nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Korean original era name '隆熙' was used in the Korean Peninsula after the takeover by Japan, but Meiji, the name of a Japanese era, was used for postmarks (however, The Christian era was used for the postmarks stamped on international posts in European text, which was the same manner as in Japan).
Japanese: 日本接収以後の朝鮮半島では韓国独自の年号として「隆熙」が用いられていたが、郵便物の消印の年号は明治元号（ただし欧文による国際郵便の消印は日本と同様西暦）が使われていた。
English: Japanese postal stamps were used in Korean Peninsula until North and South Korea issued their own postal stamps in 1946.
Japanese: なお朝鮮半島では1946年に南北朝鮮で切手が発行されるまで日本切手の使用が続いた。
English: Although the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan published the Book of 120-year History of Japanese Modern Post in 1990, it did not mention about the postal situations of its foreign parts, especially those of Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 1991年に日本の郵政省が日本近代郵便の120年史を出版したが、外地、特に朝鮮半島に関係する郵便事情については全く触れていない内容であった。
English: To complement this insufficiency, Meiso MIZUHARA, a famous philatelist, published "History of Korean Modern Post 1884-1905" in 1994.
Japanese: そのため、著名な切手収集家である水原明窗は補完するために『朝鮮近代郵便史―1884-1905』を1994年に出版している。
English: A commemorative postage stamp was not issued at the occasion of the Japanese Annexation of Korea in 1910, but Chosen Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Korea) issued the government-regulated postcard '朝鮮総督府始政紀念' (Inauguration of Chosen Sotoku-fu) in October.
Japanese: 1910年の日韓併合では記念切手は発行されていないが、10月に朝鮮総督府が「朝鮮総督府始政紀念」と題する官製絵葉書を発行している。
English: As mentioned above, Korean stamps were valid after the take over of postal service by Japan and there is what is called combination covers, which have both Japanese and Korean stamps on the same envelope; they are prized among philatelists.
Japanese: 前述のように韓国切手が日本による通信事業接収後も有効であったため、同じ封筒に日韓両国の切手が貼られて使用された、いわゆるコンビネーションカバーが存在しており、切手収集家の間で珍重されている。
English: Uda Disturbance refers to the family feud which broke out in the Uda-Matsuyama Domain in Yamato Province during the Edo period.
Japanese: 宇陀崩れ（うだくずれ）とは、江戸時代に大和国の宇陀松山藩で起こったお家騒動である。
English: The third lord of the domain Nagayori ODA distributed eight villages, including Fukuchi Village, equivalent to 3000 koku to his younger brother Nagamasa ODA (bakufu hatamoto [direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]).
Japanese: 宇陀松山藩3代織田長頼の時、弟の織田長政(旗本)に福知村ほか8か村3000石を分与した。
English: During the reign of the fourth lord Nobutake ODA, the domain faced financial difficulties and senior vassals conflicted over solutions to them.
Japanese: 4代織田信武の代に至り藩の財政は窮乏し、打開策をめぐって重臣が対立。
English: In 1694, Nobutake murdered his senior vassals, Saemon IKOMA and Gorobe TANAKA, who were the descendants of the retainers who contributed to founding the domain, and killed himself.
Japanese: 1694年（元禄7年）、信武は、創業功臣の裔である重臣生駒三左衛門、田中五郎兵衛を討ち果たしたが自らも自害を遂げた。
English: In the following year, the successor Nobuyasu ODA was deprived of his territory and transferred to the Tanba Kaibara Domain in Hikami District in Tanba Province (20000 koku), and the Uda-Matsuyama Domain was abolished and ended.
Japanese: このため翌年、後継の織田信休は丹波国氷上郡丹波柏原藩2万石に減封のうえ国替となり、宇陀松山藩は廃藩となり終焉した。
English: Kyogoku Soran was one of Kyogoku clan's family battles over the succession to (the headship of) the house in the Omi Province which took place during the time from the Muromachi Period to the Sengoku period (period of warring states) in Japan.
Japanese: 京極騒乱（きょうごくそうらん）は、室町時代から戦国時代(日本)にかけて近江国において起こった京極氏の家督相続を巡る御家騒動の一つ。
English: The battle broke out after Mochikiyo KYOGOKU's death of illness in 1470 and continued for 34 years until Takakiyo KYOGOKU, his grandson, united the territory in 1505.
Japanese: 1470年（文明(日本)2年）の京極持清の病没から始まり、1505年（永正2年）の孫・京極高清の領国統一までの34年間を指す。
English: Kyogoku Soran is known as the Bunmei Internal Strife or the Bunmei War; however, these are also the aliases given to the incidents which occurred in the same period; therefore, "Kyogoku Soran" will be used throughout in this article.
Japanese: 文明の内訌や文明の乱とも呼ばれるが、同時期にあった事変の別称でもある為、ここでは“京極騒乱”で統一する。
English: In the middle of the Onin War, Mochikiyo, the Kyogoku clan's soryo (heir), and Katsuhide KYOGOKU, the legitimate child (first-born son), had died of illness in quick succession; therefore, the Kyogoku clan had to name the heir.
Japanese: 応仁の乱の最中に京極氏は、惣領・持清と嫡子（長男）・京極勝秀が立て続けに病死した為、跡目を決めなくてならなくなくなった。
English: Mochikiyo had doted on Otsudojimaru, Katsuhide's first-born son, rather than on his legitimate grandchild, Sondojimaru, Katsuhide's second son; thus, the opinion was divided in the clan and vassals.
Japanese: 持清は嫡孫である勝秀の次男・孫童子丸よりも勝秀の長男・乙童子丸を溺愛していた為、一族・家臣の中で意見が分かれる事になる。
English: As a result, the battle broke out between the group for Sondojimaru KYOGOKU, Katsuhide's legitimate child and the group for Otsudojimaru KYOGOKU, Katsuhide's illegitimate child over the reins of the family.
Japanese: そして、家督を巡り勝秀の嫡子・京極孫童子丸派と勝秀の庶子・京極乙童子丸派の間で争いが起こる。
English: Masatsune KYOGOKU, Mochikiyo's second son, and Takatada TAGA who was from the family and was Omi-no-kuni Shugodai (Military Commissioner of Omi-no-kuni) joined the group to support Sondojimaru and Masamitsu KYOGOKU, Mochikiyo's third son, and Takatada TAGA who was Hida no kuni no Kami (Governor of the Hida Province) joined the group to support Otsudojimaru; the dispute developed into the battle which involved the entire Kyogoku clan.
Japanese: 孫童子丸派には持清の次男・京極政経と一族出の近江国守護代・多賀高忠が付き、乙童子丸派には持清の三男・京極政光と飛騨国守護代・多賀清直が付いて、京極家中を巻き込んだ事態へと発展する。
English: In the same year, Sondojimaru who took the reins of the family with Masatsune, his uncle, as his guardian, was appointed to the military governor of the Omi, Hida, Izumo, and Oki provinces.
Japanese: 同年に叔父・政経を後見役に孫童子丸が家督を継ぎ近江・飛騨・出雲国・隠岐国守護職に補任される。
English: However, the family battle didn't come to an end; the Otsudojimaru group's Masamitsu and Kiyonao betrayed and changed the side to the Western Camp, reconciled with Masayori ROKKAKU and strengthened the Sondojimaru group's power.
Japanese: しかし、御家騒動は収まらず乙童子丸派の政光と清直は、1470年（文明2年）8月に西軍へ寝返り、六角政頼と和睦して孫童子丸派を攻勢を強める。
English: Another dispute over the succession broke out when Sondojimaru died young in 1471, the following year.
Japanese: 翌年の1471年（文明3年）に孫童子丸が夭折し、新たな跡目争いが起きる。
English: Masamitsu received support from Myochin SAITO, the deputy military governor of the Mino province, and the allied forces, the Western Camp of Otsudojimaru KYOGOKU, Masamitsu KYOGOKU, Kiyonao TAGA, Munenao TAGA, Masayori ROKKAKU, Myochin SAITO, and others defeated Sondojimaru group at the end of September in 1472 and forced Masatsune and Takatada to flee to the Echizen Province.
Japanese: 政光は美濃国小守護代の斎藤妙椿に援助を受け、1472年（文明4年）9月末に西軍の京極乙童子丸・京極政光・多賀清直・多賀宗直・六角政頼・斎藤妙椿ら連合軍は孫童子丸派を破り、政経・高忠らを越前国へ敗走させる。
English: Otsudojimaru took the reins of the family with Masamitsu, his uncle, as his guardian, and was appointed to the military governor of the Hida, Izumo, and Iki provinces.
Japanese: 叔父・政光を後見役に乙童子丸が家督を継ぎ飛騨・出雲・壱岐国守護職となる。
English: In the same year, Masamitsu, Otsudojimaru's uncle and guardian, died of illness; thus, Shugodai Kiyonao TAGA and Munenao TAGA, father and son, aided Otsudojimaru.
Japanese: 同年に後見役だった叔父・政光が病死し、守護代の多賀清直・宗直父子が乙童子丸を補佐する。
English: Masatsune and Takatada who had fled to the Izumo Province under a control of local territorial lord went to the capital (Kyoto) followed by kokujin-shu (powerful families in the province) in September, 1475.
Japanese: 分国の出雲へ落ち延びていた政経と高忠は、1475年（文明7年）9月に出雲の国人衆を率いて上洛した。
English: They summoned the help of the Eastern Camp of Enryaku-ji Temple's armed priests and Ienaga OGASAWARA in the Shinano Province and won the substantial victory over the Western Camp's allied forces of Masayori ROKKAKU, Takakiyo KYOGOKU(Otsudojimaru, Kiyonao TAGA, Munenao TAGA under the Kannonji-jo Castle on the way to reach the Omi Province
Japanese: 延暦寺僧兵と信濃国・小笠原家長ら東軍の支援を受けて、近江国へ進攻し観音寺城下で西軍の六角政頼・京極高清（乙童子丸）・多賀清直・多賀宗直の連合軍と戦い大勝する。
English: In October of the same year, the reinforcement army led by Shigeyori TOKI, the military governor of the Mino Province and Yoshikado SHIBA, the military governor of the Echizen, Owari, and Totomi provinces, arrived in the Omi province and the Western Camp's counter attack had started.
Japanese: 同年10月に、美濃国守護職の土岐成頼と越前国・尾張国・遠江国守護職の斯波義廉の援軍が近江国へ到着し、西軍の反撃が始まる。
English: Takakiyo together with the allied forces of the Western Camp of Takayori ROKKAKU, Yoshikado SHIBA, Shigeyori TOKI, and Myochin SAITO defeated Masatsune and Takayori ROKKAKU and forced Takatada to Kyoto to flee; however, the exchanges of attacks and counter-attacks continued after the Onin War.
Japanese: 高清は西軍の六角高頼・斯波義廉・土岐成頼・斎藤妙椿ら連合軍と共に京極政経・多賀高忠らを破り、高忠を京都に敗走させるも一進一退の攻防は応仁の乱後も続く。
English: Munenao TAGA, a vassal, rose in revolt and forced Takakiyo to flee to the Omi Province; however, Takakiyo returned to Kohoku and killed Munenao in 1487.
Japanese: 家臣・多賀宗直が1486年（文明18年）に反乱を起こした為、高清は近江国甲賀へ逃れたが、1487年（長享元年）に江北へ戻り宗直を討ち果たす。
English: Seitaishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA himself commanded the army to conquer the Rokkaku clan (Chokyo-Entoku Wars) to restore the dignity of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 征夷大将軍・足利義尚は1487年（長享元年）8月に、幕府の威信回復を目指し自ら六角氏へ征伐（長享・延徳の乱）を行う。
English: Takakiyo asked Toshikuni SAITO, the Mino Province's Shugodai, for help and raised an army in the middle of the Rokkaku subjugation in August 1488.
Japanese: 高清は美濃国の守護代・斎藤利国を頼り、六角征伐の最中の1488年（長享2年）8月に挙兵した。
English: Takakiyo fought and defeated Masatsuneand KYOGOKU and Tsuneie TAGA in Matsuo, the Omi Province and forced Masatsuneand and Tsuneie to flee to Unezu, the Ise Province.
Japanese: 高清は京極政経・多賀経家らを近江国松尾で戦い破り、政経と経家を伊勢国梅津へ敗走させた。
English: Since Masatsune returned to the Kita Omi Province, Takakiyo fled to Tsuruga, the Echizen Province in 1490.
Japanese: 政経が北近江に復帰した為、高清は1490年（延徳2年）に越前国敦賀へ逃れる。
English: Takakiyo was granted the reigns of the family (the Kyogoku clan's soryo-shiki, clan leadership rights) by Shogun Yoshitane ASHIKAGA in 1492, and he returned to the Kita Omi Province in the following year.
Japanese: 将軍・足利義稙から、1492年（明応元年）に家督（京極氏惣領職）を認められ、翌年に高清は北近江に復帰する。
English: However, after Takakiyo's patron, Toshikuni SAITO, died in 1497, Masatsune re-gained power and forced Takakiyo to flee to Kaizu, the Mino Province.
Japanese: しかし、1497年（明応5年）に庇護を受けていた斎藤利国が亡くなると、勢力を盛り返した政経に追われて美濃国海津に寄留する。
English: Later, Ienobu KAMISAKA, the senior vassal of the Kyogoku clan, helped to drive Masatsune out the Omi Province and Takakiyo returned to Kohoku in 1499.
Japanese: その後、京極氏重臣・上坂家信の助力により政経を近江から追い払い、1499年（明応7年）に江北へと帰還する。
English: Masatsune traveled to the Izumo Province to take refuge with Tsunehisa AMAGO and he reconciled with Kimune KYOGOKU, a child of Masatsune and his cousin, in 1505 to put the end to the succession battle which had continued for 34 years.
Japanese: 政経は出雲国の尼子経久を頼り下向し、1505年（永正2年）に政経の子で従兄弟の京極材宗と和睦し、34年続いた家督争いを終える。
English: Ina no Agata was one of the early form of the local bureaucratic system in ancient Japan (Agata), which was placed in Hokusetsu (northern Settsu Province, the area covering now Suita City through Amagasaki City) during the Kofun period (tumulus period), the era of Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: 猪名県（いなのあがた）は古墳時代のヤマト王権の時代に現在の吹田市から尼崎市までの北摂に置かれた古代日本の地方官制地方官制のはじまり（アガタ）の一つ。
English: Ina no Agata first appeared in the Japanese history book "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), which is thought to have been completed during the Nara period.
Japanese: この猪名県が日本の歴史文献に登場するのは奈良時代に成立したとみられる日本の史書『日本書紀』である。
English: Nihonshoki says 'During the period of Emperor Nintoku, an army called "Saekibe" under Yamato sovereignty, which was formed by Ina no Agata and belonged to Kinki region, presented a horse to the Emperor', and therefore it is thought that Ina no Agata had a close relationship with Yamato sovereignty from ancient times.
Japanese: 日本書記には、「仁徳天皇の頃に『佐伯部』（さえきべ）といわれる猪名県で形成され、近畿に属したヤマト王権の軍隊が仁徳天皇へ馬を召し上げた」と書かれており、古来から猪名県はヤマト王権と密接な関係にあったとみられている。
English: It is also said that in this Agata there were Korean people who came to Japan from Korea, a country with an advanced civilization in those days.
Japanese: また、当時高度な文明を持つ朝鮮から日本へ渡来してきた朝鮮民族もいたと伝わる。
English: Ina no Agata was controlled by 'the Inatsuhiko family', gozoku (local ruling family) of Inatsuhiko Shrine was located in now Ishimaru, Mino City, Osaka Prefecture, and it is thought that a state had been established in now Hokusetsu area before the Isshi Incident (when Emperor Tenchi and FUJIWARA no Kamatari destroyed the Soga family) and following 'Taika no Kaishin' (Great Reformation of the Taika Era) occurred in the Asuka period.
Japanese: この猪名県を支配していたのが、現在の大阪府箕面市石丸に存在する為那都比古神社の豪族であった「為那都比古一族」（いなつひこ）で、飛鳥時代に起こった天智天皇・藤原鎌足らが蘇我氏を滅ぼし（乙巳の変）、それに伴う改革である「大化の改新」以前に現在の北摂を支配していた国家が成立していたとみられる。
English: Therefore, the Agata seems to have been established from the third through fifth centuries after the family became Agatanushi (District Chieftain) under Yamato sovereignty.
Japanese: その後ヤマト王権の県主となった以後の3世紀から5世紀にかけて県が成立したとみられている。
English: The Inatsuhiko family continued to control the area after Ina no Agata was established and descendants succeeded to Agatanushi.
Japanese: 猪名県を支配した為那都比古一族は猪名県成立以後も支配を続け、末裔が県主となっていた。
English: Saekibe was organized in the extension period of the Yamato sovereignty during the invasion of eastern Japan eastward of Chubu region by moving the local people, who became captives, to western Japan westward of Kinki region.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の拡大過程において、中部地方以東の東日本を侵攻する際、捕虜となった現地人（ヤマト王権側からは「蝦夷」と呼ばれていた）を、近畿地方以西の西日本に移住させて編成した。
English: However, as they made much noise day and night and also acted disrespectfully to the shrine, they were sent to the Imperial Court by the order of Yamatohime no mikoto.
Japanese: しかし、昼夜の別なく騒いで神宮にも無礼を働くので、倭姫命によって朝廷に差し出された。
English: The Emishi were sent to live at the foot of Mount Mimoro (Mount Miwa), where they then acted disrespectfully to the Omiwa Shrine and scared the villagers.
Japanese: 次にこれを三諸山（三輪山）の山麓に住まわせたところ、今度は大神神社に無礼を働き里人を脅かした。
English: With the order of Emperor Keiko, the Emishi were forbidden to live within Kinai and were sent to five provinces, namely, Harima Province, Sanuki Province, Iyo Province, Aki Province, and Awa Province, and became the origin of Saekibe.
Japanese: 「畿内に住むべからず」との景行天皇の命で、播磨国・讃岐国・伊予国・安芸国・阿波国の5ヶ国に送られたのがその祖である。
English: The "Nihonshoki" also narrates that the origin of 'Saekibe of Nuta, Aki province' was the member of the Saekibe of Inano Agata who hunted and offered a deer which Emperor Nintoku had been secretly admiring without knowing this and was in turn sent to Nuta, Aki province by the resentful Emperor.
Japanese: また、猪名県の佐伯部の者が、仁徳天皇が秘かに愛でていた鹿をそれとは知らずに狩って献上したため、恨めしく思った天皇によって安芸国沼田郡（ぬた）に移されたのが「（安芸国）渟田の佐伯部」であるとも伝えている。
English: Whether these legendary stories are based on historical truth or not, it seems to be true that during the middle of the Tumulus period, the captives of the eastern countries were moved to the five provinces mentioned above and were set up and organized as Saeki be.
Japanese: これらの伝承の史実性はともかくとして、古墳時代の中頃（5-6世紀）には、東国人の捕虜を上記5ヶ国に移住させ、佐伯部として設定・編成したのは事実のようである。
English: The 'Saeki no atai' and 'Saeki no miyatsuko of the Saeki clan' took charge of it as the Tomonomiyatsuko (the chief of various departments at the Imperial court), and these gozoku (powerful local clans) were then taken in control by the Saeki clan (later given the family name of Sukune by the Emperor) which was the central gozoku of Kinai.
Japanese: 「佐伯直」や「佐伯氏佐伯造」といった在地の豪族が伴造としてこれを管掌し、これら地方豪族が更に畿内の中央豪族佐伯氏（後に宿祢に改賜姓された）に管掌された。
English: In Ibaraki in "Hitachi no kuni fudoki" (the topography of Hitachi Province), it is written that the natives 'Saeki of the mountains and Saeki of the fields' had resisted the sovereignty.
Japanese: 『常陸国風土記』茨城郡条には、土着民である「山の佐伯、野の佐伯」が王権に反抗したことが記されている。
English: Therefore, there are those who say that the name of Saekibe is 'Saegiru' (an obstacle) and 'ki' (person), meaning the people who resist against the Imperial court.
Japanese: そのため「障（さへ）ぎる者（き）」で、朝廷の命に反抗する者の意味と説くものもある。
English: Paying attention to the record of the Emperor Keiko where it says that the Saekibe 'sawai-da' (made noise), it is also said that 'Saekibe was engaged in the work of magical ceremonies such as shouting out to drive away evil spirits and powers and to intimidate the opposition', and that the Saekibe is 'Sawagube' (the Shinabe that made noise).
Japanese: 別に上記景行天皇紀に「騒い」だとあることに着目し、「大声を発して邪霊や邪力を追いはらったり、相手を威嚇するといった呪術的儀礼に従事」するのが彼らの職掌で、佐伯部は「サハグ部」であるとの説もある。
English: Kasho in the age of Han dynasty or Jin (dynasty of China) was found from mokkan (a long and narrow wood plate written with a brush) discovered in Central Asia and Dunhuang City.
Japanese: 漢代や晋(王朝)代の過所は、中央アジアや敦煌市で発見された木簡中に見つかっている。
English: In the period of Tang Dynasty, a document of Torei (codes in the Tang era) is inexistent because Torei was not conveyed completely, but it is possible to analogize Torei from Ryo (administrative codes) of Japan because it is specified in the Ryo of Japan.
Japanese: 唐代では、唐令が完全には伝わらないため、その遺文は伝存していないが、日本の令の中に規定されているので、それによって、唐令も類推される。
English: However, two copies of Kasho used by Chiso Daishi Enchin who was a nyuto-priest (priest went to China for studying) came down to Onjo-ji Temple (Mii-dera Temple) in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 但し、滋賀県大津市の園城寺（三井寺）には、入唐僧である智証大師円珍が使用した過所が2通伝来している。
English: It is found that these two copies were issued by Shoshosho (Department of State Affairs, Tang-dynasty China) and Esshutotokufu (Yuezhou Governor-General Office) in 857.
Japanese: それは、大中9年（857年）に尚書省と越州都督府とが交付したものであることが判る。
English: And, the form and descriptions of such Kasho were quite similar to those specified in the Japanese Ryo (Kushiki-ryo (law on state documentary forms in the Yoro Code) under the Ritsuryo law).
Japanese: また、その形式と内容は、日本令（公式令(律令法)）に規定されるものと酷似している。
English: Descriptions such as social status, name, age and belongings, destination, purpose of traveling of traveler and attendant, application for issuance, examination for application, date of issuance, and post and name of government official in charge of issuance were contained in Kasho.
Japanese: 旅行者・従者の身分、姓名、年齢、携行品、行き先、旅行目的、交付申請、申請に対する審査、交付年月、交付官司の官職名、氏名等が、過所に記載される内容となる。
English: Kasho issued by Esshutotokufu contained descriptions that 'Enchin plans to depart from KaiYuanSi Temple in Esshu, make a pilgrimage to Rakuyo, Changan and Wutaishan (China), and return to KaiYuanSi Temple.
Japanese: 越州都督府の交付した過所には、「円珍は、越州の開元寺を出発し、洛陽・長安・五台山(中国)を巡礼し、再び開元寺に帰還する予定である。
English: The application for issuance is made so as not for Enchin to be held culpable by government officials at checking stations in chou (Prefecture in the Han and Qin Dynasties) and xian (district) during his round trip,' and also contained a description to the effect that Esshutotokufu approved the issuance upon examining the contents.
Japanese: その往還の州県にある関津などで、官司に咎められないよう、交付申請を行なう」と認められており、越州都督府は、その内容を審査した上で、発給を認可した旨が記されている。
English: At the foot of Kasho, a government post and name of officer at a checking station who conducted checking, and date of checking when Enchin passed through Tong Gate were described, and the autograph (Kao (written seal mark)) which was a signature of government official was affixed there.
Japanese: また、末尾には、円珍が潼関を通行した際に、確認した関吏の官職・氏名・年月日が記されており、そこには、官吏のサインである自署（花押）が記される。
English: In fact, copies remaining at Onjo-ji Temple are materials showing that Kasho was used in the same manner as present-day passport.
Japanese: 実際に、今日のパスポートと同様の役割で使用されたことを示す資料である。
English: In addition, "Nitto guho junreiki" (The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law) had copies of Kasho and Kugen (official documents authorized by Kokushi (provincial governors) or Gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property) which were given to Ennin.
Japanese: その他、『入唐求法巡礼行記』には、円仁が受給した過所・公験が写しとられている。
English: In 1965, a copy of Kasho was found in front of the 122nd cave in the Mogao Cave.
Japanese: また、1965年になって、莫高窟中の第122窟の前で、過所の写しが発見された。
English: That was a fragment including only seven lines, but had a description of calendar year of 748.
Japanese: それは、僅か7行の断片ではあるが、天宝7年（748年）の紀年が見られる。
English: Moreover, in 1973, the original of Kasho used by a group including 石染典, a Sogdian merchant, in 732 was found in the 509th tomb in the Astana Cave in Turpan.
Japanese: さらに、1973年には、トルファンのアスターナ石窟中の509号墓から、開元20年（732年）の、ソグド商人の石染典ら一行が使用した過所の現物が発見された。
English: And in the Tang Dynasty, 'Kugen' (official documents authorized by Kokushi (provincial governors) or Gunji (local magistrates) for transfer of the ownership of private property existed as an official document similar to Kasho, and was called 'Kubyo' or 'Inkyo' in the late age of the Sung dynasty.
Japanese: また、唐代には、過所に類した公文書として「公験」があり、宋(王朝)代の後半には「公憑」や「引拠」と呼ばれた。
English: In the Qing dynasty, a passport called 'Roin' (for Kijin (the Manchu, the Han and the Mongols belonging to administrative divisions called 'Hakki')) or 'Kuhyo' (for common people) was used.
Japanese: 清朝では、「路引」（旗人）や「口票」（庶民）と呼ばれる旅券が用いられた。
English: Bunin includes Chokunin (imperial appointment); the appointment by emperors, Sonin; the appointment through a report to the throne by Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Hannin; the direct appointment by Daijokan (Grand Council of State), and Hanpo; the appointment by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) through the selection of Shikibusho (the Ministry of Ceremonial) and Hyobusho (the Ministry of Military).
Japanese: 補任には天皇によって任命される勅任、太政官の上奏を経て任命される奏任、太政官が直接任命する判任、式部省・兵部省の選考を経て太政官が任命する判補がある。
English: Those names, with the exception of Hanpo which was abolished after the Meiji restoration, were taken over from Daijokan (Grand Council of State) to the cabinet (Japan) and were in effect until 1946.
Japanese: 明治維新によって判補は廃されたものの、その他の名称は太政官から内閣(日本)に引き継がれて、昭和21年（1946年）まで継続された。
English: The state of a person appointed to several government posts were called Kennin (serving two positions) or Kentai (filling two positions), while transferring to another government post was referred to as Tennin (general promotion) or Sennin (transfer to a different division) and a reappointment to the former government post was referred to as Kannin, Gennnin, (reappointment) or Genpo (.reassign).
Japanese: また、ある個人が複数の官職に補任されていることを兼任・兼帯と呼び、他の官職に移ることを転任・遷任（前者は通常の昇進、後者は部門の異なる部署への異動）、かつて補任されていた官職に再度補任されることを還任（かんにん/げんにん）・還補（げんぽ）と称した。
English: Later, appointments to various posts of organizations of influential families including Sekkan-ke; line of regents and advisers, in no cho (the office of the abdicated monarch), Government, Shogunate were also referred to as bunin, and the appointments were made by bunin jo (appointment letter).
Japanese: 後には摂関家・院庁・幕府をはじめとする諸権門が自己の組織の諸職に任じることも補任と称し、補任状をもってこれを任命した。
English: Bunin was considered as a benefit brought by an appointer, and therefore, the person who was appointed was expected to give the appointer jogo (ninkan) (recruiting officials for court works and spending the money they paid for the post for the work expenses) or rewards as a manner.
Japanese: 補任は任命者による恩恵であると考えられており、補任された者は任命者に対して成功(任官)や礼銭を贈ることが礼儀とされていた。
English: The rewards that the appointer received made up an essential part of his income (such reward was not regarded as a bribe in Japan until modern times).
Japanese: 任命者にとっては収入のうちの重要な要素を占めていた（近代以前の日本においてこうした金品のやりとりは賄賂の範疇には含まれていなかった）。
English: Meanwhile, it was a custom to hold a ceremony such as a large-scale banquet (grand banquet) when someone was appointed to a minister or Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).
Japanese: また、大臣や近衛大将などに任命された際には大規模な宴会（大饗）などの儀式を行う慣例があった。
English: Under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), ministries in charge of personnel affairs including Nakatsukasasho (the Ministry of Central Affairs), Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), Hyobusho (the Ministry of Military), Jibusho (the Ministry of Civil Administration) regularly developed records of personnel affairs twice a year for the reference for jimoku (appointment ceremonies) in the following year.
Japanese: 律令制においては、翌年の除目の参考資料とするために人事担当官司である中務省・式部省・兵部省・治部省などが毎年2回定期的に人事録を作成していた。