nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the Edo bakufu, yoriki were posted together with doshin (officers under yoriki) to assist their senior officers..
Japanese: 江戸幕府における与力は、同心とともに配属され、上官の補佐にあたった。
English: In particular, machi-kata yoriki under machi-bugyo (the post in charge of townspeople's affairs or officers in the post) was famous, assisted machi-bugyo, and played the functions of administration, judicature, and police.
Japanese: そのなかで有名なものは、町奉行配下の町方与力で、町奉行を補佐し、江戸市中の行政・司法・警察の任にあたった。
English: In addition to ordinary yoriki who belonged to Bugyo-sho, there were also uchiyori who were private retainers of machi-bugyo.
Japanese: 与力には、町奉行直属の個人的な家臣である内与力と、奉行所に所属する官吏としての通常の与力の2種類があった。
English: Yoriki was allowed to ride on a horse, and top-class yoriki officers earned a two hundred and several tens of rice crop, surpassing lower-class Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
Japanese: 与力は、馬上が許され、与力組頭クラスは、二百数十石を給付されて下級旗本の待遇を凌いだ。
English: However, yoriki were not allowed to have audience with Shogun nor to enter the Edo castle.
Japanese: しかしながら、将軍に謁見することや、江戸城に登城することは許されなかった。
English: The officer was under control of wakadoshiyori (a governmental post of the bakufu) officers, earned 200 straw bags of rice crop for his post and the amount of rice crop for seven persons as his yaku-buchi (a type of salary), and used the takibino-ma room (literally, a bonfire room).
Japanese: 若年寄の支配を受け、役高200俵、役扶持７人扶持、焼火の間席であった。
English: Their jobs were the management of Momijiyama Library in the Edo castle, and the collection, classification, arrangement, storage and investigation of books.
Japanese: 職務は、江戸城の紅葉山文庫の管理、本の収集、分類、整理、保存、調査である。
English: Officers called doshin were placed under shomotsu-bugyo, in the salaries based on their social statuses, and the number of these officers was four in 1694 and was increased later to 21in the later Edo period.
Japanese: 書物奉行の配下に同心がおり、持高勤めで、元禄6年（1694年）に4人、以降増員され江戸後期には21人いた。
English: "Oshomotsu-kata nikki" (literally, a shomotsu officers' diary) of 225 volumes in total was a job record of shomotsu-bugyo from 1706 to 1857.
Japanese: 書物奉行の職務記録として、宝永3年（1706年）から安政4年（1857年）までの記録である全225巻の『御書物方日記』がある。
English: Onotaro Tsuko, Kamataro MOCHIDA, Shunosuke SAKATA, Jinnosuke Oyanagai, Yunosuke ODA, Masagoro Kaiga, Seiemon YAMAMOTO, Kennosuke HIGUCHI, Sohei NAKAJIMA, Eijiro SUZUKI, Saichiro KIMOTO, Seibei FUMA,...hei ICHINO, Masutaro HOSHINO, and Ichirozaemon ICHINO
Japanese: 都甲斧太郎、持田鎌太郎、坂田周之助、大柳甚之助、小田雄之助、海賀雅五郎、山本清右衛門、樋口賢之助、中嶋祖兵衛、鈴木栄次郎、木本佐一郎、府馬清兵衛、市野■平、星野益太郎、市野市郎左衛門
English: Kanshoku (government post) means the posts of government officials.
Japanese: 官職（かんしょく、Governmentpost）とは官吏の職のことをいう。
English: Kan means general kinds of duties, and Shoku means specific scopes of duties to be undertaken.
Japanese: 官とは職務の一般的種類のことを指し、職は担当すべき職務の具体的範囲を示す呼び方のこと。
English: Kanshoku is a certain duty allocated to each government official, and a position filled by the government official with responsibility.
Japanese: 国家公務員に割り当てられる一定の職務、責任をもって占める地位のこと。
English: In Japan, the word Kanshoku is used for full-time and part-time officials mainly in the administration branch and the judicial branch, and seldom used in the legislative branch.
Japanese: 日本では主に行政府、司法府の常勤職員及び非常勤職員に対して用いられ、立法府ではあまり用いられない。
English: Kanshoku means Kan, which is general classifications of duties undertaken by government officials, and Shoku, which is specific subclassifications of duties.
Japanese: 官吏の担当する職務の一般的な分類である官と、その下の具体的な類別である職のこと。
English: Being appointed to Kanshoku is Ninkan, and retired from Kanshoku is Taikan or Jikan.
Japanese: 官職に任ぜられることを任官、官職から退くことを退官（辞官とも）という。
English: Committing bribery to get Kanshoku is Baikan or Ryokan, the tendency of which was especially seen in the feudal Japan.
Japanese: また、特に封建社会において見られた傾向として、官職を欲し贈収賄が行われることを売官、猟官ともいった。
English: Before WWII, Kiyonori KONAKAMURA advanced a theory that Kanshoku and Shokusei were sharply distinguished from each other based on the moral sense such that the duties decided by the emperor were called 'Kanshoku' and the duties decided by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and retainers of the emperor without permission were called 'Shokusei,' which was criticized by Masajiro TAKIKAWA and others after the war.
Japanese: 戦前において、小中村清矩が、天皇が定めた役職を「官職」、幕府など臣下がみだりに定めた役職を「職制」と呼んで、大義名分に基づいて峻別したと唱えたが、戦後に瀧川政次郎らから批判された。
English: In present Japan, when part-time government officials are recruited, the title of the office and treatment for the officials are notified as Saiyo Yotei Kanshoku in most cases.
Japanese: ちなみに、今日では非常勤の国家公務員を採用する際、任命される職名及び処遇を採用予定官職として掲示されることが多い。
English: Otoshiyori was a female servant post (or also indicated the servant herself) in O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided) in the Edo period, and was often called Rojo as well.
Japanese: 御年寄（おとしより）は江戸時代の大奥女中の役職名で、老女と呼称される事もある。
English: The Otoshiyo post was the second-highest one of those of female servants in O-oku, but the persons in this post were the most powerful in O-oku, controlling everything in inner halls, being equivalent to Roju in Omotemuki (literally, the front halls: indicating governmental operations).
Japanese: 御年寄は大奥女中の位の中では第二位に当たるが、奥向の万事を差配する大奥随一の権力者で、表向の老中に匹敵する役職であった。
English: For example, Otoshiyori Egima in the Ejima-Ikushima incident was Otoshiyori to Gekko-in, the real mother of Ietsugu TOKUGAWA, the seventh shogun.
Japanese: 絵島生島事件の御年寄･絵島は、7代将軍徳川家継生母･月光院付であった。
English: The power and social status of Otoshiyori was dependent on the era, but it is said that the rank of Otoshiyori to Shogun was basically placed above those of other Otoshiyori.
Japanese: 御年寄の中でも時代によって権力や格式に格差があったが、基本的には将軍付の方が上であったと言われている。
English: When an Otoshiyori served for a month in the monthly rotation, she entered 'Chidorino-ma' (literally, plover room) in the Gotenmuki area around 10 AM, and summoned female servants, directing everything there without going out of the room.
Japanese: 月番は毎朝四ツ時（10時ごろ）に御殿向の「千鳥之間」に詰めて自身はそこを出ることなく、女中たちを呼びつけて一切を指図したという。
English: By the way, the Otoshiyori to shogun's wife did her job not in the 'Chidorino-ma' room but in 'Rojoshu-tsumesho' (literally, the room for female servants) near to the wife's residence.
Japanese: ちなみに御台所付御年寄は「千鳥之間」ではなく、御台所住居近くにある「老女衆詰所」に詰めていた。
English: In the latter half of the Edo period, a post named "Goyogakari" was established to handle, for example, private talks with governmental officers working in the Chu-oku area.
Japanese: また、江戸時代後期になると御用掛という役目がつくられ、中奥役人との内談等の御用を担った。
English: When shogun selected one of Shogun's Ochuro (female servants in waiting for Shogun) for yotogi, and informed the Otoshiyori of the name of the Ochuro, the Otoshiyori ordered the selected Ochuro to wait in shogun's bed.
Japanese: 将軍は、将軍付御中臈の中から夜伽の相手を選び、それを将軍付御年寄に伝えれば、その日の内にその御年寄が将軍の選んだ相手が寝所で待機するように指示を出した。
English: When shogun selected one of his wife's Ochuro, it was customary that the Otoshiyori to shogun negotiated with the Otoshityori to shogun's wife.
Japanese: その際、もし将軍の選んだ相手が御台所付御中臈であった場合、将軍付御年寄が御台所付御年寄に掛け合う事となっていた。
English: When an Ochuro, a subordinate of an Otoshiyori, was selected for yotogi, became pregnant, and the son became the heir to the shogun and was proclaimed Shogun later, the Otoshiyori could become quite powerful in O-oku.
Japanese: 自らの部下たる御中臈が夜伽の相手に選ばれ懐妊し、更にはその子が将軍世嗣となり、後々その世嗣が将軍宣下を受けた場合、その御年寄は大奥内で大きな力を持つことが出来た。
English: In the later Edo period, some concubines of shogun were given 'Otoshiyori-kamizakaku' (literally, the head Otoshiyori level).
Japanese: また、江戸時代後期の将軍側室の一部に「御年寄上座格」が与えられる者もいた。
English: However, this did not mean that such females were appointed to the Otoshiyori post.
Japanese: しかしこれは、その女性が実際に御年寄の役職に就くというわけではない。
English: When the servant became pregnant after sleeping with shogun, she came to be considered a 'concubine,' but her rank status remained Ochuro.
Japanese: 夜伽の後、懐妊となれば、その女中は「側室」とみなされるが、格式は御中臈のままであった。
English: It is sad that 'Otoshiyori-kamizakaku' was given to the servant for making her treatment equivalent to that of Otoshiyori or Joro-Otoshiyori (the highest female servant post in O-oku) in salary and rank status.
Japanese: そのため、給与面、格式面において御年寄ないし上臈御年寄に相当する待遇として、「御年寄上座格」が与えられたとされる。
English: Ichinosoku,' the place with the highest status of 'Nagatsubone' (attendants' quarters), where female servants in O-oku resided, was allocated to Otoshiyori.
Japanese: 御年寄は、大奥女中たちが住まう「長局向」の中でも最も格式の高い「一之側」を住居として割り当てられていた。
English: It is also said that the place was divided into around ten tatami-mat rooms, with a lavatory, bath room and kitchen as well.
Japanese: 一部屋に十間程度の座敷があり、便所、風呂、台所なども備えられていたという。
English: Salary was mostly supplied as 'koryoku-kin' (money for buying clothes), 'kirimai' (an amount of rice crop), 'charcoal,' and 'gosai-gin' (silver coins to buy miso paste and salt), and in addition, it is also said that, after an Otoshiyori retired from her post, a residence, land, and land rent were given to her as well.
Japanese: 禄(給料)は主に「合力金」、「切米」、「炭」、「五菜銀」などが支給される他、引退後の屋敷や土地や地代も与えられたとされる。
English: It is said that a high-class female servant employed persons called 'Heyakata,' and chore-men called 'gosai' who did her private chores, such as shopping outside the castle instead of her.
Japanese: 上級女中たちは、「部屋方」という使用人や、自分たちの代わりに外での買い物等の私用を引き受ける「五菜」という下働きを雇っていたとされる。
English: Female servants from a kuge (court noble) family, accompanying a female who was from a kuge family and married to shogun, were appointed to the Joro-otoshiyori post, the highest post for female servants in O-oku.
Japanese: 公家（公卿）より御台所が降嫁する際に同伴してくる公家出身の女官たちは、大奥女中最高位の上臈御年寄の役に就いた。
English: Coming form kuge families, they were provided with no political power, and it is said that they confronted Otoshiyori servants who were from hatamoto (a direct retainer of the bakufu) samurai families.
Japanese: 公家出身であるため政治的権力は持っておらず、武家旗本出身の御年寄とは対立関係にあったという。
English: However, it is said that the O-oku female servant system became disorganized towards the end of the bakufu period, and that Anekoji in the era of Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA, the twelfth shogun, was largely involved in governmental operations of the bakufu as well.
Japanese: 但し幕末になると大奥女中の職制が崩れていたとされ、12代徳川家慶時代の姉小路は幕政にも大きく関与したとされる。
English: However, there are various theories concerning Joro-otoshiyori as in the following: One theory is that the female servants who were positioned in the highest post of the female servants in O-oku, or the Joro-otoshiyori post described above, were simply called Joro, and of those in the Joro post, the persons who were also appointed to the Toshiyori post were called Joro-otoshiyori, and the other theory is that the persons in the Joro-otoshiyori post, in the Ko-joro (female servants training to become Joro servants) post, and in the Otoshiyori post were totally called Rojo.
Japanese: しかし上臈御年寄に関しては諸説あり、先述した上臈御年寄の役にある大奥女中最高位の女中を単に上臈と言い、その上臈の役にある者で御年寄の役を兼ねていた者を上臈御年寄と言うという説や、上臈御年寄・小上臈（上臈の見習い役）・御年寄の総称を老女とする説も存在する。
English: Kenrei is the chief of Ken (a prefecture) assigned from 1871 to 1886.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）から1886年（明治19年）まで置かれた県の長官。
English: According to the stipulation established in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the chief of Ken (a unit of local administration) with over one million houses was called Kenrei.
Japanese: 秦・漢の時代に整備された規定では、1万戸以上の県の長を県令と称した。
English: Gun (a unit of local administration, the head of which was taishu [governor-general]) comprised more than one Ken, and Gun was a subarea of Shu (an administrative division, the head of which was shishi [Provincial Governor] or maki).
Japanese: 県を複数合わせ郡（長は太守）とし、郡の上位に州（長は刺史或は牧）があった。
English: While Kenrei managed all administration, they only dealt with civil administration.
Japanese: 県令が行政全般を管轄するのに対し、これらはどちらも民政のみを扱った。
English: In Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) conducted in July 1871, the local system of Fu-han-ken sanchisei (fu-han-ken tripartite governance system) was unified into Ken and Fu (prefectures), and also in the ordinance of prefectural affairs issued in November of the same year, the name of the head of Ken was changed from Chikenji to Kenrei while that of three Fu, Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, remained as Chiji.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）7月に行われた廃藩置県により、それまで府藩県三治制となっていた地方制度を府と県に統一し、同年11月に公布された県治条例により、県の長官の名称を知県事から県令（または権令）に改称する一方、東京・京都・大阪の3府についてはそのまま知事という名称が使われた。
English: Under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), ranks higher than Jusanmi were called 'Ki' as well as Hoshi no kurai (positions of stars), and were the ranks for Kugyo (the top court officials).
Japanese: 律令制下においては、従三位以上を『貴』と称し、また星の位ともいわれ、公卿の位階であった。
English: While Jusanmi was equivalent to Chunagon (a vice-councilor of state), Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards) as well as Dazai-no-sotsu (Director of Dazaifu [Kyushu branch government]), Shosanmi was the equivalent of Dainagon (a chief councilor of state).
Japanese: 従三位が中納言や近衛大将、太宰帥などと官位相当であるのに対し、正三位は大納言相当とされた。
English: Since the Ikai of Dinagon was Junii and that of Konoe no daisho and Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) was the second or third rank, the ikai of Chunagon was Shosanmi in some cases.
Japanese: 官位相当の大納言は従二位、近衛大将・近衛府も二位及び三位で運用されたため、中納言でこの位階に叙せられる例も少なくなかった。
English: After the modern ages, Shosanmi was conferred on Hakushaku (a count) of the peerage as his first Ikai, and also Army Generals and Full Admirals rose to Shosanmi.
Japanese: 近代以降は、華族の爵位における伯爵の初叙位階とされ、また陸軍大将、海軍大将なども正三位に昇った。
English: Nowadays, Shosanmi is posthumously conferred on the people who were ministers of state, had an important government position, or made great academic achievements.
Japanese: 今日では、国務大臣経験者の他、政府の重要官職にあった者、学術分野において功労ある人物が死後に叙せられている。
English: Taifu refers to a social status of nobility with territory from the Zhou period to the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period in China.
Japanese: 大夫（たいふ）とは、中国の周代から春秋戦国時代にかけての身分を表す言葉で領地を持った貴族のことである。
English: Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the highest rank Yujo (a prostitute) in Yoshiwara in Edo (Tokyo Prefecture), and Shimabara in Kyoto, in the Edo period.
Japanese: 大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代、江戸吉原_(東京都)や京都嶋原の最高位の遊女を指す。
English: This name was abolished in 1754, and was later replaced by the name, Oiran (a courtesan of the highest rank) in Yoshihara in Edo; however, the name 'Tayu' remained in Shimabara in Kyoto, where there are some still having the traditional name of Tayu.
Japanese: 1754年（宝暦4年）に廃止され、江戸・吉原では以後名称は花魁（おいらん）と変わったが、京・島原では「大夫」の名称が残り、今でも数名の大夫が存在する。
English: Derived from No.2, Tayu refers to the storyteller of Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) after the Edo period.
Japanese: 大夫（たゆう）は2.から転じて江戸時代以降、浄瑠璃の語り部を指す用語。
English: In the Zhou period, a small feudal lord who worked for the Zhou Dynasty or the lords was called Daibu (a master), and a senior Daibu was called Kyo (a minister) and participated in governmental affairs.
Japanese: 周代、周王室および諸侯に仕える小領主は大夫と呼ばれ、その上級のものが卿と呼ばれ、国政に参加した。
English: When lords were autocratic, they were in some cases expelled by Daibu, resulting in making Daibu gain power to threaten their loads.
Japanese: 諸侯が横暴であった場合、大夫らにより追放されることもあり、主君を脅かし得る地位を得るようになった。
English: Although some Daibu and Kyo declined later, it is said that, after that, the powerful peasantry formed a rank, Shi, and gained status.
Japanese: 後代には大夫や士の中に衰退する者も現れたが、その後、有力農民層が新たに士という階級を形成し、地位を得るようになったといわれる。
English: In the Jin Dynasty (the Spring and Autumn period), the local area became called Daibu, which was then followed by other districts, leading to the centralized county and prefecture system.
Japanese: 晋(春秋)では地方の県のことを大夫と呼ぶようになり、後に諸国もこれに倣い、中央集権的な郡県制へと移行することになる。
English: According to "Kushiki-ryo" (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code), Taifu referred to a government official of: Sanmi (Third Rank) or higher in Daijokan (Grand Council of State); Shii (Fourth Rank) or higher in Ryo (bureau); and Goi (Fifth Rank) or higher among Kokushi (provincial governors) who were lower than 国司国等級区分 (the grade classification of Kuni [provinces] and Kokushi [provincial governors]).
Japanese: 日本における大夫は、『公式令』により、太政官においては三位以上、寮においては四位以上、国司国等級区分以下の国司においては五位以上の官吏の称とされた。
English: As a governmental post, it is called Daibu, and when it refers to Goi, it is called Taifu.
Japanese: 官職としての大夫はだいぶと読み、五位を意味する場合はたいふと読み分ける。
English: When a person of Rokui (Sixth Rank) or higher is conferred Goi on, Taifu is added to the end of his government position (if Saemon no jo [third-ranked officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards] rises to Goi, his job position becomes Saemon no taifu).
Japanese: 六位以上の者が五位に叙せられた時、官職の下に大夫と付記する（左衛門尉にある者が五位に昇った際、左衛門大夫と称する）。
English: When a person at Fifth Rank was appointed Saemon no jo, he was called Saemontaifu or Taifu no jo, and when the holder of the position of Saemon no jo was appointed concurrently with Kebiishi, the official was popularly called Teii.
Japanese: 五位の者が任ぜられた場合、左衛門大夫または大夫尉という他、検非違使と兼ねた場合には廷尉と俗称された。
English: After the Kamakura period, the post became merely nominal, but as the increasing number of samurai warriors became appointed the government posts, a lot of samurai warriors were appointed Saemon no jo or granted to use it as unofficial title from the Kamakura period through the Edo period, because the posts of military officer including Saemon no jo were widely popular among the samurai warriors.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降、官職としては有名無実化したが、武士の任官が広くなされるようになるにつれ、左衛門尉などの武官の職は武士から広く好まれるようになり、鎌倉～江戸期を通じて多くの武将たちが任ぜられるか、受領名として使用されるようになっていった。
English: a post in the Muromachi bakufu to be an assistant to Shoshi (a governor of the Board of Retainers) leading Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers) or an assistant to tonin (the director).
Japanese: 室町幕府の役職で、侍所を統率する所司（または頭人（とうにん））の補佐役。
English: Under the ritsuryo system, Rokui (Sixth Rank) was conferred on Kokushi (provincial governors) of Gekoku (minor provinces) as well as on Suke (assistant provincial governor) being Suke (assistant director) of Kokufu (provincial office).
Japanese: 律令制下において六位は下国の国司及び国府の次官である介が叙せられる位であった。
English: Rokui was the Ikai for Jigenin (a lower rank of ancient Japanese nobility), which was demarcated from the nobles (Tsuki [intermediate ranking nobles]) with Goi (Fifth Rank) or higher, and was not allowed to enter the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 地下人の位階とされ、五位以上の貴族（通貴）とは一線を画する位階であり昇殿は許されなかった。
English: However, Kurodo (Chamberlain) was, due to their duties, allowed to enter the Imperial Palace even when their Ikai was Rokui, and thus people with Goi or higher and Rokui no kurodo (kurodo with the Sixth Rank) were called Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 但し、蔵人の場合、その職務上、六位であっても昇殿が許され、五位以上の者と六位蔵人の者を合わせて殿上人と称した。
English: Nowadays, this rank is conferred on a senior superintendent among police officers as well as a fire warden among the officers with rank in the Fire Fighting Head Offices of local governments, and the rank is also conferred posthumously on a chairman of the local assembly, founder of special facilities or schools as well as people who made achievements in business.
Japanese: また、今日では警察官では警視正、消防吏員では消防監などがこの位に叙せられる他、市町村議会議長にあった者、特別施設や学校創立者その他、業種等で功労ある者などが没後に叙せられる。
English: Ushutandai was a post of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) placed in Dewa Province during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 羽州探題（うしゅうたんだい）は、室町時代の出羽国に置かれた室町幕府の役職。
English: In 1356, Kaneyori SHIBA, the second son of Oshutandai Iekane SHIBA, entered Yamagata as a supervisor Azechi of Dewa Province, and ruled Dewa Province where the forces of the Southern Dynasty including the Sagae clan had made their own territory; that was the beginning of Ushutandai.
Japanese: 正平(日本)11年（1356年）、奥州探題斯波家兼の次男・斯波兼頼が、出羽国按察使として山形に入部し、当時、寒河江氏等の南朝_(日本)勢力が割拠していた出羽国の統治に当たったのが初め。
English: After Kaneyori SHIBA defeated the Sagae clan in the battle of Urushigawa in 1367 and subdued the forces of the Southern Dynasty under the Northern Dynasty, Kaneyori stayed there, received the title Yakata and assumed the name Mogami clan.
Japanese: 正平22年（1367年）、漆川の戦いにより寒河江氏を下し、出羽国における南朝_(日本)勢力を、北朝_(日本)に従えた後も、その地に留まり、以後、屋形の称号を拝名し最上氏を称した。
English: According to "Taihorei," Udoneri was in charge of protection of the emperor by stationing with a sword, attending on the emperor as an odd-job man, and guarding the emperor when the emperor went out.
Japanese: 『大宝令』では帯刀宿衛、供奉雑使、駕行時の護衛と天皇の身辺警護にあたった。
English: Once, members selected from Udoneri served as attendants on Sessho and Kanpaku as Udonerizuishin.
Japanese: 内舎人から選抜された者が摂政、関白の随身を務めたこともあり、これを内舎人随身と呼ぶ。
English: Members from the Minamoto clan appointed to Udoneri were called Gennai, members from the Taira clan appointed to Udoneri were called Heinai, and members from the Fujiwara clan appointed to Udoneri were called Tonai.
Japanese: 源氏で内舎人に任ぜられた者は源内、平氏で任ぜられた者を平内、藤原氏で任ぜられた者を藤内と呼んだ。
English: Moshitsugi (an official for conveying a message) which is also called Souja/Shosha, refers to a position in charge of reporting information to a lord, or refers to the act of reporting information itself.
Japanese: 申次（もうしつぎ）とは、奏者（そうじゃ/そうしゃ）とも呼ばれ、主君に奏事伝達を行う役目を担った役職、あるいは奏事伝達行為そのものを「申次」と呼ぶ。
English: At first, Nyobo (a court lady) or Kinshin (close aide/trusted vassal) took the role of Moushitsugi, but in the Insei period (during the period of the government by the retired Emperor), favorite retainers among In no Kinshin (the retired Emperor's courtier) were working as Moushitsugi, including TAKASHINA no Yasutsune at Goshirakawa-incho (the retired Emperor Goshirakawa's Office), and Nobukiyo BOMON and Kintsune SAIONJI at Gotoba-in (the Retired Emperor Gotoba's Office); these people were involved in the government affairs through announcing Migyosho (documents for informing of decisions made by third or upper ranked authorities).
Japanese: 当初は女房や近臣がその役目を担っていたが、院政期には院近臣の中でも寵臣とされた人々が申次を務め、後白河院の高階泰経や後鳥羽院の坊門信清・西園寺公経がこれに相当しており、御教書の伝宣などを担当するなど国政遂行に深く関与した。
English: Later, Moushitusgi and Souja at the Imperial Court became called denso (a position to relay messages of court's people to Emperor), and from the end of Kamakura period to the early Muromachi period, positions such as Sanmon Denso (liaison officers between the imperial court and a temple), Nanto Denso (liaison officers between the imperial court and temples in Nara) and Buke Tenso (liaison officers between the imperial court and the military government) were created and were also in charge of issuing Hosho (a document for informing lower-rank people of the decision of upper people such as an emperor or shogun).
Japanese: 後に朝廷における申次・奏者は伝奏と呼ばれ、鎌倉時代末期から室町時代初期にかけて、山門伝奏・南都伝奏・武家伝奏などの役職が出現して奉書の発給なども取り扱った。
English: In the Sekkan-ke (the families which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), Nyobo and Keishi (household superintendent) took the role of Moushitsugi, and this custom was inherited by the Shogun families in the military governments.
Japanese: 一方、摂関家においても女房や家司などが申次の役割を行い、これは武家政権の将軍家にも継承された。
English: Aside from this, a position called Kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with the bakufu) was created in the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: また、これとは別に鎌倉幕府においては関東申次と呼ばれる役職が設置された。
English: Kanto Moshitsugi reported the requests from the Kamakura bakufu and negotiated with the bakufu regarding the important government affairs, together with Moshitsugi.
Japanese: これは鎌倉幕府からの要請を申次とともに国政の重要事項に関する幕府との交渉を行った。
English: Later, the Saionji family was, by heredity, appointed to Kanto Moshitsugi, and they gained a greater voice than the Sekkan families in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 関東申次は後に西園寺家が世襲的に補任され、朝廷内部でも摂関家をしのぐ発言力を有した。
English: In the Muromachi bakufu, the families who mediated for Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), were limited to several specific families called Moshitsugishu (a civil servant post in Muromachi Shogunate).
Japanese: 室町幕府においては征夷大将軍に取次を行う家は特定の数家に限定され、申次衆と呼ばれた。
English: In the Sekkan families, Moshitsugi was appointed to Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) who served as Keishi or Kaboku (a man servant), and at Gozan, it was appointed to Inryouken house-hold.
Japanese: 、摂関家には家司・家僕を務める殿上人が、五山では蔭涼軒が申次の役職を行っている。
English: The word 'Soja' first appeared in the Heian period, but was more often seen in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 「奏者」という語は平安時代から見られるが、しばしば見られるようになるのは、室町時代に入ってからである。