nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In 1662, Omi TAKEDA gave a performance of a play of karakuri ningyo at Dotonbori, Osaka.
Japanese: 1662年（寛文2年）には大阪の道頓堀で竹田近江がからくり芝居の興行を行っている。
English: During the Kyoho era in the early 18th century, a new land-ship car (today's tricycle) was invented by Kuheiji Tokimitsu HIRAISHI, a feudal retainer of the Hikone domain.
Japanese: 18世紀初めの享保年間では、彦根藩藩士の平石久平次時光によって新製陸舟車という三輪自転車に相当する乗り物が発明されている。
English: In the 19th century, at Tsukuba, Igashichi IIZUKA (so-called 'Karakuri Iga') invented a man-powered plane and a karakuri ningyo that went on an errand to a sake (Japanese liquor) shop.
Japanese: 19世紀には筑波の「からくり伊賀」こと飯塚伊賀七が人力飛行機や道を歩いて酒を買いに行くからくり人形を作ったとされる。
English: In the last days of the Edo period, Benkichi ONO, who was called the Second Gennai HIRAGA in Kaga (Gennai HIRAGA was a great inventor in the middle of the Edo period), invented an air gun, a miniature of a steamship, and a camera.
Japanese: 幕末には加賀の平賀源内と称された大野弁吉が空気銃や蒸気船の模型や写真機を作った。
English: From many years ago, local communities all over Japan have produced various toys of their own as a folkcraft, or as a folk toy, equipped with various devices, and even today, many of these toys are sold as souvenirs.
Japanese: -民芸品や郷土玩具として、日本各地で古くからその地方独自の、様々な仕掛けを持つ玩具があり、現在でもみやげ物として、販売される物も多い。
English: The devices of a 'tin toy,' which once backed up the Japanese export industry, originated mostly from karakuri gangu.
Japanese: また一時期は日本の輸出産業を支えた「ブリキのおもちゃ」の仕掛けも絡繰玩具に由来するものが多かった。
English: Karakuri gasa concretely meant a Japanese-style umbrella (oddly, also described as a Chinese-style umbrella), and the name karakuri gasa was given because a mere canopy of Chinese origin was changed into the convenient tool equipped with the device for opening and closing in Japan.
Japanese: -和傘のことで、唐傘とも表記するが、中国由来のただの天蓋であった傘を、日本で開閉式の仕掛けを施した事で、唐繰傘と呼ばれた。
English: Born in the festival culture that flourished in the Edo period, karakuri mato was a target for an arrow (or a blowgun dart), whose painted board had a device that made a comical movement when the archer shot it appropriately.
Japanese: -江戸時代に隆盛を極めた祭り文化により、市や縁日や温泉場で行われた弓矢や吹き矢の射的の的で、板でできた書割りで仕掛けが施してあり、当たった場所により的の書割りが動いた。
English: Karakuri mato could be seen until the Taisho period at shooting galleries in major cities' downtown areas and in local spas, but today, only its trace can be seen in an amusement park attraction called 'ogre crying game' (a mechanical doll in an ogre figure, a target for a ball).
Japanese: 大正時代まで主要都市の繁華街や温泉街の射的場に現存していたが、現在では「鬼泣かせ」という機械仕掛けの鬼の的の人形にその名残が見て取れる。
English: The doll shoots several arrows, and when one of these arrows goes off the target --- this is intentionally crafted as such --- the doll expresses regret - when it hits the target, the doll expresses joy - with its head movement.
Japanese: 数本の矢を射るが、そのうち1本は的を外すように細工してあり、当たった時と外れた時の首の動きで喜びと残念な気持ちが表現される。
English: When you place a cup of tea on the tray, the doll carries it to a guest, and when the guest picks it up, the doll stops.
Japanese: お茶を入れた茶碗をお盆に載せると客までお茶を運び、客が茶碗を取ると停止する。
English: When the guest places the empty cup on the tray after drinking the tea, the doll turns itself, carries the cup to you, and rolls to a stop.
Japanese: 客が茶を飲み、空になった茶碗をお盆に載せると、振り返って茶碗を元の場所まで運んで停止する。
English: The doll often seen today is a reproduction, which is based on the design included in "Karakuri zui" (Compilation of Illustrated Mechanical Arts), an old book written by karakuri craftsman Hanzo HOSOKAWA in 1796.
Japanese: 現在良く見られるのは、細川半蔵というからくり師が1796年に書いた『機巧図彙』（からくりずい）という古書の図面から復刻されたもの。
English: When you come near to the karakuri mikuji, kagura (the sacred music performed at shrines) and a mechanical Japanese lion dance automatically begin, and when you put coins into a box and select a fortune-telling slip from among the six kinds (including that in English, that in both Japanese and English, and that for a child), the mechanical lion brings you the slip, performing the Japanese lion dance in accord with kagura --- these comical devices have become popular.
Japanese: 人が近づくと神楽が鳴り出して機械仕掛けの獅子舞がはじまり、硬貨を投入しておみくじ（みくじ）の種類（英文、和英対訳、子供用など6種類）を選ぶと、神楽に合わせて獅子が舞いながら御籤を届ける仕掛けが人気となっている。
English: Between the Edo karakuri ningyo and the present robot, there exists no technical link, but not a few cultural links do exist.
Japanese: からくり人形と現代のロボットに技術的な繋がりは無いが、文化的な繋がりは少なくない。
English: Some say that Japanese feel familiar with robots because they were used to seeing a karakuri ningyo and the like, in contrast to the Western people who feel antipathy to robots.
Japanese: からくり人形などを見慣れていたため、日本人はロボットに対し親近感があり、ロボットに抵抗感のある欧米人とは対照的であるとする論もある。
English: And others say the research and development of robots is active in Japan partly because of the tradition of karakuri.
Japanese: またからくりの存在が日本でロボットの研究や応用が盛んな理由の一つであるとする意見もある。
English: In the 19th century, a mechanical doll called an automaton appeared, which was crafted to mimic human movements.
Japanese: 19世紀にはオートマタ（自動人形）という人間の動作を真似ようとしたからくり人形が登場した。
English: Mochimaki is an event of scattering rice cakes for people who come to a Shinto ritual, such as jotoshiki (the framework raising ceremony held during construction of a new building).
Japanese: 餅まき（もちまき）とは、上棟式などの神事に際して集まった人々へ餅をまく行事。
English: It originated from sanpei no gi or sanpeisen no gi (both meaning the ceremony of scattering rice cakes or coins), which was a Shinto ritual held during jotoshiki (also called tatemae) and other ceremonies for praying there would be no problem with the building, and this ritual developed into - and became popular as - mochimaki.
Japanese: 由来は、上棟式（建前）などで災いを払うために行われた神事である散餅の儀（もしくは散餅銭の儀）が発展的に広まったものである。
English: A typical mochimaki is that rice cakes are scattered after jotoshiki from the roof (or other places) of a house under construction.
Japanese: 典型的な餅まきは、上棟式を終えた後、建設中の住宅の屋根などから餅をまく形式である。
English: Some local communities have a peculiar style of scattering not only the rice cakes but also 'five-yen coins or fifty-yen coins on a red string.'
Japanese: 地域によっては、餅以外にも「赤い紐を通した五円硬貨・五十円硬貨」といった小銭をまくなどの独自性もある。
English: From the 1980s, jotoshiki itself has become rarer for various reasons, such as the increase of prefabricated houses and the decrease of people's mixing with neighbors, but mochimaki is still held as a happy event in shrines' festivals, local communities' festivals, and some universities' festivals.
Japanese: 1980年代以降、建て売り住宅の一般化、近所づきあいの希薄化などのため上棟式自体が減少したが、餅まき自体は神社や地域の祭り（ごく一部の大学祭でも見られる）などの際に、祝い事として広く行われている。
English: On January 1, 1956, visitors to Yahiko-jinja Shrine, who gathered for mochimaki, fell over like dominoes, and 124 of them died.
Japanese: 1956年1月1日、新潟県弥彦神社に餅まきに集まった参拝者が将棋倒しとなり、124人が死亡した。
English: Zokuso (zokugoto) is the koto or the koto music from the time Yatsuhashi Kengyo reformed the koto music in the early modern ages of Japan, and his koto contrasts with gakuso (the koto used in gagaku [ancient Japanese court music and dance]).
Japanese: 俗箏（ぞくそうまたはぞくごと）とは、雅楽の楽箏に対し、近世、八橋検校によって始められた箏曲以降の箏、および箏曲を指す。
English: The 'Tsukushi goto' and 'Tsukushi school of koto music,' which were both started by Priest Kenjun and the direct origin of Yatsuhashi Kengyo's koto and koto music, are not included in zokuso.
Japanese: 直接の源流となる僧・賢順によって始められた「筑紫箏」および「筑紫流箏曲」は含められない。
English: The kakko is placed sideways in front of a performer, and the left and right sides of the kakko are beaten with drumsticks whose end is round like an acorn.
Japanese: 奏者の正面に横向きに置き、先端を団栗状にしてある桴を使って左右両面を打つ。
English: Somato is a kind of a garden lantern, which is crafted to show a revolving shadow picture with its inside and outside frames.
Japanese: 走馬灯、走馬燈（そうまとう）とは内外二重の枠を持ち、影絵が回転しながら写るように細工された灯籠（灯篭）の一種。
English: Recently, somato has come to be used in the words to describe the flashback of one's lifetime memory, such as somato phenomenon (a flashback phenomenon) and somato experience (a flashback experience), which is said to be experienced by a dying person --- or which a near-death experiencer says he (or she) saw.
Japanese: 近年では、人が死に際に体験するといわれる（臨死体験をした人が「見た」と語っている）一生の記憶のリピート現象の表現として用いられている（走馬灯現象または走馬灯体験）。
English: It becomes rare for the public to see the real somato, so the word somato is often misunderstood to indicate the phenomenon itself.
Japanese: むしろ実物を目にする機会が少なくなっているため、走馬灯という単語はこの現象そのものを指すものと誤用される場合が多い。
English: The source of light is a candle --- at present, an electric light is more common for safety --- and the outside frame has a paper screen.
Japanese: 光源は蝋燭（現在は安全のため電気式のものが普通）で、二重の枠のうち紙を張った外側の枠がスクリーンになっている。
English: The shadow picture's automatic revolving owes to the invention on the inside frame structure.
Japanese: ひとりでに影絵が動くのは、この内側の枠の構造に工夫があるからである。
English: The axle, attached to the frame, has a pinwheel on itself, and the pinwheel spins from the ascending air current, caused by the air heated by the candle.
Japanese: 枠に取り付けられた軸の上に風車が付いており、蝋燭の熱が空気を暖めて起こる上昇気流を受けて回転する仕掛けになっている。
English: Originally, somato was an inconspicuous entertainment --- after all, it is just a shadow picture play --- but today, some somato show shadow pictures of vivid colors made from colored cellophane paper.
Japanese: もともと影絵ということもあって地味なものだったが、現在はカラーセロファンなどの普及によって鮮やかな色つきの影絵が写るものもある。
English: In literal Japanese, imayo means 'modern-style,' and so, imayo song meant 'the modern popular song' at that time.
Japanese: 今様とは「現代風、現代的」という意味であり、当時の「現代流行歌」という意味の名前であった。
English: The characteristic feature of imayo is the lyrics in which one chorus consists of eight phrases using fixed numbers of kana (Japanese syllabary characters); the numbers are, in turn, 7, 5, 7, 5, 7, 5, 7, and 5.
Japanese: 歌詞が、7、5、7、5、7、5、7、5で1コーラスを構成するのが特徴。
English: In the last days of the Heian period, Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa loved imayo and he became so much absorbed in it that he hurt his throat, a history book says.
Japanese: 平安時代末期には後白河法皇が愛好し、法皇自身も熱中し過ぎて喉を痛めたことが史書の記録に残されている。
English: Various tunes of imayo, including Etenraku Imayo (syllabic-style tunes) mentioned below, were also composed, and there existed two categories of tunes : melisma-style tunes, such as Choseiden, and syllabic-style tunes, such as the melancholy music used from 1964 to 1993 in the self-introduction announcement of Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd., which was originally the music of koto (a long Japanese zither with 13 strings).
Japanese: 曲の方も、後述の越天楽今様（音節型）の他に各種作られ、長生殿のようなメリスマ型の曲や、中部日本放送の局名告知（1964-1993）に使われたような暗い曲調のもの（原曲は箏曲、シラブル型）もあった。
English: Imayo was followed by many tunes composed in and after the Japanese modern age, such as "Ichigatsu Ichijitsu" (January First), "Ware wa Umi no Ko" (I Was Born by the Sea)," and "Kojo no Tsuki" (The Moon Over the Deserted Castle).
Japanese: 近代以降の歌曲にも、『一月一日』、『われは海の子』、『荒城の月』等この形式の曲が多い。
English: There also exist some tunes applying imayo lyrics to foreign melodies, such as "Song of Firefly Glow" and "The Battle Hymn of the Republic."
Japanese: 『蛍の光』、『リパブリック讃歌』等、外国曲に今様形式の歌詞を当てはめたものもある。
English: Among others, the most famous tune of imayo is "Etenraku Imayo," which set the words to the tune of "Etenraku" (literally, the music brought from heaven).
Japanese: 中でも有名なのは、『越天楽』のメロディーに歌詞を付けた『越天楽今様』である。
English: Etenraku Imayo falls under utaimono (utai [Noh chant] piece for recitation) of gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music) only when accompanied with gagaku instruments; the repertoire of the Music Department of Imperial Household Agency does not include Etenraku Imayo, but that of private gagaku groups often includes Etenraku Imayo.
Japanese: 雅楽の楽器を伴奏に使う場合のみ、雅楽の謡物に該当する（宮内庁式部職楽部のレパートリーには入らないが、民間の雅楽団体のレパートリーには入る場合が多い）。
English: One of these was descended to the Kyushu region, and became Chikuzen Imayo, and later, this began to be called Kuroda-bushi (song of Kuroda).
Japanese: これが九州に伝わったものが筑前今様となり、後に黒田節と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Toyosaka no Mai (the dance celebrating the blessed prosperity), which was one of kagura (the sacred music and dance performed at shrines) produced in the Japanese modern age, can be said the modern version of 'Etenraku Imayo' and 'Imayo Mai.'
Japanese: 近代に作られた神楽である豊栄の舞も、現代版「越天楽今様」・「今様舞」と言って良い。
English: In Tokyo, however, Sagicho Festival was banned around 1660-1670 in the Edo period due to fire prevention and it collapsed afterward.
Japanese: しかし東京では江戸時代、万治、寛文と、火災予防のために禁止されて以降廃れた。
English: At the night of January 14, or in the morning of January 15, three or four bamboo trunks are tied up and built in the rice paddy after the harvest and so on.
Japanese: 1月14日の夜または1月15日の朝に、刈り取り跡の残る田などに長い竹を三四本組んで立てる。
English: Then, local people bring Kadomatsu (New Year's pine decoration), Shimekazari (Sacred Shinto rope with festoons) or Kakizome paper (the first calligraphy of the year) and put them into the bonfire.
Japanese: そこにその年飾った門松や注連飾り、書き初めで書いた物を持ち寄って焼く。
English: Also, if the flames rise high when Kakizome paper is thrown into the fire, they say his or her calligraphy skill will be improved.
Japanese: また、書き初めを焼いた時に炎が高く上がると字が上達すると言われている。
English: From an ethnographic standpoint, burning Kadomatsu or Shimekazari, which were displayed to welcome the year god, signifies seeing off the toshigami (God of the Year) with this fire.
Japanese: 民俗学的な見地からは、門松や注連飾りによって出迎えた歳神を、それらを焼くことによって炎と共に見送る意味があるとされる。
English: In the Bon Festival (Buddhist Festival of ancestral spirits) there is also a custom of the fire burning, but it is considered as the mixture of a folk custom and Buddhist ritual that welcomes and sees off ancestral spirits.
Japanese: お盆にも火を燃やす習俗があるが、こちらは先祖の霊を迎えたり、そののち送り出す民間習俗が仏教と混合したものと考えられている。
English: Some regions that enshrine mainly Tokutokujin (a god controls luck and merit in that year) call this festival as Dondo, Dondo-yaki, Tondo-yaki or Donto-yaki.
Japanese: どんど、どんど焼き、とんど（歳徳）焼き、どんと焼きとも言われるが、歳徳神を祭る慣わしが主体であった地域ではそう呼ばれる。
English: Each district holds it as the event of the children's association (corresponds to a neighborhood association) at elementary school and so on.
Japanese: またそれは、小学校などでの子供会（町内会に相当）の行事として、地区ごとに開催される。
English: Daidai (bitter orange) is believed to bring descendants prosperity, so if people trample daidai to burn them quickly, it is considered as bad luck.
Japanese: 橙（みかん）は代々続くようにと子孫繁栄を願った物を、燃やし易くする為に踏み潰す事が縁起上良くないとされる。
English: Kawasaki City Museum exhibits the distribution maps of the regions and models of Sagicho.
Japanese: 実施する地域の分布図や形態については、川崎市民ミュージアムに展示がある。
English: Also, there are some regions which don't carry out Sagicho but hold the events that burn Ofuda (paper charm) on the certain day (such as December 29).
Japanese: また、実施しない地域でも、ある特定の日にお札を焼く行事を執り行う地域がある（12月29日など）
English: In the Heian period, on Lunar New Year's Day (15th of New Year), there was a ceremony to tell bad or good luck of the year in Seiryoden (a building for ceremonies) in the East Garden of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 小正月（正月十五日）、平安時代の宮中、清涼殿の東庭で行事がありその年の吉凶などを占ったとされる。
English: In the ceremony, fans and tanzaku (long, narrow card on which Japanese poems are written vertically) were placed on the three Giccho (a Japanese ancient game similar to Hockey) sticks tied to the vertical green bamboo poles, and a Yin Yang master burned them while he was singing and playing musical accompaniment.
Japanese: 青竹を束ねて立て毬杖三本を結び、その上に扇子や短冊などを添え、陰陽師が謡いはやしながらこれを焼いた。
English: That is, bamboo trunks given by Yamasina Family or other families were tied up together and built in the East Garden of Seiryoden.
Japanese: すなわち、山科家などから進献された葉竹を束ねたものを清涼殿東庭にたてた。
English: Fans, paper strips, kissho (ritual writings) written by the Emperor were tied to those bamboo trunks and a Yin Yang master burned them while his singing and playing musical accompaniment, then the Emperor inspected it.
Japanese: そのうえに扇子、短冊、天皇の吉書などを結び付け、陰陽師に謡い囃して焼かせ、天覧に供された。
English: According to the "Kojitsu shuyo"(the book of old customs and manners), at first, a Yin Yang master Daikoku in Eboshi (aJapanese head gear) and Suou (formal uniform) stands in the center of the garden and plays musical accompaniment,
Japanese: 『故実拾要』によれば、まず烏帽子、素襖を着た陰陽師大黒が庭の中央に立って囃をする。
English: Then, two Daikoku in Kamishimo (formal complete outfits) stand face to face and play musical accompaniment with bamboo branches with white pieces of paper hanging in their hands.
Japanese: ついで上下を着た大黒2人が笹の枝に白紙を切り下げたのを持ち、立ち向かって囃をする。
English: After that, a young boy wears a mask of a demon and dances holding a short stick decorated in gold and silver.
Japanese: ついで鬼の面をかぶった童子1人が金銀で左巻に画いた短い棒を持って舞う。
English: Then, a man in gold Eboshi and Okuchi (a type of trousers) dances while beating a small Kakko (a Japanese drum) around his neck, and a man in short Kamishimo plays the flute and beats the Kotsuzumi (small hand drum).
Japanese: ついで金の立烏帽子に大口を着て小さい鞨鼓を前に懸け、打ち鳴らしながら舞い、また半上下を着たものが笛、小鼓で打ち囃す。
English: Sagicho was from tying three giccho sticks together.
Japanese: 毬杖（ぎっちょう）三本を結ぶことから「三毬杖（さぎちょう）」と呼ばれた。
English: It is not known why kanji '左義長' which is currently in general, came to be applied.
Japanese: どうして現在一般的な「左義長」という字があてられたのは、不明である。
English: Corresponding with the transfer of the national holiday, Coming of Age Day moved from on January 15 to on the second Monday of January, some regions celebrate Sagicho on the second Sunday or the second Monday.
Japanese: 国民の祝日の成人の日が1月15日から1月の第2月曜日に変更されたことに伴い、地域によっては左義長を1月の第2日曜日または第2月曜日に実施するところもある。
English: Sagicho Festival in Omihachiman City in Shiga Prefecture is held on Saturday and Sunday close to March 14, 15.
Japanese: 滋賀県近江八幡市の左義長まつりは3月14・15日に近い土日曜日に、実施される。
English: Sagicho carriers dressed in costume by the tradition of Nobunaga (Nobunaga ODA), shouts "Choyare Masse Masse."
Japanese: 担ぎ手の男性が信長の故事によって仮装し「チョウヤレ、マッセマッセ」のかけ声が高い。
English: The grain decorations called "Dashi," which are associated with the year of oriental zodiac are attached to a torch of triangular pyramid, and 5 to 6m long bamboo trunks with red paper strips called "Juningatsu" are stick to the top of the torch.
Japanese: 三角錐の松明に『ダシ』と言われるその年の干支にちなんだ飾り物（五穀等で飾り付ける）を付け、松明の頭に『十二月』と言われる赤い短冊をつけた5～6mの竹を差す。
English: Sagicho Festival in Katsuyama City of Fukui Prefecture has been held in February since 300 years ago.
Japanese: 福井県勝山市の左義長まつりは毎年2月に行われており300年以上前から続いている。
English: Sagicho in Kaizu City of Gifu Prefecture is also designated as Gifu Important Intangible Folk-Cultural Property and they have a magnificent festival on February 11.
Japanese: 岐阜県海津市のも県重要無形民俗文化財に指定され毎年2月11日に盛大に行われている。
English: In the evening, people visit Akiba-jinja Shrine and eat mochi grilled on the embers, and it is said that they are protected from diseases.
Japanese: また、夜になれば秋葉神社に参拝し残り火で餅を焼き、これを食すれば病魔除けになると言われている。
English: These cranes (tsuru) turned into 'Ozuru, Kozuru' (a big crane and a small crane), then corrupted to become 'Onzuro-konzuro.'
Japanese: それが「おおづる、こづる」に、それが訛って「おんづろこんづろ」になった。
English: In the evening of January 14, New Year's decorations are burned and it is believed that the fire protects people from diseases for the year.
Japanese: 1月14日夜に正月飾りを焼き、その火にあたると病気をせず健康で暮らせるといわれる。
English: The number of festivals is decreasing year by year due to difficulty in finding the locations and so on, but still the festivals have been held in each shrine in each region.
Japanese: <BR>場所の確保等の問題で年々少なくなりつつはあるものの、各地域ごとの神社で行われてきた。
English: Among them, Sagicho in Osaki Hachimangu Shrine is magnificent with over 200,000 visitors and it is designated as Sendai City Important Intangible Folk-Cultural Property.
Japanese: 中でも大崎八幡宮のものは20万人以上が訪れるというもっとも盛大なもので、仙台市の無形民俗文化財に指定されている。
English: This name is used around Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture, which is associated with the name of a Shrine priest who was in charge of the local guardian deity's festival.
Japanese: 長野県松本市地方の呼称で、同地方で道祖神の祭りを統括する神主の名前にちなむという。
English: Conventionally it was celebrated on January 15, but is now mostly held around January 7 during the school winter break.
Japanese: 旧来は1月15日に行われていたが、最近は学校の休みに合わせ、1月7日頃行われるところが多い。
English: People eat dango sweets called 'Mayudama' (cocoon-shaped) made of rice powders to pray for good health.
Japanese: 「繭玉」と呼ばれる米の粉で作った団子を柳の枝に刺して焼いたものを食べ、無病息災の祈願をする。
English: The tone of the first phrase is produced around D3 (the tone D in the lower range), and that of the second phase is produced around D4 (the tone D in the higher range).
Japanese: 一の句は低音(D3)位から発声するのに対し、二の句は高音(D4)位から発声する。
English: These feelings and desires may sometimes differ from what are expected or demanded by one's social status, so that it often happens that honne is not expressed honestly.
Japanese: これらは社会・立場から期待・要求されることと違う場合があり、しばしば正直に表現されない。
English: These behaviors and opinions are expected and demanded from one's social status, and are sometimes at odds with one's real feelings and desires.
Japanese: これらは社会・立場から期待・要求されることで、本音と一致しない場合がある。
English: Researchers on theories of Japanese cultural and racial uniqueness consider that the existence of such wording to express discrepancy between personal feelings and social view is an element of austerity of Japanese people in their courtesy and culture.
Japanese: 日本人論研究者によれば、日本にこれらの意味を表す言葉があるということは、日本の礼儀や文化への厳格さの一要素だと見ている。
English: As a typical example, a leading character who is forced to select either to take heed of his family and his lord or to fulfill his forbidden love affairs cannot help but commit suicide with his lover in order to be released from the dilemma (as depicted, for instance, in a series of drama written by Monzaemon CHIKAMATSU.)
Japanese: 典型的な例として、主人公は自分の家族、大名、禁じられた恋愛との選択に迫られた場合に、唯一の窮地からの解決として、心中をする（例：近松もの）。
English: There are two kinds of ryoto, one with tassels on pauldrons and another decorated with gold brocade, but basically there is little difference between the two in their uses, depending on characters of the wearers.
Japanese: 肩口に房があるものと金襴で飾ってあるものの二種が有るが、基本的には役柄などによっての大きな差異は無い。
English: It is made of heavyweight silk cloth trimmed with exquisite embroidery, tailored in the shape of kantoi (a simple type of clothing consisting of a large piece of cloth with a hole in the middle for the head) without sleeves, with open sides, and covering down to the knees.
Japanese: 精緻に刺繍を施した厚地の絹を、膝上までを覆う丈の袖が無く脇のあいた貫頭衣の形に仕立てられている。
English: Ryoto is worn by players of gagaku when they portray bujin (warrior) and ryujin (dragon god) in such programs as Ranryo-o (gagaku), Nasori, and so on.
Japanese: 武人や龍神などを演じる際に身に着けるもので、蘭陵王(雅楽)、納曽利などの演目で着用する。
English: This is a long inner robe with trailing hems, to be worn under hanpi (sleeveless body wear).
Japanese: 半臂（はんぴ）の下に着る裾（きょ/後ろに引く尾のような部分）の長い衣装。
English: This costume corresponds to the clothing of kachie (a mobile costume with bane, pictures of animals, printed on its outerwear's chests) designed for junior class military officers called zuijin (literally, "people from Chinese dynasty of Sui").
Japanese: 随人という下級武官の衣装の褐衣（かちえ/胸に蛮絵を墨で描いた動きやすい装束）に準じる。
English: Takeda-ryu is one of the schools of the Kyuba-gunrei Kojitsu (Japanese ancient practices of customs about archery, equestrian and military etiquette).
Japanese: 武田流（たけだりゅう）は弓術・馬術・礼法などからなる弓馬軍礼故実（弓馬故実・武家故実）の流派。
English: The three associations which come from the same origin, Takeda-ryu Kisha Yabusame (Takeda-ryu Kisha Yabusame Preservation Society, Kumamoto City), The Takeda School of Horseback Archery (The Japan Equestrian Archery Association, Kamakura City) and Takeda-ryu Kamakura school (Japanese traditional archery on horseback association, Kamakura City) are active identifying themselves as Takeda-ryu school.
Japanese: 現在は起源を同じくする３団体、武田流騎射流鏑馬（武田流騎射流鏑馬保存会：熊本市）、武田流弓馬道（社団法人大日本弓馬会：鎌倉市）、武田流鎌倉派（日本古式弓馬術協会：鎌倉市）が存在し、それぞれ武田流を名乗り活動している。
English: The origin is said to be that Imperial Prince Sadazumi, a son of Emperor Seiwa received the instruction of the ancient practices from MINAMOTO no Yoshiari (a son of Emperor Buntoku) who was familiar with manners of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 清和天皇の皇子貞純親王が、朝廷の諸儀礼に通じていた源能有（文徳天皇皇子）から故実を伝授されたのが起源であるという。
English: When the Wakasa Takeda clan collapsed in the Azuchi Momoyama period, it was handed down to Yusai HOSOKAWA (called Yusai), through Nobunao TAKEDA (called Kyushosai), who was a relative of Yusai (see below).
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に若狭武田氏が滅亡すると、武田信直（吸松斎）から姻戚（下記参照）の細川幽斎（幽斎）に伝授された。
English: Among the Wakasa Takeda clan, Motonobu, Motomitsu and Nobutoyo TAKEDA excelled in horseback archery and they copied or wrote the books of Kyuba Kojitsu.
Japanese: 歴代のうち、武田元信・元光・信豊は騎射に優れ、弓馬故実書を書写・著述した。
English: After Nobutoyo, his successors Nobutoki, Nobuyasu and Nobunao TAKEDA were not shown in the general record of Wakasa Takeda clan, and the biography of Nobunao is unknown.
Japanese: 信豊以降の信時・信恭・信直などは一般的な若狭武田氏の系図には見られない人物であり、信直の経歴は不詳である。