nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Originally, 'jujutsu' is used as the general term for the Japanese unarmed martial arts, but occasionally, 'jujutsu' includes not only its Japanese descendants (the modern judo and aikido) but also its descendants abroad (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu developed in Brazil, JJIF Ju-jitsu and IJJF Jujitsu [the latter two were developed in Europe]).
Japanese: 本来、「柔術」は日本における徒手武術全般の総称であるが、その流れを汲む現代柔道、合気道、ブラジルで発展したブラジリアン柔術、ヨーロッパで発展したJJIF柔術・IJJF柔術等も「柔術」に含まれる場合がある。
English: From when judo (especially, the modern judo) and aikido emerged and became popular nationwide, the jujutsu handed down from its origin began to be called 'koryu jujutsu' to make a distinction between itself and the two.
Japanese: 柔道(特に現代柔道)、合気道が世に出、全国に普及して以降、これらと区別するため、日本古来の柔術を「古流柔術」という表現を用いて区別するようになった。
English: Some people have used "koryu jujutsu" as if it were the formal name, and many others have used it for decades as a common one, if not a formal one.
Japanese: 一部では正式名称であるかのごとく、そこまではいかないが多くの人の間でも数十年以上にわたり定着している。
English: In the Japanese martial arts' community, the term 'jujutsu' is sometimes inaccurately used to mean kumi-waza or kumiuchi-waza.
Japanese: 武術（日本）界において、「柔術」を組み技・組み討ち技の意として使うことがある。
English: Perhaps this misunderstanding might have "Jujutsu Shobu-kan" (The jujutsu hall respecting the martial spirit) in Gunma Prefecture, which centered the practices on "atemi-waza" (body-striking techniques), change its name into "Karate Shobu-kan."
Japanese: そのためか群馬県の柔術尚武館は当身技を主としていたことから「空手」に名称を変えた。
English: Firstly, the jujutsu descendant judo has no atemi-waza in its match, and jujutsu itself often forbade atemi-waza in "taryu jiai" (a contest between representatives of different schools) and in randori, which both began to be held in many places from around the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate; in today's judo's atemi-waza, many "kata" tend to become an art for a show or for a ceremonial performance.
Japanese: 柔術の流れを汲む柔道の試合に当身技がなく、幕末あたりから各地で行われた他流試合や乱捕稽古も当身技を禁じていた場合が多いこと（現代柔道では多くの形が演武用、セレモニー用となっている傾向がある。)
English: Secondly, many schools in the Edo period seem to have centered on hobaku-jutsu, and this characteristic applies to the whole koryu jujutsu.
Japanese: 江戸時代は捕縛術としてそのような技術を中心に据えているような印象を与える流派も多く、かつそれは古流柔術全体の特徴でもある。
English: Therefore, it is unclear whether the tendency was deterred or encouraged by Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.
Japanese: このように両面があり、抑止要因になったか原因になったか、どちらかは確認されていない。
English: However, jujutsu is a martial art with no (or a small) weapon, as Jigoro KANO defined, and this definition describes the minimum common factor of all jujutsu-related martial arts.
Japanese: しかし、柔術には嘉納治五郎が柔術を『徒手もしくは小型の武器を持つ武術』と定義したように、その程度しか共通理念はない。
English: Atcually, most schools of jujutsu have handed down various techniques, such as the atemi-waza which uses a very short sword, an iron fan, or a short truncheon with hook, and the techniques handling secret or disguised weapons.
Japanese: 大半の流派で小脇差や鉄扇や十手等を使った当身技や、その他隠し武器術を伝えている。
English: Because bales filled with clay (dohyo) are used, they were originally called as dohyo-ba, dohyo being its abbreviated form.
Japanese: 俵に土を詰めた袋（土俵）を使っているため特に土俵場（どひょうば）と呼んでいたが、これを縮めた呼称である。
English: For modern grand sumo tournaments, a square-shaped platform made of clay having a side of 6.7 m is first built, and a circle having a diameter of 4.55 m (15 shaku) is defined at the center by placing 16 bales (Shobu-dawara) on the platform.
Japanese: 現代の大相撲では、一辺が6.7mの正方形に土を盛り、その中央に直径4.55m（15尺）の円が勝負俵（計16俵）で作られている。
English: The east, west, south, and north edges of the circle each have a bale set slightly backward, which is called Toku-dawara.
Japanese: その円の東西南北4箇所に、徳俵（計4俵）と呼ばれる俵1つ分の出っ張りが設けられている。
English: Twenty-eight bales (Kado-dawara) are placed in a square shape (seven bales for each side) to surround the circular Toku-dawara, and each corner of the square has a bale called Age-dawara.
Japanese: 円の外側には正方形の形で角俵（計28俵：各一辺7俵の俵）を配置、その正方形の角には、あげ俵（計4俵：各角にそれぞれ1俵）が配置される。
English: Total of 10 bales (Fumi-dawara) are placed as a step to climb up onto the dohyo (three bales for each of the east, west, and south sides and one for the north side), and total of four bales (Mizuoke-dawara) are placed at the south-west and south-east corners (two for each corner) to provide spaces for Mizuoke (water pail) in which Chikara-mizu (water offered to sumo wrestlers just prior to a bout) is kept.
Japanese: 土俵に上がる段のための踏み俵（計10俵：土俵の周りに東・西・南部分に各3俵、北部分に1俵）、南西・南東には力水のための水桶をおく水桶俵（計4俵：各2俵）が配置される。
English: The bales are in large part made of knitted thin rice straw and filled with clay.
Japanese: 俵は主に稲藁を細い俵状に編んだものが使用され、中には土が入れられている。
English: When dohyo is built by local governments, strong sheets are sometimes used to make bales.
Japanese: 地方自治体で設置された土俵では頑丈なシートで俵を作成する場合もある。
English: In fact, Kachiguri (dried chestnuts), dried kelp, rice, dried squids, and salt are buried in the dohyo as ritual gifts for gods.
Japanese: 実際には縁起を担ぐ意味で勝栗やコンブ・米・スルメ・塩などが神への供物として埋められている。
English: This is because it is easy to make judgment if the foot of sumo wrestlers has overstepped the shobu-dawara or not as their footprints are left.
Japanese: これは勝負俵から力士の足が出たかどうか判別するに痕が残るため審判が下しやすい為でもある。
English: Four posts which supported the corners (the east, west, south, and north corners; more precisely, the east-north, east-south, west-south, and west-north corners) of the roof were omitted when a tournament was held with the Emperor in attendance in April 1931.
Japanese: 屋根の四隅（東西南北、正しくは東北、東南、西南、西北）の柱を1931年（昭和6年）4月の天覧相撲のときに廃した。
English: Tassels hanging from the four corners of the roof are not merely tassels for decoration but they represent the cloths of the same color that once wrapped the omitted posts.
Japanese: 吊屋根の四隅の房は正式には房では無く四本柱に巻きつけられていた同色の布の名残である。
English: The four tassels represent four gods: the blue tassel (east), while tassel (west), red tassel (south), and purple or black tassel (north) represent Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, and Black Tortoise, respectively (the order may change depending on the region).
Japanese: 青い房は青龍(四神)（東）、白い房は白虎（西）、赤い房は朱雀（南）、紫または黒の房は玄武（北）を表している（地域によって順序が異なっている事がある）。
English: These four tassels are made of twisted silk strings, and each of them is 2.3 m in length, 70 cm in thickness, and 25 kg in weight.
Japanese: 四隅の房は絹糸を寄り合わせて作られ、サイズは2.3m、太さが70cm、重さ25kgである。
English: Small tassels called fusa are also hung from the central portion of the east, west, south, and north sides of the curtain (Mizuhiki-maku) on the hanging roof above the sumo ring.
Japanese: なお屋根の水引幕東西南北の中央に小さい房が下げられているが、これが房と言われるものである。
English: It is a water pail in which water called Chikara-mizu is kept, and Mizuoke has a hanger at its middle portion for hanging a towel.
Japanese: -力水(相撲)が入れられており、桶の中段にはタオルが置ける棚がある。
English: According to "Sumo-densho" (a manual on sumo wrestling written during the Edo period), it is said that audience defined a circular space having a diameter of seven to nine meters (four to five ken) and called it as Hito-hoya in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 『相撲伝書』によると鎌倉時代に見物人が直径7～9m（4～5間）輪を作り、これを｢人方屋｣といったという。
English: Because in the case of 'hitokataya' (sumo arena made by crowd of people), audience could interfere sumo bouts to help their favorite wrestlers, resulting in frequent occurrence of quarrels among the audience, the fighting area was surrounded by four posts and ropes, as in the ring of wrestling, in the Kanbun era (1661 to 1673).
Japanese: ｢人方屋｣では特定の力士のひいきが手を出して勝負を妨害するなど喧嘩が絶えないということで、まず寛文年間（1661年～1673年）にリング(格闘技)のように4本の柱の下に紐などでかこったものになった。
English: Then, a circular dohyo having a diameter of 3.94 m (13 shaku) defined by Goto-dawara (large bales) was built in the Enho era (1673 to 1681) with a hoya having an Azumaya-zukuri style roof and four posts wrapped with cloths of four colors representing the four gods.
Japanese: 次に大相撲では延宝年間（1673年～1681年）に東屋作りの屋根の下に四神をあらわす4色の布を巻いていた柱の方屋の下に五斗俵による3.94m（13尺）の丸い土俵が設けられた。
English: In the Kyoho era (1716 to 1736), the bales were reduced by half in size and the lower half portions of the bales were buried underground, resulting in a ichiju-dohyo (single circular dohyo).
Japanese: 享保年間（1716年～1736年）に俵を2分の1にし地中に半分に埋めた一重土俵ができた。
English: Another circular arrangement of bales was added to surround the ichiju-dohyo resulting in a niju-dohyo (double circular dohyo), which is also called Janome dohyo.
Japanese: これに外円をつけて二重土俵（これは｢蛇の目土俵｣ともいう）となった。
English: On June 11, 1791, Oikaze YOSHIDA of the YOSHIDA-TSUKASA family built a dohyo overnight for a Joran sumo tournament (a tournament held with the Shogun in attendance) scheduled to be held on the next day for the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA and conducted the first Hoya-biraki ceremony (a ceremony to celebrate building of a new hoya).
Japanese: 1791年（寛政3年6月11日_(旧暦)）11代征夷大将軍・徳川家斉の上覧相撲の際に吉田司家の吉田追風が前日に1夜で土俵を作り「はじめて「方屋開」を行なった。
English: When radio broadcasting of the grand sumo tournaments was started by NHK in January 12, 1928, Sikiri-sen (starting lines) was added to the dohyo to cause the bouts to be completed within the broadcasting time.
Japanese: 1928年1月12日から日本放送協会のラジオ放送による大相撲中継がはじまった際、放送時間内に勝負を納めるため土俵に仕切り線を設けた。
English: In March, 1930, positions of ringside sumo judges, who were sitting on the dohyo until that time, were moved to places below the dohyo because their presence on the dohyo might not only block sight lines of the audience but also become a cause for injury of sumo wrestlers, and the number of judges was increased to five and the Shiooke (salt pails) were tied to the hoya posts.
Japanese: 1930年3月場所に観客の視界の妨げになること、力士の怪我の原因になることを理由に土俵上にすわっていた勝負検査役を土俵下におろし5人とし、方屋柱に塩桶をくくりつけた。
English: In the grand sumo tournament held with the Emperor in attendance in April, 1931, the inner circle of the niju-dohyo was omitted, changing the diameter to 4.55 m (15 shaku).
Japanese: 1931年4月の天覧相撲の際、二重土俵の内円をなくし径4.55m（15尺）の一重土俵にした。
English: However, this change was cancelled after the tournament held in November 1945 due to objections from the association of sumo wrestlers, and the dohyo having a diameter of 4.55 m has been used since then.
Japanese: しかし、力士会の反対で11月の一場所かぎりで径4.55m(15尺）の現在の土俵となった。
English: It is said that because there are gods of Shinto in the dohyo, sumo wrestlers clap their hands in prayer before their bouts.
Japanese: 土俵は、力士が入場の際柏手をうつなど神(神道)がいる場所とされてきた。
English: Noble priests of Izumo Grand Shrine, together with related people such as high-ranking staff of the Japan Sumo Association, high-ranking staff of the department of judging of the association, and people from sumo tea shops, conduct Shinto rituals at Nominosukune-jinja Shrine (Sumida Ward, Tokyo) two days before a grand sumo tournament held at Tokyo-Ryogoku Sumo amphitheater.
Japanese: 東京両国国技館の本場所前々日に野見宿弥神社（東京都墨田区）で日本相撲協会の幹部、審判部の幹部、相撲茶屋等関係者が集まり、出雲大社教神官の神事が執り行われる。
English: For the dohyo ceremony, three sumo gods (Takemikazuchi and other two gods) and seven Heisoku (offerings of rope, paper etc.) are decorated at the center of the dohyo, together with rice wine, rice, salt, etc.
Japanese: 内容は土俵の真ん中に日本酒、米、塩などを封じ、相撲の三神（タケミカヅチ他2神）と弊束を7体祭る。
English: The host of the ceremony, who is Tate-gyoji (one of the two highest ranked referees) conducts the Shinto rituals and declares the opening of hoya with a gunbai uchiwa (war fan) in his hand while gyoji helping the Tate-gyoji sings Seibatsu no norito (a Shinto prayer for purifying).
Japanese: 立行司が祭主で介添えの行司が清祓の祝詞を奏上し、祭主が神事を行い、方屋開口を軍配団扇を手にして言上する。
English: This ceremony was first conducted as Hoya-biraki when Oikaze YOSHIDA built the dohyo one day before the Joran sumo tournament for the 11th Shogun Ienari TOKUGAWA in June 11, 1791.
Japanese: これは1791年（寛政3年6月11日）征夷大将軍・徳川家斉の上覧相撲の際に吉田追風が前日に土俵を作った際「方屋開」として始めたものである。
English: Dohyo-iri (Ring-entering ceremony) now performed by Yokozuna (sumo wrestler of the highest rank) has the same meaning as that of Jichinsai (a ceremony performed before the groundbreaking of a new building) in that the Yokozuna stamps on the ground symbolically driving evil from the dohyo.
Japanese: 現在は横綱が行なう一人土俵入りは四股で邪悪なものを踏み鎮める地鎮祭と同じ意味である。
English: Although this custom is gradually disappearing and more and more women and children are allowed to enter the dohyo, it still can cause problems at highly official and formal occasions.
Japanese: 地方に於いては子供相撲など女子も参加しておりこれは崩れつつあるが、伝統を重んじる場合は論議をよんでいる。
English: In 1989, although chief cabinet secretary Mayumi MORIYAMA expressed her intention to present the prime minister's cup on behalf of the prime minister on the dohyo, the Japan Sumo Association rejected her proposal, causing fierce debate on discrimination against women.
Japanese: 1989年（平成元年）には森山真弓官房長官が総理大臣賜杯授与を行いたいと明言したが相撲協会が拒否しこの際には女性差別問題を含め議論を呼んだ。
English: In addition, when governor of Osaka Prefecture Fusae OTA expressed her intention to present the governor's cup on the dohyo, her proposal was again rejected by the Japan Sumo Association.
Japanese: またには太田房江大阪府知事(当時)も知事杯授与を希望する旨表明したがやはり相撲協会が拒否をしている。
English: On the 11th day of the September grand sumo tournament in 2007 (September 19, 2007), a happening occurred in which a woman having throwaways in her hand tried to climb up onto the dohyo and was arrested by Nishikido oyakata (a mater of sumo-beya), Takamisakari (a sumo wrestler), etc.
Japanese: 九月場所11日目の9月19日には、ビラのようなものを持った女が乱入し、錦戸親方や高見盛関らに取り押さえられるハプニングがあった。
English: On the fourth day of the January grand sumo tournament in 1998, during a Makushita (the third highest division in sumo) bout between Otakayama and Yachi, when Yachi's shoulder hit the dohyo, a large hole appeared with a collapsing sound in one corner of the dohyo under the black tassel.
Japanese: 1998年1月場所4日目、幕下取組の鳥羽の大鷹山-谷地戦で、谷地が肩から土俵下に落ちた際、正面黒房寄りの角に近い部分の土がぼこっと崩れて大きな穴が開いてしまった。
English: On that day, the clay of the dohyo was rather dry and many cracks were found on the surface of the dohyo.
Japanese: この日は土俵の土が非常に乾いており、表面がカサカサになってヒビ割れていた。
English: Seppuku is a method of suicide that involves cutting the abdomen with a sword.
Japanese: 切腹（せっぷく）は、みずからの腹部を刀で切り裂いて死ぬ自殺の一方法。
English: It believed that the late Heian period samurai MINAMOTO no Tametomo (1139 - 1177) was the first to commit seppuku.
Japanese: 切腹は、平安時代末期の武士である源為朝（1139年（保延5年）-1177年（嘉応2年））が最初に行ったとされている。
English: The practice became established as samurai customs and bushido (the code of the samurai) disseminated throughout Japanese culture during the Kamakura period and is believed to have been practiced from the middle ages until the early modern period.
Japanese: 一般的に、鎌倉時代に武士の習慣と武士道が広まるに従って定着し、中世から近世を通じて行われたと思われている。
English: With certain exceptions, the examination of early modern period examples shows that seppuku was limited to serving as a means of committing suicide in order to avoid being beheaded after being captured by one's enemy.
Japanese: 近世以前の事例を見ると、一部の例外を除いて、切腹は敵に捕縛され、斬首されることを避けるための自決に限られている。
English: It was not the case that one would immediately commit seppuku upon being defeated in battle, as there were many samurai who would go underground (escape and live under a false identity) and plan a comeback.
Japanese: 戦に敗れたから即自決と言うわけではなく、地下に潜り（逃亡し、本当の身分を伏せて生きること）再起を図ろうとする武士も大勢いた。
English: A heroic act of seppuku is associated with a certain reverence but seppuku itself was nothing more than an act of suicide and was not considered to be particularly honorable.
Japanese: また、壮絶な切腹は畏敬の念を持たれることもあるが、切腹自体は自決のひとつに過ぎず、特に名誉と見られることもなかった。
English: All samurai who faced execution were beheaded and even those of high status would be beheaded or killed following incarceration if captured by an enemy.
Japanese: 武士の処刑も全て斬首刑で、身分ある武士と言えども敵に捕縛されれば斬首刑か、監禁後の謀殺であった。
English: However, it is thought that the significance of seppuku gradually changed after Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI united the nation, with individuals such as Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI and SEN no Rikyu being ordered to commit seppuku as a form of punishment.
Japanese: しかし、豊臣秀吉が天下を統一するころから徐々に切腹に対する意識が変わったと思われ、豊臣秀次、千利休らは刑罰として切腹を命じられた。
English: On the other hand, commanders of the armies defeated at the Battle of Sekigahara and the Siege of Osaka were all beheaded, whereas those deemed to be yoriki (police sergeants) of the Toyotomi faction including Shigenari FURUTA and Okiaki HOSOKAWA were forced to commit seppuku.
Japanese: それに対し、関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役での敗軍武将への処刑は全て斬首刑であるが、古田重然、細川興秋など、豊臣方与力と看做された者は切腹させられている。
English: Subsequent extremely rare examples, such as those of daimyo including Naganori ASANO, who committed seppuku after having their domains confiscated are particularly worthy of attention.
Japanese: その後も、改易された大名（家取り潰し）が切腹させられた例は浅野長矩など極めて例外的であることは注目に値する。
English: A widely repeated theory for the reason why seppuku became an established custom is that it is based on the "ancient anatomical belief that a person's soul and love resides within the abdomen" as stated by Inazo NITOBE in "Bushido: The Soul of Japan" (1900), which claims that the heroic act of disembowelment was a fitting method of suicide for the code of bushido.
Japanese: 切腹が習俗として定着した理由には、新渡戸稲造が『武士道』（BushidoTheSoulofJapan、1900年刊）の中で指摘した、「腹部には、人間の霊魂と愛情が宿っているという古代の解剖学的信仰」から、勇壮に腹を切ることが武士道を貫く自死方法として適切とされたとの説が、広く唱えられている。
English: Motives for committing seppuku included oibara (following one's master into death), tsumebara (being forced to commit seppuku as a result of one's professional responsibility or duty) and munenbara (suicide in mortification), as well as being committed by commanders of defeated armies in order to avoid the disgrace of capture by one's enemies, and by commanders of besieged armies in order to have the lives of family members and castle garrison soldiers spared.
Japanese: 切腹の動機としては、主君に殉死追腹（おいばら）、職務上の責任や義理を通すための詰腹（つめばら）、無念のあまり行う無念腹、また、敗軍の将が敵方の捕虜となる恥辱を避けるためや、籠城軍の将が城兵や家族の助命と引き換えに行うなどがある。
English: There were also cases in which individuals who acted dishonorably during battle (attacking preemptively) were ordered to commit seppuku as punishment.
Japanese: また、合戦における下知なき行動（抜駆け）を行った者に対し、刑罰的な意味を込めて切腹を命じる場合もあった。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA imposed particularly strict military law which stated that the entire family and all retainers of anyone attacking preemptively would be forced to commit suicide.
Japanese: 中でも徳川家康は抜駆け行為に対し、一族郎党全員の切腹という、特に厳しい軍律を設けていた。
English: After Mishima Geki Nyudo followed Muromachi period kanrei (Shogun's deputy) Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA into death, the custom of committing seppuku during peacetime following the death of one's master due to natural causes began.
Japanese: 室町時代の管領細川頼之に殉死した三島外記入道以来、平時に病死した主君に対して行う殉死の風習が始まった。
English: At the beginning of Edo period, the practice became popular due to the increased reputations of those retainers who followed Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA and Hideyasu YUKI.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期には松平忠吉や結城秀康に殉死した家臣の評判が高まり、殉死が流行した。
English: The Meiryo-kohan historical records established in 1684 categorize such acts of seppuku into three categories; gibara (arising from true devotion to one's master), ronbara (in order to conform to the actions of one's peers) and akinaibara (in order to achieve the proliferation and advancement of one's descendants).
Japanese: 貞享元年（1684年）に成立したとされる明良洪範では殉死を真に主君への忠義から出た義腹、殉死する同輩と並ぶために行う論腹、子孫の加増や栄達を求めて行う商腹（あきないばら）の三つに分類している。
English: However, there are no cases of the families of an individual who committed suicide to follow another into death achieving proliferation and advancement, and akinaibara is not thought to have been a historical fact.
Japanese: しかし、殉死者の家族が栄達したり加増を受けたケースは皆無であり、商腹は歴史的事実ではないとされる。
English: The best ways in which to commit seppuku are considered to be ichimonji-bara (single-line disembowelment) in which a single cut is made across the abdomen and jumonji-bara (crosswise disembowelment) in which a single cut is made across the abdomen followed by a second vertical cut from the pit of the stomach to below the navel.
Japanese: 切腹の際の腹の切り方は、腹を一文字に切る一文字腹、一文字に切ったあとさらに縦にみぞおちから臍の下まで切り下げる十文字腹がよいとされた。
English: Although there are many physically difficult aspects to this and it is thought that the throat was often cut in order to bring a swift death.
Japanese: もっとも、体力的にそこまでは無理なことが多く、喉を突いて絶命することが多かったとされる。
English: It later became established that the role of kaishaku (suicide assistant) would serve to behead one who has committed seppuku.
Japanese: 後には、切腹に付き添って首を斬り落とす介錯（かいしゃく）の作法が確立した。
English: Since the early modern period, seppuku has been used as a method for not only suicide but also capital punishment, and in such cases permission to die was granted by one's master so that one could atone for misconduct, leading seppuku to become viewed as an honorable way to die (in contrast to beheading and crucifixion which were considered dishonorable punishments not befitting members of the samurai class).
Japanese: 切腹は、近世からは自死のほかに、死刑の方法としても採用されているが、この場合、自分の不始末を自力で処理するため、主君より「賜死」という考えから、誉ある死とされた（これに対して、斬首刑や磔は武士身分がされるべきでない不名誉な刑罰とされた。）
English: Seppuku as a method of punishment was abolished in 1873, since which time capital punishment in Japan has been by hanging.
Japanese: 処刑方法としての切腹は、1873年（明治6年）に廃止され、以後、日本における死刑では絞首刑が用いられている。
English: Examples of seppuku as a method of suicide following the Meiji period can be seen among soldiers and members of the right wing.
Japanese: 切腹を自殺の方法として用いる例は、明治時代以降も軍人や右翼の間に見られる。
English: Well known examples include the group seppuku of Daitojuku juyonshi (14 members of Great Eastern School) committed in accordance with tradition in Yoyogi Park, Tokyo on August 25, 1945 and the seppuku of author Yukio MISHIMA on November 25, 1970 committed following a speech given at the Ichigaya Camp of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.
Japanese: 著名なものとしては、1945年（昭和20年）8月25日に、東京都内の代々木公園で、「大東塾十四士」が古式に則り集団割腹自殺をした事件や、1970年（昭和45年）11月25日に、作家の三島由紀夫が、陸上自衛隊市ヶ谷駐屯地内で、演説を行ったのち割腹自殺した事件（三島由紀夫三島事件）などがある。
English: During the Warring States period and early Edo period, seppuku took the extreme form of jumonji-bara without the aid of kaishaku and followed by the pulling out the internal organs, with depictions of such scenes found within military records (although medical opinion is that one would lose consciousness before reaching the internal organs).
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)や江戸時代初期においては介錯人がつかず、腹を十文字に割いたり、器官を引きずり出したりといった過激な方法も用いられていたとされ、軍記物にもそのような描写が散見される（医学上は内臓まで到達するまえに失神するとされる）。
English: In the early modern period, seppuku became established as a method of capital punishment for those of the samurai class, and certain rituals came to surround the practice.
Japanese: 近世に入り、武士身分の処刑として切腹が確立すると、切腹にも作法が登場する。
English: The individual who serves to behead the seppukunin and present the severed head to the coroner is called 'kaishakunin.'
Japanese: 切腹人に付き添い切腹人の首を切り落としたり、検視役に首を見せるなど、切腹の補助を行う者を介錯人（かいしゃくにん）という。
English: Death from cutting the abdomen alone requires a long duration of time, during which the seppukunin would have to endure terrible agony, so it was usual practice that the kaishakunin would carry out his duty as soon as seppuku had been committed.
Japanese: 腹部を切り裂いただけでは死亡までに時間がかかり、死ぬ者に非常な苦痛を強いるため、通常は介錯人が切腹直後に介錯を実行する。
English: During the Edo period, seppuku became established as a complicated and refined ritual in which kaishaku assistants were present.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、切腹は複雑で洗練された儀式となり介錯がつく切腹の作法が確立した。
English: Various theories exist regarding when the procedures of seppuku became established but the most prominent among these state that it was at the beginning of the 18th century.
Japanese: 切腹の作法が制定された時期については諸説あるも、18世紀の初め（享保年間の前後）という説が有力である。
English: In the event that three kaishakunin were present, the 'kaishaku' (also called 'daikaishakunin') would be responsible for severing the head, the 'tenkaishaku' (also called 'jokaishaku' would serve to bring the shiho (a sanbo Shinto offering stand with four holes) on which the tanto (knife) is placed, and the 'shokaishaku' would present the severed head for inspection.
Japanese: それぞれ、3人の場合、首を打つ「介錯」（大介錯ともいう）、短刀をのせた四方（4つ穴のある三方(神道)）を持ち出す「添介錯」（助介錯ともいう）、首を実検に入れる「小介錯」の三役である。
English: During the mid-Edo period, seppuku itself became a formality in which it was not a short sword but rather a fan that was placed on the shiho, and it became standard practice that the kaishakunin would behead the seppukunin the instant the seppukunin reached for the fan (ogi-bara, sensu-bara).
Japanese: 江戸時代中期には、切腹自体も形式的なものとなり、四方に短刀でなく扇子を置き、その扇子に手をかけようとした瞬間に介錯人が首を落とすという方法が一般的になる（扇腹、扇子腹）。
English: With the exception of several individuals with a relatively high status such as Kuranosuke OISHI, the famous Forty-seven Ronin used a fan or wooden sword.
Japanese: 有名な赤穂浪士も、比較的身分が高かった大石内蔵助ら数人以外は、扇子や木刀を使用した。
English: However, although not true in all cases, it is recorded that the original form of seppuku was revived at the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: ただし、幕末になると、全面的にではないが、本来の切腹が復活したことも記録されている。