nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The honjo law, which was the applicable law in such cases, consisted of court noble law, descendant from the Ritsuryo codes, local common law, and other laws.
Japanese: 裁判に際して適用された本所法は、律令の系統を引く公家法や現地の慣習法などから成り立っていた。
English: The honjo law inflicted a variety of punishments, including punishment by seizing assets, such as asset forfeiture, as well as punishment by imprisonment or the curtailment of liberties, such as internment or banishment.
Japanese: 本所法による刑罰には、拘禁や追放などの自由刑のほか、財産没収などの財産刑があった。
English: The Ningbo War (also referred as Neiha War) was an incident caused by Japanese nationals in Ningbo in Ming Dynasty China in 1523.
Japanese: 寧波の乱（にんぽーのらん・ねいはのらん）とは、1523年（日本では室町時代の大永3年、明では嘉靖2年）に、明の寧波において日本人が起した事件である。
English: The Japan-Ming trade (tally trade) between the Muromachi bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) in Japan and the Ming Dynasty in China began around the time when the third Shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA of the early Muromachi bakufu governed Japan and Emperor Jianwen ruled China.
Japanese: 日本の室町幕府と中国の明朝との間で行われた日明貿易（勘合貿易）は、室町初期の幕府3代将軍足利義満、明の建文帝の頃に開始された。
English: Because the Ming Dynasty adopted the haijin policy (a ban on maritime activities), the shogun of the Ashikaga Shogun Family was granted the title of 'King of Japan' by the emperor of China.
Japanese: 明が海禁政策を行っている事情から足利将軍家の幕府将軍が「日本国王」として冊封した。
English: In order to distinguish legitimate traders from wako (Japanese pirates), a kangofu (certificate to show that the ship is lawfully registered by Ming) was issued in return for a tribute, and restrictions such as a limit of ten years per dynasty were imposed.
Japanese: 倭寇と区別するため勘合符を発行して相手を承認する朝貢形態で行われ、十年一朝など制限がされていた。
English: Missions dispatched by the bakufu were accompanied by influential Japanese merchants from Hakata and Sakai City, and private trade was conducted among them.
Japanese: 幕府が派遣する使節には博多や堺市などの有力日本商人が随行し、その間で私的な貿易が行われていた
English: The Hosokawa clan, who was a kanrei family (family in the position of the shogunal deputy) and conducted trade from Sakai, and the Ouchi clan based in Yamaguchi City, who had interests in Hakata, and Hyogo that they obtained during the Onin War, each conducted trading separately and dispatched their own delegations.
Japanese: そして幕府の管領家で堺を貿易の拠点にしていた細川氏や、山口市を本拠に博多、応仁の乱で得た兵庫などに権益を持っていた大内氏がそれぞれ独自に使節団を派遣した貿易を経営をはじめた。
English: When Emperor Zhengde (Wuzong) ascended the Ming Dynasty throne, the Ouchi clan sponsored the kenminsen (namely, Kangosen, the envoy ship dispatched to Ming Dynasty China) and monopolize all Zhengde kangofu which were issued.
Japanese: 明で正徳帝（武宗）が即位し、大内氏が遣明船（勘合船）を主催して発行された正徳勘合符を独占する。
English: In 1523, Yoshioki OUCHI dispatched a kenminsen to Ming Dynasty China with Sosetsu KENDO as seishi (senior envoy).
Japanese: 1523年、大内義興は謙道宗設（けんどうそうせつ）を正使に遣明船を派遣した。
English: In opposition to this, Takakuni HOSOKAWA dispatched a kenminsen with an expired Emperor Hongzhi kangofu via the South China Sea on which Zuisa RANKO served as seishi and Sokei (Shuko) SO as fukushi (vice-envoy).
Japanese: そうすると細川高国が対抗して鸞岡端佐（らんこうずいさ）を正使、宋素卿（朱縞）を副使として、既に無効となった弘治勘合符を持たせて南海経由で遣明船を派遣した。
English: But the Hosokawa side's vice-envoy Sokei SO offered a bribe to Laien who was Shihakushi-daikan (inspector of the Office of Merchant Ships) at the port authority of Ming China, and Laien allowed the Hosokawa ship to go through port inspection before the Ouchi ship.
Japanese: しかし細川方の副使宋素卿（そうそけい）は明の入港管理所である市舶司大監の頼恩に賄賂を贈り、細川方を先に入港検査させた。
English: The Ouchi faction attacked the Hosokawa faction, burning their ship, and Ming officials supported the Hosokawa faction.
Japanese: 大内方は細川方を襲撃し遣明船を焼き払い、明の官憲は細川方を支援した。
English: However, an incident occurred in which Sosetsu KENDO killed Zuisa RANKO, pursued Sokei SO who had escaped to Shaoxing City and killed Ming government officials.
Japanese: しかし謙道宗設により鸞岡端佐は殺され、紹興城へ逃れた宋素卿らを追い明の役人を殺害する事件が起こる。
English: Kenminsen ships once again became dispatched in 1536 when Yoshitaka OUCHI resumed trade which continued until 1551 when Yoshitaka was overthrown in a rebellion by his vassal Harukata SUE.
Japanese: 遣明船は1536年（天文(元号)5）には大内義隆が貿易を再開し、貿易は1551年（天文20）に義隆が家臣の陶晴賢の謀反で滅亡するまで続いた。
English: This incident led to increased private trade and smuggling with Japanese merchants at coastal areas such as Shuangyu near Ningbo and the Zhoushan Islands, as well as activities of wako (koki wako [the 16th-century wako pirate-traders]).
Japanese: この事件をきっかけに寧波に近い双嶼や、船山諸島など沿岸部で日本人商人との私貿易、密貿易が活発化し、倭寇（後期倭寇）の活動となって行く。
English: NAKAHARA no Moromoto, Daigeki (senior secretary), transcribed the discourse of FUJIWARA no Tadazane (1078-1162), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the emperor) of Chisoku-in Temple.
Japanese: 知足院関白・藤原忠実（1078―1162）の言談を大外記中原師元が筆録したもの。
English: The first volume contains articles from 1137 to August 1148, and the second volume, articles from August 1148 to 1154.
Japanese: 保延3年（1137年）から久安4年（1148年）閏6月までの記事が上巻、同年7月から久寿元年（1154年）までの記事が下巻を成す。
English: This is why Chugaisho is sometimes viewed as the selection of Tadazane's discourse from Moromoto's diary.
Japanese: そのため、師元の日記から後日になって忠実の言談のみを抄出したとする見方もある。
English: As well as "Fukego," a quotation collection from Tadazane's discourse, Chugaisho is precious because it conveys the real lives of aristocracy at the time including yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) as well as official court events.
Japanese: 同じ談話者の『富家語』とともに、有職故実・公事を中心に当時の公家社会の実況を伝えて貴重である。
English: It is included in the volume which is entitled "Godansho Chugaisho Fukego" of 'Nihon koten bungaku taikei' (Japanese Classic Literature Systematic Edition) (the publisher is Iwanami Shoten).
Japanese: 「日本古典文学大系」（岩波書店）に『江談抄　中外抄　富家語』の合冊で収録。
English: Fukego or Fukegodan are the quotations from FUJIWARA no Tadazane (1078 - 1162), Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), otherwise known as Fuke-dono.
Japanese: 富家語（ふけご）は富家語談ともいい、富家殿と号した関白藤原忠実（1078―1162）の語録。
English: Fukego is sometimes classified as a setsuwa (a collection of anecdotes) because it was written in the earlier period, in the times under cloistered rule, and presented such subjects as yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and official court events to setsuwa collections of the later period.
Japanese: 院政期という比較的早い時期において成立し、有職故実・公事を中心とする題材を後世の説話集に提供したため、説話に分類されることもある。
English: It contains 258 brief articles from 1151 to 1161, from articles which are included in "Chugaisho," Tadazane's discourse collection, to articles after the Hogen and Heiji Disturbances.
Japanese: 同一談話者の『中外抄』にも載せる久安7年（1151年）から、保元の乱・平治の乱後の応保元年（1161年）まで、全て258段の短い記事がある。
English: Different from "Chugaisho," it has no date entry but the discourse might have been given in Tadazane's later years when he was confined in Chisoku-in Temple at the foot of Mt. Funaoka on the charge of being implicated in the Hogen Disturbance.
Japanese: 『中外抄』と異なり、談話の時期は明記されていないが、概して保元の乱に連座して船岡山山麓の知足院に幽閉されていた忠実晩年の言談である。
English: The Onmyoryo was one of the bureaus in Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 陰陽寮（おんみょうりょう）は、律令制日本の律令制において中務省に属する機関のひとつ。
English: There was also an Onmyo Hakase (ying and yang master) who trained onmyoji, a Tenmon Hakase (master of astronomy) who practiced and taught astronomy, and a Reki Hakase (calendar master) who compiled and created calendars.
Japanese: さらに陰陽師を養成する陰陽博士、占星術を行使・教授する天文博士、暦の編纂・暦作成を教授する暦博士が設置されている。
English: The Onmyo no Kami Haruo TSUCHIMIKADO passed away in 1869, and the Onmyoryo was abolished in 1870 during the time of his heir, Harenaga TSUCHIMIKADO.
Japanese: 明治2年に陰陽頭土御門晴雄が死去し、嫡男の土御門晴栄の代の明治3年（1870年）に廃止された。
English: Omi shonin refers to merchants from the Omi Province (present-day Shiga Prefecture) who were active from the Kamakura period through to Edo, Meiji, Taisho and Showa periods.
Japanese: 近江商人（おうみしょうにん）は、主に鎌倉時代から江戸時代、明治時代、大正時代、昭和時代にかけて活動した近江国・滋賀県出身の商人。
English: Many of the Omi shonin were originally from Echi District (Shiga Prefecture), Gamo District (Omihachiman City and Hino Town [Shiga Prefecture]), and Kanzaki District (Gokasho Town) (Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 愛知郡(滋賀県)、蒲生郡（近江八幡市・日野町(滋賀県)）、神崎郡(滋賀県)（五個荘町）などの出身者が多数。
English: From the earlier period when Omi merchants peddled mainly in Kyoto and the provinces of Mino, Ise, and Wakasa, they gradually extended their businesses and the areas of activity.
Japanese: 初期の頃は京都、美濃国、伊勢国、若狭国などを中心に行商を行っていたが、徐々に活動地域や事業を拡大させた。
English: After the isolation policy was reinforced by the government, some of them became daimyogashi (lending money to feudal lords with high interest) or brewers, while others became basho ukeoinin (merchants/traders working in designated areas on commission by samurai landlords) in Ezo (present-day Hokkaido).
Japanese: 鎖国成立後は、京都・大阪・江戸の三都へ進出して大名貸や醸造業などを行ったり、蝦夷地（北海道）で場所請負人となったりするものもあった。
English: Many of the large-scale companies today, such as Nishikawa Sangyo which developed as a business enterprise after the Meiji period, have their origin as Omi shonin.
Japanese: 明治以降には西川産業など企業として発展し、今日の大企業の中にも近江商人の系譜を引くものは多い。
English: Their keen business sense was envied by the people of Edo, and they were maligned, together with Ise merchants, as 'Omi thieves and Ise beggars.'
Japanese: その商才を江戸っ子から妬まれ、伊勢商人とともに「近江泥棒伊勢乞食」と蔑まれた。
English: In reality, however, they are now considered the pioneers who brought revolutionary changes to the distribution business by strictly pursuing the concept of streamlining, as seen in the examples of the invention of the double-entry system in bookkeeping by a merchant from Hino, Genzaemon NAKAI, which was at the highest level in the word at that time (according to Eiichi OGURA "Goshu Nakai-ke chogo no ho" (bookkeeping method of the Nakai family in Omi Province)); the establishment of the system of 'Otoban nakama' by the merchants from Hino, which can said to be an early concept of the contracted hotel; and the expansion of the business by proactively opening branches, which is a similar concept to today's chain stores.
Japanese: しかしその実は、当時世界最高水準の複式簿記考案（中井源左衛門・日野商人）（小倉栄一郎『江州中井家帳合の法』）や、契約ホテルのはしりとも言える「大当番仲間」制度の創設（日野商人）、現在のチェーン店の考えに近い出店・枝店を積極的に開設するなど、徹底した合理化による流通革命だったと評価されている。
English: One of the family precepts of Omi shonin is known to be that of 'Sanpo yoshi' (benefit for all three sides), which teaches that in their business the merchant should take into consideration the benefits for the customer, society, and the vendor at the same time.
Japanese: 近江商人の家訓として「買い手良し、世間良し、売り手良し」の「三方良し」が知られる。
English: Fukuhara-kyo is the name of a capital city which TAIRA no Kiyomori wanted to establish and promoted after a plan to build Wada-kyo had ended in failure 1180 (towards the end of Heian period).
Japanese: 福原京（ふくはらきょう）は、平安時代末期の治承4年（1180年）、計画のみに終った和田京に続いて、平清盛の主導で造営が進められた日本の首都の通称。
English: The plan was build Fukuhara-kyo in an area extending from Chuo Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture to northern Hyogo Ward, and it would stand at the foot of a mountain looking down over an expanded Owada no Tomari (present-day Hyogo Port/western Kobe Port), a trading port and one of the bases of the Taira clan, where an artificial island named Kyogashima Island was to be built.
Japanese: 場所は現在の兵庫県神戸市中央区(神戸市)から兵庫区北部にあたり、平氏の拠点のひとつである貿易港の大輪田泊（現在の兵庫港・神戸港西部）に人工島の経が島（経ヶ島）を築き整備拡張した港を見下ろす山麓に都を置くことが計画された。
English: TAIRA no Kiyomori forced through his plan for the transfer of the capital, despite objections from Emperor Takakura and the Taira family, and it is said that he was aiming to establish a maritime state by expanding trade with the Sung (dynasty), and that if the city had been built, a powerful feudal government under the control of the Taira clan, a kind of 'Fukuhara Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)', would have been established.
Japanese: 平清盛は、高倉天皇と平家一門の反対を押し切って遷都を強行したが、それは宋(王朝)との貿易拡大によって海洋国家の樹立を目指したためともいわれ、都市整備が進めば平氏政権による「福原幕府」のようなものになったとも言われる。
English: On June 2, 1180, Emperor Antoku, the retired Emperor Takakura, and the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa left Kyoto on an Imperial visit to Fukuhara, Settsu Province, and an Angu (temporary lodging) was built in Fukuhara to accommodate them.
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）6月2日、京都から摂津国の福原へ安徳天皇・高倉上皇・後白河法皇の行幸が行なわれ、ここに行宮が置かれた。
English: The Taira clan administration further planned to establish 'Wada-kyo' in Wada, a territory which bordered on Fukuhara.
Japanese: そして平氏政権は福原に隣接する和田（輪田）の地に「和田京」の造営を計画した。
English: The plan was to build a capital with the same street plan as Heian-kyo (ancient capital and present-day Kyoto), but the land of Wada was not broad enough and the plan soon got bogged down.
Japanese: 当初平安京と同様の条坊制による都市を建設しようとしたが、和田は平地が少なく手狭だったため、すぐにこの計画は行き詰まってしまった。
English: Proposals were then made to build the new capital in Koyano (Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture), Settsu Province and then in Inamino (Kakogawa City, Hyogo Prefecture), Harima Province but these came to nothing, and in July the Imperial Palace was temporarily set up in Fukuhara, and some roads were built and land was granted for houses to some Taira clan associates.
Japanese: そこで同じ摂津国の昆陽野（兵庫県伊丹市）、更には播磨国印南野（兵庫県加古川市）に新しい京を造営する話が持ち上がったが、どちらの話も立ち消えとなり、7月には福原をしばらく皇居とし、道路を開通させて親平氏派の一部の人々に限り宅地が与えられることになった。
English: However, the retired Emperor Takakura, who was governing by Insei (rule by the retired Emperor) in place of the Emperor Antoku who was still a young child, did not abandon Heian-kyo (ancient Kyoto), but built a rikyu (an imperial villa) in Fukuhara and insisted that a Dairi (Imperial Palace) and Hassho (eight ministries and agencies) were not needed there.
Japanese: しかし当時幼い安徳天皇に代わり院政を行なっていた高倉上皇は平安京（京都）を放棄せず、福原には離宮を建て、内裏や八省は必要ないとした。
English: TAIRA no Kiyomori countered by not moving the Dairi, personally supervising the construction of a Palace in time for the Niiname-sai festival (ceremonial offering by the Emperor of newly-harvested rice to the deities) in November and building the Hassho and other government offices in the following two years.
Japanese: これに対して平清盛は、内裏は移建せず、11月の新嘗祭までに私的に皇居を造営し、2年後には八省などの役所もつくるという方針で構えた。
English: Then in November, Kiyomori gave the palace, which he had built in the image of the Imperial Palace, to the Emperor, and from the 17th through 20th held the Gosechi (annual court ceremony of girls music) part of the Niiname-sai festival in Fukuhara (a new Niiname-sai festival was held in Kyoto), and the Emperor returned to Kyoto on the 23rd.
Japanese: そして11月には皇居に似せて造られた清盛の私邸が天皇に提供され、17日から20日に新嘗祭の五節のみが行なわれると（新嘗祭自体は京都で行なわれた）、23日には京都への還幸となった。
English: It is said the Emperor's return to Kyoto was to deal with the army of the Minamoto clan and was decided by Kiyomori.
Japanese: 京都への還幸は源氏の挙兵に対応するため清盛が決断したといわれている。
English: However Hanshi include all samurai ranging from Joshi (superior warriors) to Kashi (non-commissioned officers), and in a narrow sense, they also include those without samurai status such as ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and chugen (a rank below common soldiers).
Japanese: ただ、一概に藩士といっても、上士から下士まであり、また、厳密には武士以外にも足軽や中間といったいわゆる士分格ではない者も含まれてる。
English: Although they mainly served as soldiers playing military roles during the early Edo period, they gradually became bureaucrats and lost most of their military function during the mid-to-late Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期は、軍役を担う兵としての要素が強かったが、中期後期になると次第に官僚、役人としての意味合いが強くなった。
English: For example, the names of Hanshi in the Satsuma Domain preceded by 'Shimazu Family Retainer' as opposed to 'Satsuma Domain Retainer.'
Japanese: 例えば、薩摩藩の藩士なら自らのことを「薩摩藩藩士誰々」と名乗るのではなく「島津家家臣誰々」と名乗った。
English: The name 'Hanshi' is also commonly used in the case of domains, such as the Satsuma Domain and Choshu Domain, which had not come under provincial rule the time of the first lord until the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in the Meiji period.
Japanese: もっとも薩摩藩や長州藩のように初代藩主以来、明治時代の廃藩置県まで国替えがなかった藩の場合は「藩士」の呼称でも通用する。
English: However, the term is not appropriate for domains, such as the Kuwana Domain, of which the lord family itself came under provincial rule as a result of orders from the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: しかし、桑名藩のように藩主家自体が江戸幕府の命で国替えしている藩では「藩士」の呼称がかならずしも妥当とは言い難い場合もある。
English: The Daigaku-ryo was a set of educational institutions that was founded under the Ritsuryo system to train government officials, which was controlled directly by Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonies - equivalent to today's National Personnel Authority).
Japanese: 大学寮（だいがくりょう）は、律令制のもとで作られた式部省（現在の人事院に相当する）直轄下の官僚育成機関である。
English: The Daigaku-ryo provided education and examinations to students, namely government official candidates, and took charge of Sekiten (traditional events for worshipping Confucius), an important ceremony in Confucianism.
Japanese: 官僚の候補生である学生に対する教育と試験及び儒教における重要儀式である釋奠を行った。
English: Because a post named 'Fumi no Tsukasa no Kami' (head of Minister of Education) is mentioned in the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) entry for the year 671, and the preface of "Kaifuso" (Found Recollections of Poetry) includes the statement that the Emperor Tenchi founded a school, it is generally understood that the origin of Daigaku-ryo dates back to this era.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の天智天皇10年（671年）紀に「学識頭」という役職が見られ、また『懐風藻』の序文に天智天皇が学校を創設したという記述が見られるため、この時代に大学寮の由来を求める考え方が有力である。
English: It is said, however, that the development of Daigaku-ryo was delayed due to the influence of the ensuing Jinshin War, and that the concrete Daigaku-ryo system was finalized thanks to the introduction of the Taiho Ritsuryo Code (Gakuryo [the rule of education]).
Japanese: しかし、その後の壬申の乱などの影響で整備が遅れ、大宝律令（学令）の制定により具体的な制度が確立したといわれる。
English: At first, Daigaku-ryo mainly taught Confucianism, the study referred to as Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics) in later years, but after two educational system reforms in 728 and 730 (through the former, Monjo Hakase [professor of literature] and Ritsugaku Hakase [professor of the law], which was later referred as Myobo Hakase [professor of law], were introduced, and through the latter, the systems of monjosho [students of literary studies], myobosho [students of law studies] and tokugosho [distinguished scholars] were established), the facilities and system of Daigaku-ryo were improved; for example, Daigaku-ryo kugaiden (referred to as Kangakuden (rice fields for schooling) in later years) was introduced, whereby food services were provided to students.
Japanese: 当初は儒教を教える後の明経道が中心であったが、728年と730年の2度の学制改革（前者の改革で文章博士・律学博士（後の明法博士）が設置され、後者の改革で文章生・明法生・得業生制度が発足した）を経て、757年には大学寮公廨田（後の勧学田）が設定されて学生に対する給食が行われるなど、制度の充実が図られた。
English: The status of Monjo Hakase, who taught Chinese classical literature other than Confucianism, subsequently improved, their department, Kidendo (the study of the histories), became highly ranked.
Japanese: 以後、儒教以外の漢文学を教授した文章博士の地位が向上して、後には文章博士の学科である紀伝道が上位を占めるようになった。
English: The reason is that although Daigaku-ryo was modeled on the university system in Tang Dynasty China, unlike in Tang Dynasty China where the rule that a nation should be governed based on Confucianism was already established, in Japan Confucianism coexisted with Buddhism and traditional Shintoism, and the ruling classes in Japan did not pay heed to the philosophy of Confucianism as much as those in the Tang Dynasty did.
Japanese: この背景には、大学制度の範を唐の制度に求めたものの、儒教による国家統治の原則が確立していた唐とは違い、仏教や古来からの神道が儒教と並立した日本の支配階層においては、儒教理念が唐よりも重視されなかった。
English: Also, influenced by these trends, the education of Confucianism in Daigaku-ryo was regarded as a kind of 'technique' for the management of administrative jobs, and Daigaku-ryo came to be considered an institution where middle and low ranking nobles made a name for themselves.
Japanese: また、こうした風潮によって、大学寮のでの儒教教育が一種の行政処理のための「技術」とみなされて、中下流貴族の立身のための機関と考えられるようになった。
English: Daigaku-ryo failed to conquer traditional practice of teaching the children of high-ranking noble families at home.
Japanese: 上流貴族を中心に子弟の家庭教育で行う旧来の風潮を打破するには至らなかった。
English: Therefore, another reform was implemented in the early Heian period, and an imperial decree was issued in 806, whereby Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) aged over 10 and the children or grandchildren of government officials of Goi (Fifth Rank) and above were required to attend Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: そのため、平安時代初期に再度の改革が行われ、806年には10歳以上の諸王と五位以上の官人の子孫の就学を義務付ける勅が出された。
English: The imperial decree, however, was withdrawn in 812 due to backlashes from Daigaku-ryo against a change in school entrance age from 17 years old to 10 years old and against the approval of de facto dropouts after four-year schooling, shorter than the dropout after the nine-year schooling specified by the provision of Gakuryo, as well as objections from high-ranking nobles.
Japanese: ただし、上級貴族の反発に加えて、入学年齢を17歳から引き下げたこと、更に学令で定められた9年間よりも短い4年間の就学を経た上での事実上の中退を認めたことから大学寮側からの反発もあり、812年に撤回された。
English: Later, this imperial decree was resurrected in 824, but there is no description about this decree in "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), so it is considered that the decree was abolished before then.
Japanese: その後、824年にこの規定が復活したが、『延喜式』にはこの規定について触れられておらずそれ以前に廃止されたと考えられている。
English: Daigaku-ryo also promoted financial assistance measures such as the expansion of kangakuden, the offering of shikiden (a rice field provided for dainagon and the higher rank) to professors, and the provision of a study stipend and salary (financial aid) to students.
Japanese: また、勧学田の拡張や大学教官への職田設定、学生に対する学問料・給料（学資）支給制定などの財政支援策も採られた。
English: In addition to these school attendance policies, because of a rise in interest in a Tang Dynasty-style culture, Daigaku-ryo saw its heyday between the 9th century and the early 10th century, which corresponds to the first half of the Heian period.
Japanese: こうした就学政策に加えて、唐風文化への関心の増大などがあり、平安時代前期に相当する9世紀から10世紀初頭にかけてが大学寮の全盛期にあたった。
English: Triggered by the foundation of Kangaku-in (a boarding school) by the Fujiwara clan, many clans followed suit and founded Daigaku-besso (an academic facility for nobles, or boarding schools), and the basis of the existence of Daigaku-ryo was gradually beginning to be shaken.
Japanese: ところが、藤原氏が勧学院を創設したのを機に各氏が大学別曹を創設するようになると、次第に大学寮の存立基盤が揺らいでいくようになる。
English: Daigaku-besso was the system in which a clan as a whole ensured financial aids for schooling and the livelihood of students (their relatives) and assisted them in advancing into bureaucracy, so it resulted in a 'disparity' between people from clans that, having Daigaku-besso, could offer a stable learning environment and people from other clans that could not.
Japanese: 大学別曹は一族単位で学生の学資・生活を保障してその官界進出を助ける制度であったから、安定した勉学環境を得た大学別曹を持つ氏族出身者とそれ以外の氏族との間で「格差」が生み出されるようになった。
English: Furthermore, a kind of academic cliques were formed among Daigaku-ryo's professors, who disputed over not only theories but also students' success in life, particularly in the Kidendo department, where fierce conflicts among the Sugawara clan, the Oe clan, and other clans took place.
Japanese: 更に大学寮の教官の間でも学説のみならず学生の立身を巡って一種の学閥が形成されるようになり、その中でも紀伝道では菅原氏と大江氏、それ以外の諸氏の間で激しい争いが行われた。
English: Also, the status of Daigaku-ryo gradually declined due to reasons such as a decrease in interest in Chinese culture because of the abolishment of Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China, the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, and the downfall of low and middle ranking peers owing to the establishment of Fujiwara's Sekkan (regents and advisers) government.
Japanese: また、遣唐使の廃止による中国文化への関心低下と律令制の弛緩、藤原氏摂関政治の確立による中下流貴族の没落などによって、大学寮の地位も徐々に低下していくようになる。
English: The relaxation of the Ritsuryo system also forced Daigaku-ryo to lose its kangakuden, which was changed into Shoen (manors in medieval Japan), and put a strain on its finances, despite rescue measures targeting Daigaku-ryo, such as the offering of suiko (government loans, often seed rice, made to peasants in Japan from the 7th through 12th centuries), because they were not sufficient.
Japanese: 更に律令制の弛緩は勧学田の荘園化による喪失を招き、これに対して大学寮向けの出挙制度の整備などの措置が取られたものの十分とは言えず、大学寮財政を圧迫する事になる。
English: Ironically, the reason why Daigaku-ryo could be maintained was that the spending of Daigaku-ryo was reduced due to an increase in students from clans that possess Daigaku-besso, who did not need a salary from Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: 皮肉にもこれを維持できたのは大学寮からの給料を必要としない大学別曹保有氏族出身の学生の増大による大学寮支出の減少であった。