nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, the political structure and financial/military support at that time were insufficient to maintain such a situation, and because many Emperors were young and short-lived in the middle of the Heian period, there was no Joko with the energy and health needed to exercise sufficient authority; consequently, this structure by which authority was exercised by the Emperor's father gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a system called Sekkan seiji (摂関政治), in which a member of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan exercised rights and performed duties in place of the Emperor, became widespread.
Japanese: だが、当時はまだこの状態を常に維持するための政治的組織や財政的・軍事的裏付けが不十分であり、平安時代中期には幼く短命な天皇が多く十分な指導力を発揮するための若さと健康を保持した上皇が絶えて久しかったために、父系によるこの仕組みは衰退し、代わりに母系にあたる天皇の外祖父の地位を占めた藤原北家が天皇の職務・権利を代理・代行する摂関政治が隆盛していくことになる。
English: However, when Emperor Gosanjo succeeded to the throne in 1068, the situation changed dramatically.
Japanese: だが、治暦4年（1068年）の後三条天皇の即位はその状況に大きな変化をもたらした。
English: Throughout the Heian period, the stabilization of imperial succession was considered to be a major political issue, and in the drive to unite the line of emperors to the descendants of Emperor Ichijo, Emperor Gosanjo succeeded to the throne.
Japanese: 平安時代を通じて皇位継承の安定が大きな政治課題とされており、皇統を一条天皇系へ統一するという流れの中で、後三条が即位することとなった。
English: Gosanjo was the first Emperor in 170 years whose cognates were not from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (Sekkan-ke (摂関家)), and this was another sign that Sekkan seiji, the authority of which was based on the position as being conducted by cognates of the Emperor, was beginning to waver.
Japanese: 後三条は、宇多天皇以来藤原北家（後三条天皇）を外戚に持たない170年ぶりの天皇であり、外戚の地位を権力の源泉としていた摂関政治がここに揺らぎ始めることとなる。
English: Many emperors prior to Emperor Gosanjo also planned and implemented a series of policies called 'new policies,' being intended for establishment of sovereignty and the revival of ritsuryo legal codes, which they enacted immediately after succeeding to the throne; but Emperor Gosanjo conducted active policies, including Enkyu-no Shoen Seiri-rei (an order given in the Enkyu era to consolidate manors) (in 1069), supported by his advantage of not having Sekkan-ke as his cognates.
Japanese: 後三条天皇以前の天皇の多くも即位した直後に、王権の確立と律令の復興を企図して「新政」と称した一連の政策を企画実行していたが、後三条天皇は外戚に摂関家を持たない強みも背景として、延久の荘園整理令（1069年）などより積極的な政策展開を行った。
English: In 1072, Emperor Gosanjo abdicated in favor of his first son, Imperial Prince Sadahito (Emperor Shirakawa), but died immediately thereafter of an illness.
Japanese: 延久4年（1072年）に後三条天皇は第一皇子貞仁親王（白河天皇）へ生前譲位したが、その直後に病没してしまう。
English: Because Jien asserted that Emperor Gosanjo at that time was intent upon initiating insei ("Gukansho"), Chikafusa KITABATAKE ("Jinno-Shoto-ki"), Hakuseki ARAI ("Tokushiyoron"), Katsumi KUROITA, Hiroyuki MIURA, etc., also supported such an assumption; however, there were different views, such as that of Hidematsu WADA, who asserted that the initiation of insei was not intended due to three reasons--disasters/accidents, Gosanjo's illness and Imperial Prince Sanehito's assumption of the position as the Crown Prince--which reasons were limited only to illness by Kiyoshi HIRAIZUMI.
Japanese: このとき、後三条天皇は院政を開始する意図を持っていたとする見解が慈円により主張されて（『愚管抄』）以来、北畠親房（『神皇正統記』）、新井白石（『読史余論』）、黒板勝美、三浦周行などにより主張されていたが、和田英松が、災害異変、後三条の病気、実仁親王(平安時代)の立東宮の3点が譲位の理由であり院政開始は企図されていなかったと主張し、平泉澄が病気のみに限定するなど異論が出された。
English: In recent years, Shigeki YOSHIMURA has been asserted on the grounds that there was no sharp rise in disasters/accidents at that time, and Gosanjo's illness (assumed to be diabetes) became significantly worse only after his abdication, and that this was intended for the expansion of sovereignty by having Imperial Prince Sanehito, who did not have Sekkan-ke as cognates, succeed to the throne, thereby preventing the return to Sekkan seiji; however, there was no intention to start insei, and consequently such a view has become accepted.
Japanese: 近年では吉村茂樹が、当時の災害異変が突出していないこと、後三条の病気（糖尿病と推定されている）が重篤化したのが退位後であることを理由として、摂関家を外戚に持たない実仁親王に皇位を継承させることによる王権の拡大を意図し、摂関政治への回帰を阻止したものであって院政の意図はなかったと主張し、通説化している。
English: There are also such opinions as that of Kei MIKAWA, who considered that the initial purpose of insei was to control the right to decide who would succeed the throne; this view places importance on the fact that the expansion of sovereignty was intended.
Japanese: しかしながら美川圭のように、院政の当初の目的を皇位決定権の掌握と見て、王権の拡大を意図したこと自体を重要視する意見も出ている。
English: On the other hand, the view that insei started before the reign of Emperor Gosanjo has become more prevalent in recent years, since it is increasingly apparent that Emperor Uda conducted virtual insei after he abdicated to Emperor Daigo to become Hoo (法皇) as the result of the new Emperor's illness, and based on the view that Emperor Enyu was opposed to Kaneie FUJIWARA, a regent and his maternal grandfather, since Enyu tried to participate in political affairs after his abdication and succession of the throne by his son, Emperor Ichijo.
Japanese: その一方で、近年では宇多天皇が醍醐天皇に譲位して法皇となった後に天皇の病気に伴って実質上の院政を行っていた事が明らかになった事や、円融天皇が退位後に息子の一条天皇が皇位を継ぐと政務を見ようとしたために外祖父である摂政藤原兼家と対立していたという説もあり、院政の嚆矢を後三条天皇よりも以前に見る説が有力となっている。
English: Shirakawa, the Emperor who followed, was related to Sekkan-ke on his mother's side, but he conducted direct government in a manner similar to that of Gosanjo.
Japanese: 次の白河は摂関家を外戚に持つ天皇であったが、後三条と同様に親政を行った。
English: In 1086, Shirakawa abdicated to Imperial Prince Taruhito (Emperor Horikawa), who was then eight years old; he named himself Shirakawa-in and became Dajo Emperor (Joko), but to oversee the young Emperor he continued the conduct of political affairs.
Japanese: 白河は応徳3年（1086年）に当時8歳の善仁皇子（堀河天皇）へ譲位し太上天皇（上皇）となったが、幼帝を後見するため白川院と称して、引き続き政務に当たった。
English: When Horikawa died in 1107, his prince (Emperor Toba) succeeded the throne at age four; and Shirakawa succeeded in strengthening insei relative to the era of Horikawa, where some originality in government by the Emperor was seen.
Japanese: 嘉承2年（1107年）に堀河が没するとその皇子（鳥羽天皇）が4歳で即位し、独自性が見られた堀河時代より白河は院政を強化することに成功した。
English: From Shirakawa onward, the jokos who conducted Insei reigned as if they were chiten-no-kimi, being virtual emperors, while the actual emperors were described as being 'as if they were the crown princes.'
Japanese: 白河以後、院政を布いた上皇は治天の君、すなわち事実上の国王として君臨し、天皇は「まるで東宮（皇太子）のようだ」と言われるようになった。
English: In the beginning, Shirakawa did not intend to institute the insei system, but it was established nevertheless.
Japanese: ただし、白河は当初からそのような院政体制を意図していたわけではなく、結果的にそうなったともいえる。
English: The primary intention of Shirakawa was to stabilize the imperial succession (or the exclusive succession by his own blood).
Japanese: 白河の本来の意志は、皇位継承の安定化（というより自系統による皇位独占）という意図があった。
English: Although his younger brothers, Imperial Prince Sanehito and Imperial Prince Sukehito, were strong candidates for the Imperial succession, he passed the throne to his son Imperial Prince Taruhito, so that his younger brothers (and the nobles supporting them) would give up their hopes for the throne.
Japanese: 弟である実仁親王・輔仁親王が有力な皇位継承候補として存在している中、我が子である善仁親王に皇位を譲ることでこれら弟の皇位継承（およびそれを支持する貴族）を断念させる意図があった。
English: Although imperial succession by direct descendants was ideal, a male successor to the throne was not always assured, and at all times there was the risk that the line of succession could be severed.
Japanese: 直系相続による皇位継承は理想的である反面、皇位継承男子が必ずしも確保できる訳ではなく、常に皇統断絶の不安がつきまとう。
English: Under the insei system, as the 'chiten-no-kimi' was able to nominate his immediate and subsequent successors to the throne, a relatively stable Imperial succession was possible; moreover, it was possible to reflect the intention of the 'chiten-no-kimi' in the Imperial succession.
Japanese: 院政の下では、「治天の君」が次代・次々代の天皇を指名できたので、比較的安定した皇位継承が実現でき、皇位継承に「治天の君」の意向を反映させることも可能であった。
English: This is markedly different from the case of Sekkan seiji, where the intention of Sekkan-ke was strongly reflected in the imperial succession.
Japanese: 摂関政治の下で、皇位継承に摂関家の意向が大きく反映していたのと大きく異なっている。
English: Because insei was based on direct paternal rights, contrary to the Sekkan government, whereby the regents/kampakus conducted political affairs through their ties as cognates of the Emperor, insei facilitated a despotic form of government.
Japanese: また、外戚関係を媒介に摂政関白として政務にあたる摂関政治と異なって、院政は直接的な父権に基づくものであったため、専制的な統治を可能としていた。
English: The jokos who conducted Insei established Incho (院庁) as their own political office and therefore issued written orders such as Inzen (院宣)/In-no-cho Kudashibumi (院庁下文), etc.
Japanese: 院政を布く上皇は、自己の政務機関として院庁を設置し、院宣・院庁下文などの命令文書を発給した。
English: Earlier theories asserted that political affairs were in fact conducted at Incho, but Shigeo SUZUKI asserted that no details regarding national government could be seen in the documents issued by Incho at that time, and Yoshihiko HASHIMOTO, based on this fact, strongly criticized the view that political affairs were conducted at Incho; consequently, in recent years it has become the prevalent view that the In put pressure on the Imperial Court by using inzen, which had the aspect of a non-official document, and that by placing his aides in positions of general council of state he took virtual control of the government.
Japanese: 従来の学説では院庁において実際の政務が執られたとされていたが、鈴木茂男が当時の院庁発給文書に国政に関する内容が認められないことを主張し、橋本義彦がこれを受けて院庁政治論を痛烈に批判したため近年では、非公式の私文書としての側面のある院宣を用いて朝廷に圧力をかけ、院独自の側近を院の近臣として太政官内に送り込むことによって事実上の指揮を執ったとする見解が有力となっている。
English: Also, as the Joko appointed samurai powers, mainly to the Hei-shi clan, such as by establishing the Joko's own military organization, Hokumen-no Bushi (北面の武士), the power of the Hei-shi clan increased.
Japanese: また、上皇独自の軍事組織として北面の武士を置くなど、平氏を主とした武士勢力の登用を図ったため、平氏権力の成長を促した。
English: Shirakawa died after placing Toba's first prince (Emperor Sutoku) on the throne, and Toba started to conduct Insei, but Toba turned a cold shoulder to Sutoku and had him succeed the Imperial Throne to Toba's ninth prince, Emperor Konoe (whose mother was FUJIWARA no Nariko) (after Konoe's death, his elder brother, Emperor Goshirakawa, whose mother was FUJIWARA no Shoshi, succeeded to the throne).
Japanese: 白河は、鳥羽の第一皇子（崇徳天皇）を皇位につけた後に没し、鳥羽が院政を布くこととなったが、鳥羽は崇徳を疎んじ、第九皇子である近衛天皇（母、藤原得子）へ皇位を継がせた（近衛没後はその兄の後白河天皇（母、藤原璋子）が継いだ）。
English: Subsequently, immediately after Toba died in 1156, war broke out between Sutoku and Goshirakawa, and Goshirakawa won (in the Hogen Rebellion).
Japanese: そして、保元元年（1156年）に鳥羽が没した直後、崇徳と後白河の間で戦闘が起こり、後白河が勝利した（保元の乱）。
English: Goshirakawa, after abdicating in favor of Emperor Nijo in 1158, established insei.
Japanese: 後白河は保元3年（1158年）に二条天皇へ譲位すると院政を開始した。
English: The period of insei by Goshirakawa was the age in which the samurai quickly rose to power, as can be seen in the Heiji Rebellion, the entry and fall of the government by TAIRA no Kiyomori, the occurrence of Jisho Jyuei Rebellion and the establishment of Kamakura Bakufu by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, etc.
Japanese: 後白河院政期には、平治の乱と平清盛政権の登場およびその崩壊、治承・寿永の内乱の勃発、源頼朝の鎌倉幕府成立など、武士が一気に台頭する時代となった。
English: Gotoba-in tried to seize the opportunity of the assassination of Shogun MINAMOTO no Sanetomo, seeking to revive the imperial power and overthrow Kamakura Bakufu, but he failed (the Jokyu Rebellion); instead he was banished, and this brought about the weakening of imperial power and intervention in the Imperial Court by the regent Hojo clan.
Japanese: 後鳥羽院は、将軍源実朝が暗殺された事を好機とし、皇権復興を企図して鎌倉幕府を倒そうとしたが失敗（承久の乱）、自身は流罪となった上、皇権の低下と朝廷へ執権北条氏の介入を招いてしまった。
English: Upon Emperor Gohorikawa's succession to the throne after the rebellion, his father, Imperial Prince Morisada, conducted insei without in fact becoming the Emperor (Gotakakura-in).
Japanese: 乱後、後堀河天皇が即位するとその父親である守貞親王が例外的に皇位を経ずして院政を行う（後高倉院）という事態も発生している。
English: Particularly, during the age of Emperor Gosaga, who conducted the first full-scale insei after the rebellion, various systems of insei were organized.
Japanese: 特に乱以後初めて本格的な院政を布いた後嵯峨天皇に院政諸制度が整備されている。
English: Gosaga-in strengthened the function of insei by formalizing the system of delivery, which was a position for the delivery of reports from Benkan (弁官) and Kurodo (蔵人) to the Emperor, and by establishing In-no-hyojo, where the In, together with Hyojo-shu, participated in decision/permission regarding lawsuits.
Japanese: 後嵯峨院は、奏事（弁官や蔵人による奏上）を取り次ぐ役職である伝奏の制度化、そして院が評定衆とともに相論（訴訟）裁許に当たる院評定を確立し、院政の機能強化に努めた。
English: During the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Godaigo conducted direct government and insei was discontinued for a certain period, but after a few years insei was revived by Hokucho (北朝) and continued after the start of the Muromachi period; however, when Emperor Gokomatsu died in 1433, insei virtually ended.
Japanese: 建武新政期には後醍醐天皇が親政を行い院政は一時期中断したが、数年の後に北朝による院政が復活し、室町時代に入ってから院政は継続したが、永享5年（1433年）に後小松天皇が死去すると院政は事実上の終焉を迎えた。
English: Consequently, insei has been conducted from time to time since then, but it has been in form only.
Japanese: これ以降、院政は度々執られたが、あくまで形式上の存在でしかなくなっていったためである。
English: During the Edo period, based on "Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto (禁中並公家諸法度)," Edo Bakufu began to intervene significantly in the Imperial Court, and as a result it became nearly impossible for a member of the Imperial Family to participate in political affairs.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、『禁中並公家諸法度』に基づいて江戸幕府の対朝廷介入は本格化し、皇族の政治介入はほとんど出来なくなった。
English: The system was established when Emperor Meisho, whose cognates were the Tokugawa clan, succeeded to the throne, but as insei by Emperor Gomizunoo was conducted during the reign of Meisho, Meisho never had actual power in the Imperial Court; instead, the actual power of the court was concentrated in Emperor Gomizunoo.
Japanese: 徳川氏を外戚に持つ明正天皇の即位でこの体制は確立されるが、明正の治世中は後水尾天皇による院政が敷かれたため、明正が朝廷に於ける実権を持つことは無く、後水尾上皇に朝廷内の実権が集中した。
English: Subsequently, when Emperor Reigen conducted insei, discord arose continually with Edo Bakufu, and the relationship with Edo Bakufu became tense.
Japanese: さらに、霊元天皇が院政を行うと、江戸幕府との間に確執を生み、朝幕関係に緊張を走らせた。
English: Because insei was outside the legal framework of the Imperial Court from its establishment, it could not be controlled by "Kinchu Narabini Kuge Shohatto"; thus it became apparent that there was a limit to how far the Edo bakufu could control the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 元々院政は朝廷の法体系の枠外の仕組みであったがために、『禁中並公家諸法度』ではそれを統制できず、江戸幕府による朝廷の統制に限界があることを露呈した格好となった。
English: At the end of the Edo period, Emperor Kokaku, who was from Kanin-no-miya (閑院宮), abdicated to his son, Emperor Ninko, and conducted insei, which is currently considered to be the last occurrence of insei.
Japanese: 江戸時代末期（文化年間～弘化年間）に閑院宮出身の光格天皇が、息子の仁孝天皇に譲位して院政を行ったが、これが現在において最後の院政である。
English: In Article 10 of the Imperial Household Law (enacted in 1889), it was specified that, 'upon the demise of the Emperor, his heir will succeed to the throne and to the sacred treasures'; this prohibited abdication by the Emperor will still alive, and the succession of the Imperial Throne was therefore only allowed upon the Emperor's death.
Japanese: 1889年に制定された皇室典範第10条「天皇崩スルトキハ皇嗣即チ践祚シ祖宗ノ神器ヲ承ク」によって天皇の譲位は禁止され、天皇の死去によってのみ皇位の継承がおこなわれることが規定された。
English: In the current Imperial Household Law, enacted in 1947 following the defeat in World War II, Article 4 sets forth that, 'upon the death of the Emperor, his heir shall immediately succeed to the throne'; that the position as Emperor is for a lifetime and can only be succeeded upon the Emperor's death.
Japanese: そして敗戦後の1947年に法律として制定された現行の皇室典範でも、第4条で「天皇が崩じたときは、皇嗣が、直ちに即位する」とし、皇位は終身制であり、皇位の継承は天皇の死去によってのみおこなわれることを定めている。
English: Furthermore, Article 2 set forth the order of succession to the Imperial Throne, and Article 3 set forth with respect to any change in such order; thus it became impossible for the Emperor to name an heir at his own will.
Japanese: さらに第2条で皇位継承の順序を、第3条でその順序の変更について規定しており、天皇が自らの意思によって継承者を指名できなくなっている。
English: The political system where a person who abdicates the throne conducts virtual political affairs is extremely rare as a permanent system in world history, and basically the only similar case is that of the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam.
Japanese: 君主位譲位者が後継者の後見として実質的な政務を行うという政治体制は、恒久的な制度としては世界史的にきわめて稀であり、他にはヴェトナムの陳朝にその例を見る程度である。
English: It is a simile for the condition where, although the head of an organization leaves his position, he still continues to exercise decisive influence over executives.
Japanese: 組織のトップが公的地位を去り、なおも執行部に対して決定的な影響を常時与える形態を指す比喩である。
English: In politics, a case where a prime minister has had no choice but to resign due to a scandal, etc., but retains the strongest influence within the ruling party, is referred to as 'insei.'
Japanese: 政治においては、スキャンダル等によって退陣を余儀なくされた内閣総理大臣が、なお与党内において最も強力な影響力を保持している場合に「院政」の比喩が用いられる。
English: For example, the Sosuke UNO government and Toshiki KAIFU government, which were established after the resignation of Noboru TAKESHITA, were once referred to as 'Takeshita insei' (although it is not clear whether this is a fact).
Japanese: 例えば、竹下登が政権退陣した後の宇野宗佑政権・海部俊樹政権が「竹下院政」と称されたことがある（事実がそうであるかは不明）。
English: In modern Japan, 'insei' is used to mean the subject person assumes a position that nominally does not have actual power, primarily for the purpose of exercising virtual power, thereby avoiding legal/moral responsibilities accompanying the exercise of power; it differs in essence from insei in its historical connotation.
Japanese: 現代日本政治の「院政」は、名目上実権を持たない地位に就いて実質的な権力を行使することにより、権力行使に伴う法的・道義的責任を回避することを主目的とする意味で使われており、歴史上の院政とは本質的に異なる。
English: Also, similar situations in companies or groups are sometimes described as insei, but in such cases the further strengthening of power is sought by deciding on a loyal right-hand man or a relative as one's successor.
Japanese: また企業や団体での類似の現象も院政と比喩されることがあるが、この場合は忠実な腹心や縁者を後継者として確定させることにより権力の更なる強化を図る意味合いが強い。
English: The Azuchi Momoyama period (1568 - 1603) is one of the age classifications in Japan, referring to the period in which Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI held the right to rule Japan (Oda government, Toyotomi government).
Japanese: 安土桃山時代（あづちももやまじだい、1568年-1603年）とは、織田信長と豊臣秀吉が天下人として日本の統治権を握っていた（織田政権・豊臣政権）時代を指す、日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
English: This period is also referred to as the Shokuho (織豊) period or the Azuchi Osaka period.
Japanese: 織豊時代（しょくほうじだい）や安土大坂時代（あづちおおさかじだい）とも言う。
English: Also, because the name of the era used for most of the Azuchi Momoyama period was Tensho (天正), it is sometimes referred to as the Tensho period.
Japanese: また、安土桃山時代の元号の大部分が天正だったので、天正時代（てんしょうじだい）と呼ぶこともある。
English: The name given to this period is based on the name of the castle where Nobunaga ODA resided, Azuchi-jo Castle, and the name of the castle where Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI resided, Momoyama-jo Castle (also known as Fushimi-jo Castle).
Japanese: 織田信長の居城であった安土城、豊臣秀吉の居城であった伏見城（桃山）から、このように呼ばれる。
English: Particularly, the latter half of this period, when the Toyotomi family tried to control the entire country, is referred to as the Momoyama period, and the culture that flourished in this age is called the Momoyama culture.
Japanese: 特に、豊臣家が全国支配を担った後半を桃山時代といい、この時代を中心に栄えた文化を桃山文化と呼ぶ。
English: However, the name of Momoyama (meaning peach mountain) was taken from the fact that peach trees were grown on the site of Fushimi-jo Castle, which was destroyed in the Edo Period, which indicates that a castle called Momoyama-jo Castle existed.
Japanese: ただし、桃山の名称は江戸時代になって廃城された伏見城の跡地に桃の木が植えられたことから名付けられたもので、桃山城と呼ばれる城が存在したわけではない。
English: Therefore, if we are to respect the historical background, the "Fushimi Period" will be a more appropriate name, but in the first place Azuchi-jo Castle existed only for slightly more than three years after its completion, and in the case of Fushimi-jo Castle (Mt. Kohata), Hideyoshi died just two years after its completion; consequently, the time both rulers stayed within the respective castles was short, and thus some assert that the use of the name of the castles to symbolize the period is not appropriate.
Japanese: そのため、歴史的経緯を尊重するなら“伏見時代”の方が適切な呼称となるが、そもそも、安土城は完成からわずか3年余りしか存在しておらず、伏見城（木幡山）も完成から2年後に秀吉が死去するなど、それぞれ在城は短期間であり、これらを時代の呼称に用いること自体が適切ではないという主張もある。
English: Because of such reasons, the name of Shokuho Period is also spreading in recent years, and some suggest the names of Azuchi Osaka Period or Tensho Period.
Japanese: そのため、近年は織豊時代という呼び方も広まっており、安土大坂時代、または天正時代の呼称を提案するひともいる。
English: As for the start, a strong view is that the period started in 1568 when Nobunaga ODA obeyed Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and arrived in Kyoto, but others assert that it was in 1573, when Yoshiaki was banished from Kyoto, or 1576, when the construction of Azuchi-jo Castle started.
Japanese: 始期は織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛した永禄11年（1568年）が有力であるが、義昭が京都から放逐された元亀4年（1573年）、安土城の築城が始まった天正4年（1576年）とする考えもある。
English: Regarding the end, there are such views as it was in 1598, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI died, or in 1600 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA won the Battle of Sekigahara, or in 1603 when Ieyasu established the Edo Bakufu, etc.
Japanese: 終期は、豊臣秀吉が死去した慶長3年（1598年）、関ヶ原の戦いで徳川家康が勝利した慶長5年（1600年）、家康が征夷大将軍に任じられ江戸幕府を開いた慶長8年（1603年）などがある。
English: In any case, it is a matter of where to divide 'the period of Oda/Toyotomi,' but the definition of this period has become complicated because it overlaps the Muromachi period and the age of civil war (Japan).
Japanese: 何れにしても、「織田・豊臣の時代」という概念をどこで区分するかの違いではあるが、室町時代、戦国時代(日本)と重複してしまうことが、その定義付けを複雑化させている。
English: Among the daimyos of the age of civil war, Nobunaga ODA's powers gradually became extremely strong, and by obeying Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA and arriving in Kyoto, government by Nobunaga began.
Japanese: 戦国大名の中で織田信長の勢力が次第に強大になり、足利義昭を奉じて京都に上洛したことで、信長による政権の運営が始まることになった。
English: When he exiled Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA from Kyoto in 1573, Muromachi Bakufu virtually collapsed, and the Oda government was established in name and reality.
Japanese: 元亀4年（1573年）に足利義昭を京から放逐すると、室町幕府は事実上崩壊し、名実共に織田政権が確立する。
English: Furthermore, the start of construction of Azuchi-jo Castle in 1576 announced to the world that the trend toward Tenka Fubu (天下布武) was gradually becoming a fact.
Japanese: さらに、天正4年（1576年）に安土城の築城が始まり天下布武への流れが現実のものになりつつあることを世に知らしめる。
English: In such an environment, a new culture was starting to bloom; it was centered on Kyoto, which was regaining peace through control by Nobunaga.
Japanese: こうした中、信長の支配により平和を取り戻した京を中心に新たな文化が花開いていった。
English: Subsequently, Nobunaga further expanded his power and eventually controlled central Japan; however, in 1582, when it seemed he was very close to unifying Japan, he was defeated in the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 信長はその後も勢力を拡大し日本中央部を制圧するに至るが、天下統一の目前と思われた天正10年（1582年）に本能寺の変で倒れた。
English: Upon the occurrence of the Honnoji Incident, Hideyoshi HASHIBA arrived in Kyoto before anyone else and defeated the leader, Mitsuhide AKECHI, in the Battle of Yamazaki.
Japanese: 本能寺の変に対し羽柴秀吉は逸早く京に駆け付け首謀者である明智光秀を破った（山崎の戦い）。
English: Consequently, Hideyoshi seized leadership within the Oda government and strengthened his position as Nobunaga's successor through the Kiyosu Meeting and the Battle of Shizugatake; then, in 1583, he started the construction of Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: これにより織田政権内での主導権を掌握した秀吉は清洲会議や賤ヶ岳の戦いを経て信長の後継者として地位を固め、天正11年1583年には大坂城の築城を開始する。
English: Hideyoshi was in 1586 appointed as grand minister of state and chief adviser to the Emperor, and was given the surname Toyotomi by the Emperor; in 1590 he unified Japan and endeavored to stabilize his government by conducting land surveys and sword hunts throughout the country.
Japanese: 天正14年（1586年）には関白・太政大臣に任ぜられ豊臣姓を賜り、天正18年（1590年）に日本を統一し全国で検地と刀狩りを実施させ政権の安定に力を注いだ。
English: Also, in 1592 he conducted the Bunroku-Keicho War, seeking to conquer Ming, but the situation reached a deadlock in Korea, which was supposed to be the only route through to Ming.
Japanese: また、文禄1年（1592年）秀吉は明の征服を目論んで文禄・慶長の役を起こしたが、経由地であるはずの朝鮮で戦況が膠着化してしまう。
English: On the other hand, peace came to Japan as the result of unification; various daimyos endeavored to manage their countries, and cities in various parts of Japan prospered.
Japanese: 一方、国内は天下統一による平和がもたらされたことなどから、諸大名は領国の経営に力を注ぎ、各地で都市が興隆していった。
English: Hideyoshi based his activities in Kyoto and directly and aggressively engaged in cultural activities such as tea ceremony, etc.
Japanese: また、秀吉自身は京を活動の拠点とし茶の湯を始めとする文化活動を自らも積極的に行った。
English: In addition to the above, through contact with different cultures via trade with Spain and Portugal, the spread of manufacturing techniques of Korean pottery, etc., culture entered a new era and came to be referred to as the "Momoyama culture."
Japanese: こうしたことに加え、南蛮貿易による異文化との接触や朝鮮陶法の伝播などにより、文化は新たな時代を向かえ“桃山文化”と呼ばれることになった。