nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The justification for the so-called the direct descendant of the Minamoto family began with MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni, the most powerful among the Minamoto clan families, but it was transferred to the Ashikaga clan of Shimotsuke Genji, who had close family ties to the Hojo clan.
Japanese: 嫡流という名分は源氏一族の中で最大勢力である源義国に始まり、北条氏と密接な姻戚関係にある下野源氏の足利氏に移ることになる。
English: He established the Ashikaga shogun family as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan after the death of Sanetomo, and he managed to revive Genji shogun since Yoritomo.
Japanese: 実朝死後の源氏嫡流として足利将軍家を確立し頼朝以来の源氏将軍を復活させるに至ったのである。
English: Coupled with the fact that some of the successive shogun members of the Ashikaga shogun family became the chief of the Minamoto clan as well as Junna shogaku ryoin betto (senior bureaucrat for Junna shogaku ryoin school appointed from outside), he reinforced the family characteristics as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan.
Japanese: そして、足利将軍家の歴代将軍のうちより、何人かの源氏長者・淳和奨学両院別当を輩出したことと相俟ってより源氏嫡流としての性格を強化した。
English: This was later succeeded by the Tokugawa shogun family, who used the Minamoto family name and established the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: そして、後に源氏を称して江戸幕府を開いた徳川将軍家によって継承されることになる。
English: Today, however, from the historical standpoint, there is doubt as to whether the Tokugawa clan belonged to the Minamoto clan, and it is considered as a deception used by another clan.
Japanese: 今日、歴史学的に徳川氏が源氏であることには疑念があり、他氏からの仮冒であると見られている。
English: In fact, the status as the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan, which was created out of political consideration by Yoritomo who was born into the Minamoto family, and became established, was used politically in the end by the Tokugawa shogun family in order to conquer the country.
Japanese: 事実、源氏に生まれたものの頼朝の政治的な思惑により生まれ、確立さされていった源氏嫡流の地位は、最終的には徳川将軍家が天下を平定するにあたり、政治的に利用されることとなった。
English: Also, the role of this concept of the direct descendant of the Minamoto clan disappeared with the demise of the Edo bakufu and through the process of restructuring the concept of family names based on the modern law of the Civil Code.
Japanese: また、そうした源氏嫡流という概念の役目も江戸幕府の終焉、民法による近代法に基づく氏の概念に再編する過程を経ることによって源氏嫡流という概念の役目も消滅するに至った。
English: Takana (scientific name: Brassica juncea var. integlifolia) is a biennial grass belonging to brassica family, and a variety of Brassica juncea.
Japanese: タカナ（高菜、学名：Brassicajunceavar.integlifolia）とはアブラナ科の越年草で、カラシナの変種。
English: The place of origin is unknown, but it is said that it came to Japan from China in the Heian period.
Japanese: 原産地は不明であるが、日本には平安時代に中国から入ってきたといわれている。
English: Mt. Aso, Kumamoto Prefecture, in particular, is richly cultivated with takana, and famous for its own way of eating it.
Japanese: 特に、熊本県阿蘇山での栽培が盛んで、この地域の食べ方は名物となっている。
English: Since the description of 'takana' was found in the 'Wamyo-sho' (a dictionary) compiled in the Heian period, it seems to have come to Japan before then.
Japanese: 平安時代の「和名抄」に「タカナ」の記述が見られるため、それ以前に日本に伝来していたと思われる。
English: "Takana itame" cooked by stir-frying takanazuke in oil is delicious, but if lactic-fermented takanazuke is fried, it generates a distinctive smell, which some people dislike.
Japanese: 高菜漬を油で炒めた「高菜炒め」も美味だが、乳酸発酵させたものを炒めた場合には独特の臭気があり、この匂いを嫌う人も多い。
English: Other dishes are well known, such as Takana chahan, fried rice with takanazuke as an ingredient, Takana meshi (rice with takanazuke), the specialty of Aso, and Meharizushi, large sushi wrapped in the uncut pickled leaves of takana.
Japanese: その他高菜漬を具材として炒めた高菜チャーハンや、阿蘇名物の高菜めし、その他近畿地方では、刻まずに葉を広げておにぎりを包んだめはりずしも知られる。
English: Karashi takana made by pickling takana with red peppers is popular for the specialty of Kumamoto.
Japanese: 唐辛子を加えて同様に漬け込んだ辛子高菜も熊本の名産品として人気がある。
English: Mentai takana made by pickling takana with mentaiko (salted cod roe spiced with red pepper) is known as the specialty of Hakata (Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture).
Japanese: また明太子を加えて漬け込んだ明太高菜は、博多（福岡県福岡市）の名産品として知られる。
English: Many shops offering tonkotsu ramen (noodle with a thick broth made from boiling pork bones) including Hakata ramen shops prepare takanazuke stir-fried in oil with red pepper to top ramen with.
Japanese: 博多ラーメン店など福岡県周辺で豚骨ラーメンを提供する店は、お好みでラーメンにトッピングできる唐辛子を利かせた油いための高菜漬を用意している店も多い。
English: Convenience stores sell rice balls with takanazuke, and vinegared rice is used for some rice balls.
Japanese: コンビニにも高菜漬のおにぎりが売られているが､酢飯の入った物が売っている場合もある。
English: Daikon is peeled thickly and pre-pickled in alum water to prevent discoloration of white daikon before pickled in amazake (sweet mild sake) mixed with sugar and salt.
Japanese: 大根の皮を厚めに剥き、大根の白色が変色するのを防ぐためにミョウバン水につけて下漬けし、砂糖と塩を混ぜた甘酒で本漬けする。
English: At night on every October 19 (the day before Ebisu ko [a fete in honor of Ebisu for the purpose of asking for good fortune]), "Bettara Market" is held to sell bettarazuke mainly in the Takarada-jinja Shrine in Tokyo (Nihonbashi Hon-cho, Chuo Ward, Tokyo), and on streets around Nihonbashi Bridge (Chuo Ward, Tokyo), Nihonbashi Odenma-cho, Nihonbashi Horidome-cho and Nihonbashi Ningyo-cho.
Japanese: 毎年10月19日の夜（えびす講の前夜）には、東京都の宝田神社（中央区(東京都)日本橋本町）を中心とした日本橋(東京都中央区)、日本橋大伝馬町、日本橋堀留町、日本橋人形町近辺の通りで「べったら市」が開かれ、べったら漬が売り出される。
English: It gets ready to eat 10 to 15 days after pickled, but has short storage life with quick change in flavor.
Japanese: 漬け込んで10～15日で食用になるが、風味が変わるのも早く、貯蔵性はない。
English: According to Nihon Shoki (The Chronicle of Japan), Mimashi of Baekje introduced gigaku to Japan from Wu of Southern China during the reign period of Empress Suiko in 612.
Japanese: 日本書紀によれば、612年、推古天皇の時代に百済人味摩之（みまし）によって中国南部の呉から伝えられたという。
English: It was also performed at the consecration ceremony of the Great Buddha in the Nara period (in 752), and the gigaku masks supposed to have been used for this performance exist in Shoso-in Temple.
Japanese: 奈良時代の大仏開眼供養（西暦752年/天平勝宝4年）でも上演され、正倉院には、その時使用されたと思われる伎楽面が残されている。
English: It was widely played for Buddhist services at temples throughout Japan during the Asuka to Nara periods, but gradually declined in later periods.
Japanese: 飛鳥時代から奈良時代に寺院の法会でさかんに上演されたが、次第に衰退した。
English: Also known as 'Kuregaku,' (literally means the performance of Wu) or 'Kureno Utamai' (the music and dance of Wu), it was a singing and dancing brought from state of Wu located in Southern China within the cultural sphere of Buddhism.
Japanese: 伎楽は「呉楽（くれがく）」「伎楽儛（くれのうたまい）」ともいわれるように、中国南部の仏教文化圏であった呉国に由来する楽舞であった。
English: According to the studies, there are various possibilities regarding its origin, derived from Southern China, Central Asia, Greece, India, or Indochina.
Japanese: そのルーツについては中国南部、西域、ギリシャ、インド、インドシナなど諸説ある。
English: The description about 'gigaku' first appeared in the chapter of emperor Kinmei (reign period: 540-572) of "Nihon Shoki."
Japanese: 「伎楽」の文字が日本の文献に初めて登場するのは、『日本書紀』欽明天皇（在位西暦540年～572年）の項においてである。
English: This chapter mentions that Yamato Kusushino omi, the descendant of the king of Wu, offered a 'series of instruments for gigaku performance' along with the Buddhist scriptures and statues.
Japanese: 呉国の国王の血をひく和薬使主（やまとくすしのおみ）が、仏典や仏像とともに「伎楽調度一具」を献上したという記述がある。
English: The oldest record of gigaku actually performed in Japan is the article of "Nihon Shoki," entry in May, 612, saying that it was introduced by Mimashi of Baekje and he gathered young boys to teach it in Sakurai, Nara.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の推古天皇20年（西暦612年）5月、百済人味摩之（みまし）が伎楽儛を伝え、奈良の桜井に少年を集めて教習したという記事が、実際に日本で伎楽が行われた記録としては最古である。
English: According to "Engishiki" (three major code books of Heian period), the groups of gigaku were held at Daian-ji Temple, Todai-ji Temple and Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).
Japanese: 『延喜式』によると法隆寺をはじめ、大安寺、東大寺、西大寺(奈良市)などに伎楽を上演する一団がおかれていた。
English: It was performed at least twice a year, on April 8 for Bussho-e (Buddhist mass celebrating Buddha's Birthday) and on July 15 for Gigakue.
Japanese: 4月8日の仏生会、7月15日の伎楽会と、少なくとも年2回の上演があった。
English: It was also held in 685 at Tukushi Region to entertain honored guests from a foreign country.
Japanese: また天武天皇14年（西暦685年）には、筑紫で外国の賓客を供応するため伎楽が行われた。
English: It was performed in a grand scale with other performances during the Buddhist ceremony to consecrate the Great Buddha of Todai-ji Temple in 752.
Japanese: 東大寺の大仏開眼供養（西暦752年/天平勝宝4年）の時には他の諸芸能とともに大規模に上演された。
English: It has been often performed in the Nara period, however, gradually declined in the Heian to Kamakura periods.
Japanese: 奈良時代にさかんに行われていた伎楽も平安時代を経て鎌倉時代になると次第に上演されなくなった。
English: However, reminiscences of gigaku can be found in other performances of 'shishimai' (Lion dance) and 'Onerikuyo' (the Buddhist ceremonial parade, wearing the masks and costumes of various Bodhisattva) performed in temples around the country.
Japanese: しかし現在でも「獅子舞」や、各地の寺院で行われる「お練供養」にその痕跡をとどめている。
English: In 1980, a part of ancient gigaku was restored as a major project, to be showcased at the Buddhism ceremony celebrating the completion of restoring the Hall of Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 昭和５５年（1980年）、東大寺大仏殿昭和大修理落慶法要を飾る一大プロジェクトとして、その一部が復元された。
English: The restoration process was completed by the efforts of Mr. Sukeyasu SHIBA, an ancient music performer of the musical performance department at the Imperial Household Agency (for re-composition of the musical part), Mr. Kingo HOTTA, a TV producer of NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai [Japan Broadcasting Corporation]) (for planning), Mr. Wataro TOGI, a bandmaster of the musical performance department at the Imperial Household Agency and the chairperson of the Ono Gagakukai (for choreography), Mr. Fumio KOIZUMI, a professor of Tokyo University of the Arts (for project supervision), and Mr. Tsuneo YOSHIOKA, a professor of Osaka University of Arts (for production of the consume) and so on, based on the existing documents.
Japanese: 復元作業にあたっては、現存する資料を元に、宮内庁楽部楽師・芝祐靖氏（復曲）、NHKプロデューサー・堀田謹吾氏（企画）、元宮内庁楽部楽長であり小野雅楽会会長であった東儀和太郎氏（振り付け）、東京芸術大学教授・小泉文夫氏（監修）、並びに、大阪芸術大学教授・吉岡常雄氏（装束制作）らの尽力によって現実。
English: Since then, this department at Tenri University has continued the attempt to restore gigaku performance described in "Kyokunsho," (the oldest comprehensive music book of Japan) while the re-composition of the music part of the performance was continued by Mr. Sukeyasu SHIBA of the Imperial Household Agency.
Japanese: 以降、天理大学雅楽部は『教訓抄』記載の伎楽の復元試作を続け、復曲は引き続き芝祐靖氏が当たった。
English: This department has been also performing an original gigaku called "Sanzo hoshi" (Xuanzang with three collections of Buddhist scriptures) at Yakushi-ji Temple since 1992.
Japanese: なお、同部は、平成４年からは薬師寺において、創作伎楽『三蔵法師』にも取り組んでいる。
English: Another project called 'Shin Gigaku' (genuine gigaku) to revive gigaku for today's audience has been developed since 1980's, to be performed at temples in Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: そのほか、1980年代ごろから「真伎楽」という形での復興もおこなわれ、奈良の寺院などで上演されている。
English: This parade is led by chido (road keeper) with a mask like a Tengu (long-nosed goblin).
Japanese: このパレードは「治道（ちどう）」とよばれる鼻の高い天狗のような仮面をつけた者が先導する。
English: Then a band playing prelude with flutes and tsuzumi (hand drum), a vocal group called onjo, a lion, a group of dancers, then another band for playing postlude, and a group of Buddhist priests called hoko (priests wearing crown cap).
Japanese: 次に笛、鼓などの楽器で構成される前奏の楽隊、音声という声楽のパート、さらに獅子、踊物、そして後奏の楽隊、帽冠（ほうこ）とよばれる僧がつきしたがう。
English: Then, a theatrical performance with a dramatic twist begins with the characters including the king of Wu, Kongo (Vajra), Karura (Garuda), Kuron (Konron), Rikishi (wrestler), Baramon (Brahman), Taiko (an old Buddhist) and Suiko (Drunken Persian King).
Japanese: 次に呉王、金剛、迦楼羅（かるら）、呉女、崑崙（くろん）、力士、波羅門（ばらもん）、大孤（たいこ）、酔胡（すいこ）という登場人物によって劇的展開をもつ演技がはじまる。
English: The performance is presented as dances and pantmime without any dialogue, played by the actors all wearing masks.
Japanese: この演技はすべて仮面をつけておこなわれ、無言のパントマイムと舞で構成される。
English: Following the dances of King of Wu and Kongo, various dance performances are played by different characters; a speedy dance of Karura represented as a spiritual bird gobbling up a snake; the performance of Kuron making a play for a woman of Wu in obscene actions, to be punished by Rikishi; the act of Baramon taking off his loincloth to wash it himself; a performance of an old man named Taiko to pray for Buddha; a comical play between Drunk Persian King and his attendant.
Japanese: 呉王、金剛による登場の舞に続いて、霊鳥である迦楼羅が蛇を食べるテンポの速い舞、崑崙が呉女に卑猥な動作で言い寄り力士にこらしめられる演技、波羅門が褌をぬいで洗う所作、大孤という老人が仏に礼拝する演技、酔胡（酒に酔った胡の王）とその従者（酔胡従）による滑稽な演技がおこなわれた。
English: Kuron seduces the woman of Wu by hitting an exaggerated imitation of a male genital called Marakata with a fan, then Rikishi punishes Kuron by pulling and hitting Marakata by roping it.
Japanese: 崑崙はマラカタとよばれる男性器を誇張したつくりものを扇でたたいて呉女に言い寄り、力士はそのマラカタに縄をかけて引っ張ったり、たたいたりする。
English: It is considered to have been performed to warn for the human nature with lust, but the performers' action would have set the audience burst into laughter.
Japanese: 色欲を戒める意味をもたせて上演されたが、その所作は見物の爆笑をさそったと想像される。
English: Also, the play of Suiko represents a king who lost his dignity as he drank, showing the generous hearted criticism.
Japanese: また酔胡の演技も酒に酔って権威をなくしてしまった王を描いており、おおらかな批判精神がみられる。
English: However, the act of Taiko performing the Buddhist service expresses the devout behavior and spirit of people approaching toward Buddhism, which could be the reason that gigaku was performed at Buddhist temples even with the comical aspects of the performance.
Japanese: しかしながら大孤の礼拝の所作は、仏教に対する敬虔さを表現しており、伎楽が喜劇的な要素をもちながら、寺院楽として用いられた理由がここにあるという説もある。
English: Gigaku performers were assigned to Utaryo (Bureau of Traditional Music) regulated by the Taiho Code and supported by the government.
Japanese: 大宝律令に定められた雅楽寮には伎楽師もおかれ、国家の保護がなされた。
English: On the other hand, however, the gigaku performers were imposed some restrictions on such as residential location.
Japanese: しかし一方で、国家保護のもとで伎楽の演者は居住地が定められるなどの制約も課せられた。
English: The acts of 'Marafuri' by Kuron or 'Mutsukiarahi' of Baramon (the performance of washing his loincloth) were inherited to sarugaku (form of theatre popular in Japan during the 11th to 14th centuries) developed in later years.
Japanese: 崑崙の「マラフリ」や、波羅門の「ムツキアラヒ(褌を洗う所作)」は、のちの猿楽にも受け継がれた。
English: Also, many of musical accompaniment for gigaku were adopted to the repertoire of gagaku (the court music of ancient Japan) and lasted long.
Japanese: また伎楽の伴奏の多くは雅楽のレパートリーに取り入れられ、後世に残った。
English: Further, it would be fair to say that shishimai performed nationwide could have been originated from gigaku.
Japanese: さらに先述のように各地の獅子舞のルーツも伎楽にあるとみてさしつかえない。
English: Although gigaku itself declined in the Kamakura period, it has largely influenced to other performing arts.
Japanese: 伎楽そのものは鎌倉期に衰退したとされるが、伎楽が後世の芸能に及ぼした影響は大きい。
English: Yukan MATSUI was a civil officer in the Azuchi-Momoyama period (the period of warring states in Japan).
Japanese: 松井友閑（まついゆうかん）は安土桃山時代（戦国時代(日本)）の文官。
English: Luis FROIS, on the other hand, mentioned that he had been previously a Buddhist priest, thus mystery still hangs over his origin.
Japanese: しかしルイス・フロイスは友閑のことを「以前に仏僧であり」と記しており、出自に謎は残る。
English: After Nobunaga ODA entered Kyoto in 1568, Yukan was in charge of government affairs in Keiki (the area around Kyoto), appointed as Yuhitsu (amanuensis) of the Oda family.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）の織田信長入京後には京畿の政務にあたり、織田家の右筆に任じられている。
English: Mainly in charge of financial affairs in the Oda family, he was also a talented diplomat, seeking to make peace with Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 織田家では主に財務などを担当したが外交能力にも長け、本願寺との和睦工作にも奔走している。
English: In 1586, however, he was suddenly dismissed, and his fate afterwards is unknown.
Japanese: しかし天正14年（1586年）に突然罷免され、その後の消息は不明である。
English: Netsuke (also called "nezuke") is an attachment used in the Edo period when people carried tobacco pouches, yatate (brush holder), inro (a tiny box which contains medicine or one's seal and a small red ink pad) and leather bags (pouches for accessories including money, foods, writing utensils, medicines and tobaccos) by suspending from the obi sash by a cord.
Japanese: 根付（ねつけ、ねづけ）とは、江戸時代に煙草入れ、矢立、印籠、小型の革製鞄（お金、食べ物、筆記用具、薬、煙草など小間物を入れた）などを紐で帯から吊るし持ち歩くときに用いた留め具。
English: There are two main types of netsuke: historical netsuke made from the Edo Period to the modern era and contemporary netsuke made from the Showa Period to the Heisei Period.
Japanese: 江戸時代から近代にかけての古根付と、昭和、平成の現代根付に大別される。
English: It is valued higher in abroad as the antique rather than in its manufacturing country, Japan.
Japanese: 製作国の日本以上に、日本国外では骨董品的収集品として高く評価されている。
English: Used to carry round things including pouches and inro when wearing pocketless men's kimono, netsuke helped prevent such items from falling: string attached to the pouches or inro was pulled under and over the the obi, and then the other end would be tied to the netsuke, which was too large to fall through the obi.
Japanese: ポケットの無い男性用の和服で袋や印籠等を持ち歩く場合に、袋や印籠などに付けられた紐の他方の端に取付け、紐を帯の下に挟み、根付を帯の上方に出す事によって引っ掛って袋や印籠などが落ちないようにする目的で用いられた。
English: Although netsuke in the early Edo period was usually simple, not only its practical utility but also its ornamentation became more highly valued over time, and it became explosively popular in the mid-Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸初期のものは簡素なものが多いが、時代と共に実用性と共に装飾性も重視されるようになり、江戸時代中期に入って爆発的に流行した。
English: Around that time, netsuke got to be carved finely and netsuke itself became the target of collectable art objects.
Japanese: この頃になると細かい彫刻が施されるようになり、根付自体が美術品として収集の対象となった。
English: However, after the Meiji period netsuke became highly valued abroad and began to be produced mainly for export, losing its original function and coming to be no more than a pierced small elaborate carving.
Japanese: 明治に入ると海外から高い評価を得て主に輸出用に生産されるようになるが、この頃になると実用性を失い穴の空いた小型の精緻な彫刻となってしまう。
English: The popularity of netsuke temporarily declined after the Taisho and Showa periods, but technical experts from various fields, working with a wide variety of materials, entered the netsuke market in the Heisei period and a contemporary netsuke movement emerged.
Japanese: 大正、昭和を経て一時衰退に向かうが、平成に入って様々な分野から技術者・多種多様な素材が参入、現代根付として再び動きが活発になりつつある。
English: In time for the end of the Muromachi period and the start of the reign of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, Ieyasu recommended one thing in particular to Jikisan-hatamoto (warriors serves directly to Shogun) and Tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lords).
Japanese: 室町時代が終わり、徳川家康の天下が始まるのに合わせて、家康はある事を直参旗本や外様大名に奨励した。
English: It was, even in peacetime, to carry basic medicines (for cuts, stomachache, headache, etc) when going out.
Japanese: それは、太平の世になっても、外出時に常備薬（切り傷・腹痛・頭痛薬等）を持ち歩くことであった。
English: At that time, Ieyasu was a frequent taker of medication, and he pointed out their importance not only for himself but also for higher-ranking samurai, and court nobles, etc.
Japanese: 当時、家康は相当な薬愛用家であり、自分のみならず、高級武士や公家等にその大切さを説いた。
English: However, they were at a loss for the container to carry their medicines.
Japanese: しかし、彼らは常備薬を携帯するに当たって、その入れ物をどうするか、思案に困った。
English: They had an eye on an inro (a small box with a drawer contained their own seal and a vermilion inkpad) which they had in their house at that time.
Japanese: そこで当時彼らは自宅にあった印籠（印鑑と朱肉を入れた小さな引き出し小箱）に目をつけた。
English: They made their inro at home smaller, put their medicines instead of their seals and vermilion inkpad, and used it as their portable pill case.
Japanese: その自宅用印籠をさらに小型化し、印鑑や朱肉の代わりに薬を入れ、携帯用薬籠としたのである。
English: The same phenomenon happened with "yakan,"(kettle) or 薬缶 in Chinese characters; it literally means 'medicine can' and was originally used for decocting medicines; however it was used for boiling water as well and people continued to use the original name "yakan" for it.
Japanese: 薬缶を薬煎じの目的以外で、単に湯を沸かす容器の名称に使い続けても、名称は“薬缶”のままである現象と同じことが起こったのである。
English: When Samurai and their wives used these inro and hung them from their kimono sashes, it was a 'netsuke' that functioned as a 'catch'.
Japanese: この印籠を武士やその奥方が使用する場合、帯からぶら提げる時に、「留め具」の役目を果たしたのが「根付」である。
English: In the early Edo period when inro became widespread, as netsuke, apparently itoin (copper seals imported from China around the 16th century) were often used.
Japanese: 印籠の普及期である江戸時代初期には、この根付として、銅製の糸印（いといん）が多く使用されたと言われている。
English: 'Itoin' was a receipt stamp for silken threads imported by trading ships from China, which was handed with the threads to consignee and stamped on the receipt issued by the consignee from the middle to the end of the Muromachi period.
Japanese: この「糸印」とは、室町時代中期から後期にかけて、中国からの貿易船により運ばれた絹糸の受領印として、絹糸と共に荷受主に渡され、荷受主発行の受領書に受領印として押されたものである。
English: Used only once per transaction with different hand-carved or cast characters each time, itoin made deliveries safer.
Japanese: 一取引一回のみの役目で、毎回異なった手彫り又は、鋳造文字が使われ、荷渡しの安全に役立ったのである。
English: It was given to the consignee after use and never used as a receipt stamp again.
Japanese: 使用後は、荷受主に寄贈され、二度と受領印として使用されることはなかった。
English: At the end of the Muromachi period, there were a considerable number of used 'itoin' in Japan.
Japanese: 室町後期において、日本国内には相当数の使用済み「糸印」が存在していた。
English: Following his lead, higher-ranking samurai competed to collect 'itoin'; and because there were quite a few 'itoin' in their residences, their itoin naturally played a role to hang inro from their obi.
Japanese: 高級武士もそれに倣い、「糸印」の蒐集に励み、各屋敷には少なからずの「糸印」が存在し、極自然的に印籠を提げる役割を果たした。
English: However, these 'itoin' tended to damage obi because of their angular shape, and from the 17th century they were polished to the smooth comfortable texture associated with the contemporary style.
Japanese: しかしこの「糸印」は角張った形をしていた為に、帯を傷めてしまう傾向があり、現在の様な“なごみ感”がある手触り仕上げになったのは、17世紀に成ってからである。
English: Also, from 17th and 18th centuries, a range of new designs - comfortable or funny, witty or elegant - contributed to the completion of the modern and advanced netsuke.
Japanese: また、17～18世紀にかけて、“なごみ感”プラス“洒落”・“エスプリ”・“伊達心”等が付け加えられ、近代の進化した根付が完成されたのである。
English: The reason is considered that by the 17th century sets of 'inro' and 'netsuke' had spread not only among higher-ranking samurai and court nobles but also among people involved in tea ceremony culture, as well as merchants and townspeople, as an expression of style.
Japanese: その要因として、17世紀頃までに「印籠」・「根付」のセット普及が、高級武士・公家から茶道・商人・町人までに及び、その粋なファッション表現が昇華されたから、と考えられる。
English: Inro and netsuke for the wealthy classes came to be lacquered, with ivory, since these classes were interested in aesthetics without regard to cost.
Japanese: また、富裕層が所持した印籠や根付には、蒔絵や象牙等が使用され、彼らはお金に糸目をつけない芸術性を求めた。
English: The high aesthetics of 'netsuke' are now accepted by many people around the world as an example of sophisticated and unique Japanese culture.
Japanese: 現在、世界中の多くの人々から「根付」の持つ高い芸術性は、日本独特の精緻的文化として認められている。
English: Some people say that from this netsuke culture comes the present-day culture of using straps to attach things to mobile phones and other items.
Japanese: この根付の文化が現在の携帯電話などに取り付けられるストラップの伝統にもつながっていると見る説もある。
English: For shape, there are 輪車(環状)根付, Sashi netsuke (long, slender netsuke carved in three dimensions or with relief carving), Manju netsuke (round, flat netsuke), Hako netsuke (box-type netsuke), Katabori netsuke (figural, three-dimensional sculpture), Ryusa netsuke (manju-shaped netsuke with openwork design), Kagamibuta netsuke (mirror-lid netsuke), etc.
Japanese: 形状として、輪車（環状）根付・差根付（さしねつけ）・饅頭根付・箱根付・形彫根付・柳左根付・鏡蓋根付などがある。
English: As for places of production, Edo, Kyoto, Chukyo (Nagoya City, Ise Province, Gifu Prefecture) and Iwami Province are well-known.
Japanese: 作成地域は江戸、京都、中京（名古屋市・伊勢国・岐阜県）、石見国が有名である。
English: Tokaidochu Hizakurige is a book of comical stories by Ikku JUPPENSHA, with their first printings taking place between 1802 to 1814.
Japanese: 東海道中膝栗毛（とうかいどうちゅうひざくりげ）は、1802年（享和2年）から1814年（文化(元号)11年）にかけて初刷りされた、十返舎一九の滑稽本である。
English: The sequel, "Zoku Hizakurige" (Hizakurige, continued) was published between 1810 to 1822.
Japanese: 後続の『続膝栗毛』は、1810年（文化7年）から1822年（文政5年）にかけて刊行された。
English: The main characters, Yajirobe and Kitahachi, called "Yaji Kita" together, still remain popular in the entertainment media that have their origins in this series.
Japanese: 主人公の弥次郎兵衛と喜多八、繋げて『弥次喜多』は、派生する娯楽メディア類に、なお活躍している。
English: Yajirobe TOCHIMENYA, a resident of Edo Hatchobori (Chuo Ward, Tokyo) and Kitahachi, his freeloader, decide to visit Ise-jingu Shrine to get rid of their bad luck, and they travel the Tokai-do road from Edo to Ise-jingu Shrine, and further on to Kyoto and Osaka.
Japanese: 江戸八丁堀(東京都中央区)の住人栃面屋弥次郎兵衛（とちめんややじろべえ）と、居候の喜多八（きたはち）が、厄落としに伊勢神宮を思い立ち、東海道を江戸から伊勢神宮へ、さらに京都、大坂へとめぐる。
English: Along the journey, the two of them compose kyogen verses (satirical tanka (poem consisting of thirty-one syllables) verses) and create puns and jokes, play pranks, repeatedly making mistakes and creating a riot wherever they go.
Japanese: 道中の二人は、狂歌・駄洒落・冗談をかわし合い、いたずらを働き失敗を繰り返し、行く先々で騒ぎを起こす。