nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He intended to signale his allegiance to the imperial throne and planed to be on top of the would-be coalition government composed of feudal lords.
Japanese: これは朝廷に対し恭順の意を表し、新しく成立するであろう新政府において重要な地位に立って、大名連合政権の上に立とうとする考えであった。
English: He took the initiative from the anti-shogunate group in the plan to overthrown the shogunate government in armed struggles, because they lost their cause to justify their use of force for a while.
Japanese: 武力によって完全に幕府を倒そうとしていた倒幕勢力は攻撃の名目を一時的に失ったため、先手を取られた形となった。
English: The anti-shogunate party of Satsuma and Choshu domains, however, revived the Great Council of State (dajokan) System, and established a new government headed by the Emperor.
Japanese: しかし、薩長の倒幕派が太政官制度を復活させ、天皇を中心とした新政府を樹立。
English: After this, the conflict between the old shogunate forces in command of the Tokugawa clan and the new government led by Satsuma and Choshu domains mainly led to the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, the beginning of the Boshin Civil War.
Japanese: その後、徳川を盟主とする旧幕府勢力と薩長を主体とする新政府が対立し、鳥羽・伏見の戦いを機に戊辰戦争が勃発。
English: Although some old shogunate forces resisted in the Tohoku region even after the surrender of Yoshinobu, the new government won in the last war, known as the Hakodate War around a pentagonal fortress (goryokaku), and the Boshin Civil War came to an end.
Japanese: 降伏後も一部の旧幕府勢力が東北などで抵抗したが、五稜郭の箱館戦争を最後に新政府が勝利し、戊辰戦争は終結した。
English: This is how the Meiji Restoration started, and how Japan also entered the age of full-scale modernization.
Japanese: こうして明治維新が始まり、日本も本格的に近代化の時代を向かえることになる。
English: Battle of Sekigahara, the Siege of Osaka, the daimyo's alternate-year residence system in Edo (Sankinkotai), Laws Governing Military Households, military government, Shimabara Rebellion, and national isolation
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い、大坂の役、参勤交代、武家諸法度、武断政治、天草の乱、鎖国
English: The Edo period was a feudal society where the soldier class (samurai) ruled with the barbarian-quelling generalissimo, or the shogun, the Tokugawa clan as the central figure.
Japanese: 江戸時代は征夷大将軍徳川氏を中心として、武士階級が支配していた封建社会であった。
English: The class system of common people was the hierarchy of soldiers (samurai), farmers, artisans, and merchants, called shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
Japanese: 一般市民の身分制度は士農工商と呼ばれる階級制であり、武士が民衆を支配していた。
English: The definition of samurai and farmers were not so clear before the sword hunt decree (the disarmament of farmers) of 1588 by Hideyoshi and the residence zoning for samurai in castle towns, for townspeople in cities, and for farmers in rural villages, and those measures separated the samurai class and the farmer class definitely.
Japanese: それまで武士と農民は分離していなかったが、豊臣秀吉の刀狩りと武士は城下・町人は町屋・農民は村落と住居が固定されるなどにより武士階級と農民が明確に分離された。
English: Especially, many peasants flew into Edo from rural areas due to famines, and the shogunate government often promulgated the orders to support peasants to return their own communities financially.
Japanese: 特に江戸には飢饉などにより地方から流入してきた農民も多く、幕府はしばしば帰農令を出している。
English: Country samurai were clearly distinguished from the feudal retainers living in a castle town and recieving salary from the lord, and sometimes discriminated as a lower-rank samurai.
Japanese: 彼らは城下に住み藩主から俸禄を貰っていた武士である藩士とは明確に区別され、また一段下の身分として差別されることもあった。
English: Many of people who played active roles at the end of the Edo period, whether pro-imperial or pro-shogunate, came from these derogatory class such as lower-rank samurai, country samurai, merchants.
Japanese: 幕末に活躍した人びとには、勤皇方、幕府方を問わず、下級藩士・郷士・町人など軽輩階層出身者であった者が多い。
English: The shogunate government regarded Edo, Osaka and Kyoto as important, and established town magistrates (machi bugyo) and local governors (shoshidai), while governed Izu Province, Hita City, Nagasaki City, Niigata Prefecture, Hida Province and primary mines by placing administrative officials (daikan).
Japanese: 幕府は江戸、大阪、京都に町奉行・所司代を置き重要視したが、その他伊豆国・日田市・長崎市・新潟県・飛騨国や重要鉱山に代官を配置し支配した。
English: This shogunate agency grasped control of not merely to the appointed city, but also of the surrounding areas, so the governor of Kyoto (Kyoto Shoshidai) controlled Yamashiro Province, Tanba Province, Omi Province and so on (as well as put the imperial court under its surveillance, and the town magistrate of Osaka (Osaka machi-bugyo) was allowed to manage the shogunate demesne in the western Japan.
Japanese: これらの支配力は単に一都市に限らず、京都所司代は山城国・丹波国・近江国など、大阪町奉行は西日本諸国の天領の采配がそれぞれ許されるなど、管轄地の諸大名を監察する役目もあった（京都所司代は朝廷も監視していた）。
English: But, their military strength was almost nil, and early in the 18th century there were only ten soldiers in the Nagasaki magistrate office and at the end of the Edo period only 30 soldiers in the Gojo magistrate's office.
Japanese: 但し、彼らの用いる兵力は殆どなく、18世紀初頭の長崎奉行は10数人、幕末の五条代官所でも30人しかいなかった。
English: Hereditary vassal daimyl (fudai daimyo) were allowed to fill a powerful post such as the senior councillor (roju) in spite of their economic strength being an annual stipend of hundred thousand koku in rice at most, while wealthy daimyo, such as outside daimyo (non-hereditary vassal daimyo) and a feudal lord with more than one fief (kunimochi daimyo) were not allowed to participate in the natilnal government.
Japanese: 老中などの権力を持つ譜代大名は殆ど10万石規模の石高だが、経済の豊富な外様や国持大名には幕府政治に介在を許さなかった。
English: This separation intended to prevent the growth of a powerful clan such as the Hosokawa in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: これにより室町幕府の細川氏のような権力者を生み出さないようにしている。
English: For example, since the latter half of the 17th century, several personnel had been took office of senior councillor (roju) (on monthly duty) except chief minister (tairo).
Japanese: 17世紀後半以降にはその老中職なども大老職など例外を除いてほぼ複数制（月番制）となっている。
English: In principle, the local government was based on a feudal system under which the authorized feudal lord (daimyo) was allowed to administer the assingned territory only for one generation.
Japanese: 江戸幕府より統治の許可を得た諸大名が原則的には一代に限り土地統治を認められた封建制である。
English: Ruling system in a fief differed significantly according to the scale of each daimyo, but followed the central ruling organization system of the shogunate government.
Japanese: 領土の支配体制は各大名の規模によってかなり異なるが、ほぼ幕府の支配機構体制に準ずる形をとった。
English: However, daimyo was not allowed to administer the fief at their own will, and put under the surveillance of inspectors who were sent by the chief inspector in Edo (ometsuke).
Japanese: ただ、大名は支配土地を自由自在に支配できたわけではなく、幕府からは大目付が発する監察使にその行政を監視規制されていた。
English: Through these inspectors, a great number of feudal lords (daimyo) were punished for violation of Laws Governing Military Households, and deprived samurai status with forfeit of the territories or curtailed their fief, but this punishment was imposed without extenuation of the classification of daimyo, that is, family daimyo (shinpan), hereditary vassal daimyo (fudai daimyo), or outside daimyo (tozama).
Japanese: このため武家諸法度違反で相当数の大名が改易・減封処分を受けたが、この処罰は親藩・譜代・外様の別なく行われた。
English: The shogunate government obliged daimyo to live in Edo every other year (Sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, which were determined according to their social status.
Japanese: 大名には幕府によりその格式に定められた参勤交代と御手伝いの義務が課せられた。
English: In order to cope with this situation, each domain initiated reforms in the 18th and 19th centuries, (and the first case was Tosa Domain around the middle of the 17th century).
Japanese: これを打開するために藩政改革が18～19世紀にかけて各藩で実施される（早いところでは土佐藩が17世紀中葉に行った）。
English: Initial policies were mainly the order to encourage a frugal life and the issue of local paper currency, but in the middle of the 18th century a monopoly system of local specialties, such as salt and ceramics, was introduced in many domains.
Japanese: 初期は倹約と藩札発布が主であったが、18世紀中盤になると塩・陶器などの土地産物の専売制がかなりの藩で実施される。
English: Among these reform, 'the donation loaning for three mountain shrines in Kumano' implemented by Kishu domain was a unique example, in which system the feudal lord (daimyo) himself became a moneylender and charged interest.
Japanese: 変わったところでは紀州藩の「熊野三山寄付貸付」があり、大名みずからが金融業者になり利子を取るということまでしている。
English: At the same time, some domains entrusted merchants to administer its economy, and for example, Sendai domain asked Banto YAMAGATA, the clerk of Masuya Shop in Osaka, to make a comprehensive survey of the financial affairs.
Japanese: また、仙台藩が大坂の升屋の番頭である山片蟠桃に藩財政を総覧させたように財政を商人に任せるような藩も出てきた。
English: Except some domains of feudal lords owning more than one fief, the territory of a domain lay around the castle at the center and the castle town with enclaves a little apart (villages under control of several feudal lords).
Japanese: 一部の国主の藩を除いて、藩の領地は中心城と城下町周辺と、その他は少し離れた飛び地を持っていた（相給）。
English: The shogunate government controlled feudal lords (daimyo) by various means, such as the alternate-year residence system in Edo (sankinkotai) and compulsory service in construction work, but in another occasion through the marriage with a daughter of the shogun or adoption of a son of the shogun and loaning.
Japanese: 幕府の各大名の支配方法として、参勤交代と御手伝いの義務のほか、将軍の娘をもらったり息子を養嗣子としたり、お金を貸し与えたりした。
English: In addition, with some exceptions, by early in the 18th century, each domain had changed the fief system for retainers to provide a land into the salary system.
Japanese: なお、一部の例外を除いて、各藩は藩士への知行体制を18世紀初旬までに地方知行制（現地領主制）から俸禄制（サラリー制）へと変遷させている。
English: A famous conflict was a dispute concerning the Kazuno territory which developed into a fight between the Kubota Domain and the Morioka Domain, and in addition to this, there were other disputes between the Sendai Domain and the Soma Domain, and between the Hagi Domain and the Tokuyama Domain.
Japanese: 有名な所では久保田藩と盛岡藩が干戈を交えるところまで発展した鹿角領争いであるが、これ以外にも仙台藩と相馬藩、萩藩と徳山藩などがある。
English: Most of these disputes were settled before the middle of Edo period, and the borders determined at that time are used to this day.
Japanese: これらは中期ごろまでに大体解決し、このとき決定した境界は現在にも引き継がれている。
English: Due to the agricultural fundamentalism of this period, places other than towns around castles (castle town), the base of the shogunate government or each daimyo, were basically considered to be agricultural communities.
Japanese: この時代は農本主義のため、幕府・大名の拠点のある城を中心とした町（城下町）の他は基本的に農村と考えられていた。
English: Feudal lords (daimyo) took a protective policy, considering the more the castle town developed, the more money were paied to them, which meant their own prosperity.
Japanese: 大名たちは上納金を貢いでくれる城下町が栄えることは、みずからの発展と同義と考え保護政策をおこなった。
English: Since the middle of the Edo period, however, the decline of castle towns had been given stark expression in the development of port towns and post towns, the influx of capitalism into agricultural communities, such as the cultivation of cotton, one of readily redeemable goods, and bankruptcies of the merchants due to the excessive financial contribution to feudal lords (daimyo), (which might be the biggest cause of the decline).
Japanese: しかし、江戸時代中期に入り港町や宿場町などの発展、換金性の高い綿が栽培され始めるなど農村部に資本主義が流入され、また（これが最も大きいのだろうが）大名への献金が過重になり過ぎて商家の一部がつぶれるなど、城下町の衰退が目立つようになった。
English: The shogunate government intended to dampen peasants' enthusiasm for business by promulgation of the ban against buying and selling of fields and the back-to-the-land order, but neither was effective.
Japanese: この農民の商売熱を冷まそうと幕府は田畑永代売買禁止令や帰農令などを発布するも効果がなかった。
English: A headman of a village called nanushi or shoya served as a bridge between the shogunate or domain government and the agricultural community, where no samurai was considered to live in principle, (with the exception of the Sendai Domain in which the Jikatachigyo system [the direct administration of the assigned fief by a shogunate retainer who transferred there] was preserved).
Japanese: 農村では名主、庄屋が幕府・大名と農村の橋渡しとして存在し、原則的に武士は農村にいなかったとされる（地方知行制を温存した仙台藩など例外はある）。
English: The above-mentioned headmen (nanushi or shoya) were often rich farmers who had owned their own land for a long time, or descendants of samurai who had settled there, and many of them were privileged to adopt a surname and wear a sword and excused from various levies and taxes as well as titled as country samurai (goshi).
Japanese: この名主、庄屋は昔から土地を所有している有力農民や土着した武士の末裔などがなる場合が多く、苗字帯刀あるいは諸役御免の特権を持つ者や郷士に列せられるものも多かった。
English: They not only played a role in collecting land taxes from peasants without delay, but also acted to passing on order of the government.
Japanese: かれらは、年貢を滞りなく収めるようにするだけでなく、施政者の命令を下達する役目もあった。
English: Although the situation differed according to the domain, when peasants had difficulties, the headmen (nanushi or shoya) reported it to the government on behalf of them.
Japanese: 諸藩により違いはあるものの、百姓が困っている場合には彼らを代表して施政者に伝えた。
English: Some headmen (nanushi or shoya) had a strong sense of being a representative of the peasants, who led riots on farmers' side, while others became a target in uprisings because of their being the rank and file of the government in direct contact with the public.
Japanese: 一揆の際には農村側に立って先導するような百姓側の代表としての意識の強いものと、支配機構の末端をになう下級官吏の面が強く一揆などの際に標的となる場合もあった。
English: In a second half of the early-modern times, as headmen (naushi or shoya) accumulated lands of impoverished petty peasants, their landowner-like character grew, and those with the latter aspcet increased.
Japanese: 困窮した零細農民の土地を集積するなど地主的な側面の強くなる近世後期には後者の面を持つものが多くなった。
English: The literacy rate among the Japanese was high, because private elementary schools (terakoya) and village schools, where reading and writing was mainly taught, were established not only in castle towns but also in agricultural communities.
Japanese: 読み書きを中心とした寺子屋や郷校が城下町のみならず農村部にも建てられたため、日本人の識字率は高かった。
English: Starting with the Shizutani-gakko school of Okayama Domain, the government of the domain and direct retainers of the shogun (hatamoto) established schools which admitted even village folk all around Japan.
Japanese: また岡山藩の閑谷学校を嚆矢として、あちこちの藩・旗本が郷民でも入校できる学校を作った。
English: These contributed to the achievements of Tokunai MOGAMI and Rinzo MAMIYA, who were from rural communities.
Japanese: このようなことが最上徳内や間宮林蔵などの農村出身者の活躍に一枚買っているといえる。
English: The Edo period when the shogunate government implemented a drastic relocation of feudal lords (daimyo) was also an era of active cultural exchange throughout Japan.
Japanese: 幕府により大名の大幅な配置換えが実施された江戸時代は、同時に日本中で活発な文化交流が行われた時代でもあった。
English: For example, the Mikawa dialect had been imported into the Bingo area since the Mizuno clan in Mikawa founded a domain in Bingo-fukuyama, while the Fukuyama dialect was mixed with the Mikawa dialect.
Japanese: 例えば、三河の水野氏が備後福山に立藩したため三河の言語が備後地域に流入され、福山地方の方言に三河方言が混ざっている。
English: When the Sengoku clan, the former ruler of Shinano area, was transferred to Izushi of Tajima Province, bringing Shinano soba with them, Izushi Soba (buckwheat noodles) was born.
Japanese: また、信濃を統治していた仙石氏が但馬出石に転封した際、信濃の蕎麦を出石に持ち込んだため、出石そばが発祥した。
English: Exchange of products of this kind occurred all around the country, and in many regions these transferred products became present-day local speciality.
Japanese: このような物の交流は各地で起こっているが、これが現在の名産物になっている地域も多い。
English: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA implemented the physiocratic policy on which the ruling structure of samurai was establised, so the samurai class, namely the ruling class, depended upon rice for their income.
Japanese: 徳川家康は武士の支配構造の基本として重農政策を選んだため、支配者階級である武士階級は、その収入を米に依存していた。
English: However, the policy did not work well as the increase of rice production for the purpose of the revenue increase resulted in the decrease of rice price, and merchants came to take control of the economy.
Japanese: しかしながら、収入を増やすために米の生産量を増やすと米価が下がると言う様になかなか思うようにはいかず、商人たちが経済の主導権を握るようになる。
English: The economic development of the merchant class resulted in the impoverishment of the samurai, and laws regulating expenditures and debt cancellation orders were promulgated many times.
Japanese: また、町人階級の経済的躍進は、武士階級を困窮させる事になり、幾度も倹約令や徳政令が出される事になる。
English: In the 18th century, famines were frequent in Japan, and after the Tenpo Famine, some domains were unable to yield any crops at all (Tsugaru Domain and so on).
Japanese: また18世紀に入ると日本は飢饉が頻発するようになり、天保の大飢饉になると藩によっては収穫ゼロ（津軽藩など）の所も出てくるようになる。
English: Seeing this, Okitsugu TANUMA intended to implement a Mercantilism policy, which ended in failure due to his opponents.
Japanese: これを見て田沼意次は、重商政策を取り入れようとしたが、反対勢力によって失敗に終わっている。
English: Since the Genroku era at the end of the 17th century the shogunate government had tried to restore their finances by the issue of coins with low content of gold and silver and the further issue of currency so as to get profits from the issue of coinage, but every case caused hyper-inflation and resulted in failure (the issue of the genroku gold coin [genroku koban] by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, Genbun gold coin [genbun koban] by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, Nanryo silver coin (nanryo nishu gin) around the era of Ienari TOKUGAWA, and so on).
Japanese: 幕府は17世紀末の元禄年間以降、貨幣の中に含まれる金を減らし、貨幣の発行量を多くすることによって貨幣発行益を上げて財政を持ち直そうとしたが、いずれも過度のインフレーションを招き失敗に終わっている（徳川綱吉の元禄小判、徳川吉宗の元文小判、徳川家斉の頃の南鐐二朱銀の発行など）。
English: It is said that such pilgrimages were highly entertaining in a sense, and led to the popularity of travelling among common people.
Japanese: これは多分に娯楽的な意味を持ち、民衆が旅行するようになった起源とも言われる。
English: Travel agencies and guides appeared, as well as pleasure quarters, which appeared near temples and shrines in some areas.
Japanese: 中には旅行代理業者や案内業も現れ、寺社の側に歓楽街ができたところもある。
English: Improved infrastructures, such as the development of the five main highways (gokaido) and post towns, public safety, made pilgrimages to distant temples and shrines possible.
Japanese: この遠方への巡礼の背景には、五街道や宿場町の整備、治安の良化などのインフラが整ったことがある。
English: Typical examples of this period were the pilgrimage to the 33 Kannon temples in Kansai (Saigoku Sanjusansho) and the pilgrimage to the 88 temples in Shikoku (Shikoku Hachijuhakkasho).
Japanese: これらの代表的なものには、西国三十三箇所や四国八十八箇所巡礼などがある。
English: At the end of the Edo period, new Shinto religions such as the Tenri sect, the Kinko sect and so on emerged.
Japanese: また、江戸末期には、天理教や金光教などの神道系の新宗教が現れている。
English: Under the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants (shinokosho), there were discriminated classes called eta and hinin for a long time, and they were given duties which other people were unwilling to do (such as executioners, cleaning), and moreover, they became victims of discrimination policies enacted by feudal lords in order to maintain the shogunate system.
Japanese: 士農工商の下には、古くからあった穢多、非人と呼ばれる被差別階級があり、かれらは人の嫌がる仕事（刑死執行人・掃除など）を与えられ、その上、幕藩体制維持のために諸大名より差別政策の犠牲者となった。
English: While they lost the privilege to receive dead horses and cattle and so on after the Meiji Restoration, the discrimination still continued, which led to the Buraku (discriminated communities) Liberation Movement.
Japanese: 明治維新によって死牛馬取得権などの特権を失った反面、差別は依然残り、部落解放運動につながった
English: During the Edo period, the economy grew rapidly, and the accumulated capital contributed to the economic development following the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 江戸時代は経済的にはめまぐるしい発展を遂げ、その資本の蓄積は、明治維新以降の経済発展の原動力となる。
English: In order to make money for maintenance of the domain residence in Edo and the cost of the alternate-year residence in Edo, feudal lords all over Japan sold their domestic products, such as rice, farm and aquatic products, in Osaka, where feudal lords built their warehouses and sales offices (kurayashiki), so local specialities were line up prosperously.
Japanese: 各地の諸大名は、江戸藩邸や参勤交代の費用を捻出するために自藩産出の米や魚農産物を大坂に売ったため、大坂は諸大名の蔵屋敷が置かれ全国の特産品が並び、盛況を活した。
English: In addition, as many feudal lords stayed at inns and taverns along main roads on the way to Edo for the alternate-year residence obligation or the site of construction work under the shogunate order, the economic circulation was activated.
Japanese: また、参勤交代やお手伝い普請で多くの諸大名が街道筋の宿屋・旅籠に泊まったため、経済の流通が活発化したのである。
English: The Edo government intended to control commerce by forcing the formation of merchant guilds (kabunakama) and admitting monopolies by them.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は株仲間を結成させて特定商人の独占を認めることで商業統制を行おうとした。
English: However, the fact was that, during the late Edo period, up and coming merchants started to actively spread throughout cities and provinces.
Japanese: だが、実際には江戸時代も後期に入ると、都市・地方ともに新興商人の台頭が始まり、活発な展開を見せるようになる。
English: The shogunate government could neither take enough measures to respond to the economic development nor quell social disorders caused by price fluctuations, which led to the turbulence of the shogunate government.
Japanese: 幕府はこうした経済発展の動きに十分な対応が取れず、物価変動による社会的混乱を鎮められずに幕府が動揺する一因となった。
English: However, it is said that the shogunate government roughly kept up with foreign affairs through the Korean Emissary that were dispatched in every shogunate succession, and the curator of Dutch trading house.
Japanese: しかし、将軍代替りの際に行われた朝鮮通信使やオランダ商館長らによって世界的な情勢は大体把握していたといわれている。
English: For example, Tadakuni MIZUNO who performed the Tenpo Reforms immediately ordered the withdrawal of the edict to repel foreign vessels when the Opium War occurred in China.
Japanese: 例えば天保の改革を行った水野忠邦は中国でアヘン戦争が起こると直ちに無二念打ち払い令を撤回させたようにである。
English: Additionally, Japanese and Western people made exchanges with each other, such as the many Japanese who received an education from Siebold who opened a school of Western medicine at Narutaki, Nagasaki.
Japanese: また、長崎鳴滝に西洋医術の塾を開いたシーボルトのもとに多数の日本人が修学するなど西洋人と日本人との交流は盛んであった。
English: Water transport: Ryoi SUMINOKURA, Zuiken KAWAMURA, the westward freight route, the eastward freight route, higaki kaisen (a cargo-vessel between Edo and Osaka), and taru kaisen (a cargo-vessel between Edo and Osaka)
Japanese: 水上交通：角倉了以、河村瑞賢、東廻り航路、西廻り航路、菱垣廻船、樽廻船
English: In 1601 before the foundation of the government, the gold guild (kin-za) (the coinage guild) and the silver guild (gin-za) (history) were established, and the mintage of Keicho Koban (gold oval coin) and Keicho Chogin (silver oval coin) was ordered.
Japanese: 幕府創立前のに金座（小判座）および銀座(歴史)を設立し、慶長小判慶長丁銀の鋳造を命じた。
English: From the Keicho to the Kanei era, the gold and silver mines in Japan boasts the highest outputs in the world, and until the era of Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the 5th shogun, ample fund of gold and silver were stored in the gold storehouse in Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 慶長から寛永期頃までは各地の金鉱山および銀山の産出が世界有数を誇る規模であり、五代将軍徳川綱吉の頃までは江戸城御金蔵の金銀の蓄えも潤沢であった。
English: In stead of imported bronze coins, Eirakusen, from the Ming Dynasty, the shogunate government established the coinage guild to mint domestic coins such as Kanei Tsuho coin for the circulating money in the country.
Japanese: そして輸入品であった永楽銭などに代わり、銭座を設けて寛永通宝などの国内貨幣を鋳造し、流通させた。
English: However, in the eastern Japan gold coins (koban) were circulated as large denomination coins, while in the western Japan, silver coins (chogin), and the exchange rate fluctuated on a daily basis, the financial industry including money brokers developed.
Japanese: しかしながら、高額貨幣は、東日本は金貨（小判）が、西日本は銀貨（丁銀）が流通の基本となっており、その相場も日々変動したため、両替商などの金融業を発達した。
English: From around 1620, futures transactions were conducted at Dojima, Osaka ahead of other countries.
Japanese: また、頃から世界に先駆けて大坂（大阪）の堂島において先物取引がおこなわれていた。
English: However, since the national defense policy of the shogunate government prohibited the shipbuilding of large vessels, the distribution of goods by taru-kaisen (cargo ships) circulating along the coast of Japan developed significantly.
Japanese: しかし、江戸幕府の国防政策により大きな船が作ることが出来なかったため、樽廻船による日本沿海を周回する物資流通が大きく発達した。
English: As the outputs of gold and silver began to decline after the Kanei era, in spite of the increase of expenditure due to the economic development and the population growth, the shogunate government got into financial trouble.
Japanese: また寛永期を過ぎると金銀の産出に陰りが見え始めたのに対し、人口が次第に増加し経済が発展して幕府の支出が増大したため財政難に陥るようになる。
English: Since stockpiled gold and silver also began to dry up, coins with low content of gold and silver were reminted in order to gain a profit margin and expand currency in circulation, beginning with the issue of Genroku Koban (gold coin) and Genroku Chogin (silver coin) in 1695.
Japanese: また、金銀の備蓄も底が見え始め、の元禄小判元禄丁銀の発行を発端に出目獲得および通貨拡大のため品位を低下させる改鋳が行われるようになる。
English: After the issue of Nanryo Nishu silver coins in 1772, the amount of circulation of denomination silver coins with the unit of ryo (a base unit), bu and shu, began to increase, and in 1837, when Ichibu gin silver coins were issued, these coins came to surpass that of the currencies by weight, such as chogin, so silver coins were incorporated in the currency system of gold coin (koban).
Japanese: の南鐐二朱銀発行以降、次第に両を基軸とする、分、朱の単位をもつ計数銀貨が増加し始め、1837年の一分銀発行に至って、丁銀のような秤量銀貨を凌駕するようになり、銀貨は小判の通貨体系に組み込まれることになった。