nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It can set up a temporary hanamichi (a raised walkway running from the back of the theater to the right of the stage) including a standing room, as well as an orchestra pit.
Japanese: （立ち見を含む）仮設花道を設けることが可能で、オーケストラピットも設置可能。
English: The Kyoto Takarazuka Hall is a general name for Toho chain theaters (Kyoto Takarazuka Theater, Kyoto Scala-za) formerly located in Rokkaku, Kawaramachi, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 京都宝塚会館（きょうとたからづかかいかん）は、かつて京都府京都市中京区河原町六角に所在していた東宝系の映画館（京都宝塚劇場、京都スカラ座）の総称である。
English: January 28 and 29, 2006: The last event titled 'Thanks for the lights of Kawaramachi' was held in cooperation with Kyogoku Toho, an event that brought the curtain down on its 70 years of history.
Japanese: 2006年1月28日・1月29日：「街（かわらまち）の灯よ、ありがとう」と題したラストショーを京極東宝とともに開催し、70年間の歴史に幕を下ろした。
English: Kochi Toho1, 2 and 3', which belonged to the same Toho chain cinemas and was located in Kochi City, was also closed down on the same day.
Japanese: また、高知市にあった同じ東宝系の映画館「高知東宝1・2・3」も同じ日に閉館している。
English: April 25, 2008: The Complex Commercial Establishments called 'Mina' opened at the site where the Kyoto Takarazuka Hall had used to be.
Japanese: 2008年4月25日：京都宝塚会館跡地に複合商業ビル「ミーナ京都」がオープンした。
English: In the last state, the both theaters supported Dolby Digital and Digital Theater Systems.
Japanese: ※両館とも最末期はドルビーデジタルとデジタル・シアター・システムズに対応していた。
English: Kyoto Prefectural Gymnasium is a gymnasium located in Kita Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 京都府立体育館（きょうとふりつたいいくかん）は、京都府京都市北区(京都市)にある体育館である。
English: It is used for concerts and official games of volleyball and basketball.
Japanese: コンサートや、バレーボール、バスケットボールの公式戦などが利用されている。
English: KBS Hall is a hall in the Broadcasting Hall of Kyoto Broadcasting System Co. Ltd. (KBS Kyoto) in Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City.
Japanese: KBSホールは京都市上京区にある京都放送（KBS京都）放送会館内にあるホール。
English: The hall runs the KBS Culture Center and features professional wrestling performances including Pro-Wrestling Noah and Dragon Gate games.
Japanese: 京都放送カルチャーセンターが運営されているほか、プロレスリング・ノアや、DRAGONGATEなどといったプロレス興行も行われている。
English: (After the main building was devastated by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake on January 17, 1995, a basic plan for building a new prefectural library was developed in 1996.)
Japanese: （1995年1月17日に起きた阪神大震災で本館建物に深刻な被害があり。1996年に新府立図書館建設基本計画を出したものである。）
English: June, 1950: Miyazu Region Branch Library (Closed in 1997, transferred to the city and became the Miyazu City Library.)
Japanese: 1950年6月：宮津地方分館（1997年閉館、市へ移管し宮津市立図書館となる）
English: A castle (shiro) is a structure that was built as a strongpoint for defending against enemy attacks.
Japanese: 城（しろ）とは、敵に攻め込まれた際の防衛拠点として設けられた構造物。
English: Castles were often built on mountains for pure defense, but sometimes also used to occupy strategically important places, such as roads and rivers.
Japanese: 純粋防衛用として山地に建築されることも多いが、街道や川などの交通の要衝を抑え利用することも多い。
English: In Europe, China and other continents, there is a distinction between a wall surrounding a city and a battle site of soldiers, such as a fortress, and the former is called Stadtmauer in German and a city wall in English and the latter is called Burge in German and a castle in English.
Japanese: ヨーロッパ、中国などの大陸では、都市を囲む城壁と砦のような武士の戦闘拠点とを区別し、ドイツ語ではStadtmauerとBurg、英語ではcitywallとcastleとして区別する。
English: The character 城 means a walled city of the former meaning in China, but walled cities were not built in Japan, and were mainly used in the latter sense.
Japanese: 城という文字は中国では前者の城壁都市を意味していたが、日本においては城壁都市が普及しなかったこともあり、主に後者の意味で使用される。
English: Construction consisted of building (civil engineering) of moats and earthen walls and construction of gates and walls.
Japanese: 造営は、堀や土塁を築く普請（ふしん、土木工学）と、門や塀を造る作事（さくじ、建築）からなる。
English: A daimyo (feudal lord) and his family lived in a castle and together with women who took daily care of them.
Japanese: 大名などの居城では、その家族も内部に住み、日常の世話をする女性もいた。
English: It is said that there were a lot of castles in various parts of Japan and there were several hundred thousand castles including small forts until Ikkoku Ichijo Rei (Law of One Castle per Province) was issued in 1615.
Japanese: 近世の1615年に一国一城令が発布されるまでは、城は各地に多数存在し、砦のような小さなものも含めると数万城あったといわれる。
English: Mansions and residences such as mansions built on flat ground during the medieval period and modern times do not include castles, but residences or mansions with towers which were built similarly to castles are regarded as castles.
Japanese: 中世・近世に、平地に築かれた館や館造りの陣屋等は城には含まないものの城郭構の陣屋や館、少しでも城に近づけて造られたものは、城とすることがある。
English: The character "城" is currently pronounced "shiro" by kun-yomi (Japanese reading of character), but it seems that historically there was no native Japanese word "shiro."
Japanese: 現在では“城”という字を訓読みで“しろ”と読むが、歴史を見ると、かつては“しろ”という大和言葉はなかったらしい。
English: From ancient times to the early medieval period, the character "柵" was also used in addition to "城" and pronounced "ki" (城柵) (-> 城(ki)).
Japanese: 古代から中世初期には、“城”のほかに“柵”という字も用い、“き”と呼んでいた（城柵）（→城(き)）。
English: For example, Ono-jo Castle (Chikuzen Province) near Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) was called "oononoki" and Dewanoki (Dewa Castle) in Yamagata Prefecture was called "dewanoki."
Japanese: たとえば、大宰府のそばにある大野城(筑前国)は“おおののき”と呼び、山形県の出羽柵は“でわのき”と呼んだらしい。
English: The character 城 was pronounced "jiyau (jou in modern kana usage (as laid out by the Japanese government in 1946))" and the character 柵 was pronounced "saku" later.
Japanese: 後に、それぞれの字は、城を“じやう（＝現代仮名遣い：じょう）”と読み、柵を“さく”と読むようになった。
English: Since Yamashiro Province (southern part of Kyoto Prefecture) was located behind Nara-yama (Mt. Nara) as viewed from the capital of Nara, it was named "yamashiro" which meant 'behind a mountain' and was spelled "山代" in ancient times and "山背" in the seventh century.
Japanese: 山城国（京都府南部）は、奈良の都（みやこ）からみて奈良山の背後にあたるので、山の後ろという意味で“やましろ”と名付けられ、古くは“山代”、7世紀には“山背”とも書いた。
English: When Emperor Kanmu transferred the capital to Heian-Kyo, he wrote "此国山河襟帯、自然作城" (this country was surrounded by mountains and rivers from which nature formed a castle), recognizing that this country was a castle of nature.
Japanese: 桓武天皇が平安京に遷都したとき、「此国山河襟帯、自然作城」とあるので、この国が自然の城であるという認識があった。
English: Since 'A new era name should be established,' it seemed that the characters were changed and the pronunciation was changed to "yamaki," but in fact, only the characters were changed to "山城" and "yamashiro," "城" was pronounced "shiro" only for the word "山城."
Japanese: 「新号を制すべし」とあるから、改字にとどまらず、称号も“やまき”としたのかもしれないが、実際は字だけを「山城」と改めて、なお“やましろ”と訓じたので、「山城」という文字列についてだけ、“城”に“しろ”の訓が生じた。
English: A place where a castle was built on a mountain was called "yamashiro," and when the era when a castle was built on a mountain to defend territories came, "城" was pronounced "shiro" during the latter medieval period.
Japanese: しかし、山が城をなす土地に“やましろ”の読みが対応していたうえに、山に城を造ってそれぞれの領国を守る時代が訪れたので、中世後期には、“城”は“しろ”と読まれた。
English: "城" was pronounced "shiro" in "Bunmeibon setsuyo-shu" (a plain dictionary in Bunmei era) in 1474.
Japanese: 文明_(日本)6年（1474年）の『文明本節用集』には“城”に“シロ”の訓がある。
English: In the Yayoi period in Japan, many moat settlements or citadel villages or upland settlements were built in high places, such as mountains, but declined with advances of political unity.
Japanese: 弥生時代の日本には、集落に濠をめぐらせた環濠集落や山などの高いところにつくられた要塞集落である高地性集落が数多く存在したが、政治的統一が進むにつれて衰退した。
English: The first appearance of the word castle in literature is Mizuki (water fortress) built by Emperor Tenchi in 664, and plenty of castles, including ones not found in literature, were built in the area from the northern part of Kyushu to the coasts of the Seto Inland Sea in this age.
Japanese: 城の文献上の初見は、664年に天智天皇が築いた水城（みずき）で、この時代には文献に見えないものも含め多数の城が九州北部から瀬戸内海沿岸に作られた。
English: In the Tohoku region, where the war against Emishi (natives in Ezo) continued, castles that doubled as a military base and an administrative office, such as Taga-jo Castle, Dewanoki (Dewa Castle), and Akita-jo Castle, were built in the seventh to ninth centuries.
Japanese: また、蝦夷（えみし）との戦争が続いた東北地方では、7世紀から9世紀にかけて多賀城や出羽柵・秋田城などの軍事拠点と行政拠点を兼ねた城柵が築かれた。
English: These castles came from the Chinese concept of walled cities and were used as provincial capitals, but walls were replaced by fences because of poor castle wall construction technology.
Japanese: これらの城は、中国風の城壁都市の概念から来るものであり、国府として用いられたが、城壁建築技術が低かったため、柵などを築くことで代用している。
English: These castles began to crumble as the ritsuryo system collapsed, and the castles were built in the age of samurai as military bases.
Japanese: これらの城は律令制が崩れると共に廃れ始め、武士の時代に築かれ始めたものが戦闘拠点としての狭義の城である。
English: In medieval Japan, castles developed for two purposes: in order to defend the samurai residence during peace time and defend from attack by armies from around steep mountains during war time.
Japanese: 中世の日本では、武士の平時の居住地への防護と、戦時に険阻な山に拠る際の防護と、2つの必要から城が発達した。
English: There were many of the latter mountain castle types until the early Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)初期まで「城」と呼ばれるものは圧倒的に後者の山城が多かった。
English: A feudal lord who usually resided in a castle was confined in a strong mountain castle as a defensive base when he was attacked by enemies.
Japanese: 領主の居城では、外敵に攻められた際、領主は要塞堅固の山城へこもり防御拠点とした。
English: Castles were called 'Negoya' (small-scale castle town), 'mansion (yakata/tachi/tate),' or 'house' in some regions, and were surrounded with walls and had turrets at the gate, practically functioning as castles.
Japanese: 地域によって「根小屋」「館（やかた／たち／たて）」「屋形（やかた）」などと呼ばれ、周囲に堀を巡らし、門に櫓を配置するなど、実質的に城としての機能を備えていた。
English: The number of castles increased greatly from the middle of the Sengoku period, hirayamajiro (castles built on a hill or low mountain surrounded by a plain) or hirajiro (a castle built on flatland) became dominant, and mountain castles decreased because they were useful for defense, but not appropriate as a base for political power.
Japanese: 戦国時代中期から城の数は飛躍的に増大し、平地に臨む丘陵に築いた平山城（ひらやまじろ）や平地そのものに築いた平城（ひらじろ）が主流となり、防御には優れるが政治的支配の拠点としては不向きであった山城は数が減っていく。
English: This period is characterized by the fact that facilities called 'mura-no-shiro' (village castles) were built in various parts of Japan.
Japanese: また、この時期の特徴としては「村の城」とも呼ばれる施設が全国的に造られたことも挙げることができる。
English: Local residents built them as escape facilities during war time because wars broke out frequently, and they functioned as military facilities used to carry out resistance movements or struggled with adjacent villages.
Japanese: これは戦乱が日常化したため、地域の住民が戦乱発生時の避難施設として設けたもので、時には領主への抵抗運動や近隣集落との抗争時に立て籠もる軍事施設としても機能した。
English: For these facilities a flat space was created on top of a mountain and were simple and small compared with pure military castle facilities.
Japanese: これらの施設は山頂に平場を作事するなど純粋な軍事施設の「城」に比べると簡素な造りで狭小であることが多い。
English: The form of stone walls, castle towers and turrets (citadels) which were main elements of castles at the time, were created when Hisahide MATSUNAGA built Tamonyama-jo Castle and Shigisan-jo Castle after the end of Muromachi period or when Nobunaga ODA built Azuchi-jo Castle.
Japanese: 現在の城のイメージの中心となる石垣、天守や櫓(城郭)などの形式は、室町末期以降、特に松永久秀が多聞山城や信貴山城を築城した前後や織田信長が安土城を築城した前後の時代に発生したと考えられている。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI built Osaka-jo Castle and Fushimi-jo Castle later, and the general image of 'castle' with castle towers, stone walls, squares and umadashi was completed and castle culture in Japan prospered.
Japanese: その後豊臣秀吉により大坂城や伏見城などが築かれ、天守に石垣、枡形や馬出しを備えた城門といった一般的イメージでの「城」が完成し、日本の城郭文化は栄華を極めた。
English: The shokuho period fortresses were not built throughout the country, but were mainly built by daimyo under control of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as the name suggested.
Japanese: 織豊系城郭は全国的に作られたわけではなく、その名称のように織田信長、豊臣秀吉麾下の諸大名が主に建設した。
English: The daimyo in the Sengoku period in Tohoku, Kanto, Shikoku and Kyushu built their castles according to the circumstances of each region.
Japanese: 東北や関東、四国、九州の戦国大名達は各地の実情にあわせた城郭を築いている。
English: The Toyotomi and Tokugawa governments let daimyo in various parts of Japan build castles positively as Tenkabushin (construction order by the Tokugawa shogunate).
Japanese: 豊臣、徳川政権は各地の大名に天下普請として自己の城郭建設を積極的に請け負わせた。
English: The method of construction of shokuho period fortresses came into wider use and they developed into eclectic type fortresses by adopting parts of the shokuho period fortresses.
Japanese: このことにより、織豊系城郭の手法が広まり、一部取り入れた折衷型城郭に移行したりしている。
English: There were many examples in which local fudai daimyo built pure shokuho period fortresses.
Japanese: また、地方に配置された譜代大名が純粋な織豊系城郭を建設する例も多く見られる。
English: Since Ikkoku Ichijo Rei (Law of One Castle per Province) was issued in the Edo period, each daimyo retained only one castle and destroyed others.
Japanese: 江戸時代になり、一国一城令が発令されたため、原則一大名家に付き一城を残し多くの城は破却された。
English: Each daimyo destroyed the castles of his vassals actively and made them live in the castle town to establish modern control and order.
Japanese: 各大名は近世的な支配秩序を確立するために、積極的に家臣達の城を破却し、己の城下に集住させた。
English: The castle functioned as a political center, a symbol of authority and power of lords, or a local land mark rather than a military base.
Japanese: 城は軍事拠点との意味付けより、政治の拠点、領主の権威と権力の象徴、地域のランドマークとしての意味が強くなる。
English: In addition, the modern castle towns were built as vassals, merchants and craftsmen inhabited castle towns due to their being a center of economy.
Japanese: さらに、家臣たちを集住させ、領国の経済拠点として商工人も集住させ、近世的な城下町が成立する。
English: Most of the current castle towns were built in the Keicho era in keeping with this trend.
Japanese: 現在、城下町と呼ばれているところの多くが慶長年間に成立しているのも、この流れによるものである。
English: However, castles and castle towers were often burnt out, but they were rarely reconstructed because most domains ran into fiscal difficulties or were restricted by the bakufu according to Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households).
Japanese: しかし、城や天守などが火災などで焼失することが多かったが、多くの藩は次第に財政難に陥ったり、武家諸法度などの幕府による締め付けもあって再建が許された例は数少ない。
English: The facilities called jinya (regional government office) in the Edo period and forts and gun batteries built in various parts of Japan as a countermeasure against foreign ships were also kinds of castles.
Japanese: ところで、江戸時代に存在した陣屋と呼ばれる施設や、幕末に外国船への対策として日本各地に築かれた台場や砲台も城の一種である。
English: There are several castles which were built under the influence of the western castle construction style for artillery battles and the bastion-type fortresses (such as Goryokaku), but except for Goryokaku, they were not fit for actual fighting because of reduced construction period and budget, and the construction work for most of them was suspended by Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: また、大砲戦に対応した西洋式築城の影響を受けて、五稜郭など稜堡式要塞の影響を受けて築城された城もいくつか存在するが、五稜郭以外は、工期・予算を大幅に短縮又は圧縮されてとても実戦に耐えうるものではないもの、廃藩置県により工事が中止になったものがほとんどである。
English: In the Meiji period, the citadels in each region were destroyed according to haijorei (an order to abandon castles) in 1873 or burnt due to being abandoned by management or collapsed after materials were seized by the Imperial Japanese Army.
Japanese: 明治時代に入ると、各地の城郭は、1873年（明治6年）に布告された廃城令による破却や管理放棄に伴う焼失、更には大日本帝国陸軍による資材の接収による崩壊などが進んだ。
English: Government offices were often established or new parks or shrines were built at castle sites, and the Imperial Japanese Army was stationed at almost all the castle sites in the main cities.
Japanese: 城跡には引き続き役所が置かれたり、新たに公園や神社が設置されたことが多かったが、主要都市ではほぼすべての城跡に大日本帝国陸軍が駐屯した。
English: The castle sites used as garrisons were targeted by the United States Armed Forces during the Pacific War (The Greater East Asia War) and citadel constructions, such as castle towers, turrets and gates of Nagoya-jo Castle, Wakayama-jo Castle and Hiroshima-jo Castle, which were built before the Edo period, were burnt out in air raids or with atomic bombs.
Japanese: それら駐屯地となった城跡は、太平洋戦争（大東亜戦争）中にアメリカ合衆国軍の標的とされ、空襲や原子爆弾等により、名古屋城、和歌山城、広島城などの天守や櫓、門など、多くの現存していた江戸時代以前の城郭建築が損失した。
English: The towers of twelve castles (twelve castle towers remain now), such as Himeji-jo Castle and Kochi-jo Castle, and towers, gates and others of Osaka-jo Castle and Nagoya-jo Castle are still in existence.
Japanese: 現在は、姫路城や高知城などの12城の天守（現存天守現存12天守）や、大坂城や名古屋城などに一部の櫓や門などが現存する。
English: Many gates and turrets of citadels escaped from being damaged in fires and wars and still exist to this day, in contrast to castle towers, with most of them being designated as national important cultural property.
Japanese: また、城郭の門や櫓(城郭)などは、天守に比べれば、火災や戦災を免れて残存しているものが多く、ほとんどが重要文化財に指定されている。
English: Citadels were restored, especially castle towers that were built from before the war in the Showa period, reconstructed imitation keeps were built in Sumoto-jo Castle and Ueno-jo Castle and a reconstructed tenshu (keep) that was built on Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: 昭和の戦前より城郭建築の復興事業、特に天守の建設が行われ、洲本城や上野城などに模擬天守、大坂城には復興天守が建てられた。
English: The tower of Kakegawa-jo Castle, a group of citadel structures of Kumamoto-jo Castle and Sasayama-jo Castle dai-shoin (large study) were reconstructed based on historical materials, and this period was called the 'restoration boom in the Heisei period' or "the second restoration boom.'
Japanese: また、掛川城天守、熊本城の城郭建築群、篠山城大書院など、資料に基づく復元事業が行われ、この時期を「平成の復興ブーム」や「第2次復興ブーム」など呼んでいる。
English: There were cases in which castle towers, turrets, gates, palaces, earthen walls and stone walls were reconstructed or excavated citadels of the medieval and Sengoku periods were reproduced during this period.
Japanese: この時期では、天守に限らず、櫓や城門、御殿、土塁、石垣などの復元、また出土した中世・戦国の城郭を再現した事例がある。
English: However, since the restoration work by traditional techniques infringed on the Building Standards or Fire Prevention Act, there were problems in that entry into gates and turrets was restricted or castle towers could not be constructed due regulations on building height for disaster prevention, with modern techniques being partly introduced or reconstruction plans given up as in the case of Sanju Yagura (three tiered turret) of Sendai-jo Castle.
Japanese: しかし、伝統的な技法での復元工事では、建築基準法や消防法等に抵触するため、門や櫓は人の立ち入りが制限されたり、天守に至っては高さや防災上の規制により建築自体ができないなどのジレンマもあったため、近代的な技法を一部導入したり、仙台城の三重櫓のように再建計画自体が断念される事例もある。
English: The interior of the restored buildings is mostly open to the public as a folk museum or a historical reference library.
Japanese: なお、復元された建物内部は、概ね郷土博物館や歴史資料館として一般開放されていることが多い。
English: (For details on restored castle towers, reconstructed castle towers, reconstructed imitation keeps, and donjon-like buildings, refer to the construction of modern and present donjons.)
Japanese: （復元天守・復興天守・模擬天守・天守閣風建物の各詳細に関しては天守近・現代の天守建設を参照のこと。）
English: A scholar of military science in the Edo period classified castles based on topography into three types: 'Hirajiro' (a castle built on flatland), 'hirayamajiro' (castles built on a hill or low mountain surrounded by a plain) and 'mountain castles.'
Japanese: 江戸時代の軍学者による地勢に基づく城の分類には、「平城（ひらじろ）」・「平山城（ひらやまじろ）」・「山城（やまじろ）」・の3つがある。
English: Basic design for castle construction is called nawabari (castle plan; general term for the layout of a castle and its component structures) or keishi and the most important element is arrangement of Kuruwa (walls of a castle).
Japanese: 築城に際しての基本設計を縄張（なわばり）あるいは径始・経始（けいし）といい、その中心は曲輪の配置にあった。
English: The word "nawabari" is derived from verification of the layout of Kuruwa by roping off in the field.
Japanese: “縄張”の語源も曲輪の配置を実地で縄を張って検証したことに由来するとされる。
English: The basic forms of nawabari (castle layouts) include the following: Rinkaku (contour) style, where the Kuruwa is positioned concentrically along the Honmaru (castle keep), the Ninomaru (second bailey) and the Sannomaru (outer part of the castle); Teikaku style, where the Honmaru is positioned closer to a mountain, sea or river (ushiro-kengo), the central compound is positioned adjacent to the castle walls, and additional compounds are positioned around the Honmaru; and Renkaku style, where independent Kuruwa are placed in a row along the ridges.
Japanese: 縄張の基本的な形式としては、曲輪を本丸・二の丸・三の丸と同心円状に配置する「輪郭式（りんかくしき）」、山や海川を背後におき（後堅固）本丸がその方向に寄っている「梯郭式（ていかくしき）」、尾根上などに独立した曲輪を連ねる「連郭式（れんかくしき）」などがある。
English: An area surrounded with a moat, an earthen wall or a stone wall was called kuruwa, and a castle had several kuruwa.
Japanese: 堀や土塁・石垣で囲まれた区画を曲輪・郭（くるわ）といい、城はこの曲輪をいくつも連ねることで成り立っていた。
English: The kuruwa that plays the most important part in defense is the honmaru (hon-kuruwa/main enclosure), and in addition to it, mostly ninomaru (second bailey) and sannomaru were built.
Japanese: 防御の中心となる曲輪は本丸（＝本曲輪・主郭）であり、他に二の丸・三の丸が設けられることが多かった。
English: Some castles had yagura kuruwa, mizute-kuruwa (a small lot in a castle, including a well or reservoir), tenshu-kuruwa, nishi no maru (a castle compound to the west of the main compound) (retreat for daimyo's old age) and so on.
Japanese: 城によっては、櫓曲輪・水手曲輪・天守曲輪・西の丸（大名の隠居所）などが設けられることもあった。
English: An expanded umadashi was called umadashi kuruwa and an independent kuruma adjacent to a castle was called dekuruwa (kuruwa, a small lot, provided at a position projecting from a group of main kuruwa) or demaru (small castle or tower built onto and projecting from a larger castle).
Japanese: 馬出（うまだし）が大規模化したものを馬出曲輪、ある城に隣接している独立性の高い曲輪は出曲輪・出郭（でぐるわ）、出丸（でまる）という。
English: In general, each kuruwa of a mountain castle was so small that only limited facilities could be installed, but each kuruwa was large in a hira-jiro (castle built on the level ground) so that large facilities, such as a palace, could be built there.
Japanese: 一般に山城では各曲輪の面積が狭く設置可能な施設は限られていたが、平城では各曲輪の面積が広く御殿など大規模な施設の設置が可能であった。
English: When the castle changed from a medieval period temporary military base to a permanent base of rulership, a defense line was often established outside the functional component (uchiguruwa (the central portion of a castle compound)) of the conventional castle to defend the castle town and vassals.
Japanese: 城が中世の臨時的な軍事基地から恒久的な統治拠点になると、城下町や家臣団防備の目的で従来の城の機能的構成部分（内郭）から、さらにもう一重外側に防御線が設けられることがあった。
English: This was called 'gaikaku' (outer compound), 'sotoguruwa' (outer compound) or 'sogamae' (defense facilities such as moats and mounds).
Japanese: これを「外郭（がいかく）」または「外曲輪（そとくるわ）」「惣構（そうがまえ）」などという。
English: Generally, a castle refers to only the uchiguruwa and since sotoguruwa includes natural topography (mountains and rivers), its range was often uncertain.
Japanese: 普通、城という場合、内郭だけを指し、外郭は天然の地勢（山・河川）をも含むため、どこまでをいうのか不明瞭なものもあった。
English: Kirigishi (bluffs) were used as basic defense facilities composing an initial mountain castle, but moats and earthen walls were used frequently and stone walls came into wider use.
Japanese: 城を構成する基本的な防御施設として、初期の山城では切岸（きりぎし）が用いられたが、やがて堀（ほり）・土塁（どるい）が多用され、石垣（いしがき）が多くなった。
English: There are several kinds of moats: water moat, karabori (dry moat), unejo tatebori (a series of parallel trenches running up the sides of the excavated mountain), and the earthen wall, which was also called doi, was an outer wall made of earth dug out from a moat.
Japanese: 堀は水堀の他、空堀、畝状竪堀などの形態があり、土塁は土居（どい）ともいい、堀を掘った土を盛って外壁とするものである。
English: A fence or wall may be constructed on top of the earthen wall and sakamogi (fence made of thorny or steepled branches) was placed on a slope to prevent enemies from entering and reinforced defenses.
Japanese: 土塁の上部に柵や塀を設けることもあり、斜面には逆茂木（さかもぎ）を置いて敵の侵入を阻むなど、防備は厳重を極めた。
English: Stone walls were used at several important parts of a citadel even in the medieval period, but stone walls reinforced by stacking stones on the surface of earthen walls developed as the need arose to build heavy turrets near the citadel in the Azuchi-momoyama period.
Japanese: 石垣は中世においても城郭の要に一部用いられることはあったが、安土桃山時代になると、重い櫓を郭の際に建てる必要から、土塁の表面に石材を積んで強化した石垣が発達した。
English: After Azuchi-jo Castle had been built, many large stone wall structures were built in western Japan as civil engineering technology developed.
Japanese: 安土城以降は、土木技術の発達と相まって、大規模な石垣建造物が西日本に数多く建設された。
English: The entrance path is mostly winding and earthen walls called shitomi (timber shutters or doors that generally have vertical and horizontal lattice attached to the exterior surface and sometimes to the interior surface as well) or kazashi were built in front of the castle gate or with koguchi to prevent people from being able to enter straight into the castle.
Japanese: 大抵は曲げられて造られることが多く、城門や虎口の正面に蔀（しとみ）や芎（かざし）と呼ばれる土塁を設けてまっすぐ進めなくすることもある。
English: An ote-mon gate (main gate) was built at the koguchi in front of the castle (usually at the south of a modern citadel) and a karamete-mon gate was built at the rear koguchi.
Japanese: 城の正面（近世城郭では通常は南）の虎口には大手門・追手門（おおてもん）、裏の虎口には搦手門（からめてもん）が構えられた。
English: Since a koguchi was an entrance for johei (castle garrison), but also for enemies, it was especially protected.
Japanese: 虎口は城兵の出入り口であるとともに、敵の侵入口にもなるため特に厳重に防備が固められた。