nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It would be academically irresponsible to make a decision about Himiko based on a one-to-one correspondence between documents such as the Record of Japan in the History of Wei, the Kiki and old genealogies alone.
Japanese: 『魏志倭人伝』のような実録が元となっている書物と、『記紀』や古系図のような後世の編纂物を、1対1で結び付けることは学問的に正しい方法といえないという立場である。
English: In Japanese history, tumuluses constructed between the third and seventh centuries are particularly referred to as 'kofun' and other tumuluses constructed in other periods are referred to as funkyubo (grave mound or tumulus).
Japanese: 日本史では、3世紀後半から7世紀前半に築造されたものを特に「古墳」と呼び、それ以外の時代につくられた墳丘を持つ墓は墳丘墓と呼んで区別している。
English: According to Toyotane MATSUMOTO, gozoku (local ruling family) who constructed irrigation ponds and actively managed rice paddies, constructed their graves at places from where people can see the territory they developed.
Japanese: 松本豊胤によるとため池造成や水田経営を積極的に進めた豪族たちがその墓所である古墳を開発した地域を望む場所に造営していったとしている。
English: Kofun is chronologically and particularly classified according to the size, decoration, surface shape, as well as the construction and shape of the main part, which is the most important part of entombment.
Japanese: 古墳は規模や化粧方法の違いとともにその平面形状によってと、さらに埋葬の中心施設である主体部の構造や形態によって細かく分類編年されている。
English: For construction of most tumulus, sandy soil and cohesive soil were alternately tamped down using method called the hanchiku method (a method of making the core of a podium), which was used to make the banking part harder, and according to surveys which were conducted during the repair of buildings of the Asuka and Nara periods, the method was generally used to develop a solid base of large buildings in ancient times.
Japanese: 墳丘の築造にあたっては、盛り土部分を堅固にするため砂質土や粘性土を交互につき固める版築工法で築成されるものも多いこと、こうした工法は飛鳥時代や奈良時代に大規模な建物の基礎を固める工法として広く使用されていることが、修繕時の調査などで判明している。
English: Considering size, shape and other aspects of a kofun, it is clear that a kofun is not a replacement for graves of the Yayoi period, rather an institution of tombing which has greatly changed.
Japanese: 古墳は、規模・形状、およびその他の要素において、弥生時代の墓制にとって変わったものでなく、非常な変化した墓制としてあらわれた。
English: A kofun was burial method for a few specific people and differ greatly from graves of other constituent member-groups at that time.
Japanese: それは、特定のわずかな人たちの埋葬法であり、同時代の集団構成員の墓と著しく隔絶したものである。
English: More specifically, the origins of kofun show that they were not just a change in institution of tombing or funereal conception but also an issue related to society and politics in general.
Japanese: すなわち、古墳の発生は、墓制の単なる変化や葬送観念の変化にととどまらず、社会・政治の全般に関わる問題としてあらわれたのである。
English: Yukio KOBAYASHI considered the issue as one of political history concerning the period of the development of the ancient state of Japan.
Japanese: その中で、この問題を日本古代国家の形成途上における政治史の課題として位置づけたのは小林行雄であった。
English: Shuichi GOTO, Dairoku HARADA and Koichi MORI raised questions regarding the two theories, Tadashi SAITO posed questions regarding Densei-kyo mirror ron and the explanation of the fact that Dohan-kyo mirrors were owned by more than one owner, Akira NAITO criticized the theories systematically and theoretically, Sadao NISHIJIMA insisted that the establishment of a political relationship between the YAMATO Administration and heads of local governments cannot be explained only in accordance of mirrors.
Japanese: この両論に疑問を表明したのは後藤守一、原田大六、森浩一、伝世鏡論に疑問や同笵鏡の分有関係の解釈について斎藤忠、系統的・理論的に批判した内藤晃、鏡の賜与だけをもって大和政権と地方首長との政治関係の成立を考察するのは困難とする西嶋定生などがいた。
English: This is followed by Chiba Prefecture with 13,112, Tottori Prefecture with 13,094, Fukuoka Prefecture with 11,311, Kyoto Prefecture with 11,310 tumulses, and nationwide, there are a total of 161,560 kofun (according to a survey carried out by the Agency for Cultural Affairs at the end of March in 2001).
Japanese: 以下、千葉県13,112基、鳥取県13,094基、福岡県11,311基、京都府11,310基とつづき、全国合計では161,560基となる（平成13年3月末文化庁調べ）。
English: Beginning with the round barrow shape and square tumulus which are the basic shapes, there are many kinds of kofun such as hakkaku-fun (octagonal tumulus) (Noguchino Ono-haka) and candy-wrap (keyhole shape with one more handle) shape mound (Kushiyama Kofun and Tatetsuki Kofun).
Japanese: 日本の古墳には、基本的な形の円墳・方墳をはじめ、八角墳（野口王墓）・双方中円墳（櫛山古墳・楯築古墳）などの種類がある。
English: In addition, there are the zenpo-koen (keyhole-shaped tomb) mound, zenpo-koho (square front, square back) mound, soen (double round) shape mound and soho (double square) shape mound, which all have two tumuli.
Japanese: また、前方後円墳・前方後方墳・双円墳・双方墳などの山が二つある古墳もある。
English: Because such a long time has passed since their construction, most kofun have trees growing on them, but the true state of a kofun at the time of completion was without trees.
Japanese: 多くの古墳は築かれてから長い時間が経過したため、上に木が生えている事が多いが、建造当時の木のない状態が多くの古墳の本来の姿である。
English: The pit type consisted of a hole which was made from the surface of a tumulus called a Boko (a tunnel to put a coffin in), where a coffin was placed at the bottom, and filled with sand again.
Japanese: 竪穴系のものは、築造された墳丘の上から穴を掘り込み（墓坑　ぼこう）、その底に棺を据え付けて埋め戻したものである。
English: Because of the structure, an added burial was impossible, and there was no space where people were able to move around.
Japanese: 基本的にその構造から追葬はできず、埋葬施設内に人が活動するような空間はない。
English: Regarding the pit-type sekkaku, after placing a wooden coffin at the bottom, stones (building stone) are built up as walls and then ceiling stone is placed as a cover.
Japanese: このうち、竪穴式石槨は、墓坑の底に棺を設置したあと、周囲に石材を積み上げて壁とし、その上から天井石を載せたものである。
English: For nendokaku, a wooden coffin placed at the bottom was wrapped in layers of clay which is considered a brief version of a pit-type sekkaku.
Japanese: 粘土槨は、墓坑底の木棺を粘土で何重にもくるんだもので、竪穴式石槨の簡略版とされる。
English: Hakoshiki-sekkan consisted of making an enclosure with stones around the dead body like a box, and is the burial method from the Jomon period.
Japanese: 箱式石棺は、板状の石材で遺骸のまわりを箱状に囲いこむもので縄文時代以来の埋葬法である。
English: The wooden coffin method was to simply place a wooden coffin and make no space in the tunnel; this is a burial method from the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 木棺直葬は、墓坑内に顕著な施設をつくらずに木棺を置いただけのもので、弥生時代以来の埋葬法である。
English: As for the types which have horizontal tunnels, mortuary spaces are built on the ground or on a surface during construction of a tumulus and the tumulus is then built on it.
Japanese: 横穴式系のものは、地上面もしくは墳丘築造途上の面に構築され、その上に墳丘が作られる。
English: Yokoana-shiki sekishitsu consists of a tunnel part as a passage (called sendo) and a room part for entombment (called genshitsu).
Japanese: 横穴式石室は、通路である羨道（せんどう）部と埋葬用の空間である玄室（げんしつ）部を持つ。
English: When looking at the rock chamber from above, if the passage is located at the center of the burial chamber, it is called Ryosode-shiki and if the passage is located toward right side or left side, it is called Katasode-shiki.
Japanese: 石室を上から見たとき、羨道が玄室の中央につけられているものを両袖式、羨道が玄室の左右のどちらかに寄せて付けられているものを片袖式と呼ぶ。
English: After an entombment, the passage is blocked by Heisokuishi (piled stones) or Tobiraishi (door stone), but added burial is possible when the block is removed.
Japanese: 玄室への埋葬終了後に羨道は閉塞石（積み石）や扉石でふさがれるが、それを空ければ追葬が可能であった。
English: Yokoguchi-shiki sekkaku was originally a stone coffin which was placed in a rock chamber and the stone coffin itself became a mortuary space; many of this type can been seen at the end of the Kofun period.
Japanese: 横口式石槨は、本来石室内に置かれていた石棺が単体で埋葬施設となったもので、古墳時代終末期に多く見られる。
English: A hollowed out wooden coffin is called a "Sakitake-shiki mokkan" (split bamboo type wooden coffin) and made of a big tree which is divided into two pieces; the inside of both pieces is then hollowed out and became a cover and body of the coffin.
Japanese: 木棺のうち刳りぬき式のものは、巨木を縦に二つに割って、それぞれ内部を刳りぬき、蓋と身とが作られたものと考えられ、「割竹式木棺」と呼び習わされている。
English: However, the term "Sakitake-shiki" might be inappropriate because a big tree cannot be easily spilt like bamboo.
Japanese: しかし、巨木を二つに割るというが、竹を二つに割るように簡単にはいかないので用語として適切かどうかを指摘する向きもある。
English: A wooden coffin type called "combinational type" consists of four rectangle-shaped panels, a cover, bottom part, side plates for the right and left sides, and two small square-shaped panels, which are sometimes used as partitions.
Japanese: つぎに「組合式」といわれる木棺は、蓋、底、左右の側板、計四枚の長方形の板と、前後の方形の小口板、時には別に仕切り板が付くこともあるが、二枚とを組み合わせて作った。
English: In China, there are two opposing thoughts about funerals, simple funerals and extravagant funerals.
Japanese: 中国には、埋葬に関して薄葬と厚葬という二つの対立する考え方があった。
English: To distinguish simple funerals from extravagant funerals, people have to check if there is a tumulus or not.
Japanese: 墳丘を造っているかどうかで、薄葬（はくそう）か厚葬（こうそう）かの違いを区別することができる。
English: In 646, a long Imperial edict was issued which is divided into four parts based on the contents, and the part stated at the top is "The Laws of Funerals".
Japanese: 646年（大化2年）に出された詔は、長文であり、内容から4部に分けられるが、その第一に述べられているのが、この「薄葬の詔」である。
English: There is a theory that the background of the edict is related to Kochi Komin sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizens).
Japanese: この法令が出された背景には、「公地公民制」と関わりがあるのではないかという説がある。
English: Between the middle of the third century and the late seventh century, a lot of major kofun were constructed in Japan, and at this time in Korea, a lot of kofun which have tumuli were constructed.
Japanese: 日本列島で大規模な古墳が築造された3世紀半ば過ぎから7世紀後半にかけての時期には、朝鮮半島でも墳丘をもつ古墳が盛んに造営された。
English: In the Medieval period, some kofun were used as castles and some parts of a kofun were changed (e.g. Kurozuka Kofun).
Japanese: 中世では城郭として活用された古墳もあって、一部改変された古墳（黒塚古墳）などがもある。
English: This is a square tumulus made of piled stones with a length of 63 meters on each side, and around the tumulus, there is a dorui (earthen walls for fortification) with a length of 320 meters on each side.
Japanese: 方形の積石塚で一辺63メートル、周りには一辺320メートルの土塁が巡らされている。
English: In Japan a lot of kofun including the Emperor Nintoku Mausoleum which are considered as graveyards of the Imperial Family are under control of the Imperial Household Agency; thus, excavation and research are not easily permitted, and this is one of the reasons for delayed archaeological study.
Japanese: 日本では仁徳天皇陵など皇室の墓所と比定されている多くの古墳は現在宮内庁の管理下にあり発掘調査許可がなかなか下りない事が考古学研究が遅れる要因の一つとなっている。
English: In addition, names such as "Emperor's Tomb" were determined in the Meiji period based on literature study by Confucian scholars and scholars of Japanese classical literature in the Edo period.
Japanese: なお「○○天皇陵」といった呼称は、江戸時代の儒学者、国学者などの手による文献研究を踏襲し、明治時代に宮内省が比定しただけである。
English: In accordance with remarkable progress in archaeological study, detailed chronological studies have progressed, and so there are some contradictions between estimations by archaeologist and results of studies.
Japanese: その後のめざましい考古学研究の進展により緻密な編年作業が進展し、考古学者の比定と齟齬が生じているものも見られる。
English: Names of the Emperor's tombs are expediencies and not substantiated academically.
Japanese: 天皇陵の呼称はあくまで便宜的な名称であり、現在学問的に実証されたものではない。
English: The Imperial Household Agency used to restrict academic investigations of Imperial mausoleums, but laws of Imperial mausoleum control were altered after January 2007, and limited investigations are presently allowed.
Japanese: 宮内庁は、陵墓の学術調査を規制していたが、2007年1月より陵墓管理の内規を改め、限定的な調査を認めている。
English: Mass media in English-speaking countries say that the Imperial Household Agency refuses investigations of kofun designated as Imperial mausoleums because the Imperial Family are trying to hide evidence showing that they are originally from the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 調査が規制されていることに関して、英語圏のメディアにおいては、宮内庁が陵墓指定古墳の調査を認めない理由は天皇家が朝鮮半島出身である証拠を公けにしたくないからであるとする説がある。
English: Regarding environmental condition, cases of substances being brought by outsiders resulting in exposure are increasing, and the case of the deteriorated wall painting of Takamatsuzuka Kofun is a known example.
Japanese: 環境の影響という面でも高松塚古墳壁画劣化の例に顕著なように、外部者が持ち込んだ物が汚染を招くという事態が多くなっている。
English: Such examples and issues are closely related to regional promotion, and since there is no end to this kind of problem, minimizing environmental stress for kofun and landscape protection are future issues.
Japanese: 観光化に伴うこうした例は地域振興と密着しているため根絶を求めるのは難しく、古墳や景観の保護のためできるだけ環境負荷を最小限に留めるのが今後の課題となっている。
English: Kofun which were destroyed during the Kofun period are being discovered through excavations, and they are considered as a result of political intention.
Japanese: 古墳時代にすでに古墳が破壊されていたことが発掘などにより明らかになっているが、これらは政治的意図と思われる。
English: However, kofun were destroyed for land use after the Kofun period.
Japanese: しかし年月が経過すると、土地使用に供するために古墳を破壊するようになった。
English: A part of Ichiniwa Kofun (burial mound of Emperor Heizei) was destroyed during the construction of Heijo-kyu Palace in ancient times.
Japanese: 古くは、平城宮建設のために市庭古墳（平城天皇陵）の一部などが破壊された。
English: Throughout history, kofun were continuously destroyed for agricultural land; in the Middle Ages, kofun were destroyed to build fortresses, and in modern times, kofun are destroyed for residential land (especially after World War II).
Japanese: 農地のための破壊は歴史を通じて見られ、中世には城砦のために、近代（特に戦後）には宅地のために破壊されてきた。
English: The biggest kofun destroyed after World War II was Mozuotsukayama Kofun which was destroyed in 1949, that had the entire length of 168 meters.
Japanese: 戦後に破壊された最大の古墳は、1949年に破壊された全長168mの百舌鳥大塚山古墳である。
English: In recent years, there has been no major destruction of kofun because of preservation activities of Itasuke Kofun, and people share recognition that kofun should be preserved.
Japanese: 破壊の危機に瀕したいたすけ古墳の保存運動などをきっかけに、古墳は保存すべき文化財との認識が広まり、近年では大規模な破壊はない。
English: However, there have been some cases of minor destruction of kofun such as the incident in which Hurue Kofun was destroyed in 2005, and here is also the possibility that minor kofun are secretly destroyed during construction.
Japanese: しかし、工事の最中に発見された小さな古墳が公にされないまま破壊されている可能性があるほか、2005年には古江古墳が破壊されるなど、小規模の古墳の破壊は今もある。
English: Essentially, the remains are named after oaza (an administrative unit) or koaza (small administrative unit of a village) of the location.
Japanese: 一般に遺跡の名称は、その所在地の大字（おおあざ）や小字（こあざ）を付けることを原則にしている。
English: Kofun are also usually named after a mountain or tumulus at the time of discovery, and such names are the same as the aza (an administrative designation of small sections into which some of the rural districts of Japan are divided) of the location.
Japanese: 古墳も例外ではないが、古墳自体に「○×塚」、「○×山」などの名称がもともと付いていることが多く、字名も同じである場合が多い。
English: However, there are many different places with the same name across Japan, for example Hachiman-yama mountain, Inari-yama mountain, Otsuka-yama mountain, Chausu-yama mountain, Kuruma-zuka tumulus, Funa-yama mountain and Miya-yama mountain, and these names exist in many places and sometimes there are exactly the same names in a county or within an area of an old province; therefore, to distinguish the difference in those cases, usually the name of the oaza or higher rank names (such as the prefecture name) will be added to the original names, for example Inbehachiman-yama mountain Kofun, Inari-yama mountain Kofun, the Eta Funa-yama mountain Kofun and Mozuotsuka-yama mountain Kofun.
Japanese: しかし、単に八幡山、稲荷山、大塚山、茶臼山、車塚、船山、宮山などと称する地名は各地にいくらでもみられ、時には同郡、同国内に複数存在する場合もあるので、どこの八幡山かを区別するために、井辺八幡山古墳、埼玉稲荷山古墳、江田船山古墳、百舌鳥大塚山古墳などと大字またはそれより上位の地名を付して呼称するのが通例である。
English: In Iki city, there are kofun named after family names of land owners, such as Kakegi Kofun and Hirayama Kofun.
Japanese: 壱岐市では掛木古墳や平山古墳など、元々の土地の所有者の名字を古墳名につけると言う特殊な例も見られる。
English: There was a foreigner by the name of William Gowland who has contributed to the study of Kofun in Japan.
Japanese: 古墳研究において業績を残した外国人に、イギリス人ウィリアム・ゴーランド（WilliamGowland）がいる。
English: In the 16 years from 1872 to 1888 in Japan, Gowland gradually advanced his research of kofun in his spare time.
Japanese: 彼は、1872（明治5）年から1888（明治21）年の16年間の滞日中に、本務の余暇をみてはこつこつと古墳研究を進めていた。
English: However, his study was not known among Japanese at that time.
Japanese: 彼の古墳研究のことは当時、日本人の間ではほとんど知られていなかった。
English: After he went back to England, he published "The Dolmens and Burial Mounds in Japan, 1897" and "The Dolmens of Japan and their Builders, 1889."
Japanese: 彼が帰国してから『日本のドルメンと古墳』（TheDolmensandBurialMoundsinJapan,1897）と『日本のドルメンとその築造者』（TheDolmensofJapanandtheirBuilders,1889）とを発表した。
English: The most attractive points of Kofun in Japan for Gowland were horizontal stone chambers which are built with massive rocks.
Japanese: 日本の古墳の中でも特に彼を引きつけたのは、巨石を使って構築された横穴式石室であった。
English: He investigated 460 horizontal stone chambers and calculated the data of 130 of them by making survey maps.
Japanese: 彼が調査した横穴式石室は460で、そのうち実測図を作成してデータを計測したのは130である。
English: The Edo period (also known as the Tokugawa period) refers to a period in Japanese history where Japan was governed by the Edo shogunate government.
Japanese: 江戸時代（えどじだい、～、徳川時代とも）とは、江戸幕府によって日本が統治されていた時代を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
English: This period started at the time when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo) and settled the government in Edo (present Tokyo) on March 24, 1603, and lasted till the return of political power to the Emperor (taisei hokan) on November 15, 1867 for 264 years.
Japanese: 慶長8年2月12日(旧暦)（1603年3月24日）に徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ江戸（現在の東京）に幕府が開かれた時を始まりとし、慶応3年10月14日(旧暦)（1867年11月15日）に大政奉還するまでの264年間を指す。
English: Another view holds that starting point of this period is when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, and its ending is when Edo-jo Castle, the base of the Edo shogunate government, was surrendered to the imperial army, however.
Japanese: ただし、関ヶ原の戦いにおいて徳川家康が勝利したを始期、江戸幕府の本拠地である江戸城が官軍（朝廷）に明け渡されたを終期とする見方も存在する。
English: However, the latter was only used as historical classification in the local history of territories of specific domains in this period.
Japanese: ただし後者は、専らこの時代に特定の藩の藩領だった地域の郷土史における歴史区分として使われる。
English: The Tokugawa shogunate (Edo shogunate) came into being when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA settle the government in Edo, his own territory, after taking office as shogun (a barbarian-quelling generalissimo).
Japanese: 徳川家康は征夷大将軍に就くと自領である江戸の地に幕府を開き、ここに徳川幕府（江戸幕府）が誕生する。
English: He resolved the political chaos following the collapse of the Toyotomi government and enforced various political measures to promote the development of industries and education and so on, while eliminated the rival force of Toyotomi clan through the Sieges of Osaka.
Japanese: 豊臣政権崩壊後の政局の混乱を収め、産業・教育の振興その他の施策に力を入れるとともに、大坂の役により豊臣氏勢力を一掃。
English: The Tokugawa shogunate took a thorough political stabilization policy, and established a complete law-abiding system controlling feudal lords (daimyo) and the imperial court by enacting Laws Governing Military Households (Buke Shohatto) and Laws Governing the Imperial Households and Court Nobles (Kinchu narabini Kuge Shohatto).
Japanese: 徳川幕府は徹底的な政局安定策をとり、武家諸法度の制定や禁中並公家諸法度など諸大名や朝廷に対し、徹底した法治体制を敷いた。
English: The Tokugawa shogunate carried out a clever policies of dividing and ruling that many former feudal loads were forced to ruin by the enactment of 'confiscation of territories,' and that the places of strategic importance across Japan were set under the direct control of shogunate (shogunal demesne) avoiding influence of feudal loads (daimyo), who were classified into three groups, namely 'family daimyo' (a feudal load of a Tokugawa family branch or affiliation) with large territories, 'hereditary vassal daimyo' with small territories and the rights to participate in the state administration, and 'outside' daimyo (a feudal load who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family) with the territories inserted between domains of 'family daimyo.'
Japanese: 大名の多くが「所領没収」で姿を消し、全国の要所は直轄領（天領）として大名を置かず、多数の親藩大名に大領を持たせ、その合間に外様大名を配置し、譜代大名には小領と中央政治に関与する権利を与えるという絶妙の分割統治策を実施した。
English: Although being criticized for the 'favoritism to relatives,' it resulted in establishing the basis for the long-term stable government which lasted more than 260 years, and in bringing about such a relatively peaceful state in Japan as a set phrase, 'Tenkataihei' (the peaceful and tranquil world), coined.
Japanese: 「自家優先主義」との批判もあるが、これにより結果的には260年以上続く長期安定政権の基盤を確立し、「天下泰平」という日本語が生まれるほどの相対的平和状態を日本にもたらした。
English: Even though Ieyasu was believed to be an agricultural fundamentalist, it is pointed that Ieyasu was, in effect, likely to pursue the growth-oriented economic promotion because he actually lived in the same period as Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and witnessed Nobunaga's economic promotion policy by thorough deregulation.
Japanese: また、農本主義的に思われている家康だが、実際には織田信長、豊臣秀吉と同時代の人間であり、また信長の徹底的な規制緩和による経済振興策をその目で見てきていることからも、成長重視の経済振興派であった可能性が指摘されている。
English: Since a large number of soldiers (samurai) shifted their activities from counterproductive military activities to administrative activities due to the rise of peaceful state and new rice fields were cultivated in various places, the economic development which had sustained for a long time from the Warring States period to the Azuchi Momoyama period accerelated explosively, and a high-growth era started.
Japanese: 平和が招来されたことにより、大量の兵士（武士）が非生産的な軍事活動から行政的活動に転じ、広域的な新田開発が各地で行われたため、戦国時代から安土・桃山時代へと長い成長を続けていた経済は爆発的に発展し、高度成長時代が始まった。
English: In the Edo period, as a foreign policy, the shogunate government adopted the national seclusion policy which banned interactions with foreign countries other than those with China and the Netherlands in Dejima island in Nagasaki and Yi Dynasty of Korea through the Tsushima Domain, (although actually Ryukyu under the control of the Satsuma Domain commerced with Ming and Qing, and the Matsumae clan in Oshima Peninsula traded with the Ainu).
Japanese: また江戸時代には、対外的には長崎出島での中国・オランダとの交流と対馬藩を介しての李氏朝鮮との交流以外は外国との交流を禁止する鎖国政策を採った（ただし、実際には薩摩に支配された琉球による対明・清交易や渡島半島の松前氏による北方交易が存在した）。
English: Although Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI promulgated the edict expelling the European missionaries before, the Shimabara Uprising is said to be the direct trigger for the national isolation policy for the reason that the combination of Christianity and the riot (the intermediate nature between an uprising of powerful local samurai in the medieval period and a peasant's revolt during the early-modern period) turned out to be so difficult to suppress that Christianity was strongly recognized as danderous.
Japanese: バテレン追放令は、既に豊臣秀吉が発令していたが、鎖国の直接的契機となったのは島原の乱で、キリスト教と一揆（中世の国人一揆と近世の百姓一揆の中間的な性格を持つもの）が結び付いたことにより、その鎮圧が困難であったため、キリスト教の危険性が強く認識されたためであると言われる。
English: In addition, during the riot, in order to monopolize trade with Japan, the Netherlands advised the shogunate government that it would be dangerous for Japan to trade with Catholic countries such as Spain because they intended to colonize Japan.
Japanese: またこの間、オランダが日本貿易を独占するため、スペインなどの旧教国に日本植民地化の意図があり、危険であると幕府に助言したことも影響している。
English: A similar policy was called the Sea Traffic Ban Policy in China, but in this case, the policy was aimed to protect the coastal areas from pirates including Japanese pirates and to forbid illegal overseas trading, so that the situation in China was different with the national isolation of Japan to some extent.
Japanese: 中国では同様の政策を海禁政策と呼ぶが、中国の場合は主として沿海地域の倭寇をも含む海賊からの防衛及び海上での密貿易を禁止することが目的とされており、日本の鎖国と事情が異なる面もあった。
English: However, there is an opinion that the term 'Sea Trafic Ban' was more appropriate than the term 'national seclusion' on the premise that both was the same.
Japanese: しかし、日本の鎖国も中国の海禁と同じとして鎖国より海禁とする方が適当とする見解もある。
English: Before the seclusion policy was implemented, the Japanese had expanded remarkably overseas, with many Japanese towns found in Southeast Asia.
Japanese: 鎖国政策が実施される以前には、日本人の海外進出は著しく、東南アジアに多くの日本町が形成された。
English: After closing the country, however, the national policy focused exclusively on domestic affairs, and a domestically self-supported economy was formed.
Japanese: しかし鎖国後は、もっぱら国内重視の政策が採られ、基本的に国内自給経済が形成された。
English: In this way, a complex economic system was formed, in which the nationalwide economy with three pivotal cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Edo, and the regional economy of each domain interacted with each other especially in Osaka, where local specialties all parts of the country were concentrated to distribute to all over Japan.
Japanese: そのため三都を中軸とする全国経済と各地の城下町を中心とする藩経済との複合的な経済システムが形成され、各地の特産物が主に大坂に集中し、そこから全国に拡散した。
English: The Genroku era enjoyed economic prosperity based on the development of agricultural productivity, and in the field of literature and painting famous masterpieces such as Ukiyozoshi (Literally, Books of the Floating World) by Saikaku IHARA, seven-syllable verse (haikai) by Basho MATSUO, Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment) by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU and ukiyoe paintings by Moronobu HISHIKAWA were created.
Japanese: 農業生産力の発展を基盤として、経済的な繁栄が見られたのが元禄であり、この時代には文学や絵画の面でも、井原西鶴の浮世草子、松尾芭蕉の俳諧、近松門左衛門の浄瑠璃、菱川師宣の浮世絵などが誕生していく。