nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is said that he was killed on the field on 29th, but according to the name list of war deaths in the Eastern Camp, he 'was killed in Fushimi on January 27.'
Japanese: 五日に淀で戦死したと伝えられるものの、御香宮神社の東軍戦死者名簿には「正月（一月）三日、伏見に於て戦死」とある。
English: According to Jingoro YOKOKURA, however, he survived the battle and returned to Edo, but was injured while he was fighting in the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma on March 29 of the year and died in Itado, Koshu.
Japanese: しかし、横倉甚五郎は、存命して江戸に帰還した後、同年三月六日の甲州勝沼の戦いに参戦、手負いの後、甲州板戸で死亡したとしている。
English: Tsukasa IBRAKI (year of birth unknown - July 15, 1867) was a member of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) from Aizu domain.
Japanese: 茨木司（いばらきつかさ、生年不詳-慶応3年6月14日(旧暦)（1867年7月15日））は、会津藩出身の新選組隊士。
English: He had a strong thought of Sonno Joi (reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and wanted to join Goryo-eji (guards of Imperial mausoleums) led by Kashitaro ITO and others formed in April 1867, but he remained because Isami KONDO did not want to lost his talent.
Japanese: 尊皇攘夷思想が強く、慶応3年3月に結成された伊東甲子太郎らの御陵衛士に参加を希望していたが、近藤勇がその才を惜しがったため残留。
English: When Shinsengumi's promotion to Shogun's retainer was determined in July of the year, he revolted and protested to the house of Kyoto shugoshoku (Military governor of Kyoto) in Aizu domain, but was not accepted and committed suicide on the spot with Shimenosuke SANO, Goro NAKAMURA, Juro TOMIKAWA, and so on.
Japanese: 同年6月に新選組の幕臣取り立てが決まると、反発して会津藩京都守護職邸に抗議を行ったが受け入れられず、佐野七五三之助、中村五郎、富川十郎らと共に、同所で自刃した。
English: Samanosuke Arakida (1838 - November 7, 1863) was a member of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).
Japanese: 荒木田左馬之助（あらきださまのすけ、天保9年（1838年）頃-文久3年9月26日(旧暦)（1863年11月7日））は、新選組隊士。
English: It is said that he joined Shinsengumi because he was instructed by Kogoro KATSURA of Choshu clan to spy Shinsengumi with Isetake MIKURA, but whether it is true or not is unknown.
Japanese: 御倉伊勢武などと共に、長州藩桂小五郎の命を受けて、スパイのため新選組へ入隊したと言われているが、真偽は不明。
English: It seems that he was falsely charged of assassination of the Head of Shinsengumi because the date of assassination of Kamo SERIZAWA was close.
Japanese: 芹沢鴨暗殺の日が近かった事もあって、局長暗殺の罪も被せられたらしい。
English: The 1st son of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (some books say that FUJIWARA no Kusumaro is the 1st son of Nakamaro, but the theory that Mayori is the 1st son is chronologically correct).
Japanese: 藤原仲麻呂の長男（一部の書籍に藤原訓儒麻呂を仲麻呂の長男とするものがあるが、年代的に真従を長男とするのが正しい）。
English: In 757, Prince Oi became Crown Prince with the support of Namararo, and in 758, he was enthroned (Emperor Junnin).
Japanese: 天平宝字元年（757年）大炊王は仲麻呂の支持により立太子され、天平宝字2年（758年）即位した（淳仁天皇）。
English: Satoru TAUCHI (1839 - February 14, 1867) was a member of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate).
Japanese: 田内知（たうちさとる、天保10年(1839年)－慶応3年1月10日(旧暦)(1867年2月14日)）は、新選組隊士。
English: One day, Tauchi noticed that the man was hiding in the closet, but was lashed back with a sword and injured his both legs, and both the woman and man fled.
Japanese: ある日、間男が押し入れに隠れているのを田内が感づいたが、逆に斬りかかられて両足を負傷し、女にも男にも逃げられてしまう。
English: Jiro UTSUMI (1836 - ?) was a member of Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) from Kawagoe City, Musashi Province.
Japanese: 内海次郎（うつみじろう、天保7年（1836年）-?）は、武蔵国川越市出身の新選組隊士。
English: He turned out to the Sanjo-ohashi Bridge Noticeboard Incident in October 1866, and formed Goryo-eji agreeing with Kashitaro I and others in April, 1867.
Japanese: 慶応2年（1866年）9月の三条制札事件に出動し、慶応3年（1867年）3月に伊東甲子太郎らと同意して御陵衛士を結成。
English: At Aburanokoji Incident, he got out of trouble because he was out with Juro ABE, and after belonging to Satsuma clan, he joined the attack on Isami KONDO.
Japanese: 油小路の変時は、阿部十郎と共に外出中だったため難を逃れ、薩摩藩に属した後、近藤勇襲撃に加わった。
English: FUJIWARA no Masaki (year of birth unknown - October 21, 764) was a Kugyo (high court noble) in the Nara period.
Japanese: 藤原真先（ふじわらのまさき、生年不詳-天平宝字8年9月18日(旧暦)（764年10月21日））は奈良時代の公卿。
English: His father, Nakamaro, was highly trusted by Empress Koken, and in 757, Nakamaro's nominee, later Emperor Junnin, became Crown Prince, and Nakamaro was promoted to Shibinaiso (comparable with Daijin [Minister]).
Japanese: 父の仲麻呂は孝謙天皇の信任厚く、天平宝字元年（757年）仲麻呂の推す淳仁天皇が皇太子になり、紫微内相（大臣に准じる）に進む。
English: In 758, Empress Koken handed her throne to Prince Oi (Emperor Junnin).
Japanese: 天平宝字2年（758年）孝謙天皇が譲位して大炊王が即位（淳仁天皇）。
English: Nakamaro was appointed to Taiho (Minister of the Right) and he was given another name, EMI no Oshikatsu.
Japanese: 仲麻呂は仲麻呂は太保（右大臣）に任ぜられ、恵美押勝の名を与えられる。
English: In 760, Nakamaro became Taishi (Grand Minister) and rose to the highest rank (possible for the subject) in the country.
Japanese: 天平宝字4年（760年）仲麻呂は太師（太政大臣）となり位人臣を極める。
English: In 761, Masaki became Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) and Azechi (Inspector of the Provincial Government) of Mino Province, Hida Province and Shinano Province.
Japanese: 天平宝字5年（761年）真先は従四位上兼美濃国飛騨国信濃国按察使となる。
English: In March 762, Masaki was appointed to Sangi (Councilor) with his younger brothers, FUJIWARA no Kusumaro and FUJIWARA no Asakari.
Japanese: 天平宝字6年（762年）2月、真先は弟の藤原訓儒麻呂、藤原朝狩とともに参議に任じられる。
English: The occasion that Empress Koken had been partial to Dokyo and had stripped Emperor Junnin of the reins of government heightened Nakamaro's sense of crisis.
Japanese: 孝謙天皇が道鏡を寵愛して、淳仁天皇から政権を奪ったことにより、仲麻呂は危機感を強めた。
English: Nakamaro family was based in the old castle of Sanbi (Takashima County, Omi Province) and fought against the Imperial army, but were defeated.
Japanese: 仲麻呂一族は三尾（近江国高島郡）の古城に拠って官軍と戦うが、敗れる。
English: It used to use the Chinese characters '藤原真光' for his name in most cases, but the result of recent study has determined that it really was '藤原真先'.
Japanese: かつては名前を「藤原真光」とすることが多かったが、近年の研究の結果「藤原真先」であったことが確定している。
English: Ichidakusai SAITO (1813 - December 18, 1874) was a priest in the end of Edo period.
Japanese: 斎藤一諾斎（さいとういちだくさい、文化(元号)10年（1813年）-明治7年（1874年）12月18日）は、幕末期の僧侶。
English: * In famous "Moeyo ken" written by Ryotaro SHIBA, it is said that he was the same person as Hajime SAITO, but he was completely different person from Hajime Saito.
Japanese: ※有名な司馬遼太郎著『燃えよ剣』の中では斎藤一の変名とされているが、斎藤一とは全くの別人。
English: He became a priest of Komagome Kissho-ji Temple (Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo), and successively held the chief priest posts of Choko-in Temple, Keiyo-ji Temple (Imado), Tochi-in Temple (Yamanashi-gun, Kai Province), and Zenpuku-ji Temple (Kowaze village, Tsuru-gun, Kai Province).
Japanese: 駒込吉祥寺(東京都文京区)の僧となり、潮江院・慶養寺（今戸）・東地院（甲斐国山梨郡）・全福寺（同国都留郡強瀬村）の住職を歴任した。
English: However, when Koyo Chinbutai (a military unit formed specially for the campaign in Kai Province, Shinsengumi) visited Koshu in March, 1868, he joined them, at the age of 56.
Japanese: しかし、慶応4年（1868年）3月に甲陽鎮撫隊（新選組）が甲州へ訪れると、56歳にして入隊。
English: (There is another theory that he had already become a member during recruit of members by Toshizo HIJIKATA in 1867).
Japanese: （慶応3年の土方歳三による隊士募集で既に入隊していたという説もある。）
English: It is said that, when he left the battle field, he was given 30 ryo from Hijikata as a farewell gift, and he was significantly moved by his thoughtfulness.
Japanese: 戦場を脱する際、土方より餞別30両を渡され、その気遣いにいたく感動したと言う。
English: He closely communicated with the Hijikata family, Kondo family, and Sato family, and when Saito died in 1874, the families built monument of honor in Otsuka Kannon Do in Hachioji City.
Japanese: 土方家や近藤家、佐藤家と深い交流があり、明治7年に斎藤が死去すると、同家らによって八王子市大塚観音堂に顕彰碑が建てられた。
English: He is said to have joined Shinsengumi in ca. 1867 to serve as a close retainer of Isami KONDO and Toshizo HIJIKATA.
Japanese: 慶応3年（1867年）頃の入隊とされ、近藤勇・土方歳三の側近を務める。
English: He had served as a horse keeper for Kondo for a long time, and made every effort to save his group in the Battle of Koshu-Katsunuma to such an extent that he ran about with nothing on.
Japanese: 長い間、近藤の馬丁を務め、甲州勝沼の戦いの際には素っ裸になって奔走。
English: When a bullet penetrated the abdomen of Hijikata, he said that he was shot, and fell off his horse.
Japanese: 腹部を銃弾によって貫かれた土方は、「やられた」と一言発して落馬した。
English: He and Saisuke YASUTOMI, an assistant to the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, watched the body of Hijikata carried to Goryokaku.
Japanese: 陸軍奉行添役安富才助と共に、土方の遺体が五稜郭へ運ばれるのを見届けた。
English: (Note: There are many objections about the situation of Hijikata's death in battle. The above-mentioned explanation is a theory concerning Sawa.)
Japanese: （注：土方の戦死状況に関しては多く異論がある。上記は沢に関する一説）
English: Before the surrender in Goryokaku, he received a letter written by Saisuke YASUTOMI from Chikara TACHIKAWA, and a sword strap left by Hijikata from Yamatoya (a merchant in Hakodate).
Japanese: 五稜郭降伏前に、立川主税から安富才助の手紙を、大和屋から土方の遺品である下げ緒を預かった。
English: FUJIWARA no Asakari (year of birth unknown - October 21, 764) was a kugyo (high court noble) in the Nara period.
Japanese: 藤原朝狩（ふじわらのあさかり、？-天平宝字8年9月18日(旧暦)（764年10月21日））は奈良時代の公卿。
English: In 758, Empress Koken handed over her throne to Prince Oi (Emperor Junnin), who had been recommended by Asakari's father, Nakamaro.
Japanese: 天平宝字2年（758年）、孝謙天皇が譲位して、父の仲麻呂が推す大炊王が即位（淳仁天皇）。
English: In 760, Nakamaro became Taishi (Grand Minister) and also Asakari, who was the Mutsu Chinju Shogun, was praised for his performance in Mutsu Province (He had constructed Okachinoki Castle without a blow by converting the Araemishi people to the Imperial system) and was given the position of Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 天平宝字4年（760年）仲麻呂は太師（太政大臣）となり、陸奥守兼鎮守将軍であった朝狩も陸奥国での功績（荒蝦夷を導いて天皇に順化させ、無血で雄勝城を完成させた）が認められ、従四位下に叙される。
English: In 762, Nakamaro became Shoichii (Senior First Rank) and, therefore, achieved the highest position of the government, and in the same year, Asakari with his older brothers, FUJIWARA no Masaki and FUJIWARA no Kusumaro, were appointed to Sangi (Councilor), then an unusual situation in which the four family members took positions of Kugyo happened.
Japanese: 天平宝字6年（762年）、仲麻呂は正一位となり位人臣を極め、同年、朝狩は兄の藤原真先、藤原訓儒麻呂とともに参議に任じられ、親子4人が公卿に列する異例の事態になる。
English: However, when Nakamaro, through Emperor Junnin, expostulated with the Retired Empress Koken about her being partial to Dokyo, the standoff arose between the group of the Retired Empress Koken-Dokyo and the group of Emperor Junnin-Nakamaro.
Japanese: しかし、孝謙上皇が道鏡を寵愛し、仲麻呂が淳仁天皇を通じてこれを諌めたところ、上皇が激怒して天皇から政権を奪い、孝謙上皇・道鏡派と淳仁天皇・仲麻呂派の対立が起きる。
English: In October 764, although Nakamaro planed a rebellion, it was found out by tipping off.
Japanese: 天平宝字8年（764年）9月、仲麻呂は反乱を計画するが、密告により発覚。
English: They tried to move into the place of Nakamaro's power base, the Kokuga (the area where local government offices were placed) of Omi Province, where he had been serving as Kokushi (Provincial Governor) for a long time, to regain power, but the Imperial army was proactive to interrupt them.
Japanese: 仲麻呂が長年国司を務めた勢力地盤である近江国の国衙に入って再起を図ろうとするが、官軍に先回りされ阻まれた。
English: The Nakamaro family moved toward Echizen Province, where his 8th son, FUJIWARA no Sakachi served as Kokushi, but the Imperial army rushed to Echizen Kokuga and killed Sakachi, who still hadn't known about the incident, and deployed forces on the barrier of the border.
Japanese: 仲麻呂一族は八男の藤原辛加知が国司の越前国を目指すが、官軍が越前国衙へ急行して、まだ事変を知らぬ辛加知を斬り、国境の関を固めてしまう。
English: Nakamaro family backed away to Takashima County, Omi Province, and was based in the old castle of Sanbi and fought against the Imperial army, but Nakamaro family, including Asakari, was killed to the last man.
Japanese: 仲麻呂一族は近江国高島郡に退き、三尾の古城に拠って官軍に抵抗するが敗れ、朝狩を含む仲麻呂一族はことごとく殺された。
English: FUJIWARA no Shikachi, or Karakachi, (year of birth unknown - 764) was one of the nobility during the Nara Period.
Japanese: 藤原辛加知（ふじわらのしかち、？-天平宝字8年（764年））は奈良時代の貴族。
English: His father Nakamaro was deeply trusted by Empress Koken and held the reins of power, and in 758 Empress Koken abdicated the throne to Prince Oi (Emperor Junnin), who was recommended by Nakamaro, while Nakamaro was appointed to the position of Taiho (Udaijin [Minister of the Right]) and given the name of EMI no Oshikatsu.
Japanese: 父の仲麻呂は孝謙天皇の信任厚く、権勢を欲しいままにし、天平宝字2年（758年）、孝謙天皇が譲位して、仲麻呂が推す大炊王が即位すると（淳仁天皇）、仲麻呂は太保（右大臣）に任ぜられ、恵美押勝の名を与えられた。
English: In 761, Shikachi was promoted to the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and was appointed to the position of Sakohon no kami (Captain of the Left Division of Middle Palace Guards).
Japanese: 天平宝字5年（761年）辛加知は従五位下となり、左虎賁督に任ぜられる。
English: The Nakamaro family was at the height of its prosperity, but once Empress Koken began to favor Dokyo and confront Nakamaro, Nakamaro had a deep sense of danger.
Japanese: 栄耀栄華を極める仲麻呂一族だが、孝謙上皇が道鏡を寵愛して、仲麻呂と対立するようになると、仲麻呂は強い危機感を持った。
English: In the personnel affairs held in January, 764, Shikachi was appointed to Echizen no kuni Kokushi (Governor of Echizen Province).
Japanese: 天平宝字8年（764年）1月の人事で辛加知は越前国国司に任じられる。
English: Shikachi was asked to guard Arachi no-seki checking station (a checking station between Omi Province and Echizen Province) in preparation for coups.
Japanese: 辛加知には変事に備え愛発関（近江国と越前の国境の関所）を固めることが求められた。
English: In September, 764, Nakamaro gained the position of Totoku shikinai sangen omi tanba harima to koku hyojishi (Governor general; four provinces close to the capital: Yamato, Yamashiro, Setsu, Kawachi; three major barrier stations; Omi Province; Tanba Province; Harima Province; and other provinces; military chief), and held the military power for a planned rebellion.
Japanese: 同年9月、仲麻呂は都督四畿内三関近江丹波播磨等国兵事使になり軍権を掌握して反乱を計画。
English: On September 11, Nakamaro, who supported the side of the retired Empress Koken, lead his family out of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) to Omi Province, his power base.
Japanese: 9月11日、孝謙上皇側に先手を打たれた仲麻呂は一族を率いて平城京を脱出して勢力地盤の近江国に向かう。
English: Makibi, who predicted Nakamaro's action, made the Imperial army lead by Yamashiro no kuni no kami (Governor of Yamashiro Province) KUSAKABE no Komaro and Emon no shojo (Junior Lieutenant of the Outer Palace Guards) SAEKI no Itachi go ahead of them and shut their headway to the provincial office of Omi Province by burning the Setabashi Bridge.
Japanese: 仲麻呂の行動を予測した真備は、山城国守日下部子麻呂と衛門少尉佐伯伊多智の率いる官軍に先回りさせて、勢多橋を焼いて近江国国府への道を断ってしまう。
English: SAEKI no Itachi lead the Imperial army and rushed to the provincial government office of Echizen Province, and killed Shikachi, who had not known about the coup.
Japanese: 佐伯伊多智は官軍を率いて越前国衙へ馳せ向かい、いまだ事変を知らぬ辛加知を斬った。
English: Nakamaro, who did not know of Shikachi's death, tried to reach Echizen Province without passing Arachi no-seki cheking station by sailing over Lake Biwa to the east coast, but he could not help landing from Shiotsu due to the storm on the lake and tried to break through Arachi-no seki checking station.
Japanese: 辛加知の死を知らない仲麻呂は愛発関を避けて船で琵琶湖東岸へ渡り越前に入ろうとするが、湖が荒れたためやむなく塩津から上陸して愛発関の突破を試みる。
English: The army of Nakamaro retreated to an old castle located at Mio, Takashima County, Omi Province, but was attacked by the Imperial army from the land and sea and defeated at last.
Japanese: 仲麻呂軍は近江国高島郡三尾の古城に退いて抵抗するが、海陸から官軍に攻められて遂に敗れた。
English: OTOMO no Komaro (year of birth unknown - July 4, 757) was one of the nobility during the Nara Period.
Japanese: 大伴古麻呂（おおとものこまろ、生年不詳-天平宝字元年(757年)7月4日）は奈良時代の貴族。
English: In 752, he was appointed to vice-commander of the Japanese envoy to Tang and visited China with commander-in-chief FUJIWARA no Kiyokawa.
Japanese: 天平勝宝4年(752年)遣唐副使に任じられ、大使藤原清河とともに入唐。
English: Komaro made a protest about Japan's seat being the second on the west side, although Shiragi (ancient Korean kingdom) was the first on the east side, which gave Shiragi's precedence over Japan, so he forced Shiragi exchange positions ("Shoku Nihongi" [Chronicle of Japan Continued], Article of the 6th Year of Tenpyo-shoho).
Japanese: 古麻呂は日本の席次が西畔（西側）第二席で、新羅の東畔第一席より下であったことに抗議し、新羅より上席に代えさせている（『続日本紀』天平勝宝6年条）。
English: In 754, when returning to Japan, the party of Kento-shi tried to board Ganjin (Jianzhen), but Tang officials did not allow it.
Japanese: 天平勝宝6年（754年）帰国の際、遣唐使一行は鑑真を同行させようとしたが、唐の官憲がこれを禁じた。
English: Taishi (commander-in-chief) FUJIWARA no Kiyokawa, rejected the boarding of Ganjin and other members, but Komaro permitted them to board on vice-commander's ship at his own decision.
Japanese: 大使藤原清河は鑑真一行の乗船を拒否したが、古麻呂は独断でこれを許して副使船に乗船させた。
English: On their way back to Japan, commander's ship was caught in a storm and drifted to the south, and they could not return to Japan (FUJIWARA no Kiyokawa died in Tang), but vice-commander's ship returned to Japan safely and brought Ganjin to Japan.
Japanese: 帰路、大使船は暴風雨に遭い、南方に流されて帰国できなかったが（藤原清河は唐で客死）、副使船は無事帰国して鑑真を来日させることができた。
English: In March, 757, Prince Funado, who had been appointed by Emperor Shomu's will, was dethroned by the idea of Empress Koken.
Japanese: 天平宝字元年(757年)3月、聖武天皇の遺言で任ぜられた皇太子道祖王が孝謙天皇の勘を受けて廃される。
English: In April, Empress Koken asked her vassals who should be the new prince, then Udaijin (Minister of the Right) FUJIWARA no Toyonari recommended Prince Shioyaki and Komaro recommended Prince Ikeda, but Empress's intension was Emperor Junnin, who was recommended by Shibirei (Director General of Shibi Institution) FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, so Prince Oi was selected as a new prince.
Japanese: 4月、孝謙天皇は群臣に新太子を諮り、右大臣藤原豊成は塩焼王を適当とし、古麻呂は池田王を推したが、天皇の意中は紫微令藤原仲麻呂の推す淳仁天皇であったため、大炊王が立太子された。
English: Since Nakamaro was deeply trusted by Empress Koken and also he was tyrannical, Komaro was dissatified with it and tried to kill Nakamaro in a conspiracy with Hyobukyo (Minister of Military Affairs) TACHIBANA no Naramaro.
Japanese: 仲麻呂は孝謙天皇の信任厚く、専横であったため、古麻呂はこれに不満を持ち兵部卿橘奈良麻呂と結んで仲麻呂を除こうと画策した。
English: TACHIBANA no Naramaro, Komaro, and other members conspired to raise an army and plotted to kill Nakamaro, dethrone the crown prince and Emperess Koken, and enthrone the Emperor from among Prince Shioyaki, Prince Funado, Prince Asukabe, and Prince Kibumi.
Japanese: 橘奈良麻呂、古麻呂らが一味して兵を起こして仲麻呂を殺して皇太子を退け、孝謙天皇を廃し、塩焼王、道祖王、安宿王、黄文王の中から天皇を推戴するという計画であった。
English: In June, Komaro in Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the Defense at Mustsu Province and also to Inspector of Mutsu Province, and was ordered to go to Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 6月、正四位下の古麻呂は陸奥鎮守将軍兼陸奥按察使に兼任させられ、陸奥国への赴任を命じられた。
English: Naramaro, Komaro, Prince Funado, Prince Kibumi, and others were captured and tortured to death by flogging under the surveillance of Fujiwara no Nagate, Kyofuku KUDARANOKONIKISHI, Prince Fune, and others.
Japanese: 奈良麻呂、古麻呂、道祖王、黄文王らは捕えられ、藤原永手、百済王敬福、船王らの監督下､杖で何度も打たれる拷問の末､絶命した。
English: Toyo YAMAWAKI (February 1, 1706 - September 25, 1762) was a medical scientist in the Edo period.
Japanese: 山脇東洋（やまわきとうよう、宝永2年12月18日(旧暦)（1706年2月1日）-宝暦12年8月8日(旧暦)（1762年9月25日））は、江戸時代の医学者。
English: He was born to a doctor family, the Shimizu family, and in 1726, he was adopted into the hogen of the Yamawaki family, whom his father was studying under.
Japanese: 医家清水家の生まれで、享保11年（1726年）に父が門下の法眼山脇家の養子となる。
English: He learned from Konzan GOTO in the school of Kohoha medicine which put more importance on practice than theories, and in 1746, he reprinted a medical book originally written in the Tang dynasty called "Gedaihiyoho."
Japanese: 後藤昆山から、理論よりも実践を重視する古方派を学び、延享3年（1746）には唐代の医学書『外台秘要方』を復刻。
English: He questioned the human anatomical chart created based on the Inyo-gogyo-setsu (the China-origin doctrine that everything in the universe is made of five basic elements, and has two opposite aspects) when he dissected an otter; therefore, he dissected and observed the body of an executed criminal in March 1754 with permission of the Kyoto shoshidai (governor general).
Japanese: カワウソの解剖から陰陽五行説に基づく人体の内景に疑問を抱き、1754年(宝暦４年)閏２月、京都所司代の許可を得て死刑囚の解剖、観察を行う。
English: The book received much criticism because doctors had strong hesitation to dissect a human body in koiho (school of ancient medicine) led by Todo YOSHIMASU, but the first human body dissection in Japan proved the accuracy of the Dutch medical literature, giving a strong impact on the medicine community.
Japanese: 吉益東洞ら古医方においても人体解剖には抵抗が強かったため批判を浴びるが、国内初の人体解剖は蘭書の正確性を証明し、医学界に大きな影響を与える。
English: Inspired by Toyo, in the city of Edo, Genpaku SUGITA, Ryotaku MAENO and others started to translate a Dutch medical book with higher accuracy.
Japanese: 東洋の影響を受け、江戸では杉田玄白、前野良沢らがより正確性の高いオランダ医学書の翻訳に着手する。
English: Sadataka SAKAI (1435 - May 29, 1522) was a Japanese military commander during the time from the late Muromachi period to the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), and is believed to be the founder of the Kazusa Sakai clan.
Japanese: 酒井定隆（さかいさだたか、永享7年（1435年）-大永2年4月24日(旧暦)（1522年5月19日））は、室町時代後期から戦国時代(日本)初期にかけての武将で上総酒井氏の祖とされる人物。
English: There are various views on the reason why the man from Mino Province moved to Kazusa Province, and it is commonly said that he was a vassal of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in Kyoto when he was young.
Japanese: 美濃出身の彼がなぜ上総国に移ったのかについては諸説あるが、一般的には若い頃は京都にて室町幕府の幕臣であったとされている。
English: It is assumed that he accompanied Tsuneyori TO from the same hometown, Mino Province, when Tsuneyori went to Shimosa Province next to Kazusa Province to subdue Yasutane CHIBA.
Japanese: 後に同じ美濃の出である東常縁が千葉康胤を討伐するために上総の隣国である下総国に向かった際にこれに同行したと考えられている。
English: After the defeat of Atsutane, however, his son became the head of the family due to the intervention of Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, the Koga Kubo (the Ashikaga family based in Koga, the Kanto region).
Japanese: だが、康胤の滅亡後、古河公方足利成氏の介入によってその息子が千葉氏の当主となる。
English: The subjugation campaign virtually ended up in failure and the Onin War ruined the bakufu's authority.
Japanese: 討伐は事実上の失敗に終わった上、応仁の乱によって幕府の権威は失墜する。
English: It is said that Sadataka who saw what happened gave up on the bakufu's future and then became a kyakusho (guest general) of Shigeuji in stead of accompanying Tsuneyori to return.
Japanese: この様子を見た定隆は幕府の将来に見切りを付けて、常縁の帰国には同行せずに成氏の客将となったといわれている。
English: He was later ordered by Shigeuji to suppress the northern Kazusa Province where the Uesugi clan had strong influence, and then entered the Toke-jo Castle in Kazusa Province in 1488.
Japanese: 後に成氏の命によって上杉氏の勢力の強い上総北部の平定を命じられて、長享2年（1488年）、上総土気城に入る。
English: He was a fervent believer of Nichiren sect of Buddhism (Kenpon Hokke sect) and it is said that he converted almost all temples in the territory to the Nichiren sect within several years after he suppressed the northern Kazusa Province.
Japanese: 熱心な日蓮宗（顕本法華宗）の信者であり、上総北部の平定後数年で領内のほとんどの寺院を日蓮宗へと改宗させたと伝えられている。
English: Before long, his descendants were divided into the Togane lineage and the Toke lineage, and prosperous with governing the northern Kazusa Province until they were destroyed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: やがて、彼の子孫は東金系と土気系に分立して、豊臣秀吉に滅ぼされるまで上総北部を支配して繁栄していく事になる。
English: Kojuro KUSUNOKI (year of birth: ca. 1848 - date of death: October 26, 1864) was a member of Shinsengumi (a group which guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate) who came from Kyoto.
Japanese: 楠小十郎（くすのきこじゅうろう、嘉永元年（1840年）頃?-元治元年9月26日(旧暦)（1864年10月26日））は京都出身の新選組隊士である。
English: He is said to have joined Shinsengumi in the early days of the group because he was ordered by Kogoro KATSURA from Choshu Domain to act as a spy in the group.
Japanese: 新選組初期に、長州藩・桂小五郎の命で間者（スパイ）として入隊したとされる。
English: Around 10 o'clock in the very foggy morning of October 26, 1864, he stood around in front of the gate of Maekawa residence, which was used as a place where Shinsengumi quartered.
Japanese: 元治元年9月26日（1864年10月26日）の濃霧の朝4つ時（1000頃）、新選組屯所の1つとして使われていた前川邸の門前でぼんやりしていた。
English: Then he was cut down from behind by Sanosuke HARADA who was ordered by Isami KONDO.
Japanese: (そのとき)近藤勇より命を受けた原田左之助に背後から斬りつけられた。
English: Saburo MAGOSHI (around 1848 - around 1887) was a Shinsengumi member who had come from Tokushima Domain in Awano Province.
Japanese: 馬越三郎（まごしさぶろう、嘉永元年（1848年）頃?-明治20年（1887年）頃?）は、阿波国徳島藩出身の新選組隊士。
English: The book also says that the dimples appeared on both sides of his cheeks when he smiled, and that he laughed and got angry as if he had been a young girl.
Japanese: また、笑うと両頬にえくぼができ、笑う時も怒る時もまるで若い女のようだったらしい。
English: Even when he visited Mibu around 1887, he looked so youthful that he did not look a day over 27 or 28, according to the book.
Japanese: 明治20年頃に壬生を訪れた時も若々しく、27,8歳にしか見えなかったと言う。