nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After that, he worked as a journalist for newspapers such as the Chuo Shinbun and Eiri Nippo for 24 years, until 1913.
Japanese: 以来、中央新聞社、絵入日報社などを経て、1913年まで24年間を新聞記者として過ごす。
English: While he was writing reviews on plays or reports on society as a journalist under the name of Kyokido, in 1891 he published a novel, 'Takamatsu-jo' (Takamatsu-jo Castle), in the Tokyo Nichinichi newspaper.
Japanese: 記者として狂綺堂の名で劇評や社会探訪記事を書きながら、1891年、東京日日新聞に小説「高松城」を発表。
English: In 1902, 'Kogane no Shachi Uwasa no Takanami' (written as a collaboration with Onitaro OKA) was performed in the Kabuki-za Theater.
Japanese: 1902年、「金鯱噂高浪（こがねのしゃちうわさのたかなみ）」（岡鬼太郎と合作）が歌舞伎座で上演される。
English: This play seemed to have received poor reviews, but he later became one of the top playwrights for Shin Kabuki through the success of 'Ishin Zengo' (Before and After the Restoration) and 'Shuzenji Monogatari' (The Tale of Shuzenji), and the new term 'Kido-mono' (Kido's play) was even created.
Japanese: この作品の評価はいまひとつだったようだが、その後、「維新前後」や「修禅寺物語」の成功によって、新歌舞伎を代表する劇作家となり、「綺堂物」といった言葉も生まれた。
English: After 1913 he devoted himself to writing and published many newspaper serial novels, detective stories and thrillers.
Japanese: 1913年以降は作家活動に専念し、新聞連載の長編小説や、探偵物、スリラー物を多く執筆。
English: In 1916 he wrote two newspaper serial novels at the same time for the Kokumin Shinbun and Jiji Shinpo newspapers ('Sumizome' and 'Eginu').
Japanese: 1916年には国民新聞、時事新報の2紙に新聞小説を同時に連載（「墨染」「絵絹」）。
English: In the same year, being inspired by Sherlock Holmes, he started to write 'Hanshichi Torimonocho,' the first detective novel in Japan, which was filled with the atmosphere of Edo and gained long-lasting popularity.
Japanese: 同年、シャーロック・ホームズに影響を受け、日本最初の岡っ引捕り物小説「半七捕物帳」の執筆を開始、江戸情緒溢れる描写で長く人気を得た。
English: His horror novels include adaptations of ancient Chinese horror stories and Western horror stories, and also compiled and translated works such as "Sekai Kaidan Meisakushu" (The World's Best Horror Stories) and "Shina Kaiki Shosetsushu" (Chinese Horror Stories).
Japanese: 怪奇ものでは、中国志怪小説や英米怪奇小説の翻案や、『世界怪談名作集』『支那怪奇小説集』などの編訳もある。
English: His accounts of Kabuki viewing from his childhood, "Ranpu no Moto nite" (Under the Lamp) is a valuable resource for learning about Kabuki in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 幼少期からの歌舞伎鑑賞を期した『ランプの下にて』は明治期歌舞伎の貴重な資料となっている。
English: In the Great Kanto Earthquake, he lost his home and he stayed in the house of his disciple Roppuku NUKADA, later moving to Azabu and then to Hyakunin-cho in the following year.
Japanese: 関東大震災で麹町の自宅を失い、門下の額田六福の家に身を寄せ、その後麻布、翌年百人町に移る。
English: In 1930, he released a monthly magazine called "Butai" (Stage) in order to educate young people, serving as the editorial supervisor.
Japanese: 1930年には後進を育てるために月刊誌『舞台』を発刊、監修を務める。
English: From around 1935 on, he did not write many novels or essays, mainly penning occasional gossip stories for the magazine "Sunday Mainichi."
Japanese: 昭和10年頃からは小説（読物）や随筆は、散発的に『サンデー毎日』誌に書く巷談ぐらいになった。
English: His last novel was 'Tora' (Tiger), published in 1937, but he continued to publish plays in the magazine "Butai" until 1938.
Japanese: 1937年「虎」が最後の読物となるが、戯曲は『舞台』誌で1938年まで発表を続けた。
English: After his death, Kyoichi OKAMOTO, his former Shosei (a student who is given room and board in exchange for performing domestic duties) and adopted son, established a publishing company named 'Seiabo' for the purpose of preserving Kido's works.
Japanese: 死後、元書生で養子の岡本経一が綺堂の作品の保存を目的として出版社「青蛙房」を創立した。
English: In 1908 he wrote 'Ishin Zengo' upon the request of Otojiro KAWAKAMI for 'the innovative performance' of Sadanji ICHIKAWA the Second at the Meiji-za Theater.
Japanese: 1908年に市川左團次(2代目)の明治座での「革新興行」で川上音二郎の依頼で「維新前後」を書く。
English: They later established such a close relationship that he wrote 65 plays for Sadanji, and among Sadanji's popular series of performances called 'Kyoka Gikyoku Jusshu' (Ten Plays of Apricot Flower), 6 plays were written by Kido, and Sadanji did not allow other actors to perform them during his lifetime.
Japanese: この後左團次のために65編を書くほどの密接な関係となり、左團次の当り芸シリーズ「杏花戯曲十種」のうちの「修禅寺物語」など6編が綺堂作であり、左團次の生前は他の俳優の上演を許さなかった。
English: It was also performed at the Theater Champs-Elysées in Paris in 1927 by Firmin Gémier.
Japanese: 1927年にパリのシャンゼリゼ座でフィルマン・ジェミエによっても上演された。
English: In 1927, he wrote 'Haikaishi' (Haiku Poet) and it was performed in the following year at the Shintomi-za Theater starring Kichiemon NAKAMURA the First.
Japanese: 1921年に「俳諧師」を書き、翌年新富座で上演、中村吉右衛門(初代)が演じる。
English: Afterwards, he wrote 'Shigure Furu Yoru' (A Drizzling Night), 'Gonza to Sukeju' (Gonza and Sukeju), 'Furin Sobaya' (Soba Noodle Seller at Night) and so on for Kichiemon.
Japanese: その後吉右衛門のために「時雨ふる夜」「権三と助十」「風鈴蕎麦屋」などを書いた。
English: "Ranpu no Moto nite" was a series published in the magazine "Shin Engei" (New Theater Arts) under the title of 'Suginishi Monogatari' (A Past Story) from 1920 to 1922 and from 1924 to 1925.
Japanese: 『ランプの下にて』は『新演芸』誌に「過ぎにし物語」の題で、1920年から22年、24年から25年に連載。
English: In 1942, it was published under the title of "Meiji no Engeki" (The Theater of the Meiji Period) together with "Kabuki Dangi" (Kabuki Lecture) for Daito Selected Classics of Literature by Daito Publishing, and it was recommended by the Ministry of Education as "a contribution to the moral education of young people during the war."
Japanese: 1942年に大東出版社の大東名著選に『歌舞伎談義』とともに『明治の演劇』の題で発行され、「戦時下、青少年の情操陶冶に資する」として文部省推薦本となった。
English: It did not mention the private lives of actors because Kido did not have any private relationship with actors as a play critic, not even visiting their backstage rooms, a fact which did not change after he started to write plays, including with Sadanji the Second.
Japanese: 綺堂は劇評家時代から俳優とは私的な付き合いはせず、楽屋へも出入りしないで、劇作に携わって以降も二代目左團次も含めてそれは変わらなかったため、内容には俳優の私生活には及ばないものとなっている。
English: In 1916, he became interested in detective stories, inspired by reading Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and decided to write his own detective story in pure Edo style, because he thought that a contemporary story might easily be an imitation of Western stories.
Japanese: 1916年にコナン・ドイルのシャーロック・ホームズを読み刺激されて探偵小説への興味が起き、自分でも探偵ものを書こうと考えたが、現代ものを書くと西洋の模倣になりやすいので純江戸式で書くことにした。
English: Thereafter he wrote three stories and gave them under the title of 'Hanshichi Torimonocho' to a magazine called "Bungei Kurabu" (Literature Club) when it asked him to write a series, which started from the January issue of the following year.
Japanese: そして3篇を執筆、『文芸倶楽部』から連載物を頼まれてこれを「半七捕物帳」の題で渡し、翌年1月号から連載された。
English: From 1919 he wrote nine stories under the title of 'Hanshichi Kikigakicho' (The Hanshichi Notebooks) using a style in which Hanshichi took dictation of his senior's stories, at which point the series came to a temporary halt.
Japanese: 1919年から「半七聞書帳」の題で、半七が先輩の話を聞き書きする体裁で9編を書き、一旦執筆を終了。
English: It was later published in book form and its popularity increased, so when the magazine "Kuraku" (Joys and Sorrows) was launched in 1924, Matsutaro KAWAGUCHI asked him to write a sequel.
Japanese: その後単行本化されて人気が高まり、1924年の『苦楽』創刊の際、川口松太郎の依頼で続編執筆を依頼される。
English: However, he declined, saying that he would not write the Hanshichi series any more, and instead he wrote a series of other old stories called 'Miura Rojin Mukashibanashi' (Stories by Old Mr. Miura).
Japanese: しかし、半七はもう書くことが無いと断り、それ以外の昔話ということで「三浦老人昔話」を連載。
English: In 1934, he started to write the Hanshichi series again upon the request of the magazine "Kodan Kurabu" (Kodan Club) and Seiji NOMA, president of the publisher Kodansha and a fan of Hanshichi.
Japanese: 1934年に、半七のファンだと言う講談社の野間清治社長の意向で『講談倶楽部』から依頼されて半七の執筆を再開。
English: He continued writing it until the age of 65, and its last story 'Ninin Nyobo' (Two Wives) was also the last novel written by Kido.
Japanese: 65歳まで書き続け、最後の作品「二人女房」はまた、綺堂最後の小説ともなった。
English: The Hanshichi series was adapted into a play by Kido and performed in 1926 starring Kikugoro ONOE the Sixth, and the old gossip stories which appeared in it were also used for the stages of narrative artists in the post-war period, such as Shozo HAYASHIYA and Ensho SANYUTEI the Sixth for Rakugo (comic story telling), Engyoku GODOKEN for Kodan (dramatic story telling), and Hiroshi TAKAHASHI and Kinsho KURATA for Monogatari (story telling).
Japanese: 半七ものは綺堂脚色によって1926年に尾上菊五郎(6代目)が演じたのを始め、これらの昔話の巷談は、戦後の話芸においても落語の林屋正蔵、三遊亭圓生(6代目)、講談の悟道軒園玉、物語の高橋博、倉田金昇などの高座で使われた。
English: Kido visited Takeaki ENOMOTO and Kaishu KATSU when he was working for newspapers, and made good use of that experience in his works.
Japanese: 綺堂は新聞社時代に榎本武揚や勝海舟も訪問しており、この経験が作品に生かされている。
English: It was published under the title of 'Seiado Kidan' (Mysterious Tales at Seiado) in the magazine "Kuraku" and became popular, and then was published in book form in 1926.
Japanese: 雑誌『苦楽』に「青蛙堂鬼談」として連載して好評となり、1926年に単行本化。
English: Following that, in the same year, he rewrote horror stories he had written for other magazines in the same style and published them under the title of "Kindai Iyo Hen" (Modern Mysterious Tales).
Japanese: 次いで同年、他の雑誌に書いた怪談を同様のスタイルに書き換えて『近代異妖編』と題して出版。
English: They are not really like contemporary detective stories but rather romantic and mysterious stories with a taste of detective stories of the time.
Japanese: 現代で言う推理小説というよりは、当時の探偵趣味、ロマンチックでミステリアスな物語となっている。
English: He reformed the religious establishments, banned martyrdom, and explored Ezo by building a ship called Kaifumaru while he was in office.
Japanese: 藩主時代には寺社改革や殉死の禁止、快風丸建造による蝦夷地の探検などを行った。
English: As an elder of the Tokugawa clan he held sway over political affairs at the time of Seitaishogun (Great General) Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: また、徳川氏の長老として、征夷大将軍徳川綱吉期には幕政にも影響力を持った。
English: From the late Edo period to modern times there emerged travelogues about Komon in which a namesake fictional figure with hooded grey hair travels across the country to protect commoners and peasants from their tyrannical rulers.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期から近代には白髭と頭巾姿で諸国を行脚してお上の横暴から民百姓の味方をするフィクションとしての黄門漫遊譚が確立する。
English: However, the places he actually visited were limited to Nikko, Kamakura, Kanazawa Hakkei, and Boso.
Japanese: だが、実際の光圀は日光、鎌倉、金沢八景、房総などしか訪れたことがない。
English: As some scholars have pointed out, however, they caused the domain to fall into financial difficulty after he retired from office.
Japanese: 一方で、為政者としては文化事業が招いた光圀以降の藩財政悪化が指摘されている。
English: On July 11, 1628 Mitsukuni was born as the third son of Yorifusa TOKUGAWA, the lord of the Mito-Tokugawa family in the residence of the latter's retainer Yukitsugu (Jinbe) MIKI in Saku-machi, town of Mito-jo Castle (Miya-machi, Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture).
Japanese: 寛永5年（1628年）6月10日、水戸徳川家当主・徳川頼房の三男として水戸城下柵町（茨城県水戸市宮町）の家臣三木之次（仁兵衛）屋敷で生まれる。
English: Later in his life Mitsukuni wrote in his memoirs "Giko Iji" (The Memoir of Giko) that his mother Hisako was the daughter of a senior lady-in-waiting who served in the interior.
Japanese: 後年の光圀自身が回想した『義公遺事』によれば、母の久子は奥付きの老女の娘であった。
English: Yet this displeased Yorifusa's concubine, Okatsu (Enriin, a daughter of the Sasaki clan).
Japanese: だが、頼房の側室であるお勝（円理院、佐々木氏の娘）がこれに機嫌を損ねた。
English: Yukitsugu MIKI's wife, Musa, who also served as a senior lady-in-waiting in the interior, discussed the matter with Yorifusa's mother figure, Eishoin (Okatsu, Eishoin).
Japanese: 同じく奥付老女として仕えていた三木之次の妻武佐が頼房の准母である英勝院（お勝、英勝院）と相談した。
English: Mitsukuni's older maternal half-brother, Yorishige MATSUDAIRA was apparently born under similar circumstances.
Japanese: また、光圀の同母兄である松平頼重出産の際にも同様の先例があったという。
English: "Nishiyama Ibun" (Memoirs of Nishiyama) mentions that young Mitsukuni was raised as a son of Mr. and Mrs. Miki.
Japanese: 『西山遺文』によれば幼少時には三木夫妻の子として育てられたと言われる。
English: Gento INOUE, Mitsukuni's physician described an episode in "Gento Hitsuji," suggesting that Yorifusa saw the new-born, Mitsukuni.
Japanese: 光圀の侍医井上玄桐の記した『玄桐筆事』には生誕後間もない光圀と頼房が対面していることを伺わせる逸話を記している。
English: Mitsukuni's prodigy left many episodes in such biographical sources as "Togen Iji," "Giko Iji," and "Gento Hitsuji."
Japanese: また、『桃源遺事』『義公遺事』『玄桐筆事』などの伝記史料には幼少時からの非凡を示す逸話が記されている。
English: In 1632 Mitsukuni and his older brother (Yorishige) whose existence became manifest were received into Mito Castle.
Japanese: 寛永9年（1632年）に光圀と兄（頼重）の存在が明らかになり水戸城に入城した。
English: In 1634 Mitsukuni and Eishoin were received in an audience with Shogun Iemitsu at Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 翌寛永11年（1634年）には英勝院に伴われて江戸城で将軍家光に拝謁している。
English: Having undergone the coming-of-age ceremony, he was invested by Iemitsu with imina (an official name) to be rechristened Mitsukuni (光国).
Japanese: 寛永13年（1636年）には元服し、将軍家光からの諱を与えられて光国と改める。
English: In 1654 he married Hiroko KONOE (Taihime), the second daughter of Nobuhiro KONOE the former Kanpaku (Chief Advisor to the emperor).
Japanese: 承応3年（1654年）には前関白近衛信尋の次女・近衞尋子（泰姫）と結婚。
English: In 1657 he set up Shikyoku (the Office of Historiography) at his residence in Komagome, and started to compile "the Dainihonshi," which is a general history of Japan written in the style of a biographical history.
Japanese: 明暦3年（1657年）、駒込邸に史局を設置し、紀伝体の歴史書である『大日本史』の編纂作業に着手する。
English: On September 12, 1661 he became the second lord of the Mito Domain in Hitachi Province with 280,000 koku.
Japanese: 寛文元年（1661年）8月19日、常陸国水戸藩28万石の2代藩主となる。
English: Giving his younger brother Yorimoto MATSUDAIRA Naka County, Hitachi Province (Nukada Domain) with 20,000 koku, he was left with 260,000 koku.
Japanese: 弟・松平頼元に常陸国那珂郡2万石（額田藩）を分与し、26万石となる。
English: Immediately after taking office, in 1662, Mitsukuni therefore commanded Tsunetaka MOCHIZUKI the machi-bugyo (city governor under the authority of the shogunate) to install a sewer system.
Japanese: 藩主就任直後の寛文2年（1662年）、町奉行望月恒隆に水道設置を命じた。
English: On November 14, 1690 he retired from office in favor of Tsunaeda TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 元禄3年（1690年）10月14日に隠居し、藩主の座を徳川綱條に譲る。
English: In 1693 he commissioned Hoan HOZUMI (Soyo SUZUKI) the domain's physician to compile the Kyumin Myoyaku, a book on herbal medicine with recipes for 397 medicinal drugs.
Japanese: 元禄5年（1693年）には水戸藩の藩医であった穂積甫庵（鈴木宗与）に命じて救民妙薬を編集し、薬草から397種の製薬方法を記させた。
English: On January 8, 1695 he invited shogunal cabinet ministers and daimyo (territorial lords) to a Noh-dancing performance during which he struck down Mondayu FUJII who was his senior vassal in a private, locked room.
Japanese: 元禄7年（1694年）11月23日、幕閣や諸大名を招いて行われた能舞興行の際、人払いをした密室で重臣の藤井紋太夫を刺殺した。
English: Some argue that Fujii and Yoshiyasu YANAGISAWA were conspiring against Mitsukuni although his motive remains unclear.
Japanese: 理由は不明だが、藤井が柳沢吉保と結んで光圀の失脚を謀ったためとも言われている。
English: He apparently regretted that he became lord instead of his elder brother (Yorishige).
Japanese: 光圀は、兄（頼重）を差し置いて藩主になったことを後悔していたといわれる。
English: He also had his biological son (Yoritsune MATSUDAIRA) by his concubine, who was adopted by his elder brother.
Japanese: また、光圀には側室との間に実子（松平頼常）がいたが、この実子は兄の養子に出していた。
English: It seems that Mitsukuni had mixed feelings about the fact that rather than his elder brother (Yorishige), he was appointed as the heir when he was young.
Japanese: 幼少時には、兄（頼重）を差し置いての世子決定が光圀の気持ちに複雑なものを抱かせたといわれる。
English: He as a youngster behaved like a juvenile delinquent, brandishing a sword in the street.
Japanese: 少年時代は町で刀を振り回したりする不良行為少年な振る舞いを行っていた。
English: Yet he remained a man of strong and bold character even in his old age.
Japanese: しかしながらその強い性格、果断な本質は年老いても変わることはなかった。
English: Known as a scholarly and curious person, he left many episodes.
Japanese: 光圀は、学者肌で非常に好奇心の強いことでも知られており、様々な逸話が残っている。
English: He was allegedly the first Japanese to try "ramen" (Chinese noodles), "gyoza" (Chinese-style dumplings), cheese, milk wine and natto made of fermented black beans.
Japanese: 日本の歴史上、最初に光圀が食べたとされるものは、ラーメンをはじめ、餃子、チーズ、牛乳酒、黒豆納豆がある。
English: At a time when a meat diet was avoided, Mitsukuni ignored the Shorui Awaremi no Rei (Instructions concerning compassion for all living creatures) issued by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA the fifth Shogun, eating beef, pork, and mutton.
Japanese: 肉食が忌避されていたこの時代に、光圀は5代将軍徳川綱吉が制定した生類憐れみの令を無視して牛肉、豚肉、ヒツジなどを食べていた。
English: He took interest in Western goods, putting on Dutch socks which were (the earliest) knitted tabi socks (in Japan) and was fond of drinking wine.
Japanese: また、オランダ製の靴下、すなわちメリヤス足袋（日本最古）を使用したり、ワインを愛飲するなど南蛮の物に興味を示した。
English: He invited Zhu Shunshui and imported ginseng which he grew and parakeets which he raised.
Japanese: 朱舜水を招き、海外からオタネニンジンやインコを取り寄せ、育てている。
English: He employed two blacks to explore Ezo and made them his hereditary retainers.
Japanese: 蝦夷地探索のためネグロイドを2人雇い入れ、そのまま譜第の家臣にしてしまってもいる。
English: He also hired some Chinese (who might have been exiled from Ming China to Mito) who became his hereditary retainers or servants.
Japanese: 他に水戸に来た中国人（もしかしたら清朝から亡命して来た漢民族）も譜代の家臣か使用人にした。
English: He moreover learned how to make handmade udon (Japanese wheat noodles) which he saw in Asakusa near the Yoshiwara red-light district and made them at home.
Japanese: さらに、吉原遊郭近郊の浅草界隈で見た手打ちうどんの技術を自ら身につけ、うどんを打つこともあったという。
English: He described politics as 'something which one must do in a heterosexual, rather than homosexual, fashion.'
Japanese: 光圀は政治を例えて「男色ではなく女色のようにしなければならない」と言った。
English: While both parties derive pleasure from the heterosexual relationship, only one party feels pleasure, leaving the other in pain, in a homosexual relationship.
Japanese: 女色は両方が快楽を得るが男色は片方だけ快楽であり片方にとっては苦痛でしかない。
English: He thus meant that politics should be pleasurable for both the ruler and the people.
Japanese: 政治は女色のように為政者も民も両方が快楽を得るようにしなくてはならないという意味である。
English: It took well over 250 years to complete "the Dainihonshi" after his death.
Japanese: 『大日本史』完成までには光圀の死後250年もの時間を費やすこととなった。
English: This project which later came to be known as Mitogaku (the scholarship and academic traditions that arose in the Mito Domain) was instrumental in forming, and theoretically influencing, historical science.
Japanese: 光圀の事業は後の水戸学と呼ばれる歴史学の形成につながり、思想的影響も与える。
English: In 1674 he went to Kamakura to visit the graveyard of his paternal, biological grandmother (Yojuin) and to attend the thirty-second anniversary of the death of his paternal grandmother figure (Okatsu no Kata).
Japanese: 延宝2年（1674年）には、父・頼房の実母（養珠院）の墓参りと、頼房の准母（お勝の方）の三十三回忌供養のため、鎌倉に出向く。
English: He compiled his diary entries right up to his trip to Kamakura as "Koshin Kiko" (1674) and "Kamakura Nikki" (1674).
Japanese: この鎌倉までの日記を『甲寅紀行』（1674年）、『鎌倉日記』（同年）として纏め上げた。
English: Later, in 1685, he commissioned Tsunehisa KAWAI and other retainers to compile "Shinpen Kamakurashi" (Newly Edited Guide to Kamakura) based on 'Kamakura Nikki.'
Japanese: 更に貞享2年（1685年）には、「鎌倉日記」を基にした地誌『新編鎌倉志』の編纂を家臣の河井恒久らに命じる。
English: In 1692 he built a gravestone in Minatogawa, commemorating the military exploits of Masashige KUSUNOKI who died in the Battle of Minatogawa during the period of the Northern and the Southern Courts.
Japanese: 元禄5年（1692年）には、南北朝時代(日本)に湊川の戦いで戦死した楠木正成の功績を称え、同地に墓石を建立。
English: In the very same place, Emperor Meiji built Minatogawa-jinja Shrine in 1872 and a bronze statue of Mitsukuni was erected in 1955.
Japanese: なお、その場所は明治5年（1872年）、明治天皇によって湊川神社が建立され、昭和30年（1955年）には光圀の銅像も建立されている。
English: The Mito Domain spent about one-third of its annual income in the compilation of the Dainihonshi.
Japanese: 大日本史の編纂により、水戸藩は年間財政収入の三分の一近くをこの事業に注ぎ込むこととなる。
English: Falling into financial difficulty, the domain undertook to improve its financial conditions under the rule of Mitsukuni's adopted son Tsunaeda after the death of Mitsukuni.
Japanese: 財政難に陥った水戸藩は、光圀の死後、光圀の養子・綱條が財政改革に乗り出す。
English: This led the roju (senior councillors of the shogunate) and fudai daimyo (feudal lords in hereditary vassalage to the Tokugawa family) to discredit the domain as well as 'Lord Tsunaeda as being incompetent to become Shogun.'
Japanese: これにより水戸藩は、老中や譜代大名から「綱條公は将軍の器にあらず」との認識を持たれることとなった。
English: The selected heir was Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, lord of the Kishu Domain although Tsunaeda was the eldest among the lords of the three Tokugawa families.
Japanese: 綱條が徳川御三家の当主の内、最年長であるにも関わらず、紀州藩主・徳川吉宗が後継者に選ばれた。
English: The lords of the Mito Domain were (commonly) called 'Tenka no Fuku-Shogun (Vice Shogun of the World)' as they always stayed with the shoguns.
Japanese: 常に将軍の傍に居る事から水戸藩主は（俗に）「（天下の）副将軍」と呼ばれるようになる。
English: In the end, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was the seventh son of Nariaki TOKUGAWA, the ninth lord of the Mito Domain, was the first member of the Mito-Tokugawa family to become shogun after Mitsukuni the second lord.
Japanese: 結局、2代目藩主・光圀以降、9代藩主・徳川斉昭の七男・徳川慶喜が将軍職に就くまで、水戸徳川家からは将軍職に就く者はいなかった。
English: Genealogically speaking, moreover, he was not of the Mito-Tokugawas as he was adopted by the Hitotsubashi family and became shogun as Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI.
Japanese: また、慶喜は一橋家に養子に出され、そこから将軍職に就いたので、系譜上では水戸徳川家から直接将軍に就いた訳ではない。
English: Giving rise to 'Mitogaku,' Mitsukuni's promotion of the sciences and arts must be highly esteemed as it has had a significant impact on later generations.
Japanese: 光圀の学芸振興が「水戸学」を生み出して後世に大きな影響を与えたことは高く評価されるべきである。
English: Consequently, Mitsukuni deviated from the ideal of "aimin" (care for the people) which 'Mitogaku' intended to achieve.
Japanese: 結果的には「水戸学」が目指した“愛民”の理想からは逸脱してしまった側面も存在しる。
English: The Mito-Tokugawa family made it a rule to take sides with the emperor should any conflict arise between the Tokugawa clan and the emperor (or the Imperial Court).
Japanese: 水戸徳川家は、徳川氏が天皇（朝廷）と対立した場合、徳川の血筋を残すために天皇側につくように定められていた。
English: They therefore agreed not to produce a shogun (according to "Gyakusetsu no Nihonshi" - A Paradoxical History of Japan, by Motohiko IZAWA).
Japanese: 将軍を出さないよう決められていたとの考え（井沢元彦『逆説の日本史』など）もある。
English: He raised the status of the Kishu-Tokugawa family to which he belonged and established "gosankyo" (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) who had a similar function to the three Tokugawa families.
Japanese: 出自の紀州徳川家の地位を向上させ、御三家と同種の機能を持つ御三卿を創始するなどした。
English: He transformed the way the main branch of the Tokugawa family functioned or stood in relation to the three big families, so that the Mito-Tokugawa family had to change their family rule.
Japanese: 徳川宗家と御三家の立場やあり方を変えてしまったことに原因があるようだ。
English: Compared with his father Yorifusa and his contemporary daimyo lords, he had a rather poor family relationship although he lived a long life.
Japanese: 父・頼房や同時代の他の大名と比較して、長命を全うした大名としては非常に寂しい家族関係である。
English: There is a view that it had something to do with his traumatic childhood.
Japanese: 幼少時の扱いがトラウマとして影を落としたのではないかという説もある。
English: Mitsukuni's graveyard lies on Mt. Zuiryu in Zuiryu-cho, Hitachiota City.
Japanese: -常陸太田市瑞竜町の瑞龍山にあり、現在、日本最大の儒式墓所となっている。
English: Shigenobu OKUMA (March 11, 1838-January 10, 1922) was a feudal retainer of the Saga clan who was a Japanese warrior, a statesman, and an educator.
Japanese: 大隈重信（おおくましげのぶ、天保9年2月16日(旧暦)（1838年3月11日）-大正11年（1922年）1月10日）は、日本の武士・佐賀藩士、政治家、教育者。
English: He was born the oldest son of Nobuyasu OKUMA, a feudal retainer of the Saga clan, and Miiko, in the Saga castle town Kaisho-koji alley (current Mizugae, Saga City).
Japanese: 佐賀城下会所小路（現：佐賀市水ヶ江）に、佐賀藩士の大隈信保・三井子夫妻の長男として生まれる。
English: The family lineage of Okuma was that of Joshi (superior warrior) who got a fiefdom of 300 koku and worked as Ishibiya-tonin (captain of gunnery).
Japanese: 大隈家は、知行300石を食み石火矢頭人（砲術長）を務める上士の家柄であった。
English: Shigenobu entered the hanko (domain school) Kodokan school when he was seven years old, and was educated in Confucianism based on "Hagakure" (the book of Bushido) which was characteristic of Saga Prefecture, but he objected to it and appealed to reform the hanko with his comrades in 1854.
Japanese: 重信は7歳で藩校弘道館に入学し、佐賀の特色である『葉隠』に基づく儒教教育を受けるが、これに反発し、安政元年（1854年）に同志とともに藩校の改革を訴えた。
English: The North-South commotion was the impetus for his leaving the Kodokan school in 1855; he was allowed to return thereafter but he rejected the offer, studying Japanese literature and culture afterwards under Shinyo EDAYOSHI instead.
Japanese: 安政2年（1855年）に、弘道館を南北騒動をきっかけに退学、後に復学を許されたが戻らず、この頃、枝吉神陽から国学を学ぶ。
English: He lectured Naomasa NABESHIMA on the Dutch constitution in 1861, and he worked as the instructor teaching Western studies in Dutch at the Kodokan school which merged with the Rangakuryo school.
Japanese: のち文久元年（1861年）、鍋島直正にオランダの憲法について進講し、また、蘭学寮を合併した弘道館教授に着任、蘭学を講じた。
English: Okuma appealed for cooperation in the Choshu Domain and mediation between the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Choshu Domain, but he could not influence Saga Domain politics.
Japanese: 大隈は、長州藩への協力および江戸幕府と長州藩の調停の斡旋を説いたが、藩政に影響するには至らなかった。