nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It could be said that OKAZAKI Goro-nyudo Masamune, as an expert of Soshu den was the most brilliant swordsmith in this period.
Japanese: この時代もっとも輝いた刀工といってもよい、相州伝の大家岡崎五郎入道正宗が存在する。
English: His style is prominent in the artwork on the blade surface, that is, Kinsuji (golden strip), Inazuma (thunderbolt) or Chikei (landscape).
Japanese: 彼の作風はこれまでにない地刃の働き＝金筋（きんすじ）・稲妻（いなずま）・地景（ちけい）などと称されるさまざまな刃中の「働き」が顕著である。
English: Although most of them were stretches in the later days and had no actual relationship between master and disciple, this shows the influence of Masamune's Soshu den in various regions.
Japanese: 彼らの大部分は、後世の仮託であり、正宗とは実際の師弟関係がないにも関わらず、正宗の相州伝が各地に影響を及ぼしたことがよくわかる。
English: The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) often included in the Muromachi period as a divided political period is generally regarded as a separated period in the history of swords and weapons.
Japanese: 政治的時代区分では室町時代に包含されることの多い南北朝時代(日本)は、刀剣武具史ではあえて別な時代として見るのが一般的である。
English: As for swords in this period, different form other periods, lots of big swords such as Odachi (very long sword) and Nodachi (field sword) were made.
Japanese: この時代の刀剣は他の時代と違い大太刀・野太刀といった大振りなものが多く造られている。
English: Hamon with 'Notare (wave like hamon)' mixed with 'Gunome midare (irregularly undulating hamon)' are often seen.
Japanese: 刃文は「のたれ」に「互の目乱れ」（ぐのめみだれ）を交えたものが良く見受けられる。
English: As for most Tachi in this period, Odachi which originally had a long length were recreated for Uchigatana in later days by modifying the length with Suriage (shortening) and O-suriage (further shortening).
Japanese: この時代の太刀は、元来長寸の大太刀であったものを後世に磨上げ（すりあげ）・大磨上げ（おおすりあげ）されて長さを調整され、打刀に造り直されているものが多い。
English: Some Kodachi (shorter Tachi) of this period also existed, which seem to be associated with Uchigatana in later days.
Japanese: またこの時代には小太刀もいくらか現存しており、後の打刀を連想させるものと思われる。
English: The early Muromachi period produced famous swordsmiths including Bizen Osafune Morimitsu and Bizen Osafune Yasumitsu, and Moromitsu, Iesuke, Tsuneie also from Bizen.
Japanese: 室町時代初期には備前長船盛光、備前長船康光、同じく備前に師光、家助、経家、等の名工が輩出した。
English: Since most swords of theirs were made during the Oei period, they are generally called 'Oei Bizen' and are highly valued.
Japanese: これらは応永年間に作られたものが多いので世に「応永備前」と呼ばれて珍重されている。
English: Domestic demand for swords decreased since the era of peace started, but production for important exports to Ming also started.
Japanese: 平和な時代が始まったため刀剣の国内需要は低下したが、明への重要な貿易品としての生産も行われるようにもなった。
English: When the war-torn era started by the turmoil of the Onin War, numbers of inferior swords made by mass production called 'Kazu-uchi mono' started to appear to respond to the massive demand, which intensified the deterioration in the quality of swords.
Japanese: そして応仁の乱によって再び戦乱の世が始まると、膨大な需要に応えるため「数打物」と呼ばれる粗製濫造品が大量に出回るようになり、刀剣の質の低下に拍車をかけることとなった。
English: The Sengoku period (period of warring states) gave rise to mass production of inferior Kazu-uchi mono (mass products), but on the other hand, the steel industry which produced the material made a rapid advance in Tatara (bellows) technology and with the arrival of guns by trading with Westerners.
Japanese: 戦国時代は粗悪な数打物の大量生産を招来したが、一方で原料を生産する鉄鋼業は国内におけるたたら技術の進歩、南蛮貿易による鉄砲の伝来によって急速な進歩を遂げる事になる。
English: Stable supply of high quality steel was realized, and elaborate works of Katana kaji of this period and 'Chumon-uchi (items made to order)' which warriors specially ordered to entrust his own fate to are mostly famous.
Japanese: 良質な鋼の安定供給が可能となり、この時代の刀鍛冶の入念作や武将が己が命運を託するために特注した「注文打ち」には名刀が多い。
English: In the Sengoku period, Magoroku Kanemoto and Izuminokami Kanesada as two major swordsmiths of Sue Koto (Late Old Sword), and Muramasa in Ise appeared.
Japanese: 戦国時代に入ると末古刀の双璧である孫六兼元と和泉守兼定、伊勢に村正などが現れる。
English: (As for the swords after the mid Muromachi era, Tachi which was carried on at the waist with the blade downward was replaced by Uchigatana which was put on at the waist with the blade upward.
Japanese: （室町中期以降、日本刀は刃を下向きにして腰に佩（は）く太刀から、刃を上向きにして腰に差す打刀（うちがたな）に代わってくる。
English: The outside of both Tachi and Uchigatana when wearing is supposed to be the front of the body of blade, on which signature of the sword craftsman is usually inscribed.
Japanese: なお、太刀・打刀とも、身に付けた時に外側になる面が刀身の表で、その面に刀工銘を切るのが普通である。
English: Therefore, Tachi and Uchigatana are mostly distinguished by the position of the inscribed signature (Mei), but some sword craftsmen inscribed in the back.)
Japanese: したがって、銘を切る位置によって太刀と打刀の区別がつく場合が多いが、裏銘に切る刀工もいる。）
English: In the history of swords, creation of swords after the Keicho period are called 'Shinto (New Swords),' and were distinguished from 'Koto (Old Swords),' made before that.
Japanese: 刀剣史では、慶長以降の作刀を「新刀」として、それ以前の「古刀」とは区別がされている。
English: In the Edo period, swordsmithery flourished in Edo, Osaka and other regions, and famous swordsmiths including Kotetsu NAGASONE, Kunihiro HORIKAWA, Shinkai INOUE, and Sukehiro TSUDA appeared.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると江戸、大坂をはじめ各地に鍛冶が繁栄し、長曾祢虎徹（ながそねこてつ）、堀川国広、井上真改、津田助広などの名工が現れた。
English: Although Katana kaji used to have an attribute as workmen of weapon manufacturing, some of them started to develop an artistic disposition.
Japanese: 従来は武器製造業の職工的な性格が強かった刀鍛冶にも作家的気質を持つ者が現れてきた。
English: New demand for Katana was also generated since financially well-off merchants specially ordered luxurious Wakizashi (medium length swords).
Japanese: また財政的に裕福な商人が豪奢な脇差を特注するなど、刀の新たな需要も発生した。
English: Especially in Osaka, Shinkai and Sukehiro appeared, who developed a magnificent style called Osaka Shinto (Osaka New Swords).
Japanese: 特に大阪には真改、助広が現れ、大阪新刀と呼ばれる絢爛華麗な作風を展開した。
English: However, conservative samurai avoided some of them because they thought those swords looked decadent with the picturesque and ornate Hamon (blade pattern).
Japanese: しかし保守的な武士からは絵画的で華美な刃文で退廃的だと忌避されるものもあった。
English: And since swordsmanship was practiced with bamboo swords, Katana came to have a shape with a shallow curve.
Japanese: また、剣術が竹刀による稽古中心となった影響で、刀の形状も極めて反りが浅くなった。
English: In the era of peace after the Genroku period, there was no demand for new swords, and few craftsmen made swords.
Japanese: 元禄以降太平の世になると新たな刀の需要はなくなり、刀を作る者も殆んどいなくなった。
English: On the other hand, however, riggings of a sword such as Tsuba (handguard), Kozuka (accessory knife), Menuki (hilt ornaments), Kogai (hair pick accessory) were developed in this period, and also in such field of sword ornament goldsmiths, lots of famous swordsmiths including Matashichi HAYASHI, Yasuchika TSUCHIYA, Toshinaga NARA, Somin YOKOTANI, Shozui HAMANO and Ichijo GOTO appeared.
Japanese: しかし一方でこの時代には鐔（つば）、小柄（こづか）、目貫（めぬき）、笄（こうがい）などの刀装具の装飾が発達し、これらの装剣金工の分野にも林又七、土屋安親、奈良利壽、横谷宗珉、濱野政随、後藤一乗ら多くの名工が生まれた。
English: In the late Edo era, when Japan became turbulent, Suishinshi Masahide and some others tried to restore the forging method of Koto (Old Swords) from the philosophy of revivalism, and practical Japanese swords started to be made again.
Japanese: 幕末期になり世の中が騒然としてくると、復古主義の思想から、水心子正秀（すいしんしまさひで）らを中心に古刀の鍛錬法の復元を試み、再び実戦的な日本刀が作られるようになった。
English: However, when the creation of sword started to flourish again, the Meiji Restoration began, then Revenge was banned in 1873, and the decree banning the wearing of swords to prohibit people, except the police and military from wearing swords, was issued on March 28, 1876, so Japanese swords rapidly declined.
Japanese: しかし作刀が再び繁栄を始めたところで明治維新を迎え、明治6年（1873年）に仇討ちが禁止され、明治9年（1876年）3月28日に警察官・軍人以外は帯刀を禁止する廃刀令が出されたことにより、日本刀は急速に衰退してしまった。
English: However, after the decree banning the wearing of swords, there were little demand for new swords, and most swordsmiths who were popular lost their job.
Japanese: しかし廃刀令以後は新たな刀の需要は殆んどなくなり、当時活躍した多くの刀鍛冶は職を失った。
English: Still, Japanese government appointed Gassan (Japanese Swords) and Tadanori MIYAMOTO as Imperial Members of Art.
Japanese: それでも政府は帝室技芸員として、月山(日本刀)、宮本包則の二名を任命。
English: After the Manchurian Incident, the Armory and some researchers in institutes pursued the possibility as a soldier's gear in regard not only to the fittings, but also the body of blade.
Japanese: 満州事変以後、軍造兵廠や一部の各機関の研究者は拵えだけでなく刀身においても兵士の装備としての可能性を追求した。
English: For example, various military swords including 'Shinbuto' that is strong in the bitter cold of Manchuria, and Japanese swords of stainless steel the Navy used ('Taiseito') were studied.
Japanese: 例えば満州の厳寒に対応した「振武刀」や海軍が使用したステンレス鋼の日本刀（「耐錆刀」）など、各種の軍刀が研究された。
English: Various bodies of blades from the ones with partly changed materials or from production methods of Japanese swords to industrial swords representing the shape of Japanese swords were made as prototypes or in large quality.
Japanese: 日本刀の材料・製法を一部変更したものから、日本刀の形態を模した工業刀に至るまで、様々な刀身が試作・量産された。
English: These special blades were called 'Showa swords,' 'New Murata sword' and 'New Japanese swords,' and it is said that a lot of them outweighed conventional Japanese swords (even famous swords) in quality as weapons.
Japanese: これら特殊軍刀々身は「昭和刀」「新村田刀」「新日本刀」などと呼称され、物によっては従来の日本刀よりも（俗に名刀と呼ばれる刀であっても）武器としての資質において勝るものも数多くあったという。
English: Although there is still a myth that they were of bad quality, these were just bad quality swords that dishonest dealers sold, so this is not an appropriate evaluation (there were bad quality swords in the early and later period).
Japanese: 粗悪品だったという俗説も未だ根強いが、これらはあくまで悪徳業者の販売した粗悪刀等で、一部を除き（初期や末期には粗悪品が見られる）妥当な評価ではない。
English: These were appreciated by officers and under-officers of the Imperial Japanese Army (they had to buy the military sword and military uniform at their own expense as personal possessions) as blades they could get cheaply and use freely, and non-commissioned officers got them as government-furnished military swords (such as Type 95 Military Swords), and these swords were used in actual war.
Japanese: これらは将校准士官（軍刀初め軍服(大日本帝国陸軍)は私物として自費購入であった）には安価で惜しげなく使える刀身として重宝され、下士官兵には官給軍刀（九五式軍刀等）として支給され、大量に実戦投入された。
English: From the original viewpoint of 'Japanese swords as weapons to fight with,' each of the special blades became a perfect Japanese sword using modern technology and had an essential practical utility, but most of them have no taste of beauty in appearance (some swords including semi-forged Showa Swords of Seki have both), so, today, they are not supposed to be included together with Japanese swords, also from the standpoint of the production method.
Japanese: 本来の「戦いの武器としての日本刀」という観点では、各特殊軍刀々身は近代技術を取り入れらて完成された日本刀となり、肝心の実用性に於いては究められたものの、見た目の美的要素は皆無な物が多く（関の半鍛錬昭和刀の様に双方を兼ね備えた物もある）、今日では製造方法の上からも、日本刀の範疇には含まれない事にはなっている。
English: Recently, however, such military swords which were disregarded in the sword world became popular, and at the same time they are reevaluated as researchers and collectors found something new or an unfair and the myth was denied.
Japanese: しかし最近になり、刀剣界では今まで見向きもされなかったこれらの軍刀にも人気が出てきており、同時に研究家や収集家の新たな発見や偏った俗説の否定等、再評価の声が高くなっている。
English: After the surrender in the Pacific War (the Great East Asia War), the General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers conducted a sword hunt regarding Japanese swords as weapons, so numerous swords including Hotarumaru were destroyed (in Kumamoto prefecture, for example, swords were burned with petroleum and thrown into the sea).
Japanese: 太平洋戦争（大東亜戦争）降伏後、日本刀を武器であると見なした連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により刀狩が行われ、蛍丸を始めとした数多くの刀が遺棄・散逸の憂き目にあった（熊本県のように、石油をかけて焼かれた後海中投棄された例もある）。
English: There was also a rumor that 'if you have a sword, the GHQ will come to search with a metal detector,' so some swords were hidden in the ground, which caused them to corrode and they were ruined, some were broken to make a short one which is shorter than the length of the those that were prized by collectors, and some people discarded swords on their own, and so on and so forth.
Japanese: また、「刀があるとGHQが金属探知機で探しに来る」との流言も飛び交い、土中に隠匿して、その結果刀を朽ちさせ駄目にしたり、回収基準の長さ以下になるように折って小刀としたり、自主的に廃棄するなどした例は枚挙に遑がない。
English: Most swords collected by GHQ were stored in US Army's warehouse in Akabane, which were returned to the Japanese government at the end of the occupation.
Japanese: GHQに没収された刀の多くは赤羽にあった米軍の倉庫に保管され、占領の解除と共に日本政府に返還された。
English: However, the original owners were mostly unknown, so the property right was transferred to the government, and such swords are called 'Akabane Swords' among fanciers of swords.
Japanese: しかし、元の所有者が殆ど不明のため、所有権は政府に移り、刀剣愛好家の間でこれらの刀剣は「赤羽刀」と呼ばれている。
English: Although Japanese swords themselves were endangered once, Japan made a great effort and possession with a registration system became possible.
Japanese: 一時は日本刀そのものの存続が危ぶまれたが、日本側の必死の努力により、登録制による所有が可能となった。
English: A Japanese sword itself is required to be registered, and a sword without a registration needs to be notified to the Police and investigated.
Japanese: 日本刀自体には登録が義務付けられており、登録がなされていない刀は、警察に届け出た後審査を受ける必要がある。
English: Although carrying a sword is subject to restriction by the Sword and Firearms Control Law, permission is not required to possess a sword and anybody can possess them (some municipalities prohibit sales to people 18 or younger in an ordinance).
Japanese: 所持に関しては銃刀法による制限を受けるが、所有については許可などは必要なく、誰でも可能である（条例により18歳以下への販売を規制している所はある）。
English: In case of purchase, however, change of ownership must be notified to the Board of Education upon registration.
Japanese: なお、購入などの際には、登録証記載の各教育委員会への名義変更届が必要である。
English: Today, Japanese swords are not weapons, but tools for martial arts such as Iai, and decent art objects same as paintings and pottery, and the production and possession are allowed only for such purposes.
Japanese: 今日では日本刀は武器ではなく、居合/居合といった武道用の道具、絵画や陶器と同格の立派な美術品であり、その目的でのみ製作・所有が認められている。
English: Furthermore, the number of swords to be made by a sword craft master per year is allocated, which prevents reduction in quality of the work by mass production of inferior swords.
Japanese: さらに刀匠一人当たり年に生産してよい本数の割り当てを決め、粗製濫造による作品の質の低下を防いでいる。
English: On the other hand, however, most sword craft masters except some, naturally have difficulty making a living only by making swords due to the little demand for the creation of swords, but they are not allowed to make anepigraphic swords due to the restriction of sword numbers described above, so they cannot make lots of cheap swords for martial artists to earn money, and we must understand that they have various problems like other craftsmen have that are involved in traditional handicrafts.
Japanese: しかしその一方で、一部の刀匠を除き多くの刀匠は本業（刀鍛冶）だけでは当たり前ながら作刀需要が少ない為生活が難しく、かと言っては上述の本数制限もあり無銘刀は作刀出来ず、武道家向けに数を多く安く作りその分稼ぐという事も出来無い為、他の伝統工芸の職人と同じく数々の問題を抱えているという事も理解しなくてはならない。
English: Koto (Old Swords) in the late Muromachi period, around the Sengoku period (Japan) may be especially called 'Suekoto' and distinguished.
Japanese: 室町時代末期、概ね戦国時代_(日本)頃の古刀を、特に「末古刀」と呼び、区別することがある。
English: The transit period from Koto (Old Swords) to Shinto (New Swords) in the Azuchi Momoyama period can be designated and distinguished like this.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代頃の、古刀から新刀への過渡期をこう呼んで区別することがある。
English: The Japanese swords in this period are categorized further into 'Keicho Shinto,' 'Kanbun Shinto,' and 'Genroku Shinto.'
Japanese: この時期の日本刀は、さらに「慶長新刀」「寛文新刀」「元禄新刀」に分類される。
English: There are some theories about 'swords made with a forging method of Koto (Old Swords) proposed by Suishinshi Masahide,' but generally this indicates swords in the late Edo era after the late 18th or the early 19th centuries.
Japanese: 「水心子正秀の提唱により制作された古刀の鍛錬法を用いた刀」など諸説あるが概ね18世紀末か19世紀初め以降の幕末頃の日本刀をさす。
English: There are also some theories, but this usually indicates swords made after the decree banning the wearing of swords in 1876.
Japanese: これも諸説あるが明治9年の廃刀令以降に作刀された刀剣をさすことが多い。
English: This does not necessarily indicates all the swords made in the Showa era, but it mainly indicates 'Imitation swords,' weapon swords made as military swords.
Japanese: 昭和に製作された刀の全てを指すわけではなく、主に軍刀向けとして作られた兵器用の刀「模造刀」を指している。
English: They have different production methods, and the sword not approved as an authentic forged sword basically cannot be registered by the Board of Education, and carrying is banned and a carry permit is necessary.
Japanese: 製法は様々であるが、本鍛錬刀と認められないものは原則教委の登録が刀に下りず、所持することは禁じられ、所持許可証が必要となる。
English: However, numbers of special swords which are apparently not authentically forged swords are officially registered, so, it requires some consideration on the system common to all the periods, all the regions, and all judges.
Japanese: しかし、明らか本鍛錬刀とは見られない特殊刀であっても、登録を堂々正式に受けているも数多くあり、全時代全国全審査員共通の確固たる制式があるかという面に於いては考慮が必要である。
English: A Japanese sword with an average shape with a warped blade and several parts including Tsuka, Tsuba and Seppa.
Japanese: 反りのある刀身を持ち、柄や鍔、切羽など複数の部品で構成される、一般的な形状の日本刀。
English: In the modern classification, it indicates the one with its blade length (direct distance between Kissaki (tip) and Mune-machi - notch in the back) is 60cm and longer, and those shorter than 60cm is called Wakizashi.
Japanese: 現代の分類では、刃長（切っ先から棟区までの直線距離）60cm以上のものを指し、60cm未満のものは脇差と呼ぶ。
English: The structure is almost same with Uchigatana, but the way of carrying is totally different (Uchigatana is carried with the blade upward by putting in a belt, while Tachi is hung with the blade downward to carry), and Koshirae (fittings) are also different.
Japanese: 構造は打刀と殆ど同じだが、携帯方法が大きく違い（打刀は刃を上にし帯に差して携帯するのに対し、太刀は刃を下にし吊るして携帯する）、それに伴い拵（外装）も異なる。
English: In modern classification, blade length is 60cm and longer, and the one shorter than 60cm is called Wakizashi.
Japanese: 現代の分類では刃長60cm以上のものを指し、60cm未満のものは脇差と呼ぶ。
English: As mentioned above, there is no big difference when comparing only the blade, it generally features a deep curve.
Japanese: 前述してあるように刀身のみを見比べれば大きな違いはないが、全般的にそりが深いのが特徴である。
English: Wakizashi with almost 60cm long blade is especially called Kodachi (shorter tachi) or Naga-wakizashi (longer wakizashi).
Japanese: 脇差の中でも60cmに近い刃長を持つものを特に小太刀または長脇差と呼ぶ。
English: It has Shinogi-zukuri (ridged style) from Hamachi (edge notch) to Monouchi (striking point), but Kissaki (point) has a style closer to Moroha-zukuri (double edge style).
Japanese: 刃区から物打辺りまで鎬造り（しのぎづくり）であるが、切先が両刃造りに似ている。
English: However, one longer than 30cm in Hira-zukuri style with little curve is called 'Sunnobi (extended length)' and can be included in Tanto.
Japanese: ただし、30cm以上であっても反りのほとんどない平造りのものなどは「寸延び」などといい短刀に含める場合がある。
English: The difference between Nagamaki and Nakamaki is; the Tsuka is made long from the beginning, or the Tsuka is made long by extending a regular Odachi.
Japanese: 長巻と中巻きの違いは、最初から柄を長く作ってあるか、通常の大太刀の柄を延長して長くしたものか、の違い。
English: Since Naginata has a relatively shorter blade compared to Uchigatana, most of them were remade for Wakizashi (medium length sword) or Tanto (short sword) by cutting the Nakago (core).
Japanese: 薙刀は打刀に比べると刃渡りが比較的短い為、茎を切り詰めて脇差や短刀に仕立てたものが多い。
English: In order to specialize in picking, it has a double-edged blade, and it is made thick so not to break easily (some have a cross section of the blade with an almost regular triangle shape).
Japanese: 突きに特化する為に両刃の刀身を持ち、折れにくいように分厚く（中には刃の断面がほぼ正三角形のものも存在する）作られている。
English: There are mainly two types; one disguised as a commodity, and a two-step weapon by fitting another weapon with a small blade.
Japanese: 主に日用品などに偽装したものと、他の武器に小さな刀身を仕込み二段構えの武器としたものの二種類がある。
English: The blade gives priority to 'how easy it is to hide' over 'how strong,' it is so, it is thinner and easier to break compared to other Japanese swords.
Japanese: 刀身は「頑丈さ」よりも「隠し易さ」を優先しており、他の日本刀に比べると細く折れ易い。
English: Kissaki moroha-zukuri, Kokarasu-zukuri
Japanese: 切先双刃造り・鋒両刃造り・切先両刃造り・鋒双刃造り（きっさきもろはづくり）、小烏造り（こからすづくり）
English: Especially Kokarasu-zukuri indicates a style of a sword called a false sword that has a double edge in more than half of the blade.
Japanese: 特に、小烏造りは刀身の二分の一以上が両刃になった擬似刀と呼ばれる剣の造りを指す。
English: The thickness is brought down from a little lower part of Kissaki (tip) to the middle of Mune (back).
Japanese: 鋒から少し下だったところから途中まで、棟の側肉が落とされているもの。
English: There rarely exist long swords in Moroha-zukuri (double edge style), which are famous as Japanese swords pursuing only lethal potential.
Japanese: まれに両刃造りの長刀も存在するが、殺傷能力のみを追求した日本刀として有名。
English: The position of Yokote (separating line) is much closer to Nakago (core) different from regular Shinogi-zukuri (ridged style), and Kissaki (tip) occupies half to two-thirds of the blade.
Japanese: 横手の位置が通常の鎬造りと違い大きく茎の方によっており、鋒が刀身の半分から三分の二を占めているもの。
English: There are several theories for the origin of this name, but the theory that the Tanto (short sword) of a warlord in this style had a carving of 'Osoraku' (which means a horrible thing) and it was named after this, prevails.
Japanese: この名称の発端については諸説あり、ある武将の短刀がこの造りで、その刀身に「おそらく」（恐ろしきものという意味）と彫ってあったのでこの名がついたと言う説が主流である。
English: Generally, as the eras go by, the center of curve tends to move from the waist side to the tip.
Japanese: 一般的に時代が降るにつれ、腰から先へ反りの中心が移動していく傾向になっている。
English: Swords generally warp against the Mune (back), but on the contrar this one warps against the blade.
Japanese: 一般的に棟に向かって反るものだが、その逆で刃に向かって反っているものをいう。
English: It is seen in Tanto (short swords) in the Kamakura period and 'Tosu' as a treasure in Shoso-in, but this is a universal 'shape' also seen in overseas knives and daggers.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の短刀・正倉院宝物の「刀子（とうす）」に見られるが、海外のナイフ・短剣にも見られる、世界普遍的（ユニバーサル）な「かたち」である。
English: Since Yasurime (file marks) depend on the province, period or school, this is often investigated in the appraisement of Japanese swords.
Japanese: 国、時代、流派により使われる鑢目が違うため、日本刀の鑑定でよく見られる。
English: This is a typical Yasurime by a left-handed swordsmith, so it is a major factor for appraisement.
Japanese: 左利きの刀鍛冶に特徴的な鑢目であるため、鑑定では大きなポイントになる。
English: The effect of Jiba (blade surface) of Japanese sword is mainly configured by Martensite generated when the steel is quenched.
Japanese: 日本刀の地刃の働きは主に鋼を焼き入れした時に生じるマルテンサイトによって構成される。
English: Existence of names which are unique to Japanese swords and associated with metallurgical phenomena makes description of the features of each sword possible, and transmission of work styles by letters, comparison, and consideration of different swords and academic research more than physical appreciation have also become possible.
Japanese: 冶金学的現象に対応した日本刀独自の名称が存在する事で、個別の刀の特徴を言い表す事が可能となり、文字による作風の伝承、異なる刀の比較考量、即物的な観賞を超えた学問的研究が可能となった。
English: An example of description of Japanese swords: 'The Japanese Sword Masterpiece' by Kanzan SATO (Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha Co., Ltd.) P.130 (referred with some expressions changed)
Japanese: 日本刀表記の例「日本名刀大図鑑」新人物往来社佐藤寒山P.130（表現を一部改めて引用）
English: Center/ Ubu (unaltered), Shallow Iriyamagata (mountain shape) on tip, file marks of Takanoha (fern), Three Mekugi-ana (holes for fastening nails), Two-letter inscription closer to Omote-mune (front ridge)
Japanese: 中心生ぶ、先浅い入山形、鑢目鷹の羽、目釘孔三つ、表棟寄りに二字銘がある。
English: (these expressions above describe the appearance of Hamon), with a concrete description, and eliminates the incorporation of the subjective feeling of an observer.
Japanese: （以上は刃文の態様を言い表す表現）等、極力具象的な表記がなされ、鑑賞者の主観的な思い入れが混入する事を排除している。
English: On the other hand, swords are traded for money, and especially from the Meiji period to the modern times, when swords, as antiques and art objects, came to have character as commodities or hobby objects, there are descriptions without objectivity, promotional descriptions to increase commercial value, descriptions to stimulate desires for possession and descriptions full of feelings toward a favorite sword.
Japanese: 一方で刀は売買の対象でもあり、特に明治時代以後現代にいたるまで、骨董品として、美術品として、刀に商品としての性格、趣味の物としての性格が強くなると、商品価値を上げるための客観性を欠いた表記や宣伝的な表記、所有欲をくすぐる表記、自分が好きな刀への思い入れたっぷりの表記、などがある。
English: While using technical terms, some are sentimental and abstract, and 'untrue, dramatic, and misleading,' which we have to be careful of.
Japanese: 専門用語を駆使しながら、情緒的、抽象的で「ウソ、大袈裟、紛らわしい」ものもあり、注意が必要である。
English: Although it has been compared with Muramasa at appraisement for bidding since ancient times, the blade surface of Muramasa is blackened and a has local flavor; existing Kanesada's works are not blackened at all and are clear, and fine without any Shirake-utsuri (whithish reflection); It has a reputation for wonderful steel.'
Japanese: 古来より入札鑑定などで村正と比較されるが村正の地刃は黒づみ地方色がある、兼定は一切黒ずまず冴えており白気映りの立たない上手な作が現存している、兎に角　地鉄（じがね）が素晴らしいことで定評がある。」
English: It is thought that the process of creation of Japanese swords has been developed basically in order to achieve three conflicting natures, 'Not to break, not bend, and sharply cut' simultaneously.
Japanese: 日本刀は「折れず、曲がらず、よく切れる」といった3の相反する性質を同時に達成することをベースにその作刀工程が発達してきたと考えられる。
English: In the modern metallurgy, 'not break and not bend' is called 'compatibility of strength and tenacity' and improvement research of structural material has still being done night and day.
Japanese: 現代の金属学においても「折れず、曲がらず」を「強度と靭性の両立」とよび構造材料の改良研究が日夜行われているのは今も昔も変わらない。