nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Taiwan expedition refers to the Meiji government's dispatch of military troops to Taiwan in 1874.
Japanese: 台湾出兵（たいわんしゅっぺい）は、1874年（明治7年）に明治政府が行った台湾への軍事出兵である。
English: It was the first overseas development of troops by the Meiji government and the Japanese army, which also refers to as botansha jiken (Mudan incident) or seitai no eki (Seitai Campaign).
Japanese: 明治政府と日本軍が行った最初の海外派兵で、牡丹社事件（ぼたんしゃじけん）、征台の役（せいたいのえき）とも呼ばれる。
English: The Ryukyu Kingdom belonged to both Japan (the Satsuma domain) and Qing on the Chinese continent during the Edo period and the territorial dispute became a political issue after the establishment of the Meiji government in Japan.
Japanese: 琉球王国は江戸時代には日本（薩摩藩）と中国大陸の清の間で両属関係にあり、日本で明治政府が成立すると、帰属を巡る政治問題が起こっていた。
English: In October 1871, a Ryukyu-controlled ship was caught in a violent typhoon and went missing on their way home after carrying nengu (annual tribute) from Miyako Island to Shuri.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）10月、宮古島から首里へ年貢を輸送し、帰途についた琉球御用船が台風による暴風で遭難。
English: Sixty-six people (the other three drowned) who drifted ashore asked aborigines (an aboriginal tribe of Taiwan now called Paiwan) for help, but they were abducted to their village after all.
Japanese: 漂着した乗員66名（3名は溺死）は先住民（現在の台湾原住民パイワン族）に救助を求めたが、逆に集落へ拉致された。
English: The abductees apparently could not communicate with the aborigines, for they escaped from the village on December 17.
Japanese: 先住民とは交流ができなかったらしく、12月17日に遭難者達は集落から逃走。
English: Twelve survivors were saved by Han (Chinese) immigrants and transported back to Miyako Island by way of Fuzhou in Fujian Province under the protection of the Taiwan Prefectural Administration.
Japanese: 12名の生存者は、漢人の移民により救助され台湾府の保護により、福建省の福州経由で、宮古島へ送り返された。
English: Although the Meiji Government sought compensation from Qing for the incident, the Qing Government refused, saying it was beyond their jurisdiction.
Japanese: 明治政府は清国に対して事件の賠償などを求めるが、清国政府は管轄外として拒否した。
English: That floored the Meiji Government, which had little experience of diplomatic negotiations and no knowledge of international customs, and the case was left untouched for the subsequent three years.
Japanese: こうなると外交交渉の経験が少なく、国際慣習を知らない明治政府はどうしようもなく、事件はその後3年間も放置されることとなってしまった。
English: U.S. Consul General to Xiamen in Qing Dynasty, Charles E. LeGendre, who learned about the case, suggested to the Foreign Ministry through a resident envoy to Japan that Japan punish the barbarians.
Japanese: この事件を知った清国アモイ駐在のアメリカ合衆国総領事リゼンドル(リ・ゼンドル。CharlesE.LeGendre)は、駐日公使を通じて「野蛮人を懲罰するべきだ」と外務省に提唱した。
English: Foreign Minister Taneomi SOEJIMA met with LeGendre through U.S. envoy to Japan, Charles E. DeLong, while Interior Minister Toshimichi OKUBO showed interest in LeGendre's opinion.
Japanese: 外務卿の副島種臣は駐日アメリカ公使デロング(CharlesE.DeLong)を仲介しリゼンドルと会談、内務卿だった大久保利通もリゼンドルの意見に注目した。
English: At that time, the Meiji Government was divided over ideas such as Seikanron, a proposal to subjugate Korea, in which Satsuma domain clique including Sukenori KABAYAMA and Kagoshima Prefectural councilor Tsunayoshi OYAMA were suggesting that Japan dispatch troops to Taiwan.
Japanese: 当時の明治政府では、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論などで対立があり、樺山資紀や鹿児島県参事の大山綱良ら薩摩藩藩閥は台湾出兵を建言していた。
English: Behind those hard-line ideas was the fact that they were seeking a vent for dissatisfaction of 40 to 50 thousand warriors who had lost their position because of Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures).
Japanese: これらの強硬意見の背景には、廃藩置県によって失業した40万～50万人に上る士族の不満のはけ口を探していたことがある。
English: Although Toshimichi OKUBO gained the initiative, rooting out pro-Seikanron members during Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (Coups of 1873), Emperor Meiji's pronouncement of that time was that Japan postponed (not abandoned) dispatching troops to Korea due to a border dispute with Russia, which left a strong possibility for reigniting demand from pro-Seikanron once the border with Russia was determined (The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on May 7, 1875.)
Japanese: 明治六年政変で征韓論派を一掃して主導権を握った大久保利通ではあったが、この時の明治天皇の勅裁はロシアとの国境を巡る紛争を理由とした「延期」（「中止」ではない）とされたため、ロシアとの国境が確定（1875年5月7日に樺太・千島交換条約締結）した際には征韓論派の要求が再燃する可能性が高かった。
English: Therefore, Okubo planned to send troops to Taiwan, which seemed to be easier than Korea to conquer.
Japanese: そのため、大久保は朝鮮よりも制圧が容易に思われた台湾出兵を企画する。
English: In April 1874, Banchi Office (Taiwan Expedition Office) was established and Shigenobu OKUMA was appointed as director general and Lieutenant General Tsugumichi SAIGO as commander of the Taiwan expeditionary force, giving them full authority.
Japanese: 1874年4月に蕃地事務局を設置し、長官に大隈重信、陸軍中将の西郷従道を事務局長に任命して全権が与えられた。
English: There was opposition to the expedition from within the government as well as from British envoy Harry Parkes and the U.S.
Japanese: 政府内部やイギリス公使ハリー・パークスやアメリカなどからは出兵への反対意見もあった。
English: Among others, Takayoshi KIDO, who continued to oppose, submitted a letter of resignation on April 18 and resigned from his post as a councilor, saying that dispatching troops to Taiwan was inconsistent with rejecting Seikanron because both means sending troops to foreign countries.
Japanese: 特に木戸孝允は征韓論を否定しておきながら、同じ海外である台湾に出兵するのは矛盾であるとして反対の態度を崩さず、4月18日参議の辞表を提出して下野してしまった。
English: Therefore, the government once decided to postpone the dispatch, but 3,000 members of the expeditionary force (government army consisting of feudal retainers of Satsuma Domain) led by Saigo, who had been on standby in Nagasaki, disobeyed it and made a decision to depart for Taiwan.
Japanese: そのため、政府は一旦は派兵の延期を決定するが、長崎に待機していた西郷率いる征討軍3000名（薩摩藩・藩士編成をした政府軍）はこれを無視して出兵を決断した。
English: Then, on May 2, when the main unit led by Tateki TANI and Noriyoshi AKAMATSU left Nagasaki by order of Saigo in two small warships which were got from the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), the government officially approved it and on May 6, when they went ashore in southern Taiwan, they skirmished with the Taiwanese aborigines.
Japanese: そして、5月2日に西郷の命を受けた谷干城・赤松則良が率いる主力軍が、江戸幕府から引き継いだ小さな軍艦2隻で長崎を出航すると政府もこれを追認、5月6日に台湾南部に上陸すると台湾先住民と小競り合いを行う。
English: On May 22, they launched a full-scale attack by order of Saigo and in June they gained control of the area where the incident took place, continuing to advance on their territory.
Japanese: 5月22日に西郷の命令を受けて本格的な制圧を開始、6月には事件発生地域を制圧して現地の占領を続けた。
English: The field army, however, suffered widespread damage such as malaria infection because of the poor sanitary condition and the urgent solution was required.
Japanese: だが現地軍は劣悪な衛生状態の中マラリアに罹患するなど被害が広がり、早急な解決が必要となった。
English: The Meiji Government with no knowledge of international customs at that time not only hadn't notified Qing before dispatching troops but neither informed the great powers with interests in Qing nor laid the groundwork.
Japanese: 当時の国際慣習を知らない明治政府は、この出兵の際に清国への通達をせず、また清国内に権益を持つ列強に対しての通達・根回しを行わなかった。
English: At first, Li Hung Chang, who was an influential person in Qing and Parkes, British Ambassador to Japan, protested vehemently.
Japanese: 清国の実力者李鴻章、イギリスの駐日大使パークスは当初激しく反発した。
English: Afterwards, peace talks were held through the mediation of British envoy Thomas Wade and Toshimichi OKUBO went to Beijing as a minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to negotiate with the Qing Government, as a result of which Japan committed to the withdrawal of the expeditionary force in exchange for Qing interpreting the dispatch of Japanese troops as an act of righteousness as well as paying 500 thousand liang (tael, which was a monetary unit formerly used in China) in compensation to Japan.
Japanese: その後、イギリス公使トーマス・ウェードの斡旋で和議が行われ、全権弁理大臣として大久保利通が北京に赴いて清国政府と交渉した結果、清が日本軍の出兵を義挙と認め賠償金50万両（テール）を日本に支払うことと引き換えに、征討軍の撤兵が行われることとなった。
English: The attribution issue of Ryukyu between Japan and Qing, which had remained unsolved, worked out in the favor of Japan in the peace process and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji Government ordered Ryukyu to sever relations with Qing based on sakuho (Chinese vassal system) and choko (tributary system) as well as to adopt Meiji as an era name.
Japanese: 日本と清国との間で帰属がはっきりしなかった琉球だったが、この事件の処理を通じて日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
English: However, the diplomatic solution was not realized because Ryukyu pleaded for the continuation of the relationship with Qing, and also because Qing protested against the ban on choko in Ryukyu.
Japanese: しかし、琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
English: Japan made a proposal that the main island of Okinawa be a part of Japanese territory and that both the Yaeyama Islands and Miyako Island be a part of Chinese territory (Bunto revision plan, which literally means a plan to divide islands for a treaty revision) in the negotiation held in Beijing in 1880 with Qing, which had been opposing to what is known as the Ryukyu Annexation by the Meiji Government in 1879.
Japanese: 1879年明治政府のいわゆる琉球処分に際しても、それに反対する清との1880年北京での交渉において日本は沖縄本島を日本領とし八重山諸島と宮古島を中国領とする案(分島改約案)を提示した。
English: But Qing basically didn't hope to get possession of those two islands but to revive the Ryukyu Kingdom, returning two islands to Ryukyu so that it could maintain a relationship based on sakuho, while Ryukyu objected to separating territorial rights over the islands, because of which Qing didn't sign the treaty.
Japanese: しかし、清は元来二島の領有は望まず、冊封関係維持のため二島を琉球に返還し琉球王国再興を求めており、分島にたいする琉球人の反対もあり清は調印に至らなかった。
English: Therefore, it was after Japan won the Sino-Japanese War that the attribution issue was solved.
Japanese: このため、帰属問題が解決したのは日清戦争で日本が勝利した後のことである。
English: The Sakai Incident refers to the case in which a retainers of the Tosa Domain committed seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) to accept the responsibility for the killing of French sailors in Sakai City, Izumi Province in 1868.
Japanese: 堺事件（さかいじけん）は、慶応4年（1868年）に和泉国堺市で起きた、フランス水兵殺害の責を負って土佐藩士が切腹した事件。
English: On March 8, 1868, when people who supported the principle of excluding foreigners were still active, the party of the French consulate was entering Sakai from Osaka by land.
Japanese: 攘夷論のいまだおさまらぬ慶応4年2月15日(旧暦)（1868年3月8日）、フランス領事一行は大阪から陸路、堺に入ろうとした。
English: The security officer of the Tosa Domain, who was not informed of the party from a foreign affairs office, blocked them and forced them to retreat.
Japanese: 外国事務局からその通報の無かった警備の土佐藩兵はこれを阻み、中途で引き返させた。
English: In the evening, Dupleix, a corvette of the French Navy, arrived at the Sakai port to pick up the party, and several dozens of French sailors of under-officer ranks landed on the area to roam around the city.
Japanese: 同日夕刻、領事一行を迎えるべくフランス海軍のコルベット艦デュプレクス(コルベット)は堺港に入り、士官以下数十名の水兵が上陸、市内を徘徊した。
English: The Gunkan-fu (warship section) of the Tosa Domain ordered Tosa security retainers to police the sailors and urge them to return to their ship; confused as a result of the language barrier and the congestion in the area, however, the French sailors tried to escape from the security retainers, knocking over a flag of the Tosa security group in the process.
Japanese: 土佐藩軍艦府は、警備の藩兵に取締を命じ、帰艦を諭示させたが、言葉が通じず、混雑もあって、水兵側は土佐の隊旗を倒伏、逃亡しようとした。
English: Therefore, the Tosa retainers fired a gun at once instead of arresting them, and killed, wounded or drowned eleven French people.
Japanese: このため、土佐藩側はこれを逮捕しようとして捕らえるのではなく、咄嗟に発砲し、フランス人11人を殺傷または、海に落として溺死させた。
English: On March 12, A minister to France, Leon Roches, had a meeting with Osaka-based other foreign ministers and provided a protest note to the Japanese government, which consisted of five articles requesting the beheading of the murderers, government apology, compensations, and so forth.
Japanese: フランス公使レオン・ロッシュは2月19日、在阪各国公使と話し合い、下手人斬刑・陳謝・賠償などの5箇条からなる抗議書を日本側に提示した。
English: At that time, as foreign ministers and warships resided or anchored in between Izumi Province and Settsu Province, the deeply concerned Meiji government asked the England minister, Harry Smith Parkes, to mediate the matter, but the attempt failed and on March 15, the Meiji government reluctantly accepted all the conditions including compensation of 150 thousand dollars and the beheading of the Japanese offenders.
Japanese: 当時、各国公使と軍艦は和泉国・摂津国の間にあったから、明治政府は憂慮し、イギリス公使ハリー・パークスに調停を求めたが失敗、22日、明治政府はやむなく賠償金15万ドルの支払いと暴行者の処刑などすべての主張を飲んだ。
English: This incident ended up in the matter of the involved countries' power and footing at that time, and with the outstanding power of France, Japan had no choice but to accept the unconditional requests, but at the same time, it was true that Japan's primitive action using a gun instead of a rope frightened off foreign countries.
Japanese: これは、結局、当時の国力の差は歴然としており、この状況下、この（日本側としては）無念極まりない要求も受け入れざる得なかったものとされるが、捕縛ではなく発砲による殺傷を目的とした野蛮な対応に外国は震撼せしめた。
English: For the request from the French foreign minister asking seppuku of twenty Japanese retainers, people involved in the case drew a lot in Inari-jinja Shrine of Tosa, (present-day, Nishi Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) to decide who would commit seppuku.
Japanese: フランス公使は20名の切腹を要求し、事件に関わった29名の者が現在の大阪府大阪市西区(大阪市)にある土佐稲荷神社で籤を引いて切腹する者を決めた。
English: On March 16, the twenty retainers of the Tosa Domain were executed in the seppuku style at Myokoku-ji Temple of Sakai City in accordance with the sentence announced by the Osaka Court.
Japanese: 2月23日(旧暦)（3月16日）、大阪裁判所の宣告により堺の妙国寺で土佐藩士20人の刑の執行が行われた。
English: At the moment of seppuku, the retainers grabbed their own intestine out and threw it to the French sailors who watched them being executed.
Japanese: 切腹の場で藩士達は自らの腸を掴み出し、居並ぶフランス水兵に次々と投げつけるという行為を行った。
English: Petit Thouars, the chief of French warship, saw this dreadful sight and requested Saisuke GODAI, a judge of foreign affairs, to stop the execution after the eleventh Tosa retainers was executed (the same figures as French casualties), resulting in saving nine retainers' lives.
Japanese: その凄惨さに、立ち会っていたフランス軍艦長プティ・トゥアール（PetitThouars）は、（フランス人の被害者数と同じ）11人が切腹したところで外国局判事五代才助に中止を要請し、結果として9人が助命された。
English: According to one theory, as sun was setting in, the chief was afraid of the raid by Japanese people on his way back.
Japanese: 一説に、暮色四辺にたちこめ、ついに日暮れるに至り、軍艦長は帰途における襲撃を恐れたからであるという。
English: In his own diary, the chief wrote that while he felt pity for the retainers, he also thought the execution in that manner would not serve as a warning against future killing but it would merely hero-worship the retainers and that was why he stopped the execution.
Japanese: 本人の日誌によれば、侍への同情も感じながら、この形での処刑はフランス側が望むように戒めになるところか、逆に侍が英雄視されると理解し、中断させたそうである。
English: On March 17, Imperial Prince Yamashinanomiya Akira, governor-general of foreign affairs, together with Munenari DATE, an official of Osaka garrison and foreign affairs, visited the French warship to apologize for the incident and paid the compensation of 150 thousand dollars.
Japanese: 2月24日、外国事務局総督山階宮晃親王は、大阪鎮台外国事務兼務伊達宗城を伴ってフランス艦に行き、謝意を表し、償金15万ドルを交付した。
English: The nine retainers including Aihei HASHIZUME who were spared their lives were sent to Irita, the west of Watari-gawa River (Shimanto-gawa River) of Tosa, and put under the charge of a village headman, Yunoshin UGA, and later returned to Tosa with a pardon from the new Meiji government.
Japanese: 処刑を免れた橋詰愛平ら9人は、土佐の渡川（四万十川）以西の入田へ配流され庄屋宇賀佑之進預けとなり、その後明治新政府の恩赦により帰郷した。
English: The executed Tosa retainers were buried in a revered manner on the precinct of Myokoku-ji Temple and a monument for the French sailors killed was also elected in the foreign cemetery of Kobe City.
Japanese: 自刃した土佐藩士は妙国寺内にあつく葬られ、遭難したフランス人の碑も神戸市立外国人墓地に建てられた。
English: Taiwan Sotoku-fu (old form of a character: 臺灣總督府) is the name of the Japanese authorities then, which was established for ruling Taiwan, ceded from Qing to Empire of Japan and became Japanese territory.
Japanese: 台湾総督府（たいわんそうとくふ、旧字体：臺灣總督府）は、清から大日本帝国へ割譲され、日本領となった台湾を統治するために設置された当時の日本の官庁名である。
English: The headquarters of Taiwan Sotoku-fu founded in Taipei City is still used as the supreme ruler office of Republic of China.
Japanese: 台北市に設置された台湾総督府本庁舎は、現在も中華民国の中華民国総統府として使用されている。
English: By the influence of international situation of these days, a lot of missiles are arrayed around there and the military policemen equipped with a rifle acts as a bodyguard.
Japanese: また昨今の国際情勢の影響により、近隣にはミサイルを多数配備し、憲兵が小銃を装備し護衛にあたっている。
English: Japan ruled over and governed Taiwan from 1895 when the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded to 1945 when Japan was defeated.
Japanese: 1895年の下関条約の締結から1945年の日本の敗戦まで台湾を支配・統治した。
English: Power was highly centralized with the Taiwan governor wielding the public administration, administration of justice, legislation and military, therefore it was called 'Do Kotei', the local emperor (later, the military power was transferred to the Taiwanese army [Japanese army] so the civil officers could assume the governer).
Japanese: 台湾総督は台湾の行政・司法・立法から軍事までを一手に掌握しうる強大な権限を持ったため「土皇帝」と呼ばれた程である（後に軍事権が台湾軍(日本軍)司令官に移譲されたことにより、文官の総督就任が可能になる）。
English: But the Taiwan governor was commanded and managed by the prime minister, the prewar Home Minister (Japan) and the minister of Colonial Ministry, therefore Taiwan governor's position was lower than Chosen Sotoku-fu under the direct control of the emperor.
Japanese: 但し台湾総督は内閣総理大臣、内務大臣(日本)、拓務大臣の指揮監督を受けることになっており、天皇直属の朝鮮総督府より地位が低かった。
English: In 1898, Shinpei GOTO assumed the post of Chief of Home Affairs under the direction of Gentaro KODAMA, the governor-general, and GOTO established Japan's approach to its rule of Taiwan through the effective use of a "carrot and stick" policy; that is, he promoted the modernization of Taiwan by carrying out land reform, providing utilities that were essential to people's livelihoods, eradicating opium addiction, making school educational more accessible to all, and developing industries such as sugar manufacturing, while at the same time cracking down on those who opposed colonial rule.
Japanese: 兒玉源太郎総督の下で1898年に民政長官に就任した後藤新平は、土地改革、ライフラインの整備、アヘン中毒患者の撲滅、学校教育の普及、製糖業などの産業の育成を行うことにより台湾の近代化を推進し、一方で植民地統治に対する反逆者には取り締まりをするという『飴と鞭』の政策を有効に用いることで植民地支配の体制を確立した。
English: Although many Taiwanese staffs were employed, their opportunity of promotion to a high officer was thwarted by heavy discrimination.
Japanese: 台湾人の職員も多く採用されたが、徹底した差別により高位高官への昇進の機会は閉ざされていた。
English: Prefectural governor, Director general and Shiin (which corresponds to the mayor of inland) were all Japanese, and out of 1,444 of senior officials belonged to the sotoku-fu (at the time of 1943) the Taiwanese were only less than 30, with other Taiwanese personnel being patrol officers or lower rank.
Japanese: 州知事・庁長、市尹（内地の市長に相当）は全て日本人であり、総督府に属する高等官1,444人（1943年時点）のうち、台湾人は30人以下にすぎず台湾人の警察人員は全て巡査以下だった。
English: No Taiwanese was assigned as the principal of the junior high school under the old system of education, and only 4 people were assumed the place of the principal in the national elementary school (in an educational system operated in Japan between 1941 and 1947) and branch school.
Japanese: 公立旧制中学校の校長に任命された台湾人はなく、国民学校も分教場を入れて4人のみだった。
English: Chosen Sotoku-fu was a government office established by the Empire of Japan of the day in 1910 in order to govern Korea in the period of Japan's rule by the annexation of Korea.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府（ちょうせんそうとくふ）は、1910年（明治43年）、韓国併合によって日本統治時代の朝鮮を統治するために、当時の大日本帝国が設置した官庁である。
English: The government building was built on the premise of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in Keijo Prefecture (present Seoul Special City, Republic of Korea), Gyeonggi Province (in the period of Japan's rule).
Japanese: 庁舎は、京畿道(日本統治時代)京城府（現在の大韓民国ソウル特別市）の景福宮敷地内に設置されていた。
English: Its predecessor was Kankoku Tokan-fu (Resident General of Korea), and the Korean Empire was reorganized and integrated, but the major high officials were mostly Japanese.
Japanese: 韓国統監府を前身とし、大韓帝国を改組・統合したが主要高官はほぼ日本人であった。
English: In 1945, its operation was stopped by order of the allied forces due to Japan's defeat in the Pacific War.
Japanese: 1945年、太平洋戦争における日本の敗戦に伴い連合軍の指示により業務を停止。
English: Sotoku-fu conducted the restriction of speech, ban of association, regulation of independent movement.
Japanese: 総督府により、言論の制限や結社の禁止、独立運動などへの取り締まり等が行われた。
English: Infrastructure was improved, which led prevention of infectious diseases and increase of the birth rate, and Japanization and teaching of Japanese and Hangeul were pursued in educational facilities.
Japanese: インフラストラクチャーの整備が行われ結果として伝染病の予防や出生率の増加におよび、教育施設では皇民化教育、日本語やハングルの教育が進められた。
English: The Chosen Sotoku-fu belonged directly to the Emperor, and it could use military force (later revised to the military claim right to the Commander of Army and Navy) to protect Korea in the range of delegation, and had legislative, executive and judicial power through the prime minister, and a wide variety of authority on royal families and Korean noble families.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督は天皇に直隷して、委任の範囲内に置ける朝鮮防備のための軍事(後に陸海軍司令官への軍事請求権に改正)を行使したり、内閣総理大臣を経由して立法権、行政権、司法権や王公族及び朝鮮貴族に関する多岐な権限を持っていた。
English: The Chosen Sotoku-fu had Seimu sokan (Vice Governor), Sotoku kanbo (Governor's Secretariat) and five departments (General affairs, Internal affairs, Finance, Agriculture and Commerce and Industry, and Justice) as well as Advisory Panel, Police administration, Courts, Railway Bureau (Chosen Sotoku-fu Railways), Monopoly Bureau, Local administration including Province, Prefecture and County, which covered the whole governing structure of Korea.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府には朝鮮総督府政務総監、総督官房と5部（総務、内務、度支、農商工、司法）が設置されたほか、中枢院、警務総監部、裁判所、鉄道局（朝鮮総督府鉄道）、専売局、地方行政区画である道、府、郡など朝鮮の統治機構全体を包含していた。
English: The Japanese government invested a large amount of budget to the Korean Peninsula in order to increase Korean economy to the same level in the mainland.
Japanese: 日本政府は朝鮮を内地と同様の経済水準に引き上げるため、多額の予算を朝鮮半島に投資した。
English: Some researchers insist that it helped the Korean Peninsula modernized by improving infrastructure such as railways, roads, water and sewerage, electricity, hospitals, schools and factories, and establishing the modern educational system and modern medical system.
Japanese: 鉄道、道路、上下水道、電気、病院、学校、工場などのインフラの整備を行い、近代教育制度や近代医療制度の整備を進め、朝鮮半島の近代化に役立ったと主張する研究者もいる。
English: As a result, the infectious disease that was spread in the Korean Peninsula was prevented, and food production increased (the rice production at the time of the annexation was about 10 million koku [crop yield], which increased to 20 million koku 20 years later) due to development of agricultural land.
Japanese: こうした結果、朝鮮半島で流行していた伝染病が予防され、農地の開発等により食糧生産が増加（併合当初米の生産量が約1千万石(単位)であったものが、20年後には2千万石へと倍増）した。
English: This made the population of the Korean Peninsula, which had been 16 million in 1906 before the annexation, become to 24 million in 1940, and the average life expectancy, which had been 24 years at the time of the annexation (in 1919), increase up to 45 years in 1942.
Japanese: このことにより、朝鮮半島の人口は、併合前の1906年には1600万人程度だったものが1940年には2,400万人程となり、平均寿命も併合時（1910年）24歳だったものが、1942年には45歳まで伸びることとなった。
English: However, the economic development in Korea was promoted mainly in order to support industrialization and food shortage in Japan.
Japanese: しかし朝鮮における経済開発は主として日本の工業化と食糧不足を補完する目的で行われた。
English: Some researchers believe that, contrary to the high economic development, most of the profit were distributed to the Japanese people and companies in Korea, and most of the food including rice were given to Japan, which made the distribution ratio to the Koreans (especially in the rural area) low.
Japanese: 高い経済発展とは裏腹にその果実の大部分が在朝日本人や日本企業に分配され、米をはじめとする多くの食料が日本に贈られ、朝鮮人（とりわけ農村部）への分配度は低かったとする研究者もいる。
English: Others insist that, just like any other colonies, the income difference between the Japanese in Korea and the Koreans as the natives was huge.
Japanese: また植民地一般の傾向にもれず、在朝日本人と原住民たる朝鮮人の間の所得格差も非常に大きいものがあったと主張する者もいる。
English: On the other hand, there exists a study concluding they were only business practices, which means some Koreans also made a profit, and the income increased and no problem existed.
Japanese: 一方で、それらは単なる商行為であり、儲けていた朝鮮人も当然におり、また、所得も向上しており問題はなかったとする研究も存在する。
English: It had a negative attitude toward the local culture, and the independent movement of Korea against the Sotoku-fu's rule was strictly controlled.
Japanese: 現地文化に対しては否定的な態度をとり、総督府統治に反対する朝鮮独立運動は厳しく取り締りされた。
English: Budan seiji banned all the political activities to oppress the independent movement against the integration policy of the colony, and aimed at laying the foundation for colonial administration under the strict military government.
Japanese: 武断政治は、植民地同化政策に反対する独立運動弾圧のために政治活動を一切禁止し、徹底した軍政のもと植民地統治の基礎を作ることを目的とした。
English: The Sotoku's orders (regulations) reserved all the functions of judicial, executive and legislative administration, and voting of the Imperial Diet was unnecessary.
Japanese: 総督の命令（制令）が司法・行政・立法の全機能を有し、帝国議会の議決は不要とされた。