nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The "Nashitsubo no Gonin" represents the key members at the Waka-dokoro (the Imperial Bureau of Poetry) established by order of Emperor Murakami in 951 within the Shoyosha, which was one of the Shichiden-Gosha (seven residences and five houses for the Empress and other concubines) inside the Heian Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 梨壺の五人（なしつぼのごにん）とは、天暦5年（951年）村上天皇の命により、平安御所七殿五舎の一つである昭陽舎に置かれた和歌所の寄人である。
English: The title of this chapter was derived from the waka poem that Genji composed, 'My love lives on as it did long ago, but tendril wreath, what winding stem led you to me?'
Japanese: 巻名は光源氏が詠んだ和歌「恋ひわたる身はそれなれど玉かづらいかなる筋を尋ね来つらむ」に因む。
English: Some people consider Tamakazura as a central figure in the ten chapters from 'Tamakazura' to 'Makibashira (The Cypress Pillar),' so these chapters are sometimes called the ten folded books of Tamakazura.
Japanese: なお、「玉鬘」より「真木柱」までの十帖を玉鬘を主題としたひとまとまりの物語であるとする立場からまとめて玉鬘十帖と呼ぶこともある。
English: After her mother, Yugao, died, she goes down to Tsukushi province at the age of four, accompanied by a wet nurse.
Japanese: 夕顔の遺児玉鬘は母の死後、4歳で乳母一家に伴われて筑紫国へ下国した。
English: Subsequently, her wet nurse's husband, Dazai no Shoni (junior assistant governor of Dazaifu, local government office in Kyushu region), passes away, and she has been stuck there, not being able to return to Kyoto, while turning twenty.
Japanese: そして乳母の夫太宰少弐が死去した後上京できぬまま、既に20歳になっていた。
English: Because she was a beautiful woman, there are many suitors, and she is unnerved by especially Taifu no Gen (Audit Commissioner), a leading figure of Gozoku (local ruling family) in Higo Province, who asks her to marry him aggressively.
Japanese: その美貌ゆえ求婚者が多く、中でも有力者である肥後の豪族大夫監の強引な求婚に困り果ててしまう。
English: However, she does not know how she can find her mother, Yugao, so makes a petition to the gods and Buddha, setting out for Hasedera Temple to seek divine favor.
Japanese: しかし京で母夕顔を探す当てもなく、神仏に願掛けし、長谷寺の御利益を頼み参詣の旅に出る。
English: Genji, who has heard Ukon's story, takes Tamakazura in to Rokujo-in Palace as his own daughter, having her live in the west wing of the Summer-Residence and making Hanachirusato her guardian.
Japanese: 右近の報告に源氏は玉鬘を自分の娘というふれこみで六条院に迎え、花散里を後見に夏の町の西の対に住まわせた。
English: Together with Murasaki no Ue, Genji chooses the best clothes to wear on the New Year's days for his women at the end of the year.
Japanese: 年の暮れ、源氏は紫の上とともに、女性らに贈る正月の晴れ着選びをした。
English: While her mother Yugao is hiding herself from Tono Chujo's legal wife, who threatened her, she meets Genji, but dies an accidental death in their secret meeting.
Japanese: 母夕顔は頭中将の正妻に脅され姿を隠していた時に源氏と出逢い、逢瀬の途中に不慮の死を遂げる。
English: However, her wet nurses are not informed of her death, and Tamakazura is taken to the Kyushu region by the wet nurse.
Japanese: しかし乳母たちにはそのことは知らされず、玉鬘は乳母に連れられて九州へ流れる。
English: She grows to be a beautiful woman there, and is eagerly asked to marry by the local Gozoku, Taifu no Gen, but she turns him down and returns to Kyoto.
Japanese: そこで美しく成長し、土着の豪族大夫監の熱心な求愛を受けるが、これを拒んで都へ上京。
English: On her way to Hasedera Temple, she runs into Ukon, a woman who was once Yugao's maid, and through her good offices she is taken in to Rokujo-in Palace as an adopted daughter of Genji.
Japanese: 長谷寺参詣の途上で偶然にも夕顔の侍女だった右近に再会、その紹介で源氏の邸宅・六条院に養女として引き取られる事となった。
English: She is sent many love letters by Kindachi (high-ranking nobles) such as Genji's younger brother, Hotaru Hyobukyo no Miya, Higekuro, Kashiwagi (half brother by a different mother), and so on.
Japanese: 源氏の弟宮である蛍兵部卿宮をはじめ、髭黒、柏木(源氏物語)（実は異母兄弟）など多くの公達から懸想文を贈られる。
English: Later, She bears him a baby boy (Jiju no Kimi - a chamberlain), Oigimi (a consort of Emperor Reizei), Naka no kimi (Naishinokami of Kinjo no Mikado - Emperor).
Japanese: その後髭黒との間に男児（侍従の君）、大君（冷泉院女御）、中君（今上帝(源氏物語)尚侍）をもうける。
English: In spite of being brought up in the countryside, she is more intelligent and beautiful than her mother, and Genji is impressed by her course of action and way she handles people. (In the chapter of 'Takekawa (Bamboo River),' a sequel to her story is told.)
Japanese: 田舎で生い立ちながら母よりも聡明で美しく、出処進退や人への対応の見事なことよと源氏を感心させた（なお「竹河」で玉鬘の後日談が語られる）。
English: Hair keeps growing against our will, therefore hair has been a symbol of 'something beyond human control' or 'destiny' in literature since ancient times.
Japanese: 毛髪は自分の意に反して伸び続ける事から、文学では古来「どうにもならない事」「運命」を象徴する。
English: Tamakazura in "The Tale of Genji" is also at the mercy of her fate due to the incidents triggered by her hapless fate and beauty.
Japanese: 『源氏物語』に登場する玉鬘も数奇な運命と自らの美しさが引き起こす騒動に翻弄され続けた女性である。
English: From the above, it can also be said that Tamakazura is a character which the author Murasaki Shikibu used for dropping hints about things to come in the story.
Japanese: 以上の事から玉鬘は、作者・紫式部が物語に張りめぐらせた伏線の妙を伝える登場人物とも言える。
English: The term "chokusen wakashu" represents an anthology of Japanese poetry complied under order of an emperor or a retired emperor.
Japanese: 勅撰和歌集（ちょくせんわかしゅう）は、天皇や太上天皇の命により編集された歌集のこと。
English: Starting with the Kokin Wakashu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) (completed in 905) until the Shinshoku Kokin Wakashu (New Continued Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) (completed in 1439), 21 chokusen wakashu were compiled during the 534 years.
Japanese: 古今和歌集（延喜5年（905年）成立）に始まり、新続古今和歌集（永享11年（1439年）成立）までの534年間で、21の勅撰和歌集がある。
English: Imperial anthologies are classified into three groups according to the year of compilation: Sandai-shu (Three Major Collections of Japanese Poetry) (containing the Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry, the Later Collection of Japanese Poetry, and the Collection of Gleanings), Hachidai-shu (Eight Major Collections of Japanese Poetry) (see below), and Jusandai-shu (Thirteen Major Collections of Japanese Poetry) (see below).
Japanese: また編集時期による分類として、三代集（古今集・後撰和歌集・拾遺集）・八代集（下記参照）・十三代集（同）とする。
English: Jakuren (ca. 1139-August 9, 1202) was a poet and a monk who lived from the end of the Heian period to the beginning of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 寂蓮（じゃくれん、1139年（保延5年）?-1202年8月9日（建仁2年7月20日(旧暦)））は、平安時代末から鎌倉時代初期にかけての歌人、僧侶である。
English: He was born to the priest Shunkai, and around 1150 he was adopted by his uncle FUJIWARA no Toshinari, growing up to have Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank) and work at the Ministry of Central Affairs.
Japanese: 僧俊海の子として生まれ、1150年頃叔父である藤原俊成の養子となり、長じて従五位・中務省に至る。
English: However, when Toshinari had his own son, FUJIWARA no Teika, he became a priest in his thirties, devoting himself to the art of waka poetry.
Japanese: しかし、俊成に実子藤原定家が生まれたことから、それを機に30歳代で出家、歌道に精進した。
English: He played an important role as a leading poet in the Mikohidari family, and a controversy with Kensho in the 'Roppyakuban utaawase' (The Poetry Match in 600 Rounds), which is called 'controversy between Tokko (an implement pointed at both ends) and Kamakubi (gooseneck)' is famous.
Japanese: 御子左家の中心歌人として活躍し、「六百番歌合」での顕昭との「独鈷鎌首論争」は有名である。
English: He became wakadokoro yoryudo (a key member of waka house) and then a selector of "Shin Kokin Wakashu" (New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry), but he passed away in 1202 before the anthology was completed.
Japanese: 和歌所寄人となり、『新古今和歌集』の撰者となるが、完成を待たず翌1202年（建仁2年）没した。
English: No. eighty-seven: The passing showers left the raindrops on the cedar-tree needles which are not dried yet, and the mists rise up to the autumn skies. ("Shin Kokin Wakashu")
Japanese: 87番村雨の　露も未だ干ぬ　槇の葉に　霧立ち昇る　秋の夕暮れ　（『新古今和歌集』）
English: Among the many legendary writers of the ancient Japanese writings which were made from the Heian to the early Kamakura period ---most of them are not reliable, though---, these two calligraphies have signs, so they are reliable drafts for poems.
Japanese: 平安時代から鎌倉時代初期の古筆類は、伝称筆者は多いものの確実なものが少ない中で、この2つの書跡はともに署名があり、筆者の確実な自筆詠草である。
English: Its structure follows the example of "The Kojidan" (a collection of narratives authored by MINAMOTO no Akikane between 1212 and 1215), and consists of the following volumes: 'The Rule of Right Based on Benevolence,' 'Loyalty,' (missing), 'Shrines and Temples,' 'Accomplishments,' and 'The Han Dynasty.'
Japanese: 構成は『古事談』を範とし、「王道后宮・臣節・（欠巻）・神社仏寺・諸道・漢朝」の各巻からなる。
English: The stories and legends contained in this collection are originally from "The Chuyuki" (the Diary of FUJIWARA no Munetada), "The Choshuki" (the Diary of MINAMOTO no Morotoki), "The Chugaisho" (the Analects of FUJIWARA no Tadazane), "The Fukego" (the Analects of FUJIWARA no Tadamitsu), among others.
Japanese: 所収の説話伝承は『中右記』『長秋記』『中外抄』『富家語』などを出典としている。
English: Although "The Zoku Kojidan" shows similarity to "The Kojidan" in regard to the use of diaries and books of ancient practices and customs, "The Zoku Kojidan" uses Japanese Kana characters, and its stories tend to include teachings of Confucius.
Japanese: 日記・故実書の利用は『古事談』に似ているが、文体は和文（仮名文）で儒教の教訓性を持つ説話が多い。
English: Since this work was complied during the eve of the Jokyu War, it has a strong tendency to respect old political systems, and to remonstrate Emperor Gotoba by preaching the ideal emperor.
Japanese: 承久の乱前夜において尚古傾向と末代意識が強く、理想的な帝王の姿を説くのは後鳥羽天皇への諫言が込められているという。
English: In 1994, Izumi Shoin Publishing released "The Shoku Kojidan Chukai" (An Annotated Edition of the Zoku Kojidan), which is priced rather expensively.
Japanese: 1994年に和泉書院から注釈書『続古事談注解』が刊行されているが相当に高価。
English: "The Zoku Kojidan" (edited by Mitsutoshi HARIMA, etc.) was published by Ohfu Co., Ltd. in 2002, and the last volume of the series 'The Kojidan and The Zoku Kojidan, The New Japanese Classic Literature Compendium Edition 41' was published by Iwanami Shoten Publishers in 2005.
Japanese: 2002年におうふうで播摩光寿ほか編『続古事談』が、2005年に岩波書店で最終回配本「古事談、続古事談　新日本古典文学大系41」が刊行された。
English: It is said to be compiled by FUJIWARA no Nobuzane (c. 1177 - 1265), who was well known as a painter and a poet.
Japanese: 画家および歌人として高名だった藤原信実（1177？―1265？）が編んだといわれる。
English: The stories are generally written in the uta-monogatari (short tales centered around poems) style with simple but elegant Japanese, and contains various subjects such as romance of noblemen of the Imperial Court and their graceful exchange of words, stories of failure, and comedy.
Japanese: 歌物語風の説話を中心に、大宮人の色恋沙汰や風流な応酬から、失敗譚・滑稽譚までを簡潔流麗な和文体で記す。
English: "The Kohon Setsuwashu" is a narrative collection and is believed to have appeared during the end of the Heian period, or at the latest, during the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 古本説話集（こほんせつわしゅう）は、平安時代末期か、遅くとも鎌倉時代初期には成立したと見られる説話集。
English: There are others who believe that it had appeared in the Daiji (Japan) era (1126 - 1131).
Japanese: 具体的な成立時期は大治(日本)年間（1126年－1131年）など諸説がある。
English: This book had been in obscurity for a long time until it was discovered in 1943, when it was temporarily named 'Kohon Setsuwashu.'
Japanese: 長く埋もれていたのを昭和18年（1943年）発見され、「古本説話集」と暫定的に命名。
English: Characters of the stories of the first part include noteworthy and talented women of the Imperial Court such as Izumi Shikibu, Akazome Emon, ISE no Taifu, and Imperial Princess Senshi, as well as talented men such as KI no Tsurayuki, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, and FUJIWARA no Kinto, and many elegant anecdotes based on waka (Japanese poems) are used in the narratives.
Japanese: 世俗説話には、紀貫之・凡河内躬恒・藤原公任などの才子に加え、和泉式部・赤染衛門・伊勢大輔・選子内親王ら王朝を代表する才媛が登場し、和歌を中心とする宮廷社会の風雅な逸事を集める。
English: The Buddhist narratives include miraculous tales of devas and gods such as Kannon (the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy), historical tales of Buddhist temples, tales about passing to the next life, and tales of the supernatural.
Japanese: 一方、仏法説話には観音・天王などの霊験譚や、寺院の縁起譚、往生譚、怪異譚などがある。
English: Many narratives in this book are also seen in "The Konjaku Monogatarishu" (Tales of the Past and Present), "The Uji Shui Monogatari" (Tales from Uji Collection), or "The Yotsugi Monogatari" (Tales of Generations).
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』『宇治拾遺物語』『世継物語』と共通する説話を多く有する。
English: They are based on notes taken by FUJIWARA no Sanekane, a shinshi (person who has passed the examination for entrance to the civil service) and a kurodo (chamberlain) (and the father of a kokui no saisho (Buddhist priest who has great political influence) named Shinzei), during talks with his teacher, the Sochi no Chunagon (vice-councilor of state and director of Dazaifu, local government office in Kyushu region) OE no Masafusa (1041 - 1111).
Japanese: 帥中納言大江匡房（1041－1111）の談話を、進士蔵人藤原実兼(蔵人)（黒衣の宰相といわれた信西の父）が筆記したもの。
English: Existing books are generally classified as the 'old book' type or as the 'similar book' type.
Japanese: 現存本は、雑纂形態の「古本系」と、類聚形態の「類聚本系」に大別される。
English: The books of the old book type take on a conversational style and lack correlation between stories, while the books of the similar book type, which are thought to have included some additions and improvements during the Middle Ages, are divided into six sections which are based on themes.
Japanese: 談話形式を取り、連関性を欠く古本系に対し、中世に改編・加筆されたと思われる類聚本の方では内容に沿って六部に分けている。
English: Godansho includes many stories about the trend of the aristocracy as well, and such stories appears to have had great influence on later narrative literature.
Japanese: 貴族社会の世相を伝える説話も多く、後者は後世の説話文学へ影響を及ぼした。
English: The differences in structure of the collection between Fuga Wakashu and the preceding anthology "Gyokuyo Wakashu" (Jeweled Leaves Collection) is that the compilers reduced five volumes of miscellaneous poems to three, increasing each volume of Spring and Autumn to three books instead, and moreover, a volume of Gaka (Celebration Poetry) was replaced with Chobi.
Japanese: 構成上、先行する『玉葉和歌集』と異なるのは、春・秋を各三巻に増大した代わり、雑歌を玉葉の五巻から三巻に縮め、また賀歌を掉尾に置き換えたことである。
English: It is pointed out that the structure which has three volumes for Spring and Autumn would have been modeled after "Gosen Wakashu" (A later collection of selected Japanese poetry).
Japanese: 春・秋の歌各三巻という構成は『後撰和歌集』を模した可能性が指摘されている。
English: In 1346, 100 poems of Jowa were offered for reference in order to compile Fugashu.
Japanese: 貞和二年（1346年）頃、風雅集編纂のために貞和百首が詠進され、選考資料となった。
English: On December 30, 1346 (Japanese Northern Dynasty), a party after poetry selection was held, therefore the anthology should have been completed by around 1348.
Japanese: 北朝(日本)の貞和二年（1346）十一月九日、竟宴が催され、同四年頃までに成立。
English: According to the kanajo, it was originally planned to be called 'Shofu (正風) Wakashu' which means 'right wind' (historic pass for waka poetry), but it also could be called 'Shofu (傷風)' (literally injured wind) in the Wu reading, so they changed it into 'Fuga' to avoid the negative meaning.
Japanese: 仮名序によると、本来、「正しき風」（由緒正しい和歌の道）という意の「正風和歌集」に命名すべきところを、呉音で「傷風」に通じるのを忌み「風雅」に改めたという。
English: Among the Imperial anthologies compiled by the Emperor from Jimyoin-to (imperial lineage from Emperor Gofukakusa to Emperor Gokomatsu), it inherited the perfect style of the Kyogoku school of poetry, following "Gyokuyo shu."
Japanese: 持明院統の天皇による勅撰集では『玉葉集』に次ぎ、完成された京極派の歌風を継承する。
English: The poems selected most were composed by Emperor Fushimi (85 poems), a patron and captain of the early Kyogoku group, and the ones selected second most were by Shoshi SAIONJI (68 poems); the following are other poets whose poems dominate the top ranks: Hanazonoin (54 poems), Tamekane KYOGOKU (52 poems), and Tameko KYOGOKU (39 poems).
Japanese: 前期京極派の庇護者兼主将、伏見天皇（85首）と西園寺しょう子（68首）を筆頭に、上位入集歌人は花園院（54首）・京極為兼（52首）・京極為子（39首）の順に並ぶ。
English: More than 30 poems composed by representative poets of the later Kyogoku group such as Emperor Gofushimi, Kogonin, and Kianmonin were selected, as well as Hanazonoin's.
Japanese: 花園院のほか、後伏見天皇・光厳院・徽安門院ら後期京極派の代表歌人も30首以上の入集を果たした。
English: In addition, poets who lived in the earlier period such as KI no Tsurayuki, FUJIWARA no Toshinari, FUJIWARA no Teika, Emperor Gotoba were treated with respect in accordance with custom of imperial anthology.
Japanese: なお前代歌人では紀貫之・藤原俊成・藤原定家・後鳥羽天皇らが勅撰集の慣例に沿って尊重されている。
English: Fuga shu, however, is more intense, and its distinctive characters are contemplation of delicate nature and description of calm mind, which reflect the deep emotions of those who lived in the turbulent age of the Northern and Southern Courts.
Japanese: 風雅集においてその純度は一層高く、繊細な自然観照と深沈な心境の描写を本領とし、南北朝の乱世に生きる人々の感慨を映している。
English: The poems were classified in the order of categories: Spring (two volumes), Summer, Autumn (two volumes), Winter, Separation, Journey, Jingi (gods of heaven and earth), Shakyamuni's teachings, Love (five volumes), Miscellanea (three volumes), Elegy, and Gaka (Celebration Poetry).
Japanese: 部立の順序は春（上・下）、夏、秋（上・下）、冬、離別、羇旅、神祇、釈教、恋（五巻）、雑（三巻）、哀傷、賀歌。
English: As mentioned in the preface, it contains poems composed by the poets, who had sided with the Southern Dynasty after the Genko era (1331-34) until the Kowa era (1381-84).
Japanese: 序文に述べるように、元弘（1331－1334）以降、弘和までの南朝方の詠歌を集める。
English: Poems by the former Emperor Gomurakami were selected most (100 poems), and the second most were by the Imperial Prince Muneyoshi (99 poems) (in order to make the former Emperor's poems selected most, but in reality, Prince Muneyoshi's other poems were selected a lot as 'Anonymous.')
Japanese: 最多入集は先帝・後村上天皇の百首で、宗良親王の99首がそれに次ぎ（これは先帝を最多入集にするための計らいで、実際には宗良親王は「読人不知」としても多数入集）、
English: Poems composed by great men who had lively roles and great energy in those troubled times were also selected: Chokeiin, Iekata KAZANIN, Morokata KAZANIN, Emperor Godaigo, Kinyasu TOIN, Imperial Prince Takayoshi, and Chikafusa KITABATAKE.
Japanese: 長慶院・花山院家賢・花山院師賢・後醍醐天皇・洞院公泰・尊良親王・北畠親房ら、乱世にあって獅子奮迅の活躍を遂げた英傑の面々も登場する。
English: As it is called 'elegies of Yoshino court,' Shinyoshu contains many excellent acute poems which describe indignation at the fate which they could not resist in the considerable decline of the Southern Dynasty.
Japanese: 「吉野朝の悲歌」と称される通り、新葉集では、南朝の衰勢著しい境遇の中で、如何とも挽回しがたい天命への悲憤を込めた、切実な感情の秀歌が目立つ。
English: The acute grief which lies in the simple and unaffected style of the Nijo group's poetry gives inner mystery to the poems, which cannot be seen in any of the Thirteen Imperial Anthologies of Japanese Poetry.
Japanese: 平淡な二条派歌風の底に潜む悲痛極まりない感慨は、十三代集のいずれにも見られない、深遠な蘊奥をこの集に賦与している。
English: The following is a poem collected in the nineteenth volume of Elegies and composed by Shintaikenmonin (or Renshi ANO, the real mother of Emperor Gomurakami).
Japanese: 巻第十九・哀傷に収める新待賢門院（後村上帝の生母阿野廉子）の歌を下に記す。
English: Nakatsukasa (ca. 912-ca. 991) was a female poet who lived in the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 中務（なかつかさ、912年（延喜12年）頃-991年（正暦2年）頃）は、平安時代中期の女流歌人。
English: Because her father, Imperial Prince Atsuyoshi, a son of the Emperor Uda, was Nakatsukasa-kyo (Minister of the Ministry of Central Affairs), she was designated as Nakatsukasa.
Japanese: 父は、宇多天皇の皇子敦慶親王で、親王が中務卿であったことから、この名がついている。
English: The poems composed by Nakatsukasa can be seen in collections of poems such as 'Gosen Wakashu' (Later Selected Collection of Japanese Poetry), 'Saneakira shu' (personal collection of MINAMOTO no Saneakira), 'Motosuke shu' (personal collection of KIYOHARA no Motosuke), and 'Minamoto no Shitago shu' (personal collection of MINAMOTO no Shitago).
Japanese: 中務は、「後撰和歌集」「信明集」「元輔集」「源順集」などの歌集に作品が載っている。
English: She had relationships with many scions of nobility, and was especially intimately related to MINAMOTO no Saneaki.
Japanese: 多くの公達と関係があり、特に源信明（みなもとのさねあき）との関係は深かった。
English: Her other lovers were Imperial Prince Motoyoshi, Imperial Prince Tsuneakira, Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) FUJIWARA no Saneyori, FUJIWARA no Morouji, and FUJIWARA no Morotada.
Japanese: 他に元良親王、常明親王との恋や、関白藤原実頼、藤原師氏、藤原師尹との関係が知られる。
English: Kado, which literally means an art of poems, is an art of creating waka (traditional Japanese poems of thirty-one syllables) and a study regarding waka itself (treatise on waka poetry and the study of waka).
Japanese: 歌道（かどう）とは、和歌の創作や和歌自体に関する学問（歌論・歌学）を追及する学芸を道に擬えたもの。
English: In the Nara period when "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) was compiled, an awareness that waka was the only literature in Japanese emerged.
Japanese: 『万葉集』が編纂された奈良時代より和歌が日本語による唯一の文芸であるという自覚が芽生えつつあった。
English: Since around the early 10th century when "Kokin Wakashu" (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) was compiled, 'uta no michi' (the way of waka) was advocated against Kidendo, a study of Chinese poetry (also called Monjodo).
Japanese: 『古今和歌集』が編纂された10世紀初め頃より、漢詩の紀伝道（文章道）に対抗して「うたのみち」が唱えられるようになった。
English: A typical example is that OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, who wrote the preface of "Yayoi mika Ki no shisho Gokusuinoen" (Ki no shisho Gokusuinoen waka) that was made at gokusuinoen (ceremony in the Imperial Court) held in the house of KI no Tsurayuki, said 'uta no michi.'
Japanese: 紀貫之の邸宅で開かれた曲水宴の際に作られた『三月三日紀師匠曲水宴（紀師匠曲水宴和歌）』の序文を書いた凡河内躬恒が「うたのみち」と述べたのが代表的な事例である。
English: In addition, because the Emperor Daigo's reign during which "Kokin Wakashu" was compiled was called 'Engi no chi' (the peaceful era of Engi), the compilation of Chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) and the thought of magnificent imperial reign were linked together.
Japanese: 更に『古今和歌集』が編纂された醍醐天皇の治世が「延喜の治」と称されたことから、勅撰和歌集の編纂と聖代思想が結びつくことになった。
English: Furthermore, after Kento-shi (Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China) was abolished, the decline of Tang culture and uplift of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture) activated events such as Uta-kai (poem competitions) and utaawase (poetry contests), and organization and establishment of rules of Kadai (subjects of waka Japanese poem) and Daii (meanings of subjects), and specialization in the study of classics and knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorumts regarding waka that were considered to be necessary to compose better waka developed.
Japanese: 更に遣唐使廃止後の唐風文化の衰退と国風文化の高揚が、歌会・歌合などの行事を活発化させ、それにつれてより良い和歌を作成するために必要であると考えられた歌題・題意の組織化と規範化、和歌に関する古典・有職研究の専門化が進展した。
English: After the mid 11th century, germination of the master and pupil system emerged and Rokujo Genke (the Rokujo Minamoto family), Rokujo Toke (the Rokujo Fujiwara family), and the Mikohidari family, etc. were formed.
Japanese: 11世紀中期以後は師弟制度の萌芽が見られ、六条源家・六条藤家・御子左家などが形成された。
English: Under such circumstances, literature supremacy theory intensified in the poetry circles, and finally, Kado started to take on themes of the occult and mystics, which led to absolutization of Kado in waka after the medieval period.
Japanese: そのような状況下で歌壇では文芸至上主義の傾向が強まり、ついには歌道の秘伝化・神秘化が発生して、中世以後の和歌における歌道の絶対化に至った。
English: Among others, the Mikohidari family, who organically linked practical composition and theories of waka while valuing traditionalism, overpowered other families, and as a result, the family eventually established Kashoku (one's trade or profession) as 'kadoshihanke' (lecturer on the art of waka poetry).
Japanese: その中でも伝統主義を重視しつつ和歌の実作と理論を有機的に結びつけた御子左家が他の家を圧倒した結果、「歌道師範家」として家職を確立させていった。
English: Soke (the head family) of the Kyogoku and Nijo schools extinguished one after the other early in the Muromachi era and only the Reizei family, Soke of the Reizei school, kept its family name to this day.
Japanese: 京極派・二条派の宗家は室町時代に入り相次いで断絶して、冷泉派宗家である冷泉家のみが今日まで家名を残した。
English: However, the Nijo school, which was inherited by disciples after the Soke extinguished, had the most influence through the medieval period.
Japanese: だが、宗家断絶後も門人らによって継承された二条派が中世を通じて最も影響力を有した。
English: In the Nijo school, a secret theory regarding explication of waka contained in "Kokin Wakashu" that has been considered to be the ideal of Chokusen wakashu has been secretly inherited from the master to the disciple as 'Kokin denju.'
Japanese: 二条派には勅撰和歌集の理想とされてきた『古今和歌集』所収和歌の解釈に関する秘説が「古今伝授」として師から弟子に秘かに継承されてきた。
English: Kokin denju, with its mystique, made to be authoritative as the supreme inherited secret teachings in the poetry circles of the medieval period.
Japanese: 古今伝授はその神秘性とともに中世歌壇における最高の秘伝として権威付けられた。
English: Prominent successors of Kokin denju include Tsuneyori TO, Sogi IIO, Saneki SANJONISHI, Fujitaka HOSOKAWA, and Imperial Prince Toshihito.
Japanese: 古今伝授の代表的な継承者としては東常縁・飯尾宗祇・三条西実枝・細川藤孝・智仁親王らが挙げられる。
English: However, early in the Edo period, it was criticized by Katsutoshi KINOSHITA and Mosui TODA, and later, original study of waka based on the study of Japanese classical literature began its rise.
Japanese: だが、江戸時代に入ると、木下勝俊や戸田茂睡によって批判され、後に国学による独自の歌学研究が勃興することとなった。
English: Early in the modern times, waka reformists such as Shiki MASAOKA and Tekkan YOSANO denied the value of Kado itself, which brought an end to the history of Kado.
Japanese: 更に近代に入ると、正岡子規や与謝野鉄幹らによる和歌改革論者によって歌道そのものの価値が否定されるに至り、その歴史に幕を閉じることとなった。