nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since he received the oracle during this period, he prayed for the coming of Great Bodhisattva Hachiman from Usa-Hachimangu Shrine to Gokoku-ji Temple at Mt. Otoko in Kyoto Prefecture, and founded Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine.
Japanese: このとき神託を受け翌貞観2年（860年）宇佐神宮から京都府の男山の護国寺に八幡大菩薩を勧請して石清水八幡宮を創建した。
English: Kakuyu (1053 - November 3, 1140) was a Buddhist priest of the Tendai Sect in the late Heian period.
Japanese: 覚猷（かくゆう、天喜元年（1053年）-保延6年9月15日(旧暦)（1140年10月27日））は、平安時代後期の天台宗僧。
English: He was well known by people as Toba Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest) and although he was a high-ranking priest who played important roles in Japanese Buddhist society, he was also well versed in paintings and is assumed to be the painter of Choju-Jinbutsu-giga (scrolls of frolicking animals and humans).
Japanese: 鳥羽僧正（とばそうじょう）と世に呼ばれ、日本仏教界の重職を務めた高僧であるのみならず、絵画にも精通し、鳥獣人物戯画などの作者に擬せられている。
English: Thanks to his humorous style, he was sometimes mentioned as the originator of cartoons.
Japanese: そのユニークでユーモアあふれる作風から、漫画の始祖とされることもある。
English: He became a priest in his youth and while studying Tendai Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism at Onjo-ji Temple, he also came to excel in painting.
Japanese: 若年時に出家し、園城寺にて天台仏教・密教を修めながら、画技にも長じるようになった。
English: He resided at Horinin of Onjo-ji Temple for a long time and made a great contribution in collecting Esoteric Buddhist art as well as nurturing artists while striving to develop his own painting technique.
Japanese: ながらく園城寺法輪院に住し、密教図像の集成と絵師の育成に大きな功績を残したほか、自らの画術研鑽にも努めた。
English: While successively holding important positions at big temples and shrines, such as betto (a monk who manages the affairs of a temple) of Shitenno-ji Temple, betto of Hosei-ji Temple and chori (the head priest) of Onjo-ji Temple, he became Sojo (high-ranking Buddhist priest) in 1132 and Daisojo (the highest ranking Buddhist priest) in 1134.
Japanese: 四天王寺別当、法成寺別当、園城寺長吏など大寺社の要職を歴任する間、1132年には僧正へ、1134年には大僧正へ任じられた。
English: He assumed the position of the forty-seventh head priest of the temple in 1138, resigned 3 days later, moved to Shokongoin of Toba-Rikyu Palace, where Emperor Toba, a devout believer in Kakuyu, resided, and assumed the position of gojiso (a priest who prays to guard the emperor) in the Toba-Rikyu Palace.
Japanese: 1138年、47世座主となったが3日で退任し、厚い帰依を寄せていた鳥羽天皇が住む鳥羽離宮の証金剛院へ移り、同離宮の護持僧となった。
English: Kakuyu died on November 3, 1140 at the advanced age of almost 90.
Japanese: 保延6年(1140)9月15日(旧暦)、覚猷は90歳近い高齢で死去した。
English: When he was requested by his disciples to leave a will concerning the division of his property, he is said to have left a will saying 'Division of property should be decided according to physical strength.'
Japanese: その際、弟子から遺産分与に関する遺言を求められ、「遺産の処分は腕力で決めるべし」と遺したと伝えられている。
English: As the anecdote of his last will indicates, he seemed to have been a person of humorous personality and he is depicted as a person with a mischievous and innocent personality in "Uji Shui Monogatari" (a collection of the Tales from Uji).
Japanese: 遺言の逸話が示すように、覚猷自身、笑いのセンスに長けた人物のようであり、『宇治拾遺物語』にも覚猷のいたずら好きで無邪気な人柄が描かれている。
English: At the same time, Kakuyu is believed to have been critical of Buddhist society, as well as the politics of the time, in spite of the fact that he successively held important posts in Buddhist society.
Japanese: また、覚猷は仏教界の要職を歴任しながら、当時の仏教界と政治のあり方に批判的な眼を持っていたともされている。
English: According to legend, the national treasures "Choju-Jinbutsu-giga" (Choju-Giga), "Hohi Kassen" (Battle of breaking wind) and "Yobutsu Kurabe" (Measuring phallus) are believed to be his work.
Japanese: 国宝『鳥獣人物戯画』（鳥獣戯画）、『放屁合戦』、『陽物くらべ』などが伝鳥羽僧正作とされている。
English: Although at a glance these works appear to be simple, cheerful and humorous paintings, they are rich with satire spirit and are assumed to be Toba Sojo's works.
Japanese: いずれも一見単純な明るい笑いの画のようでありながら、深い批判精神を含む作品群であり、鳥羽僧正の作に擬せられている。
English: From the viewpoint of art history, however, there is no established evidence that proves the fact that Kakuyu was the painter of these paintings.
Japanese: 実のところ、美術史学上、覚猷をこれらの絵画の作者とする確証はないとされている。
English: On the other hand, these paintings are said to represent Kakuyu's painting style well and there are opinions asserting that a part of Choju-Jinbutsu-giga must have been painted by Kakuyu.
Japanese: ただし、これらの絵画は覚猷の画風をよく表しているともいわれ、鳥獣人物戯画の一部を覚猷の筆とする見解もある。
English: Nihon Daruma Sect is a school of the Zen Sect which Nonin DAINICHIBO founded.
Japanese: 日本達磨宗（にほんだるましゅう）は、大日房能忍が興した禅の一派である。
English: Nonin initially studied at Tendai Sect but he attained enlightenment by himself, without a mentor, by reading through Zen books that had been introduced into Japan in the old days and thereafter, he began propagation activities at Sanpo-ji Temple in Settsu Province (Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: 能忍は初め天台宗を学んだが、古来から日本に伝わった禅籍を読破して無師独悟し、摂津国（大阪府）の三宝寺を中心として布教活動を始めた。
English: The name of Daruma Sect derives from the legend, which appears in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and "Genko shakusho (History of Buddhism of the Genko era), that Prince Shotoku met with the incarnation of Daruma Daishi.
Japanese: 達磨宗の名は『日本書紀』や『元亨釈書』にみられる聖徳太子が達磨大師の化身に出会ったとする伝説に因んでいるという。
English: Although the name of Nihon Daruma Sect is commonly used at present, this sect was simply called Daruma Sect while Nonin was alive because the current name, which includes the word of 'Nihon' (Japan), was put into use by researchers in early modern times.
Japanese: 現在通称されている「日本達磨宗」という「日本」の字を付した呼称は、近世以降の研究者によって使用されるようになったもので、能忍在世当時は単に達磨宗と呼ばれていた。
English: In addition, as the court noble society was accustomed to teachings that eyed achieving earthly desires, such as Esoteric Buddhism, there was no background to accept Nonin's Zen teaching which aims to attain enlightenment through ascetic training and his propagation activities constantly faced difficulty.
Japanese: また、密教などの現世利益的な修法になじんだ公家社会においては修行悟達を目的とする禅の宗風を受け入れる素地に乏しく、布教は常に困難に直面していた。
English: As for the reputation of Nonin's Zen teaching at the time, it can easily be guessed from the fact that conservative people in waka (a 31-syllable Japanese poem) society criticized FUJIWARA no Teika, who created new style waka around the same time, by saying 'Shingihikyo no darumauta' (heresy of Daruma).
Japanese: 能忍の禅風に対する当時の世評については、同時期に和歌の新風を興していた藤原定家らの歌を、旧来の勢力が「新儀非拠の達磨歌」と揶揄したことにもうかがうことができる。
English: Such ridicules or attacks disappeared after Totsuko SETTAN of Mt. Ikuo bestowed Inka (Certification of spiritual achievement) on Nonin and from then, his reputation started to rise.
Japanese: こうした揶揄や攻撃は、後に育王山の拙庵徳光が能忍の禅境を認め印可を与えたことによって変化し、以後、能忍の名望は高くなっていく。
English: Nonin, who felt the time was ripe, started propagation activities in Kyoto together with Eisai, but such activities were banned due to an appeal to the Emperor made by priests of Mt. Hiei and soon after, Nonin was killed in an accident.
Japanese: 機が熟したと感じた能忍は、栄西らと共に京での布教を始めるが、比叡山の宗徒の奏上により布教を禁止され、また能忍自身も、ほどなく不慮の事故により急逝してしまった。
English: After Nonin's death, Kakuan HIGASHIYAMA, Nonin's disciple, succeeded in the religious order and continued propagation activities, together with Ejo KOUN (1198 - 1280), at Mt. Tonomine in Yamato Province (Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: 能忍の没後は弟子の東山覚晏が教団を継承し、門下の孤雲懐奘（1198年-1280年）らと共に大和国（奈良県）の多武峰を中心として活動を続けた。
English: However, they were again attacked by believers of Nara Kofuku-ji Temple by means of fire and fled to Echizen Province (Fukui Prefecture) (in 1227).
Japanese: ところが、今度は奈良興福寺の門徒らの焼き討ちに遇い、越前国（福井県）に逃れた（1227年）。
English: After Kakuan's death, Ejo in 1234 and Ekan, Giin (1217 - 1300), Gikai (1219 - 1309) and Gien, in 1241, also became disciples of Dogen who stayed at Kosho-ji Temple in Fukakusa (Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 覚晏の没後、1234年に懐奘が、1241年には、門弟中の懐鑑、義尹（1217年-1300年）、義介（1219年-1309年）、義演らが、深草（京都府）の興聖寺を本拠としていた道元の下に参じた。
English: Although it was believed in the past that the activities of Daruma Sect finally ended at that time, it has become known in recent years that one of its schools had survived at Sanpo-ji Temple until the end of the medieval period.
Japanese: 以前は、これで達磨宗の活動は終焉を迎えたとされていたが、近年では、中世末まで三宝寺にはその門流が伝承されていたことが知られるようになった。
English: It is further believed that Kakun's school was a branch and the school of Sanpo-ji Temple was mainstream.
Japanese: さらに、覚晏系統が傍流で、三宝寺の一派が本流であったとさえ考えられている。
English: Kenpon Hokke Sect, whose sect founder was Nichiren and school founder was Nichiju, is a school of the Nichiren Sect.
Japanese: 顕本法華宗（けんぽんほっけしゅう）は、日蓮を宗祖とし、日什を派祖とする、日蓮門下の一派である。
English: He was born in 1867 as the 2nd son of Kenjiro KUNITOMO of the Himeji clan and became the heir of Nikkyo HONDA, who was a priest at his family temple.
Japanese: 慶応3年、姫路藩国友堅次郎の二男として生まれ、菩提寺の本多日鏡の嗣子となる。
English: He assumed the position of the head of the religious affairs division at the age of 24 and strived for education and propagation since he was so disappointed with the school's deep-rooted evil and slump, but his activities caused other priests' resentment against him and he was suddenly divested of his priesthood.
Japanese: 宗門の積弊不振を概き、24歳教務部長となり教学布教に振るうも、宗門内の怨恨をかって、突如剥牒処分となる。
English: On the back of many religious associations' voice that requested his return to Buddhist society, he returned to the priesthood and compiled the elements of the Myoman-ji School.
Japanese: 各宗協会から師を宗門に復帰させよの声起こり、僧籍に復し妙満寺派綱要を編す。
English: As he was worried about the decadence in Buddhist society, as well as the fragmented Nichiren Sect, he organized toitsudan (unification groups) in cooperation with interested people from other religious orders.
Japanese: 仏教界の退廃と日蓮門下の分裂を憂い、各教団有志を募って統一団を結成。
English: Thereafter, he organized Tensei-kai, which consisted of prominent persons from various societies, Komyo-kai, Chimei-kai, which were for females, and Jikei-kai, which was for laborers.
Japanese: 後、各界の名士からなる天晴会、その他講妙会、婦人のための地明会、労務者のための自慶会等を創す。
English: He was active throughout the nation, spreading Buddhism centered on Buddha and Shakyamuni, which was advocated by Nichiren Shonin, as well as the joy of belief that gives courage and mercy in life.
Japanese: 日蓮聖人の唱える本仏・釈尊中心の仏教と、人生に勇気と慈悲を持って歩む信仰の感激を全国に展開し活躍す。
English: In 1608, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA ordered Nikkei of Myoman-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) and Kakuzan of Jodo Sect to hold a doctrinal debate (Keicho shuron) at Edo-jo Castle and Nikkei was punished by having his ears and nose cut off.
Japanese: 1608年（慶長13年）に徳川家康は妙満寺（京都府）日経と浄土宗の廓山を江戸城にて宗論（慶長宗論）させ、日経は耳と鼻を削がれ酷刑となる。
English: In 1872, the Nichijumon School became associated with other schools in the Nichiren Sect according to the system of one superintendent priest for one sect.
Japanese: 1872年（明治5年）に一宗一管長制により、日什門流は日蓮門下の諸門流と連合する。
English: In 1876, Nichijumon School officially named itself Myoman-ji School while nominating its own superintendent priest and the Shoretsu School of the Nichiren Sect was dissolved.
Japanese: 1876年（明治9年）に管長設置により、日什門流は妙満寺派と公称し、日蓮宗勝劣派は解体する。
English: In 1941, Kenpon Hokke Sect, Honmon Sect and Nichiren Sect consolidated in accordance with the Religious Corporation Act and the new sect officially named itself Nichiren Sect.
Japanese: 1941年（昭和16年）に宗教団体法により、顕本法華宗と本門宗と日蓮宗が合同し、日蓮宗と公称する。
English: In 1947, out of about 380 temples belonging to the Nichijumon School, about 200 temples including Myoman-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) became independent from the Nichiren Sect again and officially named themselves Kenpon Hokke Sect.
Japanese: 1947年（昭和22年)、日什門流の約380ヶ寺のうち、妙満寺（京都府）をはじめとする約200ヶ寺が日蓮宗から再独立、顕本法華宗と公称する。
English: Kenpon Hokke Sect : The main temple Myoman-ji Temple, the head temple Aizu Myoho-ji Temple, the head temple Shinagawa Tenmyokoku-ji Temple, the head temple Kyoto Jakko-ji Temple, Kazusa ten temples including Toke Zensho-ji Temple, Toke Honju-ji Temple, Honno Renpuku-ji Temple, Togane Honzen-ji Temple, Kitanokoya Myotoku-ji Temple and Matsunogo Honsho-ji Temple.
Japanese: 顕本法華宗：大本山妙満寺、本山会津妙法寺、本山品川天妙國寺、本山京都寂光寺、上総十ヶ寺＝土気善勝寺、土気本壽寺、本納蓮福寺、東金本漸寺、北之幸谷妙徳寺、松之郷本松寺。
English: Nichiren Sect : The main temple Aizu Tenmyokoku-ji Temple, the main temple Iida Honko-ji Temple, the main temple Mitsuke Genmyo-ji Temple, the main temple Yoshimi Myoritsu-ji Temple, Kazusa ten temples including Oami Rensho-ji Temple and Miyatanidanrin Honkoku-ji Temple.
Japanese: 日蓮宗：本山会津妙國寺、本山飯田本興寺、本山見附玄妙寺、本山吉美妙立寺、上総十ヶ寺＝大網蓮照寺、宮谷壇林本國寺。
English: Mongaku (1139 - September 5, 1203) was a priest of the Shingon Sect of Buddhism who lived from the Heian period to the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 文覚（もんがく、保延5年（1139年）-建仁3年7月21日(旧暦)（1203年8月29日））は平安時代から鎌倉時代初期にかけての真言宗の僧。
English: Being originally a samurai belonging to the Watanabe party in Settsu Province, which was under the umbrella of Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), he served Imperial Princess Muneko (Josaimonin), a daughter of Emperor Toba, as a Hokumen samurai (samurai on guard at the ex-emperor's palace).
Japanese: 元は摂津源氏傘下の摂津国渡辺党の武士であり、鳥羽天皇の皇女統子内親王（上西門院）に仕えていた北面の武士だった。
English: He is said to have loved Kesa Gozen, the wife of Wataru WATANABE, who was his male cousin and worked together with him, killed her by mistake, and consequently become a priest.
Japanese: 従兄弟で同僚の渡辺渡（わたなべわたる）の妻、袈裟御前に横恋慕し、誤って殺してしまったことから出家したという。
English: Wishing to revive Jingo-ji Temple, where priests were absolutely corrupt, Mongaku presented a direct petition to Emperor Goshirakawa, which resulted in Mongaku being exiled to Izu Province, which was the feudal domain of MINAMOTO no Yorimasa of Settsu-Genji (Minamoto clan), the head of the Watanabe party.
Japanese: 荒廃しきっていた神護寺を再興するため後白河天皇に強訴したため、渡辺党の棟梁の摂津源氏の源頼政の知行国であった伊豆国に配流された。
English: "Jigokumon" (Gates of Hell), a film directed by Teinosuke KINUGASA that won the Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival, depicts a drama where Morito ENDO (whose role was played by Kazuo HASEGAWA) loved Kesa Gozen (whose role was played by Machiko KYO), the wife of Wataru WATANABE (whose role was played by Isao YAMAGATA), and consequently became a priest.
Japanese: カンヌ国際映画祭でグランプリを受賞した『地獄門』（監督・衣笠貞之助）は、長谷川一夫が遠藤盛遠に扮し、渡辺渡（山形勲）の妻の袈裟御前（京マチ子）に横恋慕し、出家にいたるドラマを描いている。
English: "Hinotori (the Phoenix): Turbulent Times" (cartoon) by Osamu TEZUKA depicts Morito ENDO and Mongaku as different persons.
Japanese: 手塚治虫の「火の鳥(漫画)乱世編」には遠藤盛遠と文覚が別人として両方登場する。
English: Nichiren Hon Sect, whose sect founder was Nichiren and school founder was Nisson of Fujimon School, is a school that inherits Nichiren's teachings.
Japanese: 日蓮本宗（にちれんほんしゅう）は、日蓮を宗祖とし、富士門流の日尊を派祖とする、日蓮門下の一派である。
English: With succeeding Nikko's dharma, this school divides the basis of Hoke-kyo Sutra (Lotus Sutra) into Hon-Jaku (Honmon and Shakumon, a theory of the Fundamental Aspect (Honmon) and the Manifestation Doctrine (Shakumon) of the Lotus Sutra in Nichiren Buddhism) and decides mastery for each.
Japanese: 日興の法脈を継承し、所依の法華経を本迹に二分し、それぞれに勝劣をたてる。
English: Although it was once forced to adopt the philosophy of Icchi School and Zobutsu School by Kansei no honan (the religious persecution in Kansei era), it is, at present, a school of Fujimon School whose principal image of Buddha is mandala.
Japanese: 〔寛政の法難〕によって、一致派、像仏派の思想を強要されたが、現在は曼荼羅を本尊とする富士門流の一派である。
English: In 1550, Nisshin merged Jogyoin Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) with Juhon-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture) and renamed it Yoho-ji Temple (Kyoto Prefecture).
Japanese: 1550年（天文(元号)19年）に日辰は上行院（京都府）と住本寺（京都府）を合併し、要法寺（京都府）と改称する。
English: In 1872, Nissonmon School was associated with other schools that inherit Nichiren's Teaching in accordance with the system of one superintendent priest for one sect.
Japanese: 1872年（明治5年）に一宗一管長制により、日尊門流は日蓮門下の諸門流と連合する。
English: In 1874, Nissonmon School became affiliated with the Shoretsu School of Nichiren Sect, which was an integrated religious order of the Shoretsu School.
Japanese: 1874年（明治7年）に日尊門流は、勝劣派の統一教団である日蓮宗勝劣派に属する。
English: In 1876, as the Shoretsu School of Nichiren Sect was dissolved into each school, Nissonmon School organized an integrated religious order together with other head temples and their branch temples of Fujimon School, nominated its own superintendent priest and officially named itself the Komon School of Nichiren Sect (Komon School).
Japanese: 1876年（明治9年）日蓮宗勝劣派は門流ごとに解体、日尊門流は富士門流の他の本山末寺とともに統一教団を結成、管長を設置し、日蓮宗興門派（興門派）と公称する。
English: In 1941, Honmon Sect merged with the Shoretsu School of Kenpon Hokke Sect and Icchi School of Nichiren Sect in accordance with the Religious Corporation Act and officially named themselves Nichiren Sect.
Japanese: 1941年（昭和16年）に宗教団体法により、本門宗は、勝劣派の顕本法華宗、一致派の日蓮宗とともに三派合同を行い、日蓮宗と公称する。
English: In 1950 when Nichijo ADACHI was the chief abbot, Yoho-ji temple and 50 of its branch temples became independent from Nichiren Sect (some of the branch temples remained in Nichiren Sect and became members of Shimane Sonmonkai (島根尊門会) of Koto Hoenkai (興統法縁会) and since then, they have been officially calling themselves Nichiren Hon Sect up to the present time.
Japanese: 1950年（昭和25年）足立日城貫首代に要法寺（京都府）と末寺50ヶ寺は日蓮宗から独立し（末寺の一部は日蓮宗に残存し興統法縁会島根尊門会の一員となる）、日蓮本宗と公称して現在に至る。
English: The producing process employed winding straw ropes around wooden mandrel, heaping up coarse-grained barren soil followed by fine-particle finishing soil and molding by a pallet or the fingers.
Japanese: 心木に藁縄などを巻きつけ、粒子の荒い荒土から、細かい仕上げ土へと順次盛り上げ、箆（へら）や指で造型する。
English: The seated statue of Miroku Buddha, which is the principal image of Buddha at Kondo (main hall) of Taima-dera Temple in Nara, was produced in the late 7th century and is believed to be the oldest earthen image in Japan.
Japanese: 奈良県当麻寺金堂本尊の弥勒仏坐像は7世紀後半にさかのぼる作で、日本最古の塑像と言われている。
English: Most of the earthen images were produced in the Nara period and few were produced in Heian period or later (mainly after 9th century) when wood carvings became the mainstream in sculpture society.
Japanese: 日本では、塑像の作例は奈良時代に集中しており、木彫が彫刻界の主流となった平安時代以降（おおむね9世紀以降）の塑像の作例はまれである。
English: The standing statue of Shukongoshin (vajra-wielding gods), the standing statue of Nikko Bosatsu (Nikko Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Sunlight)) and Gakko Bosatsu (Gakko Bosatsu (Bodhisattva of Moonlight)) and the standing statue of Benzaiten (Sarasvati, Buddhist goddess of music, learning, eloquence, wealth, longevity, and protection from natural disasters) and Kisshoten (Laksmi) that are enshrined at Hokkedo (Sangatsudo) of Todai-ji Temple
Japanese: 東大寺法華堂（三月堂）（奈良市）執金剛神立像、日光菩薩像・月光菩薩立像、弁才天・吉祥天立像
English: Buddhist altar fittings are defined as special tools or accessories which are used by clergymen, such as Buddhist monks, on the occasion of Buddhist rituals and they are different from daily necessities.
Japanese: 仏具（ぶつぐ）は、仏教の儀式で使用される日用品とは異なる特殊な道具、或いは僧侶などの聖職者が使用する装飾品の事である。
English: According to Buddhist precepts, monks were originally prohibited to own money and other articles other than sanne-ippatsu (three robes and one begging bowl), which were deemed as the minimum required clothes and eating utensil.
Japanese: 仏教では本来、僧侶は、最低限の着物と食器である三衣一鉢以外の金品の所有を戒律で禁じられていた。
English: After 100 years had passed after the death of Shaka, however, monks were divided into two groups (fundamental schism), a group which requested permitting the ownership of minimum money and daily necessities that were donated by believers, and a conservative group which stuck to Buddhist precepts, and monks belonging to the former group were allowed to own money and other articles other than sanne-ippatsu.
Japanese: しかし、釈迦の死後100年が経過すると、信者から寄付された最低限の金銭や日用品の個人所有の許可を求める一派と、戒律を遵守する保守派に教団が分裂し（根本分裂）、許可派では僧侶の三衣一鉢以外の金品の個人所有が認められるようになった。
English: With Buddhism introduced into the western regions of China as well as China after A.D, Buddhist monks began presiding over rituals such as prayers and funerals among people and tools which were used in such rituals were developed.
Japanese: 紀元を過ぎて、西域や中国にも仏教が伝播するようになると、僧侶は人々の間で祈祷や葬式などの儀式を司るようになり、それに応じて儀式で使用される道具が開発された。
English: With Esoteric Buddhism, which had been prevalent in India, introduced into China and Tibet in the 7th century, special Buddhist altar fittings such as Vajra and mandala came into use.
Japanese: 更に7世紀になると、インドで広まった密教が中国やチベットに導入され、金剛杵や曼荼羅など、特殊な仏具が使用されるようになった。
English: Further, as Jodo-kyo (Pure Land teachings), which had originated in China, helped the explosive diffusion of Buddhism among ordinary people, and ordinary lay believers began worshipping Buddha directly by themselves rather than through Buddhist monks and as a result, Buddhist altar fittings such as Juzu (beads) and Buddhist pictures were brought into use by lay believers at their home.
Japanese: また、中国で成立した浄土教は仏教を爆発的に民衆の間に広め、僧侶を介しての仏への信仰から個々の信者自身が直接仏へ信仰する形態が一般社会に定着し、数珠や仏画などの仏具を僧侶ではない普通の信者が家庭で使用するようになった。
English: Currently, there exist several centers for the production of family Buddhist altars and Buddhist altar fittings, including Kyo-butsugu (Buddhist altar fittings produced in Kyoto) which are designated as national traditional industrial arts.
Japanese: なお、国の伝統工芸品に指定されている京仏具をはじめとして各地に仏壇、仏具の産地がある。
English: Setsuna is one of the Buddhist concepts of time and is the briefest unit of time in Buddhism.
Japanese: 刹那（せつな、Sktksana）は仏教の時間の概念の1つで、最小単位を表す。
English: There are various theories as to the length of setsuna, however it is said that there are 65 setsuna in the space of one click of the fingers, and also in the "Mahavibhasa-sastra" (a Buddhist document) it states that 24 hours = 30 mukoritta (1 mukoritta is 2880 seconds) = 900 robaku (1 robaku is 96 seconds) = 54,000 tasetsuna (1 tasetsuna is 1.6 seconds) = 6,480,000 setsuna and the length of one setsuna is 1/75th of a second.
Japanese: 刹那の長さについては諸説あるが、指をひとはじきする（弾指）間に65刹那あると言われているほか、『大毘婆沙論』では、24時間30牟呼栗多900臘縛54,000怛刹那6,480,000刹那とし、1刹那の長さを1/75秒に比定している。
English: However, Nagarjuna (an Indian philosopher), originator of Yuishiki doctrine, rejects the concept of determining a specific length of time for setsuna.
Japanese: しかし、唯識の開祖である龍樹は、刹那に具体的な時間的長さを設定する思想を否定している。
English: According to the Sarvastivadin school which is a sect of Theravada Buddhism, human consciousness is the mind repeatedly emerging and ceasing in the period of one setsuna.
Japanese: 上座部仏教の一宗派である説一切有部では、人間の意識は一刹那の間に生成消滅（刹那消滅）を繰り返す心の相続運動であるとする。
English: In response to this, Dogen, a priest in the Soto sect, preached in "Shobogenzo" and 'Hotsubodaishin' (Awakening the Mind of Enlightenment) works that the meaning of seeking enlightenment practicing meditation puts such impermanence first, and because it is always changing, the bad is extinguished and good is born.
Japanese: それについて曹洞宗の道元は、『正法眼蔵』の「発菩提心」巻で、悟りを求める意志も、悟りを開こうとするのもその無常性を前にするからであり、常に変化するからこそ、悪が消滅し、善が生まれるのであると説く。
English: The value of Setsuna differs across the ages and regions, however nowadays it is 10-18(0.000000000000000001), or one-tenth of a dantsu or ten times a rittoku.
Japanese: 刹那がいくつを示すかは時代や地域により異なるが、現在では10-18(100京分の1)で、弾指の10分の1、六徳の10倍に当たる。
English: In Japanese, the word 'setsunai' which means painful or distressing has no relationship to Setsuna, and is derived from the Chinese character for setsu which means to feel strongly, as can be seen in the way it is written with different characters than Setsuna..
Japanese: 日本語で「つらくやるせない」という意味の「せつない」という言葉は刹那とは無関係であり、「切ない」とも表記するように「強く思うこと」を表す漢語の「切」（せつ）に由来している。
English: Jiin Sho-Hatto is a general term for a set of regulations that applied to the Buddhist religious community in the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo period.
Japanese: 寺院諸法度（じいんしょはっと）は、江戸時代、徳川幕府が仏教教団に対して定めた諸法度の総称である。
English: However, as there is no fixed proper name, several names such as 'Shoshu Jiin Hatto' (Acts Relating to the Temples of Each Sect) and 'Shoshu Sho-honzan Hatto' (Acts Relating to the Head Temple of Each Sect) have also been used formally.
Japanese: ただ、定まった呼称はなく、文献によっては「諸宗寺院法度（しょしゅうじいんはっと）」・「諸宗諸本山法度（しょしゅうしょほんざんはっと）」などの呼称が用いられる事もある。
English: While the Edo bakufu (the Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) adopted a policy to respect Confucianism, particularly Neo-Confucianism, it promulgated the Jiin Sho-Hatto for Buddhist priests belonging to each sect with the aim of controlling those priests, as well as approving the ownership of temple estates and promoting the maintenance of Buddhist temples.
Japanese: 儒教、とりわけ朱子学を重んじる政策をとった江戸幕府も、その一方で、寺領を安堵し、伽藍の整備をも推進していたが、それと同時に僧侶の統制をはかる目的から、各宗の僧に対して設けられたのが、寺院諸法度である。