nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the Sengoku period, Iga Province formed a self-governing community with a strong council system called "iga sokoku ikki" while being affiliated to Niki clan, the Iga Shugo.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)、伊賀は伊賀守護・仁木氏の傘下に属しながらも、「伊賀惣国一揆」と呼ばれる合議制の強い自治共同体が形成されていた。
English: In case of Iga, however, the forcefulness of speech by powerful Jonin Miyake (Hattori clan, Momochi clan, and Fujibayashi clan) was so strong that people followed their opinion most of the time when a reunion took place.
Japanese: だが伊賀の場合、実力者である上忍三家（服部氏・百地氏・藤林氏）の発言力が強く合議を開いても彼らの意見に従うことが多かった。
English: On the other hand, Koka formed a self-governing community called "So" in which people had an equal position and respected the principle of decision by majority, so it was contrast to the administration of "iga sokoku ikki."
Japanese: 逆に甲賀は「惣」と呼ばれる自治共同体を形成していたが各々が対等な立場にあった為に多数決の原理を重んじ、「伊賀惣国一揆」の運営ぶりとは対照的であった。
English: In general, there might be an image that Iga and Koka were old enemies just like oil and water, but it is a misunderstanding.
Japanese: 一般的には伊賀と甲賀は互いに相容れない宿敵同士というイメージがあるがこれは誤解である。
English: They rather thought that it would be nothing profitable even if they were opposed to each other in here and there parted by a mountain like neighbors, and that people in Iga and those in Koka should always be in cooperative relationship, and they made a commitment to repel the enemy if the territory which belonged to one of them was invaded.
Japanese: 1つ山を挟んだ言わば隣人同士で争いあっても何の得も無い。むしろ伊賀の人々と甲賀の人々は常に協力関係にあり、どちらかの土地に敵が攻め込んだ場合は力を合わせて敵を退けるよう約束していた。
English: In 1579, Kai SHIMOYAMA, one of Iga Ninja, betrayed his fellows and informed Nobuo ODA, the second son of Nobunaga ODA, of Iga's united power's declining and proposed an invasion.
Japanese: 天正7年（1579年）、伊賀忍者の1人・下山甲斐は仲間を裏切り織田信長の次男・織田信雄に伊賀の団結力が衰えだしたことを報告し侵略を進言した。
English: Nobuo who was in on Shimoyama's words immediately repaired Maruyama-jo Castle (Iga Province) located on the border and decided to make it a foothold.
Japanese: 下山の言葉に乗った信雄は直ちに国境にあった丸山城(伊賀国)を修築し、侵略の拠点とすることにした。
English: But Nobuo's plot reached Iga people's ears so soon, and Nobuo was driven into a huge defeat by released Ninja's surprise attack.
Japanese: だが信雄の企みはいち早く伊賀の人々の耳に届き、放たれた忍者達の奇襲によって信雄は大敗を喫してしまう。
English: Nobunaga who was furious at this outcome raged at Nobuo who had moved army without permission and admonished him suggesting breakup of their relationship, but after two years, in 1581, he invaded into Iga Province himself leading about 40,000 soldiers.
Japanese: この結果に激怒した信長は勝手に軍を動かした信雄に激怒し絶縁すると脅して諫める一方、2年後の天正9年（1581年）には自らおよそ4万の兵を率いて伊賀に攻め込んだ。
English: However, Mitsuo TARAO, one of Koka Ninja who were supposed to be in cooperative relationship with Iga, withdrew another two dividers from Iga Ninja in order to put them in service as guide for Ujisato GAMO on Oda side.
Japanese: だがかねて協力体勢にあったはずの甲賀忍者の1人・多羅尾光俊の手引きにより伊賀忍者からさらに2人の離反者が発生し、織田方の蒲生氏郷の道案内をおこなった。
English: For the reason, the castles where Iga people barricaded themselves were successively conquered, and the fall of Kashiwabara-jo Castle which remained to the end put an end to Tensho Iga War.
Japanese: これにより伊賀の人々が立て籠もった城は次々と落ち、最後の砦・柏原城が落ちた時点をもって天正伊賀の乱は終わりを告げた。
English: At the time of opening of Kashiwabara-jo Castle, Oda army and Iga force made a compromise to secure Iga people's lives (many fictional books described that thousands of people were killed by thorough oppression and Ninja who could escape from investigation dispersed all over the country).
Japanese: 柏原城の開城に際して、織田軍と伊賀勢の間で和議が成立しており、伊賀勢の命は保証された（フィクションでは「徹底的な弾圧により数千人が処刑され、捜索の手から逃れた忍者達は全国に散った」と描かれているものが多い）。
English: Afterward, Iga Ninja who were informed of the death of Nobunaga in Honnoji Incident rose in rebellion and caused conflicts in each region.
Japanese: やがて本能寺の変で信長の死を知った伊賀忍者たちが一斉蜂起し、各地で争いを繰り広げた。
English: One of the famous episodes is that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who had been in Sakai City rushed back to Mikawa Province guarded by Masanari HATTORI and others after Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: たとえば本能寺の変の直後、堺市にいた徳川家康が服部正成らに護衛されながら三河国へ逃げ戻ったことなどは有名である。
English: When the land of Koka went under control of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI by way of Nobunaga, Koka Ninja began to be ordered a monitoring activity on Ieyasu as main mission.
Japanese: 甲賀の地が信長を経て豊臣秀吉の支配下に入ると、甲賀忍者達は家康の監視活動を主な任務に命じられる。
English: This thing became a subject matter for kodan storytelling or Yomihon (a reader) in form of "Iga Ninja versus Koka Ninja" in Edo period.
Japanese: この事は江戸時代になって、「伊賀忍軍対甲賀忍軍」という形で講談や読本の題材となった。
English: In Edo period, the achievement of "Igagoe" mentioned above was appreciated, and they were employed by Edo bakufu as Igagumi doshin (a police constable) under Masanari who is generally known as Hanzo Hattori.
Japanese: 江戸時代には上述の「伊賀越え」の功績を認められ、一般に服部半蔵として知られる正成のもとに伊賀組同心として江戸幕府に召し抱えられている。
English: For this reason, Masanari is sometimes told as if he was Ninja himself, but Masanari rather seemed to be a warrior who showed a great performance in general battlefields.
Japanese: なおこのことから正成自身も忍者であったかのように言われることがあるが、正成自身はむしろ普通の戦働きでならした侍であったらしい。
English: After the Todo family governed Iga, they were secured their warrior class called musoku, supplied Fuchimai (salary rice), and incorporated into the governing class.
Japanese: 伊賀を藤堂家が統治して以後は、無足という士族階級を保障され、扶持米を支給され、支配階級に組み込まれていった。
English: For the reason, Iga Ninja were dispatched to a lot of uprising in all over the country for suppression including the putting down war of Amakusa Rebellion and showed a great performance. (Reference; "The Record on Ninja Village, Research on Hometown 10" 〔written by Masatomo ISHIKAWA, published by Suiyo-sya〕)
Japanese: このため、天草の乱の討伐戦をはじめ、全国の多くの一揆鎮圧に伊賀衆が派遣され、大いに活躍している（『忍の里の記録郷土の研究10』（石川正知著、翠楊社出版）参照）。
English: According to the record on Nakaze-mura Village (present Iga City) (Mie Prefecture) in the New Year's Holidays in 1803, the peasants' side demanded Ninja in social status of musoku to be charged boyaku as well as peasants, but Ninja's side refused it on the pretext of their being in warrior class, which led to their social ostracism.
Japanese: 享和三年（1803年）正月の中瀬村(三重県)（現伊賀市）の記録によると、村の農民側から無足身分である忍者に対して、農民と同様の棒役を務めるよう要請があったが、忍者側が士族の身分であることを盾にそれを拒否したところ村八分にされた。
English: Ninja's side appealed to a village officer for their discontent, but the village officer's side is said to have told them that they would be served as mediator only if Ninja's side returns to field renouncing their social status of samurai class or accepts to be served as boyaku.
Japanese: これを不服として忍者側は村役人に訴え出たが、村役人側は、士分としての身分を放棄して帰農するか、棒役を務めるならば仲介に立つと申し渡したという。
English: They served in a public office to conduct general affairs and police work as a subordinate of police sergeant under the control of magistrates, Kyoto deputies, castle keepers, captains of the great guards, head castle guards and others.
Japanese: 諸奉行・京都所司代・城代・大番頭・書院番頭などの配下で、与力の下にあって庶務・警察などの公務に就いた。
English: Also, a lot of domains officially named ashigaru-level soldier (common foot soldier) under the direct control of the domain as doshin.
Japanese: また、諸藩においても藩直属の足軽階級の正式名称を同心としているところも少なくない。
English: Well-known doshin officials are Machikata-doshin, who handled justice, administration, and police affairs in Edo under the town magistrate, and Sanmawari-doshin, who conducted patrols of the town.
Japanese: 町奉行の下で江戸の司法・行政・警察事務を務めた町方同心、市中見廻りを行なった三廻同心はよく知られている。
English: Machikata and Mawarikata-doshins as well as doshin under the investigation division for arson and organized robbery often used their private pawns called okappiki or meakashi as an investigation assistant and information source.
Japanese: この町方・廻り方同心や火付盗賊改方配下の同心は、捜査の補助や情報源として岡っ引、目明しなどと称する私的な手先を使用することが多かった。
English: In the light of the above, okappiki and meakashi were only private servants of a doshin, not proper members of the town magistrate's office, although they are sometimes regarded as present-day police officers.
Japanese: これらのことから推測して、岡っ引や目明しがいわゆる現代の巡査階級の警察官のように言われることがあるが、彼らはあくまで同心の私的使用人にすぎず、正規の町奉行所構成員ではなかった。
English: Originally, the word "doshin" meant "solidarity" during the late mediaeval period in Japan, and it was a synonym of "accomplice" or "insurgence."
Japanese: 同心は、元々中世後期の日本において「一致団結」を意味する語として使用され、「一味」や「一揆」と同義語であった。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), vassals (lower-ranked samurai) of a warring lord came to approach matters in unity in order to perform service at ordinary times and do military service for their master's house.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)に入ると、戦国大名の家臣（下級武士）たちは、主家への平時の奉公や軍役をこなすために相互に団結して事に当たるようになった。
English: This made it common to call lower-ranked samurai "doshin," and subsequently, the Edo bakufu decided to use it as one of official titles of the shogun's retainers.
Japanese: そのため下級武士を「同心」と呼ぶことが一般的となり、後の江戸幕府も幕臣の役職名として「同心」の称を採用したのである。
English: Since all the foot soldiers of the Tokugawa clan's immediate retainers became doshin when the Edo bakufu was established, various sorts of doshin were made; for example, Iga doshin and Koka doshin descended from ninja, a one-hundred matchlock infantry unit, Hachioji thousand doshin of country samurai, and so on.
Japanese: 江戸幕府成立時、徳川氏直参の足軽を全て同心としたため、忍者を祖先とする伊賀同心、甲賀同心、鉄砲組の百人組、郷士の八王子千人同心等、様々な同心職ができた。
English: Those who became a doshin in the early Edo period were specially called "fudai" (hereditary vassal), and even if they lost their official titles, they were still entitled to receive salary and could leave this to their descendants.
Japanese: このように江戸時代初期から同心となった者は、特に「譜代」と呼ばれ、無役となっても俸禄を受けることができ、子孫にこれを受け継がせることができた。
English: Doshin of the bakufu were not hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) but bakushin (shogun's retainers), which were in the gokenin (shogunal retainers) class, and upper ranked doshin received an eighty-koku (crop) salary and a ration for five persons, which means they substantially had a hundred-koku income approximately.
Japanese: 幕府の同心は、幕臣であっても旗本ではなく御家人身分であるが、同心筆頭クラスは80石（俵）五人扶持程度の俸禄を受けたので、実質的には100石近い。
English: Yoriki (police sergeant) under the control of the town magistrate and many of doshin were given their residence (which was like modern police quarters) in Hatchobori (Chuo Ward, Tokyo Prefecture), which was often used as a byword for doshin.
Japanese: 町奉行配下の与力と同心の多くは、八丁堀(東京都中央区)に屋敷を拝領し（いわば現代の警察官舎）、しばしば同心の代名詞とされた。
English: In addition, a residence given to a yoriki was about 990 square meters and a residence given to a doshin was about 330 square meters.
Japanese: ちなみにこの屋敷は、与力が約300坪、同心が約100坪程度の規模であった。
English: Since their job was disliked as it was so-called a dirty job, they formally employed a new person when his predecessor left his office although it was substantially hereditary.
Japanese: いわゆる汚れ仕事として嫌われたために、実質的には世襲ではあったものの、形式的には代替わりの際には新規召抱えの体裁を踏んだ。
English: Lower ranked doshin such as prison patrol doshin just received a ration for five persons, but in reality they had real handsome income as they received bribes from territorial lords and merchants, so they could afford to hire some private servants such as okappiki and meakashi (thief-takers).
Japanese: 牢屋廻り同心など最下級クラスでは二人扶持程度の俸禄でしかなかったものの、実際は諸大名家や町屋(商家)からの付け届けなどでかなりの実収入があり、そのため岡っ引や目明しのような私的使用人を雇う余裕もあった。
English: Kusarigama (a chain and a sickle) is a weapon that has a form like a kama (a sickle) for cutting grass attached to a chain weight and it was developed as a weapon from a farming tool.
Japanese: 鎖鎌（くさりがま）とは、草刈り鎌に鎖分銅を取付けた様な形をした武器で、農耕具を武器として発展させた物である。
English: Kusarigama was mainly used as a weapon of self-defense for the rank of people who were not permitted to wear a sword (peasants, merchants, craftsmen) and in addition it was used as a hidden weapon in various schools of Japanese martial arts.
Japanese: 主に帯刀を許されない身分の者（農民・商人・職人）の護身用の武器として、また、日本の武術各流派では隠し武器として用いられた。
English: As a form of kusarigama, one having a chain weight at the bottom end of a handle of kama is generally known, but depending on schools, various forms of kusarigama have been confirmed, such as one having a chain weight at the top end of kama so that it may be used with one hand, one having a 4 shaku (about 120cm) length of a handle which is referred to as "dai-kusarigama (big kusarigama)" (or nagi-kusarigama), and yae-kusarigama which is a 7 shaku (about 210cm) length of yaegama (nagikama) (sickle-weapon) with a chain.
Japanese: 鎖鎌の形態としては、鎌の柄尻に鎖分銅の付いた物が一般的に知られているが、流派によっては片手でも使える様に鎌の頭端部に鎖分銅を取付けたもの、『大鎖鎌』（又は薙鎖鎌）と称する柄の部分が4尺（約120cm）のもの、7尺の八重鎌（薙鎌）に鎖をつけた八重鎖鎌など様々な形の物が確認されている。
English: As a general art of handling, a person holds a chain in his right hand and kama in his left hand to take aim at the enemy's head, face, shank and forearm to hit with the weight, use the chain to knock off the enemy's weapon, entangle the chain with the enemy's wrist or leg while containing the movements of the enemy and then slashing the enemy with a blade of kama held in the left hand to kill him.
Japanese: 一般的な操法として、右手に鎖、左手に鎌を持ち、敵の頭部・顔面・脛・小手の部分を狙って分銅を打ち付けたり、敵の武器を鎖で叩き落したり、敵の手首や足に鎖を絡めさせたりしながら、敵の動きを封じた後左手に持った鎌刃で斬りつけ止めを刺す。
English: Kusarigama is a good weapon which can be used in various ways depending on the skill of the user, but on the other hand, the handling of kusarigama is difficult and a beginner is likely to hit his own body with the chain weight and thus kusarigama is a weapon requiring intensive training.
Japanese: 使い手の技量によっては千差万別に使い分ける事が出来る優れた武器ではあるが、反面操り方が難しく、初心者では鎖分銅を自らの体に打ち付けてしまう可能性も高いので、かなりの鍛錬が必要とされる武器でもある。
English: Since the kusakarigama offers little in the way of defensive capabilitiies, if the opponent dodges the first blow and comes in close, the wielder is likely to have great difficulty dealing with his opponent.
Japanese: 本武器には防御性は殆どないので、最初の一撃をかわされ、踏み込まれた場合対処が難しいと考えられる。
English: Kusarigama has a image that the portion of chain is several meters in length according to the expression in a novel or drama, but in practice there is no such kusarigama with several meters of chain weight attached and the actual length of chain is as much as 1.5 to 2 meters.
Japanese: 小説やドラマ等での表現により、鎖部分が数mある様なイメージがあるが、実際にはそれ程長い鎖分銅を取付けた物は存在せず、せいぜい1.5～2m位である。
English: When throwing a chain weight to a distant opponent, the situation in which one brandishes a long chain weight as can be seen in a work of fiction is practically impossible (in addition to slow movement of the chain weight with more than one second per round, one can launch an attack on the opponent only based on the timing of rotation of the chain weight and thus the opponent can see the timing of throwing) and therefore it cannot be said that it is a practical method of attack.
Japanese: 距離の離れた相手に対して鎖分銅を投げる場合、フィクション作品で表現されている長い鎖分銅をブンブンと振り回す様なシーンは実際には有り得ず（一周の周期が1秒以上かかる緩慢な動きとなる上に、回転のタイミングでしか仕掛けられないので相手にも投げるタイミングが解る）、実用的な攻撃方法とは言えない。
English: In practice, a method of attack is adopted in which a suspended chain of several dozen centimeters is rotated to gain momentum and then kusarigama is thrown linearly and it is like a method used in the art of manriki-gusari which is similar to stone throwing using a sling (in some schools, one holds the chain weight and throws it).
Japanese: 実際には万力鎖術で用いられる様に数十cm程垂らした鎖をクルクルと回転させて勢いをつけた上で直線的に投げつけるスリングによる投石に近い攻撃方法が取られる（分銅を持って投ずる流派もある）。
English: Once a chain weight is thrown, it takes a very long time to retrieve the thrown chain and brandish the chain again to be ready for the next attack.
Japanese: 鎖分銅は一度投げてしまうと投げた鎖を巻き取り再度振り回して攻撃態勢が整うまで非常に時間がかかる。
English: For this reason, pupils in schools teaching the art of the kusarigama repeatedly practice a close quarters combat style (utilizing the portion of kama) that takes into account situations in which the opponent has managed to dodge the chain weight.
Japanese: このため、鎖鎌術を伝授する流派では、鎖分銅をかわされた場合の戦闘を考慮した（鎌の部分を利用した）接近戦戦闘法を繰り返し稽古している。
English: It can be said that kusarigama is a weapon which allows its user to cope with various situations, but is difficult to handle and requires training.
Japanese: 鎖鎌は多彩な状況に対応できる武器ではあるが、非常に扱いにくく修練のいる武器であるとも言える。
English: The images of Musashi MIYAMOTO shown below as well as those that can be seen in games are considerably dramatized.
Japanese: 後述の宮本武蔵やゲームなどによるイメージはかなり脚色されたものである。
English: Well-known kusarigama masters include Baiken SHISHIDO, who appears in the novel "Musashi MIYAMOTO"; Baiken, a fictional character created by Eiji YOSHIKAWA, is based on "a certain SHISHIDO" of Iga Province as recorded in the "Niten-ki," the biography of Musashi MIYAMOTO.
Japanese: 有名な使い手としては吉川英治が宮本武蔵の物語『二天記』に伊賀国の『宍戸某』と記録から創作した小説『宮本武蔵』に登場する宍戸梅軒がいる。
English: Musashi combated with Baiken SHISHIDO in a way that Musashi held a long sword against Baiken and at the same time he drew a short sword and threw it at Baiken, then he immediately came forward and cut Baiken in two with a single stroke of the long sword.
Japanese: 武蔵は宍戸梅軒に対しては大刀を構えたまま小刀を抜き、それを梅軒めがけて投げつけ、即座に進み出て、大刀で一刀両断にするという方法で対抗している。
English: Kunai was originally a tool which was treated as an utility knife or an all-purpose scoop in the general market at the time and thus ninja began to use it as a weapon because no one was suspicious of a person who carried a kunai with him.
Japanese: 元々は工具であり、当時の一般市場では万能ナイフか万能スコップ扱いで通るので、持ち歩いても不審に思われなかったことから忍者が武器として使うようになった。
English: Two variations are dai-kunai (big kunai) (ranging about from 13 to 15 cm in length) and sho-kunai (small kunai) (ranging about from 8 to 10 cm in length).
Japanese: サイズは大苦無（13～15cm程）と小苦無（8～10cm程）がある。
English: Kunai has flat claws made of iron and it was used to climb walls or dig holes in walls or ground.
Japanese: 平らな鉄製の爪となっていて、壁を登ったり、壁や地面に穴を掘るのに使用された。
English: Kunai is well known as well as shuriken (ninja throwing stars, multi-pointed throwing weapon) and makibishi (small, spiked caltrops used by ninja) as tools used by ninja, but kunai was little used except the case where it was needed immediately as a substitution because it was made of a high quality wrought iron.
Japanese: 忍者の使う道具としては手裏剣やまきびしと同様に良く知られているが、良質な鍛鉄で作られるためとっさの代用以外はあまり利用されなかった。
English: Small kunai may be used like shuriken and it is called 'tobi-kunai'.
Japanese: 小型のものは手裏剣のように使われることもあり、｢飛苦無｣（とびくない）と呼ばれる。
English: Kunai is not a standard article and therefore it comes in various sizes and shapes, and its center of gravity is unstable because it was originally made as a tool, not as a throwing weapon, as described above.
Japanese: 規格品ではないためにサイズにも形にもバラつきがあり、元来前述のように投擲武器としてではなく工具として作られたため重心が安定していない。
English: Therefore it was said that only a very skilled person could hit a target because stabbing the target with a kunai was more difficult than with a shuriken.
Japanese: それゆえに目標に刺すのが手裏剣より難しいことから命中させるのは相当の手馴れ（てだれ）とされた。
English: Mansen Shukai (also called Bansen Shukai; "万川集海" is officially written as "萬川集海" in Chinese characters) is the ninjutsu (ninja art) strategy book including 22 volumes with an additional one volume attached to it written by Samuji Yasutake FUJIBAYASHI, who was a descendant of goshi (country samurai) Nagatonokami FUJIBAYASHI, in Iga Province in 1676.
Japanese: 万川集海(まんせんしゅうかい、ばんせんしゅうかい、正式には『萬川集海』と表記する）とは延宝四年(1676年)に伊賀の国、郷士で藤林長門守の子孫である藤林左武次保武が書いた22巻、別巻1からなる忍術兵法書である。
English: According to its preface, the book was titled in the meaning that "collecting many narrow rivers results in the sea".
Japanese: 名前は「細い川もたくさん集めれば海になる」という意味でつけられたと序にある。
English: The book's top priority is 'Seishin' (rectifying the mind) and the book includes volumes of Seishin, Shochi, Yonin, Innin, Tenji, Ninki (about ninja's tools such as well-known mizugumo (a water crossing device used by ninja)) and others as well as the description of 'Innin no jozu juichi nin' (eleven experts of ninja art).
Japanese: ｢正心」を第一においており、正心篇・將知篇・陽忍篇・陰忍篇・天時篇・忍器篇(有名な水蜘蛛など忍器について）などや「陰人ノ上手十一人」の記述もある。
English: Kobe Incident was an incident that occurred on February 4, 1868, in which in front of Sannomiya-jinja Shrine of Kobe (present-day Kobe City), a troop of the domain of Bizen (present-day Okayama Prefecture) injured French sailors who had crossed the array of the troop, and shot horizontally to the Minister-Counselors from Western countries who were inspecting the place which was supposed to be the settlement site (present-day Former Foreign Settlement).
Japanese: 神戸事件（こうべじけん）とは慶応4年1月11日(旧暦)（1868年2月4日）、神戸（現・神戸市）三宮神社前において備前藩（現・岡山県）兵が隊列を横切ったフランス人水兵らを負傷させたうえ、居留地（現・旧居留地）予定地を検分中の欧米諸国公使らに水平射撃を加えた事件である。
English: This incident expanded to the temporal occupation of the center of Kobe by the foreign military, but the person in charge of the troop that caused the incident, Zenzaburo TAKI, committed suicide by disembowelment, which led to a tentative solution.
Japanese: この事件により、一時、外国軍が神戸中心部を占拠するに至るなどの動きにまで発展したが、その際に問題を起こした隊の責任者であった滝善三郎が切腹する事で一応の解決を見た。
English: Sakai Incident occurred right after this incident, so through these two incidents Seppuku (to commit suicide by disembowelment) gave a strong impression to foreigners.
Japanese: 相前後して堺事件が発生し、共に外国人に切腹を深く印象付けることとなった。
English: Soon after the outbreak of Boshin War on January 27, 1868, the new Meiji government ordered the domain of Bizen to guard Settsu Province, Nishinomiya (present-day Nishinomiya City) in order to contain the domain of Amagasaki (present-day Hyogo Prefecture), which was on the side of the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 慶応4年1月3日(旧暦)（1868年1月27日）、戊辰戦争が開戦、間も無く、徳川方の尼崎藩（現・兵庫県）を牽制するため、明治新政府は備前藩に摂津国西宮（現・西宮市）の警備を命じた。
English: The domain of Bizen sent 2,000 soldiers before January 29, and of all the soldiers, 500 (some theory insists that it was 800) led by Karo (chief retainer) Tatewaki HEKI advanced on the ground with a cannon.
Japanese: 備前藩では1月5日(旧暦)（1月29日）までに2,000人の兵を出立させ、このうち家老・日置帯刀（へきたてわき）率いる500人（800人説もある）は大砲を伴って陸路を進んだ。
English: These soldiers chose to walk on the Saigoku-kaido Road instead of the 'TOKUGAWA Road,' built by the bakufu in order to prevent foreigners from bumping into Daimyo-gyoretsu (feudal lord's costumed procession), due to the opening of Hyogo port (present-day Kobe port) on January 1, 1868, and this choice partly triggered the Incident.
Japanese: この際、慶応3年12月7日(旧暦)（1868年1月1日）の兵庫開港（現・神戸港）に伴い、大名行列と外国人の衝突を避けるために徳川幕府によって作られた「徳川道」を通らず、西国街道を進んだことが事件の引き金の一つとなってしまう。
English: A little past 13:00 on February 4, when the troops of the domain of Bizen approached Kobe Sannomiya-jinja Shrine, two French sailors came out of a nearby building and tried to cross the array.
Japanese: 1月11日（2月4日）13時過ぎ、備前藩兵の隊列が神戸三宮神社近くに差しかかった時、付近の建物から出てきたフランス人水兵2人が列を横切ろうとした。
English: From the viewpoint of Japan, this was a very rude act called 'Tomowari,' which was provided in Bukeshohatto (Acts for the Military Houses), so that a chief of the third battery Zenzaburo Masanobu TAKI stopped them, holding a spear.
Japanese: これは日本側から見ると武家諸法度に定められた「供割」（ともわり）と呼ばれる非常に無礼な行為で、これを見た第3砲兵隊長・滝善三郎正信が槍を持って制止に入った。
English: However, as the sailors could not understand his words and muscled to cross the array, TAKI slightly injured them by tilting with the spear.
Japanese: しかし、言葉が通じず、強引に隊列を横切ろうとする水兵に対し、滝が槍で突きかかり軽傷を負わせてしまった。
English: After this, several sailors once retreated into a private house and took out their pistols, and TAKI, seeing their pistols, shouted'Pistols, pistols,'so that his men mistakenly took his shout for an order to fire and a gunfight was started.
Japanese: これに対していったん民家に退いた水兵数人が拳銃を取り出し、それを見た滝が「鉄砲、鉄砲」と叫んだのを発砲命令と受け取った藩兵が発砲、銃撃戦に発展した。
English: Although it was started as a skirmish on the Saigoku kaido Road, some pistols were pointed to the minister-counselors from western countries who were inspecting the settlement site nearby and fusilladed them several times.
Japanese: この西国街道沿いにおける小競り合いが、隣接する居留地予定地を実況検分していた欧米諸国公使たちに銃口を向け、数度一斉射撃を加えることに発展する。
English: Most of the bullets passed over their heads instead of hitting them and made holes in foreign flags flying on the rooftop of Hyogo Unjo- sho (Kobe custom office) of the former bakufu located on the other side of the settlement.
Japanese: 弾はほとんどあたらず頭上を飛び越して、居留地の反対側にある旧幕府の兵庫運上所（神戸税関）の屋上に翻る列国の国旗を穴だらけにした。
English: The Westerners' testimonies differed as to whether this was intended as warning shots or the soldiers intended to kill but failed due to a lack of practice.
Japanese: 威嚇射撃であったのか、殺意はあったが訓練不足により命中しなかったのかに関して欧米人の証言も一致していない。
English: English minister-counselor Harry PARKS, who happened to be at the site himself, got furious, announced the emergency to the foreign warships that were gathered to celebrate the opening of Hyogo port, then the U.S. Marine force, British guards, and French sailors chased the troops of the domain of Bizen out of the settlement and exchanged gunfire at the side of Ikutagawa-River.
Japanese: 自らも現場に居合わせたイギリス公使ハリー・パークスは激怒し、折しも兵庫開港を祝って集結していた各国艦船に緊急事態を通達、アメリカ海兵隊、イギリスの警備隊、フランスの水兵が備前藩兵を居留地外に追撃し、生田川の河原で撃ち合いとなった。