nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the case of the nine statues of Amida Nyorai enshrined in Joshin-ji Temple, the three types of inso assumed by Amida Nyorai, that is, Jo-in, Seppo-in and Raigo-in are assigned as 'Josho-in' (inso representing josho (upper birth)), 'Chusho-in' (inso representing chusho (middle birth)) and 'Gesho-in' (inso representing gesho (lower birth)), respectively, and combinations of the thumbs and the forefingers put together, those of the thumbs and the middle fingers put together and those of the thumbs and the annular fingers put together are assigned to 'jobon' (upper grade), 'chubon' (middle grade) and 'gebon' (lower grade), respectively.
Japanese: 浄真寺の九品仏の場合、阿弥陀如来の印相のうち、定印を「上生印」、説法印を「中生印」、来迎印を「下生印」とし、親指と人差し指（中指、薬指）を接するものをそれぞれ「上品」「中品」「下品」に充てる。
English: It should be noted, however, that there are no explicit doctrinal grounds for the representation of kuhon ojo (nine grades of birth in the Pure Land) by nine types of inso and they seem to have been contrived in early-modern times in Japan.
Japanese: なお、九品往生を9通りの印相で表わす教義的根拠は明確でなく、日本において近世になってから考え出されたもののようである。
English: A symmetric arrangement of characters is assumed to be inauspicious; moreover, fortune is told from the appearance of the fracture of a seal arising from long-term use.
Japanese: 左右対称の文字配列は不吉とされ、また長く使っていると欠損箇所が生じるので、その出方で占う。
English: Zenjo ANO (1153 - August 8, 1203) was a priest from late Heian period to early Kamakura period and the seventh son of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo.
Japanese: 阿野全成（あのぜんじょう／ぜんせい、仁平3年（1153年）-建仁3年6月23日(旧暦)（1203年8月1日））は平安時代末期、鎌倉時代初期の僧で、源義朝の七男。
English: Since Imawaka's father Yoshitomo was defeated and died in the Heiji War when he was at an early age of 7 in 1159, he was forced to enter the priesthood at Daigo-ji Temple and named himself Ryucho (隆超) (or Ryuki (隆起)), then Zenjo after a short while.
Japanese: 今若が7歳の平治元年（1159年）、平治の乱で父義朝が敗死したため幼くして醍醐寺にて出家させられ、隆超（または隆起）と名乗り、ほどなく全成と改名。
English: He was commonly known as Daigo Zenji (Master of Zen Buddhism), or Aku (evil) Zenji from his crudeness ("Heiji Monogatari" (The Tale of Heiji).
Japanese: 通称醍醐禅師、もしくはその荒くれ者ぶりから悪禅師とも呼ばれた（『平治物語』）。
English: Upon knowing this fact, Zenjo slipped out of the temple and happened to meet Sadatsuna SASAKI and Sadatsuna's brothers shortly after Yoritomo was defeated in the Battle of Ishibashiyama on September 24, and was given refuge by them in Shibuya no sho Manor in Sagami Province.
Japanese: それを知った全成は寺を抜け出し、同年8月26日石橋山の戦いで頼朝が敗北した直後に佐々木定綱ら兄弟と行き会い、相模国渋谷荘に匿われる。
English: Zenjo told Yoritomo that he had secretly slipped out of the temple in Kyoto upon knowing about ryoji (orders issued by princes, empresses, and so on) and then went down to the place having disguised himself as a trainee priest, and Yoritomo appreciated Zenjo's resolution by weeping with joy.
Japanese: 全成は京都で令旨が出された事を知り、密かに寺を抜け出して修行僧に扮して下ってきた事を語り、頼朝は泣いてその志を喜んだ。
English: Winning Yoritomo's confidence, Zenjo was rewarded with Nagao-ji Temple in Musashi Province (the present Myoraku-ji Temple in Tama-ku Ward, Kawasaki City) and married Awa no Tsubone (a daughter of Tokimasa HOJO) who was a younger sister of Masako HOJO, Yoritomo's wife.
Japanese: 頼朝の信任を得た全成は武蔵国長尾寺（現川崎市多摩区の妙楽寺）を与えられ、頼朝の妻・北条政子の妹である阿波局(北条時政の娘)と結婚。
English: Awa no Tsubone became a wet nurse for the second son of Yoritomo, Senmanmaru (later MINAMOTO no Sanetomo), and thereafter established an unspectacular but solid position in the Yoritomo administration.
Japanese: 阿波局は頼朝の次男千幡丸（後の源実朝）の乳母となり、以降頼朝政権において地味ながら着実な地位を築いた。
English: However, Yoritomo's death and the succession to the office of a shogun by MINAMOTO no Yoriie (Zenjo's nephew) in 1199 resulted in Zenjo being allied with Tokimasa HOJO (Zenjo's father-in-law) and Yoshitoki HOJO (Zenjo's brother-in-law) who supported MINAMOTO no Sanetomo and came to be opposed to Yoriie's followers.
Japanese: しかし正治元年（1199年）に頼朝が死去し、甥の源頼家が将軍職を継ぐと、全成は源実朝を擁する舅の北条時政と義兄弟の北条義時と結び、頼家一派と対立するようになる。
English: Yoriie moved one step ahead of Zenjo and dispatched Nobumitsu TAKEDA around midnight on July 6, 1203, to have him arrest Zenjo as a rebel and shut Zenjo up in Kamakura Gosho (the residence of a shogun of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun)).
Japanese: 建仁3年（1203年）5月19日の深夜0時頃、先手を打った頼家は武田信光を派遣し、全成を謀反人として捕縛し鎌倉御所に押し込めた。
English: Zenjo was exiled to Hitachi Province on July 12 and killed on August 8 by Tomoie HATTA under orders of Yoritomo.
Japanese: 全成は5月25日に常陸国に配流され、6月23日、頼家の命を受けた八田知家によって誅殺された。
English: On August 31, Harimanokimi Yorimasa, Zenjo's son, was killed at Higashiyama Ennen-ji Temple in Kyoto by an immediate vassal of the shogun residing in Kyoto.
Japanese: 7月16日には京都の東山延年寺で、子の播磨公頼全が在京御家人によって殺害された。
English: The tomb of Zenjo exists in Daisen-ji Temple in Numazu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, adjoining the tomb of Tokimoto ANO, Zenjo's legitimate son, and is designated as a historic relic of the city.
Japanese: 全成の墓は、静岡県沼津市の大泉寺に嫡男阿野時元のものと並んで現存し、市の史跡に指定されている。
English: According to records, the lineage surely existed until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, however, the lineage was much less influential, compared with the Ashikaga clan, a branch family of the Minamoto clan, which lineage was the same Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) as that of the Ano clan.
Japanese: その子孫は、南北朝時代(日本)期までは確実に存在したことが記録に残っているが、同じ河内源氏の系統に繋がる源氏庶流の足利氏などと比べても、非常に小さな勢力でしかなかった。
English: This was considerably attributable to the fact that Zenjo and Tokimoto were killed as rebels, and another fact that the Hojo clan was extraordinarily wary of the Ano clan because the Ano clan was the lineage of MINAMOTO no Yoshitomo which was closer to MINAMOTO no Yoritomo than that of the Ashikaga clan, which branched from several generations before Yoshitomo.
Japanese: これは、全成や時元が謀反人として誅殺されたという事実が大きく作用しているが、また別の要因として、阿野氏が源義朝の子孫であり、義朝の数代前の分家である足利氏などと比べても源頼朝に近い血統であったため、北条氏から非常に警戒されていたためということが考えられる。
English: On the other hand, Zenjo's daughter married FUJIWARA no Kimisuke, a lineage of FUJIWARA no Uona of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, and her son Sanenao ANO founded the Ano family as a court noble from his maternal surname.
Japanese: また全成の娘は藤原北家藤原魚名流の藤原公佐と結婚しており、その子阿野実直は母方の名字を称し公家としての阿野家の祖となっている。
English: Renshi ANO (阿野廉子), who was in Emperor Godaigo's favor and gave birth to Emperor Gomurakami, was a descendant of the Ano clan.
Japanese: 後醍醐天皇の寵愛を受け後村上天皇の母となった阿野廉子はその末裔である。
English: The term 'Dakini' is the transliteration of the Sanskrit term dākinī (spelled Dakini in English).
Japanese: 「荼吉尼」は梵語のダーキニー（英字：Dakini）を音訳したものである。
English: Dakiniten was originally a goddess of farming, but later came to be assumed to govern sexual desire and later came to be assumed to be a female fierce god eating human flesh or live human hearts.
Japanese: 元々は農業神であったが、後に性や愛欲を司る神とされ、さらには人肉、もしくは生きた人間の心臓を食らう夜叉神とされるようになった。
English: This goddess was introduced into Buddhism, and it was supposed that she had been exorcised by Daikokuten (the god of Wealth), that is, the incarnation of Dainichi Nyorai (Cosmic Buddha), and then permitted to eat human hearts, if dead.
Japanese: この神が仏教に取り入れられ、大日如来が化身した大黒天によって調伏されて、死者の心臓であれば食べることを許可されたとされた。
English: She is said to have unrestricted supernatural powers, knows the death of a person six months ahead, and takes and eats the person's heart.
Japanese: 自由自在の通力を有し、六月前に人の死を知り、その人の心臓をとってこれを食べるといわれる。
English: In the Shingon Esoteric Buddhism, Dakiniten is located in the southern part of Gekongoin (the most peripheral section of the Womb World) of the Womb World (one of the two worlds in Esoteric Buddhism, representing Dainichi Nyorai's spirit of salvation having every possibility of generation as a womb, where a fetus grows), and this goddess is depicted as a small tengu (mountain spirit (portrayed as winged and having a long nose)) sitting astride a white fox; therefore, she is also called Shinkoo Bosatsu (Fox King).
Japanese: 真言密教では、胎蔵界の外金剛院・南方に配せられ、形像は小天狗の白狐にまたがる形をしているため、辰狐王菩薩（しんこおうぼさつ）とも呼ばれる。
English: There exist records showing that prayers were offered for Dakiniten at an Esoteric Buddhism ceremony performed on the occasion of an emperor's enthronement.
Japanese: また天皇の即位灌頂儀礼においてダキニ天を祀っていたという記録も存在する。
English: In addition, several persons including TAIRA no Kiyomori and Emperor Godaigo were known to have performed a method of Dakiniten in esoteric Buddhism, however, "Genpei Seisuiki" (The Rise and Decline of the Minamoto and Taira clans) states that TAIRA no Kiyomori discontinued this method.
Japanese: 平清盛や後醍醐天皇などがダキニ天の修法を行っていたことでも知られ、『源平盛衰記』には平清盛はこの修法を途中で止めた旨が記されている。
English: This goddess is extraordinarily difficult to enshrine because it is supposed that any person is required, once this goddess is enshrined, to keep believing therein in exchange for his or her life until his or her last moment and also that should such a duty be neglected (in other words, should incantation to worship the deity be discontinued), such a person would immediately become ruined or meet with disaster.
Japanese: しかし、この尊天は祀るのが非常に難しく、一度祀ると自分の命と引きかえに最後までその信仰を受持することが必須とされ、もしその約束を破ると、その修法を止めた途端に没落する、あるいは災禍がもたらされるとも考えられている。
English: Dakini was originally supposed to sit astride a jackal in India but the fox was substituted for the jackal in introduction to China and Japan (because jackals were not present in those countries).
Japanese: 元々インドにおいてダーキニーはジャッカルにまたがるとされていたが、中国や日本に伝わった時（中国や日本にはジャッカルはいないため）代わりに狐を当てたともいわれている。
English: In other words, an image of Dakiniten riding a fox (which has not existed in India) has not been depicted in Taizo Mandala (Womb Realm Mandala) or the orthodox scriptures or ritual manuals of Esoteric Buddhism and was created in medieval Japan and the like.
Japanese: すなわち、狐（夜干）に乗るダキニ天の像というのは、（大元のインドには存在せず）胎蔵曼荼羅や正当な密教経典・儀記には記されない姿であり、中世の日本などで生み出された姿・像である。
English: It is supposed that the creation of the above image resulted in Dakiniten coming to be syncretized with a Shintoist god, Inari (the fox god) in Japan.
Japanese: それによって日本では、神道の稲荷と習合するきっかけとなった、とされている。
English: In later Esoteric Buddhism after the introduction to Japan, a sexual image was added to Dakini, which resulted her to be depicted as a naked goddess having a skull.
Japanese: 日本に密教が伝わっていった後の後期密教においては、性的なイメージが付加され、裸体でシャレコウベなどをもつ女神の姿で描かれるようになっていった。
English: Dakiniten later came to be deemed as a goddess governing sexual love, which resulted in Tachikawa School of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism being gradually founded from the Kamakura period until the period of the Northern and Southern Courts and flourished in Japan.
Japanese: 荼枳尼天は後々に性愛を司る神と解釈されたため、日本では鎌倉時代から南北朝時代(日本)にかけて、真言密教立川流(密教)という密教の一派が次第に形成され興隆を極めた。
English: It is supposed to enshrine Dakiniten, set a skull as a principle image and attain Buddhahood while still in the flesh by sexual intercourse as a rite.
Japanese: しかしこれは荼枳尼天を祀り髑髏を本尊とし性交の儀式を以って即身成仏を体現したとされている。
English: For this reason, Tachikawa School was said to be regarded as a heresy and was finally exterminated in the Edo period.
Japanese: 立川流はこれを理由として邪教視され、江戸時代にはついに途絶えたという。
English: However, it is still controversial as to whether the doctrines and rites of Tachikawa School mentioned above were true or not because the above theories are all based on documents written by those who regarded Tachikawa School as a heresy and oppressed it, and most of the documents written by devotees of Tachikawa School, which are vital for verification of the genuineness of those theories, were subjected to book burning and Tachikawa School was treated as a heresy against the backdrop of its involvement in the political power struggle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Japanese: しかしこれは、すべて立川流を邪教視して弾圧した側の文献に依るもので、肝心の立川流の文献はほぼ焚書扱いになっており、また南朝側と北朝側の政治背景から権力闘争に巻き込まれ邪教扱いされたという背景もあるため、それらの教義や儀式などが事実であったかどうかは現在でも議論されるところとなっている。
English: Sanmon is assumed to represent Sangedatsumon (Three Gates of Liberation), which consists of three gates symbolizing three mental states, that is, kumon (gate symbolizing emptiness), musomon (gate symbolizing formlessness) and muganmon (gate symbolizing desirelessness), to pass through before reaching the Buddhist paradise.
Japanese: 三門は空門・無相門・無願門の三境地を経て仏国土に至る門、三解脱門（さんげだつもん）を表すとされる。
English: From the viewpoint of architectural history, it is said that a main gate facing the south and two auxiliary gates facing the east and west, respectively, as provided for temples in ancient times, were called Sanmon.
Japanese: 建築史的見解では、初期の寺院の門構えは南面する正門、東西二つの副門から構成されており、これを称して三門と呼んだという。
English: In more recent years, temples were provided with a large outer gate accompanied by side gates on the left and right sides, and later, temples came to have a large outer gate only; however, it is assumed that such a large outer gate remained to be called Sanmon.
Japanese: 時代が下ると左右に脇門が付属する大門の形となり、さらに大門のみとなったが、三門の呼び方は残ったとされる。
English: There are several theories as to the derivation of the term Sanmon, including the following: that the term symbolizes the gates one has to pass through in order to be delivered from the three evil passions of avarice, anger and stupidity; or that the term symbolizes the gates to the three paths to Buddhahood of Shomon (learning), Engaku (self-attained enlightenment) and Bosatsu (bodhisattva).
Japanese: 三門の名称の由来は、貪・瞋・痴の三煩を解脱する境界の門、声聞・縁覚・菩薩の三乗が通る門などの説がある。
English: It is said that this represents Buddha's deep compassion which does not deny the entry of sentient beings into the Buddhist priesthood.
Japanese: これは一切衆生が仏門に入る事を拒まない仏の大慈悲心を表すものといわれる。
English: Suden (1569 - February 28, 1633) was a priest of the Rinzai Sect and a politician serving the Tokugawa shogunate from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the Edo period.
Japanese: 崇伝（すうでん、1569年（永禄12年）-1633年2月28日（寛永10年1月20日(旧暦)））は、安土桃山時代から江戸時代の臨済宗の僧、幕府の政治家である。
English: After his father's death, Suden studied Buddhism under Genpo Reisan at Nanzen-ji Temple, then inherited Buddhist doctrines from Tokurin SEISHUKU, the chief priest of Konchiin Subtemple of Nanzen-ji Temple, and thereafter further studied Buddhism at Sanboin Subtemple of Daigo-ji Temple.
Japanese: 父の没後に南禅寺で玄圃霊三に師事し、南禅寺塔頭の金地院の靖叔徳林に嗣法、さらに醍醐寺三宝院で学ぶ。
English: Having served as chief priest of Fukugon-ji, Zenko-ji and Kencho-ji Temples, Suden became the 270th chief priest of Nanzen-ji Temple in 1605.
Japanese: 福厳寺や禅興寺、建長寺などの住職となり、1605年(慶長10年)には南禅寺の270世住職となる。
English: In 1608, Suden was invited to Sunpu by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who located the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in Edo by superseding the Toyotomi government, and served as a diplomatic secretary in place of last Jotai SAISHO.
Japanese: 1608年には豊臣政権に代わり江戸幕府を開いた徳川家康に招かれて駿府へ赴き、没した西笑承兌に代わり外交関係の書記を務めた。
English: Engaged in administration concerning Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine affairs together with Genkitsu KANSHITSU and Katsushige ITAKURA, he was involved in projects, including the prohibition of the Christian religion, as well as the establishment of Jiin shohatto (the Acts for the Buddhist Temples), Buke shohatto (the Acts for the Military Houses) where the basic policies of the bakufu were laid out, and Kinchu narabini kuge shohatto (a set of regulations that applied to the emperor and the Kyoto nobles).
Japanese: 閑室元佶や板倉勝重とともに寺社行政に携わり、キリスト教の禁止や、寺院諸法度、幕府の基本方針を示した武家諸法度、朝廷権威に制限を加える禁中並公家諸法度の制定などに関係する。
English: He was also involved in the Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell which triggered the Siege of Osaka, a battle against Toyotomi family).
Japanese: 豊臣家との戦いである大坂の役の発端にもなった方広寺鐘銘事件にも関与する。
English: After the death of Ieyasu in 1616, he had a dispute with Tenkai concerning the shingo (literally, "shrine name"), which is the title given to a Shinto shrine.
Japanese: 1616年(元和(日本)2年)に家康が死去すると神号を巡り天海と争った。
English: Suden insisted on deifying Ieyasu under the name of Myojin (a gracious god) while Tenkai insisted on deifying him under the name of Gongen (meaning the incarnation of a god), which was adopted eventually.
Japanese: 崇伝は明神として祀る事を主張するが、最終的には天海の主張する権現に決定する。
English: Suden administered the affairs of the bakufu, moving between Nanzen-ji Temple (Konchiin Subtemple) and Konchiin Temple in Edo, and both he and Tenkai were called Prime Minister in Black Robes.
Japanese: 南禅寺(金地院)と江戸の金地院を往還しながら政務を執り、天海と共に黒衣の宰相と呼ばれた。
English: In addition, Suden strived for the reconstruction and restoration of Nanzen-ji Temple and Kencho-ji Temple, and also undertook literary activities, such as the collection and publication of ancient books.
Japanese: また、南禅寺や建長寺の再建復興にも力を尽くし、古書の収集や刊行などの文芸事業も行う。
English: Suden intended to punish Soho TAKUAN, Sohaku GYOKUSHITSU and Sogan KOGETSU, who presented written objection to the tough measures taken by the bakufu with the Shie Incident in 1627, by exiling them to a distant island.
Japanese: 1627年（寛永4年）に起こった紫衣事件に対する幕府の強硬措置に、反対意見書を提出した沢庵宗彭、玉室宗珀、江月宗玩の3人を遠島の厳罰に処すつもりであった。
English: However, through the intervention of Tenkai and Munenori YAGYU, Takuan and Gyokushitu were exiled to Kaminoyama in Dewa Province and Tanagura in Mutsu Province, respectively, and Kogetsu was subjected to no punishment.
Japanese: しかし天海や柳生宗矩らのとりなしによって、沢庵は出羽上山に、玉室は奥州棚倉へ配流、江月はお咎めなしとなった。
English: He left behind the following literary works: "Honko Kokushi Nikki" (journal; the term "Honko Kokushi" is a portion of his posthumous title); "Honko Kokushi Goroku" (collection of sayings); "Ikoku Nikki" (journal concerning diplomatic affairs).
Japanese: 著作に日記の『本光国師日記』『本光国師語録』、外交関係の記録に『異国日記』。
English: It is said that people gave him the nickname, 'Daiyokuzan Kikonin Senjo-ji Akukokushii,' which implicates his greediness, powerfulness, obtrusiveness and unpopularity, because he was very powerful and used political techniques that seem somewhat strong in the Incident of Hoko-ji Temple Bell and so forth.
Japanese: その権勢の大きさと、方広寺鐘銘事件時のような強引とも思える政治手法により、世人から「大欲山気根院僭上寺悪国師」とあだ名されたという。
English: The term kaidan (ordination platform) is a Buddhist term that refers to a place for giving the precepts of Buddhism.
Japanese: 戒壇（かいだん）とは仏教用語で、戒律を授ける（授戒）ための場所を指す。
English: Buddhism was introduced into Japan in 538, and the precepts introduced at that time were imperfect.
Japanese: 日本に仏教が伝わったのは538年であるが、その際に伝わった戒律は、不完全なものであった。
English: In those days, Buddhist priests were exempted from taxation, and therefore there were many people who took the tonsure but did not enter the Buddhist priesthood (illegally ordained priests) to evade taxes.
Japanese: 当時、出家は税を免除されていたため、税を逃れるために出家して得度を受けない輩（私度僧）が多かった。
English: Jianzhen had kaidan built at Todai-ji Temple in 754, and gave the precepts of Buddhism to 430 people including the Emperor Shomu in April of the same year.
Japanese: 鑑真は754年、東大寺に戒壇を築き、同年4月に聖武天皇をはじめ430人に授戒を行なった。
English: Thereafter, Jianzhen had a building to house Kaidanin at Todai-ji Temple, and had kaidan at Kanzeon-ji Temple in Dazaifu in Tsukushi Province and Yakushi-ji Temple in Shimotsuke Province (present Shimotsuke City, Tochigi Prefecture) (Three Major Kaidan in Japan).
Japanese: その後、東大寺に戒壇院を建立し、筑紫の太宰府の観世音寺、下野国（現在の栃木県）の薬師寺(下野市)に戒壇を築いた（天下の三戒壇）。
English: Since then, it has been mandatory to be given the precepts of Buddhism at one of the three kaidan mentioned above and have kaicho (a certificate to that effect) issued, and priests have been under the supervision of the State (provincial monastery).
Japanese: これ以降、僧になるためには、いずれかの戒壇で授戒して戒牒を受けることが必須となり、国（国分寺）が僧を管理することになった。
English: After the death of Saicho in 822, however, Imperial sanction for the construction of kaidan at Enryaku-ji Temple was given, and kaidan was built there.
Japanese: が、822年、最澄の死後、延暦寺に戒壇の勅許が下され、戒壇が建立された。
English: In those days, the Buddhist society in China did not approve the Daijo kaidan at Enryaku-ji Temple, and the priests who had been given the precepts of Buddhism at that temple were not recognized as priests in China.
Japanese: 当時は、中国の仏教界は延暦寺の大乗戒壇を、戒壇としては認めておらず、ここで受戒した僧は、中国では僧侶として認められなかった。
English: In addition, Todai-ji Temple and other temples in Nanto (Nara) had antipathy toward the sanction for the construction of kaidan at Enryaku-ji Temple, which was not kanji (state-sponsored temples).
Japanese: また、官立寺院（官寺）ではない延暦寺に戒壇設置を認められたことに東大寺をはじめとする南都（奈良）の寺院の反発を抱き、両者の対立の原因の一つとなった。
English: The Daijo kaidan also caused power struggles, among which one between Sanmon (referring to Enryaku-ji Temple) and Jimon (referring to Onjo-ji Temple) of the Tendai Sect is well-known.
Japanese: 大乗戒壇は権力闘争の原因ともなり、天台宗の山門寺門の争いは有名である。
English: In addition, among the priests who had been given the precepts of Buddhism at kaidan, more of them did not even train themselves in Buddhist ascetic practices and corrupted.
Japanese: また、戒壇で授戒を受けた僧侶の中にも修行もせず堕落した僧侶も多くなった。
English: Eison, in the Kamakura period, was originally belonged to the Shingon Sect, but later learned the doctrines of the Ritsu Sect introduced by Jianzhen to found the Shingon Ritsu Sect by combining the doctrines of both sects.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の叡尊は元々真言宗僧であったが、後に鑑真が伝えた律宗を学んで両者を統合した真言律宗を起こした。
English: He criticized the three major kaidan and the one at Enryaku-ji Temple for being no longer what they should be and being unworthy as a place to give the precepts of Buddhism, and advocated that the giving of the Buddhist precepts be effected by fixing the bounds of a sacred place to give those precepts in conformity with the precepts and performing a rite in accordance with proper procedure.
Japanese: 三戒壇や延暦寺の戒壇は実態を失って授戒を行うに値しないと批判して、戒律に則って結界を築き正しい手順に従って儀式を行えば授戒は成立すると唱えた。
English: He gave the Buddhist precepts at Todai-ji Temple in person again in collaboration with other like-minded priests, and also founded an original kaidan at Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City).
Japanese: 自ら仲間とともに東大寺において改めて授戒を行い、更に西大寺(奈良市)に独自の戒壇を創設した。
English: Following this, Enkan, who had served as a priest at Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, left there to place an original kaidan.
Japanese: 続いて、延暦寺の僧侶であった円観も比叡山を離れて独自の戒壇を置いた。
English: Thereafter, in the Kamakura New Buddhism, which was founded as a result of the conflict with temples in Nanto and Enryaku-ji Temple, original rites for entrance into the Buddhist priesthood and giving the precepts of Buddhism came to be performed.
Japanese: 以後、南都や延暦寺と対立する形で成立した鎌倉新仏教も独自の得度・授戒の儀式を行うようになっていった。
English: On the other hand, the kaidan at Todai-ji and Enryaku-ji Temples were respected as time-honored ones, and the precepts of Buddhism were given there until the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: その一方で、東大寺や延暦寺の戒壇も由緒あるものとして尊重され、江戸時代の終わりまで授戒が行われていた。
English: Shinkei (1406 - May 29, 1475) was a Buddhist priest of the Tendai Sect and also a renga poet (linked-verse poet) in the middle of the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 心敬（しんけい、1406年（応永3年）-1475年5月20日（文明(日本)7年4月16日(旧暦)））は、室町時代中期の天台宗の僧、連歌師である。
English: He lived at the Butchiin of Onjo-ji Temple when he was 44 or 45 years old, assumed the position of the chief priest of Jujushinin Temple near Kiyomizu-dera Temple in Kyoto, became Gon Daisozu (Associate grade of Daisojo (the highest grade that can be held by one who has reached the second highest rank in the hierarchy of Buddhist priests)), and then he was finally appointed to Hoin (the highest rank in the hierarchy of Buddhist priests).
Japanese: 44あるいは45歳のころ園城寺仏地院に住し、のち京都清水寺付近の十住心院の住持となり、権大僧都、法印に叙せられる。
English: While he studied under another Buddhist priest called Shotetsu and was known as a poet of the Reizei School, he gradually became a renga poet of the time by for example attending the 'Kitano-sha manku' (10,000 linked verses event at Kitano-jinja Shrine) in 1433.
Japanese: 正徹に師事して冷泉派の歌人として知られる一方、1433年（永享5年）、「北野社万句」の座に列するなど、連歌作者として次第に時代を代表する存在となる。
English: Based on the Shinkon style (tone of poems seen in "New Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese poetry") learned from Shotetsu, Shinkei's work was unique in the way that he placed the importance on close examination of poem subjects and self-preoccupation in poem themes, exhibiting his refined senses in his 'hieyasetaru' (simple and natural) poem style.
Japanese: 作風は、正徹から受け継いだ新古今風を基礎に、表現対象の凝視と表現主体の沈潜とを重視する独特のもので、「ひえやせたる」風趣のうちに得意な感覚の冴え方を示している。
English: According to his renga theory, waka (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and renga training, and Buddhism training were ultimately the same thing, and this theory was emphasized in his important work called "Sasamegoto" (Murmurings) as well as other works such as "Oinokurigoto" (Old man's prattle), and "Hitorigoto" (Solitary ramblings) (1468), and also influenced next-generation renga poets such as Sogi and Kensai INAWASHIRO and a master of tea ceremony Juko MURATA who practiced wabicha (literally, "poverty tea style"; known as the tea ceremony).
Japanese: 和歌及び連歌の修行を仏道の修行と究極的に同一視する連歌論は、主著である『ささめごと』のほか『老のくり言』『ひとり言』(1468年)などに強調され、次代の宗祇、猪苗代兼載、侘び茶の村田珠光ら茶人にも影響を与える。