nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is considered that the Johei and Tengyo War in the Tengyo era (from the end of the 930s to the latter half of the 940s) occurred because conferment for distinguished services in the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku was not sufficient.
Japanese: 天慶年間（930年代末-940年代後葉）の承平天慶の乱は、寛平・延喜東国の乱および承平南海賊での勲功行賞が十分に行われなかったために発生したと解されている。
English: In either of the Kanbyo Engi Togoku War and Joheinankaizoku, the samurai at the early stage who made efforts to suppress the rebellions and to maintain security did not consider their rewards sufficient.
Japanese: 寛平・延喜東国の乱と承平南海賊のいずれにおいても、反乱制圧・平和維持に尽力した最初期の武士たちは、十分な恩賞が与えられたとは考えなかった。
English: The samurai at the early stage who accomplished the distinguished achievements belonged to honorable blood lines and aimed at returning to the imperial government, based on their military art.
Japanese: これら功績をあげた最初期の武士たちは、貴種の血統を受けており、武芸をもって朝廷政治への再復帰を目指していた。
English: However, because their efforts failed, they started protests, resorting to force.
Japanese: しかしながら、それが叶えられないために、実力行使による抗議行動に出たのである。
English: The samurai who suppressed the rebels were rewarded sufficiently based on their achievements.
Japanese: そして、鎮圧した武士たちが、勲功をもとに満足のいく恩賞を獲得することとなった。
English: Most of them belonged to noble bloodlines but their governmental positions were extremely low, or were of the middle or lower class.
Japanese: 彼らのほとんどは貴族の血統に属してはいたが、極めて低い官位にある中下級官人であった。
English: However, reviewing why such a war occurred, the Imperial Court advanced their positions to middle or lower-class nobles, or the class of zuryo who were at the rank of Goi (Fifth Rank) or Rokui (Sixth Rank).
Japanese: しかし、乱の反省から朝廷は彼らを五位・六位といった受領級の中・下流貴族に昇進させた。
English: Therefore, in the noble society in the latter half of the 10th century, Johei Tengyo kunkosha and their descendants came to be recognized as family lines specialized in military affairs, that is, tsuwamono no ie (samurai families).
Japanese: そのため、10世紀後半の貴族社会において、承平天慶勲功者とその子孫は軍事に特化した家系、すなわち兵の家（つわもののいえ）として認知されるようになった。
English: By the way, in the period from the time when the dynastic nation system was established to the middle 11th century, zuryo had a significant right to collect kanmotsu, a main tax.
Japanese: ところで、王朝国家体制が成立して以来、11世紀中期にかけて、中心的な税目である官物の収納については受領が大きな権限を有していた。
English: Zuryo entrusted tax collection work to Tato fumyo who came from gunji or the rich and powerful class, but often confronted them with tax rates or tax reduction rates.
Japanese: 受領は郡司・富豪層を出自とする田堵負名らに租税納入の責任を課していたが、税率や減免率などをめぐって受領と負名層の間には対立が生じていた。
English: The zuryo whose terms of office were approaching the end was often engaged in relentless exploitative activities according to the law and regulations, to accomplish respectable achievements.
Japanese: 任期切れ間近の受領は、成績をあげるためにしばしば法令どおりの苛烈な収奪を行った。
English: Therefore, some Tato fumyo assaulted zuryo or took the measure of lodging a complaint with Daijokan (Grand Council of State) (refer to an article of Kokushi kasei joso [appeals against kokushi's harsh administration]).
Japanese: そのため、田堵負名の中には受領を襲撃したり太政官へ訴訟する（→国司苛政上訴）といった対抗手段に出る者も現れた。
English: In particular, the former, the persons who assaulted zuryo, were called 'gangsters' as carrying out an anti-national act, and were targeted for military suppression.
Japanese: 特に前者の受領襲撃は、反国家行為として「凶党」と呼ばれ、軍事制圧の対象となった。
English: For these gangsters, the kokuga system led by zuryo played the role of actually capturing them.
Japanese: かかる凶党に対し、実際に追捕にあたったのは受領率いる国衙機構であった。
English: When gangsters started a criminal act, the kokuga sent a report about it (called Kokuge) to Daijokan in the central government.
Japanese: 凶党が発生した場合、国衙は即時に中央の太政官へ報告書（国解）を送付した。
English: Receiving the report, giseikan (legislators) (consisting of Kugyo [the top court officials]) held a meeting at Daijokan and issued and sent 'tsuibu kanpu' to the kokuga.
Japanese: これを受けた太政官では議政官（公卿）会議にて審議を行い、国衙へ対し「追捕官符」を発出した。
English: Receiving the kanpu and provided with the right to mobilize soldiers for military purposes, zuryo ordered Tsuibushi, Oryoshi, or Keigoshi, who was the leader of military affairs in the kokuga, to take the actions of searching for and capturing gangsters.
Japanese: 官符によって正当な軍事動員権を獲得した受領は、国衙における軍事指揮者である追捕使・押領使・警固使に凶党捜索や犯罪捜査などの追捕活動を命じた。
English: The Tsuibushi who was ordered to search for and capture gangsters carried out necessary activities by mobilizing samurai in the province.
Japanese: 追捕を命じられた追捕使は国内の武士を動員し、実際の追捕活動を展開した。
English: After gangsters were captured, the kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) at the kokuga interrogated the criminals, and zuryo sent to Daijokan a report describing how the criminal investigation was conducted.
Japanese: 凶党を捕縛した後は、国衙の検非違使が尋問にあたり、捜査経緯をまとめた報告書を受領から太政官へ進達した。
English: It is considered that, to mobilize samurai in the province, the way of circulating a document for requesting the mobilization one after another (called 'kaibun') was used.
Japanese: 国内武士の動員には、動員を要請する文書を順番に回覧する「廻文」の方法が利用されたと見られている。
English: Each of the samurai in the province wrote under his written name 'Accept' when accepting the request or 'Will not participate' when not accepting.
Japanese: 国内武士たちは、動員に応じる場合は自己の名前の直下に「奉」と記載し、応じない場合は「不参」と記載した。
English: It is considered that, after gangsters were captured, their territories and assets were confiscated and were supplied as a reward to the samurai who participated in the capturing actions.
Japanese: 凶党追捕が完了したときは、凶党の所領・財産は没収され、追捕にあたった武士たちへ恩賞として給与されたのだろうと考えられている。
English: Immediately after moving to the office, zuryo ordered officials at his office to submit a document in which situations of the province were described (called 'chumon').
Japanese: 受領は赴任した直後に在庁官人に命じて国内の状況をまとめた報告書（「注文」）を提出させていた。
English: Based on the chumon, a list of samurai in the province, called 'bushi-komyo' (literally, samurai name list), was generated under the zuryo.
Japanese: その注文をもとに国内武士を列挙した名簿「武士交名」が受領のもとで作成された。
English: The samurai who were registered in 'bushi-komyo' were those who realized distinguished achievements in the Johei and Tengyo eras and their descendants, or the persons who inherited martial arts from generation to generation.
Japanese: 「武士交名」に登載されている武士たちは、承平天慶期に勲功を挙げた者もしくはその子孫であって、武芸を世襲している者たちであった。
English: In other words, samurai indicated the persons who were recognized as masters of the martial arts by kokuga.
Japanese: すなわち武士とは、武芸者として国衙に承認された者たちを指したのである。
English: It is estimated that the number of such masters of martial arts in a province was several to slightly more than ten.
Japanese: こうした国内武士の数は、一国あたり数人-十数人程度だったと推測されている。
English: What motivated samurai in a province to participate in the activities to capture criminals was the assurance that their achievements would be rewarded.
Japanese: 国内武士を追捕活動に参加させる動機付けとなったのは、勲功の保証である。
English: An issuance of tsuibu kanpu assured that the persons who participated in the activities to capture criminals and realized distinguished achievements were to be rewarded.
Japanese: 追捕官符の発布は、追捕に参加して勲功を挙げた者に対する恩賞給与を保証するものだった。
English: There is a concept of separating the dynastic nation system after 1040s from that before 1040, with the earlier one called the early dynastic nation system and the later one the late dynastic nation system.
Japanese: 1040年代を画期として、それ以前を前期王朝国家、以降を後期王朝国家と区分する考えがある。
English: Based on this concept, it can be said that the late dynastic nation system was established corresponding to the start of national taxation (for example, Ikkoku heikinyaku [taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province).
Japanese: この考えによると、後期王朝国家は全国的な租税賦課（一国平均役など）を契機として成立した。
English: Until then, local administration functioned under zuryo's authority, and the manors that had been developed by gunji or rich and powerful persons could exist by obtaining approval from the kokuga (kokumensho [the manor whose obligations were exempted by kokushi]).
Japanese: それまでは、受領の権限のもとで地方行政が展開しており、郡司・富豪層らが開発してきた荘園も国衙の承認によって存立していた（国免荘）。
English: However, when, starting with the burning-down of dairi (Imperial Palace), the central government levied national taxes as a temporary measure, the manor side came to apply for tax exemption to Daijokan in the central government, instead of kokuga.
Japanese: しかし、内裏の焼亡などを契機とした臨時措置として全国的な租税賦課が実施されると、荘園側は、国衙でなく中央の太政官へ免税の申請を行うようになった。
English: The manors, acquired tax exemption privilege, started enlarging their territories through the unification of their territorial control and encroaching on the kokugaryo territories controlled by kokuga.
Japanese: 免税特権を獲得した荘園は領域が統合される一円化の措置などを通じて拡大する傾向を示し、国衙が支配する国衙領を蚕食し始めた。
English: Then the conflicts in which persons of the Tato fumyo class fought against zuryo ('gangster'-like acts) almost ceased, and instead, disputes and armed conflicts between manors and Koryo (an Imperial demesne) began occurring frequently.
Japanese: ここに至り、田堵負名層らによる対受領闘争（「凶党」行為）はほとんど見られなくなり、代わって荘園と公領間の相論・武力紛争が頻発し始めた。
English: However, in disputes between manors and koryo, it was decided that the manor side did not constitute gangsters.
Japanese: しかしながら、荘園・公領間の紛争において、荘園側は凶党には当たらないこととされた
English: Therefore, the kokuga forces system could not be used for suppressing conflicts between manors and koryo.
Japanese: そのため、国衙軍制をもって荘園・公領間紛争を制圧することはできなかった。
English: Consequently, as a measure against manors, zuryo entrusted the management of koryo and security duty mostly to the Tato fumyo with the samurai status who had military abilities, to maintain koryo.
Japanese: そこで受領は荘園への対抗手段として、主に軍事的に対応能力を有する武士身分の田堵負名に公領の経営と治安維持を委任することで、公領の維持を図ったのである。
English: In taking such measures, among the Tato fumyo with the samurai status in a province, those in the same gun (county) competed with each other.
Japanese: その際、国内の武士身分の田堵負名のうち、同一の郡に基盤を持つ者同士が互いに競合しあった。
English: Therefore, kokuga took the measure of raising the status of the areas formerly placed under a gun, for example, go (villages), to a status equal to that of the gun.
Japanese: そのため、従来郡の下にあった郷などの領域を郡と同等の国衙統治下の単位に引き上げる措置がとられた。
English: It is considered that, resultantly, each of the competing samurai came to be provided with the same social status and to be appointed the manager of a koryo.
Japanese: その結果、競合する武士が対等な地位を得られるように、それぞれの経営責任者に任ぜられたと考えられている。
English: In this way, koryo was reorganized into gun, go and ho (community), and samurai came to be in charge of the management and security maintenance of gun, go, or ho as gunji (an official in charge of a gun), goji (an official in charge of a village), or hoji (an official in charge of a community).
Japanese: こうして公領は郡・郷・保などの単位に再編成され、武士たちは郡司・郷司・保司として郡・郷・保の経営と治安維持を受け持つこととなった。
English: Based on the tax collection right, the right to judge criminal cases, and the right to promote farming, all of which were entrusted by zuryo, these samurai grew into local lords.
Japanese: 彼ら武士は、受領から委任された徴税権・検断権・勧農権などを根拠として、在地領主へと成長していった。
English: In addition, some Tato fumyo with the samurai status donated their privately operated fields to kenmon seika (powerful houses and influential families) (Imperial families, powerful nobles, or powerful temples or shrines), making them manors and being appointed to shokan (the officers governing these manors).
Japanese: さらに言えば、武士身分の田堵負名は、自らの私営田を権門勢家（皇室・有力貴族・有力寺社）へ寄進して荘園とするとともに、荘官に任じられてもいた。
English: In other words, while acting to maintain kokugaryo territories as gunji or goji on the Kokuga side, they also attempted to enlarge manors as shokan on the manor side.
Japanese: つまり、彼らは一方では国衙側の郡司・郷司として国衙領の維持にあたり、一方では荘園側の荘官として荘園拡大を図っていたのである。
English: The samurai who became local lords participated in kokuga administration as officers in the kokuga office, and at the same time, also established a relationship called a samurai group, through marital relations.
Japanese: 在地領主化した武士は、在庁官人となって国衙行政に参画する一方で、婚姻関係を通じて党を組み、武士団と呼ばれる結合関係を構築していった。
English: The position of the koku (province)-tsuibushi or koku-oryoshi assigned to each province gradually became hereditary, being monopolized by a specific family line.
Japanese: 一国に1人置かれる国追捕使または国押領使は、次第に特定の家系が世襲するようになった。
English: Such successive koku-tsuibushi in a province organized samurai in the province as the leader of the samurai in the province, or as 'Ikkoku-toryo' (the provincial leader).
Japanese: こうした累代の国追捕使は国内武士の指導者、つまり「一国棟梁」として国内武士を組織化した。
English: After the latter dynastic nation was established in the middle of the 11th century, the kokuga forces system stopped functioning.
Japanese: 11世紀中葉の後期王朝国家の成立以来、国衙軍制は機能停止してしまった。
English: Samurai in a province came to follow the leadership of 'Ikkoku toryo' provided with the position of Tsuibushi, instead of the mobilization order by zuryo.
Japanese: 国内武士は受領の動員命令ではなく、追捕使の地位を持つ「一国棟梁」の指揮に従うようになっていた。
English: MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, who was appointed tsuitoshi (the person in charge of searching for and capturing criminals) in the TAIRA no Tadatsune War in 1030, made Tadatsune surrender immediately.
Japanese: 1030年（長元3）の平忠常の乱に際して追討使に任じられた源頼信がすぐに忠常を帰服させた。
English: After that, the Imperial Court frequently started employing the tsuitoshi-using system as the military system replacing the kokuga forces system.
Japanese: その後は、朝廷は国衙軍制に代わる軍事制度として追討使方式を多用し始めた。
English: MINAMOTO no Yorinobu, a military noble, established master-servant relationships with many Bando Bushi (samurai in the eastern region) through the success of the searching and capturing activities, becoming the first person who could be called 'Buke no toryo' (the leader of samurai families).
Japanese: 軍事貴族である源頼信は、追討の成功により多くの板東武士と主従関係を結び、最初の「武家の棟梁」と呼びうる存在となった。
English: In an emergency, such a 'Buke no toryo' was appointed tsuitoshi, and the leader mobilized samurai under 'Ikkoku toryo' with whom he had a master-servant relationship, to carry out necessary military activities.
Japanese: 有事の際にはこうした「武家の棟梁」が追討使に補任され、主従関係を結んでいる「一国棟梁」以下の武士を動員し、軍事活動を展開したのである。
English: After the Jisho-Juei Civil War (the Genpei War) towards the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) at its initial stage gained the approval of the Imperial Court to establish Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles), inheriting the rights of koku-tsuibushi, in each province.
Japanese: 12世紀末の治承・寿永の内乱（源平合戦）を経て、初期鎌倉幕府政権は、国追捕使の権限を継承した惣追捕使を各国に設置することについて、朝廷から承認を得た。
English: Sotsuibushi had the role of controlling samurai in the province, and this system can be evaluated as introducing the framework of the kokuga force system.
Japanese: 惣追捕使は、国内武士を統率する役割を担っており、これは国衙軍制の枠組みを導入したものと評価できる。
English: In the past, it was said to be most plausible that samurai originated in the armed farmers who defeated the ancient aristocratic control system.
Japanese: かつて、古代的な貴族統治体制を打破したのは武装農民層に由来する武士であるとする説が有力とされていた。
English: However, as research about the kokuga system was advanced by Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (each of them a historian) in the 1960s, it became impossible to consider that samurai originated in armed farmers.
Japanese: しかしながら、1960年代に戸田芳実や石井進(歴史学者)らによる国衙機構に関する研究が進展すると、武士の起源武装農民説はもはや成立し得なくなった。
English: The papers that pointed out the possibility of the kokuga forces system and discussed the relation of the system to the origin of samurai include "A viewpoint concerning research about the military system in the early medieval period" written by Susumu ISHII ('Shigaku zasshi' (Journal of Historical Studies), No. 12, vol. 78, in 1969) and "The process in which the kokuga forces system was formed" written by Yoshimi TODA (recorded in 'Power and the general public in the medieval period,' published by Sogensha, in 1970).
Japanese: 国衙軍制の可能性を指摘し、それが武士の起源に関係することを論じたものには、石井進『中世成立期軍制研究の一視点』（「史学雑誌」78編12号所載、1969年）や戸田芳実『国衙軍制の形成過程』（「中世の権力と民衆」所載、創元社、1970年）などがある。
English: After that, research about the origin of samurai was conducted centered on job-function-based theories, and theories based on the kokuga forces system were almost forgotten.
Japanese: その後、武士の起源に関する研究は、職能論などが議論の中心となり、国衙軍制論は半ば忘れられた状態となった。
English: However, in the period from around the end of the 1970s to 1980s, Tatsuhiko SHIMOMUKAI and others actively promoted research and raised various issues from the latter viewpoint.
Japanese: しかしながら、1970年代末から1980年代にかけて下向井龍彦らによる研究・問題提起が積極的に進められた。
English: The theory by Shimomukai and others connects the establishment of samurai to the dynastic nation theory and the shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) theory consistently and systematically, and in the early 21st century, has been positioned as one of the most promising theories concerning the establishment of samurai.
Japanese: 下向井らの議論は、武士の成立を王朝国家論・荘園公領制論などと整合的・有機的に結びつけるものであり、21世紀初頭において、武士成立に関する最も有力な説の一つに位置づけられている。
English: Ishinbo was compiled by TANBA no Yasuyori, who was a court physician and acupuncturist in the Heian period.
Japanese: 医心方(いしんぼう)とは平安時代の宮中医官である鍼博士丹波康頼撰によって書かれた。
English: It covers medical ethics, general medicine, therapies for diseases, hygiene, curing methods, the art of medicine, medical philosophy, and bochujutsu (sexual art).
Japanese: 医師の倫理・医学総論・各種疾患に対する療法・保険衛生・養生法・医療技術・医学思想・房中術などから構成される。
English: The main text is entirely written in Chinese with citations from a large number of medical books that existed during the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 本文はすべて漢文で書かれており、唐代に存在した膨大な医学書を引用してある。
English: The book is regarded as philologically very important in that it can allow us to reconstruct many books that have been lost from the earth.
Japanese: 現在では地上から失われた多くの佚書を、この医心方から復元することができることから、文献学上非常に重要な書物とされる。
English: So-called 'classics' in East Asia were used as sources of citations for new books.
Japanese: 東アジアにおける所謂「古典」というものの扱いは、新しい書物を為す場合の引用源として使用される。
English: Which is to say, writing a new book meant re-editing selected passages from a set of old books.
Japanese: つまり、新しい書物は、古い書群から本文を抜き出してきて、編み直したものであるわけである。
English: Up until the period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most books on acupuncture were re-edited versions of Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) and other classical works.
Japanese: 鍼灸医学の書は、明清に至るまで、その殆どが内経などの編み直しと言ってもよい。
English: It had been housed in the court until 1554, when it was given by Emperor Ogimachi to the Nakarai family, who served as Tenyaku no kami (the head of Tenyaku ryo, the Bureau of Medicine).
Japanese: これは宮中に納められていたが、1554年に至り正親町天皇により典薬頭半井（なからい）家に下賜された。
English: Yet at least in the Taki family, whose line descended from the Tanba family (and who held the position of supreme physician in the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] alongside the Nakarai family), most of it was presumably lost by the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: しかし、これは少なくとも丹波家の末裔である多紀家（半井家と並ぶ江戸幕府の最高医官）においては、幕末までに多くが失われていたとされる。
English: The original text of 'Ishinbo' that the Edo bakufu had Taki revise at the end of the period was based on the manuscript that had been handed down in the Nakarai family.
Japanese: 幕末に、江戸幕府が多紀に校勘させた「医心方」の元本には、半井家に伝わっていたものが使用された。
English: Not only in medicine but also in Japanese historical linguistics and calligraphy it has been regarded as highly important, since it includes declensional kana endings and reading guides in the Heian and Kamakura periods.
Japanese: 医学のみならず、平安・鎌倉時代の送りカナ・ヲコト点がついているため、国語学史・書道史上からも重要視されている。
English: The term Daisenno means the system of paying kuji (public service), nengu (tribute), and/or jishi (land tax) in cash, instead of in kind, that was introduced in medieval Japan at the shoen (manor), kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and/or bukeryo (territories of samurai family).
Japanese: 代銭納（だいせんのう）とは、中世日本の荘園・国衙領・武家領などにおいて、公事や年貢、地子などの納入を現物に代わって貨幣で納入する制度。
English: This system started in the mid-Kamakura period when commerce and industries developed nationwide thanks to boosting agricultural production and the circulation of Sung currency and spread throughout the nation in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 農業生産の高まりと宋銭の流入によって商工業が全国的に発展した鎌倉時代中期以後から見られるようになり、南北朝時代_(日本)には全国的に普及した。
English: On November 21, 887 when he was inaugurated, the Emperor Uda, who had become the Crown Prince from the status of a subject thanks to the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune, issued shochoku (the Imperial decree) appointing Mototsune to Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor).
Japanese: 仁和3年（887年）11月21日、藤原基経の推薦により臣籍から皇太子となった宇多天皇は、その即位に際して、基経を関白に任じる詔勅を出した。
English: Ako was the position to which Koretada, a wise vassal in the Yin period of China, was appointed and TACHBANA no Hiromi cited this historical fact.
Japanese: 阿衡は中国の殷代の賢臣伊尹が任じられた官であり、この故事を橘広相は引用したのである。
English: As Monjo hakase (professor of literature) FUJIWARA no Sukeyo told Mototsune that "Ako was a high-ranking position with no jobs," this phrase developed into a big problem.
Japanese: これを文章博士藤原佐世が「阿衡は位貴くも、職掌なし」と基経に告げたことにより大問題となる。
English: Mototsune abandoned all state affairs in anger and national administration was delayed.
Japanese: 怒った基経は一切の政務を放棄してしまい、そのため国政が渋滞する事態に陥る。
English: In April 884 the next year, the Emperor ordered Sadaijin (minister of the left) MINAMOTO no Toru to get hakase etc. to study whether or not Ako was a position with no jobs.
Japanese: 翌仁和4年（888年）4月、天皇は左大臣源融に命じて博士らに阿衡に職掌がないか研究させた。
English: The incident was finally resolved when Sanuki no kami (the governor of Sanuki Province) SUGAWARA no Michizane persuaded Mototsune by sending a letter saying it was not beneficial for the Fujiwara clan to persist further and Motsune allayed his anger.
Japanese: 讃岐守菅原道真がこれ以上は藤原氏の為にならない旨の書を基経に送り、基経が怒りをといたことにより、ようやく事件は収まった。
English: However, Fujiwara no Mototsune himself used the controversial term "Ako."
Japanese: ところが、問題の「阿衡」という言葉を藤原基経自身が用いた例が存在する。
English: According to the description of July 8, 884 in "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku," when Mototsune was requested on June 7 of the same year by the Emperor Koko to assume state affairs (although this request is generally believed to have been the beginning of his tenure of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), it could have been the request to continue to serve as Dajodaijin (grand minister) or Sessho (regent) since the word "Kanpaku" was used for the first time in the shochoku issued by Emperor Uda in 887), he once declined and used in his reply the phrase of "I wonder whether I can fulfill Ako's responsibilities even though I work hard regardless of heat and cold."
Japanese: 『日本三代実録』元慶8年7月8日条によれば、同年6月7日に光孝天皇から政務の要請された（通常、これを関白の開始とするが、「関白」という言葉自体は宇多天皇が出した仁和3年の詔が初出であって、太政大臣あるいは摂政としての継続の意味であった可能性もある）際に一旦これを辞退した際の基経の返答に「如何、責阿衡、以忍労力疾、役冢宰以侵暑冒寒乎。」という語句を含めている。
English: According to the description of June 2, 886 in "Uda Tenno Gyoki" compiled in volume 30 of "Seiji Yoryaku," the Emperor was disappointed and got angry with Mototsune because when the Emperor asked Mototsune by saying "you have served as acting Sessho so far, but please assume the position of Sessho since we are like father and son," Mototsune replied by saying "I was told your order."
Japanese: また、『政事要略』巻30に採録された『宇多天皇御記』仁和4年6月2日条には天皇が以前「卿従前代猶摂政焉、至朕身親如父子、宜摂政耳」と基経に伝えたことに対して基経が「謹奉命旨必能奉」と解答しているのに裏切られたと憤慨する記述が残されている。
English: Muneo SASAKI pays attention to the fact that the Japanese word indicating the full delegation of state affairs (authority to act as the Emperor's deputy), to which Mototsune was entitled during the Era of Emperor Koko, was not explicitly used in these two shochokus, and asserts that Mototsune felt antipathy toward the Emperor because he suspected the Emperor might be trying to reduce his political authority, rather than because the term "Ako" had been used, leading Mototsune to request that he be given the same level of authority as he had held during the era of Emperor Koko.
Japanese: そこで佐々木宗雄は、基経の本心は「阿衡」という言葉よりも光孝天皇の時に基経に与えられていた政務の全面委任（王権代行の権限）の授与を示す言葉が2度の詔には明記されなかったために、天皇が自己の政治権限の削除を図っているとの反感を抱いて、光孝天皇の時と同等の権限を求めたのではないかという説を立てている。
English: In the Yuan (Dynasty) in China, there was a system in which a tenth of the value of transactional cargo, or two thirds of the value in case of inferior goods, was paid to the authorities.
Japanese: 中国の元(王朝)の制度に取引貨物の価格に1割、粗悪品はその2/3を官に納める制度があった。
English: In Japan, there was also a precedent that Tenryujibune (trading vessels dispatched to the Yuan dynasty in order to raise funds to build Tenryu-ji Temple in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts) used to pay 5000 kan in cash to Tenryu-ji Temple regardless of the amount of profit after its return from abroad.
Japanese: 日本でも天龍寺船が帰国後に天龍寺に対して利益額に関係なく現銭5000貫を納入した先例がある。