nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Also, people who were selected as Karo despite their family status having been lower for generations, were called "Ichidai-garo" (first-generation Karo).
Japanese: また自分の家が連綿としてきた家格以上の役職である家老に抜擢された者を、「一代家老」と呼ぶこともある。
English: The term Karo-kaku is used to indicate either the family status able to produce a Karo officer (the family line for the Karo class) or Ichidai-garo.
Japanese: 家老格という呼称には、家老職を出せる家格（家老級の家柄）という意味と、一代家老という意味で使用される場合の2通りに使われることがある。
English: In a large domain, for example, the Maeda family in the Kaga domain, the number of the families with status high enough to produce Karo officer reached up to 70.
Japanese: 加賀藩前田家のような大藩になると家老職を出せる家格（家老級の家柄）は、70家にも及んだ。
English: Over the years in the Edo period, the examples of an Ichidai-garo officer being appointed increased little by little, and in contrast to these Ichidai-garo officers, the Karo officers from families that had produced a Karo officer for generations were called Eidai-garo (permanent Karo).
Japanese: 江戸時代も年代が経つにつれて、一代家老が登用される例が微増して行き一代家老に対して、家老連綿の家柄である門閥出身の家老を、永代家老と呼んだ。
English: The following were typical examples of Ichidai-garo officers who were appointed to the post due to their abilities: Tsugunosuke KAWAI of the Echigo-Nagaoka domain, Hirosato ZUSHO of the Satsuma domain, and Seifu MURATA of the Choshu domain, all of whom played an active part in the abolition of the bakufu system, and as an older example, Tomofusa ONO of the Ako domain who became famous for launching a raid during the Ako Incident in the Genroku era (1688 - 1704).
Japanese: 有能な者が実力によって、一代家老（家老格）に登用された代表例として、幕末に活躍した越後長岡藩の河井継之助、薩摩藩の調所広郷、長州藩の村田清風、そして、古くは元禄期の元禄赤穂事件の討ち入りで、有名になった赤穂藩の大野知房などが挙げられる。
English: Even though with two or more Karo officers were installed, except in especially large domains, factional strife still occurred in relation to political reforms and succession issues.
Japanese: 家老は、特別な大藩を除き2人から数人程度、置かれたが、政治改革や世継ぎ問題に絡んで派閥抗争が起きた。
English: Such strife caused "family feuds," leading in the worst cases to the abolishment of the family.
Japanese: このような抗争が「お家騒動」の元凶となり、最悪の場合、改易にまで至ることがあった。
English: It has also been pointed out that the Karo post was had the feature of taking responsibility instead of one's master, and actually, some Karo officers took the blame in place of their masters.
Japanese: また家老は、主君のための責任要員的な性格があったとの指摘もあり、主君の身代わりとして責任を取ることもあった。
English: In the worst cases, some Karo officers completed their duties as far as Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) or decapitation.
Japanese: 最悪の場合は、切腹や斬首を受ける形で、その責めを全うすることもあった。
English: Incidentally, when Tokugawa was still a local daimyo in Mikawa Province, the Sakai family took the post of Karo (Roju) for generations.
Japanese: ちなみに徳川氏がまだ三河国の一地方大名であった時代は、酒井家が家老（老中）連綿の家柄であった。
English: A specified number of Karo officers of the gosanke families of the Owari family, Kii family and Mito family, and of the Kaga-Maeda family were awarded Shodaibu at Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 尾張家・紀伊家・水戸家の御三家並びに加賀前田家の家老はそれぞれ決められた定数内で従五位下諸大夫へ叙爵された。
English: When a Karo officer with rank died or retired from the post, generating a vacancy, a Karo officer was recommended for the rank post from the family to the bakufu.
Japanese: 前任者が死没・隠居し、欠員が発生した後に、主家より幕府へ推挙された。
English: In the case of gaining ordinary shodaibusei rank, an officer from a koke (a privileged family under the Tokugawa Shogunate), who went to the Imperial court for New Year's greetings, put together a Guzenchodaihosho (a document to solicit an order from the emperor) and brought it to the court, bringing back a Guzen-an (Imperial order for solicitation) to Edo.
Japanese: 通常の諸大夫成の場合、幕府より朝廷への年賀使として高家が上京する際に口宣頂戴奉書をまとめて持参し、その高家が口宣案をまとめて江戸へ持ち帰った。
English: However, in the same way as in cases for instance where an imperial court rank of Shihon or higher was to be awarded, the master family sent the Imperial court a messenger to have the rank awarded, after getting approval from the bakufu.
Japanese: しかしながら、四品以上に叙爵される場合同様、幕府の許可後、各主家で独自に使者を派遣し、叙爵の手続きをとっていた。
English: (The Takegoshi family and the Naruse family, both Otsuke-garo officers, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, the Watanabe family was also awarded a rank.)
Japanese: （御附家老竹腰氏・成瀬氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他渡辺氏などが叙任）。
English: (The Ando family and the Mizuno family, both Otsuke-garo officers, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, each of the Awamasaki family and the Okano family were also awarded a rank.)
Japanese: （御附家老安藤氏・水野氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他安房正木氏・岡野氏などが叙任）。
English: (The Nakayama family, the Otsuke-garo officer, were treated preferentially, with the usual Shodaibu rank permitted. In addition, each of the Saiga family and the Yamanobe family were also awarded a rank).
Japanese: （御附家老中山氏を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される。その他雑賀氏・山野辺氏などが叙任）。
English: (The Honda family and the Maeda Tosa no Kami family, both retainers of the Maeda family, were treated preferentially, with the Shodaibu rank permitted ordinarily for each of them.)
Japanese: （加賀藩家臣より本多氏・前田土佐守家を優遇し、常時の諸大夫を許される）。
English: In addition, ranks were also given to baishin (retainers) of the Suruga-Tokugawa family, of the Kofu-Tokugawa family, of Tatebayashi-Tokugawa family, of the Echizen-Matsudaira family and of the Fukui domain.
Japanese: その他、駿河徳川家・甲府徳川家・館林徳川家・越前松平家・福井藩の陪臣叙爵があった。
English: Yoshio OISHI (the chief Karo officer of the Asano family in the Ako domain. He became famous due to the Ako Incident in the Genroku era, becoming the main character in the Chushingura story [a story of loyal retainers].)
Japanese: 大石良雄（赤穂藩浅野家首席家老。元禄赤穂事件で名をあげ、忠臣蔵の主人公となった）
English: Sanekake TAKO (A Karo officer of the Kamei family in the Tsuwano domain. It is said that he protected the lord of his domain from being bullied by Kira Kozuke no Suke.)
Japanese: 多胡真蔭（津和野藩亀井氏家老。吉良上野介のイジメから藩主を守ったと伝わる）
English: Kazan WATANABE (A Karo officer of the Miyake family in the Tahara domain. He was the only one to receive an official commendation from the bakufu in the movements to reform domain government administration in the Tenpo era [1830 - 1844]. He is famous as a Rangakusha scholar [a person who studied Western sciences thorough the Dutch language] as well.)
Japanese: 渡辺崋山（田原藩三宅氏家老。天保期の藩政改革で幕府より唯一表彰に預かる。蘭学者として有名）。
English: Tatewaki AJIMA (A Karo officer in the Mito domain. He was forced by Naosuke II to commit ritual suicide by disembowelment in Ansei no Taigoku [suppression of extremists by the Shogunate in the Ansei era (1854 - 1860)]. Later, his reputation was restored by an Imperial order.)
Japanese: 安島帯刀（水戸藩家老。安政の大獄の際に井伊直弼に切腹させられた。のち勅命により名誉回復）
English: The Yanagawa Ikken was an incident in which Yoshinari SO, the lord of the Tsushima Domain, and his chief retainer Shigeoki YANAGAWA confronted each other over forgery of the sovereign's message exchanged between Japan and Joseon Dynasty in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 柳川一件（やながわいっけん）とは、江戸時代初期に対馬藩主宗義成（そうよしなり）と家老柳川調興（やながわしげおき）が日本と李氏朝鮮の間で交わされた国書の偽造を巡って対立した事件。
English: In the end of 16th century, the Toyotomi government of Japan dispatched troops to Korea (the Bunroku-Keicho War), breaking off the relationship between Ming Dynasty and Japan, as well as the one between Korea and Japan.
Japanese: 16世紀末、日本の豊臣政権による朝鮮出兵（文禄・慶長の役）が行われ、日朝、日明関係が断絶した。
English: After the war, when the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, the Tokugawa clan started to speak to Joseon Dynasty and Ming Dynasty to normalize the diplomatic relations between Japan and these countries.
Japanese: 戦後、日本で徳川家康による江戸幕府が成立すると、徳川氏は李氏朝鮮、明との国交正常化交渉を開始する。
English: The Tsushima Domain, which was located between Japan and Korea, had economically depended on trade with Korea because of its geographical conditions; therefore, for the sake of the restoration of diplomatic relations with Korea, the Domain acted as a mediator between Japan and Korea and they had some activities such as sending back Korean captives who had been brought to Japan during Japan's Invasions of Korea.
Japanese: 日本と朝鮮の中間に位置する対馬藩は地理的条件から経済を朝鮮との交易に依存していた背景もあり、朝鮮との国交回復のため、朝鮮出兵の際に連れて来られた捕虜の送還をはじめ日朝交渉を仲介した。
English: When Korea demanded that Japan should hand over war criminals of Japan's Invasions of Korea, the Tsushima Domain handed over criminals in the domain (who had nothing to do with the invasions) as war criminals, after harming their throats with mercury so that they were unable to talk.
Japanese: 朝鮮側から朝鮮出兵の際の戦犯を差し出すように要求されたため、対馬藩は藩内の（朝鮮出兵とは全く無関係の）罪人の喉を水銀で潰して声を発せられなくした上で「朝鮮出兵の戦犯」として差し出した。
English: As a result of such desperate maneuver activities by the Tsushima Domain, Korea became appeased and positive with the negotiations (partly because the need for northern defense increased due to the expanded power of the Joshin tribe [Kokin] in Manchuria.)
Japanese: このような対馬藩の形振り構わぬ工作活動の結果、朝鮮側は（満州の女真族（後金）の勢力拡大で北方防備の必要もあったため）交渉に宥和的となった。
English: In 1605, when Korea demanded that the Tokugawa government should send the sovereign's message first, the Tsushima Domain forged the sovereign's massage and presented it to Korea.
Japanese: 1605年、朝鮮側が徳川政権から先に国書を送るように要求してきたのに対し、対馬藩は国書の偽造を行い朝鮮へ提出した。
English: Although the message was suspected of a faked letter due to its format, Korea dispatched a responder (the Tsushima Domain gave the Edo bakufu false information that the messenger was an emissary.)
Japanese: 書式から偽書の疑いが生じたものの朝鮮は「回答使」（対馬藩は幕府に「通信使」と偽った）を派遣した。
English: The Tsushima Domain also modified the reply brought by the responder, as well as diplomatic messages of the second and the third negotiations respectively held in 1617 and in 1624, and the domain forged and modified the sovereign's message, so that the Kiyu Agreement (trade agreement between Korea and Tsushima Domain) was concluded in 1609.
Japanese: 対馬藩は回答使の返書も改竄し、1617年、1624年と三次に渡る交渉でもそれぞれ国書の偽造、改竄を行い、1609年には貿易協定である己酉約条を締結させた。
English: Shigeoki YANAGAWA, the chief retainer of the Tsushima Domain, who aimed to become independent from his master's house (Yoshinari SO) to be promoted to a hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), opposed to Yoshinari SO, the lord of the Tsushima Domain.
Japanese: 対馬藩の家老であった柳川調興は主家（宗義成）から独立して旗本への昇格を狙っており、藩主である宗義成と対立した。
English: Yanagawa stood high in Ieyasu's favor, and received support from influential cabinet officials of the Shogunate, and conjecturing that the bakufu hoped to seize real power over Japan-Korea Trade, he believed that he stood a fair chance of success.
Japanese: 柳川は、家康の覚えも良く、幕閣有力者からの支持もあり、「幕府も日朝貿易の実権を直接握りたいであろう」との推測から、勝算があると考えていた。
English: On the other hand, Masamune DATE, who was the lord of the Sendai Domain, and some other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) supported Yoshinari SO, and they attempted to take advantage of this incident to convey the impression that the Sengoku Period came to the end completely.
Japanese: 一方、仙台藩主伊達政宗など、宗義成を支持する大名もおり、彼らは、戦国時代が完全に終ったことを印象付けるために、この事件を利用する方向で動いた。
English: In 1635, oral proceedings by Yoshinari SO and Shigeoki YANAGAWA were conducted in the presence of the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 寛永12年（1635年）3月11日、三代将軍徳川家光の目の前で、宗義成、柳川調興の直接の口頭弁論が行われた。
English: As a result, the Edo bakufu judged that it would be wise to leave Japan-Korea Trade to the Tsushima Domain as before, and Yoshinari SO was found innocent while Shigeoki YANAGAWA was sentenced to banishment to the Tsugaru region.
Japanese: 結果、幕府としては従前同様に日朝貿易は対馬藩に委ねたほうが得策と判断し、宗義成は無罪、柳川調興は津軽地方に流罪とされた。
English: After this incident, the Edo bakufu changed the shogun's title which should be stated in any diplomatic letters from "King of Japan" to "Tycoon of Japan," and told Buddhist priests in Five Great Zen Temples of Kyoto to prepare diplomatic papers and receptions for envoys, and to observe trades.
Japanese: この事件の後、幕府は国書に記す将軍の称号を「日本国王」から「日本国大君」に改め、京都五山の僧に外交文書作成や使節の応接、貿易の監視などを命じた。
English: The Japan-Korea Trade was under the bakufu's severe control although it was put into the hands of the Tsushima Domain as before.
Japanese: 日朝貿易は以前と同じく対馬藩に委ねられたものの、幕府の厳しい管理下に置かれた。
English: Koizumi Domain was a domain which existed in Yamato Province (current Koizumi-cho, Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 小泉藩（こいずみはん）は、大和国（現在の奈良県大和郡山市小泉町）に存在した藩。
English: The original forefather of Koizumi Domain was Sadataka KATAGIRI, the younger brother of Katsumoto KATAGIRI who served Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and earned his fame as one of Shizugatake Shichihon Yari (Shizugatake Seven Spears) during the Battle of Shizugatake in 1583.
Japanese: 小泉藩の藩祖は、豊臣秀吉に仕えて天正11年（1583年）の賤ヶ岳の戦いで賤ヶ岳七本槍の一人として名を馳せた片桐且元の弟・片桐貞隆である。
English: Sadataka also served Hideyoshi just like his brother and left achievements in the Siege of Odawara and the Bunroku War, which earned him 10,000 koku crop yields in Harima Province.
Japanese: 貞隆は兄と同じく秀吉に仕えて小田原征伐や文禄の役で武功を挙げ、播磨国内で1万石の所領を与えられた。
English: After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA moved Sadataka's territory to Yamato Koizumi with 10,000 koku crop yields.
Japanese: 慶長5年（1600年）の関ヶ原の戦い後、貞隆は徳川家康から所領を大和小泉1万石に移された。
English: Sadataka and his brother Katsumoto struggled to support the declining Toyotomi clan, but after the issue of Hoko-ji Temple Shomei (inscription on the bell) incident which occurred in 1614, Hideyori started to suspect he and Katsumoto secretly contacted with Ieyasu.
Japanese: 貞隆は兄の且元と共に衰退していく豊臣氏を懸命に盛り立てたが、慶長19年（1614年）に起こった方広寺鐘銘問題を契機に兄と共に家康と内通していると秀頼らから猜疑された。
English: It was reported that when the Katagiri brothers' army left, 300 stern soldiers were fully-armored and even made their harquebus ignited.
Japanese: このとき、片桐軍は大坂城から退去するとき、300人の兵が完全武装の上、鉄砲の火縄に点火するという物々しいものであったと言われている。
English: Due to the departure of the Katagiri brothers, the Toyotomi clan lost the last pillar, and was defeated by Ieyasu in the Siege of Osaka the same year.
Japanese: この片桐兄弟の退去により豊臣氏は最後の柱石を失い、同年から始まった大坂の役で、家康により滅ぼされた。
English: After the war, Sadataka became a vassal of Ieyasu and received the additional yield of 6,000 koku, resulting in the Koizumi Domain with 16,000 koku.
Japanese: 戦後、貞隆は家康の家臣となり、6000石の加増を受け、小泉藩は1万6000石となる。
English: Sadamasa KATAGIRI, the second lord of the domain, was the son of Sadataka, and he was a master of tea ceremony well known as the alias Sekishu KATAGIRI.
Japanese: 第2代藩主・片桐貞昌は貞隆の子で、片桐石州という通称名で有名な茶人である。
English: In 1665, he became the tea ceremony coach of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and established the status of Sekishu school.
Japanese: 寛文5年（1665年）には将軍・徳川家綱の茶道指南となり、茶道石州流の地位を築き上げた。
English: As Sadamasa gave Sadaharu KATAGIRI, his younger brother, 3,000 koku crop yields, Koizumi Domain came to own 13,000 koku yield crops.
Japanese: 貞昌は弟の片桐貞晴に3000石を分与したため、小泉藩は1万3000石となる。
English: Also, Sadafusa KATAGIRI, the third lord who was the third son of Sadamasa, gave 1000 koku crop yields to Nobutaka SHIMOJO, his older brother by a concubine, and the domain's koku became 12,000.
Japanese: 貞昌の三男で第3代藩主・片桐貞房のときに庶兄・下條信隆に1000石を分与したため、1万2000石となる。
English: The total yield was once again reduced to 11,000 after 1000 koku was taken by the government.
Japanese: その後、さらに1000石を収公されて、総石高は1万1000石となった。
English: The eighth lord, Sadanobu KATAGIRI was a master of tea ceremony with the alias Sonsai, and seen as the Chunko no So (the founder of a renaissance) for the Sekishu school.
Japanese: 第8代藩主・片桐貞信は遜斎と号した茶人で、石州流中興の祖といわれている。
English: During the end of the bakufu administration, the lords passed away early one after another, so the family decided to adopt a lord from another family from the eleventh lord, Sadatoshi KATAGIRI.
Japanese: 幕末期には藩主の早世が相次いだため、第11代藩主・片桐貞利からは他家の養子が迎えられるに至った。
English: Sadaatsu was from the Matsudaira family of the Mito Domain, and while he first supported Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun side) by contributing to the suppression of the Tenchu-gumi Incident, he helped the new government in the Boshin War in 1868 and defended Kyoto.
Japanese: 貞篤は水戸藩松平氏の出身で、天誅組の乱鎮圧などに貢献するなどはじめ佐幕派であったが、慶応4年（1868年）の戊辰戦争では新政府に協力して京都守備を務めている。
English: He became the prefectural governor of Koizumi Domain through Hanseki Hokan (the return of lands and people to the emperor) in 1869, but lost the position through Haihan Chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, by which Koizumi Domain was also abolished.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）の版籍奉還で小泉藩知事となり、明治4年（1871年）の廃藩置県で藩知事を免官され、小泉藩は廃藩となった。
English: Takatsuki was governed by Ukon TAKAYAMA who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Sengoku period (Japan), and who also was well-known for a Christian daimyo (Christian feudal lord).
Japanese: 高槻は戦国時代(日本)、織田信長や豊臣秀吉に仕えたキリシタン大名で有名な高山右近が治めていた。
English: Ukon was removed from his rank of Daimyo by the edict expelling Christian missionaries, afterward, Naoyori SHINJO entered Takatsuki with 30,000 koku, but he was forced to change his rank in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and he was handed over to Hideyuki GAMO (palace staff).
Japanese: 右近は秀吉の宣教師追放令で大名の地位を追われ、その後、新庄直頼が3万石で高槻に入ったが、1600年の関ヶ原の戦いで改易され、その身柄は蒲生秀行(侍従)に預けられた。
English: In 1615, Nobumasa NAITO entered with 40,000 koku from Nagahama domain, Omi Province to establish the Takatsuki Domain.
Japanese: 元和(日本)元年（1615年）内藤信正が近江国長浜藩より4万石で入り高槻藩が立藩した。
English: Sadayoshi TOKI entered with 20,000 koku from Moriya City, Shimousa Province, but died in 1619.
Japanese: 下総国守谷市より土岐定義が2万石で入るが、元和5年（1619年）定義が死去。
English: His child, Yoriyuki TOKI, was still so young, so was forced to return to Moriya City, Shimousa Province with 10,000 koku, a diminished territory.
Japanese: 子の土岐頼行は幼少のため、減封により1万石にて下総国守谷に再び移封となった。
English: Ienobu MATSUDAIRA entered with 20,000 koku from Katahara, Mikawa Province, but transferred to Sakura domain, Shimousa.
Japanese: 三河国形原より松平家信が2万石で入るが、寛永12年（1635年）下総佐倉藩へ移封。
English: Nobukatsu OKABE entered with 51,000 koku from Tatsuno domain, Harima Province, but was transferred to Kishiwada Domain, Izumi Province in 1640.
Japanese: 播磨国龍野藩より岡部宣勝が5万1千石で入ったが、寛永17年（1640年）和泉国岸和田藩へ移封。
English: Yasunobu MATSUDAIRA, the second son of Ienobu, entered with 36,000 koku from Sakura domain, Shimousa, but transferred to Sasayama Domain, Tanba Province in 1649, thus, the domain lord successively changed in short term, which also caused the successive replacement of the family of lord of the domain.
Japanese: 下総佐倉藩より家信の次男・松平康信が3万6,000石で入るが、慶安2年（1649年）丹波国篠山藩へ移封と、藩主が短期間で相次いで変わり、藩主家の交替が相次いだ。
English: After that, the entrance of Naokiyo NAGAI with 36,000 koku from Nagaoka domain, Yamashiro Province finally brought a settlement to the domain lord, afterward, Meiji Period came during the 13th Nagai clan's governance.
Japanese: その後、山城国長岡藩(山城国)より永井直清が3万6,000石で入ってようやく藩主が定着し、以後、永井氏13代の支配で明治時代を迎えた。
English: It turned to be Takatsuki Prefecture in 1871 by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and it was later incorporated into Osaka Prefecture.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）廃藩置県により高槻県となり、のち大阪府に編入された。
English: Naotoki NAGAI (Jugoinoge, ichi no tsukasa), the child of Naokiyo NAGAI and the oldest son of Naoyoshi NAGAI.
Japanese: 永井直時（なおとき）〔従五位下、市正〕永井直清の子・永井直吉の長男。
English: Naotane NAGAI (Jugoinoge, Hyuga no kami), the fourth son of Naoyuki NAGAI who was the clan of Yamashiro-Yodo Domain.
Japanese: 永井直種（なおたね）〔従五位下、日向守〕山城淀藩主・永井尚征の四男。
English: Naotatsu NAGAI (Jugoinoge, Hyuga no kami), the oldest son of Naomitsu NAGAI who was the clan of Yamato-Shinjo Domain.
Japanese: 永井直達（なおたつ）〔従五位下、日向守〕大和新庄藩主・永井直圓の長男。
English: Naozane NAGAI (Jugoinoge, Hida no kami), the fifth son of Naomitsu NAGAI who was the clan of Yamato-Shinjo Domain.
Japanese: 永井直期（なおざね）〔従五位下、飛騨守〕大和新庄藩主・永井直圓の五男。
English: Nagahama Domain was the domain belonged to Fudai daimyo who possessed the nearby spots of Sakata-gun, Omi Province in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 長浜藩（ながはまはん）は江戸時代初期、近江国坂田郡周辺を領有した譜代大名の藩。
English: In 1606, Nobunari NAITO with 40,000 koku in the domain of Sunpu in Suruga Province transferred to another territory to watch Toyotomi clan's movements provided with 40,000 koku, and established the domain.
Japanese: 慶長11年（1606年）駿河国駿府藩4万石の内藤信成が4万石を与えられ、豊臣氏の動静を監視するため転封し立藩した。
English: At the time of changing the territory, he was provided with 5,000 pieces of hakugin (white silver) by Edo bakufu for the repair cost of Nagahama-jo Castle.
Japanese: なお転封にあたり、長浜城の修築費として江戸幕府より白銀5千枚を与えられた。
English: Nobumasa NAITO, the oldest son of Nobunari, transferred to Takatsuki domain in Settsu Province which was closer to Osaka, so the original domain was abolished.
Japanese: 信成の長男、内藤信正は元和(日本)元年（1615年）に、より大坂に近い摂津国高槻藩に転封となり当藩は廃藩となった。
English: Nagaoka Domain was the domain belonged to Fudai daimyo who possessed the nearby spots of Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province in the early Edo period.
Japanese: 長岡藩（ながおかはん）は江戸時代初期、山城国乙訓郡周辺を領有した譜代大名の藩。
English: In 1633, Naokiyo NAGAI who was a shoinban (the castle guard) and a hatamoto with 8,000 koku in his possession within Kazusa Province and Shimousa Province gained another territory in Yamashiro Province, Kii Province, and Settsu Province in addition to his original territory to be promoted to Daimyo with 12,000 koku.
Japanese: 寛永10年（1633年）書院番で上総国・下総国内に8千石を領する旗本の永井直清が、旧領地に加え山城国、紀伊国、摂津国内に領地を得て、1万2千石の大名に昇格した。
English: In 1649, he transferred to Takatsuki domain provided with another 24,000 koku, so the original domain was abolished.
Japanese: 慶安2年（1649年）2万4千石の加増を受け高槻藩に転封となったため、当藩は廃藩となった。
English: Tonjutsu is a technique of Ninjutsu to hide or escape from enemies.
Japanese: 遁術（とんじゅつ）は、忍術のうち、敵から隠れたり逃げたりするための術。
English: It is also called Goton Sanju-ho, which consisted of thirty techniques of Tenton Ju-ho, Chiton Ju-ho, and Jinton Ju-ho in all.
Japanese: 五遁三十法とも呼ばれ、天遁十法・地遁十法・人遁十法の計三十の術からなる。
English: For the effective use, ninja trains to be able to foresee the later weather from the present look of sky.
Japanese: これらを効果的に使用するために忍者は空模様からのちの天気を知る訓練をする。
English: Although some particular depiction is used for the scene where an enemy is given a damage in the fight in a lot of visual entertainments such as comics or games (such as Katon=blowing out fire from mouth), it is nothing but a technique to escape by blocking enemy's action, and it can never be an action for the purpose of attacking enemy.
Japanese: 漫画やゲーム等数多くのメディアで、戦闘の際相手にダメージを与える為に使用する描写が見られる（火遁＝口から火を吹くなど）が、あくまで相手の行動を阻害して遁走するための技術であり、攻撃を目的とした行動ではない。
English: Iga school is one of the most famous schools of Ninjutsu as well as Koga-ryu school.
Japanese: 伊賀流（いがりゅう）とは甲賀流と並んで忍術の中で最も有名な流派の1つである。
English: They went to a battlefield or the related area to engage in maneuver activities upon order, while they search for information on each region as working as peasant or peddler in their quotidian life.
Japanese: 普段は農業をしたり行商をしたりして各地の情報を探る一方、指令が下ると戦場やその後方へ出向き工作活動に励んだ。
English: The different point from Koka school which was located in the other area parted by a mountain was for Koka Ninja to dedicate their loyalty to a single lord, while Iga Ninja had no relationship with their employer other than the financial contract made with him.
Japanese: 山を1つ隔てた場所に存在する甲賀流と異なる点は甲賀忍者が1人の主君に忠義を尽くすのに対し、伊賀忍者は金銭による契約以上の関わりを雇い主との間に持たない点であるとされる。
English: Iga school was also known for its unique training method such as running through Ichi-ri (about 3.927km) without dropping a piece of paper covering half face, and it had been their tradition to grow excellent Ninja by giving such hard training since their childhood.
Japanese: また伊賀流の訓練法は独特さをもって知られており、例えば顔の半分を紙で覆い紙を顔から落とす事なく一里以上を走りぬく等、幼少の頃から厳しい訓練のもと優れた忍者を育てる事を伝統としてきた。
English: Sometimes, Iga goshi even had dispatched Ninja to both employers who were opposed to each other upon request.
Japanese: 伊賀郷士はしばしば雇い主が敵同士の場合でも、依頼があれば双方に忍者を派遣する実例をも持つ。
English: For the reason, they were required a much tougher spirit than other schools' Ninja, ready for the case that they need to make a prompt judgment even for their fellow.
Japanese: そのため他の郷の忍者よりも一層、例え仲間であろうと即座に処断できるような厳酷な精神も求められた。
English: "Nuninseibai" was the extreme of their spirit, which meant that any betrayal and escape was strictly prohibited.
Japanese: 「抜忍成敗」はその極みとも言うべき物で、裏切りや脱走はいかなる事があっても認めないという物である。
English: In Edo period, however, the circumstances changed, and they seemed to be rather favorably accepted to quit Ninja and return to field, because it helped reducing the cost for Musoku's salary (later mention).
Japanese: しかし、江戸時代になると状況は一変し、無足の俸禄支給の経費を節減するため、むしろ忍者を抜けて帰農することが歓迎されたようである（後述）。
English: Iga Province was geographically unsuitable for cultivation because of its clayey soil deriving from ancient Biwa Lake layer.
Japanese: 伊賀は古琵琶湖層に由来する粘土質の土壌のため、農耕に苦労する土地柄であった。