nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Koreyasu's male cousin Imperial Prince Hisaaki (Imperial Prince of Emperor Gofukakusa) was a very young child when he assumed the position of shogun.
Japanese: 従兄弟（後深草天皇の皇子）の久明親王が幼くして将軍として擁立された。
English: Furthermore, there was no demotion from nobility to subject and, Imperial Prince Morikuni, who also received backing to become a shogun as a miyashogun.
Japanese: かつ臣籍降下も行われることなく、その王子守邦親王も宮将軍として将軍擁立がなされた。
English: In 1333 the Kamakura bakufu collapsed and Emperor Godaigo moved towards setting up a new Kenmu Administration amongst a escalating disturbances across Japan.
Japanese: 元弘3年（1333年）、鎌倉幕府が滅亡し、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政をめぐる国内の動揺のさなかであった。
English: Takauji ASHIKAGA who also shared Kawachi-Genji origins backed the Northern Dynasty and, served as seii taishogun at the opening of the Muromachi bakufu that went on to see a revival in the Genji Shoguns for around the next 120 years.
Japanese: 河内源氏の出身である足利尊氏が北朝を擁立し、征夷大将軍に任ぜられ室町幕府を開いたことで、約120年ぶりの源氏将軍が復活することとなった。
English: According to the epic war tale "Taiheiki" (the Record of the Great Peace), in 1335 when under the direct rule of Emperor Godaigo, spouting rebellion Tokiyuki HOJO (orphan of Takatoki HOJO who had been destroyed along with the Kamakura bakufu) marched on Kamakura.
Japanese: 『太平記』によれば、後醍醐天皇の親政下の建武(日本)2年（1335年）、鎌倉幕府とともに滅亡した北条高時の遺児北条時行が叛旗を翻し鎌倉に攻め上った。
English: Initially for generations seii taishogun was a fellow Genpei (Minamoto clan and Taira clan) clansman but that status has no bearing.'
Japanese: 「そもそも征夷将軍の任は代々の源平の輩、其の位に居するの例、計らず。」
English: In other words, in relation to the countless examples of members of the Minamoto and Taira clans serving as seii taishogun, and besides being the recipient of Shogun proclamations, he wished to report to the Emperor that the Hojo clan had been subjugated.
Japanese: 即ち、源氏平氏が征夷大将軍の任についた例は数えきれないとして、自らも将軍宣下を受けた上で北条討伐を行いたいと奏上したという。
English: Without notifying the Imperial Court, in order to make plans to subjugate samurai families in various provinces, it was made to look as if the subjugation drive emanated from the Imperial court.
Japanese: 朝廷の断りなく諸国の武家を従える挙に及んだため、朝廷から討伐されることとなりました。
English: With fresh backing from the Northern Dynasty and serving as seii taishogun, he established Muromachi bakufu and revived the Genji Shogun.
Japanese: 新たに北朝を擁立して征夷大将軍に任ぜられることで室町幕府を開府、源氏将軍を復活させた。
English: Monopolization of the role of Shogun continued and emphasis on the legitimacy of their control possible misunderstandings can be seen such as 'the chief of military government should be Minamoto clan ' or 'to be shogun one had to be Minamoto clan.'
Japanese: 将軍職を独占し続け、その支配の正統性を主張する中であたかも「武家政権の長は源氏であるべき」、「源氏でなければ将軍になれない」という誤解ともいえる観念が生じたものと考えられている。
English: Nobunaga ODA calling himself a Taira, distinguished himself as the new pre-eminent leader at a that time, is said to have been assumed by the Imperial Court whatever official role he wished: Seii taishogun, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) or Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) ('sanshoku suinin mondai' (the question of the three alternative positions)).
Japanese: 平氏を称する織田信長が新たな天下人かと目された折　朝廷は信長に征夷大将軍、太政大臣、関白いずれの官職が希望かを問うた（三職推任問題）といわれる。
English: It therefore can not be justified to say only Minamoto clan were allowed to be Shogun as there were limitations to a Genji Shogun obtaining any role they happened to desire.
Japanese: このように、源氏将軍がその地位をほしいままにしている場合でない限り、源氏でなければ将軍にしないという理由はやはりなかった。
English: However, Nobunaga's successor, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI managed to unify the whole country and also sought the role of Shogun.
Japanese: しかし、信長の後継者として天下統一を果たした豊臣秀吉も将軍職を欲した。
English: It is said that Hideyoshi took it upon himself to dismiss requests from Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, 15th generation of Shogun in the Muromachi bakufu, to adopt Hideyoshi as his child.
Japanese: 室町幕府15代将軍の足利義昭に猶子とするよう要請し断られたといわれる説もある。
English: In addition, subsequently Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had assumed the Fujiwara clan was as a Minamoto clan appointed as seii taishogun and, notwithstanding in each case the three founders of the bakufu regimes in Japan's history had come from Minamoto clan stock, the Minamoto clan legend that only a Minamoto clan could be shogun and, Minamoto clan belief came into existence.
Japanese: さらにその後、藤原姓を称したこともある徳川家康が源氏として征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、日本史上3人しかいない幕府開府者がいずれも源氏となったこともあって、源氏でなければ将軍になれないという源氏将軍神話、源氏将軍信仰が生まれたと考えられている。
English: Shogun is a job grade and title given to the commander of a relatively large armed force and is also the rank of a military clique leader.
Japanese: 将軍（しょうぐん）は、比較的大きな軍隊の指揮官に与えられる官職および称号の一つ、また軍閥の指導者の地位でもある。
English: The word "shogun" originated in China and meant, as the characters represent, "to lead an army," which was adopted as official position or title of the commander leading the armed forces.
Japanese: 将軍は中国において発祥した語であるが、その意味は文字通り、「軍を将いる」ことであり、軍勢を指揮する司令官の官名として使用されたのがはじまりである。
English: In the modern armed forces to date, the titles of high-ranking military officers in the army, navy, and marine forces are Junsho (Brigadier General), Shosho (Major General), Chujo (Lieutenant General) and Taisho (General) (based on ranks in the US armed forces).
Japanese: 近代以降の軍隊では、陸軍・空軍・海兵隊の将官以上の階級としては、准将BrigadierGeneral・少将MajorGeneral・中将LieutenantGeneral・大将Generalが存在する（英語表記はアメリカ軍の場合）。
English: Above these ranks is the General of the Army (General of the Army in the case of the US).
Japanese: また将官の上に元帥（アメリカ陸軍の場合はGeneraloftheArmy）が存在する。
English: However, these top military officers from Brigadier General to General and the General of the Army are addressed and referred to as "Generals."
Japanese: ただし呼びかけや表記の際の呼称としては、准将から大将、元帥までひっくるめてGeneralが用いられる。
English: The word "Shogun" is used as the Japanese translation of "General" is used to address these military officers.
Japanese: この将官をひっくるめた呼称としてのGeneralの和訳語として「将軍」が用いられる。
English: Specifically, a senior military officer in any of these ranks named XXXX will be described as General XXXX.
Japanese: 具体的には、XXXXなる氏（名）の将官を、XXXX将軍等と表記する。
English: In the case of Douglas MacArthur, for example, he was officially General of the Army, but would often be called "Gensui" in Japanese.
Japanese: たとえばダグラス・マッカーサーの階級は陸軍元帥（GeneraloftheArmy）であり、日本語では「マッカーサー元帥」と呼称される事が多い。
English: In English, he is addressed as General MacArthur, a title that is translated as "shogun" in Japanese.
Japanese: 英語の呼称では「GeneralMacArthur」であり、これをそのまま訳した場合は「マッカーサー将軍」となる。
English: (However, this case applies to the US armed forces only, and the title Marshal is used to refer to "Gensui" in European nations.
Japanese: （ただしこれはアメリカ軍の場合であり、元帥に関してはヨーロッパ各国ではMarshallの語を使っている国も多い。
English: In these countries, senior officers from General to Brigadier General are addressed as "General," but "Marshal" is used separately as a title for the "Gensui" only.
Japanese: そういった国では大将から准将までをひっくるめた呼称が将軍であり、元帥は将軍とは別個の物として扱われる）。
English: In Japan, all ranks and titles in other countries that correspond to "General" are called "Shogun."
Japanese: また日本では、英語で言えばgeneralに相当する他国の官位・位階・階級をも、将軍と呼ぶ。
English: In the navy, the top officer is called Admiral, which is translated into Japanese as "Teitoku," but there are cases where the title "Shogun" is used to address senior naval officers, because the same rank titles used in the army, such as Junsho, Shosho, Chujo, and Taisho, apply in the navy.
Japanese: 海軍における将官の呼称はAdmiralであり、これの和訳語は「提督」であるが、日本では海軍の場合も准将・少将・中将・大将と陸軍などと同じ階級を用いるため、海軍における将官の呼称としても「将軍」を用いる場合がある。
English: An example is Heihachiro TOGO, who should be addressed as "Admiral Togo" but is at times described as "General Togo."
Japanese: 例えば東郷平八郎は「東郷提督」と呼称すべきであるが、これを「東郷将軍」と記述している例が散見される。
English: In the history of East Asia, there is record of Waobu (the last king of ancient Japan) being appointed King and Grand General of Japan by China.
Japanese: 東アジア史レベルでの将軍としては倭王武が中国から倭国王安東大将軍に任ぜられたなどの記録がある。
English: According to the article, an army of more than 10,000 requires a shogun and two vice-shoguns as commanders.
Japanese: それによれば、将帥が出征するとき兵一万人以上なら将軍一人、副将軍二人を置く。
English: However, actual appointments were not based on the size of the army, and the appointment of a number of shoguns under the Daishogun was never practiced.
Japanese: しかし実際の任命はこの兵数には基づかず、特に大将軍の下に複数の将軍を置くという形態は一度もとられなかった。
English: The rank of Shogun was temporary in function as a general rule and was created only on four occasions, namely, in campaigns against the Ezo in the east and against the Hayato in southwest Japan, service to protect the Emperor during his travels and for the entertainment of foreign guests and representatives of the Ezo and Hayato coming to the capital.
Japanese: 将軍は原則として臨時任命であり、任命された事態は、東の蝦夷に対する遠征、南西の隼人に対する遠征、天皇の行幸の護衛、都に来た外国使節や蝦夷・隼人の迎接の四つである。
English: Each general carried different title descriptions, and none of them were known only as "general."
Japanese: 各将軍はそれぞれ異なる称号を冠し、単なる「将軍」だけの官名はなかった。
English: Examples are Mutsu chinto shogun (generalissimo who subdues the barbarians of Mutsu), Seiechigo ezo shogun (Great general who subdues the barbarians of Echigo and Ezo), Seiteki shogun (Great general who subdues the barbarians of Dewa and Echigo), Seito shogun (Great general who subdues the eastern barbarians) and Seii shogun (Great general who subdues the barbarians) in the anti-Ezo war, Tohizoku shogun and Seihayato shogun in the campaigns against Hayato and, in the area of Imperial escorts and diplomatic functions, Sashogun (Commander of the left), Ushogun (Commander of the right), Gozenkihei shogun (Imperial commander of the front cavalry), Gogkihei shogun (Imperial commander of the rear cavalry) and Kihei daishogun (Imperial commander in chief of the cavalry).
Japanese: 例示すれば、対蝦夷戦では陸奥鎮東将軍・征越後蝦夷将軍・征狄将軍・征東将軍・征夷将軍など、対隼人戦では討卑賊将軍・征隼人将軍など、行幸と迎接では左将軍・右将軍・御前騎兵将軍・御後騎兵将軍・騎兵大将軍などである。
English: The only permanent rank was Commander-in-Chief of Defense (later Chinju-fu shogun or Commander-in-Chief of Defense of the North) in charge of defense against the Ezo.
Japanese: 唯一常設されたのが鎮守将軍（後に鎮守府将軍）で、蝦夷に対する防備についた。
English: Under the Kamakura bakufu, the only shogun title was Seii Taishogun (Barbarian Subduing Generalissimo), making shogun the abbreviated name for this rank.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府には、征夷大将軍しか任命されなかったため、征夷大将軍の略称として通用されている。
English: With shogunate rule gaining stability, the function of the Chinju-fu shogun was in effect absorbed into the authority of the Seii taishogun, which continued to the downfall of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: これは幕府の支配が固まったことにより事実上、鎮守府将軍の役割が征夷大将軍の職権として吸収されたことによるものとなり、鎌倉幕府の滅亡まで通用される。
English: Chikafusa KITABATAKE of the Southern Court requested on the appointment of his son Akiie KITABATAKE as Mutsu no kami and Chinju-fu shogun that a shogun ranking higher than Sanmi (Third Rank) be granted to Chinju daishogun.
Japanese: 南朝(日本)方の北畠親房はわが子　北畠顕家が陸奥守・鎮守府将軍に任ぜられるにあたり、三位以上の将軍は鎮守大将軍とするように奏請。
English: In the period after the Muromachi bakufu to the Edo bakufu, shogun was regarded synonymous with Seii taishogun because the Seii taishogun was the only shogun title.
Japanese: 室町幕府以降、江戸幕府までは、再び征夷大将軍しか任命されなかったため、征夷大将軍＝将軍という認識が再度生まれる。
English: However, it was not strictly a title for a military commander, but reflected a position of political power similar to the Prime Minister of today.
Japanese: しかし、純粋な軍事司令官ではなく現在の総理大臣のように政治のトップ的な存在となっていく。
English: This led to the use of titles such as Kubo-sama, Gosho-sama and Uesama (used variably depending on the period of history) when referring to the ruler.
Japanese: こうした事から、一般的には公方様、御所様、上様などという呼び方（時代によって異なる）がなされるようになっていった。
English: As a diplomatic title, there are cases of the ruler being called the King of Japan or Tycoon of Japan.
Japanese: 外交呼称として対外的に「日本国王」「日本国大君」を称した場合もある。
English: However, the fifteenth shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA of the Edo bakufu implemented Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) in 1867.
Japanese: しかし、1867年（慶応(元号)3年）に江戸幕府の15代将軍徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行なった。
English: Also, "Shogun" is a novel by James Clavell, on which a film and a TV drama series have been produced.
Japanese: また、『将軍SHOGUN』は、ジェームズ・クラヴェルの小説、小説を原作とした映画・テレビドラマである。
English: In the age of the Han Dynasty, the shogun was a rank granted to the military commander by the Emperor when such a leader was necessary, and the topmost commander-in-chief was regarded equivalent to the San Gong (Three Dukes).
Japanese: 漢代に於ける将軍は軍の指揮官として必要な時に皇帝により置かれたもので、最上級の大将軍は三公にも匹敵する重職であった。
English: Under the commander-in chief are the general of the cavalry, general of the guards, and general of the cavalry and chariots, who were in turn served by Jo-shogun (grand general), general of the hidden waves and others who served on temporary basis.
Japanese: その下に驃騎将軍・衛将軍・車騎将軍があり、その下に上将軍・伏波将軍など臨時に任命される雑号将軍がある。
English: Subsequent wars led to increase in the number of shogun titles, and there were 125 titles for twelve organizations when Sho En (Xiao Yan) of Liang (Southern Court) of the Southern Dynasty systematized the titles.
Japanese: 後に戦乱などによって将軍号が増加し、南朝(中国)梁(南朝)の蕭衍が将軍号を整理した際には12班で合わせて125号に分類整理されたという。
English: In the Tang Dynasty, there were shogun titles for bureacratic rank and also for Imperial busankan rank.
Japanese: 唐の時代には、官職としての将軍の他に武散官の称号としての将軍も並存した。
English: In the Northern Sung Dynasty, only the title of busankan remained, but later disappeared in the Shenzong Dynasty, when it was renamed taifu and ro.
Japanese: 北宋では、武散官の称号としてのみ残され、それも神宗(宋)の時代に廃されて「大夫」「郎」と改称された。
English: The title was revived and conferred to the busankan rank during the Yuan Dynasty and also as title for the military commander in chief and the subordinate commanders in the Ming Dynasty that followed.
Japanese: 元(王朝)の時代に武散官の称号として復活し、続く明の時代には総兵官及びその麾下である軍指揮官の官職名としても復活した。
English: In the Qing Dynasty, the title of Daishogun was used as a temporary rank, but was scrapped once again for use as a permanent title referring to the top military commander, remaining as title used for military officers of vice shogun or lower or commander of the eight armies serving in defense against external attacks.
Japanese: 清の時代には臨時の官職として大将軍が設置されたことがあるものの、常設官においては総兵官としての将軍の称号は再び廃されて、副将以下の軍指揮官及び駐防八旗兵の司令官の称号として残り近代に至る。
English: On the international level, there are instances of the title of shogun being adopted deliberately as a rank by the top commander or the top political leader in a regime that emerged from military rule or when following a revolution and circulated among the people to gain recognition.
Japanese: 国際的には、軍事政権や革命政権に由来する政権において最高指導者または最高権力者が、政権掌握当時の将軍位を意図的に職位として名乗ったり国民の間に流布したりしている例がある。
English: However, the title in some cases had been used as part of a strategy to enhance the image of the person in power in a nation that is generally perceived to be a dictatorship.
Japanese: ただしこれらの中には、最高権力者の独裁状態であると一般的に見なされる国家における統治者側のイメージ戦略に過ぎないケースもある。
English: There are also a number of cases in which a top military officer representing the forces occupying a defeated nation assumes the office of its top political leader, such as General Douglas MacArthur of the General Headquarters, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in Japan after the end of World War II.
Japanese: また終戦直後の日本における連合国軍最高司令官総司令部のダグラス・マッカーサー将軍のように、敗戦国に対する占領統治において、軍の将軍位にある者が現地の最高責任者に就くケースもしばしば見られる。
English: Also, Manuel Noriega of Panama, Saddam Hussein of Iraq and Kim Il Song and son Kim Jong Il of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea were called "shogun."
Japanese: また、パナマのマヌエル・ノリエガ、イラクのサッダーム・フセイン、朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の金日成・金正日父子なども「将軍」と呼ばれた。
English: In the case of Kim Jong Il, his title of shogun is accompanied by "nim," which is used in DPRK and the Republic of Korea as address to show deference to a higher-ranking person, much in the same way "sama" is used in Japanese.
Japanese: 金正日については「将軍様(将軍ニム)」とも呼ばれるが、北朝鮮や大韓民国では上司や上位者に対しては肩書きの下に「ニム()」つまり日本でいう「様」をつける習慣がある。
English: For this reason, the term is commonly used in the two countries after titles such as company president, department chief, teacher, etc.
Japanese: そのため、韓国・朝鮮では社長様、部長様、先生様などの言葉は一般的に使用されている。
English: The "nim" after the shogun title for Kim Jong Il therefore is used as an application of this custom and is not used exclusively for the leader.
Japanese: 金正日もまた、その延長線上で「ニム()」をつけて呼ばれているだけであり、意識的に彼だけを「様」づけしているわけではない。
English: Shogun is the name in the United Kingdom for Mitsubishi Pajero, an off-road utility vehicle manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors.
Japanese: 三菱自動車工業のオフロード車「三菱・パジェロ」のイギリスにおける名称(SHOGUN)。
English: Fictional character Akuma Shogun appears in the manga series "Kinniku-man" and "Kinniku-man II" by Yudetamago.
Japanese: ゆでたまごの漫画『キン肉マン』及び『キン肉マンII世』に登場する架空のキャラクター悪魔将軍。
English: In "Twentieth Century Boys," Occho was known as Shogun in Thailand.
Japanese: 20世紀少年ではオッチョがタイにいた時に「ショーグン」と呼ばれていた。
English: The name was used for a carp-shaped robot that appeared in the 2007 TV drama Karei naru ichizoku (The Grand Family).
Japanese: 華麗なる一族(テレビドラマ2007年)に登場する鯉型ロボット「将軍」。
English: Shogun was the name of a brand of fragrance produced by Alain Delon.
Japanese: アラン・ドロンがプロデュースしているブランド香水の商品名(SHOGUN)。
English: It was used in China, modern Japan, Europe and Russia as a peerage rank.
Japanese: 中国、近代の日本の華族やヨーロッパ・ロシアの貴族の階級として用いられた。
English: In Japan the Peerage Law was enacted by Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 after Meiji Restoration, and Article 2 stipulated the Kazoku (peerage) was divided into Gotoshaku or five ranks including duke, marquis, count, viscount and baron, under which a marquis ranked second after a duke
Japanese: 日本では明治維新後の明治17年（1884年）に宮内省達華族令が制定され、第二条において華族を公侯伯子男の五等爵とされ、侯爵は公爵に次ぐ第2位とされた。
English: In 1889, when Imperial Edict No.11, Kizokuin (the House of Peers) Law was established, Article 1-2 of the edict entitled a marquis to be a member of the House of Peers.
Japanese: 明治22年（1889年）、勅令第11号貴族院令が制定されると侯爵は同令第1条の2により、侯爵たる者は貴族院議員となる資格を与えられることが規定された。
English: In 1907, Koshitsu-rei (the Imperial Families' Act) No.2, the Peerage Law was enacted and precisely defined the inheritance and dignity of peerage and other procedures.
Japanese: 明治40年（1907年）、皇室令第2号華族令が制定され、襲爵、華族の品位その他、手続きが細かく規定された。
English: In case of demotion from an Imperial family member to a subject, the first person who was demoted from his or her Miyake (house of an imperial prince) was granted the title of marquis, the second or later the title of count.
Japanese: -臣籍降下の際には降下前に属していた宮家から最初の降下であれば侯爵、二人目以降であれば伯爵が授爵された。
English: Among sixteen former Imperial families that were demoted to Kazoku peerage by the end of the World War II, seven were granted the title of marquis.
Japanese: 終戦までに華族となった旧皇族16家のうち7家が侯爵を授けられている。
English: In addition, though Shijo family (due to their great achievement at the Restoration) and Nakayama family (maternal relatives of Emperor Meiji) were not included in Seiga family, they were granted the title of marquis.
Japanese: また四条家（維新時の功績）と中山家（明治天皇の外戚）は清華家には含まれないが、その功績が加味されて侯爵を与えられた。
English: Later on, Saga family and Nakanomikado family were promoted from count to marquis due to their achievement at the Restoration, and finally ten families in total were admitted marquises.
Japanese: 後に嵯峨家と中御門家が維新時の功績を認められて伯爵から陞爵し、最終的には合計10家が侯爵とされた。
English: Fourteen families in total met the requirement, among which Shimazu family and Mori family were granted the title of duke.
Japanese: 条件を満たしたのは計14家であったが、そのうち島津家と毛利家は公爵に叙せられた。
English: Later, Mito-Tokugawa family was promoted to duke, Matsudaira clan of Fukui Domain, Echizen Province and Date clan of Uwajima Domain, Iyo Province were promoted from count, and as a result fourteen families in total were admitted marquises.
Japanese: 後水戸徳川家が公爵に陞爵し、越前福井藩松平氏と伊予宇和島藩伊達氏が維新時の功績を認められて伯爵から陞爵したため、最終的には合計14家が侯爵とされた。
English: At the time when the peerage system was inaugurated in 1884, peerage was newly conferred on only descendants of Toshimichi OKUBO and Takayoshi KIDO (descendants of Takamori SAIGO were excluded due to Seinan War), and later thirteen families became marquises, among which five families were promoted to dukes.
Japanese: -明治17年（1884年）の華族制度発足の時点では、新華族は大久保利通と木戸孝允の子孫が叙せられたのみであったが（西郷隆盛の子孫は西南戦争のために除外）、後に13家が侯爵となり、そのうち5家はさらに公爵にのぼった。
English: Since difference in benefit between a count and a marquis existed (there were benefits which were provided for a count but not for a marquis), in some cases people became poorer due to their promotion.
Japanese: 伯爵との間には給費面の差異があり（伯爵にあって侯爵にない給費が存在する）、陞爵したがために貧窮したという事例も存在する。
English: When the Constitution of Japan went into effect on May 3, 1947, the peerage system involving marquises was abolished.
Japanese: 昭和22年（1947年）5月3日の日本国憲法施行により、侯爵を含む華族制度が廃止された。
English: As for family names, only for those whose family names became the same as their head families due to the secession from the Imperial Family in 1946, 'Marquis' was put before their family names in writing to avoid confusion.
Japanese: 家名については後年1946年の皇籍離脱によって本家筋の家の家名が同名となってしまった家についてのみ、混同を避けるため「○○侯爵家」と表記した。
English: A Duke, which in English is said to be derived from the Latin word dux meaning a Roman General, or a Prince, the son of a member of the Royal Family, are equivalent titles for nobles in Europe and Russia.
Japanese: ヨーロッパ・ロシアの貴族の称号であるduke（英語の場合、古代ローマの将軍・ドゥクスが語源とされる）やprince（英語での王族の男子の場合）の訳としても用いられる。
English: Since the Japanese word 'Koshaku' is formally translated as Prince rather than Duke, Fumimaro KONOE, a statesman in the Showa Period, is sometimes mistakenly considered to be a member of the Imperial Family in Western documents.
Japanese: なお、日本の「公爵」の公式英訳にはdukeではなくprinceが当てられるがこのため昭和期の政治家の近衛文麿が欧米圏の文献で皇族と誤解されるような場合がある。
English: In Japan the Peerage Law was enacted by the Imperial Household Ministry in 1884 after the Meiji Restoration, and Article 2 stipulated that the Kazoku (peerage) was divided into Gotoshaku or five ranks including Duke, Marquis, Count, Viscount and Baron, under which, a Duke ranked first.
Japanese: 日本では明治維新後の明治17年（1884年）に宮内省達華族令が制定され、第二条において華族を公侯伯子男の五等爵とされ、公爵は第1位とされた。
English: In 1889, when Imperial Edict No.11, Kizokuin (the House of Peers) Law was established, Article 1-1 of the edict entitled Dukes to be members of the House of Peers.
Japanese: 明治22年（1889年）、勅令第11号貴族院令が制定されると、公爵は同令第1条の1により、公爵たる者は貴族院議員となる資格を与えられることが規定された。
English: Though this bylaw existed, there were no examples of conferring the title of Duke due to a member of the Imperial family being demoted to a mere subject.
Japanese: このような内規はあったが、実際に臣籍降下によって公爵を与えられた例はない。
English: These families were considered to rank the highest in court noble society and were qualified to be promoted to act as a regent to the emperor.
Japanese: 公家社会でも最高位に属するとされ、摂関に昇る資格を持っていた家柄である。
English: One group consists of those who were qualified to be given a peerage, but received a higher title than they should have been given, due to their great service being taken into account, although they did not make distinguished achievements.
Japanese: 一つは「偉勲」がなくとも華族たる資格を持っていた家のうち、功績が加味されて本来よりも高い爵位を与えられたグループである。
English: It includes four families of Sanjo (due to the achievement of Sanetomi SANJO), Iwakura (due to the achievement of Tomomi IWAKURA), Shimazu (of the former Kagoshima Domain) and Mori (of the former Choshu Domain), and in addition three more families of Saionji which were later promoted from the rank of Marquis (due to the achievement of Kinmochi SAIONJI), Tokudaiji (due to the achievement of Sanetsune TOKUDAIJI) and Mito-Tokugawa (due to the achievement of Atsuyoshi TOKUGAWA).
Japanese: 三条家（三条実美の功績）、岩倉家（岩倉具視の功績）、島津家（旧鹿児島藩家）、毛利家（旧長州藩家）の4家がこれにあたり、後年侯爵から陞爵した西園寺家（西園寺公望の功績）、徳大寺家（徳大寺実則の功績）、水戸徳川家（徳川篤敬の功績）の3家もこれに含めて考えられる。
English: Another group consists of those who were granted the title of Duke after they were allowed to make a new family with their special achievement taken into account, although their head families already had the title.
Japanese: 次に本家がすでに公爵となっているにもかかわらず、その人物の特別な功績が認められて別に家を立てることをゆるされ、さらに公爵位を授けられたグループがある。
English: There are specifically two such families: that of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, who was not the Lord of the Shimazu domain but had a great influence on the domain at the end of Edo Period as a guardian, and his descendants, and that of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who transferred the headship of the family to an adopted child, Iesato TOKUGAWA, and lived in seclusion after Taisei Hokan (the transfer of power back to the Emperor), and his descendants.
Japanese: 具体的には、藩主ではなかったがその後見人として幕末の薩摩藩に大きな影響を与えた島津久光とその子孫、大政奉還後養子の徳川家達に家督を譲って隠棲した徳川慶喜とその子孫の2家である。
English: The other group consists of those who were granted the title of Duke because of their great achievements although their families were not peers such as court nobles or Lords.
Japanese: 公家・諸侯等の華族に相当する家の出身でないにもかかわらず「偉勲」によって公爵を叙爵されたグループ。