nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The ship was supplied with 8,000 tons of coal, 15,000 pud (245.70 tons) of nitrocellulose, 3,200 pud (52.41 tons) of pyroxenes, some bullets, torpedoes, provisions, and some bulls at the port of Libau.
Japanese: リバウ港では、石炭8,000トン、ニトロセルロース15,000プード、ピロキシン3,200プード、弾丸若干、水雷、食料、雄牛数頭を積荷した。
English: The Irtysh was shot in three places of her body (on the right of the second hatch, the social hall on the deck, and the foreship) during the naval battle and filled with water; the compass also got broken and the steam boiler exploded.
Japanese: この海戦で船体の3ヶ所（第二ハッチ右側、甲板上の社交室、艦前方）に被弾して浸水、羅針盤も故障、そのうえ蒸気釜も爆発した。
English: The captain, in such conditions, still tried to reach Vladivostok going along the coast of Japan as far up north as possible.
Japanese: このような状況でも艦長はなんとかウラジオストク港にたどり着くことを目指し、できる限り日本沿岸を北上することにした。
English: Around 10:00 am on May 28, the Irtysh appeared off Cape Mashima in Waki town.
Japanese: 5月28日午前10時頃、和木の真島沖にイルティッシュ号が姿を見せた。
English: There had been strong west winds for several days and there were nearly 100 fishing boats on Waki beach to stay away from the storm.
Japanese: 数日前から強い西風が吹いていた和木の浜には100隻近い漁船が時化を避けて並んでいた。
English: Since the service was irregular for cancellations because of stormy seas and so on, people on the shore watching the large vessel slowly going up north thought it could be a steamship or hospital ship.
Japanese: 海が時化ると欠航するなど不定期だったため、この時もゆっくりと北上する大きな船を沿岸から見た人々は汽船か病院船と思ったという。
English: The Irtysh went up further north and came to a point off the coast of Kakushi (present-day Kakushi town, Gotsu City) to find fishing boats lining up at the estuary of the Gono-gawa River to stay away from the storm.
Japanese: イルティッシュ号はさらに北上し、嘉久志（現･江津市嘉久志町）の沖まで来たところで江の川の河口で時化を避けて並ぶ漁船を発見した。
English: However, she was badly flooded for the body damages and when she came back to off Cape Mashima in Waki town, a little after 2:00 pm, she finally stalled at sea.
Japanese: しかし艦の損傷による浸水は激しく、再び和木の真島沖に戻った午後2時過ぎ、ついに航行不能となった。
English: Therefore she anchored at the point two nautical miles off the coast and lowered six boats in which the crew was to go ashore in order of the degree of injury.
Japanese: このため、陸地から2海里の地点に停泊して6隻のボートを下ろし、重傷者から順番に上陸させることにした。
English: They displayed B flag (I was severely attacked) and N flag (ask for aid) along with the white flag, the Red Cross flag and the Russian flag at the head of the boat to surrender.
Japanese: ボートの舳先にはB旗（我は激しく攻撃を受け）とN旗（援助を乞う）、白旗、赤十字旗、ロシアの国旗を掲げて投降することとなった。
English: However, buffeted by strong winds blowing from the west at the time, the boats went onto the rocks over and over and was capsized throwing out the Russian sailors in the sea.
Japanese: しかし、折からの強い西風に煽られ、そのたびにボートは岩に乗り上げて転覆し、ロシア兵は海に投げ出された。
English: The residents of Waki where the crew landed braced themselves for a possible attack, but when it turned out to be the surrender, all the residents went to the rescue.
Japanese: 当初、上陸地点である和木の住民は攻撃ではないかと警戒したが、その後、投降であることがわかると総出で救助にあたった。
English: All 235 crew members, including Captain ゴムイセフ, reached land by 6:00 pm and were supplied with food and drink under the residents' protection for the night.
Japanese: 午後6時にゴムイセフ艦長以下乗組員235名全員の上陸が完了し、その夜は住民から飲食を含めた保護を受けた。
English: 53 wounded (including 13 severely wounded) were taken to the two elementary schools in Waki and Kakushi to receive treatment.
Japanese: また負傷者53名（うち重傷者13名）は、和木と嘉久志の両小学校に収容されて手当てを受けた。
English: Since the following year (1906) Russian Festival has been held (taking a few hiatuses for a war and so on) by the residents of Waki to remember the Russian sailors.
Japanese: 翌年（1906年）から（戦争等による中断をはさみながらも）和木の住民によってロシア兵を偲んだロシア祭りが行われている。
English: There was a rumor that the Irtysh might have held gold bullions so that salvage operations were conducted several times.
Japanese: 沈没したイルティッシュ号には金塊が積まれていたのではないかという話もあり何度か引き揚げが試みられた。
English: Although the largest-scale operation was conducted in 1959, they only found the mines.
Japanese: 特に1959年（昭和34年）には大規模な引き揚げ作業が試みられたものの機雷を発見しただけに終わった。
English: Today Waki Community Center keeps the personal effects and so on of the Irtysh crew.
Japanese: 現在、イルティッシュ号の乗組員の遺留品などは和木公民館に保管されている。
English: Many people come to Waki district from Russia for inspection and interviews in recent years.
Japanese: 近年になりロシアから視察や取材のために和木地区へ訪れる人が多くなっている。
English: Shihai monjo refers to the monjo (ancient document) written on washi (Japanese paper) before another monjo was then written on the other side of that same piece of paper.
Japanese: 紙背文書（しはいもんじょ）とは、和紙の使用済みの面を反故（ほご）として、その裏面を利用して別の文書（古文書）が書かれた場合に、先に書かれた面の文書のことをいう。
English: Because the monjo written later was considered the main one, the one written first was regarded as being written on the back side of the paper.
Japanese: 後で書かれた文書が主体となるので、先に書かれた文書が紙背（裏）となる。
English: Since washi (Japanese paper) was valuable in ancient times, once paper was used, the back side of the paper, which was blank, was reused for other writing; this method for recycling Japanese paper was utilized along with sukigaeshi gami (paper made by redissolving used paper).
Japanese: 古くは和紙が貴重品であったために、使用済みの面を反故として、白紙の状態である裏面を利用して別の筆記を行っており、漉返紙と並んで和紙の再利用法として活用されていた。
English: In addition, writing a diary on the blank space of guchureki (annotated calendar) had been practiced since the Nara period and when more space was needed, extra lines were added on the back side of the calendar.
Japanese: また、奈良時代から具注暦の余白部分に日記を書く習慣が生まれたが、書ききれなかった部分を紙背に追記して記述した。
English: Besides these, there are monjo composed of casual references written on the back side of used paper (which was relatively easy to procure), to be turned later into a fuller version with new parts or from which a fair copy could be made.
Japanese: 他に、後日、補筆・清書作業を行うことを考慮し、そのための参考内容を調達の容易な紙背を利用して執筆した文書などがある。
English: After koseki (Japanese family registry) and other official documents under the ritsuryo system (the historical law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Japan) ended up at Todai-ji Temple as scrap paper, the back side of that paper was used for creating records.
Japanese: 戸籍などの律令制の公文書が反故として東大寺に渡り、その紙背を東大寺は記録紙などに利用した。
English: Nichiren used the back side of Gyosei monjo (administrative written materials) which were used by the Chiba clan and given to Nichiren by Tsunenobu TOKI, a vassal of the Chiba clan, to write letters to his disciples and patrons of the temple.
Japanese: 千葉氏が用いた行政文書を、千葉氏の家臣富木常忍が日蓮に譲り、日蓮が弟子檀那への手紙などに使った。
English: Shosoin monjo refers to document collections kept in Todai-ji Temple Shosoin, which are mainly created by the Sutra copying office at Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 正倉院文書（しょうそういんもんじょ）は、東大寺正倉院に保管されてきた文書群で、主に東大寺写経所が作成した文書群のこと。
English: Most of the monjo which were created by authorities and reports collected from various provinces under ritsuryo system (the historical law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Japan) were disposed of after a short period (except koseki [Japanese family registry] - these were kept a little longer, for about 30 years), but the Sutra copying office at Todai-ji Temple used the back sides of the waste monjo as ledger paper.
Japanese: 律令制下で官庁が作成した文書や諸国からの報告書のほとんどは短期間（戸籍の保存期間は比較的長く30年）で廃棄されていたが、東大寺写経所では廃棄文書の裏面を帳簿として再利用していた。
English: Since the monjo created by the Sutra copying office during the 8th century (for about 50 years from the Jinki to Hoki era, [724 - 781]) were placed and have been preserved in Shosoin, valuable historical materials including koseki and shozeicho (balance sheets of tax rice) created in the Nara Period still remain today.
Japanese: 8世紀（神亀～宝亀年間の約50年）の写経所文書が正倉院に納められ、保存されてきたため、奈良時代の戸籍・正税帳などの貴重な史料が今日まで残ることになった。
English: In the late Edo Period, Tadatomo HOIDA (a scholar of Japanese classical literature taught by Atsutane HIRATA) took notice of the historical materials which were written on the back side of monjo from the Sutra copying office; some monjo were picked out in order to restore those kosei and shozeicho to their original states, and these were then compiled into 45 volumes (master document) from 1833 to 1836.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期、穂井田忠友（平田篤胤に学んだ国学者）によって写経所文書の紙背にある史料が注目され、1833年-1836年（天保4-7年）、元の戸籍・正税帳などの状態を復元すべく一部の文書が抜出されて、45巻（正集）にまとめられた。
English: After the Meiji period, those documents continued to be organised by the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of the Imperial Household, resulting in 667 volumes and 5 books.
Japanese: 明治時代以降は内務省、宮内省により整理が続けられ、667巻5冊の形態になった。
English: Although this led to a dramatic advance in the study of monjo, the monjo created by the Sutra copying office has been broken into pieces and has turned into something different from its original form.
Japanese: これにより文書の研究は大きく進んだが、一方で写経所文書は断片化されてしまい、かつての形態とは異なってしまっている。
English: Toshio FUKUYAMA, an architectural historian, restored and studied historical materials related to Ishiyama-dera Temple, which were included in monjo created by the Sutra copying office and clearly showed the construction procedures for Ishiyama-dera Temple (constructed from 761) ('Construction of Ishiyama-dera Temple in the Nara Period,' 1933, included in "Nihon kenchiku shi no kenkyu" [Complete Works of the History of Japanese Architecture]).
Japanese: 建築史家・福山敏男は写経所文書に含まれていた石山寺関係史料の復元考察を行い、石山寺の造営過程（761年-）を浮かび上がらせた（「奈良時代に於ける石山寺の造営」1933年、『日本建築史の研究』所収）。
English: Shosoin monjo was published as "Dai Nihon Komonjo" (Old Documents of Japan) (chronology monjo, 25 books, 1901-1940).
Japanese: 正倉院文書は『大日本古文書』（編年文書、25冊、1901-1940年）に活字化されている。
English: Although the original documents remain unpublicized, some of them are publicized at the Annual Exhibition of Shosoin Treasures in fall (held at Nara National Museum) while they are being aired at Shosoin.
Japanese: 原本は非公開で、正倉院の曝涼にあわせて、毎年秋の正倉院展（奈良国立博物館）において数点が公開される。
English: Peasant revolts against the land-tax reform refer to the uprisings by peasants to oppose to the land-tax reform that had been promoted by the Meiji Government since 1873 (we should note that many of the revolts were legal conflicts, as recent studies show).
Japanese: 地租改正反対一揆（ちそかいせいはんたいいっき）とは、1873年より明治政府によって推進されてきた地租改正に反対する農民一揆である（ただし、近年の研究では合法的闘争による例も多かったとされていることに注意が必要である）。
English: Basically, the revolts were collisions between the Meiji Government that hoped to impose a uniform ratio of integrated land-tax on peasants at a level as high as, or even higher than, the conventional one, and peasants that hoped to preserve the surplus products in order to maintain and improve their standards of living.
Japanese: 基本的には「全国画一」の地租への統合を従来通りあるいはそれ以上の水準で農民に賦課しようとする明治政府と生活の維持・改善のために生産余剰の確保を求める農民側との対立ということになる。
English: Recent studies show that some revolts had aspects of social reform; motives, purposes and requirements of the revolts varied; and some of them did not take a form of revolt but a form of legal conflict, such as submitting signatures and written opinions in cooperation with Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
Japanese: 今日では世直しを求める側面や一揆の動機・目的・要求などに大きな差があること、全てが一揆の形態ではなく、自由民権運動との連携を通じた署名・意見書などの提出による合法的な反対闘争の存在などが分かっている。
English: Revolts to claim a reduction or exemption of kokudaino (tax payment in cash for tribute) whose rate had been kept high since Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), in the process of the land-tax reform
Japanese: 廃藩置県後より続く、石代納の高率に対する減免要求を地租改正の過程で求めるもの。
English: Troubles concerning concrete land-tax reform procedures such as: chioshi-joryo (measurement of land) for the land-tax reform; following procedure of issuing certificates of land title; abolition of kokudaino and transition to money payment; decisions on the classes of rice fields, estimated yield, and land prices based upon those indexes
Japanese: 地租改正のための地押丈量やその後の地券発行、石代納そのものの廃止（金納化）、田地の地位等級や収穫高の規定とそれに基づく地価の決定に対する反発など実際の地租改正作業を巡るトラブル。
English: Peasants' resistance during the process of dividing public and private lands accompanying the land-tax reform, against changing mountains and forests that had been treated as iriaichi (common land) into national land or Imperial property for the reason that iriaichi had no owners; and against bans on free access to iriaichi by neighbor residents
Japanese: 従来、入会地とされてきた土地や森林が、地租改正と並行して行われた官有民地区分事業において「持主不明」であることを理由に官有地や御料林に組み入れられて住民の自由な利用が禁止されたことに対する農民の抵抗。
English: A movement to request a review on tax rates after the decision of land prices, and a tenancy dispute on the revised farm rent based on the new land prices
Japanese: 地価決定後の税率見直を求める運動や新地価に基づく小作料の改訂に対する小作争議。
English: There are famous revolts such as Wappa revolt in Yamagata Prefecture in 1874, seeking for the reduction or exemption of kokudaino; and a civil disorder concerning iriaichi in Gunma Prefecture in 1881, where thirty thousand people chose the employment of force to resist the designation of iriaichi as national land.
Japanese: 石代納減免を求める1874年の山形県ワッパ一揆や入会地の官有地編入に抗議して3万人が実力行使に及んだ1881年の群馬県入会地騒擾なども著名である。
English: However, large-scale revolts took place one after another during the period from 1875 to 1877, when concrete procedures such as deciding land prices were carried out.
Japanese: だが大きな反対一揆は実際に地価の決定などの作業が進められた1875年から1877年にかけて相次いだ。
English: Especially during some months from November 1876, revolts occurred in succession in Ibaraki Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Sakai Prefecture (at present divided into the southern part of Osaka Prefecture and Nara Prefecture) and Kumamoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 特に1876年11月から数ヶ月間において、茨城県・三重県・愛知県・岐阜県・堺県（現在は大阪府南部と奈良県に分割）・熊本県で相次いで一揆が発生した。
English: However, even in this period, some conflicts that took place in Kasugai County, Aichi Prefecture and Reihoku region, Ishikawa Prefecture (at present Fukui Prefecture), did have aspects of revolt but basically took a form of legal conflicts that lasted for several years in cooperation with those who were involved in Jiyu Minken Undo.
Japanese: ただし、この時期においても愛知県春日井郡や石川県嶺北地方（現在は福井県）での反対闘争のように一揆の可能性を秘めながらも自由民権運動家などと連携して数年単位での合法的な反対闘争を続けた例もある。
English: In response to the movement, the Meiji Government decided to reduce the land-tax rate from 3% to 2.5% but rejected the requests for the cancellation of land-tax reform project.
Japanese: これに対して明治政府は1877年1月に地租を3％から2.5％に引き下げる決定をしたものの、地租改正事業の中止には応じなかった。
English: When the land-tax reform office was closed on June 30, 1881, the Government declared the completion of the land-tax reform project.
Japanese: 1881年6月30日の地租改正事務局の閉鎖に伴って地租改正の終了が宣言された。
English: The project of dividing public and private lands, especially mountains, took more time but was completed in the next July.
Japanese: 遅れていた山林などにおける官有民地区分事業も翌年7月に終了している。
English: After this, the conflicts were taken over to 'the movement for land-tax reduction' following Jiyu Minken Undo and the theory for 'the reduction of people's tax burden' seen at an early stage of the Imperial Diet.
Japanese: 以後、反対闘争は自由民権運動以後の「地租軽減運動」や初期帝国議会における「民力休養」論などに舞台を移すことになる。
English: The Kokyu junishi is an organization of 宮人(kunin/kyujin or court ladies, later called nyokan) prescribed in the Japanese ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 後宮十二司（こうきゅうじゅうにし）とは、日本の律令制において規定された宮人（くにん/くうにん/きゅうじん・後の女官）の組織である。
English: As the term "junishi (twelve offices)" suggests, the Kokyu junishi consisted of twelve offices including Naishi no tsukasa (Female Palace Attendants Office), Kura no tsukasa (Office concerned about clothes of Emperor and Empress), Fumi no tsukasa (Book and Writing Materials Office), Kusuri no tsukasa (Medical Office), Suwamono no tsukasa (Military Equipment Office), Mikado no tsukasa (Emperor Attendants Office), Tonomo no tsukasa (Housekeeping Branch of the Imperial Household Ministry), Kamori no tsukasa (Housekeeping Office), Mondo no tsukasa (Water Office), Kashiwade no tsukasa (Table Office), Sake no tsukasa (Sake Office) and Nui no tsukasa (Sewing Office).
Japanese: 「十二司」という名のとおり、内侍司・蔵司・書司・薬司・兵司・闡司・殿司・掃司・水司・膳司・酒司・縫司の12官司より構成されている。
English: These offices were intended mainly for emperor's domestic governing institutions at the empress's residence, not related to official court ranks.
Japanese: 後宮における天皇の家政機関の色合いが濃く、官位相当の対象とはなっていない。
English: However, there was grading called juni for the payment of horoku (remuneration) and a prescription that a female officer should receive the same treatment as a male officer belonging to the same class in juni.
Japanese: だが、俸禄支給のために准位と呼ばれる格付けがあり、准位と同じ位階に属する男性官人と同じ待遇を受ける規定となっていた。
English: According to this, the highest juni among kunin was Kura no tsukasa followed by Kashiwade no tsukasa, Mui no tsukasa and Naishi no tsukasa, which influenced grading of kokyu junishi.
Japanese: これによれば、宮人の准位が最も高いのは蔵司で、以下膳司、縫司、内侍司と続き、これが後宮十二司の位置付けにも影響した。
English: Moreover, the structure of Shitokan being in a incomplete form, in Kura no tsukasa/Kashiwade no tsukasa/Mui no tsukasa/Naishi no tsukasa, a Santokan system (excluding sakan) was adopted such as Sho/kami (a director), ten/suke (an undersecretary) and sho (matsurigotohito/jo...(hangan or a judge), and in other eight tsukasa, the Nitokan system was adopted.
Japanese: また、四等官の仕組みも不完全な形態であり、蔵司・膳司・縫司・内侍司では、尚（しょう/かみ…「長官」）・典（てん/すけ…「次官」）・掌（しょう（まつりごとひと）/じょう…「判官」）の三等官制（さかん…「主典」相当が存在しない）がそれ以外の8司では掌も省かれて二等官制が採られていた。
English: In order to fill in the lacking posts of a hangan and a sakan, women in a lower social status who did not appear even in the Goku Shikiin (staff) Code such as nyoju/uneme and shijo/kashigime were employed.
Japanese: 判官あるいは主典が欠くのを補うために女嬬・采女、更に仕女・炊女（かしぎめ）のような後宮職員令にも掲載されない更に身分が低い女性達が置かれていた。
English: Originally, the dairi where the kokyu was placed was an emperor's private space, so that entries of male kugyo/officials were basically restricted.
Japanese: 本来、後宮のある内裏は、天皇の私的空間であり、男性の公卿・官人の入場は基本的に抑制されていた。
English: Therefore, kunin were needed to carry out the service in the kokyu.
Japanese: そのため、後宮内部の業務を行うために宮人の存在が必要であったのである。
English: In the late Nara period, the position of Naishi no tsukasa who acted as corresponding clerks between an emperor and the kokyu or male officials came to be treated equally to that of the Kura no tsukasa that ranked first in the junishi and preserved three sacred imperial treasures.
Japanese: 奈良時代末期に入ると、天皇と後宮あるいは男性官人との連絡係を務める内侍司の地位が、三種の神器を保管する十二司筆頭の蔵司と同格として扱われるようになる。
English: In the early Heian period, job grades such as kurodo that had authority of comings and goings in the kokyu appeared, which lowered the role of the kokyu junishi, and in the middle of the tenth century, while the structural reform of the kokyu was performed in the form of the functions of eleven tsukasa being absorbed/integrated by the Naishino tsukasa, the Sekkanseiji Period (regency period) made a start.
Japanese: 平安時代に入ると、蔵人など後宮出入りの職権を持つ官職が登場するようになると、後宮十二司の役割が低下し、10世紀の中頃には内侍司に他の11司の機能が吸収・統合される形で後宮の機構改革が行われながら摂関政治期を迎えることになった。
English: Ekitei-Shi is a government office in charge of transportation and communication, formed on June 11, 1868.
Japanese: 駅逓司（えきていし）とは、慶応4年4月21日_(旧暦)（明治元年・1868年6月11日）に設置された交通通信担当官司。
English: It was later renamed as Ekitei-Ryo/Ekitei-Kyoku and became the former body of Teishin-Sho (Ministry of Communication).
Japanese: 後に駅逓寮（えきていりょう）・駅逓局（えきていきょく）と改称され、後の逓信省の元になった。
English: Next year, it was moved with Minbu-Sho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), and played a part in virtual Okura-and-Minbu-Sho (which actually remained as two separate ministries in the government organization - Minbu-Sho and Okura-Sho (Ministry of Finance) -, but virtually functioned as one)
Japanese: 翌年民部省設置とともに移動され、事実上の「大蔵民部省」の一翼を担う。
English: On April 20, 1871, officials from Ekitei-Shi, including Hisoka MAEJIMA and Jo SUGIURA, launched the postal system.
Japanese: 1871年3月1日(旧暦)（新暦4月20日）、駅逓司の前島密・杉浦譲らによって郵便制度が開始された。
English: In the same year, Minbu-Sho was integrated with Okura-Sho, and elevated to be Ekitei-Ryo (according to the change of the government system from Ryo to Kyoku in January 1877, it changed its name to Ekitei-Kyoku).
Japanese: 同年民部省が大蔵省に統合されて8月に駅逓寮に昇格した（1877年1月の寮→局制の移行に伴い、駅逓局と改称）。
English: The importance of the postal system has increased as it added exchange system (postal money order) in January 1875 and banking service (postal savings) in May.
Japanese: 郵便制度は1875年1月には為替制度（郵便為替）、5月には貯金業務（郵便貯金）を加えてその重要性は高まっていった。
English: It was also a part of Ekitei-Shi's responsibility to reform the transportation system, which was caused by the abolition of Sukego system (tax system imposed to villages based on their amount of crop, and paid in labor; villages designated as Sukego had to provide laborers, horses and sometimes sailors to help their neighboring post-station town) in the shogunate system.
Japanese: なお、幕藩体制の助郷制度の廃止による交通制度の改革も駅逓司の所管であった。
English: On the other hand, Ekitei-Kyoku itself became independent as a newly established Teishin-Sho in 1885, after it had been moved to Naimu-Sho (prewar Ministry of Home Affairs), which had separated from Okura-Sho in 1874, and then to No-Shomu-Sho (Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce), which had separated from Naimu-Sho in 1881.
Japanese: その一方で1874年に大蔵省から分離した内務省(日本)、1881年に内務省から分離した農商務省(日本)に移管され、1885年に駅逓局そのものが新設の逓信省として独立することになった。
English: A tenma refers to a transportation system from ancient times to the early modern times in Japan that carried envoys or goods, or to a horse used.
Japanese: 伝馬（てんま）または伝馬制（-せい）とは、古代から近世までの日本に見られた使者や物資を馬で運ぶ交通制度、またはその馬。
English: About in the latter half of the seventh century in ancient times, the tenma system was improved as a system of transmission of information between the capital and local regions in the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 古代においては、7世紀後半頃に律令制の中央・地方間の情報伝達システムとして伝馬制が整備された。
English: Subsequently, presumably from the tenth century on, the ancient tenma system went out of use, however, in the Middle Ages, lords of manors and jito (agents in charge of manors of their lords) began to post tenma (post horses) that shuttled between their residences and own domains.
Japanese: その後、おそらく10世紀以降に古代伝馬制は廃れたが、中世に至り荘園領主や地頭らが居住地と自領を結ぶ伝馬を置きはじめた。
English: During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), warring lords posted shukuba (post stations) along highways in their domains and tenma that shuttled between their main castles and branch castles.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)には、戦国大名らが自領内の街道に宿場を設け、本城と支城などを連絡する伝馬を設置した。
English: Transportation systems under the ancient ritsuryo system were generally known as ekiden-sei and classified mainly into three systems: Eki-sei, Tenma-sei and Den-sei.
Japanese: 古代律令制における交通制度は駅伝制と総称されるが、主に駅制、伝馬制、伝制の3システムに分けられる。
English: The Eki-sei transportation system being intended mainly for transmission of urgent information between the capital and local regions, ekiro (highways) from the capital and local regions and umaya (facilities for providing houses, foods, etc.) along ekiro were maintained, and informants, carrying an ekirei bell and using one of five to twenty ekiba (horses for transportation of official travelers) kept in an Umaya, passed through ekiro.
Japanese: 駅制は中央と地方との間相互の緊急情報伝達を主眼としたシステムであり、そのため中央から地方へのびる幹線道路たる駅路と駅路沿いの駅家が整備され、情報伝達者は駅鈴を携帯し、駅家に各5-20匹置かれた駅馬を利用して駅路上を通行していた。
English: Unlike the Eki-sei system, the tenma system was mainly intended for envoys sent from the capital to local regions.
Japanese: 伝馬制は駅制と異なり、使者を中央から地方へ送迎することを主目的としていた。
English: A envoy sent from the capital to local regions, carrying a denpu (permit for using tenma) and changing tenma at each gunke (public office) that kept five tenma, reached his destination.
Japanese: 中央から地方へ派遣される使者は、伝符を携行し、郡家ごとに5匹ずつ置かれた伝馬を乗り継ぎ目的地へ到達した。
English: At first, the tenma system was presumed to have been a system to send an envoy with a special commission from the capital to local regions.
Japanese: 伝馬制は当初、特命任務を帯びた使者を中央から地方へ派遣するための制度として想定されていた。
English: For example, magishugyoku-shi (envoy), chugushoku-sokuto-shi, kenpaku-shi, runin (exiles), runin-kotori-shi and so on.
Japanese: 実際例としては、覓珠玉使、中宮職促稲使、検舶使、流人、流人部領使などがある。
English: However, from the early ritsuryo system, some cases of new kokushi (local governors) using tenma as a transportation means to their new posts began to appear, leading to the exclusive use of the tenma system by new kokushi going to their new posts by the early Heian period.
Japanese: しかし、律令制初期から、新任国司の赴任交通手段として伝馬を利用する事例が見られ始めると、平安時代初期までに、伝馬制は新任国司赴任のための専用制度になった。
English: The "Engi-shiki law" compiled in the early tenth century listed provinces where tenma were posted, which made it known that tenma were posted only along passing routes of new kokushi.
Japanese: 10世紀初めに編纂された『延喜式』に伝馬を置く郡が列挙されているが、新任国司の通過路線に限定して伝馬が設置されるようになったことがわかる。
English: The Secretariat of Land-Tax Reform was a bureau established (and functioned) in the Meiji Government from March 24, 1875 to June 30, 1881.
Japanese: 地租改正事務局（ちそかいせいじむしょく）とは、1875年3月24日－1881年6月30日に明治政府に設置された部局。