yakukyo" (Introduction to Pharmaceutical Botany) from 1828 to 1830, and "Ensei Iho Meibutsuko Hoi" (Introduction to Western Medicines, Expanded Edition) around 1834.
Japanese: 養父との共著で1822年から1825年にかけて『遠西医方名物考』（えんせいいほうめいぶつこう）、1828年から1830年にかけて『新訂増補和蘭薬鏡』（しんていぞうほおらんだやくきょう）、1834年ごろに『遠西医方名物考補遺』といった薬学書を出版している。
English: He published "Botanikakyo" (Introduction to Botany, Sutra-style) in 1822 and "Rigaku Nyumon Sokugaku Keigen" (Introduction to Science and Botany) in 1835, and introduced Japan to Western botanical studies for the first time.
Japanese: 1822年（文政5年）『菩多尼訶経』（ぼたにかきょう）、1835年（天保6年）に『理学入門植学啓原』（りがくにゅうもんそくがくけいげん）を出版して西洋の植物学を日本にはじめて紹介した。
English: "菩多尼訶" (botanica) is a transcription of Latin "Botanica" meaning botany and he wrote the book in the Sutra-style following the Buddhist scriptures.
Japanese: 菩多尼訶は植物学を意味するラテン語Botanicaの翻字であり、経はその本文を経文になぞらえて執筆したことによる。
English: In addition, he published "Seimi Kaiso" (Elements of Experimental Chemistry) which introduced modern chemistry for the first time in Japan from 1837 to 1847 after he had already died.
Japanese: また、1837年（天保8年）から死後の1847年（弘化4年）にかけて日本ではじめての近代化学を紹介する書となる『舎密開宗』(せいみかいそう）を出版した。
English: For the publication, Yoan created new coined terms into the scientific terms which did not exist in Japan.
Japanese: 宇田川榕菴はこれらの出版に際し、日本語のまだ存在しなかった学術用語に新しい造語を作って翻訳した。
English: Yoan created the coined terms such as element names; oxygen (酸素, sanso), hydrogen (水素, suiso), nitrogen (窒素, chisso), carbon (炭素, tanso), chemical terms; element (元素, genso), oxidation (酸化, sanka), reduction (還元, kangen), dissolution (溶解, yokai), analysis (分析, bunseki), and biological terms; cell (細胞, saibo), classification of organisms (生物の分類, seibutsu no bunrui).
Japanese: 酸素、水素、窒素、炭素といった元素名や元素、酸化、還元、溶解、分析といった化学用語、細胞、生物の分類といった生物学用語は宇田川榕菴の造語である。
English: Moreover, he wrote not only a natural science but also "Seiyo Doryoko" which was about Western scales and measures in Dutch, "Oran Shiryakuko" which was about Dutch history and geography, and "Kohi Setsu" which introduced a coffee.
Japanese: また、自然科学分野に留まらず、オランダ語の度量衡に使用する単位についての解説『西洋度量考』やオランダの歴史、地理を解説した『和蘭志略稿』、コーヒーについての紹介『哥非乙説』（こひいせつ）なども記している。
English: It is said that Yoritomo fell in lave with Kame no mae at first sight when he went over to Izu Province, and as attracted by her gentle nature, he came to love her in secret.
Japanese: 亀の前は、頼朝が伊豆国へ出向いた際に見初められて、柔和な性格で気に入られ、密かに寵愛されるようになったと云われる。
English: In July 1182, while his lawful wife, Masako HOJO was pregnant with his first son (MINAMOTO no Yoriie), Yoritomo invited Kame no mae to Mitsuie KOCHUTA's residence in Kotsubo (present Zushi City, Kanagawa Prefecture) and loved her.
Japanese: 正妻の北条政子が長男（源頼家）を妊娠中の1182年（寿永元年）6月、頼朝は亀の前を小坪(逗子市)（逗子市）の小忠太光家の宅に召して寵愛した。
English: Afterwards, he transferred Kame no mae to Hirotsuna FUSHIMI's residence in Iijima (Zushi City) and continued the meeting with her.
Japanese: その後、頼朝は亀の前を飯島（逗子市）の伏見広綱の宅へ移して寵愛を続けた。
English: On December 14, 1182, Masako ordered Maki no kata's father, Munechika MAKI, to attack and destroy Hirotsuna's residence.
Japanese: 11月10日、政子は牧の方の父の牧宗親に命じて広綱の家を襲わせ打ち壊させた。
English: The irate Yoritomo hastened to Abuzuri, and summoned Munechika MAKI to reprehend him and cut his hair to affront him.
Japanese: 怒った頼朝は鐙摺に出向き、牧宗親を呼び出して叱責し、髻を切って辱めた。
English: When Masako's father, Tokimasa HOJO came to know that, this skirmish developed into an incident, in which Tokimasa withdrew to Izu Province leading all his family.
Japanese: これを知った政子の父北条時政が一族を率いて伊豆国へ立ち退いてしまう事件に発展した。
English: Masako could not contain her anger, and on January 18, Hirotsuna FUSHIMI was banished to Totomi Province.
Japanese: 12月16日、政子の怒りが収まらず、伏見広綱は遠江国へ流罪となってしまった。
English: Hiroko KONOE (April 30, 1666-April 13, 1741) was the lawful wife of Ienobu TOKUGAWA, the sixth Shogun of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 近衛熙子（このえひろこ、寛文6年3月26日(旧暦)（1666年4月30日）-寛保元年2月28日(旧暦)（1741年4月13日））は江戸幕府6代将軍・徳川家宣の正室である。
English: It seems that this marriage was against her father Motohiro's will and Hiroko got married after she was adopted as a daughter of Tokitsune HIRAMATSU who was Monyo (blood line) of the Konoe family.
Japanese: 父・基熙にとってこの結婚は不本意な物であったらしく、熙子は近衛家の門葉である平松時庸の養女となって嫁した。
English: However, this adoption was nothing but an insult to bakufu, so it was hidden from public.
Japanese: 但しこの養女縁組は幕府側から見ると幕府を侮辱する行為以外の何物でもなかったために、対外的には秘密とされた。
English: She seemed to have had a good relationship with Tsunatoyo and delivered two children (a daughter Toyohime [the Tokugawa family] and a son Mugetsuin [夢月院]), but they died young.
Japanese: 綱豊との仲は良好だったらしく2人の子供（長女・豊姫(徳川家)、長男・夢月院）を儲けたが、いずれも夭折する。
English: She mourned their death and any child was given Kaimyo (posthumous Buddhist names) by Josen-ji Temple of the Nichiren Sho Sect in addition to the names from the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: その事で彼女は嘆き悲しみ、そのためかいずれの子供も徳川氏家とは別に日蓮正宗常泉寺にて戒名を授かる。
English: After 30 years, her husband Tsunatoyo became the sixth Shogun and she entered O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants reside) as Midaidokoro (shogun or minister's wife).
Japanese: 30年後に夫・綱豊は6代将軍に就任、御台所として江戸城大奥に入った。