nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The term 'hoshi' (biwa players in monk attire) derives not only from Kengyo shaving his head and wearing officially designated Kengyo clothing that was similar to monk attire, but also because a number of hoshi did in fact join the priesthood.
Japanese: 「法師」と呼ばれるのは、検校は剃髪し、正式な検校専用服(検校服)は僧服に近く、また実際に僧職となる者もいたからである。
English: During the Muromachi period, Kengyo Kakuichi AKASHI compiled "Heike Monogatari" (The Tale of the Heike), and because he was from a family of the Ashikaga clan, he set up the Todo-za where he presided under the protection of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by the shogun).
Japanese: 室町時代に検校明石覚一が『平家物語』をまとめ、また、足利氏の一門であったために室町幕府から庇護を受け、当道座を開き、検校は当道座のトップを務めた。
English: During the Edo period, the bakufu encouraged the blind to join the Todo-za, consolidating the organization which started to enjoy considerable autonomy even though it was under the jurisdiction of the Jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines).
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、幕府は盲人が当道座に属することを奨励し、当道組織が整備され、寺社奉行の管轄下ではあるがかなり自治的な運営が行なわれた。
English: Kengyo began to have considerable power and authority with a substantially high rank, and when someone became a Soroku Kengyo (chief kengyo) who lead the Todo-za, they were given the level of authority and prestige comparable to a daimyo with a stipend of 150 thousand koku (a unit of a crop yield - one rice koku is 180.39 liters; one lumber koku is 0.278 cubic meters).
Japanese: 検校の権限は大きなものとなり、社会的にもかなり地位が高く、当道の統率者である惣録検校になると十五万石程度の大名と同等の権威と格式を持っていた。
English: There were 73 ranks between admittance to Toda-za and the rank of Kengyo, with the rank of Kengyo being divided further into ten sub-ranks from Ichi-ro (1st senior) to Ju-ro (10th Senior).
Japanese: 当道座に入座して検校に至るまでには73の位階があり、検校には十老から一老まで十の位階があった。
English: Aside from clerical work, all accounting jobs at Todo-za were carried about by persons with visual and hearing disabilities, and it was revealed that their memory and calculation skills were so precise that not even the slightest inaccuracy could be found.
Japanese: 当道の会計も書記以外はすべて視覚障害者によって行なわれたが、彼らの記憶と計算は確実で、一文の誤りもなかったという。
English: As visual and hearing disabilities had almost nothing to do with heredity, once a member of the Todo-za was recognized for his achievements in heikyoku (a traditional musical narrative on the Tale of Heike), sangen (or samisen -a three ringed instrument) and acupuncture, the 73 ranks up to Kengyo were sequentially opened up to the blind officers after certain intervals of time.
Japanese: また、視覚障害は世襲とはほとんど関係ないため、平曲、三絃や鍼灸の業績が認められれば一定の期間をおいて検校まで73段に及ぶ盲官位が順次与えられた。
English: However, since it took a greatly extended amount of time to receive such a promotion, in order to accelerate the acquisition of higher ranks, blind officers were authorized to trade gold and silver currency for higher ranks, which lead to the ranks being certified by the Todo-za.
Japanese: しかしそのためには非常に長い年月を必要とするので、早期に取得するため金銀による盲官位の売買も公認されたために、当道座によって各盲官位が認定されるようになった。
English: To become Kengyo, one had to be able to perform heikyoku (a traditional musical narration on the Tale of Heike), jiuta sangen (a traditional Japanese song accompanied by a sangen) and sokyoku (music played on the koto - a kind of harp), as well as have skills in composition or acupuncture and massage.
Japanese: 検校になるためには平家物語平曲・地歌三弦・箏曲等の演奏、作曲、あるいは鍼灸・按摩ができなければならなかったとされる。
English: Later in the Edo period, however, heikyoku, which had been the exemplary accomplishment of Todo-za, had lost its popularity, and jiuta sangen, sokyoku and acupuncture became the practical skills required to become a Kengyo professional instead.
Japanese: しかし、江戸時代には当道座の表芸たる平曲は下火になり、代わって地歌三弦や箏曲、鍼灸が検校の実質的な職業となった。
English: Not all members of the Todo-za were talented in music and acupuncture however, and there were some who changed their profession or entered into the financial business as mentioned below.
Japanese: ただしすべての当道座員が音楽や鍼灸の才能を持つ訳ではないので、他の職業に就く者や、後述するような金融業を営む者もいた。
English: It is estimated that to become Kengyo by being promoted through each sequential rank from lowest to highest, it costed a total of 719 ryo (unit of gold currency).
Japanese: 最低位から順次位階を踏んで検校になるまでには総じて719両が必要であったという。
English: In Edo, the blind officers of Todo-za, including Kengyo, were sometimes collectively referred to as 'Zato.'
Japanese: 江戸では当道の盲人を、検校であっても「座頭」と総称することもあった。
English: During the Edo period, there were many Kengyo who became excellent musicians in the three capital cities as professionals of jiuta sangen, sokyoku, kokyu (Chinese fiddle) music and heikyoku, which lead to them having an important role as a driving power in the development of Japanese music in the modern ages.
Japanese: 江戸時代には地歌三弦、箏曲、胡弓楽、平曲のプロフェッショナルとして、三都を中心に優れた音楽家となる検校が多く、近世邦楽大発展の大きな原動力となった。
English: There were some Kengyo who were employed by daimyo (feudal lord) as in-house musicians with a stipend equivalent to an annual crop volume large enough to support several people, such as Kengyo Yatsuhashi in the Iwakitaira Domain and Kengyo Yoshizawa in the Owari Domain.
Japanese: 磐城平藩の八橋検校、尾張藩の吉沢検校などのように、専属の音楽家として大名に数人扶持で召し抱えられる検校もいた。
English: On the other hand, to facilitate the income of gold and silver needed to quickly acquire official ranks, the bakufu permitted them to be money lenders with high interest rates during the Genroku era.
Japanese: その一方で、官位の早期取得に必要な金銀収入を容易にするため、元禄頃から幕府により高利の金貸しが認められていた。
English: This money lending was referred to as Zatokin (Zato money) or Kankin (officer money), with some Kengyo lending money to gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) or low-ranking hatamoto (direct vassals of the shogun) with a low stipend and making excessive profits.
Japanese: これを座頭金または官金と呼んだが、特に幕臣の中でも禄の薄い御家人や小身の旗本等に金を貸し付けて、暴利を得ていた検校もいた。
English: During the Anei era, there were Kengyo who accumulated a large fortune, such as Kengyo Nagoya, who accumulated more than 100 thousand ryo, and Kengyo Toriyama, who accumulated 15 thousand ryo and astonished society by going on a spree at Yoshiwara (the red-light district in Edo).
Japanese: 安永年間には名古屋検校が十万数千両、鳥山検校が一万五千両等、多額の蓄財をなした検校も相当おり、吉原での豪遊等で世間を脅かせた。
English: In 1778, eight Kengyo and two Koto were banished from Edo after forfeiting all of their assets for their excessively underhanded means of making profits.
Japanese: 同七年にはこれら八検校と二勾当があまりの悪辣さのため、全財産没収の上江戸払いの処分を受けた。
English: Was active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, established 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and left various masterpieces.
Japanese: -19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を確立、多くの名曲を残す
English: Active in Kyoto in the early 19th century, and developed 'Kyoryu tegotomono' in Jiuta, and composed various masterpieces.
Japanese: -19世紀前半京都で活躍、地歌の「京流手事物」を発展させ多数の名曲を作った
English: On March 2, 765, Jutoei was reorganized into Konoefu and on June 5, 807, Konoefu and Chuefu became Sakonoefu and Ukonoefu as the result of the reorganization of Chuefu and Konoefu.
Japanese: 天平神護元年（765年）2月3日(旧暦)、授刀衛という役所が近衛府と改組し、大同(日本)2年（807年）4月22日には、さらに中衛府と近衛府の改組により、近衛府は左近衛府となり、中衛府は右近衛府となる。
English: Incidentally, although there used to be Gaiefu, its jobs were distributed to (Left and Right) Konoefu when they were established.
Japanese: 因みに、外衛府というものもあったが、（左右）近衛府が設置されたときに分配された。
English: When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank).
Japanese: 天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府設置とともに、正三位の官位相当。
English: The court rank corresponding to this post was downgraded to Jushiinojo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) in 793, but it was upgraded to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) on June 9, 799.
Japanese: 延暦12年（793年）、従四位上に官位相当が降格し、さらに、延暦18年（799年）4月27日に従三位の官位相当に昇叙する。
English: This post was concurrently assumed by a person whose post was sangi (councilor) or higher in ancient times, but a person whose post was Dainagon or higher was regularly appointed to this post since the middle of the Heian period.
Japanese: 古くは参議以上の兼務であったが、平安時代中期以後には大納言以上の兼任が定制となる。
English: Konoe no daisho was sometimes called by its Tang name Urin taishogun, Shinei taishogun or Koga taishogun.
Japanese: なお、羽林大将軍、親衛大将軍、虎牙大将軍といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。
English: Sakonoe no daisho and Ukonoe no daisho were sometimes called by their abbreviations 'Sadaisho' and 'Udaisho' respectively.
Japanese: 左近衛大将・右近衛大将をそれぞれ「左大将」・「右大将」と省略した呼び方もある。
English: When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Jushiinoge (Junior fourth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従四位下の官位相当。
English: According to the Shitokan system, it corresponded to suke (the deputy), and was called 'sunai-suke' (small Suke) because chojo was also 'suke.'
Japanese: 四等官の次官（スケ）に相当し、中将も「スケ」であるので「すな（小）いスケ」と呼ばれた。
English: When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set at Shogoinoge (Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、正五位下の官位相当。
English: One person was appointed to this post at the beginning, but later the number of personnel was increased to two when the post of extraordinary Konoe no shosho was abolished on June 30, 781.
Japanese: 当初は1名だったが後に増員され、天応元年（781年）6月1日に員外近衛少将が廃止された際に定員2名となる。
English: Konoe no shosho was sometimes called by its Tang name Urinrosho, Shineirosho, Urinchurosho, Asho or Kohon churosho.
Japanese: 羽林郎将、親衛郎将、羽林中郎将、亜将、虎賁中郎将といった唐名で呼ぶこともあった。
English: As both Konoe no chujo and Konoe no shosho corresponded to suke based on the Shitokan system, they were also called Konoe jisho.
Japanese: 近衛中将・少将はともに四等官の次官にあたるために、近衛次将（このえじしょう）とも称した。
English: People from tosho family (hereditary linage of court nobles) usually became kugyo (the top court officials) after successively serving as jiju (chamberlain), emon no suke (assistant captain of the Outer Palace Guard) and Konoe jisho.
Japanese: 堂上家出身者で公卿となる者は侍従・衛門佐・近衛次将を歴任する例が多かった。
English: When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set to Jurokuinojo (Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従六位上の官位相当。
English: Persons whose court rank was Goi (Fifth Rank) were appointed to this post were called Sakontayu shogen or Ukontayu shogen.
Japanese: 五位でこの官職に就くと、左近大夫（さこんたゆう）将監あるいは右近大夫（うこんたゆう）将監。
English: When Konoefu was established on March 2, 765, the court rank corresponding to this post was set to Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 天平神護元年（765年）2月3日、近衛府の設置とともに、従七位下の官位相当。
English: Uchitsuomi (Naishin) was one of Ryoge no kan (official posts outside of Ritsuryo code) which existed from the Asuka period to Heian period under the government based on the Ritsuryo code.
Japanese: 内臣（うちつおみ/ないしん）は、飛鳥時代から平安時代初めにかけて置かれた役職で律令政治下では令外官にあたった。
English: Being the chief adviser to the Emperor, Uchitsuomi presided over important state affairs while assisting the Emperor, and it was an important post comparable to ministers.
Japanese: 天皇の最高顧問で天皇を擁護して政務の機要を掌握する大臣に匹敵する官職であった。
English: However, this post was not a permanent one and its role also varied according to time and circumstances.
Japanese: しかし、常設の官職ではなく、その職掌はその時々に応じて全く違うものであった。
English: NAKATOMI no Kamatari (Fujiwara no Kamatari) was appointed to this post for the first time in history after the head family of the Soga clan fell in Isshi Coup (the Murder of the Year of Isshi) which occurred in 645.
Japanese: 最初である中臣鎌足（のちの藤原鎌足）は、645年乙巳の変で蘇我氏宗家が滅亡した後に任じられた。
English: He assisted the Emperor Tenchi as a pivotal figure in politics who led all government officials and implemented the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 天智天皇を助けて文武百官の上に立って政治の中枢を担って大化の改新の遂行にあたった。
English: At the time when Isshi Coup occurred, the Nakatomi clan, from which Kamatari came, was a prestigious clan which was in charge of jingi (worshipping) at court, but its past records in politics were inferior to those of the Soga clan, the Otomo clan or the Abe clan.
Japanese: 乙巳の変の当時、鎌足の出身である中臣氏は朝廷の神祇を司っている名門の家柄ではあったが、政治的実績では蘇我氏や大伴氏・阿倍氏などと比較すると一段劣っていた。
English: Therefore, there was a possibility that appointing Kamatari of the Nakatomi clan to Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) or Udaijin (Minister of the Right), the highest posts of subjects based on the system, might provoke antipathy among powerful families which were traditionally engaged in politics at court.
Japanese: このため、制度上の臣下中最高位である左大臣・右大臣に中臣氏出身の鎌足を付ける事は古くから朝廷の政治に関って来た豪族の反感を買う可能性があった。
English: Under this situation, the extraordinary post of 'Uchitsuomi' was created so that Kamatari could take part in the center of government.
Japanese: そこで特別に「内臣」という役職を設けて、鎌足が政権中枢に参画できるようにしたのである。
English: On the day before his death, Kamatari was granted Taishokkan (Grand Crown) and was appointed to 'Naidaijin' (Minister of the Center).
Japanese: なお、鎌足の死の前日に特に鎌足に大織冠を授けて「内大臣」とされている。
English: When the Empress Genmei was gravely ill in 721, he was expected to serve as the conservator of her grandson Imperial Prince Obito (the Emperor Shomu), and was appointed to this post as a person who was in charge of 'keikai-naigai, junchoku-shiko' (conveying and implementing the Imperial order).
Japanese: 721年、元明天皇が重態に陥ると、孫である皇太子・首皇子（後の聖武天皇）の後見役を期待されて「計会内外、准勅施行」にあたる役として任命された。
English: Under the situation where four Fujiwara families and Imperial families like Nagayao and so on were at odds, it is said that he was appointed with the aim of paving the way for the enthronement of Imperial Prince.
Japanese: 当時の藤原四家と長屋王ら皇親との対立の中で、皇太子即位への道筋をつける目的があったとも言われている。
English: However, he had the authority to execute the proceedings to convey and implement the orders of the Emperor (in this case, inclusive of the retired Emperor and Imperial Prince) ('keikai-naigai, junchoku-shiko') in place of Daijokan and Chumusho (ministry of Central Affairs).
Japanese: しかし、天皇（この場合は上皇及び皇太子をも含む）の詔勅を直接奉じて内外に向けた伝達・実施の手続を太政官・中務省に代わって遂行する権限（「計会内外、准勅施行」）を有した。
English: In addition, he was in a position to check Daijokan when necessary since he was in charge of jutoneriryo (the office of Imperial guards).
Japanese: 同時に、授刀舎人寮を掌握して時には太政官を牽制する立場にも立ちえた。
English: There is no doubt that Kamatari and Fusamae were engaged in national politics as the close aides of Imperial Prince (later, the Emperor), but the relation between Uchitsuomi and the center of government (under the Ritsuryo system, it was Daijokan) is not clear (Although Fusamae was sangi, it was a low-ranking post under the hierarchy of Daijokan).
Japanese: 鎌足と房前が皇太子（後に天皇）に近侍して国政に従事したことは間違いないが、当時の内臣と政府中枢（律令制では太政官）との関係性については不明確な点が多い（房前は参議であったが、太政官の序列からすれば下位の幹部に過ぎない）。
English: Rather, it is considered that they were in a position as an advisor to the government who had independent authority from that of the Daijokan.
Japanese: むしろ独立した権限を有した政府の顧問官の立場にあったと考えられている。
English: It is also controversial whether Fusamae was removed from Uchitsuomi when Imperial Prince ascended the throne on the grounds that the purpose was achieved or whether he continued to be in office until his death.
Japanese: また、房前の内臣が皇太子即位とともに目的を果たしたものとして任を解かれたものなのか、房前の死去まで在任していたのかについても意見が分かれている。
English: The third person who was appointed to this post was FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu of the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, a great-grandson of Kamatari and a nephew of Fusamae.
Japanese: 3人目は鎌足から見れば曾孫、房前の甥にあたる藤原式家の藤原良継である。
English: When Sadaijin FUJIWARA no Nagate died of disease in 771, Yoshitsugu, being the pivotal figure of the Fujiwara clan, was put into a position to support the Emperor Konin.
Japanese: 771年左大臣であった藤原永手が病死すると、良継が藤原一族の中心となって光仁天皇を補佐する立場に立った。
English: However, Yoshitsugu was deprived of his official post twice up to then due to his involvement in the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu caused by his elder brother FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu as well as the assassination plot of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro which he attempted together with OTOMO no Yakamochi and so on.
Japanese: しかし、良継は過去に兄である藤原広嗣の藤原広嗣の乱による連座と自らが大伴家持らと企てた藤原仲麻呂暗殺計画によって2度官職を剥奪された事があった。
English: Under such situation, the Emperor Konin appointed him to Uchitsuomi, a post whose requirement was Dainagon (chief councilor of state) in principle, treated him equally with ministers (at that time, the Emperor said 'Uchitsuomi's duties are same with those of Dainagon and its treatment follows that of minister,' and a regulation stipulating that Uchitsuomi's court rank and so on was same with Dainagon and its jikifu (vassal household allotted to a courier) was 1000 households, the middle of Dainagon and ministers, was established) and put him into a position of the center of the government by posting him at Daijokan.
Japanese: そこで光仁天皇は良継を大納言を経ずして任命資格のない内臣に任じて大臣と同格扱い（この時「職掌は大納言と同じとし、待遇は大臣に准じる」として官位・禄賜職分雑物は大納言と同格、食封は大納言と大臣の中間である1,000戸とする規則が定められた）として太政官の一員として配置し、名実ともに政府中枢に置いたのである。
English: Further, as Udaijin ONAKATOMI no Kiyomaro, a senior of the same clan, was his superior at that time, it is considered that the aim of Yoshitsugu's appointment was to enable him to preside over the job of Daijokan with Kiyomaro being at the top of Daijokan's hierarchy.
Japanese: また、当時上役として同族の長老である右大臣大中臣清麻呂がおり、清麻呂を太政官の官位序列を筆頭としての地位を保持したままで良継に太政官の執政を掌らせる構想の上にあったと考えられている。
English: In order to reward Yoshitsugu's service, Uchitsuomi was upgraded six years later to Naidaijin modeled after the case of Kamatari, and formally became the ministerial post as a Ryoge no kan.
Japanese: 6年後、その功績に報いるために内臣を鎌足の例に倣って内大臣と改め、正式に令外官として位置づけられた大臣職となった。
English: Although Uona was Dainagon at the time, it is considered that his political footing was the same as that of Yoshitsugu since ONAKATOMI no Kiyomaro remained in the same position.
Japanese: 魚名自身は既に大納言であったが大中臣清麻呂の存在は依然として変わらず、良継の政治的立場の延長上にあったと考えられている。
English: Although the title of this post was renamed 'Chushin' within one month after Uona's appointment, Uona was appointed to Naidaijin in the following year.
Japanese: 魚名の任命後1ヶ月も経たずに職名は「忠臣」と改称され、翌年には魚名もまた内大臣に任命される事になった。
English: Since then, the post of Naidaijin was fixed, and Uchitsuomi naturally disappeared after it turned into Naidaijin, an extraordinary ministerial post of Daijokan (since then, FUJIWARA no Takato and others were appointed to Naidaijin).
Japanese: これを最後に内大臣という官職が定着する事になり、内臣は太政官の定員外の大臣である内大臣へとその性格を大きく変えた形で自然消滅することになった（その後の藤原高藤以後は内大臣としての任官となる）。
English: Incidentally, there is a theory arguing that Uchitsuomi was created based on the government organization system in Korean peninsula on the ground that there were cases in Korean peninsula where Gaisobun SEN was appointed to Uchitsuomi in Gogureyo and the head of Sahirashiki (a governmental office in Baekje managing clerical works) was called 'Uchitsuomi sahei' in Baekje.
Japanese: なお、朝鮮半島の高句麗でも泉蓋蘇文が内臣に任じられ、百済の佐平職の筆頭を「内臣佐平」と称した例がある事から、朝鮮半島の官制を参考にした説もある。
English: Shibichudai was a household agency of the Empress Komyo (at the time when Shibichudai was established, she was already Empress Dowager Komyo since her husband the Emperor Shomu had abdicated the throne to his daughter the Empress Koken) which was established by FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (also referred as EMI no Oshikatsu) in 749.
Japanese: 紫微中台（しびちゅうだい）は藤原仲麻呂（恵美押勝）が749年に創設した、光明皇后（紫微中台創設当時、既に夫の聖武天皇は娘の孝謙天皇に譲位していたため、光明皇太后である）の家政機関。
English: Though it was a household agency, it held the authority to implement the order (ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses and so on)) of the Empress Dowager Komyo as well as exercise military power.
Japanese: 家政機関であったが光明皇太后の命令（令旨）を施行・兵権を発動する機能を持った。
English: It became the de facto supreme authority and military arm of the nation according to Nakamaro's expansion of power.
Japanese: 仲麻呂の権力拡大とともに国家の実質的な最高権力機関・軍事機関へと変貌した。
English: When Shibirei was renamed Shibinaisho and came to be treated equal to that of the minister on June 15, 757, it seized the full power of Daijokan's ministers and obtained the authority to implement the Emperor's order without consulting Daijokan and Chumusho (Ministry of Central Affairs).
Japanese: 天平勝宝9年5月20日（天平宝字元年・757年6月11日）紫微内相と改称されて準大臣待遇となるとともに、太政官の大臣が持つ内外諸兵事を管掌して、太政官・中務省を経ずして直接詔勅を実施する権限を得た。
English: Although it was ostensibly a household agency of the Empress Dowager Komyo, it was actually a military and administrative organization of the Empress Koken and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro faction that was established in order to cope with the anti-Nakamaro and anti-Koken movement which was then active involving Daijokan (the revolt of TACHIBANA no Naramaro occurred two months later).
Japanese: 表面上は光明皇太后の家政機関の体裁を取っていたものの、実際には孝謙天皇－藤原仲麻呂に属する独自の軍事・行政機関として当時太政官を巻き込んで展開された反仲麻呂・反孝謙天皇の動き（2ヵ月後に橘奈良麻呂の乱が発生する）に備えたものとされている。
English: When Tang-style names were adopted for government organizations in 758, it was renamed Kongukan and defined as the organization to 'receive the Imperial orders and convey them to government officials.'
Japanese: 758年に官職の唐風改称が行われると坤宮官と改称されて「居中奉勅、頒下諸司」を行う機関とされた。
English: As a result, Shibinaisho was put into a position to convey and implement the order of the Retired Emperor Koken and the Emperor Junnin in place of Daijokan and became the organization comparable to Daijokan both in name and reality.
Japanese: これにより、孝謙上皇・淳仁天皇の詔勅を紫微内相が奉じて太政官に代わって直接下達・実行させる機関と位置づけられたことで名実共に太政官と並ぶ機関となった。
English: Nakamaro served as its head from the very beginning, but the post of Shibinaisho became vacant when Nakamaro was appointed to Oho (Udaijin (Minister of the Right) and became the top of the Daijokan in 758.
Japanese: 長官職は創設以来仲麻呂が務めていたが､758年に仲麻呂が大保（右大臣）に転じて太政官の首班となり、紫微内相が空位になった。
English: Since then, its significance faded gradually though it was still under Nakamaro's charge, and was abolished when the Empress Dowager Komyo died in 760.
Japanese: 以後、実質は仲麻呂支配下にあったとは言え次第に重要性が低下し、760年の光明皇太后の死によって廃止された。
English: However, according to Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Archives), Kongukan (Shibichudai) was involved in a sutra-copying project conducted on the first anniversary of the Empress Dowager's death.
Japanese: ただし、皇太后の一周忌における写経事業には坤宮官（紫微中台）も関与していることが正倉院文書などから確認できる。
English: Further, a description concerning the replacement of runaway shicho (servant) of Kongukan is found in the official document dated January 26, 762 that was written by Governor of Kai Province after the first anniversary of the Empress Dowager's death (official documents) (appears in the volume four of "Dai Nihon Komonjo" (Old Documents of Japan)).
Japanese: さらに、一周忌終了後の天平宝字5年12月23日付の甲斐国司解(公文書)（『大日本古文書』4巻所収）に逃亡した坤宮官仕丁の代替について記された記述がある。
English: Judging from the above facts, it is believed that it was actually abolished around 762.
Japanese: 以上から、実際には天平宝字6年（762年）前後に廃止されたと考えられている。
English: Though its significance had already faded, the abolition of Shibichudai was not only a big blow to Nakamaro but also a remote cause of the collapse of Nakamaro administration since it was independent from Daijokan and held its own military power as well as the authority to convey Imperial orders.
Japanese: 重要性が低下していたとは言え、太政官から独立して独自の軍事力と詔勅下達権限を有した紫微中台の廃止は仲麻呂にとっては打撃が大きく、仲麻呂政権崩壊の遠因にもなった。
English: After having overthrown Nakamaro, the Empress Shotoku (formerly, the Empress Koken) established Nijusho (Ministry of Royal Pages), a military organization modeled after Shibichudai, as a permanent Ryoge no kan.
Japanese: 仲麻呂を倒した称徳天皇（元の孝謙上皇）は、紫微中台に倣った独自の軍事組織として常設的な令外官である内豎省を設置している。
English: Kageyushicho, the office of Kageyushi, was located on the north-west side of Daijokan (Council of State) and to the south of Chumusho (Ministry of Central Affairs).
Japanese: 勘解由使の官庁である勘解由使庁は、太政官の北西、中務省の南に位置した。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, when the term of kokushi (provincial governor) expired, a document called Geyujo (discharge certificate) was delivered from a predecessor to a successor as evidence to prove that the handing over of a job was carried out without any problems.
Japanese: 律令制の下では、国司の任期が満了したとき、事務引継ぎが問題なく行われた証として、後任国司から前任国司へ解由状（げゆじょう）という文書が交付されていた。
English: In the Nara period (late eighth century), the post of kokushi became a source for additional gains, such as kugaito (local source of revenue).
Japanese: 奈良時代（8世紀後期）ごろになると、国司行政に公廨稲収入などの利得権が生じていた。
English: Under this situation, there were cases where disputes concerning additional profits would occur between a predecessor and a successor and the handing over of a job was not carried out smoothly.
Japanese: このため、前任・後任間で利得をめぐる紛争が発生するようになり、交替時の事務引継ぎが不調となるケースも出てきていた。
English: The Emperor Kanmu, who ascended the throne during the end of the eighth century, started to reconstruct slackened local administration in order to extend the Imperial power throughout the nation.
Japanese: 8世紀末期に登場した桓武天皇は、王威を国内にあまねく拡げるために、弛緩しつつあった地方行政の再構築に取り組んだ。
English: As a result, Kageyushi was created as a post to take charge of the inspection and supervision of local administration.
Japanese: その結果、地方行政を監査・監督する勘解由使の職が新設されることとなった。