nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This shows that towns and villages of the times had a strong sense of autonomy enough to eliminate interference of outside as much as possible, on the other hand, in the logic of the settlement out of court based on the autonomous function of community, feudal authories considered the conflict between people was supposed to be settled in the community, and that governors (kogi) were only taking a position that could give a right of appeal to people as a 'benefit'.
Japanese: これは当時の町・村が高い自治意識を持って外部からの干渉を極力排除しようとした表れであったが、その一方で共同体の自治機能に基づく「内済」による解決の論理は、封建権力から見れば民衆間の揉め事は共同体内部で解決すべき問題であると捉え、支配者（公儀）は民衆に対する「恩恵」として訴願の権利を与える存在に過ぎなかった。
English: Moreover, in the Japanese (and east Asian) society before modern times that premised absoluteness of domination and order by governors, it gave an effect to deny people's right to ask for trial and to confirm that governors had no obligation to give people a legal protection.
Japanese: なおかつ支配者の統治・命令の絶対性を前提とした前近代の日本（及び東アジア）社会においては、民衆が裁判を請求する権利を否定して支配者が民衆に法的保護を与える義務がないことを認める効果を与えていた。
English: In Edo period, there was civil case called deirisuji against criminal case called ginmisuji, and suits concerning deirisuji that was civil case was called 'kuji', or kujideiri or deirimono.
Japanese: 江戸時代においては吟味筋と称した刑事事件に対して、出入筋と呼ばれる民事事件があり、出入筋に関する訴訟、すなわち民事訴訟を指して「公事」あるいは公事出入・出入物と称した。
English: But actually, in the case being settled out of court or without arbitrator, the necessary procedures were also called 'kujideiri', so attention should be required (In this case, kuji means general trials or suits).
Japanese: ただし、実際には内済・相対で解決される場合においても必要な手続を「公事出入」と称するため、注意を要する（この場合の公事とは前節における一般的な裁判・訴訟を意味する公事の語である）。
English: Kuji could broadly be classified into three categories such as honkuji, kanekuji and nakamagoto, and after receipt of petition, bugyo or daikan (local governor) who were supposed to handle the trial determined which category it corresponded to.
Japanese: 公事には大きく分けて本公事（ほんくじ）と金公事（かねくじ）、仲間事の3つに分けることが出来、訴状が受理された後に審理にあたる奉行・代官がそのいずれにあたるかを判断した。
English: Honkuji referred to conflict related to right for family estate, land, border, adultery (excluding flagrant offender), kosaku (tenant farming), work as servant and so on, while kanekuji referred to suits related to loan subject to interest, deposits or right of pledge.
Japanese: 本公事とは家督や土地、境界、姦通（現行犯を除く）、小作、奉公人関係など権利関係の争いを指し、金公事とは金利利息の付いた金銭貸借及び預金・質権訴訟を指した。
English: As it was defined in Kujigata-osadamegaki (the law of Edo bakufu) that 連判証文有之諸請負徳用割合請取候定・芝居木戸銭・無尽金, nakamagoto referred to suits concerning profit-sharing inside a group such as joint enterprise, mutual loan association, admission of play, fee of prostitute and so on.
Japanese: 仲間事は『公事方御定書』に「連判証文有之諸請負徳用割合請取候定・芝居木戸銭・無尽金」と定義されているように共同事業・無尽・芝居木戸銭・遊女揚代など仲間内部における利益分配を巡る訴訟を指した。
English: However, this distinction was complying with Bakufu Law, so there was difference in classification of case or way to call depending on han, and even in Bakufu Law, classification of case was changeable between honkuji and kanekuji according to times.
Japanese: もっともこの区別は幕府法によるもので、藩によって公事銘の区分や呼称に違いがあったし、幕府法においても時代とともに公事銘（事件類型）の移動（本公事⇔金公事）が生じた。
English: Moreover, suit of kuji was conducted by jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), machi-bugyo (town magistrate), kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance) as well as local governors beneath them, but suit in the area governed by another bugyo, suit with a counterpart living in another territory, or suit between shiryo (private land) was handled by Edo bakufu Hyojosho (conference chamber).
Japanese: なお、公事の訴訟は寺社奉行・町奉行・勘定奉行並び輩下の代官が行ったが、他奉行の支配地域や他領の者との訴訟、私領間の訴訟は江戸幕府評定所が行った。
English: Honkuji contained an element of public benefit, so the suit was basically received by bakufu, but kanekuji was not always received.
Japanese: 本公事は公益的要素も含むために原則的において幕府によって訴訟を受理されたが、金公事は必ずしも受理されるとは限らなかった。
English: This was because, in Confucian feudal society, it was thought that deal accompanied by interest was vulgar, that it should had been based on the mutual trust, and that it was an issue basically to be settled inside.
Japanese: これは儒教的な封建社会において金利を伴う取引が卑しまれた事に加え、こうした取引は相互信頼に基づくものであり本来は内部で解決されるべき問題であると考えられたからである。
English: Nakamagoto couldn't be received because of thinking that it could be built on a strong relationship between two parties, that contents were for the sake of seeking their own interests against feudality and morality, and that the conflict was an issue of responsibility inside group.
Japanese: そして、仲間事に至っては当事者間の強い信頼関係上に成立しかつ内容自体も収益性が強く反封建的・反道徳的なものであり、紛争が生じても仲間内の責任問題であるとして訴訟の受付は行われなかった。
English: Moreover, in thought of law in Japan of the times, executive power and judicial power were not isolated (for example, machi-bugyo 〔town magistrate〕 held both of administration power and judicial power in Edo), on the contrary, securing public security through ginmi (investigation) of ginmisuji that was criminal case was considered a core of public administration.
Japanese: 更に当時の日本の法思想では行政権と司法権の分離は行われておらず（例えば、町奉行は江戸の行政・司法の両方の権限を有する）、却って刑事事件である吟味筋の吟味を通じた治安の確保こそが行政行為の中核と捉えられていた。
English: In addition, as mentioned above, there was a traditional tought that encouraged settlement out of court or without arbitrator, so when people sued, they needed to get through a lot of obstacles before petition was received, such as having nanushi put signature on plaintiff's petition, and in case of suit involving another territory, also attachment of an accompanying letter (daimyo) and another letter called tenkan (hatamoto) from feudal lord, and if documents had deficiency, the suit was turned down.
Japanese: 更に前述のように共同体の自治に基づく内済・相対による解決を良しとする伝統的な思想があり、民衆が訴えを起こす際には原告による訴状に名主の奥印が押されていること、他領にまたがる訴訟の場合には領主による添状（大名）・添簡（旗本）の添付がない場合には書類不備を理由に却下されるなど、訴状を受理されるまでに壁が存在していた。
English: Also, children's sueing parents and follower's sueing a master were regarded as criminal.
Japanese: また、子が親を訴えることや従者が主人を訴えること自体が犯罪とみなされていた。
English: Moreover, bugyo and daikan didn't try to give trial seriously even if received petition, and particularly as for kanekuji, they cooperated with machiyakunin (municipal official) and village officer to insist on their basic policy such as encouraging turning down suit or settlement by talk between both parties such as settlement out of court and without arbitrator (for the purpose of blocking suit to be held).
Japanese: 更に奉行・代官も訴訟を受けても積極的な審理を行わずに、特に金公事に関しては町役人・村役人とともに訴人に対しては訴えの取り下げと内済・相対など当事者間の話し合いによって解決させる事（実際の訴訟に至らしめないこと）を基本方針としていた。
English: Accordingly, it was thought a critical problem that investigation by ginmisuji stagnated due to increase of kuji (specifically kanekuji), so aitai sumashi rei (mutual settlement decree) with which machibugyosho (a town magistrate's office) could refuse receipt of kanekuji itself was often put in force.
Japanese: 従って、公事（特に金公事）の増加によって吟味筋の吟味が滞ることは重大な問題と捉えられ、町奉行所が金公事の受付そのものを拒否する相対済令などがしばしば出された。
English: People who were taken away their right to sue in kuji were compelled to accept without saying anything.
Japanese: 相対済令によって公事の訴権を奪われた人々は泣き寝入りする他無かった。
English: Moreover, in actual legal proceedings, agreement of settlement out of court or without arbitrator, or pursuance of trial was impossible without arbitrator called kujiyado or kujishi that was well informed about legal proceedings.
Japanese: 更に、実際の訴訟手続において法手続きに通じた公事宿・公事師と呼ばれる仲介人なくしては、内済・相対の合意や裁判の遂行は不可能であった。
English: Kujiyado referred to accomodation that received people who had been approved by magitrate's office and came down from a distance for kuji (suit), and kujishi referred to non-certificate agent that handled legal proceedings such as kuji (suit) and trial out of court.
Japanese: 公事宿は奉行所の公認を受けて公事（訴訟）のために遠方から来た者を宿泊させる施設で、公事師は公事（訴訟）や内済の手続代行などを行った非公認の業者である。
English: However, some owners of kujiyado also provided with the same service as kujishi or ran a placement agency of kujishi, so there was no big difference between them.
Japanese: だが、公事宿の経営者の中には公事師と同様の業務を行ったり、公事師の斡旋業を行ったりする者もおり、実態としては大きな違いはなかった。
English: However, there were also some bad kujiyado and kujishi, and they often caused distress to people by cheating and taking away their property.
Japanese: だが、そうした公事宿・公事師の中には悪質な者も存在しており、そうした公事宿・公事師に騙されて却って財産を失うケースも頻発して人々を苦しめた。
English: These things instilled a sense of distrust in people with regard to trials and lawsuits, as well as in the absoluteness of the ruling authority's governance and orders and in the political concept of an appeal being a 'beneficial action'; all of which had a critical impact on the development of the concept of 'rights' and the 'law' in Japan.
Japanese: こうしたことが民衆に裁判・訴訟に対する不信感を植え付けるとともに、それとともに、支配者の統治・命令の絶対性及び訴願そのものを「恩恵的行為」と捉える政治思想が、日本における「権利」意識や「法」観念の発達に深刻な影響を与えることとなる。
English: This deficiency in the system for lawsuits was one reason why the Western powers were unable to give Japan legal protection for its private rights equal to those of Western countries after it opened itself up to the rest of the world; consequently, Japan was forced to accept unequal treaties such those granting extraterritorial rights.
Japanese: また、こうした訴訟体制の不備が日本の開国後に欧米列強から、欧米並みの私権の法的保護を受けられないとする証拠とされ、治外法権などの不平等条約を押し付けられる一因となった
English: It is said that collected Miine (rice for the Emperor) which was cultivated at Kanden (imperial estates) in the Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara) was allocated to Hanryo (food expense) of the Emperor, Empress and Crown Prince ("Saikyuki" (exemplary book on Heian rituals)).
Japanese: 畿内官田の御稲を収納して天皇・中宮・東宮の飯料に充てたという（『西宮記』）。
English: Although Shisho (people who performed miscellaneous duties about documents) of Oiryo was appointed to Azukari (an additional post to the chief of Naizenshi) of Kugoin, but after Hironobu ISOBE was appointed to Azukari in 1002, the Isobe clan inherited a post of Azukari and the right to control Miineta for 15 generations equivalent to about 300 years.
Japanese: 大炊寮史生が供御院の預(官職)に任じられていたが、長保4年（1002年）に磯部広信が預に任じられて以後、15代300年余りにわたって磯部氏が預職とともに御稲田の支配権を世襲した。
English: Since the Nakahara clan also came to inherit Oi no kami, Chief of Oiryo holding juristiction over Kugoin, in the same manner, it was structured to appoint the Isobe clan as Azukari based on the recommendation ('Ryokeninpu' (document of appointment by a chief of bureau) for the Isobe clan, and 'Ryokegyojo' (document of recommendation by a chief of bureau) for the imperial court) by Oi no kami assumed by the Nakahara clan.
Japanese: 供御院を所管した大炊寮の長官である大炊頭も同様に中原氏が世襲するようになり、中原氏の大炊頭の推挙（磯部氏には「寮家任符」・朝廷には「寮家挙状」に基づいて磯部氏の預が任じられる構造となっていた。
English: However, it is said that all disputes which frequently arose between the Nakahara clan and the Isobe clan over the right to control Miineta ended up being won by the Isobe clan ("Rinjisho" (a book describing the Emperor's command)).
Japanese: しかし、御稲田の支配権を巡って中原・磯部両氏間の相論が度々発生したが全て磯部氏側の勝訴に終わったという（『綸旨抄』）。
English: "Takaoka family (Fujiwara cognomen)"- Derived from the branch family of Nakazono of the FUJIWARA no Kinsuke line (one of the Fujiwara clique) of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 【高丘家（藤原姓）】藤原北家藤原公季流（閑院流）藪家（高倉家）庶流中園家の支流に出づ。
English: "Descendant of Koboku of Koryo shi"-Immigrant family that derived from Koboku of Koryo shi, the descendant of Qin's royal family Koryo kun.
Japanese: 【高陵氏高穆後裔】秦王族高陵君参の後裔、高陵氏高穆より出る渡来系一族。
English: Kawachi, the son of Ei Sazanami who was a monk from overseas, was given the name of Sukune TAKAOKA and later that of the Takaoka Ren by the Emperor.
Japanese: 渡来僧の楽浪（さざなみ）詠の子、河内が姓高丘宿祢、のち高丘連を賜う。
English: The kyo-masu is a type of masu (measure) which was designated as the official masu from the late medieval period to the postwar period.
Japanese: 京枡（きょうます）とは、日本の中世末期から戦後にかけて公定の枡として採用されていた枡の様式。
English: Inside, a kyo-masu measures four sun and nine bu (about 14.8 centimeters) in both length and width, and two sun and seven bu (about 8.1 centimeters) in depth, which makes one sho, that is, 64,827 cubic bu; technically, however, these are the measurements of a 'shin Kyo-masu' (new Kyo-masu).
Japanese: 内法（うちのり）は縦横ともに曲尺4寸9分（約14.8センチメートル）四方、深さ2寸7分（約8.1センチメートル）、すなわち容積64827立方分をもって1升としたものである（ただし、厳密にはこれは「新京枡」と呼ばれるものである）。
English: When the Enkyu senjimasu (the nation-wide official measure in the Enkyu era) established by the Imperial Court fell out of use as the political power of the court noble government declined, masu began to be manufactured by a variety of different standards around the country, and the negative effects of this situation worsened in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 公家政権の政治力に低下に伴い、朝廷が定めた延久宣旨枡が用いられなくなると、日本各地でまちまちな基準で枡が作られるようになり、室町時代にはその弊害が深刻化した。
English: When the standardization of masu was called for in the Warring States period, the masu known as the 'Kyoto jugo-masu' (the proper name for kyo-masu) came into use throughout the Kinai region.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると、枡の統一を求める動きが生じ、京都では「京都十合枡」と呼ばれる枡が用いられて畿内一帯で行われた。
English: Nobunaga ODA, who came up to Kyoto in 1568, adopted the 'Kyoto jugo-masu' as the standard masu in his territories, and it was also adopted by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI for use in deciding the initial official productivity estimates (kokumori) of Taiko Land Survey and in collecting land tax.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）に上洛した織田信長は「京都十合枡」を領国内統一の枡として採用し、豊臣秀吉も太閤検地の石盛決定や年貢徴収の際にこの枡を用いた。
English: However, although theories differ, the Kyoto jugo-masu at the time is thought to have been smaller than the modern-day kyo-masu, measuring five sun (about 15.2 centimeters) in both length and width, and two sun and five bu (about 7.6 centimeters) in depth, which equaled 62,500 cubic bu (although another theory exists).
Japanese: ただし、この時の京都十合枡（京枡）は、今日知られる京枡よりも小さく、内法は縦横ともに曲尺5寸（約15.2センチメートル）四方、深さ2寸5分（約7.6センチメートル）、すなわち容積62500立方分であった（異説もある）。
English: The need to maintain accuracy in measurement led to the setup of the Masu-za (monopoly bureau of masu) in Kyoto, which was supervised by Sakuzaemon FUKUI.
Japanese: 枡はその正確性を維持するために枡座と呼ばれる座の設置が認められ、京都では福井作左衛門が管掌していた。
English: On the other hand, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, when transferring his clan to Edo, invited Tozaemon TARUYA from Totomi Domain (his former territory) to come to Edo, and left the manufacture of kyo-masu in Ieyasu's territories in his hands; this later developed into the Edo Masu-za and, after the formation of the Edo shogunate, was deemed as important as the Masu-za in Kyoto.
Japanese: 一方、徳川家康は江戸移封の際に旧領の遠江国の樽屋藤左衛門を江戸に招いて自領における京枡生産を一任し、これが江戸の枡座に発展するとともに江戸幕府成立後には江戸の枡座は京都のそれと同様に重んじられた。
English: As the Edo shogunate was formed, however, control of the Masu-za in Kyoto was relaxed, and the Kanei era saw the manufacture of kyo-masu measuring 64,827 cubic bu, which was larger than those of the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: ところが、江戸幕府の成立によって京都の枡座への統制が緩くなり、寛永年間には豊臣政権時代よりも大きい64827立方分のものが作られるようになった。
English: For that reason, the Edo kyo-masu, which had been produced by traditional methods, came to be called 'Edo-masu,' and a difference was created.
Japanese: このため、従来の製法を維持してきた江戸の京枡は「江戸枡」と称され、差異が生じるようになってしまった。
English: In light of the economic influences in Kyoto and Osaka, the Edo shogunate, in the name of the regulations for unifying kyo-masu unit, determined to designate the existing kyo-masu as official and to divide 66 provinces around the country into the East and West: the East and the West would be in charge of the Edo Masu-za and the Kyo Masu-za, respectively, each having the rights to the exclusive manufacture, sale and screening of kyo-masu, and the law allowed severe punishment for the manufacture and sale of fake masu.
Japanese: そのため、寛文9年2月18日に江戸幕府は京都・大坂の経済的影響力の観点から、現行の京枡をもって統一した公定枡とすること、全国66国を東西に分割して東側を江戸枡座が西側を京枡座が管掌し、それぞれに京枡の独占的製造・販売権・検定権を与え、偽の枡の製造販売を厳罰に処することとした（「京枡統一令」）。
English: This is what is known today as a kyo-masu, but since it differs from the kyo-masu made in Edo during the Toyotomi government and the early Edo period, as stated above, it is sometimes called "shin-kyomasu" to distinguish from the previous kyo-masu.
Japanese: これが今日知られる京枡であるが、前述のように豊臣政権・江戸幕府初期の京枡（江戸枡）とは異なるものであるために、新京枡（しんきょうます）と呼称してそれ以前の京枡と区別される場合がある。
English: There were two types of kyo-masu during the Edo period: the Tsurugane-masu (a masu for measuring grain), which had a steel bar fixed diagonally onto its upper edge, and the Kiji-masu (a masu for measuring liquid).
Japanese: 江戸時代の京枡には穀用の「弦鉄枡（つるがねます）」と液用の「木地枡（きじます）」の2種類があり、前者には口辺に対角線状の鉄準（弦鉄）を渡していた。
English: Both came in seven types: one go, two and a half go, five go, one sho, five sho, seven sho, and one to.
Japanese: 種類はともに1合・2合半・5合・1升・5升・7升・1斗の7種類存在した。
English: Though shogunal demesne and many domains purchased masu from their Masu-za to distribute in their own territories, some of the major historic domains held firmly to their ancestral masu, while others ordered their designated Masu-za, most of whom were merchants in the domain, to manufacture masu identical to kyo-masu, thus refusing the orders from the shogunate government; this custom is called 'han-masu' (masu of the domain).
Japanese: 天領や多くの藩では枡座から購入して自領に流通させていたが、歴史ある大藩の中には自藩伝来の枡を固守したり、京枡と同一の枡を自藩もしくは自藩指定の枡座（多くは藩内の商人）に製造させたりするなど独自の藩法に基づく枡を用いて幕府の命令を拒絶した（藩枡）。
English: Since no domain was able to thrive economically without trading with Kyoto and Osaka, the center of kyo-masu territory, even the domain that maintained their own han-masu gradually began to manufacture masu that complied with kyo-masu.
Japanese: もっとも、どこの藩経済も京枡の中心である京都・大坂との取引なくして成り立たない時代となっていたため、藩枡を維持している藩でも次第に京枡準拠のものを作るようになっていった。
English: Not all clans and lords adopted kyo-masu, and some merchants used masu that were not kyo-masu for illicit purposes; this made the unification of masu extremely difficult.
Japanese: もっとも、全ての藩もしくは領主が京枡に従った訳ではなく、また一部商人なども含めて不正目的で京枡と異なる枡を用いる場合もあったため、枡の統一は困難をきわめた。
English: The Meiji government adopted a policy of maintaining the shaku-and-kan measuring system (length by the shaku and weight by the kan) in 1870, but with the Meiji Weights and Measures Control Law in 1875, a decision was made to abolish Masu-za and to leave the manufacture and sale of masu to the private sector with calibration conducted by the government.
Japanese: 明治政府は明治3年（1870年）に尺貫法を維持して京枡をそのまま用いる方針を採ったが、明治8年（1875年）の度量衡取締条例によって枡座を廃止して検定は政府が行い、製造・販売は民間に任せる方針を打ち出した。
English: Subsequently, when the metric system was implemented in 1959 and came into full use five years later, kyo-masu went completely out of use.
Japanese: その後、昭和34年（1959年）のメートル法実施と5年後の完全移行に伴って京枡はその使命を終えることになった。
English: Yusocho refers to an account book recording accurate figures of Denso (rice field tax) and Jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) actually collected in one year in order for the Ritsuryo government (ancient Japanese government of centralized governance) to survey the actual performance of government affairs by Kokushi (provincial governor), which was always carried by Kochoshi, one of Shidoshi dispatched to the capital by Kokushi, in charge of submitting Chocho (list of choyo (tribute and labor) and was submitted by Minbusho (the Ministry of Popular Affairs) by order of the government.
Japanese: 輸租帳（ゆそちょう）とは、律令政府が国司の政務実績を調査するために毎年1年間に実際に収納した田租・地子に関する正確な数値を書き上げさせた上で、国司が都に派遣する四度使のうち調帳を提出する貢調使に携帯をさせて民部省に提出させた帳簿。
English: It is possible to know the image from itsubun (a composition previously existed but doesn't exist now) of Yusocho of Hamana County, Totomi Province which was created in 740 and constituted part of Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Kyakushiki code (amendments and enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)) of Shuzeiryo (Bureau of Taxation) and Shoso-in Monjo (Shoso-in Temple archives).
Japanese: 延喜式主税寮格式と正倉院文書の一部となっている天平12年（740年）作成の遠江国浜名郡の輸租帳の逸文からおおよその姿を知ることが可能である。
English: According to such itsubun, what was listed firstly was the total area of rice field and the number of ketsujoden (the number of lacking and/or surplus fields), and what was listed secondly was the breakdown of special fields such as Fuyusoden (tax free rice field) and so on, and then the breakdown and total amount of Denso (rice field tax) and Jishi (land taxes under the Ritsuryo system) were listed.
Japanese: それによれば、まず国内の総田積と前年の欠乗田数（田の過不足数）を挙げ、次に不輸租田などの特殊な田の内訳を挙げ、更に田租や地子の内訳・総額を挙げる。
English: Although the same kinds of items were listed for each country afterward, if a reduction of or exemption from Denso/Jishi was conducted at that time due to a disaster and so on, a reason for such reduction or exemption, actual amount of reduction or exemption and a list of names of persons (Kyomyo (list of many names)) subject to such reduction or exemption were described.
Japanese: 以後、各郡ごとに同様の記録を掲げていくが、その際に災害などで田租・地子の減免が行われた場合にはその理由と実際に減免の減免額やこれを受けた者の名前の一覧（交名）を記載していく。
English: From the Yusocho of Totomi Province, it is found that measures of reduction or exemption at that time ('Hanyu' conducting a reduction or exemption in proportion to damage if the damage was not more than four bu, 'Denso-men' (exemption from Denso) for damage not less than five bu, 'Socho-men' (exemption from Socho (taxes paid by rice and textiles) for damage not less than seven bu, and 'Soyocho-men' (exemption from Soyocho (taxes paid by rice, labor and textiles) for damage not less than eight bu) were taken faithfully, and it is possible to know that its form mostly accorded with the form prescribed by Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) which was written more than 150 years later.
Japanese: 遠江国の輸租帳からは当時の減免措置（4分以下の損害ならそれに比例した減免を行う「半輸」、5分以上なら「田租免」、7分以上なら「租調免」、8分以上なら「租庸調免」）が忠実に行われていたことを伺わせ、かつその書式が150年以上後に書かれた延喜式所定の書式とほぼ合致することを知ることが可能である。
English: However, since it was treated as materials necessary for examination at zuryo koka sadame (the conference for judging Zuryo's result) along with Shozeicho (balance sheets of tax rice), Yusocho was created until the 12th century, but it is said that descriptions contained in Yusocho were excerpts from and copies of past records which did not mirror reality (Socho of Settsu Province believed to be made in 1120 and so on).
Japanese: しかし、正税帳とともに受領功過定の審査に必要な資料とされていたため、12世紀までは作成されていたものの、現実を反映していない過去の記録の引き写しであったと言われている（保安(日本)元年（1120年）作成とされる摂津国租帳など）。
English: Nuinotsukasa was one of 12 offices in the Ladies Quarters, and responsible for sewing garments, braiding plaited cords, and also managed the court ladies' serving and entering the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 縫司（ぬいのつかさ）は、後宮十二司の一つで、衣服の裁縫、組紐を編むことをつかさどり、また女官の出仕・朝参のことを管理した役所を指す。
English: Omagaki refers to Myobo (identification) listing names of vacant government posts subject to appointment and candidates for such government posts at the time of appointment in Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) regularly held in Spring and Autumn.
Japanese: 大間書（おおまがき）とは、春と秋の恒例の除目における任官に際して、任官の対象となる欠員の官職の名称とその候補者を列記した名簿のこと。
English: The list came to be called Omagaki because a blank space (between lines) was set as large, in advance, in order to enter Ikai (Court rank) and Shisei (name) of candidates (Jugan (completion of document only with information on Ikai or government post by entering names) when listing names of vacant government posts in order to create the original copy.
Japanese: 原紙を作成のために欠員の官職名を列記する際に予め候補者の位階氏姓名を記入する（入眼（じゅがん））を行うための空白（間）が大きく開けられていたことから、「大間書」と呼ばれた。
English: Firstly, Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) created the original copy before Jimoku, and made a list of vacant government posts (Shitokan (four classifications of bureaucrats' ranks) and Honkan (ranks)) in a range from Jingikan (officer of the institution for dedicating to religious ceremony) and Dajokan (Grand Council of State) to Hassho (eight ministries and agencies), Hikan (low-level bureaucrat) of Hassho, Danjodai (Board of Censors), Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau), Jusenshi (administrative officer who oversaw the minting of coins), Kokushi (provincial governor) of Ryoseikoku (province), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) (in order of Goki-Shichido (five provinces and seven circuits), Efu (place of guard), Meryo (the section taking care of imperial horses), Hyogoryo (Bureau of Military Storehouse) and Chinju-fu (Pacification and Defense Headquarters).
Japanese: まず除目に先立って外記が原紙を作成し、神祇官・太政官から八省及びその被官、弾正台・京職・鋳銭使・令制国国司及び大宰府（五畿七道順）・衛府・馬寮・兵庫寮・鎮守府までの欠員の官職（四等官及び品官）が一覧として記される。
English: After the personnel was decided through deliberations for Jimoku, a minister in charge of Shuhitsu (writing) conducted Jugan of filling blank spaces with notes such as Ikai, Shisei and pension of candidates, addionally described a date in the last line of Omagaki, and submitted Omagaki to the Emperor for inspection.
Japanese: 除目の銓擬（せんぎ）によって人事が決定された後に執筆（しゅひつ）を担当する大臣が空白部分に候補者の位階氏姓名及び年給などの注記を記入する入眼を行って大間書の最後に日付を書き加えて天皇の奏覧を受ける。