nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The title 'Kogo' was stipulated in writing after the Taiho Code was put in place, so strictly speaking, Japan's first empress was Empress Komyo, who became the empress of Emperor Shomu in 729.
Japanese: 「皇后」という称号が明文により規定されたのは、大宝律令の制定以後であるから、厳密に言えば、日本最初の皇后は、天平元年（729年）に聖武天皇の皇后となった光明皇后（藤原安宿媛）である。
English: However, since the Kanji '皇后' (empress) is assigned for all 'Okisaki' of emperors since Emperor Jinmu in 'Nihon Shoki,' it is common practice to call wives of the emperor before her as 'Kogo' (empress).
Japanese: しかし、『日本書紀』が神武天皇以来の歴代天皇の「オホキサキ」に対して「皇后」の漢字を当てていることから、彼女以前の天皇の正妃についても「皇后」の称で呼ぶ慣行となっている。
English: There are no clauses that state qualifications to become the empress in the Taiho Code but since it states that 'Kisaki,' who was one rank below the empress, needed to be 'a princess with a rank above 'Shihon,' (the fourth rank of Imperial Prince's rank) by definition, people were resigned to think that the empress had to be a princess.
Japanese: 大宝律令に皇后になれる資格を規定した条文はないが、皇后より一段下位の妻である妃の資格が「四品以上の内親王」と規定されていることから、皇后も当然内親王でなければなれないものと観念されていたとする考え方がある。
English: In 'Nihon Shoki,' with the only exception of Iwanohimenomikoto, Emperor Jintoku's 'Kogo,' all fathers of 'Kogo' were either God or the Emperor/a member of the Imperial Family (But it is thought in 'Nihon Shoki' that the title 'Kogo' was presented as an honary award to the emperors' real mothers in later years).
Japanese: 『日本書紀』においても、仁徳天皇の「皇后」磐之媛命を唯一の例外として「皇后」の父はすべて神または天皇・皇族である（もっとも、『日本書紀』の記事には後世における天皇の生母に対する顕彰によって贈られた「皇后」号も存在するとの考えがある）。
English: However, since Empress Komyo became empress by imperial investiture, following Iwanohimenomikoto as a precedented example, these became unrestricted and rather, the Fujiwara clan became more respected than the Imperial Family as the origin of the empress' clan.
Japanese: しかし、光明皇后が磐之媛の例を先例として皇后に冊立されてから、このような制約はなくなり、むしろ皇族よりも藤原氏のほうが皇后の出身氏族として尊重されるようになった。
English: Normally, only one person could be the empress, however, when FUJIWARA no Sadako became empress of Emperor Ichijyo in 990, despite FUJIWARA no Junshu's reign as the empress of Emperor Enyu, he allowed and enforced two empresses to co-exist, the one that was in reign and the new one.
Japanese: 本来、皇后の定員は1名であったが、永祚(日本)2年（990年）、一条天皇が藤原定子を皇后に冊立するにあたり、すでに円融天皇の皇后として藤原遵子が在位していたにかかわらず、先帝の皇后と今上の皇后は併存しうるものとして、2人の皇后の並立が強行された。
English: In order to differentiate the two, Junshu was given the Kogogushoku (officer for serving the empress in household ministry) and was called 'Kisaui no miya.' Sadako was given the Chugushiki (Office of the Consort's Household) and called 'Chugu.'
Japanese: 両者を区別するため、遵子には皇后宮職を付置して遵子を「皇后宮」と称し、定子には中宮職を付置して定子を「中宮」と称した。
English: Moreover, as FUJIWARA no Shoshi was to become the empress in 1000, it became an example of one emperor having two empresses.
Japanese: さらに長保2年（1000年）、藤原彰子が皇后とされるに及んで1人の天皇が2人の皇后を立てることができる例が開かれた。
English: 'Kisai no miya' and 'Chugu' were both empresses and one was not superior to the other but in most cases, 'Chugu" was substantially in the position of the emperor's legal wife.
Japanese: 「皇后宮」も「中宮」もともに皇后であり、互いに優劣はないが、「中宮」のほうが実質的に天皇の正妻としての地位を占めている例が多い。
English: In case either the mother of the emperor was already dead or the rank of the real mother was too low, 'Junbo' (a woman who was given the status equivalent to the emperor's birth mother) was assigned to be the mother.
Japanese: 天皇の母がすでに死去している場合、または生母の身分が低すぎる場合などに、母に擬して准母を定めることが行われた。
English: The first example of such is Imperial Princess Teishi who became 'Junbo' for Emperor Horikawa in 1091 but since she became the empress at the same time, women who were not wives of the Emperor started to be represented as empress.
Japanese: その初例は、寛治5年（1091年）に堀河天皇の准母となったてい子内親王であるが、彼女が同時に皇后とされたことから、天皇の妻ではない女性が皇后に立てられる例が開かれた。
English: Such empresses are scholarly called 'Hisaigou no Kogo' (an empress who is not wife of an emperor) and there are eleven of these cases in total.
Japanese: このような皇后を、学術的には「非妻后の皇后」と呼び、あわせて11例ある。
English: Teishi was a 'Chugu' but all empresses who were 'Hi saigou' were 'Kisainomiya.'
Japanese: 媞子は「中宮」であったが、その後の非妻后の皇后はすべて「皇后宮」であった。
English: In later years, there were cases when the title 'Kisai go' was given even if she did not have experience as 'Junbo,' for the purpose of favorably treating unmarried princesses.
Japanese: のちには、准母の経歴がなくても、単に未婚の内親王を優遇する目的で「皇后宮」の称号が与えられた例も生じた。
English: In addition, in 1134, FUJIWARA no Taishi, who entered into court (Imperial Consort) as the wife of Emperor Toba after he abdicated and retired, became empress ('Kisainomiya') in order to clarify that she is the legally wedded wife of Chiten (emperors or retired emperors).
Japanese: また、長承3年（1134年）には、鳥羽天皇が譲位して上皇となったあとに入内させた妻である藤原泰子を、治天の正妻であることを明示する目的で皇后（皇后宮）に立てた。
English: Moreover, Toba made FUJIWARA no Tokuko, who was the real mother of his last son, Emperor Konoe, an empress, based on the fact that she was his real mother.
Japanese: さらに鳥羽は、永治元年（1141年）、同年に即位した自分の末子近衛天皇の生母藤原得子を、天皇の生母であることを根拠に皇后（皇后宮）に立てている。
English: The period of the Northern and Southern Courts (in Japan) onward, Imperial Princess Junshi, the wife of Emperor Godaigo was the last to become empress (Chugu) in 1333 and the empress by Imperial Investiture ended.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以降、元弘3年（1333年）に後醍醐天皇の皇后（中宮）に立てられた珣子内親王を最後として、皇后の冊立は途絶えた。
English: It was revived, for the empress of Emperor Gomizunoo (Chugu), Masako TOKUGAWA, when she became the empress in 1624.
Japanese: 再興されるのは、寛永元年（1624年）冊立の後水尾天皇の皇后（中宮）徳川和子のときである。
English: Afterward, two empresses were no longer in place and all empresses became 'Chugu.'
Japanese: 以後、皇后が同時に2人立てられることはなくなり、また皇后はすべて「中宮」とされた。
English: In 1868 (the start of the Meiji era), the title 'Chugu' ended since Shoken Taigo, who was Emperor Meiji's wife, became 'Kisainomiya' the following year.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）に皇后（中宮）となった明治天皇の皇后昭憲皇太后が翌年に「皇后宮」とされて以来、「中宮」の称号は絶えた。
English: When the former Imperial House Law was issued, the capacity for the empress became one, the title 'Chugu' was officially abolished to be unified as 'Kogo.'
Japanese: 明治22年（1889年）の旧皇室典範の制定で、皇后の定員が1名となるとともに、正式に「中宮」の称号は廃止され、皇后に統一された。
English: It was since this time when empresses whose fathers were not of the Imperial Family were admitted as a member of the Imperial Family.
Japanese: また、皇族の父親を持たない皇后が、皇族身分を認められたのもこの時以来のものである。
English: In "Onmyo-gogyo-setsu" (The Theory of Five Elements), men were classified as 'Yin' and women as 'Yang'; the culmination of each was the Emperor and Empress respectively.
Japanese: 陰陽五行説では男は陽、女は陰とされ、それぞれの頂点に皇帝、皇后がいるということになった。
English: For this reason, similar to the emperor holding bureaucracy of those below Sankokyukei (three ministers and nine councilors), the Kokyuseido (an institution where an emperor has multiple wives in order to maintain the imperial line) also had a hierarchy where the number of empresses tripled; San (three) fujin, Kyu (nine) no hin, Nijyunana (twenty-seven) no seifu, and Hachijyuichi (eighty-one) no gyosai.
Japanese: そのため、皇帝が三公九卿以下の官僚組織を擁するのと同様、後宮制度において皇后も三夫人、九嬪、二十七世婦、八十一御妻の3倍ずつ増加するヒエラルキーを擁していた。
English: There is no family name for the Japanese Imperial Family but the Chinese past monarchs had a family name and in principle, women with a different family name became the empress.
Japanese: 日本の皇室には、そもそも姓がなく、名字も当然ないが、中国の歴代王朝の君主は姓を持ち、皇后には原則として異姓の者がなった。
English: Therefore, Chinese empresses were called by their original family name and empress of the Koso, the Third Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, originated from a family with 'Bu' (武) so her official name was 'Empress Mu'(武皇后).
Japanese: 中国の皇后は従って、皇后が出身した一族の姓で呼ばれ、唐朝第3代の皇帝である高宗(唐)の皇后は「武」の姓を持つ一族出身であったので、「武皇后」が正式名であった。
English: However, she usurped the title and called herself empress, at the same time, she started a new dynasty and named it Shu (called Bushu).
Japanese: しかし後に、皇帝位を簒奪してみずから皇帝を名乗り、新王朝を開くと共に王朝名を周とした（武周と称する）。
English: Initially, the title 'empress' was addressed to the legally wedded wives of the emperor under the political view of the world set up by the past Chinese dynasties.
Japanese: 「皇后」の称号はもともと、中国の歴代王朝が掲げた政治的世界観の下での世界全体の支配者天子（皇帝）の正妃の呼称であった。
English: Therefore, in nations that use Chinese characters, if the title for the highest ranking monarch's is emperor or something of equivalence, empress was present.
Japanese: 従って、漢字文化圏の国家においては、最高位の君主の称号が皇帝あるいはそれと同等なものである場合、皇后も存在することになる。
English: Kings' (and Guno, a second highest rank of the court rank in China) existed as monarchs in reign of one region/one race under the emperor.
Japanese: 「王」（国王・郡王など）は、皇帝の下で一地域・一民族の君主であるにとどまる存在であった。
English: Even in nations that do not use Chinese characters, there are cases where a monarch who reigns over several regions or nations is superior to a king who reigns over only one region or one nation.
Japanese: 漢字文化圏以外の国家であっても、一地域・一民族の君主であるにとどまる王の上位に位置し、複数の地域・民族を支配する君主が存在する場合がある。
English: To this end, title for the wife of the monarch with the title that is translated as 'Kotei' is also translated as 'Kogo.'
Japanese: これにともなって「皇帝」と訳される称号を持つ君主の妻の称号も「皇后」と訳される。
English: Imperator, one of the titles for the monarch in the Roman Empire, is usually translated as 'Kotei' and the family name Caesar became a title for the monarch, which was used as a title for the ruler and monarch in societies that inherit the history of East Western Roman Empire, and it also translated as 'Kotei.'
Japanese: ローマ帝国の君主の称号のひとつであるImperatorは、通常「皇帝」と訳され、またCaesarという家名も君主の称号となって、東西ローマ帝国の歴史を継承する社会（神聖ローマ帝国・ドイツ帝国・オーストリア帝国のカイザー、ロシア帝国のツァーリなど）の統治者・君主の称号として使われ、これも「皇帝」と訳される。
English: The Persian Empire of the Sassanid Dynasty, the 'King of King (Shahanshah)' of Iran's Pahlavi Dynasty, 'Sultan' or 'Padishah' of Ottoman Empire, the Ethiopian 'King of King (Negusa nagast)' in North Africa, 'Padishah' of the Mughal Empire in India, 'Sapa Inca' of the Inca Empire in South America are translated as 'Kotei.'
Japanese: サーサーン朝ペルシア帝国やパフラヴィー朝イランの「諸王の王（シャーハンシャー）」、オスマン帝国の「スルタン」あるいは「パーディシャー」、北アフリカのエチオピアの「諸王の王（ネグサ・ナガスト）」、インドのムガル帝国の「パーディシャー」、南アメリカのインカ帝国の「サパ・インカ」なども「皇帝」と訳される。
English: If these monarchs adopted the monogamous system, the title for the wife would have been 'empress' but in fact, alias that are normally used by researchers and custom take precedence so it is not uniform.
Japanese: これらの君主が一夫一婦制の婚姻形態を採っていれば、妻の称号は「皇后」となるはずであるが、実際には、世間に通用している通称や研究者による慣用などが優先し、一様ではない。
English: In societies with the monogamous system, such as the West European Christian societies, there is only one official wife of the emperor and it is common to be translated as 'Kogo' or 'Kohi,'
Japanese: 西欧キリスト教社会などの一夫一婦制度を採る世界では、皇帝の妻は正式には一人しか存在せず「皇后」または「皇妃」と訳されることが一般的である。
English: An example is Theodora, who was the wife of Emperor Justinian I., the Eastern Roman Emperor.
Japanese: 一例として東ローマ帝国ローマ皇帝のユスティニアヌス1世の妻テオドラ(ユスティニアヌスの皇后)がある。
English: In European languages, generally, the title that means 'Kogo' in Japanese is translated as 'Kotei' in the feminine form (in fact, most titles for the ruler and peerage follow suit).
Japanese: ヨーロッパ諸国の言語では、日本語の「皇后」に当たる称号は「皇帝」と訳される称号の女性形なのが一般的である（というより、ほとんどの君主称号・爵位がそうである）。
English: In this case, it cannot be distinguished from the title whether she is the wife of the emperor or the empress who attained the crown.
Japanese: この場合、称号だけでは、単に皇帝の妻であるのか、自らが帝位にある女性の皇帝であるのかは、区別できない。
English: When translating in Japanese, the former needs to be translated as "Kogo" and the latter, 'Jyotei.'
Japanese: 日本語に訳す場合は、前者は「皇后」、後者は「女帝」と訳し分ける必要がある。
English: Catherine II of Russia was initially the wife of Peter III who reigned as empress herself due to a coup so she is the same person.
Japanese: ロシア帝国のエカチェリーナ2世は、もとは皇帝ピョートル3世の妻であり、その後クーデタにより自ら帝位についたものであるから、同一人物である。
English: However, title in Russian is the same word but distinguishes it with 'Kogo' and 'Jyotei,' before and after her enthronement.
Japanese: しかし、ロシア語での称号は同じ単語でありながら、即位以前と以後とで「皇后」と「女帝」の使い分けが行われている。
English: Maria Theresa, the wife of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (the Holy Roman Emperor) would be 'Kogo' but as she was practically the ruler, serving also as the Queen of Bohemia, she is often translated as 'Jyotei.'
Japanese: また神聖ローマ皇帝フランツ1世(神聖ローマ皇帝)の妃マリア・テレジアは本来「皇后」であるが、彼女自身がハンガリー王国・ボヘミア女王を兼ねる実質的な君主であり、日本語でも「女帝」と表されることが多い。
English: Shinno is the title given to the male members in an Imperial family in East Asia, or is somebody who owns the title.
Japanese: 親王（しんのう）とは、東アジアにおいて、男性皇族に与えられる称号、又はかかる称号を有する者。
English: Presently, the Emperor's legitimate sons and the sons of the Emperor's legitimate sons (Imperial grandson), along with the brothers of the Emperor are called Shinno (Referenced Imperial House Act article 6, 7).
Japanese: 現在は天皇の嫡出の子、及び、天皇の嫡男系の嫡出の子（皇孫）で男子であるもの、また、天皇の兄弟を親王という（皇室典範6、7条参照）。
English: Further, the Shinnogo for females are called Naishinno, and the Imperial family who are not Shinno are called king (Imperial family) or queen (Imperial family).
Japanese: なお、女性の親王号を内親王、親王でない皇族は王(皇族)、女王(皇族)という。
English: Presently, the term Shinno is only used mainly for the Japanese Imperial family, but is sometimes used as a name for foreign Imperial families or Royal families, or as one translation for the title Prince.
Japanese: 現代では主に日本の皇族にのみ使われるが、外国の皇族や王族に対する呼称、プリンスの訳語の一つとしても便宜上、親王が用いられることがある。
English: In accordance with Kozoku Shinirei (Koshitsu-rei <the Imperial Families' Act.>, already abolished), when one becomes a legal adult, he is bestowed the order of supreme merit, and is given the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum.
Japanese: 皇族身位令（皇室令。既に廃止）に準じて、成年となった場合は大勲位の勲等に叙せられ、大勲位菊花大綬章が授けられる。
English: Further, the Imperial Princess was bestowed the Order of First Class and received the Order of the Precious Crown, the King was bestowed the Order of First Class and received the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flower, and the Queen (of Imperial family) was bestowed the Order of Second Class and received the the Order of the Precious Crown, Peony.
Japanese: なお、内親王は勲一等に叙せられ、宝冠章が授けられ、王は勲一等に叙せられ、勲一等旭日桐花大綬章が授けられ、女王(皇族)は勲二等に叙せられ、勲二等宝冠章が授けられることになっていた。
English: Even after the war, the Shinno was given the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, the Imperial Princesses were given the Order of the Precious Crown (the present Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown), and the Queens were given the Order of the Precious Crown, Peony (the present Order of the Precious Crown, Peony).
Japanese: 戦後でも親王には、大勲位菊花大綬章が授けられ、内親王、親王妃には宝冠章（現、宝冠大綬章）が、女王には勲二等宝冠章（現、宝冠牡丹章）が授けられている。
English: With the Ritsuryo system, the emperor's child along with his siblings were the Shinno, and they received Ikai (Court rank), kyuden (provided rice field) and horoku (stipend), and a Keishi (household superintendent) was attached.
Japanese: 律令制では天皇の子、および兄弟姉妹が親王とされ、位階を授けられ、給田や俸禄が与えられて、家司（けいし）が付属せられた。
English: Because Emperor Junnin ascended the throne as a second generation king, it became a custom to give the title of Imperial Prince to those after the second generation and make them an Imperial Prince.
Japanese: 淳仁天皇は二世王から践祚したので、それ以降は親王宣下をもって親王とする慣習となった。
English: Before Meiji Period, even a child of an emperor could not announce himself as Shinno unless he received the title of Imperial Prince (Reference Prince Mochihito).
Japanese: 明治以前には、たとえ天皇の子供であっても親王宣下を受けない限り親王を名乗る事は出来なかった（参考：以仁王）。
English: On the other hand, there were cases where even an Imperial family who corresponds to younger generations than the Imperial grandchild, such as the head of a hereditary Shinno family, would become a Shinno by receiving the title of Imperial Prince.
Japanese: 逆に世襲親王家の当主などの皇孫以下の世代に相当する皇族であっても、親王宣下を受けて親王となることもあった。
English: From the Heian period to the Edo period, due to the Ritsuryo code, a Shinno would be bestowed a honi (rank) from 'Ippon' (First Order of an Imperial Prince) to 'Shihon' (Fourth Order of an Imperial Prince).
Japanese: 平安時代から江戸時代にかけては、律令により、親王は「一品」から「四品」までの品位(身位)に叙せられた。
English: A Shinno who received the Ippon was called Ippon Shinno, and a Shinno who did not receive a honi (or those whose honi was stripped because of a crime) were called Muhon-Shinno (Imperial Prince without court rank).
Japanese: 一品を受けた親王は一品親王、品位を受けない（もしくは罪などで品位を剥奪された）親王は無品親王と呼ばれた。
English: A Shinno who became a priest before the Edo period was called Nyudo Shinno, and an Imperial family who received the title of Imperial prince after they became a priest was called Cloistered Imperial Prince.
Japanese: 江戸時代以前において出家した親王を入道親王（にゅうどうしんのう）、出家後に親王宣下を受けた皇族を法親王（ほっしんのう）といった。
English: In the Heian period, a plan was put out for making the Shinno, who was not able to become a Togu (crown prince) due to Emperor Kammu's policy, a Minister for one of the eight central ministries, but later, from a passive viewpoint towards putting political responsibility on a Shinno, it became a custom for a Shinno to take the position of an honorary office such as the Ministry of Central Affairs, Ministry of Military (Treasury code), Ministry of Ceremonial, Danjoin, and Dazai no sochi, where they received only stipends and did not participate in state affairs.
Japanese: 平安時代、桓武天皇の政策により東宮とならなかった親王を八省卿にする方針が打ち出されたが、後に親王に政治責任を負わせることに消極的な立場から中務省、兵部省兵部省(律令制)、式部省、弾正尹、大宰帥といった名誉職に就いて俸禄のみを得て、政務には携わらないという慣習ができた。
English: An example of one person who, following this custom, was put aside from political affairs, was Imperial Prince Kaneakira.
Japanese: この慣習に従い、政治実務から棚上げにされた人物の例として兼明親王がいる。
English: Along with 6 Imperial Princes and 2 guno (second highest rank of the court rank in ancient China), who were active during the nation-building time and whose hereditary privileges were recognized, there are 4 Imperial Princes who were allowed heredity because of their great achievements during the middle period and the end of the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: 世襲特権が認められているものには建国時期に活躍した6人の親王と2人の郡王のほかに、清朝中期、末期に特別な功績があるとして世襲が許された4人の親王がいる。
English: The other non hereditary Imperial Princes' peerage would go lower with every lifetime until he reached Chinkokuko, and from then on, it would become hereditary.
Japanese: その他の非世襲親王は一代ごとに爵位が下がり、鎮国公まで下がってからは世襲になる。
English: Yoshiko NAKAYAMA (January 16, 1836 - October 5, 1907) was real mother of the Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: 中山慶子（なかやまよしこ、天保6年11月28日(旧暦)（1836年1月16日）-明治40年（1907年）10月5日）は、明治天皇の生母。
English: She was the second daughter of Dainagon (chief councilor of state) Tadayasu NAKAYAMA (1809－1888) and her mother was Aiko NAKAYAMA, the eleventh daughter of Kiyoshi (Seizan) MATSURA, the lord of the Hirado Domain.
Japanese: 大納言・中山忠能（1809－1888）の次女で、母は平戸藩主・松浦清（靜山）の十一女・中山愛子。
English: On January 16, 1836, she was born in Ishiyakushi, Kyoto and grew up in a foster home in Yase (present Yase, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City).
Japanese: 天保6年（1836年）1月16日、京都石薬師に生まれ、八瀬（現京都市左京区八瀬）に里子に出されて育つ。
English: She was loved by the Emperor Komei and got pregnant, then on November 3, 1852 she gave birth to Prince Sachinomiya (later the Emperor Meiji) in her parents' home, the residence of Nakayama.
Japanese: 孝明天皇の意を得て懐妊し、嘉永5年（1852年）9月22日、実家中山邸において皇子祐宮（さちのみや、のちの明治天皇）を産む。
English: It was said that the Nakayama family whose Karoku (hereditary stipend) was only two hundreds stipends could not pay for the cost of building ubuya (a hut for delivering babies) and borrowed money for most of the cost.
Japanese: 家禄わずか二百石の中山家では産屋建築の費用を賄えず、その大半を借金したという。
English: Sachinomiya was raised in the residence of Nakayama and when he was five years old he returned to the court and lived in Yoshiko's room.
Japanese: 祐宮はそのまま中山邸で育てられ、5歳の時に宮中に帰還し慶子の局に住んだ。
English: After that, since the Emperor Komei did not have any other boys, on August 26, 1860, Sachinomiya became 'biological child' of Jugo nyogo (a high-ranking lady from a humble family) Empress Dowager Eisho by imperial edict and on November 10 of the same year he was given the title of Imperial Prince and named 'Mutsuhito'.
Japanese: その後、孝明天皇にほかの男子が生まれなかったため、万延元年（1860年）7月10日、勅令により祐宮は准后女御・英照皇太后の「実子」とされ、同年9月28日、親王宣下を受け名を「睦仁」と付けられた。
English: On September 19, 1868, she was conferred Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) and five hundreds stipends of shokuroku (a salary for samurais who worked at Japanese feudal governments) and residential area, then on October 11, 1869, she was raised to Junii (Junior Second Rank).
Japanese: 慶応4年（1868年）8月4日、従三位及び食禄五百石と屋敷地を賜わり、翌々年9月7日、さらに従二位に叙せられた。
English: She became fosterer of Imperial Prince Yoshihito (later the Emperor Taisho) born in 1879 and she was entrusted with the education of the Imperial Prince until 1889.
Japanese: 明治12年（1879年）に生まれた嘉仁親王（のちの大正天皇）の養育掛となり、明治22年（1889年）まで親王の養育を任せられた。
English: There was no imperial letter issued to permit use of "In" title because nyoingo (a title of respect given to close female relatives of the Emperor or a woman of comparable standing) was abolished due to the Meiji restoration, but she was kindly treated as kokumo (mother of Emperor) accordingly.
Japanese: 明治維新による女院号廃止のため院号宣下は無かったが、国母として相応に厚遇された。
English: On October 5, 1907, she passed away at the residence in Minami-cho, Aoyama, Tokyo (Minato Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: 明治40年（1907年）10月5日、東京青山(東京都港区)南町の邸にて薨去。
English: Kinjo Tenno (the present emperor) is the name indicating the person who is on the throne at the time.
Japanese: 今上天皇（きんじょうてんのう）は、その時点において天皇として在位している人物を指す呼称。
English: The present emperor as of June 2010 is the first Prince of Emperor Showa and his imina (personal name) is Akihito (the 125th Emperor).
Japanese: 平成年（年）月現在の今上天皇は昭和天皇の第一皇子で諱（いみな）は明仁（第125代天皇）。
English: Kinjo (今上) is the kanji (Chinese characters) representing 'imanoue' of yamato-kotoba (words of Japanese origin) and is the word meaning the current mikado (emperor) as with seijo (聖上) derived from kango (words of Chinese origin).
Japanese: 今上は、「いまのうへ」という大和言葉を漢字で書いたもので、漢語由来の「聖上」と同じように、現在の帝を意味する語である。
English: In Japanese culture, there is no specific name to indicate the persons to be treated with respect and thus the name for the present emperor has not been developed well.
Japanese: 日本では、敬意を示すものについてはっきりした言い方を持たない文化があり、当代の天皇の呼称もあまり発達しなかった。
English: However, Kinjo Tenno (the present Emperor) has been increasingly used in expressions in which neutrality is required because, when writing it along with Emperor Taisho and Emperor Showa, the expression of 'Kinjo' or 'Kinjo Heika' (the reigning emperor/His Majesty the Emperor) doesn't feel right and the expression of 'Kinjo Tenno' can be recognized as an objective expression.
Japanese: しかし、大正天皇や昭和天皇と並べて表記したい場合に、「今上」もしくは「今上陛下」では言葉のすわりがよくないことと、「今上天皇」と表記すると語感から客観的な表現に感じられるため、中立を求められる表現の中で使用される頻度が高くなってきた。
English: Though 'heika' (His Imperial Majesty) is used as the title of honor for the emperor (prescribed by Imperial House Act) as with kings and queens of foreign countries, the expression of Kinjo Tenno Heika is not used and the emperor is only called Kinjo Heika, Tenno Heika or Heika, or Mikado which is rarely used now.
Japanese: 天皇の敬称は、諸外国の国王・女王と同様に「陛下」が使われている（皇室典範で規定）が、今上天皇陛下とは言わず、今上陛下、天皇陛下もしくは陛下、現在では殆ど使われていないが帝（みかど）とのみ呼ばれる。
English: Also, the names of Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taisho, Emperor Showa and so on are posthumous titles which denote respect by themselves and therefore the expression of Showa Tenno Heika is not used (Orally 'Showa no Tenno Heika' (his Imperial Majesty of Showa) may be used and in this case 'Showa' is construed as 'Showa era'. However, the Empress Michiko calls the Emperor Showa 'Sentei Heika' (His Imperial Late Majesty) in public).
Japanese: また、明治天皇、大正天皇、昭和天皇などの呼称は、それ自体に敬意が込められた諡追号であるため、昭和天皇陛下とも言わない（口頭では「昭和の天皇陛下」という言い方をすることがあるが、この場合の「昭和」は「昭和時代」の意であると解される。ただ皇后美智子は昭和天皇を「先帝陛下」と公の場では呼んでいる。ただ皇后美智子は昭和天皇を「先帝陛下」と公の場では呼んでいる）。
English: Public institutions such as government and major media often call the emperor 'Tenno Heika' (his Imperial Majesty) with Heika which is the title of honor prescribed by the Imperial House Law.
Japanese: 政府などの公的機関および主要メディアなどでは皇室典範に定められる敬称の陛下を入れて「天皇陛下」と呼称することが多い。
English: Maybe as a result of this, most people usually use the name of 'Tenno Heika'.
Japanese: おそらくその影響で一般人の間でも通常「天皇陛下」の呼称を使用する者が多い。
English: On the other hand, persons who are critical of the so-called 'Emperor system' and the academic world which basically tends to avoid the title of honor and so on often call 'Tenno' (the Emperor) without an honorific title.
Japanese: 一方、所謂「天皇制」に批判的な者、また基本的に敬称を避ける傾向にある学術的な世界などにおいては「天皇」と呼び捨てることも多い。
English: When multiple emperors become the subject of conversation about history, the expression of 'ima no Tenno' or 'ima no Tenno Heika' (the Emperor of the present) may be orally used.
Japanese: 歴史的話題で複数の天皇が話題に上がっている場合、口語として「今の天皇」もしくは「今の天皇陛下」と言うことがある。