nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Nobuyoshi ICHIJO (Yoshiyasu's son), the head of the Ichijo family, and his nephew, Yoriuji ICHIJO (Takayoshi's son), were also employed as trusted personnel of Gotoba-in: the San-saemon trio were pardoned as well, but Mongaku alone, who was disliked by Gotoba-in, died in exile.
Japanese: 一条家の当主一条信能（能保の子）やその甥の一条頼氏（高能の子）も後鳥羽院の院近臣に取り立てられ、三左衛門も赦免を受けたが、後鳥羽院に疎まれていた文覚のみは現地で客死している。
English: However, as Gotoba-in's government structure came to be formed (based on the support of the Kujo family, the Saionji family, and the Ichijo family in the lineage of the Nakamikado family), and as MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, who was considered to belong to the Imperial court faction, assumed the shogun post, the Imperial court lost reasons to confront the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: しかしながら、親幕府派とされた九条家・西園寺家・中御門流一条家が後鳥羽院政を支える構造の形成と親朝廷派とみなされた源実朝の将軍就任によって幕府と対立する表立った理由が失われる。
English: Relationships between the Imperial court and the Kamakura bakufu remained stable until MINAMOTO no Sanetomo was assassinated.
Japanese: そして、実朝暗殺事件までは、朝廷と鎌倉幕府の関係は一応の安定期に入る事となる。
English: TAIRA no Rokudai (a son of TAIRA no Koremori), who escaped death due to Mongaku's guarantee when the incident was exposed, was killed together with Mongaku.
Japanese: なお事件発覚の際に、文覚が保証人となることで一命を救われていた平六代（平維盛の子）も文覚に連座して処刑された。
English: As repercussions for this incident, the direct descendant family of the Taira clan, which had nothing to do with the incident, ended up breaking off.
Japanese: この事件のとばっちりを受ける形で、無関係であった平家一門の嫡流は断絶することとなった。
English: Haishakukin (borrowed money) was money that the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) lent without interest to daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and hatamoto (direct retainer of the Edo bakufu) as a means of financial support.
Japanese: 拝借金（はいしゃくきん）とは、江戸幕府が財政支援のために、大名・旗本などに無利子に貸与した金銭。
English: The oldest example of Haishakukin that can be confirmed from the record was the one at the time of Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka) during Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka), at which time, Edo-jo Castle was under construction, therefore it seems that the loan was issued in consideration of the double burden of the construction and the military service.
Japanese: 記録で確認できる最古の例は大坂の役大坂冬の陣の時のことであり、当時江戸城の普請が進行中であったことから、普請と軍役の二重負担に配慮して支給されたものと考えられている。
English: Records show that Haishakukin was lent to Kaga Domain for thirty thousand ryo, to Sendai Domain for fifteen thousand ryo, and to domains in Saigoku (western part of Japan) such as Himeji Domain, Wakayama Domain, and Saga Domain for two hundred kanme (unit of weight) of silver respectively.
Japanese: 加賀藩には3万両、仙台藩には1万5千両、西国の姫路藩・和歌山藩・佐賀藩には銀200貫目が貸与されたとされている。
English: Especially at the time of the Great Fire of Meireki, Daimyo families affected by the fire were permitted a loan payable over ten years based on their kokudaka (crop yield.)
Japanese: 特に明暦の大火においては被災した大名家に対して石高に応じて10ヵ年返済の拝借金が認められている。
English: Examples of Haishakukin loans included for damage to the castle, disaster and bad harvest in the territory, execution of official business under the orders of the bakufu such as the reception of Imperial envoys or Chosen Tsushinshi (Korean envoys), changing the territory, accession to a post in bakufu (e.g., Kyoto shoshidai [the Kyoto deputy], Osaka jodai [the keeper of Osaka-jo Castle], ongoku-bugyo [the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period].)
Japanese: 拝借金が貸与される例として居城の罹災や領内の災害・凶作、勅使や朝鮮通信使への接待などの幕命による御用遂行、転封、幕府の役職就任（京都所司代や大坂城代、遠国奉行など）などが挙げられる。
English: Furthermore, it seems that the standard of the loan was easy with the Tokugawa Shogun families such as Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged braches of Tokugawa family), and persons who held the posts of roju (senior councilor of the Tokugawa shogunate), wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in Edo bakufu), and Kyoto shoshidai eligible for Haishakukin.
Japanese: また、徳川御三家などの徳川将軍家親族や老中・若年寄・京都所司代歴任者に対しては基準が緩かった様である。
English: In addition, in the late Edo period, Haishakukin was issued to hatamoto and gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) to help their life of privation, or to people who were not samurai (warriors) to maintain temples, shrines, shukuba-machi (post-station towns), the rice price, and the like.
Japanese: また、江戸時代後期には旗本・御家人近世の御家人の生活窮乏を救うために拝借金が行われたほか、寺社・宿場町・米価などの維持のために非武士に対しても行われることがあった。
English: Towards the end of Edo Period, Haishakukin was also issued for military build-up of coastal defenses and as a remedy for economic turmoil.
Japanese: 幕末になると、海防などの軍備増強や経済混乱に対する救済策としても行われた。
English: Because of financial difficulties of the bakufu itself, the standard of Haishakukin was tightened to curb the contribution in the late Edo period, however, the balance of Haishakukin at the end of 1842 came to about 120,000 ryo.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には幕府自体の財政難を理由に拝借金の基準が厳しくなり拠出の抑制が行われたが、それでも天保13年（1842年）暮れには拝借金残高がほぼ12万両に達していた。
English: Haishakukin was a necessary measure to maintain the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate, however, at the same time, it was one of the factors that worsened the financial affairs of the bakufu.
Japanese: 拝借金は幕藩体制維持のためには必要な措置であったが、同時に幕府財政を悪化させる要因の1つになったのである。
English: Kyoikurei is an order about education promulgated in September 1879 to replace the educational system (the 214th edict of Dajokan [Grand Council of State] of 1872) promulgated in 1872.
Japanese: 教育令（きょういくれい）は、1872年（明治5年）に公布された学制（明治5年太政官布告第214号）に代わり、1879年（明治12年）9月に公布された教育に関する法令である。
English: It stipulates that authority given to local officials (chiefs of prefectures) should be abridged and school district system should be abolished.
Japanese: 地方官（府県長官）に与えられた権限を縮小し学区制を廃止した内容になっている。
English: The regulations about school attendance were loosened in consideration of foundation of private schools and people's heavy burden, but they were revised twice in December 1880 and in August 1885 because of outpouring of opposing opinions.
Japanese: 私学校設立と国民の重い負担に鑑みて就学に関する規定を緩和したが反対意見が噴出し、翌1880年（明治13年）12月と1885年（明治18年）8月の2度の改正がなされた。
English: When the Ordinances of the School System of 1886 was established by the first Minister of Education Arinori MORI in 1886, Kyoikurei was abolished.
Japanese: 1886年（明治19年）、初代文部大臣森有礼による学校令の制定によって廃止された。
English: Shinabe (technicians in offices), or 'shinashinano tomonowo' or 'tomono miyatsuko' in the Japanese way of reading, refers to the human group or organization in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 品部（しなべ/ともべ）とは、「しなしなのとものを」あるいは「とものみやつこ」の和訓を持つ古代日本の人的集団・組織のこと。
English: Shinabe were people who were assigned to government offices to produce goods used in the Imperial Court and learn those techniques after the Taika Reforms and under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 大化以後及び律令制において官司に配属されて宮中で用いる物資の生産・技術伝習にあたった人々。
English: In the days before the Taika Reforms, shinabe, led by Tomonomiyatsuko and other local ruling families, served the Imperial Court (Yamato sovereignty) by providing various goods or labor.
Japanese: 大化前代においては、伴造などの豪族に率いられて朝廷（ヤマト王権）に様々な物資あるいは労働力の形で奉仕を行った。
English: Is is believed many of the toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) technical experts who came to Japan in groups after the late 5th century belonged to shinabe.
Japanese: また、5世紀後半以後に渡来した渡来人の技術者集団の中には品部に属した者が多いとされている。
English: Some shinabe were dissolved after the Taika Reforms, while the rest were reorganized to be affiliated with government offices where they were obliged to produce luxury goods used in the Imperial Court and industrial products requiring special techniques as part of tribute.
Japanese: 大化の改新以後、一部は廃止されるが残りは再編されて官司に付属され、貢納の一環として宮廷で用いる奢侈品や特殊な技術を必要とする工業製品の生産を義務付けられるようになる。
English: Shinabe and zakko (special technicians) are sometimes lumped together as the shinabe and zakko system, as these two organizations are academically similar.
Japanese: 学術的には同様の組織である雑戸と合わせて品部・雑戸制（しなべ・ざっこせい）とよぶ場合もある。
English: But, unlike zakko who were engaged in military-related technical work and listed in zakkoseki (family register for zakko) which was different from the general family register, shinabe were treated the same as ryomin (one of the two main castes of the ritsuryo system, meaning good citizens) by law.
Japanese: しかし、軍事関係の技術労働に従事して一般の戸籍とは違う雑戸籍に編入された雑戸とは違って、法的には良民と同じ扱いとされていた。
English: Shinabe who lived in Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) and its surrounding provinces were divided into tsuneno shinabe who were obliged to pay tribute on a constant basis and karino shinaba with a form close to temporary yoeki (corvee under the ritsuryo system) work.
Japanese: 品戸は畿内及びその周辺諸国に在住し、恒常的な貢納を義務付けられた常品部（つねのしなべ）と臨時の徭役労働に近い形態を有した借品部（かりのしなべ）に分けられた。
English: Some komahe and someko (both are one of the shinabe) offered a certain amount of required materials and costs every year, while the others offered either labor in such a way that one member from each shinabe served government offices on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, or a certain amount of products.
Japanese: 狛戸及び染戸の一部は毎年一定量の料物を貢納したが、その他は1戸あたり1名が一定期間の交替制か臨時に官司に上番して労役を行うか一定量の製品を貢納した。
English: In return, they were exempted from all or part of assignments imposed in he as well as military service.
Japanese: その代わりとして戸内の課役の一部もしくは全てが免除され、兵役からも除外された。
English: But in the Nara period, shinabe of shuyoshi (department of the ritsuryo bureaucracy responsible for falconry and hunting dogs) was abolished in 721, and then shinabe except the one of 'those who assume a hereditary profession' requiring advanced techniques were dismantled in principle to be incorporated into koko (one of the subcastes of ryomin) (regarded as general citizens) in 759.
Japanese: ところが奈良時代に入ると、養老5年（721年）に主鷹司の品部廃止が行われ、続いて天平宝字3年（759年）に高度な技術を要する「世業相伝者」以外の品戸は原則廃止されて公戸に編入（一般の公民扱い）された。
English: Shinabe continued to be abolished one after another, and "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) published in the Heian period shows shinabe existed only under Kusuishi (Drums and Fifes Office).
Japanese: その後も品戸の廃止が続き、平安時代の『延喜式』には鼓吹司にのみ品部が設置されている。
English: This situation was caused by intricately intertwined reasons, i.e., the fact that shinabe, which was the remnant of the bemin system, itself was incompatible with the ritsuryo system, that it became difficult to preserve shinabe as the ritsuryo system was weakened, and that improved social economy standard enabled procurement from and koeki (forced labor under the ritsuryo system) by ordinary citizens (procurement from ordinary citizens here includes procurement from commercial and industrial men in former shinabe).
Japanese: これは古い部民制の残滓である品部そのものが律令制と相容れなかったこと、律令制の衰退によって品部の維持が困難になってきたこと、社会経済水準の向上によって民間からの調達・雇役が可能になったこと（この場合の民間には旧品部の商工業者からの調達を含む）が複雑に絡み合っていたと考えられている。
English: Kokkagakkai is a study group at law school of the University of Tokyo (the predecessor of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo) founded in February 1887.
Japanese: 国家学会（こっかがっかい）は、1887年（明治20年）2月に設立された東京大学法科大学（東京大学法学部の前身）の研究団体である。
English: Independence of 'political science' in academic research of modern Japan was closely related to the background of foundation of Kokkagakkai.
Japanese: 国家学会設立の背景には、近代日本の学問研究における「政治学」の自立が大きく関わっている。
English: That is to say, in the University of Tokyo (it was consisted of 4 faculties: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Letters, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine) that was the only higher education institution in early Meiji period, major course of political science was under the control of Faculty of Letters together with economic science as 'Department of Political Economy, Political Science', but it was transferred to Faculty of Law in December 1885, and reformed into 'Department of Political Science' of the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo under the Imperial University Ordinance promulgated in March 1886.
Japanese: すなわち、明治初期、唯一の高等教育機関（大学）であった東京大学（法学部・文学部・理学部・医学部4学部で構成）において、政治学の専攻部門は「政治学理財学科」として経済学とともに文学部に管轄されていたが、1885年12月法学部に移管、さらに翌1886年3月の帝国大学令公布により東京大学法学部の「政治学科」として改編された。
English: In accordance with that, the study of political science was separated from 'Bungakukai' which it had belonged to, and became independent as 'Kokkagakkai' in February 1887 and first published "Kokkagakkai-zasshi" as an organ in March of the same year.
Japanese: これにともない政治学の研究は従来所属していた「文学会」から分離し1887年2月「国家学会」として独立、ついで翌3月には機関誌『国家学会雑誌』を創刊した。
English: However, as for the factor of foundation of it, not only internal circumstances at the University of Tokyo previously noted, but also that Hirobumi ITO who almost completed a draft of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan at that time advised to Koki WATANABE (president), 'The study on the science of the nation should be immensely encouraged, and we extremely need to inform people of underlying principle and implementation of constitution widely.' were deeply related to.
Japanese: しかし学会設立の要因に際しては、先述のような東京大学内部の事情のみならず、当時大日本帝国憲法草案をほぼ完成していた伊藤博文が渡辺洪基（総長）に対し「大（おおい）ニ国家学ノ研究ヲ振興シ、普（あまね）ク国民ヲシテ立憲ノ本義ト其運用トヲ知ラシムルコトガ極メテ必要デアル」と助言したこと大きく関わっている。
English: That is, as a result of the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881, British, American and French studies of law were eliminated from national schools and their base was shifted to five top private law schools, so the government tried to make the government school (=Todai [the University of Tokyo]) a fort of German study of law and the science of the nation in rivalry with private schools (According to Yoshio SAKATANI's reminiscence, as for this point, speculation that government officials tried to repress Liberalism and infuse German doctrine of the science of the nation into our country was spread at that time).
Japanese: つまり明治十四年の政変の結果、英米系および仏系の法学が官立学校から排除され、これらの拠点が私立の五大法律学校にシフトしたことから、政府は私学に対抗し官学（＝東大）をドイツ系法学・国家学の砦にしようとしたのである（阪谷芳郎の回想によれば、この点に関連して、当時「政府当局者が自由思想を抑圧し独逸系の国家学説を我邦に注入せんと試みんとするもの」という憶測が流れていた）。
English: Therefore, the foundation of Kokkagakkai is generally regarded as 'determination of German studies dominance in Japanese academism' (Takeshi ISHIDA).
Japanese: そのため国家学会の発足は、一般に「日本のアカデミズムにおけるドイツ学優位の確定」（石田雄）として位置づけられている。
English: Because of this situation, Kokkagakkai at the beginning had close ties with politicians and bureaucrats outside the University, and its members were not only scholars and instructors of the University but also celebrities outside the University who were 'important people specializing in the science of the nation and supported the idea of the group' including Ito, Shigenobu OKUMA, Kaoru INOUE, Kowashi INOUE, Eichi SHIBUSAWA and so on.
Japanese: 以上のような事情から発足当初の学会は、学外の政治家・官僚との結びつきが強く、会員には学者・大学教官のみならず、伊藤のほか大隈重信・井上馨・井上毅・渋沢栄一など「国家学専門ノ名士ニシテ本会ノ目的ヲ協賛スル」学外著名人も含まれていた。
English: As a result, in Kokkagakkai, there were a faction that emphasized spread and enlightenment of the science of the nation and German studies centering on the constitution about management and other faction that emphasized 'jungakuri' against it.
Japanese: この結果として学会内には、運営について憲法を中心とする国家学・ドイツ学の啓蒙普及を重視する一派と、それに反対し「純学理」を重んじる一派が存在していた。
English: However, the latter faction (Kiheiji ONOZUKA and others) gradually held a majority, and Kokkagakkai was purified into a researcher group in the Todai law school (Faculty of Law) about public law, political science and economics (Later, Society for the Study of Social Policy [Japan, 1897] was differentiated as a group specializing economics).
Japanese: しかし次第に後者のグループ（小野塚喜平次ら）が大勢を占めるようになり、国家学会東大法科（法学部）内部の公法・政治学・経済学の研究者団体（その後さらに経済学プロパーの団体として社会政策学会(日本1897年)が分化）に純化した。
English: Because of the relation with Ito previously noted, the copy right of the "Kenpo Gikai" (Commentaries on the Constitution), a official commentary on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the Imperial House Law was donated by the author Ito to the Kokkagakkai in 1889, and it was published by Kokkagakkai in the same year, becoming a basic fund.
Japanese: 先述の伊藤との関係により、1889年には帝国憲法・皇室典範の公式解説書たる『憲法義解』の版権が著者の伊藤から学会に寄贈され、同年に学会から公刊され基本財産となった。
English: Publications are "Meiji Kensei Keizai Shiron"(Essay on History of Meiji Constitutional Government, Economics)(1919) published to mark the 30th anniversary of the foundation, "Kokkagaku Ronshu"(Collection of the Science of the Nation)(1937) as the 50th anniversary, "Shin Kenpo no Kenkyu"(Study on the New Constitution)(1947) published after the war, "Kokka to Shakai"(Nation and Society)(1987) as the 100th anniversary and so on, but recently major publication is an organ "Kokkagakkai-zasshi".
Japanese: 刊行物としては創立30周年記念出版の『明治憲政経済史論』（1919年）、50周年記念の『国家学論集』（1937年）、戦後に刊行された『新憲法の研究』（1947年）、100周年記念の『国家と社会』（1987年）などがあるが、最近は機関誌『国家学会雑誌』の刊行が中心になっている。
English: Zakko refers to groups of technical experts mainly from handicraft industry, coming from shokugyobe (professional Be [groups of people who belonged to the Yamato Dynasty]) subordinated to specific government offices under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Japan before the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 雑戸（ざっこ）とは、日本の律令制において特定の官司に隷属していた大化前代の職業部に由来する手工業を中心とした技術を持つ集団のこと。
English: Zakko, with its starting point likely being toraijin (people from overseas who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese) engineers from the Korean Peninsula, were established by the reorganization of the bemin (members of Be) system after the Taika Reforms to serve the Imperial Court mainly with military techniques.
Japanese: その原点は朝鮮半島からの渡来人技術者に由来すると考えられ、大化の改新以後の部民制再編によって成立し、主として軍事的技術面で朝廷に奉仕した。
English: Zakko took its name from the groups of the same name under the ritsuryo system of Tang Dynasty, although they were not included in senmin (one of the two main castes of the ritsuryo system, meaning humble or lowly people) class, unlike in the Tang Dynasty.
Japanese: 名称は唐の律令制にある同名の制度に由来されるが、唐のように賎民身分とはされていない。
English: Zakko, however, are believed to have been treated in a similar way to senmin (with the exception of some who were given ikai [Court rank] in recognition of their contribution), as seen from the facts that they were registered not in the general family register in which citizens and shinabe (technicians in offices) were listed but in the special family register called "zakkoseki," and that they passed on their social status as well as skills in a hereditary manner under the direct control of government offices.
Japanese: だが、公民や品部のように一般の戸籍には編入されず、「雑戸籍」という特殊な戸籍が作成されてその身分は技術とともに世襲化されて官司に直接付属されるなど、賎民に準じた扱いを受けていたと考えられている（ただし、一部には功労によって位階を授かる者もいた）。
English: Zakko and ryoko (imperial tomb guard) which was one of Goshiki no sen (the base people of five colors) were similar in terms of legal status, but are different in that zakko, as with citizens, were obliged to be involved in giso (to stockpile grain in case of famine).
Japanese: 五色の賎の1つである陵戸と似た法的身分であるが、雑戸には公民と同様に義倉負担の義務を有するところが陵戸とは異なっている。
English: Under the ritsuryo system, such kinds of zakko are known to have existed as Kudarabe (10 each under Okura-sho [Ministry of the Treasury] and Kuraryo [Palace Storehouse Bureau]), Kudarahe (11under Okura-sho and 10 under Kuraryo), Zokuko (Zoheishi [Weapons-Manufacturing Bureau], and Imonono Tsukasa [Casting Bureau] also has workers dispatched from Zoheishi and Kanuchibe of Kajishi [Smithery Bureau]), Kanuchibe (338 under Kajishi plus 217 for Zokuko of Zoheishi), Hakohe (197 under Kyotoshi [the Ministry of the Sovereign's Household]), Shiko/Umakai (302 under Samaryo [Left Division of Bureau of Horses] and 260 under Umaryo [Right Division of Bureau of Horses]) (government offices which zakko belonged to are shown in parentheses with number indicating the statutory number of zakko, which can be identified in Shikiinryo [law which stipulates duties of the ministries]).
Japanese: 律令制下で確認できる雑戸としては、百済手部（大蔵省・内蔵寮に各10）・百済戸（大蔵省11・内蔵寮10）・雑工戸（造兵司、典鋳司にも造兵司・鍛治司鍛戸から出向した者が所属）・鍛戸（鍛治司338・別個に造兵司雑工戸217）・筥戸（筥陶司197）・飼戸/馬甘（左馬寮302・右馬寮260）が存在した（括弧内は所属官司、数字は職員令などで確認可能な法定の戸数である）。
English: In addition, there are thought to have been kuratsukuri (saddle makers) (Paragraph March 15, 752 of "Shoku Nihongi" [Chronicle of Japan Continued]), although no details have yet been found.
Japanese: なお、他に鞍作が存在した（『続日本紀』天平勝宝4年2月己巳（21日）条）と見られるが詳細は不明である。
English: There were various forms of zakko, such as Kudarabe, Kudarahe and Shiko who were summoned to serve on a periodic rotating or temporary basis, Zokuko and Kanuchibe who were required to work for government offices in the agricultural off-season, and Hakohe who offered a certain amount of products every year.
Japanese: その形態には様々な形態があり、百済手部・百済戸・飼戸のように一定期間ごとの交替制あるいは臨時に召役されるもの、雑工戸・鍛戸のように農閑期に官司において労役させられるもの、筥戸のように毎年一定の製品を貢納したものなどの形式があった。
English: In return, they were exempted from part of assignments imposed, such as cho (tributes) and zoyo (irregular corvee), as well as from military service, but it is thought that they were engaged in harder work than shinabe in terms of both contents and treatment.
Japanese: その代替として調及び雑徭などの課役の一部が免除され、また兵役も免除されていたが、品部と比較すると、内容・待遇の両面において重労働に従事したと考えられている。
English: Later on, with the development of the ritsuryo system, increasing number people were liberated from zakko status and became citizens for the purpose of decreasing senmin classes.
Japanese: その後、律令制の進展によって賎民身分の削減を目的として雑戸から解放されて公民に編入される例が増加した。
English: On April 3, 744, umakai (horse breeders) and zakko were emancipated in full scale and those who had zakko-specific kabane (hereditary title) were allowed by an imperial decree to change it to the general kabane.
Japanese: 天平16年2月12日（744年3月30日）には馬飼雑戸の全面的解放が行われて、雑戸固有のカバネを持った者は一般的な姓へと改められる勅が出された。
English: This was not only part of the administrative arrangement, but also intended to use zakko's skills to erect the statue of Birushana Buddha in Todai-ji Temple as well as to fake "chishiki (donation to build Buddhist temples and statues) (voluntary participation)" for building the Great Buddha, and some even go so far as to say that if the Great Buddha was completed by the delusive emancipation of zakko, the old regime was scheduled to be restore.
Japanese: これは行政整理の一環であるとともに東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にあたって雑戸の技術力を利用すると同時に大仏建立の「知識（自発的参加）」の体裁を装うためのもの、極論としては欺瞞的な解放で大仏が完成すれば旧態に復する予定であったとする見解も有する。
English: But, it is difficult to rely only on such explanation to account for everything, as discussed later.
Japanese: しかし、後述のようにこうした解釈のみで説明することは困難な部分もある。
English: Afterward, on March 15, 752, Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau) and kokushi (provincial governors) with hongan (birthplace) received an order to identify and register those who were formerly members of zakko by investigating old zakkoseki before the abolishment of zakko in order to get them engaged in their jobs as before.
Japanese: その後、天平勝宝4年2月21日（752年3月11日）に本貫のある京職・国司に対して廃止以前の旧雑戸籍を調査して旧雑戸であった人々を確定・登録してそれぞれの職種に旧来の如く従事させるようにとする命令が出された。
English: This order followed Daijokanpu (the official documents of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) issued in the previous year, which required umakai liberated together with zakko to work the shift at Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses) for the number of days equivalent to that of, and in place of, zoyo.
Japanese: またこれに先立って前年に雑戸とともに解放された馬飼に対して雑徭に替わってそれに相当する日数を馬寮にて交替勤務するようにとした太政官符が出されている。
English: This order is often thought to have brought back zakko, which serves as the basis for interpreting the above-mentioned imperial decree in 744 as temporal.
Japanese: これによって雑戸の復活が行われたと解釈される場合が多く、それが先の天平16年の勅を一時的なものと解釈する根拠となっている。
English: It is believed, however, that old zakkoseki was ordered to be investigated to implement this order, reflecting the fact that the situation of those who were formerly members of zakko and became citizens after the abolishment of zakko was not grasped.
Japanese: だが、この命令を実施するために旧雑戸籍の調査を命じているのは、廃止以後公民に編入された旧雑戸の人々に関する把握が行われていなかったことを反映していると考えられる。
English: Therefore, no measures seem to have been taken on the assumption of the restoration of zakko in 744.
Japanese: したがって、天平16年の段階で雑戸の復活などを前提にした措置が行われていなかったものと思われる。