nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There are two types of dual-occupation cases; cases where the 'head of a family' holds dual occupations and cases where the 'family' holds dual occupations, and in the latter cases the head of a family who has know-how for farming is engaged in agriculture and the other members including his/her children and grandchildren gain an income from another occupation.
Japanese: 兼業には「世帯主」の兼業と「世帯」の兼業があるが、世帯の兼業では農業ノウハウを持った世帯主が農業に従事し、それ以外の子や孫が他業種で収入を得る。
English: In these cases farmers cannot pass on their agricultural know-how to their children or grandchildren, so no generation change in farming occurs, farmers grow older and at last they give up farming.
Japanese: 世帯の兼業では子や孫に農業ノウハウが受け継がれないので、営農者の世代交代が進まず、営農の主体が高齢化し、最終的に営農放棄となる。
English: In cases where the family holds dual occupations, the possibility of abandonment of farming is relatively low, because the method of agricultural management and household know-how are passed on to successors in the course of operating farming.
Japanese: 世帯主の兼業では、兼業しながらの営農法や家計ノウハウが受け継がれるため、営農放棄に至る確率は比較的低い。
English: Tanada has so small a cultivated area that it is difficult to introduce 'large' agricultural machines.
Japanese: 棚田は1つの田当たりの耕作面積が小さく、「大型」農業機械の導入が困難である。
English: However, it is possible to introduce 'small' agricultural machines by building roads to or between rice terraces.
Japanese: しかし、棚田まで、あるいは棚田間に舗装された道路を通すことで、「小型」農業機械の導入は可能である。
English: Generally, 'small' machines, which are less effective, are more difficult to share because every farmer in a village starts the same farm operation at the same time.
Japanese: 一般的に、1つの集落では同時期に同じ農作業が重なってしまうため、効率の悪い「小型」の方が集落全体での共有化が難しい。
English: In the case of Tanada, however, the timing of farm operations differs slightly between the upper part and the lower part of a mountain, so it is easier to share agricultural machines than in lowland villages.
Japanese: しかし、棚田は山の上と下で農作業時期が微妙に違うため、平地の集落に比べて農業機械の共有化がし易い。
English: Previously agricultural cooperatives (financial sector) were encouraging the introduction of agricultural machines to individual households for the purpose of increasing the amount of loan outstanding, but they have begun to shift their lending to collective ownership of machines which accompanies less credit risk, and such a shift is bringing about a change in the agricultural system in connection with Tanada.
Japanese: 今まで農業協同組合（金融部門）は、貸付残高を増やすために戸別の農業機械導入を進めていたが、貸付リスクの少ない共有化に貸付の方向を変えており、棚田の農業システムに変化が起きている。
English: Cultivated fields very similar to Tanada can be seen in almost all the rice-cropping mountains around the world.
Japanese: 世界各国で、米作を行っている山間地域には、ほぼ棚田のような耕作地を見ることができる。
English: Rice terraces in Yunnan Province of China, Vietnam, the Kingdom of Thailand, Nepal, Indonesia and Philippines are especially well-known.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国の雲南省、ベトナム、タイ王国、ネパール、インドネシア、フィリピンの棚田は特に有名である。
English: Furthermore, Tanada located in the central mountainous region of the Philippines (the Luzon Island) are said to be the largest in the world.
Japanese: またフィリピンの中央山岳地帯(ルソン島)にある棚田は、世界最大とも言われている。
English: This region was designated a World Heritage Site (cultural heritage) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1995, as a group of rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras.
Japanese: この地域は、1995年にフィリピン・コルディリェーラの棚田群として国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産（文化遺産）に登録されている。
English: The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries selected the 100 best rice terraces in Japan for the purpose of promoting tourism, because the ministry determined that it was difficult to maintain rice terraces only through agricultural revenues and dual occupations.
Japanese: 農林水産省は、農業収入や兼業のみでの棚田の維持が難しいと考え、観光地化を目的とした日本の棚田百選を選定した。
English: The 100 best, which was published on July 16, 1999, includes Tanada in 134 areas of 117 municipalities all over Japan.
Japanese: 1999年7月16日に発表された百選には、全国117市町村・134地区の棚田が選ばれている。
English: The 100 best includes rice fields which look very like 'Tanada,' being located on a slope steeper than one twentieth, so it is expected that the Japanese traditional method of agricultural management is inherited in those rice fields, but actually mechanization is under way.
Japanese: 百選には、傾斜度が20分の1よりも急で、いかにも「棚田」と思えるような場所が選ばれており、日本古来からの営農法が受け継がれていると考えがちであるが、実際は機械化が進んでいる。
English: However, selected as a 'tourist spot,' the farming villages have been transformed into a venue for traditional agricultural experiences such as rice transplanting and harvesting, or a venue for 'green tourism.'
Japanese: しかし、「観光地」として選ばれたため、田植え体験や稲刈り体験など、古来からの農業体験をする場、または「グリーンツーリズム」の場として、農村の形態は変化している。
English: The 'sake-making owner project,' in which the participants planted rice for brewing sake in Tanada, was started on April 23, 2006.
Japanese: 2006年4月23日-棚田に酒米を植える「酒づくりオーナー企画」が始まった。
English: Seedlings are made into refined sake called 'Tanada no mai' (Dance in the rice terrace) by a brewery called 'Fusa no mai' (Dance of Bunches) and provided to the owners.
Japanese: 苗は「総（ふさ）の舞」で清酒「棚田の舞」となってオーナーに渡される。
English: The owners deepen exchanges through rice transplanting, mowing, harvesting, production of guinomi (Japanese sake cup) and a tour of the sake brewery.
Japanese: 田植え、草刈り、稲刈り、ぐい飲みつくり、酒造工場見学根戸で交流を深める。
English: 810 abandoned rice fields (2.4 hectares) have been restored in the restoration project since 1993.
Japanese: 1993年（平成5年）からの復元事業で耕作放棄田の810枚（2.4ha）が復元された。
English: The number of rice terraces, including 530 rice fields cultivated by local farmers (4.6 hectares), total to 1,340 (7 hectares).
Japanese: 地元農家が耕作する530枚（4.6ha）と合わせた棚田は1,340枚（7ha）。
English: They are on a very steep slope with a gradient of 1/4 (a one-meter elevation per four meters of horizontal length; about 14 degrees) and the difference of elevation between the highest rice field and the lowest one is no less than 100 m.
Japanese: 四分の一勾配（水平距離4m行って1m高くなる≒14度）という急傾斜で、上の田から下の田までの標高差は100mもある。
English: It is said that there were 2,240 rice fields according to a cadastral register prepared in 1601.
Japanese: 1601年（慶長6年）の検地帳には2,240枚あったと書かれているという。
English: Senmaida hozonkai organized by the residents of Maruyama Village and Kiwa Furusato Kosha are engaged in maintenance and management of Tanada.
Japanese: 棚田の維持・管理は丸山集落住民による千枚田保存会と財団法人紀和町ふるさと公社が関わっている。
English: The villagers, members of Senmaida hozonkai and owners of Tanada (517 people in 113 groups) participate in agricultural tasks.
Japanese: 農作業は、集落住民と守る会会員、棚田オーナー（113組・517人）が参加する。
English: The total extension of the stone wall built with about three million stones is approximately 120 km.
Japanese: 約300万個の石で積み上げられた石垣の総延長は約120キロメートルに及ぶ。
English: The Kyoto school is a school of philosophy formed by Kitaro NISHIDA, Hajime TANABE, and philosophers learned from these two, while a group featured interdisciplinary research centered on Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is called New Kyoto school to distinguish it from the Kyoto school or school of philosophy.
Japanese: 京都学派（きょうとがくは）とは、一般に西田幾多郎と田辺元および彼らに師事した哲学者たちが形成した哲学の学派のことを指すが、京都大学人文科学研究所を中心とした学際的な研究を特色とした一派も、京都学派、あるいは哲学の京都学派と区別するために、新･京都学派とも称する。
English: Its detailed definition varies depending on the country/scholar and is an active research target in many countries of the world even now.
Japanese: その詳細な定義は国や研究者によって異なり、未だに世界各国で盛んな研究の対象となっている。
English: The main members are Kitaro NISHIDA, Hajime TANABE, Seiichi HATANO, Keiji NISHITANI, Shin-ichi HISAMATSU, Yoshinori TAKEUCHI, Shizuteru UEDA, and others.
Japanese: 主なメンバーとしては、西田幾多郎、田辺元、波多野精一、西谷啓治、久松真一、武内義範、上田閑照らが挙げられる。
English: They held the position of Nishida philosophy expressed in "A Study of Good" and other books which aimed at the integrity of Western philosophy and Eastern ideology and searched how they could inwardly make terms with Western philosophy not just simply to accept it in Japan, eastern, but westernized.
Japanese: 西洋哲学と東洋思想の融合を目指した『善の研究』などで表される西田哲学の立場に立ち、東洋でありながら西洋化した日本で、ただ西洋哲学を受け入れるだけではなくそれといかに内面で折り合うことができるかを模索した。
English: However, the position to reevaluate the East and search for it's own identity gradually approached the Great East Asian idea, "the West is a dead-end and the East should be the center."
Japanese: しかしながら東洋の再評価の立場や独自のアイデンティティを模索することは次第に「西洋は行き詰まり東洋こそが中心たるべき」との大東亜思想に近づくこととなった。
English: Moreover, apart from the above, a group which frequently held collaborative research in the Institute for Research in the Humanities, Kyoto University, and actively held discussions after the war is also called the Kyoto school, but is not directly related with the above Kyoto school.
Japanese: また、上記とは別に戦後京都大学人文科学研究所（京大人文研）にて頻繁に共同研究会を開き、活発な討論を行っていた一派も、京都学派と呼ばれるが、上記の京都学派とは直接の関係はない。
English: Especially noted people in this side are Shigeki KAIZUKA, Zenryu TSUKAMOTO, and Akira FUJIEDA in East Asian history, Kojiro YOSHIKAWA in Chinese literature, Takeo KUWABARA in French literature, Sasuke NAKAO in botany, and Kinji IMANISHI who achieved the results widening from ecology to anthropology.
Japanese: こちらは東洋史学の貝塚茂樹、塚本善隆、藤枝晃、中国文学の吉川幸次郎、フランス文学の桑原武夫、植物学の中尾佐助、生態学から人類学にまたがる成果を挙げた今西錦司らが特に著名である。
English: As inferable from these members, the activity range of this Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, is interdisciplinary from narrow cultural science to natural science and IMANISHI also called his own academic field Physica.
Japanese: この顔ぶれからも推察されるように、この京大人文研の活動範囲は狭義の人文科学から自然科学の領域にまでまたがった学際的なもので、今西は自らの学問領域を自然学とも称した。
English: Moreover, Tadao UMESAO who moved the stage to the National Museum Ethnology (ecology to ethnology and anthropology), Takeshi UMEHARA (philosophy) who made an effort to establish an International Research Center for Japanese Studies, and others are also included in this Kyoto school.
Japanese: また、国立民族学博物館へと活躍の場を移した梅棹忠夫（生態学→民族学・人類学）や、国際日本文化研究センターの設立に尽力した梅原猛（哲学）らも、この京大人文研の京都学派に含める。
English: The Kyoto school in the area of East Asian history is part of the Kyoto school in the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, but older and founded by Konan NAITO.
Japanese: 東洋史学分野における京都学派は、京大人文研の京都学派の一角をなすが、より古く、内藤湖南を創始者とする。
English: It includes a group of scholars for East Asian history in Kyoto University line, such as Ichisada MIYAZAKI, Kiyoyoshi UTSUNOMIYA, Kenji SHIMADA, Yoshio KAWAKATSU, Michio TANIGAWA, and others.
Japanese: 宮崎市定、宇都宮清吉、島田虔次、川勝義雄、谷川道雄らの京都大学系の東洋史学者の一派を指す。
English: That is, they developed research on Chinese history focusing on the method dividing the historical ages into four, namely, ancient times up to the Qin and Han dynasties, middle ages up to the Wei and Jin periods in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Sui and Tang periods, recent times from the Northern Song Dynasty and later, and modern times from the Opium War and later.
Japanese: すなわち、秦漢時代までを上古（古代）、魏晋南北朝時代隋唐時代を中世、北宋以降を近世、アヘン戦争以降を近代とする四時代区分法を中心に中国史の研究を展開した。
English: After World War II, they fiercely debated with the Tokyo school that had a method of dividing the historical ages based on a materialist view of history by the Historical Science Society of Japan headquartered in Tokyo University.
Japanese: 第二次大戦後には、東京大学に本拠を置く歴史学研究会の唯物史観を基にした時代区分法（東京学派）との間で激しい論争が行われた。
English: The school for Study of the Constitution centered on Soichi SASAKI, Yoshio OISHI, Teruya ABE, Koji SATO (constitutional scholars), and others.
Japanese: 佐々木惣一、大石義雄、阿部照哉、佐藤幸治(憲法学者)らを中心とした憲法学の学派。
English: They were characteristically oriented towards legal analysis against political analysis by schools centered in Tokyo University.
Japanese: 東京大学を中心とする学派の政治学的解釈に対する法律学的解釈を志向するなどを特色とする。
English: Suigun is the traditional armed forces on the water in the countries in East Asia where Chinese characters are used.
Japanese: 水軍（すいぐん）は、東アジアの漢字文化圏における伝統的な水上兵力の称である。
English: It is equivalent to the navy in the modern West, but in suigun in the East, forces on rivers and lakes, too, played a large part.
Japanese: 西洋・近代の軍事における海軍に相当するが、東洋の水軍においては河川や湖沼における水上兵力の比重も大きい。
English: The grouped or organized suigun is called funato, kegoshu or kaizoku-shu (pirates).
Japanese: 集団化・組織化すると、船党、警固衆（けごしゅう）、海賊衆などの呼称もある。
English: In Japan, which is an island nation, from ancient times kaimin who lived in the coastal area flourished as armed forces on the water as well as in Korea.
Japanese: 島国日本では隣国の朝鮮と同様に、古代から沿海部に居住する海民が水上兵力として活躍した。
English: During the period of the Yamato dynasty, it is the marine clans such as Azumi clan, Amabe clan, and Tsumori clan that supported Japan's suigun.
Japanese: 古代ヤマト王権の時代には、日本の水軍を支えたのは安曇氏（あずみべ）や海人部（あまべ）、津守氏といった海の氏族たちであった。
English: Therefore, the large gozoku (local ruling family) like Ki clan along the Kino-kawa River that had natural bays in Seto Inland Sea and wood production areas in the backlands flourished with their own suigun.
Japanese: 紀の川流域の紀氏のように瀬戸内海に対する天然の良港を持ち、後背に木材産地を確保した大豪族も独自の水軍をもって活躍した。
English: In the Heian period 'kaizoku (pirates)' that looted kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) transported on the water appeared in history.
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、水上輸送する官物を強奪する「海賊」の存在が歴史に現れる。
English: In shoen (manor in medieval Japan), as kaihatsu-ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) armed themselves and made it their profession, the establishment of the samurai class proceeded.
Japanese: 陸上の荘園では開発領主が武芸をもって世業とするようになり、武士階層の成立が進んでいく。
English: On the water, like the case of shoen, the samurai who had military power on the sea and were engaged in it began to appear.
Japanese: 海上でも同じように海上の武力をもって世業とする海の武士たちが登場するようになった。
English: In the region of the Seto Inland Sea there existed famous suigun navies such as the following:
Japanese: 瀬戸内方面に於いては、その代表的なものとして次のような水軍が存在した。
English: The Watanabe clan based on Watanabe no tsu Port, Settsu Province (present Chuo Ward, Osaka City), the head clan of suigun navies in Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 摂津国渡辺津（現・大阪市中央区(大阪市)）を本拠地とし、瀬戸内海の水軍系氏族の棟梁だった渡辺氏。
English: Murakami clan (the Murakami navy) that spread its influence after the Hogen Disturbance to the Sengoku period (Japan) in the Seto Inland Sea area from Shiaku Islands in the east through Kamiseki Town, Suo Province in the west.
Japanese: 保元の乱後から戦国時代(日本)まで東は塩飽諸島から西は周防国上関町まで瀬戸内を勢力圏とした村上氏（村上水軍）。
English: And the Kobayakawa clan in Aki Province, the Ochi and Kono clan in Iyo Province, the Miura clan in the Miura Peninsula and Ando clan in Tsugaru region were not only samurai on land, but also Kaizoku shu (pirates) that held suigun navies made up of coastal local ruling clans.
Japanese: また、安芸国の小早川氏、伊予国の越智氏や河野氏、三浦半島の三浦氏、津軽地方の安東氏などは、陸の武士であると同時に支配下の沿海土豪からなる水軍を擁した海賊衆でもあった。
English: The united small local ruling clans that held military forces on the sea were called kaizoku shu, which were seen in many places in Japan such as in Seto Inland Sea, Kii Peninsular, Ise Bay, and Tokyo Bay.
Japanese: 中世の海辺の小土豪が結合して軍事力をもつようになった海上勢力を海賊衆といい、九州や瀬戸内海、紀伊半島、伊勢湾、東京湾など日本各地で見られた。
English: Kaizoku shu, as well as Akuto on land (villains during medieval times), banded together and were engaged in looting activities or guarding ship navigation in exchange for money.
Japanese: 海賊衆は陸の悪党と同様に徒党を組んでの略奪行為や金銭を代償に取った船舶航行の警護を行った。
English: They exercised their independent military force and their own power, ignoring public power including that of the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕府などの公権力の統制を無視して海上で独立した軍事力と権力をふるった。
English: Kaizoku shu increased their activities in the fourteenth century, and during the disturbance period of Northern and Southern Courts, they split into two groups and fought for each court.
Japanese: 彼ら海賊衆は14世紀には活動を活発化させ、南北朝時代(日本)の動乱には南北それぞれの側に分かれて戦った。
English: Shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) organized kaizoku shu on their periphery into keigo shu and used them as their naval military force in exchange for providing them the land in their territory under the pretext to guard the land.
Japanese: 守護大名は周辺の海賊衆を、領内の田畑を警固料の名目で所領として給する代償に警固衆に編成、海上軍事力に利用した。
English: During the following Sengoku (the Warring States) period, daimyo during the Sengoku period were actively engaged in organizing a suigun navy in view of military power and transport force.
Japanese: 続く戦国時代_(日本)においては、軍事力・兵站輸送力の観点より戦国大名の側から積極的に水軍の編成に対する働きかけを行った。
English: And they incorporated kegoshu as well as dogo (local clan) and kokujin (local samurai) into their group of vassals.
Japanese: そして警固衆を陸上の土豪や国人と同じように家臣団に組み入れていった。
English: As mentioned above, from the end of middle ages to the early modern ages, the armed forces on the sea in Japan changed from independent kaizoku shu to suigun that was put under control of daimyo and incorporated into military force of public power on the sea.
Japanese: このようにして、中世末期から近世の初頭にかけて日本の海上勢力は自立した海賊衆から大名の統制に服して公権力の海上における軍事力である水軍に転化させられてゆく。
English: Nobunaga ODA, in the process of extending his influence, put Yoshitaka KUKI who came from Kuki clan, the Shugo in Shima Province, under his control and organized his suigun that consisted of mainly the Kuku clan.
Japanese: 織田信長は勢力拡大の過程で志摩国の守護九鬼氏出身の九鬼嘉隆を臣属させ九鬼氏を主体とした水軍を編成した。
English: Oda's suigun led by Yoshitaka joined the battle of Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko sect followers in Nagashima) and Ishiyama war, where they made some achievements.
Japanese: 嘉隆率いる織田氏の水軍は長島一向一揆の征伐や石山合戦に参加して活躍した。
English: Also, as Hideyoshi possessed the land of Awaji and Shikoku, he dispatched Hidehisa SENGOKU, Yukinaga KONISHI, Yoshiaki KATO and Yasuharu WAKISAKA, who were all his vassals reared from an early age, to govern the coastal areas.
Japanese: 秀吉はさらに淡路や四国を領有するとその沿海部の領主として子飼いの仙石秀久、小西行長、加藤嘉明、脇坂安治らの武将を送り込んだ。
English: From the late Sengoku period to the early Edo period, huge ships called Atake-bune that carried dozens of or hundreds of crew on board, were built and deployed.
Japanese: 戦国時代後期から江戸時代初期の大名が編成した水軍においては、安宅船と呼ばれる数十人から数百人が乗り組む巨船が配備された。
English: The battle ships of suigun in Japan, including Atake-bune, are a kind of wasen (Japanese style of ship) that does not have a keel.
Japanese: 安宅船などの日本の水軍の軍船は竜骨(船)を持たない和船の一種である。
English: Strong shield boards and powerful weapons such as odeppo (big gun) and cannons came to be equipped on the battle ships.
Japanese: 楯板で厳重な防備が施され、大鉄砲や大砲など強力な武装が取り付けられるようになった。
English: The most typical example of a battle ship was the huge tekkosen (huge Atake-bune equipped with iron plates) that Yoshitaka KUKI built on the orders of Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: その代表的なものは織田信長が命じ、九鬼嘉隆が建造した鉄甲船（鉄板で装甲した巨大安宅船）である。
English: On August 29, 1588, the following year of the Kyushu Conquest, Hideyoshi issued an order outlawing pirates with the command to collect swords.
Japanese: 秀吉は九州征伐翌年の1588年8月29日（天正16年7月8日(旧暦)）、秀吉は刀狩令とともに海上賊船禁止令を発布した。
English: He prohibited and oppressed the pirates' activities including the paid guarding merchant ships as a financial source, designating such activities as acts of piracy.
Japanese: 海賊衆の財源であった通過商船の有償警護などの活動を海賊行為として禁圧した。
English: After these commands the Nojima clan of Murakami suigun navy became the vassals of the Mori clan and came to lead the Mori suigun navy.
Japanese: この命令以降、村上水軍の能島氏は毛利氏の家臣となって毛利水軍を率いることになった。
English: The Kijima clan that had become directly under Hideyoshi was promoted to daimyo that directly reported to Hideyoshi and ordered to burden the duties of suigun navy for the Toyotomi clan.
Japanese: 秀吉に直接服属した来島氏は秀吉直属の大名に取り立てられて豊臣氏のための水軍を負担することを命ぜられた。
English: As these facts indicate, the former kaizoku shu were forced to organize themselves into suigun under daimyo's power, whose top was the Toyotomi clan.
Japanese: このように、かつての海賊衆たちは豊臣氏を頂点とした大名権力の水軍に再編を強制された。
English: The organized suigun in the Toyotomi administration were sent to dispatch troops to Korea from 1592 (battles of Bunroku and Keicho) on a big scale.
Japanese: こうして編成された豊臣政権の水軍は、1592年に始まる朝鮮出兵（文禄・慶長の役）大々的に投入されることになる。
English: The Tokugawa clan that took over the Toyotomi clan was passive about advancing overseas and issued an order to prohibit building full-dress battle ships for daimyo in Japan.
Japanese: 豊臣氏にとってかわった徳川氏は海外進出に消極的で、大船建造の禁令を発して諸大名に本格的な軍艦を建造することを禁じた。
English: Besides that, the Tokugawa clan separated suigun daimyo one after another from maritime affairs by transferring the Kijima clan to the Mori domain and the Kuki clan to the Santa domain.
Japanese: それとともに、来島氏を森藩、九鬼氏を三田藩と水軍大名を次々に内陸に移して海事から切り離させた。
English: As for Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, he took over the Imagawa clan's and the Takeda clan's suigun from the period occupied by five countries and organized his own suigun consisting of Masatsuna MUKAI, the Obama clan, the Senga clan, and the Mamiya clan.
Japanese: 徳川家康自身は、五カ国領有時代から今川氏、武田氏の水軍を継承して向井正綱、小浜氏、千賀氏、間宮氏からなる徳川水軍を編成していた。
English: After Ieyasu was transferred to Edo, these clans moved to the Kanto region with him and remained the Edo bakufu's suigun.
Japanese: 江戸への移封後はこれらが関東地方に随行してそのまま江戸幕府の水軍となった。
English: The footholds of the bakufu's suigun were set up in Uraga on the Miura Peninsular and Nihonbashi (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) of Edo, and the bakufu possessed large ships including the pleasure boat Atake maru for the shogun built in 1631.
Japanese: 幕府水軍の拠点は三浦半島の浦賀と江戸の日本橋(東京都中央区)に設けられ、1631年に建造された将軍の御座船安宅丸を初めとする巨船を擁した。
English: But before long, with the arrival of sakoku (the period of isolation) the bakufu's fleet was reduced in size, and the aging Atake maru was scrapped.
Japanese: しかしやがて鎖国の時代の到来とともに幕府艦隊も縮小され老朽化した安宅丸も解体された。
English: During the Edo period, the bakufu and daimyos that possessed their territory along coastal areas had suigun navies called funategumi, funatekata, or funateshu.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、幕府や海辺に領地をもった大名は船手組、船手方、船手衆などと呼ばれる水軍をもっていた。
English: The suigun navies were succeeded and maintained in the bakufu by Mukai clan, in Choshu domain by the Noshima clan and in Owari domain by the Senga clan, who were all the descendants of kaizoku shu.
Japanese: 幕府では向井氏、長州藩では能島氏、尾張藩では千賀氏のようにかつての海賊衆の末裔たちが世襲して維持した。
English: However, during peacetime when war did not exist for a long time, the roles of suigun navy were only to control the marine traffic in the domain or to offer the ship when their lord patrolled their domain and took a boat trip for sankin-kotai (daimyo's alternate residence in Edo).
Japanese: だが、戦争の絶えて久しい平和な時代にあっては領内の海上交通を管理したり、領内巡察や参勤交代などで大名が船旅するときに船を出したりする程度の役割でしかなかった。
English: But then the word kaigun (navy) was already being used and the word suigun became history.
Japanese: だが、そのときにはすでに海軍という用語が用いられ、水軍の名は過去のものとなる。
English: However, during the period of the navies' creation, a large number of sailors were from regions that had the tradition of a suigun navy.
Japanese: しかしながら、幕末の海軍創生期には、水夫達のかなりの人員が水軍の伝統ある地方の出身であった。
English: In China, as the phrase 'south ship north horse (travel far and wide) indicates, suigun navy developed in the south, mainly in the area along the Yangtze River, where a maze of waterways ran through.
Japanese: 中国では「南船北馬」という言葉があるように、長江を中心に水路が入り組んだ南方において水軍が発展した。
English: There were several periods in China when it was divided by the powers of north and south such as Wei-Jin-Nanbeichao periods, Wudai Shiguo period and Southern Sung period.
Japanese: 魏晋南北朝時代、五代十国時代、南宋時代のように中国が南北の勢力で分割された。
English: During those periods, the countries in the south and along the Yangtze River were often able to fight off the army of Hubei (North China) which had power of cavalry and were superior to the southern army, by developing a powerful suigun navy and using their maze of waterways as a natural defense advantage.
Japanese: そうしたとき、水路が入り組んだ南方江南の諸国は水路を天険の守りとし、強力な水軍を養成してしばしば北方の騎馬兵力を擁して軍事的に優越した華北諸国の軍を撃退することに成功した。
English: Meanwhile, in terms of the sea, though there is a vast sea to the east of China, each successive unified kingdom set its capital in the inland Guangzhong or in Hunan Province.
Japanese: 一方海上についてみると、中国の東方には広大な海が広がるが、歴代の統一王朝は首都を内陸の関中や河南省に置いた
English: As this fact indicates, the kingdom looked inland, and there were not many instances where the kingdom directly developed its own full-fledged navy to advance abroad.
Japanese: このことから明らかなように国家の目は内陸に向いており、本格的な海上兵力を養成して海外に直接国家が乗り出していったことはあまり多くない。
English: However, during and after the Tang dynasty, the influence of foreign vessels visiting the southern costal areas for trade gradually increased.
Japanese: しかし唐以来、漸次南方の沿岸に海外から交易に訪れる外国の海上勢力が増した。
English: The Yuan dynasty actively made expeditions to Japan and South East Asia, making use of the navy developed in Jiangan under the reign of Southern Sung dynasty.
Japanese: 元(王朝)においては南宋治下の江南で養成された水軍を活用して、日本や東南アジアに対して積極的な遠征が行われた。
English: It is also in Yuang dynasty that marine transportation from Jiagan to Hebei Province started on a massive scale.
Japanese: 江南から河北省への物資の海上輸送が大々的に開始されたのも元代のことである。