nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, even during the Heian period and after, the edict of Emperor Koko, who did not abdicate the throne from the former emperor, shows a slight difference.
Japanese: ただし、平安時代以降でも、前天皇から譲られたわけではない光孝天皇の詔は、やや異なる。
English: While in the edicts of other emperors, there is a phrase that means 'to take the faculty of Imperial Sun Succession (Amatsuhitsugi) to the Imperial Throne (Takamikura) according the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time,' in the edict of KoKo this phrase is substituted by another phrase that says 'the faculty of Imperial Sun Succession (Amatsuhitsugi) to the Imperial Throne (Takamikura) is 'the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time.'
Japanese: 他の天皇で「天日嗣高座の業を天智天皇が初め定めた法に従って受けよ」」という意味になるところが、光孝では「天日嗣高座の業は天智天皇が初め定めた法である」と変わっている。
English: In the latter part, the phrases are identical with other edicts saying as follows; although Hyakuhekikei-shi (numerous close confidents) requested me, but I was afraid and dared not to proceed nor retreat, but finally I myself decided to take the throne.
Japanese: この後は他と変わらず、百辟卿士が即位を請うのに、恐れて進むも退くもできなかったが、結局即位することにしたと続く。
English: The direct line imperial succession code theory, presented by Koyata IWAHASHI advocates that it is a law that limits the succession of the Imperial Throne to the direct line male children.
Japanese: 直系皇位継承法説は、岩橋小弥太が唱えたもので、皇位を直系男子に継承させることを定めた法であるとする。
English: According this theory, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was elaborated in order to reject the succession of the throne from the elder brother to his little brother, which was a form of succession frequently practiced until around that time.
Japanese: この説によれば、不改常典はその頃まで一般的だった兄弟継承を否定するために作られた。
English: The first part in question in the Empress Gensho's edict upon enthronement, and the Emperor Shomu's edict upon enthronement as well as his edict upon abdication, referred to Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten as the base of authority that justifies the Emperor Shomu's succession of the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: 元正天皇の即位詔の第一の箇所と、聖武天皇即位と譲位の詔では、不改常典が聖武天皇の皇位継承の根拠とされている。
English: Shomu was still a young child when his father Emperor Monmu died, and did not fill the age requisite to take the throne.
Japanese: 聖武は父の文武天皇が死んだときまだ幼く、年齢的に即位の条件を満たしていなかった。
English: At this time, the way of imperial succession was to change from the form of elder brother to little brother succession to the form of father to son succession, and when the practice of succession between the direct line male children, from Tenmu to Kusakabe, Monmu, and Shomu, had faced with difficulties due to a series of young successors' deaths, it was sustained by the substitutional empresses, Jito, Genmei, and Gensho.
Japanese: この時代は兄弟継承から父子直系の継承へと皇位継承方法が切り替わる時期にあたっており、相次ぐ早逝によって危ぶまれた天武・草壁・文武・聖武という男子直系の継承が、持統・元明・元正という中継ぎ女帝によって支えられた。
English: The edict of Emperor Shomu as well as that of Empress Genmei can be easily understood, if you suppose that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was brought forward in order to cope with the old practice of the brother to brother succession.
Japanese: 兄弟継承の古い慣習に対抗するために不改常典が持ち出されたと考えると、聖武天皇の詔も元明天皇の詔も理解しやすい。
English: The legitimate child (imperial) succession theory views the code as the law that further strengthen the limitation in the succession to the children of the legal wife, excluding the succession to any of the children born out of wedlock.
Japanese: 嫡系継承説はさらに限定的に、庶子への継承を否定して正妻の子に後を継がせることを定めた法だとする。
English: Imperial Legitimate Child Succession Code Theory stands on the basis that since after Monmu, the Imperial Throne had been succeeded by imperial legitimate children, and that Ritsuryo (the legal codes of the Nara and Heian Periods) support the legitimate child succession principle.
Japanese: 嫡系皇位継承法説の根拠としては、文武以降の皇位継承が嫡系継承であること、律令が嫡系主義をとっていることが挙げられる。
English: The theory mentions three reasons why Emperor Tenchi instituted the code; intent of preventing the conflict in Imperial Throne succession, influence by China, and Prince Otomo's wish to succeed the throne.
Japanese: 天智天皇の制定動機については、皇位継承争いの予防、中国の影響、大友皇子への継承の希望の三点が挙げられる。
English: Until the generation of Emperor Tenchi himself, the succession had been commonly practiced between brothers, and naturally there are many eligible candidates, therefore the succession had been often settled by killing the rivals.
Japanese: 天智天皇自身の世代までは兄弟間の継承が普通で、資格者が多く、しばしば武力でライバルを殺すことによって決着が付けられた。
English: Then, it is supposed that Emperor Tenchi, who were anxious to introduce the Chinese culture, might have conceptualized to introduce the practice of direct line succession in order to avoid bloodshed.
Japanese: そこで、中国の制度文化の導入に熱心だった天智天皇が、流血事を避けるために直系相続を導入しようと構想したのだろうと考える。
English: There is a theory that advocates that the 'Emperor's Edict,' which Prince Otomo and his five senior vassals made an oath to guard by any means in 671, is Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
Japanese: 大友皇子に関しては、天智天皇10年に大友皇子と五人の重臣が必ず守ると誓った「天皇の詔」を不改常典を指すものと考える説もある。
English: Although "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) does not touch on the contents of this 'Emperor's Edict,' judging from the context, it had been supposed to be the imperial decree to order Prince Otomo's succession of the throne.
Japanese: 書紀はこの「天皇の詔」の内容を記さないが、文脈から大友皇子の皇位継承を命じる詔だろうと従来から推測されていた。
English: There is a theory arguing that although the code advocates direct line succession, it was not created with the purpose of denying the principle of brother to brother succession, but permitting the princes whose mother was not from the imperial family to take the throne.
Japanese: 直系継承を主張しながらも、兄弟継承原理を否定しようとして作られたのではなく、皇族以外の母を持つ皇子を即位させるために作られたのだとする説もある。
English: At that time, in the Emperor's family. consanguineous marriage was commonly practiced and to be the heir to the Imperial Throne, his/her mother also was requested to be an imperial princess.
Japanese: 当時の天皇家では近親婚が一般的で、皇位継承者には母にも皇女であることが求められていた。
English: Therefore, it is said that for the sake of Prince Otomo, whose mother is Iga no Ume, Emperor Tenchi made a law that dictates the direct line as the prerequisite of succession, and Empress Genmei took it up as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten for the sake of Emperor Shomu, whose mother was from the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: そこで、伊賀采女を母に持つ大友皇子のために天智天皇が直系のみを条件とせよとする法を作り、元明天皇が藤原氏を母に持つ聖武天皇のためにこれを不改常典としてとり上げたとする。
English: However, according to this theory, it can be said that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was broken too soon, when Tenchi 's younger brother Emperor Tenmu presented himself to the next heir to the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: しかしながら、この説に従えば、次の後継者に弟の天武天皇が立ったとき、不改常典は早々に破られたことになる。
English: About these points, the proponents of the direct line imperial succession (code) theory or the legitimate child imperial succession (code) theory explains that it is quite usual that the ideal presented in a law collides with other ideals or interests and has to face difficulties to fulfill.
Japanese: これらについて直系・嫡系皇位継承説の論者は、法に現れた理念が他の理念や利害と衝突して実現に困難をきたすことはままあることであると説明する。
English: The direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory are useful to explain the imperial edicts in the Nara period, however these theories had faced with many criticisms.
Japanese: 直系・嫡系の皇位継承法説は奈良時代の詔を説明するには都合が良いが、多くの批判にさらされた。
English: The first criticism is against the legitimate child imperial succession code theory, which says that Emperor Tenchi who had no legitimate child had no motive to institute the legitimate child imperial succession code.
Japanese: その第一は、嫡系継承法説への批判で、嫡子がいない天智天皇に嫡系継承法を制定する動機はないというものである。
English: Emperor Tenchi had Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun) with IGA no Uneme, but he had no child with Empress Yamatohime no Okimi.
Japanese: 天智天皇は伊賀采女との間に大友皇子（弘文天皇）を儲けたが、皇后の倭姫王との間には子がなかった。
English: The second criticism is related to the fact that the direct line emperors during the Nara period up to Emperor Shomu are not of the direct line of Emperor Tenchi but they belong to the line of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 第二は、聖武天皇に至る奈良時代の直系天皇が、天智天皇の直系ではなく、天武天皇の系統に属することである。
English: If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is a direct line imperial succession code, Emperor Tenmu broke Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten to take the Imperial Throne, and therefore, it is unnatural that his descendents rely their legitimacy on Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
Japanese: 不改常典が直系継承法だとすると、天武天皇は不改常典を破って皇位を得たことになり、その子孫が不改常典を自らの正統の拠りどころにするのは不自然である。
English: This is especially detrimental for the argument base on the direct line imperial succession code, and for the argument based on the legitimate child succession code, Prince Otomo's authenticity as a heir can be deemed imperfect.
Japanese: これは直系継承法にとって特に問題となり、嫡系継承法だとすると大友皇子の資格も不完全とみなされることになる。
English: The third criticism is against the fact that in the imperial edict of Emperor Monmu, Fukai-no-Joten/Fukaijoten is not cited at the section to justify his enthronement.
Japanese: 第三は、文武天皇の即位を正当する場面で不改常典が引かれていない点である。
English: "Kaifuso" (Fond Recollections of Poetry) published in the Nara period reported that there were some objections within the imperial family, when Prince Karu was invested in the Crown Prince at a young age.
Japanese: 軽皇子（文武天皇）が若年で立太子したときに、皇族内で異論があったことは、奈良時代に作られた『懐風藻』に記されている。
English: At this time, Tenchi 's grandson, Kado no Okimi, insisted the direct line succession, however it seems that Monmu did not touch on the law which was established by Emperor Tenchi in his counter-argument.
Japanese: このときは天智の孫にあたる葛野王が直系継承を主張したが、その際天智天皇の定めた法には触れなかったようである。
English: If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten had instituted the direct line imperial succession, he would have alleged the legitimacy for his investiture of the Crown was based on it.
Japanese: 不改常典が直系皇位継承を定めていたのなら、それを拠りどころにして文武立太子・即位の正当性を主張することができたはずである。
English: The fourth is related to the point that in the Emperor Genmei's imperial edict upon enthronement, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten appeared for the second time is clearly described as the law of the nation's governance.
Japanese: 第四は、元明天皇の即位詔の中で二番目に出てくる不改常典が、食国法と明記されている点である。
English: Therefore, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not a law related to the succession to the Imperial Throne, but it must be a law related to the governance.
Japanese: ならば不改常典は統治に関する法なのであって、皇位継承に関する法ではない。
English: The fifth criticism points out that in Emperor Koko's edict upon enthronement there is a descriptions that says 'the faculty of Imperial Sun Succession (Amatsuhitsugi) to the Imperial Throne (Takamikura) is 'the law established for the first time' by Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 第五は、光孝天皇の即位詔に、「天日嗣高御座の業」は天智天皇が「初め賜い定め賜える法」だとある点である。
English: Amatsuhitsugi Takamikura (Imperial Sun Succession to the Imperial Throne)' indicates the position that the emperor assumes, and his faculty is the Imperial Throne itself or the administration that the emperor undertakes assuming the Imperial Throne, and it is not supposed to be the rule of succession.
Japanese: 「天日嗣高御座」は天皇が居る場所を指し、その業は皇位そのものか、皇位について行う統治のことで、継承方法のことではないと考えられる。
English: The posterior pretext theory argues that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not the code created by Emperor Tenchi, but after ages another person made it and lied that it was instituted by Tenchi.
Japanese: 不改常典は天智天皇が作ったものではなく、後に別の人が作って天智制定と偽ったとするのが、後世仮託説である。
English: This theory is advocated to cover up the above mentioned first and third imperfections of the direct line succession code theory.
Japanese: 上述の直系皇位継承法説の欠点のうち、第一と第三の点を繕うものとして唱えられた。
English: This theory argues that the reason why the due description does not appear in the Emperor Monmu's imperial edict upon enthronement is because Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten did not exist at that time, and when the enthronement of Empress Genmei was to be celebrated or just before it, the code was created in order to justify the direct line (or the legitimate child) succession.
Japanese: 文武天皇の即位詔で現れないのは当時不改常典がなかったからで、元明天皇即位の時かその直前に、直系（または嫡系）の継承を正当化するために創作されたのだとする。
English: Against the pretext theory, some historians criticize that this theory should not give a detrimental rational forte to the direct line succession theories and the legitimate child succession theories, both of which are developed largely based on successive suppositions, to negate the explicitly written historical materials.
Japanese: 仮託説に対しては、多分に推測を重ねることによって導かれる直系・嫡系皇位継承説に、明文の史料を否定する力を与えるべきではないとする批判がある。
English: There is also a question whether such a completely unfounded supposition can be used as a premise to persuade the people.
Japanese: また、まったく根も葉もないことが人々を説得する論拠として通用するかという疑問もある。
English: Especially when Empress Genmei took the Throne, there were still some persons alive including ISONOKAMI no Maro who knew the reign of Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 特に元明天皇の即位時には、石上麻呂ら天智朝時代を知るものが存命していた。
English: The pretext theory is sometimes associated with other theories than the direct line imperial succession code theory and the legitimate child imperial succession code theory.
Japanese: 仮託説は、直系・嫡系皇位継承法説以外の説と結びつけられることもある。
English: This is the theory arguing that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is a code to rule imperial succession, however, it does not decide who should take the Throne but establishes the practice in which the former emperor appoints and chooses his successor.
Japanese: 不改常典は皇位継承についての規定だが、誰がつくかを指定したものではなく、前天皇が後継者を指名して選ぶことを定めたものだとする説である。
English: Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is elaborated with the purpose of denying the conventional form of succession practiced until the former dynasty through consultations and recommendations by a group of vassals, and establishing the right to the appointment of the successor within the emperor's authority, and consequently it tried to cut out the struggles related to imperial succession.
Japanese: 不改常典は、前代まで一般的だった群臣の協議と推戴という形式を否定し、後継者指名を天皇大権の一部とし、皇位継承抗争を絶とうとしたものである。
English: Against this theory, there is criticism pointing out that if it were a succession law, it can be used to justify such unusual cases as the successions of Empress Genmei, Empress Gensho, Emperor Junnin, and Emperor Konin, however the theory is not applied in these cases.
Japanese: これに対する批判としては、譲位法だとすると元明天皇、元正天皇、淳仁天皇、光仁天皇のようなもっと特殊な継承を正当化するためにも使えるはずなのに、それがないことが挙げられる。
English: The theory that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten was formulated to establish the Crown Prince system was presented by Tei MORITA in 1993.
Japanese: 不改常典が皇太子制を定めたものだとする説は、1993年に森田悌が唱えた。
English: There are many speculative theories on how the Crown Prince system was established in Japan (including the MORITA's theory).
Japanese: 日本における皇太子制の成立については（森田の説を含む）諸説あるが、。
English: MORITA's theory advocates that the investiture of Crown Prince Otomo falls on the 10th year of the enthronement of Emperor Tenchi, and according to this theory, Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten compiles plural contents, and a part of them touches on the succession of Imperial Throne with the specific description that institutes the Crown Prince system.
Japanese: この説では天智天皇10年に大友皇子が立太子したとする森田の説によれば、不改常典は複数の内容を含むもので、その一部に皇位継承に関わり皇太子制を定めた箇所がある。
English: The theory also points out a part that declares the emperor's independent administration without counting on any deputies, and his argument on this point is consistent with that of the Sui-Tang style imperial autocrat theory that MIZUNO advocates.
Japanese: 他は天皇は政治を臣下に委ねず自ら執政することを定めた箇所で、水野がいう隋唐風の皇帝統治説と一致する。
English: Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is said to be established by Emperor Tenchi for the first time, however, in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), there are only descriptions on legal amendment and no description on a newly instituted law is found.
Japanese: 不改常典は天智天皇が初め定めたと言われるのに、『日本書紀』が天智天皇の時代には、改定はあっても初めて定めた法が見えない。
English: MOTOORI thought that, the formulation of the code, nevertheless, was not attributed to the work of Kotoku but to the achievement of Tenchi, because at that time the central role of the system reform was played by Prince Naka no Oe.
Japanese: それを孝徳が定めたと言わず、天智が定めたというのは、当時の制度改定の主役が中大兄皇子だったためだと考えた。
English: Toward this theory, some scholars criticized that it is not appropriate to admit the fact that the dominance of the crown prince over the emperor's authority was advocated in the official oath like the imperial edict, ignoring the presence of the emperor, and nowadays, this theory is not supported.
Japanese: これに対しては、即位詔という公式の宣言の中で天皇を無視し、天皇の権威よりも皇太子のほうが優越していたという事実を是認することは穏当ではないとする批判があり、現在では支持されていない。
English: In "Toshi Kaden" (Biographies of the Fujiwara clan) and "Konin Kyakushiki" (a compilation of rules, regulations, and precedents covering the 119 years since the issue of the Taiho code in 702), it was reported that Emperor Tenchi instituted Omi-Ryo as the first administrative code in Japan.
Japanese: 『藤氏家伝』や『弘仁格式』には、日本最初の律令として天智天皇が近江令を制定したことが記されている。
English: Regarding Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten as Omi-Ryo instituted in the first year of the era of Tenchi had been a commonly accepted theory from the Taisho period to the early Showa period.
Japanese: 不改常典を天智元年制定の近江令とするのは、大正から昭和初期の通説であった。
English: The phrase of Empress Genmei's imperial edict to the enthronement that says 'the law of the nation's governance legislated as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' cited later by Takashi TAKAHASHI is considered as a historically proofed reference.
Japanese: 史料的根拠としては、後に高橋崇があげた元明天皇の即位詔の「不改常典と立て賜わる食国法」という箇所がある。
English: Since there is no objection that the law of the nation's governance is a law formulated to rule the nation, this can be the law for the governance of the nation at that time, or that means, Omi-Ryo instituted as the administrative code for the first time.
Japanese: 食国法は国家統治の法律と解することに異論はないので、当時の国家統治の法、すなわち最初の令として制定された近江令のこととされる。
English: The criticism toward the Omi-Ryo theory points out the contradiction of calling Omi-Ryo 'Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' even after the Taiho Code had been enacted.
Japanese: 近江令説に対する批判としては、大宝律令が施行された後の段階で近江令を「不改常典」と呼ぶ矛盾が指摘される。
English: The Omi-Ryo nonexistent theory that has become influential in the latter part of the 20th century denies the theory that identifies Omi-Ryo with Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten.
Japanese: また、20世紀後半に有力化した近江令不存在説にもとづけば、不改常典を近江令とする説は否定される。
English: Because the institution of Omi-Ryo is a fabricated story during the Heian period, and it is impossible to be talked about in the Nara period.
Japanese: 近江令制定は平安時代に創作された話なのだから、奈良時代に語られるはずがないからである。
English: Not in Taiho Code nor in Yoro Code, there are no provisions related to imperial succession, and in any codes of the Tang Period no such provision existed.
Japanese: 大宝令、養老律令に皇位継承に関する規定はなく、唐の令にも規定がない。
English: If such a provision were included in Omi-Ryo, a uniquely Japanese rule would have been excluded at the time when Taiho Code was established, but if so it is inconsistent with the phrase, 'the law which should not be modified.'
Japanese: 近江令に置かれていたとすれば、日本独特のものとして置かれた規定が、大宝令制定時に除かれたということになり、令から削除して間もない法を「改めるまじき法」と呼ぶ矛盾が生じる。
English: In 1969, Encho TAMURA presented the theory that it is the code which established the assisted government system by the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 藤原氏による輔政を定めた法だとする説で、1969年に田村円澄が唱えた。
English: According to this theory, Emperor Tenchi who gave an important position to Kamatari FUJIWARA, ordered him to perpetuate a joint administration system, that is, an assisted government system that permitted the Emperor's family to grip the Imperial Throne and the Fujiwara clan to assist it.
Japanese: この説によれば、藤原鎌足を重用した天智天皇は、皇位を天皇家が掌握し、天皇家と姻戚関係を持つ藤原氏がこれを輔佐するという共同執政＝輔政体制を代々永続させるように伝えた。
English: As the code was not codified nor promulgated, Emperor Tenmu, who provoked the Jinshin war/ disturbance, was not obliged to follow Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, but Empress Jito, a daughter of Emperor Tenji, and other descendents of the female line took the lead in persuading him and made him follow.
Japanese: この法は成文・公布されたものではなかったが、壬申の乱を起こした天武天皇は不改常典に縛られなかったが、天智の娘である持統天皇ら天智の女系子孫が中心になって伝え、守らせた。
English: It is said that when the death of Emperor Tenmu made it impossible to practice this form of succession, the existence of Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten, which had been kept a secret, was revealed to the public, in order to block the movements of the imperial family members that ware not able to count on the support of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 文武天皇の死によってこの方式での継承が困難になったとき、それまで他言されなかった不改常典を明かし、藤原氏の補佐がない皇族を牽制したとする。
English: According to TAMURA, the prosperity of the Fujiwara clan at a later time had sprouted and prepared at that moment.
Japanese: 田村によれば、後の藤原氏の隆盛はにこのときに制度として作られ予定されていた。
English: Those who criticize this theory insist that it is not understandable why the Emperor's family had to think that it needed to give facilitations to the Fujiwara clan to the degree that the Emperor's family entrusted its own succession to the hand of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: この説への批判者は、天皇家が自家の継承まで委ねるほど藤原氏に奉仕しなければならないと考えた動機が不明だとする。
English: The theory arguing that it is a code that advocates the essential manners to rule the nation, such as the emperor's sovereignty over the nation and his posture to practice good governance, or more concretely, it is a code that instituted the despotic ruling, following the emperors in the periods of Sui and Tang.
Japanese: 天皇が国家を統治すべきこと、天皇がどのような態度で統治すべきかといった、国家統治の根本に関わることを定めた法で、具体的には隋や唐の皇帝にならった専制君主と定めたものだとする説である。
English: MIZUNO looked at the point that the Emperor Kanmu's edict summarized 'to accept the Imperial Throne according to the law that Emperor Tenchi established for the first time, and to take the charge,' was modified in the Emperor Montoku's edict and it says 'to take charge of the Imperial Throne according to the law Emperor Tenchi established for the first time,' dropping the words 'to accept.'
Japanese: 水野は、桓武天皇の詔で大略「皇位を天智天皇が初め定めた法に従って受け、仕えよ」とあった箇所が、文徳天皇の詔では「受けよ」が脱落して、「皇位を天智天皇が初め定めた法にしたがって仕えよ」となっていた点に注目した。
English: Then he supposed that Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten during the reign of Emperor Montoku was not considered as the code to rule imperial succession and Emperor Kanmu also had a similar understanding.
Japanese: そこで、文徳天皇の時に不改常典は皇位継承と解されていなかったのであり、それは桓武天皇の場合も同様であると推定した。
English: If Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is not formulated to rule imperial succession, but to advocate the ideal position of the emperors, the edicts of the former emperors as well as the edicts of these emperors in the Heian period would make sense.
Japanese: 不改常典が継承方法ではなく天皇のあり方を規定したものとするなら、前代の詔もこれら平安時代の詔も意味が通る。
English: MIZUNO supposed that in the 6th and 7th century, there was a ruling system in which the country was not reigned by only one Okimi (great king) but was ruled by a group of rulers including Okimi, based on the division of domains, and that Emperor Tenchi tried to change such a function of Okimi (emperor).
Japanese: 水野は、6、7世紀には大王一人が君臨する体制ではなく、大王を含めた支配グループが共同あるいは分業で統治する体制があったと想定し、天智天皇はこのような大王（天皇）のあり方を変えようとしたのだと考えた。
English: Takashi TANAKA assumed that it was not a law to lay down detailed regulations, but to set up the basic principle that Japan was a country that would be successively ruled by the emperors.
Japanese: 田中卓は、細かな規則を定めたのではなく、日本という国は代々天皇が受け継いで統治していくという大原則を定めた法だとした。
English: If standing on this assumption, it seems natural that the code has been cited by each emperor/empress upon his/her enthronement.
Japanese: こう考えると、代々のどの継承時に言及されても自然なものと理解できる。
English: Toward this, some people pose a question on the reason why the Emperor's family needed to set up anew the principle of dominance by the imperial line, having had enjoyed until then a long history of sovereignty.
Japanese: これに対しては、すでに天皇家が長く統治してきた歴史があるのに、改めて皇統君臨の原則を定める必要がどこにあるのかという疑問が出される。
English: And they insist that it is understandable if this code had long existed since the country's foundation and the descriptions in "Nihonshoki" and "Kojiki" (A Record of Ancient Matters) historically back up the existence, however, it doesn't make any sense if the people had followed it only because it was instituted by Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 建国以来の法とするなら理解できるし、『日本書紀』や『古事記』はそのような歴史を記述しているのに、天智天皇が決めたから守るというのは不必要である。
English: The second citation on Fukai-no-Joten in the edict of Empress Genmei, 'the law of the nation's governance legislated as Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten' is an important point of criticism toward the imperial succession code theory.
Japanese: 元明天皇即位詔の二番目の不改常典、「不改常典と立てられた食国法」は、皇位継承法説に対する重要な批判点である。
English: Takashi TAKAHASHI, the first person who paid attention to this point, argued that the law of the nation's governance means a law of ruling and therefore, naturally it means nothing, but the Rituryo codes, and the Ritsuryo established by Emperor Tenchi is Omi-Ryo, thus Fukai-no-Joten/ Fukaijoten is the Omi-Ryo.
Japanese: 初めにこの箇所に着目した高橋崇は、食国法は統治の法のことであるから、律令に他ならず、天智天皇の定めた律令は近江令のことだから、不改常典とは近江令のことであると論じた。