nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Those who regained their status through marriage to a partner of equal status after being stripped of their status for being the father or son of an individual who committed an act of treason as well as minters of private coinage were considered to be kanko.
Japanese: また官戸は同一身分との婚姻が定められ謀反・大逆罪を犯した者の父子で没官され戸をなすことが許された者、私鋳銭の従者などが官戸とされた。
English: Like kunuhi, kanko were not only allotted state-distributed fields (called "kubunden" in Japanese) of equal value to those held by ryomin and granted time off, including leave for mourning and childbirth, but also supplied with food and clothing.
Japanese: 官奴婢と同じく口分田が良民と同額班給され休仮・服仮・産仮が与えられ衣粮が給された。
English: A special case occurred in the year 720 when 11 kanko were made ryonin and 10 kunuhi were made kanko but in 'Hamana-gun Yosocho' of 740, the status of ryomin is referred to as kanko, leading to the belief that the status of kanko among the senmin class ceased to exist in the first part of the 8th century.
Japanese: 720年(養老4)に、臨時に官戸11人が良民に官奴婢10人が官戸にされたことがあるが、740年(天平12)の「浜名郡輸租帳」では良民の戸を官戸と称しており、賤民としての官戸は8世紀前半のうちに実態がなくなったと思われる。
English: The Bunroku-Keicho War was a war conducted during the period from 1592 (Japan: Bunroku one; Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea: Banreki twenty) to 1598 (Japan: Keicho three; Ming and Yi Dynasty Korea: Banreki twenty-six).
Japanese: 文禄・慶長の役（ぶんろく・けいちょうのえき）は1592年（日本：文禄元年、明および李氏朝鮮：万暦20年）から1598年（日本慶長3年、明および朝鮮万暦26年）にかけて行われた戦役。
English: An expeditionary force from Japan headed by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and military forces of the Yi Dynasty Korea and Ming fought each other on the Korean Peninsula carrying out intermittent negotiations in parallel.
Japanese: 日本の豊臣秀吉が主導する遠征軍と李氏朝鮮および明の軍との間で交渉を交えながら朝鮮半島を戦場にして戦われた。
English: From the time of the Toyotomi Government to the late Edo period, as Japan carried out this war on the Korean Peninsula on the way to conquer Ming, it was called "karairi" (literally, entering China), "karagojin" (literally, China war), or "Korai jin" (the Goryeio war), and "Chosen jin" (literally, Korea wa).
Japanese: 豊臣政権時から江戸時代後期に至るまでは、この戦役が日本が明の征服を目指す途上の朝鮮半島で行われたものであることから唐入り・唐御陣、あるいは高麗陣・朝鮮陣などの呼称が用いられていた。
English: From the end of the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period, it was called "chosen seibatsu" (punitive expedition to Korea) or "seikan" (punitive expedition to Korea).
Japanese: 幕末から明治初期にかけては朝鮮征伐、征韓などと呼ばれるようになった。
English: Since the Japanese Annexation of Korea in 1910, because Koreans became Japanese citizens, the expression of chosen seibatsu was avoided.
Japanese: 1910年（明治43年）の日韓併合以後は朝鮮人が日本人となったことから朝鮮征伐の表現は避けられた。
English: Instead, names like "the Bunroku War" for the first war and "the Keicho War" for the second war and "the Bunroku-Keicho War" for both have come to stay (Furthermore, there are name "chosen shuppei" (literally dispatching troops to Korea), "chosen eki" (literally, Korea war), and "seikan no eki" (war for punitive expedition to Korea).
Japanese: 代わって第一次出兵を文禄の役、第二次出兵を慶長の役、併せて文禄・慶長の役という呼称が定着した（他にも朝鮮出兵や朝鮮役・征韓の役という呼び方もある）。
English: In recent years, in certain cases, it has been called chosen shinryaku (literally, invasion into Korea) by people centering on researchers who are interested in damage the Korean side suffered because the Korean Peninsula was the battlefield.
Japanese: 近年では、朝鮮半島が戦場となったため、朝鮮側が受けた被害に関心をもつ研究者を中心に朝鮮侵略と呼ぶ場合もある。
English: However, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI absolutely aimed to conquer Ming and invasion into Korea itself was not the purpose and, therefore, it was a war on the way to sending military forces to Ming.
Japanese: しかし豊臣秀吉はあくまで明を征服することを目指しており、朝鮮そのものの侵略が目的ではなく、あくまで明への出兵の途上での戦役であった。
English: The Bunroku War began in 1592 and it was suspended during the next year, 1593.
Japanese: 文禄の役は1592年（文禄元年）に始まって翌1593年（文禄2年）に休戦した。
English: The Keicho War began in 1597 because of the collapse of peace negotiations and ended in 1598 with the retreat of Japanese force because of Hideyoshi's death.
Japanese: また、慶長の役は1597年（慶長2年）講和交渉決裂によって始まり、1598年（慶長3年）の秀吉の死を受けた日本軍の撤退をもって終結した。
English: In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea, the Bunroku War is called Imjin Waeran (It is also used as the generic name of the Wars), and the Keicho War is called Chonyu Ueran or Chonyu Jeran (In the North Korea, in certain cases it is also called Imjin chogukuchonjen).
Japanese: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国・大韓民国では文禄の役を壬辰倭乱（じんしんわらん、、イムジンウェラン、戦役総称として使う場合もあり）、慶長の役を丁酉倭乱（ていゆうわらん、、チョンユウェラン）または丁酉再乱（ていゆうさいらん、、チョンユヂェラン）と呼んでいる（北朝鮮では壬辰祖国戦争（じんしんそこくせんそう、、イムジンチョグクチョンジェン）と呼ばれる場合もある）。
English: In the People's Republic of China, it is called "万历朝鲜战争" or "朝鲜壬辰卫国战争."
Japanese: 中華人民共和国では万暦朝鮮戦争（ばんれきちょうせんせんそう、）もしくは朝鮮壬辰衛国戦争（ちょうせんじんしんえいこくせんそう、）と呼ばれる。
English: As the name of era changed to "Bunroku" on December 8 (January 10, 1593 by the Gregorian calendar), almost all events in 1592, the first year of the War, that began with landing at Busan on April 12, occurred in Tensho 20 as far as name of the era is concerned.
Japanese: なお、文禄元年への改元は12月8日（グレゴリオ暦1593年1月10日）に行われたため、4月12日の釜山上陸で始まった戦役初年の1592年のほとんどの出来事は元号的には天正20年の出来事である。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI who had intended to conquer Ming required through So clan who was the feudal lord of Tsushima and rendered homage and service to Hideyoshi on the occasion of the Kyushu Conquest in 1587, 'Yi Dynasty Korea's yielding allegiance to Hideyoshi and guidance for expedition to Ming.'
Japanese: 明の征服を企図していた豊臣秀吉は、天正15年（1587年）九州征伐に際し、臣従した対馬の領主・宗氏を通じて「李氏朝鮮の服属と明遠征の先導（征明嚮導）」を命じた。
English: It did not convey these requirements directly to the Yi Dynasty in Korea and tried to settle the situation peacefully by requiring dispatch of Chosen Tsushinshi (the Korean Emissary) to celebrate the unification of Japan.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮に対しこの要求を直接伝えず、日本統一を祝賀する朝鮮通信使の派遣を要求して穏便に済まそうとした。
English: The Yi Dynasty Korea, which had been Sakuho-koku (countries to confer a peerage with a Saku paper) of Ming, did not have the intention of leading troops to conquer Ming and Hideyoshi decided to conquer Korea at first in order to make a successful expedition to Ming and a large army of 160,000 were sent in May 1592 (according to the traditional Japanese calendar).
Japanese: 明の冊封国であった李氏朝鮮に征明嚮導の意思はなく、秀吉は明への遠征のため先ず朝鮮の制圧を決め、文禄元年（1592年）4月（和暦。漢数字表記の月は以下同じ）、16万人の大軍を送ることとなる。
English: During the Yi Dynasty Korea, delegates dispatched to Japan returned and the Seijinha group (黄允吉, who was seishi (senior envoy), warned that war would occur in the near future) and the Tojinha group (金誠一, who was the vice envoy, denied saying that invasion by Japan would not be in the near future) made different reports and the Tojinha group, the fraction in power, ignored the warning about the potential of war.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮王朝では日本へ派遣した使節が帰国し、その報告が西人派（正使の黄允吉は戦争が近いことを警告）と東人派（副使の金誠一は日本の侵略はあったとしても先の話と否定）で別れ、政権派閥の東人派が戦争の警告を無視した。
English: Hideyoshi still maintained the intention that, if Yi Dynasty Korea would surrender, he would accept it and make it a stepping stone for an expedition to Ming.
Japanese: なお、秀吉は開戦後も李氏朝鮮が降参するならこれを許し、明遠征への先導役を果たさせる考えを捨てていなかった。
English: The First Division of the Japanese army of Yukinaga KONISHI and Yoshitomo SO, who acted as the spearhead and negotiators by changing Hideyoshi's idea 'subjection of Yi Dynasty Korea and guiding expedition to Ming' to 'to borrow roads to Ming from Korea' and asked Yi Dynasty Korea to negotiate to accept the requests.
Japanese: 先鋒と交渉役を務めた小西行長や宗義智の日本軍一番隊は、しばしば秀吉が考える「李氏朝鮮の服属と明遠征の先導（征明嚮導）」を「朝鮮に明への道を借りる（假途入明）」に言い換えた上で李氏朝鮮に求めに応じるよう交渉を呼びかけている。
English: The Japanese army, confident of their war potential, tried, even after their landing, to subjugate Yi Dynasty Korea by negotiation in accordance with common sense in the Warring States period and, therefore, it is wrong to conclude that subjugation of Korea by military power was the predetermined policy.
Japanese: なお、戦力に自信のあった日本軍は上陸後も戦国の常識に従って何度も李氏朝鮮を交渉により服属させようと試みており、朝鮮の武力制圧が既定路線であるかのような認識は間違いである。
English: In tactics, a choice to surrender was given before starting a siege and just before fall of the castle and negotiations were carried out for a bloodless surrender which enabled them to minimize the damage to their own troops.
Japanese: 戦術に於いても攻城戦の開始前と落城寸前の場面で降伏勧告を行っており、自軍被害も低減できる無血開城の交渉を行っている。
English: As it was a war between different cultures, however, commanders of Ming and Korea devoted themselves to the tact of holding the castle involving common people and, in many cases, they chose the fall of the castle involving common people rather than bloodless surrender of a defense general.
Japanese: しかし、異文化間の戦争のため明・朝鮮の指揮官は民衆を巻き込んだ籠城に徹し、守将の降伏による無血開城よりも民衆を巻き込んだ落城を選ぶケースが多かった。
English: The Japanese army won victory after victory in the Battle of Busanjin (Chonparu died in the war), the Battle of Tonne castle (Son Sanhyon died in the war), the Battle of Sangju (Yi Iru took to flight), the Battle of Tangumdae (Shin Ritsu died in the war) and so on.
Japanese: 釜山鎮の戦い（鄭撥戦死）、東莱城の戦い（宋象賢戦死）、尚州の戦い（李鎰敗走）、弾琴台の戦い（申砬戦死）などで日本軍は勝利を重ねた。
English: They made a rapid advance by dividing themselves into three ways having the First Division (Yukinaga KONISHI and others), the Second Division (Kiyomasa KATO and others) and the Third Division (Nagamasa KURODA and others) as spearheads.
Japanese: 一番隊（小西行長、他）、二番隊（加藤清正、他）、三番隊（黒田長政、他）を先鋒に三路に分かれて急進した。
English: In the next month, June, the Japanese army occupied the capital, Hancheng (Hanyang; present Seoul Special City).
Japanese: 翌5月には首都・漢城（漢陽・現在のソウル特別市）を日本軍が占領する。
English: After Hancheong, which had been the capital of Yi Dynasty Korea, fell easily, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Hancheong and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari (literally, dividing the country into eight routes) by each corps (the First Division of Yukinaga KONISHI and others from Pyeongan Province, the Second Division of Kiyomasa KATO and others from Hangyong Province, the Third Division of Nagamasa KURODA and others from Hwanghae Province, the Forth Division of Yoshinari MORI and others from Gangwon Province; the Fifth Division of Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others from Chungcheong Province; the Sixth Division by Takakage KOBAYAKAWA and others from Jeolla Province, the Seventh Division by Terumoto MORI and others from Gyeongsang Province, and the Eighth Division of Hideie UKITA and others from Gyeonggi Province).
Japanese: 容易に李氏朝鮮の首都である漢城が陥落すると、日本の諸将は5月に漢城にて軍議を開き、各方面軍による八道国割と呼ばれる制圧目標を決めた（平安道から一番隊小西行長他、咸鏡道から二番隊加藤清正他、黄海道から三番隊黒田長政他、江原道から四番隊毛利吉成他、忠清道から五番隊福島正則他、全羅道から六番隊小早川隆景他、慶尚道から七番隊毛利輝元他、京畿道から八番隊宇喜多秀家他）。
English: As the Japanese army marched close to Pyongyang, Sonjo fled to Uiju in Pyeongan Province located at the north end and on the border of Liaodong and asked Ming for help based on sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors).
Japanese: 日本軍の進撃が平壌に迫ると宣祖は遼東との国境である北端の平安道・義州へと逃亡し、冊封に基づいて明に救援を要請する。
English: In the mean time, the First and Third Divisions marched further to the north and occupied Pyongyang and suspended their marching.
Japanese: その間にさらに北上した日本の一番隊と三番隊は平壌を占領して進撃を停止した。
English: The Second Division, acting with them until the attack on Kaesong, switched their course to Hamgyong Province and the Japanese army occupied all of Korea excluding part of Pyeongan Province in the northwestern area to the north of Pyongyang and Jeolla Province.
Japanese: なお、開城の攻略まで行動を共にしていた二番隊は鏡道へ進路を転じ、日本軍は北西部の平安道の平壌より北方と全羅道を除く朝鮮全土を制圧した。
English: Kiyomasa KATO and his troops invaded Orangkai in Ming's territory surpassing the border for the purpose of reconnaissance in force.
Japanese: 加藤清正の一隊は威力偵察のため国境を越えて明領・オランカイ（兀良哈）へ攻め入った。
English: According to "the record for May of the 25th year of Sonjo in 'Senso Jitsuroku' (literally, factual stories in the era of Sonjo)," The Korean people had already given up on Sonjo and many persons who cooperated with the Japanese army appeared one after another.
Japanese: 「宣祖実録（せんそじつろく、ソンジョシルロク）宣祖二十五年壬辰五月條」によると、このとき朝鮮の民衆は既に王や大臣を見限り、日本軍に協力する者が続出した。
English: We can guess this by '人心怨叛，與倭同心耳' and '我民亦曰:倭亦人也，吾等何必棄家而避也？' in Senso Jitsuroku.
Japanese: これは、宣祖実録の「人心怨叛，與倭同心耳」、「我民亦曰：倭亦人也，吾等何必棄家而避也？」で伺い知ることができる。
English: It was written that, when the Ming army supporting Korea rushed forward and arrived, almost all heads which were scattered were those of Korean people.
Japanese: また、明の朝鮮支援軍が駆けつけると、辺りに散らばる首の殆どが朝鮮の民であったと書かれてある。
English: It has been described that three palaces, Gyeongbokgung Palace, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung, had been reduced to ashes before the Japanese army entered the castle and nuhi (a type of slave) welcomed the Japanese army as liberation forces and set fire to changnye won in which status ledgers for nuhi had been kept.
Japanese: 景福宮・昌徳宮・昌慶宮の三王宮は、日本軍の入城前にはすでに灰燼となっており、奴婢（ぬひ、奴隷の一種）は、日本軍を解放軍として迎え、奴婢の身分台帳を保管していた掌隷院に火を放った、とある。
English: Although Yi Dynasty Korea had been beaten by the Japanese army, the Korean navy headed by Yi Sun-sin attacked, twice in May and June, actively fleet of ships that had been moving along the coast among troops at the rear of the Japanese army that had been expanding the area under its control based at Busan, and the Japanese fleet of ships that had not prepared for the damages suffered.
Japanese: 日本軍に大きく後れを取った李氏朝鮮であったが、釜山を基点として支配領域を広げていた日本軍後方部隊のうち、海岸移動を行っていた船団に対して李舜臣率いる朝鮮水軍が4月と5月の二回の出撃で積極的に攻撃を加え、備えのない日本船団は被害を受けた。
English: The Japanese army that did not have a navy for fighting on the sea nor a plan to proceed to the west along the coast of Korea, they hastily organized a navy with troops for land combat and troops that had been engulfed in transportation in the rear to cope with the Korean navy.
Japanese: 海戦用の水軍や朝鮮沿岸を西進する作戦を持たなかった日本軍は、陸戦部隊や後方で輸送任務にあたっていた部隊から急遽水軍を編成して対抗した。
English: With respect to a navy organized in such a way, stealing a march by Yasuharu WAKISAKA, it was defeated in the Battle of Hansan Island.
Japanese: こうして編成された水軍は脇坂安治の抜け駆けが閑山島海戦にて敗北した。
English: Then, the navy headed by Yoshiakira KATO and Yoshitaka KUKI, that debouched to back up, retreated as they could not stand up against attacks on their mooring places by Yi Sun-sin.
Japanese: 続いて援護のために進出した加藤嘉明と九鬼嘉隆の水軍が李舜臣の泊地攻撃に耐えかねて後退する。
English: The Japanese army woke up their disadvantages in naval battles and switched their methods from positive sally tactics to passive joint defense by navy and army.
Japanese: 日本軍は海戦の不利を悟って、積極的な出撃戦術から消極的な水陸共同防御戦術へ方針を変更した。
English: This was because direct naval battles were unfavorable to the Japanese navy because of the differences in equipment and tactics between the Korean navy that was oriented to distant combat (battles with missiles) to break the vessel's body because of their experiences over a long period in coping with wako (Japanese pirates) and the Japanese navy that was oriented to close combat to suppress sailors.
Japanese: これは長年の倭寇対策で船体破壊のための遠戦指向の朝鮮水軍に対して、船員制圧のための近戦指向の日本水軍では装備や戦術の差もあって、正面衝突の海戦をすると日本水軍が不利であったことによる。
English: However, as vessels at that time were immature both in capability for navigation and combat power and they were dependent to support from the land, the joint defense by navy and army worked effectively and, after that, attacks by Yi Sun-sin could not achieve good results in battle and became lackluster and the number of sorties decreased.
Japanese: しかし当時の船は航海力も攻撃力も未熟であり、陸上への依存が強いため水陸共同防御戦術は有効に機能し、以降の李舜臣の攻撃は戦果があがらず精彩を欠くようになり、出撃も滞ることとなった。
English: This assault was beaten back by Yukinaga KONISHI, but, because of assistance from Ming, the situations changed to prioritize negotiation and war situation got stuck.
Japanese: これは小西行長によって撃退するものの、明の救援によって交渉優先の状況となり戦況は膠着することになる。
English: As described above, Yukinaga KONISHI put priority on peace talks with Yi Dynasty Korea, at first, and, then, with Ming and stopped any further movements north, stopping at Pyongyang.
Japanese: 前述のとおり小西行長は当初は李氏朝鮮、後には明との和平交渉を優先して平壌で北進を停止した。
English: Takakage KOBAYAKAWA invaded Jeolla Province from Chungcheong Province, but his advance was blocked off by a counterattack by Gwon Yul and, as he moved out immediately after that to Hancheng in order to cope with attack by the Ming army that moved down to the south, the attempt at conquering Jeolla Province did not progress.
Japanese: また小早川隆景は忠清道方面から全羅道に侵入したが権慄の反撃によって進撃を阻まれ、直後に南下する明軍の攻撃に対応するために漢城へ転出したため、全羅道の制圧は進まなかった。
English: Intending to conquer the area west of Busan, the Japanese army caused the first Siege of Jinju (in September 1592, the Japanese army commanded by Tadaoki HOSOKAWA versus the Korean army commanded by Kim Si-min) and, after hard battles, failed in attack on the castle.
Japanese: 日本軍は釜山西方の制圧を画策して、第一次晋州城攻防戦（1592年9月、細川忠興指揮の日本軍対金時敏指揮の朝鮮軍）を生起させるが苦戦したうえ、攻城に失敗した。
English: By the way, this battle are called in the Republic of Korea 'three major victories in Imjin Waeran' together with the Naval Battle of Hansan Island (July 1592, the Japanese army commanded by Yasuharu WAKISAKA versus the Korean army commanded by Yi Sun-sin) and the Battle of Henju-Sanson (the Battle of Haengju) (the Japanese army commanded by Hideie UKITA versus the Korean army commanded by Gwon Yul).
Japanese: ちなみに、この戦闘は閑山島海戦（1592年7月、脇坂安治指揮の日本軍対李舜臣指揮の朝鮮軍）・幸州山城攻防戦（1593年2月、宇喜多秀家指揮の日本軍対権慄指揮の朝鮮軍）とあわせて韓国では「壬辰倭乱の三大捷」と呼ばれている。
English: In February during the next year (1593), the Ming Army of 43,000 soldiers headed by Li Ru-song attacked Pyongyang.
Japanese: 翌文禄2年（1593年）1月、李如松率いる明軍4万3,000人余が平壌に進攻し奪還。
English: The Japanese army that had assembled in Hancheng and commenced peace talks, maintained the route for supplies by sea from Japan to Busan, but the security of the land route from Busan to Hancheng had deteriorated and, therefore, supplies of food etc. were stacking up.
Japanese: 漢城に集結して和平交渉を始めていた日本軍だが、本土から釜山までの海路の補給は維持していたが、釜山から漢城までの陸路の治安が悪化して食糧などの補給が滞りがちであった。
English: Therefore, they moved their camps to the southern areas around Busan by May in exchange of two princes (Prince Imhaegun and Prince Sunhwagun) of Yi Dynasty Korea who had been captured by Kiyomasa KATO.
Japanese: そのため、加藤清正が捕虜にした李氏朝鮮の2人の王子（臨海君・順和君）の返還と引き替えに釜山周辺の南部へ4月頃までに移陣した。
English: Thus, as they could gain some leeway both in troop strength and supplies, in order to control southern Korea an established fact, commanders camped in southern Korea were called up to attack Jinju Castle (the second Siege of Jinju).
Japanese: こうして兵力と補給に余裕が出てきたことにより朝鮮南部の支配を既定事実とするため、朝鮮南部へ布陣した諸将を動員して第二次晋州城攻防戦で晋州城を攻略した。
English: (At the beginning, it was planned to use the new troops from Japan while maintaining the front line at Hancheng.)
Japanese: （当初は漢城戦線を維持したまま日本本土からの新戦力を投入する計画であった）。
English: Furthermore, although they tried to advance to Jeolla Province, the front got stuck and there was a long-lasting truce period.
Japanese: 更に全羅道を窺うも明軍の進出によって戦線は膠着し、長い休戦期に入った。
English: During this period, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI received a report of the surrender of Ming and, to the contrary, the court of the Ming Dynasty received a report of the surrender of Japan.
Japanese: この時期、豊臣秀吉は明が降伏したという報告を受け、反対に明の朝廷では日本が降伏したという報告を受けていた。
English: This was because the persons in charge of peace talk of both Japan and Ming made false reports in order to smoothly realize peace.
Japanese: これは日本・明双方の講和担当者が穏便に講和を行うためにそれぞれ偽りの報告をした為である。
English: Therefore, while negotiating peace, Hideyoshi proposed conditions of peace unacceptable to Ming, such that a princess of Ming marry the emperor of Japan and the cession of the southern part of Korea and required the dispatch of an envoy to surrender from Ming.
Japanese: このため秀吉は和平に際し、明の皇女を天皇に嫁がせる事や、朝鮮南部の割譲など、到底明側には受け入れられない講和条件を提示し、明の降伏使節の来朝を要求した。
English: On the other hand, the court of Ming Dynasty required proof of surrender of Japan and this was not acceptable to Hideyoshi.
Japanese: 一方、明の朝廷も日本が降伏したという証を要求したが、これも秀吉にとっては到底受け入れられるものではなかった。
English: At last, the person in charge of negotiations for Japan prepared a false instrument of surrender titled 'Kanpaku kohyo' (literally, letter of surrender by Kanpaku) and it was reported to Ming that Hideyoshi's only condition for peace was 'restart of the tally trade' (between Japan and the Ming Dynasty).
Japanese: 結局、日本の交渉担当者は「関白降表」という偽りの降伏文書を作成し、明側には秀吉の和平条件は「勘合貿易の再開」という条件のみであると伝えられた。
English: After confirming 'Hideyoshi's surrender,' Ming decided by deliberation of the court that 'Ho is allowed but Ko is not allowed' (It is allowed to join the sakuho (homage by Chinese emperors) system of Ming, but tally trade is not allowed), and dispatched an envoy to Japan to confer the title of the king of Japan and a gold seal on Hideyoshi.
Japanese: 「秀吉の降伏」を確認した明は朝議の結果「封は許すが貢は許さない」（明の冊封体制下に入る事は認めるが勘合貿易は認めない）と決め、秀吉に対し日本国王の称号と金印を授けるため日本に使節を派遣した。
English: In March 1597, Hideyoshi sent 140,000 troops to Korea with a pretext to achieve by force the cession of southern Korea which was ignored in the peace talks.
Japanese: 慶長2年（1597年）2月、和平交渉で無視された朝鮮南部割譲を実力で果たすという名目で、秀吉は14万人の軍を再び朝鮮に送った。
English: Although Yi Dynasty Korea ordered the Korean navy to attack the Japanese army that had assembled in Busan, Yi Sun-sin, who was the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, was removed from his post because of repeatedly ignoring orders and Won Gyun was appointed the successor.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮王朝では釜山に集結中の日本軍を朝鮮水軍で攻撃するように命令したが、度重なる命令無視のために三道水軍統制使の李舜臣は罷免され、後任には元均が登用された。
English: Won Gyun, who succeeded the Korean navy, was also reluctant to attacked but, finally in August he did attack.
Japanese: 朝鮮水軍を引き継いだ元均も攻撃を渋ったが、ついに7月に出撃を行った。
English: However, the attack failed and, when they anchored at Geoje Island on their way back, they were attacked both from the land and sea and the Korean navy suffered catastrophic damage including deaths of senior commanders, Won Gyun, Lee Eokgi, and 崔湖 (the Naval Battle of Chilcheollyang).
Japanese: しかし攻撃は失敗し、帰路に巨済島で停泊していたところを水陸から攻撃され、朝鮮水軍は幹部指揮官、元均、李億祺、崔湖の戦死と共に壊滅的打撃を被った（漆川梁海戦）。
English: During the next month, Seｐtember, the Japanese army was separated into two groups, the Right group and Left group (and navy) and started marching from Gyeongsang Province to Jeolla Province.
Japanese: 翌8月、日本軍は右軍と左軍（及び水軍）の二隊に別れ慶尚道から全羅道に向かって進撃を開始した。
English: The Right group of Japan attacked Hwangsoksan Castle while the Left attacked Namwon Castle and they immediately took both castles in the assaults and advanced to and occupied without blood Jeonju Castle, because the Ming army that had been defending the castle fled when they came close to it.
Japanese: 日本の右軍は黄石山城を、左軍は南原市城を攻撃、たちまち二城を陥落させ全州市城に進むと、ここを守る明軍が逃走したため無血占領した。
English: Japanese commanders held a council of war in Jeonju and divided themselves into the Right, Middle, and Left groups and the Navy and allocated marching routes and districts to conquer, and determined which troops were in charge of defense and immediately occupied Jeolla Province after marching from Chungcheong.
Japanese: 日本の諸将は全州で軍議を行い、右軍、中軍、左軍、水軍に別れ諸将の進撃路と制圧する地方の分担を行い、守備担当を決め全羅道・忠清道を瞬く間に占領した。
English: Because of the Japanese army marching north, the Ming army once considered to give up Hanchen, but they finally decided to resist going down south.
Japanese: 北上した日本軍に一時は漢城の放棄も考えた明軍であったが、結局南下しての抗戦を決意した。
English: In September, advancing troops of kaisei, the commander of Ming and Nagamasa KURODA's army had an encounter in Cheonan City and both retreated.
Japanese: 9月に先遣隊の明将・解生と黒田長政の部隊が天安市で遭遇戦を行い双方が後退した。
English: During October also, Yi Sun-sin, who returned to the Naval Commander of the Three Provinces, defeated the advancing Japanese navy, which at first moved to the south from the Namwon Castle and then moved west, in the Naval Battle at Meiryo.
Japanese: 同じく9月には南原城から南下した後に西進した日本水軍の先鋒を三道水軍統制使に返り咲いた李舜臣が鳴梁海戦で破った。
English: However, the Korean navy lost naval supremacy after the west coast of Jeolla Province was conquered and Yi Sun-sin also retreated to the northern border of Jeolla Province and the Japanese navy advanced to the west coast of Jeolla Province.
Japanese: しかし、日本軍により全羅道西岸が制圧されると朝鮮水軍は制海権を失い、李舜臣も全羅道北端まで後退し、日本水軍は全羅道西岸まで進出した。
English: Before winter, taking into consideration the difficulty of crossing Han-gang during the cold season, the Japanese army, which advanced to Gyeonggi Province, retreated from Gyeongsang Province to the coastal area of Jeolla Province and tried to build a permanent camp by constructing a number of new castles on the outer border of the area of castles constructed during Bunroku war (ranging from Ulsan in the east to Suncheon-si in the west).
Japanese: 京畿道まで進出した日本軍は、冬の訪れを前にして寒冷期の漢江渡河の困難さを鑑み、慶尚道から全羅道の沿岸部へ撤収し、文禄の役の際に築かれた城郭群域の外縁部（東は蔚山から西は順天市に至る範囲）に新たな城郭群を築いて久留の計を目指した。
English: The plan was after the completion of the castles, the troops other than those staying to defend each castle, would return to Japan and no attacks would be conducted during the next year, 1598.
Japanese: 城郭群が完成後は各城の在番軍以外は帰国する予定で、翌慶長3年（1598年）中は攻勢を行わない方針を立てていた。