nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Japan, there used to be an era called "Jogan" (Japan) during the reign of Emperor Seiwa in early Heian period, and a reign called "Jogan no chi" (Glorious Jogan rule" was present.
Japanese: 日本でも平安時代初期、清和天皇の代に貞観(日本)という元号があり、「貞観の治」と呼ばれる治世が存在した。
English: During the period, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, who was the first subject appointed as Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) in the reign of the former Emperor Montoku (except FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and Dokyo) and his adopted child (nephew) FUJIWARA no Mototsune attained the ascendancy of the Fujiwara clan including early Sekkanseiji (the power of Sekkan, meaning regents and advisers, governs the country) and so on.
Japanese: この時代は、前の天皇、文徳天皇朝で人臣初めて（藤原仲麻呂・道鏡は除く）の太政大臣に就任した藤原良房とその養子（甥）の藤原基経が、初期摂関政治等藤原氏の権勢を固めた時代だった。
English: Though they had unstable factors such as the Otenmon Incident, affirmative measures were taken to encourage land reclamation, compile Jogan Kyakushiki Code (Regulations and Procedures of the Jogan Era), and mint Jogan Eiho (coins minted in Jogan era) and the politics was stable.
Japanese: 応天門の変等不安定要素も抱えながらも、開墾奨励策や貞観格式の編纂、貞観永宝の鋳造等積極的な政策が採られ、政治は安定していた。
English: In 876, Emperor Seiwa abdicated the throne in favor of his son; a prince, Imperial Prince Sadaakira (Emperor Yozei), and Mototsune, who was the uncle of Imperial Prince Sadaaki, was appointed as Sessho (regent).
Japanese: 876年（貞観18年）、清和天皇は皇子の貞明親王（陽成天皇）に譲位、伯父の基経は摂政となった。
English: The Edict on Change of Status was an edict with three articles issued in 1591 by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 身分統制令(みぶんとうせいれい)とは天正19年（1591年）に豊臣秀吉が発した3ヶ条の法令。
English: It banned the following things: Servants for samurai families such as samurai, chugen (warriors who took their orders from samurai) and komono (lowest-ranking warriors) settling as peasants or townspeople, peasants abandoning their farmland and engaging in business or working as day laborers, and samurai families employing servants who had fled from other samurai families.
Japanese: その内容は、侍(さむらい)、中間(ちゅうげん)、小者(こもの)ら武家奉公人が百姓・町人になること、百姓が耕地を放棄して商いや日雇いに従事すること、逃亡した奉公人をほかの武家が召抱えることなどを禁じたもの。
English: It is said that the intention in enacting this law was to ensure the number of servants for samurai families and the amount of nengu (land tax in rice) before the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役を控えて武家奉公人と年貢を確保する意図があったとされている。
English: First, townspeople and farmers have to investigate if there is anyone who was in military service (from hokonin [those who served Hideyoshi], samurai, chugen and komono to arashigo [servants for miscellaneous chores]) and changed his status to townsman or farmer after the Oshu expedition that was carried out in the seventh month of last year, and if such people are founded, they must be deported.
Japanese: 一　奉公人侍中間小者あらし子に至迄去七月奥州へ御出勢より以来新儀に町人百姓に成者於在之者其町中地下人として相改一切置へからす
English: Second, if there is any farmer who leaves his or her rice and vegetable fields behind and engages in trading or being employed for wages, not only the farmer himself or herself but also his fellow villagers will be punished.
Japanese: 一　在々百姓等田畠を打捨或はあきなひ或は賃仕事に罷出輩有之は其者之事は不及申地下中可為御成敗
English: If this law is violated and the transgressor is deliberately set free, then two or three people must be decapitated in substitution for him or her and their heads must be handed to his or her former master.
Japanese: 若此御法度を相背其者逃し候ニ付而は其一人之代ニ三人首をきらせ彼相手之所へ可下渡
English: It was divided into Samaryo (or Sameryo) (Left Division of Bureau of Horses) and Umaryo (or Umeryo) (Right Division of Bureau of Horses).
Japanese: 左馬寮（さめりょう/さまりょう）と右馬寮（うめりょう/うまりょう）に分かれていた。
English: Horses collected from provinces were fed in horse boxes or Maki (ryomaki and kintomaki [pasture where animals were sent to graze]) under the direct control of Meryo, and were also fed in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and surrounding provinces by orders given to such provinces.
Japanese: 諸国から集められた馬は馬寮直轄の厩舎や牧（寮牧・近都牧）で飼養したり、畿内及び周辺諸国に命じて飼養させた。
English: It is considered that the reason why samurai was appointed to a government post below Kami (Director) later was that it had an element of police.
Japanese: 後に頭以下の官職に武士が任官されるのもこうした警察的な要素があったからとも考えられる。
English: As Kanjin Zonin (lower-ranking government official), Mebu which actually raised horses existed, and retained and governed Shiko which was in charge of raising horses.
Japanese: 官人雑任として実際に馬の飼育にあたる馬部（めぶ）がおり、飼育を担当する飼戸（しこ）を傘下においてこれを統率した。
English: However, in 711, Prince Katsuragi (later TACHIBANA no Moroe) who was a member of the Imperial family although his rank was Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed as Meryogen (the chief of the Bureau of Horses) which was Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), from the viewpoint of military importance, and controlled the right and left divisions of Meryo.
Japanese: しかし、711年に馬の軍事的な重要性から従五位下ながら皇族である葛木王（後の橘諸兄）が令外官である馬寮監（めりょうげん）に任じられて左右馬寮を統括した。
English: When Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) was established in 765, Naikyuryo handling horse boxes in the Imperial Court was departed simultaneously, and government officials of Konoefu basically took this position concurrently.
Japanese: 765年の近衛府設置と同時に宮中の厩を扱う内厩寮（ないきゅうりょう）が分離されて基本的に近衛府の官人がこれを兼ねた。
English: Remaining Samaryo and Umaryo were integrated into Shumeryo (Bureau of Imperial Mews) in 781, and ISE no Okina whose rank was Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) was assigned to Shume no kami, the head of Shumeryo.
Japanese: 残った左右の馬寮も781年に主馬寮（しゅめりょう）に統合されて長である主馬頭（しゅめのかみ）には従四位下である伊勢老人が任じられた。
English: In 808, the initial names under the Ritsuryo system were revived by changing the name from Shumeryo to Samaryo, and from Naikyuryo to Umaryo, and Samaryo and Umaryo absorbed Hyomashi (Office of Military Horses) which had belonged to Hyobusho (Ministry of Military).
Japanese: 808年には主馬寮を左馬寮、内厩寮を右馬寮と改名して律令制当初の呼称が復活し、兵部省に属していた兵馬司を吸収した。
English: Thereafter, Meryogen was also revived as Meryo gogen (or mikan) (Inspector of the Bureau of Horses), but, its official duties were limited only to reporting to the Emperor about horses at the time of rite which were supplied from Sama no kami and Uma no kami, and the fact was that only the name was succeeded.
Japanese: その後、馬寮監も馬寮御監（めりょうごげん/みかん）として復活するが、その職掌は左右馬頭からあげられた儀式の際の馬について報告を天皇に奏上するだけに留まり、実際には名義のみを継承したものである。
English: However, since it was conventional to double as Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), its equivalent official court rank was largely promoted to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank), and was the highest in Meryo nominally.
Japanese: ただし、近衛大将との兼務が慣例とされたためにその官位相当は従三位と大幅に上昇しており、馬寮では名目上の最高職であった。
English: After the late Heian period, by reason that prominent samurai of Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) was successively assigned to Sama no kami and Uma no kami which were substantially the highest post, the post of Meryo was regarded as one of the government posts longed for by samurai (it is said that the full number of Daijo (Senior Secretary) and Shojo (Junior Secretary) was 20 in total as regulated in the Kakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)) at the end of Heian period).
Japanese: 平安時代後期以後は、実質上の最高職である左右馬頭に河内源氏の著名な武者が相次いで任じられた事から馬寮の職は武士の憧れの官職の一つとされた（平安時代末期格式など規定されていた実際の大允・少允の定員は計二十名であったと言う）。
English: Taking it as a good example that Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA was appointed to Sama no kami, Sama no kami in the Muromachi period was regarded as a government post taken by Kokenshoku (post of guardian) of Shogun (existence like vice-shogun) or by Shogun-in-waiting.
Japanese: 室町時代において左馬頭は、足利直義が左馬頭になったのを嘉例とし、将軍の後見職（副将軍的な存在）あるいは次期将軍が就任する官職と見なされた。
English: As examples of persons who were appointed to Sama no kami, but could not be Shogun, Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA, Yoshimi ASHIKAGA and Yoshitsuna ASHIKAGA were taken.
Japanese: 左馬頭となりながら将軍になれなかった例として足利義嗣や足利義視や足利義維がいる。
English: There was another example of keeping an ear close to the ground by assigning Sama no kami to both Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA (later the 15th shogun), Yoshiteru's younger brother, and Yoshihide ASHIKAGA (later the 14th shogun), Yoshiteru's cousin, who declared bid for a successor after the Eiroku Incident in which Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA was killed.
Japanese: 足利義輝が殺害された永禄の変後に後継者として名乗りを上げた弟の足利義昭（後の15代将軍）と従兄弟の足利義栄（後の14代将軍）をともに左馬頭に任じて事態の推移を見守った例もあった。
English: Tosho-Chosonsei is a generic term used to refer to the system implemented in island areas apart from the town and village system implemented in Japan's mainland.
Japanese: 島嶼町村制（とうしょちょうそんせい）とは、本土における町村制と別に、島嶼部で施行された制度の一般名称。
English: It was implemented in the Izu Island chain of Tokyo (except for Aogashima Village), Oki Islands of Shimane Prefecture, Tsushima of Nagasaki Prefecture, Mishima-mura Village, Tokara Islands and Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, and Okinawa Prefecture.
Japanese: 現在の、東京都伊豆諸島（青ヶ島村を除く）、島根県隠岐諸島、長崎県対馬、鹿児島県三島村・トカラ列島及び奄美群島、沖縄県で施行された。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, the new government altered the old regional partition in order to undertake establishment of the foundation for a new centralized government.
Japanese: 明治維新の後、新政府は旧来の地域区分を変更し、新たな中央集権国家の基盤作りに着手した。
English: This policy was called Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), under which the daiku-shoku system (a centralized district system that abolished all pre-existing towns, villages and their offices and institutions) was established in 1871 and enforced the next year.
Japanese: それが廃藩置県であり、その下に置くものが、1871年（明治4年）制定翌年施行された大区小区制であった。
English: Next the government established three new bills related to the local government system in 1878, and set towns and villages under one of those bills, Gunkuchoson henseiho (the Law for Reorganization of Counties, Wards, Towns and Villages).
Japanese: 次に政府は、1878年(明治11年)に地方三新法を制定し、その内の郡区町村編制法により町村を置いた。
English: Those new bills were abolished due to establishment of the city system and the town and village system in 1888 as well as to establishment of the prefecture system and the county system in 1890.
Japanese: 後に、1888年（明治21年）の市制・町村制、1890年（明治23年）の府県制・郡制の制定により地方三新法は廃止された。
English: Island areas were excluded from the city system and the town and village system established in 1888 by the Imperial Edict No.1 of 1889, and had an Island Agency established from time to time.
Japanese: 各島嶼部は、1888年（明治21年）の市制及び町村制施行から、1889年（明治22年）の勅令第1号により除外され、島庁が設置されたりした。
English: Unlike towns and villages in Japan's mainland, this was a direct rule by the prefectural government, and resembles today's Tokyo Special Wards.
Japanese: これは、本土町村とは異なり府県庁による直接統治であり、現在に当てはめれば東京都特別区が近い。
English: These islands were directly administered by Tokyo Prefecture because they had a small population and because people from Europe and America lived in Ogasawara Islands, and towns and villages were not set until much later.
Japanese: 人口が少ないことや、小笠原諸島には欧米系住民の居住などもあり、東京府による直接の行政運営がなされ、町村の設置は大幅に遅れた。
English: Especially in the case of Ogasawara, it was after the return to the mainland in 1968 that the same public administration system as in the mainland was established.
Japanese: 特に小笠原の本土並の行政組織設置は、1968年（昭和43年）の本土復帰後である。
English: In 1900 the Oshima island government and Hachijo island government were established in the Izu Island chain, and the Ogasawara island government in Ogasawara Islands.
Japanese: 1900年（明治33年）伊豆諸島に大島島庁、八丈島庁、小笠原諸島に小笠原島庁が設置された。
English: In 1940 Tosho-Chosonsei in the Izu Island chain was shifted to the regular town and village system, and Aogashima Village was established in the Aogashima island under the regular town and village system at the same time.
Japanese: 1940年（昭和15年）伊豆諸島の島嶼町村制が普通町村制に移行、同時に青ヶ島に普通町村制による青ヶ島村を設置。
English: In 1946 Ogasawara Islands were put under direct rule by the U.S. Forces.
Japanese: 1946年（昭和21年）小笠原諸島が、アメリカ軍の直接統治の下におかれる。
English: In 1952, due to the Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco, six villages in Ogasawara Islands were removed from the public administration of the Japanese government, abolished, put under an American trusteeship and remained under the rule of the U.S. Forces.
Japanese: 1952年（昭和27年）サンフランシスコ講和条約により、小笠原諸島6村は日本政府の行政から分離され廃止、アメリカの信託統治領となり引き続きアメリカ軍管理下に置かれる。
English: When they were returned to Japan's mainland by the U.S. Forces in 1968, all the villages within Ogasawara Subprefecture were merged into Ogasawara Village.
Japanese: 1968年（昭和43年）アメリカ軍から返還、復帰すると同時に小笠原支庁の全村が合併し、小笠原村となる。
English: At first four counties (Ama, Chibu, Suki and Ochi Counties) were established in Oki Islands and they were governed by the respective county offices.
Japanese: 隠岐諸島では当初、海士、知夫、周吉、穏地の4郡が設置され、郡役所による行政が行われていた。
English: However, at the time of designation as tosho (islands) in 1889, Shimane Prefecture abolished the four counties and established the Oki island government, and "Toshi" (governor of the island government) took charge of public administration.
Japanese: しかし、1889年の島嶼指定により島根県は4郡を廃止して隠岐島庁を設置、「島司」が行政に当たった。
English: In 1904 the designation as tosho was eliminated, a town and village system was implemented "in the same manners as in the mainland" and four counties were restored.
Japanese: 1904年（明治37年）島嶼指定が解除され、「本土並み」の町村制が施行され4郡復活。
English: In 1925 the Oki island government was abolished and Oki Subprefecture of Shimane Prefecture was established.
Japanese: 1925年（大正14年）隠岐島庁が廃止され、島根県隠岐支庁が設置された。
English: In 1889 fourteen villages were established in the area of today's Tsushima City.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）現在の対馬市の領域に、14箇村が設置される。
English: The government approved of the direct rule of the prefecture over Amami Islands even after the establishment of Kagoshima Prefecture, in order to raise fund for restoration of Kagoshima's mainland, which had been ruined by the Seinan War.
Japanese: 奄美諸島では鹿児島県設置後も、西南戦争で荒廃した県本土の復興資金調達のため、県の直接統治が政府により承認されていた。
English: In addition, Magiri System, which had been used since the age of the Ryukyu Kingdom, remained adopted as lower administrative districts under the local office (later, the island government), but some districts changed their name into a village when Gunkuchoson henseiho was enforced.
Japanese: また、支庁（後、島庁）の下位行政区画は、琉球王国以来の間切制を採用していたが、一部は郡区町村編制法施行時に、村に名称を変更した。
English: In 1879, with the enforcement of Gunkuchoson henseiho, Amami Islands, as Oshima County, were incorporated in Osumi Province and named Oshima County, Osumi Province, Kagoshima Prefecture, with its county office established in Kaneku Village.
Japanese: 1879年（明治12年）郡区町村編制法施行に伴い、奄美諸島を大島郡として大隅国に編入し、郡役所を金久村に設置、鹿児島県大隅国大島郡と呼称された。
English: In 1886 the Kaneku local office was renamed the Oshima island government, and the governor of the local office was made into Toshi.
Japanese: 1886年（明治19年）金久支庁を大島島庁と改称し、支庁長を島司とした。
English: In 1897, the island area (Io-jima Island, Kuro-shima Island, Takeshima Island, Kuchi-no-shima Island, Gajajima Island, Tairajima Island, Nakanoshima Island, Akusekijima Island, Suwanose-jima Island and Takarajima Island) of Kawabe-gun, Satsuma Province (Kagoshima Prefecture) were incorporated in Oshima County.
Japanese: 1897年（明治30年）薩摩国川辺郡(鹿児島県)島嶼部（硫黄島(鹿児島県)、黒島(鹿児島県)、竹島(鹿児島県)、口之島、臥蛇島、平島(鹿児島県)、中之島(鹿児島県)、悪石島、諏訪之瀬島、宝島(鹿児島県)）、大島郡に編入。
English: In 1920 the designation as tosho was eliminated and a town and village system was implemented "in the same manners as in the mainland."
Japanese: 1920年（大正9年）島嶼指定が解除され、「本土並み」の町村制が施行された。
English: In 1926, with the abolishment of the county system, the island government was renamed Subprefecture, and Toshi became the governor of Subprefecture.
Japanese: 1926年（大正15年）郡制の廃止に伴い、島庁は支庁に改称され、島司は支庁長とされた。
English: In 1973 Mishima Village and Toshima Village, Oshima County were transferred to Kagoshima Prefecture.
Japanese: 1973年（昭和48年）大島郡三島村及び十島村が鹿児島郡に移管される。
English: Even in the Meiji period, legal systems were not developed in Okinawa Prefecture and the old systems which had been used since the age of the Ryukyu Kingdom were still in effect.
Japanese: 明治の時代になっても、沖縄県では法整備が遅れ、旧琉球王国以来の体制が継続した。
English: However, because of many remaining systems which placed a heavier burden on the residents than in the mainland, people campaigned for the abolishment or improvement of the old systems in various areas in Okinawa, and the government gradually implemented the same systems as in the mainland.
Japanese: しかし、本土に比べ住民に負担の多い制度が多々存続したため、沖縄県各地で旧制度廃止・改善を要求する運動が起こり、政府は漸次本土並の制度を施行して行った。
English: In 1896, with the Imperial Edict No.13 of 1896 "Edict concerning organization of counties in Okinawa Prefecture," five counties (Shimajiri, Nakagami, Kunigami, Miyako and Yaeyama Counties) were created and island governments (Toshi) were established in Miyako and Yaeyama.
Japanese: 1896年（明治29年）明治29年勅令第13号「沖縄県ノ郡編制ニ関スル件」により、島尻郡、中頭郡、国頭郡、宮古郡、八重山郡の五郡を設置し、宮古と八重山に島庁（島司）を置いた。
English: In 1921 "Naha City" was created (as a result of abolishment of the special ward system and enforcement of the regular municipal organization).
Japanese: 1921年（大正10年）「那覇市」設立（特別区制が廃止され、一般市制の施行による）。
English: The Imperial Edict No.45 of 1907 "Edict concerning the change of names and partitions in Magiri Island, Okinawa Prefecture as well as in Izu Seven Islands and Ogasawara Islands, Tokyo Prefecture."
Japanese: 明治40年勅令第45号、沖縄県間切島並東京府伊豆七島及小笠原島ニ於ケル名称及区域ノ変更等ニ関スル件。
English: The Imperial Edict No.335 of 1918 "Edict concerning the town and village system in Tsushima Province, Nagasaki Prefecture and Oki Province, Shimane Prefecture."
Japanese: 大正7年勅令第335号、長崎県対馬国島根県隠岐国ニ於ケル町村制度ニ関スル件。
English: Mochigumi literally means troops for carrying the arrows (weapons) and matchlock guns of a shogun, but in practice they were arrow and musket troops under shogun's direct orders.
Japanese: 将軍の弓(武器)や火縄銃を持つ部隊と言う意味であるが、その実態は将軍直衛の弓･鉄砲隊である。
English: Each unit included 10 yoriki (police sergeants) and 50 doshin (police constables) led by the commander of each unit.
Japanese: 各組は持之頭(持筒頭･持弓頭)の元、与力10人･同心50人で構成された。
English: It was placed in the each market east and west of the capital, and Higashi no ichi no tsukasa (Office of the East Market) belonged to Sakyoshiki (Eastern Capital Offices) and Nish no ichi no tsukasa (Office of the West Market) belonged to Ukyoshiki (Western Capital Offices).
Japanese: 都の東西の市場それぞれに設置され、東市司（ひがしのいちのつかさ）は左京職に西市司（にしのいちのつかさ）は右京職に属していた。
English: Prevented from fraud and crime in the cities, managed scales and measures on commerce, monitored prices, and worked on procurement of commodity for public use when necessary.
Japanese: 市における不正及び犯罪の防止や交易における度量衡の管理、物価の監視などにあたる他、時に応じて公用に供する物資の調達にもあたったとされている。
English: Also, divided prevailing price in the cities into three ranks as upper, middle, lower (each was described as three ranks further such as expensive or cheep, so it was actually nine ranks) every 10 days (once a month in the 'Engishiki' [an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers]).
Japanese: また、10日ごとに（「延喜式」では毎月1度）市における時価を上中下の3等に分けた（その中でも更に高値安値などの3段階表記をしたため、実質は9等）。
English: Then, Ichi no tsukasa prepared 'Kokacho' (price book) that stated investigated prices at different times and submitted to Kyoshiki it belonged to.
Japanese: そして、その時々の物価を調査した「估価帳」を作成して属する京職に対して提出した。
English: Ichi no kami (Commissioner of the Market) as the head was originally an official equivalent to Shorokuinojo (Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade), but a person who accepted to have an appointment among governmental official of Goi (Fifth Rank) responsible for practical works, tokugyosho (student like postgraduate, student taking the graduate program) and monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) most of the time.
Japanese: 長である市正（いちのかみ）は本来は正六位上相当の官であったが、五位の実務官僚や得業生や文章生のうち成功(任官)に応じた者が任命されることが多かった。
English: Kacho who inspected prices as tomobe (Servant of the Court administering a group) and monobe who cracked down on criminals in the cities were staffed.
Japanese: 伴部として価格を検査する価長、市での犯罪者を取り締まる物部などが置かれた。
English: The Constitution of 1868 was the proclamation in which the Meiji government determined the governmental organization of the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 政体書（せいたいしょ）は、明治初期の統治機構について定めた布告である。
English: Taneomi SOEJIMA and Takachika FUKUOKA drafted 'The Constitution of 1868' mainly referencing 'The Constitution of the United States of America' and "Seiyo jijo" (affairs in the Western countries).
Japanese: 副島種臣と福岡孝弟がアメリカ合衆国憲法および『西洋事情』等を参考に起草した。
English: Then, the Meiji government proclaimed it on June 11, 1868.
Japanese: そして、868年6月11日（慶応4年＝明治元年4月21日(旧暦)）に発布された。
English: The Japanese new government and the former Tokugawa Bakufu still continued to fight battles in the Ou (Mutsu Province and Dewa Province) region and the Kanto region after a chain of events including the Restoration of Imperial Rule on January 3, 1868, the Battle of Toba and Fushimi from January 27 to 30 of 1868, and the surrender of Edo Castle on May 3, 1868.
Japanese: 1868年1月3日（慶応3年12月9日(旧暦)）王政復古(日本)、1月27日～1月30日（慶応4年＝明治元年1月3日(旧暦)～1月7日(旧暦)）の鳥羽・伏見の戦い、5月3日（4月11日(旧暦)）の江戸開城などを経て、奥羽・北越地方では交戦が続いていた。
English: In the Constitution of 1868, however, the new government, which had mostly seized control of the regions to the west of Kanto, stipulated a new government-regulated organization to replace the Dajokan Sanshoku-taisei (an administrative body composed of a Sosai [President], Gijo [directors] and Sanyo [administrators] that had been acting as the provisional government).
Japanese: しかし、関東地方以西をほぼ掌握した新政府が、それまでの臨時政府的な太政官三職体制に代えて新たな官制を定めたものである。
English: The Constitution of 1868 stated the Imperial Covenant Consisting of Five Articles at the beginning to define the basic policy of the new government, established Dajokan (Grand Council of State) as the central government to control national authority, and assigned two hosho (co-equal executive officers) as the heads of Dajokan.
Japanese: 冒頭に五箇条の御誓文を掲げてこれを政府の基本方針と位置づけ、国家権力を総括する中央政府として太政官を置き、2名の輔相をその首班とした。
English: The authority of Dajokan was divided into three branches of legislation, administration and judiciary, each of which was exercised by Giseikan (the legislature), Gyoseikan (the executive) and subordinate five branches and Keihokan (the judiciary) respectively to achieve the system with three powers separated.
Japanese: 太政官の権力を立法・行政・司法の三権に分け、それぞれを議政官・行政官以下の五官・刑法官が掌る三権分立の体制がとられた。
English: In reality, however, influential members in Jokyoku (a law-making body) of Giseikan held concurrently a responsible position of Gyoseikan and Keihokan were put under the supervision of Gyoseikan; thus the separation of powers was not performed properly.
Japanese: しかし、実際には議政官上局の実力者が行政各官の責任者を兼ねたり、刑法官が行政官の監督下にあったりして権力分立は不十分なものであった。
English: After minor amendments accompanied by the change of political situation after the end of the Boshin War, by the proclamation newly issued on August 15, 1869 (Shikiinryo, the law which stipulated duties of ministries), Dajokan was reformed into Nikan-Rokusho-taisei (the system maintained by two Departments [Jingikan, Dajokan] and six Ministries).
Japanese: 戊辰戦争終結後の政治状況の変化に伴う若干の変更の後、1869年8月15日（明治2年7月8日(旧暦)）に新たに発布された布告（職員令）によって、太政官は二官六省体制に改められた。
English: It was originally an anti-foreign movement by the secret society named the Boxers, but it became a war between nations after Empress Dowager Cixi supported this rebellion and declared a war against European nations and the United States in 1900.
Japanese: 当初は義和団を称する秘密結社による排外運動であったが、1900年（光緒26年、明治33年）に西太后がこの反乱を支持して欧米列国に宣戦布告したため国家間戦争となった。
English: However, the forces of allied western powers took over the capital Beijing as well as the Forbidden City within two months of the proclamation of war, and the Qing dynasty was forced to pay an enormous amount of reparations.
Japanese: だが、宣戦布告後2ヶ月も経たないうちに欧米列強国軍は首都北京市及び紫禁城を制圧、清朝は莫大な賠償金の支払いを余儀なくされる。
English: Empress Dowager Cixi acknowledged the need for post-war political reform involving western techniques, and started the new Guangxu government based on the Hundred Days' Reform that she had previously made to fail.
Japanese: この乱の後、西洋的方法を視野に入れた政治改革の必要を認識した西太后は、かつて自らが失敗させた戊戌の変法を手本としたいわゆる光緒新政を開始した。
English: This document will use the unified term, "Boxer Rebellion," but there are different ways of referring to it such as Giwadan Jiken (the Boxer Uprising [the Righteous Harmony Society Movement]), Giwadan Jihen (Boxer Incident), and Hokushin Jihen (The North China Incident).
Japanese: なお、本稿では「義和団の乱」で統一するが、義和団事件・義和団事変・北清事変（ほくしんじへん）との呼び方もある。
English: It is also called Koshi Jihen (Koshi Incident) in China from the year when the war occurred based on the Oriental zodiac.
Japanese: また中国では戦争が起こった年の干支から庚子事変（こうしじへん）ともいう。
English: Christianity was introduced to China during an early period, but by the end of the Qing dynasty it had still not gained many believers due to differences in customs and similar reasons.
Japanese: 中国にキリスト教が伝来したのはかなり古いが、慣習・慣行の違い等から多くの信者を獲得することなく清末にいたった。