nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It was introduced to Japan during the Giho years, thus being called Giho reki.
Japanese: 唐の儀鳳年間（天武天皇5年（676年）－同8年（679年））に日本に伝わり、儀鳳暦と呼ばれた。
English: But if it had been directly imported from Tang, it would have used the name Rintoku reki, which was then in effect in Tang, so there is a theory that the calendar came from Shidara, whose calendar is thought to have been adopted by King Munmu, just before, in 674.
Japanese: ただし、唐からの直輸入であれば、唐が採用していた麟徳暦という名称を用いている筈であり、実際にはこの直前の文武王14年（674年）に採用されたとされている新羅を経由して伝来したという説もある。
English: (In "Nihonkoku genzaisho mokuroku" (Catalogue of Present Books in Japan), made in the Heian period, Rintoku reki and Giho reki were two different calendars, each having its own entry.)
Japanese: （なお、平安時代に作成された『日本国見在書目録』では、麟徳暦と儀鳳暦が別の暦として認識されて別個に項目が立てられている）。
English: Genka reki (Genka calendar) was adopted in combination with Giho reki in 690, according to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan)
Japanese: 儀鳳暦は持統天皇4年（690年）から元嘉暦との並用を始めた（『日本書紀』持統4年11月甲申条）。
English: Initially, however, it was used primarily to calculate a solar eclipse, and the dates in "Nihonshoki" were also in Ganka reki.
Japanese: ただし、当初は日食計算などに主として用いられ、『日本書紀』の期日も元嘉暦であったされている。
English: (Since the accession of Emperor Mommu, August 1st was dated differently, with Ganka reki used in "Nihonshoki" and Giho reki in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), which makes it appear that there are two theories on the dates, but they were actually identical.)
Japanese: （文武天皇の即位期日（八月朔日＝8月1日）の干支を『日本書紀』は元嘉暦、『続日本紀』は儀鳳暦で表記しているためにあたかも2説あるようにも見えるが、実際には同日であった）。
English: Five years later, in 697, Giho reki was used alone, although some believe that it was in 696, the previous year, or in 698, the following year.
Japanese: 5年後の文武天皇元年（697年）から儀鳳暦が単独で用いられるようになった（ただし、前年の持統天皇10年説・翌年の文武天皇2年説もある）。
English: It was used for another 67 years and the calendar was changed to Taien reki (Taien calendar) in 764.
Japanese: その後67年間使用されて、天平宝字8年（764年）に大衍暦に改暦された。
English: Fukubukuro are bags containing random goods to sell at department stores for the first day of business at the beginning of the year.
Japanese: 福袋（ふくぶくろ）は、年始（正月）に百貨店（初売り前後から）などで販売される、複数の商品を組み合わせて袋詰めにしたもの。
English: Basically the contents are unknown and more valuable than the actual total price, therefore customers can expect it as a kind of gamble on how useful and valuable are the contents they can get.
Japanese: 基本的には、中身は非公開で、組み合わせた商品の合計価格以下で販売されるため、購入者がどれだけ有用で豪華な内容であるかに期待できるギャンブル的な要素を含む商品である。
English: While they are the feature items to draw more customers, they are also sold to get rid of excess merchandise often including excess and unwanted merchandise though the prices are valuable and such Fukubukuros are called Kusobukuro (shit bag) or Utsubukuro (depression bag) on the net and some department stores also began to call them Unlucky Bags masochistically.
Japanese: しかし、福袋は客寄せの目玉商品であると同時に、その多くは店側の在庫処分的性格も有しており、価格以上の商品が入っていたとしても、売れ残りや不人気商品で埋められていたりする場合があり、そういった福袋は、ネット上で糞袋（くそぶくろ）・鬱袋（うつぶくろ）などとも喩され、店側も自虐的に不幸袋や不吉袋等と称するケースも増えている。
English: Usually the contents are unknown, but in case of expensive bags containing jewelry goods and home electronic or bags containing goods like clothes, the contents are sometimes shown or able to be selected from certain groups of goods.
Japanese: 福袋の多くが非公開ではあるが、中身に宝飾品（宝石など）や家電機器があるような高額なものや、衣料品のような品物の場合では、中身が公開される（あるいは、ある商品群から選択可能な）ことがある。
English: Especially expensive bags containing jewelry or other expensive goods are displayed in showcases to draw the attention of customers.
Japanese: 特に、貴金属のような高価な品物は、客寄せのためにショーケースに展示して販売される。
English: There are also transparent bags to respond to the needs of customers who want to know the contents.
Japanese: また、中身を知りたいという客のニーズに応えるため、透明の袋に詰めたものも存在する。
English: Also there are bags containing catalogs in case of goods too large to contain or services.
Japanese: さらに、袋に入らない非常に大きな物やサービスは、目録を入れて販売する場合もある。
English: It is IKSPIARI in Urayasu City of Chiba Prefecture that starts to sell Fukubukuro earliest at midnight on new year's day.
Japanese: 福袋が、日本で最も早く販売されるのは、千葉県浦安市にあるイクスピアリで、1月1日（元日）の午前0時から販売される。
English: However, some mail order sites on the internet start to sell a few days earlier than the day to be able to deliver goods to customers on January 1.
Japanese: ただし、インターネット上の通信販売サイト等では、1月1日に購入者に商品を配達するため、その数日前に販売を開始する例もある。
English: Also recently some electronics retail stores start to sell goods which are even valuable as Fukubukuro named like 'Otoshidama Bukuro (New Year's gift)' from New Year's Eve.
Japanese: なお、近年は一部の家電量販店において、「お年玉袋」等の名称で、実質的に福袋と同内容の商品を大晦日から販売を開始する例も見られる。
English: The selling price is limited to 20 times the value of the actual price in case of bags less than 5,000 yen and to 100,000 yen value in case of bags more than 5,000 yen according to Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations.
Japanese: また、景品表示法では、販売価格が5,000円未満の場合20倍まで、5,000円以上は10万円までと定められている。
English: There is a record that the old department store Daimaru sold bags containing scraps of clothes in it's new year's sale in a certain period of the Edo period.
Japanese: 老舗百貨店の大丸が、元号は不明であるが、江戸時代に端切れなどを袋詰めにして初売りで販売した記録がある。
English: In 1907, Tsuruya Gofukuten (now Matsuya department store) started to sell Fukubukuro.
Japanese: 明治40年には、鶴屋呉服店（現在の松屋(百貨店)）が福袋の販売を始めている。
English: In 1911, Ito Gofukuten (now Matsuzakaya department store) started to sell Fukubukuro named 'Takarabako (treasure box)' at 0.50 yen at that time.
Japanese: 明治44年には、いとう呉服店（現在の松坂屋）が「多可良函」（たからばこ）の名前で福袋の販売を始め、当時の値段は50銭であった。
English: Since Apple sold Fukubukuro at its direct-managed store Apple Store Ginza at New Year's in 2004 and it was selling well, it sells Fukubukuro named Lucky Bag also in the U.S. when new flag stores are opened.
Japanese: アップルの直営店であるAppleStore(直営店)銀座店が、2004年の正月に福袋を販売したところ、好評であったため、本国のアメリカ合衆国でも、旗艦店舗を新規にオープンする際には、福袋をラッキーバッグという名前で販売するようになった。
English: The shopping mall Alamoana center in Honolulu, Hawaii has sold Fukubukuro at New Year's since 2005.
Japanese: ハワイのホノルルにあるショッピングモール・アラモアナセンターでは、2005年から正月に福袋を販売している。
English: Horagai, with the scientific name Charonia tritonis, is a type of snall that belongs to the Cymatiidae family, formerly classified under Cymatiidae, Mesogastropoda.
Japanese: ホラガイ（法螺貝、Charoniatritonis）は、フジツガイ科（旧分類中腹足目フジツガイ科）に属する巻貝の一種。
English: Musical instruments made by chipping the apex of shell by 4 to 5 centimeters, with its mouth fixed in plaster, are found in Japan, Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Japanese: 貝殻の殻頂を4-5センチ削り、口金を石膏で固定して加工した楽器が、日本、東南アジア、オセアニアで見られる。
English: In Japan, it was used to signal in battle and to lift fighting spirits during the Warring States period.
Japanese: 日本では、戦国時代(日本)には合戦における合図や戦意高揚のために用いられた。
English: In shugendo (Japanese ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites), practice called ryura saho (manner of blowing the hora, conch-shell) is implemented.
Japanese: 修験道においては、立螺作法（りゅうらさほう）と呼ばれる実践が修行される。
English: Styles of ryura saho vary in different branches of shugendo such as Tozan school and Honzan school, thus making each sound slightly different.
Japanese: 立螺作法には、当山派・本山派などの修験道各派によって流儀を異にし、吹奏の音色は微妙に違う。
English: Combined with a variety of sounds such as otsuon (low pitch), kanon (high pitch) as well as shirabe, hanon (semitone), atari, yuri, and tome (very high pitch), it is considered to be a Buddhist preaching, has the power to beat evil spirits, and is even used as a tool of communication between monks who run up mountains.
Japanese: 大まかには乙音（低音階）、甲音（高音階）、さらには調べ、半音、当り、揺り、止め（極高音）などを様々に組み合わせて、獅子吼に擬して仏の説法とし、悪魔降伏の威力を発揮し、更には山中を駈ける修験者同士の意思疎通を図る法具として用いられる。
English: "Ryura Hikan" (Secret book of playing the hora, conch-shell trumpet) by Ryuen HONMA, of Tozan School of Sanboin of Daigoji Temple, which was published in the early Showa period, has been recognized as an indispensable text and handed down to later monks, especially those who train shell trumpet players.
Japanese: 昭和初期に発表された醍醐寺三宝院当山派本間龍演師の『立螺秘巻』は、その後の修験者、とりわけ吹螺師を修行する者の必須テキストとして評価伝承されている。
English: During 'Omizutori (Water-Drawing Festival)' in Nigatsudo Hall of Todaiji Temple, horagai (conch-shells) are blown to drive oni (ogre) out of the temple.
Japanese: 東大寺二月堂の「お水取り」では、堂内から鬼を追い祓うため、法螺貝が吹き鳴らされる。
English: In Keihanshin (Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe) region it is called Hone (bone) Shogatsu or Atama (head) Shogatsu because people eat the bones and heads of yellow tales prepared for the New Year, simmering with sake lees, vegetables soybeans etc.
Japanese: 京阪神地方では、正月に用いたブリの骨や頭を酒粕・野菜・大豆などと一緒に煮て食べることから骨正月・頭正月とも言う。
English: There are also customs to eat up meals and rice cakes prepared for the New Year in other regions such as Kojiki (beggars) Shogatsu in Ishikawa Prefecture, Tanasagashi (searching in shelves) in Gunma Prefecture, Fuse (offering) Shogatsu in Gifu prefecture.
Japanese: 他の地方でも、乞食正月（石川県）、棚探し（群馬県）、フセ正月（岐阜県）などと言って、正月の御馳走や餅などを食べ尽くす風習がある。
English: Ehomairi means visiting a temple or a shrine in eho (lucky direction) of that year on January 1 and praying for happiness of that year.
Japanese: 1月1日にその年の恵方の方角にある寺社に参拝してその年の幸福を祈願すること。
English: The method is to go not to the intended shrine directly but once to the point where the shrine comes in the eho direction, and then to visit the shrine from there to pray.
Japanese: 方法は、一度、目標とする神社へ直接向かわず、神社が恵方の方角になる地点まで出向き、そこから神社に参拝するのである。
English: Wakamizu means drawing water from a well early on New Year's Day morning and offering it at a household Shinto altar.
Japanese: 若水（わかみず）とは、元日の早朝に井戸から水を汲んで神棚に供えること。
English: Being believed to remove bad vibes, wakamizu was used to make an altarage to Toshigami (god of the incoming year), to make a family meal, to rinse out one's mouth and to brew tea after it was offered at a household Shinto altar.
Japanese: 若水は邪気を除くと信じられ、神棚に供えた後、その水で年神への供物や家族の食事を作ったり、口を漱いだり茶を立てたりした。
English: Donburimono (or Donmono) is a dish in which cooked rice is placed in a bowl with other ingredients on top.
Japanese: 丼物（どんぶりもの、どんもの）とは、丼に盛った飯の上に具を載せた料理である。
English: Its nature is slightly different from that of traditional Japanese dishes, and it's difficult to eat the dish elegantly.
Japanese: 日本の伝統的な食とはやや趣を異にし、同時に上品に食べることが難しい。
English: It is said that the Unagi-donburi (Donburimono with roasted eel on cooked rice) introduced in the early nineteenth century is the oldest Donburimono, and that Fukagawa-donburi (with cooked shellfish as an ingredient) appeared next toward the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 最も古い丼物は鰻丼で19世紀初めに登場し、続いて江戸末期には深川丼がうまれたといわれている。
English: It is said that the term "Donburi" originated in "Kendon" (being mean) or "Tsukkendon" (being curt), and that Donburimono was a fast-food dish for a busy person.
Japanese: 『どんぶり』の語源は『慳貪』もしくは『つっけんどん』から来ているといわれ、忙しい時に素早く食べるための食事だった、とされる。
English: In the early Meiji period, "Gyu-don" (Donburimono with cooked beef on cooked rice) and "Tanin-don" (Donburimono with cooked beef and egg on cooked rice; literally, stranger Donburimono) were introduced, and in 1891, "Oyako-don," in which chicken meat cooked with egg is placed on cooked rice appeared.
Japanese: 明治初期には牛丼や他人丼、1891年に鶏肉を卵でとじた親子丼が登場した。
English: In this way, the Donburimono style has been accepted in Japan, and new Donburimono have been introduced one after another by changing the ingredients.
Japanese: このように、丼ものの様式は日本で受容され、具を変えることにより次々と新種が生まれている。
English: On the other hand, in Asian nations it's the general way of eating that cooked rice and the side dish to accompany rice are mixed on a plate immediately before eating them, as when eating curry or Nasi campur.
Japanese: 一方アジア諸国ではカレーやナシチャンプルのようにごはんとおかずを同じ食器の上で混ぜながら食べるのは一般的である。
English: In the People's Republic of China, cooked rice and cooked side dishes are served in separate bowls and/or on plates, but it's the convention of the table that, before you eat the side dishes, you put it over the cooked rice in your rice bowl.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国では別に配膳されるが、おかずを御飯茶碗に載せながら食べるのが普通の食事作法である。
English: Japanese don't dare to put chop suey on cooked rice by themselves but will ask someone to do so (refer to chuka-don (bowl of rice with a chop-suey-like mixture on it)).
Japanese: 日本人の意識では他人に頼まないと八宝菜をご飯にのせられない（中華丼の項参照）。
English: In Japan, for example, the combination of cooked rice and the Chinese dish of Sichuan-style bean curd (tofu) and ground pork of spicy taste (Mabo-tofu), and the combination of cooked rice and Chinese dish with fried egg and crab (Kanitama) is recognized as independent of Mabo-don (cooked rice and Mabo-tofu) and Tehshin-don (cooked rice and Kanitama), respectively.
Japanese: 日本において、中華料理の麻婆豆腐や蟹玉と、御飯の組み合わせの麻婆丼、天津飯などとを別の料理として認識している。
English: Such a custom might appear strange to the Chinese.
Japanese: しかしながら、この現象は、文化の異なる例えば中国人には奇異に映るかもしれない。
English: However, although Donburimono originated from such Japanese table manners by chance, its introduction provided the opportunity to develop new cooking methods.
Japanese: しかし、こういった日本の食事作法から丼物が生まれたことは偶然の産物であるが新しい調理方法を生み出すきっかけとなった。
English: Previously, in Japanese meals it was basic that cooked rice (the staple food) and side dishes were served separately, and a portion of rice and a portion of the side dish would be put in the mouth separately to be mixed and tasted.
Japanese: 旧来の日本の食事は、主食である飯とおかずが別々に配膳され、それを一口ずつ口に運び口内で調味するという様式を基本としている。
English: In Japan, even today, it's often considered rude to put a side dish on top of cooked rice and eat it.
Japanese: 今でもおかずを御飯にのせて食べることを行儀作法の点から問題視されることは日本では多い。
English: Donburimono deviates from the old convention, and it's considered a simple meal because cooked rice and side dish are placed together.
Japanese: 丼物はこの様式を崩し、おかずと御飯が一緒となっているので、簡便な食事として好まれている。
English: It is also an attractive feature of Donburimono that the soup or sauce for the side dish is absorbed by the cooked rice, thus changing the taste of the cooked rice.
Japanese: 具にかかる汁、タレをご飯が吸収し、ご飯自体の味わいが変化することも、丼物の魅力の一つである。
English: Hatsuni means shipping goods (products) from distribution bases including factories and warehouses to stores for the first time after the new year starts.
Japanese: 初荷（はつに）とは、年が明けて、最初に工場や倉庫など物流拠点から販売店へ向けて商品（製品）が出荷されること。
English: However, today the first cargo of the new year is generally shipped on January 4 when public offices and many companies open for business.
Japanese: だが、今日では官公庁や多くの企業で業務が開始される1月4日に、新年の初出荷が行われることが多い。
English: In the old days trucks ran with flags or long banners saying 'Hatsuni' in carrying hatsuni.
Japanese: その際、昔は「初荷」と書かれた旗やのぼりをつけた貨物自動車が走っていた。
English: But they have almost disappeared so far with consideration of the safety on the expressway and so on.
Japanese: だが、高速道路などでの安全性の点から、現在ではほとんどなくなっている。
English: Taienreki (大衍暦: also read as Daienreki) was a lunisolar calendar once used in China and Japan.
Japanese: 大衍暦（たいえんれき/だいえんれき）とは、かつて中国や日本で使われていた太陰太陽暦の暦法である。
English: It was the calendar which a Chinese monk Yi Xing formulated by an imperial ordinance of Emperor Xuan Zong of Tang.
Japanese: 中国・唐の僧・一行（いちぎょう）が玄宗(唐)の勅令を受けて編纂した暦法である。
English: Yi Xing and his group conducted a meridian determination covering the area from the southern Jiao-zhou up to the northern Tie-le, and also a large scale astronomical surveying over the whole China.
Japanese: 一行らは南は交州から北は鉄勒にいたる子午線測量を行い、中国全土に及ぶ大規模な天文測量を実施した。
English: The calendar had been used in China for 33 years from 729 to 761.
Japanese: 中国では、開元17年（729年）から上元(唐粛宗)2年（761年）まで33年間用いられた。
English: A solar motion table was developed taking into account the unevenness of the solar motion, and the interpolation method using unevenly-spaced quadratic difference (不等間隔二次差補間法) was used as well.
Japanese: 太陽運行の不均等性を考慮して太陽運行表が編制され、計算に不等間隔二次差補間法が用いられた。
English: However, as there were not many people who were versed in astronomy in Japan in those days (according to the "Shoku Nihongi" [Chronicle of Japan Continued], paragraph of April 22, 730), careful preparations had to be made (according to the "Shoku Nihongi," paragraph of December 28, 757, concerning which "Ruiju Sandai Kyaku" (Assorted Regulations from Three Reigns) describes that an imperial decree was issued on the same day [December 28]) before it was implemented under the FUJIWARA no Nakamaro government.
Japanese: だが、当時の日本には暦学に通じた人材が不足していた（『続日本紀』天平2年3月辛亥条）ため、実施には慎重な準備が進められた（『続日本紀』天平宝字元年11月癸未条、『類聚三代格』所収同日（11月9日）勅）後に藤原仲麻呂政権下で実現される事になる。
English: It had been used in Japan for 98 years from 764 to 861.
Japanese: 天平宝字8年（764年）から貞観(日本)3年（861年）までの98年間用いられた。
English: During the four years from 858, Taienreki was concurrently used with the Gokireki calendar for the preparation for a calendar reform, and the Senmyoreki calendar was introduced in 862.
Japanese: 天安(日本)2年（858年）からの4年間は改暦の準備として五紀暦と併用されたが、貞観4年（862年）に宣明暦が導入された。
English: "Misodengaku" is a dish prepared by skewering foodstuffs such as tofu, konnyaku, egg plant and satoimo (taro), pasting them with Japanese-lemon (citron) or Japanese-pepper flavored miso (bean paste) and then roasting them.
Japanese: 味噌田楽（みそでんがく）とは、豆腐やこんにゃく、ナスやサトイモなどを串に刺し、ユズやサンショウなどで香りをつけた味噌を塗りつけて焼いた料理。
English: The name is said to have been derived from one of the Dengaku (style of dancing and music originally performed at agricultural festivals) pieces, "Takaashi-no-mai" (dance on high legs), since the shape of skewered foodstuffs looked like the dance performed on poles put up on the rice field.
Japanese: 語源はその具を串刺しにした格好が、田楽のひとつである、田んぼに棒を突き立てその上で踊る「高足の舞」に似ている事から名づけられたと言われる。
English: Another theory is that at a place called "Dengakukubo" (in Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake City, Aichi Prefecture, and the name of the place "Dengakukubo" has survived to remain used in the address today), where one of Japanese classic popular performing arts, Dengaku, is said to have been played, the Imagawa side defeated by Oda side in the Battle of Okehazama were crucified, and the local residents around there began to call vegetables and freshwater fishes such as ayu (sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) on skewers they used to eat "Dengaku," associating the crucification method conducted there with the cooking method.
Japanese: また、桶狭間の合戦の際、織田方に敗れた今川方が磔（はりつけ）などによって処刑された地が「田楽窪」（でんがくがくぼ）と呼ばれる、かつて古典芸能の田楽が行われていたのではないかと言われる地（現在も愛知県豊明市沓掛町内に大字名として残る）で、その処刑方法が当時当地で食されていた野菜や鮎などの川魚を串に刺して食していたものと似ていたため、それを田楽と呼んだという説もある。
English: "Nameshi dengaku"of Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture is a combination of tofu dengaku using haccho miso (bean paste produced at Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture) and a bowl of nameshi (rice to which some green vegetable are added).
Japanese: 愛知県豊橋市の「なめし田楽」は、八丁味噌の豆腐の田楽と菜飯をセットにしたものである。
English: Nameshi dengaku' is said to have been one of the famous food at Yoshida-juku Station (Toyohashi City Aichi Prefecture), one of the Tokaido Gojusan-tsugi (the fifty-three stations of the Tokaido Road).
Japanese: この「菜飯田楽」は東海道五十三次の吉田宿（豊橋市）の名物料理のひとつであったと言う。
English: Also, "Fudengaku," which is prepared by frying nama-fu (fresh gluten cake), a famous product of the mid-southern part of Owari region, and coating it with red miso, is included in the local cuisine of Tsushima City in Aichi Prefecture.
Japanese: また同じ愛知県の津島市には、尾張地方中南部の名物でもある生麩を揚げて赤味噌を塗った「麩田楽」がある。
English: Today, most misodengaku dishes are actually prepared by using tofu, while in many mountainous areas, dengaku is prepared mainly by using satoimo or freshwater fish on skewers, similar to "kushiyaki" (grilled skewered foods).
Japanese: 現在では事実上の豆腐料理になっている場合が多いが、山間部などでは現在でもサトイモや川魚を主体にした串焼きに近い田楽が供されている地域も多い。
English: "Oden" is a dish originating from "Nikomidengaku," in which ingredients used for dengaku are boiled instead of roasting.
Japanese: 「おでん」は田楽の材料を焼く替りに煮た、「煮込み田楽」に由来する料理である。
English: Wafuku means the same as what the Chinese characters for the word indicate, i.e., '和' Japanese '服' clothing.
Japanese: 和服は、文字通り「和」の「服」、すなわち日本の衣服という意味である。
English: This word was coined in the Meiji period for the purpose of indicating Japanese clothing in contrast to Western '洋' clothing '服.'
Japanese: この言葉は明治時代に、西洋の衣服すなわち「洋服」に対して日本の衣服を表す語として生まれた。
English: As the word Kimono '着物' generally covers the whole sense of clothing to be described later, Wafuku '和服' is preferred to differentiate Japanese clothing from other clothing.
Japanese: 後述するように「着物」という単語は本来衣服一般を意味するため、特に曖昧さを避けたい場面においては「和服」という語がよく用いられる。
English: Kimono originally has a simple meaning of 'things to wear' as the Chinese characters indicate, i.e., '着' wear '物' thing.
Japanese: 着物（きもの）は、「キるモノ」（着る物）という意味であり、本来は単に「衣服」を意味する語である。
English: In fact, as the Japanese people used the word Kimono to indicate clothing in general sense before Western style clothing has prevailed, the word Kimono was not used to differentiate the Japanese culture from the Western culture.
Japanese: 実際、洋服が日本で普及する以前は、日本人は衣服一般を「着物」と呼んでいて、着物という言葉に日本文化と西洋文化を区別する意味はなかった。
English: As more Japanese people began to wear Western style clothes after the Meiji period, the word Wafuku was adopted to indicate traditional Japanese clothing in contrast to Western style clothing.
Japanese: しかし明治時代以降、洋服を着る人が日本で増え始めたため、洋服と区別するために日本在来の衣服を和服と呼ぶようになっていった。
English: The word Kimono used these days generally has two meanings--The first meaning is Wafuku.
Japanese: 現在一般的には、「着物」には2つの意味があり、1つめの意味は、和服である。
English: When mother says to her naked child 'Wear Kimono,' someone recognizes the word Kimono as clothing, and others recognizes it as traditional Japanese clothing.
Japanese: 裸の子どもに「着物を着なさい」というときの「着物」は衣服の意味だと解釈する人がいるが、そうではなく和服の意味だと解釈する人もいる。
English: Whether the word Kimono in 'Wear Kimono' means clothing or traditional Japanese clothing might depend on the listener's generation, and the dialect the listener uses.
Japanese: 「着物を着なさい」の「着物」が衣服と和服のどちらを指すのかは、世代・方言によって違う可能性がある。
English: It is considered that the word Gofuku originated in the introduction of textiles and manufacturing techniques from Wu 呉 in China during the Three Kingdoms period in China.
Japanese: 呉服の語源は、中国大陸が三国時代(中国)のときに呉(三国)の織物や着物の縫製方法が日本に伝わったことにあるとされる。
English: In Japan, silk clothing that was called Gofuku was originally differentiated form cotton clothing that was called Futomono such that they were sold at different shops.
Japanese: 元々は絹製品を呉服、綿製品は太物（ふともの）と称し、昔は扱う店も別であった。
English: The shops that deal with Japanese clothing is generally called 'Gofuku-ya,' although the word Gofuku is not specifically used to indicate Japanese clothing. as frequently as Wafuku and Kimono.
Japanese: 和服そのものを指す語としては「和服」「着物」に比べ使用頻度は低いが、和服を扱う店は「呉服屋」と呼ばれることが多い。
English: The Japanese people used the word Kimono to indicate clothing in general during the sixteenth century which was long before the Meiji period when the word Wafuku was coined in Japan--The word Kimono was recognized by the European people as the word to indicate Japanese clothing like the word Wafuku in the modern Japanese sense, and the word Kimono with that sense have prevailed in the world so that what the Japanese people call Wafuku is called Kimono in the world.
Japanese: 日本で和服という言葉が生まれる明治時代よりもずっと前の16世紀の時点で、日本人が衣服のことを指して呼んだ着物(Kimono)が、現在で言う和服を表す語としてヨーロッパ人に知られるようになり、現在ではヨーロッパに限らず世界の多くの言語で日本で和服と呼んでいる物をKimonoと呼んでいる。
English: Kimono sometimes generally indicates a form of clothing the sides of which overlap in front that is widely seen in East Asia as well as indicating Japanese Wafuku.
Japanese: Kimonoは、日本の和服だけではなく、東アジア圏全般で見られる前合わせ式の服全般を指すこともある。
English: As the phonology was drastically changed in the English language after importing the word Kimono, the pronunciation of Kimono has been near to 'Kamono' or 'Kaimono' than 'Kimono.'
Japanese: なお、英語ではその後大規模な音韻変化が起こったため、Kimonoの発音が「キモノ」よりも「カモノ」「カイモノ」に近くなっている。
English: Fragments of textiles and sacks with strips have been discovered from the Jomon period sites, which proved that the Jomon people had techniques of spinning thread from plant fiber such as China grass and hemp as well as making cloth from the threads.
Japanese: しかし、縄文時代の遺跡から編布の断片、ひも付きの袋が発見されており、カラムシ・アサなどの植物繊維から糸をつむぐ技術や、できた糸から布地をつくる技術はあったことがわかる。
English: The clay figures in the shape of human beings have been found from the Jomon period sites and considered to be source materials for inferring the form of clothing of the Jomon people.
Japanese: この時代の衣服の形態を推測させる資料として、縄文時代の土偶という、人に似た像が発見されている。
English: As the clay figures are designed quite differently from real human beings, it is apparent that the figures were not made to represent real Jomon people; therefore, it is doubtful that they represent the real form of clothing from those days.
Japanese: しかし、土偶のデザインがリアルな人間とかけ離れていることから、当時の人々を写実的に表現したものではないことは明らかで、実際の衣服の実態をどの程度反映しているかはっきりしない。
English: No source materials to indicate clothing has been found from the sites of the Yayoi period that was characterized by rice cultivation in paddy fields.
Japanese: 水田による稲作を特徴とする弥生時代の衣服については、出土史料はなく分かっていない。