nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On the other hand, as Chogin was reformed to Nanryo Nishu Gin, the shortage of silver coins by weight standard in market caused a steep rise in the price of silver, 50 monme of silver per 1 ryo of gold in 1786.
Japanese: 一方、丁銀から南鐐二朱銀への改鋳が進行するにつれ、市中における秤量銀貨の不足により銀相場の高騰を招き、天明6年（1786年）には金1両＝銀50匁をつけるに至った。
English: Because such a rise in the price of silver would lead to high cost of living in Edo, Nanryo Nishu Gin was stopped to mint in May 1788 and re-refined into Chogin as a part of the Kansei Reforms carried out mainly by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA judging the Okitsugu TANUMA's politics.
Japanese: この様な銀相場の高騰は江戸の物価高につながるため、田沼意次の政治を批判する立場であった松平定信を中心に進められた、寛政の改革の一環として、天明8年（1788年）4月に南鐐二朱銀の鋳造を中断し、南鐐二朱銀から丁銀への改鋳が進行した。
English: However, returning to Chogin which had a high silver content caused financial difficulties for the bakufu and forced it to change the policy again.
Japanese: しかし、このような一両あたりの含有銀量の高い丁銀への復帰は幕府の財政難を招き、再び路線変更を余儀なくされた。
English: After the Ginza Reform in 1800, the minting of Nanryo Nishu Gin was restarted.
Japanese: 寛政12年（1800年）の銀座(歴史)改革以降、南鐐二朱銀の鋳造が再開された。
English: The coins minted after this reform were called Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin.
Japanese: この時点で発行されたものは寛政南鐐二朱銀（かんせいなんりょうにしゅぎん）と呼ばれる。
English: Some Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin with a surface engraving similar to that of the later introduced Shin Nanryo Nishu Gin were sometimes mistaken for the latter, but some other Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin seem to have been categorized as being in between.
Japanese: 表面の書体が後の新南鐐二朱銀に類似するものがそれであるとされるが中間的なものも存在する。
English: Meiwa Nanryo Nishu Gin and Kansei Nanryo Nishu Gin are collectively called Ko (Old) Nanryo Nishu Gin.
Japanese: 明和南鐐二朱銀および寛政南鐐二朱銀を総称して古南鐐二朱銀（こなんりょうにしゅぎん）と呼ぶ。
English: Although the standard ryome for Ko Nanryo Nishu Gin was originally 10.12g, it was allowed to excess the weight by up to 0.18g for the convenience of the Ginza business at their expense and there were many weighing 10.30g.
Japanese: 尚、古南鐐二朱銀の規定量目は本来二匁七分（10.12グラム）であるが、銀座における作業の都合などから五厘の過目（すぎめ）までは認められ過目分は銀座の負担とし、二匁七分五厘（10.30グラム）程度のものも少なくない。
English: Buichigin, the Ginza's profit from cupellated silver and re-refining Nanryo Nishu Gin from old silver coins, was set as 7% of the total amount of mintage.
Japanese: 灰吹銀および回収された旧銀から南鐐二朱銀を吹きたてる場合の銀座の収入である分一銀（ぶいちぎん）は鋳造高の7%と設定された。
English: In 1824, Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin/Shin (new) Nanryo Nishu Gin were issued with less ryome and, in 1837, production of countable silver coins was completed with Tenpo Ichibu Gin.
Japanese: 文政7年（1824年）には量目を減少させた、文政南鐐二朱銀/新南鐐二朱銀（ぶんせいなんりょうにしゅぎん/しんなんりょうにしゅぎん）を発行し、その後、天保8年（1837年）発行の天保一分銀に計数銀貨は完成を見たのであった。
English: This nominal money generated profits for the bakufu which was suffering from chronic financial difficulties and they could not stop issuing nominal money.
Japanese: このような名目貨幣は幕府に利益をもたらすものであり、慢性的な財政難に悩む幕府にとって、もはや名目貨幣の発行は止まる所を知らないものとなっていった。
English: While this was a policy that could only work in national isolation from the viewpoint of the international situation at that time, it caused gold to move overseas after the Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: しかしこれは当時の国際情勢を鑑みれば鎖国の下でのみ通用する政策であり、そのことが日米和親条約後の金流出へと至る原因となった。
English: Buichigin (the profit of Ginza) was set at 3.5% of the total amount of the mintage of Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin and "Ginza Toshiyori Goshosuji Negainogi Moushiagesouro Kakitsuke" (Ginza top official's report on prize application) said that the profit bakufu made by re-refining Bunsei Nanryo Nishu Gin from Chogin and Ko Nanryo Nishu Ban was 1,705,191 ryo.
Japanese: 分一銀は文政南鐐二朱銀では鋳造高の3.5%と設定され、また丁銀および古南鐐二朱判などからの吹替えにより幕府が得た出目は『銀座年寄御賞筋願之義申上候書付』によれば1,705,191両であった。
English: In Japan, during the Meiji period, 1 shaku was set at 10 over 33 meters, so 1 sun became 1 over 33 meters, or about 3.03 centimeters.
Japanese: 日本では明治時代に1尺＝(10/33)メートル(m)と定められたので、1寸は(1/33)メートル、すなわち約3.03センチメートル(cm)となる。
English: In People's Republic of China, 1 shaku (in pinyin, 'chi') was set at 1 over 3 meters, so 1 sun (in pinyin, 'cun') became about 3.33 centimeters.
Japanese: 中華人民共和国では、1尺＝(1/3)メートルと定めたので、1寸は約3.33センチメートルとなる。
English: The Chinese character '寸' is also used for the decimeter (dm) of International Unit System (SI), so, to make a distinction, the sun used in their traditional system of measurement is called 'shi cun,' and the sun in SI is called 'gong cun.'
Japanese: また、国際単位系のデシメートル(dm)にも「寸」の字を宛てており、区別のため尺貫法（市制(単位系)）の寸を「市寸」、SI（公制）の寸を「公寸」と呼ぶ。
English: Sun is thought to have originated from an anthropomorphic unit for showing the breadth of a thumb (just the same as inch).
Japanese: 当初の寸は親指の幅を指す身体尺であったと考えられている（これはインチも同様である）。
English: Shaku originated from the breadth between the thumb and forefinger when they are opened, and sun seems to have been invented independently from shaku, but anyway, sun began to be set at the length of a tenth shaku during the age of Zhou Dynasty China.
Japanese: 尺は親指と人差指を広げた時の幅であり、元々の寸は尺とは独立に発生したものと考えられるが、周代に尺の10分の1とされるようになった。
English: This represents the shape that a thumb is counting somebody's pulse by feeling the wrist, which is said to lead to the character's present meaning of the breadth of a thumb.
Japanese: これは、手首に親指を当てて脈拍を計る様子を形取ったものであり、そこから親指の幅を指す現在の寸の意味になったという。
English: Some says the description in "Setsumon" (Analytical Dictionary of Chinese Characters) that 'Go a bit (in Chinese characters, 一寸) from the lower end of the palm, and you will find sunko (寸口, the place where the pulse can be felt)' led the character '寸' to indicate the length.
Japanese: また、『説文』には「人の手をへだてること一寸、脈拍これを寸口といふ」という記述があり、ここから、手の平の下端から1寸の位置で脈を計るため、「寸」の文字がこの長さを表すようになったとする説もある。
English: In Japan, most adult men had the height from 5-shaku level (about 150 to 180 centimeters) so when their height was explained, '5 shaku' was omitted from their real height, and merely the remainder was mentioned in sun.
Japanese: 日本では、成人男性の身長はおおむね5尺台（約150cm-180cm）であったので、身長を言う時には「5尺」を省略してその下の寸だけを言った。
English: For example, when someone said '4 sun for height,' it meant 5 shaku and 4 sun, and this was almost common sense when the East Asian traditional system of weights and measures was widely used.
Japanese: 例えば「身長4寸」と言われれば、それが5尺4寸の意味であるということは、尺貫法が広く使われていた時代にはほぼ常識であった。
English: And when an incline was explained, sun served as the unit of vertical length per 1 shaku of horizontal length.
Japanese: また、勾配（角度）を表すときに、水平方向1尺に対する垂直方向の長さを寸を単位として表していた。
English: As the Japanese word 'sunpo' (length) shows, sun is used to express 'length;' and it also means short, small, or the like, which is seen in some Japanese words, such as 'sungeki' (a short play), 'sunshi' (literally, a small token of one's gratitude, which is used as a humble expression by a gift sender), 'sunpyo' (a brief comment), 'sundan' (cutting something into shreds), and 'chotto' (in Chinese characters, 一寸; for a while, or a little).
Japanese: 「寸法」という言葉もあるように「長さ」の意味でも用い、「寸劇」「寸志」「寸評」「寸断」「一寸（ちょっと）」など、短いこと、わずかなことの意味にも用いる。
English: Sonno Joi is a philosophy of respect for the Emperor and rejection of external pressures and foreign enemies.
Japanese: 尊王攘夷（そんのうじょうい、尊攘）とは、王を尊び外圧・外敵を撃退しなければならないとする思想。
English: In Japan, it was discussed passionately among people from Chotei Court officials to the general public at the end of the Edo period and became a watchword for the anti-establishment movement.
Japanese: 日本では、幕末に朝廷から一般民衆まで熱く論じられ、反体制運動の合言葉ともなった。
English: The phase was coined from Sonno as the base of the country and Joi to stand against foreign invaders.
Japanese: 国の存在の根拠としての尊王と、侵掠・侵入してくる外敵に対抗する攘夷が結びついたもの。
English: In the Chunqiu period in China, the leader used the slogan meaning 'To respect (尊) the Emperor (王) and protect Zhou Dynasty, we have to expel the iteki (夷狄 [unfamiliar tribes, at that time the Chu Dynasty to the south of Zhou Dynasty]),' and scholars of Japanese classic literature imported to use it.
Japanese: 古代中国の春秋時代において、周王朝の天子（王）を尊び、王朝を守るため侵入する夷狄（いてき＝周辺諸民族。この時代の夷狄は南方の楚を指していた）を打ち払う、という意味で覇者が用いた標語を、国学者が輸入して流用したものである。
English: Lord Huan of Qi (a state in Zhou Dynasty) held other lords together to subdue iteki including Chu without being disrespectful to the Zhou court.
Japanese: 斉(春秋)の桓公(斉)は、周室への礼を失せず、諸侯を一致団結させて、楚に代表される夷狄を討伐した。
English: While the Chinese character '王' was used in '尊王' (Sonno) in China because 'O' (王) was modeled after the Emperor of the Zhou, Sonno was also written as '尊皇' because '王' had meant the 'Emperor' (皇) in Japan who was not just a King but someone more revered since Sonnoron (Imperialism) was accepted in Japan
Japanese: なお、中国では、周の天子（王）を「王」のモデルとしていたことから、本来「尊王」と書くが、尊王論が日本に受容されるに際して「王」とは天皇のことであるという読み換えが行われたことから、天皇は単なる国王ではなく皇帝であるという優越意識を踏まえて「尊皇」に置き換えて用いることもある。
English: In Japan, Sonnoron is a philosophy that, based on the concept of Japan as the nation defined in the "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), claims that Japan exists because of the will of the Emperor (God).
Japanese: 日本における尊王論とは、『古事記』・『日本書紀』が日本という国家の根拠を示したことに基づいて、日本国の存在の根拠を天皇（神）に依ろう、とする考え方。
English: The idea that the cultures, ethnic groups and nations originate in God is universal and developed differently, such as a theory of the divine right of kings in which the authority of kings is thought to be granted by God.
Japanese: 文化・民族・国の根拠を神に依ろうとする発想は世界共通のもので、王の権威は神から授かったのだという考えに依拠する王権神授説などその流れは多様。
English: It is also the same all over the world that the idea that the ethnic groups and nations originate in God becomes radical as a nation and its people are in crisis.
Japanese: 神に民族・国の根拠を依拠する思想は、その国・民族が危機に面するほど過激になるのも世界共通。
English: In Japan, during the peaceful Edo period which had lasted more than 200 years, people never thought that they would go abroad to get something or that foreigners might ever come to Japan to steal something from them.
Japanese: 日本では、200年余り続いた江戸の太平の世の中では、外国のどこかへ行って物を取ってこよう、外国のどこかが日本に来て何かを持って行ってしまうかもしれない、という発想・実感はなかった。
English: However, European countries which started to explore the world after the Age of Geographical Discovery to expand their areas of dominance and the USA which rode on the wave of continuous Imperialism and made a foray into Africa and Asia for incursions and colonization became a threat for East Asian countries.
Japanese: ところが大航海時代以降世界に進出、支配領域を拡大したヨーロッパ、続く帝国主義の波に乗ったアメリカ合衆国によるアフリカ・アジア進出・侵略・植民地化は、東アジア各国にとっても脅威となった。
English: When Admiral Perry of the the East India Squadron visited Japan, this Kyoka (comic Tanka) was created: 'Jokisen woke me up from a long peaceful sleep, only four of them but kept me awake all night.'
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国の東インド艦隊司令長官ペリーが来航した時には「泰平の眠りを覚ます上喜撰（蒸気船）、たった四杯で夜も眠れず」という狂歌が読まれた。
English: This Tanka was cynical about the confusion by a double meaning of 'four cups of Jokisen tea kept us awake all night' and 'four Jokisen (steamboats) created chaos in the whole country which kept us from sleeping all night'.
Japanese: 上喜撰を飲んで「たった四杯で夜も眠れなくなる」ことと、異国の蒸気船が来航して「たった四杯（隻）で国中が蜂の巣をつついたような騒ぎとなり夜も眠れないでいる」こととをかけて世の騒動を揶揄している訳である。
English: As Qing Dynasty went into the Opium War with England in southern China and lost Hong Kong, Japan began to face growing tension after the incidents such as the Golovnin Affair in Hokkaido and the Phaeton Incident in Kyushu.
Japanese: 中国南部では清国がイギリスと戦争（アヘン戦争）となり香港を奪われ、日本でも北海道でゴローウニン事件、九州でフェートン号事件といった例などの摩擦が起こり始めた。
English: Although, to deal with the situation, they could either accept foreign visitors by 'Kaikoku' (opening the country to the world) and go overseas themselves, or expel the visitors to keep the (previous) peace, 'Joi' was the idea and concept of the latter.
Japanese: これに対応するためには、「開国」して外来者を受け入れ自らも外へ出て行くか、外来者を追い払って（これまでの）平和を維持するかのどちらかであるが、「攘夷」は後者の発想・考え方。
English: Within Japan, it was a time that ethnic consciousness was rising rapidly together with the spread of Kokugaku (study of Japanese literature and culture).
Japanese: また、国内では国学(学問)の普及にともなって民族意識がとみに高まった時代でもあった。
English: While the whole situation was very complex, the major trend at the end of the Edo period was that the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Satsuma Domain who insisted on opening Japan to the world were at odds with the Choshu Domain who insisted on expelling foreigners.
Japanese: ことは複雑で事態は単純ではないが、大きな流れとしては、江戸幕末では「開国」を主張する徳川幕府や薩摩藩と、「攘夷」を主張する長州藩の対立となった。
English: Additionally, under pressure from some European countries and America, the Emperor agreed to the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1865, which made it impossible for 'Sonno' and 'Joi' to be joined together.
Japanese: ところが、欧米列国の圧力により修好通商条約に天皇が勅許を出した（1865年）ことにより「尊王」と「攘夷」は結びつかなくなった。
English: Some samurai such as Takamasa OKUNI of Tsuwano Domain supported the principle of Daijoiron, which was the concept that, to resist pressure from the allied western powers, it would be best to temporarily open the country to the world and give priority to uniting the whole country and fukoku kyohei (strengthening the military).
Japanese: また、津和野藩の大国隆正らによって、欧米列強の圧力を排するためには一時的に外国と開国してでも国内統一や富国強兵を優先すべきだとする大攘夷論が唱えられた。
English: This created the possibility for the conflicting principles of opening the country and expelling foreigners to converge toward the goal of attacking the shogunate.
Japanese: これは、「開国」と「攘夷」という相反する対外思想が「討幕」という一つの行動目的へと収斂される可能性を生んだ。
English: Then later, with the intercession and help of Rhoma SAKAMOTO of Tosa Domain, two large local forces of Satsuma and Choshu Domains turned toward attacking the shogunate at the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 土佐藩の坂本龍馬らの斡旋・仲介・手助けもあって、幕末日本の薩摩と長州の二大地方勢力は討幕へと向かっていくことになる。
English: Kanei-tsuho refers to coins that were in wide use throughout the entire Edo period in Japan.
Japanese: 寛永通宝（かんえいつうほう）は、日本の江戸時代を通じて広く流通した銭貨。
English: For the value of the currency, Kanei-tsuho which was inscribed with raised markings, was equivalent to four Mon (a "mon" was a unit of copper currency in Edo and 4,000 mon were equal to 1 ryo (a unit of gold currency)).
Japanese: 貨幣価値は、裏面に波形が刻まれているものが4文(通貨単位)に相当した。
English: In those days, a collection of 96 mon of Kanei-tsuho tied together by a string known as zeni-toshi was equivalent to 100 mon (tanhaku).
Japanese: 当時96文を銭通しに通してまとめると100文として通用（短陌）した。
English: Kanei-tsuho, which was minted before 1659, was called Ko-Kanei (old Kanei-tsuho).
Japanese: 寛永通宝のうち、万治2年（1659年）までに鋳造されたものを古寛永（こかんえい）と呼ぶ。
English: Kanei-tsuho, which as minted around 1668 was called Shin-Kanei (new Kanei-tsuho).
Japanese: 寛文8年（1668年）以降に鋳造されたものを新寛永（しんかんえい）と呼ぶ。
English: Kanei-tsuho which was made of copper or brass continued to be recognized as a currency around the period of the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 銅または真鍮製の寛永通宝は、明治維新以後も貨幣としての効力が認められ続けた。
English: Four- and one-mon copper coins were also legally equivalent to two-rin ("Rin," a monetary unit equivalent to one-thousandth of one yen) and a one-rin coin, respectively, until 1953.
Japanese: 昭和28年（1953年）まで、銅貨4文銭は2厘、銅貨1文銭は1厘硬貨として法的に通用していた.
English: According to a large quantity of articles unearthed in various places in China, and records and literatures in China, Kanei-tsuho had been circulated even in China during the Qing Dynasty.
Japanese: また、中国各地での大量の出土例や記録文献などから、清代の中国でも寛永通宝が流通していたことが判っている。
English: In the Ming Dynasty prior to the Qing Dynasty, the use of copper coins was prohibited, and copper coins were replaced by paper money, but in the Qing Dynasty, the use of coins was revived.
Japanese: 清に先立つ明では、銅銭使用を禁じ、紙幣に切り替えていたが、清代になってから銭貨の使用が復活した。
English: However, due to a small quantity of circulated coins, Kanei-tsuho was imported from Japan in order to respond to the demand for coins.
Japanese: しかし銭貨の流通量が少なかったため、銭貨需要に応えるべく、日本から寛永通宝が輸出された。
English: In 1626, Shinsuke SATO, a rich merchant in Mito, Hitachi Province, started minting this coin upon obtaining the permission of Edo bakufu and Mito Domain, but this coin was not a coin officially permitted by the government yet at this time.
Japanese: 寛永3年（1626年）に常陸国水戸の富商・佐藤新助が、江戸幕府と水戸藩の許可を得て鋳造したのが始まりだが、この時はまだ、正式な官銭ではなかった。
English: The coin which is thought to have been minted around this time was a so-called Nisuiei because the top part of letter '永' looked like '二' (ni), and it is believed that a letter of '三' (three) marked at the bottom on the reverse side indicated the 'third year of Kanei era,' the year it was minted.
Japanese: このとき鋳造されたとされるものが、いわゆる二水永（にすいえい）と呼ばれる「永」字の上部が「二」に見えるものであり、背（裏面）下部には「三」と鋳込まれ、鋳造年の「寛永三年」を意味するといわれる。
English: Although the minting came to an end because Shinsuke died of illness before long, Shobei SATO, Shinsuke's son, who succeeded to Shinsuke's business in 1635 requested to be allowed to reminting the coin.
Japanese: 新助はやがて病死し鋳造は途絶えるが、九年後の寛永12年（1635年）に新助の息子、佐藤庄兵衛が後を継ぎ再び鋳銭を願い出た。
English: In July 1636, the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established zeniza (an organization in charge of casting coins during the Edo period) at Hashiba in Edo and Sakamoto in Omi Province.
Japanese: 寛永13年（1636年）6月、幕府が江戸橋場と近江坂本に銭座を設置。
English: However, the Mito Domain, Sendai Domain, Matsumoto Domain, Mikawa-Yoshida Domain, Takada Domain, Okayama Domain, Choshu Domain, Oka Domain and so on also obtained the bakufu's permission, and established zeniza.
Japanese: しかし水戸藩、仙台藩、松本藩、三河吉田藩、高田藩、岡山藩、長州藩、岡藩等でも幕府の許可を得て銭座を設けて鋳造していた。
English: With respect to places where coins were minted, places known in the world of ancient coin collection were applied, and the place of minting was confirmed through excavation activities only for some coins such as Nagato-sen and so on.
Japanese: 鋳銭地は古銭収集界で現存するものを当てはめたものであり、これらの内発掘などで銭籍が確定しているものは長門銭など一部である。
English: Asakusa-sen/Okura-sen ("Okura" refers to a rice storehouse of the Edo shogunate): These coins were minted at zeniza in Asakusa-Hashiba, Edo.
Japanese: 浅草銭/御蔵銭（あさくさせん/おくらせん）：江戸浅草橋場の銭座で鋳造。
English: For many of Shiba-sen, the soten method (a dot part of letter was displayed in sosho-tai (cursive style writing)) was used like displaying dot part of '通' and the top part of '永' in sosho-tai (cursive style writing).
Japanese: 「通」字の之繞および「永」字などの点が草書体となった「草点」のものが多い。
English: Although the total minted amount of Ko-Kanei is unknown because no detailed records remain, the amount was estimated from the target amount of minted coins to be 3.25 million kanmon (1,000 kanmon equaling 10,000 yen) (3.25 billion coins).
Japanese: 古寛永の総鋳造高については詳しい記録が見当たらず不明であるが、鋳銭目標などから推定した数値では325万貫文（32億5千万枚）とされた。この内、鳥越銭が30万貫文（3億枚）、沓谷銭は20万貫文（2億枚）との記録もある。
English: One record claimed that the amount included 300 thousand kanmon (300 million coins) of Torigoe-sen and 200 thousand kanmon (200 million coins) of Kutsunoya-sen.
Japanese: この内、鳥越銭が30万貫文（3億枚）、沓谷銭は20万貫文（2億枚）との記録もある。
English: Shin-Kanei-bunsen which spread across the country along with the establishment of shogunate system almost completely expelled Torai-sen (coins imported from China) including Eiraku-tsuho (bronze coins struck in the Ming dynasty) in around the Kanbun era about 30 years after the first minting, and domestic production of all coins was realized.
Japanese: 幕藩体制の確立と共に全国に普及、創鋳から30年ほど経った寛文年間頃には、永楽通宝をはじめとする渡来銭をほぼ完全に駆逐し、貨幣の純国産化を実現した。
English: A coin which was issued in Kameido, Edo in June 1668 was commonly called 'Daibutsu-sen' (Great Buddha coin) because rumors spread that the coin was minted by recasting Kyo no daibutsu (Daibutsu of Kyo) at Hoko-ji Temple in Kyoto.
Japanese: 寛文8年（1668年）5月、江戸亀戸で発行されたものは、京都・方広寺の京の大仏を鋳潰して鋳造したという噂が流布したこともあり、俗に「大仏銭」と呼ばれていた。
English: In addition, the coin was also called Bun-sen because it was marked with a letter of '文' on the reverse side.
Japanese: また、裏に「文」の字があることから、文銭（ぶんせん）とも呼ばれていた。
English: (Letters of '寛文' on the coin which were formed by combining '文' with '寛' on the front face indicated that the coin was minted in the Kanbun (displayed as 寛文 in Japanese) era.)
Japanese: （表の「寛」の字とあわせて「寛文」となり、寛文年間の鋳造であることを表している。）
English: A large-scale minting was conducted at zeniza in Kameido, Edo, which was established by giving a contract to Gofuku-ya kimono shops and so on, and good-quality and homogeneous coins came to be minted.
Japanese: 呉服屋らが請負って設立された江戸亀戸の銭座で大規模に鋳造が行われ、良質で均質なものとなった。
English: Hakuseki ARAI estimated that the amount of coins minted from 1668 to 1683 had been 1.97 million kanmon (1.97 billion coins), but the "Bishu-Chayake Kiroku" (records of the Chaya family in Bishu (Owari Province) said that the amount of coins minted during such period had been 2,138,710 kanmon (2,138,710 thousand coins).
Japanese: 新井白石は寛文8年（1668年）から天和(日本)3年（1683年）までの鋳造高を197万貫文（19億7千万枚）と推測しているが、『尾州茶屋家記録』では213万8710貫文（21億3871万枚）としている。
English: The market price of the currency rose suddenly because of the issuance of the Genroku Koban (oval gold coin issued in the Genroku era) and the Genroku Chogin (oval silver coin issued in the Genroku era). Their quality levels deteriorated, and the market price of one ryo (unit of gold currency) decreased from around 4,800 mon (unit of currency) in 1694 to 3,700 mon in 1700.
Japanese: 品位の低下した元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行により銭相場が高騰し、元禄7年（1694年）に一両＝4800文前後であったものが元禄13年（1700年）には一両＝3700文前後となった。
English: In addition, since a shortage of coins became remarkable due to economic development, Shigehide OGIWARA, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), decided to also decrease ryome (a weighed value) of one-mon copper coin, and the ryome decreased from about one monme (equivalent to 3.7 grams) in the past to about eight bu (equivalent to 3.0 grams).
Japanese: 加えて経済発展により銭不足も目立ち始めたため、勘定奉行の荻原重秀は銅一文銭についても量目を減ずることとし、量目がこれまでの一匁（3.7グラム）程度から八分（3.0グラム）程度となった。
English: The minting was started at zeniza in Kameido, Edo in 1698, and at zeniza in Shichijo-dori Street, Kyoto in 1700.
Japanese: 元禄11年（1698年）からは江戸亀戸で、元禄13年からは京都七条通の銭座で鋳造を行った。
English: The amount of coins minted at Shichijo, Kyoto during a period from April 1700 to January 1708 recorded 1,736,684 kanmon (1,736,684,000 coins), and copper produced from Tatsukawadozan Copper mine (Besshidozan Copper mine), Iyo Province was mainly used.
Japanese: 京都七条における元禄13年3月より宝永5年（1708年）1月までの鋳造高は1,736,684貫文（1,736,684,000枚）に上り、主に伊予国立川銅山（別子銅山）の産銅が用いられた。
English: In 1708, coins minted in Kameido, Edo were small.
Japanese: 宝永5年（1708年）、江戸亀戸で鋳造されたものも小型のものである。
English: They were called Yotsuho-sen because the quality was poor like Hoei Yotsuho Chogin.
Japanese: 宝永四ツ宝丁銀のように質が悪いという意味から四ツ宝銭（よつほうせん）と呼ばれる。
English: (However, there appears another theory that coins which were conventionally considered to be Ogiwara-sen and Yotsuho-sen were minted in a different period.)
Japanese: （ただし、従来荻原銭および四ツ宝銭とされてきたものは別の時代の鋳造であるとの説も浮上している。）
English: In 1714, in the light of the issuance of Shotoku Koban and Shotoku Chogin whose quality levels were returned to those of Keicho Koban and Keicho Chogin, the quality of one-mon coin was returned to a level equivalent to that of monsen.
Japanese: 正徳(日本)4年（1714年）、品位を慶長のものへ復帰した正徳小判正徳丁銀の発行を踏まえ、一文銭も文銭と同様の良質なものに復帰した。
English: A coin which was considered to be minted in Kameido at this time was called Maruya-sen or Mimishiro-sen, and it is said that coins equivalent to 500 thousand kanmon (500 million coins) were minted.
Japanese: このとき亀戸で鋳造されたとされるものが丸屋銭（まるやせん）、あるいは耳白銭（みみしろせん）であり、50万貫文（5億枚）が鋳造されたとされる。
English: The minting started at Aikawa-cho, Sado Province in 1717 (coin marked with a letter of '佐' on the reverse side), at Jumantsubo, Fukagawa (Koto Ward), Edo, and Shichijo, Kyoto in 1726, and at Nanba, Osaka and Ishinomaki in 1728.
Japanese: 享保2年（1717年）には佐渡国相川町（背面に「佐」字）、享保11年（1726年）に江戸深川_(江東区)十万坪、京都七条、享保13年（1728年）に大坂難波、石巻などで鋳造が行われている。
English: In 1737, it was planned to increase the production of coins in response to sharp increase in the market price of currency to 2,800 mon per ryo due to issuance of Genbun Koban (oval gold coin issued in the Genbun era) and Genbun Chogin (oval silver coin issued in the Genbun era) whose quality levels were deteriorated in 1736, and these coins came to be marked with letters indicating a place of minting on the reverse side.
Japanese: 元文2年（1737年）には前年（1736年）の品位を低下させた元文小判元文丁銀の発行により、銭相場が一両＝2800文前後まで急騰したのを受け銭貨の増産が図られ、これらの銭貨の背面には鋳造地を示す文字が鋳込まれるようになる。
English: There is no way of finding the total amount of one-mon copper coins minted through the Edo period, but the survey on the amount of circulated coins which was conducted by the Ministry of Finance in the Meiji period revealed that 2,114,246,283 coins were circulated in total.
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じた銅一文銭の総鋳造高は知る由も無いが、明治時代の大蔵省による流通高の調査では2,114,246,283枚としている。
English: However, the above figure showed an amount of coins collected in exchange for iron coins and accumulated in the bakufu's treasury during the Ansei era, and as already stated in the above, the amount of minted coins went beyond it.
Japanese: しかしこの数値は鉄銭などとの引換に回収され安政年間に幕府庫に集積された数であり、既に述べたように鋳造高はこの程度にとどまるものではない。