nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In gathering demographic information, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA noticed a sharp population decline of 9,263 persons between September 1723 to April 1724 and a population surge of 10,394 persons between April and June 1725; After ordering an investigation into the seasonal fluctuations in population, it was discovered that frequent fires in winter prompted women and children to take shelter in neighboring towns and parental residences, and reconstruction work and the construction of dozo (earthen storehouse) from spring brought in an influx of workers.
Japanese: 徳川吉宗は享保八年（1723年）九月から享保九年（1724年）四月の間の9263人の急激な人口減少、享保十年（1725年）四月から六月の間の1万0394人の急激な人口増加に気付き、季節的な人口変動の理由を調べさせた結果、冬の火災の多さから特に子女は近隣実家等へ疎開する、春以降火災からの復興再建や土蔵の建築が増えて労働転入者も増える、などといった実態が判明している。
English: The populations of townspeople residing in Edo prefecture, which have been compiled in the following official document in additional to several other historical documents, have been compiled by sex.
Japanese: 以下公文書の他、複数の史料に記録として残っている江戸府内の町人の人口を男女別構成とともにまとめる。
English: The official borders of Edo changed frequently, and it was not until after 1745 that Jisha-Monzenchi (lands in fron to of temples and shrines) were officially incorporated into the Imperial Palace, and it was also not until 1818 that the terms 'Shubiki' (drawing a border of Edo-fu in red) and 'Sumibiki' (drawing a border of the area ruled by the town magistrate's office in black) were coined.
Japanese: 江戸の範囲は随時変わっており、寺社門前地が正式に御所内に組み込まれたのは1745年以降であり、朱引・墨引という呼称ができたのは1818年以降である。
English: A municipal survey conducted in April 1869, revealed that land usage in Edo comprised 15.8% of lands for ordinary town use (8.91 km2), 15.6% of those for temples and shrines (8.80 km2) and 68.6% of those for samurai households (38.65 km2), but populations living in the lands for samurai households were not included in the census throughout the Edo Period.
Japanese: 明治二年(1869年)四月に施行された江戸市街調査によると江戸は町地269万6千坪(8.91km2,15.8%)、寺社地266万1千坪(8.80km2,15.6%)、武家地1169万2千坪(38.65km2,68.6%)より構成されていたが、この内武家地の人口は江戸時代を通じて調査より除外された。
English: Population figures, unless recorded in official documents such as Choho-roku, Kyoho senyoruishu, Machibugyo Shihaiso chonin ninsukonokai, Tenpo senyoruishu and Shichu Torishimari ruishu, are unreliable.
Japanese: 公文書の形式で残っているもの（重宝録、享保撰要類集、町奉行支配惣町人人数高之改、天保撰要類集、市中取締類集）以外は信頼度が低い。
English: Sources such as "Edo-kai zasshi", "Suijinroku" of Kaishu KATSU, "Edo Kyujiko" and "Tokeigaku zasshi" are secondary materials materials compiled in the mid-Meiji Period, and the primary documents on which these secondary sources are are based have not been accounted for.
Japanese: 出典のうち『江戸会雑誌』や勝海舟の『吹塵録』、『江戸旧事考』、『統計学雑誌』などは明治時代中ごろにまとめられた二次的史料であり、元となる江戸時代の史料が現在では不明となっている。
English: The figures in italics are of questionable accuracy because (1) the recurrence of similar figures over several months points to the likelihood of entry errors; and (2) there are several cases in which the populations of Shaji-kata and Shin-yoshiwara that were not included in the original estimates were retroactively added to the figures in later times.
Japanese: 斜体で示した数字は(1)他の年月に酷似した数字が登場しており、共に誤記が疑われるケース(2)元の史料の人口に対して寺社方人口や新吉原などの計外人口を独自に加算したと推測されるケースのいずれかであり、信頼性が低い。
English: In this chart, the figures of seven censuses (December 1718, March 1722, May 1723, July 1724, September 1725, April 1731 and November 1732) provisionally treated represent the combined population of the townspeople and those around Jisha-Monzen (Literally translated as area in front of temples and shrines); However, according to official documents, censuses up to the June 1725 (Year 10 Kyoho) only take account of townspeople, but even these records include numerical errors.
Japanese: 享保三年十二月、享保七年三月、享保八年五月、享保九年七月、享保十年九月、享保十六年四月、享保十七年十一月の数字を仮に町方並寺社門前の人口として扱ったが、公文書では少なくとも享保十年六月までは町方支配場の人口のみしか集計しておらず、そもそもこれらのほとんどにアナグラム的な数字の誤記が見受けられる。
English: Although, the 'Edo Jinko Shoki' of "Suijinroku" compile the figures from the hexannual census, whereas the "Chohoroku" compiles the figures of November 1721 under the name of 'townspeople.'
Japanese: また『吹塵録』の「江戸人口小記」は町方並寺社門前の人口として子午年改の人口をまとめているが、『重宝録』では享保六年十一月の人口を町奉行支配場のみの町人人口として記載している。
English: In this chart, the census figures for 1721 (Kyoho 11), 1738 (Genbun 3), and 1743 (Enkyo 1) only represent townspeople.
Japanese: よって、享保十一年、元文三年、延享元年の数字も町奉行支配場町人人口として扱った。）
English: The populations of the three counties Toshima-gun (Musashi Province), Ebara-gun and Katsushika-gun for May 1798 (Kansei 10) and May 1840 (Tenpo 11) are as indicated in the chart.
Japanese: 寛政十年五月（1798年）と天保十一年五月（1840年）に関しては三郡（豊島郡(武蔵国)、荏原郡、葛飾郡）に占める江戸の人口が知られている。
English: By the end of the Edo Period, the census collected and compiled population by place of birth and the population of migrant workers residing in Edo.
Japanese: 江戸末期には出世地別の統計や地方に籍を置く出稼人の人口もまとめられている。
English: Official documents reveal that the total migrant population combined with the population of townspeople reached its apex (587,458) in July 1843 (Kyoho 14), and the population of townspeople excluding migrant workers reached its apex (575,901) in September 1853 (Kaei 6).
Japanese: 公文書で出稼人を加えた町人人口が最大（58万7458人）となったのは天保十四年七月（1843年）であり、出稼人を除いた町人人口が最大（57万5901人）となったのは嘉永六年九月（1853年）のことである。
English: However, according to the "Edo Kyujiko" (Ruminations on Old Edo) Edo's population reached its height in 1843 with approximately 596,448 including migrant workers (The broken-down figures are similar to those in the official document of July 1843.); excluding migrant workers, the Edo population reached its height in 1742--a hundred years before the official census (Most of the figures in the "Edo Kyujiko" are believed to cover non-targeted demographic subjects as well.") with a local population of 591,809 as of 1742, a hundred years before the official record (however, most figures in "Edo Kyujiko" are believed to cover non-targeted demographics as well).
Japanese: 但し『江戸旧事考』は出稼人を加えた町人人口が最大となった天保十四年の人口を59万6448人とし（内訳等の数字は公文書の天保十四年七月のものと似ている）、出稼人を除いた町人人口が最大になった数字として100年前の寛保二年（1742年）の59万1809人を挙げている（『江戸旧事考』の数字は多くの場合計外人口を加算しているものと思われる）。
English: Also, according to "Edokai zasshi,"the population in New Years 1803 (Japanese Years) was 607,100 (However, it is believed that the male population was mistakenly overstated by 100,000).
Japanese: また『江戸会雑誌』は享和三年正月（1803年）の数字として60万7100人を挙げている（但し男性の人口を誤って十万人多く記載していると思われる）。
English: Many provincial migrants, many of whom were male, resided in Edo to the extent that the male population was nearly double that of the female population in the mid-Edo period, this gender imbalance was greatly alleviated by the end of period.
Japanese: 江戸は地方からの上京者が多く、江戸時代中期には男性が女性の倍近くいたが、末期には男女差がかなり解消された。
English: Other sources including Nanbo OTA's "Hannichi Kanwa" and "Kumo no Ito" and Kyozan IWASE's "Otomizakki jo" point that the population of towns people exceeded the one million mark and reached 1,285,300 by June 1786 (Tenmei 6) or May 1787 (Tenmei), t.
Japanese: このほか大田南畝の『半日閑話』、岩瀬京山の『蜘蛛の糸』、『乙巳雑記上』などは、天明六年十月廿八日（1786年）または天明七年五月廿五日以降（1787年）に江戸の町人の人口が100万人を超える128万5300人であったと伝えている。
English: Another source indicates that the population in 1837 (Tenpo 8) was 1,284,815.
Japanese: また天保八年（1837年）の人口として128万4815人という数字も伝わっている。
English: Some have interpreted that these figures, collected shortly after a state of emergency due to a disaster, reveal the true population of Edo that takes into account the population of samurai households, but the reliability of this document is questionable because (1) the male-to-female ratio is reversed, and (2) the populations and composition of non-targeted demographics are similar in spite of a fifty year interval.
Japanese: 共に災害の直後の非常時であったため、これらが武家人口を含めた真の江戸の人口であるとする解釈があるが、(1)男女比が逆転している(2)50年隔てた両年の人口や後述の計外人口の構成が酷似しているなど信頼性が低い。
English: Although the Yoshiwara (Tokyo Prefecture) was initially constructed as a residential in a suburb of Edo after the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657, it remained outside the control of the town magistrate's office and was excluded from the census taken within Edo Prefecture.
Japanese: 吉原(東京都)は1657年の明暦の大火の際に江戸郊外に作られた居住地区であったが、安政元年よりも前は町奉行の支配下に入っておらず、江戸御府内人口の統計から除外されてきた。
English: However, since the figures remain oddly similar over time, it is thought that they were plagiarized from several historical documents, but changed over time through mis-transcription.
Japanese: しかし、時代を超えて数字が酷似していることから、数点の元史料をもとに数字が伝えられ、誤記により変化した考えられる。
English: The area governed by the town magistrate's office varied with time, and the handling of temple/shrine towns was a particularly troublesome issue among Bakufu officials.
Japanese: 御府内の範囲は時代によって異なり、特に寺社門前町の取り扱いについては幕府役人の間でも問い合わせがあった。
English: For the abovementioned reason, there are those who interpret that the population of temple towns that have been accounted for in the population of townspeople, do not include peasants living in such farm lands and some other townspeople inhabiting the shuinchi.
Japanese: そのため町奉行支配下の町人人口として計上されている寺社門前地の人口には、農地に点在する農民、一部町人の人口が含まれていないとする解釈がある。
English: TAKAMI Yasujiro (1940) estimated that there were 9,500 households and approximately 43,500 people inhabiting the dense residential area.
Japanese: 鷹見安二郎（1940年）によると住宅密集地区外に点在する民家は文政年間で約9500戸程度と見積もられ、約4万3500人程度である。
English: The population of servants living in samurai residences was excluded from the Edo census because it was not an administrative responsibility of the Bakufu.
Japanese: 武家屋敷に使用人として住む町人の人口は、幕府の管理下になかったため、江戸の人口統計から除外されている。
English: Furthermore, the population of the samurai was never recorded since it was strategically sensitive information.
Japanese: また軍事機密保持なども理由に、武士階級全体の人口がそもそも統計として残っていない。
English: Additionally, according to the "Ryuenzakki" [柳烟雑記] (Miscellaneous Records of Smokey Willow), the samurai population as of May 1723 (Kyoho 9) comprised of 264 daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), 5,205 hatamoto (bannermen), 17,004 subordinates, 30,909 of those including yoriki (police sergeant), doshin (police constable), rokushaku (servant) and genan (houseboy), and 487 others.
Japanese: また『柳烟雑記』は享保九年五月（1723年）の武家人口として、大名264人、旗本5205人、御目見以下1万7004人、与力・同心並びに六尺・下男3万0909人、その他487人と伝えている。
English: Yasusuke KOMIYAMA (1891) estimated based on the statistics from "柳烟雑記" that the total population of samurai households was around 260,000; 121,110 of domain-retained samurai and their family, 83,403 of hatamoto and their family, and 58,936 of their retainers and servants.
Japanese: 小宮山綏介（1891年）は、『柳烟雑記』の統計を元に諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を12万1100人、旗本御家人と家族の人口を8万3403人、その家来・従事者5万8936人、合計約26万人程度と推定している。
English: On the other hand, Yasujiro TAKAMI (1940) estimated the population of domain-retained samura and their dependents to be approximately 360,000, and the population of samurai and dependents administered by the Bakufu to be approximately 260,000 for a combined total of 620,000 based on an 1864 (meiji 1) census carried out over peerage and warrior classes.
Japanese: 一方鷹見安二郎（1940年）は明治初年の華族・士族人口や石高の統計などをもとに、諸藩の在府者と家族の人口を約36万人、幕府配下の武家と家族の人口を約26万人、合計約62万人と推定している。
English: On the other hand, Naotaro SEKIYAMA (1958) estimated that the aggregate population of samurai households was around 500,000, composed of 115,000 hatamoto and their dependents, 100,000 of their servants, 180,000 domain-retained samurai and their dependents, and 100,000 of ashigaru (common foot soldier) and servants retained by Bakufu.
Japanese: 関山直太郎（1958年）は、旗本御家人と家族約11万5千人、その家来・従属者約10万人、諸藩の在府者と家族約18万人、幕府直属の足軽・奉公人等約10万人、合計約50万人と推定している。
English: Tertius Chandler, whose estimates for historical populations are frequently cited in other countries, estimated that three-eighths of the population of townspeople were samurai, and approximated the demographic shift from 188,000 in 1701 to 215,000 1854.
Japanese: 過去の人口推定値として海外でしばしば引用されるTertiusChandler（1987年）は、町奉行支配下の町人人口の3/8程度を武士人口とし、18万8千人（1701年）から約21万5千人（1854年）と見積もっている。
English: The Boshin War broke out in 1868, and when the Bakufu army was defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, a large force of combined Satsuma and Choshu Domains advanced on Edo, putting the metropolis under the threat of warfare.
Japanese: 1868年に戊辰戦争が起こり、鳥羽・伏見の戦いで幕府軍が敗れると、薩摩藩長州藩軍の大軍が江戸に迫り、江戸は戦火に晒される危険に陥った。
English: Kaishu KATSU, a retainer of the Shogun, advocated an early cease-fire with Takamori SAIGO--commander of combined Satsuma and Choshu forces; Consequently, the last Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA surrendered Edo Castle without any bloodshed and spared Edo from the ravages of war with the exception of the Battle of Ueno fought between domain and government forces.
Japanese: 幕臣勝海舟は早期停戦を唱えて薩長軍を率いる西郷隆盛と交渉、最後の将軍徳川慶喜は江戸城の無血開城し降伏、交戦派と官軍の間の上野戦争を例外として、江戸は戦火を免れた（江戸開城）。
English: Shortly after the fall of the Bakufu, Edo renamed Tokyo, and in the following year the Tokyo Castle (formerly, the Edo Castle) was officially recommissioned as the 'Imperial Palace' with the 入居 of the Meiji Emperor-- the metropolis Edo once overseen by the shogun became the 'metropolis Tokyo'-- temporary residence of the Emperor (Tokyo Tento [transfer of the national capital to Tokyo]).
Japanese: 同年、江戸は東京と改名され、翌1869年には東京城（江戸城）に東京行幸した明治天皇が入って「皇城」とされて、かつての将軍の居住する都市・江戸は、天皇の行在する都市・東京となった（東京奠都）。
English: As the townscape of Tokyo expanded and transformed from a city to a metropolis, the area formerly known as Edo became downtown Tokyo, and serves as its center.
Japanese: 東京の町並が東京市、東京都へと変遷しつつ拡大してゆく過程で、かつての江戸は都心となり、その中核としての役割を果たしている。
English: The area called Edo was originally part of the Heian Period village Sakurada-go in Ebara County (southwest of the Edo Castle), but it later became referred to as Edo-go of Toshima County (Musashi Province).
Japanese: 江戸の地名で呼ばれる地域は、元々は平安時代に存在した荏原郡桜田郷（江戸城の西南）の一部であったが、やがて豊島郡(武蔵国)江戸郷と呼ばれるようになっていた。
English: In the first half of the Edo Period, the city was no bigger than present day Chiyoda Ward and its surrounding areas, and the outer moat of the Edo Castle was dug to encompass this area.
Japanese: 江戸時代前期頃の江戸の範囲は、現在の東京都千代田区とその周辺のみであり、江戸城の外堀はこれを取り囲むよう建造された。
English: The urban area of Edo was called 'Gofunai,' and the official borders of Edo cartographically delineated by 'shubiki' (literally "red-ruled lines.") for the first time in 1818, and the area administered by the town magistrate's office were distinguished by 'sumibiki' (literally "black-ruled lines").
Japanese: 江戸の市域は「御府内」と呼ばれ、正式な区域は1818年に地図上の朱引きで、さらに町奉行の管轄する区域は墨引きで示されるようになった。
English: The area encompassed by 'Shubiki' was slightly larger than the fifteen wards consisting Old Tokyo, and include parts of present day Toshima, Shibuya, and Kita wards, as well as parts of Meguro, Shinagawa, and Itabashi wards.
Japanese: 朱引きは旧東京市の15区より若干広く、現在の豊島区、渋谷区、荒川区、北区(東京都)、目黒区の一部、品川区の一部、板橋区の一部をも含む。
English: The practice of 'shubiki' continued into the Meiji Period; After several revisions the shubiki areas assumed a shape similar to those of sumibiki areas, and the administrative boundaries of the fifteen wards of Old Tokyo were finalized in accordance to the promulgation of the County-Ward-Township-Village Organization Act.
Japanese: 朱引きは明治以降も存続し、数度の改正を経て、最終的には旧墨引に近い形となり郡区町村編制法施行時に旧東京15区となった。
English: It is said that in later Edo Period, Edo almost encompassed fifteen Wards of later-Tokyo City, present-day Chiyoda, Chuo, Bunkyo, Taito, Sumida, and Koto wards, as well as the east side of Shinjuku Ward (up to Yotsuya).
Japanese: 江戸は、江戸後期に現在の、千代田区・中央区(東京都)・港区(東京都)・新宿区の東側（四谷付近まで）・文京区・台東区・墨田区・江東区の辺り、のちの東京市の内十五区部分ぐらいまで広がったといわれている。
English: Many place names of Nishimikawa beginning with Ozaki, have been transposed to locations in Edo (For example, "Akihabara" was a name for a country bordering Mikawa, which originaltes from the Akihayama Motomiyaakiha Shrine of the former country of Totoumi.), because Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was originally the daimyo of Mikawa Province (present-day Okazaki City of Aichi Prefecture in Western Japan.).
Japanese: 元々、徳川家康自身が岡崎市出身の一大名であったように、岡崎を初めとする西三河系の地名が、江戸には多く移植されている（例：秋葉原三河の隣国、遠江国の秋葉山本宮秋葉神社に由来）。
English: In fact, as mentioned earlier, the location of Edo was one of vital strategic importance in the southern Kanto region since the late Heian Period.
Japanese: 実際には、既に触れたように江戸の地は平安時代末期から関東南部の要衝であった。
English: As the records of the Tokugawa clan reveal, the Edo Castle was not regarded as a vital branch-castle in the time of the Gohojo clan and its modest structure that was constructed in the 15th century remained; However, it should be noted that the foundations that would enable Edo to develop into the capital of eight provinces had already been laid.
Japanese: 確かに徳川氏の記録が伝えるように、後北条氏時代の江戸城は最重要な支城とまではみなされず城は15世紀の粗末なつくりのまま残されていたが、関八州の首府となりうる基礎はすでに存在していた。
English: With the exception of the sandbar known as Edomaeshima, which is east of the Hibiya inlet and west of the Sumidagawa Estuary, the lack of level land not only posed a significant obstacle to development of the castletown, but also hampered the development of Edo into metropolis.
Japanese: しかし、江戸が都市として発展するためには、日比谷入江の東、隅田川河口の西にあたる江戸前島と呼ばれる砂州を除けば、城下町をつくるために十分な平地が存在しないことが大きな障害となる。
English: In response to this issue, Tokugawa dug the Dosan moat stretching from the Ote-mon Gate of Edo Castle to Sumida-gawa (river), and initiated the reclamation of Hibiya inlet using the earth from the prior previous moat construction.
Japanese: そこで徳川氏は、まず江戸城の大手門から隅田川まで道三堀を穿ち、そこから出た土で日比谷入江の埋め立てを開始した。
English: The Dosan canal was used to transport timber and stone building materials required for the construction of the castle from the Sumidagawa estuary up to the Edo Castle, and a funamachi (riverine port town) was built one both banks of the canal.
Japanese: 道三堀は墨田川河口から江戸城の傍まで、城の建造に必要な木材や石材を搬入するために活用され、道三堀の左右に舟町が形成された。
English: Additionally, the first townspeople (residential) zone was designated north of the outside of the Tokiwa-bashi Gate and Nihon-bashi bridge (an area designated for the habitation of merchants and artisans) (It is thought that the course of Hira-kawa River stretching towards Hibiya inlet was diverted to pass through Edo Maejima.)
Japanese: また、元からあった平地である今の常盤橋門外から日本橋の北に最初の町人地が設定された（この時と時期を同じくして平川の日比谷入江から江戸前島を貫通する流路変更が行われたと思われる）。
English: Furthermore, machiya (merchant houses) were also built in the villages such as Shiba in the south (Minato Ward), Asakusa in the north, and Akasaka, Ushigome and Kojimachi in the west.
Japanese: さらに元からあった周辺集落である南の芝(東京都港区)、北の浅草や西の赤坂、牛込、麹町にも町屋が発展した。
English: The most famous map of Edo in this period isThe "Beppon Keicho Edo zu,"is known as a map that reveals Edo as it was.
Japanese: この頃の江戸の姿を伝える地図としては『別本慶長江戸図』が知られている。
English: It is said that Edo was structured in the form of 'の' (a letter of Kana syllable, pronounced 'no'), a quite unique design, compared to other castle towns.
Japanese: 江戸は「の」の字形に設計されたことが一般の城下町と比べて特異であるといわれる。
English: The palaces of shogun, his heir and ogosho (ex-shogun) were constructed the central castle compound of the Edo Castle within the Honmaru, Ninomaru and Nishinomaru interior castle that were enclosed by the Ote-mon, Wadakura-mon, Babasaki-mon, and Sakurada-mon cates, and the residences of Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) were reserved west of the Castle and behind Hanzo-mon gate Gate.
Japanese: つまり、江戸城の本城は大手門から和田倉門、馬場先門、桜田門の内側にある本丸、二の丸、西の丸などの内郭に将軍、次期将軍となる将軍の世子、先代の将軍である大御所が住む御殿が造られ、その西にあたる半蔵門内の吹上に将軍の親族である徳川御三家の屋敷が置かれた。
English: Residences of fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa clan) were built on the western outskirts of the interior castle moat between the Oote-mon and Wadakura-mon gates, an area south of the Sakurada-mon gate was designated the residence of the tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord), and Hatamoto and Gokenin (shogunal retainers) were housed on a hillside stretching between the outskirts of the western Hanzo-mon gate to Hitotsubashi-mon and Kandabashi-mon gates; choninchi (residential and commercial areas for townspeople) the reclaimed lands in Hibiya stretched between Tokiwa-bashi Bridge, Gofuku-bashi Bridge, Kaji-bashi Bridge, Sukiya-bashi Bridge, Sumida-gawa River and the Edo Bay.
Japanese: 内城の堀の外は東の大手門下から和田倉門外に譜代大名の屋敷、南の桜田門の外に外様大名の屋敷と定められ、西の半蔵門外から一ツ橋門、神田橋門外に至る台地に旗本・御家人が住まわされ、さらに武家屋敷地や大名屋敷地の東、常盤橋・呉服橋・鍛冶橋・数寄屋橋から隅田川、江戸湾に至るまでの日比谷埋立地方面に町人地が広げられた。
English: The layout of Edo is evident on the map as the shogunal, shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai daimyo, tozama daimyo, hatamoto and townspeople are positioned inside and outside a "の" shaped moat stretching from Ote-mon Gate to Sukiya-bashi Bridge.
Japanese: これを地図で見るとちょうど大手門から数寄屋橋に至るまでの「の」の字の堀の内外に渦巻き上に将軍・親藩・譜代・外様大名・旗本御家人・町人が配置されている形になる。
English: Just as a snail expands its shell as it grows, the adoption of a spiral structure facilitated the flexible expansion of Edo.
Japanese: 巻き貝が殻を大きくするように、渦巻き型に柔軟に拡大できる構造を取ったことが、江戸の拡大を手助けした。
English: After the death of Ieyasu, the second shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA ordered the the diversion of the Hirakawa River, which flowed southwards from west side of the Koishigawa-mon gate, to flow eastwards to secure a defensive barrier for Northeastern Edo..
Japanese: 家康の死後、二代将軍徳川秀忠は、江戸の北東の守りを確保するため、小石川門の西から南に流れていた平川をまっすぐ東に通す改修を行った。
English: An artificial valley was dug between the Kanda Plateau that stretched from Hongo to Surugadai (The areas between present-day Suido-bashi and Mansei-bashi bridges [Akihabara]) to dug to create an artificial valley so that the Hira-kawa River run through the valley, joined Naka-gawa River in the west (which originated in the Kanda Plain and poured into Sumida-gawa River) and run under Asakusa-bashi Bridge to pour into Sumida-gawa River.
Japanese: 今の水道橋から万世橋（秋葉原）の間は本郷から駿河台まで伸びる神田台地があったためこれを掘り割って人口の谷を造って通し、そこから西は元から神田台地から隅田川に流れていた中川の流路を転用し、浅草橋を通って隅田川に流れるようにした。
English: Through this channel improvement work, the lower reaches of the Hira-kawa River that flowed into Sumida-gawa River after passing through Hitotsu-bashi Bridge, Kanda-bashi Bridge, and Nihon-bashi Bridge, was cut-off from the Kanda-gawa River (former Hira-kawa River) and became the Edo Castle moat.
Japanese: この工事によって平川下流であった一ツ橋、神田橋、日本橋を経て隅田川に至る川筋は神田川（平川）から切り離され、江戸城の堀となった。
English: It was not until the Meiji Period that this moat was reconnected to Kanda-gawa River and renamed Nihon-bashi River-- a branch of the Kanda-gawa River.
Japanese: この堀が再び神田川に接続され、神田川支流の日本橋川となるのは明治時代のことである。
English: Moreover, the third shogun, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA decided to reinforce the castle's western exterior enclosure, which was left untouched, and built an outer moat using the reservoirs and streams that coursed through Akasaka, Yotsuya, Ichigaya to Ushigome before flowing into Kanda-gawa River.
Japanese: 更に3代将軍徳川家光はこれまで手薄で残されてきた城の西部外郭を固めることにし、溜池や神田川に注ぎ込む小川の谷筋を利用して溜池から赤坂、四ッ谷、市ヶ谷を経て牛込に至り、神田川に接する外堀を造らせた。
English: The construction of the moat, which required a massive mobilization on the part of tozama daimyo, was finished in 1636, and marked the completion of a outer portion of the spiral-shaped urban layout that spanned the Onari-mon and Asakusabashi-mon gates.
Japanese: 全国の外様大名を大動員して行われた外堀工事は1636年に竣工し、ここに御成門から浅草橋門に至る江戸城の「の」の字の外側の部分が完成した。
English: Among the elements that constitute castletowns, the significance of jisha-chi (lands for temples and shrines) was on par with the bukechi (lands for samurai) and Choninchi (lands for townspeople), but it is said that geomancy also dicated the location of temples and shrines during the Edo period.
Japanese: 城下町において武家地、町人地とならぶ要素は寺社地であるが、江戸では寺社の配置に風水の思想が重視されたという。
English: One reason why the Tokugawa clan chose the Edo Castle as its primary residence was that the geographical location of Edo was ideally aligned with shijin-soo philosopy that sought geographic analogs of the four Daoist gods Genbu (God of Water), Suzaku (Red Phoenix), Seiryu (Blue Dragon) and Byakko (White Tiger) respectively manifest in the geographic forms of hills in the north, a basin to the south, a river in the east, and a broad avenue to the west; Such geographic analogs of geomantic ideals were manifest in the Kojimachi plateau to the north, the Hibiya Inlet to the south, the Kanda-gawa River in the east, and the Tokai-do road to the west; the geographic analogs of geomantic ideals were respectively reconfigured to the Hongo highlands (Bunkyo Ward), Edo bay, O-kawa River (Sumida-gawa River), and the Koshu-kaido Road in response to the growth of Edo.
Japanese: そもそも江戸城が徳川氏の城に選ばれた理由の一因には、江戸の地が当初は北の玄武は麹町台地、東の青龍は神田川(東京都)、南の朱雀は日比谷入江、西の白虎は東海道、江戸の拡大後は、玄武に本郷(文京区)台地、青龍に大川（隅田川）、朱雀に江戸湾、白虎に甲州街道と四神相応に則っている点とされる。