nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It consisted of red peas, cubes of agar gelatin, apricot, and mochi (rice cake) contained in a silver bowl with molasses poured on top.
Japanese: これは銀の容器に赤エンドウマメ、賽の目に刻んだ寒天、あんず、餅などを入れ蜜をかけたものであった。
English: Funawa served mitsumame at a Western teahouse named 'Mitsumame hall' following the name of 'Beer Hall' and 'Milk Hall' which were popular at that time, creating favorable attention as sweets for adults.
Japanese: 舟和はみつまめを当時流行していた「ビアホール」「ミルクホール」にあやかった「みつ豆ホール」と名付けた西洋風喫茶で売り出し、大人向けの甘味として好評を博した。
English: In 1930, an oshiruko (sweet red-bean soup with pieces of rice cake) shop 'Wakamatsu' located in the Ginza launched anmitsu which was a mitsumame with bean jam on it.
Japanese: 1930年には銀座のお汁粉屋「若松」がみつまめに餡をのせたあんみつを発売した。
English: In manzai, a pair of performers called "tayu" and "saizo" is a basic unit, but in performances not in front of houses, but in "zashiki" (parlor), the number of performers are from more than three to up to a dozen.
Japanese: 萬歳は太夫（たゆう）と才蔵（さいぞう）の2人が1組となるものが基本となるが、門（かど）付けではなく座敷などで披露されるものは3人以上から、多いもので十数人の組となる。
English: In many manzai, the performers use a folding fan like "maisen" (folding fan for dancing), but in Mikawa manzai they often use a "chukei" (a kind of folding fan in nogaku, when we see the closed one from the side, its end is spreading).
Japanese: 多くの萬歳は舞扇のような扇子を用いるが、三河萬歳は中啓（能楽で使う扇の一種で、閉じた状態を横から見た時に先が広がっている）を用いる場合が多い。
English: Concerning musical instruments, basically there's only a "kozutsumi" (small hand drum) played by saizo, but according to the repertoire, shamisen and kokyu (Chinese fiddle) are added or sometimes drum, shamisen and clappers are used.
Japanese: 楽器について、基本は才蔵が持つ小鼓だけだが、演目によりさらに三味線と胡弓を加えたり、太鼓・三味線・拍子木を使用するものもある。
English: In Echizen manzai and Kaga manzai, a "suri-daiko" (making a sound by scraping a kozutsumi with a thin bamboo plectrum) is used.
Japanese: 越前萬歳と加賀萬歳はすり太鼓（小太鼓を細い竹の撥で擦るように鳴らす）を用いる。
English: In ancient times, imitating the costume of "bugaku" (court dance and music), tayu put on "torikabuto" (ornamental hat in bugaku), but in the Muromachi period tayu seems to have put on "samurai-eboshi" (formal headwear for court nobles), "suo" (ceremonial dress of lower-class samurai) and "hirabakama" (man's formal divided skirt) and saizo put on something like "daikokuzukin" (hood like the god of good luck) and normally shouldered a big bag.
Japanese: 古くは舞楽の装束をまね、太夫は鳥兜（とりかぶと）をかぶっていたが、室町時代になると烏帽子（さむらいえぼし）をかぶり、素襖（すおう）に平袴（ひらばかま）姿に、才蔵は大黒頭巾風のものをかぶり、大袋を背負う格好が普通であったようである。
English: Also, as the manzai performances in front of houses became more common during the middle of the Muromachi period, then tayu wore "tatsutukebakama" (man's formal divided skirt).
Japanese: また、室町時代中期に門付けが一般化してくると、その際に太夫は裁着袴（たつつけばかま）をはいた。
English: During the Edo period, Mikawa manzai, which were preferentially treated by the Tokugawa family from Mikawa province, were allowed to belt on a sword and to wear a "hitatare" (a kind of court dress in old days) with large family crests.
Japanese: 江戸時代には三河出身の徳川家によって優遇された三河萬歳は、武士のように帯刀、大紋の直垂の着用が許された。
English: The manzai spread across Japan became more diversified in its costume by incorporating the elements of "noh" or "kabuki" later.
Japanese: 各地に広まった萬歳は、後に能や歌舞伎などの要素を取り入れたりしたことによって、さらに衣装が多様化した。
English: The origin is not clear, but manzai is theoretically considered to have changed from 'toka' in the Nara period.
Japanese: 起源については定かではないが、奈良時代の「踏歌（とうか）」より変遷したものと考える説がある。
English: (Toka is the event to celebrate spring at court and so on, when the dancer of "otoko-toka" (male-toka) danced stomping, he sang 'bansuraku,' and when the dancer of "onna-toka" (female-toka) danced, she sang 'senzuraku.')
Japanese: （踏歌は宮中などにおいて春を寿ぐ行事で、男踏歌の舞人が舞楽の「万春楽（ばんすらく）」を足を踏み鳴らすように舞う際には万春楽と囃し、女踏歌の時は千春楽（せんずらく）と囃した）
English: Also in gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music), the song called "manzairaku" as well as "senshuraku" to celebrate the longevity of the lord had been carried on, from which the name allegedly became "senzumanzai," and simply "manzai."
Japanese: また雅楽には君主の長久を祝うめでたい曲として、千秋楽と共に萬歳楽（まんざいらく）という曲が伝えられていて、ここから千秋萬歳（せんずまんざい）となり、単に萬歳となったともいわれる。
English: In addition, there is a theory that the name originates from the folk beliefs that Toshigami (the god of the Year) visited each house to give a celebration in the New Year.
Japanese: 他にも、新年になると歳神が家々を訪れて寿福を授けるという民間信仰より来たものなどの説がある。
English: This means that the man possessed by the god acted Toshigami and walked around to give a celebration and later he went in and out of the court and the word 'senshubanzei' (literally, one thousand autumns and ten thousand years) to celebrate the longevity was the origin of the name, so as to welcome bumper autumns thousands or ten thousands times.
Japanese: これは、歳神に扮し自ら神の依代（よりしろ）となって祝福を与え歩いていたものが、やがて宮中に出入りするようになったというもので、豊年の秋を千回万回と迎えられるように長寿を祝う言葉の「千秋萬歳（せんしゅうばんぜい）」が名前の由来であるとする。
English: As "Shin sarugoki" (a kind of textbook about manners and cultures of Kyoto in Heian era), where parts of the entertainment and social situation during the 11th century were written, has the description 'senzumanzai no sakahogai,' we can know that manzai as an entertainment already existed around the Heian period.
Japanese: 11世紀に当時の芸能や世相の一端を書き記した『新猿楽記』の「千秋万歳之酒祷（せんずまんざいのさかほがい）」という記述からも、平安時代頃すでに芸能として成立していったことが伺える。
English: Senzumanzai was an annual practice of the New Year among the aristocrats during the late Heian period and the senzumazai hoshi (Buddhist priest wishing a New Year) visited each house to give a celebration and danced.
Japanese: 千秋萬歳は平安時代の末期には貴族の間で毎年正月の慣習となっており、千秋萬歳法師が訪れ祝い言を述べ舞を舞った。
English: Replacing the aristocrats who were on the wane, samurai families became powerful after the Kamakura period and the priests visited the great and powerful such as temples, shrines and samurai families.
Japanese: 貴族の衰退と入れ替わるように、武家が権力を持った鎌倉時代以降は、寺社や武家など権門勢家を訪れるようになった。
English: In the Muromachi period, Shomonji (a group of itinerant performers whose work encompassed both no performance and religious ritual) substituted for the senzumanzai hoshi and during the middle of the Muromachi period, they performed in front of ordinary houses.
Japanese: 室町時代になると、声聞師が千秋萬歳法師のかわりをするようになって、中頃には一般民家にも門付けしてまわるようになった。
English: It seems that the manzai in Yamato Province (Nara Prefecture) was performed as senzumanzai in Kyoto and later introduced to Owari-manzai and Mikawa-manzai and furthermore across Japan, however, both Owari-manzai and Mikawa-manzai does not accept the origin of tradition.
Japanese: 大和国（奈良県）の萬歳が千秋萬歳として京都で行われ、後に尾張萬歳、三河萬歳へと伝わり、さらに全国各地に広まったものと思われるが、尾張萬歳、三河萬歳とも、伝承由来はこの通りとしていない。
English: Also, some insist that Echizen-manzai (Nootsubo-manzai) originates from the tradition connected to Emperor Keitai about 1500 years ago.
Japanese: また越前萬歳（野大坪万歳）については、約1500年前の継体天皇にまつわる伝承を由来と主張するものもある。
English: However, in the region where the manzai was introduced after the Edo period, the process of tradition is mostly elucidated.
Japanese: しかし江戸時代以降に伝わった地域の萬歳は、大体継承過程を明らかにしている。
English: It is said that Kaga-manzai originates from Echizen-manzai, Akita-manzai, Aizu-manzai and so on from Mikawa-manzai and Iyo-manzai from Owari-manzai.
Japanese: 加賀萬歳は越前萬歳の流れを汲むものであるが、秋田萬歳、会津萬歳などは三河萬歳からの派生であり、伊予萬歳は尾張萬歳の系統であるといわれる。
English: During the Meiji period, even more manzai which have the names of the place, appeared separately in many regions, but many of them originated from Mikawa-manzai and Owari-manzai.
Japanese: 明治時代に、さらに多くの地域に分かれて各地の名前を冠する萬歳が登場するようになったが、その多くは三河萬歳と尾張萬歳の系統であった。
English: Mikawa-manzai, which was under the influence of the very Buddhism-oriented Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), changed into Shinto religion, survived through the policies of state-sanctioned Shinto religion and seems to have been performed in the court until the middle of the Taisho period.
Japanese: 仏教色の濃い陰陽道の影響下にあった三河萬歳は、神道に変化して国家神道の政策の中で残っていき、大正時代の中頃まで萬歳の参内はあったようである。
English: On the other hand, Owari-manzai was more and more entertaining and some gave performances throughout the whole year.
Japanese: 一方、尾張萬歳は娯楽性を高め、通年で興行として成立するものも現れた。
English: The new Owari-manzai gave rise to the basic form of manzai.
Japanese: こういった新しい尾張萬歳の中から漫才の基礎となる形のものも生み出された。
English: The traditional manzai performed in front of the houses in the New Year was also popular among folks until around World War II.
Japanese: また、正月に行われる従来の萬歳も、民間での門付は第二次世界大戦頃までは盛んであった。
English: However, many of these different manzai declined after World War II and Yamato-manzai discontinued because of no succession.
Japanese: しかし多くの萬歳は第二次大戦後に衰退し、大和萬歳については継承が無く途絶えてしまった。
English: Many of the existing manzai in each place across Japan have found successors and been revived, but Mikawa-manzai (Anjo City, Nishio City and so on in Aichi Prefecture) and Echizen-manzai (Echizen city in Fukui Prefecture), whose time of formation is said to have been old, were designated as the nation's significant intangible folklore cultural assets in 1995, and so was Owari-manzai (Chita City in Aichi Prefecture) in 1996.
Japanese: 現在ある、各地の萬歳には継承者を捜し出して復興させたものが多いが、成立時期が古いとされる三河萬歳（愛知県安城市・西尾市など）と越前萬歳（福井県越前市）が1995年（平成7年）に、尾張萬歳（愛知県知多市）が1996年（平成8年）にそれぞれ国の重要無形民俗文化財に指定された。
English: Mikawa-manzai (Aichi Prefecture)The nation's designated significant intangible folklore cultural assets (December 26, 1995)
Japanese: 三河萬歳（愛知県）国指定重要無形民俗文化財（1995年12月26日）
English: Owari-manzai (Aichi Prefecture)The nation's designated significant intangible folklore cultural assets (December 20, 1996)
Japanese: 尾張萬歳（愛知県）国指定重要無形民俗文化財（1996年12月20日）
English: Takadera-manjai (written as 高平良萬歳 or 高平萬歳 in Chinese characters) in Okinawa Prefecture is generally a program of dancing which extracts one scene from kumi-odori (combination dance) called 'Manzai Tekiuchi' (Vengeance Fulfilled) and is different from the manzai in this section.
Japanese: 沖縄県の高平良萬歳（たかでーらまんぢゃい・高平萬歳とも表記）は、一般的に組踊「万歳敵討」（まんざいてきうち）の一場面を抜き出した舞踊の演目であって、この項目でいう萬歳とは異なる。
English: In the traditional manzai in Okinawa, manjai-koshi (strolling comic dancer) in the Shuri suburb of Aniya hamlet seems to have stood by the gate of each house, given celebration words and made dolls dance at the beginning of the year, but in the Taisho period they were not seen in Nakijin and so on, and only the word manjai-koshi remains.
Japanese: 本来の沖縄の萬歳は、首里郊外の安仁屋部落にいた萬歳行者（まんぢゃいこーしー）が年のはじめに各家々の門に立ちよって祝言をとなえ人形を舞わせていたようであるが、大正時代には今帰仁などではすでに見受けられず、萬歳行者という言葉だけが伝えられていた。
English: Hanetsuki, with a history of 1,300 years, is one of traditional games often played in New Year's Holidays in Japan, and is a girls' game or action for good luck where two players bandy a fletched soapberry seed with Hagoita (battledore).
Japanese: 羽根突き（はねつき）は、1300年の歴史を持つ、日本の正月によく行われる伝統的な遊戯のひとつであり、2人がムクロジの種子に羽を付けたものを羽子板で打ち合う、女子の遊戯や縁起行為である。
English: Hanetsuki was a Shinto ritual performed in the hope of girls' healthy growth, and was a Shinto ritual or game which had been played among court nobles since the Nara period.
Japanese: 女児が健やかに育つようにという願いを込めて行われる神事であり、古くは奈良時代から続く、公家の間で行われた神事や遊戯であった。
English: (For information, Hamaya (ritual arrows to drive away devils) and Hamayumi (ritual bow used to drive off devils) are given to boys, and as a Shinto ritual, various kinds of bows and arrows are equivalent to those.)
Japanese: （ちなみに男子には破魔矢・破魔弓が送られ神事としては様々な弓矢がそれにあたる。）
English: Since Hagoita is decorated mainly during the period from New Year's Holidays to the New Year's festival around January 15, Hanetsuki is often played around this time.
Japanese: また羽子板を飾る時期が、主に正月から小正月の1月15日まで飾られることから、この時季に行われることが多い。
English: Two players who stand opposite each other hold a wooden racket called Hagoita, respectively, and bandy Hane (shuttlecock) (a small wooden ball into which several feathers are put, and a soapberry seed was originally used for the small wooden ball; also called Hago).
Japanese: 2人のプレーヤーは向かい合って位置し、それぞれ羽子板（はごいた）とよばれる木製のラケットを持ち、羽根（はね。木製の小球で、もともとはムクロジの種子）に数枚の鳥の羽をさしこんだもの。羽子（はご）ともいう）を打ち合う。
English: Although nets are not used, and the size of the court is not prescribed, a failure to hit Hane is regarded as a loss, and a failing player receives a penalty of putting an X mark on the face with India ink.
Japanese: ネットや定まった大きさのコートなどはないが、打ちそこなった場合は失点とされ、顔に墨でバツ印などの落書きをされる罰が与えられる。
English: The action of painting a face with India ink also used to be an action for good luck, and India ink was considered to have an effect of protection from evil, and of protection from disease due to its antiseptic effect.
Japanese: 墨を塗る行為も元は縁起行為であり、墨には厄除けや殺菌効果としての病気除けの効果があると考えられていた。
English: Since the above penalty is funny, games resulting from making a modification to Hanetsuki are played in TV variety programs, and games giving a loser a penalty of painting the face with India ink are often played.
Japanese: またこの罰がこっけいであることから、テレビジョン放送のバラエティ番組などで羽根突きをアレンジしたゲームが行われ、敗者の顔に墨を塗る罰ゲームが行われることも多い。
English: It is said that Gi-Cho changed with times, and Cho (stick) was replaced by Hagoita, and Gi (ball) was replaced by Hane.
Japanese: 毬杖が時代とともに変化し、杖が羽子板に変化し、毬が羽に変わったと言われる。
English: One theory says that the reason why Gi was replaced by Hane was that the martial art, dance or game of kicking a laced or fletched weight was imported from China, and was blended together with Gi-Cho in Japan, and then present-day Hanetsuki was formed.
Japanese: 一説には毬が羽に変化したのは、紐や羽のついた分銅を蹴る武術や舞や遊びが中国から伝わり、日本の毬杖と渾然一体となり現在の羽根突きになったとも言われる。
English: In the Nara period, Kemari (ancient football game in Japan) existed as a Shinto ritual for boys, while Gi-Cho was performed for girls.
Japanese: 奈良時代に、男子の神事として蹴鞠（けまり）が存在したのに対し、女子には毬杖が行われていた。
English: In the Muromachi period, a stick (although it was called 'Gi-Cho,' the term 'stick' is used here in order to avoid confusion with Gi-Cho as a Shinto ritual) was transformed into Hagoita, and a ball was transformed into a fletched soapberry nut.
Japanese: 室町時代には、杖（「毬杖」というが、毬杖の神事と紛らわしいので「杖」とする）は羽子板に変化し、毬は無患子（むくろじ）の木の実に羽をつけた物に変化した。
English: Gi-Cho changed to the form almost similar to present-day Hanetsuki, and Hanetsuki taikai (Japanese badminton tournament) called 'Koginoko shobu' was held among court nobles.
Japanese: 現在の羽根突きとほとんど変わらぬ様式となり、公家の間で「こぎの子勝負」といった羽根突き大会が行わた。
English: As the term "soapberry" uses Japanese characters meaning 'children without disease,' a wish for a perfect state of health of girls was contained.
Japanese: この無患子は「子が患（わずら）わ無い」と表記するので女児への無病息災の願いが込められている。
English: In the Sengoku period (period of warring states), since the factor of rites and festivals became stronger, decorations as exorcism or luck were provided to Hagoita rather than Hanetsuki, and Hagoita came to be tinged with an accessory as a lucky charm.
Japanese: 戦国時代には祭礼の要素が強くなり、羽根突きよりも羽子板に祓いや縁起としての装飾が施され、縁起物の装飾品としての色合いを帯びていった。
English: Literature from around this time said that Hane was regarded as a dragonfly, and a wish for protecting from mosquito bites was contained.
Japanese: この頃には羽根を蜻蛉に見立て、蚊に刺されないようにとの願いが込められていたことが文献に記述されている。
English: As infectious diseases often spread by the medium of mosquitoes, the protection from mosquitoes was important at that time.
Japanese: 当時の疫病は蚊を媒介として広まることが多く蚊除けは大事な事であった。
English: In the Edo period, samurai families started presenting Hagoita in celebration of girl's birth.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、武家が女児の誕生を祝って羽子板を贈答するようになった。
English: This custom spread among the common people, and it became popular to present Hagoita to families with girls as seibo (year-end gift) of lucky charms at the end of the year.
Japanese: またこれが庶民にも伝わり、女児のいる家庭に縁起物の歳暮として年の暮れに贈られるようになった。
English: Since a tree exists called Koginoki, whose seed looks like the Hane of Hanetsuki, it was named 'Tsukubane' after 'tsuku Hane' (striking a shuttlecock).
Japanese: コギノキという木は、その種子が羽根突きの羽に形が似ていることから、「突く羽・衝羽根（ツクバネ）」と名づけられた。
English: Hagoita is sometimes made for decoration, and is decorated luxuriously with raised cloth pictures of portraits, and designs of flowers and birds (for details, refer to the article of Hagoita).
Japanese: 羽子板には装飾用に作られるものもあり、人物像や花鳥の図が布の押し絵で豪華に作りつけられる（詳細は羽子板の項を参照のこと）。
English: One example of the words is 'Hito (one) go ni Futa (two) go, Mi (three) watashi Yo (four) mego, Itsu (five) kitemo, Mu (six) kashi, Nana (seven) n no Ya (eight) kushi, Koko (nine) no maede To (ten) yo.'
Japanese: 歌詞の一例は、「一（ひと）ごに二（ふた）ご、三（み）わたし四（よ）めご、五（い）つ来ても六（む）かし、七（なな）んの八（や）くし、九（ここ）のまへで十（とを）よ」。
English: Or, 'Hito go ni Futa go, Mi watashi Yomego, Itsu kitemitemo, Nana (seven) ko no obi wo, Ya (eight) noji ni shimete, Koko (nine) nohade To (ten) kashita.'
Japanese: また、「一ごに二ご、三わたし四めご、五つ来て見ても、七（なな）子（こ）の帯を、八（や）の字にしめて、九（ここ）のはで十（と）かした」。
English: Or 'Hitori (one) kina, Futari (two) kina, Sannin (three) kitara, Yotte (four) kina, Itsu (five) kite mitemo, Nana (seven) ko no obiwo, Ya (eight) tara ni shimete, Koko (nine) no maede To (ten) yo.'
Japanese: また、「一人（ひとり）来（き）な二人（ふたり）来な、三人（さんにん）来たら、四（よ）つて来な、五（い）つ来て見ても、七子（ななこ）の帯を、八（や）たらにしめて、九（ここ）のまへで十（とを）よ」。
English: Yuzuyu refers to the drink made by boiling yuzu (citrus fruit) in sugared water and diluting the sugared water seasoned with the yuzu flavor with hot water (yuzu tea).
Japanese: 柚子湯（ゆずゆ）とは柑橘類の果実であるユズを砂糖で煮て、その香りのついた砂糖湯を熱湯でうすめた飲み物である（柚子茶）。
English: It has a significant effect to facilitate the flow of blood and is traditionally said to cure chapped skin and to prevent colds.
Japanese: 血液の流れを良くする血行促進効果が高く、古くよりひび・あかぎれを治し風邪の予防になると伝承されてきた。
English: According to a survey, when comparing the noradrenalin level after bath between normal hot water and yuzuyu, the level of the former was four times higher than that of the latter.
Japanese: ある検査ではさら湯（普通のお湯）と柚子湯に入浴後のノルアドレナリンを比べたところ、4倍の差が出た。
English: As noradrenalin is an ingredient to constrict the veins effectively, so in the case of yuzuyu, the veins were all the more dilated.
Japanese: ノルアドレナリンは血管を収縮させる効果のある成分なので、それだけ血管が拡張していたことが分かる。
English: To prepare yuzuyu, they cut 5 to 6 fruits of yuzu into round slices and set them afloat in a bath.
Japanese: 柚子湯の作り方としては柚子の果実を5～6個輪切りにして、湯に浮かべる。
English: Those who have sensitive skin should put the sliced fruits of yuzu in hot water for 20 to 30 minutes and after that, put them in a cloth sack and set it afloat in a bath.
Japanese: 皮膚が弱い人は輪切りにした柚子の果実を熱湯で20～30分蒸らし、その後、布袋に入れて湯に浮かべるとよい。
English: The relation between the winter solstice and yuzu is not necessarily clear, but the practice of yuzuyu appeared after the birth of sento and according to one theory, it is related with the play on words linking "湯治, toji" (hot spring cure) and "冬至, toji" (winter solstice) and the idea that if the body is healthy, it is "yuzu-ga-kiku" (malleable, adaptable).
Japanese: 冬至と柚子との関連はかならずしも明らかでないが柚子湯の習慣は銭湯の登場以後のことであり、一説に湯治（とうじ）と冬至（とうじ）との語呂合わせで、身体息災であれば融通（ゆうずう）がきくとのこじつけであるという。
English: The charm 'ichiyoraifuku' (return of spring) delivered in the Anahachiman-gu Shrine in Shinjuku ward in Tokyo prefecture from the winter solstice is effective for economic fortune.
Japanese: 東京都新宿区の穴八幡宮で配られる「一陽来復」のお守りは冬至からであり、金銀融通の利益があるという。
English: Namasu is the dish made by thinly cutting (or slicing) sea foods, vegetables or fruits and dressing them with seasoning materials based mainly on vinegar.
Japanese: 膾（なます）は、魚介類や野菜類、果物類を細く（あるいは薄く）切ったものを、酢を基本にした調味料で和えた料理。
English: なます, namasu' in old Japan meant this 'namasu, 膾,' but after "Insei" period (period of the government by a retired emperor) it was identified with 'aemono' which is the dish made by chopping sea foods or vegetables, dressing them with flavoring materials.
Japanese: 日本でも古くは「なます」と言えばこの「膾」を意味していたが、院政期以降、魚介類や野菜を刻み調味料を合わせて食す料理である「和え物」と同一視されるようになった。
English: At present, the seasoning materials used for 'namasu' are sweet vinegar, "nihaizu" (vinegar and soy sauce mixed in roughly equal proportions), "sanbaizu" (vinegar, soy sauce and mirin (or sugar) mixed in roughly equal proportions), Japanese citron vinegar, "tadesu" (vinegar with water pepper) and so on, but traditionally boiled-down sake (made by mixing dried bonito, Japanese apricot, sake, water and soy sauce and boiling them down) and so on were also used.
Japanese: 現在「なます」の調味料として用いられるものとしては、甘酢、二杯酢、三杯酢、ゆず酢、たで酢などがあるが、古くは煎り酒（鰹節、梅干、酒、水、溜まりを合わせて煮詰めたもの）なども用いられた。
English: As osechi food (special food for New Years in Japan), "kohaku-namasu" is often used, which is made by slicing "daikon" (Japanese radish) and carrot, marinating them with sweet vinegar and seasoning them with a flavor of Japanese lemon peel.
Japanese: 正月の御節料理としては、ごく細く切ったダイコンとニンジンを甘酢で漬け、ユズの皮で香りをつけた紅白膾（こうはくなます）が用いられることが多い。
English: Here, daikon and carrot are regarded as red and white "mizuhiki" (an ancient applied art of tying various knots of special cords) which is said to be a good omen.
Japanese: これは繊切りのダイコンとニンジンを、縁起の良いとされる紅白の水引に見立てたもの。
English: The red and white are regarded as the flags of Genji and Heike and also called "genpei-namasu."
Japanese: 赤と白を源氏と平家の旗に見立て、源平膾（げんぺいなます）とも呼ばれる。
English: Salt the shredded daikon and carrot and when they are tender, wring them dry.
Japanese: 切ったダイコンとニンジンに塩をふり、しんなりしたら固く絞って水気をとる。
English: On this occasion, you can pickle daikon and carrot separately or pickle by pressing them under a heavy stone.
Japanese: この際、ダイコンとニンジンを別に漬けたり、重石をのせて漬ける方法もある。
English: Mix them with vinegar and sugar (alternatively you can use salt and water) and pickle them with red peppers.
Japanese: 酢、砂糖（食塩、水を入れる方法もある）を混ぜて、鷹の爪と共に漬ける。
English: Namasu' in proverbs and common expressions often means the dishes which used the fillets of raw meat and raw fish in ancient China.
Japanese: ことわざや慣用句での「膾」は、古代中国の切り分けた生肉や生魚による料理を意味することが多い。
English: This means that once failed and disgusted, they become uselessly careful ('Atsumono ni koritarumono, ae wo fuku' (Those who were disgusted with a hot soup blow a marinated food or sashimi) means the same).
Japanese: つまり、一度失敗した事に懲りて無益な用心をすること（「羹に懲りたる者、あえを吹く」と同意。
English: As many people like to eat '膾と炙' (namasu and "aburi" (broiled meat)), this meant it spread and became popular among many people.
Japanese: -膾と炙（あぶり肉、直火による焼き肉）はいずれも多くの人が喜んで食べることから、物事が多くの人の間で話題になることをいう。
English: As namasu is shredded, this figuratively means that a man is beaten violently by many people.
Japanese: -膾は細かに切り刻むことから、転じて大勢で人を滅多打ちにすることを指す。
English: 膾 ('kai' in a Chinese reading)' originally referred to the dish which was made by cutting the raw animal meat out and mixing it with seasonings.
Japanese: 「膾（音読みで「カイ」）」は本来、古代中国において、切り分けた獣肉に調味料を合わせて生食する料理を指した。
English: The word origin of 'namasu' in Japanese is unknown, but some say that 'namashishi' (raw meat) or 'namasuki' (raw cut) are the origin.
Japanese: 日本語「なます」の語源は不明であるが、「なましし（生肉）」「なますき（生切）」が転じたという説がある。
English: Generally speaking, namasu is interpreted as '生酢, namasu' (raw vinegar), but as mentioned before, originally vinegar was not always used as a seasoning and so some say that it is a sort of folk etymology.
Japanese: 一般には「生酢」と解されているが、先述したように、古くは調味料として必ずしも酢を用いるとは限らなかったので、民間語源の類であるという説がある。
English: Also, the materials are not always raw fish or raw meat and some fues are made by heating the innards of farm animals and mixing them with vegetables.
Japanese: また素材は生肉や生魚とは限らず、家畜の内臓に火を通して野菜類と和えたフェもある。
English: Namaribushi or Namabushi is a primary processed food made of raw bonito, which is cut, steamed, and boiled.
Japanese: 生利節（なまりぶし）、または生節（なまぶし）とは、生のカツオを解体し、蒸す、茹でるなどの処理を施した一次加工食品。
English: It is now produced near big landing ports of bonito or tuna located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Kagoshima Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Kochi Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture and Chiba Prefecture because raw fish is directly processed there.
Japanese: 生魚を直接加工するため、現代では静岡県、鹿児島県、三重県、高知県、和歌山県、千葉県などカツオやマグロの水揚げが多い漁港周辺で生産される。
English: Because freshness is limited, as it contains about fourty percent water, the amount of the product was less than for dried bonito which could be stored for a longer time, and product can only be distributed near the place of production, a little larger area than for fresh fish until transportation by railway began.
Japanese: 水分を40%程度含み、保存期間に制限があるため、長期保存が可能な鰹節よりも生産量は少なく、鉄道での輸送が始まるまでは生産地周辺の地域、鮮魚より少し広い程度の範囲にしか流通させることができなかった。
English: From Yaize in Shizuoka Prefecture, since the opening of the Tokaido Main Line in 1889, it had become distributed even to the metropolitan areas of Tokyo and Osaka, but sometimes namaribushi became rotten although though it could be kept longer than than fresh fish.
Japanese: 静岡県の焼津からは1889年（明治22年）の東海道本線開通以後、鉄道輸送により東京・大阪など大都市まで流通させるようになったが、鮮魚よりも日持ちする生利節でも腐敗してしまうことがあったという。
English: Since 1908 when ice began to be used ice for keeping fish fresh, ice was also used during railway transportation of namaribushi.
Japanese: 魚の鮮度保持のために氷が使われるようになった1908年（明治41年）には、生利節の鉄道輸送にも氷が使用されるようになった。