nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, as recorded in the "Zoku-Gunsho-Ruiju," the "Oshu-gosannen-ki" (A Chronicle of The Later Three Years' War in Oshu) mentioned that Sento, the nurse of Iehara KIYOHARA, taunted Yoshiie saying 'Thy father Yoriyoshi could not defeat Sadato ABE and Muneto ABE, so he had to pledge allegiance and subservience (myobu) to the late Shogun Sei (the Chinjufu Shogun, or "Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North" KIYOHARA no Takenori) in order to make an alliance.
Japanese: しかし、『奥州後三年記』（『続群書類従』収録）には清原家衡の乳母の千任に、「なんぢが父頼義、安倍貞任、安倍宗任をうちえずして、名簿(名札)をさヽげて故清将軍（鎮守府将軍・清原武則）をかたらひたてまつれり。
English: The book mentioned that Yoshiie became furious upon hearing this, but whether his father pledged allegiance or not, it was obvious that he had been close to begging down on his knees in order to gain an ally in the war.
Japanese: 」といわれて激怒したことが載っているが、「名簿」（みょうぶ）を差しだし、臣下の礼をとったかどうかはともかく、それに近い平身低頭で参戦を頼みこんだことが判る。
English: Yoshiie was awarded for his valor by being assigned to the Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) of Dewa no kuni no kami (Governor of Dewa Province) on February 25, 1063.
Japanese: 1063年（康平6）2月25日に義家はその勲功を賞され従五位下出羽国守に叙任される。
English: It was recorded that, the following year, KIYOHARA no Takenori expressed a wish to the Imperial Court to be reassigned to the Ecchu no kuni no kami (Governor of Ecchu Province), possibly due to his experiences in the Earlier Nine Years' War and his apparent mismanagement of his assigned province.
Japanese: 清原武則には前九年の役で頭を下げた経緯もあり受領としての任国経営が思うに任せなかったのか、『朝野群載』には、翌年朝廷に越中国守への転任を希望したことが記されている。
English: During that year, Yoshiie was in Kyoto and battled with MINAMOTO no Kunifusa, the ancestor of the Mino-Genji (Minamoto clan) at Mino.
Japanese: 尚、この年、義家は在京しており美濃において美濃源氏の祖源国房と合戦している。
English: The "Fuso-Ryakki" entry for August 1 shows that by 1070, Yoshiie had become the Shimotsuke no kami and had arrested FUJIWARA no Motomichi (no official title) for stealing the stamp and key to the national vault in Mutsu no kuni (Mutsu Province).
Japanese: 1070年（延久2）義家は下野国守となっており、陸奥国で印と国庫の鍵を盗んだ藤原基通(散位)を捕らえたことが『扶養略記』8月1日条に見える。
English: The governer of Mutsu Province at that time was Yoshiie's father, MINAMOTO no Yoritoshi of the Yamato-Genji (Minamoto clan), and the newly enthroned Emperor Gosanjo ordered him to conquer North Mutsu but even though he succeeded, he received no reward, possibly due to the FUJIWARA no Motomichi incident, and there is no record that he received any land or new postions later.
Japanese: 当時の陸奥国守は大和源氏の源頼俊で、即位間もない後三条天皇が源頼俊らに北陸奥の征服を命じており、北陸奥の征服自体は成功したが、この藤原基通の件の為か大和源氏源頼俊には恩賞はなく、その後の受領任官も記録には見えない。
English: In August 1079, he was ordered by the Imperial Court to hunt down and kill Uhyoe no jo (officer of the Right Division of Middle Palace Guards), MINAMOTO no Shigemune (the fourth generation of the Mansei line of the Seiwa branch of the Minamoto clan) for causing the feud with MINAMOTO no Kunifusa in Mino Province.
Japanese: 1079年（承暦3）8月　美濃国で源国房と闘乱を起こした右兵衛尉源重宗（清和源氏満正流４代）を官命により追討。
English: According to the "Fuso-Ryakki," on September 14, 1081, with the kebiishi (police and judicial chief), he chased and captured a warrior monk from Onjo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 1081年（永保1）9月14日に検非違使とともに園城寺の悪僧を追補　（『扶桑略記』）。
English: On October 14 the same year, he accompanied Emperor Shirakawa during his imperial visit to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine, and in order to prevent attacks by the warrior monks of Onjo-ji Temple, formed an escort with his younger brother, MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna, and their retainers but, since they held no official position, they guarded the Emperor using the excuse of being outriders for Kanpaku (chancellor) FUJIWARA no Morozane.
Japanese: その年の10月14日には白河天皇の石清水八幡宮行幸に際し、その園城寺の悪僧（僧兵）の襲撃を防ぐために、弟・源義綱と二人でそれぞれの郎党を率いてを護衛したが、このとき本官（官職）が無かったため関白・藤原師実の前駆の名目で護衛を行った。
English: In addition, since the return trip was at night, Yoshiie changed from soukutai (traditional formal court dress) to hoi (everyday clothes), which were easier to fight in case of emergency and, armed with bows and arrows, formed an escort on either side of the Emperor's palanquin, leading FUJIWARA no Tamefusa to comment in "Tamefusa-kyo-ki" (A Diary of FUJIWARA no Tamefusa), 'Plain-clothed warriors attending the imperial carriage.
Japanese: さらに帰りが夜となったので義家は束帯（朝廷での正式な装束）から非常時に戦いやすい布衣（ほい：常服）に着替え、弓箭（きゅうせん）を帯して白河天皇の乗輿の側らで警護にあたり、藤原為房の『為房卿記』には、「布衣の武士、鳳輦（ほうれん）に扈従（こしゅう）す。
English: On December 4 of the same year, Yoshiie led 100 men wearing armor and helmets and armed with bows and arrows as a bodyguard during Emperor Shirakawa's visit to Kasuga-sha Shrine.
Japanese: 同年12月4日の白河天皇の春日社行幸に際しては義家は甲冑をつけ、弓箭を帯した100名の兵を率いて白河天皇を警護する。
English: By this time, it was beginning to be considered the norm to guard the emperor without regard to governmental position, as can be seen in entries such as 'an example of nowadays' in the "Suisa-ki" diary of the kugyo (aristocrats).
Japanese: この段階では公卿達の日記『水左記』などにも「近日の例」と書かれるようになり、官職によらず天皇を警護することが普通のことと思われはじめる。
English: In 1083, Yoshiie became the Mutsu no kuni no kami and got involved in the Kiyohara clan's internal conflict in Dewa, triggering the Later Three Years' War.
Japanese: 1083年（永保3）に陸奥国守となり、出羽清原氏の内紛に介入して後三年の役がはじまる。
English: The Imperial Court dispatched the 'Termination of the Battle of Oshu' declaration on July 9, 1087, and is described as a private war in "Gonijo Moromichi Ki" (A Diary of Gonijo Moromichi), which also refers to it as 'Yoshiie's Battle.'
Japanese: 朝廷では1087年（寛治1）7月9日に「奥州合戦停止」の官使の派遣を決定した事実も有る事から、『後二条師通記』にはこの戦争は「義家合戦」と私戦を臭わせる書き方がされている。
English: According to historian Susumu ISHII, the armies at the Later Three Years' War were the Kokushu (Daimyo's) Army, known as the 'Yakata no monodomo' (people of the manor), a private army of bushi (most of whom were borderline military aristocrats from who may have had close connections to Kyoto) from Mino and Sagami Provinces, mobilized as private retainers of the daimyo, and the 'Kuni-no-heidomo' (Soldiers of the Province) of southern Mutsu, which was outside the Kiyohara clan's control.
Japanese: 後三年の役において動員した兵は、石井進(歴史学者)氏のにそって分類すれば、国守軍の「館の者共」、つまり受領国守の私的郎党として動員した近畿から美濃国、そして相模国の武者（大半は側近、または京でのコネクションを思わせる辺境軍事貴族）と、清原氏勢力外の陸奥南部の「国の兵共」。
English: There were also KIYOHARA no Kiyohira's 'Powerful Local Clan Army' based in the three southern districts of Okuroku-gun, Mutsu Province and the army of KIMIKO no Hidetake from Dewa Province, who had been involved in the incident from the beginning and participated in the latter half of the Later Three Years' War.
Japanese: 「地方豪族軍」として陸奥国奥六郡の南三郡を中心とした清原清衡の軍と、そもそもの発端の当事者であり、後三年の役では後半に加勢したらしい出羽国の吉彦秀武の軍からなると思われる。
English: Considering the fact that the main action near the end of the war came from KIMIKO no Hidetake, and taking into consideration examples from the Earlier Nine Years' War, the biggest military force was KIMIKO no Hidetake's army from Dewa Province, where the battle took place, followed by KIYOHARA no Kiyohira's army, while the government army, even if the 'Kuni no heidomo' from southern Mutsu was added, could not have been so big.
Japanese: 最終局面での主要な作戦が吉彦秀武から出ていること、及び前九年の役の例を勘案すれば、最大兵力は、戦場となった地元出羽国の吉彦秀武の軍、次ぎに当事者清原清衡の軍であり、国守軍は陸奥南部の「国の兵共」を加えたとしても、それほど多かったとは思えない。
English: In November 1087, Yoshiie defeated KIYOHARA no Takehira and KIYOHARA no Iehara at Kanazawa fortress in Dewa Province, and he reported in 'Kokuge' (an official report to the government), 'Using my own power, I was lucky enough to defeat them.
Japanese: 1087（寛治1）11月に義家は出羽国金沢柵にて清原武衡、清原家衡を破り、12月、それを報告する「国解」の中で「わたくしの力をもって、たまたまうちたいらぐる事をえたり。
English: Please give me kanpu (official written command from the Imperial Court) fast,' and sought official post-war consent for defeating the enemy but was rejected by the Court which, because it considered it a 'private war,' made no reward and in January the following year, he was removed as the governer of Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 早く追討の官符を給わりて」と後付けの追討官符を要請するが、朝廷はこれを下さず、「私戦」としたため恩賞はなく、かつ翌年1088年（寛治2）正月には陸奥守を罷免される。
English: Yoshiie, who had led the Mutsu soldiers into battle, reported in the Kokuge, 'stop the politics and organize the soldiers,' and refrained from paying Mutsu Province's tax to the Court, which repeatedly pressed him for several years ("Chuyu-ki," dated December 15, 1096 and February 25, 1097).
Japanese: 何よりも陸奥国の兵（つわもの）を動員しての戦闘であり、義家自身が国解の中で「政事をとどめてひとえにつわもの（兵）をととの」、と述べているように、その間の陸奥国に定められた官物の貢納は滞ったと思われ、その後何年もの間催促されていることが、当時の記録に残る（『中右記』1096年（永長1）12月15日条、1097年（永長2）2月25日条）。
English: The law at that time required the submission of a designated amount of tax to pass the Zuryo-koka-sadame (criteria to determine if one is eligible for employment) to be assigned to an official government post, and Yoshiie's rank remained unchanged.
Japanese: 当時の法制度からは、定められた官物を収めて、受領功過定に合格しなければ、新たな官職に就くことができず、義家は官位もそのままに据え置かれた。
English: In June 1091, Kyoto was shocked when Yoshiie's retainer, FUJIWARA no Sanekiyo and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsuna's retainer, FUJIWARA no Norikiyo fought over the rights to the estate in Kawachi Province and shook Kyoto by mobilizing Yoshiie and Yoshitsuna armies.
Japanese: 1091年（寛治5）6月　義家の郎党藤原実清と源義綱の郎党藤原則清が、河内国の所領の領有権を争い、義家・義綱兵を構える事件がおき、京を震撼させた。
English: It was written in the kugyo diary that Yoshitsuna was the outrider for FUJIWARA no Morozane's procession visit to the Imperial Palace to participate at a banquet in January 1091; in February 1092 he guarded FUJIWARA no Tadazane on the way to Nara as the Kasugasai-shi (Kasugasai festival ambassador) and led the procession of MINAMOTO no Toshifusa during his imperial visit in December 1093, but no such activities were recorded for Yoshiie until 1104.
Japanese: 弟義綱はその年1091年（寛治5）の正月に、藤原師実が節会に参内する際の行列の前駆を努めた他、翌1092年（寛治6）2月には藤原忠実が春日祭使となって奈良に赴く際の警衛、1093年（寛治7）12月には、源俊房の慶賀の参内の際に前駆を努めるなどが公卿の日記に見えるが、義家の方は1104年まで、そうした活動は記録にない。
English: In 1094, his retainers chased and captured TAIRA no Morotae, who had attacked the governer of Dewa Province, and he became the same governmental rank as his older brother when he was awarded the Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade), and at the Jimoku in January of the following year, he was made the governer of Mino, a province of higher status than Mutsu.
Japanese: 翌年の1094年（寛治8）には出羽国守を襲撃した在地の開拓領主・平師妙（もろたえ）を郎党に追捕させ、従四位上に叙されて官位は兄義家と並び、翌年の1095年（嘉保2）正月の除目で、事実上陸奥よりも格の高い美濃国守に就任する。
English: Following the deaths of some monks in the battle with the Enryaku-ji Temple over its territory in Mino, the side of Mount Hiei petitioned for Yoshitsuna's exile, but Kanpaku FUJIWARA no Moromichi ordered MINAMOTO no Yoriharu and Yoshitsuna to deal with them with force.
Japanese: その美濃における延暦寺領荘園との争いで僧侶が死亡したことから、比叡山側は義綱の配流を要求して強訴に及ぶが、関白藤原師通は大和源氏の源頼治と義綱に命じてそれを実力で撃退する。
English: Due to the casualties among both monks and lay people at Enryaku-ji Temple and Hiyoshi-jinja Shrine on Mount Hiei, the people of Mount Hiei cursed the Imperial Court.
Japanese: このときも比叡山延暦寺・日吉神社側の神人・大衆に死傷者が出、比叡山側は朝廷を呪詛した。
English: As the headquarters of the esoteric Tendai sect, Mount Hiei had the most authority for curses and may have posed the greatest psychological threat to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 比叡山は天台密教の総本山であり、呪詛の最大の権威であって、朝廷にとっては最大の精神的脅威であったと思われる。
English: The Imperial Court was further filled with fear of the curse made by Mount Hiei four years later when Kanpaku FUJIWARA no Moromichi died at the age of 38 in June 1099.
Japanese: それに追い打ちをかけたのが、その4年後の1099年（承徳3）6月に、当事者の関白藤原師通が38歳で世を去ったことであり、朝廷は比叡山の呪詛の恐怖におののいた。
English: Ten years after the Later Three Years' War, in 1098, he passed the Zuryo-kokka-sadame with the support of Emperor Shirakawa ("Chuyu-ki," dated January 23) and promoted to Shoshiinoge (Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) in a Kojimoku (extraordinary inauguration ceremony done outside of the biannual jimoku) in April, and was granted permission to visit the imperial residence in October.
Japanese: 後三年の役から10年後の1098年（承徳2）に「今日左府候官奏給云々、是前陸奥守義家朝臣依済舊國公事、除目以前被忩（そう）行也（件事依有院御気色也）、左大史廣親候奏」（『中右記』正月23日条）と白河天皇の意向もあり、やっと受領功過定を通って、4月の小除目で正四位下に昇進し、10月には院昇殿を許された。
English: However, the kugyo (aristocracy), who were concerned with family status that was already in place, were opposed to the aggressive promotion made by Emperor Shirakawa, and Udaijin Nakamikado, FUJIWARA no Minetada wrote in his diary, "Chuyu-ki" (dated October 23, 1099), 'Minamoto Asomi is the Emperor's best and bravest bushi.
Japanese: しかし、その白河法皇の強引な引き上げに、当時既に形成されつつあった家格に拘る公卿は反発し、中御門右大臣・藤原宗忠はその日記『中右記』承徳2年10月23日条の裏書きに「義家朝臣は天下第一武勇の士なり。
English: The second son of Yoshiie, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, the government of Tsushima Province was indicted by Dazai daini OE no Masafusa, at Chinzei (in Kyushu), and Yoshiie was ordered to bring Yoshichika to the Imperial Court ("Den-reki").
Japanese: 1101年（康和3）7月7日、次男対馬国守源義親が、鎮西に於い太宰大弐大江匡房に告発され、朝廷は義家に義親召還の命を下す（『殿暦』）。
English: However, the retainer dispatched by Yoshiie, Sukemichi SUDO (an ancestor of the Yamauchi-Sudo clan), assassinated the imperial ambassador with Yoshichika on February 20, 1102.
Japanese: しかし義家がそのために派遣した郎党の首藤資通（山内首藤氏の祖）は1102年（康和4）2月20日、義親とともに義親召問の官吏を殺害してしまう。
English: According to the "Chuyu-ki," Yoshiie and Yoshitsuna chased and captured warrior monks from Mount Hiei on October 30, 1104, but this was Yoshiie's last official activity.
Japanese: その後『中右記』によると、1104年（長治1）10月30日、義家・義綱はそろって延暦寺の悪僧追捕を行っているが、これが義家の最後の公的な活躍となる。
English: His other son, MINAMOTO no Yoshikuni (the ancestor of the Ashikaga clan) battled with his uncle Shinrasaburo MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu in 1106, and the imperial court ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshiie to follow his son Yoshikuni and join the battle.
Japanese: 1106年（嘉承1）には別の子の源義国（足利氏の祖）が、叔父の新羅三郎源義光等と常陸国において合戦し、6月10日、常陸合戦で源義家に実子義国を召し進ぜよとの命が下される。
English: In midst of this, Yoshiie died at the age of 68 on July 15, 1106.
Japanese: そうした中で義家は、1106年（嘉承1）7月15日に68歳で没する。
English: FUJIWARA no Minetada lamented on the following day in the "Chuyu-ki," 'he was the greatest soldier in the country and truly deserved to be called a great shogun.'
Japanese: その翌日、藤原宗忠はその日記『中右記』に、「武威天下に満つ、誠に是れ大将軍に足る者なり」と追悼する。
English: On December 19, 1107, the following year, MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, who was in exile in Oki Province, assassinated the Mokudai (deputy provincial governor) of Izumo Province, and with surrounding provinces showing sympathy to Yoshichika, Emperor Shirakawa ordered TAIRA no Masamori, the governer of province and In no Kinshin (the Retired Emperor's courtier) of the next province, Inaba Province, to execute Yoshichika.
Japanese: その翌年の1107年（嘉承2）12月19日、隠岐に配流されていた源義親が、出雲国目代を殺害、その周辺諸国に義親に同心する動きも現れたため、白河法皇は隣国因幡国の国守であり院近臣でもあった平正盛に義親の追討を命じる。
English: TAIRA no Masamori returned in triumph to Kyoto on January 29, 1108, carrying the head of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika, a victory parade was performed in his honor, and Masamori rose to prominence as the 'claws and teeth' of Emperor Shirakawa.
Japanese: 翌年の1108年（天仁1）1月29日に平正盛は源義親の首級を持って京に凱旋、大々的な凱旋パレードが行われ、平正盛が白河院の爪牙として脚光を浴びる。
English: Concerning this parade, FUJIWARA no Minetada wrote in the "Chuyu-ki," 'the late Yoshiie Asomi killed many innocent people in his time as a warrior.
Japanese: このパレードに対して、藤原宗忠は『中右記』に「故義家朝臣は年来武者の長者として多く無罪の人を殺すと云々。
English: The accepted theory and views among historians in early post-World War II period were based on "Chuseiteki sekai no keise" (The formation of the medieval world) by Tadashi ISHIMODA, which stated that "bushi" were the rising armed land lord class (the head of feudal peasant class), who eliminated the ruling class consisting of old aristocrats and religious forces, and this new power (bushi class) founded and controlled the Kamakura bakufu controlled in medieval era.
Japanese: 戦後初期の歴史学者の中での通説となったものは、石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』をベースに、古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力に対して、新たに発生した在地領主層（封建的農奴主階級）が武装したものが「武士」であり、その新興勢力（武士階級）が、古代支配階級である貴族や宗教勢力を排除し、鎌倉幕府という武士階級を中心とした中世世界をもたらしたという歴史観であった。
English: The academic theory at that time stated that 'bushi' based themselves in their estates and did not consider TAIRA no Masakado and FUJIWARA no Hidesato as 'bushi (warrior)' but as 'tsuwamono (soldier).'
Japanese: 当時の学説では「武士」はその在地領主をベースとしたものであり、平将門や藤原秀郷などは学会用語としては「武士」ではなく、その前段階の「兵」（つわもの）といわれていた。
English: To state the difference between tsuwamono and bushi once more, a tsuwamono has attendants below him, but no tsuwamono has another tsuwamono above him.
Japanese: 「兵と武士の相違を今一度述べれば、兵は所従（従者）を持つが、兵の上に兵は居ない。
English: They were attended by servants with independent control of power and lacked the system to rule over them.
Japanese: 彼らはそれぞれ一個の独立した力量で従者を従えたもので、支配の組織をもっていない。
English: However with bushi, they had retainers below them, who were served by retainers below them, and had a multilayered ruling relationship
Japanese: ところが武士となると、その下に郎党があり、さらにその下に郎党があると言う具合に支配関係は重層的であった。
English: This 'multilayered class system' began to appear during Yoshiie's time, and is believed that there was a huge economic shift in local society, and power in residential land shifted from the 'Tato' and 'Fumyo' (farm managers who leased public fields from provincial lords and produced agricultural products) to the residential land lords (estate managers).
Japanese: そうした「重層的な階級制」は、ちょうど義家の頃に見られるようになり、その背景には、地方経済社会での大きな変動、在地での有力者は田堵・負名（公田請作経営者）から在地領主（所領経営者）へと変化があったと考えられている。
English: Many people were inclined to see in MINAMOTO no Yoshiie the first clash (oppression) between the new rising warrior class and old aristocratic ruling classes in the context of such huge historical transformation.
Japanese: そうした歴史の大きな流れの中で、新興勢力・武士階級と古代支配階級の最初の衝突（抑圧）を源義家の中に見ようとする傾向が大勢を占めていた。
English: "Minamoto no Yoshiie" (Yoshikawa Kobukan, 1966) by Motohisa YASUDA was written from such perspective.
Japanese: 1966年の安田元久『源義家』（吉川弘文館）もそのような視点から書かれている。
English: The first example of such a clash (suppression) was the fact that Yoshiie did not receive rewards despite his victory in the Later Three Years' War and was treated coldly in addition to being banned from receiving new estates.
Japanese: その最初の衝突（抑圧）の具体例としてあげられたのが、後三年の役の勝利にも関わらず恩賞が与えられず、冷遇されたこと、そして義家に対する荘園寄進が禁じられたことなどである。
English: In addition, Yoshiie's grandson, MINAMOTO no Tameyoshi, was intentionally promoted during the internal conflict of the Kawachi-Genji clan after the death of Yoshiie, further disturbing the unity within the Kawachi-Genji clan.
Japanese: 更に、義家の死後の河内源氏の内紛の中で孫の源為義が意図的に取り立てられ、いっそう河内源氏の結束が乱された。
English: According to arguments made by Rizo TAKEUCHI and Motohisa YASUDA, the rulers at that time, including Emperor Shirakawa and the Sekkan-ke, viewed Yoshiie as a dangerous individual based on the fact that most of the country was divided into shoen (manors).
Japanese: 白河天皇や摂関家など、当時の支配者が義家を危険視したという竹内理三、安田元久の論は、当時の国土のほとんどが荘園となっていたという認識を前提としている。
English: In the middle of such a situation, Yoshiie managed to squeeze himself into the highest rank of shoen's land owners and threatened the financial platform of royal families and high class aristocrats.
Japanese: そうした状況のなかで、義家はその荘園の最上位の所有者層に割り込み、白河法皇や摂関家など、王家・上級貴族の経済基盤を脅かしたというものである。
English: For example, as Rizo TAKEUCHI explained in "Bushi no Tojo" (1965), 'aristocrats, including the retired emperor, could not stand those who, by receiving farms from peasants of many districts, became shoen landlords on a par with aristocrats.'
Japanese: 例えば竹内理三は1965年『武士の登場』の中で、「諸国の百姓から田畑の寄進をうけて貴族と同じ荘園領家化することは、上皇をふくめての貴族層にとってはたえがたいことであった」と説明されている。
English: However, from the 1970's, developments in the study of shoen history led to this theory being revised in three ways.
Japanese: しかしこの論は、1970年代以降の荘園史研究の進展から、3つの点で見直しが必要とされている。
English: In April 1986, the historian Susumu ISHII wrote in "Chusei no mura o aruku - Jiin no shoen" (A walk in medieval villages - Temples and Manors) (Currently the "Chusei no mura o aruku" compilation), 'I cannot believe the theory that the entire country became shoen at the same time as the establishment of the Sekkan (regency) period."
Japanese: 石井進(歴史学者)は1986年4月の「中世の村を歩く－寺院と荘園」（現在『中世の村を歩く』収録）において「摂関時代の成立とともに全国土が荘園となったという従来の説には、とても従えないのである。」と書かれている。
English: Secondly, Susumu ISHII in "Kizoku to Onaji Shoen-ryoke ka" (The formation of Shoen-ryoke (A lord who is donated with "Shoen" estates) same as the aristocrats) and Motohisa YASUDA in "Jokyu Kizoku-tachi to onajiyouni Shoen-ryoshu (Shoen-ryoke)" (Shoen-ryoshu same as high aristocrats) claimed Yoshiie was in the top rank of manor owners.
Japanese: ふたつめは、「貴族と同じ荘園領家化」（石井進）、「上級貴族達と同じように荘園領主」（安田元久）と、荘園支配の階層の最上位に義家がなっていったとみなしていることである。
English: The shoen ranks included "honjo (head of shoen lords) and ryoke," their deputy, "azukaridokoro," and three classes of "Shoshi or Geshi," the actual local ruler and in many cases, donor, but the top most rank was the "Kenmon" which included "aristocrats including the retired emperor" and those of temples and shrines.
Japanese: 荘園支配の階層には荘園領主である「本所や領家」、その代官である「預所」、現地での実質支配者で、多くの場合寄進者である「庄司（下司）」の3段階があるが、その最上位が権門といわれる「上皇をふくめての貴族層」や、大寺院・神社が位置する。
English: It was believed in the 1960s that Yoshiie shoved aside the old Kenmon or forced his way into the position, but this was hard to accept when Yoshiie was a fourth rank Shodaifu and a receiver of estates.
Japanese: 1960年代には、義家がその最上位に、権門を押しのけて、あるいは新たな権門として割り込もうとしたかのとうに捉えられていたが、これはたかだか四位の諸大夫・受領層である義家には考えにくい。
English: In his paper "Ochokokka o megutte" (About the Monarchic State) (collected in "Togoku no heiran to mononofutachi" (Wars And Warriors in Eastern Japan)) written in 1974, Toyohiko FUKUDA stated, 'I believe there is a need to think not from the perspective of the honke (the highest shoen class) or ryoke (who was given shoen by the Imperial Court) but aristocrats (such as the Azukaridokoro) who acted as the mediators of donation of estates.'
Japanese: 福田豊彦は、1974年の「王朝国家をめぐって」（『東国の兵乱ともののふたち』に収録）と言う論文で、「荘園寄進の対象（本家領家）ではなくて、寄進に当たっての媒介の役割を果たした貴族層（預所など）との接点で考える必要がありそうに思います。」と述べている。
English: In addition, Fumihide TANAKA in his 1997 paper, "Kawachi Genji to sono jidai" (The Kawachi branch of the Minamoto clan and their era) (in "In-sei to sono jidai" (The government by a retired emperor and the era)) introduced the idea that Ishikawa Manor, founded by Yoshiie, donated to the Sekkan-ke and believed to have been inherited by his son, Saemonnojo Yoshitoki, after Yoshiie became Azukaridokoro, consisted of several towns and farmlands as big as several to several dozen koku (5.12 U.S. bushels) spread over a wide area.
Japanese: また田中文英は1997年に書いた論文「河内源氏とその時代」（『院政とその時代』に収録）において、義家が立荘して摂関家に寄進し、自らは預所となってそれを子の左衛門尉義時が受け継いだものかと推測する石川荘が、かなり広い地域の中に散在する数町から小さいものでは数段、つまり数十石から数石ぐらいの田畑の寄せ集めの様相を示していることを紹介している。
English: It was believed that the fight between the retainers of Yoshiie and Yoshitsuna over Kawachi Province in June 1091 was over the right to small farm lands like these.
Japanese: 1091年（寛治5）6月の義家の郎党と義綱の郎党の河内国の所領の領有権争いは、こうした小さな単位の田畠をめぐって争われたものと思われる。
English: This characteristic was commonly observed in Kinki region, and it cannot be considered to be the same as greatly expanding Shoen seen in Eastern Japan after the mid-12th century.
Japanese: この傾向は近畿一帯に共通する性格であり、12世紀中頃以降の東国などに見られる大規模寄進系荘園と同一視することは出来ない。
English: Finally, there were the 'Ban on Yoshiie bringing his army into Kyoto' and the 'Ban on Yoshiie accepting land donations,' knowledge of which comes from entries in "Gonijo Moromichi Ki," the diaries of Naidaijin (the Minister of the Center, ranked below Udaijin) FUJIWARA no Moromichi, and the edited collection of diaries, "Hyakuren-sho," written in the late Kamakura era, concerning events in June 1091, when Kyoto was in uproar over the mobilization of Yoshiie and Yoshitsune's troops following the territorial dispute between their retainers, FUJIWARA no Sanekiyo and FUJIWARA no Norikiyo.
Japanese: 次ぎに、「義家に対して随兵の入京禁止令」「義家への土地の寄進禁止」であるが、これは、1091（寛治5）6月　義家の郎党藤原実清と義綱の郎党藤原則清、河内国の所領の領有権を争いから、源義家・源義綱が兵を構える事態となり、京が騒然としたことに関する当時内大臣・藤原師通の日記『後二条師通記』と、鎌倉時代後期に、それまでの諸日記を編纂した『百錬抄』（ひゃくれんしょう）に見える記事である。
English: One of these documents is a primary historical source but the other is a secondary historical source, written two centuries after the event described.
Japanese: 両史料は片方は一次史料であり、もう片方は約2世紀も後での2次史料である。
English: The 'Ban on Yoshiie bringing his army into Kyoto' is from the "Hyakuren-sho" entry 'The entrance of the former Mutsu no kami, Yoshiie, into Kyoto, accompanied by his army… stopped,' but "Gonijo Moromichi Ki" refers to the same event as 'the Kanpu is strong enough to stop the accompanying soldiers of Kokuji (provincial government official) of each province.'
Japanese: 「義家に対して随兵の入京禁止令」といわれるものは『百錬抄』の「前陸奥守義家、兵をしたがえて京に入ること…を停止」であるが、同じ事実を『後二条師通記』には「諸国国司隋兵留めらるべきの官符」とある。
English: Strong enough to stop the accompanying soldiers of Kokuji of each province' is entirely different from the 'prohibition for Yoshiie to enter his army into Kyoto.'
Japanese: 「諸国国司隋兵留めらるべき」は「義家に対して随兵の入京禁止」とは全く異なる。