nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, the land not declared or land designated as state-owned land (it is said it was mainly the land of unknown owners, such as hidden rice fields, and included the land of the former Korean Dynasties) was taken over, and then sold to the Toyo Takushoku Co. Ltd., which was founded according to the Toyo Takushoku Co. Ltd. Law (1909 law No. 63) and became the largest landlord in Korea, as well as other Japanese farmers.
Japanese: しかし、申告がなされなかった土地や、国有地と認定された土地（主に隠田などの所有者不明の土地とされるが、旧朝鮮王朝の土地を含むともいう）は接収され、東洋拓殖株式会社法（1909年法律第63号）によって設立され、朝鮮最大の地主となった東洋拓殖や、その他の日本人農業者に払い下げられた。
English: Chosen Sotoku-fu made various investments in conglomerates, such as Chisso Corporation, in the Korean Peninsula, using part of the fund of Toyo Takushoku Co. Ltd.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府は東洋拓殖会社の一部の資金で朝鮮半島でチッソなどの財閥に各種の投資を行った。
English: Under the rule of Japan, merchants privileged in the Yi Dynasty period went to ruin failing to adapt to the trend of the era, while some conventional landlords who raised funds by buying and selling the land of which prices violently fluctuated gained power as emerging capitalists.
Japanese: 日本の統治下で、李朝時代の特権商人が時代に対処できず没落する一方、旧来の地主勢力の一部が乱高下する土地の売買などによって資金を貯め、新興資本家として台頭してきた。
English: It is known that the period of Japan's rule is called the Japanese forced occupation period (Korean public broadcasting, KBS, Korean Broadcasting System is trying to unify the names into this), the Japanese Imperial period, or Japanese administration period by South Korea.
Japanese: 日本統治時代を韓国側が日帝強占期（韓国の公営放送KBS＝韓国放送公社＝ではこの呼称に最近統一しようとしている）、日帝時代または日政時代などと呼ぶ事が知られている。
English: The first two show a recognition that validity or legitimacy in the annexation of Korea and the Japanese occupation of Korea is not accepted, and the Japanese rule of the Korean peninsula is seen as a mere military occupation.
Japanese: 前者2つには、韓国併合の有効性、合法性を認めず、朝鮮半島に対する日本の支配を単なる軍事占領とする認識がうかがえる。
English: Furthermore, the Japanese colony period is also used, but recently it tends to be avoided based on the recognition that it implies the legitimacy or validity of the treaty of the annexation of Korea and the Japanese occupation of Korea.
Japanese: また、日本植民地時代という呼称も用いられるが、韓国併合条約、日本による朝鮮領有の合法性、有効性を示唆するものであるという認識から、近年では忌避される傾向にある。
English: Calling the Japanese historical research justifying the Japanese rule 'colonial historical view,' South Korean historians/academic societies started their research from the strong criticism of that after Korea's independence.
Japanese: 独立後の韓国の歴史学者・学会は、日本による統治を正当化する日本側の歴史研究を「植民地史観」と呼び、これを強く批判することから出発した。
English: The ethnical historical view, which came up in opposition to what they called 'colonial historical view,' served as the pillar of the later historical research.
Japanese: 彼らの言うところの「植民地史観」に対抗して登場したのは民族史観であり、その後の歴史研究の柱となった。
English: Under those circumstances, the modernization germination theory, arguing modernization had already germinated in the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and the Japanese rule destroyed the germination, resulting in the impeded modernization, appeared after Korea's independence in spite of recognizing that the various modernization during the Japanese rule.
Japanese: そうした雰囲気もあって、日本統治時代に様々な近代化が行われたことを認めつつも、近代化の萌芽は李氏朝鮮の時代に既に存在しており、日本による統治はそれらの萌芽を破壊することで、結果的には近代化を阻害したとする近代化萌芽論が独立後に現れた。
English: On the other hand, Kim Wansop, a critic and writer, and O Seonhwa from Jeju, a professor at Takushoku University and a representative of the Japanese conservatives, wrote books in which the Japanese rule was positively evaluated.
Japanese: 一方、評論家・作家の金完燮や日本の保守層を代弁する人物として、拓殖大学の教授で済州島出身呉善花などは日本による統治を肯定的に評価する本を執筆している。
English: Furthermore, there is the colony modernization theory by Lee Yong-hoon, a professor at Seoul University, and others, arguing that the Japanese rule promoted modernization.
Japanese: またソウル大学教授の李栄薫などによる、日本の統治が近代化を促進したと主張する植民地近代化論も存在する。
English: Recently, Lee Yong-hoon studied materials from the Yi Dynasty Korea period, and stated that the Korean economy rapidly collapsed at the end of the Yi Dynasty Korea period, strongly denying the modernization germination theory.
Japanese: 近年、李栄薫らは李氏朝鮮時代の資料を調査し李氏朝鮮時代の末期に朝鮮経済が急速に崩壊したことを主張し、近代化萌芽論を強く否定している。
English: Furthermore, outside the country, Carter J. Eckert, a Korean history professor, Harvard University, regarded the germination theory in South Korea as "not logical, but a theory for the purpose of impeaching Japan," and strongly denied the modernization germination theory.
Japanese: また国外的には、ハーバード大学の朝鮮史教授カーター・J・エッカートも韓国での萌芽論は「論理ではなく日本を弾劾することが目的のもの」としており、近代化萌芽論を強く否定した。
English: He published the results of his study determining South Korean capitalism was born during Japanese colonization, and particularly the capitalism and industrialization in South Korea after the war was modeled after Japanese modernization policies.
Japanese: 韓国の資本主義は日本の植民地化の中で生まれ、特に戦後の韓国の資本主義や工業化は日本の近代化政策を模したものという研究結果を出している。
English: At the same time, he pointed out the similarity of the Japanese rule to Chung-hee PARK's government, and said it was one form of military dictatorship, and caused Korean capitalists' dependence on dictatorship.
Japanese: 同時に彼は日本統治そのものについては朴正煕政権との類似性などをあげ、軍事独裁の一形態であり、韓国の資本家に独裁政権への依存体質をもたらす原因になったとも述べている。
English: The designation of a territory as a colony is often used for the political subordination of a new territory placed under a special political system, compared with the original territory.
Japanese: 植民地という呼称は、新規の領土を旧来の領土に比して特殊な政治制度の下におき政治的従属状態においているものを呼ぶことが多い。
English: The naming started from applying actually used names to models extracted from actual examples, and the concept of colony is being determined to exclude value judgments mainly from prior models.
Japanese: 現実例から抽出されたモデルに現実に用いられた呼称を適用することからはじまったが、先行モデルを中心に価値判断を排除すべく概念規定されつつある。
English: This is because unless the prior facts have not been modeled, names can not be given, and discussions can not be held.
Japanese: これは先行する事実をモデルにしないかぎり、名称をつけられず、議論も不可能であるためである。
English: However, the discussion on what the Japanese-style rule of the colony was like has continued to argue over the difference from prior models made by Europe and America.
Japanese: ただし、欧米による先行のモデルとの差異を論じるべく日本型植民地支配がどのようなものであったかについては継続して議論が戦わされている。
English: Furthermore, there is criticism of using the word colony for both, based on the recognition that 'the Japanese governing policy was different from the rule of different ethnic groups by Western countries in the same era, and was good politics,' and 'colony is the word to express the misrule conducted by foreign countries to rule different ethnic groups.'
Japanese: のみならず「日本の統治政策は同時代に欧米諸国の行った異民族統治とは異質で、善政である」「植民地という言葉は諸外国が異民族統治に対して行った悪政に使われる言葉である」という認識から、双方を一緒に植民地という言葉で形容することへの批判がある。
English: It is advocated from this position that the word 'colony' should not be used for the Japanese rule of Korea.
Japanese: この立場からは日本の朝鮮支配について「植民地」という呼称を用いるべきではないと主張されている。
English: The then Japanese government that ruled Korea did not legally give any special designation (colony, overseas territory, etc.) for Korea.
Japanese: 朝鮮を支配していた当時の日本政府は、法的には朝鮮に対して特別の呼称(植民地、外地など)を付さなかった。
English: However, the use of both colony and overseas territory was seen in official documents (See [10][11]).
Japanese: ただし公文書では植民地、外地とも使用例が見られる([10][11]を参照）。
English: There was a discrepancy in the opinions of independent scholars and thinkers on whether Korea was a colony or not.
Japanese: 在野の学者や思想家の間には朝鮮が植民地であるかどうかについて見解の相違があった。
English: Tatsukichi MINOBE, a scholar of constitutional law, and Inazo NITOBE, a scholar of colonial policies, as well as social scientists such as Tadao YANAIHARA generally considered it as a colony, while Kiyoshi TABOBASHI, a historian, Ikki KITA, a thinker, and others did not.
Japanese: 憲法学者の美濃部達吉、植民政策学者の新渡戸稲造、矢内原忠雄など社会科学者は概ね植民地であると見なしていたが、歴史学者の田保橋潔や思想家の北一輝などは植民地ではないとした。
English: An expression that Korea was a colony is seen in Japanese statesmen's comments after the war, and in some diplomatic documents, such as the Japan-North Korea Pyongyang Declaration.
Japanese: 戦後の日本の政治家の発言や日朝平壌宣言のような外交文書でも朝鮮が植民地であったとする表現がある。
English: However, there is an argument over whether this can be taken as the Japanese government's official view or not (See the list of Japanese comments on apologies for the war).
Japanese: しかし、これを日本政府の公式見解とするかどうかには議論がある(日本の戦争謝罪発言一覧も参照)。
English: ('The conservatives' and 'the reformists' shown below are the group names used by the Japanese media, and do not mean conservative or reformist, as defined.)
Japanese: （なお、以下に示す「保守派」と「革新派」は、日本のマスコミなどでそのように表記されるグループの名称を使用したものであり、定義通りの保守、革新を表すものではない。）
English: A han bill was paper currency issued by each domain for use within their respective territories.
Japanese: 藩札（はんさつ）は、江戸時代に各藩が独自に領内に発行した紙幣である。
English: The first han bill is said to have been issued by Fukui Domain in 1661.
Japanese: 最初の藩札は、福井藩が寛文元年（1661年）に発行したものであると言われている。
English: The Yamada Hagaki (issued in 1610), which is said to be the oldest existing bill in Japan, was also a private bill.
Japanese: 現存する日本最古の紙幣ともいわれる山田羽書（1610年）もこれに属する。
English: At that time, coin-casting technology was not well-developed, so private bills are assumed to have been issued when a large amount of low denomination coins were needed for purposes such as payment of workers on construction projects.
Japanese: 当時は貨幣鋳造技術が未発達であり、土木工事などの賃金の支払いで小額貨幣が大量に必要になったときに、これらの私札が発行されたと考えられている。
English: Later, han bills were issued by many domains, mainly territorial lords in Saigoku (the western part of Japan) where silver coins were commonly circulated.
Japanese: その後、特に銀遣い経済地域である西国の諸大名を中心として、多くの藩が藩札を発行した。
English: The purposes of issuing han bills were to supplement coins in times of shortages and to adjust the amount of coins in circulation within territories.
Japanese: 藩札発行の目的は、自領内の貨幣の不足を補い、通貨量の調整機能を担わせることであった。
English: Such issuance was supposed to be based on a sufficient amount of standard coins retained by the domain, but actually, in most cases, domains tried to collect as many circulating coins as possible in exchange for issued han bills for the purpose of improving their financial situation.
Japanese: それには十分な正貨準備が不可欠であったが、実際には、藩札発行で得られる実通貨の納庫を目論み、これによって藩の財政難の解消を試みる場合がしばしばあった。
English: Each domain regulated the circulation of currency independently; some domains forbade the circulation of other currencies, but many domains allowed the circulation of both han bills and the currency issued by the shogunate.
Japanese: 藩札の流通は、藩が独自の流通規則を定め、藩札以外の貨幣の流通を禁じた藩もあったが、藩札と幕府貨幣の両方の流通を認めた藩も多かった。
English: When domains had difficulty managing han bills, panics, uprisings and destructive urban riots broke out over the exchange of han bills.
Japanese: 藩札の運用が行き詰った場合に、藩札の兌換を巡る取り付け騒ぎや一揆、打ちこわしも発生した。
English: Although han bills carried a face value, and were promised to be exchangeable for gold or silver coins, few domains could prepare enough coins to honor that promise.
Japanese: 藩札は表書きの金銀などの兌換保証が前提であったが、実際には、藩にそれだけの正貨が用意できたところは少ない。
English: Later, they were issued through wealthy merchants who were prominent in the distribution of han bills.
Japanese: その後、領地内外の富裕な商人が藩札の札元となり発行を行い、その商人の信用によって藩札が流通した側面もあった。
English: There were many territories within the Kinai-Kingoku area (the shogunate, domains and hatamoto [direct retainers of the shogunate]), so a high percentage of trading was conducted within these domains.
Japanese: 畿内近国においては、幕府領、諸藩領、旗本領などがモザイク状に入り組んでいたために、他領地との取引が諸領の経済活動に占める割合は非常に大きかった。
English: After the late Edo period, trading with tegata (drafts) or han bills was active due to a policy adopted by the shogunate to control the amount of silver coins in circulation, so han bills were sometimes extensively circulated outside the issuing domain, against the expectations of the domains who had issued those han bills.
Japanese: また江戸時代後期以降は幕府の意図的な銀単位通貨流通量抑制政策のために手形や藩札による取引も盛んであったため、藩札が発行した藩の思惑に反して藩領を超えた比較的広い範囲にまで流通していた場合も少なくない。
English: If neighboring domains issued han bills, there was a possibility that good currency (coins issued by the shogunate) was exchanged for bad currency (bills issued by neighboring domains which had low credibility), which could affect the economy of the domain.
Japanese: 近隣の藩で藩札が発行された場合、領内の良貨（幕府貨幣）が悪貨（近隣の藩が発行した信用の裏付けの弱い紙幣）に取って代わられる、言い換えれば良貨を近隣他領に吸い上げられることは自領の経済活動に悪影響が及ぶ可能性があった。
English: To prevent that, the detached territories of small domains, hatamoto and various domains in the Kanto region had to issue their own han bills.
Japanese: それを防ぐための自衛策として、小藩や旗本領、関東諸藩の飛び地領などでも独自の紙幣を発行せざるを得なくなる場合も少なくなかった。
English: When the Meiji government researched the issue status of han bills in 1871, they found that 244 domains (80 percent of all domains), 14 magistrate's offices, and 9 hatamoto issued han bills.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）に明治政府が藩札の発行状況を調べたところ、全国の藩の約8割に当たる244藩、14の代官所、9の旗本領が紙幣の発行を行っていた。
English: Although the government started to withdraw han bills in exchange for coins at the actual rate after issuing the order, they only completed withdrawing in June 1879.
Japanese: その後、各藩札の正貨との実交換相場による藩札回収を始めたが、処理を完了したのは明治12年（1879年）6月であった。
English: After Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), and until the new currency had spread and circulated, the government issued the following: Daijokan bills and Minbusho bills (bills issued by the government akin to han bills); bills issued by prefectures placed in the old shogunate's territories; bills issued by exchange companies and commerce companies (companies established in the heart of commerce in various places by the government); han bills with a stamp of the Ministry of Finance showing yen, sen, and ri (units of old currency); and coins with a newly established exchange rate, such as Kanei Tsuho.
Japanese: 廃藩置県後、新通貨が整備されて普及するまでは、太政官札・民部省札などといった藩札類似の政府発行紙幣、旧幕府領に設置された府県のいくつかが発行した札、新政府が各地の商業中心地に開設させた為替会社や通商会社が発行した札などと並び、藩札に円銭厘の単位を示した大蔵省印が加印された藩札が、新貨交換比率が設定された寛永通寶銭などの銭貨と共に使用された。
English: Han bills were generally woodblock-printed, but some were hand-written with ink.
Japanese: 藩札は、和紙に木版刷りが基本であったが、手書き墨書の札も少なくない。
English: Sendai Tsuho, which was a coin issued by Sendai Domain in 1784, was also broadly referred to as a han bill.
Japanese: 仙台藩により天明4年（1784年）に発行された仙台通宝のように貨幣形式のものも広義の藩札に含める場合がある。
English: In most cases, strong, small and thick Japanese paper was used for han bills to make them easy to carry and durable.
Japanese: 藩札用紙は流通上の利便性のため、耐用年数を上げるために小型で丈夫な厚手の和紙であるケースが多い。
English: Watermarks, colored paper and secret marks were used in some han bills to prevent counterfeiting.
Japanese: すかしや着色紙、隠し文字などの偽造防止などを取り入れたものもあった。
English: Japanese paper made in Najio-mura, Arima-gun, Settsu Province (Nishinomiya City, Hyogo Prefecture) was used nationwide because it was made with special soil and fibers taken from the bark of a clove-like bush to prevent it being eaten by bugs.
Japanese: 摂津国有馬郡名塩村（現・兵庫県西宮市）で作られた和紙は、雁皮に特殊な土を漉き込むことによって虫食いの害を防ぐことができるため、全国的に普及した。
English: Han bills were guaranteed as exchangeable, and the kind and amount of commodities to be exchanged were clearly stated on the bills.
Japanese: 藩札は兌換保証の紙幣であり、藩札の交換対象となる物とその量が藩札に明示されていた。
English: Han bills were especially common in the western part of Japan where silver coins were also circulated.
Japanese: 一般には、札使いは銀遣い経済地域である西日本において特に盛んであった。
English: Some han bills were used as a form of azukari-tegata (equivalent to a modern gift certificate) marked for exchange with a commodity, mostly rice, instead of coins.
Japanese: 藩札には貨幣ではなく物品との兌換を明示した預り手形（現在の商品券に相当）形式のものもあり、この種のものでは米札が多い。
English: Moreover, some han bills were used as a form of furi-tegata (equivalent to a modern cheque), which were made from small thick Japanese paper to be circulated among the general public under the credibility of issuers (domains) or money-exchangers.
Japanese: また、振り手形（現在の小切手に相当）の形式で、発行藩及び取引先両替商の信用の元で不特定多数に流通できるよう藩札用の小型で厚手の和紙で作製したものもあった。
English: In order to develop monopolization of local products in the domains, there is a case where such products could only be bought with han bills.
Japanese: 藩領内の特産品の専売制を推進するため、これら専売品の買上げに藩札を使用した例もある。
English: Some domains issued exchangeable bills (Inmotsusatsu) which their retainers were forced to use in purchasing presents for their colleague retainers, whose face value was very small compared with the price of presents the retainers had customarily bought, for the purpose of making the retainers save money.
Japanese: 家臣の倹約を目的として、藩士間の贈答用に用いることを義務付けられた、本来の贈答品の購入費用からすれば比較的低額の兌換紙幣（音物札）を発行した藩もあった。
English: Since the government banned the circulation of silver coins in 1868, han bills were only issued with values in gold or copper until 1871, when han bills were eventually taken out of circulation due to the arrival of the new currency system.
Japanese: 明治初年に政府は銀通貨の通用を停止したため、それ以降、新貨幣制度が開始され藩札の発行が禁止される明治4年までに発行された藩札は、金単位あるいは銭単位の額面である。
English: Many domains that issued ginsatsu in western Japan and their detached territories in eastern Japan reissued han bills stamped with the gold or copper value.
Japanese: 銀単位の藩札を大量に発行していた西日本諸藩及び東日本諸藩の西日本の飛地領では、それらの旧札の額面部分に金単位または銭単位の加印を施して再発行させた例も多い。
English: After an investigation of han bills in 1705, the shogunate prohibited their use in 1707 because han bills prevented the circulation of coins issued by the shogunate (the order for the suspension of bills in the Hoei era).
Japanese: 宝永2年（1705年）に藩札の調査が行われ、それを受けて幕府発行の貨幣の流通が滞るとして宝永4年（1707年）、すべての藩札の使用が禁止された（宝永の札遣い停止令）。
English: In 1730, the shogunate again allowed domains to issue han bills with conditions; large domains producing 200,000 koku (approximately 36 million liters of crop yield) and above could issue han bills valid for 25 years, and small domains (less than 200,000 koku) for 15 years.
Japanese: 享保15年（1730年）に領国の石高が20万石以上であれば通用期間25年、20万石以下であれば通用期間15年などの条件付きで藩札の発行が再解禁された。
English: It is said that the purpose of this change was to improve the financial affairs of each domain, which were affected by the falling price of rice that resulted from the Kyoho Reforms (reforms made in the Kyoho era of the Edo period).
Japanese: この背景には、享保の改革で下落した米の価格があり、諸藩の財政を救済する目的であったといわれている。
English: Despite the shogunate's restrictions, domains with financial difficulties continued to issue han bills without permission.
Japanese: このような幕府の藩札の取り締まりにも関わらず、財政難に苦しむ諸藩は幕府に無断で発行を続けた。
English: The shogunate kept trying to circulate coins, but in 1867, at the end of the Edo period, they finally issued three kinds of kinsatsu such as the Edo Yokohama Tsuyo-satsu, the Edo and Kanhassyu Tsuyo-satsu and the Hyogokaiko-satsu.
Japanese: 幕府自体は、貨幣流通にこだわり続けたが、幕末の慶応3年（1867年）に江戸横浜通用札、江戸および関八州通用札、兵庫開港札の三種類の金札紙幣を発行した。
English: Mitsugi NYUI, the kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), introduced a hyofu, which was similar to a han bill, in 1756 to rebuild the economy of Hirosaki Domain in Mutsu Province, which had been battered by the Horeki Famine.
Japanese: 宝暦の飢饉で疲弊した陸奥国弘前藩の財政を立て直すため、勘定奉行の乳井貢が宝暦6年（1756年）に導入したのが標符という藩札類似のものであった。
English: The hyofu was used differently from han bills; it was similar to a bankbook, and business transactions were recorded on it.
Japanese: 藩札と異なり標符は、通帳のようになっており商取引が書き込む形式となっている特徴があった。
English: Each merchant was only allowed to run one business and was forced to give all his products and savings of rice, gold and silver to the domain first, then later, a hyofu and products were granted to the merchant by the domain.
Japanese: 商人は一家一業を原則とし、全ての商品と蓄えられた米や金銀を半ば強制的に藩に納めさせ、改めて標符と商品を下付した。
English: Merchants conducted all business using the hyofu and could keep 10 percent of the profit, but they had to give the rest to the domain.
Japanese: 商人はすべての商いを標符で決算され、利益の一割を商人の取り分として残りは藩に納めさせた。
English: Moreover, vassals were given a hyofu with the amount of silver coins depending on their stipends, and merchants wrote business records on it whenever they made a purchase.
Japanese: また、藩の家臣は禄高に応じた銀の額の標符が渡され、買い物毎に商人がその標符に取引を書き込む形式を取った。
English: Because introducing hyofu was too radical, it was abolished less than two years later and as a result, Mitsugi NYUI lost his position.
Japanese: 標符はあまりにも急進的な試みであったため、2年足らずで廃止、乳井貢も失脚した。
English: From 1753 to 1754, Kubota Domain of Dewa Province suffered from famine, so with permission from the shogunate they issued a ginsatsu with the value of one monme (an old currency unit in Japan) of silver coins as seventy mon (an old currency unit in Japan) of copper coins with permission of the shogunate.
Japanese: 宝暦3年（1753年）から宝暦4年（1754年）、出羽国久保田藩は凶作に見舞われ、幕府に願い出て藩札を銀札1匁につき銭70文の相場で発行した。
English: Although han bills worked well at first, merchants expected the price of rice to go up because of famine, so they concealed rice and refused to trade it for han bills.
Japanese: 当初は順調であったが、凶作による米の値上がりを見込んで商人らが米を隠匿するなどして藩札による買い上げを拒否した。
English: Because of the poor harvest the domain also had to buy rice with coins normally reserved for exchanges of han bills.
Japanese: また藩は凶作のため正貨で米を買い集めなければならなくなり、兌換の資金が流出してしまった。
English: Some people such as the karo (chief retainer) and the ginsatsu bugyo (commissioner of the ginsatsu) were held accountable for the failure and were sentenced to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) or chikkyo (being confined to home).
Japanese: 失敗の責任が問われ、家老や銀札奉行などが切腹や蟄居など重い処分が下された。
English: Although the feudal retainers in the middle lower class close to the lord were implicated, there were special favors given to the Satake family and old vassals by issuing them more stipends (the Satake disturbance).
Japanese: また藩主よりの中下層の藩士が連座についたが、佐竹一族や古くからの家臣は加増されるなど派閥争いの様相も垣間見えた(佐竹騒動)。
English: With the shogunate's permission, in December 1784 or January 1785, Sendai Domain of Mutsu Province started to issue Sendai Tsuho for use within the domain in order to improve the financial situation affected by the Tenmei Famine.
Japanese: 陸奥国仙台藩では幕府の許可を得て、藩内流通限定とした天明の大飢饉への救済を名目とした仙台通宝が天明4年（1784年）11月より作られた。
English: Aizu Domain of Mutsu Province accepted the opinions of Kyuhachiro NAGAI, the manager, and issued a kinsatsu in 1700 and a zenisatsu in the following year in order to overcome financial difficulties and to help feudal retainers.
Japanese: 陸奥国会津藩では、藩財政窮乏の打開と藩士救済を目的として、元締役長井九八郎の意見具申を容れる形で元禄13年（1700年）に金札、翌年には銭札を発行した。
English: However, people in towns and villages did not accept those bills, so circulation of both the kinsatsu and zenisatsu was suspended before 1703.
Japanese: しかし、町方、村方には受け入れられず、元禄16年（1703年）までに金札、銭札共に通用を停止した。
English: Meanwhile, the domain, which had a detached territory in Harima Province, also issued a ginsatsu guaranteed by the Tsuji clan of Ozawa-mura, Kato-gun, Harima Province.
Japanese: その一方で、、播磨国に飛地領を有する同藩は、播磨国加東郡小澤村の辻氏の引請による銀札を江戸末期頃に発行した。
English: Aizu Domain also issued coins including the Kanei Tsuho, the Micchusen of Tenpo Tsuho and the Aizu Ginban.
Japanese: 他に会津藩発行の貨幣としては、寛永通寶、天保通寶の密鋳銭、会津銀判などがある。
English: Okabe Domain of Musashi Province (later Hanbara Domain of Mikawa Province) issued a ginsatsu guaranteed by Kumashichi KASHIMAYA and Hikojuro Tennojiya, the money exchangers who had business with Osaka Dojima Goyoba, in the detached territory of Settsu Province.
Japanese: 武蔵国岡部藩（のち三河国半原藩）では、摂津国の飛地領で、大坂堂嶋御用場の出入り両替商加嶋屋熊七、天王寺屋彦十郎が引請人となった銀札を発行した。
English: The ginsatsu was mainly circulated in the domain's territories located in Teshima-gun, Nose-gun, Kawabe-gun, and Arima-gun in Settsu Province.
Japanese: 摂津国の豊嶋郡、能勢郡、川辺郡、有馬郡に散在する同藩の領地を中心とした地域で通用した。
English: In 1857, fraud committed by an officer of Sakuraidani jinya (a regional government office of a detached land) caused a commotion and demands for drastic financial reform.
Japanese: 安政4年（1857年）、飛地陣屋である桜井谷陣屋の役人の不正が発端となり、抜本的な財政改革を要求する騒動が発生した。
English: In nearby Asada Domain, a reform was conducted by Takaoki ISHIDA (Koemon DAIKONYA), the vassal of Nishi Hongan-ji Temple, and as a result their han bills were managed and circulated properly by peasants.
Japanese: 近隣の麻田藩では大坂商人で西本願寺家臣の石田敬起（大根屋小右衛門）による改革で藩札は農民側の管理に委ねられて適切に運用されていた。
English: As a result, the currency exchangers in Osaka stopped supporting the domain's han bills, so their han bills were issued by a kome bugyo (commissioner of rice) of Sakuraidani jinya and were circulated as 'ginkokukata' by influential peasants in the territory of Teshima-gun until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: その結果、藩札は大坂の両替商の関与を断たれ、桜井谷陣屋の米奉行が発行し、豊嶋郡の領内有力農民が銀穀方として運用する形態が幕末まで続いた。
English: Hamamatsu Domain of Totomi Province issued a ginsatsu in their detached territories of Kato-gun and Mino-gun located in the eastern part of Harima Province in roughly 1856.
Japanese: 遠江国浜松藩では、飛地領を有する播磨国東部の加東郡・美嚢郡で安政3年（1856年）頃、銀札を発行した。
English: The Dutch word Voordeelig (for mutual profit) was written on the face of the ginsatsu to prevent forgery.
Japanese: 札面には、偽造防止のためオランダ語の単語（Voordeelig；お互いの利益のために）が描かれていた。