nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In addition, after Tadashi SEKINO discovered the substructure of Daigokuden and conducted research on the restoration of Heijo-kyu Palace, its results were published as "Heijo-kyu oyobi Daidairi ko" in 1907.
Japanese: さらに関野貞は、大極殿の基壇を見つけ、平城宮の復元研究を深めて、その成果を『平城宮及大内裏考』として1907年（明治40）に発表した。
English: Nara Daigokuden Preservation Society' was established by Kajuro TANADA, and the excavation of Heijo-kyu Palace began in 1924.
Japanese: 棚田嘉十朗によって「奈良大極殿保存会」が設立され、1924年から平城宮の発掘調査が行われた。
English: Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties has been continuing the excavation since 1959, and about 30% of the capital was uncovered by 2004.
Japanese: 1959年以降は、奈良国立文化財研究所が発掘を継続しており、2004年現在では、約30%が発掘されている。
English: The current location of Daidairi is roughly midway between Yamato-Saidaiji Station and Shin-Omiya Station on the Kintetsu Nara Line owned by Kinki Nippon Railway Company, and was nominated as a historic site in 1922 and later as a special historic site in 1952.
Japanese: 大内裏に相当する辺りは現在の近畿日本鉄道近鉄奈良線大和西大寺駅と新大宮駅の中間にあり、1922年には史跡に指定、1952年には特別史跡（平城宮跡（へいじょうきゅうせき））として保存されている。
English: A part of Suzaku-oji Street (the area from Nijo to Sanjo) was also nominated as a historic site in 1984.
Japanese: また朱雀大路の一部（二条〜三条あたり）が1984年に史跡に指定されている。
English: As 710 can be pronounced as 'nanto,' meaning both 'how' and 'Nanto' in Japanese, there are some puns to describe the year of the transfer of the capital, such as 'how beautiful Heijo-kyo is,' 'how big Heijo-kyo is,' 'how nice Heijo-kyo is' and 'how lovely Heijo-kyo is.'
Japanese: 遷都の年号の語呂合わせは「710（南都）きれいな平城京」、もしくは「710（南都）大きな平城京」、「710（南都）素敵な平城京」、「710（南都）美しい平城京」など。
English: Since it was the final destination of the Silk Road, the capital became a very international place.
Japanese: 平城京はシルクロードの終着点であったことも関係し、非常に国際都市であった。
English: Therefore, there were not only Japanese but also people from Tang Dynasty, Silla and the vicinity of India inside the Heijo-kyo.
Japanese: それ故に京内には日本人だけではなく唐や新羅などから遠くはインド周辺の人々までみられたという。
English: Two main reasons Emperor Kanmu decided to transfer the capital from Heijo-kyo to Nagaoka-kyo were the geographical location of Heijo-kyo and its inconvenient water infrastructure.
Japanese: 桓武天皇が、平城京から長岡京へ遷都を決めた理由の一つに、平城京の地理的条件と用水インフラへ不便さにあった。
English: Since Heijo-kyo was built far from a big river it was not possible to use a ship, so it was difficult to transport food efficiently.
Japanese: 平城京は大きな川から離れている為、大量輸送できる大きな船が使えず、食料など効率的に運ぶことが困難であった。
English: Although there were a few streams running down the city, it was not enough to support a population of 100,000.
Japanese: 都には小さな川は流れているが、人口10万人を抱えていた当時、常に水が不足していた。
English: Domestic wastewater and excrement were thrown away into the ditches next to the streets, and carried away by the stream water.
Japanese: 生活排水や排泄物は、道路の脇に作られた溝に捨てられ、川からの水で流される仕組みになっていた。
English: However, waste piled up causing the water to almost stop flowing, and it became very unsanitary.
Japanese: しかし、水がほとんど流れない為に汚物が溜まり、衛生状態は限界に達していた。
English: The term 'Kusarigama jutsu' refers to a martial art in which a fighter, holding a sickle on a chain in one hand and the chain with a iron weight in the other, and swinging the weight in a circular motion, could throw the iron weight to the opponent's body or use the chain to entangle the weapon to retrieve and then kill him with the sickle.
Japanese: 鎖鎌術（くさりがまじゅつ）は鎖鎌を片手に鎌の柄を握って構え、片手に分銅のついた鎖を振り回し、分銅の鉄丸を相手に打ち付けたり、鎖を相手の武器に巻きつけて奪ったりして鎌でとどめをさす術。
English: Incidentally, different schools use different type of kusarigama (a chain and sickle) in shape, length and the position of the chain attached to the neck of the handle, therefore, it is rare to find exactly the same type at an antique shop.
Japanese: なお、この鎖鎌の形状、長さ、鎖の位置等は流派により異なり、古道具などでまったく同じ形のものがでることはまれである。
English: It is believed that kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon by farmers who were forced to fight in a battlefield, and eventually developed into a martial art form, but the details remain unknown.
Japanese: 鎖鎌は主に農民の武器で、戦場に駆り出された農民が武器として鎌を使ったことから発展したとされるが詳細は不明。
English: Kabane refers to the titles given by Okimi (great king) (Yamato sovereignty) to powerful clans which showed ones' relationships to the sovereignty as well as ones' ranks in the Yamato sovereignty of ancient Japan.
Japanese: 姓（カバネ）とは、古代日本のヤマト王権において、大王(ヤマト王権)（おおきみ）から有力な氏族に与えられた、王権との関係・地位を示す称号である。
English: It is believed that they were given to powerful clans to show their ranks and official duties as they began solidifying their positions in relation to Royal Family when Yamato sovereignty became stable.
Japanese: ヤマト王権が成熟し、大王家を中心として有力氏族の職掌や立場が次第に確定していく中で、各有力者の職掌や地位を明示するために付与されたと考えられている。
English: Kabane which denoted official duties included kuni no miyatsuko (the heads of local governments), Ataganushi (territorial ruler) and inagi.
Japanese: 職掌を示す姓（カバネ）としては、国造（くにのみやつこ）、県主（あがたのぬし）、稲置(いなぎ)などがある。
English: Kabane which denoted ranks, social statuses and positions included kimi, omi, muraji, miyatsuko, atai, obito, fuhito and suguri.
Japanese: 地位・格式・立場を示す姓（カバネ）としては、公（きみ）、臣（おみ）、連（むらじ）、造(みやつこ)、直（あたい）、首(おびと)、史（ふひと）、村主（すぐり）などがある。
English: Other kabane included konikishi which was given to the Royal Families of Baekje after fleeing to Japan due to the fall of their country.
Japanese: その他の姓（カバネ）としては、百済滅亡後に亡命してきた百済王族に与えられた百済王氏（こにきし）などがある。
English: Omi and muraji were thought to be the high ranks within kabane, and the highest ranks given to the most powerful individuals were oomi (ancient Japan) and omuraji (ancient Japan).
Japanese: 姓（カバネ）の中では、臣、連が一番格式が高いとされ、最も有力な者には更に大臣(古代日本)（おおおみ）、大連(古代日本)（おおむらじ）の姓（カバネ）が与えられた。
English: After the Jinshin War (occurred in 672), the kabane system existed in name only when Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) system was installed by the Emperor Tenmu, which put omi and muraji in sixth and seventh from the top, and thus those titles no longer held any values.
Japanese: 姓（カバネ）の制度は、壬申の乱（672年）の後、天武天皇が制定した八色の姓によって有名無実化されていき、臣、連ですら序列の6、7番目に位置づけられ、その地位は、実質上、無意味化した。
English: Instead, those competent individuals who showed their loyalty to the emperor were given new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki.
Japanese: 代わって、天皇への忠誠心がある有能な人材には新たに作られた真人（まひと）・朝臣(あそん）・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸（いみき）の姓（カバネ）が与えられた。
English: However, almost all clans were granted the kabane ason after Nara period, and therefore Yakusa no Kabane system also lost its meaning and existed in name only.
Japanese: しかしながら、奈良時代を過ぎるとほとんどの氏族の姓（カバネ）が朝臣（あそん）になってしまい、八色の姓も甚だ形式的なものに変質してしまう。
English: It was believed that the kabane were given to each clan from the beginning of Yamato sovereignty; however, based on the research of historical records, some strongly suggest that they were given to individuals in the beginning of Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: この姓（カバネ）は、後世での扱われ方からヤマト王権当初から氏族単位に賦与（ふよ）されていたと考えられていたが、実証的な文献研究により、ヤマト王権当初の姓（カバネ）は個人単位で付与されていたことが明らかとなったと主張する人がいる。
English: However, even if it was the case, Emperor Tenmu (Yamato sovereignty) had to create the Yakusa no Kabane system which resulted in the dysfunction of the original kabane system since the kabane were given to too many people, and uji and kabane became integrated through heredity as the system of clans and hereditary titles based on a ritsuryo legal code remained simply as a form.
Japanese: しかし、仮にそうであった場合でも、律令的氏姓制度が形骸化するに連れて、氏（ウヂ）と姓（カバネ）とが世襲化により一体化され、その構成員もいたずらに増え過ぎてしまったため、のちにヤマト王権（天武天皇）自身が八色の姓（やくさのかばね）によって全く新たな官位制度と連動させつつ氏姓の制（うじかばねのせい）を実質的に無意味化せざるを得なかった。
English: Furthermore, the fact remains that Emperor Tenmu introduced new kabane such as mahito, ason, sukune and imiki rather than using the ones that had already been passed on, that he allowed only the members of an immediate Imperial Family to be in the position of Ujinokami which had the right to give kabane, and that he even had the authority to give permission in the beginning.
Japanese: しかも、世襲化されている旧来の姓（カバネ）ではなく、全く新たな姓（カバネ）である真人（まひと）・朝臣（あそん）・宿禰(すくね)・忌寸（いみき）を導入し、それらを賦与ないし継承させる氏上（うじのかみ）を直系親族に限定し、その許認可権すら当初は天武天皇自ら握っていたという事実は動かない。
English: Also, this Yakusa no Kabane system stopped functioning like the original kabane system after the death of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: そして、この八色の姓も、天武天皇没後、旧来の氏姓の制と同様に早々に機能不全の道を辿っていく。
English: The only kabane that remained from the Yamato sovereignty till the Meiji Restoration were ason and sukune; Nagatoshi from Fujiwara clan (Masujiro OMURA), FUJIWARA no Ason Toshimichi (Toshimichi OKUBO), Shigenobu from Sugawara clan (Shigenobu OKUMA) and Aritomo from Minamoto clan (Aritomo YAMAGATA) being the examples of ason, and 'Hirobumi from Ochi clan' (Hirobumi ITO) being the example of sukune.
Japanese: ヤマト王権から明治維新までかろうじて命脈を保った姓（カバネ）は、藤原氏永敏（大村益次郎）・藤原朝臣利通（大久保利通）・菅原氏重信（大隈重信）・源氏有朋（山縣有朋‎）などに代表される朝臣、「越智氏博文」（伊藤博文）などに代表される宿禰である。
English: Whether those names were true or not, it is said that uji and kabane were only used since it was necessary when serving the emperor and the Imperial Court.
Japanese: これらの真偽はともかくとして、天皇および朝廷に仕えるために必要不可欠とされた氏（ウヂ）・姓（カバネ）が復古的に用意されただけ、という意味合いが強い。
English: The use of traditional uji including 'Fujiwara' and kabane including 'ason' was banned and finished its role when the Meiji Government was able to unify the 'uji = family name' by issuing the order to allow all commoners to have family names in 1870 and the compilation of Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin) in 1872.
Japanese: 明治政府は、1870年の平民苗字許容令、1872年（明治5年）の壬申戸籍編纂の二段階によって「氏（シ、うじ）＝姓（セイ、本姓）＝苗字＝名字」の一元化を成し遂げ、旧来の氏（ウヂ）・姓（カバネ）を公称することを自ら廃止したため、事実上、「藤原」などの旧来の氏（ウヂ）・「朝臣」などの姓（カバネ）は、その役割を完全に終えた。
English: Since the Jinshin-koseki, the traditional kabane as well as uji were replaced with 'uji = family name' due to a legal basis.
Japanese: この壬申戸籍以後、旧来の姓（カバネ）は、それと一体化していた旧来の氏（ウヂ）とともに、法的根拠をもって一本化された「氏（シ、うじ）＝姓（セイ、本姓）＝苗字＝名字」に完全に取って代わられることとなる。
English: This new name system was established among all Japanese citizens when the order issued in 1875 made it mandatory for all commoners to have family names.
Japanese: この新たな氏姓制度が日本国民全員に確立したのは、1875年（明治8年）の平民苗字必称令によってである。
English: Omi was one of kabane used in the Yamato sovereignty and denoted the highest ranked title along with Muraji.
Japanese: 臣（おみ）は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ（かばね）の一つで、姓の中では連と並んで高位に位置していた。
English: Originally, Omi was granted to the local ruling clans who were subjected to the Yamato sovereignty around Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto).
Japanese: 元々、ヤマト王権に対して服属した畿内周辺の豪族に与えられた姓であった。
English: The local ruling clans such as Soga, Kose, Ki, Heguri, Kazuraki and Hata who played a central role in the Yamato sovereignty had this title of Omi.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の中核を為す蘇我氏、巨勢氏（巨瀬・許勢）、紀氏、平群氏、葛城氏、波多氏、阿部氏などの有力な豪族がこの姓を称した。
English: Also, influential local ruling clans in other areas were allowed to call themselves Omi.
Japanese: また、地方でも有力な豪族に対しては臣の姓を名乗ることが許されている。
English: According to the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), many clans with the kabane of Omi were descended from the emperors before the period of the Emperor Keitai.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』などの中では、臣姓の多くは継体天皇以前の天皇から別れ出た氏族としている。
English: The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi were called Oomi, who was put in charge of the affairs of state.
Japanese: この臣の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大臣（おおおみ）と呼び、国政を預けられた。
English: On the other hand, those among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji.
Japanese: 一方連（むらじ）の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力なものを大連（おおむらじ）と呼んだ。
English: By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Omi was demoted to the sixth highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.
Japanese: 天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、臣の姓の地位は上から6番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓となっていく。
English: Muraji refers to one of kabane (hereditary title to denote rank and political standing) used in the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) and also denoted one of the highest ranked titles among retainers.
Japanese: 連（むらじ）は、ヤマト王権で使われていたカバネ（かばね）の一つで、家臣の中では最高位に位置していた姓の一つである。
English: Muraji is said to be the kabane granted to some of the influential clans who were under the direct control of the Yamato sovereignty from early times, and they held special official posts or were in charge of managing the occupations.
Japanese: 早くからヤマト王権に直属していた有力氏族の中に与えられた姓と言われ、特殊な官職や職業を束ねる立場に有った。
English: According to the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), many clans who called themselves Muraji could be descendants of the gods other than those of the Imperial Family's.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』などにおいては、連姓の多くは天皇家以外の神の子孫としている。
English: Unlike the kabane of Omi that were mostly the influential ruling clans in the capital, the clans with the kabane of Muraji were directly connected to the posts of the Imperial Court and it is said that the Otomo and the Mononobe clans were those who were in charge of the military affairs for the Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.
Japanese: 中央の有力豪族が中心である臣に対して連の姓を名乗る氏族は、朝廷の役職と直結しており、大伴氏も物部氏も古来からヤマト王権の軍事を束ねる役割をしていた氏族だと言われている。
English: The most influential people among the clans with the kabane of Muraji were called Omuraji (ancient Japan), who were put in charge of the affairs of state along with people called Oomi (ancient Japan), who were the influential people among the clans with the kabane of Omi.
Japanese: この連の姓を名乗る氏族の中で最も有力な者を大連(古代日本)（おおむらじ）と呼び、臣の姓の氏族の中の有力者である大臣(古代日本)（おおおみ）と共に国政を預けられた。
English: By the Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) reform by the Emperor Tenmu, the kabane of Muraji was demoted to the seventh highest, and afterwards Ason (or Asomi) became the kabane title for influential clans.
Japanese: 天武天皇の八色の姓の改革により、連の姓の地位は上から7番目に格下げとなり、その後は朝臣が、有力氏族の姓と成っていく。
English: The Jinshin War was the biggest domestic war in ancient Japan and broke out in 672 and Emperor Tenchi's younger brother, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenmu) launched a revolt taking powerful local clans on his side against Prince Otomo (given the name Emperor Kobun later in 1870) who was a son of Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 壬申の乱（じんしんのらん）とは天武天皇元年（672年）に起きた日本古代最大の内乱であり、天智天皇の太子・大友皇子（おおとものみこ、明治3年（1870年）、弘文天皇の称号を追号）に対し皇弟・大海人皇子（おおあまのみこ、後の天武天皇）が地方豪族を味方に付けて反旗をひるがえしたものである。
English: The year 672 corresponding to Jinshin (ninth year of the sixty-year Chinese calendrical cycle) so it was called the Jinshin War.
Japanese: 天武天皇元年は干支で壬申（じんしん、みずのえさる）にあたるためこれを壬申の乱と呼んでいる。
English: Also this war was a battle over the imperial throne so before the Second World War, if the students did not advance to the old-education-system high school or more, they were not educated about this war.
Japanese: なお「天皇位をめぐる戦乱」であるため、戦前は旧制高等学校以上に進学しないとこの乱については教育されなかった。
English: In the late 660s, Emperor Tenchi who transferred the capital to Omi no miya had originally designated his younger maternal half-brother Prince Oama as Crown Prince (according to the Nihonshoki [Chronicles of Japan], the younger brother of an Emperor. And also there is a theory that the story of Prince Oama was designated as heir was itself a fiction in the Nihonshoki) but on November 26, 671, he designated his own son Prince Otomo as Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) beginning to show his will to let Prince Otomo succeed to the throne.
Japanese: 660年代後半、都を近江宮へ移していた天智天皇は同母弟の大海人皇子を皇太子（日本書紀には「皇太弟」とある。また、大海人皇子の立太子そのものを日本書紀の創作とする説もある）に立てていたが天智天皇10年10月17日(旧暦)（671年11月26日）、自身の皇子である大友皇子を太政大臣につけて後継とする意思をみせ始めた。
English: Prince Oama recommended Prince Otomo as Crown Prince and he told Emperor Tenchi that he wanted to be a monk and went to Yoshino no miya (Yoshino, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 大海人皇子は大友皇子を皇太子として推挙し自ら出家を申し出、吉野宮（奈良県吉野）に下った。
English: On January 10 672, Emperor Tenchi died at the age of 46 in Omi no miya.
Japanese: 12月3日(旧暦)（672年1月10日）、近江宮において天智天皇が46歳で没する。
English: On July 27 672, Prince Oama departed Yoshino and escaped to Mino via Iga Province and Ise Province.
Japanese: 大海人皇子は天武天皇元年6月24日(旧暦)（7月27日）に吉野を出立し伊賀国、伊勢国を経由して美濃国に逃れた。
English: In Mino, under the direction of Prince Oama, O no Honji already took up arms and Fuwa road was blocked.
Japanese: 美濃では大海人皇子の指示を受けて多品治が既に兵を興しており、不破の道を封鎖した。
English: For this, Prince Oama was able to gather troops from various countries on Tokaido Road, Tosando Road.
Japanese: これにより皇子は東海道、東山道の諸国から兵を動員することができるようになった。
English: Entered Mino and gathered troops from the east country, and Prince Oama divided the troops in two and dispatched them in two directions; Yamato and Omi on August 3.
Japanese: 美濃に入り、東国からの兵力を集めた大海人皇子は7月2日(旧暦)（8月3日）に軍勢を二手にわけて大和国と近江の二方面に送り出した。
English: The Prince Otomo side in the Omi Court dispatched a messenger to Togoku (eastern country), Kibi Province, Tsukushi Province (Kyushu) to gather troops, the messenger of the east country was hampered by the troops of the Prince Oama side and they could not persuade syndics of Kibi and Tsukushi to cooperate with Prince Otomo.
Japanese: 近江朝廷の大友皇子側は東国と吉備国、筑紫国（九州）に兵力動員を命じる使者を派遣したが、東国の使者は大海人皇子側の部隊に阻まれ吉備と筑紫では現地の総領を動かすことができなかった。
English: In Yamato, after Prince Oama left, the Omi Court gathered troops in Wakyo (old city of Asuka) but OTOMO no Fukei took up arms and gained control of the army.
Japanese: 大和では大海人皇子が去ったあと、近江朝が倭京（飛鳥の古い都）に兵を集めていたが大伴吹負が挙兵してその部隊の指揮権を奪取した。
English: The Omi Court army was superior this time so the Fukei troops were often routed but Fukei regrouped the army repeatedly and beat off the enemy.
Japanese: この方面では近江朝の方が優勢で吹負の軍は度々敗走したが、吹負は繰り返し軍を再結集して敵を撃退した。
English: In time, rescue forces led by KI no Ahemaro arrived from Mino and saved the Fukei troops from the bad situation.
Japanese: やがて紀阿閉麻呂が指揮する美濃からの援軍が到着して吹負の窮境を救った。
English: The Omi Court army headed for Mino but the advancement was stopped due to bad leadership.
Japanese: 近江朝の軍は美濃にも向かったが、指導部の足並みの乱れから前進が滞った。
English: Prince Oama's army led by MURAKUNI no Oyori moved forward and opened war at Okinaga no Yokokawa on August 8 and after that, marched into enemies with a series of victories.
Japanese: 村国男依らに率いられて直進した大海人皇子側の部隊は7月7日(旧暦)（8月8日）に息長の横河で戦端を開き、以後連戦連勝して進撃を続けた。
English: When the Omi Court army was badly defeated at the Battle of Seta Bridge (Karahashi-cho, Otsu City, Siga Prefecture) on August 23, Prince Otomo killed himself on August 24 the next day and the battle converged.
Japanese: 7月22日(旧暦)（8月23日）に瀬田橋の戦い（滋賀県大津市唐橋町）で近江朝廷軍が大敗すると、翌7月23日(旧暦)（8月24日）に大友皇子が自決し、乱は収束した。
English: The following year, in February 673, Prince Oama ascended to the throne and established Asuka no Kiyohara no miya.
Japanese: 翌天武天皇2年（673年）2月、大海人皇子は飛鳥浄御原宮（あすかのきよみはらのみや）を造って即位した。
English: The Omi Court perished and the imperial court was moved to Asuka (Asuka-mura, Takaichi County, Nara Prefecture) again.
Japanese: 近江朝廷が滅び、再び都は飛鳥（奈良県高市郡明日香村）に移されることになった。
English: Also a new system was established for rewards and re-establishment of order; revision of dress code system, established Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles), revision of Kan-i system (office and rank system).
Japanese: また論功行賞と秩序回復のため新たな制度の構築、すなわち服制の改定、八色の姓（やくさのかばね）の制定、冠位制度の改定などが行われた。
English: Before his accession, Emperor Tenchi took up arms against Siila and Tang allied forces to attempt the recovery of Baekje in 663 but this war turned into a fiasco due to the loss of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
Japanese: 天智天皇は即位以前の天智天皇2年（663年）に百済の復興を企図して朝鮮半島へ出兵して新羅・唐連合軍と戦うことになったが、白村江の戦いでの大敗により百済復興戦争は大失敗に終わった。
English: Because of this, Emperor Tenchi made them build national defenses along the coast of the sea of Genkai, Seto Inland Sea and let refugees of Baekje immigrate to Togoku and moved the palace from Asuka in the Nara Basin to Omi no miya which is located on the southern edge of Lake Biwa.
Japanese: このため天智天皇は国防施設を玄界灘や瀬戸内海の沿岸に築くとともに百済難民を東国へ移住させ、都を奈良盆地の飛鳥から琵琶湖南端の近江宮へ移した。
English: However, it is thought that this movement became a burden for the local ruling families and citizens and produced a sense of dissatisfaction.
Japanese: しかしこれらの動きは豪族や民衆に新たな負担を与えることとなり、少なくない不満を生んだと考えられている。
English: Fire disaster occurred frequently when Omi no miya was relocated and it is said that the fires reflected the dissatisfaction of the local ruling families and citizens.
Japanese: 近江宮遷都の際には火災が多発しており、遷都に対する豪族・民衆の不満の現れだとされている。
English: Furthermore, in the reform by Emperor Tenchi, it is thought that complaints were growing between the local ruling families (especially Togoku) because they were disregarded.
Japanese: さらに、天智の改革においては地方豪族（特に東国）を軽視したために地方豪族の間で不平が高まったと見られている。
English: At that time, Emperor Tenchi who was trying to implement the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) also trying to introduce legitimate child succession (that is, Prince Otomo [Emperor Kobun] would inherit the imperial throne) instead of the old conventional succession between brothers-uterine so Prince Oama's dissatisfaction escalated for this.
Japanese: 当時、律令制の導入を目指していた天智天皇は旧来の同母兄弟間での皇位継承の慣例に代わって唐にならった嫡子相続制（すなわち大友皇子（弘文天皇）への継承）の導入を目指しており、大海人皇子の不満を高めていった。
English: Moreover, Prince Oama seemed like an efficient politician, and Prince Oama supporters who thought he should succeed the imperial throne made efforts and this led to the War.
Japanese: さらに大海人皇子は有能な政治家であったらしく、これらを背景として大海人皇子の皇位継承を支持する勢力が形成され乱の発生へつながっていったとしている。
English: Based on these, dissatisfaction toward reform previously mentioned created the base of the Jinshin War and there is a leading theory that the cause of the Jinshin War was the dispute regarding the succession to the Imperial throne since Emperor Tenchi's era.
Japanese: これらを踏まえて、前述した天智改革への不満の醸成が壬申の乱の下地を作り天智以後の皇位継承の争いが乱発生の契機となったとする説が有力となっている。
English: Nobutomo BAN who lived in the Edo period presumed that the remote cause of the dissatisfaction between Emperor Tenchi and Emperor Tenmu was a dispute over Nukata no Okimi (woman) as in the contents of waka (Japanese poetry) written by Nukata no Okimi in the "Manyoshu" (anthology of Japanese poems).
Japanese: 江戸時代の伴信友は『万葉集』に収録されている額田王（女性）の和歌の内容から、額田王をめぐる争いが天智・天武間の不和の遠因ではないかと推測している。
English: There is a thesis that the cause of the war was an internal conflict within the Kyushu dynasty (refer to the Kyushu dynasty thesis for detail).
Japanese: 九州王朝内の内紛であるとする主張もある（詳しくは九州王朝説を参照）。
English: Also there is a thesis that after the war, Prince Otomo went down to Kazusa Province through Tokaido Road (refer to Itabu station for more detail).
Japanese: 乱後、大友皇子が東海道を下り、上総国に逃れたとする主張もある（詳しくは飯給駅を参照）。
English: In China, there is a thesis that the Jinshin War was the battle of 'Wakoku' and 'Japan' (refer to the Jiu Tang Shu [Old Tang History] for more detail).
Japanese: 中国には壬申の乱を「倭国」と「日本国」との戦いであるとする見解が存在したとする主張がある（詳しくは旧唐書を参照）。
English: Ansei no Taigoku was an act of suppression conducted by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) between 1858 and 1859.
Japanese: 安政の大獄（あんせいのたいごく）とは、安政5年（1858年）から翌年にかけて江戸幕府が行なった弾圧。
English: The Tairo (chief minister), Naosuke II and roju (member of shogun's council of elders), Akikatsu MANABE signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan without obtaining Imperial sanction and decided to put forward Iemochi TOKUGAWA as successor to the Shogun.
Japanese: 幕府の大老井伊直弼や老中間部詮勝らは、勅許を得ないまま日米修好通商条約に調印し、また徳川家茂を将軍継嗣に決定した。
English: More than 100 people, including daimyos (Japanese feudal lords), Kugyo (high court nobles), patriots supporting Sonno Joi (slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the Hitotsubashi group (group supporting Yoshinobu from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family), were implicated in Ansei no Taigoku.
Japanese: 弾圧されたのは尊皇攘夷や一橋派の大名・公卿・志士（活動家）らで、連座した者は100人以上にのぼった。
English: As a formality, the 13th Shogun, Iesada TOKUGAWA issued a Taimei (Shogunal order) and carried out the punishments described below.
Japanese: なお、形としては第13代将軍・徳川家定が「台命」（たいめい＝将軍の命令）を発して本項で述べる全ての処罰を行なったことになっている。
English: Had Iesada not done so, Naosuke II, the only fudai daimyo (a daimyo as a hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), would have been unable to punish his superiors, such as the Imperial Court and the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: そうでもしなければ譜代大名に過ぎない井伊直弼が自分の目上に当たる朝廷・徳川一門を処罰することはできなかったのである。
English: After China lost the Opium War, the awareness of foreign risk rose in Japan and cabinet officials of the Shogunate discussed the issue of coastal defense.
Japanese: 中国がアヘン戦争に敗北すると日本国内でも対外的危機意識が高まり、幕閣では海防問題が議論される。
English: The Roju Masahiro ABE carried out the reformation of the shogunate government and entered into the America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship and a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan in 1854.
Japanese: 老中・阿部正弘が幕政改革を行ない、1854年にアメリカ合衆国と日米和親条約を、ロシアとは日露和親条約を締結した。
English: In 1853, the 12th shogun, Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA died and his fourth son, Iesada TOKUGAWA ascended to be the 13th Shogun, but was in poor health and had no hope to have a son.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）に第12代将軍徳川家慶が死去し、第13代将軍に家慶の四男・徳川家定が就任するが、病弱で男子を儲ける見込みが無かった。