nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: One theory has it that one of the consequences of the Ishiyama War was to delay Nobunaga's eventual domination of the country by 10 years.
Japanese: 一説にはこれら一連の石山合戦で信長の天下統一を10年遅らせたといわれている。
English: Following the Honnoji Incident, he reconciled with Hideyoshi HASHIBA (later Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) who, as the successor of Nobunaga, had taken control over Kyoto and in 1585 he moved to the town of Osaka Tenman, built by Hideyoshi based on the layout of the inner precinct of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 本能寺の変後、信長に代わって畿内の実権を握った羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）と和解し、
English: and in 1585 he moved to the town of Osaka Temman, built by Hideyoshi based on the layout of the inner precinct of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: 天正13年（1585年）に石山本願寺の寺内町をもとに秀吉が建設した大阪天満の町に転居。
English: Furthermore, in 1591, Hideyoshi granted him land for a temple at the corner of Shichijo-dori Avenue and Horikawa-dori Street in Kyoto, and it was here that he revived the Hongan-ji Temple sect.
Japanese: さらに天正19年（1591年）に秀吉によって京都の七条通堀川通の地に寺地を与えられ、京都に本願寺教団を再興した。
English: However, when Kennyo died the following year, it was his third son, Junnyo (an accommodationist) not his eldest son, Kyonyo, a hard-liner who held different opinions from Kennyo regarding Nobunaga at the time of leaving Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, who became the twelfth head priest. (The second son was Kenson of Kosho-ji Temple.)
Japanese: しかし、翌文禄元年（1592年）に顕如が没すると、石山本願寺退去時の信長への対応をめぐって顕如と意見の食い違いがあった長男の教如（強硬派）に代わり、三男の准如（和睦派）が12世門主に立てられることになった（次男は興正寺顕尊）。
English: As conflict continued within the sect, in 1602, after Ieyasu TOKUGAWA donated land for a temple, Kyonyo and his supporters broke away and built East Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: こうして教団内部で対立状況が継続する中、徳川家康による寺地の寄進がなされ、慶長7年（1602年）、教如と彼を支持する勢力は独立して東本願寺を建立した。
English: As a result, Hongan-ji Temple was split into Junnyo's Hongan-ji Temple (West Hongan-ji Temple) and Kyonyo's Hongan-ji Temple.
Japanese: このため、本願寺は、准如の本願寺（西本願寺）と教如の本願寺とに分裂することになった。
English: Luis Frois (1532 – July 8, 1597) was a Portuguese born in Lisbon.
Japanese: ルイス・フロイス（LuisFrois,1532年-1597年7月8日）は、リスボン生まれのポルトガル人。
English: That same year he traveled to the Province of Goa, the capital of the Portuguese Indian colonies, and received training.
Japanese: 同年、当時のインド経営の中心地であったゴア州へ赴き、そこで養成を受ける。
English: Goa was where he met Francis Xavier, who was just about leaving for a mission to Japan, and his Japanese collaborator Yajiro.
Japanese: 同地において日本宣教へ向かう直前のフランシスコ・ザビエルと日本人協力者ヤジロウに出会う。
English: He was ordained in 1561 in Goa, and he served by dealing with the communications from each missionary location thanks to his language and writing skills, which were well recognized.
Japanese: 1561年にゴアで司祭に叙階され、語学と文筆の才能を高く評価されて各宣教地からの通信を扱う仕事に従事した。
English: In 1563, at the age of 31, Frois landed at Yokose-ura (a port what is now northern Saikai City, Nagasaki Prefecture) and started his long-sought missionary work in Japan.
Japanese: 1563年、31才で横瀬浦（現在の長崎県西海市北部の港）に上陸して念願だった日本での布教活動を開始。
English: He strove as the missionary in charge of the Kyoto district even under difficult circumstances such as it being war-torn by warring groups such as the Miyoshi clique.
Japanese: 三好党らによる戦乱などで困難を窮めながらも京都地区の布教責任者として奮闘した。極める
English: In 1569, for the first time, Frois met the new conqueror Nobunaga ODA, who entered Kyoto at the construction site of Nijo Castle.
Japanese: 1569年、入京した新しい中原の覇者織田信長と二条城の建築現場で初めて対面。
English: Nobunaga was weary of the prevailing Buddhist society, and because Frois was able to earn the trust of Nobunaga he was allowed to carry out his missionary work in the Kinai area.
Japanese: 既存の仏教界のあり方に信長が辟易していたこともあり、フロイスはその信任を獲得して畿内での布教を許可された。
English: He propagated the faith along with people such as Gnecci-Soldo Organtino, and as a result he obtained many followers.
Japanese: グネッキ・ソルディ・オルガンティノなどと共に布教活動を行い多くの信徒を得た。
English: (Frois' literary works contain many remarks that cannot be found in other books such as "Shincho Koki (Account of lord Nobunaga)," and therefore it is recognized as one of the important references for the study of Japanese history.)
Japanese: （フロイスの著作には『信長公記』などからうかがえない記述も多く、日本史における重要な資料の1つになっている）。
English: After that time, though Frois was working actively in Kyushu he accompanied the Jesuit Visitor Allessandro Valignano as a translator during his visit to Japan in 1580, and he had an audience with Nobunaga at Azuchi Castle.
Japanese: その後は九州において活躍していたが、1580年巡察師アレッサンドロ・ヴァリニャーノの来日に際しては通訳として視察に同行し、安土城で信長に拝謁している。
English: In 1583, his superior ordered him to leave the front line of missionary work in order to concentrate on recording the activities of the Society of Jesus in Japan.
Japanese: 1583年、時の総長の命令で宣教の第一線を離れ、日本におけるイエズス会の活動の記録を残すことに専念するよう命じられる。
English: Initially, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI inherited Nobunaga's Society of Jesus policy, but soon he became alarmed by its growing influence; consequently, on June 19, 1587, he issued an edict expelling Christians.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉は最初は信長の対イエズス会政策を継承していたが、やがてその勢力拡大に危機感を抱くようになり、1587年6月19日バテレン追放令を出すに至った。
English: In 1590, when Valignano revisited Japan with the recently returned Tensho Ken-o Shisetsu (the Tensho Embassy to Europe), Frois accompanied him in order to meet Hideyoshi at Jurakudai.
Japanese: 1590年、帰国した天正遣欧使節を伴ってヴァリニャーノが再来日すると、フロイスは同行して聚楽第で秀吉と会見した。
English: In 1592, he sailed to Macao with Valignano for a while, but he returned to Nagasaki in 1595 and died on July 8, 1597 after leaving his last literary work, "The Martyrdom Records of the Twenty-Six Saints."
Japanese: 1592年、ヴァリニャーノとともに一時マカオに渡ったが、1595年長崎に戻り、1597年には『二十六聖人の殉教記録』を文筆活動の最後に残し、7月8日没した。
English: Frois had witnessed the Christian missionaries' glory and tragedy through the development and decline in Japan, and he left a crucial record of his journey.
Japanese: フロイスは日本におけるキリスト教宣教の栄光と悲劇、発展と斜陽を直接目撃し、その貴重な記録を残すことになった。
English: From early on, Frois was noted for his literary talent, and he left many works including the annual "Jesuit Reports on Japan," "A Comparison of Japanese and European Cultures" and "Frois' History of Japan," the last of which is particularly famous.
Japanese: 早くから文筆の才を注目されていたフロイスは、毎年の『イエズス会日本通信』や『日欧文化比較論（ヨーロッパ文化と日本文化）』を含め多くの著作を残しており、特に有名なのは『日本史』（HistoriadeIapam）である。
English: This book commenced with Xavier's 1549 arrival in Japan and was completed in 1593.
Japanese: この本の記述は、1549年のサビエルの来日に始まり、1593年で終わっている。
English: The "History of Japan" records the Jesuits' missionary works in Japan, having been written for publication with the goal of cultivating a European audience.
Japanese: 『日本史』はイエズス会の日本宣教の記録であり、かつ教化目的でヨーロッパ人の読者向けに出版されることを念頭において書かれた著作である。
English: However, it is valuable as an historical work because it offers insights into the Japanese Sengoku period (the Warring States period of Japan) from the perspective of Kyoto, Sakai City and various cities in Kyushu as viewed by the author, and for its objective and detailed descriptions of many Sengoku military commanders such as Nobunaga and Hideyoshi.
Japanese: しかし、同時代史として、フロイス自身の目で見た京都や堺市、九州の諸都市の様子から、信長、秀吉など多くの戦国の武将たちの客観的かつ詳細な記述、各地の戦乱の詳細な記録などを含み、戦国時代(日本)の様子を知る貴重な資料となっている。
English: Moreover, because the names of people and places are written in Roman characters, their pronunciations were identified on that basis.
Japanese: またローマ字で表記されているため、当時の氏名や地名の読みなどもここから明らかになっている。
English: The existence of "History of Japan" was known for a long time, but the literature itself had been missing for many, many years.
Japanese: 『日本史』の存在は古くから知られていたが、著作そのものは長きにわたって行方不明であった。
English: Subsequent investigation found the original manuscript at the archive at the site of St. Paul's Cathedral, which had been copied in the eighteenth century, but the copies had been lost in various places in Spain and Portugal; moreover, the original was destroyed in a fire at the cathedral in the nineteenth century.
Japanese: その後の調査で、聖ポール天主堂跡の文書館にあった原稿から18世紀に写本がとられたが、スペイン・ポルトガルで散逸したこと、一方原稿は19世紀、聖堂の火災に伴い焼失したことがわかった。
English: Copies of the book were gradually rediscovered between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and this epic was reproduced even though it had been missing.
Japanese: 19世紀後半～20世紀前半にかけて各地で写本が発見され、不完全ではあるもののフロイスのこの大作が復元されることとなった。
English: The "History of Japan" consists of the volumes listed below:
Japanese: 『日本史』は以下のような構成によって成り立っていたことが研究によってわかっている。
English: Rosanjin/Rozanjin KITAOJI (March 23, 1883 - December 21, 1959) was a Japanese artist.
Japanese: 北大路魯山人（きたおおじろさんじん/きたおおじろざんじん、男性、1883年（明治16年）3月23日-1959年（昭和34年）12月21日）は日本の芸術家。
English: He was multi-talented, being a Tenkoku artist (a maker of carved stone seals), a painter, a potter, a calligrapher, a lacquer artist, a cook and an epicure.
Japanese: 篆刻家、画家、陶芸家、書道家、漆芸家、料理家、美食家など様々な顔を持っていた。
English: When he was 10 years old, he graduated from Umeya elementary school, and was apprenticed to Chisaka Wayakuya (Current:), a Japanese pharmacy located on the corner of Kyoto's Karasumaru-dori Avenue and Nijo-dori Street.
Japanese: 10歳の時に梅屋小学校を卒業し、京都烏丸通二条通の千坂和薬屋（現：）に丁稚奉公に出る。
English: From 1908, he travelled to the northern part of what is now the Republic of China to learn calligraphy and Tenkoku.
Japanese: 1908年（明治41年）から中華民国北部を旅して書道や篆刻を学んだ。
English: In 1910, after returning to Japan, he was invited to stay as a guest of the wealthy Toyokichi KAWAJI in Nagahama-city, providing him with an environment in which he could concentrate on calligraphy and Tenkoku.
Japanese: 帰国後の1910年（明治43年）に長浜市の素封家・河路豊吉に食客として招かれ、書や篆刻の制作に打ち込む環境を提供された。
English: Here, under the pen name of Taikan FUKUDA, Rosanjin left numerous masterpieces, including Tenkoku pieces and paintings on the ceiling and the fusuma (sliding paper doors) in the House of Ando on the Hokkoku-kaido Route.
Japanese: ここで魯山人は福田大観の号で北国街道安藤家の天井画や襖絵、篆刻など数々の傑作を当地に残している。
English: Later, he was able to stay as a guest at the House of Shibata, which his hero, Seiho TAKEUCHI, often visited, and he asked Seiho if he could carve Seiho's Kanin (Signature Stamp).
Japanese: そして敬愛する竹内栖鳳がしばしば訪れる紫田家の食客になることが叶い、訪れた栖鳳に款印を彫らせてもらうよう願い出る。
English: This was the start of his association with the greats of the Japanese art world and his rise to fame.
Japanese: これにより日本画壇の巨匠らとの交わりが始まり、名を高めていくことになった。
English: In 1915 he stepped down as head of the Fukuoda family, passing responsibility to his eldest son and returning to his family name of Kitaoji.
Japanese: 1915年（大正4年）、福田家の家督を長男に譲り、自身は北大路姓に復帰。
English: After that, he moved around as a guest of wealthy families, starting in Nagahama, then Kyoto and Kanazawa city, and this life style enriched his knowledge of gourmet food and dinnerware.
Japanese: その後も長浜をはじめ京都・金沢市の素封家の食客として転々と生活することで食器と美食に対する見識を深めていった。
English: As well as cooking and serving the food himself, he produced his own dinnerware and recipes.
Japanese: 自ら厨房に立ち料理を振舞うなどしながらそこで使用する食器や料理を自ら創作していた。
English: On March 20, 1925, he rented the Japanese restaurant 'Hoshioka Saryo' in Nagata-cho, Tokyo, which became 'Hoshigaoka Saryo' after the war in 1956.
Japanese: 1925年（大正14年）3月20日には東京永田町に料亭「星岡茶寮」を借り受け、のち戦後の1956年（昭和31年）「星ヶ岡茶寮」が開業した。
English: In June 1963, The Tokyo Hilton Hotel (later the Capitol Tokyu Hotel) was opened on the site of 'Hoshigaoka Saryo.'
Japanese: なお、1963年（昭和38年）の6月に「星ヶ岡茶寮」の跡地に、東京ヒルトンホテル（のちのキャピトル東急ホテル）が開業している。
English: While eating at a well known duck restaurant in France, he exclaimed that 'the sauce did not match the food' and used the Wasabi soy sauce he had brought with him.
Japanese: 渡仏に訪れた著名な鴨料理店で「ソースが合わない」と持参したわさび醤油で食べたこともある。
English: Yuzan KAIBARA, a character in the Manga comic "Oishinbo" who is said to be based on Rosanjin did the exact same thing in an episode.
Japanese: また、漫画美味しんぼの登場人物で、一部彼をモチーフにしたとされる海原雄山は作中で、これと同様の行為をしている。
English: After the war, he went through an unfortunate period, having to sell 'Hoshigaoka Saryo,' where the 'Bishoku Club' was based but, in 1954, the Rockefeller Foundation invited him to hold some exhibitions and lectures in Europe and America.
Japanese: 戦後は「美食倶楽部」の拠点・星ヶ岡茶寮が人手に渡るなど不遇な生活を過ごすが、1954年（昭和29年）にロックフェラー財団の招聘で欧米各地で展覧会と講演会が開催される。
English: The following year, 1955, he was appointed an Important Intangible Cultural Property (Living National Treasure), although he declined the honor.
Japanese: 翌1955年（昭和30年）には重要無形文化財保持者（人間国宝）に指定されるもこれを辞退。
English: In 1959, he died from cirrhosis of the liver, also known as distoma hepaticum, caused by the Chinese Liver Fluke parasite.
Japanese: 1959年（昭和34年）に肝吸虫、つまりいわゆる肝臓ジストマとも呼ばれた寄生虫による肝硬変のため死去。
English: Although there is a view that he contracted the Chinese Liver Fluke from eating his favorite mud snails, the mini mud snails that are the initial intermediary host are not eaten by people, and since the parasite usually enters the human body through the eating of raw Koi (the secondary intermediary host), it is presumed there was another source of infection.
Japanese: 肝吸虫は魯山人の好んだタニシから寄生したとする論説もあるが、肝吸虫の第一中間宿主となるマメタニシは人間の食用にならず、なおかつヒトへの感染は第二中間宿主のコイ科魚類の生食から起こることから、別の感染経路と推定されている。
English: Aritomo YAMAGATA (May 15, 1838 - February 1, 1922) was a Japanese soldier and politician.
Japanese: 山縣有朋（やまがたありとも、天保9年4月22日(旧暦)（1838年6月14日）-大正11年（1922年）2月1日は、日本の政治家、軍人。
English: Although his original class was as low as that of a footman, participation in Kihei-tai, an unconventional battalion led by Shinsaku TAKASUGI, gave him an opportunity to succeed (It is believed that he wouldn't have been able to succeed if he, as one from a chugen family, had been born in a different domain.
Japanese: 元の身分は下僕に近い極めて低いものであったが、高杉晋作の奇兵隊に参加したことで出世の糸口を掴んだ（中間出身の彼がもし他藩に生まれていれば出世は有り得なかったと考えられる。
English: Yamagata and Ito were able to work their way up because of TAKASUGI’s brilliant ideas, such as Kihei-tai.
Japanese: 奇兵隊という高杉の天才的発想があったからこそ山縣や伊藤は世に出ることができた。
English: In the domain of Satsuma, Saigo, Okubo and other battalion members were given samurai status even though they were from the lower classes).
Japanese: 薩摩藩の場合は西郷や大久保、その他の人物も下級ではあっても必ず士分格を有していた）。
English: In his later life, he dominated the army and the world of politics behind the scenes and was also known as the 'founder of the Japanese military clique.'
Japanese: 晩年は陸軍のみならず政界の黒幕として君臨し、「日本軍閥の祖」の異名をとった。
English: He was born in the village of Kawashima in the Abu district, an area neighboring the Hagi Castle (present-day Kawashima, Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) as the first son of Aritoshi YAMAGATA, a chugen in charge of Kuramoto, the merchant of the daimyo's warehouse, and also a servant of a bushi family (a rank lower than foot soldier but not a bushi rank) and Matsuko YAMAGATA, from the domain of Choshu.
Japanese: 萩城下近郊の阿武郡川島村（現・山口県萩市川島）に、長州藩の蔵元付武家奉公人（足軽より低い身分で武士身分ではない）山縣有稔・松子の長男として生まれる。
English: Through the network of Genzui KUSAKA, he studied at the Shokason Juku under the tutelage of Shoin YOSHIDA, and took part in the Revere the Emperor and Expel the Barbarians movement.
Japanese: 久坂玄瑞の紹介で吉田松陰が主催する松下村塾で学び、尊皇攘夷運動に参加した。
English: Yamagata, over the course of his life, would proudly call himself 'a disciple of Dr. Shoin YOSHIDA,' but the existing information revealed that he studied at the Juku for an extremely short period of time; therefore, it is not clear how much training he had in fact received from Shoin.
Japanese: 山縣自身は生涯「自分は松陰先生門下である」と称し誇りにしていたが、現存する資料から山縣の在塾期間が極めて短かったことが判明しており、実際に松陰からどの程度の薫陶を受けたかは不明である。
English: Because he was from a family of a lower class (chugen), it is possible that Yamagata wanted it to be known that he had been a disciple of Shoin.
Japanese: 山縣としては中間の子という出自の低さから、せめて松蔭の門下生であったという経歴が欲しかったとも考えられる。
English: In Shoin’s writing, Yamagata was first mentioned in the letter written to Misono KISHI on November 12, 1857.
Japanese: なお、松陰の文章における山縣の初出は、安政4年（1857年）9月26日付の岸御園宛書簡である。
English: In this letter, Shoin made inquiries about Yamagata, saying, 'I am not sure who Aritomo is,' suggesting that Yamagata and Shoin had no acquaintance with each other before Yamagata entered the juku.
Japanese: 同書簡中、「有朋の如何なる人たるかを知らず」とその人物を岸に照会していることからも、来塾前の山縣が松陰と一面識もなかったことを知ることが出来る。
English: In 1863, he played an important role as the assistant deputy general of Kihei-tai on behalf of Shinsaku TAKASUGI, who had gone to Shanghai City.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）に、上海市に渡航した高杉晋作に代わって奇兵隊軍監として活躍。
English: After returning to Japan, he carried out the wish of Masujiro OMURA, who had been assassinated, and implemented the conscription system (the Conscription Ordinance).
Japanese: 翌年帰国した後は暗殺された大村益次郎の遺志を継いで軍制改革を行い、徴兵制度を取り入れた（徴兵令）。
English: In 1872, he used official army funds to make illegal loans to Wasuke of Yamashiroya, a merchant who was doing business with the army, and allowed the loans to be unrecoverable.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）、山縣は陸軍出入りの商人、山城屋和助に陸軍の公金を不正融資して焦げ付かせる。
English: Although he was not held legally responsible (because Wasuke of Yamashiroya had suppressed the evidence), he resigned in order to take responsibility for that incident.
Japanese: 山城屋の証拠隠滅工作により山縣に司法の追究は及ばなかったが、責任を取る形で辞職。
English: In 1873, he became the Minister of the Army and was engaged in the establishment of the General Staff Office and the Imperial Rescript on the Military.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）に陸軍省陸相・内部部局となり、参謀本部(日本)の設置、軍人勅諭の制定にかかわった。
English: In 1883, he became the Lord of Internal Affairs to successive ministers of Internal Affairs and established the system of cities, towns, villages and counties.
Japanese: 明治16年（1883年）には内務大臣歴代内務卿に就任して、市制・町村制・府県制・郡制を制定した。
English: At the first meeting of the Imperial Diet, he made an administrative policy speech and claimed that it was necessary to increase the military budget in order to keep both the 'sovereign line' (the border) and the 'interest line' (Korean peninsula).
Japanese: 第1回帝国議会では施政方針演説において「主権線」（国境）のみならず「利益線」（朝鮮半島）の確保のために軍事予算の拡大が必要であると説いた。
English: Although he commanded the prosecution of the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, his leadership was often misguided, and during the Sino-Japanese War he was once withdrawn from the front line under the pretense of 'the obligation to have the military status report to the Emperor.'
Japanese: 日清戦争や日露戦争では戦争遂行の指揮をとったが的外れのものが多く、日清戦争時は「天皇に軍情報告せよ」という名目で第一線から呼び返されたこともある。
English: On March 10, 1900, he strengthened the suppression of political activities and labor campaigns by establishing the Security Police Law, which stipulated the political organization and meeting reporting system; the right to break up political organizations or meetings; the prohibition of political activities by military, police, religionists, educators, females, those who were under age and those who were deprived of public rights; the limitation on soliciting for labor unions; and the prohibition of strikes.
Japanese: 明治33年（1900年）3月10日、政治結社・政治集会の届出制および解散権の所持、軍人・警察官・宗教者・教員・女性・未成年者・公権剥奪者の政治運動の禁止、労働組合加盟勧誘の制限・同盟罷業（ストライキ）の禁止などを定めた治安警察法を制定し、政治・労働運動などの弾圧を進めた。
English: Subsequently, on March 29 he revised the Election Law of the Member of the House of Representatives and eased the price of the right to vote from 15 yen land or national tax or whichever was higher to 10 yen land or national tax or whichever was higher (furthermore, the price was reduced from three years' worth of national tax to two years' worth, while the land-tax-based price remained the same, which was one year's worth).
Japanese: 続いて3月29日、衆議院議員選挙法を改正し、選挙権を地租または国税15円以上から10円以上に緩和（さらに、国税は過去3年間から2年間に緩和。地租は1年間で変化無し）した。
English: Concurrently, he changed the constituency system from a single-member constituency system (a medium constituency system partially of plurality bloc voting) to a large constituency system (partially a single-member constituency system).
Japanese: それと共に、小選挙区制（一部完全連記制の中選挙区制）から大選挙区制（一部小選挙区）に改めた。
English: Local towns that were given city status were defined as individual constituencies, and each county in an individual prefecture was defined as a constituency.
Japanese: 市制を執行している自治体はそれぞれ独立した選挙区とし、都道府県の郡部でそれぞれ1選挙区とした。
English: This led to a situation where the majority of cities other than major ones such as Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya became single-member constituencies due to their small populations.
Japanese: このため、東京・大阪・名古屋などを除く大部分の都市は人口が少なく、定数1の小選挙区となった。
English: Given the fact that a single-member constituency system was likely to result in the formation of a large-and-powerful political party, Yamagata figured that he could conciliate the national diet if the constituency system were changed from a single-member to a large constituency system and small factions were fragmented.
Japanese: 小選挙区制は強大な政党が生まれやすいことから、大選挙区制に改め、小党を分立させれば議会の懐柔がしやすくなるという計算があった。
English: Also, because political parties started to develop in villages it was assumed that he let the conventional foundation collapse and facilitated the development of assembly members who incorporated the intentions of the national government or city governments by changing constituencies or easing qualifications for payment of the national tax.
Japanese: また、政党が農村部で発達し始めたことから、選挙区の組み替えや国税納付の資格を緩和することで、これまでの地盤を破壊し、政府や都市部の意向を反映した議員を生み出しやすくする狙いがあったといわれる。
English: However, because single-member constituencies remained and political parties were under development, large political parties dominated legislative seats even in the large constituency system.
Japanese: もっとも、小選挙区が残ったこと、政党そのものが発展途上の時期であったことなどから、大選挙区制の下でも、むしろ議席は大政党への集中が進んだ。
English: Eventually, he formed the 'The Yamagata Bureaucratic Faction' across the Army, Ministry of Inner Affairs, Imperial Household Ministry and Privy Council in order to facilitate his involvement in politics by becoming a supporter of Taro KATSURA and Masatake TERAUCHI in the Army as well as of government bureaucrats such as Keigo KIYOURA and Tosuke HIRATA.
Japanese: 以後は、陸軍・内務省・宮内省・枢密院などにまたがる「山県系官僚閥」を形成して、陸軍では桂太郎や寺内正毅、官僚では清浦奎吾や平田東助らの後ろ盾となって政治に関与するようになる。
English: From the end of the Meiji period to the beginning of the Taisho period, he increasingly became influential since he, as the chief of the General Staff, had led Japan to victory in the Russo-Japanese War (note, however, that Emperor Meiji trusted Katsura more than Yamagata, and he sometimes asked Katsura for advice in disregard of Yamagata) and because Hirofumi ITO had been assassinated.
Japanese: 日露戦争では参謀総長として日本を勝利に導いたこと（ただし明治天皇は、山縣より桂を信頼しており、山縣の頭越しに桂へ諮詢することもあった）、伊藤博文が暗殺されたことにより、明治末期から大正初期にかけては山縣の発言力は増大した。
English: Gradually, however, Yamagata found himself unable to keep pace with the changes in the times such as when Katsura became independent (refer to Taisho Political Change), the intensification of Taisho democracy and social movements, and World War I; therefore, after Katsura's death Terauchi and Kiyoura also set off on their own paths.
Japanese: だが、桂の自立（大正政変を参照）、大正デモクラシーや社会運動の高揚、第1次世界大戦など、山縣は次第に時代の変化に追いつけなくなり、桂の死後には寺内や清浦らも独自の道を歩みだすようになる。
English: The time of party government had begun, and under such circumstances Yamagata's political power started to dwindle due to his poor handling of the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: そのような中で政党内閣の時代を迎え、やがて宮中某重大事件を巡る対応の拙さから山縣の政治的な権威は大きく失墜した。
English: Yamagata in his lifetime was unpopular because he suppressed democratic rights movements, aggressively fomented high treason and unnecessarily trusted the Imperial Court when the certain serious incident occurred.
Japanese: 自由民権運動の弾圧や、大逆事件を積極的に推し進めたこと、宮中某重大事件での宮中への必要以上の容喙等から山縣の人気は生前から低かった。
English: Yamagata started taking action in the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court, which later caused his power to drop, when Kinmochi SAIONJI consulted Yamagata, but to the public conflicts among domain cliques were so emphasized that ultimately Yamagata was considered to be the sole 'bad guy.'
Japanese: 山縣の権威が失墜した宮中某重大事件は西園寺公望が山縣に相談したことをきっかけに山縣が動き始めたものであったが、世間では藩閥間の対立ばかりが強調されて捉えられて、結果的に山縣一人が「悪者」となった側面もある。
English: However, considering the fact that there were strong forces that tried to bring Yamagata down by taking that incident as an opportunity, and since the public strongly supported that movement, this incident seems to show that overwhelming numbers of people disliked him.
Japanese: しかし、この事件をきっかけに山縣を追い落とそうとした勢力が強かったという事やそれを後押しした世論が大きかった事を考えれば、山縣に反感を抱いていた人がいかに多かったかを示した事件との見方もある。
English: After his death, a state funeral was held for him as a genkun (an elder statesman) of the Imperial Restoration, but most of the people who attended the service were the army and the police; not many ordinary people attended the service.
Japanese: その死に際しては、維新の元勲として国葬が行われたが、参列したのは陸軍や警察の関係者がほとんどで、一般の参列はあまりなかった。