nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The fifth Osaka Exhibition revealed its negative side of 'point of view of Imperialism'.
Japanese: そうした日本の博覧会に「帝国主義の視線」という博覧会の負の側面が見え始めたのが、第5回大阪博覧会であった。
English: This was because Japan started to gain self-pride as one of the world's powerful countries after winning the Sino-Japanese war.
Japanese: 当時の日本が日清戦争の勝利によって、世界の強国となったという自負を持ち始めたことが、その原因である。
English: The 'human exhibition' was conducted in Gakujutsu-Jinruikan (Academic Humankind Pavilion) and Taiwan Pavilion at the Osaka Exhibition.
Japanese: 大阪博覧会において、「人間の展示」は学術人類館と台湾館というパビリオンでなされた。
English: In "Fuzoku Gaho" (Manners and Customs in Pictures) no. 269 published in 1903, Gakujutsu-Jinruikan Pavilion was described as follows:
Japanese: 当時の資料『風俗画報』269号（1903年）によれば学術人類館は、以下のようなものであった。
English: On the other hand, Taiwan Pavilion, which had a richly-colored romon (two-storied gates) and yokuro (side structures), featured 15 sections such as farming, horticulture, and manners and customs.
Japanese: 一方台湾館は、極彩色の楼門及び翼楼をもった建築物であり、中では台湾に関し15部門（農業・園芸から習俗まで）の展示が行われた。
English: This was set up to make public the actual condition of Taiwan, which had already been colonized by Japan for nine years.
Japanese: これは当時日本の植民地となってすでに9年が経過していた台湾の実情を内外に知らしめるために設けられたのである。
English: Taiwan Pavilion was constantly set up in the subsequent exhibitions, and became a model for additional 'Colony Pavilions,' including Sakhalin Pavilion, Manchuria Pavilion, Takushoku (Colonizing) Pavilion and Korea Pavilion in accordance with increase of colonies.
Japanese: この台湾館は、その後の博覧会でも常に設けられるようになり、また植民地の拡大とともに増設されていった樺太館や滿洲館・拓殖館・朝鮮館といった「植民地パビリオン」のモデルとなった。
English: In Japan many people from southern and northern part visited the exhibition thanks to improved domestic transportation such as railways and ships, in addition, after the Sino-Japanese war more and more people in China and Korea wished to come Japan to study and those foreign students also visited the exhibition.
Japanese: 当時の日本は、鉄道や船舶の整備によって国内の移動が促進され、南北から多くの人が博覧会を観覧しにやってきていたし、また日清戦争後に起きた日本留学ブームによって、清国や朝鮮などからも来日した人々が大勢来場していた。
English: They simply admired what was exhibited and had no choice but to recognize the achievements of the Meiji restoration.
Japanese: 彼らは展示物に対し素直に賛嘆し、そこに明治維新の成果を認めざるを得なかった。
English: However their admiration was turned into a sense of opposition when they visited the Gakujutsu-Jinrui Pavilion and Taiwan Pavilion.
Japanese: しかし学術人類館と台湾館を前にして、日本への賞賛の念は反発へと変わっていく。
English: Because people from the regions where introduced in those pavilions strongly opposed to the exhibition and this became a diplomatic issue.
Japanese: 展示された地域からの激しい抗議により、博覧会は外交問題化していくことになった。
English: In Okinawa, the people opposed against the display of the prostitutes who were taken from Okinawa as 'Ryukyu Women'.
Japanese: 沖縄県からつれてきた遊女を「琉球婦人」として展示されていることに対し、地元では抗議の声があがった。
English: For instance, "Ryukyu Shinpo" dated April 11, launched a fierce campaign against it, claiming it was like 'seeing us equal to the Seiban tribe (Taiwan's indigenous people who were incorporated into the Han people) or the Ainu tribe."
Japanese: たとえば当時の『琉球新報』（4月11日）では「我を生蕃アイヌ視したるものなり」という理由から、激しい抗議キャンペーンが展開されたのである。
English: In particular, Chofu OTA, a media figure from Okinawa, led the protest movement, raising a chorus of complaints throughout Okinawa Prefecture, which put an end to the display of the Okinawa people.
Japanese: 特に、沖縄県出身の言論人太田朝敷が、抗議の中心となり、沖縄県全体に非難の声が広がり、県出身者の展覧を止めさせた。
English: At that time, the people in Okinawa were increasingly more conscious that those who lived in Okinawa, including Chofu OTA, were citizens of the Empire of Japan and are in the same ethnic group as the people on mainland Japan, so the protest was also meant to complain about being treated equally to the other ethnic groups.
Japanese: 当時の世情として太田朝敷や沖縄県民は、大日本帝国の一員であり本土出身者と同じ日本民族だとの意識が広まりつつあったため、他の民族と同列に扱うことへの抗議でもあった。
English: First of all, the students staying in Japan and the Qing consulate officials in Kobe who found out in advance by advertisements that the people of the Han race were to be displayed at Gakujutsu-Jinrui Pavilion protested against it, and the Japanese government cancelled the exhibition in response.
Japanese: まず宣伝によって事前に、学術人類館に漢民族の展示が予定されていることを知った在日留学生や清国在神戸領事館員から抗議をうけて、日本政府はその展示を取りやめた。
English: This was because it quickly became a diplomatic issue as the Imperial family and high officials had been invited from Qing before the opening of the Exhibition.
Japanese: 博覧会開催前に清国の皇族や高官を招待していたため、すぐに外交問題となったためであった。
English: A man taking opium and a woman with bound feet were to be displayed at Gakujutsu-Jinrui Pavilion.
Japanese: その学術人類館に「展示」される予定だったのは、阿片吸引の男性と纏足の女性であった。
English: This was because the students from Qing suspected that the Taiwanese women on display were actually from Hunan, China.
Japanese: 原因は、「展示」されている台湾女性が実際には中国湖南省の人ではないか、という疑いが清国留学生からかけられたためであった。
English: Those protest movement was directed to Japan in Meiji period that tried to make those regions symbol of 'barbarian'and Japan symbol of'civilization'.
Japanese: それらはその地域に「野蛮」という他者表象を与える一方で、「文明」日本という自己表象を構成しようとする明治日本への抗議であった。
English: It is not to be denied that Japan in Meiji period, which represented itself as being 'civilized', desired to assimilate into the powerful countries of Western Europe, and it has been pointed out that this attitude was discriminatory.
Japanese: 明治日本の「文明」日本という自己表象に、西欧列強との同化願望があったことは否定できず、その点で差別主義的であったことは夙に指摘されている。
English: However, those who opposed, such as in Okinawa and Qing, were not anti-discriminatory, as a matter of fact.
Japanese: しかし沖縄や清国といった抗議する側が反差別主義的であったかというと、実はそうではない。
English: For instance, Kaoru KINJO points out that while the display of the Okinawa people were successfully cancelled due to protest movement by residents in Okinawa, the exhibition of other ethnic groups continued to the last, and he insists "Even some of the people in Okinawa felt humiliated to have people from Okinawa displayed with other ethnic groups and they were also in a position to discriminate".
Japanese: たとえばこの事件に関して、金城馨は、沖縄県の人々の抗議により、沖縄県民の展覧中止が実現したものの、他の民族の展覧が最後まで続いた点に注目し、「沖縄人の中にも、沖縄人と他の民族を同列に展示するのは屈辱的だ、という意識があり、沖縄人も差別する側に立っていた」と主張している。
English: Also, the students from Qing lamented, saying, "India and Okinawa have already been lost countries, being slaves of Britain and Japan.
Japanese: また清国留学生たちも「インドや琉球はすでに亡国となり、イギリスと日本の奴隷となっている。
English: Korea used to be our vassal state, and now they are a protected state of Russia and Japan.
Japanese: 朝鮮はかつては我が国の藩属国であり、今やロシアと日本の保護国と成り下がっている。
English: The Javanese, the Ainu tribe and the Seiban tribe are all lowly races and no better than beasts.
Japanese: ジャワやアイヌ、台湾の生蕃は世界でも最低の卑しい人種であって禽獣に等しい。
English: Even if we Chinese are despised, why should we be treated in the same way as them?" (Issue No.2, 1903 of "Sekko-cho" ［monthly Chinese magazine］)
Japanese: 我々中国人が蔑視されるとしても、これらの民族と同列ということがあろうか」（『浙江潮』第2号、1903年）と悲憤慷慨している。
English: This suggests that the reason of their opposition was being treated equally to the other "barbarian" ethnic groups.
Japanese: このように、抗議の原点は「野蛮」な他民族とひとしなみに扱われることであったことがわかる。
English: This also reveals their desire to be equal to Japan and Western European countries by sharing a discriminatory view point of the same nature.
Japanese: そこには日本や西欧と同質の差別的視線を共有することで、同等の存在になりたいという願望が透けて見える。
English: These discourse of civilization vs. barbarianism as stated above involved not only Western Europe and Japan, but those regions discriminated by them.
Japanese: 以上のような文明／野蛮言説は西欧や日本ばかりでなく、それらから差別された地域をも取り込んで語られていた。
English: Both powerful and non powerful countries shared a mindset to accomplish fortifying their country by measuring the difference between being civilized and barbarian by comparison, and inciting a desire to minimize or expand the difference.
Japanese: 他者との比較を通じて文明／野蛮の差異を計測し、その差異を埋める／広げるという欲望を喚起することによって富国強兵を達成しようとする思想構造が列強諸国にも、非列強諸国にもあった。
English: It should have been very difficult to think and make statements from outside of the civilization vs. barbarianism logic when social evolutionism swept the world as the latest scientific theory.
Japanese: 社会進化論が当時先進的科学言説として世界を席巻していたさなかにあって、文明／野蛮言説の外から思考・発言することは非常な困難であったと言わねばならない。
English: It can be said that this played the role of reproducing discrimination while moving toward the goals of fortifying the country.
Japanese: それは富国強兵という目標を推進するとともに、差別の再生産を準備していたといえる。
English: Goken Undo refers to movement initiated during the Taisho Period by Kokumin (the people) and political parties to protect constitutional government.
Japanese: 護憲運動（ごけんうんどう）とは、大正時代に発生した立憲政治を擁護する国民や政党などの運動。
English: For the first Kensei Yogo Undo, see also the Taisho Coup.
Japanese: なお、第一次憲政擁護運動については大正政変の項目も併せて参照のこと。
English: Through the Meiji Period to the Taisho Period, the Japanese government was dominated by nine influential figures called Genro (elder statesmen).
Japanese: 明治時代から大正時代にかけて、日本の政治は元老と呼ばれる9人の実力者たちによって牛耳られていた。
English: These nine - Aritomo YAMAGATA, Kaoru INOUE, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Tsugumichi SAIGO, Iwao OYAMA, Kinmochi SAIONJI, Taro KATSURA, Kiyotaka KURODA and Hirobumi ITO - were the people who made a major contribution in the anti-shogunate movement at the end of the Edo Period
Japanese: この9人は江戸幕府を倒す討幕運動のとき功績を挙げた人物たちで、山縣有朋、井上馨、松方正義、西郷従道、大山巌、西園寺公望、桂太郎、黒田清隆、伊藤博文の9名のことである。
English: Although there was no legal provisions to stipulate it, these nine people had the authority to name a Prime Minister in accordance with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and they had developed the so-called Han-batsu Seiji (government dominated by cliques from the major han).
Japanese: 法的な規定は無かったが、大日本帝国憲法の下で首相を決定することができる権限を持っていた人物たちで、いわゆる藩閥政治を形成していた。
English: As the Meiji Period came to a close and the new Taisho Period began, the Japanese people came to have a strong desire for a more democratic government based on the constitutionalism and became critical of the Han-batsu Seiji.
Japanese: しかし明治時代が終わり、大正時代という新たな時代を迎えた国民は、このような藩閥による政治を批判し、憲法に基づく民主的な政治を望んでいた。
English: Amid this, in December 1912, Yusaku UEHARA, Minister of Army in the second cabinet of Kinmochi SAIONJI proposed to increase two divisions of army.
Japanese: そのような最中の大正元年（1912年）12月、第2次西園寺公望内閣の陸軍大臣・上原勇作が陸軍の二個師団増設を提言する。
English: Because of the rule that the Minister of Army must be served by military men on active duty, the SAIONJI Cabinet, unable to appoint an eligible successor, had no choice but to resign en block.
Japanese: 軍部大臣現役武官制により、後任の陸相を据えることができなかった西園寺内閣は、こうして内閣総辞職を余儀なくされてしまった。
English: The succeeding cabinet was formed by Army General, Taro KATSURA and it was his third cabinet.
Japanese: 西園寺の後継内閣には、陸軍大将の桂太郎が第3次桂内閣を組閣することとなった。
English: The people, however, considered that KATSURA's intention was to expand armaments, following the advice of Aritomo YAMAGATA, and this provoked an angry response towards the Hanbatsu Seiji from the people who wished for constitutional government, which led to the first campaign for defending constitutionalism under the slogan 'Down with cliques from the major hans and protect constitutional government.'
Japanese: 民衆はこれを、山県の意を受けた桂が陸軍の軍備拡張を推し進めようとしたものとみなし、国民も議会中心の政治などを望んで藩閥政治に反発し、「閥族打破・憲政擁護」をスローガンとする憲政擁護運動（第一次）が起こったのである。
English: Opposing the movement by KATSURA's cabinet, Yukio OZAKI of the Rikken Seiyukai Party (Friends of Constitutional Government Party) and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Rikken Kokumin-to Party (Constitutional Nationalist Party) cooperated with each other to form the Kensei Yogokai
Japanese: 立憲政友会の尾崎行雄と立憲国民党の犬養毅らはこれに反発し、お互いに協力しあって憲政擁護会を結成する。
English: On February 5, 1913, during the session of the Diet, the Seiyukai Party and the Kokumin-to Party jointly moved a vote of non-confidence against the KATSURA cabinet
Japanese: 大正2年（1913年）2月5日、議会で政友会と国民党が桂内閣の不信任案を提案する。
English: The news of the suspension of the Diet angered the people and some angry citizens went so far as to assault Diet members who had supported KATSURA.
Japanese: ところが停会を知った国民は怒り、桂を擁護する議員に暴行するという事件までが発生する。
English: Using an imperial edict as an excuse, he pressured Yukio OZAKI and his allies to withdraw the vote of non-confidence.
Japanese: 尾崎行雄らに対して詔勅を盾にして不信任案を撤回するように圧力を加えたのである。
English: Radical factions of the Kensei Yogo Group, however, held rallies in the Ueno Onshi Koen Park and on the streets in Kanda to bluntly criticize the KATSURA cabinet, and this event caused some of the citizens excited by the speeches at the rallies to throng to the Diet building.
Japanese: ところが過激な憲政擁護派らが上野恩賜公園や神田などで桂内閣をあからさまに批判する集会を開き、その集会での演説に興奮した国民の一部が国会議事堂に押し寄せるという事件を起こしたのである。
English: Under the circumstances, KATSURA, with an attempt to undermine the capability of the Seiyukai Party and the Kokumin-to Party, tried to respond to the incident by dissolving the Diet and calling a general election with the government's interference.
Japanese: このような中で、桂は議会を解散して政友会と国民党などの勢力を削ぐために、政府干渉による総選挙を行なうことで変事に対応しようとした。
English: However, being met with strong opposition from Ikuzo OOKA, the chairman of the House of Representatives, KATSURA was not able to dissolve the Diet and all he was able to do was to order the suspension of the Diet for another three days.
Japanese: ところが衆議院議長の大岡育造が議会の解散に猛反対したために解散させることができず、桂はひとまず、3日間の議会を停会を命じるだけであった。
English: On the other hand, the people, outraged by KATSURA's indecisive attitude, raided the Kokumin Newspaper company building and police stations.
Japanese: 一方、桂の煮えきらぬ態度に怒り狂った国民は、国民新聞社や警察などを襲った。
English: The Kensei Yogo Undo expanded from Tokyo to other parts of the nation including the Kansai area, where newspaper companies and houses of progovernment members of the Diet were also attacked, and developed into a series of anti-KATSURA cabinet riots all over the country.
Japanese: さらにこの憲政擁護運動は東京だけでは収まらず、関西などにおいても新聞社や議会の邸宅が襲われるなど、各地で桂内閣に反対する暴動が相次いだ。
English: With the wake of these riots, on February 11, the KATSURA cabinet had no choice but to resign en bloc.
Japanese: このような中での2月11日、桂内閣は総辞職を余儀なくされたのである。
English: During the period governed by the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, this was the only time that a cabinet was brought down by a popular movement.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法の下で、国民による運動で内閣が倒されたのはこのときだけである。
English: It is why the incident is called the Taisho Coup and the coup demonstrated the stalemate of the Han-batsu seiji as well as the swell of the popular movement calling for more democratic politics.
Japanese: そのため、このことは大正政変とも呼ばれ、藩閥政治の行き詰まりと民主政治の高まりを示すこととなったのである。
English: The KATSURA cabinet was succeeded by the cabinet of Gombei YAMAMOTO, a full Admiral from Satsuma domain (the first YAMAMOTO cabinet).
Japanese: 桂内閣の後に組閣したのは、海軍大将で薩摩藩出身の山本権兵衛（第一次内閣）であった。
English: With an attempt to avoid repeating KATSURA's folly, YAMAMOTO made concessions to political parties by easing the Military ministers to be officers on active-duty rule (the rule stipulated that only generals and lieutenant generals on the active could serve as ministers of the army and navy, however, in order to increase the political parties' influence over the military, Yamamoto opened these ministerial posts to military men on reserve duty and those on the second reserve duty as well.
Japanese: 山本は桂の二の舞を演ずることを避けるため、軍部大臣現役武官制を緩和（陸海軍の大臣は現役の大将・中将から出すこととなっていたが、山本は政党の軍部に対する影響を強めるために、予備役や後備役にまで拡大した）して政党に譲歩した。
English: By adopting a policy of reconciliation towards the people in this way, YAMAMOTO intended to stabilize the political situation).
Japanese: このようにして、国民に対して融和的な政治を執ることで政局の安定化を図っている。
English: Judging from this attitude of the succeeding cabinet, it is clear that the first Kensei Yogo Undo played a significant role.
Japanese: このような後継内閣の政策を見てもわかるように、第一次憲政擁護運動が成した意義は大きかったと言えよう。
English: The government based on political parties led by Takashi HARA and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI had a very short life of less than four years.
Japanese: 原敬と高橋是清によって政党内閣による政治が行なわれたが、それも4年足らずで終わった。
English: By the time, the people's movement calling for universal suffrage gained momentum day by day.
Japanese: さらにこの頃になると、国民の間では普通選挙権を求める運動が日増しに高まっていた。
English: Against such background, on December 27, 1923, an attempted assassination occurred where Prince Hirohito (who later became Emperor Showa) was sniped by a young man, Daisuke NANBA, a self-proclaimed communist, when the Prince was on his way to open the new Imperial Diet session, but fortunately he was unhurt (the Toranomon Incident).
Japanese: このような中での大正12年（1923年）12月27日、帝国議会の開院式に望んだ摂政裕仁親王（後の昭和天皇）が、自称共産主義者の難波大助という青年によって狙撃されるという事件が起こったが、幸いにして裕仁親王は無傷であった（虎ノ門事件）。
English: This incident, however, forced the second cabinet of Gonbei YAMAMOTO to take the responsibility and resign en bloc, and subsequently Keigo KIYOURA, Chairman of the Privy Council received an Imperial command to form a new cabinet.
Japanese: しかしこの事件により、第二次山本権兵衛内閣は責任を取る形で総辞職を余儀なくされ、代わって枢密院議長の清浦奎吾に内閣組閣の大命が下った。
English: In fact, the ministerial positions in the KIYOURA cabinet, except for Prime Minister and Army, Navy and Foreign Minister, were dominated by members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) and therefore the cabinet was a Chozen Naikaku (transcendental cabinet) that remained aloof from party politics.
Japanese: しかし清浦内閣は、総理大臣と外務陸海軍大臣を除く全ての閣僚が貴族院(日本)議員から選出されるという超然内閣であった。
English: By that time, the voices of the people calling for the revival of party politics and universal suffrage were growing bigger and bigger with each passing day, which again generated Kensei Yogo Undo among the people.
Japanese: この頃には国民の間で政党内閣の復活や普通選挙要求などが日増しに高まっていたこともあって、国民の間で再び憲政擁護を求める運動が発生した。
English: Unlike the first Kensei Yogo Undo, the second campaign was lacking in enthusiasm, involving no riots.
Japanese: ただし、第二次憲政擁護運動は第一次のように暴動が起こることもなく、それほど盛り上がることもなかった。
English: Some say that this was because in the first place, the KIYOURA cabinet had a role as a caretaker cabinet to administer the general election planned on May 10 next year and to serve for a limited period of time, so people thought it was only natural that such a short-term cabinet was dominated by members of House of Peers who were less political in order to keep the cabinet neutral.
Japanese: これは当時、清浦内閣を翌年5月10日に予定されていた総選挙施行のための期間限定の選挙管理内閣であり、中立性に配慮した結果、政党色のない貴族院議員が占めるのは仕方がないとする見方もあったからである。
English: In fact the second Kensei Yogo Undo was mainly spearheaded by Takaaki KATO of the Kenseikai Political Party and Tsuyoshi INUKAI of the Kakushin Kurabu Party who jointed forces to bring down the KIYOURA cabinet by openly criticizing it, which was overly low-profile campaign compared to the first Kensei Yogo Undo.
Japanese: 憲政会の加藤高明と革新倶楽部の犬養毅が、清浦内閣を批判してその打倒を進めるという、第一次と較べるとあまりにも小規模な運動に過ぎなかったのである。
English: On January 15, 1924, in responding to a call from KATO and INUKAI, Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the president of the Rikken Seiyukai Party determined to join them in their efforts to overthrow the KIYOURA cabinet.
Japanese: 大正13年（1924年）1月15日、立憲政友会総裁の高橋是清も、加藤や犬養に呼応して清浦内閣打倒を決断する。
English: In those days Seiyukai Party was the leading party in the House of Representatives, holding 278 seats, and TAKAHASHI was among supporters of the KIYOURA cabinet at first.
Japanese: この頃、政友会は衆議院で278名の議席を取る第一党であり、高橋も当初は清浦内閣を支持していた。
English: However, TAKAHASHI rather supported the cabinet because he thought the KIYOURA cabinet was believed to be in power for only a limited period of time and feared that if the incumbent cabinet lost support in the House of Representatives, it might increase risks of radicalists including socialists gaining momentum.
Japanese: しかしそれは、半年間の期限付の内閣であると見なされていたこと、清浦内閣を支持する勢力が衆議院でいなければ社会主義者などの過激な運動が高まる危険性を恐れてのことであった。
English: However, Takejiro TOKONAMI who opposed the idea of bringing down the KIYOURA cabinet in collusion with Tsuyoshi INUKAI and his allies left the Seiyukai Party together with 148 other anti-Seiyukai members and formed the Seiyu Honto Party.
Japanese: しかし床次竹二郎らが犬養らと結託して清浦内閣を倒すことに反対し、床次らは政友会の反対派148名を集めて政友会を脱党して政友本党を結成する。
English: Since the member of the Seiyu Honto Party (148 people) outnumbered 130 members who remained with the Seiyukai Party, the Seiyu Honto Party became the dominant party in the House of Representatives and continued to support the KIYOURA cabinet.
Japanese: この政友本党は政友会に残った130名を凌ぐ148名であったことから、第一党となって清浦内閣を支持したのである。
English: On January 18, in the same year, with the assistance of Goro MIURA, Takaaki KATO, Korekiyo TAKAHASHI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI gathered at the house of MIURA and, through discussion, agreed to jointly form the Goken Sanpa (three groups supporting the constitution) and to work together towards the common goal of bringing down the KIYOURA cabinet and establishing a cabinet based on political parties, adhering to the basic principle of constitutionalism.
Japanese: 同年1月18日、三浦梧楼の斡旋によって三浦邸に集まった加藤高明・高橋是清・犬養毅らは互いに協力しあって護憲三派を結成し、「清浦内閣を倒して憲政の本義に則り、政党内閣制の確立を期すこと」で互いに合意した。
English: The members of the Goken Sanpa led by KATO and others organized a vigorous campaign to gather popular support by addressing to the public at rallies they held in the Kansai Region to call for a constitutional government.
Japanese: さらに加藤ら護憲三派は、関西で憲政擁護大会を開いて演説を行なうなどして国民からの支持を呼びかけるなど、盛んに運動する。
English: In addition, the fact that KIYOURA gave 3 out of 10 ministerial positions to the members of the House of Peers who belonged to the same faction as KIYOURA used to belong to, namely the Kenkyukai (Study Association) also triggered mounting criticism from among other political groups too.
Japanese: 加えて貴族院では清浦がかつて所属していた研究会_(貴族院)の議員を閣僚10人中3人も入閣させるという「論功人事」を行ったことに対する他会派からの批判が湧き起こっていた。
English: Due to these series of anti-cabinet movement, on January 31, the KIYOURA cabinet without waiting till the end of its term, dissolved the Diet and attempted to bring about a solution by calling a general election.
Japanese: このため、これら一連の動きなどから、1月31日清浦内閣は衆議院の任期満了を待たずに議会を解散して総選挙を行なうことで白黒をつけようとした。
English: This movement of the KIYOURA cabinet was seen by the people as going beyond its original role of the caretaker government and demonstrating its true intention of extending its own life with the support of the Kenkyukai and Kenseikai Party, and hardened the people's heart against the cabinet.
Japanese: これは本来の選挙管理内閣としてのあり方を逸脱して、研究会と政友本党の支持を背景に長期政権化を狙ったものとされて、世論の硬化を招いた。
English: This is why the dissolution of the Diet came to be called 'the Disciplinary Dissolution' or 'the KIYOURA Coup'.
Japanese: このため、この解散は「懲罰解散」ないし「清浦クーデター」の名称で呼ばれるようになる。
English: In addition, the Great Kanto Earthquake in the previous year had damaged the electoral register and therefore the election was postponed till May 10, which was the original date of the expiration of the cabinet's term.
Japanese: さらに前年の関東大震災による選挙人名簿の損傷によって投票日が当初予定通りの5月10日に延期された。
English: During the period leading up to the election the KIYOURA cabinet occasionally attempted to disrupt the election campaign of the Goken Sanpa, which enraged the people of all social classes.
Japanese: その間に清浦内閣が護憲三派の選挙運動の妨害を図ったことから、国民各層の憤激を招いた。
English: As a result of the 15th general election of the House of Representatives on May 10, 286 candidates were elected to the House from the Goken Sanpa (151 from the Kenseikai Party, 105 from the Seiyukai Party and 30 from the Kakusin Kurabu.)
Japanese: そして5月10日に行なわれた第15回衆議院議員総選挙の結果、護憲三派からは286名（憲政会151名。政友会105名。革新倶楽部30名）らが当選する。
English: On the other hand, the Seiyu Honto Party that supported the KIYOURA cabinet only won 109 seats, which meant a landslide victory of the Goken Sanpa
Japanese: これに対して清浦内閣を支持していた政友本党は109名が当選したにとどまり、護憲三派の圧勝に終わった。
English: In June, the KIYOURA cabinet was brought down at last and Takaaki Kato, the leader of the leading party received a mandate to form a new cabinet.
Japanese: そして6月、遂に清浦内閣は倒れ、第一党の加藤高明に内閣組閣の大命が下った。
English: KATO formed a coalition cabinet of the Goken Sanpa, inviting two members from the Seiyukai Party and one member from the Kakusin Kurabu to participate in the cabinet.
Japanese: 加藤は、政友会から2名、革新倶楽部から1名を加えた護憲三派内閣を組閣する。
English: The second Kensei Yogo Undo was not a popular movement but was rather spearheaded by political parties and the scale of the campaign was far too modest compared to that of the first Kensei Yogo Undo.
Japanese: 第二次憲政擁護運動は、国民からの運動ではなく政党からの運動であり、その規模も第一次と較べるとあまりに小規模であった。
English: Tatsukichi MINOBE, an advocate of the emperor-as-organ theory, however, valued the second Kensei Yogo Undo highly, and commented 'you feel as though you were finally beginning to see a shaft of sunlight after the long rainy season.'
Japanese: しかし天皇機関説を唱えた美濃部達吉は、「長い梅雨が明けて、かすかながらも日光を望むことができたような気持ち」と、この運動を高く評価している。