nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: At the end of Edo period, in Kyoto, riots started to prevail as though they were punishments from heaven, burglaries of merchant residences, and robberies by zealous supporters of imperialism and the shogunate-overthrowing philosophy that advocated reverence for the Emperor and expulsion of the barbarians and those who opposed the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕末の頃になると京都では尊皇攘夷を叫び、幕府に反対する勤王・倒幕の志士による天誅・商家への押し込みや強盗などの騒乱が横行しだした。
English: However, the bakufu soon discovered how impossible it was for the Shoshidai alone to prevent riots and so the bakufu newly founded the Kyoto Shugoshoku to facilitate recovery of the their prestige and to achieve order in the town.
Japanese: しかし所司代のみでは、防ぎきれずと判断した幕府は京都守護職を新たに設け、幕府の威信、治安の回復をはかった。
English: Under the Kyoto Shugoshoku was the Kyoto Shoshidai, the Kyoto Machibugyo, and the Mimawariyaku (patrol troops) and the Kyoto Mimawariyaku, that was under the Mimawariyaku formed by the bakufu's direct followers and also incorporated under the Kyoto Shugoshoku.
Japanese: 京都守護職は京都所司代・京都町奉行・見廻役を傘下に置き、見廻役配下で幕臣により結成された京都見廻組も支配下となった。
English: Because the warriors of Aizu could not fulfill their duties, the Shinsengumi was also incorporated under the Shugoshoku being retained by the Shugoshoku and were assigned to maintain order in the town.
Japanese: また、会津藩士のみでは手が回りきらなかったため、守護職御預かりとして新選組をその支配下に置き治安の維持に当たらせた。
English: On January 3, 1868, due to the coup of Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was implemented in October in the same year, the Satsuma and the Choshu clans established the right to rule Kyoto and, therefore, the Kyoto Shugoshoku was abolished six years after its foundation.
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日(旧暦)（1868年1月3日）、この年の10月に行われた大政奉還後の王政復古の大号令クーデターによって薩摩藩・長州藩が京都の支配権を確立したため、京都守護職は設置後6年をもって廃止された。
English: The clan's financial condition was very bad because they had to bear the role of guarding Uraga and Ezochi (inhabited area of the Ainu) and the clan's followers also all agreed to oppose Katamori's taking the post.
Japanese: 藩財政は既に浦賀、蝦夷地の警備の任にあったことで窮乏状態にあり、また、家臣も就任反対で意見が一致していた。
English: However, because Shungaku quoted the family precept that 'the Aizu clan is an entity which should protect the Shogun family' by Masayuki HOSHINA, the founder of the Aizu clan and, the clan's followers finally accepted.
Japanese: しかし、春嶽が会津藩祖・保科正之の「会津藩たるは将軍家を守護すべき存在」との家訓を引き合いに出したため、遂に承諾した。
English: The lord and vassals, assigned to the duty of guarding the Shogun family all cried out in grief anticipating that 'the Aizu clan will soon collapse with this' with their arms around each other's shoulders in the residence maintained in Edo by the daimyo of the Aizu clan.
Japanese: 任を受けた君臣は会津藩江戸藩邸にあって「これで会津藩は滅びる」と、肩を抱き合って慟哭したという。
English: Though they seemed to cry because they were worried about the excessive financial load, the Aizu clan which later incurred the ill will of those advocating reverence for the Emperor because of its duties in the Kyoto Shugoshoku, had to resist to the end of the Boshin Civil War, was completely annihilated in Aizu-Wakamatsu City the clan's capital, and its collapse was indeed realized.
Japanese: 過大な財政負担を懸念しての慟哭であったろうが、後に、京都守護職の任務によって尊皇派の恨みを買った会津藩は戊辰戦争で最後まで抵抗せざるを得なくなり、藩都・会津若松市で壊滅し、現実のものとなってしまった。
English: Kyoto mimawarigumi was an organization for maintaining public order in Kyoto, which was formed by the shogun's retainers at the end of the Edo Period (end of Edo period).
Japanese: 京都見廻組（きょうとみまわりぐみ）は、江戸時代末期（幕末期）に幕臣によって結成された、京都治安維持の組織。
English: In 1864, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Hirotaka MAITA and Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA to Kyoto Mimawariyaku under the command of the Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto).
Japanese: 元治元年(1864年)、江戸幕府は京都守護職配下として蒔田廣孝と松平康正を京都見廻役に任命した。
English: The two Mimawariyaku respectively formed brigades under their command which were named after the official titles of the commanders as the Sagami no kami (governor of Sagami Province) brigade (Hirotaka MAITA) and the Izumo no kami (governor of Izumo Province) brigade (Yasumasa MATSUDAIRA) with about 200 soldiers under their command.
Japanese: それぞれの見廻役が配下の組を持ち、それぞれ見廻役の官職名から相模守組（蒔田廣孝）と出雲守組（松平康正）と呼ばれ、各200名ほどの組員を指揮した。
English: Along with Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), Mimawarigumi specialized in clamping down on those forces which opposed the bakufu, and not offenders.
Japanese: 見廻組は新選組と共に一般犯罪者ではなく、反幕府勢力の取り締まりを専門に行った。
English: Mimawarigumi mainly covered the government office district including the imperial palace and the area around the Nijo-jo Castle, while Shinsengumi covered towns for merchant class and amusement centers such as Gion and Sanjo.
Japanese: 見廻組は主に御所、二条城周辺といった官庁街を管轄とし、新撰組は祇園や三条といった町人町、歓楽街を管轄とした。
English: Tadasaburo SASAKI, who was Kumigashira (the leader) of the Sagami no kami brigade, and Kichitaro WATANABE, Yasujiro TAKAHASHI, Hayanosuke KATSURA, Nakazo DOHI, Daizaburo SAKURAI, and Nobuo IMAI are regarded as likely perpetrators of the assassination of Ryoma SAKAMOTO.
Japanese: 相模組与頭の佐々木只三郎、渡辺吉太郎、高橋安二郎、桂早之助、土肥仲蔵、桜井大三郎、今井信郎らが坂本龍馬暗殺の実行犯として有力とされる。
English: On March 10, 1867, Kashitaro ITO seceded from Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) because of differences in ideology, and formed Goryo-eji by attracting members from Shinsengumi who shared the same aims as his own.
Japanese: 1867年（慶応3年）3月10日に伊東甲子太郎が思想の違いから新選組を離脱、志し同じ者を新選組から引き抜いて結成した。
English: (The reason given for the secession was that Kashitaro ITO was appointed as guard of Misasagi (Imperial mausoleum) of the Emperor Komei through the intermediation of Tannen, who was the elder of Kaiko-ji Temple that was tatchu (sub-temples in the site of main temple) of Sennyu-ji Temple, and, for the mission, had to keep an eye on the movements of Satsuma and Choshu.
Japanese: （一応の離脱理由は、泉湧寺塔中戒光寺の長老　湛然の仲介によって孝明天皇の御陵守護の任を拝命した事と、それに伴い薩摩、長州の動向を探るという事であった。
English: His comrades included his younger brother Mikisaburo SUZUKI, Tainoshin SHINOHARA, Heisuke TODO, Takeo HATTORI, Arinosuke MONAI, Yahei TOYAMA, Juro ABE, Jiro UTSUMI, Washio KANO, Noboru NAKANISHI, Kaisuke HASHIMOTO, Kiyoshi KIYOHARA, Tadao ARAI, Hajime SAITO (SAITO was allegedly a spy for Shinsengumi).
Japanese: 同志に弟の鈴木三樹三郎、篠原泰之進、藤堂平助、服部武雄、毛内有之助、富山弥兵衛、阿部十郎、内海次郎、加納鷲雄、中西昇、橋本皆助、清原清、新井忠雄、斎藤一（斎藤は新選組の間諜とも）。
English: Ten other persons including Tsukasa IBARAKI, Shimesaburo SANO, Juro TOMIKAWA, Goro NAKAMURA tried to join Goryo-eji later, but four of them, IBARAKI, SANO, TOMIKAWA, and NAKAMURA died in the Aizu domain residence where they had gone to make an appeal (there are two theories that state that they either committed seppuku (disembowelment) or that they were killed.) while the other six were expelled.
Japanese: 他にも、茨木司、佐野七五三之助、富川十郎、中村五郎ら10名も後に合流を図ったが、嘆願に行った会津藩邸で、茨木、佐野、富川、中村の四人が死亡（切腹、殺害両説あり）、残りの6人が放逐という結末となった。
English: There was an agreement between Goryo-eji and Shinsengumi that they would prohibit the exchange of members in the first place, but the previously mentioned ten were ignorant of this fact and attempted to desert Shinsengumi to join Goryo-eji, thus they have no place to go at all.
Japanese: そもそも御陵衛士と新撰組との間には隊士の行き来を禁止する約束があり、そのことを知らずに新撰組を脱走して御陵衛士に加わろうとした彼らは行き場所を失った形となったのだ。
English: (Shinsengumi had a rule that deserters were to be taken back to base and forced to commit seppuku.)
Japanese: （新撰組を脱走したものは法度により屯所に連れ戻して切腹ということになっていた。
English: Aside from this, after those including IBARAKI committed Seppuku, Kanryusai TAKEDA who lost his place in Shinsengumi and deserted was also rejected by Goryo-eji.
Japanese: ）これとは別に、茨木たちの切腹後隊で居場所を失い脱走をした（そもそも茨木たちの脱走を勧めたのは観柳斎と言われている。
English: In June 1867, Goryo-eji came under the command of Tadayuki TODA who was Sanryo bugyo (commissioner in charge of imperial mausoleums), and moved from Choen-ji Temple to Gesshin-in Temple of Kodai-ji Temple in HIgashiyama, setting up a nameplate which read Kinri Goryo Eji (a splinter group of the Shinsengumi) there.
Japanese: 慶応3年6月　山陵奉行　戸田忠至に属し、長円寺から東山の高台寺　月真院に移り禁裏御陵衛士の標札を掲げた。
English: Goryo-eji broke ranks with Shinsengumi because they were Kinno-Tobaku, people loyal to the emperor with an aim to overthrow the shogunate government, and Sabaku, the Bakufu supporters; which allegedly caused Goryo-eji to always carry swords with him while he slept in case he was ever raided by the Shinsengumi.
Japanese: 新選組とは佐幕と勤王倒幕で袂をわかっただけに、新選組の襲来を恐れていつも刀を抱いて寝たという。
English: According to modern studies, it is theorized that Goryo-eji had thought of overthrowing the shogunate government which was not so radical and closer to those thoughts held by Shungaku MATSUDAIRA and the like.
Japanese: ただし、近年の研究では倒幕と言っても緩やかなものであり、松平春嶽らの思想に近かったものと言われている。
English: An incident in which Kashitaro ITO, a staff officer of the Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), and others were assassinated.
Japanese: 油小路事件（あぶらのこうじじけん）は、新選組参謀・伊東甲子太郎らが暗殺された事件である。
English: On April 14, 1867 (March 10 according to the old calendar), a plan by Kashitaro ITO (who broke away from the Shinsengumi and organized the Goryo-eji (guards of Imperial mausoleums, also known as Kodaiji-to) and led a movement to revere the emperor and overthrow the shogunate) to assassinate Isami KONDO (head of the Shinsengumi) together with Satsuma was outed by Hajime SAITO, a spy that was sent from the Shinsengumi.
Japanese: 慶応3年3月10日(旧暦)（1867年4月14日）、新選組を離脱し御陵衛士（高台寺党）を結成した伊東甲子太郎は勤王倒幕運動に勤しみ、薩摩と通謀して近藤勇を暗殺しようとたくらんでいる事が、新選組が間諜として潜り込ませていた斎藤一によって明らかとなった。
English: However, documents left behind by Ito only placed importance on a conversation, and there is no record of him killing anyone, other than during the Aburanokoji Incident, nor are there any records of him trying to assassinate Isami KONDO, which led to the theory that plans for the assassination never existed.
Japanese: ただし、当時の伊東の書簡は対話を重んじるものばかりで、伊東自身も人を斬った記録が油小路事件以外には無く、さらには近藤勇を暗殺しようとしたものがないため、近藤暗殺計画自体が存在しなかったとの説もある。
English: On December 13 of the same year (November 18 according to the old calendar), Isami KONDO asked Ito over to his mistress' home in Shichijo, to discuss a loan and national affairs, and served Ito alcohol.
Japanese: 同年11月18日(旧暦)（12月13日）、近藤勇は資金の用立て・国事の相談があるとの口実で七条の妾宅に伊東を招いて酒宴を張った。
English: Ito received a fatal wound, but he was able to deliver a blow to his assassin and died calling out "Kanzokubara (traitor)"
Japanese: 伊東は深手であったが一太刀敵に浴びせ、「奸賊ばら」と叫んで絶命したという。
English: Shinsengumi abandoned Ito's corpse on the streets of Aburanokoji, hiding themselves so that they could kill all the other members of Ito's group who would be coming to collect Ito's body.
Japanese: 新選組は油小路通七条通の辻に伊東の遺骸を放置し、その周りに伏せ、遺体を引き取りにきた同志をまとめて粛清しようとした。
English: The seven Goryo Eji members who came to pick up the body were Heisuke TODO, Tainoshin SHINOHARA, Mikisaburo SUZUKI, Takeo HATTORI, Arinosuke MONAI, Michinosuke KANO, and Yahei TOYAMA.
Japanese: 遺骸を引き取りにきた同志は、藤堂平助・篠原泰之進・鈴木三樹三郎・服部武雄・毛内有之助・加納道之助・富山弥兵衛の7名であった。
English: Three of them were killed in the ambush; Heisuke TODO, who was an original member of the Shinsengumi and was the former leader of the eighth squad, Takeo HATTORI and Arinosuke MONAI.
Japanese: この待ち伏せによって、新選組結盟以来の生え抜き隊士で元八番隊組長を務めた藤堂平助のほかに、服部武雄・毛内有之助の3名が討死した。
English: Shinpatchi NAGAKURA and Sanosuke HARADA, who had been friends with Todo since they trained together at the Shieikan training hall, tried to save him by letting him get away, but Todo was killed by another member of the Shinsengumi.
Japanese: 藤堂に関しては、試衛館以来の同志である永倉新八・原田左之助が逃がそうと試みたものの、うまくゆかず他の隊士に斬られた。
English: Takeo HATTORI was famous as being skillful in using two swords at once, and his bloodcurdling presence of fighting alone overwhelmed the men he fought against; however, he was killed by Sanosuke HARADA's spear when his sword broke.
Japanese: 服部武雄は隊内でも相当な二刀流の使い手として鳴らしていたため、服部の孤軍奮闘は鬼気迫るものがあったというが、最後は服部の刀が折れたスキを狙って原田左之助が繰り出した槍によって、落命したという。
English: Their bodies were left for some time, and later buried at Koenji Temple and reburied at Kaikoji Temple.
Japanese: 伊東らの遺体はしばらく放置してあしてあったが、光縁寺に埋葬したあと戒光寺に改葬された。
English: One month later on December 18 (old calendar), the remaining Goryo-eji including Shinohara, hid in a private residence along the Fushimi-kaido Road and sniped at Isami KONDO on his way back from Nijo-jo Castle and Kondo's right shoulder was seriously injured.
Japanese: 1ヶ月後の12月18日(旧暦)、篠原ら御陵衛士の生き残りは伏見街道の民家に伏せ、二条城からの帰りの近藤勇を狙撃、右肩に重症を負わせた。
English: Later, during the Boshin Civil War, Isami KONDO, finding himself in an inferior position, turned himsel in the new government troops under the alias of Yamato OKUBO at Koshigaya; however, his identity was revealed by Michinosuke KANO who had joined the troops, and he was captured and beheaded.
Japanese: また、その後の戊辰戦争時、劣勢となった近藤勇は越谷で大久保大和と称して新政府軍に出頭したが、新政府軍に加わっていた加納道之助に正体を看破されて捕縛され、ついに斬首となった。
English: Kanji of the Year is a Chinese character representing the social conditions in Japan or World of the year which is announced once a year by the Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation on the "Kanji's day", December 12.
Japanese: 今年の漢字（ことしのかんじ）とは、財団法人日本漢字能力検定協会が、毎年12月12日の「漢字の日」に発表している、その年の日本や世界の世相を表した漢字一字のことである。
English: On December 12th of each year, the Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation calls upon people across the country to submit a Chinese character that symbolizes the year throughout Japan and announces the Chinese character with the most submissions as the Kanji representing the social conditions of the year at the Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture on the "Kanji's day."
Japanese: 財団法人日本漢字能力検定協会が、その年をイメージする漢字一字の公募を日本全国より行い、その中で最も応募数の多かった漢字一字を、その年の世相を表す漢字として、毎年12月12日の「漢字の日」に京都府京都市東山区の清水寺で発表する。
English: At the time of the announcement, the Chinese character is brushed on a large sheet of Japanese writing pater by the chief priest of Kiyomizu-dera Temple upon the Oku no in (inner sanctuary) stage.
Japanese: 発表時には、清水寺の奥の院舞台にて、貫主により巨大な半紙に漢字一字が揮毫される。
English: It is often accepted as an indicator representing the social conditions of present day Japan together with the Salaryman Senryu (the salary man senryu poetry contest) hosted by the Dai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Sosaku Yojijukugo (Creation of a four-character compound) announced by Sumitomo Life Insurance Company, the Shingo ryukogo taisho (the grand prize for the new word of the year, and the grand prize for the best vogue word of the year) presented by Jiyu Kokuminsha, and the Gendai gakusei hyakunin isshu (One hundred poems of modern students) collected by Toyo University.
Japanese: 第一生命保険のサラリーマン川柳、住友生命保険の創作四字熟語、自由国民社の新語・流行語大賞、東洋大学の現代学生百人一首と並んで、現代の日本の世相を反映する一つの指標として使われることが多い。
English: The Sumiya Incident refers to violent acts which Kamo SERIZAWA, head of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), carried out during a party held in ageya (a restaurant where high-class harlots and geisha dispatched from a geisha house entertained guests) called Sumiya in Shimabara, Kyoto in June, 1863.
Japanese: 角屋での暴挙（すみやでのぼうきょ）とは文久3年（1863年）6月、京都嶋原の揚屋・角屋（すみや）にて催された宴会で、新選組局長芹沢鴨が働いた乱暴狼藉をいう。
English: The incident began when koyokata (a section of a local domain which was in charge of dealing with all works related to the central bakufu government and the Imperial seat) of the Minakuchi domain complained about the acts by the Shinsengumi to koyokata of the Aizu domain at the Aizu domain residence.
Japanese: 水口藩公用方が会津藩邸にて会津藩公用方に新選組の所業の悪さを訴えたことに始まる。
English: Serizawa who heard the news sent four people, Shinpachi NAGAKURA, Sanosuke HARADA, Genzaburo INOUE, and Kanryusai TAKEDA to the Minakuchi domain and asked for a transfer of custody.
Japanese: それを聞きつけた芹沢が、永倉新八・原田左之助・井上源三郎・武田観柳斎の4人を差し向け、当事者の身柄引き渡しを水口藩に求めた。
English: Minakuchi domain was surprised at this and humbly begged for forgiveness, signing an apology to bring things under control.
Japanese: 水口藩はこれに驚き、平身低頭謝罪し、詫び証文を書いて、その場を納めた。
English: If the signed apology were to become known to the lord of the Minakuchi domain, Koyokata would be doomed to be convicted according to the circumstances.
Japanese: しかし、詫び証文を書いたことが水口藩主の耳に達せば、事と次第によれば公用方の断罪も逃れられなくなる。
English: The Minakuchi domain asked Shinsengumi to return the deed, through Einosuke TODA who had a swordsmanship training hall of Jikishinkage-ryu school in Nijo-dori Street.
Japanese: そこで二条通りに直心影流道場を開いている戸田栄之助を通じ、証文の返却を依頼した。
English: Then, Shinsengumi replied that they would return the deed if the Minakuchi domain were to prepare the place for the meeting.
Japanese: 新選組側より、会議の場所を提供すればそこで返却する、との回答があった。
English: The deed was returned without incident at the party, but, at its height, SERIZAWA, a violent drunk, was angered at the service of the restaurant and went on a wild rampage.
Japanese: 席上、証文は問題なく返却されたが、宴もたけなわとなった席上で、酒がまわると酒乱となる芹沢が店の対応に腹を立て、遂に暴れ始めた。
English: He brandished his vaunted iron-ribbed fan, breaking and smashing all the tableware and fixtures as well as the small dining tables to pieces, and ended up breaking off a handrail in the corridor, slamming it down on the sake cask, and flooding the reception desk with sake.
Japanese: 自慢の鉄扇を振り回し、席上に出ていた膳はもとより、店内の食器や什器を悉く叩き割り、挙げ句の果てには廊下の手摺りを外し酒樽に叩きつけて帳場を酒浸しにしてしまった。
English: Finally, SERIZAWA issued a suspension of business for seven days to Tokuemon SUMIYA, the owner of the restaurant, and left in high spirits.
Japanese: そして最後に、店主の角屋徳右衛門に7日間の営業停止を申し渡し、意気揚々と引き上げたという。
English: On September 18 of the same year (old calendar), when SERIZAWA became severely drunk during a party held by the Aizu domain in Sumiya and returned to base, KONDO's faction surprise attacked SERIZAWA in his sleep and killed him.
Japanese: 同年9月18日(旧暦)、会津藩の催した角屋での宴会で泥酔して屯所に帰宅した芹沢は、寝込みを近藤勇一派に襲われて絶命した。
English: Sumiya started in 1641, and was designated as an important national cultural property as the only remaining structural element of ageya.
Japanese: 尚、角屋は寛永18年（1641年）に創業された店で、揚屋の遺構としては唯一のものとして国の重要文化財に指定された。
English: The battle of Dannoura was fought in the closing days of the Heian period, on April 25, 1185, under the old lunar calendar), and took place in Nagato Province, at Akamaseki, Dannoura (modern-day Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Pref.).
Japanese: 壇ノ浦の戦い（だんのうらのたたかい）とは、平安時代の後期の元暦2年（寿永4年）3月24日(旧暦)（1185年4月25日）に長門国赤間関壇ノ浦（現在の山口県下関市）で行われた合戦である。
English: In July, 1183, the Taira troops, that had been attacked by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, together with Emperor Antoku and the three Imperial Regalia and departed from Kyoto, but thereafter took advantage of their conflict with MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, who was in charge of the government at Kamakura, and Yoshinaka to stage a comeback of Taira support extending as far as Fukuhara of Settsu Province.
Japanese: 寿永2年（1183年）7月、源義仲に攻められた平氏は安徳天皇と三種の神器を奉じて京都を落ちるが、その後の鎌倉政権の源頼朝と義仲との対立に乗じて摂津国福原京まで復帰した。
English: However, they were dealt a crushing defeat in the battle of Ichinotani, which occurred in March, 1184, and fled by way of the sea, establishing strongholds at Yashima in Sanuki Province and Hikoshima in Nagato Province (today's Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Pref.).
Japanese: しかし、寿永3年/治承8年（1184年）2月の一ノ谷の戦いで大敗を喫して、海に逃れ讃岐国屋島と長門国彦島（山口県下関市）に拠点を置いた。
English: The political administration at Kamakura chose Yoritomo's younger brother MINAMOTO no Noriyori to lead 30,000 riders and advance along the Sanyodo Road, cross over into Kyushu, and adopt the strategy of blockading the Taira clan's army from the rear.
Japanese: 鎌倉政権は頼朝の弟源範頼に3万騎を率いさせて山陽道を進軍して九州に渡り平氏軍の背後を遮断する作戦を実行する。
English: But Noriyori's army, lacking sufficient provisions and opposed by the Taira's superior naval might, was forced to halt its advance, and could not even cross into Kyushu.
Japanese: だが、範頼軍は兵糧の不足と優勢な水軍を有する平氏軍の抵抗によって進軍が止まり、九州にも渡れなくなった。
English: Because of this, Yoritomo formed together a separate force for MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and had them attack the Taira at their stronghold on Yashima in Sanuki Province.
Japanese: このため頼朝は源義経に別働隊を編成させて平氏の本拠讃岐国屋島を攻めさせた。
English: In March, 1185, Yoshitsune captured Yashima by means of a surprise attack (in what is known as the battle of Yashima).
Japanese: 元暦2年/寿永4年（1185年）2月、義経は奇襲によって屋島を攻略（屋島の戦い）。
English: Noriyori's army, on the other hand, having succeeded in being supplied with provisions and warships, crossed over into Kyushu and defeated the Taira forces of that region in the battle of Ashiyaura, and successfully cut off the main Taira clan's army from behind.
Japanese: 一方、範頼軍は兵糧と兵船の調達に成功して九州に渡り、同地の平氏方を葦屋浦の戦いで破り、平氏軍の背後の遮断に成功。
English: In the "Azuma kagami" (Mirror of the East), the official (or semi-official) diary of the Kamakura Shogunate, the battle of Dannoura, listed under the entry of 24th day of the third month of Genryaku 2, is described as follows: 'The ships of the Minamoto and Taira, their forces apart from each other by approximately 300 meters, met in battle on the sea of Dannoura in Akamaseki of Nagato Province.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の公式日記（もしくはそれに准じるもの）である『吾妻鏡』には壇ノ浦の戦いについては元暦二年三月二十四日の条で「長門国赤間関壇ノ浦の海上で三町を隔て船を向かわせて源平が相戦う。
English: The Taira clan split their 500 ships into three fleets, and with Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA as well as Akira MATSUURA as the generals in command, challenged the Minamoto clan to fight.
Japanese: 平家は五百艘を三手に分け山峨兵藤次秀遠および松浦党らを将軍となして源氏に戦いを挑んだ。
English: Hence, there is no choice but to describe the progress of the battle relying on hearsay, and based on war chronicles like the "Heike monogatari" (Tale of the Taira) or "Gempei monogatari" (Chronicle of the Rising and Falling fates of the Minamoto and Taira clans), despite the fact that such chronicles are plagued with credibility issues.
Japanese: そのため信憑性には難があるものの『平家物語』『源平盛衰記』などの軍記物語を基に巷間で信じられている合戦の経過を述べることになる。
English: Furthermore, the progress of the battle given below is based on the now widely accepted tidal theory first proposed in the Taisho period by Katsumi KUROITA, professor at Tokyo Imperial University.
Japanese: また、以下の経過は大正時代に黒板勝美東京帝国大学教授が提唱して以来、広く信じられている潮流説に基づいている。
English: Recognizing that he needed to destroy the Taira navy at Hikoshima, Yoshitsune managed to assemble a force of 840 ships (according to the "Azuma kagami") by calling together support from his allies, including the Watanabe navy of Settsu Province, the Kawano navy of Iyo Province, and the Kumano navy of Kii Province.
Japanese: 彦島の平氏水軍を撃滅すべく、義経は摂津国の渡辺水軍、伊予国の河野水軍、紀伊国の熊野水軍などを味方につけて840艘（『吾妻鏡』）の水軍を編成する。
English: According to the "Heike monogatari," leaders at the war council held before the battle wished to have commander Kagetoki KAJIWARA lead the vanguard in the battle, but Yoshitsune spurned their advice and appointed himself leader of the vanguard.
Japanese: 『平家物語』によれば、合戦前の軍議で軍監の梶原景時は合戦の先陣になることを望むが、義経は自らが先陣に立つとはねつけた。
English: That's not what generals are for,' mocking Yoshitsune until they were on the verge of coming to blows; this is the slander that Kagetoki conveyed to Yoritomo later, and was partially responsible for Yoshitsune's ruin.
Japanese: 将の器ではない」と義経を愚弄して斬りあい寸前の対立となり、これが後の景時の頼朝への讒言となり、義経の没落につながるとされる。
English: The Taira clan had 500 ships (according to the "Azuma kagami"), which were divided into 100 under Akira MATSUURA, 300 under Hyotoji Hideto YAMAGA, and 100 under the command of Taira clan members (according to the "Heike monogatari").
Japanese: 平氏軍は500艘（『吾妻鏡』）で、松浦党100余艘、山鹿兵籐次秀遠300余艘、平氏一門100余艘（『平家物語』）の編成であった。
English: According to the "Heike monogatari," Tomomori hid soldiers on the large Chinese ship that was normally the Taira flagship, and where Emperor Antoku usually was, as part of a stratagem to lure the Kamakura warships in and surround them.
Japanese: 『平家物語』によれば知盛は通常は安徳天皇や平氏本営が置かれる大型の唐船に兵を潜ませて鎌倉方の兵船を引き寄せたところを包囲する作戦を立てていた。
English: On May 2, the Taira navy under the command of Tomomori sallied forth from Hikoshima in response to Yoshitsune's attacking navy, and at the hour of the horse (about noon - according to the "Gyokuyo chronicle"; the "Azuma kagami" claims it was during the morning) the two navies clashed at Dannoura in the Kanmon straits, and the battle was joined.
Japanese: 3月24日、攻め寄せる義経軍水軍に対して、知盛率いる平氏軍が彦島を出撃して、午の刻（12時ごろ）（『玉葉』による、『吾妻鏡』では午前）に関門海峡壇ノ浦で両軍は衝突して合戦が始まった。
English: Noriyori took about 30,000 horsemen (according to "the Chronicle of the Rise and Fall of the Minamoto and the Taira") from his army and drew up his battle lines on land to cut off the Taira's avenue of retreat, supporting Yoshitsune's army by shooting arrows long-distance from the cliffs.
Japanese: 範頼軍は3万余騎（『源平盛衰記』）をもって陸地に布陣して平氏の退路を塞ぎ、岸から遠矢を射かけて義経軍を支援した。
English: In the "Heike monogatari," Yoshimori WADA mounted his horse and rode out from the beach into the open sea, firing arrows long-range at a distance of more than 200 or even 300 meters.
Japanese: 『平家物語』によれば和田義盛は馬に乗り渚から沖に向けて遠矢を二町三町も射かけたという。