nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In addition, various teaching materials were seen at the beginning and the end of a book as well as in the space above the body texts.
Japanese: また、本文以外の巻首・巻末・頭書などに、様々な教材を載せたものが出現した。
English: Represented in some of these materials were: Appreciation of the art of flower arrangement, poetry, small pieces of song, manners for writing, business know-how, penmanship, brushwork, and synonyms for the names of the months.
Japanese: 例えば、生花心得・詩歌・小謡・文書様作法・商売往来・筆を取る方法・筆づかい・十二月異名など。
English: Chushakubon-kei' attempted to give a commentary on words, phrases and sentence meanings in the form of 'book notes.'
Japanese: 「注釈本系」は、単語や短句、文意について、「注」の形で解説を試みたものである。
English: In 1834, the book "Teikin Orai Guchusho" (Commentary of Teikin Orai), each letter was broken down into several paragraphs and each paragraph had a let-in note that contained both kanji and kana with all kanji accompanied by furigana, always closing with a section on 'sentence meaning' that summarized the whole paragraph.
Japanese: 1834年『庭訓往来具注鈔』という本では、一通の手紙文を数段にわけ、段ごとに割注（漢字かな交じり文・総ふりがな付き）を挿入、最後に必ず「文意」の項を設け、この段全般に及ぶ意味を要約している。
English: In 1688, the book "Teikin Orai Zusan" (Home Education Textbook, the illustrated edition) contained 509 illustrations above the sentences, each supplied with simple comments on keywords.
Japanese: 1688年『庭訓往来図讃』では、頭書に挿絵を509葉用意、それぞれの挿絵に要語略解をも付けている。
English: The term Shinno-ningoku means provinces to which imperial princes were appointed as kokushi (provincial governor) as well as such systems.
Japanese: 親王任国（しんのうにんごく）とは、親王が国司に任じられた令制国及びその制度を指す。
English: This system was established on October 14, 826 based on sojo (report to the Emperor) made by KIYOHARA no Natsuno ("Ruiju Sandaikyaku": Shinno-ningoku Daijokanpu (the official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of the state)).
Japanese: 天長3年9月6日(旧暦)（826年10月10日）、清原夏野の奏上に基づき制定された（『類聚三代格』：親王任国太政官符）。
English: The Emperor Kanmu had many princes/princesses and the following emperors, the Emperor Heijo and the Emperor Saga, also had many princes/princesses.
Japanese: 桓武天皇は非常に多くの皇子・皇女を残し、続く平城天皇及び嵯峨天皇も多くの皇子・皇女に恵まれた。
English: As a result, the government faced, in 826, a financial problem in supporting many Imperial Prince's families as well as the shortage of posts to be allocated to Imperial Princes.
Japanese: このため天長3年当時、多数ある親王家を維持する財源と親王に充てるべき官職が不足していた。
English: KIYOHARA no Natsuno pointed out, in addition to the above problems, that the practice of appointing Imperial Princes to hasshokyo (the ministers of eight ministries) was problematic.
Japanese: 清原夏野はこうした課題に加えて、当時親王が八省卿を兼務する慣例が成立していたことに問題があることを指摘した。
English: Although this system initially started as one which was valid only during the era of the Emperor Junna, it continued to exist and took root throughout the Heian period.
Japanese: 当初は淳和天皇の治世だけに限定して始められたが、結局この制度はその後も存続し、平安時代を通じて定着することとなった。
English: In the case of these three provinces, Imperial Princes were always appointed to their kokushu, the head of provincial governors.
Japanese: これら3国の国司筆頭官である国守には、必ず親王が補任されるようになった。
English: While the rank of kokushu were normally from Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade) to Jurokuinoge (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), that of Imperial Prince Taishu of Shinno-ningoku was Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 通常は従五位上から従六位従六位であるのに対して親王任国の太守は正四位下とされた。
English: Those who were firstly appointed to the kokushu of the above three provinces in 826 were Imperial Prince Kaya (Taishu of Hitachi Province), Imperial Prince Nakano (Taishu of Kazusa Province), and Imperial Prince Kadoi (Taishu of Kozuke Province) and all of them were Emperor Kanmu's princes.
Japanese: 天長3年に初めて3国の太守に任じられたのは、賀陽親王（常陸国太守）、仲野親王（上総国太守）、葛井親王（上野国太守）で、いずれも桓武天皇の皇子であった。
English: As the position of Imperial Prince Taishu was yonin (remote appointment) and Imperial Princes were not required to go to the respective provinces, suke, the deputies of Imperial Prince Taishu, were practically the highest position in Shinno-ningoku.
Japanese: 親王太守は、現地へ赴任しない遙任だったため、親王任国での実務上の最高位は、次官の国介（すけ）であった。
English: When zuryo-kokushi (the head of provincial governors) appeared in the mid-Heian period, suke were appointed to the zuryo of Shinno-ningoku and were treated equally with kokushu of other provinces.
Japanese: 平安中期になり、受領国司が登場した際も、親王任国については介が受領の地位に就き、他国の国守と同列に扱われた。
English: Although it is believed that Taishu of Shinno-ningoku received their salary but gave other revenues to Muhon-Shinno (Imperial prince without court rank) (inclusive of Imperial Princesses without official position), the details are not clear.
Japanese: なお、親王任国においては、太守の俸禄は太守の収入に、その他の料物については無品親王（官職に就けない内親王含む）に与えられたと考えられているが、詳細は不明である。
English: After the Johei and Tengyo War, TAIRA no Masakado appointed persons to the kokushi of eight provinces in the Kanto region in the capacity of the new emperor, but he appointed 'Hitachi no suke' (assistant governor of Hitachi Province) and 'Kazusa no suke' (assistant governor of Kazusa Province) to the kokushi of Hitachi and Kazusa respectively.
Japanese: 承平天慶の乱において平将門が新皇として関東八ヶ国の国司を任命した際も、常陸と上総の国司は「常陸国」「上総国」を任命している。
English: Being a rebel, he was not obliged to observe the custom of Shinno-ningoku, but it seems this custom took root as a tradition.
Japanese: 叛乱勢力であり親王任国の慣習を守る必要は無いのだが、伝統として定着していたのであろう。
English: In the Kenmu Restoration period led by the Emperor Godaigo, Mutsu Province was also designated as Shinno-ningoku for a while and Imperial Prince Norinaga actually went to Mutsu Province as the Taishu of Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 時代が下り、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政期には、一時期陸奥国も親王任国とされ、義良親王が陸奥国太守として実際に陸奥国へ赴任した。
English: The reason why Nobunaga ODA called himself 'Kazusa no suke' and Tadateru MATSUNAGA was appointed to 'Kazusa no suke,' or Masazumi HONDA, Yoshinaka KIRA, and Tadamasa OGURI were appointed to 'Kozuke no suke' was because the use of 'Kazusa no kami' and 'Kozuke no kami' was limited to Imperial Princes, though these titles were only nominal.
Japanese: 織田信長が「上総介」を僭称し松平忠輝が任官し、本多正純、吉良義央、小栗忠順が「上野介」を任官したのも、名目のみとは言え、「上総守」「上野守」の官職が親王のみにしか許されなかったからである。
English: The term Nenkan means the right to recommend a person to an official post that was granted to Imperial families and court nobles in the ancient/early medieval period in Japan.
Japanese: 年官(ねんかん)とは、日本の古代・中世前期において、皇族及び貴族が保有していた官職推薦権を指す用語。
English: Under this system, the Retired Emperors, Imperial families and court nobles were given certain official posts every year, invited applicants for the posts in question and recommended one of the applicants to the post in return for the payment of ninryo (fee for getting official post).
Japanese: 太上天皇をはじめ皇族、公卿に対して毎年、一定の官職を給与し、給与を受けた者が任官希望者を募り、任料を納めさせる代わりに希望者を申任させる制度である。
English: This system was meant to pay a kind of salary to the above people and started in the early Heian period when such posts were given to sangu (three empresses).
Japanese: 一種の封禄としての意味を持ち、平安時代初期に三宮に給与したのにはじまった。
English: It was the sale of official posts, like the jogo system under which temples/shrines and guji (the chief of those who serves a shrine) were given posts for the same purpose.
Japanese: 寺社や宮司などに官職を給与した成功(任官)（じょうごう）と同じく、売官によるものであった。
English: The term Nenshaku means the right to confer a court rank on a person that was granted to chiten no kimi (the Retired Emperor in power) and sangu (the Three Empresses : Great Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager and Empress) in Japan's ancient/early medieval period.
Japanese: 年爵（ねんしゃく）とは、日本の古代・中世前期において、治天の君及び三宮（太皇太后、皇太后、皇后）が保有していた叙位権を指す用語。
English: Each of the chiten and sangu was given every year the right to confer a court rank on one person and allowed to confer the Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) on one of the applicants in return for a payment of joryo (a fee for attaining a court rank).
Japanese: 毎年、治天ないし三宮に1人分の叙爵権を付与し、治天及び三宮は叙爵希望者より叙料を納めさせることで、従五位に叙爵させることができるとされた。
English: This system started in the early Heian period and later, the privilege of nenshaku was also granted to nyoin (close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparative standing) and jugo (honorable rank next to the three empresses).
Japanese: 当該制度は平安時代初期にはじまり、次第に年爵の特典は女院や准后にも与えられることとなった。
English: This system was originally the sale of court rank, like the system of eishaku under which temples/shrines and guji (chief of those who serves shrine) were conferred court ranks in return for a payment of joryo.
Japanese: 寺社や宮司に対して叙料を納めさせる代わりに叙爵する栄爵と同じく売位によるものであった。
English: In the end of the Heian period and the Kamakura period however, shojo (promotion) (kakai (promotion)) using the nenshaku system became popular.
Japanese: しかし、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代にかけて年爵による昇叙（加階）が盛んとなった。
English: In ancient and medieval Japan, the baikan system was introduced as an official system to rescue courtiers without posts.
Japanese: 古代・中世の日本では無官の者を救済する施策として正式な制度として導入されていた。
English: In other parts of the world, government posts were sold in order to increase revenue when governments faced a financial predicament.
Japanese: また、世界的には財政が窮乏した際の増収策の一貫として官位などが売りに出される例もあった。
English: These days, the term, Baikan, refers to gaining a government post by bribe.
Japanese: 現代では政府の人事において賄賂により官職をあてがう場合に用いられる。
English: In ancient and medieval Japan, the government made post-less courtiers (Sani) with ranks lower than Rokui (Sixth Rank) serve for Saniryo (the office controling Sani, courtier without post) in order to help and give them chances for appointments or promotions.
Japanese: 古代・中世の日本において、六位以下の無官の者(散位)に対して救済及び任官、昇叙の機会を得させるために輪番で散位寮に出仕させた。
English: The government had a policy that those courtiers would get a chance for appointments when they worked long enough for promotions.
Japanese: 位階昇進に必要な勤続年数を満たして任官の機会を待たせる施策がとられていた。
English: Even after the number of posts was determined, the following chances were introduced: supernumerary courtiers bought 'labour' by paying shokurosen (money paied for getting an official rank).
Japanese: 次第に、これに定数ができた後も定員外の者が続労銭を納め、「労」を銭で購入する機会が提供されるようになった。
English: Jogo was a system by which those aspiring to a government post would either pay directly to gain an appointment, or pay for expenses that would otherwise have had to be paid from the coffers of the Imperial Court, such as those incurred in carrying out public functions or events for the Imperial Court, building or repairing the palace, or repairing the buildings and pagodas of shrines and temples.
Japanese: 成功(じょうごう)とは、朝廷の公事・行事及び殿舎の営繕、寺社の堂塔修造費用など本来、朝廷の公費で負担すべきところを、任官希望者を募り任料を納めさせるか、または自己負担でそれぞれの事業の功を成らせて、見返りに官職に叙任するという売官制度の一種である。
English: The statute at the time required that those without a government post must serve in the Sani no ryo (a department for those who held ranks but were not assigned government posts) while requiring those with an order of merit to serve in the military.
Japanese: 律令においては、無官の者は散位寮、勲等を有する者は軍団(古代日本)に勤仕することとされた。
English: However, once the capacities for the department and the military were determined, those beyond the capacity were gradually allowed to replace labor with money.
Japanese: 但し、これらの任務には定員が定められるようになり、次第に定員外の者については銭を納めて労にかえることが許された。
English: Nenryo kyubun is one of the horoku (stipend, pay, salary) systems in the Heian period.
Japanese: 年料給分（ねんりょうきゅうぶん）とは、平安時代における封禄制度のひとつ。
English: At annual Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) persons with the rights were entitled to recommend people of their choices for Ikai (Court rank) and specific government posts which were given to influential temples and shrines as well as ingu (ex-emperor, ex-emperor who became a monk, imperial lady, grand empress dowager, empress dowager, empress consorts and crown prince).
Japanese: 毎年の除目において、院宮や有力寺社に給与された位階や特定の官職を申任(推薦)する権利を与えることをいう。
English: As the owners of the territories, ingu, temple and shrines were allowed to publicly seek applicants for joi (investiture of a Court rank) or specific government posts every year and grant official ranks in return for Joshaku (conferring of a Court rank) fee and ninryo (fee for getting an official rank).
Japanese: 給主たる院宮・寺社は毎年、叙位或いは特定の官職への任官希望者を公募し、応募者に叙爵料、任料を納める代償として希望する官位を与えることができた。
English: Uijin is the first battle that young people in the Japanese samurai hierarchy participated in.
Japanese: 初陣(ういじん)は日本における武士階級の子弟が初めて戦闘行為に参加することをいう。
English: Although the ages for uijin varied from person to person, in many cases the participants were in their early teens around genpuku (coming of age ceremony) and the parents were inclined to send them to a battle that they would doubtlessly win, wishing for their safety.
Japanese: 初陣の年齢は個人差があるが多くの場合、元服前後の10代前半が多く、親は子供の将来の安寧を願い必ず勝てる戦いに参加させる傾向があった。
English: This was a temporary tax imposed on specific regions (usually by provinces) to fund national events or construction of shrines and temples.
Japanese: 国家的行事や寺社の造営など、臨時の支出が必要な時に地域を限定(多くは国ごと)し、臨時に課する。
English: Kodendansen (public tansen) was tansen imposed on the basis of the number of public fields recorded in the Otabumi (state land register).
Japanese: 大田文に記載されている公田の数量に応じて課税する段銭を公田段銭（こうでんだんせん）と呼ぶ。
English: In the Muromachi period, this tax was imposed so often that it gradually transpired into a permanent tax.
Japanese: 室町時代になると度々課せられるようになり、次第に恒常的税に変貌する。
English: A magistrate would generally be sent by the bakufu to the tax-imposed province for tax collection, but sometimes the bakufu would have a provincial governor act on its behalf.
Japanese: 段銭が賦課された国には幕府から奉行が派遣されて徴収にあたるのが原則であるが、守護に代行させて徴収させる場合もある。
English: Sometimes a magistrate or a provincial governor would add a top-up above the tax they calculated and put the difference in their pockets.
Japanese: ただし、奉行や守護による徴収の場合、実際には彼らが算定した賦課額に上乗せをした金額を徴収して差額を得る場合もある。
English: This encouraged the court nobles, shrines and temples, and the bureaucratic groupings in the Muromachi bakufu, such as hokoshu (a military post in Muromachi Shogunate) and bugyoshu (group of magistrates), to acquire the privilege from the bakufu either to be exempted from tansen or to pay directly to the bakufu's magistrate in Kyoto, who was in charge of monetary and rice payment to the bakufu.
Japanese: そのため、公家や寺院、奉公衆・奉行衆などの室町幕府官僚集団などは、段銭免除や京都の幕府倉奉行への直接納付（京済・直進）の特権を幕府から得た。
English: At the same time, provincial governors and owners of manors began collecting shitansen, which was private tansen.
Japanese: また、守護や荘園領主なども私段銭と呼ばれる私的な段銭を徴収するようになる。
English: Shitansen developed into a form of feudal landlord-tax imposed by provincial governors and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
Japanese: 後に私段銭は守護大名・戦国大名による領主的な賦課へと転換していくことになる。
English: The Japanese term "Kandaka sei" refers to the land system, tax system, and military system which used the currency unit "kan" to calculate the yield of rice for a given piece of land.
Japanese: 貫高制（かんだかせい）とは、土地の収穫高を通貨単位である貫を用いて表わした土地制度・税制・軍制のこと。
English: During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the dimensions of rice fields were represented in units of 'kan,' which were converted from the average rice yield from the rice field.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代・室町時代には、田地の面積は、その田で収穫することのできる平均の米の量を通貨に換算し「貫」を単位として表された。
English: This was called Kandaka, and the land system that used Kandaka as a scale for tax revenue is referred to as Kandaka sei.
Japanese: これを貫高（かんだか）といい、それを税収の基準にする土地制度を貫高制と呼ぶ。
English: Especially during the Sengoku period, the system of kandaka became more widespread, since the demand for money increased as a result of the collapse of the self-sufficient structure of society.
Japanese: 特に戦国時代においては、自給自足体制の崩壊とともに支配階層の貨幣に対する需要が高まった事から普及する。
English: However, since Japan at that time did not possess the capacity to self-supply the amount of money required, and also because it was facing the problem of bitasen (extremely low-quality coins), maintaining the sufficient money supply became impossible as kandaka sei became more and more widespread.
Japanese: しかし当時の日本は貨幣を自給できなかったことや鐚銭の問題もあり、貫高制の普及にともない、それを維持するに十分な貨幣流通量を確保できなくなった。
English: As the amount of production of silver increased, and the commodity market in Saigoku (the Western Province) was becoming more and more active during the Sengoku period, silver and rice, instead of coins, became a common basis for value.
Japanese: 戦国時代後期には銀生産量の増加や西国流通経済の活性化などから、銭に代わって銀や米が価値の基本となりつつあった。
English: As a result, kandaka sei became disorganized economically, and there were cases in which the payment of tax by rice, instead of by coins, was accepted under unavoidable circumstances.
Japanese: そのために貫高制は経済的に混乱し、やむなく米などによる代納も行われていた。
English: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, chigyodaka (a stipend in terms of rice production of the fief) was represented by the volume of rice to be supplied; that is to say, by the unit of 'koku' (also called kokudaka), which was organized during the Taiko kenchi (the cadastral survey of Taiko) conducted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: そのため安土桃山時代においては、豊臣秀吉による太閤検地によって、知行高は支給される米の容積による「石(単位)」（石高）で表されるようになった。
English: The First Battle of Kizukawaguchi refers to the battle between the Mori Clan and the Oda Clan in 1576.
Japanese: 第一次木津川口の戦い（だいいちじきづがわぐちのたたかい）とは、1576年（天正4年）に毛利氏と織田氏との間に起こった戦いである。
English: As the naval force of the Seto Inland Sea, consisting of the navies of the Mori Clan, the Kobayakawa Clan, and the Murakami Clan, attempted to deliver provisions to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, which had been surrounded by the army of Nobunaga ODA, they were confronted by the naval force of the Oda clan, who tried to block them, and clashed with them at the mouth of the Kizu-kawa River in the Osaka Bay.
Japanese: 織田信長軍の攻囲を受ける石山本願寺への兵糧搬入を目的とした毛利水軍・小早川水軍・村上水軍を中心とする瀬戸内の水軍戦力と、それを阻止せんとする織田方の水軍戦力が大阪湾木津川(大阪府)河口で激突した。
English: During the battle, horokudama (cooking-pot bombs), employed by the navy of Mori and horokubiya (cooking-pot fire arrows), employed by Saikashu (a group of local samurai from Kii Province, also on the Mori side) gave devastating damages to the navy of the Oda.
Japanese: 実際の戦闘では毛利方の水軍の使用する焙烙玉・雑賀衆の使用する焙烙火矢の前に織田方の水軍は壊滅的な打撃を受けた。
English: Consequently, the primary purpose of the Mori side was fulfilled by delivering provisions to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 石山本願寺への兵糧搬入という当初の目的は毛利方が果たす結果となった。
English: Kokaho (price regulation law) is a law that stipulated the official prices and the conversion rates for goods at the market from ancient times to medieval periods under the Court, kokuga (provincial government offices) and the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 估価法（こかほう・沽価法）とは、古代から中世にかけての日本において、朝廷・国衙・鎌倉幕府において、市場における公定価格及び物品の換算率を定めた法律。
English: The prices based on the law were called koka, which were used as standards for calculating taxes paid in kind, prices in trading and conversion rates for goods.
Japanese: これに基づく価格を估価（こか、沽価）と呼び、租税の物納や日本国外との貿易の価格や交換の基準としても用いられた。
English: Taiho Code defined the koka in the cities on both east and west of the capital, and the koka for in-kind payment of taxes on trade or taxes on fields administered directly by a ruler (jishi), such as kubunden (the farm land given to each farm in the Ritsuryo system) (or when conducting jishi trade in order to send jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system to the central govenment)).
Japanese: 大宝律令には都の東西両市における估価をはじめ、貿易や口分田などの公田からの納税（地子）を代物で納める（あるいは、地子を中央へ送るために地子交易を行う）ときの估価などが規定されている。
English: But the Daijokanpu issued in 798 (official docments issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) ordered ryoseikoku (province) to buy at Washi price (present-day market price) when purchasing local specialties (trading miscellaneous things) to deliver to the Court.
Japanese: しかし、延暦17年（798年）の太政官符によれば、令制国が地元特産物を朝廷に納めるために買い上げを行う（交易雑物）時には、和市の価（今日で言う市場価格）で購入するように命じられている。
English: The reason for this was not only that there were differences between koka and washi prices but also that there was no end to the corrupt practices by kokushi (provincial governors) at kokuga and Zaichokanjin (the local officers in Heian and Kamakura periods), who imposed unreasonably low prices as koka on local residents, buying more goods than necessary so that they could use the surplus to feather their nests.
Japanese: これは、估価と和市価格の乖離に加え、国衙の国司や在庁官人が不当に安い価格を估価として地元住民に押し付けた上、必要以上に買い入れてその余剰をもって私服を肥やすという不正が後を絶たなかったからである。
English: However, with the elimination of Kocho-Junisen (twelve coins casted in Japan), circulation of currency fell, and on the other hand, with the wide-spread use of in-kind tax payments and purchasing goods from the trade related to the in-kind tax payments to deliver to the central government, koka was called for as the standards for prices.
Japanese: だが、皇朝十二銭の廃絶などで貨幣流通が衰退する一方で代納品による租税の物納やそれに伴う交易による中央への上供品の購入が一般化すると、交換の価値基準としての估価が求められるようになった。
English: In addition, koka was required to stabilize the prices in the capital (Heian-kyo) and to control foreign trade in Dazai-fu (local government offices in Kyushu region) (because the imported goods were mostly consumed in Heian-kyo, prices there and foreign trade were closely related).
Japanese: また、中央においては都（平安京）における価格安定や大宰府における対外貿易の統制（輸入品の多くは平安京で消費されたために、両者には連動性があった）の估価が必要とされていた。
English: As a result, Kokaho continued after that, and in 914 the law permitted changing the koka in local kokuga that had been uniform throughout the country (1 roll of silk = 50 bunches of rice plant, 1 roll of cotton = 5 bunches of rice plant), and in 947 it ordered Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and Tanba Province to reduce koka to suit the actual conditions.
Japanese: こうした事から以後も估価法は継続され、延喜14年（914年）には全国一律であった地方国衙の估価（絹1疋＝稲50束、綿1屯＝稲5束）を国例に合わせて変更する事を許し、天暦元年（947年）には畿内と丹波国に実情に合わせた引き下げを命じている。
English: Later on, prices were regulated in 962, 986, 1072, and 1179 under Kokaho.
Japanese: その後も応和2年（962年）・寛和2年（986年）・延久4年（1072年）・治承3年（1179年）に估価法による価格統制が行われた。
English: It is considered that the regulation in 1179 among others was one of the causes of the Coup of the Third Year of Jisho staged by TAIRA no Kiyomori because banning the use of Sung money, the main source of the Taira clan government's revenue, was proposed by Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa's wishes in the same year.
Japanese: 特に治承3年のものは平氏政権の主財源であった宋銭の使用禁止が後白河法皇の意向で提議された事から同年の平清盛による治承三年の政変の原因の一つになったとされている。
English: Afterwards, Kokaho was issued in 1195, 1249, 1250, 1253, 1282, and 1330.
Japanese: その後も建久6年（1195年）・建長元年（1249年）同2年（1250年）・同5年（1253年）・弘安5年（1253年）・元徳2年（1330年）にも出された。
English: Acting in concert with the Kakoho of 1253, the Kamakura bakufu set official prices in that year and the following year.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府も建長5年の估価法に呼応して同年と翌年に価格の公定を行っている。
English: Shugouke is a system during the Muromachi period in Japan under which Shugo (provincial constable) undertook to pay the land tax on shoen (Manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) (koryo (an Imperial demesne)) for the lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor).
Japanese: 守護請（しゅごうけ）は、日本の室町時代において、守護が荘園領主や知行国主から荘園・国衙領（公領）の年貢納入を請け負ったことを指す。
English: In the Muromachi period, Shugo strengthened the control over shoen and Kokugaryo in the country through Shugouke.
Japanese: 室町期守護は、守護請を通じて国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
English: In the Kamakura period, samurai started to make inroads into shoen and koryo, expanding their involvement over time.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代から武士による荘園・公領への侵出がはじまり、時代を経つとともに侵出の度合いが激しくなっていた。
English: Lord of the manor and chigyo-kokushu introduced Jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito (manager and lord of manor) to manage his manor and pay the customs) in order to secure income by obliging a jito to pay a fixed amount of land tax in exchange for entrusting him with the management of the local shoen and koryo.
Japanese: 荘園領主・知行国主らは収入を確保するため、地頭に一定額の年貢納入を義務づける代わりに現地の荘園・公領の支配を任せる地頭請を行うようになった。
English: As jito ukedokoro with few exception were subjected to non-payment of land tax, samurai got more involved in shoen and koryo.
Japanese: 地頭請所ではほぼ例外なく年貢の未進が発生しており、武士の荘園・公領侵出は一層進むこととなった。
English: In the Kamakura period, Shugo was only assigned the right of Taibon sankajo (three basic rights of shugo, the provincial constable) and the right to supervise as part of Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto).
Japanese: 鎌倉期の守護には大犯三ヶ条の検断権と大番役の指揮監督権しか与えられていなかった。