nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the Genroku era, Ogiwara withdrew high-purity Keicho Koban (gold oval coins) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coins) and issued Genroku koban and Genroku chogin, low in gold and silver content, and, under the reign of Ienobu, he issued Hoei koban and Hoei chogin anew on his own authority without obtaining permission from the Shogun as a monetary policy to make up a government deficit.
Japanese: 荻原は元禄期、いままでの高純度の慶長小判慶長丁銀を回収し金銀含有率の低い元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行し、家宣時代になってからも将軍の承諾を取り付けることなく独断で宝永小判宝永丁銀を発行し、幕府財政の欠損を補うという貨幣政策をとった。
English: As a result, a profit margin of about 5,000,000 ryo (a unit of gold currency) (Hakuseki ARAI's estimation) or 5,800,000 ryo (Shigehide OGIWARA's estimation) was produced and temporarily enriched the government.
Japanese: 結果、約500万両（新井白石による推定）もしくは580万両（荻原重秀による推計）の出目（改鋳による差益）を生じ一時的に幕府財政を潤した。
English: However, he repeatedly reminted coins by consistently degrading the purity of the gold and silver, and this caused inflation due to a significant imbalance of actual economic scale and currency circulation.
Japanese: しかし、一貫して金銀の純度を下げる方向で改鋳をし続けた結果、実態の経済規模と発行済通貨量が著しくアンバランスになりインフレーションが発生していた。
English: In addition, there were endless corruption rumors for Ogiwara such as bribes from government contractors and enormous amounts of profit in relation with reminting the coins (in accordance with "Oritaku Shiba no ki" [autobiographical essay] written by Hakuseki ARAI).
Japanese: また、荻原は御用商人からの収賄や貨幣改鋳に関して巨額の利益を収めたなど、汚職の噂が絶えなかった（新井著「折たく柴の記」による）。
English: Arai determined Ogiwara was "the slyest person in history" and "a devil" and submitted reports three times insisting on the dismissal of Ogiwara to his superior.
Japanese: 新井は荻原を「有史以来の奸物」「極悪人」と断罪し、荻原を罷免すべきという上申書を提出すること三度におよんだ。
English: Finally he threatened to assassinate Shigenobu if Ienobu didn't dismiss him and Ienobu had to dismiss Shigenobu in 1712.
Japanese: 最後には荻原を罷免しなければ殿中で重秀を暗殺すると脅迫したため、家宣も正徳2年（1712年）に重秀をとうとう罷免した。
English: At last Arai held an initiative on currency policy, and he insisted to return the original content ratio to the coins.
Japanese: ようやく貨幣政策に関してイニシアティブを握った新井は貨幣の含有率を元に戻すよう主張。
English: At last, Arai gained the initiative on currency policy, and he insisted to return the content rate of the coins to the original rate.
Japanese: 有名な正徳小判正徳丁銀は新井の建言で発行されたもので、これによって逆にデフレーションが発生した。
English: He understood the need to return the purity of currency in order to reduce currency circulation in the market, but he was also concerned about the immeasurable impact on business activities if the government carried out this at once.
Japanese: 市場の貨幣流通量を減らすべくその方法として貨幣純度を元に戻す必要は感じていたが、これを一気に行えば経済界に与える悪影響は計り知れない。
English: He understood the need to recover the purity of currency in order to reduce currency circulation in the market, but he was also concerned about the immeasurable impact on business activities if the government carried out this at once.
Japanese: そのため元禄金銀・宝永金銀の回収と新金銀の交換は少なくとも20年はかけて徐々に行うように提言している。
English: In fact, the amount of reminted Shotoku koban and Ichibu kin gold coin during Shotoku no chi was about 210,000 ryo, comparing to Genroku and Hoei gold and silver circulated (total 25,450,000 ryo of kobans and 1,400,000 ryo of chogins), it cannot say that this reminting had much of an impact in creating deflation.
Japanese: 事実、正徳の治の間に行われた改鋳量は正徳小判・一分金合わせて約21万両であり、元禄金銀・宝永金銀（あわせて小判2545万両、丁銀146万貫）に比較すると、これだけをもってデフレを起こすほどインパクトが強いとはいえないのである。
English: Since a lot of gold and silver were used in the trade between Holland and Japan, Arai estimated that a quarter of gold coins and three quarter of silver coins circulated in Japan went overseas between the beginning of the Edo period to the Genroku era.
Japanese: 長崎貿易の決済には金銀が多用されたが、この結果、日本の国内通貨量のうち金貨の4分の1、銀貨の4分の3が開幕から元禄までの間に海外に流出したと新井は計算した。
English: Kaihakugoshi shinrei (also called Shotoku shinrei and Nagasaki shinrei) was implemented in 1708 and its basic policy was observed until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: これが海舶互市新例（正徳新令、長崎新令とも呼ばれる）で宝永5年（1708年）に施行され、基本政策は幕末まで踏襲される。
English: It limited the number of foreign ships coming into Nagasaki as well as the amount of trade itself.
Japanese: すなわち長崎に入る異国船の数を制限し、かつ貿易額そのものにも制限を加えるというものである。
English: In particular, the number of ships from Qing was limited to 30 and the trade amount to 6,000 kan of silver (kan is a unit of volume, approx.3.75 kg) per year, and ships from Holland was limited to 2 and the trade amount to 3,000 kan per year.
Japanese: 具体的には清国船は年間30艘、交易額は銀6000貫にまで制限し、また和蘭船は年間2隻、貿易額は3000貫に制限した。
English: In addition, Arai considered to promote domestic production of traditionally imported goods like cloth, raw silk thread, sugar, buckskin, silk cloth, etc and loosen the policy created under the traditional feudal system, which banned peasants from producing commercial crops except for cultivating rice.
Japanese: また、これまでの輸入品であった綿布、生糸、砂糖、鹿皮、絹織物などの海外品はむしろ国産化を推進すべきである、農民は米穀のみをつくり商品作物の栽培は禁ずるという伝統的な封建制度の政策はその限りにおいて緩和されるべきであると考えた。
English: One of the revolutionary points of this law was to issue Shinpai (信牌) (port-entry permit) which set the next port entry due date and the enhanced trading management through administrative reforms in Nagasaki.
Japanese: また、同法の画期的な部分は次回来航期限を定めた信牌交付や長崎の行政改革による貿易管理の強化の部分にある。
English: In the first place, Arai's plan was developed based on the intention to implement trade controls originating from Confusion commerce suppression policy, so limiting the amount of trade simply followed the system developed in the Tsunayoshi era and his plan intentionally ignored the truth that the outflow of gold and silver had already stopped by Tsunayoshi's reform.
Japanese: 貿易額の制限そのものは綱吉時代の踏襲に過ぎず、更に新井の意見書には綱吉時代の改革で金銀の海外流出はほとんどなくなっていた事実を意図的に無視するなど、儒教的な抑商思想に由来する貿易統制ありきの発想が存在する。
English: Since Arai witnessed widespread bribery and arbitrary decision and execution by Shigehide OGIWARA who was dismissed, Arai revived Kanjoginmiyaku in 1712 that was abolished by Ogiwara earlier and assigned Yoshitsura SUGIOKA and Yoshimasa OGIWARA (both of them became kanjo bugyo [commissioner of finance] later) and strived for tightening up the official discipline in the finance ministry.
Japanese: 賄賂の横行や罷免された荻原重秀の独断専行を目の当たりにしていた新井は先に荻原が廃止した勘定吟味役を正徳2年（1712年）に再度設置し、杉岡能連、萩原美雅（ともにのち勘定奉行）を任命し、勘定所自体の綱紀の引き締めを図った。
English: The relationship between Korea and Japan was destroyed by the Bunroku-Keicho War in the Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI era, but Ieyasu TOKUGAWA began the process of repairing the relationship through the So clan in Tsushima Province and the first Korean delegacy named Chosen Tsushinshi was sent to Japan in 1636.
Japanese: 日朝関係は豊臣秀吉の文禄・慶長の役によって破壊され、関係の復旧に意欲を示した徳川家康は対馬国の宗氏を通じて国交回復の交渉を行い、結果寛永13年（1636年）に朝鮮通信使という名の使節の最初の者が送られてきた。
English: When Ienobu became Shogun, the eighth Tsushinshi came to Japan for celebration in 1711.
Japanese: 家宣が将軍に就いた時にも、それを祝って正徳元年（1711年）に第8回目の通信使が来日している。
English: The delegation was organized with a senior envoy and 500 members and, when the attendants are included, there were over 1,000 people in the group.
Japanese: 正使以下の一行の人数は約500人、供を含めると大体1000人となる。
English: Furthermore, each domain took security responsibility during their journey from Tsushima to Edo, so the number of people involved was far more.
Japanese: さらに対馬から江戸までの道中は各藩が担当したからその人数も含めると更に多くなる。
English: Since the Joseon Dynasty was the government by law and reason rather than by military force, the envoy observed formalism so strictly that the Japanese government had to treat them more carefully than the Imperial order.
Japanese: また、李氏朝鮮も徹底した文治主義をとり、非常に形式主義的な性格の強い朝鮮使節の応接は勅旨以上に気を使うものであった。
English: Hakuseki estimated that the cost for serving the envoy would be around 1,000,000 ryo and these expenses may affect governmental finances, so he successfully restrained the cost to 6000,000 ryo.
Japanese: 白石は通信使の応接に約100万両という巨額の費用がかかり、そのため、幕府財政が傾く恐れがある、こう判断し、60万両で抑えることに成功している。
English: Although Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) had authority in Japan, the role of Seitaishogun was unclear in abroad and also, the title of Tycoon was used for heir of prince in Korea, so Arai proposed to change the address to "King" that was used in sovereign's message in the Ashikaga period.
Japanese: 新井としては、「征夷大将軍」は日本国内でこそ威権があるが海外では何を意味するのかが不明であり、大君の称も朝鮮では王子の嫡子に対する称号として用いられていたため、この際、足利時代にも一度国書で使用された「国王」に変更すべきであるというものであった。
English: The Hayashi family, one of the bakufu members opposing Arai's plan, insisted, "King means Emperor, therefore, Shogun should not introduce himself as King, this is an useless reform. This only causes a flutter in the dovecotes," and also Hoshu AMENOMORI, a Confusion scholar in Tsushima domain opposed it saying, "the Joseon Dynasty doesn't like sudden reformation. Please reconsider," but as a result, the changes were implemented.
Japanese: これに対しては幕府内反対派の林家から「国王は天皇を指し、将軍が国王を名乗るべきではなく、無用の改変。平地に波風を立てるもの」、また対馬藩藩儒雨森芳洲から「李氏朝鮮は急激な変革を特に嫌う。再考願いたい」とそれぞれ反論をうけたが結果として実現している。
English: At this time, there were three Miyake (houses of an imperial prince), the Fushiminomiya family, the Kyogokunomiya family and the Arisugawanomiya family, and only the prince who succeeded the family could be the Imperial Prince, and the rest of princes and princesses had to become priest or priestess.
Japanese: 当時、宮家は伏見宮家、京極宮家、有栖川宮家と3家あり、この3家を継いだ場合を除き親王を名乗ることができず、その他の天皇家の子女はすべて出家されるという形になっていた。
English: Considering the mutual benefit and harmony between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court, the Kaninnomiya family was founded to prepare for an emergency of the genealogy of the Imperial family.
Japanese: 朝幕共存共栄の見地から、皇家の血統に万一があった場合を考えての創設であった。
English: After a half century since the new Miyake was founded, Emperor Gomomozono died and no successor was in Miyake, but prince Tomohito from the Kaninnomiya family, the sixth prince of prince Sukehito, became Emperor Kokaku, and afterwards, continued to Emperor Kokaku, Emperor Ninko, Emperor Komei, Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taisho, Emperor Showa and the present Emperor as of now.
Japanese: 宮家創設から半世紀後、後桃園天皇が崩御し皇継が絶えそうになった際、閑院宮家から典仁親王の第6王子・兼仁王が光格天皇となり、その後、光格→仁孝→孝明→明治→大正→昭和→今上と続き、今日に続いている。
English: Arai revised Buke shohatto from difficult Chinese classic form to Kana (the Japanese syllabary) based form so that everyone could read and understand.
Japanese: 武家諸法度を難解な漢文から仮名交じり文に改め、誰でも理解できるよう工夫した。
English: Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei was repealed 10 days after the previous Shogun, Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA died and more than 6,000 people subject to the punishment were released.
Japanese: 前代の徳川綱吉の時代の生類憐れみの令を早くも綱吉死後の10日目には廃止し、これによって処罰されていた6000人以上の人の罪を解いた。
English: Arai and Manabe's involvement in politics was very short and resistance from anti Kofu group and lineage were getting stronger after Ienobu's death
Japanese: 正徳の治については新井、間部が幕政に参与した期間が短く、また家宣死去後は反甲府派や門閥の抵抗が強まった。
English: However, it has been said that Yoshimune who took over the reform after Shotoku no chi denied the contents of Shotoku no chi, but this is not necessarily true.
Japanese: ただ旧来、正徳の治のその後を担った吉宗によって正徳の治の内容は否定されたといわれるが、必ずしもそうではない。
English: Certainly, Yoshimune brought back Buke shohatto to Chinese classic form based on Tenwa order (天和令) as well as the way to serve Chosen Tsushinshi, in brief, he brought back the title of Tokugawa Shogun to "Tycoon of Japan."
Japanese: 確かに吉宗は武家諸法度は元通り漢文体の天和令に復し、また朝鮮通信使の接待法、すなわち徳川将軍の表記を元通り「日本国大君」に戻している。
English: Even huge amounts of political documents submitted by Arai in respond to Ienobu's request seems to have been scrapped.
Japanese: 新井が家宣の諮問に応じて提出した膨大な政策資料が廃棄処分にさえされている模様でもある。
English: However, it's generally understood that Yoshimune from the Kishu Tokugawa family showed his consideration for his 'supportive vassal' Masanao TSUCHIYA who hated the lord chamberlain government, so Yoshimune made changes to Arai's achievements mainly from a formality.
Japanese: しかし、これらは紀州徳川家から将軍に就任した吉宗が側用人政治を嫌う土屋政直ら「援立の臣」らに功績としてどちらかというと形式的なところに着目してなされた一種の配慮とみる見解が有力である。
English: On the other hand, since Yoshimune recognized the righteousness in many of the economic policies, especially the principle of high grade currency policy as well as the trading policy in Nagasaki, he took over such reforms from Shotoku no chi.
Japanese: むしろ、実質的な経済政策の多く、特に貨幣政策における高品位主義、また長崎貿易の政策は吉宗もその方針の正しさを認識しており、正徳の治で行なわれた改革の内容はそのまま承継されている。
English: Yoshimune's vassals couldn't understand his act because they believed Yoshimune dismissed Arai as Yoshimune hated him (Of course, Yoshimune didn't value Arai himself, but valued his policies.)
Japanese: それが故に、幕臣たちは吉宗が新井を嫌って失脚させたと思っていたので、理解できなかった（もちろん吉宗は新井本人を評価しているのではなくて、あくまで政策を評価していたのである）。
English: This is obvious from the fact that Yoshimune appointed Yoshimasa HAGIWARA again who was first appointed by Arai.
Japanese: これらについては、新井によって登用された萩原美雅を吉宗が再び起用していることからも明らかである。
English: As a conclusion, it is not reasonable to think that there was a discontinuity between Shotoku no chi and Kyoho reforms.
Japanese: 結論としては、正徳の治と享保の改革には断絶があると考えるのは相当ではない。
English: It is reasonable to understand that useful policies implemented in the former were succeeded by the latter and carried out under the reforms conducted by Yoshimune in succeeding years.
Japanese: 前者の有用な部分は後者によって承継され、吉宗主導の改革と共に後世に残ったとみるのが至当である。
English: Gold standard system is a monetary system that a fixed quantity of gold represents value of the currency in a country, and so the prices of goods also represent a certain value of gold.
Japanese: 金本位制（きんほんいせい、goldstandard<英>）とは、一国の貨幣の価値を金に裏付けられた形で表すものであり、商品の価格も金の価値を標準として表示される。
English: In this case, the currency of the country can be converted into the certain amount of gold, which is called mint parity of gold.
Japanese: この場合、その国の通貨は一定量の金の量で表すことができ、これを法定金平価という。
English: In a narrow sense, it is the system to regard gold as the standard money that forms basis of the monetary system in a country, giving the governmental recognition of free coinage and melting, and admitting unrestrained passableness.
Japanese: 狭義では、その国の貨幣制度の根幹を成す基準を金と定め、その基礎となる貨幣、すなわち本位貨幣を金貨とし、これに自由鋳造、自由融解を認め、無制限通用力を与えた制度である。
English: In practice, it often happens that gold coins are not suitable for circulation of currency due to the shortage of the reserved coin and its inconvenience of portability due to its value.
Japanese: 実際には、流通に足りる金貨が常備できない、高額になりがちな金貨は持ち運びが不便などの理由により、金貨を流通させられない場合が多い。
English: To address such situation, the central bank issued convertible currency and subsidiary currency, which were guaranteed to be exchanged with gold bullion in order to support the value of the currency.
Japanese: そこで、中央銀行が金地金との交換を保証された兌換紙幣（だかん-）とその補助貨幣を流通させる事により、貨幣価値を金に裏付けさせる事が行われた。
English: Furthermore, it is called gold exchange standard system by considering a foreign exchange transaction as the currency is converted indirectly to gold in other countries, even if a country is unable to implement gold standard system domestically when a certain degree of the currency convertibility between countries is guaranteed.
Japanese: さらに、自国で金本位制を実施出来ない場合でも、これを行っている他国の通貨と自国通貨との一定の交換性が保証されている場合には、為替を通じて間接的に金との兌換が行われていると考えて金為替本位制（きんかわせ-）と呼ぶ。
English: When there are several countries, which implement gold standard system, 'gold' is practically the universal currency even though their currencies in circulation are different.
Japanese: 複数の国が存在していて、それらの国が金本位制を採用している場合、流通している通貨が異なっても事実上「金」が世界共通の通貨であることになる。
English: The current account deficit means that the amount of its home currency (gold) outflow exceeds that of the inflow.
Japanese: 経常収支の赤字は輸入による自国通貨（金）の流出が、輸出による自国通貨（金）の流入を上回ることである。
English: In the course of this process, if the foreign capital flows into the domestic market while interest rates are rising, capital investment will not be reduced and current account imbalance will continue.
Japanese: このプロセスにおいて、金利上昇時に国外からの資本流入が起きると、設備投資は減少せず、経常収支も均衡しない。
English: As long as the total amount of current account and the capital account is balanced, the amount of domestic gold will not fluctuate and international balance of payment will become equilibrium.
Japanese: 経常収支と資本収支の合算が均衡している限り国内の金は増減せず国際収支は均衡する。
English: As a reverse process, the struggling economy will recover from the recession when the amount of gold inflow surpasses its outflow.
Japanese: 逆のプロセスとして不景気に陥った際も金の流入がプラスになれば景気が回復する。
English: Once each country determines an exchange rate between home currency and gold, the parity of gold becomes automatically fixed, and the currency authority in each country introduces monetary policy, which is adjusted to the financial situation to sustain the parity of gold.
Japanese: 各国がいったん自国通貨と金との交換比率を決定すると金平価も自動的に決定され、各国通貨当局は金平価を維持させるために、国内の金融政策が追随する形をとる。
English: Gold standard system has a characteristic of fixed exchange rate system, which is different from dollar peg system, etc.
Japanese: 金本位制はほかのドルペッグ制などとは違った固定相場制としての特質を持っている。
English: For example, gold flowing out of the home country means that the private sector is repurchasing gold through their requests for conversion, and the reduction of the supply of its home currency will eventually bring equilibrium to domestic economy.
Japanese: 例えば、自国において金流出が起こったとする、その国では民間の兌換請求によって金を買い戻していることになるから、必然的に自国通貨のマネーサプライの減少をもたらし、均衡に至る。
English: On the other hand, a gold-inflow country would purchase gold from the private sector and expand the money supply.
Japanese: しかし、金流入国においては金流入によって民間より金を買い入れて、マネーサプライの拡大をすることになる。
English: However, if the country does not want to increase the money supply, it can control and hamper the expansion by disposing of state-owned assets to the private sector, and such gold sterilization policy will impose credit crunch on other countries.
Japanese: しかし、当該国がマネーサプライの拡大を嫌った場合、他の資産を民間に売却することによって自国通貨供給の拡大を阻止するという操作が可能であり、このような金不胎化政策はかならず他の国に金融引き締めを強いることになる。
English: Gold standard system is a governmental policy that fundamentally has a strong financial tightening effect and restriction.
Japanese: 金本位制というのは本質的に強い引き締め圧力を持ち、拘束性を持つ政策レジームである。
English: The idea of gold standard system is thought to have long been existed, but gold coins were too valuable to be circulated for practical purposes as a currency, so people hoarded gold for accumulation of wealth or spent it only for expensive payments.
Japanese: 金本位制の理念は古くからあったと思われるが、金貨は貨幣として実際に流通させるには希少価値が高過ぎたため、蓄財用として退蔵されるか、せいぜい高額決済に用いられるかであった。
English: The first legal implementation of gold standard system was Coinage act (55 GeorgeIII.c.68) in 1816, England, in which the country gave the governmental recognition of free coinage and melting to the gold coin called sovereign (coined in 1817) and circulated the coin as the only unrestrained legal currency, one pound.
Japanese: 金本位制が法的に初めて実施されたのは、1816年、イギリスの貨幣法（55GeorgeIII.c.68）でソブリン金貨（発行は1817年）と呼ばれる金貨に自由鋳造、自由融解を認め、唯一の無制限法貨としてこれを1ポンドに流通させることになってからである。
English: Later, European countries followed one after another, and gold standard system was established globally by the end of the 19th century.
Japanese: その後、ヨーロッパ各国が次々と追随し、19世紀末には、金本位制は国際的に確立した。
English: In 1871, Japan introduced gold standard system with a new currency unit, yen (circulated money), by enacting 'New Currency Act,' but vulnerable economic infrastructure in Japan at that time allowed gold coin, specie, to flow out continuously.
Japanese: 日本では1871年（明治4年）に「新貨条例」を定めて、新貨幣単位円(通貨)とともに確立されたが、まだ経済基盤が弱かった日本からは正貨である金貨の流出が続いた。
English: Then Japan implemented interim silver standard system after the bimetallic standard system and returned to gold standard system after the Japanese-Sino War.
Japanese: 金銀複本位制を経て暫時銀本位制に変更されて日清戦争後に金本位制に復帰した。
English: But, each nation had discontinued gold standard system due to the aftermath of World WarⅠand shifted to managed currency system.
Japanese: しかし、第一次世界大戦により各国政府とも金本位制を中断し、管理通貨制度に移行する。
English: The government needed to collect gold coins to pay the increased external payment due to the war, and as a result, the government had to lay an embargo on the export of gold and suspend currency conversion to gold.
Japanese: これは、戦争によって増大した対外支払のために金貨の政府への集中が必要となり、金の輸出を禁止、通貨の金兌換を停止せざるをえなくなったからである。
English: The shift was also affected by London (the City), the world largest exchange settlement market, being forced to suspend its market transactions due to the development of the state of the war and disruption of the transportation of exchange bills between countries.
Japanese: また世界最大の為替決済市場であったロンドン（シティ）が戦局の進展により活動を停止したこと、各国間での為替手形の輸送が途絶したことなども影響した。
English: For example, in Japan, at the end of December 1913, the gold reserve of Bank of Japan was 130 million yen and the overseas gold reserve that all was in London was 246 million yen.
Japanese: 例えば日本は1913年12月末の時点で日銀正貨準備は1億3千万円、在外正貨2億4,600万円であり、在外正貨はすべてロンドンにあった。
English: Japan also operated its 80-90% of foreign exchange settlements in London until the disruption of the transportation of exchange bills in August 1914 (Trans-Siberian Railway transported bills at the time).
Japanese: また外貨決済の8～9割をロンドンで行っていたが、1914年の8月に手形輸送が途絶した（当時はシベリア鉄道で輸送していた）。
English: Later, the countries returned to gold standard system, starting with the United States of America readopting the system in 1919, but as the system again became dysfunctional due to the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929, all the countries abandoned gold standard system as France being the last one to abandon in June 1937.
Japanese: その後1919年にアメリカ合衆国が復帰したのを皮切りに、再び各国が金本位制に復帰したが、1929年の世界恐慌により再び機能しなくなり、1937年6月のフランスを最後にすべての国が金本位制を離脱した。
English: Japan missed an opportunity to return to gold standard system since it had to deal with the aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake, and Osachi HAMAGUCHI cabinet announced 'the lifting of an embargo on the export of gold' in 1930, but the embargo again laid by Tsuyoshi INUKAI cabinet in the next year.
Japanese: 日本では、関東大震災などの影響で金本位制復帰の時期を逸し、1930年（昭和5年）に濱口雄幸内閣が「金解禁（金輸出解禁）」を打ち出したが、翌年犬養毅内閣が金輸出を再禁止した。
English: After World War II, IMF-led framework (International Monetary Fund led frame work; so-called the Bretton Woods system) was founded and gold and dollar standard system was established.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後、米ドル金為替本位制を中心とした国際通貨基金体制（いわゆるブレトン・ウッズ体制）が創設された。
English: This made each country adopt gold and dollar standard system in which its currency was indirectly linked to the gold through the fixed exchange rate system with US dollar, the currency of the United State of America convertible into gold.
Japanese: このため各国はアメリカの通貨アメリカ合衆国ドルとの固定為替相場制を介し、間接的に金と結びつく形での金本位制となったのである。
English: However, after the so-called Nixon Shock on August 15, 1971, the United States of America announced the discontinuance of the conversion of US dollar into gold and each country shifted to floating exchange rate system by 1973, which brought the complete end to gold standard system.
Japanese: しかし、1971年8月15日のいわゆるニクソン・ショック以降は金と米ドルの兌換が停止され、各国の通貨も1973年までに変動為替相場制に移行したため、金本位制は完全に終焉を迎えた。
English: Japanese standard gold coins (old 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 yen, and new 5, 10, 20 yen) withdrew from circulation on May 31, 1987, which was the beginning of the world with managed currency system both in name and in reality.
Japanese: 日本の本位金貨（旧1,2,5,10,20円、新5,10,20円）も1987年（昭和62年）5月31日限りで流通停止になり、名実ともに管理通貨制度の世の中になった。
English: Junshi is applied to the death of a close relative or a follower of a king, an emperor, a chief, or a priest, resulted from suicide to follow his or her master in death.
Japanese: 殉死（じゅんし）とは、王や皇帝、首長、祭司王などの喪や埋葬に際して、近親者や従者がそれを追って死ぬこと。
English: There are two cases of junshi: in one case, a person voluntarily kills himself or herself and in the other case, a regime selects a person to perform junshi compulsorily.
Japanese: 殉死者が自殺する場合と、体制側が強制的に殉死者を選別する場合がある。
English: There was a time when junshi was prohibited, but it is thought that this prohibition was introduced to avoid the loss of valuable human resources or out of fear of offending public morality.
Japanese: 殉死を禁じる時代もあったが、それは殉死によって優秀な人材を喪失するのを避ける目的や、道徳に反することを恐れて禁ずる目的があったと考えられる。
English: Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient China, the Ancient Korean Peninsula, Japan and the like had the custom to perform Junso.
Japanese: 古代エジプトやメソポタミア、古代中国、古代朝鮮半島、日本　などにおいては殉葬が行われた。
English: Because there was no concrete example of junshi which can be proved archaeologically, it is unknown whether junshi was generally performed or not.
Japanese: 考古学的に確認できる確実な殉死の例はなく普遍的に行われていたかは不明である。
English: However, burial facilities without funerary goods were found in areas around funkyubo (mounded burials) of the Yayoi period and funkyu (burial mounds) of the Kofun period.it; therefore it is thought that Junso was possibly conducted.
Japanese: しかし、弥生時代の墳丘墓や古墳時代には墳丘周辺で副葬品のみられない埋葬施設があり、殉葬が行われていた可能性が考えられている。