nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Joining the team of Tadasuke, who was a jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), he investigated the old documents of territory formerly owned by the Tokugawa family—such as Kai Province (Yamanashi Prefecture), Shinano Province (Nagano Prefecture), Mikawa Province, etc.—collected written materials that had been in the family's possession, and researched a book on the family's genealogy.
Japanese: 寺社奉行となっていた忠相の配下に加わり、甲斐国(山梨県)・信濃国(長野県)・三河国など徳川家旧領の古文書を調査し、家蔵文書を収集して由緒書を研究。
English: Konyo classified the collected documents, transcribed them and brought them together as "Shoshu Komonjo" (ancient writings about provinces).
Japanese: 昆陽は収集した文書を分類して書写し、『諸州古文書』としてまとめられた。
English: He passed through the Hiban of Momiji-yama Mountain, became a Hyojosho (conference chamber) Confucian, studied Dutch hard, and among his apprentices was Ryotaku MAENO, who was known by "Kaitai Shinsho" (the historic Japanese translation of a Dutch anatomical text).
Japanese: 紅葉山火番を経て評定所儒者となりオランダ語の習得に努め、弟子には『解体新書』で知られる前野良沢がいる。
English: Though he was appointed shomotsu bugyo (archive commissioner) in 1767, he died of grippe in 1769 at the age of 72.
Japanese: 明和4年（1767年）書物奉行を命ぜられたが、明和6年（1769年）流行性感冒により死去、享年72。
English: Though there is a theory that doubts whether the sweet potatoes made by Konyo for trial purposes led directly to the spread in Kanto, as pointed out by Nobuhiro SATO (refer to the "Konyo and Nobuhiro SATO" mentioned later), it is a fact that Konyo had gotten fame because of the sweet potatoes in the same period, and was called 'Sweet Potato Teacher' by future generations.
Japanese: 昆陽の薩摩芋試作が関東における普及に直接繋がったかは、佐藤信淵の指摘（後述「昆陽と佐藤信淵」を参照）に見られるように疑問視する説もあるが、昆陽が同時代に薩摩芋によって名声を得ていたことは事実であり、後世"甘藷先生"と称され、墓所の瀧泉寺（目黒不動）には「甘藷先生之墓」がある。
English: Moreover, in Makuhari where the sweet potatoes were made for trial purposes, Konyo Shrine was built, and Konyo was enshrined as the God of potatoes.
Japanese: また、甘藷の試作が行われた幕張では昆陽神社が建てられ、昆陽は芋神さまとしても祀られている。
English: Among his written books were "Idea of Sweet Potato", "Japanese Dutch Translation", "A Brief Introduction to Japanese Dutch Words", "Outline of Economics", "Records of Konyo", "Essays of Straw House", etc.
Japanese: 著書に『蕃薯考』、『和蘭文訳』、『和蘭文字略考』、『経済纂要』、『昆陽漫録』、『草盧雑談』など。
English: It is generally assumed that, after the making of the sweet potato for trial purposes by Konyo AOKI, the sweet potato cultivation spread to Kanto region.
Japanese: 一般的には、青木昆陽の薩摩芋試作の後、関東地方に薩摩芋栽培が広まったとされている。
English: However, concerning this aspect, as pointed out by Nobuhiro SATO and others described later, the following doubts existed.
Japanese: しかし、この点については、後述の佐藤信淵の指摘をはじめ、以下のような疑問がある。
English: According to the record of Enao Kato, when Konyo made a business trip to Makuhari Fudodo, he only worked 7 days out of the annual 117 working days, he mainly went to the workshop in the recuperation house and did not really go to the actual locale farm.
Japanese: 加藤枝直の記録によれば、昆陽が幕張・不動堂に出張したのは年間勤務数117日のうち、わずか7日であり、実際は養生所の作場への出勤が主で、ほとんど現地に出向いていない。
English: Afterward, Konyo left the duty of the sweet potato cultivation spread, and was involved in the old document collection and research on Dutch language.
Japanese: 昆陽はこれ以後、薩摩芋栽培普及の職務からは離れ、古文書収集・蘭語研究に携わっていること。
English: It is thought that there was a person called Ryouemon HIRANO, an iron worker from Nagasaki who was involved in the sweet potato cultivation with Konyo, and it was HIRANO who did the actual cultivation.
Japanese: 長崎の鉄工・平野良右衛門という昆陽とともに薩摩芋栽培に携わった人物がおり、実際の栽培は平野がおこなったと考えられる。
English: Before Konyo made the trial pieces, under Tadamichi INA (1712 to 1750) of Kanto gundai (a magistrate of Kanto region), the cultivation of sweet potatoes was tried.
Japanese: 昆陽の試作以前に、関東郡代伊奈忠逵（1712年-1750年）のもとで、甘藷栽培が試みられていた。
English: There is a document saying that before Kyoho period, the cultivation method of sweet potatoes was also brought to Kanto by way of Shimousa Province Choshi City.
Japanese: 享保期以前に下総国銚子市経由で薩摩芋の栽培法が、関東にもたらされていたという文献がある。
English: Anyway, because Konyo's trial pieces were the real trial prototype that the shogunate (magistrate of the town) had done, 'Idea of Sweet Potatoes' was published, the spread of cultivation was intended, the shogunate came to regard the sweet potato as an emergency crop after this experimental trial, and this experimental trial led to an epoch-making event for the spread of the sweet potato to Kanto, thus Konyo's status was firmed.
Japanese: いずれにしても、昆陽の試作が、幕府（町奉行）が行った本格的な試作であったこと、「蕃薯考」が出版され、栽培の普及を意図したこと、この試作以降、薩摩芋を幕府が救荒作物として考えるようになったことなどから、この試作が、薩摩芋の関東への普及にとって画期的な事件であったと位置づけられている。
English: Nobuhiro SATO criticized that Konyo's sweet potato cultivation method was a 'Careless method' in his book "Six-step method in cultivating plants"and introduced high temperature and humidity seedlings as a harvest method at early time, in contrast to Konyo's method of planting the seed tuber directly on ground.
Japanese: 佐藤信淵はその著書『草木六部耕種法』の中で、昆陽の薩摩芋栽培法を「疎放なる作法」と批判し、昆陽の種芋を直接地面に植える方法に対して、高温多湿な苗代を作り早い時期に収穫する方法を紹介している。
English: This cultivation method, which was the method of practice until recently in various parts of Kanto, was recorded in many of the farm books in the Kanto region during the late recent period.
Japanese: この方法は、最近まで関東各地で行われていた方法で、近世後期の関東地方の農書の多くがこの栽培方法を記している。
English: Moreover, in "Theory of sweet potato," the story of a sweet potato ronin in the next village Takeishi-son Village of Makuhari (present Hanamigawa-ku Ward, Chiba City) was mentioned as the person who spread the cultivation method of sweet potatos.
Japanese: また、『甘藷説』の中では、薩摩芋の栽培法を伝えた人物として、幕張の隣村武石村（現千葉市花見川区）の薩摩浪人の話を伝えている。
English: However, it is thought that, the spread of sweet potato cultivation to the Kanto region was after Konyo's trial prototype and a lot of trial and error by a lot of nameless sweet potato teachers.
Japanese: しかし、関東地方に薩摩芋栽培が普及する陰には、昆陽の試作以降、多くの試行錯誤が行われ、多くの名もなき甘藷先生がいたと考えられる。
English: Yoshitoshi TSUKIOKA (April 30, 1839 - June 9, 1892) was an ukiyoe artist from the end of the Edo period to the first half of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 月岡芳年（つきおかよしとし、天保10年3月17日(旧暦)（1839年4月30日）-明治25年（1892年）6月9日）は幕末から明治前期にかけての浮世絵師。
English: While he was nicknamed 'insane artist' and 'bloody Yoshitoshi', he established his unique style for each of the above-mentioned subjects.
Japanese: 「狂画家」「血まみれ芳年」などと呼ばれていたが、各分野で独特の画風がある。
English: Since he was successful unlike the other ukiyoe artists on the wane in those days, he is sometimes labeled as 'the last ukiyoe artist.'
Japanese: また当時、没落していく浮世絵師の中で成功したこともあり「最後の浮世絵師」と評価されることもある。
English: In 1839, he was born as the second son of Hyobu YOSHIOKA, a merchant in Minamiosaka-cho, Shinbashi, Edo (according to another opinion, Okubo, Toshima-gun, Bushu).
Japanese: 天保10年（1839年）、江戸新橋南大阪町（武州豊島郡大久保の説有り）の商家である吉岡兵部の次男、米次郎として生まれる。
English: Later, he was adopted into the Tsukioka family, an artist in Kyoto (some say that he made this up, while others say that he was adopted by his father's cousin Shikisaburo KYOYA, an apothecary, and studied under Shogetsu, an artist in the Shijo school, at first, but he thought his teacher's art would not be popular and promising so that he became a pupil of Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA).
Japanese: のちに、京都の画家の家である月岡家の養子となる（自称の説有り、他に父のいとこ薬種京屋織三郎の養子となったのち、初めに松月という四條派の絵師についていたが、これでは売れないと見限り歌川国芳に入門したという話もある）。
English: In 1850, he became a pupil of Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA at the age of twelve.
Japanese: 嘉永3年（1850年）、十二歳で歌川国芳に入門（1849年説あり）。
English: In 1853, he began his carrier by illustrating the book "Ehon jitsugo kyodoji kyoyoshi" under the name Yoshitoshi YOSHIOKA.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）、十五歳のときに『画本実語教童子教余師』に吉岡芳年の名で最初の挿絵を書く。
English: In the same year, he produced his first design for the woodblock print 'Bunji gannen Heike ichimon kaichu rakunyuzu' under the pseudonym Yoshitoshi IKKAISAI.
Japanese: 同年錦絵初作品「文治元年平家一門海中落入図」を一魁斎芳年の号でを発表。
English: From January to July in 1867, he collaborated with Yoshiiku OCHIAI, his fellow pupil, on the production of "Eimei nijuhachi shuku."
Japanese: 慶応2年（1866年）12月から慶応3年（1867年）6月にかけて、兄弟子の落合芳幾と競作で『英名二十八衆句』を表す。
English: The work was a series of 28 cruel scenes from kabuki theater, and he drew 14, half of the series.
Japanese: これは歌舞伎の残酷シーンを集めたもので、芳年は28枚のうち半分の14枚を描く。
English: For that work, Yoshitoshi went to the battlefield to see the battle between the shogitai army and the Imperial army with his disciple Toshikage.
Japanese: これは彰義隊と官軍の実際の戦いを弟子の年景とともに取材した作品である。
English: Until the next year 1869, he produced other works including "Azuma no nishiki ukiyo kodan."
Japanese: 続いて明治2年（1869年）頃までに『東錦浮世稿談』などを発表する。
English: From around 1870, he suffered a mental breakdown and produced far fewer works.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）ごろから神経衰弱に陥り、極めて作品数が少なくなる。
English: In 1872, the series "Ikkai zuihitsu", which he thought was good, was not favorably accepted, and he was shocked and suffered a serious mental breakdown.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）、自信作であった『一魁随筆』のシリーズがかんばしくなく、ショックを受け、そして強度の精神衰弱に陥る。
English: In 1874, he designed for the woodblock prints "Sakurada mongai ni okeru Ii tairo shugeki" consisting of six continuous views.
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）、6枚つながりの錦絵『桜田門外於井伊大老襲撃』を発表。
English: In 1877, the Seinan War broke out and a large number of woodblock prints illustrating the war started to be made.
Japanese: 明治10年（1877年）に西南戦争が勃発し西南戦争の錦絵が盛んになる。
English: In 1878, he depicted the emperor's waiting women for "Bita shichi yosei", which caused trouble.
Japanese: 明治11年（1878年）には天皇の侍女を描いた『美立七曜星』が問題になる。
English: In 1879, he moved to Miyanaga-machi and met Tai SAKAMAKI, a daughter of his maid Mrs. Sakamaki.
Japanese: 明治12年（1879年）、宮永町に移転し、手伝いに来ていた坂巻婦人の娘、坂巻泰と出会う。
English: In 1882, he was employed by the Eiri Jiyu Shinbun newspaper at a large salary of a hundred yen, but in 1884, he drew for another newspaper Jiyu no tomoshibi, which made trouble with the Eiri Jiyu Shinbun.
Japanese: 明治15年（1882年）、絵入自由新聞に月給百円の高給で入社するが、明治17年（1884年）に自由灯に挿絵を描いたことで絵入自由新聞と問題になる。
English: In 1883, he had an affair with Maboroshi dayu depicted in 'Nezu hanayashiki Omatsu-ro' but broke up with her, and in 1884, formally married Tai SAKAMAKI..
Japanese: 明治16年（1883年）、「根津花やしき大松楼」に描かれている幻太夫との関係も生じるが別れ、明治17年（1884年）坂巻泰と正式に結婚する。
English: In 1885, he was the top in the popularity ranking of artists in 'Tokyo ryuko saikenki' for his works including his best known 'Oshu adachigahara hitotsuya no zu.'
Japanese: 明治18年（1885年）、代表作「奥州安達が原ひとつ家の図」などによって、「東京流行細見記」（絵師の人気番付）で一番になる。
English: Subsequently, he produced a series of woodblock prints including "Dainippon meisho kagami" "Dainihonshi ryaku zue""Shinryu nijuyoji" "Fuzoku sanjuniso" "Tsuki hyakushi" and "Shinsen azuma nishiki-e", for which he made designs growing out of ukiyoe; he might have had a sense of crisis as an ukiyoe artist in that and started being also active as a proper artist.
Japanese: その後、『大日本名将鑑』『大日本史略図会』『新柳二十四時』『風俗三十二相』『月百姿』『新撰東錦絵』などを出し、浮世絵色の脱した作品を作るが、それに危機を覚えてか、本画家としても活躍しだす。
English: From around 1891, just before the completion of "Shinkei Sanjurokkaisen", his health was being ruined by alcohol so that he suffered a nervous breakdown again, had his eyesight fail, and developed beriberi.
Japanese: 明治24年（1891年）『新形三十六怪撰』の完成間近の頃から体が酒のために蝕まれていき、再度神経を病み目を悪くし、脚気も患う。
English: In 1892, although he managed to draw sign boards of the Shintomi-za theater with Toshihide as his assistant, his health was deteriorated and was admitted to Sugamo hospital.
Japanese: 明治25年（1892年）、新富座の絵看板を年英を助手にして製作するものの、病状が悪化し、巣鴨病院に入院。
English: He tried to draw in the hospital, from which he transferred to a hospital in Matsukawa, but on May 2, he was discharged from the hospital as his doctor gave up on him.
Japanese: 病床でも絵筆を取った芳年は松川の病院に転じるが、5月21日に医師に見放され退院。
English: Yamato Shinbun newspaper reported in the article on June 10, however, that he began to recover from the mental breakdown he had suffered from the end of the year before, but while he was under the medical treatment of the mental breakdown at home, he suffered from another illness.
Japanese: しかし、やまと新聞では6月10日の記事に「昨年来の精神病の気味は快方に向かい、自宅で加療中、他の病気に襲われた」とある。
English: In 1898, people led by Tenshin OKAKURA erected a monument to him in Mukojima-Hyakkaen.
Japanese: 明治31年（1898年）には岡倉天心を中心とする人々によって向島百花園内に記念碑が建てられた。
English: Although Yoshitoshi is associated with atrocity prints because his prints were favored by those including Ranpo EDOGAWA and Yukio MISHIMA, his art covered a wide range of historical paintings, beautiful women paintings, genre paintings of manners and customs, and paintings of classical subjects.
Japanese: 江戸川乱歩・三島由紀夫などの偏愛のために「芳年といえば無惨絵」と思われがちだが、その画業は幅広く、歴史絵・美人画・風俗画・古典画に渡る。
English: He also drew a lot of original paintings strongly influenced by the Shijo school, which might have been because he first studied in that school (according to a story by himself).
Japanese: もともと四條派の画家に弟子入りしたためか（本人談）四條派の影響を強く受けた肉筆画も手がけている。
English: He studied various painting styles since he thought that it was insufficient to study only the ukiyoe painting.
Japanese: 彼自身、浮世絵だけを学ぶことをよしとしなかったため、様々な画風を学んでいる。
English: Yoshitoshi's paintings feature in gorgeous color selection and unrestricted techniques he got from his master Kuniyoshi.
Japanese: 芳年の絵には師の国芳から受け継いだ華麗な色遣い、自在な技法が見える。
English: His painting techniques of showing a moving subject like in a stop motion, are still used in modern manga and gekiga; therefore, some people say that he is a pioneer of the modern gekiga.
Japanese: 動きの瞬間をストップモーションのように止めて見せる技法は、現代の漫画や劇画に通じるものがあり、劇画の先駆者との評もある。
English: Subjects of his pictures, especially the one in 'Rochishin ransui dakai godai kongoshin no zu', are so well-proportioned that they look like the western sculptures, unlike the Oriental people.
Japanese: 特に「魯智深爛酔打壊五台金剛神之図」の作品のような均整の取れた東洋人離れした肉体は西洋の彫刻のようである。
English: YAMATO Takeru no Mikoto in "Dainihonshi ryaku zue" and 'FUJIWARA no Yasumasa gekka byobuzu' produced in 1883 are well-known.
Japanese: 『大日本史略図会』中の日本武尊、明治16年の「藤原保昌月下弄笛図」など。
English: It might have been because the paintings were drawn in the Meiji period that the historical figures in his paintings show self-consciousness instead of being stereotyped.
Japanese: 明治という時代のせいか、彼の描く歴史上の人物は型どおりに納まらず、近代の自意識を感じさせる。
English: He also drew beautiful women paintings and genre paintings of manners and customs; fresh young women in "Fuzoku sanjuniso" are famous.
Japanese: 美人画・風俗画も手がけており、『風俗三十二相』でみずみずしい女性達を描いた。
English: In his early period work "Eimei nijuhachi shuku" (collaboration with Yoshiiku OCHIAI,) he elaborated coloring materials by mixing glue into the paints to make the blood of the figure gleam.
Japanese: 初期の作品『英名二十八衆句』（落合芳幾との共同作品）では血の表現に、染料に膠を混ぜて光らすなどの工夫をしている。
English: He produced this work when he was impressed by Kuniyoshi UTAGAWA's 'Saetatenouchi kitaeno wazamono."
Japanese: この作品は歌川国芳の「鏗鏘手練鍛の名刃（さえたてのうちきたえのわざもの）」に触発されて作られた。
English: Yoshitoshi placed great importance on sketching so that he took his disciples to sketch heads just severed during the upheavals at the end of Edo period and corpses in battlefields of the Boshin War in 1868.
Japanese: 芳年は写生を大切にしており、幕末の動乱期には斬首された生首を、慶応4年の戊辰戦争では戦場の屍を弟子を連れて写生している。
English: Exceptionally, Yoshitoshi drew 'Oshu adachigahara hitotsuya no zu', one of his masterpieces, in 1885 using only his imagination.
Japanese: しかし、明治18年に描かれた彼の代表作に「奥州安達が原ひとつ家の図」は芳年の想像力を駆使して描かれたものである。
English: Seiu ITO, who is famous for his torture paintings (especially paintings of women bound), duplicated the scene by really suspending upside down his pregnant wife, who volunteered herself, to photograph the scene to verify whether Yoshitoshi really suspended a pregnant woman upside down or not.
Japanese: 責め絵（主に女性を縛った絵）で有名な伊藤晴雨がこの絵を見、芳年が本当に妊婦を吊るしたか気になり、妻の勧めで妊娠中の彼女を吊るして実験し、それを写真に収めた。
English: Since the photograph was different from the Yoshitoshi's paintings, it was confirmed that Yoshitoshi did not sketch the scene.
Japanese: その結果おかしな点があったため、芳年は写生はしていないということが判明した。
English: When Seiu ITO told that to Yoshitoshi's disciple later, the disciple said that his master would be pleased to see the photograph.
Japanese: その後、芳年の弟子にこのことを話すと、弟子は師匠がその写真を見たら大変喜ぶだろうと答えたという。
English: Partly because he might have had an attachment to the moon due to the letter in his name, he drew the moon in most of his paintings including "Tsuki hyakushi," a series of one hundred paintings of moon.
Japanese: 月に対しては名前のせいもあって思い入れがあるようで、月の出てくる作品が多く、『月百姿』という百枚にもおよぶ連作も手がけている。
English: Yoshitoshi also drew ghosts including "Yurei no zu" and "Shukuba joro zu," and it is said that Yoshitoshi saw a ghost of a prostitute.
Japanese: 幽霊画も『幽霊之図』、『宿場女郎図』などを描いており、芳年自身が女郎の幽霊を見たといわれている。
English: Allowing for the age of European painting, he made his several disciples study under western-style painters.
Japanese: これからは洋画の時代だと見越し、何人もの弟子を洋画家に弟子入りさせている。
English: It is said that he was so sentimental and sympathetic that he was moved to tears by stories about human nature told by Encho SANYUTEI.
Japanese: 涙もろい人情家でもあり、三遊亭円朝の人情話を聞いてすすり泣いたという話もある。
English: As a child, Kiyokata KABURAKI got an impression of Yoshitoshi that he was a goggle eyed but not fierce-looking man.
Japanese: 目は大きいが怖くない人だと、当時子供であった鏑木清方には思われていた。
English: There is an story that says that when Yoshitoshi was binding up his disciple as a model for his painting, an acquaintance of Yoshitoshi was startled at the sight and asked Yoshitoshi to forgive the disciple, and then, Yoshitoshi was humorous enough to answer the acquaintance with a joke 'I'm punishing my bad disciple by binding him up.'
Japanese: 絵のモデルとして弟子を縛り付けているのを見た知人が驚いて、助けてやってくれと頼むと、「こいつは悪いことをしたので縛り付けている」と悪乗りをして言い返すという逸話があり、ユーモラスな人でもあったようだ。
English: Generally, people think that he was a sick man because of his nervous breakdown.
Japanese: 一般的には神経衰弱にかかっていたため病んでいるようなイメージがある。
English: Yoshitoshi had disciples including Toshikata MIZUNO, Toshitsune INANO, Toshihide MIGITA, Toshitada YAMADA, and Yoshimune ARAI, and Toshikata MIZUNO had a lot of disciples including Kiyokata KABURAKI and Terukata IKEDA.
Japanese: 芳年の門人には水野年方、稲野年恒、右田年英、山田年忠、新井芳宗などがおり、水野年方の門人に鏑木清方、池田輝方などその他多数いる。
English: Writers including Ryunosuke AKUTAGAWA, Junichiro TANIZAKI, Yukio MISHIMA, and Ranpo EDOGAWA favored Yositoshi's paintings.
Japanese: また芥川龍之介、谷崎潤一郎、三島由紀夫、江戸川乱歩などの文士たちに愛された。
English: Manryu (July 1894 - December 1973) was a geisha who enjoyed significant popularity at that time and was touted as 'the most beautiful woman in Japan' at the end of the Meiji period.
Japanese: 萬龍（まんりゅう、1894年7月-1973年12月）は明治末に「日本一の美人」と謳われ、当時人気を博した芸妓。
English: A top-grade geisha at that time was an object of admiration for many men and it is considered to be equivalent to a TV star or an idol.
Japanese: 当時の一流芸妓は多くの男性の憧れの対象であり、現在のタレント、アイドルに相当するであろう。
English: During the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), postcards with a portrait of geisha were made to comfort soldiers leaving for the front, and these postcards had become so popular even after the war that they were printed in quantity like a star's picture.
Japanese: 日露戦争（1904-05年）の際、出征兵士のために慰問用絵葉書が作成された。
English: These postcards became popular even after the war and were printed in quantity like a star's picture.
Japanese: これをきっかけに、戦争後も芸妓の絵葉書が流行し、ブロマイドのように多数作成されていた。
English: Manryu gained in popularity as a beautiful model for postcards and was ranked top among geishas by a popularity vote conducted by 'Bungeikurabu' (a literary magazine in the Meiji period) in 1909.
Japanese: 萬龍は絵葉書美人として人気を博し、1909年（明治42年）「文芸倶楽部」誌で行われた芸妓の人気投票では第一位になった。
English: Because of her high popularity, 'The story of Manryu' was serialized in a newspaper, and she appeared on a poster of a famous department store named Mitsukoshi while her name was used in a popular song.
Japanese: 新聞に「萬龍物語」が連載され、三越のポスターにも登場し、その名は流行歌にも歌われたほどである。
English: Although her romance and marriage with Yoichiro TSUNEKAWA, who graduated from Tokyo Imperial University with a bachelor's degree in law, astonished the world, Tsunekawa died of an illness a few years later and she was remarried to an architect Shinichiro OKADA.
Japanese: 東大卒の法学士、恒川陽一郎との恋愛・結婚では世間をあっと言わせたが、恒川は数年後に病死し、建築家の岡田信一郎と再婚。
English: Her episodes with Tsunekawa (a friend of Junichiro TANIZAKI) such as their encounter are introduced in "Seishun Monogatari" (The Tale of Youth) written by Tanizaki.
Japanese: 谷崎潤一郎の『青春物語』には、恒川（谷崎の友人）と萬龍の出会いなどエピソードが綴られている。
English: (Her name Manryu is written as 万竜, 万龍 or 萬竜 depending on the literature, but 萬龍 should be appropriate.)
Japanese: （文献によっては万竜、万龍、萬竜と表記されているが、萬龍が妥当であろう）
English: Togama KONO (November 29, 1844 – April 20, 1895) was a Japanese politician in the early Meiji Period.
Japanese: 河野敏鎌（こうのとがま、1844年11月29日（天保15年10月20日(旧暦)）-1895年4月20日）は明治時代前期の日本の政治家。
English: In November, 1844, he was born in the town of Kochi-jo Castle in Tosa Province, as the eldest son of Michiyoshi KONO, who was a vassal of the Yamanouchi family.
Japanese: 天保15年（1844年）10月、土佐国高知城下に山内家家臣河野通好の長男として生まれる。
English: In 1862, he took part in Gojuningumi (a group to guard Toyoshige YAMAUCHI) and worked for the affairs of the state between Kyoto and Edo.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、五十人組に参加し、京都と江戸の間を往来し、国事に奔走した。
English: Since then, he was said to have spent 6 years in prison, endured harsh tortures and protected his comrades.
Japanese: 以後、6年間の長きに渡り獄中生活を送り、厳しい拷問にも耐え、同志を守り通したと伝えられる。
English: In Saga War in 1874, he followed Toshimichi OKUBO, and went to Kyushu to suppress the war.
Japanese: 明治7年（1874年）、佐賀の乱では大久保利通に従い、鎮定のため九州に赴いた。
English: In the trial, he did tough interrogation to his former boss, Shinpei ETO, and brought him to the death penalty without giving enough chance for him to defense himself.
Japanese: 裁判ではかつての上司であった江藤新平に対し、峻厳極まりない取り調べを行い、答弁の機会も十分に与えないまま、死刑にした。
English: In 1875, he became a councilor of the Genroin (the Chamber of Elders), and in 1878, he became a deputy chairman of Genroin.
Japanese: 明治8年（1875年）、元老院議官、明治11年（1878年）に元老院副議長となる。
English: In 1881, he assumed the position as the first Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, as the establishment of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce.
Japanese: 明治14年（1881年）、農商務省(日本)設立に伴い初代農商務卿に就任。
English: But due to so-called 'Meiji juyonen no seihen' (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881) in October, he went into opposition, with Shigenobu OKUMA and so on.
Japanese: しかし、10月のいわゆる「明治十四年の政変」によって、大隈重信らと下野した。
English: By the influence of the dissolution of the Liberal Party, he insisted to dissolve the Constitutional Progressive Party, but he met with the opposition and he left the party with OKUMA.
Japanese: 自由党(日本)の解党の影響を受け、改進党解党を主張するが、反対にあい、大隈と脱党する。
English: In 1891, he served as Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Justice, and Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the First Masayoshi MATSUKATA Cabinet, and Minister of Education in the Second Hirobumi ITO Cabinet.
Japanese: 明治24年（1891年）、第一次松方正義内閣で内務大臣(日本)、司法大臣、農商務大臣を、第二次伊藤博文内閣で文部大臣をそれぞれ歴任した。
English: In 1893, he was given the title of viscount for his distinguished services and was raised to nobleman.
Japanese: 明治26年（1893年）、功労をもって子爵を授けられて華族に列せられる。
English: In his childhood, he and Naomasa HORI, his male cousin were brought up by his uncle who was a Buddhist priest of Ikkoshu sect.
Japanese: 幼い頃は一向宗の坊主であった伯父の元で従兄弟の堀直政と共に育てられたという。
English: At first he served Nagaharu OTSU and Hideyoshi KINOSHITA, and when he was still 13 year old, he was promoted to a page, close adviser of Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 最初、大津長治、木下秀吉に仕え、13歳の若さで織田信長の小姓、側近として取り立てられた。
English: At the age of 16, he served as a Fushin bugyo (shogunate administrator of activities by a community, such as cleaning or fixing stone wall) of Honkoku-ji Temple which was a temporary accommodation for Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA at that time, then he experienced a variety of bugyoshoku (magistrate) positions and became one of promising close advisers.
Japanese: 十六歳で、将軍足利義昭の仮住まいの本圀寺の普請奉行を担うなど、各種の奉行職を務め、側近としての地位を確立する。
English: Other than Hidemasa, there were close advisers of Nobunaga including Nagayori SUGAYA, Hidekatsu FUKUTOMI, Nagamasa OTSU, Iesada YABE, Hidekazu HASEGAWA and Sigemoto MANMI.
Japanese: 信長の側近には秀政のほかに、菅屋長頼、福富秀勝、大津長昌、矢部家定、長谷川秀一、万見重元らがいる。
English: In 1575, he went to a battle to put down an uprising of Ikkoshu sect followers in Echizen Province which was one of main battles of the Oda army.
Japanese: 織田軍の主要な合戦である天正3年（1575年）の越前国一向一揆討伐に参加。
English: During attacking on the Saiga-shu (the gun troop) in Kii Province in 1577, he led a troop with Nobumori SAKUMA and Hideyoshi HASHIBA away from headquarters of Nobunaga.
Japanese: 天正5年（1577年）の紀伊国雑賀討伐戦では信長本陣から離れ、佐久間信盛、羽柴秀吉らとともに一隊を率いる。
English: When attacking on Arioka-jo Castle (the battle of Arioka-jo Castle) next year, he led a gun troop with Manmi and Sugaya.
Japanese: 翌年の有岡城攻め（有岡城の戦い）では、万見、菅屋らと鉄砲隊を率いる。