nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Ganjiro-Junikyoku refers to the specialty plays of Ganjiro NAKAMURA of Narikomaya selected by Ganjiro NAKAMURA the first.
Japanese: 玩辞楼十二曲（がんじろうじゅうにきょく）は、中村鴈治郎(初代)が撰じた成駒屋中村鴈治郎のお家芸。
English: Shuzan Jusshu refers to the specialty plays of Kichiemon NAKAMURA of Harimaya (kabuki) selected by Kichiemon NAKAMURA the first.
Japanese: 秀山十種（しゅうざんじっしゅ）は、中村吉右衛門(初代)が撰じた播磨屋(歌舞伎)の中村吉右衛門のお家芸。
English: Habutae Mochi is a traditional sweet of Fukui Prefecture, made from steamed and kneaded rice flour with sugar and starch syrup; it usually takes a long time to make a beautiful translucent paste which becomes a base of the sweet.
Japanese: 羽二重餅（はぶたえもち）は餅粉を蒸す、砂糖・水飴を加えて丹精に練り上げた、福井県の和菓子である。
English: The name of Habutae Mochi originates from Habutae-ori (habutae silk), a specialty of Fukui Prefecture.
Japanese: 福井県では羽二重織りが盛んであり、よく生産されたため、羽二重にちなんで作られた。
English: Uguisu Mochi is a Japanese traditional sweet made from gyuhi (kneaded rice flour with sugar or starch syrup; by being kneaded for a long time, it becomes a translucent paste) and an (a sweet red paste made from red azuki beans); an is lapped by gyuhi which is shaped like an uguisu (Japanese bush warbler).
Japanese: 鶯餅（うぐいすもち）は、餡を求肥で包み、丸く包んだものを楕円形にし、左右に引っ張りウグイスの形にした和菓子である。
English: Originally it had been dusted with uguisu-ko (sweet soybean flour made from green beans which color is similar to uguisu) as a finish, however, recently it is colored by mixing gyuhi with mugwort (green) or by dusting with sweet soybean flour (yellow or yellow green).
Japanese: 本来はうぐいす粉（青大豆からできた黄粉）をまぶして仕上げていたが、最近ではヨモギ（よもぎ）を混ぜた生地で包んだり、仕上げに黄粉をまぶすものもある。
English: Dango is a Japanese traditional sweet and a kind of dumpling made from rice flour (rice flour is kneaded with water or hot water and steamed or boiled to make a dumpling which is called 'mochi'; the mochi is cut into pieces which are shaped like small balls which are called 'dango').
Japanese: 団子（だんご）は、米の粉に水やお湯を加えてこねて、蒸したり茹でたりしてできた餅を小さくまるめた菓子である。
English: It is usually sweetened with sugar, but the original dango was not sweetened for preservation, so at present, such non-sweetened dango coated with soy sauce are sometimes found.
Japanese: 砂糖を加えて甘味をつけたものが多いが、元々は保存食である為、醤油で味付けして食べるために砂糖を加えないものもある。
English: Dango is usually coated with azuki-an (a sweet red paste made from red azuki beans) or sato-joyu-an (soy sauce with sugar) or kinako (sweet soybean flour), sometimes it is put in shiruko (warm sweet soup made from azuki-an) or mitsumame (a cold dessert made with gelatin cubes, red peas, fruits and syrup).
Japanese: 小豆の餡や砂糖醤油餡、黄粉（きなこ）をつけたり、汁粉やみつまめに入れたりして食べる。
English: In Japan, some small balls are called 'dango', for example, a ball made of earth (children often make it at sandboxes or beaches) is called 'tsuchi-dango' (literally, 'earth dango'); meatballs are called 'niku-dango' (literally, 'meat dango') and other foods for dishes such as dumplings and knaidlach are called 'dango' as well.
Japanese: また派生して団子状の丸いもの、もしくは丸まったもののことを団子と呼ぶ場合もある（例えば土団子、ダンプリング、ミートボール（肉団子）、クネードルなど）。
English: Fresh dango are soft, but gradually grow hard since the carbohydrate changes from α configurations to β configurations.
Japanese: できたての団子はデンプンが糊化してαでんぷんになっているため柔らかいが、時間がたつにつれてでんぷんが老化してβでんぷんになるため硬くなる。
English: To prevent that change, sugar should be added to mochi soon after steaming, and mochi should be pounded well.
Japanese: これを予防するには蒸した段階で砂糖を入れることと、よくつくことである。
English: However, putting sweet an (paste or thick sauce or jam for adding to main foods) to sweetened mochi makes too much sweet dango; non-sweetened an doesn't match sweetened mochi; therefore, the quantity of the sugar is very important.
Japanese: ただし、砂糖を効かせ過ぎると甘い餡をかけた時にはくどい味に、甘くない味付けにした場合にはそれと相反する味になってしまうので、配慮が必要である。
English: After being broiled, it is coated with an made from soy-sauce, sugar, sweet sake for seasoning, starch and water.
Japanese: 焼き目をつけた団子に、醤油、砂糖、みりん、片栗粉、水を煮詰めてできた甘辛い餡をつけたもの。
English: It is called 'Mitarashi Dango', 'Yaki Dango', 'Shoyu Dango', 'Amakara Dango' and so on; the name is changed by regions and shops.
Japanese: みたらし団子・焼き団子・しょうゆ団子・あまから団子等と呼ばれる（地方や店舗により呼び方が異なる）。
English: Midarashi Dango of the Hida region (Gifu Prefecture), Isobe Dango of the Tama region (Tokyo Prefecture) and the Iruma region (Saitama Prefecture), and Shoyu Dango of Morioka City (Iwate Prefecture) are categorized into it.
Japanese: 岐阜県飛騨国地方みだらしだんご、東京都多摩地方や埼玉県入間地方の磯辺団子、岩手県盛岡市の醤油だんごなど。
English: Kurumi: It is sauce made from walnut flour, sugar and water, or a sweet paste made from walnuts; it is used for coating dango.
Japanese: くるみ-くるみ粉末と砂糖とを水に溶いたもの、または、ペースト状にしたものいずれかを団子にまぶす。
English: Goma: It is coarsely-ground sesame sweetened with sugar like kinako-an, or sauce made from sesame flour, sugar and water, or a sweet paste made from ground sesame like koshi-an; it is used for coating dango.
Japanese: ごま-黄な粉と同様に粗挽きの黒ゴマと砂糖を混ぜたもの、ゴマ粉末と砂糖とを水に溶いたもの、こしあん風にペースト状にしたものなどいずれかを団子にまぶす。
English: Sanshoku Dango (literally, 'dango of three colors'): It is a skewered dango formed of one pink dumpling (colored with shoku-beni coloring), one green dumpling (colored with mugwort or coloring) and one non-colored white dumpling.
Japanese: 三色団子-ピンク（食紅などの着色料）、緑（ヨモギや着色料）、白の団子を同じ串に刺した団子。
English: It is made from dango flour and shaped a little smaller; at the event, some people heap up many Tsukimi Dango like a tiny pyramid; some people make dango long like a taro (this dango is often seen in the Kansai region); and some people shape dango like a stick and coat it with an like the moon going in clonds (called 'mura-kumo').
Japanese: 団子粉で作った丸い形のもので団子をピラミッド状に重ねたものや、関西で多くみられるサトイモ状のものや細長い団子に餡をまいた月に雲がかかったような叢雲（むらくも）形の団子などがある。
English: There is a proverb related to Hanami Dango "Hana yori Dango"(to prefer dango to hana); it originates from people attracted much more to dango or parties at hanami events than to 'hana' (the cherry blossoms) which are supposed to be the main things at the events.
Japanese: 本来メインである花見よりその際に食べる団子（それに付随する酒宴）に興味を持つ様に由来する、「花より団子」のことわざがある。
English: Yomogi Dango or Kusa Dango: It is made from mochi mixed with ground yomogi (mugwort).
Japanese: 蓬団子（草団子）-草餅のように、すりつぶしたヨモギを加えてこねた団子。
English: Mitarashi Dango: Generally it refers to a non-sweetened kushi-dango broiled a little and coated with kuzu-an (a paste made from kuzu vine) flavored with sugar and soy-sauce as a finish.
Japanese: みたらし団子-全国的に一般には、甘味を付けていない団子3-5個を串に刺し、少しあぶり焼きにして、砂糖醤油の葛餡をかけたもの。
English: In the Hida region of Gifu Prefecture, white kushi-dango is coated with non-sweetened soy-sauce and broied as a finish.
Japanese: 岐阜県飛騨地方では、白い団子の串団子に、砂糖の入っていない醤油をつけてから、あぶり焼きにしたもの。
English: For example, 'Hatsuka Dango' (the twentieth dango) is made on January 20, dango is made at Busshoe (Buddha's birthday) on April 8, 'Tsukimi Dango' is made on August 15, and 'Makura Dango' is made at funerals (dango put beside the pillow of the deceased).
Japanese: 正月20日の二十日団子、春と秋の彼岸団子、4月8日の仏生会の団子、8月15日の月見団子、葬儀の枕団子などである。
English: Generally, rice steamed and pounded is called mochi; flour kneaded and shaped like a ball is called dango.
Japanese: 一般に、米を粒のまま蒸して搗いたものを餅、粉をこねて丸めたものを団子というようである。
English: On every December 7, Katori-jingu Shrine of Chiba Prefecture holds Danki Festival and hands out dango to the visitors after the festival.
Japanese: 千葉県の香取神宮では12月7日に団碁（だんき）祭が執り行われ、祭典後参拝客にだんごが配られる。
English: Dango Unten: It refers to a situation that buses or lifts are driven at very short intervals like a kushi-dango.
Japanese: 団子運転-路線バス、ビルのエレベータ等において発生する現象で、複数の車両が間隔をあけずに続行運転となってしまう状態のこと。
English: Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai is Japanese phonetic orthography used in ancient Japan (around the Nara period), which can be observed in the documents written in Manyo-gana (Chinese characters used as phonetic characters) such as "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan) and "Manyoshu" (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves).
Japanese: 上代特殊仮名遣（じょうだいとくしゅかなづかい）とは上代日本語における『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『万葉集』など上代（奈良時代頃）の万葉仮名文献に用いられた表音的仮名遣である。
English: Its name has been derived from the article called 'Special Phonetic Orthography and Usage in the Documents Written in Ancient Japanese' written by a Japanese linguist Shinkichi HASHIMOTO.
Japanese: 名称は国語学者橋本進吉の論文「上代の文献に存する特殊の仮名遣と当時の語法」に由来する。
English: It is known that among the 50-character syllabary used today, 14 sounds were written in two types of Manyo-gana, namely A-type and B-type, in ancient Japan before the Nara period, and this distinction of the types was strictly maintained; these 14 sounds were "キ, ヒ, ミ" (ki, hi, mi) with the vowel of イ (i), "ケ, へ, メ" (ke, he, me) with the vowel of エ (e), "コ, ソ, ト, ノ, (モ), ヨ, ロ" (ko, so, to, no, [mo], yo, ro) with the vowel of オ (o), and the vowel "エ" (e).
Japanese: 現代日本語の50音のうち、イ段のキ・ヒ・ミ、エ段のケ・へ・メ、オ段のコ・ソ・ト・ノ・（モ）・ヨ・ロ及びエの14音について奈良時代以前の上代には甲類と乙類の万葉仮名の書き分けが見られ、両者は厳格に区別されていたことがわかっている。
English: As for the distinction between A-type and B-type, for example, Manyo-gana representing the sound of "き" (ki) included in the Chinese characters of 支, 吉, 峡, 来 and 棄 were A-type characters and used to write "き" (ki) of "aki" (autumn), "kimi" (you), "toki" (time) or "kiku" (listen).
Japanese: 甲乙の差異については、例えば「き」を表す万葉仮名は支・吉・峡・来・棄などの漢字が甲類の「き」とされ、「秋」や「君」「時」「聞く」の「き」を表していた。
English: On the other hand, characters like 己, 紀, 記, 忌 and 氣 were B-type, and used to write "き" (ki) of "kiri" (mist), "kishi" (shore), "tsuki" (moon) or "ki" (tree).
Japanese: そして己・紀・記・忌・氣などが乙類の「き」とされ、「霧」「岸」「月」「木」などの「き」を表している。
English: We can see such a methodical usage of phonetic characters throughout the documents written in ancient Japanese, and with some exceptions, A-type and B-type were strictly distinguished and there was no confusion between them.
Japanese: 上代の文献では全体にわたってこのように整然たる仮名の使い分けが見られ、一部の例外を除いて甲乙の混同は見られず両者は厳然と区別されていた。
English: A theory has been developed about this distinction between A-type and B-type, saying the distinction stemed from sounds; in ancient times, there were eight vowels, which were five vowels of アイウエオ (a, i, u, e, o) with each of イエオ (i, e, o) having two types, A-type and B-type.
Japanese: こうした甲乙の区別は、上代においては母音がアイウエオの5音の他にイエオのみ甲乙の2種類に分かれ、8母音であったことから生じたという音韻による区別の説が立てられた。
English: Thus, it has been considered that ancient Japanese syllabary had 87 sounds (or 88), not 50.
Japanese: すなわち、上代日本語は50音でなく87音（あるいは88音）あったと考えられたのである。
English: It says that the distinction of such types gradually faded away after the Heian period and they were unified.
Japanese: そして、平安時代以降になってそのような区別が薄れたため、一つに統合されていったと考えるのである。
English: However, actual sounds for characters are largely unknown, and there are also different opinions whether they had different phonemes or not.
Japanese: ただし、実際の音価については不明な点も多く、また音素として別だったかについても異論がある。
English: At the time Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai was used, "Kana" (Hiragana and Katakana, phonetic Japanese syllabaries) had not been developed yet so that only Kana character representing Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai is エ with the consonant y (ye).
Japanese: 上代特殊仮名遣が用いられていた当時はまだ「かな」が発達していなかったため、これを表現する仮名文字はヤ行のエを除いて存在しない。
English: Therefore, when it is necessary to distinguish between A-type and B-type, characters are written with underlines, in Katakana or alphabet letters with umlauts.
Japanese: そのため、文字上で甲乙の区別をする必要がある時は傍線や片仮名化、ローマ字のウムラウトなどで対応している。
English: In "Kojiki-den" (Commentary on the Kojiki), Norinaga's extensive commentary book on "Kojiki," he already pointed out in the section 'matters concerning Kana' of the first volume, that 'even for the same sound, it uses different phonetic characters depending on the words.'
Japanese: 宣長の浩瀚な『古事記』の註釈書、『古事記伝』には、第一巻の「仮字の事」ですでに「同じ音の中でも、言葉に応じてそれぞれに当てる仮字が使い分けられている」ことが指摘されている。
English: However, it was only a limited comment, and this idea of Motoori was further developed by his disciple Tatsumaro ISHIZUKA who wrote "Kanazukai Oku no Yamamichi" (The Mountain Road into the Secrets of Kana Usage) (published around 1798).
Japanese: ただしその指摘はまだ一部に限られており、この宣長の着想をさらに発展させたのが彼の門弟・石塚龍麿による『仮名遣奥山路』（1798年頃発表）である。
English: In this book investigation was carried out on the usage of characters in "Kojiki," "Nihon Shoki" and "Manyoshu" in which Manyo-gana was used.
Japanese: これは万葉仮名の使われた『古事記』・『日本書紀』・『万葉集』について、その用字を調査したものである。
English: Ishizuka, in this book, concluded that there was a distinction in Manyo-gana, of the types of characters used for fifteen sounds, エ, キ, ケ, コ, ソ, ト, ノ, ヒ, ヘ, ミ, メ, ヨ, ロ, チ and モ (e, ki, ke, ko, so, to, no, hi, he, mi, me, yo, ro, chi, and mo).
Japanese: この中で石塚は万葉仮名においてはエ・キ・ケ・コ・ソ・ト・ノ・ヒ・ヘ・ミ・メ・ヨ・ロ・チ・モの15種について用字に使い分けがあると結論づけた。
English: However, the texts used for the investigation contained some errors because there was not much criticism on the credibility of the materials at that time.
Japanese: しかし、当時は本文の信憑性に関する批評が盛んでなく、調査に使われたテキストに誤記が含まれていた。
English: Furthermore it did not reach any conclusion to connect the distinction of the types of phonetic characters with the difference of phonemes, and thus did not draw much attention.
Japanese: また、仮名(文字)の使い分けが音韻の違いに結びつくという結論付けがなされていなかったこともあり、注目を集めることはなかった。
English: Although the studies by Norinaga and Ishizuka had not been evaluated for long time, Shinkichi HASHIMOTO rediscovered them and published an article called 'A Discovery in the Field of Japanese Kana Usage Research Concerning Kanazukai Oku no Yamamichi by Tatsumaro Ishizuka' for 'Teikoku Bungaku' (Literature of the Empire) and it made the studies recognized by the academic community.
Japanese: 宣長・石塚によるこの研究は長く評価されずに埋もれていたが橋本進吉によって再発見され、1917年、「帝国文学」に発表された論文「国語仮名遣研究史の一発見――石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について――」で学会に評価されるようになった。
English: The studies conducted after Hashimoto have not accepted the distinction of the types of characters used for "チ" (chi), the distinction which was pointed out by Tatsumaro ISHIZUKA
Japanese: なお橋本以後の研究では石塚竜麿が指摘したチの使い分けを認めていない。
English: It has been considered that in ancient times there was a special distinction of the types of characters used for 14 sounds of エ, キ, ケ, コ, ソ, ト, ノ, ヒ, ヘ, ミ, メ, ヨ, ロ and モ (e, ki, ke, ko, so, to, no, hi, he, mi, me, yo, ro and mo) and their dull sounds if any.
Japanese: エ・キ・ケ・コ・ソ・ト・ノ・ヒ・ヘ・ミ・メ・ヨ・ロ・モの14種および濁音がある場合はその濁音を古代特有の使い分けと見なしている。
English: As for the difference of sounds between A-type and B-type, Hashimoto presumed that A-type characters had the sounds of i, e, and o, same as the current ones, while B-type had the sounds of ï, ë and ö.
Japanese: 橋本は甲乙の音価の違いについて、甲音は現在のものと同じ音i,e,oとし、乙音をï,ë,öと推定した。
English: Hideyo ARISAKA published in 1934 an article called 'The Laws of the Combination of Syllables in Ancient Japanese', in which he pointed out the following laws concerning Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai.
Japanese: 有坂秀世は1934年の論文「古代日本語における音節結合の法則」で、上代特殊仮名遣いに関する次のような法則を発表した。
English: In fact these laws had already been mentioned in 1932 in his article 'Concerning the Usage of Kana for mo in Kojiki,' but he pointed them out with firm conviction in the aforementioned article.
Japanese: 実際にこの法則が発表されたのは1932年の論文「古事記におけるモの仮名の用法について」であるが、彼がこれに強い確信を持って発表したのは前述の論文である。
English: This tendency that vowels were divided into groups and often combined with other vowels of the same group and rarely with the ones of other groups was considered as a trace of 'vowel harmony' observed in Turkish for example.
Japanese: 母音同士が共存しやすいグループを作り、互いに同グループの母音と共存しやすく他グループの母音とは共存しにくいという傾向はトルコ語などに見られる「母音調和」現象の名残とされた。
English: Arisaka's Laws were also considered as evidence for Japanese belonging to an Altaic language family.
Japanese: また、有坂の法則は日本語がアルタイ語族であることの一つの証左であるとされたりした。
English: Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai became an established theory in Japanese linguistics by these studies of Hashimoto and Arisaka.
Japanese: 橋本・有坂によるこれらの研究により上代特殊仮名遣は国語学における定説となった。
English: They criticized Jindai-moji (written language claimed to have existed before the introduction of Chinese characters) used in the so-called Koshi Koden (unofficial ancient documents) including Takeuchi-monjo (alleged record of the lineage of ancient gods and a dynasty preceding Emperor Jinmu) for 'having only five vowels and not adopting the ancient Kana usage of eight vowels' and denied it as having been forged in a later era when such distinction of Kana usage had disappeared.
Japanese: いわゆる古史古伝の竹内文書などに使用されている神代文字も「上代には8母音あったはずなのに、なぜか5母音のままで上代の仮名遣いに配慮していない」ということから、そうした仮名遣いの区別がなくなった後世の偽書として否定した。
English: Concerning this dispute, in 1942, Hashimoto appeared as a witness for the prosecution in the trial of Takeuchi-monjo, the second oppression against Amatsukyo sect.
Japanese: これに関連し橋本は1942年、竹内文書第二次天津教弾圧事件裁判の際検察側の証人として出廷した。
English: The theory that ancient Japanese had eight vowels had been widely accepted and had become almost an established theory, however after 1975, several opposing theories appeared.
Japanese: 古代日本語8母音説は広く受け入れられ半ば定説となっていたが、昭和50年代に入りこれに異を唱える学説が相次いで登場する。
English: The first one was 'A Study on Ancient Japanese Vowel Structure - Attempt for Internal Reconstruction' by Katsumi MATSUMOTO.
Japanese: その端緒が松本克己の「古代日本語母音組織考－内的再建の試み－」である。
English: The internal reconstruction is an approach to the history of certain language through not only comparison with other languages but also a study on the synchrony of the language.
Japanese: 内的再構とは、一つの言語の言語史を他言語との比較からのみ考えるのではなく、その言語内の共時態の研究を通じて求めていこうとするアプローチである。
English: Matsumoto criticized Arisaka's Laws for the combination of syllables that the idea of 'combined into one unit' was ambiguous, and insisted that the laws for the combination should be investigated in relation to all vowels, not only the vowels that had the distinction between A-type and B-type.
Japanese: 松本は有坂の音節結合の法則について、「同一結合単位」という概念の曖昧さを指摘した上で甲乙2種の使い分けがある母音だけではなく全ての母音について結合の法則性を追求すべきだとした。
English: Then he carried out the investigation, grouping the vowels into three types based on the study of Yoshisuke FUKUDA in 1965.
Japanese: そして、1965年の福田良輔の研究をもとに母音を3グループに分けて検証を行なった。
English: As a result, he concluded that the vowels that were previously considered to have the distinction between A-type and B-type indicated complementary distribution and thus these vowels were not distinguished from each other but their phonemes were identical.
Japanese: その結果、従来甲乙2種の使い分けがあるとされてきた母音は相補的な分布を示すなどしており、母音の使い分けを行なっていたわけではなく音韻的には同一であったとした。
English: Matsumoto took Greek letters for/k/ for example and explained that the existence of two types of letters, k and q, for/k/ did not necessarily indicate the fact that these two consonants were distinguished when used.
Japanese: 松本はギリシア語での/k/の表記を引き合いに出し、/k/についてkとqの二種類の文字が使われていたからと言ってそれがギリシア語で2種の子音が意図的に使い分けられていたという事実を示すわけではないことを挙げた。
English: Similarly, he pointed out that the distinction of usage in Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai did not precisely represent the vowel system of the time.
Japanese: 同様に上代特殊仮名遣いについても使い分けがそのまま当時の母音体系を正確に表したものではないことを指摘した。
English: Furthermore, Matsumoto argued that Japanese vowels had developed as follows.
Japanese: その上で松本は日本語の母音の変遷について、下記のような変遷を辿ったとした。
English: He then concluded that ancient Japanese vowel system had five vowels same as the current system.
Japanese: そして、上代日本語の母音体系は現代と同じ5母音であったと結論づけた。
English: The article by Katsumi MATSUMOTO was published in March 1975, and in September of the same year, Satoshi MORISHIGE almost coincidentally published 'What is Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai' and criticized the theory of eight vowels of Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai from a different point of view from Matsumoto's.
Japanese: 松本克己の論文の発表は1975年3月であるが、それと時を同じくして同年9月、森重敏は「上代特殊仮名遣とは何か」を発表し、松本とは別の観点から上代特殊仮名遣の8母音説に異議を唱えた。
English: It was published in September but written in February of the same year, and thus the criticisms on the 'established theory', the theory of eight vowels, were written almost in the same period.
Japanese: 発表は9月であるがこれが執筆されたのは同年2月であり、「定説」であった8母音説に対する反論がほぼ同じ時期に執筆されたことになる。
English: Morishige firstly explained that when indeclinable words were used as exclamation without particles, the sound of "イ" (i) might be added to the words as a substitute for particles.
Japanese: まず森重は、体言において感嘆の際にいかなる助詞も付けないで単語がそのままで使われる時、助詞の代わりのような役目で単語の音韻そのものを「イ」音を加重させることがあると説いた。
English: It meant that the exclamation of "Hana" (flower) might not be expressed as "Hana-yo" (with a particle) but "Hanai," "Haina" or "Hainai" by adding "イ" (i) to the vowels.
Japanese: すなわち、「花」であればそれが「花よ」という形を取るのではなく「ハナィ」あるいは「ハィナ」「ハィナィ」と、母音そのものに「イ」を付け加えることによって表現することがあるというのである。
English: The summary of Morishige's theory was that B-type sounds with the vowels of エ (e), イ (i) and オ (o) were formed by adding イ (i) to the sounds with the vowels of ア (a), ウ (u) and オ (o) respectively.
Japanese: ここからア段音にイを加重させたものがエに、ウ段音にイを加重させたものがイに、オ段音にイを加重させたものがオになり、それぞれ乙類と呼ばれる音になったというのが森重説の要旨である。
English: According to his theory, the distinction of characters observed in Manyo-gana was caused by Toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture) who had distinguished the difference of the sounds that were not unimportant for Japanese.
Japanese: すなわち、万葉仮名に見られる用字の使い分けは渡来人が日本語にとって不必要であった音声の違いを音韻として読み取ってしまったものだとするものである。
English: Morishige explained it taking the Hepburn system of romanization for example, which distinguished the sounds not necessarily important for Japanese such as sh, ch, ts or f.
Japanese: 森重はそれをあたかもヘボン式ローマ字が日本語にとって必ずしも必要な聞き分けでないsh,ch,ts,fなどを聞き取ったことになぞらえた。
English: He also pointed out as evidence that although only the sound of "コ" (ko) among Jodai Tokushu Kanazukai had survived until the beginning of the Heian period, no such distinction had existed in Hiragana.
Japanese: また、上代特殊仮名遣い中「コ」音のみが平安初期にまで残ったにもかかわらず、ひらがなにその使い分けが存在しなかったことなどを傍証として挙げている。
English: Many criticisms developed against these new theories published in the same period, and from December 1970 (?) to November of the following year, the discussions about the theories were held four times in Mainichi Newspapers.
Japanese: この時期を同じくした新しい論に対しては多数の反論が展開され、1970年(?)12月から翌年1月にかけては毎日新聞紙上においてこの説を巡って4回にわたって議論が繰り広げられた。
English: The June issue of 1976 featured 'investigation of vowel harmony,' with Shiro HATTORI's article 'Ancient Japanese Vowel System and Harmony' that advocated for the theory of six vowels and Matsumoto's 'Japanese Vowel Structure' appearing next to and criticizing each other.
Japanese: 1976年の6号の特集「母音調和を探る」には六母音説を主張する服部四郎の「上代日本語の母音体系と母音調和」と松本の「日本語の母音組織」が並んで掲載され、互いの説を批判し合うという体裁が採られた。
English: Further, in the August issue Susumu ONO introduced both theories and presented his own view in 'Old Japanese Vowel System,' which was, in turn, countered by Matsumoto, in 'Concerning A-type and B-type Manyo-gana Characters with the Vowel of オ (o)' in the November issue, and by Hattori, saying 'Old Japanese Vowel Phonemes were Six, not Eight' in the December issue.
Japanese: さらに8月号では大野晋が「上代日本語の母音体系」で両論を紹介し、持論を展開した他、11月号では松本が「万葉仮名のオ列甲乙について」で、12月には服部が「上代日本語の母音音素は六つであって八つではない」で互いに再反論した。
English: In 1981 Hiromichi MORI, in his 'The Northern Dialect of the Tang Dynasty and the Phonetic Value of the Vowels in Old Japanese', published a theory of seven vowels, recognizing the distinction between the A- and B-types other than those with the vowel of エ (e), and tried to presume concrete sounds using the northern dialect of the Tang dynasty and phonetically arranged dictionary of ancient Chinese characters.
Japanese: 1981年には森博達が「唐代北方音と上代日本語の母音評価」でエ段以外の甲乙に差があることを認める7母音説を発表するとともに、唐代北方音と切韻を利用した具体的音価の推定を試みた。
English: In response to it, Hisao HIRAYAMA had discussions with him in a magazine "Kokugogaku" (Studies in Japanese Linguistics) through a series of articles called 'Concerning Mr. Hiromichi Mori's Theory that Nihon Shoki α Group Was Written Based on Original Chinese Sounds,' 'In Response to Mr. Hisao Hirayama, Further Argument for the Theory that Nihon Shoki α Group Was Written Based on Original Chinese Sounds' and 'Discussing Again Concerning Mr. Hiromichi Mori's Theory that Nihon Shoki α Group Was Written Based on Original Chinese Sounds.'
Japanese: これに対しては『国語学』誌上で平山久雄との間で「森博達氏の日本書紀α群原音依拠説について」「平山久雄氏に答え再び日本書紀α群原音依拠説を論証す」「森博達氏の日本書紀α群原音依拠説について、再論」という論争が行われている。
English: Recently no study has been published in which the previous theories were denied fundamentally, but it does not necessarily mean we have reached conclusion concerning ancient Japanese vowels.
Japanese: 最近は従来の説を根本から覆すような論は発表されていないが、だからといって上代母音についての結論が出たわけではない。
English: In the future approaches from various fields are expected concerning the matters like how many vowels actually existed in ancient Japanese or why only a part of characters with the vowels of イ (i), エ (e) and オ (o) had the distinction of the types.
Japanese: 上代にはいくつの母音が実際に存在したのか、その具体的な音価は何か、なぜイ段・エ段・オ段の一部のみに使い分けが見られるのかなどについて、今後も様々な分野からのアプローチが待たれている。