nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It was described in the treaty that Korea was a nation independent from the tributary system of the Qing dynasty, holding state sovereign power, however it was characteristic of an unequal treaty with the provisions describing the establishment of one-sided consular jurisdiction and the loss of tariff autonomy.
Japanese: 朝鮮が清朝の冊封から独立した国家主権を持つ独立国であることを明記したが、片務的領事裁判権の設定や関税自主権の喪失といった不平等条約的条項を内容とすることなどが、その特徴である。
English: Korea, which had engaged in only limited diplomatic relations up to this point, was able to open the country due to the treaty, however it was unequal to the Korean side as they did not have specialists in modern international law.
Japanese: それまで世界とは限定的な国交しか持たなかった朝鮮が、開国する契機となった条約であるが、近代国際法に詳しい人材がいなかったため、朝鮮側に不利なものとなっている。
English: Later, Korea concluded treaties with similar contents between other Western countries (the United States of America, England, Germany, the Russian Empire, and France).
Japanese: その後朝鮮は似たような内容の条約を他の西洋諸国（アメリカ合衆国、イギリス、ドイツ、ロシア帝国、フランス）とも同様の条約を締結することとなった。
English: Because of this Korea would be dragged into the world of sweeping modern capitalism whether it liked it or not.
Japanese: そのため好む好まざるとに関わらず近代の資本主義が席巻する世界に巻き込まれていくことになる。
English: When this treaty was concluded, the powerful countries of Western Europe were spreading into East Asia, holding up the modern international law on one hand but practicing the principle of survival of the fittest on the other hand.
Japanese: この条約が締結される頃の東アジア世界は、近代的国際法を掲げながら、実際には弱肉強食を旨とする西欧列強が浸透してくる時期にあたる。
English: At that time Korea was a tributary state of the Qing dynasty, but as its national policy was seclusionism, it had diplomatic relations with very limited countries.
Japanese: 当時朝鮮は清の冊封国であったが、鎖国政策を国是としていたため、国際交流は非常に限られていた。
English: However, after the 1860s the wave of internationalization (foreign pressure) flooded into Korea, and the countries of Western Europe began to come over the sea.
Japanese: しかしそのような朝鮮にも1860年代以降国際化の波（外圧）が押し寄せ、海上から西欧諸国が訪れるようになる。
English: For instance, in 1866 the French army attacked Ganghwa Island in Korea in retaliation for the slaughter of Christians (known as the Byeong-in persecution), while in 1871, the United States of America attacked Ganghwa Island (an incident known as Shinmiyangyo) in retaliation for the General Sherman incident of 1866.
Japanese: たとえば1866年にはフランス軍がキリスト教徒虐殺事件（丙寅迫害）の報復として朝鮮の江華島を攻撃する丙寅洋擾が発生し、1871年にはアメリカ合衆国もジェネラル・シャーマン号事件（1866年発生）の報復として朝鮮の江華島に攻撃を行っている（辛未洋擾）。
English: The person in office at that time was HEUNGSEON Daewongun, the real father of GOJONG (the king of Korea).
Japanese: 当時朝鮮の政権を担っていたのは高宗(朝鮮王)の実父興宣大院君である。
English: Daewongun had already received information on the powerful countries of Western Europe from the Qing dynasty, so he firmly maintained the policy of national isolation.
Japanese: 清朝から西欧列強の情報を得ていた大院君は、断固として鎖国を維持する姿勢を貫いた。
English: Daewongun knew the atrocities of West Europeans in China, and he actively promoted the wijŏng ch'ŏksa policy (defense of Confucian orthodoxy and rejection of Christian heterodoxy), which was not to admit ideas other than the doctrines of Zhu Xi, and also he believed in Sinocentrism, and because of this he presumed the Western Europe countries to be barbarous.
Japanese: これは中国における西欧側の非道を知ったこともあるが、朱子学以外を認めない衛正斥邪という思想政策を積極的に推し進めたことから分かるように、大院君は中華思想的発想の持ち主であり、その点から西欧諸国を夷狄視していたことも理由の一つである。
English: His firm attitude can be seen written on monuments which were erected throughout Korea, reading 'No fighting against encroachment of the Western barbarians means doing peace negotiations, and doing negotiations is selling our nation.'
Japanese: その強い姿勢は「西洋蛮人の侵犯に戦わない事は和議をする事であり、和議を主張することは売国行為である」と書かれた斥和碑を朝鮮各地に建てたことに窺うことができる。
English: Among East Asian countries where the powerful countries of Western Europe were watching for a chance to invade, Japan was the first country that opened itself to the world and became a modern state through the Meiji Restoration, and it began to establish modern international relations not only with the West European countries but also with Asian countries around Japan.
Japanese: 他方、西欧列強が迫っていた東アジア諸国の中で、いちはやく開国し明治維新により近代国家となった日本は、西欧諸国のみならず、自国周辺のアジア諸国とも近代的な国際関係を樹立しようとした。
English: Right after the establishment of the Meiji government in December 1866, Japan sent Korea a diplomatic correspondence, that is to say a sovereign's message, through the So clan in Tsushima.
Japanese: 朝鮮にも1868年12月に明治政府が樹立するとすぐに書契、すなわち国書を対馬藩の宗氏を介し送った。
English: However, the Korean side refused to receive the sovereign's message because it used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order.'
Japanese: しかし国書の中に「皇」や「奉勅」といったことばが使用されていたために、朝鮮側は受け取りを拒否した。
English: The root of this problem lied in Japan and Korea's differing expectations regarding diplomatic relations.
Japanese: この問題は、日朝双方の国交に対する思惑がすれ違ったことが原因である。
English: Japan attempted to change the style of the relationship with Korea from that of peace and amity based on the conventional tributary system to that based on a treaty, whereas Korea intended to maintain the conventional tributary system and establish a relationship with Japan under its framework.
Japanese: 日本側は従来の冊封体制的な交隣関係から、条約に基礎づけられた関係へと、日朝関係を変化させることを企図したのであるが、一方朝鮮側はこれまでどおり冊封関係にとどまり、その中で日本との関係を位置づけようとしていた。
English: Because Japan used the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order,' which were only allowed to be used by the Chinese dynasty under the tributary system of the premodern era, Korea understood that Japan was attempting to stand at the top of the tributary system and get a higher position in the world than Korea.
Japanese: 前近代における冊封体制下において、「皇上」や「奉勅」ということばは中国の王朝にのみ許されたことばであって、日本がそれを使用するということは、冊封体制の頂点に立ち朝鮮よりも日本の国際地位を上とすることを画策したと朝鮮は捉えたのである。
English: Although Japan sent sovereign's messages to Korea several times after 1868, their relation were not smooth due to misunderstanding.
Japanese: 1868年以来、何度か日本からの国書がもたらされたが、日朝双方の思惑の違いから両国の関係は円滑なものとは言えなかった。
English: Another reason was that Daewongun felt a great cautiousness against the debate over sending a military expedition to Korea in Japan which had occurred from the problem of diplomatic correspondence.
Japanese: 書契問題を背景として生じた日本国内における「征韓論」の高まりに、大院君が非常な警戒心を抱いたことも一因である。
English: There was a contradiction between Korea, which wanted to maintain diplomatic relations just in the Japanese consular office in Busan like Dejima in Nagasaki, and Japan, which attempted to unify the diplomatic route by depriving the So clan in Tsushima of their diplomatic rights and urged Korea to open the country to the world.
Japanese: 長崎の出島のごとき釜山の倭館に限定した国交を望む朝鮮側と、対馬宗氏から外交権を取り上げて外交を一元化し、開国を迫る日本との間に齟齬が生じたのである。
English: The Japanese consular office in Busan was established by Korea to entertain Japanese envoys and merchants especially from the Tsushima domain, but the Meiji government tried to deprive the Tsushima domain of the diplomatic rights and start direct negotiations with Korea.
Japanese: 釜山の倭館は朝鮮側が日本、特に対馬藩の使節や商人を饗応するために設けた施設であったが、明治政府は対馬藩から外交権を取り上げ、朝鮮との交渉に乗り出そうとした。
English: At that time Japan took over the Japanese consular office in Busan without the consent of Korea and changed it to the diplomatic establishment of Japan, to cause the situation to worsen.
Japanese: その際、倭館をも朝鮮側の承諾無しに接収し日本公館としたことから事態が悪化したのである。
English: As a result Korea declared a suspension of the supply of necessary goods and illegal trades.
Japanese: 結果、必要物資の供給及び密貿易の停止が朝鮮側から宣言される事態となった。
English: In 1870 when Japan finished the 'Hansekihokan' (returning of lands and people to the emperor), a challenge in the domestic policy, successfully, Japan concluded the equal treaty (Japanese-Qing Treaty of Amity) with the Qing dynasty, which was at the top of the tributary system, because it would be advantageous to diplomatic negotiations with Korea.
Japanese: 版籍奉還という日本国内の難問を無事に乗り越えた1870年、朝鮮との国交交渉を有利にするため、冊封体制の頂点にたつ清朝と対等の条約、日清修好条規を締結した。
English: As a result of that, Japan urged Korea to enter into negotiations, while Korea had been avoiding the diplomatic negotiations in order to maintain the tributary system.
Japanese: これにより冊封体制の維持を理由に国交交渉を忌避する朝鮮を、交渉のテーブルに着くように促したのである。
English: The hard-liner Daewongun was disgraced in 1873, and the Empress Myeongseong group assumed authority, but relations between Japan and Korea did not turn better.
Japanese: 1873年に対外強硬派の大院君が失脚し、王妃閔妃一派が権力を握っても、日朝関係は容易に好転しなかった。
English: At that time Korea was informed by the Qing dynasty of the possibility that Japan would dispatch troops, so Yuan YU, Gyu-su PARK and others insisted that Korea should receive the sovereign's message of Japan.
Japanese: この時、日本が朝鮮に出兵する可能性を清朝より知らされた朝鮮側では、李裕元や朴珪寿を中心に日本からの国書を受理すべしという声が高まった。
English: YU and PARK insisted that the words 'imperial' and 'imperial order' written in the sovereign's message delivered by the Tsushima clan was not a statement to Korea but simply showed Japan's pride, and that to reject the acceptance of the message would be to oppose 'the way to peace and amity.'
Japanese: 李・朴は対馬藩のもたらす国書に「皇」や「勅」とあるのは単に自尊を意味するに過ぎず、朝鮮に対して唱えているのではない、受理しないというのは「交隣講好の道」に反していると主張した。
English: Shigeru MORIYAMA and Hironobu HIROTSU, a councilor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from Japan and bureaucrats from Dongrae-Bu (the administrative districts in Korea) sat down at the negotiating table, but the same as before, there were differences between them about the words used in the sovereign's messages.
Japanese: 日本側は外務省理事官森山茂と広津弘信、朝鮮側は東莱府の官僚が交渉のテーブルに着いたが、やはり書契に使用される文字について両者の認識に食い違いが生じた。
English: Furthermore, as the Japanese persisted in the European and American style, such as Moriyama wearing Western clothes, to which the Koreans showed aversion, the negotiation did not go smoothly.
Japanese: この他森山の洋服着用など欧米スタイルを貫こうとする姿勢に朝鮮側が嫌悪感を示したことで交渉ははかばかしくなかった。
English: The Japanese got angry about the stagnation of negotiations, and they asked the Japanese government to resort to the gunboat diplomacy.
Japanese: 交渉の停滞に業を煮やした日本側は砲艦外交を行うことを日本政府に上申した。
English: From April of 1875, the Japanese dispatched warships to the seas near Korea, and exercised demonstrational actions.
Japanese: 1875年4月以降、日本側は朝鮮近海に軍艦を派遣し、軍事的示威行動を取った。
English: The victims of this incident included 35 dead on the Korean side and 2 dead or injured on the Japanese side.
Japanese: この事件における被害は、朝鮮側の死者35名、日本側の死傷者は2名であった。
English: In the aftermath, Japan disarmed the gun battery, and confiscated these arms as spoils of war.
Japanese: 戦後砲台の武装解除を行い、取り外した武器等を戦利品として鹵獲している。
English: This aggressive incident was clearly caused by the provocative behavior of Japan, but the Japanese aimed to use the Ganghwa Island incident as an opportunity to conclude the treaty.
Japanese: この事件は、日本の挑発行動から発生した明らかな侵略行為であったが、日本側は逆に江華島事件をきっかけに条約を締結することを目論んでいた。
English: Gustave Emile BOISSONADE, a foreign specialist in the Meiji government, gave an instruction to the envoy who would be dispatched to dispose the incident that they should not concede Korea the following points.
Japanese: 明治政府のお雇い外国人ギュスターヴ・エミール・ボアソナードは、事件を処理するために派遣される使節への訓令について、以下を決して朝鮮に譲歩すべきではないと具申した。
English: Also he advised that if these requirements were not accepted, Japan should demonstrate a hard diplomatic position which includes the use of military action.
Japanese: またこれらが満たされない場合、軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢を取ることをも合わせて意見している。
English: This opinion was conveyed to the envoy without change by the Grand Minister Sanetomi SANJO as an unofficial message attached to the instruction.
Japanese: これらの意見はほとんど変更されることなく、太政大臣三条実美を通じて訓示に付属する内諭として使節に伝えられた。
English: Furthermore, as a basic attitude towards Korea, Sanjo considered 'Japan should require suitable compensation,' while stating about the purpose of the envoy 'the main objective is to continue the negotiation, then conclude a treaty of peace, when they conclude the peace treaty and obey the demand to expand trading, we should regard this attitude as compensation for the battle ship and accept it' (emphasized and amended by the writer).
Japanese: さらに朝鮮に対する基本姿勢として、三条はこの江華島事件に対して「相応なる賠償を求む」べきとしながら、使節団の目的を「我主意の注ぐ所は、交を続くに在るを以て、・・・和約を結ぶことを主とし、彼能我が和交を修め、貿易を広むるの求に従ひときは、即此を以て雲揚(軍艦)の賠償と看做し、承諾すること」だと述べていた（強調、加筆者）。
English: These words included the comment of Arimasa MORI that they should consider not inviting the intervention of the allied western powers.
Japanese: これは欧米列強の干渉を招かないよう配慮すべし、という森有礼の言が容れられたものである。
English: Besides, Japan faithfully practiced the hard diplomatic attitude including military action as recommended by Boissonade.
Japanese: さらにボアソナードのいう軍事行動も含む強硬な外交姿勢も、日本は忠実に実行に移している。
English: Japan tried to coerce Korea by sending a guard of battleships and soldiers to accompany the envoy.
Japanese: 使節団一行には軍艦や兵士の護衛がつき、威圧効果を朝鮮側に与えようとした。
English: Also, in case of a breakdown in negotiations, Aritomo YAMAGATA went to Shimonoseki City in Yamaguchi Prefecture, and prepared the forces of both Hiroshima City and Kumamoto City for action.
Japanese: また交渉が決裂した場合に備え、山縣有朋が山口県下関市に入り、広島市・熊本市両鎮台の兵力をいつでも投入できるよう準備していたのである。
English: Moreover, the gunboat diplomatic attitude of Japan was of course an attempt at urging Korea to submit, but at the same time it aimed to appease the complaints of the former samurai class who advocated the policy of conquering Korea by military force.
Japanese: さらにいえば、日本の砲艦外交的姿勢は無論朝鮮の屈服を促すものであったが、同時に日本国内の「征韓論」を唱える不平士族の溜飲を下げることも狙ったものであった。
English: However, while Japan showed an oppressive military attitude on the surface, Japan at that time thought that the war would not be preferable from the point of military expenditure.
Japanese: ただこのように軍事的高圧な姿勢を表面上見せながら、当時の日本は軍費の負担という点からいって、戦争が好ましいとは考えていなかった。
English: Also the outbreak of war could have triggered the intervention of Russia and the Qing Dynasty, and because of this, Japan thought it best to avoid war as much as possible.
Japanese: また戦争の発生がロシアや清朝の介入を許すきっかけになるかもしれず、その点からも極力戦争は避ける考えであった。
English: They pushed forward with gunboat diplomacy as much as possible, while actually avoiding war as much as possible.
Japanese: 砲艦外交を最大限推し進めながら、実際には戦争をできるだけ回避すること。
English: While emphasizing the reproof of the Ganghwa Island incident, they practically tried to conclude a treaty and establish modern international relationship with Korea, which had been left unsettled for many years.
Japanese: 江華島事件の問罪を前面に押し出しながら、実質的には条約を締結し、両国の懸案で長年解決しなかった近代的な国際関係を樹立すること。
English: Moreover, in order to avoid intervention by the Qing dynasty, Japan negotiated with the government officials of that state many times in advance.
Japanese: また清朝の干渉をなくすべく、事前に清朝の大官たちと折衝を重ねることも日本は行っている。
English: In the 19 century, in order to resist the invasion of the western powers in Asia, the Qing dynasty tried to shift the traditional international relationships in Asia to the modern ones with the Qing emperor in the center intactly to maintain the influential status by means of changing the subordinate countries under the tributary system, such as Korea, Vietnam and Ryukyu, to protected states, or merging them, thus promoted to make its subordinate countries protectorates.
Japanese: 19世紀、欧米列強のアジア侵略に対抗するため、清朝は、朝鮮やベトナム、琉球などの冊封国を保護国あるいは併合することによって中国皇帝を中心としたアジアの伝統的な国際関係をそのまま近代的国際関係へと移行させて清の地位と影響力を保持しようとし、冊封国に対して保護国化を強めた。
English: At that period, the stage of complicated interaction began to appear in East Asia, where Japan, China, Korea and the powerful countries of Western Europe got involved together.
Japanese: この時期の東アジアは、日中朝そして西欧列強の間における複雑な絡み合いが相互作用する場が形成されつつあった。
English: As a result of that, the resumption of negotiations between Japan and Korea was realized, but at the same time it was triggered by another historical phenomenon.
Japanese: 日朝間の国交交渉再開もその結果としてもたらされたものであると同時に、また別の歴史事象の原因でもあったのである。
English: In the first stage of negotiations Ambassador plenipotentiary Kiyotaka KURODA and the Vice-envoy Kaoru INOUE from Japan and General of the Royal Brigade Heon SHIN and Minister of Rites Ja-seung YUN from Korea attended.
Japanese: 前者の条約交渉には、日本からは全権大使黒田清隆と副使井上馨が、朝鮮からは簡判中枢府事申櫶と副総管尹滋承が出席した。
English: First of all, before starting negotiations, the number of soldiers and carrying arms were talked about, but the Japanese refused the protests of Korea.
Japanese: まず随行兵士の人数や武器携帯をめぐって、本交渉の前に協議されたが、日本側は朝鮮側の抗議を一蹴している。
English: Korea thought from the beginning that the theme of negotiations would be an apology and compensation for the Ganghwa Island incident.
Japanese: そもそも朝鮮側は、江華島事件に関する謝罪と賠償が交渉のテーマだと考えていた。
English: That was because the Koreans were mindful of the attitude of Japan during the negotiation of the Taiwan expedition which had occurred between Japan and Ching several years before.
Japanese: 日清間で数年前に起きた台湾出兵の時の日本側の交渉姿勢が念頭にあったためである。
English: However, as described before, Japan regarded the Ganghwa Island incident as just a stimulus towards conclusion of the treaty, and for them 'to conclude a peace treaty' was the main purpose.
Japanese: しかし日本はさきに書いたように、江華島事件はあくまで条約締結のための呼び水に過ぎず、「和約を結ぶこと」こそが主たる目的であった。
English: As Japan grew anxious that the negotiation of diplomatic relations at Busan repeatedly failed over the course of several years, it tried to solve the long-standing problem at a stroke by exercising a menacing negotiation at Ganghwa Island near Seoul special city, following the precedent of Matthew Calbraith PERRY's arrival at Edo Bay.
Japanese: 釜山における国交交渉が数年間継続しても挫折しつづけてきたことに焦れた日本はマシュー・カルブレース・ペリーの江戸湾来航の前例に倣い、ソウル特別市に近い江華島で威迫交渉することで一挙に積年の懸案を解決しようと図ったのである。
English: In order to do this, before starting negotiations with Korea the Japanese side studied "Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan" written by Perry, so that they could imitate the attitude toward negotiations and later achieve conclusion of the treaty.
Japanese: そのために朝鮮との交渉に際し、事前に日本側はペリーの『日本遠征記』を研究し、交渉姿勢から後に締結する条約に至るまで模倣したと言われる。
English: Surprised by the sudden offer of conclusion of the treaty, Korea at first refused it, but they decided to propose an amendment to the treaty presented by the Japanese.
Japanese: 朝鮮側はこの突然の条約締結の申し入れに驚き、最初は拒否したが、日本側の提示した条約に対する修正案を出すこととなった。
English: The amendments proposed at the negotiation between Japan and Korea were: the description of the names of both countries; a negotiation partner to the envoy who was going to visit the other country, and his qualifications and number of visits; the place of the opening port and its number; status as a most-favored nation treatment, and others.
Japanese: 日朝間の交渉で挙がった修正項目は、両国の国名をどう記載するか、相手国に赴く使臣の交渉相手とその資格・往復回数、開港場所とその数、最恵国待遇などであった。
English: The details will be described later, but an important point was that while Korea required amendments to maintain their honor as a tributary country, they did not mind at all about consular jurisdiction, which would later become a problem.
Japanese: 具体的には後述するが、注目すべきなのは、朝鮮側の修正要求は冊封国としての体面的なものが多く、後々問題となる領事裁判権は一切問題とならなかった点である。
English: Tariff autonomy, which was prescribed in the affiliated provision and trading rules concluded several months later, was also approved smoothly.
Japanese: 数ヶ月後に結ばれた条規附録や貿易規則で定められた関税自主権などもスムーズに承認された。
English: As Korea was ignorant about international affairs, the provisions prepared by Japan were concluded without any amendments.
Japanese: この点は朝鮮側の国際情勢に関する疎さに由来するものであって、日本側が本来意図していた条約項目はそのまま締結される運びとなった。
English: Namely, Korea required Japan not to demand the signature of the King of Korea at ratification.
Japanese: すなわち批准の際、朝鮮国王の署名を要しないことを日本側に求めたのである。
English: In the end, Korea made a new Imperial Seal called '朝鮮国主上之宝', and used this on the document at ratification.
Japanese: 結局、この問題は「朝鮮国主上之宝」という玉璽を新鋳して押下批准することになった。
English: Finally on February 27, the treaty was concluded and ratified at Ganghwabu Renbudo.
Japanese: そしてついに2月27日（朝鮮旧暦2月3日）に、江華府練武堂で条約を締結及び批准したのである。
English: Also they decided that the diplomatic documents of both countries should be written in Japanese and the legitimate language of Korea (namely Chinese), and the documents of Japan should be written in both Japanese and Chinese for the next 10 years.
Japanese: また両国の外交文書は日本語と朝鮮真文（漢文）で書くこととし、日本側の文書には、先10年間は日本語に漢文を併記する事とした。
English: The two countries should be described as 'Great Japanese Nation' and 'Great Korean Nation.'
Japanese: 両国の国名はそれぞれ「大日本国」、「大朝鮮国」と表記することとした。
English: Provision 1 - Korea is an independent country, so it is admitted that Korea is a nation that has equal rights with Japan.
Japanese: 第一款　朝鮮は自主の国であり、日本と平等の権利を有する国家と認める。
English: This provision was specially inserted by Japan considering the situation of Korea as a client state of the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: この条文は、朝鮮が清朝の藩属国であること考慮して特に日本が挿入した一文である。
English: Although the terms 'subject state' or 'client state' used under the tributary system have a different meaning in the international law of recent history and the present day, the same expressions are still used.
Japanese: 冊封体制の下での「属国」・「属邦」とは、近代あるいは現代の国際法におけるそれとは表記を同じくしながら、性格を異にする存在とされる。
English: There were several opinions about the situation of Korea at that time from the point of modern international law, but by inserting that sentence, Japan tried to unify the interpretation of Korea as an independent country under modern international law.
Japanese: 近代国際法の立場から見て、当時の朝鮮をどのように位置づけるかは種々の意見があったが、日本はこの一文を入れることで、解釈の一元化を試み朝鮮を近代国際法に於ける独立国に措定しようとした。
English: Japan tried to prevent the Qing dynasty from intervening in Korea by determining the interpretation.
Japanese: つまりそう措定することで清朝が朝鮮に介入する余地を無くそうとしたのである。
English: Under the tributary system, being an 'independent' state as well as an 'autonomous state' did not contradict each other.
Japanese: 冊封体制下では「属国」でありながら、「自主」であることは矛盾しない。
English: Or it can be said that the framework where the two terms 'client' and 'independent' conflict is an offspring of modern times.
Japanese: というより属国か独立国か、という二項対立的な枠組みそのものが近代の所産である。
English: Even if the king of Korea showed loyalty to the Qing dynasty, Qing would not influence affairs of the state in Korea.
Japanese: 国王が臣下の礼をとっても、朝鮮の国政全般に清朝の影響が及ぶわけではなかった。
English: From the viewpoint of modern international law, the relationship between the Qing dynasty and Korea was extremely ambiguous on the personal principle.
Japanese: 清・朝関係は、近代的国際法から見ると極めてファジーな属人主義的関係であった。
English: The misunderstanding between the two countries for this provision had not been solved for years until the Shimonoseki Treaty, and at that time they reached a final settlement.
Japanese: この条項に対する両国の思惑の違いは、この後も継続し、最終的な決着を見たのは下関条約の時である。
English: In the original plan Japan required that ministers should be permanently stationed, but it was amended to 'at any time' so they could be dispatched only when they were necessary.
Japanese: 日本側原案では、公使は常駐であったが、朝鮮側の要求で「随時」とし、必要がある場合に限り派遣することとした。
English: Provisions 4 and 5 - in addition to Busan Metropolitan City, where the diplomatic establishment of Japan was located, two more ports should be chosen and opened.
Japanese: 第四款・第五款　すでに日本公館が存在する釜山広域市以外に2港を選び開港すること。
English: When ports are opened, people can decide by themselves whether to borrow land and construct their houses, or borrow their houses from Koreans.
Japanese: 開港においては土地を貸借し家屋を造営しあるいは所在する朝鮮人の家屋を賃借することも各人の自由に任せること。
English: Provision 7 - because the rugged and precipitous coast of Korea is extremely dangerous, the Japanese navigators should be able to measure the coast freely and make up a map to show the position and the depth in order to ensure safety of the navigation of passenger boats of both countries.
Japanese: 第七款　朝鮮の沿岸は島嶼岩礁が険しいため、きわめて危険であるので、日本の航海者が自由に沿岸を測量してその位置や深度を明らかにして地図を編纂して両国客船の安全な航海を可能とするべし。
English: However in the case of fraud or nonpayment of borrowing and lending, the government officials of both countries should regulate this and impose additional charges.
Japanese: しかし詐欺や貸借の不払いがあれば両国の官吏はこれを取り締まり追徴すべし。
English: However, both sides should conduct trials under the state law and pass judgment as equally as possible without any modification.
Japanese: しかし双方は、その国法をもって裁判を行い、すこしも加減をすることなく努めて公平に裁判することを示すべし。
English: It was a one-sided treaty, because while the jurisdiction of trial was divided depending on nationality in Korea, the consular jurisdiction of Korea was never admitted in Japan.
Japanese: 朝鮮国内においては、国籍によって裁判の管轄を分けるが、日本国内においては一切朝鮮側の領事裁判権を認めないという点で片務的なものとなっている。
English: One reason why Korea did not resist this provision was that they were indifferent to international law, as described before, but there was another reason that during the Edo period when they traded with the Tsushima clan, traditionally the criminals were given over to the Japanese in charge in the Japanese consular office, no matter whether it was a civil or criminal case.
Japanese: 朝鮮側がこの条項になんら抵抗を示していないのは、先に述べたように国際法についての無関心からくるのであるが、それ以外に江戸時代の対馬藩との往来の頃には民事案件であろうと刑事のものであろうと、日本人犯罪者は倭館の日本人責任者に引き渡していた慣例があったためである。
English: After opening the ports, there was an influx of Japanese into Korea, and they realized that admitting that provision was a mistake.
Japanese: 開港後、日本人が次第に多く流入するようになると、これが失策だったことに気づくことになる。