nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The offense and defense in the Omi Province came near the end in December; the revel activity gained momentum in Nara and Genji in the Owari and Mino Provinces kept up the rebellion until next year.
Japanese: 12月には近江の攻防が終息に向かうが、奈良勢力の活動が活発化し尾張美濃の源氏は翌年まで反乱活動を続けることになる。
English: Ryogoku (daimyos' own territory) kahei (coins) are gold and silver coins which daimyos (Japanese feudal lords) at various places ordered to mint for circulation in their territories from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period, and are also called Ryogoku Kingin (gold and silver).
Japanese: 領国貨幣（りょうごくかへい）とは、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期に掛けて、各地大名が領内通用として鋳造を命じた金貨および銀貨であり、領国金銀（りょうごくきんぎん）とも呼ばれる。
English: Ryogoku kahei may also be called chiho (regions) kahei, but the former is distinguished from the latter, because the word 'chiho kahei' was used to mean the coins for circulation inside the territories, which were frequently issued by various domains, mainly toward the end of Edo Period.
Japanese: 地方貨幣というべきものでもあるが、地方貨幣は諸藩により主に幕末に盛んに発行された領内通用貨幣の意味として用いられているため区別する。
English: Ryogoku kahei referred to chiho hallmark silver used mainly for commercial transactions, and in many cases included gold and silver coins, which were awarded to those who had rendered distinguished services in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 領国貨幣は主に商取引に用いられた地方極印銀などをいい、また戦国時代に手柄を立てた者に対する恩賞として用いられた金銀貨も含める場合が多い。
English: Since the middle of the 16th century, namely the Sengoku period, demand for gold and silver increased for financing the war effort and for giving awards, and therefore gold and silver mines were actively developed to increase the production of gold and silver, especially the latter, the production of which was world's biggest and is estimated to have reached one third of the entire world's production.
Japanese: 16世紀中頃すなわち戦国時代より戦費調達および賞賜のための金銀需要が拡大し、日本各地において金鉱山および銀山の開発が活発となり増産が行われ、特に銀は世界一、二位を競うほどの産出高を誇るようになり、全世界の約三分の一を産出したと推定されている。
English: The sakin (gold dust) which had been produced in Mutsu Province from time immemorial was used for transactions on the basis of quality and quantity; and in the course of time, nerikin (agglutinate gold) made of dissolved sakin with a hallmark put on or takenagashikin (gold agglomeration made by putting dissolved sakin into a bamboo cylinder) began to be used, and furthermore bankin (gold coins) such as hirumokin (gold plate like a leaf of hirumo [a plant which grows on the sea sand]) which were made by beating gold blocks into the form of plates began to be made, and at first they were circulated as Hyodo kahei (currency valued by weight).
Japanese: 陸奥国では古くから砂金が産出し、質量に応じて取引に使用されていたが、やがてこれを鎔融して極印を打った練金（ねりきん）あるいは竹流金（たけながしきん）としたものが用いられるようになり、さらに内部まで金でできていることを証明するため、板状に打ち延ばした蛭藻金（ひるもきん）などの判金が製作されるようになり、当初これらは秤量貨幣として通用した。
English: Also, gokuin-gin (hallmarked cupelled silver) made by putting hallmarks to haifuki-gin (cupelled silver) produced at many silver mines which were dotted from western Japan to Hokuriku and Tohoku regions, and kirigin which were used by cutting gokuin-gin into smaller (rectangular) pieces (each with a hallmark) began to be used as silver-by-weight standard for transaction.
Japanese: また、西日本から北陸、東北各地には銀山が多く点在し、ここから産出される灰吹銀に極印を打った極印銀（ごくいんぎん）および小額取引のためにそれを切遣いした切銀（きりぎん）が秤量銀貨として取引に用いられるようになった。
English: These gokuin-gins are described in such literature as "Shokoku (various districts) Haifuki-gin Yose (collection)", and many of them are rarely found, but some of them are exhibited in the Mint Musium.
Japanese: これらの極印銀は『諸国灰吹銀寄』などの文献に記載されており稀少なものが多いが、その内いくつかは造幣博物館に展示されている。
English: Ko-chogin (silver bars which had been produced before 1601) were made by beating haifuki-gin, but they were brittle and easily cracked because of containing impure substance, and could not be made thin like gold and so chogin were in the shape of yuzuriha (Daphniphyllum macropodum) or in the pig style.
Japanese: 灰吹銀についても打ち延ばされ古丁銀が製作されたが、銀の場合は不純物などの関係から脆くひび割れ易いため金のように薄くは延ばせず、丁銀は譲葉状あるいはなまこ型のものとなった。
English: As mentioned above, gold and silver coins were minted by vendors such as kinya (gold shops) and ginya (silver shops) from the materials produced at gold mines and silver mines in daimyos' own territories, however, they were used as payments for importing weapons such as hinawaju (matchlock guns), raw silk thread, Asian ginseng, and so on, and a large amount of them flowed to foreign countries.
Japanese: この様に領国内にある金山および銀山から産出される材料を元に、金屋（きんや）および銀屋（ぎんや）といった業者により金貨および銀貨が鋳造されたが、これらは火縄銃などの兵器および、生糸、高麗人参などの輸入代金の支払いに当てられ、多量に海外へ流出した。
English: It is said that Motonari MORI, who had the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in his territory, issued Sekishu chogin, etc., that Koshu Kin (gold coins) were minted by Shingen TAKEDA, who had many gold mines such as the Kurokawa Gold Mine, etc., and were succeeded by the koban (former Japanese oval gold coin) currency system (ryo, bu, shu) of the Tokugawa shogunate, and that Kenshin UESUGI issued Tensho Etsuza Kin; however in each case very few actual examples of them currently exist.
Japanese: 石見銀山を領内に抱える毛利元就は石州丁銀などを発行し、黒川金山など多くの金山を抱える武田信玄による甲州金は、徳川幕府の小判の通貨体系（両、分、朱）に引き継がれ、上杉謙信も天正越座金を発行したとされるが、いずれも現存数は稀少である。
English: Also, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued so-called Taiko (retired imperial regent) Kinginsen (gold and silver coins), such as Tensho-Oban (gold coins issued in 1588) and Tensho-Tsuho (coins issued in 1587); however, in many cases, Oban, Chogi, etc., which were intended for the unification of the whole country, are not included in ryogoku kahei.
Japanese: また、豊臣秀吉は天正大判および天正通宝などいわゆる太閤金銀銭を発行したが、全国統一を前提とした大判、丁銀などは領国貨幣に含めないことが多い。
English: Once these coins entered the market, many of them were taken to money changers, such as gold shops or silver shops, and converted to senka (base metal coins) for use, as the precious metals were worth more than their money value.
Japanese: この様な貨幣は市場に出ると当時としては余にも高額なものであったため、金屋および銀屋などの両替商に持ち込まれ、銭貨に替えて使用されることが多かった。
English: At the end of 17th century when lower-quality Genroku Koban (oval gold coins) and Genroku chogin (oval silver coins) were issued, the calling-back of ryogoku kahei by kin-zas (organizations in charge of casting and appraising of gold during the Edo period) and gin-zas (organizations in charge of casting and appraising of silver during the Edo period) made progress and the unification of currency was achieved at long last.
Japanese: 17世紀末の品位を低下させた元禄小判元禄丁銀を発行するに至り、ようやく金座および銀座(歴史)による領国貨幣の回収が進行し通貨統一が達成された。
English: On the other hand, in Kai Province, which was a tenryo (a shogunal demesne), the Matsumoto family, the Koshu kin-za, was allowed to continue the issue of Koshu kin, lasting till the Gembun era (1736-1740).
Japanese: 一方、天領であった甲斐国では甲州金座の松木家に甲州金の発行が引き続き認められ、これは元文年間頃まで続いた。
English: "Sankazue" (Picture Collection of Three Coins: History of Coinage in Japan), authored by Morishige KONDO and Naokata KUSAMA, includes many gold and silver coins issued from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, among which there were even those created later on and not a few of which were made using the old diagrams and are now treated as ganshohin (ornamental items), but many of them lack accurate records, and it is unknown whether some of them were originally circulated coins or ganshohin.
Japanese: 近藤守重のおよび草間直方の『三貨図彙』には戦国時代から江戸時代に掛けての多くの金貨および銀貨が収録されているが、その中でも領国貨幣には後世の創作によると思われるものまで含まれ、またそれが後世に図録を元に作成され、今日、玩賞品（がんしょうひん）として扱われているものも少なくないが、確固たる記録に欠けるものが多く、本来の通貨であるか玩賞品であるか判明していないものも存在する。
English: Koshu Kin (Koshu gold): Kokokin, Muse, Haichu, Seshimoyasu, Sechuyasu, Haishige, Haisada; valued at 1 ryo, 2 bu, 1 bu, 2 shu, 1 shu, shuchu, etc.
Japanese: 甲州金（こうしゅうきん）：古甲金、無背、背忠、背下安、背中安、背重、背定、額面は一両、二分、一分、二朱、一朱、朱中などがある。
English: They were minted by kin-zas of Matsunoki, Nonaka, Shimura, and Yamashita, and during the Edo period only Matsunoki family was allowed to mint gold coinds.
Japanese: 松木、野中、志村、山下の金座により鋳造され、江戸時代は松木家のみ許される。
English: Kaga Koban: hallmarked with '壹两' on the upper part of the front side and '才二 (written seal mark)', '用介 (written seal mark)', etc. on the lower part, and in addition a round-framed plum blossom, which was the family crest of the Maeda family, is placed at one to three positions.
Japanese: 加賀小判（かがこばん）：表面上部に「壹两」、下部に「才二（花押）」、「用介（花押）」など、さらに一箇所ないし三箇所の丸枠の前田家の家紋である家紋の一覧梅（うめ）の極印が打たれる。
English: Keicho-koban Suruga Sumigaki Koban/Suruga Bokusho Koban: '駿河京目壹两 (written seal mark)' (Suruga Kyome [old Japanese unit of measure used around Kyoto] One Ryo) is written in Indian ink and it is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA or Kazuuji NAKAMURA, who was a vassal of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, had it minted.
Japanese: 慶長小判駿河墨書小判（するがすみがきこばん/するがぼくしょこばん）：「駿河京目壹两（花押）」と墨書され、徳川家康によるもの、あるいは豊臣秀吉の家臣である中村一氏が鋳造させたものとの説もある。
English: Keicho-Koban Musashi Sumigaki Koban/Musashi Bokusho Koban: '武蔵壹两光次 (written seal mark)' (Musashi One Ryo Koji) is written in Indian ink and it is said that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA ordered Shosaburo Koji GOTO to mint it.
Japanese: 慶長小判武蔵墨書小判（むさしすみがきこばん/むさしぼくしょこばん）：「武蔵壹两光次（花押）」と墨書され、徳川家康が文禄4年（1595年）に後藤庄三郎光次に鋳造を命じたとされる。
English: Tsugaru Hirosaki Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '弘前' (Hirosaki) in a Mokko-mon frame and of 99.4 percent purity.
Japanese: 津軽弘前銀（つがるひろさきぎん）：灰吹銀に木瓜紋枠の「弘前」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位99.4%。
English: Tsugaru Obbu Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '寳' (takara, treasure) and of 98 percent purity.
Japanese: 津軽尾太銀（つがるおっぷぎん）：灰吹銀に「寳」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位98%。
English: Dewa Kubota Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '窪田' (Kubota) and of 93 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽窪田銀（でわくぼたぎん）：灰吹銀に「窪田」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位93%。
English: Dewa Innai Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '院内' (Innai) and of 90 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽院内銀（でわいんないぎん）：灰吹銀に「院内」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位90%。
English: Dewa Noshiro Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '能代' (Noshiro) and of 90 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽能代銀（でわのしろぎん）：灰吹銀に「能代」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位90%。
English: Dewa Yuzawa Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '湯澤' (Yuzawa) in a Mokko-mon frame and of 99 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽湯澤銀（でわゆざわぎん）：灰吹銀に木瓜枠の「湯澤」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位99%。
English: Dewa Kakunodate Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '角舘' (Kakunodate) and of 99 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽角舘銀（でわかくのだてぎん）：灰吹銀に「角舘」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位99%。
English: Dewa Yokote Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '横手' (Yokote) and of 95 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽横手銀（でわよこてぎん）：灰吹銀に「横手」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位95%。
English: Dewa Akita Shinden Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with arrows and feathers and '極' (Goku) and over of 90 percent purity.
Japanese: 出羽秋田新田銀（でわあきたしんでんぎん）：灰吹銀に矢羽と「極」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位90%以上。
English: Dewa Yonezawa Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with Chinese characters placed in Kikko-waku (hexagonally-shaped frame), but the characters are unknown.
Japanese: 出羽米澤銀（でわよねざわぎん）：灰吹銀に亀甲枠極印が打たれたものであるが文字は不明である。
English: Sado Toku Tsu In-gin: a board-like piece of silver hallmarked with '徳' (Toku, virtue) and '通' (Tsu, pass), minted with much lead added, lowering quality after Hoei era (1704-1710).
Japanese: 佐渡徳通印銀（さどとくつういんぎん）：板状の銀塊に「徳」「通」の極印が打たれ、宝永以降は鉛を多く加え品位を下げて鋳造された。
English: Echigo Kanji Gin: a board-like piece of cupelled silver hallmarked with '寛' (Kan, grace) and of 92 percent purity.
Japanese: 越後寛字銀（えちごかんじぎん）：板状の灰吹銀に「寛」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位92%。
English: Echigo Eiji Gin: a board-like piece of cupelled silver hallmarked with '榮' (Ei, prosper) and of 80 to 83 percent purity.
Japanese: 越後榮字銀（えちごえいじぎん）：板状の灰吹銀に「榮」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位80～83%。
English: Echigo Shikami Gin: cupelled silver with deeply carved shikami, which means wrinkles and of 78 percent purity.
Japanese: 越後シカミ銀（えちごしかみぎん）：「シカミ」とは皺（しわ）のことであり、深い皺が刻まれた灰吹銀で銀品位78%。
English: Echigo Hoji Gin: Shikami Gin hallmarked with '宝' (Takara, treasure) and of 78 percent purity.
Japanese: 越後宝字銀（えちごほうじぎん）：シカミ銀に「宝」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位78%。
English: Echigo Takada Daitokuji Gin: a board-like piece of cupelled silver hallmarked with '徳' (Toku, virtue).
Japanese: 越後高田大徳字銀（えちごたかだだいとくじぎん）：板状の灰吹銀に「徳」の極印が打たれたもの。
English: Kaga Hanafuri Gin: rectangular board-like Hanafuri Ichi-mai Gin (160.5 grams), and reed-shaped silver block called Hanafuri Hyaku-me Gin (374.0 grams and 373.5 grams), etc.
Japanese: 加賀花降銀（かがはなふりぎん）：長方形板状の花降一枚銀（160.5グラム）および短冊形銀塊の花降百目銀（374.0および373.5グラム）などがある。
English: Inaba Jinbei Gin: board-like piece of silver hallmarked with '甚兵衛' (Jinbei [informal summer clothes for men]), and 30 to 36 percent purity.
Japanese: 因幡甚兵衛銀（いなばじんべえぎん）：板状の銀塊に「甚兵衛」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位30～36%。
English: Unshu Mokko Bangin/Unshu Bokka Bangin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '宝' (Takara, treasure) in a Mokko-mon frame, and 70 to 78 percent purity.
Japanese: 雲州木瓜判銀（うんしゅうもっこうばんぎん/うんしゅうぼっかばんぎん）：灰吹銀に木瓜枠の「宝」の極印が打たれたもので銀品位70～78%。
English: Yamaguchiyo Gokuin Gin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '山口余' (Yamaguchiyo).
Japanese: 山口余極印銀（やまぐちよごくいんぎん）：灰吹銀に「山口余」の極印が打たれたもの。
English: Kokura Hirata Bangin: cupelled silver coins hallmarked with '平田' (Hirata).
Japanese: 小倉平田判銀（こくらひらたばんぎん）：灰吹銀に「平田」の極印が打たれたもの。
English: Sekishu Chogin (collective term of silver): the Mori clan had this minted using silver produced at the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine, as well as Hagiko Chogin, Yuzuriha Chogin, Goshuno Chogin, etc.
Japanese: 石州丁銀（せきしゅうちょうぎん）：毛利氏が石見銀山の産銀で鋳造させたとされ、萩古丁銀、譲葉丁銀、御取納丁銀などがある。
English: In addition, there are others, including Bunroku Sekishu Chogin, which Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI is said to have ordered minted for financing the war effort in the Bunroku campaign.
Japanese: その他、豊臣秀吉が文禄の役の戦費調達のため鋳造させたとされる文禄石州丁銀などもある。
English: Mido-ryu was the name of a style of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and manners for the descendants of FUJIWARA no Michinaga (Sessho [Regent] and Daijo-daijin [Grand Minister]) of Kujo line of Fujiwara-Hokke (the Northern House of the Fujiwara Clan) and the groups who assumed Michinaga as their ancestors.
Japanese: 御堂流（みどうりゅう）とは、藤原北家九条流藤原道長（摂政・太政大臣）の子孫の一門及び彼を祖とする有職故実及び作法の流派の呼称。
English: The 'Mido' was to derive from his nickname of 'Mido Kanpaku' (emperor's chief advisor) when he established Hojo-ji Temple (however, he never became a Kanpaku).
Japanese: 「御堂」とは、彼が法成寺を創建して「御堂関白」の異名を得ていたことに由来する（ただし、実際に関白には就任していない）。
English: FUJIWARA no Michinaga was the fifth son of FUJIWARA no Kaneie but using his inherited luck and political power, after being in both Nairan (private inspection) and Ichinokami (the ranking Council Member), he assumed leadership as Daijokan (Grand Council of State) for more than 20 years, then became a Sessho and Daijo-daijin; he led to the heyday of Regency as the father of three Empresses and maternal grandfather of two Emperors.
Japanese: 藤原道長は藤原兼家の5男に過ぎなかったが、持ち前の強運と政治力によって内覧と一上の地位を兼ねて20年以上にわたって太政官を統率した後に摂政、次いで太政大臣となり、3代の天皇の后妃の父及び2代の天皇の外祖父として摂関政治の全盛期を築いた。
English: All his descendants to the death of Motozane KONOE occupied the position of Sessho and when Mido-ryu Sekke (line of regents and advisers) was split after Motozane's death, only descendants of Mido-ryu occupied the position.
Japanese: その子孫は近衛基実の薨去まで摂関の地位を独占し、基実の没後に御堂流摂家が分裂した後も御堂流の末裔のみがその地位を占めた。
English: As the main houses derived from Mido-ryu, there exists the Sekke (line of regents and advisers), Matsudono family, Daigo family and their branch families, lines such as the Nakamikado-ryu, Mikohidari-ryu and Kazanin-ryu.
Japanese: 御堂流から分かれた主な家としては摂家及び松殿家・醍醐家の諸家、中御門流・御子左流・花山院流の諸流などが存在する。
English: Mido-ryu also means a style of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) derived from Kujo-ryu.
Japanese: また、御堂流には九条流から派生した有職故実の流派としての意味も存在する。
English: Kujo-ryu was a style that FUJIWARA no Morosuke, the grandfather of Michinaga, started but his children were heavily involved in power struggles and Kujo-ryu was not working as a style of ancient practices.
Japanese: 九条流は道長の祖父である藤原師輔が興した流派であったが、その子供たちは権力抗争を繰り広げており、故実の流派としては振るわなかった。
English: FUJIWARA no Michinaga handed down "Saiguki" (exemplary book on Heian rituals) through one of his wives MINAMOTO no Akiko written by MINAMOTO no Takaakira, the father of Akiko.
Japanese: 藤原道長は妻の1人である源明子を通じて、明子の父・源高明が著した『西宮記』を相伝した。
English: Michinaga created his own school by adding ancient practices of the Daigo-Genji (Minamoto clan) while succeeding Kujo-ryu as an orally transferred secret and it is said that it was succeeded by FUJIWARA no Yorimichi and FUJIWARA no Norimichi, the sons of Michinaga.
Japanese: 道長は九条流を継承しながら醍醐源氏の故実を加えることで、独自の流派を形成して口伝秘事として、道長の子藤原頼通・藤原教通に継承されたとされている。
English: On the other hand, it was written in "Shoyuki" (in the article on February 20, 1013, or the article on September 10 and 11, 1021 and so on of the diary) by FUJIWARA no Sanesuke that Michinaga tried to force his new style (Mido-ryu) on Kugyo (court nobles) of other families such as Ononomiya family, so he had an intention of unifying ancient practices in the court noble society with Mido-ryu.
Japanese: その一方で道長自身は自らが示した新儀（御堂流）の作法を小野宮流など他家の公卿にも強要しようとしていたことが藤原実資の『小右記』（長和2年正月2日条及び治安(日本)元年7月25日・26日条など）に記されており、御堂流の手法で公家社会の故実を統一しようとする意図も有していた。
English: After that, Norimichi became an adopted son-in-law of FUJIWARA no Kinto of the Ononomiya family and handed down Kinto's book of "Hokuzansho" (a representative book of ceremonies for the Heian period).
Japanese: その後、教通が小野宮家の藤原公任の娘婿となって公任が著した『北山抄』を相伝した。
English: By this, he succeeded in combining ancient practices of Ononomiya-ryu and formed the Mido-ryu practices.
Japanese: これによって更に小野宮流の故実を取り込むことに成功して、御堂流故実を形成することになった。
English: In the time of FUJIWARA no Tadazane after the internal conflict over the position of Sekkan in the Insei (cloister government) period, there was a thought raised to value Mido-ryu practices as a symbol of unified of all Mido-ryu family including the Sekke; and the idea of thinking of Mido-ryu as a practice for people who belong to Mido-ryu was well-established.
Japanese: やがて、院政期における摂関の地位を巡る内紛を経た藤原忠実の時代には、御堂流故実を摂家をはじめとする御堂流一門統合の象徴として尊重していく考え方が高まり、御堂流に属する人物のみが用いる故実とする認識が定着することになった。
English: "Yorifune" meant ships drifting or drifted ashore and their loads after having met with some mishaps in the medieval and modern times in Japan.
Japanese: 寄船（よりふね）とは、中世・近世の日本における遭難による漂流船・漂着船及びその搭載物のこと。
English: Since ancient times in Japan, people considered a shipwreck itself as a divine punishment, so that any ship drifting or drifted ashore might be looted and captured by a person or persons who found it or rescued somebody from it.
Japanese: 日本では古代からそもそも船の遭難そのものを神罰として捉え、漂流船・漂着船は発見者・救出者によって略奪・捕獲の対象になると考えられてきた。
English: According to common law, any ship drifting or drifted ashore was regarded as a property owned by a local feudal lord or the local people or as a common property of the region, but its ownership often triggered conflicts among the people.
Japanese: 慣習法では地元領主あるいは住民の所有物もしくは地域の共有物とされてきたが、しばしば権利を巡る争いを引き起こした。
English: In order to evade such conflicts, various decrees were issued, beside that people donated the ship to a shrine or temple intending to avoid conflicts among them and obtain religious benefits at the same time.
Japanese: こうした争いを回避するために各種法令が出された他、寺社などに寄進して紛争防止と宗教的恩恵の両方を得ようとすることも行われた。
English: Already in the Kamakura Period, Munakata Taisha Shrine near Hakata was said to have purveyed its repairing costs for the past several hundred years from donation of Yoribune (ships drifted ashore) and Yorimono (driftage) only, according to Kansenji (an edict from Daijokan (the Grand Council of State)) dated May 15, 1231.
Japanese: 博多に近い宗像大社は鎌倉時代の段階で過去数百年間の修理費用を寄船・寄物の寄進のみで賄ってきたという（寛喜3年4月5日官宣旨）。
English: According to Kaisen Shikimoku (the oldest sea law of Japan), common law of Kaizoku-shu (pirates) drafted on the pretense of statutory law of Kamakura Bakufu Government in the Mromachi Period, confiscation of a wrecked ship was allowed only when no survivor nor owner of the ship was found but otherwise prohibited without consensus of survivors or shipowners, if any.
Japanese: 室町時代に海賊衆の慣習法が鎌倉幕府制定法に仮託されて法としてまとめられたとされる廻船式目によれば、寄船に生存者がいた場合や船主が明らかな場合には無断の押収を禁じ、無主物のみを認めている。
English: This regulation was inherited by bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) of the Sengoku Period (the Period of Warring States in Japan), such as Imagawa Kana Mokuroku (Kana List of Articles of the Imagawa).
Japanese: これは、今川仮名目録などの戦国時代(日本)の分国法にも継承されている。
English: However, in fact, there were some people who intentionally sank others' ships and looted the loaded goods as driftage of yorifune.
Japanese: だが、実際には故意に他人の船を沈めて積荷を寄船の搭載物であるとして奪う者もいた。
English: Toyotomi and Tokugawa governments tightened control of unlawful acts, but at the same time they tried to solve problems by instituting such laws as to assure Buichi and other particular rights of a finder or rescuer of drifting/drifted ships.
Japanese: だが、豊臣政権・徳川政権によって不法行為の取締が強化される一方、分一などの発見者・救出者への法定による一定の権利保障が定められて問題の解決が図られるようになった。
English: Keicho Oban is a large-sized old Japanese gold coin issued in the early Edo period, from 1601 more specifically, and this can be classified into several varieties according to writings in ink, karat (gold measurement), timing of issuance, and so on.
Japanese: 慶長大判（けいちょうおおばん）とは江戸時代の初期すなわち慶長6年（1601年）より発行された大判であり、墨書、金品位および発行時期などにより数種類に細分類される。
English: It is said that Keicho Oban was issued at the same time that the currency system of the Keicho era was established; however, its details are unknown and it is not yet laid out as a reliable fact.
Japanese: この発行年については慶長の幣制の成立と同時期とされるが詳細については不明であり、定かでない。
English: Keicho Oban, Keicho Koban (small-sized coin), Keicho Ichibuban, Keicho Cho-gin, and Keicho Mameita-gin are generically called Keicho Kingin (gold and silver of the Keicho era) and they are positioned as symbolic currencies of the unification of the whole country achieved by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 慶長大判、慶長小判および慶長小判慶長一分判、慶長丁銀および慶長丁銀慶長豆板銀を総称して慶長金銀（けいちょうきんぎん）と呼び、徳川家康による天下統一を象徴する貨幣として位置付けられる。
English: The surface of Keicho Oban had a writing in ink of 'Ju-ryo Goto' (a kao [written seal mark]), and this seal mark was written by Tokujo GOTO, who was the fifth generation of the Goro family, Tokujo's real younger brother Chojo, Kenjo, who was the seventh generation of the Goto family, and Teijo, the ninth generation of the family.
Japanese: 表面は「拾両後藤（花押）」と墨書され、後藤五代徳乗、その実弟長乗、七代顕乗、九代程乗の書である。
English: The kao written by Chojo in his early days is reminiscent of a bamboo leaf, and Keicho Oban with his seal mark are called Sasagaki (which literally means "bamboo leaf writing") Oban.
Japanese: 初期の長乗によるものは花押が笹の葉を髣髴させ笹書大判（ささがきおおばん）と呼ばれる。
English: Four circled hallmarks of paulownia patterns are carved on the left, right, top and bottom of a Keicho Oban coin and a circled hallmark of paulownia patterns, a pattern of paulownia in a hexagon, and a kao are carved on its back, and the shape of a coin is angular ellipse.
Japanese: 表面は上下左右に丸枠桐紋極印がそれぞれ一箇所、計四箇所打たれ、裏面中央に丸枠桐紋、亀甲桐紋、花押の極印が打たれ、形状は角ばった楕円形である。
English: According to some record, the total amount of Keicho Oban minted is 16,565; however, as 15,080 Meirekiban (Keicho Ogan minted during the Meireki era) were minted, it is not clear what range does this record cover.
Japanese: 慶長大判の総鋳造量は16,565枚という記録もあるが明暦判でも15,080枚であることから、この記録がどこまでの範囲を示すものかは不明である。
English: Oban was not a currency minted to be used for regular circulation, and it was for rewards and gifts.
Japanese: 大判は一般流通を前提とした通貨ではなく、恩賞および贈答用のものであった。
English: In case such a coin drifted to the currency market, its value was determined at an exchange shop according to the amount of contained gold and demand for the coin, and as for Keicho Koban and Ichibuban, their value was approximately 7 ryo 2 bu according to their gold content but in the early Keicho era, the market price of Keicho Koban and Ichibuban was 8 ryo 2 bu as a coin used for rewards and gifts.
Japanese: 、市場に流れた場合は両替商において含有金量および需要に基づいて価格が決められ、慶長小判、一分判に対し含有金量に基づけば大凡、七両二分であるが初期の慶長年間は道具値段として八両二分が相場であった。
English: In addition, when a coin's seal mark written in ink faded away, people brought it to an obanza (place to mint Oban) and the writing in Indian ink could be rewritten with the fee of three monme and five bu of silver, or one bu of gold after 1819.
Japanese: また墨書が消えた場合、大判座へ持ち込み、銀三匁五分、文政2年（1819年）以降は金一分の手数料で書改めを受けた。
English: Koban and Bukin were made of mixed metal of pure gold and pure silver, and the amount of contained copper was at impurity level; whereas, about 3% of copper were intentionally added to Oban in order to have the color of gold to make it more aesthetic.
Japanese: 小判および分金が生粋金（純金）および花降銀（純銀）の合金で銅は不純物程度でしか含まれないのに対し、大判では3%程度の銅が意図的に加えられ、黄金色を演出させ審美性を持たせているとされる。