nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: From 1754 to 1755 the Satsuma Domain was ordered to do flood prevention works of Kiso-sansen (Kiso Three Rivers) in Mino Province, but the bakufu changed the order repeatedly and the Satsuma Domain suffered from no cooperation of the local prominent figures, and until the completion the fifty-one committed Seppuku and the thirty-three died of sickness and the chief retainer and general manager, Yukie HIRATA tragically committed suicide to take his responsibility (the Horeki flood control Incident).
Japanese: 宝暦4年（1754年）から5年（1755年）にかけて、薩摩藩は美濃国木曽三川の治水工事を命ぜられたが、幕府側による再三の工事変更命令、地元名士の非協力などに苦しめられ、完成までに切腹51名、病死33名を出し、総指揮者の家老平田靱負も全責任を負って自決するという悲劇を生んだ（宝暦治水事件）。
English: At that time the area of flood prevention works was in the land of the Owari Domain, which caused the grudge on them.
Japanese: このとき、治水工事地域を藩領としていたのが尾張藩であったので、その恨みを持たれていた、というもの。
English: As the Owari Domain was the head of gosanke (three privileged branches) and the Nagoya-jo Castle was the bakufu's defending facility against the west, Yoshikatsu was always seen with suspicion though he took the stance near to the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 尾張藩は御三家筆頭、その名古屋城は幕府の西に対する防御施設であったため、いくら慶勝が朝廷よりの姿勢をとっても常に疑いの目で見られていた。
English: Thus, in order to defend his position after overthrowing the Shogunate, he had to clear Sabaku-ha in the domain away.
Japanese: よって、倒幕後の自分の立場を守るために、あえて藩内の佐幕派を一掃する必要があった、というもの。
English: However, this is a bit suspicious because of the time when the bakufu was not yet overthrown.
Japanese: しかしこれは、まだ幕府の敗北が固まった時期ではないため、少々疑わしい。
English: After that it was only Fujimaro (Kuninosuke) TANAKA and Takaaki KATO who went up to the ministers.
Japanese: その後も、大臣までにのぼったのは、田中不二麿（国之輔）と加藤高明だけであった。
English: With the exception of Nagoya, the name of the capital city in an imperial army domain was adopted as the name of the prefecture (e.g. Kagoshima, Yamaguchi, Kochi, Saga, Hiroshima, and Akita).
Japanese: 他の官軍の藩（鹿児島藩、山口藩、高知藩、佐賀藩、広島藩、秋田藩など）は軒並み県名には藩都の名が採用されたにもかかわらず、名古屋の名は県名に採用されなかった。
English: Contrastively the name of Wakayama remained in the Kishu Domain which did not make a strong showing as Imperial army.
Japanese: 特に官軍として活躍したわけではない紀州藩が和歌山県の名を残したのとは対照的であった。
English: That is, the Owari Domain felt too safe in its position as leader of the gosanke to lose any opportunity to exert its political and diplomatic power toward the end of the Edo period, and was constantly being forced to resolve matters thereafter.
Japanese: 結局、尾張藩は御三家筆頭という立場に安住しすぎ、幕末において政治・外交力を発揮する機会をことごとく逃し、常に事後処理に追われた。
English: On the contrary, the prestige was exploited both by the bakufu side and the Imperial army side and when the utility value was lost, the Owari Domain was deserted.
Japanese: 逆にその威光を幕府側にも官軍側にも利用され、利用価値がなくなれば省みられなくなった。
English: The Aomatsuba Incident was a result of poor politics and diplomacy of the Owari Domain and for the number of victims it had little influence on history.
Japanese: 青松葉事件の発生も、尾張藩の拙劣な政治・外交の結果であり、その犠牲者数の割には、歴史に与えた影響度合いが小さかった。
English: And later, among shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors), who moved to Yakumo-cho in Hokkaido following the development by Yoshikatsu, there were many of those who were involved with this incident, such as a supervision Tomoyuki YOSHIDA who told the situation of the Owari Domain to Yoshikatsu in Kyoto.
Japanese: なお後年、慶勝による北海道八雲町開拓のため移住した士族たちは、京都にいた慶勝に尾張藩の情勢を告げた監察吉田知行をはじめ、この事件に関係した者も多い。
English: Okappiki refer to unofficial collaborators who played a marginal role in police functions such as town magistrate's offices and Hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata (literally, "investigative division for arson and organized robbery") in the Edo period.
Japanese: 岡っ引(おかっぴき)は、江戸時代の町奉行所や火付盗賊改方等の警察機能の末端を担った非公認の協力者。
English: Okappiki were called "Meakashi" in Kanhasshu (the Eight Provinces of the Kanto region) and "Tesaki" or "Kuchitoi" in the Kansai region, and in this way, the names were different from area to area..
Japanese: 関八州では目明かし、関西では手先、または口問いと各地方で呼びかたは異なる。
English: Okappiki were often prohibited by law in the Edo period, but Samurai did not know much about criminals in towns, so from the need for investigation, relative petty criminals were hired to collect information.
Japanese: 江戸時代には法的にはたびたび禁じられたが、武士は市中の犯罪者について不分明なため、捜査の必要上、比較的軽い犯罪者が情報収集のために使われた。
English: Because banishment from a community was a basic punishment in the Edo period, the communities of criminals who had been banished from authorized communities such as towns and villages were built outside of there, so criminal investigations themselves were difficult without hiring people who knew much about the inner societies.
Japanese: 江戸時代の刑罰は共同体からの追放刑が基本であったため、町や村といった公認された共同体の外部に、そこからの追放を受けた犯罪者の共同体が形成され、その内部社会に通じた者を使わなければ犯罪捜査自体が困難だったのである。
English: Many bosses of gangsters and stallkeepers inevitably became Meakashi, which was called "Nisoku no waraji" (to have one's fingers in two pies).
Japanese: 必然的にヤクザ、テキヤの親分が目明しになることも多く、これを「二足のわらじ」と称した。
English: Although period dramas depict as if Okappiki had always carried jitte (short one hook truncheon), in fact, they could not officially carry it, and they lent it only when necessary.
Japanese: 時代劇においては十手を常に所持していたかのように描かれているが、実際には公式には十手は持てず、必要な時のみ貸与されていた。
English: They worked under Doshin (a police constable) or Hitsuke tozoku aratame-kata, but they were not paid salaries or appointed by town magistrate's offices.
Japanese: 同心、火付盗賊改方の配下とはなるが、町奉行所から俸給も任命もなかった。
English: Okappiki are sometimes expressed that they corresponded to current policemen with the rank of constable, but that is therefore not right.
Japanese: 故に、岡っ引が現在の巡査階級の警察官に相当するように表現されていることがあるが、それは妥当ではない。
English: It is a good guess that Doshin such as Sanmawari corresponded to current policemen with the rank of constable.
Japanese: 現在の巡査階級の警察官に当たるのは三廻などの同心と考えるのが妥当である。
English: However, Doshin received a lot of real income from bribes offered by people living in merchant houses under their jurisdiction, and they got Tefuda (pocket money) from the income.
Japanese: ただし同心は管轄の町屋からの付け届けなどでかなりの実収入があり、そこから手札（小遣い）を得ていた。
English: It is said that meals and between-meal snacks were always ready for their men, Okappiki, in Doshin's houses, and Okappiki were able to eat meals there anytime.
Japanese: 同心の屋敷には、使っている岡っ引のための食事や間食の用意が常に整えてあり、いつでもそこで食事ができたようである。
English: It is said that there were about 500 people of Okappiki and about 3,000 people including Shitappiki in the whole of the Edo town magistrate's office.
Japanese: 江戸町奉行所全体で岡っ引が約500人、下っ引を含めて3000人ぐらいいたという。
English: Okappiki are also well known as detectives in detective stories starting with Hanshichi Torimonocho (The Memoirs of Edo Detective, Hanshichi), which are significantly different from their realities.
Japanese: 半七捕物帳を嚆矢とする捕物帳の探偵役としても有名であるが、実態とはかなり異なる。
English: Some students of mystery novels consider Okappiki to be similar to private detectives (e.g. Saitaro FUJIWARA, etc.).
Japanese: 推理小説研究家によっては私立探偵と同種と見る人もいる（藤原宰太郎など）。
English: Okappiki were unofficial in Edo, but there are some cases that they were authorized by local feudal lords in other areas.
Japanese: 江戸では非公認な存在であったが、それ以外の地域では地方領主により公認されたケースも存在している。
English: For instance, the Moriyama Domain in Oshu (Mutsu Province) officially permitted Meakashi to belt on a sword instead of jitte, and granted them the privilege of Kuiste (leaving a restaurant without paying) as material compensation for necessary expenses.
Japanese: 例えば奥州守山藩では、目明しに対し十手の代わりに帯刀することを公式に許可し、かつ、必要経費代わりの現物支給として食い捨て（無銭飲食）の特権を付与している。
English: In addition, Meakashi (a.k.a. Michiannai) who worked under the Kanto Torishimari Shutsuyaku (the police network set up by the bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun] in 1805 to keep order in eight Kanto provinces except Mito) were appointed by the recommendation of local towns and villages, so they also had a public character.
Japanese: また、関東取締出役配下の目明し（道案内）は地元町村からの推薦により任命されたため、公的な性格も有していた。
English: In no cho was the direct political institution of Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor) who took the reins of Insei (a cloister government) or the institution that handled shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues) and zatsumusata (trial dealing with civil affairs) of Nyoin (woman bestowed with the title "in") in Japanese ancient and medieval period.
Japanese: 院庁（いんのちょう）は、日本の古代・中世において、院政を布いた太上天皇直属の政務機関、または女院の所務沙汰・雑務沙汰を処理した機関。
English: From the early Heian period, the Retired Emperor started to be called by ingo (a title of the Retired Emperor), and the Retired Emperor's immediate authorities, Toneri (palace servant) and Zoshiki (low-level functionary) were assigned to handle land management and routine tasks of the Retired Emperor called "In."
Japanese: 平安時代前期ごろから、上皇を院号で呼称することが見られるようになったが、院と呼ばれた上皇の所務・雑務を取り仕切るために、上皇直属の官庁・舎人・雑色などがあてがわれていた。
English: The Retired Emperor's domestic governing institution was created by these Toneri, as well as other imperial families and dominant nobility.
Japanese: 他の皇族や有力貴族と同様に、これらの舎人らを中心として上皇の家政機関が構築されていた。
English: Sometimes the Retired Emperor's domestic governing institution issued monjo (written material), but most of them were about routine tasks.
Japanese: 上皇の家政機関が文書を発給することもあったが、ほとんどが雑事に係る案件であった。
English: When Insei that the Retired Emperor reigned as Chiten no kimi, a factual monarch, and performed government affairs started in the late Heian period, In no cho changed to an important political institution to express and embody Chiten's political wills.
Japanese: 平安後期に、上皇が治天の君（事実上の君主）として君臨し、政務にあたる院政が開始すると、院庁は、治天の政治意思を表明・具現化するための重要な政務機関へと変貌した。
English: Innocho kudashibumi (letters), innochocho (orders) and inzen (decrees) issued by In no cho embodied Chiten's political wills..
Japanese: 治天の政治意思は、院庁が発給する院庁下文・院庁牒・院宣などによって実現されていった。
English: Benkan (Oversight Department: division of the daijokan responsible for controlling central and provincial governmental offices) and Gekikyoku (Secretaries' Office) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State) were previously recognized as important institutions to issue emperors' imperial rescripts and official documents from Daijokan to local governments, but after Insei started, In no cho replaced those institutions.
Japanese: 従来、太政官の弁官・外記局が、天皇の詔勅や太政官符を発給する枢要機関として重要視されていたが、院政の開始後は、院庁がそれらの機関に取って代わったのである。
English: At first, In no cho meant only the Retired Emperor's domestic governing institution, but it came to mean Chiten's overall political institutions (broad In no cho).
Japanese: 院庁は当初、上皇の家政機関のみを意味していたが、治天の政務機関全般を意味するようになった（広義の院庁）。
English: Middle-class nobles who had high business ability and had experienced Zuryo (provincial governor) were appointed as Inshi.
Japanese: 院司は、実務能力が高く、受領の実績を積んだ中流貴族が任命されていた。
English: This caused the political influences of upper nobles centering on Sekke (line of regents and advisers) to decrease.
Japanese: これにより、摂家を中心とする上流貴族の政治的影響力が低下することとなった。
English: Furthermore, some of middle-class nobles including Inshi became Chiten's aides and exercised influences.
Japanese: さらに、院司を含む中流貴族の中からは、治天の側近となって権勢をふるう者も現れた。
English: In no kinshin were not exactly constituent members of In no cho, but from the standpoint that they took part in political decision-making, they can be said to have created broad In no cho.
Japanese: 院の近臣は厳密には院庁の構成員ではなかったが、政治意思決定に参与していた点から見れば、院の近臣も広義の院庁を形成していたと言える。
English: In addition, Hokumen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the north side) and Saimen no bushi (the Imperial Palace Guards for the west side) were placed in the name of security at In no cho, which enabled Chiten to possess own military forces.
Japanese: また、院庁の警備を名目として、北面武士と西面武士が置かれたが、これにより治天は独自の軍事力を保有することができた。
English: After the height of Insei from the Retired Emperor Shirakawa to the Retired Emperor Gotoba, In no cho continued to function as an important political institution of the Imperial Court (central government) until Insei lost substance in the early Muromachi period.
Japanese: 院庁は、白河院～後鳥羽院の院政最盛期を経て、室町時代前期に院政が実質を持たなくなるまで、朝廷（中央政府）の重要な政務機関として機能し続けた。
English: After the system of Nyoin was established in the middle of the Heian period, In no cho, Nyoin's domestic governing institution, was established modeled after the Retired Emperor.
Japanese: 平安中期に女院の制度が確立すると、上皇にならって、女院の家政機関である院庁が置かれるようになった。
English: When Insei started in the late Heian period, so many manors were donated to Chiten no kimi.
Japanese: 平安後期に院政が開始すると、治天の君へ非常に多数の荘園が寄進された。
English: Chiten let Nyoin inherit a huge number of manor groups, but in fact, In no cho of Nyoin (Nyoin no cho) covered operational management of these manor groups.
Japanese: そして、治天は女院へ厖大な荘園群を相続させたが、実際にこれら荘園群の運営管理にあたったのが、女院の院庁（女院庁）である。
English: Nyoin no cho also issued innocho kudashibumi and inzen dealing with matters mainly concerning Nyoin's manors.
Japanese: 女院領荘園に関する案件を中心に、女院庁からも院庁下文・院宣が発給されている。
English: The Kizokuin was the upper house of the Imperial Diet from 1890 to 1947 under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 貴族院（きぞくいん）は、大日本帝国憲法下において1890年（明治23年）から1947年（昭和22年）まで存在した帝国議会の一院。
English: It had equal standing with the House of Representatives (but the national budget had to be presented to the House of Representatives first).
Japanese: 衆議院とは同格の関係にあった（ただし衆議院には予算先議権があった）。
English: The Kizokuin was not made up of publicly elected officials, but of councilors from the Imperial family, members of the peerage, and Chokuningiin (appointees of the emperor); it was never dissolved and most of the councilors had life tenure.
Japanese: 非公選の皇族議員・華族議員・勅任議員によって構成され、解散はなく、議員の多くが終身任期だった。
English: There was also a system for yushikisha (people well-informed about rules of ceremonies and rituals) to become councilors appointed by the Emperor,so for better or worse, there was no criticism towards the Kizokuin for being "a carbon copy of the House of Representatives."
Japanese: その一方、有識者が勅任により議員となる制度が存在し、良くも悪くも「衆議院のカーボンコピー」という批判は存在しなかった。
English: The scope of authority of each House and councilor was stated in the Diet Law, Kizokuin Rei (the ordinance of Kizokuin) (Imperial Edict Number 11, 1888) and other legislations.
Japanese: 議院や議員の権限などについては、議院法、貴族院令（明治22年勅令第11号）その他の法令に定められた。
English: In principle, the term for councilors was seven years but the Imperial family, the princes and marquis councilors from the peerage, and Chokusen Councilors (see below) from the Chokunin Councilors had life tenure.
Japanese: 議員の任期は原則として7年で、皇族議員、華族議員のうち公爵・侯爵議員、勅任議員のうち勅選議員については終身議員とされた。
English: Count, viscount and baron councilors were elected from their peerage by men of the same rank.
Japanese: 華族議員のうち伯爵・子爵・男爵議員は、それぞれ同爵の者による互選により選出された。
English: It was 7,500 JPY for the chairman, 4,500 JPY for the deputy chairman and 3,000 JPY for the rest of the councilors (this did not change from the amendment of the law in 1920 until it was abolished in 1947 and the salary for the councilors of the House of Representatives was the same.)
Japanese: それぞれ、議長7,500円、副議長4,500円、議員3,000円であった（いずれも1920年（大正9年）の法改正から1947年（昭和22年）の法廃止まで、衆議院も同額）。
English: The number of councilors fluctuated between 250 and 400 from the first ordinary Diet session in 1890 and the ninety-second ordinary Diet session in 1946.
Japanese: 1890年（明治23年）開会の第1回通常会から、1946年（昭和21年）開会の第92回通常会まで、議員総数は250名から400名程度で推移した。
English: The crown prince and his eldest son from the age of 18, and other princes of the imperial bloodline over the age of 20 automatically became councilors.
Japanese: 満18歳に達した皇太子・皇太孫と、満20歳に達したその他の皇族男子は、自動的に議員となった。
English: Article 4 of Kizokuin Kisoku (the rules of Kizokuin) states "The seats for the imperial family councilors should be right at the front and their order of seating should follow their hierarchy in the palace."
Japanese: 貴族院規則4条で「皇族ノ議席ハ議員ノ首班ニ置キ其ノ席次ハ宮中ノ列次ニ依ル」となっていた。
English: To avoid having imperial family members involved in political conflict, although they participated in ceremonies, they did not routinely attend the Diet and their appearance in the Diet was extremely rare in the history of the Imperial Diet.
Japanese: ただし、皇族が政争に巻き込まれることは好ましくないという考えから、皇族は議会で催される式典などに参列することはあっても、議員として日常的に議会内に立ち入ることは無く、登院は帝国議会史上、極めて稀であった。
English: Imperial family members were generally military men and their attendance was not desirable as military men were not supposed to be involved with politics.
Japanese: 皇族は原則的に軍人であったので、軍人の政治不関与の建前からも出席は好ましくないとされた。
English: Korean peerage were supposed to be treated the same as Japanese peerage, as stated in Article 5 of the ordinance of Korean peerage, but they did not have the same criteria to become a peerage councilor in Japan and ranked as the Chokunin Councilors in Kizokuin.
Japanese: なお、朝鮮貴族は朝鮮貴族令5条により華族と同一の礼遇を享けるものとされたが、華族議員となる資格はなく、勅任議員として貴族院議員に列した。
English: After the amendment of the ordinance of Kizokuin (Imperial Edict number 174) in 1925, the age was raised to 30 years.
Japanese: 1925年（大正14年）の貴族院令改正（大正14年勅令第174号）により、年齢が満30歳に引き上げられた。
English: By receiving Imperial permission, they were able to leave their position and return to it later with an Imperial order.
Japanese: また、勅許を得て辞職すること及びその後勅命により再び議員となることが認められた。
English: They were elected by men of the same rank when they reached 25 years of age.
Japanese: 満25歳に達した伯爵・子爵・男爵のうちから、同爵の者の互選で選ばれた。
English: The election method was stated in Kizokuin rules for count, viscount and baron councilors' internal election for Kizokuin (Imperial Edict number 78, 1889).
Japanese: 互選の方法などについては、貴族院伯子男爵議員選挙規則（明治22年勅令第78号）に定められた。
English: The first Kizokuin count, viscount and baron councilors' internal election was conducted on July 10, 1890.
Japanese: 1890年（明治23年）7月10日、第1回貴族院伯子男爵議員互選選挙が行われた。
English: When the rules were established, the numbers of the count, viscount and baron councilors were not to exceed one fifth of the total numbers of the men with that rank (At the first Imperial Diet, there were 14 counts, 70 viscounts and 20 barons; at the twenty-first Imperial Diet, there were 17 counts, 70 viscounts and 56 barons.)
Japanese: 設立時は、伯子男爵議員の定数は、各爵位を有する者の総数の5分の1を超えない範囲とされた（第1回帝国議会において伯爵14名、子爵70名、男爵20名、第21回帝国議会において伯爵17名、子爵70名、男爵56名）。
English: After the amendment of the ordinance of Kizokuin (Imperial Edict number 58) in 1905, the numbers were set to be a total of 143 for all count, viscount and baron councilors and the numbers from each rank were to be decided in proportion to the numbers with the same rank.
Japanese: 1905年（明治38年）の貴族院令改正（明治38年勅令第58号）により、伯子男爵議員を通して定数143名とし、各爵位を有する者の総数に比例して配分することとなった。
English: The amendment was a measure to control the number of councilors when the number of peerage (new peers and those who became peers in recognition of their military service) increased rapidly after the Japanese-Sino war and Japanese-Russo war.
Japanese: これは、日清戦争・日露戦争を経て、華族（戦功華族・新華族）の数が急増したことによる議員数の増加を抑えるための措置である。
English: After the amendment of the ordinance of Kizokuin (Imperial Edict number 92) in 1909, the numbers were set to 17 counts, 70 viscounts and 63 barons.
Japanese: 1909年（明治42年）の貴族院令改正（明治42年勅令第92号）により、伯爵17名、子爵70名、男爵63名とされた。
English: After the amendment of the ordinance of Kizokuin (Imperial Edict number 22) in 1918, the numbers were increased to 20 counts, 73 viscounts and 73 barons.
Japanese: 1918年（大正7年）の貴族院令改正（大正7年勅令第22号）により、伯爵20名、子爵73名、男爵73名と増員された。
English: After the amendment of the ordinance of Kizokuin (Imperial Edict number 174) in 1925, the minimum age was raised to 30 and the numbers were set to 150 (18 counts, 66 viscounts and 66 barons).
Japanese: 1925年（大正14年）の貴族院令改正（大正14年勅令第174号）により、年齢は満30歳に引き上げられ、定数は150名（伯爵18名、子爵66名、男爵66名）とされた。
English: Chokusen Councilors were appointed by the Emperor, in consultation with the Cabinet, from men over 30 years of age with a history of significant contribution to the country or who were very knowledgeable.
Japanese: 国家に勲労あり又は学識ある30歳以上の男子の中から、内閣の輔弼により天皇が任命した。
English: When the Imperial Diet was first established, 61 of the Chokusen Councilors were selected (27 Genroin gikan [councilors of the Chamber of Elders or Senate], 10 government officials from each ministry, nine ordinary citizens, six representatives from The Japan Imperial Academy, six imperial court councilors and three members from the Cabinet Legislation Bureau).
Japanese: 帝国議会創設時には、61名が選出された（元老院議官27名、各省官吏10名、民間人9名、帝国大学代表6名、宮中顧問官6名、内閣法制局3名）。
English: At first, the number of the Chokusen Councilors was to be less than the total number of the peerage councilors (this rule was abolished in 1925).
Japanese: 当初、定員は、華族議員の総数以下とされた（1925年（大正14年）にこの規定は廃止）。
English: The number was set to be four (there were two divisions in the Imperial Academy, so two from each division were selected).
Japanese: 定員は4（帝国学士院は、分野ごとに2部に分けられたため、各部ごとに2名ずつ選出された）。
English: The election method and other rules were stated in Kizokuin Rules of the internal selection of the Imperial Academy councilors (Imperial Edict Number 233, 1925).
Japanese: 互選の方法その他は、貴族院帝国学士院会員議員互選規則（大正14年勅令第233号）に定められた。
English: These councilors were internally selected and were 30 years of age, or older, taxpayers who paid a large amount of tax for their properties or their industrial or commercial businesses.
Japanese: 土地あるいは工業・商業につき多額の国税を納める30歳以上の者の中から互選。
English: The election method and other rules were stated in Kizokuin Rules for the internal selection of councilors of High Taxpayers (Imperial Edict Number 79).
Japanese: 互選の方法その他は、貴族院多額納税者議員互選規則（明治22年勅令第79号）に定められた。
English: In 1918, Hokkaido and Okinawa were included and in 1925, it was one per 100 or two per 200 High Taxpayers from each prefecture to make the maximum number of them of 66.
Japanese: 1918年（大正7年）に北海道・沖縄にも適用され、1925年（大正14年）には道府県ごとに多額納付者100名につき1名または200名につき2名に改められて定員は66人以内となった。
English: In 1944, they decided to select one from Sakhalin to make the number to 67, but because of the loss of Sakhalin after the war, the election never took place.
Japanese: 1944年（昭和19年）には樺太からも1名選出されることになり、定員67人以内と改められたが、敗戦による樺太喪失によって一度も選出は行われなかった。
English: The Emperor appointed the councilors from men of reputation, of 30 years of age or older and who were living in Korea and Taiwan.
Japanese: 朝鮮または台湾に在住する満30歳以上の男子にして名望ある者より特に勅任した。
English: This system was established in 1945 but was abolished in 1946 when Japan lost the sovereignity of Korea and Taiwan.
Japanese: 1945年（昭和20年）に創設されたが、1946年（昭和21年）に朝鮮・台湾の統治権を失ったことにより廃止された。
English: Korean Councilors were Chiho YUN, 金明濬, Sangyong HAN, Count 宋鍾憲 (Korean peerage), 朴相駿, Jonho LEE, Jungyang PAK and Viscount Kiyong YI (Korean peerage); and Taiwanese Chokusen councilors were Bing XU, Mingsan CHIEN and Xiantong LIN.
Japanese: 朝鮮選出議員としては、尹致昊、金明濬（金田明）、韓相龍、宋鍾憲（野田鍾憲）伯爵（朝鮮貴族）、朴相駿（朴沢相駿）、李軫鎬（李家軫鎬）、朴重陽（朴忠重陽）及び李埼鎔子爵（朝鮮貴族）が、台湾選出議員としては、許丙、緑野竹二郎及び林献堂がいる。
English: Viscount Deogyeong YUN (Korean peerage), Marquis Yonghyo PAK (Korean peerage) and Xianrong GU (Taiwanese) became Kizokuin councilors as Chokusen councilors.
Japanese: なお、尹徳栄子爵（朝鮮貴族）、朴泳孝侯爵（朝鮮貴族）と辜顕栄（台湾出身）は勅選議員として貴族院議員になった。
English: Hirobumi ITO realized that there was a need for heredity of the nobility (peerage) supporting the Emperor to keep the monarchy focused on the Emperor.
Japanese: 伊藤博文は天皇を中心とした君主制を維持するためにも、天皇を補佐する世襲貴族（華族）の必要性があると認識していた。
English: So, in contrast to the House of Representatives, Kizokuin placed the hereditary peers in the center of the House.
Japanese: したがって、選挙による選出である衆議院とは対照的に、貴族院は世襲貴族をその中心に据えた。
English: However, Togama KONO insisted on internal elections within the peerage, rather than the position of the councilors being heredity; but Ito rejected it by saying "Removing hereditary peerage councilors from Kizokuin means abolishing the system of the hereditary peers."
Japanese: 河野敏鎌は議員の地位を世襲とせず、華族による互選を主張したが、伊藤は「今世襲議員を貴族院より除くは取も直さず世襲貴族を廃するに同じ」と拒絶した。
English: Kaneko called Kizokuin "Genroin" (the Chamber of Elders) initially but Ito disagreed with Kaneko because the Chambers of Elders overseas were selected by election and not in the same way as that of Japan; as a result, it was decided to call it as "Kizokuin" (The House of Peers).
Japanese: 金子は、当初「元老院」と仮称していたが、伊藤博文は外国の元老院は選挙による選出だから今回の議院とは性質が異なると否定し、その結果「貴族院」に決定した。
English: This positively means the House was a peerage-centered house and the councilors were expected to adopt the principles of the monarchy and support the Emperor in the fight against democracy.
Japanese: これは貴族中心の議院であることを積極的に表現し、天皇の藩屏として純粋な君主主義の立場を取り、民主主義に対抗する役割を期待されていた。
English: Also, at that time, Ito thought that a political party cabinet was not acceptable because it meant that the sovereign power (national structure) would in effect shift from the Emperor to a political party (yet Ito established the Rikken Seiyukai Party later on.)
Japanese: また、当初の伊藤は政党内閣は事実上主権（国体）が天皇から政党に移るから認められないと考えていた（もっとも、伊藤は後に立憲政友会を結党）。