nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Nihon Gaishi is a historical book on Japan, written by Sanyo RAI in the Edo period.
Japanese: 日本外史（にほんがいし）とは、江戸時代、頼山陽が著作した日本の歴史書。
English: The book was presented to Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA (former roju [senior councilor]) who was close to Sanyo in 1827, and published two years later.
Japanese: 文政10年（1827年）に山陽と親しかった松平定信（元老中）に進呈、2年後に発行された。
English: At present, three-volume Iwanami paperback edition which changed the Chinese classics into Japanese (bungotai [Japanese literary style]) has been published.
Japanese: 現在では書き下し体（文語体）に直された岩波文庫上中下巻が刊行している。
English: Further, several books up to "Volume 14, the Oda clan" are published in modern Japanese by Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc. under the title of "Sanyo RAI Nihon no Meicho [Japanese classic] volume 20."
Japanese: また「巻十四の織田氏」までの数篇が現代語訳で、「頼山陽　日本の名著20」中央公論新社で出されている。
English: The book is started from the battle between Seiwa-Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan) in the end of Heian period, and the history of various clans, from the Hojo clan, the Kusunoki clan, the Nitta clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Mori clan, the Gohojo clan, the Takeda clan, the Uesugi clan, the Oda clan, the Toyotomi clan, to the Tokugawa clan is described focusing on the rise and fall of the samurai families by dividing the story into each family line (Biographical style.)
Japanese: 平安時代末期の清和源氏・桓武平氏の争いから始まり、北条氏・楠木氏・新田氏・足利氏・毛利氏・後北条氏・武田氏・上杉氏・織田氏・豊臣氏・徳川氏までの諸氏の歴史を、武家の興亡を中心に家系ごとに分割されて（列伝体）書かれている。
English: Concise descriptions and enthusiastic sentences were very popular, however, it used those war chronicles and so on as reference historical materials and there are some articles found, which are hard to say to be true to the historical facts.
Japanese: 簡明な叙述であり、情熱的な文章であった為に広く愛読されたが、参考史料として軍記物語なども用いているため、歴史的事実に忠実であるとは言いがたい記事も散見する。
English: The Sakuradamongai Incident refers to the event of March 24, 1860, when the roshi (masterless samurai) of the Mito Domain attacked the procession including the Tairo (Chief Minister), Naosuke II, and assassinated him outside the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo-jo Castle (Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: 桜田門外の変（さくらだもんがいのへん）は、安政7年3月3日（1860年3月24日）、江戸城桜田門外（東京都千代田区）にて水戸藩の浪士らが大老・井伊直弼の行列を襲撃し暗殺した事件。
English: Naosuke II was a man who had arbitrarily signed the Five Nations Treaty of Ansei without imperial sanction from the Emperor Komei, and settled a problem of heir of Shogun caused between the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family) and the Nanki group (group supporting Yoshitomi from the Kisyu-Tokugawa family), and who had also suppressed the opposition to the Ansei no Taigoku (the suppression of extremists by the Shogunate); his opposition was a group of radical roshi (masterless samurai) from the Mito clan, including Taichiro TAKAHASHI and Magojiro KANEKO, who were strongly opposed to the confinement and punishment of Nariaki TOKUGAWA, the father of the lord of domain and thus left the clan.
Japanese: 孝明天皇から勅許が得られないまま独断で安政五カ国条約に調印し、一橋派・南紀派の将軍継嗣問題を裁決したうえ、安政の大獄で反対勢力を弾圧していた井伊直弼に対し、藩主の父・徳川斉昭への謹慎処分などで特に反発の大きかった水戸藩では、高橋多一郎や金子孫二郎などの過激浪士が脱藩した。
English: They contacted Jizaemon ARIMURA and others from Satsuma with the intention of going to the capital and obtaining an Imperial sanction from the Emperor Komei to attack Naosuke II, but, due to some changes in the political situation in Satsuma, the plan between the two clans was aborted.
Japanese: 彼らは薩摩藩の有村次左衛門などと連絡し、薩摩の率兵上京による義軍及び孝明天皇の勅書をもっての謀反を企てていたが、薩摩藩内の情勢の変化などにより、両藩士合同の計画は頓挫。
English: Radical retainers of Mito themselves, with the help of one man from Satsuma, ARIMURA, attacked the Tairo.
Japanese: 已む無く水戸の激派が独自に大老襲撃を断行することとし、薩摩からは有村が一人加勢した。
English: Early that morning, the group left the inn at Shinagawa (Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo) where they had had a party the night before, and proceeded along the Tokaido (now the National Route 15); they turned at Fudanotsuji after going through Okido; they passed Amisaka (near present-day Keio University, Minato Ward, Tokyo), Myojinzaka and Nakanohashi (now the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway Ring Route) to Sakurada Street, and finally assembled at the Atago Jinja Shrine on the street leading to the Sakuradamon Gate.
Japanese: 当日の早朝、一行は決行前の宴を催し一晩過ごした東海道品川宿（東京都品川区）の旅籠を出発し、東海道（現在の国道15号）に沿って進み、大木戸を経て札ノ辻を曲がり、網坂（東京都港区(東京都)、慶應義塾大学付近）、神明坂、中之橋（現在の首都高速都心環状線を過ぎる）を過ぎて桜田通りへ抜け、愛宕神社(東京都港区)（港区）で待ち合わせたうえで、外桜田門へ向かう。
English: They attacked Naosuke on the way to the castle from his residence (now the Constitution Memorial Center or "Kensei-Kinenkan") along Uchibori Street, outside the Sakuradamon Gate (now the Sakuradamon gate crossing); the persons concerned are listed below.
Japanese: そして、江戸藩邸（現在憲政記念館の地）から内堀通り沿いに登城途中の直弼を江戸城外桜田門外（現在の桜田門交差点）で襲撃した（関係者一覧は下記）。
English: It was a day of unseasonable snow and poor visibility, so the samurai attendants were dressed in raincoats and had covers attached to the hilts of their swords, which was advantageous for the attackers.
Japanese: 当日は季節外れの雪で視界は悪く、護衛の供侍たちは雨合羽を羽織り、刀の柄に袋をかけていたので、襲撃側には有利な状況だった。
English: Since the start of the Edo Shogunate, the government had not considered it possible that such an attack would occur on the palanquin of a daimyo (a Japanese feudal lord), so the Hikone clan was caught unawares.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が開かれて以来、幕府には江戸市中で大名駕籠を襲うなどという発想そのものがなく、彦根藩側の油断を誘った。
English: The attackers, with the "Bukan" (a book of heraldry) in their hands, disguised themselves as onlookers of a daimyo palanquin and waited for Naosuke's palanquin to pass.
Japanese: 襲撃者たちは『武鑑』を手にして大名駕籠見物を装い、直弼の駕籠を待っていた。
English: When the palanquin came close, Gorokuro MORI who was assigned to a vanguard approached the head of the party as though making a direct appeal to the palanquin, but, when he got close enough, he suddenly drew his sword and struck Saburoemon KUSAKABE who approached Gorokuro to subdue him.
Japanese: 駕籠が近づくと、まず前衛を任された森五六郎が駕籠訴を装って行列の供頭に近づき、取り押さえにきた日下部三郎右衛門をやにわに斬り捨てた。
English: With the guards at the front thus distracted, Chuzaburo KUROSAWA (possibly Tetsunosuke SEKI) fired a shot toward the palanquin which signalled the start of the main attack.
Japanese: こうして護衛の注意を前方に引きつけておいたうえで、黒沢忠三郎（関鉄之介という説あり）が合図の拳銃を駕籠にめがけて発射し、本隊による駕籠への襲撃が開始された。
English: Naosuke had been hit by a bullet and was wounded from waist to thigh, making him unable to move.
Japanese: 発射された弾丸によって直弼は腰部から太腿にかけて銃創を負い、動けなくなってしまった。
English: Surprised by the attack, the palanquin bearers ran away, and some of the samurai attendants, while trying to move the palanquin, were struck down, leaving the carriage unattended in the snow.
Japanese: 襲撃に驚いた駕籠かきは遁走し、数名の供侍たちが駕籠を動かそうと試みたものの斬り付けられ、駕籠は雪の上に放置される。
English: The retainers of the Hikone clan who were not able to draw their swords quickly enough were in disadvantageous situations because they were blocked with sheath covers, so they fought with sheathed swords or bare hands and ended up with their fingers cut off.
Japanese: 彦根藩士たちは柄袋が邪魔して咄嗟に抜刀できなかったため、鞘で抵抗したり、素手で刀を掴んで指を切り落とされるなど不利な形勢だった。
English: Only the famous two-sword style fighter, Chuzaemon KASAI, was able to calmly remove his outer coat and sheath cover and release his sword using a cord; he fought hard to protect the palanquin, killing Jyuzo INADA in the process.
Japanese: 二刀流の使い手として藩外にも知られていた河西忠左衛門だけは冷静に合羽を脱ぎ捨てて柄袋を外し、襷をかけて刀を抜き、駕籠脇を守って稲田重蔵を倒すなど襲撃者たちをてこずらせた。
English: However, he could not handle the resistance alone, and was finally struck down (the blade of the offending sword is now preserved in the Hikone Castle Museum).
Japanese: しかし、一人では抵抗しきれず、遂に斬り伏せられる（河西の刃こぼれした刀は彦根城博物館に保存されている）。
English: Jizaemon ARIMURA threw open the door, grabbed the faintly breathing Naosuke by the hair and dragged him out of the palanquin.
Japanese: さらに有村次左衛門が扉を開け放ち、虫の息となっていた直弼の髷を掴んで駕籠から引きずり出した。
English: Naosuke tried to crawl away, but ARIMURA issued the 'monkey cry' of the Yakumarujigen School, and his head flew like a ball in the air.
Japanese: 直弼は地面を這おうとしたが、有村が発した薬丸自顕流の「猿叫」とともに、首は鞠のように飛んだ。
English: The incident and the detailed sequence of events are skillfully depicted by Hogai KANO in a painted scroll, "The Sakurada Incident Emaki" (owned by the Hikone Castle Museum).
Japanese: 一連の事件の経過と克明な様子は、伝狩野芳崖作『桜田事変絵巻』（彦根城博物館蔵）に鮮やかに描かれている。
English: As ARIMURA and the others celebrated their victory and headed back with the head of Naosuke at the tip of a sword; Hidenojo OGAWARA, who had been lying unconscious on the ground, regained consciousness by a shout of victory and, in an effort to take back his master's head, went after ARIMURA, striking him in the back of the head with a sword.
Japanese: 有村らは勝鬨をあげ、刀の切先に直弼の首級を突きたてて引き上げにかかったが、昏倒していた小河原秀之丞が鬨の声を聞いて蘇生し、主君の首を奪い返そうと有村に追いすがって後頭部に切りつけた。
English: OGAWARA was killed with a sword by Nenojiro HIROOKA, while ARIMURA, who was also seriously injured and had difficulty walking, killed himself in front of the gate at the residence of Tsunenori ENDO, the Wakadoshiyori (a "Junior Elder").
Japanese: 小河原は広岡小之次郎らによって斬り倒されたが、有村も重傷を負って歩行困難となり、若年寄遠藤胤統邸の門前で自決する。
English: Although the Hikone Domain sent people to assist immediately when receiving news of the surprise attack, it was too late; they had to recover casualties, the palanquin and even snow on which a number of bloody fingers and earlobes fell.
Japanese: 襲撃を聞いた彦根藩邸からは直ちに人数が送られたが後の祭りで、やむなく死傷者や駕籠、さらには鮮血にまみれ多くの指や耳たぶが落ちた雪まで回収した。
English: Although Naosuke's head was kept at the ENDO residence, the Hikone clan which found out where his head was, having been deceived, took the head of Kurota KATA, who was chosen from feudal retainers dying on a battle field because he was a similar age and build to Naosuke, and sewed it to Naosuke's body, with the help of a doctor in the hantei (the residence maintained by a daimyo in Edo).
Japanese: 直弼の首は遠藤邸に置かれていたが、所在をつきとめた彦根藩側が、闘死した藩士のうち年齢と体格が直弼に似た加田九郎太の首と偽ってもらい受け、藩邸で典医により胴体と縫い合わされた。
English: Juzo INADA, who was the first to attack the palanquin with a sword on the attacking side, was struck down by KAWANISHI and died immediately.
Japanese: 襲撃側のうち、最初に駕籠目掛けて斬り込んだ稲田重蔵は河西に斬り倒され即死。
English: In a desperate counterattack by the Hikone Domain, Jizaemon ARIMURA, Nenojiro HIROOKA, Tatsunosuke YAMAGUCHI, and Kaname KOIBUCHI incurred serious injuries and, after surrendering themselves, died by their own swords.
Japanese: 有村次左衛門のほか広岡小之次郎、山口辰之介、鯉渕要人は彦根藩士たちの必死の反撃で重傷を負い、他の藩邸に自首したのち自刃した。
English: From the Ii family, eight people died in addition to Naosuke (four died immediately while another four died later), and 13 people were injured.
Japanese: 井伊家の側は直弼以外に8人が死亡（即死者4人、後に死亡した者4人）し、13人が負傷した。
English: Although the families of the deceased received their inheritance, the survivors of those who had failed to protect Naosuke were punished in 1862, two years after the incident.
Japanese: 死亡者の家には跡目相続が認められたが、直弼の護衛に失敗した生存者に対しては、2年後の1862年（文久2年）に処分が下された。
English: Those who had been seriously injured, such as Shugoro KUSAKARI, were exiled to clan territory in Sano, Shimonotsuke Province and confined to Ageya, and had their rice rations reduced.
Japanese: 草刈鍬五郎など重傷者は減知のうえ、藩領だった下野の佐野に流され揚屋に幽閉される。
English: Those who had minor injuries were ordered to commit seppuku, while those who had no injuries, whether they were samurai or palanquin bearers, were decapitated after being forced to forfeit the family name.
Japanese: 軽傷者は全員切腹が命じられ、無疵の者は士分から駕篭かきにいたるまで全員が斬首、家名断絶となった。
English: As for the consequences, not only the individuals, but even their relatives and Edo Jofu (a daimyo lord's retainer who remained permanently with their lord in Edo) were suppressed.
Japanese: 処分は本人のみならず親族に及び、江戸定府の家臣を国許が抑制することとなった。
English: The Ii Tairo's policy to prevent the Imperial Court from taking initiatives in politics by removing the coalition of dominant clans from government in favor of the Shogunate government failed, and, not only that, but the authority of the Shogunate had begun to fade, leading to the escalation of the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement that supported the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners).
Japanese: 井伊大老が試みていた、幕政を雄藩との協調体制から幕閣主導型に回帰させ、朝廷の政治化を阻止する、という路線が破綻したばかりか、幕府の権威も失墜し、幕末の尊王攘夷運動が激化する端緒となる。
English: In addition, a time of conflict and use of military force resulting in the Kioizaka Incident started.
Japanese: また、紀尾井坂の変に至るまでの、実力行使と武力による争乱の時代が幕を開けることとなった。
English: In 1864, the Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) occurred, where retainers of the Hikone clan, seeking revenge for their late master Naosuke, blocked Nakasen-do Road and intercepted retainers of the Mito clan who were heading toward Kyoto from Mt. Tsukuba.
Japanese: ちなみに、1864年（元治1年）に天狗党の乱が起こると、彦根藩士は「直弼公の敵討ち」と戦意を高揚させ、中仙道を封鎖して筑波山から京都に向かった水戸藩士を迎撃しようとした。
English: An official record of the time states that 'Naosuke II had a sudden illness and, while struggling with the disease, he submitted a request for his succession, which was accepted shortly before his death.'
Japanese: 当時の公式記録としては、「井伊直弼は急病を発し暫く闘病、急遽相続願いを提出、受理されたのちに病死した」となっている。
English: The Shogunate took special measures as above to prevent extinction of the Ii Family, fudai hitto, and escalation of conflict including revenge against the Mito Domain.
Japanese: これは譜代筆頭井伊家の御家断絶と、それによる水戸藩への敵討ちといった争乱の激化を防ぐための、幕府による破格の配慮である。
English: This is why, on his tombstone at Gotoku-ji Temple, the Ii family's ancestral temple, the date of Naosuke's death is recorded as 'March 28.'
Japanese: 井伊家の菩提寺・豪徳寺にある墓碑に命日が「三月二十八日」と刻まれているのはそのためである。
English: To conceal his death, a report stating that Naosuke had only been injured at the Sakuradamon Gate was submitted to the Shogunate under the name of Naosuke to pretend as if he had been still alive; the Shogunate replied with a sympathy gift for Naosuke.
Japanese: 直弼の死を秘匿するため、存命を装って直弼の名で桜田門外で負傷した旨の届けが幕府へ提出され、将軍家からは直弼への見舞品が藩邸に届けられている。
English: Following this, various territorial lords sent envoys to express their sympathy, among them were executives of the Mito clan who were treated with contempt by soldiers of the Hikone clan.
Japanese: これにならい、諸大名からも続々と見舞いの使者が訪れたが、その中には当の水戸藩の者もおり、彦根藩士たちの憎悪に満ちた視線のなかで重役の応接を受けたと言う。
English: Records of the Oba family, the governors of the Setagaya region, an outland of the Ii family, also indicate that Naosuke had been at home struggling with a disease and that the Oba family's Kenin (slaves of nobles) were praying for his recovery.
Japanese: 井伊家の飛び地であった世田谷領の代官をつとめた大場家の記録によると、表向きは闘病中とされていた直弼のために、大場家では家人が病気平癒祈願を行なっている。
English: However, the scene of the attack had been witnessed by the Owari Tokugawa family, who had been following the daimyo palanquins that day, and also many people had seen the snow covered in blood, so knowledge of the Tairo's assassination spread quickly throughout Edo.
Japanese: しかし、襲撃後の現場には尾張徳川家など後続の大名駕籠が続々と通りかかり、鮮血にまみれた雪は多くの人に目撃され、大老暗殺は瞬時に江戸市中に知れ渡った。
English: In 1862, Hisamitsu SHIMIZU gathered an army and headed for Edo, where he sent the Imperial envoy, Shigetomi OHARA to demand the reform of the Shogunate government, but with Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA leading the Shogunate, the Ii government was cleared off.
Japanese: 1862年（文久2年）に率兵上京した島津久光は、勅使大原重徳を擁して幕政の刷新を要求し、幕府は松平慶永の主導で井伊政権の清算を図った。
English: The Shogunate dismissed Nobumasa ANDO and Hirochika KUZE, Senior Councillors of the Shogunate who were also aides of Naosuke, and banned the Ii Family from entering the profession of Kyoto-shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto) on account of Naosuke's misgovernment, while Katamori MATSUDAIRA was promoted to Kyoto-shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto).
Japanese: その結果、直弼の側近だった老中安藤信正および久世広周を罷免するとともに、直弼の失政を理由に京都守護の家職を井伊家から剥奪し、松平容保を京都守護職に宛てた。
English: Although Naosuke's confidants, Shuzen NAGANO and Rokunojo UTSUGI, had already been decapitated and killed by the Hikone clan, their families still incurred a reduction in land value.
Japanese: 彦根藩では、これに先立って直弼の腹心だった長野主膳や宇津木六之丞を斬首・打ち捨てに処したが、減封は免れられなかった。
English: They were demoted to the rank of hakushaku (count) according to the Peerage Law, which developed from the Kokudaka System, where punishment incurred a deprivation of land and a decline in social status.
Japanese: 華族令施行に伴い井伊家は伯爵に叙されるが、この爵位は減封後の石高を基準としたものである。
English: The expectation of 350,000 koku, achieving the status of a so-called Omi Hangoku lord or a similar title, and also the potential of becoming a higher class marquis, surrounded the Ii Family.
Japanese: 草高35万石で、近江半国領主という国主に準ずる格式に沿うならば、一階級上の侯爵となるはずとの意向も、井伊家の周辺にあった。
English: However, the deprivation of land left the Ii Family with 90,000 koku, which did not meet the standard of a marquis, but even a daimyo who had not been punished and did not suffer any land loss maintained land to the value of 150,000 koku.
Japanese: しかし、減封後の現石は9万石程度で、仮に減封がなくても国主で現石15万石を基準とする侯爵の基準は満たしていない。
English: It was typical of the Peerage Law, which calculated value on what was received from a particular territory at the time of the Hanseki-houkan (the return of lands and people to the emperor), although it was still popularly believed that the Ii family were treated poorly by the new government and demoted to hakushaku due to the code of Ansei no Taigoku (suppression of extremists by the Shogunate).
Japanese: そもそも爵位の基準は版籍奉還の時点の現石が基準であり、「安政の大獄の恨みで新政府に冷遇され、伯爵に落とされた」などというのは全くの俗説である。
English: From the beginning of the Boshin War, the Ii Family showed their loyalty to the Emperor by guarding To-ji Temple and the town of Otsu with soldiers of the Satsuma clan at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and, having achieved great success with the arrest of Isami KONDO, were rewarded with territory worth 20,000 koku.
Japanese: 戊辰戦争の際には、すでに鳥羽伏見の戦いの時点で薩摩藩兵とともに東寺や大津を守備するなど、最初から勤王の姿勢を示しており、近藤勇を逮捕する手柄を立てるなど実戦での功績も評価され、賞典禄2万石を与えられている。
English: Naonori II, Naosuke's legitimate son, married a daughter of the Arisugawanomiya family, and it should be noted that the Ii Family were rather treated very well among other old fudai daimyo.
Japanese: 直弼の嫡男である井伊直憲は有栖川宮家から夫人を迎えており、井伊家は旧譜代大名のなかでは、むしろ厚遇されたと考えるべきである。
English: In 1970, 110 years after the incident, Mito City and Hikone City, which were kept apart by the Sakuradamongai Incident, reconciled and concluded a friendship city agreement.
Japanese: 桜田門外の変で敵対した水戸市と彦根市が和解して親善都市提携を結んだ時期は、事件発生から110年後の1970年であった。
English: The reconciliation between Mito and Hikone was made possible by Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture, although Tsuruga is the place where the Tenguto no Ran (Rebellion of Tenguto) was subdued completely.
Japanese: 水戸と彦根を和解させた都市は敦賀市だが、敦賀は天狗党の乱が悉く殺された土地である。
English: In 1964, Tsuruga and Mito entered into the sister-city affiliation due to a relationship of the Tenguto.
Japanese: 水戸と敦賀が、天狗党の縁で姉妹都市提携を結んだ時期は1964年だった。
English: Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) was the new learning system of Confucianism reconstructed by Hsi CHU in Southern Sung.
Japanese: 朱子学（しゅしがく）とは、南宋の朱熹によって再構築された儒教の新しい学問体系。
English: In China, it was called Teishugaku and Teishugakuha together with Yi CHENG in Northern Sung Dynasty who was positioned by Hsi CHU as his pioneer.
Japanese: 中国では、朱熹がみずからの先駆者と位置づけた北宋の程頤と合わせて程朱学・程朱学派と呼ばれる。
English: At the time, Shusigaku was called Dogaku, as a learning system derived from the school sect of Yi CHENG and others which practiced the way of saints.
Japanese: 当時は、程頤ら聖人の道を標榜する学派から派生した学の一つとして道学と呼ばれた。
English: Shusigaku was also called Sominrigaku (Neo-Confucianism in the Sung and Ming dynasties) since its theory was based on 'Li' (reasons), which innately exist in human beings and things, together with Wang LU Shin school (Wang LU Mind school).
Japanese: 陸王心学と合わせて人間や物に先天的に存在するという理に依拠して学説が作られているため宋明理学（宋明理学）と呼ばれた。
English: Hsi CHU organized various and contradictory theories in Northern Sung Dynasty into a great learning system which replaced these previous theories, and was based on a theory unique to Confucianism, by being based on the Seisokuri setsu (Chinese philosophy, a theory that 'sei' [human inborn nature] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Yi CHENG, and the Tenri (a theory that 'ten' [providence] is 'Li' [the law of moral act]) advanced by Hao CHENG, while adapting the logical system of Buddhistic thought, the generative theory of Taoism, and gyoho (method of ascetic practices) of sitting calmly and quietly.
Japanese: 朱熹は、それまでばらばらで矛盾を含んでいた北宋の学説を、程頤による性即理説（性(人間の持って生まれた本性)がすなわち理であるとする）や程顥の天理（天が理である）をもとに、仏教思想の論理体系性、道教の生成論および静坐という行法を取り込みつつも、それを代替する儒教独自の理論にもとづく壮大な学問体系に仕立て上げた。
English: In this learning system, the thought of unification of an individual and the society was advocated, that is the self and the society, and the self and the universe were tied together by 'Li' as universal principles (Chinese philosophical theory in which it is believed that the universe and one are connected through his reason), and that the maintenance of social order (governing people) could be achieved through understanding of 'Li' through self-discipline.
Japanese: そこでは、自己と社会、自己と宇宙は、理という普遍的原理を通して結ばれており（理一分殊）、自己修養（修己）による理の把握から社会秩序の維持（治人）に到ることができるとする、個人と社会を統合する思想を提唱した。
English: According to 'Li' of Shushigaku, 'Li' is a metaphysical existence, 'Ch'i' is a physical existence, and these two are completely different, however, each of them cannot solely exist and they are an 'inseparable' relation.
Japanese: なお朱子の理とは、理は形而上のもの、気は形而下のものであってまったく別の二物であるが、たがいに単独で存在することができず、両者は「不離不雑」の関係であるとする。
English: Further, 'Ch'i' is a component of everything and has mobility, and 'Li' gives order to the movement of 'Ch'i' as a fundamental existence.
Japanese: また、気は万物を構成する要素で運動性をもち、理は根本的実在として気の運動に対して秩序を与えるとする。
English: The theory advocated by Hsi CHU was called the Seisokuri setsu and compared with the theory by Xiangshan LU, the Shinsokuri setsu (Chinese philosophical theory in which it is believed that one's mind is the law of moral acts).
Japanese: 朱熹の主張する学説は性即理説といわれ、陸象山の学説心即理説と対比された。
English: Hsi CHU criticized the Shinsokuri setsu in that the theory is to separate an individual from the society and emphasize only individual self-discipline.
Japanese: 朱熹は、心即理説を、社会から個人を切り離し、個人の自己修養のみを強調するものとして批判した。
English: On the other hand, Hsi CHU criticized Liang CHEN and others of the utilitarianism school sect (事功学派) that the theory ignored individual self-discipline and valued only the social relation.
Japanese: 一方で朱熹は、陳亮ら功利学派（事功学派）を、個人の自己修養を無視して社会関係のみを重視していると批判している。
English: The learnings of Hsi CHU were accepted as learnings for the Shitaifu (Scholar-bureaucrats) class, who were in charge of social governance; during the Yuan dynasty, the state for interpretation of classic Confucian writings stipulated that the Kakyo shiken (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) should conform to these learnings, and changes were made to the national education.
Japanese: 朱熹の学は、社会の統治を担う士大夫層の学として受け入れられたが、元(王朝)代には科挙試験が準拠する経書解釈として国に認定されるに至り、国家教学としてその姿を変えることになった。
English: During the Ming Dynasty, Shushigaku (Neo-Confucianism) became the national education and learning was practiced for worldly profit to pass the Kakyo, and was used by the establishment to create community morals in autonomous villages, causing the learning of the saints, which valued moral practice, to deteriorate.
Japanese: 明代、国家教学となった朱子学は、科挙合格という世俗的な利益のためにおこなわれ、また体制側でも郷村での共同体倫理確立に朱子学を用い、道徳的実践を重んじた聖人の学としての本質を損なうようになった。
English: Therefore, Neo-Confucian scholars in Ming Dynasty adopted the Shin school (Mind school) by Jiuyuan LU to complement moral practice learning.
Japanese: そこで明代の朱子学者たちは、陸九淵の心学を取り入れて道徳実践の学を補完するようになった。
English: On the other hand, like Juren HU, there was a person who sought the conventional Neo-Confucianism and tried to maintain purity of the learning.
Japanese: 一方で胡居仁のように従来の朱子学のあり方を模索し、その純粋性を保持しようとした人物もいる。
English: Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty focused on Reigaku (courtesy science), which Hsi CHU concentrated in his later years, rather than the theory of Li-Ch'i and the theory of Mind, and interest in 'courtesy' increased, which was practically responsible for the establishment of public order, so that Neo-Confucianism was narrowed down from learning having a grand world view to becoming practicable and concrete.
Japanese: 清代の朱子学は、理気論や心性論よりも、朱熹が晩年に力を入れていた礼学が重視され、社会的な秩序構築を具体的に担う「礼」への関心が高まり、壮大な世界観を有する学問よりは、具体的・具象的な学問へと狭まっていった。
English: Even during the Qing Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was inherited as system teaching and learning, and used to create the national policy based on Reikyo, and utilized only in the narrow range, such as ethics of master and servant.
Japanese: 清代になっても朱子学は、体制教学として継承され、礼教にもとづく国家体制作りに利用され、君臣倫理などの狭い範囲でしか活用されることはなかった。
English: Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Korea in the 13th century and used as the national governing principle of Korean Dynasties.
Japanese: 朱子学は13世紀には朝鮮に伝わり朝鮮王朝の国家の統治理念として用いられる。
English: Korea discarded Buddhism that was the previous state religion of Goryeo an set Neo-Confucianism as the only method of learning (government school).
Japanese: 朝鮮はそれまでの高麗の国教であった仏教を排し朱子学を唯一の学問（官学）とした。