nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1707 when a residence of a bugyo officer moved to an area within the gate of Sukiya-bashi Bridge on the southernmost side from an area within the gate of Tokiwa-bashi Bridge, the new residence became to be called the minami-bugyo-sho office due to its location.
Japanese: 宝永4年（1707年）に本来北町奉行所であった常盤橋門内の役宅が一番南側の数寄屋橋門内に移転した際には、その場所ゆえに南町奉行所と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Then, the former minami-bugyo-sho office located in an area inside Kajiya-bashi Bridge became to be called the naka (middle)-bugyo-sho office, and the former naka-bugyo-sho office located in an area inside Gofuku-bashi Bridge became to be called the kita-bugyo-sho office.
Japanese: 従来鍛冶橋内にあった南町奉行所が中町奉行所に、同じく呉服橋門内にあった中町奉行所が北町奉行所となった。
English: For a short period between August of 1702 and January of 1719, the naka-machi-bugyo-sho office was introduced as well.
Japanese: 1702年（元禄15年）閏8月-1719年（享保4年）1月という短い間ではあるが中町奉行所というものも設置された。
English: It is not clear why the office was introduced and what its job was, but it is said that the office was established to support the kita- and minami-machi-bugyo-sho offices.
Japanese: 設置された理由や職務内容はあまり定かではないが、南北町奉行所の補助役として設置されたとされる。
English: Entering the Meiji period, the bugyo-sho offices were destroyed, but stone monuments have been built in the site where the kita-machi-bugyo-sho office is said to have been located (around on the north side of Yaesu-guchi Exit, Tokyo Station) and where the minami-machi-bugyo-sho office is said to have been located (around Marion in Yurakucho).
Japanese: 明治以降、奉行所は取り壊されてしまったが、北町（東京駅八重洲口北側付近）・南町（有楽町マリオン付近）の両奉行所が存在していたとされる場所には、今でも石碑が建っている。
English: However, either of them is the site where it existed towards the end of the Edo period, or in 1812 and later.
Japanese: ただし、いずれも幕末期における奉行所の位置を指すものであり、文化_(日本)2年（1812年）以後に固定化された場所に相応している。
English: In the early Edo period, neither the kita-machi-bugyo post nor the minami-machi-bugyo posts were introduced yet, with only a bugyo post existing.
Japanese: 初期は、北町・南町両奉行が置かれておらず、一つの奉行で成り立っていた。
English: The post of machi-bugyo was officially introduced when the kita-machi-bugyo post and the minami-machi-bugyo post were established..
Japanese: 正式に町奉行という官職ができたのは、北南町奉行が設置されてからである。
English: The naka-machi-bugyo post was introduced in an intermediate period, but was abolished only after assumed by five persons.
Japanese: また、途中中町奉行というものが設置されたが、わずか5代で廃止された。
English: Kanjo bugyo was a governmental post in the Edo period and the highest accounting officer, who was in charge of finance and control of the tenryo (the areas controlled directly by the bakufu).
Japanese: 勘定奉行（かんじょうぶぎょう）は江戸幕府の職名の一つで、勘定方の最高責任者で財政や天領支配などを司る。
English: In 1721, the post was separated into Kattekata-kanjo-bugyo mainly dealing with finance and civil administration and Kujikata-kanjo-bugyo mainly dealing with law suit related matters.
Japanese: 1721年には財政・民政を主に扱う勝手方勘定奉行と訴訟関連を扱う公事方勘定奉行とにわかれた。
English: The job of the Kattekata post and that of the Kujikata post were totally different, though they had the same name.
Japanese: 勝手方と公事方の職務は全く別のものであり、事実上名称のみが共通している状態であった。
English: Sanshuro, which literally means three high-ranking officials called Churo, were the posts established in the last days of the Toyotomi Administration, allowing those three men in the posts to participate in politics, and to mediate between Gotairo and Gobugyo when they cannot agree.
Japanese: 三中老(さんちゅうろう)は豊臣政権末期に制定された役職で、政事に参与し、五大老と五奉行との意見が合わないときの仲裁役であった。
English: Although 'Sanchuro' appears in some historical sources including 'Taikoki', it is unclear whether they really functioned or not; it is considered that they were placed temporarily, or placed as posts to give some authority to the three.
Japanese: 「太閤記」などの史料にはでてくるが、実際に機能したかは不明で、臨時職あるいは、権威付けのための役職とも言われている。
English: Gobugyo indicates a system consisting of five government officials (whose duties can be called magistrate or commissioner), that mainly took charge of practical businesses of the Toyotomi Administration at the last days of the administration during the Azuchi Momoyama period.
Japanese: 五奉行（ごぶぎょう）は安土桃山時代の豊臣政権末期に主に政権の実務を担う5人の吏僚（奉行にあたる）的人物を指して呼ばれる言葉。
English: In those days, the specific name 'Gobugyo' was not used, and they were called by their posts like 'Toshiyori' and the like.
Japanese: 当時は「五奉行」などの特定の呼称は存在せず、「年寄」などと呼ばれていた。
English: It is supposed that the Gobugyo system was established in 1585 after Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI took office of Kanpaku ("Taikoki" by Hoan OZE) or in 1593 when Hideyoshi established the Gotairo system in his illness.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉の関白就任後の1585年（天正13年、小瀬甫庵『太閤記』）、あるいは1593年に秀吉が病に際して五大老制の設置に伴い置かれたと考えられている。
English: Under the Toyotomi Administration, there were a lot of figures who took charge of administrative affairs, including Yoshitsugu OTNI and Yukinaga KONISHI, and the most prominent five among them were later known as Gobugyo (five bugyo, or five commissioners or five magistrates).
Japanese: 豊臣政権では大谷吉継や小西行長はじめ多くの奉行が行政を担当しており、その中でも特に重要な活躍をした5名が五奉行と呼ばれた。
English: The number of this bugyo system seemed not always to be regulated as five, as there is a case to have six members, when Keijun MIYABE and Ippaku TOMITA substituted for Nagamasa ASANO, who temporarily lost his position in the aftermath of the Hidetsugu Incident ('Shosho Keppan Kishomon' made on July 20, 1595.).
Japanese: 5名という数も定まった数ではなく、秀次事件の影響で浅野長政が一時失脚していた際には長政に代わって宮部継潤と富田一白を加えた6名が奉行を務めたとも言われている（1595年（文禄4年）7月20日（旧暦）付諸将血判起請文）。
English: In 1600, when Mitsunari ISHIDA of Gobugyo supported Terumoto MORI of Gotairo to open the Battle of Sekigahara, Mitsunari and Masaie NAGATSUKA took part in a campaign, whereas Nagamasa ASANO belonged to the troop of Hidetada TOKUGAWA in the Army of the East.
Japanese: 1600年（慶長5年）に五奉行の石田三成が五大老の毛利輝元を擁立して関ヶ原の戦いに至ると、三成ほか長束正家が従軍し、浅野長政は東軍の徳川秀忠の軍に属している。
English: MAEDA was responsible for the Imperial Palace, the Imperial Court, the court nobles, and the temples and shrines; NAGATSUKA was responsible for the special field of the public finance, and ASANO, MASUDA, and ISHIDA were responsible for the general political affairs.
Japanese: 前田が御所・朝廷・公家・寺社、長束が財務といった特別部門を担当し、浅野、増田、石田の三名が一般政務の処理に当たっていた形になる。
English: There are various other opinions about about the members of the Gotairo; one theory says that Yoshitsugu OTANI was a member of the Gobugyo, as Geni MAEDA was treated specially as Kyotoshoshidai.
Japanese: 上記の他にも「前田玄以は京都所司代として別に扱われており、五奉行の中には大谷吉継が加わっていた」など、人事に関しては諸説ある。
English: (Fuyuji DOMON, a novelist, gave a remark about this situation that still includes disputes about the member, describing this system as "a flexible system with adaptable duties that can allow people to enter and exit freely," unlike the one of the Edo bakufu, a Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun, in which every duty was systematically organized in a strict manner.
Japanese: （尚そのように様々な説がある事に関して、童門冬二は自著の中で「のちの江戸幕府の職制のように厳密なシステム化された役職ではなかったから、人の出入りも柔軟に行われた『出入り自由な、ソフトな組織と職制』」などと評している。）
English: In ancient China, the Daishogun (Da jiang jun in Chinese) was a bureaucratic rank signifying the highest rank of all generals and was also called Jo-shogun (Sha jiang jun in Chinese).
Japanese: 大将軍は、古代中国における各将軍の最上位者を意味する官職であり、古くは上将軍と呼ばれた。
English: Although the origin is unknown, the title was used in the warring period of the late Qin Dynasty by Yo CHIN, who betrayed Sheng CHEN and worked with Er ZHANG to put a soldier on the throne as King Zhao.
Japanese: その起源は不明であるが、秦末の動乱期に、陳勝に背き、張耳と組んで武臣を趙王に擁立した陳余がこの名称を使用している。
English: In the Former Han Dynasty, the post was initially used to fill emergency needs, with important government officials very often named as the ad hoc chief of the army to quell riots and wars such as the Xiongno invasion, starting with Han Xin in the Chu-Han Contention period.
Japanese: 前漢では当初非常置の職であったようで、楚漢戦争期の韓信以降は、匈奴が侵攻して来た際や反乱鎮圧に際してといった非常時に、臨時に政府要人が軍の総帥として任命されることが多かったようである。
English: The title became a permanent rank in the bureaucracy under Han Wudi (Han Dynasty), in his active external policy.
Japanese: 武帝(漢)による積極的な対外政策が開始されると、常置の官職となった。
English: A well-known Daishogun during the period is Wei Qing, who was highly successful in the campaigns against the Xiongnu tribes.
Japanese: この時期の大将軍として、対匈奴戦争で大きな功績を挙げた衛青が知られる。
English: After Wudi's death, the strength of the maternal side of the imperial family grew and began to intervene in politics, where the leader of such forces was frequently given the title along with political power.
Japanese: 武帝没後、外戚の権力が強まり、政治に参与するようになると、外戚勢力のリーダーがこの職に任ぜられ、政権を握ることが多くなった。
English: This continued into the Later Han Dynasty, except during the reigns of the first three emperors (Guangwu, Ming Di, and Zhang or Han Dynasty), with clashes over political control between forces representing the maternal side of the Imperial family and the bureaucrats becoming a major factor in Later Han politics and eventually leading to the dynasty's downfall.
Japanese: この傾向は、後漢に入ってからも初期の3代の皇帝（光武帝、明帝(漢)、章帝(漢)）の時代を除いて続行し、彼等外戚集団と宦官との政権争いが後漢の政治において大きな位置を占めるようになり、結果として後漢滅亡の要因となった。
English: The title of Daishogun remained during the Three Kingdoms Period of Chinese history, but with declining power and it evolved into a post of honorary nature.
Japanese: 三国時代(中国)以降も大将軍の職は存在したが、その権力は徐々に弱められることとなり、名誉職としての色合いが強まっていった。
English: In Japan, the title Daishogun was used to designate the top commander to lead a "seitogun" (expeditionary force), when there were more than three generals.
Japanese: 日本では平安時代、征討軍を編成するにあたり、三人以上の将軍を任ずる場合にその主将を大将軍として任じた。
English: It was also used as a military title when a Court noble of Sanmi Rank (Third Rank) or higher.
Japanese: または、三位以上の公卿を将軍とする際も軍職の名を大将軍と号することもあった。
English: It later became a word referring to military commanders in general and was used as an unofficial title rather than a bureaucratic rank in some instances during the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 後に広く武将を指す語ともなり、平安時代から鎌倉時代初期にかけては官職ではなく私称として用いる場合も散見された。
English: There are also instances of the title being used to refer to a military leader of high rank, such as the reference in "Heike Monogatari" (The Tale of the Heike) by Naozane KUMAGAI of TAIRA no Atsumori of the Heike clan as Daishogun in the Genpei War.
Japanese: 平家物語では熊谷直実が源平合戦における平家方の武将である平敦盛を指して大将軍と呼んでいるなど、身分の高い武将を指す語として用いられた例も見受けられる。
English: In the Jokyu War, the military leaders of the Kamakura shogunate forces attacking Kyoto were given titles such as Daishogun of Tozan-do Road and Daishogun of Hokuriku-do Road, and Akiie KITABATAKE was appointed Chinju taishogun (Chinju-fu shogun) in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: また、承久の乱の際に京都に進撃する鎌倉幕府軍の諸将をそれぞれ東山道大将軍、北陸道大将軍などと称した例や、南北朝時代(日本)に北畠顕家が鎮守大将軍（鎮守府将軍）に任ぜられた例もある。
English: However, the titles shogun and daishogun were used more increasingly to refer to the head of the shogunate and were used is declining frequency, except in the case of "seii taishogun."
Japanese: しかし、将軍ないし大将軍という場合には幕府の主宰者を指す性格が強くなり、征夷大将軍以外の用例としては次第に使われなくなった。
English: A seito daishogun (the general temporarily appointed for overthrowing the shogunate in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi) was appointed during the late Edo period but it never grew in usage.
Japanese: 江戸時代末期に征討大将軍が任じられているが、一般化するには至らずに終わっている。
English: Ometsuke was a governmental post in the Edo period belonging to Roju (the second highest post in the Edo bakufu government) in the government system, and played a role of an inspector who watched daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), koke (privileged families under Tokugawa Shogunate), and the Imperial court to protect the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from rebellion of these powers.
Japanese: 大目付（おおめつけ）は、江戸幕府の役職のひとつで、職制上は老中に属し、大名・高家および朝廷を監視してこれらの謀反から幕府を守る監察官の役割を持った。
English: In the early Edo period, Ometsuke officers were selected from daimyo, such as Munenori YAGYU, but later, from Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which was a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) earning 3000 to 5000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) rice yields.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期には、柳生宗矩のような大名からも選ばれていたが、後に石高3千石〜5千石級の旗本から選ばれた。
English: Ometuse was one of the highest post among Hatamoto, being equivalent to Edojo-rusui (the post of housekeeping the Edo castle while the shogun was absent from the castle) and Karo (the chief retainer) of the gosankyo families (three privileged branch families of Tokugawa).
Japanese: 大目付は、旗本の職の中でも江戸城留守居・御三卿家老に準ずる最高位とされた。
English: Therefore, his social status in office was equivalent to that for a 10,000-koku class daimyo with the title of XX no kami conferred on him as well.
Japanese: そのため、その在任中は万石級の格式を与えられ、○○守という称号が叙任された。
English: Entering the middle of the Edo period, the jobs of this post became more like Denrei (the post for informing daimyo of instructions from the bakufu) or Gireikan (the post in charge of etiquette) in Denchu (the Edo castle), rather than the original post for inspection.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期になると、従来の監察官としての色彩よりも伝令（幕府の命令を全国の大名に伝える役）や殿中（江戸城）での儀礼官としての色彩が濃くなる。
English: The officers in this post also took five additional posts (called Kentai), including Dochu-bugyo (the post in charge of road-related matters), shumon aratame-yaku (the post in charge of the persecution of Christians), and teppo-aratame (the post for monitoring and checking guns owned by ordinary people).
Japanese: また、兼帯といって道中奉行・宗門改役・鉄砲改役など5つの役を兼任した。
English: The officers functioned as a deputy of seii-taishogun (literally, great general who was to subdue the barbarians), as Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) and Osaka jodai (the person sent for controlling the Osaka castle) did.
Japanese: また、京都所司代・大坂城代等と同様に征夷大将軍を代理する立場にある。
English: The Ometsuke post was placed above the Metsuke post that belonged to the Wakadoshiyori post (a managerial post in Edo bakufu), and the Ometsuke's power became increasingly stronger.
Japanese: 若年寄に属する目付の上位に位置し、その権威だけはますます強くなった。
English: In a domain, the Ometsuke officers were mostly selected from the retainers of the domain who were placed under Churo (the post immediately under Karo), Ban-gashira (a post in the domain government) and Kumi-gashira (also a post in the domain government).
Japanese: 諸藩にあっては、おおむね中老・番頭・組頭より格下の藩士から選ばれた。
English: In Satsuma domain, the post was called Yokome-gashira, and was placed after Karo and to Wakatoshiyori.
Japanese: 薩摩藩では、はじめ横目頭と呼ばれ、藩では家老、若年寄に次ぐ役職であった。
English: In ancient times, those daughters were called with the names of the lands conferred on them as they married, in a form of the place name and 'Koshu' (e.g. Taihei Koshu, Anraku Koshu), but this cannot be applied to the names in the Ming and Qing periods because the title became treated as a title indicating nobility.
Japanese: 古くは化粧領として拝領した土地の地名を取って「○○公主」と呼んだ（例太平公主、安楽公主）が、明・清の時代の称号は多く雅称で、これに嵌めることはできない。
English: In ancient times, the eldest daughters of emperors were called as Genkoshu (e.g., the eldest daughter of Liu Pang was called "Lu (or Lo in Japanese) Genkoshu," 魯元公主, or the Genkoshu given the land in Lu).
Japanese: 古くは皇帝の長女を元公主（げんこうしゅ）と呼んだ（例：魯元公主（劉邦の長女））。
English: From the Tang and Song Dynasties onwards, sisters of the reigning emperor were given the title of Chokoshu (roughly, elder Koshu), and aunts and Koshu ladies in the previous reigns were given the title of Daichokoshu (roughly, great elder koshu, e.g., 秦魯国賢穆明懿大長公主), to distinguish from daughters of the reigning emperor, with better treatment than the daughters.
Japanese: 唐宋以後、今上の姉妹は長公主（ちょうこうしゅ）、今上の伯叔母や数代前の公主は大長公主（だいちょうこうしゅ）（例：秦魯国賢穆明懿大長公主）と呼んで今上の娘と区別し、受けた待遇も公主より上だった。
English: In the Qing Dynasty, the title of Koshu were distinguished into two: daughters of empresses were called as 固倫公主; and daughters of other imperial consorts as和碩公主.
Japanese: 清代になって、公主にも階級が分けられ、生母が皇后か妃嬪かで固倫・和碩の別がついた。
English: In the Northern Sung dynasty, the title Koshu was abolished for a short time and the title Teiki (帝姫) was used instead (e.g., 嘉徳帝姫.)
Japanese: また、北宋ではごく短い一時期、公主の称号を廃し、帝姫（ていき）の称号を用いていた（例：嘉徳帝姫）。
English: When a subject of an emperor married a Koshu (any husband to a Koshu had to come from a different family, thus a non-sovereign family, as in China and Korea marriage within the family, thus with the same surname, has long been a taboo), it was called尚公主, and the husband was given a title of駙馬都尉 (during the Qing Dynasty, it was 額駙).
Japanese: 臣下が公主を娶る（中国や朝鮮では原則的に同姓不婚であるため、当然ながら公主の結婚相手は臣下に限られる）ことを「尚公主」といい、その夫は駙馬都尉（清朝には額駙）と称呼した。
English: In Korea, Koshu was pronounced as Konju, and indicated a daughter of a king and queen, while a daughter from other king consort was given a title of Okishu or 翁主.
Japanese: 朝鮮では「コンジュ（）」と発音し、国王の正妃の生んだ娘を指していた（その他の後宮所生の娘は「翁主」）。
English: In the present People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea, Koshu has almost the same meaning as 'O-himesama' in Japanese, meaning a princess, without any legitimate claim to it.
Japanese: 現代中華人民共和国および大韓民国では、日本語の「お姫様」とほぼ同じ意味で用いられている。
English: The origin of this word 'Koshu' is explained by the fact that marriages of daughters of the monarch were presided (公) by three Ministers (each called as 公 or 侯).
Japanese: 「公主」の称号の由来は、本来、天子の女の婚儀を三公が主宰した事による。
English: Shogoi was separated into senior and junior rank under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and conferred to bureaucrats in the ranks of Kyokan (official of the Capital), especially those equivalent to "Suke" or "Hangan."
Japanese: 正五位は、律令制下において上下にわけられ、官位相当では主に京官、特に次官ないし判官相当の官位として充てられた。
English: As examples, cited are Uchuben and Sachuben (Middle Controllers of the Right and of the Left) and Koben (Small Controllers) of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), various Taifus (chiefs) of the Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), Daihanji (a judge), Daizen no daibu (Master of the Palace Table) of Shiki, Shosho (Minor Captain) of Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards), and Captain of Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards) and Konoefu.
Japanese: 例えば太政官の左右中弁や小弁、八省の大輔、大判事、職の大膳大夫、近衛府の少将、衛門府、兵衛府の督などが挙げられる。
English: Note that the Japanese name of the black-crowned night heron "Goisagi" comes from an ancient record of the bird given the Shogoi rank in the Heian Period.
Japanese: ちなみに、ゴイサギという鳥は、平安時代にサギを正五位に叙した故事からきている。
English: In the warrior class, the rank was bestowed on the Hojo family in the Kamakura Period as well as on the daimyo lords under Toyotomo rule, but rarely to the samurai under the Edo shogunate system because conferment for the sumurai at the time was centered upon Jushiinoge (Junior Forth Rank, Lower Grade) and Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 武家においては、鎌倉時代に北条氏の一門が叙せられた他、豊臣氏の政権下における大名の官位としても叙位がなされたが、江戸時代には従四位下や従五位下の叙位が集中したため、幕藩体制の中の武家で正五位に叙せられた者は少ない。
English: The principal holders of the rank in the Edo period were Jigekanjin (officials who served as Kyokumu and Kanmu that were central bodies of low-class officials in the medieval Imperial Palace, and their subordinate Rokuinogekishi) and the Taifu who served the families of Imperial Princes, Gosekke (the five families of the Fujiwara clan whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku) and Seiga family (one of the highest court noble families), showing that the rank was bestowed exclusively to those linked to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 江戸時代の主な叙任者は宮廷の地下官人や親王家・五摂家・清華家などに仕えた諸大夫であり、朝廷関係者の専用の官位ということができる。
English: In rare cases, the rank was given as additional honor to middle-rank and lower samurai, not being a chief retainer, who had made major contributions to the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: また例外的だが、明治維新に功労のあった志士については、主に家老職にない中堅・下級武士の者が多く追贈されている。
English: Today, the title is bestowed posthumously to persons as a honorific title for those who earned the status of professor emeritus at universities, junior colleges and colleges of technology and for those private business entrepreneurs who made outstanding achievements.
Japanese: 現在では、死没者に対する栄典として与えられることとなっており、大学・短期大学・高等専門学校において名誉教授の称号を受けた者、民間企業の経営者のうち秀逸な業績のある者はこの位階に叙せられる例が多い。
English: The term "agatanonushi" refers to a post or kabane (hereditary title) of Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) before the introduction of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 県主(あがたのぬし)は、律令制が導入される以前のヤマト王権の職種・カバネ（かばね)の一つである。
English: However, most of the details are unknown because it was a province in a time when the Japanese nation had not yet been systematized under the ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: しかしながらその詳細は律令国が整備される前の行政区分であるためはっきりとはしていない部分が多い。
English: Agatanonushi gave his great loyalty to Yamato sovereignty, unlike kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) that are said to have been appointed as rulers of the regions formerly governed by them.
Japanese: 地方の豪族がそのまま任じられたと言われている国造（くにのみやっこ）とは違い、県主はヤマト王権への忠誠度が高かった。
English: Yamato sovereignty made the local ruling families belonging to it govern their territory in eastern Japan where its ruling system was established in a later period than in western Japan.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の支配が確立する時期が遅かった東日本では、ヤマト王権に帰属した豪族達にその支配地域をそのまま治めさせた。
English: On the other hand, the system to rule the regions formerly governed by the local ruling families was built by Yamato sovereignty from early on in western Japan where the sovereignty was established during an early period, which was the reason why agatanonushi concentrated in western Japan.
Japanese: (これ)に対し、王権の確立が早かった西日本では豪族の支配地域の地域をヤマト王権が掌握する支配体制の整備が早くから行われた為と考えられる。
English: In some cases, agatanonushi has been used as a title also in modern times, and the Kamo agatanonushi family of Kamo-jinja Shrine is a prime example of them.
Japanese: 近代でも県主が使われている例があり、主要な例に賀茂神社の鴨県主家などがある。
English: Kuni no miyatsuko was a post, or an official to the post, placed to govern regions across Japan before the Ritsuryo legal code system was introduced.
Japanese: 国造（くにのみやつこ・こくぞう）は、律令制が導入される以前のヤマト王権の地方支配形態の一つである。
English: It is said that the Japanese reading 'miyatsuko' came from 'Miyatsuko' meaning servants or 'Miyatsuko' meaning retainers of the monarch.
Japanese: 訓の「みやつこ」とは「御奴（ミヤツコ）」または「御家つ子」の意味とされる。
English: Kuni no miyatsuko means the head of kuni, an administrative district of the Yamato Kingdom, although the borders of each Kuni are not clearly known because the Ryoseikoku system, or provinces of Japan, was still not well developled.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の行政区分の一つである国の長と言う意味で、この国がしめす範囲は、令制国が整備される前の行政区分であるためはっきりと判明していない。
English: It is considered that the territories that powerful regional clans had long ruled became recognized as countries (kuni) as they were.
Japanese: 元来、その地域の豪族が支配していた領域がそのまま国として扱われていたと考えられている。
English: The prescribed number of Kuni no miyatsuko was not necessarily one; it is supposed that sometimes two or more Kuni no miyatsuko ruled one Kuni.
Japanese: また国造の定員も1人とは限らず、一つの国に複数の国造がいる場合もあったようである。
English: Unlike Agata no nushi, who were highly loyal to the Yamato Kingdom, each Kuni no miyatsuko was originally the regional powerful clan called Kuninushi (lord of the country), and was later appointed as kuni no miyatsuko of his 'country' by the Yamato Kingdom when the 'country' submitted to the Kingdom, being granted to use one of the official family titles of the Kingdom, such as Omi (臣), Muraji (連), Kimi (君), Kimi (公), or Atai (直); and thus each of the district governed by kuni no miyatsuko was autonomous accordingly.
Japanese: ヤマト王権への忠誠度が高い県主とは違い、元々、国主（くにぬし）と言われていた有力な地方の豪族がヤマト王権に服したときに、そのまま国造に任命され、臣・連・君・公・直などの姓が贈られ、かなりの自主性の下にその地方の支配を任されていた。
English: It is known that kuni no miyatsuko were involved in various affairs: the kuni no miyatsuko in Togoku took charge of managing Bemin (the people controlled by the authority through various classifications) and Miyake (lands directly held by the Yamato Kingdom); the one in Izumo conducted religious ceremonies to govern the territory by religion; and the one in Ki got involved in foreign affairs.
Japanese: 国造には、東国の国造のように部民や屯倉の管理なども行っていたり、出雲の国造のように神祇を祀り、祭祀により領内を統治することなども行っていたり、紀国造などのように外交に従事したりしたことなどが分かる。
English: And there were some Kuni no miyatsuko who oppsed to the Yamato Kingdon, including the one in Tsukushi, who conquered the entire northern Kyushu.
Japanese: また、筑紫の国造のように北九州を勢力下に入れ、ヤマト政権に反抗する者もいた。
English: There is an opinion that the Yamato Kingdom had a well-organized Kokkensei system (country-province system), in which each Kuni ruled by Kuni no miyatsuko included subdistricts called Agata.
Japanese: 国造の下に県（あがた）があり、かなり整備された国県制があったとする見解もある。