nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, muhon defined in ritsu (laws) of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), written in kanji indicating "a scheme of disobedience," originally had a different meaning and includes an act of conspiring with enemy for the purpose of harming one's home country, as well as seeking asylum.
Japanese: しかし本来律令制の律が定めた謀叛は意味が異なり、外国と通謀して本国に害をなしたり、亡命したりすることまで含む。
English: Muhon is a felony which falls under the 3rd of Juaku (10 evils) in Tang Ritsuryo Code and also falls under the 3rd of Hachigyaku (8 unpardonable crimes) in Yoro Code.
Japanese: 唐律において謀叛は十悪の第三、養老律令でも八虐の第三となる重罪である。
English: While disobedience means betraying one's home country and obeying a false master (enemy, insurgents), countering means threatening one's lord's life, and so a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering differ in meaning.
Japanese: 叛は国に背いて偽（敵国・反乱者）に従うこと、反は君主の身に危害を及ぼすことなので、謀反と謀叛は意味が異なる。
English: In concrete terms disobedience means throwing oneself into a barbarian (foreign) country, or handing over the castle or territory to enemy, and in modern terms falls under seeking asylum, surrendering under enemy fire or conspiring with enemy.
Japanese: 叛は具体的には蕃国（外国）に投じること、城や領土を敵に渡すことをいい、現代的に言えば亡命、敵前投降、外敵通謀にあたる。
English: The punishment of attempted disobedience is death by hanging, and that of completed disobedience is execution by decapitation, and so both of them are stipulated together in one article as a scheme of disobedience, because both are death penalties.
Japanese: 刑は計画段階でも絞、実行した場合は斬で、死刑に変わりがないため、条文上は謀叛でまとめる。
English: In both Tang Ritsuryo Code and Yoro Code, the both main offender and accomplices were decapitated if they were caught after completing disobedience.
Japanese: 唐律でも養老律でも、叛を上道（実行）した場合は主犯・従犯ともに斬とされた。
English: Those who fled to mountain valleys (mountain valley flight) instead of foreign countries, and did not come back after being called by a government official, were treated the same as those involved in scheme of disobedience.
Japanese: 外国ではなく山沢に逃亡し（亡命山沢）、官吏に呼ばれても帰らないときには、謀叛と同じ扱いになった。
English: If they resisted the army which came to take them back, they were treated the same as offenders of accomplished disobedience and both the main offender and accomplices were decapitated.
Japanese: 連れ戻しに来た軍隊に対して抵抗したときには、叛の上道と同じ扱いで、主犯・従犯ともに斬となった。
English: Only in the case of completed disobedience, enza (to be guilty for the relative's crime) was stipulated, and there were three levels of enza according to the number of people led and the extent of exercise of force.
Japanese: 縁座（親族の連座）は、実行時にのみ発生し、率いた人数と武力行使の程度によって3段階に分かれた。
English: The most serious level was conquest and occupation of a castle, which was treated the same as a scheme of disobedience.
Japanese: もっとも重いのは、城を攻略してそれを拒守した場合で、謀反と同じになる。
English: The medium level was a case of making an attack and taking hostages, or a case of disobedience leading a prescribed number of people (one hundred in Tang Ritsuryo Code and 10 in Yoro Code) which did not occupy the castle, regardless of whether there was an attack or not.
Japanese: 中間は、攻撃・虜掠をしたか、攻撃の有無に関わらす規定人数（唐律では100人、養老律では10人）以上を率いて叛いたものの、城を拒守することまではしなかった場合である。
English: In any level, the offenders themselves were executed, but there were small differences in treatments of their relatives found guilty as a result of enza.
Japanese: いずれにせよ本人は死刑になるが、縁座には以下のような細かな違いが生じる。
English: In the cases treated the same as a scheme of disobedience in Tang Ritsuryo Code, the offender's father and 16-year-old or older sons were hanged, and his 15-year-old or younger sons, mother and daughters, wives and concubines, son's wives and concubines, grandparents and grandchildren, brothers, buqu (serfs), assets, farmland and housing land were confiscated.
Japanese: 唐律で謀反と同じになると、父と年16以上の子（子は息子のこと。以下同じ）が絞になり、年15以下の子、母女（母と娘）、妻妾、子の妻妾、祖孫（祖父母と孫）、兄弟、部曲（隷属民）、資財、田宅が没官になった。
English: In the cases treated the same as a scheme of disobedience in Yoro Code, the offender's father and sons, kenin (slaves equivalent to buqu in Tang Ritsuryo Code), assets, farmland and housing land were confiscated.
Japanese: 養老律で謀反と同じになると、父子、家人（唐律の部曲にあたる隷属民）、資財、田宅が没官となった。
English: In the early 8th century, edicts were issued in 707, 708 and 717 stipulating that an offense of a mountain valley exile would be condoned if the offender handed oneself in within 100 days, but they were part of amnesty and a copy of edicts in Tang Dynasty China.
Japanese: 8世紀初めには、慶雲4年（707年）、和銅元年（708年）、養老元年（717年）と、百日以内に出頭すれば亡命山沢の罪を赦すという詔が出たが、それは大赦の一部で唐の詔を引き写したものである。
English: After the latter part of the Heian period, a scheme of disobedience and a scheme of countering were no longer distinguished and both of them came to mean the opposition to one's lord and monarch.
Japanese: 平安時代後期以降は、謀反と謀叛の区別はなくなり、両方とも主君や君主への敵対を指すようになった。
English: The daiku-shoku system is one of the local systems set up in 1872 during the Meiji Period.
Japanese: 大区小区制（だいくしょうくせい）は、日本の明治時代の1872年に施行された地方制度のこと。
English: In preparation for creating a unified national family register system, the government enacted the Family Registration Law in 1871 and set up ku (ward) as an administrative unit.
Japanese: 全国一律の戸籍を作るための準備として、政府は明治4年（1871年）に戸籍法（）を制定し、編製の単位として区をおいた。
English: The government abolished existing administrator systems, such as shoya and nanushi (both village headmen), dai-shoya (big village headmen) and toshiyori (administrators), which was established in the Edo Period.
Japanese: 政府は江戸時代からの庄屋、名主、年寄、大庄屋等を廃止した（荘屋名主年寄等ヲ廃シ戸長副戸長ト改称シ給料並ニ諸入用割合ヲ定ム（））。
English: In October in the same year, ku (wards) were renamed daiku and shoku were created by merging several preexisting towns and villages and placed under daiku.
Japanese: 同年10月に、この区を大区と改称し、その下に旧来の町村をいくつかまとめて小区をおいた。
English: Each Shoku was controlled by a kocho and a deputy kocho, to which experienced village and town administrators during the Edo Period, such as shoya, nanushi and toshiyori, were appointed.
Japanese: 小区には戸長と副戸長をおき、これには江戸時代の村役人（庄屋・名主）や町役人（年寄など）、大庄屋などの経験者を任命した。
English: The daiku-shoku system was abolished when the Act for the alignment of local government system (No. 17 edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of state]), one of the three new laws related to the local government system, was enforced in 1878.
Japanese: 地方三新法の一つである郡区町村編制法（明治11年太政官布告第17号）が制定されたことにより廃止された。
English: The ultimate purpose of the daiku-shoku system was to install a family resister system and was embodied in Jinshin-koseki (family registries in Jinshin), but the system itself was not well accepted among people.
Japanese: 直接の目的とした戸籍編製は壬申戸籍に結実したが、大区小区制は不評であった。
English: It is because the government undervalued the villages and towns which had resolved various regional issues autonomously for a long period of time, but instead established an administrative body which did nothing but relay and enforce the orders of the central government.
Japanese: 旧来地域の様々な問題を自治的に解決してきた町村を否定して、代わりに中央の命令の伝達と施行しかしない機関を設けたからである。
English: The system did not fit into the reality of regions and disregarded customs unique to them, as the government was in a hurry for modernizing the nation.
Japanese: 近代化を急ぐあまり、固有の慣習から乖離した、地方の実情に合わない制度であった。
English: Learning a lesson from the experience of the failed local system, the government established the act for the alignment of local government system in 1878 and the practice of the local system was reviewed.
Japanese: この失敗に対する反省から、明治11年（1878年）に新たに郡区町村編制法が制定され、地方制度の見直しが図られた。
English: The Three Mountains of Yamato is the generic name for the three mountains that tower high over the southern area of the Nara Basin in Nara Prefecture (former Yamato Province) and around Asuka.
Japanese: 大和三山（やまとさんざん）とは、奈良県（旧・大和国）の奈良盆地南部、飛鳥周辺にそびえる3体の山々の総称。
English: In the Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), the Three Mountains of Yamato are sung 'kaguyama wa unebi o oshi to miminashi to aiarasohiki shindai yori kakuni arurashi konseki mo zen ni arekoso utsusemi mo ju wo arasourashiki' (Emperor Tenchi).
Japanese: 万葉集では「香具山は畝火（うねび）ををしと耳梨（みみなし）と相あらそひき神代よりかくにあるらし古昔も然にあれこそうつせみも嬬をあらそふらしき」（天智天皇）と歌われている。
English: There are two theories regarding 'unebi o oshi' of this poem: one that interprets it as 'unebi ooshi (brave unebi)' saying that the god of Mt. Unebi is a male god, and the other that interprets it as 'unebi o aishi (loving the unebi)' saying that Mt. Unebi is a goddess.
Japanese: この歌の「畝火ををし」を「畝火雄々し」と解釈し畝傍山の神は男神であるという説と、「畝火を愛し」と解釈して畝傍山は女神であるという説とがある。
English: There is also another theory that this poem entrusted the love battle between Naka no Oe no Oji and his brother Emperor Tenmu, over Nukata no Okimi, to the Three Mountains of Yamato.
Japanese: この歌は、中大兄皇子と弟の天武天皇の額田王をめぐっての恋争いを大和三山に託したものという説もある。
English: Genko is the Japanese name of two invasions (expeditions) that Japan suffered in the middle Kamakura period from the Mongol Empire (Yuan Dynasty), which was then dominant on the continent, and its subjected kingdom, the Kingdom of Goryeo.
Japanese: 元寇（げんこう）とは、日本の鎌倉時代中期に、当時大陸を支配していたモンゴル帝国（元(王朝)）及びその服属政権となった高麗王国によって2度にわたり行われた日本侵攻（遠征）の、日本側の呼称である。
English: The first invasion is called Bunei no Eki (the Bunei War, 1274) and the second is called Koan no Eki (the Koan War, 1281).
Japanese: 1度目を文永の役（ぶんえいのえき・1274年）、2度目を弘安の役（こうあんのえき・1281年）という。
English: Years referred to in () are according to the Julian calendar, while all months and days, excluding years mentioned in the Western calendar, are according to the Japanese calendar calculated in a later era in accordance with the Senmyo calendar (Chinese luni-solar calendar employed in Japan).
Japanese: 文中の（　）の年はユリウス暦、月日は西暦部分を除き全て和暦、宣明暦の長暦による。
English: Kublai, who in 1260 became the fifth emperor (Khan) of the Mongol Empire that was later called 'Yuan' (the Great Yuan Ulus, Great Yuan Dynasty or Yuan Dynasty), in 1266 planned to send the first envoys to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through Goryeo in the Korean peninsula, which had already become its subject, while starting to conquer the Southern Sung Dynasty in 1268, which had been its long-standing aim since the reign of the second emperor Ogodei.
Japanese: 1260年にモンゴル帝国の第5代皇帝（ハーン、ハーン）に即位した後のいわゆる「元(王朝)」（大元ウルス、大元朝、元朝）の皇帝クビライは、1268年（日本の文永5年・大元朝の至元(元世祖)5年）に第2代皇帝オゴデイ以来の懸案であった南宋攻略を開始する一方、既に服属していた朝鮮半島の高麗を通じて、1266年に日本に初めて通交を求める使者を送ろうとしていた。
English: According to "Genshi Nihon Den" (Japan in the History of the Yuan Dynasty), these envoys were going to be sent because of a proposal made by Cho-i who was from Goryeo and a government official of the Yuan Dynasty.
Japanese: 『元史日本伝』によるとこの使節を送るのは高麗人で元の官吏である趙彝の進言からとある。
English: However, the Mongol envoys (chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko), guided by So Kunhi and Kinsan from Goryeo, returned due to the difficulty of the voyage after reaching Geoje Island, and explained to Kublai that it was unnecessary to send envoys to Japan.
Japanese: しかし高麗の宋君斐・金賛が案内する蒙古の使節ら（正使・黒的、副使・殷弘）は巨済島まで来て、航海の困難を理由に引き返し、クビライに対して日本への通使の不要を説いた。
English: Kublai had ordered them strictly to deliver the imperial letter to Japan and "not to give up for a reason attributable to bad weather," and thus, when both envoys returned without crossing the sea due to the reason of 'bad weather,' he got upset and did not accept it.
Japanese: クビライは予め「風濤の険阻を以って辞となすなかれ」と日本側への国書の手交を厳命していたが、その「風濤の険阻」を理由に使者の両名は渡海もせず引き返してきたことに憤慨してこれを却下した。
English: He then ordered Goryeo again, and Hanpu, who was a secretary close to King Wonjong of Goryeo, was sent as envoy and reached Dazai-fu (local government office in the Kyushu region) in January 1268.
Japanese: そして再び高麗に命令し、使節として高麗国王元宗(高麗王)の側近であった起居舎人・潘阜が派遣され、1268年正月に大宰府へと到着。
English: Sukeyoshi SHONI (Sukeyoshi MUTO) of Dazai-fu received the letter from the Mongol Empire (letter and records according to Japanese materials) and the one from the king of Goryeo, and sent them to Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) (however, Hanpu returned to Goryeo seven months after his arrival at Dazai-fu, possibly because Japan showed no intention to reply, and in October of the same year, Goryeo reported to the Yuan imperial court, by envoy Hanpu himself visiting there, that he had gained no fruit).
Japanese: 大宰府の少弐資能（武藤資能）は蒙古国書（日本側では牒状と記録）と高麗王書状を受け取り、鎌倉幕府へ送達する（しかし、日本側からの返牒の気配がなかったためか、太宰府来着から七ヶ月後に潘阜は高麗へ帰還しており、高麗は同年10月には潘阜の遣使が不首尾に終わった旨を元朝宮廷側に潘阜ら自らが赴くなどして報告している）。
English: In Kamakura bakufu, after the death of the fifth regent Tokiyori HOJO, whose heir Tokimune HOJO was too young, Nagatoki HOJO from a branch line became the sixth regent, who was succeeded by the seventh regent Masamura HOJO, and then Tokimune HOJO finally reached the age of manhood and supported Masamura as rensho (assistant to regents).
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府は5代執権北条時頼没後その嫡男北条時宗が若年のため傍系の6代北条長時、ついで7代北条政村が執政し、これを漸く成年に達した連署の北条時宗らが補佐する体制が敷かれていた。
English: Bakufu asked Saneuji SAIONJI, who was kanto moshitsugi (court-appointed liaison with bakufu), to deliver the letter from the Mongol Empire to the Imperial Court, and led the court to the decision to ignore it.
Japanese: 幕府では関東申次の西園寺実氏に託して蒙古国書を朝廷へ回送し、黙殺を決定させる。
English: Bakufu also purged Tokimune's older brother by a concubine, Tokisuke HOJO, and others, in order to strengthen its leadership through Nigatsu-sodo (February rebellion) just after the death of the retired Emperor Gosaga, and in addition, ordered various provinces to guard against foreign attacks and held prayer services for the surrender of foreign enemies.
Japanese: さらに幕府は後嵯峨上皇没の直後の二月騒動で時宗の庶兄北条時輔等を粛正し統制を強化、さらに諸国への異国警護、異国降伏の祈祷を行わせる。
English: It also influenced people of religion, and Nichiren submitted "Rissho Ankoku Ron" (Treatise for Spreading Peace Throughout the Country by Establishing the True Teaching) to bakufu, insisting that it was a national crisis.
Japanese: 宗教界にも影響を与え、日蓮は『立正安国論』を幕府に上程して国難を主張する。
English: In the same year, vasslas from Goryeo were sent again, including chancellor Shin Shisen, assistant chancellor Chin Shiko and Hanpu, accompanying chief envoy Kokuteki and vice-envoy Inko, but Japan ignored these second envoys who reached there.
Japanese: 同年には再び知門下省事・申思佺、侍郎・陳子厚および潘阜ら高麗使臣が正使・黒的、副使・殷弘をともなって派遣され、第2回目の使節が日本へ上陸したが、これを黙殺した。
English: However, these envoys did not reach as far as Dazai-fu, only Tsushima Island, where they had a dispute with local people and captured two men on the island called Tojiro and Yajiro, and brought them home.
Japanese: しかしながら、今度の使節は対馬に着いたのみで太宰府へは至らず、同島で住民らと諍いを起こし対馬島人の塔二郎と弥二郎という二名を捕らえて、これらとともに帰還した。
English: In response to it, Sambyeolcho, which had risen in a rebellion against Goryeo, sent envoys to Japan to ask for military support and cooperation to fight against the Yuan Dynasty, but it was also ignored.
Japanese: これを見た高麗に反乱を起していた三別抄から、共同で元に対抗する軍事的援助を求める使者が来訪したがこれも黙殺した。
English: In September 1271, when envoys from the Yuan Dynasty, including Chao Liang-pi, brought a letter ordering Japan to become its subject, bakufu submitted it to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 1271年9月、元使の趙良弼らが元への服属を命じる国書を携えてきた際には、幕府はこれを朝廷に進上した。
English: Although there was an argument in the Imperial Court over whether or not to reply, bakufu opposed replying, and the majority of the Imperial Court also had a strong attitude, insisting, 'we should not yield to the demand of the Yuan Dynasty,' and thus, both the Imperial Court and bakufu decided to ignore the letter.
Japanese: 朝廷内部では返事を出すかどうかで論争されたが、幕府が返事を出す事に反対した事、朝廷内でも「元の要求に屈するべきではない」という強硬論が強かった事から、朝廷・幕府ともに国書を黙殺する事になった。
English: Kublai continued sending envoys to Japan several times after that, but Japan ignored all of them, and in the end, he decided on a military invasion.
Japanese: クビライはその後も何度か日本に使者を出したが全て無視され、最終的に武力侵攻を決定する。
English: This plan could strengthen its governing power in Goryeo and isolate the Southern Sung Dynasty and Japan from each other, without suffering any damage.
Japanese: この案では損害もでず、また高麗の統治強化および南宋と日本の分断が可能。
English: According to "Koraishi" (The History of Goryeo) and "Genshi" (The History of the Yuan Dynasty), Mongol high officials were worried about soldier shortage and insisted on conquering the Southern Sung Dynasty first, but Goryeo (later King Chungnyeol) persistently requested them to invade Japan from the eastern route via Goryeo, and thus it was so decided.
Japanese: 『高麗史』及び『元史』によれば、高麗の（のちの忠烈王の）執拗な要請があり、蒙人の高官は兵力不足を懸念して南宋攻略を先にすべきと主張したが、高麗を経由する東路からの日本侵攻が決定されたとされる。
English: Kublai ordered Goryeo to construct ships to invade Japan, and supplied them with food.
Japanese: クビライは高麗に命じて日本へ侵攻する艦船を作らせ、食糧などを供給した。
English: Goryeo bore the construction expenses and completed large and small ships, which are said to have been 900 in total, in a such short period of six months.
Japanese: この時の建造費は高麗が負担し、大小900艘と言われる船をわずか半年の突貫工事で完成させた。
English: Kamakura bakufu, which had noticed these activities, created the position of Ikoku Keigo Banyaku (Foreign Enemy Defense) in 1272, and ordered the Shoni clan (Muto clan) serving as Chinzei Bugyo (Defense Commissioner of the West) and the Otomo clan to supervise it.
Japanese: これらの動向を察知していた鎌倉幕府は、1272年に異国警護番役を設置し、鎮西奉行であった少弐氏（武藤氏）や大友氏に対して指揮を命じた。
English: In November 1274, the ships departed from Gappo in the Korean peninsula (now Masan) with 30,000 people on board, including non-soldiers, led by Xin Dou, Kim Bang-gyeong and others, consisting of people of Mongol, Han, Jurchen, and Goryeo.
Japanese: 日本の文永11年・元の至元11年10月（1274年11月）に、忻都、金方慶らに率いられ、モンゴル人・漢人・女真人・高麗人など非戦闘員を含む3万人を乗せた船が朝鮮の月浦（合浦。現在の馬山）を出発した。
English: They attacked Tsushima on October 5 and Iki on October 14 (both dates according to old lunar calendar), completely destroying the headquarters of the Matsuura Party (group of local warriors based in Matsuura area) in Taka-shima Island, Hirado, and drove Shugodai (Deputy Military Governor) of Iki Province TAIRA no Kagetaka to committing suicide.
Japanese: 10月5日(旧暦)に対馬、10月14日(旧暦)に壱岐を襲撃し、平戸鷹島の松浦党の本拠を全滅させ、壱岐守護代の平景隆を自害に追い込んだ。
English: In addition, according to "Shin Genshi" (New History of the Yuan Dynasty), a letter of Nichiren describes that they then massacred people and made a hole in the palms of survivors to lace a leather cord through it, and hung them on the ships' sides as a warning.
Japanese: さらに『新元史』によれば日蓮の書簡の記述に依るとして、この時民衆を殺戮し、生き残った者の手の平に穴を開け、そこに革紐を通して船壁に吊るし見せしめにしたという。
English: According to Goryeo's records, a general from Goryeo then captured 200 children, including both boys and girls, and presented them to the king and queen.
Japanese: また高麗の将軍がこのときに捕虜とした子供男女200人を高麗王と王妃に献上したという記録が、高麗側に残っている。
English: In Japan, gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) were gathering in Dazai-fu, including the Shoni clan and Otomo clan, mainly those from Kyushu region.
Japanese: 日本側は少弐氏や大友氏をはじめ九州の御家人を中心として大宰府に集結しつつあった。
English: The Yuan army appeared in Hakata Bay on October 19 (according to old lunar calendar), and anchored ships at Imazu, located at the western edge of the bay, to disembark some of its soldiers.
Japanese: 元軍は10月19日(旧暦)には博多湾に現れ、湾西端の今津に停泊し一部兵力を上陸させた。
English: On October 20 (according to old lunar calendar, on November 25 according to solar calendar), the fleet moved towards the east, disembarking at Momochihama, and then at Jigyohama, Nagahama, Nanotsu, Suzakihama (Hakata), Higashihama, and Hakozakihama.
Japanese: 10月20日(旧暦)（太陽暦では11月25日）、船団は東に進み百道浜つづいて地行浜、長浜、那ノ津、須崎浜（博多）、東浜、箱崎浜に上陸した。
English: The soldiers having disembarked at the western part of Hakata Bay took a position at Sohara (now Mt. Sohara) and Beppu.
Japanese: 博多湾西部から上陸した兵は、麁原（現在の祖原山）、別府に陣を構えた。
English: Japanese samurai, in the beginning, suffered damage unilaterally because they tried to fight one to one declaring their names, or led attacks in a small group, but around noon they organized themselves to fight with a large number of soldiers, and following the arrival of reinforcements, started to counterattack.
Japanese: 日本の武士は、当初は名乗りをあげての一騎打ちや、少人数での先駆けを試みたため一方的に損害を受けたが、昼頃には集団戦術に対応、また増援の到着により反撃に転じた。
English: According to "Hachiman Gudokun" (Tales of the God of War Told to the Simple) (one of so-called Koshu-type editions of "Hachiman Gudokun"), troops consisting of approximately 230 samurai on horseback, led by Takefusa KIKUCHI and others, defeated the Yuan army of about 2,000 foot soldiers, in Akasaka located three kilometers east of Momochihama.
Japanese: 『八幡愚童訓』（『八幡愚童訓』甲種本のひとつ）によると、百道浜より3キロ東の赤坂にて菊池武房らの軍勢230名ほどの騎馬が徒歩の部隊だった2千前後の元軍を撃破した。
English: According to "Moko Shurai Ekotoba" (Picture Scroll of the Mongol Invasion), Suenaga TAKEZAKI chased the enemy from Torikaigata to Sohara, and forced it back to the place about 500 meters from where they had disembarked.
Japanese: 『蒙古襲来絵詞』によると竹崎季長が鳥飼潟から祖原へ追撃、上陸地点より500メートル付近まで押し返した。
English: He attacked further in front, without waiting for other units to arrive, and when he fell into danger, Michiyasu SHIRAISHI and others came to rescue him, and then an arrow battle started.
Japanese: さらに後続を待たず先駆けを試み窮地に陥ったところ白石通泰らが救援に駆けつけ矢戦となった。
English: In Hakata, they had a fierce arrow battle near the coast, and the Japanese army lost and withdrew, but prevented the enemy from advancing inland, using the rearguard unit led by Kagesuke SHONI, shooting an arrow at LIU Fu-heng, who came in pursuit.
Japanese: 博多では海岸付近で激しい矢戦となり、日本軍は敗走したが殿軍の少弐景資が追撃してきた劉復亨を射倒すなどして、内陸への侵入を阻止した。
English: According to "Koraishi," it soon became dark and the battle ended, and the Japanese army returned to Dazai-fu.
Japanese: 『高麗史』によると、やがて日暮となり戦闘を解し、日本軍は大宰府に帰った。
English: Meanwhile, the Yuan army occupied Hakata, but arrows ran short due to day-long fierce battles and the army became disorganized.
Japanese: 一方、元軍は博多を占拠したものの終日の激戦で矢が尽き、軍の編成が崩れた。
English: It therefore gave up the conquest of Dazai-fu and decided to withdraw, leaving the city of Hakata on fire.
Japanese: このため、大宰府攻略をあきらめ、博多の市街に火をかけて焼き払い、撤退することにした。
English: The records on Bang-gyeong KIM in "Koraishi" include descriptions that seem to be part of the military meeting held on that night after returning to their position, saying that the following conversation was held between the head of the Goryeo army Bang-gyeong KIM and commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force Dou XIN.
Japanese: 『高麗史』金方慶伝によると、この夜に自陣に帰還した後の軍議と思われる部分が載っており、高麗軍の主将である金方慶と派遣軍総司令官である忽敦との間で、以下のようなやり取りがあったことが述べられている。
English: Bang-gyeong KIM said, "an art of war teaches us not to fight with an army that has come from far away. It means that entering into the enemy's territory, far away from home, rather raises the morale and fighting strength of the army. Our army is small, but already in the enemy's territory. Although we ourselves are to fight, it is in accordance with historical lessons such as 'burning his own ships to fight' of Ming MENG, who served Duke Mu of Qin, and 'fighting with his back against the river' of Xin HAN, who served the Han Dynasty. Please let us fight again."
Japanese: 金方慶「兵法に『千里の県軍、その鋒当たるべからず』とあり、本国よりも遠く離れ敵地に入った軍は、却って志気が上がり戦闘能力が高まるものである。我が軍は少なしといえども既に敵地に入っている。我が軍は自ずから戦うことになるがこれは秦穆公の孟明の『焚船』や漢の韓信の『背水の陣』の故事に沿うものである。再度戦わせて頂きたい。」
English: The army was said to have decided to withdraw as a result of the discussion, and also due to the injury of Fu-heng LIU.
Japanese: このような議論があり、また劉復亨が負傷したこともあって、軍は撤退することになったと言う。
English: However, as explained later, there is an opinion that the purpose of the expeditionary force to Japan in Bunei no Eki was, from the beginning, a kind of reconnaissance of the fighting strength and this conversation also might have been held based upon a withdrawal plan already made.
Japanese: しかしながら、後述のように文永の役での日本派遣軍の目的はもともと威力偵察の類いであり、このやり取りも当初からの撤退予定を見越したものではなかったか、という指摘もされている。
English: For the ships of that time, it was dangerous to voyage towards the north from Hakata to Goryeo except on a sunny day with south wind, and sometimes it took a month in this season waiting for a good weather.
Japanese: 当時の艦船では、博多‐高麗間の北上は南風の晴れた昼でなければ危険であり、この季節では天気待ちで1ヶ月掛かる事もあった。
English: According to "Hachiman Gudokun," in the middle of the battle, a fire started, probably from firearms, in Hakozaki-gu Shrine, where warriors of the Kamakura shogunate decided as their base for interception and prayed for the gods' help, and it burned down the main building of the shrine, but they managed to save goshintai (object of worship believed to contain the spirit of a god) and other materials by carrying them out in a chest.
Japanese: 『八幡愚童訓』によると、この戦いの最中、鎌倉武士団が迎撃の拠点として加護を祈った筥崎宮から兵火によるものか出火し、社殿は焼け落ちたものの御神体その他は唐櫃に納めて運び出し、辛くも避難出来たという。