nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This article, however, provide not for wayo, or usual gift, but for obligation to return what was acquired through an illegal transaction (stolen goods).
Japanese: ただし、この条文は違法な授受行為によって得た物（贓物）の返還義務を巡る規定であり、一般的な贈与の意味による和与について定めた規定ではなかった。
English: It is believed to be after the cloister government period that the word "wayo" began to be used to mean the gift in general.
Japanese: 一般的な贈与の意味で「和与」という言葉が用いられるようになったのは院政期に入ってからであると考えられている。
English: "Myobojojokanroku" (A Commentary of the Ritsuryo Codes) published in the Kamakura period quotes unknown or lost writings of "Seiji Yoryaku" (Brief Outline of Government) written by KOREMUNE no Masasuke, a lawyer in the mid-Heian period (Sekkanseiji period [regency period]), which present the view that "there is almost no reason to return the territory after "kokorozashi ataeru" to others" as a general rule (prevailing theory).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の『明法条々勘録』に引用されている平安時代中期（摂関政治期）の明法家惟宗允亮の著作『政事要略』逸文には、「志与他人之後専無返領之理」という見解が出現しそれが通規（通説）であると述べている。
English: Although the word "kokorozashi ataeru" was used instead of wayo around that time, an idea treated as the prevailing view is similar to the principle concerning wayo in the later period that what one gives to the other as a favor (kokorozashi) cannot be restored (canceled).
Japanese: 当時、和与ではなく志与（こころざしあたえる）という用語が用いられているものの、他人への好意から進んで与えたもの（志）は返還（悔返）できないという後世の和与の原則と共通する見解が通説として扱われている。
English: It is thought when lands and right of an officer governing manors were transferred as a favor in such a manner, the fact of transfer was put in writing for confirmation; nevertheless, conflicts sometimes occurred afterward over the presence of the fact.
Japanese: こうした志与が土地や所職などによって行われた場合には、贈与の事実を確認するために証文などが交わされたと考えられているが、それでも後日において贈与の事実の有無を巡って紛糾が発生することもあった。
English: Therefore, the deed came to emphasize the fact that transfer was made as a favor upon agreement or compromise between the parties, in order to declare cancellation would not be made to the transfer.
Japanese: このため、当該行為が当事者間の和いによる志与であった事実を証文の文中において強調することで、当該行為に悔返が発生しないことを宣言するようになる。
English: This movement was linked to the originally unrelated term, "wayo," in the Article 32 of Meirei-ritsu, and then "Hossoshiyosho" (The Essentials for the Judiciary), a collection of ritsuryo law and primary court noble law as well as theories of lawyers, stated "what was transferred based on wayo shall not be restored," which became established in society as a kind of legal maxim of the court noble law P806.
Japanese: それが、名例律32条の条文にあった本来無関係の「和与｣の語句と結び付けられ、律令法・初期公家法及び明法家学説の集大成である『法曹至要抄』には「和与物不悔返事（和与した物は悔返してはならない）」と記され、公家法における一種の法諺として社会に定着することになったP806。
English: However, the view stated in "Hossoshiyosho" that what was transferred in the usual manner based on agreement (i.e., "wayo" in the sense of gift) does not need to be returned contains inconsistencies with Article 32 of Meirei-ritsu which is supposed to be interpreted to mean that stolen goods obtained in an illegal way are required to be returned to the original owner even if the transfer was made upon mutual agreement between the parties.
Japanese: ただし、名例律32条の本来の解釈では法令に違反する方法で獲得した贓物は、たとえ当事者間の合意の有る授受であったとしても原所有者に返還する義務があるとするものであり、一般的な合意のある授受（すなわち贈与の意味での「和与」）は返還の対象とはならないとした『法曹至要抄』の解釈はこれと矛盾する内容を含んでいた。
English: Historians are divided over whether to think such inconsistencies were due to lawyers stretching the interpretation of Meirei-ritsu to adapt it to the reality or to simply think that the decline of the study of codes and advance in hereditary learning led to lowering academic standards and loosening of the ritsuryo law itself, resulting in a situation where the original meaning of the Article was left behind and the inconsistencies were overlooked.
Japanese: これを明法家によって名例律の拡大解釈が行われて現実に適合させたと捉えるか、単に明法道の衰退と家学化による学術水準の低下や律令法自体の弛緩によって条文本来の意味が忘れられて矛盾が見過ごされてしまったのか、歴史学者の間でも見解が分かれている。
English: Wayo in the sense of gift, however, is also further divided into two main kinds.
Japanese: ただし、贈与の意味で用いられる和与にも大きく分けると2種類があった。
English: One is the gift of property made to the heir for free while the owner is still alive to achieve the same effect as inheritance and the other is the gift made to a third party other than the heir (usually, unrelated person).
Japanese: すなわち、所有者が生前に自己の相続人に対して無償で財産の譲与を行って相続と同じ効果を図るものとそれ以外の第三者（非血縁者であるのが一般的）に対して贈与を行うことである。
English: For the former wayo made to the heir, theory that the transaction could not be canceled under any circumstances was once popular, but in recent years some people say the transaction could be canceled in the case where a descendant committed an unfilial act, such as violating the Descendant Decree.
Japanese: 前者の相続人に対する和与においては、かつてはいかなる場合でも悔返は出来ないとするのが通説であったが、近年においては子孫教令違反などの不孝に相当する行為を子孫が犯せば悔返は発生するという説も出されている。
English: Either way, cancellation of wayo of the former kind was strictly limited, and cancellation of wayo to others of the latter kind was prohibited in any case.
Japanese: それでも前者における悔返は厳しく制限され、後者の他人和与の場合には悔返は一切禁じられていた。
English: In those days when an increasing number of people made gift/donation of territories and right of governing manors, the principle of "wayo," or transfer of rights which cannot be canceled was introduced to ensure the security of title is believed to have helped to decrease the number of lawsuits about title.
Japanese: この時代、所領所職を媒介とした譲与・寄進が盛んになる中で、所有権の安定を図るために悔返の出来ない権利移転である「和与」の原則を導入することで、所有権を巡る訴訟抑制の効果があったと考えられている。
English: On the other hand, it is not necessarily clear exactly when the word "wayo" began to be used to mean the settlement in a lawsuit.
Japanese: 一方、訴訟における和解の意味での「和与」という言葉の具体的な発生時期については、必ずしも明らかではない。
English: But, there was already the case in which wayo, in the sense of gift, was made as a condition for or result of ending a lawsuit in the end of Heian period (e.g., wayo deed between negi [Shinto priests] of Ise-jingu Shrine regarding feudal lordship of Soma-mikuriya [private estate of Soma ranch] ["wayo deed of Akimori ARAKIDA, Gonnegi of Kotai-jingu Shrine, dated July 9, 1167" of "The Kunugi Documents" [included in "Heian Ibun" [Documents of the Heian Period] Volume 7, No. 3425]].
Japanese: だが、訴訟を終結させるための条件もしくは結果として贈与としての和与を行う例は平安時代末期には既に見られた（例相馬御厨の領主の地位を巡って伊勢神宮禰宜間で交わされた和与状（『檪木文書』「仁安二年六月十四日付皇太神宮権祢宜荒木田明盛和与状」（『平安遺文』第7巻3425号所収））。
English: It is thought that based on "wayo" meaning the gift of rights under mutual agreement for settlement in a lawsuit, the word "wayo" was used to mean settlement in a lawsuit (plaintiff's withdrawal of a claim in terms of procedure) itself.
Japanese: 訴訟の和解のために双方の合意に基づいて行われる権利の贈与を意味する「和与」から派生して、訴訟における和解（手続上は原告側の訴え取下）そのもの意味でも「和与」という言葉が用いられたと考えられている。
English: The establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) strengthened the role of wayo as a means of settling cases.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の成立は訴訟の解決手段としての和与の役割を強めることとなる。
English: Shogunal retainers who were in a master-servant relationship called "favor and service" with the Kamakura bakufu received from the bakufu the favor which in fact was the territories given, or of which the ownership is guaranteed, by the bakufu and accompanying right of an officer governing manors (refer to the Shiki System).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府と「御恩と奉公」と呼ばれる主従関係で結ばれた御家人が受けていた御恩の実態は、幕府から与えられあるいは権利を保障された所領及びこれに付随する所職（職の体系を参照のこと）であった。
English: The fact that the retainers made a living from economic rights arising from these territories led to disputes over such rights, resulting in lawsuits against the bakufu.
Japanese: 彼らはそこから発生する経済的な権限を生活の糧として暮らしていたことから、その権利を巡る紛争が生じて幕府への訴訟が行われた。
English: Deployment of jito (land steward appointed by the central military government) to manors and emergence of shinpo-Jito (new estate steward for territories confiscated from the Imperial Court) after the Jokyu War further increased conflicts between a lord of the manor and shogunal retainer who served as jito or between shogunal retainers over shomu (land management) and control of territory.
Japanese: これは荘園に対する地頭の設置や承久の乱による新補地頭の成立によって、所務や土地支配を巡る荘園領主と地頭である御家人あるいは御家人同士の争いに一層拍車がかかっていった。
English: Consequently, in the time of the regent Yasutoki HOJO, the litigation system was implemented and "Goseibai-shikimoku" (code of conduct for samurai) was promulgated with some elements taken from the court noble law.
Japanese: そこで執権北条泰時の時代に訴訟制度が整備され、公家法の要素を一部取り込みながら『御成敗式目』を制定した。
English: But, the Kamakura bakufu, which was originally a military organization, had neither an adequate system for judicial machinery nor environment in which to create it, and thus had a limited capacity to handle lawsuits and imposed heavy economic burdens on both parties to a suit.
Japanese: とは言え、本来軍事組織であった鎌倉幕府には司法機関としてのシステムとそれを築く環境が十分には備わっていなかったために訴訟の処理には限界があり、訴訟当事者双方の経済的負担も大きかった。
English: As a result, many of the parties involved in lawsuits began to adopt wayo to settle lawsuits quickly, and the Kamakura bakufu also recommended, directly or indirectly, swift settlement of lawsuits through wayo, in order to handle lawsuits quickly.
Japanese: そのため、訴訟当事者において和与によって訴訟を早く解決させる動きが広がり、鎌倉幕府としても訴訟の迅速な処理を図るために和与による訴訟の早期終結を直接的あるいは間接的に推奨した。
English: The third party called chunin coordinates conditions for wayo in the sense of settlement during the pre-sentencing stages of a lawsuit (coordination can be made in any stage).
Japanese: 和解の和与は、訴訟で判決が出される前の段階（いずれの段階でも可能）に中人と呼ばれる第三者によって和与条件の摺り合わせが行われる。
English: People directly concerned with the lawsuit acted as chunin, in principle, and if both parties to a suit lived in the same area, a magnate in the area usually played the part of chunin.
Japanese: 中人は原則として訴訟と直接関係の人物が務め、訴訟当事者双方が同地域の住人ある場合には、当該地域の有力者が立つことが多かった。
English: When both parties to a suit agreed, wayo deed to the effect that they confirmed each other's intension of agreeing concerning the suit is prepared.
Japanese: 訴訟当事者がこれに同意した場合には、相互に訴訟に関する合意の意思を交わした和与状を作成する。
English: Through the wayo deed, the plaintiff promises the defendant to drop the lawsuit.
Japanese: 訴人（原告）は論人（被告）に対して和与状をもって訴訟を止めることを約束する。
English: Then, after the plaintiff and defendant sign the wayo deed in duplicate, each of them receives one copy, and the lawsuit is withdrawn, wayo is completed.
Japanese: その後、訴人と論人が同一内容の2通の和与状に署判を行ってそれぞれ1通ずつ交付され訴訟取下が行われることで和与は成立する。
English: But, this was the agreement called "private wayo" which was made only between the parties involved and thus was not necessarily enforceable.
Japanese: ただし、これは「私和与」と呼ばれ当事者間のみの合意であったことから、必ずしも強制力がなかった。
English: This means that if sentence was given before the plaintiff dropped the lawsuit, the private wayo was deemed invalid.
Japanese: 従って、訴人が判決が出される前に取下が行われないまま判決が出された場合には私和与は無効とされた。
English: Given this situation, the private wayo was made legally binding, provided that both the plaintiff and defendant submitted two copies of wayo deed to legal institutions (Kamakura, Rokuhara Tandai [the office of shogunal deputy in Kyoto], and Chinzei-fu [local government office in Kyushu region] in the case of the Kamakura bakufu), a magistrate in charge of the suit placed the certifying seal on the wayo deed after wayo in question was justified as a result of the examination by the legal institutions, and saikyojo (judicial decisions) and gechijo (commands) to show that contents of the wayo deed were approved were issued to the parties to the suit.
Japanese: そのため、訴人と論人の双方が訴訟機関（鎌倉幕府では鎌倉・六波羅探題・鎮西府）に対して2通の和与状を提出し、訴訟機関の審査の結果正当な和与と認められた場合には和与状に訴訟担当奉行の証判が押され、和与状の内容を承認したことを示す裁許状・下知状が訴訟当事者双方に交付されることで法的拘束力を有することとなった。
English: Legal institutions announced the ending of the relevant suit based on the magistrate's signature affixed to the wayo deed and issuance of saikyojo and gechijo.
Japanese: 和与状への奉行の署判と裁許状・下知状の交付によって訴訟機関は当該訴訟の終結を宣言した。
English: Wayo authorized by the bakufu was assured by "the crime of violating the command" statutory principle which imposed penalties such as territory seizure on the interested party who violated wayo conditions.
Japanese: 幕府の許可を受けた和与は「下知違背之咎（げちいはいのとが）」の法理によって保障され、当事者が和与の条件に違反をすれば所領没収などの刑罰が課された。
English: Any direct appeal (to a senior official without going through the normal formalities) or another suit filed later was also adjudicated based on the previous wayo deed without any change made to its contents P807.
Japanese: また、後日越訴や別の訴訟が発生した場合でも前回の和与状の内容がそのまま根拠として裁決されたP８０７。
English: The case where chubun (division) of shitaji (land) and/or jobun (profit), such as shitaji chubun, is performed as a condition for wayo in the conflict between jito and ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor) within the manor (division into 2 or 12 parts) is specifically referred to as wayo chubun.
Japanese: なお、荘園内における地頭と領家の紛争において、和与の条件として下地中分に代表される下地（土地）・上分（得分・収益）の中分が行われる場合（折半もしくは12の分割）を特に和与中分（わよちゅうぶん）と呼ぶ。
English: A notable characteristic of the legislation of the Kamakura bakufu, however, was that it put restrictions on wayo in the sense of gift.
Japanese: その一方で鎌倉幕府の法制の特徴として贈与の意味での和与に対する制限が行われたことが注目される。
English: "Goseibai-shikimoku" widely allowed the cancellation which had been admitted only in a very limited manner in the past, and in particular, cancellation filed by parents against their offspring based on the parental right was admitted almost without limitation.
Japanese: 『御成敗式目』では従来きわめて限定的にしか認められていなかった悔返を大幅に認め、特に親が親権に基づいて子孫に対する悔返はほぼ無制限に認められることとなった。
English: This was based on the bakufu's commitment to maintaining a soryo (heir)-led family oriented relationship among shogunal retainers and their families and retainers (soryo system) and the financial base (territories of shogunal retainers), and was intended to exclude those who disobeyed orders from soryo or parents and who got away from discipline as obstacles to service to the bakufu.
Japanese: これは、御家人及びその一族郎党が惣領を中心とした族的結合（惣領制）と財政基盤（御家人領）の維持していく姿勢に基づくもので、惣領もしくは親の指示に従わず統率を外れるものを幕府への奉公の実行に対する障害とみなして排する意図があった。
English: It is also in this period that ichigobun, or gift that is effective only during one's lifetime, began to be performed instead of wayo.
Japanese: この他にも和与に代わって一代限りの贈与である一期分が行われるようになったのもこの時期である。
English: Wayo to others, however, was not allowed to be canceled by the principle of either court noble law or bukeho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government) out of fear that if permitted, cancellation of wayo to others would destabilize a transactional relationship.
Japanese: だが、公家法・武家法問わず他人和与の悔返を認めることは取引関係の不安定をもたらすことから、法理としては認められなかった。
English: From the standpoint of the Kamakura bakufu, however, wayo to others could lead territories of shogunal retainers to be scattered and lost as well as cause a problem that if the fief given to shogunal retainers who had a master-servant relationship with the bakufu as onkyu (rewards from a master to a vassal) was subject to wayo to a third party who was not in the master-servant relationship, the bakufu could not claim back the onkyuchi (land awarded by the lord) in compensation for the breach of obligations, as such third party was not obliged to "serve" in exchange for the "favor."
Japanese: だが、鎌倉幕府から見れば他人和与は御家人領の散逸のみならず、幕府と主従関係にある御家人にあたえた恩給知行が、主従関係にない第三者に和与された場合、第三者には「御恩」に対する「奉公」の義務が無く、義務違反による恩給地の取り戻し（収公）が不可能になるという問題も生じる可能性があった。
English: Therefore, the Kamakura bakufu issued an order banning wayo to others itself in 1268 ("Kanto Hyojo Kotogaki" [Itemized Consultation of Kanto Region] of December 26 of the same year [No. 9838 of "Kamakura Ibun" [Documents Remaining from the Kamakura Period] included in "Shinpen Tsuika" [a statute book containing laws and regulations issued by the Kamakura bakufu after the Goseibai-shikimoku]).
Japanese: そこで、鎌倉幕府は文永4年（1268年）他人和与そのものの禁止を命じた（同年12月26日付「関東評定事書」（『新編追加』所収『鎌倉遺文』9838号）。
English: But due to the facts that donation to temples and shrines was not completely banned and that other forms of wayo to others were also continuously made even after the ban order was issued after all in consideration of the trade and transfer or as a collateral, the Kamakura bakufu faced difficulties in maintaining the system of gokeninyaku (duty assigned to shogunal retainers).
Japanese: もっとも、寺社への寄進などは全面禁止はされず、それ以外の他人和与についても禁止が命じられた後も売買や譲与、担保の対価として結果的に他人和与が行われる事態が相次ぎ、鎌倉幕府としても御家人役の仕組を維持することが困難となった。
English: Then the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan worsened the situation, and the Kamakura bakufu was forced to strive to maintain its structure by actively exercising official authority in cooperation with the Imperial Court.
Japanese: そこに元寇の発生が追い討ちをかけ、鎌倉幕府としても朝廷と連携しながら積極的に公権力の行使を行うようことで体制の維持を図る必要性に迫られた。
English: Therefore, measures were taken to quickly settle cases, including an incentive measure for wayo based on the issuance of saikyojo and gechijo at a stage before the suit and issuance of decision against one side of the suit on the ground of "refusal of summons," and Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order) was issued to more strictly regulate wayo to others and to recover onkyuchi.
Japanese: そこで行われたのは、裁許状・下知状交付を前提にした訴訟前段階での和与奨励策や「召文違背」を理由とした敗訴判決など迅速な訴訟処理策であり、より強力な他人和与の規制と恩給地の回復を目指したのが永仁の徳政令であった。
English: Thereafter, conflict continued between the military government which tried to prevent the outflow of onkyuchi by banning wayo to others and introducing the tokuseirei and third parties such as merchants and temples that sought to put themselves under public protection from the tokuseirei and to prepare the wording to counter it, further involving peasants who tried to regain lost land by tokusei ikki (an uprising demanding debt cancellations) in late mediaeval times.
Japanese: 以後も他人和与の禁止と徳政令によって恩給地の流出の阻止を図ろうとする武家政権側と徳政令からの公的保護や対抗文言を備えようとする商人・寺院などの第三者側、更に中世後期には徳政一揆によって流出した土地の回復を図ろうとする農民らを巻き込んだ対立は続いた。
English: In the meantime, the legal procedure to settle lawsuits based on wayo pervaded medieval society.
Japanese: その一方で、和与に基づく訴訟の終結という法手続は中世の社会に広く浸透していくことになった。
English: Jinka refers to suspicious fires which often happened from the late 8th century to 10th century, mainly centering on kanga (government office) in Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region).
Japanese: 神火（じんか/しんか）とは、8世紀後半から10世紀にかけて、主に東国の官衙を中心に頻発した不審火のこと。
English: In the imperial decree on September 1 in 763, recorded in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), it is written that 'there were many deaths by plague and droughts.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』にて採録された天平宝字7年（763年）9月1日の勅において、「疫死数多く、水旱時ならず。
English: At first, it was thought to be of unknown cause and be a divine punishment a natural disaster, but there were many damages of public facilities such as shoso (public repository) or provincial monasteries of kokuga (provincial government offices) or gunga (provincial office), and in order to prevent financial damages of shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) and kanmotsu by destruction in a fire, the risk management by kokushi (provincial governors) and gunji (district managers) were pursued and sometimes they were discharged, recompensed the damages and so on.
Japanese: 当初は原因不明で、神罰や天災であるとの認識であったが、国衙や郡衙の正倉や国分寺などの公的施設の被害が多かったことと、正税・官物の焼失による財政的打撃を食い止めるために、国司・郡司らの管理責任を追及し、時には解官・損失補填などの措置を採る様になる。
English: Furthermore, such incidents came to often happen and they began to think that, behind those incidents, there were political wars in provincial units, concerning positions of government officials such as gunji and so on, or intentional concealment efforts of absence of shozei payment or illegal confiscation of kanmotsu.
Japanese: 更にこうした事件の頻発によって、次第に事件の背景に郡司などの役人の地位を巡る地方単位における政争（政敵の責任追及）や国司・郡司らによる正税虚納や官物押領の隠蔽などを意図したものであると考えられるようになった。
English: For this reason, when Daijokan (Grand Council of State) received a report of jinka, they made government officials in Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) investigate the spot and find the culprit, and the arsonist was sentenced to be kakusatsu (beaten to death), or in the case of hereditary status, it was sentenced to be discontinued.
Japanese: そのため、太政官では神火の報告を受けると、刑部省の役人に現地の調査を行わせて犯人の糾明を行わせたり、放火犯に対しては一律に格殺（殴り殺しの刑）処分とし、譜第の場合にはこれを断絶とするなどの措置を取った。
English: And jinka happened especially centering on Togoku during the period of the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan, and for Tei MORITA, military and economical burdens became heavy in Togoku because of the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan and the political dissatisfaction made such incidents happen as one factor, and kokushi became zuryo (provincial governor) and thus the relation between kokushi and gunji changed, which is assumed to have been the cause of decrease of jinka incidents.
Japanese: なお、神火の発生は蝦夷征討期の東国に特に集中しており、森田悌は蝦夷征討によって東国において軍事的・経済的負担が強まり、政治的不満がこうした事件を引き起こす一因としてあったこと、国司の受領化によって国司と郡司の関係が変化したことが、神火事件減少の原因と推定している。
English: Kagami no Shuku was an inn on the Tosan-do Road, north of Mount Kagami, in Gamo Country of the Omi Province (present day Gagami, Oaza, Ryuo-cho, Gamo-gun, Shiga Prefecture) that has existed since the Heian Period.
Japanese: 鏡の宿（かがみのしゅく）は、平安時代から見える近江国蒲生郡鏡山(滋賀県)の北（現滋賀県蒲生郡竜王町大字鏡）にある東山道の宿場（宿駅）。
English: Rushanao (Yoshitsune), at the age of 16, left Kurama-dera Temple, where he had been placed as a Chigo (child in a Buddhist possession).
Japanese: 16歳の遮那王（義経）は、稚児として預けられていた鞍馬寺を出奔した。
English: Arriving at the Kagami no Shuku in the evening, he waited until the fall of night before arranging his own hair and donning the eboshi (formal headwear for court nobles), thus celebrating his entrance into manhood.
Japanese: その日の晩に鏡の宿に到着すると、夜も更けてから自分で髻を結い、懐から取り出した烏帽子をかぶって元服した。
English: As there was no one to perform the ceremony and give him an adult name, he named himself GENKURO Yoshitsune.
Japanese: 成人した諱を付ける烏帽子親もいないので、自ら源九郎義経と名乗ったという。
English: 1 qing equaled to 100 mu (Chinese area unit) and 1 mu was 120 times as large as 5 square chi (And in ancient times, mu was 100 square bu.)
Japanese: 100畝中国の畝が1頃であり、畝は5尺四方の120倍（古代は100平方歩）であった。
English: Although 1 mu was redefined as 1/15 hectares to slightly change the volume, 1 qing covered approximately 6 hectares in general.
Japanese: 1/15ヘクタールを1畝としたため数量が変化しているが、概ね6ha前後である。
English: In modern China, since the same character "頃" is used to represent "hal," they distinguish qing in the traditional unit system from "hal" by writing quing as "市頃" while "ha" as "公頃."
Japanese: 現代中国ではhaにも頃の字をあてている為、市制を市頃、haを公頃と書き、区別している。
English: Ofuregaki shusei indicates a collection of laws and regulations issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 御触書集成（おふれがきしゅうせい）とは、江戸幕府が出した御触書をまとめた法令集のこと。
English: However, at that time there was no official name for the collection, and the name "Ofuregaki-shusei" was given by Ryosuke ISHII and Shinzo TAKAYANAGI when they published the documents in 1934 from Iwanami Shoten (a publisher).
Japanese: ただし、当時は正式な呼称は無く、『御触書集成』の名称は、昭和9年（1934年）に岩波書店から刊行した際に編纂にあたった石井良助・高柳真三らが命名した。
English: It originated from the fact, in August 1742, Norisato MATSUDAIRA ordered Ometsuke (chief inspector of the Tokugawa shogunate), Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), and Omote-yuhitsu kumigashira (chief of the external secretariat) to submit excerpts of ofuregaki (laws and regulations) since the foundation of the Edo bakufu to Hyojosho Osadamegaki Goyogakari (the office actually editing Kujigata-osadamegaki [the law of Edo bakufu]).
Japanese: 寛保2年（1742年）7月に老中松平乗邑が、大目付・目付・表右筆組頭に対して江戸幕府創設以来の御触書の書抜の評定所御定書御用掛（公事方御定書の編纂実務機関）への提出を求めたことに由来する。
English: In response to this, 3,550 articles of ojomoku (itemized codes), takafuda (notices on boards), and ofuregaki issued over the 129 years from 1615, when the law system of the bakufu was established, to 1743, were sorted and catalogued by subject to be complied in December 1744, and revised partially in the following year.
Japanese: これを受けて幕府の法制度が整備された慶長20年（1615年）以後、寛保3年（1743年）までの129年間に出された御条目・高札・御触書のうち3550通を主題ごとに分類・整理を行った上で、延享元年（1744年）11月に完成、翌年一部が校訂された。
English: Later in 1760, some 2,060 documents for the 17 years from 1744 up to 1760 were also catalogued in the same manner.
Japanese: 続いて宝暦10年（1760年）には延享元年から宝暦10年までの17年分2060通に対して同様の整理が行われた。
English: These documents were submitted to the Osadamegaki Goyogakari in Hyojosho (conference chamber), and one complete collection was provided in the office and in Hyojosho.
Japanese: これらは提出先が評定所内に設置された御定書御用掛あてに提出されており、また完成した集成は御用部屋と評定所に1部ずつ備え付けられていた。
English: Therefore, it is considered that the collection was used complementarily for compiling the Kujigata-osadamegaki.
Japanese: このことから、公事方御定書の補完的な役割を持っていたと考えられている。
English: After that, in 1787, 3,020 articles for the 27 years from 1761 to 1787 were added, and in 1841, some 6,607 more were added for the 50 years from 1788 to 1837.
Japanese: その後、天明7年（1787年）に宝暦11年（1761年）から天明7年までの27年分3020通、天保12年（1841年）には天明8年（1788年）から天保8年（1837年）までの50年間6607通が追加された。