nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Meanwhile, Asahi Kako Co., Ltd., which had delivered cloth for the bags, supported Shinzaburo and refused to have any dealings with Ichizawa Hanpu Co., Ltd.
Japanese: また、これまで鞄生地を納めてきた朝日加工は信三郎を支持して一澤帆布との取引を拒否。
English: Doshisha Elementary School, which had commissioned Ichizawa Hanpu to manufacture school rucksacks, announced they would entrust the manufacturing to Ichizawa Shinzaburo Hanpu Co., Ltd.
Japanese: 一澤帆布へランドセルの製造を委託していた同志社小学校は、今後は一澤信三郎帆布に委託することを表明した。
English: On February 14, 2007, Shintaro filed a trademark-infringement suit and others against Shinzaburo for 1.3 billion yen.
Japanese: 2007年2月14日、信太郎が信三郎を商標権侵害等で13億円の提訴を起こす。
English: He also reclaimed the directors' remuneration which Shinzaburo, his wife, and others received without approval from a stockholders' meeting.
Japanese: また信三郎夫婦らが株主総会の承認を得ずに受け取った役員報酬の返還なども求めた。
English: In the same month, Shintaro recruited five craftsmen through Kyoto Shichijo public employment exchange (reference number: 26020-4057571).
Japanese: 同月、信太郎サイドは京都七条公共職業安定所（整理番号26020-4057571）を通して、職人5人を新たに募集。
English: The term "kanzashi" means Japanese traditional accessories used by women in doing up their hair.
Japanese: 簪（かんざし）は、女性が髪を結う時に使う日本の伝統的な装身具である。
English: In producing Kanzashi, a variety of materials were used including, without limitation, lacquered woods (boxwood, paulownia, ho, cherry), gold/silver plated metals (brass was generally used in the modern times thanks to its durability), tortoise shell and silk.
Japanese: 簪の原材料には漆を塗った木（つげ、桐、朴、桜など）、金や銀をめっきした金属（近代では強度の面などから真鍮製が一般的）、鼈甲、絹のような広範囲にわたる材料が用いられる。
English: Plastic (there are many kinds of plastic) is also used these days.
Japanese: 最近はプラスチック（プラスティックにも様々な種類がある）も用いられる。
English: Although rare, Kanzashi were also made from crane bone for good luck.
Japanese: 珍しいものとしては縁起を担いでか鶴の骨で製作したとされるものまである。
English: Existing Kanzashi produced during the early days of the Edo period are now scarce valuable collectors items since they are regarded as very precious in terms of both product quality and their materials they're made of.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期の簪は現存しているものが品質・材質共に貴重なものであるため、稀少価値のあるコレクターズ・アイテムとも成っている。
English: Above all, Kanzashi made from bakelite that were produced in the early days of the Meiji period are highly valued antiques now.
Japanese: 中でも、明治初期のベークライトでできた簪は極めて珍重されている骨董品である。
English: In the case of geisha (Japanese female entertainers at a drinking party), for example, guests who are versed in geisha parties called 'tsu' or 'suijin' can judge the status of the geisha in question from the quality of kanzashi and the way she wears them.
Japanese: 例えば芸者がどのような簪をどのように着けるかで、「通（つう）」や「粋人（すいじん）」など精通した遊び客には彼女らの地位が判別できる。
English: Among women belonging to Karyukai (world of geisha), the way they do their hair up in Japanese style or the position of Kanzashi are pre-determined based on their status or position.
Japanese: とくに花柳界の女性の間では日本髪の結い方や簪を装着する位置は着装者の地位や立場に準じる。
English: In the event she is promoted,. however, her hair-style and Kanzashi change into the those suitable for her status.
Japanese: しかし、階級が上がるにつれ立場に応じた髪型や簪へと段階的に変わっていく。
English: In the ancient period of Japan, people believed that magically signified power resided in a thin stick and the devil could be exorcised by inserting it into hair.
Japanese: その頃の古代日本では、１本の細い棒に呪力が宿ると信じられており、それを髪に挿すことで魔を払うことができると考えていたようである。
English: During the Nara period, hair ornamentation was introduced from China together with various cultures.
Japanese: その後、奈良時代に入り中国から様々な文化とともに髪飾りも伝わってきた。
English: Although being introduced into Japan, it declined later because long flowing hairstyle called kokufu-yoshiki (native Japanese style) prevailed during the Heian period.
Japanese: 当初は日本へ伝来したものの、その後垂髪が主流である平安期の国風様式に押されて廃れてしまう。
English: At that time, therefore, the term 'kanzashi' referred to hair ornamentation in general and referred to comb decorations and kogai (ornamental hairpin) also.
Japanese: そのためこのころ「かんざし」と呼べば髪飾り一般を指す名称で、飾り櫛や笄のこともさしていた。
English: Kanzashi came into use as hair ornamentation during the Azuchi-Momoyama period when women's hairstyle gradually changed from long and straight hairstyle called 'tarekami' to various kinds of 'nihongami' (Japanese coiffure).
Japanese: 安土桃山時代ごろ「垂髪（たれかみ）」と呼ばれる真直で長い髪から「日本髪（にほんがみ）」と呼ばれる様々な髪形へと髪型が変遷する際に、髪飾りとしては先ず簪が用いられた。
English: Kanzashi were used for various purposes during the Edo period and the idea has been passed down that kanzashi was also used for self-defense.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入るとより幅広い用途で用いられるようになり、緊急時には防禦のために用いられたとも伝えられる。
English: With hairstyles becoming complicated during the middle of the Edo period, Kanzashi, along with combs and kogai, became the necessities of women while it disappeared from men's customs of clothing except for the purpose of court function.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期以降、髪形が複雑化するにつれて櫛や笄とともに女子の必需品となっていったが、宮中行事などを除いて男子の衣装風俗からは消えた。
English: Metallic kanzashi called 'jifa' were used both by men and women in the Ryukyu Kingdom and its material was designated based on a person's status.
Japanese: ただしこの頃においても琉球王国では金属製の簪「ジーファー」を男女ともに着用しており、身分によって材質にも規定があった。
English: Kanzashi was most popular during the middle of the Edo period and ornament artisans using their refined techniques specializing in hair ornaments produced various kinds of kanzashi, such as hirate-kanzashi (kanzashi of flattened metal), tama-kanzashi (kanzashi with balls), hana-kanzashi (flower kanzashi) and birabira-kanzashi (kanzashi with hanging ornaments).
Japanese: 江戸時代中期に最大の隆盛を見せ、髪飾り専門の飾り職人が技術の粋を凝らした平打簪、玉簪、花簪、びらびら簪などさまざまな種類の簪がある。
English: Due to the increasing popularity of western hairstyles, the use of kanzashi slightly declined during modern times and it was mainly used by a bride during a wedding with Shinto rites, geisha and geigi when they did their hair up in nihongami.
Japanese: 近代では洋髪の流行とともにやや衰え、神前結婚での花嫁や芸者や芸妓などの女性が日本髪を結う場合に使用された。
English: These days, kanzashi are again attracting the attention of young Japanese women who want to add the elegant beauty of kanzashi to their ordinary western style clothing.
Japanese: 近年に入り簪の持つ優美な美しさを普段の洋装に加えようとする若い日本女性の間で再び脚光を浴びつつもある。
English: The character resembling 牙 that is included in the Chinese character 簪 is 旡 (san) to be precise and it is a hieroglyph representing kanzashi inserted into hair.
Japanese: 簪という漢字の中にある牙に似たような字は、正しくは旡（サン）という字で、これは髪の毛の中にもぐりこむかんざしの形を描いた象形文字である。
English: As kanzashi made of bamboo were mainly used, it is said that the Chinese character 簪 came to be in use by adding take-kanmuri (top character of bamboo) and '曰' (a mark representing the word and deed of human beings) to 旡.
Japanese: 竹製の簪が多かったので、のち竹かんむりを加え、下に「曰」（人間の言動を表す記号）をそえて、簪（サン・かんざし）と書くようになったという。
English: In China where both men and women commonly wore their hair long, kanzashi were important practical items for men to attach a court cap, which represented their status or type of job, to their hair.
Japanese: 男女ともに髪を伸ばす習慣のあった中国では、男性が地位･職種を表す冠を髪に留める為の重要な実用品でもあった。
English: Hair ornaments used by women were called 'sai' (釵) (hair ornaments with a forked stick) or 'den' (鈿) (a piece of handy work made of flattened metal attached to the forehead), not kanzashi (簪).
Japanese: 女性が用いた髪飾りは「簪」ではなく、「釵」（髪に挿す部分が二股に分かれた髪飾）「鈿」（金属を平たく延ばして切り出した細工物、前額などに挿した）と言った。
English: Although the character '釵 ' was often used for women's 'kanzashi,' it is believed that its use ceased during the Tenpo era.
Japanese: また、「釵」の字も割に頻繁に女子の「かんざし」に当てられていたようだが、天保年間ごろには「釵」は殆んど駆逐されたものと思われる。
English: Meanwhile, in the Japanese language 'kanzashi' was derived from 'kamisashi' (hair insert) and its origin is believed to be flowering plants by which people of ancient times decorated their heads when they invited the deities.
Japanese: 一方、和語「かんざし」はそもそも「髪挿し」に由来するとされ、上古の人々が神を招く際に頭に飾る草花が起源であったという。
English: However, some people assert that the phrase 花を挿す (hana wo sasu) (put a flower) changed into 花挿し (kazashi).
Japanese: ただし、花を飾ったことから花を挿す＝花挿し（かざし）が変化したものという説もある。
English: We can gather the images of 'kanzashi' of that time from the scene where Hikaru Genji attacked shiragiku (with a white chrysanthemum) on his court cap, which was described in 'Koyo no ga' (An Autumn Excursion) of the "The tale of Genji."
Japanese: 『源氏物語』「紅葉の賀」で光源氏が白菊を冠に飾った場面で、当時の「かんざし｣の様子が見ることが出来る。
English: Kanzashi were produced based not only upon seasonal flowers or events, but also complicated traditional rules.
Japanese: 季節毎の花や事物の取合せのみならず、伝統に基づく複雑な約束事が存在する。
English: A typical example is tsumami-kanzashi (flower kanzashi) of 12 months which maiko or hangyoku (a child geisha) wears each month.
Japanese: 舞妓や半玉が月ごとに身に着ける十二ヶ月のつまみ簪（花簪）はその顕著な例である。
English: Metal such as silver, tin, and brass (platinum was also used during the Meiji period), hard-to find items such as glass and tortoise shell, scented wood such as agalloch and sandalwood as well as crystal for summer season-products (few are existing today because such products were too fragile for practical use) were used as the materials for a main body.
Japanese: 本体部分は金属では銀、錫、真鍮（明治ごろにはプラチナも）など、希少品であったガラスや鼈甲に伽羅や白檀のような香木、夏用のものとして水晶が用いられたことも有る（脆く実用には耐えないため遺品は少ない）。
English: Ordinary people used products made of the hooves of oxen or horses instead of wood or tortoise shell, but plastic is mainly used for such products at present.
Japanese: 庶民は木や鼈甲の代用として牛や馬のひづめなどを使ったが、現在はプラスチックが主流。
English: Tortoise shell with no spots was the most valuable one and it was specifically called shiro or shiroko.
Japanese: 鼈甲では斑点のないものが最も高価で、斑点のない部分だけのものを特に白または白甲（しろこう）と呼ぶ。
English: As for materials used for the ornamental part, precious metal, precious stone, quasi precious stone, amber and coral were used and celluloid was also sometimes used.
Japanese: 装飾部分には貴金属、貴石、準貴石、琥珀、サンゴなどが使われる他、セルロイドなどが使われたこともあった。
English: Products made of silver or other silver-plated metal, which were commonly used by the women of samurai family, were specifically called ginhira.
Japanese: 武家の女性がよく身につけた銀製、或いは他の金属に銀で鍍金したものは特に銀平（ぎんひら）とも呼ばれる。
English: While women of samurai families carved their family crest on it, carving the family crest of their beloved person prevailed among geisha during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 武家の女性なら自家の家紋を入れていたが、江戸後期の芸者の間には自分の紋ではなく、貞節を誓う想い人の家紋を入れるのが流行したという。
English: In addition to products made of wood or tortoise shell, those made of plastic or other materials are being produced at present.
Japanese: 木製や鼈甲製、現代ではプラスティック製など様々な素材で製作されている。
English: Tama-kanzashi: Kanzashi with an ear pick and a ball and the most popular types.
Japanese: 玉簪：最もポピュラーな簪で、耳かきのついたかんざしに玉を１つ挿してあるだけのものをいう。
English: Coral, agate, jade, tortoise shell, ivory, glass (from the end of Edo period), and celluloid (from the Taisho period) were used.
Japanese: サンゴ、瑪瑙、ヒスイ、鼈甲、象牙、幕末頃にはギヤマン（硝子）、大正頃にはセルロイドなども登場している。
English: Chiri-kan: A kind of metallic kanzashi which geisha used as maesashi (front insert).
Japanese: チリカン（ちりかん）：芸者衆などが前差として用いる金属製の簪の１つ。
English: The characteristic of this type of product is that its head sways slowly because it is supported by a spring.
Japanese: 頭の飾り部分がバネ（スプリング）で支えられているので、ゆらゆらと揺れるのが特徴。
English: Birakan: Metallic kanzashi which was also called 'ogi' or 'himegata.'
Japanese: ビラカン（びらかん）：「扇」（おうぎ）、「姫型」とも呼ばれる金属製の簪。
English: There are two types, namely one with a fan-like top and one of circular shape, and a family crest is carved on it.
Japanese: 頭の部分が扇子のような形状をしているものや、丸い形のものがあり、家紋が捺されている。
English: Matsuba-kanzashi (pine needle shape kanzashi): Simple kanzashi made of tortoise shell, etc. with a shape similar to pine needles.
Japanese: 松葉簪：主に鼈甲などを使ったシンプルな簪で、全体のフォルムが松の葉のようになっているもの。
English: A document exists that says kanzashi with an ear pick was received well by people during the Kyoho era of Edo period.
Japanese: その後江戸時代の享保年間になってかんざしに耳かきをつけたものを作ったところ大変喜ばれた、という文献が残っている。
English: However, in view of the fact instructions prohibiting extravagance were often issued during the Edo period ('Jochu irui jikidan no sadame,' which targeted samurai and chonin or town people, was issued during the third year of the Kanbun era), it may be said that these types of products were produced in order to evade the crackdown on luxury goods.
Japanese: しかしながら江戸時代には贅沢を禁止したお触れが度々発令されており（武家や町人を対象にした「女中衣類直段之定」は寛文3年発令）、贅沢品の取締りから逃れるためという理由もあったといえる。
English: It seems that married women wore a piece of yoshicho somewhere near the left temple.
Japanese: 既婚女性などは左のこめかみあたりに1本、シンプルに挿したようである。
English: While geisha were not allowed to wear two pieces or more, yujo (prostitute) wore many yoshicho in their hair.
Japanese: 芸者が2本以上の着用を許されなかったのに対し、遊女は多くの吉丁を髮へ装着していたことで見分けることができる。
English: Products with carvings on the surface or those with ornaments can be categorized into kiccho if they were produced for maesashi (birabira kanzashi if hanging ornaments are attached) and they can be categorized into kanzashi with ornaments if they were produced for ushirozashi (back insert) (because hanging ornaments are not attached to kanzashi for ushirozashi in case of Japanese coiffure).
Japanese: 表面に彫りを施したものや飾りのついたものも数多くあるが、前差しならば吉丁（下がりが付いていたらびらびら簪）、後ろ差しならば飾りかんざし、とする分類方法で良いと思われる（日本髪の場合後ろ差しのもので下がりのつくものはないため）。
English: It is luxurious kanzashi from which several chains with ornaments of butterfly or birds dangle.
Japanese: 本体から鎖が何本も下がっていて、その先に蝶や鳥などの飾り物が下がっている派手なもの。
English: These product were used by daughters of rich merchants, but were not used by married or engaged women.
Japanese: 裕福な商人の娘などが使ったもので、既婚者や婚約を済ませたものは身に付けない。
English: A record exists that says that products with seven or nine chains with glass ornaments dangling were popular among young daughters of wealthy family in Kyoto and Osaka from the second to third year of Tenpo era.
Japanese: 天保二年から三年頃には、京阪の裕福な家庭の若い子女の間で、鎖を七･九筋垂らした先に硝子の飾り物を下げた豪勢なタイプが人気を博していたと記録されている。
English: Tsumami-kanzashi: Firstly, patchwork representing a flower is prepared by folding and pasting on small pieces of cloth with bamboo tweezers.
Japanese: つまみかんざし：布を小さくカットしたものを、折りたたみ、竹製のピンセットでつまんで糊をつけ、土台につけていき、幾重にも重ねたりなどして花を表現する。
English: At present, this type of products are used by maiko as well as for the ornamentation of a festival for children of three, five and seven years of age.
Japanese: 現代では舞妓たちが使うほか、子供の七五三の飾りとして使われることが多い。
English: Contemporary kanzashi: With western hairstyle became popular, kanzashi also changed into western-type products.
Japanese: 現代の簪：明治以降、洋髪の流行から簪も西洋の形のものへと変化していった。
English: All products with two sticks with a shape similar to the plectrum of a shamisen are produced as western-style products.
Japanese: ２本足で三味線のバチのような形のものはすべて西洋風のものがベースになっている。
English: Various materials are used such as metal with cut glass and lacquered plastic.
Japanese: 金属製でカットガラスをちりばめたものやプラスティック製に蒔絵を施したものなど素材もさまざまである。
English: Many kanzashi on sale because of the Japanese kimono boom are products with one stick and the technique to bundle hair using such products is also becoming popular.
Japanese: また最近の和服ブームなどに合わせて市販されている簪は、１本足のものが多く、これ１本で髪をまとめてしまう技術も浸透しつつある。
English: However, the above is a way to use the western stick and the reason why such technique became applicable to Japanese women is because their hair quality has changed and the number of women with firm black hair has decreased due to hair dyeing and permanents.
Japanese: だがこれも西洋のスティックの使い方で、染色やパーマなどでコシのある黒髪の人が減り、日本人女性の髪質が変化したから使えるようになったとも言える。
English: In addition to newly devised products such as those with artificial flowers like a rose or western orchid and those with plastic jewelry parts (imitation jewels made of plastic or glass), traditional products such as those with beads are also popular.
Japanese: バラや洋ランなどの洋花の造花がついたもの、プラスチック製のジュエルパーツ（硝子やプラスチック製の宝石のイミテーション）などをあしらったものなど新趣向の商品に加えて、昔ながらのトンボ玉などの人気も高い。
English: Kanoko-dome: Short kanzashi used for fixing tegara (cloth used for holding or decorating mage or chignon), tie-dyed crepe with a pattern of minute rings is often used).
Japanese: 鹿の子留：手絡（髷を抑えたり飾るための布、鹿の子絞りを施した縮緬が良く使われる）を留める為に使われる短い簪。
English: Unlike ordinary kanzashi, its stick is attached vertically to the ornamental part.
Japanese: 一般的な簪とは逆に、飾り部分に対して髪に刺す部分が垂直に付いている。
English: This type of product is used by maiko or geiko and they are high-priced art objects since they are fine works of silver or platinum with jade, amber or cloisonne ware attached.
Japanese: 舞妓や芸妓が用いるもので、細かい細工の銀製かプラチナ製の台にヒスイやコハクなどの宝石をあしらったり、七宝を施すなどした非常に高価な芸術品である。
English: These products are basically used as the gift from patrons, rather than products that maiko might purchase for herself, and are regarded as the barometer to measure maiko's popularity or the quality of her guests.
Japanese: 舞妓が自分で購入するものと言うより贔屓客の贈り物である場合が多いが、どちらにせよ、彼女らの人気や客筋の確かさなどを表すバロメーターと見なされる。
English: This type of product is used for young maiko's hairstyle called 'wareshinobu,' with two projections of their body supporting the mage.
Japanese: 舞妓でも年少の者の髪型「割れしのぶ」で用いられ、2箇所の本体突起部が髷（まげ）を支える構造となっている。
English: Kusudama: Kanzashi with kusudama (lucky ball)-like round-shaped ornament of silk-made petals attached.
Japanese: 薬玉（くすだま）：絹製の花弁で作った薬玉のような丸い形の飾りが付いた簪。
English: Its ornament was mainly family crest or flower and such products were used mainly by girls or young women of relatively rich families.
Japanese: 飾りは家紋や花などがほとんどで、かなり裕福な家庭の若い女性や少女が主に用いた。
English: It was a product made of flattened silver with two small leaves of hollyhock engraved and used not only by young women, but also by yujo thanks to its simple but pretty design.
Japanese: 銀の平打ちで小さな二葉の葵を模したシンプルながら愛らしいデザインで、未婚の若い女性から若い遊女までに用いられた。
English: Due to the fact that these products were made of only bamboo and bird feathers, however, people felt they were too simple and as a result, the products didn't become as popular as the silver kanzashi, which were widely used, and were used only for fun on the occasion of small events.
Japanese: しかし、おもな材質が竹と鳥の羽だけという素っ気無さからか、一般的に愛用された銀製の簪のようには行かず、ちょっとしたイベントなどで戯れで挿す物であった。
English: Though the origin of the name 'Musashino' is unclear, it is presumed that bird feathers were compared to Japanese pampas grass.
Japanese: 「武蔵野」の名称の由来は不明だが、鳥の羽を薄に見立てたものだろうか。
English: Silver Edo kanzashi: Short silver kanzashi, about four sun (about 12 cm), which was widely used in Edo (Tokyo) from the latter half of the mid-Edo period to the Meiji period.
Japanese: 江戸銀簪：江戸時代中期後半から明治期まで江戸（東京）で広く愛用された銀製で四寸前後の短めの簪。
English: Initially it's length was slightly longer, five to six sun (about 15 cm to 18 cm), but short length products became the mainstream from the late stage of the Edo period.
Japanese: 初期のタイプは長めで五寸から六寸であったが、江戸後期に入ると短めのものが主流となった。
English: Also, products designed to look like kacho-fugetsu (beauties of nature), daily utensils such as a rice bag and uchiwa, vegetables and small animals were produced by the same technique with hirate-kanzashi, also called kazari kanzashi (decoration kanzashi).
Japanese: また、飾り簪とも呼ばれる平打簪と同じ技法でモチーフに趣向を凝らした物もあり、優雅な花鳥風月に止まらず、俵や団扇など身近にある器物や野菜や小動物などもモチーフになる。
English: Although their bodies were commonly made of solid silver, gold plated products of the kamigata style (Kansai-area style) appeared during the late Edo period.
Japanese: 本体は銀無垢が普通だが、江戸時代後期には上方風の金メッキを施したものも登場。
English: Although products made of a base metal such as brass and iron are also called silver kanzashi, such products were not so common as silver products.
Japanese: 銀簪というものの、真鍮や鉄のような卑金属を用いたものも含まれるが、銀ほど一般的ではない。
English: During the late Edo period, brass kanzashi, which was widely used up to then, became unpopular considered as unrefined products, and even women of poor families didn't wear such products as they lived in Edo.
Japanese: かつては割りに広く用いられていた真鍮製のもの江戸時代後期ともなると野暮と嫌われ、江戸住まいであれば貧しい家庭の婦女といえども身につけなかったといわれる。
English: Brass kanzashi were mainly used by poor young women who had recently come to work in Edo.
Japanese: 真鍮の簪は、主に田舎から出稼ぎに来たばかりの若い貧しい女性達が使っていた。
English: By contrast, iron kanzashi, especially refined products of top craftsmen, were appreciated by geisha because of their mild gloss compared with silver products.
Japanese: 逆に鉄簪は、一流の職人の手になる細工の凝った物であれば、かえって銀よりも落ち着いた輝きが粋とされて粋好みの芸者に持て囃された。
English: Kogai: Originally, a small knife-like object that was inserted into the hilt of Japanese sword was called kogai.
Japanese: 笄（こうがい）：もともと日本刀の柄の部分に仕込まれている小さなナイフ状のものを笄という。
English: One side of kogai is a handle (which looks like an ear pick) and the other side gradually tapers off to a point.
Japanese: 片側は持ち手で（ちょうど耳かきのようになっている）、そこから先端に向って次第に細くなっていく形状である。
English: Mage was tied by putting hair around it and the side which originally tapered off became a stick of same width with the other side.
Japanese: これに髪を巻きつけて髷を作ったもので、初めは片側が細くなっていたがその後同じ太さの棒状になった。
English: Eventually, it changed from a tool to tie mage to hair ornamentation to be inserted into finished mage.
Japanese: 最終的には髷を作る道具であったものがその用途を離れ、出来上がった髪型に挿し入れる髪飾りになった。
English: Products used for hair ornaments consists of two pieces connected by inrotsugi placed in the center and users can easily insert it into mage (this type of product is also called nakasashi because it is connected inside mage).
Japanese: 髪飾りとして使うものは中央が印籠継ぎで分かれており、髪への挿入が容易になるものもある（髷の中で合わせるので、特にこのタイプを中差しともいう）。
English: Products for a bride undergoing Shinto wedding rites are luxurious with ornaments attached to both ends of the kogai.
Japanese: また、神前の結婚式で花嫁が着けるものでは、笄の突き出た両端にさらに飾りをつけて華やかなものになっている。
English: Although it is usually distinguished from kanzashi, the word 簪 (kanzashi) or 髪飾り (hair ornamentation) was often used for a gift catalogue because 'kushi' (櫛) (comb) can be translated into 'kushi' (苦死) (painful death).
Japanese: 通常は簪とは区別されるが櫛は「くし」と呼び「苦死」とも解釈されることから贈り物とする際には目録上は簪、もしくは髪飾りと呼ぶ建前が珍しくなかった。
English: Most of their bodies (backbone) were wide so that ornaments could be attached there.
Japanese: 本体（脊柱）部分は装飾を施すため広い幅が設けられることが殆どである。
English: The difference between the western comb and the Japanese one is that the latter have no comb teeth from one side of a comb to the other.
Japanese: 西洋の櫛（コーム）との大きな違いは、日本のものは櫛の歯が左右の端まで無いことである。
English: This is because this type of product was invented for the unique hairstyle called Japanese coiffure and they were used as maesashi by inserting them into the middle of forehead and at top of the head.
Japanese: これは日本髪という特殊な髪形に対応していった結果、前櫛として額と頭頂部の中間あたりに挿したからである。
English: As the cross section of a bundle of bangs at the above-mentioned part of the head is almost circular, there is no place to insert the comb except at this part and no teeth are needed other than those situated in the middle section of comb.
Japanese: その部分は前髪を１つにまとめた状態であることからその断面は円に近い形になっており、その部分だけしか挿すところがないため櫛の中央部分に歯があればよいからである。
English: Other than Japanese traditional combs, Spanish combs (comb made of tortoise shell with splendid ornaments attached) were popular in karyukai (world of geisha) during the Meiji period.
Japanese: 日本古来の櫛のほかに、明治にはスペイン櫛（鼈甲製で華美な装飾が施された櫛）が花柳界などで流行した。
English: Tsumami kanzashi (flower kanzashi) is a unique one worn by maiko in Kyoto and hangyoku in Tokyo.
Japanese: やや特殊な簪としては、京都の舞妓や東京の半玉が身につけるつまみ簪（花簪）がある。
English: Flower kanzashi worn by maiko are designated for each month and it represents the changing seasons and reflects the entertainment career and the taste of maiko in question.
Japanese: 舞妓が付ける花簪は月ごとに決まっており、四季の移り変わりを表現し、その舞妓の芸歴・趣味を反映させる。
English: Maiko whose career is less than a year wear kanzashi to which small flowers and 'bura' (a hanging ornaments) are attached and from the second year onward, she wears kanzashi with no bura.
Japanese: 舞妓になって一年未満は花の一つ一つが小さく、簪の下に垂れ下がる「ぶら」が付いているが、二年目以降はぶらが取れる。
English: During New Year period (until January 15th at hanamachi or entertainment district in Kyoto), maiko attach 'inaho' (rice ears) on the right side and geigi on the left side of mage.
Japanese: 正月（京の花街は15日まで）は「稲穂」を舞妓は髷の右、芸妓は左につける。
English: February: 'Plum tree flowers' as well as 'kusudama' and 'kazaguruma' (pinwheels) are attached to setsubun festival costume.
Japanese: 二月：「梅」　他に節分のおばけに付ける「くす玉」「かざぐるま」などもある。
English: July: 'Uchiwa' and 'Omatsuri' (festival), which is attached during the period of the Gion-matsuri Festival (July 10 to around 24)
Japanese: 七月：「団扇」祇園祭の期間（の内の7月10日頃～24日）に付ける「お祭り」
English: December: 'Maneki' (wooden signboard on which kabuki actor's name is written) (decoration of rice cake flower is sometimes attached)
Japanese: 十二月：「まねき」（歌舞伎役者などの名前を記す木の看板）、（これに「餅花」の飾りが付いていることも）
English: Maiko customarily visit dressing rooms on the occasion of a kaomise performance (traditional kabuki performance in Kyoto) and asks her favorite actor to sign the 'maneki' of her kanzashi.
Japanese: 顔見世公演の際に楽屋を訪ね贔屓の役者に簪の「まねき」に名前を入れてもらうという慣わしがある。
English: Bira-kanzashi: Small kanzashi, such as small flower kanzashi, is used, but those who actually wear them are girls or maiko.
Japanese: びら簪、小ぶりな花簪など趣味的な小型の簪を使用するが、実際に挿すのは少女や舞妓などがほとんど。