nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: While the Sengoku daimyo further pushed to rule the whole region in their territory, they started to gather their vassals, samurai, in their castle town and bring the samurai under their tight control.
Japanese: 戦国大名は領域の一円支配をさらに推し進める一方、家臣である配下の武士を城下町に集めて強い統制下に置く傾向が始まる。
English: Nobunaga ODA continuously moved the samurai's territories that Nobunaga exacted according to their power and progress, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI made the Sengoku daimyo that Hideyoshi subjugated, including Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, move in their entirety from their base territory to a new fief.
Japanese: 織田信長は取り立てた武士の所領を勢力・進展とともに次々に動かし、豊臣秀吉は徳川家康ら服属した戦国大名を彼らの地盤である領国から鉢植え式に新領土に移封させた。
English: Therefore, the separation of the occupations and social ranks between samurai and peasants progressed in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and it was completed by the Battle of Sekigahara and by actively adding or changing Daidaimyo's (a feudal lord having a greater stipend) territories in the early Edo period.
Japanese: そのため、安土桃山時代に武士と百姓間の職業的・身分的な分離が進み、関ヶ原の戦いと江戸時代初期の大大名の盛んな加増・移封によって完成された。
English: The typical pattern of Han was to have samurai, Hanshi, in the castle town as military men or government officials who collected land taxes in rice from peasants whose yields were registered in villages located in the whole ruling region in the vicinity of the castle town, and divided the taxes into the financial resources for the Han and Hanshu as well as the salaries for the Hanshi.
Japanese: 藩士である武士を城下町に集めて軍人・官吏とし、彼らの支配のもとで城下町周辺の一円支配領域にある村に石高を登録された百姓から年貢を現物徴収して、藩と藩主の財源や藩士の給与として分配する形態が藩の典型である。
English: However, among small domains newly organized by the Tokugawa clan, some had separate territories which lay astride other domains and ruling the whole region was difficult for them.
Japanese: が、徳川氏によって新規に取り立てられた小藩の中には支配する領地が飛び地状に拡散していて一円的な支配が難しいものもあった。
English: When the new Meiji government regionalized the former territories of the bakufu into prefectures called Fu or Ken as the direct control territories of the emperor (tenryo) in 1868, 'Han' was newly adopted as an official name for the daimyo's domains because the daimyo's domains were thought to be the emperor's 'Han', so 'XX Han' became the official way of calling administrative divisions, with the 'XX' for the Hanshu's location (or castle, if daimyo had one) (fu-han-ken sanchisei [fu-han-ken tripartite governance system].)
Japanese: 1868年に明治新政府が旧幕府領を天皇直轄領（天領）として府・県に編成した際に、大名領は天子たる天皇の「藩」であると観念されたこともあり、「藩」は新たに大名領の公称として採用され、藩主の居所（城持ち大名の場合は居城）の所在地の地名をもって「何某藩」という名前が正式の行政区分名となった（府藩県三治制）。
English: By the following year, 1869, daimyo returned their lands and people to the emperor and their title was changed from Hanshu to Chihanji (governor,) and based on the Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in 1871, Han were replaced with prefectures.
Japanese: 翌1869年までに版籍奉還が行われて藩主は知藩事に改められ、1871年の廃藩置県によりさらに藩が県に置き換えられた。
English: In 1872, a year after the Satsuma Domain, the practical ruler of Ryukyu, became Ken by the Haihan-chiken, Ryukyu was changed from an independent kingdom to the Ryukyu Domain which belonged to Japan.
Japanese: なお琉球は、その実質的な支配者である薩摩藩が廃藩置県によって県となったことを受け、翌1872年、独立王国から日本国に帰属する琉球藩へと改められた。
English: From then to the Ryukyu Annexation in 1879, Ryukyo was the only area to stay under the fief system in Japan after the Haihan-chiken.
Japanese: 以後1879年の沖縄県の歴史琉球処分まで、琉球は廃藩置県後の日本国内において唯一藩制が行われていた地域である。
English: Today's prefectures were formed by integrating the prefectures at the time of the Haihan-chiken, but in the cases of large scale domains which had social status of landed daimyo, their territories are rarely identical with those of today's prefectures.
Japanese: 現在の県は廃藩置県時の諸県を統廃合して生まれたものだが、国主の格式を持っていた大藩の場合はかつての藩の領域と現在の県の領域がほぼ一致する場合がごく稀にある。
English: The term Han was used from the Han dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, but it was rarely used to form a proper noun like ' XX Han' in Japan.
Japanese: 藩という語は漢代～清代に使われたが、日本のように固有名詞として「○○藩」のように使われることはほとんどない。
English: Hanchin was the name used to call jiedushi forces (a regional military governor) who ruled their own territories in regional areas from the late Tang Dynasty to the Wudai Shiguo period.
Japanese: 唐後半から五代十国時代にかけて地方に割拠した節度使勢力を藩鎮と呼んだ。
English: Gobo no keiji were five street bulletin boards erected on April 7, 1868 and the first public prohibitions published by the Meiji government.
Japanese: 五榜の掲示（ごぼうのけいじ）とは、慶応4年3月15日(旧暦)（1868年4月7日）に立てられた五つの高札のことであり、明治政府が出した民衆に対する最初の禁止令である。
English: Although Charter Oath of Five Articles published the day before was only shown to the court nobles and feudal lords and declared on Dajokan Nisshi (Diary of Great Councils of State) sold only in cities, Gobo no keiji was published almost throughout the country.
Japanese: その前日に出された五箇条の御誓文が、公卿や大名に示され、都市で発売されていた太政官日誌で布告されただけだったが、五榜の掲示はほぼ全国に対し出されている。
English: It also inherited the policy of Edo bakufu, including the observance of the loyality to the lord and patriarch and the prohibition of the conspiracy or unrecognized religions (sects, to be specific, Christianity).
Japanese: また、君主や家長に対する忠義の遵守すること、集団で謀議を計ることや、許された宗教以外（邪宗門、はっきり言えばキリシタン）の禁止など、江戸幕府の政策を継承する内容となっている。
English: On the other hand, the notice boards from the Old Shogunate era were ordered to be disposed of at the same time, which symbolized the power and sphere of control of a new government.
Japanese: その一方で、同時に旧幕府時代の高札の廃棄も命じているところから、新政府の権威とその支配圏を象徴するものであった。
English: (As proof of it, it can be mentioned that Gobo no keiji were destroyed in the domains of Ouetsu-reppan alliance as soon as they opened war with the new government.)
Japanese: （その証拠として、奥羽越列藩同盟加盟藩では、五榜の掲示は立てられないから新政府との開戦と同時に破棄されている事が挙げられる。)
English: In effect, they were abolished at the same time as when street bulletin boards were abolished in 1873.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）、高札制度が廃止されると同時に、事実上廃止された。
English: With administration of finance and taxes, Minbu-sho managed affairs related to families, the fields, mountains and rivers, roads, and land taxes nationwide.
Japanese: 財政・租税一般を管轄し諸国の戸口、田畑、山川、道路、租税のことを司る。
English: Although Okura-sho (Ministry of Finance) under the Okura-sho ritsuryo sei (the political system based on the codes of the Ministry of Finance) also worked as an organization engaged in finance, Minbu-sho was considered a more important ministry than Okura-sho because the former handled land taxes and family registers related to the land taxes.
Japanese: 財政官庁として他に大蔵省律令制における大蔵省があったが租税や租税関係の戸籍はこちらが取り扱ったため大蔵省よりも重視された。
English: However, following the imperial decree issued on August 30, 863 (source; "Ruiju fusensho" (A collection of official documents dating from the years 737 to 1093), vol. 6), Daijokan (the Great Council of State) was allowed to approve all applications made by each country to the central government, except application for exemption from Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes).
Japanese: ただし、貞観(日本)4年7月27日付宣旨（『類聚符宣抄』巻六）によって、官物免除を除く諸国から中央への申請は全て太政官で決定した。
English: Furthermore, Daijokan was commissioned to notify each country of the taxation by Daijokan-pu (official documents from Daijokan to local governments) directly (however, approval of the application for exemption from Kanmotsu remained as it was, issued with Minbusho-fu (official documents from Minbu-sho to local governments)).
Japanese: そしてそのまま太政官符にて諸国に直接通達する（官物免除は従来通り、民部省符を合わせて発給する）とされた。
English: As these rules were succeeded after the repeal of "Jogan-shiki Code" (Code issued in the Jogan era), Daijokan was entrusted to make many decisions on the duties related to Minbu-sho thereafter.
Japanese: その規定が『貞観式』以後にも継承されたため、以後民部省が関わる職務に関する決定の多くは太政官が扱うこととなった。
English: Especially, in managing the fields, Minbu-sho played a key role in dealing with various affairs related to the title to an estate, which was a by-product of the development of Shoen (manor) since the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 特に田畑関係に関しては、平安時代中期以降の荘園の発展とともに、それから必然的に生ずる地券関係の諸問題を扱う重要な役割を担った。
English: Shoen approved by the Daijokan-issued Daijokan-pu and Minbusho-issued Minbusho-fu was called "the tax-exempt Shoen estate."
Japanese: 太政官が発給する太政官符及び民部省が発給する省符による許可を得た荘園を荘園免田寄人型荘園と称される事となる。
English: However, as mentioned above, the Minbu-Kyo was a responsible post for dealing with various affairs related to the title to an estate and land taxes, and therefore the Kugyo (the top court officials) with a rank equivalent to or higher than the Chunagon (vice-councilor of state) frequently held the post concurrently.
Japanese: 以上のように地券関係や租税関係を扱う重職であることから中納言以上の公卿が兼帯することが多かった。
English: In addition, personnel served as either Taijo (Senior Secretary) or Shojo (Junior Secretary), both of which managed the practical business of Minbu-sho and corresponded to the Hangan (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period)), were often raised to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) in light of the length of service and called Minbu-no-Taifu.
Japanese: 更に民部省の実務に当たっていた判官にあたる大丞・少丞の中から年労により従五位に叙爵されることが多く、それらの者は民部大夫と称された。
English: Both Betto (chief officer) entrusted to the Sadaishi (First Secretary of the Left) of the Daijokan, and Koto (secretary) entrusted to both Kenmotsu of Nakatsukasa-sho (the Ministry of Central Affairs) and Kazue-ryo managed this facility.
Japanese: 太政官左大史が別当を､中務省監物と主計寮が勾当を努めてこれを管理した。
English: Minbu-sho was one of the ministries established in the Daijokan on August 15, 1869, administering the domestic and administrative affairs.
Japanese: 明治2年7月8日(旧暦)（1869年8月15日）、太政官に設置された省庁の一つで、国内行政を管轄していた。
English: However, Minbu-sho was merged into Okura-sho one month later, on September 16, 1869.
Japanese: ところが、その1ヶ月後の8月11日(旧暦)に大蔵省と合併されてしまった。
English: This merger resulted from the strong pressure exerted by Shigenobu OKUMA (Minbu-no-Taifu) and Hirobumi ITO (Okura-no-Shofu) aiming to establish the centralized administrative framework by integrating a tax collection system (Minbu-sho) and a financial system (Okura-sho).
Japanese: 徴税（民部省）と財政（大蔵省）機構の一体化による中央集権体制の確立を主張する大隈重信（民部大輔）、伊藤博文（大蔵少輔）が強く推進した結果であった。
English: These two ministries were also called 'Okura-Minbu-sho' by putting together, because leading members from the Kyo down to the Shojo concurrently served as managers of both ministries (for example, Shigenobu OKUMA assumed the post of Taifu of both Okura-sho and Minbu-sho, while Hirobumi ITO assumed the post of Shofu of both Okura-sho and Minbu-sho).
Japanese: 卿以下少丞以上の幹部が両省の役職を兼ねる（例えば、大隈は大蔵兼民部大輔、伊藤は大蔵兼民部少輔に就任する）ことで統一されたため、「大蔵民部省」とも称された。
English: On the other hand, four members of Sangi (councilor), Toshimichi OKUBO, Saneomi HIROSAWA, Taneomi SOEJIMA and Takayuki SASAKI, who were supported by local officials, requested that the two ministries be divided again.
Japanese: 一方、大久保利通・広沢真臣・副島種臣・佐々木高行の4参議が地方官の支持を受けて再分離を求めた。
English: As a result, under the leadership of Toshimichi OKUBO, it was decided on August 6, 1870 that both ministries would be divided again.
Japanese: その結果、明治3年7月10日(旧暦)（1870年8月6日）に大久保が主導して両省の再分離が決定された。
English: Kobu-sho (Ministry of Industry) advancing the encouragement of new industry separated from Minbu-sho on November 13, 1870
Japanese: 明治3年10月20日(旧暦)（1870年12月12日）に殖産興業を推進する工部省が民部省から分離された。
English: Then, Minbu-sho was abolished after being merged anew into Okura-sho on September 11, 1871.
Japanese: 明治4年7月27日(旧暦)（1871年9月11日）に改めて、民部省は大蔵省に合併されて廃止された。
English: However, backlash within the administration against the birth of 'mega-government office, Okura-sho' was not settled.
Japanese: だが、「巨大官庁・大蔵省」誕生に対する政府内の反発は収まらなかった。
English: Domestic and administrative sections other than the section engaged in collecting taxes were divided again on November 29, 1873, with the result that the Ministry of Home Affairs (prewar Japan) was newly established.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）11月29日に徴税以外の国内行政部門は再度分離されて、新しく内務省(日本)が創設されることとなった。
English: With administering the entire judicial affairs, Gyobu-sho engaged in the trials of serious incidents, the management of prisons and the execution of punishments.
Japanese: 主な職掌は、司法全般を管轄し重大事件の裁判・監獄の管理・刑罰を執行することである。
English: Since the post of Kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) was provided in the Heian period, the Kebiishi deprived most of the businesses entrusted to Gyobu-sho, with the result that Gyobu-sho became the nominal ministry.
Japanese: 平安時代に検非違使が設置されて以降、ほとんどの職掌を検非違使に奪われることとなり、有名無実化した。
English: Besides Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks), there were additional posts such as Hanji (Judicial Officer) for judging criminals as Honkan (a general term of government posts excluding Shitokan), as well as Tokibe that engaged in interrogating criminals.
Japanese: 四等官の他、品官として罪人を裁く判事が設置され、また罪人に対する糾問にあたる解部も設置されていた。
English: Gyobu-sho was one of the ministries established in Dajokan (Grand Council of State) on August 15, 1869, having authority over trials, execution of punishments, translation of laws and ordinances adopted in Western countries, etc.
Japanese: 明治2年7月8日(旧暦)（1869年8月15日）、太政官に設置された省庁の一つで、裁判や刑罰の執行、欧米の法令の翻訳などを管轄していた。
English: After combining with Danjodai (Board of Censors) on August 24, 1871, Gyobu-sho was renamed Shiho-sho (Ministry of Justice).
Japanese: 明治4年7月9日(旧暦)（1871年8月24日）に弾正台と合併して司法省と改称された。
English: With having authority over foreign affairs, family registers (related to the family names), and the whole field of ceremonies, Jibu-sho also managed lawsuits over troubles related to the family names, engaged in several affairs and lawsuits relating to marriage and family registers, supervised monks and nuns and Buddhist rites, administered Gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), watched imperial mausoleums, and entertained overseas envoys.
Japanese: 外事・戸籍（姓名関係）・儀礼全般を管轄し姓氏に関する訴訟や、結婚、戸籍関係の管理および訴訟、僧尼、仏事に対する監督、雅楽の監督、山陵の監督、および外国からの使節の接待などを職掌としていた。
English: Furthermore, entertaining the envoys from foreign countries became an unnecessary duty for Jibu-sho, because formal diplomatic relationships with China and other countries were cut off after envoys to Tang China were abolished due to a petition drawn up by SUGAWARA no Michizane in 894.
Japanese: 894年に菅原道真の建白による遣唐使廃止以降、中国などとの正式な国交がなくなったことにより、外国からの使節の接待もしなくなる。
English: To give an example, in the competition between FUJIWARA no Kaneie and FUJIWARA no Kanemichi for the post of Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), defeated FUJIWARA no Kaneie was demoted from Dainagon (chief councilor of state) to Jibu-Kyo.
Japanese: その一例としては、藤原兼家が藤原兼通と関白の座を争った際に、負けた藤原兼家が大納言から治部卿に降格されたという事件が挙げられる。
English: Shikibu-sho (Ministry of Ceremonial) was one of the eight central ministries under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 式部省（しきぶしょう）は、日本の律令制における日本の官制八省のひとつ。
English: Shikibu-sho was regarded as the most important ministry after Nakatsukasa-sho (Ministry of Central Affairs) among the eight central ministries, because it managed the personnel evaluation system (the Personnel Rating Section was responsible), the code of etiquette, the recruitment and promotion (the conferment of a court rank and appointment to an office), and the award, with administering Daigaku-ryo - an organization for training up government officials.
Japanese: 官人の人事評価制度（人事考課）、礼式、及び選叙（叙位及び任官）、行賞を司り、役人養成機関である大学寮を統括するため、八省の内でも中務省に次いで重要な省とされてきた。
English: Therefore, Shikibu-Kyo, the Secretary of Shikibu-sho, was recognized as an important post, which established a convention that the Imperial Prince with a rank equivalent to or higher than Shihon (the fourth rank of Imperial Princes' rank) was appointed to the post since 872.
Japanese: そのために長官である式部卿は重要な役とされ、弘仁3年より四品以上の親王が任ぜられる慣例ができあがっていった。
English: Similar case was Nakatsukasa-Kyo, the Secretary of Nakatsukasa-sho that was chosen from among the Imperial Princes with a rank equivalent to or higher than Shihon.
Japanese: これに近いものとして、同じく四品以上の親王から選出された中務省の長官である中務卿などが挙げられる。
English: However, concerning the prerequisite for the post of Shikibu-Kyo, Yoshimoto NIJO mentioned in "Hyakuryo Kunyosho" (court and samurai rules of ceremony and etiquette) that was compiled in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan): 'The most excellent Imperial Prince should assume the post of Shikibu-Kyo.'
Japanese: ただし、南北朝時代(日本)に二条良基が『百寮訓要抄』の中で式部卿の就任要件として「第一の親王是に任ず」と説いた。
English: Namely, it was believed that such an Imperial Prince outstanding at lineage, career and scholarship could assume the post of Shikibu-Kyo.
Japanese: 諸親王の中でも血筋・経歴・学識にもっとも秀でた者が就任する官職と考えられていた。
English: Actually, in the early Heian period, the Imperial Prince with excellent political discernment and business ability, such as the Imperial Prince Kazurawara and the Imperial Prince Tokiyasu were frequently appointed to the Shikibu-Kyo.
Japanese: 実際、平安時代前期の式部卿は葛原親王や時康親王などに代表されるように政治的な見識の高い実務に通じた親王が補されることが多かった。
English: However, as the blood relationship with the Emperor became more important in appointment than the political discernment, the Shikibu no Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister) came to be recognized as the substantial Secretary instead of the Imperial Prince appointed to the Shikibu-Kyo.
Japanese: だが、次第に見識よりも天皇との血筋関係が任官において重要視されるようになると、式部卿である親王に代わって式部大輔が実質的な長官となった。
English: Confucian scholar who served as an emperor's jidoku (imperial tutor) conventionally assumed the post of Shikibu no Taifu.
Japanese: 式部大輔は儒学者で天皇の侍読（家庭教師）を務めた者が就任する慣例となっていた。
English: Particularly, for the Sugawara family and the Oe family, this appointment worked as the high road to produce Sangi (councilor) from their families.
Japanese: 特に菅原氏や大江氏の人間が参議になるための要路としての役割も果たしていた。
English: Meanwhile, both Taifu and Shofu (Junior Assistant Minister), assistant directors of Shikibu-sho, were prohibited to assume another supernumerary position concurrently.
Japanese: そして式部省の次官である大輔及び少輔については、両方の権官を同時に任ずることはできないこととなっていた。
English: As mentioned above, Shikibu-sho was regarded as the important ministry, and therefore the rank of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) was often conferred on the Shikibu no Taijo (Senior Secretary, corresponding to Shorokuinoge [Senior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade] as a rule) and the Shikibu no Shojo (Junior Secretary, corresponding to Jurokuinojo [Junior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade] as a rule) extraordinarily.
Japanese: 以上で述べた式部省の重要性から、式部省の判官である式部大丞（正六位相当）及び式部少丞（従六位従六位相当）は、しばしば従五位に叙せられることもあった。
English: Moreover, such a person ranked Rokui no Kurodo (Chamberlain of Sixth Rank) serving as either Shikibu Taijo or Shikibu Shojo concurrently was extraordinarily admitted to the court, and therefore he was called Tenjo no Jo.
Japanese: また、六位蔵人で式部大丞または式部少丞を兼職した者は、特に昇殿を許されたために殿上の丞（てんじょうのじょう）と言われた。
English: Nakatsukasa-sho was regarded as the most important ministry among the eight central ministries, because it administered all duties related to the Imperial Court, such as assisting the Emperor, proclaiming the imperial edict, conferring the court rank.
Japanese: 天皇の補佐や、詔勅の宣下や叙位など、朝廷に関する職務の全般を担っていた為に、八省の中でも最も重要な省である。
English: There is a theory that Nakatsukasa-sho along with Kunai-sho (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household) was ranked higher than other six ministries before the establishment of Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code).
Japanese: 一説には大宝律令以前には宮内省とともに六省の上にあったとする説もある。
English: Therefore, the Nakatsukasa-Kyo (corresponding to Shoshiinojo [Senior Fourth Rank Upper Grade]), the Secretary of Nakatsukasa-sho, was conventionally chosen from the Imperial Princes with a rank equivalent to or higher than Shihon (the fourth rank of Imperial Princes' rank) exclusively in and after the Heian period.
Japanese: そのためこの官庁の長官である中務卿（正四位上相当）は平安時代以降はもっぱら四品以上の親王から任命されることとなっていた。
English: This ministry had to cover extensive duties, because it managed the general clerical works related to the Imperial Court from enforcement of the imperial edict to the personnel affairs concerning court ladies in Kokyu (empress's residence).
Japanese: また、この官庁は詔勅の施行から後宮女官の人事まで朝廷の事務一般を扱うために職掌が広かった。
English: Therefore, in addition to Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks, the official court ranks conferred to the Shitokan of Nakatsukasa-sho were higher than Shitokan in other ministries) consisting of Suke, Jo and Sakan, the following posts were counted among Honkan (government posts): Jiju (chamberlain); officials attending the Emperor, Udoneri (Ministerial equerry); officials taking charge of the Imperial Court defense and miscellaneous jobs and guarding an imperial visit, Naiki and others; officials engaged in drafting the two types of imperial edict (one was written in the classical Chinese and the other was in the Japanese syllabary) and the court rank diploma, Kenmotsu and others; officials engaged in accounts of Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury), Kura-ryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses), etc., Shurei and Tenyaku; officials managing Ekirei (bells set in stations used for supplying horses), Denfu (certification for lending horses), etc.
Japanese: このため輔（すけ）・丞（じょう）・録（さかん）の四等官（他の日本の官制の四等官と比較して官位相当は一段高く設定されている。）のほかに、天皇に近侍する侍従、宮中の警備、雑役及び行幸の際の警護役である内舎人、詔勅や宣命及び位記を作成する内記等、大蔵省や内蔵寮（くらりょう）等の出納を行う監物等、駅鈴や伝符の出納たを行う主鈴や典鑰が中務省の品官（ほんかん）とされた。
English: Meanwhile, the Udoneri guarding the Emperor and the Jiju, attendants of the Emperor, was obliged to wear a sword.
Japanese: なお、天皇の側近たる侍従及び天皇の警護を行う内舎人は帯剣することを義務付けられていた。
English: Government offices under high-ranked offices in Nakatsukasa-sho were categorized into one-shiki (the Ritsuryo system), six-ryo (the Ritsuryo system) and three-shi under the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: この省の被官の官司は令制では1職(律令制)6寮(律令制)3司あった。
English: Hyobusho (Tsuwamono no tsukasa or Ministry of Military) was an administrative organ taking in charge of military administration for the national defense in earlier times in Japan.
Japanese: 兵部省（ひょうぶしょう、つわもののつかさ）はかつて日本にあった軍政(行政)（国防）を司る行政機関。
English: It presided over all the affairs related to military defense, such as personnel evaluation of military officers, conferment of a court rank, appointment to an office, supervision of eji (guards) in all provinces and administration of armaments.
Japanese: 内外の武官の人事考課、選叙（叙位及び任官）諸国の衛士の管理、武器の管理など、軍事防衛関連事項の一切を司る。
English: The minister of Hyobusho was called Hyobukyo and was equivalent to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) but it was the post held concurrently with the post of Kugyo (the top court officials) in general.
Japanese: 兵部省の長官である兵部卿は正四位下相当だが、大体公卿の兼官となっている。
English: This post was occasionally occupied by a member of Imperial family, in which case he was called Hyobukyo no Miya.
Japanese: 皇族がこの官職に就任することもあり、その場合その皇族は兵部卿宮と呼ばれた。
English: Among the members of samurai family, only Yoshitaka OUCHI, who was a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period), rose to the top and became the Hyobukyo.
Japanese: ちなみに武家では戦国大名である大内義隆が唯一兵部卿にまで昇っている。
English: As a result of the Restoration of Imperial Rule (of Japan), Seii Taishogun was abolished, which restored the authority into the other ministries of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 王政復古(日本)によって、征夷大将軍が廃止されたことにより、その他の朝廷の省には、権威が複活することとなった。
English: It was also established as an institution presiding over military defense in place of the former one called Gunmukan (Department of Military Affairs) as a result of the major reform of regulations for governmental organizations on July 8, 1869.
Japanese: 1869年7月8日の官制大改革により軍務官に代わって軍事防衛を司る機関としても設置された。
English: However, it was not him but the vice-ministers, Taifu (Masujiro OMURA, Issei MAEBARA, Aritomo YAMAGATA) who had the real executive power.
Japanese: しかし、実権は次官である大輔（大村益次郎・前原一誠・山縣有朋）が掌握していた。
English: Instead, the Department of War and the Department of the Navy were newly established at the request of Satsuma clique and Choshu clique.
Japanese: そして、薩摩閥および長州閥からの要望により、陸軍省と海軍省が新たに置かれた。
English: The founder was Daisuke NISHINA (Daisuke TOGAKURE) who learned Shugendo (Japanese ascetic and shamanistic practice in mountainous sites) in Mt. Togakushi and served Yoshinaka KISO at the end of Heian period (there are also other theories).
Japanese: 平安時代末期、戸隠山で修験道を学び、木曽義仲に仕えた仁科大助（戸隠大助）が始祖（異説もある）。
English: It is said that, after Yoshinaka KISO was killed by MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, Daisuke NISHINA escaped to Iga Province and completed Togakushi-ryu school by incorporating Iga style ninjutsu.
Japanese: 木曽義仲が源義経に討たれた後は伊賀に逃れ、伊賀流忍術をも取り入れて完成させたとされる。
English: Kosatsu is the method of public notification by setting up a street bulletin board with written laws and ordinances (general law/the fundamental law) on a board, commonly utilized in Japan since ancient periods until early Meiji Period.
Japanese: 高札（こうさつ）とは、古代から明治時代初期にかけて行われた法令（一般法、基本法）を板面に記して往来などに掲示して民衆に周知させる方法である。