nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The name ishi-bocho derived from researchers in the Meiji period who called it the name because ishi-bocho resembled the cooking knife used by Northern Native Americans in shape, and afterwards the name became common; it seems that ishi-bocho was believed to be cookware at first.
Japanese: 名の由来は明治時代の研究者らが北方ネイティブ・アメリカンの利用していた石の調理用ナイフに形状的に似ることからこう呼んだものが広まったもので、当初は調理器具と考えられていた模様。
English: Ishi-bocho was not unusual as stone tool, and it is excavated in many of the ancient structural remnants where people resided permanently with the advance of agricultural culture in Japan.
Japanese: 石器としてはそう珍しいものでもなく、日本国内でも米作を含む農耕文化の発達で定住化が進んだ遺構の多くから出土している。
English: Although knives and sickles today are equipped with handle for the purpose of protecting hands and improving work efficiency, ishi-bocho was not equipped with handle.
Japanese: なお現在の包丁や鎌には、手を保護し作業効率をあげる上で柄が付けられているが、石包丁では柄が取り付けられることは無かった。
English: It is considered that because only the part of rice ear was plucked off.
Japanese: これは穂の部分だけをむしるように切り取っていたためだと考えられている。
English: Although rice today grow ripe almost simultaneously due to the cultivating technology and breed improvement, rice in those days grew almost naturally in marshland, and harvesting time varied widely according to the kind of rice even at the same place and period; therefore, it is imagined that people in those days selected the rice ears suitable for harvesting, and reaped them only.
Japanese: 現在の稲は栽培技術や品種改良によって、ほぼ同時期に実を付けるようになっているが、当時の稲はまだ沼地に自生に近い形で生えていたこともあり、また同じ場所･同じ時期でも稲によって実が取り入れ時期だったりまだ早かったりとバラ付きがあっため、取り入れに適した稲穂だけを選別して刈り取っていたのだろうと推察されている。
English: Because ishi-bocho was able to be made of materials that were found everywhere comparatively, it was used widely in the early stage of rice cultivation culture; however, later on as bronze ware or ironware that permitted various processes with firmness and sharpness spread, it began to be obsolete.
Japanese: 石包丁は比較的何処にでもある材料から製作可能であったため、初期の稲作文化においては広く利用されたが、後に加工性に優れ丈夫で鋭い切れ味を持つ青銅器や鉄器の伝播にも伴い廃れていった。
English: It was observed that transitionally stone tools were used together with precious and expensive bronze wares and others at the same time and in neighboring areas.
Japanese: ただ過渡期的には同時期隣接地域にて、ほぼ平行して石器と貴重で高価な青銅器などが併用されていた様子もうかがわれる。
English: Meanwhile wooden farming equipment (wooden rice ear cutting tool) that was used for the same application was also found, but the test in Nishinomiya City Folk Museum showed that when wooden rice ear cutting tool like ishi-bocho was used, work efficiency was reduced by only several times of harvesting.
Japanese: なお同様の用途に用いられた木製農具（木製穂摘具）も発見されてはいるが、西宮市立郷土資料館の実験では石包丁のような形状の木製穂摘具の場合に、僅か数回の刈り入れで作業効率が低下することが示されている（）。
English: Kuramae nyuyo was one of the three major taxes called Takagakari Sanyaku that were imposed on the direct control territories of the Edo bakufu (Shogunal demesne) during Edo period.
Japanese: 蔵前入用（くらまえにゅうよう）とは、江戸時代に江戸幕府直轄領（天領）に対してかけられた高掛三役と呼ばれる特別税のうちの一つ。
English: The revenue from this tax subsidized the expense of maintenance and management of bakufu okura (rice storehouses of the Edo shogunate) such as the Asakusa okura where nengu (land tax) from direct control territories were delivered to.
Japanese: 直轄領の年貢の納付先である浅草御蔵をはじめとする幕府御蔵の維持・運営経費の捻出を名目とした。
English: In 1689, the tax rate was one bu (a quarter of one ryo) of gold per 100 koku (measure of rice) of Muradaka (total yields of a village) in Kanto region and 15 monme of silver per 100 koku of Muradaka in Kamigata (Kyoto and Osaka) area, and these orders were made official by the kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) five years later in 1694.
Japanese: 元禄2年（1689年）に関東地方では村高100石につき金1分（1/4両）、上方では村高100石につき銀15匁納付が命じられ、5年後の元禄7年（1694年）に勘定奉行によって公式に規定された。
English: However, the inn towns located along Go-kaido Road (five major roads used for travel) and Wakiokan (main roads other than Gokaido Road), as well as villages that had a duty of sukego (labor service which was imposed to the neighboring village of the inn towns) were waived from the tax.
Japanese: ただし、五街道や脇往還の宿場町及び助郷義務を負っていた村に対しては免除された。
English: After 1756, the districts with poor crop yields below 50% were also exempt, but in principle this tax system of 1694 had survived for 182 years into the Meiji Period, until it was abolished in 1872.
Japanese: また、宝暦6年（1756年）以後には5割以下の不作となった地域に対しても免除されたが、基本的には江戸幕府滅亡後の明治5年（1872年）の廃止までの182年にわたって元禄7年の制がそのまま維持された。
English: Mokuyo-kai refers to a faction within the Diet of House of Lords (Japan) in the Meiji Period (July 28, 1897 - January 26, 1913, in addition it was established as a group having a legislative bargaining position in the Diet on March 10, 1898).
Japanese: 木曜会（もくようかい）とは、明治時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派（1897年7月28日－1913年1月26日、なお院内交渉団体としての成立は1898年3月10日）。
English: After the House of Peers was established, there was a movement in formation of a faction within the Diet in accordance with the rank of a councilor, but it was not for baronial members, so the members in the Mokuyo-kai dispersed into every faction such as the Kenkyu-kai.
Japanese: 貴族院の成立後、議員の身分ごとに院内会派結成の動きが見られたが、男爵出身者にはこうした動きが見られず、木曜会→研究会などの各会派に分散していた。
English: In the Kenkyu-kai at that time the viscount councilors who were focal members for forming the faction as well as the nominated members of the House of Peers who were sufficient for know-how including Keigo KIYOURA had power, thus baronial members were in a vulnerable position.
Japanese: 当時の研究会は結成母体となった子爵議員と清浦奎吾を筆頭とする実務に通じた勅撰議員が力を有しており、男爵議員の立場は弱かった。
English: Some members such as SENGE and Tokinaga SUGITANI were dissatisfied with such circumstances and aimed to mobilize entire baronial members.
Japanese: こうした状況に不満を抱いた千家や杉渓言長らは男爵議員の総結集を目指した。
English: Then, the Mokuyo-kai was formed by 16 baronial members who were belonging to the Kenkyu-kai just after the mutual vote for titled members in 1897.
Japanese: そして1897年の有爵議員の互選直後に研究会所属の男爵議員16名で立ち上げたのが木曜会であった。
English: With the intense reaction to this, the Mokuyo-kai was recognized as a group having a legislative bargaining position in the Diet through join of baronial members in other factions and nominated members of the House of Peers the following year.
Japanese: この反響は大きく、翌年には他会派の男爵議員や勅撰議員の加入によって院内交渉団体として認められた。
English: Under the mutual vote for baronial members in 1904, the group captured 43 of the 56 seats for a total of 46 members and increased to 53 members (including 6 nominated members) five years later, so it became a medium-sized faction with most of the baronial members and some of the nominated members.
Japanese: 1904年の男爵議員互選において全56議席中43議席を獲得して総計46名、5年後には53名（勅撰議員6名含む）に膨らみ男爵議員のほとんどと勅撰議員の一部を加えた中堅会派となった。
English: However, the representative of the group, Senge shifted to a politician from Shintoist at Hirobumi ITO's suggestion, so his position was close to the Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government Party) which Ito formed.
Japanese: ところが、代表者である千家は元々伊藤博文の勧めで神道家から政界に転じた人物で伊藤系の立憲政友会に近い立場であった。
English: Consequently, Senge joined the first Saionji Cabinet as the Minister of Justice in 1908.
Japanese: このため、1908年に千家は第1次西園寺内閣の司法大臣として入閣する。
English: However, inside of the Mokuyo-kai there were many members who had disapproved of the political party and then after Senge joined the Cabinet, internal disputes broke out.
Japanese: ところが、木曜会内部には政党に否定的な議員も多く、この入閣を機に内紛が勃発。
English: In 1910 ten members left from the Mokuyo-kai as well as others left one after another and consequently 17 members including Okinaga NAKAGAWA formed the Seiko-kai on February 13, so the Mokuyo-kai was disrupted.
Japanese: 1910年に10名が木曜会を離脱、その後も離脱者が続いて2月13日に中川興長ら17名で清交会（せいこうかい）を結成して木曜会は分裂した。
English: Yet, both the Mokuyo-kai and Seiko-kai continued to be disrupted and some of those members left from the groups and then the Seiko-kai was dissolved at first in March 1911 and diverged in various factions such as the Independent Party.
Japanese: だが、その後も木曜会・清交会ともに分裂と離脱が相次ぎ、まず1911年3月に清交会が解散して無所属団などに分散された。
English: The Mokuyo-kai which reduced to a total of ten members with capturing only six seats in the mutual vote for baronial members in 1911 was also dissolved and some of the members returned to the Kenkyu-kai and others joined the Doyo-kai.
Japanese: 同年の男爵議員互選でわすか6議席獲得にとどまって総計10名にまで縮小した木曜会も1913年には解散して研究会に復帰する者と土曜会に合流する者に分裂した。
English: After that, the circumstances of the baronial members disassembled continued until the Kousei-kai was formed in 1919.
Japanese: 以後、1919年の公正会結成運動まで男爵議員の分散状態は続くことになった。
English: Asahi Club is Innai parliamentary group (May 25, 1898 - December 7, 1901) of the House of Peers existing in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 朝日倶楽部（あさひくらぶ・旭倶楽部）とは、明治時代に存在した貴族院_(日本)の院内会派（1898年5月25日-1901年12月7日）。
English: It was a parliamentary group of councilors who paid large amount of tax, which was close to Shinpo-to (Progressive Party) (Japan, 1896-1898) and was consisted of 14 people including 早家崇 in 1898.
Japanese: 元来は進歩党_(日本)進歩党（日本1896-1898）に近い多額納税議員の会派で、1898年に早家崇ら14名によって結成される。
English: On February 20, 1899, Sanyo-kai (a group of the House of Peers) (Motohiro NIJO, Atsumaro KONOE and others) which was once a dominant group dissolved because of declining power, and then, it became a group of 22 member by merging with Asahi Club and being joined by Sukenori SOGA who broke from Konwa-kai (a group of the House of Peers) due to its internal conflict.
Japanese: 翌1899年2月20日にかつての有力会派であった三曜会（二条基弘・近衛篤麿ら）が勢力衰退により解散して朝日倶楽部と合併し、続いて懇話会の内紛で離脱した曾我祐準らも合流して22名となった。
English: However, as it was still a minority power, the members formed a new group, "Doyo-kai," by merging with Koshi-kai (renamed from Getsuyo-kai after its internal conflict) in 1901 in order to counter Kenkyu-kai (the House of Peers), targeting more strong solidarity.
Japanese: しかし、少数勢力である事には変わらず、研究会_(貴族院)との対抗上、更なる結集を目指して1901年に庚子会（内紛後の月曜会が改称）と合併して、新会派「土曜会」を結成した。
English: Kanin-ryu was a linage of kuge (court noble) of a branch of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan including the Sanjo Family, the Saionji Family, or the Tokudaiji family.
Japanese: 閑院流（かんいんりゅう）とは、三条家・西園寺家・徳大寺家をはじめとする藤原北家支流の公家の一門。
English: Kanin was originally the residence of FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu who formed the basis of the Northern House's prosperity, before it was inherited and lived by Kinsue, then it was also used as a satodairi (a temporary palace) from the end of the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 閑院はもともと北家繁栄の基礎を築いた藤原冬嗣の邸宅で、公季がこれを伝領し住み、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期にかけては里内裏としても使用された。
English: Although his daughter whom he made judai (an Imperial Consort's bridal entry into court) had no Imperial princes and princesses, Kinsue held the post of Naidaijin (Minister of the Palace) for a long time under the administration of Michinaga to support the Michinaga's government then he was promoted to Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) in his last days after appointed to Udaijin (Minister of the Right).
Japanese: 公季は、入内させた娘に皇子女はできなかったものの、道長の執政下において長く内大臣の任にあって道長政権を支え、右大臣を経て晩年には太政大臣に達した。
English: He started to dominate the power as a maternal relative of the emperor for generations from around when FUJIWARA no Moshi, the daughter of FUJIWARA no Kinnari, the third, became an adopted daughter of FUJIWARA no Yoshinobu and married Emperor Gosanjo to have the child, the Emperor Shirakawa.
Japanese: 3代目の藤原公成の娘藤原茂子が藤原能信の養女として後三条天皇に入内し白河天皇を生んだ頃から代々の天皇の外戚として権勢を振るうようになる。
English: That is, FUJIWARA no Ishi, the daughter of FUJIWARA no Sanesue, the fourth, became the biological mother of Emperor Toba and FUJIWARA no Shoshi, the daughter of FUJIWARA no Kinzane, the fifth, became the biological mother of Emperor Sutoku and Emperor Goshirakawa.
Japanese: すなわち、4代藤原実季の娘藤原苡子は鳥羽天皇の生母、5代藤原公実の娘藤原璋子は崇徳天皇・後白河天皇の生母となった。
English: When Emperor Toba ascended the throne, Kinzane took lightly FUJIWARA no Tadazane, young family head of Sekkan-ke (line of regents and advisers) and argued that he himself who had been at the position of maternal father of the young Emperor should have assumed the post of Sessho (regent to the emperor), but he was scoffed at by MINAMOTO no Toshiaki, Chief of the Office of the Retired Emperor Shirakawa, reproving that 'the man who had served for four emperors as Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than court nobles) still tried to seek the post of Sekkan (regent and adviser).'
Japanese: 鳥羽即位時、公実は摂関家の若年の当主藤原忠実を侮り、幼帝の外舅の地位にある自分こそ摂政に就任すべしと主張したが、「四代もの間、諸大夫として仕えた者が今摂関を望むとは」と白河院別当の源俊明に一蹴された。
English: In the Fujiwara clan of the Kanin-ryu, four families as Sanjo, Saionji, Tokudaiji, and Kikutei, a branch family of the Saionji family, becoming the Seiga family, the next Kakaku (family status) rank after Sekke, and two families as Ogimachisanjo and Sanjonishi, both were branch of the Sanjo family, becoming the Daijin family (the house of minister), the rank after the Seiga family, had influence among court nobles, and they were blessed with prosperity along with 19 other families such as the Urin family.
Japanese: 閑院流藤原氏は、三条・西園寺・徳大寺家および西園寺家庶流の菊亭家が摂家に次ぐ家格の清華家、三条家庶流の正親町三条家および三条西家がそれに次ぐ大臣家となって公家中に重きをなし、他にも羽林家として19家があって一門繁栄した。
English: There are some exception but it was the family's custom to alternately use the Chinese characters '公' and '実' in the names of the head of the families.
Japanese: 一門諸家の当主について、一部を除いて代々「公」と「実」を交互に名前の一字とするのを例としている。
English: Bunji Imperial Sanction was the imperial sanction in Japan to permit placement and appointment and dismissal of shugo (military governor) and jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) in various districts given to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo by the Imperial Court on December 28, 1185.
Japanese: 文治の勅許（ぶんじのちょっきょ）とは、日本において、文治元年11月28日(旧暦)（1185年12月21日）に朝廷より源頼朝に対し与えられた諸国への守護・地頭職の設置・任免を許可した勅許のことである。
English: In the article of December 12 in the the "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East), the official historical material of Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the background to place shugo and jito (manager and lord of manor) in kokufu (provincial office) and shoen (manor in medieval Japan) in the various districts under the Kamakura bakufu was described as the following.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の公式史料である『吾妻鏡』11月12日(旧暦)の項では、鎌倉幕府における諸国の国府・荘園への守護・地頭の設置の経緯を次ぎのように説明している。
English: In a word, there were many turbulences in various districts before Yoritomo formed influence in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region), and it led to attrition of the districts to suppress by dispatching Togoku Samurai (a group of samurai in the eastern part of Japan).
Japanese: 即ち、頼朝が東国に勢力を形勢する以前から諸国では、騒乱も多く、その度に東国武士を派遣して鎮定することは諸国の疲弊にもつながる。
English: So, by having OE no Hiromoto who was Yoritomo's trusted retainer submit the plan, Yoritomo should request the permission to the Imperial Court to place shugo and jito in kokufu and shoen in the various districts.
Japanese: そこで、頼朝の腹心である大江広元が献策するには、この際、頼朝から朝廷に対し諸国の国府・荘園に守護地頭の設置の許可を願い出るのがよいということであった。
English: The following was stated in the article of December 28.
Japanese: 同じく『吾妻鏡』11月28日(旧暦)の項には次のように記されている。
English: It described the scene of the application to request the permission to place shugo and jito submitted to the palace by Tokimasa HOJO dispatched to Kyoto by Yoritomo, and it could suspect that the application was submitted to Emperor Goshirakawa via FUJIWARA no Tsunefusa.
Japanese: これは、頼朝より京都に派遣された北条時政により、院に出された守護地頭の許諾を求める申請の模様について記されたものであり、藤原経房を通じて後白河天皇に申請されたことが窺える。
English: Regarding this application, the following was indicated about the application to place shugo and jito in the article of December 28 in the "Gyokuyo," Diary of Kanezane KUJO, the regent of this time.
Japanese: またこの申請について、当時の摂政九条兼実の日記　『玉葉』11月28日の項には守護地頭の設置申請について次のように指摘している。
English: In the diary, Kanezane KUJO, the writer of the diary, stated the details of the application submitted to FUJIWARA no Tsunefusa, Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) who was In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier) by roju (vassal) included Tokimasa HOJO who were dispatched as Yoritomo's local governor.
Japanese: この日記では、筆者である九条兼実が伝聞により、頼朝の代官として遣わされた北条時政ら郎従等が院近臣である中納言藤原経房に申請した内容について書き記したものである。
English: Also, it stated the surprising condition where the application to place shugo and jito was meant to request the permission to collect annual land tax of the districts and to have rights including the right to manage the land.
Japanese: また、守護地頭設置の申請が諸国の土地の年貢徴収のみならず、土地の管理権を含む権限について許諾を求めるものであることについて、驚いた様を述べたものである。
English: As the Kanezane was surprised, it seemed that the application to place shugo and jito included the request of capacity and power that could change the influence of the Imperial Court towards the various districts dramatically.
Japanese: その兼実自身も驚くほど、守護地頭の設置申請が朝廷の諸国に対する支配権を大きく変え得る内容の権能を要求したものであったということができる。
English: In fact, this application was given the order as the Bunji Imperial Sanction, the placement and appointment and dismissal of shugo and jito served an important role to form the basis of the bakufu authorities in the sense of exerting the local police power leaving it to the bakufu and enforcing honryo-ando (acknowledgment for inherited estate) and shinon-kyuyo (granting new domains) to gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods).
Japanese: 実際に、この申請については文治の勅許として下され、鎌倉幕府が開かれた後には、この守護地頭の設置任免権は幕府に託された地方の警察権を行使する意味でも、御家人に対する本領安堵、新恩給与を行う意味でも幕府権力の根幹をなす重要な役割を果たした。
English: Hyakuren sho (百錬抄) is a history book in which extracts from diaries of kuge (court nobles) and other records were complied.
Japanese: 百錬抄（ひゃくれんしょう）は、公家の日記などの諸記録を抜粋・編集した歴史書。
English: Originally the kanji '練' (ren) was used, but in and after the Edo period the kanji '錬' (ren) came to be used.
Japanese: 元は「練」の字が用いられていたが、江戸時代以後に「錬」の字が用いられるようになった。
English: It records from 968 (the first year of the Anwa era) to December, 1259 (the first year of the Shogen era) in classical Chinese in a chronological style as a form of Tenno-ki (describing events in the order of the reign of the Japanese emperors).
Japanese: 968年（安和元年）より1259年（正元元年）12月までを天皇紀の形式をとった漢文の編年体によって記されている。
English: The authors are unknown, but one theory widely accepted is that it was written by the people concerned with the school of Kaju-ji Temple because many quotations had come from diaries of the people from the school, including "Kikki" (diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA) of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA from the school of Kaju-ji Temple.
Japanese: 著者は不明であるが、勧修寺流吉田経房の『吉記』をはじめ同流の出身者の日記が多く引用されていることから、勧修寺流関係者説が有力とされている。
English: Because the book was completed in 1259 when the Emperor Gofukakusa retired and he appeared in it as 'Shin-in' (new ex-Emperor), the next Emperor Kameyama was presumably still on the throne at the completion of the original book.
Japanese: 後深草天皇が退位する1259年で完結し、かつ本文中には「新院」として登場することから原本が完成した時点では次の亀山天皇は未だ在位していたと考えられている。
English: It is presumed to have been completed, with some corrections added afterwards, at the latest before the preparation of the later-mentioned Kanazawa Library book.
Japanese: その後、修正が加えられて遅くても後述の金沢文庫本が作成される前には完成していたと推定されている。
English: The contents between the part of Emperor Reizei in the fourth volume and the part of Emperor Konoe in the seventh volume are the extracts from "Honcho Seiki" (Chronicle of Imperial Reigns) by FUJIWARA no Shinzei, which are valuable because a lot of parts of the original book has been scattered and ultimately lost.
Japanese: 巻4の冷泉天皇から巻7途中の近衛天皇までは藤原信西『本朝世紀』の抄出であるが、同書自体の散逸が多いため貴重である。
English: The subsequent part up to the part of Emperor Nijo in the same seventh volume is estimated to have been based on TAIRA no Chikanori's diary which doesn't exist today.
Japanese: その後は、同じく巻7途中の二条天皇の部分までは現存しない平親範の日記が用いられていたとされる。
English: The subsequent part is assumed to have been quotes from dairies of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA and his descendants (Suketsune YOSHIDA, Tsunetoshi YOSHIDA and others).
Japanese: 以後は吉田経房及びその子孫（吉田資経・吉田経俊ら）の日記から引用されたとみられている。
English: From Emperor Takakura in the eighth volume to Emperor Gosaga in the 15th volume (excluding Emperor Chukyo), one volume is allotted to one emperor, but the last two volumes are allotted to Emperor Gofukakusa.
Japanese: 巻8の高倉天皇から巻15後嵯峨天皇まで（仲恭天皇を除く）は1代1巻で構成され、最後の2巻を後深草天皇にあてる。
English: Documents handed down to the present include the book published in 1803 by Hokiichi HANAWA, who revised old books of Momijiyama Library, old school textbooks and so on, and manuscripts of Kanazawa Library book line written in 1304 by Sadaaki KANESAWA who revised Sadafusa YOSHIDA's books.
Japanese: いま伝わるものとしては、塙保己一が紅葉山文庫本・学問所古本などをもって校訂を加え1803年（享和2年）に出版した刊本をはじめ、写本としては1304年（嘉元2年）、金沢貞顕が吉田定房の本をもって校訂した金沢文庫本系のものがある。
English: Doeff-Halma Dictionary (also referred as Zufu Halma or Dufu Halma) was a Dutch-Japanese dictionary that was compiled in late Edo period.
Japanese: ドゥーフ・ハルマ（Doeff-HalmaDictionary,通布字典、道訳法児馬、ヅーフ・ハルマまたはズーフ・ハルマとも表記される）は、江戸時代後期に編纂された蘭和辞典。
English: It was compiled on the basis of "A Dictionary of the Dutch and French Languages" by Francois HALMA as well as "Halma Wage" (also known as Edo Halma; the first Dutch-Japanese dictionary published in Japan), and it contained about 50,000 words.
Japanese: 『ハルマ和解』（江戸ハルマ）と同じくフランソワ・ハルマ（FrançoisHalma）の『蘭仏辞書』をベースに作成されたもので、約50,000語を収録。
English: "Doeff-Halma" was believed to be written by Hendrik DOEFF, the curator of Dutch trading house whose stay in Dejima of Nagasaki was prolonged because his native country was under the rule of France, so that he could not go home.
Japanese: 『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』は、祖国がフランスの支配下にあったため帰国が叶わず長崎の出島滞在が長期化していたオランダ商館長ヘンドリック・ドゥーフの著とされる。
English: At first he compiled it privately; however, in response to the request from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) aimed at improving language ability of translators, Doeff started the full-scale compilation from 1816 in cooperation with 11 Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki including Sakusaburo Nakayama, Gonnosuke YOSHIO, Juro YAMAJI (or possibly Juro NISHIGI), Sukejuro ISHIBASHI and others.
Japanese: 当初は私的に作成していたものだったが、通詞の語学力向上を目的とした幕府からの要請を受け中山作三郎･吉雄権之助(介?)･山時十郎(西儀十郎?)･石橋助十郎ら長崎通詞11人の協力を得て1816年から本格的な編纂が開始された。
English: When Doeff went home in the following year, the compilation was completed for vocabulary entries from the alphabet A to T.
Japanese: 翌年にドゥーフはオランダへ帰国したが、それまでにAからTまでの作業を終えていた。
English: The method for compiling a dictionary, as in "Halma Wage," included ignoring French parts in "A Dictionary of the Dutch and French Languages" (second edition, published in 1729), and placing a Japanese translation word by word with the original Dutch word arranged alphabetically to effectively create a form of dictionary.
Japanese: 辞典の作成方法は『ハルマ和解』と同じく、『蘭仏辞書』（NieuwWoordenboekderNederduitscheenFreanscheTaalen.DictionnaireNouveauFlamand&François,第2版、1729年出版）のフランス語部分を無視し、アルファベット順に並んだオランダ語にひとつずつ日本語の対訳をつけることで効率良く辞書の体裁を整えた。
English: "Doeff Halma" placed more importance on spoken language than on literary language, and recorded a wide range of model sentences.
Japanese: ただし、『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』は文語よりも口語を重視して記載し、豊富な文例も収録されている。
English: Because reproducing "Doeff Halma" was based only on the manuscript, not on the printing technique, the number of copies was small as nearly 33, and it contained more than 3,000 pages in total, so the dictionary was very valuable.
Japanese: 『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』の複製は印刷手法を用いず写本のみで行われたため出版数は33部前後と少なく、総頁数が3,000を越えたこともあって貴重だった。
English: Additionally because the large hoshogami (thick Japanese paper of the best quality) that was presented by Shigehide SHIMAZU was used in making a clean copy, the manuscript was expected to be very expensive.
Japanese: また、この清書には島津重豪から寄贈された大奉書紙が用いられたともあり、大変高価だったと推測される。
English: "Doeff Halma" was presented to the Edo bakufu through Nagasaki bugyo (magistrate), and it was also accommodated to several domains.
Japanese: 『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』は長崎奉行を通じて江戸幕府に献上され、また幾つかの藩に融通された。
English: However, the Edo bakufu that disliked information on the West being circulated was reluctant to give approval to the publication of it for ordinary people.
Japanese: しかし、西洋に関する情報が流布することを嫌った幕府は、一般向けの出版をなかなか許可しなかった。
English: Hoshu KATSURAGAWA (the seventh, Kunioki), a shogun's physician and Dutch scholar, and others appealed strongly to the Edo bakufu arguing that the publication of "Doeff Halma" was essential to the introduction of western technology, and prompted by the shock of the arrival of Matthew PERRY in 1853 the publication was finally approved in 1854.
Japanese: 従医にして蘭学者の桂川甫周(7代目、国興)らは西洋技術の導入において必要不可欠と強く幕府に働きかけ、1853年のマシュー・ペリー来航ショックも手伝い1854年になってやっと刊行が認められた。