nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As for Nobunaga, he became Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of the Inner Palace Guards) in 1575 and then became naidaijin (Minister of the center) and udaijin (Minister of the right), however, after that, he did not hold any further government positions.
Japanese: 信長の場合、天正3年（1575年）、右近衛大将となり、内大臣、右大臣へと進んだが、その後は無官となっている。
English: He was even offered the positions of kanpaku, Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), or seitaishogun from the Imperial Court (the question of the three alternative positions, called Sanshoku suinin mondai).
Japanese: 朝廷から関白・太政大臣・征夷大将軍のいずれかへの推挙をしたいという要望があったくらいである（三職推任問題）。
English: As explained above, unification of the whole country means to unify the whole of Japan in an integrated fashion.
Japanese: 天下統一とは、上述の通り、日本全国を統一して一元的に支配することである。
English: Yoritomo mainly ruled Togoku (eastern country), he could also control the whole country by the system of gokenin (shogunal retainers).
Japanese: 頼朝の場合、領国的な支配は東国中心であったが、御家人制によって全国的に人を支配していた。
English: At the time of Takauji, the Northern and Southern Courts both claimed to be the legitimate governments.
Japanese: 尊氏になると、南北朝の時代になっており、お互いを正当な政権であると主張していた。
English: The Northern Court, led by the Ashikaga family, was always more powerful than the government of the Southern Court ruled by kuge (court nobles) and the Northern court governed Kyoto, which was the center of Japan during that time.
Japanese: 北朝(日本)を擁した足利家の武家政権は、終始、公家である南朝(日本)政権より強力であり、日本の中心部である京都をほぼ支配していた。
English: First of all, they must have the will to become tenka-bito.
Japanese: 天下人になるためには、まず天下人になろうという意欲があることである。
English: How much one is eager to establish a central administration (the kuge, court nobles, government) depended on how the state of affairs were progressing.
Japanese: 頼朝にしろ、尊氏にしろ、中央政権（公家政権）とは違う新しい政権を樹立しようという意欲は、その時々の事態が進行してからである。
English: Also, it was only after the Sengoku period (period of warring states) that the society began showing its attitude of giving a chance to anyone to rule the tenka as long as they had the will to do so.
Japanese: また、天下取りという意欲を持てば誰でも天下を望める風潮が出てきたのは、戦国時代になってからのことであった。
English: Few people truly had the will to do so and even fewer actually succeeded in accomplishing this goal.
Japanese: それを目指す者の中で何人かの者だけが、ある段階で天下取りへの意欲を持つようになり、そのうちのまた何人かが成功したというのが実情であろう。
English: The government of tenka-bito should be strong enough in military terms to eliminate obstacles and overwhelm rivals.
Japanese: 天下人の政権は、それを樹立するに当たって妨害を排除し、ライバルを圧倒するだけの軍事力がなければ成り立たない。
English: Even after the establishment of the government, they needed military power to control those who would rebel against their government.
Japanese: 政権樹立後も、抵抗しようとする者たちを押さえて、これを維持していくための武力が必要である。
English: However, this military power was not always their own and did not have to be.
Japanese: しかし、その軍事力は、必ずしも自前のものとは限らないし、そうである必要もない。
English: However, the circulation of rice was not the only goal of the activities of the territorial lords and shogun.
Japanese: とはいえ、諸大名も将軍も米ばかりを当てにして動いていたわけではない。
English: TAIRA no Kiyomori emphasized trade between Japan and the Sung Dynasty in China and Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was keen on trading between Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China.
Japanese: 平清盛は日宋貿易に力を入れていたし、足利義満も日明貿易に熱心だった。
English: Hideyoshi had gold mines and silver mines under direct control; it is thought this factor helped him remain rich and powerful.
Japanese: 秀吉は金山・銀山を直轄化しており、豊臣氏が富強であったのはそうした背景があったからだとも言われている。
English: Even though tenka-bito ran a military regime, it did not mean they wanted to govern by military power.
Japanese: 天下人の政権は軍事政権であるといっても、ひたすら武力で支配したいたわけではない。
English: They had to think about how to look after and motivate their subordinates in order to gain their compliance to rule.
Japanese: 支配される側に、支配されることへの同意や関心を呼び起こすようなことも考えなければならない。
English: Political force did not exist as an entity; it only existed in the relationship with the subordinates.
Japanese: 政治権力というのは、単なる実体として存在するわけではなく、それに従う者、統治される者との関係において成立するものである。
English: It can be thought that social standing or court rank was one of the important factors that cemented the relationship between the governor and his subordinates.
Japanese: ここでいう家格や官位といったものが、支配される者を納得させ、支配される者が自ら納得するための重要な要素の1つであったといえる。
English: Governors could actually justify their reasons for governing by having these attributes.
Japanese: 支配する側としては、そうしたものを備えることによって、支配することの正当性を獲得するような形になるのである。
English: Yoritomo was a direct descendant of Seiwa-Genji (the Minamoto clan) and had a social status as great-great-grandson of HACHIMANTARO Yoshiie.
Japanese: 頼朝の場合、清和源氏の嫡流であり、八幡太郎義家の玄孫であるという家格があった。
English: However, during the Sengoku period after the Onin War (1467-1477), gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) became more prevalent and the collapse of family status began to happen.
Japanese: しかし、応仁の乱（1467年～1477年）以降、戦国時代に入ると、下剋上の風潮が高まり、「家格破壊」が実現した。
English: Not only Hideyoshi, but also Nobunaga and Ieyasu did not have high positions.
Japanese: 秀吉はもちろんのこと、信長、家康にしても、その家格は決して高いものではなかった。
English: After the collapse of the importance of family status, there was a trend in the society to overlook the origins as long as they have the ability to rule.
Japanese: 家格破壊の結果、実力さえあれば氏素性の怪しさなどは、黙認された時代になっていた。
English: It is often thought that people who influenced human history had extraordinary abilities, however, in reality, that was not always the case.
Japanese: 歴史を動かすような人たちは、いずれも非凡な才能の持ち主であったかのように考えがちだが、実態は必ずしもそうではない。
English: People who governed the tenka may have had abilities that excelled others, however, at the same time, there must also have been numbers of people who had the same level of abilities.
Japanese: 天下を取るほどの人間には、人より優れたものがあったのかもしれないが、天下人以外にも同じ程度の能力を持っていた者は、いくらでもいたに違いない。
English: However, one cannot deny the fact that it is we who flattered and raised them to the positions of big politicians, heroes, and revolutionaries.
Japanese: しかし、結果論的評価として、彼らを大政治家、大英雄、大革命家と持ち上げられるようになったのは否めない。
English: Having seen the process of becoming a tenka-bito, it is clear that a combination of circumstances and chance, would raise someone to the position.
Japanese: 天下人が天下人になれた過程をみると、その時々に偶然としかいいようのない出来事や事情の積み重ねが彼らを天下人に押し上げていったことは明白である。
English: In fact, in many cases, their efforts and reasonable judgments brought about fruitful results, however, it is also true that some accidental factors that they did not even expect often influenced them, which suggests that these accidental factors are also important factors that can determine their success.
Japanese: 本人たちの努力やその合目的的な判断が実を結んだことも多々あったにちがいないが、本人たちにも計算できなかったような偶発的要素も大きく作用していることもあり、運・ツキはなおさら能力以上に重要である。
English: In 1603, Ieyasu received the proclamation of seiitaishogun and started the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 慶長8年（1603年）、家康は征夷大将軍の宣下を受け、江戸に幕府を開いた。
English: However, with the arrival of the Black Ships, reverence for the Emperor became dominant and led to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate after 700 years of government.
Japanese: しかし、黒船来航で攘夷・尊王思想が高まり、最終的には徳川幕府は倒壊し、700年近く続いた武家政権は幕を閉じた。
English: At the same time, the existence of the samurai class lost its significance and led to the abolishment of the feudal system called Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants) and the history of the tenka-bito also came to an end as the samurai disappeared.
Japanese: それと同時に、武士階級そのものも存在理由がなくなり、士農工商（四民）の封建的身分制度が撤廃され、武士の消滅とともに、天下人の歴史も終焉した。
English: Ooomi was a post in the Yamato Kingdom in the Kofun period.
Japanese: 大臣（おおおみ）とは、古墳時代におけるヤマト王権に置かれた役職の1つ。
English: Ooomi assisted Ookimi, the king, in administering the country by heading Taifu who followed the Kingdom.
Japanese: 王権に従う大夫を率いて大王(ヤマト王権)（天皇）の補佐して執政を行った。
English: In "Nihonshoki," the name TAKEUCHI no Sukune appears as the first Ooomi, but he is not considered a real person.
Japanese: 日本書紀には、最初の大臣として武内宿禰の名が見えるが、武内宿禰は実在の人物とは考えられていない。
English: But the members from the powerful clans like the Kazuraki clan, the Heguri clan, the Kose clan, and the Soga clan, all of which claimed that they were descended from TAKEUCHI no Sukune, became Ooomi.
Japanese: しかし、武内宿禰の後裔を称する葛城氏、平群氏、巨勢氏、蘇我氏などの有力氏族出身者が大臣となった。
English: Ooomi was appointed personally by Ookimi for the reign: For the reigns from Emperor Hanzei to Emperor Anko during the middle of the 5th century, KATSURAGI no Tsubura was appointed Ooomi; for the reigns from Emperor Yuryaku to Emperor Ninken during the latter half of the 5th century, HEGURI no Matori was appointed Ooomi; for the reign of Emperor Keitai during the first half of the 6th century, KOSE no Ohito was appointed Ooomi; and for the reigns of Emperor Bidatsu to Emperor Suiko from the latter half of the 6th century to the early 7th century, SOGA no Umako was appointed Ooomi.
Japanese: 大臣は、各大王の治世ごとに親任され、反正天皇から安康天皇までの治世に当たる5世紀中期には葛城円が、雄略天皇から仁賢天皇までの治世に当たる5世紀後期には平群真鳥が、継体天皇の治世に当たる6世紀前期には巨勢男人が、敏達天皇から推古天皇までの治世に当たる6世紀後期から7世紀初期には蘇我馬子が、それぞれ大臣に任命された。
English: After SOGA no Umako defeated MONONOBE no Moriya, the Oomuraji, the system of Oomuraji was virtually abolished and Umako became the sole consul; thereafter, the Soga clan monopolized the key positions in politics and SOGA no Emishi, a son of Umako, succeeded Ooomi.
Japanese: 蘇我馬子が大連_(古代日本)である物部守屋を討った後は大連制が事実上廃されたために馬子が単独の執政官となり、以降は蘇我氏が政権の中枢を担うようになり、大臣は蘇我蝦夷（馬子の子）が跡を継いだ。
English: In 645 during the reign of Emperor Kogyoku, SOGA no Emishi killed himself in the Isshi Incident, which was the end of the prosperity of the Soga clan.
Japanese: 皇極天皇の治世に当たる645年、いわゆる乙巳の変により、蘇我蝦夷は自死し蘇我氏の隆盛は終わった。
English: Emperor Kotoku, who was enthroned immediately after the incident, replaced Ooomi with Sadaijin and Udaijin to prevent one post from grasping the authority.
Japanese: この事変の直後に即位した孝徳天皇は、大臣に代って左大臣と右大臣を置き、権力集中の防止を図った。
English: Omuraji is one of the governmental posts of the Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: 大連（おおむらじ）とは、古墳時代におけるヤマト王権に置かれた役職の1つ。
English: Among the muraji, one of the kabane (hereditary titles), the Otomo clan and the Mononobe clan, the most powerful clans who managed the military affairs and served as the Tomonomiyatsuko (the chief of various departments at the Imperial Court), became omuraji.
Japanese: カバネ（かばね）の一つである連（むらじ）の中でも軍事を司る伴造出身の有力氏族である大伴氏（兵力）と物部氏（兵器）が大連となった。
English: Mononobenotochine's name is recorded as the first omi in "Nihonshoki" (the Chronicles of Japan), however, as it was the time of Emperor Suinin, its existence is suspected.
Japanese: 日本書紀には、最初の大臣として物部十千根の名が見えるが、垂仁天皇朝の時代であり実在性に疑問も持たれている。
English: An omuraji was appointed each time when a new okimi came to throne; at the time of Emperor Yuryaoku, when both OTOMO no Muroya and MONONOBE no Me were assigned the position of omuraji, this poistion became a regular one together with oomi; in the early sixth century during the time of Emperor Buretsu, OTOMO no Kanemura and MONONOBE no Arakahi were both appointed as omuraji; particularly, OTOMO no Kanemura, who made great achievements, exerted its power for a long time.
Japanese: 大連は、各大王の治世ごとに親任され、雄略天皇の時代に大伴室屋と物部目が揃って大連に任じられて以後は大臣_(古代日本)とともに常設となったとされ、武烈天皇の治世に当たる6世紀前期には大伴金村と物部麁鹿火が大連に任命され、特に継体天皇擁立に功があった大伴金村が権勢を振るう時代が続いた。
English: When MONONOBE no Arakahi died at the time of Emperor Senka, MONONOBE no Okoshi, who was the male cousin of his father, was appointed as omuraji.
Japanese: 宣化天皇の時代に物部麁鹿火が死去すると、麁鹿火の同族（父の従兄弟とされる）の物部尾輿が欽明天皇によって大連に任じられる。
English: However, after OTOMO no Kanamura, who failed in the management of Korean Peninsula, was forced to resign due to the denouncement of MONONOBE no Okoshi, the position of omuraji was only assumed by the Mononobe clan.
Japanese: ところが朝鮮半島の経営に失敗した大伴金村が物部尾輿の糾弾によって引退に追い込まれると、物部氏が単独の大連の地位を占めることになった。
English: In the late sixth century, which was the time of Emperor Bidatsu and Emperor Yomei, MONONOBE no Moriya, a son of Okoshi, was appointed as omuraji.
Japanese: 敏達天皇・用明天皇の治世に当たる6世紀後期には尾輿の子である物部守屋が大連に任命された。
English: However, after the death of Emperor Yomei, the Mononobe clan was destroyed by a search-and-destroy unit of okimi SOGA no Umako after having conflicts over the matter of accepting Buddhism and succession to the Imperial Throne; since then, the system of omuraji was abolished and Oomi of the Soga clan took the real power of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: ところが、用明天皇の死後、仏教受容問題及び皇位継承問題で激しく対立した大臣蘇我馬子の追討軍によって守屋は攻め滅ぼされ、これを機に大連制は廃止されて、以後蘇我氏の大臣が宮廷の実権を掌握した。
English: Naishi no suke was a government post in the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and an undersecretary (a court lady) of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants in kokyu [empress's residence.])
Japanese: 典侍（ないしのすけ）とは、律令制における官職で、内侍司（後宮）の次官（女官）。
English: The director was Naishi no tsukasa, but later, Naishi no tsukasa became the empress, so that no one was appointed to that position and Naishi no suke practically served as the director.
Japanese: 長官は、内侍司であったが、後に后妃化し設置されず、典侍が実質的に長官となった。
English: In the kanisoto sei (the ranks of the bureaucracy system of the ritsuryo system), Naishi no suke ranked at Jushiijo (Junior Fourth Rank) (or Jushiinoge [Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]), but often promoted to the second or the third ranks.
Japanese: 官位相当制では、従四位上（または従四位下）であったが、二、三位に昇る者も多かった。
English: The person who was placed in the most highest position among the Naishi no suke and controlled the court ladies was called osuke, and controlled all of the various matters of Otsune Goten Palace in Gosho (imperial palace) along with the Koto naishi no jo (clerical worker at government offices, also called nagahashi no tsubone since lived in a corridor from Seiryoden to Shishinden.)
Japanese: その典侍の中でも最上位に位置し、女官を統括する者は大典侍と称し、匂当掌侍（長橋局）と並んで御所御常御殿の事務諸事一切を掌握した。
English: Some Naishi no suke served as the secretary in the daily life of the Emperor (vestal court ladies), others served as the concubines who receive the total favor of the Emperor and bear princes and princesses.
Japanese: 典侍は天皇の日常生活における秘書的役割を勤める者（お清の女官）と、同じ典侍でも天皇の寵愛を一身に受け、皇子女を生む側室の役割を持つ者がいた。
English: In the Imperial Families of the recent period, the biological child of seishitsu (legal wife) became the heir in the first time ever in the generations of Empress Teimei and Empress Kojun.)
Japanese: 近代の天皇家においては貞明皇后と香淳皇后の代で初めて正室の実子が世継ぎとなった）。
English: Therefore, only daughters of kuge (a court noble) having the certain family status could be Naishi no suke, and the daughters of higher ranked kuge among Urinke and Meike became Naishi no suke.
Japanese: そのため典侍になるには公家の中でも一定の家格以上の子女しかなることができず、羽林家、名家の中で上位の家格を持つ公家の子女がなった。
English: On the other hand, daughters of kuge having the most highest family status such as Sekke (line of regents and advisers), Seiga, and daijinke (the third highest status for court nobles) supposedly became the lawful wife, and were given the position upper than nyogo (Jusango), so that they were supposed not to be Naishi no suke.
Japanese: 一方で正妃として迎えられることが建前となっていた摂家、清華、大臣家といった最上流の家格を持つ公家の子女は、女御以上（准三后）に叙せられるため、典侍にはならない決まりになっていた。
English: The court ladies including Naishi no suke were occupied by daughters of kuge until the end of the Edo period and they had the immeasurable power in the court by serving close to the Emperor, however, drastic reform was executed by the new Meiji government.
Japanese: 幕末まで公家の子女によって占有され、天皇に近侍することで宮廷で絶大な権勢を誇るようになっていた典侍をはじめとする女官であるが、明治新政府によって大改革が行われた。
English: Fist, Naishi no suke Shizuko HIROHASHI and Naishi no suke Fusako TAKANO, who had the biggest power in the imperial court as the Naishi no suke of the Emperor Komei, were dismissed from their positions because 'they overwhelmed the kokyu (empress's residence) by their power and didn't frequently obey even the order of the empress.'
Japanese: まず孝明天皇の典侍として宮中で１、２の権力を誇っていた典侍広橋静子と典侍高野房子を「其の権勢自ら後宮を圧し、皇后の懿旨と雖も行わざること往々あり」として罷免した。
English: Next, all the court ladies under the rank of Naishi no suke who were placed under the Emperor were integrated and moved under the empress, and daughters of samurai families and the peerage could be adopted.
Japanese: 次に天皇の下に置かれていた典侍以下全ての女官を皇后の下に統一して移し、武家華族の子女からも採用されるようになった。
English: Further, the government posts of the Empress and court ladies were arranged, and Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid) was again placed above Naishi no suke, however, it practically remained vacancy.
Japanese: さらに后妃および女官の官職が整理され、再び典侍の上に尚侍が置かれたが、実質的に欠員のままであった。
English: Naruko YANAGIHARA, the mother of Emperor Taisho was the last Naishi no suke who was the real mother of the Emperor in the imperial palace.
Japanese: 宮中において典侍が天皇の生母であった最後は大正天皇の母柳原愛子である。
English: Thereafter, Naishi no suke played a role only as the court lady for clerical work in the modern age, however, its recruitment standard depended on the caste system until the end of Edo period.
Japanese: その後典侍は現代の事務女官としての役割しか持たないようになるが、採用基準は江戸末期までの身分制度に大きく依存した。
English: In 'Employment bylaw of Kyujo nyokan (court lady in the place where Emperor lives)' in the early Taisho period, it was described that when higher ranked court ladies such as Naishi no suke and Gon no naishi no suke are adopted, 'they should be selected from daughters of former tosho, former lords among peerage', so they were selected from kuge and Daimyo family (feudal lord family) before the Meiji restoration among the peerage (however, for the lower ranked court lady, woman who was not from the peerage was allowed to work in the palace only in her generation depending on her ability).
Japanese: 大正初期の「宮城女官採用内規」には典侍、権典侍などの宮中上級女官の採用には「旧堂上旧諸侯華族子女のうちより選抜」とあり、華族であっても明治維新前の公家や大名家から選ぶことになっていた（ただし下級女官については能力によって、華族出身でなくても一代に限り出仕することが許されていた。
English: The salary of Naishi no suke was 250 yen (the first salary of a teacher of an elementary school at that time was 8 yen), and the salary of Gon no naishi no suke was 200 yen in the Meiji era.
Japanese: 明治期における典侍の俸給は250円（当時の小学校教員の初任給は8円）、権典侍は200円であった。
English: In 'Document about acquaintanceship of Kyujo nyokan,' the duties of Naishi no suke and Gon no naishi no suke until the Taisho era were specified.
Japanese: 「宮城女官奉職心得書」には大正期までの典侍および権典侍の職務が既定されている。
English: Abolition of the post of Naishi no suke was triggered by the establishment of the Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) court lady system in the end of Taisho era, and was determined by the reform of the court ladies led by crown prince at the time, Prince Hirohito (Emperor Showa).
Japanese: 典侍の職制が廃止されるに至ったのは、大正末期の東宮職女官制の制定が端緒であり、当時の皇太子裕仁親王（昭和天皇）が進めた女官改革からである。
English: When Prince Hirohito became the emperor, the Togu-shiki court lady system changed over to Kogogushiki (the Queen-consort's Household Agency) court laday, and Naishi no suke naturally disappeared, so that Otsubone system (court lady system), which continued from the ritsuryo system, was abolished.
Japanese: 裕仁親王が天皇に即位し、東宮職女官制がそのまま皇后宮職女官へとスライドすることによって典侍は自然消滅し、同時に律令制度から続くお局制度もここで廃止されることとなった。
English: A daikan (local governor) meant a person, who performed the public administration and construction in a designated territory on behalf of his monarch (state), and his rank.
Japanese: 代官（だいかん）とは、君主(国家)の代わり任地の行政・作事などを司る職務を司った者及びその地位をいう。
English: A local governor enforcing the king's will in western countries was sometimes translated into Japanese as a daikan, and in many cases,he was a villain like the one in stories such as William Tell or Robin Hood, being possibly effected by Japanese period dramas.
Japanese: 西洋において国王の代理をはたす地方役人を日本語で代官と訳することがあるが、時代劇の影響からか、ウィリアム・テルやロビン・フッドの場合のように悪役の場合に使われることが多い。
English: After the medieval period in Japan, there were many deputy posts like azukaridokorodai (acting deputy shoen lord; shoen was a manor), kokushi no mokudai (deputy kokuhsi; kokushi was a provincial governor mostly before the Muromachi period), shugodai (deputy shugo: shugo was a military governor), koshugodai (acting deputy military governor), jitodai (deputy jito; jito was a shoen steward), and jindai whose function was to preside troops on a campaign as a deputy, and furthermore, there existed a deputy post of these deputies called matadai (literally, "double deputy").
Japanese: 中世以降の日本では、預所代、国司の目代、守護代、小守護代、地頭代、或いは出征した軍勢の統括を代行する陣代などの代官職があり、さらにそれらの代官である叉代というのもあった。
English: Originally, the concept of daikan represented a deputy post which administered political affairs and ruling in koryo (government's territory) or shoryo (private territory).
Japanese: そもそも、代官という概念は、公領及び所領の政務・支配を代行する職をいった。
English: Before the samurai government came into power, a typical sample of the post was mokudai acting as deputy of kokushi.
Japanese: 主な例は武家政権成立以前の国司とその職務を代行した目代が挙げられる。
English: After the Heian period, yonin system (remote appointments), which kokushi did not reside in his appointed province but his deputy attended the governance of the province on his behalf, was established, and it became popular for kokushi who adopted this system to set up the deputy post called mokudai (deputy kokushi) in kokufu (provincial office).
Japanese: 平安時代以降、国司自ら着任することなく国府の政務を代行を遙任された遙任という制度が確立し、遙任をした国司より国府に目代という地位が置かれることが一般的となった。
English: After the Kamakura period, with the establishment of a power structure concerning land ruling based on shugo jito system (system to govern provinces by military governors and their estate stewards) in the samurai government, gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) who were assigned multiple shugo posts in several provinces came to privately appoint shugodai (deputy shugo), who performed the shugo role on behalf of shugo.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降、守護地頭制に基づく武家政権の土地支配の権力構造が成立すると、複数の諸国に守護職を得た御家人が守護代を置くようになり、守護の職権を代行した。
English: In the Muromachi period, the administrators of lands under direct control of bakufu (the shogunate) were called daikan, and they were distinguished from shugodai who performed the deputy role of shugo, and from koshugodai who were deputies of shugodai (See Shugodai for details).
Japanese: 室町時代においては幕府直轄領の管理者が代官と称され、守護の代官たる守護代やその代官たる小守護代などとは区別された（守護代の項目参照）。
English: In a broad sense, as explained above, the post of daikan extensively meant a deputy post, whose role was to perform duties in an appointed province like the post of mokudai and shugodai; but after the Muromachi period, daikan post came to mean, originally, a post which attended the rulings of lands under direct control of the Muromachi bakufu (Muromachi shogunate) on behalf of it, and later in the Sengoku period (period of warring states), daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) followed this practice and appointed their own daikan in lands under their direct control, thus the name of daikan came to represent whole posts who had the name.
Japanese: このように、広義における代官職は国司の目代や守護代のように、任国の職務を代行する地位を広く指したが、室町時代以降となると、当初は室町幕府の直轄領地の支配を代行する地位を指すようになり、これに習い、戦国大名たちも自身の直轄領に代官を置くようになったことから代官を職名とする地位全般を指すようになった。
English: After the Azuchi-Momoyama Period in particular, as Nobunaga ODA forced his vassals of his clan to live in his castle town without exception, which resulted in a rapid increase in demesnes without their lords residing there, thus it became a practice to let daikan administer their demesnes including new chigyo-chi(territory).
Japanese: 特に安土桃山時代以降は織田信長が自身の家中において家臣を城下に居住させることを徹底し、領主不在の領地が急激に増えたこともあり、家臣の新知の知行地もまとめて代官に管理させるようにした。
English: In the Edo period, daikan as well as gundai (daikan administering relatively wide shogunal lands) were appointed by the bakufu under the control of kanjo bugyo (commissioner of finance), and they administered chigyo-chi of small sized hatamoto (direct retainers of the Edo bakufu) and tenryo (shogunal lands; the name tenryo was used after Meiji era).
Japanese: 江戸時代、幕府の代官は郡代と共に勘定奉行の支配下におかれ小禄の旗本の知行地と天領を治めていた。
English: Daikan in the early Edo period were mostly hereditary posts, and small sized gozoku (local ruling families) and jizamurai (local samurai) residing in the local lands were selected to be daikan and taken into the bakufu as retainers.
Japanese: 初期の代官職は世襲である事が多く、在地の小豪族・地侍も選ばれ、幕臣に取り込まれていった。
English: Among the daikan, famous figures are Tarozaemon EGAWA of Nirayama daikan office, MIYAGAWA no Tomoyuki Sukezaemon of Matsuzaki daikan office, and Shigenari SUZUKI of Amakusa daikan office.
Japanese: 代官の中で有名な人物として、韮山代官所の江川太郎左衛門や松崎代官所の宮川智之助佐衛門、天草代官鈴木重成などがいる。
English: With the increase of bureaucratic daikan, although their term was not fixed, they were mostly replaced within a few years after the Kanei era (1624 - 1644).
Japanese: 寛永（1624年ー1644年）期以降は、吏僚的代官が増え、任期は不定ではあるが数年で交替することが多くなった。
English: The lands administered by daikan were generally said to be easier to live than in the other ones governed by daimyo (lord whose domains have at least 10,000 koku of rice [one koku equals 5.1 bushels]).
Japanese: 概ね代官所の支配地は、他の大名の支配地よりも暮らしやすかったという。