nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Under the ritsuryo system, the structure of the court noble society was determined by clarifying rank order and official duties of each government official based on job grades and Ikai (Court ranks).
Japanese: 律令体制下では、官と位により官人個々の序列と職掌を明確化することで、公家社会の構成を定めていた。
English: While this system was to define disparity of positions between government officials who are in the noble class and the other commoners who are in the subordinate class, it was, at the same time, to determine one's role based on meritocracy, and did not have hereditary law structure inherently.
Japanese: これは貴族階級である官人層とそれ以外の被支配階級である平民の身分上の格差を定めるものではあったが、同時に能力主義によってその役割を定めるものであり、本来的には世襲制的な法構造を持つものではないといえる。
English: However, as disparity of positions within government officials became wider and government officials became to be supplied from certain clans by heredity, not by meritocracy as intended by the ritsuryo system, roles of government officials became to be determined by the family lines to which they belonged and role of each family line became specialized.
Japanese: しかし官人層内部での地位格差が広がり、律令体制が本来意図していた能力主義とは異質に、特定の氏族から世襲的に官人が供給されるようになると、官人の役割をその属する家系ごとに措定するようになり、家系ごとの専門化がすすんだ。
English: These family lines respectively accumulated practical disciplines such as 'karei' (family customs) and 'shoshi rei' (officials customs) and became highly specialized, and in the medieval period, they assumed certain job grades almost by heredity.
Japanese: これらの家系は独自に「家例」「諸司例」といった実践的な規律を蓄積し高度に専門化することによって、中世において特定官職をほぼ世襲するようになった。
English: Such heredity system through reigns of the family was also seen within the Imperial Family, and Insei (rule by the retired Emperor), which intermittently continued from the retired Emperor Shirakawa until the Muromachi period for form's sake, can be seen as heredity of household management within the Imperial Family.
Japanese: またこのような家督を通じての世襲化はじつに天皇家内部においても見られ、白河上皇以後形式的には室町期にまで断続的に続く院政は天皇家における家政の世襲化とみることができる。
English: Another fundamental change in the ritsuryo system in the medieval period was formation of so-called ryoge no kan such as kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers).
Japanese: 中世における律令体制の根本的な変化としては、もうひとつ検非違使などのいわゆる令外の官の成立があげられる。
English: The feature of this ryoge no kan was that the officials could process government affairs for which they were responsible all on their own.
Japanese: これ令外の官の特徴はその分担する政務において、完結的に処理することが可能だということである。
English: In the original ritsuryo system, governmental affairs were processed in order, from the upper rank, following the line of governance, so departments near the bottom of the bureaucratic organization merely did paperwork, and their decision-making was ultimately done by the emperor through upper organizations.
Japanese: 本来の律令制は政務を上から順番に統属関係にのっとった形で処理するため、官僚機構において底辺にちかい部署はただ事務処理を行なうのみであり、その意思決定は上位機構をへて最終的には天皇が裁断するものであった。
English: However, ryoge no kan such as kebiishi were able to process one government affair in a cross-sectoral manner beyond the line of governance of organizations under the ritsuryo codes and therefore able to promptly make settlements beyond rules of traditional Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, so they were able to perform certain governmental affairs on their own without following minute procedures due to complicated bureaucratic organization under the ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: ところが検非違使などの令外の官はこのような律令官制の統属関係を横断的にこえてひとつの政務を処理することができ、従来の律令国家の規定を越えて決済を速やかに行なうことができたため、律令制の複雑な官僚機構にともなう煩瑣な手続きをせずに特定の政務を完結的に行なうことができた。
English: In fact, Kebiishi cho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) was excellent practically, so later, it expanded its territory of duty by eating away traditional organizations of government according to the ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 実際検非違使庁は実用面で非常に優れていたため、のちには従来の律令的官制を侵食していく形でその職務領域を拡大した。
English: It can be said that such formation of ryoge no kan brought about a significant change in the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: このような令外の官の成立は律令制に大きな変化をもたらしたものといえる。
English: For negotiation between such ryoge no kan and organizations of government according to the ritsuryo codes basically had to be done by accumulation through customs because there was no clear stipulation in the existing ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: これら令外の官と既存の律令体制における官制との間の交渉は既存の律令法上に明確な規定がない以上、畢竟慣習による蓄積によらざるをえない。
English: In the medieval period when ryoge no kan formed widely, families called Myobo-ke (scholars of the law) with a duty of lawyers emerged responding such realistic demands to reinforce legal aspects of practical governmental affairs by checking them against stipulations of ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 令外の官が広汎に成立した中世においては、このような現実的な需要を受けて実際的な政務処理を律令法の条項と照らし合わせてその法的側面の補強をおこなう明法家という職務身分家系も登場した。
English: Such Myobo-ke were also formed by establishing heredity of the position of Myobo hakase who were originally instructors of Myobodo (study of ritsuryo codes) in Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) by changing Myobodo to hereditary learning.
Japanese: 明法家もまた、元は大学寮の明法道の教官であった明法博士の地位を明法道の家学化によってその世襲を確立させることで成立している。
English: One example that emergence of medieval hereditary lineage of duties such as Myobo-ke and formation of ryoge no kan closely influence each other is the process in which the function of Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) to determine appropriate punishment was lost as jurisdiction of kebiishi expanded and it became common for Myobo-ke to recommend charges.
Japanese: 明法家に代表される中世的職務世襲的家系の発生が令外の官の成立と深く影響しあっている例としては、検非違使の裁判権拡大にともない刑部省の量刑機能が失われていき、明法家が罪名を勘申することが広く定着していく様などに見られる。
English: In addition, while such Myobo kanmon (written reports to the Imperial Court) by Myobo-ke referenced ritsuryo law, the choices were pretty arbitrary, and it is worthy of attention that ritsuryo provisions did not directly have normative influence in the medieval period.
Japanese: またこれら明法家の勘申（明法勘文）は律令法を参照するものではあるものの、その取捨選択はたぶんに恣意的な側面もあり、中世において律令の規定が直接的に規範的作用をもつものではなかったということは注目に値する。
English: In the medieval period, local rules of individual families often had a priority over ritsuryo law, and accumulation of negotiations between families became government affairs.
Japanese: 中世においてはしばしば律令法より個々の家のローカルなルールな優先され、家々の交渉の積み重ねが政務となった。
English: Accumulation of practices in each field was eventually compiled in a manual as manners and ancient practices, and it is worthy of attention that what was legally meaningful and what was not were not strictly segmented.
Japanese: それぞれの現場における実践の積み重ねがやがて作法・故実としてマニュアル化されていくのであるが、なにが法的意味を持ち、なにがもたないかが厳密な意味で分節化されていなかったということに注意するべきである。
English: It is reasonable to consider that ritsuryo law remained in a relative position in the context of rich operation of law in the medieval period.
Japanese: 中世の豊かな法運用の中では律令法は相対的な位置にとどまっていたという見方をするのが妥当であろう。
English: For formation of the court noble law that is distinguished from ritsuryo law, cloister government that was started by the retired Emperor Shirakawa can be pointed out as a direct and significant momentum.
Japanese: 律令法と区別される意味での公家法の成立は、直接的には白河上皇に始まる院政において大きな契機を指摘することができよう。
English: Of course, formation of ryoge no kan dates as early as the ninth century and reorganization within nobles continued through regency, and a qualitative shift of ritsuryo system was going along slowly but steadily before cloister governments.
Japanese: もちろん令外の官の成立ははやく九世紀にさかのぼるものであり、また摂関政治を通じて貴族身分内部の再編がおこなわれつづけたのであり、律令体制の質的な変化は院政以前にゆっくりとではあるが進行していたものである。
English: It can be said that during the period of cloister governments the Imperial Family also started to have household management of its own although issues of political history related to formation of cloister governments are not the subject we deal here.
Japanese: ここでは院政成立の政治史的な問題については触れないが、院政期になると天皇家も独自に家政的な機構を持ち始めるということがあげられる。
English: Separate from the inner Court of the emperor, In no cho (Retired Emperor's Office) was established under retired emperors and cloistered emperors, which treated internal government affairs just like Mandokoro (Administrative Board) of sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents).
Japanese: 天皇の内廷とは別個に院政をしいた上皇・法皇のもとには院庁が成立し、摂関家の政所のように内部的な政務を処理するようになる。
English: What's important here is that In no cho and Mandokoro handled only their internal government affairs respectively, and neither of them directly handled general government affairs, but negotiation between them made up government affairs of the court noble society.
Japanese: ここで重要なのはこれら院庁や政所はそれぞれ内部の政務を処理するだけであり、それらのいずれかが直接的に全体的な政務をとりしきったわけではなく、その間の交渉を通じて公家社会の政務が構成されるのである。
English: While Dajokan (Grand Council of State) handled government affairs under provisions of ritsuryo law in the ritsuryo system, accumulation of individual negotiation processes and cases served as provisions in doing government affairs in medieval period and such accumulation was the legal basis.
Japanese: 律令体制では律令法の規定のもと太政官で政務がおこなわれていたわけであるが、中世においては個々の交渉過程や処理の蓄積が規定となって政務がおこなわれたのであり、それらの蓄積が法的根拠となったのである。
English: Therefore, it can be pointed out that the court noble law in the medieval period had strong nature of common law.
Japanese: ゆえに中世における公家法は慣習法的要素が強いということを指摘することができる。
English: Sanze-isshin Law (sanze isshin no ho) is kyaku (amended laws of Ritsuryo codes) which was issued on May 29, 723 during the early Nara period, and the law which allowed a land cultivator to own his land privately for three generations (or only for his own generation) in order to encourage to cultivate rice fields.
Japanese: 三世一身法（さんぜいっしんのほう）とは、奈良時代前期の養老7年4月17日(旧暦)（723年5月25日）に発布された格（律令の修正法令）であり、墾田の奨励のため、開墾者から三世代（又は本人一代）までの墾田私有を認めた法令である。
English: It says that when a man cultivates new rice fields by building new irrigation facilities (ditches or ponds), he is allowed to own the land for three generations (the person himself - his children - grandchildren, or his children – grandchildren - great grandchildren); when he cultivates new rice fields by using existing irrigation facilities (when he repairs old ditches or ponds and makes them usable), he is allowed to own the land for his own generation.
Japanese: 灌漑施設（溝や池）を新設して墾田を行った場合は、三世（本人・子・孫、又は子・孫・曾孫）までの所有を許し、既設の灌漑施設（古い溝や池を改修して使用可能にした場合）を利用して墾田を行った場合は、開墾者本人一世の所有を許す、というものである。
English: On June 17 in the previous year of the enforcement of the Sanze-isshin Law, there was a project for a million hectares of land cultivation among the policies which Dajokan (Grand Council of State) had reported to the throne and was approved.
Japanese: 三世一身法施行の前年の閏4月25日（旧暦）、太政官が奏上し裁可された政策の中に百万町歩開墾計画があった。
English: This was such an enormous project which aimed to newly cultivate a million hectares of agricultural land for increasing food supply (Even the total fields in those days had not reached one million hectares).
Japanese: これは、食糧増産を目的として新たに百万町歩の農地を開墾する、という余りにも壮大な計画だった（当時の農地全体でも百万町歩に達していなかった）。
English: Reasons this project was approved are considered as follows but none of them is definite: As population increased, shortage of food supply occurred; financial demand for national defense in remote regions occurred (in this theory some say enforced areas of the project were limited to remote regions such as Mutsu Province); it was a project to show off the power of Prince Nagaya (Nagaya no Okimi); and so on.
Japanese: このような計画が策定された理由については、人口増加に伴い食糧不足が生じた、辺境での国防費に係る財政需要が生じた（この説では計画の施行地域は陸奥国などの辺境地域に限定する考えもある）、当時実権を握っていた長屋王（長屋親王）による権勢誇示的な計画だった、等が考えられているが、どれも決定的な説ではない。
English: Anyway the Sanze-isshin Law is thought to be enforced to carry out this project.
Japanese: いずれにせよ、この計画を遂行するため、三世一身法が施行されたと考えられている。
English: In the Konden Einen Shizai Law (the law permitting permanent ownership of newly cultivated land) which was enforced 20 years after the Sanze-isshin Law (in 743), it says, 'Although there is the Sanze-isshin Law, farmers do not cultivate land because of idleness as the land is confiscated when the time limit comes,' so it seems that the effect of the Sanze-isshin Law lasted merely less than 20 years.
Japanese: 三世一身法から20年後（743年）に施行された墾田永年私財法に「三世一身法があるが、期限が到来すれば収公してしまうので、農民は怠けて墾田を行わない」とあるので、三世一身法の効果は20年未満しか継続しなかったようである。
English: However, it is impossible to think that three generations pass only for 20 years and the time limit for confiscation comes close.
Japanese: しかしながらわずか20年で三代が経過し、収公の期限が近づくとは考えられない。
English: It is also possible to think that it was a mere excuse that farmers were idle and it was influence peddling for large temples and local ruling families to enlarge their private properties.
Japanese: 農民が怠けたというのは単なる言い訳であり、大寺院や豪族が私有地を拡大するための利益誘導であるとも考えられる。
English: Generally the Sanze-isshin law is considered to be the first step for collapse of the Kochi-komin Sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens) which is a basis of the Ritsuryo system, along with the later Konden Einen Shizai Law.
Japanese: 一般に三世一身法は、後の墾田永年私財法と併せて、律令体制の根幹である公地公民制の崩壊の第一歩だ、と考えられている。
English: However, there is no description in the Ritsuryo codes that the Kochi-komin Sei is the basis of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: しかし、公地公民制が律令体制の根幹であるとは、律令のどこにも記載されていない。
English: (It can be seen that it was only advocated by Marxist historians in the Showa period.)
Japanese: （昭和期のカール・マルクス派歴史家が提唱しただけに過ぎない、という見方もできる）。
English: Also there is a theory that the very fact that enforcement of the Handen Shuju Ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land) could not be carried out after the Heian period had more effect on the collapse of the Kochi-komin Sei, or that the Kochi-komin Sei was not thoroughly carried out from the beginning.
Japanese: また班田収授法の実施が平安時代以降行えなくなった事実のほうこそ公地公民制の崩壊への影響はより大きく、あるいは最初から公地公民制は不徹底だったという説も存在する。
English: It is considered that the Sanze-isshin Law was established as a special measure especially to urge cultivation of rice fields because there were no regulations concerning the cultivation in the Denryo (the law about providing rice fields) of the existing Yoro Ritsuryo code.
Japanese: 現存する養老律令の田令には、農地開墾に関する規定がないことから、特に墾田を推奨するため、三世一身法を特別措置法的に定めたものと考えられる。
English: From this point of view, the Sanze-isshin Law can be said to be the law to complement loopholes of the Ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: この観点からであれば、三世一身法は律令の不備を補完する法令だったと言える。
English: Jori sei is a system of land subdivision (management) in Japan from ancient period until the late mediaeval period.
Japanese: 条里制（じょうりせい）は、日本において、古代から中世後期にかけて行われた土地区画（管理）制度である。
English: The system had a feature to devide a certain area of land into squars with perpendicular parallel lines (hokaku sen [grid lines]) at about 109-meter intervals, and there are remains of jori chiwari (lands allocated using jo and ri) throughout Japan except Hokaido and Okinawa even now.
Japanese: ある範囲の土地を約109m間隔で直角に交わる平行線（方格線）により正方形に区分するという特徴があり、現在も北海道と沖縄を除く日本各地に条里地割の遺構が残っている。
English: In many cases, hokaku sen that divide jori are located north-south and east-west directions, but there are quite a few cases in which hokaku sen are at a tilt depending on the regions and geological formations.
Japanese: 条里を区分する方格線は、南北方向および東西方向に設定されている場合が多いが、地域・地形により傾いている例も少なくない。
English: For example, if the north-south direction is tilted at a 7 degree angle, normally the east-west direction is also tilted so that they are at right angles to each other.
Japanese: たとえば南北方向が7度傾いているとき、東西方向も直交するように7度傾いているのが通常である。
English: For example, when the angles of hokaku sen are different by counties, there can be seen clear gaps of jori chiwari at the border of counties on flatlands.
Japanese: たとえば郡ごとに方格線の傾きが異なると、平地の郡境で条里地割にはっきりとした食い違いが見られる。
English: However, not all areas including those without rice fields were covered by hokaku sen.
Japanese: しかし、田のない地域を含めた全国を方格線で網羅していたわけではない。
English: Specifying the position of mountains within the area using jori made the positional relationship of rice fields easier to understand.
Japanese: その範囲内にある山の位置を条里で呼ぶことで、田地の位置関係もわかりやすくなっている。
English: The basic unit of jori is about 109-meters square (in some cases, diamond shape or rectangle was used).
Japanese: 条里の基本単位は約109m四方の正方形である（菱形や長方形の場合もある）。
English: In ancient Japan, about 109 meters were equivalent to one cho (unit) (=60 bu), and the area of about a 109-meter square was also called one cho.
Japanese: 古代日本では約109mは1町(単位)（＝60歩）に当たり、約109m四方の面積も同様に1町と呼ばれていた。
English: This basic unit of one-cho square is called 'tsubo' or 'bo' (it is different from tsubo that is currently used).
Japanese: この1町四方からなる基本単位を「坪（つぼ）」又は「坊（ぼう）」と呼称した(現在でも使用される坪とは異なる)。
English: Each tsubo is subdivided equally into 10 sections, and these sections were called 'dan' (there were two types of subdivision: nagachi [long land] type and hanori [half-divided] type).
Japanese: 坪の中は10等分に地割りされており、この区画は「段」と呼ばれた（地割方法は長地型と半折型に大別される）。
English: The section in which the basic unit tsubo is aligned 6x6 (in other words, six-cho square) was called 'ri.'
Japanese: 基本単位である坪を6x6に並べた区画(つまり6町四方の正方形)は「里」と呼ばれた。
English: Each tsubo in ri was assigned a number between 1 and 36 and called, for example, ichi no tsubo (there were two types of number assignment to tsubo [tsubonami]: parallel type tsubonami and zigzag type tusbonami).
Japanese: 里における各々の坪は1から36まで番号表示され、例えば一ノ坪などと呼称された（坪の番号表示方法（坪並）は平行式坪並と千鳥式坪並に大別される）。
English: For the land divided into the units described above, the horizontal row of ri was called 'jo' and the vertical row of ri was called 'ri,' and from the base point that was arbitrary set, each section could be clearly indicated such as ichi-jo, ni-jo, and san-jo (first jo, second jo, and third jo) vertically and ichi-ri, ni-ri, and san-ri (first ri, second ri, and third ri) horizontally.
Japanese: 上述の単位に区画された土地において、里の横列を「条（じょう）」、里の縦列を「里（り）」とし、任意に設定された基点から、縦方向には一条、二条、三条と、横方向には一里、二里、三里というように、明快な位置表示が可能となっていた。
English: Because the area of agricultural land issued to the people (handen shuju) was determined in a single uniform way under the ritsutyo system, a strong relation between orderly jori sections and handen shuju was assumed.
Japanese: 律令制では民衆に支給する（班田収授する）農地の面積を一律に定めていたことから、整然とした条里区画は班田収授との強い関連が想定されていたのである。
English: In recent archaeology study, however, while handen shuju is considered to have started in the Asuka period or early Nara period, first appearance of land representation using jori was in 743, the mid Nara period.
Japanese: しかし、最近の考古学研究では、班田収授が飛鳥時代又は奈良時代初期に開始したと見られるのに対し、条里による土地表記の初見が奈良時代中期の天平15年（743年）である。
English: The term Jori sei assumed that both of the following were formed by public system:
Japanese: 条里制という用語には、次の両者が公的制度によって形成されたものであるという前提があった。
English: Streets and grooves along the one-cho square and regular sections such as nagachi type and hanori type that are seen in the square (jori chiwari)
Japanese: 一町方格に沿った道や溝と、その内部に見られる長地型・半折型などの規則的な地割（条里地割）
English: As described above, now it is considered that the system of periodic reallocations of rice fields (handen shuju sei) was not a backing public system of jori sei (a system of land subdivision in ancient Japan) and therefore it came to be thought that there was no backing public system in jori sei.
Japanese: その制度として当然のように当てはめられていた班田収授制が関連しないとすると、そもそも裏打ちとなる公的制度はなかったと考えられるようになった。
English: A term 'plan of jori' is now used as both jori chiwari and jori naming method, and as the name of the land representation system in which they are combined apart from public system.
Japanese: 公的制度とは切り離した、条里地割と条里呼称法の両者、およびそれらが一体となった実体としての土地表記システムの呼称として、条里プランという用語が使用されている。
English: As described above, the theory to seek the origin of plan of jori in handen shuju sei is virtually rejected.
Japanese: 前述のとおり、条里プランの起源を班田収授制に求める説はほぼ否定されている。
English: The current widely-accepted theory is that rapid increase of farmland development (konden) by millionaires and dominant temples and shrines that became active due to enforcement of Konden Einen Shizai Law (the Law permitting permanent ownership of newly cultivated land) was the origin of formation of the plan of jori.
Japanese: 現在の有力な説は、墾田永年私財法の施行で盛んとなった富豪や有力寺社による農地開発（墾田）の急増が条里プラン成立の起源であるというものである。
English: Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) describes 'when alloting farmland is finished, record its cho and dan and shishi (The northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries).'
Japanese: 養老律令では、班田を「給し訖らば、具に町段および四至を録せ」とある。
English: In other words, only area and borders of alloted farmland were recorded, but neither jori naming system to specify its absolute position nor chiwari according to jori were stipulated.
Japanese: つまり給される田は面積と境界を記録するだけで、絶対的な位置を特定する条里呼称法も、条里に沿った地割も規定されていない。
English: As new rice fields increase, work to decide land owners and borders exploded.
Japanese: 墾田の増加に伴い、土地の所有者や境界を画定する作業が爆発的に増加した。
English: Therefore, handen shuju under the farmland inspection and allotment law significantly delayed.
Japanese: このため校田・班田収授法律令下での班田収授の遅延が非常に大きくなった。
English: It is thought that a unified methodology to specify land was required to ease the work, so jori naming system was introduced.
Japanese: 作業軽減のための統一的な土地表記法が必要となり、条里呼称法が導入されたと見られる。
English: As jori naming system was established, influencial people started to develop new rice fields according to jori so that they could claim their land ownership easier.
Japanese: 条里呼称法が確定すると、有力者は自らの土地所有権を主張しやすくするため、条里に沿って墾田を開発するようになった。
English: Many jori chiwari throughout Japan are thought to be done together with this development of new rice fields.
Japanese: 全国的に見られる条里地割の多くは、この墾田開発に伴うものと考えられる。
English: However, origin of some jori remains are thought to date back before establishment of jori naming system.
Japanese: ただし、一部の条里遺構には条里呼称法確立以前にまでその起源をさかのぼると考えられるものもある。
English: In addition, remains of regularly divided chiwari that do not fit in one-cho square are confirmed, so there still is room to study about the origin of jori chiwari.
Japanese: また一町方格に当てはまらない規則的な地割の遺構も確認されており、条里地割の起源についてはなお検討の余地がある。
English: The plan of jori that was created due to needs of inspection and allotment of rice fields and management of newly developed rice fields was continuously used after the 10th centry, when handen shuju was not enforced any more.
Japanese: 校班田、および墾田管理の必要から生まれた条里プランは、10世紀以降に班田収授が行われなくなっても引き続き使用された。
English: This is because kokushi (provincial governors) and kokuga (provincial government offices) utilized the jori naming method and handen map as the framework for land management and judgement of rights and obligations.
Japanese: これは、国司・国衙が土地管理・権利義務裁定の枠組みとして、条里呼称法および班田図を活用したためである。
English: In addition, it is confirmed that there existed plan of jori in shoen (manor in medieval Japan) with Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property) after the 12th century that is concluded within shoen, which indicates that the plan was actively utilized both by public and private organizations.
Japanese: また、12世紀以降の不入の権(日本)を持つ荘園において、荘園内で完結する条里プランが存在したことも確認されており、官だけでなく民においても積極的に活用されていたことがわかる。
English: As the shoen system broke down, the jori naming system fell into disuse, and it remained only in some geographical names after Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
Japanese: 荘園制の衰退とともに条里呼称法も使用されなくなり、太閤検地以降は一部の地名に残るのみとなった。
English: As long as manual cultivation remained, there was no need to reorganize existing chiwari.
Japanese: 人手による耕作が続く以上、既に存在する地割をあえて再整理する必要はなかったのである。
English: However, when new rice fields were developed, chiwari that is not based on jori became common because the jori naming method was not binding any more.
Japanese: ただし新田開発においては、条里呼称法に縛られることがなくなったため、条里に拠らない地割が一般的となった。
English: After the Meiji period, revision of rice fields were done in various regions, and enactment of The Readjustment of Arable Land Act in 1889 accelerated it.
Japanese: 明治時代になると、各地で田区改正が行なわれ、明治32年(1889年）には耕地整理法の制定がそれを加速した。
English: Business purposes were mainly land readjustment and improvement of irrigation channels and drainage, but in west Japan where regular sections by jori were pervasive, land readjustment was not required and enforcement was limited in some lands with poor drainage.
Japanese: 事業目的は大きく分けて土地区画整理と用排水路整備であったが、条里による整形区画の広がる西日本においては土地区画整理が必要でなく、実施例は一部の排水不良地に限られた。
English: In east Japan, on the other hand, many jori chiwari had been lost or deformed due to floods.
Japanese: 一方東日本では、条里地割の多くは河川の氾濫によって失われたり変形していた。
English: Therefore, readjustment of agricultural lands performed as cultivation and improvement of drainage together with improvement of rivers were done independantly from jori.
Japanese: このため河川の整備に伴う開墾・排水整備として行われた耕地整理は、条里とは無関係な地割となっている。
English: In agricultural field improvement project that was started in the 1960s, farm lands were re-divided using 30 are (30m x 100m) as a unit, so many remains of jori were lost.
Japanese: 1960年代に始まる圃場整備事業では、農地が30アール(30mx100m)を基準に区画しなおされたため、多くの条里遺構が消滅した。
English: Some jori remains are maintained as agricultural lands virtually unchanged even now, while others are buried underground.
Japanese: 条里遺構には、現在も耕地としてほぼそのままの形状が維持されているものと、地下に埋没しているものがある。