nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Guo Moruo applied the development stage theory to Chinese history in his book "Studies on the Ancient Society of China" and defined Zhou as a slavery period and the Hoken system took hold after the Chunqiu period.
Japanese: 郭沫若はその著書『中国古代社会史研究』の中に於いて中国史に発展段階論を適用し、周を奴隷制の時代とし、春秋時代以降を封建制とした。
English: Lu Zhenyu opposed the idea, insisting that Yin was a slavery society and Zhou was a Hoken system-based society, but the argument ended without conclusion.
Japanese: これに対して呂振羽は殷を奴隷制、周代を封建制の社会だとして反論し、この論争は結論を見ないままに終わることになる。
English: In response, Konan NAITO in Japan proposed the view that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the period of Sui and Tang should be regarded as periods of the Hoken system (the Tang-Song Transition Thesis).
Japanese: これに対して日本では内藤湖南により魏晋南北朝時代・隋唐時代を封建制の時代とすべきと言う論が出された（唐宋変革論）。
English: On the other hand, Naonari MAEDA proposed a view that the social system changed from slavery to the Hoken system during the era ranging from the closing years of the Tang period through the Wudai Shiguo period, and the argument was heated from the prewar period through the 1970's.
Japanese: これに対して唐末期から五代十国時代を奴隷制から封建制へ切り替わりと捉える前田直典の論が出され、戦前から1970年代に渡って激しい論争が繰り広げられた。
English: From the standpoint that the period of Wei and Jin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties was a time of the Hoken system, tenant peasants used by local ruling families were slaves, and the situation changed with the downfall of the Later Han Dynasty.
Japanese: 魏晋南北朝時代を封建制と捉える立場からは後漢の豪族たちによって使われていた小作農たちを奴隷とみなし、後漢の滅亡によりそれが変化したと見る。
English: From the standpoint that the Hoken system became prevalent after the Song period, peasants under the Equal-field system were slaves and the Tien Hu system which first appeared in the Song period was regarded as a serfdom.
Japanese: 宋以後を封建制と見る立場からは均田制の下におかれた農民たちを奴隷とみなし、宋に入って登場した佃戸制を農奴とみなす。
English: It was a long dispute but it cooled down with no clear conclusion and is virtually nonexistent now.
Japanese: 長い論争が繰り広げられたが、結局明確な結論は出ないまま論争は下火になり、現在ではほとんど行われていない。
English: Various reasons can be cited, but the biggest reason is that Marxism became less appealing and people are now skeptical about the significance of applying development stage theory to Chinese history.
Japanese: 理由はいろいろ考えられるが、最も大きな理由はマルクス主義の魅力が薄れ、中国史に発展段階論を当てはめることの意義を疑い始めたからであろう。
English: Even some Marxist scholars denied the concept of the Hoken system in Chinese history based on the fact that local land lords had no powers such as jurisdiction, and those powers were controlled by the state and there was no seniority that was an important aspect of the Hoken system.
Japanese: また、マルクス主義の立場をとる研究者からも、在地の地主に裁判権などの権力が備わっておらず、それらが国家権力の手に集中されており、封建制の重要な内容である領主権力が存在しないため、中国史における封建制概念を否定する見解が出された。
English: Concepts and views of history which characterize the economic system in Chinese history have yet to be constructed, but recently, more studies are focusing on the role of landlords in a local community, instead of describing the class structure by conventional methods.
Japanese: 封建制に代わる、中国史上の経済制度を特徴づける概念や歴史像はいまだ構築されていないが、最近では階級構造を描き出そうとする従来の方法に代わって、地域社会の中における地主の役割に注目した研究がなされている。
English: In the Hoken system operated under Chinese dynasties, a monarchy nominally authorizes the nobility to rule the domain.
Japanese: 中国王朝でおこなわれた封建制は君主が貴族に領域支配を名目的に認める制度。
English: Unlike the fiefdom, the Western legal Hoken system, no military duties were expected.
Japanese: 西洋の法的な封建制度であるレーエン制とは異なり、軍事奉仕を期待するものではない。
English: Peerage which conceptually linked to a certain domain was given, but that did not necessarily involve the right of control over the land.
Japanese: 一定の領地と観念的に結びついた爵位が授与されるが、それが土地支配権を伴うとは限らない。
English: It is indicated that the Hoken system was already used in the Yin period, but the details of the system in the period are unknown.
Japanese: 殷代からすでに封建がおこなわれてたという指摘がされているが、殷代封建制については詳しいことはわからない。
English: According to one theory, in the Yin period, there was another type of country called Fangguo apart from the granted countries, and these were the countries of foreigners or different races.
Japanese: 殷代には封建された国とは別に方国という国が存在しており、これらを外様あるいは異民族の国とする説がある。
English: If the Yin were the leaders of the Hokoku league of countries, those granted countries must have been strongly controlled by the Yin, therefore, in the Yin period, the sovereignty over the country should have been given by the Zhou Dynasty to the same families and clans directly under control.
Japanese: 殷を方国の連盟の盟主と見る場合、封建された国はより殷の支配の強い国々であったと考えられ、したがって殷代には同族や直接支配下にあった部族の有力者が封建されたと考えられる。
English: Studies have been going on to identify the name of lands granted in the Yin period and various views are advocated, but nothing clear is known.
Japanese: 殷代の封建された土地について地名を特定しようという研究が続いており、さまざまな説が唱えられているがはっきりしたことはわからない。
English: It is considered that the Chinese Hoken system was at its peak in the Zhou period, and blood relative communities based on Mura (large village) broadly emerged in many places, and Zhou formed fictitious blood relations to control them by making actual blood relations or feudalistic relations with them.
Japanese: 周の時代には中国的な封建制度は活期を迎えたと考えられており、各地に邑を基盤とした血族共同体が広汎に現れ、周はこれらと実際に血縁関係をむすんだり、封建的な関係をむすぶことによって擬制的に血縁関係をつくりだし、支配下に置いたと考えられている。
English: These relationships based on the blood family community with primogeniture at its core is called the Sozoku System, and it is generally accepted that the Sozoku system and Hoken system were closely related to each other.
Japanese: 長子相続を根幹とした血族共同体を基礎としたこの関係を宗族制度といい、宗族制度と封建制度が密接に関係していたであろうことは概ね認められている。
English: However, there are no established theories for what Mura-based states were and when the Sozoku system became common.
Japanese: しかし、邑制国家の実態および宗族制度がいつごろ一般的となったかについては定説がない。
English: Such a Hoken system in Zhou is often compared with Western feudalism.
Japanese: このような周の封建制度を西洋的なフューダリズムと比較することはよくおこなわれる。
English: For example, in the development stage theory of Marx, it is argued whether China in the Zhou period was a slavery society or an ancient manor-based society, therefore, it is not easy to settle the dispute.
Japanese: たとえばマルクス主義的な発展段階論においては周代中国を奴隷社会であるか古代荘園社会であるかが論争となった。
English: This is closely related to the interpretation of the Jinghu system which was applied in the Zhou period and the nature of the Iden system, whose existence is questionable, is unclear.
Japanese: これは周代におこなわれたという井田制の解釈と密接に関連しており、実在を疑う向きさえある井田制の性格があまりはっきりしない以上決着をつけることは容易でない。
English: It is generally accepted that the Chinese Hoken system collapsed with the breakdown of Sozoku organization
Japanese: 宗族組織の解体とともに中国的な封建制度が崩壊していったことは、おおむね認められている。
English: There is no accepted theory on when the Sozoku system reached its zenith, but the generally accepted view is that the system broke down in the Chunqiu or Zhangguo period and rule by nobility was established with Mura at its core.
Japanese: 宗族制度がいつごろ活期を迎えたかについては定説がないが、春秋あるいは戦国初期のころには原始共同体が完全に解体され、邑を中心として貴族支配が確立されていたとする見方が一般的である。
English: Nuclear families were confirmed in the middle of the Zhangguo period and rulers and subjects relations base on sincere relationships such as Ke and Youxia.
Japanese: 戦国中期頃から核家族の存在が確認されはじめ、客や遊侠といった誠実関係を中心とした支配-被支配の関係が見出されるようになった。
English: In the political system, a leading state called Hasha (hegemony) builds sincere relationships with other Hoken states, which is thought to produce more rigid rulers-and-subjects relations than that of conventional Hoken relations.
Japanese: これは覇者とよばれる盟主的国家によってほかの封建国家に誠実関係を築くものであるが、従来の封建関係以上に強力な支配-被支配を生み出すものと考えられている。
English: It is thought that the oath of Kaimei establishes relations with members of Kaimei, under which the leader can give orders to the members by taking advantage of god's authority.
Japanese: 会盟の誓約は神の権威を借りて会盟参加者に命令をできる関係を築くものと考えられている。
English: However, there is no established view on the nature of Hasha, and according to one theory, Hasha means a local leader or an ethnic ruler.
Japanese: しかし覇者の性格については定説がなく、あらたに台頭した後進地域の指導者あるいは異民族支配者であるとする見方もある。
English: Another version has it that Goha (five strong feudal lords in the Chunqiu period) was formed in the Zhangguo period due to the connection with Gogyo shiso (Five Elements Theory).
Japanese: 五覇については五行思想との関連から戦国時代になってから形成されたものであるという見方もある。
English: By the end of the Zhangguo period, Sozoku organizations collapsed or changed their nature, therefore, lords started to build rulers-and-subjects relations with people in their domain individually instead of ruling them based on Sozoku.
Japanese: 戦国末期には宗族組織はほとんど崩壊あるいは変質していたため、諸侯は支配地の住民を宗族に基づいて支配するのではなく、個別人身的な支配関係を構築していったとされる。
English: After unifying China, Shikotei, the first Qin Emperor, divided the state into gun and ken, and ruled the whole state with the completely centralized system of gun and ken.
Japanese: 秦の始皇帝は中国を統一すると全国全てを郡と県に分け、中国全土を完全な中央集権的郡県制で支配した。
English: The former Han, which overthrew the Qin Dynasty, adopted the Gun Koku system which separated places of newly appointed lords from places using the Gun Ken system.
Japanese: その秦を滅ぼした前漢では郡県を布く地方と新たに諸侯王を封建する地方とに分ける郡国制を行った。
English: Under the Gun Ken system, the right of coinage and military right were granted at first, but those rights were gradually forfeited.
Japanese: 当初郡国制では諸侯に貨幣鋳造権や軍事権が認められていたが、徐々にこのような権力は回収された。
English: In the Later Han period, it virtually became a pension system, turning into a formality, and continued as a system to grant peerage.
Japanese: 後漢時代にはすでに恩給と変わらないものとなっており、それも形骸化して、爵位だけを授ける封爵制として存続した。
English: Confucianism, which follows the example of the Li system of Zhou, put importance on the Hoken system of Zhou, but for confucianists who began to take part in centralized politics, the hoken system was very contradictory and was often discussed in the form of essay on the Hoken or Gun Ken system.
Japanese: 周の礼制を規範とする儒教では周の封建制を重視するが、官僚となり中央集権政治を担うようになった儒者たちにとって大きな矛盾をはらみ、たびたび封建論あるいは郡県論として論議された（ここでいう封建制・郡県制は歴史学上の実際のものではなく儒教思想上の理念として語られたものである）。
English: In particular, the Donglin movement and Iro no gaku in the Min period are famous, where the hoken system was discussed as a system for bureaucrats to voluntarily govern local areas as their responsibility.
Japanese: 特に明の東林党や遺老の学が有名であり、そこでは官僚が責任者として自発的に地方統治を行うための制度として封建制が議論された。
English: Ko Enbu incorporates the Hoken system into the Gun Ken system as the saying goes 'Using the gist of Hoken as a pretext of Gun ken,' advocating the centralized political form.
Japanese: 顧炎武は「封建の意を郡県に寓す」という郡県制のなかに封建制を組み込ませ、地方分権型の政治体制を主張している。
English: Saccho Domei' refers to the political and military alliance concluded on March 7, 1866 in the last days of the Edo period between the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 薩長同盟（さっちょうどうめい）は、江戸時代後期の慶応2年1月21日(旧暦)（1866年3月7日）に幕末の薩摩藩と長州藩の間で締結された政治的、軍事的同盟である。
English: The Satsuma and Choshu Domains, both of which had clout within Japanese political circles in the last days of the Edo period, had the anti-shogunate idea in common.
Japanese: 幕末の政治世界で影響力を持った薩摩藩と長州藩は討幕の思想では共通していた。
English: However, the Satsuma Domain, led by Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO, ousted the Choshu Domain from Kyoto in the Coup of August 18 and the "Kinmon no Hen" (the Kinmon Incident) in cooperation with the Aizu Domain.
Japanese: しかし西郷隆盛・大久保利通らの薩摩は、1864年（元治元年）の会津藩と協力した八月十八日の政変や禁門の変で長州を京都から追放した。
English: Notwithstanding, the two clans held a conference at the residence of the Choshu Domain's senior retainer Kisuke FUKUNAGA (an advocate of the war against the bakufu), with the mediation of Ryoma SAKAMOTO and Shintaro NAKAOKA, both of whom had left the Tosa Domain and had relationship with the Satsuma and Choshu domain.
Japanese: にもかかわらず、長州、薩摩共に伝のある土佐藩脱藩の坂本龍馬や中岡慎太郎の斡旋により、主戦派の長州藩重臣である福永喜助宅において会談が進められた。
English: Although the conference due to be held in Shimonoseki was cancelled by Saigo just before its start, the six-article alliance for defeating the shogunate was concluded on March 7 (some say on March 8) with the mediation of Sakamoto at Kiyotada KOMATSU's residence in Kyoto (in the present Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City) between the Satsuma representatives (Takamori SAIGO, Toshimichi OKUBO and Kiyotada KOMOTSU [the clan's chief retainer]) and the Choshu counterpart Takayoshi KIDO (called Kogoro KATSURA at that time).
Japanese: 下関での会談を西郷が直前に拒否する事態もあったが、1月21日（22日説も）京都小松清廉邸（京都市上京区）で坂本を介して西郷隆盛、大久保利通、薩摩藩家老の小松清廉と長州藩の木戸孝允（当時は桂小五郎）が倒幕運動に協力する6か条の同盟を締結した。
English: Besides, there were some attendees from the Satsuma Domain, namely, Ise SHIMAZU (also called Jinroku Koken SUWA), Hisatake KATSURA, Tomozane YOSHII and Shigeru NARAHARA.
Japanese: 他の薩摩側出席者は、島津伊勢（諏訪甚六広兼）、桂久武、吉井友実、奈良原繁。
English: Article 1: When war breaks out between the Choshu clan and bakufu, the Satsuma Domain shall immediately dispatch its approximately 2000 soldiers to Kyoto, make them guard Kyoto together with the soldiers already there at present, and keep about 1000 soldiers in Osaka, thereby taking control of Kyoto and Osaka.
Japanese: 一、戦いと相成候時は、すぐさま二千余の兵を急速差登し只今在京の兵と合し、浪華へも一千程は差置き、京阪両所相固め候事
English: Article 2 : When the Choshu Domain's victory is near at hand, the Satsuma Domain shall immediately appeal to the Imperial Court to back up Choshu and make every effort to mediate a peace.
Japanese: 一、戦、自然も我が勝利と相成り候気鋒相見え候とき、其節朝廷へ申上げきっと尽力の次第これあり候との事
English: Article 3 : Even if worst comes to worst, the total destruction of the Choshu Domain would not come in a year, or at least half a year, so the Satsuma Domain shall make every effort to help Choshu during this period.
Japanese: 一、万一敗色に相成り候とも、一年や半年に決して潰滅致し候と申す事はこれなき事に付き其間には必ず尽力の次第これあり候との事
English: Article 4 : When the war ends in stalemate and bakufu returns to the Kanto region, the Satsuma Domain shall definitely appeal to the Imperial Court to clear up the false charge of being the enemy of the emperor, which was imposed on Choshu on the occasion of Coup on August 18.
Japanese: 一、是なりにて幕兵東帰せし時は、きっと朝廷へ申上げすぐさま冤罪は朝廷より御免に相成り候都合にきっと尽力との事
English: Article 5 : We will make our forces come into Kyoto and Osaka, so if the clan of Hitotsubashi, Kuwana and Aizu (the allies of Bakufu) continue to commit the sacrilege of utilizing the Imperial Court, reject the implementation of the right, and block the mediation of the Satsuma Domain, we cannot help but fight a decisive battle against bakufu.
Japanese: 一、兵士をも上国の土、橋、会、桑も只今の如き次第にて、勿体なくも朝廷を擁し奉り、正義を抗し、周旋尽力の道を相遮り候時は、終に決戦に及ぶほかこれなくとの事
English: Article 6 : When the false charge is cleared up, both the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain are sure to be reconciled sincerely with each other and to do their best for the sake of the Japanese Empire, and regardless of the result of the Satsuma Domain's appeal about the charge, both clans shall make every effort from today with sincerity to revive and extend the imperial authority for the empire's sake.
Japanese: 一、冤罪も御免の上は、双方とも誠心を以て相合し、皇国の御為に砕身尽力仕り候事は申すに及ばず、いづれの道にしても、今日より双方皇国の御為め皇威相輝き、御回復に立ち至り候を目途に誠しを尽くして尽力して致すべくとの事なり
English: The six articles written on the face were concluded in the presence of some people, such as Kiyotada KOMATSU, Takamari SAIGO, Kogoro KATSURA, and Ryoma SAKAMOTO, and the contents are just the same as the alliance.
Japanese: 表に御記入しなされ候六条は小・西両氏および老兄龍等も御同席にて談論せし所にて、毛も相違これなく候。
English: Hanchin is a term used for the provincial organization that existed from the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty.
Japanese: 藩鎮（はんちん）は中国唐から北宋代まで存在した地方組織の名称である。
English: With setsudoshi (jiedushi, military governor) and kansatsushi (guanchashi, governor) at the top, the organization had a powerful reign over the provinces with semi-autonomous characteristics.
Japanese: 節度使や観察使などを頂点とし、地方を強力に統治し、半独立の様相を呈した。
English: However, these systems began to collapse between the reign of Wu Zeitian and Xuanzong (Tang).
Japanese: しかし武則天期から玄宗(唐)期にはこれら諸制度が崩壊を起こし始める。
English: The main reason for the collapse was the rapid decrease in the number of shuko (families registered in the family registry) that sustained the equal-field system and the divisional militia system.
Japanese: 崩壊の最も大きな原因は、均田制および府兵制を支える主戸（戸籍に登録された戸）が急速に減少したことにある。
English: These factors caused people to refuse to go into military service, just like the old man described in Juyi BAI's "Shinpo Seppio" (old man with a broken arm in Shinpo), who broke his own arm in order to avoid his military service.
Japanese: これらの原因が、白居易の『新豊折臂翁』に謡われる兵役を逃れるために自らの臂を折った翁のように、兵役拒否を生むことになった。
English: With the loosening of the Tang Dynasty's reign, various ethnic groups, such as Tokketsu, Toban and Khitan in the neighboring regions actively began their movements to rise.
Japanese: これら唐側の統治の緩みと同時に、突厥・吐蕃・契丹といった周辺諸民族の方でも勃興の動きが活発になった。
English: In 733, he increased the number of these paths from 10 to 15, and he also placed a saihoshochishi responsible for each path.
Japanese: 733年（開元二十二年）、その道をそれまでの十から十五へと増やし、道ごとに採訪処置使を置いた。
English: Saihoshochishi was a government officer who placed an administrative office in a province within the territory, and additionally, he served as governor of the province.
Japanese: 採訪処置使は領内の一つの州に治所を置き治所の州刺史を兼任する役職である。
English: This job was limited to inspection only, and he was forbidden from interfering with the politics in the provinces.
Japanese: あくまで監察のための役職であり、州県の政治に直接口を出すことは禁じられていた。
English: In 758, the name saihoshochishi was changed to kansatsu shochishi (kansatsushi for short).
Japanese: 758年（乾元_(唐)元年）に採訪処置使は観察処置使（略して観察使）と名が変わる。
English: On the military aspect in the meanwhile, 10 setsudoshi were installed, starting with the placement of setsudoshi in Hexi in 710.
Japanese: 他方、軍事面でも710年の河西節度使の設置を初めとして十の節度使が設置された。
English: Soldiers who were stationed under them were not gathered through fuheisei, which was conscription, but through chosei kondeisei (selection of healthy, talented men for military service over an extended distance), which was a voluntary enlistment instead.
Japanese: その元で駐屯する兵士は、徴兵制たる府兵制によって集められたものではなく、募兵制である長征健児制によってのものであった。
English: Soldiers under this system settled semi-permanently at the frontier, and they farmed the land and served as soldiers when necessary.
Japanese: この制度における兵士は辺境に屯田をしながら半永久的に定住するようになった。
English: Setsudoshi were divided into those stationed in regions outside the Great Wall of China, such as Anxi, Beiting and Pinglu, and all others who were stationed in areas on the inside of the Great Wall.
Japanese: 節度使は安西・北庭・平盧の万里の長城外節度使とそれ以外の長城内節度使に分けられる。
English: The policy at the beginning was to assign warriors and bansho (non-Han generals) as setsudoshi stationed in the regions outside of the Great Wall, and to place civil officers sent from the central government as setsudoshi stationed in the areas on the inside of the Great Wall.
Japanese: 長城外節度使には武人や蕃将（異民族出身の将軍）が就けられ、長城内節度使には中央から派遣された文官が付くのが当初の方針であった。
English: However, Chancellor of China Linfu LIN, who was highly trusted by Xuanzong, made it possible even for non-Han generals to be assigned as setsudoshi stationed in the areas inside of the Great Wall.
Japanese: しかし玄宗に重用された中国の宰相李林甫により長城内節度使にも蕃将が任命されるようになった。
English: Fearing the appearance of political enemy, Linfu LIN enabled non-Han generals, who were not allowed to become chancellors, to become setsudoshi.
Japanese: 政敵の現れることを恐れた李林甫は宰相になることは出来ない蕃将を節度使に就けるようにしたのである。
English: Lushan AN competed against Guozhong YANG to win Xuanzong's favor, but Guozhong YANG had an advantage in this war because he was always by Xuanzong's side.
Japanese: 安禄山は楊国忠と玄宗の寵愛を争うが、この争いは常に玄宗の傍に居る楊国忠が有利であった。
English: Later, there was a series of unrest, such as the internal rift within the rebel army, struggle by the imperial army represented by Shinkei GAN and Kokei GAN, as well as reinforcement troops sent from the Uighurs.
Japanese: その後、反乱軍側の内部分裂と顔真卿・顔杲卿たちに代表される勤皇軍の奮戦・ウイグルの援兵などがあった。
English: In Hebei, which was the base for the An Shi army, generals who defected from the An Shi army, such as Chengsi TIAN of Weibo (Tenyu army), Kaisen RI of You Prefecture (Lulong army) and Baochen LI of Koki (Chengde army), were directly assigned as setsudoshi.
Japanese: 安史軍の根拠地であった河北には安史軍から投降してきた魏博（天雄軍）の田承嗣・幽州（廬龍軍）の李懐仙・恒冀（成徳軍）の李宝臣などの武将をそのまま節度使として任命していた。
English: Furthermore, during the war, hanchin was set up one after another in the internal regions that did not have them until then.
Japanese: 更に乱の途中からそれまで置いていなかった内地にも次々に藩鎮が設置された。
English: The total number of hanchin amounted to more than 50, and all the districts except for the areas around the capital Changan and the sub-capital Luoyang were placed under hanchin's control.
Japanese: 藩鎮の総数は50を超え、首都長安・副都洛陽の周辺部を除いた全ての地域が藩鎮の支配下に置かれるようになるのである。
English: The power of hanchin that had control of both the military and the civil government was enormous, and the majority of the hanchin had a tendency to be independent.
Japanese: 軍権と民政権とを兼ね備えた藩鎮の勢力は強大であり、藩鎮は多く自立傾向を持った。
English: These hanchin operated both as setsudoshi (or danrenshi, bogyoshi and keiryakushi), which was a military post, and as kansatsushi, which was an administrative post.
Japanese: これら藩鎮は軍職たる節度使（ないし団練使・防禦使・経略使）と行政職たる観察使とを兼任した。
English: When the hanshi, the head of the organization, died his son or a powerful person under him succeeded.
Japanese: その長たる藩師が死去した場合、その子や配下の有力者がこれを継承した。
English: As it can be seen in Wu (Ten Kingdoms) that continued to respect Tang's calendar even after the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Jiangnan area, which supported the overall economy of Tang, was relatively obedient to the imperial court.
Japanese: 唐が滅亡した後も唐の正朔を奉じ続けた呉(十国)に見られるように、唐全体の経済を支える江南地域は比較的朝廷に対して恭順であった。
English: Taxes that should have been paid were never paid, and it used them as its own income instead.
Japanese: 唐に対して反抗的で納めるべき税を全く収めず自らの収入として使っていた。
English: However, he had greatly expended the nation's resources, and he was in no condition to confront hanchin.
Japanese: しかし、国力を大幅に消耗しており、藩鎮に対して強い態度を取れる状態ではなかった。
English: Chongyi LIANG from Chengde, Tenyu, Pinglu and Shannan East (eastern part of Shaanxi) who was dissatisfied with this treatment formed an alliance and started a rebellion.
Japanese: これに反発した成徳・天雄・平盧・山南東道（陝西東部）の梁祟義が連合して乱を起こす。
English: Daizong mobilized the kingun (army guarding an emperor) and hanchin's armies starting with the Lulong army to suppress the rebels.
Japanese: 代宗は禁軍（近衛軍）と廬龍を初めとした他藩鎮軍とを動員して討伐を加えた。
English: Taking advantage of this void, soldiers rose in rebellion in 783 and occupied Chang'an, supporting a former setsudoshi named Zhu Ci as their leader.
Japanese: この虚を突いて783年に乱が起こり、元幽州節度使の朱沘を擁立して長安を占拠した。
English: Daizong managed to defeat Lulong and Huaixi, who refused to accept the terms, along with Zhu Ci, who occupied Chang'an, by 786.
Japanese: これを受け入れない廬龍・淮西そして長安を占拠した朱沘らも786年までに何とか滅ぼすことに成功する。
English: Xianqi CHEN, who had became setsudoshi of Waisei because of his accomplishment in killing Xilie LI in Waisei, was defeated by Shaocheng WU.
Japanese: 淮西の李希烈を殺した功績で淮西節度使となっていた陳仙奇が呉少誠によって倒された。
English: Many soldiers and money were lost because of the long war, but in the end, it is difficult to say that the goal of bringing hanchin under control was accomplished.
Japanese: 長い戦いにより多くの兵士と金銭が失われたが、結局藩鎮抑制の目標を達成したとは言いがたい。
English: Shunzong (Tang), who succeeded Dezong, died after 6 month of his reign, and he was succeeded by Xianzong (Tang).
Japanese: 徳宗の跡を継いだ順宗(唐)は在位半年で死去し、これを憲宗(唐)が継ぐ。
English: In 806, soon after he was enthroned, setsudoshi of Xichuan (western Sichuan) Pi LIU attacked Dongchuan (eastern Sichuan) with the intention to expand his forces.
Japanese: 即位早々の806年、西川節度使（四川西部）の劉闢が勢力拡大を目指して東川（四川東部）を攻撃した。
English: With this as a start, he suppressed the setsudoshi of Xiasui, Huilin YANG, and Ki RI, the setsudoshi of Zhenhai Army in Zhejiang West.
Japanese: これを手始めに夏綏銀節度留後の楊恵琳、浙江西道の鎮海軍節度使の李錡を討伐する。
English: Startled by Xianzong's behavior, hanchin began to take a more submissive attitude toward the imperial court.
Japanese: この憲宗の態度に驚愕した藩鎮側も朝廷に対して恭順な態度をとるようになった。
English: Pinglu had a long history and power as a hansoku hanchin, and the destruction of Pinglu greatly shocked the rest of the hanchin.
Japanese: 反側藩鎮として長い歴史と強大を誇った平盧が滅ぼされたことに藩鎮側は更に強い衝撃を受けた。
English: However, after his death, Chengde and Lulong also surrendered their territories, and thus pacification of Kasaku Sanchin was accomplished.
Japanese: が、その後も成徳・廬龍もまた朝廷に領地を返還し、ここに河朔三鎮平定も成ったのである。
English: Also, hanchin's power was reduced, allowing prefectures and their governors that had been placed under its control to regain their previous status as entities directly controlled by the central government.
Japanese: また藩鎮の勢力を削り、それまで藩鎮の下部組織と成り果てていた州およびその長官たる刺史も中央直属としての実態を取り戻した。
English: However, appointing civil officials to hanchin created dissatisfaction among the soldiers under them.
Japanese: しかし士大夫出身の者を藩師に就けることはその下の兵士たちの反感を生むこととなった。