nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: While he praised Tokiyori saying, 'His consideration is equivalent to a big achievement, so a reward has to be given for his behavior,' and he made Tokiyori a fief days later.
Japanese: 一方時頼には「斟酌頗る大儀に似たり。追って優賞有るべし」と褒められ、数日後に領地を与えられたというのである。
English: The older brother Tsunetoki HOJO succeeded to his grandfather Yasutoki to be the fourth regent when he was 19, but 4 years later he abdicated in favor of his younger brother Tokiyori HOJO to become a priest, but passed away immediately after.
Japanese: 兄北条経時は祖父泰時の後を継いで19歳で4代執権となるが、4年後に弟北条時頼に執権を譲り出家、直後に死亡する。
English: According to "Azuma Kagami," 'Tokiyori was superior, and so found favor with Yasutoki.
Japanese: そして『吾妻鏡』は「そもそも時頼の方が優れていて、泰時の眼鏡にも適っていたのだ」と言っている。
English: Hisashi HOSHINO and Katsuro HARA, historians in the Meiji period, thought that at least the latter half of "Azuma Kagami" was a diary, although the way the two defined the term was very different.
Japanese: 明治時代の歴史学者星野恒と原勝郎は、範囲にだいぶ隔たりはあるのだが『吾妻鏡』の少なくとも後半は日記だろうとした。
English: At any rate, the former half of the work is supposed to have been completed around the time of the rule of Imperial Prince Munetaka.
Japanese: いずれにしても宗尊親王の頃までには前半の編纂も終わっていることになる。
English: On the other hand, Hidematsu WADA claimed in his essay, "A Study on Old Manuscripts of Azuma Kagami" in 1912 that all of the work was compiled in later ages, when Tokimune and Masamura HOJO were shikken, shogunal regent, and Rensho, associate of shikken.
Japanese: それに対して1912年（大正元年）に和田英松は『吾妻鏡古写本考』の中で全てが後世での編纂とし、その時期は北条時宗、北条政村が執権・連署の時代とした。
English: WADA's colleague, Kuniji YASHIRO claimed in "A Study of Azuma Kagami" in 1913 that there was a big difference between the shogunal record of the three generations of the Minamoto clan and that of the subsequent three generations of shogun, advocating the hypothesis of two-step compilation.
Japanese: 1913年（大正2年）、和田の同僚であった八代国治は、『吾妻鏡の研究』で、源氏三代の将軍記とそれ以降三代の将軍記とは大きな隔たりがあるとし、編纂二段階説を唱える。
English: Just like Hidematsu WADA, he conjectured that the first half of the record of Minamoto clan shogunate indicates that the book was compiled in the reign of Tokimune and Masamura, after July of 1242, and around 1270, while the latter half was compiled after February of 1290, because the side notes in the 42nd volume of the record of shogun Prince Munetaka says Emperor Gofukakusa became a priest then.
Japanese: 前半の源氏三代将軍記の編纂年代は和田英松同様に時宗・政村の時代、1242年（仁治3年）7月以降、1270年前後とするが、後半は第42巻の宗尊将軍記の袖書きに後深草天皇が1290年（正応3年）2月に出家していると記していることからそれ以降。
English: And it is also conjectured that the compilation was done in the Emperor's lifetime, between 1290 and July 16, 1304, because his name was written as 'In' only and his posthumous name 'Gofukakusa-in' was not used in the writing.
Japanese: そして「院」とのみ記し、没後の謚（おくりな）である「後深草院」とは呼んでいないことからその存命の間、つまり1290年（正応3年）より1304年（嘉元2年）7月16日までの間と推定する。
English: However, Takashi MASUDA and Hiroshi KASAMATSU opposed the hypothesis of two-step compilation after WWII, and Fumihiko GOMI also claimed that there was little positive evidence to prove the hypothesis and concluded the whole work was compiled for several years until 1304, or the latter compilation period, according to Kuniji YASHIRO.
Japanese: ただし二段階説には戦後、益田宗、笠松宏至らの批判があり、五味文彦も二段階説を裏付ける積極的な証拠は乏しいとして、全てを八代国治の言うところの後半の編纂時期、1304年（嘉元2年）までの数年間とする。
English: "Azuma Kagami" referred to the records in FUJIWARA no Teika's "Meigetsuki," although it is confined only to the record of Shogun Yoriie and Sanetomo since March 27, 1200, and if the compiler of "Azuma Kagami" borrowed and copied the diary, it would have been around 1290.
Japanese: 藤原定家の『明月記』は『吾妻鏡』1200年（正治2年）3月27日条から頼家・実朝将軍記に限って使用されているが、『吾妻鏡』の編纂者がそれを借り受け、書写したとしたら、その時期は1290年頃から以降となろう。
English: Tamesuke REIZEI, who inherited his grandfather FUJIWARA no Teika's "Meigetsuki," moved to Kamakura around this time to file suit for land, living in Fujigaya and undertaking the teaching of poet circles in Kamakura.
Japanese: というのは、藤原定家から『明月記』を受け継いだ孫の冷泉為相は、その頃領地の訴訟をきっかけに鎌倉に滞在し、藤ヶ谷に住んで鎌倉の歌壇を指導している。
English: Naturally, since then he seems to have become familiar with the high officials of bakufu, especially men of letters like Tokitsura OTA.
Japanese: 当然幕府高官、特に太田時連ら文士との交流はそれ以降かなり密になったと思われるからである。
English: A study conducted by Hiroshi KASAMATSU and others revealed that a document with all the names of the 32 individuals were submitted as evidence for the lawsuit around 1299.
Japanese: 笠松宏至などの研究により、32人の交名の文書が、相論（訴訟）の証拠物件として提出されたのは1299年（永仁7年：改元にて正安元年）頃となることが明らかになっている。
English: According to Kuniji YASHIRO, the document was supposed to have been edited around 1270, when the first part of the compilation effort was done, although the date of the entry is July 29, 1205 and the document contained the following account 'Because KONO no Shiro Michinobu performed great exploits, he was to supervise 32 vassals of Iyo Province.'
Japanese: その文書は八代国治の説では第一段階目、1270年前後に編集されたはずの、1205年（元久2年）閏7月29日条にある「河野の四郎通信勲功他に異なるに依って、伊予国の御家人三十二人守護の沙汰を止め、通信が沙汰と為す」以下にある。
English: Including the above, there were lots of other forged documents used as source materials, which were brought out as evidence for the suit after a debt cancellation order of Einin issued by the ninth regent Sadatoki HOJO in 1297.
Japanese: それも含めて原資料として用いられた文書には、1297年（永仁5年）に9代執権北条貞時が発令した永仁の徳政令発布以降の相論（訴訟）に証拠として持ち出された偽文書が多い。
English: Considering these points, Fumihiko GOMI concluded that the completion of Azuma Kagami was between 1297 and July of 1304, or around 1300, which is an established theory now.
Japanese: それらの点から、五味文彦は吾妻鏡の成立は1297年（永仁5年）以降、1304年（嘉元2年）7月までの間、つまり1300年頃であろうとし、それが現在定説となっている。
English: However Fumihiko GOMI considers that history books which deserve to be called "The original Azuma Kagami," like 'A Record of Shogun Yoritomo,' were completed in their original form around 1235, and around the same time, "The Original Tale of the Heike," and in the eastern provinces, "The Original Tale of Soga" could also be said to have been written.
Japanese: ただし五味文彦は、それ以前の1235年頃に、「頼朝将軍記」とかの『原吾妻鏡』と呼べるような歴史書が原型として出来上がり、同じころに京都では『原平家物語』が著され、また東国では『原曽我物語』がつくられたということもあり得るのではないかとする。
English: In the study of the compilers conducted after the war, there is the strong opinion that leading officials in bakufu like people around the Kanazawa-Hojo clan compiled it.
Japanese: 戦後の研究では、編纂者については幕府内部の有力者金沢北条氏の周辺であろうとする見方も強い。
English: The original book of "Azuma Kagami" published by Hojobon and Kurokawabon, which will be mentioned later, is regarded as the Kanazawa Library book, and it is easy to regard these people as unifiers of the whole book in relation to the Kanazawa Library.
Japanese: 後述する『吾妻鏡』の北条本、黒川本などの原本は金沢文庫本とされ、その金沢文庫との関係からも全体の統括者として考えやすい人物である。
English: As mentioned already, Kuniji YASHIRO regarded the compilers of "Azuma Kagami" as the descendants of Hiromoto OE (Mori, Nagai), Yukimasa NIKAIDO, and Yasunobu MIYOSHI (Ota, Machino), who were officials of Mandokoro and Monchujo.
Japanese: 直接の編纂者について、八代国治が『吾妻鏡』の編纂者達を政所と問注所の吏員である大江広元の子孫（毛利、長井）、二階堂行政の子孫、三善康信の子孫達（大田、町野）ではないかとしたことは既に述べた。
English: In recent years, Fumihiko GOMI has been examining the conjecture of Kuniji YASHIRO in more detail.
Japanese: そして近年、五味文彦が八代国治の推測を具体的に検証する形で研究している。
English: Fumihiko GOMI mentioned the names of Yukimasa and Yukimitsu NIKAIDO, Mototsuna GOTO/Morokazu NAKAHARA, Yukikata NIKAIDO/Morotsura NAKAHARA as people who made written records which became a foundation of the work in his essay 'The Structure and Original Historical Materials of Azuma Kagami' in "The Method of Azuma Kagami" before the book was enlarged in 1989.
Japanese: 尚、五味文彦は1989年の増補前の『吾妻鏡の方法』における「吾妻鏡の構成と原史料」において、ベースとなる筆録に二階堂行政・二階堂行光、後藤基綱・中原師員、二階堂行方・中原師連をあげている。
English: Fumihiko GOMI examined the work in "Enlarged Edition of the Method of Azuma Kagami" in 2000 on the following two points.
Japanese: 2000年の『増補吾妻鏡の方法』において五味文彦はどのようにアプローチしたのかというと主に次の2点である。
English: One is the part related to the officials who were intendedly praised as mentioned before.
Japanese: ひとつは盗意図的な顕彰の中でも既に見てきた実務官僚に関する部分である。
English: Other than them, and excluding the Tokuso family, Tokifusa HOJO, Yasutsura MIYOSHI (Yasutura OTA), TAIRA no Moritsuna, and Sanetoki HOJO were also praised.
Japanese: それ以外にやはり顕彰されているのは得宗家以外では北条時房、三善康連（大田康連）、平盛綱、北条実時らである。
English: Excluding the Imperial Family and the direct line of the Tokuso family, the people appearing in the articles are of the Hojo family such as Aritoki HOJO, Masamura HOJO, Tokisuke HOJO, Munemasa HOJO, and Tokikane HOJO, and although it is understandable to see these names there is only one person who is not from the family of writers.
Japanese: 天皇家、得宗家嫡流を除けば北条有時、北条政村、北条時輔、北条宗政、北条時兼、とそこまでは北条一門ということで理解出来るが、一人だけ文士の家柄が混じっている。
English: According to the entry dated September 21, 1222, Yukimori NIKAIDO, a grandchild of Yukimasa NIKAIDO, had a child.
Japanese: 1222年（貞応元年）9月21日条に、二階堂行政の孫、二階堂行盛に子が生まれたとある。
English: The child was Yukitada NIKAIDO, who was to be the grandfather of Yukisada NIKAIDO, who was reappointed to under secretary of Mandokoro in 1302.
Japanese: そのとき生まれたのは1302年に政所執事に再任された二階堂行貞の祖父、二階堂行忠である。
English: Therefore Tokitsura OTA was considered the most likely compiler, as he was an under secretary of Monchujo from 1293 to 1321 when the work seems to have been compiled, and also one of the descendants of Yasunobu MIYOSHI, who was praised most plainly among the families of letters, and there is strong possibility that Yukisada NIKAIDO was a compiler, too.
Japanese: こうして見ていくと、文筆の家ではもっとも露骨に顕彰されている三善康信の子孫で、時期に該当するのは1293年（永仁元）から1321年（元亨元）まで問注所執事であった太田時連が候補の筆頭として上がり、二階堂行貞もまた編纂者であった可能性が高い。
English: Because Hiromoto OE was also praised, his descendant, Munehide NAGAI, who was on Hyojo-shu (Council of State), and also Yoriai-shu (Tokuso's close group who decided politics) around 1300, is also seen as a possible compiler.
Japanese: 大江広元も顕彰されているところから、その子孫で1300年前後に評定衆、寄合衆であった長井宗秀もまた浮かびあがる。
English: It can be only concluded that the entry dated July 6, 1260 in "Azuma Kagami" came from the record of Sanetoki HOJO which was in the Kanazawa residence.
Japanese: 1260年（文応元年）7月6日条など、金沢家にあった北条実時の記録としか思えない記事が『吾妻鏡』にはある。
English: Incidentally, the core members of the Sadatoki HOJO administration of Yoriai-shu in 1309 can be seen in the old document in Kanazawa Library, and in addition, the members of Yoriai-shu in 1302 are as follows
Japanese: ところで、1309年の北条貞時政権の中核、寄合衆のメンバーが金沢文庫の古文書によって知られるが、北条一門について、これに1302年（乾元(日本)元年）当時の寄合衆のメンバーを加えて見ていくと以下のようになる。
English: Morotoki became the tenth regent when Sadatoki retired into priesthood in 1301.
Japanese: 師時は貞時が出家して執権を退いた1301年に10代執権となっていた。
English: Morotoki was a son of Munemasa HOJO whose name was put in the birth record as a younger half brother of Tokimune HOJO by a different father, and Morotoki's mother whose birth record is also existent was a daughter of the seventh regent Masamura HOJO.
Japanese: 師時は北条時宗の同母弟として出産記事のある北条宗政の子であり、母はこれもまた出産記事がある7代執権北条政村の娘。
English: Munenobu was a son of Nobutoki, and was the first head of the legal office and Kanto-bugyo, a commissioner of the appointment to an office in 1302, becoming the chief of suit together with Munekata HOJO in the following year.
Japanese: 宗宣はその宣時の子であり、1302年当時は一番引付頭人で官途奉行、翌年北条宗方とともに越訴頭人となる。
English: Tokimura was the most important man among the collateral line of the Hojo family during this time, and became Rensho after Nobutoki OSARAGI.
Japanese: 時村はこの時期北条庶流の長老ナンバー1であり、大仏宣時のあとに連署となっていた。
English: Hirotoki was a grandchild of Tokimura and the sixth head of the legal office in 1302, but when his grandfather Tokimura was killed right after the Kagen Disturbance, he seems to have taken his grandfather's position and became Yoriai-shu.
Japanese: 煕時は時村の孫で、1302年（乾元元年）当時六番引付頭人であったが、嘉元の乱の直後に、殺された祖父時村の地位を継いで寄合衆に登ったと思われる。
English: Sadaaki's ancestor was Sanetoki HOJO, who appears in the articles of eulogy many times and is the actual first head of the Kanazawa family, being seen as a supporter of Tokiyori HOJO.
Japanese: 貞顕の祖は顕彰記事の多い北条実時であり、実時は北条時頼を支えたとされ金沢家の事実上の初代である。
English: It should be noted that the names of his ancestors, Saneyasu, Sanetoki, and Akitoki HOJO (Sadaaki's father) were recorded over three generations.
Japanese: そして実泰、実時、北条顕時（貞顕の父）の三代に渡って記されていることも注目される。
English: Hisatoki held positions of the first and the second head of the legal office around this time, and his ancestor was Shigetoki HOJO of the Gokuraku-ji Temple, who was Rensho during the reign of the fifth regent Tokiyori HOJO.
Japanese: 久時はこの頃一番二番引付頭人を務め、その祖は5代執権北条時頼の頃連署を務めた極楽寺の北条重時である。
English: And Shigetoki's son Nagatoki HOJO became the sixth regent after Tokiyori, and Nagatoki's grandchild was Hisatoki.
Japanese: また重時の子北条長時が時頼の後の6代執権となっておりその孫が久時である。
English: Mototoki was the commissioner of the northern Rokuhara Tandai in 1302, although his name can't be identified in the members of Yoriai-shu around this time, and his father Tokikane HOJO's name appears in the birth article as a son of Naritoki HOJO, a younger brother of Nagatoki AKAHASHI, Mototoki's grandfather.
Japanese: 基時は1302年（乾元元年）当時六波羅探題北方で、この時期の寄合衆としては確認出来ないが、その祖父で赤橋長時の弟の北条業時の子として父北条時兼の出産記事がある。
English: Among the Yoriai-shu in 1309, people who were not from the Hojo clan but related by marriage to the family were Tokiaki ADACHI and Munehide NAGAI of the OE clan.
Japanese: 1309年の寄合衆の中の北条氏以外では、姻戚では安達時顕、大江氏の長井宗秀。
English: Of course, although the names of the Tokuso's vassals can't be seen in the leading members of the government in 1302, they would have supported the Tokuso family from behind the scenes.
Japanese: 1302年（乾元元年）当時の幕府要人には当然得宗被官は現れないが、その裏で得宗家を支える存在であったろう。
English: The ancestors of the Nagasaki and Bito clans also appear in the articles of eulogy, or their names were recorded as the first Tokuso's vassals.
Japanese: その長崎氏や尾藤氏の家祖についても顕彰され、あるいは最初の得宗家被官として記されている。
English: In short, the process of forming the important family members who supported the Tokuso family administration around 1302 can be seen in "Azuma Kagami."
Japanese: つまり1302年前後の幕府・得宗家を支える主要メンバーの家の形成が『吾妻鏡』の中にきちんと織り込まれていることが解る。
English: Hisatoki AKAHASHI is an exceptional example, but the Akahashi family was a respected family next to the Tokuso family, and Hisatoki was raised to peerage in his teens after his grandfather Nagatoki HOJO, and was suddenly appointed Hyojo-shu in his twenties without a carrier as Hikitsuke-shu.
Japanese: 例外は赤橋久時であるが、赤橋家は久時の祖父北条長時以来、10代で叙爵し、20代で引付衆を経ることなく直に評定衆に就任するなど得宗家に次ぐ家格の高さを示していた。
English: However, if we take a close look at the records, we can see that Hisatoki AKAHASHI's father Yoshimune HOJO became Hyojo-shu in 1277 and only two months later he died.
Japanese: しかし詳細に見ていくと、赤橋久時の父北条義宗は1277年（建治2年）に評定衆になって僅か2ヶ月で没している。
English: when he died, his oldest son Hisatoki was only 5, and it was March 6, 1304 when Hisatoki became Yoriai-shu at the age of 33.
Japanese: そのとき嫡男久時はまだ5歳で、久時が寄合衆となったのは1304年（嘉元2年）3月6日、33歳のときとされる。
English: Therefore around the possible period of Azuma Kagami's compilation, the Akahashi family didn't attend Yoriai-shu, and if that was reflected in "Azuma Kagami," it would not be an exception, but be evidence to prove that it was compiled around 1302, or by 1304.
Japanese: 従ってちょうど『吾妻鏡』の編纂時期とみられる頃には赤橋家は寄合衆には加わっておらず、そのことが反映されているのだとしたら、これは例外ではなく逆に『吾妻鏡』の編纂は1302年前後、1304年までの間であることの傍証となる。
English: This raises the question of why Tokikane HOJO of the Fuonji family, a collateral line of the Akahashi family appears in the birth record, although it might be influenced by the fact that his mother was a daughter of Masamura HOJO.
Japanese: では何故赤橋家庶流の普音寺家北条時兼の出産記事があるのかということだが、あるいは出産した母が北条政村の娘であることが影響しているのかもしれない。
English: So it is conjectured that the records handed down in the family of Masamura HOJO are considerably reflected in "Azuma Kagami."
Japanese: こうしてみると、北条政村の家に伝わる記録が相当『吾妻鏡』に反映されているのではとも推測される。
English: As for the years around 1300, it was the reign of regent Sadatoki HOJO, as previously mentioned.
Japanese: 1300年の前後数年がどういう時代であったかというと、既に見てきたとおり執権北条貞時の時代である。
English: Around this time, contrary to the splendid culture in the Zen sect temples, the old good days of the vassals were brought to an end, and the dictatorship of the Hojo-Tokuso family began, established by the under secretary of Tokuso family, leading to the collapse of the Kamakura bakufu in 1333.
Japanese: この時代は禅宗寺院での文化的な華やかさとは裏腹に、古き良き御家人時代が終わりを告げ、北条得宗家の独裁、更にその内から得宗家執事の独裁となり、1333年の鎌倉幕府崩壊へと進んでゆく。
English: In November, 1285, the November Disturbance between TAIRA no Yoritsuna, under secretary (Inner regent) of the Tokuso family, Yasumori ADACHI, a maternal relative, struggling for power, and the Adachi family was ended.
Japanese: 1285年（弘安8年）11月に得宗家執事（内管領）平頼綱と、外戚安達泰盛との権力闘争が霜月騒動となってあらわれ安達一族が滅ぶ。
English: In April of 1293, regent Sadatoki HOJO himself killed TAIRA no Yoritsuna (known as the Taira no Zenmon Disturbance).
Japanese: 1293年（正応6年）4月に、今度は執権北条貞時自身がその平頼綱を討つ（平禅門の乱）。
English: Although it was regarded as a relief for minor vassals suffering from a lot of war expenditure because of the Mongol Invasions, it is now considered to be more like the prohibition of pawning and trading vassalages to maintain the vassal system as a base of the shogunate.
Japanese: これは元寇による膨大な軍費の出費などで苦しむ中小御家人を救済するためと理解されてきたが、現在ではむしろ御家人所領の質入れ、売買の禁止、それによる幕府の基盤御家人体制の維持に力点があったと理解されている。
English: Although the shogunate set the eldest son system (for the succession of the head of the family) as a foundation for the ruling vassals, in fact, the minor vassals were declining because of the divided succession of bushi class and the eldest son system, and much of the vassal system began to collapse, being buffeted by the progress of a monetary economy.
Japanese: 幕府は惣領制を御家人支配の基盤としたが、実はこの時期、武士団分割相続と惣領制により中小御家人は零細化し、そして貨幣経済の進展に翻弄されて多くは崩壊を初めていた。
English: Shifting to a single succession by the legitimate eldest son was the vassals' only way of protecting themselves, and so it can be said to be the establishment of a 'Family' in a sense.
Japanese: 御家人側のせめてもの家の保身が、嫡男による単独相続への変化、ある面では「家」の確立とも言える。
English: He retired from the post of regent, having his cousin Morotoki HOJO succeed to the post in 1301, but some people consider that it was for making the prominent figure of Rensho Noritoki HOJO retire with him rather than for his own retirement.
Japanese: 1301年（正安3年）、執権職を従兄弟の北条師時に譲って引退したが、これは引退というより、重鎮の連署・北条宣時を道連れに引退させるためのものと見る向きもある。
English: The head of Kamakura was the eldest son of the Tokuso family, and compared with the reign of Tokiyori, the regent and the eldest son of the Tokuso family were less representative of the head of Kamakura.
Japanese: 鎌倉の主は得宗家の惣領であって、時頼の時代より執権職が鎌倉の主、得宗家の惣領を現すものでは無くなっている。
English: On April 23, 1305, Tokuso's vassals 'made a night attack' and killed Tokimura HOJO, who was Rensho at that time.
Japanese: 1305年（嘉元3年）4月23日、得宗被官、御家人が当時連署であった北条時村を「仰ト号シテ夜討」し、殺害。
English: Twelve days later, Munenori HOJO, the first head of the legal office representing the collateral line of the HOJO family, searched out and destroyed Munekata HOJO, a cousin of Sadatoki and an under secretary of the Tokuso family, the chief of suit, and Deputy Chief of the Office of Samurai; Board of Retainers of shogunate.
Japanese: その12日後、北条庶流を代表する一番引付頭人北条宗宣らが貞時の従兄弟で得宗家執事、越訴頭人、幕府侍所所司であった北条宗方を追討。
English: Munekata and Tokikiyo SASAKI killed each other simultaneously, and Munekata's residence at Yakushi-do Taniguchi at Nikaido boulevard was set on fire, killing many followers on the side of Munekata.
Japanese: 宗方は佐々木時清と相打ちとなり、二階堂大路薬師堂谷口にあった宗方の屋敷には火をかけられ、宗方側の多くの郎等が戦死。
English: According to "Horyakukanki," it was due to the ambition of Munekata HOJO, but the truth of what happened behind the scenes of the battle of the HOJO family is unknown.
Japanese: 『保暦間記』によれば北条宗方の野心とされるが、北条一門の暗闘の真相は不明である。
English: The disturbance gave a glimpse into the dictatorship of the Tokuso Regime that was neither stable nor unstable.
Japanese: 独裁政治と云われる得宗体制のその内部は決して安定したものでも、一方的なものでもなかったことが覗える。
English: In August of 1308, the retainer TAIRA no Masatsura handed 'Remonstration by TAIRA no Masatsura' as a warning in protest against him, and we can see that Masatsura abandoned government affairs and become addicted to sake (rice wine) from the expressions in the document such as 'he knows little of political affairs now' and 'he should stop having drinking parties every day.'
Japanese: 1308年（延慶元年）8月御内人の平政連が貞時を諌めるため提出した「平政連諫草（たいらのまさつらいさめぐさ）」には「今は、漸く政要に疎し」「早々と連日の酒宴を相止め」と、政務を放りだし酒に溺れていた様が覗える。
English: The actual originator of the Kamakura bakufu in the early 14th century was Yoriai-shu which consisted of the Hojo Tokuso family, and although it reached the height of a dictatorship, it finally came to an impasse.
Japanese: 14世紀初頭、北条得宗家の寄合衆を実態とする鎌倉幕府は、専制の頂点を極めつつもその進むべき道が見出せなくなっていた。
English: Fumihiko GOMI suggested that the concept of 'Family,' which was gradually being formed in the late Heian, the period of the rule of a cloistered emperor, began to spread among the court nobles' society in Kyoto, forming house status and fixing family business and trade.
Japanese: 平安時代の後期、院政期頃にすこしづつ形を成してきた所謂「イエ」の概念が、更に家格の形成、家業・家職の固定化として京の公家社会から進んでいったことを五味文彦は示唆している。
English: He also suggested that it was during this period that the concept of "family" was actually fixed and newly turned into 'Family' from its previous stage of 'family.'
Japanese: また、本当に固定化されて前段階の「イエ」から「家」に脱皮したのがこの時代であるとも示唆している。
English: And it spread into the Kamakura administration too, establishing the Tokuso family and forming the collateral line of the Hojo family that surrounded the Tokuso family as the common interest group, and at the same time among the families of writers, and something similar to this or a more sophisticated style of Family was formed, fixing the family business.
Japanese: それがそのまま、鎌倉政権の中にも浸透し、得宗家の確立、それを取り囲む共同利益集団の北条庶流の家格の形成、同時に文筆の家でもそれに似た、あるいはそれ以上の家格の形成・家職の固定化が進んでいった。
English: In its process, a conflict between the same tribes concerning the family business or position heated up and they were more aware of becoming independent as compared with those who had been in the mild eldest son system that had continued until then.
Japanese: またその過程で、それまでの緩い惣領制から同族諸流の家格・家職争いや独立志向も熾烈化する。
English: After Sadatoki defeated TAIRA no Yoritsuna in the TAIRA no Zenmon Disturbance, he denied the policies and personnel affairs that were set while TAIRA no Yoritsuna had power, returning them to what they had been in the reign of his father Tokimune HOJO.
Japanese: 貞時は平禅門の乱で平頼綱を討ったあと、平頼綱が実権を握っていた間の政策や人事を否定し、父北条時宗の時代の人事に戻す。
English: Although it was not a mere recurrence of the period ruled by Tokimune HOJO, he abolished the head of the legal office in October, 1293, which had lasted until then, and established Shisso instead.
Japanese: しかしそれは決して北条時宗の時代への単純な回帰ではなくて、1293年（永仁元年）10月にはそれまでの引付頭人を廃止して執奏を置いた。
English: Moreover, in the following year, he came to exercise dictatorship over the people, not approving a direct appeal (to a senior official without going through the normal formalities) for the lawsuit for which Sadatoki himself had already given a decision, which was not seen in the Tokuso administration.
Japanese: 更に翌年には貞時が直接下した裁定には越訴を認めないなどそれまでの得宗体制には見られなかった専制の度合いを強める。
English: A conflict with the collateral line of the Hojo family, who had supported the system of regent and the Tokuso administration since the reign of Yasutoki HOJO, heated up, and it caused the Kagen Disturbance to occur in the next year of 1304, which was considered the possible last year of Azuma Kagami's compilation.
Japanese: 北条泰時以来、執権・得宗体制を支えてきた北条庶流との利害の対立も先鋭化し、その対立の行き着いた先が『吾妻鏡』編纂年の下限とされる1304年の翌年に起こった嘉元の乱であるという見方もある。
English: "Azuma Kagami" was compiled in such times, looking back on the history of the Kamakura bakufu, on which the pillar (Yoriaishu) of the Sadatoki HOJO administration, especially the writers' family members depended, and also looking back on the establishment of the Hojo Tokuso family administration, especially the reign of Minamoto clan which lasted over three generations, those of Yasutoki and Tokiyori HOJO, and on the appearance and formation of the 'Family' system.
Japanese: そうした時代に、『吾妻鏡』が編纂され、北条貞時政権の担い手（寄合衆）達、特に文筆の家の者が中心になって、自分達の寄って立つ鎌倉幕府、北条得宗家体制の成立、その中で源氏三代、そして北条泰時、北条時頼の時代を回顧され、そしてそれぞれの「家」の成立・形成を示しながら鎌倉幕府の歴史が振り返られていく。
English: As various studies say, "A Study of Azuma Kagami" (1889) written by Hisashi HOSHINO ranks "Azuma Kagami" as the essential historical material to understand the samurai system, laws, politics and economies, and it was seen as the beginning of the record of shogunate.
Japanese: 星野恒の『吾妻鏡考』（1889年）について諸研究書に見る限り、『吾妻鏡』を幕府記録の嚆矢（こうし）であり、武家制度、法令、政治経済を理解する上で必須の史料と位置づけている。
English: It is certain that his study became the starting point of discussion in regards to taking up "Azuma Kagami" for the study of historical material.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』を研究史料の俎板に乗せた点で、『吾妻鏡』研究の出発点ともなったことは確かである。