nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The harmonization of Shintoism and Buddhism might be theoretically supported by assuming that Buddha and bodhisattvas were the absolute beings, while deities were their incarnations.
Japanese: 絶対的存在としての仏や菩薩と、その化身である神という形を取ることにより、神仏の調和の理論的裏づけとしたのである。
English: Moreover, such a view of Buddhism predominance touched the hearts of samurai, who were commonly close to muck, and led to prosperity of future Hachimanshin and Tenjin beliefs.
Japanese: また、このような仏教優位の考え方は、ケガレと日常的に接する武士の心を捉え、以後の八幡神信仰や天神信仰の興隆にもつながることとなった。
English: Furthermore, during the Kamakura period, it became popular to make explanations, according to esoteric Buddhism, of Ryobu Shinto based on Honji-suijaku setsu, Oharae no Kotoba based on Sanno Shinto and the enshrined deities of deities and shrines appeared in Kiki-shinwa (the Kojiki, Nihonshoki and mythology).
Japanese: 更に鎌倉時代になると本地垂迹説による両部神道や山王神道による大祓詞(おおはらえのことば)の密教的解説や、記紀神話などに登場する神や神社の祭神の密教的説明の試みが活発化した。
English: Historically, Buddhism had connoted local deities not only in Japan but also in India and China; the gods of the Buddhistic Tenbu were originally the deities of Hinduism.
Japanese: ただし仏教の天部の神々も元はヒンドゥー教の神であったように、日本だけでなくインドの地域社会や中国においても、それら土着民族の神々を包摂してきた歴史がある。
English: Such nature of Buddhism was the key factor of the birth of shinbutsu-shugo.
Japanese: 仏教にはそのような性質がもともと具わっていたことが神仏習合を生んだ大きな要因であった。
English: From the end of the Kamakura period to the Period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Ise Shintoism and Yoshida Shintoism appeared; they advanced the Shinponbutsujaku setsu, insisting that their deity was honji while the Buddha was an incarnation, objecting to the Buddhist priests' Shintoism view.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期から南北朝時代(日本)になると、僧侶による神道説に対する反動から、逆に、神こそが本地であり仏は仮の姿であるとする神本仏迹説を唱える伊勢神道や吉田神道が現れた。
English: They served as doctrine of the mainstream faction of Jingi belief, and contributed to the doctrine establishment of Shintoism.
Japanese: これらは神祇信仰の主流派の教義となっていき、神道としての教義確立に貢献した。
English: However, shinbutsu-shugo thought itself undiminished until the "separation of Buddhism and Shintoism" during the Meiji period.
Japanese: しかし、神仏習合の考え自体は明治時代の神仏分離まで衰えることなかった。
English: Tally (saifu or wappu) was a certificate stamp used to settle money transactions between distant lands in medieval Japan, and it became the origin of currency exchange.
Japanese: 割符（さいふ/わっぷ）とは、中世日本において遠隔地間の金銭取引などの決済のために用いられた証紙で、日本における為替の元となった。
English: Similar to the currency exchange of later days, tally worked as follows: one party bought a tally issued by a merchant near the other end to buy merchandise and sent the tally to the other party in advance; the other party requested the issuer to cash the tally he had received, and settled the transaction with money.
Japanese: 後世の為替と同じ様に先に相手先近くの商人が商品購入のために発行した割符を購入して相手先に送り、相手が受け取った割符を発行者に換金を要求してその代金をもって決済する仕組であった。
English: In the early Muromachi period, tally was used as a means of settlement in commercial transactions, and in the major commercial towns such as Kyoto, Nara, Sakai and Hyogonotsu, specialized dealers called 'saifuya' and 'kaesenya' flourished.
Japanese: 室町時代に入ると商業取引上の決済手段としても用いられ、京都・奈良・堺・兵庫津などとの主要商業都市には割符屋・替銭屋と呼ばれる専門業者が発展するに至った。
English: In the Edo period, a financial network was formed with Osaka at its center, which developed into a national currency exchange system.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、大坂を中心とした金融網の形成によって全国的な為替制度へと発展することとなった。
English: Shinsei ('kugeshinsei') means a written code established based upon imperial order by Tenno (the Emperor) and Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor) from the mid Heian period to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 新制（しんせい）とは、平安時代中期から南北朝時代(日本)にかけて天皇・太上天皇の勅旨に基づいて制定された成文法典（「公家新制」）。
English: The same sorts of legal codes were established by Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and temples.
Japanese: なお、鎌倉幕府や寺院でもこれを模範として似たような法典が整備された。
English: The former was called 'Buke shinsei' or 'Kanto shinsei' and the latter was called 'Jisha shinsei' or 'Jihen shinsei.'
Japanese: 前者を「武家新制/関東新制」、後者を「寺社新制/寺辺新制」と称する。
English: It was promulgated in the form of kanpu (Daijokanpu, which means official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) through a council called Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council) held by Daijokan (Grand Council of State) at the behest of the Emperor or the Retired Emperor in power (Chiten no kimi) aiming at the restoration of order of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 律令制秩序の回復を目指して天皇・上皇（治天の君）の意向を受けた太政官が陣定などを経て官符（太政官符）の形式で発布する。
English: In some cases, it was in the form of a single article, but it normally consisted of several articles or several tens of articles (the most numerous articles were forty-two in Kangi shinsei, which was a new law issued in the Kangi period).
Japanese: 単行形式のものもあるが、通常は数ヶ条から数十ヶ条（最大は寛喜新制の42ヶ条）によって構成される。
English: It was named after the number of articles contained, such as 'XX articles of shinsei,' but in later ages, it was called based on era name in which it was issued, such as 'Shinsei of XX' or 'Code of the year XX.'
Japanese: 構成する条数によって「新制××ヶ条」と命名されて発給されたが、後世においては発給された元号によって「○○新制」・「○○×年符」などと呼ばれた。
English: The kotogaki contained the summary and aim of the regulation, and text provided concrete descriptions of the regulations.
Japanese: 事書には規定の概要・趣旨が書かれ、本文にその具体的な規定が記されていた。
English: The kanpu called Six articles of shinsei promulgated in 947 by Emperor Murakami is regarded as the oldest kanpu.
Japanese: 天暦元年（947年）に村上天皇が出した新制6ヶ条と呼ばれる官符が最古の例とされる。
English: It was issued in the midst of the reformation called Tenryaku no chi (glorious Tenryaku rule) for the purpose of the regulation and the prohibition on extravagant magnificence or variance of clothing among lower-ranking government officials in order to strictly maintain the order of the social status.
Japanese: 天暦の治と呼ばれる改革を進められていた中で、下級官人の華美な服飾華美（過差）を規制・禁止して身分秩序の遵守を図るものであった。
English: In 999, Eleven articles of the first year of the Choho era was issued under the system of Emperor Ichijo and FUJIWARA no Michinaga and it became the fixed form of shinsei afterward.
Japanese: 長保元年（999年）に一条天皇・藤原道長体制下で長保元年令11条が出され、後の新制の定形となった。
English: It was not until the enactment of Hogen shinsei (a new law issued in the Hogen period) in September eighteen in the first year of Hogen era by the lunar calendar (November 2, 1156 by the solar calendar) that the nature of shinsei drastically changed.
Japanese: その性格が大きく変化するのは、保元元年9月18日(旧暦)（1156年11月2日）に保元新制が出されてからである。
English: This shinsei not only marked the beginning of a new era ushered in by the enthronement of Emperor Goshirakawa but also aimed at the restoration of centripetal force of the Imperial court by exercising a benevolent rule over the society and allaying the disturbance caused by the Hogen War, which had occurred immediately after the aforementioned event.
Japanese: この新制は後白河天皇即位という代始めの意味合いとともに、直後に発生した保元の乱によって動揺する社会を沈静化させ、徳政を実行することで朝廷の求心力回復を図ったものである。
English: After that, new shinsei aimed at the display of benevolent rule and royalty was frequently issued on the occasions of change of emperors, disaster, and war, etc.
Japanese: その後、天皇の代替わりや災害・戦乱などを機に徳政と王権誇示を意図した新制が度々出された。
English: Among others, Kenkyu shinsei (new law issued in the Kenkyu period) in 1191, Kangi shinsei (new law issued in the Kangi period) in 1231 and Bunei shinsei (new law issued in the Bunei period) in 1273 were specially called Sandai seifu (the three major seifu).
Japanese: このうち、建久2年（1191年）の建久新制・寛喜3年（1231年）の寛喜新制・文永10年（1273年）の文永新制は、特に三代制符（さんだいせいふ）と呼ばれている。
English: Upon issuance of each shinsei, it was directly notified by an envoy who was accredited to the Kamakura bakufu and dominant temples and shrines.
Japanese: また、新制が出されると、鎌倉幕府や有力寺社にも使者が派遣されて直接通達が行われた。
English: The first Buke shinsei (a code of new law issued by the Kamakura bakufu) was issued by the Kamakura bakufu in 1225 to coincide and comply with Karoku shinsei (new law issued in the Karoku period) issued by the Imperial court.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府による最初の武家新制は嘉禄元年（1225年）に、朝廷の嘉禄新制に合わせて出されたもので同新制の遵守を目的としたものであった。
English: Furthermore, Koan shinsei (new law issued in the Koan period), which was the Buke shinsei led by Yasumori ADACHI, was promulgated in 1284.
Japanese: 更に弘安7年（1284年）には、安達泰盛主導の武家新制である弘安新制が出された。
English: It galvanized the Imperial court to enact its shinsei and led to the movement of political reform, which is called koan-tokusei (political reforms in the Koan era), carried out by the cooperation between the bakufu and the Imperial court.
Japanese: これを機に朝廷でも新制が出され、「弘安徳政」と呼ばれる幕府・朝廷共同の政治改革の動きに発展した。
English: In the Imperial court, the execution of Shinryo-kogyo (performances of shinto rituals) and the establishment of a litigation system were realized under the Retired Emperor Kameyama.
Japanese: 朝廷では亀山上皇のもとで神領興行の遂行と訴訟制度の整備が実施された。
English: However, social problems that were becoming more serious disabled the effect of the series of shinsei and brought about its decline.
Japanese: だが、社会問題の深刻化は度重なる新制の効力を無力化させて、衰退をもたらした。
English: For example, FUJIWARA no Yorisuke and FUJIWARA no Sadaie criticized the establishment of Kangi shinsei, pointing out the loss of authority of shinsei caused by its excessive issue and the outbreak of political disturbances over its enforcement. (According to the section of March twenty-nine of the 3rd year of Kangi era in "Minkeiki "(the journal by Tsunemitsu HIROHASHI) and the section of April 19 of second year of Kangi era in "Meigetsuki" - Chronicle of the Bright Moon)
Japanese: 例えば、寛喜新制の制定を巡っては藤原頼資や藤原定家が新制の濫発による権威の低下や施行を巡って政変が起きていることを指摘して批判している（『民経記』寛喜3年8月29日条・『明月記』寛喜2年4月19日条）。
English: Likewise, in the Imperial court, the shinsei of 1346 issued by the Emperor Komyo of the Northern Court (Japan) became the last kuge shinsei.
Japanese: 朝廷でも北朝(日本)・光明天皇の貞和2年（1346年）の新制が最後の公家新制となった。
English: The term Gakumonryo is a scholarship for Monjosho (students who study poetry and history) who studied Kidendo (the study of history) at Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) during the Heian period and it was also called Kyuryo.
Japanese: 学問料（がくもんりょう）とは、平安時代に大学寮紀伝道の学生である文章生から選抜されて支給された奨学のための費用であり、給料（きゅうりょう）とも称した。
English: Based on the records in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) dated on twenty-third day, twelfth month of the fourth year of Enryaku era (old calendar), its origin is believed to be fact that four persons including SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, and SUGAWARA no Kiyotsuna, both were the sons of the late provincial governor of Totomi Province SUGAWARA no Furuhito, were granted Gakumonryo.
Japanese: その起源は『続日本紀』延暦4年12月23日(旧暦)条に故遠江国国史菅原古人の子である菅原清公・菅原清綱ら4名に学問料を給付したこととされている。
English: However, the description is also seen in the above book saying Gakumonryo was granted in reward for their father Huruhito's achievement as Jidoku (imperial tutor) and none were rewarded thereafter.
Japanese: ただし、同条に父・古人の侍読の功績によると記されており、その後の支給の例もない。
English: Therefore, it is said that the Sugawara clan, which later got the leading position in Kidendo, associated this historical fact with Gakumonryo of the mid-Heian period aiming to demonstrate the family's achievement at Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: このため、後世紀伝道において主導的な立場に立った菅原氏が大学寮における自家の功績を顕彰するために、平安時代中期以後の学問料支給とこの史実を結び付けたと言われている。
English: Originally, Daigaku-ryo owned rice fields called kangakuden (gakuryoden) and it provided students with accommodation and meal using annual tax gained from such rice fields.
Japanese: 元々、大学寮には勧学田（学料田）と呼ばれる田地が存在しており、そこからの貢租によって学生を寄宿させ、食事を給付（給食）したとされている。
English: Therefore, it is considered that there was no need to grant Gakumonryo separately during the era of the brothers of SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi.
Japanese: 従って、菅原清公兄弟の時代には別箇に学問料の支給を必要とする事情が存在しなかったと見られている。
English: However, after people involved in the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu recovered their impaired reputation, confiscated territory of late Yakamochi OTOMO located in the Kaga Province, which accounted for the large portion of kangakuden, was returned to the Tomo clan (old Otomo clan) at the request of the then powerful figure in the bureaucracy TOMO no Yoshio.
Japanese: ところが、その主たる面積を占めていた加賀国の旧大伴家持没官領が、藤原種継暗殺事件関係者の名誉回復に伴い、当時の官界の実力者伴善男の要求で伴氏（旧大伴氏）に返還されることとなった。
English: After TOMO no Yoshio was banished due to the Otenmon incident, the above territory was once again confiscated, but it was incorporated into Kokusoin (Grain warehouse), not Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: しかも、応天門の変によって伴善男が流罪となり、再度当該地が没官された後に大学寮ではなく、穀倉院に編入された。
English: As a result, a conflict occurred between Daigaku-ryo, which lost its financial base, and Kokusoin, which obtained new territory.
Japanese: このことから、経営基盤を失った大学寮と新たに当該地を得た穀倉院の間で対立が生じた。
English: Further, as influential clans like the Fujiwara clan started to support the students of the clan by establishing their own Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles), a kind of 'gap' was created between the students of influential clans who were supported by Daigaku-besso and students of other clans who lost the support of living.
Japanese: 更に藤原氏などの有力諸氏が自己の氏族に属する学生のために大学別曹を設置して生活を支援したことから、大学寮に替わって大学別曹の支援を受けた有力紙族の子弟と生活支援を失った他氏の学生の間に一種の「格差」が生じるようになっていった。
English: It was that time when Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI proposed the restoration of Kangakuden in his book "Iken Junikajo" (twelve opinions).
Japanese: 三善清行が『意見十二箇条』によって勧学田の復興を唱えたのはそんな時期のことであった。
English: Although it is said that Kokumotsu-in was a kind of social welfare institution which was established in the Daido era (Japan) using Joheiso (Johei storehouse) of Tang Dynasty as a model, actually it assumed from the very beginning the role of generating slush money to finance naitei-hiyo (daily living and other expenses for the Imperial Family) which was deficient due to the decline of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 穀倉院は唐の常平倉をモデルとして大同(日本)年間に設置されたと言われている社会福祉施設の体裁を採っていたが、実際には早い時期より律令制の弛緩によって不足する内廷費用を捻出するための一種の「裏金」捻出の役割を担っていた。
English: Under such circumstances, the Imperial court couldn't return the former kangakuden, which was then the territory of Kokuso-in, to Daigaku-ryo and intended to ease the dissatisfaction of Daigaku-ryo by getting Kokuso-in to grant Gakumonryo to selected students in return.
Japanese: このため、穀倉院領となった旧勧学田を大学寮に返還することは、財政政策上採るところではなかった朝廷はその代償として、穀倉院から一部学生への学問料支給を行うことで大学寮側からの不満の緩和に努めたと考えられている。
English: It was initially called toshokuryo/tsukiryo and it is said that either ONO no Yoshiki (880) ("Kokin Wakashu Mokuroku" (a list of Kokin Wakashu - A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), TACHIBANA no Toshimichi (932) or SUGAWARA no Fumitoki (three year later) (Fujiwara no Tamekane's letter compiled in "Choya gunsai" - Collected Official and Unofficial Writings) was the first recipient.
Japanese: 当初は燈燭料・月料とも呼ばれ、元慶4年（880年）に小野美材が受けた（『古今和歌集目録』）とも、承平(日本)2年（932年）に橘敏通、その3年後に菅原文時が受けた（『朝野群載』所収藤原為兼申文）のを最古であると言われている。
English: Recipients were called Kyuryo-gakusei and two were selected out of recommended or self appointed applicants of Monjosho through Shi-fu (examination) called Gakumonryoshi (a selection exam for the award of Gakumonryo) (Kyuryoshi - a selection exam for the award of Kyuryo) since the number of applicants usually exceeded the quota.
Japanese: 受給者は給料学生と呼ばれ、定員2名で文章生の中から自薦・他薦によって推挙され、大抵の場合には希望者多数ということにより、学問料試（給料試）と呼ばれる詩賦などによる選抜を経て選ばれた。
English: Needless to say, many of the Monjosho wanted to become Kyuryo-gakusei and as a result, the most intelligent students were selected as recipients.
Japanese: 当然のことながら、文章生の多くが給料学生になることを望んだために、結果的にもっとも優秀な学生が選ばれることが多かった。
English: Accordingly, kyuryo-gakusei were preferentially selected as Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and this examination became a gateway to the instructor of Daigakuryo or official post of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies).
Japanese: そのため、給料学生がそのまま優先的に文章得業生に選抜され、大学寮の教官や式部省などの官人への登竜門となった。
English: Later, Kidendo became hereditary learning and instructors of Kidendo recommended their sons for Kyuryo gakusei in order to make heredity sure and as a result, it became difficult for the sons of families other than hereditary families to apply for the examination even though examinations were conducted.
Japanese: だが、後に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、紀伝道の教官が世襲を確かなものとするために自分の子弟を給料学生に推挙するようになり、試験を行う場合でも譜第の家以外からの受験が困難になっていった。
English: In the meantime, some Daigaku-besso also established their own Gakumonryo system.
Japanese: 一方、大学別曹においても、独自に学問料を授ける例が現れるようになった。
English: As Daigaku-besso focused on supporting the study and living of the students of their families, Gakumonryo was granted in order to encourage these students.
Japanese: 大学別曹は元々一族の学生に対する学問及びその生活の支援に重きを置いていたことから、これを奨励する意図から学問料が支給された。
English: It is said that the first case of Gakumonryo granted by Daigaku-besso was the one granted by Kobun-in, which was established by WAKE no Hiroyo ("Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan)).
Japanese: 大学別曹における学問料の初例は和気広世が設置した弘文院によるものとされる（『日本後紀』）。
English: However, some people asserts that Kobun-in was a kind of library, not Daigaku-besso, and there is a possibility that WAKE no Hiroyo personally granted as the chief of the Wake clan.
Japanese: しかし、弘文院を大学別曹ではなく一種の図書館であったとする説もあり、和気広世個人が和気氏の氏上としての立場から支給した可能性もある。
English: Gakumonryo granted by Kangakuin, Daigaku-besso of the FUJIWARA clan, was particularly famous and Kyuryo-gakusei who were granted Gakumonryo were selected from the students of FUJIWARA clan.
Japanese: 特に藤原氏の大学別曹である勧学院の学問料は著名であり、藤原氏の学生の中から別途に学問料を受ける給料学生が選抜された。
English: As the head of FUJIWARA clan assumed the position of the chief of Kangaku-in concurrently with Sekkan (regents and advisers) or Ichinokami (the ranking Council Member), Kyuryo-gakusei of Kangaku-in were regarded, thanks to the political power of the FUJIWARA clan, equally with Kokuso-in's Kyuryo-gakusei who were selected by Daigakuryo, though Daigakuryo denied it ostensively.
Japanese: 勧学院は藤氏長者が長となり、しかも大抵の場合は摂関あるいは一上との兼務であったから、大学寮側は表向きは拒絶し続けていたものの、実際には勧学院の給料学生は藤原氏の政治的権力を背景として、大学寮で選抜した穀倉院の給料学生と同格と見なされるようになった。
English: Under such circumstances, students of the FUJIWARA clan opted to apply for Kangaku-in's Gakumonryo, which was easier to receive, and enjoyed the same social treatment with Daigakuryo's Kyuryo-gakusei.
Japanese: このため、藤原氏出身者はより簡単な勧学院の学問料を志望し、給料学生出身者と同じ社会的待遇を受けるようになった。
English: As a result, these students oppressed the students of other families and became the motive power to strengthen Fujiwara clan's reign over the bureaucracy.
Japanese: この結果、次第に他家の学生を圧迫して、藤原氏による官界支配を強化する原動力となった。
English: In the late Heian period, however, not only examination, but also Gakumonryo itself became the nominal ones due to the decline of Daigakuryo as well as the decrease in the function of Kokuso-in.
Japanese: だが、平安時代末期になると、大学寮の衰退、穀倉院自体の機能低下に伴って、試験のみならず、学問料自体も名目化することとなる。
English: Dondon-yake is the fire that broke out in the city of Kyoto at the end of the Edo period from August 19 to 21, 1864.
Japanese: どんどん焼け（どんどんやけ）とは幕末の京都市中で元治元年7月18日(旧暦)（1864年8月19日）から7月21日(旧暦)（8月21日）まで発生した火災（大火）のことである。
English: It is said that the word 'Dondon' comes from the appearance of the quickly spreading fire or the sound of gunfire because the fire broke out in the Kinmon Incident.
Japanese: 「どんどん」とは見る間にどんどん焼け広がったさまとも、禁門の変に乗じて発生したことから鉄砲の音から名付けられたとも伝えられる。
English: The fire spread extensively over the area west to south-east of the current Kyoto Gyoen and 27,000 houses were burned out.
Japanese: 火の手は現在の京都御苑の西側～南東方向の広い範囲に広がり、27,000世帯が焼失した。
English: Kyoto Gyoen escaped the fire but the city was completely devastated, which made a reason for the Emperor Meiji to visit Tokyo.
Japanese: 京都御苑事自体は焼失を免れたが市中が荒廃しきったため、明治天皇が東京に行幸する動機の1つとなったとされる。
English: Other than the reasons such as the loss of Yamahoko floats, economic consideration is said to have been the decisive factor.
Japanese: 山鉾が消失するといった事情のほか、経済的な事情も大きかったものとされる。
English: Most prisoners in Rokkaku prison house were beheaded, instead of being released, by prison officers for fear of spreading flames (see the Rokkaku prison house for further details).
Japanese: 六角獄舎に捕縛されていた囚人の多くは火災が延焼することを恐れた役人により、釈放されることなく斬首されている（詳細は六角獄舎の項を参照）。
English: Kenminsen means ships dispatched seventeen times to Ming China in the Muromachi period (the total number of ships was eighty-four) during the period of one and a half centuries from 1404 to 1547 for the purpose of Nichi-Ming trade (trade between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, China) (Kango trade).
Japanese: 遣明船（けんみんせん）は室町時代の応永11年（1404年）から天文(元号)16年（1547年）まで約1世紀半で17次（のべ84隻）に渡り、日明貿易（勘合貿易）に用いられた船のことである。
English: These ships were also called Kangosen since both governments issued a certificate called Kangofu in order to prove the visiting ships were lawfully registered ships for Nichi-Ming trade.
Japanese: 日明貿易には、両国により正式の渡航船であることを証明する勘合符が用いられたことから、勘合船とも呼ばれた。
English: Kango trade started in 1401 when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA proposed to start the trade with Ming by dispatching a Buddhist monk Soa and a merchant in Hakata Koitomi and received 'Eiraku kangofu' from the envoy of Ming.
Japanese: 足利義満は、応永8年（1401年）に僧の祖阿と博多商人の肥富を派遣し、明との交易を申し入れ、明の使者から「永楽の勘合符」を得て、勘合貿易が始まる。
English: With the power of bakufu gradually declining, influential temples/shrines (Shokoku-ji Temple, Sanjusangendo Temple etc) or influential shugo-daimyo (territorial lords as provincial constables) (the Hosokawa clan, the Ouchi clan etc.) became the shipowners and traded in corporation with merchants in Hakata and Sakai as well as sailors in the towns located in the coastal region of Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 幕府の力がしだいに弱まるようになると有力寺社（相国寺、三十三間堂など）や有力守護大名（細川氏、大内氏など）が船主となり、これに博多や堺の商人、瀬戸内海の町、水夫が結びついて貿易を行った。
English: The Hosokawa clan and Ouchi clan competed to seize the initiative of trade, clashed at Neiha in 1523 and finally the Ouchi clan monopolized the trade.
Japanese: 最終的には貿易の主導権を巡り細川氏と大内氏は争い、大永3年（1523年）には寧波で衝突（寧波の乱）し、大内氏は貿易を独占することになる。
English: As a result, Yamaguchi, the base of the Ouchi clan, prospered far more than Kyoto that was devastated by the Onin War.
Japanese: 結果、大内氏の本拠である山口は応仁の乱で荒廃した京都よりはるかに繁栄することとなった。
English: As the record exists that the number of ships of the second Kenminsen fleet returned to Japan in 1406 was six to seven, it is presumed that the scale of six Kenminsen fleets which visited Ming until Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA ceased dispatching them in 1410 was within the same range.
Japanese: 1406年に帰国した第二次遣明船は6～7隻と記録が残っており、1410に足利義持が中止するまでの初期6回の遣明船の船団規模は同程度であったと推定される。
English: After twenty-one years of interruption, Yoshinori ASHIKAGA resumed the operation in 1432 and eleven fleets or fifty-one ships (seven ships were owned by the bakufu, one was owned by the Imperial Court and the rest were owned by the shugo-daimyo or temples/shrines) visited Ming until 1550.
Japanese: 21年の中断を経て、足利義教が1432に再開し、1550までに11次51隻（このうち、幕府所有船は7隻で、朝廷船1隻、残りは守護大名、寺社所有船であった）が渡航している。
English: According to "Boshi Nyuminki" written by Zen monk Tenyo Seikei, who visited Ming in 1468 at the behest of Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, large ships, whose size were 700 to 1700 goku (a unit of ship size), were used for Kenminsen and 150 persons (including fifty sailors) were on board.
Japanese: 1468に足利義政の命令で明に渡った禅僧の天与清啓が記録した『戊子入明記』によると、遣明船は700～1700石の大型船で150人程度の乗員（内水夫50人）であった。
English: According to "Nyumin shoyorei," ships of 500 to 2500 goku were on standby at Moji, Tomita, Kamiseki, Yanai, Onomichi, Tomo, Tajima, Innoshima and Ushimado respectively for the same fleet of Kenminsen.
Japanese: また、『入明諸要例』では同次遣明船について500～2500石の船が門司、富田、上関、柳井、尾道、鞆、田島、因島、牛窓に配されたとしている。
English: Ships left for the Asian continent in Spring or Autumn using a northeast seasonal winds and returned to Japan after May using a west-southwest seasonal winds.
Japanese: 春又は秋の東北の季節風に乗って大陸へ渡り、5月以降、西南西の季節風に乗り、日本へ帰国した。
English: Judging from the fact that the production of permanent magnets made of magnetite began in the age of the Sung Dynasty, the compass was already invented by that time and the term 'magnetic pointer' is seen in the navigation book written in the Eisho era, it is considered that Kenminsen sailed using a primitive compass.
Japanese: 宋(王朝)代には磁鉄鉱から永久磁石を作るようになり、羅針盤の発見も済んでおり、永正の航海書にも「磁石の針」との言及があることから、遣明船は原始的コンパスを利用した航海を行っていたと考えられる。
English: Starting from Sakai or Hyogo, Kenminsen passed the Seto Inland Sea, stopped at Shimonoseki or Hakata and sailed for Neiha by traversing the East China Sea in a linear fashion.
Japanese: 航路は堺、兵庫から瀬戸内海を通り、下関、博多を経由し東シナ海を直線的に横断して寧波を目指した。