nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As a result, the idea in that all land was under the sole ownership of the emperor and individuals were merely borrowing the land from the emperor or the idea in that feudal lords had the land ownership or the idea of cooperative ownership by local communities such as villages were completely collapsed; private land ownership by individuals was recognized legally for the first time in Japan; and land came to be treated as the objects of circulation or collateral as the property of individuals.
Japanese: この結果、土地は天皇のものであり、臣民は天皇または領主からその使用を許されているに過ぎないと考える公地公民制思想（王土王民説）や封建領主による領主権や村などの地域共同体による共同保有といった封建制度的な土地保有形態が完全に崩壊し、土地にも保有者個人の所有権が存在する事が初めて法的に認められることになり、土地が個人の財産として流通や担保の対象として扱われるようになった。
English: In this sense, it can be said that land-tax reform is the first important step in establishing the foundation of capitalism system in Japan.
Japanese: その意味で、地租改正は日本における資本主義体制の確立を基礎づける重要な一歩であるといえる。
English: In addition, before land-tax reform, the government legalized buying and selling of land by lifting the prohibition of sale and purchase of farming land which was already lacked in substance in 1872; in 1873 the government also legalized the borrowing and lending of money by using land as collateral by setting the regulations on pawing and listing real estates and regulations on listing movable property and real estate property for borrowing and lending of money and goods.
Japanese: なお、地租改正に先立って、政府は、に田畑永代売買禁止令を解除して既に形骸化していた土地の売買禁止の合法化を行い、には地所質入書入規則及び動産不動産書入金穀貸借規則を定めて土地を担保とした貸借も合法化した。
English: By making landlords to be tax debtors, traditional village contract system disappeared.
Japanese: 地主を納税義務者とすることで、従来の村請負制度が消滅することとなった。
English: Making landowners pay tax meant giving them suffrage rights; accordingly, the landowning class was given a certain political power.
Japanese: また、地主を納税義務者とすることは、彼らに参政権を付与することを意味し、地主階級に対して一定の政治的な力を与えることになった。
English: When Imperial Diet was held later, at first election franchise for House of Representatives or entitlement of councilor of large taxpayer in House of Peers were given to many of such landlord class.
Japanese: 後に帝国議会が開かれた時に、当初衆議院の選挙権や貴族院_(日本)の多額納税議員の資格が与えられたのは、その多くがこうした地主層であった。
English: The land-tax reform also had a large effect on Japanese commerce and distribution system; that is, prior to the reform rice collected as tax from various clans were sold and distributed by wholesale dealers in Edo or Osaka through storehouses of various clans in Edo or Osaka; the reform allowed farmers to change their rice to cash directly at local rice merchants, who sold rice to the market across the country; thus the previous distribution system collapsed.
Japanese: 従来の藩が租税として集めた米をまとめて江戸や大坂の蔵屋敷を経由して同地の米問屋に売却するというこれまでの米の流通システムが崩壊して、個々の農民が地元の米商人などに直接米を換金してその代金を納め、地元の米商人が全国市場に米を売却するようになるなど、商業や流通に対する影響も大きかった。
English: Land-tax reform levied all the lands and denied Onsho (reward grants) or tax exemption for territories of temples and shrines, which had been approved before.
Japanese: 地租改正は全ての土地に課税されるものとし、以前に認められていた恩賞や寺社領などに対する免税を否認した。
English: By Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict), which had been put in force before this, the lands of Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)) and Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), whose land appointment was omitted, were also treated likewise.
Japanese: これに先立って施行された解放令によって穢地の指定を外されていたかつての穢多非人の所有地も同様であった。
English: In addition, because the government assumed that there existed in Japan the same structure of farming society with those existed in Europe and America, undesirable outcomes came to exist, too.
Japanese: また、欧米の農村社会の仕組みをそのまま日本に想定したために、不都合な例も発生した。
English: For example, the standard of management of common farming household in calculation of land-tax was made to be a farming household in which expanded reproduction was done by family-run commercial production and that landlords and tenant farmers were linked by free contract tenant farming; and the increase and decrease of farm rent were legalized on the assumption that the increase and decrease of the rent corresponded to the increase and decrease of land-tax.
Japanese: 例えば、地租の算定における一般的な農家の経営の基準を商業生産的な家族経営による拡大再生産が行われている農家とし、また地主と小作人は自由契約による小作関係によって成立しており小作料の増減は地租の増減に対応することを前提として立法された。
English: In fact, this assumption proved to be incorrect in the Japanese agricultural society where the position of landowners were strong and reproduction was suppressed under the idea of 'let the farmers live only well enough to work but don't kill them'; In addition, because the production expense was estimated lower than the expense required in the actual calculation of land-tax, together with high tax rate, land-tax put pressure on the production expense and as the result, the land-tax made the farm rent jump; (in the price level at the time, nearly the one third of the crop yield was equivalent to the 3% of the land price, and because the landowners added their profit on top of this, the farm rent increased as the result).
Japanese: これは実際には「生かさぬように殺さぬように」という発想で再生産が抑圧され、地主の地位が強力であった日本の農業社会の実態に合わず、また実際の地租算定においても生産経費を実際よりも低く見積もられたために、高率の税率も重なって地租が生産経費を圧迫し、小作料を跳ね上げる（当時の物価水準では収穫の1/3近くが地価の3％に相当し、更に地主が利潤を上乗せするために、結果的に小作料が上昇した）結果をもたらした。
English: Furthermore, in the regulations and so on, the government itself actually admitted that 3％ was a high rate.
Japanese: 更に、法令などにおいて、政府自身が実は3％が高率であることを認めている部分がある。
English: The government explained in writing that the current tax rate is a tentative one until the revenue from trade and manufacture such as documentary stamp tax and commodity tax gets on track and that in the future the tax rate will be lowered as the revenue from trade and manufacture increase and as the financial expenditure is restrained and that ultimately the government is planning to lower the tax rate to 1% (in the article 6 of the Regulation of land-tax reform [1873]; this article was abolished in the Regulation of land-tax, which was established later [1884]).
Japanese: 現在の税率は印紙税・物品税などの商工業などからの収入が一定の軌道にのるまでの暫定的な税率で、将来はそこからの歳入と財政支出の抑制によって地租依存度を減少させて最終的には1％にまで引き下げると説明しているからである（地租改正条例第6条、地租条例で廃止）。
English: Moreover, in the regulation of land-tax which was established later replacing the regulation of land-tax reform, the provision, in which the intention of lowering the tax rate was stated, had been deleted by the government.
Japanese: ところが、後に地租改正条例に代わって制定された地租条例ではこの規定が削除されてしまった。
English: This deletion of the provision invited Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) and fierce criticisms against the government in the initial Imperial Diet; in addition, it became a cause of a series of tax increase of brewery tax as the financial resource to replace land-tax.
Japanese: このことが自由民権運動や初期帝国議会における激しい政府批判を招き、また地租に替わる財源として酒造税の相次ぐ増税の一因となった。
English: A result of the land surveys implemented by the land-tax reform was recorded on the certificate of land title and the content was recorded in a registry of certificate of land title.
Japanese: 地租改正の際に行われた測量結果は地券に記され、この内容は地券台帳にまとめられた。
English: Certificate of land title notarized landownership and indicated tax debtors and was regarded as legal measures for selling and buying lands and thus circulation of lands and land finance were all done by certificate of land title.
Japanese: 地券は、土地所有を公証し、かつ納税義務者を表示するものとされ、また土地売買の法的手段であるとされたことから、土地の流通および土地金融はすべて地券により行われることとなった。
English: After the Real Property Registration Act was enacted in 1885, the registry of real property became that which to notarize the land ownership.
Japanese: の登記法成立後は、不動産登記登記簿が土地所有を公証するものとされた。
English: In addition, the registry of certificate of land title itself was succeeded by cadaster system which was found in 1884; and in 1889 the registry system of certificate of the land title was virtually abolished; afterwards, collection of land-tax was carried out by this cadaster system.
Japanese: また、地券台帳自体も、に創設された土地台帳制度に引き継がれ、に事実上廃止されて、以後地租の収税はこの土地台帳によって行われた。
English: At that time, the description on the indication of lands listed on cadaster (address, lot number, land classification and acreage) was transferred to the title part of registry.
Japanese: このとき、土地台帳に記載されていた土地の表示に関する記載（所在、地番、地目、地積）が登記簿の表題部に移記された。
English: Therefore, it can be said that current registry of land goes back to the original certificate of land title and the registry of the certificate of land title created when land-tax reform was implemented.
Japanese: したがって、現在の土地登記は、もとは地租改正時に作成された地券及び地券台帳にさかのぼるものであるといえる。
English: However, the details of survey at the time of land-tax reform were not necessarily accurate; it was because the survey technique used was primitive, people who were not the specialists for survey engaged in the task owning to the constraints of time and human resources, and there existed people who deliberately underestimated their land to deduce tax.
Japanese: しかしながら、地租改正当時の測量技術が未熟であったこと、時間と人員の制約から測量の専門家でない素人が測量にあたったこと、また税の軽減を図るために故意に過小に測量したことなどから、その内容は必ずしも正確なものではなかった。
English: This inaccurate survey resulted in disagreement between the record in the registry and the actual topographical shape of the land or the surveyed area; (these inaccuracies are referred to 'nawa nobi' (rope stretching) and 'nawa chijimi' (rope shrinking).
Japanese: このことが、現在の登記簿においても、登記簿と実際の地形や測量面積が一致しないこと（いわゆる「縄伸び」「縄縮み」）の原因となっている。
English: Ie seido was a family system, which was introduced to the Civil Codes established in 1898 (hereunder referred as Old Civil Codes), under the system, a small group consisting of relatives and living in a house is considered as a family and a family has a family head who was given an authority to lead a family.
Japanese: 家制度（いえせいど）とは、に制定された民法（以降、旧民法という）において採用された家族制度であり、親族関係のある者のうち更に狭い範囲の者を、戸主と家族として一つの家に属させ、戸主に家の統率権限を与えていた制度である。
English: Ie seido was abolished as a major revision was made to the Old Civil Codes according to establishment of the Constitution of Japan in1947 and sections of relatives and Inheritance were completely changed.
Japanese: 日本国憲法の制定に合わせて年に民法の大改正が行われ、親族編・相続編が根本的に改められたことにより、家制度は終了した。
English: Therefore, a family head is a leader of Ie (household), and family members are those who consist of Ie and are not a family head.
Japanese: 戸主は家の統率者であり、家族は家を構成する者のうち戸主でない者をいう。
English: In other words, if a person is listed in a certain Ie, the person was proved to belong to the Ie.
Japanese: つまり、同じ家に属するか否かの証明は、その家の戸籍に記載されている者であるか否かにより行われた。
English: Accordingly, definitions of articles in the Old Civil Codes such as "be a member of one's own father's Ie"or "(someone) leaves a Ie" means "be registered on the koseki of one's own father" and "remove someone's name from a koseki".
Japanese: このことから、民法の条文の「父ノ家ニ入ル」「家ヲ去リタル」という（当時の）表現は、戸籍の面からは、それぞれ「父の家の戸籍に入籍する」「家の戸籍から除籍された」ことを意味する。
English: According to the Family Registration Law which became effective as an alternative to the Old Civil Codes and a law to manage koseki system, more than two generations are not allowed to be registered on the same koseki (banning koseki include more than two generations), however at the time of Ie seido, there was no limitation regarding the number of generations and no restriction on koseki.
Japanese: なお、戸籍を管理するための法律として、旧民法に代わりに施行された戸籍法では、三代以上の親族が同一戸籍に記載されない制度になっている（三代戸籍の禁止）が、家制度においては家の構成員は二代に限られなかったので、戸籍上も制約はなかった。
English: Head of a family is considered as a leader of a Ie and his/her name was put at head of a koseki.
Japanese: 戸主は、家の統率者としての身分を持つ者であり戸籍上は筆頭に記載された。
English: A head of a family has duty of support for family members, as leader of a family (however, the duty of support by a spouse, direct descendants, and direct ancestors are prioritized.), and the other capabilities and powers of a head of a family are listed below.
Japanese: 戸主は、家の統率者として家族に対する扶養義務を負う（ただし、配偶者、直系卑属、直系尊属による扶養義務のほうが優先）ほか、主に以下のような権能（戸主権）を有していた。
English: Consent right regarding registration and deregistration of family members on household registers (except situations in which registration and deregistration is needed from a legal standpoint) (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735, 737 and 738).
Japanese: 家族の入籍又は去家に対する同意権（ただし、法律上当然に入籍・除籍が生じる場合を除く）（旧民法735条・737条・738条）
English: Right to refuse reverting to previous household register against family member who got married or adopted without agreement of head of a family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 741-2 and 735).
Japanese: 戸主の同意を得ずに婚姻・養子縁組した者の復籍拒絶（旧民法741条2・735条）
English: Right to remove family member from household register (except minor and presumed successor)
Japanese: 家族を家から排除する（離籍）権利（ただし未成年者と推定家督相続人は離籍できない）
English: In principle, a head of a family must be a male, but female head of a family existed in case of creation of a new household register by illegitimate children or succession to a family.
Japanese: 戸主は男性であることが原則であるが、女性であっても家督相続や庶子・私生児などによる一家創立など、女戸主もあり得た。
English: There are some conditions required for retirement, including age restriction, but in case of a female head of a family there is no restriction regarding age (the Old Civil Codes, Article 755).
Japanese: 隠居するには、年齢その他の要件を満たしている必要があるが、女戸主の場合は年齢要件を満たす必要がない（旧民法755条）
English: In case of marriage and registration on another household register of a family head, there are only two possible cases such as to be a member of a family which has a female head of a family or to be adopted by a wife's family (marriage and adoption by wife's parents will be granted at the same time), however in case of marriage of a female family head, there are alternatives such as to go into retirement and to abolish a household after being permitted by a law court (the Old Civil Codes, Article 754).
Japanese: 戸主が婚姻して他家に入るには、女戸主の家に婚姻で入る場合と婿養子縁組（婚姻と妻の親との養子縁組を同時に行うこと）に限られたが、女戸主が婚姻するためであれば裁判所の許可を得て隠居・廃家ができた（旧民法754条）
English: In case of marriage that husband will be a member of a family which has female head of a family (Nyufu marriage), if no party dissent, a husband became a head of a family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 736).
Japanese: 婚姻により夫が女戸主の家に入る（入夫婚姻）際、当事者の反対意志表示が無い限り入夫が戸主となった（旧民法736条）。
English: However, according to the Family Registration Law established later, if there is no statement to register a Nyufu (the husband who enters a family of which family head is female) as head of a family on the registration form of Nyufu marriage, the former female head of a family remains as the head of the family.
Japanese: ただし以降の戸籍法では、入夫婚姻の届書に入夫が戸主となる旨を記載しなければ、女戸主が継続する扱いであった。
English: Those examples are based on thoughts that a male head of a family is more appropriate than a female head of a family and a head of a family should be a male in principle.
Japanese: これらの扱いは、女性は家の管理者には適さず、男戸主を原則としたいという考えによるものである。
English: A head of a family position will be taken over with property right according to institute of succession to the position of a family head.
Japanese: 戸主の地位は、戸主の財産権とともに家督相続という制度により承継される。
English: This is a form of succession, however there is a big difference between the Old Civil Codes and the Civil Codes today because Old Civil Codes says that property right will be given to a person and a new head of a family will be given all the property rights from the former head of a family.
Japanese: 相続の一形態であるが、前戸主から新戸主へ全ての財産権利が譲り渡される単独相続である点が現在の民法と大きく異なる。
English: A successor of a family head position (a new family head) will be chosen from the members (family) living in the same household with former head of a family, and a successor will be decided under the conditions such as male or female, legitimate child or illegitimate child, older or younger, or a person appointed by former head of a family or elected by parents of former head of a family or family reunion, but usually the first son will be a successor of a family head position.
Japanese: 家督相続人（新戸主）となる者は、旧戸主と同じ家に属する者（家族）の中から、男女・嫡出子庶子・長幼の順で決められた上位の者、被相続人（旧戸主）により指定された者、旧戸主の父母や親族会により選定された者などの順位で決めることになっていたが、通常は長男が家督相続人として戸主の地位を承継した。
English: As forms of foundation of an Ie, there are 3 cases which are a branch family, restoration of an abolished family and creation of a family, and as forms of abolition of an Ie there are two cases which are abolished families (廃家) and ended families (絶家).
Japanese: 新たに家が設立される形態として分家、廃絶家再興、一家創立が、家が消滅する形態として廃家、絶家がある。
English: This means a family member belong to an Ie will go independent and create a new Ie based on his/her intention.
Japanese: ある家に属する家族が、その意思に基づき、その家から分離して新たに家を設立することをいう。
English: At the time of creation of a branch family, the wife of the head of the branch family and lineal descendants can be members of the new household.
Japanese: 分家する際には分家者の妻および直系卑属およびその妻が分家と共に新たなに入ることができる。
English: Because there is a principle that a husband and a wife must be on the same household register, a wife of a head of a branch family and also a wife of a lineal descendant must be registered on the new household register with their husband.
Japanese: ただし夫婦同籍の原則があるため、分家者の妻と、直系卑属が新たな家に入るときの妻はかならず共に移動することになる。
English: A member of a family can revive an abolished head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 743).
Japanese: 家族は戸主の同意を得て廃絶した本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる（旧民法743条）
English: A legal successor of a head of a family position, a wife of a head of a family, or a husband of a female head of a family can only revive own head family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 744).
Japanese: 法定推定家督相続人や戸主の妻、女戸主の入夫は廃絶家がその本家である場合に限って再興することができる（旧民法744条）
English: A person who has created a new Ie can abolish the Ie without any inhibition and revive a head family, branch family, family which has the same origin as its branch family, or other family of relatives (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762)
Japanese: 新たに家を立てた者に関しては自由に廃家して、本家、分家、同家その他親族の家を再興することができる（旧民法762条）
English: A person became a head of a family according to succession to family headship can only revive own head family after being permitted by a law court and abolishing the current household (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).
Japanese: 家督相続によって戸主となった者は廃絶家がその本家である場合に限って裁判所の許可を得て現在の家を廃家したうえ本家を再興することができる（旧民法762条）
English: After divorce or dissolution, a person who shall return to one's family but the family is abolished, can revive the family (the Old Civil Codes, Article 740).
Japanese: 離婚または離縁によって実家に復籍すべき者が実家の廃絶によって復籍することができない場合には再興することができる（旧民法740条）
English: A person who revived a household can be the head of the family and refer to the name of the abolished family, but won't be given property, so the meaning of restoration of a family is to take over the name and retain the family line such as a head family and a branch family.
Japanese: 再興した者はその家の戸主となり廃絶家の氏を称するが、廃絶家前の財産など各種の権利を引き継ぐ訳ではないため、単に家の名を残し、本家と分家といった家系を残す程度の効果しかない。
English: Unlike succession of a family or creation of a branch family, this is a case that a household will be created by laws, regardless of will of a new family head.
Japanese: 家督相続や分家とは異なり、新たに戸主になる者の意思とは無関係に、法律の規定により当然に家が設立される場合をいう。
English: In case that illegitimate children who were not allowed to be a member of their parent's household, because the head of the family did not approve (the Old Civil Codes, Article 735-2).
Japanese: 非嫡出子が、戸主の同意が得られずに、父母の家に入ることができなかったとき（旧民法735条2）
English: In case that someone who had got married or adopted can not return to his/her own family after dissolution because the family was abolished (the Old Civil Codes, Article 740).
Japanese: 婚姻・養子縁組をした者が離婚・養子離縁をした際に、復籍するはずの家が廃家や絶家により無くなっていたとき（旧民法740条）
English: In case that someone who had got married or adopted without agreement of head of his/her own family and can not return to his/her own family after dissolution because the family head refuses (the Old Civil Codes, Article 741, 742 and 750).
Japanese: 戸主の同意を得ずに婚姻・養子縁組をした者が離婚・養子離縁した際に、復籍すべき家の戸主に復籍拒絶をされたとき（旧民法741条・742条・750条）
English: In the event that, because the family line has died out despite the fact that family members are still living, a person has no household to which he or she can belong (the former Civil Code, Article 764).
Japanese: 家族が残っている状態で絶家し、入るべき家が無くなったとき（旧民法764条）
English: In case that someone who doesn't obtain Japanese citizenship will obtain Japanese citizenship (the Old Citizenship Law, Article 5, 24 and 26).
Japanese: 日本国籍を持たない者が、新たに国籍を取得したとき（旧国籍法5条5・24条・26条）
English: In case that a family member who is not a head of a family was given peerage (In 1905, A law regarding a case that non-head of a family was given peerage).
Japanese: 戸主でないものが爵位を授けられたとき（明治38年　戸主ニ非ザル者爵位ヲ授ケラレタル場合ニ関スル法律）
English: It means abolishment of one's own family for being a family member of another family due to marriage or adoption (the Old Civil Codes, Article 762).
Japanese: 戸主が、婚姻や養子縁組などの理由により他の家に入るために、元の家を消滅させることをいう（旧民法762条）。
English: However, a head of a family who had created his own household can abolish the household without any inhibition but a head of a family who had become successor needed permission from a law court to abolish the household.
Japanese: ただし、一家創立によって戸主になった者は自由に廃家できたが、家督相続により戸主になった者が廃家する場合は裁判所の許可を必要とした。
English: It indicates a household which is abolished because there is no successor after former head of the family died even though the process of succession of the family head position has began (the Old Civil Codes, Article 764).
Japanese: 戸主が死亡したことなどにより家督相続が開始されたにもかかわらず、家督相続人となる者がいないために、家が消滅することをいう（旧民法764条）。
English: Because a head of a family has rights as leader of a family, even relatives which have the same level of degree of relationship must follow the head of the family as long as they live in the same household.
Japanese: 戸主の権限は家の統率者としての権限であるため、同じ親族であり、親等が同じであったとしても、同じ家に属するか否かにより戸主による統率を受けるか否かが異なってくる。
English: In addition, regarding changes of status (due to marriage, adoption or other backgrounds) family members need agreement of their head of a family, so the decision of leaving the household is made by the head of the family.
Japanese: それに加え、家族の身分関係の変動（婚姻、養子縁組など）について戸主の同意を必要とするものがあったため、家族が家を去るか否かにつき戸主の意向に左右されることになる。
English: Therefore Ie seido had a side that rights of family members were sacrificed by rights of a head of a family, so, since this goes against Article 24 of the Constitution of Japan, according to Act on emergency measures of Civil Code (民法の応急的措置に関する法律) (In 1947, law no.74) Ie seido was abolished on the day of enforcement of the Constitution of Japan (May 3, 1947).
Japanese: このように、家制度には家を統括する戸主の権限により家族の権利が犠牲にされる側面があったため、日本国憲法第24条等に反するとして、日本国憲法の施行に伴う民法の応急的措置に関する法律（昭和22年法律第74号）により、日本国憲法の施行日（1947年5月3日）に廃止された。
English: However, taking in opinions from conservative jurists including Eiichi MAKINO, a part of Ie seido was preserved such as 'obligation of support family member'.
Japanese: ただし、牧野英一ら保守的な法学者の巻き返しもあり、「家族の扶養義務」などの形でその一部は存置されることとなった。
English: Iden refers to the rice fields which were given to the ones higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank and the imperial family, depending on the rank or honi (court rank) in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 位田（いでん）は、日本の律令制において、五位以上の有位者と有品の皇族へ位階・品位に応じて支給された田地である。
English: Kanjin-eigyo-den (hereditary field of officials) system in Tang Ritsuryo Code was modified to be suitable for the situation in Japan and was applied to the Japanese ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 唐律令における官人永業田の制度が日本の国情に合わせて改変され、日本律令へ採用されたものと考えられる。
English: Kanjin-eigyo-den in Tang Dynasty could be succeeded to offspring for generations, but differently, iden in Japan were officially confiscated after ones' death.
Japanese: 唐の官人永業田は子孫代々への継承が可能であったが、日本の位田は死後に収公された点で異なっている。
English: Kojiruien is a kind of encyclopedia compiled and edited in the Meiji period of Japan, providing many references published by the Meiji period that started in 1868, to each and every term in it.
Japanese: 古事類苑（こじるいえん）は明治時代に編纂された類書（一種の百科事典）で、各項目について明治時代前の諸文献を引用するもの。
English: In 1879, the Ministry of Education of the Meiji government started to compile and the project was later passed to the Tokyo gakushiin (later became the Japan Academy), Koten Kokyusho (research institute for Shinto sect) and the Jingu Shicho (administration office for Jingu).
Japanese: 1879年（明治12年）文部省により編纂が始められ、東京学士院、皇典講究所、神宮司庁と事業が引き継がれた。
English: The volumes were serially published from 1986 to 1914.
Japanese: 編纂中の1896年（明治29年）から順次刊行が始まり、1914年（大正3年）まで刊行。