nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The managers of kangosen (trading vessels between Japan and the Ming in the Muromachi period), such as the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), namely the Hosokawa clan or Ouchi clan, etc. and temples, collected about a tenth of the total amount of selling prices (the amount converted into Japanese domestic prices) of the imported goods from the traders who had been on board the vessels.
Japanese: 勘合船の経営者の室町幕府や細川氏・大内氏などの守護大名、寺院などが勘合船の帰港後に輸入品の売値総額（日本国内の価格に換算した総額）の1割をその船に便乗した貿易商から徴収した。
English: Therefore, it brought a large amount of extra income to the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: このことから、抽分銭のもたらす金額も大きく、室町幕府などにとっては大きな臨時収入となった。
English: After the Onin War, Sakai merchants undertook the task of Chubunsen under a system in which they prepaid the Chubunsen to the management based on the amount of profit to be generated from imported goods that was preliminarily estimated by them in advance of departure.
Japanese: 応仁の乱後、堺商人が抽分銭の請負業務を行い、出航前に予め輸入品の利益額を想定して抽分銭を先に経営者側に納付する制度を取った。
English: This system granted the right to decide the passengers to the Sakai merchants who undertook to prepay the Chubunsen.
Japanese: これによって抽分銭の請負って先に納付を行った堺商人が便乗者の決定権を持つこととなった。
English: As a result, no merchants except the Sakai merchants and other merchants under their influence, could go on board the kangosen.
Japanese: そのため、堺商人及びその影響下にあった他所の商人以外には勘合船に乗船できなくなってしまった。
English: However, the vessels managed by the Ouchi clan based in Saigoku (western part of Japan (esp. Kyushu, but ranging as far east as Kinki)) were beyond the reach of the above regulation, and the Chubunsen was still independently collected after their return to port.
Japanese: ただし、堺商人の影響力の及ばない西国の大内氏が経営する勘合船にはこの規定が及ばず、依然として帰港後に独自に抽分銭を徴収していた。
English: After the middle of the Heian period, genin appeared as a name that stood for privately subordinative people employed inside the houses of their masters, such as nobles, temples, shrines, and tato (cultivators).
Japanese: 平安時代中期以降、貴族、寺社、田堵らの家内で使役された私的隷属民の呼称として現れる。
English: In general, however, genin were more slavish to his or her master's house than shoju, and shoju was a name that was more often used in samurai families.
Japanese: しかし、一般的に下人の方が所従よりも家への隷属性が強く、また、所従の称は武家においてよく利用された。
English: Even if the latter should slay an enemy on the battlefield, no credit was given because they did not have samurai status.
Japanese: 下人所従は武士身分でないため、戦場において首を取っても手柄になることはなかった。
English: Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan), their circumstances of social statuses had begun to change and, for example, some of the genin became independent based on the lands they were given.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以降、土地を与えられ自立する下人が現れるなど身分環境に変動が起こってくる。
English: The form of service of the genin had been traditionally fudai (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), but there appeared services based on contracts of apprenticeship.
Japanese: 従来譜代であった下人の奉公形態も、年季契約をもって行うものが現れた。
English: In the early-modern times, the stratified ruling over agricultural land was negated, as exemplified by the rejection of Nanushi (village headman) hierarchy by Sword hunt (to confiscate the weapons of the enemies of the new regime in order to secure the position of a new ruler).
Japanese: 近世にはいると刀狩りによる名主層の否定など、農地に対する重層支配が否定されていった。
English: Instead, the duties of the genin were shifted to those based on apprenticeship, and the new naming of the genin, 'genan' (man servant) and 'gejo' (maid servant), began to take root.
Japanese: 替わって年季奉公を中心としたものに変わり、「下男、下女」という呼称が定着してくる。
English: Ruiju myogisho is a dictionary (or glossary) of Chinese characters, compiled in Japan between the late 11th century and the early 12th century.
Japanese: 類聚名義抄（るいじゅみょうぎしょう）は、11世紀末から12世紀頃に日本で成立した、漢字を引くための辞典（字書）。
English: Apart from these manuscripts, the following manuscripts which also belong to the family of the revised versions are available: The Renjoin (Renjoin Temple's) manuscript (whose duplicate copy is housed in the Imperial Household Archives) and the Seinenji (Seinen-ji Temple's) manuscript (whose transcription is owned by Kansai University) and both are incomplete.
Japanese: そのほか、改編本系に属する蓮成院本（転写本は宮内庁書陵部蔵）、西念寺本（転写本は関西大学蔵）があるが、いずれも零本である。
English: The Zushoryo manuscript lists Chinese characters by form with hansetsu (pronunciations), usage examples, semantic readings, and Japanese readings of Chinese characters, many of which are provided with bibliographical information.
Japanese: 図書寮本では、漢字を字形ごとに並べて掲出し、反切（発音）・用例・和訓・和音などを多くは出典つきで記す。
English: For instance, the entry for '洌' first cites the account in "Gyokuhen" (Chinese dictionary edited in the sixth century), which is indicated by the phrase '玉云' (according to "Gyoku") appears as follows:
Japanese: たとえば、下記のようにある項目では、「洌」という漢字について、まず、「玉（ごく）に云ふ」と、『玉篇』の説を引用する。
English: The next phrase '力折反' describes the character's pronunciation, indicating that the first consonant of the character '力' ('l' for 'li') is followed by the first vowel of '折' ('e' for 'zhe').
Japanese: 「力折反」は反切で、「力」の声母と「折」の韻母を合わせた発音であると示す。
English: The last portion 'イサキヨシ'denotes its Japanese reading and '易' may suggest that this reading goes back to "Zhouyi" (The Book of I-Ching, the first book ever written in Chinese).
Japanese: 「イサキヨシ」は和訓で、『周易』の訓にあることを示すものとみられる。
English: The implication is that the syllable 'いさ' (also written as イサ) of 'いさぎよし' (also written as イサギヨシ) was pronounced with high pitch when the Zushoryo manuscript was compiled.
Japanese: 図書寮本の成立した当時、「いさぎよし」の「いさ」の部分を高く発音したことが分かる。
English: The Kanjiin manuscript contains additional entries and semantic readings, although it has no bibliographical information.
Japanese: 観智院本では項目・和訓などが増補された代わりに出典が省略されている。
English: As above, five semantic readings (スム サムシ キヨシ イサキヨシ ハ下シ) ('ハ下シ' is read as 'hageshi' (はげし) appear immediately after the pronunciation.
Japanese: このように、反切の直下に和訓が5つ並んでいる（「ハ下シ」は「はげし」）。
English: Shoten is placed on the upper left of 'イサ' in 'イサキヨシ'and another is placed on the lower left of 'ハ下' in 'ハ下シ.'
Japanese: 「イサキヨシ」の「イサ」の左上に声点があり、また、「ハ下シ」の「ハ下」の左下に声点がある。
English: This suggests that 'hage' (はげ) in 'hageshi' (はげし) was pronounced with low pitch when the manuscript was transcribed.
Japanese: 観智院本の書写された当時、「はげし」の「はげ」は低く発音したことが分かる。
English: Ruiju myogisho is thus a highly valuable document, as it is a lexicographical work with detailed and diverse information.
Japanese: このように、本書は種々の情報を盛り込んだ詳しい字書であるため、資料的価値が非常に高い。
English: Japanese linguistics has regarded it as an invaluable material for studying the vocabulary and pitch patterns of words around the late Heian and the Kamakura periods.
Japanese: 日本語の分野では、平安時代末期・鎌倉時代の語彙や、単語のアクセントを知る上で貴重な資料となっている。
English: In the battles fought before the early modern times, the master honored his kenin (retainers) or samurai warriors who rendered outstanding military service and granted them territories, written appointments, testimonials, goods, rank and office confirmations, or commendation to governmental posts.
Japanese: 近世以前に行われた合戦において、主君が武士が戦功を挙げた家人や武士に対して表彰し、所領もしくは官途状、感状、物品の授与、格式の免許、官職への任官の推薦を行うこと。
English: The practice of reward grants in Japan goes back to ancient times when the Imperial Court appointed those who rendered distinguished service in conquering Ezo or fighting rebellions as government officials or promoted them.
Japanese: 日本における恩賞の給与は、古代以降、蝦夷征伐や謀叛の鎮圧に功労のあった武官に対して、朝廷が官位の任官または昇叙を行ったことによる。
English: In the ninth century when the private warrior bands (in ancient Japan) became nominal and effectively disappeared, gunji (district officials), the rich and powerful class, and fushu (the indigenous tribes of the north-eastern Japan who became allies of the Imperial Court) were formed as military forces under 'hatsuhei-chokufu' (an imperial order authorizing the mobilization of soldiers).
Japanese: 9世紀に入り、軍団(古代日本)が形骸化し実質的に消滅していくと、郡司・富豪層や俘囚が「発兵勅符」に基づいて軍事力として編成されるようになった。
English: Around the end of the ninth century kokushi (provincial officials) (in the kokuga [provincial office structure]) who received 'tsuibu kanpu' (Warrants of Pursuit and Capture) from the Imperial Court were able to form, at their discretion, troops with gunji and the rich and powerful class.
Japanese: 9世紀末頃からは、「追捕官符」の発布を受けた国司（国衙機構）が自らの裁量で国内の郡司・富豪層を軍事編成するようになった。
English: In the early 10th century, Kanbyo Engi Togoku War took place in the east, and Joheinankaizoku (rebellion by pirates in Seto inland sea) in the west.
Japanese: 10世紀前半、東国では寛平・延喜東国の乱、西国では承平南海賊という戦乱が発生した。
English: In suppressing these insurgencies, kokushi, military, the rich and powerful class (Tato fumyo [powerful cultivator who managed farm operations and collected tax] class) provided outstanding service which, however, was not sufficiently rewarded.
Japanese: 両乱の鎮圧に挙げた国司や軍事・富豪（田堵負名）層の功績は非常に高かったが、彼らに対する恩賞は十分なものとは言えなかった。
English: In the course of these events, a military system centering on kokushi (the kokuga system); namely, the kokuga forces system was formed.
Japanese: なお、この過程において、国司（国衙機構）を中心とする軍事制度、すなわち国衙軍制が成立した。
English: In the kokuga forces system, the kokushi who held supreme command in the military affairs held a decisive position.
Japanese: 国衙軍制の中では、国司が軍事面における最高指揮者であったため、国司の地位は決定的であった。
English: From the 10th to the 11th century 'the hereditary governmental offices' which were transmitted among certain families in the aristocratic society developed rapidly.
Japanese: 10世紀から11世紀にかけて、貴族社会において特定の家系が一つの官司を世襲する「官司の家業化」が急速に進展。
English: It was in this context that warrior houses (tsuwamono no ie) whose 'family business' was martial arts and military affairs emerged.
Japanese: その流れの中で、武芸・軍事を「家業」とする貴族家系（兵の家）が登場していた。
English: The Ikkoku-toryo' (the provincial leader) who held the offices of provincial Oryoshi and Tsuibushi in place of the provincial officials organized military forces.
Japanese: 国司の代わりに代々国押領使・国追捕使の地位を世襲してきた「一国棟梁」を中心とした軍事力編成がなされるようになった。
English: Ikkoku-toryo who were also military nobles confirmed the territories of the Tato fumyo class and so on to guaranteed their hereditary prerogatives.
Japanese: 軍事貴族層でもある一国棟梁は、田堵負名層（在地領主層）らの所領を安堵（所領権を保証すること）した。
English: The Tato fumyo class were given new holdings according to their meritorious performance in battle.
Japanese: 田堵負名層は、軍役に応え戦功に応じてさらに新たな所領を与えられたりした。
English: Suppressing revolts and rebellions by leading their private warrior bands (whose constituents were the Tato fumyo class who were also local lords) under 'tsuibu kanpu,' the military nobles earned rewards.
Japanese: 「追捕官符」に基づき、一国棟梁たる軍事貴族らは家人である武士団（田堵負名層（在地領主層））を率いて謀叛や蜂起を鎮圧すると、軍事貴族自らも恩賞を獲得した。
English: Among the military nobles, Seiwa Genji (the Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (the Taira clan), who were endowed with the high Shii (Fourth Rank), stood out as the chieftains of the warrior class, namely Buke no toryo (the leader of samurai families), that newly emerged in this period.
Japanese: 軍事貴族の中でも、高位の四位に任じられた清和源氏と桓武平氏は、この時代新たに登場した武士層の棟梁、すなわち武家の棟梁と呼びうる存在であった。
English: While Buke no toryo distributed territories to their kenin, they actively sought to become kokushi, which would provide them both handsome income, or to obtain a higher rank, which would lead higher grade in the central government, or to access to the Imperial Palace to advance their political status in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: こうした武家の棟梁に対する恩賞は、所領を棟梁から家人へ分け与える一方、棟梁自らはさらなる勢力拡大のために収入の多い国の国司職や、中央政界における地位向上につながる位階の昇叙、御所への昇殿などを獲得するよう積極的に運動した。
English: The toryo (leader) of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan thus achieved their standing in the central politics as well as establishing their military power in the countryside through their military achievements.
Japanese: 源氏や平氏の棟梁はこうした戦功を勝ち得る中で中央政界における地位と、諸国における武力を確立を図っていった。
English: Those who reported distinguished services were zuryo, tsuibushi, and tsuitoshi (envoy to search and kill), and so on, who did not necessarily give detailed accounts.
Japanese: 勲功の報告は、受領や追捕使・追討使などを通じて行われたため、必ずしも微に入った報告がなされたとは限らかった。
English: It can be said therefore that there was constantly latent dissatisfaction at granted rewards.
Japanese: そのため、給与された恩賞に対する不満は常に潜在していたと言ってよい。
English: For the warriors, rewards were of utmost significance in keeping up their family honors and permanence, in maintaining their political status and power.
Japanese: 武士にとっての恩賞とは、家門の反映や永続、地位や勢力の維持を図る上で非常に切実な問題であったからである。
English: Following the Heiji War, the Taira clan established a new order both in the national political arena and the samurai warrior society.
Japanese: 平治の乱以降、平氏は新たな秩序を中央政界においても武士社会においても構築していった。
English: Consequently, the samurai who were originally mediators of rewards came to acquire the position of reward-giver.
Japanese: この結果、恩賞の仲介者であった武士自らが恩賞の授与権者の地位を獲得するようになった。
English: They thus strengthened their power and ruled over the samurai in the provinces.
Japanese: こうして恩賞を差配する地位につくことでその権力を強固なものとし、諸国の武士を支配した。
English: However, many samurai were more or less discontent with reward grants given by the Taira clan.
Japanese: しかし、武士の間では平氏からの恩賞給与に対する不満が多かれ少なかれ存在していたとされる。
English: As the basis of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's political power was the Kanto warrior bands, it was of utmost importance for Yoritomo to gain the Kanto samurai's support.
Japanese: 源頼朝を政治的な基盤は関東武士団だったが、頼朝にとって彼ら関東武士の支持を得ることが最重要課題であった。
English: He paid careful attention to ensure that Kanto samurai warriors were content with the rewards they received during the period between the Jisho-Juei Civil War and the Battle of Oshu.
Japanese: 寿永・治承の内乱から奥州合戦に至るまでの恩賞給与に当たっては、関東武士らの満足が得られるものとなるよう最深の注意を傾注した。
English: Gokenin (shogunal retainers) were given rights to claim rewards for their meritorious performance in battle by submitting service citations.
Japanese: 御家人には軍忠状を提出して軍功と引き換えに恩賞を請求する権利が与えられた。
English: Based on their examination result, they were given land and property rights in the form of the grant of holdings or the appointment to the posts of jito (military estate steward), manor manger, and governmental officer.
Japanese: これに基づいて所領の給与や地頭職・荘官職・有司職への補任などの形式を取って新たな土地財産権が給付された。
English: If there had been any conflict in an existing holding, a holding confirmation could have replaced a reward.
Japanese: また、既存の所領で紛争を抱えていた場合には安堵状による所領保障が恩賞となりうることもあった。
English: Assuring local gokenin as the position of shugo (provincial constable) led them become more powerful and extend their influence to the national politics.
Japanese: 地方の御家人が守護への補任により勢力を拡大させたり、中央政界に進出するきっかけをも作った。
English: Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and regents began to give the names (in which one character was identical to that of the givers) to gokenin, which cannot be considered pure rewards, although the names given by the shoguns were regarded as the highest honors.
Japanese: また、純粋な恩賞とはいい難いが、鎌倉殿や執権が御家人に対して偏諱を与えるようになり、特に鎌倉殿の偏諱はきわめて重い栄誉とされた。
English: Such a practice of rewards essentially continued into the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and the Muromachi period.
Japanese: そうした恩賞のあり方は南北朝時代や室町時代を通じて、基本的に踏襲された。
English: In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, shugo of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued written appointments to their kenin, who were effectively allowed to call themselves governmental or provincial officers.
Japanese: 南北朝時代には室町幕府の守護が自らの家人に対して、官途状を発給し、事実上の官職の私称を許した。
English: The Shogunate and Kamakura kubo (Governor-General of the Kanto region) granted the Ashikaga clan and other powerful shugo the licenses to use endorsed letters, the honorific title of yakata (title for high officials), painted portable shrines, white umbrella covers, and fur saddle covers.
Japanese: 幕府や鎌倉公方が足利氏一門や有力守護に裏書免許、屋形免許、塗輿免許、白傘袋毛氈鞍覆免許などを与えた。
English: Depending on how much land or money the vassals donated to the Shogunate, they were granted the use of the character "義," which the Ashikaga Shogunal family used as a part of their cognomens.
Japanese: 幕府への寄進や寄付に応じ、足利将軍家の通り名である「義」の字を与えた。
English: The character 'yoshi' (義 in Chinese character) in the shogunal cognomens was regarded as superior in rank to the second character of the personal name.
Japanese: 将軍家の通り名である「義」の字は、歴代将軍の諱の下の字よりも格式が高かった。
English: Among the famous vassals granted these characters were: The heads of the Shiba clan such as Yoshisuke SHIBA (also referred as Yoshinaga SHIBA); the heads of the Isshiki clan such as Yoshimichi ISSHIKI, Yoshinaga NIKI, and other members of the Ashikaga family; powerful shugo such as Yoshitaka OUCHI, whose family was praised as the noblest in the west; and Yoshihisa AMAGO, who started as shugodai and ended as shugo with 11 provinces of holdings in the west in his prime.
Japanese: 斯波義良他、代々の斯波氏当主、一色義道他代々の一色氏家督、仁木義長らの足利一門、西国一の名門といわれた大内義隆などの有力守護、もとは守護代で守護、最盛期は西国に11ヶ国の所領を得た尼子義久などが代表的である。
English: The notable daimyo (feudal lords) who received a character from the shogunal names were as follows: The Hatakeyama clan including Hisanobu HATAKEYAMA, the heads of the Hosokawa clan including Harumoto HOSOKAWA, Harukage NAGAO who succeeded Tamekage NAGAO, the Governor of Echigo Province raising from the shugodai linage, and Harunaga's younger brother Kenshin UESUGI, and so on.
Japanese: 将軍の一字を賜った大名には、畠山尚順ら畠山氏、細川晴元ら代々の細川氏当主、守護代の家系から越後国主となった長尾為景の後継長尾晴景・上杉謙信兄弟がいる。
English: The same applies to Shingen TAKEDA (Shingen), Junkei TSUTSUI (Junkei), Terumoto MORI, and Haruhisa AMAGO.
Japanese: 同様に、武田信玄（信玄）、筒井順慶（順慶）、毛利輝元、尼子晴久なども著名である。
English: Note that some shogun changed their names and some were received a character of his former given name (such as 'ki' [材] of Yoshitane ASHIKAGA [former Yoshiki, 義材], 'taka' [高] of Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA [former Yoshitaka, 義高], and 'fumi' (藤) of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA [former Yoshifumi, 義藤]).
Japanese: なお、歴代将軍の中には中途で改名したものもおり、改名以前にその当時の下の字が与えられている例もあるので注意を要する（足利義稙（義材）の「材」、足利義澄（義高）の「高」、足利義輝（義藤）の「藤」など）。
English: Nobunaga ODA gave his retainers the license to hold a tea party or tea utensils as a part of the rewards.
Japanese: 織田信長により家臣に対して、恩賞の一環として茶会の開催の免許や茶器の授与がなされた。
English: Kazumasa TAKIGAWA, who was a great vassal of the Oda clan, was rewarded with a holding of 700,000 koku (approximately 126,000 cubic meters).
Japanese: 織田氏重臣であった滝川一益は武田氏の討伐と関東進出への功績から、70万石もの所領を与えられた。
English: Added to this was the conceptual system of forced relocation in which the Shogunate moved the territories of feudal lords at its discretion regardless of the former territories or ancestral lands of daimyo or hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu).
Japanese: 転封という概念が加わり、旧領や大名・旗本の先祖代々の土地に縛られず、幕府の意向により領国そのものを異動させる制度が出来た。
English: Among daimyo, only fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), who were promised to become members of the cabinet of advisors such as roju (senior councillor), were given both additional territories and promotions as rewards.
Japanese: 大名の中で唯一、老中などの幕閣を占める前途を保証された譜代大名に対しては、所領の加増はもとより、役職の昇進も恩賞となった。
English: In early modern times following the collapse of the Edo bakufu, the Meiji new government created the Ministries of War and Navy.
Japanese: 江戸幕府が倒れた近代以降、明治新政府の下で陸軍省・海軍省が設置された。
English: Subsequently, each ministry created a reward section under the Bureau of Personnel alongside the Achievement Appraisal Department.
Japanese: 後にそれぞれの省に人事局恩賞課が置かれた他、功績調査部なども置かれた。
English: After the War the notions of honor, public recognition, commendation, and performance review have become common and the concept of onsho (rewards) has not been publicly used, however, when ruling-party politicians who rendered service in the formation of the government or cabinet are appointed to important posts or enter the cabinet, this is sometime ridiculed as onsho or reward-oriented appointments.
Japanese: 戦後では、栄典や顕彰・表彰・人事考課などという概念が一般的となり、公的に恩賞の概念は用いられないが、政権獲得や内閣成立に功績のあった与党政治家の重要役職への就任や入閣があった場合に、論功行賞人事や恩賞人事と揶揄される場合に用いられることもある。
English: Shibocho refers to a register which was created annually between the times of having new family registers under the ancient Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 死亡帳（しぼうちょう）とは古代の律令制度の下で、造籍と造籍の間に毎年作成される帳簿のこと。
English: This register was for submitting the name of a deceased person that had been already submitted to Kyoto and been recorded under the ancient family registration system, and had no descriptions about infants who had been born after having a new family register.
Japanese: この帳簿は、すでに京進されている古代の戸籍制度に載せられていた人についてだけその死亡者名を提出するもので、造籍後に生まれた乳幼児については記載しない。
English: Kandaicho no jo (勘大帳条, The articles of books) of "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) had a description of 'Shibocho,' and miscellaneous public documents of "Seiji yoryaku" (examples of the politics in the Heian period) Vol. 57 had a description of 'Shibocho' among about 20 registers such as 'Godocho' (record of composite families organizing Go), 'Furonincho' (record of people escaping from their registered domicile) and so on.
Japanese: 『延喜式』勘大帳条に「死亡帳」の名がみえ、『政事要略』巻五十七の雑公文事に「郷戸帳」「浮浪人帳」など20ほどの帳簿類が掲げられているなかに「死亡帳」も掲げられている。
English: These two registers recorded people who deceased with an obligation of paying suikoto (loaned rice plant) (Taizei [the rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouses]).
Japanese: この2点の帳簿は、ともに出挙稲（大税）を負ったまま死去した人々の歴名簿である。
English: The former recorded such people in 737, and the latter recorded such people in 739.
Japanese: 1.は天平9年（737年）、2.は天平11年（739年分）をそれぞれ記載している。
English: Uji (family names) listed in this register included 'Igaomi' (伊我臣), 'Amainukai' (牛鹿部), 'Ushikabe,' 'Kuramochimuraji,' 'Sakahito,' and 'Kusakabe.'
Japanese: ここに記載されている氏（ウジ）には、「伊我臣」、「海犬養」、「牛鹿部」、「車持連」、「酒人」、「日下部」などがある。
English: This register recorded 72 deceased persons in Kaya, Uzu (宇都), and Kuboya (area around present-day Okayama City and Soja City) of Bitchu Province (present-day Okayama Prefecture).
Japanese: 備中国（現岡山県）の賀夜・宇都・窪屋（現在の岡山市・総社市を中心とする地域）の死亡者72名を記した帳簿である。
English: Descriptions of 'Seikanjin' (people from China) and so on attached to Uji showed that the proportion of Immigrants to ancient Japan to the total was 20 percent in Kaya and 30 percent in Uzu, respectively.
Japanese: ウジに付した「西漢人」などの記載により、賀夜の渡来系の人の割合は全体の2割、宇都は3割を占めたことがわかる。
English: The lacquer-infiltrating paper document found in the 72nd research of Akita-jo Castle (Akita City, Akita Prefecture) in 1998 turned out to be Shibocho through decipherment using an infrared camera by Professor Minami HIRAKAWA of the National Museum of Japanese History.
Japanese: 平成10年（1998年）度に行われた秋田城（秋田県秋田市）第72次調査で見つかった漆紙文書は、国立歴史民俗博物館の平川南教授の赤外線カメラを用いた解読によって死亡帳であることが判明した。
English: Another unearthed Shibocho was made of lacquer-infiltrating paper document found in the 341st research of Nagaoka-kyo (Muko City, Nagaokakyo City and Kyoto City in Kyoto Prefecture), but only some information, such as date of death, was found, because the document was found in several fragments.
Japanese: 死亡帳の出土例としては長岡京（京都府向日市・長岡京市・京都市）第341次調査の漆紙文書があるが、数片の断片で、死亡年月日など一部しか知ることができない。
English: Shibocho unearthed from the Remains of Akita-jo Castle was the first one showing a series of information such as Kabane (hereditary title), head of Ko (smallest social organization unit in provincial administration), name of deceased person, age, classification, and date of death.
Japanese: 姓、戸主、死亡者名、年齢、区分、死亡月日の一連の情報がわかるものとしては秋田城跡の例が最初である。
English: As stated above, the document was found in several fragments, which gave some information on the date of death (period approximately from July 23 to 28) for several people who deceased in July 790, and gave no information on their names, ages, and so on.
Japanese: 上述のとおり数片の断片であり、延暦9年（790年）6月に死亡した数人について死亡年月日（だいたい6月3日から8日の間）が判明できる程度であり、人名や年齢などは失われていて知ることができない。
English: The transliterated record was announced at a press conference by the Muko City Center For Archaeological operations and Muko City Board of Education on August 13, 1997.
Japanese: 釈文は、向日市埋蔵文化財センター・向日市教育委員会により1997年8月13日に記者発表されている。
English: To the head of Ko, '(unidentified) KOSHI NO KIMI,' the following persons were recorded: Two considered to be sons named 'Negira KOSHI NO KIMI' (age unknown) and 'Akimaro KOSHI NO KIMI' (seitei [age classification referring to a man from 21 to 60 years old]), and four women considered to be a wife, a mother, or father's wife named 'Koyame (unidentified) KIMI' (teijo [age classification referring to a woman from 21 to 60 years old:), 'Tsubuiratsume OHASSEBE' (52 years old, teijo), 'Tojime KUWABARA' (68 years old, old woman) and 'Yana something (unidentified) HATA' (age unknown).
Japanese: 戸主「高志公■」に対し、男子とみられる「高志公祢宜良」（年齢不明）、「高志公秋麻呂」（正丁）の2名、妻か母または父の妻とみられる女性「■公広野売」（丁女）、「小長谷部都夫郎売」（52歳、丁女）、「桑原刀自売」（68歳、老女）、「秦弥奈■」（年齢不明）の4名の記載がある。