nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Subsequently Japan made its way to creating the Korean Dynasty (The Korean Empire) a protected state and Annexation of Korea in 1910 through conclusions of treaties many times after complicated negotiations.
Japanese: この後日本は紆余曲折を経て度重なる条約締結により朝鮮王朝(大韓帝国)の保護国化と1910年朝鮮併合へ至る道を進むこととなる。
English: In those days Russia aiming at expansion into Manchuria (north east of China) strongly opposed Japan's acquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula.
Japanese: 当時ロシアは満州（中国東北部）への進出を狙っていたため、遼東半島が日本領になることに激しく反発した。
English: On April 23, Russia, France, and Germany apply diplomatic pressure on the Japan government for return of the territory to China (Triple intervention) in exchange.
Japanese: このため、ドイツ・フランスとともに遼東半島を清に返還することを4月23日日本政府に要求した（三国干渉）。
English: The Japanese government reluctantly agreed to the intervention, as it had no power to militarily resist the three major European powers.
Japanese: 日本政府には、列強三か国に対抗する力は無かったため、これを受け入れた。
English: Japan then regarded Russia a hypothetical enemy and, out of the 360,000,000 yen indemnity and its interest obtained from Qing, Japan spent 30% (79,000,000 yen) in compensation for military expenditures for the Sino-Japanese war (222,470,000 yen) and on its military build-up for a possible large-scale war (200,000,000 yen).
Japanese: 以後、日本はロシアを仮想敵国として、清から得た賠償金および利子3億6千万円を、日清戦争戦費(2億2247万円)の3割(7900万円)の補填と次のより大規模な戦争のための軍備拡張費(2億円)とした。
English: Japan also spent the indemnity to increase its national strengths and external expansions, such as the construction of Yahata Iron Factory, expansion of the railways, and communication industries, and colonial management of Taiwan.
Japanese: その他八幡製鉄所の建設と鉄道・電信事業の拡充および台湾の植民地経営など、国力充実と対外拡張のために使用した。
English: Russians obtained leased territory of Lushun and Dalian City, France obtained Kwangchowan leased territory, and Britain held the Kawloon Peninsula and Weihaiwei.
Japanese: ロシアは旅順と大連市、ドイツは膠州湾租借地、フランスは広州湾、イギリスは九竜半島と威海衛を租借した。
English: Japan's cession of Taiwan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki came as a surprise to the people living in Taiwan.
Japanese: 下関条約による台湾の割譲は台湾に住む人々にとっては寝耳に水であった。
English: They were encouraged by the triple intervention and founded "Republic of Formosa" on May 25 with the Qing dynasty as a suzerain and Tang Ching-sung who had been dispatched as a xunfu, as governor.
Japanese: 彼らは三国干渉に力づけられて5月25日清朝を宗主国とし、台湾巡撫であった唐景崧を総督とする「台湾民主国」を建国する。
English: Japan, after exchanging ratification, appointed Naval Captain Sukenori KABAYAMA as governor of Taiwan, and dispatched the Imperial Guards led by Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa to Taiwan.
Japanese: 日本は条約の批准書交換後、樺山資紀海軍大将を台湾総督とし、北白川宮能久親王率いる近衛師団を台湾現地に派遣した。
English: On May 29, when the Imperial Guards landed in the northern part of Taiwan, Governor Tang and other leaders escaped from the island, but the government of the Republic of Formosa appointed Liu Yongfu, a hero in Sino-French War, as commander in chief and took the responsibility for resistance after the fall of Taipei.
Japanese: 5月29日近衛師団の台湾北部への上陸後唐総督らは台湾を脱出し、清仏戦争の英雄劉永福が民主国政府により大将軍に任じられて台北陥落後の抵抗を担った。
English: Governor Kabayama requested the government to send reinforcements, and the second division led by Maresuke NOGI (later the third governor in Taiwan) was dispatched from Liaodong Peninsula.
Japanese: 樺山総督は6月政府に増援を要請、遼東半島の乃木希典中将(後の第3代台湾総督)率いる第二師団を増派した。
English: The conquering operation finally ended in late November, but Japan did not dissolved the Imperial headquarters until April 1896.
Japanese: 攻略作戦は11月末には一応終了したが、日本が大本営を解散するのは1896年4月であった。
English: This war to conquer Taiwa ended leaving 164Japanese war deaths and 4,642 deaths, including Imperial Prince Kitashirakawanomiya Yoshihisa, caused by diseases like malaria, out of 50,000 solders in motion, while about 14,000 Chinese solders and local people died.
Japanese: この平定戦での動員兵力5万のうち戦死者は日本軍164人であるが、マラリア等による病死者は近衛師団長北白川宮能久親王はじめ4642人にのぼり、中国側兵士、住民およそ1万4千人の死者を出して終了した。
English: With the resistance continuing, power was transferred to a civilian government in April 1896, but the governorship was occupied only by military personnel.
Japanese: こうした抵抗はこの後も続き、1896年4月には民政に移行するが、総督は軍部が独占した。
English: May 31: The ITO cabinet faced a crisis of being overthrown, because a bill on the cabinet impeachment report to the throne was adopted in the House of Representatives.
Japanese: 5月31日内閣弾劾上奏決議案が衆議院で可決され、伊藤内閣が倒閣の危機に直面
English: August 26: Japan applies pressure on Korea to have a pro-Japanese government set up and have a policy to work with Japan in take measures against Qing.
Japanese: 8月26日日本は朝鮮に圧力を掛け親日政権を樹立、共同で清国に対処する方針を採らせる。
English: September 15: The Imperial headquarters is relocated to Hiroshima, because Emperor Meiji; Meiji moved there to command the war (Hiroshima Imperial headquarters).
Japanese: 9月15日明治天皇が戦争指揮のため広島に移ったことに伴い大本営も移動(広島大本営)。
English: However, few died of beriberi in the Navy because it had obtain the result of a comparative study demonstrating that eating barley is effective in preventing beriberi and they adopted barley rice.
Japanese: しかし、比較実験の結果、麦の摂取が脚気に有効であるとの実証結果を得ていた海軍では、兵食に麦飯を採用し、脚気による死者がほとんどいなかった。
English: (Nevertheless the diet during a voyage was short of vitamins, and the number of patients having beriberi significantly grew.)
Japanese: （ただし、その航海食はビタミン不足であり、後年、艦船の行動範囲拡大などにより、脚気患者が大幅に増加した。）
English: Tadanori ISHIGURO responsible for the entire system of the Army of the Imperial headquarters (surgeon general of Medical department of Ministry of Army) and one of directors of army surgeons, Ogai MORI and other surgeons were strongly opposed to supplying barley rice; suggesting that reevaluation in view of medical achievements and beriberi Ogai MORI) lacks scientific evidence.
Japanese: 大本営陸軍部の大本営組織をつとめる石黒忠悳（軍医総監・陸軍省医務局）や軍医部長の一人森鴎外医学功績と脚気問題から見た再評価（森鴎外）などが科学的根拠がないとして、麦飯の支給に強硬に反対した。
English: Consequently, the number of the patients rapidly increased particularly in the battle to suppress Taiwan after the Sino-Japanese with another cause that beriberi is prone to occur at high temperatures.
Japanese: このため、とくに日清戦争後の台湾平定戦では、高温という脚気が発生しやすい条件も重なり、患者が急増した。
English: The deaths from the disease outnumbered those who died in battle--a few hundred solders--(although the number differed from material to material).
Japanese: その死者数は戦死者・数百人を上まわった（資料によって人数が異なる）。
English: In addition, the transportation capacity of the troops is not high so, that war supplies were often delayed.
Japanese: なお当時は、軍の輸送能力が低いこともあり、兵站が滞ることがしばしばであった。
English: For example, a division under Division head Nozu often staved off hunger by eating black millets or unpolished rice that people in lower stratums would not have eaten in Japan.
Japanese: たとえば、平壌の戦いでは、野津師団長以下が国内の下層民さえ食べないという黒粟や玄米などで飢えをしのぐ場面が度々あった。
English: The Japanese Army in those days did not have proper equipment for winter and did not know how to combat cold in areas of intense cold.
Japanese: 当時の日本陸軍は、まだしっかりした冬季装備と厳寒地における正しい防寒方法を持っていなかった。
English: Consequently, many solders suffered from frostbite during battles in winter, significantly reducing military power.
Japanese: 結果として冬季の戦闘で多くの将兵が凍傷にかかり、相当な戦力低下を招いた。
English: Based on this lesson, study of cold weather protection gear and winter time training began, after the Sino-Japanese war.
Japanese: 日清戦争後、この教訓を基にして防寒具研究と冬季訓練が行われるようになった。
English: The Death March of the Hakkoda Mountains Incident occurred during such training as preparation for a possible attack by Russia.
Japanese: 後年、対ロシア戦を想定した訓練中に発生したのが八甲田雪中行軍遭難事件である。
English: Although the Sino-Japanese War was called the First Sino-Japanese War abroad, this was in effect historically the second battle between the Japanese troops and Chinese troops.
Japanese: 海外では日清戦争の事を第一次中日戦争と呼んでいるが、実際には日本軍と中国軍が戦ったのは歴史的に見れば2度目である。
English: The Sino-Japanse war, Russo-Japanese War, World War On1 started in 1884, 1904, and 1914, respectively--the years that end in "four."
Japanese: 日清戦争、日露戦争、第一次世界大戦は、順に1894年、1904年、1914年と、下一桁が4の年に始まっている。
English: When Japan beat China in 1895, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded in which Japan had Korea recognize the independence and autonomy of Korea.
Japanese: 1895年に日本が清に勝利すると下関条約が締結され、日本は清に朝鮮が自主独立国であることを認めさせた。
English: Being no longer a state subject to China, Korea performed a reform in 1897: 'the name of the country' was changed into 'Korea,' Gojong acceded to the throne, and the Korean Empire was founded.
Japanese: 1897年にもはや清の服属国でなくなったことから改革が実施され、「国号」を「大韓」と改め、高宗が皇帝に即位、大韓帝国が成立した。
English: At this time 'Yeongeunmun' and the Samjeondo Monument that is dubbed as 'disgrace gate' were destroyed and 'Independence Gate' was errected to celebrate its independence.
Japanese: この際、清の冊封の象徴であった「迎恩門」や「恥辱碑」といわれる大清皇帝功徳碑を倒し「独立門」を記念に建てた。
English: However, individual troops (each domain in Japan) imported weapons according to its own standard.
Japanese: だが、各軍（日本の場合は藩）がそれぞれの基準によってバラバラに輸入を行った。
English: Consequently different types made in different nations were mixed, hindering the proper supply of ammunition and maintenance of weapons.
Japanese: さまざまな国籍・形式のものが混在してしまい、弾薬の補給やメンテナンス面でも支障をきたしていた。
English: In 1880, Tsuneyoshi MURATA of theJapanese Army succeeded in developing the first Japanese-made rifle.
Japanese: 1880年（明治13年）、日本陸軍の村田経芳が日本で最初の国産小銃の開発に成功する。
English: At the time of the Sino-Japanese war, not all the solders carried the latest types of Murataju rifle.
Japanese: 日清戦争当時、村田銃の最新型が全軍に行き渡っていたわけではなかった。
English: Ammunition and major components were compatible with both new and old Murata guns, making mass production of ammunition and more efficient supplies possible.
Japanese: 弾薬や主要部品に関しては新旧の村田銃の間での互換性が成り立っていたため、弾薬などの大量生産が行われて効率的な補給が可能となった。
English: On August 1, 1896, after the end of the war, two types of specials stamps were issued in two types each for two sen and three sen.
Japanese: 戦争終結後の1896年8月1日に、特殊切手として2銭・5銭の切手が各2種類発行された。
English: The Russo-Japanese War (Русско-японская война in Russian, February 6, 1904 - September 5, 1905) was a war which broke out between the Great Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire (Although Montenegro, [Then known as the Principate of Montenegro] which was in an alliance with Russia declared war against Japan, it did not participate battle.) and was primarily fought on the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria (northeastern China).
Japanese: 日露戦争（にちろせんそう、露語ルースカ・イポーンスカヤ・ヴァイナー、1904年（明治37年）2月6日-1905年（明治38年）9月5日）は、大日本帝国とロシア帝国（ロシアと同盟していたモンテネグロ（当時はモンテネグロ公国）も宣戦布告するも、実際の戦闘には参加せず）との間で朝鮮半島と満州（中国東北部）南部を主戦場として発生した戦争である。
English: It was a war to protect the sovereignty of Japan and secure Japanese rights and interests in the peninsula by preventing the southward expansion of the Russian Empire (the domination of Korea), which established a presence in Northeastern part of China (Manchuria) after the Triple Intervention and the Boxer Rebellion.
Japanese: 三国干渉および北清事変後中国東北部(満州)を勢力圏としていたロシア帝国による朝鮮半島への南下（朝鮮支配）を防ぎ、日本の安全保障と半島での利権を確保することを目的とした戦争。
English: Each country sought to secure concessions in Lushun and Dalian in China's Liaodong peninsula and maintain and expand their rights and interests in the other parts of Northeastern China and Korea.
Japanese: 中国遼東半島の旅順、大連租借権等の確保と中国東北部および朝鮮における自国権益の維持・拡大を目的とした戦争。
English: Although the Korean Empire broke away from the tributary system, Russia which held Manchuria under its sphere of influence, took advantage of its interests in Korea to proceed with its southward expansion.
Japanese: 大韓帝国は冊封体制から離脱したものの、満州を勢力下においたロシアが朝鮮半島に持つ利権を手がかりに南下政策を取りつつあった。
English: Japan became alarmed when Russia enhanced its grip and influence over the Korean peninsula by acquiring vital state assets such as the mining rights in Chongsong and Gyeongwon sold off by Empress Myeongsong, timber rights in the north, and tariff rights, and purchased back and restored many of these.
Japanese: ロシアは閔妃を通じ売り払われた鍾城・鏡源の鉱山採掘権や朝鮮北部の森林伐採権、関税権などの国家基盤を取得し朝鮮半島での影響力を増したが、ロシアの進める南下政策に危機感を持っていた日本がこれらを買い戻し回復させた。
English: At first, Japan sought to avoid a conflict through diplomatic efforts; however, Russia backed by its massive military force continued to increase its pressure toward Japan.
Japanese: 当初、日本は外交努力で衝突を避けようとしたが、ロシアは強大な軍事力を背景に日本への圧力を増していった。
English: On February 23rd, 1904, Japan concluded the Japan-Korean Protocol enabling Japan to take military action in the Korea in spite of the fact that the Korean Empire had announced a 'Declaration of neutrality' prior to the outbreak of the war; This made the way for the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty in August 1904 in which Japan assigned advisers to Korean financial and foreign affairs departments to ensure that they consulted the Japanese government prior to concluding treaties with foreign powers.
Japanese: 1904年2月23日、開戦前に「局外中立宣言」をした大韓帝国における軍事行動を可能にするために日韓議定書を締結し、開戦後8月には第一次日韓協約を締結、大韓帝国の財政、外交に顧問を置き条約締結に日本政府との協議をすることとした。
English: The Shinpo-kai, which determined that the pursuit of reforms was difficult under systems of the former Yi Dynasty sought political union with Japan and voluntarily collaborated in support of Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; for instance, it reportedly deployed 50,000 people to construct railways.
Japanese: 大韓帝国内でも李氏朝鮮による旧体制が維持されている状況では独自改革が難しいと判断した進歩会は日韓合邦を目指そうと鉄道敷設工事などに5万人ともいわれる大量の人員を派遣するなど、日露戦争において日本への協力を惜しまなかった。
English: On the other hand, Emperor Gojong and the yangban elite of the former Yi Dynasty insisted on the removal of Japanese influence, and carried out diplomatic maneuvers such as sending secret letters to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 一方、高宗や両班などの旧李朝支配者層は日本の影響力をあくまでも排除しようと試み、日露戦争中においてもロシアに密書を送るなどの外交を展開していった。
English: In its pursuit of warm-water ports, the Russian Empire preceded with its southward expansion and acquried a significant foothold in the Balkan peninsula through its victory against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish Wars (1877).
Japanese: ロシア帝国は、不凍港を求めて南下政策を採用し、露土戦争(1877年)などの勝利によってバルカン半島における大きな地歩を獲得した。
English: Alarmed by the increasing influence of Russia, Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of the German Empire hosted the Congress of Berlin (1878) and succeeded in gathering the representatives of the great powers to denounce the Treaty of San Stefano, the peace treaty of the Russo-Turkish Wars and conclude the Treaty of Berlin (1878).
Japanese: ロシアの影響力の増大を警戒するドイツ帝国の宰相オットー・フォン・ビスマルクは列強の代表を集めてベルリン会議(1878年)を主催し、露土戦争の講和条約であるサン・ステファノ条約の破棄とベルリン条約(1878年)の締結に成功した。
English: Consequently, Russia abandoned its southward expansion in the Balkan peninsula and shifted its direction towards expansion in the Far East.
Japanese: これによりロシアはバルカン半島での南下政策を断念し、進出の矛先を極東地域に向けることになった。
English: In its rush to establish a modern nation state the opinion that the Korean peninsula should be placed under the exclusive influence of Japan held sway.
Japanese: 近代国家の建設を急ぐ日本では、朝鮮半島を自国の独占的な勢力下におく必要があるとの意見が大勢を占めていた。
English: In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-'95, Japan defeated the Qing Dynasty, and removed its influence over its formal vassal Korea; However, in spite of the fact that the Liaodong Peninsula was ceded to Japan by the Qing under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan was prompted to return Liaodong to the Qing under pressure from the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany that sought to secure their own ambitions in China.
Japanese: 朝鮮を属国としていた清との日清戦争に勝利し、朝鮮半島への影響力を排除したものの、中国への進出を目論むロシア、フランス、ドイツからの三国干渉によって、下関条約で割譲を受けた遼東半島は清に返還された。
English: Although Japanese public opinon was strongly in favor of declarling war on Russia, Japan still did not have the strength to fight a great power such as Russia, and a faction opposing war prevailed in the government.
Japanese: 世論においてはロシアとの戦争も辞さずという強硬な意見も出たが、当時の日本には列強諸国と戦えるだけの力は無く、政府内では伊藤博文ら戦争回避派が主流を占めた。
English: Russia, however, concluded a secret agreement with the Qing and obtained leases for the cities of Lushun and Dalian at the southern tip of the Liaodong peninsula which Japan was forced to return, and proceeded to expand its presence in Manchuria constructing a naval base in Lushun for the First Pacific Fleet (Lushun Fleet).
Japanese: ところがロシアは露清密約を結び、日本が手放した遼東半島の南端に位置する旅順・大連市を1898年に租借し、旅順に旅順艦隊（第一太平洋艦隊）を配置するなど、満洲への進出を押し進めていった。
English: In 1900, Russia invaded Manchuria under the pretext of settling the chaos of the Boxer Uprising (the Boxer Incident), which occurred in the Qing Dynasty, and placed all of Manchuria under its authority.
Japanese: 1900年にロシアは清で発生した義和団事変（義和団事件）の混乱収拾を名目に満州へ侵攻し、全土を占領下に置いた。
English: Although Russia attempted to secure Manchuria through colonization, Japan, England, and the United States protested, and Russia subsequently promised to withdraw its troops.
Japanese: ロシアは満洲の植民地化を既定事実化しようとしたが、日英米がこれに抗議しロシアは撤兵を約束した。
English: Russsia, however, did not withdraw its troops even after the promised deadline had passed; on the contrary, it planned to reinforce its occupation.
Japanese: ところがロシアは履行期限を過ぎても撤退を行わず駐留軍の増強を図った。
English: England became alarmed that Russia's southward expansion could clash with its own interests, abandoned the isolationist policy (Splendid Isolation) it had adhered to for many years, and decided to enter into an alliance with Japan in 1902 (Anglo-Japanese Alliance).
Japanese: ロシアの南下が自国の権益と衝突すると考えたイギリスは危機感を募らせ、1902年に長年墨守していた孤立政策（栄光ある孤立）を捨て、日本との同盟に踏み切った（日英同盟）。
English: While debates continued within the Japanese government between factions including Jutaro KOMURA, Taro KATSURA, and Aritomo YAMAGATA and an anti-war faction including Hirobumi ITO and Kaoru INOUE, these discussions were mirrored in the public sphere by an pro-war petition circulated by seven professors (Seven Professor's Petition) including Hirondo TOMIZU and an anti-war argument and discussion by Shusui KOTUKU which was published in the Yorozuchoho (a daily newspaper).
Japanese: 日本政府内では小村寿太郎、桂太郎、山縣有朋らの対露主戦派と、伊藤博文、井上馨ら戦争回避派との論争が続き、民間においても日露開戦を唱えた戸水寛人ら七博士の意見書（七博士建白事件）や、万朝報紙上での幸徳秋水の非戦論といった議論が発生していた。
English: On April 21st, 1903 the "Murinan Conference" was convened at the Murinan residence, Yamagata's villa in Kyoto with Ito, Yamagata, Katsura, and Komura attending.
Japanese: 1903年4月21日に京都にあった山縣の別荘・無鄰庵で伊藤・山縣・桂・小村による「無鄰庵無鄰菴会議」が行われた。
English: Katsura received approval from Ito and Yamagata on the following policies to be negotiated with Russia "We will recognize the rights of Russia concerning the issue of Manchuria, and we would like to use this opportunity to decisively settle the issue of Korea," "If we want to achieve this, we must be prepared to go to war."
Japanese: 桂は、「満州問題に対しては、我に於て露國の優越権を認め、之を機として朝鮮問題を根本的に解決すること」、「此の目的を貫徹せんと欲せば、戦争をも辞せざる覚悟無かる可からず」という対露交渉方針について伊藤と山縣の同意を得た。
English: Although it was recorded afterward that Katsura was already prepared to declare war on Russia, actual records reveal that Ito's cooler head prevailed, as reflected afterwards in the negotiations with Russia.
Japanese: 桂は後にこの会談で日露開戦の覚悟が定まったと書いているが、実際の記録類ではむしろ伊藤の慎重論が優勢であったようで、後の日露交渉に反映されることになる。
English: In the negotiation with Russia from August 1903, Japan proposed that the Korean Peninsula under the Japanese control and Manchuria under the Russian control, in a compromise known as the Manchuria-Korea Trade-off.
Japanese: 1903年8月からの日露交渉において、日本側は朝鮮半島を日本、満洲をロシアの支配下に置くという妥協案、いわゆる満韓交換論をロシア側へ提案した。
English: Fearing that the expansion of Russian interests on the Korean peninsula would be impeded, neither the Russian navy, which advocated war, nor Евгений Алексеев, the governor-general of the Kwantung Leased Territory expressed interest in the settlement.
Japanese: しかし、積極的な主戦論を主張していたロシア海軍や関東州総督のエヴゲーニイ・アレクセーエフらは、朝鮮半島でも増えつつあったロシアの利権を妨害される恐れのある妥協案に興味を示さなかった。
English: Furthermore, both Nicholai II and the Minister of the Army, Aleksei Kuropatkin advocated war.
Japanese: さらにニコライ2世やアレクセイ・クロパトキン陸軍大臣も主戦論に同調した。
English: They believed that a country as powerful and large as Russia had nothing to fear in a war against Japan.
Japanese: 常識的に考えれば、強大なロシアが日本との戦争を恐れる理由は何も無かった。
English: Prime Minister Sergei Witte expressed opposition to the war in the fear that though Russia would not lose, it would could exhaust the country; However, his assertions were rejected by the Emperor and others.
Japanese: セルゲイ・ヴィッテ首相は、戦争によって負けることはないにせよロシアが疲弊することを恐れ、戦争回避論を展開したが、これは皇帝達によって退けられた。
English: In its reply to Japan, Russia proposed making the Korean peninsula north of the 39th parallel a neutral demilitarized zone.
Japanese: ロシアは日本側への返答として、朝鮮半島の北緯39度以北を中立地帯とし、軍事目的での利用を禁ずるという提案を行った。
English: Japan judged that the Russian proposal would effectively place Korea under the control of the Russians, and would inevitably pose a threat to the Japanese sovereignty.
Japanese: 日本側では、この提案では朝鮮が事実上ロシアの支配下となり、日本の独立も危機的な状況になりかねないと判断した。
English: Furthermore, the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway would easily enable the Russian military to rapidly deploy their forces to the Far East.
Japanese: またシベリア鉄道が全線開通するとヨーロッパに配備されているロシア軍の極東方面への派遣が容易となるの。
English: Subsequently, on February 6th, 1904, Jutaro KOMURA, the Japanese Foreign Minister called Roman Rosen, the Russian Minister to Japan to the Foreign Ministry and notified him of the severance of diplomatic relations.
Japanese: そして1904年2月6日、日本の外務大臣小村寿太郎は当時のロシアのロマン・ローゼン公使を外務省に呼び、国交断絶を言い渡した。
English: How the notification caught Russia off-guard is visible in the response of Minister Rosen.
Japanese: ロシア側にとって、この通告がいかに突然であったかを知るには、ローゼン公使の対応を見てもわかる。
English: Rosen did not expect a war to erupt between the two countries, and had to ask Jutaro KOMURA "Does this notification mean we are going to war?"
Japanese: ローゼンは戦争が起きるとは想像していなかったらしく、この国交断絶通告を受け取った際、「この通告が戦争を意味するものか」と小村寿太郎に聞いた。
English: Nicholai II said, "A war between the Russian Empire and Japan is impossible. I do not desire to go to war," and he thought that Japan would not decide to go to war.
Japanese: ニコライ2世も「わがロシア帝国と日本との戦争は有り得ない。なぜなら朕がそれを欲しないから」といい、日本は戦争を決断しないだろうと考えていたという。
English: Jutaro KOMURA said, in replied to Minister Rosen that "[this action does not mean war."
Japanese: これに対し小村寿太郎は、「この行為は戦争を意味するものではない」と返答。
English: (From "Saka no ue no Kumo" [Clouds Above the Hill] by Ryotaro SHIBA) While this reply is not unlawful from the perspective of international law, in this particular situation where there were no other diplomatic routes available, it was in effect, a declaration of war.
Japanese: （司馬遼太郎『坂の上の雲』より）この返答は、国際法上の解釈から言えば違法と言えるものではないが、この状態ではどの外交ルートもあるわけではなく、実質的には戦争開始の通告である。
English: Hence, Nicholai II permitted Алексеев militarily engage Japanese forces on February 10th, 1904.
Japanese: かくしてニコライ2世は、1904年2月10日、アレクセーエフに対し日本との戦闘行為を容認。
English: England which held substantial interests across South Asia and Qing China offered military and economic support to Japan in accordance to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
Japanese: 南アジアおよび清に権益を持つイギリスは、日英同盟に基づき日本への軍事、経済的支援を行った。
English: France which invested capital into Russia under the Franco-Russian Alliance and Germany whose Emperor Wilhelm II (the Kaiser) was a relative of Nicholai II were sympathetic of Russia, but offered no specific assistance to Russia.
Japanese: 露仏同盟を結びロシアへ資本を投下していたフランスと、ヴィルヘルム2世(ドイツ皇帝)とニコライ2世とが縁戚関係にあるドイツは心情的にはロシア側であったが具体的な支援は行っていない。
English: It was critical to import a vast amount of resources to carry out war, and Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Japan had difficulty in raising such funds because international opinion underestimated the prospects of a Japanese victory.
Japanese: 戦争遂行には膨大な物資の輸入が不可欠であり、日本銀行副総裁高橋是清は日本の勝算を低く見積もる当時の国際世論の下で戦費調達に非常に苦心した。
English: The price of Japanese bonds issued abroad plummetted, and noone was willing to purchase the 10 million pounds in bonds initially planned.
Japanese: 開戦とともに日本の既発の外債は暴落しており、初回に計画された1000万ポンドの外債発行もまったく引き受け手が現れない状況であった。
English: Korekiyo first visited the United States, but did not receive any attention at all from American financiers.
Japanese: 是清はまず渡米するもアメリカの銀行家からはまったく相手にされなかった。
English: Then, he went to England, where he made an attractive proposal to reduce the issue price of the bond to 93 pounds per 100-pound (Currency) face value, and offered a cut of Japanese revenue from tariffs as a security.
Japanese: 次いで渡英して、額面100ポンド(通貨)に対して発行価格を93ポンドまで値下げし、日本の関税収入を抵当とする好条件を提示。
English: At the end of more than one month of negotiating with British bankers, he succeeded in issuing 5 million pounds in foreign bonds in London.
Japanese: イギリスの銀行家たちと1ヶ月以上交渉の末、ようやくロンドンでの500万ポンドの外債発行に成功することができた。
English: Korekiyo travelled back to the United States immediately afterwards and contacted Jacob Schiff, a Jewish banker in the United Stateswho regarded Tsarist Russia as an enemy, and secured another 5 million pounds from him in the form of foreign bonds and additional loans.
Japanese: 直後、再度渡米して、帝政ロシアを敵視するアメリカ合衆国のユダヤ人銀行家ジェイコブ・シフと接触し、残額500万ポンドの外債引き受けおよび追加融資を獲得した。