nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It seems to have been born of aoso merchants linked with government officials who had strong connections with the Ogimachisanjo family
Japanese: 正親町三条家との関連が強い官司と青苧商人のつながりより生じたものであろう。
English: Utilizing the position of honjo, the Sanjonishi family set up some checkpoints around Kyoto; for example, in Moroguchi, in Tanba Province (the area that includes today's northern part of Kyoto Prefecture), in Mino Province (part of today's Gifu Prefecture), and in Omi Sakamoto, and dispatched local governors there.
Japanese: 本所である三条西家は京都周辺の諸口や丹波国・美濃国・近江坂本などに関所を設置したり、代官を派遣したりした。
English: With these measures, the Sanjonishi family collected "kuji" (temporary tax) from aoso merchants who passed through those checkpoints, and the kuji imposed on aoso merchants was called "so-kuji."
Japanese: これにより、同地を通過する青苧に対して公事を徴収したのである（苧公事）。
English: It is firstly because Tennoji so-za had an almost exclusive right of purchasing aoso from "Echigo so-za" (the guild of aoso in Echigofuchu [the aoso-producing area]).
Japanese: というのも、天王寺苧座はまず、原料が集まる越後府中に赴いて越後苧座から独占的に買上げていたからである。
English: And secondly, Tennoji so-za also had an almost exclusive right of selling aoso to "Sakamoto so-za" (the guild of aoso in Sakamoto) and to "Kyochu so-za" (the guild of aoso in Kyoto)
Japanese: 更に天王寺苧座は坂本苧座・京中苧座に対してこれを独占的に販売していたからでもある。
English: In short, Tennoji so-za monopolized the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the "Kinai region" (the five provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: 要するに天王寺苧座は越後－畿内間の青苧流通を完全に支配していたのである。
English: To keep its monopoly, Tennoji so-za paid the tax in kind in an amount of as much as 562.5 kg annually to its honjo Sanjonishi family in exchange for the exemption from so-kuji that it paid when passing through the checkpoints.
Japanese: その維持のため天王寺苧座は、本所である三条西家に対して通過時の苧公事の納入を免除して貰う替わりに年間150貫に及ぶ苧課役を三条西家に納入していた。
English: During the Tenmon era (A.D. 1532 - 1555), so-kuji was imposed also on the growing aoso-producing areas, such as Kai Province (the present Yamanashi Prefecture) and Shinano Province (almost the same area as that covered by the present Nagano Prefecture).
Japanese: 天文(日本)年間には甲斐国・信濃国など新興の青苧産地からの青苧にも苧公事を賦課している。
English: However, when the Nagao clan, which assumed "Shugodai" (deputy of 'Shugo' [provincial constable]) of Echigo Province, gained control of the province administration around 1497, the clan did not permit Tennoji so-za the exclusive aoso-purchasing right.
Japanese: ところが、明応6年（1497年）頃に守護代長尾氏が越後の国政を掌握すると、天王寺苧座の購入独占権が否定されるようになる。
English: And after the Eisho War, the Nagao clan made the Uesugi clan (the Shugo of Echigo Province) its puppet, and it also began to exert its control over aoso-za.
Japanese: 更に永正の乱によって長尾氏が守護上杉氏を完全に傀儡化すると、青苧座に対しても支配を及ぼすようになった。
English: During the Daiei era (A.D. 1521- 1528), the Nagao clan gave both the kuji collection right and the distribution control right of aoso to the Kurata clan, which was "tonin" (the director) of Echigo so-za.
Japanese: 大永年間には長尾氏は越後苧座の頭人であった蔵田氏に青苧の公事徴収・流通統制権を認めた。
English: And the Nagao clan forced the Sanjonishi family not only to reduce the tax in kind, which was paid by Tennoji so-za, to 187.5 kg a year, but also to allow Echigo so-za to transport aoso into Kyoto.
Japanese: また長尾氏は三条西家に対してもこれまで天王寺苧座などが納めていた苧課役を50貫に減額させた上で越後苧座による京都への青苧搬入を認めさせた。
English: This tendency was accelerated after Kagetora NAGAO (more commonly called "Kenshin UESUGI") succeeded to "Soke" (the head family or house) of the Uesugi clan.
Japanese: この傾向は長尾景虎（上杉謙信）が上杉氏宗家を継承した後も強化された。
English: During his reign, he imposed the tax on the merchants who came by sea to Echigo Province from other provinces for aoso, thereby gaining control over the distribution network of aoso from Echigo Province to the Kinai region.
Japanese: この時代には各地から青苧購入のために訪れる諸国の船に対しても課税を行って越後－畿内間の青苧流通の支配権を獲得していった。
English: The Kurata clan unified the aoso merchants in Echigo Province, and backed up the military activities of Kagetora NAGAO (Kenshin UESUGI) in economy as its purveyor.
Japanese: 蔵田氏は越後の苧商人を統括するとともに長尾氏（上杉氏）御用商人として長尾景虎（上杉謙信）の軍事活動を経済的な面から支えていた。
English: Afterward, za was abolished by "the Shokuho regime" (the regime of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI; "Shoku" and "ho" are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi), and the territory of the Uesugi clan was changed, so that aoso-za in Echigo Province lost its influence.
Japanese: 青苧座は織豊政権による座の撤廃と上杉氏の移封によって力を失うことになる。
English: And ironically, the aoso in Echigo Province is said to have gotten the finishing stroke during the Genroku era (A.D. 1688 - 1704) of the Edo period in the loss of the competition over aoso with the Aizu domain and the Yonezawa domain, into which the cultivation techniques of aoso were introduced when the Uesugi clan had its territory changed.
Japanese: そして皮肉なことに越後の青苧が江戸時代元禄年間に没落した最大の理由は上杉氏の移封とともに青苧栽培技術が伝来された会津藩・米沢藩両藩産の青苧との競争に敗北した影響が大きかったという。
English: It is often abbreviated to "Goshidai," and it is also called "Gosochishidai," "Gochunagonshidai," "Masafusakyoshidai," or "Gosho."
Japanese: 「江次第（ごうしだい）」と略称される場合も多く、また「江帥次第」や「江中納言次第」、「匡房卿次第」、「江抄」ともいわれる。
English: Some historical sources, including "Chugaisho" (a collection of sayings of FUJIWARA no Tadazane), say that Masafusa began to compile under the order from FUJIWARA no Moromichi.
Japanese: 『中外抄』などの記述によると、匡房が藤原師通の命令を受けて編纂がはじめられたという。
English: And OE no Masafusa seems to have continued writing until 1111, when he died.
Japanese: そして、大江匡房の没した天永2年（1111年）まで書き続けられたと思われる。
English: Gokeshidai has been highly valued as the books on yusoku kojitsu, and there exist two commentaries about it, that is, "Goshidaisho" by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO and "Gokeshidai hisho" by Tsumioki OZAKI.
Japanese: 有職故実書として高い評価を得ており、これに対する注釈書として、一条兼良の『江（家）次第抄（鈔）』、尾崎積興の『江家次第秘抄』がある。
English: The catalogue of Gokeshidai shows all titles of all 21 volumes, so the contents of the missing volume 6 and 21 are known.
Japanese: また、目録には全21巻の編目が記載されるため、欠巻たる第6巻・第21巻の内容も判明している。
English: There exist several kinds of Gokeshidai's manuscripts, such as that of Nobutane NAKAMIKADO's handwriting (in six volumes, owned by Tenri Library), and that of Chikanaga KANROJI's (in four volumes, formerly owned by "Kajuji-ryu" [the Kajuji line] and now owned by Kyoto University).
Japanese: 写本として、中御門宣胤書写の6冊本（天理図書館所蔵）、甘露寺親長書写の4冊本（勧修寺流旧蔵本、京都大学所蔵）がある。
English: Moreover, there exists an unknown person's transcription (but its second volume turns out to have been the transcription of Michihiro KUGA), and this manuscript in eight volumes was written in the Muromachi period, and is now owned by "Sonkeikaku-bunko" [a library of the Kaga Maeda family]).
Japanese: 更には室町時代の書写8冊本（第2巻のみ久我通博書写、尊経閣文庫所蔵）などが存在する。
English: It was also used as a unit (Zaikeyaku) for collecting taxes (land tax, public duties, labor services) within shoen (landed estates) or koryo (public lands).
Japanese: 荘園・公領における租税（年貢・公事・夫役）収取単位（在家役）としても用いられ、その負担者である住民のみを指す場合もある。
English: Under the tax collection system established in the Medieval period taxes relating to public duties and labor services, which were kinds of zoyaku (odd-jobs tasks), were assessed for myoden (rice field lots) as a collection unit; on the other hand, taxes relating to public duties and labor services were collected in regions where myoden had not sufficiently established or from people who did not belong to the ruling system of shoen (manor) and koryo (mainly non-cultivators) (mostly non-farmer), such as kugonin (groups of producer-merchants) or jinin (shrine dependents) by assessing for zaike as a collection unit.
Japanese: 中世において成立した収取体制においては、雑役系の公事・夫役は名田を収取単位として租税の賦課が行われていたが、名田が十分に確立されていない地域や供御人・神人など荘園・公領の支配体系に属しない人々（主に非農業民）から公事・夫役を収取するために在家を単位として賦課したのである。
English: Particularly, in Togoku (eastern Japan) and Kyushu where zaichi ryoshu (local proprietors) became similar to Nanushi (village headmen) and Hyakusho-myo (smaller holdings of shoen held by ordinary peasants) were not established, many Zaikeyaku were levied.
Japanese: 特に在地領主が名主化して百姓名の成立が進まなかった東国や九州で在家役が多く課されている。
English: Zaike could be categorized as slaves similar to genin (the base) and shoju (followers); but, zaike was considered differently in each region, and besides, there was no record indicating that ryoshu in fact controlled zaike.
Japanese: 在家を下人・所従と同様の従属民とする見方もあるが、在家の位置づけは地域によって異なっている上に、実際に領主の人格的支配が在家にまで及んでいたとする記録はない。
English: Zaike were confirmed through kenchu (land survey) and taxes were equally assessed in principle; zaike which were fixed to the kenchucho (land survey ledger) were called honzaike (main zaike), and newly added zaike were called waki zaike (branch zaike) or shin zaike (new zaike).
Japanese: 検注によって在家が確定され、均等賦課を原則としていたが、検注帳に固定された在家を本在家、新たに在家したものを脇在家・新在家と称した。
English: "Zaike-yaku" refers to the tax and the labor that were imposed per "zaike" in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 在家役（ざいけやく）とは、中世において在家を収取単位として賦課された租税のこと。
English: And "zaike" refers to an unit of taxation and labor-enforcement, which was made up of a house and its premises, the nearby paddy and field, and the inhabitants, all of which existed in both "shoen" (a manor, or a private estate) and "koryo" (public land).
Japanese: 在家とは荘園・公領における住屋と付属する宅地・田畠・住人を1つの収取単位として扱ったものである。
English: In the later Heian period, the system of "nengu" (land tax), "kuji" (public duties/temporary taxes), and "bueki" (compulsory service) was established, and their imposition was done per "myoden" (the farming land that served as the unit of taxation and labor-enforcement in those days).
Japanese: 平安時代後期に成立した年貢・公事・夫役を徴収するために、名田単位でそれらの賦課が行われていた。
English: However, the myoden system could not catch hold of some areas, nor could it catch hold of some people, such as "kugonin" (privileged people who contributed provisions to the emperor) and "jinin" (associates of Shinto shrines), so instead, zaike was newly introduced as the unit of taxation and labor enforcement in order to seize those areas and people.
Japanese: しかし名田が確立できなかった地域や、供御人・神人など名田体系では把握できなかった人々が存在したので、これらに対しても年貢などを賦課するために、在家を単位として収取したのである。
English: In addition, in the 12th century, there existed some farmers who tried to evade the tax from "kokuga" (provincial government offices) by disguising themselves as "shokan" (people living in a manor, who were exempt from the tax), although in reality they lived in koryo.
Japanese: 更に12世紀の公領においては実際は公領に居住しながら、表面上は荘民身分を得て国衙からの税負担を逃れようとする農民がいた。
English: One of the purposes of introducing the zaike system was to make sure of those farmers' tax payment, and similar tax imposition was begun in the shoen.
Japanese: 彼らから確実に収取するためにも、在家制度が導入されたのである（反対に荘園側でも同様の賦課を行った）。
English: In most cases, zaike-yaku was imposed in the form of bueki, or in the form of the tax on crops grown in fields, such as mulberry, Boehmeria nipononivea (a fiber material for clothing), silk, and lacquer.
Japanese: 在家役は桑・苧・絹・漆などの畠作物や夫役形式で課されることが多かった。
English: Meanwhile, in areas that were scarce in paddies and fields - such as mountainous districts, riverside areas, coastal areas, and merchant districts - "jishi" (a kind of rent, called "zaike-jishi") was imposed on a house and its premises, and people were also obliged to provide non-agricultural products, such as sweetfish, firewood, and charcoal.
Japanese: 一方、田畠の少ない山地河海周辺や都市部では、住屋や宅地に対する地子（賃借料）を名目とした在家地子（ざいけじし）が賦課されて鮎・薪・炭などの非農業生産物が課された。
English: The owner of a shoen who lived far away from it wanted the shoen residents to bring money or other light freight that was easy to transport.
Japanese: 更に、荘園領主の居住地から遠い地方では金銭や軽貨など運搬が簡易な物が望まれた。
English: From the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, zaike-yaku became a kind of a rent just like zaike-jishi, so it became common for zaike-yaku to be paid in cash.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以後になると、在家役・在家地子とも屋敷年貢化して銭納が一般的な収取形態となっていった。
English: It was treated as a pair with kuji (pubic duties), and seen generally to be the same as nengu (land tax), but they were originally different.
Japanese: 公事と対に扱われ、年貢と同一視される場合もあるが本来は異なるものである。
English: The word originally meant 'corresponding to,' or 'correct,' and this meaning had been used in general for a long time.
Japanese: 元来は「相当すること」「当を得ている」という意味で用いられていた言葉でその意味でも長く一般に用いられていた。
English: Shoto,' which meant tax, originally indicated taxes properly levied such as kanmotsu (produce tax), zoyaku (miscellaneous labor services), and jishi (land tax); but from the beginning of the 12th century, 'shoto' solely meant a regular levy (in contrast to such extraordinary levies as kuji and extraordinary odd-jobs).
Japanese: 租税としての「所当」も本来は適切に賦課された官物・雑役・地子などの租税のことを指していたが、12世紀初頭頃より、単に「所当」をもって（公事や臨時雑役などの臨時の賦課に対する）正規の賦課を意味する言葉となったのである。
English: In the Kamakura period, the word meant a regular levy on paddy fields and dry fields, and began to be interchanged with 'nengu' which originally had a similar meaning.
Japanese: 更に鎌倉時代には田畠にかけられた正規の賦課に限定されるようになり、本来そうした意味を有していた言葉であった「年貢」と混用されるようになった。
English: Kenden was a survey of farmland, recording area, cultivator, soil and so forth.
Japanese: 検田（けんでん）とは、農耕地の面積や耕作者・土質などを調査すること。
English: The koden had been carried out immediately after Taika no Kaishin (the Taika Reforms); and as the handen-sei (Ritsuryo land-allotment system) was enforced, the koden was conducted before the handen, and kodencho (individual registers of the koden) were recorded.
Japanese: 校田は大化改新直後から行われ、班田制の施行とともに班田の前に校田が行われ、校田帳が作成された。
English: Although the word kenden was believed to have been used from an early period, the oldest extant record is considered to be that in 'ichido kenden fujuku' (壱度検田不熟, Kenden weren't doing well at first) described in the shozeicho (local financial records) of Bungo Province made in 737.
Japanese: 検田の語も早い時期から行われていたと考えられているが、現存最古の記録は天平9年（737年）作成の豊後国正税帳にある「壱度検田不熟」の文言とされている。
English: Later, the same kind of survey began to be called 'kenden' and the survey results were recorded in kenden-cho (ledger of Cadastral Surveys).
Japanese: 後に荘園における同様の調査のことを「検田」と呼ばれるようになり、その結果は検田帳にまとめられる。
English: In later years, the word 'kenchu' carried out by the provincial office and estate proprietor in certifying manors, widely replaced koden and kenden, whereby kendencho began to be called kenchucho (land survey ledger).
Japanese: 後期に入ると、荘園認定の際に国衙や荘園領主が行った「検注」の語が校田・検田に代わって広く行われるようになり、検田帳も検注帳と呼ばれるようになった。
English: "Kenchi-cho" refers to the register compiled per village, in which the result of "kenchi" (land survey) was added up.
Japanese: 検地帳（けんちちょう）とは、検地の結果を村単位で集計して取りまとめた帳簿のこと。
English: Along with "iekazu jinba aratame-cho" (the survey register made per village in the Edo period on the number of houses, people, horses, and others), kenchi-cho functioned as the basic register for the feudal lord to rule the land and the people.
Japanese: 家数人馬改帳とともに封建領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
English: At an early stage of kenchi, there was no standardized form of kenchi-cho, because there existed some policies yet to be implemented, such as "muragiri" (the formation of cultivated land done per village through kenchi during the early modern ages of Japan, which reorganized the complicated rights on land in medieval Japan).
Japanese: 初期の検地では統一した書式による検地帳が存在しなかった（例えば、村切の未確立の問題など）。
English: Under the regime of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, it was only after the Bunroku era (A.D. 1592 - 1596) that the standardized form of kenchi-cho was established for "Taiko-kenchi" (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), and under the Edo "bakufu" (Japanese feudal regime headed by a shogun), the standardized form was established only after the land survey in the Kanbun (A.D. 1661 - 1673) and the Enpo (A.D. 1673 - 1681) eras was implemented.
Japanese: 豊臣政権（太閤検地）では文禄期以後、江戸幕府では寛文・延宝検地以後に統一した書式が定められた。
English: Before the standardized form was established, the central regime had yet to bring all local provinces under control, so in some cases, it was doubtful whether the register was based on the survey result.
Japanese: また、統一以前の時期にはまだ政権による地方支配が完成されておらず、実際の検地内容を反映しているか問題が残されている場合がある。
English: Based on "muradaka" (the total yield of a village) written on kenchi-cho, the feudal lord imposed "nengu" (land tax) and "shoyaku" (miscellaneous taxes other than nengu) on villagers as a whole, which was called "murauke" (the village-wide, collective responsibility for tax payment).
Japanese: 封建領主側は検地帳に記された村の石高の集計（村高）を元にして年貢・諸役を賦課した（村請）。
English: Based on the result of kenchi, "kokumori" (the estimated yield from the land per "tan" [the old Japanese unit of land area]) was calculated in each village, and then, the following items were entered in kenchi-cho for each parcel of paddy, field, and residential area of the village.
Japanese: 検地の実施後、その結果を元にしてそれぞれの村の石盛を決定し、村内の田畑・屋敷地について、一筆ごとに以下の項目を記載していく。
English: The entries were "azana" (name of the location), "chimoku" (category of the land), rank of the land's fertility (high/middle/low/very-low), area of the land, "bunmai" (yield from the land), and "naukenin" (farmer certified as the owner of the paddy, the field, and the house, who was entitled and obliged to cultivate its land, and was responsible for nengu and shoyaku).
Japanese: すなわち字名（所在地の地名）・地目（種類）・品位（上・中・下・下々からなる品質）・面積・分米（石高）・名請人である。
English: If necessary, the inhabitants' social position was entered into the blank space left in the item of residential area of kenchi-cho, because the degree of the burden of nengu and shoyaku differed between the common farmer and the other people, such as village officer, Buddhist priest, Shinto priest, and widow.
Japanese: 必要に応じて屋敷地には居住者の身分（村役人・僧侶・神官・後家など一般農民と年貢・諸役の負担に違いが生じる人々）が記載された。
English: After the above-mentioned items for each plot of land in the village were entered in kenchi-cho, the yield per tan by the land category and that by the land's fertility rank were calculated, and then, muradaka was written into kenchi-cho.
Japanese: 更に村内の個々の土地についての記述を終えた後に村全体の地目・品位ごとの段別集計を行った後に村高を記載する。
English: A copy of the kenchi-cho was made, and a kenchi official and a village officer jointly signed both the original and the copy.
Japanese: 同一内容のものを2冊作成した後、検地役人と村役人がそれぞれに連署する。
English: Then, a magistrate affixed a seal on the seam in every page of the two kenchi-cho, and the feudal lord and the village each kept one.
Japanese: そして全ての綴じ目に奉行の割印を押印した上で、領主側と村方に1冊ずつ保管した。
English: Another was that the actual cultivator of the land was differentiated from the person responsible for those burdens, and it went, "The land is owned by - (or, "held by the family of - ") and cultivated by -."
Japanese: もう一つは「○分（○家抱）・×作」と併記して負担義務者と実際の耕作者に分けて記したものである。
English: The person described in the kenchi-cho as naukenin was certified to be the owner of the land, while this meant that he (or she) was bogged down in the land.
Japanese: 名請人として記載された者は土地の保有者として認められる一方でその土地に緊縛されることになる。
English: The latter way implies that the regime watched out for the rise of the land-owning class who owned lands but never cultivated them.
Japanese: 後者は実際の耕作者名を記載することで所有するだけで耕作を行わない地主層への牽制の意味も含まれていた。
English: In other words, it can be said that multilayered classes were formed within a village in those days.
Japanese: これは反対に当時の村内部で重層的な階層が形成されていたことを示していると考えることも可能である。
English: Kenchucho refers to ledgers for recording the results of kenchu (land surveys) in shoen (manors) during ancient and medieval times in Japan.
Japanese: 検注帳（けんちゅうちょう）とは、古代・中世の日本の荘園において検注の結果を集計して取りまとめた帳簿のこと。
English: Since kenchu originated from kenden (cadastral surveys), kenchucho was also called kendencho (ledger of kenden), jikkencho (ledger of survey), marucho (ledger of round), and bajocho (ledger of hourseback).
Japanese: 検注が古代の検田を引き継ぐことから検田帳（けんでんちょう）と呼ばれていたほか、実検帳（じつけんちょう）・丸帳（まるちょう）・馬上帳（ばじょうちょう）とも。
English: They functioned as residents' ledgers in order for the shoen owners to manage their lands and people.
Japanese: 荘園制において荘園領主が土地・人民を支配するための基本台帳としての役目を果たした。
English: Although there are differences in methods between different manors, in general, kenchucho records, in regard to a unit of 3.3 sq.m. of cultivated field, the address, dimensions, given amount of tax from the land, and the name of naukenin (cultivator assigned to the piece of land), as well as the tally for each item inserted at the end.
Japanese: 検注帳は荘園によって形式の違いがあるものの、大まかには耕地の一筆もしくは1坪単位の所在地、面積、所定の租税量、名請人などを書き上げ最後に項目ごとにまとめた集計を載せる。
English: It was carried out on the same date the kenchu was carried out and the established words 'chushin kudan no gotoshi' (the case is thus reported as above) as well as the signatures of the kenchushi (land surveyor) were dispatched by the manor owner, the local shokan (an officer entrusted with local management by the manor owner), and in some cases, jito (estate steward).
Japanese: そして検注の実施年月日と「注進如件」の書止を記し、荘園領主から派遣された検注使と在地の荘官、場合によっては地頭が連署した。
English: Two copies of kenchucho were made: One copy for the use of the shokan for conducting managerial duties in the local manor, and the other for the manor owner for determining the amount of nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties).
Japanese: 合わせて2部作成し、1部は荘官が在地での荘務のために用い、もう1部は荘園領主が年貢・公事の徴収の際に用いた。
English: However, it is said that there were some cases where although the kenchu was carried out, the kenchucho was not carried out due to the fact that the administration costs called kenryo including the cost of paper used to make kenchucho, as well as the cost of the mikkakuriya (three-day banquet) which was held when they received kenchushi in their land, was all defrayed by the local administration.
Japanese: だが、検注帳作成に必要な紙代をはじめとして勘料と呼ばれる検注にかかった事務経費や検注使を在地に迎えた際に行われる三日厨などの経費は全て在地の負担とされたために検注を忌避する動きも強かったため、実際に検注を行い検注帳作成に至らなかった場合もあったと言われている。
English: In addition, when ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on manors and provincial land in a province) were imposed regardless of shiishiboji (notices on every corner of the territory in order to clarify the boundaries) of manors or whether the land is public (koryo) or private manors, kenchu by kokushi (an officer of local government) was carried out, and kenchujo (the report of the kenchu) was issued.
Japanese: なお、荘園の四至牓示や公領・荘園を問わず一国平均役などを徴収する場合などは国司による検注も行われ、検注状が作成された。
English: In addition to kenchucho, documents such as 'kenchu mokuroku' (A land register for shoen or public lands), 'nayosecho' (village register of land survey), and 'naikencho' (Reports of the land damage caused by natural disasters) were made in order to supplement kenchucho.
Japanese: 検注に際して検注帳の他に「検注目録」「名寄帳」「内検帳」などが合わせて作成され、検注帳を補完する役目を担った。
English: Kenchu mokuroku was an accounting document in the kenchucho which was kept by the manor owners for the purpose of governing their lands and imposing taxes.
Japanese: 検注目録（けんちゅうもくろく）は、検注帳の明細にあたる文書で荘園領主の元で保管されて土地支配や徴税の際の参考にされた。
English: There were examples in which kenchu mokuroku was incorporated into the kenchucho, but there were also examples in which kenchu mokuroku was made by the local administration separately and especially to supplement the kenchucho, which was in need of update and correction by collating with the index when the kenchu was not being carried out.
Japanese: 検注目録を別個に作らず、検注帳に一括して記載される場合もあったが、反対に検注以外の時に在地において目録との照合・訂正を行って古くなった検地帳の補完を行う場合もあった。
English: In the first part, the total number of rice fields and the total amount of the annual tax to be imposed were written, and in the second part, the details of 'joden' (tax-free rice fields) and 'teiden' (taxable rice fields) were written.
Japanese: 最初に惣田数と年間可収租税総額を記載して、次に「除田」と「定田」のそれぞれの明細を列記した。
English: The former included run-down fields, fields belonging to shrines and temples (including expenses for other religious events), personnel costs (salaries for local governors such as shokan and jito), and the cost of water (irrigation facilities such as wells and irrigation channels), while the latter, categorized as the rest, was the basis on which nengu and kuji were imposed.
Japanese: 前者は荒田・仏神田（寺田・神田、その他宗教行事経費）・人給（荘官や地頭など代官の給分）・井料（井戸や用水などの灌漑設備）などが挙げられ、それ以外の後者に対して実際の年貢・公事が賦課されていた。
English: Nayosecho was an accounting document which tallied the information on the cultivated fields according to each naukenin, as opposed to kenchucho and kenchumokuroku which tallied according to the number of units of the land.
Japanese: 名寄帳（なよせちょう）は検注帳や検注目録が土地を基準にして集計しているのに対して、名請人ごとに田地を集計した帳簿である。
English: It was kept by the shokan in order to determine the amount of nengu and the role allotment of kuji; in some cases, it was submitted to the manor owner.
Japanese: 荘官が保管して年貢・公事などの負担割当に決定するのに用いられたが、荘園によっては荘園領主に提出される場合もあった。
English: Naikencho was a document which reported the situation in the areas where, due to severe damage caused by natural disasters such as floods and typhoons, a decrease of the harvest was to be expected.
Japanese: 内検帳（ないけんちょう）は、風水害などの災害にあって収穫の減少が見込まれる地域においてその状況を調査した帳簿である。