nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Also, the interest in kanin during the Japanese ancient times grew and private seals as well as those of temples and shrines, which were known collectively as 'Yamato old seals,' became a subject of appreciation.
Japanese: また、日本古代の官印にも関心が向かい、寺社印や私印などを含め「大和古印」として鑑賞の対象とされるようになった。
English: Shiojiin' in the Kyoto National Museum, one of the existing fine seals, is from the early Heian period, which had been handed down at Shio-ji Temple in Akita Prefecture for a long time and was moved to Sekizenin Temple, a branch temple of Shogoin Temple in Kyoto Prefecture during the Edo period.
Japanese: 京都国立博物館所蔵の平安時代初期の「四王寺印」は、秋田市の四王寺に長らく伝えられてきたもので、江戸時代になって京都市の聖護院末の積善院に移された、現存する優品の一つである。
English: However, unlike Chinese cases, it is very rare that an actual seal still remains like this and, most of the cases, we can only see the stamp marks on the official documents such as family registration forms.
Japanese: ただし中国と違ってこのように印の現物が残るものは稀少で、多くは戸籍など公文書に押された印顆を見ることくらいしか出来ない。
English: These days, like in China, kanin are treated as a subject of artistic appreciation through various views such as calligraphy, antiquities, archaeology.
Japanese: 現在官印は、中国と同じように書道・古美術・考古学などのさまざまな観点から鑑賞の対象とされている。
English: Because more actual seals remain in China than in Japan, it is often the case that Japanese antique dealers import Chinese seals and deal them as antiquities.
Japanese: 中国のものについては、現物が比較的よく残っていることから国内の骨董商が輸入して古美術品として扱っている例もまま見られる。
English: When Conspiracy of Nagayao occurred, Prince Isobe, a son of Prince Kuwata [Kuwata no Miko] who killed himself with his father Prince Nagaya (his mother Minabe no Himemiko), was spared his life and Prince Mineo, a grandson of Prince Isobe became subjects of the state to be granted the hereditary title of TAKASHINA Mahito in 844.
Japanese: 長屋王の変の際、父・長屋王（母：御名部皇女）と共に自害した桑田王の子・磯部王が助命され、その孫の峯緒王が承和(日本)11年（844年）に臣籍降下して高階真人を賜る。
English: Prince Asukabe who was a paternal half-brother of Prince Kuwata (his mother was FUJIWARA no Nagako, a daughter of FUJIWARA no Fuhito) and some others were also granted the hereditary title of TAKASHIMA no Mahito; however, each lineage ended at early stage.
Japanese: 他に桑田王の異母兄弟である安宿王（母は藤原不比等の娘藤原長娥子）なども高階真人姓を賜ったが、いずれも早い段階で断絶した。
English: According to some people, Mineo adopted a boy named TAKASHIMA no Morohisa, who was born between the Imperial Princess and ARIWARA no Narihira by adultery, and had him succeed Mineo.
Japanese: 一説によれば、内親王と在原業平が密通して生まれた男児を引き取り、高階師尚と名付け、自らの跡を嗣がせたという。
English: At the time of TAKASHINA no Naritada, when his daughter TAKASHINA no Kishi became the legal wife of FUJIWARA no Michitaka and bore a daughter FUJIWARA no Teishi, who later became the chugu (the second consort of an emperor) of Emperor Ichijo, the Takashina clan enjoyed sudden prosperity.
Japanese: 高階成忠の時に、娘・高階貴子が藤原道隆の正室となり一条天皇の中宮・藤原定子を産んでにわかに繁栄する。
English: However, enthronement of the Imperial Prince Atsuyasu whom Teishi bore was interfered by FUJIWARA no Michinaga and the descendants of Naritada fell along with the Nakanokanpaku family.
Japanese: しかし、定子の生んだ敦康親王の即位は藤原道長に妨害され、成忠の子孫は中関白家と共に没落する。
English: The advice of FUJIWARA no Yukinari that the enthronement of Imperial Prince Atsuyasu, to whom blood of the Takashina clan was flown, would cause the anger of Ise-Jingu Shrine, was strong trigger for it.
Japanese: 藤原行成が高階氏の血を引く敦康親王の即位は、伊勢神宮の怒りを買うと進言したことが大きな要因となった。
English: The representative people in this lineage include TAKASHINA no Nariakira who was called Yoku-daini (Senior Assistant Governor General of desire), TAKASHINA no Tameie and his son TAKASHINA no Tameakira who executed construction of Hossho-ji Temple as a trusted vassals of the Cloistered Emperor Shirakawa.
Japanese: 欲大弐と呼ばれた高階成章、白河法皇の近臣として法勝寺の造営を行った高階為家・高階為章親子などが代表である。
English: During the period when the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa was in power, the close adviser TAKASHINA no Yasutsune of the ministry of the Treasury, a favorite mistress TAKASHINA no Eishi were active.
Japanese: 後白河天皇院政期にも後白河側近の大蔵省・高階泰経、寵妃・高階栄子が活躍する。
English: After them, the clan didn't have influential people then fell to obscurity; after TAKASHINA no Hirotsune in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts in Japan, no court nobles came from the Takashina clan.
Japanese: その後は有力者を輩出できず没落、南北朝時代(日本)期の高階寛経を最後に、公卿が出なくなった。
English: However, as a samurai family, the clan has been very prosperous; for example, the Ko clan who has been the steward of the Ashikaga family for generations came from the Takashina clan.
Japanese: しかし代々足利家執事をつとめた高氏が高階氏から出ているように、武家としてはその後も大いに繁栄している。
English: KO no Muronao who was the steward of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and Yoshiharu HORIO who served Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and became daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) were to be said the descendant of the Takashina clan.
Japanese: 室町幕府の執事である高師直や織田信長、豊臣秀吉に仕え大名となった堀尾吉晴も高階氏の末裔とされる。
English: In Japan, hyoro mainly means rice, the Japanese staple diet, and it is also called hyoromai (provisions of rice for the army).
Japanese: 日本においては主食である米について論じられる事が多く、兵糧米（ひょうろうまい・兵粮米）などとも呼ばれている。
English: Except for rice, hyoro contains salt and soybean (which is emphasized as food supply for horses) and so on.
Japanese: 米の他にも食塩や大豆（ウマの食糧（馬糧）としても重要視された）なども含まれている。
English: From ancient times a soldier taking part in a campaign was obliged to carry army provisions and, under Ritsuryo law, they had to pay his own expenses: about 108 liter of dried rice and about 3.6 liter of salt, however, these supply would last only 60 days and carrying a large amount of food could hinder a march.
Japanese: 古来から従軍する兵士には兵糧携帯の義務があり、律令法においては糒6斗及び塩2升の自弁が定められていたが、実際には60日分に過ぎず、かつ大量の兵糧携帯は場合によっては行軍の妨げになる可能性もあった。
English: Then, during the subjugation of Ezo (northerners), solders were allowed to supply food from Togoku (eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) and "the Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) provided that 40 thousand tsuka (bundle) of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries) of Nagato Province is allotted for the military provisions.
Japanese: そこで、蝦夷討伐に際しては東国からの調達が許され、『延喜式』においては長門国の出挙4万束が兵粮料として充てることが定められている。
English: During the actual military affairs, they also relied on dedication and requisition to be supplied by locally influential people.
Japanese: また、実際の軍事行動の際には地元有力者からの献納や徴発に頼ることが多かった。
English: After the medieval period, hyoro was collected as part of Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen [manor] and kokugaryo [provincial land] in a province), and especially during the Genpei War, both Heike; the Taira family and Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) imposed military provisions.
Japanese: 中世以後は一国平均役の一環として徴収される例が見られ、特に源平合戦においては平家・河内源氏双方が兵粮米の賦課を行っている。
English: However, imposition and commandeering of military provisions in the field could cause solders' act of violence.
Japanese: だが、現地における兵粮米の賦課・徴発は兵士による濫妨を招く可能性があった。
English: In1185, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo asked the Imperial Court for permission to place Shugo and Jito (military governor and estate steward) and got the Bunji imperial sanction, and at the same time, he also gained a right to collect five sho (about 9 liter) of military provisions of rice from every one tan (an old unit showing the area of land of 300 tsubo; 991.7 square meters) of rice paddy of Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
Japanese: 文治元年（1185年）に源頼朝が守護・地頭の設置求めて文治の勅許を受けると、同時に荘園・国衙領の田1段から兵粮米5升を徴収する権利を得た。
English: In the period of Northern and Southern Courts, the Northern Court (Japan) (Muromachi bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) placed Hyoro-ryosho (See Hanzeirei) and the Southern Court (Japan) inflicted choyobun (taxation), and in these ways they both secured army provisions.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)に入ると、北朝(日本)（室町幕府）は兵粮料所（半済令参照のこと）を、南朝(日本)は朝用分を設定して兵糧確保にあたった。
English: In the official organizations of Muromachi bakufu and shugo daimyo (shugo, which were Japanese provincial military governors, that became daimyo, which were Japanese feudal lords), Okura bugyo (the magistrate of storehouse) undertook to secure army provisions, but in the Sengoku period (Japan), it became common to place directly-controlled land and invested energy in securing army provisions in peacetime, and prepare konidabugyo (the commissioner of rear-echelon support troops) and, under that, konidatai (caravan of men and animals carrying supplies) in wartime.
Japanese: 室町幕府や守護大名の職制では、御蔵奉行が兵糧確保の任務にあたっていたが、戦国時代(日本)には、平時より蔵入地を設置して兵粮確保に力を注ぎ、戦時に際して小荷駄奉行とその下に小荷駄隊を設けるのが一般的となった。
English: When the Toyotomi Administration forwarded heinobunri (a separation of the warrior class in this domain from the soil), samurai (warriors) did their job as soldiers in principle and their obligation to carry army provisions was abolished, and then, instead of that, it became people of the domain like peasants who undertook obligations to supply and transport army provisions.
Japanese: 豊臣政権によって兵農分離が進められると、武士が兵士としての役目を行うことが原則となるとともに兵糧携帯の義務が廃されて、代わりに兵糧の調達・運搬は農民ら領民の義務とされた。
English: Daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) also supplied and purchased army provisions as they preformed a project to supply and transport food such as rice, salt and miso, which helped their smooth military mobilization.
Japanese: また、大名は戦時に備えてあらかじめ米や塩・味噌などの調達・輸送計画を立案してこれに基づいた兵糧調達・購入が行われ、円滑な軍隊動員が行われるようになった。
English: At the same time it was prohibited in principle to supply army provisions in the field and violence and karita (to reap rice) were strictly banned by the martial law.
Japanese: これと同時に現地における兵糧調達は原則として禁止されて濫妨や刈田は軍律によって厳しく禁じられることになった。
English: Densha Yakiuchi Jiken (literally Train Arson Attack) was to cause arson to trains and other facilities.
Japanese: 電車焼き討ち事件（でんしゃやきうちじけん）は、電車やその施設を放火すること。
English: It was decided in 1906 that three railroad companies called Tokyo Densha Tetsudo (Tokyo Train Railway), Tokyo Shigai Tetsudo (Tokyo City Railway) and Tokyo Denki Tetsudo (Tokyo Electric Railway) that ran streetcars within Tokyo City in those days merged under the new name of Tokyo Tetsudo.
Japanese: 1906年（明治39年）、当時東京市内に路面電車を運行していた東京電車鉄道、東京市街鉄道、東京電気鉄道の三社が合併して東京鉄道とすることとした。
English: Each company costed three sen (hundredth of a yen), and extra three yen was charged for changing to the train line of another company.
Japanese: 当時各社3銭、他社線に乗り換えるとさらに3銭の運賃体系となっていた。
English: As much of the commuters of those days demanded a standardized fare and all companies suffered from the new transportation tax due to the Russo-Japanese War, they decided to merge and fix the fare to four sen.
Japanese: 当時の利用客からは全社共通運賃を望む声が多く、また全社日露戦争によって課せられた通行税によって経営を圧迫していたため、三社合併と同時に運賃を4銭均一制とすることにした。
English: However, citizens strongly opposed to the raise of the fare and held the 'Public Gathering of Citizens Opposing to the Increase of Train Fare' as the day came close.
Japanese: ところが市民は運賃値上げに強く反対し、実施日が近付くにつれ「電車運賃値上げ反対市民大会」を開催した。
English: The number of the trains destructed during this incident amounted to 54, and more than 100 people were arrested.
Japanese: このときに破壊された電車は54両に上り、100名以上の検挙者を出す事件に発展した。
English: These incidents also left the growing demand for the public operation of railroad companies, and resulted in the acquisition by Tokyo City in 1911.
Japanese: またこの事件をきっかけに電車の公営化を望む声が強まり、1911年（明治44年）の東京市による買収へとつながっていくのである。
English: In 1914, people under the economy depression (it was just soon after the First World War occurred) were frustrated with the high price of the fare of Nagoyo Denki Testudo ran streetcars in Nagoya city.
Japanese: 1914年（大正3年）、名古屋市において路面電車を運営していた名古屋電気鉄道（名電）に対し、不況下（当時はまだ、第一次世界大戦が勃発した直後）のもと市民は運賃の高さに不満を持っていた。
English: The frustration became more apparent when Nagoya Denki Tetsudo raised the fare, and one democracy organization held 'Public Meeting Concerning The Drop Of The Train Fare' at the Tsurumai park and many people gathered there to accuse their monopoly supply of the railroad service within the city.
Japanese: 名電の運賃値上げを機にその不満が噴出し、市内路線の事業独占を糾弾すべくデモクラシー運動を展開する団体が鶴舞公園で主催した「電車賃値下問題市民大会」に多数が集まった。
English: Some participants resulted to violence at the end of the meeting, and the situation developed into the destruction and arson of city train running across every parts of the city, facilities of the Yanagibashi station that was a terminal port for the suburban line, headquarter of Nagoya Denki Tetsudo adjacent to it, and 23 trains.
Japanese: 会終了後に高揚した一部の参加者が暴徒と化し、偶々近くを走行していた市内電車や、郡部線（郊外路線）のターミナル駅であった柳橋駅、隣接の名電本社へ破壊・放火するなどの事態に発展し、本社建屋・柳橋駅舎と電車23両などが被災（焼失・破壊）した。
English: The authorities of Nagoya city came to realize the necessity of promoting the municipalization of railways in the city due to this incident, and to settle the situation let Nagoya Denki Tetsudo make an promise they would pass the right to all lines to the Nagoya city within the next 25 years, and Nagoya Denki Tetsudo was spilt into Nagoya Tetsudo (Nagoya Railway Co., Ltd.) and Nagoya Shiden (Nagoya City Railway) in 1922.
Japanese: これによって、名古屋市当局は市内路線の市有化を強力に求めるべきとの考えを強め、事態収拾のため25年後までの市有化（市内全路線の譲渡）を名電に約束させ、1922年（大正11年）に名古屋電気鉄道の名古屋鉄道と名古屋市電への分割・事業譲渡として結実した。
English: The Yamagata-Lobanov Agreement was the agreement signed on June 9, 1896 between the empires of Japan and Russia on disputes over their sphere of influence over Korea.
Japanese: 山縣・ロバノフ協定（やまがた・ろばのふきょうてい、）とは、1896年6月9日に大日本帝国とロシア帝国の間で結ばれた、朝鮮についての紛争に関する協定のこと。
English: The unstable political situation in Korea due to the power struggle between the pro-Japanese and Russian factions in the Joseon dynasty was endangering the interests of both Japanese and Russian sides.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮の宮廷内の親日派と親露派の権力闘争による不安定な政治情勢は、日露双方の利益を危険にさらしていた。
English: The agreement was signed in Saint Petersburg by the ex-prime minister of Japan, Aritomo YAMAGATA, and the Russian foreign minister, Prince Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky.
Japanese: 協定はサンクトペテルブルクにおいて、山縣有朋元首相（当時）と、ロシア帝国の外務大臣アレクセイ・ロバノフ＝ロストフスキー公の間で交わされた。
English: It was the neutral agreement that both Japan and Russian would guarantee the independence of Korean, promote fiscal reform in Korea, assemble a modern police and army, and maintain telegraph lines.
Japanese: 協定では朝鮮の独立を保証すること、朝鮮の財政改革を促進すること、近代的警察及び軍隊を組織すること、電信線を維持することについて、共通の意思を明示した。
English: The Nishi-Rosen Kyotei was the agreement to settle the dispute over the Republic of Korea (the Korean Empire) signed between Empires of Japan and Russia on April 25, 1898.
Japanese: 西・ローゼン協定（にし・ろーぜんきょうてい、）とは、1898年4月25日に大日本帝国とロシア帝国の間で結ばれた、韓国（大韓帝国）についての紛争に関する協定のこと。
English: Tension between Japan and Russia about the initiative on the Korean Peninsula continued to increase due to Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War and the growing Japanese influence on the domestic politics of South Korea.
Japanese: 日清戦争における日本の勝利と、韓国国内政治への影響力の増大により、朝鮮半島への主導権に関する日露の緊張は増大し続けていた。
English: The agreement was signed in Tokyo between Japanese Foreign Minister Baron Tokujiro NISHI, and Russian Foreign Minister Baron Roman Romanovich Rosen.
Japanese: 協定は東京において、日本の外務大臣西徳二郎男爵とロシア帝国の外務大臣ロマン・ローゼン男爵の間で交わされた。
English: The agreement stated that both nations had to withhold from interfering with the national politics of the Republic of Korea and seek each other's pre-approval before sending the military and financial advisers requested by the Korean government.
Japanese: 協定文では、両国は韓国の国内政治への干渉を差し控え、かつ韓国政府の依頼で軍事または財政顧問を送る前に、互いに事前承認を求めることで合意した。
English: Russia clearly recognized that the Republic of Korea will not become Japanese sphere of influence by pledging that they would not interfere with the Japanese business investments and economic development in the South Korea.
Japanese: ロシアは、韓国の商用・経済発展への日本の投資を妨害しないことを誓約し、それにより韓国が日本の勢力範囲になることを明確に認めた。
English: Root-Takahira Agreement refers to an agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan signed by the United States Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador to the United States Kogoro TAKAHIRA on November 30 after negotiations by those two.
Japanese: 高平・ルート協定（たかひら・ルートきょうてい、）は、アメリカ合衆国国務長官エリフ・ルートと、日本の高平小五郎駐米大使の間で交渉が行われ、11月30日に調印された、大日本帝国とアメリカ合衆国との間の協定のこと。
English: The agreement officially recognized the territorial status in November 1908 by confirming and admitting the independence and territorial integrity of Qing, free trade and equal commercial opportunities (the 'Open Door Policy' proposed by John Hay), the annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the right to manage the Philippines by the United States, and the position of Japan in Manchuria.
Japanese: 協定は、1908年11月時点における領土の現状を公式に認識し、清の独立及び領土保全、自由貿易及び商業上の機会均等（すなわちジョン・ヘイによって提案されたような「門戸開放政策」）、アメリカによるハワイ王国併合とフィリピンに対する管理権の承認、満州における日本の地位の承認から成っている。
English: The United Stated implicitly admitted Japanese annexation of Korea and dominance over southern Manchuria, and Japan admitted limitations on the immigration to California.
Japanese: また暗黙のうちに、アメリカは日本の韓国併合と満州南部の支配を承認し、そして日本はカリフォルニア州への移民の制限を黙諾した。
English: The Japanese government at that time felt increasingly threatened by gaining of Hawaii and the Philippines by the United States since it led to the aggressive economic policies in Qing.
Japanese: アメリカがハワイとフィリピンを得たことは、清国における積極的な経済政策と結び付いて、当時の日本政府にとって、ますます脅威として捉えられていた。
English: Meanwhile, the United States felt unrest about Japanese ambition towards the territorial profit from Qing and its modern and powerful navy after the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 他方でアメリカ政府は、日本の清に対する領土的利益への野心と、日露戦争後の日本の近代的で強力な海軍を不安視していた。
English: The agreement was valued to greatly release tensions between the United States and Japan.
Japanese: 協定はアメリカと日本の間における緊張の増大を避けるものとして評価された。
English: However, the agreement weaked the United States influence in China over Japanese dominance through Japanese approach to the Russian Empire after the Russo-Japanese Agreement in 1907 and increasing economic investment in Manchuria,
Japanese: しかしながら、1907年以降の日本の帝政ロシアへの再接近（日露協約）、および満州への経済投資の増大によって、協定は中国での日本の覇権に対するアメリカの影響力の弱体化に帰着した。
English: They were not recognized as a family of true blood line, therefore they were normally not written in a family pedigree nor appeared in the history.
Japanese: 正式な血統の一族とはみなされないので、本来系図に書かれることもなく、通常は歴史的に登場することはない。
English: Though they lived among common people in most cases, they sometimes claimed to be a true heir of authority and were used by powerful people.
Japanese: 多くの場合、一般民衆に混じって生活するが、場合によっては正当な権力の承継者だと称して実力者に利用されることもある。
English: However, there was no evidence that most of the people on center of the historical stage were real rakuin who had the true blood line (for example Kaigyo TENICHIBO who pretended to be rakuin).
Japanese: しかしそういった歴史の表舞台に出てくる人物の多くはそうした血統をもつ落胤であるという確証もない（天一坊改行のように落胤を騙った例もある）。
English: Although there is a theory that he was a rakuin of Emperor Shirakawa as it was written in "Heike Monogatari" (the Tale of the Heike), it is doubtful whether this is true.
Japanese: 『平家物語』に描かれているように白河天皇の落胤という説があるが疑わしい。
English: The fraud cases sometimes happen in which senior people are cheated out of their money by a man who claimed himself to be a 'rakuin of the imperial family' for example (Arisugawa no Miya fraud and so on).
Japanese: 「皇室の落胤」と自称し高齢者などから金銭を騙し取る詐欺事件が時に発生する（有栖川宮詐欺事件など）。
English: Steep price rise was called shoshiki-kojiki and downslide was called shoshiki-geshiki.
Japanese: 物価の高騰を諸色高直（しょしきこうじき）、低落を諸色下直（しょしきげしき）と呼んだ。
English: In the Edo period rice price was considered to link with shoshiki, however, price slump caused by increased production of rice incurred the phenomenon of 'shoshiki-kojiki by low rice price' in Kyoho era.
Japanese: 江戸時代においては米価と諸色は連動すると考えられていたが、米の増産による価格低迷が享保年間には「米価安の諸色高直」の現象を招いた。
English: Adjustment of a balance between rice price and shoshiki was an issue that always came up as part of so-called 'reformation of the shogunate government.'
Japanese: 米価と諸色のバランスの調整は、いわゆる「幕政改革」の一環として必ず取り上げられた問題であった。
English: In the Kyoho Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in the Kyoho era) a rollback order was issued to the merchants, alleging that the shoshiki showed no sign of easing in spite of the declined rice price because the merchants profited unfairly.
Japanese: 享保の改革では、米価が下がっているのに諸色が下がらないのは商人たちが不当に利益を得ているからだとして価格引下げを命じている。
English: At the time of the Kansei Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in Kansei era), Shoshiki gakari (a price watchdog) made up of the Edo town magistrate's officials such as yoriki (police sergeant) and doshin (police constables) and the municipal officials was established in order to monitor the prices and it kept functioning until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 寛政の改革の際には価格監視を目的として江戸町奉行所の与力・同心と町役人による諸色掛（しょしきがかり）が結成されて幕末まで継続されている。
English: Kabunakama (merchant guilds) were dissolved during the Tenpo Reforms (a series of reforms carried out in Tenpo era) because they were considered as the villain of raising the commodity price, but there was no evidence that the kabunakama were systematically committing such an act, and instead, the dissolution of the guilds made the distribution system even more troubled, causing further shoshiki-kojiki.
Japanese: 天保の改革においては物価吊り上げの元凶とされた株仲間の解散を行ったが、当時の株仲間がこうした行為を組織ぐるみで行っていたという証拠は無く、却って流通の混乱を生じさせて更なる諸色高直を招いた。
English: Shozo ABE, Osaka machi-bugyo (town magistrate of Osaka) of that time, submitted a countermeasure for shoshiki-kojiki citing 'domains' monopoly,' 'illegal trading by certain merchants' and 'flourishing nukiurikai (抜売買) (the trade outside normal distribution channels)' as a factor of shoshiki-kojiki, however, it was not adopted.
Japanese: なお、当時の大坂町奉行阿部正蔵は幕府に対して「諸藩の専売制」「一部商人の不正取引」「抜売買の横行（正規外の流通ルート）」を諸色高直の原因として対策を上申したが、採用されなかった。
English: So a concept of 'shoshiki-kaisho' (shoshiki exchange), a semi-nationalized distribution channel of daily commodity, was advocated, but it was not brought to realization due to the fall of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: そこで慶応年間には生活物資の流通機構を半国営化する「諸色会所」構想が唱えられたが、江戸幕府の滅亡によって実現しなかった。
English: In trade with China at that time the exported goods other than so-called 'Tawaramono Sanhin' (three luxury marine products)' were also called 'shoshiki.'
Japanese: なお当時の対中国向け貿易において、いわゆる「俵物三品」以外の輸出品を諸色と呼称していた。
English: Ryuketsu is a place which is supposed to be flourishing in Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), ancient Taoism, and feng shui.
Japanese: 龍穴（りゅうけつ）とは、陰陽道や古代道教、風水術における繁栄するとされている土地のことである。
English: On transferring the capital or constructing a shrine, a place where Yin and Yang forces do not overlap each other has been selected as Ryuketsu, in view of the soil structure of the land such as active faults and configuration of mountains.
Japanese: 遷都・神社を建立するに際して、その土地の構造(活断層や山の配置など)を鑑み陰陽重ならぬ土地が龍穴として選定された。
English: Curiously enough, in the most places which are supposed to be large Ryuketsu in Japan, old shrines stand and the place has been said to be free from natural disasters.
Japanese: 不思議なことに日本国内のほとんどの大きな龍穴とされる場所には、古社が鎮座するなどしており、またその土地は天変地異とは無縁だという。
English: Chosen-dera Temple (Korean Temple) refers to the common name of the temples worshipped by korean people living in Japan, particularly, the women.
Japanese: 朝鮮寺（ちょうせんでら）とは、おもに在日韓国・朝鮮人ら、特にその婦人層において信仰されている寺院の通称。
English: This name is conveniently given by researchers, and are not used by the temples or devotees.
Japanese: この名称は研究者らによって便宜的に付与されているものであり、該当の寺院およびその信者はこの名称を用いていない。
English: According 1981 statistics, the 30 percent of the korean people living in Japan resided in Osaka.
Japanese: 1981年の統計においては、在日韓国朝鮮人の三割が大阪府に居住している。
English: Increasing the scope to include Hyogo Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture increases this number to 50 percent.
Japanese: さらに範囲を兵庫県、京都府、大阪へと広げると、割合は半数近くにも達する。
English: It used to be reported that 60 Korean Temples were located around the foot of Mt. Ikoma as the object of worship of these people, but these days, the number has decreased to about 20.
Japanese: これらの人々の信仰の対象として、生駒山周辺には60程度の朝鮮寺が存在すると報告されていたが、現在ではその数は20程度にまで減少している。
English: In the area spreading 10km from north to south on the west side of Mt. Ikoma viewing Osaka, specifically, from north, Zushidani Valley, Nukatadani Valley, Narukawadani Valley, all of which are known as hiking trails, Yamahata and Hattorigawa Area, and Kurotani, a few temples are closely located in line along each valley running in parallel.
Japanese: 生駒山中でも大阪に面した西側南北10kmほどの地域、北から順に辻子谷（づしだに）、額田谷（ぬかただに）、鳴川谷（なるかわだに、以上いずれもハイキングコースとして知られる）、山畑・服部川地区、黒谷など、互いに平行に走る谷沿いにそれぞれ数個の寺院が連なって存在する。