nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Having the element of mocking (lampooning) the real sex culture, they weren't necessarily sensational, and it has been indicated that they shouldn't be regarded merely as pornography.
Japanese: 現実の性風俗を茶化した要素（風刺）があり、必ずしも扇情的ではないなど、単純にポルノとして把握することはできないと指摘される。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, there were works that depicted the past emperors in order to promote the legitimacy of the imperial family.
Japanese: 明治維新後天皇家の正当性を高めるために天皇の一覧を描いたものなどがある。
English: Omochae: There were works to be pasted on Sugoroku (Japanese backgammon) and Menko (Japanese-style pogs), miniatures of popular Ukiyoe, paper fashion dolls, works called Zukushie on which many specters and warriors were gathered, and so on.
Japanese: 玩具絵双六やメンコに貼り付けたり、人気の浮世絵のミニチュア版、紙の着せ替え人形、尽くし絵と呼ばれる、たくさん妖怪や、武者などを集めたものなどもある。
English: Persons who carved the pictures drawn by Ukiyoe artists in woodblocks were Horishi (Choko [carvers]), and persons who colored the woodblocks and printed were Surishi (printers).
Japanese: 浮世絵師が描いたデザインを木版に彫るのが彫師（彫工）、彩色して紙に摺るのが摺師（摺工）である。
English: "Kento" (present-day registration marks [printing]) were attached in order to check the position of the paper and prevent misalignment of the colors in multicolor printing.
Japanese: 多色刷りの際に色がずれないように紙の位置を示す「見当」（現在のトンボ(印刷)）がつけられる。
English: Some have theorized that it was worked out by a wholesale dealer for publication, Kichiemon UEMURA, in 1744, but others have asserted that it was practiced by a surishi named Kinroku in 1765.
Japanese: これは1744年に出版物の問屋の主人・上村吉右衛門が考案したとする説と、1765年に金六という摺師によって行われたとする説がある。
English: The phrases such as "Kento wo tsukeru" (to take aim at), "Kento chigai" (off the mark), "Kentou hazure" (out of register), which are used even today, derive from this "Kento."
Japanese: 現代でも使われる「見当を付ける」「見当違い」「見当外れ」という言葉はここから来ている。
English: The dyestuffs and pigments used for Ukiyoe woodblock prints were relatively inexpensive plant-derived and mineral ones.
Japanese: 浮世絵版画に用いられたのは比較的安価な植物性、鉱物性の染料・顔料であった。
English: The Spaulding Collection (approximately 6,500 items) of Boston's Museum of Fine Arts remains private in principle, respecting the intent of the Spaulding brothers, who donated their collection on the condition of "no exhibition permitted" (viewing digital images is possible).
Japanese: ボストン美術館のスポルディングコレクション（約6500点）も、「展示の厳禁」を条件に寄贈したスポルディング兄弟の意思を汲み、原則的には非公開である（デジタル画像による閲覧は可能）。
English: From the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period, bright foreign-made pigments became available; these characterized the Nishikie during that period.
Japanese: 幕末から明治にかけて、鮮やかな舶来顔料が使えるようになり、この時期の錦絵の特色ともなっている。
English: In the Meiji period or later, Ukiyoe received little attention in Japan, and many of the works were taken out of the country.
Japanese: 明治時代以降、浮世絵は日本では軽視され、多量の作品が海外に散逸した。
English: Consequently, no legitimate, systematic and academic study could be conducted for Ukiyoe as a pictorial art work, and opinions based on different knowledge sources were partially and continually repeated only by individual collectors and researchers.
Japanese: この為、絵画作品としての浮世絵研究にあっては、正当かつ体系的・学問的な研究は為されておらず、個々の収集家や研究者によって、知見の異なる主張が部分的・断続的に繰り返されるのみである。
English: Moreover, as it happens, there are counterfeits of many famous works, including those of Harunobu SUZUKI, Utamaro KITAGAWA and others distributed from the time of Edo period.
Japanese: また、鈴木春信、喜多川歌麿等の作品を始め、多くの有名作品の偽造品が流通してしまった経緯が江戸時代当時から存在している。
English: On the other hand, in Western countries Ukiyoe were found and highly appreciated by the great masters of the Impressionist school, whose works were influenced by Ukiyoe, and they were even reproduced in oil paintings.
Japanese: 一方、欧米諸国では浮世絵は、印象派の巨匠たちに見出されて高く評価され、その作品に影響を与え、油絵による模写もされている。
English: Apparently, at least 200,000 or more items of Ukiyoe are kept in storage in 20 or more of the most prestigious Western museums; moreover, various individuals have private collections, thus indicating that Ukiyoe is the only foreign art form that is collected in such great numbers.
Japanese: 欧米一流美術館20館以上に、20万点以上は収蔵されていると見られ、それ以外に個人コレクションもあり、外国美術品としてこれだけ収集されているのは浮世絵だけである。
English: Many museums keep 10,000 or more items of Ukiyoe, such as Boston's Museum of Fine Arts with 50,000 items, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts with 30,000 items, and so on.
Japanese: ボストン美術館には5万点、プーシキン美術館には3万点など、万点以上収蔵しているところも少なくない。
English: Ukiyoe is the world's only vivid-colored woodblock prints; Western pictorial art has no such category, which is thought to encourage its appreciation.
Japanese: 色鮮やかな版画群は、世界で浮世絵だけであり、西洋美術にもこの分野はないことが評価につながっていると思われる。
English: Among the many Ukiyoe that have been scattered, works of comparatively simple patterns, including Utamaro, were large in number while Ukiyoe of richly colored (gaudy) complex patterns were unexpectedly small in number.
Japanese: また大量の流失品には、歌麿をはじめとする比較的簡潔な構図が多く、複雑な構図に極彩色の浮世絵は意外に少ない。
English: As Ukiyoe remain domestically in multiples of those that have been scattered overseas, it is hoped that studies will further proceed for Ukiyoe as a rare art work in the world, so that appreciation of the form isn't limited to the West.
Japanese: 国内には、海外流出分の何倍かは残っており、世界に稀に見る芸術作品群として、西洋の評価だけにとらわれない更なる研究が進むことが望まれている。
English: It is also valuable that Ukiyoe is the only material in the world that depicts the varied lives of ordinary people in the Medieval period.
Japanese: また中世の庶民の多様な生活を描き、記録している資料は世界に浮世絵しかないことも貴重である。
English: According to the documents of the Meiji period, there were close to 2,000 Eshi painters until that time, if unknown Eshi painters are included.
Japanese: 明治時代の文献によると、無名の絵師を含めると二千人近い絵師がその当時までにいたということである。
English: Because 100 to 200 pieces were printed for a work at that time, huge numbers of Ukiyoe appeared in the cities and, unlike anywhere else in the world, high-quality works of art were very popular among ordinary people.
Japanese: 当時は一作品に百から二百枚は摺ることもあり、膨大な浮世絵が市中に出回っていて、高品質の芸術品がこれほど庶民の間で広まっていたのも世界に例がない。
English: Synthetic pigment, Prussian blue ("Bero" came from Berlin), which originated from Germany, produced bright color and was used by Hokusai KATSUSHIKA and others.
Japanese: ドイツに起源を持つ人工顔料紺青（「ベロ」はベルリンより）は、鮮やかな発色を持ち、葛飾北斎らによって使われた。
English: In 1865, the French painter Bracquemond showed his friends "Hokusai Manga," which were on the wrapping papers of earthenware goods, and ultimately this had a great influence on the Impressionists.
Japanese: 1865年フランスの画家ブラックモンが陶器の包み紙であった『北斎漫画』を友人らに見せて回ったことで印象派に大きな影響を与えた。
English: This brought about the situation in Europe that Ukiyoe pieces were traded at high prices that were unthinkable in Japan at the time, while in Japan Ukiyoe were for ordinary people's entertainment and secondhand and defective ones were traded at prices so low that they were used as packaging material for sea cargoes.
Japanese: このことにより、日本では庶民の娯楽であり、読み古されたものやミスプリントが船便の梱包材に使われるほど安値で取引されていた浮世絵は、ヨーロッパで当時の日本人には考えられないほどの高値で取引される事になった。
English: It is well known that Vincent VAN GOGH drew Ukiyoe on the background of his work entitled "Portrait of Pere Tanguy" and reproduced Hiroshige's works in his oil painting, while the "Young Flautist" of Edouard MANET was influenced by Ukiyoe.
Japanese: フィンセント・ファン・ゴッホが『タンギー爺さん』という作品の背景に浮世絵を描いたり、広重の絵を油絵で模写したり、エドゥアール・マネの『笛を吹く少年』が浮世絵の影響を受けていることは有名である。
English: Furthermore, some planar designs similar to Ukiyoe are found in Art Nouveau due to the influences of Japonism and Bing, who dealt with Japanese arts.
Japanese: さらに、ジャポニズムの影響と日本美術を取り扱っていたビングによってアール・ヌーヴォーには浮世絵のように平面的な意匠がみられる。
English: Ukiyoe even influenced classical music, as Claude DEBUSSY was inspired by Hokusai's "Kanagawa oki nami ura (Behind the Great Wave at Kanagawa)" and composed "La Mer (The Sea)"(the print was used on the front cover of the full score published in 1905, and there is a photograph in which the print can be identified as an ornament in a study).
Japanese: クロード・ドビュッシーが北斎の『神奈川沖波裏』に触発されて『海(ドビュッシー)』を作曲するなど（1905年に出版された総譜の表紙になっていたり、書斎に飾ってあることが分かる写真がある）、影響はクラシック音楽にも及んだ。
English: Karatedo (also known as karate), a martial art and a combat sport developed in Okinawa, is characterized as a striking art that uses kicking.
Japanese: 空手道（からてどう）もしくは空手（からて）とは、沖縄で発祥した拳足による打撃技を特徴とする武道、格闘技。
English: During the Taisho period, karate at first spread from Okinawa Prefecture to other prefectures and then to overseas countries after WWII.
Japanese: 空手は、大正時代にまず沖縄県から他の道府県に伝えられ、さらに第二次大戦後は世界各地に広まった。
English: The currently prevailing karate can be divided into two categories based on the differences in match rules: "dentoha karate" (traditional-style karate), which adopts the "sundome" (non-contact) rules, and full-contact karate, which adopts direct-attack rules.
Japanese: 現在普及している空手は、試合方式の違いから、寸止めルールを採用する伝統派空手と直接打撃制ルールを採用するフルコンタクト空手に大別することができる。
English: There is also "bogutsuki karate" (included in the full-contact karate in a broad sense), in which practitioners wear protective gear when practicing karate.
Japanese: このほかにも防具を着用して行う防具付き空手（広義のフルコンタクト空手）などもある。
English: The modern karate is a combat sport characterized mainly by a striking art, but the traditional Okinawan karate embraced grappling techniques called 'toitee, or torite,' as well as throwing techniques.
Japanese: 今日の空手は打撃技を主体とする格闘技であるが、沖縄古来の空手には取手（トゥイティー、とりて）と呼ばれる関節技や投げ技も含んでいた。
English: Also, at one time the exercise of "buki jutsu" (the art of weapons), together with karate, such as "bo-jutsu," (the art of using a stick as a weapon) "sai-jutsu," (the art of using traditional Okinawan weapon) and "nunchaku-jutsu" (a traditional martial art with two linked fighting sticks), was long a general practice.
Japanese: また、かつては空手以外に棍術（棒術）や節棍術（ヌンチャクなど）といった武器術も併せて修行するのが一般的であった。
English: Recently, karate has also seen the rise of circles that aspire to a return to comprehensive "taijutsu" (a method of using the body for self-defense) by incorporating skills adopted by other martial arts to compensate for lost karate techniques, as well as circles that promote karate's development into a new, comprehensive martial art (a mixed martial art).
Japanese: 最近では、失伝した技を他の武術から取り入れて補う形で、総合的な体術への回帰、あるいは新たな総合武道へ発展を目指す流派も存在する。
English: Traditionally, in the main island of Okinawa during the Ryukyu Kingdom era, karate was called 'te' ('tee' in Ryukyu dialect) or 'toude' ('toudee' in Ryukyu dialect).
Japanese: 空手は、もともと琉球王国時代の沖縄本島では、手(沖縄武術)（て、琉球方言でティー）もしくは唐手（とうで、琉球方言でトゥーディー）と呼ばれていた。
English: It is said that the word 'te' referred to "kenpo" (martial art) peculiar to Okinawa, whereas the word 'toude' referred to kenpo, which had come from China.
Japanese: 「手」とは主に琉球固有の拳法を指し、唐手とは中国から伝来した拳法を指していたとされる。
English: However, beginning in around 1901, when schools and colleges in Okinawa adopted karate as a subject of gymnastics classes, the pronunciation was changed from 'toudee' to 'karate,' and karate came to represent Ryukyu kenpo in general, including 'te.'
Japanese: しかし、明治34年（1901年）に空手が沖縄県で学校の体育科に採用された頃から、唐手表記のまま、読み方が「トゥーディー」から「からて」へ改められ、意味も「手」も含めた琉球拳法一般を指すようになった。
English: Note that the meanings of 'toudee' (唐手) and 'karate' (唐手) are different.
Japanese: それゆえ、唐手（トゥーディー）と唐手（からて）は、言葉の意味する範囲が違うことに注意する必要がある。
English: In Okinawa, Chomo HANASHIRO used the word karate (空手) for the first time in 1905, by which he meant "karate kuken" (a martial art with bare hands, or an unarmed martial art).
Japanese: 「空手」表記は、沖縄では明治38年から花城長茂が空手空拳の意味で使い始めた。
English: In the Japanese mainland, a 'karate' (唐手) club at Keio University (under Master Gichin FUNAKOSHI) used the word 'karate' (空手) for the first time in 1929 based on the philosophy of "ku" (空) (tentative self, ephemeral life) as espoused by Hannya Shingyo (Heart Sutra), and subsequently this usage spread.
Japanese: 本土では昭和4年（1929年）に慶應義塾大学唐手研究会（師範・船越義珍）が般若心経の空(仏教)の概念を参考にして初めてこれを用い、その後この表記が広まった。
English: On October 25, 1936, it was decided at the meeting 'Roundtable Discussion by Karate Masters' (hosted by Ryukyushinpo) that 'karate' (唐手) would be changed to 'karate' (空手).
Japanese: 昭和11年（1936年）10月25日、那覇市で「空手大家の座談会」（琉球新報主催）が開かれ、この時、唐手を空手に改めることが決まった。
English: Until the 1960s, it wasn't unusual that people would use the word 'karate' (唐手), but today the word 'karate' (空手) has taken root and become common usage.
Japanese: 1960年代までは唐手表記も珍しくなかったが、現在では空手の表記が一般化し定着している。
English: Also, since the 1970s the katakana word 'カラテ' (karate) and Romanized word 'KARATE' have often been used, mainly by organizations of full-contact karate.
Japanese: また、1970年代からは、主にフルコンタクト空手の流派において、カラテやKARATEと表記されることも多い。
English: Karate as a martial art originated during the Ryukyu Kingdom era, but so far no contemporary documents containing records of karate have been found.
Japanese: 空手は、琉球王国時代に発祥した武術であるが、空手について書かれた当時の文献は現在まで確認されていない。
English: Therefore, the history of karate, as discussed here, is based mainly on the lore that old karate experts of the Meiji period had heard from their precursors.
Japanese: それゆえ、今日語られている空手の歴史は、主に明治時代の空手の古老たちが伝え聞いた話に基づいている。
English: It is said that in 1392, in the era of the Ming Dynasty, a professional group called the '36 Min families' immigrated from Fusian Province to the village of Kuninda in Naha City.
Japanese: 那覇市の久米村（クニンダ）に、1392年、当時の明の福建省から「ビン人三十六姓」と呼ばれる職能集団が移住してきたとされる。
English: They introduced advanced arts, science and technologies to the Ryukyu Kingdom, and according to this theory Chinese martial arts, from which karate originated, were introduced at the same time.
Japanese: 彼らは琉球に先進的な学芸、技能等をもたらしたが、この時、空手の起源となる中国拳法も同時にもたらされたとする説。
English: This theory asserts that a country-style Ryukyu dance having an element of a martial art developed into 'tee,' a martial art peculiar to Okinawa, which in turn developed into karate.
Japanese: 田舎の武術的要素をもった琉球舞踊から、沖縄固有の武術「手（ティー）」が生まれ、空手へと発展したとする説。
English: Others include a belief that karate was developed from "Shima" (Okinawan sumo) and a belief that "jujutsu" (a classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon) of the Japanese mainland was introduced.
Japanese: 他にも、シマ（沖縄相撲）からの発展説、本土から柔術が伝来した説などがある。
English: All these theories were proposed after the Meiji period by karate experts and researchers, but none of them is supported by specific historical documents.
Japanese: いずれの説も、明治以降の空手家、研究者の唱える説であって、それぞれの説を裏付ける明確な歴史資料が存在するわけではない。
English: It was in the days of Kanga SAKUKAWA (1782-1838), nicknamed as Toudee SAKUKAWA, that the word 'toudee' first appeared in Okinawan history.
Japanese: 沖縄県の歴史において、唐手の文字が初めて現れるのは、唐手佐久川（トゥーディーさくかわ）とあだ名された、佐久川寛賀（1782年-1838年）においてである。
English: In 1806, Sakukawa, then 28 years old, went to study in China's Qing Dynasty and allegedly learned Chinese martial arts in Beijing.
Japanese: 佐久川は28歳(1806年）の時、当時の清へ留学し、北京市で中国武術を学んだとされる。
English: It is considered that toudee, the root of today's karate, was the amalgamation of Chinese martial arts, which Sakukawa brought back to Okinawa's main island, into the traditional Okinawan martial art 'tee.'
Japanese: この佐久川が沖縄本島に持ち帰った中国武術に、以前からあった沖縄固有の武術「手（ティー）」が融合してできたものが、今日の空手の源流である唐手であったと考えられる。
English: After the days of Sakukawa, tee, while merging and assimilating into toudee, is considered to have ebbed away.
Japanese: 佐久川以降、「手」は唐手に吸収・同化されながら、徐々に衰退していったのであろう。
English: Therefore, karate in a more limited sense dates from Sakukawa (more strictly speaking, however, Sakukawa was merely a master of toudee, or Chinese martial arts; when discussing the origin of karate as an art of Japan's martial skills, it has to wait until the era after Sokon MATSUMURA, a pupil of Sakukawa), but of course the history of karate as an Okinawan martial art as a whole, including tee, dates from periods prior to Sakukawa.
Japanese: それゆえ、狭義の意味での唐手の歴史は佐久川に始まる（さらに厳密に言えば、佐久川はあくまで「トゥーディー」＝中国武術の使い手であり、「日本の武技の手・空手」の起源を考えるならば、佐久川の弟子の松村宗棍以降になる）が、「手」も含めた沖縄の格闘技全般の唐手の歴史は、もちろんそれ以前にさかのぼる。
English: Traditionally, the kinmu seisaku (a ban on weapons), which was implemented twice, has been cited as the reason that karate prospered in Okinawa's main island during the Ryukyu Kingdom era.
Japanese: 琉球の沖縄本島で空手が発展した理由として、従来言及されてきたのが、二度にわたって実施された禁武政策である。
English: The first kinmu seisaku was implemented during the time of King Sho Shin (who reigned from 1476 to 1526), whereby weapons across the nation were collected and strictly controlled by the Kingdom.
Japanese: 一度目は尚真王（在位1476年-1526年）の時代に実施され、このとき、国中の武器が集められて王府で厳重に管理されることになった。
English: The second kinmu seisaku was implemented after the invasion of the Ryukyu Kingdom by the Satsuma Domain (Shimazu Clan) in 1609.
Japanese: 二度目は慶長14年（1609年）の薩摩藩による琉球侵攻後に実施された禁武政策である。
English: Traditionally, the belief that Okinawan people, who were deprived of weapons after two kinmu seisaku, tried to refine karate to confront the Satsuma Domain was repeatedly insisted as if it were a historical fact.
Japanese: 二度の禁武政策を通じて、武器を取り上げられた人々が、薩摩藩に対抗するために空手を発展させたとする説が、従来、歴史的事実であるかのように繰り返し言及されてきた。
English: Recently, however, many researchers have questioned the correlation between the kinmu seisaku and the development of karate.
Japanese: しかし、禁武政策と空手発展の因果関係については、近年、これを疑問視する研究者が少なくない。
English: Particularly, it is revealed that the kinmu seisaku by the Satsuma Domain (which came into effect in 1613 through a written notice to the Ryukyu Kingdom) was a relatively loose regulation, whereby the carriage of weapons such as swords was banned but ownership of weapons was not.
Japanese: 特に薩摩藩の実施した禁武政策（1613年の琉球王府宛通達）は、帯刀など武器の携帯を禁じただけで、その所持まで禁じたものではなく、比較的緩やかな規制であったことが判明している。
English: The fourth article required the ownership of swords, etc., to be reported to and certified by zaiban bugyosho.
Japanese: 四、刀剣類は在番奉行所に届け出て認可を受ける事」という内容であった。
English: Actually, even after the invasion by the Satsuma Domain many famous masters specializing in Ryukyu-style swordsmanship, spear skills and archery are identified.
Japanese: 実際、薩摩侵攻後も、琉球の剣術、槍術、弓術などの達人の名は何人も知られている。
English: Also, some critics point out that the idea that an unarmed person counterattacks weapons such as guns and swords is unrealistic in the first place, and that it is unlikely that the warrior class in the Ryukyu Kingdom practiced karate based on such an unrealistic reason.
Japanese: また、素手で鉄砲や刀などの武器に対抗するという発想そのものが非現実的であり、このような動機に基づいて琉球士族が空手の鍛錬に励んだとは考えられない、との指摘もある。
English: The theory that karate developed due to the kinmu seisaku is therefore refuted by some researchers as 'completely groundless fiction invented in the streets' (Ryozo FUJIWARA).
Japanese: それゆえ、禁武政策による空手発展説を「全く根拠のない巷間の浮説」（藤原稜三）と一刀両断する研究者もいる。
English: The "Kyuyo" (the chronicles of Ryukyu) introduces an episode in which, during the sixteenth century, when Jikki KYOAHAGON was assaulted by an assassin he kicked the assassin in the groin through an art of 'kushu' (空手), which is considered to be an unarmed (bare hands) martial art prior to toudee, although there is no clear depiction of such an art.
Japanese: 古くは16世紀、命を狙われた京阿波根実基（きょうあはごんじっき）が空手（くうしゅ）にて相手の股間を蹴り上げたとの記述が正史『球陽』にあり、これは唐手以前の素手格闘術であったと考えられているが、その実態は判然としない。
English: Also, the names of a handful of seventeenth-century martial artists have been passed on by word of mouth, but there are no clear descriptions of what kinds of martial arts they practiced.
Japanese: また、17世紀の武術家の名前が何人か伝えられているが、彼らがいかなる格闘技をしていたのか、その実態は明らかではない。
English: It was during the eighteenth century that the names of many specific martial artists were clearly identified as practitioners of tee.
Japanese: 明確に、手（ティー）の使い手として、多くの武人の名が挙がるのは18世紀に入ってからである。
English: They include Master Nishihira, Master Gushikawa, Michinobu SORYO, Shinunjo TOKASHIKI, Yomasa AOI and Choken MAKABE.
Japanese: 西平親方、具志川親方、僧侶通信、渡嘉敷親雲上、蔡世昌、真壁朝顕などの名が知られている。
English: Also, it is known that "Oshima Hikki" (the notes of Oshima, 1776), which Yoshiteru TOBE, a Confucian scholar at Tosa Province, wrote based on interviews with Ryukyu warriors who had been washed up to Tosa, reads that Koshokun, a Chinese martial artist, showcased the techniques of the martial art called 'kumiai-jutsu' when visiting the Ryukyu Kingdom in the previous year.
Japanese: また、土佐藩の儒学者・戸部良煕が、土佐に漂着した琉球士族より聴取して記した『大島筆記』(1776年）の中に、先年来琉した公相君が組合術という名の武術を披露したとの記述があることが知られている。
English: It is considered that Koshokun was a military attaché to the Chinese palace who visited the Ryukyu Kingdom as one of the Sakuho Shisetsu (entourage of Chinese diplomats for the creation of peerage) in 1756, and there is a theory that the beginning of karate can be traced to this visit by Koshokun to the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Japanese: この公相君とは、1756年に訪れた冊封使節の中の侍従武官だったのでないかと見られており、空手の起源をこの公相君の来琉に求める説もある。
English: However, another theory suggests that kumiai-jutsu wasn't a striking art like karate but a type of jujutsu (a grappling and throwing art), and the picture of kumiai-jutsu remains a matter of speculation.
Japanese: しかし、組合術とは空手のような打撃技ではなく、一種の柔術だったのではないかとの見解もあり、推測の域を出ていない。
English: It is said that until the beginning of the Meiji period 'tee,' which had existed prior to toudee, was called 'Okinawa-te' or 'uchina-dee,' and that it was distinguished from toudee, but it isn't known what differentiated the former from the latter.
Japanese: 明治初頭の頃まで、唐手以前の「手」は特に沖縄手（おきなわて、ウチナーディー）と呼ばれ、唐手とは区別されていたとされるが、両者の間にどのような相違があったのかは不明である。
English: The following were famous toudee practitioners after the nineteenth century: in Shuri City, Kanga SAKUKAWA and his pupil Sokon MATSUMURA, Master Morishima, and Yamashiro ABURAYA; in Tomari City, Taka UKUYOSHI and Zo TERUYAKI; in Naha City, Isei KOGUSUI and 長浜筑登之親雲上.
Japanese: 19世紀以降の唐手の使い手としては、首里では佐久川寛賀とその弟子の松村宗棍、盛島親方、油屋山城、泊では宇久嘉隆、照屋規箴、那覇では湖城以正、長浜筑登之親雲上などである。
English: Particularly, Shokon MATSUMURA, also known as 'Ryukyu's Musashi MIYAMOTO (a famous swordsman),' is said to have been the greatest karate artist in the era of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Japanese: この中でも、特に松村宗棍は「琉球の宮本武蔵」とも言われ、琉球王国時代の最も偉大な空手家と言われている。
English: He worked as a military attaché to the King of Ryukyu and allegedly served as the king's martial-arts coach.
Japanese: 琉球国王の御側守役（侍従武官）の職にあり、国王の武術指南役もつとめたと伝えられる。
English: Around the same time, traditional Japanese martial arts, which were introduced to Okinawa via Satsuma Province, allegedly influenced the development of toudee.
Japanese: また、この頃から、薩摩を経由して伝来した日本武術も、唐手の発展に影響を及ぼしたとされる。
English: In the late Ryukyu Kingdom era, some of the Ryukyu warriors learned swordsmanship, such as the Jigenryu line and its offshoots, from Satsuma officers staying in Ryukyu, and some of them, like Sokon MATSUMURA, migrated to Satsuma Province to master the Jigenryu line.
Japanese: 琉球王国末期になると、琉球士族の一部には、薩摩の在番役人から示現流やその分派の剣術を修業する者もあり、松村宗棍のように、実際に薩摩に渡って示現流を修業してくる者もいた。
English: The karate technique 'makiwara tsuki' (punching the punching board) is said to have been modeled on the 'tachiki-uchi,' (hitting a hard wood stick to train for attack power), a technique adopted by the Jigenryu line.
Japanese: 空手の「巻藁突き」は、示現流の「立木打ち」からヒントを得たとも言われている。
English: Also, there is a belief that the concept 'killing with one thrashing' espoused by karate was fostered under the influence of the Jigenryu line.
Japanese: また、空手の一撃必殺を追求する理念にも、示現流の影響があるという説もある。
English: By the way, karate circles and organizations did not appear until the end of the Taisho period, when karate was introduced to the Japanese mainland.
Japanese: さて、空手に流派が登場するのは、空手が本土に伝えられた大正末期以降である。
English: Previously, karate was merely divided into three loose groups by areas in which karate was popular: Shuri-te, Tomari-te and Naha-te.
Japanese: それ以前は、空手の盛んだった地域名から、単に首里手、泊手、那覇手の三つに、大まかに分類されていたにすぎない。
English: This grouping, however, shouldn't be taken seriously because there were cases in which Shuri warriors learned Shuri-te, Tomari-te and Naha-te simultaneously.
Japanese: もっとも首里士族の中には首里手以外に、泊手や那覇手も同時に習っていた例もあり、この分類もあまり厳密に受け取るべきではないと言えよう。
English: Traditionally, toudee was passed down in secret among the warrior class of the Ryukyu Kingdom, but upon the disappearance of the Kingdom based on the overthrow of the Ryukyu royal family in 1879, toudee too was in danger of disappearing.
Japanese: 元来、琉球士族の間で密かに伝えられてきた唐手であるが、明治12年（1879年）、沖縄県の歴史琉球処分により琉球王国が滅亡すると、唐手も失伝の危機を迎えた。
English: Except for a handful of affluent families, the warrior class of the Ryukyu Kingdom, a champion of toudee, soon went into ruin, leaving them no room for the practice of toudee.
Japanese: 唐手の担い手であった琉球士族は、一部の有禄士族を除いて瞬く間に没落し、唐手の修練どころではなくなった。
English: The Civilization Party (reformists) and the Resolute Party (conservatives) cut each other's throats, shaking the foundation of the warrior class.
Japanese: 開化党（革新派）と頑固党（保守派）が激しく対立して、士族階層は動揺した。