nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Japanese-style posthumous name was Okinagatarashihi Hironuka no Sumera Mikoto.
Japanese: 和風諡号は息長足日広額天皇（おきながたらしひひろぬかのすめらみこと）。
English: The former Empress Suiko did not decide her successor when she died on April 18, 628.
Japanese: 先代の推古天皇は、在位36年3月7日(旧暦)（628年）に死去した時、継嗣を定めていなかった。
English: SOGA no Emishi came to know that the opinions of retainers or subjects were divided into two, Tamura no Miko and Yamashiro no Oe no O (Prince Yamashiro no oe), thus assigned Tamura no Miko to be the emperor.
Japanese: 蘇我蝦夷は群臣にはかってその意見が田村皇子と山背大兄王に分かれていることを知り、田村皇子を立てて天皇にした。
English: There are two theories for this; one theory is that Emishi tried to settle a puppet emperor to gain ascendancy, and the other is that Emishi tried to prevent Yamashiro no Oe no O, who was a descendant of the Soga clan, from taking over the emperor's throne so that friction with other major clans would be avoided.
Japanese: これには蝦夷が権勢を振るうための傀儡にしようとした言う説と他の有力豪族との摩擦を避けるために蘇我氏の血を引く山背大兄皇子を回避したと言う説がある。
English: Recently another theory has been believed that Emishi just made a realistic decision to solve the conflict over the succession to the Imperial Throne between a direct descendant (Tamura no Miko) of the Emperor Bidatsu who was the legitimate son of the Emperor Kinmei, and a direct descendant (Yamashiro no Oe no O) of the Emperor Yomei who was a child born out of wedlock of the Emperor Kinmei, which also caused a division of Gozoku (local ruling family) into two factions.
Japanese: また近年では、欽明天皇の嫡男である敏達天皇の直系（田村皇子）と庶子である用明天皇の直系（山背大兄皇子）による皇位継承争いであり豪族達も両派に割れたために、蝦夷はその状況に対応した現実的な判断をしただけであるとする見方もある。
English: Not only the envoy but also trainee monks and students visited Tang Dynasty China, and Ryoun the priest, Min the priest, Shoan the priest, TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro and those who visited China during the Sui dynasty, returned to Japan.
Japanese: 唐には使者の他にも学問僧や学生が渡り、隋の頃に渡った者も含め、僧霊雲、僧旻、僧清安、高向玄理が帰国した。
English: According to "Honcho koin jounroku" (the Emperor's family tree, made in the Muromachi period) and "Ichidai Yoki" (summary chronicle of each reign), he is thought to have died at the age of 49.
Japanese: 『本朝皇胤紹運録』や『一代要記』などでは、49歳で崩御と伝えられている。
English: Although confirmation using old historical materials is difficult, his age of death is thought to be nearly exact (or with a few years of error), considering the age of his son, the Emperor Tenchi and others, and that his mother, Nukadehime no Himemiko (the name of Tamura was succeeded from her) lived for more than 20 years after his death and died in 664.
Japanese: 古い史料による確認は困難なものの、母である糠手姫皇女（田村の御名は彼女から継承されたものである）が舒明よりも20年以上長く生きて天智天皇3年（664年）に死去している事や、子である天智天皇らの年齢を考えると、ほぼ正確な年齢（もしくは数年の誤差）ではないかと見られている。
English: Returned from Iyo and stayed at Umayasaka no miya Palace (Ogaru-cho, Kashihara City).
Japanese: -伊予から帰り、厩坂宮（うまやさかのみや。橿原市大軽町）に滞在する。
English: Osaka no Uchi no Misasagi Mausoleum (Dannozuka-kofun Tumulus) in Oaza Otsusaka, Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture is thought to be his mausoleum.
Japanese: 奈良県桜井市大字忍阪にある押坂内陵（おさかのうちのみささぎ、段ノ塚古墳）とされる。
English: An imperial mausoleum is a grave designated as an emperor's grave by the Imperial Household Agency.
Japanese: 天皇陵（てんのうりょう）とは、天皇の墓として宮内庁が指定している墓。
English: Surveys of imperial mausoleums by archaeologists are conducted under highly restricted conditions, and there are many graves, such as the Daisenryo Tumulus, about which it is doubtful whether or not they are truly graves of emperors or imperial family members.
Japanese: 考古学者の調査は厳しく制限されており大仙陵古墳のように実際に天皇あるいは皇族の墓であるか不明なものも多い。
English: With the current classification by Imperial Household Agency, graves for the emperor and the imperial family, such as the empress, the grand empress dowager, and the empress dowager are called mausoleums while those for others such as the crown prince and the imperial prince are known as graves.
Japanese: 現在の宮内庁による区分では、天皇・皇族の墓のうち、天皇・皇后・太皇太后・皇太后のものを陵（みささぎ・りょう）、それ以外の皇太子や親王などの皇族のものを墓（はか・ぼ）と呼ぶ。
English: In addition, other than the graves for the emperor, the empress, the grand empress dowager, and the empress dowager, all of the following are called 'mausoleum,' such as the graveyards of 'Emperor Tsuison' (a title of emperor given to an imperial prince who never ascended to the imperial throne after his death), 'Emperor Sonsho' (a title of Retired Emperor given to an imperial prince who never ascended to the imperial throne during his lifetime), so-called 'Kamiyo Sanyo' (three deities) (also called Hinata Sanyo, Ninigi, Hoori, and Ugayafukiaezu), a part of graveyard of Yamato Takeru, and a graveyard of Iitoyo no himemiko (Crown Princess Iitoyo) (also called Emperor Iitoyo).
Japanese: なお、実際には天皇・皇后・太皇太后・皇太后の墓の他にも、「追尊天皇」・「尊称天皇」の墓所や、いわゆる「神代三代」（日向三代とも、ニニギ・ホオリ・ウガヤフキアエズ）の墓所、ヤマトタケルの墓所の一部および飯豊青皇女（飯豊天皇とも）の墓所は「陵」を名乗っている。
English: Apart from these graves, the Imperial Household Agency currently manages various other properties, including quasi-mausoleums (such as cinerariums, cremation mounds and ash mounds), memorial pagodas used to bury hair, teeth and nails, and potential mausoleums with unidentified owners that have the possibility of being imperial family members' graves, and all these properties are collectively called mausoleums.
Japanese: これらのほか、宮内庁が現在管理しているものには、分骨所・火葬塚・灰塚など陵に準じるもの、髪・歯・爪などを納めた髪歯爪塔などの一種の供養塔、被葬者を確定できないものの皇族の墓所の可能性が考えられる陵墓参考地、などがあり、一般にはこれらを総称して陵墓（りょうぼ）という。
English: There are a total of 896 mausoleums, including 42 quasi-mausoleums, 68 memorial pagodas and 46 potential mausoleums that have the possibility of being imperial family members' graves according to tradition.
Japanese: 陵墓に指定されている古墳のうち、天皇陵は41基、皇后陵は11基、皇太子などの墓は34基であり、天皇、皇后、皇子名を合葬したものを差し引くと合計85基ある。
English: The imperial mausoleums that the Imperial Household Agency administers are located in thirty-three prefectures from Yamagata Prefecture in the north to Kagoshima Prefecture in the south, and there are one hundred eighty-eight mausoleums in total including one hundred twelve imperial mausoleums for the successive emperors and seventy-six mausoleums for the empresses.
Japanese: 宮内庁管理の陵墓は、北は山形県から南は鹿児島県まで1都2府30県にわたって所在しており、歴代天皇陵が112、皇后陵など76で計188。
English: There are forty-two semi-mausoleums, sixty-eight Hasshiso-to pagodas, forty-six referable mausoleums that are considered as possible imperial mausoleums according to the tradition, so there are eight hundred ninety-six in total.
Japanese: 準陵が42、髪歯爪塔などが68、伝承などから陵墓の可能性がある陵墓参考地が46あり、総数は896である。
English: The imperial household still carries out the rituals for these imperial mausoleums even today, so researchers cannot enter the mausoleums freely to investigate.
Japanese: これら陵墓は現在も皇室による祭祀が行われており、研究者などが自由に立ち入って調査することができない。
English: However, due to archaeologists' repeated requests for permission to conduct surveys on these mausoleums, researchers are often allowed to enter mausoleums in recent years to conduct joint research with local communities or to participate in repair surveys.
Japanese: しかしながら調査の許可を求める考古学界の要望もあり、近年は地元自治体などとの合同調査を認めたり、修復のための調査に一部研究者の立ち入りを認めるケースも出てきている。
English: During the Tumulus period, when emperors were called "Great Kings" ("okimi" in Japanese) in the Yamato kingdom, an emperor's tumulus was built in a circular shape with a rectangular frontage (from the tumulus of Kaika, the ninth emperor to that of Bidatsu, the thirtieth emperor).
Japanese: 天皇が大王(ヤマト王権)（おおきみ）と呼ばれていた古墳時代には、その陵は巨大な前方後円墳であった（9代開化陵～30代敏達陵）。
English: In the 7th century, when the Yamato kingdom came under the influence of the political system of the Chinese continent, emperors' tumuli came to be built in a large rectangular or round shape, and from the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, in an octagonal shape (e.g. Dannozuka Tumulus of Emperor Jomei, Gobyono Tumulus of Emperor Tenchi, Noguchino Imperial Tumulus of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito, and Nakaoyama Tumulus of Emperor Monmu).
Japanese: 7世紀になり、ヤマト王権が大陸の政治システムの影響を受けるようになると大型の方墳、円墳へと変化し、さらに7世紀中頃から8世紀初頭まで天皇陵には八角墳が採用されるようになる（舒明陵の段ノ塚古墳、天智陵の御廟野古墳、天武・持統合葬陵の野口王墓、文武陵の中尾山古墳）。
English: Some people argue that these octagonal tumuli, which were built only for Great Kings, were built as symbols designed to establish the status of these kings, who led the union of chiefs in and around the Kinai region (region around Kyoto and Nara), as supreme rulers like Chinese emperors ranking far above other ordinary chiefs.
Japanese: このような特別な八角墳が大王にのみ採用されたのは、畿内を中心とした首長連合の盟主であった大王の地位を、一般の首長を超越して中国の天子のような唯一の最高権力者として地位を確立しようとして形に表したという解釈がある。
English: Mausoleums built from the Nara to the early Heian periods include graves of emperors (e.g. Emperor Shomu) whose bodies were buried, graves with burial mounds (Emperor Kanmu), graves of emperors in later periods (Empress Jito) whose bodies were cremated due to the influence of Buddhism and graves of cremated emperors that were built without large-scale construction work (Emperors Saga and Junna).
Japanese: 奈良時代から平安時代初頭にかけての天皇陵は、土葬される例（聖武天皇）や、墳丘を作ったと思われる事例（桓武天皇）を経て、仏教思想の影響により、火葬の導入（持統天皇）や火葬後に散骨して大規模な造営を行わない事例（嵯峨天皇、淳和天皇）などが見られるようになる。
English: During the period of the cloister government by Emperor Shirakawa, a new funeral style was adopted, in which the ashes of a deceased person were placed in a Buddhist chapel, and during the Edo period, tower-shaped stone graves were built at Senyu-ji Temple in Kyoto for the emperors after Emperor Gomizuno.
Japanese: 院政期の白河天皇にいたって仏式のお堂に納骨する方式が現れ、江戸時代の後水尾天皇以降は代々京都泉涌寺に石造塔形式の陵墓が建立された。
English: When a political philosophy advocating the reverence for the emperor was adopted by many people toward the end of the Edo period, an ancient style was revived in the construction of imperial mausoleums; thus, Emperor Komei's mausoleum was built with a large burial mound.
Japanese: 幕末にいたって尊皇思想が高揚すると天皇陵にも復古調が取り入れられ、孝明天皇陵は大規模な墳丘を持つ形式で築造された。
English: The Mausoleum of Emperor Meiji adopted the style of a dome-shaped mound on a square base which was modeled after Mausoleum of Emperor Tenchi and continued after that to this day.
Japanese: 明治天皇陵では、天智天皇陵に範を取ったといわれる上円下方式が採用され、以降、今日に至っている。
English: Also, the imperial mausoleum for the empress was built on the east side of the imperial mausoleum following the ancient Chinese style (Empress Dowager Cixi's 'Teitoryo').
Japanese: また、皇后陵は中国の古式に則って（例西太后の「定東陵」）天皇陵の東に造営されることになった。
English: After Emperor Taisho, the imperial mausoleums for the emperors and the empresses were built inside goryochi (an Imperial estate) in present Hachioji City, Tokyo.
Japanese: 大正天皇以後、天皇・皇后の陵は現東京都八王子市の御料地内に作られることになり、武蔵陵墓地が成立した。
English: Meanwhile, after the death of the Meiji Emperor's son, graves for the imperial family came to be built on a hill at the back of Gokoku-ji Temple in Otsuka, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo, which is today known as the Toshimagaoka Cemetery.
Japanese: 一方、皇族の墓は明治天皇の皇子の死を契機として現東京都文京区大塚の護国寺裏山に設けられることとなり、現在、豊島岡墓地となっている。
English: It was not until the Meiji period that imperial mausoleums began to be carefully maintained under the close supervision of the government.
Japanese: 陵墓が今日のように整備され、管理が強化されるようになったのは明治以後のことである。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code), graves, including imperial mausoleums, were supposed to be managed by the central government, and the codes of law formulated during the Taiho and Yoro eras (known respectively as the Taiho-ryo and the Yoro-ryo) defined a government officer (called "shoryoshi" in Japanese) who managed graves under the supervision of the Ministry of Civil Administration (Jibusho).
Japanese: 律令制下においては、天皇陵をはじめとする陵墓は国家によって管理されることになっており、大宝令・養老令では担当部署として治部省下に諸陵司が置かれている。
English: Engishiki, a book of laws and regulations compiled in the early Heian period, contains a list of mausoleums managed under the jurisdiction of Shoryoryo, which shows that the graves of maternal relatives of the imperial family (such as the members of the Fujiwara clan, which married daughters to emperors) were included among these mausoleums.
Japanese: 平安時代前期に編纂された延喜式には、諸陵寮管理下の陵墓の一覧表が記載されているが、このころの墓には外戚（皇妃の実家：藤原氏など）の墓も含まれている。
English: After the management of Emperor Daigo's mausoleum was left in the hands of Daigo-ji Temple, graves built on temple grounds came to be managed by temples in exchange for territories awarded by the government, causing the management of graves to leave the hands of the government.
Japanese: 醍醐天皇陵の管理が醍醐寺に委ねられて以後、寺院内に造営された陵墓の管理は所領を与える条件で各寺院に任されることになり、陵墓管理が国家の手から離れていく要因となった。
English: On the other hand, the state ran the ritual called Nosaki no Hei for each imperial mausoleum.
Japanese: 一方、各陵墓に対しては荷前の幣（のさきのへい）と呼ばれる国家による祭祀が行われていた。
English: This ritual was not equally performed for all imperial mausoleums; mausoleums were distinguished into groups of different ranks, from important ones built for the close relatives of the imperial family to less important ones for distant relatives, and amounts of offerings made in rituals also differed between mausoleums.
Japanese: この祭祀はすべての陵墓に等しく行われたのではなく、重要視されたものは近陵・近墓、そうでないものは遠陵・遠墓とのランク分けがなされ、祭祀に際しての貢物の量が異なっていた。
English: Nobles who were sent to attend mausoleum rituals were known as "nosaki no tsukai" (messengers sent to pay tributes).
Japanese: 祭祀に際しては貴族が派遣されることになっており、その役目を荷前の使と呼んだ。
English: Due to negative images about mausoleums (graves = death = uncleanliness), nobles came to avoid mausoleum rituals, causing the locations of imperial mausoleums to be forgotten.
Japanese: しかし、陵墓に対する「墓＝死＝穢れ」といったイメージが貴族たちに嫌われたことから、次第に忌避されるようになり、陵墓の所在が不明確になっていく理由のひとつになった。
English: Some of the mausoleums were left in ruins as the imperial family declined in power during the medieval period, while others, like the tumulus which is believed to the tomb of Emperor Ankan, were converted into castles of Sengoku daimyo (territorial lords in the Sengoku period).
Japanese: 中世になり天皇家の力が衰えると荒れ放題となる陵墓もあり、中には伝安閑陵古墳のように戦国大名の城として改造されたものまであった。
English: Among graves built during or before the Nara period that are currently recognized as imperial mausoleums, only a few (including mausoleums of Emperor Suiko, Emperor Temchi, Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jito) can be historically and archaeologically certified as such.
Japanese: 現在治定されている天皇陵のうち、奈良時代までの天皇陵については、歴史学的・考古学的に同意できるものは推古天皇陵、天智天皇陵、天武・持統天皇陵など数か所程度とされる。
English: The locations of many of the mausoleums built from the Heian to the Muromachi period are difficult to identify due to simplified burial styles, or are unknown due to temple closures, further reducing the historical and archaeological reliability of identification.
Japanese: 平安時代～室町時代のものは、薄葬によって位置を特定することが困難なものや陵が置かれた寺院が廃滅したことによって所在が不明になってしまったものなどが多く、ますます歴史学的・考古学的信頼度は低下する。
English: Examples of mausoleums, such as Emperor Goshirakawa's Hoju-ji Mausoleum and Emperor Godaigo's mausoleum at Nyoirin-ji Temple, that were carefully maintained and passed down to succeeding generations until the Edo period are relatively rare.
Japanese: 後白河天皇の法住寺陵、後醍醐天皇の如意輪寺などのように近世にいたるまで管理され、伝えられたものはむしろ少数派である。
English: The Imperial Household Agency has refused to allow archaeological investigations because 'the imperial mausoleums are places for imperial rituals, so their tranquility and dignity must be maintained.'
Japanese: 宮内庁は「陵墓は皇室祭祀の場であり、静安と尊厳を保持しなければならない」という理由で考古学的調査の許可を拒み続けている。
English: Commenting on the historical and archaeological reliability of identification, the Imperial Household Agency also maintains that sites where mausoleum rituals are performed are imperial mausoleums even if they are wrongly designated as such.
Japanese: また、歴史学的・考古学的信頼度については「たとえ誤って指定されたとしても、祭祀を行っている場所が天皇陵である」としている。
English: The mausoleums are currently divided into five different locations throughout the country, and the following offices of Imperial Household Archives administer the mausoleums.
Japanese: 現在は全国の陵墓所在地を5つに分け、宮内庁書陵部が以下のように管理を行っている。
English: Tama Mausoleum Regional Office (Hachioji City, Tokyo, Musashi Imperial mausoleum=Mausoleum of Emperor Taisho and Emperor Showa, jurisdiction=Yamagata, Nigata, Tochigi, Tokyo, Kanagawa, and Nagano Prefectures),
Japanese: 多摩陵墓監区事務所（東京都八王子市・武蔵陵墓地＝大正天皇陵・昭和天皇陵、管轄＝山形・新潟・栃木・東京・神奈川・長野）
English: Momoyama Mausoleum Regional Office (Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City, Momoyama Imperial mausoleum=Mausoleum of Emperor Meiji and Empress Dowager Shoken, jurisdiction=Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima Prefectures),
Japanese: 桃山陵墓監区事務所（京都市伏見区・桃山陵墓地＝明治天皇陵・昭憲皇太后陵、管轄＝京都・大阪・兵庫・岡山・広島・山口・福岡・佐賀・長崎・熊本・宮崎・鹿児島）、
English: Unebi Mausoleum Regional Office (Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture, Mausoleum of Emperor Jinmu=Nara, Mie, Gifu, Aichi, and Shizuoka Prefectures),
Japanese: 畝傍陵墓監区事務所（奈良県橿原市・神武天皇陵＝奈良・三重・岐阜・愛知・静岡）、
English: Tsukinowa Mausoleum Regional Office (Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Senzan Imperial mausoleum=Mausoleum of Emperor Komei and Tsukinowa, jurisdiction=Toyama, Ishikawa, Shiga, Kyoto, Hyogo, Tottori, and Shimane Prefectures),
Japanese: 月輪（つきのわ）陵墓監区事務所（京都市東山区・泉山陵墓地＝孝明天皇陵・月輪陵、管轄＝富山・石川・滋賀・京都・兵庫・鳥取・島根）、
English: Furuichi Mausoleum Regional Office (Habikino City, Osaka Prefecture, Mausoleum of Emperor Ojin, jurisdiction=Osaka, Hyogo, Wakayama, Kagawa, Tokushima, Ehime, and Kochi Prefectures),
Japanese: 古市陵墓監区事務所（大阪府羽曳野市・応神天皇陵、管轄＝大阪・兵庫・和歌山・香川・徳島・愛媛・高知）
English: Most of the attempts to search for and identify imperial mausoleums that are recognized as such today were made during the Edo period and some of these attempts continued into the Meiji period and even later.
Japanese: 現在につながる天皇陵の探索および治定は、そのほとんどが江戸時代に行われており、一部のものについては明治時代以降にまでずれこんだ。
English: As the philosophy advocating the reverence for the emperor was adopted by an increasing number of people, attempts were made to search for lost imperial mausoleums, with scholars such as Kenrin MATSUSHITA, Norinaga MOTOORI, Kunpei GAMO, Sadamasa KITAURA, Yoshiomi TANIMORI, and Hyosai HIRATSUKA studying historical evidence and visiting past mausoleum sites; mausoleum repairs performed by the Tokugawa government are not unrelated to these attempts.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、尊皇思想の勃興とともに、天皇陵探索の気運が高まり、松下見林、本居宣長、蒲生君平、北浦定政、谷森善臣、平塚瓢斎などが、陵墓の所在地を考証したり、現地に赴いたりしており、江戸幕府による修陵もこうした動きと無関係ではない。
English: Judged by current academic standards, the identifications of mausoleums during the Edo period had various problems, but these identifications were never made based on arbitrary standards; various documents regarding imperial mausoleums were collected and compared against place names and local traditions in order to identify mausoleums and relatively high levels of research was conducted by the standards at the time.
Japanese: 現在の学問的水準からみれば問題の多い江戸時代の治定作業ではあるが、それらは決していい加減なものではなく、天皇陵について記載された文献資料を集め、それと地名や土地の伝承などを照らし合わせることで行われており、当時としてはかなりの高水準のものであった。
English: During the Edo period, mausoleums were repaired in the Genroku, Manji, Enpo, Kyoho and Bunkyu eras.
Japanese: 江戸時代の元禄・万治・延宝・享保・文久などの各時期に修陵事業が行われた。
English: Although Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, the lord of the Mito Domain, requested permission from the Tokugawa government to repair mausoleums in the Genroku era, the government performed repairs by itself without granting the permission.
Japanese: 水戸藩主の徳川光圀は元禄期に幕府へ陵墓の修理を願い出たが、この時には許可されず、代わって幕府が行っている。
English: A mausoleum repair project, known as the Bunkyu Mausoleum Repair, was undertaken starting in 1862 by the Tokugawa government based on a proposal made by the Utsunomiya Domain.
Japanese: 宇都宮藩の建議で幕府が1862年（文久2）から行った事業が「文久の修陵」である。
English: The Tokugawa government permitted this project as a result of the circumstances during the last days of its reign.
Japanese: こうした事業を幕府が許可した背景には、幕末という当時の世情が大きく影響している。
English: At this time, Eshi painters painted before and after conditions, presenting volumes one and two of these paintings to the Imperial court and bakufu in 1867, which were the so-called 'Bunkyu Sanrikuzu.'
Japanese: この際に、各陵の工事前と工事後の様子を絵師に描かせ、上下二卷にまとめて1867年（慶応3）朝廷と幕府に献上したものがいわゆる「文久山陵図」である。
English: Presently the books presented to the Imperial court are possessed by Imperial Household Archives and those presented to bakufu are possessed by the National Archives of Japan.
Japanese: 現在、朝廷献上本は宮内庁書陵部の、幕府献上本は国立公文書館の所蔵となっている。
English: Emperors' mausoleums that were repaired during this period, without counting other graves, amounted to 34 in Yamashiro, 34 in Yamato, 24 in Kawachi, 3 in Izumi, 1 in Settsu and 2 in Tanba, amounting to 76 in total.
Japanese: 天皇陵だけでも、山城34、大和34、河内24、和泉3、摂津1、丹波2で全部で76か所となっている。
English: Emperor Itoku (553 B.C. - October 1, 477 B.C.) was the fourth emperor (reign: March 9, 510 B.C.- October 1, 477 B.C.), being described in "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: 懿徳天皇（いとくてんのう、綏靖天皇29年（紀元前553年）-懿徳天皇34年9月8日(旧暦)（紀元前477年10月6日））は、『古事記』『日本書紀』に記される第4代の天皇（在位：懿徳天皇元年2月4日(旧暦)（紀元前510年3月15日）-同34年9月8日(旧暦)（紀元前477年10月6日））。
English: In kojiki, he is called Oyamatohikosukitomo no mikoto or Oyamatohikosukitomo no mikoto.
Japanese: 大日本彦耜友尊（おおやまとひこすきとものみこと）・大倭日子鉏友命（『古事記』）。
English: It is commonly understood that he was one of the so called Kesshi-Hachidai (Eight Undocumented Sovereigns) to be a nonexistent emperor (the theory of his existence is also present).
Japanese: いわゆる欠史八代の一人で、実在しない天皇と捉える見方が一般的である（実在説もある）。
English: However, there is a description that "the capital was established in Karunosakaiokanomiya" in Kojiki.
Japanese: ただし、『古事記』には「軽之境岡宮（かるのさかいおかのみや）」とある。
English: In "Kokin Wakashu Jomonsho Sanryu-sho" (Excerpts from "A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry "and explanatory notes) in the Medieval Period, there is an anecdote that Emperor Itoku visited Izumo County and met SUSANO no Mikoto (a deity of Japanese Mythology).
Japanese: なお、中世の『古今和歌集序聞書三流抄』には、天皇が出雲国に行幸して、素戔嗚尊に出会うという逸話が見える。
English: Emperor Itoku was buried in Unebiyama no minami no masagotani no e no misasagi (the Unebiyama-no-minami-no-masagotani-no-e Mausoleum).
Japanese: 畝傍山南繊沙渓上陵（うねびやまのみなみのまさごたにのえのみささぎ）に葬られた。
English: Currently, this Misasagi is identified with a familiar name "Manago yama" (mountain-shaped barrow), that is located in Nishiikejiri-cho, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 現在、同陵は奈良県橿原市西池尻町に所在する俗称「マナゴ山」（山形墳）に比定されている。
English: Although Itokunomori-kofun Tomb in Unebi-cho Kashihara City used to be considered as Emperor Itoku's Mausoleum because of its name, there is another theory that this misasagi is for the Empress.
Japanese: 同市畝傍町のイトクノモリ古墳はその名から懿徳陵とされることもあったが、一説に皇后陵だともいわれる。
English: According to "the Kotofu" (the genealogy of the Imperial Family), the Emperor Tenmu (631 - October 1, 686) is the 40th emperor of Japan. (rein: March 20, 673 - Oct 1, 686)
Japanese: 天武天皇（てんむてんのう、舒明天皇3年（631年）?-朱鳥元年9月9日(旧暦)（686年10月1日））は『皇統譜』によると第40代に数えられる天皇である（在位：天武天皇2年2月27日(旧暦)（673年3月20日）-朱鳥元年9月9日（686年10月1日））。
English: Tenmu (天武) is his Chinese-style posthumous name, given by OMI no Mifune who also gave Chinese-style posthumous name to other emperors in Japan, meaning 'Heaven (天) sent King Wu (武) of Zhou and defeated the evil king (King Zhou).'
Japanese: 漢風諡号、天武天皇は代々の天皇とともに淡海三船により「天は武王を立てて悪しき王（紂王）を滅ぼした」から名付けられたとされる。
English: His Japanese-style posthumous name is Amanonunaharaoki no mahito no sumeramikoto.
Japanese: 和風（国風）諡号は天渟中原瀛真人天皇（あまのぬなはらおきのまひとのすめらみこと）。
English: Yakusa no Kabane (the eight honorary titles) in which the title called Mahito was the highest, was established in November 684 to reform the old system of clans and hereditary titles.
Japanese: 天武13年（684年）10月に旧来の氏姓制度の改革として定められた八色の姓（やくさのかばね）の筆頭が「真人」であった。
English: His childhood name, the Prince Oama (Ohoshiama, Osama), which he used until he ascended the throne, was related to the Oshiama clan (they worked as the chiefs of various departments at the Imperial Court for the Amabe clan) that took care of him when he was a child, and it was the custom of that time to take one's childhood name from someone who brought one up.
Japanese: 即位前の名は大海人皇子（おおあまのみこ、おほしあまのみこ、おおさまのみこ）といい、幼少期に養育を受けた凡海氏（海部一族の伴造）にちなむもので当時では養育者より幼名をとるのは慣例だった。
English: Although some have a different theory, he is the third imperial prince of the Emperor Jomei and Takara no Himemiko (the Empress Kogyoku), and the younger maternal half-brother of the Emperor Tenchi and Hashihito no Himemiko.
Japanese: 舒明天皇の第三皇子で母は宝皇女（皇極天皇）、天智天皇、間人皇女の同母弟であるが、異説もある。
English: According to "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), he was a gifted and physically and psychologically healthy person and also was good at astronomy and astrology.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には才能に恵まれ、武徳に優れ天文・占星の術を得意としたとある。
English: The "Nihonshoki" contains many achievements of the Emperor Tenmu, however, because his son the Imperial Prince Toneri was the pivotal figure of compiling the book, some say that the Imperial Prince Toneri somewhat embellished the contents.
Japanese: 天武天皇の事跡の多くは『日本書紀』に述べられているが『日本書紀』編纂の中心人物が天武天皇の息子の舎人親王であることから、潤色が加えられているとする見解もある。