nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1880, negotiations were held in Beijing through the arbitration of ex-US President Ulysses Grant, who had a meeting with Emperor Meiji during his world tour and advised that both Japan and Qing compromise to prevent the intervention of western powers.
Japanese: 世界巡遊中の前合衆国大統領ユリシーズ・グラントが明治天皇との会見で西欧列強の介入を防ぐための日清両国の譲歩を助言したこともあり、1880年北京で日清の交渉が行われた。
English: Japan proposed a plan during negotiations that the Okinawa main island would belong to Japan and the Yeyma islands and Miyako-jima island to China and that Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship be revised with an additional clause to grant Japan a most-favored nation treatment (proposal for divisional rule over the islands and a revision to the treaty), and this proposal was once accepted.
Japanese: この時日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とし、日清修好条規に日本の欧米並みの最恵国待遇を追加する案(分島改約案)を提示し一旦はまとまる。
English: However, Qing whisked to maintain the sakufu relationship instead of possessing both islands changed its mind and requested Japan to return the islands to the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Japanese: しかし清は元来二島の領有を望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めていた。
English: Qing changed its mind upon hearing the opposition of the Ryukyuans to divisional rule over the islands; and as a result, the negotiation did not end in agreement.
Japanese: 分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり、清は提案受け入れの態度を変えて調印に至らなかった。
English: This breakdown in negotiations over the Ryukyu issue and the suspected ambition of Japan to rule Taiwan caused opinions supporting a hard-line policy against Japan.to increase in Qing.
Japanese: この琉球問題の決裂と日本の台湾への野心の疑いから清側ではこの後対日強硬論が唱えられるに至る。
English: As a result, the issue of territorial rights was left unresolved until the end of Japanese-Sino War in 1894.
Japanese: この結果、領有権問題の解決は1894年(明治27年)の日清戦争後まで持ち越されることになった。
English: In Korea after the Ganghwa Island incident, confrontation escalated between the Enlightenment Party (Independence Party), the pro-Japanese group seeking radial westernization, and the Conservative Party (Serving the Great' Party), the pro-Qing group seeking gradual reforms.
Japanese: 江華島事件後の朝鮮では、急進的欧米化を進めようとする親日的な開化派（独立党）と、漸進的改革を進めようとする親清的な守旧派（事大党）との対立が激しくなっていった。
English: With this, conformation between Japan supporting the Enlightenment Party and China supporting the Conservative Party became prominent.
Japanese: それとともに、開化派を支援する日本と守旧派を支援する清との対立も表面化してきた。
English: In Korea after Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity was concluded, military system reform with Japanese support left many solders unemployed, and the remaining soldiers in the old-fashioned military force were not paid on time.
Japanese: 日朝修好条規締約後の朝鮮では日本の支援による兵制改革で軍人が失職し、残った旧式軍隊にも給与が遅配していた。
English: Also rice exports to Japan due to trade after opening of the country caused soaring rice prices and food crisis and put people's lives under pressure.
Japanese: また開国後の貿易で日本への米輸出による米価高騰と食糧危機が民衆を圧迫していた。
English: In July 1882, the old-fashioned solders and civilians rose up in revolt in Hanseong and killed the Japanese military trainers of the newly formed "Byeolgigun (a modernized special military force)" and seized the Japanese legation.
Japanese: 1882年7月、旧式軍の兵士と市民が漢城で蜂起して新編成の「別技軍」の日本人教官らを殺害し日本公使館を包囲した。
English: The legation was burnt down (because of fire set by the minister himself) and dozens of Japanese were killed (Jingo Incident).
Japanese: 公使館が焼失し(公使自ら火を放つ)、日本人10数人が殺害される事態となった(壬午事変)。
English: On August 30, the Jemulpo Treaty was signed with Korea in which Korea promised to pay 50,000 yen for Japanese victims and 50,000 yen for damaged legation and compensation for dispatching Japanese forces and allowed a small-scale Japanese military presence in Hanseong.
Japanese: 8月30日、朝鮮と済物浦条約を調印し、日本人被害者への補償5万円、公使館の損害と日本の出兵への補填金50万円と公使館警護のため若干の軍隊の漢城駐留などを取り決めた。
English: After the incident, Qing began to get actively involved in the military and internal affairs of Korea by stationing its military force led by YUAN Shiva in Korea for military training and posting an adviser in the government.
Japanese: 事変後清は袁世凱らが指揮する軍隊を朝鮮に駐留させ、軍隊訓練や政府顧問をおくなど朝鮮の軍事や内政に積極的に関与した。
English: In June 1884, half of Quing troops stationed in Korea returned because of a confrontation with France over Vietnam (Sino-French War).
Japanese: 1884年6月、ベトナムをめぐるフランスとの対立で朝鮮駐留清軍の半数が帰還した（清仏戦争）。
English: Japan in political regression after the incident made Shinichiro TAKEZOE return to his post as minister to Korea in Hanseong on October 30 and he proposed to give up an unpaid 400,000 yen required in the Jemulpo Treaty.
Japanese: 事変後政治的に後退していた日本は竹添進一郎公使を10月30日漢城に帰任させ、済物浦条約の未払い分40万円の返上を申し出させた。
English: On December 4, the Enlightenment Party attacked leaders of Serving the Great Party in a banquet to celebrate the opening of the Postal Agency and six ministers in the palace, and inaugurated a new administration on the 5th.
Japanese: 12月4日郵政局開局祝賀宴に際し事大派要人を襲撃、その後王宮内で6人の大臣を殺害するなどして5日に新しい政権を発足させた。
English: Also Japanese minister with a hundred and several tens of escorting soldiers entered the Korean palace at night on 4th on the pretext of protecting the king.
Japanese: なお、4日夜から日本公使は警護兵百数十を連れて朝鮮王宮に国王保護の名目で参内した。
English: The legation was completely burned down and more than thirty Japanese people died, provoking antipathy to Korea and China.
Japanese: この時またも公使館が全焼し日本人に30数名の犠牲者を出し、日本国内では朝鮮、中国への反感が高まった。
English: Plenipotentiary Hirobumi ITO and Li Hung Chang signed the Treaty of Tianjin, which provided that both Japanese and Qing troops will withdraw from Korea within four months and hereafter give a prior notice in dispatching their troops, and call troops home as soon as things have calmed down.
Japanese: 1885年4月全権大使伊藤博文と李鴻章により天津条約が結ばれ、四ヶ月以内の日清両軍の朝鮮からの撤退と、以後出兵時の事前通告および事態の沈静化後すみやかに撤収すべきことが定められた。
English: Aritomo YAMAGATA proposed building up the military forces by increasing the tax on cigarettes in August 1882, and Tomomi IWAKURA proposed to increase taxes to build up the Navy, setting up Qing as an imaginary enemy.
Japanese: 1882年8月山県有朋は煙草税増税分による軍備拡張を、9月岩倉具視は清を仮想敵国とする海軍軍拡と増税を建議した。
English: The Army planned to double it's solders and the Navy planned to build 48 warships in eight years begining the following year.
Japanese: 陸軍は3年後からの兵力倍増を、海軍は翌年からの8カ年で48隻の建艦計画をたてた。
English: With these plans, the ratio of military expenditure to the total annual expenditure increased 17.4% in fiscal 1882 to more than 30% in fiscal 1890.
Japanese: これにより、歳出に占める軍事費の割合は1882年度17.4%だったものが、1890年度には30%を超えるまでに増大した。
English: In addition, a Conscription Ordinance was revised in 1883 aiming at increasing soldiers by abolishing payment for substitutes to be exempt from conscription provided for in the exemption clause.
Japanese: また、1883年には徴兵令を改正し、免役規定中の代人料を廃止して兵員増をはかった。
English: In 1888, the conventional garrison --the system effective for claiming domestic conflicts-- was reorganized with the creation of six divisions and Guard Divisions to increase the ability to fight abroad.
Japanese: 1888年には従来の内乱鎮圧型の鎮台を改編し、6師団と近衛師団を創設して海外での戦闘能力を高めた。
English: In August 1866, when four fleets including the Dingyuan of the Qing North Sea Fleet arrived in port in Nagasaki, sailors that landed entered into conflict with the Japanese police force, resulting in deaths on both sides (two deaths on the Japanese side and six deaths on the Qing side) (Nagasaki incident)
Japanese: 1886年8月には清の北洋艦隊のうち定遠など4隻の軍艦が長崎港に入港した際、上陸した水兵が日本の警官隊と衝突し、双方に死傷者を出す(死者日本側2名、清側8名)騒ぎ(長崎事件)となった。
English: Since the two incidents that occurred in korea, Japan had promoted an economic presence, and Japanese exports amounted to more than 90% and Japanese imports accounted for 50% in Korean trade during the 1890's.
Japanese: 両事変後、朝鮮において日本は経済的に進出し、90年代朝鮮の貿易で日本は輸出の90%以上、輸入の50%を占めた。
English: The rural economy was becaming exhausted because of the soaring rice and soybean prices, exploitation of local officials and pressure to pay compensation.
Japanese: 米・大豆価格の高騰と地方官の搾取、賠償金支払いの圧力などが農村経済を疲弊させた。
English: In May 1894, the Tonghak Peasant Revolution led by Jeon Bong Jun --a member of the Tonghak religious community-- occurred in Korea, calling for improvement of the people's livelihood and prevention of invasions from Japan and Western countries.
Japanese: 1894年5月に朝鮮で、東学教団構成員の全琫準を指導者として民生改善と日・欧の侵出阻止を求める農民反乱である甲午農民戦争（東学党の乱）が起きた。
English: On June 1, the Korean government asked Qing to dispatch troops and tried to pacify the armed peasants.
Japanese: これにより6月1日朝鮮政府は清の派兵を要請する一方、農民軍への宣撫にあたった。
English: On June 11, the government accepted the government reform plan proposed by the peasants, and the peasants withdrew to prevent military intervention by the Qing and Japan.
Japanese: 6月11日農民軍の弊政改革案を受け入れて全州和約を結び、清および日本の武力介入を避けるべく農民軍は撤退した。
English: Qing informed Japan of the dispatch of the troops on June 7, and 900 soldiers landed at Asan on the 12th.
Japanese: 清は6月7日には日本に派兵を通告し12日に900名の軍隊が牙山に上陸した。
English: The Japanese Hirobumi ITO cabinet had run out of policies during the fierce confrontation with the Diet (because the bill of the cabinet impeachment report to the throne was adopted on May 30) and tried to break the deadlock by resorting to an external hard-line policy.
Japanese: 日本の伊藤博文内閣は議会との激しい対立（5月30日、内閣弾劾上奏案可決）により政治的に行き詰まっており、対外的に強硬にでて事態打開をはかろうとした。
English: On June 2, the cabinet dissolved the house of Representatives and decided to send a mixed brigade consisting of 8,000 soldiers to Korea on the pretext of protecting Japanese residents in Korea.
Japanese: 6月2日閣議は衆議院解散と公使館、居留民保護の名目で朝鮮への混成一個旅団8000名の派兵を決定した。
English: On June 10, 400 squadrons of Japanese Navy, Land Forces, and the minister to Korea Keisuke OTORI entered Hanseong with a plan that a total of 4,000 solders of mixed brigades with the following troops would be stationed in the capital and the surrounding area.
Japanese: 6月10日海軍陸戦隊400と大鳥圭介公使が漢城に入り、後続部隊を合わせて4000名の混成旅団が首都周辺に駐留することとなった。
English: However the armed peasants had withdrawn, and the reason of the dispatch of Japanese troops based on Treaty of Tianjin had disappeared.
Japanese: しかし既に農民軍は撤収しており天津条約上でも日本軍の派兵理由は無くなった。
English: After the Donghak Peasant Revolution the Korean government requested both Japan and Qing to withdraw their troops, but neither accepted.
Japanese: 甲午農民戦争の停戦後、朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵を要請したが、どちらも受け入れなかった。
English: On June 15, the Ito cabinet decided on its policy in the cabinet meeting that both Japan and Qing would jointly reform the internal system of Korea and, if Qing refused, Japan would solely undertake the instructions, and Qing refused when informed of the decision.
Japanese: 伊藤内閣は6月15日、朝鮮の内政改革を日清共同で進める、清が拒否すれば日本単独で指導するという方針を閣議決定し清に通告し、清がこれを拒否した。
English: After the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed on July 16 as the result of negotiation over treaty revisions to do away with consular jurisdiction right, Minister Oshima gave notice to the Korean government requesting the withdrawal of Qing troops and the denunciation of Sino-Korean treaties with a response demanded within three days.
Japanese: 7月16日条約改正交渉の結果、領事裁判権を廃止する日英通商航海条約調印を経て、20日大鳥公使は朝鮮政府に清軍の撤退と朝清間の条約廃棄を3日間の期限で回答するよう通告した。
English: The Korean government responded that it wanted both Japanese and Qing troops to withdraw, and early on July 23, two battalions of the fifth Army Division cut the telegraph wire in Hanseong and occupied the Korean Palace after a three hour attack.
Japanese: 朝鮮政府は日清両軍の撤兵要求を回答、7月23日未明に陸軍第五師団の二個大隊が漢城の電信線を切断して朝鮮王宮を3時間にわたり攻撃・占領する。
English: The purpose was to obtain justification for opening a war by pushing the Ming family out of the Korean government to get Daewongun to again hold power and request that Japan drive back the Qing army from Korea.
Japanese: これは開戦の名義を立てるために朝鮮政府の閔氏一族を追放し、大院君を再び担ぎだして政権を樹立して日本に清軍の朝鮮からの撃退を要請させるためであった。
English: For reference, Emperor Meiji is said to have shown his anger by saying the following.
Japanese: なお、日本政府の強引な開戦工作に対して、明治天皇は以下のように述べ怒りを発していた。
English: The Japanese government explained to the people the outline of the cause for the war (Imperial Rescript of war declaration against Qing) as follows;
Japanese: 日本政府が、国民に伝えた宣戦の理由（清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅）の要旨は次のようなものである。
English: In principle, Korea is an independent country that opened the country and concluded a Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity with Japan.'
Japanese: 「そもそも、朝鮮は日本と日朝修好条規を締結して開国した独立の一国である。」
English: However, Qing has intervened in the domestic affairs of Korea saying Korea is a tributary state, so Japan has dispatched troops for the cause of saving Korea.'
Japanese: 「それにもかかわらず、清国は朝鮮を属邦と称して、内政干渉し、朝鮮を救うとの名目で出兵した。」
English: Japan, with an intention to remove conflicts eternally in Korea and maintain peace in the entire East, dispatched troops under the Jemulpo Treaty and proposed Quing to work together to do so.'
Japanese: 「日本は済物浦条約に基づき、出兵して変に備えさせて、朝鮮での争いを永久になくし、東洋全局の平和を維持しようと思い、清国に協同して事に従おうと提案した。」
English: Japan advised Korea to carry out a reform to keep the country independent, and Korea accepted it.'
Japanese: 「日本は朝鮮の独立を保つため朝鮮に改革を勧めて朝鮮もこれを肯諾した。」
English: However, Qing prevented this and sent a large force and attacked Japanese warship off korea (Battle of Pungdo).'
Japanese: 「しかし、清国はそれを妨害し、朝鮮に大軍を送り、また朝鮮沖で日本の軍艦を攻撃した（豊島沖海戦）。」
English: China has a clear plot to deny Japan's responsibility for public safety, the independency of Korea, and the Treaty of Tianjin, hamper the rights and interests of Japan, and prevent peace in the East.'
Japanese: 「日本が朝鮮の治安の責任を負い、独立国とさせた朝鮮の地位と天津条約とを否定し、日本の権利・利益を損傷し、そして東洋の平和を保障させない清国の計画は明白である。」
English: On July 25, 1894, the first commando unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy (commander Kozo TSUBOI 'Yoshino (defense cruiser),' 'Naniwa (defense cruiser),' and 'Akitsushima (defense cruiser') encountered Qing warships 'Tsi yuen' and 'Guangyi' and started the war.
Japanese: 1894年7月25日、豊島沖で大日本帝国海軍第1遊撃隊（司令官坪井航三少将、「吉野(防護巡洋艦)」「浪速(防護巡洋艦)」「秋津洲(防護巡洋艦)」）は、清国軍艦「済遠」「広乙」と遭遇し、戦闘が始まった。
English: On the way, the warships encountered Qing warship 'Tsao-kiang' and a steamship 'Kowshing' (hoisting a British merchant ship flag).
Japanese: その途上、清国軍艦「操江」及び汽船「高陞号」（イギリス商船旗を掲揚）と遭遇した。
English: Kowshing' was transporting about Qing 1,100 soldiers to Incheon Metropolitan city to prepare for war.
Japanese: 「高陞号」は、戦争準備行動として仁川広域市に清国兵約1100名を輸送中であった。
English: Under the order from the commander of the first commando unit, Heihachiro TOGO, the commanding officer of 'Naniwa' requested 'Kowshing' to stop for inspection after warning fire, but when Qing soldiers ignored, he torpedoed the steamship (Kowshing Incident).
Japanese: 第1遊撃隊司令官の命により「浪速」艦長の東郷平八郎大佐は「高陞号」に停船を命じて臨検を行うように発砲し、清国兵が停船命令に従わないため、魚雷で「高陞号」を撃沈する（高陞号事件）。
English: The Qing had 'Tsi yuen' severely damaged, the 'Tsao-kiang' seized by the 'Akitsushima,' and the 'Guangyi' destroyed.
Japanese: 他方、清国側には、「済遠」が大破し、「操江」は「秋津洲」に鹵獲され、「広乙」も破壊された。
English: However, public opinion cooled down because of the British stance in favor of Japan allowed the Times to carry opinions of experts of International Law, Doctors John Westlake and Thomas Erskine Holland, that Japan took measures following International law.
Japanese: しかし英国が日本寄りの姿勢だった事もあり、イギリスの国際法の権威、ジョン・ウェストレーキおよびトーマス・アースキン・ホランド博士によって国際法に則った処置であることがタイムズ紙を通して伝わると、英国の世論も沈静化する。
English: On July 25, the Korean government requested Minister Keisuke OTORI to expel the Qing troops in Asan by force
Japanese: 7月25日に朝鮮政府から大鳥圭介公使に対して、牙山の清国軍撃退が要請される。
English: On July 26, the ninth infantry Brigade (headed by major general Yoshimasa OSHIMA) was informed of the request.
Japanese: 7月26日に第9歩兵旅団（旅団長大島義昌少将）にその旨が伝達される。
English: At 2 AM, a sudden attack of Qing soldiers killed Japanese soldiers including Naomi MATSUZAKI, Infantry Captain (the first war deaths on the Japanese side).
Japanese: 午前2時に、清国兵の襲撃により松崎直臣陸軍歩兵大尉ほかが戦死する（日本側初の戦死者）。
English: The Japanese side had 82 solders killed and injured in both operations, while the Qing troops had more than 500 casualties and threw down their arms and fled to Pyongyang.
Japanese: 両作戦の日本側の死傷者は82名なのに対して、清国兵は500名以上の死傷者を出し、武器等を放棄して平壌まで逃亡する。
English: Fro reference, there is a story that a private second class solder of the 21st regiment, Kohei KIGUCHI, never let his signal bugle fall from his lips when killed during battle on the outside of Anseong.
Japanese: なお安城渡の戦闘で第21連隊の木口小平二等卒は死んでも信号ラッパを離さずに吹き続けたという逸話が残る。
English: Colonel Tadashi Satoh, the commander of the 18th infantry regiment of the Japanese army (in the pioneer days of the Army) engaged in an assault and was shot in his left leg, suffering serious injury, resulting in an amputation.
Japanese: 攻略に当たっていた日本軍の歩兵第18連隊長佐藤正(陸軍草創期)大佐は銃弾を受け左足切断の重傷を負う。
English: When Japanese and Qing warships met on the Yellow Sea, a the battle started with an attack by the 'Dingyuan' at 12:50 on September 17th.
Japanese: 黄海上で遭遇した日清両艦隊は、9月17日12時50分に「定遠」から攻撃が開始される。
English: The Japanese force consisted of the flagship 'Matsushima' led by Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet Lieutenant General Yuko ITO and another eight warships as well as the flagship 'Yoshino' led by the commander of the first commando unit Major General Kozo TSUBOI and other four warships, while the Qing consisted of the'Dingyuan' and the 'Chen Yuen' led by Adminaral Jyosho TEI and other 14 torpedo boats.
Japanese: 日本側は連合艦隊司令長官伊東祐亨中将率いる旗艦「松島(巡洋艦)」以下8隻と第一遊撃隊司令長官坪井航三少将率いる旗艦「吉野(防護巡洋艦)」以下4隻であるのに対して、清国艦隊は丁汝昌提督率いる「定遠」「鎮遠」等14隻と水雷艇4隻であった。
English: Japanese squadrons attacked and sunk the 'Chaoyong,' 'Zhiyuan,' and 'King Yuen' and another five ships, did serious or half damaged the 'Yangwei' and 'Kwan Chia.'
Japanese: 日本艦隊は、清国「超勇」「致遠」「経遠」等5隻を撃沈し、6隻を大中破「揚威」「広甲(巡洋艦)」を擱座させる。
English: Four warships were seriously or half damaged with war deaths including Petty office third class Torajiro MIURA, who was admired as a brave seaman.
Japanese: 日本側は4隻の大中破を出し、旗艦「松島」の戦死者の中には勇敢なる水兵と謳われた三浦虎次郎三等水兵もいる。
English: The victory of Japan in this naval battle forced Qing squadrons to be confined in Weihaiwei, bringing naval supremacy to Japan.
Japanese: この海戦で日本側が勝利したことによって、清国艦隊は威海衛に閉じこもることとんり、日本海軍は黄海・朝鮮の制海権を確保した。
English: The Qing solders scared of the enormous power of the Japanese troops rushed to escape, and as the result, the Japanese troops brought Jiuliancheng under their control without bloodshed.
Japanese: 日本軍の猛勢に恐れをなした清国軍は我先にと逃走を図り、日本軍は九連城を無血で制圧する。
English: The morale of Qing solders were so weak that the Lushun Fortress fell only in a day.
Japanese: 清国軍の士気は極めて低く、堅固な旅順要塞は僅か1日で陥落することとなる。
English: The casualties on the Japanese side were fourty deaths, 241 injuries, and seven missing persons, while 4,500 died and 600 were held as prisoner on the Qing side.
Japanese: 日本側の損害は戦死40名、戦傷241名、行方不明7名に対して、清国は4500名の戦死、捕虜600名を出して敗退する。
English: The assault itself had no issues to be criticized but a problem occurred during the occupation.
Japanese: 攻略そのものは問題なかったが、その後の占領において大きな問題が発生した。
English: "The Times" (dated on November 28, 1894) and "New York World" (dated on December 12, 1894) reported, 'Japanese troops massacred non military personnel, women, and children for four days after Lushun fell.'
Japanese: 『タイムズ』（1894年11月28日付）や『ニューヨーク・ワールド』（同年12月12日付）により、「旅順陥落の翌日から四日間、非戦闘員・婦女・幼児などを日本軍が虐殺した」と報じられたのである。
English: Opinions are divided on whether it was a massacre or not and, if so, how many people were killed, but Nagao ARIGA who was there in service and saw or heard what happened suggested that civilians were involved in the battle.
Japanese: 虐殺の有無や、虐殺された人数については諸説あるが、実際に従軍し直接見聞した有賀長雄は清国民間人の巻き添えが有ったことを示唆している。
English: This incident is known as the Port Authur Massacre.
Japanese: 現在、この事件は旅順虐殺事件（英名：thePortArthurMassacre）として知られている。
English: After this incident, there were growing opinions that it was still too soon to revise the treaty in the US upper House for a while, bringing Japan to a crisis over important diplomatic issues.
Japanese: この事件により一時アメリカ上院には条約改正は時期尚早という声が大きくなり、重要な外交懸案が危殆に瀕した。
English: This put Japan in a position to force Munemitsu MUTSU to make an excuse in 'Newyork World.'
Japanese: 陸奥宗光はこのため『ニューヨーク・ワールド』に弁明せざるを得なくなる事態に陥ることとなった。
English: Since the Japanese troops conquered the royal palace, there had been anti-Japanese resistance in Korea -- cuts of electric cables for military use, attack of logistics on bases, and capture and the murder of Japanese solders, and so forth.
Japanese: 日本軍の王宮占領後、朝鮮では軍用電線の切断、兵站部への襲撃と日本兵の捕縛、殺害など民衆の「義兵」反日抵抗が続いた。
English: On October 9, 1894, armed peasants in Tonghak led by Jeon Bong Jun regarded the invading Japanese troops as the second army of Hideyoshi and rose against it.
Japanese: 1894年10月9日全琫準を指導者とする東学農民軍が侵入した日本軍を秀吉軍の再来と受け止め再蜂起した。
English: Although Daewongun requested Minister Otori not to send troops to suppress the peasant army, Japan dispatched a military unit (the 19th independent infantry battalion) in early November and the won Gongju battle started late November, ousting the peasant army to the south.
Japanese: 大院君は農民軍鎮圧のための派兵をしないよう大鳥公使に要請したが、日本は部隊(歩兵独立第十九大隊)を11月初めに派兵し、11月下旬からの公州攻防戦で勝利して農民軍を南方へ退けた。
English: Extremely cautious about a military intervention by Russia, Japan drove the armed peasants to Haenam and further to Chindo island to annihilate them totally out of fear of the expansion of armed peasant in the north.
Japanese: ロシアの軍事介入を極度に警戒した日本は農民軍の北進を恐れ朝鮮最西南端の海南さらに珍島まで追いつめて徹底的に殲滅した。
English: At 3:20 AM on February 5, the Japanese torpedo boat squadrons invaded Weihaiwei port and totally destroyed the Chinese Dingyuan, and attacked and sunk three warships including the 'Liaoyuan' and 'Weiyuan.'
Japanese: 2月5日午前3時20分に威海衛港内に侵入した日本水雷部隊は清国の「定遠」を大破、「来遠」「威遠」等3隻を撃沈した。
English: ITO, commander-in-chief, did not seize the merchant vessel and treated his body as courteously as possible.
Japanese: 伊東司令長官は、鹵獲艦船の中から商船康済号を外し、丁汝昌提督の亡骸を最大の礼遇を以て扱った。
English: What he and Hikonojo KAMIMURA, a Commodore in Russo-Japanese War did was described as examples of fair play spirit in textbooks of Navies around the world.
Japanese: 現在でもフェアプレイ精神の例として日露戦争の上村彦之丞提督とともに、各国海軍の教本に掲載されていると云う。
English: At this time, however, Japan did not accept the conditions, because it aimed at the complete occupation of the Liaodong Peninsula as a precondition of a post-war domain.
Japanese: しかし、この時日本は戦後の領有を前提に遼東半島の完全占領を目指していたため、この講和条件を受け入れなかった。
English: Since late March, 1895, a peace conference was held in Shimonoseki City through the intermediation of the USA, with full authority being given to Hirobumi ITO and Munemitsu MUTSU on the Japanese side and to Hung Chang LI on the Qing side.
Japanese: 1895年3月下旬からアメリカの仲介で、日本側が伊藤博文と陸奥宗光、清国側が李鴻章を全権に下関市で講和会議が開かれた。
English: Aiming to seize Taiwan this time, Japan sent an infantry brigade to the Penghu islands west of Taiwan island on March 23rd to create a precondition for the Japanese troops to occupy it.
Japanese: この時日本は台湾の略取を目的にその条件となる日本軍による占領を行うため、3月23日歩兵一個旅団を台湾島西方の澎湖諸島に上陸させた。
English: Leaders in the Japanese government such as Matsukata, Mutsu, and Ito expressed their opinion in their papers on the aim and necessity for Japan to occupy Taiwan based on its expansion to the Maly Peninsula and the South Sea Island or as a base in the future to conquer territory on the Chinese continent since 1894: for example 'Strategy for occupation of Taiwan by attacking Weihaiwei' (Ito), and 'A measure to pacify the Taiwan Island' (Mutsu).
Japanese: 台湾領有については松方、陸奥、伊藤ら日本政府要人も1894年以来、その領有の必要性や目的を意見書「威海衛を衝き台湾を略すべき方策」(伊藤)、「台湾島鎮撫策に関して」(陸奥)などでマレー半島や南洋群島に進出する根拠地、中国大陸に将来版図を展開する際の根拠地とする意見を表明していた。
English: However, Li Hung Chang given full authority argued strongly that the Japanese troops had not entered the main island of Taiwan and thus Japan's request for the cessation of Taiwan was not reasonable.
Japanese: しかし、条約交渉において清の全権李鴻章は、日本軍は台湾本土に入っておらず、その割譲要求は筋が通らないと大いに反論した。
English: Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, and the ratification was exchanged in Yantai, Qing on May 8.
Japanese: 4月17日下関条約が調印され、5月8日に清の煙台で批准書の交換を行った。
English: Qing recognized the independence of Korea and, as a consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China, that are in derogation of such independence and autonomy, shall wholly cease for the future.
Japanese: 清は朝鮮が独立国であることを認め、独立自主を損害するような朝鮮国から清国に対する貢・献上・典礼等は永遠に廃止する。
English: The conditions of articles 5 and 6 were what Britain had requested, but didn't obtained yet.
Japanese: この5と6はイギリスが要求して、まだ実現していなかったものであった。
English: The most-favored-nation treatment forced China to approve other powers of similar conditions, which allowed not only Japan, but also Britain and other western powers to expand economically and divide the territory of Qing later among them.
Japanese: これらは最恵国待遇により他の列強にも適用され、以後日本のみならずイギリスをはじめとする西欧列強の清への経済進出と領土分割がより加速されることになった。