nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The main factors in the development of low-malt beer were consumption trends, the high entry barrier for beer production, the high tax rate of beer, and the cost competition in beer production since 1989.
Japanese: 日本での発泡酒の誕生には、時代背景による一種の対処法、参入障壁の高いビール製造、高いビールの税率、1989年以来のビールの低価格競争が主な要因としてあげられる。
English: During the Pacific War, food shortages meant a shortage of barley and rice, the primary ingredients of beer from which breweries suffered.
Japanese: 太平洋戦争中は食糧不足によりビールの原材料となる大麦や米の供給不足にビール製造会社は悩むことになった。
English: As such, Dai-Nihon Brewery spearheaded research into the development of alternative beers with less barley or even no barley.
Japanese: このような時代背景もあって大麦の使用量を減らした、もしくは使用しないビール風飲料「合成麦酒」の製造開発を目指し大日本麦酒などを中心に研究が行われた。
English: The primary ingredients were sweet potato and hops; and composite beer was the equivalent of the present-day 'the third beer.'
Japanese: この原材料は甘藷（サツマイモ）とホップであり、現在でいう「第三のビール」に相当するものであった。
English: After the war, some companies went into the production of low-malt beer, deciding not to produce beer because they could use less malt for low-malt beer and the entry cost and tax on low-malt beer was lower than that of beer.
Japanese: 戦後、発泡酒に一定量までの麦芽の使用が認められるようになったことや、ビールよりも参入コストと税金が少なく抑えられる利点があった事により、参入障壁の高いビールを避けて発泡酒に参入する企業が現れた。
English: Liner Beer Co., Ltd. was sued by older beer companies based on the Unfair Competition Prevention Act and it is claimed that Liner's product was confusingly similar to beer and Liner was forced in effect to halt sales.
Japanese: ライナービヤーは既存ビール会社からビールと紛らわしいと不正競争防止法で訴えられ、事実上販売を差し止められた。
English: In 1957, Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd. joined the beer industry but after facing an uphill battle, it withdrew from the beer business in 1967.
Japanese: また、1957年（昭和32年）にビール業界に宝酒造が参入したが苦戦、1967年にビール事業から撤退。
English: Due to those factors, success in low-malt beer production and sales was considered difficult, and the low-malt business petered out for a while, although low-malt was defined by Liquor Tax Act, no companies entered low-malt business for a long time.
Japanese: これらの要因などから発泡酒で成功を収めるのは難しいと考えられ、発泡酒は酒税法で定義されているものの長期間参入する企業が無い状況が続き、休眠状態のジャンルとなってしまう。
English: The product made by Asahi in 1983 was low-malt beer, a mixture of beer and juice and since it was colored like a cocktail and its alcohol content range was two percent, it was sold as 'a beer-type light cocktail.'
Japanese: 1983年にアサヒビールが発売した「アサヒビール過去に存在した商品」はビールとジュースを混合した発泡酒で、カクテルの様に色がついていたことや、アルコール度数が2％だったこともあり「ビールタイプのライトカクテル」として発売された。
English: The TV commercial for this product featured three cats dyed pink, green, and purple playing in front of a white grand piano and this commercial was very popular in those days.
Japanese: ピンク・グリーン・パープルの3色に染められたネコが白いグランドピアノの前で戯れるCMが当時話題を呼んだ。
English: Suntory Chu-hi' sold by Suntory in 1984 was, as its name suggested, a mixture of beer and shochu (distilled spirit made from wheat) and is considered the root of today's classification of 'third beer classified into liqueur (sparkling)(1).'
Japanese: 1984年にサントリーが発売した「サントリーチューハイ（一部ブランド名のみ）」はその名の通りビールを焼酎（小麦からつくった蒸留酒）で割ったもので、今日でいう「第三のビールリキュール（発泡性）（1）に分類されるもの」のルーツ的な商品であった。
English: Because of the relaxation of liquor sales licensing in 1989, large-scale discount stores were able to sell beer-type liquor.
Japanese: 1989年の酒類販売免許が緩和され、大型ディスカウントストアでビールを扱うことができるようになった。
English: This led to a fall in sales at small liquor shops at suggested retail prices, (the usual sales route up to that point) and led to competition for lower prices among large-scale shops.
Japanese: これによりこれまでの小売店での希望小売価格での購入が減り、大店舗間での低価格競争が起こった。
English: Originally, taxes accounted for 46.5% of the price of beer and it was difficult to lower the price.
Japanese: そもそもビールはその小売価格のうち46.5%が税金で占められ、値下げは難しい商品であった。
English: In addition, since it was difficult to lower prices of domestic beer, the number of shops that began dealing with inexpensive imported beer increased rapidly, and this fueled a sense of crisis among leading breweries.
Japanese: また、国産ビールの値下げが難しいため、海外の安い輸入ビールを取り扱う店が急増し、大手ビール企業は危機感を募らせていた。
English: One way to lower beer prices was low-malt beer, which had been researched by the breweries.
Japanese: ここでビールを値下げする可能性の一つとして、各社で研究が進められていた（とされる）のが発泡酒である。
English: The Liquor Tax Act in those days stipulated that beer included 67% or more of malt ratio and low-malt beer less than that.
Japanese: 当時の酒税法では麦芽の比率が67％（3分の2）以上のものをビール、それ未満は発泡酒とした。
English: In the midst of that trend, in 1994, Suntory began selling low-malt beer, 'Hop's,' in which the malt ratio was reduced to 65%.
Japanese: その流れの中で、1994年にサントリーが麦芽率を65%におさえた発泡酒「ホップス」を販売し、低価格を実現させた。
English: In the next year, Sapporo Breweries Ltd. began selling 'Drafty,' in which the malt ratio was less than 25%, and set its price lower leading to full-scale competition in low-malt beer.
Japanese: 翌年にはサッポロビールが麦芽比率25%未満の「ドラフティー」を発売、さらなる低価格に設定したことで、発泡酒は本格的な競争が開始されることになる。
English: Although low-malt beer was considered to be less tasty than beer, its low cost yielded results and it sold well.
Japanese: 味はビールに劣ると評されながらも低価格が功を奏し、発泡酒の売り上げは好調だった。
English: However, because beer lost sales, the government revised the alcohol tax in the fall of 1996 so that the tax for low-malt beer containing 50% or higher malt was raised to match that of beer.
Japanese: しかしビールの売り上げが低下したため、政府は1996年秋、酒税を改訂、麦芽率50%以上の発泡酒の税率をビールと同じとした。
English: It was a revision targeting low-malt beer and major breweries were strongly against it, saying that the revision neglected the value of their product development.
Japanese: 発泡酒をねらい打ちにした改訂で、商品開発を行う企業努力を無視した行為だと大手ビールメーカーは反発した。
English: In May, the same year, Suntory began marketing 'Super Hop's,' in which the ratio of malt was less than 25%, in response to that Fall's revision of the Liquor Tax Act.
Japanese: サントリーは秋の酒税法変更に対し、麦芽使用率を25%未満にした「スーパーホップス」を同年5月から市場に投入している。
English: In 1998, Kirin Brewery entered the low-malt beer market for the first time by selling 'Kirin tanrei nama' which was a huge hit, gaining a 50% market share and at the same time the low-malt beer market as a whole expanded a great deal.
Japanese: 1998年には、麒麟麦酒の発泡酒初参入となる「麒麟淡麗〈生〉」を発売、同年の発泡酒市場のシェア50%を占める大ヒット商品となり、同時に発泡酒市場は大きく拡大した。
English: In 2001, Asahi Breweries, Ltd. entered the low-malt beer market for the first time by selling 'Hon nama (now, Hon nama Draft).'
Japanese: 2001年、アサヒビールが発泡酒市場初参入となる「本生」（現本生ドラフト）を発売。
English: Until that time, Asahi Breweries, Ltd. had said, 'We will not sell low-malt beer, which is only an imitation beer'.
Japanese: アサヒビールはこれまで、「ビールのまがいものである発泡酒は発売しない」としてきた。
English: That revision led to the study for alcohol drinks with lower taxes, and to the development of the third beer.
Japanese: この改正が要因となり、さらなる安い税率のアルコール飲料の研究から第3のビールが開発される事となる。
English: In December 2008, it was reported that the so-called third beer would overtake low-malt beer in sales volume.
Japanese: 2008年12月に、第3のビールに出荷量で抜かれる見通しが報じられている。
English: Mizuame is a mucoid sweetener made by saccharifying acid and diastatic enzymes with starch.
Japanese: 水飴（みずあめ）は、デンプンを酸や糖化酵素で糖化して作られた粘液状の甘味料。
English: It is a mixture of glucose, maltose, and dextrin, and the main component is malt sugar.
Japanese: グルコース、マルトース、デキストリンなどの混合物で、主成分は麦芽糖である。
English: In more recent years malt has been used as a supply of diastatic enzyme since it has better efficiency than brown rice seedlings (malt mizuame), it is currently manufactured by adding acid to the starch and hydrolyzing it (the acid saccharification method).
Japanese: 時代が下ると、発芽玄米より効率の良い麦芽が糖化酵素の供給源として利用されるようになり（麦芽水飴）、現在では、デンプンに酸を加え、加水分解して作られている（酸糖化法）。
English: However, malt mizuame contains small amounts of minerals derived from the raw material and has flavor, and its color is amber and is similar to honey.
Japanese: しかし、麦芽水飴は原料に由来するミネラルがわずかに含まれ風味を有し、蜂蜜に似た琥珀色をしている。
English: Before sugar came to Japan, mizuame was used as a major sweetener, but it is still used as a sweetener in making Japanese confectionery.
Japanese: 砂糖が日本に伝来する前には主要な甘味料として利用されていたが、今でも和菓子では甘味料のひとつとして使われている。
English: It contains a property which interferes with sugar crystallization, so smoothness can be maintained by adding it to food with a high sugar concentration.
Japanese: 砂糖の結晶化を阻害する性質があるため、糖分濃度の高い食品に添加することで、滑らかな口当たりを保つ事が出来る。
English: In macrobiotics it is frequently used as a sweetener in place of sugar, so the demand is increasing abroad.
Japanese: マクロビオティックでは砂糖の代わりに甘味料として使われることが多く、海外での需要も高まっている。
English: The Chinese herbal drug, koui, which is the dried powder of malt mizuame made from sticky rice as a raw material, is said to have nutritional fortification and promotes a healthy stomach.
Japanese: もち米を原料とした麦芽水飴を乾燥して粉末にした漢方薬の膠飴（こうい）は、滋養強壮作用・健胃作用などがあるとされている。
English: Regarding its origin, it seems that glycated starch has been used to make alcoholic beverages since prehistoric times.
Japanese: 発祥については、アルコール飲料作りのためにデンプンを糖化したものを、有史以前より製造していたと見られている。
English: One theory has its origin in Kyoto, but the detailed process and place are still unknown.
Japanese: 日本では京都が発祥とする説もあるが、詳しい経緯や場所は今も不明である。
English: Mizuame came with the kamishibai (picture-story show) that had been popular until the 1970s, and children played with mizuame by stirring it with throwaway chopsticks and ate it as a snack.
Japanese: 昭和40年代頃まで盛んに行われていた紙芝居には水飴が付き物で、子供たちが水飴を割り箸で攪拌して遊びながら、おやつとして食べていた。
English: In the story of Ikkyu san, Ikkyu found Osho (a priest)'s treasured mizuame and ate the whole thing while he was out, and his story about making an excuse was famous, and its content is similar to that of "Busu" of kyogen (a farce played during a noh play cycle).
Japanese: 一休さんで、一休が和尚さんの留守中に秘蔵の水飴を見つけて全部食べてしまい、言い逃れる話は有名（内容は狂言の『附子』〔ぶす〕とほぼ同じ）。
English: A chabudai is a four-legged foldaway table made of wood, which was generally used in Japanese homes from the Taisho period, through wartime, to the 1970s.
Japanese: 卓袱台（ちゃぶだい）は、大正から戦中を経て、昭和40年代にかけて、日本の家庭で一般に用いられた四脚で折りたたみのできる木製の食卓（テーブル）。
English: This low table was used for not only dining but also various other purposes such as study or work.
Japanese: 食卓としての利用が基本の用途だが、机や作業台としても利用される汎用の座卓である。
English: Because the purpose of rooms in Japanese private houses are often not designated or fixed, it is often the case that a room used as a dining room in the daytime is also used as a bedroom at night.
Japanese: 民家は部屋の用途が特定されていないので、日中に居間として利用された部屋を夜間には寝室として利用する場合も多い。
English: Therefore, bedding and furniture are designed to be taken out and put in easily.
Japanese: このため、寝具や家具は設置や収納が容易に出来るように工夫が施されている。
English: A small chabudai was used as a dining table for the entire family, a study table for children, and a sewing table for their mother.
Japanese: 小さな卓袱台を家族で囲んで食事をし、子供の勉強机として利用され、母親が裁縫をする台としても使われた。
English: "Chabu" is a table used in China, and its meaning shifts to 'dining' in Japan.
Japanese: 卓袱（ちゃぶ：zhuo2fu2）とは、中国で用いられる「テーブル」のことで、ここから転じて日本では「食事」の意味で用いられる。
English: There is another term 'kame-chabu' (gyudon beef bowl), but the term is out of date now.
Japanese: 現在はほとんど使われる事のない言葉だが、卓袱台のほかに「かめちゃぶ」（牛丼）という表現がある。
English: Incidentally, hakozen or meimeizen (individual box-shaped tables) had been generally used as dining tables from the Edo to the Meiji period before the chabudai was developed.
Japanese: なお、卓袱台以前、つまり近世から明治にかけて普通に用いられていた食卓は箱膳（銘々膳）であった。
English: Each dining table once belonged to an individual person, just as tableware including chopsticks and bowls do nowadays.
Japanese: 現在でも箸や茶碗が属人器であるように、かつては食卓も属人器だったのである。
English: The phrase "chabudai-gaeshi" literally means to flip a chabudai over.
Japanese: 卓袱台返し（ちゃぶだいがえし）とは、文字通り卓袱台をひっくり返す事である。
English: Basically it refers to flipping a chabudai and all the tableware and food on it suddenly in the middle of dinner.
Japanese: 基本的には食事の最中、卓上に食器類や食べ物が乗っている状態でこれらをまとめてひっくり返す事を指すものである。
English: This act is an expression of deep anger, and of no longer being able to contain yourself.
Japanese: つまりこれを行う者は、その時の状況を無視して余りある程の問答無用の怒りの感情を表しているのである。
English: In most cases, people grip the edge of the chabudai with each hand from below and throw it straight up into the air.
Japanese: 卓袱台返しは大抵の場合、掌を上に向けた両手で卓の端を掴み、そのまま真上に放り投げるようにして行われる。
English: Although tableware on the chabudai flies dramatically into the air, they usually do not go far, as they are crushed under the table which turns upside down in midair.
Japanese: この為に、卓上にある食器その他は派手に宙を舞うものの、空中で半回転して裏向きになった卓袱台の下敷きになるように押しつぶされ、あまり遠くに飛ばないことが多い。
English: In the TV cartoon "Kyojin no Hoshi" (Star of the Giants), Ittetsu HOSHI, the father of the leading character, is famous for having had a Spartan education.
Japanese: ＴＶアニメ『巨人の星』において、主人公の父親は極端なスパルタ教育で知られる星一徹である。
English: Because the scene where he flips the chabudai over is repeated in the credits of every episode, the commonly held image of Ittetsu is of 'chabudai-gaeshi.'
Japanese: エンドロールで彼が卓袱台をひっくり返すシーンが毎回繰り返して放映されていたことから一徹＝「卓袱台返し」というイメージが一般化した。
English: In fact, there is only one such scene in the main story of all the episodes.
Japanese: しかし、実際に本編中では全話のなかで一度しか卓袱台をひっくり返すシーンはない。
English: (To be accurate, this is a scene where Ittetsu gets furious at his son Hyuma about his behavior, knocks the chabudai aside and throws a punch at Hyuma, and as a result, the chabudai is overturned, but the father's act is not precisely 'chabudai-gaeshi.')
Japanese: （しかも、実際は飛雄馬の言動に激怒した一徹が卓袱台を押しのけて飛雄馬を殴りつけるシーンであり、結果的に卓袱台はひっくり返っているものの、その様相はいわゆる「卓袱台返し」ではない。）
English: It is therefore sometimes called 'chabudai-gaeshi' when the upper management of a company writes the whole of a project off as a lost cause and gets it restarted from scratch.
Japanese: そのため、トップが企画をご破算にしてやり直させることを「卓袱台返し」と称することがある。
English: For instance, Nintendo video-game designer Shigeru MIYAMOTO is so particular about game creation that he often instructs his subordinates to make drastic changes to a product which is almost completed.
Japanese: 例えば任天堂のゲームクリエイター・宮本茂は、ゲーム作りへのこだわりからほぼ出来上がったものを大幅にやり直させることがしばしばある。
English: He himself calls it 'chabudai-gaeshi' after "Kyojin no Hoshi."
Japanese: 自らそれを『巨人の星』のそれにちなんで「ちゃぶ台返し」と呼んでいる。
English: In the recent movie 'Jigyaku no Uta' (Poetry in Self-abuse) based on Yoshiie GODA's manga, there are a lot of 'chabudai-gaeshi' scenes where Hiroshi ABE, performing the role of Isao HAYAMA, performs this act so beautifully.
Japanese: 因みに最近では業田良家原作の映画「自虐の詩」にて、葉山イサオに扮する阿部寛が実に見事な卓袱台返しのシーンを数多く披露している。
English: As this technique was necessary to hunt and live, many horse-based societies were good at doing kisha on the continent.
Japanese: 大陸では狩りには欠かせない技術であるため、騎馬民族にこれを得意とするものが多い。
English: Since they were nomadic tribes, they moved around to live to look for good vegetation and also fought against other tribes on horseback, and it is presumed that Kisha was developed and improved through the manner of their lifestyle, as it was naturally necessary for them.
Japanese: 遊牧民族の彼らは牧草を求め常に移動しならが生活、また屢々馬に跨がり他民族と闘っていたが、彼らのこういった生活文化の中で自然的必要性から騎射は開発・発展して来たものと考えられる。
English: Kisha skills soon spread through the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, and spread into other nomadic tribes such as the Hun, the Avar, the Magyar, one after another, later on reaching Mongolia and spreading into society in ancient times.
Japanese: 騎射はすぐに中央アジアの遊牧民の間に波及し、フン族、アヴァール人、マジャル人など同様の遊牧民族に次々と取り入れられ、後にモンゴル族にも及び、古代世界に普及して行った。
English: In ancient times, equestrian peoples heavily influenced the techniques of settled people regarding kisha, however there is no detailed record of those equestrian peoples since they kept on moving from place to place to live and it was hard to keep a record of them.
Japanese: 古代において彼ら遊牧民族の騎射術が定住民族に及ぼした影響は大きいが、しかし常に移動を繰り返すために当時の彼らの実体は詳しく解っていない。
English: Kisha has existed since the beginning of Scythian culture (8 B.C. to 3 B.C.) and it is presumed that ancient Greek people imagined the Centaur when they first saw someone shooting an arrow while riding a horse.
Japanese: 騎射は世界史的にはスキタイ文化（紀元前8世紀～紀元前3世紀）の初期から存在し、この疾走する馬上から矢を射るという特異性から古代ギリシア人はケンタウロスを想像したと考えられている。
English: The Scythians were able to win a battle against the Huns by putting a solid "nock" on the two ends of the short bow of which the top and bottom were asymmetric, and they changed arrowhead from iron to small bronze arrowheads.
Japanese: スキタイ人は上下がやや非対称の短弓の両端に硬い『弭』を取り付け、また鏃を大きな鉄製から小さなブロンズ製にする事で、フン族の弓に勝った。
English: The Turks used lighter and smaller bows completed to a higher quality, and the bow has thin top and bottom ends with a fat body in the centre so that the bow would fly better.
Japanese: またさらに完成度を高めた弓として、トルコ民族はさらに軽量・コンパクトな弓を用い、矢は両端が細く中央部に膨らみを持たせた造りにして飛翔力を高めた。
English: The Mongolians even added a "string bridge" to make a faster and stronger bow, in order to have a stronger weapon to fight heavily armed troops.
Japanese: モンゴル族はさらに『ストリングブリッジ』を設けるなど、より速く、貫通力を上げることで、重装騎兵団に対しより有効な戦力となって行った。
English: On the battlefield, the main role of the archery cavalry soldier is to disturb enemies at an outpost or as a scouting party, basically the same role as light cavalry.
Japanese: 戦場において弓騎兵の主な役割は軽騎兵と同じく、前哨・斥候兵として敵を攪乱することにある。
English: Archery cavalry soldiers quickly give sudden attack from the side and back of the enemy while they try to avoid being too close to the enemy.
Japanese: 弓騎兵は接近戦を避けながら、敵の脇、及び後方から敵を素早く急襲する。
English: Therefore, the soldiers were lightly outfitted and it make it easy for them to move, and they were able to constantly move forward, backward, to the right and left without stopping the horse to attack the enemy with the bows.
Japanese: その為軽装備であり、その機動力を活かして馬を止めること無く前進、後退、右、左へと絶え間なく俊敏に動き回りながら弓矢で敵を攻撃する戦術をとる。
English: They remained at a distance from the enemy and attacked them where the enemy could not fight back, they made sure to let the enemy go backwards, while it reduced the morale of the enemies to fight back since they had no shooting weapon and could not do anything to fight against the archery cavalry soldiers.
Japanese: 敵の武器が届かない距離を保ちながら攻撃をし、着実に敵を後退、飛び道具を持たない敵兵は弓騎兵の攻撃下では手も足も出ずに士気を奪われ隊列を乱した。
English: The archery cavalry usually became a threat to heavily armed soldiers, especially in flat areas without trees with high temperatures, where archery cavalry soldiers were much more sufficient in terms of agility than heavily armed soldiers who moved heavily and slowly.
Japanese: 弓騎兵は概ね重装歩兵に対して脅威となり、特に気温が高く木の無い平坦な地域においては敏捷性に優れる弓騎兵は鈍重な重装歩兵団に対して極めて有利である。
English: Especially, the Parthian shot was a well known technique of shooting bows in Europe, and was where bows continued to be shot at enemies when leaving, without facing them to give them hard time.
Japanese: 特にパルティアンショットは敵と相対せず退却しながら矢を射続けるため、敵を苦しめヨーロッパ人の間では知られた騎射戦術であった。
English: The archery cavalry played an important role in the Battle of Karurae of 53 B.C. and the Battle of Warushutatto (the 13th century), since as the enemies in both battles tried to fight directly with the archery cavalry, they were able to win.
Japanese: 弓騎兵は『カルラエの戦い（紀元前53年）』、『ワールシュタットの戦い（13世紀）』で中心的役割を果たし、両戦とも敵兵が弓騎兵に対して直接戦闘に固執した為に勝利を収めた。
English: The heavily armed foot soldiers in Western Europe had a hard time fighting against archery cavalry soldiers, and archery cavalry soldiers in Eastern countries made big achievements in the Crusades.
Japanese: 西欧の重装歩兵は機敏な弓騎兵に苦戦し、東方諸国の弓騎兵は十字軍に対し多くの実績を残した。
English: In the book of the Bible "The Epistle to the Romans," there are paintings of the archery cavalry soldiers of Sarmatae or cavalry soldiers of janissary.
Japanese: 『ローマの信徒への手紙』にはサルマタイの弓騎兵やオスマントルコのイェニチェリ騎兵が画かれている。
English: Few European countries won against the archery cavalry soldiers of the nomadic tribes, and there is one rare example in history where the famous Alexander the Great beat and won a battle against archery cavalry soldiers in "the Battle of the Yaxartes River" in 329 B.C.
Japanese: 遊牧民族の弓騎兵に対し勝利した欧州国家は数少なく、『ヤクサルティス川の戦い（紀元前329年）』では名将アレキサンダー大王が弓騎兵と戦い打ち負かす事に成功した数少ない歴史的勝利の１つである。
English: Alexander the Great expanded the territory of Macedonia into Asia, but even so he was not able to capture the central part of the nomadic nation.
Japanese: アレキサンダーはこの戦いでマケドニア王国領土をアジアの一部にまで伸ばすが、それでも遊牧国家の中心部を攻略する事は叶わなかった。
English: "The Battle of Hattin" in the Medieval period is a classic example of archery cavalry soldiers attacking heavily armed foot soldiers persistently so that they would not want to fight any more and they won the battle.
Japanese: 中世の『ハッティンの戦い』は重装歩兵に対し弓騎兵が執拗な攻撃をしかけ敵の戦意を喪失させる事で勝った古典的な事例である。
English: Genghis Khan commanded archery cavalry using Mongolian bows, and he established the huge Mongolian Empire by using the same tactics as other nomadic nations, also they extended their land from the Chinese continent to Europe in their golden age.
Japanese: また、チンギス・カンはモンゴル弓を用いた弓騎兵を擁し、他の遊牧国家と同様の戦術で巨大なモンゴル帝国を築きあげ、全盛期には中国大陸からヨーロッパにまで領土を広げた。
English: In "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), there are descriptions of 'munamato,' 'umayumi,' and 'haseyumi' (all kinds of shooting on horseback), and in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), there is a reference to kisha being popular during the Nara period.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には「馬的射」「騁射」「馳射」との記述があり、『続日本紀』には奈良時代には騎射は盛んに行われていたとの記述がある。
English: After the Heian period, the form of kisha was settled and yabusame (the art of shooting arrows on horseback), inuoumono (dog-hunting event, needing archery skills), and kasagake (a horseback archery competition) were established, and they started to be used in Shinto rituals and festival events.
Japanese: 平安時代以降は騎射様式が整理され、流鏑馬・犬追物・笠懸などが成立し、神事・祭礼行事として行われ始める。
English: During the Kamakura period, yabusame, inuoumono, and kasagake were called 'Kisha-Mitsumono' (the three archeries of riding a horse) and were very popular in various places.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には流鏑馬・犬追物・笠懸は「騎射三物」と称され各地で盛んに行われた。
English: Kisha was considered to be of the highest rank among archery, and it was still considered as the same as a Samurai's profession during the time of quiet in Edo period even though archery was no longer the main weapon in battle.
Japanese: 騎射は弓術の中でも最高位のものとされ、弓が戦場での主戦力でなくなって以降、泰平の江戸時代に置いても武士の表芸としてその位置付けは変わらなかった。
English: A shuriken is a small weapon shaped like a sword or needle, thrown at an opponent to diminish the fighting power of an enemy.
Japanese: 手裏剣（しゅりけん）は、敵の戦闘力を減退させるため相手に打つ、小形の刀剣・針様などの形状をもつ武器である。
English: There had long been methods of escaping danger or hurting an enemy by throwing weapons at them, but the weapons used were tsubute (throwing stones), short swords, uchine (throwing arrows), uchiya (throwing arrows), and needles among other weapons.
Japanese: 敵に武器を投げつけて、傷つけたり、自分の危難を逃れようとする技法は古くからあったが、その際に使う武器は飛礫（つぶて）や短刀、打根、打矢、針などだった。
English: Short swords and uchine were somewhat costly and unsuitable for repeated use, uchiya were too bulky to bring along, and needles were inexpensive but lacked force.
Japanese: 使い捨ての武器としては短刀や打根はやや高価で連続使用に難があり、打矢は携帯するにはかさばり、針は安価だが威力に乏しい。
English: It was in the late Muromachi period that shuriken appeared in the form known today as an affordable weapon specifically for throwing, free of these disadvantages.
Japanese: そういった欠点のない投げ捨て専用の手頃な武器としての手裏剣が、現代に連なる形態で登場したのは室町時代末期である。
English: It is believed that not only the shape, but also the word shuriken became established during this period.
Japanese: また、形状だけではなく、手裏剣という語自体の登場もこの時代とされる。
English: The character 裏 means both 'back' and 'inside,' but the 裏 in shuriken (手裏剣) does not mean back as in 'front/back,' but inside as in 'outside/inside' seen in the word uchiura (内裏).
Japanese: 裏の字にはウラとウチの両方の意味合いがあり、手裏剣の裏とは「オモテ／ウラ」のウラではなく、内裏の語に見られるような「ソト／ウチ」のウチと解するべきである。
English: It was sometime written as 手離剣, since the sword hidden in one's hand is released from the hand and hits the enemy.
Japanese: 手の内に隠されたその剣は、手を離れて敵を伐つ剣、との意味から、時には手離剣とも表記された。
English: The technique of using shuriken is sometimes included in the Bugei Juhappan (18 skills of martial arts), but unlike swordplay, it could be used for assassination using poison, and thus did not prosper much as a military art performed openly.
Japanese: 手裏剣の術は、時には武芸十八般に含まれることもあるが、剣術などと異なり、毒を使った暗殺に使えるため、あまり表立って行う武芸としての隆盛を見たものではなかった。
English: Since it is a technique where an object at hand can be substituted for toteki (throwing), it can be used today for self-defense.
Japanese: 手近な投擲物で代用できるその技術は、現代においても護身の目的で使用し得るものである。
English: However, it is likely that the use of such lethal weapons prepared for self-defense may not be considered 'self-defense,' and if one kills a criminal using this, you may prosecuted for 'homicide by willful negligence' or 'manslaughter.'
Japanese: ただし、自分で用意していた殺傷用武器の護身使用は「正当防衛」にはならない可能性が高く、またこれを用いて暴漢等を殺害した場合「未必の故意による殺人罪」もしくは「傷害致死罪」の適用となる可能性がある。
English: In addition, the possession of shuriken alone may be in breach of the Sword and Firearms Control Law or the Minor Offense Act.
Japanese: また、手裏剣は所持しているだけで銃刀法もしくは軽犯罪法に抵触する可能性がある。