nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Consequently, although it was one of the largest castles in Japan, it is said that it did not have simple Koguchi (castle entrances) or Tatebori (moats parallel to mountain slopes), and there were not enough defense facilities, because the castle was built for politics and to show their power rather than to defend against the attacks of enemies.
Japanese: このため規模こそ日本国内で屈指のものであるが、防備のための城というよりも、権威づけ、政治色の強い城ではあったため、単純な虎口、竪堀などはなく防御施設は貧弱と言われている。
English: The Rokkaku clan also never really hid in the castle and fought, but instead employed tactics to re-seize the castle after yielding it up, with sufficient force.
Japanese: 六角氏も本格的な籠城戦は実施せず、一旦城を明け渡した後に勢力を整えて、再び奪取する戦術を何度もとっていた。
English: The book "Sengoku no Kenjo" (Strong castle of the Warring States period), on the other hand, presumes that the castle had a certain amount of defensive preparation.
Japanese: これに対して『戦国の堅城』では、一定の防備が整っていたのではないかとしている。
English: If enemies attacked the castle from the south where the Rakuichi and the residences of the Rokkaku clan were located, the Hiraimaru (Kuruwa) and Ikedamaru (Kuruwa) areas were there with strong stone walls to block them; and if enemies tried to send troops to the flatland at the skirt of the mountain, there was a possibility of a pincer drive by the armies from Mitsukuri-jo Castle and Chokoji-jo Castle, the subsidiary castles of Kannonji-jo Castle.
Japanese: 南側、つまり楽市や六角氏の居館があった方向から攻め上ろうとすると、そこには強固な石垣がある平井丸、池田丸があり、また山裾の平地部分に部隊を展開しようとすると、観音寺城の支城、箕作城、長光寺城があり挟撃される可能性がある。
English: Although its north side, in the direction of Mt. Azuchi (now Azuchi-jo Castle) did not have any Kuruwa for the defense, they created a defense line along the mountain ridge by creating Kirigishi (bluff) and huge earthworks.
Japanese: また北側、安土山（現在の安土城）の方向になると、曲輪はないものの尾根沿いに切岸と巨大な土塁をもって防衛ラインを形成したと考えられている。
English: The book "Sengoku no Kenjo" points out that in fact the castle probably utilized the mountain ridge itself as its earthworks.
Japanese: つまり山の尾根そのものを土塁としていたのではないかと『戦国の堅城』は指摘している。
English: Later, mountain castles advanced and their defense systems also changed, from the single defense line to Kuruwa related defense after they altered the shape and disposition of Kuruwa.
Japanese: この後、山城も大きく進化していき、一線防備でなく曲輪の配置や形状に工夫が見られて拠点防備になっていく。
English: Considering the architectural technology at that time, Kannonji-jo Castle was a strong fortress and it is thought that it was still developing.
Japanese: 観音寺城は当時の技術としては堅城で、発展途上ではなかったとか思われている。
English: The height of the Honmaru was 395 meters, had an area of 2,000 square meters, and there are remains of the foundation stone, closed conduit drainage, Tamemasu (set up on a drain to block sand or dirt going through) and the Ote stone stairs four meters wide left as the main structural remnants.
Japanese: 標高は395m、面積は約2000m²、主な遺構としては、礎石、暗渠排水、溜枡（ためます）、幅4mの大手石階段などがある。
English: It is also said that a facility called 'Nikai goten' (the upper story palace) was there.
Japanese: またここには「二階御殿」と言われた施設があったのではないかと思われている。
English: The Hiraimaru was 375 meters tall, had an area of 1,700 square meters, and the residences of the Hirai clan were probably located in this place.
Japanese: 平井丸は、標高375mで面積は約1700m²、平井氏の居館があったのではないかと思われている。
English: There are the distinctive remains of a Koguchi, 3.8 meters high and 32 meters in length.
Japanese: その中で特徴的なのが、高さ3.8m、長さ32mにも及ぶ虎口跡である。
English: The Ikedamaru was 365 meters tall, had an area of 2,700 square meters, and it acted as the doorway connecting to the residence of important people in the Honmaru.
Japanese: 池田丸は標高365m、面積は約2700m²で、最南端に位置し、本丸にある御屋形へ通じる城戸口になっている。
English: This Kuruwa was separated into the south Kuruwa and the north Kuruwa, surrounded by mud walls, and the remains such as Shuden (main building of residence) with a garden attached, and Tamemasu were dug up from the south Kuruwa area.
Japanese: またこの曲輪は南曲輪と北曲輪にわけられ、周囲は土塀をめぐらし、南面には庭園をもつ主殿や溜枡等が発掘されている。
English: The remains of Awajimaru (Kuruwa), in which the residence of the Fuse clan used to be, are located independently at the east edge of the Kannonji-jo Castle site, and the direction is regarded as Kimon (the northeastern [unlucky] direction).
Japanese: 観音寺城の東の端に一郭独立したような形で、府施氏の居館淡路丸の曲輪跡があり、丁度観音寺城の鬼門の方向に当たるとされている。
English: It measures 43 meters from east to west, 50 meters from north to south, surrounded by Dorui and there are stone walls inside and outside of the Dorui at its east, west, and south.
Japanese: 大きさは、東西43m×南北50mの規模があり、周囲には土塁、東西、南側には土塁の内、外側に石垣を築いている。
English: There also are the remains of Koshiguruwa (the compound bounded by earthworks) on the upper and lower parts of the mountain slope across the street from the south of the Kuruwa, and it is thought to be a part of Awajimaru.
Japanese: また南外側では、道路を挟んで上下斜面に腰曲輪跡が残っているが、この淡路丸に付随したものと考えられている。
English: The Dorui that surrounded the Kuruwa and its simple construction style is similar to that of Fuseyama-jo Castle and Omori-jo Castle, belonging to the Fuse clan, and it is one of the characteristics of Awajimaru.
Japanese: 曲輪を土塁で囲む、構築法がシンプルであるなど、府施氏の城であった府施山城、大森城と類似点が多いのもこの曲輪の特徴である。
English: It is said that those Kuruwa were named after people's names, and they were not numbered like 'Ninomaru' or 'Sannomaru.'
Japanese: このように曲輪の名称に、「二の丸」や「三の丸」のような数字ではなく、人の名称が使用されたと伝承されている。
English: This is probably because Sadayori ROKKAKU implemented Shirowari (breaking castles), and made his liegemen and Kokujin-shu live in Kannonji-jo Castle, for the first time in literature.
Japanese: これは、六角定頼時代に家臣団、国人衆を観音寺城へ居住させ、文献上では初めて「城割」を実施したためではないかと推定されている。
English: Turn right at the entrance of Akasaka-do Road (赤坂道) that is the Sando (approach to temples for pilgrimage) connecting to Kannonsho-ji Temple, go up the stone stairway at the far end, and there are the remains of the Otate that belonged to the Rokkaku clan.
Japanese: 観音正寺への巡礼参道である赤坂道の参道入り口を右におれ、突き当りの石段を上がると六角氏の御館跡がある。
English: The place called the 'Kamigoyo residence' that used to be surrounded by Dorui and Kirigishi has on its southeast side some high stonewalls that remain.
Japanese: ここも3方向を土塁と切岸で囲まれた「上御用屋敷」という地名の場所があり、南東には高く積まれた石垣が残されている。
English: The palace-names, connected to the air of the castle town from that time, such as Shimogoyoyashiki, Inunobaba and Babamichi still remain in this area.
Japanese: この地域は下御用屋敷、犬の馬場、馬場道、講口といった、城下町をうかがわせる地名が伝えられている。
English: The book, "Nihon Jokaku Taikei" (A collection of Japanese castles) points out that there probably was another Rakuichi somewhere but in Oaza-ishidera, Azuchi-cho, Gamo County.
Japanese: これに対して『日本城郭大系』では、蒲生郡安土町大字石寺以外に、もう1カ所、楽市があったのではないかと指摘している。
English: The book mentions that since there were many samurai residences built in this area of Oaza-ishidera, the size of the Rakuichi should had been small if it was located in the area.
Japanese: この大字石寺の地域には多くの武家屋敷もあり、ここに楽市も混在していたとすれば、規模が小さいとしている。
English: Although the old literature, mentions about Ishidera Rakuichi, it contains a place name 'Honaicho,' which is not located in Oaza-ishidera.
Japanese: また石寺楽市の古文献には「保内町」という記載が見受けられ、大字石寺にはない。
English: There is a place related to the place-name 'Honaicho' in Oaza-higashioiso, Azuchi-cho, Gamo County, next to Oaza-ishidera, and it is said that there were about 3,000 residences built around the area on Honaicho.
Japanese: 大字石寺の隣になる蒲生郡安土町大字東老蘇には「保内町」という地名が伝わる場所があり、この周辺には3千軒も家が建ち並んでいたと伝承されている。
English: The book points out that Rakuichi was first held in Oaza-ishidera, and then was probably later opened in Oaza-higashioiso too.
Japanese: これらのことにより、当初大字石寺に築かれていた楽市は、後に大字東老蘇にも新市として増設されたのではないかと指摘している。
English: Not only Rakuichi but also the remains of the site of Inuoumono (dog-hunting event, a skill of archery) bajo is located in Oaza-ishidera, and here the Sasaki house of Japanese horseback archery technique was probably initiated.
Japanese: この大字石寺には楽市以外にも犬追物馬上跡があり、ここで佐々木流馬術を伝授していたと思われている。
English: A picture of Inuoumono remains today, and it is said to be a copy of the one that was put up in the second floor of the residence for important people that used to be located in the Honmaru of Kannonji-jo Castle.
Japanese: また犬追物絵図が現存しており、本丸にあった屋形二階に飾られていたものの写しであると伝わっている。
English: There were probably many kinds of subsidiary castles, and some acted as castles and branch castles, and some acted just as residences.
Japanese: 城郭、出城としての役割を果たした城もあれば、居館程度の城など様々な支城があったと推定されている。
English: Azuchi Station=>Walk for 40 min=> Kuwanomi-dera Temple=>Walk for 30 min=>The remains of Kannonji-jo Castle (Honmaru)
Japanese: 安土駅　→　徒歩約40分　→　桑実寺　→　徒歩約30分　→　観音寺城本丸跡地
English: Meishin Expressway=>Yokaichi interchange=>National Route 421=>National Route 8=>Kannonji-sanrindo Tollway
Japanese: 名神高速道路　→　八日市インターチェンジ　→　国道421号　→　国道8号　→　観音寺山林道有料道路
English: Minakuchi, which became directly controlled by the Tokugawa clan after the Battle of Sekigahara, was designated as a shukuba-machi (post station) on the Tokai-do Road.
Japanese: 関ヶ原合戦後、徳川氏の直轄地となった水口は、東海道の宿場町に指定された。
English: Later, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun built a castle in Minakuchi, where he passed along the way to Kyoto, as his own Shukukan (inn) in 1634.
Japanese: その後、3代将軍徳川家光が、寛永11年（1634年）京都への上洛の際の宿館として、道中の水口に築かせた。
English: Enshu KOBORI acted as the Sakuji bugyo (commissioner of building), and a luxurious Goten (palace), which imitated the one in Nijo-jo Castle, was built in the castle.
Japanese: 作事奉行は小堀遠州が務め、城内には二条城の御殿を模した豪華な御殿が築かれた。
English: However, Iemitsu's trip to Kyoto was the first and last time the Goten was used as a shogun's inn, and later it became a 'banjiro' under the supervision of a Joban (one who takes care of castles) who was appointed by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: しかし、この御殿が将軍の宿舎として使われたのは、この家光上洛の1回限りで、その後同城は、幕府の任命した城番が管理する「番城」となった。
English: Akitomo KATO moved into the castle with a stipend of 20,000 koku (one koku is about 180 liters) in rice, and the Minakuchi Domain came into existence.
Japanese: 1682年(天和(日本)2年)に加藤明友が2万石で入城し、水口藩が成立した。
English: Before the castle belonged to the Kato clan, the bakufu was taking care of it as their Shukukan with a Joban staying there.
Japanese: それまで、幕府お抱えの宿館として城番をおいて管理していたが、水口城は同氏の居城となった。
English: Although, it was in essence their own castle, successive Minakuchi Domain custodians treated it as if they were just borrowing it from the bakufu and took great care of it, and didn't seem to use the Goten in the Honmaru (the keep of the castle).
Japanese: 歴代水口藩は、同城を幕府からお借りしている城として大切に管理し、特に居城であるにもかかわらず、本丸部の御殿を使用しなかったらしい。
English: The Minakuchi-jo Castle was located in the west of the Tokai-do Minakuchi-juku Station, and the city of Minakuchi was divided into shukuba-machi on its east side and castle town on its west side.
Japanese: 水口城は東海道水口宿の西にあり、水口の街は東に宿場町西に城下町の二面性を持っていた。
English: The castle consisted of two baileys, the Honmaru which was surrounded by a mizubori (water-filled moat) and the Ninomaru, which had the maintenance facilities; the Ninomaru was not surrounded by a mizubori but by mud wall like barriers separating the castle from the outside.
Japanese: 城の建物の構成は、水堀に囲まれた本丸と管理施設のある二の丸による2郭で、二の丸に堀はなく、土壁のような柵で城域を囲い、城内と城外を別けていた。
English: The Honmaru, which had the convexed side facing east, had two gates, and the Demaru (small castle or tower built onto and projecting from a larger castle) had an Otte-mon Gate (Main Gate) and beyond that a bridge towards the north was built on the Mizubori.
Japanese: 本丸部分は東に凸型で、御門が2つあり、出丸部に大手御門（大手門）があり、同先に北へ向く橋が、堀に架けられていた。
English: This bridge was used when the Shogun came to the castle and was called "Onaribashi."
Japanese: この橋は、将軍の登城の際に使用されるもので、“御なり橋”と呼ばれた。
English: The square-shaped Honmaru had the Kitamikado (north gate) on its north side, and it was directly connected to the main area of the Ninomaru.
Japanese: 他方は本丸部、正方形の北に北御門があり、二の丸主要部に直ぐに通じていた。
English: Also, the former Tokai-do Road that was running though the site before the castle was built was redirected so as to go around the north side.
Japanese: また、造成当時に二の丸部分を貫いていた旧東街道は北に迂回するルートに遷された。
English: As mentioned earlier, the area of Honmaru, that had a convex shape, was surrounded by mud walls built on the stonewalls, and watchtowers were built on each of the four corners of the square shaped main area.
Japanese: 本丸は、先にもいったように凸型をしており、石垣上部の土壁が囲い正方形部の四隅には御矢倉が建てられた。
English: Each corner of the square shaped Honmaru area was pointing to the four points of the compass, and the watchtowers at each corner were named after the directions: Ushitora yagura, Tatsumi yagura, Hitsujisaru yagura, Inui yagura.
Japanese: ほぼ東西南北の正方形構造なので、その矢倉には方角にちなみ艮矢倉、巽矢倉、坤矢倉、乾矢倉の名である。
English: Onnagaya (long ridges consisting of dwelling units connected horizontally) continued from the Kitamikado to the Otte-mon Gate at the northeast part of the square shaped main area.
Japanese: 正方形部の北東側の部分は北御門より大手御門までの間に御長屋になっていた。
English: Also, there were Gomon Yagura (watchtowers by gates) at the western edge of the Kitamikado and at the southern edge of the Otte-mon Gate.
Japanese: また北御門の西端、大手御門の南端には御門矢倉があり、出丸部の門番所もあわせ、城の警備とした。
English: Although, the Honmaru area was surrounded by stonewalls and was protected by the mud walls, gates, and watchtowers as mentioned earlier, the Honmaru Goten (Honmaru Palace) was more like a Shukukan for the Shogun family.
Japanese: これまでに挙げたように、本丸周辺は石垣をめぐらし、土壁や門、矢倉で固められていたが、本丸御殿は将軍家宿館としての性格を色濃く示している。
English: The Goten was a large-scale building with Kokerabuki (a roof covering made with a layer of thin wooden shingles made of cypress), and was broadly divided into 'Omotemuki,' a public space and 'Okumuki' (inner part of the house), a private space.
Japanese: この御殿は柿葺（こけらぶき）の規模の大きい建物で構成され、公的空間の「表向き」と私的空間の「奥向き」に大別できる。
English: The Okumuki was used as a Gozasho (a room for a noble person) when the Shogun stayed there, and there were buildings for palaces, baths, and Gotei (residences).
Japanese: 奥向は将軍が宿泊の際の御座所であり、御殿や御風呂屋、御亭（亭ちん）などの建物があった。
English: The entire castle was very elegant (Suki), and it could be a smaller version of the Nijo-jo Castle in Kyoto.
Japanese: 全体として建物は数寄を凝らしており、京都二条城の小型ともいえるだろう。
English: The Ninomaru contained the Goten of the successive domain loads, the main buildings for the duties of the domain, Samurai residences etc, and had barriers dividing the castle area from the outside as mentioned earlier.
Japanese: 二の丸は歴代城主の御殿、藩政の主要建物、武家屋敷などがあり、先にも述べたように城域を分かつ柵があった。
English: Obviously, since Minakuchi-jo Castle too was repaired many times, the structure shown above is from when it was built for the first time.
Japanese: 当然水口城も幾度となく修理修繕されているので、上に挙げた構成は造営当時の説明である。
English: Most of the stonewalls, except the parts of the Demaru and the Inui yagura, seemed to have been used for railroad construction by the Ohmi Railway Corporation at the time.
Japanese: 石垣は出丸部分と乾御矢倉部分を残しほとんどが、当時近江鉄道の線路敷設に使用された様である。
English: The remains of the Honmaru, are now the property of Shiga Prefectural Minakuchi Senior High School, and is used as an athletic field.
Japanese: 旧本丸は学校敷地となり、現滋賀県立水口高等学校の運動場として利用されている。
English: Later, its value as the remains of a Shukukan for the Shogun family was appraised in 1972, after avoiding ideas such as filling in the Mizubori, the castle site was designated a historic site by Shiga Prefecture, and the interest of caring and maintaining it was built up.
Japanese: その後、水堀埋め立てなどの意見も出されたが、昭和47年に将軍家宿館遺跡としての価値が評価され、滋賀県の史跡に指定されたのを契機に保存整備への関心が高まった。
English: They repaired the Demaru where the structural remnants of the stonewalls remains, and the resource center of Minakuchi-jo Castle opened in November 1991.
Japanese: そして、石垣の遺構が残る出丸部分を整備修復し、水口城資料館が平成3年11月に開館した。
English: This resource center is a copy of the watchtowers of the castle of the day, and is a two-layered two-story wooden building made the best use of the gable.
Japanese: この資料館は、同城御矢倉の往時の姿を模したもので、木造2層2階建ての破風を凝らしたものである。
English: The Structural remnants of the Ninomaru were lost in the development-related construction, but the Hori (moat) and stonewalls, continuing from the Honmaru to the Demaru, still remain.
Japanese: 二の丸遺構は開発により失われたが、本丸から出丸にかけて堀および石垣が残る。
English: There is a Gomon that seems to be one of the structural remnants of the Minakuchi-jo Castle entrance, in the property of Daiko-ji Temple, which is located at the foot of Mt. Kojo.
Japanese: 建造物としては、古城山の麓にある大岡寺に、水口城の玄関の遺構らしき御門が残る。
English: Also, the Kara hafu (undulating gable) entrance has been moved from the castle to Renge-ji Temple located at Minakuchi-cho Minakuchi City, so as to be used as the temple's Hondo (main hall) and still remains there.
Japanese: また、市内水口町蓮華寺の本堂として、唐破風の玄関が移築され現存する。
English: Sobuji-rei was an edict that prohibited duels between daimyo (feudal lords), issued by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 惣無事令（そうぶじれい）とは、豊臣秀吉が出した、大名間の私闘を禁じた法令である。
English: In the discipline of history, Sobuji-rei is sometimes referred to as one of Toyotomi heiwa-rei (Toyotomi's peace edicts), a series of edicts to control personal conflicts such as Katanagari-rei (an edict prohibiting peasants from possessing arms), Kaijo kaizokusen kinshi-rei (an edict outlawing pirates), and kenka teishi-rei (an edict prohibiting fights and violence with weapons).
Japanese: 歴史学では刀狩令や海上賊船禁止令、喧嘩停止令など、私闘を抑制する一連の法令と併せて豊臣平和令（とよとみへいわれい）と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: Conflicts concerning territories between daimyo were dealt with by the Toyotomi administration as a supreme arbitrator, and it was decreed that any daimyo who acts against the edict was to be severely punished.
Japanese: 大名間の領土紛争などは全て豊臣政権がその最高処理機関として処理にあたり、これに違反する大名には厳しい処分を下す事を宣言している。
English: It was issued in November 1585 in the Kyushu region, and was issued in December 1587 in the Kanto and Ou regions.
Japanese: 1585年（天正13年10月）に九州地方、1587年（天正15年12月）に関東・奥羽地方に向けて制定された。
English: Especially in the case of the Gohojo clan, it led to seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) of Ujimasa HOJO, and it also caused Masamune DATE, Harumasa NANBU, and Yoshiaki MOGAMI to return to their allegiance to Hideyoshi (Ou shioki or the punishment of Ou).
Japanese: 特に後北条氏は北条氏政の切腹に至り、伊達政宗、南部晴政、最上義光らを帰順させる事に繋がった(奥羽仕置)。
English: It also worked to show the status of Hideyoshi as Kanpaku (the chief adviser to the Emperor); that is to say, sobuji-rei enabled Hideyoshi's project of Tenkatoitsu (the unification of the whole country), and it also acted as the principle of control for the Toyotomi administration.
Japanese: また、秀吉は関白の立場を明確に示す形になり、いわば、天下統一は惣無事令で成り立ち、豊臣政権の支配原理となったのである。
English: In the Genpei War, the clan lost many members because it was smashed by the attack of MINAMOTO no Suesada, who belonged to the Taira family despite assuming the name of the same Minamoto clan.
Japanese: 源平合戦の際に同じ源氏で平家方の源季貞に攻められて大敗を喫し、一族の多くを失った。
English: However, after the victory of the Minamoto clan over the Taira family, it resumed its sway and expanded its power to the Southern area of Kawachi Province (Kawachinagano City, Osaka Prefecture).
Japanese: しかし、源氏が平家を倒すと、勢力を回復し河内国南部（現在の大阪府河内長野市）に勢力を拡大した。
English: However, as the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) fell into a decline and the local powerful clans, such as the Iyotachibana clan (the Ochi clan) represented by Masashige KUSUNOKI, emerged in the Southern area of Kawachi Province, it began to lose its power, being overwhelmed by such new forces.
Japanese: しかし、鎌倉幕府が衰え、河内国南部に楠木正成に代表される伊予橘氏（越智氏）などの系統の在地豪族が台頭すると、それに圧倒されて勢力を失った。
English: It is considered that the Nakagawa clan (represented by Kiyohide NAKAGAWA) in Settsu Province, which became eminent in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), had traced its lineage to this Ishikawa clan (There is also another theory that it descended from Tada-Genji (Minamoto clan), which was related to the family).
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の摂津国の中川氏（中川清秀など）は、この石川氏の系統だとされる（親族の多田源氏の系統の説もある）。
English: It is said that the origin of the family was from Yoshitoki's descendants, which had once relied on the Oyama clan in Shimotsuke Province and later settled in Mikawa following Rennyo (head-priest of the Jodo Shinshu sect [the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism]).
Japanese: これは、義時の子孫のうち、一時下野国の小山氏を頼っていた一族が、蓮如に随行して三河に流れ着き、定住したのがはじまりという。
English: The aforementioned Kazumasa had been actively involved in serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA until he ran away to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 冒頭の数正は徳川家康に仕え活躍したが、やがて豊臣秀吉の下に出奔した。
English: However, his descendants were treated coldly by Ieyasu, who had established the Edo bakufu after Hideyoshi's death, and shortly after that, they were punished by being deprived of their fief.
Japanese: しかし、子孫は秀吉の死後江戸幕府を開いた家康に冷遇されまもなく改易処分となった。
English: The branch of the Ishikawa family which thrived as fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) in the Edo period had been derived from the lineage of Ienari ISHIKAWA, who was an uncle of Kazumasa.
Japanese: 江戸時代に譜代大名として隆盛した石川氏の系統は数正の叔父の石川家成の系統である。
English: Individuals of this status would be registered at a government office such as the Court of the National Granaries (Sinong Si) and work three one month shifts per year.
Japanese: 司農寺等の官庁に籍があり年間三番の交代制で1ヵ月ずつ勤務するたてまえであった。
English: Those guanhu who developed their skills and were promoted to Minister Steward (Shaofu) of the Court of Sacrificial Worship were called 'gonghu' or 'lehu' (gongle) and received special treatment.
Japanese: 官戸中技能をそなえ少府・太常寺に上番するものを工戸・楽戸（工楽）と呼んで特別扱いとした。
English: Regulations dictated that they were provided with state-distributed fields (koufentian) of 40-mu (approximately 26,666 m²), which was half the value of those allocated to members of the liangmin (lit. good citizen) upper class, and marriage was only recognized between individuals of the same social status.
Japanese: 良民の半額に当たる口分田（40畝支給）の規定があり婚姻は同一身分間でのみ認められた。
English: Those who served for a long period of time were discharged and appointed zahu, and there were even instances in which some were promoted to the class of liangmin in old age.
Japanese: 長年勤務すると一段解放されて雑戸となり、また老年になると良民に解放される場合もあった。
English: Since the Northern Song Dynasty, government officials and their immediate families came to be called guanhu and they were generally treated differently from commoners.
Japanese: 北宋以降は官吏やその親属の家を官戸と呼び普通の庶民と区別することが一般的となった。
English: In the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, resident landowners and people of influence who came to undertake important roles in administrative affairs were called xingshihu (rich local families), and the role combined with guanhu to form the position of 'guanhu xinhshihu' or' xingshihu guanhu' who governed regional communities.
Japanese: 唐後半から在地の地主や有力者が行政事務の末端を引き受け重要な役割をになうようになり形勢戸と呼ばれ官戸と併せて官戸形勢戸あるいは形勢官戸として地域社会における支配勢力となった。
English: Their duties ranged from the management of literary and military affairs to tax collection and the transport of government property as well as duties which were the responsibility of other officials and 'xuli' (petty officials), and they occupied the top two ranks of the five-tier system of household ranks (hudengzhi).
Japanese: その範囲は現任の文武官をはじめ徴税や官物輸送その他の職役を負担する戸や胥吏にまで及び彼らは5段階の戸等制で1、2等の上等戸であった。
English: Guanhu were generally exempt from mandatory labor and there were circumstances in which they gained a certain degree of special exemption from some forms of taxation.
Japanese: 官戸はだいたい徭役を免除され両税等の課税についても一定限度内で優免を得る場合がみられた。
English: The Zhenghe era at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty saw the enactment of a land ownership restriction which imposed mandatory labor and additional taxes on guanhu who owned in land in excess of between one 100-qing (approximately 666 ha) plot and nine 10-qing (approximately 66 ha) plots.
Japanese: 北宋末の政和年間には限田法を行い、一品100頃（けい）～九品10頃以上の田地を所有する官戸に対して額外所有分に応じて差役と科配を課すこととした。
English: One of the five subcastes of the senmin lower class (which consisted of Ryoko, dedicated to the imperial family or guards of imperial tombs; Kanko, dedicated to public ministries; Kenin, servants of high-ranking families; Kunuhi, slaves of the court; and Shinuhi, slaves of families) that existed under the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 律令制における五色の賤（陵戸・官戸・家人・官（公）奴婢・私奴婢）の一つ。
English: Kanko were more highly ranked than kunuhi and not all members of a kanko household were employed as slaves.
Japanese: 官戸は官奴婢よりは上位の身分であり戸をなし一戸全員が駆使されることはなかった。
English: Kunuhi were granted the status of kanko upon reaching the age of 66 or becoming disabled, and kanko would be freed as ryomin (upper class) upon reaching 76 years of age (80 for those related to a rebel).
Japanese: 官奴婢の年66歳以上および廃疾の者は官戸とされさらに官戸は76歳以上になると（反逆縁座は80歳以上）解放されて良民となる。