nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Appalling revenges and lynches were done not only among the feudal retainers of the domain but also among peasants and citizens.
Japanese: 藩士ばかりでなく、農民・町民の間でも凄惨な報復やリンチが繰り広げられた。
English: The Mito Domain, which once played an important role during the upturn of the end of the Edo period, no longer had any talented person and could not produce any senior officials in the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 激動の幕末期において一時は牽引役として活躍した水戸藩も、ついにはこれといった才覚ある人物もいない状態となり、明治になってみれば新政府に1人の要人を出すこともできなかった。
English: Although these facts are behind the conflict of ideology and political battle in the Mito Domain, the facts that many people, including samurai and others, joined Tenguto from other domains than Mito and that political campaign was conducted during the march should be noted because it was possible that their awareness and thoughts might have changed from the early stage of the rebellion through the march in the terrible conditions.
Japanese: 水戸のイデオロギー対立、政争に隠れているが、天狗党の多くに水戸藩領以外からも参加がありそれも武士階級以外の階層が含まれている点、政治的な宣伝を行軍中に行っている点など、乱の初期から過酷な行軍の間にかけて意識や思想に何かしらの変容があった可能性も明記しておくべきであろう。
English: Futaro YAMADA compares Tenguto no Ran with the 'Chosei' of Zedong MAO, which is very interesting.
Japanese: 山田風太郎は毛沢東の「長征」とこの乱を比較しているが興味深い点ではある。
English: Also, Yae (beheaded by shoseito), the second daughter of Hyobu's younger brother Inanoemon TAMARU, left a death haiku which cannot be believed to have been written by a 17-year-old.
Japanese: 彼の弟である田丸稲之衛門の次女八重（諸生党によって斬首）も、17歳とは思えない辞世の句を残している。
English: An old man in the Tsuruga City once (maybe during the war) told someone close to him that the legs of Tenguto members who were to be executed were tied with a bamboo in order to prevent them from running away.
Japanese: 敦賀市の古老がかつて（戦時中頃か）身近な人々に語った記憶によれば、処刑に引き出された党員は、逃亡を阻止するためか、両足を竹に括られていたという。
English: Regarding the purge and confusion in the Mito Domain after the Tenguto no Ran until the 'battle of Kodokan school' are detained in "Oboegaki Bakumatsu no Mito Han" (Memorandum - The Mito Domain during the end of Edo period).
Japanese: 乱後～いわゆる「弘道館戦争」に至るまでの水戸藩における粛清と混乱に関しては、山川菊栄『覚書幕末の水戸藩』にくわしい。
English: In some places in the Ibaraki Prefecture, including Mito, call internal conflict 'Tengu.'
Japanese: 水戸を初めとする茨城県では、身内で争うことを「天狗」と呼ぶ地域もある。
English: As described above, the Mito Domain did not produce any important official in the new government in the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 上述の通り、旧水戸藩からは明治初期の新政府には主要な人材が出ていない。
English: Some became government employee from the Mito Domain, but most of them were lower class policemen.
Japanese: 水戸藩地域からの出身者で公務員となったものはいるが、ほとんどが下級の警官である。
English: In 1874, the Matsubara-jinja Shrine (Tsuruga City) was founded in Matsushima-cho, Tsuruga City to mourn the soul of Tenguto members including Kounsai TAKEDA, and reisai (regular festival) is held on October 10 every year.
Japanese: 明治7年、武田耕雲斎以下の天狗党員を祀った松原神社(敦賀市)が敦賀市松島町に建立され、毎年10月10日には例祭が行われている。
English: In 1954, the nishin-gura Storehouse, in which the Tenguto members were imprisoned, was moved to the precincts of a shrine and now it is a memorial museum for the patriots of the Mito Domain, called 'kaitenkan.'
Japanese: 昭和29年には、天狗党員が監禁された鰊蔵が境内に移築され「回天館」という水戸烈士記念館となっている。
English: The nishin-gura Storehouse, which was moved from the Tsuruga City to the Tokiwa jinja Shrine in Tokiwa-cho, Mito City in 1957, was again moved to the precincts of the Kaiten-jinja Shrine in 1989.
Japanese: 昭和32年に敦賀市から水戸市常磐町の常磐神社に移築された鰊蔵が、平成元年に回天神社境内に再移築された。
English: In the nishin-gura Storehouse, which is called 'Kaiten-kan,' materials related to Tenguto are displayed and the last writing of the Tenguto members still remains on the door and the wall.
Japanese: 「回天館」として天狗党資料の展示が行われており、扉や板壁などには天狗党員の絶筆が残されている。
English: At the remained site of the Mito Akanuma-ro prison where the family members of Tenguto were executed, a memorial monument is built.
Japanese: 天狗党員の家族らが処刑された水戸赤沼牢跡には慰霊碑が建てられている。
English: In Shimonita-machi, Kanra-gun, Gunma Prefecture, 'Shimonita old battlefield monument' is established in the Shimonita-machi Furusato Center (Folk Heritage Museum), 'Giretsu senshu no hi' and 'Ishin no so hi' in the Yamagiwainari-jinja shrine (Yamagiwa park), graves of Tenguto members and feudal retainers of Takasaki Domain in Honsei-ji Temple, and 'monument for the dead samurai of the Takasaki Domain' (the letters were written with a brush by Kaishu KATSU) in Shimoosaka, Shimonita-machi.
Japanese: 群馬県甘楽郡下仁田町には、下仁田町ふるさとセンター（歴史民俗資料館）に「下仁田古戦場碑」、山際稲荷神社（山際公園）に「義烈千秋の碑」及び「維新之礎碑」、本誓寺に天狗党員、高崎藩士の墓などがあり、町内下小坂には勝海舟揮毫による「高崎藩士戦死之碑」が建てられている。
English: Around the old battlefield of Wada-toge in the Shimosuwa Town, Suwa District, Nagano Prefecture, there is a 'ronin-zuka' for the souls of the dead Tenguto members.
Japanese: 長野県諏訪郡下諏訪町の和田峠古戦場付近には天狗党戦死者を供養する「浪人塚」がある。
English: In Nasu-machi, Tochigi Prefecture, there is 'a grave of 14 vagrants' Tenguto members who lost at Mt. Yamizo and then executed.
Japanese: 栃木県那須町には八溝山で破れ、処刑された天狗党「浮浪徒十四人墓」がある。
English: In Kashima City, Ibaraki Prefecture, there is a 'grave of Tenguto' for the 23 members of Tenguto who belonged to a troop called Ohira-gumi Group and were executed.
Japanese: 茨城県鹿嶋市には天狗党の一隊大平組に所属し処刑された23人の「天狗党の墓」がある。
English: In Namegata City, Ibaraki Prefecture, there is a 'Tenguzuka' for the repose of Tenguto members who were executed by the Aso Domain; there is also a chukonhi (monument for loyal souls) for Tenguto members in the precincts of the Omiya-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 茨城県行方市には麻生藩に処刑された天狗党員を供養する「天狗塚」、大宮神社境内には天狗党の忠魂碑がある。
English: Yomogami is one of ninjutsu (ninja art) used by ninja, disguising himself as multiple persons in order to save himself.
Japanese: 四方髪（よもがみ）とは、忍者が用いる忍術の一つで、自分の身を守るために、複数の人物に化けること。
English: It is said that this ninja art was called yomogami in the meaning that ninja changed his hairstyle to smooth everything over.
Japanese: 四方八方丸くおさめるために髪形をかえると言う意味でこの名がついたといわれている。
English: "Kochi Komin sei" is a system believed to have been instituted in the process of development of the Ritsuryo system from the Asuka Period to the Nara period, and under the system of Kochi Komin sei, it was provided for that all land and citizens should belong to the public, in other words, to the emperor.
Japanese: 公地公民制（こうちこうみんせい）とは、日本の飛鳥時代～奈良時代までの律令制が構築される過程において発生したとされる、全ての土地と人民は公-すなわち天皇に帰属するとした制度である。
English: AfterWorld War II, Kochi Komin sei was appreciated as the most important system that had constituted the basis of the ancient Ritsuryo system in Japan.
Japanese: 日本では、第二次世界大戦以降、公地公民制について、古代律令制の基盤を形成した最重要の制度であると理解されてきた。
English: In 646, Emperor Kotoku who was enthroned through Isshi Coup (the Murder in the Year of Isshi) that occurred in the previous year proclaimed an imperial edict called Kaishin no Mikotonori as his new administrative policy.
Japanese: 646年（大化1）、前年の乙巳の変により即位した孝徳天皇は、新たな施政方針を改新の詔として示した。
English: Article 1 provided that "all of Koshiro people groups ruled by the previous emperors, Miyake lands set up by the previous emperors, and Kakibe people groups and Tadokoro lands controlled by their owners titled Omi, Muraji, Tomo no miyatsuko, Kuni no miyatsuko and Mura no obito should be abolished."
Japanese: 第1条には「従前の天皇等が立てた子代の民と各地の屯倉、そして臣・連・伴造・国造・村首の所有する部曲の民と各地の田荘は、これを廃止する。」と定められた。
English: (Original text: All of the Koshiro and Miyake established by the previout emperors and all of the Kakibe and Tadokoro owned by Omi, Muraji, Tomo no miyatsuko, Kuni no miyatsuko and Mura no obito shall be abolished.)
Japanese: （原文罷昔在天皇等所立子代之民処々屯倉及臣連伴造国造村首所有する部曲之民処々田荘。)
English: Before the Taika era, the emperors and Gozoku (local ruling family) privately owned and ruled lands and people respectively.
Japanese: 大化以前は、天皇や豪族らは各自で私的に土地・人民を所有・支配していた。
English: The emperors and royal families owned Miyake as their privately-owned domains and Nashiro and Koshiro as their privately-ruled people while gozoku families owned Tadokoro as their privately-owned domains and Kakibe as their privately-ruled people.
Japanese: 天皇・王族は、私的所有地である屯倉と私的支配民である名代・子代などを保有し、豪族らは、私的所有地である田荘と私的支配民である部曲などを保有していた。
English: Article 1 in the Kaishin no Mikotonori edict, however, banned such private ownership and control of lands and people and declared the establishment of a system that the emperor (the public) should own and rule all the lands and pelple, in other words, the conversion of Shichi Shimin sei (private ownership) to Kochi Komin sei (public ownership).
Japanese: ところが、改新の詔第1条は、こうした私的所有・支配を禁止し、全ての土地・人民は天皇（公）が所有・支配する体制の確立、すなわち私地私民制から公地公民制への転換を宣言するものである。
English: According to the principle of Kochi Komin sei, the Imperial Court allotted kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) to people and imposed on them an obligation to pay land taxes.
Japanese: 公地公民の原則に従って、朝廷は班田収授法に基づき人民へ口分田を与え、租税を納める義務を課した。
English: This principle succeeded to the Taiho Code which enacted in 701 to constitute the basic principle of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: この原則は、701年に制定された大宝律令にも継承され、律令制の根幹原則となった。
English: When Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted to permit people to privately own lands in the Nara Period, the Kochi Komin principle of the public ownership of the lands gradually became a dead letter.
Japanese: しかし、奈良時代に入ると三世一身法や墾田永年私財法により、人民による土地の私有が認められると、土地の公有という公地公民の原則が次第に形骸化していった。
English: Furthermore, when the system of Shoen (manors) gathered stream by private owenership of the lands, Kochi Komin sei collapsed, resulting in the demise of the Ritsuryo system on the basis of Kochi Komin principle.
Japanese: そして、土地私有によって荘園が盛行すると公地公民制は崩壊し、公地公民を原則とする律令制も瓦解への道をたどった。
English: First, in Shichi Shimin sei believed to have been the ruling system employed before the Taika era, tadokoro is understood to be the base for agricultural management that supported the political status of gozoku families as miyake was the management base that supported the sovereignty of the emperor.
Japanese: まず、大化以前の支配体制とされる私地私民制について、屯倉が王権を支える経営拠点であるように、田荘もまた豪族の政治的地位を支える農業経営拠点であると解される。
English: Miyake and tadokoro which served as management bases of the emperors and gozoku families did not necessarily mean private domains owned by the emperors or gozoku families.
Japanese: 屯倉と田荘は、天皇や豪族らの経営拠点であって、必ずしも天皇や豪族らの私有地を意味するものではなかったのである。
English: Moreover, although the Kaishin no Mikotonori edict was to ban gozoku families from ruling tadokoro and kakibe, several examples that the Imperial Court permitted ownership of tadokoro and kakibe even after the edict was announced have been found.
Japanese: また、豪族による田荘・部曲の支配は、改新の詔で禁止されたはずだったが、その後も朝廷が田荘・部曲の領有を豪族へ認めた事例が散見される。
English: That is, such examples evidences that the ban on private ownership of lands and people was not officially announced or that effects of the ban could not easily spread nationwide.
Japanese: つまり、土地・人民の所有禁止は実際には発令されなかったか、もしくは所有禁止の実効性がなかなか各地へ浸透しなかったことを表す。
English: This suggests that the Kochi Komin principle did not penetrate into the society at that time but that the principle was rather used as a banner in advocating the ideal.
Japanese: これは、公地公民の原則が、当時の社会へ強力に貫徹していた訳ではなく、あくまで理念として掲げられていた側面が強かったことを示唆する。
English: Furthermore, kubunden that had been conventionally considered as publicly-owned lands were, in fact, regarded as privately-owned lands or rice fields at the time when the laws of the Ritsuryo system were enacted.
Japanese: さらに、従来、公地と考えられてきた口分田は、律令施行の当時、実際のところ、私田・私地と認識されていた。
English: The concept of "Kochi" (publicly-owned land) believed as the basis of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and it was after the Konden Einen Shizai Law (enacted in 743) that kubunden was recognized as "Koden" (state-owned rice field).
Japanese: 公地公民制の基礎と言える「公地」の概念は、当時存在しておらず、口分田が「公田」と認識されるのは、墾田永年私財法（743年）以降である。
English: That is, when Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were enacted in the Nara Period, these Laws were not regarded as leading to collapse of Kochi Komin sei and the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: すなわち、奈良時代当時、三世一身法や墾田永年私財法の施行によって、公地公民制や律令制に大きな破綻が訪れるという意識は存在していなかった。
English: There is a high possibility that the notion of Kochi Komin sei did not exist at that time and therefore, institution of Sanze-isshin Law and Konden Einen Shizai Law were rather aimed at reinforcing the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: そもそも当時、公地公民制という概念が存在していなかった可能性が高く、また三世一身法・墾田永年私財法は、むしろ律令制を補強することを目的として制定されたのである。
English: As discussed above, significant revision has been made on the traditional view that Kochi Komin sei formed the foundation of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 上記のように、公地公民制が律令制の根幹をなすという従来の通説は、大きく見直されつつある。
English: "Kaishin no Mikotonori" is an edict which was announced to show the new administrative policy in the Taika no Kaishin (the Great Reformation of the Taika Era) which occurred in the mid-Asuka Period.
Japanese: 改新の詔（かいしんのみことのり）は、日本の飛鳥時代中期の大化の改新において、新たな施政方針を示すために発せられた詔である。
English: The edict is thought to have established Kochi Komin sei (a system of complete state ownership of land and citizen), Soyocho taxation system and Handen Shuju ho (the law of periodic reallocations of rice land).
Japanese: これにより、公地公民制、租庸調の税制、班田収授法などが確立したと考えられている。
English: Some considers the text of the edict included in Nihonshoki as a modified version of the edict originally announced in the Taika era.
Japanese: また、掲載されている文自体は大化当時の詔が改変されたものとの見方もある。
English: Emperor Kotoku who enthroned after eliminating the Soga clan in the Isshi Coup (the Murder in the Year of Isshi) in 645 showed his new administrative policy on the first day of the year in 646.
Japanese: 645年の乙巳の変により蘇我氏を排除し、新たに即位した孝徳天皇は、翌646年（大化2）正月1日、新たな政治の方針を示した。
English: The edict was constituted by four main parts and accompanied each of them with subsections.
Japanese: 詔は大きく4か条の主文からなり、各主文ごとに副文（凡条）が附せられていた。
English: It is suggested that these articles are possibly not the same with those of the original edict of the Taika era as mentioned later.
Japanese: これらの条文は、後述するように文面自体は大化当時の原詔ではない可能性が示唆されている。
English: Such differences, however, do not alter the fact that a major reform occurred under the regime of Emperor Kotoku, and the contents of the edict are thought to be based on the principle of Odo Omin (the fundamental principle that all people and land belong to the Emperor) which led to the Ritsuryo system later adopted in Japan.
Japanese: ただし、孝徳期に大規模な改革が行われたことに違いはなく、後の律令制へつながっていく王土王民を基本理念とした内容だったと考えられる。
English: Article 1 was to abolish ownership of lands and people by the Emperor, royal families and gozoku (local ruling families).
Japanese: 第1条は、天皇・王族や豪族たちによる土地・人民の所有を廃止するものである。
English: Before that, land and people had been privately owned and ruled by the emperor, royal families and gozoku families, and the lands privately owned by the emperor or royal families were called Miyake and the people ruled by them were called Nashiro or Koshiro while the lands owned by gozoku families were called Tadokoro and the people ruled by them had were called Kakibe.
Japanese: それまで、国内の土地・人民は天皇・王族・豪族が各自で私的に所有・支配しており、天皇・王族の所有地は屯倉、支配民は名代・子代と呼ばれ、豪族の所有地は田荘、支配民は部曲と呼ばれていた。
English: This article has been considered to have eliminated such private ownership and ruling of lands and people and have converted the old system into a system which the emperor comprehensively ruled the nation, in other words, conversion of private ownership of lands and people into a Kochi Komin system of state ownership of lands and people.
Japanese: 本条は、このような土地・人民に対する私的な所有・支配を排除し、天皇による統一的な支配体制への転換、すなわち私地私民制から公地公民制への転換を示すものと解釈されてきた。
English: However, judging from the fact that ownership of Tadokoro and Kakibe was allowed for a considerably long time in later years, such private ownership had not been completely abolished by the edict.
Japanese: しかし、実際にはかなり後世まで豪族による田荘・部曲の所有が認められていることから、必ずしも私的所有が全廃された訳ではないことが判る。
English: Article 2 was to stipulate the establishment of the capital as the political center, the organizations of local administrative offices in Kinai (regions surrounding the capital city), Ryoseikoku (provinces) and counties, the border demarcation between the regions, and the establishment of ekiden-sei (the transportation system) to connect the capital with the other regions.
Japanese: 第2条は、政治の中枢となる首都の設置、畿内・令制国・郡といった地方行政組織の整備とその境界画定、中央と地方を結ぶ駅伝制の確立などについて定めるものである。
English: The first object mentioned in this article, the establishment of the capital, was realized by the transfer of the capital to Naniwa no Nagara no Toyosaki no Miya Palace in 650.
Japanese: 最初に挙げられている首都の設置は、650年（白雉1）の難波長柄豊崎宮への遷都により実現した。
English: The main purpose of the organizations of local administrative offices given next in the article was demarcation and establishment of Kinai, provinces (ryosei-koku) and counties.
Japanese: 次に挙げられる地方行政組織の整備は、畿内・国（令制国）・郡の設置が主要事項だった。
English: "Kinai" means a tract demarcated by Shishi (the northern, southern, eastern, and western boundaries) and no ryoseikoku was provided within Kinai at that time.
Japanese: 畿内とは、東西南北の四至により画される範囲をいい、当時、畿内に令制国は置かれなかった。
English: Although attempts were made to demarcate the ryoseikoku provinces by boundaries based on domains conventionally ruled by Kuninomiyatsuko (local ruling families in ancient Japan) and gozoku, mountain ridges or rivers, the demarcation of the provinces could hardly come to a conclusion and it was not until the regime of Emperor Tenchi had began that the demarcation was finalized.
Japanese: 令制国は、旧来の国造・豪族の支配範囲や山稜・河川に沿って境界画定作業が行われたが、境界はなかなか定まらず、後の天智天皇の頃にようやく令制国が画定することとなった。
English: Although gun (counties) were provided within each province, there is a controversy (called "Gun-pyo ronso") among some experts about that such a county was called not only "gun" but also "koori" in the Taika era.
Japanese: 国の下に置かれるのが郡だが、大化当時は評（こおり）とも呼ばれていたと、専門家らの間に論争がある（「郡評論争」）。
English: koori had been established earlier than the demarcation of the ryoseikoku provinces and according to historical materials made of mokkan (narrow, long, and thin pieces of wood strung together that were used to write on in ancient times) such as "Hitachi no kuni fudoki" (the topography of Hitachi Province), provision of koori is thought to have been already completed nationwide in the reign of Emperor Kotoku.
Japanese: 評は、令制国の画定よりも早い時期に設置されており、『常陸国風土記』や木簡史料などから、孝徳期のうちに全国的に評の設置が完了したものと見られている。
English: Until then, gozoku had been ruling their own lands and people by given the title of Kuninomiyatsuko from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: それまで、地方豪族は朝廷から国造などの地位を認められることにより、独自の土地・人民支配を行ってきた。
English: Establishment of koori, however, denied such an independent ruling system of gozoku families, and was aimed at absorbing local ruling by gozoku families into one unified ruling by the emperor.
Japanese: しかし、評の設置はそのような独自支配体制を否定し、豪族の地方支配を天皇による一元的な支配体制に組み込むものであった。
English: By the establishment of koori, the status of each local gozoku was changed from a semi-independent local chief to a government official who administered koori.
Japanese: 評の設置により、地方豪族らは半独立的な首長から、評を所管する官吏へと変質することとなった。
English: The above status (the official title of which is assumed as "koori no kami" or the like) was a former form of Gunji (local magistrate).
Japanese: これが後の律令制における郡司の前身である（職名は「評督」などが想定されている）。
English: In this way, it is believed that the establishment of koori greatly transformed the form of local societies.
Japanese: 評の設置は、このように、地方社会のあり方を大きく変革したと考えられている。
English: Considering from the fact that ancient roads built in the latter half of the seventh century were discovered in a wide range of Japan, there is a possibility that Kaishin no Mikotonori triggered developments on the transportation system.
Japanese: 駅伝制の確立時期は7世紀後半ごろの日本の古代道路遺構が広い範囲で検出されていることから、改新の詔が契機となって、交通制度の整備が進められた可能性がある。
English: (Another possibility is that establishment of ekiden-sei was made during the time when the military system and other various systems were reformed by Emperor Tenchi after the defeat in the Battle of Hakusukinoe in 663).
Japanese: （もう一つの可能性としては、白村江の戦いでの敗北（663年）後に天智天皇が軍事制度・各種制度の改革を進めた時期が挙げられる。)
English: Article 3 was to specify a people-controlling system called ancient Koseki seido (family registration) and keicho (yearly-tax registers) and a land-controlling system called Handen Shuju ho (periodic reallocations of rice land).
Japanese: 第3条は、古代の戸籍制度・計帳という人民支配方式と、班田収授法という土地制度について定めている。
English: "Koseki", "Keicho" and "Handen Shuju", however, are terms which originated from the later enacted Taiho-ryo (Taiho Code) and have been used for embellishing the above systems provided for in the Edict.
Japanese: しかし、戸籍・計帳・班田収授といった語は、後の大宝令の潤色を受けたものである。
English: The first nationwide family register, Kogo-no Nenjaku, was finally made (in 670) after 20-odd years had passed.
Japanese: また、全国的な戸籍の作成は、20数年経過した後の庚午年籍（670年）がようやく最初である。
English: From these facts, it is believed that although Koseki and Keicho were not made and the law of Handen Shuju ho was not enacted in the Taika era, some demographic investigation (such as door-to-door investigation) was made.
Japanese: これらのことから、大化当時に戸籍・計帳の作成や班田収授法の施行は実施されなかったが、何らかの人民把握（戸口調査など）が実施されただろうと考えられている。
English: It is recognized that "Cho" for rice field provided for in this article was a land tax imposed according to the area of rice field allotted to each farmer, which was the predecessor form of Soyocho taxes imposed under the later-established Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: ここに示される田の調とは、田地面積に応じて賦課される租税であり、後の律令制における租庸調の前身に当たるものと見られている。
English: It is quite unlikely that the political reforms were completed at a stroke at the time of the Great Reformation of the Taika Era and especially, since all of the main policies of the reforms were to have great influence on local societies, it took many years for the new institutions to penetrate nationwide.
Japanese: そして、改新時に一気に改革が進んだとは考えにくく、特に改新の主要政策は地方社会への影響が大きいものばかりだったため、諸制度が全国に浸透するには長い年月を要した。
English: The reforms came to bear fruit when the Ritsuryo system was established in the period reigned by Emperor Tenchi, Emperor Tenmu and Emperor Monmu.
Japanese: それが、天智期・天武天皇期～文武天皇期における律令制の確立へと結実していった。
English: Teisuke turmoil was an uprising which broke out in Niigata Prefecture and Kashiwazaki Prefecture (present-day Niigata Prefecture) in April 1872.
Japanese: 悌輔騒動（ていすけそうどう）とは、1872年（明治5年）4月、新潟県および柏崎県（現新潟県）で起きた一揆。
English: It was the incident in which Teisuke WATANABE, a former feudal retainer of Aizu Domain, and others, being dissatisfied with the Meiji government, rallied peasants who were suffering from the burdens of excavation work of Ookozu-Bunsui Canal, and attempted to attack Niigata Prefectural Office.
Japanese: 明治新政府に不満を持つ旧会津藩藩士渡辺悌輔らが、大河津分水掘削工事の負担に苦しむ農民等を糾合し、新潟県庁の襲撃を図った事件。
English: The uprising was comprised of two groups; one directly petitioned Kashiwazaki Prefectural Office from April 4th to 6th (lunar calendar) for reduction of peoples' burdens of the construction, and another went to Niigata Prefectural Office from April 6th to 8th (lunar calendar) to protest the construction.
Japanese: 一揆は、旧暦4月4日から6日にかけて柏崎県庁へ強訴を行った一行と、4月6日から8日にかけて新潟県庁へ向かった一行とから成る。
English: In that respect, only an uprising in Niigata should be called 'Teisuke turmoil', but considering the characteristics of these two incidents, they will be described in this article together.
Japanese: その意味では新潟県側の一揆のみを「悌輔騒動」と呼ぶべきであろうが、事件の性質から合わせて記述する。
English: The Shinano River, which runs through the Niigata Plain, and its tributary, the Nakanokuchi River, used to frighten people because they were known as rivers of rampage that caused floods almost every year.
Japanese: 新潟平野を流れる信濃川およびその支流である中ノ口川は、かつては毎年のように洪水を引き起こす暴れ川として恐れられて来た。
English: During Kyoho period and afterward, in order to take a drastic measure against floods, people had petitioned Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by shoguns) for implementation of a plan of controlling floods by excavating diversion aqueducts from around present-day Bunsui District, Tsubame City (former Bunsui-machi), which is located at the upper stream of a fork of the two rivers and the closest to the Japan Sea, but the plan wasn't executed due to the enormous amount of the construction cost and conflicts of interests among the watershed domains.
Japanese: この抜本的治水策として、2つの川の分岐点より上流に当たり、且つ日本海に最も近い現在の燕市分水地区（旧分水町）付近から分水路を掘削する計画が享保年間より江戸幕府に嘆願されてきたが、莫大な工事費と、流域各藩の利害対立により実現しなかった。
English: After the army of former Edo bakufu was defeated in Hokuetsu War, the watershed villagers submitted a petition for the commencement of the diversion construction to new Meiji government, and the plan was finally approved in 1869 on the stringent condition that 600,000-ryo out of the total construction cost 800,000-ryo be paid by the local communities.
Japanese: 北越戦争により旧幕府軍が敗退すると、流域の村々は新政府側に分水工事着工の嘆願書を提出し、1869年（明治2年）にようやく着工が認められたが、総工費80万両のうち60万両が地元負担という厳しいものとなった。