nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As for the orthographic system of Japanese, the original characters used before the arrival of kanji (Chinese characters) have not yet been discovered.
Japanese: 日本語の表記体系については、漢字が伝わる以前の独自の文字は現在まで見つかっていない。
English: The theory has it that there were ancient Japanese characters before the influx of kanji (Chinese characters), though there is no evidence for this.
Japanese: 漢字流入以前に神代文字と呼ばれる文字があったとする説もあるが、学術的な根拠は存在しない。
English: There was a case in which earthware with a pattern engraved on it which could be pictographic was found; however, there is not enough regularity to call it a character due to the lack of other excavated examples.
Japanese: 絵文字とも思われる模様が刻まれた土器が発見された事例はあるが、発掘例も少ないため、文字と呼べるだけの規則性は見受けられないとされている。
English: After the introduction of kanji (Chinese characters), it was used for writing, while hiragana (Japanese syllabary characters) and katakana (another Japanese syllabary), which are two sets of phonograms based on kanji, were established later.
Japanese: 漢字の伝来後はこれを表記に用い、後に、漢字を元にした表音文字の一種である平仮名、片仮名が成立。
English: This made it possible to write Japanese, which had hitherto been written only in kanji (Chinese characters) or Manyo-gana (a form of syllabary used in the Manyo-shu or Collection of Myriad Leaves), as it actually was, leading to the emergence and evolution of Japanese literature.
Japanese: これまで全て漢字や万葉仮名で記述されていた日本語をそのまま文章にすることが可能となり、日本文学が発生・発展した。
English: In medieval times, a mixture of Japanese and Chinese writing, which became the basis of today's written Japanese language, was established, giving Japanese flexible powers of expression with its mix of kango (words of Chinese origin) and Wago (words of Japanese origin).
Japanese: 中世には現在の日本語の書き言葉の原型となる和漢混淆文が成立し、日本語は漢語と和語を織り交ぜた自在な表現力を得た。
English: Japanese has a complicated orthographic system, though the literacy rate of the Japanese people is very high in modern times.
Japanese: 日本語は複雑な表記体系をもつが、近現代において日本人の識字率は極めて高い。
English: In modern times, the Yamato race has such a high literacy rate on a global basis that a foreigner who came to Japan in the Edo period reported that he was surprised that the Yamato people were able to read regardless of their status or sex.
Japanese: 近世の大和民族は、世界的に見ても識字率が高い民族であり、江戸時代に海外から来日した外国人は、大和民族が身分や男女の別なく文字が読める事を驚きと共に本国に伝えている。
English: In the present day, latin characters are often used as abbreviations for the names of companies or words other than kanji (Chinese characters) and kana (the Japanese syllabary).
Japanese: 現在では、漢字、仮名の他に企業名や単語の略称などにラテン文字が使われる機会も多い。
English: In ancient times, conventional Koshinto (as practiced prior to the introduction of Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan) was followed, with the Shinto religion, which is a developed form of Koshinto, becoming the main religion later.
Japanese: 古代においては在来の古神道であり、その後はその発展形態である神道が信仰されるようになった。
English: In many cases, Japanese Buddhism is also practiced at the same time, and Ju-kyo (Confucianism) has a great influence as well.
Japanese: また日本仏教も同時に信仰される場合が多く、祖先崇拝などでは儒教の影響も大きい。
English: A standardized system of folk culture was built around a combination of both traditions.
Japanese: それらが複合した形態をもって、一つの一貫した民俗体系が構築されている。
English: The style of their religion is not based on monotheistic theories of salvation but instead on moderate custom, and there are many people who don't regard themselves as 'devotees'.
Japanese: 信仰のあり方は一神教的な救済論的なものではなく、習俗的な穏やかなものであり、自らを「信者」とはみなさない場合も多い。
English: However, original beliefs which differ from those of other religions are seen in a broader sense in ceremonial occasions and annual events.
Japanese: しかし、広い意味での宗教的な感覚は、冠婚葬祭や年中行事などの場面で、他宗教とは異質な独自の信念が意識されることがある。
English: Their difficulty of accepting organ transplantation is sometimes claimed to be representative of their peculiar culture, however, many countries actually struggled to introduce organ transplantation for bioethical reasons.
Japanese: 時には、臓器移植に対する抵抗などが独特の文化であると主張されていたが、実際にはどの国でも、生命倫理上移植手術は導入時に抵抗があった。
English: This is merely a prejudice based on the ignorance of different cultures such as Christian nations and Islamic nations.
Japanese: これは単なるキリスト教圏や、イスラム教圏など異文化の無知に基づく偏見である。
English: The Yamato race assimilated the cultures of other races and developed them based on their original culture.
Japanese: 大和民族は、独自の文化を土台にして、他民族の文化を上手く取り入れ、融合・発展させてきた民族である。
English: The nearby nation of China, prominent from ancient to modern times, had a particularly great effect on literature, language and religion, many aspects of which came from Chinese culture.
Japanese: 特に古代から近世に至るまで身近な大国であった中国の中華文化の影響は大きく、文学、言語、宗教に至るまで、中華文化由来の文化は多い。
English: The Yamato race learned the advanced arts and culture of the Chinese continent by dispatching Japanese envoys to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty China.
Japanese: 大和民族は、自ら遣隋使や遣唐使を派遣し、中国大陸の進んだ技術や文化を貪欲に学んでいった。
English: On the other hand, the Yamato race could originally afford to assimilate foreign cultures (especially that of China), having had no experience of being controlled directly by China unlike other nations under the Chinese sphere of influence, such as the Korean Peninsula and Vietnam.
Japanese: その一方で、大和民族は朝鮮半島やベトナムなど、他の中華文明圏とは違い、中国に直接支配された経験はなく、受け入れた海外の文化（とりわけ中華文明）を独自に消化していく余裕があった。
English: Japanese culture began to be created as foreign cultures and Japanese original culture merged.
Japanese: やがて、海外の文化と日本独自の文化が融合し、日本の文化が生み出されていった。
English: Various western customs came into Japan due to the Meiji restoration, but this civilization and enlightenment developed in its own way, having changed by assimilating with Japanese custom, like Chinese culture had in the past.
Japanese: 明治維新や文明開化により、様々な西洋の風習が日本に入り、それらはかつての中華文化と同じ様に日本文化と融合して手が加えられ、変化・変質して独特な展開を遂げた。
English: The idea of Japanese culture being old-fashioned was born due to the theory of Europeanization, jeopardizing Japanese traditional culture.
Japanese: また、欧化主義によって日本の文化を旧態依然の古い物とする考え方も登場し、伝統文化が危機に陥った事もあった。
English: It was not only worship of foreign countries but also an agonizing decision to raise Japan's international status, which was extremely low at that time.
Japanese: これは単なる外国崇拝だけではなく、当時の極端に低い日本の国際的地位を上げるための苦渋の決断という側面も強かった。
English: For example, the reasoning and process behind the construction of the Rokumeikan (Deer-cry Hall) shows the complicated emotions of the Japanese in relation to European and American civilization.
Japanese: 例えば、鹿鳴館の建設理由や経緯などは、当時の日本人の欧米文化への複雑な感情を端的に示している。
English: Moreover, there were people who kept Japanese traditional culture alive while Europeanization went on; some people wore both kimono and Western clothes and others only kimono.
Japanese: 更には日本の旧来の文化を欧化する中でも守り続けた人々も存在し、着物と洋服を着分けたり、着物しか着ない人などと様々であった。
English: Japanese culture succeeded in modernizing first among the nations not included in the European and American bloc (the Western bloc), solidifying its status as a powerful country and attracting the attention of Europe and America.
Japanese: 非欧米圏で初めて近代化に成功し、列強としての地位を固めつつあった日本の文化は、欧米でも注目を浴びた。
English: Traditional Ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) and Japanese architecture built with artisans' sophisticated skills made a deep impression on many authorities in the fields in Europe and America, creating a kind of boom called Japonism.
Japanese: 伝統的な浮世絵や、職人の技術の粋を集めた日本建築は、多くの欧米のその道の権威を唸らせ、ジャポニズムという一種のブームを生んだ。
English: After the war, not only traditional culture but also modern cultural industries such as animation, Japanese Manga (cartoons) and otaku ("nerd" culture) are increasingly popular in the West and various parts of Asia.
Japanese: 戦後は古い文化のみならず、アニメや日本の漫画、オタクといった新しい文化産業も西洋やアジア諸国では注目を浴びてきている。
English: Tools made of stone used when the Japanese archipelago was still connected to the Eurasian Continent by land were unearthed, indicating human beings were present 30,000 years ago.
Japanese: 日本列島では、まだユーラシア大陸と陸続きの時代に石製加工具類が発掘されており、約3万年前に人類が存在したとされる。
English: Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis are among the human beings from that era.
Japanese: この時代の人類には、ホモ・サピエンスやホモ・ネアンデルターレンシスが含まれる。
English: However, human fossils from that era have not yet been discovered because the Japanese archipelago is covered with volcanic ash and has acidic soil due to its many volcanoes, which makes fossils difficult to retain.
Japanese: ただし、火山を多く持つ日本列島は火山灰に覆われており、土壌が酸性であるため化石が残りにくい事から、この時代の人類の化石は未だに発見されていない。
English: Based on the results of DNA studies on the bones of Jomon man, it is known today that Jomon man resembled the indigenous people of north Siberia.
Japanese: 今日では、縄文時代の人骨のデオキシリボ核酸の調査結果で、縄文人はシベリア北部の先住民に近いことが判っている。
English: This is because north Siberia, Sakhalin, Hokkaido and Honshu were connected in the glacial age due to the low seawater level.
Japanese: 氷河期の時代には海水面が低く、シベリア北部から、樺太、北海道、本州と繋がっていたためと思われる。
English: In the late Jomon period and Yayoi period, people came into the Japanese archipelago by sea, assimilating with the native people there.
Japanese: 縄文末期、弥生時代にも人々が海を渡って日本列島にたどり着き、日本列島に在来の人々と同化していったようである。
English: As no written characters before the introduction of kanji (Chinese characters) have been discovered, the first written history is a document about people living in the Japanese archipelago which appeared in Sengaikyo (oldest topography of China).
Japanese: 漢字が渡来するまでの文字は現在まで見つかっていないため、日本列島に居住していた人間に関すると思われる文書による記述は、山海経に初めて登場する。
English: The process which established the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty), which is likely to be a coalition government of the Yamato race, has yet to be revealed.
Japanese: 大和民族の連合政権とされるヤマト王権の成立過程は、現段階でも明らかになっていない。
English: It appears Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) had dominated the region reaching the current northern part of Kyushu until around 330.
Japanese: 330年頃までに、ヤマト王権は現在の北部九州までの地域を勢力下においていたようである。
English: However, it might not be appropriate to think that the range of the Yamato sovereignty's domain and the distribution of the Yamato race at that time were equal because the Yamato sovereignty appeared to be a coalition government of various tribes which had their own sovereignty.
Japanese: ただし、ヤマト王権は独自性を持った様々な部族の連合政権的な物だったらしく、ヤマト王権の支配域と当時の大和民族の分布域をイコールで結ぶことは必ずしも適切ではないかもしれない。
English: According to"Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), agricultural productivity and national power grew until the 5th century, at which time armies were sent to the Korean Peninsula, occupying a part of it for a while (the theory of Mimana).
Japanese: 5世紀には農業生産力が上がり国力が増大し、日本書紀には、この時期に朝鮮半島に兵を送り、一時期は朝鮮半島の一部を領有した（→任那説）と記されている。
English: However, Japan's hold on the Korean Peninsula had already decreased through the late 5th to the 6th century and the Yamato sovereignty also lost their interest in the Korean Peninsula due to the Iwai War, increasing its power only within the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: ただし、5世紀後半から6世紀には既に朝鮮半島での利権は縮小化し、磐井の乱でヤマト王権も朝鮮半島への興味を失うこととなり、もっぱら日本列島内で徐々に勢力を拡大していくようになる。
English: There were different races such as the Hayato (an ancient tribe in Kyushu) in the south of Kyushu and the Ezo (northerners) in the north of the Japanese archipelago; however, the former was subjugated in the 8th century and the latter in the 12th century thanks to the suppression of the uprising of the Hayato people and the achievements of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro, Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians").
Japanese: 日本列島内には、異民族とされている九州南部の隼人（熊襲）、北日本の蝦夷などがいたが、隼人の反乱の鎮圧や征夷大将軍坂上田村麻呂の活躍等によって、隼人は8世紀に、蝦夷は12世紀に完全に服従したとされる。
English: Therefore, the Yamato race came to rule over an area from what is currently the Tohoku region to southern Kyushu.
Japanese: これによって、現在の東北地方北部から南九州までを大和民族が支配することとなった。
English: During this time, there were people who came from the Eurasian Continent or the Korean Peninsula by sea, such as the Paekche people in exile due to the collapse of Kudara (Paekche) and Buddhist monks, however, they were minorities and assimilated with the Yamato race, having no effect on the predominance of the Yamato race.
Japanese: この間、百済滅亡によって亡命してきた百済人や、仏教の僧侶など大なり小なりユーラシア大陸や朝鮮半島から海を渡ってきた人々（渡来人または帰化人）もいたが、それぞれ少数であったために大和民族に統合・同化され、国内での大和民族の優位性は変わらなかった。
English: There were battles against foreign countries, such as the Silla invasion, soldiers of Goryeo, the Toi invasion, Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, the foreign invasion in the Oei Era and the Battle of Hakusukinoe; however, those battles also had no effect on the Yamato race's influence because in those battles they neither occupied Yamato territories nor were their territories occupied.
Japanese: また、新羅の入寇・高麗の賊・刀伊の入寇・元寇・応永の外寇・白村江の戦いなど外国との戦争もあったが、これらも領土を取ったり取られたりしなかったので、特に大和民族の影響力を増大・減少させるものではなかった。
English: After the 13th century, throughout the Kamakura period, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) and the Muromachi Period, the distribution range of the Yamato race was set back in expansion, only settling in Oshima Peninsula in Hokkaido (refer to Watari-to).
Japanese: 13世紀以降は、鎌倉時代、南北朝時代(日本)、室町時代を通じて、大和民族の分布域は、北海道の渡島半島南部に定着した（渡党を参照）程度で、拡大は停滞した。
English: However, the peculiar culture blossomed into Kokufu Bunka (indigenous Japanese culture) and many aspects of Japanese culture which still exist now come from it.
Japanese: だが、独特の文化が国風文化として花開き、現在まで続く日本の文化もこの流れを汲むものが多い。
English: In the Sengoku period, the situation changed temporarily as the Yamato race began trading with foreign countries as Japanese, being exposed to something different from their traditional values.
Japanese: この状況が一時的に崩れるのは戦国時代(日本)であり、大和民族は日本人として世界各国と貿易するようになり、これまでの価値観とは全く異なるものに触れるようになる。
English: Christianity was introduced, gathering devotees, and the newest technology, such as guns, spread around the country instantly.
Japanese: キリスト教が伝来して信者を集め、鉄砲などの最新技術が瞬く間に全国へと普及した。
English: They also immigrated away from Japan, building societies with a standardized basis, such as Ayutaya Japanese town in Southeast Asia.
Japanese: また、移民としても進出し、東南アジアではアユタヤ日本人町のように一定の基盤を持つ社会を構成した。
English: And there were people who went as far as Europe like Tsunenaga HASEKURA, however, the expansion movement to foreign countries began to decline due to the seclusion policy of Edo bakufu.
Japanese: さらには、支倉常長などのように遠くヨーロッパにも渡った者もいたが、これら海外への拡大の動きは江戸幕府の鎖国政策によって衰退することとなる。
English: In the Edo period, Japan was in a state of what is called national isolation, ending cultural exchanges with foreign countries except for China (Ming, Qing) and the Netherlands, establishing peace which continued for 250 years instead.
Japanese: 江戸時代は鎖国と呼ばれる状態にあり、外国との交流は中国（明・清）やオランダなどを除いて断絶したが、250年に亘る「泰平」を築いた。
English: During this time, society was put under the great power of Bakufu; however, a stable society was established, the economy was stimulated, the common people rose in stature, and mercantile culture bloomed.
Japanese: この間、社会は幕府の強大な支配に置かれたが、逆に言えば安定した社会が築かれ、経済活動が活発化して庶民が台頭、町人文化が花開いた。
English: Genroku culture and Kasei cultures were developed and most of the aspects of culture which are now appreciated as popular Japanese products abroad as well as nationally came into being.
Japanese: 元禄文化や化政文化が発展し、現在は海外でも有名な日本的な物とされる文物の多くが作られた。
English: The subjugation of the Ryukyu Kingdom by Satsuma Province also took place, putting it under the virtual control of the shogunate system.
Japanese: また、薩摩藩による琉球王国制圧が起こり、王国は事実上幕藩体制の支配下へと組み込まれた。
English: The Yamato race's power also increased in Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu), turning the southern Oshima Peninsula into part of the inland, and the whole area of Hokkaido came under the power of the Yamato race (refer to Ainu tribe and others).
Japanese: 蝦夷地（現在の北海道）での勢力も増していき、渡島半島南部は内地化し、北海道全域が大和民族の勢力下に置かれるようになった（アイヌ等を参照）。
English: After entering a new era with the Meiji Restoration, Japan ended its national isolation and began the era of opening the country to the world, in which Japan began relations with foreign countries positively.
Japanese: 明治維新によって新時代を迎えると、それまでの鎖国を取りやめ、海外と積極的に関わる「開国」の時代に入る。
English: The empire was expanding both economically and militarily in order to oppose powerful Western countries.
Japanese: 帝国は、強大な西洋諸国に対抗する形で各国に経済的・軍事的に進出していった。
English: Meanwhile, externally, the possession of islands, such as the Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands), Kurile Islands and Sakhalin was established, nearly settling the present territory of Japan.
Japanese: また対外的にも、琉球列島や小笠原諸島、千島列島や樺太といった列島の諸島の領有を確立し、現在の日本の領土をほぼ確定させた。
English: Moreover, the empire encouraged emigration to foreign countries as a national policy, sending many immigrants to Brazil, the United States of America, Peru, Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, Argentina, Paraguay and other countries.
Japanese: 他に、国策として海外への移民を奨励して、ブラジルやアメリカ合衆国、ペルー、カナダ、ハワイ、メキシコ、アルゼンチン、パラグアイなどに多数の移民が渡った。
English: Japan won the Japanese-Sino War, Japanese-Russo War and the First World War, fighting against powerful countries around the world.
Japanese: 日清戦争・日露戦争や第一次世界大戦で世界の列強と渡り合い、勝利した。
English: As a result, Japan became a multiracial nation due to a rapidly expanded range of settlement over various regions of Asia and Oceania, possessing Korea, annexing the Korean Empire, building Manchukuo, and putting the South Sea Islands under mandate.
Japanese: 結果、台湾を領有、大韓帝国を韓国併合、満州国を建国、南洋諸島を委任統治とするなど、アジア・オセアニア各地に急速に分布域を広げたために多民族国家となった。
English: Japan built the bases of a society, steadily cementing its grip while dealing with various levels of conflicts with local residents or sometimes being rebelled against.
Japanese: 現地の住民との大小の衝突、時には反乱を起こされながらも、着実に支配を固め、社会基盤を築いていった。
English: In World War II, Japan proposed the action of the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, marched into Southeast Asia which was the colony of powerful countries such as England and the Netherlands, cast out the Occupation Forces of Europe and America and took their places, occupying or putting under their influence almost the whole area.
Japanese: さらに、第二次世界大戦においては大東亜共栄圏の行動を打ち出し、当時イギリスやオランダなどの列強が植民地化していた東南アジアに進軍し、欧米の占領軍を追い出して後釜に座る形でほぼ全域を占領、あるいは影響下に置いた。
English: Japanese people who had migrated to various places returned to Japan as repatriates since Japan lost sovereign power in countries around the archipelago.
Japanese: 列島周辺の主権を失ったために、各地に移住していた日本人の大概は、引揚者として日本に引き揚げていった。
English: After World War II, Japan started out as a peaceful country and achieved economic development (Jimmu Boom and others), assimilating foreign cultures rapidly (mainly American culture) under the military protection of the U.S.A.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後は平和国家として再出発し、アメリカ合衆国の軍事的な保護の元、急激に海外文化（主にアメリカ文化）を吸収して経済発展を成し遂げた（神武景気等）。
English: These days, migration to foreign countries is not conducted as national policy and so is a group migration, since Japanese has become one of the world's top countries having great national powers.
Japanese: 最近では日本国の国力が世界有数になったため、国策としての海外移民は行われず、集団での移民も見られなくなっている。
English: However, in recent years, there is a rising insistence to accept immigrants due to its aging society.
Japanese: 逆に近年では、高齢化社会の影響から移民の受け入れを唱える主張も一部には出てきている。
English: The Law Prohibiting Cruelty to Animals refers to a large number of proclamations and ordinances issued during the Genroku era in Edo Period.
Japanese: 生類憐みの令（しょうるいあわれみのれい、生類憐令）は江戸時代の元禄期に出された多数のお触れ（法令）のことである。
English: The "Law prohibiting cruelty to animals" does not refer to a single statutory law with that name, but is a general term for a number of proclamations.
Japanese: 「生類憐みの令」は、そのような名前の成文法として存在するものではなく、複数のお触れを総称してこのように呼ぶ。
English: It is thought that these laws were only aimed at "dogs", but in reality they also covered many living things such as cats, birds, and even fish, shellfish and insects.
Japanese: 「犬」が対象とされていたかのように思われているが、実際には犬だけではなく、猫や鳥、さらには魚類・貝類・虫類などの生き物にまで及んだ。
English: However, as the Shogun Tsunayoshi was born in the year of the Dog, one of the twelve animals of the Oriental zodiac, dogs were treated with special care (he himself was especially fond of dogs and it is said that he owned 100 of them).
Japanese: ただ、綱吉が丙戌年生まれの為、特に犬が保護された（綱吉自身犬好きで、100匹の狆犬を飼っていたという）。
English: This law has been recognised as a "seriously wrong law" and an "evil, autocratic law", but as the Edo Period subject to review, the rule of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA and this law are also under re-examination.
Japanese: 一般的に「苛烈な悪法」「天下の悪法」として人々に認識されているが、江戸時代史見直しと共に徳川綱吉治世の見直し論も起こり、この令も再検討されている。
English: In 1687, Seii Taishogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA established a law to prohibit the taking of life.
Japanese: 江戸幕府第5代征夷大将軍徳川綱吉は、貞享4年（1687年）殺生を禁止する法令を制定した。
English: As for why the law was promulgated, it is said to have been issued by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA on the recommendation of Ryuko, high Buddhist official favoured by Tsunayoshi's mother Keisho-in, dues to worries he had no successor.
Japanese: 生類憐みの令が出された理由について従来、徳川綱吉が跡継ぎがないことを憂い、母桂昌院が寵愛していた隆光僧正の勧めで出したとされてきた。
English: However, as Ryuko had still not arrived in Edo by the time the law was issued, the theory that denies his involvement is more convincing.
Japanese: しかし最初の生類憐みの令が出された時期に、まだ隆光は江戸に入っていなかったため、現在では隆光の関与を否定する説が有力である。
English: There is another theory that it was issued for the prayer of longevity, but this theory also states the law was issued on Ryuko's recommendation therefore is hard to believe.
Japanese: 生類憐みの令が出された理由については、他に長寿祈祷のためという説もあるが、これも隆光僧正の勧めとされているため、事実とは考えにくい。
English: At first, it was a spiritual law simply carrying the message "refrain from taking lives", however the number of offenders did not decrease.
Japanese: 当初は「殺生を慎め」という意味があっただけのいわば精神論的法令であったのだが、違反者が減らなかった。
English: Therefore, a registration system for Dogs was established, dogs were protected from cruel treatment by appointing inspectors, and from 1696 the shogunate offered rewards to people who informed on cruel treatment towards dogs.
Japanese: ついには御犬毛付帳制度をつけて犬を登録制度にし、また犬目付職を設けて、犬への虐待が取り締まられ、元禄9年（1696年）には犬虐待への密告者に賞金が支払われることとなった。
English: In this way, the law went beyond the spiritualism, the society was put under surveillance, and as the result, it is thought that dissatisfaction with the bad law among people in general was heightened against government.
Japanese: そのため単なる精神論を越えて監視社会化してしまい、この結果、「悪法」として一般民衆からは幕府への不満が高まったものと見られる。
English: The warrior class was also partially subject to punishment, although this was limited to the lower classes and in the highest ranks only the vassals were punished (however there was a case of a warrior being sentenced to death, see below.)
Japanese: 武士階級も一部処罰されているが、武士の処罰は下級身分の者に限られ、最高位でも微禄の旗本しか処罰されていない（もっとも下記にあるように、武士の死罪は出ている）。
English: Therefore, executives in the Shogunate seemed not to view this law as important.
Japanese: そのため、幕府幹部達もさほど重要な法令とは受け止めていなかったようだ。
English: There is also a tale that Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA (from one of the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) who hated the law sent Tsunayoshi 20 pedigree dog skins as an ironic symbol.
Japanese: しかしこの法令に嫌悪感を抱いた徳川御三家で水戸藩主の徳川光圀は、綱吉に上質な犬の皮を20枚（一説に50枚）送りつけるという皮肉を実行したという逸話が残る。
English: According to the diary of Shigeaki ASAHI, a feudal retainer of Owari domain, he was fond of fishing and in the short period until the law was abolished on Tsunayoshi's death, he broke the ban and went to fishing sites as many as 76 times.
Japanese: 『鸚鵡籠中記』を書いた尾張藩士の朝日重章は、魚釣りや投網打を好み、綱吉の死とともに禁令が消滅するまでのあいだだけでも、禁を犯して76回も漁場へ通いつめ、「殺生」を重ねていた。
English: Moreover, in Nagasaki pigs and chickens had been commonly used in cooking for a while and it is clear the law was not pervasive.
Japanese: また、長崎では、もともと豚や鶏などを料理に使うことが多く、生類憐みの令はなかなか徹底しなかったようだ。
English: Since the prohibition on killing animals was not thorough enough, the ward head in Nagasaki issued a circular notice to preserve the law among ordinary people twice, in 1692 and 1694, but the notice made an exception of Chinese and Dutch residents who were allowed to eat chicken and pork.
Japanese: 長崎の町年寄りは、元禄5年（1692年）および元禄7年（1694年）に、長崎では殺生禁止が徹底していないので今後は下々の者に至るまで遵守せよ、という内容の通達を出しているが、その通達の中でも、長崎にいる唐人とオランダ人については例外として豚や鶏などを食すことを認めていた。
English: Among cabinet officials who supported the law, Shigemasa KITAMI, a lord chamberlain, established doghouses in his own domain after Tsunayoshi built large-scale kennels in Nakano (Nakano ward), Yotsuya and Okubo (Shinjuku ward).
Japanese: この法令に熱心だった幕閣は側用人であり、中でも喜多見重政は、綱吉が中野(中野区)・四谷・大久保(新宿区)に大規模な犬小屋を建てたことに追従して、自領喜多見に犬小屋を創設している。
English: Some people insist that lord chamberlains including Kitami issued ordinances distorting the spirit of the law.
Japanese: この喜多見をはじめとする側用人たちが法令のそもそもの意味を歪めて発令したと主張する者もいる。
English: It is said that when Ienobu TOKUGAWA (Tsunayoshi's nephew who became his adopted son) took the office of Shogun's assistant, he demanded the abolition of the law.
Japanese: 徳川家宣（綱吉の甥で、養子となる）は将軍後見職に就任した際、綱吉に生類憐みの令の即時廃止を要求したといわれている。
English: Although Tsunayoshi had no heir, he refused demands to abolish the law and in his last moments he begged "At least keep the law for protection of cruelty to animals."
Japanese: 継嗣がいなかったとは言え、綱吉はこの廃止要求を拒絶し、死の間際にも「生類憐みの令だけは世に残してくれ」と告げた。