nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Among the existing statues of Fudo Myoo in Japan, the old statues such as the statue in the To-ji Temple Lecture Hall and the statue in To-ji Temple Mie-do, which were shaped at the first part of the Heian period, were produced by realistic expressions (with normal eyes) as it opened both eyes at the front, chewed the bottom lip with a front tooth and had both canine teeth bared downward.
Japanese: 日本に現存する不動明王像のうち、平安初期の東寺講堂像、東寺御影堂像などの古い像は、両眼を正面に見開き、前歯で下唇を噛んで、左右の牙を下向きに出した、現実的な表情（平常眼）で製作されていた。
English: However, in more recent years the statues with asymmetrical shapes such as heaven-and-earth eyes (天地眼) (open right eye and narrowed left eye, or staring up toward heaven with the right eye and staring down toward earth with the left eye), and having the right canine tooth bared upward and the left canine tooth bared downward (牙上下出).
Japanese: しかし時代が降るにつれ、天地眼（右眼を見開き左眼をすがめる、あるいは右眼で天、左眼で地を睨む）、牙上下出（右の牙を上方、左の牙を下方に向けて出す）という、左右非対称の姿の像が増えるようになる。
English: This is influenced by 'Fudo Juku-kan (Nineteen Characteristic Signs of Fudo Myoo'), which was preached by Annnen, a priest of the Tendai sect, and others of the tenth century in order to image Fudo Myoo.
Japanese: これは10世紀、天台僧・安然らが不動明王を観想（思い浮かべる）するために唱えた「不動十九観」の影響によるものである。
English: In more recent times the expression of Fudo Myoo statues with heaven-and-earth eyes had become almost completely mainstream, but even after that the statues with normal eyes in the old style, with eyes that were open and had both canine teeth biting the bottom lip, were seen somewhat, such as the standing statue of Fudo Myoo with two youths in Ganjoju-in Temple, Shizuoka, made by Unkei.
Japanese: 時代をさらに下ると、不動明王像は天地眼による表現がほぼ完全に主流となっていったが、天地眼の刻み方が一般的になっても、運慶の静岡・願成就院の不動明王･二童子立像など、一部には両目を見開き、牙が両方とも下を向いて咬んでいる古来の相に倣って刻まれた平常眼像が見受けられる。
English: Because the standing statue of Fudo Myoo in Joraku-ji Temple in Kanagawa Prefecture, which was made by Unkei at nearly the same time of the Fudo Myoo statue in Ganjoju-in Temple, was shaped with heaven-and-earth eyes although its body was virtually identical to that of the statue in Ganjoju-in Temple, it seems that Unkei distinguished facial expressions.
Japanese: 願成就院の不動明王像とほぼ同時期に運慶が制作した、神奈川県・浄楽寺の不動明王立像は、胴部が願成就院とほぼ同一の造形であるものの顔面が天地眼の相で彫られていることから、運慶が相の彫り分けを行っていたことが伺える。
English: Therefore, it could be said that whether the figure had normal eyes or heaven-and-earth eyes wasn't due to the difference in the times but instead depended on the client's intention, aims and so on.
Japanese: 相が平常眼か天地眼かは単に時代の変遷によるものとは限らず、依頼主・発願主の意向や目的等によって彫り分けていた可能性がある。
English: It is known that this parquet statue made of Japanese cypress was shaped by Unkei with 10 artists specializing in Buddhist statues as his disciples (小仏師）at the request of Yoshimori WADA.
Japanese: ヒノキ材の寄木造りの本像は、小仏師十人と共に運慶が、和田義盛の発願によって造像したことが分かっている。
English: In some cases Fudo Myoo was shaped as a figure that brought followers (called hachidai-doji).
Japanese: 不動明王は、八大童子と呼ばれる眷属を従えた形で造像される場合もある。
English: However, it is often shown on pictures and statues by the triad style which brought two youths of Kongara-doji (the youth Kongara) and Seitaka-doji (the youth Seitaka) among hachidai-doji (it is called the statue of Fudo Myoo with two youths or the Fudo triad).
Japanese: ただし、実際には八大童子のうちの二名、矜羯羅童子（こんがらどうじ）と制多迦童子（せいたかどうじ）を両脇に従えた三尊の形式で絵画や彫像に表わされることが多い（不動明王二童子像または不動三尊像と言う）。
English: In the triad style, it is common that Seitaka-doji is placed on the right of Fudo Myoo (on the observers' left) and Kongara-doji is placed on the left (on the observers' right).
Japanese: 三尊形式の場合、不動明王の右（向かって左）に制多迦童子、左（向かって右）に矜羯羅童子を配置するのが普通である。
English: Many kongara-doji are shown as baby-faced figures that stare toward Fudo Myoo intently with hands clasped in prayer, while on the contrary many Seitaka-doji are shown as naughty boys with kongosho (vajra club) and kongo-bo (both are weapons) in their hands.
Japanese: 矜羯羅童子は童顔で、合掌して一心に不動明王を見上げる姿に表わされるものが多く、制多迦童子は対照的に、金剛杵（こんごうしょ）と金剛棒（いずれも武器）を手にしていたずら小僧のように表現されたものが多い。
English: The remaining six hachidai-doji are Eko-doji, Eki-doji, Anokuta-doji, Shitoku-doji, Ugubaga-doji and Shojo-biku.
Japanese: 八大童子の残り六名は、慧光（えこう）童子、慧喜（えき）童子、阿耨達（あのくた）童子、指徳（しとく）童子、烏倶婆伽（うぐばが）童子、清浄比丘（しょうじょうびく）である。
English: As the works of these hachidai-doji, the statue in Koyasan Kongobu-ji Temple Fudo-do (a national treasure) is well known.
Japanese: これら八大童子の彫像の作例としては、高野山金剛峯寺不動堂に伝わった国宝の像がよく知られる。
English: At Setagayasan Kannon-ji Temple in the Setagaya Ward of Tokyo there are the statue of Fudo Myoo and the statue of hachidai-doji made by Koen (a grandson of Unkei), an artist of Buddhism statue in the Kamakura period, which were moved from the abolished Uchiyama Eikyu-ji Temple in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 東京都世田谷区の世田谷山観音寺には、鎌倉時代の仏師・康円（運慶の孫）作の不動明王及び八大童子像があるが、これは奈良県天理市にあった廃寺・内山永久寺から移されたものである。
English: Moreover, there is no work of Fudo Myoo with hachidai-doji as followers in Sanskrit sutras, so it is said to have been invented in China.
Japanese: なお、不動明王の眷属として八大童子を配することは、サンスクリット経典には見えないようで、中国で考案されたものと言われている。
English: They are often placed in the center of the main Myoo (which is called Godai Myoo), as are those of To-ji Temple.
Japanese: また東寺のように五大明王と呼ばれる主要な明王の中央に配されることも多い。
English: Shomudoson Daiinuo Himitsudarani-kyo Sutra
Japanese: 聖無動尊大威怒王秘密陀羅尼経（しょうむどうそんだいいぬおうひみつだらにきょう）
English: The story is that Fugen Bosatsu preached Fudo Myoo, which he felt, to the living things with Monju Bosatsu at the great Buddhist mass of Dainichinyorai, and that Dainichinyorai gave a favorable blessing.
Japanese: 大日如来の大法会で普賢菩薩が文殊菩薩と衆生に向かって自らの感得した不動明王について教えを説き、大日如来がお墨付きを与えるという筋書き。
English: Moreover, in the story of revenge by Kumawakamaru, a son of Suketomo HINO in Taiheiki, the scene whereby the practitioner escapes from the pursuer by boat while praying for Myoo is an homage of the part, 'It brings to the opposite share over sea by the boat of Buddhism (大法).'
Japanese: なお太平記において日野資朝の息子阿新丸による仇討ちの話中、行者が明王に祈念して舟で追手の手から逃げのびるシーンは、「大法の船を設け普く苦海を度して彼岸に到らしむる」という部分のオマージュである。
English: It abstracts the essence of the above sutra's teaching, and was established in Japan.
Japanese: 前述の経典の教えのエッセンスを短くまとめたもので、日本で成立したもの。
English: It describes that Fudo Myoo lives in the disciplinant's mind (Fudo Myoo is indeed a disciplinant) because the ways of the living things' minds aren't the same (the way of reaching enlightenment is different individually) so that Fudo Myoo makes their wishes come true by changing its figure in accordance with each person).
Japanese: 衆生の心の有り方は一様でない（悟りに到る道も個々によって異なる）ので心の中に住み（修行者自身が不動明王である）、各々に合わせて姿を変え願いを叶えるという内容が説かれている。
English: Keishu Shomudoson Himitsudarani-kyo Sutra
Japanese: 稽首聖無動尊祕密陀羅尼経（けいしゅしょうむどうそんひみつだらにきょう）
English: The following four are similar to Santan-kyo sutra (讃嘆経), which considers that Fudo Myoo is an existence that represents other venerable states and Japanese gods as well.
Japanese: 以下四つは他の尊格や日本の神々をも代表する存在であるとした讃嘆経に類するもの。
English: In those sutras Fudo Myoo is not described as a transcendental absolutist that is superior to other gods and Buddhas but is described on the basis of the above thought, that the way to reach enlightenment is different individually because the ways of living things' minds aren't the same).
Japanese: 他の神仏に優る超越的絶対者としてではなく、衆生の心のあり方は一様でないので悟りに到る道も個々によって異なるという前述の思想を受けたものと考えられている。
English: Matsushima Zuigan-ji Temple Godai-do in Miyagi (a Buddhist image not usually shown to the public): The wooden seated statue of Fudo Myoo (among the five myoo) (Heian period, an important cultural property)
Japanese: 宮城・松島瑞巌寺五大堂　（秘仏）木造不動明王坐像（五大明王のうち）（平安時代、重要文化財）
English: Kongo-ji Temple in Hino City, Tokyo (Takahata Fudo): The wooden statue of Fudo Myoo with two youths (Heian period, an important cultural property)
Japanese: 東京・金剛寺(日野市)（高幡不動）　木造不動明王二童子像（平安時代、重要文化財）
English: Oyama-dera Temple in Kanagawa prefecture: The steel statue of Fudo Myoo with two youths (Kamakura period, an important cultural property)
Japanese: 神奈川・大山寺(神奈川県)　鉄造不動明王二童子像（鎌倉時代、重要文化財）
English: Doju-in (Tofuku-ji Temple Tacchu, A simple building containing a pagoda that enshrined the ashes of a founder or head priest of a Zen temple) in Kyoto: The seated statue of wooden Fudo Myoo (Heian period, an important cultural property)
Japanese: 京都・同聚院（東福寺塔頭）　木造不動明王坐像（平安時代、重要文化財）
English: Kongobu-ji Temple (Goma-do, small buildings at Buddhist temples of Shingon and Tendai sects, Shingonshu and Tendaishu, used especially for esoteric practices, Mikkyo and for the performances of the burnt-offering goma ceremonies) in Wakayama: The seated statue of wooden Fudo Myoo (Heian period, an important cultural property)
Japanese: 和歌山・金剛峯寺（護摩堂）　木造不動明王坐像（鎌倉時代、重要文化財）
English: Koyasan Nan-in Temple in Wakayama: The standing statue of wooden Fudo Myoo (Namikiri Fudo) (Heian period, an important cultural property)
Japanese: 和歌山・高野山南院　木造不動明王立像　（波切不動）（平安時代、重要文化財）
English: OK
Japanese: 赤不動－和歌山・高野山明王院蔵　絹本着色不動明王二童子像（重要文化財）
English: Dainichinyorai (mahaavairocana in Sanskrit) is a venerable entity of the pantheistic Nyorai (the Dharmakaya Buddha), which is thought of as a unit of the universe itself in Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism).
Japanese: 大日如来(だいにちにょらい)、サンスクリットマハー・ヴァイローチャナ(mahaavairocana)は、密教において宇宙そのものと一体と考えられる汎神論的な如来（法身仏）の一尊。
English: Shushi (Mikkyo) (Shuji) was vaM in Vajradhatumandala and aaH or a in Garbha-mandala.
Japanese: 種子(密教)（種字）は金剛界曼荼羅ではバン(vaM)、胎蔵曼荼羅ではアーク(aaH)またはア(a)。
English: It is a hierarchy of Daibirushanabutsu-Jimpenkaji-kyo Sutra (Dainichi-kyo Sutra) and is the master of Garbha-mandala (the central Eight-Petal Court, or Chuudaiihachiyouin), as described by the Dainichi-kyo sutra.
Japanese: 大毘盧遮那成仏神変加持経（大日経）の教主であり、大日経の説く胎藏曼荼羅中台八葉院九尊の主である。
English: In the Shingon sect, which was founded by Kukai, it is the most important Buddha with which a disciplinant should ultimately integrate.
Japanese: 空海の開いた真言宗において、究極的には修行者自身と一体化すべきものとして最も重要な仏陀である。
English: Fudo Myoo is regarded as an incarnation of Dainichinyorai, a fundamental Buddha in Mikkyo or an expression of its inner determination.
Japanese: 不動明王は、密教の根本尊である大日如来の化身、あるいはその内証（内心の決意）を表現したものであると見なされている。
English: In Tibetan Buddhism, which greatly incorporates the latter part of Mikkyo, Dainichinyorai is revered as the center of the Five Buddhas (gobutsu) as well as Gochi-nyorai.
Japanese: 後期密教を大幅に取り入れたチベット仏教でも、大日如来は五仏（五智如来）の中心として尊崇される。
English: In Tibetan Buddhism it is commonly expressed as Nyorai's figure without jewelry or is sometimes drawn as a Buddha having many faces.
Japanese: チベット仏教では、宝飾品を身に纏わずに通常の如来の姿で表現されたり、あるいは多面仏として描かれることもある。
English: The form of statue is expressed by the seated figure like Bosatsu (Bodhisattva), who wears luxurious accessories such as a crown and a yoraku, a string of beads or lace-work used to decorate Buddhist statues and objects.
Japanese: 像形は、宝冠をはじめ瓔珞などの豪華な装身具を身に着けた、菩薩のような姿の坐像として表現される。
English: Generally, Nyorai is expressed as a lightly dressed figure free of any accessory, but Dainichinyorai is particularly expressed as a monarch that wears the existence of the universe like an accessory.
Japanese: 一般に如来は装身具を一切身に着けない薄衣の姿で表現されるが、大日如来は宇宙そのもの存在を装身具の如く身にまとった者として、特に王者の姿で表されるのである。
English: There is a theory that Dainichinyorai (Makabirushanabutsu (Mahavairocana), mahaavairocana) originates from Ahura Mazda, the supreme god in Zoroastrianism.
Japanese: 大日如来（摩訶毘盧遮那仏、マハー・ヴァイローチャナ）の成立の起源を、ゾロアスター教の善の最高神アフラ・マズダーに求める学説がある。
English: It is based on the attribution of the sun and wisdom and the belief of fire, but there is a large disparity in dharmas between Zoroastrianism and Mikkyo.
Japanese: 太陽の属性と智の属性、火を信奉することを根拠としているが、ゾロアスター教と密教は教義に大きな差がある。
English: There is another theory that Ahura Mazda originates from Varuna, a god of contract in Mitanni and Hittite.
Japanese: そのアフラ・マズダーは、ミタンニ・ヒッタイトにおける契約の神ヴァルナを起源とする学説もある。
English: This theory assumes that Varuna was a pair of Mithra (a god of light) since ancient times and that he was Asura, but there is no other significant similarity.
Japanese: この説は昔からヴァルナが光明神ミスラとのセットであること、彼がアスラであることを前提としているが、それ以外には主だった類似性は見られない。
English: Additionally, there is the theory that Dainichinyorai originates from Virocana, the king of the Asura family in Indian mythology.
Japanese: また、大日如来をインド神話のアスラ神族の王ヴィローチャナに求める学説もある。
English: Moreover, the other theory considers it to be a unit of Dainichinyorai that developed from Vairocana, since the name is similar to Virocana, the hierarchy of the Kegon-kyo sutra.
Japanese: この名が華厳経の教主の毘盧遮那仏（ヴァイローチャナ）と類似することから、毘盧遮那仏から発展した大日如来とも同一視する学説もある。
English: It seems that the theory is based on the story of Chandogya Upanishad.
Japanese: その説は、チャーンドギヤ・ウパニシャッドの説話を根拠としているようだ。
English: However, in 'the Mahdbharata,' an epic poem of India, Virocana means the sun god but doesn't necessarily mean only King Asura.
Japanese: ただ、インドの叙事詩「マハーバーラタ」では、ヴィローチャナとは太陽神のことであり、必ずしもヴィローチャナという言葉がアスラ王のみを意味するわけではない。
English: Moreover, since Visnu as the sun god also has this synonym, it isn't considered to be the immediate origin.
Japanese: また、太陽神としてのヴィシュヌもこの異名を持つため、すぐさま起源とは言えない。
English: This theory that Dainichinyorai originates from King Asura and the supreme god of Zoroastrianism remains inconclusive.
Japanese: アスラ王やゾロアスター教の最高神を大日如来の起源とするこの説は、いまだに結論がついていない。
English: (In fact, the origins of the other gods are often invalid except for the similarities among names.)
Japanese: （実際、他の神々の起源も名の類似性以外に大きな根拠がないことが多い。）
English: "Nyonin Kinsei (No Women Admitted)" means forbiddance for women to enter shrines and temples, reijo (sacred ground), ceremonial sites and others, as well as the limitation to unobstructed cultivation and worship by men.
Japanese: 女人禁制（にょにんきんせい）とは、女性に対して社寺や霊場、祭場などへの立入りを禁じ、男性主体の修行や参拝に限定する事。
English: There is a temporary Nyonin Kinsei which considers particular period related with women's menses as a period of abstention, while there is a permanent Nyonin Kinsei which constantly prohibits women's entering in distinction from men.
Japanese: 女性の月経に関係する特定の期間を忌みとする一時的な女人禁制と、女性を男性と区別して恒常的に立入りを禁ずる永続的な女人禁制がある。
English: Particularly, the barrier to regulate women's entry to sacred mountains is called the 'nyonin kekkai,' and the stones to show the borderline for women were placed at that border.
Japanese: 特に、霊山における入山規制の結界を「女人結界」と言い、その境界には女人境界石が建てられていた。
English: However, for religious female believers Nyonin-do was built as a place where women could devote Buddhist invocations outside of the kekkai (border).
Japanese: しかし、信仰心の篤い女性信者のために、結界の外に女性が念仏に励む場所として女人堂が建てられた。
English: Other places have also been released in recent years, in accordance with women's social progress and the discussion of 'nyonin kaikin (release for women) that followed.
Japanese: また近年、女性の社会進出と共に「女人解禁」が議論され、解禁された場所もある。
English: Because Shugen-do was established through the syncretization of Buddhism (mainly Mikkyo, or Esoteric Buddhism) with the ancient Japanese Shinto faith, Taoism from China and others, it is difficult to clearly discern why it prohibits women's entry to sacred mountains.
Japanese: 修験道は仏教（主に密教）に、日本の古来の神道や大陸由来の道教などが習合して成立したものであるため、なぜ女性の入山を禁止しているのか？　その理由を明確に知ることは難しい。
English: In the original Buddhism, no commandments existed that prohibited entry by women with barriers at particular places.
Japanese: 本来の仏教には、ある場所を結界して、女性の立ち入りを禁止する戒律は存在しない。
English: In Shobogenzo, written by Dogen, there is a criticism of nyonin kekkai in Japanese Buddhism as 'a laughing matter in Japan,' and Honen, Shinran and others were critical in their views of nyonin kekkai.
Japanese: 道元の正法眼蔵にも、日本仏教の女人結界を「日本国にひとつのわらひごとあり」と批判している箇所があり、法然や親鸞なども女人結界には批判的である。
English: However, Buddhism considers human desires as bonno (earthly desires) and sees an ideal to control bonno by wisdom, so that it recommends the control of sexual desire, which is the most difficult human desire to overcome.
Japanese: ただし仏教は、人間の欲望を煩悩とみなし、智慧をもって煩悩を制御することを理想としており、人間の欲のうち、最も克服しがたい性欲を抑えることを薦めてもいる。
English: Accordingly, in the commandments for priests there are strict restrictions for activities that could stimulate sexual desires such as the prohibition of sexual intercourse (fuin-kai), that of masturbation (koshutsusho-kai), that of contact with women (shoku-nyonin-kai), that of using evil-minded words (sogo-kai), that of urging sexual intercourse as a memorial service (tanshinsaku-kuyo-kai), that of staying alone with a woman (byosho-fujo-kai), and that of doing what which incurs a doubt about their relationship at the time of being alone with a woman (rosho-fujo-kai).
Japanese: そのため出家者の戒律には、性行為の禁止（不淫戒）、自慰行為の禁止（故出精戒）、異性と接触することの禁止（触女人戒）、猥褻な言葉を使うことの禁止（麁語戒）、供養として性交を迫ることの禁止（嘆身索供養戒）、異性と二人きりになることを禁止（屏所不定戒）、異性と二人でいる時に関係を疑われる行動することを禁止（露処不定戒）など、性欲を刺激する可能性のある行為に関しては厳しい制限がある。
English: Moreover, the mountaineering ascetic, who is a practitioner of austerities as half priest and half layman, also needs to keep at least fuin-kai during unobstructed cultivation (one of the hassai-kai, or eight precepts).
Japanese: また修験者は、半僧半俗の修行者であるが、その場合でも、修行中は少なくとも不淫戒を守る必要がある（八斎戒の一つ）。
English: Incidentally, lay people are also prohibited from indecent sexual acts (such as premarital intercourse, extramarital affair, adultery, indecent assault, bestiality and rape) as fujain-kai (no sexual misconduct) (one of the five commandments).
Japanese: ちなみに在家信徒も、淫らな性行為（婚前性交渉、浮気、不倫や強制猥褻、獣姦、強姦など）は不邪淫戒として禁じられている（五戒の一つ）。
English: Additionally, it is recommended that lay people keep fuin-kai only during the period in which they devote unobstructed cultivation, such as in Zen seated meditation and Buddhist invocation.
Japanese: また在家者も座禅や念仏などの修行に打ち込む期間だけは不淫戒を守ることが薦められる。
English: It seems that in order to achieve those goals, women were removed from the places of unobstructed cultivation by men in Shugen-do.
Japanese: それらの目的を達成するために、修験道では、男性の修行場から女性を排除したものと思われる。
English: On the contrary, nunneries (facilities for priestesses) were originally specified as facilities attached to temples with a resident priest (facilities for priests) (for the purpose of protecting the priestess from sexual violence) so that it was difficult to remove men on a strict basis.
Japanese: 逆に尼寺（女性出家者の施設）は（女性出家者を性暴力などの被害から守る理由で）もともと僧寺（男性出家者の施設）に付属する施設と規定されており、そのため男性を厳格には排除しづらかった。
English: Additionally, in Buddhism it was originally prohibited for priests or priestess (except Buddha) to make a member of the opposite sex enter the Buddhist priesthood as a disciple (in order to avoid the ruination of the priest who would have his mistress around him as a disciple).
Japanese: また、仏教では、本来（破戒僧が自分の愛人を出家させて身辺に置くことを防ぐため）仏陀を除く出家者は異性の出家者を弟子として得度することは禁じられている。
English: The person who entered priesthood for the first time in Japan was an ama, but from the Nara period to the Kamakura period when the placement of a kaidan needed permission from the Imperial Court, all kaidans such as those at Todai-ji Temple and Enryaku-ji Temple were subject to male priests so that it is believed the difficulty of women's jikai (handing down the precepts) and tokudo (entry to the Buddhist priesthood) were related to nyonin kinsei.
Japanese: そもそも日本で最初の出家者は尼であったが、その戒壇の設置に朝廷の許可が必要であった奈良時代以降、鎌倉時代くらいまで、戒壇の設置を許された東大寺や延暦寺などの戒壇が全て男性僧侶を対象としており、女性（尼）の授戒得度が困難であった点との関連も考えられている。
English: However, Buddhist commandments are different among priests, practitioners of austerities and lay people as mentioned above, and there are differences among sects in the contents of commandments as well as their interpretations and severity.
Japanese: ただ仏教の戒律は、上記のように出家者、修行者、在家で求められる戒律がそれぞれ異なり、戒律の内容や解釈、厳格さも各宗派で異同がある。
English: Therefore, some nunneries adopt the policy of 'no men admitted' and some temples in mountain areas do not adopt nyonin kinsei.
Japanese: そのため尼寺でも「男子禁制」の寺院が存在していたり、山岳部にあっても女人禁制が取られていない寺院も存在していたりする。
English: In Shinto, the blood that is separated and flows from the body of a living thing is considered to be unclean.
Japanese: 神道においては、生物の身体から離れて、流出した血液は血の穢れとみなされる。
English: (This is the concept of considering a part of the body, meaning what is separated from the body, as unclean, which is also perceived in regard to the hair, nails and released bodily fluids; and similar ideas exist in other religions and myths.)
Japanese: （これは身体の一部が身体から分離したものとケガレとみなす考え方で、頭髪や爪、排泄物などにも同様な観念がみられる、また他の宗教や神話にも類似した観念が存在する）
English: For this reason there has, since ancient times, been a taboo that prohibits women in menstruation and puerperal period from entering sacred places (such as shrines) and touching sacred things (such as a mikoshi, or a sacred palanquin).
Japanese: そのため、生理中の女性や産褥中の女性が、神聖とされる場所（神社の境内など）に入ることや、神聖な物（御輿など）に接触することを禁止するタブーが古来よりある。
English: Originally, not only women but also men bloodied due to injuries were prohibited from entering sacred places, while hunting and other activities in sacred places were prohibited for the same reason; however, it seems that based on a characteristic of male chauvinist thinking in the feudal era, only the uncleanliness of blood during menstruation and puerperal period had been emphasized and used as the reason for the removal of women from sacred places.
Japanese: 本来は、女性だけでなく、生傷を負って流血している男性が神域に入ることや、神域での狩猟なども同様な理由で禁止されているのだが、封建時代の男尊女卑の風潮から、女性を神域から排除する理由として生理や産褥の血の穢れのみが強調され、使われはじめたと思われる。
English: There is a theory that this is due to the expectation of power in Buddhism and divine power by incantation and prayer against priests, mainly as influenced by Taoism and Mikkyo in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 一説には古代日本においては、おもに道教や密教の影響で、僧侶に対し加持祈祷による法力、神通力が期待されていたためとする説もある。
English: It was thought that the thorough sila (morality) was necessary in order to keep the power of Buddhism, which was needed for priest's prayer.
Japanese: 僧侶が祈祷に必要な法力を維持するためには持戒の徹底が必要であると考られていた。
English: Among the stories in which Sennin, a wizard, loses divine power due to his sexual desire, the story of Kume-no-sennin in "Konjaku Monogatari (Tales of Times Now Past)" is famous.
Japanese: 性欲を起こすと仙人が神通力を失う話としては、今昔物語にある久米仙人の話が有名である。
English: According to that story, he was attracted by young woman's white shins who was washing clothes on the shore of Kume-gawa River, lost divine power, fell down from heaven and married with that woman.
Japanese: 久米川の辺で洗濯する若い女性の白い脛（はぎ）に見惚れて、神通力を失い、墜落し、その女性を妻としたという。
English: It is thought that different views on the taboos of Buddhism, Shinto and Taoism as above were syncretized in medieval times, and that the basic idea of present Nyonin Kinsei and Nyonin Kekkai was established led by mountain temples and Shugen-do around the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 上記の仏教と神道、道教などの異なるタブー観が、中世に習合し、山岳の寺院、修験道などを中心として、鎌倉時代ごろに今の女人禁制、女人結界のベースとなる観念が成立したものと考えられている。
English: Additionally, since the Kamakura period more and more of the literature distorted and cited a description in consciousness-only theory of ' 女人地獄使。能断仏種子。外面似菩薩。内心如夜叉 (Women are messengers from hell. They can cut Buddha's seeds. Their outside faces resemble Bosatsu. Their minds are like Yasha (devil))' (there is a superstition adapted from the Kegon-kyo Sutra) and another description in the Hoke-kyo Sutra of ' 又女人身。猶有女人五障説 (There exist women. There is a theory that women are five obstacles)' as 'Because women are unclean, they can neither become Buddha nor be relieved,' apart from the original meanings or contexts.
Japanese: また、唯識論で説かれた「女人地獄使。能断仏種子。外面似菩薩。内心如夜叉」（華厳経を出典とする俗説あり）や法華経の「又女人身。猶有女人五障説」を、その本来の意味や文脈から離れ、「女性は穢れているので成仏できない、救われない」という意味に曲げて解釈し、引用する仏教文献も鎌倉時代ごろから増えてくる。
English: For these reasons nyonin kinsei is sometimes interpreted as being based on the philosophy regarding women in Kamakura Buddhism.
Japanese: これらをもって、女人禁制は鎌倉仏教の女性観に基づくと説明されることがある。
English: However, it should be noted that there were founders of sects in the Kamakura period, such as Honen and Dogen, who were critical of nyonin kinsei.
Japanese: ただし上記のように法然や道元のような鎌倉時代の宗祖たちには、女人禁制に批判的であった人物がいたことにも留意したい。
English: Additionally, there is an opinion that it is because the place of unobstructed cultivation in Shugen-do was in a severe, trackless mountain area.
Japanese: また修験道の修行地が人跡未踏の厳しい山岳地帯であったためとの見方がある。
English: Therefore, mountain areas were places that women, who could give birth, did not or must not approach in order to ensure their safety.
Japanese: そのため子供を産む女性は安全のため近づかない、近づいてはならない場所であったとする。
English: On the contrary, because mountain areas were such places, practitioners of austerity chose them as places of severe unobstructed cultivation where men could not be caught up in thoughts of women.
Japanese: 逆にそういう場所だからこそ、修験者は異性に煩わされない厳しい修行の場として、山岳を選んだというもの。