nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Some court nobles who were affiliated with the Southern Court were able to be appointed again, but the majority of positions were already taken by the court nobles of Northern Court and it is thought that many could not return to the court society.
Japanese: 南朝に属していた公家は一部は北朝で任官したが、官職は既に北朝の公家で占められており、多くは公家社会への復帰が適わなかったと考えられている。
English: Later, in 1412, Gokomatsu's son, Emperor Shoko ascended the throne and the conditions for Ryoto Tetsuritsu were broken.
Japanese: 後の1412年（応永19年）には後小松皇子の称光天皇が即位しており、両統迭立の条件は反故にされている。
English: This led to a rebellion amongst descendants and former court nobles of the Southern Court, and their resistance against the court and bakufu lasted until the mid-15th century.
Japanese: これに反発した南朝の後胤や遺臣らは、朝廷や幕府に対する反抗を15世紀半ばまで続けた。
English: The Shie Incident occurred in the early Edo period and was a conflict between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court that shows the oppression and control exercised by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 紫衣事件（しえじけん）とは、江戸時代初期における、江戸幕府の朝廷に対する圧迫と統制を示す朝幕間の対立事件である。
English: It is said that this incident was the trigger that led to Emperor Gomizunoo deciding to abdicate, and was a serious blow to the relationship between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 後水尾天皇はこの事件をきっかけに退位を決意したとも考えられており、朝幕関係に深刻な打撃を与える大きな対立であった。
English: Shie indicates the clerical garment or surplice robe worn by Buddhist priests that were worn by monks and nuns of high virtue regardless of their religious branch and had been traditionally presented by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 紫衣とは、紫色の法衣や袈裟（けさ）をいい、古くから宗派を問わず高徳の僧・尼が朝廷から賜った。
English: Not only did it indicate the high virtue of the monk or nun, but also an income source for the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 僧・尼の尊さを表す物であると同時に、朝廷にとっては収入源の一つでもあった。
English: In 1613, the bakufu aimed to oppress the temples and monks and balance the relationship between the Imperial Court and the religious groups, decreed 'Chokkyo (imperial sanction) Shie tome and Yamashiro Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto' ('Chokkyo Shie Hatto' and 'Daitoku-ji Temple Myoshin-ji Temple to Shoji Nyuin Hatto') and established the Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (Various Regulations for the Imperial Court and Court Nobles) 2 years later and prohibited the Imperial Court from easily presenting Shie and Shonin names.
Japanese: 1613年、幕府は、寺院・僧侶の圧迫および朝廷と宗教界の関係相対化を図って、「勅許紫衣竝に山城大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院の法度」（「勅許紫衣法度」「大徳寺妙心寺等諸寺入院法度」）を定め、さらにその2年後には禁中並公家諸法度を定めて、朝廷がみだりに紫衣や上人号を授けることを禁じた。
English: In recent times, imperial sanctions have been issued without reason, disrupting roji and defiling state-sponsored temples, and this is very unsuitable.
Japanese: 近年猥りに勅許の事、且つは臈次を乱し、且つは官寺を汚し、甚だ然るべからず。
English: From now on, monks should be selected for their virtue and have enough experience and knowledge before asking for the Nyuin ceremony.
Japanese: 向後に於ては、其の器用を撰び、戒臈相積み智者の聞へ有らば、入院の儀申し沙汰有るべき事。
English: Although the bakufu regulated the presenting of Shie, Emperor Gomizunoo followed the previous tradition of giving Imperial decrees, allowing the wearing of Shie by about 15 Buddhist monks without asking for the bakufu's opinion.
Japanese: このように、幕府が紫衣の授与を規制したにもかかわらず、後水尾天皇は従来の慣例通り、幕府に諮らず十数人の僧侶に紫衣着用の勅許を与えた。
English: In 1627, when the bakufu, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun learned of this, and since there was no consultation in advance he therefore considered this a violation of the law and annulled many of the Imperial decrees and ordered Shigemune ITAKURA of the Kyoto Shoshidai to confiscate any illegal Shies.
Japanese: これを知った幕府、3代将軍・徳川家光は、1627年、事前に勅許の相談がなかったことを法度違反とみなして多くの勅許状の無効を宣言し、京都所司代・板倉重宗に法度違反の紫衣を取り上げるよう命じた。
English: Against the strong-handed stance of the bakufu, the Imperial Court strongly objected to the annulment of Imperial decrees allowing the wearing of Shie and high priests of major temples such as Takuan Soho, the resident priest of Daitoku-ji Temple and Eto TOGEN of Myoshin-ji Temple also agreed with the Imperial Court and submitted a document of complaint.
Japanese: 幕府の強硬な態度に対して朝廷は、これまでに授与した紫衣着用の勅許を無効にすることに強く反対し、また、大徳寺住職・沢庵宗彭（たくあんそうほう）や、妙心寺の東源慧等ら大寺の高僧も、朝廷に同調して幕府に抗弁書を提出した。
English: In 1629, the bakufu exiled Takuan and other high priests who rebelled against the bakufu to the Provinces of Dewa and Mutsu.
Japanese: 1629年、幕府は、沢庵ら幕府に反抗した高僧を出羽国や陸奥国への流罪に処した。
English: Ritsuryo law includes statutory laws such as; codes and ethics covering conduct, and various common laws established in the Heian period based upon ritsuryo.
Japanese: 律令法（りつりょうほう）は律令格式（きゃくしき）などの制定法および平安時代になって律令を基礎にして成立した各種の慣習法をふくめたもの。
English: It's centered around public law established by the centralized nation after the Taika Reformation.
Japanese: 大化改新以後の中央集権的国家の制定した公法を中心とする法体系である。
English: For information on ritsuryo itself and systems based on ritsuryo, refer to the pages on ritsuryo and the ritsuryo system respectively.
Japanese: なお、律令それ自体については律令の項を、律令に基づく制度各般については律令制の項を、それぞれ参照されたい。
English: The goal of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku (noble) class in Kinai and nearby provinces, who gained power during the Taika Reformation, to govern the people at every level through bureaucracy, instead of ruling the nation through local ruling families like in the past.
Japanese: 律令法は、大化改新によって支配権を握った畿内および近国の貴族層が、従来のように豪族を媒介として全国を支配するのではなく、官僚機構によって人民の末端にいたるまで統治するための法であった。
English: Therefore, the framework of ritsuryo law was the legal establishment of a class system somewhat like the kizoku system.
Japanese: 従って貴族制的な身分秩序を法によって確立することが律令法の骨格となっている。
English: The class system under ritsuryo law is characterized by the division of the people roughly into two groups, ryo (law-abiding people)/sen (humble or lowly people), and shinabe (technicians in offices) with zakko (special technicians) who were descendants of benotami (officers and people serving the Yamato dynasty) from pre-Taika era placed in between them.
Japanese: 律令法の身分制度は人民を良・賤（せん）に二大別することを特徴とし、両者の中間に大化前代の部民（べのたみ）の後身である品部（しなべ）、雑戸（ざつこ）の身分がおかれた。
English: The senmin (humble or lowly people) class was divided into five ranks, namely, ryoko (imperial tomb guards), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin (slaves of nobles), kunuhi (government-owned slaves), and shinuhi (privately-owned slaves), and the ranks were segregated by a tojikikon system where marriage must be between those of the same class.
Japanese: 賤民の身分は、陵戸、官戸、家人古代の家人（けにん）、公奴婢（ぬひ）、私奴婢の5階層に区別され、各階層は同一身分内部で婚姻しなければならないという当色婚の制度によって隔離されていた。
English: This complex classification of senmin succeeded the senmin system of torei (codes in the Tang era), and characterizes ritsuryo law as something different from the senmin system under medieval samurai law.
Japanese: この複雑な賤民の等級は、唐令の賤民制度の継承であるが、それは中世武家法における賤民制度とちがった律令法の特徴をなしている。
English: Ryomin (law-abiding people) were roughly divided into two classes, kizoku and heimin (commoners), although distinction between the two were not clear by law.
Japanese: 良民は階級的には貴族と平民に二大別されているが、両者の区別は法的には明確ではなかった。
English: However, the economic and political privileges granted to those at the fifth or higher ranks were guaranteed by law, and those with rank generally were exempt from taxes and other duties, distinguishing them from the general heimin who were subject to taxation such as soyocho (corvee, taxes in kind or service) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as military service.
Japanese: ただ五位以上の位をもつものの経済的・政治的特権は法によって保証され、また有位者は一般に課役その他の義務を免除されていた点で、租庸調、雑徭（ぞうよう）などの課税および兵役の義務を負っていた一般平民と区別されていた。
English: The purpose of ritsuryo law was to enable the kizoku class to maintain its privilege and dominance, and therefore, a general class system, including the senmin, had to be clearly defined by law.
Japanese: 律令法は貴族層が、その特権と支配を維持するための法であるから、賤民制度をふくめた全体の身分の体系は、法によって明確に規定しておく必要があった。
English: A unique position in the class system defined by ritsuryo law is the position of the Emperor.
Japanese: 律令法によって規定された身分秩序において、独特の地位を占めているのは、天皇の地位である。
English: In ritsuryo, there is no provision for the position, authority, etc. of the Emperor.
Japanese: 律令においては、天皇の地位、権限その他については、なんらの規定がない。
English: This is due to the fact that the Emperor was considered to be above the law, and therefore, is not contradictory to the political significance of the Emperor.
Japanese: これは天皇が法を超越した存在と考えられていた結果であって、天皇の政治的重要性と矛盾するものではない。
English: There was a kind of legality principle in the ritsuryo system, which required trials to comply with statutory law while the Emperor was not bound by law.
Japanese: 律令制には一種の罪刑法定主義の原則があって、裁判は成文の法規に準拠しなければならなかったが、天皇は法によって拘束されない存在であった。
English: The position and authority of Emperors were not defined in the ritsuryo law, due to their religious functions, such as; their performing of national religious services since the pre-Taika era, and as a result of their despotic nature, this made them above the law.
Japanese: 律令法において、天皇の地位、権能について規定がないのも、それが国家的祭祀の執行など大化前代以来の宗教的機能をもっていたことと、専制君主的性格をもったことの結果であって、法を超越した存在と考えられていたからである。
English: An important point in the relationship between the Emperor and ritsuryo law is that the prerogative for the execution of death sentence (ritsuryo law), a capital punishment, belonged solely to the Emperor.
Japanese: また、天皇と律令法との関係で重要であったのは、生命刑である死罪(律令法)執行の大権は天皇のみに帰属していたことである。
English: Even if the gyobusho (ministry of justice) decided that the death sentence was appropriate, fukuso (reporting to the Emperor after repeating research) was performed three times with the Emperor, and the Emperor had to approve the execution of the death sentence.
Japanese: たとえ、刑部省などで死罪が適当とする判決が出されたとしても、3回天皇に覆奏（三覆奏）を行って天皇から許しを得た場合に死罪が執行されることとなっていた。
English: In the case of banishment, it was not permitted to leave the place where one was banished for life unless special amnesty called hijosha was granted, and family members could not be pardoned from guilt-by-association, also, expulsion, and impounding of assets and farm/housing land that went along with the death sentence, which effectively and entirely denied their social existence in those times.
Japanese: なお、流罪の場合でも非常赦と呼ばれる特別な恩赦が出ない限りは生涯流刑地から離れることは許されず、また死刑の際に付随される親族の連坐や除名、資財田宅の没官は宥免されなかったことから、当時の社会においては社会的に完全に抹殺される効果はあった。
English: Ritsuryo law can be characterized as a kind of nomocracy, in that the dominant principle was that all classes and ranks other than the Emperor are bound by law.
Japanese: 天皇を除けば、すべての身分・階層が法のもとに拘束される原則が支配している点で、律令法は一種の法治主義の特色をもっている。
English: However, this principle does not deny the hierarchical nature of ritsuryo law, for example, the guaranteeing of the privileged position of kizoku with regard to the actual application of penalties, indicates that ritsuryo law served the kizoku class.
Japanese: しかしこの原則は律令法の階級性を否定するものでなく、たとえば現実の刑の適用にみられる貴族の特権的地位の保証は、律令法が貴族階級のための法であったことを示している。
English: For instance, in addition to the rokugi (six considerations) system where special allowance was made for punishment, those with rank had their punishment reduced based upon their rank, or in reality, did not receive general punishment unless they committed crimes such as hachigyaku (the eight most abominable acts or omissions) or homicide.
Japanese: 刑罰について特別の斟酌（しんしゃく）をうける六議（ろくぎ）の制度のみならず、有位者がその位階に応じて罪の軽減をうけたり、また現実には、八虐（はちぎやく）・殺人などの重罪を犯さないかぎり一般の刑罰をうけることがなかったことは、その一例である。
English: For the privileged kizoku class to directly rule the people nationwide, a systematic administrative/judicial structure covering the center and the remote provinces was necessary.
Japanese: 特権的な貴族層が、全国の人民を直接支配するためには、中央から地方の末端にいたるまでの体系的な行政・司法の機構を必要とした。
English: Precise definition of such systematic national structure and bureaucracy is one of the characteristics that distinguishes ritsuryo law from samurai law.
Japanese: 武家法と異なる律令法の特色の一つは、この体系的な国家機構および官僚制度の精密な規定にあった。
English: The central government was composed of nikan (two departments), hassho (eight ministries), ichidai (one office), and goefu (five guards) (two departments and eight ministries), and there were several government offices named shiki (agency), ryo (bureau), and Komoku-meishi under the ministries.
Japanese: 中央政府は二官、八省、一台、五衛府で構成され（二官八省）、各省は職、寮、項目名司の名をもった若干の官庁をしたがえている。
English: In principle, these ministries were composed of four classes of government officials (shitokan), namely kami (director), suke (assistant director), jo (inspector), and sakan (secretary), and their authorities were also defined by law.
Japanese: これらの官庁は原則として長官（かみ）、次官（すけ）、判官（じょう）、主典（さかん）の4等級の官吏で構成され(四等官）、それぞれの権限も法によって規定されている。
English: This spirit was persistent all the way to the tail end of provincial governmental organizations, and the overall bureaucracy consisted of ministries that were interconnected through an orderly ranking system.
Japanese: この精神は、地方政府組織の末端にいたるまで貫徹し、全体の官僚機構は、相互に秩序ある階層制によって連結された官庁から成っていた。
English: Such a formalistic structure was markedly different from the rules on administrative organizations under samurai law, which were based on administrative practices and experiences, and is one of the basic features of ritsuryo law.
Japanese: その形式主義的な機構は、行政の慣行と経験に基づいて形づくられた武家法の官制といちじるしく相違しており、律令法の基本的特徴の一つをなしている。
English: Lower court in the provinces was gunji (sub-provincial district administrators) and in Kyoto was shoshi (leading officials), and above them were kokushi (provincial governors) in the provinces and gyobusho in Kyoto, and finally, daijokan (department of state) and Emperor.
Japanese: 下級の裁判所は、地方では郡司、京では諸司であり、その上に地方では国司、京では刑部省があり、最後に太政官と天皇があった。
English: Jurisdiction of the courts was distinguished based upon the gravity of the sentences (five types), namely whipping, flogging, imprisonment, banishment, and capital crime (ritsuryo law).
Japanese: 裁判所の管轄は刑の軽重によって区別され、笞罪・杖罪・徒罪・流罪・死罪_(律令法)の5種があった。
English: According to the rules, the gunji would decide only on whipping, the shoshi, in Kyoto, would decide on whipping and flogging, the kokushi on flogging and imprisonment, the gyobusho on imprisonment, the daijokan on banishment, and the Emperor on capital crime.
Japanese: 郡司は笞罪のみを決し、在京諸司は笞罪・杖罪を決し、国司は杖罪、徒罪、刑部省は徒罪、太政官は流罪、天皇は死罪を決するという規定であった。
English: The characteristics of ritsuryo law, mentioned above, arose due to a call for a new national organization based upon a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens after the Taika Reformation.
Japanese: 以上のような律令法の特色は、大化改新後の公地公民制に基づく新しい国家組織そのものの必要から生まれたものである。
English: Additionally, another reason is that ritsuryo law succeeded the Chinese ancient code that was considered to be its mother law.
Japanese: 同時に律令法が中国古代法典を母法として継承したことにも理由があった。
English: Ritsuryo law was a legal system modeled mainly upon the Tang ritsuryo in both style and content, and should be seen as a Japan branch of the Tang ritsuryo, which served as world law in the East, at that time.
Japanese: 律令法は形式、内容ともに主として唐の律令を模範とした法制であって、この時代の東洋で一種の世界法の役割を果たした唐の律令の日本における分枝とみるべきである。
English: Therefore, there is a disconnect between the ritsuryo law which is the adopted law and the inherent law from the pre-Taika era, and its nature differs in many ways from the samurai legal system which was established based upon unique common law.
Japanese: したがって継受法としての律令法と、大化前代の固有法との間には断絶があって、固有の慣習法を基礎として成立した武家法制とは性格を異にする点が多い。
English: However, it must be noted that important revisions were made with consideration given to uniquely Japanese conditions when the Tang ritsuryo was adopted.
Japanese: ただ唐の律令を継受するにさいして、日本独自の条件を考慮に入れて重要な修正を行っている事実も注意する必要がある。
English: For example, unlike criminal law or rules governing administrative organizations, the ancient farmland allotment and reception law in Japan that was modeled on the equal-field system during the Tang dynasty, was a difficult system to implement without adjustments to the traditional landholding system.
Japanese: たとえば、唐の均田制を模範とした日本の班田収授法は、刑法や官制などとちがって、従来の土地所有制度と調整しなければ実行しがたい制度である。
English: Additionally, it is clear that differences during the stage of development in the system for private ownership of land in the pre-Taika era were taken into account.
Japanese: また大化前代の土地私有制の発展段階の相違が考慮されていることも明らかである。
English: Under toden law, kanjin-eigyo-den (hereditary field of officials) and farmland given by the Emperor, could be bought, sold, pledged, or rented without any limits, selling and buying of hereditary fields of commoners were permitted under special circumstances, selling and buying rights for farmland equally given to common people was forbidden in principle and allowed only in exceptional circumstances, and pledging or renting of various farmlands was forbidden in principle.
Japanese: 唐田令では、官人永業田および賜田は無制限に売買・貼賃（ちようちん）(質入れあるいは賃貸のこと）の自由を有し、庶人の永業田は特別の場合には売買を許され、口分田（くぶんでん）は原則としては売買を禁じ、例外的にこれを許し、諸田地の貼賃なども、原則的に禁止されるにとどまった。
English: On the other hand, in the Japanese ryo, selling and buying of any farmland was absolutely forbidden, and only one year rental terms were allowed.
Japanese: これに対して日本令では、すべての田地は絶対にその売買を禁止し、とくに1年間の賃租を許しているにすぎない。
English: Such differences may have been a reflection of the strength in government power and the state of development of a system for private ownership of land and an exchange economy.
Japanese: このような相違は、国家権力の強さ、土地私有性および交換経済の発展の状態などの相違を反映させたものとみられる。
English: There are various revisions in the ryo which are less important than those for the codes for farmland, but on the other hand, ritsu (criminal code) clearly had a tendency to mimic the ritsu from Tang.
Japanese: 田令ほど重要でない修正は令の各所にみられるが、それに対して律は唐律模倣の傾向が顕著であった。
English: The primary reason why the adopted ritsuryo law was enforced for a long period of time since the seventh century was the tremendous power of government and the lack of political rights for the general public.
Japanese: 継受法としての律令法が7世紀以降長期にわたって強行されたことについては、国家権力の強大さ、人民一般の政治的無権利が第一にある。
English: This provincial system was built uniformly and administratively, and was totally unrelated to the naturally occurring settlements in the pre-Taika era.
Japanese: この地方制度は画一的・行政的につくりあげられたもので、大化前代からの自然発生的な集落とはまったく関係のない組織であった。
English: In the provincial lives of people, the 'village' was a basic unit of the community, but the fact that it was not recognized by law at all is characteristic of ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 地方の民衆生活のなかでは、「村」は基本的な共同体の単位であったが、それが、法的には全然認められていない事実のなかにも、律令法の特徴がみられる。
English: Thus, it is difficult to find examples of legal practices used in ancient Japanese society under ritsuryo law,.
Japanese: したがって律令法のなかに、日本の古代社会の内部に行われていた法慣行を見いだすことは困難である。
English: According to sources like the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki, the Zuisho-wakoku-den (Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty), and Shinto ritual prayers, in the provincial patriarchal society under the pre-Taika era, law existed in a form not yet completely detached from the trial by ordeal system and religion.
Japanese: 記紀、隋書倭国伝、祝詞（のりと）などの資料によっても、大化前代の地方族長社会においては、神判制度や宗教からまだ完全には分離しない形での法が存在した。
English: Additionally, it appears that law existed to maintain public order and authority in Yamataikoku as well.
Japanese: また邪馬台国（やまたいこく）でも公的な秩序・権威の維持のための法が存在したとみられる。
English: During the royal Yamato era, it is believed that laws centered around criminal law developed as the form of common law while being influenced by ancient Chinese law.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の時代になれば、刑法を中心とした法が、中国古代法の影響をうけながら不文法の形で発展していたことが推測される。
English: Adopting the Tang ritsuryo was possible based upon such a foundation, but the difference between the Tang ritsuryo, which was a comprehensive compilation of successive despotic legal systems since Qin and Han, and the Japanese law of the pre-Taika era, was so great that ritsuryo law could not avoid becoming, basically, an adopted law by nature.
Japanese: 唐の律令の継受も、このような土台のうえに可能となったのであるが、秦・漢以来の歴代の専制主義的法制を集大成した唐の律令と大化前代の日本の法とでは、段階の差が、あまりにはげしかったので、律令法は継受法としての性格を強くもたざるをえなかったとみられる。
English: It would be unfaithful to the factual evidence to underestimate the role of ritsuryo law in the history of the Japanese legal system by placing too much emphasis on the philosophy behind ritsuryo law as an adopted law.
Japanese: 律令法の継受法としての性質を強調するあまり、それが日本法制史上に果たした役割を過小に評価するのは、事実と合致しない。
English: According to "Shosoin-bunsho" and other sources, during the Nara period, the public law portion of ritsuryo law was in fact enforced as if it was not an adopted law.
Japanese: 『正倉院文書』その他の資料によると、律令法の公法的部分は、奈良時代においては、継受法とは考えられないほど実際に施行されていた。
English: Thus, the common law which became the basis of medieval samurai law was not a genuine inherent law, but an inherent law which developed from ritsuryo law.
Japanese: したがって、中世の武家法の基礎となった慣習法も、純粋な固有法ではなく、律令法を媒介として成長した固有法であった。
English: Additionally, ritsuryo law was important not only in the legal sense, but also in the sense of the history of philosophical thought.
Japanese: また律令法は単に法としてばかりでなく、思想史的にも重要な意味をもった。
English: Similarly to its mother law, the basic thought of ritsuryo law was Confucianist and legalist, and Confucianism in particular was significant as a leading strand of thought in Japanese ritsuryo law as well.
Japanese: 律令法の基本思想は、母法と同じく、儒家と法家の思想であったが、ことに儒家の思想は、日本の律令法でも指導的な意義をもっていた。
English: For example, including the crimes of striking, killing and wounding of grandparents, parents, grandparents, and parents of a husband as atrocities, and setting up rules for not permitting amnesty, is nothing more than the legislation of Confucian morals.
Japanese: 例えば、祖父母・父母、夫の祖父母・父母をなぐり、また殺傷する罪を悪逆のなかにいれて、恩赦のさいにもこれをゆるさない規定を設けているのは、儒教の道徳を法制化したものにほかならない。
English: Development of the patriarchal authority family since the pre-Taika era did build a basis for accepting and applying such law, but in the Confucian spirit, ritsuryo law gave tremendous power to parents or the head of the family, while drastically lowering the legal and social status of women.
Japanese: 大化前代からの家父長制家族の発達は、このような法を受用する基礎をつくったことは事実であるが、律令法は儒教の精神によって、親または家長の権力を強大にし、同時に女性の法的・社会的地位をいちじるしく低める作用をした。
English: Ritsuryo law remained the basic national law throughout the Nara and Heian periods, but important changes occurred around the time when "Engishiki" (a book of laws and regulations compiled during the Engi era) was established and issued in the tenth century.
Japanese: 律令法は、奈良・平安両時代を通じて国家の基本法であることに変りはなかったが、10世紀の『延喜式』の制定公布の時代前後を境として、重要な変化がみられた。
English: This is a result of new common laws being formed in various areas of ritsuryo law, due to a variety of historical changes such as the emergence of new political formats like sekkan seiji (politics of regents and advisers) and insei (rule by a retired Emperor), decline of ancient farmland allotment and accepting system and development of manors, and dismantling of the class system under ritsuryo law.
Japanese: 摂関政治や院政などの新しい政治形態の出現、班田制の衰退と荘園の発展、律令法的身分秩序の解体などにみられる各種の歴史上の変化によって、律令法に基づく新しい慣習法が律令法の各分野で形成されてきた結果である。
English: For example, among the variety of important changes that occurred in the government service system, the system of kurodo (keeper of imperial archives) and kebiishi (statutory office in the Heian and Kamakura periods) is notable.
Japanese: たとえば、官職制度のなかにも各種の重要な変化がおこったが、そのなかで著名なものは蔵人（くろうど）および検非違使（けびいし）の制度である。
English: Kebiishi was established at the beginning of Heian period when the judicial function of gyobusho and daijokan was diminishing, and they gained authority for tsuibu (pursue and capture) as judicial police, as well as condemnation and adjudication.
Japanese: 検非違使は、刑部省および太政官が司法上の機能を果たさなくなるにしたがって平安初期に設置されたもので、司法警察上の追捕（ついぶ）のみならず、糾弾・断獄の諸権をももつにいたった。
English: Before long they became involved in civil trials, and once they were assigned to provinces along with the tsuibushi (envoys to pursue and capture), they even participated in the rendering and collection of taxes.
Japanese: まもなく民事裁判に関与するようになり、追捕使とともに諸国にもおかれるようになると、百姓からの年貢所当の徴収にまで参与するにいたった。
English: Unlike during the prime of the ritsuryo system, changes in class relationships made it impossible to collect taxes without enforcing power, and this was reflected in the changes in the function of kebiishi.
Japanese: 律令制の最盛期とちがって、租税を強力な力なしには徴収できない階級関係の変化が、検非違使の機能の変化にも反映した。
English: The cho-rei (law enacted by the kebiishi) of kebiishi was considered the historical custom of the kebiishi agency, and was valid as a common law different in nature from the criminal law of ritsuryo.
Japanese: 検非違使の庁例は、使庁の流例ともいわれ、律令の刑法とはちがった性質の慣習法として通用した。
English: Common law inside the ministries was already accepted as law, since the Nara period, through terms like rei and gyoji.
Japanese: 官庁内部の慣習法は例または行事という言葉で奈良時代からすでに法的に認められてはいた。
English: In the age of court noble law, the system of common law developed an important legal significance in various areas of law.
Japanese: 公家法の時代には、法のあらゆる分野で、慣習法の体系が重要な法的意義をもつようになった。