nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although the nengu (land tax) paid to the lord of the manor or the Jito was conventionally collected by the lord or the Jito, the jigeuke (under which soson undertook the payment of nengu in a lump sum) prevailed after the soson was formed.
Japanese: 荘園領主や地頭などへの年貢は、元々、領主・地頭側が徴収することとされていたが、惣村が成立した後は、惣村が一括して年貢納入を請け負う地下請（じげうけ）が広く行われるようになった。
English: The implementation of jigeuke meant that a lord trusted the soson, and also that the responsibility of soson would be questioned strongly if it failed to pay the nengu.
Japanese: 地下請の実施は、領主側が惣村を信頼していることを意味するだけでなく、年貢納入が履行されなければ惣村の責任が強く問われることも意味していた。
English: The tradition of jigeuke was passed down in and after the Edo period, when the soson disappeared and early-modern villages took shape.
Japanese: 地下請の伝統は、惣村が消滅し、近世村落が成立した江戸時代以降も承継されていった。
English: The soson specified forests, woods and mountains required for production as assets owned by the soson, and designated such assets as iriaichi (common land) in order for the village people of the soson to use them.
Japanese: 惣村は、生産に必要な森・林・山を惣有財産とし、惣村民が利用できる入会地に設定した。
English: To maintain a shrine, the Chinju (local Shinto deity), which was the spiritual center of the soson, a shinden (or kanda) (sacred rice field) was established, and joint cultivation prevailed.
Japanese: 惣村の精神的な中心である神社（鎮守）を維持するために神田を設定し、共同耕作することも広く見られた。
English: The soson also worked voluntarily on matters that were necessary for daily life, such as adjustments in the distribution of agricultural water, the construction or repair of channels and roads, the operation of the ferry at Okawa, etc.
Japanese: また、農業用水の配分調整や水路・道路の普請（修築）、大川での渡し船の運営など、日常生活に必要な事柄も主体的に取り組んでいった。
English: When making a request to a ruler or a neighboring rival soson, the soson achieved strong solidarity or, in other words, an uprising.
Japanese: 惣村が支配者や近隣の対立する惣村へ要求活動を行うときは、強い連帯、すなわち一揆を結成した。
English: An uprising (combination or alliance) originally meant the unification of people, whereby the participants strongly associated with a common purpose, doing so on equal footing.
Japanese: 一揆（連合、同盟）は元々、心を一つにするという意味を持っており、参加者が同一の目的のもとで、相互に対等の立場に立って、強く連帯することが一揆であった。
English: The uprising of a soson was called a Tsuchi uprising (peasants' uprising); such uprisings began to occur in the early fifteenth century but became more frequent in the middle and late portions of the century.
Japanese: 惣村による一揆を土一揆（つちいっき）というが、土一揆は15世紀前期に始まり15世紀中期～後期に多発した。
English: It should be considered that the peasants' uprisings took place because the soson, which had enhanced their awareness of autonomy, insisted on their rights, not because people in the soson had become poor.
Japanese: 土一揆は、惣村の生活が困窮したために発生したというよりも、自治意識の高まった惣村が、主張すべき権利を要求したために発生したと考えた方がよい。
English: Most peasants' uprisings assumed the character of a Tokusei uprising, which demanded the issuance of Tokuseirei (ordering the return of land sold and the dissolution of debts).
Japanese: ほとんどの土一揆は、徳政令の発布を要求する徳政一揆の性格を帯びていた。
English: Under the social conventions of the time, there was the prevalent idea that land or an article should be returned to the original owner concurrent with a change in the reign of the Emperor or the rule of the shogun; this idea was called tokusei (benevolent rule).
Japanese: 当時の社会通念からして、天皇や将軍の代替わりには土地・物品が元の所有者へ返るべきとする思想が広く浸透しており、これを徳政と呼んでいた。
English: Therefore, the peasants' uprisings demanding tokusei would often occur along with the change in imperial reign or shogunate rule, as exemplified by the peasants' uprising of the Shocho era, the Tokousei uprising in the Kakitsu era, etc.
Japanese: そのため、天皇や将軍の代替わり時には徳政を要求した土一揆が頻繁に発生した（正長の土一揆、嘉吉の徳政一揆など）。
English: A peasants' uprising demanding the deportation of a vassal of Shugo, who was a ruler, also occurred in Harima Province.
Japanese: また、支配者である守護の家臣の国外退去を要求した土一揆も見られた（播磨の国一揆）。
English: The Sengoku period was one in which, along with the strengthening of governance of the entire region by the warring lords, the soson's predisposition toward self-government was weakened, and gradually the occurrence of peasants' uprisings decreased.
Japanese: 戦国時代に入り、戦国大名による一円支配が強化されるに従って、惣村の自治的性格が薄まっていき、土一揆の発生も次第に減少していった。
English: Hoan-den was the premises where portraits of the emperor and empress (called "goshin-ei portrait") and the Imperial Rescript on Education were housed before and during the war.
Japanese: 奉安殿（ほうあんでん）とは、戦前戦中にかけて各地の学校で、天皇皇后の写真（御真影）と教育勅語を納めていた建物のこと。
English: As goshin-ei portraits were themselves granted as Imperial gifts from the Taisho period to the Showa period, it is estimated that Hoan-den came into existence in those periods (construction of Hoan-den in the elementary schools became active in around 1935).
Japanese: 御真影自体は大正～昭和期にかけて下賜されたため、奉安殿の成立もその時期と推測される（小学校の奉安殿建築は昭和10年前後に活発化）。
English: Moreover, one of the reasons for setting the system of night duty at schools was to protect the goshin-ei portrait.
Japanese: また学校への宿直も、この御真影の保護を目的として始められた面もある。
English: In the four major festivals, all school staff and students were obliged to make a deep bow and read the Imperial Rescript on Education with respect.
Japanese: 四大節祝賀式典の際には、職員生徒全員で御真影に対しての最敬礼と教育勅語の奉読が求められた。
English: Moreover, they had to make a deep bow after straightening their clothes not only when they arrived at school and left school, but also whenever they passed in front of the portraits.
Japanese: また、登下校時や単に前を通過する際にも、職員生徒全てが服装を正してから最敬礼するように定められていた。
English: However, in the Hoan-sho, there was a high possibility that the goshin-ei portrait would be exposed to danger, if the schoolhouse collapsed due to fires or earthquakes.
Japanese: しかしこの奉安所の場合、校舎火災や地震などによる校舎倒壊の際などに御真影が危険に晒される可能性が高かった。
English: Indeed, some heroic tales of principles who died protecting the goshin-ei portrait in the Great Kanto Earthquake, air raids and fires have been passed on.
Japanese: また実際に関東大震災や空襲、校舎火災の際に御真影を守ろうとして殉職した校長の美談がいくつか伝えられている。
English: Therefore, aiming at a more perfect system, Hoan-sho established inside the schoolhouse was reformed to a strongbox style.
Japanese: このため、さらに万全を期すために、校舎内部の奉安所は金庫型へ改められた。
English: The former premises incorporated into the schoolhouse was frequently observed in junior high schools under the old system of education, while the latter premises constructed separately was frequently observed in elementary schools.
Japanese: 前者の校舎一体型は旧制中学などに多く、後者の独立建築型は小学校に多く見られた。
English: Many of them were elaborately designed, ranging from the Hellenized architecture, the ferro-concrete buildings and the Western-style architecture built of brick to the conventional Shinto shrine-style architecture and others.
Japanese: ギリシャ建築風や鉄筋コンクリート造り、レンガ造りの洋風建築から旧来の神社風建築など、意匠を凝らした物が多い。
English: Hoan-den provides observers with a glimpse of the great efforts to attain a fire-proof and earthquake-proof structure with matchless strength despite its small size, as well as a design with solemnity and gravity so as not to damage dignity.
Japanese: 小形ながら頑丈無比の耐火耐震構造、さらに威厳を損ねぬよう荘厳重厚なデザインになるようにとの苦心の跡が垣間見えるようである。
English: Moreover, the competition concerning the architectural design of Hoan-den was held in 1933.
Japanese: また実際、昭和8年には奉安殿の建築デザインに関するコンペも開かれている。
English: However, such strong small buildings had a drawback of 'Moisture easily fills the building.'
Japanese: ただし、このような頑丈な小建築には「湿気がこもる」という欠点があった。
English: Schools were often forced to submit a letter of apology after they carelessly made a stain on the goshin-ei portrait.
Japanese: 御真影に染みを作ってしまい学校が始末書を提出する羽目に陥ることもしばしばあった。
English: Hoan-den was abolished because of the Shinto Directive (direction for the separation of government and religion) issued by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) on December 15, 1945.
Japanese: 昭和20年12月15日、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の神道指令のため、奉安殿は廃止となった。
English: After the war, many of the Hoan-den were dismantled or buried in the ground, but not all goshin-ei portraits were returned to the emperor.
Japanese: 奉安殿の多くは戦後解体・もしくは地中に埋められ、御真影も全て奉還された訳ではない。
English: Hoan-den that escaped being dismantled still remain even now although the number is small, used as a warehouse or converted to a Shinto shrine or an ossuary, taking advantage of its solemn external appearance.
Japanese: しかしながら、解体を免れた奉安殿は現在でも全国各地に少数ながら残っており、倉庫として使われていたり、荘厳な外観を生かして神社や納骨堂に転用されていたりする。
English: The Hoan-den established by the former Misato Jinjo higher elementary school is registered on "cultural properties" as 'war remains,' although it was partially destructed.
Japanese: また沖縄の旧美里尋常高等小学校の奉安殿は半壊状態ながら、「戦争遺跡」として文化財に登録されている。
English: Some Hoan-ko (storeroom for displaying the goshin-ei portrait and the Imperial Rescript on Education, the predecessor of Hoan-den) remain within the schoolhouses where the school preserves old schoolhouses or auditoriums that were built in the prewar period.
Japanese: 戦前建築の古い校舎・講堂を持つ学校では、校舎内に設けられた「奉安庫」が残る所もある。
English: Hoan-den were established either within the schoolhouse or outside the schoolhouse separately.
Japanese: 奉安殿は、校舎内に作られることも、校舎外に独立して作られることもあった。
English: In either case, it was a rule to establish Hoan-den at a pure location near the principal's offices, staff room, night watchman's room and so on.
Japanese: いずれも校長室、職員室、宿直室その他に近い清浄な位置に設けられることとされた。
English: Inside measurements were requested to be larger than 85 cm in depth, 1.5 meters in height, 1.2 meters in width.
Japanese: そのうちのりは最小で奥行85㎝、高さ1.5m、幅1.2mは必要であるとされた。
English: As for the structure, Hoan-den needed to be built from ferro-concrete, have walls 25 cm or thicker, and a complete safe-typed and dual-structured door with either a single swing door or double-leaf doors.
Japanese: 構造は鉄筋コンクリート造、壁厚25cm以上、片開または両開の完全な金庫式二重扉を設けることとされた。
English: In addition to the fire-proof and earthquake-proof structure, Hoan-den were requested to be equipped with heat-resistant and damp-proof structures by using asbestos for the inside and outside, as well as by laying boards made from empress tree or hinoki cypress inside.
Japanese: 耐震耐火構造とし、内外防熱防湿のために石綿材料を施し、内部はさらにキリまたはヒノキ板張りとするとされた。
English: Furthermore, it was regulated that the height of the shelf on which goshin-ei portrait was enshrined was about 50 cm.
Japanese: さらに御真影を奉安する棚の高さは50cmほどのところに設けることとされた。
English: The Buei Sodo was an internal conflict that occurred within the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1465.
Japanese: 武衛騒動（ぶえいそうどう）とは、寛正6年（1465年）に発生した室町幕府の内紛のことである。
English: Taking advantage of the trust placed in him by eighth Shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA's, shogun family steward Sadachika ISE filled his own pockets and plunged the bakufu into chaos by intervening the internal troubles of the Shiba clan among Kanrei families (families in the position of the shogunal deputy) and by mediating between Yoshitoshi SHIBA and Yoshikado SHIBA.
Japanese: 将軍家々宰の伊勢貞親は8代将軍足利義政の信任を良いことに、管領家の一つ斯波氏のお家騒動に介入し斯波義敏と斯波義廉の間をとりなして私腹を肥やし、幕政を混乱に陥れた。
English: Outraged by the arrogance with which Yoshimasa interfered in the Kanrei families' affairs despite his position as a mere steward, the leaders Katsumoto HOSOKAWA and Sozen YAMANA came together to banish Sadachika from the bakufu.
Japanese: 将軍家々宰の身分でありながら管領家々督に口をはさむ貞親の横暴に激怒した有力者細川勝元と山名宗全は協力して貞親を幕府から追放した。
English: It is said that the expulsion of the anticipated successor as shogun, Yoshimi ASHIKAGA, was involved in the events leading up to the dispute.
Japanese: 背景に、次期将軍を予定されていた足利義視の排斥問題も絡んでいると伝えられる。
English: When Onin War subsequently broke out due to the conflict between Katsumoto and Sozen, Sadachika was pardoned and reinstated..
Japanese: のち、勝元と宗全が対立し応仁の乱が勃発すると、貞親は赦免されて復権した。
English: The Jowa Incident is believed to be the first incident to expulse other clans from the Imperial Court plotted by the Fujiwara clan in the early Heian period.
Japanese: 承和の変（じょうわのへん）は平安時代初期に起きた藤原氏による最初の他氏排斥事件とされている事件である。
English: After the Emperor Junna abdicated, the Emperor Ninmyo, a son of the Retired Emperor Saga, inherited the throne in 833.
Japanese: ついで皇位は、833年（天長10年）嵯峨上皇の皇子の仁明天皇に伝えられた。
English: A prince of the Emperor Junna, the Imperial Prince Tsunesada (his mother was the Imperial Princess Masako, a princess of the Emperor Saga) became the Togu (the Crown Prince) of the Emperor Ninmyo.
Japanese: 仁明天皇の東宮には淳和上皇の皇子恒貞親王（母は嵯峨天皇の皇女正子内親王）が立てられた。
English: Under the great patriarchal authority-styled command executed by the Retired Emperor Saga, politics enjoyed steadiness for nearly 30 years without dispute concerning the Imperial succession.
Japanese: 嵯峨上皇による大家父長的支配のもと30年近く政治は安定し、皇位継承に関する紛争は起こらなかった。
English: Meanwhile, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa belonging to the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan began to gain power rapidly by winning the confidence of the Retired Emperor Saga and the Empress Dowager TACHIBANA no Kachiko (Empress Dowager Danrin).
Japanese: この間に藤原北家の藤原良房が嵯峨上皇と皇太后橘嘉智子（檀林皇太后）の信任を得て急速に台頭し始めていた。
English: FUJIWARA no Junshi, a younger sister of Yoshifusa, became the Chugu (the Empress) of the Emperor Ninmyo and bore the Emperor Montoku.
Japanese: 良房の妹藤原順子が仁明天皇の中宮となり、その間に文徳天皇が生まれた。
English: With anxiety over the movement to support the Imperial Prince Michiyasu in attaining the position of the crown prince, the Imperial Prince Tsunesada and his father, the Retired Emperor Junna repeatedly petitioned the Retired Emperor Saga for resignation from the position of the crown prince.
Japanese: 道康親王を皇太子に擁立する動きがあることに不安を感じた恒貞親王と父親の淳和上皇は、しばしば皇太子辞退を奏請した。
English: TOMO no Kowamine, the Togu-bo Tachihaki no Toneri (guard of the crown prince's Quarters), and his friend TACHIBANA no Hayanari, the Tajima no kuni Kokushi (the governor of Tajima Province), both of whom were serving the crown prince, perceived the critical atmosphere due to the retired emperor's illness.
Japanese: これに危機感を持ったのが皇太子に仕える春宮坊帯刀舎人伴健岑とその盟友但馬国国司橘逸勢である。
English: Judging that danger was approaching the crown prince, they schemed to transfer him to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly the Kanto region), and then consulted with the Imperial Prince Abo (a prince of the Emperor Heizei) about the scheme.
Japanese: 彼らは皇太子の身に危険が迫っていると察し、皇太子を東国へ移すことを画策し、その計画を阿保親王（平城天皇の皇子）に相談した。
English: Without taking their sides, the Imperial Prince Abo reported to the Empress Dowager Danrin, a cousin of Hayanari, about their scheme by sending a secret letter.
Japanese: 阿保親王はこれに与せずに、逸勢の従姉妹でもある檀林皇太后に健岑らの策謀を密書にて上告した。
English: The Emperor Ninmyo arrested TOMO no Kowamine, TACHIBANA no Hayanari and the alleged conspirators on August 30, two days after the retired emperor's death, directing the Rokuefu (six divisions assuming the guard duty of palace) to strengthen the security of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto).
Japanese: その2日後の17日、仁明天皇は伴健岑と橘逸勢、その一味とみなされるものを逮捕し、六衛府に命じて平安京の警備を厳戒させた。
English: The crown prince tendered a resignation immediately to the emperor, but the emperor initially persuaded him to stay in his post by saying that the fault did not lie with the crown prince.
Japanese: 皇太子は直ちに辞表を天皇に奉ったが、皇太子には罪はないものとして一旦は慰留される。
English: The Dainagon (chief councilor of state) FUJIWARA no Chikanari, the Chunagon FUJIWARA no Yoshino, and Sangi (councilor) FUNYA no Akitsu were captured when they were working at the office.
Japanese: 出仕していた大納言藤原愛発、中納言藤原吉野、参議文室秋津を捕らえた。
English: Furthermore, although saying that the Crown Prince Tsunesada had nothing to do with the incident, the emperor fired the crown prince so as to put the responsibility on him.
Japanese: 恒貞親王は事件とは無関係としながらも責任を取らせるために皇太子を廃した。
English: FUJIWARA no Chikanari was expelled from the capital, FUJIWARA no Yoshino was demoted to the Dazai gon no sochi (Provisional Governor-General of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]), and FUNYA no Akitsu was demoted to the Izumo no kuni ingai no kami (a director in Izumo Province other than those stipulated in the law).
Japanese: 藤原愛発は京外追放、藤原吉野は大宰権帥、文室秋津は出雲国員外守にそれぞれ左遷が命じられた。
English: TOMO no Kowamine was exiled to Oki Province (later, he was relegated to Izumo Province), while TACHIBANA no Hayanari was exiled to Izu Province (on the way to Izu Province, he died at Hozuki, Totomi Province).
Japanese: 伴健岑は隠岐国（その後出雲国へ左遷）、橘逸勢は伊豆国に流罪（護送途中、遠江国板築にて没）となった。
English: Moreover, a lot of government officers of Togu-shiki (the Board of the Crown Prince's Affairs) and Togu-bo (Crown Prince's Quarters) serving the crown prince were punished.
Japanese: また、春澄善縄ら恒貞親王に仕える東宮職・春宮坊の役人が多数処分を受けた。
English: After the incident, FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa was promoted to the Dainagon, and the Imperial Prince Michiyasu became the crown prince (later, the Emperor Montoku).
Japanese: 事件後、藤原良房は大納言に昇進し、道康親王が皇太子に立てられた（後の文徳天皇）。
English: It is believed that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa realized his wishes of not only letting the Imperial Prince Michiyasu ascend the post of crown prince, but also giving a blow to the influential clans, the Tomo clan (or the Otomo clan) and the Tachibana clan.
Japanese: 良房の望みどおり道康親王が皇太子に立てられたばかりでなく、名族伴氏（大伴氏）と橘氏に打撃を与えた。
English: It is also said that FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa drove FUJIWARA no Chikanari and FUJIWARA no Yoshino to fall, both of whom were Yoshifusa's rivals within the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: また同じ藤原氏の競争相手であった藤原愛発、藤原吉野をも失脚させたとされている。
English: However, setting apart the two personnel in the Fujiwara clan, TOMO no Kowamine was only a branch of the Tomo clan, just as TACHIBANA no Hayanari was of the Tachibana clan.
Japanese: ただし、藤原氏の2名はともかく伴健岑や橘逸勢は伴氏・橘氏でも傍流に過ぎなかった。
English: Furthermore, considering Yoshifusa's post as Chunagon at the time; the sixth highest rank in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), it is impossible for him to cause such an incident alone (notably, Yoshifusa expulsed two senior people) by taking a leading role, even if he was famous as an able person.
Japanese: 切れ者とはいえ当時中納言で太政官での序列が第6位でしかなかった良房ひとりが中心となってこのような事件を起こす（しかも上位者2人の排斥を含む）ことは不可能であった。
English: In addition, according to "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (Veritable Records of Three Reigns of Japan), the Imperial Princess Masako (the Empress of the Emperor Junna), a real mother of the Imperial Prince Tsunesada as well as a real daughter of TACHIBANA no Kachiko, had a furious grudge against her mother after this incident.
Japanese: 『日本三代実録』において恒貞親王の生母で橘嘉智子の実の娘でもある正子内親王（淳和天皇皇后）がこの事件で激しく母を恨んだと記されている。
English: These matters support the theory that this incident was triggered by a scheme plotted by the Emperor Ninmyo or TACHIBANA no Kachiko to expel the then crown prince.
Japanese: これらのことから、この事件の背後には、仁明天皇あるいは橘嘉智子による廃太子の企てがあったとする説もある。
English: This theory is also supported by the fact that some suspicions were thrown on the crown princes whenever they were expelled after the Nara period.
Japanese: これは奈良時代以来、廃太子の際には何らかの容疑が付けられていることからも示される。
English: Furthermore, the emperor's stay from May, 842 within a lot of Reizei-in Palace, where the Imperial Prince Tsunesada was living at that time, by reason of the Imperial Palace's repair also supports the theory, because troops serving the emperor that had been staying in the residence on the pretext of the emperor's guard were ready to besiege the crown prince.
Japanese: 同年4月以後内裏の修理を理由として天皇が当時恒貞親王が居住していた冷然院内に滞在しており、天皇の警護を名目として院内に滞在していた天皇側の兵が、いつでも皇太子を囲むことが出来る状況下にあったことも挙げられる。
English: Then, after building up promotions, Yoshifusa finally achieved the position of the Sessho and Daijo-daijin (regent and grand minister of state) to become the first subject to be officially appointed to the post, laying the foundation of the Fujiwara clan's prosperity.
Japanese: この後、良房は昇進を重ね、ついに人臣最初の摂政・太政大臣にのぼり、藤原氏繁栄の基礎を築く。
English: Katakiuchi is the practice of taking out one's revenge, by taking the law into his own hands, against someone who has killed a direct ancestor of the avenging party.
Japanese: 敵討（かたきうち）とは、直接の尊属を殺害した者に対して私刑として復讐を行う制度である。
English: This practice existed in Japan from around the medieval period; it was legislated in the Edo period and was called Adauchi (revenge).
Japanese: 日本では中世頃からこの慣行があり、江戸時代になって法制化され、仇討ち（あだうち）と呼ばれた。
English: The "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan), Vol. 14, "Yuryakuki" (period of Emperor Yuryaku), contains an article on the "Conspiracy of Prince Mayowa," which occurred in 456, and this is regarded as the oldest case of Katakiuchi remaining in historical materials.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』巻十四雄略紀には、456年（安康天皇3年）に起きた『眉輪王の変』の記事があり、これが史料に残る最古の敵討事件とされる。
English: At one time in the past, Emperor Anko, who was the father-in-law of Prince Mayowa, killed Prince Mayowa's father, Imperial Prince Okusaka, and married Prince Mayowa's mother, Imperial Princess Nakashi.
Japanese: 眉輪王の義理の父にあたる安康天皇はかつて眉輪王の父である大草香皇子を殺し、母である中磯皇女を自らの妃とした。
English: One day Emperor Anko inadvertently mentioned this fact, and consequently Prince Mayowa, who overheard it, stabbed Emperor Anko to death while he was in a deep sleep.
Japanese: 安康天皇はある日ふとその事を漏らし、それを聞いた眉輪王は安康天皇が熟睡しているところを刺し殺した。
English: When Prince Mayowa was pressed for his motive after the affair, he replied: 'I wasn't seeking the Imperial Throne, I was only avenging my father.'
Japanese: 事件後、その動機を追究された眉輪王は「臣元不求天位、唯報父仇而已」（私は皇位を狙ったのではない、ただ父の仇に報いただけだ）と答えている。
English: Later, Katakiuchi became prevalent along with the rise of the samurai hierarchy, and when the practice was legislated by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), it took a complete form.
Japanese: その後仇討ちは武士階級の台頭以来広く見られるようになるが、江戸幕府によって法制化されるに至ってその形式が完成された。
English: Its extent was limited to the case of having one's direct family member (such as a parent or older sibling) killed, so basically it wasn't allowed when it was intended for a descendent (including one's wife, child or younger sibling).
Japanese: 範囲は父母や兄等尊属の親族が殺害された場合に限られ、卑属（妻子や弟・妹を含む）に対するものは基本的に認められない。
English: Furthermore, since this custom arose out of the sense of blood ties in the medieval period, it was rarely carried out against someone who had no blood relationship, such as one's lord.
Japanese: 又中世の血族意識から起こった風俗であるので、主君のように血縁関係のない者について行われることは少なかった。
English: If the avenging party was of samurai status, he received a permit from his lord; if he was to travel to another province, he needed to report it to a magistrate's office in order to have the information recorded on the Katakiuchi List at the town magistrate's office, whereupon he received a copy of the original.
Japanese: 武士身分の場合は主君の免状を受け、他国へわたる場合には奉行所への届出が必要で、町奉行所の敵討帳に記載され、謄本を受け取る。
English: There were unauthorized cases of Katakiuchi as well, but if local officers investigated such a case and did not acknowledge it as Katakiuchi, the avenging party would be punished as a murderer.
Japanese: 無許可の敵討の例もあったが、現地の役人が調査し、敵討であると認められなければ殺人として罪せられた。
English: Basically, Katakiuchi was permitted only to those of the samurai hierarchy, although it was occasionally performed by those of other social standings; such cases were overlooked as deeds by dutiful children, as with the Katakiuchi by those of the samurai hierarchy who did not go through the above-described procedures; and in some cases these deeds were praised.
Japanese: 敵討の許可が行われたのは基本的に武士階級についてのみであったが、それ以外の身分の者でも敵討を行う者はまま見られ、上記のような手続きを踏まなかった武士階級の敵討同様、孝子の所業として大目に見られ、場合によっては賞賛されることが多かった。
English: Furthermore, the custom in which, if the head of a samurai family was killed, his legitimate child had to get his revenge or wouldn't be allowed to succeed the family name, was widespread.
Japanese: 又武家の当主が殺害された場合、その嫡子が相手を敵討ちしなければ、家名の継承が許されないとする慣習も広く見られた。
English: Because Katakiuchi was a duel, it was allowed for the target of the revenge, or the opponent, to act in self-defense by a counterattack; if the opponent killed the avenging party, this was called 'Kaeriuchi.'
Japanese: なお、敵討は決闘であるため、敵とされる側にもこれを迎え撃つ正当防衛が認められており、殺害した場合は「返り討ち」と呼ばれる。
English: Cases of revenge after the killing of a close relative are found in various parts of the world, including southern Italy; however, the characteristic of Katakiuchi in the Edo period is that it was legitimized as a method to supplement Kenka Ryoseibai (in a quarrel both parties are to blame) and that the aim was not the revenge but the pride or honor of a samurai.
Japanese: 近親者を殺されてその復讐をする例は、南イタリアを始めとして、世界各地で見られるが、江戸時代の敵討は、喧嘩両成敗を補完する方法として法制化されていたことと、主眼は復讐ではなく武士の意地・面目であるとされていた点に特徴がある。
English: Particularly in the Edo period, of the cases of Katakiuchi, the Adauchi cases by the Soga brothers were known as the 'Three Major Adauchi Cases' and became known to people in many works ("Story of the Soga Family" in 1193; the duel at Kagiya no Tsuji in 1634; and the Genroku Ako Incident, or "Chushingura," in 1702).
Japanese: 特に江戸時代には、敵討の中でも曾我兄弟の仇討ち(1193年、『曽我物語』)、鍵屋の辻の決闘(1634年)、元禄赤穂事件(1702年、『忠臣蔵』)は「三大仇討ち」と呼ばれ、多くの作品で人々に親しまれた。