nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Finally, due to the accomplishment of centralization after the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures (Haihan-chiken) and the reform of the system of Departments of State, it was possible to begin reform of the old Shogunate system.
Japanese: 廃藩置県と太政官制の改革を経て中央集権体制が整ったことで、ようやく旧幕府時代の制度を改革する準備が整った。
English: The reform of the Imperial court was implemented at almost the same time, and in this reform, a number of positions from the former imperial court, including court ladies, were abolished, and palace staff mainly consisting of 'warrior class' educated Emperor Meiji so he could become fit for the role of a militaristic reform leader.
Japanese: ほぼ同時に宮中の改革も行われ、旧来の宮中職や女官は廃され、士族を中心とした侍従らが明治天皇を武断的な改革君主にふさわしい天皇に養育することとなった。
English: Although Emperor Meiji was in poor health when he was a child, he recovered thanks to the education by warrior class palace staff, and then he learned how to be a western-style constitutional monarch.
Japanese: 幕末期には病弱であった明治天皇も、士族による養育のためか健康も回復し、西洋的立憲君主としての心得も学んだ。
English: For example, he attended all the Privy Councils, and he also played an important role as an arbitrator of political situations during the regular prime ministers' resignations and change, as the constitutional politic was immature soon after the Diet was established.
Japanese: 特に憲法制定過程における枢密院審議においては、そのすべてに臨御し、また国会開設前後の立憲政治未成熟期に首相が頻繁に辞任・交代した際も、政局の調停者として重要な役割を担った。
English: Regarding the class system, the government advocated equality of all people, abolishing the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants under the Edo Shogunate, and changing former samurai class to the warrior class and the rest of classes to commoner class, whereas they gave the privileges of nobility to former court nobles, feudal lords, and some of the Buddhist monks so as to put them under the control of the Ministry of the Imperial Household.
Japanese: 身分制度については、江戸幕府下の「士農工商」の別を廃止し、旧武士階級を士族、それ以外を平民とし、「四民平等」を謳う一方、旧公家・大名や一部僧侶などを新たに華族として特権的階級とすると同時に、宮内省の支配の下に置くことになった。
English: Also, the restoration government dispatched the "Iwakura Mission," of which Tomomi IWAKURA was the chief envoy, and Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Hirobumi ITO were the vice envoys, to Europe and the United States, whereas the members of the "Rusu-Seifu" (the temporary government while heads of the government were away) like Takamori SAIGO, Kaoru INOUE, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Shinpei ETO, Takato OKI, advanced many reforms one after another.
Japanese: また、維新政府は西洋の諸制度を研究するため岩倉具視を正使、大久保利通・木戸孝允・伊藤博文らを副使とする岩倉使節団を欧米へ派遣するが、「留守政府」と呼ばれた日本残留組の西郷隆盛・井上馨・大隈重信・板垣退助・江藤新平・大木喬任らの手によって、次々と改革は進んでいった。
English: The members of the "Rusu-seifu" mainly reformed the educational system, the land-tax system, the conscription ordinance, the calendar (they adopted the Gregorian Calendar), the administration of justice, and introduced rules allowing freedom of hairstyle and banning the carrying of swords.
Japanese: 主な改革としては、学制、地租改正、徴兵令、グレゴリオ暦の採用、司法制度の整備、散髪脱刀令などがある。
English: However, these rapid reforms had many contradictions and many warrior-class people and farmers were unsatisfied, and it is said that these reforms led to "Seikanron" (the policy of conquering Korea by military force).
Japanese: ただし、これらの改革は急激に行われたため矛盾も少なくなく、士族や農民の不満を招いたため、後の征韓論につながったとも言われる。
English: IWAKURA and OKUBO dismissed the idea of "Seikanron" when they returned from western Europe, and then these reforms were organized and the government established the Ministry of Home Affairs led by Okubo.
Japanese: 欧米使節から帰国した岩倉や大久保が征韓論を退け、さらに大久保の下に内務省(日本)が設立されたことで諸改革の整理が行われることになる。
English: At the same time, the atmosphere of new era "Meiji" was created by the civilization and enlightenment of people, the popularization of eating meat, and the opening of the railway.
Japanese: また、これと同時期に民間でも行われた文明開化の動き、肉食の普及や鉄道の開通などとも相まって、新時代「明治」の雰囲気が醸成されていった。
English: In economic and industrial areas, the government began leading industrial development, and Western industrial technology was adopted, such as the establishment of government-owned factories including Tomioka Silk Mill under the slogans "Fukoku Kyohei" (enriching the country and strengthing the military) and "Shokusan Kogyo" (encouraging building of new industries).
Japanese: 経済産業分野では、富国強兵・殖産興業のスローガンの下、富岡製糸場を初めとする官営工場が作られるなど、政府主導の産業育成が始まり、西洋式工業技術が導入された。
English: The financial system was also revised, changing the currency system of the Shogunate period and adopting the "yen"as the currency unit in 1871 (refer to the article of the "New Currency Regulation").
Japanese: また金融制度でも旧幕府時代の貨幣制度を改めて、通貨単位として「円(通貨)」を導入（1871年。新貨条例を参照）。
English: Also, the capitalistic financial system was organized, including the foundation of the Bank of Japan in 1882, formerly the National Bank of Japan under the National Bank Act, which dominates the right of issuing currency as the central bank.
Japanese: また国立銀行条例による国立銀行(日本)（ナショナルバンク）を経て、通貨発行権を独占する中央銀行としての日本銀行設立（1882年）など、資本主義的金融制度の整備も行われた。
English: The postal system, the telegraph network, and transportation by railway and ship were consolidated as one distribution system (Nippon Yusen Company was established after the competition between the Mitsubishi Combine, the private sector, and the Kyodo Unyu Company, the national policy concern).
Japanese: また流通分野では、郵便制度・電信網の整備、鉄道および船舶運輸（民間の三菱財閥と国策会社の共同運輸会社の競合を経て日本郵船会社）などの整備が行われた。
English: The nobles, who received money called "Chitsuroku" when losing their job, invested their money in these economic activities.
Japanese: これらの資本活動には、職を失った代わりに秩禄を得た華族の資産による投資活動も背景にあった。
English: The developed systems of western civilization were positively adopted in this reform, and in this process foreigners called "Employed Foreigner" were hired in various areas including technical assistance, education, consolidation of the organization of the central government, and military systems, to help Japan build a modern state.
Japanese: このような改革には積極的に西洋文明の先進制度が取り入れられ、その過程で、「お雇い外国人」と呼ばれる外国人が、技術指導、教育分野、官制・軍制整備など様々な分野で雇用され、近代国家建設を助けた。
English: Since the goal of the religious policy of the Meiji Restoration was to restore the era when Shinto and the state were united, the government put Jingi (the Department of Shinto Affairs) at the top of Seven Departments in the "Office Organization" law, which was enacted on February 21, 1867, and proclaimed the "Edict of Separation of Shinto and Buddhism" in April of that year.
Japanese: 宗教的には、祭政一致の古代に復す改革であったから、1867年（慶応3年）旧暦1月17日(旧暦)に制定された職制には神祇を七科の筆頭に置き、3月(旧暦)には神仏分離が布かれた。
English: The gist of this Edict was not to reject Buddhism but to separate Shinto and Buddhism from the syncretism that existed until the Edo period, but this reactionary movement was strongly rejected by the anti-Buddhist movement, who regarded Buddhism as the imported religion.
Japanese: 神仏分離令の主旨は仏教の排斥ではなく、江戸時代までの神仏習合による仏教と神道の混交から両者を分離することであったが、当時の復古的機運は仏教でさえも外来の宗教として激しく排斥する廃仏毀釈へと向かった。
English: 140 Christian leaders were forced to move to Hagi-city (66 people), Tsuwano-city (28 people), and Fukuyama-city (20 people).
Japanese: キリスト教の指導者の総数140人は、萩市（66人）、津和野市（28人）、福山市（20人）に分けて強制的に移住させた。
English: Also, 3,000 Christians were forced to move to ten domains including Kanazawa domain on January 8, 1870.
Japanese: その後、明治2年（1869年）12月7日(旧暦)には、信者約3,000人を、金沢藩以下10藩に分散移住させた。
English: However, because Japan were castigated by the world due to the Edict of the Prohibition of Christianity when they visited Europe and the United States in December, 1871, the members of the Iwakura Mission reported that the prohibition of Christianity could be an obstacle to negotiating the revision of the unequal treaty.
Japanese: しかし、明治4年（1871年）旧11月、岩倉具視特命全権大使一行が欧米各国を歴訪した折、耶蘇教禁止令が各国の非難を浴びて、条約改正の交渉上障碍になるとの報告をした。
English: Therefore, Kaoru INOUE, who was a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, proposed the remission of Christians in February, 1872, because he was engaged in the negotiation of the revision of the unequal treaty when he was in the government of Nagasaki Prefecture.
Japanese: そこで、明治5年（1872年）に大蔵大輔の職にあった井上馨は、長崎府庁在任時に関わった事から、明治5年正月に教徒赦免の建議をした。
English: The conservatives in the government opposed it because they thought that allowing Christianity could be an obstacle to establishing Shinto as a state religion, and because they doubted Europe and the United States would accept a revision of the unequal treaty immediately even if they lifted the ban on Christianity, but also because the religious world and people opposed it because they considered Christianity as "Heresy,", but in any case the government lifted the ban on Christianity and announced it to foreign countries on February 24, 1873.
Japanese: 神道国教化政策との絡みや、キリスト教を解禁しても直ちに欧米が条約改正には応じないとする懐疑的な姿勢から来る、政府内の保守派の反対のみばかりでなく、宗教界や一般民衆からも「邪宗門」解禁に反対する声が強く紛糾したものの、明治6年（1873年）2月24日禁制の高札を除去し、その旨を各国に通告した。
English: The biggest goal for the new government was to catch up with powerful western countries, and for this reason, they had to solve the problem of the unequal treaty signed in the Shogunate era as soon as possible.
Japanese: 新政府にとって、最大の目標は欧米列強に追いつくことであり、そのためにも旧幕府時代に締結された不平等条約の改正が急務とされた。
English: The purpose of the Iwakura Mission was not only to do research of the systems of western Europe but to make primary arrangements for revising the treaty, and in fact, the negotiation of the revision was prepared.
Japanese: 上記の岩倉使節団は西欧諸制度の調査も目的であったが、条約改正のための下準備という面もあり、実際交渉も準備された。
English: However, it was still too early because western countries did not consider Japan to be a modern country and ignored Japan.
Japanese: しかし、日本を近代国家と見なしていない欧米諸国からは相手にされず、まだ時期尚早であった。
English: Because of this, although the government proceeded with various policies such as the Westernization policy in order to be equal to western countries, it took a half century to revise the unequal treaty.
Japanese: そのため、欧化政策など日本が西洋と対等たらんとする様々な政策が行われたが、条約改正自体は半世紀におよぶ不断の努力を必要とした（→条約改正）。
English: On the other hand, the new government, who reflected on the failing of this treaty, tried to stand on more than equal footing with Asian countries.
Japanese: 一方、不平等条約の失敗を鑑とした政府は、アジア諸国に対しては、平等以上の立場を確保することを旨とした。
English: In 1874, the government dispatched the army to Taiwan after a Japanese person from Miyakojima Island was murdered in Taiwan, and then Japan and Qing decided the ownership of Taiwan and Okinawa.
Japanese: 1874年には台湾における宮古島民殺害事件をきっかけに台湾出兵が行われ、両国の間で台湾・沖縄の帰属が決定されることになった。
English: The government came into conflict with the Joseon Dynasty of Korea about whether or not they accept the sovereign's message, and then "Seikanron" (the dispute about conquering Korea by military force) occurred in 1873, dividing the Japanese government.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮との間では国書受け入れを巡って紛争が起こり、1873年政府を二分する論争（いわゆる征韓論）となった。
English: After that, the Ganghwa Island incident of 1876 led to the conclusion of the Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity (Treaty of Ganghwa), and in this treaty, Japan recognized the Joseon Dynasty as an independent country and made the Joseon Dynasty open its country to the world.
Japanese: その後、1876年に起きた江華島事件を契機として日朝修好条規（江華島条約）を締結し、朝鮮を自主国として認め、開国させるに至る。
English: Also in 1875, the government concluded the Treaty of Saint Petersburg with the Russian Empire to determine the border between Japan and the Russian Empire in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which was a mixed residential quarter of Japan and the Russian Empire until then.
Japanese: また、ロシア帝国との間では1875年に、樺太・千島交換条約が締結され、それまで日露雑居地とされた樺太および千島列島における日露国境が確定した。
English: The reforms of the Meiji Restoration were more or less successful and the Japanese government established the constitutional government and promoted Fukoku Kyohei (enriching the country and strengthening the military) although there were some contradictions in these reforms.
Japanese: 明治維新の諸改革は、新たな制度で生じた矛盾をいくらか孕みながらも、おおむね成功を収め、短期間で立憲制度を達成し、富国強兵が推進された。
English: Public estimation of the reforms improved rapidly after the victory of the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese war, and foreign countries looked at Japan in wonder and admiration.
Japanese: その評価は日清戦争・日露戦争における勝利により飛躍的に高まり、諸外国からも感嘆・驚異の目で見られるようになった。
English: The reform and independence movement became active in Asian countries especially after the model of the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 特にアジア諸国では明治維新を模範として改革や独立運動を行おうとする動きが盛んになる。
English: For example, Sun Yat-sen told Tsuyoshi INUKAI, "the Meiji Restoration is the first step of the China's revolution, and the China's revolution is the second step of the Meiji Restoration" when he came to Japan as a refugee.
Japanese: 孫文も日本亡命時には『明治維新は中国革命の第一歩であり、中国革命は明治維新の第二歩である』との言葉を犬養毅へ送っている。
English: However, most of the reforms in other Asian countries were not successful, because they didn't understand that the Meiji Restoration was a comprehensive reform including an administration system, an educational system, industry, and finance, so these reforms were just formal or 'top-down' reforms looking at just one aspect of the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: ただし、その多くは明治維新が行政制度のみならず教育・産業・金融などを含めた総合的な改革であったという本質への理解には及ばず、形だけの改革や一面だけを捉えた「上からの改革」に終始したため、成功に至った例は少ない。
English: The examples of unsuccessful reforms are as follows: the Imo Incident and the Gapsin Corp in Korea; the Hundred Days' Reform in Qing; the Persian Constitutional Revolution in Iran; and the Reform of Sergei Witte and the Reform of Pyotr Stlypin in Russian empire (Regarding the movement of the reforms in Korea, refer to the article of "Kim Ok-gyun," and regarding the reforms in Qing, refer to the articles of "Guangxu Emperor" and "Huang Zunxian").
Japanese: 朝鮮における壬午事変・甲申政変や清の戊戌の変法の失敗、長続きしなかったイランのイラン立憲革命やロシア帝国のセルゲイ・ヴィッテ改革、ピョートル・ストルイピン改革などが典型である（朝鮮の改革運動については金玉均など、清の改革については光緒帝、黄遵憲なども参照）。
English: The examples of successful reforms are as follows: the Reform of Carlos Antonio López in Paraguay; the Reform of Chakri Dynasty in Kingdom of Thailand; the Reform of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey; the Egypt Revolution of 1919; and the Reform of Benito Juárez in Mexico.
Japanese: 一定の成功を収めた例としては、パラグアイのカルロス・アントニオ・ロペス大統領による改革、タイ王国のチャクリー改革、トルコのケマル・アタテュルクによるアタテュルク主義、エジプトのエジプト革命、メキシコのベニート・フアレスが挙げられる。
English: The Meiji Restoration in Japan was a model for the modern revolution of the various Asian countries which were suppressed by powerful western countries, but Japan also received resistance from them because Japan itself became a powerful imperialistic country trying to obtain lands and interests.
Japanese: 明治維新は欧米列強に抑圧されたアジア諸国にとって近代化革命の模範ともなったが、やがて日本自身が列強側の国家として、帝国主義的な領土・権益獲得の立場となったことから、かえって反発を呼ぶことにもなった。
English: However, because Japan became one of the powerful countries due to the Meiji Restoration it was one of few Asian countries which didn't become a colony.
Japanese: しかし、逆の見方をすれば、日本は明治維新によって列強と化した事により、アジア諸国では数少ない植民地にならなかった国となったのである。
English: In a recent historic study of Japan, the scholars try to identify the reason why only Japan's revolution to modernize the country succeeded, whereas most Asian countries failed to modernize, or found it impossible to modernize.
Japanese: 一方、ほとんどのアジア諸国で挫折ないし不可能だった近代化革命が、なぜ日本においてのみ成功したのかについても近年研究が盛んとなっている。
English: Some of the reasons for the success of the Meiji Restoration are that Japanese people in the Edo period worked hard, were well educated, and abided by laws, and they had enough knowledge to accept modern rational scientific spirit.
Japanese: 維新成功の背景として、その前段階たる江戸時代における日本人の労働生産性・教育水準・遵法意識の高さや、近世においてすでに近代的科学（合理）精神を受け入れる素地・教養が準備されていたことなども要因と考えられている。
English: The Yamato Kingdom is a term used to refer to the royal authority and government that developed around a monarch, known as an okimi, and several powerful clans during the Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: ヤマト王権（やまとおうけん）とは、古墳時代に「大王」（おおきみ）と呼称された大王(ヤマト王権)といくつかの有力氏族が中心となって成立した王権・政権である。
English: Until the 1970s, Yamato Imperial Court (written in Chinese characters) was the more frequently used term but, since the 1980s, Yamato Kingdom (with Yamato written phonetically) has become more common after it was pointed out that the Chinese characters for "Yamato" were not used until the Nara period and that "Imperial Court" was not an appropriate expression for the polity of that time.
Japanese: 1970年代より以前は大和朝廷（やまとちょうてい）と呼ばれることが多かったが、「大和」という表記は奈良時代以降のものであるとともに、この政治勢力を説明するには「朝廷」という用語は適当でないとされ、1980年代以降はヤマト王権の呼称が一般的となっている。
English: However, this new term has not really become established and various other names are also used, including the Yamato Government (with "Yamato" written either in Chinese characters or phonetically), the Wa Government or the Wa Kingdom.
Japanese: しかし、必ずしもこの呼称が定着したわけではなく大和政権、ヤマト政権、倭国政権、倭王権などの呼称で揺れが見られる。
English: While government course guidelines employ the term Yamato Imperial Court, Japanese history textbook publishers use various different terms such as those mentioned above.
Japanese: 学習指導要領には大和朝廷の表記が見られるが、歴史教科書の表記は前述のように様々である。
English: Already in the Yayoi period (c.300BC-c.300AD) there existed a political alliance known as Wakoku, with Chinese historical sources mentioning rulers of Wa such as King Suisho and Queen Himiko.
Japanese: 弥生時代においても帥升や卑弥呼などが倭国王として中国の史料に記されているように、倭国と呼ばれる政治的な結合が存在していた。
English: It is believed that this political union was not necessarily a solid one, but was established based on alliances between various political powers having equal powers.
Japanese: その結合は必ずしも強固なものではなく、同等の力を持った政治勢力による同盟関係だったと推測されている。
English: However, with excavations at the Makimuku ancient ruins, it has gradually become clear that the largest political stronghold in the Japanese archipelago was constructed in the Nara basin.
Japanese: しかし、奈良盆地に日本列島における最大規模の政治拠点が構築されていたことが纏向遺跡の発掘により次第に解明されつつある。
English: The two proposed locations for the Yamataikoku Kingdom, where Queen Himiko of Wa lived, are Kyushu and Kinai (the area around Kyoto and Nara) and although neither of them has been proved, the Makimuku ancient sites are thought to be the most likely remains of Yamataikoku.
Japanese: 倭国王・卑弥呼が居住した邪馬台国の所在地をめぐっては九州説と畿内説とが並立しており結論は出ていないが、纏向遺跡は邪馬台国の有力な候補地となっている。
English: It is still uncertain if the Makimuku sites correspond to the Yamataikoku mentioned in Chinese sources.
Japanese: 纏向遺跡が中国史書における邪馬台国であったかどうかは議論の余地がある。
English: However, from features observed in pottery from the Makimuku sites, it is believed that by the end of the Yayoi Period at the latest, regional political powers from the Tokai region down through Hokuriku, Kinki, Asan Setouchi, Kibi, Izumo to northern Kyushu participated in the central polity located in the Makimuku sites, forming a loose political alliance that is thought to have been the foundation of the Yamato Kingdom.
Japanese: しかし、纏向遺跡に搬入された土器特徴から、考古学的にはおそくとも弥生時代末期までには、纏向遺跡の地を支配する勢力を中心に東海地方から北陸・近畿・阿讃瀬戸内・吉備・出雲ならびに北部九州までの各地の政治勢力がなんらかの形で参加したヤマト王権の原型ともいえる緩やかな政治連合が形成されていたことになる。
English: Furthermore, archaeological studies have proved that the spread of iron from the Izumo region towards the end of the Yayoi Period was the major reason for the Yamato Kingdom's sudden prosperity.
Japanese: また最近では特に弥生時代末期における特に出雲勢力の鉄の普及によりヤマト王権が勃興したことが考古学的に明らかにされている。
English: However, as it has been found that standardized keyhole-shaped mounds first appeared during the Kofun period in the Nara basin and then spread to Kyushu and Tohoku, it is thought that the political power that had influence over those of other areas was established in the Nara basin.
Japanese: 対して、古墳時代に入ると規格化された前方後円墳が奈良盆地に発生し、急速に九州から東北まで普及していることから各地の政治勢力に一定の支配力を及ぼしうる政治権力が奈良盆地に成立したと考えられている。
English: The fact that keyhole-shaped mounds combine tomb styles from different regions, such as Kinai, Kibi Province (Sanyo region) and Chikushi Province (Northern Kyushu), is believed to be evidence that these regional powers formed an alliance and became one unified power.
Japanese: 前方後円墳には畿内から吉備国（山陽地方）、筑紫国（北部九州）など各地の墓制（→弥生時代の墓制）が採り入れられているため、これらの地域勢力が連合し統一的な政治勢力となったことの反映だとされている。
English: As the first keyhole-shaped mounds appeared between the beginning and middle of the third century, the most widely believed theory claims that the Yamato Kingdom was established around this time; however, there is also a theory that this was a different kingdom (the pre-Yamato Kingdom) and that the Yamato Kingdom emerged after this.
Japanese: 最初の前方後円墳は3世紀前葉～中葉に出現しているのでヤマト王権の成立をこの時期に求める説が有力だが、この時期はまだヤマト王権に先立つ王権の段階（プレ・ヤマト王権）だったとする見解もある。
English: The process of how the regional political powers unified and changed into the Yamato Kingdom is still unknown.
Japanese: 各地域の勢力が連合してヤマト王権となっていく過程はまだ解明されていない。
English: Some theories claim that the political power led by Himiko (Yamataikoku) either brought other regional powers under its control or allied with them and established the Yamato Kingdom; others believe that a different political power destroyed Yamataikoku and established the Yamato Kingdom.
Japanese: 弥生時代後期に倭国王だった卑弥呼を中心とする政治勢力（邪馬台国）が各地の勢力を服属させ、もしくは各地の勢力と連合してヤマト王権を築いたとする説のほか、邪馬台国を滅ぼした別の勢力がヤマト王権となったとする説などがある。
English: It is thought that some political powers, such as Yamato, Kibi and Chikushi, had grouped together and formed the Yamato Kingdom by the third century at the latest.
Japanese: 遅くとも3世紀中ばまでにヤマト・吉備・筑紫などの諸勢力が糾合し、初期ヤマト王権が形成されたと考えられている。
English: Theories about the royal lines of the Yamato Kingdom include that it originated from Himiko and Toyo; that the first royal line ended with Iyo and a new one appeared; that the royal line during the beginning of the Yamato Kingdom was not heredity but was shared between different powerful families; that the first royal line died out and Mimakiirihiko (Emperor Sujin) started a new one around the beginning of the fourth century.
Japanese: 卑弥呼-台与の王統を継承しているとする説、壱与で王統が断絶し新たな王統が発生したとする説、初期ヤマト王権の王位は世襲ではなく有力豪族間で継承されたとする説、初期の王統は途中で断絶して4世紀前期ごろにミマキイリヒコ（崇神天皇）が新たな王統を開始したとする説などがある。
English: Before the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds were mainly seen in the Kinai, Seto Inland Sea (such as Kibi County) and northern Kyushu (such as Chikushi County) regions.
Japanese: 前方後円墳の分布は4世紀後葉前まで、主に畿内～瀬戸内海沿岸（吉備国など）～北九州（筑紫国など）に集中していた。
English: It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom also exerted its hegemony mainly in these regions.
Japanese: そのため、ヤマト王権の支配権もそれらの地域を中心としていたと考えられる。
English: However, during the latter half of the fourth century, keyhole-shaped mounds spread rapidly from Tohoku (Sendai plain and Aizu Region) to southern Kyushu, which is seen as evidence of the Yamato Kingdom extending its hegemony in other areas.
Japanese: しかし4世紀後葉になると、東北（仙台平野・会津地方など）から南九州（日向・大隅など）まで前方後円墳の分布が急速に拡大しており、ヤマト王権の支配権がそれらの地域へ伸展していったことの表れだとする見方がある。
English: Around this time, in the middle of the fourth century (around 350), the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began trading with the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: この時期と前後して4世紀半ば（350年頃）からヤマト王権（倭国）は朝鮮半島との交易を開始した。
English: The imported iron was used to make agricultural implements such as hoes and harrows, bringing about a revolution in agricultural technology and increasing land cultivation, which led to a rapid increase in Wakoku's agricultural production capabilities around the end of fourth to the fifth century.
Japanese: 輸入した鉄資源をもとに鍬・鋤などの農業用鉄製品が製造され、農業技術の革新・開墾の活発化などが起こり4世紀後葉から5世紀にかけて倭国の農業生産力は大きく向上した。
English: Due to these societal changes, the Yamato Kingdom became economically stronger and began economic and military invasions of the Korean Peninsula in search of iron.
Japanese: これにより、経済力をつけたヤマト王権は鉄資源を求めて朝鮮半島へ経済的・軍事的に進出し始めた。
English: The Gwanggaeto Stele, erected by the Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo, states that the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) began dispatching troops to the southern Korean Peninsula in collaboration with the Kingdom of Baekje.
Japanese: ヤマト王権（倭国）は百済と連携して朝鮮半島南部への出兵を頻繁に展開し、このことは高句麗が遺した広開土王碑にも記述されている。
English: Furthermore, from the discovery of keyhole-shaped mounds, a feature unique to Wakoku, together with descriptions in Chinese historical sources of Wa controlling the southern Korean Peninsula, it is regarded that the Yamato Kingdom governed southern Korea.
Japanese: また、朝鮮半島南部を中心にいくつもの倭独特の前方後円墳が発見されており、中国の史書からも倭への朝鮮半島南部の支配権を認める記述があることから朝鮮半島南部（任那）は大和王権が統治していた地と有力視されている。
English: It is thought that trade between Wakoku and the Korean kingdoms increased as Baekje, under pressure from Goguryeo to the north, began strengthening alliances with neighboring kingdoms such as Silla and Gaya.
Japanese: ヤマト王権と朝鮮半島諸国との交易が活発化した背景には、北方の高句麗から圧迫を受けつつあった百済が対抗のために近隣諸国（新羅・加羅諸国）と連携を強めていたことが挙げられる。
English: This led to increased interaction between the Yamato Kingdom (Wakoku) and the Korean kingdoms.
Japanese: この結果、ヤマト王権（倭国）と朝鮮半島諸国との関係・通交が活発化したのである。
English: It is thought that the Yamato Kingdom's development nationwide, from Tohoku to southern Kyushu, was strongly connected to its interaction with the Korean kingdoms.
Japanese: ヤマト王権が東北から南九州まで全国的に展開したことは、この朝鮮半島諸国との活発な関係・通交が密接に関係していると考えられている。