nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The population is presumed to have reached 2,000 to 3,000 in a dense area such as Mutsu Province and Musashi Province.
Japanese: 全体としての人口は、陸奥国や武蔵国のような多いところで2、3千人に達したと推定されている。
English: Wamyo-ruijusho (Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters) introduces the county where Kokufu existed, however further details were difficult to obtain.
Japanese: 和名類聚抄が国府があった郡を伝えるが、それ以上に絞り込むのは難しかった。
English: In research conducted until the 1960's, places whose name was associated with 'Kokufu' as 'Ko,' 'Kokubunji,' 'Soja' or names that are similar to the above were searched.
Japanese: 1960年代までの研究では、「国府（こう）」、「国分寺」、「総社」、あるいはそれと似た地名が探索された。
English: However, after the excavation of the Kokufu of Omi Province in 1964, the ruins of Kokufu were excavated one after the other, which provided desperately needed change to the research effort.
Japanese: 1964年に近江国府が発掘されてから、国府跡の遺跡が次々と発掘されるようになって、状況は劇的に変わった。
English: With the additional discovery of the ruins of gunga (county government offices) and temples, these elements made the common feature of Kokufu clear.
Japanese: あわせて郡衙、寺院の遺跡も見つかり、これらと照らし合わせて国府に共通する特徴が浮かび上がってきた。
English: Kokufu established from the Nara period to the early Heian period has a unique feature in its Seicho which consists of a square lot, Seiden, Wakiden and others.
Japanese: 奈良時代から平安時代前半の国府では、方形区画と正殿・脇殿などで構成される政庁が他の施設にはない特徴であった。
English: Since Seicho was the central facility of the Kokufu, discovering the Seicho is as good as determining the location of the Kokufu.
Japanese: これが国府の中心施設でもあることから、政庁を発見した時点で国府位置確定とみなされる。
English: When the excavation was started, Kokufu was thought to be a miniature of a capital in the central government such as Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) and Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).
Japanese: 発掘が始まった当初、国府は平城京や平安京のような中央の都城の縮小版と考えられていた。
English: It was assumed that Kokufu adopted a threefold structure including a squarely demarcated line in the outer fold, placing Kokucho at the center of the lot surrounded by the government offices called Kokuga.
Japanese: 方形の外郭線を持つ都市が国府で、その中心に国衙という役所群、さらにその要に国庁があるという三重構造が想定された。
English: As work on the excavation progressed, it was discovered that there was not a definite outer demarcated line in Kokufu, and that the stretch of urban area was not large enough to encompass the Kanga area; rather, it was a small additional parcel of land.
Japanese: 発掘が進むと、国府に明確な外郭線が存在しないこと、都市域は付けたし程度で官衙域を包み込むほどの広がりを持たないことが判明した。
English: Such roads include the road running north to south at the south main gate of Kokucho in Shimotsuke Province, as well as the neatly designed roads like the grid on a go (a Japanese game played with black and white stones on a board) board in a north part of Kokucho in Ise Province as well as Dazaifu (Government Headquarters in Kyushu) in the tenth century.
Japanese: 下野国庁の南正面に南北道路が、伊勢では国庁北側の一部に方格地割りが、大宰府では10世紀に方格地割りが認められる。
English: As of 2007, the number of Kokufu whose location was identified is substantial, nevertheless some Kokufu have not yet been identified.
Japanese: 2007年現在までに国府位置が判明した国は多いが、なお不明の所もある。
English: Considering the scale of Kokufu, its excavation amounts to excavating a whole city, therefore only identifying its location is insufficient to grasp all the details.
Japanese: 国府の発掘は面積的に一つの都市を掘り出すのに等しいため、位置が確定しても全貌を完全に解明したことにはならない。
English: *The original text is introduced in detail on the internet through the digital archive system of the university library.
Japanese: ※サイト上の大学図書館のデジタルアーカイブシステムなどで、原文の詳細を読むことができる。
English: * There is a theory that the location of Kokufu varied according to the era in which they were built, and this theory is based on the following facts: some descriptions on Kokufu agree, but others differ depending on the type of document; some documents do not contain any descriptions on certain Kokufu; and some documents mention only the name of the province in which the Kokufu was established without providing any further details.
Japanese: ※各史料によって、国府の異同、国府の記載なし、国府所在郡のみで郷名の記載なし、などから、国府の時代による移転説がある。
English: Historical records which have been subject to dispute because they record several candidate locations for Kokufu were compiled after the mid-Heian period, and there is another theory that the location of Kokufu that were established from the period around the Taika Reforms to the early Heian period differs from that established after the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 国府所在候補地が複数挙がり論争になる、史料が平安時代中期以降の編纂のため大化の改新～平安時代初期の初期国府と史料記載国府は違うと見る説もある。
English: An ancient Kokufu remains nationwide as a place name "国府" in Chinese characters, which is pronounced 'Ko.'
Japanese: 古代の国府は現代では国府と書いて「こう」と読む地名として全国に残っている。
English: Many place names written as "国府" in Chinese characters, which is pronounced 'Kokufu,' have been applied to the estimated site where Kokufu was located since the modern period.
Japanese: 国府と書いて「こくふ」と読む地名には、近代以降に国府推定地に新たに付けられたものが多い。
English: Horinouchi is historical jargon that indicates a town developed in the vicinity of the residence (called "tachi" or "tate") of samurai (warriors) and landholders in the medieval Japan.
Japanese: 堀之内（ほりのうち）は中世日本における武士・在地領主の館（たち・たて）を指す歴史用語。
English: The words "Horinouchi" and "Doi" are derived from the fact that the town was usually enclosed with a moat and a fence made of piled up earth.
Japanese: 館の周囲には通常、堀や盛り土による垣がめぐらされていたため、堀之内・土居などと呼ばれた。
English: Samurai and landlord in the medieval Japan took charge of the territorial management and ruling by assuming various posts and powers such as Gunji shiki (local headships), Goshi shiki (sub district headships) and Hoshi shiki (executive officer of an Imperial demesne) granted by Kokuga (provincial government office), and Shokan shiki (officer entrusted with local management of the private estate) granted by the lord of a private estate (family head or guarantor of manor), as well as Jito shiki (manager and lord of a private estate) granted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 中世期の武士・在地領主は、ある者は国衙から郡司職・郷司職・保司職としての地位・権利を認められ、ある者は荘園領主（本家・本所）から荘官職に任じられ、またある者は幕府から地頭職を付与された。
English: Some of them assumed several of these posts concurrently.
Japanese: さらにある者は上記の複数の地位を兼職することにより、現地での所領経営・支配に当たっていた。
English: As a base for managing and ruling the area, samurai and landlord established their own town in the vicinity of the roads or ports which worked as a linchpin of traffic, or on the elevated ground which provided them with an extensive view.
Japanese: 現地経営・支配の本拠として、武士・在地領主は交通の要衝となる道や港津の近隣や展望のきく高台などに館を置いた。
English: The towns varied in scale from a few hectare to several dozen hectare.
Japanese: 館の規模は、1町（約100m四方）-2町のものから、数十町に及ぶものまで様々あった。
English: Retainers always watched outside at the gate of the town, some of which were equipped with a simple Yagura-mon Gate (turret-styled entrance).
Japanese: 館の門では、郎党らが常に番をしており、簡単な櫓が門に併設される例もあった。
English: In the town, there was main housing in the buke-zukuri style (architecture representative of a samurai's residence), Umaya (pen for horses) and hut for low ranked people and retainers.
Japanese: 館内部には、武家造と呼ばれる形式の母屋のほか、厩（馬小屋）や下人・所従の小屋が置かれた。
English: Pictorial materials including "Ippen Shonin Eden" (Pictorial biography of the monk Ippen) and "Obusuma Saburo Ekotoba" (a picture scroll of the Kamakura period) well represent the atmosphere of the town "Horinouchi."
Japanese: 館、すなわち堀之内の様子を今によく伝えるのが、『一遍上人絵伝』『男衾三郎絵詞』などの絵画史料である。
English: These pictorial materials include various scenes such as the decapitation of merchants, who were abducted by retainers after accidentally passing in front of the gate, on the pretext of military art training.
Japanese: これらの絵画史料から、館の前をたまたま通りがかった商人らが郎党に拉致され、武芸訓練として斬首される様子などをうかがい知ることができる。
English: However, in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), when authority was unified by the influential daimyo (Japanese territorial lord), samurai who had lived in their own town were obliged to live in a group in a castle town established by their lord, with the result that Horinouchi and Doi were gradually extinguished.
Japanese: しかし、戦国大名による権力の一元化が進んだ戦国時代(日本)になると在地の武士たちは城下町へ集住させられるようになり、堀之内・土居は次第に消滅していった。
English: Arashiyama-onsen Hot Spring is a spa situated in Arashiyama, Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 嵐山温泉（あらしやまおんせん）は、京都府京都市右京区嵐山にある温泉である。
English: After getting off the Meishin Expressway at Kyoto-Minami Interchange, drive about 10 km using National Route 1, then National Route 9, and the following Kyoto Prefectural Route 29 will bring you to the hot spring.
Japanese: 名神高速道路京都南インターチェンジから国道1号、国道9号、府道29号、で約10Km
English: The fountainhead is at 1-2, Kamikawara-cho, Arashiyama, Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City (east side of the Kyoto Arashiyama koen park office).
Japanese: 源泉所在京都市西京区嵐山上河原町1番2（京都府嵐山公園管理事務所東側）
English: This hot spring is effective against various diseases and symptoms such as neuralgia, myalgia, arthralgia, frozen shoulders, bruises, sprains, chronic digestive organs disease, hemorrhoids and sensitivity to cold.
Japanese: 神経痛、筋肉痛、関節痛、五十肩、うちみ、くじき、慢性消化器病、痔病、冷え症
English: The surrounding area is one of the best tourist attractions having enough places to visit, such as a famous temple.
Japanese: 京都屈指の観光スポットであり、有名寺院などが数多くあり、周辺の散策には事欠かない。
English: Its history as a hot spring dates back to the Taisho period, when a few hot spring hotels including Rankyokan existed.
Japanese: 温泉地としての歴史は、大正時代から温泉旅館の嵐峡館などをはじめ、2-3件の温泉宿が存在している。
English: It has become popular since the re-boring of the fountainhead in 2004 which was conducted as a part of a local revitalization campaign.
Japanese: このため近年2004年（平成16年）、地域活性化の一環として源泉を再ボーリングをしたことに始まる。
English: Kyoto (also known as Miyako and Kyo-no-Miyako in Japanese) was the historical capital of Japan.
Japanese: 京都（きょうと、みやこ、きょうのみやこ、英語Kyōto、ローマ字Kyōto）は、日本の歴史的な都。
English: Kyoto was formerly named Heian-kyo, which was designated Japan's capital in 794 and served as the political and cultural center of the country.
Japanese: 794年に日本の首都に定められた都城・平安京にあたり、日本の政治・日本の文化の中心地となった。
English: In East Asia, the words 'Kyo' and 'Keishi' have historically been used as common nouns meaning 'city in which the emperor resides' and 'capital' since ancient times.
Japanese: 東アジアでは古来、歴史的に「天子の住む都」「首都」を意味する普通名詞として京（きょう）、京師（けいし）が多く使用されていた。
English: In order to avoid using the character 'shi' which was the posthumous name of Shizong (Sima Shi), the city was later called 'Keito,' and other common names including 'Kyo,' 'Keishi' and 'Kyoto' subsequently came to be used.
Japanese: 西晋時代に世宗（司馬師）の諱である「師」の文字を避けて京都（けいと）と言うようになり、以後は京、京師、京都などの呼び名が用いられた。
English: Heian-kyo was also originally called Kyoto but the name became established during the latter part of the Heian period when both the names Kyo and Keishi were used.
Japanese: 平安京は当初から京都とも呼ばれたが、定着したのは平安後期からで、京や京師という呼び名も併用されていた。
English: Kyo-no-Miyako,' 'Kyo' and 'Kyoto' later gradually became the proper nouns used to refer to the capital and their usage was established.
Japanese: その後、次第に「京の都」（きょうのみやこ）、「京」（きょう）、「京都」（きょうと）が都市の固有名詞のようになり、定着していった。
English: In ancient times, Kyoto was frequently called names which included Kyoraku, Rakuchu and Rakuyo after Luoyang (Rakuyo in Japanese) which became the capital of imperial China.
Japanese: 古く京都は、しばしば中国王朝の都となった洛陽に因み、京洛、洛中、洛陽などといわれた。
English: Heian-kyo was originally divided into eastern and western sections, with the western side (Ukyo) called 'Choan' and the eastern side (Sakyo) called 'Rakuyo.'
Japanese: 元々は平安京を東西に分割し、西側（右京）を「長安」、東側（左京）を「洛陽」と呼んでいた。
English: However, Ukyo, otherwise known as the 'Choan' side, soon fell out of use due to its many wetland areas, leaving Sakyo, or 'Rakuyo' as it was also known, as the only urban area.
Japanese: ところが、右京すなわち「長安」側は湿地帯が多かったことなどから程なく廃れ、市街地は実質的に左京すなわち「洛陽」だけとなった。
English: Some still use the term 'Joraku suru' and 'Nyuraku suru' to refer to the act of visiting Kyoto from areas (including Tokyo) outside of Kyoto.
Japanese: 現在でも京都以外の地方（含東京）から京都へ行くことを「上洛する」「入洛する」ということが少なくない。
English: Kyoto has a history going back over 1000 years to the year 794 when the capital was relocated to the city of Heian-kyo by Emperor Kanmu following the establishment of the capital in Nagaoka-kyo City in 784.
Japanese: 京都は、桓武天皇が784年（延暦3年）の長岡京に続いて、794年（延暦13年）平安京に遷都したことに始まる千年の都である。
English: These theories include the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu who was responsible for the construction of Nagaoka-kyo, the intention to escape the influence of temples of Nara, and the desire to escape the capital of Emperor Tenmu and create a capital for Emperor Tenji.
Japanese: 例えば、長岡京の建設責任者であった藤原種継が暗殺されたことや、奈良寺院の影響から脱するためであったや、天武天皇系の都を脱して天智天皇系の都を造るという意図説などである。
English: Heian-kyo was designed according to the principles of Chinese feng shui; surrounded by mountains on all sides with the Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system) in the east and the Katsura-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system) in the west which both meander southward.
Japanese: 平安京は中国の風水に忠実に設計された都市で四方を山に囲まれ、東に鴨川(淀川水系)が西に桂川(淀川水系)が蛇行しながら南へと流れている。
English: Present-day Senbon-dori Street corresponds to the original Suzaku-dori Street, immediately north of which stood Mt. Funaoka.
Japanese: 現在の千本通が当時の朱雀大路にあたり、真北には舩岡山が位置していた。
English: As the Ritsuryo System (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) declined during the Heian period, the city gradually expanded beyond its original area to become centered around the Kamo-gawa River and the Kyoto Imperial Palace of the Daidairi (Greater Imperial Palace), and developed economically.
Japanese: 平安時代の律令制の形骸化にともなって次第に本来の領域にとらわれない、鴨川と大内裏・京都御所を中心とする都市になり、経済的に発展していった。
English: The imperial court of Kyoto fulfilled a political function during the Kamakura period but Kyoto came to function more as a financial city as the imperial court allowed the Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) who was gaining control over the eastern part of Japan to appoint shugo (provincial constables) and jito (managers and lords of a manor) in 1185.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代にも京都の朝廷は政治機能を発揮していたが、東国支配を強めていた鎌倉殿に1185年守護・地頭の設置を認め、鎌倉幕府が全国支配を強めたため、京都は相対的に経済都市としての性格を強めた。
English: In the wake of the Jokyu War, the Kamakura bakufu established Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency in Rokuhara, Kyoto) in Kyo, and monitored the power held by court nobles.
Japanese: 承久の乱を契機に鎌倉幕府は京に六波羅探題を設置して、公家勢力の監視を行う。
English: In the late Kamakura period, Takauji ASHIKAGA destroyed the Rokuhara Tandai of Kyoto, and after the collapse of the bakufu, the Kenmu Restoration was initiated by Emperor Godaigo in Kyo.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期に足利尊氏が京都の六波羅探題を滅ぼし、幕府滅亡後には京で後醍醐天皇による建武の新政が行われた。
English: Takauji, who distanced himself from the restoration, subsequently established the Northern Court (Japan), and numerous battles for control of Kyoto broke out during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (following the division into the Northern Court and Southern Court, the Southern Court (Japan) occupied Kyoto on four occasions but was repelled by the Ashikaga army within a short space of time).
Japanese: その後新政から離反した尊氏が北朝(日本)を立て、南北朝時代(日本)となると、京都争奪戦が何度も行われる（南北朝分裂以後、南朝(日本)による京都占領は4度行われたが、いずれも短期間で足利軍に撃退されている）。
English: While the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu in Kyo during the Muromachi period following the decline of the Southern Court led to the revival of Kyoto as a political city, it also achieved economic development and a tradition of self-governance by influential citizens called machishu (merchant class) arose.
Japanese: 南朝が衰微して、室町時代になると京には室町幕府が置かれたために政治都市として復活する一方で経済発展を遂げ、町衆と呼ばれる有力市民による自治の伝統が生まれた。
English: Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA built a residence called Hana no Gosho (literally, Flower Palace) in Kitakoji Muromachi (Kamigyo Ward), which was used as a residence by the Shogun family until it was burned down during to the Onin War, and Ashikaga Shogun were also called as 'Muromachi-dono' after the residence.
Japanese: 足利義満は北小路室町（上京区）に花の御所と呼ばれる邸宅を建造し、応仁の乱で焼失するまで将軍家の在所となり、足利将軍は在所から「室町殿」と呼ばれた。
English: During the Onin War which was the start of the Sengoku period, the city, in particular the majority of the northern side, was destroyed by fire and would later frequently become embroiled in conflict.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の端緒となる応仁の乱で市街、特に北側の大半が焼失し、その後もたびたび戦乱に巻き込まれた。
English: During this period, Kyoto was divided into Kamigyo (the northern part of capital) and Shimogyo (the southern part of capital), and each part was surrounded by 'fortifications.'
Japanese: この頃、京都は上京と下京に分かれ、それぞれ「構」によって囲まれていた。
English: Hideyoshi's urban reconstruction was of a particularly large scale and led to the construction of Jurakudai (Hideyoshi's residence and office in Kyoto) and Bukemachi (a samurai residential district), the repair of the Dairi (Imperial Palace), and the construction of Kugemachi (a court noble village) and Teramachi (temple district) in order to assemble the temples which were once scattered throughout central Kyoto.
Japanese: 特に、秀吉の都市改造は大規模なもので、聚楽第と武家町の建設、内裏の修理と公家町の建設、洛中に散在していた寺をあつめた寺町の建設などを行った。
English: These structures can still often be seen to this day (refer to Tensho no Jiwari (land allotment system in the Tensho era)).
Japanese: 現在でもしばしばその都市構造を確認することができる（→天正の地割）。
English: On March 24, 1603, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), and the center of politics was relocated to Edo along with the establishment of the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 1603年3月24日（慶長8年2月12日）に徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任官され、江戸幕府の誕生とともに政治の中枢が江戸に移った。
English: However, Kyoto remained the capital, and Nijo-jo Castle was built as a base for the bakufu in Kyoto.
Japanese: しかしながら京都は都であることに変わりはなく、幕府の京都の拠点として二条城が築かれた。
English: As a center of culture and the industrial arts, Kyoto had a population exceeding 500,000 and flourished as a city that ranked behind only the political center of Edo and the financial center of Osaka.
Japanese: また、文化工芸の中心地として人口が50万人を越え、政治の中心地の江戸や、経済の中心地の大坂に次ぐ都市として繁栄した。
English: The restoration of imperial rule on November 9, 1867 saw the bakufu relinquish sovereignty to the Imperial Court in Kyoto, and a new government was formed.
Japanese: 1867年11月9日（慶応3年）の大政奉還により、統治権が幕府から京都の朝廷に返上されて新政府が誕生した。
English: However, so that the Imperial Court could directly supervise the politics of Edo, the city was renamed Tokyo and became visited by and resided in by the emperor (Tokyo Gyoko; the emperor's visit to Tokyo), while the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was also relocated (refer to Tokyo Tento (transfer of the national capital to Tokyo)).
Japanese: しかし天皇が江戸で直接政治をみるため、江戸を東京として行幸・滞在（東京行幸）することになり、太政官（政府）も移動された（東京奠都参照）。
English: The period of time before the emperor returned to Kyoto grew longer, and in 1877 Emperor Meiji ordered the preservation of the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
Japanese: その後京都への還幸は延期され、明治天皇は1877年（明治10年）に京都御所の保存を命じた。
English: In 1879, the two wards of Kamigyo and Shimogyo were established in Kyoto under the Gun-ku-cho-son Henseiho (an act for the organization of the administrative divisions), and in 1889, Kamigyo Ward and Shimogyo Ward became 'Kyoto City' under the jurisdiction of the prefecture.
Japanese: 1879年（明治12年）には郡区町村編制法により、京都に上京区と下京区の2区が置かれ、続いて1889年（明治22年）に上京区・下京区は府管轄下の「京都市」となった。
English: Due to the fact that modern-day Kyoto City was formed by merging surrounding cities, towns and villages which included Fushimi City, the area of the traditional pre-Edo period 'Kyoto' accounts for only part of modern-day Kyoto City (the area extending to Keihoku Town was formerly part of Kuwata District in Tanba Province).
Japanese: 現在の京都市は、伏見市をはじめとする周辺の市町村を編入したため、江戸時代以前からの伝統的な「京都」の範囲は、現在の京都市内の一部に過ぎない（京北町に至ってはかつては丹波国桑田郡の一部であった）。
English: Since the majority of the current information plaques for famous places and historic sites were installed based on assumptions after the Meiji Restoration, they do not necessarily correspond to the actual locations.
Japanese: なお、現在、名所・旧跡に立てられている案内碑は、そのほとんどが明治維新後に推定で置かれたものであり、必ずしも、実際の所在地と一致はしていない。
English: The city of Kyoto maintains a special function as a result of the Former Imperial House Act which stipulated that 'the Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony) and Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) be held in Kyoto' and the fact that the Takamikura (imperial throne) is housed at the Kyoto Imperial Palace, which mean that Kyoto remains a capital even after the emperor has departed for Tokyo.
Japanese: 旧皇室典範では「即位ノ礼及大嘗祭ハ京都ニ於テ之ヲ行フ」とあり、また天皇の所在を示す高御座が京都御所に安置されていることから、天皇の東京行幸以降も京都は依然として都で、特別な機能を有する都市である。
English: However, it is also true that Kyoto lost its function as a capital after the Meiji period, and the arguments regarding its status as a capital are complicated.
Japanese: しかし明治時代以降は肝心の首都機能を消失していることも確かで、首都に関する議論を複雑にしている。
English: Both Kyoto and Tokyo are capitals because Kyoto as a common noun means capital while Tokyo means eastern capital.
Japanese: 京都とは普通名詞としては首都を意味し、東京は京都に対して東の京（東の首都）を意味しており、2つの都である京都と東京が首都である。
English: Kyoto City remains the capital because the Takamikura, which indicates the Emperor's residence, is still housed in the Kyoto Imperial Palace (the capital city of Japan is determined not by the location of the government but by the place in which the Takamikura is housed).
Japanese: 天皇の在所を示す高御座は現在も京都御所に安置されており、京都市が現在でも首都のままである（日本の首都を示すのは行政府の所在ではなく、高御座の置かれている処である）。
English: Because there has never been a shochoku (imperial edict) for the transfer of the national capital to Tokyo, there has been no change to the fact that Kyoto is officially the capital of Japan even now while the imperial system continues.
Japanese: 東京遷都の詔勅が発布されていない故、天皇制が存続する現在もなお京都が、公式に日本の首都である事実に変わりは無い。
English: One problem with this argument is that, although Kyoto means capital, the term capital mainly came to be used after the Second World War, and is not defined or specified by any laws or ordinances.
Japanese: 問題点としては、京都は「都」（都・京）であるが、首都（capital）という語が使われるのは主に戦後以降のことであり、「首都」に法令上の定義・規定ないことがあげられる。
English: From around the time of Heian-kyo, the Sakyo area, which became the basis for the subsequent city of Kyoto, was called 'Rakuyo' after the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital Luoyang (Rakuyo in Japanese), and the area within the city was called Rakuchu, while the outside area was called Hendo (remote region) and later called Rakugai (refer to Kyoto and Rakuyo), but definitions were ambiguous.
Japanese: 平安京の頃から、後の京都の基礎となった左京地域を唐の都・洛陽に擬えて「洛陽」と呼び、市内を洛中（らくちゅう）、外側を辺土、後に洛外（らくがい）と呼んだが（京都と洛陽を参照）、具体的な定義は曖昧であった。
English: In the Heian period, Rakuchu was under the control of the Kyoshiki (Capital Bureau) and kebiishi (a police and judicial chief), but Hendo (Rakugai) was considered to be under the control of the kokufu (provincial office) of Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: 平安時代には洛中は京職・検非違使の管轄であるが、辺土（洛外）は山城国国府の管轄と考えられていた。
English: The entry regarding the Famine of Yowa in KAMO no Chomei's "Hojoki" (An Account of My Hut) describes Kyo (Rakuchu) as the area 'south of Ichijo, north of Kujo, west of Kyogoku and east of Suzaku,' while Hendo is described as consisting of Shirakawa and Nishinokyo (or Nishikyo, formerly the Ukyo area).
Japanese: 鴨長明の『方丈記』の養和の飢饉に関する件には、京（洛中）を「一条よりは南、九条よりは北、京極よりは西、朱雀よりは東」と記し、続いて辺土として白河_(京都市)や西の京（西京/西ノ京、かつての右京地域）を挙げている。
English: Among the areas referred to as Hendo, the area to the east of the Kamo-gawa River was called Kato, and was equivalent to Shirakawa and Rokuhara.
Japanese: 辺土のうち、鴨川の東を河東と呼称し、白河や六波羅などがこれに該当した。
English: According to the December 25, 1180 entry in "Kikki" (a diary of Tsunefusa YOSHIDA), the author Tsunefusa YOSHIDA objected to the taking of the divine mirror on the imperial visit to Hendo when Emperor Antoku planned to visit the Retired Emperor Takakura who was staying at the Rokuhara-tei residence of TAIRA no Kiyomori.
Japanese: 『吉記』治承4年11月30日(旧暦)（1180年12月18日）条によれば、安徳天皇が平清盛の六波羅第に滞在中の高倉上皇の元に行幸しようとした際に、記主の吉田経房が辺土への行幸に神鏡を持ち出す事に異論を唱えている。
English: This was because the Kamakura bakufu established the Rokuhara Tandai (an administrative and judicial agency) in Rokuhara and because the Kyoto residence of the Hojo clan was established after the defeat of the Taira clan, but the avoidance of direct conflict with kebiishi over the right to judge criminal cases is also given as a reason.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府が六波羅に六波羅探題を設置したのも、平家滅亡後に、京都における北条氏の邸宅が置かれていたこともあるが、検断権を巡る検非違使との直接的な衝突を避けたことも理由に挙げられる。