nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Unlike the cases of the Imperial Throne, there are many certain examples of usurpation of monarchs in foreign countries.
Japanese: 皇位の場合とは異なり、諸外国の君主の場合は、確実に簒奪とされている例も多い。
English: However, even when it was practically an usurpation, sometimes, it is officially referred as a peaceful transfer of power by 'giving the position of the monarch voluntarily to someone with virtue who are not related by blood ties' which is an expression from a favorable standpoint or in praise of the method to acquire the crown from the former dynasty and it is referred as 'usurpation' from a critical standpoint.
Japanese: しかし実質的な内容が簒奪であっても表向きは「自主的に血縁関係が無い有徳の人物に君主の地位を譲る」禅譲と称されることがあり、これは前王朝から王位・帝位を獲得した方法について、肯定的ないし賞賛する立場からの表現であり、批判的な立場からは「簒奪」とされる。
English: It is said that historical people who plotted it can be checked but it is unknown whether they had such intentions.
Japanese: 歴史上で企図した人物を確認出来るとされるが、それらにその意図があったかは不明な部分が多い。
English: Akira IMATANI talked about the theory of the usurpation of the imperial throne by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA in his literary work, "Muromachi no oken (regal power of Muromacchi) usurpation of sovereignty plan by Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA." (Chuokoron-shinsha, Inc.)
Japanese: 今谷明は著書『室町の王権足利義満の王権簒奪計画』（中央公論新社）で足利義満の皇位簒奪説を説いた。
English: However, afraid of using the term, 'usurpation of the imperial throne' following the aftermath of Shimanaka incident, Chuo Koronsha used an inaccurate title 'usurpation of sovereignty,' overriding Imatani's opposition.
Japanese: しかし、中央公論社は嶋中事件の後遺症で「皇位簒奪」の用語を用いることを恐れ、今谷の反対を押し切って、「王権簒奪」という不正確な表題にしてしまったという。
English: As mentioned above, it is controversial whether usurpation of the imperial throne did happen or it was just aimed.
Japanese: 上記の通り、皇位簒奪を行ったのか、あるいは皇位簒奪を目指していたかどうかについては議論が分かれている。
English: There is a theory that says some Emperors in ancient times, such as Emperor Sujin, Emperor Ojin, and Emperor Keitai, usurped the imperial throne regardless of blood relations with the past Emperors.
Japanese: 崇神天皇・応神天皇・継体天皇など、古代の天皇の何人かは、前代の天皇とは血縁は無く皇位簒奪を行ったのではないかという説が存在する。
English: There are opinions that doubt whether Emperors in ancient times succeeded to the Imperial Throne based on blood relationships in the first place.
Japanese: ただし古代の天皇については、そもそも血縁による皇位継承を行っていたかどうか疑問を呈する意見もある。
English: The Soga clan prided reins of power surpassing the great king (the Imperial Family in later years) and he even tried to become the great king (Yamato sovereignty, the ancient Japan sovereignty) so, according to "Nihonshoki," (Chronicles of Japan) he was destroyed in the Isshi no hen (the Murder in the Year of Isshi).
Japanese: 蘇我氏は大王家（後の天皇家）を凌ぐ権勢を誇り、遂には自身が大王(ヤマト王権)になろうとしたため、乙巳の変により滅ぼされたと『日本書紀』が伝えている。
English: Prince Otomo (Emperor Kobun) was coronated officially so there is a theory that says the Jinshin War was the usurpation of the imperial throne by Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: 大友皇子（弘文天皇）は正式に即位しており、従って壬申の乱は天武天皇による皇位簒奪であったという説がある。
English: Going further, casting doubt over the common belief that Emperor Tenmu was the younger brother of Emperor Tenchi, there is a different view that says they were not brothers. (Katsuaki SASSA etc.)
Japanese: さらに進めて、天武天皇が天智天皇の弟だったという通説に疑問を呈し、兄弟ではなかったのではないかという異説も存在する（佐々克明ら）。
English: For your information, even if this was an usurpation of the imperial throne, the blood line of Emperor Tenmu died out after Emperor Shotoku and the Imperial Family afterward returned to the Imperial line of Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: ちなみに、仮にこれが皇位簒奪であったとしても、天武天皇の血統は称徳天皇を以て絶えており、その後の天皇家は天智系に復している。
English: While Shinto and Buddhist deities progressed to commingle and the position of the Emperor was transformed, with the entry of Emperor Shomu into priesthood (God to Buddha) and the re-enthronement of the Retired Empress Koken (Buddha to God), Dokyo, who entered the imperial court as a nursing-dhyana-priest for Empress Koken (Empress Shotoku) and had been favored by her, was enthroned as the Priest Emperor, acting correspondingly with the Emperor, and he became the de-facto co-governor with the Empress, in charge of the management Buddhism business and religious ceremonies for gods of heaven and earth.
Japanese: 聖武天皇の出家（神⇒仏）、孝謙太上天皇の再即位（仏⇒神）など神仏混交が進み天皇の地位が変質するなか、孝謙天皇（称徳天皇）の看病禅師として宮中に入り、寵愛されるようになっていた道鏡は、天皇に準ずる法王に即位し、家政機関も設置されるなど事実上の女帝との共同統治者となり仏教事業や神祇を司った。
English: Moreover, ritual enthronement was prepared by diarchy with two people, without going through the crown prince.
Japanese: 更に二人の二頭体制によって皇太子を経ず形式的に天皇に即位すべく準備が行われた。
English: The Empress died shortly afterward so it was unfulfilled (a plot of Usa Hachiman-gu oracle).
Japanese: 間もなく女帝が死去した為実現しなかったとされる（宇佐八幡宮神託事件）。
English: Although Dokyo opposed the shintaku (oracle), he was relegated to a lower position as a betto (administrator of a Buddhist temple) for Yakushi-ji Temple in the Province of Shimotsuke.
Japanese: 道鏡は神託を否定するが、下野国の薬師寺(下野市)造寺別当として左遷された。
English: It needs to be kept in mind that "Shoku Nihongi," (Chronicle of Japan Continued) which records this incident, is a literary work from the era of Emperor Konin and Emperor Kammu, who gained the right of succession to the Imperial Throne following the Empress' death, so it is also said that it was written for the purpose of flaunting its justification.
Japanese: もっとも、この事件を記した『続日本紀』が、女帝の死によって皇位継承権を得た光仁天皇・桓武天皇両天皇時代の著作で、その正当性の誇示を目的に執筆されたとも言われているため、留意する必要がある。
English: TAIRA no Masakado, after conquering Bando (old Kanto region), having won out family struggles, held a ceremony of enthronement at the local government of Kozuke in 939.
Japanese: 平将門は、一族の内部抗争を勝抜き坂東（関東一円）を制圧すると、天慶2年（939年）、上野国庁で即位の儀礼を行った。
English: A miko, referring herself as a messenger of Hachiman Daibosatsu, made a revelation and was presented the title 'new emperor' from Okiyo-o. (Prince Okiyo)
Japanese: 八幡大菩薩の使いを称する巫女が宣託を告げ、興世王から「新皇」の号を進呈されたという。
English: Enthronement to the new emperor was reported to the Emperor at the Kyoto Imperial Court and they identified themselves as the new emperor as opposed to the present one.
Japanese: 新皇位への即位は京都朝廷へ奏上を行っており、相対する新たなる天皇という意味で新皇を名乗った。
English: However, Masakado was busy dealing with the enemy forces and he was avenged the following year so the political aim is unclear but he established the ruling organization by assigning Bunbu Hyakkan such as Zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) in various districts in his own accord.
Japanese: しかし将門は、敵対勢力への対応に忙殺されて翌年には討たれているためその政治目的は不明瞭であるが、独自に諸国受領などの文武百官を任命するなど支配機構の確立も行っている。
English: There is a claim that says he tried to establish 'Bando independent kingdom' based on the succession of actions such as the enthronement of the new emperor as evidence.
Japanese: 新皇即位など一連の行動を証拠として、「坂東独立王国」を築こうとしていたとする説が主張されている。
English: Kanmu-Heishi (Taira clan), whose origin is TAIRA no Masakado, demoted from nobility to subject and is an Imperial descendant (posterity) which makes Masakado related to Emperor Kammu as his great-great-grandson (one theory says related as a great-great-great-grandchild).
Japanese: なお平将門の出身である桓武平氏は、臣籍降下した皇胤であり、将門は桓武天皇の続柄玄孫（一説には続柄来孫）にあたる。
English: Due to the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the power and authority of the Imperial Family and Court noble declined, and at the same time, the Ashikaga Shogun Family's authority advanced on that of the Imperial Family and he practically served the role of the monarch of Japan.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)により、天皇家と公家勢力の権力及その権威が低下すると共に、足利幕府の成立以来、足利将軍家の権威は天皇家に迫り、実質的に日本の君主としての役割を担った。
English: Above all, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third shogun enforced his influence on the Imperial Court, leading to having authority and power surpassing the Imperial Court and shogunate.
Japanese: とりわけ三代将軍足利義満は朝廷への影響力を強め、公武を超越した権威と権力を持つに至った。
English: On behalf of the Imperial Family, a unique diplomacy was in place which was done by receiving a sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) as the 'King of Japan' from the Ming Dynasty in China which was to oppose the Emperor's power, the monarch in Japan.
Japanese: 天皇家の代わりに、中国の明朝皇帝から「日本国王」として冊封を受け独自の外交を行っているが、これを国内的な君主号としての天皇の権威に対抗するためである。
English: There is a theory that says this was in preparation for usurpation (another theory says that sakuho was received in order to enhance convenience of trading).
Japanese: 簒奪の為の準備の一つであるとの説がある（ただし、貿易の利便性を高める為、冊封を受けたとの説もある）。
English: However, immediately afterward, Yoshimitsu died suddenly without assigning the successor and the posthumous title of Daijo Hoo and tribute trade were halted by Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA, the fourth shogun and senior vassals of the bakufu, since they were historically unprecedented.
Japanese: しかしその直後に義満は後継者不指名のまま急死し、四代将軍となった足利義持や幕府重臣により先例無しとして太上法皇位の追号も取りやめられ、朝貢貿易も停止された。
English: There is a persistent opposing view that doubts Yoshimitsu's usurpation of the imperial throne, as the rightness of the imperial line takes place by blood line rather than from a standpoint of the Retired Emperor.
Japanese: 義満の皇位簒奪説は、一方で皇統の正当性は上皇としての立場ではなく血統により発生するという反論もあり、疑問視する声も根強い。
English: The Ashikaga shogun family is a line from Seiwa-Genji (Kawachi-Genji [Minamoto clan]) whose descendant demoted from nobility to subject so the family was an Imperial descendant (posterity) and was remotely related to the Imperial Family.
Japanese: なお足利将軍家は、清和天皇の子孫が臣籍降下した清和源氏の一流（河内源氏）であり、皇胤であるため天皇家とは遠い血縁関係にあたる。
English: Yoriyasu SHIMOMA, a boukan (a priest who served for the Monzeki families) of Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, publically talked about 'The concept of Shimoma bakufu' in which the chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple was to be the Emperor and the Shimotsuma clan, who hereditary succeeded the boukan of Hongan-ji Temple, was to be the Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians).
Japanese: 石山本願寺の坊官である下間頼康は、本願寺の門主を天皇、代々本願寺の坊官を世襲してきた下間氏を征夷大将軍とする「下間幕府構想」を公言している。
English: However, there was no specific action plan to make this happen and it was not a statement by the chief priest of Hongan-ji Temple who is supposed to be the central player of usurpation of the imperial throne.
Japanese: ただしそのための具体的行動は伴わず、また皇位簒奪の当事者であるはずの本願寺門主の発言でも無い。
English: During the late Sengoku period (Japan), Nobunaga ODA went to the capital (Kyoto), regarding Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as the Shogun, but shortly afterward, he faced confrontation with Yoshiaki and as a result, Yoshiaki was expelled leading to the fall of the Muromachi shogunate.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)後期、織田信長は足利義昭を将軍として上洛を行ったが、程なく信長と義昭の間に対立が生じ、その結果義昭は追放され室町幕府は滅亡した。
English: Also initially, Nobunaga had been taking a cooperative policy with the Emperor at the time, Emperor Ogimachi, but as time went on, he started to act as if he was deified, even interfering with the establishment of the calendar which was set by the Imperial Count.
Japanese: また信長は、時の正親町天皇とは当初協調路線をとっていたが、しだいに自らを神格化するような行動を取り、さらには朝廷が決定する暦の制定にまで口をはさむようになった。
English: To start with, the Imperial Count approached Nobunaga with the rank of Minister of the Right, further, presenting him with any official court rank such as the Grand Minister, chief adviser to the Emperor, and Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") but Nogunaga declined.
Japanese: 朝廷は、まず信長を右大臣とし、更には太政大臣、関白、征夷大将軍のいかなる官位をも授けると打診したが、信長はそれを辞退。
English: On the other hand, he carried out Umazoroe (a military parade) in Kyoto and threatened the Imperial Court.
Japanese: その一方で京都で馬ぞろえ（軍事パレード）を行い、朝廷を威嚇したとされる。
English: From such actions, there is a theory which says Nobunaga tried to become the king of Japan himself by putting an end to the Emperor.
Japanese: この様な行動から、信長は天皇を廃して自身が日本の王になろうとしたのではないかという説がある。
English: However, since remains that are thought to be a 'makeshift Imperial Palace' to invite the Emperor was discovered in Azuchi-jo Castle recently and since Nobunaga himself requested arbitration from the Emperor for the battles with Nagamasa ASAI and Yoshikage ASAKURA, and Ishiyama War, Nobunaga did not intend to put an end to the Emperor.
Japanese: しかし近年では、天皇を招くための「仮の御所」と思われる遺跡が安土城内部で発見されていることや、信長自身も浅井長政、朝倉義景との戦いや石山合戦では天皇に仲裁を求めたりしていることから、信長には天皇を廃する意思がなかった。
English: In the study of the Shito religion, a conclusion has not been reached whether one is not qualified to become the Emperor unless one is a man with the Imperial Family blood line (unbroken imperial line) or theoretically, any powerful person with the Three Sacred Treasures of the Imperial Family can become the Emperor (note that this is not the official point of view of Shinto).
Japanese: 神道研究において、天皇家の血筋（いわゆる万世一系）を男系で引いていなければ天皇になる資格はないのか、それとも理論上は三種の神器を抑えた権力者は誰であれ天皇となりうるのかについては結論は出ていない（ただし、神道の公式見解ではない）。
English: Her younger brothers-uterine were Takeda no miko (the Prince Takeda), and Owari no miko (the Prince Owari, the father of TACHIBANA no Ooiratsume, a wife of the Prince Shotoku), and her younger sisters-uterine were Oharida no himemiko, the Princess Oharida (a wife of OSHISAKA no Hikohito no Oenomiko) and Tame no himemiko (the Princess Tame, who became a wife of the Emperor Jomei later).
Japanese: 同母弟に竹田皇子・尾張皇子（聖徳太子の妃橘大郎女の父）、同母妹に小墾田皇女（押坂彦人大兄皇子妃）・田眼皇女（後の舒明天皇妃）がいる。
English: Shichidengosha refers to the palace buildings located behind Shishinden (The Throne Hall) and Jijuden (literally, hall of benevolence and longevity) in the dairi (inner palace grounds) of the Heian Palace, which were mainly used as the residence of the empresses of the emperors.
Japanese: 七殿五舎（しちでんごしゃ）とは、平安京内裏の紫宸殿や仁寿殿の後方に位置し、主に天皇の后妃の住まう殿舎を指す。
English: These were collectively called kokyu, and the buildings were often granted to those members other than the empress, including the togu (crown prince), his wives, the imperial princes and the imperial princesses.
Japanese: これらは後宮と総称され、后妃以外にも東宮やその妃、また親王・内親王などもしばしば殿舎を賜った。
English: The Shichiden buildings had a shichiken shimen structure (the main building with the lengths of shichiken [approx. 12.73 m] in an east-west direction by niken [approx. 3.64 m] in a north-south direction, surrounded by eaves in all directions), and gosha buildings had a goken shimen structure (the main building of goken [approx. 9.09 m] in an east-west direction by niken in a north-south direction, surrounded by eaves in all directions), among which Shoyosha and Shigeisha are provided with a hokusha (north annex) of goken nimen structure.
Japanese: 七殿は七間四面（母屋（もや）が東西七間・南北二間で四方に庇がある）、五舎は五間四面（身舎が東西五間・南北二間で四方に庇がある）で、このうち昭陽舎と淑景舎のみ、それぞれ五間二面の北舎が付属する。
English: Fans made of paper (kawahori) is derived from hiogi as informal fans for daily use.
Japanese: 紙製の扇子（蝙蝠/かはほり）はここから派生し、檜扇を略したものとして普段使いに使われた。
English: Hiogi is a fan made of slats of cypress wood tied together at the pivot and top of the slates are enforced with strings so that the slates can be folded.
Japanese: ヒノキの薄板を要で留めて、板の上部を紐で補強し折りたたみ可能にした扇。
English: A clasp of the pivot was originally a string of twisted Japanese paper, but today a wooden peg or metal fitting is used for that purpose.
Japanese: 要の止め具は本来和紙の紙縒りを使っていたが、現在は木釘や金具を使う。
English: The pivot was enforced and decorated with decorative metal fixtures in the forms of butterflies or birds made of gold, silver, or nickel.
Japanese: 要には補強・装飾の目的で金・銀・白銅などで作ったチョウや鳥の形の飾り金具を被せた。
English: Adult men used three-layered fan with white binding string, while women used five-layered fan with colored binding string; actually, however, even numbers were regarded as ominous and people used fans with odd numbers of slates by adding or omitting one slate.
Japanese: 成人男性用の場合は三重白糸綴じ、女性の場合は五重色糸綴じの扇を用いたが、偶数を嫌って実際は1橋分減らしたり増やすなどして奇数にしていた。
English: It is said that hiogi fans were used as notes of complicated manners of court functions, and women used these fans to hide their faces at once to avoid people's eyes.
Japanese: 宮中行事の時複雑な式での作法などをメモする目的で用いられたとも言うが、女性の場合は他人の視線から咄嗟に顔を隠す場合に重宝した。
English: Today, hiogi for female are beautifully decorated with pictures of kissho (lucky omen) drawn with gold, whitewash, crimson, and rokusho (malachite, an inorganic green pigment), colored strings tied in ninamusubi knot at both ends, and artificial flowers of pine and Japanese plum (sometimes including tachibana, inedible citrus).
Japanese: 現在も用いられる女性用の檜扇は金彩や胡粉・紅・緑青などで吉祥画を描き、六色の紐を両端に蜷結びしてマツやウメ（タチバナを含むことも）の造化を飾り付けた美しいものである。
English: Today, women in the Imperial family use the uniformed fan with 39 slates of straight-grained cypress wood with thread flowers (imitation flowers made of silk thread) of pine and Japanese plum and six-colored binding strings.
Japanese: 現在、皇族女性は一律に39橋の檜材の柾目挽きの扇に、松と梅の糸花（絹糸を使った造花）を飾り6色の糸で綴じたものを用いている。
English: People today tend to hold fans at the pivot, but the formal manner of hiogi is not holding the fan at the pivot.
Japanese: 現代人が扇子を持つ時ついつい要を持ってしまうが、檜扇は要を持たないのが正式な作法である。
English: To hold an open fan, the user has to hold it by the point slightly above the pivot; to hold an closed fan, the user has to hold it lightly with one hand by the point closer to the bottom from the center and place the other hand from below the fan to the position near the top.
Japanese: 広げて持つときは要の少し上を持ち、閉じてからは片手で中心より根元よりの部分を軽く持ち、もう一方の手を下から先の部分に添える。
English: Although there is no document left that depicts the formal manner of holding fans in the Heian period, many emaki (illustrated handscrolls) show that people hold fans with one hand by the position near the pivot and to the height of their chest or faces.
Japanese: 平安時代の持ち方を正式に記す資料はないが、絵巻ではたいてい片手で要に近いところを持って胸から顔に近い高さにかざしている。
English: In the early-modern times, women's hiogi was called Okazashi used for hiding their faces, while fans of cross-grained wood for boys were always used with closed and with six-colored nina kazari (decorative strings) around it.
Japanese: 近世では、女子の檜扇は開いて顔を隠すのに用いて大翳（おおかざし）と称し、男の子供用の横目扇（板目の扇）は閉じて6色の蜷飾り（飾り紐）を巻いて用いるのが決まりであった。
English: After the Meiji period, girls also used the fan with closed and with nina kazari around it, holding it in the way as described above.
Japanese: 近代は女子も閉じて、蜷飾りを巻いて、上述のようなもち方をすることになった。
English: Boys held the fan in their right hands with slightly lowering the top or in their bosom, and in some cases they placed the fan in front of them when they sat down.
Japanese: 男子は右手に持ち、先を少し下に下げるか懐中し、座るときは座前に置く場合もあった。
English: Today, adult women always use hiogi of straight-grained slates, but in the Heian period, there were small-sized hiogi for children made of cross-grained wood with drawings of flowers and birds, as well as plain fans for young men and for elderly.
Japanese: 現代は成人女性のもつ柾目引きの檜扇ばかり見かけるが、平安時代は板目引きの、小振りで花鳥を描いた子供用の檜扇や無地の若年男性用・老人用の扇も存在した。
English: Basically, high-ranked nobles were regarded as grown up at the age of 14 or 15, and as elderly after 40.
Japanese: 基本的に高位の貴族は14～15歳で成人し、40歳以上で老人とみなされる。
English: Fans for women were made of straight-grained wood with drawings and colored binding strings, fans for men were made of straight-grained white wood with white binding string, and fans for elderly men and women were made of cross-grained wood as those for children, with white binding string but no drawing.
Japanese: 女性用は柾目引きの絵がある色糸綴じのもの、男性用は柾目引きの白木白糸綴じのもの、老人用は男女共に、子供用と同じ板目引きで白糸綴じ絵を描かないものを用いる。
English: When the birth of an Imperial Prince or Princess was approaching, court ladies serving the expecting mother tightly did their hair and dressed all in white.
Japanese: 親王・内親王の出産が迫ると、妃に仕える女房達は髪上げして白ずくめの衣装を着る。
English: Drawing on the fan were simply made with only whitewash and silver paint instead of showy drawings of usual fans made with crimson, gold paint, rokusho (malachite, an inorganic green pigment) or indigo.
Japanese: 扇面の絵も普段の紅・金泥・緑青・藍などの派手なものでなく、胡粉と銀泥のみの絵である。
English: It is said that such decoration was originally remains of white binding strings knotted in the form of flowers and attached to the ribs, but in the early modern times it was a family crest stitched with white strings on white plain silk (or habutae, a thin, soft, durable silk).
Japanese: これは元来白い綴じ糸の余りを花などのかたちにして貼ったものともいうが、近世では白平絹（羽二重なども可）に白糸で家紋の形を縫った。
English: It was not a single-stroke drawing of binding string, but the family crest was drawn by a line of string so a stitching technique called "okimon" (heraldry) was used in which the crest was placed with strings went under the cloth as little as possible.
Japanese: 綴じ糸による「一筆がき」風にはできないが、糸による線で紋を描くため、極力糸を生地にくぐらせないで留めていく「置紋」の方法を使う。
English: After the Meiji period, emperors used fans with heraldry of the Chrysanthemum with Nagakazari regardless of their ages; the Imperial family used the Chrysanthemum only; among retainers by enthronement, those of the offices originally selected as candidates by the Prime Minister and senior officials or higher used the crest of goshichi no kiri (literally, five seven paulownia); and at the Ise-jingu Shrine, the crest of flying cranes was used.
Japanese: 近代は天皇は年齢にかかわらず長飾りつきの菊の置紋、皇族は菊のみ、即位での臣下のうち、奏任官・高等官以上は五七桐、伊勢神宮では飛鶴が用いられた。
English: Many of these fans were made of plain wood with a decoration of agemaki knot (made at the top of the fan and the remaining strings are hung on the front with notches in both sides) and the pivot had a rivet.
Japanese: 白木で総角（揚巻）結びの飾りのついたもの、鋲を要に使うものなどが多い。
English: Purple or red (suo) fans seem to be used at enthronement where emperors and high officials carried these fans in their bosom in court dresses.
Japanese: また紫扇や赤色＝蘇芳扇は即位のとき礼服に懐中して用いられたようである。
English: In addition, there were special cases where the elderly used fans of kozome (dyed brown by clove) in the medieval period, and some of such cases were revived in the early-modern times.
Japanese: このほか老人が香染（丁子による茶色）の扇を使用するなどの特例が中世にあり、その一部は近世にも復古的に行われたかと思われる。
English: Yamashina school in the early-modern times used a fan with 25 slates of fine straight-grained cedar.
Japanese: 近世の山科流では25橋で、スギの糸柾（木目の濃い柾目）がさかんに使用された。
English: Some of such fans used cross-grained wood only for ribs at both ends of a fan and straight grained wood for the rest of the fan because cross grain was fragile.
Japanese: また親骨のみ板目であとは柾目の例もあるが、これらは畢竟板目が割れやすいからである。
English: A cross-grained wood was decorative because of its fine grain, and that was why cedar with darker grain was preferred to Cyprus.
Japanese: 板目は木目の美しさを楽しむ点で装飾的であり、檜より黒味のつよい杉が好まれた理由もここにある。
English: Fans of Yamashina school in the early-modern times had a picture as follows: gold Genjigumo (floating clouds) with brilliant-colored frames (both pigments made from earth materials and foil were used for gold; gold and silver were used for girl's fan of Yamashina school but only gold was used for cross-grained fans); two flying cranes and a big pine tree; bamboo grass on the hill at the bottom of the pine tree; ultramarine water on the left; in the water there were Kanzemizu (whirling waves) drawn with silver paint; and a green turtle.
Japanese: 近世の山科流は極彩色で縁取りした金の源氏雲を描き（金は泥絵具・箔ともに例がある。山科流の女子用は雲に金銀を用いるが、横目扇は金一色）、飛鶴2羽と大松を描き、松の根元の丘には笹を描き、左に群青色の水を配し、水には銀泥で観世水（波）を描き、なかに緑色の亀を描く。
English: This is the standard design, and Yamashina school fixed shape of branches of the pine tree and the direction of cranes.
Japanese: これは定番で、山科流では松のおおよその枝ぶり、ツルの向きまで固定していた。
English: Takakura school allowed more flexibility; designs of celebration such as pine tree, camellia, Japanese plum, and cranes were placed appropriately.
Japanese: 高倉流は自由度が高く、松にツバキ、松や梅や鶴などの祝いの図柄を適宜按配する。
English: As it cannot be concluded that all of these decorations were added later, these instances could be possible.
Japanese: これらの全てが後補と断定できない以上、こうした例もあったかもしれない。
English: After the pivot is fixed with a wooden peg, metal fittings are pierced into the pivot with a rivet, so these fittings can fall out relatively easily.
Japanese: 要を木釘で固定した後、鋲で要に刺してあることが多く、比較的簡単に抜けてしまうこともある。
English: Two ninamusubi knots are tied, and between the first and second knots, adjoining ropes are tangled so that they are not falling apart.
Japanese: 蜷結びを二段作り、一段目と二段目の間でとなりあう紐同士をひっかけてばらつかないようにする。
English: These six ropes are lined up, folded downward, binding strings are tied round the ropes tightly in a knot to fix the ropes.
Japanese: これらの紐は6本を並べて先を下に折って、綴じ糸で強く巻き、結んで固定する。
English: Schools other than Yamashina may use five-colored ropes excluding a light pink one, and many of them use two ropes of each of five or six colors.
Japanese: 山科流以外では薄紅を除く5色ということもあり、5色もしくは6色を各2本使うものも多い。
English: Some of these schools explicitly showed distinctive features of Takakura schools, which may have used a method of using two ropes of each color.
Japanese: その中には高倉家の特色を強く示すものもあるので、高倉流では二本ずつという方法もあったかもしれない。
English: In rare cases, agemaki knot is tied between ninamusubi knots or a plum-shaped flower knot is tied instead of ninamusubi knots.
Japanese: まれに蜷結びの間に総角結びを作るものもみかけるほか、蜷結びにはせずに梅花形の花結びを作るだけのものもある。
English: There are a variety of other approaches in contrast to the fixed form of Yamashina school.
Japanese: このほかにもいろいろなバリエーションがあり、山科流の固定性とは対照的である。