nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Yorihiro SHIMOTSUMA, a child of Rairyu SHIMOTSUMA who was a boukan (a priest who served for the Monzeki families) of Hongan-ji Temple, was born from a mother who was a daughter of Tsuneoki IKEDA, and he changed his name to Shigetoshi IKEDA thereafter.
Japanese: 本願寺坊官下間頼竜の子・下間頼広は母を池田恒興娘とし、後に池田重利と改名。
English: He served with distinction in the Osaka no Jin as a makushita of the Toshitaka and Tadatsugu IKEDA brothers, and he was promoted to a daimyo of Kakenokori and Kawabe-gun, Settsu Province (Amagasaki territory) with 10,000 koku.
Japanese: 池田利隆・忠継兄弟の幕下の大坂の陣で戦功を挙げ、摂津国川辺郡・闕郡（尼崎領）1万石を与えられ大名に取り立てられた。
English: Hidenari MORI who was the eldest legitimate son of Terumoto MORI and Hidemoto MORI who had been Terumoto's adopted heir prior to Hidenari's birth were both Shihon daimyos with their own domains.
Japanese: 毛利輝元の嫡男毛利秀就と秀就誕生前に輝元の養嗣子となっていた毛利秀元がともに四品国主大名であった。
English: Since then, the family had been treated by the bakufu as a lord, but Honpan (the original domain) did not allow the family to become independent and treated it as Karo (chief retainer).
Japanese: 以後も幕府より諸侯扱いを受けていたが、本藩では独立を許さず家老扱い。
English: Takayoshi TODO, who was born as the third son of Nagahide NIWA and later adopted by Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, was adopted by Takatora TODO, but he was disinherited after Takatsugu TODO, the biological child of Takatora TODO, was born.
Japanese: 豊臣秀長の養子であった丹羽長秀男藤堂高吉は藤堂高虎の実子誕生以前にその養子になったが、実子藤堂高次が誕生すると廃嫡。
English: Because the bakufu made attempts to enlist the services of Nabari family, confrontation between Nabari-Todo clan and its head family had continued up to the Kyoho period.
Japanese: 幕府によって名張家を召出す動きがあったため、享保年間まで名張藤堂氏と本家との対立は続いた。
English: Meiji Noho is the general term of accumulation and systemization of the conventional agricultural techniques represented by records on agriculture, as opposed to modern agriculture.
Japanese: 明治農法（めいじのうほう）とは、明治時代、近代農学と対比される形で農書に代表される旧来の農業技術を集積・体系化したものの総称。
English: Its characteristics are deep plowing using oxes and horses, improvement of soil such as drying rice fields, fertilization techniques, minute seed sorting like healthy seedling with furrow beds, sorting seeds in salt water, and introduction of varieties of high quality plants with high yield and fertilizer-resistant.
Japanese: 牛馬と犂を用いた深耕、乾田化に代表される土地改良・施肥技術の改良、塩水選による短冊苗代を用いた健苗育成に代表される選種の精緻化、耐肥性多収品種の導入に代表される優良品種の導入がその特徴とされる。
English: During the Meiji period, in which modern agriculture was formed, farmers called 'Rono' (elderly farmers) took the leadership of agricultural improvements in private sector, in contrast to modern science of agriculture led by the government.
Japanese: 近代農学の成立期である明治時代には、官主導による近代農学に対する民間での農事改良の担い手として「老農」とよばれる農民たちが活躍していた。
English: Being independent of the modern agriculture studies imported from abroad, they intended to make improvements on techniques from the viewpoint of positivism, based on the accumulation of the conventional agriculture studies before modern times, which was beyond the phase of the mere collection of personal experiences.
Japanese: 彼らは、輸入学問であった近代農学とは独立して、近世以前の在来農学の蓄積に基づき、単なる個人の経験の寄せ集めという段階を越えた実証主義的な態度からの技術改良を志向した。
English: Among them were those who conducted demonstrative tests of crop comparison among varieties of rice and improvement of species of silkworms by crossbreeding even before the introduction of Mendel's law.
Japanese: 一部には、イネの品種間の実証的な比較収量試験を行ったり、メンデルの法則の導入以前から交配によるカイコの品種改良を試みるものもいたという。
English: These elderly farmers were eager to make efforts to improve the conventional agriculture by holding Nodankai, or agricultural meetings, and other activities beyond the sphere of their residential area.
Japanese: 彼ら老農たちは居住地域の枠を超えて活発に農談会とよばれる会合を開くなどの活動を行い、在来農法の改善に努めた。
English: Uprising of the Hayato people was organized by the Hayato in southern Kyushu in 720 to rebel against the Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: 隼人の反乱（はやとのはんらん）は、720年（養老4年）九州南部に住む隼人がヤマト王権に対して起こした反乱である。
English: The war that lasted nearly one and a half year ended with the defeat of the Hayato, which ensured the rule of Yamato sovereignty in southern Kyushu.
Japanese: 1年半近くに及ぶ戦いは隼人側の敗北で終結し、ヤマト王権の九州南部における支配が確立した。
English: By the latter half of the seventh century, the power of Yamato sovereignty (Imperial court) had reached southern Kyushu but the ruling system was not yet perfected so that many groups of residents, called Kumaso or Hayato, defended their own local authority.
Japanese: 7世紀後半の九州南部はヤマト王権（朝廷）の勢力が及んでいたものの支配体制は完全ではなく、熊襲あるいは隼人と呼ばれる住民が多くの集団に分かれて割拠する状況であった。
English: The Imperial court had attempted to introduce the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) across its sphere of influence but had not been successful in winning the approval by the people of southern Kyushu.
Japanese: 朝廷は自らの勢力範囲に広く律令制を導入することを試みていたが九州南部においては住民の支持を得られなかった。
English: This was because southern Kyushu was a vast stretch of volcanic ash and sand inappropriate for rice cropping while the ritsuryo system was centered on rice cropping.
Japanese: これは律令制が稲作を制度の中心に据えており、稲作に適さないシラス(地質)の広がる九州南部には適合しなかったためである。
English: On the other hand, trade with Chinese continent via Southwest Islands was increasing, and the Imperial court organized an investigative team called Bekkokushi or Kunimagi no Tsukai to conduct research on the southern Kyushu and Southwest Islands but, in 700, Bekkokushi encountered threatening attacks by indigenous people in various places of southern Kyushu.
Japanese: 一方、南西諸島を経由した中国大陸との交流が活発化しており、朝廷は覓国使（べっこくし、くにまぎのつかい）と呼ばれる調査隊を組織して九州南部と南西諸島の調査を行っていたが、700年（文武天皇4年）に覓国使が九州南部各地で現地住民から威嚇を受ける事件が発生した。
English: In September 702, the Imperial court assembled weapons in Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) and sent troops to southern Kyushu at the same time as it established Hayahito Province (later Satsuma Province) for the purpose of reinforcing the ruling system in the area.
Japanese: 朝廷は大宰府に武器を集め702年（大宝(日本)2年）8月、九州南部に兵を送るとともに唱更国（後の薩摩国）を設置し現地の支配体制を強化した。
English: Upon the establishment of Osumi Province in 713, 5,000 people were immigrated from Buzen Province, where the ritsuryo system was well adopted, to instruct the people there and further reinforce the ruling system.
Japanese: 713年（和銅6年）には大隅国が設置され当時律令制導入の先進地であった豊前国から5000人を移住させ指導に当たらせるなど支配体制がさらに強化されている。
English: The tension intensified between the Imperial court who tried to promote the ritsuryo system, especially the law of rice field allotment system and the Hayato who kept communal way of land use in southern Kyushu.
Japanese: 律令制、特に班田収授法を推し進めようとする朝廷と、九州南部において共同体的な土地利用形態を守ってきた隼人との間で緊張が高まった。
English: On April 15, 720, Dazai-fu reported to the Imperial court that 'YAKO no Fuhitomaro, the provincial governor of Osumi Province had been murdered'.
Japanese: 720年（養老4年）2月29日、大宰府から朝廷へ「大隅国国司の陽侯史麻呂が殺害された」との報告が伝えられた。
English: On March 4, the Imperial court appointed OTOMO no Tabito as the great general to subdue the Hayato and KASA no Mimuro and KOSE no Mahito as the vice generals and commanded them to subjugate the Hayato.
Japanese: 朝廷は3月4日、大伴旅人を征隼人持節大将軍に、笠御室と巨勢真人を副将軍に任命し隼人の征討にあたらせた。
English: The Imperial court gathered more than 10,000 soldiers from all over Kyushu, split them into two groups to advance from both east and west, and took control of castles in five places out of seven by July 30.
Japanese: これに対して朝廷側は九州各地から1万人以上の兵を集め九州の東側および西側からの二手に分かれて進軍し、6月17日には5ヶ所の城を陥落させたと報告している。
English: But the war was prolonged because the remaining castles in Soonoiwaki and Himenoki were tough to conquer.
Japanese: しかしながら残る曽於乃石城（そおのいわき）と比売之城（ひめのき）の2城の攻略に手間取り長期戦となった。
English: OTOMO no Tabito left the battlefield and returned to the capital on September 22, leaving the capturing task to the vice generals.
Japanese: 大伴旅人は戦列を離れ8月12日に都に戻りその後の攻略を副将軍らに任せている。
English: The war that lasted for one and a half years ended with the defeat of the Hayato and the vice generals brought the captives of Hayato back to the capital on August 8, 721.
Japanese: 1年半近くにわたった戦いは隼人側の敗北で終結し、721年（養老5年）7月7日、副将軍らは隼人の捕虜を連れて都に戻った。
English: Due to the uprising, the application of the law of rice field allotment system was postponed until 800, almost 80 years after the end of the war.
Japanese: 反乱のため班田収授法の適用は延期されることになり戦乱から80年近く経過した800年（延暦19年）になってようやく適用されている。
English: According to "Compendium of Usa Hachiman Oracles," the castles in which the soldiers of Hayato barricaded themselves were situated in the following seven places; Nukura, Yukibaru, Kanno, Ushikuso, Shikamu, Soonoiwaki and Himenoki.
Japanese: 隼人側が立て籠もった7ヶ所の城は『八幡宇佐宮御託宣集』によると、奴久等、幸原、神野、牛屎、志加牟、曽於乃石城、比売之城であったとされている。
English: It is presumed that Soonoiwaki meant Kokubu-jo Castle (Osumi Province) and Shimizu-jo Castle and Himenoki meant Himeki-jo Castle and Tachibanaki-jo Castle, while there are conflicting theories concerning other five castles: one claiming that the castles were concentrated near the Kokubu Plain and the other claiming that they were widely dispersed in southern Kyushu.
Japanese: このうち曽於乃石城は国分城(大隅国)と清水城、比売之城は姫木城と橘木城であったと考えられているが、他の5城については国分平野付近に集中していたとする説と九州南部に広く分散していたとする説がある。
English: Hayato-zuka burial mound was built near the battlefield and Kyoshu-zuka burial mound (present Hyakutai-jinja Shrine in Usa City) was built in Buzen Province where the base of the Imperial court was located, in order to mourn for the war dead.
Japanese: 戦死者の霊を弔うため戦場近くに隼人塚、朝廷側の拠点であった豊前国には凶首塚（現在の宇佐市百体神社）が建てられた。
English: The premises of the Muke Elementary School in Kirishima City is thought to have been the graveyard of the provincial governor who was killed during the uprising of the Hayato people since swords and earthenware were found during the school's expansion work in December 1953.
Japanese: 1953年（昭和28年）12月、霧島市の向花小学校拡張工事中に刀剣や土器などが発見され、隼人の反乱で殺害された国司の墓所ではないかと考えられている。
English: They cleaned empress' residence and were in charge of interior lightings for the vehicle like a palanquin, lamp oil, kashoku, charcoal fuelwood and so on.
Japanese: 後宮の清掃、輿などの乗り物、灯油・火燭・炭薪などの内部の照明などを掌った。
English: As the staffs, it consisted of one Tonomo no kami (corresponding to Jurokui [Junior Sixth Rank]) and two Tonomo no suke (corresponding to Juhachii [Junior Eighth Rank]) and six nyoju (a court lady in a lower rank).
Japanese: 職員には尚殿（従六位従六位相当）1名・典殿（従八位相当）2名・女孺6名で構成されていた。
English: With the reorganization of kokyu and the demise of kokyu junishi after the middle of the Heian period, Tonomo no tsukasa was incorporated into Tonomoryo (Imperial Palace Keeper's Bureau) and Tonomoryo began to send the staffs in Tonomo no tsukasa to Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants) and such a court lady was called court servant or court lady servant.
Japanese: 平安時代中期以後の後宮の再編と十二司の解体に伴い、主殿寮に吸収されて同署より内侍司に対して派遣される形となり、こうした女官を主殿司あるいは主殿女官と呼ばれた。
English: The fixed number of court servants was 9 during the first half of twelfth century, but during the last half, seems to have been 12.
Japanese: 主殿司は12世紀前半には定員が9名であったが、後期には12名であったという。
English: In the Japanese Ritsuryo law system, the Kushiki-ryo law was one of the oldest rules and regulations existed in Japan, as it has been so believed.
Japanese: 日本の律令法においては、最も古くから存在した規定の1つと考えられている。
English: This Article "Ronso-shiki" was put here to specify various documentary forms to seek imperial ratification of affairs proposed and decided by Daijo-kan, the Grand Council of State.
Japanese: 論奏式（太政官が発議・決定した事項に対して、天皇に裁可を求める際の書式）
English: This Article "Soji-shiki" was put here to specify some documentary forms to seek imperial ratification of affairs described in a letter called "ge" (a type of official document) submitted by shoshi (various officials).
Japanese: 奏事式（諸司から出された解(公文書)の事項に対して、天皇に裁可を求める際の書式）
English: This Article "Binso-shiki" was put here to specify some documentary forms to seek imperial approval for daily governmental affairs and miscellaneous business in the imperial court, submitted by Shonagon (lesser councilor of state).
Japanese: 便奏式（少納言から提出された日常の政務及び宮中の雑務に対して、天皇に裁可を求める際の書式）
English: This Article "Kei-shiki" was put here to specify documentary forms to seek approval of Kotaishi (Crown Prince) and Sanko (Emperor's grand mother, mother and legitimate consort) for the affairs decided by Togubo (Crown Prince's quarters) or Chugu-shiki (imperial offices for Sanko [Emperor's grand mother, mother and legitimate consort]).
Japanese: 啓式（春宮坊（中宮職）が決定した事項に対して、皇太子（三后）に裁可を求める際の書式）
English: In this Article, the term "Heishutsu" meant a special wording which had always to be put at the top of each line in the description of any official documents, and the term "Oso" was quoted as the heishutsu word in this Article.
Japanese: 平出〔皇祖〕（公文書において用いる際に改行を行わなければならない語句（本条では「皇祖」を掲げる））
English: In this Article, the term "Ketsuji" meant another type of special wording which had always to be put behind one letter space in any official documents.
Japanese: 闕字（公文書において用いる際に一字分空白を設けなければならない語句）
English: This Article was put here to explain that hansetsu-koji (well-known ancient affairs) were excluded from the category of heishutsu and ketsuji, in the same manner as the phrases used in ordinary sentences and such cases as happened outside of Japan.
Japanese: 汎説古事（平出・闕字の対象外とされる例（一般的な文中における用句及び日本以外の事例））
English: This Article "Danjo-betsuchoku" prohibited officials of Danjo-dai (the Board of Censors) from acts of supervision or inspection of any other government official whose job, if any, he was engaged in beside his main job.
Japanese: 弾正別勅（弾正台の官人が他の官司の職務を兼ねる場合、当該官司への監察行為の禁止）
English: This Article "Shoshi-juchoku" (officials who received imperial orders directly from the Emperor) was written to set forth rules and regulations on corresponding methods to be taken by government officials who received imperial orders directly from the Emperor, not through the Ministry of Central Affairs.
Japanese: 諸司受勅（勅旨を中務省を経ずに、天皇より直接受けた官司・官人の対応方法についての規定）
English: This Article "Kyokan-shusshi" (an outgoing envoy from Kyoto) was made to specify procedures for an official in Kyoto to follow when he was to leave Kyoto as an envoy and when he returned to Kyoto from his trip, as well as such methods as to send off official documents to the provinces)
Japanese: 京官出使（京官が使者として出発・帰京する際の手続、公文書の地方への送付方法）
English: Thus, the law Kushiki-ryo was made up of the above mentioned Articles, which covered not only rules and regulations on official documents and laws and ordinances that underpinned the management of then government, but also service regulations for government officials in charge of the said rules and regulations, as well as judicial procedures.
Japanese: という構成となっており、政府運営の基礎となる公文書・法令の規定のみならず、それを扱う官人の服務規程や訴訟手続などをも含む。
English: Hatamoto-satsu was the paper money that a hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) who possessed his or her own territory in the Edo period issued independently in his or her own territory.
Japanese: 旗本札（はたもとさつ）は、江戸時代に領地を持つ旗本が自領内において独自に発行した紙幣である。
English: As is evident in the name, Hatamoto-satsu was paper money that a Hatamoto issued in his chigyo-chi (territory) during the Edo period.
Japanese: 旗本札は、その名の通り江戸時代に旗本が知行地において発行した紙幣である。
English: Since the chigyo-chi of Hatamoto was not called Han (a domain) in general, this paper money was called as such to differentiate it from Han-satsu (the paper money issued by a clan).
Japanese: 旗本の知行地は通例として藩とは呼ばれないため、藩札とは区別する用語としてこのように呼ばれる。
English: However, since it was issued and operated in a manner that was quite similar to Han-satsu, Hatamoto-satsu is sometimes treated as Han-satsu in a broad sense.
Japanese: しかし、その発行・運用形態は藩札と非常に類似しているため、広義の藩札として扱われる場合がある。
English: The chigyo-chi of Hatamoto existed widely in the Kanto region centered on Musashi Province where Edo was located.
Japanese: 旗本の知行地は、江戸がある武蔵国を中心とした関東地方にも広く存在した。
English: However, while no record exists that Hatamoto-satsu was issued in this region, many records exist concerning money being issued in the following areas; western areas from Shinano Province and Mikawa Province to the Kyushu region, in particular, the Kinki region (Omi Province, Yamato Province, Settsu Province, Tanba Province, Tajima Province, and Harima Province) and Bitchu Province in the Chugoku region.
Japanese: しかしながら、これらの地域において旗本札が発行されたという記録はなく、信濃国・三河国以西、九州地方まで、特に近畿地方（近江国・大和国・摂津国・丹波国・但馬国・播磨国）及び中国地方の備中国といった地域に発行例が多い。
English: This situation would have been caused by the following reasons: The Kanto region, which was the base of the bakufu, was strongly controlled by the bakufu, and as the economy was based on silver in Saigoku (the western region of Japan), more paper money was used there.
Japanese: 関東地方は幕府のお膝下にあってその統制力は強く、また札遣いは銀遣い経済の地域である西国で盛んであったことなどが原因であろう。
English: The clans in the Kanto region did not issue Han-satsu before the Meiji Restoration, except the issuance in the tobichi (detached land) territory in Saigoku.
Japanese: なお、関東諸藩の場合も、西国の飛地領における発行例を除外すれば、明治維新前には藩札を発行していない。
English: Some clans in the Kanto region that had their tobichi territories in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) attempted to issue Han-satsu in their own clans in the Kanto region, however the currency had to be halted as people in these clans were not familiar with the use of paper money.
Japanese: 畿内に飛地領を有する藩が関東の所領で藩札の発行を試みたが、領民が札遣いに馴染みがなく中止された例もある。
English: The provinces in the Kinki region and in Bitchu Province, where bakufu's territories, clans' territories, the tobichi territories in other clans, the territories of Gosankyo (three privileged branch families of the Tokugawa family), and Hatamoto's territories mixed quite complicatedly, were the area of advanced commodity economy as well.
Japanese: 近畿諸国及び備中国においては、幕府領、諸藩領、他地方の藩の飛地領、御三卿領、旗本領などがモザイク状に入り組んでおり、商品経済の先進地域でもあった。
English: Therefore, transactions with other territories comprised a large portion of economic activities in these areas.
Japanese: そのため、他領地との取引が諸領の経済活動に占める割合が非常に大きかった。
English: In addition, after the late Edo period, the bakufu took the policy of intentionally controlling the amount of the silver-based currencies that was being circulated, and therefore, lots of promissory notes and Han-satsu were used for transactions.
Japanese: また江戸時代後期以降は幕府の意図的な銀単位通貨流通量抑制政策のために手形や藩札類による取引も盛んであった。
English: Consequently, the economy in Hatamoto's territories was quite negatively affected by the inflow of Han-satsu and the like from other territories.
Japanese: そのため、旗本領でも領外の藩札などが流入し、自領の経済が悪化するという悪影響が少なからず生じていた。
English: In order to prevent this situation from occurring, not a few Hatamoto territories were forced to issue their own paper money as small clans and the tobichi territories of the clans in the Kanto region were.
Japanese: それを防ぐための自衛策として、小藩や関東諸藩の飛び地領などと同様に独自の紙幣を発行せざるを得ない場合も少なくなかった。
English: On the other hand, for the kotaiyoriai (alternate yoriai, a family status of samurai warriors in the Edo period), that were Hatamoto but were obliged to keep Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year residing in Edo) and ensured the control system similar to that of daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) because their earnings were less than 10,000 koku of rice (approximately 180 liters per koku), it is also considered that there might have been slightly more independent situations to issue paper money.
Japanese: その一方で、石高が1万石に満たないために旗本とされながら、参勤交代を行い、大名と同様の支配体制を保障された交代寄合は、やや主体性の高い紙幣発行の事情があった可能性も考えられる。
English: Being provided a high status due to its close relationship with the Tokugawa shogun family, the Matsudaira family in Nagasawa was treated as Hatamoto with the kotaiyoriai status, but earned only 200 koku of rice for chigyo (control of a territory).
Japanese: 長沢松平家は、徳川将軍家に近い家系のため格式が高く、交代寄合の待遇を受けていたが、200石の知行しか持たなかった。
English: Therefore, after allowance of the right to issue paper money from the bakufu, the family provided the right to towns and villages as the legal guarantee of issuing paper money and as the credibility of such money, to secure income.
Japanese: このため、幕府から紙幣発行権の許可を得て、その権利を各地の町村などに紙幣発行の法的及び信用上の裏付けとして提供することにより収入確保を図った。
English: The Hatamoto-satsu of the Nagasawa-Matsudaira family was issued in several provinces such as Omi, Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi, Harima, and Bitchu.
Japanese: この形態の長澤松平氏の旗本札は、近江・大和・河内国・和泉国・播磨・備中などの諸国で発行された。
English: In 1871, the new government checked the Han-satsu and the like that had been issued, to establish a new currency system.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）に新政府が新通貨制度の構築のために藩札類の発行状況を調べた。
English: Then, after confirming that 244 clans, approximately 80 percents of all clans in the nation, 14 magistrate's offices, and 9 Hatamoto territories had issued paper money, the government specified a rate of exchange, to be used to exchange each of these paper moneys for a new currency, to correct the situation.
Japanese: そこで、全国の藩の約8割に当たる244藩、14の代官所、9の旗本領が紙幣の発行を確認し、これらは全て紙幣ごとに新貨交換比率が設定されて処理された。
English: However, the Hatamoto who issued the paper money were only those of the Hatamoto who were actually checked by the new government during the early Meiji period.
Japanese: しかしながら、この紙幣を発行した旗本の数は明治初年の段階で新政府がその実態を把握した数に過ぎない。
English: Of the existing old paper money and the like, ones that contain the Hatamoto-satsu written on the surface of the paper money are sometimes found, which can be classified as Hatamoto-satsu, it has been revealed that at least several tens of Hatamoto issued Hatamoto-satsu.
Japanese: 現存する古札類の中には、札面に記された文面から明らかに旗本札に分類されるものが散見され、少なくとも数十の旗本が旗本札を発行していたことが判明している。
English: It has been confirmed that Hatamoto-satsu was issued in the three provinces of Shinano Province (present Nagano Prefecture), Mikawa Province (the present eastern part of Aichi Prefecture) and Mino Province (the present southern part of Gifu Prefecture).
Japanese: 信濃国（現・長野県）、三河国（現・愛知県東部）、美濃国（現・岐阜県南部）の3国において旗本札の発行が確認されている。
English: In the Shinano Province, the Sengoku clan in Yazawa, Chiisagata County (present Tonoshiro, Ueda City, Nagano Prefecture) issued small amount of zeni-satsu (a kind of Han-satsu) such as 16 mon (a unit of currency) paper money and 24 mon paper money in January 1863, to mitigate the difficult situation in trade that had been caused by the shortage of government-issued money due to the confusion that occurred during the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 信濃国では、小県郡矢沢（現・長野県上田市殿城）の仙石氏が文久２年（1862年）１２月、幕末の混乱による正銭の流通量減少による商取引上の困難を緩和するために十六文及び二十四文という小額面の銭札を発行した。
English: The Ogasawara clan in Izuki, Ina County (present Izuki, Iida City, Nagano Prefecture), who was a member of the Ina group of the Hatamoto with the kotaiyoriai-shu status, issued paper money in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: また、交代寄合衆の伊那衆である伊那郡伊豆木（現・長野県飯田市伊豆木）の小笠原氏は明治初期に紙幣を発行した。
English: The Izuki-Ogasawara clan's paper money issued in 1869 has its surface format style slightly resembling the Daijokan-satsu paper money issued by the Meiji new government, as well as the Han-satsu issued by clans in the same period throughout Japan.
Japanese: 伊豆木小笠原氏の紙幣は、発行が明治2年（1869年）であり、同時期に全国的に発行された諸藩札と同様、明治新政府が発行した太政官札にやや似た様式の札面となっている。
English: In Mikawa Province, the Suganuma clan in Shinshiro, Shitara County (present Shinshiro, Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture), which was provided with kotaiyoriai-omoteoreishu (a status of the kotaiyoriai similar to daimyo), and the Nagasawa-Matsudaira family in Nagasawa, Hoi County (present Nagasawa-cho, Toyokawa City, Aichi Prefecture), which was provided with status equivalent to the shishu (four major groups of kotaiyoriai) of kotaiyoriai-shu families, issued paper money.
Japanese: 三河国では、交代寄合表御礼衆の設楽郡新城（現・愛知県新城市新城）の菅沼氏及び交代寄合衆の四衆に準ずる家である宝飯郡長澤（現・愛知県豊川市長沢町）の長沢松平家が紙幣を発行した。
English: Shinshiro-Suganuma clan's paper money had a style resembling the Shukueki-satsu issued in Shukueki (relay station towns) along the Tokaido road, because it was located at an important distribution spot in the Shinshu-kaido road connecting the Tokaido road to the Shinano Province.
Japanese: 新城菅沼氏の紙幣は、その発行地が東海道と信濃国を結ぶ信州街道の物流拠点であったこともあり、東海道の宿駅で発行されたいわゆる宿駅札と似た札様式である。
English: As previously described, the Nagasawa-Matsudaira clan's paper money was issued in various provinces independently; it was strongly affected by the money-format style in the area where it was issued.
Japanese: 長澤松平氏の紙幣は、上述のように諸国で独自に発行されたため、いずれも発行地の札様式の影響を強く受けている。
English: Since several versions of the money were issued in each province, the paper currency in Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi, and Bitchu Provinces were undertaken various people because of the characteristics of the provinces.
Japanese: いずれも札遣いの盛んな土地であり、大和国、河内国、和泉国、備中国の紙幣では地域特性もあって引請人は多種多様である。