nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Kaoru INOUE's troops in charge of Geishu-guchi advanced up close to Kokutai-ji Temple in Hiroshima, where the shogunate's main camp took position.
Japanese: ことに芸州口を担当していた井上馨率いる長州軍は幕府本陣のある広島国泰寺のすぐ近くまで押し寄せた。
English: It ended undramatically when the Higo army retreated, disappointed with the shogunal battleships and troops that did not dare to fight back even when they were overwhelmed.
Japanese: 幕府側の劣勢にもかかわらず戦おうとしない幕艦・幕軍にあきれ果てた肥後軍の撤退によりあっさり幕を下ろした。
English: The loss of fighting spirit by the Higo army, which defeated the shogunal armies at Oshima-guchi, Geishu-guchi, and Sekishu-guchi in a very short space of time, and which kept attacking the shogunal army from the height of Ogura-guchi, brought a definitive victory to the Choshu side.
Japanese: 大島口・芸州口・石州口の三カ所で極めて短期間の内に幕府軍を撃破し、残りの小倉口も高みから徹底抗戦し続けていた肥後藩士たちの戦意喪失により長州側の勝利が確定する。
English: Consequently, the Hamada Domain (including the shogunal demesne of Iwami Silver Mine) and a major portion of the Ogura Domain were subjected to the Choshu Domain until people and lands were returned to the emperor in 1869.
Japanese: この結果、浜田藩（天領・石見銀山含む）と小倉藩の主要部分は明治2年（1869年）の版籍奉還まで長州藩の属領となる。
English: Kogoro was highly regarded by Tomomi IWAKURA, Vice-President of the Meiji government, as an excellent statesman.
Japanese: 明治新政府にあっては、副総裁の岩倉具視からもその政治的識見の高さを買われる。
English: After the reform of the Dajokan (Great Councillors of State) system, he took up other positions, such as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, sanyo (councillor of state), sangi (junior councillor), and the Minister of Education, besides advisor to the Supreme Head.
Japanese: 太政官制度の改革後、外国事務掛、参与、参議、文部卿などを兼務していく。
English: Since 1868 he had taken initiatives in proposing enlightened principles and in implementing political agendas.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）以来、数々の開明的な建言と政策実行を率先して行い続ける。
English: He suggested and implemented the following policies: the Charter Oath of Five Articles, the nurturing and promotion of mass media, the abolition of feudal conventions, the reversion of people and lands to the emperor, the abolition of the feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures, meritocracy, equality of the four classes, the establishment of a constitution, the separation of the three powers of the state, the introduction of the bicameral parliamentary system, the advancement of education, and the establishment of legalism.
Japanese: 五箇条の御誓文、マスコミの発達推進、封建的風習の廃止、版籍奉還・廃藩置県、人材優先主義、四民平等、憲法制定と三権分立の確立、二院制の確立、教育の充実、法治主義の確立などを提言し、明治政府に実施させた。
English: He also proposed the following extremely modern and enlightened ideas, which, however, did not materialize until the post-War period in the Showa era: non-appointment of military personnel as cabinet members, democratic local police, and democratic trial system.
Japanese: なお、昭和戦後まで実現はしなかったが、軍人の閣僚への登用禁止、民主的地方警察、民主的裁判制度など極めて現代的かつ開明的な建言を、その当時に行っている。
English: All civil and military officials and the common people as well shall be allowed to fulfil their aspirations so that there may be no discontent among them.
Japanese: 一官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄、各其志ヲ遂ケ、人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス。
English: Our country is about to make unprecedented reforms, and the emperor shall, upon oath by God, lay down a national policy before the nation and open a road to national security.
Japanese: 我國未曾有ノ變革ヲ爲ントシ、朕躬ヲ以テ衆ニ先ンシ、天地神明ニ誓ヒ、大ニ斯國是ヲ定メ、萬民保全ノ道ヲ立ントス。
English: The most important ideas of the Charter Oath of Five Articles, newly inserted by Kido, include the following two: 'An assembly widely convoked shall be established' of Article 1; and Article 4: 'Base customs of former times shall be abandoned, and all actions shall confirm to the principles of universal justice.'
Japanese: 第一条の「廣ク會議ヲ興シ（広く会議を起こし）」、第四条の「舊來ノ陋習ヲ破リ、天地ノ公道ニ基クヘシ（旧来の陋習を破り、天地の公道に基づくべし）」の二つが木戸により全く新たに挿入された五箇条の御誓文の最重要精神である。
English: Kido modified Takachika FUKUOKA's following sentence in the Pledge of the Daimyo: 'there should not be discontent among them' as the more refined expression of 'there may not be discontent among them.'
Japanese: 福岡孝弟の会盟の「人心をして倦まざしむるを要す」という言葉遣いをより洗練された表現「人心ヲシテ倦マサラシメン事ヲ要ス」に修正した。
English: (However, the earlier part of 'All civil and military officials and the common people as well shall be allowed to fulfill their aspirations' was taken directly from Fukuoka's original wording).
Japanese: （ただし、前半の「官武一途庶民ニ至ル迄、各其志ヲ遂ケ」という表現は福岡孝弟独自の表現をそのまま尊重している）。
English: He placed the following article, 'Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world and thus the foundation of the Imperial Polity shall be strengthened,' at the end; that is, Article 5.
Japanese: 「知識ヲ世界ニ求メ、大ニ皇基ヲ振起スヘシ」を最後の第五条に持って来た。
English: He revised the Charter Oath to impress the nation with the Meiji Restoration's top-priority issue that 'the Japanese should be globalized to establish a great national basis.'
Japanese: 「日本人は世界人となって、大いに国民的基盤を整備しなければならない」という明治維新の最重要課題を国民全員に印象付けることに留意するなどの修正を施している。
English: By designating the articles as the 'Charter Oath of Five Articles,' he devised a ceremony in which Emperor Meiji and other nobles swore by God.
Japanese: 「五箇条の御誓文」と称し、明治天皇以下全員が天地神明に誓うという儀式を木戸自身が構想した。
English: He thus persuaded the resistant conservatives and inspired Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: 木戸は抵抗する守旧派を説き伏せ、明治天皇には大いに本気になってもらっている。
English: In order to resolve 'chorei bokai' (issuing orders in the morning and revising them in the evening) and a state of 'let a hundred schools of thought contend' at the start of the Meiji government, Kido was asked by Saigo, Okubo, Iwakura, and Sanetomi SANJO to be the sole sangi just before the feudal domains were abolished to be replaced by new prefectures in July 1871.
Japanese: 明治政府草創期の朝令暮改や百家争鳴状態を解消するため、廃藩置県の断行を控えた明治4年（1871年）6月、西郷、大久保、岩倉、三条実美達から、木戸がただひとり参議となるように求められる。
English: Urged by Okubo's compromise, however, he agreed to become sangi together with Saigo.
Japanese: 大久保による妥協案により、木戸は、西郷と同時に参議になることを了承する。
English: In August 1872, he suggested to Saigo that Shigenobu OKUMA from Hizen should become sangi to help Saigo, who was not an expert politician.
Japanese: 翌7月には、政務に疎い西郷を補うためという口実で、肥前の大隈重信を参議入りさせることを西郷に提案。
English: Yet this system of Cabinet Councillors did not last long, as Kido, its progenitor, was absent most of the time, visiting foreign countries as vice ambassador plenipotentiary.
Japanese: しかし、この薩長土肥一人ずつの共和制的な参議内閣体制は、それを打ち立てた木戸自身が海外視察の全権副使として留守にしたため、長くは続かなかった。
English: It was decided between those who went abroad for inspection (Iwakura, Kido, Okubo, and Ito) and those who remained in Japan (Sanjo, Saigo, Shinpei ETO, Okuma, and Itagaki et al) that no major political and personnel change should be made without written consent of those abroad until they return to Japan.
Japanese: 海外視察組（岩倉・木戸・大久保・伊藤たち）と留守政府組（三条・西郷・江藤新平・大隈・板垣たち）との間には、「海外視察が終わるまで、郵送文書での合意なくして明治政府の主要な体制・人事を変更しない」という約束が交わされていた。
English: Those abroad also did not keep their words and could not question the government's accountability.
Japanese: しかし、海外視察組も約束を大きく反故にしたため、留守政府の責任は問われないことになった。
English: However, they regarded the government's Seikanron (subjugation of Korea) as utterly unacceptable madness.
Japanese: だが、留守政府による征韓論の方針は、海外視察組には到底承伏し難い暴挙にしか見えなかった。
English: Kido toured Europe and America as the vice ambassador plenipotentiary of the Iwakura Mission to abrogate the unfair treaties and to conclude fair treaties as he had hoped for the opening of Japan, the abrogation of the unfair treaties, and the expulsion of the barbarians since the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 木戸は、幕末以来の宿願である開国・破約攘夷つまり不平等条約の撤廃と対等条約締結のため、岩倉使節団の全権副使として欧米を回覧した。
English: Observing advanced Western culture, he also realized that democracy was not perfect and even dangerous when he came home.
Japanese: 欧米の進んだ文化だけでなく、民主主義の不完全性や危険性まで洞察して帰って来る。
English: In fact he later became Minister of Education to develop public education.
Japanese: 後に文部卿に自ら就任したのは国民教育を充実させる事を目指したものであった。
English: He consistently opposed Saigo's policy of subjugation of Korea and Okubo's military invasion of Taiwan.
Japanese: 西郷らが主張する征韓論や大久保らが主張する台湾出兵には一貫して反対した。
English: He tirelessly promoted a land-tax reform and abolished the privileges of the samurai class in order to liberate the farmers from unfair and heavy taxation.
Japanese: またあくまで農民を不公正な税制と重税から解放するために積極的に推し進めた地租改正や武士の特権を廃止。
English: He, however, vehemently protested against the implementation of the abolition of the stipend system, which was originally conceived to let the ruling class find new means of earning their own living.
Japanese: だが彼らに新たな生活の途を探させるための手段として構想された秩禄処分が、実行された時にはこれに激しく反発した。
English: In May 1874 he resigned from the office of sangi as a protest against the governmental decision to send troops to Taiwan.
Japanese: そして、台湾出兵が決定された1874年（明治7年）5月には、これに抗議して参議を辞職している。
English: Wishing to recall Kido and Itagaki to the Meiji government, Toshimichi OKUBO and Kaoru INOUE invited them to the Osaka conference in August 1875.
Japanese: 木戸と板垣とを明治政府に取り戻したい大久保利通・井上馨らは、明治8年（1875年）8月、大阪会議に彼らを招待する。
English: Kido and Itagaki agreed to become sangi again on the condition that a constitutional government be formed, that powers be separated, and that a bicameral parliament be opened.
Japanese: 木戸・板垣は、立憲政体樹立・三権分立・二院制議会確立を条件として参議復帰を受け入れる。
English: For the parliament, the national assembly (legislature) was instituted, consisting of Genroin (the Chamber of Elders) and a lower house of prefectural governors, which was modelled after the upper and lower houses.
Japanese: 議会（立法）については元老院・地方官会議が設けられ、上下の両院に模された。
English: For the judiciary, Daishinin, which corresponds to the present-day Supreme Court of Justice, was newly established.
Japanese: 司法については現在の最高裁判所に相当する大審院が新たに設立されることとなった。
English: From the start the Meiji government endeavored to create and implement a kind of lower house function such as Shugisho in 1868 and Kogisho in 1869 by the enlightened initiative of Kido.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）の集議所、同2年（1869年）の公議所など、木戸自身の開明的な方針で国会の下院に相当するものを実際に構成し、機能させようとする努力は当初から為されてはいた。
English: Yet an assembly of discontent samurai from the countryside with feudalistic consciousness in the Edo period ended in meaningless free speeches and radically differed from the restoration philosophy and its realistic possibilities.
Japanese: しかし、江戸時代の封建意識そのままの各地の不平士族たちを出仕させ、自由に発言させただけでは、維新の方針とも現実的な可能性とも乖離（かいり）し過ぎていた。
English: It was so premature and nonsensical an attempt that Okubo and others declared that it should be abolished.
Japanese: 大久保らをして「廃止すべし」と断言させるほどに、時期尚早かつ、ほとんど無意味なものであった。
English: Such assemblies predated the implementation of the 'Haitorei' decrees abolishing the wearing of swords in public and 'Shimin byodo' (equality of the four classes), and only provided a platform where samurai from domains other than Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa, and Hizen gave vent to dissatisfaction, insisting on the protection of their privileges.
Japanese: また、これらの会議は、「廃刀令」「四民平等」以前に行われたため、薩長土肥以外の、特権を奪われまいとする武士たちの不満の発散所でしかなかった。
English: Kido himself did the groundwork for an equivalent of the present-day House of Representatives, as he had been exploring it and arguing for its need.
Japanese: このため、現在の国会の衆議院に相当するようなものを模索し続け、その必要性を訴え続けて来た木戸自身が、環境を整備した。
English: Finding an opportune moment, he opened and presided over the first assembly of the lower house of prefectural governors from June 20, 1875 to July 17, 1875.
Japanese: タイミングを見計らった上で、第1回の地方官会議（1875年6月20日～7月17日）を、自ら議長として挙行した。
English: The assembly adopted five laws to promote the autonomy of prefectures by establishing local police and democratic assemblies.
Japanese: このとき採択された五法案は、地方警察、地方民会など地方自治の確立を促進する法案である。
English: None of them, however, was enforced, as they were adopted due to the subsequent rise of the Ministry of Interior.
Japanese: のちの内務省の台頭により、いずれもそのままの形では実施されなかった。
English: Fearing that the Meiji government might collapse, Hirofumi ITO opposed them and dispatched the national army, which was formed through the conscription orders.
Japanese: 明治政府の瓦解を恐れた伊藤博文が、これらに反対し、結局、徴兵令による国軍が出動した。
English: On May 26 he said in his delirium, grasping Okubo's hand, 'Saigo, have done with it.'
Japanese: 5月26日、朦朧状態の中、大久保の手を握り締め、「西郷もいいかげんにしないか」と言った。
English: He passed away after he uttered those words of concern about both the Meiji government and Saigo.
Japanese: 明治政府と西郷の両方を案じるこの言葉を発したのを最後にこの世を去った。
English: Kido-jinja Shrine lies on the site of his house in Yamaguchi (Itoyone, Yamaguchi City) during the period of the Choshu reformist administration.
Japanese: また、長州正義派政権時代に山口の居宅だった場所（山口市糸米（いとよね））に木戸神社がある。
English: In his later life Kido often invited his close friends to his second house in 1, Komagome, Toshima Ward, present 5, Honkomagome, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo.
Japanese: 晩年、木戸は現在の東京都文京区本駒込5丁目、豊島区駒込1丁目の別宅で親しい友人を招き過ごしたと言われる。
English: There is a slope called 'Kido-saka' that runs from Komagome Station of JR Yamanote Line to his second house.
Japanese: JR山手線駒込駅から別邸までの間に木戸坂と命名された坂が残されている。
English: Yoritomo MINAMOTO raised an army and Yasutoki's father, Yoshitoki, along with the Hojo family (including Yasutoki's grandfather Tokimasa HOJO) followed Yoritomo, whereupon they entered Kamakura; in or around the fourth year after this entrance, Yasutoki was born when his father, Yoshitoki, was 21 years old.
Japanese: 父義時は21歳、祖父北条時政ら北条氏一族と共に源頼朝の挙兵に従い鎌倉入りして4年目の頃である。
English: Yoritomo, who had become the first shogun of the bakufu, became Yasutoki's godfather 'eboshi-oya' and Yasutoki was given "yori" from Yoritomo's name and thus called Yoritoki.
Japanese: 幕府の初代将軍となった頼朝が烏帽子親となり、頼朝の頼を賜って、頼時と名乗る。
English: As ordered by Yoritomo, the engagement of a granddaughter of Yoshizumi MIURA to Yasutoki was determined simultaneously with his coming of age and, eight years later, Yasutoki welcomed Yoshimura MIURA's daughter (a nun, Yabe-zenni) as his wife on September 17, 1202.
Japanese: 頼朝の命により元服と同時に三浦義澄の孫娘との婚約が決められ、8年後の建仁2年（1202年）8月23日に三浦義村の娘（矢部禅尼）を正室に迎える。
English: Yasutoki's heir, Tokiuji HOJO, was born the next year, but Yasutoki parted from MIURA's daughter later and welcomed Sanekazu ANBO' daughter as his wife.
Japanese: 翌年嫡男北条時氏が生まれるが、後に三浦の娘とは離別し、安保実員の娘を正室に迎えている。
English: At this time, the male heir of the Hojo family was Tomotoki HOJO, who was Yasutoki's younger half-brother by father's lawful wife; however, Tomotoki fell from power because he had aroused the anger of Sanetomo MINAMOTO, the third shogun, and therefore Yasutoki, who was a son of his father's mistress, became the male heir.
Japanese: この時点で北条氏の嫡男は異母弟で正室の子である北条朝時であったが、朝時が第3代将軍・源実朝の怒りを買って失脚したため、庶子であった泰時が嫡男とされた。
English: In the Wada War of 1213, Yasutoki, along with his father, Yoshitoki beat down Yoshimori WADA and, due to his distinguished service in the war, was appointed as the steward in charge of a lord's manor of Enda County, Mutsu Province.
Japanese: 建暦3年（1213年）の和田合戦では父・義時と共に和田義盛を滅ぼし、戦功により陸奥国遠田郡の地頭職に任じられた。
English: In the Jokyu War of 1221, Yasutoki left his hometown for Kyoto as the commander-in-chief of the bakufu's army, whereupon he beat down the anti-bakufu army on the side of Emperor Gotoba and then entered Kyoto.
Japanese: 承久3年（1221年）の承久の乱では、幕府軍の総大将として上洛し、後鳥羽天皇方の倒幕軍を破って京へ入った。
English: Yasutoki was appointed as the manager of the north branch of the Rokuhara-tandai troops (the guard troops for the Rokuhara area), which was newly provided in Kyoto after the war, and similarly, Yasutoki's uncle, Tokifusa HOJO, who entered Kyoto as the grand general with Yasutoki, was appointed as the manager of the southern branch of the troops.
Japanese: 戦後、新たに都に設置された六波羅探題北方として就任し、同じく南方には共に大将軍として上洛した叔父の北条時房が就任した。
English: Since then, Yasutoki stayed in Kyoto and conducted the monitoring of the Imperial Court, post-war dispositions and supervision of the gokenin, who were warriors who had personally become vassals of the shogun, in the provinces around Kyoto and west of Kyoto.
Japanese: 以降京に留まって朝廷の監視、乱後の処理や畿内近国以西の御家人武士の統括にあたった。
English: When Yasutoki returned to Kamakura because Yasutoki's father, Yoshitoki had died a sudden death (in June through July 1224), there was a coup by the Iga family triggered by Yasutoki's stepmother, Iga no Kata, which was intended to support her biological son, Masamura HOJO, as the next regent.
Japanese: 貞応3年（1224年）6月、父・義時が急死したため、鎌倉に戻ると義母の伊賀の方が実子の北条政村を次期執権に擁立しようとした伊賀氏の変が起こる。
English: As instructed by Shogun Masako HOJO, who was a nun and Yasutoki's aunt, Iga no Kata and her cohorts were expelled, and Yasutoki, now 42 years old, succeeded to the house as the third regent.
Japanese: 伯母の尼将軍北条政子の命によって伊賀の方らは追放され、泰時が家督を相続し、42歳で第3代執権となった。
English: Though Iga no Kata was placed in confinement, Masamura, Yasutoki's younger half-brother by a different mother, and Yoshimura MIURA, one of the influential gokenin involved in the incident, weren't accused and soon Mitsumune IGA, who had been sent into exile, was forgiven and recovered his position.
Japanese: 伊賀の方は幽閉の身となったが、異母弟の政村や事件に関わった有力御家人の三浦義村は不問に付せられ、流罪となった伊賀光宗も間もなく許されて復帰している。
English: In distributing the territory left by Yoshitoki, Yasutoki gave much to his younger brothers and younger sisters but kept only a little for himself.
Japanese: 義時の遺領配分に際して泰時は弟妹に多く与え、自分はごく僅かな分しか取らなかった。
English: Masako objected to the distribution and tried to increase Yasutoki's share and made him to control his younger brothers, but Yasutoki declined her objection, saying, "I am the regent."
Japanese: 政子はこれに反対して取り分を多くし、弟たちを統制させようとしたが、泰時は「自分は執権の身ですから」として辞退したという。
English: Yasutoki's generous disposition of the Iga incident and the friendly measures he took on behalf of his younger brothers and sisters also represented Yasutoki's weak position, as well as the unstable power of the Hojo family in the bakufu during that period.
Japanese: 伊賀事件の寛大な措置、弟妹への融和策は当時の泰時の立場の弱さ、北条氏の幕府における権力の不安定さの現れでもあった。
English: Yasutoki newly founded the "Karei" position, which supervised the family politics of the legitimate line of the Hojo family; he appointed Kagetsuna BITO, his trusted vassal, as Karei, and thereby Yasutoki clarified the footing of the legitimate line, which was different from other family lines.
Japanese: 泰時は新たに北条氏嫡流家の家政を司る「家令」を置き、信任厚い家臣の尾藤景綱を任命し、他の一族と異なる嫡流家の立場を明らかにした。
English: The next year (1225), the bakufu lost its very important peopole one after the other: Hiromoto OE, an influential bakufu vassal, died in July and August and Masako died in August and September.
Japanese: 翌年嘉禄元年（1225年）6月に有力幕臣・大江広元が没し、7月には政子が世を去って幕府は続けて大要人を失った。
English: Facing this difficult time, Yasutoki launched a system of group instruction and council politics instead of the autocratic system that had been employed in the days of Yoritomo to Masako.
Japanese: 泰時はこの難局にあたり、頼朝から政子にいたる専制体制に代わり、集団指導制、合議政治を打ち出した。
English: Yasutoki called his uncle Tokifusa back from Kyoto and put him at the position of regent similar to himself, and thereby established a system with a plurality of regents, called double-regent system, with those next to the regents later called Rensho.
Japanese: 叔父時房を京都から呼び戻し、泰時と並ぶ執権の地位に迎え「両執権」と呼ばれる複数執権体制をとり、次位のものはのちに「連署」と呼ばれるようになる。
English: Next, Yasutoki selected 11 Hyoteishu in total, who were literally the council members, including the representatives of influential gokenin such as Yoshimura MIURA, and the bakufu bureaucracy such as Morokazu NAKAHARA and let them serve in the government office; subsequently, Yasutoki founded the council conference consisting of 13 members, including the 11 members and two regents as the top governmental institution, and this institution handled the determination of policies and personnel affairs, settlement of lawsuits, legislation of laws, etc.
Japanese: 泰時は続いて三浦義村ら有力御家人代表と、中原師員ら幕府事務官僚などからなる合計11人の評定衆を選んで政所に出仕させ、これに執権2人を加えた13人の「評定」会議を新設して幕府の最高機関とし、政策や人事の決定、訴訟の採決、法令の立法などを行った。
English: Yasutoki was welcomed to Kamakura from Kyoto as the new lord of Kamakura after the assassination of the third shogun, Sanetomo MINAMOTO, and he caused Mitsutora, who was eight years old, to celebrate his coming of age and take the name Yoritsune FUJIWARA.
Japanese: 3代将軍源実朝暗殺後に新たな鎌倉殿として京から迎えられ、8歳となっていた三寅を元服させ、藤原頼経と名乗らせた。
English: In 1226, Yoritsune formally became the great general 'Seii Taishogun' (the bakufu had not have any Seii Taishogun for more than six years since the assassination of Sanetomo).
Japanese: 頼経は嘉禄3年（1226年）、正式に征夷大将軍となる（実朝暗殺以降6年余、幕府は征夷大将軍不在であった）。
English: Instead of the Imperial Palace of the bakufu, which had been in Okura Imperial Palace since the days of Yoritomo, Yasutoki constructed a new bakufu building in Utsunomiya-tsujiko in the south of Tsurugaoka-Hachiman-gu Shrine and east of Wakamiya-oji Street.
Japanese: 頼朝以来大倉御所にあった幕府の御所に代わり、鶴岡八幡宮の南、若宮大路の東側である宇都宮辻子に幕府を新造する。
English: Yoritsune moved to the new building, and the next day the first council was conducted by Hyoteishu and Yasutoki, who declared that all honors and punishments thereafter would be determined by Yasutoki himself.
Japanese: 頼経がここに移転し、その翌日に評定衆による最初の評議が行われ、以後はすべて賞罰は泰時自身で決定する旨を宣言した。
English: Though the scale of this transfer of the bakufu was small, it was a transfer of the capital in fact and was therefore a symbolic event that facilitated the change of people's minds over the period of shogun autocracy, ultimately giving rise to council-based regent politics.
Japanese: この幕府移転は規模こそ小さいもののいわば遷都であり、将軍独裁時代からの心機一転を図り、合議的な執権政治を発足させる象徴的な出来事であった。
English: In Yasutoki's family, however, his second son, Tokisane HOJO, was killed at the age of 16 by a vassal on August 8, 1227.
Japanese: 一方、家庭内では嘉禄3年（1227年）6月18日に16歳の次男北条時実が家臣によって殺害されている。
English: Yasutoki continuously met with misfortunes after that, as three years later, on August 5, 1230, his first son Tokiuji HOJO died of a disease at the age of 28 and, one month later his 25-year-old daughter, who had married Yasumura MIURA, gave birth; the child died about ten days later and the daughter, whose own post-delivery recovery was slow, died on September 19 at the age of 25.
Japanese: 3年後の寛喜2年（1230年）6月18日には長男の北条時氏が病のため28歳で死去し、その1ヶ月後の7月に三浦泰村に嫁いだ娘が出産するも子は10日余りで亡くなり、娘自身も産後の肥立ちが悪く8月4日に25歳で死去するなど、立て続けに不幸に見舞われた。
English: After the Jokyu War, conflicts continually occurred in various places over the acts and incomes of the newly appointed stewards in charge of lords' manors, and an abstract instruction philosophy was necessary to establish the group instruction system.
Japanese: 承久の乱以降、新たに任命された地頭の行動や収入を巡って各地で盛んに紛争が起きており、また集団指導体制を行うにあたり抽象的指導理念が必要となった。
English: Though the 'precedents' of the days of Yoritomo were employed as the criteria by which to settle the conflicts, the precedents were limited and many conditions changed as compared to the days of the precedents.
Japanese: 紛争解決のためには頼朝時代の「先例」を基準としたが、先例にも限りがあり、また多くが以前とは条件が変化していた。
English: Yasutoki asked a lawyer in Kyoto to write down the points of the laws for the court nobles, such as Ritsuryo codes; then, eagerly studied those points every morning.
Japanese: 泰時は京都の法律家に依頼して律令などの貴族の法の要点を書き出してもらい、毎朝熱心に勉強した。
English: Yasutoki started to consider the need for a 'legal code' that employed the sound commonsense in the warrior society called 'dori' as its criterion in order to serve as the basis of a more unified warrior society, thereby employing the precedents, and the opinions of the council members were similar to his own.
Japanese: 泰時は「道理」（武士社会の健全な常識）を基準とし、先例を取り入れながらより統一的な武士社会の基本となる「法典」の必要性を考えるようになり、評定衆の意見も同様であった。
English: The council members, with Yasutoki as their core, devised and edited a draft, which, in August and September 1232, became the bakufu's new basic 51-chapter legal code.
Japanese: 泰時を中心とした評定衆たちが案を練って編集を進め、貞永元年（1232年）8月、全51ヶ条からなる幕府の新しい基本法典が完成した。
English: The legal code was simply called "Shikijo" or "Shikimoku" but was later called "Goseibai-shikimoku" meaning the criteria used in lawsuits.
Japanese: はじめはただ『式条』『式目』と呼ばれ、裁判の基準としての意味で『御成敗式目』と呼ばれるようになる。
English: When the legal code was completed, Yasutoki wrote about the aim of Shikimoku as follows in two letters sent to his younger brother, Shigetoki HOJO, who was staying in Kyoto as a member of the Rokuhara-tandai.
Japanese: 完成に当たって泰時は六波羅探題として京都にあった弟の北条重時に送った2通の手紙の中で、式目の目的について次のように書いている。
English: Yasutoki wrote, 'This Shikimoku was produced as the criteria by which to abolish the unfairness that persons with power win and persons without power lose for nearly the same charges in many lawsuits, and to hold fair trials without any favoritism regardless of the positions of such persons.'
Japanese: 「多くの裁判事件で同じような訴えでも強い者が勝ち、弱い者が負ける不公平を無くし、身分の高下にかかわらず、えこひいき無く公正な裁判をする基準として作ったのがこの式目である。
English: In and around Kyoto, some people may laugh at me, saying, "How can an eastern guy who doesn't know the fact dare say such a thing?" and some people may ask me back, saying, "There already are great Ritsuryo codes as the criteria for trials, aren't there?'"'
Japanese: 京都辺りでは『ものも知らぬあずまえびすどもが何を言うか』と笑う人があるかも知れないし、またその規準としてはすでに立派な律令があるではないかと反問されるかもしれない。