nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Wayo secchu' refers to the way in which Japanese style and Western style are blended together.
Japanese: 和洋折衷(わようせっちゅう)とは、日本風と西洋風の様式を一緒に取り入れること。
English: In cooking, it means to adopt the characteristics of both Japanese cooking and Western cooking in a dish; typical examples include 'anpan,' which is a type of sweet bread (Western) with azuki bean jam (Japanese), and a dish of Carpaccio using tuna fish.
Japanese: 料理では、和風と洋風の特徴の両方を程よく取り入れることをいい、代表例としては、和のあんこと洋のパンを取り入れたあんパンやマグロを使用したカルパッチョなどがあげられる。
English: There is also a term 'wakanyo,' meaning the blend of Japanese, Chinese and Western styles.
Japanese: また、和洋に中国も加えた「和漢洋（わかんよう）」という言葉も存在する。
English: Further, 'wakon kansai' means to learn from China academically without losing the Japanese identity.
Japanese: さらに、和魂漢才（わこんかんさい）とは中国の学問を学びながらも日本の精神を失わないことをいう。
English: Wakon yosai' is a term coined during the Meiji period to mean the same as above, but learning from the West instead.
Japanese: 和魂洋才（わこんようさい）は明治時代の語で、和魂漢才をもじったものである。
English: Priests, armed priests and shrine associates at temples and shrines tried to make their demands by resorting to arms or wielding the power of Buddha's or divine punishment against the bakufu and the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 寺社の僧や僧兵、神人が、仏罰・神罰や武力を振りかざして、幕府や朝廷に対し自らの要求を通そうとした。
English: Enryaku-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple exercised the authority of kami such as mikoshi (portable shrine) of Hiyoshi-taisha Shrine and shinboku (sacred tree) of Kasuga-taisha Shrine, respectively, when they went to the Imperial Palace in Rakuchu (inside the capital Kyoto) to make their demands; if it did not work, they would take actions like leaving mikoshi and shinboku at its gate, practically halting the political function.
Japanese: 延暦寺は日吉大社の神輿、興福寺は春日大社の神木などの「神威」をかざして洛中内裏に押し掛けて要求を行ない、それが通らない時は、神輿・神木を御所の門前に放置し、政治機能を実質上停止させるなどの手段に出た。
English: Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa's words, "The water of Kamo-gawa River, dice in sugoroku (a Japanese backgammon), and yamahoshi (armed priest); these are not in my power," describes his lament over the goso of Enryaku-ji Temple.
Japanese: 白河法皇は「賀茂川の水、双六の賽、山法師。これぞ朕が心にままならぬもの」という言葉を残しているが、これは延暦寺の強訴を嘆いての事である｡
English: The reasons of goso were that kokushi (provincial governors) interfered with the shoen (manor) of temples, that some temples began to receive better treatment than others, and so on.
Japanese: 強訴の理由は寺社の荘園を国司が侵害したり、ライバル寺社が今までより優遇措置を受けられるようになったりしたなどである。
English: Goso at temples and shrines was popular from the Heian period through the Muromachi period, but died out as their authority lost influence over the governing structure.
Japanese: 寺社の強訴は平安時代から室町時代ごろまで盛んだったが、その後寺社権門体制論の衰退と共に廃れていった。
English: They petitioned for reduction or exemption of nengu (annual tribute, land tax), and change of village officers, and yonaoshi ikki (reform riots) frequently broke out in various regions especially in the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 年貢の減免や村役人の交代などが訴えられたが、とくに幕末期には世直し一揆が各地で頻発した。
English: In Gobo no Keiji (Five Edict Boards), posted at almost the same time as Charter Oath of Five Articles in March, 1868, goso was prohibited along with toto (conspiracy) and chosan (fleeting the fields and fleeting to the other districts to evade onerous taxes).
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）3月の五箇条の御誓文とほぼ同時に掲げられた五榜の掲示では、徒党や逃散とともに明治新政府によって禁止された。
English: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnate, which existed from the 14th century to the 18th century and was one of the greatest nations in the history of Europe, often experienced large-scale goso when conflicts of interests intensified between the King (the central government) and the major nobles (magnate), the King and the nobles (szlachta), and the parliament (Sejm) and some of the minor nobles.
Japanese: 14世紀から18世紀まで存在したヨーロッパ史有数の巨大国家であるポーランド・リトアニア連合（俗に「ポーランド」と呼ばれる）では、「黄金の自由」と呼ばれた貴族民主主義の政治システムの体制下で、国王（すなわち中央政府）と大貴族（マグナート）たち、国王と貴族（シュラフタ）たち、ポーランド国会（セイム）と一部の少数派貴族たちの間で利害の対立が深刻化した際にしばしば大規模な強訴が発生した。
English: In Poland, goso is referred to as 'rokosz,' a word of foreign origin that has its roots in the word 'rákos' meaning 'gathering' in the Hungarian language.
Japanese: ポーランドでは強訴をロコシュ（Rokosz）と呼び、これはハンガリー語で「集会」を表す言葉のラーコシュ（Rákos）が起源である外来語。
English: With a significant decline in crop prices in the 17th century Europe, conflicts of interests disseminated between the social classes in Poland, where crop was a major article of export, followed by rokosz on a larger scale.
Japanese: 17世紀に入ってヨーロッパで穀物価格が大きく下がると、穀物が重要な輸出品であったポーランドの国内で社会の各階層どうしの利害対立が広まり、ロコシュの規模が大きくなった。
English: In 1606, a group comprising both Catholics and Protestants, which had Mikołaj Zebrzydowski as its leader, formed a grand-scale rokosz against King Sigismund III, who intended to establish a monarchy in place of democracy, and the Society of Jesus, which supported him, appealing for Golden Liberty and religious tolerance (protection of Protestant rights); this is known as the Zebrzydowski's Rebellion.
Japanese: 1606年にはミコワイ・ゼブジドフスキをリーダーとしたカトリックとプロテスタントの両派からなる有力貴族たちのグループが、民主主義を廃止して絶対主義を確立しようと画策する国王ジグムント3世とそれを後押しするイエズス会に対して、黄金の自由と宗教的寛容（プロテスタントの権利の保護）の2つを求めて大規模なロコシュを起こした（ゼブジドフスキの乱）。
English: In Poland at the time, goso was a right legally defined by the Henrician Articles and pacta conventa (contractual agreements on governance, which allowed all the nobles to form goso, and even if it was suppressed, its leaders were not to be accused of the act of goso itself.
Japanese: 強訴は当時のポーランドではヘンリク条項や議会に関する契約（パクタ・コンヴェンタ）により法的に明確に定められた権利で、全ての貴族にその権利が認められており、強訴が鎮圧されても首謀者は強訴そのものの行為では罪に問われない。
English: In the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Khmelnytsky insisted that it was goso and not treason against the nation, based on the fact that he was considered as a Cossack officially registered in the central government in Warsaw and as a szlachta (noble), and that he raised the banner of the King.
Japanese: フメリニツキーの乱でもフメリニツキーはワルシャワの中央政府で正式に登録されたコサックでシュラフタ（ポーランド貴族）とみなされており、しかも国王の錦の御旗を立てることでこれは強訴でありポーランド国家そのものに対する反逆行為ではないことをアピールしている。
English: Shigure refers to rain or snow which falls and stops temporarily mainly from autumn to winter.
Japanese: 時雨（しぐれ）とは、主に秋から冬にかけて起こる、一時的に降ったり止んだりする雨や雪のこと。
English: Under north-west seasonal winds, convective clouds emerging on Japan Sea continually came to the coast and shigure happens, and the clouds disappear and the sky breaks into sunshine again.
Japanese: 北西季節風下、日本海上で発生した対流雲が次々と日本海沿岸に達すると時雨があり、雲が去るとまた晴れる。
English: As well as coasts of Japan Sea, in the areas of Japan Sea coastal climate and Pacific Ocean side climate such as Kyoto basin, Nagano Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Fukushima Prefecture and so on, shigure comes with winds.
Japanese: 日本海沿岸を始め、日本海岸気候と太平洋側気候の境界域、たとえば京都盆地、長野県、岐阜県、福島県などでは風とともに時雨がやってくる。
English: In Kanto region a temporal rain such as shigure is called a passing shower in all seasons.
Japanese: 関東地方では、季節問わず時雨のような一時的な雨のことを通り雨と呼ぶことがある。
English: Yoshimura school refers to Kamigata mai (dance from the pleasure quarters of Osaka and Kyoto, and are very reserved and refined) originated by Fuji YOSHIMURA during the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 吉村流（よしむらりゅう）とは、明治初期に吉村ふじによって創設された上方舞の流派である。
English: Yoshimura school originates from gotenmai (a kind of traditional Japanese dance) which kyogen performer, who served Kyoto Imperial Palace in Kyoto during the late Edo period, started.
Japanese: 吉村流は江戸時代末期に京都の京都御所に出仕した狂言師が始めた御殿舞を源流としている。
English: The iemoto (the head family of a school) was not succeeded, but for generations well-qualified female private pupils followed in, which was a unique tradition.
Japanese: 家元は世襲せず、代々実力のある女性の内弟子が跡を継ぐという独特な伝統があった。
English: During the early Meiji period, Fuji YOSHIMURA moved to Soemon-cho, Hanamachi (geisha districts) in Osaka Minami, and started Yoshimura school which mainly showed the dances performed in a party in a Japanese style room, such as jiutamai (jiuta dance) and so on.
Japanese: 明治初期、吉村ふじは大阪ミナミの花街・宗右衛門町に移り、地唄舞などの座敷舞を本分とする吉村流を起こした。
English: Yu YOSHIMURA, the second generation, and Yuko YOSHIMURA, the third generation succeeded the iemoto, but under the air raid in World War II, all Minami areas were burned down and many of musical scores or choreography, which were succeeded to the iemoto for generations, were destroyed by fire.
Japanese: 二世吉村ゆう、三世吉村雄光と家元を継いだが、第二次世界大戦の空襲でミナミ一帯は焼け野原となり、代々家元に伝わった譜面や振り付けの多くが焼失してしまった。
English: And Yuko, who was prone to illness, left the future of school with Shoichi HASHIMOTO who was a private pupil and had lived in the house from the age of five.
Japanese: くわえて病気がちになっていた雄光は、5歳のときから家に置いていた内弟子の橋本昇一に流派の将来を託した。
English: He choreographed the new work emphasizing the story and tried to make a comprehensible Kamigata mai and sublimated Yoshimura school which was just an accomplishment in a local karyukai (world of the geisha) to the level of nationwide traditional dance.
Japanese: ストーリー性を重視した新作を振り付けて、わかりやすい上方舞をめざし、一地方の花柳界の芸事だった吉村流の舞を全国的な伝統舞踊の域にまで昇華させた。
English: His achievements were recognized and he was appointed to Living National Treasure and was chosen as Bunkakorosha (Person of Cultural Merits), but he died immediately after that.
Japanese: その業績が認められ、人間国宝に認定、さらに文化功労者にも選ばれたが、直後に急逝した。
English: An actor Shinnosuke IKEHATA is Yuki's biological child and he was trained by his father when he was a child and he had been a talented dancer for a long time with the name of natori (the holder of a diploma in Japanese dance) 'Yushu YOSHIMURA.'
Japanese: 雄輝の実子が俳優の池畑慎之介で、幼児の頃から父に厳しく仕込まれていたため、長らく「吉村雄秀」の名取名を持つ才能ある舞踊家だった。
English: In his final years Yuki suggested the succession of iemoto saying 'Take care of Shinnosuke,' but after his father's death IKEHATA returned his name 'Yushu' and broke away from Yoshimura school and made them observe the tradition where a talented private pupil succeeds to the iemoto.
Japanese: 雄輝は晩年「慎之介をどうかよろしく」と家元継承を臭わせる発言もしていたが、その父が死去すると池畑は自ら「雄秀」を返上して吉村流とは決別し、実力のある内弟子が家元を継ぐという流派の伝統を守らせた。
English: As a result Yukio YOSHIMURA, a private pupil, succeeded to the fifth generation, but in May, 2000 immediately after taking the name he passed away suddenly.
Japanese: その結果内弟子の吉村雄輝夫が五世を継いだが、襲名直後の2000年5月に急逝してしまう。
English: Motomasa KANZE (1930-1990) was a shite actor (a principal actor) of the Kanze school of Noh.
Japanese: 観世元正（かんぜもとまさ、1930年（昭和5年）-1990年（平成2年））は、シテ方観世流能楽師。
English: His eldest son is Kiyokazu KANZE, the second son is Yaemon YAMASHINA (later changed his name as Yoshihiro KANZE), and the third son is Yoshinobu KANZE.
Japanese: 長男が観世清和、次男が山階弥右衛門（観世芳宏改メ）、三男が観世芳信。
English: Kennosuke KONDO (April 18, 1928-) is a shite-kata (a main actor) of the Hosho school of Noh.
Japanese: 近藤乾之助（こんどうけんのすけ、1928年（昭和3年）4月18日-）とは、シテ方宝生流能楽師。
English: Hisanori KONGO (June 24, 1951 -) is a shite-kata (a main actor) of the Kongo school of Noh.
Japanese: 金剛永謹（こんごうひさのり、1951年（昭和26年）6月24日-）は、シテ方金剛流能楽師。
English: Currently, he serves as the administrative director of the Kongo Nohgakudo Foundation, the managing director of the Association for Japanese Noh Plays, and the honorary chairperson of the Kongo-kai (party).
Japanese: 現在、財団法人金剛能楽堂財団理事長、社団法人日本能楽会常務理事、金剛会名誉会長、財団法人金剛能楽堂財団理事長を務める。
English: As a leader, he visited many countries, such as America, Italy, Spain, and France, to give overseas performances.
Japanese: また、団長としてアメリカ、イタリア、スペイン、フランス等海外公演多数。
English: Akio SHIOTSU (January 22, 1945 -) is a shite-kata (a main actor) of the Kita school of Noh.
Japanese: 塩津哲生（しおつあきお、1945年（昭和20年）1月22日-）は、能シテ方喜多流の能楽師。
English: He performed Shishi (the role of a lion) in "Okina" ("Old Man") in 1970, "Dojo-ji" ("Dojo-ji Temple," a Noh play) in 1971, and "Ishibashi" ("Stone Bridge," a Noh play) in 1972.
Japanese: 1970年『翁』、1971年『道成寺(能)』、1972年『石橋(能)』の獅子を披（ひら）く。
English: Inugui refers that 'people eat like a dog' in Japanese food culture and means that people move their faces (mouths) closer to the meal on the table in an extreme stooped position, and eat them as if they put their heads into the food.
Japanese: 犬食い（いぬぐい）とは、日本の食文化の上で「犬のように食事を食べる」状態を指し、テーブル上にある食器に盛られた料理に、極端な前屈姿勢で顔（口）を突っ込まんばかりに近づけて食べること。
English: In Japan, although it is common that people raise eating utensils to their lips to enjoy the smell of meal, in some regions, they don't have a food culture that 'holding dishes such as plates and bowls in their hands,' or Japanese eating manners are considered to be rather lack of manners (in South Korea and North Korea).
Japanese: 日本では、食器を口元に上げ香りを楽しむことが一般的ではあるが、「皿や椀といった食器を手に持つ」という食文化のない・あるいはかえって無作法となる地域（韓国、北朝鮮）もある。
English: As an extension of it, there are many cultures that eating in a stooped position is not against manners (refer to Inugui, Inugui and food cultures excluding Japan).
Japanese: その延長で前屈姿勢で食べることもマナー違反ではない地域も少なくない（→犬食い犬食いと日本以外の食文化）。
English: In 1970s to 1980s, the displeasing image of students who brought their faces closer to eating utensils and ate them at school lunch was reported by media as a social issue in Japan.
Japanese: 日本で1970年代から1980年代頃に給食で、食器に顔を近づけて見苦しい姿勢のまま食事する姿が社会問題としてマスメディアなどに取り上げられた。
English: The spork with spoon and fork (eating utensils) function and the lunch plate with a number of dent for displaying several food were considered to be the causes of this issue.
Japanese: この原因の一つとされたのが、給食で使われている「先割れスプーン」と呼ばれるスプーンとフォーク(食器)の機能を併せ持つ食器と、ランチプレートと呼ばれる幾つもの料理を盛り付けるために複数の窪みを持つ食器であった。
English: In Japanese food culture, eating style that people hold dishes in their hands and bring dishes closer to their mouths with their back ramrod-straight are considered to be good manners, therefore, bending their back and bringing their faces closer to eating utensils is avoided.
Japanese: 日本の食文化では、背筋を伸ばして食器を手に持って口に近づける食事姿勢を良しとするマナーがあるため、背を曲げて口を食器に近づける姿勢は忌避される。
English: And also, in Japanese food culture, eating utensils such as spoon (or chirirenge [ceramic spoon]) are not used when they eat food with a high water content, therefore, this eating style causes them to drop food more often.
Japanese: また日本の食文化における食器体系では水気の多い料理に匙（または散蓮華）を使わないことから、この食べ方ではこぼしやすくなる。
English: Although it is not certain when spork has been started using at school lunch, these eating utensils which can be mass-produced by press copies from the master came to be used at school lunch in schools such as elementary school from 1950s to 1960s.
Japanese: 先割れスプーンが学校給食に用いられだしたのがいつ頃からかは定かではないが、1950年代から1960年代よりプレス加工で大量生産の利くこの食器は、小学校などで供される給食に利用されていった。
English: These were used as a single all-round eating utensils at school lunch in which a variety of foods are provided.
Japanese: これらは様々な料理が供される学校給食で、総合的に利用できる単一の食器として利用されたのである。
English: At the time when spork was first used, the anodized, press-worked eating utensils such as bowls and plates were used at school lunch.
Japanese: 先割れスプーンが利用された当初の頃は、食器もアルマイトのプレス加工で椀や鉢・皿といったものが利用された。
English: Therefore, since students were able to follow the standard eating style of Japanese food such as 'bringing eating utensils closer to their mouths and getting food down with their throats directly from them,' the scene of their school lunch was not so displeasing, despite they still had some problems such as 'the soup dishes spill over' or 'noodles are difficult to eat.'
Japanese: そのため、和食では標準的な食事方法である「料理の入った食器を口元に持っていって、直接口の中に流し込む」という食べ方が可能であったため、先割れスプーンは「汁物がこぼれる」や「麺類は食べ難い」などの問題点もありながらも、さほど食事風景としては見苦しいものではなかった。
English: However, it was hard for students to hold and bring anodized bowl filled with hot soup dishes to their mouths, because its heat was spread directly to their hands, and this sometimes induced Inugui, and the bud of later Inugui issue arose at this point.
Japanese: ただ、熱い汁物を満たしたアルマイトの椀は、熱が直接手に伝わるため手に持って口に運ぶのが困難となることがしばしばあって犬食いを誘発することがあり、その後の犬食い問題の萌芽はこの時点で生じていた。
English: Moreover, in 1980s, as displaying meal on the lunch plate like kiddies' lunch is more convenient instead of using several dishes, the lunch plate was started to be adopted all over the schools in terms of convenience of clearing the dishes at school lunch, and Inugui issue became more acute.
Japanese: さらに、1980年年代には給食における食器の後片付けの利便性という点で、複数の食器を使うよりも、ランチプレートにお子様ランチのように盛り付ける様式の方が簡便であるとして方々に採用され始めたことから、問題が深刻化した。
English: Since students were not always able to stick diversified accompanying dishes of school lunch and bring them closer to their mouths with spork, and in addition, they spilled soup dishes from its fork-like tip and were not able to pick up noodles and bring them closer to their mouths, therefore, they had no other choice but inevitably to eat dishes as if they put their heads into the food.
Japanese: 先割れスプーンは、多様化した給食のおかずを必ずしも突き刺して口に運ぶことができず、また汁物は先端の切れ目からこぼれ、麺類は絡めて口元に運べないことから、必然的に食器に盛られた料理に顔を突っ込まんばかりに近づけて食べるしかなくなった。
English: Now, they are very much like dogs or cats those put their heads into the plate of pet food and looked awful, and this came to be seen as a problem, so called 'Inugui.'
Japanese: こうなると、イヌやネコが飼料の盛られた食器に顔を突っ込んで食べる様に良く似ていて見苦しい状態となってしまい、これがいわゆる「犬食い」として問題視されるようになってしまった。
English: Also, when eating in a stooped position, foods didn't come into sight and they sometimes spilled them, therefore, this was also seen as a problem, 'mottainai' (That's a waste).
Japanese: また前屈姿勢で料理が視界に入らないことから料理をこぼす場合もあるため、これも「もったいない」として問題に挙げられた。
English: In this situation, there was a move to reconsider using chopsticks at meal, while parents asked for stop using the lunch plates, because free-floating anxiety that heat-resistant plastic (melamine resin or polycarbonate) lunch plates might produce endocrine disrupting chemicals spread among parents, therefore, this problem gradually came to an end.
Japanese: この中では、箸による食事を見直す動きもみられ、またランチプレートが耐熱性のある合成樹脂（メラミン樹脂やポリカーボネートなど）で、保護者の間に内分泌攪乱化学物質に対する漠然とした不安が広まるにつれ使用しないよう求められるなどしていったため、次第にこの問題は終息していった。
English: In Japan, people bring the bowl and other eating utensils closer to their mouth, however, holding eating utensils is often considered to be bad from the point of view of manners in Asia and Europe.
Japanese: 日本では、椀などを口元に運ぶが、日本を除くアジアやヨーロッパ地域の主要なマナー上では、食器を手に持つことこそを無作法とすることが多い。
English: In these regions, eating in an extreme stooped position is not always considered to be bad manners.
Japanese: そういう地域では、極端な前屈姿勢での食事も必ずしも無作法というわけではない場合も見られる。
English: In cultural areas where people don't hold dishes such as plates, Japanese people have to be careful that if they hold eating utensils carelessly and bring them closer to their mouths, that is against good manners.
Japanese: これら皿などの食器を手に持たない文化圏では、日本人が不用意に食器を持って口元に近づけると、マナーに反することにもなるので注意が必要である。
English: It is not necessarily the case that Inugui, eat in a stooped position as if they put their heads into the food, is recommended in food culture where people don't bring bowls and plates to their mouths when they eat, and putting their mouths directly to plates and other utensils is also avoided.
Japanese: 必ずしも全ての椀や皿を食事の際に口元に運ばない食文化の上で、食器に顔を突っ込まんばかりに前屈する犬食い姿勢が推奨されているわけでもなく、皿などに口を直接つけることも避けられている。
English: There is also a manner that they only put their mouths to special eating utensils (such as spoon and fork) used for lifting food to the mouth, and in both cases, they don't hold dishes except eating utensils such as individual plates regarded as special status.
Japanese: ただ口元に料理を運ぶための専用の食器（スプーンやフォークなど）以外には口を付けない様式もあり、そのどちらでも取り皿のような特別な位置付けのもの以外は手に持たない。
English: Of course, eating utensils such as a cup of drink is another thing and they are brought to their mouths.
Japanese: 勿論、コップのような飲料を入れた食器は別で、こちらは口元に運ばれる。
English: Wandering from the subject "Inugui," but in food culture of Korea adjacent to Japan, scooping food with spoon from the plate without holding plates and move mouth (inevitably, face as well) closer to the spoon is considered to be a good manner.
Japanese: やや犬食いから話が逸れるが、日本に隣接する朝鮮の食文化では食器を持たずに匙で皿の上にすくい上げ、この匙に口（必然的に顔も）を近づけ食べることがマナーにかなったものとされる。
English: In this case, besides eating in a stooped position, they also bring their heads on the plate, therefore some of the Japanese people dislike Korean's way of eating and comment that they eat like a dog (exaggeratedly).
Japanese: この際、幾分前屈姿勢になるほか料理の上に頭を持っていくことにもなるため、日本人の中にはその食べ方を嫌う・（大袈裟に）犬食いだと評する向きもある。
English: However, when Westerners compare eating style in Japan with that in Korea, they consider that Japanese style eating manners such as holding bowl and bringing mouth closer to them is displeasing, while they praise that eating style in Korea such as bringing food to their mouths with spoon is decent.
Japanese: しかし、西欧人が日本の食事風景と朝鮮の食事風景の双方を見比べた場合に、日本式食事マナーの椀を手に持って口に近づけるほうが見苦しいとし、匙で口に運ぶ朝鮮式の食事マナーを気品あるものと賛美している例もある。
English: If they try to eat soup dishes with spoon without holding eating utensils, they can't help but dropping the soup from spoon.
Japanese: 食器を手に持たない場合、匙を使って汁物を食べようとすると、どうしても匙から汁が滴ってしまう。
English: Therefore, if they carelessly bring spoon closer to our mouths with our back ramrod-strait, they tend to spill the food on front of clothes.
Japanese: そのため、迂闊に匙を背筋を伸ばしたまま口元に運ぶと、胸元に料理がこぼれてしまいやすい。
English: In this regard, if they put food in their mouths on the plate, they don't have to worry about getting a stain on front of cloths.
Japanese: その点で皿の上で口に収めてしまえば、胸元を汚す心配がないという理由に基づくと考えられる。
English: For your information, in the United States, the situation that a half-eaten food comes out of the mouth is considered to be very bad manners, therefore, according to an extension of the idea that people should bring food to their mouths mouthful by mouthful, they cut them into small pieces on the plate and scoop by spoon.
Japanese: ちなみにアメリカ合衆国では、口から食べかけの料理がはみ出している状態が大変な無作法と考えられており、料理は一口ずつ口に運ぶものだという考えの延長で、皿の上でどんな料理でも細かく切り刻みスプーンですくう。
English: Although Inugui became a problem at school lunch where lunch plates were used, and another problem that students had difficulty in eating noodles (e.g. soft type noodles) with using spork only they had, and they were forced to put their noses into the meal arose.
Japanese: 日本のランチプレートを使う給食で問題と成った犬食いでは、麺類（例えばソフト麺）が先割れスプーンしかないため食べ難く、必然的に料理に鼻先を突っ込まざるを得ないという問題も持ち上がった。
English: However, if they eat in American style, Inugui posture might be improved in some degree.
Japanese: が、アメリカ式で食べていれば、幾分は犬食い姿勢が解消できたのかもしれない。
English: Although a variety of food from a variety of regions are provided in Japan, excluding eating places (specialty restaurant) which provide meals of specific regions, they still often hold eating utensils such as rice bowl or china bowl, on the other hand, they avoid eating in a stooped position.
Japanese: 日本では、様々な地域の料理が供されてるにも関わらず、特定の地域の料理のみを供する飲食店（専門店）を除けば、やはり椀や丼などの食器を手に持つことが多く、一方で前屈姿勢で食べることは忌避されている。
English: When it comes to bento (lunch box), children, who are not able to use chopsticks skillfully, eat like a dog, because staple diet, accompanying dish, and in some cases even dessert are still contained in one eating utensils all together.
Japanese: 弁当では、依然として一つの食器に主食からおかず、場合によってはデザートまで収められているため、箸が上手につかえない児童などでは、やはり犬食いとなってしまいやすい。
English: If they can use their hands skillfully to some extent, holding the lunch box is possible, however, small children who go to kindergarten or nursery school sometimes can't hold the lunch box skillfully.
Japanese: ある程度、手が上手に使えるなら弁当箱を持って食事が出来るが、幼稚園や保育園などの幼児では上手に弁当箱を持てない場合もあるためである。
English: Concerning this issue, Fujicco Co., LTD. released portable two-tiered food box, 'Obento maru kun,' in October 2006 as 'the lunch box to avoid Inugui.'
Japanese: この問題に関して、フジッコは2006年10月より「犬食いにならないためのお弁当箱」として「おべんとう丸くん」という2段構造のランチボックスを発売している。
English: Rice is contained in hemispheric part at the bottom of the lunch box which is just like the shape of rice bowl (see, rice bowl) used at-home dining table, while accompanying dishes are contained in the cylindrical part at the top of it, and they pick up food from them with chopsticks.
Japanese: この弁当箱は、飯が下の半球状部分に収められ、家庭の食卓で使っているご飯茶碗（→茶碗）のような形をしており、おかずは上部円筒部に収められた部分から箸で取って食べるようになっている。
English: Like these improvement of eating utensils can be seen in many fields, and there is the spork modified to 'shape easier to use.'
Japanese: こういった食器に関する改良は多方面に見られ、先割れスプーンでも「より使いやすい形状」への変更も見られる。
English: On the other hand, 'children's chopsticks' finished with non-slip treatment is also used.
Japanese: 一方、箸も児童向けなどに先端部に滑り止め加工の施された「児童箸」といったものも利用されている。
English: As seen from the above, Inugui is avoided in terms of education such as manners, however, some people with medical model of rehabilitation disorder such as paralysis or loss in muscle strength are forced to eat like a dog.
Japanese: このように、マナーなど教育の観点からは忌避される犬食いではあるが、麻痺や筋力の低下などといったリハビリテーション障害の医療モデルを抱えている者にとっては、犬食いにならざるを得ない場合もある。
English: These situations are also related to the quality of life, and the problems that the person is overwhelmed with shame and daunted or gets a bad rap from his or her environment should be solved.
Japanese: こういった事情はクオリティ・オブ・ライフにも絡み、当人が羞恥心と感じて萎縮してしまったり、あるいは周囲からあらぬ非難を被るといった問題は解決されるべきだと考えられる。