nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: After the Meiwa era (1764 - 1772), when Mingaku was most prosperous, Mingaku declined rapidly due to an increase in the popularity of Shingaku (Qing-era Chinese music, popularized in Japan during the early 19th century), which incorporated certain characteristics of Mingaku.
Japanese: 明和年間(1764年－1772年)に最盛期を迎えた明楽は、清楽(しんがく)の流行に押されて急速にすたれ、その一部は清楽に取り入れられた。
English: However, caution is needed because the term 'Min-Shingaku' is often used to indicate Shingaku alone.
Japanese: しかし、「明清楽」という呼称は、事実上清楽だけを指す場合も多いので、注意を要する。
English: Therefore, even in the Edo period when the class system was firmly established, Shingaku could be enjoyed by persons in any class, from farmers and merchants to Daimyo (Japanese feudal lords).
Japanese: 従って、身分制度が厳しかった江戸時代でも、百姓町人から大名まで身分の上下を問わず楽しむことができた。
English: On the other hand, Mingaku was Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) that samurai or Confucian scholars played or sang in groups, and high-leveled group training and considerable expenses were necessary to play the music.
Japanese: いっぽう明楽は、武士や儒学者などが集団で演奏・斉唱する雅楽であり、実演にあたっては高度な集団訓練と相当の経費を必要とした。
English: Therefore, Mingaku was music for the upper classes that could be only maintained with a big domain such as the Himeji domain supported it as a patron.
Japanese: 明楽は、姫路藩のような大藩がパトロンとなってはじめて維持できる上流階級の音楽であった。
English: Shingaku, however, was the light and popular music, so the two forms are different in their compositions as well as their instrumental configurations.
Japanese: その一方で、清楽は清朝時代の軽妙な通俗音楽で、曲目も楽器の編成も異なる。
English: Many of the lyrics to these songs are from Chinese poetry and Tang and Sung poetry, and were sung in the Tang pronunciation in Japan.
Japanese: 歌詞は漢詩や唐宋詞と共通するものが多く、日本でもそれを唐音で歌った。
English: At that time, music would not be played by such a large group of participants in Japan except for Gagaku and the like.
Japanese: 当時の日本では、雅楽などの例外をのぞけば、これだけ大規模な楽隊編成は他になかった。
English: It was powerful and stately music, something like Shomyo (the chanting of Buddhist hymns) music accompanied by instruments.
Japanese: 仏教の声明(しょうみょう)音楽に器楽演奏を添えたような感じの、力強く荘重な音楽であった。
English: The wind instruments were the Sosho, Hitsuritsu, Ryuteki and Chosho.
Japanese: 管楽器：巣笙（そうしょう）　觱篥(ひつりつ)　龍笛(りゅうてき)　長簫(ちょうしょう)
English: Sosho and Hitsuritsu correspond to Sho and Hichiriki in Japan, respectively (however, their sizes and shapes are subtly different, making their tones slightly different as well).
Japanese: 巣笙と觱篥は、それぞれ日本の雅楽の笙と篳篥(ひちりき)にあたる(ただし、楽器のサイズや形状が微妙に違い、それにともない音色もやや異なる)。
English: Ryuko is the Minteki (a flute in Ming) in which thin Tekimaku (cloth for a fue flute) is placed over the holes, and Chosho is a dongxiao (a Chinese bamboo flute similar to a shakuhachi) that is longer and more slender than a Shakuhachi bamboo flute.
Japanese: 龍笛は薄い笛幕(てきまく)を穴に張ったいわゆる明笛(みんてき)で、長簫は日本の尺八を細く長くしたような形の洞簫である。
English: Caution is needed, however, because this Gekkin is an instrument that differs from the Gekkin in Shingaku and that of the modern China, although the same term is used.
Japanese: 清楽や現代中国の「月琴」と名前は同じでも、実際は違う楽器を指すので、注意を要する。
English: Unlike the stringed instruments used in Shingaku, no bowed stringed instruments like Kokin (so-called Niko) were used.
Japanese: 清楽と違い、胡琴(いわゆる「二胡」など)のような擦弦楽器は使用しない。
English: However, it was fortunate that Ongaku Torishirabe Gakari (the predecessor of the Tokyo University of the Arts) purchased from a descendant of the Oga clan an entire set of materials and documents concerned with Mingaku, such as instruments, drawings of instruments and drawings of scores.
Japanese: 不幸中の幸い、明治年間に音楽取調掛(東京芸術大学の前身)が、鉅鹿氏の子孫から明楽の楽器や楽器図、楽譜図などの資料をまとめて購入した。
English: Thanks to this, relatively good materials and documents concerned with Mingaku have been preserved today (they are now kept by the Tokyo University of the Arts).
Japanese: おかげで、明楽の資料は比較的よく残っている(現在これらの資料は東京芸術大学が所蔵)。
English: In "Wei shi yue pu (Scores by the Wei Family)," 50 compositions, including 'Koryoraku,' 'Lovely Jasmine,' 'Kiseno,' 'Yang Guan,' 'Heshengchao,' 'Zhaojun Yuan' and 'Ru Meng Ling' were recorded.
Japanese: 上述の『魏氏楽譜』には、「江陵楽」「蝶恋花」「喜遷鶯」「陽関曲」「賀聖朝」「昭君怨」「如夢令」など五十曲の楽譜が収録されている。
English: Many of them are provided with the same names as those in the Tang and Sung poetry (for example, the words of the song titled 'Yang Guan' consist of a Shichi-zetsu style poem by Wei WANG.)
Japanese: 唐宋の詩詞と同題名の曲も少なくない(例えば「陽関曲」の歌詞は、王維の七絶である)。
English: At that time, the core parts of a score weren't written in advance, so each disciple of a master had to add those parts later (the system was employed in which, when a person wanted to learn certain musical scores it was necessary to enter the school of the master through necessary procedures and become his disciple.)
Japanese: 楽譜の肝心な部分は、弟子が肉筆で加筆するようになっている(師匠に手続きをふんで入門し、門人にならないと、楽譜を教えてもらえない仕組みになっていた）。
English: While in Japan a set of real music instruments and the complete scores called "Wei shi yue pu" have been preserved for Mingaku, almost nothing about Mingaku remains in Mainland China.
Japanese: 日本では明楽の楽器の現物のセットと『魏氏楽譜』という完備した楽譜が残っているのに対して、中国本土では明楽についての資料はほとんど残っていない。
English: Therefore, the scores written in "Wei shi yue pu" have become world class documents even for music researchers in Mainland China.
Japanese: そのため『魏氏楽譜』(に書き込まれた楽譜)は、中国本土の音楽研究者にとっても第一級の資料となっている。
English: Today, reproduced Mingaku are played by the Sakata Classic Music Institution at Yushima Seido (Sacred Hall at Yushima) in Tokyo.
Japanese: 現在、明楽は東京の湯島聖堂などで、坂田古典音楽研究所による再現演奏が行われている。
English: "Shingaku" is a group of music that is centered on "minyo" (traditional folk songs) and "zokkyoku" (folk songs), introduced from Qing.
Japanese: 清楽（しんがく）とは、清国から伝来した、民謡、俗曲を中心とする音楽群の名称である。
English: Mingaku was on the decline in the middle of the Edo period, so Minshingaku substantially means - in many cases - Shingaku.
Japanese: 明楽は江戸時代の中期には衰退したため、明清楽と称しても、事実上、清楽だけを指すことも多い。
English: After the Qing dynasty began in China, many Qing merchants came to Nagasaki for trade and they introduced the people's music, such as Qing plays and minyo.
Japanese: 清の中国支配が始まり、清国との貿易で長崎には多くの清国商人が渡来し、彼らが清国の戯曲や民謡といった民間音楽を伝えた。
English: These music spread via "totsuji" (Chinese translators), "jige yakunin" (lower-ranking officers of the Tokugawa shogunate) and officers of Nagasaki Magistrate's Office, and in addition, via "yujo" (prostitutes) in Maruyama.
Japanese: 唐人屋敷に出入りを許された唐通事（中国語通訳）、地下役人や奉行所役人、さらに丸山の遊女等を介して普及した。
English: Further, "Shingaku-fu," on which the words and score of Shingaku (called "gongchepu") were written, was often issued mainly in Edo and Osaka.
Japanese: また江戸や大坂を中心に、清楽の歌詞と楽譜(工尺譜)を書いた清楽譜も盛んに刊行された。
English: The oldest extent Shingaku-fu is "Kagetsu Kinpu" that was issued around 1831, and it was compiled by Toen KIREIKEN (also called Toen KUZUO).
Japanese: 現存最古の清楽譜は、天保3年(1831)ごろ刊行された亀齢軒斗遠(葛生斗遠)編『花月琴譜』である。
English: There were some known "iemoto" (the head of a school) of Minshingaku musician, including Renzan HIRAI, a female player who died in May 1886 at the age of eighty-eight.
Japanese: 明清楽奏者の家元としては、平井連山（女性。明治19年5月に88歳で没）などが有名であった。
English: Ryoma SAKAMOTO and his wife 'Ryo NARASAKI' were both experts of "gekkin" (a moon harp) used in Shingaku.
Japanese: 坂本龍馬(坂本竜馬)とその妻の「楢崎龍」も、清楽の月琴の名手であった。
English: The popularity of Shingaku was overwhelmingly high from the Edo period to the Meiji period, but after the Sino-Japanese War, its popularity declined rapidly.
Japanese: 清楽は江戸から明治にかけて大人気を博したが、日清戦争を境に急速に衰えた。
English: Kankan no' (Kankan dance), 'Hokaibushi' and 'Enka' (Japanese ballad) all derived from Shingaku.
Japanese: 「かんかんのう（看々踊り）」や、「法界節（ほうかいぶし）」や「演歌」も、清楽から発展したものである。
English: Incidentally, 'Kankan no' was a popular tune from the Edo period to the Meiji period, and 'Hokaibushi' was the tune that Freedom and People's Rights Movement's desperadoes and others in the Meiji period sang to accompany their gekkin.
Japanese: ちなみに「かんかんのう」は江戸から明治にかけて流行した曲で、「法界節」は明治の自由民権の壮士たちが月琴を弾きながら唱った曲である。
English: And various parodies, changed versions of the same melody as the original Shingaku song, continued to be sung by the early Showa period even after Shingaku itself went into decline.
Japanese: また清楽のメロディーに乗せたさまざまな替え歌は、清楽そのものが衰退したあとも、昭和の初め頃まで歌い継がれていた。
English: In contrast, the important factor of Shingaku was folk songs and the content of the song's words (in Chinese) was also accessible for ordinary people in Japan.
Japanese: これに対して清楽は、俗曲の色彩が強く、歌詞(中国語)の内容も市井に受け入れやすかった。
English: The song's words were written in Chinese, so Japanese during the Edo period noted down the pronunciation of the southern Chinese in "Katakana" (a square form of "kana" [Japanese syllabaries]) - the notes were called "toon" at that time - and they sang according to these notes.
Japanese: 清楽の歌詞は中国語で、江戸時代の日本人は、南方の中国語の発音をカタカナで写し(当時、これを「唐音」と言った)、そのまま唱った。
English: As modern Japanese sing an English song to their own accompaniment of a ukulele or a guitar, so did Japanese from the Edo period to the Meiji period, singing Chinese words in 'toon' while playing the instrument of Shingaku (mainly, gekkin).
Japanese: 現代の日本人が、ウクレレやギターを弾きつつ英語の歌を唄うように、江戸から明治にかけての日本人も、清楽の楽器(主として月琴)をかなでつつ唐音で中国語の歌詞を唄ったのである。
English: The music culture in the Edo period was, as a whole, rigid as it was bound to the class system and to the monopolized system of licensing of teaching art.
Japanese: 江戸時代の音楽文化は、概して、身分制や家元制に縛られた窮屈なものだった。
English: In the Edo period, warriors were not allowed to play "shamisen" (a three-stringed Japanese banjo), which was the instrument for ordinary people, and peasants and merchants were not allowed to play "shakuhachi" (a vertical bamboo flute), which was a Buddhist ritual vessel of "komuso" (a mendicant Zen priest of the Fuke sect).
Japanese: 庶民の楽器であった三味線を武士が弾いたり、虚無僧の法器とされた尺八を百姓町人が吹くことは、江戸時代には許されなかった。
English: But Shingaku, contemporary music introduced from China, was exclusively free from the class system in the Edo period.
Japanese: しかし中国伝来の現代音楽(当時として)であった清楽は、例外的に、江戸時代の身分制度から自由であった。
English: Merchants and warriors, and men and women could enjoy an ensemble and a chorus together without regard of class and gender.
Japanese: 町人も武士も、男も女も、身分の上下や性別を超えて、いっしょになって合奏や合唱を楽しむことができた。
English: Typical Shingaku songs are 'Sanminkyo,' 'Kyurenkan' (cf. the upper right photograph of the score), 'Matsurika' (folk song), 'Shiki', 'Saso,' 'Baikyakugyo,' 'Hahacho,' 'Man Jiang Hong' and 'Jiang Jun Ling.'
Japanese: 清楽の代表的な曲には、「算命曲」「九連環（右上の写真の楽譜参照)」「茉莉花(民謡)」「四季」「紗窓」「売脚魚」「哈哈調」「満江紅」「将軍令」などがある。
English: Most of these songs keep their vitality as classical popular music even in today's China; the words, the style of arrangement and others are, in many cases, quite different from those of Shingaku in Japan.
Japanese: これらの曲の多くは、現在の中国でも古典的な軽音楽としての生命を保っている(ただし歌詞の字句や編曲などは、日本の清楽のものとかなり違うことが多い)。
English: The instruments used in Shingaku included various kinds of string instruments, such as "gekkin" (Moon guitar), "karabiwa" (Chinese lute), "shinteki" (Qing flute), "charamela" (Suona), "sangenshi" (three-stringed Chinese instrument played with fingers) and "kokin" (Chinese string instrument played with a bow) (cf. the right photograph).
Japanese: 清楽で使う楽器は、月琴、唐琵琶、清笛、吶(チャルメラ)、三弦子、胡琴など各種の「擦絃楽器」、などであった(右の写真を参照)。
English: These instruments were relatively easy for Japanese amateurs to learn.
Japanese: これらの楽器は、日本人のアマチュア愛好家でも、わりあい簡単に習得できた。
English: Besides, most Shingaku melodies were so clear and simple that they were easy to learn by heart.
Japanese: また清楽の旋律は歯切れがよくシンプルなものが多く、覚えるのも簡単だった。
English: In addition, the performance style of Shingaku music was so flexible that players could choose their own style to their tastes, such as the two or three people's ensemble with using just gekkin and kokin, and a solo performance of singing to its own accompaniment of gekkin - even when the tune was just the same.
Japanese: 演奏形式も自由で、同一の曲でも、月琴や胡琴だけの2～3名のアンサンブルや、あるいは月琴を弾き語りするソロなど、適宜、演奏形式を選ぶことができた。
English: In the Meiji period, instruction books were issued about "minteki" (Ming flute), shakuhachi, accordion and harmonica, and these books often include the Japanese songs at that time as well as the Shingaku songs, such as 'Kyurenkan,' 'Sanminkyo' and 'Matsurika.'
Japanese: 明治に刊行された明笛や尺八、手風琴(アコーディオン)、ハーモニカなどの教則本には、当時の日本の曲に混じって、「九連環」「算明曲」「茉莉花」なども収録されていることが多い。
English: From the Edo period to the Meiji period, many music collections of Shingaku, written in Chinese with Japanese leading marks, were issued in Japan.
Japanese: 江戸から明治にかけて、日本でも、清楽の楽譜集の和刻本が多数、出版された。
English: And Chinese instruments used in performances of Shingaku were imported via Nagasaki, and they were also made in Japan in imitation of the Chinese imports.
Japanese: また、清楽の演奏で使う中国楽器も、長崎経由で輸入されたり、日本で模倣して作られた。
English: Therefore, music collections of Shingaku, which are written in gongchepu in general, and Chinese instruments such as gekkin are often seen at an used bookstore and an antique shop.
Japanese: そのため今日でも、古書店や骨董品店で、清楽の楽譜集(たいてい工尺譜で書かれている)や月琴などの楽器を、よく見かける。
English: In present-day Japan, there are some groups that perform Shingaku music, such as the Association of the Study of Ming and Qing-era Chinese Music (in Tokyo), Nagasaki Association of the Preservation of the Ming and Qing-era Chinese Music (in Nagasaki City) and the gekkin section of Yokosuka Association of Ryoma (in Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture).
Japanese: 現在の日本で清楽を演奏する団体としては、東京の明清音楽研究会、長崎市の長崎明清楽保存会、神奈川県横須賀市のよこすか龍馬会・月琴部などがある。
English: Especially, 'Ueno' located near the Miyajimaguchi Station is famous because it has not increased the variety of ekiben, selling only 'anagomeshi.'
Japanese: 特に、宮島口駅近くの「うえの」では駅弁の種類を増やさず、「あなごめし」一本で商売を行っている事で知られる。
English: It always purchases only congers which are caught not by fishing net but by fishing rods from local fishermen of the Jigozen area.
Japanese: 昔から、地元地御前で、網でなく一本釣りで釣れた穴子だけを直接漁師から買い付けている。
English: Also, at the above-mentioned 'Ueno,' other than ekiben, steaming hot anagomeshi are served on the spot.
Japanese: また、上記「うえの」では駅弁の他、店内であつあつのあなご飯を食べる事が出来る。
English: First, broil a conger: split open the fish along the back, take away its backbones, head, tail and fins, pierce the fish with metal skewer, grill it and grill it again with sauce made with sugar, soy sauce, mirin (sweet cooking rice wine) and sake which tastes salty-sweet till glazed.
Japanese: まず、アナゴを蒲焼きにするのだが、背開きにして、中骨、頭、尾、ひれを取り、金串に刺して白焼きにした後、砂糖、醤油、みりん、日本酒を煮詰めた甘辛いたれを塗り、照りが出るまで焼く。
English: Cook rice with a small amount of sauce, dish out into a bowl and top it with the broiled conger.
Japanese: 飯は、たれを少し加えて炊きあげ、丼によそおい、焼き上げたアナゴを載せれば出来上がり。
English: Kichizaemon RAKU is a name inherited from generation to generation by the leader of the Raku family of chawanshi (tea bowl maker) who makes Raku-yaki ware, which is one of the Senke jissoku (Senke's ten designated craftsmen families).
Japanese: 樂吉左衛門（らくきちざえもん）は、千家十職の一つ、楽焼の茶碗を作る茶碗師の樂家が代々襲名している名称である。
English: As of 2007, the fifteenth (1949-, succeeded in 1980) is the leader.
Japanese: 2007年現在、15代（1949年-、1980年に襲名）が当主である。
English: Today, the consensus opinion announced in 1955 by the fourteenth (Kakunyu) is accepted officially.
Japanese: 今日では1955年に14代（覚入）が発表した統一見解が公式的に受け入れられている。
English: Donyu the 3rd and the leaders following Donyu the 3rd are given a name called Nyudo-go (nyudo: lay-monk, go: pseudonym) which includes the Kanji of "入" (Nyu) when they are retired.
Japanese: 3代・道入以降の各当主には隠居した時に「入」の字を含む入道号という名前が贈られる。
English: Chojiro, the first leader of the Raku family was born between the father Ameya from China who was the originator of the Raku-yaki and the mother who was a bikuni (female Buddhist disciple).
Japanese: 樂家初代の長次郎（ちょうじろう）は、楽焼の創設者である中国出身の父・あめや（飴屋または飴也）と母・比丘尼の間に生まれた。
English: He brought out the expertise to create tea bowls covered with kuroyu (black glaze), which became a synonym for the RAKU family.
Japanese: 樂家の代名詞ともなる黒釉をかけた茶碗の作製において非常に優れた技量を見せた。
English: After Chojiro's death, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI gave a golden seal with one kanji character "樂" (raku) derived from the characters of Jurakudai (name of Hideyoshi's residence) to the grandfather of Chojiro's wife Sokei TANAKA.
Japanese: 没後、長次郎の妻の祖父・田中宗慶が豊臣秀吉から聚楽第の一字を取った「樂」の黄金の印を与えられた。
English: It is thought that as Sokei had the same family name of TANAKA as SEN no Rikyu, he had a close relation to Rikyu.
Japanese: 宗慶は千利休と同じ田中性を持ち、利休にかなり近い存在であったと考えられている。
English: Although Sokei and his first son Somi (Chojiro's father in law) involved deeply in the creation activity of the Raku family, Jokei RAKU the second son of Sokei became the second leader of the RAKU family because it was thought to be a delicate matter that Sokei and Somi had a friendly relationship with Hideyoshi of the previous administration.
Japanese: 宗慶とその長男・宗味（長次郎の義父）は樂家の制作活動に深く関わっていたが、前政権の秀吉と親しかったことを慮り、宗慶の次男・楽常慶（じょうけい）が樂家の2代となった。
English: The relation with the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was good due to intercession by Koetsu HONAMI, and a koro (incense burner) made by Jokei was buried in the grave of Hidetada TOKUGAWA at the Shiba Zojo-ji temple.
Japanese: 本阿弥光悦のとりなしもあって江戸幕府との関係は良好で、芝・増上寺の徳川秀忠の墓には常慶作の香炉が埋葬されていた。
English: Donyu, also called Nonko or Nonkau, was an expert of Raku-yaki and is even said that he perfected the technique of glaze.
Japanese: 道入は別名（俗称）・のんこう、またはノンカウとも言われる楽焼の名人で、樂家の釉薬の技法を完成させたとまで言われている。
English: His specialty was the brilliant style using various glaze including vermilion and yellow, which was completely different from that of the first and the second.
Japanese: 初代や二代とは全く異なる、朱色、黄色など多数の釉薬を使用する明るい作風が特徴。
English: His specialty was the style having brilliance with a quiet tone; he created the style referring to the works of the first leader as a role model and bringing in the technique of his father.
Japanese: 初代を模範としつつ、父の技法を取り入れ、地味な色調の中に光沢を持つ作風を特徴とする。
English: Under the circumstance that the Sado population was increasing while extending even to townspeople, he created many works other than tea bowls including kogo (incense container) and hanaire (vase).
Japanese: 茶道人口が町人にまで増大する中、茶碗以外に香合や花入れなど多数の作品を制作。
English: But after his father's death, he transferred the head of the family to his younger brother because of his sickliness and took a name Sahe when he retired.
Japanese: しかし、病弱のため、父の死後に弟に家督を譲り隠居、「佐兵衛」と改名。
English: It is said that his style was artful and gorgeous with introducing the style and design of the Oribe-yaki (Oribe ware), Iga-yaki (Iga ware) or Seto-yaki (Seto ware).
Japanese: 作風は織部焼、伊賀焼、瀬戸焼などの作風や意匠を取り入れ、技巧的で華やかとされる。
English: The eleventh Keinyu (1817-1902)
Japanese: 十一代　慶入（文化(元号)14（1817年）-明治35年（1902年））
English: The third son of Naohachi OGAWA, a sake brewer of Chitose village, Minami kuwada county, Tanba Province (present day, Chitose-cho, Kameoka City, Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 丹波国南桑田郡千歳村（現京都府亀岡市千歳町）の酒造業・小川直八三男。
English: In the doldrums of Sado after the Meiji Restoration, he contributed to maintain the family business by efforts such as to offer works to the nobilities of former-daimyo.
Japanese: 明治維新後、茶道低迷期の中、旧大名家の華族に作品を納めるなど家業維持に貢献。
English: He left few works in his youth because Sado was on a decline, but he made many woks in his last years.
Japanese: 茶道衰退期のため若いときの作品は少なく、晩年になって多数の作品を制作する。
English: After he retired in 1919, he took life easy staying in the family residence in Kyoto or the country house in Ishiyama, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 大正8年（1919年）に隠居、以後は京都本邸と九代の別荘であった滋賀県の石山を往復し、優雅な晩年を送る。
English: He studied glaze and technique most eagerly among the successive leaders, and also studied kaden (hereditary learning) of the RAKU family.
Japanese: 釉薬、技法の研究を歴代中最も熱心に行い、また、樂家家伝の研究を行う。
English: He published a magazine "Sado Seseragi" (stream of Sado) during 1935 to 1942 to present achievement of these studies.
Japanese: 昭和10年（1935年）-昭和17年（1942年）にそれらの研究結果を『茶道せゝらぎ』という雑誌を刊行し発表。
English: In his last years, as the Pacific War began, his first son the successor was called up for military service, and it became difficult to continue studies and making pottery due to insufficient supplies
Japanese: しかし晩年に太平洋戦争が勃発、跡継ぎである長男も応召、研究も作陶も物資不足の中困難となった。
English: When he came home alive in 1945, his father had already died in the previous year and Sado was on a decline.
Japanese: 昭和20年（1945年）に生還するも、前年に父が死去、茶道も低迷期を迎えていた。
English: After 1960, in the period of economic boom, his work gained affluence.
Japanese: 好景気となる昭和35年（1960年）以降、作品が充実するようになる。
English: He has received various prizes from home and abroad, and also received high evaluation as a "ceramic artist" not as just a craft worker.
Japanese: 日本国内外で数々の賞を受賞し、単なる職人としてではなく「陶芸作家」としての評価も高い。
English: It originally refers to "Utakai" in which the Imperial Family and the nobility read waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables) at the beginning of the New Year.
Japanese: もともとは、皇族・貴族が集い和歌（短歌）を披露しあう「歌会」のうち、その年の始めに行なうものを指す。
English: Now it mainly refers to Utakai Hajime in the Imperial Court, which is an age-old traditional event of the Imperial Family (mentioned later).
Japanese: 現在では、皇室の古くからの伝統行事である宮中歌会始（後述）が代表的。
English: Other famous Utakai Hajime include the one held by the Reizei family (descended from a Court noble).
Japanese: 他にも、冷泉家（公家の流れを汲む）で行なわれているものが有名である。
English: In the Reizei family's Utakai Hajime, dozens of people wear costumes of the Heian period such as kariginu (informal clothes worn by Court nobles) and uchigi (ordinary kimono).
Japanese: 冷泉家のそれは、狩衣や袿などの平安装束を身にまとい、数十名が集って行なわれる。
English: Another "Utakai Hajime" is a New Year's meeting at ordinary waka schools where teachers and students present waka.
Japanese: この他に、一般の和歌教室で、講師や生徒が年始に歌を披露しあう集いを「歌会始」と呼ぶところもある。
English: In "The Diary of Geki" written in the mid Kamakura period, it is recorded that the poetry reading "dairi gokaihajime" was held in the Imperial Court on January 15, 1267 during the era of Emperor Kameyama.
Japanese: しかし鎌倉時代中期には、『外記日記』に亀山天皇期の文永4年（1267年）1月15日に宮中で「内裏御会始」という歌会が行われたと記録されている。
English: But because gokaihajime was considered to consist of a poetry reading, 作文始 and gyoyuhajime (ancient Japanese court music playing), it was thought to be a customary practice that these three events were held in one day.
Japanese: ただし、当時は作文始・御遊始（管弦）と合わせた一連の行事として捉えられて御会始と呼ばれており、1日のうちに3つを行うのが通例と考えられていた。
English: Sometimes gokaihajime was held after the inauguration of an emperor or Chiten no kimi (a retired emperor in power), other than at the beginning of the New Year.
Japanese: また年始に限らず、天皇や治天の君の執政開始後に開催される場合もあった。
English: Although Gokaihajime itself ceased to be held in the Muromachi period, Emperor Gokashiwabara held a monthly poetry reading as an independent ceremony on New Year's Day in 1501 on the model of waka gokaihajime during the Eiwa era of the Emperor Goenyu's reign, according to "seiwa utagokai saho kojitsu" (Ancient Practices of New Year Imperial Poetry Reading Party Manner.) (Its author is unknown, but a copy of the book hand written by the Retired Emperor Reigen is possessed by National Museum of Japanese History.)
Japanese: ただし、御会始そのものは室町時代に中絶しており、『晴和歌御会作法故実』（著者不明であるが、霊元上皇書写の国立歴史民俗博物館所蔵本がある）という書物によれば、後円融天皇の永和(日本)年間の和歌御会始を模範として後柏原天皇が明応10年（文亀元年/1501年）正月の月次歌会を独立した儀式として執り行ったことが記されている。
English: Since 1882, poems written by the emperor and the public have been published in the newspapers and so on.
Japanese: 明治15年（1882年）以降は、天皇の御製や一般の詠進歌が新聞などで発表されるようになった。
English: Since 1947, distinguished poets out of office have been commissioned to select not only Imperial Family's poems but also the public's ones.
Japanese: 昭和22年（1947年）より、現在のように皇族のみならず国民から歌を募集し、在野の著名な歌人に委嘱して選歌の選考がなされるようになった。
English: In this way, the high society event turned into a cultural event in which the general public can participate.
Japanese: これにより、上流社会の行事から一般の国民が参加できる文化行事へと変化を遂げた。
English: Usually each year, poems on a certain theme are invited from the public (for Subject for a Poem Utakai).
Japanese: 例年、一定の題にしたがって（兼題の歌会）国民からの詠進歌を募集している。
English: Writers of "selected poems" are invited to the Imperial Palace and their poems are recited (in the manner of the Ayanokojiryu School) in Matsu no Ma (State Room) at the ceremony of Utakai Hajime.
Japanese: 応募された詠進歌の中から選者によって選出された「選歌」の詠進者は皇居に招聘され、宮殿松の間における歌会始の儀にて詠進歌が披講（＝読み上げること。披講は綾小路流で行われる。）される。
English: At the ceremony of Utakai Hajime, firstly, poems of the crown prince and subsequent people are recited in front of the emperor and empress:
Japanese: 歌会始の儀では、まず、天皇皇后の御前で東宮以下の詠進歌が以下の順で披講される。
English: Koji (a presenter of poems) says "at the beginning of the New Year, as usual, poems on the theme of - are presented on the orders of the Emperor," and this starts the recitation of poems.
Japanese: 講師が「年の始めに、同じく、（お題）ということを仰せ事に依りて、詠める歌」と言い、披講が始まる。