nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Prior to the Meiji Restoration the regents carried out most of the emperor's governmental affairs, such as writing imperial edicts, conferring ranks and making appointments, and their power was nearly the same as that of the emperor.
Japanese: 明治維新以前の摂政は、詔書の代筆、叙位・任官の施行など、天皇の行う政務のほとんど全てを代行し、その権限はほとんど天皇とかわりなかった。
English: In 1889, based on the Imperial Constitution and Former Imperial House Act, a system was laid out to put an imperial regent in the emperor's place when the emperor had not reached the age of maturity or could not wield sovereign power.
Japanese: 1889年、大日本帝国憲法および旧皇室典範により、天皇が成年に達しないときや、大政を執ることができないとき、天皇に代わって摂政が置かれる皇族摂政の制度が定められた。
English: The regent had almost the same authority as the emperor, but did not have authority to amend the constitution or to expand (amend) the Imperial Household Law.
Japanese: 摂政は天皇とほぼ同等の権限を有したが、憲法改正と皇室典範の増補（改正）に関する権限はなかった。
English: From Emperor Taisho's last years in 1921 to his death in 1926, Crown Prince Hirohito (later Emperor Showa) served as regent.
Japanese: 大正天皇晩年の1921年より1926年の崩御まで皇太子裕仁親王（のちの昭和天皇）が摂政をつとめた。
English: A regent system was also created by the Constitution of Japan and Imperial Household Act enacted in 1947.
Japanese: 1947年施行の日本国憲法、新皇室典範でも摂政の制度が改めて定められた。
English: As specified in the Constitution of Japan, the regent is a position to carry out national affairs in the name of the emperor, and has exactly the same authority as the emperor regarding national affairs.
Japanese: 日本国憲法の定めるところでは、摂政は、天皇の名でその国事行為を行う職であり、国事行為に関する権限は天皇と全く同等である。
English: When the emperor has not yet reached the age of maturity, or due to a serious illness or accident is unable to conduct national affairs, a regent will be placed at the discretion of the Imperial Household Council.
Japanese: 天皇が成年に達しない時、重患や重大な事故によって国事行為を行うことができないと皇室会議で判断された時に置かれる。
English: In the event of the emperor's disease or accident, such as hospitalizations or trips abroad, based on appointment (transmission of chokusho, official document issued by Emperor, to a temporary agent for national affairs) by the emperor at the advice and approval of the cabinet, national affairs are temporarily carried out by an agent.
Japanese: 天皇に入院や海外訪問などの疾患又は事故がある場合に、内閣の助言と承認に基づいた天皇の委任（国事行為臨時代行への勅書の伝達）によって国事行為の臨時代行が行われる。
English: This is a system that was put in place so that national affairs could be entrusted to someone in the event of the emperor's illness or accident, without going so far as appointing a regent.
Japanese: これは、摂政を置くほどのものでない天皇の疾患や事故がある場合に国事行為を委任することができるようにするために設けられた制度である。
English: However, regarding an Empress, Empress Dowager, or Grand Empress Dowager, the possibility of person of common birth entering a regent position as the emperor's agent and conducting national affairs has never been discussed; and some worry about the possibility that in the future if such a situation arose, it would develop into a very difficult problem.
Japanese: しかし皇后、皇太后、太皇太后に関しては、民間出身者が天皇の代行として摂政位に就き、国事行為を行う是非を議論された事はなく、将来そのような状況になった場合、非常に難しい問題に発展する可能性があると懸念されている。
English: As a solution to such a situation, one view is that birth in the royal family should be made a condition for an Empress, Empress Dowager, or Grand Empress Dowager to become regent.
Japanese: この場合の解決策として、皇后、皇太后、太皇太后の場合は皇族出身である事が摂政就任の条件とする意見もある。
English: In China, in the event that the emperor was unable to perform his duties, there were instances of the imperial family supervising government as national directors.
Japanese: 中国では皇帝が執務不能である場合に皇族が監国として政務を主宰する例がある。
English: Mostly a prince would be the national director, but in the Qing Dynasty there were cases of the emperor's uncle (Dorgon) or father (Zaifeng) conducting government as regent of national director.
Japanese: 監国には主として皇太子が就くが、清では皇帝の叔父（ドルゴン）や実父（愛新覚羅載ホウ）が摂政や監国として政務を執った例がある。
English: In the Byzantine Empire, there were instances of the Archbishop of Constantinople, who was the head cleric, filling the post of regent.
Japanese: 東ローマ帝国では聖職者の長であるコンスタンティノポリス総主教が摂政役を務めたこともある。
English: Also, as with Horthy Miklos in the kingdom of Hungary between wars, sometimes there was only a regent because the monarch was absent.
Japanese: また、戦間期のハンガリー王国におけるホルティ・ミクローシュのように、君主が不在のまま摂政のみが置かれることもある。
English: Originally a word meaning to manage/rule an official post or fief, the regent to the Kamakura bakufu was sometimes called Kanrei.
Japanese: もともとは役職や領地を管理・支配することの意味を持つ言葉で、鎌倉幕府の執権も管領とよばれることがあった。
English: Throughout the Muromachi period, the three families who were appointed to Kanrei, the Shiba, Hatakeyama, and Hosokawa clans, along with the four families that were appointed to Samurai-dokoro tonin (Governor of the Board of Retainers), were collectively referred to as "Sankan shishiki."
Japanese: 室町時代を通じて管領に任じられた斯波氏・畠山氏・細川氏の三管領家と、侍所頭人に任じられた四家である四職は、合わせて「三管四職」と呼ばれる。
English: Originally filling a secretarial role in the management of the Ashikaga clan, it started as a steward who administered the mechanisms of feudal rule.
Japanese: 元来は足利氏の家宰で秘書官的役割を担い、主従的な支配機構を司る執事がもとになる。
English: The military government that Takauji ASHIKAGA established in support of the Northern Court (Ashikaga Shogunate, Muromachi bakufu) had dual governing authorities that Takauji's younger brother, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, was in charge of, and KO no Moronao, Yoriaki NIKI and Kiyouji HOSOKAWA worked as stewards of the Shogunate.
Japanese: 足利尊氏が北朝を擁立して開いた武家政権（足利幕府、室町幕府）は、尊氏の弟の足利直義が政務を担当する二元的な統治機構を持ち、高師直・仁木頼章・細川清氏が幕府の執事職を務める。
English: At the time of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, the second Shogun, because of instabilities such as Kiyouji HOSOKAWA falling from grace due to internal disputes in the Shogunate, Yoshiakira briefly conducted direct Shogunal rule.
Japanese: 2代将軍足利義詮の頃には幕府内部の抗争で細川清氏が失脚するなど不安定で、義詮は一時的な将軍親政を行う。
English: In the period of Yoshiakira the role of Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) who administered regional governing authorities was reduced and the power of the stewards was strengthened, with the aim of establishing a centralized governing authority.
Japanese: 義詮時代には領域的な支配機構を司る引付衆の役割を縮小して執事職の権限を強化し、一元化な統治機構の確立を目指す。
English: In 1366, in the Joji Incident spurred by the anti-Shiba Doyo SASAKI, the Shiba clan fell, and Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had the support of Doyo and the others, became steward.
Japanese: 1366年には反斯波派の佐々木道誉らによる貞治の政変で斯波氏が失脚し、道誉らの支持を得た細川頼之が執事となる。
English: Afterward, the Kanrei supervised government affairs, and management of the Ashikaga Shogun family was transferred to Mandokoro (Administrative Board).
Japanese: 以後は、政務は管領が統括し、足利将軍家の家政は政所へ移行するようになった。
English: Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA fell in the Koryaku Coup, and Yoshimasa SHIBA was rehabilitated, but even after that the Shiba and Hosokawa clans were opposed over the Kanrei position.
Japanese: 細川頼之は康暦の政変で失脚し、斯波義将が復帰するが、その後も管領職をめぐり斯波氏と細川氏は対立した。
English: In 1398, Motokuni HATAKEYAMA became Kanrei, and after that the Shiba, Hatakeyama and Hosokawa Keicho families related to the Ashikaga family were appointed in turns.
Japanese: 1398年に畠山基国が管領になると、それ以降は足利一門の斯波家・畠山家・細川京兆家から交代で任じられることとなる。
English: At the time of the third Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA and the fourth Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, there was a conference system centered around the Shukuro (chief vassal), and the position of Kanrei was lowered; and the Shiba family first declined, not least because of financial burdens.
Japanese: 3代足利義満、4代将軍足利義持時代には宿老を中心とする合議制となり管領職の地位が低下し、経済的負担もあったことからまず斯波家が衰退する。
English: The sixth Shogun, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA, aimed to strengthen the authority of the Shogun, so the authority of the Kanrei was reduced, and intervened in disputes over inheritence in the Shiba and Hatakeyama clans, which later contributed to the decline of both families.
Japanese: 6代将軍の足利義教は将軍権力の強化を目指し、管領の権限は縮小され、斯波氏や畠山氏の家督争いに介入し、その後の両家の衰退の遠因となった。
English: In the Onin War, which occurred during the time of the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, at first the Kanrei Yoshikado SHIBA joined the Western Army commanded by Sozen YAMANA, Shogun Yoshimasa and the others were protected by the Eastern Army commanded by Katsumoto HOSOKAWA, and the Shogun and Kanrei in the Shogunate split.
Japanese: 8代将軍足利義政時代に起こった応仁の乱でははじめ管領の斯波義廉は山名宗全率いる西軍に属し、将軍義政らは細川勝元率いる東軍に確保されており、幕府における将軍と管領が分裂することとなった。
English: The power of the Shogun, as well as the Shiba and Hatakeyama families, declined steadily after the Onin War, with only the Hosokawa clan expanding its power; before long Katsumoto HOSOKAWA's son, Masamoto HOSOKAWA, established heredity of the Kanrei post for the Hosokawa clan, and eventually, in the Meio Coup, overthrowing the Shogun and siezing all of the Shogunate's authority (establishment of the Hosokawa Keicho administration).
Japanese: 応仁の乱後は将軍権力及び斯波・畠山両家は衰退する一方で細川氏のみが権力を広げていき、やがて細川勝元の子・細川政元が細川氏による管領職の世襲化を確立、やがて明応の政変で将軍が廃立するなど幕府権力の全てを掌握した（細川京兆家政権の成立）。
English: However, when Masamoto was assassinated by vassals over succession, the Hosokawa clan split and declined.
Japanese: だが、後継者を巡って政元が家臣に暗殺されると、細川氏は分裂して衰退する。
English: In the 1500s, Yoshioki OUCHI, Nagayoshi MIYOSHI, Sadayori ROKKAKU and others ruled the Shogunate as deputy Kanrei, the post of Kanrei became merely formal.
Japanese: 1500年代には大内義興、三好長慶、六角定頼らが管領代として幕府に君臨し管領職は形骸化していった。
English: Then after Ujitsuna HOSOKAWA's death in 1563, it in fact came to an end through natural lapse.
Japanese: そして1563年の細川氏綱の死後、事実上の自然消滅という形で廃絶した。
English: Shugo was a samurai office in Japan's Kamakura and Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and was a military commander and administrative official placed in each ryoseikoku (province).
Japanese: 守護（しゅご）は、日本の鎌倉幕府・室町幕府が置いた武家の職制で、令制国単位で設置された軍事指揮官・行政官である。
English: Tsuibushi (envoys to purse and capture), Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system), was the origin of the Shugo, and was incorporated into the Shogunate's organization when Emperor Goshirakawa approved Kamakura-dono's (lord of Kamakura) establishing Shugo and Jito (manager and lord of manor).
Japanese: 令外官である追捕使が守護の原型であって、後白河天皇が鎌倉殿へ守護・地頭の設置を認めたことによって、幕府の職制に組み込まれていった。
English: In the Kamakura period it was called shugonin-bugyo (post of provincial constable in Kamakura period), and in the Muromachi period it was called shugoshiki (post of provincial constable).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代は守護人奉行（しゅごにんぶぎょう）といい、室町時代は守護職（しゅごしき）といった。
English: Some say that in the latter half of the Heian period, for the purpose of maintaining domestic security, kokushi (provincial governors) would appoint an influential local warrior to be Kokushugonin (Shugonin), province bakufu officer, and based on that it is thought that the Kokushugonin of the late Heian period was the origin of the Kamakura period Shugo.
Japanese: 平安時代後期において、国内の治安維持などのために、国司が有力な在地武士を国守護人（守護人）に任命したとする見解があり、これによれば平安後期の国守護人が鎌倉期守護の起源と考えられている。
English: Kamakura period Shugo are thought to have begun in 1180 when MINAMOTO no Yoritomo placed them in each province after raising an army and entering Kamakura.
Japanese: 鎌倉期の守護は、1180年（治承4）、源頼朝が挙兵し、鎌倉へ入った後、諸国に置いた守護人に始まるとされている。
English: Immediately after the Battle of Fujikawa in October of the same year, Nobuyoshi TAKEDA of the Kai Genji (the Minamoto clan) was appointed Shugonin of Suruga Province, and Yoshisada YASUDA of the Kai Genji was in the same way appointed Shugonin of Totomi Province, which are seen as the first examples of installation of Shugo by the Yoritomo administration.
Japanese: 同年10月の富士川の戦いの直後に、甲斐源氏の武田信義を駿河国守護人、同じく甲斐源氏の安田義定を遠江国守護人に任じたのが、頼朝政権による守護設置の初例と見られている。
English: Later, as the influence of the Yoritomo administration expanded westward, installations of Shugonin expanded from the eastern provinces to the western provinces.
Japanese: その後、頼朝政権の勢力が西上するに従って、守護人の設置は東国諸国から西国へと拡がっていった。
English: The Shugonin of the time were in command of Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) and were in charge of domestic security and civil government; they were in charge of requisition of army provisions and mobilization of soldiers, but in 1185, when the Taira clan fell, in order to build a smooth relationship with the imperial court, the Yoritomo administration briefly did away with the Kokushugonin that they had appointed themselves.
Japanese: 当時の守護人は、在庁官人らを指揮して国内の治安維持・民政にあたり、兵粮徴発や兵士動員などを任務としていたが、1185年（文治1）に平氏政権が滅亡すると、朝廷との円滑な関係を構築するため、頼朝政権は独自に設置した国守護人を一旦廃止することとした。
English: In November of that year, with the aim of hunting down MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and MINAMOTO no Yukiie, Yoritomo's father-in-law, Tokimasa HOJO, went to the capital and negotiated with Emperor Goshirakawa, as a result of which imperial approval was given for the installation of Sotsuibushi (government post in charge of police and military roles) and kuni-jito (the appointment of provincial jito to each province) in each province for the purpose of capturing Yukiie and Yoshitsune.
Japanese: 同年11月、源義経・源行家の追討を目的として、頼朝の義父である北条時政が上京し、後白河側と交渉した結果、行家・義経追討のため、諸国に惣追捕使（そうついぶし）・国地頭（くにじとう）を設置することが勅許された。
English: The Yoritomo administration/Kamakura Shogunate's right to collect five sho of rice for army provisions from each shoen (manor in medieval Japan)/Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office), and its right to command officials in the provincial administrative offices were recognized, and Sotsuibushi and Kunijito were put in place to exercise these rights.
Japanese: 頼朝政権＝鎌倉幕府には、荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利と、国衙の在庁官人を指揮する権利が認められ、これを執行する職として惣追捕使・国地頭が置かれたのである。
English: It was around 1190 that the distinction began to be made between Shugo, a post installed in each province, and Jito, a post installed in each manor or Kokugaryo district.
Japanese: なお、諸国ごとに設置する職を守護、荘園・国衙領に設置する職を地頭として区別され始めたのは、1190年前後とされている。
English: However, the districts to which the original Yoritomo administration's actual rule extended are thought to have been limited to mostly the eastern half of Japan; from the area around Kyoto westward, there was strong resistance from Emperor Gotoba and temples; at Emperor Gotoba (who instituted cloister government after abdicating) ordered the post of Shugo abolished, and Koreyoshi OUCHI (son of Tomomasa HIRAGA) of the emperor's darling Shinano Genji was appointed Shugo of 7 provinces around the Kyoto area; and other policies of interference were carried out.
Japanese: だが、当初の頼朝政権の実質支配権が及んだ地域は日本のほぼ東側半分に限定されていたと考えられており、畿内以西の地域では後鳥羽天皇を中心とした朝廷や寺社の抵抗が根強く、後鳥羽天皇（退位後は院政を行う）の命令によって守護職の廃止が命じられたり、天皇のお気に入りであった信濃源氏の大内惟義（平賀朝雅の実兄）が畿内周辺7ヶ国の守護に補任されるなどの干渉政策が行われ続けた。
English: Later, the job responsibilities of Shugo were clarified, and in Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai) that was enacted in 1232, the duties of Shugo were limited to the military and police duties of Taibon-sankajo (enforcing the obligation of the gokenin, an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods, to provide security in Kamakura/Kyoto, investigating and apprehending rebels, and investigating and apprehending murderers) and command supervision of Obanyaku (a job to guard Kyoto), and it was forbidden for them to rule Kokugaryo or get involved with government, which was the privilege of the Kokushi.
Japanese: その後、守護の職務内容が次第に明確化されていき、1232年（貞永1）に制定された御成敗式目において、守護の職掌は、軍事・警察的な職務である大犯三ヶ条の検断（御家人の義務である鎌倉・京都での大番役の催促、謀反人の捜索逮捕、殺害人の捜索逮捕）と大番役の指揮監督に限定され、国司の職権である行政への関与や国衙領の支配を禁じられた。
English: However, there was a movement in which Shugo tried to make provincial Jito or government officials their Hikan (vassals), and this kind of Hikanization of the local warriors by the Shugo would enter another stage of development in the Muromachi period that followed.
Japanese: しかし、守護が国内の地頭や在庁官人を被官（家臣）にしようとする動き（被官化）は存在しており、こうした守護による在地武士の被官化は、次の室町時代に一層進展していくこととなる。
English: This proceeded apace with the change to autocratic rule at the hands of the central Hojo family (Tokuso, the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), namely the establishment of the Tokuso autocracy; the Hojo clan's Shugo provinces were 2 in the early Kamakura period around 1200 (36 to other clans, 4 with no Shugo), around 1250 they were 17 (24 to other clans, 5 with no Shugo), around 1285 they were 33 (18 to other clans, 5 with no Shugo), and in 1333 at the end of the Kamakura period they were 38 (15 to other clans, 5 with no Shugo), expanding rapidly from around the middle Kamakura period.
Japanese: これは、北条時頼の頃から北条本家（得宗）による政治の専制化、すなわち得宗専制が確立していったことに伴うもので、北条一門の守護国は、鎌倉初期の1200年頃に2国（他氏36国、守護不設置4国）、1250年頃に17国（他氏24国、不設置5国）、1285年頃に33国（他氏18国、不設置5国）、鎌倉最末期の1333年には38国（他氏15国、不設置5国）と鎌倉中期を境に一気に増加していた。
English: This situation created latent resentment among the other Gokenin, and is thought to have been a contributing factor to the demise of the Kamakura Shogunate.
Japanese: こうした事態は、他の御家人らの不満を潜在化させることとなり、鎌倉幕府滅亡の遠因となったと考えられている。
English: Even in the Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration that came about after the fall of the Kamakura bakufu, the system of placing Shugo alongside Kokushi was left intact.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府滅亡後に成立した後醍醐天皇による建武の新政においても、守護は、国司と併置される形で制度に残された。
English: In fact, because the Restoration ended just a few years later, the details about Kenmu period Shugo are not clear.
Japanese: ただし、新政がわずか数年で終了したため、建武期の守護について詳細は明らかでない。
English: At first, many Shugo were chosen from powerful locals, but it soon came to be filled by rotation by members of the Ashikaga clan, and only a very few, such as the Akamatsu clan (Norimura AKAMATSU) of Harima province, were able to hold onto the position.
Japanese: 当初、守護の多くは在地の有力者が任じられていたが、次第に足利氏一門と交代させられて、その地位を保持していたのは、播磨国の赤松氏（赤松則村）などごく僅かだった。
English: The position's authority was also the same as in the Kamakura period; at first it covered Taibon-Sankajo (three official authorities given to Shugo), but in order to stabilize domestic rule, in 1346 the new powers of the right to judge criminal cases over Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally) and the right to pass a delegate the word were added.
Japanese: 職権についても鎌倉期と同じく、初めは大犯三ヶ条とされていたが、国内統治を一層安定させるため、1346年（貞和2）、刈田狼藉の検断権と使節遵行権が新たに守護の職権に加えられた。
English: Karitarozeki is the use of force occurring in territorial disputes between warriors, while Shisetsu Jungyo means to forcibly execute the Shogunate's decisions in the local area.
Japanese: 刈田狼藉は武士間の所領紛争に伴って発生する実力行使であり、使節遵行とは幕府の判決内容を現地で強制執行することである。
English: Based on these, the Shugo gained the two rights to intervene in disputes between warriors in the province, and to enforce the law.
Japanese: この両者により、守護は、国内の武士間の紛争へ介入する権利と、司法執行の権利の2つを獲得した。
English: In 1352, with the aim of procuring military provisions, the right of hanzei, the ability to collect half of the annual tribute from manors/kokugaryo within the province, was granted to the Shugo.
Japanese: 1352年（文和1）には、軍事兵粮の調達を目的に、国内の荘園・国衙領の年貢の半分を徴収することのできる半済の権利が守護に与えられた。
English: At first, the right of hanzei was approved only for three provinces (Omi, Mino and Owari) where there were severe disturbances, but the various Shugo clamored to beg the bakufu to enact hanzei, and hanzei was made permanent.
Japanese: 当初は、戦乱の激しい3国（近江・美濃・尾張）に限定して半済が認められていたが、守護たちは半済の実施を幕府へ競って要望し、半済は恒久化されるようになる。
English: The hanzei law of 1368 addressed not only the payment of annual tributes, but also allowed for the partitioning of the land itself, leading to a marked increase in the incidence of Shugo invading other manors/kokugaryo.
Japanese: 1368年（応安1）の半済令は、年貢だけでなく土地自体の半分割を認める内容であり、守護による荘園・国衙領への侵出が著しくなっていった。
English: Furthermore, the Shugo made contracts with the lords of the manors for collection of the annual tribute, and began to conduct Shugouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a provincial constable to manage his manor and pay the customs), which strengthened their actual rule over the manors.
Japanese: さらに、守護は荘園領主らと年貢納付の請け負い契約を結び、実質的に荘園への支配を強める守護請（しゅごうけ）も行うようになった。
English: They also collected tansen and munabetsusen, kinds of taxes, greatly increasing their economic power.
Japanese: また、税の一種である段銭や棟別銭の徴収なども行うなど、経済的権能をますます強めていったのである。
English: With this kind of increased power behind them the Shugo absorbed the kokuga (provincial government offices) organization that was until then controlled by the Kokushi, and at the same time, with their increased economic power, made the provincial Jito, local lords (called Kokujin at the time) and other people of influence Hikan (vassals).
Japanese: 守護はこのように強化された権限を背景に、それまで国司が管轄していた国衙の組織を吸収すると同時に、強まった経済力を背景に、国内の地頭、在地領主（当時、国人と呼ばれた）、さらに有力名主らを被官（家臣）にしていった。
English: This movement is called Hikanization, but in this way the Shugo expanded their local and centralized influence within the provinces, in the realm of land as well as of people.
Japanese: この動きを被官化というが、こうして守護は、土地の面でも人的面でも、国内に領域的かつ均一な影響力を次第に及ぼしていく。
English: Because this state of the Shugo in the Muromachi period differs greatly from the strictly military and police powers that the Kamakura period Shugo had, Muromachi period Shugo are referred to as Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) to distinguish them.
Japanese: こうした室町期の守護のあり方は、軍事・警察的権能のみを有した鎌倉期守護のそれと大きく異なることから、室町期守護を指して守護大名と称して区別する。
English: In fact, a Shugo Daimyo's rule over the fief was not always complete, and there were actually many examples, mainly in the area around Kyoto, where the Kokujin class refused to become Hikan of the Shugo.
Japanese: ただし、守護大名による領国支配は必ずしも徹底したものではなく、畿内を中心に、国人層が守護の被官となることを拒否した例は、実は多く見られる。
English: By the middle of the Muromachi period, the power of the Shugo Daimyo within the Shogunate had grown to the point that the Shogunate had come to resemble a coalition government of Shugo Daimyo.
Japanese: 室町中期までに、幕府における守護大名の権能が肥大化し、幕府はいわば守護大名の連合政権の様相を呈するようになる。
English: Among the powerful Shugo of the time were some, beginning with the members of the Ashikaga Shogun family, the Shiba, Hatakeyama and Hosokawa clans, and including such outsiders as the Yamana, Ouchi, and Akamatsu clans, who ruled over several provinces.
Japanese: 当時の有力な守護には、足利将軍家の一族である斯波氏・畠山氏・細川氏をはじめ、外様勢力である山名氏・大内氏・赤松氏など数ヶ国を支配する者がいた。
English: These influential Shugo would often spend continuous stretches in Kyoto to serve the Shogunate, and when they were away from their fiefs, or controlling several provinces, a Kokujin was made a deputy of the Shugo, or Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) was chosen out of their direct vassals.
Japanese: これら有力守護は、幕府に出仕するため継続して在京することが多く、領国を離れる場合や、多くの分国を抱える場合などに、国人を守護の代官としたり、直属家臣の中から守護代を置いた。
English: Those Shugodai would then appoint a further, assistant Shugodai, and the structure of rule took on a two- and three-layered shape.
Japanese: さらにその守護代も小守護代を置いて、二重三重の支配構造を形成していった。
English: The Shugo were also allowed the social status of Shirokasabukuro (white umbrella bag) and Mosenkuraoi (literally, tufted saddle cover; and the Shugodai were allowed Karakasabukuro (oiled-paper umbrella bag)/Mosenkuraoi and Nurigoshi (lacquered litter).
Japanese: また、守護の格式として白傘袋・毛氈鞍覆を許され、守護代には唐傘袋・毛氈鞍覆、塗輿が免許された。
English: By being allowed the use of Nurigoshi, the Shugo and Shugodai alike, had their own authority as influential warriors recognized.
Japanese: また、守護・守護代ともに塗輿の使用が免許され、有力な武士としての権威性を認められていた。
English: Yakata (an honorific title) and Saihai (a baton of command) were allowed as a special privilege only for those influential Shugo who achieved Kanrei or Tandai (local military commissioner), and vassals of those who held the title of Yakata were allowed to wear the eboshi (formal headwear for court nobles) and hitatare (a kind of court dress in old days).
Japanese: 管領・探題に達する者や有力守護にのみ許された特典としては、屋形と采配の免許があり、屋形号を持つ者の家臣は烏帽子と直垂を着用することが許された。
English: Especially in the Kamakura-kubo (shogunate) Ashikaga family, among the influential warriors of the Kanto region, 8 families received the Yakata title and were called Kanto Hachiyakata.
Japanese: 特に鎌倉公方足利家では関東の有力武士のうち、8家に屋形号を授け関東八館などといわれた。
English: From around the time of the Onin War, there were increasingly prominent clashed between different Shugo; keeping pace with that was the desire for independence (kokujin revolts, etc.) on the part of the kokujin, who were the local lords.
Japanese: 応仁の乱の前後から、守護同士の紛争が目立って増加しており、それに歩調を合わせるように、在地領主である国人の独立志向（国人一揆など）が見られるようになる。
English: Although these movements invited a reduction in the power of the Shugo, on the other hand they led to stronger rule over the kokujin by the Shugo.
Japanese: これらの動きは、一方では守護の権威の低下を招いたが、他方では守護による国人への支配強化へとつながっていった。
English: Then, around the time of the Meio Coup in 1493, the Shugo, who had failed to restore their waning power, lost their position to the Shugodai and kokujin, so that the Shugo who had strengthened rule over the kokujin in fact ended up strengthening feudal rule all the more.
Japanese: そして、1493年（明応2）の明応の政変前後を契機として、低下した権威の復活に失敗した守護は、守護代や国人などにその地位を奪われることになり、逆に国人支配の強化に成功した守護は、領国支配を一層強めていった。