nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As a consequence, in the early days of the Japanese Navy it was primarily Dutchmen who led the way; with the birth of the new Meiji government, however, Englishmen were employed as advisers, and as such, the administration of the Navy followed the British model.
Japanese: そのため海軍の黎明期にはオランダ人が指導の中心となったが、明治新政府に替わってからはイギリス人を顧問に据えることでイギリスに習った海軍運営となった。
English: However, because the efforts of this advisory group ended in defeat at the battle of Hakodate during the Boshin War, and perhaps also because Prussia (Germany) won the Franco-Prussian War, the new Meiji government overturned its military system and decided to invite an advisory group from Germany.
Japanese: しかし顧問団が戊辰戦争で箱館戦争し敗戦の結果に終わり、ヨーロッパで普仏戦争にプロイセン（ドイツ）が勝利したこともあってか、明治新政府は軍制を転換しドイツから顧問団を招くこととした。
English: The Dutch had risen to influential positions by the end of the Edo period, and after the Restoration many Dutchmen, notably Johannis de RIJKE, were hired in the field of river engineering (It is said that this was because Dutch flood control technology was highly praised by those connected to this field of engineering; however, a different theory holds that the large-scale hiring of Dutch river engineers was due to the nepotism of Dr. Anthonius Franciscus BAUDUIN and his younger brother.)
Japanese: 幕末までに勃興したオランダ人は、維新後は土木の河川技術方面でヨハニス・デ・レーケ等多くの人材が雇用された（オランダの治水技術が関係者に高く評価された背景があるとされているが、アントニウス・ボードウィン博士兄弟との縁故による斡旋という説もある）。
English: Reference: The 1975 document entitled "Shiryo: Oyatoi-gaikokujin"(Document on Hired Foreigners) lists the names of 2,299 people with foreign nationalities who were employed by Japanese public and private institutions as well as by individuals between 1868 and 1889 (the list includes the names of families and employees at the foreign diplomatic missions).
Japanese: 【参考】『資料御雇外国人』（1975）には1868（明治1年）から1889年（明治22年）までに日本の公的機関・私的機関・個人が雇用した外国籍の者の数として2,299人の名前が挙げられている（注：家族や在外公館の雇用者も含む）。
English: The breakdown by nationality is 928 Englishmen, 374 Americans, 259 Frenchmen, 253 Chinese, 175 Germans, 87 Dutch, and several others of various nationalities.
Japanese: 内訳はイギリス人928人、アメリカ人374人、フランス人259人、中国人253人、ドイツ人175人、オランダ人87人などである。
English: During an era in which the top-level ministers in the government were being paid monthly salaries of a few hundred yen, foreigners were being paid a monthly wage that ranged between several hundred yen to over one thousand.
Japanese: 政府首脳の月俸が数百円の時代、外国人で数百円から千円を越えるものもいた。
English: Even compared to national wage levels in an era when the status difference between social classes was very large, such a salary was extremely high.
Japanese: これは身分格差が著しい当時の国内賃金水準からしても極めて高額であった。
English: The high salaries were partly due to the fact that the yen was extremely weak internationally, but mainly because of the difficulty in convincing top-class experts in technology and knowledge to come to Japan, which from the perspective of Westerners was a country on the extreme eastern edge of the Far East, a country moreover that held considerable physical danger for foreigners.
Japanese: 国際的に極度の円安状況だったこともあるが、当時の欧米からすれば日本は極東の辺境であり、外国人身辺の危険も少なくなかったことから、一流の技術や知識の専門家を招聘することが困難だったことによる。
English: Although there were some Oyatoi-gaikokujin who were drifters who came to Japan thinking to strike it rich, notably Thomas James WALTERS, or arrogant and looked down on the Japanese such as Charles Alfred Chastel de BOINVILLE, there were many others who deeply appreciated Japan and were greatly respected by their (Japanese) disciples.
Japanese: お雇い外国人のなかにはトーマス・ウォートルスのように一山当てようとやってきた流れ者や、チャールズ＝デ・ボアンヴィルのように傲慢で日本人を軽視する者もいたが、他方では日本を深く愛し弟子たちに慕われた人物もいる。
English: There were those such as Yakumo KOIZUMI (Lafcadio Hearn), Josiah CONDOR and Edwin DUN who found themselves captivated by Japanese culture, and chose to remain in Japan for the rest of their lives.
Japanese: 小泉八雲やジョサイア・コンドル、エドウィン・ダンのように日本文化に惹かれて滞在し続け、日本で生涯を終えた人物もいる。
English: Although Fenollosa died in London, he was laid to rest in Onjo-ji Temple (also known as Mii-dera Temple).
Japanese: フェノロサはロンドン滞在中に亡くなったが、園城寺（三井寺）に埋葬された。
English: In Aoyama Cemetery, a graveyard for foreign residents in Tokyo, some of the graves are of foreigners who no longer have any known relatives, as a consequence of which the maintenance fee (590 yen yearly as of 2005) has not been paid for many years.
Japanese: 東京都にある青山霊園の青山外国人墓地では、関係者の所在が不明となり、管理料（2005年現在、年590円）が長年にわたって未納のままのものがある。
English: In such cases, the remains are usually reclassified as muen botoke (a person who has died leaving nobody to look after his or her grave) and reburied in a communal grave; but in the fiscal year of 2006, as reported by the Yomiuri Shimbun (the Daily Yomiuri) on February 18, 2005, in the case of the Aoyama Cemetery the Tokyo Metropolitan Government re-evaluated 78 graves of Oyatoi-gaikokujin for which the maintenance fee has not been paid as important from the perspective of cultural history, and it plans to preserve them as historical sites.
Japanese: 通例であれば無縁仏として集合墳墓に改葬されるところだが、青山霊園の場合、2006年度に東京都側が78基にのぼる管理費滞納お雇い外国人墓所を文化史的に再評価し、史跡として保護する方針であることが2005年2月18日の読売新聞で報じられた。
English: Edward S. MORSE (American, 1838 - 1925)
Japanese: エドワード・S・モース（EdwardS.Morse1838-1925）
English: Raphael von KOEBER (Russian, 1848 - 1923)
Japanese: ラファエル・フォン・ケーベル(RaphaelvonKoeber1848-1923)
English: Guido Herman Fridolin VERBEEK (Dutch, 1830 - 1898)
Japanese: グイド・フルベッキ(Verbeck,GuidoHermanFridolin1830-1898)
English: Ottmar von MOHL (German, 1848 - 1922)
Japanese: オットマール・フォン・モール(OttmarvonMohl1848-1922)
English: Anthonie Thomas Lubertus ROUWENHORST MULDER (Dutch)
Japanese: ローウェンホルスト・ムルデル（AnthonieThomasLubertusRouwenhorstMulder）
English: Richard Vicars BOYLE (British)
Japanese: リチャード・ヴァイカーズ・ボイル（RichardVicarsBoyle）
English: Richard Henry BRUNTON (British)
Japanese: リチャード・ヘンリー・ブラントン(RichardHenryBrunton)
English: Charles Alfred Chastel de BOINVILLE (French)
Japanese: チャールズ・アルフレッド・シャステル・デ・ボアンヴィル（CharlesAlfredChasteldeBoinville）
English: Giovanni Vincenzo CAPPELLETTI (Italian)
Japanese: ジョヴァンニ・ヴィンチェンツォ・カッペレッティ（GiovanniVincenzoCappelleti）
English: Charles Assheton Whately POWNALL (British)
Japanese: チャールズ・A・W・パウネル（CharlesAsshetonWhatelyPownall）
English: William Edward AYRTON (British, 1847 - 1908)
Japanese: ウィリアム・エドワード・エアトン（WilliamEdwardAyrton、1847-1908）
English: - Served as an adviser in chemistry and metallurgy at Japan's Mint (in Osaka); he also contributed to the field of archeology in the study of kofun (ancient burial mound)
Japanese: -造幣局(日本)（大阪）での化学・冶金指導など、古墳研究で考古学にも貢献（英）
English: - Served as an instructor of music, especially military music; composed Army marches (Battotai [the Drawn Sword Company] and Fusoka [Song of the Eastern Land])
Japanese: -音楽、特に軍楽の指導、陸軍分列行進曲（抜刀隊・扶桑歌）の作曲(仏)
English: Oyatoi' refers to the hiring of someone (unnecessary to be a foreigner) who does not belong to a samurai family for his or her special skills or knowledge in order to accomplish the bakufu's 'goyo' (official business).
Japanese: 「御雇（おやとい）」とは（とくに外国人に限らず）武家でない身分の者を、その専門技芸において幕府の「御用」に徴用することを指した。
English: In the latter half of the Edo period, as the Japanese became aware of the trends affecting foreign countries, it became clear that the Shogun's samurai retainers would not be able to master the bewildering array of specialized fields by themselves.
Japanese: 江戸期後半になって諸外国の動向が伝わって来るにつけ、武士である幕臣だけではさまざまな専門分野に対応できなかった。
English: Therefore, the government began to employ especially talented non-samurai commoners in order to meet the new needs facing them.
Japanese: そのため、一般民のなかから専門に秀でたとくに優れた人材を募り、この需要に充てたものである。
English: However, from the point of view of the bakufu, these employees were and would always remain of 'oyatoi' (hired) status, and as such, their social position was fully as low as that of temporary employees.
Japanese: しかし幕府の側からすると、身分としてはあくまでも「御雇い」であり、臨時雇用の色合いの濃い立場の低い扱いではあった。
English: Some of these hirees, however, did earn recognition for their abilities and achievements, and were promoted to the status of full retainers and granted family names, allowed to carry swords, and given hereditary rights to their status.
Japanese: しかしなかには能力と功績が認められると正規の幕臣として取り立てられ、武家として称氏（氏姓、苗字を名乗ること）・帯刀・世襲が許される場合もあった。
English: O-oku was a residential place in Edo-jo castle where the Tokugawa Shogun family's children, lawful wife and oku jochu (maids working in the domestic quarters of a shogun or feudal lords) (also called goten jochu [palace maids]) resided.
Japanese: 大奥（おおおく）とは江戸城に存在した徳川将軍家の子女や正室、奥女中（御殿女中）たちの居所。
English: Since the first Shogun, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's regime, there was a section called "O-oku" in Edo-jo castle.
Japanese: 初代将軍･徳川家康の時代から、江戸城に「大奥」と呼ばれる区画は存在していた。
English: At that time, a border between the "public area" for conducting politics and the "private area" where the lord of the castle and his family lived didn't exist.
Japanese: しかし当時は、政治を行う場である「表」と、城主とその家族の私的な生活の場である「奥」の境界が存在していなかった。
English: The border was established in Edo-jo castle when the "O-oku Hatto" (Act governing O-oku) was introduced in 1618 during the second Shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA's regime.
Japanese: この境界が江戸城に現れたのは、元和(日本)4年（1618年）年、2代将軍･徳川秀忠の時代、「大奥法度」を制定した時である。
English: After that, Honmaru (the keep of a castle) of Edo-jo castle was divided into the government office of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) named "Omote", the Shogun's office to administrate political affairs named "Nakaoku" and the Shogun's private residence named "O-oku".
Japanese: 以後、本丸は江戸幕府政庁の「表」、将軍が政務を執る「中奥(奥)」、将軍の私邸「大奥」に区分された。
English: Kasuga no Tsubone, a menoto (a woman providing breast-feeding to a highborn baby) of the third Shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA organized O-oku systematically and developed it as known to this day.
Japanese: 3代将軍徳川家光乳母･春日局によって組織的な整備がなされていき、こうして現在知られる形の大奥に整えられていった。
English: When a decision to surrender Edo-jo castle was made in April, 1868, it was the end of O-oku.
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）4月、江戸城の明け渡しが決定された時に、大奥は終焉を迎える。
English: Along with the surrender of Edo-jo castle, the legal wife of the 14th Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA, Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako and his real mother, Jitsujoin moved to the Shimizu family's house on May 1, 1868 and the following day, the legal wife of the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA, Tenshoin and his real mother Honjuin moved to the Hitotsubashi family's house.
Japanese: 開城に伴い、同年4月9日(旧暦)、14代将軍徳川家茂正室･和宮親子内親王と同生母･実成院は清水家邸へ、翌10日には、13代将軍徳川家定正室･天璋院と同生母本寿院が一橋家邸へ引き移った。
English: On May 3, Nobuyoshi KAIEDA, Seiichiro KINASHI, Hikosaburo MIZUNO and Kiyoshi WATANABE entered into Edo-jo castle from Ote-mon Gate (Main Gate) as representatives of the new government and completed the surrender of Edo-jo castle.
Japanese: 4月11日、海江田信義、木梨精一郎、水野彦三郎、渡辺清の4人が新政府代表として大手門より入城し、江戸城の引渡しを終了させた。
English: Edo-jo castle was build up with Honjo (the keep of castle) consisting of Honmaru (inner citadel), Ninomaru (second citadel) and Sannomaru (third citadel), Nishinomaru palace, Momiji-yama Mountain, Fukiage garden, Nishinomarushita (西丸下) (residence of the Matsudaira clans).
Japanese: 江戸城内曲輪は、本城(本丸、二の丸、三の丸)、西丸、紅葉山、吹上御庭、西丸下で構成されていた。
English: Honmaru was the resident of the Shogun and his wives, Ninomaru was the resident of the shogun's real mother and concubines of former Shogun, and Nishinomaru was the residence of the successor couple and the retired shogun couple.
Japanese: 本丸は将軍夫妻、二丸は将軍生母やかつての将軍仕えていた側室、西丸は世嗣夫妻や大御所夫妻が住まいとしていた。
English: However, O-oku was separated from Omote and Nakaoku palaces by a copper wall.
Japanese: しかし大奥は表･中奥御殿とは切り離されており、銅塀で仕切られていた。
English: This name came from a bell that was rung by pulling a string attached to the bell to open an entrance named "Ojoguchi" when the Shogun visited O-oku.
Japanese: 将軍が大奥へ出入りする際に鈴のついた紐を引いて鈴を鳴らして合図を送り、出入り口である「御錠口」の開錠をさせていた事からこの名が付いた。
English: It is said that "Shimo osuzuroka"(下御鈴廊下) (second corridor) was built for emergencies like fires.
Japanese: 後に火事等の緊急事態を想定して作られたのが「下御鈴廊下」であるとされている。
English: Since male officers named Hiroshiki yakunin (yonin) were placed in Hiroshiki, Hiroshikimuki was separated from Gotenmuki by a door called Joguchi and Nagatsubonemuki by a door called Nanatsuguchi.
Japanese: 広敷には男性の広敷役人（広敷用人）がいたため、御殿との間の錠口、長局との間の七ツ口によって仕切られていた。
English: Nanatsuchuchi was named because this door was closed at Nanatsudoki (4pm in modern times), and servants for jochu and merchants used this door.
Japanese: 七ツ口は、女中たちの部屋方や商人たちが用いていたが、七ツ時(午後4時)に閉められたためにこの名が付いた。
English: Gotenmuki consisted of Okozashiki (Shogun's bed room), the residence of Midaidokoro (wife of a shogun or a highest-ranking nobleman) and the rooms named "Chidori no ma" and "Gofuku no ma" where jochu in O-oku were stationed.
Japanese: 将軍の寝所である御小座敷、御台所居所、「千鳥之間」、「呉服之間」といった大奥女中詰所などがあった。
English: A residence of Midaidokoro was also called "Matsu goten " or "Shin goten" according to the times.
Japanese: 御台所の居所は、時代によって「松御殿」、「新御殿」などと呼ばれていた。
English: In addition to the four buildings from Ichi no soba (一之側) to Yon no soba (四之側), there were two buildings named Higashi nagatsubone and Ohashitabeya, and Joro Otoshiyori (high rank women servants who controls the servants in O-oku) and Otoshiyori were given Ichi no soba, other jochu of higher rank able to see the Shogun were given Ni no soba or San no soba, and lower rank jochu not able to see the Shogun were given Yon no soba in accordance with their rank.
Japanese: 一之側から四之側までの4棟に加え、東長局、御半下部屋があり、格式に応じて一之側が上臈御年寄や御年寄、二之側、三之側がその他のお目見え以上の女中、四之側がお目見え以下の女中たちに配分された。
English: "Midaidokoro" was Shogun's lawful wife and the highest rank of mistress in O-oku as well as hostess.
Japanese: 大奥一の女主であり主宰者でもあるのが、将軍正室である「御台所」である。
English: Generally, a midaidokoro came from a court noble family, a house of an imperial prince or the Imperial family (there were two exceptions, Kodaiin and Tenshoin, midaidokoro of the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA, although they came from the Shimazu family, they were adopted by the house of Konoe, and then married with the shogun).
Japanese: 御台所は、公家･宮家･天皇家から迎えるのが慣例となっていた（例外は、11代将軍徳川家斉御台所･広大院と天璋院の2人で、どちらも島津家出身であったが、近衛家に養女となった上で輿入れした）。
English: For example, since a wife of the third Shogun Iemitsu, Takako TAKATSUKASA was on extremely bad terms with her husband, she was transferred to her residence from Honmaru to Naka no maru (中丸) before being formally titled "Midaidokoro" and Kasuga no tsubone held the real power in O-oku.
Japanese: 例えば、3代家光夫人･鷹司孝子は夫との仲が極めて険悪で、正式に「御台所」と称することのないまま、結婚後程なくしてその居所を本丸から中丸に移され、大奥の実権はもっぱら春日局らが握っていた。
English: The status was changed during the sixth Shogun Ienobu TOKUGAWA regime, because Ienobu valued and respected Motohiro KONOE, the father of his Midaidokoro, Teneiin, as an instructor of ceremony, and therefore, rites of the officers of the feudal government and O-oku were maintained.
Japanese: その立場に変化が現れたのは、6代将軍徳川家宣の時代で、家宣が、御台所･天英院の父･近衛基煕を儀礼指南役として重用し敬意を表した事で、幕府役人はもちろん、大奥の儀礼も整えられた。
English: As a result, Midaidokoro's position was consolidated, but during the Midaidokoro's absence for about 100 years, the previous Shogun's lawful wife or Shogun's children organized O-oku.
Japanese: それによって御台所の立場は不動のものとなったが、約100年もの間、御台所不在の期間が続き、その間は先代将軍の正室や将軍子女らが、大奥を主宰した。
English: Only the above six Midaidokoro were granted official court rank and only Sugenin, the second Shogun Hidetada TOKUGAWA's lawful wife delivered a successor.
Japanese: の6人だけで、世嗣となる子供を産んだのは2代徳川秀忠正室の崇源院だけである。
English: Midaidokoro entered into priesthood after their husbands died and moved from Honmaru to Nishinomaru to spend the rest of their lives to pray for the repose of their husbands' soul.
Japanese: 御台所は自らの夫が亡くなった場合は出家して本丸から退き、西丸に移って将軍の菩提を弔いながら余生を過ごした。
English: When a shogun told the name of a churo who suited his taste to the Otoshiyori (the lady who controlled the servants in O-oku), the bed was prepared at "Okozashiki" by that evening, and the churo was waiting for the shogun.
Japanese: 将軍が目に適った者の名を御年寄に告げると、その日の夕刻には寝間の準備をして寝所である「御小座敷」に待機していた。
English: If a churo working for a midaidokoro was appointed by the shogun, Otoshiyori to Shogun negotiated with the Otoshiyori to Midaikodoro and prepared the bed.
Japanese: 御台所付の中臈が将軍の目に適った場合は、将軍付御年寄が御台所付御年寄に掛け合って寝間の準備が行なわれた。
English: Churo who slept with the shogun were called "Otetsuki" (person who slept with a shogun) and, if she got pregnant and delivered a girl, she was called "Oharasama", and if she delivered a boy, she was called "Oheyasama", and then finally became a concubine.
Japanese: 寝間を終えた中臈は「お手つき」と呼ばれ、懐妊して女子を出産すれば「お腹様｣（おはらさま）、男子を出産すれば「お部屋様｣（おへやさま）となり、ようやく正式な側室となる。
English: Furthermore, if one's own son became an heir and Shogun, even concubines already entered into priesthood could have far more authority and power as the real mother of a shogun than Ama Midai (Midaidokoro entered into priesthood).
Japanese: さらに我が子が世子となり、やがて将軍ともなれば、落飾した側室でも将軍生母として尼御台（あまみだい、落飾した御台所）をはるかに凌ぐ絶大な権威と権力を持ち得た。
English: The fifth Shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA's real mother, Keishoin was the best example and she was granted juichii (Junior First Rank) during her lifetime as the first female of all time other than the females in the noble court.
Japanese: 五代将軍徳川綱吉の生母・桂昌院はその最たる例で、公家の女子を除いて存命中の女性としては史上空前絶後の従一位に叙せられている。
English: In the late Edo period, the concubines' position were the same as a jochu even if her child became the Shogun's heir, and only after her son became a shogun, she was treated very well as the closest relative of Okami (Shogun).
Japanese: 江戸時代後期になると、側室はたとえ我が子が将軍世子であっても自身の地位は一介の女中のそれと同等にとどまり、我が子が将軍になって初めてお上（おかみ、将軍）の最近親として礼遇された。
English: All jochu who received a salary from the government were called "O-oku jochu" and it is said that O-oku jochu were also in families into which the shogun's daughters married, and to whom the shogun's sons were adopted.
Japanese: ちなみに幕府から給金を支給されていた女中たちすべてを「大奥女中」と言い、実際には将軍家の姫君の輿入れ先や息子の養子先の大名家にも存在していたという。
English: Basically jochu were divided into two; one working for the Shogun, and the other was for Midaidokoro, but the name of the positions were almost the same.
Japanese: 女中は基本的に将軍付と御台所付の女中に大別されているが、役職名は殆ど同じである。
English: Posts given to oku jochu in the late Edo period were as below, but this varied depending on the period.
Japanese: 序列は時代によって異なるが、江戸時代後期の奥女中の役職は以下の通りであった
English: Jochu ranked from Joro Otoshiyori to Gobozu were allowed to see the Shogun and Midaidokoro, therefore they were upper rank jochu and called "Omemie ijo".
Japanese: 奥女中のうち、上臈御年寄から御坊主までがお目見え以上と言い、将軍と御台所への目通りを許されていた上級の女中たちである。
English: Allowance to jochu was mainly in kind like rice, gold, fuchi (monthly provided food), Yunoki (firewood for bath), Gosaigin (silver for buying miso [bean paste] and salt), oil and so on.
Japanese: 女中たちのお禄（手当）は主に切米、合力金、扶持（月々の食料）、湯之木（風呂用の薪）、五菜銀（味噌や塩を買うための銀）、油などの現物が多かった。
English: However, this was a public position, so females from rich townspeople were sent out to O-oku to learn manners in the later period.
Japanese: しかしそれも建前で、時代が下るにつれて裕福な町人出の女性が「行儀見習い」目的に奉公に上がることが多くなる。
English: At first, townspeople needed an intermediary like relatives, acquaintances or senior jochu, or roundabout maneuvering or procedures like adopting their daughters to hatamoto to send them to O-oku.
Japanese: 町人の場合、初めの頃こそは親戚や知り合いの先輩女中の口利きを頼ったり、旗本や御家人の家へいったん養女入りしたりという、迂遠な根回しや手続きを経て大奥入りした。
English: However, once the financial strength reversed between samurai and townspeople completely, it was not uncommon that hatamoto and gokenin proposed adoptions with dowries.
Japanese: しかし後代になって武士と町人の経済力が完全に逆転すると、今度は旗本や御家人の方から持参金付き養女縁組みの話を持ちかけくることも珍しくなくなっていった。
English: There are many scenes in novels, stages, movies and dramas set in O-oku introducing "I am XX, a head of O-oku".
Japanese: 大奥を舞台にした小説・舞台・映画・ドラマなどでよく登場するのが、「大奥総取締・〜〜にござりまする」というあの場面。
English: Head of O-oku tend to be considered the essential posts in O-oku, however, actually such posts did not exist in O-oku.
Japanese: このため「大奥総取締」は大奥を語る上での不可欠な役職だと思われがちだが、実はそうした名称の役職は大奥に存在しなかった。
English: Because there were ladies who were given the authority to manage all the inner workings of the house in O-oku in this time.
Japanese: 大奥にはどの時代にも奥向き一切を取り締まることを任された取締役の女性が存在したからである。
English: The scale of O-oku increased in later times, many posts were established and at the top of such posts were managers (umbrella administrator) like Joro Otoshiyori and Otoshiyori.
Japanese: 大奥は時代が下るにつれて規模が肥大化し、それに伴って数多くの役職が置かれていったが、その頂点に立つのが上臈御年寄や御年寄といった取締役（統括管理職）だった。
English: At first, O-oku was the Shogun's private residence and the Shogun had absolute authority in Edo-jo castle.
Japanese: しかしそもそも大奥とは将軍の私的な生活の場であり、将軍とは江戸城における絶対権威者である。
English: Even if O-oku determined the authority of the administrator as a rule, the authority given in O-oku depended on the Shogun's private opinion and the O-oku could not stop the Shogun giving authority to his favorite.
Japanese: いかに大奥が取締役の職掌を制度上定めたとしても、その実際の運用にあたっては結局のところ「お上のご寵愛」という、将軍個人の極めて私的な感情によって左右される要素が介在することを排除できなかった。
English: Therefore, sometime a wet nurse or concubine of the Shogun at that time were trusted to administer the inner part of the house based on the Shogun's absolute authority.
Japanese: したがって時代によっては、時の将軍が最も信頼する乳母や側室などが、その将軍の絶対権威のみを背景に、奥向き一切を取り仕切っていた場合もあったのである。
English: This happened across Osuzuroka, the political administration, although Tairo (chief minister) and roju (senior councilor) were assigned as chief governmental executives, the shogun's favorite sobayonin (lord chamberlain) administrated various government matters based on the Shogun's authority.
Japanese: これは御鈴廊下を隔てた表向きにおいて、大老や老中といった幕府の機構上の最高責任者がいても、時代によっては将軍が最も寵愛する御側用人がその将軍の権威のみを背景に幕政の諸事万端を司っていたことがあるのと同様である。
English: However, O-oku had been administrated by a lady who was in complete control and she was "virtual head of O-oku".
Japanese: しかし大奥はどの時代も「事実上の大奥総取締」というべき職掌を担った一人の女性によって統括されていた。
English: After Kasuga no tsubone died, Iemitsu ordered her to administrate the inner part of the house "as Katsuga no tsubone did".
Japanese: 春日局の死後、家光より「春日同様」に奥向きを取締まるよう命じられる。
English: Shogakko Rei (the order of primary school) was the imperial edict (order) to establish the elementary education system in modern Japan.
Japanese: 小学校令（しょうがっこうれい）は、日本の近代の初等教育制度を定めていた勅令（命令）である。
English: It was issued in 1886 to abolish the previous education order from Arinori MORI, Minister of Education and afterwards it was totally revised twice.
Japanese: 森有礼文部大臣の下、1886年（明治19年）にそれまでの教育令を廃して発布され、その後2回にわたって全面改正された。
English: It had been in effect for more than 50 years until Kokumin Gakko Rei (the order of elementary school, Imperial Edict No. 148 of the 16th year of Showa era) was issued to replace it in 1941.
Japanese: 1941年（昭和16年）に発布された国民学校令（昭和16年勅令第148号）にとって代わられるまで、50年以上効力を有した。
English: The one originally issued and the ones later revised were called the First Shogakko Rei, the Second Shogakko Rei, and the Third Shogakko Rei respectively.
Japanese: 最初に公布されたものと改正されたものを、それぞれを第1次小学校令、第2次小学校令、第3次小学校令と呼ぶ。
English: In no Kinshin refers to the close associates or the group of close associates of Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) who carried out Insei (rule by the retired emperor.)
Japanese: 院近臣（いんのきんしん、院の近臣）とは、院政を行う治天の君の側近及びその集団の事を指す。
English: Many of them were blood relatives of menoto (wet nurses) who served Chiten no kimi, or middle-class nobles who formerly served as Kokushi (also called Zuryo; provincial governors.)
Japanese: 治天の君に仕えた乳母の血縁者や、中流貴族の国司（受領）出身者が多かった。
English: However, as times went by, strife over authority arose among In no Kinshin, which was one of the causes of the Heiji War in 1159.
Japanese: だが、時代が下るにつれて院の近臣間でも権力闘争が起こり、1159年（平治元年）の平治の乱の一因となった。
English: After the mid Kamakura period when the promotion of benevolent rule became a subject of the Insei, practical middle rank nobles with full knowledge of laws, court rules, ceremony and decorums were often appointed as In no Kinshin.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期以後、徳政の推進が院政の課題となってくると、法律や有職に通じて実務に長けた中級貴族の登用が目立つようになった。
English: Court noble law is a legal system that was valid in the court noble society between the Heian period and the Edo period.
Japanese: 公家法（くげほう）とは、日本の平安時代から江戸時代にかけて、公家社会に通用していた法体系。
English: Governmental regulations of Imperial Court in the medieval period was basically a succession of provisions of ryo (administrative code) in the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes, and it seems that there was no profound structural change on the face.
Japanese: 中世の朝廷における官制は基本的には律令国家の令の規定を継承したものであり、表面上深刻な構造上の変化をなしていないように思われる。
English: However, due to changes of the court noble society itself, significantly different features from the system of the Japanese nation under the ritsuryo codes can be seen in its structure and in practical operation.
Japanese: しかし、公家社会そのものの変化に伴い、構造上あるいは実際的な運用上、律令国家とは大きく異なる特徴が見出される。