nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He reportedly served for about two years and then returned to Iino-jo Castle where Yoshihiro SHIMAZU resided.
Japanese: およそ2年間務め上げた後は島津義弘の居城・飯野城へ帰還したようである。
English: In 1587, when Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI went for conquest of Kyushu, Tadaeis entered the Kobayashi-jo Castle to intercept Hidenaga TOYOTOMI's army.
Japanese: 天正15年（1587年）豊臣秀吉の九州征伐が行われた際は、忠兄は豊臣秀長軍を迎撃すべく小林城に入っている。
English: He served meritoriously in the 'War in Korea' from 1592, along with his younger brother Hisatomo KAWAKAMI.
Japanese: 文禄元年（1592年）からの「朝鮮の役」に従軍、弟の川上久智と共に戦功をあげた。
English: In 1599, he was not able to participate in 'Shonai War' because he was attacked with smallpox.
Japanese: 慶長4年（1599年）の「庄内の乱」の際は疱瘡を患っていたために出陣できなかった。
English: When Tadae passed the enemy line and escaped, his hikan (low-level bureaucrat), Gento KASHIWAGI, shoot Naomasa II and threw off the horse.
Japanese: 敵中突破して逃げる際に忠兄の被官である柏木源藤は、井伊直政を銃撃、落馬させている。
English: After that, he separated from the Shimazu's force, which was returning to Satsuma Province, and went to Ieyasu TOKUGAWA as an envoy, under the order from Yoshihiro.
Japanese: その後は義弘の命で、薩摩国に帰還する島津勢と別れて徳川家康の元へ使者として赴いた。
English: Tokugawa's retainers saw it and laughed, 'He has forgotten armor just because he was in a hurry.'
Japanese: 徳川家臣はそれを見て「慌てる余りに甲冑を忘れていった」と罵り笑った。
English: He left the armor as evidence so that he might not be suspected whether the mission was truly accomplished.
Japanese: 果たして使命を全うしたか否か疑われぬよう、証拠として甲冑を残したのだ。
English: Although the task was achieved with no problems, because he fell behind Shimazu's party he relied on the Konoe family and returns to Satsuma.
Japanese: 無事に任務は果たしたが、島津勢の一行には遅れたため近衛家を頼って薩摩に帰還する。
English: However, in consideration of Tadae's achievements, his second son, Gorobe, was allowed be a successor to the family, and Tadae's Kawakami family had not died out.
Japanese: しかし忠兄の今までの功を考慮し次男の五郎兵衛への家督相続が許され忠兄流川上家は断絶を免れている。
English: It is believed that the Kobayakawa clan was established by the descendants of Sanehira DOHI who was one of the aides of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo and made a good showing in the Genpei War (war between Minamoto clan and Taira clan), Shigehira was the fourth generation down from Sanehira and that the name of Kobayakawa was taken from Hayakawa, a place-name in Dohi-go Village, Izu, home ground of his feud.
Japanese: 小早川氏は、源頼朝の側近の一人で源平合戦で活躍した土肥実平の後裔と伝えられ、茂平は実平より数えて四代目にあたり、小早川の名は土肥氏の本拠地である伊豆の土肥郷にある早川の地名を採ったものとされる。
English: Sanehira became Shugo (provincial constable) for three provinces, or Bizen, Bicchu and Bingo, and his son Empei DOHI was given Jitoshiki (manager and lord of manor) of Numata-sho Manor, Aki Province, but Empei's tyrannical behavior and management resulted in deprival of his title and left him only with his home ground Dohi-go Village and Numata-sho Manor, Aki Province.
Japanese: 実平の代には備前国・備中国・備後国3ヶ国の守護となり、その子土肥遠平は安芸国沼田荘の地頭職を与えられるが、専横を極め失脚し、所領は本拠地・土肥郷と安芸国沼田荘のみとなってしまう。
English: Shigehira aggressively promoted development of his own feud and constructed Takayama-jo Castle (Aki Province), laying the groundwork for the future growth of the Kobayakawa clan.
Japanese: 茂平は、この地の開発を積極的に推し進め、高山城(安芸国)を築き、その後の小早川氏発展の基礎を作った。
English: In 1221, he made a distinguished military achievement and newly gained the title of Jitoshiki of Takehara-sho Manor, Tsu District, Aki Province.
Japanese: 承久3年（1221年）の承久の乱では軍功を挙げ、新たに安芸国都宇竹原荘の地頭職を得る。
English: From 1247 to 1257, Shigehira lived in Kyoto and served the role of security in the capital city and for Rokuhara Tandai.
Japanese: 宝治元年（1247年）から正嘉元年（1257年）には京都に在住し洛中の警備や六波羅探題の警護を務めた。
English: Tadanori UENO (1581 - year of death unknown) was a military commander from the Azuchi-Momoyama to Edo periods.
Japanese: 上野忠則（うえのただのり、天正9年（1581年）-没年不詳）は安土桃山時代から江戸時代の武将。
English: Tadamoto killed Shigetaka MERA in 'the Battle of Kizakibaru' in 1572 and he was nominated in a conference prior to the attack against 'Chikushu Chikugan Takatori-jo Castle' in 1586 to one of the five superintendent officers overseeing Mazakiin squires group which was subject to Yoshihiro SHIMAZU but lost his life in this battle.
Japanese: 忠元は元亀3年（1572年）の「木崎原の戦い」のときに米良重方を討ちとり、天正14年（1586年）「筑州筑岩高取城」攻めの評定のとき、島津義弘貴下である真幸院衆中の横目衆5人の内に数えられたがそこで戦没している。
English: Tadanori celebrated his attainment of manhood before Yoshihiro SHIMAZU on December 10, 1594, and assumed the name Hikokuro UENO.
Japanese: 忠則は文禄3年（1594年）12月10日に島津義弘の前で元服し、上野彦九郎と名乗る。
English: Five days later he was dispatched to a place called Kurino but soon moved to Suki-mura village based on Shuju rule (the Shimazu clan's rule for locality-based grouping of squires) and became an official serving Shigeari MURAO, the local head person of Suki area.
Japanese: その5日後には栗野に配されるが、すぐ様、衆中制に伴い須木村に移り須木地頭の村尾重侯の被官となる。
English: Suki was an important crossroads for traffic of every direction leading to various provinces, where he undertook the safeguarding of the area against robber gangs and tsujigiri (killing in the street to test a new sword).
Japanese: 須木は諸国へ通じる「八方境」であり、賊徒や辻切りなどに対応するため忠則は守護の番をする役目に就く。
English: Tadanori took the field at the time of 'the Battle of Shonai' (1599) accompanying Shigeari MURAO and his son Shigemasa MURAO.
Japanese: 慶長4年（1599年）の「庄内の乱」の際は村尾重侯、その息子の村尾重昌について6月21日に出陣。
English: The Suki soldiers, being divided into two groups - one led by Tadanori and the other by Takeyasu SAKASEGAWA - laid siege to Yamada-jo Castle (Hyuga Province, today's Miyazaki Prefecture) which surrendered in 10 hours.
Japanese: 須木衆は2つの組に分けられ一隊は忠則、もう一隊は逆瀬川武安が指揮を任せられ6月23日に山田城（日向国）を包囲攻撃、10時間後に落城させる。
English: Tadanori and Sakasegawa held a post of construction magistrate in Yamada-jo Castle until Tadazane IJUIN gave in.
Japanese: その後、忠則と逆瀬川は伊集院忠真が降伏するまで山田城の普請奉行を務める。
English: When Yoshihiro returned from 'the Battle of Sekigahara' in 1600, Tadanori went to Yatsushiro (today's Kunitomi-cho, Higashimorogata-gun) to meet him together with a company of 130 soldiers from the Suki area led by Shigeari MURAO and his son.
Japanese: 慶長5年（1600年）、「関ヶ原の戦い」から義弘が帰還する際は、村尾親子の率いた須木衆130人に加わり八代（現：東諸県郡国富町）に出迎えに行く。
English: On their way back, in Kiwaki (today's Kunitomi-cho),they attacked Gimon-ji Temple where a defense troop of Shigemasa INAZU, a subordinate of the Ito clan, was deployed.
Japanese: その帰りに木脇（現：国富町）にて伊東氏の家臣・稲津重政の番主の置かれた義門寺を攻撃。
English: Tadanori wrote 'Ueno Hayato Oboegaki' (Notes of Hayato UENO) in 1653 when he was 73.
Japanese: 承応2年（1653年）、忠則73歳のときに「上野隼人覚書」を書き記す。
English: Shigekuni SHIBUYA (year of birth and death unknown) was a samurai in the closing years of the Heian period and the early years of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 渋谷重国（しぶやしげくに、生没年未詳）は、平安時代末期、鎌倉時代初期の武将。
English: According to "Hatakeyama Keizu" (Hatakeyama Family Tree), his father Shigeie and his grandfather Motoie KAWASAKI lived in Musashi Province and called themselves Kawasaki clan.
Japanese: 『畠山系図』によると、父重家や祖父河崎基家は武蔵国に住して河崎氏を称した。
English: In the years of Shigekuni in the Oho era, his clan reigned an area covering from Ebara-gun, Musashi Province, to Shibuya-sho Manor, Takakura-gun, Sagami Province, and used the title shoji (administrator of a manor) of the Shibuya clan.
Japanese: 重国の代の応保年間、武蔵国荏原郡から相模国高座郡渋谷荘までを領して渋谷氏荘司と称した。
English: After Yoshitomo lost, Shigekuni had Hideyoshi SASAKI, who lost his feud and was about to flee to Mutsu Province, and his sons remain at Shibuya-sho, supported them and had Hideyoshi marry his daughter.
Japanese: 義朝が敗れたのち、所領を失って陸奥国へ逃れようとした佐々木秀義とその子らを渋谷荘に引き留めて援助し、秀義を婿に迎えている。
English: When MINAMOTO no Yoritomo raised his army in August 1180, Hideyoshi's sons joined Yoritomo's army, and Shigekuni was asked by Yoritomo to also join his army, but Shigekuni participated in the army of Kagechika OBA, who took sides with Taira clan, in the Battle of Ishibashiyama out of his moral debt to Ise-Heishi (Taira clan).
Japanese: 治承4年（1180年）8月の源頼朝挙兵では秀義の息子たちは頼朝に従い、重国は頼朝から加勢を打診されたが、伊勢平氏に対する旧恩から石橋山の戦いで平家方の大庭景親の軍に属した。
English: When Yoritomo lost in the Battle of Ishibashiyama, Kagechika visited Shigekuni on September 26 and requested him to arrest the wives and children of the Sasaki brothers who followed Yoritomo.
Japanese: 石橋山の戦いで頼朝が敗れると、8月26日、景親が重国のもとを訪れ、頼朝に従った佐々木兄弟の妻子を捕らえるよう要請する。
English: Shigekuni rejected the request, saying 'I had no reason to stop them from joining the army of Minamoto clan out of their moral debt to them. I joined your army at Ishibashiyama together with my grandson Yoshikiyo SASAKI in reply to your request, but you ignored what we did for you and ordered me to arrest the wives and children of Sadatsuna SASAKI and his brother. That is not what I can accept.'
Japanese: 重国は「彼らが旧恩のため源氏の元に参じるのを止める理由はない。私はあなたの要請に応じて外孫の佐々木義清を連れて石橋山に参じたのに、その功を考えず佐々木定綱らの妻子を捕らえよとの命を受けるのは本懐ではない」と拒否した。
English: At night, the Sasaki brothers returned to the residence of Shigekuni together with Zenjo ANO whom they met on their way back.
Japanese: 夜になって佐々木兄弟は途中で行き会った阿野全成を伴って重国の館へ帰着した。
English: In the New Year's day of 1184, he and Takashige joined the army of MINAMOTO no Noriyori sent to hunt down MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka.
Japanese: 元暦元年（1184年）正月の源範頼率いる源義仲追討軍に高重と共に参加。
English: Shigekuni went to the Rokujoden Residence, where Emperor Goshirakawa was confined, together with Noriyori and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and guarded the residence.
Japanese: 重国は範頼・源義経と共に後白河天皇が幽閉されていた六条殿へ参じ、仙洞御所の警護にあたった。
English: In February, Shigekuni took in custody Kanemitsu HIGUCHI, one of the retainers of the captive Yoshinaka, and Shigekuni's retainers tried to behead Kanemitsu but failed, so Shigekuni killed him instead.
Japanese: 2月に捕虜となった義仲の家臣樋口兼光を重国が預かり、郎党が首を切ろうとしたが斬り損じたため、高重が兼光を斬った。
English: Although Takashige greatly impressed himself to Yoritomo for his valor and personality, the other son of his, Shigesuke, provoked the wrath of Yoritomo for his involvement in unauthorized rank appointment by Yoritomo's vassals in April 1185 (in old calendar).
Japanese: 高重は武勇人柄ともに頼朝の覚えめでたかったが、重国のもう一人の子の重助は文治元年（1185年）4月(旧暦)の御家人たちによる無断任官問題で頼朝の怒りを買っている。
English: The last record on Shigekuni in "Azuma Kagami" is the article of December 15 (in old calendar), 1194, recording allocation of horses to welcome Buddhist priests.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』に見える重国の最後の記録は、建久5年（1194年）12月15日(旧暦)条の導師を迎える馬の割り当て記事である。
English: He actively performs in foreign countries and explores new realms of activity including joint production and performances with Western music composers and opera singers and collaborative performance with modern dramas.
Japanese: 海外公演を精力的に行うほか、西洋音楽作曲家やオペラ歌手との共同制作上演や、現代演劇とのコラボレーションなど新境地の開拓を行う。
English: Became a pupil of Kimiko TSUMURA at the Hitotsubashi Kanze-kai while he was a university student and learned from Yoshiyuki KANZE (second) after graduation.
Japanese: 大学在学中一橋観世会で津村紀三子に師事、卒業後は観世喜之(2世)に師事
English: April 1967: A ceremony of shukke tokudo (entry to the priesthood) was held for him at Kaikozan Butsugen-ji Temple, head temple of the Nichiren sect (disciple of Priest Itagaki Nichio Shonin).
Japanese: 1967年4月日蓮宗本山海光山佛現寺において出家得度(板垣日応上人門弟）
English: Judo WAKAYAGI (July 25, 1845 - July 22, 1917)
Japanese: 若柳寿童（弘化6年2月3日(旧暦)（1845年7月25日）-大正6年（1917年）7月22日）。
English: After his master had died in 1903, he changed his name to Yoshimatsu and became independent from the Hanayagi school to found the Wakayagi school.
Japanese: 1903年に師匠が没を機会に吉松と改名し花柳流を独立し若柳流を創始する。
English: Kichizo WAKAYAGI the first was his disciple, who later became the second iemoto of the Wakayagi school and was a biological son of a rakugo story teller, Enyu SANYUTEI the first.
Japanese: 弟子には初代若柳吉蔵（2世若柳流家元・落語家の初代三遊亭圓遊の実子）。
English: Judo WAKAYAGI (August 11, 1921 - July 17, 1989)
Japanese: 若柳寿童（大正10年（1921年8月11日）-平成元年（1989年）7月17日）。
English: Kichizo WAKAYAGI (June 21, 1879 - January 25, 1944)
Japanese: 若柳吉蔵（明治12年（1879年）6月21日-昭和19年（1944年）1月25日)。
English: Kichizo WAKAYAGI (August 11, 1921 - July 17, 1989)
Japanese: 若柳吉蔵（大正10年（1921年）8月11日-平成元年（1989年）7月17日）。
English: Kanemon FUJIMA was the hereditary family name of the head family of the Kanemon Sect of the Fujima school.
Japanese: 藤間勘右衛門（ふじまかんえもん）は、藤間流勘右衛門派宗家家元の名跡。
English: The first head of Kanemon Sect of Fujima school was Kanemon FUJIMA (1813 – September 7, 1851).
Japanese: 藤間勘右衛門（文化(元号)10年（1813年）-嘉永4年8月12日(旧暦)（1851年9月7日））初世藤間流勘右衛門家元。
English: Kanemon FUJIMA (Mar.15, 1840 - Jan.23, 1925) had a real name, Kintaro FUJIMA.
Japanese: 藤間勘右衛門（天保11年2月12日(旧暦)（1840年3月15日）-大正14年（1925年）1月23日）本名は藤間金太郎。
English: In partnership with Danjuro, he composed the choreographies of 'Kagamijishi (The Lion Dance)' and 'Suo otoshi (literally, dropping down suo)' and also undertook new kabuki titled 'Onatsu Kyoran' (Onatsu's Madness) and so on and left his mark on the history of kabuki.
Japanese: 團十郎とのコンビで「鏡獅子」「素襖落」などを振り付け、他にも坪内逍遥の新歌舞伎「お夏狂乱」等も手がけ一時代を築いた。
English: It is also supposed that he was born into a family of Kyogen (farce played during a Noh cycle) or Joruri (dramatic narrative chanted to a samisen accompaniment), and in the Kaei era he trained himself under Denjiro NAKAMURA the first of Shigayama school in Edo.
Japanese: 狂言師、または浄瑠璃の家に生まれたとも、嘉永時代に江戸にて志賀山流・初世中村伝次郎の元で修行を積む。
English: Kanbe FUJIMA (year of birth unknown - April 21, 1785)
Japanese: 藤間勘兵衛（生年不詳-天明5年3月13日(旧暦)（1785年4月21日））
English: Kanbe FUJIMA (year of birth unknown - January 12, 1822)
Japanese: 藤間勘兵衛（生年不詳-文政4年12月20日(旧暦)（1822年1月12日））
English: Ryosa KOHITSU (January 28, 1572-March 18, 1662) was born in Omi Province and was an appraiser of old writings.
Japanese: 古筆了佐（こひつりょうさ、元亀3年（1572年）-寛文2年1月28日(旧暦)（1662年3月18日））は、近江国生まれの古筆鑑定人。
English: His real family name was Hirasawa, his common name, Yashiro, and his imina (real name), Norisuke and he became a priest and changed his name to Ryosa.
Japanese: 本姓は平沢、通称は弥四郎、諱は範佐（のりすけ）といい、出家して名を了佐と改めた。
English: Later, he changed his family name to KOHITSU by command of Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI, the chief adviser to the Emperor, to devote himself to appraisal of old writings.
Japanese: その後、古筆の鑑定を専業とするため、関白豊臣秀次の命により古筆に改姓した。
English: There are two editions called 'Kasujishiki' and "Okaderagire" (Okadera edition) (descended to Oka-dera Temple); the former was made by joining together two or more sheets of paper of different color and/or quality with glue to create decorative effects on writing paper, but the latter was not.
Japanese: この断簡には、『糟色紙』と『岡寺切』（岡寺に伝わったため）があるが、料紙の装飾技巧に継紙の手法のあるものが前者で、ないものが後者である。
English: Old writings refer to excellent handwritings of Japanese calligraphic style, which were made in the Heian and Kamakura periods.
Japanese: 古筆とは、平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて書かれた日本の書流和様の名筆をさしていう。
English: When the world became more peaceful in the Azuchi-Momoyama period, intellectuals wanted to 'have beautiful handwritings for practice in penmanship' or 'obtain them for appreciation'.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に入り、やや平和な世の中になると、知識者階級において、「美しい筆跡を手習の手本にしたい」、「鑑賞のために手に入れたい」という願望がおきてきた。
English: In addition, old writings came to be loved by masters of the tea ceremony since Joo TAKENO used "Ogura Shikishi (waka poetry)" by FUJIWARA no Teika as a hanging scroll in a tea room.
Japanese: さらに、天文(元号)24年（1555年）10月の茶道で、武野紹鴎が藤原定家の『小倉色紙』を茶室の掛軸として用いて以来、古筆が茶道達にも愛好されるようになった。
English: Old writings became popular among townspeople and were prized.
Japanese: やがて古筆愛好の風潮は民間にも波及し、古筆は珍重されるようになった。
English: Old writings were mainly stored and appreciated as books or rolls in their entirety with care in the aristocratic culture.
Japanese: 古筆は主に貴族文化の中で、本来、冊子や巻物という完全な形で大切に保存、鑑賞されていた。
English: However, as a craze for old writings increased and the number of old writings became insufficient, some parts were cut off from them.
Japanese: しかし、古筆愛好熱が高まり古筆の絶対数が不足してくると切断されることになる。
English: Cuttings were called 'fragments', and pieces of excellent classical calligraphy and utagire (poem fragments) came into the world.
Japanese: この切断された断簡が「切」と呼ばれるもので、ここに古筆切（こひつぎれ）、歌切（うたぎれ）が誕生する。
English: Since it was inconvenient to store and appreciate pieces of excellent classical calligraphy, copybooks (collections of calligraphy) were made to do so.
Japanese: 古筆切は保存にも鑑賞にも不自由なため、これを収納、鑑賞するための帖（手鑑）が発達した。
English: A "story book written in kana" said that they also gained popularity among townspeople in the early Edo period or in the middle of the 17th century.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期、17世紀中頃には町人のあいだでも大流行したことが、当時の『仮名草子』に記されている。
English: A "tea ceremony report" said that pieces of excellent classical calligraphy began to be used as hanging scrolls for decoration of alcoves in tea rooms.
Japanese: また、『茶会記』には、古筆切は茶席の床の間を飾る掛軸としても用いられ始めたことが記されている。
English: When appreciation of pieces of excellent classical calligraphy as copybooks or hanging rolls in tea rooms gained popularity, it became important to know who wrote them.
Japanese: 手鑑や茶会の床の掛物として古筆切の鑑賞が盛行すると、その筆者が誰であるのかということが重要になってくる。
English: People asked for appraisal, and appraisers of old writings appeared to authenticate them.
Japanese: そして鑑定を依頼するようになり、古筆の真贋を鑑定する古筆鑑定家が生まれた。
English: Many people, such as Yuko OMURA, Josho HORIN, and Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU, were engaged in appraisal, and Ryosa KOHITSU became a professional appraiser of old writings.
Japanese: 大村由己、鳳林承章、烏丸光広など多く人が鑑定に携わっていたが、古筆了佐はこの古筆の鑑定を生業とした。
English: When he was young, he left for Kyoto with his father, Sokyu HIRASAWA, and they became disciples of Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU to learn 31-syllable Japanese poems.
Japanese: 若い頃、父、平沢宗休（そうきゅう）と京都に出て、父とともに烏丸光広に入門し和歌を学んだ。
English: Mitsuhiro was excellent at 31-syllable Japanese poems and calligraphy, especially skilled at appraisal of old writings and collected them by himself.
Japanese: 光広は和歌にも書道にも秀で、特に古筆の鑑識に長けており、自ら古筆の蒐集もしていた。
English: He was advised by Mitsuhiro to devote himself to appraisal of old writings, he made a decision to do so, and he got an order to change his family name to KOHITSU from Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: そして、光広から古筆の鑑定を専業にしてはどうかと勧められ、これをきっかけに話がまとまり、豊臣秀次より古筆の姓を名乗る命を受けた。
English: He was given a pure-gold appraisal stamp, named 'Kinzan', which was ordered by Hidetsugu himself, because authority was required for appraisal.
Japanese: 鑑定は権威が必要と、秀次自らが発注した「琴山」という純金の鑑定印を与えられた。
English: Yashiro had already retired into religion and had a priest's name of Ryosa, but he changed his family name to KOHITSU to establish a KOHITSU family, called himself Ryosa KOHITSU, and became a leading appraiser of old writings.
Japanese: 弥四郎はすでに出家していて了佐の法名を名乗っており、改姓して古筆家をたて、古筆了佐と称して古筆鑑定の第一人者となったのである。
English: The KOHITSU family transmitted the secrets of the art of appraisal of old writings from father to only one child until Ryoshin of the 13th generation and were engaged in the appraisal until the Pacific War.
Japanese: 古筆家は安土桃山時代以降、連綿と一子相伝し、第13代了信に至り、太平洋戦争の頃まで古筆の鑑定に携わっていた。
English: The second son of Ryosa, Kanbe, went to Edo, and a son of Kanbe, Morimura, succeeded to the professional name of Kanbe and called himself Ryonin KOHITSU.
Japanese: 了佐の次男、勘兵衛は江戸に出て、勘兵衛の子、守村（もりむら）が同じ勘兵衛を襲名し、古筆了任を名乗った。
English: Ryonin set up a new branch of the KOHITSU family independently of the original house in Kyoto, served the shogunate and devoted himself to appraisal.
Japanese: この了任が京都の本家とは別に古筆別家をたて、幕府に仕え、鑑定の仕事に専念した。
English: He came under the umbrella of a commissioner of shrines and temples in the shogunate organization and was given an official title of Kohitumi.
Japanese: 幕府の組織の中では寺社奉行の傘下に置かれ、古筆見（こひつみ）という職名を与えられた。
English: It is not known exactly when the relationship between Mitsuhiro KARASUMARU and Ryosa began, but it is clear from "Otekagami (a collection of calligraphy, imperial correspondence, and other works dating from the Heian through the Muromachi periods)", "kohitsumeiyo shu (collection of pieces of old writings)" and "Meikanshu (collection of Meikan)" that Ryosa learned the art of appraisal of old writings from Mitsuhiro.
Japanese: 烏丸光広と了佐の交友がいつから始まったのか定かでないが、了佐が光広に古筆鑑定の方法を学んだことは、『御手鑑』、『古筆名葉集』、『明翰集』などから知られる。
English: The disciple Ryosa was seven years older than Mitsuhiro, and Ryosa was 67 when Mitsuhiro died at the age of 60 in 1638.
Japanese: 弟子の了佐が7歳年上であり、光広が寛永15年（1638年）60歳で没した時、了佐は67歳であった。
English: The relationship between Ryosa and the KARASUMARU family continued long after that, until the generation of the son of Mitsutaka, Sukeyoshi KARASUMARU.
Japanese: 了佐と烏丸家との交友はその後も長く続き、光広の子、烏丸光賢（みつたか）、さらに光賢の子の烏丸資慶の代に亘った。
English: Sukeyoshi was familiar with 31-syllable Japanese poems and skillful at calligraphy, and the works of old masters of calligraphy were printed on the folded book handed down from generation to generation in the KARASUMARU family.
Japanese: 資慶は家業の和歌に精通し、書も巧みで、烏丸家伝来の手鑑帖には模写した古筆類が貼られている。
English: A 31-syllable Japanese poem which Sukeyoshi sent to Ryosa together with a priest's robe for the celebration of his ninetieth birthday in 1661 still remains.
Japanese: 寛文元年（1661年）、資慶が法服に添えて了佐九十の賀に贈った和歌懐紙が現存する。
English: In addition, there are some letters from Mitsuhiro to Ryosa and some notes written by Ryosa, which were given to Shigemi KOMATSU by a direct descendent of Ryosa KOHITSU in the KOHITSU family.
Japanese: その他、光広が了佐に宛てた手紙、了佐筆書状などが現存するが、これらは古筆了佐直系の古筆家の末裔が小松茂美に提供したものである。
English: The appraisers of old writings conjectured the unknown authors of pieces of excellent classical calligraphy, named them, and put a small tag called a Kiwame fuda (certificate of authenticity) on each of them.
Japanese: 古筆鑑定家は、筆者不詳の古筆切に、その伝称筆者を宛て、古筆の名称を付け、それを極札（きわめふだ）という小さな札に記した。
English: Then he put an appraisal mark on the tag, stuck it to the right side of the piece of excellent classical calligraphy, and pasted pieces of excellent calligraphy in a given order to make an album of exemplary calligraphy.
Japanese: そしてその極札に鑑定印を押し、古筆切の横に貼り、一定の配列のもとに古筆切を貼って手鑑の様式にした。
English: The appraisal stamp 'Kinzan' given from Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI was made of pure gold, but Shigemi KOMATSU saw only wooden stamps in the house of a descendent of the KOHITSU family.
Japanese: 豊臣秀次よりの「琴山」の鑑定印は純金であったが、小松茂美が古筆別家の末裔の古筆家で目にしたものは木製であった。
English: But 'Kinzan' was engraved in the face of each seal and all of them were smeared with ink, therefore, he thought that they were used to issue Kiwame fudas.
Japanese: しかし印面はまさしく「琴山」で、どの印もどの印も印面が墨で汚れており、極札の発行に所用されたものであることがわかったという。
English: The book titled "Kohitsugire meyasu" which was said to be written by an disciple of Ryosa, Ryoin FUJIMOTO (Kizan KASAHARA), is valuable because it described a method of appraisal of old writings.
Japanese: 了佐の弟子、藤本了因（笠原箕山）が著したとされる『古筆切目安』という本は、古筆鑑定に1つの方法論を述べた点で価値が高い。
English: This name was given because the 17 lines at the opening part of the ninth scroll attributed to KI no Tsurayuki were originally descended to Koyasan.
Japanese: 伝紀貫之筆巻9の巻首の断簡17行がもと高野山に伝来したことからこの名がある。
English: The old writings that remain now have the names of possible authors assigned by appraisers of old writings at a later time.
Japanese: 今日まで残されている古筆には、後年、古筆鑑定家によってつけられた伝称筆者名が冠せられている。
English: For example, the possible author of "Koyagire (Fragment from Kokin Waka Shu Poetry Anthology), Second Class" was believed to be KI no Tsuyayuki, but it has become clear that it was written by MINAMOTO no Kaneyuki.
Japanese: 例えば、『高野切第二種』の伝称筆者は紀貫之であるが、源兼行の筆跡であることが判明している。
English: This is partly because the art of appraisal of old writings was not scientific, but also because some authors hid the fact that they wrote them.
Japanese: これは古筆鑑定家の鑑定があまり科学的でなかったこともあるが、古筆の筆者が自身の筆跡であることを隠蔽していたことにそもそもの原因がある。
English: KI no Tsurayuki wrote "Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary)" in the guise of a woman because men kept diaries in the Chinese language in the middle of the Heian period and he had to pretend to be a woman to write a diary in kana.
Japanese: 『土佐日記』で紀貫之が自身を女性に仕立てているが、平安時代中期、男子は漢文で日記をつけるのを常としたため、紀貫之が、かな芸術に挑むためには、自らを女性に仮装せざるを得なかったのであろう。
English: Kana was called Onnade and regarded as characters for women, and Kanji was called Otokode.
Japanese: そして、かなを女手（おんなで）と呼んで女性用の文字とし、漢字は男手（おのこで）と呼ばれた。
English: The reason why the authors of most existing pieces of excellent classical calligraphy are unknown may be related with the attitude of Tsurayuki.
Japanese: 伝存する古筆切のほとんどが、真の筆者名を明らかにしないのは、貫之の見せた姿勢と無関係ではあるまい。
English: "Koyagire (Fragment from Kokin Waka Shu Poetry Anthology)", "Honnoji-Gire (Fragment from Kokin Waka Shu Poetry Anthology, A section of Honnoji-Gire)", "Sanshikishi sunshouan shikisi (Segments from the Poetry-Anthology Kokin Wakashu)", "Ishiyamagire (Fragment of Tsurayukishu no ge (Ki no Tsurayuki 's Anthology) or Ise shu (The Diary of Lady Ise)", "Kameyamagire (Segments from the Poetry-Anthology Kokin Wakashu)", "Okaderagire (Fragment of the Okadera Edition)", etc.
Japanese: 『高野切』、『本能寺切』、『三色紙寸松庵色紙』、『石山切』、『亀山切』、『岡寺切』など