nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: One story has a different explanation as follows: originally, his uncle Nobukado TAKEDA was to be the successor, but that would be unacceptable for Katsuyori, and so Shingen and Nobukado discussed and decided that Nobukado would adopt Katsuyori's son Nobukatsu TAKEDA and move Katsuyori to Tsutsujigasaki-yakata (Tsutsujigasaki Mansion), and when Shingen died of illness, Nobukatsu succeeded him.
Japanese: 本来は叔父の武田信廉が継ぐことになっていたが、それでは勝頼が納得しないため、信玄と信廉の協議の上で勝頼の息子の武田信勝を信廉の養子にした上で勝頼を後見として躑躅ヶ崎館に移り、信玄病死の際に信勝が後を継いだともいわれる異説がある。
English: It is said that although Nobukado should have received treatment suitable for him as Katsuyori's adoptive father in this case, Katsuyori, unaware of the circumstances, treated him as one of the vassals, and this caused the estrangement of the family and vassals who had been against Katsuyori's succession.
Japanese: その場合、信廉は信勝の養父として相応の待遇をされるべきだが、事情を知らない勝頼が信廉を家臣の一人として扱ったために勝頼の相続に反対した一門・家臣の離反を招いたといわれる。
English: As preciously mentioned, the morale of the Takeda forces was high, but Katsuyori wrote in his letter addressed to Mitsukata NAGASAKA (Chokansai) in the rearguard position "Some men fear the battle this time," indicating that the Takeda family was not necessarily optimistic.
Japanese: 前述の通り武田軍の士気は旺盛であったが、戦場の勝頼から後方の長坂光堅（釣閑斎）に宛てた書状には「此度の戦を危ぶむ者もいる」という意の記述があり、武田家においても必ずしも楽観的でなかったと思われる節がある。
English: This letter included statements to the effect that "you don't need to worry," or "the enemy is confined,"which raised the question about Katsuyori's excessive self-confidence, but when we consider that this letter was written by the head of Daimyo family (feudal lord family) in the battlefield to a vassal in the rearguard position, we can't take the statements at face value.
Japanese: また、この書状での「案ずることはない」という意の記述や、「敵は逼塞している」という意の記述から、勝頼の自信過剰が取沙汰されるが、戦場にある大名家の当主が後方の家臣に出す手紙という面を考慮すれば、文言をそのまま鵜呑みにすることは出来ない。
English: Some people doubt whether it was possible for Katsuyori to act arbitrarily on his own authority and decided to start the battle.
Japanese: 開戦の決断についても、勝頼の独断専行が果たして可能であったかどうか疑問視する向きもある。
English: While the Takeda forces suffered crushing defeat, Shinzoku-shu (a group which consisted of siblings and retainers) including Katsuyori's uncle Nobukatsu TAKEDA and his cousin Nobukimi ANAYAMA were among the first to leave the final battlefield of Shitaragahara, preserving the troops on hand to a degree.
Japanese: 武田軍が大敗を喫する中、叔父・武田信廉や従兄弟・穴山信君ら親族衆は手持ちの戦力を比較的温存したまま、いち早く設楽原の決戦場から離脱していたという。
English: It is said that the Takeda family switched their support to Kagekatsu UESUGI due to the following differences in the terms they were offered in exchange for their support: Kagetora UESUGI wanted the Takeda family to cede the northern Shinano area and the Kozuke Numata area to him in exchange for his entering into an alliance with them, but Kagekatsu offered to pay 20,000 ryo in gold to the Takeda family, who were in need of war funds (according to "Koyogunkan"), and turn over Numata-jo Castle in Kozuke Province to them if they entered into an alliance (virtually a vassalage) with him.
Japanese: 武田家が上杉景勝支持に転じた理由として、上杉景虎が同盟するなら北信濃一帯及び上野沼田一帯の譲渡を求めたのに対し、景勝は武田家との同盟（事実上の臣従）と軍資金に困窮していた武田家に2万両とも云われる黄金を支払い（『甲陽軍鑑』による）、上野国沼田城を譲るという条件面での差があったとされる。
English: The Takeda family's haphazard egoism is considered to have brought about the underlying cause of the fall, but on the other hand, some people think that there was no option because even if Kagekatsu succeeded the Uesugi clan, the Takeda territory was in danger of a pincer attack from south and north by the Hojo forces in the future.
Japanese: 武田家自らが場当たりの利己主義で滅亡の遠因を作ったともされる一方で、景虎が上杉氏を継いだ場合でも将来的に武田領が北条勢力によって南北から挟撃される危険性もあり、選択肢がなかったとする見方もある。
English: The diplomatic policies that antagonized Hojo as well as Oda and Tokugawa is described to be a fatal misstep in terms of results (Shunroku SHIBATSUJI and others).
Japanese: 織田・徳川に加え、北条さえも敵に回した外交方針は結果的には致命的な失策であると評されている（柴辻俊六ら）。
English: However, according to one opinion, if Kagetora won the battle, Kagekatsu would be surrounded by the Hojo forces and pro-Hojo forces in a crescentic shape, and therefore it was not a mistake to form alliance with Kagekatsu.
Japanese: しかし、もし景虎が勝利した時は北条・親北条勢力に三日月状に囲まれることになることから景勝と結んだことは間違いではないという意見もある。
English: There is an anecdote that Katsusuke ATOBE and Mitsukata NAGASAKA received bribe when they made peace with Kabekatsu, but since Nobutoyo TAKEDA (the Kai-Takeda clan) of Shinano area was in charge of the negotiations with Kagekatsu, we cannot deny that this is a myth.
Japanese: また景勝との講和にあたり跡部勝資・長坂光堅両人が賄賂を受け取ったという逸話があるが、景勝との交渉は信濃方面の責任者・武田信豊(甲斐武田氏)が行っていることから、俗説である可能性は否定できない。
English: One of his daughters Sada-hime (Princess Sada) survived as Shingen's daughter Princess Matsu took her to Hachioji in Musashi Province together with Kogu-hime (Princess Kogu), a daughter of Nobushige OYAMADA, daughters of Morinobu NISHINA and others, where she was raised by Princess Matsu.
Japanese: 娘の1人・貞姫は、小山田信茂の娘・香具姫、仁科盛信の娘らとともに、信玄の娘・松姫に連れられ、武蔵国八王子に落ち延び、松姫により養育された。
English: Later, she became the legal wife of Yoshihisa MIYAHARA, Koke hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, who were in a privileged family under Tokugawa Shogunate) of the Ashikaga family (Ashikaga Shogunate house) line, and gave birth to the heir Harukatsu MIYAHARA.
Japanese: のちに足利公方家の系統の高家旗本宮原義久の正室となり、嫡男・宮原晴克を生んだ。
English: Kitaro NISHIDA (May 19, 1870 - June 7, 1945) was a representative Japanese philosopher, professor and honorary professor of Kyoto University.
Japanese: 西田幾多郎（にしだきたろう、1870年5月19日（明治3年4月19日(旧暦)）-1945年（昭和20年）6月7日）は日本を代表する哲学者であり京都大学教授、名誉教授。
English: Daisetsu SUZUKI (real name: Sadataro), Ryokichi YAMAMOTO and Sakutaro FUJIOKA of the same prefecture had been his friends since Ishikawa Prefectural College (which late became Fourth High School), and Nishida, Suzuki and Fujioka were known as the 'Kaga no San Taro' (lit. the three Taro of Kaga).
Japanese: 同郷の鈴木大拙（本名：貞太郎）、山本良吉、藤岡作太郎とは石川県専門学校（第四高等中学校の前身、のちの第四高等学校(旧制)）以来の友人であり、西田、鈴木、藤岡の三人は加賀の三太郎と称された。
English: He was born in Kahokushimori (former Mori, Unoke-machi) in Ishikawa Prefecture as the first son of Yasunori and Tosa NISHIDA.
Japanese: 現在の石川県かほく市森（旧宇ノ気町森）に、西田得登（やすのり）、寅三（とさ）の長男として生まれる。
English: When young, he underwent many difficulties such as the deaths of family members, discrimination against his academic background (treatment with regard to elective courses at Tokyo University) and divorce.
Japanese: 若い時は、肉親の死、学歴での差別（東京大学における選科への待遇）、妻との一度の離縁など、多くの苦難を味わった。
English: After graduating from university, he returned to his hometown where he became a junior high school teacher, and engaged his mind in thought.
Japanese: そのためか、大学を出た後は故郷に戻って中学の教師となり、同時に思索に耽った。
English: He put his thoughts together and wrote his most famous work entitled "Zen no Kenkyu" (A study of Good) (Kodokan, January, 1991).
Japanese: その頃の考えが温まって、最も著名な著書、『善の研究』（弘道館、1911年1月）に繋がった。
English: The road along a canal of Lake Buwa, on which Kitaro walked, is called 'Philosopher's Walk' and has been selected as one of the 100 famous Japanese roads.
Japanese: 西田幾多郎が散策した琵琶湖疎水沿いの道は「哲学の道」と呼ばれ、日本の道百選にも選ばれている。
English: 1895: Became a teacher of a branch school of Ishikawa Prefecture Noto Jinjo Chuggako (old-education-system junior high school) (April), and married to Kotomi TOKUDA (May).
Japanese: 1895年　石川県能登尋常中学校七尾分校教諭（4月）、得田寿美と結婚（5月）
English: 1897: Increased interest Zen meditation and studied under Zen masters Setsumon, Tekisui, Koshu and Kokan.
Japanese: 1897年　この頃から参禅への関心が高まり、雪門、滴水、広州、虎関の諸禅師に就く
English: 1899: Professor of Yamaguchi High School (old-education-system) (formerly Kyuyamako) (March), professor of Fourth High School (In July, he taught psychology, logic, ethics and German), practiced Zen meditation under a Zen master Garyusan Setsumon.
Japanese: 1899年　山口高等学校(旧制)（旧旧山高）教授（3月）、第四高等学校教授（7月。心理、論理、倫理、ドイツ語を担当）、臥龍山雪門老師に参禅
English: 1910: Became a lecturer at Buzan University (present Taisho University) (April), and assistant professor of the literature department of Kyoto Imperial University (August, Ethics).
Japanese: 1910年　豊山大学（現・大正大学）講師（4月）、京都帝国大学文科大学助教授（8月。倫理学）
English: 1913: Became a professor (religious studies) at the literature department of Kyoto Imperial University (August) and a doctor of literature (December).
Japanese: 1913年　京都帝国大学文科大学教授（8月。宗教学）、文学博士（12月）
English: 1914: Dismissed from the religious studies course and appointed to the first course of philosophy and history of philosophy.
Japanese: 1914年　宗教学講座担当を免じ、哲学、哲学史第一講座担任を命じられる
English: His philosophical system is called Nishida Philosophy, and it is not an exaggeration to say that he was the only philosopher in recent Japanese history to have had a philosophical system named after him.
Japanese: 彼の哲学体系は西田哲学と呼ばれたが、このように体系にその名が付けられるのは日本の近代以降の哲学者の中では唯一と言って過言ではない。
English: He tried to merge Buddhist concepts with Western philosophy from a more fundamental aspect based on his experience of Zen meditation (Sunshin Koji) in Kokutai-ji Temple (Takaoka City) and philosophy in recent times near his hometown.
Japanese: 郷里に近い国泰寺(高岡市)での禅経験（居士号は寸心）と近代哲学を基礎に、仏教思想、西洋哲学をより根本的な地点から融合させようとした。
English: His thoughts developed from the pure experience theory (which theorized the 'state of nothing') of Zen Buddhism into the self-consciousness theory (one develops himself by recognizing his pure experience), logicalness theory as a field in which consciousness, such as awareness, exists and absolutely paradoxical identity theory (the field is finally integrated religiously and ethically).
Japanese: その思索は禅仏教の「無の境地」を哲学論理化した純粋経験論から、その純粋経験を自覚する事によって自己発展していく自覚論、そして、その自覚など、意識の存在する場としての場の論理論、最終的にその場が宗教的・道徳的に統合される絶対矛盾的自己同一論へと展開していった。
English: Although at a glance, his ideas appear to have developed chronologically, there is also the interpretation that NISHIDA viewed the same point from a variety of angles from the outset to his final years, and this viewpoint is now widely accepted among researchers (particularly those associated with Zen).
Japanese: 一方で、一見するだけでは年代的に思想が展開されているように見えながら、西田は最初期から最晩年まで同じ地点を様々な角度で眺めていた、と解釈する見方もあり、現在では研究者（特に禅関係）の間でかなり広く受け入れられている。
English: The 'absolutely paradoxical identity theory' shown in his last years was evaluated or harshly criticized as being a religious term as opposed to a philosophical term.
Japanese: 最晩年に示された「絶対矛盾的自己同一」は、哲学用語と言うより宗教用語のように崇められたり、逆に厳しく批判されたりした。
English: It is said that it can be summarized as 'the past and the future deny each other, but join together at the present and move from the present to the present' or 'the Logic of Topos' (locational logic) (the self is a true self when the self denies itself') which reinterprets 'the Logic of Sokuhi' (Superrational Logic) (an idea in Kongo-kyo Sutra that 'A is non-A and therefore is A') of Daisetsu SUZUKI in Western philosophy.
Japanese: その要旨は「過去と未来とが現在において互いに否定しあいながらも結びついて、現在から現在へと働いていく」、あるいは、鈴木大拙の「即非の論理」（「Aは非Aであり、それによってまさにAである」という金剛経に通底する思想）を西洋哲学の中で捉え直した「場所的論理」（「自己は自己を否定するところにおいて真の自己である」）とも言われている。
English: It is the essence of the Nishida philosophy in which behavior and ideas are unutterable and inseparable.
Japanese: そこには、行動と思想とが言語道断で不可分だった西田哲学の真髄が現れている。
English: In his thesis "the Logic of Topos (locational logic) and Religious Worldview," Nishida said that 'Religion was a psychic fact.
Japanese: 論文『場所的論理と宗教的世界観』で西田は「宗教は心霊上の事実である。
English: Nishida did not use an approach that imported ideas or a philological approach, learned only ways of thinking of his predecessors, developed his ideas uniquely, and therefore, his works are original and difficult to understand at first sight.
Japanese: 西田は思想輸入的・文献学的なアプローチを取らず、先人らの思考法だけを学び独自に思想を展開させたがゆえに、彼の著作は一見すると独創的で難解である。
English: But his original method of study that was created from practices of Zen meditation can be a devastating antithesis to philologists and 'philosophy scholars.'
Japanese: しかし、禅の実践から抽出された独自の学風は文献学者、「哲学学者」への痛烈なアンチテーゼでもありえよう。
English: On the other hand, Hajime TANABE and Satomi TAKAHASHI criticized the Nishida philosophy as being too religious to be practical.
Japanese: 一方、田辺元や高橋里美などから西田哲学はあまりにも宗教的であり、実践的でないという批判された。
English: His first son is Kikuhiko NISHIDA - Director of the Professional Golfers' Association of Japan, former executive of the Bank of Tokyo Ltd., the elder brother of Sotohiko, and the brother-in-law of Princess Hanako who the wife of Princess Hitachi.
Japanese: 西田幾久彦　財団法人日本ゴルフ協会理事、元東京銀行常務、外彦の長男、正仁親王妃華子の義兄
English: Odainokata (1528 - October 13, 1602) was the legitimate wife of Hirotada MATSUDAIRA, and later became the wife of Toshikatsu HISAMATSU.
Japanese: 於大の方（おだいのかた、享禄元年（1528年）-慶長7年8月28日(旧暦)（1602年10月13日））は初め松平広忠正室、のちに久松俊勝夫人。
English: On October 29, 1850, she was conferred Juichii (Junior First Rank) and her imina (personal name that was generally used posthumously or by one's parents or lord) was Ogo in the court rank diploma.
Japanese: なお、嘉永3年（1850年）10月29日に従一位の贈位があり、その位記では、諱を大子としている。
English: Odai was born into a wealthy family as the daughter Tadamasa MIZUNO and his wife Keyoin at her father's Ogawa-jo Castle in Chita District, Owari Province (Ogawa, Higashiura-cho, Chita County, Aichi Prefecture).
Japanese: 於大は尾張国知多郡の豪族水野忠政とその夫人華陽院の間に、父・忠政の居城緒川城（愛知県知多郡東浦町緒川）で生まれた。
English: Her father Tadamasa also held a territory in Mikawa Province near Ogawa, and upon the request of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA who held a great deal of power in Mikawa at the time, he made Otomi no Kata divorce and marry Kiyoyasu but his desire to further strengthen his relationship with the Matsudaira clan led him to marry off his daughter Odai in 1541 to Hirotada MATSUDAIRA who succeeded Kiyoyasu.
Japanese: 父・忠政は緒川からほど近い三河国にも所領を持っており、当時三河で勢力を振るっていた松平清康の求めに応じて於富の方を離縁して清康に嫁がせたが、松平氏とさらに友好関係を深めようと考え、天文10年（1541年）に娘の於大を清康の後を継いだ松平広忠に嫁がせた。
English: On January 31, 1543, Odai gave birth to their first son Takechiyo (later Ieyasu TOKUGAWA).
Japanese: 翌・天文11年12月26日（西暦1543年1月31日）、於大は広忠の長男竹千代（のちの徳川家康）を生む。
English: However, the Odai's older brother Nobumoto MIZUNO who succeeded the Mizuno clan after the death of Tadamasa broke relations with the Imagawa clan who was the master of the Matsudaira family and followed Oda clan in 1544, Odai was divorced by Hirotada who worried about relations with the Imagawa family and returned to Kariya-jo Castle (Kariya City) of the Mizuno family in Mikawa Province.
Japanese: しかし忠政の死後水野氏を継いだ於大の兄水野信元が1544年に松平家の主君今川氏と絶縁して織田氏に従ったため、於大は今川家との関係を慮った広忠により離縁され、実家水野家の・三河国刈谷城（刈谷市）に返された。
English: In 1547, Odai remarried Toshikatsu HISAMATSU, the lord of Agoya-jo Castle (Agui-machi) in Chita-gun according to the wish of Nobumoto.
Japanese: 於大は1547年には信元の意向で知多郡阿古居城（阿久比町）の城主・久松俊勝に再嫁する。
English: Toshimasa had married a daughter of the Mizuno clan, but did not have good relationship with the Mizuno family or the Matsudaira family after her death, and he strengthened relations with the Mizuno clan in his struggle against the Matsudaira family.
Japanese: 俊勝は元々水野氏の女性を妻に迎えていたが、その妻の死後に水野家と松平家の間で帰趨が定まらず、松平氏との対抗上その関係強化が理由と考えられる。
English: After the Battle of Okehazama, Ieyasu became independent from the Imagawa family and allied with the Oda family, gave the family name Matsudaira to the three sons of Toshikatsu HISAMATSU and Odai, made them his retainers, and welcomed Odai as his mother.
Japanese: 桶狭間の戦いの後、今川家から自立し織田家と同盟した家康は、久松俊勝と於大の三人の息子に松平姓を与えて家臣とし、於大を母として迎えた。
English: In 1602, after the Battle of Sekigahara, she had an audience with the widow of Hideyoshi, Kodaiin and Emperor Goyozei, and visited Toyokuni-jinja Shrine (Kyoto City) to show that the Tokugawa clan had no hostility toward the Toyotomi clan.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いの後の1602年には、秀吉未亡人・高台院や後陽成天皇に拝謁し、豊国神社(京都市)に詣でて徳川氏が豊臣氏に敵意がないことを示した。
English: Odai's birthplace of Higashiura-cho constructed 'Odai Park' in Ogawa in her memory and holds an 'Odai Festivals' every year.
Japanese: 於大の出生地・東浦町は彼女を記念して緒川の地に「於大公園」を整備し、毎年「於大まつり」を催している。
English: Wife of Tadamasa MATSUDAIRA (later remarried Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA (Sakurai MATSUDAIRA family) (real brother Tadamasa) Masanao HOSHINA)
Japanese: 松平忠正夫人（後に松平忠吉(桜井松平家)（忠正実弟）・保科正直に再嫁）
English: Musashi MIYAMOTO (1584? – June 13, 1645) was a master of the sword during the early Edo period.
Japanese: 宮本武蔵（みやもとむさし、天正12年（1584年）?-正保2年5月19日(旧暦)（1645年6月13日））は、江戸時代初期の剣豪。
English: His original family name was Fujiwara, real name was Harunobu, and he called himself Musashi MIYAMOTO or Musashi SHINMEN.
Japanese: 名字は宮本、また新免、通称は武蔵、本姓は藤原、諱は玄信（はるのぶ）である。
English: When he was a child (until about age fourteen), he was called Bennosuke (written as '辨助' or '弁助' or '弁之助', pronunciation is the same), and later he also called himself Niten or Niten Doraku.
Japanese: 幼名は辨助（べんのすけ、弁助、弁之助とも）、号は二天、また二天道楽。
English: At present there remain a few letters which are confirmed being in his handwriting; his letter to Naozumi ARIMA and to Okinaga MATSUI are signed as "Miyamoto Musashi Harunobu," and another letter to Sado no kami (Governor of Sado Province) Nagaoka signed as "Niten."
Japanese: 現在、自筆とみなされている有馬直純宛書状・松井興長宛書状には「宮本武蔵玄信」と記し、長岡佐渡守宛書状には「二天」の号も書いている。
English: On Musashi's tombstone in Yuge (Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture) is written "Shinmen Musashi Koji" ('Koji' is a title for the man who devotes himself to Buddhism without becoming a priest); on the stone monument in Kokura (Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Prefecture) "Shinmen Musashi Harunobu Niten Koji-Hi" (known as "Kokura Hibun"), which Musashi's adopted son Iori (Sadatsugu MIYAMOTO) erected nine years after Musashi had died, is written "Banshu Akamatsu-matsuryu Shinmen Musashi Harunobu Niten Koji" ('Banshu' is old Harima Province, 'Akamatsu-matsuryu' means 'originates from the Akamatsu clan').
Japanese: 熊本市弓削の墓碑は「新免武蔵居士」、養子伊織が武蔵死後9年目に建てた『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』（小倉碑文）には「播州赤松末流新免武蔵玄信二天居士」とある。
English: The book, "Honcho Bugei Shoden" (Short Stories of Japanese Masters of Martial Arts), which was written in 1716 (seventy years after Musashi had died), says that Musashi's real name was 'Masana.'
Japanese: 武蔵死後71年目の『本朝武芸小伝』（1716年）で「政名」なる名が紹介された。
English: Since some of his ancestries, biographies and memorials quoted that information, at present there are many novels and trade books introducing Musashi's real name as 'Masana,' however, that information is not found in any materials of Niten Ichi-ryu School, nor of the Miyamoto family in Kokura.
Japanese: これを引用した系図や伝記、武蔵供養塔が広く紹介されたことから諱を「政名」とする武蔵の小説、紹介書が多数あるが、二天一流門弟や小倉宮本家の史料に、この「政名」は用いられていない。
English: Some historians completely deny the information about 'Masana,' since that name is often found in unreliable materials including ancestries.
Japanese: 逆に史的信頼性が完全に否定された武蔵系図等で積極的に用いられていることから「政名」なる諱を否定する意見もある。
English: Musashi's fights with Yoshioka School of Heiho (art of warfare) and the duel at Ganryu-jima Island (Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture) have been very famous and adapted to many novels, costume movies, and costume TV dramas.
Japanese: 京都の兵法家吉岡一門との戦いや巌流島（山口県下関市）での試合が、小説、時代劇映画、テレビドラマ（時代劇ドラマ）等の題材になり有名。
English: His book "Gorin no sho" is still read by many people not only in Japan but also all over the world through many translations and it has broad influence as a philosophical essay about life or as instruction on business and sports.
Japanese: 著書である『五輪書』は、現代も人生哲学書として、あるいは経営、スポーツなどの指導書としても読まれ、日本のみならず翻訳されて世界各地で愛読され影響を与え続けている。
English: His painting "U-zu" (Cormorant), "Koboku Meigeki-zu" (Shrike on a Withered Branch) and "Kobai Hato-zu" (Pigeon on a Red Japanese Apricot) are designated as important cultural properties of the country, and there remain his other great works of ink-wash painting such as "Shomen Daruma-zu" (Bodhidharma Facing Us), "Royo Daruma-zu" (Bodhidharma by Reed Leaf), "Rogan-zu Byobu" (Folding Screen of 'Goose by Reed Leaf'), "Yaba-zu" (Wild Horse), and craft including a saddle and a wooden sword.
Japanese: 国の重要文化財に指定された『鵜図』『枯木鳴鵙図』『紅梅鳩図』他にも『正面達磨図』『盧葉達磨図』『盧雁図屏風』『野馬図』など優れた水墨画・鞍・木刀などの工芸品が現在に伝わっている。
English: At the opening of "Gorin no sho," Musashi mentioned his age as "I have already lived many years and now I'm sixty years old," so if it were exact 'sixty,' he was fifty-nine years old in 1643 when the book was written (in the past, age of 0 was counted as age of 1), therefore, presumably, he was born in 1584.
Japanese: 著書『五輪書』の冒頭にある記述「歳つもりて六十」に素直に従えば、寛永20年（1643年）に数え年60歳となり、生年は天正12年（1584年）となる。
English: According to "Gorin no sho," he was born in Harima Province (present Hyogo Prefecture).
Japanese: 播磨国（現在の兵庫県）で誕生した（著書『五輪書』に生国播磨と明記）。
English: Note: "Tosaku-shi" (Topography of East Mimasaka Province), written in the late Edo period, explains that Musashi's birthplace was Mimasaka Province (present Okayama Prefecture), and since Eiji YOSHIKAWA wrote the novel "Miyamoto Musashi" using information about the topography, Mimasaka became famous as Musashi's birthplace, what's more, Okayama Prefecture and Mimasaka City (previous Ohara-cho, Okayama Prefecture) are encouraging the development of tourist attractions.
Japanese: 注：江戸時代後期の地誌『東作誌』には美作国（現在の岡山県）で生まれたという説が記載されており、それを根拠として美作生誕説が生まれ、同説は吉川英治の小説『宮本武蔵』などに採用され有名であり、小説に基づいて岡山県および美作市（旧大原町(岡山県)）などは宮本武蔵生誕地として観光開発を行っている。
English: "Kokura Miyamoto Kakei-zu" is the genealogy of the Miyamoto family in Kokura, written by a descendant of Iori (Musashi's adopted son) before 1846 (in the late Edo period); "Miyamoto-shi Seito-ki" is another genealogy of the Miyamoto family, claiming that Musashi was the original patriarch of the Miyamoto; each material explains that Musashi was born in 1582 and died at the age of sixty-four in 1645, therefore some historians consider that Musashi was born in 1582, not in 1584.
Japanese: 江戸後期にまとめられた小倉宮本家系図（弘化3年（1846年）以前に養子宮本貞次の子孫作成）並びに武蔵を宮本氏歴代年譜の筆頭に置く『宮本氏正統記』には天正10年（1582年）壬午の生まれ、正保2年（1645年）享年64と記されていることから、天正10年（1582年）生誕説を主張する意見もある。
English: According to the inscription of the stone monument "Shinmen Musashi Harunobu Niten Koji-Hi" ("Kokura Hibun") written by Iori in 1654 (nine years after Musashi had died), Musashi's father was a heihoka (tactician), Muni SHINMEN.
Japanese: 武蔵の養子伊織が武蔵の死後9年目の承応3年（1654年）に記した『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』（小倉碑文）によると父は兵法家の新免無二である。
English: Some historians consider that Muni was identical with Muninosuke MIYAMOTO (Kazuma FUJIWARA) who had been famous as the master of Tori-ryu School, contemporary with Muni.
Japanese: 同時代に活躍した当理流の宮本無二助藤原一真と同一人物という見方もある。
English: In the inscription of "Tomari Jinja Munefuda" (Plaque on Tomari-jinja Shrine), Iori explains Musashi's origin as the Shinmen clan had been prospering in Sakushu (Mimasaka Province), however, in the Tensho era, the head of the clan died in Akizuki-jo Castle of Chikuzen Province without leaving his heir, then by his will, Harunobu was adopted into the Shinmen clan as their heir, since then, Harunobu called himself Musashi;" some historians consider that the head of the Shinmen (神免) in the inscription is identical with Muni SHINMEN (新免) and Musashi was adapted to Muni (kanji character was often used in substitution for other kanji characters which had the same pronunciation); however, that opinion is doubtful since Muni had been alive after the Tensho era (1573-1592).
Japanese: 武蔵の養子伊織による『泊神社棟札』にある「有作州之顕氏神免者天正之間無嗣而卒于筑前秋月城受遺承家曰武蔵掾玄信」という記述から、天正年間に秋月城で亡くなった新免某を無二とし、武蔵は無二の養子となったと主張する意見もあるが、新免無二は明らかに天正年間以後も生存している。
English: The information from Iori is often believed as historical fact, because Iori is considered to have known Musashi well while he had been alive.
Japanese: 武蔵の養子伊織が残した武蔵の記録は、生前の武蔵を知る者によって書かれたことから無批判に用いる傾向が強い。
English: However, such materials are not completely reliable, since the sources on which Iori used aren't confirmed and how deeply he knew Musashi is doubtful as well, besides, some information by Iori are considered to be in error, because they are completely deferent from information available in other materials.
Japanese: しかし、原史料が不明であり、伊織が武蔵のことをどこまで知っていたかを問題視する意見もあり、他史料との比較から明らかな事実誤認も認められる。
English: "Kokura Miyamoto Kakei-zu," written during the late Edo period, explains Musashi's origin as "he was adopted into Muninosuke SHINMEN," therefore, some historians consider that Muni was Musashi's adoptive father.
Japanese: また、江戸後期にまとめられた小倉宮本家系図の「新免無二之助の養子となる《為新免無二之助養子》」の記述を根拠に無二は養父であると主張する意見もある。
English: According to legend, the Shinmen family had been prospering in Mimasaka Province (present Okayama Prefecture) and Muni called himself Shinmen first.
Japanese: 美作国（現在の岡山県）の名家であった新免姓は無二の代から用いていたと伝えられる。
English: "Kokura Miyamoto Kakei-zu" explains that Musashi was the second son of Iesada TABARU (Iori's grandfather), however, that information isn't found in "Tomari Jinja Munefuda," nor in "Kokura Hibun" (both written by Iori).
Japanese: 『小倉宮本系図』には伊織の祖父田原家貞の次男とされているが、伊織自身による『泊神社棟札』や小倉碑文にはそのことは記されていない。