nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There are many kahi in the Chikugo and Chikuho regions (Fukuoka Prefecture) such as in Kama City (most of his famous poems were made in this region).
Japanese: 筑後筑豊地方の嘉麻市などに歌碑が多数存在する（有名な句はほとんどこの地で詠まれている）。
English: In addition, an inscription by calligrapher Goho Hibino of 'A poem longing for his children' and its Hanka (tanka appendage to a Choka long poem) is placed as a monument at the town office of Godo Town, Gifu Prefecture.
Japanese: また、「子等を思う歌一首」とその反歌とが、岐阜県神戸町の神戸町役場に、書家の日比野五鳳氏による書として彫り込まれたものがある。
English: The Sedoka consists of six lines where the pattern of five/seven/seven syllables is repeated twice, and the first three lines and the last three lines were often written by different people.
Japanese: 五七七を2回繰り返した6句からなり、上三句と下三句とで詠み手の立場がことなる歌が多い。
English: It is believed that Sedoka started as two people reciting half poems in five/seven/seven form in chorus, or reading them in the style of question-and-answer.
Japanese: 五七七の片歌を2人で唱和または問答したことから発生したと考えられている。
English: A scholar of Japanese literature Senichi HISAMATSU argued in his book "Jodai Nihon bungaku no kenkyu " (Study on premodern Japanese literature) that the true nature of Sedoka is the recitation of a poem in the style of question-and-answer, and other scholars support this theory.
Japanese: 国文学者の久松潜一は『上代日本文学の研究』において、旋頭歌の本質は問答的に口誦するところにあるとの考えを示し、他の研究者もこれを支持している。
English: Although some Sedoka poems were composed in a style to be recited by a single person, it is said that this style of composition was created by KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro.
Japanese: 一人で詠作する歌体もあるが、これは柿本人麻呂によって創造されたとの説がある。
English: 62 Sedoka poems were included in "Manyoshu," and 35 of those were selected from 'KAKINOMOTO no Hitomaro's Collection.'
Japanese: 『万葉集』には62首の旋頭歌がおさめられ、そのうち35首までが「柿本人麻呂歌集」からのものである。
English: After "Manyoshu" the style of Sedoka declined rapidly, and few Sedoka can be found in anthologies of poetry compiled by Imperial command such as "Kokin Wakashu" (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry).
Japanese: 『万葉集』以後は急速に衰え、『古今和歌集』以下の勅撰和歌集ではまれである。
English: "Kojiki" includes the following poem of question and answer between Hime tatara isuzuhime (Isukeyorihime) and Okume no mikoto:
Japanese: 『古事記』ではヒメタタライスズヒメ（いすけよりひめ）と大久米命（おほくめのみこと）との問答として次の歌が収録されている。
English: Suminoe no Oda wo karasu ko Yakko kamonaki Yakko aredo Imo ga mitameni Watakushida karu (1275)
Japanese: 住吉（すみのえ）の　小田（おだ）を刈らす子　奴（やっこ）かもなき　奴あれど　妹（いも）がみために　私田（わたくしだ）刈る　（一二七五）
English: Oh yes he is there, but he is reaping his own rice field for a girl he loves.
Japanese: 何の何の、奴はいるんだが、いとしい女子のおためにと、私田を刈っているのさ。
English: The poem below is not a Sedoka, but it is believed it was recited due to its third and sixth lines being identical.
Japanese: 次の例は問答歌ではないが、第三句と第六句とが共通であり、うたわれたものと考えられている。
English: Arare furi Tohotsuafumi no Atokawa yanagi Karedomo Matamo Outoiu Atokawa yanagi
Japanese: 霰（あられ）降り　遠江（とほつあふみ）の　吾跡川（あとかわ）柳　刈れども　またも生ふという　吾跡川（あとかわ）柳　（一二九三）
English: "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of tanka) includes his 45 poems; among which are poems with dates of composition indicating that he was actively writing poems for at least nineteen years, from 715 when he composed a Banka (lament) for Prince Shiki to 733 when he wrote "贈入唐使歌" (a poem presented to a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China).
Japanese: 『万葉集』に45首を残し、そのうち作歌の年次がわかるものは715年（霊亀元年）の志貴皇子に対する挽歌から、733年（天平5年）の「贈入唐使歌」までの前後19年にわたるものである。
English: In the period from 724 to 729 in particular he wrote six choka (long poems) which put him at the same level as other poets of his time, such as KURIMAMOCHI no Chitose and YAMABE no Akahito.
Japanese: 特に神亀年間（724年-729年）に長歌6首を詠み、車持千年（くりまもちのちとせ）・山部赤人と並んで歌人として活躍している。
English: "Manyoshu" Volume Six begins with KASA no Kanamura's poem that praised the Emperor Tenmu's era as the divine age.
Japanese: 『万葉集』の巻6は天武天皇朝を神代と詠う笠金村の歌を冒頭に据えている。
English: TAKAHASHI no Mushimaro (year of birth and death unknown) was a contributor to Manyoshu during the Nara Period.
Japanese: 高橋虫麻呂（たかはしのむしまろ、生没年不詳）は、奈良時代の万葉歌人。
English: He contributed 34 poems to "Manyoshu" (the oldest anthology of tanka) including 14 choka (long poem) and a Sedoka (a poem where the head is repeated).
Japanese: 「万葉集」に34首の作品が入集し、そのうち長歌が14首・旋頭歌が1首である。
English: The second poem of Volume Six and subsequent poems are indicated as 'not in the poems of Mushimaro (TAKAHASHI no Muraji Mushimaro's collection of poetry)' (The first poem of Volume Six is KASA no Kanemura's).
Japanese: 巻6の2首目からは「虫麻呂の歌（＝高橋連虫麻呂歌集）の中に出ず」としてのせている（巻6の1首目は笠金村の歌）。
English: At some point around 719, he became a subordinate of FUJIWARA no Umakai who was then Hitachi no kami (governor of Hitachi Province) and thereafter Mushimaro was under Umakai's patronage.
Japanese: 719年（養老3年）前後、藤原宇合が常陸守であった頃に宇合の下僚となり、以後宇合の庇護を受けたという。
English: He made many poems on local legends and personal affairs such as a poem about the Maiden Tekona in Mama in Shimousa Province (present-day Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture) and a poem about Unai otome (the Maiden Unai) from Ashinoya in Settsu Province (present-day Ashiya City, Hyogo Prefecture).
Japanese: 下総国真間（現在の千葉県市川市）の手児奈（てこな）の歌や、摂津国葦屋（現在の兵庫県芦屋市）の菟原処女（うないおとめ）の歌など、地方の伝説や人事を詠んだ歌が多い。
English: Mushimaro's poems cover the areas in the eastern part of Japan from Hitachi to Suruga Provinces as well as the western part of the country such as Settsu, Kawachi, and Kyoto.
Japanese: 虫麻呂が歌に詠んだ地域は、常陸国から駿河国にかけての東国と、摂津国・河内国・京都などである。
English: 13 Tanka (thirty-one syllable poems) are found in Volume 18; ten Choka (long poem) and their 21 Hanka (tanka appendage to a choka) in Volumes 6 and 9 are indicated that they 'appear in a Book of poetry by TANABE no Sakimaro.'
Japanese: 巻18に短歌13首があり、巻6・巻9にある長歌10首とその反歌21首は「田辺福麻呂の歌集に出づ」とある。
English: In 748 he visited Ecchu no kami (Governor of Ecchu Province) OTOMO no Yakamochi as a messenger for TACHIBANA no Moroe.
Japanese: 748年（天平20年）橘諸兄の使者として越中守大伴家持のところを訪れている。
English: Bussokusekika is a name given to a waka (Japanese poetry) based on its contents and format, and is also referred to as Bussokuseki no uta (the Buddha's Footprint Poems).
Japanese: 仏足石歌（ぶっそくせきか）は、和歌の作歌における内容と形式による歌の名前で、仏足石（仏足跡）の歌とも称される。
English: Among the Bussokusekika inscribed on the stone slab, 17 verses of '恭仏跡' (poems praising the virtues of Buddha) and 4 of '呵責生死' (poems to recommend Buddhism by preaching the truth of the transient world) are Buddhist ballads.
Japanese: その歌碑に刻まれた「恭仏跡」（仏徳を賛えたもの）17首、「呵責生死」（世の無常の道理を説いて仏道を勧めるもの）4首の仏教歌謡である。
English: Bussokuseki was created by FUNYA no Chinu (also known as King Chinu), a grandson of Emperor Tenmu, in 753, as part of a memorial service for his deceased wife (or mother), and thus the poems were also believed to have been written around this period.
Japanese: 仏足石は天武天皇の孫文屋智努（＝智努王）が753年（天平勝宝5年）亡き夫人（または母ともいわれる）の追善のために作ったもので、仏足石歌もこの頃作られたと見られている。
English: Each of Bussokusekika is composed of six lines of 5-7-5-7-7-7 syllables, with the sixth line often paraphrasing the fifth, indicating its origin in songs of the premodern period that recites the last line repeatedly.
Japanese: 仏足石歌の歌体はすべて五・七・五・七・七・七の6句からなり、6句目はその前の5句目を言い換えたものが多く、この歌体は結句を繰り返して歌う上代歌謡に起源をもつといわれている。
English: This style of poetry is mainly found in the inscriptions of Bussokusekka, so it is called Bussokusekkatai (the style of Bussokusekka).
Japanese: また、この歌体はほとんどが仏足跡歌碑に見られることから、仏足石歌体と呼ばれている。
English: In addition to the inscription of Bussokusekika, this style of poetry is found in a single poem in each of the 'Kojiki' (The Records of Ancient Matters), 'Manyoshu' (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves), and 'Harima no kuni fudoki' (the topography of Harima Province).
Japanese: 仏足跡歌碑のほかにこの歌体が見られるのは「古事記」「万葉集」「播磨国風土記」に1首ずつが見られる。
English: Bussokusekika were created during the Yamato and Nara periods, but lost popularity and disappeared during the Heian period.
Japanese: 仏足石歌は、大和時代・奈良時代に見られるが、平安時代に入ると衰亡した。
English: Emperor Suzaku (Suzaku no Mikado), or Suzakuin, is the second emperor in "The Tale of Genji" (the period of his reign, the chapter of 'Aoi' (Hollyhock) to 'Miotsukushi' (Channel Buoys)).
Japanese: 朱雀帝/朱雀院（すざくてい・すざくのみかど/すざくいん）は、『源氏物語』に登場する二番目の天皇（在位「葵(源氏物語)」～「澪標」）。
English: At the age of 24, his father Emperor Kiritsubo abdicated the throne in favor of his son (between the chapters of 'Hana no En' (The Festival of the Cherry Blossoms) and 'Aoi').
Japanese: 桐壺帝から譲位され24歳で即位（「花宴」と「葵(源氏物語)」の間）。
English: After that, Oborozukiyo (the misty moon) was scheduled to enter the Imperial court, but it was canceled due to her illicit intercourse with Genji (later Oborozukiyo served as Naishi no Kami (Principal Handmaid)).
Japanese: その後朧月夜(源氏物語)が入内する予定だったが、これも源氏との密通により中断を余儀なくされ（その後朧月夜は尚侍として出仕）た。
English: He had a mild character, and felt small in the presence of Genji, who was superior to him in everything such as figure and education, so the Emperor Suzaku did not blame Oborozukiyo and loved her even after he knew the illicit intercourse between Genji and she.
Japanese: 柔和な性格の人物で、容姿・教養すべてに優れた異母弟源氏に引け目を感じ、源氏と朧月夜の密通を知っても彼女を許し寵愛した。
English: After Genji confined himself to his residence at Suma, the Emperor Suzaku received a reprimand from Kiritsuboin, who appeared in his dream, and suffered from eye trouble due to the anxiety.
Japanese: 源氏が須磨に蟄居した後、夢枕に立った桐壺院から叱責を受け、その心労から眼病となる。
English: His maternal grandfather, Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) (the Emperor Kiritsubo's Udaijin (Minister of the Right)) passed away, which also led him to call Genji back at last, overcoming the opposition of his mother, and at the age of 32, he abdicated the throne in favor of the Emperor Reizei, his younger brother by a different mother (in fact, he was Genji's son).
Japanese: 外祖父太政大臣（桐壺帝の右大臣）の死去も重なり、最後は母后の反対を押し切り源氏を召還、異母弟冷泉帝（実は源氏の子）に32歳で譲位。
English: After his retirement, he lived in Suzakuin (this is why he came to be known by the name of 'Suzakutei' or 'Suzakuin'), and he lived with Oborozukiyo happily, but at the same time he loved the Empress Akikonomu, a daughter of Rokujo no Miyasudokoro, though his love was hopeless due to the intention of Genji, who became an adoptive father of Saigu (Imperial Princess appointed to serve the deities of the Ise-jingu Shrine).
Japanese: 退位後は朱雀院に住まい（これにより通称を「朱雀帝」「朱雀院」と称する）、朧月夜との平穏な生活を過ごす一方、六条御息所の娘の秋好中宮へも思いをかけたが、斎宮の養父となった源氏の意向で叶わなかった。
English: However, this marriage failed, and Suzakuin, who did not know of the sexual intercourse between Onna Sannomiya and Kashiwagi, made Onna Sannomiya become a nun complaining to glacial Genji. ('Wakana' (Spring Shoots) and 'Kashiwagi' (The Oak Tree))
Japanese: しかしこの縁組みは失敗、女三宮と柏木(源氏物語)の過ちを知らない朱雀院は、冷淡な源氏に恨み言を言いつつ女三宮を出家させた（「若菜(源氏物語)」「柏木」）。
English: Onna Ninomiya (Ochiba no Miya) also hoped to become a nun due to the death of her husband, Kashiwagi, and her mother, but he did not allow her, worrying about appearances and what people would think.
Japanese: また女二宮（落葉の宮）も夫柏木と母御息所に先立たれて同じく出家を願ったが、この時は外聞も憚って許さなかった。
English: His later years were not known, and the only thing that is known in the chapter of 'Yadorigi' (The Ivy), is that he already passed away.
Japanese: その後晩年の消息は不明で、「宿木」で既に故人であることが知られるのみである。
English: Emperor Reizei/Reizei-in is the third Emperor in "The Tale of Genji" (period of reign: 'Miotsukushi' (Channel Buoys) to the second volume of 'Wakana' (Spring Shoots), the 18 years of his reign were the golden days of Hikaru Genji).
Japanese: 冷泉帝/冷泉院（れいぜいてい・れいぜいのみかど/れいぜいいん）は、『源氏物語』に登場する三番目の天皇（在位：「澪標」～「若菜(源氏物語)下」。治世18年間は光源氏の全盛期であった）。
English: People considered him to be the tenth prince of the Emperor Kiritsubo, but in fact, he was an illegitimate child between Hikaru Genji and Fujitsubo.
Japanese: 桐壺帝の第十皇子ということになっているが、実は光源氏と藤壺の不義の子。
English: After his retirement, he lived in Reizei-in (a real Imperial palace for successive ex-emperors), so he is known by the name of 'Emperor Reizei.'
Japanese: 譲位後は冷泉院（実在した歴代の上皇の御所）に住まったことから「冷泉帝」の通称で呼ばれる。
English: He agonized over the fact that he had his father, Genji, in the position of subject, but Genji refused firmly his offer to abdicate the Imperial throne in favor of Genji.
Japanese: 源氏を父でありながら臣下としておくことに悩んだが、源氏に帝位を譲ろうとして強く固辞される。
English: After that he tried to discharge his duties to his father, making Genji's adopted daughter, Akikonomu, settle in the position of Empress, and giving him the court rank of Jun Daijo tenno (quasi ex-emperor) at Genji's 40th birthday ceremony.
Japanese: その後は源氏の養女秋好中宮を立后させ、また源氏40歳の御賀に准太上天皇位を贈るなどして、影ながら孝養を尽くそうとした。
English: He was a man of refined taste, and especially loved paintings (it is considered that he was given this from his biological father, Genji), which led to his loving Empress Akikonomu.
Japanese: 風流心豊かな人物で、特に絵画を好み（これは実父源氏の血を受けたものとされる）、このことが秋好中宮を寵愛するきっかけとなった。
English: He regretted that she got married to Higekuro right before she served as Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants), so after his retirement, he took a daughter of Tamakazura as his wife and favored her. ('Takekawa' (Bamboo River))
Japanese: 彼女が内侍司として出仕する直前に髭黒の妻となったことを惜しんで、譲位後に玉鬘の娘を妃に迎え寵愛した（「竹河」）。
English: After the death of Genji, he showed special favor to the bereaved Kaoru as well as the Empress Akikonomu, who did not have a child, in accordance with the will of Genji ('Nioumiya' (His Perfumed Highness)), but he did not know the secret concerning Kaoru's birth (therefore he seems to have taken Kaoru as his younger brother by a different mother).
Japanese: なお源氏没後、遺言により遺児薫を子のない秋好中宮と共に寵遇しているが（「匂宮」）、薫の出生の秘密は知らない（よって薫が異母弟だと誤解していると思われる）。
English: The Empress Akikonomu (other names: Umetsubo no Nyogo (Lady Plum Pavilion), Saigu no nyogo (the high priestess of Ise)) --- a daughter of the previous Togu of the Emperor Kiritsubo, and her mother was Rokujo no Miyasudokoro.
Japanese: 秋好中宮（別名：梅壺女御、斎宮女御）…桐壺帝の前東宮の娘、母は六条御息所。
English: Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo (665? - January 11, 733 (old lunar calendar) (February 4, 733)) was a court lady during the early Nara Period.
Japanese: 県犬養三千代（あがた（の）いぬかいのみちよ、天智4年（665年）?-天平5年1月11日(旧暦)（733年2月4日））は、奈良時代前期の女官。
English: She served as a court lady in the Imperial court and wielded influence in kokyu (empress's residence) as a menoto (a wet nurse for a highborn baby) for Prince Karu (later the Emperor Monmu).
Japanese: 命婦として宮中に仕え、軽皇子（後の文武天皇）の乳母を務めて後宮で勢力を振るった。
English: At first she married Prince Minu (Mino) and gave birth to Prince Katsuragi (later TACHIBANA no Moroe), Prince Sai, and Princess Murono; after Prince Minu went to Chikushi as Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu offices), she became the second wife of FUJIWARA no Fuhito and gave birth to FUJIWARA no Komyoshi (Empress Komyo) and FUJIWARA no Tahino (although there are conflicting views about Tahino's mother).
Japanese: 始めは美努王（みぬおう・みのおう）に嫁して葛城王（後の橘諸兄）・佐為王・牟漏女王を生み、美努王が大宰帥として筑紫に赴任した後、藤原不比等の後妻となり、藤原光明子（光明皇后）・多比能を生んだ（多比能の母に関しては異説あり）。
English: Throughout this span of years she continued to wield influence in kokyu and supported Fuhito to establish the supremacy of the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 以後も後宮に大きな影響力を及ぼし続け、藤原不比等による藤原氏の覇権の確立を援けた。
English: In 708, at the Daijosai (a festival to celebrate the succession of an emperor) of the Empress Genmei, Michiyo was praised for serving the Imperial court since the era of the Emperor Tenmu and was given the kabane (hereditary title) of TACHIBANA no Sukune commemorated with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup, which made her effectively the founder of the Tachibana clan.
Japanese: 708年（和銅元年）元明天皇の大嘗祭のとき、天武天皇の時代から仕えていることを称されて杯に浮かぶ橘とともに橘宿禰の姓を賜り、橘氏の実質上の祖となった。
English: In 721 she was promoted to Shosanmi (Senior Third Rank) but in the same year she became a nun when the Empress Genmei became critically ill.
Japanese: 721年（養老5年）正三位に叙せられ、同じ年元明天皇の危篤に際し出家。
English: On December 28 of the same year (old lunar calendar) (February 10, 734) she was posthumously promoted to Juichii (Junior First Rank) and on August 7, 760 (old lunar calendar) (September 24, 769) was honored with Shoichii (Senior First Rank) and Taifujin (a title of respect for an Emperor's mother).
Japanese: 死後の同年12月28日に従一位、760年（天平宝字4年）8月7日(旧暦)に正一位と大夫人の称号を贈られた。
English: One poem of hers is included in 'Manyoshu' (the oldest anthology of tanka) and the Horyu-ji Temple has 'Tachibana Fujin Zushi' which is said to have belonged to Michiyo.
Japanese: 「万葉集」に歌が1首おさめられ、また法隆寺に三千代のものと伝えられる「橘夫人厨子」がある。
English: Imperial Prince Shiki(志貴皇子, 668?-, September 5, 716)lived from the end of the Asuka period to the beginning of the Nara period.
Japanese: 志貴皇子（しきのみこ、天智天皇7年（668年）？-霊亀2年8月11日(旧暦)（716年10月4日））は飛鳥時代末期から奈良時代初期にかけての皇族。
English: As a member of the Imperial family related to the Emperor Tenchi, he had nothing to do with the succession to the throne because after the Jinshin War, the lineage of the Emperor Tenmu acceded to the throne.
Japanese: 壬申の乱後、天武天皇皇統が皇位を継承する事となった為、天智天皇系皇族であった彼は皇位継承とは全く無縁だった。
English: However, his sixth son Prince Shirakabe (Shirakabe no Okimi), who after his death had married the Emperor Shomu's daughter the Imperial Princess Inoe and fathered Prince Osabe (of Tenmu's line on the mother's side), was supported by agreement among ministers and councilors and ascended to the throne as the Emperor Konin in 770.
Japanese: が、薨去後の宝亀元年（770年）に、聖武天皇の娘井上内親王を后とし、母系では天武系となる他戸親王を儲けていた第6皇子の白壁王が、大臣、参議らの協議により擁立され、光仁天皇として即位した。
English: His most famous representative poem is 'Iwa bashiru Tarumi no ueno Sawarabi no Moeizuru Haru ni Nari ni keru kamo' (Above a waterfall with water running over the rocks, there are some bracken sprouts that made me realize that the spring has come.)'.
Japanese: 代表的な歌として、「石（いは）ばしる垂水（たるみ）の上のさ蕨（わらび）の　萌え出づる春になりにけるかも」（岩の上を流れる滝の上に蕨が芽を出し、春を感じることよ）が有名。
English: The Manyoshu has six of Imperial Prince Shiki's poems, which are all fine poems brimming with subtle beauty.
Japanese: 志貴皇子の歌は万葉集に6首収められているが、いずれも繊細な美しさに満ち溢れる名歌である。
English: Godai Teio Monogatari is a historical tale which was written in the late Kamakura period and arranged in chronological order.
Japanese: 『五代帝王物語』（ごだいていおうものがたり）は、鎌倉時代後期に書かれた編年体の歴史物語である。
English: The word 'Godai' included in the title refers to the Emperor Gohorikawa, the Emperor Shijo, the Emperor Gosaga, the Emperor Gofukakusa, and the Emperor Kameyama.
Japanese: 題名の「五代」とは、後堀河天皇・四条天皇・後嵯峨天皇・後深草天皇・亀山天皇の各天皇を指す。
English: It followed the style of "Rokudai Shojiki" (war tales concerning six Emperors), but in fact, it does not have many articles about the first two Emperors.
Japanese: 『六代勝事記』の後を継ぐ形式で執筆されているが、実際には最初の2代の天皇の記事が少ない。
English: The article about the last Emperor Kameyama ends with a series of events concerning the Emperor Gosaga's funeral service, so there is an opinion that it was written by the Emperor (Cloistered Emperor) Gosaga's close aide.
Japanese: 最後の亀山天皇の記事も後嵯峨法皇の葬儀に関する一連の行事とともに終えていることから、後嵯峨天皇（法皇）の側近による作品だと言う説もある。
English: On the other hand, there is a view that the author was somebody who supported the Emperor Kameyama and his descendants, Daikakuji-to (Imperial lineage starting with the Emperor Kameyama), because the author did not pay much attention to the Emperor Fushimi (a son of the Emperor Gofukakusa; after the enthronement of the Crown Prince of the Emperor Kameyama, he was made a new Crown Prince by the retired Emperor Gofukakusa), although the author knew that he would be an Emperor later.
Japanese: また、のちに伏見天皇となる伏見天皇の存在（後深草天皇の子、亀山天皇の皇太子（後宇多天皇）の即位後、後深草上皇の働きかけで皇太子に立てられた）を知りながら、その存在を過小に書いていることから、著者を亀山天皇とその子孫である大覚寺統を支持していたと見る向きもある。
English: "Masukagami" (The Clear Mirror), which was written later, contains a part that seems to be written, referring to "Godai Teio Monogatari."
Japanese: なお、のちに『増鏡』が執筆された折に『五代帝王物語』を参照して描かれたと考えられる部分が存在する。
English: Namazu-e is a general name for nishiki-e (multicolored ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock prints)) with catfish (namazu, in Japanese) as its subject published in Japan during the Edo period.
Japanese: 鯰絵（なまずえ）は江戸時代の日本で出版された、ナマズを題材に描かれた錦絵（多色刷りの浮世絵）の総称である。
English: It is based on folk beliefs that earthquakes are caused by underground activities of a big catfish.
Japanese: 大鯰が地下で活動することによって地震が発生するという民間信仰に基づいている。
English: After the big earthquake of the Ansei era occurred on November 11, 1855, a large quantity of namazu-e were published.
Japanese: 1855年（安政2年）10月2日に起きた安政の大地震の後、江戸を中心に大量に出版された。
English: Over 250 versions of namazu-e have been confirmed so far and it is thought that far more versions of namazu-e were actually published.
Japanese: 鯰絵の種類は確認されているだけで250点を越え、実際はそれを大きく上回る点数の鯰絵が発行されたと考えられている。
English: At that time, books and ukiyo-e were censored by the Edo shogunate, but almost all namazu-e were illegally published without applying for permission and many of them do not have signatures of the creator or painter to avoid regulation.
Japanese: 当時の書籍や浮世絵は江戸幕府の検閲を受けていたが、鯰絵はほぼすべてが無届けの不法出版であり、取締まり逃れのため作者や画工の署名が無いものが多い。
English: Namazu-e publication began immediately after the earthquake, spread rapidly among the common people as a gofu (talisman) to protect their lives and to remove anxiety and many works were made within a two month period until the fad subsided.
Japanese: 地震の発生直後から出版が始められた鯰絵は身を守る護符として、あるいは不安を取り除くためのまじないとして庶民の間に急速に広まり、流行が収束するまでのおよそ2ヶ月の間に多数の作品が作られた。
English: Tenpo Reforms implemented by the shogunate in the first half of the 1840s encouraged simplicity and frugality and ukiyo-e became the target of regulation because it was deemed as a luxury item.
Japanese: 1840年代前半に幕府により実施された天保の改革は質素倹約を旨とし、贅沢品とみなされた浮世絵は規制の対象となった。
English: Publishing ornate yakusha-e (prints of kabuki actors) and bijinga (type of ukiyo-e portraying beautiful women) were strictly restricted and painters were obliged to shift to landscape drawings, satirical drawings or works with a lesser number of colors.
Japanese: それまでの華美な役者絵・美人画は発行を厳しく制限され、風景画や風刺画、あるいは色数の少ない作品への転換を余儀なくされていたのである。
English: One of the factors behind the issuing of many namazu-e was that the earthquake occurred just before a canceled November performance of kabuki which was to open the year's kabuki season was canceled and this caused damage to publishers who expected income from shibai-e (drawing kabuki as subject matter).
Japanese: 歌舞伎の正月とされる11月を前に地震が発生し興行が中止となったことも、芝居絵による収入を当てにしていた版元には打撃であり、鯰絵が大量に発行された背景の一つと考えられている。
English: Especially well-known types were in the form of kassen-e (picture of war) where common people punish a big catfish or a conflict between them is depicted.
Japanese: 大鯰を懲らしめる庶民の姿を描いた合戦図の形式、あるいは両者の対立を描いたものが特に知られる。
English: The tradition that Takemikazuchi, which is the enshrined deity of the Kashima-jingu Shrine (present Kashima City, Ibaraki Prefecture), seals in a big catfish with a keystone was widespread at that time, and it appeared rather often in namazu-e as a character to fight the catfish.
Japanese: 鹿島神宮（現在の茨城県鹿嶋市）の祭神であるタケミカヅチが要石によって大鯰を封じ込めるという言い伝えは当時広く流布しており、ナマズと対決する役柄として鯰絵にもしばしば登場している。
English: Various works were produced using unique patterns in which a catfish apologized for causing the earthquake or a catfish was helping the restoration after the earthquake in compositions of so-called 'yonaosi namazu' (catfish reforming society).
Japanese: ナマズが地震を起こしたことを謝罪したり、震災復興を手伝ったりするユニークなパターンも、いわゆる「世直し鯰」の構図としてさまざまな作品が作られた。
English: Because a large number of houses were destroyed and carpenters and lumber dealers earned a tremendous amount of profits thanks to a booming restoration economy after the earthquake, there ware also prints that satirized this and show carpenters and lumber dealers thanking a catfish.
Japanese: 倒壊家屋が多かったため、地震後の復興景気により大工や木材商が莫大な利益を上げたことを風刺し、これらの職人や商人がナマズに感謝する姿を題材にしたものもある。
English: Comparisons of those who lost and those who gained by the earthquake were depicted in many variations and the emotions were expressed through the technique of 'sannin namayoi' (warai jogo (merry drinker), naki jogo (drinker who is easily provoked to crying) and okori jogo (irritable drinker).
Japanese: このような地震により損をした者、得をした者の対比は多くのバリエーションで描かれ、「三人生酔」（笑い上戸・泣き上戸・怒り上戸の三者の姿を通じて立場の違いを表す）などの手法によって人々の喜怒哀楽が表現された。
English: However, they were not necessarily drawn with an original theme or composition.
Japanese: しかし、これらは必ずしもオリジナルの画題・構図で描かれたわけではない。
English: There are many that transformed known ukiyo-e and folk paintings before the earthquake into a parody or took in the folk culture that was fashionable at that time.
Japanese: 地震以前に知られていた浮世絵や民画をパロディ化したもの、当時流行していた世俗の文化を取り入れたとみられるものが多数ある。
English: The popular belief that catfish cause big earthquakes had already been widespread by the middle of the Edo Period.
Japanese: ナマズが大地震を起こすという俗説は江戸時代中盤には既に民衆の間に広まっていた。