nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Parts other than O-toro and Chu-toro are called 'lean meat' or simply 'tuna meat' and treated as something different from Toro.
Japanese: 大トロ・中トロ以外の部分は「赤身」または単に「マグロ」と称して、「トロ」とは別物とされる。
English: In general, ventral meat more than dorsal meat, anterior meat more than posterior meat, and exterior meat more than interior meat contains higher fat.
Japanese: 一般に背肉より腹肉のほうが、後部肉より前部肉のほうが、内層肉より表層肉のほうが脂質の含量が高い。
English: Recently, due to the establishment of complete aquaculture technology, hybrid tuna, whose whole body consists of Toro, have also been created.
Japanese: 昨今ではマグロの養殖業完全養殖により、｢全身がトロ｣などという個体も作れるようになった。
English: Sometimes, however, fatty meat other than tuna meat is also called 'Toro.'
Japanese: ただし、マグロの肉以外でも、脂が乗っている状態の肉をトロと言う事がある。
English: As the word 'Toro' is not clearly defined in terms of types of meat, sellers use the word 'Toro' as a tool of sales promotion strategies because Toro tuna meat has the image of luxury food.
Japanese: トロという言葉には肉の種類に明確な定義がなく、マグロのトロが持つ高級品としてのイメージを借りようとする販売戦略に利用されている。
English: Hinawaju (English: matchlock gun) is one form of gun in early times.
Japanese: 火縄銃（ひなわじゅう、英語：matchlockgun）は、初期の鉄砲の形態のひとつ。
English: It is thought to have been invented in Europe at the end of the 15th century and is also called a matchlock.
Japanese: 火縄銃は、15世紀末にヨーロッパで発明されたと考えられ、マッチロック式銃とも言う。
English: The fire ignites fine black gunpowder which is called kuchigusuri (gunpowder), moves to the explosive charge called dogusuri (loaded gunpowder) or tamagusuri (loaded gunpowder) and burns up in a burst (deflagration) and the pressure in the barrel propels the bullet.
Japanese: 火はそこから口薬（くちぐすり）と呼ばれる微粉末黒色火薬に引火し（胴薬）（どうぐすり）または玉薬（たまぐすり）と呼ばれる装薬に伝わり、そこで一気に燃焼（爆燃）、弾丸を射出する仕組みになっていた。
English: Previous firearms were types where live coals (matches and so on) were pushed down by hands (a touch-hole type) ('flame-spurting lance' - a bamboo gun in the Sung dynasty, 'a fire lance' [a gunpowder weapon] in the Ming dynasty, 'madfa' in Russia around 1300 and so on) which was difficult to handle, and the firing accuracy was low.
Japanese: それ以前の銃器は、火種（火縄など）を手で押し付ける方式（タッチホール式）であった（宋(王朝)の「突火槍」、明の「火竜槍」、1300年頃のロシアの「マドファ」など）ことから、扱いが難しく命中精度も低かった。
English: In order to make up for the shortcomings, a serpentine-lock system was contrived, where a match was sandwiched between serpentines and was cocked and set off with a trigger, and changes in structural aspects such as the gunstock and so on advanced and the hinawaju was completed.
Japanese: この欠点を補うため、火縄をS字型金具（サーペンタイン）ではさんで操作するサーペンタインロック式が考案され、さらに銃床など構造面の整備が進み、火縄銃が完成した。
English: In Japan it was introduced at Tanega-shima Island in 1543 and thus it was called a Tanegashima rifle or simply Tanegashima.
Japanese: 日本には1543年に種子島に鉄砲伝来したことから、種子島銃あるいは単に種子島と呼ばれた。
English: (As we'll see later, however, strictly speaking, all hinawaju were not called 'Tanegashima,' but those that were relatively thick and short were called that way.)
Japanese: （後述、但し厳密にはすべての火縄銃を「種子島」と云わず、比較的に太く短いものをさすことが多い）
English: In a matchlock mechanism, performance such as accuracy of fire, shooting distance, and so on advanced greatly.
Japanese: マッチロック式は命中精度と射程距離の向上など銃の性能を大きく向上させた。
English: On the other hand, there were many weak points to be improved, such as poor portability where live coals and matches must be always carried, danger of an accidental fire, extreme vulnerability to rainy weather and so on, and in night battles the enemy could easily see the position of the shooter.
Japanese: その一方で、火種・火縄を常に持ち歩く携帯性の悪さや失火の危険、夜戦で敵にこちらの位置を教えることになる、雨天に極端に弱い等、改善すべき弱点はまだ数多かった。
English: To make up for these, in Europe a mechanism where a piece of pyrite was struck on a rotating steel circular (wheel) to ignite the gunpowder (wheel lock mechanism) or where a firestone (flint) was struck on a piece of iron to ignite the powder (flint gun - flintlock system) were invented.
Japanese: これらを克服するため、ヨーロッパでは回転する鋼輪（ホイール）に黄鉄鉱片を擦り付けて着火する方式（ホイールロック式）や、燧石（火打ち石：フリント）を鉄片にぶつけて着火する方式（フリントロック式）が発明された。
English: Comparing a hinawaju in the museum with a present day rifle, we can see a big difference between the form near the grip.
Japanese: 博物館の中の火縄銃と、現代のライフル銃などを比較すると、グリップ付近の形状が大きく異なる。
English: This is said to be because a hinawaju was influenced by the crossbow where it was not necessary to absorb a large recoil from the gunpowder exploding and it was designed into the form where the bow part was removed.
Japanese: これは、火縄銃は火薬の大きな反動を受け止める必要がなかったクロスボウの影響を受け、その弓部分を取り払った形態にデザインされていた為と言われる。
English: Because of this, the shooter could not shoot with the butt against his shoulder and close his armpits like with present-day rifles and thus the matchlock gun was used in the style where the shooter shot with an elbow squared like when setting an arrow on a bow (however, many matchlock guns in Europe were the shoulder type and the short type was in the minority).
Japanese: そのため、現代のいわゆるライフル銃のように台尻を肩に当てて、脇を締めて発射することはできず、弓を番えるように肘を外に張って射撃するスタイルで使用されていた（但しヨーロッパの火縄銃は肩当ストック型のものの方が多く短床型の方が少数派）。
English: The gunstock of the matchlock guns in Japan remained as the cheek gun stock type and did not change to those of shoulder gun stock type.
Japanese: なお、日本における火縄銃が頬付け形に終始し、肩付け形の銃床にならなかった。
English: As for the reason, it is pointed out that it was not appropriate for armored warriors to shoot during the Sengoku period (period of warring states), that it was cumbersome to shoot from gun crenels in tactics, and during peaceful periods the form and style of shooting was inherited through tradition and were rigidified.
Japanese: その理由として、戦国期においては鎧武者による射撃に適さないことや鉄砲狭間からの射掛けにおいて邪魔であるという用兵上の事情、泰平期においては流儀による形態・射法の継承による硬直化等が指摘されている。
English: Traditionally, according to the descriptions of "Teppoki" (a history book on the introduction of guns), the introduction of a gun to Japan began on Tanega-shima Island in 1543.
Japanese: 従来、『鉄炮記』の記述により日本への鉄砲伝来は1543年の種子島より始まるとされてきた。
English: Recently, however, there is one theory which claims that the firearms spread across Southeast Asia were introduced in several regions in Japan by wako (Japanese pirates) around 1543 and in those days they were used as hunting guns (the theory of Takehisa UDAGAWA).
Japanese: しかし、近年では、東南アジアに広まっていた火器が1543年前後に倭寇勢力により日本の複数の地域に持ち込まれ、伝来当初は猟銃として用いられていたとする説も提示されている（宇田川武久説）。
English: However, among European and US researchers one theory is dominant, which says that instantaneous discharge matchlocks in Europe were introduced into Japan and improved, Holland bought them from Japan and exported them to Southeast Asia and the Japanese model spread across Southeast Asia as an example.
Japanese: だが、欧米の研究家の間では、欧州の瞬発式火縄銃が日本に伝えられて改良発展したものが、逆にオランダによって日本から買い付けられて東南アジアに輸出され、それらが手本となって日本式の機構が東南アジアに広まったものとする説が有力である。
English: Japanese old gun researchers say that 'matchlock guns in Sri Lanka' exhibited in the Portugal Pavilion of Tsukuba EXPO was 'Sakai tsutsu (hinawaju made in Sakai) for export' which was a Japanese gun that had a gunstock decorated with marquetry, the locals' favorite, which is considered as historical material supporting the theory.
Japanese: つくば科学万博においてポルトガル館で展示された「スリランカの火縄銃」は、日本製の銃に現地好みの木象嵌を銃床に施した「輸出仕様の堺筒」であるとの見方が日本の古銃研究家の間から出されており、この説を裏付ける資料とされる。
English: After the Sengoku period in Japan, Kunitomo and Hino in Omi Province, Negoro-ji Temple in Kishu Province and Sakai in Izumi Province flourished as major production areas for guns.
Japanese: 戦国時代以降、日本では近江国の国友、同じく日野、紀州の根来寺、和泉国の堺が鉄砲の主要生産地として栄えた。
English: Only Negoro-ji Temple declined after the Azuchi-Momoyama period because of the influence of Siege of Kishu by Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, but even after that, Kunitomo, Hino and Sakai flourished as production areas for guns and they were proud of their high technical capabilities.
Japanese: 根来のみは織田信長・豊臣秀吉による紀州攻めの影響で安土桃山時代期以降衰退したが、国友・日野・堺はその後も鉄砲の生産地として栄え、高い技術力を誇った。
English: And as for technique of castle construction, battlement for a flank attack (it had already existed), exploiting the performance of hinawaju, developed and they were applied to Ako-jo Castle.
Japanese: また、築城技術でも火縄銃の性能を活かした横矢掛かり（これ自体はすでに存在していた）などが発達し、赤穂城などに応用された。
English: Thus, until new-model guns were imported for actual fighting during the end of the Edo period, most of guns were matchlocks.
Japanese: 幕末に実戦を前提として新式銃が輸入されるまでほとんどの銃器が火縄式のままであった。
English: Exceptionally, however, it was a fact that various firearms were secretly studied in each daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and each clan and the variations were many.
Japanese: 但し例外として、各大名諸藩で極秘裏に様々な銃器が研究されていたことも事実であり、そのバリエーションは多岐にわたる。
English: Just before the introduction of new-style guns during the end of Edo period, considering foreign situations, even the guns of percussion lock mechanism were imitated and experimentally produced, but there were many guns which, we do not know how to comment about, that could not possibly be in any practical use.
Japanese: 幕末新式銃渡来直前に海外事情も考慮してパーカッション式の銃器すら模造、試作されたものの他には、実用の可能性を想定していたものかどうかは何とも評しようがないものが多い。
English: Various kinds of guns were experimentally produced, such as a triple-barrel hinawaju which had three pans and whose gun barrel rotates like a revolver, a level double-barreled pistol and so on.
Japanese: 火皿を3つ付けたものや、銃身がリボルバーのように回転する物など三連発の火縄銃や水平二連式短銃など、様々なものが試製されていた。
English: Also, there is a way called 'futakuchibi' where the shooter waits after igniting both ends of the match, folding it in two and holding it in the fingers of his left hand.
Japanese: また、火縄の両端に火をつけ、それを二つ折りにして火口を左手の指に挟み持って待機する「二口火（ふたくちび）」という方法もある。
English: Load dogusuri (gunpowder) then a lead ball in gun muzzle (the cartridge was invented later and then the time and effort of loading largely decreased).
Japanese: 銃口へ発射薬である胴薬と弾丸を装填する（後に早合が発明されると装填の手間は大幅に軽減した）。
English: Put some gunpowder in the pan to act as an ignition agent, close the pan cover and place the lighted tip of match between metal tongs.
Japanese: 火皿に点火薬である口薬を入れ、火蓋を閉じ、火の点いた火縄先を火挟（ひばさみ）に挟む。
English: As for the container for gunpowder, the regular one was the cylinder type of five to eight centimeters long and after pouring the gunpowder into the barrel and letting go of the container, it hangs down from the waist naturally and the spout is covered with a cap.
Japanese: この口薬の容器は長さ5-8cmの水筒型が定番であり、火薬を注いだ後、手を放すと自然に腰にぶら下がり、キャップが注ぎ口に被さる仕組みになっている。
English: It is said that skillful soldiers could shoot about every 20 seconds (every 18 seconds in an experiment during the late Showa period).
Japanese: 熟練兵士なら約20秒に一発発射したという（昭和末期の実験では18秒程度）。
English: Hinawaju came to be increasingly used as one of the major firearms for ashigaru (common foot soldier) after the middle of the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 火縄銃は、戦国時代中期以降、足軽の主要武器の一つとしてその比重を増していった。
English: From the Sengoku period to the Edo period in Japan, for one troop, one or two group(s) of matchlock infantry (20 to 50 members) were positioned.
Japanese: 日本の戦国時代から江戸時代においては備ひとつに対し、鉄砲組（20-50名）を1、2組配しているのが基本である。
English: At the beginning of a war or against enemies charging forward in a rush, they were used to fusillade and stop the advance.
Japanese: 戦の開始のときや、勢いに乗り突進してくる敵兵に対し一斉射撃を浴びせ進撃を止まらせるときなどに使用された。
English: There is an opinion that they kept some distance for safety since gunpowder might have exploded accidentally when it was used in falling sparks.
Japanese: 火の粉が飛び散る中で火薬を使用するので暴発しかねず、相互に安全な距離を取ったという見解がある。
English: Two-stage shooting: Soldiers line up in two rows, the front line kneels down on one knee, the back line stands up as they shoot.
Japanese: 二段撃ち：2列横隊に並び、前列が片膝をつき、後列が直立して射撃する。
English: There remains a record that it was contrived by Narimasa SASSA, but it is not sure these positions were really used and were doubtful as mentioned above.
Japanese: 佐々成政が考案したという記録が残っているが、実際に採用されていたのか、上記の議論上問題がある。
English: There is also one theory that Saiga-shu (the gun troops) applied it in actual fighting until around 1568 at the latest.
Japanese: 雑賀衆が遅くとも1568年あたりまでにはすでに実戦で用いていたという説もある。
English: One shooter has a few hinawaju and assistants and while the shooter is shooting, the assistants load them and thus it becomes possible to shoot serially and faster.
Japanese: 1人の射撃手に数丁の火縄銃と数人の助手が付き、射撃手が射撃している間に助手が火縄銃の装填を行う方法があり、これにより素早い連射が可能である。
English: It was a special style of Saiga-shu and Negoro-shu (a group of armed priests in Negoro-ji Temple), known as groups of gun mercenaries.
Japanese: 鉄砲傭兵集団としてその名を知られた雑賀衆、根来衆の得意スタイルである。
English: In military science of Uesugi-ryu school, this shooting method, dividing the labor into shooters and assistants is said to have been called the way of Karasu-watashi (crow handing) and in future generations, in the Kishu Tokugawa family, the job title of kusurikomeyaku (a gunpowder charger), the predecessor of Oniwaban (the shogunate's guard of the inner garden), retains a trace of it.
Japanese: この射撃手・助手を分業する射撃運用法を烏渡しの法と上杉流軍学では称したと伝えられ、また後世紀州徳川家においては薬込役という、御庭番の前身である職名にその痕跡を残している。
English: It is said that in general there are many things to do when loading the next bullet, such as 'clean out the residuary gunpowder from inside the gun barrel with a cleaning rod' (after shooting a few bullets the gun barrel soots up and the lead shot cannot be inserted, and thus it is washed with a ramrod with a wet cloth on the end), 'stick a ventpick in the fire hole,' 'cool the gun barrel down' (however, if one shoots every minute, it is not necessary) and so on.
Japanese: 次弾発砲までに「銃身内の火薬残滓を洗い矢で拭う」（数発撃つと銃腔にすすがこびり付き弾が入らなくなるため、槊杖の先に水に濡らした布を付けて拭う）「火穴にせせり（ヴェントピック）を通す」「銃身を冷やす」（但し、1分間に1発程度のペースで発砲するのであればこの必要は全くない）など、一般に次弾装塡の際に行うべき事は多いと言われる。
English: However, these were told as 'parables' to emphasize the advancement of science technology in future generations and in fact it is not necessary for these tasks to be done for each shot, but for every few shots.
Japanese: しかし、これらは後世に科学技術の進歩を強調するための「たとえ話」として語られたものであり、実際にはこの作業を1発ごとに行う必要はなく、数発に一度行えばよい。
English: If you use a bullet called 'otori-dama' (inferior bullet), a bit smaller than an appropriate one, you can shoot more than ten bullets serially, although the accuracy of fire at the target decreases.
Japanese: また、「劣り玉」と呼ばれる適合弾より若干径が小さい弾を使用すれば、目標への集弾性は低下するものの、10発以上の連続発射が可能である。
English: (At a shooting distance of 15 ken [about 27 meters], common in target practice during the Edo period, the accuracy of fire is almost the same even with otori-dama, but if the distance is more than 30 ken [about 54 meters], the accuracy decreases.)
Japanese: （江戸時代の射的で一般的な、射距離十五間では劣り玉でも命中率は殆ど変わらないが三十間を超えると低下が見られる）
English: Also, it is not necessary to clean the gun barrel and pan so often; it needs to be cleaned only after abnormalties are found such as difficulty inserting a lead ball.
Japanese: また銃腔内や火皿の清掃は頻繁に行う必要はなく、弾が込め難い等の異常を感じたら行えば済む。
English: As for the cleaning method, you insert the cleaning rod, the end having a wet piece of cloth, into the gun muzzle and move it in and out one to two times, as black gunpowder is easily soluble in water.
Japanese: その方法も、黒色火薬が水に溶けやすい特性から、洗矢の先に水で湿らせた布切れを付けたものを銃口から差込み1〜2往復させれば完了する。
English: However, a muzzle-loader is not appropriate for serial shooting compared to present-day guns, which is easy to understand as mentioned above.
Japanese: とはいえ、現代の銃に比して先込め銃は単体では連射に向かないものであることは上記のプロセスなどからも容易に窺える。
English: To improve the most problematic point that 'it takes lots of time to shoot the next bullet' of a muzzle-loader, 'hayago' (cartridge for simplifying the loading), 'to make up a team with several people,' 'to set up some gun barrels' and so on were variously (sometimes bizarrely) contrived during the Sengoku period (Japan) when hinawaju was used.
Japanese: この「次弾発射までに時間がかかる」という先込め式最大の問題点を改善するため、火縄銃が用いられた戦国時代(日本)の日本では、「早合」（装塡を簡便にするための弾薬包）「複数人でチームを組む」「銃身を複数設置する」など、様々な（時には奇天烈な）発想がなされている。
English: It was in Europe that the concentrated shooting method in open battle formation was turned into actual utilization and the earliest called tercio (Spanish square), where, against the advancement of a close-packed formation of pikes, fusiliers accompanying in four directions approach to the formation of the enemies at close range and just before contact, they firstly shoot and expect the first impact blow.
Japanese: 野戦隊形における集中射撃法が実用化されたのはヨーロッパにおいてであり、最も初期のものはテルシオと呼ばれる、長槍（パイク）の密集方陣の進撃に際して四周に随伴した銃兵が相手方の方陣と至近距離まで接近し、接触寸前になった時点で発砲して第一次打撃を期待するものである。
English: As this method was used before the invention of the bayonet and the fusiliers who shot were not good war potentials, they are said to have retreated.
Japanese: この方式は銃剣の発明以前であり、発砲を終えた銃兵は有効な戦力ではないから、退避行動を取ったとされている。
English: The idea of the exchange of shooters between the front and rear is seen in the military caracole of horse soldiers, utilized against military tercio.
Japanese: 射撃手前後交替の発想が見られるものとしては騎兵のカラコール戦術が対テルシオ戦法として用いられた事が挙げられる。
English: To solve the weak point of the time needed to load and aspects of defenses, one method was contrived, in which, just after the front man of fusiliers marching in a column line shot, he ran back to the end of the line while loading, but it required much practice to do this.
Japanese: 装填に時間と防御上の弱点が生じることを解決する手段として、縦列で行進する銃兵の最前者が発砲し、発砲後直ちに最後尾に駆け戻って装填作業をしながら行進を続行するという方式が考え出されたが、それを行うには非常に訓練を必要とした。
English: Maurice of Nassau (Prince of Orange) in Netherland is conjectured to have been the originator of this method, which is considered to have been around 1584.
Japanese: オランダ・ナッサウ伯マウリッツ(オラニエ公)がおよそこの創始者であろうと推察され、概ね1584年頃の事とされている。
English: Today Maurice is called the father of the reformation of the military system, but his achievement lies not in the shooting method, but in the discovery that hard and incessant practices to attain a goal could change the armies in those days, which were aggregations of mercenaries, into a body whose members had a team spirit based on a sense of belonging and were effective beyond expectation, which was highly evaluated.
Japanese: 今日マウリッツは軍制改革の父と呼ばれているが、その功績は射撃法ではなく、それを達成する為の猛烈且つ間断なき訓練が、寄せ集め傭兵の集合体であった当時の軍隊を一種の帰属意識に基づく団結心を持った集団に変え得る予期外の効果を持つという事を発見したという点が評価されている。
English: Also, Maurice is highly evaluated as a militarist, who thought up the idea to have three kinds of soldiers; infantry, cavalry and artillery coordinated in order to apply mobile tactics and who actually made the tactics possible.
Japanese: またマウリッツは、歩騎砲の三兵が連動して機動戦術を採る事を発案し且つ可能にした軍事家としても評価されている。
English: However, there is no record that the exchange method in a column line exerted a great effect; also, the sluggishness was not avoided fatefully for this method of movement, which some people think caused Maurice's death in war.
Japanese: ただこの縦列交替法が大きな効果を発揮したらしい記録はなく、またこの運動方式には鈍重さが宿命的に付きまとったため、マウリッツ自身の戦死の原因をそこに求める考え方もある。
English: It is doubtful to regard this period as that of hinawaju, but it can be considered as the end of the transfer period to the flintlock mechanism.
Japanese: この時代を火縄銃時代とするかどうかには疑問があるが、燧石式移行時代の終わり頃とも考えられる。
English: In fact, it was not until after the mechanism was shifted to that of flintlock when the shooting method of exchanging between the front and the rear was put into practical use, which, some people think, owed much to the improvement in the functions of the flintlock mechanism.
Japanese: 実際に前後交替射撃法が実用化するのは燧石式に移行してからであり、燧石式の機能改善もそれに相当の貢献をしたと考えられる。
English: Also, the appearance of bayonet drill is considered to have contributed much to this, but at the same time, during this period the operation of the cannon was dramatically improved and it still needs much revision to argue that only the exchange shooting of fusiliers transformed the battle line situation.
Japanese: また銃剣の登場もこれに大きく寄与していると考えられるが、同時にこの時代は大砲の運用が飛躍的に改良されており、銃兵の交替射撃のみが戦線の状況を変革させたと論じるのは未だ大きな検討を要するであろう。
English: To make up for the weak points when loading early guns, they tried to shoot the advancing open battle army from places protected by barriers, ramparts, obstacles, unusual land features and so on.
Japanese: 装填その他に伴う初期銃の弱点を補う為に障壁･城壁･障害物あるいは特殊な地形等によって防御された場所から、機動してくる野戦軍を射撃しようという試みは早くから行われている。
English: The most famous example is the tactics conducted by Spanish military personnel, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba during the Italian Wars in 1503, where he commanded the Arquebusiers, whose number is estimated to have been 2000, positioned in a hastily built fosse and the embankment made with the remaining clod, that broke up the advancing French heavy cavalry troop, and these wars were an important factor leading to the establishment of Spanish hegemony.
Japanese: 最も著名な例は1503年イタリア戦争中、スペイン軍人ゴンサロ・フェルナンデス・デ・コルドバが行った戦法で、急造の堀とその残土を利用した土手に拠った二千名と推定されるアルケブス銃兵を指揮して、押し寄せたフランス重騎兵団を粉砕し、スペインの覇権確立の重要な要因となった戦いがある。
English: Also in the Italian Wars that followed, similarly in 1522, the commander of the mercenaries in the Spanish army, Colonna broke up the advancing Swiss concentration of spearmen with tactics of repeated shooting of the arquebus, using land features and hastily built ramparts.
Japanese: 続いてイタリア戦争においても、1522年同じくスペイン軍の傭兵隊長コロンナがミラノ郊外ビコッカにおいて、地形と急造塁壁を利用したアルケブスの反復射撃戦法で、押し寄せたスイス槍兵集団を粉砕している。
English: Matchlock guns are said to have been introduced on Tanega-shima Island 20 years after this incident.
Japanese: ちなみに種子島に火縄銃が伝来したとされるのはこの20年後の事である。
English: As the oldest example, believers of Hussites are said to have arranged the carts in a circular formation, made them a protective wall and applied the tactics of shooting with handguns in the Hussite Wars (1419 – 1436) that occurred in Germany.
Japanese: 最も古い例としてドイツで発生したフス戦争（1419-1436年）において、フス派信徒が円陣配置した荷車を防壁にしてハンドガンで射撃するという戦法を採ったとされている。
English: It is said that they shot in rotation in any war, but there are no grounds for controlled alternate shooting by command method being done.
Japanese: 何れの戦いにおいても交替に射撃したとは言われているが、号令方式などによる統制交替射撃が行われたとする根拠はない。
English: The troops or tiny corps which had relatively low combat capability utilized natural or artificial obstacles and shooting weapons and were on the defensive, and defeated a strong surging open battle army.
Japanese: 比較的格闘戦能力に劣る部隊もしくは少数部隊が、自然もしくは人工の障害と飛び道具を利用して防戦態勢をとり、押し寄せる強力な伝統的野戦軍を破った。
English: As for an archetype, the Battle of Crécy (1346) in the Hundred Years' War between France and England is notorious as military knowledge from the medieval ages to early modern times.
Japanese: この原型は中世から近世初期にかけての軍事知識として、英仏百年戦争におけるクレシーの戦い（1346年）が著名である。
English: This battle is famous for the first record of the use of the gun, and it is said that the evidence of rapidly established horse-blocking fence is being revealed by an excavation and research, but, even though guns were used, they were very few and the fact and effect of the use of guns still remain to be proven.
Japanese: この戦いは火砲の使用が初めて記録された戦いとしても有名であり、また馬防柵を急造設置したらしい痕跡が現在発掘調査で明らかになりつつあると言われているが、火砲は使用されたとしても極少数であり、使用の事実及び効果に付いてはまだ今後の研究を待つ所が大きい。
English: As a result, however, in this battle, intense shooting of the spearmen group, from hills, stopped and defeated the rush of heavily-armed knights group which were said to had be invincible so far.
Japanese: しかしながら、この戦いは丘陵地形を利用した弓兵集団の集中射撃によって、これまで無敵とされた重武装騎士の集団突撃を阻止粉砕するという戦果を残した。
English: And during the end of this battle, in the Battle of Agincourt (1415), the exact same events were repeated.
Japanese: さらに同戦争末期、アジャンクールの戦い（1415年）において、全く同様な事が繰り返された。
English: At that time the use of gun was not recorded, but as for the carrying of pointed stakes for horse-blocking, the order of British monarch Henry V (the King of England) was recorded.
Japanese: この時には火砲の使用に記録はないが、馬防用の先端のとがった杭の携行については、英国王ヘンリー5世(イングランド王)の命令が記録されている。
English: It is safe to say that this knowledge was applied to the operation using guns which had both newly emerging characteristics and weak points and it succeeded.
Japanese: これらの知識が新しく登場した特長と弱点を併せ持つ鉄砲の運用に応用された成功したのは、まず間違いはないであろう。
English: In Japan, how European military knowledge was introduced into the people around Nobunaga and the possibility that the knowledge was applied to the Battle of Nagashino is interesting and remains to be proved.
Japanese: 日本において、信長周辺にこれらヨーロッパ軍事知識がどのように伝わっており、長篠の戦闘などに応用されたという可能性は興味深く、今後の研究が待たれる。
English: As for the flintlocks, names such as "snaphance," "muklet," "flintlock" and so on are known and they are said to be classified in terms describing their form, but there is no record of an origin for hinawaju.
Japanese: 燧石式銃については（スナップハンス）（ミュクレット）（フリントロック）などの名称が知られ形式上の分別とされているが、その発祥は火縄銃同様明確な記録はない。