nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In addition, these stone tools are often called by different names considering the difference of the time when these stone tools were made or used, such as those made more than 30 thousand yeas ago called simply 'point,' those appeared soon after the coldest period of the Last Glacial Maximum called 'lanceolate-shaped point,' those of the Jomon period called 'stone spear.'
Japanese: さらに、約3万年以前の尖頭器、最終氷期最寒冷期以後の槍先形尖頭器、縄文時代の石槍など、製作ないし使用された年代の相違を考慮し、それぞれを呼び分ける場合も多い。
English: Along with the progress of the study of the Paleolithic period, many of the stone spears of the Jomon period have classified as 'point' (sentoki), and specifically the lanceolate stone tools of the ages between upper Paleolithic period and the Jomon period are called 'point' (the 2nd and 3rd examples mentioned above).
Japanese: 旧石器時代の研究が進展するにともない、縄文時代の石槍もポイント（尖頭器）と呼ばれるケースが増えており、その場合は後期旧石器時代から縄文時代にかけての槍先形の石器（上記の2.と3.）を呼称する。
English: The lanceolate-shaped point first appeared when the people began attaching a point to a wooden-shaft and using it as a javelin to hunt large-size animals, and it brought about a great development to hunting.
Japanese: 木の柄につけて投げ槍とし、大型獣の狩りに用いられたのが槍先形尖頭器の始まりで、狩猟に大きな進歩をもたらした。
English: In Japan the point (lanceolate-shaped point) appeared when the knife-like stone tool was at the peak (from about 20 thousand years to 15 thousand years ago) during the Paleolithic period.
Japanese: 日本では、尖頭器（槍先形尖頭器）は旧石器時代のナイフ形石器の盛行期（約2万年前から約1万5千年前まで）に出現している。
English: It is said to have been developed and evolved from the knife-like stone tools or brought from the Eurasian Continent, but its origin is not still unknown.
Japanese: その起源はナイフ形石器から発展変化したとも、ユーラシア大陸からもたらされたものともいわれるが、未だに解決されていない。
English: While the knife-like stone tools went fading at the end of upper Paleolithic period, the lanceolate-shaped point remarkably developed with a big production increase.
Japanese: ナイフ形石器は後期旧石器時代末葉に衰退していくが、代わって槍先形尖頭器は著しく発達し、量的にもめざましく増加する。
English: The use of lanceolate-shaped point decreased temporarily during the period in which the microlith was widely used, but it reached its peaked around the time when the Jomon were began to be developed.
Japanese: 槍先形尖頭器は、細石器が多用された時期には一時的に減少傾向をみせるが、縄文土器が出現する前後に最盛期をむかえる。
English: Therefore, the point before the appearance of microlith is called 'early point' and the one after microlith is called 'point in developing period,' and the difference between these styles is considerably remarkable.
Japanese: そこで、細石器段階以前を初期尖頭器、以降を発達期の尖頭器と呼ぶこともあるが、両者の差異はかなり顕著である。
English: While most of the former were relatively small in size and processed using diverse ways of achieving further reductions (such as retouching of the surrounding part of the tool or on one or both of the tool's faces), the latter included large, heavyweight types of points, most of which were formed in such a way as to allow them to be retouched on both sides.
Japanese: 前者は一般的に比較的小形のものが多く、調整も周辺部調整、片面調整、両面調整と多様であるのに対し、後者は長大なものが加わり、大半が両面調整のものへと定式化されていく。
English: The articles of lanceolate-shaped point are classified according to the forms (leaf-shaped, half-moon-shaped, hafted, shouldered) and the parts retouched (retouch on the surrounding part, one face and both faces), however, the categorical classification has not been established yet.
Japanese: 槍先形尖頭器の分類はこれまで、形態による分類（木葉形、半月形、有舌、有肩など）と調整部位による分類（周辺調整、片面調整、両面調整）がおこなわれているが、明瞭な型式分類が設定されるには至っていない。
English: Chosuke SERIZAWA once classified the hafted point into four groups focusing on their morphological differences and presented a theory on their transition (1966).
Japanese: かつて芹沢長介は有舌尖頭器を形態上の差異に着目して4群に分け、その変遷過程を示している（1966）。
English: Even though the chronology proposed by SERIZAWA is believed to need revision as a result of the increased number of materials unearthed since then, his general line of argument that the form underwent a change from being an elongated point with a primitive lingual barb to being one with a sharp bottom barb is widely accepted.
Japanese: その後の資料の増加によって芹沢による編年は若干の修正を必要とするとみなされているが、大筋では、長身で幅が狭く舌部の返しの未発達なものから、基部の返しが鋭くなったものへと変遷することは広く認められている。
English: Not only in Japan but also in the North American continent and the Asian continent, the point achieved a remarkable development from the end of the diluvial epoch (Pleistocene epoch) to the early alluvial epoch (Holocene epoch).
Japanese: 洪積世（更新世）末から沖積世（完新世）初頭にかけては、日本のみならず北アメリカ大陸・アジア大陸においても尖頭器の発達が著しい。
English: In these areas people needed the tools for hunting large-size animals such as mammoth and bison that were well adjusted in the cool climate of the diluvial epoch, and various forms of points came to be used as the head of javelins.
Japanese: これらの地域ではマンモスやバイソンなど洪積世の寒冷気候を好んだ大形獣を対象とする狩猟具が求められ、投げ槍の槍先として用いられた各種尖頭器の出現をみた。
English: Also in Japan, the point developed as a tool for hunting large-size animals at first, but owing to the specific conditions that Japan was isolated from the mainland through the Jomon transgression at the end of the diluvial epoch and large-sized animals died out earlier, hogs and Japanese dears became the main game animals.
Japanese: 日本においても、当初は大形獣を対象とした狩猟具として生まれたが、洪積世末期に縄文海進によって大陸から切り離され、大形獣の絶滅が早かったという特殊な条件が加わって、イノシシ・ニホンジカなどが主な狩猟対象となった。
English: A javelin was considered more suitable than a spear as a tool for hunting these sharp-nosed and nimble animals, and probably the particularly rapid increase of the hafted point can be explained by these reasons.
Japanese: これらの、嗅覚が鋭く行動の機敏な動物の捕獲には、手持ちの槍よりも投げ槍が狩猟具として適していたものと考えられ、特に有舌尖頭器の急増は、こうした事情を物語っていると推定される。
English: Later, when the bow and arrows was invented, small animals such as raccoon dogs and hares also became game animals.
Japanese: やがて弓矢の発明とともに、タヌキやウサギなどの小動物も狩猟対象となっていった。
English: With the widespread use of bow and arrow, javelins (lanceolate-shaped point), which functioned as a transit tool between the bow and arrows and the spear, ceased to exist.
Japanese: そして、弓矢と槍の中間的な機能を果たした投げ槍（槍先形尖頭器）は弓矢の普及によって消滅していく。
English: On the other hand, since after the early Jomon period, the development of foraging and fish catching as well as the advancement of the settled way of life lead to the increase of ambush hunting with pitfalls.
Japanese: 一方で、縄文時代前期以降は採集・漁撈の充実および定住生活のいっそうの進展とともに落とし穴を利用する待ち伏せ狩猟も増加していくのである。
English: Stone tools resembling a knife were characteristics to the end period of the Paleolithic period, and they were made by blunting and exfoliating flakes like stone knives (blades) (i.e. Exfoliation was adjusted so that the sharp edge of flake would be partly remained like a knife blade and the rest of the edge would be blunted), and by forming the flakes into a shape similar to modern knives.
Japanese: ナイフ形石器（ナイフがたせっき）とは、後期旧石器時代に特徴的な、石刃（刃器）などの剥片に刃潰し剥離（剥片自身がもつ鋭い側縁の一部をナイフの刃のように残し、ほかの側縁を鈍くつぶす調整剥離）を加え、現在のナイフに似た形に仕上げた石器である。
English: Sharp-ended stone tools resembling a knife are often categorized as point in abroad, however, in Japan they are separated from double-edged spear points and only single-edged tools are referred as stone tools resembling a knife.
Japanese: 海外では先端の尖ったナイフ形石器を尖頭器に含んで扱うことが多いが、日本では両刃の槍先形尖頭器とは区別して片刃の利器をナイフ形石器と呼称する。
English: Stone tools resembling a knife appeared in accordance with the generalization of stone knife techniques, and there are piercing type with sharp blade and edge like a small cutting knife and cutting type like a box cutter.
Japanese: 石刃技法の普遍化とともに現れる石器であり、切り出し小刀のように鋭い刃と先端をもつ突刺形のナイフ形石器とカッターナイフにも似た切截形のナイフ形石器とがある。
English: The former type included hunting tools like spear head, and the most of the latter type were used as working tools.
Japanese: 前者の一部には槍先などの狩猟具もあったが、後者はそのほとんどは加工具として使用された。
English: They were used to cut fur, meat or bark, and much sharper than the blade of ground stoneware.
Japanese: 毛皮や肉、樹皮などを切るために用いられ、磨製石器の刃よりも格段に鋭利であった。
English: Stone tools resembling a knife were developed uniquely in the Japanese Islands and have not been found in the Asian Continent.
Japanese: ナイフ形石器は、日本列島で独自に発達したものであって、アジア大陸ではみられない。
English: However, flake points (a kind of stone tool resembling a knife) have been found in areas from Kyushu to the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: しかし、ナイフ形石器の一種である剥片尖頭器が九州から朝鮮半島にかけてみられる。
English: The period when these stone tools were mainly used for production activities is called 'cultural period of stone tools resembling a knife,' which lasted from 30,000 to 14,000 years ago.
Japanese: この石器群が、主に生産活動に使用された時期を「ナイフ形石器文化期」とも呼ばれ、3万年前頃から1.4万年前頃まで存続する。
English: At the end of this cultural period (1.5 year ago or before), stone spear points appeared around Kanto and Chubu region.
Japanese: なお、この文化期の終わり頃の1.5年前かやや遡る頃になると、関東・中部地方を中心に槍先形尖頭器の石槍が現れた。
English: Stone tools resembling a knife are categorized into the following types according to the period or region that they were made or used, the nature of the materials of flake, the parts blunted and exfoliated, or the difference of overall shapes.
Japanese: ナイフ形石器は、製作・使用された時期や地域、素材となった剥片の性質、刃潰し剥離が施された部位、あるいは全体の形の違いなどから、下記のような型式に区分される。
English: Sugikubo type: Vertical stone knife which top-end and base is blunted; distributed mainly from the northern part of Chubu region to Tohoku region
Japanese: 杉久保型－縦型石刃の先端部及び基部への刃潰し加工－主に中部地方北部から東北地方にかけて分布
English: Moro type: Vertical stone knife which edge and the base of the opposite side is blunted; distributed mainly in Kanto region, the southern part of Chubu region and Tokai region
Japanese: 茂呂（もろ）型－一縦型石刃の側縁と反対側基部への刃潰し加工－主に関東、中部地方南部、東海に分布
English: Ko type: Horizontal stone knife (wing-shaped flake) which has one blunted edge; distributed mainly in Setouchi, Kansai, Chugoku and Shikoku regions
Japanese: 国府（こう）型－横型石刃（翼状剥片）の一側縁への刃潰し加工－主に瀬戸内、関西、中国、四国に分布
English: There have been evidences in various places that show these regional differences were formed before Aira-Tn ash fall.
Japanese: こうした地域差が、姶良Tn火山灰降灰以前に形成されていた証拠が各地で知られるようになってきた。
English: In addition, stone tools resembling a knife play a key part to examine the time division and the cultural development stages of the Paleolithic period, along with points and microliths.
Japanese: また、旧石器時代の時期区分や文化の発展段階を検討するうえで、尖頭器や細石器と並んで重要な役割を果たしている。
English: The blade technique is a technique of removing vertically-long lithic flakes from stone, which emerged during the upper Paleolithic period and characterizes the period.
Japanese: 石刃技法（せきじんぎほう）とは、後期旧石器時代に出現し、同時代を特徴づける縦長剥片の剥離技術のこと。
English: In Japan it was developed from about 30 thousand years to 15 thousand years ago along with knife-like flint tools.
Japanese: 日本においては約3万年前から約1万5,000年前頃にかけてナイフ形石器と歩調を合わせて発達した技法である。
English: The blade technique is considered as one of the innovative techniques that spread from the Eurasian continent to eastern Asia by way of Altai and Siberia.
Japanese: この石刃技法は、ユーラシア大陸西部からアルタイ、シベリア経由で東方アジアに広がった革新的技術の一つとみられている。
English: The blade technique is thought to be an important factor in the research of human evolution and spread of Homo sapiens.
Japanese: 石刃技法は、人類の進化ホモ・サピエンスの拡散を考える上で重要な要素と考えられている。
English: First, a raw stone (base rock material) is cracked roughly into round slices to prepare the preform for the lithic core, after which the raw material is processed to form a lithic core, which is then struck consistently from the same direction to remove all same-sized vertical lithic flakes from the core.
Japanese: まず、原石（母岩石材）を輪切り状に大きく荒割りして打面を準備し、石核の素材をつくり出したのちに調整加工を加えて石核を作り、これを連続的に同一方向から加撃してほぼ同じ大きさの縦長剥片を打ちはがしていく。
English: These lithic flakes are called flint blade, which are secondarily processed into a variety of stone tools.
Japanese: この剥片を刃器（石刃）とよび、二次加工を加えて多様な形態の石器を製作していく。
English: Most of the secondary processing was to take the edge off by smashing and reduce them to knife-like flint tools.
Japanese: 二次加工としては刃潰し剥離がなされナイフ形石器を製作することが多かった。
English: Toa-dobunkai (1898-1946) was a private diplomatic group which used to be in Japan.
Japanese: 東亜同文会（とうあどうぶんかい、1898年（明治31年）-1946年（昭和21年））は、かつて日本に存在した民間外交団体。
English: It is noted that the Toa-dobunkai was a parent organization of Toa-Dobunshoin University which established in Shanghai.
Japanese: 上海市に設立された東亜同文書院大学の経営母体であったことで知られる。
English: The Toa-kai (Asianism group) and Dobun-kai that had been different structures joined to be founded in Akasakatameike, Tokyo in 1898.
Japanese: 1898年、それまで別組織であった東亜会(アジア主義団体)と同文会が合体して東京・赤坂溜池に設立された。
English: At the farewell party for Nichinan FUKUMOTO who was going to Europe, the Toa-kai was raised by Katsunan KUGA, Setsurei MIYAKE and Shigetaka SHIGA, and then established in 1897.
Japanese: 東亜会は福本日南の渡欧送別会の席上、この会に参加した陸羯南・三宅雪嶺・志賀重昂らによって提起され1897年に誕生した。
English: Apart from the coteries of Seikyo-sha, its members consisted of Ryohei UCHIDA (political activist) who found the Kokuryu-kai as well as Toten MIYAZAKI who supported the Chinese Revolution that Sun Yat-sen led to.
Japanese: 会員は政教社同人のほかに黒龍会の内田良平(政治運動家)、および孫文らの中国革命を援助した宮崎滔天らであった。
English: The Dobun-kai was formed, led by Atsumaro KONOE, the Chairman of the House of Peers, in 1898, the year following establishment of the Toa-kai.
Japanese: 同文会は東亜会設立の翌1898年、貴族院議長・近衛篤麿を中心に結成された。
English: It studied China problem with engaging in various researches to promote many operations.
Japanese: 支那問題を研究するとともに各般の調査に従事し、各種事業の助成を図る。
English: Journals, the "Jiron" in Tokyo and the "Ato Jihou" in Shanghai were a means of communication.
Japanese: 東京にあっては『時論』、上海にあっては『亜東時報』の両雑誌をもって通信機関とする。
English: Four months after foundation of the Dobunkai, the Toa-dobunkai nationalism group which was set up through the consolidation of the Dobunkai and the Toa-kai recognized the Qing dynasty based on the 'China conservation.'
Japanese: 同文会設立の4ヵ月後、同会と東亜会の合併により設立された東亜同文会は「支那保全論」に基づき清朝を容認した。
English: In addition, as Konoe who had close ties to Kunyi LIU and Shido CHO, the Western Affair Movement bureaucracy became the chairman, the members of the Toa-kai which supported the Chinese Revolution that was led by Sun Yat-sen gradually left from the group.
Japanese: さらに洋務運動官僚の劉坤一・張之洞らと関係の深い近衛が会長に就任すると孫文らの中国革命を支援する東亜会系の会員は次第に姿を消していった。
English: Toa-dobunkai established Toa-Dobunshoin University in Shanghai and Tokyo Dobunshoin in Tokyo (the former educated Japanese students living in China while the latter was a higher education institution which accepted Chinese students living in Japan).
Japanese: 東亜同文会は上海市に東亜同文書院大学、東京に東京同文書院を設立した（前者は在華日本人留学生を教育し、後者は中国人留学生を受け入れる高等教育機関であった）。
English: The Toa-Dobunshoin with a 45-year history started with the first president, Hajime NEZU and was followed by Jugo SUGIURA, 大津麟平, Fumimaro KONOE, Chozo OUCHI, Shichitaro YADA and Kiichi HONMA, which means seven presidents for eight generations took the role. (Refer to Toa-Dobunshoin University for more information).
Japanese: 東亜同文書院の45年の歴史は、初代院長・根津一によって始まり、以降杉浦重剛、大津麟平、近衛文麿、大内暢三、矢田七太郎、本間喜一ら計8代7人の院長が担った（詳細は東亜同文書院大学を参照）。
English: Tokyo-dobun-shoin was run by Buntaro KASHIWARA (later the third principal of Chuo University Senior High School) as a substantial person in charge and it existed from 1898 to 1918.
Japanese: 柏原文太郎（のち中央大学附属高等学校第3代校長）を実質的な責任者として運営され、1898年から1918年まで存続した。
English: It also administrated Tenshin Dobun Shoin (later a Sino-Japanese School in Tianjin), Kanko Dobun Shoin (later Kokan Junior High School), Toa Engineering School (a higher education institution for Chinese students that succeeded to 'Enemy Property'), Kahoku Engineering High School (founded in 1943), and Beijin Koa School (succeeded in 1943).
Japanese: このほか、天津同文書院（のちの天津中日学院）・漢口同文書院（のちの江漢中学校）・東亜工業学院（「敵性資産」を引き継いだ、中国人学生のための高等教育機関）・華北高等工業学校（1943年設立）・北京興亜学院（1943年引継）を運営した。
English: In November 1946 after the Second World War, the Toa-dobunkai dissolved and then in December 1950 after four years, the Toa-dobunkai as a foundation also went into liquidation.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後の1946年11月、東亜同文会は解散し、4年後の1950年12月、財団法人としての東亜同文会も清算された。
English: Kani Sotosei was the bureaucrats hierarchy system that set the constant suitability relationship between Ikai (Court rank) and government post given to a government official on the Japanese Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 官位相当制（かんいそうとうせい）とは、日本の律令制において、官人に付与する位階と官職との間に一定の相当関係を設定した官僚序列システム。
English: Japanese ritsuryo official rank system was prescribed for Taiho-ryo (Taiho Code) and Yoro-ryo (Yoro Code) based on the Court Ranking Law, but its model was To-Kanhin-ryo (Kanhin Code of Tang [China]).
Japanese: 日本律令の官位システムは大宝令、養老令いずれも官位令において規定されているが、この模範となったのが唐官品令である。
English: Both set the correspondence relationship between Ikai (called Hinkai in Tang) and government post, but there was a big difference on its foundational rule.
Japanese: 両者とも位階（唐では品階）と官職との対応関係を定めているが、その根本原則においては大きな差異があった。
English: On the Ritsuryo system of Tang, it was the common principle that hierarchy of government officials were decided by the government post, and Ikai was only the index to describe the grade of the government post.
Japanese: 唐律令制では、官人の序列を決定するのは官職という原則が通底しており、品階は官職の等級を表す指標に過ぎなかった。
English: Government officials were supposed to receive the government post and Hinkai correspond to it, but the actual government posts had limitations.
Japanese: 官人には官職とそれに対応する品階が与えられる建前であったが、実際の官職ポストには限りがあった。
English: Therefore, some officials received nominal government post, and many officials became Sani (official only with Hinkai and without a government post), so the official was able to join the bureaucrats hierarchy system eventually by having the real government post.
Japanese: そのため、名目だけの官職があてがわれたり、散位（品階のみで官職を持たないこと）となる者も少なくなく、実質を持つ官職を得ることでようやく官僚序列の中に参加することができたのである。
English: Hinkai did not have a great deal of meaning here, and only the government post had hierarchy function in the bureaucrats system.
Japanese: ここでは品階は大きな意味を持たず、官職のみが官僚システムの中で序列機能を果たしていた。
English: On the other hand, on the Japanese Ritsuryo system, government officials were ranked by Ikai first and given the government post correspond to the Ikai.
Japanese: 一方、日本律令制では、官人はまず位階によって序列化され、そして位階に応じた官職が与えられることされていた。
English: Therefore, it was required to restructure each clans as government officials by preserving the former hierarchy when promulgating the government official system at the installation of Ritsuryo.
Japanese: そのため、律令導入時に官人制を布く際、従前の序列を温存しながら各氏族を官人として再編成する必要に迫られた。
English: It seemed to be the reasons that the official rank system was introduced with Ikai to be main and government post to be the following, which were different from Tang.
Japanese: これにより、日本では唐とは異なり、位階を主として官職を従とする官位制が導入されたのだと考えられている。
English: Specifically, the government post that was possible to assume for each Ikai was strictly established based on the Court Ranking Law.
Japanese: 具体的には、官位令に基づいて位階ごとに就任可能な官職が厳密に定められていた。
English: Ikai was absolutely principal in the hierarchy system, so even though an official had achievements and evaluations on an government post, he did not receive promotion on the post like in Tang.
Japanese: あくまでも位階が序列システムの主座にあったのであり、ある官職で実績・評価を重ねたとしても、唐のように官職の昇進を受けるのではない。
English: The principal was that the official was promoted on Ikai first and then received the qualification to assume the government post equivalent to the Ikai.
Japanese: まず位階の昇進を受けて、その後に昇進後の位階に相当する官職の就任資格を得るのが原則であった。
English: However, there were some cases where the equivalent relationship between Ikai and the government post was not established by various reasons.
Japanese: ただし、様々な事情により位階と官職の相当関係が成立していない事例も発生した。
English: In these cases, it was called 'Gyo' when an official had the government post higher than the equivalent Ikai and 'Shu' with the government post lower than the equivalent Ikai.
Japanese: その場合、位階相当よりも高い官職にある場合には「行」、反対に位階相当より低い官職にある場合には「守」と呼称した。
English: Also, the appointment of Ikai lower than Shorokui (Senior Sixth Rank) was not seen with the obsolescence of Ritsuryo system as the years went by.
Japanese: また、時代が下り律令制の衰微とともに正六位よりも下の位階の叙任例はほとんどなくなっていった。
English: Seisho (Political Merchants) refers to businessmen and companies who obtain exclusive economic benefits and guide certain policies to serve their own interests by taking advantage of their connections with politicians and high-ranking government officials.
Japanese: 政商（せいしょう）とは、政治家や政府高官との結びつきを利用して経済活動上の特権的利益を得たり、政策を自己の利益に有利な方向に誘導した事業家、企業のことを指す。
English: This word, which originally referred to that class of businessmen that appeared in the Meiji period, belongs to the historical category.
Japanese: 元々は明治時代に登場したこのタイプの事業家を意味する歴史的範疇である。
English: The anti-Nobunaga network is a commonly used name for the seige around Nobunaga led by Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA; from the end of the Sengoku period to the beginning of the Azuchi-Momoyama period, Nobunaga ODA was an official backing for Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Seii Taishogun of the Muromachi shogunate, although, in reality, they were conflicted and Yoshiaki established that anti-Nobunaga network.
Japanese: 信長包囲網（のぶながほういもう）は、戦国時代_(日本)末期より安土桃山時代初頭にかけて、室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義昭とその後ろ盾である織田信長との対立に由来する義昭主導の反信長連合の俗称｡
English: Nobunaga ODA, who conquered Owari, Mino, Ise and Omi Provinces, came up to Kyoto, making him Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA's servant; then he conquered the areas in and around Kyoto, and, in alliance with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA of Mikawa Province, promoted the seige of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple (battles at Noda-jo Castle and Fukushima-jo Castle).
Japanese: 尾張国を平定し、美濃国、伊勢国、近江国へと進出した織田信長は将軍足利義昭を奉じて上洛し、三河国の徳川家康と同盟し畿内の平定や本願寺攻め（野田城・福島城の戦い）を進めていた。
English: The relationship between Nobunaga and Yoshiaki was good at first but gradually became worse and in 1570, Yoshiaki started his own diplomacy.
Japanese: 信長と義昭の関係は当初は良好であったがしだいに険悪化し、元亀元年(1570年）に義昭は独自の外交を志向しはじめる。
English: Yoshiaki formed anti-Nobunaga network; he called for anti-Nobunaga powers and united them in Kinki region under his leadership.
Japanese: 義昭は反織田勢力に呼びかけ、自身を盟主に織田家に反発する近畿地方の諸勢力を団結させ、包囲網が結成された。
English: At the same time, Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province conquered Shinano and expanded his territory; in his latter years, Shingen changed his diplomatic policies and started invading Suruga.
Japanese: 同時期に甲斐国の武田信玄は信濃を平定して領国を拡大し、信玄後期には外交方針が転換し駿河侵攻が行われていた。
English: After conquering Mino Province, as Nobunaga's territory had a border with Takeda's territory, Nobunaga established the friendly association with Shingen; when Shigen started invading Suruga, Nobunaga tried to reconciliate between Kai and Echigo with the help of Akiyoshi.
Japanese: 信長は美濃平定で武田領国と接していたため武田と誼を通じ、駿河侵攻に際しては将軍義昭に周旋して甲越和睦の調停を試みており友好路線をとっていた。
English: However, after conquering Suruga, TAKEDA remade the Koso Alliance (an alliance between the Takeda clan in Kai Province and the Hojo clan in Sagami Province) and on October, 1571, he invaded Totomi and Mikawa Provinces in a large scale, which resulted in the decisive confrontation with the Oda and Tokugawa allied forces.
Japanese: が、駿河を平定した武田は甲相同盟を回復すると、元亀2年（1571年）10月には大規模な遠江・三河侵攻を行い織田・徳川連合との対立が決定的となる。
English: It is known that Shingen intended to come up to Kyoto by driving out the Oda and Tokugawa allied forces; in 1572, Shingen started the strategy to conquer westward.
Japanese: 信玄には織田・徳川連合を駆逐して上洛意図のあったことが指摘されており、元亀3年（1572年）には西上作戦が開始される。
English: In December, 1572, Yoshikage ASAKURA, who was confronting with the Oda force as Nagamasa ASAI's support arms, suddenly started withdrawing to his homeland.
Japanese: 同年12月に浅井長政の援軍として近江国において織田軍と対峙中の朝倉義景が、突然本国への撤退を始めた｡
English: This withdrawal brought Shingen's plan of dispersing the ODA force to naught, which led to drastically slow down the TAKEDA force's speed of advance drastically.
Japanese: この撤退によって信玄がもくろんでいた織田軍分散計画は破綻｡武田軍の進軍速度は極端に鈍った。
English: In March, 1573, Shogun Yoshiaki raised an army against Nobunaga, which Nobunaga repressed and on April, Shingen's strategy to conquer westward was discontinued due to his death.
Japanese: 翌年3月には京都で将軍義昭が挙兵するものの信長に制圧され、4月には信玄が死去し、西上作戦は中止された。
English: Nobunaga, getting the information of Shingen's death, went on an offensive at a breath; nobody could stand up against Nobunaga, and one after another of the network was defeated impotently.
Japanese: 最大の脅威であった信玄が死去したことを知った信長は一気に攻勢に出た｡信玄なき今、もはや信長と立ち向かえるほどの余力が残された勢力はなく､なすすべもなく各個撃破されていった｡
English: Within one year after Shingen's death, the anti-Nobunaga forces, including ASAI, ASAKURA, and MIYOSHI, were killed by Nobunaga and Shogun Yoshiaki was expelled from Kyoto.
Japanese: こうして信玄の死から一年足らずで浅井･朝倉・三好といった勢力は信長に滅ぼされ、将軍足利義昭も京から追放された｡
English: Although the Nobunaga's force, with a limited number of soldiers, defeated the Ishiyama Honganji-temple force, the former was defeated by the Mori navy at the first battle of Kizukawaguchi.
Japanese: 信長はわずかな手勢で本願寺勢を破るが、毛利水軍に第一次木津川口の戦いで敗れ撤退する。
English: Afterwards Nobunaga formed a hostile relationship with Kenshin UESUGI, which Hisahide MATSUNAGA took as a good opportunity to attack Nobunaga (the Battle of Shigisan Castle).
Japanese: その後上杉謙信とも敵対関係に陥り､それを好機と見た松永久秀が反旗を翻した（信貴山城の戦い）｡