nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Influenced by the study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture, Motoakira undertook a major revision of noh poetry and prose known as the 'Meiwa no Kaitei' (lit. Major Revision during the Meiwa era) and compiled utaibon (books of words and musical notation for noh plays); this book has the names of its writers annotated in the catalogue of the book.
Japanese: 元章は国学の影響を受け、「明和の改正」と言われる能の詞章の大変更を行い、新たに謡本を編纂したが、本著はその目録に作者名を注記したものである。
English: This book and "Dokugin Hachijyugokyoku Mokuroku" published during the same period list a combined total of 245 noh writers.
Japanese: 同時に刊行された『独吟八十五曲目録』と合わせ、245番の作者が挙げられている。
English: It is thought that this book was written based on the prior sakushazuke, emphasizes parts of "Konparu Hachizaemon Kakiage," "Kanze Dayu Kakiage" and "Jika Densho," and draws inspiration from "Nohon Sakusha Chumon" and "Kayo Sakusha Ko" in addition to incorporating the views of the texts now unknown.
Japanese: 本著は先に挙げた先行の作者付を参考にして書かれ、『金春八左衛門書上』、そして『観世太夫書上』・『自家伝抄』の一部を重視し、『能本作者註文』・『歌謡作者考』を参照しつつ、加えて現在知られていない伝書の説も取り入れたと考えられている。
English: However, Motoakira did not place great emphasis on the reliability of the sakushazuke, on which he based his work and as such, not only did he unquestioningly adopted sources containing numerous mistakes but it also appears as though he did not refer to fundamental sources such as "Sarugaku Dangi" an "Go On."
Japanese: しかし元章は各作者付の信頼度については深く検討せず、結果として誤りの多い資料を無批判に採り入れる一方、逆に『申楽談儀』『五音』など根本資料と言える世阿弥の著書も見ていなかったらしい。
English: It is for this reason that this publication is not considered to have any value as a historical source now that the original source materials are known.
Japanese: そのため、原資料が判明している現在、本著には資料としての価値は認められない。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was the organic law of the Empire of Japan based on the idea of modern constitutionalism, promulgated on February 11, 1889, and came into effect on November 29, 1890.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法（だいにほんていこくけんぽう、だいにっぽんていこくけんぽう、大日本帝國憲法）は、1889年（明治22年）2月11日に発布、1890年（明治23年）11月29日に施行された、近代立憲主義に基づく日本の憲法。
English: It was the second modern constitution in Asia after the constitution of the Ottoman Empire enacted in 1876.
Japanese: 1876年に公布されたオスマン帝国憲法に次いで、アジアでは2番目の近代憲法である。
English: Since the expression 'the constitution never worn thin' was used in the Imperial speech about the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the Constitution had not been modified for more than 50 years until it was replaced by the Constitution of Japan in 1947.
Japanese: 憲法発布の勅語に「不磨ノ大典」とあったためか、1947年（昭和22年）の日本国憲法施行まで半世紀以上の間、一度も改正されることはなかった。
English: After the Meiji Restoration which began in 1868, various reforms were implemented in Japan, and the national polity was radically changed.
Japanese: 日本では、明治初年に始まる明治維新により、さまざまな改革が行われ、旧来の国制は根本的に変更された。
English: On November 9, 1867, the 15th Shogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA declared the return of political authority to the Emperor Meiji, and the next day, the Emperor accepted it (Taisei hokan).
Japanese: 慶応3年10月14日(旧暦)（グレゴリオ暦1867年11月9日）、第15代将軍の徳川慶喜が明治天皇に統治権の返還を表明し、翌日、天皇はこれを勅許した（大政奉還）。
English: On January 3, 1868, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to its official end, and a new government (the Meiji government) was established (Osei Fukko).
Japanese: 同年12月9日(旧暦)（1868年1月3日）に江戸幕府は廃止され、新政府（明治政府）が設立された（王政復古(日本)）。
English: The new government aimed at a modern bureaucracy on the condition that the emperor held the prerogative to control official affairs.
Japanese: 新政府は、天皇の官制大権を前提として、近代的な官僚制の構築を目指した。
English: In this way, Japan shifted from a representative monarchy based on the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate to direct monarchy with a modern bureaucratic organization.
Japanese: これにより日本は、封建的な幕藩体制に基づく代表的君主政から、近代的な官僚機構を擁する直接的君主政に移行した。
English: On July 25, 1869, lords of domains returned their right to rule the land and people to the emperor (Hanseki-hokan).
Japanese: 明治2年6月17日(旧暦)（1869年7月25日）、版籍奉還がおこなわれ、諸侯（藩主）は土地と人民に対する統治権をすべて天皇に奉還した。
English: This meant that the central government, on behalf of the emperor, could directly rule land and people, and exercise ruling powers (legislative power, executive power, and judicial power).
Japanese: これは、幕府や藩などの媒介なしに、天皇の下にある中央政府が直接に土地と人民を支配し、統治権（立法権・行政権・司法権）を行使することを意味する。
English: In addition, on August 29, 1871, the policy of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was enforced, and feudal domains were practically abolished and the central government seized all ruling powers.
Japanese: さらに、明治4年7月14日(旧暦)（1871年8月29日）には、廃藩置県が行われ、名実共に藩は消滅し、国家権力が中央政府に集中された。
English: According to Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the emperor held all the rights of sovereignty.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第1条および大日本帝国憲法第4条は、国家の統治権は天皇が総攬すると規定している。
English: Since feudal systems of domains were abolished under the policy of Haihan-chiken, people were able to move to a different domain.
Japanese: 版籍奉還により、各藩内の封建制は廃止され、人民が土地に縛り付けられることもなくなった。
English: The Article 27 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan provided people with the right of property, and the Article 22 provided the right of movement.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第27条は臣民の財産権を保障し、大日本帝国憲法第22条は臣民の居住移転の自由を保障している。
English: After Hanseki-hokan, the new government defined new address terms, Kazoku (the peerage) for court nobles and feudal lords, Shizoku (warrior class) for samurai warriors, Sotsuzoku for conscripted foot soldiers, and Heimin (commoner) for other people.
Japanese: 新政府は、版籍奉還の後、公卿・諸侯を華族、武士を士族、足軽などを卒族、その他の人民を平民に改組した。
English: In 1871, the warrior class became able to engage in not only public services, but also farming, industrial jobs or commercial business, and commoners could engage in public services.
Japanese: 明治4年（1871年）には、士族の公務を解いて、農業・工業・商業の自由を与え、また、平民も均しく公務に就任できることとした。
English: Since the government introduced a conscription system in 1872 and Japan became a nation with universal conscription, the military forces were no longer monopolized by the warrior class.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）には徴兵制度を採用し、国民皆兵主義となったため、士族による軍事的職業の独占は破られた。
English: Article 19 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan guaranteed equal rights of all the people to engage in public services, and article 20 defined the people's duty of military service.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第19条は、人民の均しい公務就任権を規定し、大日本帝国憲法第20条は兵役の義務を規定した。
English: Prior to the opening of the Imperial Diet, the government established the Peerage Law to give Kazoku hierarchical privileges.
Japanese: なお、帝国議会開設に先立ち、1884年（明治17年）に華族令を定めて、華族に身分的特権を与えた。
English: After Osei Fukko, three official positions (President, Legislators, and Councilors) were newly established, and some Councilors such as Kosei YURI, Takachika FUKUOKA and Takayoshi KIDO itemized a basic policy of the new government, based on esteem for parliamentary regime and opening of the country, into five articles.
Japanese: 王政復古によって設置された三職（総裁、議定、参与）のうち、実務を担う参与の一員となった由利公正、福岡孝悌、木戸孝允らは、公議政体論の尊重と開国和親を基調とした新政府の基本方針を5ヶ条にまとめた。
English: The Charter Oath of Five Articles was promulgated on April 6, 1868, which the Emperor Meiji swore by Tenchishinmei (The Gods of Heaven and Earth) to realize.
Japanese: 明治元年3月14日(旧暦)（1868年4月6日）、明治天皇がその実現を天地神明に誓ったものが、五箇条の御誓文である。
English: 1. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall all be allowed to pursue their own calling so that there may be no discontent.
Japanese: 一、官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄各其志ヲ遂ケ人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス
English: The government issued Dajokan Seitaisho (the declaration of a new governing system) on June 11, 1868 in order to comply with the rules defined by the Charter Oath of the Five Articles.
Japanese: 政府は、五箇条の御誓文に示された諸原則を実施するため、同年閏4月21日(旧暦)（1868年6月11日）、太政官政体書を公布して、統治機構を改めた。
English: One of seven departments was Giseikan which was a legislative assembly for public opinion.
Japanese: そのうちの一官として、公議輿論の中心となる立法議事機関である議政官を設けることなどを定めた。
English: However, when the Boshin War was almost over, the government became negative about regarding public opinion in a deliberative assembly, and in October, 1868, they abolished Giseikan.
Japanese: しかし、戊辰戦争終結の見通しがつくとともに、政府は公議輿論の尊重に対して消極的となり、同年9月（同年10月）には議政官は廃止された。
English: In April, 1869, following results of investigations by the parliament system interrogation office, Kogisyo (the lower house) was newly established.
Japanese: 明治2年3月(旧暦)（1869年4月）、議事体裁取調所による調査を経て、新たに公議所が設置された。
English: On August 29, 1871, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures) was implemented, and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was reformed.
Japanese: 明治4年7月14日(旧暦)（1871年8月29日）に廃藩置県が実施され、同年には太政官官制が改革された。
English: Daijokan consisted of the Central, Left and Right Councils, and Shugiin was replaced by the Left Council and became a legislature consisting of representatives assigned by the government.
Japanese: 太政官は正院・左院・右院から成り、集議院は左院に置き換えられ、官撰の議員によって構成される立法議事機関となった。
English: In 1874, Taneomi SOEJIMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shojiro GOTO and Shinpei ETO who resigned from their post due to the political upheaval in 1873 (the dispute of Seikanron [debate on subjugation of Korea]) submitted a political statement for democratic representatives in their joint names.
Japanese: 1874年（明治7年）、前年のいわゆる明治六年の政変（征韓論の争議）に敗れて下野した副島種臣、板垣退助、後藤象二郎、江藤新平等が連署して、民撰議院設立建白書を左院に提出した。
English: Their political statement insisted on the establishment of a legislature consisting of members selected by the public, not the government, and abolishment of despotism by bureaucrats.
Japanese: この建白書では、官選ではなく民選の議員で構成される立法議事機関を開設し、有司専制（官僚による専制政治）を止めることが必要だとした。
English: Following this statement, criticism of oligarchy by Satsuma and Choshu clans grew into the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and political associations were established in various places.
Japanese: これを機縁として、薩長藩閥による政権運営に対する批判が自由民権運動となって盛り上がり、各地で政治結社がおこなわれた。
English: Around the same time, in various places, rebellions were frequently held by the warrior class who had complaints about the government, and it deteriorated public security in Japan.
Japanese: また、この頃には、各地で不平士族による反乱が頻発するようになり、日本の治安はきわめて悪化した。
English: Famous rebellions were the Saga War in 1874, Shinpuren Rebellion in 1876, and the Seinan War in 1877.
Japanese: 代表的なものとしては、1874年（明治7年）の佐賀の乱、1876年（明治9年）の神風連の乱、1877年（明治10年）の西南戦争などが挙げられる。
English: In April 14, 1875, the Imperial Rescript for the constitutional system of the government (Imperial Rescript for gradual shift to the constitutional system of government) was issued.
Japanese: 1875年（明治8年）4月14日、立憲政体の詔書（漸次立憲政体樹立の詔）が出された。
English: I…established Genro-in (the Chamber of Elders) to develop nation's legislation, and established Daishin-in (Predecessor of the Supreme Court) to secure independence of the judiciary, and also summoned local officials to listen to the voices of the people and secure public interest, and aimed at a gradual shift to the constitutional system of government that provided benefits to both me and the public.
Japanese: 朕、...ここに元老院(日本)を設け、もって立法の源を広め、大審院を置き、もって審判の権を鞏（かた）くし、又、地方官を召集し、もって民情を通じ公益を図り、漸次に国家立憲の政体を立て、なんじ衆庶と倶にその慶に頼らんと欲す
English: In a word, the emperor declared the establishment of Genro-in, Daishin-in, and local administrative assemblies and gradual shift to the constitutional system of government.
Japanese: すなわち、元老院、大審院、地方官会議を置き、段階的に立憲君主制に移行することを宣言した。
English: The Osaka conference held by important government officials such as Toshimichi OKUBO and Hirobumi ITO, and democratic activists such as Takayoshi KIDO and Taisuke ITAGAKI resulted in this declaration.
Japanese: これは、大久保利通、伊藤博文ら政府要人と、木戸孝允、板垣退助らの民権派の会談である大阪会議の結果である。
English: To address political instability in local areas, rules of prefectures were issued in 1878, and a prefectural (local) assembly by popular election was established in each prefecture.
Japanese: また、地方の政情不安に対処するため、1878年（明治11年）には府県会規則を公布して、各府県に民選の府県会（地方議会）を設置した。
English: During the Freedom and People's Rights Movement since 1874, many common people all over Japan published their own ideas for a constitution.
Japanese: 1874年（明治7年）からの自由民権運動において、様々な憲法私案（私擬憲法）が各地で盛んに執筆された。
English: However, since the government drafted the Constitution of the Empire of Japan without discussing public ideas, they were not reflected in the constitution at all.
Japanese: しかし、政府はこれらの私擬憲法を持ち寄り議論することなく、大日本帝国憲法を起草したため、憲法に直接反映されることはなかった。
English: The government issued various acts to oppress the citizens' speech and political activities such as the Defamation Law, Press Regulations in 1875 and the Public Assembly Ordinance in 1880.
Japanese: 政府は、国民の言論と政治運動を弾圧するため、1875年（明治8年）の讒謗律、新聞紙条例、1880年（明治13年）の集会条例など、様々な法令を定めた。
English: Regulations for the Reservation of Law and Order in 1887 enforced people-rights activists to leave Tokyo, and if activists refused, they were captured.
Japanese: 1887年（明治20年）の保安条例では、民権運動家は東京より退去を強いられ、これを拒んだ者を拘束した。
English: Most of the public ideas included detailed descriptions of human rights to oppose suppression of free speeches and political activities by the government.
Japanese: 政府による言論と政治活動の弾圧を背景として、人権に関する規定が詳細なことは、おおむね共通する。
English: Some people said that public ideas for the emperor's status was not so different from that defined in the constitution.
Japanese: 天皇の地位に関しては、言われるほど差がある物ではなかったとする意見がある。
English: Democratic activists used to be people with reverence for the emperor who had fought during the Meiji restoration, and they considered the emperor as the ultimate advocate of public rights and benefits.'
Japanese: 「自由民権家は皆明治維新を闘った尊皇家で、天皇の存在に国民の権利、利益の究極の擁護者の地位を仰ぎ見ていた。」
English: For example, a constitution draft which was renownedas a grass-roots constitution written by Takusaburo CHIBA and others (so-called Itsukaichi constitution) shared the same points with the Constitution of the Empire of Japan as defining that the emperor should have the executive powers, legislature, and judiciary, and supreme command of the armies, and this was sacred and inviolable.
Japanese: 例えば、草の根の人権憲法として名高い千葉卓三郎らの憲法草案（いわゆる五日市憲法）でも、天皇による立法行政司法の総轄や軍の統帥権、天皇の神聖不可侵を定めている点などは、大日本帝国憲法と同様である。
English: On September 6, 1876, the Emperor Meiji issued "Ordinance to order the Imperial Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito to draft a national constitution."
Japanese: 1876年（明治9年）9月6日、明治天皇は、「元老院議長有栖川宮熾仁親王へ国憲起草を命ずるの勅語」を発した。
English: I'm aiming at the establishment of a national constitution based on Japan's national polity, and with reference to constitutions of other countries.
Japanese: 「朕、ここにわが建国の体に基づき、広く海外各国を成法を斟酌して、もって国憲を定めんとす。
English: In 1880, the Camber of Elders submitted 'Japan's national constitution draft' as a final draft, and the Minister of the Treasury, Shigenobu OKUMA also submitted 'My opinion on a constitution.'
Japanese: 1880年（明治13年）、元老院は「日本国国憲按」を成案として提出し、また、大蔵卿・大隈重信も「憲法意見」を提出した。
English: Japan's national constitution draft was strongly influenced by the constitutions of Belgium (1831) and Prussia (1850), and insisted the emperor's compliance with the constitution and the strong authority of the assembly.
Japanese: このうち、日本国国憲按は、皇帝の国憲遵守の誓約や議会の強い権限を定めるなど、ベルギー憲法（1831年）やプロイセン憲法（1850年）の影響を強く受けていた。
English: Therefore, Tomomi IWAKURA and Hirobumi ITO disagreed with the draft, and neither Japan's national constitution draft nor Okuma's opinion on a constitution was adopted.
Japanese: そのため、岩倉具視・伊藤博文らの反対に遭い、大隈の意見ともども、採択されるに至らなかった。
English: A group led by Tomomi IWAKURA dismissed Shigenobu OKUMA during the political upheaval in 1881, and immediately after that, they held a conference in the presence of the emperor and decided the establishment of a national diet.
Japanese: 岩倉具視を中心とする勢力は、明治十四年の政変によって大隈重信を罷免し、その直後に御前会議を開いて国会開設を決定した。
English: Following this incident, the Imperial Rescript for the establishment of the national diet was issued in October 12, 1881, and its contents were as follows;
Japanese: その結果、1881年（明治14年）10月12日に、次のような国会開設の詔が発された。
English: First, the national diet (assembly) would be established in 1890, and second, organizations and authority of the diet should be decided by the government (constitution enacted by the emperor), and third, further political arguments should be prohibited, and forth, people who attempt domestic conflicts would be punished.
Japanese: この勅諭では、第一に1890年（明治23年）の国会（議会）開設を約束し、第二にその組織や権限は政府に決めさせること（欽定憲法）を示し、第三にこれ以上の議論を止める政治休戦を説き、第四に内乱を企てる者は処罰すると警告している。
English: A councilor, Hirobumi ITO and others went to Europe as 'government officials' on orders from the government in March, 1882, and started investigating theory and practice of German constitutionalism.
Japanese: 1882年（明治15年）3月、「在廷臣僚」として参議・伊藤博文らは、政府の命を受けてヨーロッパに渡り、ドイツ系立憲主義の理論と実際について調査を始めた。
English: Ito received the following advice from Rudolf von GNEIST of the University of Berlin and Lorenz von STEIN of the University of Vienna, 'Since a constitution should be built based on a nation's history, tradition, and culture, if you aimed at establishing the nation's constitution, you should learn the history of that nation first.'
Japanese: 伊藤は、ベルリン大学のルドルフ・フォン・グナイスト、ウィーン大学のロレンツ・フォン・シュタインの両学者から、「憲法はその国の歴史・伝統・文化に立脚したものでなければならないから、苟も一国の憲法を制定しようというからには、まずその国の歴史を勉強せよ」というアドバイスを受けた。
English: After the study, Ito believed that the German constitution was the most suitable to model after for Japan's constitution (But Ito reproved Kowashi INOUE who overvalued German system, and thought that they could not introduce German constitution as it was.)
Japanese: その結果、ドイツの憲法体制が最も日本に適すると信ずるに至った（ただし、伊藤はドイツの方式を過度に評価する井上毅を嗜めるなど、そのままの移入を考慮していたわけではない）。
English: Ito said in his letter to Japan that he could not be associate with Gneist because he was a right-wing extremist, but had a good chemistry with Stein.
Japanese: 伊藤自身が本国に送った手紙では、グナイストは極右で付き合いきれないが、シュタインは自分に合った人物だと評している。
English: Ito returned to Japan in 1883, and ordered Kowashi INOUE to prepare a constitution draft.
Japanese: 翌1883年（明治16年）に伊藤らは帰国し、井上毅に憲法草案の起草を命じた。
English: And Ito established the constitution interrogation office (its name was changed into the political system interrogation office the next year) so as to prepare for a constitution and a national diet.
Japanese: また、憲法取調局（翌年、制度取調局に改称）を設置するなど、憲法制定と議会開設の準備を進めた。
English: In 1885, Daijokan (Grand Council of State) was abolished and the first cabinet was established, and Hirobumi ITO became the first Prime Minister.
Japanese: 1885年（明治18年）には、太政官を廃止して内閣(日本)が創設され、伊藤博文が初代内閣総理大臣となった。
English: Inoue was advised from a German official legal adviser, Karl Friedrich Hermann ROESLER and Albert MOSSE to prepare a constitutional draft, and completed the final draft in May, 1887.
Japanese: 井上は、政府の法律顧問であったドイツ人・ロエスレル（ロェスラー、KarlFriedrichHermannRoesler）やモッセ（AlbertMosse）などの助言を得て起草作業を行い、1887年（明治20年）5月に憲法草案を書き上げた。
English: Based on this draft, Ito, Inoue, Miyoji ITO and Kentaro KANEKO had further discussions at Ito's villa in Natsushima (Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture), and completed the Natsushima draft.
Japanese: この草案を元に、夏島（神奈川県横須賀市）にある伊藤の別荘で、伊藤、井上、伊東巳代治、金子堅太郎らが検討を重ね、夏島草案をまとめた。
English: After that, they modified the Natsushima draft, and wrote a final draft in April, 1888.
Japanese: その後、夏島草案に修正が加えられ、1888年（明治21年）4月に成案をまとめた。
English: Just after that, Ito established the Privy Council as a consultative body of the emperor, and he became a chair person of the Privy Council and deliberated the constitutional draft.
Japanese: その直後、伊藤は、天皇の諮問機関として枢密院(日本)を設置し、自ら議長となって、この憲法草案の審議を行った。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated on February 11, 1889, and then announced to the public.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）2月11日、大日本帝国憲法が発布され、国民に公表された。
English: This constitution was thought to be the constitution enacted by the emperor, so it was promulgated by handing it down from the emperor to Prime Minister, Kiyotaka KURODA, and Japan became the first constitutional monarchy with a modern constitution in East Asia.
Japanese: この憲法は、天皇が黒田清隆首相に手渡すという欽定憲法の形で発布され、日本は東アジアではじめて近代憲法を有する立憲君主国家となった。
English: The Parliamentary Law, Law of House of Peers, and the House of Representatives Election Law were also enacted the same time.
Japanese: また、議院法、貴族院令、衆議院議員選挙法、会計法なども同時に定められた。
English: The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was come into effect on November 29, 1889 when the first Imperial Diet session was open.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法は、第1回帝国議会が開会された1890年（明治23年）11月29日に施行された。
English: People were excited about the new constitution even before contents of the constitution were announced, and celebration gates and illuminations were seen everywhere, and a lantern procession was held.
Japanese: 国民は、憲法の内容が発表される前から憲法発布に沸き立ち、至る所に奉祝門やイルミネーションが飾られ、提灯行列も催された。
English: Democratic activists and newspapers of that time also highly evaluated the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and celebrated its promulgation.
Japanese: 当時の自由民権家や新聞各紙も、同様に大日本帝国憲法を高く評価し、憲法発布を祝った。
English: Yukichi FUKUZAWA, also wrote in the 'Jiji Shinpo' which he organized, that he was surprised that the constitution was promulgated and the national diet was established without any 'national conflict,' and was pleased with it.
Japanese: また、福澤諭吉は主宰する「時事新報」の紙上で、「国乱」によらない憲法の発布と国会開設を驚き、好意を持って受け止めた。
English: But, he was also concerned that people were still not psychologically independent even though the promulgation of the constitution and public's participation in politics were realized, and stated as below:
Japanese: しかし、人民の精神の自立を伴わない憲法発布や政治参加に、不安も抱いていて、以下のように述べている。
English: In western countries, people confronted their government, and were enlightened, and rebelled against oppression, and built up arms, and a government which loses public favor could not control domestic and diplomatic affairs, and was gradually compelled to distribute ruling powers, and finally a national diet was established.
Japanese: 「そもそも西洋諸国に行わるる国会の起源またはその沿革を尋ぬるに、政府と人民相対し、人民の知力ようやく増進して君上の圧制を厭い、またこれに抵抗すべき実力を生じ、いやしくも政府をして民心を得さる限りは内治外交ともに意のごとくならざるより、やむを得ずして次第次第に政権を分与したる.
English: In 1891, the Crown Prince of the Russian Empire, Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) was attacked by a guarding patrol officer, Sanzo TSUDA in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture during his visit to Japan.
Japanese: 1891年（明治24年）、日本を訪問中のロシア皇太子・ニコライ（のちのニコライ2世）が、滋賀県大津市で警備中の巡査・津田三蔵に突然斬りかかられ負傷した。
English: The cabinet of that time pressured the court to apply a penal code for lese majesty to this case and demanded the death penalty of the accused.
Japanese: この件で、時の内閣は対露関係の悪化をおそれ、不敬罪の適用と、被告人に対する死刑を求め司法に圧力をかけた。
English: The chief justice of Daishin-in (the predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan), Korekata KOJIMA did not apply the penal code for lese majesty, and ordered a justice who was in charge of this case to apply a penal code for premeditated murder attempt against ordinary people according to the law.
Japanese: しかし、大審院長の児島惟謙は、この件に同罪を適用せず、法律の規定通り普通人に対する謀殺未遂罪を適用するよう、担当裁判官に指示した。
English: Due to this incident, Japan was known as a constitutional/law-abiding country which realized that Law and judicial power were independent.
Japanese: この一件によって、日本が立憲国家・法治国家として法治主義と司法権の独立を確立させたことを世に知らしめた。
English: Giving that the chief justice could step into an argument, it could be said that independence of justices was still not secured in this case.
Japanese: また、大審院長が裁判に介入したことから、個々の裁判官の独立は守られていないことに注意を要する。
English: In 1930, the government concluded the London Naval Treaty, and then the opposition party, the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff and right-wing groups condemned the treaty as a violation of the supreme command by the government, and the Prime Minister, Osachi HAMAGUCHI was attacked by a member of a right-wing group.
Japanese: 1930年（昭和5年）、ロンドン海軍軍縮条約を締結した政府に対し、野党と海軍軍令部、右翼団体が、政府による統帥権の干犯であると難じ、内閣総理大臣・濱口雄幸が右翼団体員に襲撃される事件が起きた。
English: At that time, the emperor organ theory was commonly accepted as evidence of the emperor's sovereignty, but in 1935, a member of the House of Peers and lieutenant general, Takeo KIKUCHI criticized the treaty for going against the national polity.
Japanese: 1935年（昭和10年）、貴族院(日本)議員で陸軍中将の菊池武夫(陸軍軍人)が、当時通説的地位を持っていた統治機構に関する学説である天皇機関説を、国体に反するものと非難。
English: An advocator of the emperor organ theory, Tatsukichi MINOBE made a speech to refute Kikuchi's claim, but it could not stop the blame on him.
Japanese: 主唱者であり、貴族院議員でもあった美濃部達吉は、反論の演説をするも攻撃の声は止まなかった。
English: Okada's cabinet issued Kokutai Meicho Seimei (Declaration of Clear Evidence of the National Polity) to avoid attacks from right-wing groups and the military, and banned Minobe's writings.
Japanese: また、岡田内閣も右翼・軍部の攻撃を恐れ、国体明徴声明を出し、また美濃部の著書を発禁処分とした。
English: By the way, in the middle of the incident, the Emperor Showa said to his close aide, "the organ theory is no problem."
Japanese: ちなみに、昭和天皇はこの時、「機関説で良いではないか」と側近に漏らしていたという。