nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Needless to say, the police didn't condone the killing, and arrested all the villagers who took part in it on charges of murder.
Japanese: 警察はもちろん、このようなリンチ殺人を黙認するはずもなく、逆に惨殺に加担した村人を殺人の容疑で逮捕した。
English: Kokuzekomoku was a petition that Hirobumi ITO who was a governor of Hyogo Prefecture submitted it with three executives of Prefecture (Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA, Mitsuaki TANAKA, Noriyuki GA) and Finance officer/ judge, Munemitsu MUTSU who was in Osaka.
Japanese: 国是綱目（こくぜこうもく）は、明治2年（1869年）1月に当時の兵庫県知事であった伊藤博文が、県幹部3名（中島信行・田中光顕・何礼之）及び大阪に赴任中の会計官権判事の陸奥宗光とともに提出した建白書。
English: The members of the Meiji government which was established by the collapse of the Edo Shogunate were patriot of joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group of Imperial court, Satsuma-han, Choshu-han which supported anti-foreigner policy.
Japanese: 江戸幕府の崩壊とともに成立した明治政府は、これまで尊皇攘夷を掲げて様々な行動を起こしてきた朝廷や薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派志士が中心となって結成していた。
English: For this, local anti-foreigner factions thought that anti-foreigner policy will be operated if when the new government realized.
Japanese: このため、各地の攘夷派は新政府が成立すれば当然攘夷が断行されるものと考えていた。
English: However, on January 10 1868, the new government promised to continue the treaty which Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) concluded for the foreign countries as ' an imperial rescript of opening of a country to the world' and although the government stated 'Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world' and 'Evil customs of the past shall be broken off' in the five charter oath and although they posted 'implementation of international law' in the next five notices, they didn't deny excluding foreigners clearly.
Japanese: ところが、新政府は慶応4年1月10日にいわゆる「開国の詔」を出して諸外国に対して江戸幕府が締結した条約の継続を約束し、また五箇条の御誓文にて「旧来ノ陋習ヲ破リ」「智識ヲ世界ニ求メ」と述べ、続く五榜の掲示においても「万国公法履行」を掲げていたにも関わらず、攘夷については明確な否定をしなかった。
English: Hirobumi ITO who used to be involved in British Legination Attack in Tozenji Temple had thought through study in Britain that anti-foreigner was unrealistic way and that it was wrong to cling to the unfeasible way.
Japanese: かつて東禅寺(東京都港区)のイギリス公使館襲撃に加わっていた伊藤博文は、その後のイギリス留学を通じて攘夷が非現実的な方針であり、いつまでも実現不可能な路線に固執すべきではないと考えていた。
English: Also keeping up han will be one of the causes to hinder Japanese political integration so Hirobumi ITO wanted to abolish the system as soon as possible.
Japanese: また、いつまでも藩を存続させておくことは日本の政治的な統一を妨げる原因の1つになると考えて一刻も早い廃止を望んでいた。
English: But at that time, Ito was just a local governor and not in a position to be related to the central government policy.
Japanese: しかし、当時の伊藤はいまだ一介の地方知事でしかなく、中央の方針に関与できるだけの立場にはなかった。
English: On September 17, 1868, when the collapse of Ouetsu-reppan alliance became certain, Ito said, 'Japan should stand side by side with other countries in the five continents and that people know the national politics could not go forward in heredity system.' and submitted a written opinion that Japan should aim at a nation equal to other countries, and for this, the emperor should be given a solo military authority, and as soon as he knew that nearby Himeji Domain offered to return of lands and people to the emperor, Ito resubmitted a written opinion containing a similar statement.
Japanese: 奥羽越列藩同盟の崩壊が確実となった明治元年9月17日、伊藤は「五州各国ト並立ント欲スルヤ、世禄ノ制を以国政ヲ立ル不能ハ人々ノ知ル所ナリ」と述べて、日本は海外諸国と同等の国家を目指し、まずそのために天皇に兵権を集中すべきとする意見書を出し、続いて11月に近隣の姫路藩が版籍奉還の申し出をしたと知るや同様の趣旨の意見書を再度提出した。
English: However, Ito was frustrated because he had not heard a word from the new government, and once he caught a news that the lord of the domains (Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, Hizen) submitted the memorial to the emperor that they would return their lands and people to the emperor, Ito planned to submit the petition with his subordinates, Nakajima (Assistant Judicial Officer), Tanaka (Assistant Judicial Officer), Ga (Scholar of English, served for prefecture as an advisor), and also Mutsu who happened to get to know Ito joined them, and they all submitted in their five joint names "kokuzekomoku" which was composed of the six points.
Japanese: だが、一向に新政府からの音沙汰がないのに不満を抱いた伊藤は、薩長土肥の藩主が版籍奉還の上表を行ったという報を聞きつけ、部下である県判事の中島、権判事の田中、同じく英学者で県出仕（顧問に相当する）の何と相談して建白書の提出を図り、これに偶々伊藤と面識を持った陸奥も加わって5人連名で提出したのが6ヶ条からなる『国是綱目』であった。
English: The submission, the contents and the impact became clear from materials including "Hirobumi ITO Biography" which was written hearing from Ito himself while he was alive.
Japanese: 提出とその内容、その後の反響は伊藤が存命中に本人からの聴取を交えて書かれた『伊藤博文伝』などから明らかとなっている。
English: In the new government in Kyoto, Ito submitted the petition and Shojiro GOTO read out the contents while Sanetomi SANJO, Tomomi IWAKURA, Toshimichi OKUBO, Takamori SAIGO, Saneomi HIRASAWA were sitting there.
Japanese: 京都にあった新政府において、三条実美・岩倉具視・大久保利通・西郷隆盛・広沢真臣らが居並ぶ中で伊藤は建白書を提出し、後藤象二郎が内容を読み上げた。
English: In order to maintain a nation in unbroken imperial line, it is necessary to carry out politics for the cultural enlightenment standing side by side with other countries and to build a nation which can give benefit of emperor to every people equally.
Japanese: 天皇による万世一系の国家を維持するために、海外諸国と並立して文明開化の政治を行い、人民全てに均しく天皇の恩沢が行き渡る国家を形成する必要がある。
English: In order to gather the supreme power of politics and armies throughout the country into the Imperial court, it is required to let every han return their people and army and treat the lord of the domain as aristocrat, instead, Imperial court law should be proclaimed throughout the nation.
Japanese: 全国の政治・兵馬の大権を朝廷に集めるために諸藩に人民と兵力を朝廷に返却させ、藩主を貴族として遇し、それに代わって朝廷の法令を全国一律に布告すべきである。
English: The government should open the transportation to all the countries of the world and boost national prestige to show fidelity to the other countries.
Japanese: 広く世界万国と交通を開き、他国に信義を示すことで国威を発揚すべきである。
English: The government should give the right to freedom to people and the nation should abolish shinokosho (hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants) to let people choice their job and where to live.
Japanese: 人々に対して自在自由の権を与え、国家も士農工商の別を無くして民による自由な職業選択と居住地選択に任せるべきである。
English: It is required to let common people learn so that they could obtain a same academic level as other countries of the world, and for that, it is necessary to establish colleges in the major cities and elementary schools in towns and villages to provide with an education regardless of ranks and place of residence.
Japanese: 全国の人民をして世界万国の学術に通じるようにさせ、そのため東西南京に大学校、町や村に小学校を設置して身分・居住地を問わず教育を与えるべきである。
English: It is necessary to observe treaties with foreign countries, to create a trading industry in order for people to engage in, and to set up a Kokuron (nation's policy) for exchanging a friendship with foreign countries, while killing or hurting foreign people should not be accepted.
Japanese: 外国との条約を遵守して、貿易産業を興して人々を重視させ、外国とは懇親をもって相交わる事を国論（国家の方針）とし、外国人の殺傷などは容認すべきではない。
English: Also we should make this national policy clear and eliminate the heresy (principle of excluding foreigners) and lead public and private sector to this way (and to establish the fiscal discipline was needed but will be answered later).
Japanese: また、この国論を内外に鮮明にして異説（攘夷論）を排して官民をその方向に導くべきである（なお、財政規律の確立も需要であるが、これは後日回答したい）。
English: According to the "Hirobumi ITO Biography," Sanjo and other listened silently without discussing pros and cons for this but in fact, it is said that they provoked Okubo and others antipathy.
Japanese: これに対して三条以下は賛否を論ずることも無く無言で聞き入ったと『伊藤博文伝』には書かれているが、実際には大久保らの反感を買ったと言われている。
English: Because Okubo, Saigo and Takayoshi KIDO already proceeded with the preparations for the returning of lands and people to the emperor focused on haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in the future but if returning of lands and people to the emperor realized, this means denying fundamentally the master-servant relationship of the load of domain and the feudal retainer of domain which continued for more than 250 years as an absolute principle, so a single misstep could be a cause of a nationwide rebellion.
Japanese: なぜなら、大久保や西郷、木戸孝允らは既に将来的な廃藩置県を見据えた版籍奉還の準備を進めていたが、版籍奉還を行えば幕藩体制において絶対的な原理として250年以上続いてきた藩主と藩士の主従関係が根本的に否定することになるため、一歩間違えれば全国的な反乱を引き起こしかねないものであった。
English: Therefore, Okubo planned to justify by getting an agreement of `kogiyoron' by each organization in the new government on a spirit of Five Charter Oath.
Japanese: そのため、大久保は五箇条の御誓文の精神に則って新政府内の各機関による「公議輿論」の合意を経ることでその正当性を打ち立てる計画であったのである。
English: Ito's petition spread in and out of the new government quickly so Ito was hated badly.
Japanese: 伊藤の建白書は忽ち、新政府内外に広まって伊藤は大きな憎悪を受けることとなる。
English: One is that samurais of domains got upset by the sudden discussion on haihan-chiken and a part of the conservatives mobbed Kyoto to ask the new government to exclude or punish Ito as 'the one who makes light of loyalty.'
Japanese: 1つは一気に廃藩置県を論じたことによって諸藩の武士は大いに動揺し、一部の保守派が京都に押しかけて、伊藤を「忠義の道を蔑ろにする者」としてその排斥もしくは処罰を新政府に求める動きに出たことである。
English: And another is that Ito pressed the denial of joiron and stated to 'stand in line with foreign countries' so a part of joi-ha conformed to this.
Japanese: もう1つは攘夷論の否定を迫り「外国と並立」することを論じたことで一部の攘夷派もこれに同調する動きを見せたことである。
English: Iwakura who was concerned about this directed Ito to be suspended and also Kido sent a letter to Ito on March 12 and warned him of the risk of using the word 'stand in line with foreign countries' without care.
Japanese: これを憂慮した岩倉は伊藤に謹慎を指示し、また3月12日には木戸も伊藤に対して書簡を送り、安易に「外国との並立」との言葉を使うことの危険性を忠告している。
English: On March 7 of that year, the lower house was established in the residence of Himeji domain in Tokyo gathering 227 lower house members from each domain and the foreign policy was picked up as an urgent matter.
Japanese: この年の3月7日に東京の姫路藩邸に各藩の公議人227名を集めて公議所が設置されると、外交政策が急遽課題として取り上げられたのである。
English: On April 17, two agendas 'article 17', 'article 4' were posted by the Officer of Foreign Affairs.
Japanese: 4月17日、外国官より「問題17条」と「問題4条」の2議題が提示された。
English: Following the questioning form consisted of 17 questions called 'article 17', they first questioned whether proceed the expulsion of foreigners or not and asked for the opinion of the lower house members about the measurement in case of the expulsion of foreigners implemented.
Japanese: 「問題17条」と呼ばれる17条からなる質問形式においてまず攘夷の是非について問い、もし攘夷を行う場合についての対応策について公議人の意見を求めた。
English: Although the result was wrapped up on 23rd, the question itself was thoroughly about the policy of expulsion of foreigners so the lower house members who were stuck for an answer replied 'expulsion of foreigners are impossible.'
Japanese: その結果が23日に纏められたものの、その質問自体が攘夷の方策について徹底的に問い質したもので、答えに詰まった公議人達は「攘夷は不可である」との回答を寄せたのである。
English: And in the Jokyoku (a law-making body) meeting began in Tokyo on May 21, Meiji emperor's question brought up on 25 for questioning the need to make 'opening of a country to the world peacefully' a national policy in response to the result of the lower house and Jokyoku meeting showed the emperor's reply that this was positive on 28th.
Japanese: 続いて5月21日から東京で開催された上局会議（東京会同）において、25日に公議所の結果を受けて「開国和親」を国策とする事の是非を問う明治天皇の勅問が提示され、28日に上局会議はこれを是とする勅答を提示した。
English: Accordingly, they officially decided to take 'the opening of Japan' for a national policy of Japan (Meiji government).
Japanese: これによって、正式に「開国」を日本（明治政府）の国策とすることが正式に決定したのである。
English: In the following, return of lands and people to the emperor which had passed through the same process, was also decided to be implemented on June 17, although it was more complicated than diplomatic issues.
Japanese: 続いて、同様の手続を経た版籍奉還も外交問題よりは紆余曲折があったものの、6月17日に実施されることとなったのである。
English: Also these five people involved with this petition crossed each other later in the Meiji government.
Japanese: なお、この建白書の5人はその後、明治の政治において様々な交錯をすることになる。
English: Later, when Hirobumi ITO became the prime minister, Tanaka served as Secretary of the Cabinet, Mutsu served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Japan).
Japanese: 後に伊藤博文が内閣総理大臣になった際に田中は内閣書記官長、陸奥は外務大臣(日本)などを務めている。
English: Also chairman of House of Representatives, Nakajima's first wife was a sister of Mutsu and Toru HOSHI who was ga's disciple and became an English teacher by ga's recommendation in Osaka got to know Mutsu by ga's introduction and later engaged in political activity together.
Japanese: また、後に衆議院議長を務めた中島の最初の妻は陸奥の実の妹であり、また何の門人でその推挙で大阪で英学校の教師をしていた星亨は何の紹介で陸奥と知り合い、後年政治行動をともにすることになる。
English: Rusu-seifu refers to the Establishment organized to protect the nation in early Meiji Period while Iwakura Mission, which consisted of leaders of the Meiji government, was visiting Europe and America (December 23, 1871 - September 13, 1873).
Japanese: 留守政府（るすせいふ）とは、明治初期において、明治政府首脳部で組織された岩倉使節団が欧米歴訪中にその留守を守るために組織された体制を指す（明治4年11月12日(旧暦)（1871年12月23日）－明治6年（1873年）9月13日）。
English: Just before the delegation departed, government officials in higher rank than taifu of each ministry entered into a treaty ('Treaty of ministers, sangi (councilors) and taifu').
Japanese: 使節団の出発前に各省大輔以上の政府高官が盟約書（「大臣・参議・大輔盟約書」）を結んだ。
English: Article 6 of the treaty stipulated that large-scale reforms should not be carried out during the absence of government leaders, saying 'A big reform for inland business is to be made after taishi (commander-in-chief) returns to Japan, so it is not necessary to pursue a new reform immediately,' while Article 7 stipulated that affairs of Haihan-chiken should be wound up quickly, saying 'Since accomplishing Haihan-chiken is essential to carry out inland business, it should be done reasonably and effectively.'
Japanese: その第6条には「内地の事務は大使帰国の上で大いに改正するの目的なれば、其内可成丈新規の改正を要す可らず」として留守中に大規模な改革を行わないことを約する一方で、次の第7条には「廃藩置県の処置は内地事務の統一に帰せしむべき基なれば、条理を逐て順次其効を挙げ、改正の地歩をなさしむべし」として廃藩置県の後始末については速やかに行うように指示されていた。
English: After the delegation departed, Rusu-seifu carried out reforms positively such as introduction of an educational system and Conscription Ordinance, land-tax reform, adoption of the solar calendar, improvement of the judicial system, a halt of Christian oppression, but confrontation between Rusu-seifu and Iwakura Mission was aggravated over personnel affairs and Seikanron, which led to the political change in 1873.
Japanese: 使節団出発後、留守政府は学制・徴兵令・地租改正・太陽暦の採用・司法制度の整備・キリスト教弾圧の中止などの改革を積極的に行ったが、人事を巡る問題と征韓論を巡って留守政府と岩倉使節団の対立が激化して明治6年の政変に至る事になった。
English: Rusu-seifu had been said to carry out reforms in an arbitrary, disorderly and self-serving manner against Article 6 of the 'Treaty of ministers, sangi and taifu,' ignoring members of Iwakura Mission, and as a result to cause various contradictions, the political change in 1873 within the government, and Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and peasant uprisings outside the government.
Japanese: 従来、留守政府の改革については、「大臣・参議・大輔盟約書」第6条に違反して岩倉使節団の面々を無視する形で留守政府が功に逸って無秩序勝手に行い、その結果様々な矛盾を引き起こして政府内では明治6年の政変を、政府外では士族反乱や農民一揆を引き起こす原因となったとする見方があった。
English: Although introduction of an educational system and Conscription Ordinance and land-tax reform are certainly considered a large-scale reform and seem to be against the treaty at a glance, today they are thought to be part of work of accomplishing Haihan-chiken that was stated in Article 7 and Iwakura Mission had approved on the whole.
Japanese: 確かに学制や徴兵令・地租改正などは大規模な改革に相当し、一見すると盟約書に反するようにも見えるが、現在ではこれは第7条によって規定された後始末の一環であり、岩倉使節団も事前に大筋で了承していたとする説が出されている。
English: In the first place, because traditional administrative and judicial systems were totally dissolved due to Haihan-chiken, it was necessary to establish alternative systems quickly.
Japanese: そもそも、廃藩置県によって従来の行政・司法システムを根本的に解体した結果、それに代替するシステムを早急に制定する必要性があった。
English: The new educational system and Conscription Ordinance were made as alternatives to old hanko (domain school) and hanhei (domain samurai) and as some of educational and military systems, and had been in preparation before the delegation's departure.
Japanese: 学制や徴兵制は既存の藩校・藩兵に代替して作られた教育・軍事システムの一環であり、その準備は使節団出発前から行われていたものである。
English: In addition, since accomplishing Haihan-chiken and land-tax reform meant to destroy hundreds-year-long feudalism and the way the lands should be ruled, there was a high possibility in pursuing those reforms that samurai and peasants might have rebelled against the government.
Japanese: また、廃藩置県や地租改正を行えば、数百年に及び封建制及び土地支配のあり方が破壊されてしまうものであり、武士・農民層に反政府行動に向かわせる可能性が高い性格の改革であった。
English: As the government at this time stayed this course, any leaders could not avoid Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) and peasant uprisings consequently.
Japanese: この時期の政府がこの路線を貫徹させようとすれば、誰が指導者であったとしても結果的に士族反乱や農民一揆は避けられなかったと言える。
English: And among policies made by Rusu-seifu, the only one that had not been worked over before the delegation's departure was 'Kenkan (sending an ambassador to Korea) issue of Takamori SAIGO,' which resulted in confrontation between the delegation members and Resu-seifu.
Japanese: そして、留守政府の施策中において、使節団出発以前に構想されていなかった唯一の政策が使節団メンバーとの対立を引き起こした「西郷隆盛の遣韓問題」であったのである。
English: It was financial and personnel affairs besides political issues that brought about more dispute and confrontation.
Japanese: むしろ、政策以上に紛糾と対立を引き起こしたのは財政と人事を巡る問題であった。
English: Rusu-seifu had promised to freeze personnel affairs during the absence of Iwakura Mission and Takamori SAIGO had been greatly expected to work as a coordinator, but SAIGO placed 'kyohei (powerful army)' as one of the top priorities of the Restoration, supported Aritomo YAMAGATA, who was promoting 'kyohei,' to establish a plot of the conscription system instead of realizing SAIGO's own idea of the warrior-class-centered volunteer system, and persuaded people from Satsuma not to throw YAMAGATA out of power even when YAMAGATA came to a crisis of being forced to step down due to the Yamashiroya incident.
Japanese: 留守政府は岩倉使節団派遣中は人事を凍結する約束であり、西郷隆盛に調整役としての期待が大きかったが、西郷自身が「強兵」を維新の主軸に置いており、「強兵」を推進しようとする山縣有朋に対しては自説の士族主体の志願兵構想を撤回して彼の構想する徴兵制の確立に協力し、山城屋事件で山縣が辞任に追い込まれた時でさえ、これを擁護して山縣追い落としを図る薩摩出身者を宥めている。
English: At the same time, he had deep distrust toward Ministry of Finance (led by Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and others), that promoted 'fukoku (rich country),' and did not stop letting INOUE and SHIBUSAWA resign at their crisis of being forced to step down when they were opposed to the Central State Council and government offices over financial affairs (INOUE was also looked at suspiciously due to his involvement in the scandal of Osarizawa copper mine).
Japanese: その一方で「富国」を推進する大蔵省（大隈重信・井上馨・渋沢栄一ら）に深い不信感を抱いていたため、正院や他の省庁との財政を巡る対立で井上・渋沢が辞任に追い込まれた際にもこれを止めなかった（井上の場合には尾去沢鉱山尾去沢銅山事件を巡る疑惑もあったとしても）。
English: In addition, he himself assumed a post of marshal after YAMAGATA resigned from the post (In this case, a marshal meant a commander in chief who is considered to seize military power).
Japanese: その上、山縣辞任後その欠を補うため自ら元帥に就任（この場合は軍総司令官の意。これは軍権の掌握と解された）した。
English: Furthermore, he added Shojiro GOTO, Shinpei ETO and Takato OKI to Sangi (the Councilor) in order to make up the loss of political power (although it was not totally unreasonable because GOTO became chairman of Council of the Left, only ETO and OKI were exceptionally not incumbent councilors among kyo of ministries at that time, and a policy of holding two posts of kyo and sangi concurrently was hammered out after OKUBO returned to Japan), which raised distrust of OKUBO and KIDO as well, who had only limited information while being away from home.
Japanese: またその政治力の欠を補うために後藤象二郎・江藤新平・大木喬任を参議に追加した（ただし、後藤が左院議長、当時の各省の卿の中で江藤・大木のみが現職参議ではない例外の存在であったこと、大久保帰国後に卿と参議を兼務させる方針を改めて打ち出していることなど、必ずしも合理性が無い訳ではない）ことも、国外にいて情報入手が限られていた大久保・木戸の不信感を高めたのである。
English: The Takanawa negotiation was a conference held by the the head of the Meiji Government and the ambassadors of England, France, United States of America, Italy, and Germany, in Takanawa, Tokyo Prefecture on August 19, 1869.
Japanese: 高輪談判（たかなわだんぱん）とは、明治2年7月12日（1869年8月19日）に、東京高輪において開催された明治政府首脳とイギリス・フランス・アメリカ合衆国・イタリア・北ドイツ連邦の5ヶ国の駐日公使による会談。
English: At this conference, the collection of counterfeit coins of Japanese citizens (centered around nibukin) and the introduction of the modern currency system were decided as international commitments.
Japanese: この会談で日本が官民の（二分金を中心とした）贋貨の回収と近代貨幣制度の導入を国際公約とすることになった。
English: After Japan opened its country to the world, the Edo bakufu lowered the quality of gold coins to stop the outflow of gold to foreign countries, but because of this, prices rose, the society was in confusion, and European and American merchants also took a hard hit economically.
Japanese: 開国以後、江戸幕府は金の海外流出を食い止めるために金貨の質を落としたが、そのために物価は上昇、社会は混乱し、欧米商人も経済的な打撃を受けた。
English: For this reason, on June 25, 1866, Western countries and the Edo bakufu concluded a kaizeiyakusho, promising to maintain the current currency level fixed during the Manen era (end of the Edo period) for the moment for the equivalent exchange of domestic and overseas currency and it's stabilization, and that in the future Japan would adopt a currency system that corresponds with the international level.
Japanese: このため、慶応3年5月13日（1866年6月25日）に欧米諸国は江戸幕府と改税約書を結び、内外貨幣の等価交換とその安定化のために万延年間に定められた現行の貨幣水準を当面維持し、将来的には国際水準に見合った貨幣制度を導入することを約束させられたのである。
English: However, the financial affairs of the bakufu at the time were on the verge of collapse, and by the time the kaizeiyakusho was concluded, the bakufu had already lowered the quality of coins even more and continued issuing them.
Japanese: だが、当時幕府財政は破綻寸前であり、改税約書が結ばれた当時には既に幕府はこれよりも質を落として貨幣を発行し続けていた。
English: When the Boshin War eventually started, the Oetsu-reppan alliance: the Aizu, Sendai, Nihonmatsu, Kubota, and other domains started coining counterfeit money, followed by Imperial army domains such as Satsuma, Tosa, Geishu, Uwajima, Sadowara, and Gunyama Domain, for the purpose of raising capital to import weapons from overseas.
Japanese: やがて戊辰戦争が始まると、外国より武器を輸入するための戦費調達を目的として奥羽越列藩同盟の会津藩・仙台藩・二本松藩・久保田藩などが贋貨を鋳造し始め、続いて薩摩藩・土佐藩・芸州藩・宇和島藩・佐土原藩・郡山藩などの官軍諸藩もこれに続いた。
English: Furthermore, domains such as Kaga, Chikuzen, and Kurume Domain who did not actively participate in the war also started coining counterfeit money.
Japanese: さらには加賀藩や筑前藩、久留米藩などの、戦争に積極的とはいえなかった藩までが贋貨を鋳造するようになった。
English: Especially because at the time, the currency system centered around Europe and America was mainly the gold standard system, along with the fact that the shape of the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) of this period was inconvenient for external transport and circulation, instead, the coining of counterfeit nibukin, which was the most used in the field of external settlement, was done frequently, and even gilded silver coins which were not so different from the forfeit coins appeared.
Japanese: 特に当時の欧米を中心とした通貨制度の主流が金本位制であったこと、当時の小判の形状が対外的な運搬・流通などに不便であったことから、代わりに対外決済の分野で最もよく使われていた二分金の贋貨鋳造が盛んに行われ、中には銀貨に金鍍金を施した贋貨とほとんど変わりのないものまで出現した。
English: The Meiji Government took over the kin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and the gin-za (an organization in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) from Shogunate, also coined around 3.81 million ryo low quality gold coins, around 2.24 million ryo silver coins, for a total amount of around 6.05 million ryo from April 1868 to the February of next year (this was more or less, the official currency issued by the government, but from the point of view that it didn't meet the monetary standard defined by the government itself, it was not much different from counterfeits).
Japanese: そして明治政府もまた、明治元年4月から翌年2月にかけて幕府から接収した金座_(歴史)・銀座_(歴史)において、質の劣る金貨を約381万両、銀貨を約224万両、合計約605万両を鋳造した（これは一応政府が発行した公式通貨であるが、政府自らが規定した貨幣としての基準を満たしていないという点では贋貨となんら変わりがない）。
English: The amount coined for many domains are unknown, but the amount reported officially is: for the Geishu Domain, around 196 thousand ryo, for the Kurume Domain, around 30 thousand ryo, for the Tosa Domain, around 51 thousand ryo, and the Satsuma Domain did not officially disclose the amount, but the estimated amount after Tomozane YOSHII pressed the domain's accountant was around 1.5 million ryo.
Japanese: 諸藩の鋳造額は不明だが、公式に届け出たものでは芸州藩は約19.6万両、久留米藩は約3万両、土佐藩は約5.1万両、薩摩藩は公式には明かさなかったものの、吉井友実が藩の会計係に問い詰めた上での推計は約150万両とされている。
English: Of course in reality, many other domains and people took advantage of the civil war and had counterfeit money made similarly, and a rumor was reported by the Foreign Office (the later Ministry of Foreign Affairs) to the public chamber that 30 million counterfeit ryo fell into the hands of foreign merchants.
Japanese: もちろん、実際には内乱に乗じた他の諸藩や民間でも同様の贋貨作りが行われており、明治2年3月に外国官（後の外務省）より公議所に対して3,000万両の贋貨が外国商人の手に落ちたという「風説」があると報告されている（「問題四条」）。