nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since the eighth century was the time when a war with Ezo (northerners) got more serious, soldiers in Gundan also participated in the war naturally, but activities of each Gundan was never known.
Japanese: 8世紀は蝦夷との戦争が激化した時代で、軍団兵士も当然それに参加したが、個々の軍団の活動について知られることはない。
English: Activities in the 9th century show a history after the subjection of indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan was settled by FUNYA no Watamaro for the time being.
Japanese: 9世紀については、文屋綿麻呂によって征夷が一段落してからの沿革がわかる。
English: First of all, the number of soldiers in the Gundan of Mutsu Province was reduced from 4,000 to 2,000 in 811, and only 2,000 soldiers in total, 1,000 each for Tamatsukuri-dan (army corps in Tamatsukuri County, Mutsu Province) and Natori-dan, remained.
Japanese: まず、弘仁2年（811年）に陸奥国の軍団兵士は4000人から2000人に減らされ、玉造団と名取団に1000人ずつ計2000人を残すのみとなった。
English: However, in August (old calendar) 815, Mutsu Province increased the number of troops and that of soldiers to 4 and 4,000, respectively, and always stationed 1,000 soldiers by having 6,000 soldiers in 6 troops in total work in 6 shifts.
Japanese: しかし、弘仁6年（815年）8月に陸奥国は4団4000人を増員し、あわせて6団6000人から6交代制で常時1000人の軍団兵士を駐屯地に置いた。
English: It is estimated that Natori-dan dispatched 500 defensive soldiers to Isawa-jo Castle and 100 defensive soldiers to Tamatsukuri fortress, as well as Tamatsukuri-dan and Oda-dan in the north.
Japanese: 名取団は北の玉造団・小田団とともに、胆沢城に500人と玉造柵に100人の守備兵を出したと推測される。
English: In concert with this, urushigami monjo (Lacquer documents) excavated from the site of Isawa-jo Castle for which the year of creation is unknown contained Myobo (identification) of personnel requisitioned from Shibata County.
Japanese: これに符合して、胆沢城跡から出土した年代不明の漆紙文書に、柴田郡から徴発した人員の名簿がある。
English: Since it is presumable that Shibata County was covered by Natori-dan geographically, it is considered that Myobo was for the Natori-dan stationed at Isawa-jo Castle.
Japanese: 柴田郡は地理的な関係から名取団に属したと推定できるので、名簿は胆沢城に駐屯した名取団のものと考えられる。
English: The number of Gundan of Mutsu Province was increased to seven troops with 7,000 soldiers by adding Iwaki-dan, and soldiers were allotted to seven Gundan by increasing 1,000 soldiers in 843.
Japanese: 陸奥国の軍団は磐城団が増設されて7団7000人となり、承和10年（843年）に1000人を増員して7軍団に割りふった。
English: Thereafter, on May 4, 869, OSAKABE no Mototsugi of Natori-dan was granted Ge-jugoinoge (Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) given to persons outside Kyoto) along with ABENOMUTSU no Nagamune, Gon no tairyo (Provisional Chief Administrative Officer) of Shibata County.
Japanese: 後、貞観11年（869年）3月15日に、名取団の大毅刑部本継が柴田郡権大領の阿倍陸奥永宗とともに外従五位下を授けられた。
English: The Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) compiled in the 10th century also specified the deployment of seven troops in Mutsu Province, but there are no historical materials to directly support their activities.
Japanese: 10世紀に編まれた延喜式にも陸奥国に7団を置くことが規定されているが、その活動を直接裏付けるような史料はない。
English: Since there were no materials showing the activities by soldiers in Gundan in the Zenkunen War (the Early Nine Years' War) in the 11th century, it is considered that Natori-dan was abolished or lost substance completely before that time.
Japanese: 11世紀の前九年の役では軍団兵士の活動が見当たらず、この頃までに廃絶したかまったく形骸化したと考えられる。
English: Mikka Heishi War (Three-days rebellion of the Taira clan) is a rebellion caused by the remnants of the Taira clan in Ise and Iga Provinces at the beginning of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 三日平氏の乱（みっかへいしのらん）は、鎌倉時代初期、伊勢国と伊賀国で平家の残党が蜂起した事件。
English: In January 1204, Goro WAKANA of Ise-Heishi (Taira clan) raised a rebellion, which was referred to as Mikka Heishi War (Three-days rebellion of the Taira clan) due to the historical fact that Tomomasa HIRAGA of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) army was sent to the area and quelled the rebellion in a three day period, from May 18 to 20 in 1204.
Japanese: 建仁3年（1203年）12月に伊勢平氏の若菜五郎が蜂起し、討伐に向かった鎌倉幕府軍の平賀朝雅が、元久元年（1204年）4月10日から12日の間に反乱軍を鎮圧した事から「三日平氏の乱」と称された。
English: As Nagamochi JO raised a rebellion in Heiankyo in January 1200 after the Kagetoki KAJIWARA Incident, the internal conflicts disturbed the peace of the capital.
Japanese: 正治2年（1200年）正月に梶原景時の変を受けて平安京において城長茂の反乱が起こるなど、その影響は都にも及んだ。
English: After the second shogun, MINAMOTO no Yoriie, was expelled from the bakufu following the Conspiracy of Yoshikazu HIKI in October 1203, MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, who was 12 years old then, was backed up to become the third shogun and Tokimasa HOJO took the helm of the bakufu.
Japanese: 建仁3年（1203年）9月の比企能員の変・2代将軍源頼家の追放によって12歳の3代将軍源実朝が擁立され、北条時政が実権を握った。
English: On October 3, the bakufu sent Tomomasa HIRAGA, who was an adopted son-in-law of Tokimasa, to Kyoto as the Kyoto shugo (military governor of Kyoto), and Tomomasa went to Kyoto leading Gokenin (shogunal retainers) who had territories in the western region of Japan.
Japanese: 幕府は10月3日に時政の娘婿平賀朝雅を京都守護として京に派遣し、朝雅は西国に領地を持つ武蔵国の御家人を率いて上洛した。
English: Meanwhile, Ise and Iga Provinces were the base of Ise Heishi (Taira clan) destroyed in the Jisho-Juei War and the remnants survived to maintain latent powers even after Mikka Heishi War (Heian period), raised by the remnants in 1184, was quelled.
Japanese: 一方、伊勢国・伊賀国地域は治承・寿永の乱で滅亡した伊勢平氏の本拠地であり、元暦元年（1184年）の三日平氏の乱(平安時代)で平家残党の蜂起が鎮圧された後も根絶された訳ではなく、隠然たる勢力があった。
English: After biding their time for 20 years, the remnants of the Taira clan led by Goro WAKANA of Ise Heishi took advantage of the turmoil in the government, which was caused by the shogun's successor issue, and attacked the house of Tsunetoshi YAMANOUCHI SUDO serving as the shugo of Ise Province to raise a rebellion again in January 1204.
Japanese: 平家残党は20年の雌伏を経て、将軍後継問題で揺れる幕府の動揺に乗じて建仁3年（1203年）12月、伊勢平氏若菜五郎が軍勢を率いて伊勢国の守護である山内首藤経俊の舘を襲撃し、再び反乱の兵を挙げた。
English: Tsunetoshi YAMANOUCHI SUDO did not recognize this attack as a rebellion of the Taira clan and Samurai-dokoro betto (the superior of the board of retainers), Yoshimori WADA, reported to the bakufu that the incident was caused by Yukitsuna SHINSHI, gunji (official of a county) of Inabe County, Ise Province, who was captured and sent to prison in March 1204.
Japanese: 山内首藤経俊はこの襲撃事件を平氏反乱の兆しとは気づかず、12月25日に侍所別当和田義盛が幕府に事件の張本を伊勢国員弁郡の郡司進士行綱と報告し、翌元久元年（1204年）2月、行綱は召し捕られ囚人とされた。
English: However, in the same month, March, descendants of TAIRA no Koremoto and a group including sons of TAIRA no Koremitsu respectively raised a rebellion in Iga and Ise and Tsunetoshi, serving as the shugo in both the provinces, traveled to quell the rebellions, but he was attacked without having any talks and ran away lamely.
Japanese: しかし同2月、伊賀で平維基の子孫らが、伊勢で平度光の子息らが蜂起し、両国の守護の経俊が赴いたが問答無用で襲撃され、無勢の経俊は逃亡した。
English: The rebels conquered Ise and Iga Provinces and fortified the roads passing through Suzuka-no-Seki Checkpoint, Mt. Happo (now Nenohira-toge Pass), etc.
Japanese: 伊勢・伊賀は制圧され、反乱軍は鈴鹿関や八峰山（現在の根の平峠）等を通る道路を固めた。
English: After receiving reports of these rebellions, on April 18 and May 7, 1204, the bakufu ordered Tomomasa HIRAGA serving as the Kyoto shugo to lead Gokenin of Keiki (area around Kyoto) and go off to Ise and Iga Provinces.
Japanese: この報告を受けた幕府は元久元年（1204年）3月10日、ついで3月29日に京都守護の平賀朝雅に京畿の御家人達を率いて伊勢・伊賀両国へ出陣することを命じた。
English: There was a rumor that more than 1000 warriors had joined in the force of the rebels, and on April 29, a gijo (official meeting) was held in Gosho (Imperial Palace) of the Emperor Gotoba to designate Iga Province as Tomomasa's chigyo koku (provincial fiefdom) for justifying his punitive expedition.
Japanese: 京都では反乱軍の勢力は千余人に及ぶとの風聞があり、3月21日、後鳥羽天皇の御所で議定があり、伊賀国を朝雅の知行国と定め、追討の便宜を図った。
English: Although the rebellion started in Iga Province, the center of the rebellion lay in the northern area of Ise such as Asake-gun (county), Mie-gun, Suzuka-gun, Ano-gun and Kawawa-gun, and Taki-gun located in the center of the province.
Japanese: 反旗は伊賀国に翻ったものの、反乱の中心地は伊勢北部の朝明郡、三重郡、鈴鹿郡、安濃郡、河曲郡の諸国および中心の多気郡であった。
English: Since the rebels blocked Suzuka-no-Seki Checkpoint and the punitive force could not enter Ise Province from Omi Province, they arrived at Ise province via Mino Province on May 5.
Japanese: 反乱軍が鈴鹿関を塞いでいるため、近江国からは入れないので美濃国を経由し、27日に伊勢国に入った。
English: After making strategies, the punitive force started the battle on May 18 by attacking the house of Tomida in Asake-gun (Higashi Tomida-cho, Yokkaichi City), where the base of Motonori TOMIDA lay, and continued to battle for hours.
Japanese: 作戦を練った上で4月10日から合戦に及び、まず富田基度が拠る朝明郡の富田舘（四日市市東富田町）を襲い、数時間合戦を続けた。
English: Then, they defeated Motonori TOMIDA and his brother Morimitsu MATSUMOTO, as well as Hachiro Sadashige OKA of Ano-gun and his sons and relatives.
Japanese: 富田基度・松本盛光兄弟、安濃郡の岡八郎貞重とその子息・親族等を撃破した。
English: Then, the force defeated the troops of TAIRA no Moritoki in Mt. Rokka and Goro WAKANA, who had raised the rebellion, in Seki-no-Ono (now, Kameoka City).
Japanese: 六箇山の平盛時、そして関の小野（亀岡市）に拠る張本の若菜五郎を破った。
English: On May 20, the rebellion was quelled in three days and then the remnants of Iga province were destroyed.
Japanese: 同12日、反乱はほぼ3日間で鎮圧され、その後伊賀国の残党も追討された。
English: The bakufu examined achievement of each person and granted the rewards according to the achievement on June 16, and Tsunetoshi YAMANOUCHI SUDO was disqualified as the shugo of Iga and Ise.
Japanese: 幕府では5月10日に論功行賞が行われ、山内首藤経俊は伊賀・伊勢の守護を剥奪された。
English: Tomomasa HIRAGA was added to Tenjobito (senior officer serving the Emperor) for the Retired Emperor Gotoba as a senior guard of his palace and served as the shugo of Kyoto and Ise as well as chigyo-kokushu of Iga (the lord of Iga) and enjoyed his unusually strong power for Gokenin.
Japanese: 平賀朝雅は上北面武士として後鳥羽院の殿上人に加えられ、京都守護、伊勢守護、伊賀知行国主となって御家人としては異例の権勢を強めた。
English: In August of the next year, 1205, Makishi Incident occurred from the quarrel between Tomomasa and Shigeyasu HATAKEYAMA, and Tokimasa HOJO, Tomomasa's father-in-law, was expelled from the bakufu.
Japanese: 翌年の元久2年（1205年）閏7月、朝雅と畠山重保との口論に端を発した牧氏事件が起こり、舅の北条時政が幕府を追放された。
English: Tomomasa was killed by Michimoto YAMANOUCHI SUDO (son of Tsunetoshi YAMANOUCHI SUDO) who was sent by Yoshitoki HOJO (son of Tokimasa HOJO) taking the helm of the bakufu.
Japanese: 朝雅は実権を握った時政の子北条義時の命で派遣された山内首藤通基（経俊の子）に殺害された。
English: Tomohiko OKANO adopted the fact that the ryoke (virtual proprietor of manor) of Mt. Rokka in Iga Province, where the base of the Taira clan lay, was TAIRA no Mitsumori (son of TAIRA no Yorimori) and Takao SUGIHASHI's theory that Munechika MAKI was Ike no zenni's brother, that is, Maki no Kata, who was Tomomasa's mother-in-law, was TAIRA no Yorimori's cousin.
Japanese: 岡野友彦は平氏側の拠点となった伊賀国六箇山の領家が平光盛（平頼盛の子）であった事実と杉橋隆夫が唱えた牧宗親・池禅尼兄弟説（すなわち平賀朝雅の義母牧の方と平頼盛を従兄弟とする）を採用している。
English: Based on these information, Okano points out the possibility that Tomomasa HIRAGA and the Ike family including TAIRA no Mitsumori attempted to get the remnants of the Taira clan to raise the rebellion for expanding their powers.
Japanese: これらの情報から、岡野はこの事件を平賀朝雅と平光盛ら池家一族が自己の勢力拡大のために平氏残党を唆して仕組んだ「自作自演」の可能性を指摘している。
English: It was an agreement formally called '韓国通信機関委託ニ関スル取極書' (Memorandum Concerning the Commission of Korean Communication Institution).
Japanese: 日韓通信業務合同（にっかんつうしんっぎょうむごうどう）とは、正式には「韓国通信機関委託ニ関スル取極書」と呼称する協定である。
English: In 1905, the Empire of Japan made the Korean Empire to transfer the control of communication services, which had been operated by Korean Empire, to Japan.
Japanese: 1905年（明治38年）に大日本帝国が大韓帝国の運営していた通信業務を日本側に委託させたものである。
English: On November 18, 1884, the postal service started in Korea by the launch of the General Office for Postal Administration (ko:우정총국) in Seoul, a central bureaucracy, which operated the business.
Japanese: 朝鮮において1884年11月18日に郵便事業が発足し、事業を担う中央官庁である郵征総局（ko우정총국）がソウルに置かれた。
English: The printing of postal stamps was ordered from the National Printing Bureau of Japan (or a private printing firm in Osaka according to some books) and services started.
Japanese: 郵便切手は日本の国立印刷局（大阪の民間印刷会社とする書籍もある）に発注され開業することになった。
English: Hong Young Shik, who had studied in Japan as a member of the Courtiers' Observation Mission and only 30 years old at that time, was the central figure in establishment of postal service.
Japanese: 郵便創業の立役者であったのは「紳士遊覧団」として日本に留学経験のあった弱冠30歳の洪英植であった。
English: In what became known as the Gapsin Coup, an enlightenment group led by Hong Young Shik, Kim Ok-gyun and Pak Yonghyo, who opposed any Qing interference in Korea's internal affairs, seized the occasion of a ceremony marking the start of operations at the General Office for Postal Administration to stage a coup on December 4; their coup was intended to transform Korea into a constitutional monarchy.
Japanese: しかし清国の内政干渉を嫌う洪英植、金玉均、朴泳孝らの開化派が朝鮮の立憲君主国家への転換を狙い引き起こしたクーデタ、いわゆる甲申政変は、12月4日にの郵征総局開庁祝賀式典に乗じて事を始めた。
English: This coup ended in a failure due to a military intervention of Qing's army led by YUAN Shikai.
Japanese: このクーデタは袁世凱が指揮する清国の軍隊による武力介入で失敗に終わった。
English: The Postal Administration Office was burnt down and Hong Young Shik, who was the responsible person of postal service, was executed for being a part of it.
Japanese: 郵征総局も焼き討ちにあい、責任者であった洪英植もクーデタに加担していたことから処刑された。
English: Two stamps issued were invalidated and were sold at a very low price together with stamps of other face value, which were printed but not issued.
Japanese: 発行された切手2種は無効になり、印刷されながら発行できなかった他の額面の切手とともに格安で払下げられた。
English: However the postal service was soon left stranded therefore a French man Clemenceau (クレマンセー) was invited as an advisor in 1898.
Japanese: しかし短期間で郵便事業は行き詰まり、1898年にはフランス人クレマンセーが通信事業の顧問として招聘された。
English: This was because France was trying to expand its influence over the Far East at the time, by the Triple Intervention against Japan.
Japanese: これは、この時期フランスは日本に対する三国干渉で極東地域への影響力を伸ばそうとしていた。
English: In 1900, the Korean government set up 通信院 (Communication Institute) and became a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) to join the international postal network.
Japanese: 1900年には韓国政府は通信院を設置し万国郵便連合（UPU）にも加盟し、国際的郵便網に入った。
English: It was originally aimed to facilitate the exchange of posts between Japan and Korea, but later more post offices were established in various regions of Korea by Japan.
Japanese: 日朝間の郵便物交換の便宜を図る為であったが、その後朝鮮各地に日本による郵便局が設置された。
English: Japanese stamps were used in these post offices and they were sold in the local currency.
Japanese: これらの郵便局では日本切手がそのまま使用されており、現地通貨で販売されていた。
English: The stamps sold in Japan Post Office in Korea on January 1, 1900 were overprinted with "朝鮮" (Korea in Chinese character), but were canceled at the end of March 1901.
Japanese: 1900年1月1日には在朝鮮日本郵便局で発売される切手には「朝鮮」という文字が加刷されたが、1901年3月末でそれを取りやめている。
English: During and after the Korean government launched its own postal service, Japan Post Office not only continued its service but also expanded its operation area.
Japanese: この間に、韓国政府による郵便事業がはじまったあとも日本郵便局の業務は継続されただけでなく範囲も拡大されていった。
English: This resulted in the coexistence of two communication entities in Korean Peninsula, each run by the Japanese and Korean governments.
Japanese: そのため朝鮮半島では日韓両国政府が経営する通信事業体が並存する状態になった。
English: One cause of the war was the escalating conflict between Japan and Russia, who had been pursuing southward expansion in the Far East, in Manchuria and Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: これは極東、満州および朝鮮半島で南下政策を取るロシアと日本の対立が激化した為である。
English: On February 23, 1904, Japan concluded the Japan-Korea Protocol with Korea, who had announced 'Neutrality Declaration'; this allowed deployment of Japanese forced throughout Korean Peninsula if Japan required and a right of way was guaranteed.
Japanese: 1904年2月23日に「局外中立宣言」をしていた韓国との間で日韓議定書を締結し、日本が必要であれば朝鮮半島各地で軍隊を展開できるようになり、通行権などが確保された。
English: Furthermore, the First Japan-Korea Agreement was concluded in August, which brought the Korean government to receive Japanese financial and diplomatic advisors as well as to sit at the negotiating table for the conclusion of a treaty.
Japanese: さらに8月には第一次日韓協約が締結され、韓国政府に財政と外交の日本人の顧問を受け入れ、条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
English: The war progressed in Japan's favor and Japan won at last, which led Japan to demand further concession to the Korean government in 1905.
Japanese: 戦争は日本に有利に進んでいき、最終的には日本が勝利することになるが、翌1905年に更なる譲歩を韓国政府に迫る事になった。
English: Tanetaro MEGATA, a financial advisor dispatched from Japan to the Korean government under the terms of the First Japan-Korea Agreement, initiated several measures to rebuild the finances of the Korean government, including the abolishing of the 典圜局, the Korean mint; Megata commissioned a mint in Osaka to manufacture coins instead.
Japanese: 第一次日韓協約により韓国政府に派遣された財政顧問・目賀田種太郎は、韓国政府の財政を立て直すとして、韓国の造幣局であった典圜局を廃止させ、大阪にある造幣局に銭貨の製造を委託させるなどの施策を行っていた。
English: One of the reasons he raised was the annual deficit of 100,000 yen produced by communication services.
Japanese: その理由として目賀田は通信事業が当時毎年10万円という赤字を出していることを挙げた。
English: However some people claimed that the deficit was inevitable owing to the mounting capital investment required to expand the postal network and communication network throughout Korean Peninsula, in addition to the poor demand for communication, as Korean Peninsula had not yet been economically developed.
Japanese: しかし、これは朝鮮半島は経済的に発展しておらず通信需要が乏しかったこともあるが、朝鮮半島全体に郵便網と通信網を広げるための設備投資が嵩んだためであり、やむをえない赤字であったとする見解もある。
English: On the other hand, Japanese media supported Japan's takeover of communication service without mentioning such background; for example, the Yomiuri Shinbun commented that the service should be commissioned to Japan for the reason that the flaw of Korean communication institution on March 23.
Japanese: しかし日本の報道機関はこういった事情には触れず、日本による通信事業の接収を支持する論調であり、たとえば読売新聞の明治38年3月23日の紙面で、韓国の通信機関が不備であることを理由に、日本に委託すべきと主張していた。
English: Although there were some dissenting voices in Korea, Japan suggested that 'Korea would benefit administratively and economically if Korean communication institutions were streamlined and combined into one organization with Japanese communication institution' and the two government signed a treaty 'Memorandum Concerning the Commission of Korean Communication Institution' on April 1.
Japanese: 韓国国内には一部反対の声もあったが、日本は「韓国の通信機関を整備し日本国の通信機関と合同連絡して両国共通の一組織にすれば、韓国の行政上経済上得策である」と提案し、そのため日韓両国政府の間で、4月1日に「韓国通信機関委託ニ関スル取極書」が調印された。
English: Article 1: The Korean government should commission the control of domestic post, telegraph and telecommunication services to the Japanese government.
Japanese: 第一条　韓国政府ハ其国内ニ於ケル郵便電信及電話事業ノ管理ヲ日本政府ニ委託スヘシ
English: This memorandum stated that the postal, telegraph and telecommunication services managed by the Korean government should be commissioned to the Japanese government.
Japanese: この取極書によれば韓国政府が管轄していた郵便事業および電信電話事業を日本政府に委託するとしていた。
English: It was formally a commission but was actually a takeover to place all the information transmission network under the control of Japan.
Japanese: 形式的には委託であるが事実上接収であり、朝鮮半島における情報伝達網を全て日本の管理下におくものであった。
English: Japan began the takeover of communication institution on May 18 and completed on July 1.
Japanese: 5月18日から日本側によって通信機関の接収がはじまり、7月1日に完了した。
English: According to '韓国事務引継顛末概要' (Summary of Korean communication business takeover) written by a transition chairman in charge of the takeover process, Japanese postal authority continued to employ 773 out of 1044 staffs (government officials and frontline workers) of 通信院 (Communication Institute) who had worked for communication services, but other 271 staffs either rejected the appointment or were fired for allegedly resisting against takeover.
Japanese: 一連の接収作業において担当した引継委員長による「韓国事務引継顛末概要」によれば、韓国通信院の通信事業に従事していた職員（官吏および現場労働者）の1044人のうち773人が日本の郵政当局に引継採用されたが、残りの271人は辞令拒否者もしくは接収を反対して抵抗したとして解雇されているという。
English: The holes left by the stiff resistance of Korean workers were filled by almost forcibly gathering former workers of communication services who had been dismissed for having done wrong or retired for health reason.
Japanese: これは朝鮮人労働者が激しく抵抗したためであったが、欠員は以前通信事業に従事していて悪事を働いた為に免職になったものや、病気で退職したものを半ば強制的に集めて当初はしのいだという。
English: However, it had became a business entity managed by foreign government to some Korean people's point of view, therefore it also became an attack target of anti-Japan armed group.
Japanese: しかし一部の朝鮮人からすれば外国政府による経営事業体になったため、反日武装勢力の攻撃目標にもなった。
English: Just before the annexation of Korea in 1909, the staffs and facilities of communication services were frequently attacked by insurgents, which caused causalities.
Japanese: 韓国併合直前の1909年頃には、通信事業の職員や設備が暴徒に襲撃され死傷者を出す事件が多発したこともあったという。
English: Transportation of posts was regarded as dangerous and was protected by soldiers and the transporters defended themselves by a gun for self-defense.
Japanese: そのため逓信輸送が危険であるとして、軍隊の護衛と従事者が護身用の拳銃で自衛していたという。
English: Ministry of Communication of Japan issued a commemorative postage stamp called "日韓通信業務合同紀念" (Commemoration of Japan-Korea Joint Communication Service) on July 1, to mark the completion of takeover.
Japanese: 日本の逓信省は7月1日の接収完了を記念して『日韓通信業務合同紀念』と題する記念切手を発行した。
English: This was the fourth commemorative postage stamp issued by Japan and Sekko HIBATA selected the design.
Japanese: この切手は日本が発行した記念切手としては4番目で、図案選定者は樋畑雪湖であった。
English: The stamp was planned and printed in Japan, with the original painting drawn by Tadakazu ISOBE and the original plate engraved by Tamejiro HOSOGAI.
Japanese: 原画作成者は磯辺忠一、原版彫刻者は細貝為次郎と日本で企画製造された。
English: This is one of the only two stamps issued in the 20th century without the name of the country, except for 'hand-carved stamps', which were ordinary stamps in early days.
Japanese: この国号表記欠落は初期の普通切手「手彫切手」を除けば、二十世紀に発行された2例のうちのひとつである。
English: On the stamp was the title '日韓通信業務合同紀念切手' (Commemoration of Japan-Korea Joint Communication Service) written from right to left as '紀念' (commemorative) was used in Japan at the time instead of currently used '記念'.
Japanese: 切手には「日韓通信業務合同紀念切手」と右書表記があるが、当時の日本では記念を紀念と表記していたことによる。
English: The face value 'Three sen' (one sen is 1/100 of one yen) was written in a big letter within a circle frame in the center, pigeons were added above and below the circle and lightning symbolizing telegraph was added at the lower part.
Japanese: 中央の円形枠内には額面「参銭」の文字が大きく描かれ、上下には鳩が、下部には電信を象徴する電光が添えられている。
English: The Crest of the Chrysanthemum of the Imperial Family, the Japanese national emblem, and Yihwamunjang (대한제국의 국장)of the House of Yi, the national emblem of the Korean Empire was located on the same level within the circle frame in the center, which meant the national emblems of Japan and Korea were treated on the equal footing.
Japanese: 中央の円形枠内には事実上の日本の国章である天皇家の菊花紋章と大韓帝国の国章である李王家の李花紋章（ko대한제국의국장）が左右同じ高さに置かれて日韓両国の紋章が対等の位置におかれている。
English: It is said to have intended to emphasize on '合同' (joint) and equal merger, as the title of the stamp says, despite Japan forcibly absorbed Korean Communication service.
Japanese: これは事実上韓国の通信事業を強制的に吸収したにもかかわらず、記念切手の題目のように「合同」すなわち対等合併したことを、ことさら示そうとしたとの指摘がなされている。
English: A record tells that 2,500,000 '日韓通信業務合同紀念切手' (Commemorative postage stamp for Japan-Korea Joint Communication Service) were printed and 1,000,000 of them were delivered to Japanese post offices in Korea, Qing (China) and Taiwan, which was then a Japanese Colony.
Japanese: なお、この「日韓通信業務合同紀念切手」は、250万枚が製造され、そのうち100万枚が韓国および日本の植民地であった台湾と、清国（中国）国内にあった日本郵便局に納入されたという記録がある。
English: However, according to the amount issued (sold) recorded in '逓信省第二十年報' (the 20th annual report of Ministry of Communication), 820,000 out of the total sales of 1,480,000 were sold in Korea.
Japanese: しかし、「逓信省第二十年報」掲載の発行高（販売枚数）によれば、販売総数約148万枚のうち、韓国国内で発売されたのは82万枚であった。
English: In sum, it was a Japanese commemorative postage stamp sold more in foreign countries than in Japan immediately after its issuance.
Japanese: そのため、日本の記念切手としては発行直後に海外で販売された総数のほうが多かったという切手であった。
English: The sales of old Korean stamps were finished on June 30, 1909, and use of remaining stamps was also banned on August 30.
Japanese: 従来の韓国切手は6月30日を持って売り捌きは中止され、残された切手も1909年8月31日を持って使用禁止になった。
English: Therefore even before the annexation of Korea, use of Japanese stamps, which used to be limited in Japanese post offices in Korea, expanded to all over Korea.
Japanese: そのため1910年の韓国併合を前に、従来は在朝鮮日本郵便局に限られていた日本切手が朝鮮全土で使われるようになった。
English: Although Korea was a protectorate of Japan between July 1905 and 1910, use of stamps of the suzerain in the mass was unusual compared to the protectorate policy practiced in other countries.
Japanese: このように1905年7月から1910年までは日本の保護国であるとはいえ、そのまま相手国の切手が全体で使われたのは、他国で行われた保護国政策と比較すると異例なことであった。