nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: in 1945 after the war ended and until the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) took control, this political structure remained unchanged in Kagoshima political structures.
Japanese: 昭和20年の敗戦により連合国軍最高司令官総司令部のてこ入れがあるまで、鹿児島県政のこの政治構造は変わらなかった。
English: Low-ranking samurai called differently as Doshin or Ashigaru (a foot soldier) in each domain, who did not have the status of samurai, were examples.
Japanese: 藩によって同心・足軽等の呼称で呼ばれた士分格を有さない下級の侍がこれにあたる。
English: In 1870, the designation started; however, it was abolished two years later.
Japanese: 1870年（明治3年）より制度が開始されたが、2年後に廃止となった。
English: In the abolition of Sotsuzoku, the hereditary Sotsuzoku was incorporated into Shizoku (the samurai class), and the one-off generation of Sotsuzoku into Heimin (commoner).
Japanese: 廃止にあたってはそれまで世襲していた者は士族に、一代限りの者は平民に編入された。
English: From kokushu (head of provincial governors) of several provinces, one person was selected to supervise the administration of kokushi (provincial governors) within its jurisdiction.
Japanese: 数カ国の国守の内から1人を選任し、その管内における国司の行政の監察を行った。
English: After the Heian period, except for the Azechi in Mutsu Province and Dewa Province, the post was held concurrently with Nagon (Dainagon [chief councilor of state], Chunagon [vice-councilor of state], Shonagon [lesser councilor of state]), Sangi (councillor) and so on, making the post unsubstantial.
Japanese: 平安時代以降は陸奥国・出羽国の按察使だけを残し、納言（大納言・中納言・少納言）・参議などとの兼任となり実体がなくなった。
English: According to the "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), the following eleven persons in the position of kokushi were appointed as Azechi for the first time on July 13, 719, of the early Nara period.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』によると、奈良時代初頭の719年（養老3年）7月13日に以下の11名の国司が初めて按察使に任命された。
English: Otomo no Yamamori (Totomi no kuni no kami [Governor of Totomi Province], Shogoinojo [Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Suruga Province, Izu Province, and Kai Province.
Japanese: 大伴山守（遠江国守、正五位上）は駿河国、伊豆国、甲斐国の3国を管する。
English: FUJIWARA no Umakai (Hitachi no kuni no kami [Governor of Hitachi Province], Shogoinojo) administered three provinces, namely Awa Province, Kazusa Province, and Shimosa Province.
Japanese: 藤原宇合（常陸国守、正五位上）は安房国、上総国、下総国の3国を管する。
English: Kasamaro (Mino no kuni no kami [Governor of Mino Province], Jushiinojo [Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Owari Province, Mikawa Province, and Shinano Province.
Japanese: 笠麻呂（美濃国守、従四位上）は尾張国、三河国、信濃国の3国を管する。
English: Tajihi agatamori (Musashi no kuni no kami [Governor of Musashi Province], Shoshiinoge [Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Sagami Province, Kozuke Province, and Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: 多治比縣守（武蔵国守、正四位下）は相模国、上野国、下野国の3国を管する。
English: TAJIHI no Hironari (Echizen no kuni no kami [Governor of Echizen Province], Shogoinoge [Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered three provinces, namely Noto Province, Ecchu Province, and Echigo Province.
Japanese: 多治比廣成（越前国守、正五位下）は能登国、越中国、越後国の3国を管する。
English: ONO no Umakai (Tanba no kuni no kami [governor of Tanba Province], Shogoinoge) administered three provinces, namely Tango Province, Tajima Province, and Inaba Province.
Japanese: 小野馬養（丹波国守、正五位下）は丹後国、但馬国、因幡国の3国を管する。
English: KAMO no Kibimaro (Harima no kuni no kami [Governor of Harima Province], Jushiinoge [Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]) administered four provinces, namely Bizen Province, Mimasaka Province, Bicchu Province, and Awaji Province.
Japanese: 鴨吉備麻呂（播磨国守、従四位下）は備前国、美作国、備中国、淡路国の4国を管する。
English: TAKAYASU no Okimi (Iyo no kuni no kami [Governor of Iyo Province], Jugoinojo) administered three provinces, namely Awa Province, Sanuki Province, and Tosa Province.
Japanese: 高安王（伊予国守、従五位上）は阿波国、讃岐国、土佐国の3国を管する。
English: Since patrolling and maintaining the public order of the jurisdiction area were the main function of the Azechi, he sometimes received rebels' attack, developing an incident that KAMITSUKENO Hiroto, the Azechi of Mutsu Province, was murdered in the summer of 720.
Japanese: 管轄地域を巡回し治安維持することが按察使の主務であったため賊等の矛先が向けられることもあり、720年（養老4年）夏には陸奥国按察使の上毛野廣人が殺害される事件が発生した。
English: The Imperial court immediately appointed Tajihi agatamori, the Azechi of Musashi Province, as Jisetsu Sei Shogun (the general of conquering east-barbarians), SHIMOTSUKENU no Iwashiro as vice-shogun, and ABE no Suruga as Jisetsu Chinteki Shogun (the general of pacifying north barbarians) to suppress this incident.
Japanese: 朝廷はただちに武蔵国按察使の多治比縣守を持節征夷将軍に任じて下毛野石代を副将軍に、また阿倍駿河を持節鎭狄将軍に据えてこれを鎮圧した。
English: It was established in 1869 when the governmental regulations were revised after the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）政府の官制を律令制にならって改定した際に設置された。
English: Only Sanriku (i.e. Rikuzen Province, Rikuchu Province, Mutsu Province), Ryouu (i.e. Uzen Province, Ugo Province), Iwaki Province Azechi Office, and Echigo Azechi Office were established but did not in fact worked and in October 1870, the next year, they were abolished.
Japanese: 三陸（陸前国・陸中国・陸奥国）、両羽（羽前国・羽後国）、磐城国按察使府、越後按察使府が置かれただけで実際に活動することはなく、翌1870年（明治3年）10月に廃止された。
English: Otogishu is the official duties, which existed in families of Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) from the the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) to the early Edo period.
Japanese: 御伽衆（おとぎしゅう）とは、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて戦国大名家に存在した職掌。
English: Otogishu were the close advisers who were called to their lord's side and gave advice about politics and military affair, while they also reported buhenbanashi (anecdotes about the life of samurai) or situation of various districts to their lord.
Japanese: 主君の側に召し出されて政治や軍事の相談役となり、また武辺話や諸国の動静を伝えたり、世間話の相手も務めた側近。
English: In the the Sengoku period, otogishu was more likely to be a counselor, therefore, people like Buddhist priest, chief retainer who retired and withdrew to the sidelines, downfallen daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) and busho (Japanese military commander) in the form of a Buddhist priest served as otogishu.
Japanese: 戦国時代は参謀としての面が強かったため、僧侶や隠居して第一線から退いた重臣、没落した大名、武将が僧形となり務めることが多かった。
English: After the turbulent age died down, the role of comforting lord's boredom also became to be emphasized, and townspeople who rose suddenly and became innovative power were also called to the lord's presence as otogishu and became new culture bearers at the time of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 戦乱の世が治まってからは、主君の無聊を慰める役割も重視され、豊臣秀吉の頃には、勃興した新勢力である町人らも召し出され新たな文化の担い手となった。
English: After Edo Period, shogun and territorial lords still had otogishu, however, as political power passed into the hands of chief retainers, power of otogishu had gradually weakened.
Japanese: 江戸時代以降も将軍や諸大名は御伽衆を召し抱えたが、政治の実権が重臣に移るにつれ、次第に勢力は衰えた。
English: It is said that their storytelling spread among the common people and became the origins of kodan storytelling and rakugo (traditional comic storytelling).
Japanese: 彼らの講釈話が庶民に広がり、江戸時代以降の講談や落語の源流となったとも言われている。
English: As Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI was not very good at reading and writing, in order to make up for that he had many otogishu for learning by the ear.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉は、読み書きが不得手であり、それを補うべく耳学問として御伽衆を多く揃えた。
English: And also, many otogishu of Hideyoshi came from a good line such as the old shugo family, the family of former his master, or higher ranking busho (Japanese military commander) than him.
Japanese: また、秀吉の御伽衆には、旧守護家出身など出自が高い者や元々は主筋や目上の武将だった者も多かった。
English: It is said that Hedeyoshi appointed those people as otogishu to show that the man like him from low-class now rose to the highest rank (possible for the subject) in a country and even people of good birth and people from historic families served him.
Japanese: それは、出自が低い自分が今では位人臣を極め、由緒ある血筋や家柄の者すら従うという意味を込めていたと言われている。
English: Hideyoshi's otogishu from samurai family include Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, Nobukatsu ODA, Nagamasu ODA, Narimasa SASSA, Toyokuni YAMAYA, Keijhun MIYABE, Katsutoshi TAKIGAWA, Shigenari FURUTA and Nagachika KANAMORI.
Japanese: 秀吉の御伽衆として、武家では足利義昭、織田信雄、織田長益、佐々成政、山名豊国、六角義治、宮部継潤、滝川雄利、古田重然、金森長近ら。
English: They supported the reign of Hideyoshi at domestic affairs and gave rise to magnificent Momoyama Culture, while they formed a part of later Japanese Culture, such as completion of wabicha (wabi style of tea ceremony) that pursued simplicity.
Japanese: 彼らは、秀吉の治世を内政面から支えるとともに、壮麗な桃山文化を生み出し、一方で簡素さを追求したわび茶を完成させるなど、のちの日本文化の一面を形づくった。
English: Vice shogun is the post of military officer which was ranked the next position of "Dai Shogun (the great general)" or shogun in Japan.
Japanese: 副将軍（ふくしょうぐん）は、日本においては大将軍或いは将軍の次席に位する武官の職である。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, ranking in order of Dai Shogun, shogun, vice shogun was stipulated, however, in fact, vice shogun was directly placed to Dai shogun, eliminating shogun.
Japanese: 律令制では大将軍、将軍、副将軍という序列が規定されたが、実際には大将軍に対しても将軍を中抜きして副将軍がつけられた。
English: According to this, when a commander went to fight, if the number of soldiers was more than 10,000, one shogun and two vice shogun were supposed to be placed.
Japanese: それによれば、将帥が出征するとき兵一万人以上なら将軍一人、副将軍二人を置く。
English: In fact, against the stipulations, one to a few vice shogun were appointed.
Japanese: しかし実際の任命はこの規定通りではなく、任命された副将軍は一人から数人の幅があった。
English: And, shogun was never placed under Dai shogun but vice shogun was directly placed under Dai shogun.
Japanese: また、大将軍の下に将軍がつけられることはなく、直接に副将軍がつけられた。
English: For example, OTOMO no Otomaro was appointed as Seito vice shogun in February, 784.
Japanese: 例としては、延暦3年（784年）2月に大伴弟麻呂が征東副将軍に任ぜられている。
English: This appointment of vice shogun was done before the appointment of shogun, a commander in chief of the army to subdue the eastern barbarians, and next year of the appointment of vice shogun, OTOMO no Yakamochi was appointed as Jisetsu Seito Shogun (the general of conquering east-barbarians) and sent punitive force of Ezo.
Japanese: この副将軍人事は、征東軍の総司令官たる将軍人事よりも前に行われており、副将軍人事の翌年に大伴家持が持節征東将軍に任ぜられ、蝦夷討伐の軍を発している。
English: In addition, it is well known that SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro was appointed as Seii vice shogun on February 5, 794 as the adjutant for OTOMO no Otomaro, Seii taishogun (Seii great shogun, literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") who was dispatched to conquer Ezo in Ou by the Imperial Court.
Japanese: さらに延暦13年（794年）1月1日、朝廷が奥羽の蝦夷を征伐するために派遣した征夷大将軍大伴弟麻呂の副官として坂上田村麻呂を征夷副将軍に任じたのが有名である。
English: Then, in 811, after FUNYA no Watamaro was appointed as seii shogun (great general who subdues the barbarians), OTOMO no Imando, SAEKI no Mimimaro and SAKANOUE no Takakai received an official appointment as vice shogun.
Japanese: その後、弘仁2年（811年）に文屋綿麻呂が征夷将軍に任ぜられると、大伴今人・佐伯耳麻呂・坂上鷹養の3名が副将軍を拝命している。
English: In 815, ONO no Himi was appointed as seito vice shogun Mutsu no suke (vice shogun who subdues the eastern barbarians, and assistant governor of Mutsu Province); like this, appointments of vice shogun for the sake of conquest of Ezo in Ou were done several times.
Japanese: 弘仁6年（815年）にはさらに征東副将軍陸奥介に小野氷見が任ぜられており、たびたび奥羽の蝦夷征伐の人事がなされた。
English: With an end of conquest of ezo and appointment of shogun and Daishogun, appointment of vice shogun had became rare.
Japanese: 蝦夷征伐が一応の区切りを見せて、将軍・大将軍の任命がなされなくなったのに伴い、副将軍の任命も稀になった。
English: In mid Heian period, there is a written record that MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto was appointed as Seii vice shogun during the Johei and Tengyo War on March 19, 940.
Japanese: 平安時代中期では、承平天慶の乱の最中の天慶3年(940年)2月8日に源経基が征夷副将軍に任ぜられたとする記録がある。
English: After MINAMOTO no Yoritomo became seii taishogun and established Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and formed military government, there was almost no one who was appointed as vice shogun and in Kamakura period there was no one who was appointed as vice shogun.
Japanese: 源頼朝が征夷大将軍となり鎌倉幕府を開き、武家政権が成立するようになった後も、副将軍を任ずる人事はほとんどなされることはなく、鎌倉時代には一度も副将軍が任ぜられる例はなかった。
English: In Muromachi period, vice shogun was not permanent, but appointed once or twice.
Japanese: 室町時代においても副将軍は常設ではなかったが、何度か任命された例はある。
English: In 1338, the early Muromachi period, Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA, younger brother of Takauji ASHIKAGA was appointed as Seii fukushogun.
Japanese: 初期の建武(日本)5年（1338年）、足利尊氏の弟足利直義が征夷副将軍に任ぜられている。
English: And also, there is a written record that Norimasa IMAGAWA, who played a role in quelling War of Zenshu UESUGI, was appointed as vice shogun.
Japanese: また、上杉禅秀の乱の鎮圧に功績があった今川範政が副将軍に任ぜられたとする記録が残されている。
English: In the late Muromachi period, Koga kubo Ashikaga Clan boasted authority over Kanto Samurai in Kanto region, then Yoshiaki Ashikaga from the same clan proclaimed himself Oyumi kubo in rivalry with Koga kubo's father and son, Takamoto ASHIKAGA and Haruuji ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 室町後期の関東にあっては古河公方足利氏が関東武士の間において権威を誇っていたが、同氏の出身である足利義明は古河公方足利高基・足利晴氏父子に対抗し、小弓公方を自称した。
English: At this time, Satomi clan, daimyo in the Sengoku period proclaimed himself as Kanto vice shogun, following Yoshiaki.
Japanese: このとき、安房の戦国大名里見氏は義明を奉じて関東副将軍を自称したとされる。
English: On August, 1568, there is a written record that the fifteenth shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA asked Nobunaga ODA, who performed great deeds for Yoshiaki's assumption of the post of shogun, to serve as vice shogun or administrative post.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）7月、15代将軍足利義昭が自らの将軍職就任に功のあった織田信長に対して副将軍か管領職への就任を要請したという記録が残されている。
English: After Yoshiaki and Nobunaga were opposed to each other, Yoshiaki asked Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, an ally of Nobunaga, to become the vice shogun in order to win him to Yoshiaki's side, but it is said that Ieyasu declined this offer.
Japanese: その後、義昭と信長が対立すると、義昭は信長の同盟者である徳川家康を味方に取り込むために副将軍への就任を要請したが、家康は応じなかったとされる。
English: After Yoshiaki was expelled from Kyoto by Nobunaga and came under the patronage of Mori clan in Tomo, Bingo Province, he appointed Terumoto Mori as vice shogun and tried to re-establish Muromachi bakufu in Tomo.
Japanese: 義昭が信長によって京都を追放され、備後国の鞆にて毛利氏の庇護に入ると、義昭は毛利輝元を副将軍に任じ、鞆において幕府の再建を目指した。
English: Although Nobunaga was killed by rebellion of Mitsuhide AKECHI, the ruling power was shifted to the hand of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Yoshiaki was not able to re-establish Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: しかし、信長は明智光秀の謀叛に倒れるものの、天下は豊臣秀吉の手に移り、幕府の再興はならなかった。
English: After the death of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA who won The Battle of Sekigahara was appointed as seii taishogun and established Edo bakufu, however, the post "vice shogun" was not placed, therefore, no one was appointed as vice shogun in Edo period.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉の死後、関ヶ原の戦いに勝利した徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられ、江戸幕府が開かれたが、幕府内に「副将軍」という役職はなく、江戸時代において副将軍が任ぜられることは一度もなかった。
English: However, the lord of the Mito Domain, one of the Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family) is often called as a vice shogun in the world or vice shogun in Mito.
Japanese: しかし、徳川御三家の一角である水戸藩主は天下の副将軍或いは水戸の副将軍と称されることが多い。
English: Status of the lord of Mito Domain was different from other daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), and they were required to Jofu (a Daimyo feudal lord's retainer who remained permanently in the Edo with the lord's and their own family in the Edo period) in stead of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo) and they were more likely to be the assistant for shogun.
Japanese: これは、水戸藩主の地位が他の大名と違って、参勤交代せずに常に江戸に留まる定府が義務付けられていたこと、将軍の補佐役としての色彩が強かった。
English: Since the lord of Mito Domain was in such an unique status, the bakufu half approved this familiar name, and for example, bakufu didn't crack down on Kodanshi, professional storytellers in Edo called Mitukuni TOKUGAWA "world-famous vice shogun."
Japanese: 水戸藩主はそうした色彩の強い立場ではあったため、幕府もこの俗称を半ば黙認し、例えば江戸市中の講談師が徳川光圀を「天下の副将軍」と語っても、何ら取り締まりをしなかったという。
English: These theories are still believed to be common saying, but feudal retainers of Mito Domain at that time strongly believed these stories.
Japanese: こうした説は俗説の域を出ないが、当時の水戸藩士はこれを強く信じていたという。
English: Unlike other Tokugawa gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa family), the Owari-Tokugawa family and the Kishu-Tokugawa family, the Mito-Tokugawa family was not allowed to produce an heir at the time of extinction of the shogunate family, and official court rank was low status, Gon Chunagon (a provisional vice-councilor of state), and kokudaka (crop yield) was two hundred thousands Goku crop yields smaller than others.
Japanese: 水戸徳川家は同じ御三家である尾張徳川家や紀州徳川家のように、将軍家断絶の際の嗣子を輩出することは許されず、官位も権中納言と低く石高も両家に比べ表高で20万石ほど小さかった。
English: Instead, as the Mito-Tokugawa family was held in high esteem as the assistant for shogun, Kodanshi, professional storyteller told that the Mito-Tokugawa family was the world famous vice shogun.
Japanese: その代わり将軍の補佐役として重きをなしたことなどから、もっとも講談師が水戸藩主を天下の副将軍として語った。
English: At any rate, Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was done by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA from the Mito-Tokugawa family itself, and post and naming of vice shogun was completely abolished with the end of Edo bakufu and samurai government.
Japanese: いずれにせよ、当の水戸徳川家の出身である徳川慶喜により大政奉還がなされ、江戸幕府、武家政権そのものが終焉を迎えたことで、副将軍の職及び呼称は完全に消滅したといってよい。
English: In the period drama "Mito Komon", which depicts Mitukuni TOKUGAWA's journey through various districts in the nation on the basis of the fact that the head of Mito-Tokugawa family, one of the gosanke, was called "the world famous vice-shogun" although it was common saying, he was portrayed as "world famous vice shogun" and "former vice shogun" (because he resigned his post and was retired).
Japanese: 俗説とはいえ御三家の一つ水戸徳川家の当主が「天下の副将軍」などと称されたことを元に、徳川光圀の諸国漫遊の旅を描いた時代劇「水戸黄門」では光圀を「天下の副将軍」「前の副将軍」（水戸藩主の地位を譲って隠居の身であるので）として描いている。
English: The popularity of this drama has made people identify Mitukuni TOKUGAWA with the world famous vice shogun, causing a misunderstanding that he was officially appointed as the vice shogun or the post of vice shogun was officially established in Edo bakufu.
Japanese: このドラマの人気が、徳川光圀＝天下の副将軍という認識が定着する要因となっており、正式に副将軍に任ぜられた、或いは江戸幕府の公式な役職として副将軍が設置されていたという誤解を生んでいる。
English: Today, at each city, town and village in Ibaraki Prefecture including Mito City where was old territorial land of the Mito Domain, jizake (local sake) and local product named "vice shogun" are sold in connection with Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA, and the naming "vice shogun in Mito" is used as one of the brand.
Japanese: 現在、水戸藩の旧領地であった水戸市をはじめとする茨城県内各市町村においては、徳川光圀にちなみ、「副将軍」と称する地酒や産物を販売しており、「水戸の副将軍」という呼称はひとつのブランドとしても用いられている。
English: When the Yamauchi clan entered the Tosa Province, retainers and followers of the Chosokabe clan, which had ruled the Tosa Province by then, were designated as Goshi, and retainers of the Yamauchi clan from the early age as Joshi; this is the beginning of this classification.
Japanese: 山内氏の土佐入封時、それまで土佐を支配していた長宗我部氏の家臣団や郎党らを郷士とし、それ以前からの山内家家臣らを上士としたのが始まり。
English: In the Tosa Domain, a strict distinction between Joshi and Goshi was rigidly maintained; the spectrum of distinction ranged widely such that only Joshi was allowed to wear Tabi (split-toe socks), Geta (a Japanese wooden clog), and Higasa (a parasol).
Japanese: 土佐藩では上士と郷士の間では厳然たる差別が徹底され、たとえば足袋や下駄、日傘の着用は上士にしか認められないなど多岐に渡っていた。
English: Hanpeita TAKECHI, who organized the Tosakinno Party in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, and Ryoma SAKAMOTO were Goshi while Hisamoto HIJIKATA, Shojiro GOTO, and Taisuke ITAGAKI, who assumed key posts after Meiji Restoration, belonged to Joshi.
Japanese: 幕末に土佐勤皇党を結成した武市半平太や坂本竜馬らは郷士であり、一方明治維新後に重役に就いた土方久元、後藤象二郎や板垣退助らは上士であった。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) established the post of 'Kyooyaku' during the Edo period to have someone provide entertainment for messengers of the emperor (who were known as "chokushi"), messengers of the retired emperor (who were known as "inshi"), or messengers of the empress (who were known as "nyoinshi") that had been sent to Edo.
Japanese: 饗応役(きょうおうやく)とは、江戸時代、天皇・太上天皇・皇后より派遣されて江戸に下向してきた使者(それぞれ勅使・院使・女院使)を接待するために江戸幕府が設けた役職である。
English: It is known that ASANO Takumi no Kami, who was famous for Chushingura (The treasury of Loyal Retainers), served as kyooyaku for the imperial messenger when he had a sword fight with KIRA Kozuke no Suke.
Japanese: 忠臣蔵で有名な浅野内匠頭は吉良上野介への刃傷の際に勅使饗応役を務めていたことで知られる。
English: On every New Year's Day, Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") of the Edo bakufu dispatched hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) called koke (privileged family under Tokugawa Shogunate) to Kyoto to make New Year's greetings to the emperor and the retired emperor.
Japanese: 毎年正月には幕府征夷大将軍は、高家という旗本たちを派遣して京都の天皇と上皇に対して年賀を奏上する。
English: In response, the emperor and the retired emperor dispatched their messengers to Edo for a return visit from the end of February to mid-March.
Japanese: これに対して天皇と上皇は、答礼として2月下旬から3月半ばにかけて勅使(天皇の使者)と院使(上皇の使者)を江戸へ派遣する。
English: Messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor who visited Edo stayed at the bakufu's special residence for imperial messengers, where Kyooyaku entertained them, presented expensive gifts to them, improved the interior of the places where they visited and kept their company.
Japanese: 江戸へ下向した勅使と院使は江戸にいる間は幕府の伝奏屋敷に滞在するのだが、ここで御馳走をふるまったり、高価な進物を献上したり、勅使院使の行く先のインテリアを良くしたり、お話し相手になったりするのが饗応役である。
English: In many cases, tozama daimyo who was a lord of a castle with territory of 40,000 to 70,000 koku became Kyooyaku for messengers of the emperor, while tozama daimyo of jinya (regional government office) with territory of 10,000 to 30,000 koku became Kyooyaku for those of the retired emperor.
Japanese: 勅使饗応役に就任するのは、4万石から7万石前後の所領を持つ城主の外様大名、院使饗応役に就任するのは1万石から3万石前後の陣屋の外様大名であることが多かった。
English: As entertaining the messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor cost a huge amount of money, the Edo bakufu appointed only tozama daimyo as Kyooyaku to prevent them from saving extra money.
Japanese: 勅使と院使の饗応には莫大な予算がかかることから、幕府は余計な蓄財をさせない意味で外様大名ばかりを任命した。
English: However, to prevent boorish daimyo, who served in the position alone, from behaving in an impolite manner toward messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor, there was a rule that Koke-kimoiri (a kind of mentor for nobles who was familiar with manners and rules of etiquette that had to be observed for members of the Imperial Court) served as an instructor (or an adviser) for Kyooyaku daimyo.
Japanese: だが、武骨な大名が一人でつとめて天皇や上皇の使者に対して無礼があったりしてもいけないので、饗応役の大名には朝廷への礼儀作法に通じた高家肝煎が指南役(口添え役とも)につくのが決まりであった。
English: Kyooyaku daimyo also had to give expensive gifts to koke as instruction fees.
Japanese: 饗応役の大名はこの高家に対しても指南料として高価な進物を贈らねばならなかった。
English: According to "Tokugawa Jikki" (collection of official records of the Edo bakufu), it was 1632 when a series of custom (imperial messengers leave the capital and daimyo entertain them) was established.
Japanese: こうした勅使が下向・大名が饗応という一連の慣例が確立したのは｢徳川実紀｣で見たところ寛永9年(1632年)の時のようである。
English: And except this event, as messengers of the emperor or the retired emperor were sent to Edo and/or Nikko when needed, Kyooyaku was selected each time.
Japanese: またこの行事以外にも必要に応じて勅使や院使が江戸や日光へ送られることがあるので、そのたび饗応役は選任された。
English: Chokushisho was an extra statutory office established in the latter half of the Nara period under the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 勅旨省（ちょくししょう）は日本律令制で奈良時代後期に設置された令外官。
English: Chokushisho attended the emperors and ex-emperors and managed to implement the imperial orders smoothly; it also administered and managed the Imperial estate.
Japanese: 天皇・太上天皇に近侍してその勅旨を奉じて円滑な実施を図るとともに、その家産経営を掌った。
English: Empress Koken abdicated the throne in favor of Emperor Junin because of illness; however, she recovered from the illness due to Buddhist priest Dokyo's prayer and began positively intervening in the Emperor Junin's administration.
Japanese: 孝謙天皇は病気により淳仁天皇に位を譲位したが道鏡の加持祈祷によって回復し積極的に政治に介入するようになった。
English: Even after the Retired Empress ascended the throne again, Chokushisho remained as Dokyo's strong organization.
Japanese: 上皇が再び即位した後も機能し続け､道鏡政権の有力な権力機関として存在し続けた。
English: Regulations for Chokushisho were mostly unknown--It was supposedly staffed by one Kyo (Minister), one Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister), two Shoyu (Junior Assistant Minister), two Taijo (Senior Secretary), two Shojo (Junior Secretary), two Daisakan (Senior Recorder), and two Shosakan (Junior Recorder).
Japanese: 官制については不明な点が多いが、卿・大輔が各1名、少輔・大丞・少丞・大録・少録は各2名の定員であったと考えられている。
English: FUJIWARA no Tadamaro was the only Chokushisho official whose name appears in a record: He served as Chokushi-Kyo and died in 779 during his service.
Japanese: なお、記録上唯一勅旨卿として名前が知られているのは、779年に在任中に死去した藤原縄麻呂のみである。