nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The second type was land called beppu/betsumyo, developed by local officials/gunji (local magistrate) and certified by kokushi as Zoyakumen.
Japanese: 次に在庁官人・郡司ら地域の有力者が国司に申請して認められた開発地は別符・別名などの名称で呼ばれたものである。
English: Against the background of the established fact of Zoyakumen, these lands later obtained fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption)/funyu no ken (the right to keep tax agents from entering the property) as kishinchi kei shorn (shoen originated from donated lands) or became the unit of kokugaryo, which was then consisted of many shoen.
Japanese: 後にこうした土地は雑役免としての実績を背景に寄進地系荘園として不輸の権(日本)・不入の権(日本)を獲得したり、荘園状態となった国衙領の構成単位となっていった。
English: During the Kamakura period, some landlords of Zoyakumen became jito (manager and lord of shoen), and they imposed zatsukuji, which corresponded to kuji other than buyaku (compulsory labor service), and zaikeeki, which corresponded to zatsueki, for their own interest while calling farmers zaike.
Japanese: 更に鎌倉時代になると、雑役免の領主が地頭化して耕作民を在家と呼んで、夫役以外の公事に相当する雑公事や雑役に相当する在家役を賦課して自己のものにする例が見られた。
English: The last type was land called sanden (deteriorated rice fields), not qualified for myoden because farmers lacked the ability to bear zatsueki due to poor harvests.
Japanese: 最後に名田として成立しなかった散田であり、収穫が少なくて耕作民が雑役の負担能力に欠けていたことによるものであった。
English: The term "Zoyakumen kei shoen" means shoen (manor) which were granted Zoyakumen (the right to exempt from all levies other than regular land tax) and whose lords were allowed to secure the amount equivalent to zatsueki (odd-jobs tasks) for themselves.
Japanese: 雑役免系荘園（ぞうやくめんけいしょうえん）とは、国衙から雑役免を受け、その雑役分を荘園領主が確保することが認められた荘園のこと。
English: Zatsueki, provided to temples/shrines, was originally provided by the nation as an allowance in kind.
Japanese: 寺院・神社に納められる雑役は、古くは国家からの実物による支給によって賄われていた。
English: In the tenth century, however, it came to be financed by shozei (rice tax stored in provincial offices' warehouse) of kokuga (provincial government offices) and in the eleventh century, the system was established under which temples/shrines were allowed to directly collect zatsueki by obtaining kokuga's permission.
Japanese: しかし、10世紀以後は国衙の正税から捻出されるようになり、更に11世紀には国衙の許可を得た寺社が直接現地から雑役を徴収する仕組が確立した。
English: The object lands under the above system were granted Zoyakumen and became 'Zoyakumenden' (land exempted from zatsueki) (also called Fuden or Fumyo), obliged to provide zatsueki to temples/shrines instead of the nation.
Japanese: その対象地は国家への雑役を免除されたことから雑役免の扱いを受けるようになり、代わりに寺社へ雑役を納める「雑役免田」（負田・負名とも）となった。
English: Though the object lands were not fixed initially and called "Ukimen," the system called Jomen under which some land was fixed as Zoyakumenden established later.
Japanese: 当初はその該当地は定まっていない浮免（うきめん）と呼ばれる存在であったが、後に一定の区画が雑役免田として固定化される定免（じょうめん）と呼ばれる仕組が成立した。
English: As a result, a constant relationship was created between temples/shrines and Zoyakumenden/farmers and such relationships became the seed of the development of shoen.
Japanese: これによって、寺社と雑役免田及びその耕作者の間に一定の関係が生じ、荘園として発達する素地が形成された。
English: Provided, however, that because of the process of their establishment, kanmotsu (tributes goods paid as tax) was paid to kokuga as before though zatsueki was paid to temples/shrines, the lord of shoen.
Japanese: ただし、その成立の経緯上、雑役は荘園領主である寺社に納められたものの、官物は依然として国衙に納めるものとされた。
English: Due to the above, kendenken (the right of cadastral surveys) of kokuga was also maintained as before and the management of shoen was unstable because of the intervention by kokuga.
Japanese: そのため、国衙による検田権も保障されていたため、国衙による干渉を受け、経営は不安定であった。
English: It is considered that the area of Zoyakumen kei shoen was bigger than that of Kikonchi kei shoen or Kishinchi kei shoen (shoen originated from donated land) because the certification of kokuga was easily obtained.
Japanese: ただし、国衙からの許可を受けやすく、既墾地系荘園や寄進地系荘園よりも広かったと考えられている。
English: From the beginning of the twelfth century, some of temples/shrines, the lord of shoen, began to seek ichienshihai (complete rule of the land) of Zoyakumen kei shoen and eventually obtained the right to collect kanmotsu as with the case of fuko (lands allotted to temples/shrines) called jiden (land allotted to temples) or shinden (land allotted to shrines).
Japanese: 12世紀に入る頃から、荘園領主である寺社は経営安定化のために雑役免系荘園の一円支配を目指し、寺田・神田などの封戸と同様に官物徴収権も獲得するようになった。
English: Initially Zoyakumen kei shoen were regarded as the cases that were seen mainly in kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), but thanks to Keiichi KUDO's research on the cases in Kyushu, it is now believed that such cases were seen across the nation.
Japanese: 当初は畿内を中心にした概念と考えられていたが、後に九州の事例を研究した工藤敬一らによって日本全国的な事象として考えられるようになった。
English: During the Heian period, scheduled and temporary court events such as Sechie and Sechiku (seasonal festivals) had Himeii (cooked rice) piled high in a bowl as the centerpiece with side dishes such as dishes for drinking and snacks.
Japanese: 平安時代においては、節会や節供などの恒例・臨時の宮中行事の際に、椀（埦）に高く盛った姫飯を中心に酒肴や菓子などの副食物を添えた。
English: Oban was classified into 'Tenjo no oban' and 'Shosho no oba' and this was gathered by the several designated tenjobito (high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) when necessary, but these were bento (packed meals)/light snacks that were considered separate from the official ceremony.
Japanese: 椀飯には「殿上の椀飯」と「所々の椀飯」があり、必要な場合にその都度所管の殿上人数名に分担して調達させていたが、あくまでも公式な行事部分とは一線を画した弁当・軽食の類であった。
English: Tenjo no oban' eaten by the tenjobito had a rice bowl, soup bowl, plate, small dish and chopsticks on a Oshiki (tray with folded edges) with Sai (side dishes) in Ke(dishes) inside a Oribitsu, Kashi (sweets) in a Hokai (wooden lidded container) and Heishi (sake serving cup) and hai (drinking cup) were placed on a small Oshiki.
Japanese: 殿上人が食する「殿上の椀飯」は折敷に据えた飯器・汁器・盤(佐良)・窪器・箸を載せ、折櫃の中に笥に盛った菜、外居（行器）に入れた菓子、小折敷の上に載せた瓶子と杯を配した。
English: Shosho no oban' were served to officials at the Daibandokoro, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro and was simpler than the above, with a rice bowl and chopsticks on a tray, Sai in Ke inside a Oribitsu bamboo and Kashi in a Hokai were the same as 'Tenjo no oban,' but other contents differed according to the situation.
Japanese: 台盤所・滝口・武者所などの官人に対して振舞われる「所々の椀飯」はこれより簡略であり、台盤に飯器と箸を載せ、折櫃の中に笥に盛った菜、外居（行器）に入れた菓子は「殿上の椀飯」と同様とするが、その他の内容についてはその時々に応じた差異があった。
English: For example, local officials served oban as a welcome banquet for the newly appointed Kokushi and this custom of oban spread from local officials to the bushi (samurai) class.
Japanese: 例えば、国司の赴任の際に在庁官人らが椀飯を奉って歓迎の饗宴を行う慣例が行われるようになり、在庁官人から武士に椀飯の慣習が広まっていった。
English: After the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was established by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, oban was served at important ceremonies such as Genpuku (coming of age) and Ito (moving), and the 'Saishu no oban' that was served in the beginning of the year became one of the most important ceremonies of the buke (military) government.
Japanese: 源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の成立以後、元服や移徙などの重要な儀礼の際には椀飯が行われ、とりわけ年始に行われる「歳首の椀飯」は武家政権の最も重要な儀式の1つとして行われるようになった。
English: At the Kamakura bakufu, for a few days from the first day of the year, the Hojo clan and other prominent gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate) presented the Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") with oban together with swords, good horses, and bows and arrows.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府では元日より数日にわたり、北条氏をはじめとする有力な御家人が征夷大将軍に対して太刀・名馬・弓矢とともに椀飯を奉った。
English: At the Muromachi bakufu, there was a ceremony where prominent Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) family heads (toryo) served oban to the shogun and ate together, and the date to serve oban at the shogun's place was chosen for each Daimyo family.
Japanese: 室町幕府においては、有力守護大名家の家督（棟梁）が将軍に椀飯を奉って会食を行う儀式となり、大名家ごとに将軍の元に出向いて椀飯を奉る日付が定められた。
English: In other words, Oban was to be served on New Year's day by the kanrei (shogunal deputy) of that time, Toki clan on the second, Sasaki clan on the third, Akamatsu clan on the seventh, and Yamanaka clan on the fifteenth (However, when the Sasaki clan split into the Kyogoku and Rokkaku clans, the two clans took turns serving oban).
Japanese: すなわち、元日は時の管領が、2日は土岐氏、3日は佐々木氏、7日は赤松氏、15日は山名氏が行うこととされた（なお、佐々木氏が京極氏と六角氏に分裂すると、両氏が毎年交代で椀飯を奉ることとなった）。
English: The menu at that time was rice in a bowl with the three dishes, abalone, jellyfish, and pickled plum, with vinegar and salt on an Oshiki (tray).
Japanese: 当時の献立は椀飯と打鮑・海月・梅干の3品に酢と塩を添えて折敷に載せて出すものであった。
English: In addition, an event called 'Hosho', where live fish was prepared by a chef in front of the shogun was also conducted.
Japanese: また、「庖丁」と称して将軍の御前で生きた魚を料理人に調理させて献じる趣向なども行われた。
English: After the Onin War, oban was not conducted at the bakufu any more, but within the ordinary buke society, it transformed from a ceremony where vassals entertained their lord into a ceremony where the lord entertained his vassals in the beginning of the year and Sechi (seasonal) times.
Japanese: 応仁の乱後、幕府における椀飯は行われなくなり、その一方で一般の武家社会においては家臣が主君を接待する儀式から、年始や節供などに主君が家臣を接待する儀式へと変質を遂げていった。
English: In the Edo bakufu, the Gosanke (the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family) in Edo would entertain the roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and other prominent council members and hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu), and in a similar way, the Machibugyo (town magistrate) would entertain yoriki (police sergeant) and others at the official residence and these were considered oban.
Japanese: 江戸幕府においては、年始に江戸在府の御三家が老中以下の幕閣や有力旗本を饗応し、同じく町奉行が役宅で与力らを饗応することを椀飯と称した。
English: Such customs spread to the public and the act of inviting relatives and friends at the beginning of the year was called 'Oban burumai,' 'Sechi burumai,' and this is said to be the origin of 'Oban burumai (being generous).'
Japanese: こうした風習は民間にも広まり、年始に親類縁者や友人知人を招いて馳走することを「椀飯振舞」「節振舞」と呼び、これが転じて「大盤振舞」という言葉の語源となった。
English: Normally, the top Daijokan (Grand Council of State) minister, the Dajodaijin (Grand Minister), sat in the Ichiza, and if he was absent, the Sadaijin (minister of the left) sat there.
Japanese: 本来は太政官の筆頭大臣である太政大臣が一座に座り、不在の場合は左大臣が座ることになる。
English: However, if there was a minister who was positioned higher than Sessho or Kanpaku, or if they did not currently hold a ministerial post (such as a previous minister), there was a rule that a Senji (imperial decree) was to be declared to allow the Sessho or Kanpaku to be seated at the Ichiza.
Japanese: ただし、摂政・関白が務める大臣職よりも上位の大臣が存在したり、現在大臣の職に無い（前大臣）の場合には、当該摂政・関白を一座に定める宣旨が出されることになっていた。
English: Gissha senji was an imperial decree that allowed one to pass the Miya mon (Imperial palace gate) while riding on a gissha (ox-drawn carriage) when visiting the Imperial inner court.
Japanese: 牛車宣旨（ぎっしゃのせんじ）とは、内裏に参内する際に牛車に乗車したまま宮門を通過することを許可する勅許。
English: Initially, the high-ranking courtiers of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) were to transmit the content of the decree to the Danjo (censors) and Kebiishi (police and judicial chief), but later it changed to the Geki (Secretary of the Grand Council of State) preparing the senji and transmitting the content.
Japanese: 当初は太政官の上卿から弾正や検非違使に勅許の内容を伝えることとなっていたが、後に外記が宣旨を作成して伝える方法に変わった。
English: The criteria and the actual gate that could be passed depended upon the period, but Sekkan, imperial princes, ministers, Daisojo (head priest) who already had Teguruma no senji (special permission from the Emperor to enter the imperial palace in a hand cart) were eligible and was decided upon by the person's position and the actual structure of the court gate.
Japanese: 資格や実際に通過できる門は時期によって異なるが、摂関・親王・大臣・大僧正のうち既に輦車宣旨を受けている者が主たる対象者であり、対象者の身分や宮門そのものの構造によって決定されていた。
English: Hoei taika (the Great Fire of the Hoei Era) refers to a fire that occurred in Kyoto on April 28, 1708.
Japanese: 宝永大火（ほうえいたいか）とは、宝永5年3月8日(旧暦)（1708年4月28日）に京都で発生した火災。
English: A fire that started from the house of Zeniya Ichibee (a money exchange shop) at Sanjo agaru on Aburakoji-dori Street, spread its damages, fed by the south-westerly wind, to Kinri gosho (Imperial Palace), Sento Imperial Palace, Nyoin Gosho (Empress Dowager's Palace), and Togu Gosho (Crown Prince's Palace), as well as to the mansions of nobles such as the Kujo Family and the Takatsukasa Family, temples, and machiya town houses.
Japanese: 午に油小路通三条上ルの銭屋市兵衛宅より出火、南西の風に煽られて被害が拡大し、禁裏御所・仙洞御所・女院御所・東宮御所が悉く炎上、九条家・鷹司家をはじめとする公家の邸宅、寺院・町屋などを焼いた。
English: Centering on the area of Kamigyo (Upper Kyoto), which is surrounded by Aburakoji-dori Street on the west, Imadegawa-dori Street on the north, Kawaramachi-dori Street on the east, and Nishikikoji-dori Street on the south, the fire burned down 417 cho blocks, 10351 households, temples, and shrines including Bukko-ji Temple and Shimogamo-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 西は油小路通・北は今出川通・東は河原町通・南は錦小路通に囲まれた上京を中心とした417ヶ町、10351軒、仏光寺や下鴨神社などの諸寺社などを焼いた。
English: After the fire, there was a satirical poem posted around the city, which read: "Looking around, I see how even the city of Kyoto was turned into countryside./A spring even-fall visits our temporary abode made of reed" ("Genroku Hoei Chinwa" (Comical Stories from the Eras of Genroku and Hoei)).
Japanese: 火災後、「見渡せば京も田舎となりにけり芦の仮屋の春の夕暮」と書かれた落首が市中に貼られた（『元禄宝永珍話』）。
English: A part of the cho blocks and some houses were relocated to the suburbs such as east of the Kamo-gawa River (Kyoto prefecture) and Uchino after the fire, which led to the urban expansion of the city of Kyoto.
Japanese: 火災後、一部の町及び民家が鴨川(京都府)の東や内野などの郊外に移され、京都の市街が拡大されることになった。
English: The Great Fire of Jisho happened within the Heian-kyo on May 9, 1179.
Japanese: 治承の大火（じしょうのたいか）は、治承3年3月24日(旧暦)（1179年5月2日）に平安京内で起こった大火災。
English: The fire started during the night from Shichijo Higashinotoin and spread by the east wind that was blowing at that time and reached Suzaku-oji Street, burning about thirty something cho.
Japanese: この日の夜半に七条東洞院から出火、折からの東風に煽られて朱雀大路に至るまでの三十数町が全焼した。
English: It was the same area that was burned during the Taro shobo in the previous year and this shocked the people.
Japanese: そこは前年の太郎焼亡で焼け残った地域とも重なっており、人々に甚大な衝撃を与えた。
English: The date of this fire is mentioned as May 9 (lunar calendar) in the "Gyokuyo" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane) and June 8 (lunar calendar) in "Goseirokuki" and there is a theory that proposes the date in "Goseirokuki" as correct.
Japanese: なお、この火災の日付については、『玉葉』が3月24日、『後清録記』が4月24日のこととしており、『後清録記』の日付を採用する説もある。
English: Isshikiden is a rice field that is required to pay only one type (Isshiki) of tax.
Japanese: 一色田（いっしきでん）とは、荘園において一種類（一色）の賦課のみを負担していた田地のことを称する。
English: For myoden, it meant rice fields that only had to pay Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) or Kuji (public duties), but in this case, Kuji that was to be paid to the shoen (manor) owner was exempt and Isshikiden that had to pay Kanmotsu to the Kokuga were the majority (because Shoen owners did not have the authority to make exemptions for Kanmotsu).
Japanese: 名田においては、官物・公事のいずれかのみを負担すればよい田地を指していたが、この場合荘園領主に納める公事を免除されて、国衙に納める官物のみを納める一色田の方が多い（荘園領主が勝手に官物を免除に出来ないため）。
English: There are various Japanese place names with 'Isshiki' derived from Isshikiden (refer to Isshiki) and the Isshiki clan known as a Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) originally came from a family based in Mikawa Province, Kira no sho Isshiki (present Isshiki Town, Hazu County, Aichi Prefecture).
Japanese: 「一色」など一色田に由来する地名は日本各地に残されており（一色を参照）、守護大名として知られる一色氏も元は三河国吉良荘一色（現在の愛知県幡豆郡一色町）を拠点とした一族である。
English: Chohogannenrei is the Daijokanpu (official document of the Daijokan, the office of the supreme political leader) issued as shinsei (a code of new law) on September 9, 999.
Japanese: 長保元年令（ちょうほがんねんれい）とは、長保元年7月27日(旧暦)（999年9月9日）に新制として出された太政官符である。
English: While the oldest shinsei is considered to have been issued in 947, Chohogannenrei is the first law which contains all of the three fundamental elements of shinsei in the Middle Ages: "(Shinto) shrines and (Buddhist) temples," "kasateishi (prohibition of the luxury beyond one's means or position)" and "strict enforcement of government affairs."
Japanese: 新制そのものの最古は天暦元年（947年）とされているが、中世における新制の基本的要素である「神社仏寺」「過差停止」「公事催勤」の3つの項目が揃った法令としては最初のものであった。
English: The Imperial Court, annoyed by an epidemic which had continued since 998, the previous year, changed the gengo (an era name) into "Choho" on January 17.
Japanese: 前年の長徳4年（998年）以来続く疫病に悩まされた朝廷はこの年の1月17日に元号を「長保」と改元した。
English: But the epidemic was not subdued, and there was a fire in the dairi (Imperial Palace) on June 14.
Japanese: だが、疫病は治まらず、その最中の6月14日には今度は内裏が火災にあってしまう。
English: The Imperial Court, including Emperor Ichijo and nairan sadaijin (minister of the left who has a right to read and deal with documents before reporting to the Emperor from Daijokan, the Great Council of State) FUJIWARA no Michinaga, was so concerned about growing social unrest and a series of disasters that it decided to rebuild the dairi on July 11 and discussed unconventionality in the Buddhist and the Shinto rituals as well as a ban on luxurious dressing, in order to subdue social unrest through a belief in God and to restore order by reinforcing control. ("Shoyuki" (the diary of FUJIWARA no Sanesuke), "Gonki" (FUJIWARA no Yukinari's diary))
Japanese: 社会不安の高まりと相次ぐ災害に憂慮をした一条天皇及び内覧左大臣藤原道長を中心とした朝廷は、7月11日、内裏の再建を決定するとともに、神仏の信仰を通じた社会不安の沈静化と法規制の強化による秩序の回復を目指して仏神事違例（仏事・神事における違反）と制美服行約倹事（服装の贅沢禁止）に関する審議が行われた（『小右記』・『権記』）。
English: Subsequently the final discussion was held between the Emperor and Michinaga on July 21, senji (imperial decree) about the shinsei was issued on the next day, and the Daijokanpu was issued on the basis of the senji as of July 27.
Japanese: その後、21日に天皇と道長の間で最終的な協議が行われ、翌日新制に関する宣旨が下され、それに基づく太政官符が27日付で発給されたのである。
English: The contents of Chohogannenrei are described in "Shinsho kyakuchoku fusho" volume 10. (Numbering is for reference only.)
Japanese: 『新抄格勅符抄』巻十にその内容が記されている（なお番号は便宜上のものである）。
English: The first six clauses are rules about "(Shinto) shrines and (Buddhist) temples" (relations with religions), the next four clauses are about "kasateishi (prohibition of the luxury beyond one's means or position)" and the last clause is about "strict enforcement of government affairs."
Japanese: 最初の6条は「神社仏寺」（宗教関係）、次の4条は「過差停止」（奢侈禁止）、最後の1条は「公事催勤」（政務励行）についての規定である。
English: It is possible to learn that the procedure for discussion in connection with this shinsei and arrangement of provisions of the law were made a precedent for issuance of the subsequent shinsei, from the description of the procedure in an article dated November 1, 1190 of "Gyokuyo," the diary of FUJIWARA no Kanezane about two hundred years later.
Japanese: この新制の審議手続と法文配列が以後の先例とされたことが、約200年後の九条兼実の日記『玉葉』建久元年11月1日条に記された手続の様子から知ることが可能である。
English: This shinsei served as a law of indefinite duration, unlike a provisional ban on luxury issued at the time of events and rituals.
Japanese: この新制は単なる過差禁止令のように行事や祭祀の際の一時的な規定とは異なり、期限の定めのない法規として機能していた。
English: On the other hand, officials in charge of actual enforcement (including kebiishi (officials with judicial and police powers) and danjodai (Board of Censors)) were not necessarily familiarized with this shinsei.
Japanese: その一方で、実際に取締りにあたる役人（検非違使・弾正台など）の間でも必ずしも徹底されていたわけではなかった。
English: According to "Gonki," on May 8, 1000, the day after the issuance of Chohogannenrei, Kebiishi no betto (Superintendent of the Imperial Police) FUJIWARA no Kinto told FUJIWARA no Yukinari (the author of "Gonki") that on the previous day Kinto had been reprimanded by Emperor Ichiijo via SUGAWARA no Takasue (Kurodo (Chamberlain)) for insufficient enforcement of the shinsei, which was regarded as negligence of the kebiishi.
Japanese: 『権記』には長保元年令公布の翌長保2年5月8日条の出来事として検非違使別当である藤原公任が藤原行成（『権記』筆者）に対して、前日に新制による取締が緩んでいることに対して一条天皇から菅原孝標（蔵人）を通じて検非違使の職務怠慢であると注意を受けたことについて語っている。
English: In response to this reprimand, Kebiishicho (Office of Police and Judicial Chief) partially revised clauses 5, 7, and 9, which were the most controversial, and presented the revised shinsei as a new law to Emperor Ichijo via Kinto, and issued Chohogannenrei again based on this revision (an article dated May 14, 1000 of "Gonki").
Japanese: これを受けて検非違使庁は特に問題視された5・7・9の3ヶ条について一部修正を加えた上で新たな法文として公任から一条天皇に提出し、これを元に再度公布を行った（『権記』同年5月14日条）。
English: Furthermore, after a second fire in the dairi on November 18, 1001, a shinsei consisting of five clauses was established on November 25, which further reinforced provisions of the former clauses 7 and 9, and was issued on December 8.
Japanese: 更に長保3年11月18日の再度の内裏火災を受けて、25日に7・9の部分を更に厳格に規定した新制5ヶ条を決定して閏12月8日に公布された。
English: Furthermore, in connection with clauses 2 and 4, Daijokanpu concerning renovation of shrines as well as of provincial monasteries, provincial nunneries and Jogaku-ji temples (temples recognized as equivalent to a government temple) was issued on October 9, 1002.
Japanese: 更に長保4年10月9日には2・4に関連して神社及び国分寺・国分尼寺・定額寺の修理に関する太政官符が出されている。
English: Thus Chohogannenrei remained effective for a long time, after being reinforced and reissued three times in three years from 1000 to 1002, and a ban on luxury which reconfirmed a series of shinsei in the Choho era was issued in 1030.
Japanese: かくして長保元年令は同2年・3年・4年と3年間に3度にわたる規定の強化と再施行を経て長期にわたって効力を有し、長元3年（1030年）にも長保年間の一連の新制を再確認する過差を禁じる禁制が出されている。
English: While shinsei before Chohogannenrei were no more than a "new ban" which retained characteristics of the former laws, Chohogannenrei was the first to be established based on the idea of promotion of "virtuous rule" for eradicating disaster and rehabilitating politics, originating from tenjin sokansetsu (one of ancient Chinese views of the world and political thought, the theory that there is close relationship between human action or political affairs, personnel affairs, and natural phenomenon), which was the main motivation for issuing shinsei in the medieval period.
Japanese: それまでの新制は、従来から行われてきた法令の性格を残した「新しい禁制」としての新制に留まっていたのに対し、長保元年令は中世における新制公布の最大の動機である天人相関説に由来する攘災と政治再建のための「徳政」の推進という理念に基づいて定められた最初のものであった。
English: Kanezane KUJO (the sixth generation descendant of Michinaga), who was involved in the establishment of shinsei in Jisho and Kenkyu eras as a minister and Sekkan (regents and advisers), often insisted that it was fundamental for the establishment of seifu (an official code of new laws issued by Daijokan, Great Council of State) or shinsei to "follow the example of Choho" (articles dated April 23 and June 5, 1178 of "Gyokuyo") and it follows that even two hundred years after the Choho era it was widely believed in the court noble society that Chohogannenrei should be a starting point for shinsei and that kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) in the medieval period was greatly influenced by such a belief.
Japanese: 治承・建久の2度の新制の制定に大臣・摂関として関わった九条兼実（道長の6代目の子孫）は｢長保以後代々制符｣が制符（新制）策定の基本であるべきであると度々主張（『玉葉』治承2年4月23日・6月5日条）しており、長保から200年経た後世においても長保元年令が新制の出発点になるとする考え方が公家社会に広く存在し、中世公家法に対して強い影響を与えたことが分かる。
English: Kashoku was a hereditary job or position or official post (and progression pass).
Japanese: 家職（かしょく）とは、家によって世襲された職務や職能、官職（及びその昇進次第）を指す。
English: Similar terms are Kado, Kagyo, but Kashoku has the national or official approval and control of the privilege and had an aspect of voluntary work for the authority.
Japanese: 類義語として家道・家業が挙げられるが、家職には国家などの公権力からの特権の承認と支配、それに対する奉仕という要素がある。
English: The concept of hereditary occupations existed from the time of the Shisei system, and even in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based upon the ritsuryo code), there were cases where families that had passed on techniques and knowledge down the generations had priority in obtaining technical official positions.
Japanese: 職業の世襲という概念は氏姓制度の時代から存在しており、律令制度に入ってからも何世代にもわたって技能・学術を継承してきた「世習」の家柄を優先して技術系の官職に就ける事例があった。
English: In addition, for academic official positions such as Hakaseke of the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) had cases were Hakase came from the same family for generations.
Japanese: また、大学寮の博士家などの学術系の官職においても何代にもわたって博士が登場する事例が現れるようになった。
English: However, in these cases, it was important that the actual techniques and knowledge were passed down, but if such techniques had declined, passing down the position was difficult even for a descendant of a hereditary family.
Japanese: ただし、そうした場合には技術・学術が実際に継承されているという点が重要視されており、そうした技術が衰退すれば世習の家柄でも子孫への継承が困難となった。
English: In the eleventh century, the government office contract system was established and central government official jobs were held by certain clans.
Japanese: 11世紀に入ると、官司請負制が成立し、中央官司の業務が特定の氏族によって担われるようになった。