nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the midstream of the Yangtze River, remains of an 8,000 years old moat settlement were discovered at the Pengtoushan site, located on the Li Yang flatlands in Hunan Province.
Japanese: 長江中流域では、今から約8000年前の環濠集落が、湖南省のリーヤン平原にある彭頭山遺跡で発見されている。
English: The moat settlement spanned approximately 200 m across, and while the village was directly facing the natural river on the west side, it was apparently surrounded by a moat of about 20 m wide on the north, east and south sides.
Japanese: この環濠集落の直径が約200メートルで、西側が自然河川に繋がっており、北側と東側、南側には、幅約20メートルの濠が巡っているらしい。
English: At the Xinglongwa site located in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, remains of an approximately 7,400 to 8,200 years old moat settlement were discovered.
Japanese: 内蒙古自治区赤峰市にある興隆窪遺跡から、約8200～7400年前の環濠集落が見つかっている。
English: Here a village occupying a rectangular ground area of 183 m (long-side) by 166 m (short-side) was surrounded by an oval moat.
Japanese: この集落は、長軸183メートル、短軸166メートルの平面形が楕円形に巡る溝によって囲まれている。
English: Originating in China, moat settlement was transmitted to Japan through the Korean Peninsula as one of the important elements of agricultural culture.
Japanese: 中国で誕生した環濠集落は、農耕文化の重要な要素の一つとして、朝鮮半島を経由して日本列島に伝来した。
English: The defensive aspect can be seen by the way moats were dug down, steeply to a point at the bottom making it shaped like a "V," being accompanied with abatis called Sakamogi, which are kind of stakes with sharpened tops directed outwards, along its sidelines.
Japanese: 断面が深くV字形に掘削された環濠やその周辺に逆茂木（さかもぎ）と称されるような先を尖らせた杭を埋め込んでいる様子から集落の防御的性格があったことが窺える。
English: Larger settlements were surrounded by neighboring smaller settlements, were used over a longer time with a larger number of population, contained the chief's residence and a large pit facility where rituals were held, produced metal ware in the village, and various materials received from remote regions in trade are excavated from remaining sites.
Japanese: また、大規模な集落については、長期間継続し、人口も集住し、周辺に小集落が存在し、首長の居宅や祭祀用の大型掘っ立て柱建物があり、金属器生産が行われ、遠隔地との交流物品が出土する。
English: These findings show that larger moat settlements functioned as a central foothold of politics and economy.
Japanese: これらから、政治的・経済的集落であり、拠点的集落という性格を有すると考えられる。
English: As Wakoku was strengthening its position as a kingdom during the mid-Yayoi period, the defensive aspect of moat settlements as well as upland settlements became more evident to reflect the kingdom's military trend.
Japanese: 倭国における王権形成期とされる弥生時代中期には防御的性格を強め、高地性集落とともに、王権形成過程の軍事的動向を反映していると考えられている。
English: Once Wakoku had advanced its sovereignty by early Kofun (tumulus) period, chiefs began placing their residences outside the village, and moat settlements were gradually dismantled.
Japanese: 王権形成が進み古墳時代に入ると、首長層は共同体の外部に居館を置くようになり、環濠集落は次第に解体される。
English: Moat settlements of this time can be found in the southern area of Korean Peninsula, as well as in northern Kyushu, which dates to late Jomon period (the fourth century B.C.)
Japanese: 環濠集落は朝鮮半島南部でも見られ、北九州では縄文時代晩期（前4世紀）の環濠集落がある。
English: Ruins of a moat settlement, estimated to be 4,000 years old, was found in Shizukawa 16, Tomakomai City, Hokkaido, whose surrounding oval ditch measured about 56 m (major axis) by 40 m (minor axis) large, 2 m deep with a "V" shaped cross section and 1 to 2 m wide.
Japanese: しかし、今から約4000年前、北海道苫小牧市にある静川（しずかわ）16遺跡から幅1~2メートル、深さが2メートルほどあり、断面形がV字状になった溝が、長軸約56メートル、短軸約40メートルの不正楕円形にめぐる環濠集落が発見されている。
English: Two round shaped pit dwelling houses were discovered inside the moat surrounded area, while 15 were discovered outside.
Japanese: 環濠の内側から2棟、外側からは15棟の円形竪穴住居が見いだされている。
English: The moat settlement is thought to have introduced to Japan from the Chinese continent along with wet-rice cultivation, spreading eastward on the archipelago.
Japanese: 環濠集落は稲作文化と同時に大陸から伝来し、列島東部へ波及したと考えられている。
English: Between the end of the second century and the beginning of the third century, however, this distinctive Yayoi period style of moat settlement started to disappear from many regions.
Japanese: しかし、2世紀後半から3世紀初頭には、弥生時代の集落を特徴付ける環濠が各地で消滅していく。
English: This is believed to be some sign signifying a radical change in the political situation that was happening around this time, not only in western Japan but also in Tokai and Kanto regions.
Japanese: この時期に、西日本から東海、関東にかけて政治的状況が大きく変わったことを示すものとして考えられている。
English: The oldest moat settlement from the Yayoi period known until now is the one from Initial Yayoi period discovered at Etsuji site of Kasuya-machi, Fukuoka Prefecture, located nearby the coast of Genkainada in northern Kyushu.
Japanese: 今のところ、弥生時代でもっとも古い環濠集落は、北部九州の玄界灘沿岸部に位置する福岡県粕屋町の江辻遺跡で弥生時代早期のものが見つかっている。
English: Surrounded by a moat measuring 70 m (long-side) by 40 m (short-side), several pit dwelling houses and storages were found.
Japanese: 長径70メートル、短径40メートルで、環濠内からは竪穴住居と貯蔵穴が検出されている。
English: The moat had "V" and "U" shaped sections, and is believed to have been 2 m wide and 1.5 m deep.
Japanese: 環濠の断面はV字形と逆台形で、溝の幅2メートル、深さ1.5メートルあったと推定されている。
English: The moat settlement discovered at Asahi site in Aichi Prefecture is an example from the Middle Yayoi period, and is known for having consisted of some of the most advanced defensive facilities.
Japanese: 愛知県の朝日遺跡は、弥生時代中期の集落であり、環濠集落のなかでも最も防御施設の発達した集落として知られている。
English: Here the village was encircled by a large moat fortified with an earthen wall equipped with a fence on top, further surrounded by three external bands of fences with abatis directed outwards.
Japanese: 集落の外側に大濠をめぐらせて、その土で土塁を築き、その上に柵をめぐらし、その外側に三重の柵をめぐらし、この三重の柵に逆茂木を外側に向けて打ち込んでいる。
English: Pits were excavated on top of the earthen wall which suggests the existence of a fence above the wall.
Japanese: 発掘調査によって、土塁の上にはピット(考古学)（柱穴）が検出されることがあり、柵列があったと思われる。
English: Individual moat settlements were developed beyond the end of Early Yayoi period in preparation for conflicts between villages over the control of land and water, as wet-rice cultivation became established in various districts on the west side of the Nobi Plain.
Japanese: 弥生時代前期末以降に発達する環濠集落は、濃尾平野以西の各地域に水稲農耕が定着した段階であり、その定着によって引き起こされた土地や水争いなどの村落間の戦いに備えて独自に成立したと見られる。
English: About the same time, moat settlements appeared in such places as Itatsuki site in Fukuoka City, Ama site in Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture, and Ogidani site in Kyotango City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: そのころ、福岡市の板付遺跡と大阪府高槻市の安満遺跡、京都府中郡峰山町扇谷遺跡などに環濠集落が現れる。
English: The settlement at Itatsuki site had a surrounding "V" shaped moat of at least 2 m wide and deeper than 1 m, forming an oval measuring 120 m (major axis) by 100 m (minor axis).
Japanese: 板付では復元幅2メートル以上、深さ1メール以上の断面V字形の溝を、長径120メートル、短径100メートルの長円形に堀めぐらしている。
English: At Ogidani site, the village was surrounded by a moat measuring 270 m (major axis) by 250 m (minor axis), 6 m wide in its widest section and 4 m deep.
Japanese: 扇谷遺跡では、最大幅6メートル、深さ4メートルの環濠か、長径270メートル、短径250メートルでムラを囲っている。
English: Village constructions were probably common by the end of Early Yayoi period in regions such as northern Kyushu and Kinki, where wet-rice cultivation had been established by that time.
Japanese: また、北部九州や近畿地方などの西日本では、水稲農耕の定着した時期の弥生時代前期末段階で、ムラづくりが共通していたとも考えられる。
English: After Middle Yayoi period and onwards, moat settlements were spread all over Kinki region, and people lived in large villages that had a surrounding moat of 300 m to 400 m in diameter.
Japanese: 次の弥生中期以降、近畿では環濠集落が普及し、径300から400メートルに及ぶ大規模な環濠を持ち、人々は濠内に集住したらしい。
English: Yoshinogari site in Saga Prefecture, Ama and Ikegami-Sone sites in Osaka Prefecture, and Karako-Kagi site in Nara Prefecture are examples of places where large scale moat settlements from Late Yayoi period existed.
Japanese: 後期では北部北九州では佐賀県吉野ヶ里遺跡や大阪府の安満遺跡や池上・曽根遺跡、奈良県の唐古・鍵遺跡などの大規模環濠集落が上げられる。
English: Moat settlements of this period were built in lowlands, and usually had an earthen wall on the outer side of the moat (whereas in the Medieval period earthen walls were built on the inner side).
Japanese: 低地に作られ、通常は堀の外側に掘った土を盛った土塁がある（対照的に、中世の土塁は堀の内側にある）。
English: It is believed that the purpose of creating a moat to divide the inner and outer space of a village was to protect itself from being attacked by any external enemy or wild life.
Japanese: ムラの内部と外部を区別する環濠を形成する目的として、外敵や獣などから集落を守る防御機能を備えることが考えられている。
English: In some cases there were two or three moats built, forming together a huge moat band zone.
Japanese: 堀は二重・三重の多重環濠となることもあり、長大な環濠帯を形成しているものもある。
English: The different size of moats were probably representing how strong a chieftaincy's controlling power was over wet-rice cultivation in the area, how tight the community was united, or the difference in villager classes who lived inside and outside the moat.
Japanese: 水稲農耕に必要な首長権力や、共同体の結束強化、内部と外部での階級差を反映しているとも考えられている。
English: The latter half of the Muromachi period was the Sengoku period (period of warring states) when warfare broke out all over Japan, making some villagers decide to build moats around their settlements in order to protect themselves from assaults.
Japanese: 室町時代の後半の戦国時代(日本)では戦乱が多発し、農村では集落を守るために周囲に堀（環濠）を巡らして襲撃に備えるところが現れた。
English: Moat settlements which grew in scale with an influential Buddhist temple at its center came to be known as Jinai-cho (literally a town with a temple inside).
Japanese: 有力な仏教寺院が中心に存在し、規模が大きくなる場合は「寺内町」となる。
English: The recent discovery of Kyozukabana remains in Hakuta-cho, Yasugi City, a land where legend holds that Izanami no kami was buried, was an event which drew wide public attention.
Japanese: また、最近では伊邪那美神陵伝説地の一つである安来市伯太町からも経塚鼻遺跡が発掘され話題を呼んでいる。
English: The moat settlement at Etsuji site (Kasuya-cho, Fukuoka Prefecture) is an example of latter half of Initial Yayoi period, surrounded by two shallow ditches of about one meter wide.
Japanese: 江辻遺跡（福岡県粕屋町）弥生時代早期後半、幅約1メートルほどの浅い溝が周囲を二重に巡っている。
English: Asahi site (lies across the borders of Kiyosu City, Kasuga-cho and Nagoya City, and has one of the most heavily equipped defensive structures)
Japanese: 朝日遺跡（愛知県清須市、春日町、名古屋市にまたがる）最も防御施設が充実した遺跡
English: The Yamashiroya Incident was an incident that Wasuke YAMASHIROYA, a government contractor for the Ministry of Army, committed suicide when he was unable to repay the public money he had borrowed from the Ministry without collateral in 1872.
Japanese: 山城屋事件は1872年（明治5年）陸軍省の御用商人山城屋和助が陸軍省から無担保で借り受けた公金を返済できず自殺した事件。
English: The public money YAMASHIROYA had borrowed was approximately 650,000 yen in total, which was an enormous amount of money as much as 1% of the annual national revenue at that time (according to the page 53 of "Aritomo Yamagata" written by Michio FUJIMURA, it was 12% of the national revenue).
Japanese: 山城屋の借り出した公金は総額約65万円、当時の国家歳入の1%という途方もない額であった（藤村道生『山縣有朋』53ページによれば「歳入の12%」）。
English: While he was engaged in overseeing the delivery of military supplies, he borrowed 150,000 dollars of public money from the Ministry of the Army and started to invest in the silk market.
Japanese: 軍需品の納入などにたずさわっていたが、陸軍省の公金15万ドルを借用して生糸相場に手をだした。
English: The background of this borrowings was the declined price of silver coins kept by the Ministry of Army.
Japanese: この借金の背景には、陸軍省保管の現銀が価格低落を被っていたことがある。
English: He borrowed more money from the Ministry of Army and went to France to deal directly with French merchants.
Japanese: 山城屋は陸軍省から更に金を借り出し、フランスの商人と直接取引をしようとフランスに渡った。
English: In the meantime, a France-based middle commissioner Naonobu SAMEJIMA and an England-based major commissioner Munenori TERASHIMA heard a news that one Japanese was engaging in extravagances and this news was reported to the Foreign Minister SOEJIMA in Japan.
Japanese: そのうちに一人の日本人がフランスで豪遊しているという情報が、フランス駐在中弁務使鮫島尚信やイギリス駐在大弁務使寺島宗則の耳に入り、日本の外務省・副島外務卿に連絡が入った。
English: At this time, while Aritomo YAMAGATA was on the position of supervising imperial guards as the commander, there was a strong dissatisfaction among those guards from Satsuma against YAMAGATA, who was from Choshu.
Japanese: このころ、山縣有朋は近衛都督として近衛兵を統括する立場にあったが、近衛兵内部の薩摩系軍人には長州人である山縣を近衛都督としていただくことを不服とする空気が強かった。
English: Moreover, Masaaki TANEDA, the accounting manager of Ministry of Army, heard the news on YAMASHIROYA and started investigation secretly.
Japanese: そこに山城屋の一件を聞いた陸軍省会計監督・種田政明が密かに調査を始めた。
English: When the truth came out that such an enormous sum of public money had been lent, 'without any objection', by the Ministry of the Army, several army officers from Satsuma, including Toshiaki KIRINO, launched an investigation thoroughly.
Japanese: 「一品の抵当もなしに」多額の陸軍省公金が貸し付けられていたことが発覚、桐野利秋ら薩摩藩系陸軍人の激しく追及するところとなる。
English: In November 1872, when the Ministry of Justice led by Shinpei ETO was about to start a serious investigation, YAMAGATA asked YAMASHIROYA to repay the money he had borrowed.
Japanese: 翌1872年（明治5年）、江藤新平率いる司法省による本格的な調査が始まろうとした同年11月、山城屋は山縣から至急の返済を求められた。
English: Because all the relevant account books and debt bonds issued by military men from Choshu were burned away then, the truth of the incident was not clarified and the investigation ended with punishment of the accounting manager of the Ministry of Army Mamoru FUNAKOSHI.
Japanese: その際、関係する帳簿と長州系軍人の借金証文類も焼き払われた為、事件の真相は解明されることなく、陸軍省会計監督長船越衛の処分をもって収束する。
English: There was a conflict between YAMAGATA who was promoting Conscription Ordinance and opposing military men from Satsuma represented by KIRINO.
Japanese: 徴兵令を推進する山縣とこれに反発する桐野を代表する薩摩系を中心とした保守的な軍人の対立があった。
English: In addition, KIRINO relied on Takamori SAIGO to play a major role in restraining YAMAGATA, but on the contrary SAIGO appreciated YAMAGATA and, together with his younger brother Tsugumichi SAIGO, supported him to enact Conscription Ordinance.
Japanese: しかも後者が山縣の抑制に期待をかけた西郷隆盛は、却って山縣を評価して弟の西郷従道とともに徴兵令の実施を支援した。
English: KIRINO's jealousy and hostility against YAMAGATA was ascribed to the intensified pursuit of this incident.
Japanese: そのことに対する（桐野の）山縣への嫉妬と敵意がこの事件の追及を強めた原因とされる。
English: Moreover, SAIGO sent a letter to Toshimichi OKUBO who was traveling abroad as a member of Iwakura Mission to apologize that he could not protect YAMAGATA after his resignation (according to the letter from SAIGO to OKUBO written on August 12, 1872).
Japanese: さらに、辞任後岩倉使節団の一員として洋行中の大久保利通に対して山縣を擁護出来なかったことを詫びる手紙を送っている（1872年8月12日付大久保宛西郷書簡）。
English: In addition, the pursuit by Shinpei ETO who aimed strengthening of authority for the Ministry of Justice also had a great influence on this incident.
Japanese: また、司法省の権限強化を目指した江藤新平の追及もこの事件に大きな影響を与えている。
English: Eto, finding out that military men from Satsuma had been planning to close the office of YAMASHIROYA, prevented them and ordered the Ministry of Justice to start an investigation directly.
Japanese: 江藤は、薩摩系軍人が山城屋の事務所封鎖を計画しているのを知ってこれを抑え、司法省が直接捜査に乗り出すよう指示を出している。
English: In July, YAMAGATA resigned his posts as lieutenant general and commander of the imperial guard due to the ongoing internal investigation of the Yamashiroya Incident by army officers.
Japanese: 7月、山縣が山城屋事件に関する陸軍内部の追及を受けて陸軍中将・近衛都督を辞任。
English: The Ganghwa Island incident is an armed conflict between Japan and Korea which occurred in the vicinity of Ganghwa Island, Joseon Dynasty on September 20, 1875.
Japanese: 江華島事件（こうかとうじけん、カンファドじけん）は、1875年（明治8年）9月20日に李氏朝鮮の江華島付近において日本と朝鮮の間で起こった武力衝突事件である。
English: It is also known as Unyo Incident, which had its name from the Japanese warship "Unyo."
Japanese: 日本側の軍艦の名を取って雲揚号事件（うんようごうじけん）とも呼ばれる。
English: In the second half of the Edo period, Japan opened its secluded economy to the world, and the New Meiji Government sent to the government of the Joseon Dynasty an envoy holding a letter with the sovereign's message which informed them of the founding of a new administration of Japan and requested to establish relations and start to trade on December 19, 1868.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期に開国し、明治新政府が成立した日本では1868年（慶応4年）12月19日に新政権樹立の通告と国交と通商を求める国書を持つ使者を李氏朝鮮政府に送った。
English: However, the Joseon Dynasty refused to receive the letter because it contained the Chinese characters '皇' (Royal, imperial) and '勅' (imperial decree) despite the fact that '皇' was allowed to be used only for the Chinese emperor and '勅' signified the imperial rescript under the tributary system.
Japanese: しかし国書の中に「皇」「勅」の文字が入っており、冊封体制下では「皇」は中国の皇帝にのみ許される称号であり、「勅」は中国皇帝の詔勅を意味していたので、朝鮮側は受け取りを拒否した。
English: After that, Japan sent them the letter with the sovereign's message again and again, but the Joseon Dynasty refused to receive on every occasion (it is called Shokei Mondai, the problem of letters.)
Japanese: その後何度も国書を送ったが、朝鮮側はその都度受け取りを拒否した（書契問題）。
English: Afterward, the territorial problem occurred between Japan and Qing (see also The Taiwan Expedition), then Qing feared Japan's strong attitude and they directed the Joseon Dynasty to receive the letter.
Japanese: その後、日本と清国の間で領土問題（台湾出兵参照）が発生し、日本の強硬な態度に驚いた清国は朝鮮に国書の受け入れ交渉をするよう指示した。
English: On this occasion, the negotiation was going to be reopened, but 相良正樹, the government official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, lost his patience because the negotiation was not proceeded at all, so he went to Toraifu, although he was prohibited to go out of Choryang-dong Wakan (the residence office of the Tsushima clan), and he demanded to meet with an ambassador of Toraifu in May of 1872 (go out of Wakan).
Japanese: ここで交渉は再開されるはずであったが、1872年（明治5年）5月外務省官吏・相良正樹は、交渉が進展しない事にしびれを切らし、それまで外出を禁じられていた草梁倭館（対馬藩の朝鮮駐在事務所）を出て、東莱府へ出向き、府使との会見を求めた（倭館欄出）。
English: Further, in September of the same year, the name of this consulate was changed by Japan from Choryang-dong Wakan to Nihon Kokan (Japanese Consulate) and they also had the Ministry of Foreign Affairs manage this consulate in place of the Tsushima clan.
Japanese: さらに同年9月、それまで対馬藩が管理していた草梁倭館を日本公館と改名し外務省に直接管理させることにした。
English: This is because Choryang-dong Wakan was built by the Korean government as the facility for the Tsushima clan, the Tsushima clan was in a position of the window to negotiate between Japan and Korea, therefore Japan did the above acts.
Japanese: これは草梁倭館は、朝鮮政府が対馬藩の為に建て使用を認めた施設だったこと、対馬藩は日本と朝鮮の間の交渉窓口の立場にあったからである。
English: Toraifu side was so angered by these acts that they stopped supply of food etc. to Nihon Kokan and also prohibited the trading activities by Japanese traders.
Japanese: この日本側の措置に東莱府使は激怒して、10月には日本公館への食糧等の供給を停止、日本人商人による貿易活動の停止を行った。
English: Previously, it was said that on this occasion Korea did 'an insulting act against Japan,' which was reported to Japan side, but according to recent studies, it is cleared that this description of the report was an artificiality one.
Japanese: かつてはこの時に「侮日掲示」を朝鮮側が行ったとされ、実際に明治日本側にそう報告されたが、近年の研究ではその報告書の記述が作為であったことが明らかとなっている。
English: However, these Toraifu's dealings had enough effect to stroke Japan's fur the wrong way, and it brought 'Seikanron' (insistence on making Korea open to the world by military power) in Japan.
Japanese: しかし、いずれにしても日本側の感情を逆撫でする効果は十分にあり、「征韓論」が巻き起こるに至った。
English: In September of 1872, Yoshimoto HANABUSA came to Korea by the ship named Kasugamaru to interchange with the Tsushima clan, so Korea considered Japan a target under Eisei Sekija (Korea's foreign policy during this period to respect the justice and exclude the evil; in this case Japan was regarded as evil) as well as Western Europe.
Japanese: 1872年9月対馬藩と交替するために来朝した花房義質が、春日丸に乗ってきたことから、日本を西欧勢同様、衛正斥邪の対象として、前述のように食糧の供給を停止した。
English: When the negotiation came up against unexpected difficulties, the issue of the dispatch of troops, like Seikanron, which demands the dispatch of troops to Korea, became a political issue in Japan.
Japanese: 交渉が暗礁に乗り上げると、日本では朝鮮出兵を求める征韓論争など出兵問題が政治問題化するようになる。
English: In 1873, the political change occurred and, as a result, it was decided to 'postpone' (not 'stop') the Seikanron dispute.
Japanese: 征韓論争は明治6年の政変によって「延期」（「中止」ではない）と決まった。
English: However, because Seikanron lost its momentum due to the occurrence of the Taiwan expedition and the downfall of Heungseon Daewongun in Korea, the Meiji Government decided to observe Korea's condition.
Japanese: しかし、その後の台湾出兵の発生と大院君失脚の報によって征韓論の勢いが弱まったために、明治政府は政府間交渉をして相手の状況をみることとした。
English: In 1875, the negotiation was held between the Torai Government and Shigeru MORIYAMA in Pusan Metropolitan City for the first time.
Japanese: 1875年、釜山広域市に於いて、東莱政府と森山茂との間で初めての政府間交渉が持たれた。
English: However the Torai government did not permit Japanese taishi (commander-in-chief) to put on the taireifuku (court dress, full-dress uniform) and pass the main gate when he participated in the dinner party.
Japanese: しかし宴饗の儀における日本大使の大礼服着用と、同大使が宴饗大庁門を通過することについて、東莱政府が承認しないなどのため紛糾した。
English: In addition, because at the center of the Korean government, the supporters of Daewongun demanded halting the negotiation, the discussions became complicated, and it also became impossible for the Torai government to give a firm reply to the Japanese government.
Japanese: さらに朝鮮政府の中央では大院君の支持者が交渉中止を求めたために議論が紛糾し、東莱政府も確実な回答を日本側に伝えることが不可能となっていた。
English: The Japanese government was at the mercy of the Joseon Dynasty's diplomacy and they lost their patience at last, so they made a breakthrough; dispatched a small warship to Pusan and invited the members of Toraifu on board to show the shooting exercises.
Japanese: 結果的に、李氏朝鮮外交に翻弄された日本政府は、遂に痺れを切らし、小艦を釜山に派遣し東莱府館員を艦上に招待し発砲演習を見せつけることにより、局面打開を図った。
English: The hard-liners of Japan suggested to Munenori TERASHIMA, Gaimu-taifu (post of Foreign Ministry) to dispatch a warship to inshore of Korea in the name of measuring the coastline and investigating passages (to harass them as well as Matthew [Calbraith] PERRY did), and he accepted it under the approval of Sanetomi SANJO, the Grand Minister, and Tomomi IWAKURA, Minister of the Right.
Japanese: 強硬派から（マシュー・ペリー同様嫌がらせのために）測量や航路研究のためとし朝鮮近海に軍艦を派遣して軍事的威圧を加える案が出ると、外務大輔の寺島宗則は太政大臣三条実美や右大臣岩倉具視の了承を得てこれを承認した。
English: Accordingly, Munenori TERASHIMA commanded Sumiyoshi KAWAMURA, Navy taifu (vice-minister), to dispatch two warships: "Unyo" and "Dainiteibo."
Japanese: 海軍大輔川村純義に『雲揚(軍艦)』『第二丁卯』の2隻の軍艦を派遣させる。
English: On May 25, Japanese warship sailed into Pusan without Korean permission and threatened Korea by showing the shooting exercise etc.
Japanese: 日本の軍艦は5月25日に無許可で釜山へ入港し、射撃演習などの威嚇行為を行った。
English: Regarding this incident, the traditional theory says that Yoshika INOUE, navy major, was sailing on the Japanese warship Unyo.
Japanese: これについて、従来の学説では1875年9月20日、日本の海軍少佐井上良馨が雲揚で航海していた。
English: To supply fresh water against shortage of drinkable water, Inoue himself boarded a small boat from the Japanese warship Unyo and was approaching the land.
Japanese: 飲料水の欠乏により淡水補給のため、自らボートに乗りこみ水を求めに陸に向かっていた。
English: When they reached the offshore of Chojijin in Ganghwa Island, displaying the national flag of Japan in search of drinkable water, Korean garrison opened fire toward them from the third gun battery placed on Ganghwa Island.
Japanese: 日本国旗を掲げながら江華島の草芝鎮沖にさしかかった際に、島に設置された第3砲台から砲撃を受けた。
English: So he hurriedly came back to the Unyo and attacked and destroyed the gun batteries of the Island; then, he occupied the fort of the EisoJoto island.
Japanese: そのため、急ぎ雲楊へ帰艦し江華島砲台を破壊、永宗城島の要塞を占領した、とされてきた。
English: There was a doubt about the reliability of the traditional theory, because the official report (October) of Unyo, on which the traditional theory was based, originally describes that Japan and Korea battled for only one day (three days in reality).
Japanese: もともと従来の説の根拠とされた雲揚の公式報告書（10月）は、日朝間の交戦期間をたった1日の間に起きたことのように記し（実際には3日間）、史料の信頼性に疑義が提出されていた。
English: However, the official report (September) which was submitted nine days after the incident describes that Japan approached Korea's camp by warship to meet the Korea's bureaucrats for the purpose of measuring and so on, and when they advanced more (toward Seoul) without permission from Korea, they were attacked from Korea's gun battery.
Japanese: しかし、事件から9日後に提出された公式報告書（9月）では、測量等のために朝鮮側の官僚と面会しようとして武装端艇でその陣営近くまで遡航し、さらに朝鮮側に断ることなく奥（ソウル方面）へと進もうとして砲台から砲撃されたと記されていた。
English: Sailing the rivers of foreign countries without permission is a violation of the international laws, and in this case, it was assumed that the Japanese army's act was provocation against Korea, because they were going to the capital.
Japanese: 軍船が他国の河川を無断で遡航することは国際法違反であり、この場合さらに首都方面に行こうとしたことから、日本軍の行動は挑発だったと考えられている。
English: Then they sent Naval Landing Forces and Marine Corps and Landing Forces of the Empire of Japan to set fire to the second gun battery.
Japanese: そのうえで、海軍陸戦隊と海兵隊大日本帝国陸海軍を上陸させて第2砲台を放火した。
English: This incident brought such a terrible shock to the Korean government that they had to consider the recovery of the diplomatic relations with Japan by surmounting all objections by the supporters of expulsion of foreigners, and concluded the Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity (the Treaty of Ganghwa) in 1876.
Japanese: この事件が朝鮮政府に与えた衝撃は大きく、変革を拒否する鎖国攘夷勢力の反対をおさえて日本との国交回復を検討することになり、翌1876年に日朝修好条規（江華条約）が締結された。