nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Saiga shu, Nagaharu BESSHO and Murashige ARAKI, who had promised to work for Nobunaga, broke the promise and stood up against Nobunaga.
Japanese: その後、信長に属していた雑賀衆、別所長治、荒木村重もこれに呼応する。
English: Although Nobunaga faced a predicament, he was saved by the death of Kenshin UESUGI, the strongest leader of the anti-Nobunaga network, in 1578; the anti-Nobunaga network collapsed in 1580, when Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple surrendered to Nobunaga by opnening its gate.
Japanese: 窮地に立たされた信長だが、1578年に包囲網の最大勢力上杉謙信が急死し、危機を免れ、1580年の石山本願寺明け渡しによって事実上崩壊した｡
English: Hideharu HATANO surrendered to Mitsuhide AKECHI, the leader of the Kinki district attacking force and was executed; the HATANO clan were all killed.
Japanese: 波多野秀治　近畿攻略軍の明智光秀に屈し降伏、処刑され、一族は滅亡する。
English: Terumoto MORI could only defend himself from the successful offense of the Hideyoshi HASHIBA's force, the Chugoku district attacking force (the Battles of Kozuki Castle, Tottori-jo Castle and Bichu Takamatsu-jo Castle).
Japanese: 毛利輝元　中国攻略軍の羽柴秀吉の攻勢に防戦一方となる（上月城の戦い、鳥取城の戦い、備中高松城の戦い）。
English: After Kenshin's death, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who became the successor to Kenshin after the Otate War, could only defend himself from the successful offense of the Katsuie SHIBATA's force, the Hokuriku district attacking force.
Japanese: 上杉謙信　謙信死去後、御館の乱を経て後継者となった上杉景勝は北陸攻略軍の柴田勝家の攻勢に防戦一方となる。
English: Saiga shu was attacked and almost killed completely by Nobunaga but barely escaped due to the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 雑賀衆　信長に攻められ滅亡寸前に追い込まれるが、本能寺の変によって九死に一生を得た。
English: A game called 'anti-Nobunaga network' can be found in the fourth product, "Nobunaga's Ambition, Busho Fuunroku (Tales of the Military Commanders) " and almost all the games that follow the fourth of "Nobunaga's Ambition Series," a historical simulation game, produced by TECMO KOEI Holdings Co., Ltd,.
Japanese: コーエーの歴史シミュレーションゲーム『信長の野望シリーズ』において、四作目の『信長の野望・武将風雲録』以降のほとんどの作品では「信長包囲網」の名を冠したシナリオが存在する。
English: A historically correct 'anti-Nobunaga network' game can be found; the group was formed in 1570 when Shogun, Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, who was confronted with Nobunaga, called for various feudal lords, such as the Takeda clan and Hongan-ji temple, to fight against the Oda clan and its alliance, the Tokugawa clan; the anti-Nobunaga feudal lords made alliance with each other.
Japanese: 1570年開始で、信長と対立した将軍・足利義昭が武田家や本願寺家等の各地の大名に織田家やその盟友である徳川家と対立するよう呼びかけ、それらの反信長大名らは互いに同盟を結び合っているという形で史実における「信長包囲網」が再現されている。
English: Flake is a thin piece of stone removed from ore by percussion.
Japanese: 剥片（はくへん、flake、フレイク）とは、原石を打ち欠いてつくった薄いかけらのこと。
English: Since ore (called country rock) is generally large and thick, it is not suitable for making small stone tools, therefore, flakes were often made first then made into stone tools (mainly chipped stone tools).
Japanese: 原石（これを母岩という）は一般に大きくて厚みがあるので小形の石器をつくるのには不向きであり、剥片をまず製作して、それを素材にして石器（主として打製石器）をつくる場合が多い。
English: Host rock (also known as wall rock) is a rock that is used as a base for something.
Japanese: 母岩（ぼがん、、wallrock、hostrock）とは何かの元となる岩石のこと。
English: Rock that forms mother body which surrounds the focused materials, such as useful mineral and hot spring.
Japanese: 有用な鉱物や温泉など、着目される資源を取り巻く母体を為している岩石のこと。
English: There is a lot of mineral deposit that is contained only in a specific host rock such as diamonds in kimberlite.
Japanese: キンバーライトより生ずるダイヤモンドのように、特定の母岩に育まれる鉱床も多い。
English: In many cases stones lying around or stones in a riverbed are used, however, the stones that could be produced only in the limited place, such as obsidian, shale and sanukite would be not only collected from the ground but also mined.
Japanese: 転がっている石や河原石を使う場合が多いが、黒曜石や頁岩、サヌカイトなど産地の限られた石材の場合には転石を拾うばかりではなく、採掘もおこなう。
English: Some host rocks could be used as stone tools without being processed, and these rocks were called pebble tools.
Japanese: 母岩にまったく加工を施さずに石器として使用する場合があり、この場合には礫石器と呼んでいる。
English: Pebble tools are the stone tools made of rude ore that have not been processed.
Japanese: 礫石器（れきせっき）とは、原石（母岩）を加工せずに、そのまま使った石器。
English: These include throwing stones as hunting tools or weapons, mill stone for flour milling or cooking, hammer or concave stone for cooking, grinding stone for polishing, and so on.
Japanese: 狩猟具・武器としての飛礫（つぶて）や製粉・調理用の磨石（すりいし）、調理用の敲石（たたきいし）・凹石（くぼみいし）、研磨用の砥石（といし）などがある。
English: Basically the criterion to determine whether a stone was a stone tool or not is to check whether there is a use-wear or not.
Japanese: 基本的に使用痕があるかどうかが石器であるかどうかを見極める目安となる。
English: However, since ore is used as tools as it is, it is often difficult to determine whether it was a relic (archaeological materials) or not.
Japanese: ただし、原石をそのまま道具として用いることから、単体で出土しても、それが遺物（考古資料）であるかどうかは判別できない場合も多い。
English: In these cases it is essential to consider whether or not there were accompanying relics such as stone plates, as well as the excavated structural remnants and excavation state.
Japanese: その場合、石皿など共伴する遺物があるかどうか、あるいは出土遺構や出土状況の検討が不可欠である。
English: Flake stone tools are made from thin piece of stone (flake) removed from ore (host rock) by percussion.
Japanese: 剝片石器（はくへんせっき）とは、原石（母岩）を打ち欠いてつくった薄いかけら（剥片）から製作した石器。
English: Flake stone tools were mainly used as useful tools and include chipped stone tools such as points, stone spears, stone arrowheads, stone knives, stone harpoons, stone spatulas, stone drills and stone saws.
Japanese: 剝片石器には、尖頭器・石槍、石鏃、石匙、石鏃石銛、石篦、石錐、石鋸などの打製石器があり、主に利器として使用される。
English: Most of partially ground stone axes from the Paleolithic period in Japan, which are considered to be the oldest tools in the world, were categorized as a flake stone tool.
Japanese: なお、世界最古とされる日本の旧石器時代の局部磨製石斧も剝片石器に属する場合が多い。
English: Techniques in the Paleolithic period include blade technique to remove vertically long flakes and Setouchi technique to remove horizontally long flakes, however, flakes in the Jomon period seem to be made more freely by hitting and cracking the core and there were not strict standards.
Japanese: 旧石器時代には縦長の剝片をはがし取るための石刃技法、横長の剝片をはぎ取っていく瀬戸内技法などがあるが、縄文時代の剝片剝離は比較的自由に石核を打ち割っており、規格性に乏しい。
English: A stone spatula is a kind of flake stone tool in a spatula-like shape, and it is considered to be used for cutting trees or bones, tanning animal skins, or maybe digging ground.
Japanese: 石篦（いしべら）は剥片石器の一種で、木や骨の切削や獣皮の皮なめし、一部には土掘りの道具として使われたと考えられるヘラ状の石器。
English: It existed for a long period from the early, middle to the end of Jomon period; however, it was distributed only in geographically limited area, mainly from the north of Tohoku region to the south of Hokkaido, and rarely discovered in other regions.
Japanese: 縄文時代早期中葉から晩期まで長期間にわたって存続するが、地域的分布は限定しており、東北地方北部から北海道南部にかけて主に分布し、それ以外の地方での出土は稀である。
English: Core stone tools are made from the core part of the stone (known as stone core), which appears after flakes have been removed from ore (country rock).
Japanese: 石核石器（せっかくせっき）とは、原石（母岩）から剥片をはがし取ったあとにのこった石核と呼ばれる芯材からつくった石器。
English: As for chipped stone tools, only some parts of chipped stone axes and grinding stones have been discovered, and as for ground stone tools, various tools for religious service have been discovered, including stone rods, stone daggers, stone swords, stone tools in the shape of Chinese broadswords, gyobutsu (Imperial treasures) made from stone, decorative stoneware, stone crowns, stone figures and beads, as well as cooking tools like stone plates, concave stones (partial) and mill stones (partial).
Japanese: 打製石器としては打製石斧、砥石などの各一部があるのみで、磨製石器としては、石棒、石剣、石刀、青竜刀形石器、御物石器、装飾石器、石冠、岩偶、玉類など各種の祭祀具や調理加工に用いた石皿、凹石（一部）、磨石（一部）などがある。
English: It is considered that they were used with a mill stone as a pair and were used for grinding acorns or various seeds to produce flour, or for grinding stones to get materials for pigment or earthenware.
Japanese: すり潰すための石器である磨石と対になり、ドングリなど種実類の製粉など植物加工をはじめ、顔料や土器の材質となる石の粉砕などの用途が考えられている。
English: Some stone plates were installed or fixed in living place, and they were considered to be used as a chopping board for cooking.
Japanese: また、据付石皿や固定式石皿と呼ばれる住居に備え付けられた石皿もあり、まな板として調理に用いていたと考えられている。
English: The raw materials were mainly the core of stones collected from ground such as Anzanfan rock (andesite) or sandstone, or stones in a riverbed.
Japanese: 素材は主に安山岩や砂岩など転石や河原石の石核を素材にする場合が多い。
English: These stone plates were excavated from the entire Jomon period, when settlement became more common, and a lot of them were found especially in village remains of the earlier period or later.
Japanese: 定住化の普及した縄文時代全期を通じて出土し、特に早期以降の集落遺跡で多く出土する。
English: The stone plates excavated in the remains of Meso-America are specifically called Metate, and they are called the same in the North America.
Japanese: メソアメリカの遺跡で発見される石皿は、特にメタテ（Metate）と呼ばれ、北米の遺跡などでも同じように呼称される。
English: Grinding stones refer to a kind of small stone tools used to grind nuts and seeds mainly chestnut, walnut and acorn into powder in the Jomon period.
Japanese: 磨石（すりいし）とは、縄文時代、主としてクリ・クルミ・ドングリなどの種実類をすりつぶし、粉をひくために用いた礫石器のひとつ。
English: Pumices and ore of stones in a riverbed (base rock) assuming the spherical or disc shapes, were used unprocessed as materials, and many of these left the traces of being ground as signs of being used.
Japanese: 球状または円盤状を呈する転石や河原石の原石（母岩）を加工せずにそのまま用いており、使用痕としては擦った痕跡ののこるものが多い。
English: Grinding stones were used in many cases together with stone plates, and most of them were excavated from settlements remains.
Japanese: 石皿と組み合わせて用いられることが多く、集落遺跡からの出土がほとんどである。
English: Carbonized 'Jomon cookie,' the food made from nut powder, was unearthed from the Oshidashi remains of Yamagata Prefecture and the Osaki remains of Nagano Prefecture, showing that culture of powdered food became widespread in those days.
Japanese: なお、山形県押出遺跡や長野県大崎遺跡からは、堅果の粉による食品「縄文クッキー」の炭化したものが出土しており、粉食文化が広く普及していることを物語っている。
English: Although grinding stones were excavated predominantly in the Jomon period, the appearance of them together with stone plates went back to the Paleolithic period when stone tools resembling a knife became popular.
Japanese: 磨石の出土は圧倒的に縄文時代に多いが、石皿とセットになっての出現は旧石器時代のナイフ形石器の盛行する時期にまでさかのぼる。
English: The grinding stones (grinding sticks) found in the remains of Meso-America are especially called Mano, and they are called the same name in the remains in the North America.
Japanese: メソアメリカの遺跡で発見される磨石（すり棒）は、特にマノ（Mano）と呼ばれ、北米の遺跡などでも同じように呼称される。
English: Kubomi-ishi (hollow stones) refers to the stone tools that have a shallow hollow almost in the center of fist-sized round gravel and elliptic gravel.
Japanese: 凹石（くぼみいし）とは、こぶし大の円礫・楕円礫のほぼ中央に浅い凹みをもつ礫石器。
English: The hollow was the result of receiving a blow, or the one of rotary frictions; the former showed that the stones were used for breaking the walnut shell and manufacturing stone tools while the latter indicated that pestles for making a fire were pressed down on the stone.
Japanese: 凹みは打撃を加えたものと回転摩擦痕跡によるものがあり、前者はクルミの殻割りや石器製作に使われたと考えられ、後者は火を起こすための火きり杵を上から押さえたものではないかと考えられている。
English: Unlike kubomi-ishi, board-like stones are selected as materials in many cases; because hollows mainly resulted from rotary frictions, beehive stones are seen as making fire mortars.
Japanese: 凹石とは異なり、板状の石材が選ばれることが多く、凹みは主に回転摩擦痕跡によるものであることから、火きり臼であると考えられている。
English: Kyokubumasei-sekifu is a edge-ground stone axe which appeared in the early upper Paleolithic period about 30 thousand years ago.
Japanese: 局部磨製石斧（きょくぶませいせきふ）とは、いまより約3万年前の後期旧石器時代初頭に登場した、刃先に磨きをかけた石斧のことである。
English: It is thought to have been used for multiple purposes such as for hunting and demising large-sized animals, felling and cutting trees, and digging.
Japanese: 大形獣の狩猟や解体、木の伐採や切断、土掘りなど多目的に用いられたと推定される。
English: Kyokubumasei-sekifu were first discovered in 1949 when they were unearthed at the Iwajuku Archeological Site, and this finding sparked a controversy over whether the Paleolithic Period had in fact existed, which in turn resulted in the development of the theory that pottery had not been used in the Neolithic Period and the theory of the Mesolithic Period; there was even a dispute as to whether the abrasion of the stone tools was genuine.
Japanese: 1949年の岩宿遺跡が初出で、このときは旧石器存否論争、無土器新石器説、中石器時代説を引き起こし、石器資料そのものに関しては摩耗論争さえ巻き起こっている。
English: After that, about 650 of the artifacts were unearthed at 100 sites in Kanto and Chubu regions and other areas except Hokkaido.
Japanese: その後、日本では北海道を除く、関東・中部地方を中心に100箇所から650本ほどの出土がある。
English: Most of them were hand axes and it is highly possible that they were used for smashing bones and tanning rather than wood processing.
Japanese: 手斧が大部分を占め、木材加工よりも骨の粉砕や皮なめしなどに使用された可能性が高い。
English: The only example outside Japan is the blade stone axe of 25,000 years ago unearthed from Vollendorf site in Australia, although there are some reports on the unearthed axes from Kostenki (about 14,000 years ago) and Afontova Gora (about 20,000 years ago) in Russia, Nawamoyn (about 21,500 years ago) and Malanganger (about 29,000 years ago) in Australia.
Japanese: 日本以外ではオーストリアのヴォレンドルフ遺跡出土の約2万5000年前の全面磨製石斧があるのみで、他にロシアのコスチョンキ（約1万4000年前）、アフォントヴァゴラ（約2万年前）、オーストラリアのナワモイン（約2万1500年前）、マランガンガー（約2万9000年前）からの報告がある。
English: The artifacts unearthed in Kostenki caused a debate in Japan as well as to whether the shape of the artifacts had been deliberately formed by grinding in a production process or it was a result of abrasion caused by use.
Japanese: コスチョンキ出土資料は製作時に磨いたのか使用痕によるものなのかをめぐって日本国内でも論争が起こった。
English: Although the two examples found in Australia were reported to have grooves, it is difficult to identify the ground facets from the measurement chart of the stone tools.
Japanese: オーストラリアの2例は溝部をもつ例として報告されているが、石器実測図からは研磨部分を読み取ることは難しい。
English: More examples and the enhanced data of this stone tool, especially those of overseas are needed for the future studies.
Japanese: とくに海外について、今後の資料の増加とデータの充実が求められる石器である。
English: Meirokusha, which was established in the early Meiji period, was the first Japanese modern academic society for enlightenment.
Japanese: 明六社（めいろくしゃ）は、明治時代初期に設立された日本最初の近代的啓蒙学術団体。
English: The society, whose aim was activities promoting enlightenment, was set up in the autumn of 1873 by Arinori MORI, who had returned to Japan from the United States of America in July of that year, along with people such as Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Hiroyuki KATO, Masanao NAKAMURA, Amane NISHI (an enlightenment intellectual), Shigeki NISHIMURA, Mamichi TSUDA, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI.
Japanese: 1873年（明治6年）7月にアメリカ合衆国から帰国した森有礼(もりありのり)が、福澤諭吉・加藤弘之・中村正直・西周(啓蒙家)(にしあまね)・西村茂樹・津田真道・箕作秋坪・杉亨二・箕作麟祥らとともに同年秋に啓蒙活動を目的として結成。
English: Their bulletin, "Meiroku zasshi" (three volumes in total, Iwanami bunko), was first issued in March 1874, and it played a leadership role in educating people during the Civilization and Enlightenment period.
Japanese: 1874年（明治7年）3月から機関誌『明六雑誌』(岩波文庫全3巻)を発行、開化期の啓蒙に指導的役割を果たした。
English: However, due to the Zanboritsu (Libel Law) and the Shinbunshi Jorei (Press Ordinance) put into effect by the government in 1875, the bulletin was forced to suspend and cease publication after the forty-third issue, and the society was, in effect, dissolved.
Japanese: が、1875年（明治8年）、政府の讒謗律（ざんぼうりつ）・新聞紙条例が施行されたことで機関誌の発行は43号で中絶・廃刊に追い込まれ事実上解散となった。
English: After that, Meirokusha changed to Meirokukai, becoming a forerunner of societies afterwards, such as Tokyo Gakushikaiin (the Tokyo Academy), the Teikoku Gakushiin (the Imperial Academy) and the Nippon Gakushi-in (the Japan Academy).
Japanese: その後、明六社は明六会となり、東京学士会院、帝国学士院を経て、日本学士院へと至る流れの先駆をなした。
English: Rekki was the primitive stone tool made by only crushing natural stones in early Paleolithic period, and it is observed that this was used in the stage of hominid.
Japanese: 前期旧石器時代の自然石を打ち欠いただけの原初的な石器で、原人段階からの使用が確認されている。
English: Rekki was distinguished from the stone core stone tool in late Paleolithic period when broken pieces of stone were used for the production of stone tools.
Japanese: 剥片を石器製作に利用する（剥片石器を製作する）段階の後期旧石器時代の石核石器とは区別する。
English: It began to be published on April 2, 1874 and suspended issue on November 14, 1875.
Japanese: 1874年（明治7年）4月2日創刊-1875年（明治8年）11月14日停刊。
English: It was a pioneering bulletin to offer academic general information and academic journal in the recent period of Japan and a publication which gave a great impact on Japan in the period of civilization and enlightenment.
Japanese: 近代日本における学術総合雑誌、学会誌の先駆けとなり、文明開化時期の日本に大きな影響を与えた刊行物である。
English: 17cm long and 12cm wide (which corresponds to B-6 size) or 21cm long and 14.5 cm wide (which corresponds to A-5 size), 12-24 pages (20 pages on an average), a half of hanshi (a calligraphy paper) in folio
Japanese: -17cm×12cm（B6版相当）、または21cm×14.5cm（A5版相当）、12頁～24頁（平均20頁）、半紙半截二つ折り
English: It had a circulation of 3,205 copies and a little on an average (according to a speech of Arinori MORI published on the 30th issue) or a circulation of 2,840 copies and a little on an average (according to "the first annual report of the prewar Ministry of Home Affairs").
Japanese: -毎号平均3205冊余発行（第30号森有礼演説による）、あるいは毎号平均2840冊（『内務省第一回年報』による）
English: The edit style of "Meiroku Zasshi" had been a model of academic bulletin until the 10s in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 『明六雑誌』の雑誌体裁は、明治10年代まで学術雑誌のモデルとなった。
English: Meirokusha was an association which Arimori MORI, who returned from the United States of America, established in the early Meiji period, consulting with Shigeki NISHIMURA.
Japanese: 明六社は、明治初期にアメリカ合衆国帰りの森有礼が西村茂樹に相談して設立した結社。
English: The aim of establishment of this association is to discuss about the means to promote education in our country with volunteers.'
Japanese: 社を設立するの趣旨は、我国の教育を進めんがために有志の徒会同して、その手段を商議するにあり。
English: In addition, it aims to publish different opinions of fellows in order to spread wisdom and clear up knowledge.'
Japanese: また、同志集会して異見を公刊し、知を広め識を明〔あきらか〕にするにあり。
English: In other words, it was a group which aimed for intellectuals to deepen their friendship and scholarship and to enlighten the people like those in Western countries.
Japanese: すなわち西欧のように知識人たちが集って親交と学識を深めつつ、民衆を啓蒙するために設立された団体であった。
English: It is needless to say that the biggest goal of Japan in the Meiji period was to realize fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) and compete with powerful countries in Western Europe.
Japanese: 明治日本にとって最大の目標は、富国強兵を実現し西欧列強に互することであったことはいうまでもない。
English: For this reason, the Meiji restoration was promoted by importing various techniques, human resources (foreign residents in Japan employed to teach new techniques) and systems, which were modeled from those in Western Europe.
Japanese: そのために西欧をモデルとして様々な技術や人（お雇い外国人）、制度を移入することで明治維新が進められた。
English: However, the enlightenment thought (Japan), which aimed not only to accept such schemes but also to reform people's mind (by the words in the bulletin, 'Refurbishing of people's mind'), soon appeared.
Japanese: が、やがてそういった枠組みを受容するだけではなく、人間という中身も変革（雑誌のことばでいえば「民心の一新」）することを目指す啓蒙思想(日本)が興ってきた。
English: Then, the people who worked with a sense of mission to change common people to 'the people' of 'civilized country' in order to catch up 'the standard of the world' as 'a civilized country' were called keimoka (illuminator).
Japanese: そして「文明国」という「世界標準」に追いつくためには、民衆を「文明国」的「国民」へと改鋳すべきだという使命感を持ち活動した人々を啓蒙家という。
English: The major members of Meirokusha were such excellent intellectuals in those days as Mamichi TSUDA, Amane NISHI (keimoka), Masanao NAKAMURA, Hiroyuki KATO, Shuhei MITSUKURI, Yukichi FUKUZAWA, Koji SUGI and Rinsho MITSUKURI, who all were encouraged by Mori and Nishimura (only their surnames are written bellow).
Japanese: 明六社の核となった同人には森、西村に誘われて津田真道、西周(啓蒙家)、中村正直、加藤弘之、箕作秋坪、福澤諭吉、杉亨二、箕作麟祥など、当時を代表する錚々たる知識人たちが参加した（以下の文では適宜単に名字のみを記す）。
English: Second, they stood out as scholars of Western studies before the Meiji Restoration and worked for Kaiseijo (School for Western Studies) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and so on.
Japanese: 次いで明治となる以前から洋学者として頭角を現し、江戸幕府の開成所などに召し抱えられていたことである。
English: In this connection, many of them had an experience to go abroad at the end of Edo period or in the Meiji period, and were never influenced by the thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).
Japanese: これと関連して、その多くが幕末明治期かいずれかに洋行の経験があって、尊皇攘夷思想に染まった経験がなかった。
English: In addition, except Fukuzawa, they were characterized by the fact that they worked for the government of restoration as government officials after the Meiji period.
Japanese: また福澤を除けば、明治以後は官吏として維新政府に仕えていたことも特徴といえる。
English: Such intellectuals who knew well about Europe and America as above chose periodical speech meetings and a publication of a bulletin in order to enlighten people.
Japanese: 上記のような欧米事情に明るい知識人たちが、啓蒙するための手段として選択したのが定例演説会と雑誌発行であった。
English: It is because the discussions on specific themes at periodical speech meetings were published on "Meiroku Zasshi.'
Japanese: 何故なら、定例演説会で個別のテーマについて意見交換し、それを基に筆記したものが『明六雑誌』に掲載されたからである。
English: In addition, this word 'Enzetsu' (演説) which means a speech in Japanese is said to be translated by Fukuzawa.
Japanese: ちなみにこの「演説」ということばは福澤がスピーチにあてた訳語であるといわれる。
English: Moreover, periodical speech meetings were held at Ueno Seiyoken Restaurant, partly because many of them favored western dishes.
Japanese: また演説会が開かれたのは、洋食好みが多かったこともあって上野精養軒であった。
English: In the following year after few months since Meirokusha was established, "Meiroku Zasshi" was finally published.
Japanese: 明六社が結成されてより、年をまたいだ数ヶ月後に『明六雑誌』はようやく刊行された。
English: The date of issue printed on the bulletin was often different from the date on newspaper when it was actually published.
Japanese: 発売された雑誌はいずれも刊記に発行日が記されているが、それが新聞に出された現実の発行日と一致しないことしばしばあった。
English: It is thought that this was because the actual publishing date delayed from the date printed on the bulletin because of some problems such as printing and editing.
Japanese: これは印刷・編集といった諸問題から発行日が記載されたものとずれたのだと考えられている。
English: In addition, according to the rules, it was due to be issued twice in a month, but this was not always true.
Japanese: また規約によれば、月に二回発行するとなっているが、その点はアバウトであった。
English: Although four volumes were successively published at the time when the publication had just begun, there was a month in which the issue was made only once because of the concerns about the future of the bulletin.
Japanese: 創刊時には一気に4冊出版しているが、雑誌の行く末が危ぶまれた時には月に一回しか発行しなかったこともあった。
English: Although the title was known as 'Meiroku Zasshi,' most of the volumes were put a different title of 'Meirokusha Zasshi' on the first page of the text.
Japanese: タイトルは「明六雑誌」で知られているが、本文1頁には「明六社雑誌」と表記しているものがほとんどであった。
English: It is confirmed that there are two kinds of sizes, B-6 size and A-5 size.
Japanese: 大きさもB6版相当のものとA5版相当のものの二種類あることが確認されている。
English: This bulletin had a big goal of enlightenment, but had neither a delicate and severe editing policy nor a consistent and concrete theme as a whole.
Japanese: 雑誌には啓蒙という大目標があるものの、細かい厳密な編集方針はなく、全号を一貫する具体的テーマもない。
English: Although it had following characters, it did not make a unified appeal representing Meirokusha or a bulletin (for example, for or against an introduction of democratic representatives).
Japanese: 後述するような特徴はあっても明六社として、雑誌全体として何か統一的なアピール（たとえば民撰議院を導入せよ/するなといったもの）を行うことはなかった。
English: "Meiroku Zasshi" aimed to raise awareness of people by proposing various problems and introducing knowledge rather than sending specific opinions.
Japanese: 『明六雑誌』は特定の意見を発信するというよりも、様々な問題を提起し、知識を紹介して人々の関心を高めること自体が目的であった。
English: In addition, the ways of transmission of information themselves such as speech meetings and bulletin fully gathered attention.
Japanese: また演説会・雑誌という当時目新しかった情報伝達手段もそれ自体が関心を引くのに十分であった。
English: "Meiroku Zasshi" had characteristics such as outward in the point of having the discussion open to public while diffusive in the point of their opinion not unified.
Japanese: 議論を公開するという点で外向的、意見が統一されてないという点で拡散的であることを『明六雑誌』は性質としていた。
English: It dealt with articles and translations in wide areas, ranging from the style of scholar, right and wrong of concubine (feminism etc.), Philosophy, religious arguments including freedom of faith, educational arguments such as an opinion to improve letters, social problems such as the abolition of death penalty, economic problems such as currency and trades, to specters.
Japanese: 学者のあり方から妾の是非（男女同権論等）、哲学や信教の自由などの宗教論、文字改良論などの教育論、死刑廃止論等の社会問題関連、貨幣・貿易等の経済諸問題、はては妖怪の類まで、非常に広きにわたる論説・翻訳を扱っている。