nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: A standard explanation for the crushing defeat of Takeda's cavalry is that the stockade prevented it from exercising its ability to attack.
Japanese: 武田軍が大敗した理由としては、通説では武田の騎馬隊は柵の前に攻撃力を発揮できなかったことがあげられる。
English: Another explanation is that the Oda army's sandan-uchi which compensated for the teppo's slow reloading did greater damage to the Takeda forces which made intermittent attack, anticipating the delay in firing.
Japanese: また、鉄砲の時間差を見越して断続的に攻撃を仕掛けたが、織田軍の時間ロスを減らした三段撃ちによって被害を拡大させた。
English: Seeing the cavalry's forces considerably reduced, the Oda-Tokugawa allied forces leapt over the stockade and utterly destroyed the enemy.
Japanese: 著しく戦力が低下したところを柵より打って出た織田・徳川連合軍によって殲滅されたとされる。
English: As has been mentioned in the section "The Oda Force's 3,000 teppo and Sandan Uchi," we do not know if the tactics was really employed.
Japanese: しかし、織田軍の鉄砲数と三段撃ちに記述されるように三段撃ちは実在が疑わしい。
English: It is also unlikely that the cavalry stayed within range of the teppo for several hours from morning to early afternoon and was subject to constant gun attacks.
Japanese: また、武田軍は朝から昼過ぎまで数時間にわたって鉄砲の射程内に留まり、ひたすら掃射を受けていたこともおかしい。
English: In any case the standard explanation is untenable as "Shinchoko-ki" mentions that gunners freely went inside and came out of the stockade.
Japanese: 『信長公記』の記述では柵から出入りしていたとあることから、いずれにしても通説は非常に疑わしい。
English: Concerning the damage done by the teppo, some scholars (such as Motohiko IZAWA) have suggested that 'although the sandan-uchi tactics was not carried out, the horses of the Takeda cavalry were upset when 1,000 teppo were fired at the same time and brought it into great confusion.'
Japanese: 鉄砲による損害に関しては「三段撃ちこそ無かったものの、1000丁という大量の鉄砲の一斉掃射による轟音によって武田の馬が冷静さを失い、騎馬隊を大混乱に陥れたのではないか」とする説がある（井沢元彦ほか）。
English: In the battle with the Saiga teppo units, the Oda army was also thrown into a chaos by blanks rapidly fired by the enemy to hide their snipers.
Japanese: 過去に織田軍も雑賀鉄砲隊との戦いで、雑賀軍が狙撃主を秘匿するために行った囮の空砲の速射で大混乱に陥ったことがある。
English: It is highly likely that salvo and rapid firing had a great menacing effect on the army of the time.
Japanese: 当時の軍隊には鉄砲の一斉射撃や速射に高い威嚇効果があった可能性が高い。
English: The Takeda force, on the other hand, had never fought with the armies like Zaiga and Negoro where teppo units played a central part.
Japanese: 逆に武田軍はそれまで雑賀や根来のような鉄砲隊を主力とした軍隊と戦った経験はない。
English: It cannot be denied that as far as measures against gunshot noise are concerned, the Takeda army was more behind than the Oda force that had suffered a heavy defeat.
Japanese: 過去に手痛い敗戦を被った織田軍よりも轟音対策が遅れていた面は否定できない。
English: The field fortification, which was unusual at that time and which is itself an important historical fact, was something that the Takeda forces experienced for the first time.
Japanese: また、当時として異例の野戦築城は、それ自体が重要な史実であると同時に、当然武田軍にとって初めての経験である。
English: Some have argued that the primary reason for Takeda's crushing defeat was the employment of traditional tactics for field battle and cavalry charge.
Japanese: 従来通りの野戦と騎馬隊突撃の戦術を用いたのが大敗の一番の理由とする説もある。
English: Takeda's cavalry which was outnumbered drew lines of battle in the shape of two flanking wings that surrounded the enemy.
Japanese: 数的劣勢に立たされていた武田軍が取った布陣は翼包囲を狙った陣形だった。
English: One of the famous examples is the Battle of Cannae (whose details including a formation chart are available in the relevant section).
Japanese: 有名なところではカンナエの戦い（陣形図など当該記事が詳しい）がある。
English: The formation is a tactics for victory in which either wing makes a detour and breaks through the enemy lines.
Japanese: これは両翼のどちらかが敵陣を迂回突破することで勝利を見出す戦術である。
English: If the central force is defeated before either wing can detour to break through the enemy lines, only the wings will be left and suffer server damage.
Japanese: 両翼の部隊が迂回突破する前に中央の部隊が崩れると両翼の部隊が残されて大損害を被る。
English: The left wing was led by Yamagata and Naito and the right wing comprised fine and brave warriors like Baba, Sanada brothers and Tsuchiya.
Japanese: 左翼に山県・内藤、右翼に馬場・真田兄弟・土屋と戦上手、もしくは勇猛な部将を配置していた。
English: Nevertheless, the central force was destroyed as Katsuyori's relatives (including the senior vassals like his uncle Nobukado TAKEDA and his cousins Nobukimi ANAYAMA and Nobutoyo Takeda (of the Kai-Takeda clan)) retreated prematurely.
Japanese: にも関わらず、中央部隊の親類衆（特に重鎮、叔父・武田信廉、従兄弟・穴山信君、武田信豊(甲斐武田氏)）の早期退却によって中央部の戦線が崩壊した。
English: (Nobukimi ANAYAMA and Nobukado TAKEDA who admittedly had been in bad terms with Katsuryori were as good as deserting in the face of the enemy in defiance of the command of Supreme Commander Katsuyori).
Japanese: （穴山信君、武田信廉はもともと勝頼とは仲が悪かったとはいえ、これらは総大将の勝頼の命令を無視した敵前逃亡と言うべきものだった）。
English: His cousin Nobunaga MOCHIZUKI (Nobushige TAKEDA's third son and Nobutoyo's biological, younger brother) was his only relative killed in the center.
Japanese: 戦死したのは近親者は従兄弟の望月信永（武田信繁三男、信豊の実弟）のみという有様だった。
English: Naturally, Nobunaga would have anticipated the two-flanking wings formation to concentrate gunners whose availability was limited on both wings.
Japanese: また、当然信長としても鶴翼包囲を予見し、限られた数の鉄砲を両翼に集中的に配置していたと考えるのが自然である。
English: Although this may not be immediately relevant, the Takeda force was psychologically pressured with few options and less time for decision-making, when Mt. Tobigasu was assaulted and their escape route was almost blocked.
Japanese: 間接的ではあるが、鳶ヶ巣山への攻撃により退路を脅かされたため、武田軍は意思決定の選択肢・時間が制限されて心理的に圧迫された。
English: Reportedly, it was clear on the day of the battle, albeit in July, the middle of the rainy season, except the area around the headquarters of the Takeda forces.
Japanese: また、5月(旧暦)という梅雨の時期に、この日だけは何故か武田軍の本陣付近以外は晴れていたと伝えられている。
English: (Nobunaga was nicknamed 'Rainy Shogun' as heavy rains always silenced the footsteps of soldiers every time he fought a major battle.)
Japanese: （特に信長は大事な合戦では必ず雨が降って行軍の足音を消したことから梅雨将軍とも呼ばれるほどだった。)
English: Thus Oda's teppo units were active while the Takeda army incurred more casualties because they could not assess the situation of the battle due to the fog.
Japanese: このため、織田軍の鉄砲隊が大活躍し、逆に武田軍は霧のために戦況を正しく把握することができず損害をいっそう拡大させたとされる。
English: There are various opinions about the existence of 'Takeda's famous cavalry,' which however is not limited to the Battle of Nagashino.
Japanese: この戦いに限った話ではないが、有名な「武田の騎馬隊」の実在には様々な異論がある。
English: Symbolized by the legend of Black Horse, Kai Province is known of old as the production area of horses.
Japanese: 甲斐の黒駒伝承に象徴されるように甲斐国は古来から馬産地として知られる。
English: The cavalry was in fact the infantry comprised of mounted warriors and their attendants (buke hokonin or servants of a samurai family) as well as conscripted peasant soldiers (which was a common military organization of the time).
Japanese: だが、実質的には騎馬武者に率いられたその従者(武家奉公人)及び徴集された農兵による歩兵部隊であった（これは当時の一般的な軍制である）。
English: The smallest military unit was Yoriko, which consisted of yoriko (a horseman) and his retainers (buke hokonin), which was essentially the smallest operational unit.
Japanese: 軍制上の最小単位は寄子であり、即ち寄子（騎馬武者）+郎党（武家奉公人）が基本的に最小運用単位となる。
English: With some exceptions (like the Battle of Shiojiritoge), no cavalry unit was formed by horsemen alone.
Japanese: 騎兵のみで部隊を構成したという事実は一部を除いてない（塩尻峠の戦いなど）。
English: The number of mounted warriors assigned to each busho in "Koyo Gunkan" suggests that it was not enough to make a main force (though some have argued that the Koyo Gunkan is not so reliable).
Japanese: また、『甲陽軍鑑』にある各部将に付属される騎馬武者数を見ても主力と呼べるほどではない（ただし、甲陽軍鑑は余り信用できないとする意見もある）。
English: The Military Conscription Decree addressed to Nobuzane KAWAKUBO in 1571 refers to 3 mounted warriors, 5 teppo, 5 spears, 5 naginata (long-handled swords), 10 pole weapons, 2 bows and 3 standards.
Japanese: 元亀2年の河窪信実に宛てた軍役定書でも騎馬3、鉄砲5、持鑓5、長刀5、長柄10、弓2、旗3となっている。
English: The horse of the time, including the one indigenous to Kai Province, was presumably smaller than the modern thoroughbred (which is about 170 centimetres tall).
Japanese: 現在のサラブレッドなど(体高約170センチ)に比べれば、甲斐の在来馬をはじめ当時の馬は小型であったと考えられている。
English: A fine horse presented by Shigetsune TAGAYA to Nobunaga ODA in 1579 was 145 centimetres tall.
Japanese: 1579年に常陸の多賀谷重経から織田信長に献上された名馬の体高は四尺八寸（145センチ）である。
English: Yet it was not unusual as the Mongolian horse from the Asian continent of the time was about the same size.
Japanese: ただし、当時の大陸産の蒙古馬などもほぼ同程度の大きさであり、決して体格に問題があったとはいえない。
English: It completely differed from the Shetland pony (with a height of about 100 centimetres) which the name of pony often calls to mind.
Japanese: よくポニーといわれて想像されるシェトランドポニー（体高100センチ）とは全く異種のものである。
English: Those who are concerned with the equine conformation seem to be deceived by the name of pony with its imagery.
Japanese: 現在の馬格を問題にする論者にはポニーという名称のイメージが一人歩きしている感がある。
English: The Takeda cavalry moreover had few tactics drawing on its mobility, albeit one of its greatest traits.
Japanese: 関連して武田軍には騎馬の最大の特徴である機動力を生かした作戦がほとんど見受けられない。
English: It is therefore necessary to distinguish the Japanese cavalry in the Sengoku period from the nomadic or the modern military cavalry in which all fight on horseback.
Japanese: やはり日本の戦国時代における騎馬隊は全員騎乗で戦う遊牧民族や近代兵科の騎兵とは異なるものと考える必要がある。
English: Just before the battle, on July 6, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA wrote to his vassal, 'Built a stockade with care. (The Takeda side) will make only cavalry charges,' which is the intent of his order.
Japanese: また、直前の5月18日付けで徳川家康より家臣宛に「柵等よく念を入れて構築するように。（武田方は）馬一筋に突入してくるぞ」という趣旨の命令書を発している。
English: (Apparently) the allied forces were on high alert against Takeda's cavalry.
Japanese: （実態はともかく）連合軍が武田の騎馬隊を注意深く警戒していたのは事実である。
English: The normal school order was an imperial edict promulgated on April 10, 1886.
Japanese: 師範学校令（しはんがっこうれい）とは、1886年（明治19年）4月10日に公布された勅令である。
English: A normal school is categorized into two groups, an ordinary normal school and an higher (female) normal school (Article 2), and the existing normal schools for elementary education, secondary education and tertiary education were incorporated into ordinary normal schools, and the Tokyo normal school and Tokyo Women's Normal School were incorporated into higher normal schools.
Japanese: 師範学校は師範学校尋常師範学校（師範学校）と師範学校高等師範学校・女子高等師範学校の2つに分けられ（第2条）、それまであった、初等師範学校、中等師範学校、高等師範学校は、尋常師範学校、東京師範学校と東京女子師範学校は、高等師範学校とされる。
English: One higher normal school was set up in Tokyo and one ordinary normal school was created in each Prefecture (Article 3).
Japanese: 設置は、高等師範学校を東京に1か所、尋常師範学校を各府県に各1か所とした（第3条）。
English: The budget for the higher normal schools was burdened by the national treasury and the one for the ordinary normal schools used local tax (Article 4).
Japanese: 経費は、高等師範学校は国庫、尋常師範学校は地方税から支払われるとした（第4条）。
English: Therefore, those who wished to receive a higher education, but could not afford their school expenses chose a normal school instead of other ordinary schools which did not provide the school expenses of students.
Japanese: そのため、進学を希望している者の中で、学資が支給されない学校に入学しても、支払いが見込めない（いわゆる、経済的に恵まれない）者は、他の学校より、師範学校に入学することが多かった。
English: In the novel of Soseki NATSUME, "bocchan" (literally, a son from a good family), students of a normal school fought against those of a junior high school.
Japanese: 夏目漱石『坊っちゃん』では、旧制中学校たちと師範学校生たちとの喧嘩のシーンがある。
English: The novel says that "some students at the front were yelling, 'you, local-tax eaters, go home".
Japanese: そこで「〔略〕（中学生たちの）前の方にいる連中は、しきりに何だ地方税の癖に、引き込めと、怒鳴ってる」といった記述が見られる。
English: The normal school order was terminated after the education order was enacted in 1897.
Japanese: 1897年（明治30年）の師範教育令により、師範学校令は効力を失った。
English: Johyobun indicates the act of presenting a written document to a monarch or the document itself.
Japanese: 上表文（じょうひょうぶん）とは、君主に文書を奉ること、またその文書をいう。
English: The king of Wa, Emperor Yuryaku (aka. Waobu), presented a Johyobun to Emperor 順帝 of Song (Southern Dynasty) in May 478.
Japanese: 倭王雄略天皇（わおうぶ）は、宋(南朝)の昇明2（478年）年5月、宋の皇帝順帝（じゅんてい）に上表文を奉っている。
English: From ancient times, ancestors of our kings equipped with armors explored mountains and rivers and had no peace.'
Japanese: 「昔から祖彌（そでい）躬（みずか）ら甲冑（かっちゅう）を環（つらぬ）き、山川（さんせん）を跋渉（ばっしょう）し、寧処（ねいしょ）に遑（いとま）あらず。」
English: Your righteous government is peaceful and by reclaiming lands, your fame is spreading far and wide.'
Japanese: 「王道融泰（ゆうたい）にして、土を廓（ひら）き畿を遐（はるか）にす。」
English: We met all the kings of dynasties of your country and never failed to pay tributes every year.'
Japanese: 「累葉朝宗（るいようちょうそう）して歳（としごと）に愆（あやま）らず。」
English: Waobu described the achievements of his ancestors in the Johyobun and boasted the power of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) as if it was ruling over not only the east country of Japan where Emishi lived but also the countries of South Korea across Tsushima Straits.
Japanese: 倭王武は、祖先の功業の成果として、東国の毛人の国々のみならず、対馬海峡を渡って南朝鮮の国々まで、ヤマト王権の威力が行き渡っているかのように誇らしげにうたいあげている。
English: The Johyobun quoted several sentences from "Master Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumns", "The Book of Odes", "Zhuang-zi", "Rites of Zhou", "Classic of History" and so on.
Japanese: この上表文には、『春秋左氏伝』・『毛詩（もうし）』・『荘子』・『周礼（しゅらい）』・『尚書（しょうしょ）』等から引かれているものが見受けられるという。
English: For example, 'equipped with armors explored mountains and rivers' is an excerpt from "Master Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumns".
Japanese: 例えば、「躬ら甲冑を環き、山川を跋渉す」などは『春秋左氏伝』にも見られる字句である。
English: By the way, the author of "Suishu" is Gicho (? - 643).
Japanese: 因みに、『隋書』の著者は、魏徴（ぎちょう　？-貞観_(唐)17年（643））である。
English: In 600, there is King of Wa, his family name is Ame, his nickname is Tarishihiko and his go (pen name) is Okimi.
Japanese: 「開皇20年、俀王あり、姓は阿毎（アメ）、字（あざな）は多利思比孤（タラシヒコ）、阿輩雞彌と号す。
English: It means that AME no Tarishihoko called heaven his older brother and the sun his younger brother, and his name was the reverend and noble son coming down to earth from heaven, associating tenson korin (descent of the heavenly grandchild).
Japanese: 阿毎多利思北孤は天を兄とし、日を弟とし、その名は天より垂下した尊貴な男子という意味で、天孫降臨を思わせる。
English: If this description refrected the truth, King of Wa of Yamato sovereignty was called 'Okimi' as early as the end of the sixth century.
Japanese: そうすると6世紀末の時点で俀王は国内で「大王(ヤマト王権)（オオキミ）」と称されていたことが分かる。
English: The following is a part of the famous official letter (Johyobun) from AME no Tarishihoko to Emperor Yodai of Sui Dynasty, which was brought by the second Kenzuishi.
Japanese: 第2回目遣隋使として、阿毎多利思北孤が、隋の皇帝煬帝（ようだい）に奉った有名な国書（上表文）は次の通りである。
English: The letter angered Emperor Yodai and the Emperor said to Korokei, a diplomat, that 'if another rude letter comes from the barbarian, do not bring it to me'.
Japanese: これを見た煬帝は、立腹し、外交担当官である鴻臚卿（こうろけい）に「蕃夷の書に無礼あらば、また以て聞するなかれ」と命じたという。
English: In response to the letter, Emperor Yodai wrote an official letter to King of Wa, but according to "Nihonshoki", ONO no Imoko lost the letter on his way back.
Japanese: これに対して、煬帝が倭王に宛てた国書は、『日本書紀』によれば小野妹子が紛失したという。
English: In the third Kenzuishi (608), ONO no Imoko, chief of the envoy, NANIWANOKISHI Onari, deputy chief, and KURATSUKURI no fukuri, translator, were sent to Tang China with a party of HAI Seisei (an envoy of Sui Dynasty to Japan) and other eight students with another Johyobun (official letter) to the Tang's Emperor.
Japanese: 第三回遣隋使は608年（推古天皇16年）に、唐の皇帝あての国書を持たせ、また、小野妹子を大使に、難波吉士雄成を小使に、鞍作福利を通事（つうじ）に任命し、裴世清一行と留学生8人を渡航させた。
English: The contents of the official letter is transcribed in the article of September 608 of "Nihonshoki".
Japanese: その時もたせた国書の文面が『日本書紀』推古天皇16年9月の条に載っている。
English: 使人鴻臚寺の掌客裴世清等至りて、久しき億（おも）ひ、方に解けぬ。'
Japanese: 「使人鴻臚寺の掌客裴世清等至りて、久しき億（おも）ひ、方に解けぬ。」
English: This official letter did not contain the language, such as 'Emperor of Heaven' nor use pompous expressions as did in the previous letter.
Japanese: この国書には、さすがに前回のような「天子」や「書を致す」などの字句や表現を用いていない。
English: If this transcription is authentic, this is the first instance that the word 'Emperor' was used in diplomatic documents of Wakoku (Japan).
Japanese: これが事実であれば倭国の外交文書上、はじめて天皇号を用いられたことになる。
English: The first Kento-shi was sent to Tang China in 630 with INUGAMI no Mitasuki as its chief.
Japanese: 第1回遣唐使には、630年（舒明2）犬上御田鋤（いぬかみのみたすき）が遣わされた。
English: Taiso felt worried for the envoy taking a long voyage to Tang, and ordered an officer in charge to spare the tributes of every year.
Japanese: 太宗、その道の遠きを矜（あわれ）み、所司に勅して、歳貢せしむることなからしむ。
English: Taiso felt worried for the envoy taking a long voyage to Tang, and ordered an officer in charge to spare the tributes of every year.
Japanese: 帝、その遠きを矜（あわれ）み、有司に詔して、歳貢にかかわることなからしむ。
English: In 631, Wakoku deployed an envoy to pay tributes to the King of Tang, but Taiso (Tang tai zong, the second Emperor of Tang) said to the office in charge that as Wakoku is located far from there, it does not need to pay tributes every year'.
Japanese: 貞観5年（631年）に倭国は使者を派遣して、入貢し方物を献じたが、太宗は、倭国は遠い国であるから、毎年朝貢する必要はない、と担当の役所に命じた、という。
English: China described the change of the country name in "Kutojo" (Old Tang History) and "Shintojo" (New Book of Tang).
Japanese: 中国は、この国号変更のことを『旧唐書（くとうしょ）』『新唐書』にのせている。
English: The Ming Dynasty permitted tally trade only to the countries which brought a Johyobun with King's signature on it to Ming but otherwise refused to trade with.
Japanese: 明は諸外国の国王名義の表文を持参した国家に対してのみ勘合貿易（朝貢貿易）を認め、それが無い場合には貿易を拒否した。
English: According to the "Zenrin kokuhoki", the letter started with '日本国王 臣源表(す)' in accordance with the traditional form of a Chinese official letter and Emperor Yongle conferred the 'seal of the king of Japan' to him in return.
Japanese: 『善隣国宝記』によれば、「日本国王臣源表(す)」から始まる中国の伝統的な表文の形式に則っており、これに対して永楽帝は「日本国王之印」を授けている。
English: The preface, which a compiler of Kojiki, O no Yasumaro (? - 723), has been believed to have presented to the Emperor, is also considered as Johyobun.
Japanese: 古事記の選者太安万侶（おおのやすまろ?-723）が奉ったとされている序文も上表文である。
English: Yogin is a foreign silver brought in to Japan at the end of the Edo Period through the beginning of the Meiji Period.
Japanese: 洋銀（ようぎん）とは、幕末から明治初期にかけて日本に流入した外国製の銀貨のこと。
English: In most cases unless otherwise specified, Yogin refers to the so-called Spanish dollar, 8 real silver coin of 420 grains of weight, which was coined in Mexico (then-Spanish colony) and other Central and South American countries of Spanish origins and had long been used in international settlement since 1497.
Japanese: 特に断りが無い場合には1497年以後メキシコ（当初はスペイン領）を中心とする、スペイン系の中南米諸国で鋳造されて国際決済で長く用いられてきたSpanishdollar（メキシコドル/メキシコ銀）といわれる、量目420グレーンの8レアル銀貨を指す場合が多い。
English: Since the Ansei Treaty had been signed, foreign merchants were allowed to buy Japanese goods with foreign silver coins, and their exchange rate at that time was 311 ichibu-gin silver coins against 100 Spanish dollar.
Japanese: 安政条約によって外国商人が外国銀貨で日本の商品を購入することが許されたが、当時の質量に基づく相場はSpanishdollar100枚に対して一分銀が311枚であった。
English: However, the Tempo ichibu-gin silver coin was nominal money in that its face value was set higher than its bare metal value, but the grade of the silver coin was still higher than that of Spanish dollar.
Japanese: だが、当時の天保一分銀の品位(等級)は洋銀に対して高いにも拘らず額面が地金価値よりも高く設定された名目貨幣であった。
English: Therefore, much higher-valued koban gold coins exchangeable to the ichibu-gin coins (four ichibu-gin silver coins for one koban gold coin) was drained out in massive amount.
Japanese: そのことによる金銀比価の差が大きかったために、大量の小判金流出を招く原因となった。
English: For this reason, large amount of Spanish dollars flooded into Japan and were used for minting silver coins during the Meiji Period.
Japanese: これにより日本国内には大量のメキシコ銀が流入し、明治時代の銀貨の材料となった。
English: In 1859, the Edo bakufu feudal government set an regulation that one Spanish dollar should be equivalent to sanbu-kin gold coins, and on February 20, 1868, the Meiji government also established a rule following this.
Japanese: 安政6年（1859年）に江戸幕府は洋銀を金三分と同価値と看做す規定を定め、慶応4年2月20日（1868年）に明治政府もこれを追認する規定を出した。
English: In 1871, the New Currency Act was enacted and on May 27, 1878, the edict of Dajokan (Grand Council of state) was issued to coin silver trade dollars in Japan equivalent to Spanish dollars and use the trade dollar as one-yen silver coin across the nation, and on September 12, the following year, the gold and silver standard system was declared to allow the use of Spanish dollars and silver trade dollars in accordance with the exchange rate set between the both governments (gold and silver bimetallism).
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）の新貨条例制定後Spanishdollarとほぼ同品位の貿易銀を鋳造し、明治11年（1878年）5月27日にこれを1円銀貨として日本全国に通用させる太政官布告を公布、翌年9月12日には洋銀と貿易銀との平価通用が布告された（金銀複本位制）。
English: The ichibu-gin silver coins disappeared after the rearrangement of paper money and the issuance of convertible currency, and in concurrence with the transition to the gold standard system in 1897, the distribution of the one-yen silver coin was halted in Japan and the value of the Spanish dollars dropped significantly in Japan.
Japanese: その後の紙幣整理と兌換紙幣の発行によって姿を消し、明治30年（1897年）の公布による金本位制移行とともに1円銀貨の国内流通は停止され、洋銀の国内における地位も低下した。
English: Japanization education is defined as an edification policy in territories under the governance of the Empire of Japan, requesting fealty toward the Empire of Japan led by its ruler, the Emperor.
Japanese: 皇民化教育（こうみんかきょういく）は大日本帝国の支配地域において、その主権者とされた天皇を中心として大日本帝国への忠誠を要求した教化政策とされる。
English: It is said to be an edification policy for the Japanese race as well as a mandatory assimilationism and edification policy for peoples within the territories as shown in the figure (residents in foreign parts such as Koreans, Taiwanese, and the South Sea Islands residents as well as aboriginal people in South East Asia who lived in territories during the Greater East Asian War, and in rare cases, the Ainu tribe and Ryukyu [currently known as Okinawa], who lived within Japan).
Japanese: 日本民族への教化政策であると同時に、版図内の諸民族（朝鮮人、台湾人、南洋群島島民など外地の住民や大東亜戦争時の占領地である東南アジアの先住諸民族、また稀にアイヌや琉球人など内地に住むものもこの範疇にいれる場合がある）に対して行われた強制的な同化政策・教化政策とも言われている。
English: Language control, making standard Japanese as the official language, prohibition against the use of dialects and ethnic languages.
Japanese: 言語統制、日本語標準語の公用語化、教育現場における方言や、各民族語などの禁止。
English: Japanese consciousness was indoctrinated such as worshipping the Emperor by 'reverentially reading' ordinance on Education and setting hoanden (premises where an imperial portrait and the Imperial Rescript on Education are housed before and during the war) as well as hoisting Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and singing Kimigayo (Japan's national anthem).
Japanese: 教育ニ関スル勅語の「奉読」、奉安殿の設置などによる学校教育での天皇崇拝の強要、日の丸掲揚や君が代斉唱などを通じ日本人意識を植え付けた。
English: Promotion of the State Shinto and religions policies (refer to Japan's religion) such as the enforced establishment of Taiwan-jinja Shrine and Chosen-jingu Shrine.
Japanese: 台湾神社、朝鮮神宮等の建立や参拝の強制など、国家神道と宗教政策（日本の宗教参照）の推進。
English: Japanization education neglected and sometimes destroyed the tradition and culture in foreign parts and occupied areas in particular.
Japanese: 皇民化教育は特に外地や占領地域においてそれぞれの民族の伝統や文化を無視し、ときには破壊した。
English: Influenced by the education of this period, some people have suffered from the aftermath, such as not being able to have their ethnic language and their ethnic and cultural identities being jeopardized.
Japanese: この時代の教育の影響で、民族語を持てず、民族的文化的アイデンティティーが危うくなるなどの後遺症に苦しむ人もいる。
English: There is a theory that advocates it as a 'policy treating them equally to the Japanese' but the concept of Japanization itself considers Japanese being superior, presenting an evidence of discrimination.
Japanese: 「日本人と対等に扱う政策であった」との擁護論があるが、日本人化するという発想自体が日本人を優位と見るものであり、差別の証拠である。
English: It deserves criticizm by current standards, but at the time, it was common to achieve national integration by assimilationism.
Japanese: 現在の価値観からは非難されるが、当時としては同化政策によって国民統合を図るのは普通のことであった。
English: Different from the way of Western powers' governing colonies and treating their local residents, the Japanization policy was to Japanize other ethnic groups by integrating thoughts and the language, and treating Japanese and the residents in colonies equally.
Japanese: 当時の西洋列強が行っていた、植民地支配と現地住民に対する扱いとは違い、皇民化政策は思想と言語統一によって他民族を日本人化することで、日本人と植民地住民を対等に扱おうとするものであった。
English: The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) which occupied Japan after the Second World War worked on education reform, thinking that Japanization education, which promoted sacrificing oneself for the nation, played a big role in forming the militarism nation.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦終了後日本を占領した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、国家のための自己犠牲を奨励していた皇民化教育が軍国主義国家形成に果たした役割が大きかったと考え、教育改革に乗り出した。
English: The Imperial Rescript on Education was removed from educational sites and the Fundamental Law of Education was set as the fundamental law for education.
Japanese: 教育勅語が教育現場から排除され、教育の基本法として教育基本法が制定された。
English: Oie-sodo is a term denoting family squabble within feudal lord households in the Edo Period.
Japanese: お家騒動（おいえそうどう）とは江戸時代の大名における内紛のことである。