nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: During that time in Wakoku (671), Emperor Tenchi met an untimely death (although he may have died of illness, in "Fuso Ryakki" [A Brief History of Japan] it is said that he may have been assassinated based on the account that he went missing during a hunting trip in the mountains).
Japanese: そのころ倭国では、671年に天智天皇が急死（『扶桑略記』では病死説の後一説として「一云天皇駕馬幸山階鄕更無還御永交山林不知崩所只以履沓落處爲其山陵以往諸皇不知因果恒事殺害」とあり山中での狩の途中に行方不明になったという記事を根拠にする暗殺説あり）。
English: His son Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun) and his brother Prince Oama then clashed against each other.
Japanese: すると、息子の大友皇子（弘文天皇）と弟の大海人皇子が皇位をめぐって対立。
English: Prince Oama emerged as the victor, and was enthroned as Emperor Tenmu (year of birth unknown - 686).
Japanese: これに勝利した大海人皇子は天武天皇（生年不詳～686年）として即位する。
English: Emperor Tenmu, backed by military force, established an autocratic regime, and pushed forward with a new nation-building plan.
Japanese: 軍事力を背景として皇位に就いた天武天皇は専制的な統治体制を構築していき、新たな国家建設を進めていった。
English: Furthermore, envoys from Wakoku to Silla were sent frequently, totaling 14 times during the reign of Tenmu.
Japanese: また倭国から新羅への遣新羅使も頻繁に派遣されており、その数は天武治世だけで14回に上る。
English: It is thought that this was one of their strategies to counteract external pressure from the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: これは唐の外圧に対して共同で対抗しようとする動きの一環だったと考えられている。
English: However, fearing that Silla would invade Wakoku due to the momentum gained in unifying the Korean Peninsula, Wakoku kept reinforcing their defensive measures along the sea coast, and although there was exchange between the two countries, their relations deteriorated after the enthronement of Emperor Jito.
Japanese: しかし、新羅が朝鮮半島統一の勢いを駆って侵攻して来る事を恐れ、海岸の防備を固めるなどを怠らず、両国の関係は持統天皇即位後、交流はあるものの、次第に悪化する事になる。
English: Regarding domestic administration, even after Emperor Tenmu's death Emperor Jito continued with his predecessor's policies, and Wakoku (the Yamato Cabinet) transformed into the nation called 'Japan.'
Japanese: 内政では、天武の死後も天武の進めた路線が継承され、それまでの倭国（ヤマト政権）は、「日本」という国家へと生まれ変わることとなった。
English: When the framework of 'Japan' neared completion in the 8th century, Emperor Monmu restarted sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty, and tried to restore their relations by dispatching AWATA no Mahito as the envoy.
Japanese: 「日本」の枠組みがほぼ完成した8世紀、文武天皇によって遣唐使が再開され、粟田真人を派遣して唐との国交を回復している。
English: On the other side, in 698, a group of the surviving members of Koguryo founded the Bokkai Kingdom in North Eastern China.
Japanese: 一方、高句麗遺民の一部は698年、中国東北に渤海(国)国を建国した。
English: Wakoku took in numerous Kudara refugees after its fall, but at the same time hostility between Wakoku and Tang-Silla escalated.
Japanese: 倭国は、百済滅亡で多くの百済難民を受け入れるとともに、唐・新羅との対立を深めた。
English: As a result, the national polity was organized under a sense of urgency, and the creation of the Ritsuyo Codes were pushed forward at a mesmerizing pace.
Japanese: その影響で急速に国家体制が整備され、律令制の建設が急ピッチで進んだとされる。
English: For example, during the reign of Emperor Tenchi, a group of ordinances called the Omi Administrative Codes were created, and during the time of Emperor Tenmu, the legal codes of the ancient Japanese state, considered to be the first Ritsutyo Codes, were formulated.
Japanese: 例えば天智天皇のときには近江令と呼ばれる法令群が策定され、天武天皇のときは最初の律令法とされる飛鳥浄御原令の制定が命じられた。
English: Furthermore, as a result of the implementation of the Taiho Ritsuryo Codes in 701, the name of the country was changed from Wakoku to Japan, symbolizing the completion of the new state.
Japanese: そして、701年の大宝律令制定により倭国から日本へと国号を変え、新国家の建設はひとまず完了した。
English: It is believed that their loss at the Battle of Hakusukinoe fostered a sense of danger for Wakoku, which resulted in the building of a new nation called Japan.
Japanese: 以上のように、白村江の敗戦は、倭国内部の危機感を醸成し、日本という新しい国家の建設を結果としてもたらしたと考えられている。
English: One of the family members of Kudara's king, the younger brother of Fuyo Hosho, Zenko, was given the clan title of Kudara no Konikishi from the Imperial Court and served under it.
Japanese: なお、百済王の一族、扶余豊璋の弟・善光（または禅広）は朝廷から百済王氏（くだらのこにきし）という姓氏が与えられ、朝廷に仕えることとなった。
English: Subsequently, Kyofuku Kudara no Konikishi was conferred Junior Third Rank for his meritorious deeds, which included discovery of a gold mine in Michi Province, and his contribution towards building the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: その後、陸奥国において金鉱を発見し、東大寺盧舎那仏像の建立に貢献した功により、百済王敬福が従三位を授けられている。
English: According to Takehiko YOSHIDA's theory on the Kyushu Dynasty, the forces that fought in the Battle of Hakusukinoe were not from the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) of the Yamato Kingdom (Japan), but instead belonged to the Kyushu Dynasty (Wa) stationed in the Dazaifu (the local government of Kyushu).
Japanese: 古田武彦らの九州王朝説の主張によれば、白村江で戦ったのは畿内ヤマト王権（日本）軍ではなく大宰府に都した九州王朝（倭）軍であるとする。
English: However, this theory has been ignored by the academic circles of ancient Japanese history, who claim that, 'This theory is not at the level of being evaluated or examined,' and it has not gone through the basic methodology necessary for historical science such as the cross examination of historical documents.
Japanese: しかし、日本古代史の学界からは史料批判などの歴史学の基本的な手続きを踏んでいないとして「学説として批判・検証を受ける段階に無い」と見做され黙殺されている。
English: There are no academic theses that support the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty among the academic journals that conduct peer review, and in general any claims regarding the theory of the Kyushu Dynasty, or anything related to that matter, have not been deemed to be academic theories with any scientific proof.
Japanese: 査読のある学術雑誌において、九州王朝を肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
English: The twelve cap rank system (kani-junikai) was a court rank system established January 14, 604.
Japanese: 冠位十二階（かんいじゅうにかい）は、推古11年(603年)12月5日(旧暦)に定められた位階制度。
English: The "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan) gives the start date of the system and lists the twelve ranks.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』では「十二月戊辰朔壬申始行冠位大德小德大仁小仁大禮小禮大信小信大義小義大智小智并十二階並以當色絁縫之頂撮總如囊而著縁焉唯元日著髻華髻華此云　十二年春正月戊戌朔始賜冠位於諸臣各有差」と記述されている。
English: In "Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu," a biography of Prince Shotoku, the ranks are given as "Shaku Juniku, Daitoku, Shotoku, Dainin, Shonin, Dairai, XX Daishin, Shoshin, Daigi, Shogi, Daichi, Shochi."
Japanese: 『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では、「爵十二級、大徳、少徳、大仁、少仁、大礼、□□大信、少信、大義、少義、大智、少智」とある。
English: The section on 'Eastern Barbarians, Kingdom of Wa' (the ancient name for Japan), in the "Sui Shu" (Book of Sui), Volume 81, Liezhuan No.46, (the King of Wa is referred to as Tarashihiko, whereas the New Book of Tang calls him "...") states "...", showing that the system was known in Sui Dynasty China.
Japanese: 『隋書』卷81　列傳第46　東夷　俀國では、(俀王多利思比孤は「」。なお『新唐書』では「」とある）、「」とあり隋にも知られていた。
English: The "Nihon Shoki" makes no mention of who established the twelve cap rank system, but from a description in the "Jogu Shotoku Ho-o Teisetsu" that Prince Shotoku and SOGA no Umako 'together reinforced rule over the whole country,' it is believed that the system was a legacy of these two.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の記述には主語はないが、『上宮聖徳法王帝説』では聖徳太子と蘇我馬子が「共に天下の政を輔けて」と記されていることから、この二人の事蹟と考えられている。
English: The system aimed to impose ranks on powerful clans and to appoint talented people, regardless of their clan or title, to government posts.
Japanese: 豪族を序列化し、また氏や姓にとらわれることなく優秀な人材を登用することを目指した。
English: It also sought to increase the Emperor's authority over powerful clans by having the Emperor directly appoint ranks.
Japanese: また官位の任命を天皇が行うことにより、豪族に対する天皇の権威向上を図った。
English: But the system was, as it were, in transition and the highest hereditary titles, such as O-omi and Muraji, were still placed above the rank of daitoku.
Japanese: ただしこの制度は言わば移行期の制度であり、大臣(日本)や連といった最上級の姓に属する豪族は依然として大徳よりも上位に置かれていた。
English: There are many examples of courtly rank coinciding with the hereditary title level to which the person belonged (there are no examples of people with titles other than Omi and Muraji being awarded the rank of Daitoku, or of people below Suguri and Kashira being awarded the rank of Shotoku).
Japanese: また、現存している記録に残された冠位とその人物が属している姓の水準が一致している例が多い（臣・連以外の姓より大徳が輩出された例は無く、村主・首以下の姓で小徳を輩出した例は無い）。
English: Moreover, with a few exceptions, including ONO no Imoko, who played an active role as an envoy to Sui Dynasty China, there were few records of promotion up the ranks.
Japanese: また、遣隋使で活躍した小野妹子が大徳に昇進した例外を除いては冠位の昇進の記録がわずかであった。
English: Due to this, some people have the view that there were certain restrictions on giving courtly ranks depending on clan and rank.
Japanese: こうした事から、氏姓によって与えられる位階に一定の制約があったとする見方も存在する。
English: The twelve cap rank system was established following lessons learned from the first Imperial envoy sent to the Sui Dynasty in 600.
Japanese: 冠位十二階の制度は、第一回遣隋使を推古8年（600年）に派遣した時の教訓から編み出されたものであった。
English: Considering the situation in east Asia in the 7th century, it was considered extremely necessary for Japan to open diplomatic relations with Sui.
Japanese: 7世紀の東アジア情勢を考えると、倭国にとって隋との国交を開いておくことが是非必要であった。
English: It is said that the twelve cap rank system of Northern and Southern Dynasties was introduced via Kokuryo and Paekche.
Japanese: 冠位十二階制は高句麗・百済を通して北朝・南朝両方のものが伝わったとされている。
English: The twelve cap rank system was the first such system established in Japan and, following various court system changes and many twists and turns, developed into the Ritsuryo court rank system.
Japanese: 冠位十二階制は、日本で初めてつくられた冠位制であり、この後の諸冠位制を経て、様々な紆余曲折を経て律令位階制へ移行していった。
English: The description in the "Nihon Shoki" of the establishment in 603 of the twelve cap rank system gives the names of twelve ranks but not the color of the caps corresponding to each rank.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の603年に冠位十二階を定めたときの記述には、12の位階の名前は書かれているが、それぞれの位階に対応する色の名前が書かれていない。
English: From the study of historical evidence, it is presumed, though it can not be affirmed, that the colors for the twelve ranks were as stated below.
Japanese: ある考証によると、12の位階の冠の色は次のようなものであった可能性が高いと推定されるが、断定はできない。
English: (However, the system was changed to using different shades to distinguish between 'Greater' and 'Lesser' after the twelve cap rank system had already been established.)
Japanese: （但し位階の大と小の色を、色の濃度の違いで区別するように制度が変わったのは、冠位十二階を定めたときよりも後である。）
English: The twelve ranks were Daitoku, Shotoku, Dainin, Shonin, Dairai, Shorai, Daishin, Shoshin, Daigi, Shogi, Daichi, Shochi, with silk fabrics of each color corresponding to the rank.
Japanese: 大徳・小徳・大仁・小仁・大礼・小礼・大信・小信・大義・小義・大智・小智、併せて十二階、並びに当色の絁（あしぎぬ）を以てこれを縫う。
English: The top of the cap was put together to form a pauch-like shape and the hem of the cap was where the head was placed.
Japanese: 頂（いただき）は撮（と）り総（すべ）て嚢（のう）の如くにして、縁（もとはり）を着く。
English: Spring, the first month of 604, cap ranks were granted to subjects for the first time and there were differences of rank among subjects.
Japanese: 十二年春正月戊戌（ぼじゅつ）、始めて冠位を諸臣に賜うこと各差（おのおのしな）あり。
English: The 'colors' mentioned in the "Nihon Shoki" are believed to have been blue, red, yellow, white, and black corresponding to the five Confucian virtues (charity, courtesy, sincerity, justice, knowledge), which was based on the Wu Xing (Five Phases).
Japanese: 「当色」は、位階相当の色として、五行思想に基づいた五常の徳目（仁・礼・信・義・智）の青・赤・黄・白・黒が考えられる。
English: As "toku" (virtue) governs the other five virtues, it is presumed that it was allocated 'purple' since that had been valued as the color of the sovereign (emperor) since the Han dynasty (Tenmonshi of "Kanjo" (Historical records of the Han Dynasty)).
Japanese: 徳は、五常の徳目を統べる意があることから、漢代以降、帝王の色として尊ばれた「紫」を充てた推測できる（『漢書』天文志）。
English: It is presumed that the drawings of these human figures provide information on dressing customs from the latter half of the 7th century to the first half of the 8th century.
Japanese: この壁画の人物図は、およそ7世紀後期から8世紀前期の風俗を伝えるものと推測されている。
English: The cap rank system was revised many times until it was replaced in 701 by the official rank system.
Japanese: 701年（大宝元）に官位制に切り替わる間に冠位制は何度か改訂が行われている。
English: Based on the thirteen cap ranks, the extra ranks were made by dividing the middle ranks.
Japanese: 冠位十九階は、冠位十三階を基本とし、中間の冠位を細かく分けたものである。
English: In 664, it was divided into still smaller pieces and revised to twenty-six cap ranks.
Japanese: 664年（天智3）には更に細分化された、冠位二十六階に改訂されている。
English: These revisions are considered to be attempts to fit hereditary titles, such as O-omi, that had been left out of the twelve cap ranks into the hierarchy of the system.
Japanese: これらは、冠位十二階に組み込まれなかった大臣(日本)（おおおみ）などを冠位制の序列に組み込もうとした試みだと考えられる。
English: In 701, the cap rank system was abolished and transferred to the Grand Council of the State based on the Ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 701年（大宝元）に、冠位制は廃止され、律令制太政官に移行している。
English: This new system was based on the forty-eight cap ranks, but the rank names were revised to ones that were easier to understand, such as Shoichii (Senior First Rank) and Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank).
Japanese: 基本となっているのは冠位四十八階であるが、名称を正一位、従三位などとわかりやすく改訂した。
English: The Miyoshi Triumvirate consists of Nagayuki MIYOSHI, Masayasu MIYOSHI and Tomomichi IWANARI who stood out in the history of Japan's warring period for their activities in the Kinai region.
Japanese: 三好三人衆（みよしさんにんしゅう）は日本の戦国時代(日本)に畿内で活躍した、三好長逸・三好政康・岩成友通の三人を指す。
English: After Nagayoshi's death, the three men emerged as custodians of the successor Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI who was still a child and all of Nagayoshi's brothers were deceased and collaborated with Hisahide MATSUNAGA, another Miyoshi commander wielding similar power, in the assassination of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA (Eiroku no hen).
Japanese: 三好氏の当主三好長慶の死後、後継者の三好義継は幼く、長慶の弟達もまたこの世を去っていたため、義継の後見役としてこの三名が台頭し、三好氏の重臣として同じく権勢を振るっていた松永久秀と共に足利義輝の謀殺（永禄の変）に携わるなどした。
English: This became a factor of confusion in the Miyoshi regime, eventually working in the interests of Nobunaga ODA who supported Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: これは三好政権の混乱の一因となり、足利義昭を擁立する織田信長を利する結果となる。
English: The Miyoshi triumvirate tried to resist Nobunaga's visit to the Imperial Court in Kyoto in 1566 but failed, marking the decline of their power, and Tomomichi died in battle during the Genki Period while the others disappeared without a trace, then with the declining power of Miyoshi clan in Kinai region, the activities of Miyoshi Triumvirate signified the complete end.
Japanese: 1566年、織田信長の上洛に反発し、抵抗するが敵せず相次いで敗退し、三好三人衆の勢力は衰え、元亀年間には友通が戦死し、他の二人も消息不明な状態となり、畿内における三好氏の勢力の衰退と前後して三好三人衆としての活動は完全に途絶えた。
English: Although Nagayasu disappeared from history, Masayasu re-emerged as a vassal of the Toyotomi clan and died in the Battle of Osaka.
Japanese: 長逸は歴史からそのまま姿を消したが、政康はのちに豊臣氏の家臣として復帰し、大坂の役に参加し戦死している。
English: Treaty of Shimonoseki is a common name of the peace treaty signed at the peace conference after the Sino-Japanese War on April 17, 1895.
Japanese: 下関条約（しものせきじょうやく）とは、1895年4月17日に日清戦争後の講和会議で調印された講和条約の通称。
English: It is also called the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty (日清講和条約 or 日淸媾和條約 in an orthographic style).
Japanese: 日清講和条約（正字体：日淸媾和條約にっしんこうわじょうやく）ともいう。
English: At that time, it was also called the "Treaty of Bakan" after another name "Bakan" of Akamagaseki City (now Shimonoseki City) in Yamaguchi Prefecture, where the conference was held.
Japanese: 会議が開かれた山口県の赤間関市（あかまがせき-し、現在の下関市）の別称である「馬関」をとって、馬関条約（ばかんじょうやく）と呼ばれた。
English: Qing recognizes the full and complete independence and autonomy of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea, and permanently abolishes tributes, presentations and ceremonies from Korea to Qing that will derogate such independence and autonomy.
Japanese: 清国は、李氏朝鮮が完全無欠なる独立自主の国であることを確認し、独立自主を損害するような朝鮮国から清国に対する貢・献上・典礼等は永遠に廃止する。
English: Qing permanently cedes to Japan the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and the Penghu islands together with fortifications, arsenals and public property located in such areas.
Japanese: 清国は、遼東半島、台湾、澎湖諸島を日本に割譲し、該地方にある城塁、兵器製造所及び官有物を永遠に日本に割与する。
English: In the aftermath of this treaty, the Korean dynasty became the Korean Empire, breaking free from the tributary system of Qing, and the 26th Gao Zong (Korean King) first referred to himself as "Emperor," abolishing the title "King," which means a vassal of the Chinese Emperor.
Japanese: この条約によって朝鮮王朝は清の冊封体制から離脱して大韓帝国となり、第26代の高宗(朝鮮王)が中国皇帝の臣下を意味する「国王」の称号を廃して、はじめて皇帝と称することとなった。
English: Regarding opening ports and cities, Japan was able to receive the benefits from most-favored-nation treatment, which the western powers including England and France had already acquired.
Japanese: 開港開市の規定などについては、英仏などの欧米列強は既に最恵国待遇を得ていたので、日本も同じ恩恵に預かることが出来た。
English: In the reparations, 200 million taels (ryo) were paid by silver (7.45 million kg of silver because 1 tael is equivalent to 37.3g of silver).
Japanese: なお賠償金のテール（両）は、1テール＝37.3gで2億両（745万kg相当）の銀払いであった。
English: With 30 million taels (1.12 million kg) added as a compensation for the return of the Liaodong Peninsula due to the Triple Intervention, Japan forced China to pay the total amount of over 8 million kg of silver (equivalent to around 400 billion yen according to the present value where a kilogram of silver is converted to about 5,000 yen, or equivalent to around 360 billion yen according to the value of that time, meaning over four times the then Japanese state budget, 80 million yen) by the British pound gold in three-year installments.
Japanese: その後の三国干渉による遼東半島の代償の3000万両（112万kg）を上乗せして合計800万kg（現在価値で銀1kgが5,000円程度なので、4000億円前後。当時価格で日本の国家予算8,000万円の4倍強の3億6000万円前後）以上の銀を日本は中国に対して3年分割でイギリス・ポンド金貨にて支払わせた。
English: The payment of the reparations imposed a heavy burden on Chinese citizens, which pushed the nation into further poverty.
Japanese: 賠償金の支給はまた中国の民衆に大きい負担になり、中国は更に貧弱になった。
English: In 1937, Sino-Japanese Peace Memorial Hall was established on the site of a restaurant hotel "Shunpanro," where materials relating to the conference are exhibited and the peace conference of that time is reproduced.
Japanese: 講和会議が行われた割烹旅館「春帆楼」の敷地内には1937年に日清講和記念館が設置され、会議に関係する資料が公開されているほか、館内には会議の様子が再現されている。
English: Chinese Imperial Court was the ancient Chinese government which centered on an emperor and involved eunuchs such as Chancellor and the like.
Japanese: 中国の朝廷は皇帝を中心とし、丞相などの宦官を含めた中国古来の政府である。
English: The emperors of China, as well as of Japan, was succeeded by the male descendants of the founder (Gao Zong (高宗)) of the country.
Japanese: 中国の皇帝は日本の天皇と同じく、建国者（高宗）の男子子孫がこれを継いだ。
English: In China, a winner of domestic war - not necessarily a son of an emperor - asked an former emperor to transfer his power to him, and acceded to the imperial throne and chaged the name of the country.
Japanese: また中国では国内で戦争が起こりその勝者が皇帝に対し禅譲を要求して皇帝となり国号を変え前皇帝の男子の子孫でない別の者が皇帝となっている。
English: The imperial title was called crown (帝位) in China and it was usually considered disloyal to take over it.
Japanese: ちなみに中国国内で皇帝の位を帝位と呼び、通常はこれをとることは不義不忠とされている。
English: However, a citizen could accede the imperial throne if he did not satisfy with the present emperor and hoped to do so.
Japanese: しかし、現在の皇帝に不満がある場合国民などが帝位に着くことを望んだ場合帝位に上る。
English: The Imperial Court has not existed in China after the Qing Dynasty, and now the country is governed by the Chinese Communist Party.
Japanese: ちなみに今は清王朝後、朝廷は存在せず、中国共産党が中国を統治している。
English: The character of Manchukuo government was like the one of Japanese government after the Meiji period, and it is hardly called the Imperial Court.
Japanese: この場合朝廷的体質ではなく明治後の日本の政府のような体質であり朝廷とは呼びづらい。
English: In Japan, from the ancient times (the Nara Period, the Heian Period) to the early Middle Ages (the Kamakura Period), the political system centered on an emperor was kept, and the Imperial court often means the government (gosho, or the Imperial Palace) in which an emperor carried out politics (however, the Imperial court was similar to Cloister government in wich Daijo Tenno, a retired Emperor, carried out politics).
Japanese: 古代（奈良時代、平安時代）から中世前期（鎌倉時代）における日本では、天皇を中心とした政治体制が維持されており、国家における天皇が政治を行っていた政府（御所）のことを意味することが多い（ただし、皇位から離れた天皇（太上天皇）が実質の政務を行う院政も「天皇家の当主」を中心としていることでは差異はほとんどない）。
English: The Imperial Court is called Chotei (朝廷) which literally means the morning court; the politics, conferences and the like were held before noon from early in the morning in the Nara period when Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was set up and the political system of the Imperial Court was established,
Japanese: 「朝廷」の言葉の由来は、大宝律令が成立し朝廷の政治体制が確立された奈良時代は、政治や会議等は早朝から始められ午前中に開かれていたことによる。
English: In the period of military government, a bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was sometimes called 'Chotei', too.
Japanese: 武家政権の時代においては、征夷大将軍が主宰する政府（幕府）についても「朝廷」と言うことがある。
English: Today, 'Chotei' is often used as the word comparable to a bakuhu; this is strongly influenced by the thoughts after the modern times in which the Emperor/aristocrat (the Government of kuge, or the court nobles) and buke (military government) oppose one another.
Japanese: 今日においては「朝廷」という言葉が幕府に対応する言葉としてよく使われるが、これは天皇・貴族（公家政権）と武家（武家政権）を対立した存在として捉えるようになった近世以後の考えからの影響が強い。
English: As a matter of fact, the bakuhu also could not exist without the Imperial Court while keeping the characteristic of its own which is different from the one in the Imperial Court, such as Sekke Shogun and Miyashogun (shogun from the Imperial Court) from Kamakura bakufu, and Taisei-ininron (a theory holding that government powers were delegated to the Shogun by the Tenno) of Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 実際には鎌倉幕府の摂家将軍や宮将軍、江戸幕府の大政委任論のように、幕府もまた朝廷の実質とは一線を画しつつも、朝廷から分離してその存在を考えることはできないものであった。
English: In the early Muromachi period, the Japanese government was separated into the Southern Dynasty of Daikakuji-to (imperial lineage starting with Emperor Kameyama) and the Northern Dynasty of Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu) which opposed one another.
Japanese: また室町時代初期には、大覚寺統の南朝(日本)（吉野朝廷）と持明院統の北朝(日本)とに分かれ対立していた。
English: The old Imperial Court system including the bakuhu was virtually abolished by the Meiji Restoration (the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule), and the Meiji Government was established as a newly born political system.
Japanese: 明治維新によって、幕府も含めて旧来の朝廷機構は事実上廃止されて（王政復古の大号令）、新しく生まれ変わった行政組織である明治政府が成立した。
English: At this point, the Japanese Imperial Court as the premodern political system was ended and replaced by the government of Japanese Nation (or the Empire of Japan).
Japanese: この時点で前近代的な政治体制である朝廷は終焉を迎えて日本国（あるいは大日本帝国）政府に取って代わったと言える。
English: The term "national treasures" ("kokuho" in Japanese) refers to those buildings, artworks or other items, among the larger group designated tangible cultural assets (important cultural properties) by Japan's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (according to the second item listed under article 27 of the law), that possess great cultural worth from the viewpoint of world culture, as well as those buildings, artworks or other items, considered peerless treasures by Japan's citizens, that are designated as such by the state (specifically, by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology).
Japanese: 国宝（こくほう、英語：Nationaltreasures）とは日本の文化財保護法によって国が指定した有形文化財（重要文化財）のうち、世界文化の見地から価値の高いものでたぐいない国民の宝たるものであるとして国（文部科学省）が指定したものである（文化財保護法第27条第2項）。
English: Items that have been designated national treasures include buildings, paintings, sculptures, handicrafts, calligraphy work, books, ancient documents, archaeological materials, and historical materials.
Japanese: 建造物・絵画・彫刻・工芸品・書跡・典籍・古文書・考古資料・歴史資料などが指定されている。
English: For more information on the designation system and procedure for national treasures and important cultural properties, see the article on important cultural properties.
Japanese: 国宝・重要文化財の指定手続、指定制度の沿革などについては、重要文化財の項を参照。
English: Note that the term 'living national treasures' is a nickname used for those people recognized as the holders of important artistic or technical skills and who have therefore been designated important intangible cultural assets.
Japanese: なお、いわゆる「人間国宝」とは重要無形文化財に指定された芸能、技術等の保持者として各個認定された者の通称である。
English: The total number of items, up to and including those added in 2008, that have been designated national treasures is as follows:
Japanese: 2008年（平成20年）指定分までを含めた国宝の指定件数は以下のとおりである。
English: For example, even huge collections of items like the gold- and silver-lettered Issaikyo sutras held by Kongobuji temple in Wakayama, which number 4,296 scrolls, or the collection of Toji hyakugomonjo documents--which reaches 24,067 pages--preserved by the Kyoto Prefectural Library and Archives are each still counted simply as one national treasure.
Japanese: 和歌山・金剛峯寺の金銀字一切経4,296巻、京都府立総合資料館が保管する東寺百合文書（とうじひゃくごうもんじょ）24,067通のように員数の多いものも件数としては「1件」と数えている。
English: The definition of the term 'national treasure' (kokuho) changed in 1950 when the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into force, and as such the pre- and post-1950 meanings of the term differ.
Japanese: 「国宝」という語の指す意味は文化財保護法施行（1950年（昭和25年））以前と以後とでは異なっている。