nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Usually, hosonaga given away by the Tokugawa shogunate was ordered by Yamashina family based on the entry of "Entairyaku" as aforementioned, there were cases whereby the Takakura family ordered a different specification based on this "Sunpo Shinhisho" from 1818 to 1829.
Japanese: 将軍家へ下賜の細長は通常山科家が、前述のように『園太暦』の記事に基づいて調進したが、文政年間には高倉家がこの『寸法深秘抄』に基づき、それまでと違う仕様で調進したこともあった。
English: While irome (color combination or design) of hosonaga the Yamashina family ordered was limited to kikkomon, what Takakura family ordered was moegi aoidachi yumon with beni hiraginu line and the white ninamusubi knot were pine tree and cranes expressed with a stitched flower knot.
Japanese: 色目も山科家調進が白い亀甲文綾に限ったのに対し、萌黄葵立涌文に紅平絹の裏をつけ、白い蜷結びの上には花結びで表現した松と鶴を縫い付けている。
English: Probably, the costumes described in "Entairyaku" and "Sunpo Shinpisho" were similar kind and small differences were made when the details were recorded due to differences from the point of view of those observing, and two different restored version of hosonaga were made as a result.
Japanese: おそらく『園太暦』と『寸法深秘抄』が記す装束は同じようなもので、記録するときの着眼点の違いによって記事に差が生じ、結果的に二つの復元案ができてしまったのであろうと思われる。
English: Further, as for baby swaddling hosonaga, there seems to be no difference between those for boys and girls.
Japanese: また、産着の細長については、男女による形態の差がなかったようである。
English: Although used in the late Muromachi period, it has reached it's present form only in the early modern age.
Japanese: 室町時代後期ごろから用いられたが、現在のようなかたちが一般的になったのは近世に入ってからである。
English: Moreover, it is structurally impossible to completely tie the mae-migoro (front main panel), thus it is characterized by a cord used to tie in the front.
Japanese: また、前身頃を完全にうち合わすことが構造的に不可能であり、前を紐で結ぶ点も特徴である。
English: This string might be sewn into the cloth and made of the same fabric as the haori coat, however generally, there is a special braided cord (haori cord) attached to a small circular cloth or metal fitting called 'chi' (nipple).
Japanese: この紐は羽織の生地と共布で縫いつけてある場合もあるが、通常は「乳」（ち）と呼ばれる小さな環状の布地もしくは金具に、専用の組み紐（羽織紐）を装着して使用する。
English: However, nowadays, it is commonly held together with S-shaped metal fittings.
Japanese: しかしながら、現在ではS字状の金具を介して引っかけて使うことが多い。
English: From the Shoku-Ho Era, it was worn by Sengoku warlords forprotection against the cold in the battlefield. The coat was worn on top of the armor.
Japanese: 織豊時代から戦国武将に戦場での防寒着として鎧の上から陣羽織が着用されるようになった。
English: It was ranked under hitatare (samurai's large square-cut coat with cord laced sleeve edges) for seeing the shogun, daimon (daimyo's formal costume consisting of wide sleeved jacket with family crests), suo (formal middle rank dress, usually including jacket and hakama) and kamishimo (a sleeveless upper garment; formal occasion attire consisted of "upper and lower"), which is also said to be a uniform for the samurai class, and eventually was treated as casual clothing.
Japanese: 服装の順位としては将軍へのお目見えの時に使う直垂・大紋・素襖（すおう）、士分の制服とも言える裃より下にランクされる物で、普段着の扱いであった。
English: Nowadays, seldom do people in general wear a kamishimo except for festivals or costume plays.
Japanese: 現在一般人が裃を着用することは祭りやコスプレでもない限り滅多になくなった。
English: However, it has a peculiar tailoring in that a silk gauze is used for the fabric, the string is sewn on the cloth, and gathers are attached at the waist portion.
Japanese: しかし、生地に絽を用い、紐は地に縫いつけ、腰の部分に襞をとってあるなど、独特の仕立てになっている。
English: However, when the Edo period came, it was worn as formal dress by priests, doctors, painters, Confucian scholars, and tea ceremony leaders.
Japanese: しかしながら、江戸期に入って僧侶、医師、絵師、儒者、茶頭などの正装に定められた。
English: Because the haori coat originated as a military dress in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), hardly did women wear this during the Edo period, and Uchikake (long outer robe) was entirely used as women's jacket.
Japanese: 羽織は本来戦国時代_(日本)の軍装に由来するものであったから、江戸時代においても女性がこれを着ることはほとんどなく、女性用の上着としてはもっぱら打掛が用いられた。
English: The exception was the so-called Fukagawa geisha (Japanese professional female entertainer at drinking party); since about mid Edo period, the geishas in this region wore the haori coat, and this became a local specialty.
Japanese: 例外は、所謂深川芸者で、江戸中期ごろからこの地域の芸者は女であるにもかかわらず羽織を着ていることが名物となっていた。
English: However, this became generally widely worn only after Meiji Era.
Japanese: しかしながら、これが一般にひろく用いられるようになってゆくのは明治期以降である。
English: Probably because of such origins, the uchikake, which was originated and developed as coat to protect against the cold, it is still used nowadays even at wedding ceremonies, while the haori coat is not yet admitted as a formal dress for a woman (except for black haori with family crests, as described later).
Japanese: このような起源のためか、「防寒」という似たような用途が発祥の着物である打掛は今でも結婚式でも使われる女性の正装だが、羽織は未だに女性の正装として認められていない（但し後述する黒紋付羽織を除く）。
English: There has been a trend in the length of the woman's haori coat; from 1868 to 1926, a long haori coat extending down to the knees was popular, and around 1955, the short haori coat with the hidden belt became popular.
Japanese: 女性の羽織の丈には流行があり、明治時代～大正時代は膝下までの長羽織、昭和30年代には帯が隠れる程度の短い羽織が流行った。
English: Afterwards, because kimono was not worn in daily life, haori coats were not made.
Japanese: その後着物自体が日常に着られなくなったことから羽織は作られなくなっていた。
English: However, because of the antique kimono boom in recent years, the haori coat appeared and stole the limelight again.
Japanese: しかし、近年のアンティーク着物ブームにより、ふたたび羽織が脚光を浴びるようになった。
English: Although it is mostly black like the haori for men with family crests, it is a dyed coat with only one white family crest on the back side.
Japanese: 男性の紋付羽織のように黒一色であるが、背中側に石持ち（こくもち）家紋を一個だけ染めた物。
English: Since it has become formal attire when wearing it with any kimono, it is popular among housewives.
Japanese: どんな着物でもこれを羽織れば礼装となる、と言うもので主婦には重宝された。
English: Until around 1975, mothers in these haori coats attended entrance ceremonies or graduation ceremonies of their children, however, it declined in a flash, afterwards, and now is almost never seen.
Japanese: 昭和50年代までは学校の入学式・卒業式の付き添いの母親の制服的な存在であったが、その後一気に衰退し、現在は滅多に見ることがない。
English: During the Edo period, the plain colored all black fabric with five family crests was used as a ceremonial dress rather than a mourning dress, and it is thought that there was a region that spread the haori coat with a black family crest.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、黒一色で五つ紋が入った色無地は庶民の間では喪服ではなく礼服として使われていたので、黒紋付羽織が広まる土壌があったと考えられる。
English: Therefore, for a person who was dressed up well but behaved like hoodlum, the term 'Haori Goro' (Haori coat hoodlum) was used ("Shakai Hyakumenso" (100 Social Facets) by Roan UCHIDA and so on)
Japanese: このため、良い身なりをしていながらゴロツキのような行為をする者に対して「羽織ゴロ」という言葉が使われた（内田魯庵「社会百面相」など）。
English: Moreover, small newspapers in the pioneer days had social influence and they occasionally acted aggressive, thus the word 'Haori coat yakuza' was used by the press reporters.
Japanese: また、草創期の零細新聞社は、社会的影響力をもって脅迫まがいの行為を働くこともあったことから、新聞記者に対して「羽織ヤクザ」という言葉も使われた。
English: Whenever the 'hitatare' was mentioned in the noble society of the Heian period, it usually referred to 'hitatare-fusuma' (a futon (blanket) shaped like a kimono and stuffed with silk and cotton), similar to present day kaimaki futon (a comforter with sleeves)).
Japanese: なお、平安時代の貴族社会で「直垂」といえば、普通「直垂衾」（着物の形をした絹綿入りの布団。今のかいまき布団のようなもの）をさす。
English: Clothing that overlapped in front used from the Tumulus period was the origin of hitatare.
Japanese: 古墳時代の頃から着られていた、前で打ち合わせるタイプの衣料が基である。
English: In Kofun period (tumulus period), the haniwa (ancient burial clay figurines) shaped like a boy wore a top kimono that overlapped in front and had separate trouser-like clothing for the bottom.
Japanese: 古墳時代、男子をかたどった埴輪は上半身には前合わせの着物、下半身には別仕立てのズボンのような物を着用している。
English: However, clothing introduced from the continent became formal with the introduction of the political system based on the ritsuryo codes after the Asuka period, and were replaced by sokutai (formal male court clothing).
Japanese: しかし飛鳥時代以降、律令制の導入により、衣料も大陸伝来の物が正統とされるようになっていき、束帯に位置を取って代わられた。
English: It is believed it was used as a kimono for commoners and its shape changed while being influenced by kimono from the continent such as sokutai.
Japanese: その後は一般庶民の着物として、束帯など大陸からの着物の影響も受けて変化をしながら着られていた物と思われる。
English: The informal clothing of samurai (warrior class) started to be accepted as formal dress as the samurai class rose from the period of insei (the government of the cloistered emperor) by openly taking a role in politics.
Japanese: 院政の頃から武士が政治の表舞台に立つようになっていったが、この武士の平服であった直垂も武士の地位の上昇と共に正装として認められるようになっていった。
English: As the hitatare became formal and corrected in a dignified manner, the sleeve became bigger and hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine strips) reached down to the height of the ankle.
Japanese: 正装化と共に威儀を正すために袖は次第に大きくなり、袴もくるぶし丈まで長くなっていった。
English: It became customary to put the cord through the opening of the sleeve, which became bigger, to tie it up since it was in the way during a time of battle.
Japanese: 大きくなった袖は、いざ戦闘の際には邪魔になるため袖口に袖を絞る紐を通す慣例が始まった。
English: In addition, it became the norm to wear sokutai and noshi, which were the male kimono during the Kofun period and affected by the influence from the continent, with its top over the bottom kimono, but hitatare was worn tucking the top into the bottom kimono for it to be useful.
Japanese: また、古墳時代の男子着物や、大陸の影響を受けた束帯、直衣などは上半身の着物を下半身の着物の外に出して着るのが通例であったが、直垂は活動の便宜を図るため上半身の着物を下半身の着物の中に納めて着るようになった。
English: However, high class samurai such as a shogun did not wear hitatare, but wore suikan (everyday garment worn by commoners in ancient Japan) as a formal wear.
Japanese: ただし、将軍など高位の武士は直垂ではなく水干を正装として着用していた。
English: It is known from documents that court nobles below the middle class also wore hitatare as an informal dress at the end of Kamakura period.
Japanese: 中級以下の公家貴族もまた鎌倉後期には直垂を平服として着用するようになっていたことが、文献資料により知られる。
English: Hitatare began to be used as the informal dress of court nobles influenced by the lowering of the aristocratic social status due to disturbance of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)の動乱による貴族社会の地位の低下により、直垂は公家貴族の平服として着用されるようになる。
English: The sokutai, noshi, and kariginu (clothing worn originally for hunting) began to be worn depending on the need of performing events such as rituals.
Japanese: 束帯・直衣・狩衣などは、儀式などの必要に応じて着用するものになった。
English: It was limited to wearing just sokutai, ikan (clothes and a crown or hat), and noshi for the Sandai (court visit), but they referred to hitatare as 'shitasugata' (informally dressed) and incorporated it into the Sandai during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 参内には束帯・衣冠・直衣に限られたが、室町時代には直垂を「下姿」と称して参内に使用した。
English: This custom spread especially after the emperor temporarily moved to the Muromachi Palace due to the Onin War, but it was not permitted to enter the court of the emperor's palace in shitasugata, except for the Sekke (the family of Regent).
Japanese: 特に応仁の乱で室町殿に一時天皇が移ると、この習慣は広まったが、摂家などを除き、下姿の時は天皇の御殿に昇殿することは許されなかった。
English: Due to the restoration trend with the start of the Edo period, kariginu became popular once more and the custom of performing Sandai while wearing shitasugata disappeared.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると復古的風潮から公家社会では狩衣が再び盛行し、下姿での参内もなくなる。
English: On the other hand, daimon (formal costume of daimyo consisting of a wide sleeved jacket with family crests) and suo (formal middle rank dress, usually including a jacket and hakama) started to appear in response to social class differences within samurai.
Japanese: 一方で武士の中での階級差に対応するように直垂から大紋、素襖などが派生していった。
English: Especially for hitatare, only the Ashikaga clan, military governors, and retainers of provincial lords granted yakata (an honorific title) by bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) were permitted to wear it, and they were allowed to wear the lacquered hat of samurai with hitatare, and this was the period when there were restrictions on the wearing of hitatare.
Japanese: 特に直垂は幕府より屋形を許された足利一門や守護や国人の家臣に限り、侍烏帽子と直垂の着用が許されており、直垂の着用に制限が出来たのもこの頃である。
English: The hem sewn hakama was an example to give more room for height, but they did not sew it at the end of Muromachi period, and walked by stepping on a hem of the hakama, and this led to the modern naga-hakama (extra long hakama).
Japanese: くくりの袴は丈に余裕を持たす例であったが、室町後期頃にはくくりをせず、丈に余裕のある袴の裾を踏んで歩くことが起こり、近世の長袴につながった。
English: Even the sleeves of hitatare got in the way once entering the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), and something called kataginu (short sleevless garment made of hemp) was born.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)にはいると、直垂の袖すら邪魔となり肩衣という物が生まれた。
English: Due to the Edo bakufu, hitatare, daimyo, and suo became a kimono which could only be worn by high class bushi.
Japanese: 江戸幕府により、直垂、大紋、素襖は高位の武家しか着られない着物とされた。
English: The hitatare was allowed to be worn by samurai ranked at Shii (Fourth Rank) and above, but this applied to those where the high officials of bakufu appeared in great numbers, such as the powerful daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) in hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family, daimyo having a domain of one province or more, the Three families of the shogun, and the shogun himself.
Japanese: 直垂の着用が許されたのは四位以上の武士に限られたが、これはほぼ幕閣を輩出する有力譜代大名、国持大名、御三家、将軍に重なる。
English: As for colors, only the shogun was permitted to wear wine color, scarlet was worn by those above the rank of the Major Councillor, and light yellow and light green were considered to be kinjiki (prohibited colors) not permitted.
Japanese: また色も葡萄色（えびいろ）は将軍のみ使用、緋色は大納言以上のみ使用、浅黄色、萌黄色は使用禁止の禁色（きんじき）とされた。
English: In addition, there were restrictions covering the details on which occasion and what to wear, as genpuku (celebrate one's coming of age) or when performing new year greetings to the shogun.
Japanese: また着用できるシーンも元服や将軍に年始の挨拶をするときなど、事細かに限定された。
English: The length of hakama became remarkably long (naga-hakama) enough to the point of dragging and was not suited for activities.
Japanese: また、袴の長さが著しく長くなり（長袴）、引きずるほどとなって活動には適さない様式となった。
English: They used a thick gauze of woof called seigosha (sheer seigo - type of weaving) and various daimyo used cloth called seigo that was as thick as habutae (a smooth, glossy silk cloth with a fine weave).
Japanese: 将軍家は精好紗（透精好）という横糸の太い紗、諸大名は精好という羽二重の厚いような生地を用いた。
English: The sodekukuri (cord used to tie up the sleeve) was not laced up entirely like kariginu, but was attached in the form of a small ring underneath the sleeve and called it 'tsuyu' (dew).
Japanese: また袖くくりは狩衣のように全体に通すのでなく、袖下に小さな輪のようにつけて「露」と称した。
English: The various daimyo favored the woven color (a jewel beetle) which had different colored keii (length and breath threads) in order to avoid the usage of prohibited colors, and competed for astringent and elegant 'woven colors,' such as matsushige, woven with purple and green strings, mokuranji (lily magnolia) woven with purple and yellow strings.
Japanese: 諸大名は禁じられた色を避けるために経緯（たてよこの糸）の色を変えた織色（玉虫）を好み、紫と緑の糸で織った松重、紫と黄色で織った木蘭地など、渋く上品な「織色」に趣味を競った。
English: Some high class samurai used hitatare with short hakama informally and belongings left by the dead were present, but it was not according to a publically enforced system.
Japanese: 上級武家のなかには内々に短い袴の直垂も用いたようで、遺品もあるが、公的な制度にもとづくものではない。
English: The current kuge (court noble) society extremely limited the usage of hitatare, but it accompanied aya and kata-orimono (types of Japanese textile), which followed the pattern woven fabrics such as kariginu-ji (hunting outfit) when used, and hakama was kiri-hakama (short fringe hakama) (there is a tie up cord just as a formality), and it has a stringed sleeve just like kariginu.
Japanese: 近世の公家社会での直垂着用は著しく限られたが、用いるときは綾や固織物など、狩衣地に準じた紋織物を使用し、袴も切袴で（形式的なくくりをつけたものもある）、袖にも狩衣のようなくくりを通したものが多い。
English: The court noble society temporarily used hitatare frequently with the relaxation on laws for clothing at the time of the Meiji Restoration, and there were many belongings left by the dead during that period.
Japanese: 特に明治維新の頃は服制の緩和により公家社会でも一時さかんに使用され、そのころの遺品は少なくない。
English: One could see it being worn only within the world of traditional performing arts, but it came again into spotlight as the Japanese kimono worn by the groom opposite the bride, who wore juni-hitoe (traditional multi-layer court costume, literally, twelve-layered ceremonial kimono), in present day weddings.
Japanese: このように伝統芸能の世界でしか着用している姿を見ることが出来なかったが、ここ最近の結婚式における花嫁の十二単にたいし花婿が着用する和装として再び脚光をあびている。
English: In the Edo period, it was regarded as the utmost formal dress of the samurai without rank, because many town people with status also followed this practice, it is still used in the traditional Japanese theater and the festival and so on.
Japanese: 江戸時代には無官の武士の最礼装とされ、身分のある町人もこれに倣うことが多かったため、現在でも伝統芸能や祭礼などにおいて用いられることがある。
English: Although the origin is not clear, it is assumed that it originated in the cutting and the use of the sleeve of a hitatare during mid Muromachi period.
Japanese: その起源は明確ではないが、室町時代中期に直垂の袖を切って用いたことに発するとする伝承が江戸時代からある。
English: However, it seems at least around the time of the Onin War, it was a semi informal dress on the battlefield.
Japanese: しかしながら、遅くとも応仁の乱前後から一般化した戦陣の略礼服であったのではないかと思われる。
English: Afterwards, with the progressive opportunity during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) it had already become a semi informal dress even during peacetime from 1528 and 1554.
Japanese: その後、戦国時代(日本)の進取の機運にのって、享禄年間から天文(元号)年間頃にはすでに平時の略礼服としても用いられるようになった。
English: Then later, the gathers were taken into the kataginu (short sleeveless garment made of hemp) which skirt about the hem of mae-migoro (front area) is thin, and is worn, not overlapping, but with the skirt inside the hakama.
Japanese: やがて肩衣に襞を取り、前身頃の裾を細くして、打合せで着るのではなく、袴に裾を差込むかたちに変化した。
English: Afterwards, further widening of the shoulders' breadth became popular, and it became one foot in width from 1688 to 1703 and then settled down.
Japanese: その後、さらに肩幅をひろく取ることが流行し、元禄年間には幅一尺に至って、これが固定した。
English: Even nowadays, the two tailoring styles "straight line" and "clam" (sea gull) remain.
Japanese: 現在でも「一文字」と「蛤」（鴎）として両方の仕立てかたが残っている。
English: However, in view of the regulations seen in the "Yuki Code" that kataginu was to be made with hemp, it seems that cotton was also already been used in luxurious tailoring during the Warring States Period (Japan).
Japanese: しかし、『結城法度』に肩衣は麻を用いよとする規定が見られるところを見ると、戦国時代にはすでに木綿による贅沢な仕立てのものもあったらしい。
English: Since the Edo period, with the fabric becoming more deluxe, upper class samurai were generally wearing ryumon (cloth woven of thick silk thread).
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、素材の高級化はさらに進み、上士は龍紋（絹織物の一種）を用いることが一般的になった。
English: Moreover, from 1751 to 1763, kamishimo with small family crests became popular, and there was even a trend where feudal lords who visited the Edo-jo Castle competed for the elaborateness of their small family crests.
Japanese: また宝暦年間には小紋の裃が流行し、江戸城内で登城した大名たちが自国の小紋の精巧さを競う風潮も生まれた。
English: The positions of the family chests were originally hitatare (samurai's large square-cut coat with cord laced sleeve edges), back plate, both nipples, lower portion of hakama (where front and back are sewn together).
Japanese: 紋の位置は、直垂と同じく背、両乳、腰板、合引の五箇所が本来であった。
English: The kosode (small sleeves; the standard size kimono of today) put on below was decided to be noshime (a plaid kimono), or katabira (light summer garment) which status was distinguished by colors.
Japanese: 下に着る小袖は、江戸期には正式には熨斗目もしくは帷子（夏季）と定められ、色目にも身分差が設けられた。
English: Commoners wore it only on ceremonial occasions, but depending on the clan, whether one could wear it or not indicated the status of the village officers.
Japanese: 庶民は冠婚葬祭のみで着用したが、藩によっては着用の可否によって村役人の格として使われることもあった。
English: The hakama length of a kamishimo was extended to about 1.5 times the usual length and the hem was pulled up when worn.
Japanese: 裃の袴の丈を通常のものの1.5倍程度に伸ばし、裾を引きながら穿くようにしたもの。
English: When used as a costume in kabuki (traditional drama performed by male actors) and so on, it is about twice as long as a usual hakama for the purpose of presenting to the audience.
Japanese: なお、歌舞伎などの衣装に用いられる際は、見栄えの問題からふつうの袴の二倍ほどもあるものが使われる。
English: In traditional Japanese music, such as Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) or nagauta (long epic song with shamisen accompaniment), that developed among townspeople during the Edo period, kamishimo was used on the stage, at that time, was substituted by hanging a maedare (an apron) over the kataginu instead of wearing hakama.
Japanese: 浄瑠璃や長唄など江戸時代に町人のあいだで発達した邦楽では、舞台上で裃を用いるとき、袴を履かず、肩衣に前垂れを掛けることによって代用する。
English: It is a kimono of which the upper-body (kamishimo) and the lower-body (hakama) together are a set made of the same fabric, thus this is how the kanji character name originated.
Japanese: 上半身（肩衣）と下半身（袴）のセットで、共布で作られた着物であることが命名の起源である。
English: By the way, originally, the hemp kariginu of noble's servants of the same color as the hakama was called 'kamishimo' (top and bottom), and even in the Kamakura period, there was a male kimono called 'kamishimo.'
Japanese: ちなみに元来は貴族の従者の麻狩衣などと袴を同色で仕立てることを「上下」といい、鎌倉時代にも「かみしも」と言う男性用着物があった。
English: Sado (also known as chado) (Japanese tea ceremony) is the act of a ritual preparing and serving tea for guests.
Japanese: 茶道（さどう、ちゃどう）とは、様式にのっとって客人に茶をふるまう行為のこと。
English: SEN no Rikyu called it 'Suki no michi' (the way of enjoying elegance), 'Cha no michi' (the art of Tea) by Enshu KOBORI, and it was eventually called sado by the beginning of the Edo period (according to "Sawa Shigetsu shu" (a collection of GENPAKU Sotan's talks about tea) and "Nanporoku" (Southern Record)).
Japanese: 千利休は「数寄道」、小堀遠州は「茶の道」という語も使っていたが、やがて江戸時代初期には茶道と呼ばれるようになった（『茶話指月集』『南方録』など）。
English: It is considered to be a generalized art form that practices not only serving and drinking tea, but deals with the purpose of living, the way of thinking, religion, art of tea tools and art works placed in the tea room.
Japanese: ただ、茶をいれて飲むだけでなく、生きていく目的や考え方、宗教、茶道具や茶室に置く美術品など、広い分野にまたがる総合芸術とされる。
English: Currently, sado has the forerunning macchado (art of maccha (green powdered tea) ceremony) and the later senchado (art of sencha (simmered tea) ceremony), and it refers to the former if one mentions just about sado.
Japanese: 現在、茶道は先発の抹茶道と後発の煎茶道があり、単に茶道というと前者を指す。
English: What is considered to be the leader of tea is "Cha Jing" (The Classics of Tea) written by Lu Yu of Tang China (unknown - 804).
Japanese: 茶の大元に成っているものは唐の陸羽（？-804年）の書いた『茶経』と言われている。
English: He wrote in detail about the tea production process, drinking methods, and history and could be said that this is the bible of tea.
Japanese: この本には、茶の製法、飲み方、歴史などが詳しく書かれており、まさに茶のバイブルと言える書物である。
English: The tea at that time was semi-fermented tea resembling current oolong tea and it was brewed in just the right amount and drunk.
Japanese: 当時の茶は現代の烏龍茶に似た半発酵茶で、必要量のみを煎じて飲んだと考えられている。
English: Maccha, brought by Eisai, who spread the Zen sect of Buddhism, and Dogen, who brought it as a medicine, spread along with Zen during the Kamakura period and increased the concept of spiritual training.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に、日本に禅宗を伝えた栄西や道元によって薬として持ち込まれた抹茶が、禅宗の広まりと共に精神修養的な要素を強めて広がっていった。
English: During the Muromachi period, there was a gambling game called Tocha (tea competition), where participants were made to guess the tea brand and place of production developed from the game Tosui (water competition).
Japanese: 室町時代においては、飲んだ水の産地を当てる闘水という遊戯から、闘茶という、飲んだ茶の銘柄を当てる一種の博打が流行した。
English: In addition, genuine Chinese tea utensils called 'karamono' (things imported from China) were praised at that time, and it became popular among daimyo (feudal lords) to collect them in quantity and hold tea parties using these (this was called 'karamono suki' (the taste for karamono)).
Japanese: また、本場中国の茶器「唐物」がもてはやされ、大金を使って蒐集し、これを使用して盛大な茶会を催すことが大名の間で流行した（これを「唐物数寄」と呼ぶ）。
English: On the other hand, Juko MURATA forbid gambling and alcohol drinking at tea parties, and lectured on the importance of spiritual relationships between the host and the guest.
Japanese: これに対し、村田珠光が茶会での博打や飲酒を禁止し、亭主と客との精神交流を重視する茶会のあり方を説いた。
English: Wabicha was fully developed by Shoo TAKENO, who was one of the merchant class members in Sakai city, and his pupil, Rikyu SEN in Azuchi-Momoyama Period.
Japanese: わび茶はその後、堺市の町衆である武野紹鴎、その弟子の千利休によって安土桃山時代に完成されるに至った。
English: The wabicha of Rikyu spread even to the samurai class, and created pupils called Rikyushichitetsu (Rikyu's Seven Adepts), which consisted of Ujisato GAMO, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, Hyobu MAKIMURA, Kamon SETA, Shigenari (Shigeteru) FURUTA, Kenmotsu SHIBAYAMA, and Ukon TAKAYAMA.
Japanese: 利休のわび茶は武士階層にも広まり、蒲生氏郷、細川忠興、牧村兵部、瀬田掃部、古田重然、芝山監物、高山右近ら利休七哲と呼ばれる弟子たちを生んでいく。