nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Similarly, the prestigious term 'Gorenju' was limited to the wives of heirs to the Shogun and the Gosanke (three privileged branch families).
Japanese: 同じように格式のある「御簾中」は将軍の世子と御三家の正室を呼ぶときのみに限定した。
English: However, in the case of Kodaiin, who later became the legal wife of Ienari TOKUGAWA, she was referred to as 'Goenjosama' at first, possibly because she was in such a delicate position.
Japanese: ただし、後に徳川家斉の正室となった広大院の場合、立場が微妙であったためか当初は「御縁女様」と呼ばれている。
English: Later on when Gosankyo (another three privileged branch families) was formed, the legal wives of Gosanke were also called 'Gorenju' due to the roles of Gosankyo being equivalent to the Gosanke.
Japanese: 後に御三卿が誕生すると、御三卿の役割は御三家に匹敵するところから、御三卿の正室も「御簾中」と呼んだ。
English: Legal wifes of daimyo with over 100,000 koku crop yields were called 'Gozensama,' and those with less were called 'Okugata.'
Japanese: ちなみに、それ以外の大名の正室は10万石以上が「御前様」でそれ以下は「奥方」であった。
English: She was called 'Goshudensama' when her husband's official rank was Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher, and 'Osumaisama' when Shoshiinojo (Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade) or lower.
Japanese: 夫の官位が従三位以上なら「御守殿様」、正四位上以下なら「御住居様（おすまいさま）」であった。
English: Utsuro was a quasi family-related community from the late Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period that organized family members and vassals around the head of the family, called soryo (heir); organizations such as these were seen among Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) in the Tohoku and Kanto regions.
Japanese: 洞（うつろ）とは、室町時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて、現在の東北地方及び関東地方の戦国大名に見られた形態で惣領である当主を中心に一族・家臣をまとめた擬似的要素のある族縁共同体のこと。
English: It is believed that Utsuro disappeared during the process of a reorganization in Bakuhan taisei (the feudal system characteristic of the shogunate) with the appearance of Kinsei daimyo (daimyo of the early modern era).
Japanese: 幕藩体制の確立に基づく近世大名への再編成の過程で消滅していったとされている。
English: Within these regions, more than one daimyo family developed from traditional samurai groups existed in a ryoseikoku (province) with complicated territorial relations.
Japanese: これらの地域では1つの令制国において、伝統的な武士団から上昇してきた大名家が複数存在し、その領地関係も錯綜していた。
English: Under such circumstances, a daimyo subjected their families, vassals, Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai lords) and jizamurai (local samurai) of neighboring provinces to their rule and asserted their superiority as a soryo (heir).
Japanese: そのような中で大名たちは一族・更に家臣や周辺の国人領主や地侍たちを従えながら、彼らに対して惣領としての優位性を主張した。
English: They treated the vassals and Kokujin ryoshu, who had no blood relations, as equals to family members by conferring them the title of 'ikka' or 'ichimon' in an attempt to maintain their leading position in the organization.
Japanese: また非血縁関係の家臣・国人領主たちに「一家」・「一門」などの称号を与えて自己の一族扱いをしてゆく事によって組織における指導的地位を確保しようとした。
English: This sort of organization was established by such clans as the Satake clan, Utsunomiya clan and Oda clan, and the words '当洞' (todo) or 'OO 洞中' (OO dochu) were used in the documents and letters of diplomatic negotiations exchanged between daimyo (Although the daimyo of the Mori clan, who was the daimyo of the western region of Japan, had a similar organization and also used the character '洞' in their documents, it is considered to be an exceptional case).
Japanese: こうした形態は結城氏や佐竹氏、宇都宮氏、小田氏などに見られ、これらの大名間の外交交渉の文書・書簡を見ても「当洞」・「○○洞中」などの表現が見られる（なお、西国でも似たような構造を有した毛利氏の文書中にも「洞」の語が登場するが、特異な例と考えられている）。
English: By contrast, this phenomenon was not seen in the Takeda and Imagawa clans, which had achieved ichien shihai (integrated rule over whole territory) when they were still in the stage of Shugo daimyo; nor was it seen in the Gohojo and Satomi clans which were a newly emerged foreign power.
Japanese: 逆に守護大名の段階において領国の一円支配を一応は完成させていた武田氏や今川氏、新興の外来勢力である後北条氏・里見氏には見られない現象でもあった。
English: Tanemune DATE sought to organize an even larger Utsuro by integrating the Ashina clan, the Mogami clan, the Tamura clan, the Shirakawa Yuki clan, the Iwaki clan and the Soma clan through marriage and/or adoption.
Japanese: 伊達稙宗は婚姻や養子縁組を通じて蘆名氏・最上氏・田村氏・白河結城氏・岩城氏・相馬氏などの洞を包括して更に大きな洞を形成しようとしたのである。
English: This was not particular to the Date clan, since Utsuro of the Sengoku daimyo families in this region are considered to have developed into daimyo ryokoku (territories ruled by daimyo) by integrating many small-sized Utsuro of Kokujin ryoshu in neighboring regions.
Japanese: これは本来伊達氏特有の現象ではなく、この地域の戦国大名家の洞は周辺部にある国人領主たちによる小規模な洞をいくつも包括していく中で自己の洞という形で大名領国を形成していったと考えられている。
English: "Jinkaishu," a bunkokuho (a law individual Sengoku daimyo enforced in their own domains) established by Tanemune, stressed the notion of Utsuro.
Japanese: 稙宗が定めた分国法『塵芥集』においても洞の概念を強く打ち出している。
English: Ironically, however, the extensive Utsuro built by Tanemune was dissolved due to the Tenbun War which had been caused by Tanemune himself, and many Utsuro that Tanemune had subjected to his rule followed the path to become independent Sengoku daimyo.
Japanese: だが、皮肉にも稙宗が築いた巨大な洞は自己が引き起こした天文の乱によって解体して稙宗が取り込んだ多くの洞は自立して独自に戦国大名化の道を歩む事になる。
English: The reason why this internal war was also called 'The Utsuro War,' was because those who participated, the vassals of the Date clan as well as the Ashina, Mogami and Soma clans, who were generally regarded as independent Sengoku daimyo, were members of Date's Utsuro at the time of the war.
Japanese: この乱を「洞の乱」とも呼ぶのはこの内乱に参加した伊達氏家臣は勿論、一般には外部の戦国大名と認識されている蘆名氏や最上氏・相馬氏などもこの乱の当時においては洞の一員であったからである。
English: Families and vassals of the Date clan who remained in the Utsuro even after the war were reorganized by Tanemune's great-grandson Masamune DATE into a group of vassals in the Sendai Domain, supported by the strict relationship between lord and vassal.
Japanese: 乱後も洞に残った伊達氏の一門や家臣は曾孫の伊達政宗によって仙台藩家臣団として強い主従関係に基づく再編成を受ける事となった。
English: Nevertheless, however, titles representing family status in the Sendai Domain that had been derived from the relationship of lord and vassal in the era of Utsuro, such as 'ikka' and 'ichimon,' were continuously used and became the basis of the hierarchical relationship in the domain (Allegedly, only the Katakura family, which became famous due to Kojuro KATAKURA, and one other family were conferred the title of 'ikka' and 'ichimon' or higher during the period between the end of the Tenbun War and the establishment of the Sendai Domain).
Japanese: それでも仙台藩家格の呼称には「一家」・「一門」などの洞時代の主従関係の残滓が残され続けて、これに基づいた家中の上下関係が形成された（ちなみに天文の乱終結から仙台藩成立までに新規に「一家」・「一門」以上となった家は片倉小十郎で知られる片倉氏他1家のみと言われている）。
English: Later on, these circumstances became a source of trouble for the Kinsei daimyo of the Date clan and the Sendai Domain, and caused various problems including the Date riot and the Boshin War.
Japanese: この事は近世大名としての伊達氏・仙台藩にとっては一種の後枷となり、伊達騒動・戊辰戦争に至るまで様々な問題も引き起こす事になった。
English: Chokodo-ryo was an Imperial family shoen (manor) under the shoen koryo sei (a system of Public lands and Private estates) during the medieval period.
Japanese: 長講堂領（ちょうこうどう-りょう）は、中世荘園公領制下における王家領荘園群の一つ。
English: Chokodo is the abbreviation of "Hokke Choko Mida Sanmaido," which originated from the jibutsu-do hall (the nobility's private Buddha statue hall) and constructed at Rokujodono, Emperor Goshirakawa's in no gosho (retired Emperor's court).
Japanese: 長講堂は後白河天皇の院御所である六条殿（ろくじょうどの）内に建立された持仏堂を起源とする、法華長講弥陀三昧堂（ほっけちょうこうみださんまいどう）の略称。
English: The Chokodo had eighty-nine shoen in forty-two provinces that were initially the financial base of the Insei (rule by the retired Emperor).
Japanese: 42ヵ国89ヵ所に及ぶ長講堂の膨大な荘園は当初院政の財政基盤となった。
English: After the Jokyu War, under the control of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), these shoen were successively inherited by Emperors who belonged to the Jimyoin-to line, including Emperor Gofukakusa, Emperor fushimi, Emperor Gofushimi, Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Kogen, Emperor Suko and Emperor Gokomatsu.
Japanese: 承久の乱後は幕府の管理下に後深草天皇→伏見天皇→後伏見天皇→花園天皇→光厳天皇→崇光天皇→後小松天皇と持明院統に伝領された。
English: Hyoro Bugyo or Konida Bugyo refers to a bugyo (magistrate) who was in charge of the transportation of provisions (konida) during marches and battles during the Sengoku period (period of Warring States) in Japan.
Japanese: 兵粮奉行（ひょうろうぶぎょう）または小荷駄奉行（こにだぶぎょう）は、日本の戦国時代_(日本)において行軍・戦闘中の兵糧輸送（小荷駄）を担当する奉行のこと。
English: It was also called Konida-oshi (literally "konida pusher") as its purpose was to carry konida forward.
Japanese: 小荷駄を前進させることを目的としたため、小荷駄押（こにだおし）などとも呼ばれた。
English: Although it was a standard custom for each soldier to carry their own provisions, they were limited to carrying enough for only a few days since it was not practical to hinder the march by having them carry large loads.
Japanese: 戦時には基本的に個々の兵士が兵糧を携帯するのが慣わしであったが、実際には大量の兵糧携帯が行軍の邪魔になることから数日分の持参が限界であった。
English: During longer battles, a Hyoro Bugyo was in charge of leading a Konidatai (caravan of men and animals carrying supplies) to transport provisions from the domain.
Japanese: それ以上の期間にわたる戦闘の際には兵粮奉行が小荷駄隊を率いて領内から兵糧を輸送を行う事になっていた。
English: They were also given the important task of securing provisions by buying rice and soybeans when necessary.
Japanese: また、必要に応じて米や大豆などの買い付けなどの兵糧確保を行うのも重要な仕事であった。
English: Although these duties were originally given to the Okura Bugyo (the magistrate of a storehouse), the person who actually handled the provisions began to perform the work in order to adapt to circumstances.
Japanese: これらは本来御蔵奉行などの役目であったが、臨機応変に対応するために兵糧を扱う実務者がこれを行うようになったものである。
English: Since swift horses were used on the front lines, a Konidatai was a troop with inferior mobility and fighting capability that carried provisions on daba (packhorses) and carts by ashigaru (common foot soldiers) and laborers (servicemen) levied from farming villages.
Japanese: 優れた馬などは最前線にて用いられたために、小荷駄隊は足軽及び農村から徴発された人夫（陣夫）が駄馬や荷車に兵糧などを載せて引率するという機動性・戦闘力いずれも劣る部隊である。
English: Even though a Konidatai troop was positioned at the rear of the army, there was a high possibility that it would be attacked by the enemy.
Japanese: なおかつ軍の後方に位置しながらも敵軍に襲われる可能性が高い部隊であった。
English: The further the distance travelled in a campaign, the more important a Konidatai troop became, while also increasing the possibility of being attacked and the damage done to the army due to its loss.
Japanese: 長距離の遠征になればなるほど、小荷駄隊の重要性が増加する一方、その襲撃を受ける可能性とその損失による軍隊への打撃は大きくなった。
English: As a preventative measure, an accomplished roshin (key retainer) with a wealth of combat experience in rank with Musha bugyo (magistrate of warriors), who was often appointed in the organization of a Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lords in the Sengoku period) family, was given the task of protecting the transport of Konida from enemy armies rather than directly joining the battle in order to distinguish himself.
Japanese: そのため、戦国大名家の職制では、武者奉行と同格の戦闘経験が豊富な熟練の老臣が任じられるケースが多く、直接戦闘に参加して武功を上げるよりも輸送する小荷駄を敵軍から防衛する事が求められた。
English: Gonaisho was an official document written in the style of a private letter that was issued by the Seii Taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 御内書（ごないしょ）は、室町幕府の征夷大将軍が発給した私的な書状の形式を取った公文書。
English: Although a Gonaisho was written in the style of a private letter with the sender's name written in the text, a kao (written seal mark) or shohan (signature/seal) was added to the document by the shogun himself.
Japanese: 形式そのものは差出人が文面に表記される私信と同じものであるが、将軍自身による花押・署判（署名・捺印）が加えられていた。
English: As a result, these documents were deemed as a kind of Migyosho (an official document informing people of a government decision), and even though it was more of a private order made by the shogun, it had the legal weight equivalent to an official bakufu order.
Japanese: そのため、将軍個人の私的性の強い命令書でありながら、御教書に準じるものとして幕府の公式な命令書と同様の法的効力があった。
English: During the late Muromachi period, however, Gonaisho were increasingly issued in place of Migyosho issued by kanrei (shogunal deputy), and its nature became more of a quasi-official document used by the shogun to directly inform people of his intentions.
Japanese: しかし、室町時代後半になると管領などが発給する御教書が減少するかわりに御内書が増大し、将軍の意思を直接通達する書状として公文書化する。
English: There were two kinds of documentary forms, more specifically one which used respectful words in writing the name of the addressee and ending the letter, and a normal letter which did not use respectful words.
Japanese: 文型としては宛所（宛先）と書止めがそれぞれ「某とのへ・也」とより丁寧な表現の「某殿・也、状如件」の2形式が存在した。
English: Kojo, an official written appointment to the chief of the gozan (five great Zen temples in Kyoto) was issued either as a Migyosho or Gonaisho.
Japanese: 五山の住持の任命状である公帖は御教書あるいは御内書として発給されている。
English: It is also believed that orders given by Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA appealing to territorial lords to overthrow Nobunaga ODA were issued using Gonaisho.
Japanese: また、足利義昭が織田信長打倒を諸大名に呼びかけたとされる命令書もこの形式によっていたとされている。
English: Choyobun refers to the taxation that the Southern Court temporarily imposed on the territories of temples and shrines under their control in order to secure provisions and revenue during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 朝用分（ちょうようぶん・朝要分）とは、日本の南北朝時代(日本)に南朝(日本)が兵粮と財政収入確保のために自己の支配下の寺社領地などに臨時にかけた課税のこと。
English: Choyobun contrasts with the Hanzeirei (Hyoro-ryosho (grant areas for the support of troops in the field)) administered by the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) that held the North Court around the same time.
Japanese: 同じ時期に北朝(日本)を擁する室町幕府が行った半済令（兵粮料所）と対比される。
English: While the Hanzeirei was designed to temporarily collect half of the income from nengu (land tax), Choyobun was supposed to be a tax collection of one third.
Japanese: なお、半済令が年貢収入の半分を臨時徴収したのに対して、朝用分は1/3の徴収だったとされている。
English: Choyobun was imposed a few times from the Shohei era of Emperor Gomurakami until just before the unification with the North Court by the Meitoku Treaty, which was applied mainly in the southern part of the Kinki region where the South Court had influence, such as the Kii Province, Izumi Province and Kawachi Province.
Japanese: 後村上天皇の正平(日本)年間から明徳の和約による北朝との合一直前まで何度か出され、紀伊国・和泉国・河内国など、南朝の勢力が強かった近畿地方南部を中心に適用された。
English: Although marginal records of the tax have been found from Mino Province and Tosa Province, in other areas the tax was almost never conducted due to the influence of the North Court and the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: しかし、他の地域については美濃国や土佐国などにわずかに記録が見られるものの、実際には北朝/室町幕府の勢力を前にほとんど行い得なかったようである。
English: Emperor Chokei issued a Rinji (the Emperor's command) for an exemption of Choyobun for a village in Settsu Province in November of 1383, and in October of 1384 he issued an order of the same effect in the form of an Inzen (a decree from the Retired Emperor).
Japanese: なお、長慶天皇が弘和3年（永徳3年/1383年）10月に摂津国のある村に出した朝用分免除の綸旨があるが、翌年元中元年（至徳_(日本)元年/1384年）閏9月の同趣旨の命令が院宣の形式で出されている。
English: It is presumed that Emperor Chokei abdicated the throne to his younger brother Emperor Gokameyama during the same year, making this knowledge valuable historical material showing the activities of the Emperor with many unclear records.
Japanese: この間の1年間に弟の後亀山天皇への譲位が行われたと推定する事が出来、事跡に不明な点が多いとされる同天皇の活動について知る貴重な史料となっている。
English: A Migyosho (or Mikyosho) was a form of ancient document issued by a Keishi (household superintendant) with a court rank of Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or higher used for conveying the intentions of their masters from the late Heian period to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 御教書（みぎょうしょ、みきょうしょ）とは平安時代後期から室町時代にかけて、従三位以上及びそれに准じる地位にある人の家司が主の意思を奉じて発給した古文書の形態。
English: Documents with the same style issued by Keishi or Kaboku (servant) of nobilities with a rank lower than Jusanmi or Shugodaimyo (military governor) used for conveying their masters' intention was called hosho.
Japanese: 三位以下の公家や守護大名クラスの武士の家司・家僕が主の意思を奉じて発給した同形式の文書は奉書という。
English: Although they were written in the style of a private letter, they were customarily written by a Keishi since it was common for those with high rank to have their close aides write on their behalf.
Japanese: 形のうえでは私信であるが、身分の高い人物は直接自分では書かず、近臣に書かせるのが通例であるため、通常家司が書いた。
English: As a result, the sender was also a Keishi and the master would add their sodeban (signature) when necessary.
Japanese: そのため、差出人も家司であるが、必要に応じて主が袖判を加える事もある。
English: At the end of one of these documents, a phrase emphasizing that a letter was written in accordance with the intention of a master was added, such as, 'The statements above were made by him/her.'
Japanese: 文末に「仰旨如此」、「者依仰執達如件」、「由被仰下候」など、文意が主の意思である事を強調した文言が付けられている。
English: As a Migyosho was a notice or emergency order, its status as a document was inferior to a Kudashibumi (a document issued by a superior or office), which was an official document and effective indefinitely as a court ruling, license proof, etc.
Japanese: 下文が訴訟の判決、裁許状など効力が永久的になる正式文書であるのに対し、御教書は通達や緊急の命令などで、文書としての格は劣るものとされた。
English: The oldest Migyosho still in existence was issued by FUJIWARA no Tadazane on November 25, 1116.
Japanese: 現存する最古の御教書は、永久(元号)4年（1116年）10月12日(旧暦)に藤原忠実により発給された文書である。
English: Minamoto no Yoritomo established the base of bukeyo monjo (a samurai-style document) which consisted of three kinds of documents; these were the Kudashibumi, Gejijo (a document issued by a vassal of the Shogun for conveying Shogun orders) and Migyosho.
Japanese: 源頼朝は下文・下知状・御教書を発給文書の三本柱として武家様文書の基礎を作った。
English: Documents issued by Yoritomo prior to his promotion to Junii (Junior Second Rank) on June 4, 1185, however, were called hosho.
Japanese: ただし、文治元年（1185年）4月27日(旧暦)に従二位に昇進する以前は奉書と呼ぶ。
English: After the death of Yoritomo, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) used Migyosho as the method for passing on information of official intentions.
Japanese: 頼朝没後も御教書は鎌倉幕府の公的意思を通達する手段として用いられた。
English: During the Muromachi period, Migyosho drove out Kudashibumi as well as Gejijo and became the highest ranking document style among documents issued by the bakufu.
Japanese: 室町時代にはいると、御教書は下文・下知状を駆逐して幕府が発給する最上格の文書形式となる。
English: However, as Gonaisho (an official document) adopted the style of Jikijo (a private document) and came to be more wildey used, Migyosho gradually fell into disuse.
Japanese: しかし、それに伴って現れた私信である直状形式の御内書などが次第に広く用いられるようになり、御教書はやがて使われなくなる。
English: In emphasis of the fact that Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA was conferred the title of 'King of Japan' by the Emperor of Ming, Akira IMATANI called Yoshimitsu's Migyosho 'Migyosho of a King.'
Japanese: 今谷明は、足利義満が明に「日本国王」に冊封されたことを重視して、以降の義満の御教書を「国王御教書」と呼んでいる。
English: Dachin-uma kasegi refers to an occupation in Japan before modern times that engaged in the transportation of freight and people by carrying them on horseback.
Japanese: 駄賃馬稼（だちんうまかせぎ）とは、近代以前の日本においてウマの背中に貨物や人を乗せて輸送に従事する職業のこと。
English: Those engaged in this occupation were called a bashaku (shipping agent using horses) or mago (packhorse driver), while the horse was called a daba (packhorse), kasegiuma (horse for earning) or niuma (draft horse), and the transportation fee was called dachin (carriage charge).
Japanese: この職業に従事する人を馬借（ばしゃく）あるいは馬子（まご）、使用された馬を駄馬（だば）あるいは稼馬（かせぎうま）・荷馬（にうま）、輸送料金を駄賃（だちん）と称した。
English: Prince Oama, who raised an army for the Jinshin War, encountered a procession of fifty horses carrying rice from Ise Province to Otsukyo at Udahyoka.
Japanese: 壬申の乱で挙兵した天武天皇が菟田評家において、伊勢国から大津京に向けて米を運ぶ馬50頭を連れた行列に出会った。
English: Operations of this size give evidence to support the capability of the government of the time to have large-scale transportation (As a result of this requisition, the rebel troops on the Prince's side gained war-horses while simultaneously interrupting the delivery of provisions to the enemy's base in Otsukyo).
Japanese: これは当時の政権が大規模な輸送を行う能力を持っていたことを裏付けている（この徴発によって反乱軍を率いる皇子側は軍馬を確保するとともに、結果的には敵の本拠である大津京への兵糧搬入を妨害したことにもなった）。
English: In the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), a Kokushi (provincial governor) usually had nengu (land tax) delivered to the Japanese capital by requisitioning horses of local leaders, such as a Gunji (local magistrate) or wealthy families in exchange for dachin.
Japanese: 律令制においては、国司が郡司・富豪などの地方の有力者の馬を駄賃と引換に徴発して年貢を日本の首都に運ばせるのが主であった。
English: Before long, however, a group called Shume emerged in Togoku (Kanto region) that engaged in transportation as a business, engaging in the safe transfer of such loads.
Japanese: が、やがて東国においては、これらの荷の運搬と安全を請け負う僦馬（しゅうめ）と呼ばれる職業的に輸送に従事する集団が現れた。
English: Later on in other areas as well, farmers who engaged in transportation by utilizing their farm horses during the slack season increasingly concentrated on transportation.
Japanese: 後に他の地域でも農閑期の農耕馬の活用のために輸送に従事した農民などが輸送を専業としていく例が増加することになる。
English: As it became the Kamakura period, increased commercial activity caused the emergence of transportation groups called bashaku in Kinai (Kinki region) as well.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に入ると、畿内においても商業の活発化により馬借と呼ばれる輸送集団が現れるようになった。
English: During the Muromachi period, a bashaku guild was organized in Yagi, Yamato Province (present Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture), and similar occupations prevailed in various areas.
Japanese: 室町時代には大和国八木（現在の奈良県橿原市）に馬借の座が形成されたほか、各地に同様の職業が広まっていった。
English: During the Sengoku period (period of Warring States), in order to secure their own means of transportation and communication, Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) imposed duties such as posts and provisions on carriers in exchange for permission to use Dachin-uma kasegi.
Japanese: 戦国時代_(日本)には戦国大名が自らの輸送・通信手段を確保するために、輸送業者に対して伝馬や小荷駄などの義務を課して、それと引換に駄賃馬稼の許可を与えるようになった。
English: As it became the Edo period, the Edo bakufu (in 1602 and 1711 by the feudal government), along with various domains set out to eliminate malicious businesses by setting an official carriage charge.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、江戸幕府（幕府においては慶長7年（1602年）と正徳_(日本)元年（1711年））や諸藩が公定駄賃を定めて悪質な業者の排除に乗り出した。
English: Even as it became the Meiji period, transportation by horses was still valued, and an establishment of a 'land transportation company' was encouraged by the new government.
Japanese: 明治時代に入っても、依然として馬による輸送が重視されて「陸運会社」の結成が新政府によって奨励された。
English: Before long, however, the use of Dachin uma-kasegi declined with the construction of railways.
Japanese: しかし、やがて鉄道の整備に伴って衰微の道をたどってゆくことになった。
English: Horses remained as a means of logistic transportation for armies in various nations across the world until World War II.
Japanese: 軍隊での兵站輸送の手段としては第二次世界大戦まで世界各国で残っていた。
English: During the war, only US forces did not conduct coummuncations using horses as a form of transportation.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦で馬による兵站輸送を行わなかったのはアメリカ軍ぐらいしかない。
English: Since a horse was the most important means of transportation before modern times, swift horses (shunme) were usually reserved for military or government use, and the daba used for transportation were poor quality horses that were unable to run fast while carrying a person.
Japanese: 近代以前において馬は最も重要な輸送手段であったから、優れた馬（駿馬）は軍事や行政用として用いられるのが常であり、輸送に用いられた駄馬は人を乗せて早く走らせることの出来ない質の良くない馬であった。
English: This is how inferior horses of poor quality came to be generally referred to as 'daba.'
Japanese: このため、転じて質の悪い下等の馬の事を一般に「駄馬」と呼ぶようになった。
English: In the past, when a mago (packhorse driver) went to pick up packages to transport at the request of a warehouse merchant in a distant town, they would often accept another package from someone else to transport on the way, gaining dachin and earning small money.
Japanese: その昔、馬子が離れた町の問屋などの依頼によって輸送をする荷物を依頼主のもとまで取りに行く際に、途中において他者の荷物の輸送を引き受けて駄賃を受けることによって小銭を稼ぐことがしばしば行われた。
English: This resulted in small money that was given in exchange for a simple chore, such as a child going shopping, being called '(o)dachin.'
Japanese: このため、転じて子供の買い物など簡単な雑用と引換に貰う小銭のことを「（お）駄賃」と呼ぶようになった。
English: Gosechi no mai was a dance that took place during a Toyoakari no sechie (a ceremony at a seasonal holiday) which was held at Daijo-sai festivals (a festival to celebrate the succession of an emperor) and Niiname-sai festivals (a ceremonial offering by the Emperor of newly-harvested rice to deities); in the dance, there would be four to five women dancing to music sung by the chief of the Outadokoro (an organization that provided the education and management of ancient Japanese music).
Japanese: 五節舞、五節の舞（ごせちのまい）とは、大嘗祭や新嘗祭に行われる豊明節会で、大歌所の別当が歌う大歌に合わせて舞われる、4～5人の舞姫によって舞われる舞。
English: Selected dancers spent days practicing until the evening of the day of the Ox (one of the twelve animals of the oriental zodiac), two days before the Niiname-sai festival, where they went to the Imperial Court and made a demonstration called 'Chodai no kokoromi' in front of the Emperor at Joneiden palace.
Japanese: 選ばれた舞姫は練習に明け暮れ、新嘗祭の前々日である丑の日の夜に宮中へ参上、直に、「帳台試（ちょうだいのこころみ）」と称して常寧殿にて天皇に練習を披露した。