nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In fact, rather selfish desires of Gunji and farmers can be seen in some cases: for example, Kokushi kasei joso was a revenge by zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) who had an argument with Nagato no kuni no kami (governor of Nagato Province); farmers submitted a letter to praise their Tanba no kuni no kami immediately after Kokushi kasei joso; and appealing farmers set fire to the kokushi's residence in Kyoto.
Japanese: 実際、長門国守と紛争を起こした在庁官人が意趣返し的に苛政上訴を行う事例や、丹波国守を苛政上訴していた百姓らがその直後に当該国守を称揚する書状を提出した事例、上訴百姓が京にある国守宅に焼き打ちした事例など、むしろ郡司・百姓層に私欲的な姿勢を見いだすこともできる。
English: In this opinion, Kokushi kasei joso disappeared because Gunji and farmers became involved in Kokuga government as Zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
Japanese: この見解では、郡司・百姓層が在庁官人として国衙行政に取り込まれていったことにより、国司苛政上訴が消滅したとしている。
English: In addition, officials in kokuga (provincial government offices) and Gunji began to be collectively called Zoshikinin (lower-level functionaries in the provincial government) in the latter half the 10th century.
Japanese: また、10世紀後期には国衙職員と郡司が雑色人（ぞうしきにん）と一体的に呼ばれるようになっいる。
English: In other opinions, Kokushi kasei joso appeared as the evidence that these Zoshikinin worked with local influential persons to counter the Kokushi and Zuryo class.
Japanese: この雑色人が在地支配層と連携し、国司・受領層と対抗したことが国司苛政上訴として現れたとする見解も出されている。
English: In evaluating these historical events, we should keep in mind that the farmer class refers not to poor farmers suffering from heavy taxes Zuryo collected but to large-scale managers of agriculture and other industries who had vested rights in the local community and industries with many subordinate people and private solders and had a contract with kokuga over fumyo.
Japanese: そもそも、これらの歴史的事件を評価するときに念頭に置いておかなければならないのは、受領層に対して闘争を行った百姓層とは決して受領の収奪にあえぐ零細な農民などではなく、隷属民や私兵を多数擁して地域支配や産業において莫大な利権を持ち、国衙と負名契約を結んでいた、農業など諸産業の大規模経営者であったということである。
English: No matter what evaluations are given to these conflicts, it is clear that the mechanism of Kokuga (provincial government offices) headed by Zuryo helped such a wealthy farmer class grow to control the region and collect taxes more efficiently and gave them opportunities of acquiring huge vested interests.
Japanese: こうした闘争をどう評価するにせよ、地域統治と収税の効率化のためにこうした富豪百姓層の成長を助け、彼らが莫大な利権を獲得する契機を与えたのはまぎれもなく受領を筆頭とする国衙機構であった。
English: These conflicts were brought about by severe competition for wealth between Zuryo who took responsibility in the local governance and tax collection and the wealthy farmer class who were gathering wealth.
Japanese: この闘争は正にそうして発生した富をめぐって朝廷から地方統治と租税徴収を任された受領と、富を集積していた富豪百姓層が、激しく衝突したものだったのである。
English: For more details, see sections of Tato and Fumyo, Zuryo, farmers and warriors.
Japanese: こうした事情は田堵、負名、受領、百姓、武士といった関連諸項目をも参照のこと。
English: The Battle of Tatenawate was a war that took place in 1530 over hegemony of Kitakyushu between two daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States): the Ouchi clan of Suo Province and Shoni clan of Hizen Province.
Japanese: 田手畷の戦い（たてなわてのたたかい）は、享禄3年（1530年）、北九州の覇権をめぐり周防国の戦国大名大内氏と肥前国の戦国大名少弐氏との間で起きた戦い。
English: The Ouchi clan and Shoni clan were old enemies with each other who fought over hegemony of Kitakyushu (Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region)) all through the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 大内氏と少弐氏とは、室町時代を通じて北九州（大宰府）の覇権を争う宿敵同士であった。
English: Yoshioki OUCHI defeated Masasuke SHONI in 1497 and succeeded in making the Shoni clan, once the hegemony of Chinzei (nickname of Kyushu) demoted to a regional power.
Japanese: 明応6年（1497年）には大内義興は少弐政資を滅ぼし、かつては鎮西の覇者であった少弐氏を肥前の一地方勢力に転落させることに成功している。
English: Yoshitaka OUCHI (a son of Yoshioki) ordered Okitsura SUGI, Shugodai (deputy of Shugo, provincial constable) of Chikuzen Province, to lead the warlords of Kitakyushu in the Ouchi side to attack Seifukuji-jo Castle in Hizen Province, the castle of Sukemoto SHONI (a son of Sukemoto SHONI) in Hizen Province.
Japanese: 大内義隆（義興の子）は宿敵の少弐資元（政資の子）に止めを刺すべく筑前国守護代杉興連に命じて大内方の北九州の諸将を率いさせ、資元の居城肥前国勢福寺城を攻撃させた。
English: However the warlords of the Shoni clan side (such as Iekane RYUZOJI and Yorichika BABA) fought bravely and Red bear force led by Kiyohisa NABESHIMA played an important role in making invading Okitsura run away.
Japanese: しかし、少弐方の諸将（龍造寺家兼や馬場頼周など）が奮戦し、鍋島清久率いる赤熊軍団の活躍もあって、遠征してきた興連を敗走させた。
English: The Shoni clan increased its momentum after this victory and recovered its strength by invading Dazaifu.
Japanese: この勝利に勢いづいた少弐氏は逆に大宰府に侵攻するなど一時勢力を回復させた。
English: However it lost strength again when Okifusa SUE, the Ouchi clan's Shugodai of Suo Province joined the war in Kyushu, and furthermore it was given up by reliable Iekane when Yoshitaka himself launched offensive with a large army.
Japanese: しかし大内家の周防国守護代陶興房が九州に乗り込んでくると再び劣勢になり、さらには義隆が自身で大軍を率いて攻勢をかけて来ると、頼みの家兼にも見放された。
English: After Sukemoto was killed himself in 1535, the clan temporarily collapsed.
Japanese: 天文(元号)4年（1535年）には、資元は自刃して果てたため、少弐氏は一時滅亡した。
English: Sanshin-shichiso is a general term for port cities of Sanshin and Shichiso defined as Japan's ten most important ports and harbors in "Kaisen Shikimoku," --the Oldest Sea Law of Japan established in the late Muromachi period.
Japanese: 三津七湊（さんしんしちそう）とは、室町時代末に成立した日本最古の海洋法規集である『廻船式目』に、日本の十大港湾として記されている三津、七湊の港湾都市の総称。
English: Sanshin consists of three ports: Anotsu in Ise Province (Tsu City), Hakatanotsu in Chikuzen Province (Fukuoka City), and Sakaitsu in Izumi Province (Sakai City).
Japanese: 三津は伊勢国安濃津（津市）、筑前国博多津（福岡市）、和泉国堺津（堺市）
English: Shichiso consists of seven ports: Mikuniminato in Echizen Province (Sakai City), Wajimaminato in Noto Province (Wajima City), Iwaseminato in Ecchu Province, (Toyama City), Imamachiminato in Echigo Province (Naoetsu) (Joetsu City), Tsuchizakiminato in Dewa Province (Akitaminato) (Akita City), and Tosaminato in Tsugaru region (Goshogawara City).
Japanese: 七湊は越前国三国湊（坂井市）、加賀国本吉湊（白山市）、能登国輪島湊（輪島市）、越中国岩瀬湊（富山市）、越後国今町湊（直江津）（上越市）、出羽国土崎湊（秋田湊）（秋田市）、津軽地方十三湊（五所川原市）
English: In the early-modern times, they flourished as ports of call of Kitamae-bune, cargo vessels, but most ports on the Sea of Japan side began to decline after the Meiji restoration.
Japanese: 近世には北前船の寄港地として栄えたが、明治維新後、日本海側諸港の殆どが廃れた。
English: "The Bubishi" (Records of Military Preparation), a historical book written in the Chinese Ming Dynasty named Hakatanotsu, Anotsu, and of Bonotsu in Satsuma Province as Japan's Sanshin.
Japanese: また、中国明代の歴史書『武備誌』（軍備誌）には博多津、安濃津、薩摩国坊津を日本三津と称している。
English: Egoshu (or Kaigoshu) (wealthy merchants who led self-governing organizations in cities from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period) are consultation organizations, or is a term that refers to the members of this organization which possessed a leading role in the self-government of cities from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Japanese: 会合衆（えごうしゅう、かいごうしゅう）とは、室町時代から安土桃山時代の都市で自治の指導的役割を果たした評定組織またはその組織の構成員。
English: Around the same time, similar organizations were seen in cities such as Yamada (Ise City) (Ise Province), Ominato (Ise City) (Ise Province), Hakata or Sakata City.
Japanese: 同じ時期に山田(伊勢市)（伊勢国）、大湊(伊勢市)（伊勢）、博多、酒田市などの都市にも類似した組織が見られた。
English: Egoshu comprised the affluent (influential merchants) in Sakai, and influential merchants such as Notoya and Beniya served as Egoshu.
Japanese: 会合衆は、堺の有徳者（有力商人）で構成され、能登屋や臙脂屋（べにや）などの有力商人がその任にあたった。
English: The name of Egoshu first appears in Sakai City, in the "Shaken nichiroku," a diary written by a Zen priest, Daishuku KIKO. It records that on August 1 in 1484, both the Kasueya (timber merchant, Kazue MIYAKE) and the Isumiya (Izumiya) from among the Egoshu members led the festival at Mimura-sha Shrine (Aguchi-jinja Shrine).
Japanese: 堺で会合衆の名が初見されるのは季弘大叔の『蔗軒日録』で、1484年（文明16年）8月1日に三村社（開口神社）の祭礼で頭を務めたのが「会合衆内、カスエ（材木商・三宅主計）、イスミ（和泉）屋両人」と記されている。
English: It is said that the number of Egoshu members was thirty-six, but there were ten during the Bunmei era (Japan) ("Shaken nichiroku").
Japanese: 会合衆の数は36人とされるが、文明(日本)年間は10人と見える（『蔗軒日録』）。
English: Moreover, some accounts say that ten members as nayashu (warehousing business) were consulting on court cases ("Shiranki").
Japanese: また、納屋衆（倉庫業）として10人が訴訟を評定した（『糸乱記』）とする資料もある。
English: Therefore it is often said that the ten nayashu were especially powerful among the thirty-six Egoshu members.
Japanese: これらのことから、36人の会合衆の中でもとりわけ有力な者が10人の納屋衆であるとする向きが多い。
English: Sakai was divided into the Sakaisho region of Settsu Province and the Sakaiminamisho region of Izumi Province, and there were meeting places for Egoshu members in both regions.
Japanese: 堺は摂津国の堺荘と和泉国の堺南荘に分かれていたが、会合衆が集まる会所それぞれにあった。
English: The meeting place of the Sakaiminamisho region has been determined through excavations etc. and is assumed to have been at the Nenbutsu-ji Temple (abolished temple) on the precincts of Aguchi-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 堺南荘の会所は、発掘調査などで開口神社境内の念仏寺（廃寺）にあったと推定されている。
English: In the same period, the elders of Yamada in Ise, headed a self-government system called "Yamadasanpo," a form of self-government was also found in Egoshu in Ominato, Ise, while in Hakata, twelve Nengyoji (town officials) were administering the city, and in Shonai Sakata the Sanju-roku-nin shu with thirty-six members were in control of town administration; all these are examples of self-government that was suited to their respective cities.
Japanese: 同じころ、伊勢の山田には年寄による自治制度（山田三方）があったほか、伊勢の大湊にも会合衆による自治組織が、また博多は12人の年行司が町を治め、庄内酒田には町政を取り仕切った三十六人衆がいるなど、それぞれの都市に応じた制度で自治が行われた
English: Kueiden, in a broad sense, is a term used in Japanese history and means lands directly managed by the government while Shieiden (Private land) was managed by private citizens.
Japanese: 公営田（くえいでん）は、広義には、民間人が経営する私営田に対し、国家直営の田地を意味する日本史用語である。
English: Kueiden especially meant the public land system introduced in Dazaifu in the former Heian period (the 9th century).
Japanese: が、特に平安時代前期（9世紀）に大宰府管内で導入された公営の田地制度を指す。
English: The Ritsuryo system, which officially started at the beginning of the 8th century, controlled farmers and citizens based on family registers and the yearly tax registers.
Japanese: 8世紀初年に本格的に始まった日本の律令制は、戸籍・計帳を元にして百姓・人民を把握した。
English: However, from the latter eighth century, more farmers began to leave their land to become wanderers in order to avoid paying tax and the ritsuryo system was confronted with some change.
Japanese: が、8世紀後期ごろから租税負担を回避するために逃亡・浮浪する百姓らが増加していくなど、律令制支配に行き詰まりが生じていた。
English: In February 823, ONO no Minemori, who was Sangi (councillor) and Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices) proposed the introduction of Kueiden.
Japanese: 823年（弘仁14）2月、参議兼大宰大弐の小野岑守（おののみねもり）は、公営田の導入を建議した。
English: In those days, in Dazaifu, continuous lean harvest resulted in tax revenue shortfalls and farmers had an even harder time due to diseases.
Japanese: 当時、大宰府管内では不作が続いて税収不足に陥り、さらに疫病により百姓らの困窮が著しかった。
English: Minemori, in order to acquire funds and provide relief for the poor, proposed that they make parts of 'Kannai fields' Kubunden directly governed by Dazaifu on a temporary basis (30 years at the longest) and that they make the income part of the financial resources.
Japanese: そうした中、岑守は財源獲得と窮民救済を目的として、期限付き（30か年限）で管内田地の一部を大宰府直営の公営田とし、そこからの収入をもって財源に充てることを提案したのである。
English: His proposal was adopted and about 13,000 out of about 76,000 cho, which consisted of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) and joden (rest of the field after kubunden was given) of nine counties in Dazaifu, was admitted to be Kueiden for four years.
Japanese: 岑守の提案は採用され、4か年に限って大宰府管内9か国の口分田と乗田（口分田班給後に余った田地）総計約7万6千町のうち約1万3千町を公営田とすることが認められた。
English: Every year more than 60,000 farmers were made to cultivate Kueiden and one cho was allotted to five farmers.
Japanese: 公営田の耕作のため、年間6万人以上の百姓らが動員され、5人当たり1町の耕作が割り当てられた。
English: From the harvest from Kueiden, Cho and Yo were paid to the Central Government, food and reward (called tsukudako) to the cultivators, and charges for repairing rivers and ponds were also paid.
Japanese: 公営田の収穫の中から、中央へ納入すべき調・庸や耕作百姓への食料・報酬（佃功という）、溝池修理料などが支弁された。
English: Although the original amount of tax from Dazaifu was about 500,000 soku, the income from Kueiden was more than 1,000,000 soku, twice as much as the original amount.
Japanese: 大宰府管内の本来の正税額は約50万束であったが、公営田収入は100万束以上と本来額の2倍にのぼっている。
English: It is evaluated that the major aim of Kueiden was to abolish collecting Cho or Yo directly from farmers and to gain Cho and Yo by commerce.
Japanese: 公営田制の主要な目的は、百姓らから直接、調・庸を徴収することを廃し、交易によって調・庸を調達することにあったと評価されている。
English: The introduction of Kueiden was one example of the early changes in which the Ritsuryo system, the individual-based ruling system, turned into a land-based ruling system.
Japanese: 公営田の導入は、人別課税を基本とした律令制支配から土地課税を重視した支配への転換を示す最初期の例であった。
English: The Kueiden system tried in Dazaifu was not eternal but only temporary.
Japanese: ただ、大宰府で試行された公営田制度はあくまで時限的なものであり、永続的なものではなかった。
English: In the middle of the 9th century (about 855), it was recorded the Kueiden system was conducted in Higo Province, and that later (about 879) Kueiden was also tried in Kazusa Province.
Japanese: 9世紀中期（855年頃）には肥後で実施された記録が残っており、その後（879年ごろ）、上総でも公営田が施行されている。
English: It is interpreted in two ways: one is that Kueiden became popular and the other is that Kueiden was conducted in a limited way.
Japanese: これについては、公営田の施行が次第に拡がったとする見解と、公営田の施行は限定的だったとする見解がある。
English: In the late Muromachi period, Daimon was made of linen with its pattern on a fixed position and was considered as the second formal wear, following Hitatare.
Japanese: 室町時代後期には紋を定位置に配し生地は麻として直垂に次ぐ礼装とされた。
English: In the Edo period, Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) defined Daimon as 'a formal wear for samurai families with Buke-kani (official court titles for samurai) or higher titles.'
Japanese: 江戸時代になると江戸幕府により「武家官位以上の武家の礼装」と定められた。
English: In those days, ordinary daimyos were customarily appointed to the Fifth Rank, so Daimon became a formal wear for daimyos.
Japanese: 当時、一般の大名当主は五位に叙せられる慣例となっていたから、つまり大紋は大名の礼服となったのである。
English: Both the upper and lower parts of Daimon at that time were made from the same material, and the lower part, hakama, was so long that the wearers had to drag it.
Japanese: このころの大紋は上下同じ生地から調製されるが、袴は引きずるほど長くなった。
English: There was a big difference between Daimon and Hitatare or Suo: family crests were dyed out at ten parts of Daimon, including larger family crests at the back, right and left front sides, back side of each sleeve, and the backside of the hakama and smaller crests at two places on the front part of the hakama.
Japanese: 大きめの家紋を背中と両胸、袖の後ろ側、袴の尻の部分、小さめの家紋を袴の前側に2カ所、合計10カ所に染め抜いた点が直垂や素襖との大きな違いである。
English: At present, we can see Yasuie TOGASHI wearing Daimon in 'Kanjincho' (Kabuki (traditional performing art)) and Naganori ASANO wearing one during the scene of 'matsu no roka' (literally, a corridor of pine trees) in 'Chushingura' (period drama).
Japanese: 現在では歌舞伎や時代劇の「勧進帳」で富樫泰家が、「忠臣蔵」’松の廊下’のシーンで浅野長矩が着用している姿を見ることが出来る。
English: Sakaya indicates an operator of the sake-producing/selling business that started in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 酒屋（さかや）とは、鎌倉時代に始まった、日本酒を醸造し、販売する業者を指す。
English: Coming to own lots of capital gradually, sakaya also came to handle business in various areas, including financial business, such as doso (a pawnbroker and money lender), distribution business, such as packing and wrapping, and communications business.
Japanese: しだいに多額の資本を持つようになり、土倉（どそう）などの金融業や、荷送りなどの流通業、通信業などさまざまな業種を扱うようになった。
English: In this way, sakaya became wealthy merchants who had big stores at the center of Kyoto City and employed bodyguards in addition to store personnel, such as clerks and apprentices.
Japanese: このようにして、京都市中に大きな店舗をかまえ、手代や丁稚などの店員のほか、用心棒なども養う豪商となった。
English: Sakaya were also provided with a factor of something like a general trading house in the present day, and in the towns other than Kyoto, the owner of sakaya played the role of a man of influence, like the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Japanese: 現代でいう総合商社のような要素もあり、また京都以外の町では現代でいう商工会議所の会頭のような顔役としての役割も果たした。
English: For this, the small-scaled sakaya that is genuinely specialized in the business of manufacturing and selling sake alone is called tsukuri-zakaya (tsukuri indicates manufacturing) to differentiate it from sakaya.
Japanese: それに対して、純粋に醸造業と酒の販売だけに専念する零細な酒屋を造り酒屋と呼んで区別する。
English: When a tsukuri-zakaya accumulated wealth through sake business, it could happen that the sakaya started other types of business and became more wealthy, although the original sake business declined.
Japanese: もともとは造り酒屋から始まった酒屋であっても、酒で財を成したとはいえ、原業の醸造業は衰滅してしまい、残った財を資本として他の業種に乗り出していき、さらに成長していった酒屋もある。
English: On the other hand, 'a tsukuri-zakaya not selling sake' don't really exist.
Japanese: いっぽう、「酒を売らない造り酒屋」というのはまず存在しないと言ってよい。
English: Originally, a hut where villagers manufactured sake jointly was called sakaya (literally, sake house).
Japanese: もともとは一つの村落で、村人が共同で酒を造る小屋のことを酒屋（さかや）といった。
English: Such a building for sakaya still exists in Hida, the place famous for Gassho-zukuri (a house built of wooden beams combined to form a steep thatched roof that resembles two hands together).
Japanese: そういう建築物としての酒屋は現在でも、合掌造りで知られる飛騨において見ることができる。
English: In the Heian period or before it, miki no tsukasa or sake no tsukasa (written either 造酒司 or 造酒寮) (either indicating the office in charge of the imperial use of sake, sweet sake, or vinegar etc.) was placed in the Imperial Court, saka-dono (literally, a sake hall) was placed in shrines, and for private purposes, people manufactured sake by themselves.
Japanese: 平安時代以前には、朝廷には造酒司（もしくは造酒寮）が、神社には酒殿が置かれて、民間では自家製造が主であった。
English: Then sake brewers called sakashi, who were predecessors of toji (sake brewing experts), came to manufacture and sell sake privately by themselves, and the place where such sake was sold came to be called sakaya.
Japanese: やがて杜氏の職業的先駆にあたる酒師（さかし）が民間で自分で酒を造り、売るところを酒屋というようになっていった。
English: Of theses places, the stores specialized in manufacturing sake came to be called 'tsukuri-zakaya,' and those where emphasis was placed on financial business became 'sakaya.'
Japanese: このなかで醸造業を中心とする商店と、金融業を中心とする商店で、のちの「造り酒屋」と「酒屋」が分化していく。
English: Although the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) initially prohibited such operation of business, the Imperial Court in Kyoto permitted the sakaya business but collected sake-related tax called shuzo-yaku (or tsubo-sen) instead, to compensate for its financial shortage.
Japanese: 当初鎌倉幕府はこうした業者を禁止していたが、京都の朝廷では財源不足を補うために酒屋を認めてその代わりに酒造役（壷銭）を徴収した。
English: A record shows that there were 342 sakaya inside and outside Kyoto in 1425.
Japanese: 応永32年（1425年）には洛中洛外の酒屋の数は342軒に達していたことが記録に残っている。
English: After Bunan no Koji Sodo (a riot caused by rice malt sellers in the Bunan era) in 1444, the rice malt-manufacturing business was merged into sakaya even in Kyoto.
Japanese: 文安の麹騒動（1444年）以後は京都においては麹屋業も吸収合併した。
English: For the Muromachi bakufu, sakaya-yaku, tax levied on sakaya, became an important financial source, together with kura-yaku, tax levied on doso.
Japanese: 室町幕府にとっては、酒屋に貸した酒屋役（さかややく）は、土倉に貸した倉役（くらやく）とならんで、幕府の重要な財源となった。
English: After the middle era of the Muromachi period when the power of the Muromachi bakufu became weak and the finance of the Imperial Court deteriorated, sakaya came to have a big political influence on the bakufu and the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 室町時代中期以後は弱体化した室町幕府や、経済的に貧しくなった朝廷に対しても、酒屋は大きな政治的発言力を持った。
English: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some sakaya advanced into trade with Spain and Portugal through eastern Asian nations as well as various places in Japan, growing into wealthy merchants.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代には、日本各地はもとより東南アジア諸国との南蛮貿易に進出する酒屋もあらわれ、豪商として育っていった。
English: Entering the Edo period, many sakaya selling the sake manufactured by others, not doing financial business operation nor manufacturing sake, (or business close to the image of the 'sakaya' in the present day), appeared centered on Edo that had become a big city.
Japanese: 江戸時代になると、大都市となった江戸を中心として、金融業でも醸造業でもない、他のところで醸造した酒を販売する（今日でいう「酒屋」のイメージに近い）商店として酒屋が多く出現するようになる。
English: Although the political power sakaya had in the Muromachi period diminished superficially, it can be considered that they made considerable financial contribution to the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, magistrates and local governors, still retaining a significant political power behind the scenes.
Japanese: 酒屋が室町時代のころに持っていた政治的影響力は表面的に減じたが、それでも幕閣、奉行、代官らに多額の政治献金を送り、陰の政治力はかなり残っていたと考えてよい。
English: The power was so great that, in the Hoei era (1704 - 1711) and in the Bunka era (1804 - 1818), the bakufu withdrew a law presented for approval, when the sakaya opposed it jointly.
Japanese: 宝永年間や文化(元号)年間に見られるように、酒屋たちが連帯して反対すると、幕府も一度出した法度でもあわててひっこめたりしているくらいである。
English: The bakufu expected contribution from sakaya using the names, for example, of business tax on sakekabu (an official certificate of sake brewing) or myogakin (tax for certifying business right).
Japanese: 幕府としても酒株運上金の導入（うんじょうきん）、冥加金（みょうがきん）など、何かと口実をつけて酒屋からの献金に財源を期待した。
English: As the name of traditional sakaya, 'Mikawaya' has been well known even in the Showa and later periods.
Japanese: 昔ながらの酒屋といえば日本酒の歴史昭和時代中期でも「三河屋」という屋号で知られる。
English: This is due to the following reason: Towards the end of the 17th century, ten guilds called Edo tokumidonya, each for a different kind of business, were established, and in particular, many merchants from the Mikawa Province, who had supplied goods to the Matsudaira family since the era when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was the daimyo (feudal lord) of the small Mikawa Province (or who said they were such persons), belonged to the 'sake store guild,' which handled sake, miso (fermented soybean paste) and soy sauce, and were prosperous.
Japanese: これは、17世紀末には江戸十組問屋という10の同業者組合ができ、中でも酒、味噌、醤油を扱う「酒店組」には、徳川家康が三河を領していた小大名だったころから松平家に出入りしていた（あるいは、そのように自称する）三河出身者が多くまた繁盛したことによる。
English: Use of the name of Mikawaya increased because a store separated from an original Mikawaya also used the name of Mikawaya and also because many independently established stores used the name of Mikawaya to share the luck of Mikawaya's prosperity.
Japanese: 暖簾分けの他にも、繁盛にあやかろうと三河屋を名乗るものが多くなった。
English: As there is the term of sakaya banryu, sakaya established before long a strong private network by effectively using its general trading house-like features.
Japanese: やがて酒屋は、酒屋万流（さかやばんりゅう）といわれるように、総合商社的な特徴を生かして日本国中に強力な民間ネットワークを築いていた。
English: Sake itself was manufactured by sakaya mostly from Sessen-juni-go (the 12 districts in the Settsu Province and Izumi Province) in their own sake-factories, was transported to Edo as kudari-zake (sake transported from the Kyoto/Osaka area), and was sold in Edo.
Japanese: 酒そのものは、主に摂泉十二郷出身の酒屋が自前の蔵で醸造し、下り酒として江戸へ船で輸送し、江戸で売りさばいた。
English: Furthermore, in addition to sake factories in the production sector, sakaya also advanced into the transportation, distribution, and sale sections as well, as described below:
Japanese: さらに、生産部門である蔵だけでなく、輸送・流通・販売・営業部門についても以下のように進出した。
English: First, concerning the transportation sector, Kaisen donya (wholesaler in port), not sakaya, controlled cargo-vessels initially.
Japanese: まず輸送部門に関しては、はじめは廻船を差配する廻船問屋という稼業が酒屋とは別個に存在し営業していた。
English: Then sakaya itself came to operate kaisenfu, which corresponds to the present ferry terminal in Osaka, owning its own vessels as taru-kaisen-donya (a wholesaler handling cargo-vessels carrying sake barrels) and employing skilled sailors.
Japanese: 酒屋自身が樽廻船問屋として自前の船を所有し、腕のよい船乗りたちを雇い入れ、今でいうフェリー・ターミナルにあたる廻船艀を大坂に出店するようになった。
English: In Edo, there were kudari-zake-donya (wholesalers handling kudari-zake).
Japanese: また江戸には、下り酒を引き受ける江戸酒問屋下り酒の地廻り酒というものがあった。
English: These tonya were originally sales offices that sakaya in kamigata (the Kyoto/Osaka area) opened in Edo to sell their own sake, and important personnel, such as clerks, were sent to these tonya.
Japanese: だが、これもじつはそもそも上方の酒屋が自分のところの酒を江戸市民に売りこむため、手代など重要な人材を派遣し江戸に開店させた「営業所」であった。
English: Therefore, in these 'sales offices,' sales activities to explain the superiority of sake manufactured by their own sake-factories were conducted actively.
Japanese: そのため、さらにこうした「営業所」は、自分の蔵の酒を良さをお客に熱心に説いて回る、いわば営業活動もまめに行なった。
English: Considering these points, the stores handling jimarawi-zake, which were manufactured in the Kanto area and competed with kudari-zake, were no match for those handling kudari-zake.
Japanese: こういう点からしても、ライバルの関東の酒である地廻り酒を扱う店はとてもではないが太刀打ちできなかったのである。