nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The watershed villagers were requested to provide hard physical labor, and in addition, some were forced to move from their own houses due to the construction and some were concerned about the water shortage caused by the lowered water level, which led to a surging opposition movement against the diversion contraction.
Japanese: 流域の村々には重労働の提供が求められ、更には工事の為の移転を余儀なくされる者、水位の低下による水不足を心配する者もあり、分水工事反対の声が逆に強まっていった。
English: Kuroji KAWASAKI, a homeless wanderer who had originally been a peasant in Hachioji Village (present-day Tsubame City), and others started distributing Otoshibumi (letters dropped in the road: fliers) in the watershed area from around March 1872 encouraging people to rally against the construction.
Japanese: 元八王寺村（現燕市）農民の無宿者、川崎九郎次らは、1872年（明治5年）3月頃より流域に分水工事反対の決起を呼び掛ける落し文を行っていた。
English: (According to a statement taken later, KAWASAKI followed the instruction of Sanzaemon KINOSHITA, a former feudal retainer of Yonezawa Domain who was conspiring to topple the new government, but no precise information about him was found.)
Japanese: （後の調書によれば、彼は新政府転覆を企てる元米沢藩藩士、木下三左衛門の指示を受けたとあるが、この人物については不明である。）
English: On the night of April 3rd, more than a thousand uprising people concentrated around the present-day Makikata Higashi interchange at the sound of a fire bell, and marched toward Kashiwazaki Prefectural Office (present-day Kashiwazaki City) to file a direct petition, while peasants in the neighborhood joined the march.
Japanese: 4月3日夜、早鐘を合図に現在の巻潟東インターチェンジ付近に千数百名の一揆勢が集結し、道々周辺の農民を糾合しながら柏崎県庁（現柏崎市）へ強訴に向かった。
English: It is said that the number of people reached 9,000 at its peak, but eventually about 4,000-6,000 people reached Kashiwazaki City on the afternoon of 5th as many people had left on their way.
Japanese: 一説には、最盛時には9千名にも達したとされるが、途中逃げ帰るものも多く、5日午後に柏崎に到着した時には4～6千名ほどであったとされる。
English: The Prefectural Office hastily mustered ronins (masterless samurai) to organize patrol squads in order to deal with the turmoil, but both sides never clashed.
Japanese: 県側は急遽浪人らを集め、見廻隊を結成して対応に当たったが、衝突には至らなかった。
English: Teisuke WATANABE, a former feudal retainer of Aizu Domain, and Tatewaki TSUKIOKA, a former chief priest of Ansho-ji Temple in Tsukioka village (present-day Sanjo City) and former feudal soldier of Kuwana Domain, conspired with farmers in Kamo City to distribute Otoshibumi all over Sanjo and Kamo areas from April 4th in order to urge people to rise in revolt.
Japanese: 元会津藩士の渡辺悌輔および月岡村（現三条市）安正寺の元住職で元桑名藩藩兵の月岡帯刀らは加茂市の農民等と図り、4月4日より三条・加茂一帯に決起を呼び掛ける落し文を行った。
English: Before dawn of 6th, WATANABE and other members visited villages to mobilize villagers for the uprising, and concentrated at the branch temple of Higashi Hongan-ji Temple in Sanjo with the uprising party comprised of about one thousand people.
Japanese: 6日未明、渡辺らは村々を強請して約千名の一揆勢を連れ、東本願寺三条別院に集結した。
English: WATANABE and other members headed north toward Niigata Prefectural Office on the morning of 7th hoisting the flag that read 'In the name of Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess), we wil restore the dignity and honor of the Tokugawa shogunate and conquer unrighteous traitor of the Emperor.'
Japanese: 渡辺等は「天照皇　徳川恢復朝敵奸佞征伐」の旗を掲げ、7日朝より新潟県庁へ向けて北上した。
English: Part of the uprising party, which was said to consist of 5,000 - 6,000 people at its peak, became violent and committed looting, arson and destroyed houses, then killed Prefectural officials and shoya (village headmen) who tried to put the situation under control.
Japanese: 最盛時には5～6千名だったとされる一揆勢の一部は暴徒と化して略奪・放火や打壊しを行い、事態収拾に向かった県庁役人や庄屋を殺害した。
English: The Prefectural Office mustered an army in Heijima (present-day Niigata City) in order to prevent the uprising party from entering Niigata-machi, and on the afternoon of 8th, fired warning shots against the uprising party moving toward the north, shooting one of the ringleaders who intended to charge.
Japanese: 県側は一揆勢が新潟町に入るのを阻止するため平島（現新潟市）に軍を集め、8日午後、北上してきた一揆勢に威嚇射撃を行い、突撃しようとした首謀者の1人を射殺した。
English: The defeated uprising party fled in disorder, and its ringleaders and murderers were arrested within a few days.
Japanese: 一揆勢は潰走し、首謀者や殺害の下手人はほとんどが数日の内に捕縛された。
English: Seven criminals including Teisuke WATANABE, Tatewaki TSUKIOKA, Kuroji KAWASAKI and the other arrested ringleaders and murderers were put to death on September 10th.
Japanese: 渡辺悌輔、月岡帯刀、川崎九郎次等、捕縛された首謀者と殺害の下手人等の合わせて7名はいずれも9月10日に処刑された。
English: The diversion construction which was suspended during the turmoil was restarted in late June, but was canceled in 1875 due to the report written by a Dutch engineer, Lindo.
Japanese: 一揆の後中断していた分水工事は6月下旬に再開されたが、オランダ技師リンドーの報告書などもあり1875年（明治8年）に中止された。
English: The construction was restarted again in 1907 and completed in 1924, which was actually 52 years after the turmoil.
Japanese: 工事の再着工は1907年（明治40年）、完成は実に一揆から52年後の1924年（大正13年）のことである。
English: Sung currency is copper coins which were minted in China during the Baisong period.
Japanese: 宋銭（そうせん）とは、中国・北宋代に鋳造された貨幣である銅銭のことである。
English: Although iron coins were also minted during the period of the Sung Dynasty (in marginal areas such as the Sichuan Province and the Shan Xi Province, the possession and use of copper coins were totally banned to prevent copper from going out to the Liao Dynasty and Xi Xia, and instead, people were forced to use iron coins), generally, Sung currency means copper coins which were the overwhelming majority.
Japanese: また、宋代には鉄銭も鋳造された（辺境部である四川省・陝西省において、遼・西夏への銅の流出を防止するために、銅銭の所有・使用一切を禁じられて代わりに鉄銭が強制的に流通させられたため）が、一般的には、圧倒的に多い銅銭のことを指して宋銭と呼んでいる。
English: Starting with Song Yan Tong Bao, which was minted around the founding days, every time they changed the name of an era, they minted new coins with its name, which resulted in the variations of copper coins such as Tai Ping Tong Bao, Chun Hua Tong Bao, Zhi Dao Yuan Bao, Xian Ping Yuan Bao, Jing De Yuan Bao and Xiang Fu Yuan Bao.
Japanese: 建国当初の宋通元宝にはじまり、歴代の改元のたびに、その年号をつけた新銭を鋳造したため、太平通宝・淳化元宝・至道元宝・咸平元宝・景徳元宝・祥符元宝といった銅銭が見られる。
English: The mining of copper mines and minting of copper coins were nationally owned and they were conducted at the government offices, such as jusenkan and jusenin.
Japanese: 銅山の採掘と銅銭の鋳造のは国家の経営により、鋳銭監・鋳銭院という役所で行われた。
English: At first, one coin was worth one mon (or one sen) and it was called shohei sen (sho sen).
Japanese: 当初は、1個が1文（または1銭）の等価価値を持った通貨であり、これを小平銭（小銭）と称した。
English: However, as the financial situation of the Sung dynasty fell to inflation and got into trouble, other coins such as to gosen (equivalent to five sen) and to jussen (equivalent to ten sen) were minted.
Japanese: しかし、宋朝の財政がインフレーション状態に陥り逼迫してくると、当5銭（5文銭）や当10銭（10文銭）という貨幣も鋳造されるようになった。
English: Also, when 96 one mon coins were put together on a string, they were called toshi 100 mon and were considered as 100 mon.
Japanese: また96個の1文銭を銭通しに通してまとめても100文として通用し、通し100文と呼ぶ。
English: Also, when 10 toshi 100 mon were gathered, meaning 960 mon on a string, it was equivalent to one kan (toshi one kan).
Japanese: さらに通し100文を10個、つまり960文を銭通しに通してまとめても1貫（通し一貫）として通用した。
English: Although mint output at the founding days was 70,000 kan annually, it grew gradually and at the time of the Shenzong Dynasty (1067 to 1085) it reached 6,000,000 kan.
Japanese: 建国当初の鋳造高は、年間70,000貫ほどであったが、次第に増鋳されて行き、神宗朝（1067年-1085年）には、6,000,000貫に達した。
English: The Sung currency was also used in Jin, Xi Xia, Japan and South East Asian countries, and even reached as far as Persia and African countries.
Japanese: 宋銭は、金(王朝)や西夏、日本、東南アジア諸国でも通用され、遠くは、ペルシアやアフリカ方面にも及んだ。
English: Meanwhile, it is said that the mint output of copper coins was already behind the country's economic scale during the Tang Dynasty and under such circumstances the further outflow of copper coins plunged the Chinese economy into chaos by causing constant lack of copper coins called 'senko'.
Japanese: 一方では唐の時代には既に経済規模に対して銅銭発行量が追いついていなかったといわれる中での更なる銅銭流出は、結果的には「銭荒」と呼ばれる銅銭不足の状態を恒常化させて中国経済を混乱に陥れた。
English: Meanwhile, in 1179 when discord between the Taira family and the Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa deepened, Motofusa MATSUDONO and Kanezane KUJO, with the intention of the Cloistered Emperor who thought the funds the Taira family got through the Sung currency was the source of their emergence, insisted on banning the circulation of the Sung currency as 'they are not coins that (Japanese) Imperial Court issued and they are the same as Shichusen (counterfeit money)'.
Japanese: ところが、平家と後白河法皇の確執が深まった治承3年（1179年）、宋銭による資金力が平家を台頭させたと考える法皇の意を受けた松殿基房や九条兼実が「宋銭は（日本の）朝廷で発行した貨幣ではなく、私鋳銭（贋金）と同じである」として、宋銭流通を禁ずるように主張した。
English: However, on the other hand, Kiyomori, the Emperor Takakura and Michichika TSUCHIMIKADO argued back that they should publicly introduce the currency, admitting the situation of the time.
Japanese: しかし、逆に清盛や高倉天皇、土御門通親らがむしろ現状を受け入れて流通を公認すべきであると唱えて対立した。
English: In 1187, after the Taira family had fallen, Kanezane KUJO became a regent with the recommendation of the Mikawa Province kokushi (provincial governors), MINAMOTO no Noriyori (who was a younger brother of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo so it was more like Yoritomo's suggestion), and he ordered the suspension of circulation and placed 'a ban on the Sung currency' properly in 1197.
Japanese: 平家滅亡後の文治3年（1187年）、三河国国司源範頼（源頼朝の弟であり、実態は頼朝の提案に等しい）の意見という形で摂政となった九条兼実が流通停止を命令、建久4年（1197年）には改めて「宋銭停止令」が出された。
English: However, as its circulation rose even more in the Kamakura period, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) changed their policies and allowed its use in 1226 and the Imperial Court, four years after that.
Japanese: だが、鎌倉時代に入ってその流通はますます加速して、嘉禄2年（1226年）に鎌倉幕府が、その4年後には朝廷が旧来の政策を改めてその使用を認めた。
English: In 1242, a trading ship that Kintsune SAIONJI dispatched to Sung brought back 100,000 kan worth of coins.
Japanese: 仁治3年（1242年）西園寺公経が宋に派遣した貿易船は10万貫の銭貨を持ち帰ったと記録に残っている。
English: After the 13th century, the currency value that silk or cloth had had was driven away by coins and nengu (land tax) was also gradually paid in coins.
Japanese: 13世紀に入ると、絹・布が持っていた貨幣価値を銭貨が駆逐し、次第に年貢も銭貨で納められるようになった。
English: Decchi is a system of training future shopkeepers which was common from the Edo period to the end of the Second World War.
Japanese: 丁稚（でっち）とは、江戸時代から第二次世界大戦終結まで行われた商店主育成制度。
English: This is also a dialect of Kamigata (Kansai region) meaning those who have just started training under the system.
Japanese: またはその制度によって入門したばかりの者をさす上方（関西）のことば。
English: Even now, rank-and-file employees occasionally speak metaphorically, 'I am still a decchi' in self-deprecation.
Japanese: また現代でも一般社員（ヒラ社員）が自嘲的に「まだ丁稚です」と比喩的に使う事もある。
English: (Decchi was called 'xx matsu', and xx often stood for a character adopted from his real name.)
Japanese: （丁稚の時の呼び名は「＊松」で、＊には丁稚の一字が入る場合が多い。）
English: Decchi covered a wide range of work including a lot of physical labor such as carrying things from and to a warehouse other than the work mentioned above.
Japanese: 丁稚の仕事は多岐に渡り、前述の他に蔵への品物の出し入れや力仕事が多い。
English: Under the live-in system, the ABC's of shopkeeping, such as etiquette and formality, were thoroughly hammered in by banto (a head clerk) and tedai (a clerk).
Japanese: 住み込みの為に番頭や手代から礼儀作法や商人としての「いろは」を徹底的に叩き込まれる。
English: Their main job was to stand in front of a shop and call out for prospective customers or to do physical labor, and they never dealt with goods
Japanese: また入り口付近に立って呼び込みや力仕事が主な仕事で、商品を扱う事は無い。
English: (They were called 'xx kichi' or 'xx shichi', which were the same as lower banto.)
Japanese: （手代の時の呼び名は「＊吉」「＊七」等で、下位の番頭と同じである。）
English: They were appointed as banto (subdivided into 'ko-banto', 'chu-banto', and 'o-banto' and are called 'xx suke'), and at the age of around 30 when judged sufficiently skilled enough, they were given permission of sharing the goodwill to use the shop's symbol printed on a noren cloth to hang over the entry of a branch shop of their own (Noren-wake).
Japanese: そして、番頭を任され（大店では“小番頭”“中番頭”“大番頭”と分けられる時があり、呼び名は「＊助」である。）30歳前後には暖簾分けされ自分の商店を持つことが許される。
English: In the Edo period, only one in every 300 decchi in the Mitsui family could get to the level of sharing the goodwill.
Japanese: 江戸期の三井家の丁稚の場合暖簾分けまで到達できるのは三百人に一人であった。
English: Twice a year, at obon and the end of the year, allowances, presents for their families when they returned to their homes, and new clothing (oshikise, or clothes provided by an employee) were given at times.
Japanese: お盆・年末の年2回、小遣いや薮入りの際の実家への手土産、新しい衣服（お仕着せ）などが支給されることがあった。
English: It was a matter of course for shopkeepers that decchi worked with no pay because shopkeepers provided decchi with training for business and food.
Japanese: 店主としては商売の教育を施して飯を食わせるのであるから無給は当然であった。
English: It was also beneficial for those becoming decchi because they could get the experience of the business and the opportunity to set up business of their own in the future, and for those who become decchi from a poor family, the status had an advantage of being able to eat at least.
Japanese: 丁稚となる者にとっても商売の経験と将来的な独立への布石、また食い詰めた貧家からの丁稚であれば少なくとも飯が食えるというメリットはあった。
English: The remuneration system was often called 'decchi boko' (kozo-boko in Edo dialect).
Japanese: この報酬体系から丁稚は、しばしば丁稚奉公(江戸言葉では小僧奉公）と表される。
English: After the Second World War, labor laws were drafted and the period of compulsory education was extended to nine years under the order from the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により労働法規が整備されたことや、義務教育の年限が9年に延長された。
English: As a result, it became difficult to maintain the form of decchi-boko comprising 'long-term live-in work with housing, food, and clothing virtually with no pay'.
Japanese: その結果、「長期間の住み込みによる衣食住以外は無給に近い労働」という丁稚奉公のスタイルを維持することが困難となった。
English: This took the same line as shops which used to be family businesses turning into modern companies.
Japanese: これは、家族経営を主体としていた商店が、近代的企業へと変わっていくのと軌を一にしていた。
English: After that, decchi is only known through classic Rakugo (classical comic story-telling) and works of Kobako HANATO or comedies of Yoshimoto Shin Kigeki (Yoshimoto New Comedy Troupe) (such as 'Acchi Kocchi Decchi' [Decchi here and there]) in a parody of them.
Japanese: その後は商家を題材とした古典落語や、花登筐の作品あるいはそのパロディーとしての吉本新喜劇のコメディー（「あっちこっち丁稚」など）を通じて伝えられる存在となった。
English: Banto and Decchi', which was televised in the early stage of TV broadcasting, became popular and the term, decchi became known nationwide as such a servant when the decchi or kozo system had already disappeared.
Japanese: とくにテレビ放送創生期に放送された「番頭はんと丁稚どん」が人気を博し、当時は丁稚・小僧の制度が消滅していたことも関連して、この様な奉公人をさすことばとして丁稚が全国的に通用するようになった。
English: In order to revitalize the local area and to deepen the understanding of occupations, organization of shopping streets or other groups organize an event which gives junior and senior high school students an opportunity to experience businesses, and such an event is sometimes called 'experiencing decchi' (in places like Osaka).
Japanese: また、商店街などが地域活性化と職業への理解を深めてもらうため、中高生に業務を体験してもらうイベントを「丁稚体験」と呼ぶケースがある。（大阪など）
English: It is set in a large shop, and the characters are: Yasunosuke as a master, Yasuzo as a young master, Chisaburo as a branch family (such as master's younger brother), Kosuke as obanto (the head clerk), Naosuke as chubanto (a middle clerk), Mameshichi as kobanto (a lower clerk), Sutekichi as tedai, and Hidematsu as decchi.
Japanese: ここは大店で、主人（だんさん）：安之助、若主人（わかだんさん）：安造、分家（ごぶんけはん、旦那の弟など）：治三郎、大番頭（おおばんとうはん）：孝助、中番頭（なかばんとうはん）：直助、小番頭（こばんとうはん）：豆七、手代：捨吉、丁稚：秀松、とある。
English: This is just a reference, but as Hanato checked the historical background, things in the play must be correct for the most part.
Japanese: これはあくまで参考であるが、花登の考証であるから、ほぼ間違いないであろう。
English: The founder of Panasonic, Konosuke MATSUSHITA served his apprenticeship in present Kadoma City and worked for a bicycle shop and others.
Japanese: パナソニックの創業者・松下幸之助が少年時代、現在の門真市に丁稚奉公して自転車店などで仕事を手伝っていた経緯がある。
English: The parasitic landlord system was the system that allowed a parasitic landlord, who owned farmlands such as rice fields, vegetable fields, etc., to lend a farmland to a farmer called kosakunin (a tenant farmer) (also known as kosakuno or kosaku), to have him cultivate the land, and to take away some farm products, such as rice, barley, etc., as the land rent called kosakuryo (farm rent).
Japanese: 寄生地主制（きせいじぬしせい）は、田畑など農地の所有者である寄生地主（単に地主と略すこともある）が、小作人（こさくにん）と呼ばれる農民（小作農や単に小作と呼ばれることもある）に土地を貸し出して耕作させ、成果物である米やムギなどの農作物の一部を小作料（こさくりょう）と言う名の地代として徴収する制度。
English: Since most parasitic landlords relied on their farm rents, they gave the impression that they were parasitic on their tenant farmers.
Japanese: 寄生地主の多くは小作料に依存し、あたかも小作人に寄生するかのような印象を与えた。
English: Of course, in any lease business, an owner relies on the rent.
Japanese: もちろんどのような賃貸業でも所有者が賃貸料に依存するのは変わらない。
English: However, the farm rent was often very expensive, which created the gap between rich parasitic landlords and poor tenant farmers in a farm village.
Japanese: しかし小作料は高額なことが多く、農村内に豊かな寄生地主と貧しい小作人と言う貧富の差を生み出すことになった。
English: Some landlords lived within a farm village and other landlords lived outside a farm village, for example, in a city.
Japanese: 農村内に住む在地地主とのほかに、都市など農村外に住む不在地主が存在した。
English: A different name, such as Colonatus (in the Roman Empire), is sometimes used to indicate a similar system which existed in a foreign country.
Japanese: 海外における類似の制度にはコロナートゥス（ローマ帝国）と言った別の呼称を利用される事がある。
English: The nationwide land survey conducted by Taiko (the honorific title for a regent) Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in the Azuchi-Momoyama period decided that the owner of a farmland was the farmer who cultivated the land.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が行った太閤検地によって、農地の所有者は耕作する農民とされた。
English: Furthermore, in 1643, the Edo bakufu issued the Denpata-eitai-baibai-kinshirei (the permanent prohibition on the sale of arable lands) to prohibit the sale of cultivated fields among farmers.
Japanese: また1643年には江戸幕府によって農民間で田畑の売買を禁止する田畑永代売買禁止令が公布された。
English: The prohibition was issued because the government was afraid that rich farmers might buy lands from poor farmers and cause a collapse of the social system of a farm village.
Japanese: これは富農が貧農から土地を買い集め、農村の社会制度が崩壊する事を恐れたためである。
English: Because the prohibition on the sale of the arable lands did not restrict pawnage of cultivated fields, farmlands were bought and sold under foreclosure.
Japanese: 田畑永代売買禁止令では田畑の質入を禁止していなかったため、質流れと言う形で売買が行われた。
English: Owing to Chiso-kaisei (the Land Tax Reform) implemented in the Meiji period and the abolition of the prohibition on the sale of arable lands, the parasitic landlord system was developed.
Japanese: 明治時代に行われた地租改正と、田畑永代売買禁止令の廃止により寄生地主制が進展した。
English: As a result of the Land Tax Reform, the duty to pay the tax in cash was imposed upon landowners.
Japanese: 地租改正により土地所有者は金銭によって税金を払う義務が課せられることになった。
English: However, since the tax was a heavy burden for poor farmers, they became tenant farmers, selling their lands to rich people.
Japanese: しかし、貧しい農民には重い負担であり裕福な者に土地を売り渡し小作人になっていった。
English: Some invested the earned money in trading and manufacturing and turned to a modern capitalist.
Japanese: こうして獲得した富を商工業に投資し、近代的な資本家に転換していった者もいる。
English: Douglas MACARTHUR, the Supreme Commander of the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied Powers, who governed Japan while Japan was under the Allied occupation after Japan had lost the Pacific War (the World War Ⅱ), implemented a land reform because he thought that the parasitic landlords had supported Japanese militarism.
Japanese: 日本が太平洋戦争（第二次世界大戦）で敗戦し連合国の占領下に置かれた時に日本を統治した連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の最高司令官ダグラス・マッカーサーは、寄生地主が日本の軍国主義に加担したとして農地改革を行った。
English: Owing to the land reform, farmlands owned by parasitic landlords were bought at a very cheap price and then sold to tenant farmers at a cheap price.
Japanese: この改革により寄生地主が所有していた農地は非常に安価な価格で買い上げられ、小作人に安価な値段で売り渡された。
English: Some think that the landlord system wasn't abolished completely because mountains and forests were exempted from the land reform.
Japanese: 山林などは例外として対象に含まれず、これを以て完全に解体されたわけではないとの見解もある。
English: However, in forestry, profits are realized only by making heavy investment in planting of man-made forests, such as thinning, for a long time of fifty to one hundred years.
Japanese: しかし、林業経営が50年～100年といった長期間にわたり多額の投資（間伐など人工林の育成経費の支出）を行い収益を得る。
English: Owing to the nature of the business, in most of the cases landlords with the financial power directly run forestry business, bringing in business-like management.
Japanese: その性格上、資本力を持つ地主が直接、企業的な経営を行っているものがほとんどであること。
English: Furthermore, most of the mountains and forests which could be profitable have disappeared because of the sharp decline in the wood price due to an increase of imported woods which abounded in foreign countries after the 1970s.
Japanese: また、1970年代以降の外国での有余った輸入材の増加に伴う木材価格の暴落により、採算に見合う山林の大部分が消滅した。
English: The land reform wasn't carried out in Okinawa Prefecture or in Amami islands, Kagoshima Prefecture, etc., because after the Pacific War the United States governed Okinawa.
Japanese: 沖縄県および鹿児島県奄美諸島などは、太平洋戦争終結以降アメリカ合衆国による沖縄統治となったため、農地改革が行われなかった。
English: Shizoku no hanran was a series of the antigovernment movement against Meiji government, which was raised by people from former samurai hierarchy at the beginning of Meiji period.
Japanese: 士族反乱（しぞくはんらん）は、日本の明治初期に旧武士階級であった士族が明治政府に対して起こした一連の反政府活動である。
English: Meiji government, which was established through Restoration of Imperial Rule (Japan) after Japan opened herself to the world at the late Edo period, abolished daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and samurai hierarchy and set up the peerage and shizoku under the policy of equity of all people.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期に開国し、王政復古(日本)により成立した明治政府は四民平等政策のもと、大名、武士階級を廃止して華族、士族を創設する。
English: According to Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), the government abolished not only Horoku (stipend) or Karoku (hereditary stipend) system, but hierarchical perquisite such as implementation of decree banning the wearing of swords.
Japanese: 秩禄処分により俸禄（家禄）制度は撤廃され、廃刀令の施行など身分的特権も廃された。
English: Inside Meiji government, there were heated debates over civilization and enlightenment, over technical and cultural import through the policy of encouragement of new industry and over Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea) to dispatch Japanese troops to Korea, which were led by the government itself, and the resignation of Takamori SAIGO, Shinpei ETO and Taisuke ITAGAKI after the political upheaval of the 6th year of Meiji influenced the thought of people from warrior class.
Japanese: また、明治政府が行う文明開化、殖産興業政策による西洋技術・文化の輸入、朝鮮出兵を巡る征韓論で政府が紛糾し、明治六年の政変で西郷隆盛、江藤新平、板垣退助らが下野すると士族層に影響を与えた。
English: In 1874, Eto raised a rebellion in Saga Prefecture, his hometown, being backed up by fuhei shizoku (Saga War) and Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, dissatisfied warrior group) followed in Kumamoto Prefecture in 1876.
Japanese: 1874年には江藤が故郷の佐賀県で擁立されて反乱（佐賀の乱）し、1876年(明治9)には熊本県で神風連の乱が起こった。
English: Akizuki War led by Kurumanosuke MIYAZAKI, a feudal retainer of Akizuki Domain, the branch domain of Fukuoka Domain, broke out in Fukuoka prefecture in response to Shimpuren-no-ran War, and Hagi-no-ran War (turmoil of dissatisfied warriors at Hagi) led by Issei MAEBARA and other shizoku in October of the same year in Yamaguchi prefecture, etc., but each war was subdued.
Japanese: 神風連の乱に呼応して福岡県で福岡藩秋月藩士宮崎車之助を中心とする秋月の乱、10月には山口県で前原一誠らによる萩の乱など反乱が続き、それぞれ鎮圧される。
English: In 1877, Seinan War, the largest one, broke out in Kagoshima Prefecture raised by shizoku from Satsuma including students of Shigakko (school mainly for warriors), backing up Saigo, but again shizoku side was defeated.
Japanese: 1877年には鹿児島県で私学校生徒ら薩摩士族が西郷を擁立して、最大規模となる西南戦争が起こるが、これも士族側の敗戦に終わった。
English: After Seinan War, opposition movements by fuhei shizoku shifted to Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right) demanding the establishment of the National Diet and formulation of a constitution.
Japanese: 西南戦争以後に、不平士族の反対運動は国会開設や憲法制定を要求する自由民権運動に移行する。
English: After Nobunaga was killed at the Honnoji Incident in 1582, Oda clan split into two groups (one is of Nobukatsu ODA, the second son, another is Nobutaka ODA, the third son).
Japanese: 信長が1582年の本能寺の変で殺害された後、織田氏は信長の次男・織田信雄と三男・織田信孝の両統に分裂する。
English: In 1583 after Nobutaka was forced to commit suicide with his sword by an order from Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, the Nobukatsu group took the initiative in Oda clan.
Japanese: 1583年の賤ヶ岳の戦いで信孝が豊臣秀吉の命により自刃を余儀なくされた後、織田氏は信雄系統が主役となる。
English: But after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the clan's power of influence plunged downward on the front stage of the world due to Nobukatsu's incapability.
Japanese: 1584年の小牧・長久手の戦い以後は信雄自身が暗愚ということもあって、天下への表舞台の影響力を急速に失う。