nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the process of reorganizing Koden into Myoden, former handen maps (map of allotted farmland) were abolished and instead, Kijunkokuzu (standardized map of provinces), a register of Koden, was made.
Japanese: 国内の公田を名田へ再編成していく過程で、従来の班田図は不必要とされ、新たに国内の公田台帳となる基準国図が作成された。
English: As strengthening the authority of the head of kokushi, who were responsible for local administration, was required in order to maintain the above system, a big transfer of authority from the central government to the head of kokushi was made in the mid-10th century concerning tax collection and military police.
Japanese: 名体制を確立するため、現地支配に当たる国司の筆頭者の権限強化が求められるようになり、10世紀中頃には租税収取・軍事警察などの分野で中央政府から現地赴任筆頭国司への大幅な権限委譲が行われた。
English: As a result, kokushi who had great authority in the governance of provinces, namely zuryo (the head of the provincial governors), appeared.
Japanese: こうして国内支配に大きな権限を有する国司、すなわち受領層が出現することとなった。
English: Kokushi who were given great authority established, with the aim of demonstrating their executive power and strengthening administrative function, various organs at kokuga (provincial government offices), including mandokoro (administrative board), kumonjo (administration office), tadokoro, zeidokoro (tax office) and kebiishi dokoro (police and judicial office) etc.
Japanese: 強力な権限を獲得した国司は、国内に自らの行政権をあまねく及ぼすため、行政機能の強化を目的として、国衙に政所（公文所）・田所・税所・検非違使所などの機関を設置した。
English: Local millionaires and tato fumyo (cultivator/tax manager) were recruited as governmental officials responsible for practical works at these offices and were in charge of local administrative jobs as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
Japanese: こうした機関の実務官僚として、現地の富豪層・田堵負名層が採用され、在庁官人として地方行政の実務にあたるようになった。
English: Although the authority for tax collection tends to be focused, kokushi were also given great authority for military police.
Japanese: 国司に付与された権限については、租税収取に関するものに注目が集まりやすいが、軍事警察の面でも大きな権限を獲得している。
English: The pillars of the former military system were corps (ancient Japan), whose premise was people-based governance, and the kondei system (regular soldiers guarding kokubu (ancient provincial offices) or sekisho (checking station)), which was dependent on locally influential people (gunji).
Japanese: 従前の軍事制度は、個別人身支配を前提とする軍団(古代日本)及び地方有力者（郡司層）に依存する健児を柱としていた。、
English: However, these systems became non-functional after the people-based governance system and chieftaincy of gunji collapsed.
Japanese: しかし、個別人身支配と郡司の首長権が崩壊すると両制度とも機能しなくなった。
English: From the late 9th century, meanwhile, the wealthy peasant class strengthened not only their economic and political power but also military power with private soldiers at their command.
Japanese: 一方、9世紀後期頃から、富豪百姓層らが経済力や政治力、さらには私兵を擁しての軍事力すらをもつけてきた。
English: Under such circumstances, disputes among wealthy peasants or those between kokushi and wealthy peasants increased.
Japanese: これを背景として、富豪百姓間相互の紛争もしくは国司と富豪百姓層間の紛争が目立つようになっていた。
English: In order to cope with such situations, the central government started to adopt from the early 10th century a realistic policy, meaning the delegation of military and police authorities to kokushi.
Japanese: そこで10世紀前期頃から中央政府は、軍事警察権を国司に委任するという現実的な政策を採用し始めた。
English: Thus, the kokuga forces system, military system organized by kokuga, was established.
Japanese: こうして成立したのが、国衙を中心とする軍制、すなわち国衙軍制である。
English: In the process of establishing the kokuga forces system, shodaibu (aristocrat lower than Kugyo) (military aristocrat) or samurai officials who specialized in military arts appeared and some of the military aristocrats went to various provinces, especially those of eastern Japan, in order to serve as kokushi.
Japanese: 国衙軍制成立の過程で武芸、すなわち軍事を専門とする諸大夫身分の貴族（軍事貴族）や侍身分の官人層が出現し、これらの層の上層身分たる軍事貴族層では、特に東国を中心として、自ら国司として現地赴任する者も現れた。
English: Families of military art, such as military aristocrats, were born from Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and some of the Fujiwara clan and their descendants later became samurai (warrior).
Japanese: 軍事貴族などの武芸の家は桓武平氏・清和源氏・一部の藤原氏などから出たが、彼らの子孫が後の武士へと成長していった。
English: In return for being given governing authority by the central government, kokushi were obliged to pay tax to the central government.
Japanese: 国司は、中央政府から支配権限の委任を受けた代わりに、当該国から中央への租税納入を負担しなければならなかった。
English: In the wake of the transition from the principle of people-based governance to the principle of tax on land, former taxes, such as Soyocho, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse), zoyo (irregular corvee) and trading goods, were abolished and new items of taxation, such as kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) and rinji zoyaku (general term for odd-job tasks), were introduced.
Japanese: この頃、個別人身支配から土地課税への転換に伴って、従来からあった租庸調・正税・雑徭・交易物などの税目が消え、新たに官物・臨時雑役などといった税目が出現していた。
English: Kokushi were obliged to pay these newly introduced tax items (kanmotsu/rinji zoyaku) to the central government.
Japanese: 国司はこれら新たな税目（官物・臨時雑役）の中央への納入を義務づけられたのである。
English: It is believed that kokushi (zuryo) embezzled taxes through the process of paying it to the central government and obtained big profits.
Japanese: これらの租税を中央へ納入する過程で、国司（受領）は租税の一部を私財化し巨富を得ていたとされる。
English: However, some people assert that the position of zuryo should not be understood as such a profitable one because they were also subject to severe penalty, according to the result of personnel evaluation called zuryo koka sadame, if they failed to pay taxes or failed to achieve a pre-determined amount.
Japanese: しかし、租税納入を怠った、あるいは規定額を達成できなかった受領は、受領功過定（ずりょうこうかさだめ）と呼ばれる人事評定によって厳しい審査・処分を受けていたのであり、受領を巨富が得られる官職と理解することに疑義も出されている。
English: Gradually, economical and political contradiction became serious between zuryo, who had big authority for ruling provinces, and gunji/tato fumyo class, who had economic power gained through the management of myoden or private estates.
Japanese: 国内支配に大幅な権限を有した受領と、名経営や私領経営などを通じて経済力をつけてきた郡司・田堵負名層との間には、次第に経済的・政治的矛盾が生じるようになった。
English: From the late 10th century, such contradictions became obvious in the form of Kokushi kasei joso (appeals or armed struggles against kokushi).
Japanese: 10世紀後期から両者間の対立が国司苛政上訴という形で顕在化するようになる。
English: The arguments concerning the Dynastic polity theory are often made from the viewpoint of the central government's tax collection.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制論は主として中央政府がいかに租税収取を確保していったか、という観点で議論されることが多い。
English: As the forefront of tax collection is local administrative offices, the arguments concerning the Dynastic polity tend to focus on those concerning local administration.
Japanese: 租税収取の最前線はすなわち地方行政の現場であり、必然的に王朝国家に関する議論は地方行政のあり方が焦点となりがちである。
English: On the other hand, there is a view asserting that some administrative organization reform must have been implemented at the central government in association with the transition to the Dynastic polity.
Japanese: それに対して、中央政府においても当然、王朝国家体制への移行に伴う何らかの行政機構変革があったとする見解が示されている。
English: Although the concrete content of reform in the central government organization is not yet clear, some people assert that the establishment of sekkan-seiji (regency) and kanji ukeoisei (government office contract system) demonstrate the change in the central government corresponding to the Dynastic polity.
Japanese: 具体的に中央政府機構の変革についてはまだ明確となっていないが、例えば摂関政治の成立、官司請負制の登場などが、王朝国家体制に対応した中央政治の変化を表しているのではないかとする議論がある。
English: In the past, political/social situations in the early 10th century was thought of as a society where the central government abandoned almost of its ruling power and invited the state of chaos in the provinces.
Japanese: かつては10世紀初頭以降の政治状況・社会状況を指して、中央政府が統治権をほとんど放棄し、地方の無秩序状態をきたした状態と評価されたこともあった。
English: As explained above, it is now contemplated, thanks to progress in the study of Dynastic polity and its historical verification, that the central government actively built up the governing structure which could adapt to changing social situation.
Japanese: 王朝国家論が唱えられ、史学的検証が進んでからは、以上に見るとおり、中央政府は積極的に社会実態に適合した統治体制（王朝国家体制）を構築していったとされている。
English: This period is exactly a transitional period from ancient times to medieval times since it had elements of the precursor to the medieval national polity while keeping the vestiges of the ancient Ritsuryo-based nation.
Japanese: この時期は古代律令国家の残滓を見せつつも、次なる中世国家につながる時代性格も併せもっており、まさに古代から中世への過渡期に当たるといえる。
English: The status of Dynastic polity explained above started to change from the mid-11th century.
Japanese: 上記に見た王朝国家体制のあり方に、11世紀中期頃から変質が見られるようになった。
English: What demonstrates the change of Dynastic polity occurred at that time are the establishment of Koden kanmotsu rippo (the law fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu, tribute), active establishment of bechimyo and the centralization of shoryo soron shinpanken (jurisdiction of the disputes concerning the ownership of land) to Dajokan (Grand Council of State).
Japanese: この時期の王朝国家の変質を示す指標としては、公田官物率法の制定、別名の積極的な設定、所領相論審判権の太政官への集中化などがある。
English: Koden kanmotsu rippo, which was established by Dajokan around 1140, restricted kokushi's right to collect tax since it included the provision which fixed the tax rate in a province.
Japanese: 11世紀40年代ごろから太政官によって制定され始めた公田官物率法は、一国内の税率を固定化する内容を持っており国司に付与された租税収取権に大きな制限を加えた。
English: It is contemplated that the reason why kokushi kasei joso disappeared around that time was because koden kanmotsu rippo restricted kokushi's right to collect tax and conflicts of interest between kokushi and gunji/tato fumyo were resolved.
Japanese: 国司苛政上訴がこの時期までに消滅したのは、公田官物率法が国司の課税権限を抑制し、郡司・田堵負名層との利害関係が解消されたからだとされている。
English: In the mid-11th century, myoden which were far bigger than existing ones, called bechimyo, were actively established.
Japanese: また11世紀中期頃には、それまでの名田より遥かに大規模な名田＝別名（べちみょう）が盛んに設定された。
English: As bechimyo were established independently from existing local administrative organizations, namely gun and go, the governing structure consisted of nation, gun, and go collapsed.
Japanese: 別名は、従来の地方行政組織であった郡・郷とは別個に設定され、そのため国-郡-郷という組織体系は崩れた。
English: Further, the units for tax collection called ho, jo, and in were created under the nation on a parallel with the existing structure consisting of nation, gun, go, and bechimyo.
Japanese: さらに、国の下に郡・郷・別名のほか、保・条・院などの租税収取単位が同列で併存するようになった。
English: Also, jurisdiction of shoryo soron, which was given to both the nation and gun up to then, was centralized to Dajokan from the mid-11th century.
Japanese: 所領相論に係る裁判についても、それまで国・郡に裁判権が認められていたのが、11世紀中期以降は、太政官のみが裁判することとされた。
English: These reforms of governing structure were actively implemented in the mid-11th century, especially around 1040s.
Japanese: こうした支配体制を改変する動きは、1040年代を中心とする11世紀中期になって非常に顕著に見られる。
English: There are many opinions concerning the nature of the above-mentioned movement.
Japanese: これらの動きがどのような性格を持つのかについては、様々な議論がある。
English: Shozo SAKAMOTO etc. defined this period as the changing period of the Dynastic polity and based on it, they separate the Dynastic polity period into the early Dynastic polity period and the late Dynastic polity period.
Japanese: 坂本賞三らはこの時期を王朝国家体制の変質期であるとして、同時期以前を前期王朝国家、以降を後期王朝国家と区分する。
English: They also set the end of Dynastic polity period at the end of 12th century when the Kamakura bakufu was established.
Japanese: そして、鎌倉幕府が成立した12世紀末を後期王朝国家の終期においている。
English: The changes in the governing structure and society that occurred in the mid-11th century were countermeasures taken by kokuga side (public land side) in order to counter shoen (manor in medieval Japan), which were rapidly increasing at the time and proceeding with ichienka (realization of complete ownership).
Japanese: 11世紀中期に見られた体制変化・社会変化は、当時徐々に一円化を進め、著しい増加を見せていた荘園に対抗するための国衙側（公領側）の対応策であった。
English: Under the above trend, the ability of samurai, who had maintained their lives through the job of warriors under koden management contract (in other words, by becoming tato/fumyo), was increasingly expected in order to cope with the armed conflict between shoen and public land.
Japanese: この流れの中で、それまで公田経営請負によって（つまり田堵・負名層となることで）武人としての経済基盤を与えられていたに過ぎなかった武士が、荘園と公領間の武力紛争の対処能力を期待されるようになった。
English: They obtained the status of administrator of the local organization of the nation, meaning gun, go, bechimyo, ho, jo, and in, as well as that of shoen which had a large territory through ichienka, and eventually they became local lords.
Japanese: そして、国の下部組織である郡、郷、別名、保、条、院や、一円化してまとまった領域を形成するようになった荘園の管理者としての資格を得て、在地領主としての地位を獲得していった。
English: These movements implies the arrival of shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), which was the social structure throughout the medieval age, and based on this fact together with the advent of cloister government, we can consider that the medieval age already arrived in late 11th century.
Japanese: これらの動きは、中世を通じて社会体制であり続けた荘園公領制の出現を意味するものであり、これと相前後して開始した院政と併せて、11世紀後期には既に中世に入っていたと見ることもできる。
English: From the above standpoint, some assert that the period of Dynastic polity, which should be regarded as the transitional period from the ancient times to the medieval age, ended in mid-11th century.
Japanese: そうした立場からは、古代から中世への過渡期に位置づけられるべき王朝国家体制期は、11世紀中期に終わったのだとする見解も出されている。
English: On the other hand, some people assert that the ruling system adopted by the Imperial court in 13th century should be included in the Dynastic polity period on the ground that the regime which should be regarded as the Dynastic polity was seen after the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Shinichi SATO, 1983 etc).
Japanese: また一方では、王朝国家と呼ぶべき政治実態は、鎌倉幕府成立後の朝廷にも見られるとして、13世紀の朝廷による支配体制も王朝国家体制期に含める意見（佐藤進一,1983など）もある。
English: As the notion of Dynastic polity was proposed in order to understand how the ancient Ritsuryo-based nation shifted to the medieval nation, varieties of views have been asserted by researchers depending on their standpoint.
Japanese: 王朝国家とは、古代律令国家がいかに中世国家へ移行したかを理解するために提示された概念であり、研究者の立場によって様々な位置づけが試みられてきた。
English: Kazuhiko TAKAO firstly proposed the notion of Dynastic polity in his book 'Shoen and Koryo' (manor and Imperial demesne) ("Japanese history course," volume 2, 1956).
Japanese: 最初に王朝国家という概念を示したのは高尾一彦「荘園と公領」（『日本歴史講座』第2巻、1956年）である。
English: In this book, Takao asserted that the Dynastic polity was the coalition government of aristocrats who collected products from tato nomin (cultivating farmers) as land rent and in view of collecting products as land rent, the Dynastic polity had an element similar to that of a feudal nation.
Japanese: ここで高尾は、王朝国家を田堵農民から生産物地代を収取する貴族たちの連合政権であり、生産物地代を収取する点において封建的な要素を持ち始めているとした。
English: Thereafter, Yoshimi TODA defined the Dynastic polity as the early feudal nation which oppressed serf.
Japanese: この後、戸田芳実らにより王朝国家は農奴などを抑圧する初期封建国家であるとの位置づけがなされた。
English: Shozo SAKAMOTO made a distinguished contribution to the progress of the Dynastic polity theory with his book "The Theory of Japanese Dynastic Polity" (1972).
Japanese: 王朝国家体制論に大きな進展をもたらしたのは、坂本賞三（『日本王朝国家体制論』1972年）である。
English: Thanks to Sakamoto, the establishment of the myo-system and that of Dynastic polity were coordinately understood for the first time.
Japanese: 坂本によって名体制の成立と王朝国家の成立とが初めて有機的に理解されるようになった。
English: Further, the division of the early Dynastic polity period, which started in early 10th century, and the late Dynastic polity period, which started in the 1140's, was also proposed by him.
Japanese: また10世紀初頭に始まる前期王朝国家と11世紀40年代を画期とする後期王朝国家の登場が唱えられるようになった。
English: Sakamoto's theory received support from many researchers and since then, the study of the 10th and 11th centuries has been conducted in the form of deepening/criticizing it with Sakamoto's theory as a starting point.
Japanese: 坂本の議論は広範な支持を得るところとなり、その後の10世紀・11世紀史研究は坂本論を中心に展開し、坂本論の深化・批判という形で行われていった。
English: The study of central government organization, military systems, shoen policy, and local tax management systems during the Dynastic polity period has marked significant progress and another theory concerning the transition from the ancient times to the medieval age was proposed in lieu of the theory of Dynastic polity.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制期における中央政治機構や軍制・荘園政策・負名体制に関する研究は著しい進展を見せ、さらには王朝国家に代わる新たな古代-中世移行論が唱えられ始めてはいる。
English: Togu-no-fu was a kind of educational officer that worked for the Togu (Crown Prince) as stipulated in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 東宮傅（とうぐうのふ）は、律令制に定められた皇太子（東宮）付きの教育官の一つである。
English: Togu-no-fu was the Grand Minister at Togu's palace and was independent of Togubo (Crown Prince's quarters) members, who were in charge of the domestic economy of the palace, or Togu gakushi (Crown Prince's classics teacher); therefore, he did not have any delegation authority.
Japanese: 東宮において太政大臣に相当するが皇太子の家政を担当する春宮坊や東宮学士とは独立の関係にあり指揮権限はないに等しい。
English: Just as was the case with Togu gakushi, Togu-no-fu also did not have any subordinates or upper organization; therefore, Shikibu-sho (Ministry of the Ceremonial) assessed the service level of Togu-no-fu.
Japanese: 東宮学士同様､下部機構も上部機構も持たないため式部省が勤務評定を行う。
English: From the middle of the Heian period, Togu gakushi and Togu-no-fu were collectively called Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) as contrasted to Togubo.
Japanese: 平安時代中期から春宮坊に対して東宮学士と併せて「東宮職」と呼ばれることがある。
English: It is expressed with a different set of Chinese characters in "Nihon montoku tenno jitsuroku" (5th national history, covering the years 850-858) and with another different set of Chinese characters in "Irohajirui-sho" (a dictionary written by Tadakane TACHIBANA in the Heian period).
Japanese: なお『日本文徳天皇実録』には、「学宦院」、『伊呂波字類抄』には「学官院」と表記されている。
English: Gakkanin was established in 847 by TACHIBANA no Kachiko, who was the Grand Empress Dowager of Emperor Saga, and Sadaijin (minister of the left) TACHIBANA no Ujikimi, and it was officially recognized as Daigaku-besso in 964.
Japanese: 学館院は承和(日本)14年（847年）嵯峨天皇の太皇太后橘嘉智子と左大臣橘氏公によって創建され､康保元年（964年）には大学別曹として公認された。
English: However, it grew weak because the financial base of Daigaku-besso was weak to start with and also because the Tachibana clan fell from power.
Japanese: しかし､もともと財政基盤が脆弱だったうえ､橘氏の没落によって衰退していった。
English: Although it was already ruined by the 12th century, affiliated private estates and the chihokan (local official) recommendation (nenkyo) system remained up to the Middle Ages, and also, the title Gakkanin-betto (the chief officer of Gakkanin) also remained to indicate an honorary position.
Japanese: 12世紀には既に荒廃していたが､付属の荘園群や地方官への推薦権（年挙）は中世まで残り、学館院別当の称号も名誉職として残った。
English: In the context of Japanese history, this term refers to a kinship group formed on the basis of various factors comprising a 'family' of court nobles and by the headman of the family who reigned in his family, as well as his own family.
Japanese: 日本史において公家の「家」を構成する諸要素及びこれを管領する家督とその家族を中心に構成された親族集団のこと。
English: A kamon (family) (in German, Geschlecht) refers to a kinship group based on the male direct line in historical science.
Japanese: 家門（かもん、独Geschlecht）とは歴史学における男子直系を根幹とした血縁集団を指す用語。
English: A kamon (family) is usually a male group that has a pedigree record and history dating to a distant past and is clearly conscious of its bloodline.
Japanese: 家門は通例、遠い過去にさかのぼる系譜と歴史を持ち、明確な血統意識を持った男系の集団である。
English: In establishing a kamon (family), a deed that can be considered a historical incident is necessary: ascension to the throne, obtaining a government post or a certain mastermanship, or a territorial land or building such as a castle or a manor.
Japanese: 家門の創設に当たっては王位や官職、あるいは一定の支配権の獲得、領地の取得、城塞や館の建設など歴史的な事件となりうる行為をもっておこなわれる。
English: So, apart from its blood relationship, a kamon (family) has an anchorage other than a human element, such as territorial land, a government position or a court rank.
Japanese: そのため家門は血縁関係以外に所領、官職、位階など人的要素とは別の拠り所をもつ。
English: Although in the early medieval ages a kamon (family) was usually limited only to the direct male line, during the prime of the medieval ages a kamon (family) would include several families.
Japanese: 中世初期には家門は男子直系の家系に限られていることが主であったが、中世盛期の家門には複数の家系が含まれるようになった。
English: This was the result of government positions and fiefdom being assumed on the basis of heredity; families of grand dukes, Markgraf and counts were formed.
Japanese: これは官職やレーエンが世襲化された結果で、大公家門、辺境伯家門、伯家門が形成された。
English: In the world of noblemen, a family formation developed based on government positions, court ranks and territorial lands; during the prime of the medieval ages, families were formed among lower-ranking nobles and the ruling class in cities.
Japanese: つぎに自由貴族においても官職や位階、領地を基盤として家門形成が進み、中世盛期には下級貴族や都市の支配階級においても家門が形成された。
English: In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many families were formed with the establishment of castles; the names of the families that formed during this period were derived from their territorial lands or castles.
Japanese: 11・12世紀ごろには城塞の建設に伴っての家門形成が顕著であり、このころ形成された多くの家門の名が支配地や城塞を起源としている。
English: Churches and monasteries were established as means to unite each family, which would in turn own its patrimonial bailiwick and entrust it to the oldest person in the family.
Japanese: また家門の結束のために教会や修道院が建立され、世襲的なフォークタイを家門で所有し、これを家門の最年長者に委ねた。
English: During the medieval ages, people vaguely thought that not only personal assets but also genealogical assets were necessary in order to accomplish great deeds.
Japanese: 中世の民衆意識においては何かしら偉業を成し遂げるためには個人的な資質だけなく、血統的な資質もなければいけないというようなことが漠然と考えられていた。
English: The authority of bloodline is thought to have been based on the concept of the presbyter-sovereignty of ancient Germany.
Japanese: このような血統の権威性は古ゲルマンの祭司王権の観念に基づくと考えられている。
English: By the end of the eleventh century they had started to claim that the ability to heal the king's evil (scrofula) was the privilege of the French Crown; a similar idea was formed in England under the Norman dynasty.
Japanese: また11世紀末期から瘰癧の治癒能力がフランス王権の特権として主張され始め、ノルマン朝のイングランドでも同様の思想が形成された。
English: It is referred to 'a king as a healer' or 'a king's healing miracle,' but its relationship with the presbyter-sovereignty of ancient Germany isn't clear.
Japanese: これが「治癒者としての王」、「王の治癒奇跡」などと呼ばれるものであるが、古ゲルマンの祭司王権との連続性は明確ではない。
English: Such mystical and religious power, passed down through certain families, is known academically as the divine right of kings (Königsheil in German) or a power ordained by God (Geblütsheil in German).
Japanese: このような家門に結びついたカリスマ的な宗教的権威は国王の霊威（独:Königsheil）あるいは血統霊威（独:Geblütsheil）と学術的に呼び習わされている。
English: In a 'family' in the court nobles' society of medieval Japan, the following two factors were important to support the existence of the family: its territory, which constituted the economic base; and the family, which could be called its social base.
Japanese: 中世日本の公家社会における「家」においては経済的基盤である家領と並んで社会的基盤とも呼ぶべき家門が家の存立を支える重要な存在であった。
English: The term for family in the Medieval Age referred to a kinship group that was mainly composed of the family head who owned the family estate and the family business, trade, record (diary), their house, temple and tools under his reign (control), as well as his wife and children, who were the joint owners; the family itself, as well as the family estate, was succeeded to the descendents.
Japanese: 中世における家門とは、家督を有する当主とその管領（管理）のもとにある家業・家職・家記（日記）・家屋・寺院・道具及びその共有者である当主夫婦・親子を中心とした親族集団を指し、家門そのものも家督とともに継承される性質のものであった。
English: Although until the first stage of the Kamakura period new 'families' were produced as their young people established branch families, in the latter stage making new branch families became difficult due to economic factors and so forth; various suits arose, including ones between a legitimate child and a child born out of wedlock in regard to the succession of existing estates.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代前期までは、公家の子弟が分家することによって新たな「家」が生み出されることが行われてきたが、後期に入ると経済的理由などから分割が困難となり、既存の家領の継承を巡って嫡子と庶子の争いなど各種の訴訟が生じるようになった。
English: When Emperor Godaigo started the Kemmu Restoration, in order to solve such problems he made the following policy to stabilize the family estate as well: in transferring the family reign, which had the authority to control the family, the family estate was included as an inevitable factor for keeping the family, although originally the estate wasn't associated with the reign.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇が建武の新政の開始すると、この問題を解消するために家門管領の権限を持つ家督の移動の際に、本来は関連性のない家領を家門の経営上必要不可欠なものと位置づけて、家領全体の安堵も合わせて行う方針を打ち出した。