nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In Kamakura bakufu, Yasumori who was supported by tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) competed against Tokuso's vassal party led by Yoritsuna.
Japanese: 幕府では外様御家人を支持勢力とする泰盛と、頼綱を筆頭とする得宗被官勢力が拮抗していた。
English: In 1284, Tokimune, the regent to the shogunate who had played a coordinating role between both parties, died and his 14-year-old legitimate child Sadatoki HOJO became the ninth regent.
Japanese: 弘安7年（1284年）に両者の調停役となっていた執権時宗が死去し、14歳の嫡子北条貞時が9代執権となった。
English: Confrontation and rivalry became intense over government administration amid internal and external issues erupting one after another since the Mongol invasion attempts on Japan.
Japanese: 元寇以来、内外に諸問題が噴出する中で幕政運営を巡って両者の対立は激化する。
English: After Yasumori got a position to lead the government administration as the maternal grandfather of Sadatoki, he launched a political reform called 'Koan tokusei' and promulgated a large number of laws and ordinances.
Japanese: 貞時の外祖父として幕政を主導する立場となった泰盛は弘安徳政と呼ばれる幕政改革に着手し、新たな法令を大量に発布した。
English: Yasumori's reforms aimed to reorganize the Gokenin system (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura period) overseen by Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) in order to expand the Gokenin class and enhance the shogun's authority to prevent any increase in Tokuso's power and Gokenin's intervention into politics, which would influence the position of Yoritsuna and other Tokuso's vassals.
Japanese: 征夷大将軍を戴く御家人制度の立て直しを図る泰盛の改革は御家人層を拡大し、将軍権威の発揚して得宗権力と御内人の幕政への介入を抑制するもので、得宗被官である頼綱らに利害が及ぶものであった。
English: Yoritsuna requested Genkei, the betto (the head secretary of a temple) in Nikko-zan mountain to give an invocation to subdue Yasumori on December 8 and 18, 1285.
Japanese: 弘安8年（1285年）11月4日と14日に頼綱は日光山別当源恵に依頼し、泰盛伐の祈祷を行った。
English: According to the Shimotsuki Incident note, the only primary archive describing the incident, when Yasumori was in his second house in Matsutani in the morning of December 21, he noticed a restlessness in the world and went back to his residence in Tonotsuji around midday to prepare to attend court, but he was attacked and killed by Yoritsuna's soldiers when he arrived at Sadatoki's residence.
Japanese: 合戦の状況を語る唯一の一次史料である霜月騒動覚聞書によると、11月17日の午前中、松谷の別荘に居た泰盛は、世間が騒がしくなった事に気付き、昼の12時頃塔ノ辻にある出仕用の屋形に出かけ、貞時邸に出仕したところを頼綱の手勢の襲撃を受けて殺害された。
English: This attack left 30 people dead and 10 people injured triggering a big conflict which resulted in fire to spread to the shogun's palace and the Adachi's party was defeated by 4 pm.
Japanese: 死者30名、負傷者10名に及び、これをきっかけに大きな衝突が起こり、将軍御所が延焼、午後4時頃に合戦は安達方の敗北となった。
English: About 500 members of Yasumori's family committed suicide and the incident extended across country and Yasumori's party in various places were pursued and forced to commit suicide,
Japanese: 泰盛の一族500名余りが自害し、騒動は全国に波及して各地で泰盛派が追撃を受け、自害に及んだ。
English: The damage to the Gokenin in Kozuke Province and Musashi Province, the Adachi clan's bases, was huge, for example, Shokyozaemon Muto (武藤少卿左衛門) in Musashi, Muneaki ADACHI (安達宗顕) in Totomo province, Shigekage ADACHI in Hitachi province and Hikojiro BANNO in Shinano province committed suicide.
Japanese: 安達氏の基盤である上野国・武蔵国の御家人の被害は多く、武蔵では武藤少卿左衛門、遠江国では安達宗顕、常陸国では安達重景、信濃国では伴野彦二郎らが自害した。
English: It is supposed that such a large number of people died in the battle or were forced to commit suicide because this attack was carried out simultaneously based on a well-prepared plan.
Japanese: これだけの人数が一気に討ち死に、自害に追い込まれたのは用意周到な計画の元で時間を定めて一斉に襲撃したためと見られる。
English: Victims of this battle among the members of Yasumori's party other than the Yasumori family were the Ogasawara clan, the Ashikaga clan, the Tomono clan, the Ito clan, and the Muto clan (Shoni clan) and many powerful gokenin since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu also suffered, such as Ainori FUJIWARA (藤原相範), Mitsuruuji KIRA, Matataro UETA (Yasuhiro Oe), Saburozaemon KOBAYAKAWA, Kurodo SANKA, Kagemura AMANO, Kageie IGA, Yukiie NIKAIDO, Mimasakasaburozaemon (OI) (美作三郎左衛門), Jironyudo TSUNASHIMA (綱島二郎入道), a lord of Tonaizaemon IKEGAMI (池上藤内左衛門), Shojiro YUKIKATA (行方少二郎), Magojiro (Masatsura?) NANBU, Saburo ARISAKA, Yatonisaemoni KAMATA (鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉), and Hitobito AKIYAMA (秋山人々).
Japanese: 泰盛与党として罹災したのは泰盛一族の他、小笠原氏、足利氏、伴野氏、伊東氏、武藤氏（少弐氏）、その他は藤原相範、吉良満氏、殖田又太郎（大江泰広）、小早川三郎左衛門、三科蔵人、天野景村、伊賀景家、二階堂行景、（大井）美作三郎左衛門、綱島二郎入道、池上藤内左衛門の尉、行方少二郎、南部孫二郎（政連？）、有坂三郎、鎌田弥藤二左衛門尉、秋山人々など、幕府創設以来の有力御家人層の多くが見られる。
English: On the other hand, the Sasaki clan, the Imagawa clan and the Chiba clan joined this attack as pursuer of Tokuso's vassal.
Japanese: 一方頼綱方の討手として得宗被官化した御家人の佐々木氏、今川氏、千葉氏なども加わった。
English: This conflict split the bakufu into two large groups, even a family was broken down into two; Yoritsuna party and Yasumori party,
Japanese: このように同族内でも頼綱方と泰盛方に分かれるなど、幕府を大きく二分した争乱であった。
English: Sadaaki KANESAWA, Yasumori's relative, was confined in Shimousa Province and Kagetuna UTSUNOMIYA and Munehide NAGAI fell from power.
Japanese: 泰盛と縁戚関係のあった金沢貞顕は下総国に蟄居の身となり、宇都宮景綱、長井宗秀らが失脚した。
English: TAIRA no Yoritsuna held a real power and rejected Yasumori's Koan reform, and the most of the positions in the bakufu were occupied by the Hojo family, with Tokuso at the top and the Osaragi line of the Hojo clan and the Nagoe line of the Hojo clan at the center, and no important positions were given to old gokenin like the Ashikaga clan.
Japanese: 実権を握った平頼綱は泰盛の弘安改革を否定し、幕府の人事は得宗を頂点に北条氏(大仏流)、北条氏(名越流)を中心に北条一族の支配となり、足利氏ら旧来の御家人の姿は無かった。
English: In Kyoto, the retired Emperor Kameyama, who is said to have carried out Koan tokusei (political reforms in the Koan era) with Yasumori was forced to terminate his Insei (government by a retired emperor) (Jimyoin line Emperor Fushimi ascended the throne.)
Japanese: 京都では泰盛と協調して弘安徳政を行っていたと見られる亀山上皇の院政停止（持明院統伏見天皇即位）が行われた。
English: According to "Horyakukanki" (A History Book of the 14 century in Japan), Yoritsuna gave Sadatoki a slanderous account of Mumekage Adachi, a son of Yasumori, saying that he was claiming himself as an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and changed his family name to the Minamoto clan to become shogun by raising a rebellion.
Japanese: 『保暦間記』によると、頼綱は泰盛の子安達宗景が源頼朝の落胤であると称して源氏に改姓し、謀反を起こして将軍になろうとしている、と貞時に讒言したという。
English: Yasumori found 'Higekiri' (celebrated sword) handed down in Genji shogun in some reisha shrine in Kyoto and dedicated it to the Buddhist altar in the Hokkedo hall.
Japanese: 泰盛は源氏将軍に伝えられる「髭切」を京都のある霊社から探し出して法華堂の御逗子に納めていた。
English: Although the Higekiri sword was lost during the Shimotsuki incident, it was discovered on January 8, and Sadatoki indicated it was wrapped by "Red brocade" (Red was the flag color of the Hojo clan who refered themselves as the Taira clan.)
Japanese: 髭切りの太刀は霜月騒動で行方不明になったのち、12月5日に探し出され、貞時によって「赤字の錦袋」（平氏を称する北条氏は赤旗）に包まれて再び法華堂に奉納された。
English: Originally, the Kamakura bakufu was established based on master-servant relationship between the Kamakura-dono (lord of Kamakura) and the Gokenin, however the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was getting bogged down.
Japanese: 本来鎌倉殿と御家人の主従関係で成り立っていた幕府内部において、総領制が行き詰まった。
English: Gokenin faced financial issues and they were employed by Tokuso's vassals as a Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso) and a master-servant relationship was established between Tokuso and Miuchibito.
Japanese: これにより零細化した御家人が得宗被官の御内人として取り込まれ、得宗と御内人の主従関係を築くようになっていた。
English: Petty gokenins who had been the subject of relief in Yasumori's reform became pursuers of Tokuso party as Miuchibito.
Japanese: 泰盛の改革で救済対象であった零細御家人は、御内人として得宗方の討手に回ったのである。
English: On the other hand, Gokenins since the foundation of Kamakura bakufu were offended by Uchi-Kanrei and Miuchibito since Uchi-kanreia holding the reins of power despite they were of lower ranks than Gokenin and, as a result, most of tozama gokenin (nonhereditary lower-ranking vassal in the Kamakura period) joined Yasumori's party.
Japanese: 一方、幕府創設以来の御家人達にとって、一段身分が低く、あくまでも北条家の家臣に過ぎない内管領・御内人が権勢を振るう事への反発は強く、それら外様御家人層の多くが泰盛方に加わっていた。
English: The Hojo clan couldn't get over Shogun issue in the end as Tokuso couldn't become Shogun due to his low status by birth eventhough he was the most powerful lord of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 将軍問題は得宗が幕府の頂点にありながらも、その出自の低さ故に自ら将軍になる事の出来ない北条氏が最後まで乗り越える事の出来ない壁となっていた。
English: Einin no Tokuseirei (a debt cancellation order of Einin era) is considered to be the first Tokuseirei in Japan which was issued in 1927 by Sadatoki HOJO, the ninth regent of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 永仁の徳政令（えいにんのとくせいれい）は、1297年（永仁5年）に鎌倉幕府の9代執権北条貞時が発令した、日本で最初の徳政令とされる。
English: Although the accurate provisions are unknown, three Articles are known from the ancient documents handed down in To-ji Temple ("Toji Hyakugo Monjo" [100 case documents of the To-ji Temple]).
Japanese: 正確な条文は不明だが東寺に伝わる古文書（『東寺百合文書』）によって3か条が知られる。
English: Provided, however, that a land of which the transfer and/or sale was officially admitted by the bakufu, or which had been possessed for 20 years or more should be possessed continuously as-is without being returned.
Japanese: ただし幕府が正式に譲渡・売却を認めた土地や領有後20年を経過した土地は返却せずにそのまま領有を続けよ。
English: Article 2-c specified that a land purchased by higokenin (non-Gokenin) and bonge (common people, peasants, merchants, and traders other than samurai) should be possessed by the original feudal lord irrespective of length of term.
Japanese: （2-c）非御家人・凡下（武士以外の庶民・農民や商工業者）の買得地は年限に関係なく元の領主が領有せよ。
English: A similar policy had been implemented by the bakufu before the Einin no Tokuseirei with an act issued in March 1284 which specified that any suit over appeal made directly to a senior official without going through formalities should not be accepted, but it was withdrawn in 1298.
Japanese: 永仁徳政令以前にも類似した政策は行われており、弘安7年（1284年）3月に幕府は越訴に関する訴訟を不受理とする法令を発令し、翌永仁6年には撤回している。
English: It used to be understood that the purpose of the policy was to repossess, without compensation, the lands sold due to drying up and the lands lent to musoku gokenin (vassal without territory) who got impoverished due to the military campaign at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan and the burden of guarding against the invasion by foreign countries, but it is now understood that the main purpose was rather to prohibit pawnage and trading of shoryo by Gokenin, which means the depression of right to dispose of shoryo as specified in 2-a among the three Articles, and 2-b was a secondary measure to have the lost shoryo returned to Gokenin as the premise of implementing 2-a, all of which seem to put weight on maintaining the Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.
Japanese: 元寇での戦役や異国警護の負担から没落した無足御家人の借入地や沽却地を無償で取り戻すことが目的と理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、つまり3ヶ条の（2-a）所領処分権の抑圧が主であり、（2-b）はその前提として失った所領を回復させておくといった二次的な措置であり、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
English: It is possible to say that this provision was an extension of a land policy taken by the Kamakura bakufu which enhanced the right of kuikaeshi (the right of claim for return) of soryo (heir) and prohibited the donation of land to others, so as to prevent dispersion of Gokenin's shoryo.
Japanese: これは、御家人の所領の分散を阻止するために、惣領による悔返権の強化や他人和与の禁止を進めてきた鎌倉幕府の土地政策の延長上にあると言える。
English: Among the provisions, Articles 1 and 2-a were abolished in the next year, but Article 2-b was reconfirmed and repossession of shoryo under this Article was often seen after that.
Japanese: このうち（1）と（2-a）は翌年に廃止されたが、（2-b）は再確認されており、それに基づく所領の取り戻しはそれ以降にも多く見られる。
English: The ancient documents handed down in To-ji Temple themselves were the monjo (written material) concerning an event that a sold land was repossessed by a peasant in Shimokuze-no-sho Estate of To-ji Temple (Minami ward, Kyoto City) in Yamashiro Province under this provision.
Japanese: 東寺に伝わる古文書自体が、東寺領山城国下久世荘（京都市南区(京都市)）の百姓がこれに基づき売却地を取り戻したことに関する文書である。
English: Sadatoki's policies aimed to forcibly stop the collapse of Gokenin system which was the foundation of bakufu.
Japanese: 貞時の政策は幕府の基盤である御家人体制の崩壊を強制的に堰き止めようとするものであった。
English: However, since the decline of Gokenin (shogunal retainers of the Kamakura bakufu) resulted from not only the burden at the time of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan but also the downsizing of mid- and small-scale Gokenin to ultrasmall-scale Gokenin due to the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) referring to division of succession, and from being buffeted by the progress of monetary economy, it was impossible to stop such a big movement.
Japanese: しかし、御家人の凋落は、元寇時の負担だけではなく、惣領制＝分割相続制による中小御家人の零細化、そして貨幣経済の進展に翻弄された結果であり、そうした大きな流れを止めることは出来なかった。
English: Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya (近江大津宮) refers to the Imperial palace where the Emperor Tenchi lived and carried out politics in the latter half of the seventh century.
Japanese: 近江大津宮（おうみのおおつのみや）は、7世紀後半の天智天皇が営んだ宮。
English: Some points out that the name was originally written 水海大津宮 (Omi Otsu no Miya).
Japanese: なお、本来の表記は水海大津宮（おうみのおおつのみや）であったという指摘がある。
English: Kudara was an ally of Wakoku (later Japan), and Naka no Oe no Oji (later Emperor Tenchi), who was the political leader of the country at that time, dispatched troops to the Korean Peninsula in an effort to vigorously back up Kudara to restore.
Japanese: 倭国（後の日本）にとって百済は同盟国であり、当時の倭国の政治指導者である天智天皇（後の天智天皇）は、百済復興を強力に支援しようと、朝鮮半島へ出兵した。
English: In the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663, the allied forces of Wa and Kudara were heavily defeated by the allied Tang and Shiragi, and the restoration of Kudara ended up in failure.
Japanese: 663年の白村江の戦いにおいて倭・百済連合軍は唐・新羅連合軍に惨敗し、百済復興は失敗に終わった。
English: The defeat in the War for the Restoration of Kudara was a blunder for the Naka no Oe administration, and as a result, they came to have a major fear of countries overseas.
Japanese: 百済復興戦争の敗北は、中大兄政権にとって大変な失策であり、国外に大きな脅威を抱えることとなった。
English: Because of that, the administration built a large number of yamajiro (castle in a mountain) and facilities for communication from the northern part of Kyushu to the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, and set up a defense facility called mizuki (water fortress) in the front line Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region) so that it could reinforce their defenses.
Japanese: そのため、北部九州から瀬戸内海沿岸にかけて多数の山城や連絡施設を築くとともに、最前線の大宰府には水城という防衛施設を設置して、防備を固めた。
English: Under the circumstances mentioned above, Naka no Oe no Oji moved the capital to Otsu domain of the Province Omi on March 19, 667 (old calendar).
Japanese: 以上の状況下で、667年3月19日(旧暦)、中大兄皇子は都を近江国大津へ移した。
English: Although the reason of such a ruling style is unknown, it can be understood that he had been caught up in handling foreign affairs and homeland security because of the defeats in foreign wars including that of the Battle of Hakusukinoe.
Japanese: その理由は分からないが、白村江での敗戦などの外戦の失敗で外交に国土防衛にいとまがなかったことが思慮される。
English: The widely accepted theory is that Otsu was chosen because it was far away from Asuka where existed a strong resistance which would disturb the establishment of a new government system to counter the threats from overseas.
Japanese: 国外の脅威に対抗しうる政治体制を新たに構築するため、抵抗勢力の多い飛鳥から遠い大津を選んだとする説が有力である。
English: It is also believed that the reason why Otsu was chosen as a new capital was greatly influenced by a sense of crisis on foreign affairs.
Japanese: また、大津を遷都先に選んだ理由については、対外関係上の危機感が強く働いていたと思われる。
English: In another theory, Otsu faced Lake Biwa and had access both on land and over the lake, such as Tosando Road and Hokurikudo Road, leading to various districts, which was also convenient to go westward.
Japanese: 大津は琵琶湖に面しており、陸上・湖上に東山道や北陸道の諸国へ向かう交通路が通じており、西方へも交通の便が良いためだ、とする説がある。
English: In case that foreign troops came up east through the Seto Inland Sea to land on Kinai region, Otsu would have been the most convenient location to evacuate from.
Japanese: 外国軍が瀬戸内海を東上して畿内へ上陸した場合、最も逃げやすい土地が大津ということであろう。
English: According to Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), because the people were extremely unhappy about the moving of the capital, there were fire breakouts regardless of day or night (It is presumed that there was such a custom at that time that they set fire to the palace when the people were unhappy about politics.)
Japanese: なお、日本書紀によるとこの遷都には民衆から大きな不満があり、昼夜を問わず出火があったという（当時は政治に不満がある時、宮殿へ放火する風習があったと推測されている）。
English: It is believed that, after Emperor Tenchi died in 671, his son Emperor Kobun succeeded him in the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya (The legitimacy of his succession to the throne as well as that of Emperor Tenmu have been the focus of controversy since the Edo period.)
Japanese: 671年、天智天皇が没すると、天皇の子の弘文天皇（弘文天皇）が近江大津宮で跡を嗣いだとされる（正統性は天武天皇のものと併せ江戸時代より議論の的となっている）。
English: According to Nihonshoki, Prince Oama (later Emperor Tenchi) was to ascend the throne, who escaped eastward from Yoshino in June 672 to base in Mino no Kuni where he commandeered troops and advanced toward the Imperial Palace to challenge the OTOMO side to a battle in July of the same year.
Japanese: 日本書紀によれば、天智天皇より皇位継承するのは大海人皇子とされていたとあり、天武天皇（後の天武天皇）は672年6月に吉野から東方へ脱出し、美濃国を拠点に軍兵を徴発した上で近江大津宮へ進軍し、同年7月、大友側に決戦を挑んだ。
English: The OTOMO side was defeated while Prince Oama, who won the battle, ascended the throne to become Emperor Tenmu and built Asuka Kiyomigahara no miya Imperial residence in Asuka.
Japanese: 大友側は敗れ、勝った大海人皇子は皇位継承し天武天皇となり飛鳥に飛鳥浄御原宮を造営した。
English: In Manyoshu (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro left a poem in which he longed for the past when he visited the Palace after the fall of the capital: "A cove in Shiga stagnates, yet, wish to see people in the past again."
Japanese: 万葉集には、「ささなみの　志賀の大曲　淀むとも　昔の人に　またも逢はめやも」という柿本人麻呂が、滅亡後の近江大津宮へ訪れ、往事を偲んだ歌が残されている。
English: After that, the remained site was called "furutsu (meaning an old port)," but the original name Otsu was restored right after the moving of the capital to Heian-kyo by the imperial decree issued (on December 8, 794) by Emperor Kanmu (great-grandson of Emperor Tenchi.)
Japanese: 跡地はその後、「古津（古い港の意味）」と呼ばれるようになるが、平安京遷都直後の桓武天皇（天智天皇の曾孫）の詔（延暦13年11月8日(旧暦)（（ユリウス暦）794年12月4日））によって大津の呼び名に復された。
English: In Nihonshoki, Emperor Tenchi's capital of Omi is called "Omi-kyo," but there can be found no description of a street plan of ancient capital which existed in Heijo-kyo or Heian-kyo or no confirmation about the existence of "kyoiki" (capital area) as a special administrative district.
Japanese: 日本書紀には天智天皇の近江の都を「近江京」と表記しているが、平城京や平安京のような条坊制が存在したことを示す記載はなく、特別行政区としての「京域」の存在も確認できない。
English: Since historian Sadakichi KIDA believed in the existence of a street plan and began using the word "Otsu-kyo" never mentioned in historical documents during the Meiji period, historical geographers and archaeologists started to use this word.
Japanese: 明治時代に歴史学者の喜田貞吉が条坊制の存在を信じて文献史料にはみえない「大津京」という語を用いて以降、歴史地理学や考古学の研究者がこの語を用いるようになった。
English: Now, even historians who deny the existence of the street plan use the word "Otsu-kyo," making the concept and definition of the word blur very much, which confuses historical study.
Japanese: 現在では「近江京」の条坊制の存在を否定する研究者までが「大津京」を用い、その概念や定義は極めて曖昧となり、研究に混乱をきたしている。
English: Although Nishiotsu Station of West Japan Railway Company Kosei Line was renamed "Otsu-kyo Station" in March 2008 as petitioned by the local autonomous body, it is pointed out that further misunderstanding and confusion about the term "Otsu-kyo" and its concept might arise (Refer to the discussion on the renaming of Otsu-kyo Station for details).
Japanese: 西日本旅客鉄道湖西線の西大津駅は、地元自治体の請願により2008年3月に「大津京駅」に改称されたが、「大津京」という用語や概念をめぐり更なる誤解や混乱を生む恐れが指摘されている（詳細は、大津京駅駅名改称に関する議論を参照）。
English: The Omi period refers to the period of time from 667 when Emperor Tenchi located the capital in the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya until 672 when Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun) was destroyed in the Jinshin War.
Japanese: 天智天皇が近江大津宮に都を置いた西暦667年から、大友皇子（弘文天皇）が西暦672年の壬申の乱で滅亡するまでの期間を近江朝（おうみちょう）と言う。
English: Thanks to the Otsu City's excavation and research of Nishikoori remains, the site has been believed certain as the remained site of the Imperial Palace Omi Otsu no Miya and has been designated as a country's historic spot since 1979.
Japanese: 大津市の錦織遺跡の発掘調査により、その地が近江大津宮の跡地であることが確実視され、1979年に国の史跡に指定されている。
English: Dotaku are ritual utensils produced and used over about 400 years, between the second century B.C. and the second century.
Japanese: 銅鐸は、紀元前2世紀から2世紀の約400年間にわたって作り用いられた祭器である。
English: Around the first century, dotaku with 60 centimeters in height were started to be produced and, further getting bigger, they exceeded 1 meter in the second century and then finally reached 134 centimeters.
Japanese: 1世紀頃には高さが60センチに達し、さらに大型化が進み、2世紀には1メートルを超え、最終的には134センチに達する。
English: The biggest in existence is 144 centimeters in height and 45 kilograms in weight (No. 1 dotaku excavated in Mt. Oiwa in Yasu Cho, Yasu City, Shiga Prefecture in 1881).
Japanese: 現存する最大は、144センチ、45キログラムに達する（滋賀県野洲市野洲町大岩山1881年出土1号銅鐸）。
English: The most popular pattern is the Buddhist stole-like pattern, where lateral pattern lines and horizontal pattern lines cross each other.
Japanese: 文様で一番多いのが、袈裟襷文（けさだすきもん）で、縦の文様帯と横の文様帯とを交差させている。
English: Also, they have a crown with a lozenge cross-section (lozenged crown type).
Japanese: また、吊り下げる鈕の断面形が菱形となっている（菱環鈕式りょうかんちゅうしき）。
English: However, small dotaku excavated in the Higashinara Ruins in Osaka Prefecture have a crown with a round cross-section.
Japanese: しかし、大阪府東奈良遺跡から出土した小銅鐸の鈕の断面形が円形である。
English: Big dotaku exceeding 40 centimeters with the running water-type patterns appeared in the late second century B.C.
Japanese: 紀元前2世紀後半頃40センチを超す大型銅鐸が現れ、流水文が採用されている。
English: Some dotaku feature primitive paintings representing manners and customs of the Yayoi period such as houses.
Japanese: 当時の家屋など弥生時代の習俗の様子を描いた原始的な絵画が鋳出されているものもある。
English: Dotaku is said to have originated from Chinese copper bells but no similar shape has been found in Japan.
Japanese: 中国の銅鈴が起源とされるが、日本で出土する形状に類似するものは見つかっていない。
English: In the Korean Peninsula, small bells without any letters and paintings, which are called Korean dotaku, have been discovered.
Japanese: また、朝鮮半島には、朝鮮銅鐸と言われる文字も絵もない小型のものが出土する。
English: Japanese dotaku can probably have been affected by these bells, but they developed individually after being brought to Japan.
Japanese: それらの影響は考えられるが、その後日本の銅鐸は日本で独自に発達した。
English: It is thought that the Kinki type was produced in Yamato, Kawachi and Settsu Province while the Sanen type was made in the Nobi Plain.
Japanese: 近畿式は大和・河内・摂津で生産され、三遠式は濃尾平野で生産されたものであろうと推定されている。
English: The Kinki type dotaku have been found mainly in the whole Kinki region, from Totomi Province in the east to the eastern half of Shikoku in the west and to Sanin region in the north, and the Sanen type ones are located mainly in the area from Shinano and Totomi Province in the east and the Nobi Plain in the west, and exceptionally in the eastern coast of Ise Bay, the eastern shore of Lake Biwa, and the coast of the Japan Sea in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 近畿式は、近畿一帯を中心として、東は遠江、西は四国東半、北は山陰地域に、三遠式は、東は信濃・遠江、西は濃尾平野を一応の限界とし、例外的に伊勢湾東部・琵琶湖東岸・京都府北部の日本海岸にそれぞれ分布する。
English: The record of discovery of dotaku can possibly track back to the description in "Fuso Ryakki" (A Brief History of Japan) saying it was found during the construction of Sofuku-ji Temple in Shiga District in Omi Province in the seventh year of Emperor Tenchi's reign.
Japanese: 銅鐸が発見された記録は、『扶桑略記』の天智天皇7年、近江国志賀郡に崇福寺を建立するのに際して発見された記述が最古であろうという。
English: However, the details of this discovery were not described at all in both "Kojiki" (Record of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), which should have included the detailed history in the Tenchi era.
Japanese: ただし、天智期の記事を詳細に記しているはずの記紀は、この出来事について全く触れていない。
English: "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) says that a dotaku was found in Nagaokano by one from 宇波 Village in Yamato Province in 713 and "Nihon Kiryaku" (Outlines of the Annals of Japan) states a dotaku was excavated and called "Totaku of Ashoka the Great" in Harima Province in 821.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』には、和銅6年、大和宇波郷のひとが長岡野において発見した記事があり、『日本記略』には、弘仁12年、播磨国で掘り出され、「阿育王塔鐸」とよばれたとある。
English: The purpose is uncertain at the moment but how they were used has been revealed to some extent from excavated states and marks on the surface.
Japanese: 現在のところ用途は未だ定かではないが、出土状況や表面に遺された痕跡などから使用方法はある程度明らかにされている。