nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The officer in total command of the marching troop was Captain Kannari, captain of the troop, and Major Yamaguchi and several Captains came along to attend the troop.
Japanese: 雪中行軍隊の総指揮者は行軍隊隊長の神成大尉であるが、これに山口少佐と若干名の大尉が行軍隊付きとして同行する形になった。
English: Major Yamaguchi was Captain Kannari's boss in terms of rank and their relationship in ordinary duty.
Japanese: 責任者は神成大尉ではあるが、階級と本来の職務の関係から行くと山口少佐は上司にあたる。
English: It was just before the march was carried out that they had decided to make Captain Kannari in charge of the marching troop.
Japanese: 神成大尉が雪中行軍隊の指揮を任されることになったのは、行軍実施の直前である。
English: Therefore, Captain Kannari started preparations, which was conducting only a single-day march to Kotoge in small troop as a preparatory exercise, without any advance knowledge.
Japanese: その為、実際の雪中行軍に対して神成大尉は何も予備知識を持たないまま準備作業に入るが、準備作業としては、予行演習の日帰り行軍を小峠まで小隊編成で行ったのみである。
English: That march was carried out on a fine day, which resulted in extracting no basic information on the risk of climbing winter mountains or actions in snow.
Japanese: その行軍自体が晴天下で行われた事もあり、冬山登山や雪中行動の基本的リスクの抽出が結果として行われなかったことになる。
English: Most of the soldiers who joined the march were from farm families in Iwate Prefecture and Miyagi Prefecture, having had no chance to climb winter mountains before.
Japanese: 雪中行軍参加者のほとんどは岩手県、宮城県の農家の出身者であり、普段冬山などに接する機会がない者たちであった。
English: Therefore, they had little knowledge about cold protection and most of them thought marching in snow and trekking was the same.
Japanese: そのため、防寒の知識は皆無に等しく、雪中行軍をトレッキングと同列に考えている者がほとんどだった。
English: As for the fifth Regiment, a send-off party was held on the day before departure and the banquet continued until midnight.
Japanese: 第5連隊では、出発の前日に壮行会が開かれており、深夜まで宴会が行われていた。
English: Sergeant Major Hasegawa recalled ' I brought only one hand towel like going to dip in a hot spring because Tashiro was just about five ri ("ri" is about 3.927km) away from there.'
Japanese: 長谷川特務曹長は「田代といっても僅かに5里ばかりで、湯に入りに行くつもりで、たった手ぬぐい1本を持っただけだった」と語っている。
English: According to 'Sounan Shimatsusho,' several soldiers (who they were is unclear) replaced their ordinary leather military boots with tabi socks to climb the mountain.
Japanese: 遭難始末によれば、"山登り"という事で履物を普段の皮製の軍靴から地下足袋に換えて参加した兵士も何名かいたことが確認されている（氏名までは不詳）。
English: According to survivor, Corporal Ohara, they had no spare gloves and socks to change into when their clothes got wet.
Japanese: 生存者の小原伍長の証言によれば、誰も予備の手袋、靴下を用意しておらず、装備が濡れてしまったら換えはなかった。
English: Corporal Ohara recalled, he himself ' wouldn't have lost my legs and fingers and half of the soldiers would have been alive, if we had had only one pair of gloves and socks to change.'
Japanese: 小原伍長自身も「もしあの時、予備の軍手、靴下の一組でも余計にあれば自分は足や指を失わなかっただろうし、半分の兵士が助かっただろう」と後年、供述している。
English: All the survivors who were nonofficial soldiers were from mountain-ringed regions and normally helped Matagi hunter groups or worked in charcoal making.
Japanese: 兵卒の生存者は全員山間部の出身で、普段はマタギの手伝いや炭焼きに従事している者達だった。
English: They were acquainted with winter mountains to some extent and used their original cold protection techniques such as ' rubbing red peppers on one's feet to make the temperature of the feet stable' 'wrapping water-resistant paper coated with oil around one's feet to prevent water from invading' ' tucking newspaper between underwear and clothes to make body temperature stable and shut out the cold air' 'wrapping water-resistant paper coated with oil around food (rice balls) to prevent them being frozen'.
Japanese: 彼等は冬山での行動にある程度習熟しており、「足に唐辛子を擦り付けて、足温を安定させる」「足に油紙を巻いて水分の浸入を防ぐ」「肌着と衣服の間に新聞紙を仕込んで、体温の安定化、寒気の遮断をする」「食料（握り飯）に油紙を巻いて凍結を防ぐ」等の独自の耐寒装備をしていた。
English: It is said that one of the reasons why the survival probability of the officers was high is because their equipment had better cold protection functions than those of nonofficial soldiers.
Japanese: 将校の生存確率が高いのも、兵卒より防寒機能が高い装備が一因と言われている。
English: It is said that not only soldiers who marched in the snow but local people who gathered as guides also suffered from frostbite and other ailments.
Japanese: この事件では雪中行軍した兵士だけではなく、道案内で駆り出された地元の一般人も凍傷などの被害を受けたと言われる。
English: Some say that local people who had guided the troop were more miserable than missing soldiers who received handsome compensation, because unlike them, local people weren't given sufficient reward.
Japanese: 手厚い補償のあった遭難兵士と違い、道案内の地元民には十分な礼金すら与えられていないと言われ、悲惨さの度合いは兵士以上に高いという意見もある。
English: The incident became known to the public by a novel, "Death march on Mount Hakkoda" written by Jiro NITTA and a movie which was based on that novel "Hakkoda-san Mountain."
Japanese: 事件は新田次郎により『八甲田山死の彷徨』としてに小説化され、さらにこの小説を原作としたの映画『八甲田山(映画)』で一般に広く知られることになった。
English: In January, the fifth Infantry Regiment (Japan Ground Self-Defense Force ninth Division [Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]) of Aomori post succeeded in marching in snow on Hakkoda-san Mountain with modern equipment.
Japanese: 1月、青森駐屯の第5普通科連隊（陸上自衛隊第9師団(陸上自衛隊)）が近代装備を用い八甲田山の雪中行軍に成功した。
English: In July, 15 trainees and 8 instructors, 23 in total, of the fifth Infantry Regiment of Aomori post fell on a low-lying depression at the entrance of Tashirodaira farm near Hakkoda hot spring with gas poisoning-like symptoms during the training of rangers, and 12 of them were carried to hospital, of whom 3 died.
Japanese: 7月、レンジャー養成訓練中だった青森駐屯第5普通科連隊の訓練生15人、教官ら8人の計23人が、八甲田温泉近くの田代平牧場入口付近のくぼ地で相次いでガス中毒様の症状で倒れ、12人が病院に運ばれ内3名が死亡する惨事が起きている。
English: There have been many theories about the cause of death of Major Shin YAMAGUCHI in recent years.
Japanese: 近年、その死因について多くの説が立てられている山口鋠少佐（大隊長）。
English: Yamaguchi (original family name was Narisawa, changed as he was adopted) was born to a vassal of the shogun in 1856, growing up in Numadu because his brother-in-law On WATANABE, English scholar and translator, was a professor at Numadu Hei School (Numazu officer academy) (Yamaguchi was too young to enter).
Japanese: 山口（旧姓成澤、養子のため改姓）は安政3年に幕臣の子として生まれ、義兄の英学者・翻訳家の渡部温（『イソップ寓話』の翻訳等で名高い）が沼津兵学校教授を務めていたため、幼時を沼津で過ごす（年少のため入学はせず）。
English: Later, he studied French at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (also because the principal was Watanabe), going from the Military academy (Japan) to Army Toyama School.
Japanese: 後に東京外国語学校（やはり渡部が校長だったことがある）でフランス語を専攻し、そして陸軍士官学校(日本)から陸軍戸山学校に進む。
English: The army surgeon who was at Yamaguchi's bedside when he died mysteriously was Sadae NAKAHARA, who had come from Yamagata Military Hospital, and it was hardly a coincidence.
Japanese: なお、謎の多い山口の最期を看取った軍医は山形衛戍病院からの応援者、中原貞衛であり、この点も単なる偶然と言い切れない一面がある。
English: Anyway, it is possible his different profiles from that of the novel and the movie will be revealed by further study.
Japanese: いずれにせよ、今後の研究進展によって、既存の小説や映画とは異なった人物像が浮かび上がって来る可能性がある。
English: Haakon VII of Kingdom of Norway, sent two skis to Emperor Meiji as a get-well present, having heard about Death March of Hakkoda Mountains Incident.
Japanese: この八甲田山雪中行軍遭難事件を聴いた、ノルウェー王国のホーコン7世国王が、、お見舞いとして明治天皇宛にスキー二台を進呈した。
English: Miyohajime refers to a series of measures and the policies that are performed as part of the rule of the new reign of the new monarch at the beginning of his assumption after the death or retirement of the previous monarch.
Japanese: 御代始（みよはじめ）とは、前の君主の死去・隠居に伴う、新君主の就任初期に新治世の統治の一環として行われる一連の施策・政策を指す。
English: A new monarch needed to understand the people; at the same time, the people expected that the old system would be reformed or abolished under the new monarch.
Japanese: 新しく君主となった者は一刻も早い民衆の掌握を必要とし、逆に民衆の側も新しい君主の下で旧弊が改革・廃止されて自分たちのためになる新政策が導入されることを期待した。
English: During the Middle Ages, they were done in the form of 'tokusei (benevolent rule) of miyohajime' from the monarch to the people, and in the form of demonstrational actions from the people to the monarch such as the uprising of tokusei to demand the enforcement of tokusei.
Japanese: 中世においては、君主の側からは「御代始の徳政」の形で行われ、反対に民衆の側からは徳政一揆などの示威行動によって徳政の実施を求める動きが生じた。
English: In the Edo shogunate, after Hidetada TOKUGAWA was appointed as the second shogun, his father, the former shogun, became Ogosho (leading or influential figure) and continued to take control of actual government affairs for almost 10 years, and after his son, Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, was appointed as the third shogun, he also became Ogosho and continued to take control of actual government affairs for almost 10 years.
Japanese: 江戸幕府では、2代徳川秀忠・3代徳川家光ともに将軍宣下後10年近くにわたって、大御所となった父親の前将軍が実際の政務を掌握する時期が続いた。
English: For this reason, immediately after the death of a father, Ogosho, declaring Miyohajime was the way to show the attitude of actively engaging in the government affairs.
Japanese: このため、大御所であった父親が死ぬと直ちに「御代始」を宣言して積極的に政務を臨む姿勢を示した。
English: As a result, it became customary to develop the new policy of Miyohajime at the time of the assumption of the new Tokugawa Shogunate family taken place due to the assumption of Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) or the death of Ogosho.
Japanese: このため、江戸幕府では幼少の場合を例外として、征夷大将軍就任あるいは大御所の死亡による徳川将軍家当主就任時に、「御代始」の新政策を打ち出すことが慣例化していった。
English: The famous reformations of the shogunate government, 'the three biggest reformations' (the Kyoho reform, Kansei Reform, and Tempo Reforms) are part of 'Miyohajime' by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA (8th), Ienari TOKUGAWA (11th), and Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA (12th); the Ansei Reform and the Keio Reform can both be associated with the 'Miyohajime' of Iesada TOKUGAWA (13th) and Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA (15th) (the Bukyu Reform is thought to be associated with Edo geko, go down to Edo, of the Imperial envoy of Emperor Komei, but not with 'Miyohajime.')
Japanese: 著名な幕政改革であるいわゆる「三大改革」（享保の改革・寛政の改革・天保の改革）は、本来はそれぞれ8代徳川吉宗・11代徳川家斉・12代徳川家慶の「御代始」の一環であり、近年注目されている幕末の安政の改革及び慶応の改革も13代徳川家定・15代徳川慶喜の「御代始」と関連づけられる（もう1つの文久の改革は、孝明天皇勅使の江戸下向との関連であり「御代始」との関連性は無いとされる）。
English: In the local regions, there were high expectations for 'Miyohajime' when there was the change of family heads or feudal lords.
Japanese: また、地方においては当主の交代や改易による新領主の入部に伴う領主の交替時にも、「御代始」に対する期待が強く持たれたのである。
English: Komyojimura joko shoshi jiken ("the incident in Komyoji-mura Village in which female factory workers perished by fire") refers to the fire that broke out in 1900 in a textile factory in the village of Komyoji-mura (the present-day city of Ichinomiya) in Haguri-gun County of Aichi Prefecture and killed 31 female factory workers.
Japanese: 光明寺村女工焼死事件（こうみょうじむらじょこうしょうしじけん）は、1900年に愛知県葉栗郡光明寺村（現一宮市）の織物工場で女工31名が焼死した事件である。
English: At about three o'clock in the morning on January 23, 1900, a fire broke out in a textile factory in Komyoji-mura Village.
Japanese: 1900年1月23日午前3時頃、光明寺村の織物工場で火災が発生した。
English: Of the 49 female factory workers lodging on the second floor above the factory, 18 managed to escape but the remaining 31 were delayed in fleeing and were burned to death.
Japanese: 工場の2階に寄宿していた女工49名のうち18名は脱出できたが、残りの31名が逃げ遅れて焼死した。
English: The bodies of the female factory workers were so badly charred by the roaring flames that even blood relatives could not recognize them anymore.
Japanese: 女工たちの遺体は猛火に焼かれて完全に炭化しており、肉親でも見分けがつかないほどであったという。
English: At that time, among the textile manufacturers located in the Owari region it was considered common sense to affix iron bars over the windows of the workers' dormitories and lock the doors (at night) so as to prevent the female workers from running away (to break their contracts).
Japanese: 当時の尾張地方の織物業者の間では、女工の逃亡防止のため、寄宿舎の窓に鉄格子をはめ、入口を施錠することが常識となっていた。
English: The factory in question also followed this then-commonsense practice, meaning that when the fire broke out the female workers could not escape, and thus the factory policy could be said to have invited just such a tragic disaster that did in fact strike.
Japanese: この工場もそれに従っていたため、火災の際女工が脱出できず、このような悲惨な事態を招いてしまったといわれている。
English: This incident spurred the publication of the governmental report entitled 'Shokko jijo' (Conditions for Factory Workers), an investigation into the working environment of textile factories of the day.
Japanese: この事件は、当時の繊維工場の労働環境を調査した政府の報告書「職工事情」にも掲載された。
English: Moreover, the government used this incident as the impetus for revising the 'Kojo kishukusha kisoku' (Regulations for Factory Dormitories) in order to outlaw any dormitories that attempted to confine their workers.
Japanese: また、この事件を契機に、「工場寄宿舎規則」が改正され、労働者を監禁する形の寄宿舎は禁止となった。
English: Furthermore, some of the more influential inhabitants of the Haguri-gun region jointly raised the funds to erect a stone memorial in the city of Bisai, which had more victims of the fire than any other city or town.
Japanese: また、葉栗郡地方の有力者が資金を出し合い、犠牲者の最も多かった尾西市に慰霊碑が建立された。
English: In telling the negative history of 'Ichinomiya the Textile Town,' this incident represents the absolute nadir, a fact that led the Board of Education for the city of Ichinomiya to publish a supplementary reader for Middle School-level Social Studies entitled "Nobiyuku Ichinomiya" (Ichinomiya: the growing city).
Japanese: 「せんいの町一宮」の負の歴史を語る上で欠かせない事件として、一宮市教育委員会発行の中学校社会科副読本『のびゆく一宮』に掲載されている。
English: Seisho NAMIKAWA, who had been ordered to compile local topography by Tadasuke OOKA, the jisha-bugyo (magistrate of temples and shrines), conducted field research over six years, and completed it in 1734.
Japanese: 寺社奉行大岡忠相より地誌編纂を命じられた並河誠所らが6年間を費やして実地調査し、享保19年（1734年）に完成させた。
English: In the course of field research he identified many Engishikinaisha which had been the location unknown.
Japanese: 実地調査の過程で、所在不明の延喜式式内社の比定が数多く行われている。
English: Kawazarae Myogakin is votive offering tax imposed by the government for dredging rivers in Osaka in the Edo period.
Japanese: 川浚冥加金（かわざらえみょうがきん）は、江戸時代、大坂で川浚えのために課された冥加金である。
English: In Osaka, crisscrossing rivers in the city were important as the means of transportation and other uses; accordingly, dredging, which was a way of controlling and maintaining rivers, was also important.
Japanese: 大坂ではその市内を縦横に走る川が交通手段その他の点で重要であったから、その維持管理である川浚え（浚渫）もまた重要であった。
English: The dredging was classified into three: Okawazarae (dredging of the Yodo-gawa River), uchikawazarae (dredging of branches of the Yodo-gawa River), and ryokawaguchizarae (dredging of the Aji-gawa River and the Kizu-gawa River).
Japanese: 川浚えは、大川浚（淀川）、内川浚（淀川の諸分流）および両川口浚（安治川河口、木津川(大阪府)河口）の3つに分かれていた。
English: In 1772, the expense of dredging came from the following three sources: (1) The license tax received from Kajichi Sahaisho: 910-ryo (in silver 54 kan [unit of volume, approx. 3.75 kg] and 600 monme [unit of volume, approx. 3.75 g]), (2) Togawa Tsuijidai-gin Kashitsuke Rigin (interest from the sales of the reclaimed land of Togawa) 80-kan 596-monme and 8-bu (unit of volume, approx. 0.375 g) in silver, (3) Horie Uenibune (freighters) Funadoko-gin 64-kan and 200 monme in silver, but 2 kan out of 64 kan and 200 monme, was Funadoko-gin (boat registration fee), so the net was 62 kan and 200 monme.
Japanese: 川浚え費用は、1772年（安永(元号)元年）には、(1)家質差配所の冥加金910両（銀換算で54貫600目）、(2)十川築地代銀貸付利銀80貫596匁8分、(3)堀江上荷船船床銀64貫200匁、その内2貫目は船床銀の徴収料になるから62貫200目。
English: Funadoko-gin was a tax imposed for 500 uwanibune (freighters) which were newly permitted in order to develop the area called Horie Shinchi in 1698.
Japanese: 船床銀とは1698年（元禄11年）堀江新地発展のために上荷船500艘を許したことに対する冥加金であった。
English: Togawa Tsuijidai-gin was interest which should be paid annually, and that interest was from a loan of money which was made by selling reclaimed lands along the Sonezaki-gawa River, the Kyomachi Hori-kawa River, the Tateurihori-kawa River, the Awahori-kawa River, the Toyokohori-kawa River, the Kaifuhori-kawa River, the Satsumahori-kawa River, the Nakanoshima Uenohana, the Edo Hori-kawa Shitanohana, and the Enokojima Shitanohana in 1767.
Japanese: 十川築地代銀とは1767年（明和4年）曽根崎川、京町堀川、立売堀川、阿波堀川、東横堀川、海部堀川、薩摩堀川、中之島(大阪府)上ノ鼻、江戸堀川下ノ鼻、江ノ子島下ノ鼻その他それぞれあらたに築地をおこなった築地の売り払い代銀を貸し付け、年ごとに納める利銀である。
English: Kajichi Sahaisho came into existence in 1767 when three men (Kiyoemon who was a merchant of Edo, Tsu no Kuniya Choemon who was from Suomach, Osaka, and Kamiya Ribee from Sumiyoshiyamachi) paid annual license tax of 9950-ryo for their business as an agent for managing Kajichi Sahaisho.
Japanese: 家質差配所とは明和4年12月江戸の町人清右衛門、大坂周防町津国屋長右衛門および住吉屋町紙屋利兵衛の3人が1年に冥加金9950両を差し出し、許可を得たもの。
English: Farmers in Sango and nearby villages, borrowers had to write down their possessions such as houses, storehouses, various shares, barber shop in possesion and so on, and when they borrowed gold and silver, they had to submit a deed with a seal of approval to the Sahaisho.
Japanese: 三郷および近在の農民に至るまで、その所有する家屋敷、土蔵、諸株、髪結床その他を質物に書き入れ、金銀貸借する時はかならず証文を差配所に提出し、奥印を請けた。
English: If borrowers had borrowed money from other lenders, the Sahaisho told them to refunding money from the Sahaisho on due date, and when a new seal of approval was given to them, the Sahaisho collected service charge from both of the former lender and the borrower; for example, the lender had to pay 4 monme per 1-kanme of silver, and the borrower had to pay 6 monme per 1-kanme of silver.
Japanese: 差配所から金銀を貸し付けて従来よそから借り入れた分は期日に証文を改める際にしだいしだいに差配所の貸し付け銀に借り換えさせ、奥印を経る時には差配所は世話料として銀1貫目あたり貸し主から4匁、借り主から6匁の奥印料を徴収した。
English: Such a document of house mortgage had to be rewritten every 6 months, and indentures of various shares had to be renewed annually.
Japanese: 家質は6ヶ月毎に、諸株の質は1年毎に、証書を書き換えなければならないとした。
English: People were surprised and this arrangement had a really bad reputation, and after February 23, 1768, towns made protest against this successively.
Japanese: このことに驚いた市民からは大変な悪評を蒙り、翌5年1月6日以後町々から抗議が相次いだ。
English: As the magistrate's office did nothing with these protests, riots occurred in the town of Osaka from March 10 through March 12, and people broke into and destroyed houses whose owners were related to Kajichi Sahaisho including Kamiya and Tsunokuniya.
Japanese: 奉行所はこれを取り上げなかったために、正月22日から24日にかけて大坂市中に暴動が発生し、紙屋、津国屋をはじめとし、家質差配所に関係する者の家々に乱入し、打ち壊した。
English: The magistrate's office decided to use a part of the license tax the office received from Sahaisho for dredging to pacify the complaints voiced by the citizens; accordingly, the expense of dredging was raised to 4900 ryo in 1773 and all the expenses needed for dredging was paid with this money.
Japanese: 奉行所は市民の不平を慰撫するべく差配所冥加金の一部を川浚えに使用することとし、1773年（安永2年）に川浚費は4900両に引き上げられ、これで一切の川浚え費を支弁した。
English: It was decided that the dredging expense should be paid out only from the license tax received from Kajichi Sahaisho, and Togawa Tsuijidai-gin Kashitsuke Rigin (interest from the sales of the reclaimed land of Togawa) and Horie Uenibune (freighters) Funadoko-gin were to be stored in the treasury of the castle.
Japanese: その費用は家質差配所冥加金だけから支出されることとし、十川築地代銀貸付利銀および堀江上荷船船床銀は城内金蔵に納めることにした。
English: However, as objection about Okuin (seal of approval on the end of a deed) from the citizens never ceased to stop, the magistrate office finally discontinued this.
Japanese: が、差配所の奥印については市民の反対が絶えないためについにこれを廃した。
English: The magistrate's office decided to collect the annual amount of 9950 ryo, which originally came from the Sahaisho, by 'tax for dredging,' and after 1775, the citizens had to pay three times per year (in February, May, and October), and eventually, 4900 ryo out of these installed payments were used for the dredging.
Japanese: 差配所から納めていた冥加金1年9950両を「川浚冥加金」という名目で市民から徴収することとし、安永4年（1775年）以後は1年3回2月、5月、10月に分納させ、この金額のなかからなお4900両を川浚費に支弁した。
English: The allocating method of the Myogakin (tax) was as follows: the total of deeds in the central part of Osaka was 305,287 kan and 500 monme, and when the total amount of the Myogakin was taken out, the amount that came out was 1 monme 9 bu 5 ri and 6 mo per kanme.
Japanese: 冥加金の割り方は三郷売券高30万5287貫500匁で、冥加金総額を除くと1貫目につき1匁9分5厘6毛となる。
English: Each town's expense was decided based on the amount of deeds collected, and the dredging tax per person was decided according to the size of each house's frontage before actual collection.
Japanese: これを町ごとの売券高に応じて、その町の負担額を定め、間口割にして、町人から取り立てた。
English: Although policies about muyaku-yashiki (houses which were exempt from taxes) varied depending on towns, it was decided that all muyaku-yashiki were excluded from the calculation of the amount of the Myogakin in 1796.
Japanese: 無役屋敷は町々によってさまざまであったが、1796年（寛政8年）から無役屋敷はすべてこれを除いて町々の冥加金額を定めることになった。
English: Although kings had originally run Yamatai, long-term turmoil occurred throughout Wa (Japan) 70 to 80 years after the establishment of the state (The civil war in Wa).
Japanese: 邪馬台国は元々男王が治めていたが、国家成立から70～80年後、倭国全体で長期間にわたる騒乱が起きた（倭国大乱）。
English: Yamatai was unable to escape from this influence, but the chaos was remedied by putting in place a woman called Himiko as a co-queen sovereign.
Japanese: 邪馬台国もその影響を逃れえず、卑弥呼という女子を王に共立することによって、ようやく混乱が収まった。
English: It is apparent that although a man was appointed king when Himiko died during the war against Kuna (another state in Japan) around 248, he was unable to resolve the turmoil at the time, which was only cleared up when 'Iyo' (壹與 [壱与]) or 'Toyo' (臺與 [台与}) became a queen sovereign.
Japanese: 248年頃、狗奴国との戦いの最中に卑弥呼が死去し、男王が後継に立てられたが混乱を抑えることができず、「壹與」（壱与）または「臺與」（台与）が女王になることで収まったという。
English: It is generally read 'Yamatai' but there are various theories as to how it was read originally.
Japanese: 一般的な読みは「やまたいこく」だが、本来の読みについては諸説がある。
English: The following is the summary of Yamatai as described in the section concerning Wajin in Encounters with Eastern Barbarians of the 'Wei Chih' (Gishiwajinden).
Japanese: 以下は「魏書」東夷伝の倭人の条（魏志倭人伝）に記述された邪馬台国の概要である。
English: The route and journey towards Yamatai from a commandery, which existed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula at that time and was a territory of the Wei dynasty (Three Kingdoms Period), is written in Gishiwajinden.
Japanese: 魏志倭人伝には、魏(三国)の領土で朝鮮半島北部に当時あった郡から邪馬台国に至る道程が記されている。
English: If you use ri as a measurement of distance, which is about 400 meters and is generally used in historical records of the Han Dynasty, and think in a straight line bearing right, there is only one possible location for the state of Ito which was 500 ri in-land from the embarkation point, that is Hyuga, Miyazaki Prefecture, 200 Km to the southeast of the northern shore of Kyushu.
Japanese: 漢書で一般的な里約400メートルを用い、方角も正確だとの前提に立って直線距離で考えると、上陸地点から陸行500里の伊都国は、九州北岸から200km東南の宮崎県＝日向としか読めない。
English: (Scholars of Japanese classical literature before the Edo period thought so, and that later writings about the journey toward Yamatai were entered incorrectly.)
Japanese: （江戸時代以前の国学者は、そう考え、後の耶馬台国までの記事は誤記と考えた。）
English: If the journey is simply 200 ri (100 ri plus 100 ri) from Ito, ending up in the state of Fumi (possibly near today's Osumi Peninsula), to then travel south by sea for 10 days would mean that Yamatai is located in the Pacific Ocean, past the Japanese islands.
Japanese: そこから単純に100里+100里＝200里が不弥国（大隅半島付近？）と考えると、さらに10日南に水行する邪馬台国なるものは日本列島を飛び越えて太平洋上になってしまう。
English: Consequently, there have been debates about identifying the location, the route and the journey (refer to the debates on Yamatai).
Japanese: このため、位置や道程の比定をめぐり論争が起きてきた（邪馬台国に関する論争を参照）。
English: About the location, the Kinai district theory and the Kyushu theory are widely accepted (refer to the debate on the location).
Japanese: 位置については畿内説と九州説が有力とされる（位置に関する論争を参照）。
English: Also about the route and journey, there is the 'sequence theory' and the 'radiant theory' (refer to the debate on the route and journey).
Japanese: 道程についても「連続説」と「放射説」がある（道程に関する論争を参照）。
English: Although men had originally been placed as sovereigns in Yamatai, 70 to 80 years after the establishment of the state, which was during the Guanghe period (178 to 184) of the Emperor Ling in Han, political instability took hold.
Japanese: 邪馬台国には元々は男王が置かれていたが、国家成立から70～80年を経たころ、漢の霊帝の光和年間に政情不安が起きた。
English: This war is thought to be the 'civil war in Wa' referred to in a Chinese history book.
Japanese: この戦乱は、中国の史書に書かれたいわゆる「倭国大乱」と考えられている。
English: Because of the description about Himiko in 'Gishiwajinden,' some say that Himiko was a shaman-like person who conducted magic and that Yamatai was a primitive magic state.
Japanese: 卑弥呼に関する「魏志倭人伝」のこの記述から、卑弥呼は呪術を司る巫女（シャーマン）のような人物であり、邪馬台国は原始的な呪術国家とする見方がある。
English: On the other hand, based on references to her younger brother's support of the government, there is also a view that Yamatai had a binary system of government in which shaman Himiko conducted the rituals and men delivered the real administration.
Japanese: 一方で、弟が政治を補佐したという記述から、巫女の卑弥呼が神事を司り、実際の統治は男子が行う二元政治とする見方もある。
English: Some people say that Yamatai was a matriarchal state because it had queens as sovereigns, but this theory is problematic since a king ruled before Himiko and another king ruled right after Himiko's death.
Japanese: 女王を戴いてたことから邪馬台国を女系国家と論じる者もいるが、卑弥呼以前は男王が立ち、卑弥呼の死後もまず男王が立っていることから、これは疑わしい。