nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the worlds of kabuki and rakugo, `Myoseki` stage names are considered very important and as noted above, entertainers assume a series of `Myoseki` stage names in turn.
Japanese: 歌舞伎と落語では名跡はとても重視され、前記のように出世魚式の名跡のリレーが見られる。
English: In addition, active kabuki artists have Dai-Myoseki (in rakugo, this tradition declined from the late 1980`s), however, several exceptions have occurred even in kabuki (eg. Kichiemon I and the present Umenosuke NAKAMURA).
Japanese: そのほか、第一線で活躍している者は、全員が大名跡を名乗っている（ただし落語では平成期にその伝統が崩れ、歌舞伎にも例外がある（＝初代吉右衛門、当代の中村梅之助など））。
English: For example, in the sport of sumo wrestling, even the most high-ranked sumo wrestlers do not always inherit their predecessor's Myoseki as their own professional name.
Japanese: 例えば大相撲の四股名は最上位力士であっても名跡を継承する場合もしない場合もある。
English: On the other hand, the Toshiyori (sumo elders) Myoseki system is still practiced, although the practice coexists with the single-generation Toshiyori (sumo elder) system).
Japanese: （反面、年寄名跡制度は一代年寄制度と併存しながらであるが守られている）
English: However Myoseki name of players were not inherited in full: each player retained their own individual Gago (pseudonym) as their first name.
Japanese: 但しフルネームを継承するわけではない（名（雅号）は個人ごとに名乗る）。
English: However, the system of inherited Hon-inbo (Grand Master) names changed to a merit-based system from 1939 onwards whereby the Hon-inbo became a title for the winner of a traditional `Go` board game tournament.
Japanese: しかし本因坊制度は1939年以降実力制になり、棋戦の勝者たるタイトルの称号としての本因坊となった。
English: Similarly, if a player successively wins the major tournament in successive years, the player is granted Hon-inbo (Grand Master) Myoseki whether or not a title is won in subsequent years..
Japanese: 同棋戦の王者を何期も経ると名誉本因坊となり、以後はタイトルの有無にかかわらず本因坊名跡を名乗り続けられる。
English: The practice of Myoseki inherited names and titles is basically associated with the accomplished arts, but in certain circumstances, a particular family often controls and inherits a name/title because of blood relationships or through adoption.
Japanese: 名跡は基本的には芸系に属するものであるが、しばしばある一家がこれを管理し、血縁もしくは養子縁組によってこれを相続することが多い。
English: However, if there is no direct family to inherit a name/title, an individual following in the footsteps of a predecessor's accomplishments may inherit the Myoseki (depending upon consultation with the family of the deceased artist) however, this manner of inheritance seems to be limited only to cases where there is no appropriate heir.
Japanese: ただし後嗣がいない場合、遺族との相談によって先代の芸系を受継ぐ者がこれを相続する場合もあるが、現在ではこれはあくまでもそれにふさわしい後嗣がいない場合に限られるようである。
English: Myoseki nomenclature is not a mere name, but a name or title that signifies inheritance of traditions of a certain accomplished art, which has been traditionally built up by hereditary successors to that Myoseki name/title over the generations.
Japanese: 名跡は単なる名前ではなく、代々の襲名者によって伝統的に築き上られてきた芸を継承するという意味もある。
English: That is to say, `traditions` can be considered to be: aragoto (kabuki plays featuring exaggerated poses, makeup, and costumes) showcased in the acting of Danjuro ICHIKAWA, sewamono (dramas dealing with the lives of ordinary people) acted by Kikugoro ONOE, dance elements of kabuki performed by Mitsuzaburo BANDO, ninjomono (human-interest stories), and ghost stories as told by Encho SANYUTEI.
Japanese: つまり市川団十郎における荒事、尾上菊五郎における世話物、坂東三津五郎における踊り、三遊亭圓朝における人情話、怪談などがこれである。
English: Various other factors are also considered such as: whether the candidate is appropriately inheriting features of the accomplished art, whether the candidate has dominated the art form, or whether the candidate's demonstrated skill-levels are deserving of the gravity of a Myoseki title/name.
Japanese: こうした芸の特質を受継ぎ、よく習得しているか、あるいはその実力が名跡の大きさに相応しいか、などが勘考される。
English: In short, genealogical/family tree factors such as blood-line relationships or student-master relationships are only basic considerations.
Japanese: つまり本来血縁や師弟関係等の系図的要素はあくまでも基礎的資格であるにすぎない。
English: In addition to the master's permission for Mysoeki name title inheritance to proceed, to ascertain whether or not a candidate for Myoseki name/title inheritance is appropriate, it is a common requirement that decisions must be made by Shochiku Co., Ltd., (when involving kabuki), or a theater's owner/master (when rakugo related), and even sometimes in further addition, support is required of the principle figure who goes by the same family name/same teigo (school name).
Japanese: それ以上の、名跡にふさわしいか否かについての判断のために、しばしば襲名にあたっては、当該襲名者の師匠の許し、歌舞伎であれば松竹、落語ならば席亭や師匠の判断、さらに場合によっては同姓同亭号の大立者の協賛などが必要になってくる。
English: However, blood relatives are often permitted to inherit Myoseki name/titles even though the candidate has not attained set skill levels, in the expectation that the inheritance will spur the candidate on to further develop their artistic proficiency.
Japanese: ただし襲名を契機にさらなる飛躍を期待するという意味で、血縁者に実力以上の名跡を継がせるということもしばしばある。
English: It should be noted that in Kabuki or Yose (vaudeville) genres, the number of generations who have inherited Myoseki names/titles is not precise.
Japanese: なお歌舞伎や寄席演芸の場合は代数が正確ではない場合があるので注意を要する。
English: In the case of rakugo (storytelling) the reasons for the above are there are several periods where no documentary records remain.
Japanese: 理由として、（落語の場合は）過去の資料が存在していない時代があることが挙げられる。
English: In some cases, some performers lacked skills as artists and were not counted in the number ordering of successive Myoseki generations.
Japanese: 名跡を名乗った歴代のうちあまりにもその芸が拙劣であった者は代数から抜いてしまう場合もある。
English: Sometimes, the number order of generations was adjusted to reflect an auspicious/lucky number, and there is a custom of not counting zenza-mei (preliminary names) as Myoseki (conceivably a major inconsistency in defining the numbering of generations).
Japanese: また縁起をかついで代数をいい数にずらすことがあること、（落語の場合は）いわゆる前座名は代数としてカウントしないという慣習の存在もある。
English: Such an example exists with the present rakugo (storytelling) artist Shota SHUNPUTEI, who became a leader in his genre while preserving his `preliminary` zenza-me.
Japanese: この場合、当代春風亭昇太のように、前座名のまま大看板となる場合には、果たして何代目と呼ぶべきか大きな矛盾を抱えてしまうことになる。
English: There are other examples where a Myoseki name is somehow determined without seriously taking into consideration the number of generations.
Japanese: そもそも代数を重視せず、フィーリングでなんとなく決める場合などがあげられる。
English: There are also examples where precisely identical Myoseki names/titles exist in two different school/troupe lines in the East (Tokyo) and the West (Kyoto and Osaka areas) of Japan (Tokyo and respectively which sometimes causes confusion.
Japanese: また東西（東京と上方）で別系統ながら完全に同名の名跡が存在する場合があり、混乱のもととなる。
English: In addition, in kabuki there are cases in which an sequential numbering of a Myoseki generation is granted to a (deceased) predecessor posthumously.
Japanese: それと別に、歌舞伎では、死者に代数（＝名跡）を追贈（ついぞう）することがある。
English: In much the same way as numbers are `retired` in professional baseball, the eliminating a certain number from a sequence in itself has significance.
Japanese: これはプロ野球の永久欠番と同じで、「代数を欠くこと」そのものに意義があるのである。
English: Myoseki inheritance of name/title due to premature death of a parent (with the exceptions of Fukusuke NAKAMURA V (nick-named `Kei-chan`), Tatsunosuke ONOE etc):
Japanese: 親が早世した場合（5代中村福助（慶ちゃん）、尾上辰之助など）を除く。
English: There are also many examples of children cultivating unprecedented Dai-Myoseki (`grand` celebrate names/titles/reputations) (eg: Encho, Ganjiro, Kichiemon: all of them being first in their generational line).
Japanese: また、子が一代で不世出の大名跡を築き上げた例も多数ある（圓朝、鴈治郎、吉右衛門-いずれも初代）
English: Furthermore, there is a principle regarding brothers of the same family whereby the first son inherits his family's own Myoseki, whereas the second son inherits the Myoseki name/title of another family'.
Japanese: なお、兄弟間の場合は、「長子はその家の固有の名跡を継ぎ、第二子以降は他の家の名跡を継ぐ」ということがある。
English: When an immediate family member or blood-related relative inherits his family name as either a biological or alternatively an adopted son, this process is termed as inheriting the family estate,' whereas, when an unrelated person takes over the family name as son-in-law (by marrying into his wife's family) or as an adopted son, this is sometimes termed 'inheriting a predecessors' Myoseki.'
Japanese: 肉親及び親類が実子または養子として家名を継ぐことを「家督を継ぐ」というが、血縁でないものが娘婿（婿養子）あるいは養子となって家名を踏襲する場合は「名跡を継ぐ」ということもある。
English: To differentiate the processes, the terms are used when a person having a different family name changes the blood line of that family by inheriting the family's Myoseki.
Japanese: とりわけ、異なる氏のものが継承することでその家名の血筋が変質する場合において用いられる。
English: From the Kamakura period onwards, when there was no heir to carry on a family's name, sometimes an unrelated person, who sympathized with the family's situation (discontinuation), assumed (`adopted`) the name, and moreover, there were cases where victors who destroyed a family in battle appropriated the vanquished family's name as a trophy.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降、家名が絶えた場合にその断絶を惜しみ、肉親以外のものが称す場合があり、さらには戦勝の記念として滅ぼした敵の家名を名乗るという事例もあるという。
English: When Shigetada was vanquished (along with his sons) by Tokimasa HOJO (Shigetada's father-in-law), Tokimasa forced his daughter (ie. Shigetada's widow) to marry Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA whereupon, Yoshizumi took over the Hatakeyama clan's territory.
Japanese: 畠山重忠が子ともども岳父　北条時政に滅ぼされると、時政は娘である重忠未亡人を足利義純に娶わせ、畠山氏の領地を相続させた。
English: Accordingly, Yoshizumi's descendents came to be identified as the Hatakeyama clan and changed allegiances from the from Taira clan across to the Minamoto clan.
Japanese: これにより義純の子孫は源姓畠山氏となり畠山氏は平氏から源氏の一門へと変わったのである。
English: After the Muromachi period, there appeared some cases in which shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords) issued written appointments to hikan (a low-level bureaucrat) and gave them zuryomei (an official title of kokushi, provincial governor), which were unjustified titlles the Imperial Court had nothing to do with.
Japanese: 室町時代以降、守護大名が被官に対して官途状を発給し受領名（国司の官名）を授与するケースが表れたが、これは朝廷の関知しない僭称であった。
English: Therefore, in formal occasions, such official names of the government office as given by shugo daimyo were omitted or replaced by different names.
Japanese: よって、公式な場では守護大名から与えられた官名を略したり、違う表現に置き換えたりした。
English: Also there appeared other cases in which offspring succeeded government posts which their ancestors had been appointed to, and thus a new custom of jikan, in which samurai used a government post at his own initiative without permission from the Imperial Court, became established.
Japanese: また、先祖が補任された官職を子孫が継承するケースも現れるなど、朝廷の関知しない、武士が自ら官名を名乗る自官という慣習が定着していった。
English: Since around the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), a custom in which samurai used a name without his government post as his own name occurred among the samurai class, and continued by the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の頃から、武士の間で官名を略したものを自分の名前として名乗る風習が生まれ、江戸時代後期までその風習が続いた。
English: This was developed into azuma hyakkan (eastern-style titles conferred on daimyo and samurai) in the Kanto area (Eastern part of Japan) and was called buke hyakkan (titles conferred on daimyo and samurai), while hyakkan na based on government posts was called kuge hyakkan (titles conferred on samurai warriors based on the official names).
Japanese: これが関東地方では東百官に発展し、こちらが武家百官と言われたのに対し、官職を元にした百官名は公家百官と呼ばれた。
English: Reading of hyakkan na is a little different from that of the official name of a government post, so it is necessary to be careful (for example, 蔵人(Chamberlain) is read "kurodo" for a government post, but "kurando" for hyakkan na).
Japanese: 百官名の読みは正式な官名とは若干異なる読みをするので注意が必要である（例蔵人は、官職は“くろうど”、百官名は“くらんど”）。
English: Ichiryo gusoku (literally means a set of armor) was a designation for a part time soldier and farmer and their organization (in sociology) which was formed and managed by Chosokabe clan, the daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) of Tosa Province in the Sengoku period targeting on armed peasants and jizamurai (local samurai) before heinobunri (a policy to strictly separate soldiers and farmers).
Japanese: 一領具足（いちりょうぐそく）は、戦国時代(日本)の土佐国の戦国大名、長宗我部氏が兵農分離前の武装農民や地侍を対象に編成、運用した半農半兵の兵士および組織(社会科学)の呼称である。
English: In peacetime, Ichiryo gusoku lived as farmers engaged in working the land, however, once they were mobilized by the feudal lord, they were supposed to respond it at once with ichiryo (one set) of gusoku (weapon, armor).
Japanese: 一領具足は、平時には田畑を耕し、農民として生活をしているが、領主からの動員がかかると、一領（ひとそろい）の具足（武器、鎧）を携えて、直ちに召集に応じることを期待されていた。
English: To respond a sudden call-up without delay, they always carried their spear and armor during their farm working, thus they called Ichiryo gusoku.
Japanese: 突然の召集に素早く応じられるように、農作業をしている時も、常に槍と鎧を田畑の傍らに置いていたため、一領具足と呼称された。
English: Another reason for this designation was that they could not afford to have extra sets of armor and had only a set of armor, while regular samurai had two sets of armor including a spare set.
Japanese: また正規の武士であれば予備を含めて二領の具足を持っているが、半農半兵の彼らは予備が無く一領しか具足を持っていないので、こう呼ばれていたとも言う。
English: Since they were such part-time soldiers, Ichiryo gusoku were exempted tasks obligated to ordinary samurai.
Japanese: このような半農半兵の兵士であるから、一領具足は通常の武士が行うべき仕事は免除されていた。
English: As they were engaged in farm working, many of them were robust and had aptitude for group work, accordingly they were considered to have been high-leveled soldiers.
Japanese: 農作業に従事しているために、身体壮健なものが多く、また集団行動の適性も高かったため、兵士として高い水準にあったと考えられる。
English: However, in the nature that they were concurrently farmers, it is considered to be hard to mobilize them during the busiest farming season and thus it was impossible to make them fight battles over a long period of time.
Japanese: ただし、その半農半兵という性質上、農繁期の動員は困難であり、長期にわたる戦役には耐えられなかったと推測される。
English: Ichiryo gusoku was invented by Kunichika CHOSOKABE (Other theory says it was invented by his vassal, Takayori YOSHIDA.).
Japanese: 一領具足を考案したのは長宗我部国親である（家臣の吉田孝頼という説もある）。
English: It was Motochika CHOSOKABE, the son of Kunichika, who made use of Ichiryo gusoku eagerly and effectively.
Japanese: もっとも積極的かつ効率的に一領具足を運用したのは、国親の子の長宗我部元親である。
English: Motochika, leading powerful Ichiryogusoku, achieved the unification of Shikoku region, however, the territory was reduced to only Tosa Province due to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's Shikoku Conquest.
Japanese: 元親は精強な一領具足を率いて四国統一を果たしたが、豊臣秀吉による四国征伐によって、元親の領地は大幅に削減され、土佐一国のみとなる。
English: Further, in the subsequent Battle of Sekigahara, Motochika's forth son, Morichika CHOSOKABE who took over head of the family, joined the Western Camp, leading to confiscation of shoryo (territory) and Kaieki (forfeit rank of Samurai and properties) after the war.
Japanese: さらにその後の関ヶ原の戦いでは、家督を継承していた元親の四男長宗我部盛親が西軍に与したため、戦後、所領は没収され改易となった。
English: Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI was given the Tosa Domain as the successor of the Chosokabe family, however, the remnant corps of the Chosokabe family did not necessarily welcomed the new lord.
Japanese: 長宗我部家の後継として土佐を与えられたのは山内一豊だったが、長宗我部家の遺臣団は新領主の登場を必ずしも歓迎しなかった。
English: Soemon TAKEUCHI and his Ichiryo gusoku members refused to hand over the Urato-jo Castle and demanded that Morichika should be given a part of the old territory, or 'half land of Tosa'; this is called 'Urado riot'.
Japanese: 竹内惣右衛門を中心とする一領具足は、浦戸城の引渡しを拒否し、盛親に旧領の一部（土佐半国という）を与えることを要求した（浦戸一揆）。
English: The remnant corps resisted this by holding the Urato-jo Castle, but eventually surrendered the castle and capitulated due to an act of treachery from within the castle.
Japanese: 遺臣団側は浦戸城に篭城して抵抗したが、城内の裏切りによって開城、降伏した。
English: 273 members of Ichiryo gusoku were reported to be decapitated and their heads were salted to send to Naomasa II in Osaka.
Japanese: 273人の一領具足が斬首され、その首は塩漬けにされて大阪の井伊直政のもとへ送られたという。
English: After that, Ichiryo gusoku incited rebellion, such as Takiyama Riot led by Samanosuke TAKAISHI.
Japanese: その後も高石左馬助を中心とする滝山一揆など、一領具足による反乱が起こった。
English: The Yamanouchi clan suppressed them and put what remained of the Chosokabe corps, including Ichiryo gusoku, under its control, giving them the rank of goshi (country samurai), which was a rank below that of a Joshi (upper-level feudal retainer of a daimyo).
Japanese: 山内氏はこれを鎮圧し、やがて一領具足を含む長宗我部遺臣団を、藩士（上士）以下の身分である郷士として取り込んだ。
English: In Tosa Province, goshi was strictly distinguished from feudal retainer of domain, creating conflicts between the superior and inferior throughout the Edo Period.
Japanese: 土佐では郷士は藩士と厳密に区分されたため、江戸時代を通じて上下対立の原因となった。
English: The Japanese term Buke-kani is used to refer to the official ranks (official posts and court ranks) that samurai were granted or adopted for themselves mainly from the Sengoku period (Japan) to the Edo period.
Japanese: 武家官位（ぶけかんい）とは、主として戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代にかけて、武士が任官または自称した官位（官職と位階）をいう。
English: FormerJuryo (local officers) who were sent to rural areas as Kokushi (provincial governors) or Mokudai (representatives of Kokushi) and settled down in the area contributed significantly to the formation of groups of samurai.
Japanese: 武士団の成立には、国司や目代として下向した後土着した、旧受領層が大きく関わっている。
English: Once the power of warriors began to grow, those in power attempted to get them under their control by giving them official ranks.
Japanese: 武士勢力が成長すると、権力者はこれに官位を授け自らの支配下に組み込もうとした。
English: Since the official rank still held the power of authority even after the Ritsuryo system broke down and its actual meaning was lost, it was used to clarify the rank order of the warriors.
Japanese: 官位は、律令制が崩壊し、実質的な意味が無くなっても権威としての威力を持っていたために、武士の序列を明確化する目的でも使用された。
English: Once the military government was established, Yoritomo MINAMOTO banned Gokenin(low-ranking vassal) from being appointed to an official rank without Yoritomo's permission to tighten the control over them.
Japanese: 武家政権が成立すると、源頼朝は御家人の統制のため、御家人が頼朝の許可無く任官することを禁じた。
English: A formal procedure was established later on to ensure that awarding a rank to warriors had to be dealt by the officers called Kanto-bugyo (a commissioner of the appointment to an office) and it was conducted in the form called Buke-shisso (an intermediary between the Court and the Shogunate government), which means it is formally requested from the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 後に武家の叙位任官は官途奉行の取り扱いのもと、幕府から朝廷へ申請する武家執奏の形式を取ることが制度化された。
English: In the Sengoku period (Japan), the power of the bakufu declined and the number of cases called Chokuso was increasing, which means daimyo directly negotiates with the Imperial Court and receives the official rank.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると幕府の権力が衰え、大名が直接朝廷と交渉して官位を得る直奏のケースが増加することになる。
English: When the Imperial Court was in short of money, daimyo donated their money asking for an official rank in return and the Imperial Court often issued one which was higher than their family status in return.
Japanese: 朝廷が資金的に窮迫すると、大名達は献金の見返りとして官位を求め、朝廷もその献金の見返りとし、その武家の家格以上の官位を発給することもあった。
English: For example, the post called Sakyo no daibu (Master of the Eastern Capital Offices) used to be a one which was only given to the four specific families called Shishiki-ke (four administrators' family: Yamana, Isshiki, Akamatsu, Kyogoku) among all the daimyo, however, during the Sengoku period even a low rank daimyo in a rural area was awarded the post and sometimes multiple daimyos were awarded at the same time.
Japanese: たとえば左京大夫は大名中でも四職家にしか許されない官であったが、戦国期には地方の小大名ですら任じられるようになり、時には複数の大名が同時期に任じられることもあった。
English: The official ranks started being used not only as a sign of authority but also as a legitimacy of the control of the territory as well as a justification of a battle.
Japanese: 官位は権威づけだけではなく、領国支配の正当性や戦の大義名分としても利用されるようになる。
English: The main examples of above are the case that Ouchi Clan asked for the rank of Dazai-daini (Senior Assistant Governor General in Dazai-fu) to compete with Shoni Clan, and also the case that Nobuhide ODA, the father of Nobunaga ODA, Yoshimono IMAGWA, and Ieyasu TOKUGAWA were appointed to Mikawa no kami (the governor of Mikawa Province) to rule the Mikawa region.
Japanese: その主な例として、大内氏が少弐氏に対抗するために大宰大弐を求めたケース、織田信長の父織田信秀、今川義元そして徳川家康が三河支配のため三河守に任ぜられたケースなどがある。
English: During this period, there were also an increased number of warriors who used self-appointed posts without getting permissions from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 一方この時代には、朝廷からの任命を受けないまま官名を自称（僭称）するケースも増加した。
English: Some lords also started providing some official posts to their vassals as a prize by giving them a private letter called kanto no kakidashi (appointment of a government service) or juryo no kakidashi (written appointment of a government service) which allowed them to use the posts.
Japanese: また、官途書出、受領書出といって主君から家臣に恩賞として官職名を授けるといったものまで登場した。
English: Once Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI succeeded in dominating the whole country as Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), the highest aristocratic rank, he started to try controlling daimyo throughout the country by giving them official ranks and incorporating them into the Ritsuryo ranking system.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉が公家の最高位である関白として天下統一を果たすと、諸国の大名に官位を授けて律令官位体系に取り込むことで統制を行おうとした。
English: However, the promotion system of the official rank stopped functioning since too many warriors were awarded to the higher ranks while the official ranks to be given to the court nobles were already in short.
Japanese: ところがただでさえ公家の官位が不足気味だったところへ武家の高位への任官が相次いだために官位の昇進体系が機能麻痺を起こしてしまう。
English: As a result, there were no court nobles who were qualified to become Daijin (minister), and Naidaijin (inner minister) Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was the person possessing the highest rank at the time of death of Hideyoshi (1598), which considered to be an extraordinary situation.
Japanese: その結果、大臣の任用要件を有する公家が不在となってしまい、秀吉が死去した際（1598年）には、内大臣徳川家康が最高位の官位保有者であるという異常事態に至った。
English: Hideyoshi also allowed a warrior called Korenori KAMEI who shared the view of overseas operation with, to identify himself as unique posts such as Ryukyu no kami (governor of Ryukyu Province, current Okinawa Pref,) or Taishu no kami (governor of Taishu Province, current Taishu, Zejiang Province in China) which didn't exist in the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: また秀吉は同じく海外志向であった武将の亀井茲矩の申し出に対し、律令に無い官職である琉球守（現在の沖縄）や台州守（現在の中国浙江省台州）のユニークな名乗りを許している。
English: Strictly speaking, this is a serious matter for the Imperial Court, however, Kamei's post returned to the one within the country after Hideyoshi's overseas operation had failed.
Japanese: これは厳密に言えば朝廷にとって由々しき事態であったが、秀吉の海外進出が挫折すると亀井の名乗りも国内官職へ回帰した。
English: Once Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, leaning from the bad experiences during the Toyotomi regime, he started to reform the ranking system while still using it as a tool to control the warriors.
Japanese: 徳川家康が江戸幕府を開くと、豊臣政権時代の苦い経験から官位を武士の統制の手段として利用しつつもその制度改革に乗り出した。
English: First of all, he separated the official rank in the military government from the one for the court nobles by dealing the former as Ingainokan (the posts exceeding the original limit) under the Laws Governing the Imperial Court Nobility,
Japanese: まず、禁中並公家諸法度により武家官位を員外官（いんがいのかん）とすることによって、公家官位と切り離した。
English: It is also a part of the reform to appoint the posts such as Shosho (minor captain), Chujo (middle captain), Chunagon (vice-councilor of state), Dainagon (chief councilor of state) as a category called Gonkan (posts appointed exceeding the Ritsuryo quota).
Japanese: 少将、中将、中納言、大納言などの官職を権官として任じたことも、そのあらわれである。
English: Also all the official ranks in the military government virtually had to be appointed by Shogun, and his permission was required even though some daimyos and shogunal vassals were directly nominated by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: また、武家の官位の任命者は事実上将軍とし、大名家や旗本が朝廷から直接昇進推挙を受けた場合でも、将軍の許可を受けねばならなかった。
English: The Nanbu family, the Yanagisawa family and assistant provincial officials (including the Niwa family, the Tachibana family) started as the rank of Jushiinoge or Jugoinoge and they were promoted to Jushiinoge-jiju later on.
Japanese: 南部・柳沢と準国主（丹羽、立花など）は初め従四位下または従五位下のち従四位下侍従に昇進
English: The Oda family was in the rank which was one below assistant provincial official in the early days of Edo period (its family status was demoted due to "Meiwa incident" and "Uda Disturbance").
Japanese: 織田も江戸初期は準国主に次ぐ格式（「明和事件」「宇陀崩れ」で家格降下）
English: Gonshosho (Provisional Minor Captain) - A part of Kunimochi daimyo (daimyo having domain of one province or more), Shinpan (relatives of the Tokugawa family) such as Tsuyama domain and Fukui domain, Shinpan-nami (non-shinpan daimyo who treated at the same level as Shinpan) such as the Ikeda family in Tottori Domain, Renshi (the branch families of the three branch Tokugawa families) such as the Takasu family and the Saijo family, and the Ii family.
Japanese: 権少将-国持大名の一部、親藩（津山、福井など）、親藩並（鳥取池田など）、連枝（高須、西条など）、井伊