nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: For example, Kokura-jo Castle reconstructed Tenshu, which had been Sotogata without Hafu under the roof, was reconstructed as Borogata adding Hafu.
Japanese: 例えば小倉城復興天守のように、屋根に破風の無い層塔型であったものを復興の際、破風を付加して望楼型としているものである。
English: Reconstructed Tenshu of Odawara-jo Castle and Okazaki-jo Castle, which differed in the size of their windows and were given Koran, are sometimes classified into this category, and sometimes into externally restored Tenshu, deeming these inaccuracies acceptable.
Japanese: 窓の大きさの違いや、高欄が付加されている小田原城・岡崎城の再建天守などもこれに分類することがあるが、これらの誤りを許容範囲として外観復元天守に分類することがある。
English: The first Tenshu of this type was Gifu-jo Castle, which is said to have been reconstructed in 1910 with historical data on Kano-jo Castle Gosankai Yagura used for reference.
Japanese: この種の天守の最初のものは岐阜城で明治43年に加納城御三階櫓の史料を参考に復興したものであるという。
English: The first reconstructed Tenshu in the steel framed reinforced concrete structure was Osaka-jo Castle Tenshukaku (Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture) reconstructed in 1931 in Osaka-jo Castle.
Japanese: 鉄筋鉄骨コンクリートを用いて造られた復興天守では、昭和6年（1931年）に大坂城に建設された大阪城天守閣（大阪府大阪市）が最初である。
English: The first reconstructed Tenshu after World War II was Kishiwada-jo Castle (Kishiwada City, Osaka Prefecture), reconstructed in 1954.
Japanese: また、第二次世界大戦後の復興天守は、昭和29年（1954年）に建設された岸和田城（大阪府岸和田市）が最初である。
English: It refers to Tenshu constructed in castles where no Tenshu had existed or where Tenshu had existed but were missing.
Japanese: もともと天守のなかった城、存在したが不明な城に、建てられた天守のことである。
English: Tenshu which surely existed in the past but were not based on historical facts and reconstructed at a different location are classified into this category.
Japanese: また、天守が存在したことは確実でも、史実に基づかないもので異なる場所に建てられた場合にもこの部類に入る。
English: Some Tenshu of this type were constructed with the appearance designed independently; on the other hand, many Tenshu were constructed after the model of Tenshu of Inuyama-jo Castle and Ogaki-jo Castle.
Japanese: 外観は、独自に考えられて造られているものもあるが、犬山城や大垣城のものを手本としている天守も多い。
English: Castles where no Tenshu existed and castles where Tenshudai existed but no Tenshu was constructed (Sunomata-jo Castle, Toyama-jo Castle and so on)
Japanese: 天守の存在しなかった城・天守台はあったが天守が建てられなかった城（墨俣城、富山城など）
English: The first Tenshu of this type was Sumoto-jo Castle (Sumoto City, Hyogo Prefecture), constructed in 1928 and the oldest of the currently existing Tenshu including restored Tenshu and reconstructed Tenshu.
Japanese: この種の天守の最初のものは昭和3年（1928年）の洲本城（兵庫県洲本市）であり、復元天守・復興天守を含めて現存のものでは最も古い。
English: This type were usually reconstructed in the reinforced concrete structure, but some were in the wooden construction, such as the Imitation Tenshu of Iga Ueno-jo Castle, Gujo Hachiman-jo Castle, and Aya-jo Castle.
Japanese: 鉄筋コンクリート造が通例であるが、伊賀上野城や郡上八幡城、綾城の模擬天守のように木造のものもある。
English: It refers to Tenshu which were constructed imitating the design of Tenshu in the locations where no castle existed, or in urban areas, etc.
Japanese: 城が築かれていなかった場所や市街地などに、天守の意匠を模して建設されたものをいう。
English: This type is not classified strictly and so some Tenshu are classified into Imitation Tenshu, such as Fushimi Momoyama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 厳密に分けられているものではなく、伏見桃山城のようにこれを模擬天守に分類することもある。
English: Although some university museums, tourist facilities such as theme parks and exhibition facilities, community facilities such as city halls, private houses, and stores in Japan and overseas have adopted Tenshukaku-style for their structures, their peculiar appearance became a target of criticism.
Japanese: 日本国内外に大学の博物館、テーマパークや展示施設等の観光用施設、市役所などの公共施設、個人の住宅・店舗などで天守閣風の建築物としたものがあるが、その独特の容姿には批評がある。
English: Danchi is the name of an area in which institutions with similar objectives, purposes or industries are concentrated in order to optimize the urban infrastructure and distribution necessary for people, industry or other operations, or a generic term for an area in which buildings and structures stand.
Japanese: 団地（だんち）は、人間や産業もしくは各種事物が必要とする都市基盤を支える各種インフラストラクチャーや物流の効率化を図るために、同一傾向にある目的や用途、産業などを集中させた一団の区画や地域の名称、若しくは立地している建物や建造物を指す総称の事である。
English: According to the Japanese legal definition, the word refers to industrial and residential estates that are newly planned and constructed as an aspect of urban planning.
Japanese: 日本国内における法律上の意味としては、都市計画上工業地域・住宅地などを新たに計画して建設されたものを指す。
English: The term generally refers to a cluster of residential buildings but may also refer to a collection of facilities for manufacturing and related activities exemplified by "kogyo danchi・"
Japanese: 一般的には住宅の集合体を指し、工業団地のように製造業等の事業所の集合体を指す場合もある。
English: However, it is rare that sites containing multiple factory buildings are referred to as "kogyo danchi."
Japanese: 但し、一つの敷地内に複数の工場棟が存在する場合に工業団地とは呼ぶことは稀である。
English: Broadly speaking, urban infrastructure improvement includes projects carried out by the state or local government based on long-term plans over tens of years, and those aiming to be completed and become profitable within a relatively short period of 5-10 years.
Japanese: 都市基盤におけるインフラ整備は大きく分けると、長々期的な計画の元に国家や地方公共団体が政策主導で行なう数十年単位のものと、5-10年程度の間隔において比較的短期間に目標を達成して収益や効果を期待するものがある。
English: Both types of projects require a considerable amount of time and money, and a large enough business and number of tenants are necessary in order for a danchi to be constructed; a comparison of the costs involved means that profitability must be investigated before a decision is taken as to whether to proceed.
Japanese: どちらの場合もインフラ整備には少なからぬ時間と費用を要し、団地建設のためには団地建設を費用面から支える一定規模以上の事業者や入居者が必要となり、団地建設にかかる建設費用との対比によって採算性が問われ、事業決定される。
English: Many plans for the construction of danchi are decided based on a balance sheet with a supply that corresponds to demand and profit.
Japanese: いわゆる団地では、地域としての需要と採算に見合った供給のバランスシートにより計画が決定されることが多い。
English: The expenses necessary for construction of the infrastructure elements within a danchi such as roads, water and sewerage and electricity where previously none of these existed demands a certain level of prior investment regardless of the number of beneficiaries.
Japanese: 具体的には団地内で用いる道路・上下水道・電力等のインフラを何もないところから敷設する費用は受益者の多寡によらず一定の費用がかかり先行投資が必要となる。
English: Where there are few beneficiaries, the burden on each beneficiary will be greater, and it may become difficult to recover costs in the event that the burden is alleviated.
Japanese: 受益者の数が少ない場合は受益者負担が増え、受益者負担を減らした場合は費用回収が困難となる。
English: Danchi developments provide a solution to population increases caused by several reasons including urban sprawl and doughnut phenomena because, as opposed to sparsely spaced individual dwellings of low population density per unit area such as single houses, concentrated dwellings provide more efficient public transport system as buses and trains and more effective road maintenance and improvement service to these areas; thus danchi development leads to better consequences in terms of convenience.
Japanese: このため、住宅団地では人口のスプロール化やドーナツ化現象等により人口増が生じた場合への対処として、単位面積当たりの人口密度の多寡では人口密度の低い一戸建て住宅に代表される単体の居住用建物を分散して建設するよりは、集中して建設した方がバスや電車等の公共交通機関の運行や周辺施設へのアクセス等を左右する道路整備などで高密度なサービスが可能となり、利便性の観点からも効率がよい結果が得られる。
English: On the other hand, industrial danchi are often constructed distant from residential areas so that the noise and vibrations generated by factories do not disturb inhabitants or disrupt the environment.
Japanese: 他方、工業団地では工場から発生する音や振動等を周辺地域に及ぼしたり周辺環境を乱さないように住環境と離れた位置に集中して建設されることが多い。
English: In addition, many industrial danchi are constructed near highways or major roads in order to make it possible to transport raw materials and products efficiently.
Japanese: 加えて工業団地では物流関連の観点から原材料や製品を効率的に運般可能とするために高速道路や主要幹線道路に近い立地条件に開発される場合が多い。
English: Agricultural danchi may also require installations such as factories so that agricultural products can be collected, processed, or transported.
Japanese: 農業団地では農産物を集荷し加工運般するための工場等が必要となる場合もある。
English: Residential danchi are very often constructed by the Japan Housing Corporation (now the Urban Renaissance Agency) or local governments.
Japanese: 住宅団地の場合、日本では日本住宅公団（現・都市再生機構）や地方公共団体が建築したものを指す場合が多い。
English: There are also danchi that are constructed by companies to serve as employee housing (particularly by the former Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation).
Japanese: また、企業が社宅として建設したもの（特に旧・日本電信電話公社）もある。
English: Danchi generally consist of reinforced concrete apartment buildings but there are also areas consisting of separate dwellings but for which the name contains the word "danchi."
Japanese: 鉄筋コンクリート造の集合住宅が建ち並んでいる姿が一般的であるが、一戸建ての住宅が建ち並んでいる住宅地でも「○○団地」と名乗っていることがある。
English: Housing includes high rise dwellings, five-story cuboid staircase type of dwellings, two-story terraced houses, and star-shaped star houses.
Japanese: 棟の形態としては、高層住宅のものや、5階建て程度の直方体の階段室型、2階建てのテラスハウス、星型のスターハウスがある。
English: Large danchi are generally located on the outskirts of major cities or near to highways and railways.
Japanese: 一般に、大規模なものが大都市の近郊や高速道路・鉄道路線などに設けられることが多い。
English: Such developments are also used when converting large factories in city centers into residential areas.
Japanese: また、大都市中心部などに置かれた大規模工場を住宅地に変更する際にもこの手法が採り入れられる事がある。
English: Since urban redevelopment is conducted by exchange of rights in an existing urban area, it requires some time for consensus building with local residents; however, when a new towns is constructed in areas that has not been urbanized yet, it is possible to acquire large area of land, such as land used for agriculture, for a relatively low price and to carry out effectively necessary procedures including urban planning decisions.
Japanese: 都市再開発は既存の市街地で権利変換を行うもので、地域住民との合意形成に時間を要するが、未だ市街化されていない地域で行われるニュータウン建設などの場合は、農地などの大規模な土地を比較的低価格で得ることが可能であり、かつ効率的に都市計画決定などの手続きを進めることも可能である。
English: Cohousing: A type of danchi comprised of a collection of individual houses.
Japanese: コハウジング(cohousing)一戸建住宅群により構成よる団地形態のひとつ。
English: In this style, physical openness is increased by removing fences marking the boundary of each property or using low trees for fences, so that there are no distinct visible boundaries between neighboring properties.
Japanese: 各住宅の敷地境界に設える塀としての垣根を取り払う、若しくは生垣の植栽を低いものにする、等々の物理的な開放性を高くし、隣接する互いの敷地を視覚的に一体化した形式。
English: Zushi Hiroyama Garden House (Hiroyama Park) built by Mitsubishi Estate Co., Ltd. on high ground in Zushi City, Kanagawa Prefecture is a representative example of such a development in Japan.
Japanese: 三菱地所による神奈川県逗子市の高台に位置する逗子披露山公園住宅（披露山公園）が日本国内の代表例。
English: Although each house has average ground-floor area measuring 993 square meters, it appears to be many times larger than it really is because of the physical openness mentioned before.
Japanese: 一戸当たりの平均的な敷地面積は300坪だが前述の物理的な開放性により数倍の広さに見えるのが特徴。
English: Housing development
Japanese: ハウジング・デベロップメント(housingdevelopment)
English: It is used to indicate that an area is dedicated to a specific purpose, and appears in the following types of danchi.
Japanese: 特定の目的をもった地域や場所を表す名称で以下に示す団地で用いられる。
English: Technology park
Japanese: テクノロジー・パーク、ハイテク・パーク(technologypark)
English: Public housing that began to be built in the latter half of the 1950s incorporated features such as flushing toilets, bathrooms, eat-in kitchens and balconies, and were admired as modern housing.
Japanese: 1950年代半ばに建設が始まった公団住宅は、水洗トイレ、風呂、ダイニングキッチン、ベランダなどを取り入れ、近代的なものとして憧れの住宅だった。
English: Many of the danchi constructed from the 1960s to 1970s are lower than five-story buildings and few of them are installed with elevators. (It was not obligated to install elevators in residential buildings of up to five stories but was obligated to install one when it was a six-story building or taller.)
Japanese: 1960年代〜1970年代頃に建設された団地は5階建てまでになっているのが多く、エレベーターが設置されていないものが多い（集合住宅では、5階までであればエレベーターの設置が義務づけられておらず、6階以上でエレベーターを設置する義務がある。
English: Even when elevators were installed, they were small and could not accommodate furniture, which was incredibly inconvenient when residents moved in or out.
Japanese: 設置されていてもカゴのサイズがあまり大きくないこともあり、引越しなどで家具を搬出入する際の弊害になることがある）。
English: Since both these buildings and their residents have become old, there are a lot of problems including barrier-free and heavy in moving.
Japanese: これらは老朽化の時期を迎え、住民も高齢化しているため、バリアフリーや引越し時における負担の観点から大きな課題を抱えている。
English: There are many buildings constructed with surplus space, so if particularly large housing demand occurs in one area, it is possible to cover construction funds by building additional storys and selling them; however, for some danchi, rebuilding is problematic partly because housing demand is very limited with little prospect of profitability and partly because that danchi has used full floor-area ratio and there is no space remaining
Japanese: 容積率に余裕を持って建てられているものが多いので、住宅需要の高い地域であれば、高層化を行って戸数を増やし、増えた分の住戸を売却して建設資金をまかなう、という手法も可能であるが、住宅需要が乏しい地域で採算の見込めない団地、あるいは既に容積率いっぱいに建てている団地の場合は建て替えが困難になっている例もある。
English: Danchi are now being constructed in areas with good environments and a little distant from commercial centers due to the development of transportation facilities such as monorails.
Japanese: 現在は、電車やモノレールなどの交通機関が発展したこともあり、商業中心地より少し離れて各種環境の良い場所へ、団地の建設が行われている。
English: Danchi has become taller and parks, hostpials and large shopping centers have been built near danchi, so that danchi has become an attractive option for many people.
Japanese: 高層化され、公園や病院、また大型ショッピングセンターが併設されるなど、多くの人にとって良い選択地となっている。
English: In addition to the restoration of aging exteriors and interiors, elevators are installed and corridors added in order to provide better accessibility for the physically disadvantaged or disabled.
Japanese: -老朽化した外装・内装を更新するほか、バリアフリー対策としてエレベーターと廊下を増築する工事も行われている。
English: Recently, some autonomous community have improved concrete covered with special paint.
Japanese: 最近は一部の自治体で、特殊な塗料を使用したコンクリートの改良を行うケースもある。
English: The Japan Housing Corporation was established in 1955 and worked to provide reinforced concrete housing complexes.
Japanese: 日本住宅公団が1955年に設立され、鉄筋コンクリート造の集合住宅を供給した。
English: This word was coined and used as a term of envy as the desire for the shift to western style housing was catered for by these buildings with features such as eat-in kitchens with tables and chairs.
Japanese: ダイニングキッチンに椅子・テーブルなどが、当時の洋風化へのあこがれとともに受け入れられ、羨望を含めた呼び名として用いられた。
English: The first media report to use the word "danchi-zoku" appeared in the July 20, 1958 edition of the "Shukan Asahi."
Japanese: 「団地族」と呼んだ最初の報道記事は『週刊朝日』1958.7.20号。
English: This type is believed to have arisen since each house was separated by an iron door (front door) and interactions with neighbors decreased.
Japanese: 各住戸が鉄扉（玄関ドア）一枚で仕切られるようになり、隣戸間（りんこかん）の相互干渉が減少し、発生したとされる。
English: Danchi-moe (danchi love): Similar to "kojo-moe" (factory love), this word refers to people who have a deep fascination with danchi.
Japanese: 団地萌え：工場萌えなどと同様、団地そのものを趣味の対象にすることを呼ぶ。
English: There are now numerous photo books and websites containing various photos of danchi.
Japanese: 現在、様々な団地の写真を集めた写真集やWebサイトなどが複数作られている。
English: The buke-zukuri style was for samurai residences in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 武家造（ぶけづくり）とは、鎌倉時代の武家住宅の様式と想定されたものである。
English: With importance placed on practicability, the simple style was considered to be fitting as residences for samurai as opposed to aristocratic culture.
Japanese: 実用性を重視し、簡素な造りであり、貴族文化に対抗した武家にふさわしい住宅様式と考えられた。
English: However, the general theory in the architectural history is that since the samurai were originally from the aristocratic class, the style of their residences was a simplified version of Shinden-zukuri style and hence not considered an original style of their own (refer to "An introduction to the architectural history in Japan" by Hakutaro OTA).
Japanese: しかし、武家も元は貴族の出自を持ち、その邸宅も寝殿造を簡素化したもので、独自の様式とは捉えないのが、建築史（住宅史）の通説になっている（参考：太田博太郎「日本建築史序説」）。
English: According to the descriptions of the residence of the Kamakura shogun in Azuma Kagami (The Mirror of the East), the residence consisted of a shrine, Kogosho (the residence of the shogun's heir), Tsune no gosho (a room for the Shogun), Nitogosho (the main place consisting of two halls), a tsuridono (fishing pavilion) and Samurai-dokoro, which shows that it inherited the characteristics shinden-zukuri style architecture while adding distinctive samurai aspects and the existence of a tsuridono suggests that there was Chisen garden (Japanese style garden with a central pond and spring).
Japanese: 鎌倉将軍邸について吾妻鏡に記録がありそれによると神殿・小御所・常御所・二棟御所・釣殿・侍所などでの構成がわかっていて、寝殿造の構成を引き継ぎながらも武家独自の空間構成がとられていることが伺えるし、釣殿の存在は、池泉庭園が造られていたのではないかと推測される。
English: In this era, the basic architecture of samurai residences was based on Shinden-zukuri style buildings, which were the main living space of nobles during the Heian period, but it seems that since the lifestyle of samurai differed from Court nobles and tenjobito (high-ranking courtiers allowed into the Imperial Palace), the style of residences was changed accordingly.
Japanese: この時代の武士はその住宅建築の基本は平安貴族の生活の舞台であった寝殿造においていたが、生活活動内容は公家や殿上人などとは異なるものであるので、当然住居もそれに相応して変革が加えられているとみられる。
English: The Samurai-dokoro in the big 146-m-wide residence of Kamakura shogun was the place where gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) gathered to hold ceremonies or banquets, but it is also considered that shogun and gokenin sometimes sat face to face there as a ritual characteristic to the samurai society.
Japanese: 十八間という巨大建築であった鎌倉将軍邸の侍所は御家人が参集して儀式や宴を行う会場であるが、武家社会固有の儀礼としてときには将軍と御家人が対座することもあったとみられている。
English: Many picture scrolls were painted towards the end of the Kamakura period, and on them, many houses of local Samurai are depicted (such as Honen Shonin Eden (illustrated biography of a Buddhist saint, Honen) and Moko Shurai Ekotoba (picture scrolls of Mongol invasion attempts against Japan)).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代末期には多くの絵巻物が製作され、これらには地方武士の住宅が多く描かれている（法然上人絵伝、蒙古襲来絵詞など）。
English: They went to the province assigned by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and lived there to control the surrounding area as according to their job assignments.
Japanese: 彼らは幕府から任ぜられて任地に赴いて住み、その職務に従い周辺地域に支配を及ぼす。
English: It is unclear how faithfully these paintings depict the actual situation of that time.
Japanese: それらの姿がはたしてどの程度その実態に忠実に描いているかについてはなんともいえない。
English: In the famous "A Scroll of Warrior Obusuma Saburo", the house of Saburo OBUSUMA and his elder brother, Jiro YOSHIMI of Musashi Province are depicted, and the paintings and words on the painting tell us that even the people living in the capital knew that the residence of Jiro YOSHIMI was splendid.
Japanese: 有名な『男衾三郎絵詞』では武蔵国男衾三郎とその兄吉見二郎の住宅を描いたもの、この絵画とまた詞書によっても吉見二郎の屋敷は都に聞こえるほど立派なものであることを伝えている。
English: The painting depicts a gorgeous atmosphere with a houseboat floating in a pond showing that Jiro, who married a nyobo (lady-in-waiting) from the imperial court and enjoyed entertainment such as poems and music, made a pond and had a tsuridono built within the vast premises and had graceful trees, such as red Japanese plum, cherry and pine trees, planted in the garden.
Japanese: 池に屋形船をうかべはなやかな様子が描かれているが二郎は宮廷の女房を妻にもらい、詩歌管弦の遊戯を好んでいたらしく、広大な敷地内には池を築き釣殿を建て、庭園には紅梅や桜、松などの趣ある植栽がなされている様子がわかる。
English: Considering from the layout and look of the buildings, the painting shows that as shinden-zukuri style was followed, but also depicts aspects typical of a samurai residence such as earth on flat board roofs on top of mud walls, metal clasps used for the gate doors and guards placed around the residence for defence.
Japanese: ほか、建物の配置や様子からは寝殿造を踏襲しているとみられること、武家の邸宅らしく築地の上に板屋根をのせて盛り土をし、門扉にも金具が打たれていること、屋敷周辺には警護の者が控えているなど防衛のための手立てがなされていることが描かれてもいる。
English: In contrast, the style and size of the house of his younger brother Saburo itself is in the same shinden-zukuri style as his elder brother.
Japanese: これに対し弟三郎の住宅として描かれたものは、屋敷自体は様式や規模は兄のものと変わらず寝殿造風である。
English: However, it can be seen that no samurai are practicing military arts in and out of the residence and no garden with a pond for viewing, but the flat yard is left unattended with lots of weeds growing wildly, and regarding the planting, paulownia trees are only trees planted between the gate and the chumon-ro corridor.
Japanese: しかしながら、屋敷内外に武芸の鍛錬に励む武士たちの姿や池など観賞用の園地がなく平庭で、庭空間には雑草が多い茂り手入れがなされず、植栽についても門と中門廊とに桐の木が植えられている程度であることがわかる。
English: Traditional shinden-zukuri style could not fill the needs of the samurai of this era because of typical samurai activity such as fighting, entertaining guests and taimen events (meetings to confirm the relationship between lord and retainer).
Japanese: この時代の武士特有の活動に戦闘があり、また客を迎えてもてなす接客や対面の行事もあったため従来どおりの寝殿造では対応しきれないところがあったとされている。
English: (The reason was probably because it is easier to remember Shoin-zukuri style for the Heian period, Buke-zukuri style for the Kamakura period, Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a tokonoma) for the Muromachi period and Sukiya-zukuri style (built in the style of a tea-ceremony house) for the Edo period.
Japanese: （おそらく平安時代-寝殿造、鎌倉時代-武家造、室町時代-書院造、江戸時代-数寄屋造、というのが覚えやすいためと考えられる。
English: Information at sightseeing spots occasionally call a residence with an entrance and shikidai (step in a Japanese entranceway) as 'Buke-zukuri style,' confusing 'Buke-yashiki,' (a samurai residence in the Edo period) with 'Buke-zukuri style,' but this is not the correct usage.
Japanese: （江戸時代の）武家の住まい（武家屋敷）と「武家造」を混同し、観光地の案内などで玄関、式台のある住まいを武家造と称していることがあるが、これは混乱を招く使い方であり、適切ではない。
English: Shuden-zukuri style is the term proposed in architectural history for indicating the architectural style of samurai residences during the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 主殿造（しゅでんづくり）は、室町時代の武家住宅の様式として建築史で提唱された言葉である。
English: Initially, samurai residences followed the Shinden-zukuri style, and the layout of the Shogun Yoshinori ASHIKAGA's residence (Hana no Gosho (literally, Flower Palace)) is centered on a shinden (main house).
Japanese: 武家住宅も初期は寝殿造の系統であり、足利義教の将軍邸（花の御所）も寝殿を中心にした配置を取っていた。
English: The Shuden was a place where all daily activities could be done with a room for conducting taimen (meeting to confirm the relations between lord and retainer) and Buddhist services and bedroom.
Japanese: 主殿には対面や仏事を行う部屋、寝室などがあり、一つの完結した生活の場となっていた。
English: This architectural style is different from that of the Shinden-zukuri style, where a shinden and Tainoya (the building where family members of the residence lived) were connected with a corridor, and the Shoin-zukuri style where an entrance, a dai-shoin (a large drawing room) and a sho-shoin (a small drawing room) were connected in a row.
Japanese: この形式は、渡り廊下で寝殿と対屋をつなぐ寝殿造や、玄関・大書院・小書院などを連ねる書院造とも異なっている。
English: No buildings of the Shuden-zukuri style have survived from that time and its characteristics can only be surmised from existing related documents.
Japanese: 当時の主殿造の建築遺構は残っておらず、文献類から様子が知られるのみ。
English: Although built more recently, it is said that the shoin (drawing room) at Onjo-ji Temple maintains some aspects of the Shuden-zukuri style.
Japanese: 時代は下がるが、園城寺にある書院は、主殿造の様式を残していると言われる。
English: The shoin that was once in Nikko-in of Onjo-ji Temple was dismantled and reconstructed in Tokyoto become the Gekko-den (literally, a moon light hall) at Gokoku-ji Temple (Important Cultural Property).
Japanese: また、園城寺の日光院にあった書院は東京に移築され護国寺月光殿になっている（重要文化財）。
English: Gassho-zukuri is a Japanese architectural style with a distinct steep roof.
Japanese: 合掌造り（がっしょうづくり）は、急傾斜の屋根を持つ日本の住宅建築様式。
English: The group of buildings in the villages of Shirakawago and Gokayama are especially well known and are registered as a World Heritage site (Cultural Heritage) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Japanese: 特に白川郷や五箇山の集落に残存する建築群がよく知られ、国際連合教育科学文化機関の世界遺産（文化遺産）に登録されている。
English: The main feature is a steep, thatched kirizuma yane (gable roof).
Japanese: 合掌造りは、茅葺（かやぶき）の角度の急な切妻屋根が大きな特徴となっている。
English: It is said that the term of Gassho-zukuri came from the fact that the shape of the roof resembles that of praying hands.
Japanese: 屋根の形が合掌した時の手の形に似ているところから、合掌造りと言われるようになったと伝わっている。
English: The koyagumi (roof truss or framework) of the Gassho-zukuri in Shirakawago and Gokayama has become famous, but this structure was previously widely used in Japanese private houses.
Japanese: 合掌造りの小屋組は、白川郷や五箇山のものが有名になっているが、本来は日本の民家に広く見られた構造である。
English: Gassho-zukuri is advantageous because a steep roof is necessary to prevent rain from seeping into the house with a thatched roof.
Japanese: 茅葺きの屋根では、雨仕舞いのために急傾斜の屋根にする必要があり、合掌造が有利である。
English: Its structure is considerably different from the koyagumi (wagoya structure) such as shoin-zukuri or sukiya-zukuri, used for houses of people in higher classes.
Japanese: 書院造や数寄屋造りなど上層の住宅で使われる小屋組（和小屋）と比べ、構造に大きな違いがある。