nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Upon the appointment to Shogun, an Imperial envoy goes to Edo-jo Castle and stands in the lower position while the shogun stood on the higher position mostly during the Edo period.
Japanese: 将軍宣下の際は、江戸時代の大半を通じて、江戸城に勅使が赴き、将軍が上座、勅使が下座に立って宣下を行った。
English: Here, shoen (manors), scattered across Japan, except Hokkaido, from ancient times to medieval times are listed.
Japanese: 荘園の一覧（しょうえんのいちらん）は、古代～中世にかけて日本全国(北海道は除く)に点在した荘園の一覧である。
English: The Funaokayama-gassen (Battle at Mt. Funaoka) refers to a battle on September 25, 1511, between Takakuni HOSOKAWA along with OUCHI Yoshioki who supported shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA who support former shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 船岡山合戦（ふなおかやまがっせん）とは、永正8年（1511年）8月23日、将軍足利義稙を擁立する細川高国・大内義興と前将軍足利義澄を擁立する細川澄元との間でおきた。
English: It is also called 'the Battle of Funaokayama in the Eisho era' in order to differentiate from the battle which broke out at Funaokayama during the Onin War.
Japanese: 応仁の乱の際に船岡山をめぐりおこった戦いと区別するため「永正の船岡山の戦い」ともいう。
English: Having expelled Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") Yoshiki ASHIKAGA on the Coup of Meio in 1493, Shogunal Deputy Masamoto HOSOKAWA flaunted his enormous power under Yoshizumi (Yoshitaka) ASHIKAGA whom he supported.
Japanese: 明応2年（1493年）の明応の政変により征夷大将軍足利義材を追放し、自身が擁立した足利義澄（義高）のもとで絶大な権力を誇った管領細川政元。
English: However, because Masamoto had no biological child, he adopted three sons -Sumiyuki HOSOKAWA, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, and Takakuni HOSOKAWA- who later disputed each other as successor.
Japanese: しかし、実子がいなかったため、三人の養子を迎えたものの、その後、継を巡り細川政元の養子同士（細川澄之、細川澄元、細川高国）3派での権力争いが発生した。
English: On June 23, 1507, Masamoto HOSOKAWA was assassinated by HOSOKAWA Sumiyuki's senior vassals, Motonaga KOZAI, Nagatada YAKUSHIJI, et al (Eisho Disturbance).
Japanese: 永正4年（1507年）6月23日に細川澄之派の重臣香西元長や薬師寺長忠らによって細川政元が暗殺される（永正の錯乱）。
English: Although Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's residence was also attacked and Sumimoto once escaped to Koga-gun Omi Province, he gained strength back with the help of Kokujin (local samurai).
Japanese: 細川澄元も屋敷を襲われ、一旦近江甲賀郡に逃走するが国人の力を借りて勢力を盛り返す。
English: On August second, he had an approval of the eleventh Shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA to succeed the HOSOKAWA clan.
Japanese: 同年8月2日には第11代将軍・足利義澄に対して細川氏の家督継承を承認させたのである。
English: Then Shogun Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA fled to Okayama-jo Castle in Omi Province, and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA who supported Yoshizumi fled to Omi and ultimately to Awa Province.
Japanese: 将軍足利義澄は近江国の岡山城(近江国)に、それを担ぐ細川澄元は近江から最終的には阿波国へそれぞれに逃亡した。
English: Yoshitada ASHIKAGA, who won the battle, changed his name to Yoshitane and reinstated as Shogun; a coalition government of Takakuni HOSOKAWA and Yoshioki OUCHI was formed.
Japanese: 戦いに勝利した足利義尹が義稙と改名して将軍に復職し、細川高国・大内義興の連合政権が成立した。
English: Although Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA aimed at rehabilitation, they were defeated at the Battle of Nyoigatake in 1509.
Japanese: 再起を図っていた足利義澄・細川澄元は永正6年（1509年）に復権を図ったものの敗れている如意ケ嶽の戦い。
English: Then, they prepared and in 1511, mustered various groups in Kinai, counterattacked, and recovered the capital.
Japanese: その後力を蓄え、永正8年（1511年）畿内の諸勢力を糾合し反撃し京を奪還した。
English: Just before the outbreak of the battle, an internal conflict had occurred in the Rokkaku clan of Omi Province who supported Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 開戦の直前、足利義澄の擁護者であった近江六角氏において内紛が勃発した。
English: As a result, Takayori ROKKAKU, family head of the ROKKAKU, revolted to Yoshitane ASHIKAGA's side, despite the Iba clan, shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable), who insisted to assist Yoshizumi's side.
Japanese: その結果、当主である六角高頼が義澄方への与力をあくまで主張する守護代の伊庭氏を抑えて足利義稙方に寝返った。
English: Sumimoto HOSOKAWA and his people did not lose the will to fight; they attempted a turf war at Mt. Funaoka, which was a strategic point in Tanba and Yamashiro Province, with Masataka HOSOKAWA, who was in their side, as a captain.
Japanese: しかし細川澄元達の戦意はなおも衰えず、細川澄元方の細川政賢を主将として丹波と山城国との要衝である船岡山に陣取り防戦を試みた。
English: When Takakuni's side, including the Ouchi's forces, attacked at night, Masataka HOSOKAWA was killed in the battle, and Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's force completely collapsed.
Japanese: その大内軍を含んだ高国方が夜襲をしかけると、細川政賢は戦死するなど細川澄元方は総崩れとなった。
English: Having lost the battle, Sumimoto HOSOKAWA fled to Awa where his parents lived and continued to resist with the support of Yukinaga MIYOSHI, aiming at recovery.
Japanese: 戦いに敗れた細川澄元は実家の阿波に逃亡し再起を図り、三好之長に擁立され抵抗を続けた。
English: As for Yoshioki OUCHI who won the battle, while he remained in Kyoto for a long time, there were disturbing trends in Izumo Province caused by the Amako clan, the Takeda clan, etc.
Japanese: 一方で、勝者である大内義興も長期間在京する間に出雲国の尼子氏や武田氏などが不穏な動きを見せはじめる。
English: Moreover, because many Kokujin (local samurai) seceded from him, he returned to Suo in 1518.
Japanese: さらに旗下の国人達の離反が続出したので、1518年、周防に帰国した。
English: Takakuni HOSOKAWA opposed to Shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA after a while, expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in 1521, and backed Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA's son, Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, to become Shogun.
Japanese: 残された細川高国はやがて将軍足利義稙と対立し、1521年足利義稙を追放し足利義澄の子の足利義晴を将軍として擁立する。
English: Then he opposed to Sumimoto HOSOKAWA's son Harumoto HOSOKAWA and lost the Battle of Tenno-ji, as known as Daimotsu-kuzure (Battle of Daimotsu) in 1531.
Japanese: 今度は細川澄元の子細川晴元と対立し、1531年、天王寺の戦い（大物崩れ）で敗れる。
English: As core busho on Yoshitane's side, there were Captain Takakuni HOSOKAWA, OUCHI Yoshioki, and Yoshimoto HATAKEYAMA of Noto Province.
Japanese: 義稙方の将としては、主将である細川高国と大内義興の他、能登畠山氏の畠山義元が中核であった。
English: The Kawachi Hatakeyama clan (the Bishu family) who had supported Yoshitane since the Coup of Meio was also thought to be with Yoshitane; however, the fact is unknown.
Japanese: 明応の政変以来の義稙の支持者である河内畠山氏（尾州家）の畠山尚順も当然義稙方であったと思われるが不明。
English: Takamori TOIDA and Okifusa SUE who were great vassals of Yoshioki OUCHI, Tsunehisa AMAGO, a kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lord) who later opposed in Chugoku region, Kunitsune KIKKAWA, Okimoto MORI (elder brother of Motonari MORI), Yorioki YOSHIMI and others had joined the forces of OUCHI Yoshioki.
Japanese: 大内義興の軍には、直臣である問田弘胤や陶興房の他、後に中国地方で敵味方に分かれ抗争する国人領主である尼子経久、吉川国経、毛利興元（毛利元就の兄）、吉見頼興などが参加していた。
English: As busho on Yoshizumi's side, there were many great vassals of the bakufu, such as captain Sumimoto HOSOKAWA, Masataka HOSOKAWA and Yorisuke MATSUDA.
Japanese: 義澄方の将としては、主将である細川澄元の他、細川政賢、松田頼亮など、幕府の直臣といえる人物が多い。
English: There were also feudal lords, such as Yoshihide HATAKEYAMA of the Kawachi Hatakeyama clan (Soshu family), who opposed Hisanobu in Kawachi, and Yoshimura AKAMATSU of Harima.
Japanese: 大名としては河内で尚順と対立する河内畠山氏（総州家）の畠山義英や播磨の赤松義村がいる。
English: It is thought that the Awa Hosokawa family, who were the parents' family of Sumimoto, and Yukinaga MIYOSHI their influential hikan (low-level bureaucrat) were naturally on the side of Yoshizumi.
Japanese: 澄元の実家である阿波細川家と、その有力被官である三好之長も当然義澄方であったと思われる。
English: However, Nariyuki HOSOKAWA, Sumimoto's grandfather and conservator, died of an illness right after this battle, and Yukinaga was no condition to move.
Japanese: が、この合戦の直後に澄元の祖父で後見役であった細川成之が病没しており、之長も動きが取れなかった。
English: Moreover, it has been known that there was 'Yusa, the Governor of Kawachi Province' who joined Yoshizumi's force and killed himself.
Japanese: また、義澄方に参戦し自刃した「遊佐河内守」なる人物がいたことが分っている。
English: However, it is thought that Nobumori was not Yusa, the Governor of Kawachi Province, because it has become clear that there was a group of the Yusa clan among Kokujin who supported the Soshu family, and because Hisanobu was politically dominant over Yoshihide after the battle, driving Yoshihide into ruin.
Japanese: しかし総州家支持の国人にも遊佐氏の一派が存在したことが判明していることと、この合戦の後、尚順が義英に対し政治的に優勢に立ち、義英は没落に追い込まれていることから、遊佐河内守は順盛とは別人であると考えられている。
English: Shimazu no Sho (Shimazu Manor) was a large manor located in southern Kyushu from the Heian period to the first part of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 島津荘（しまづのしょう）は、平安時代～鎌倉時代初期にかけて南九州にあった大荘園。
English: Shimazu Manor was developed in 1026 by Dazai no Daigen (director of the local government office in the Kyushu region) TAIRA no Suemoto and dedicated to Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Yorimichi.
Japanese: 万寿3年(1026年)に大宰大監の平季基が開発し、関白の藤原頼通に寄進。
English: Sekkan-ke (FUJIWARA no Yorimichi > FUJIWARA no Tadazane > FUJIWARA no Taishi > FUJIWARA no Tadazane > FUJIWARA no Motozane > TAIRA no Seishi > FUJIWARA no Motomichi)
Japanese: 摂関家(藤原頼通→藤原忠実→藤原泰子→藤原忠実→藤原基実→平盛子→藤原基通)
English: In 1186, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed Tadahisa KOREMUNE (Tadahisa SHIMAZU) to administer the manor as jito (manager and lord of manor).
Japanese: 文治2年(1186年)に鎌倉幕府は地頭として惟宗忠久(島津忠久)を差し向けて支配させた。
English: After Tadahisa was briefly overthrown in a conflict with the Hiki clan, the manor was reinstated and became an economic base of the Shimazu clan of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
Japanese: 忠久は比企氏の乱で一時失脚するも後に復権、戦国大名島津氏の経済基盤になるにいたる。
English: Yokoe on Sho (Yokoe Manor) was a manor located in Kaga Province from the Heian period to the Sengoku period (period of Warring States).
Japanese: 横江荘（よこえのしょう）は、平安時代～戦国時代(日本)にかけて加賀国にあった荘園。
English: In 1970, hottate bashira (earthfast post) remains of a building dating from the first part of the Heian period were discovered at the site of Yokoe Manor and the area was nationally designated a historic site in 1972.
Japanese: 昭和45年(1970年)、同荘園跡から平安時代初期の掘立柱建物跡が検出され、同47年（1972年）に国の史跡に指定された。
English: In 2008, the remains of a large Heian period corridor-like structure were discovered and the possibility emerged that it could have once been the Ishikawa District office building.
Japanese: 平成20年(2008年)、平安時代の回廊状大型区画施設遺構が発見され、石川郡庁があった可能性が出てきたという。
English: Kanzaki no Sho (Kanzaki Manor) was a manor located in Hizen Province from the Heian period to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 神埼荘（かんざきのしょう）は、平安時代～室町時代にかけて肥前国にあった荘園。
English: Kanzaki Manor originated from a 690-cho (approximately 75,272 square meters) area that became a chokushiden (imperial territory) in the year 836 before becoming a manor in 1015 and going on to be inherited by successive emperors and retired emperors.
Japanese: 承和(日本)3年(836年)に勅旨田になった690町が起源で、長和4年(1015年)以前に立荘、皇室領として歴代天皇・上皇に相伝された。
English: Imperial Family (Emperor Goshirakawa > Emperor Gotoba, etc.) > Miura clan (Yasumura MIURA) > Imperial Family (Emperor Gosaga, etc.)
Japanese: 皇室領(後白河天皇→後鳥羽天皇ら)→三浦氏(三浦泰村)→皇室領(後嵯峨天皇ら)
English: Kanzaki Manor was divided up to provide land plots which were granted as rewards during the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan, and by the Northern and Southern Courts period had lost all status as a manor - existing in name only.
Japanese: 元寇で恩賞地配分の対象とされたため細分化され、南北朝時代(日本)には名前だけを残して荘園としての実態は失われた。
English: Nihongi Koen was a court function that gave lectures and did research on the national history of Japan or "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) during the early Heian period.
Japanese: 日本紀講筵（にほんぎこうえん）とは、平安時代前期に国史である『日本書紀』の講義・研究を行う宮中行事。
English: The first Nihongi Koen was held in 721, but it presumed to have had slightly different characteristics from those in later years because it is thought to have held a celebration for the completion of the "Nihonshoki."
Japanese: 721年（養老5年）に最初の講筵に行われたが、これは『日本書紀』完成を祝したものと考えられ、後世のものとやや趣が異なっていると見られる。
English: The functions are known to have been held seven times after that, in 812, 843, 878, 904, 936 and 965.
Japanese: その後、812年（弘仁3年））・843年（承和10年）・878年（元慶2年）・904年（延喜4年）・936年（承平6年）・965年（康保2年）に計7回行われたことが知られている。
English: Scholars conversant with history such as Kidendo (the study of the histories) were appointed as instructors called hakase (an expert), toko and shofuku (reviewers at the post who reviews a book offered by the lecturer for the Emperor or Crown Prince at the ceremony of Emperor's first reading).
Japanese: 講師には紀伝道などの歴史に通じた学者が博士・都講・尚復などに任命された。
English: It used to be held at intervals of almost thirty years because it was a long-term and large-scale event.
Japanese: 長期にわたる大規模な行事であったために、ほぼ30年おきに1回開催された。
English: It is also said that there were lively lectures and traffic in ideas among the participants composed of the Grand Minister, Kugyo (the top court officials), and other government officials.
Japanese: また、出席者も太政大臣以下の公卿や官人が出席して熱心な講義・意見交換が行われたとされている。
English: In the party, the participants, mainly Kugyo recited waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) related to traditions and anecdotes described in the "Nihonshoki" to the accompaniment of wagon (Japanese harp) played by Oouta no mikotoshi.
Japanese: 公卿らを中心に『日本書紀』の故事・逸話に因んだ和歌（「日本紀竟宴和歌」）を詠み、大歌御琴師がそれに合わせて和琴を奏でた。
English: The waka recited at the party of 906 (after the function commencing in 904) and the party of 943 (after the function commencing in 936) still remains today in large numbers.
Japanese: 906年（延喜6年）（904年（延喜4年）からの講筵）と943年（天慶6年）（936年（承平6年）からの講筵）の際に行われた竟宴の和歌が今日でも多く残されている。
English: The persons in charge of giving lectures, such as the hakase, drew up private notes called Nihongi Shiki as a textbook in advance of their lectures.
Japanese: なお、博士ら講義担当者は講義にあたって予めテキストに相当する覚書である『日本紀私記』（にほんぎしき）を作成している。
English: The contents of the notes were mainly about kun-doku (the word-for-word translating method from Chinese to Japanese) of the main text of the "Nihonshoki" but some of them delved into the comprehension of it.
Japanese: 主に本文の訓読に関する記述が多いが、中には内容にまで踏み込んだものもある。
English: It is considered that these private notes concentrated on the interpretation of the "Nihonshoki" written in kanbun (Sino-Japanese) from the viewpoint of its original form of lore.
Japanese: これらの私記は、漢文で書かれた『日本書紀』を本来の伝承形態に戻って解釈することに力を注いでいると考えられている。
English: It is also thought that these private notes were utilized as the materials for the compilation of "Shaku Nihongi" (annotated text of the Nihon Shoki) in later years.
Japanese: また、これらの私記は後世の『釈日本紀』編纂時の資料として用いられたと考えられる。
English: Myohodo is a department of Daigakuryo, an educational institution under the system of centralized administration established under the ritsuryo legal codes in ancient Japan, where the ritsuryo legal codes (the study of law) was taught.
Japanese: 明法道（みょうぼうどう）とは、古代日本の律令制の元で設置された大学寮において、律令法（法学）を講義した学科。
English: Under Taiho Code, there were no system to develop the government posts and specialists handling the interpretation of ritsuryo and in Daigakuryo there seemed to be two subjects at first - future Myogyodo as the main course and Sando, a subject of mathematics.
Japanese: 大宝律令において律令の解釈に関する官職や専門家を育成する仕組は存在せず、当初の大学寮においては本科にあたる後の明経道と数学の学科である算道の2つで構成されたと考えられている。
English: The interpretation of ritsuryo was handled mainly by people from China called Ryoshi, experts who probably also cultivated future Ryoshi privately.
Japanese: 律令の解釈は主に渡来人系の人々からなる令師と呼ばれる一種の技術職によって行われ、その育成も令師が私的に行っていたと考えられている。
English: It is because in China, the native land of ritsuryo, only Confucianism (=Myogyodo) was recognized as the study of worthy men and the other studies including law were recognized as Hogi which were regarded as less worthy and the ritsuryo legal codes in Japan were affected by such a trend.
Japanese: これは、律令の母国である中国において、儒教（＝明経道）のみを君子の学問として、法学を含めたその他の学術を方技として扱って学問としての価値を認めない風潮があったことに日本の律令法も影響を受けたためと考えられている。
English: Later doctors of Ritsugaku were appointed together with doctors of Monjodo, a department of Chinese poetry and history on the need to cultivate experts of ritsuryo by ordinance on September 3, 728.
Japanese: その後、律令の専門家を育成する必要性から、神亀5年7月21日(旧暦)（728年8月30日）の格式において、漢文学・歴史学を掌る文章博士と同時に律学博士が設置された。
English: After two years, on April 22, 730, 10 students of Myoho were taken and the department was established.
Japanese: 2年後の天平2年3月27日(旧暦)（730年4月18日）に明法生10名が設置されて学科として確立した。
English: The ordinance at that time stated to take the students of Monjo and Myoho from the children of Zonin officials and Hakucho people, therefore the children of lower-level officials of the central and local governments or common people became the Myoho students and it was seen as a lower ranking department than Myogyodo which took students from the children of aristocrats.
Japanese: この時の格に文章生と明法生は雑任・白丁の子弟から採ることが規定され、中央・地方の下級官人あるいは庶民の子弟が明法生となり、貴族子弟を学生とした明経道よりは格下と看做されていた。
English: Soon after the Myoho students were taken (it is unclear when), the doctor of Ritsugaku was renamed the doctor of Myoho.
Japanese: なお、明法生設置から程なく（時期は不明）、律学博士は明法博士と改称された。
English: The text book of Myohodo was ritsuryo itself and those who could answer 8 questions out of 7 from Ritsu and 3 from Ryo passed the exam.
Japanese: 明法道は律令そのものを教科書とし、律から7問・令から3問出題され、8問以上で合格とされた。
English: Those who answered all correctly (Kodai) were appointed as superior Daishoi rank and 8 or 9 questions correctly (Otudai) were appointed as inferior Daishoi rank.
Japanese: 全問正解者（甲第）は大初位上に、8・9問正解者（乙第）は大初位下に叙任された。
English: Because the examination of Myohodo was difficult, in 813 unsuccessful applicants were still allowed to have the qualification to be appointed as Kunihakase (a teacher of local institute).
Japanese: 明法道の試験は難関であったために弘仁4年（813年）には、6問以上正解者には不合格であっても国博士に任命される資格を得ることが認められた。
English: Details of the lectures and whether or not Kakushiki (ordinances) and Kanpu (government documents) etc. were studied to complement ritsuryo are unclear.
Japanese: ただし、講義の詳細な内容は明らかではなく、律令を補完する格式・官符などについての学習が行われたのかどうかも明らかにはなっていない。
English: In the Heian period, in the restructuring policy of ritsuryo by the Emperor Kanmu, doctors of Myoho were appointed also in Dazaifu (the local government institution in Kyushu) in 799 and a measure was taken to increase the students of Myoho from 10 to 20 by cutting 10 of the fixed 30 students of Sando in 802.
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、桓武天皇による律令制再建政策の中で延暦18年（799年）には大宰府にも明法博士が設置され、同21年（802年）には当時30名の定員があった算生の定員を10名削って、明法生を10名から20名に増やす措置が採られている。
English: Also after the transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo, Myohodoin, a facility for the Myoho students to take lectures and boards was constructed including the central school building and east/west dormitories on the southernmost side of Daigakuryo.
Japanese: また、平安京遷都後に明法生の講義と宿舎の場として中央の堂（校舎）と東西に分かれた直曹（寄宿舎）からなる明法道院（みょうほうどういん）が大学寮の一番南側に建設された。
English: It is considered that there were also such facilities in Heijokyo (a previous capital), but Myohoin in Heiankyo was likely the same size as Myogyodoin (written in "Daidairizu Kosho"), which indicated the position of Myohodo was getting higher at that time.
Japanese: こうした施設は平城京などにもあったと考えられているが、平安京の明法道院は本科である明経道院と同規模であったと伝えられ（『大内裏図考証』）、当時の明法道の地位の向上を伝えている。
English: In the early 9th century, the study of ritsuryo flourished and a lot of Myoho experts were produced including SANUKI no Naganao, OKIHARA no Miniku, NUKATA no Imatari, KOREMUNE no Naomoto and also clans of Myoho doctors for generations were produced including Sanuki (future Wake clan) and Koremune (future Yoshimune clan)
Japanese: 9世紀前半には律令の研究が興隆した時期であり、讃岐永直・興原敏久・額田今足・惟宗直本など多くの優れた明法家が輩出され、讃岐氏（後に和気氏）・惟宗氏（後に令宗氏）のように数代にわたって明法博士を輩出した一族もあった。
English: Though there remain no books by Myoho experts of this time, their theories (called 'Sanki' or 'Kekki') were quoted in books such as "Ryonogige", "Ryonoshuge" and transmitted to the present time.
Japanese: この時代の明法家の著作は残っていないものの、『令義解』・『令集解』などにその学説（その学説によって「讃記」・「穴記」などと呼ばれている）が引用され、今日まで伝えられている。
English: However, in the mid Heian period, Kidendo, a Monjo subject, exceeded the other departments, therefore Myohodo was positioned lower than Kidendo and declined temporarily.
Japanese: だが、平安時代中期に入ると、文章生の学科である紀伝道が他の学科を圧倒するようになり、明法道は紀伝道・明法道よりも下位に置かれるようになって一時的に衰退の時期を迎えるようになる。
English: Though the system under the ritsuryo legal codes declined, minimum social order was sought, which required Myoho experts as the specialists of law in the field of order and justice and government officials who had studied Myohodo were sent to the ministries such as Gyobusho, Danjodai, Kebiishi.
Japanese: もっとも、律令制が衰微したこの時代においても最低限の社会秩序の維持は模索されたことから、治安・司法分野においては法律の専門家である明法家に対する需要は存在し続け、以後も明法道から刑部省や弾正台、検非違使などの官人が送り込まれることとなった。
English: Also Myoho students were appointed as lower rank officials by the recommendation systems such as Dokyo and Donenkyo.
Japanese: 更に、道挙や道年挙によって在学生の下級官吏への登用も行われるようになった。
English: In the 10th century, the position of Gyobusho declined and the jurisdictions of robbery and counterfeit coinage were transferred to Kebiishi and the other crimes were transferred to Daijokan.
Japanese: また、10世紀に入ると次第に刑部省の地位が低下するようになり、強窃二盗（強盗・窃盗）と私鋳銭に関する裁判権は検非違使に、その他の犯罪に関する裁判権は太政官に移されることになった。
English: Especially in Daijokan, when officials of lower than grade five committed a crime, a Jinnosadame (council) called 'Zaimyosadame' was held where the emperors or Kugyo (ministers) with lower positions than Sekkan (regent) who did not know ritsuryo very well, asked opinions to the doctors of Myoho and Myoho experts for submission of Myobokanmon response papers.
Japanese: 特に太政官においては五位以上の官人から犯罪者が出た場合にこれを処分する「罪名定」と呼ばれる陣定が行われ、その際に決して律令に精通しているとは言い難い天皇もしくは摂関以下の公卿から当該事件に適用すべき罪名（犯罪の名称とそれに対応する刑罰）に関する諮問が明法博士ら明法家に対して行われ、これに対して明法家は明法勘文の提示を行った。
English: While government systems were created away from the existing ritsuryo system such as regency, Kebiishi and Myoden land control system, Myoho experts were expected to interpret those as legal systems in ritsuryo because the government was losing its power to create a new law system at that time.
Japanese: その一方で、摂関政治や検非違使、名田制など現行の律令制度から乖離した政治システムが形成されながら、新規の法体系を形成するだけの政治力を喪失しつつあったこの時代において、明法家がそれを律令的に合法に導く法的解釈を行う事も期待されていた。
English: It was in such a period that KOREMUNE no Tadasuke compiled "Seiji Yoryoku" in about 1002.
Japanese: 惟宗允亮が『政事要略』を編纂した（長保4年（1002年）頃）のは、そうした時期であった。
English: In the period of Insei (rule by a retired emperor), Myohodo flourished again in response to increasing cases about land possession and buying, selling, loan and growing security concerns.
Japanese: 院政期において、土地領有や売買貸借を巡る訴訟の増加や治安の悪化への対策としての取締強化によって再び明法道が興隆するようになる。
English: The doctors of Myoho became so active that they submitted Myobokanmon response papers not only to the emperors and Daijokan (government's supreme organ) but also to Chitennokimi (a retired emperor) and Innocho (administrative organization of retired emperor).
Japanese: 明法博士は従来の天皇や太政官に加えて治天の君や院庁の諮問に対しても明法勘文を提示するなど、活発な活動を見せるようになる。
English: On the other hand, there were problems caused by hereditary transfers of doctors of Myoho developed by Sakanoue and Nakahara clans, by which some doctors of Myoho made bad Kanmon response papers with apparently wrong interpretations of law, which future scholars could find.
Japanese: だが、その一方で坂上氏・中原氏による家学化が進んで明法博士の世襲が行われるようになり、中には後世の学者から見ても法解釈の誤りが明らかである拙劣な勘文を残す明法博士が現れるなどの問題もあった。
English: But on the other hand, some great Myoho experts wrote books such as "Hoso Shiyosho" by SAKANOUE no Akikane, "Saiban Shiyosho" by SAKANOUE no Akimoto (a grandchild of Akikane), "Myoho Jojokanroku" by NAKAHARA no Norisumi, "Kingyoku Shochusho" by NAKAHARA no Norito etc.
Japanese: その一方で、坂上明兼の『法曹至要抄』、坂上明基（明兼の孫）の『裁判至要抄』、中原章澄の『明法条々勘録』、中原章任の『金玉掌中抄』などの優れた明法家の書物も現れた。
English: In the late Heian period, after Daigakuryo was eliminated, the department of Myohodo practically disappeared and the doctors gave lectures of ritsuryo in their private schools.
Japanese: 平安時代末期に大学寮が廃絶すると、学科としての明法道の実質は消滅して、博士が私塾を開いて律令を講義するようになる。
English: On the other hand, after so called Kugeho (law of court nobles' society) was established, Myoho experts including the doctors of Myoho participated in the council because the law was based on the low interpretations of Myoho experts and Myobokanmon.
Japanese: その一方で、いわゆる公家法が形成されるようになると、明法家の法解釈や明法勘文が法源とされ、明法博士などの明法家が院評定に参加するようになる。
English: Also OE no Hiromoto who became an adopted son of Nakahara clan to study Myohodo, was likely to have something to do with the establishment of Myohodo and Bukeho (the low system of samurai society) because he participated deeply in the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu and influenced "Goseibaishikimoku (the law of samurai regime)" of the legal book "Saiban Shiyosho. "
Japanese: また、当初中原氏の養子に入り明法道を学んだ大江広元が鎌倉幕府創設に深く関与し、また『裁判至要抄』の『御成敗式目』への影響が指摘されるなど、明法道と武家法の成立にも少なからず関係があったとされている。
English: However, after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi bakufu dominated Kyoto and took over the government function of the Imperial Court and Innocho, and Myohodo became a mere name and survived only as a study of historical precedents.
Japanese: だが、南北朝時代(日本)を経て、室町幕府が京都を支配して朝廷・院庁の政治機能を吸収するようになると、形骸化していくようになり、有職故実の学問として命脈を保つに過ぎなくなった。
English: Gakumonjo (a school) was the name of a kind of educational institution in medieval and modern times.
Japanese: 学問所（がくもんじょ）とは、中世・近世における教育機関の名称の1つ。