nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In this way, gokenin retainers consisted of individuals in receipt of Shoryo Ando (feudal tenure) rights directly from the Lord of Kamakura or Hontaku Ando (residential tenure) rights.
Japanese: このように御家人は、鎌倉殿から直接、所領安堵を受ける御家人と、本宅安堵を受ける御家人に分けられる。
English: While gokenin samurai retainers received extensive patronage (eg. being appointed manor lords), they were also obligated to muster in Kamakura during times of emergency.
Japanese: 地頭に補任されるなどの厚い保護を受ける見返りに、有事には緊急に鎌倉に参集する義務を負っていた。
English: After the Jisho-Juei Civil War, samurai throughout Japan were made kuni gokenin (provincial samurai retainers) following service as obanyaku (guards in Kyoto), and many warriors from western Japan followed this path to becoming gokenin.
Japanese: 治承・寿永内乱終結後は、大番役への催促を通じて各地武士の国御家人化が進められ、西国武士の多くがこれにより国御家人へ編成された。
English: The Shugo (Governor) of each province was responsible for the control of kuni gokenin (provincial samurai retainers), and submitted to the shogunate a register of gokenin who carried out obanyaku (Kyoto guard duty) as requests for guards increased.
Japanese: 国御家人を統括するのは守護の任務であり、大番役を催促するとともに、大番役勤仕の御家人名簿を幕府へ提出していた。
English: As well as being classified according to Shoryo Ando (feudal tenure) or Hontaku Ando (residence tenure) as described above, the gokenin (samurai retainers) ranged from influential individuals with large territories holding shugo (governor) status in more than one province through to the other end of the spectrum: insignificant gokenin with only small territories.
Japanese: 御家人は、上記のとおり直接所領安堵・本宅安堵の区分のほか、広大な所領を持ち数カ国の守護を兼ねる有力御家人から、ごく狭い所領しか持たない零細な御家人まで大小さまざまな規模であった。
English: However, all were treated equally as subordinates of the Lord of Kamakura.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉殿に等しく従属する家人として身分上は同格として扱われた。
English: Gokenin who killed traitors to the shogunate would be granted the traitor's territory.
Japanese: 給与は、謀反追討などに勲功を挙げた御家人に対し、謀反人の所領などを新領として給与することである。
English: After the Jokyu War, Retired Emperor Gotoba's vast territory was granted to gokenin who had served with distinction.
Japanese: 承久の乱後には、後鳥羽上皇方の大量の所領が勲功を挙げた御家人へ新領給与されている。
English: The granting of this new territory took the form of appointing lords to rule the manors within the territory, and those appointed were called 'Shinpo Jito' (literally New Manor Lords).
Japanese: この新領給与も地頭補任の形でなされており、この時に補任された地頭を特に新補地頭という。
English: In return for patronage, gokenin (samurai retainers) had a duty to serve the Lord of Kamakura both militarily and politically.
Japanese: 御家人は恩恵を受ける見返りとして、鎌倉殿へ軍事と公事の奉仕義務を負う。
English: In addition to joining the ranks of the army during wartime, military service also included serving as obanyaku in Kyoto and Kamakura or guard service in other provinces.
Japanese: 軍事とは、戦時の従軍参加はもちろんのこと、平時においての京都・鎌倉の大番役や異国警護役などの役を指す。
English: Political service was also referred to as 'Kanto Mikuji' and consisted of collecting the taxes of rice and money levied on gokenin by the bakufu.
Japanese: 公事は関東御公事（みくうじ）ともいい、幕府から御家人に賦課された米銭の納入義務のことである。
English: Compared to other areas, the provinces of the Kanto region had far more gokenin, with the highest count (approximately 80) identified in Musashi Province and several dozen known to reside in each of the other provinces.
Japanese: 関東諸国は他地域に比べて御家人が非常に多い地域であり、最も多い武蔵国の約80名をはじめ、各国とも数十名の御家人が在住していた。
English: According to a historical source dated from the year 1275, the total number of gokenin in the entire country was about 480 which indicates gokenin numbers were tightly restricted even within the elite samurai class.
Japanese: 1275年の史料によれば、全国の御家人の総数は約480名であり、御家人は武士の中でも非常に限られた階層だったことを物語っている。
English: On the other hand, there were also many so-called 'higokenin' (non-samurai retainers) who did not have a contractual reward-for-service relationship with the Kamakura bakufu (shogunate).
Japanese: いっぽう、鎌倉幕府と御恩・奉公の契約関係にない「非御家人」の数も多かった。
English: The bakufu (shogunate) obtained direct power over the higokenin (non-samurai retainers) as a result of the Mongol invasions of Japan however, there were many samurai who did not obey the bakufu.
Japanese: 文永の役という対外危機に伴い、幕府は非御家人への指揮権も得ることになったが、幕府に従わぬ武士も多かった。
English: Following the Einin no Tokuseirei (debt cancellation decree), the preferential treatment of gokenin over higokenin became pronounced and led to rogue elements among higokenin rebelling against the bakufu, imperial court nobles and religious institutions.
Japanese: 永仁の徳政令以後は、非御家人に対する御家人への優遇策は顕著となり、非御家人の中には悪党となって幕府や公家・寺社への反抗を行う者も現れた。
English: As the Kamakura bakufu became ever more powerful, the word 'gokenin' came to mean 'samurai.'
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の勢力が強まるにともなって、御家人は武士の身分を表す言葉となった。
English: The Muromachi bakufu did not adopt the gokenin (samurai retainer) system but the word 'gokenin' was frequently used for those samurai who were immediate followers of the shogun, and was a term used to refer to retainers of some daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period.
Japanese: 室町幕府は御家人制度を採らなかったが、御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代(日本)には転じて一部の戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉となる。
English: The Muromachi bakufu did not adopt the gokenin system but the word is frequently used as a paleographical term to refer to hokoshu (immediate retainers of the shogun).
Japanese: 室町幕府は御家人制度を採らなかったが、奉公衆を指して、古文書学上は、御家人という用語が、しばしば登場する。
English: The word Gokenin is not used in history textbooks as a term for individuals who had a master-servant relationship with the shogun family of Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 歴史教科書では、室町幕府の将軍家と、主従関係にある者を指して、御家人という用語は、使っていない。
English: It is frequently used to refer to those samurai who were direct vassals of the shogun, but also came to be used to refer to retainers of daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States period (Japan).
Japanese: 御家人は将軍直参の武士の身分を示す用語としてしばしば用いられ、戦国時代(日本)には転じて戦国大名の家臣を指す言葉として使用されることもあった。
English: Professor Satoshi YADA of Niigata University explains that in this extracted reference, the term 'Gokenin' was used to differentiate village officials (sobyakusho) who became ji-zamurai (lords of smaller rural domains) from retainers who originally served the Takeda clan.
Japanese: この記述「御家人」について、新潟大学教授矢田俊は、地侍化した惣百姓と、武田氏のもともとの家臣であったものを区別するために行ったものであると説明している。
English: During the Edo period the term 'Gokenin' came refer to immediate retainers of the Tokugawa Shogun family who held lands of less than 10,000 koku (1 koku = 4.96 bushels): in particular, individuals lacking the rank to be granted a direct audience with the shogun.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、御家人は知行が1万石未満の徳川将軍家の直参家臣団（直臣）のうち、特に御目見得以下（将軍に直接謁見できない）の家格に位置付けられた者を指す用語となった。
English: Many Gokenin (samurai retainers) in more recent times were foot-soldier samurai but, during peace time were low ranking government functionaries or held police roles.
Japanese: 近世の御家人の多くは、戦場においては徒士の武士、平時においては与力・同心として下級官吏としての職務や警備を務めた人々である。
English: Gokenin (samurai retainers) were generally not permitted to ride on vehicles or horses, or have an entrance hall (genkan) to their house.
Japanese: 御家人は、原則として、乗り物や、馬に乗ることは許されず、家に玄関を設けることができなかった。
English: There were situations in which skilled Gokenin were promoted to high positions usually held by Hatamoto (direct retainers), and it was generally the case that a gokenin family would be granted hatamoto status if three successive generations were appointed to hatamoto positions.
Japanese: 有能な御家人は旗本の就く上位の役職に登用されることもあり、原則として3代続けて旗本の役職に就任すれば、旗本の家格になりうる資格を得られた。
English: Successive generations of Gokenin families were divided into 3 classes: 'fudai' (heredity daimyo), nihanba (the middle rank between fudai and kakaeseki), or kakaeseki (hereditary daimyo who were promoted in the periods of the fifth shogun and the succeeding shogun).
Japanese: 御家人の家格は譜代（ふだい）、二半場（にはんば）、抱席（かかえせき）の3つにわかれる。
English: Fudai were the descendents of Gokenin who had served the Shogun family as police from when the Edo bakufu (shogunate) was founded by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA until the fourth shogun, Ietsuna TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 譜代は江戸幕府草創の初代徳川家康から四代徳川家綱の時代に将軍家に与力・同心として仕えた経験のある者の子孫である。
English: `Kakaeseki` (also called kakaeire) families were those families had been newly promoted to the status of Gokenin.
Japanese: 抱席（抱入（かかえいれ）とも）はそれ以降に新たに御家人身分に登用された者を指す。
English: Fudai who had a long and distinguished family history were called 'fudaiseki,' and they had their own seats within Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: また、譜代の中で、特に由緒ある者は、譜代席と呼ばれ、江戸城中に自分の席を持つことができた。
English: Even when the Fudai and Nihanba ranked families did not hold an official position within the shogunate, they would receive a stipend and were granted inheritance rights to their estates.
Japanese: 譜代と二半場は、無役（幕府の公職に任ぜられていない状態）であっても、俸禄の支給を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることができた。
English: Individuals inheriting or appointed to gokenin status were not granted audiences with the shogun (as a hatamoto (direct retainer) could expect.
Japanese: 家督相続や叙任にあたっては、御家人は旗本のように将軍に謁見することはなかった。
English: Gokenin were ranked below Fudaizeki (hereditary retainers) and not granted audiences with superiors within the castle but, were granted the status within their own groupings.
Japanese: 譜代席未満の御家人は、城中ではなく自分の所属する機関で、申し渡しがあった。
English: Contrasting with gokenin retainers holding Fudai and Nibanha status were the Kakaeseki retainers who were restricted to serving for one single generation and, usually relinquished the gokenin status upon retirement or death.
Japanese: 譜代と二半場に対して、抱席は一代限りの奉公で隠居や死去によって御家人身分を失うのが原則であった。
English: However, this rule of thumb waned over time and there were some posts (eg. a town magistrate's police chief) who were granted single generation kakaeseki status, but were also permitted to ride on horseback, received stipends of over 230-koku and were allowed to pass on their status to successors.
Japanese: しかし、この原則は、次第に崩れていき、町奉行所の与力組頭（筆頭与力）のように、一代抱席でありながら、馬上が許され、230石以上の俸禄を受け、惣領に家督を相続させて身分と俸禄を伝えることが常態化していたポストもあった。
English: Not only this, but in reality the status and stipends of Kakaeseki gokenin retainers were inherited by successors upon retirement or death, so in the latter part of the Edo period it became common for wealthy merchants and farmers to buy their way into gokenin ranks by paying to become the adopted son of an impoverished gokenin.
Japanese: これに限らず、抱席身分も実際には、隠居や死去したときは子などの相続人に相当する近親者が、新規取り立ての名目で身分と俸禄を継承していたため、江戸時代後期になると、富裕な町人や農民が困窮した御家人の名目上の養子の身分を金銭で買い取って、御家人身分を獲得することが広く行われるようになった。
English: A market for Gokenin titles was known as 'gokeninkabu' (lit. Gokenin shares) with a market price determined by whether or not the family status could passed on to other generations.
Japanese: 売買される御家人身分は御家人株と呼ばれ、家格によって定められた継承することができる役ごとに、相場が生まれるほどであった。
English: The majority of gokenin were generally made up of individuals who either did not hold fiefs but held the rights to 30 to 80-koku in rice or, small land owners holding up to 200 koku of land.
Japanese: 御家人の大半は、知行地を持たない30俵以上、80俵取り未満の蔵米取で占められ、知行地を持つ者でも200石取り程度の小身であった。
English: The value of the stipend did not dictate family status: hatamoto entitled to the smallest stipends received only 50 koku - less than most gokenin.
Japanese: 家禄（俸禄）の高低は家格の決定に関係がなく、旗本で最も小禄であった者は50俵程度で、御家人の大半よりも少ない。
English: Some gokenin had estates exceeding 200 koku in value but none exceeded more than 400 koku.
Japanese: 200石（俵）取り以上の御家人もいたが、400石を越える御家人は存在しなかった。
English: From the middle part of the Edo period, the fief system began to collapse and there was a shift to rights to rice (`kuramaidori`).
Japanese: 江戸時代中期以降は、地方知行制が崩れ、蔵米取に移行したり旗本に昇進した。
English: Retainers serving in various domains of Japan who could live a fairly comfortable lifestyle with a 100 koku stipend, however, by comparison a gokenin belonging to the bakufu would have led a hard life even with a stipend of the same value.
Japanese: 諸藩の藩士は、家禄が100石（俵）あれば一応、安定した恵まれた生活を送れたとされるのに対し、幕府の御家人は100石（俵）取りであっても生活はかなり苦しかったと言われる。
English: Gokenin who resided in metropolis of Edo faced high urban prices, whereas retainers in regional domains who received a small stipend on par with gokenin was also granted farmland on which they would work part-time to generate extra income - an option not available to gokenin.
Japanese: 御家人は大都市の江戸に定住していたために常に都市の物価高に悩まされ、また諸藩では御家人と同じ程度の家禄を受けている微禄な藩士たちは給人地と呼ばれる農地を給付され、それを耕す半農生活で家計を支えることができたが、都市部の御家人にはそのような手段も取ることができなかったことが理由としてあげられる。
English: It was common for impoverished gokenin to supplement the family income by secretly holding side jobs.
Japanese: 窮乏した御家人たちは、内職を公然と行って家計を支えることが一般的であった。
English: In the subject of criminal policy, this word is often used together with the word "protection" to make a word "protective observation" which in fact means probation.
Japanese: 刑事政策においては、「保護」という語とともに「保護観察」という形で使われることが多い。
English: In the field of natural science, observation is to watch an object carefully to derive something from it and it becomes a base of an analysis.
Japanese: 自然科学の分野では観察とは何らかの目的のために対象を詳細に見、そこから何かを導き出す行動で、分析や解析などの基礎となる。
English: The occasion such as decomposition or dissection or a more complicated operation such as fixing or coloring might be given in the field of biology, however, this is done purely to watch the inside or the detail of the object and it is still different to experiment in the way that it does not expect the change of the object by that operation.
Japanese: 分解や解剖、生物学ではさらに固定や染色といった込み入った操作を行う場合もあるが、これはそのままでは見えない内部や細部を見るためであり、その操作によるその目的部分の変化を求めない点で実験ではない。
English: In the field of biology, it is important to carefully watch the appearance of the object and its movements.
Japanese: 生物学ではまずはその形態、それにその動きをよく見ることが重視される。
English: However, it became clear that the important elements of living objects are often in the details which cannot be seen with our naked eyes, therefore a magnifier is an important item when you do an outdoor observation.
Japanese: しかし生物には肉眼では観察できない細部に重要な意味があることが明らかになり、野外観察においてもルーペは重要アイテムである。
English: Whatever the case may be in the field of biology, it is important to feel something from an observation as a starting point of an inspiration.
Japanese: いずれにせよ観察から何かを感じることは生物学では発想の原点として重要である。
English: Insect collecting used to be popular as a subject of students' science projects, however, it is not the case anymore; one of the reasons is the direction of education has shifted to emphasize the importance of a close observation of insects rather than a random colleciton of them.
Japanese: また、かつては昆虫採集は理科の自由研究の課題としてよく取り上げられたが、現在はこれが少なくなっている理由のひとつに、むやみに採集するより、しっかり観察することが大事だとの方向性の変換があげられる。
English: In the social education setting, there are a lot of nature observation meetings or nature observation classes hosted by museums or various nature-related organizations.
Japanese: 社会教育の場では、博物館や自然関係の団体が主催する自然観察会や自然観察教室があちこちで行われている。
English: Many people don't question about the act of observation itself, however, there is a serious issue involved in it.
Japanese: 観察という行為自体に何ら疑問を抱かない者も多いが、実はそこには大きな問題が横たわっている。
English: There is a process called "recognition" of human beings involved in the act of observation.
Japanese: 観察という行為には人間の「認識」というプロセスが含まれているのである。
English: Whoever the observer may be (even an scientist), recognition is a process related to psychology and cranial nerve and there are some issues involved as shown below.
Japanese: 観察者が誰であろうが(科学者であろうが)、認識は、心理あるいは脳神経的なプロセスであり、そこには以下のような問題が潜んでいる。
English: "Objectivization" is never simple nor absolute as it is assumed.
Japanese: 「客観主義」というものは、決して、想像されるほど、シンプルで磐石なものではない。
English: Moreover, in the field of biology and social science it has been always known as a matter-of -course that the behavior of the object being observed is affected by the existence of the observer (for example, human beings are aware based on the experiences and the common sense that the behavior of any creatures, human beings and the group of human beings is affected by being observed).
Japanese: また、観察者の存在によって、観察される存在の挙動が変化してしまうことは、生物学や社会科学の分野では当然のこととして常に意識されていた(例えば生き物や人間、人間集団などは、人間は、観察で挙動が変化してしまうと経験的・常識的に知っていた)。
English: However also in the field of physics, "the issue of observation" started being discussed more deeply even at the level of substance since quantum mechanics has been developed, and the concept of "the objective observation" has become unstable from this point of view as well.
Japanese: しかし、物理学の領域においても、量子力学の発展以降は、物質レベルでも、さらに根深い次元で「観測問題」が扱われるようになり、"客観的な観察"というものが、この点からも揺らいでいる。
English: The people who observe or review a particular field or phenomenon are sometimes called "watcher".
Japanese: また、特定の分野や現象を観察、評論する人をウォッチャーと称する場合もある。
English: For example, people often call Katsuhiro KURODA (Sankei Newspaper, Seoul Branch Manager) a Korean Watcher, or Toru TAKANARITA calls himself a Washington Watcher.
Japanese: 例えば、黒田勝弘（産経新聞ソウル支局長）を韓国ウォッチャーと言ったり、高成田亨（朝日新聞論説委員）がワシントンウォッチャーを自称したりしている。
English: Among those related to government are economy watchers, who can include retailers, manufacturers or service providers such as golf course owners and taxi drivers; the government (the Cabinet Office) conducts the Economic Watchers Survey based on their economic assessments.
Japanese: 政府が関与しているものでは、小売店や製造業、ゴルフ場やタクシーなどサービス提供業者に景気ウォッチャーとなってもらい、ウォッチャーの景気判断を元に作成する景気ウォッチャー調査（内閣府）がある。
English: There are also the Central Food Labeling Watchers (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), who make sure there are no misleading food labeling.
Japanese: また、食品表示状況に不正が行われてないかを観察する中央食品表示ウォッチャー（農林水産省）などもある。
English: The example that is similar to these is the On-the-road Watchers Institute, which observes the social phenomena, manners and customs etc which are familiar to us.
Japanese: これに近い例で，身近な社会現象や風俗を観察する分野として路上観察学会というのがある。
English: In the Edo period, among all the sinpan (relatives of the Tokugawa family), it specifically referred to a family of the Tokugawa shogunate, and daimyo (a feudal lord) families and hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogun) families with a family line of brothers of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA (founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, and the first shogun of the Edo bakufu, Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 江戸時代においては、親藩の中で、特に徳川将軍家の一族及び徳川家康の兄弟の家系の大名家、旗本家を指していう。
English: Most of the gokamon including the Echizen Matsudaira family, head of gokamon, did not take up posts of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) but were highly respected for their social status as the shogun family.
Japanese: 御家門筆頭の越前松平家をはじめとして、御家門の多くは幕府の役職につくことはなく、将軍家の一門としての格式を重んじられた。
English: In addition, some clans with a strong matrimonial relation with the shogun family such as the Maeda clan of the Kaga Domain, the Ikeda clan of the Tottori Domain and the Ikeda clan of the Okayama Domain were treated correspondingly to the gokamon and granted the surname of Matsudaira and the family crest of Mitsuba aoi (three leaves of Hollyhock, which is a family crest of the Tokugawa family).
Japanese: また、加賀藩前田氏、鳥取藩池田氏、岡山藩池田家など将軍家との姻戚関係の強い藩は御家門に準ずる扱いを受け、松平姓と三つ葉葵を下賜された。
English: However, Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family: the Kishu family, the Mito family, and the Owari family) and gosankyo (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family: the Tayasu family, the Hitotsubashi family and the Shimizu family) used the surname of Tokugawa and received exceptional treatment.
Japanese: 但し、徳川御三家・御三卿は徳川姓を名乗り、御家門とは別格の扱いであった。
English: Gorenshi refers to brothers of prestigious families such as the Imperial Family and families of kuge (court nobles) and seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), and so on.
Japanese: 御連枝（ごれんし）は天皇家・公家・征夷大将軍家などの高貴な家柄の兄弟のことをいう。
English: Especially in the Edo period, it referred to daimyo (a feudal lord) who moved out from the Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branch families of Tokugawa) and founded its own domain.
Japanese: 特に江戸時代においては、徳川御三家より分家、立藩した大名を指していう。
English: When gosanke did not have an heir, a new lord of the gosanke was sometimes selected from this gorenshi.
Japanese: 御三家に嗣子が無い場合、この御連枝より御三家の藩主が立てられる場合もあった。
English: The Matsudaira (Owari) family of the Takasu Domain: Mitsutomo TOKUGAWA gave a part of their fief to his second son, Yoshiyuki MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 高須藩松平（まつだいら）〔尾張（おわり）〕家…徳川光友次男・松平義行を分封
English: The Matsudaira (Owari) family of the Yanagawa Domain: Mitsutomo OWARI (or Mitsutomo TOKUGAWA) gave bunpo to his third son, Yoshimasa MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 梁川藩松平（まつだいら）〔尾張（おわり）〕家…尾張光友三男・松平義昌を分封
English: The Matsudaira (Kishu) family of the Saijo Domain: Yorinobu TOKUGAWA gave bunpo to his second son, Yorizumi MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 西条藩松平（まつだいら）〔紀州（きしゅう）〕家…徳川頼宣次男・松平頼純を分封
English: The Kazurano Domain: Mitsusada KII (or Mitsusada TOKUGAWA) gave bunpo to his forth son, Yorikata MATSUDAIRA (later Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, the eighth seii taishogun).
Japanese: 葛野藩…紀伊光貞の四男・松平頼方（後の8代征夷大将軍徳川吉宗）を分封
English: The Takatsukasa Matsudaira family of the Yoshii Domain: Nobuhira TAKATSUKASA, a younger brother of Takako TAKATSUKASA, a lawful wife of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA (the third shogun), took Matsuhime (Princess Matsu), the second daughter of Yorinobu TOKUGAWA, as his lawful wife, and was given the surname of Matsudaira as renshi of the Kii family.
Japanese: 吉井藩鷹司松平家…徳川家光正室の鷹司孝子の弟・鷹司信平は徳川頼宣の次女・松姫を正室とし、紀伊家連枝として松平姓を下賜される。
English: The Matsudaira (Mito) family of the Takamatsu Domain: Yorifusa TOKUGAWA gave bunpo to his oldest son, Yorishige MATSUDAIRA (an older brother of Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA).
Japanese: 高松藩松平（まつだいら）〔水戸（みと）〕家…徳川頼房長男・松平頼重（徳川光圀の兄）を分封
English: The Matsudaira (Mito) family of the Hitachi-fuchu Domain: Yorifusa MITO gave bunpo to his fifth son, Yoritaka MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 常陸府中藩松平（水戸）（まつだいら（みと））家…水戸頼房五男・松平頼隆を分封
English: The Matsudaira (Mito) family of the Hitachi-shishido Domain: Yorifusa MITO gave bunpo to his seventh son, Yorikatsu MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 常陸宍戸藩松平（水戸）（まつだいら（みと））家…水戸頼房七男・松平頼雄を分封
English: Nanate-gumi indicates military units which Hideyoshi selected about 10,000 elite warriors and divided into seven during his life, and they worked as bodyguards of the Toyotomi family and for rituals for the Imperial Court, and the like.
Japanese: 七手組は秀吉が存命中に約1万の精鋭を7つの部隊にわけ、豊臣家の身辺警護から朝廷への儀礼などに用いた部隊。
English: They served Hideyori TOYOTOMI after the death of Hideyoshi, and mainly focused on protecting the Osaka Castle during the Battle of Sekigahara.
Japanese: 秀吉死後は豊臣秀頼に仕え、関ヶ原の戦いでは主に大坂城の警護任務に終始した。
English: In later days the Kumigashiras appointed directly by Hideyoshi retired and their sons succeeded the post, however the troops' fighting force had weakened significantly.
Japanese: 晩年は秀吉より任命された組頭も引退し、その子たちが受け継いだため戦闘力の著しい低下を招いた。
English: In Osaka-no-eki (the Siege of Osaka) in 1615, four out of seven Nanate-gumi Kumigashiras died a heroic death at the time of the fall of the castle.
Japanese: 1615年の大坂の役では七手組組頭7人の内の4人までが落城と共に討ち死にする壮絶な最期を遂げた。
English: Among them, Kazushige Aoki was a former vassal of the Tokugawa family, but was transferred to the Toyotomi family by the Hideyoshi's special request to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: ただ、青木一重は徳川家家臣であったが、秀吉が家康に頼んで移籍させた人物である。
English: Koji KASHIN (year of birth unknown) was a magician who made his appearance at the end of the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 果心居士（かしんこじ、生没年不詳）とは、室町時代末期に登場した幻術師。
English: History record indicates that he performed magic before Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Mitsuhide AKECHI, Hisahide MATSUNAGA, and others, but there is also an opinion which questions his existence.
Japanese: 織田信長、豊臣秀吉、明智光秀、松永久秀らの前で幻術を披露したと記録されているが、実在を疑問視する向きもある。
English: According to "Gizankokaku" (a book of desultory gossip stories) by Guken which is said to have come about at the end of the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Koji was born in Echigo Province.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代末期のものとされる愚軒による雑話集『義残後覚』には、筑後国の生まれとある。
English: Although his priesthood lied with Kofuku-ji Temple in Yamato Province, due to his excellence in magic of a non-Buddhist method, he was excommunicated.
Japanese: 大和国の興福寺に僧籍を置きながら、外法による幻術に長じたために興福寺を破門されたという。
English: It seems that later, in expectation of becoming a vassal of Nobunaga ODA, he performed magic in front of Nobunaga and was praised, but was not allowed to become Nobunaga's officer.
Japanese: その後、織田信長の家臣になりたいという思惑があったらしく、信長の前で幻術を披露して信長から賞賛されたが、仕官は許されなかったと言われている。
English: Also, according to "Old Man's Tea Talk", an essay by Ei KASHIWAZAKI during the Edo period, in July of 1612, someone named Koji INSHIN appeared before Ieyasu TOKUGAWA in Shizuoka City.
Japanese: また、江戸時代の柏崎永以の随筆『古老茶話』によると、慶長17年（1612年）7月に、因心居士というものが静岡市で徳川家康の御前に出たという。
English: Ieyasu, who knew Koji INSHIN well, asked, "How old are you now?"and Koji replied he was eighty-eight years old.
Japanese: 家康は既知の相手で、「いくつになるぞ」と尋ねたところ、居士は88歳と答えた。