nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, as the UK and the U.S.A. declared their neutrality, Japan was forced to accept the recommendation and received 45 million yen instead from Qing based on a newly-signed refund treaty.
Japanese: しかし、英米が局外中立を宣言したため、5月4日、日本はやむなく勧告を受諾し、清との間に還付条約を結んで代償に3000万両（4500万円）を獲得した。
English: Although the Japanese strongly accused the government of its acceptance of the recommendation, the Japanese government transformed the anger to hostility against Russia and proceeded with military expansion with projects, including 'rokuroku kantai keikaku' (literally, 66 fleets project) with the slogan, 'endurance of hardship'.
Japanese: 日本では勧告を受諾した政府に対して世論は激しく反発したが、政府は臥薪嘗胆をスローガンにこれを対露敵対心に振り向けて六六艦隊計画をはじめとする軍拡を進めた。
English: After the intervention, the world powers gained more momentum to divide and colonize China as the UK did with Hong Kong after the Opium Wars.
Japanese: 列強はこの干渉以降、阿片戦争で香港を得た英国の様に中国の分割を推し進めていた欧米に弾みを付けた。
English: Germany occupied the Jiaozhou Bay in 1897 for the killing of its missionary and obtained the sovereignty of the land in the following year.
Japanese: ドイツは、1897年に宣教師殺害を理由に膠州湾租借地を占領、翌年には租借した。
English: In 1899, also France obtained the sovereignty of the area around the Canton Bay, and the UK, in the Kowloon Peninsula and Weihaiwei.
Japanese: 1899年にフランスは広州湾一帯を、イギリスは九龍半島・威海衛を租借した。
English: Russia also succeeded in leasing Lushun area and Dalian City, both southern parts of Liaodong Peninsula in 1898 by signing the Russia-Qing secret agreement in 1896 by giving a bribe of 500 thousands rubles to then-Chinese prime minister, Li Hongzhang, and 250 thousands rubles to then-deputy prime minister, Zhang Yinhuan.
Japanese: ロシアも総理大臣の李鴻章が50万ルーブル、副総理の張蔭桓が25万ルーブルの賄賂を受け取り1896年に秘密協定である露清密約を結び、1898年、遼東半島南端の旅順・大連市の租借に成功する。
English: Russia also expanded its influence area to regions north of the Great Wall of China and Manchuria, fulfilling its ambitions in the far East one by one.
Japanese: そして、万里の長城以北と満州に勢力圏を拡大し極東への野心を実行していった。
English: Meanwhile, Japan requested and obtained an agreement not to lease or cede Fujian Province, a neighbor of newly obtained Taiwan, to any other countries, which was a minimum defense demand Japan could make.
Japanese: 日本も防衛上最低限の要求として、新規獲得した台湾のすぐ隣にある福建省を他国に租借、割譲することがない旨の約束を取り付けた。
English: The Restoration of Imperial Rule was a coup planned by the anti-Shogunate group in January 3, 1868, which began with their declaration of 'Direct rule by the emperor.'
Japanese: 王政復古（おうせいふっこ）は、江戸時代末期の慶応3年12月9日(旧暦)（1868年1月3日）に討幕派の計画により「天皇親政」が宣言された政変である。
English: The traditional authority of the Imperial Court was restored as a result of various events including the signing of commercial treaties with foreign countries, and the policy of kobu-gattai (reconciliation between the Imperial Court and the Shogunate) was adopted through cooperation between the Shogunate and Court.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には、諸外国との通商条約の締結などを巡って、朝廷の伝統的権威が復興し、幕府と朝廷の提携による公武合体政策が取られた。
English: However on the other hand there was also anti-Bakufu sentiment such as the Sonno Joi ha (supporters of the doctorine of restoring the emperor and expelling the barbarians) and movements to overthrow the Shogunate using armed forces.
Japanese: しかし一方では尊皇攘夷派など反幕府思想、武力による倒幕運動が存在した。
English: On November 9 1967, under the advice of Tosa Domain, the 15th Shogun Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA brought news to the court of the Taisei Hokan (Restoration of Imperial rule based on the principle of parliamentary regime) which received Imperial sanction the following day.
Japanese: 土佐藩からの建言もあって、第15代将軍徳川慶喜は公議政体論に基づき、慶応3年10月14日(旧暦)（1867年11月9日）に大政奉還を上奏した（翌15日に勅許）。
English: Thereby power maintained by the Edo Shogunate (Tokugawa Shogunate Family) for 264 years was returned to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: つまり264年間に渡って江戸幕府（徳川将軍家）が保持していた政権を朝廷に返上した。
English: Because of this move, whilst the anti-Shogunate group lost their justification to attack the Shogunate, the Tokugawa family intended to gain entry into the administration unified by the name of the Emperor and continue their control of power.
Japanese: これにより、討幕の名分を失わせるとともに、徳川家は天皇の下に一元化された政治の中枢に入り、引き続き実権を掌握する事を想定していた。
English: In order to create a new parliamentary regime, the Imperial Court ordered Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, members of the Tokugawa clan, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU of the Satsuma Domain, Toyoshige YAMAUCHI of the Tosa Domain, Munenari DATE of the Uwajima Domain, Nagamichi ASANO of the Hiroshima (Aki) Domain, Naomasa NABESHIMA of the Hizen Domain and Shigemasa IKEDA of the Okayama Domain (Yoshinobu's own brother) to come to Kyoto.
Japanese: 朝廷は新たな公議政体を創設するため、徳川家一門の徳川慶勝と松平慶永、薩摩藩の島津久光、土佐藩の山内豊信、宇和島藩の伊達宗城、広島藩（安芸）の浅野長訓、肥前藩の鍋島直正、岡山藩の池田茂政（慶喜の実弟）ら諸藩に上洛を命じた。
English: On the other hand, in order to prevent establishment of an Imperial Government centered on Tokugawa under the sponsorship of Nijo and the Imperial Prince, members of the anti-Shogunate group including Tomomi IWAKURA, a noble, and Toshimichi OKUBO of the Satsuma Domain manipulated the 15-year-old Emperor Meiji, expelled pro-Tokugawa members of the court such as Nariyuki NIJO (the Imperial Regent) and Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko (Kuninomiya after the Meiji Restoration) and planned a coup to seize control of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 一方、公家の岩倉具視や薩摩藩の大久保利通ら討幕派は、親徳川派の摂政・二条斉敬や久邇宮朝彦親王（維新後久邇宮）が主催する下で徳川中心の朝廷政府が成立することを阻止するため、満15歳の明治天皇を手中にして二条摂政や朝彦親王を排除し、朝廷を掌握するためのクーデター計画を進めた。
English: Okubo and others ignored an instruction to postpone a secret Imperial command to attack the Shogunate, saying it could no longer be justified since the Taisei Hokan, encouraged the domains to send their troops to Kyoto and arranged an alliance of three domains, Satsuma, Choshu and Aki, for the dispatch of troops for the purpose of overthrowing the Shogunate with military force.
Japanese: 大久保らは大政奉還により大義名分が失われたとして討幕の密勅を猶予する沙汰書を黙殺し、藩論を率兵上洛（藩兵を率いて上洛する）へとりまとめ、武力討幕を目的とした薩摩・長州・安芸3藩による出兵同盟を締結する。
English: Although the original D-day was set for January 2, 1868, Shojiro GOTO of Tosa Domain - on the side of the parliamentary regime - requested January 4, thus they made a compromise and postponed one day to January 3, 1868.
Japanese: 当初は12月8日(旧暦)（1868年1月2日）を予定していたが、公議政体派である土佐藩の後藤象二郎から12月10日(旧暦)（1868年1月4日）を要請され、やむなく1日遅らせて12月9日（1868年1月3日）に決行することで決した。
English: Iwakura gathered important retainers of the alliance domains of Satsuma, Tosa, Aki, Owari, and Echizen to his residence on the night of January 2, 1868 (the eve of D-day), declared his commitment to the restoration of Imperial rule and requested their cooperation.
Japanese: 前日・12月8日（1868年1月2日）夜、岩倉は自邸に薩摩・土佐・安芸・尾張・越前各藩の重臣を集め、王政復古の断行を宣言、協力を求めた。
English: A Court Council session was also held by Regent Nijo that night until morning, where it was decided that Mori and his son be reinstated and allowed to enter Kyoto, those Tosho family members (hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) who were punished by the Emperor, including Tomomi IWAKURA, be pardoned and released from home arrest and return to secular life, and that five nobles in Kyushu be pardoned.
Japanese: また、二条摂政によって翌日朝にかけて行われた朝議では、毛利父子の官位復帰と入京の許可、岩倉具視ら勅勘の堂上家公卿の蟄居赦免と還俗、九州にある五卿の赦免などが決められた。
English: On January 3, 1868, after the Court Council ended and the participant court nobles left the room, soldiers of Satsuma and other domains who had been waiting outside, went to stand guard at the nine gates of Kyoto Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日（1868年1月3日）、朝議が終わり公家衆が退出した後、待機していた薩摩藩兵ら5藩の軍が京都御所9門を固めた。
English: The Domain soldiers strictly controlled entry to the palace, even refusing entry to the shocked Regent Nijo and Imperial Prince Asahiko.
Japanese: 御所への立ち入りは藩兵が厳しく制限し、驚いた二条摂政や朝彦親王などにも参内を禁止した。
English: Despite this, the recently pardoned Tomomi IWAKURA and others entered the Palace, and Emperor Meiji issued the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule in the Palace's the study room.
Japanese: そうした中、赦免されたばかりの岩倉具視らが参内し、御所内学問所において明治天皇が「王政復古の大号令」を発令した。
English: Although the decree asserted 'restoration' of Imperial rule, it intended to completely change the traditional organization of the Imperial Court including Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser), expel senior court nobles, nip the possibility of the Tokugawa dominating the new government in the bud, and establish a new government to be lead by some of the court nobles including Iwakura and the major members of Satsuma and Choshu Domains under the name of the direct rule by the Emperor.
Japanese: 王政に「復古」するといいながらも伝統的な摂政・関白以下の朝廷の秩序を一新することで上級公家を排除し、徳川が新政府の主体となる芽をつみ、天皇親政の名の下、岩倉ら一部の公家と薩長が主導する新政府を成立・宣言する内容であった。
English: Gijo: Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito, Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, Tadayasu NAKAYAMA, Sanenaru OGIMACHISANJO, Tsuneyuki NAKAMIKADO, Tadayoshi SHIMAZU, Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA, Nagakoto ASANO, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, and Toyoshige YAMAUCHI
Japanese: 議定小松宮彰仁親王、山階宮晃親王、中山忠能、正親町三条実愛、中御門経之、島津忠義、徳川慶勝、浅野長勲、松平慶永、山内豊信
English: The Three Post system was abolished by the Seitaisho (Constitution) of 1868, and replaced by the Dajokan (Great Council of State) System.
Japanese: なお、この三職制度は翌・慶応4年閏4月の政体書にて廃止され、太政官制度に移行した。
English: The first Three Post Meeting of the new system started with the attendance of Emperor Meiji in the Kogosho Room of the Imperial Palace at around 6pm on January 3, 1868.
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日18時頃から　御所内・小御所にて明治天皇臨席のもと、新体制として最初の三職会議が開かれた。
English: Toyoshige YAMAUCHI and other members of the pro-parliamentary regime criticized the fact Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA was not allowed to participate in the meeting and suggested an Assembly of Feudal Lords chaired by Yoshinobu.
Japanese: 山内豊信ら公議政体派は、徳川慶喜の出席が許されていないことを非難し、慶喜を議長とする諸侯会議の政体を主張した。
English: Iwakura and Ohara were concerned at first, but Yamauchi asked, 'What are we doing here today in the first place? Aren't some of the court nobles plotting to control the juvenile Emperor?'
Japanese: これに対し岩倉、大原らははじめ押されていたが、山内が「そもそも今日の事は一体何であるか。二、三の公家が幼沖なる天子を擁して陰謀を企てたものではないか」と詰問する。
English: Iwakura remonstrated Yamauchi about his improper comment, saying 'Everything going on is being held according to the Emperor's ideas. How dare you can use the word juvenile Emperor?'
Japanese: すると岩倉が「今日の挙はことごとく天子様のお考えの下に行われている。幼き天子とは何事か」と失言を責めた。
English: At this point, Yoshinobu's resignation from Minister of the Interior and the abandonment of the Shogunate's territories ("Jikan-nochi") were not yet determined, but Iwakura and his comrades listed the mistakes made by the Tokugawa Shogunate and demanded that their first step be to show their sincerity by agreeing with "Jikan-nochi."
Japanese: この時点で辞官納地（慶喜の内大臣辞任と幕府領の放棄）は決まってはいなかったが、岩倉らは徳川政権の失政を並べ、「辞官納地をして誠意を見せることが先決である」と主張する。
English: Yamauchi and his comrades strongly demanded the participation of Yoshinobu, and while both groups stuck to their own demands, Tadayasu NAKAYAMA eventually declared a pause.
Japanese: 山内らは慶喜の出席を強く主張して両者譲らず、遂に中山忠能が休憩を宣言した。
English: This event was communicated to Tosa Domain through Geishu Domain, and in the resumed meeting Yodo was docile, procedures advancing at Iwakura's pace, thus Jikan-nochi was determined.
Japanese: このことは芸州藩を介して土佐藩に伝えられ、再開された会議では容堂はおとなしくなり、岩倉らのペースで会議は進められ辞官納地が決した。
English: On December 10, Yoshinobu declared his new title 'Uesama' (the upper lord), suggesting his intention to continue ruling the country using the mechanism of the Edo Shogunate even though the Shogun himself had been abolished.
Japanese: 12月10日になって、慶喜は自らの新たな呼称を「上様」とすると宣言して、征夷大将軍が廃止されても「上様」が江戸幕府の機構を生かしてそのまま全国支配を継続する意向を仄めかした。
English: Furthermore, those in favor of parliamentary regime including Tosa Domain attempted to regain of power, and representatives from Higo, Chikuzen, and Awa Domains requested Satsuma and Choshu to withdraw the army from the Imperial Palace on the 12th.
Japanese: そこへ土佐藩ら公議政体派が巻き返しを図り、12日には肥後藩・筑前藩・阿波藩などの代表が御所からの軍隊引揚を薩長側に要求する動きを見せた。
English: On the 13th, Iwakura and Saigo had no choice but to propose a compromise that as long as Yoshinobu accepted Jikan-nochi he would be assigned a gijo and treated as former Minister of the Center.
Japanese: そこで13日には岩倉や西郷は妥協案として辞官納地に慶喜が応じれば、慶喜を議定に任命するとともに「前内大臣」としての待遇を認めるとする提案を行わざるを得なくなった。
English: Through this Jikan-nochi became merely nominal, and Yoshimune met minister-counselors of six countries - USA, UK, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Prussia - at the Osaka Castle on the 16th and talked them into admitting noninterference in internal affairs and approving the Shogunate's rights to diplomacy, going so far as to publicly request the Imperial Court to withdraw the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule on the 19th.
Japanese: これによって辞官納地も有名無実化される寸前になり、16日には慶喜がアメリカ合衆国・イギリス・フランス・オランダ・イタリア・プロシアの6ヶ国公使と大坂城で会談を行ない、内政不干渉と外交権の幕府の保持を承認させ、更に19日には朝廷に対して王政復古の大号令の撤回を公然と要求するまでになった。
English: This statement was practically interpreted as approving the continuation of Yoshinobu's delegation of the government under the system of the Tokugawa Shogunate and although the Decree of the Restoration of Imperial Rule was not negated, it was clearly taken as acknowledgement of Yoshinobu's contention.
Japanese: これは事実上徳川幕藩体制による大政委任の継続を承認したと言えるもので、王政復古の大号令は取り消されなかったものの、慶喜の主張が完全に認められたものに他ならなかった。
English: However the clandestine activities of the Satsuma Domain, who felt very much threatened by this development, successfully agitated the hard-liners of the Shogunate supporters, leading to the Battle of Toba and Fushimi on January 27, 1868.
Japanese: だが、この事態に危機感を抱いた薩摩藩の暗躍に幕府側の強硬派が乗せられ、慶応4年1月3日(旧暦)（1868年1月27日）に鳥羽・伏見の戦いに突入することになる。
English: The Shogunate army, unnerved by the Imperial standards used by the Satsuma forces, not only suffered a crushing defeat but were also labeled as the Emperor's enemy, despite in the end being the ones who saved the new Imperial government whose days were already numbered.
Japanese: この戦いで薩長側が掲げた錦の御旗に動揺した幕府軍は大敗したばかりでなく「朝敵」としての汚名を受ける事になり、崩壊が時間の問題であった新政府を結果的には救ってしまう事になった。
English: Yamauchi opposed Iwakura, saying 'This is an unjust battle caused by Satsuma and Choshu,' but as Iwakura thundered out, 'I see. In that case, why don't you side with Yoshinobu,' Yamauchi kept silent.
Japanese: このとき、山内は岩倉に「この戦は薩長の起こした不当な戦である!」と抗議したが、岩倉より「わかった。ならば土佐藩は慶喜側につきなさい」と一喝されて、沈黙してしまったという。
English: Later Yamauchi left the army of his Tosa Domain to Taisuke ITAGAKI and acted in accordance with Satsuma and Choshu.
Japanese: その後山内は土佐藩の軍勢を板垣退助に委ね、薩長側と同一歩調を取るようになった。
English: But as the former Shogunate's sphere of influence was still spreading out of the Kanto region, it took the Imperial Court more time to overthrow the Shogunate in any real sense.
Japanese: だが、いまだに関東を中心に旧幕府の勢力圏が広がっている中で、朝廷が真の意味で倒幕を実現させるまでにはなお時間を要した。
English: On May 3, 1868, the Imperial army secured a blood-free surrender of the Edo Castle, the headquarters of the former Edo Shogunate, in exchange for aborting an all-out attack on Edo, and this accelerated the movement of abolishing the Shogunate system.
Japanese: 慶応4年4月11日(旧暦)（1868年5月3日）、官軍が江戸総攻撃を中止する代わりに、旧江戸幕府の本拠地・江戸城を無血開城させ、幕府機構解体を大きく前進させた。
English: Genichiro FUKUCHI, one of the former Shogunate retainers, concluded in his book "Bakufu Suibo Ron" (The Theory of Shogunate's Decline and Fall) that the surrender of Edo Castle marked the collapse of the Edo Shogunate.
Japanese: 旧幕臣・福地源一郎は、著書『幕府衰亡論』の中で「江戸開城をもって江戸幕府は滅亡した」としている。
English: The term "tenryo" was not used in the Edo period; its use began when territories that were under the control of the former Edo Shogunate became the Imperial property at the beginning of the Meiji era, and retrospectively, territories that were under the Shogunate's control during the Edo period also came to be referred to as "tenryo."
Japanese: 天領という用語は、明治初期に旧幕府直轄領が天皇の御料（直轄領）になったときに天領と呼ばれるようになったため、さかのぼって幕府時代のものも天領と呼ぶようになったもので、江戸時代に使われていた用語ではない。
English: In the Edo period, those territories were called "shihaisho."
Japanese: 江戸時代には支配所（しはいしょ、しはいじょ）、支配処（しはいしょ、しはいじょ）と呼んだ。
English: Daikan-sho (Office of Local Governor) were established in each of the territories that were under the direct control of the Shogunate, and gundai (intendant of a region), daikan (local governor), or ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period) governed those territories.
Japanese: 幕府直轄の各領地には代官処がつくられ、郡代や代官・遠国奉行が支配した。
English: Bakufu-ryo or baku-ryo was sometimes used as a term that includes hatamoto chigyo-chi (territories of hatamoto[direct retainers of the shogunate]) (about 3 million goku).
Japanese: なお、旗本知行地（約300万石）も含めた言い方として幕府領、幕領という語が用いられることもある。
English: The tenryo started from the directly-controlled land of the Tokugawa clan during the period of the Toyotomi clan's regime, and with the addition of territories that were confiscated through such battles as the Battle of Sekigahara and the Seizes of Osaka, it was four million goku by the end of the 17th century.
Japanese: 豊臣氏政権時代の徳川氏の蔵入地を基とし、関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役などでの没収地を加えて、17世紀末には約400万石となった。
English: The land tax income became the financial basis for the shogunate, and tenryo also included major cities such as Osaka and Nagasaki, and mines such as the Sado Gold Mine.
Japanese: その年貢収入は幕府の財政基盤となり、大坂、長崎など重要な都市や佐渡金山などの鉱山も天領とされた。
English: As a part of the Tempo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO, who became the head of Roju (senior councilors of the Tokugawa Shogunate) at the end of the Edo period, issued Agechi-rei (confiscation command of territory) to turn the area within a radius of 10 ri (one "ri" is about 3.927km) from the Edo and Osaka Castle into tenryo, and daimyo lords having territories around these castles criticized him severely.
Japanese: 江戸末期に老中首座となった水野忠邦は、天保の改革の一環として上知令（江戸城大阪城の十里四方を天領とする）を発令したため、周辺に領地を持つ大名から大きく非難された。
English: Compared with the area which was called Ezo where ainu lived, Wajinchi referred to the area which was the whole area of southern end of Oshima Peninsula, where Wajin (Japanese) were living.
Japanese: 蝦夷と呼ばれるアイヌが居住する蝦夷地に対して、もっぱら和人（日本人）が居住する渡島半島南端の一帯を指した。
English: In the southern end of Oshima Peninsula in the Satsumon era, corresponding to the preceding stage of the Ainu culture establishment, the Aonae culture had been established, which was the Creole style culture, produced between Satsumon culture and Honshu (main island of Japan) Haji ware culture.
Japanese: 渡島半島の南端にはアイヌ文化成立の前段階である擦文時代には擦文文化と本州土師器文化の間に生じたクレオール的文化である青苗文化が成立していた。
English: During the Kamakura and Muromashi periods, southern end of Oshima Peninsula was put under the influence of the Ando clan in Honshu (Refer to Donan Juni Kan [12 castles of the Oshima Peninsula] and Watarito [migratory group].)
Japanese: 鎌倉時代・室町時代の間には本州の安東氏の影響下に置かれた（道南十二館・渡党参照）。
English: The lord in the area, the Matsumae clan, the former Kakizaki clan was originally under the Ando clan, but directly served for Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI., and became independent from the Ando clan.
Japanese: 在地領主蛎崎氏改め松前氏は安東氏の配下であったが、豊臣秀吉に直接仕え安東氏から独立した。
English: Due to this reason, the Matsumae clan placed Wajinchi under its direct control area, and besides, came to manage the trade with the Ezo area.
Japanese: これにより松前藩が和人地を直接支配領域とし、あわせて蝦夷地との交易をも管理することになった。
English: Revenue of the Matsumae clan including the lord and retainers in its early days, was from the trade with Ainu, therefore, the Matsumae clan prohibited the trade between other Japanese and Ainu.
Japanese: 初期の松前藩の収入は、藩主・家臣ともにアイヌとの交易にあったため、松前藩は他の日本人とアイヌとの取引を禁止した。
English: As one part of that policy, the Matsumae clan drew a boundary line in the Wajinchi, established guardhouses at both east and west ends, and supervised coming and going of people between Wajinchi and Ezo area.
Japanese: その一環として、松前藩は和人地に境界を引き、東西の端に番所を置いて、和人地と蝦夷地の往来を取り締まった。
English: Although Japanese were prohibited to go to Ezo area, but Ainu were not prohibited to go to Wajinchi, and in the first half of Edo era, it was not rare that Ainus went to Wajinchi by preparing trade ships.
Japanese: 日本人が蝦夷地に出ることは禁じられたが、アイヌが和人地に出ることは禁止されず、江戸時代の前半には、交易船を仕立てて和人地に出るアイヌも珍しくなかった。
English: In later years, when the herring fishing fell to chronically poor catches in the Wajinch, Japanese started to go to the Ezo area for fishing.
Japanese: 後に、和人地の鰊漁が慢性的不漁に陥ると、蝦夷地に日本人が漁労に出るようになった。
English: However, living in the Ezo area for a long time was still prohibited for Japanese, and they seemed to stay there only as seasonal migrant laborers.
Japanese: ただし、永年の居住はなお禁じられており季節の出稼ぎが主だったようである。
English: But from the end of 18th century, the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) began to control directly the Ezo area, Wajinchi expanded gradually, and in the eastern area, the scope of Wajinchi reached Nodaoi (present Yakumo town) in 1800, and Oshamanbe (present Oshamanbe town, later Yamakoshi County, Iburi Province) in eastern area of Ezo in 1864, and within Otaru area corresponding to later Otaru County, Goshi Province (present Otaru City) in western area in 1865.
Japanese: しかし、18世紀の末頃から江戸幕府が蝦夷地の直接支配に乗り出し始めると次第に拡大し、東は1800年には野田追（のだおい、現八雲町）、1864年には同長万部（おしゃまんべ、現長万部町）など、後の胆振国山越郡にあたる地域に広がり、西では1865年に後の後志国小樽郡に相当する小樽内（おたるない、現小樽市）に達した。
English: In addition, in the area corresponding to the Wajinchi at the end of its history, the following provinces and counties were established among 11 provinces and 86 counties which are later of Hokkaido (According to the system of Ritsuryo codes.)
Japanese: なお、末期の和人地に相当する地域には、後に北海道(令制)11国86郡のうち下記の国郡が置かれた。
English: Isse ichigen no sei (system of one era per Emperor) refers to the system where an era name will not be changed during the reign of a monarch (Emperor or king).
Japanese: 一世一元の制（いっせいいちげんのせい）とは、元号を君主（天皇、皇帝、国王）の在位中には変えない制度をいう。
English: In 1368, Gensho SHU (Chu Yuan-chang), a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion, established a new era named "Kobu" starting with the year when he ascended to the throne in Nanjing City to found the Ming Dynasty, and later introduced a system of one era per Emperor.
Japanese: 1368年、紅巾の乱の首領朱元璋が南京市で即位して明を建国し、この年を「洪武元年」としたのち、一世一元の制を採用した。
English: The subsequent dynasty Ching took over the system of one era per Emperor from Ming (*However, unlike Japan, where an era name was changed right after monarch replacement, Ming and Ching usually changed the name on New Year's Day of the following year).
Japanese: 後続の王朝である清も明の一世一元の制を継承した（※ただし君主交代後すぐに改元が行われた日本と違い、明・清朝は君主交代後もすぐには改元せず、基本的に君主交代が行われた年の翌年の元旦に改元が行われるのが普通であった）。
English: In Vietnam, a Sakuho-koku (a kind of vassal state) of Ching, the system of one era per Emperor was introduced when the Nguyễn Dynasty was established in 1802.
Japanese: なお清の冊封国であったベトナムでは、1802年に阮朝が建てられるとともに一世一元の制が行なわれた。
English: In Japan, the system of one era per Emperor was adopted when the era name "Keio" was changed to "Meiji" in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration although, before that, an era name had sometimes been changed during the reign of an Emperor.
Japanese: 日本で一世一元の制が採られるようになったのは、明治維新の際の1868年の慶応から明治への改元からであり、それ以前は天皇の在位中にも改元がなされていた。
English: The Meiji government renamed the fourth year of Keio to the first year of Meiji and set up Isse ichigen no sei, or the system of one era name per Emperor, by the imperial rescript.
Japanese: 明治政府は、慶応4年を改めて「明治元年」とするとともに、一世一元の詔で天皇一代につき一元号とする一世一元の制を定めた。
English: Afterwards, the system was formalized by the Era Name Law, which was enacted on June 6, 1979.
Japanese: その後、1979年（昭和54年）6月6日に元号法が成立し、法律の規定によって一世一元の制が規定された。
English: This system, however, is used as an excuse for the abolitionism of an era name because it can be regarded as what advocates the monarch's authority.
Japanese: なおこの制度は、君主の権威を肯定するものであるとして、元号廃止論の理由にもなっている。
English: The government adopted the system, along with the solar calendar, by promulgating the imperial rescript on November 15, 1895 (also can be called the 504th year of "Kaikoku" [an era name of the Joseon Dynasty, meaning establishment of a country.]).
Japanese: 政府は、1895年（開国(李氏朝鮮)504年）11月15日の詔勅を発布し、太陽暦とともに当制度を採用した。
English: Omotedaka refers to kokudaka (yield) on face value of shoryo (territory) that was given by seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") to daimyo (feudal lords) or hatamoto (direct retainers) in the Edo period.
Japanese: 表高（おもてだか）は、江戸時代に大名や旗本が征夷大将軍によって与えられた所領の額面上の石高のことである。
English: Omotedaka refers to, in many cases, the face value of kokudaka figured out from land survey certified by the Edo bakufu, and it was written, along with the name of the territory, in shuinjo (a vermillion seal letter) of shoryo ando (act of providing authorization for land ownership and guaranteeing feudal tenure) issued by the shogun, who was also lord, to a new owner every replacement.
Japanese: 表高は、多くの場合、江戸幕府公認の検地によって打ち出された石高の額面で、代替わりごとに新当主に対し主君である将軍が発給する所領安堵の朱印状に、所領の地名とともに記される。