nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Based on bugei (a military art) or hyoho (an art of warfare) which had been a practical art for samurai (warriors) to fight with, since around the end of the Muromachi period, kenjutsu (swordplay), jujutsu (classical Japanese martial art, usually referring to fighting without a weapon), sojutsu (the art of spearmanship), kyujutsu (the art of Japanese archery), hojutsu (gunnery), etc. have been evolved technically and systematized as various schools respectively.
Japanese: 武士が戦うための技芸であった武芸,兵法を基に、室町時代の終わり頃から剣術や柔術、槍術、弓術、砲術などがそれぞれ様々な流派として技術化、体系化された。
English: These were called 'bugei, bujutsu, hyoho,' etc. throughout the Edo period, and in modern times after the Taisho period, a generic name 'budo' was used to call them including schools established after the Meiji period.
Japanese: これらは江戸時代を通して「武芸,武術,兵法」等と呼ばれ、大正時代以降の近代では、明治以降に成立した流派も含めて武道という総称が用いられた。
English: (However, even during the late Edo period, some people had already come to call them budo.)
Japanese: （但し、既に江戸時代の後期においても、一部で武道とも呼ばれるようになっていた。）
English: In the present age, we distinguish gendai budo (modern martial arts) established after modern times from the schools except gendai budo established mainly before the Meiji period, and call the latter kobudo, koryubujutsu, kobujutsu, and so on from the viewpoint of the present.
Japanese: 現代においては、近代以降の現代武道と区別して、主に明治以前に成立した現代武道以外の諸流派を現代から見て古武道や古流武術、古武術等と呼んでいる。
English: While gendai budo establishes the systems of the arts and places emphasis on competitions or matches for the purpose of disciplining mind and body from the point of view of the human development and physical education more than polishing the arts (for example, judo, kendo), the fundamental purpose of kobudo was not winning a match (some of the schools had forbidden trainees from competing in the contest between different schools), but defending themselves actually to live or disciplining themselves to carry out their missions as samurai.
Japanese: 現代武道が技の錬磨以上に人間形成と体育的見地からの心身の鍛錬を目的として技術の体系を構築し、また競技、試合を重視しているのに対し（例：柔道、剣道）、古武道は基本的に試合での勝敗を目的とせず(流派によっては他流試合を禁じていた）、実際に身を守り暮らす事や、武士としての使命を果たすための鍛錬などが目的とされていた。
English: So, some of the fighting techniques and the various kinds of disguised weapons, the ways of resuscitation, the usage of medicine, the secret of casting a spell, and so on that had been eliminated from gendai budo because they were considered to be dangerous, may have been maintained in kobudo even now.
Japanese: そのため危険であることから現代武道から除かれた技法や各種の隠し武器、活法、薬方、呪術などが今でも残っている場合がある。
English: And there are many cases in which the method of the mind (how to control one's mind, or the techniques regarding the mind) and the religious philosophy attached to Zen, the Esoteric Buddhism, or Confucianism have been closely connected to the physical arts of kobudo and were handed down together.
Japanese: また禅、密教や儒学と結びついた心法（心の持ち方、心に関する技術）や宗教的理念が身体技術と密接に結びついた形で伝承されている場合が多い。
English: The philosophy to place emphasis on human development such as the moral improvement in the ascetic practices of bujutsu had already been formed during the early Edo period as it is seen in Shinkage-ryu and the Shogun family.
Japanese: 武術修行において精神修養などの人間形成も重視する理念は、新陰流と将軍家などに見られるように江戸時代初期には既に生まれていた。
English: Nevertheless, there are also some cases where the actions whose meanings have not been transmitted to the successors of the school, the unreasonable content, and the actions that were added in the Edo period to improve the formal beauty (in Japanese, "kahoka") are included.
Japanese: 反面、流派を伝承する者にも意味が伝わっていない動作や非合理的な内容、江戸時代に形の美観のため加えられた（華法化）動作が含まれる場合もある。
English: In 1914, when Hiromichi NISHIKUBO, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Commissioner, delivered a lecture at the Police Training Center ("Budo Kowa" (The Lecture On Martial Arts), the Hokkaido Branch of the Police Association, 1915), he told that 'jutsu' (術, which means arts) in the name of bujutsu must be changed into 'do' (道, which means way).
Japanese: 大正3年、警視総監の西久保弘道は、警察訓練所での講話『武道講話』（警察協会北海道支部　1915年）において武術の名称を「術」でなく「道」でなければならないとした。
English: The reason was said to be that the term 'jutsu' was not suitable because it focused on only progress of the arts and was likely to result in the idea that 'courtesy' was unnecessary, and that 'do' had to be used to clarify the concept that 'bu' was not an art.
Japanese: 理由は、「術」という名は技術の上達のみに終始し、「礼儀」は無用と考えることになるのでよくなく、「武」は技術でないという観念を明確にするため、であったという。
English: On January 29, 1919, Nishikubo assumed the posts of vice-president of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai and the principal of Bujutsu Senmon Gakko, and insisted on changing the name.
Japanese: 大正8年1月29日、西久保は大日本武徳会の副会長と武術専門学校長になり、名称変更を主張。
English: Research done by Tamio NAKAMURA, Professor of Fukushima University, and Ichiro WATANABE, Professor Emeritus of University of Tsukuba, reveal the background of it and explain that the name 'budo' was used to mean the ascetic practices which were educationally useful and serious, in order to distinguish it from bujutsu which was (considered to be) so corrupted as to give bujutsu performances.
Japanese: その背景について、福島大学教授の中村民雄や筑波大学名誉教授の渡辺一郎らの研究によると、武術興行などを行い堕落した（とみなされた）武術と区別するために、教育的に有用な真剣な修行という意味で「武道」という名称を用いたのであるという。
English: After the lifting of the Budo Ban imposed by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers after World War II gendai budo was revived, and then the schools which were established before the Meiji period came to be called kobudo to distinguish them from gendai budo.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後の連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による武道禁止後に復活した現代武道との区別のために、明治以前に成立した諸流派は古武道とよばれる。
English: Later on, kobudo came to be called koryubujutsu, and also called kobujutsu in recent years.
Japanese: 後に古流武術とも呼ばれ、近年では古武術という呼び方も使われるようになった。
English: Moreover, in iaido (the art of drawing the Japanese sword) and jodo (a form of martial art using a cane staff) the regular iai form of the All Japan Kendo Federation Iai and the regular jodo form of the All Japan Kendo Federation Jodo are provided respectively, and for both of them the forms of each school are also called koryu.
Japanese: なお居合道、杖道では全日本剣道連盟居合の制定居合形、全日本剣道連盟杖道の制定杖道形に対し、各流派の形を古流とも呼ぶ。
English: The artifacts such as yoroi (armor), ken (swords with two edges sharpened), hoko (long-handled Chinese spears), yajiri (arrowheads), yumi (bows as a weapon), haniwa (clay figures), and the like of the Yayoi period have been found, and Japanese Mythology in the "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), etc include descriptions of the weapons such as ken, hoko, katana (swords), yumi, and the like, so it can be guessed that there were some kinds of bugi (martial practices), but the details can't be known.
Japanese: 弥生時代の鎧、剣、矛、鏃、弓(武器)、埴輪などの出土品や、『古事記』、『日本書紀』などの日本神話に剣、矛、刀、弓など武器の記述があることから、なんらかの武技は存在していたものと思われるが、詳細は不明である。
English: In the "Nihonshoki" there is a description of a sumai match in which one competitor kicked the opponent to death, and it is said that sumai in this period was the beginning of sumo (Japanese-style wrestling).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』に捔力で相手を蹴り殺したとの記述があり、この時代の捔力が相撲の起源とする説もある。
English: From this description it can be guessed that kicking techniques were also used in sumai, which is different from Ozumo (grand sumo tournament), Shinzumo (new sumo wrestling), and so on in the present age.
Japanese: これは蹴り技など用いていたと推測され、現代の大相撲・新相撲などとは異なるものである。
English: The Tenchi Tenno ki of "Nihonshoki" says that lectures on martial arts took place in Omi Province between August and September 668.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の天智天皇紀には、7年秋7月「于時近江國講武」すなわち近江国で武を講じたとある。
English: The way of samurai (warriors) was considered the way of kyuba (archery and equestrianism), and therefore, kyujutsu and bajutsu (Japanese horse-back technique) were the compulsory bugei (military arts) and the practical art for fighting in the battles.
Japanese: 武士の道は弓馬の道とされ弓術、馬術が武士の必須の武芸であり、合戦での戦闘のための技芸であった。
English: Also, in books such as "Soga Monogatari" (the tale of Soga) famous for the revenge of the Soga brothers, it is recorded that the samurai practiced sumo wrestling as one of the military arts which was different from present-day sumo.
Japanese: また、曾我兄弟の仇討ちで有名な『曽我物語』などにも現代の相撲と異なる武芸としての相撲が武士により行われたことが記述されている。
English: This samurai sumo had later gone out of date, and only a trace of it can be found in the Sumo Densho (a manual on sumo wrestling), the densho (books on the esoterica) of Sekiguchi-ryu jujutsu written in the early period of the Edo period, and so on.
Japanese: この武家相撲は後に廃れ、相撲伝書や江戸時代初期の関口流柔術の伝書などに伺えるのみである。
English: And, schools such as Shinkage-ryu, Shinto-ryu, Itto-ryu, and Chujo-ryu were derived under their influence to make ken-no-michi (the way of the sword) spread.
Japanese: またそれらの影響を受け新陰流や新当流、一刀流、中条流等が派生して一挙に剣の道が広まった。
English: There appeared those who followed the path to be hyohosha (tacticians) that devoted themselves exclusively to bugei, some of whom showed the arts of their own schools to the shogun and the like.
Japanese: 武芸を専一に行う兵法者（ひょうほうしゃ）の道を歩む者たちが現れ、彼らのなかには自流を上覧に供したものもいた。
English: Looking over at the various schools of bujutsu (kobudo), a few of them were formed in the Sengoku Period (Japan), and many were developed during the Edo period rather than the previous one, when the chaos of wars had already been over.
Japanese: 武術（古武道）の様々な流派は、戦国時代(日本)において形成されたものは少なく、多くがむしろ戦乱の収まった江戸時代に発展した。
English: Under the bakuhantaisei (feudal system characteristic of the shogunate), each han (clan) appointed shinanyaku (instructor), or designated a particular ryugi (style) as goryugi (authorized style).
Japanese: 幕藩体制のなかで各藩は指南役を設けたり、特定の流儀を御流儀として指定するなどした。
English: As the peace which lasted for a long time developed the economy and produced the townsmen culture, bujutsu was practiced for pleasure in the spare time widely in both the urban and the rural agricultural areas.
Japanese: 長く続いた平和によって経済が発達し、町人文化が興るなかで武術は余暇の楽しみとして都市部や農村地帯で広く行われた。
English: The number of the schools is thought to have exceeded several hundred (or a thousand) by the end of the Edo period, and in the nineteenth century, mushashugyo (a samurai warrior's quest), taryujiai (a contest between different schools), and bujutsuryugaku (practicing martial arts in another domain) began to be popular all over the country, and the books which listed the names of shihan (grand masters) in various places were published.
Japanese: 流派の数は幕末までに数百（あるいは千）を越えたと思われ、１９世紀になると全国で武者修行や他流試合、武術留学が流行し始め、各地の師範名をまとめた書物が発刊されるなどした。
English: Various exchanges were made between different schools or styles, and the manners of a match or the tools for a match were being made common in sojutsu, kenjutsu, jujutsu, and so on.
Japanese: 様々な流儀で交流が行われ、槍術や剣術、柔術などで試合方法や試合道具が共通化していった。
English: And as we can see from the cases in which a lot of the patriots during the end of the Edo period practiced at famous dojo (training halls) in Edo and expanded the networks of personal relationships all over the country, the dojo of bujutsu were getting to perform a function as some salon in a sense just the same as with gakumonjo (academic temples).
Japanese: また、幕末の志士たちの多くが江戸の有名道場で学び、全国に人脈を広げていった例からわかるように、武術の道場は、学問所と同じように、ある意味サロン的な役目を果たすようになっていった。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, when the social status of samurai was abolished and the society entered so-called civilization and enlightenment, bujutsu was judged to be out of date and was likely to decline at one time
Japanese: 明治維新後、武士の身分が廃止され、いわゆる文明開化の中で武術は時代遅れと断ぜられ一時期衰退しようとした。
English: Later, under the influence from the Seinan War, etc., bujutsu such as kenjutsu and jujutsu were adopted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, and avoided an extinction crisis.
Japanese: 後に西南戦争等の影響により、警視庁に剣術、柔術等の武術が採用され、絶滅の危機は脱せられた。
English: In modern times, under the social environment in which judo was newly founded by Jigoro KANO and Bushido (the code of the samurai) was re-imported and praised after the Japanese-Sino War, Dai Nippon Butoku Kai was organized and adopted as the moral improvement of the Empire of Japan, and that organization changed the name from bujutsu to budo by replacing 'jutsu' (arts) with 'do' (ways).
Japanese: 近代になり、嘉納治五郎が新しく柔道を創設したことなどや日清戦争後に武士道が再輸入されもてはやされたなどの社会情勢から大日本武徳会が設立されて大日本帝国の精神修養として採用され、明治末から大正にかけて武術の「術」を「道」と替え武道と名称変更した。
English: A lot of the local schools not only belonged to Butoku Kai, but also accepted kendo or judo, so that the forms and the practicing methods which had been handed down from their ancestors began to be lost little by little.
Japanese: 多くの地方流派が武徳会に所属するとともに剣道や柔道を取り入れ、伝来の形や稽古法が徐々に失われていった。
English: It is said that, immediately after the surrender in World War II, several causes such as the deaths in the war of the successors of many schools resulted in their shitsuden (the interruption and loss of the tradition).
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦敗戦直後、沢山の流派において継承者が戦死するなどの原因から失伝（伝承が途絶え、失われること）したという。
English: Moreover, with the Budo Ban by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers as a turning point, the new gendai budo which had given up being battle techniques and which emphasized only moral improvement was formed and has been prospering.
Japanese: また、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部による武道の禁止が契機となって、戦闘技法であることをやめて精神修養のみを目的とする新たな現代武道が発祥・隆盛している。
English: Various kobudo have been surviving till now, and many are not only observing their ancient styles, but also changing their styles to follow the current of the times.
Japanese: 現在も続く各種古武道は、古式の形態を守りつつも時代に合わせて変化している例も多い。
English: Some of them have turned into gendai budo, but have been handed down in various forms even in the present day.
Japanese: 中には現代武道になってしまったところもあるが、現代においても様々な形で受け継がれている。
English: And small schools that keeps isshi soden (transmission of the secrets of an art from father to only one child) even now, do not set up dojo on a large scale and the art has been transmitted in succession only within the family, so that if there is no candidate to succeed the next generation, it can easily come to an end while the conditions of the times change.
Japanese: また現在でも一子相伝とされるような小さな流派では、大々的に道場を構えたりせず一族だけで伝承されてきているため、時代状況の移り変わりの中で、次の世代に継ぐべき人間がいなければ容易に途絶えてしまう。
English: There is a case where because such a small school never advertised its style, to give an extreme example, it was not until someone attended the funeral of a relative of his or hers that he or she knew 'the family had kept the secret of some bujutsu and the departed was the successor of it.'
Japanese: 流儀を宣伝することがないので、極端な例では親族の葬儀に参列してはじめて「なにやら一族の武術があって、亡くなった人はその継承者だった」ことを知るなどの事例も聞かれる。
English: Bugei Juhappan is the term that was originally introduced into Japan from China during the early Edo period, and has become the generic name which referred to the eighteen kinds of bugi all of which samurai were required to master in the Japanese bushi class of the Edo period.
Japanese: 武芸十八般とは、元は江戸時代初期に中国から伝わった言葉であるが、江戸時代の日本の武家階級において武士が修得すべきとされた18種類の武技の総称である。
English: The contents of these eighteen kinds of bugi were different from time to time or from group to group, so it is impossible to show a general list, but basically the following were included:
Japanese: この18の武技の内容は時代や集団により異なっているため一概には言えないが、概ね以下のものが挙げられる。
English: For example, in the case of kenjutsu of Tennenrishin-ryu school, first Kirigami was issued, and then Mokuroku, Chu-gokui, Menkyo, and Shinan-menkyo were issued in order, and at every grade the densho was given in which the catalog of the forms, the secret methods of the style, the origin of the style and so on were written.
Japanese: 例として、天然理心流の剣術では、まず切紙、次いで目録、中極意、免許、指南免許という順番であり、各段階で形の目録や流儀の秘訣、流儀の由来などが書かれた伝書が与えられた。
English: And many schools held a ceremony for becoming a disciple when they admitted a newcomer, and the newcomer put a seal of blood on the oath document where the rules of the style were written.
Japanese: また多くの流派では入門時に入門の儀式を行い、流儀の掟が書かれた誓詞に血判をおこっていた。
English: The contents of the oath were common to most schools: for example, not to tell the contents of the style to even one's parents or brothers and sisters till they are given a license, not to instruct others without permission, not to criticize the other schools, to observe the laws and politics of the government, and the like: and the end of the document stated that the one who violated the before-mentioned vows would surely receive divine punishment.
Japanese: 誓詞の内容は多くの流派で共通しており、免許を得るまで親兄弟と言えども流儀の内容を教えない、許可を得ずに指導しない、他流批判をおこなわない、天下の御政道を守る等であり、最後に以上の誓いを破った者には神罰が下ると書かれていた。
English: Besides, although gendai budo is often seen giving group-class lessons with loud orders, kobudo was taught exclusively with individual tutoring, and not in group-class lessons.
Japanese: また現代武道で多く見られる号令による集団指導はおこなわれず、もっぱら個人指導であった。
English: Nowadays, very few schools adhere to the time-honored initiation form, and there exist some schools that have adopted the dan grading system or the group-class lesson method like gendai budo.
Japanese: 現在では古来のままの伝授形式を墨守している流派は少なくなり、現代武道的な段位制度や集団指導方法を取り入れている流派も存在する。
English: Basically, in kobudo one shisho rarely put Isshi Soden into action, but often trained a number of shihan (however, the art higher than a certain grade are sometimes transmitted to only family members or close relatives.)
Japanese: 基本的には、古武道である一人の師匠が一子相伝すると言うことは珍しく、多くの師範を育てる場合が多かった（ただしある段階以上は一族や近しい者にのみ伝える場合も見られた。）。
English: Every school had different characteristics: in one school if someone was qualified as Shinan-Menkyo, he or she was allowed to take disciples in and to instruct them freely, in another school he or she was allowed to issue licenses but needed to get the shisho's permission beforehand, and so on.
Japanese: 指南許可を得れば自由に弟子を取って教えて良いとする流派や、免許を発行して良いが、師匠の許可を取る必要があるとする流派など様々であった。
English: However, in fact unlike today it was difficult to build a nationwide organization, and several cases could be found in which someone that learned in Edo instructed in his hometown without getting permission to instruct.
Japanese: ただ実際は現代と違い全国的な組織を作ることが困難であり、江戸で学んだ者が特に指導許可を得ずに故郷で指導した例も見られた。
English: After the Meiji Restoration, especially after World War II, because traffic and communications developed, and a lot of schools declined and doryutaha (multi styles in the same school) decreased, Soke Seido (system of the head family or house) pervades also in the world of kobudo, and we can see cases where a nationwide organization has been established.
Japanese: 明治維新後、特に戦後は交通や通信の発展と多くの流派が衰退し同流多派が少なくなった事により、古武道の世界でも宗家制度が広まり、全国的な組織が作られる例も見られる。
English: Kappumen indicates the item consisting of instant noodles such as dried noodles and fresh noodles put into a container usable as tableware and the attached ingredients.
Japanese: カップ麺（カップめん）とは、乾燥麺や生タイプ麺等の即席麺類のうち、食器として使用できる容器（カップ状の耐熱耐水容器等）に入れたもので、加薬を添付したものをいう。
English: It is characterized by being cookable only by pouring hot water and eatable anywhere if hot water is available.
Japanese: 熱湯を注ぐだけで調理が可能で鍋が要らずお湯さえあればどこでも食べられるのが特徴。
English: That is, the cup serves not only as cookware, but also as tableware (with a role of the package on display).
Japanese: つまりカップは調理器具であると同時に食器（陳列時にはパッケージとしての役割も果たしている）でもある。
English: Also those whose contents are instant ramen noodles are called Kappu-ramen, soba (noodles made from buckwheat) and udon (noodles made of wheat flour) are called Kappu-soba and Kappu-udon respectively, and yakisoba (fried noodles) are called Kappu-yakisoba (instant yakisoba).
Japanese: 内容物がインスタントラーメンのものをカップラーメン、蕎麦、うどんのものをカップそば、カップうどん、やきそばのものをカップやきそば（インスタント焼きそば）とも言う。
English: Some of the products sold nationwide in Japan are differently seasoned per region in eastern Japan and western Japan (such as Donbe, Maruchan's Akai Kitsune [instant udon bowl] and Midori no Tanuki [Green Raccoon] [instant soba bowl]).
Japanese: 日本全国で発売されている一部の商品では、東日本と西日本など地域別毎でそれぞれ味付けを変えているケースもある（どん兵衛やマルちゃん赤いきつねと緑のたぬき等）。
English: In the emergency situation that the lifeline such as electricity, gas, and water is affected, it is very often difficult to secure hot water and Kappumen is useless in such a case.
Japanese: 電気・ガス・水道などライフラインが影響を受ける非常事態では、お湯の確保が困難な場合が多く、その場合はカップ麺は役に立たない。
English: The use of fire has a greater risk to cause a gas explosion immediately after the disaster and even obtaining hot water fully in a container is difficult because fire is not usable at a refuge in groups.
Japanese: 災害直後は、火気使用はガス爆発を起こす危険も高く、集団避難生活では火気が使えないために容器一杯の熱湯を得るのも難しいケースもある。
English: Even after the midterm, at least cooking is easier than instant ramen noodles, but other equipment such as water, fuel, and a simple cooking range (a portable gas burner and others) necessary for cooking are required.
Japanese: 中期以降でも、少なくともインスタントラーメンよりは調理は簡便ではあるが、これの調理に必要な水や燃料・簡易焜炉（カセットガスコンロなど）といった他の備えも必要である。
English: Cup Noodle' is the first product put on the market by NISSIN FOOD PRODUCTS on September 18, 1971 (except the test marketing done immediately before).
Japanese: 日清食品が1971年9月18日に発売（事前に行われた試験販売を除く）した「カップヌードル」が最初の製品である。
English: The idea originated from a trip to Europe and America for selling instant ramen noodles, in which someone cracked Chicken Ramen into a paper cup because ramen bowls were not available, poured hot water, and tried out with a fork.
Japanese: 欧米に即席ラーメンのセールスに行った際、ラーメン用のどんぶりが無かったため、紙コップにチキンラーメンを割り入れて湯を注ぎフォークで試食する姿からの発想だった。
English: It has attracted widespread popularity as a staple food, but initially it was developed in perspective of spreading as a between-meal snack.
Japanese: 今では主食として広く親しまれているが、当初は間食としての普及を視野に入れて開発されたという経緯がある。
English: Less quantity of noodles (60 to 70g) than normal noodles in a plastic bag (approximately 90 to 100g) is a remnant of this and the quantity of Kappumen, usually advertised as 'Large-serving size,' is often the same as that of noodles in a plastic bag.
Japanese: 通常の袋麺（約90～100g）よりも麺の容量が少ない（麺重量60～70g）のはその名残りであり、通常は「大盛サイズ」を謳うカップ麺が袋麺の容量と同等である場合が多い。
English: That the often broadcast scenes of riot police officers eating this in freezing temperatures in the Asama-Sanso incident in 1972 triggered this Kappumen to be accepted and spread among Japanese people is a popular theory.
Japanese: このカップ麺が日本人に受け入れられ、普及したきっかけは、あさま山荘事件の際、機動隊員が寒さの中これを食べている姿がテレビでたびたび放映されたため、とするのが通説となっている。
English: At present, noodles in general are commercialized such as ramen, soba, udon, yakisoba, spaghetti, somen (fine white noodles), reimen (cold noodles in Korean style), harusame (bean-starch vermicelli) (cuisine), and pho (noodles in Vietnamese style).
Japanese: 現在ではラーメンのほか蕎麦やうどん、やきそばやスパゲッティ、そうめん、冷麺、春雨(料理)、フォーなどもあり、麺類全般が製品化されている。
English: The main production and consumption region is the East Asian region and also it is popular in North America (especially Mexico), especially among the Hispanic residents.
Japanese: 主な生産および消費地は東アジア地域であるが、北米大陸（特にメキシコ）でもヒスパニック系住民を中心に人気がある。
English: Paper containers overcome these points by making the outside cardboard-shaped.
Japanese: 紙製の容器の場合、容器外側を段ボール状にして、この点を克服している。
English: Also some paper containers have space in paper like styrofoam (many in the Nissin Cup Noodle series).
Japanese: 近年では紙製でも発泡スチロールのように紙に空間を持たせたものも存在する（日清カップヌードル系列のものに多い）。
English: It is easier to create various shapes with styrofoam than paper containers.
Japanese: 紙の容器に比べ発泡スチロールのほうが多彩な形状のものを作ることが可能である。
English: All initial containers were made of styrofoam, but late-started manufacturers created mainly the paper containers because NISSIN FOOD PRODUCTS owned the patent.
Japanese: 初期のものはすべて発泡スチロールだが、日清食品が特許を持っていたため、後発メーカーは主に紙容器のものを作った。
English: Based on the SPEED98 list ('the policy to handle the problem of endocrine-disrupting chemical material by the Environmental Agency') provided by the then Environmental Agency (the current Ministry of the Environment) in 1998, the mass media criticized that it would affect to human body by consuming endocrine-disrupting chemical material (styrene dimer and styrene trimer) eluted from a foamed polystyrene container after putting soup and noodles and pouring very hot water, consequently it became such a big problem that every manufacturer immediately switched to a paper container.
Japanese: 1998年に当時の環境庁（現環境省）より提出されたSPEED98リスト（「内分泌攪乱化学物質問題への環境庁の対応方針について」）により、高熱の熱湯を注ぐことで発泡スチロール製の容器から内分泌攪乱化学物質（スチレンダイマー、スチレントリマー）が溶出し、スープや麺と一緒に摂取することで人体への影響があるとマスメディアからの批判を浴び、各メーカーが緊急に紙容器に切り替えるなど大きな問題となった。
English: Later the Kappumen industry and others reexamined this theory and the former Ministry of International Trade and Industry and former Environment Agency announced in 2000 that 'there is no evidence that it has endocrine-disrupting effect' and 'most reports denied any effect,' but Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health announced in 2006 that it has confirmed the affect on living things by animal test.
Japanese: 後に同説はカップ麺業界等により再調査され、2000年に旧通産省・旧環境庁が「内分泌攪乱作用があるとの証拠は見いだせない」「作用を否定する報告が大半」と発表したが、2006年に東京都健康安全研究センターは動物実験により、生物への影響が確認されたと発表した。