nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) from about 1283, the rule of naming the Shogun from the Imperial family as "Kubo," "Gokenin" (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) as "Kubo no hitobito" (Kubo people), and "Kanto Goryo" (the Shogun's demesne) as "Kubo Goryo" was adopted in consideration of such names as Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), Miuchibito (private vassals of the tokuso), and "Miuchi Goryo" (Tokuso's demesne) in the Hojo regency.
Japanese: 更に鎌倉幕府においても弘安6年（1283年）頃より、執権北条氏の得宗・御内人・御内御領に対抗して、皇族将軍を「公方」・御家人を「公方人々」・関東御領を「公方御領」と呼称する規定が成立する。
English: This rule is said to have been introduced by Yasumori ADACHI, who carried out a reform of the shogunal administration under the banner of the Shogun from the Imperial family and Tokimune Hojo, the regent for the Shogun.
Japanese: これは皇族将軍と執権北条時宗を擁して幕政改革に乗り出した安達泰盛が採用したといわれている。
English: It was to prevent Hojo's private power from intervening in the shogunal administration and also to show that the sovereignty of the shogunate resided in Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and Gokenin who was in a master-servant relationship with the Shogun.
Japanese: 北条氏の私的権力の幕政への介入を抑制するために幕府の主権が征夷大将軍とその主従関係下にある御家人にある事を示すためだった。
English: Accoding to "Teijo-zakki" (Teijo's memorandums) written by Sadatake (Teijo) ISE who was Hatamoto (a direct retainer of the shogunate) in the Edo period as well as a descendant of the Ise clan which served as Mandokoro shitusji (chief of Mandokoro, the Adiministrative Board) of the Muromachi bakufu, Takauji ASHIKAGA, who established the Muromachi bakufu in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was allowed to hold the title of Kubo.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)、室町幕府を開いた足利尊氏は、朝廷より公方号を許されたことが、室町幕府政所執事伊勢氏の末裔にて江戸時代の旗本の伊勢貞丈の『貞丈雑記』に記されている。
English: However, Takauji was not unreservedly happy about the title of Kubo because the term "Kubo" carried the strong connotation of the Court or the court nobles.
Japanese: しかし、尊氏は多分に朝廷や公家の称としての意味合いが強かった公方号を素直には喜ばなかった。
English: Takauji refused to accept the title of Kubo, saying that he could not put on armor if he got it; however, once the title was bestowed on him, it was diffiicult to recall it; thus, the title was tentatively left to Takauji.
Japanese: 尊氏は公方の号を賜ると甲冑をまとうことができないと述べ辞退するが、一旦授けたものを撤回もできず、尊氏が預かる形となった。
English: Subsequently, the title of Kubo was not employed even at the time of Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA, the second Shogun.
Japanese: 以降、2代将軍となった足利義詮の時代になっても用いられることはなかった。
English: However, after the time of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun, the title of Kubo was positively used as an honorific for the Shogun.
Japanese: しかし、3代将軍足利義満以降、将軍の敬称として公方号が積極的に称されることとなった。
English: After the Shogun Family called themselves Kubo, Motouji ASHIKAGA, who was Kanto kanrei (the shogunal deputy for the Kanto region) at first, began to name himself Kamakura Kubo.
Japanese: 当初、関東管領としてあった足利基氏も将軍家が公方を称するようになると、鎌倉公方と称するようになった。
English: Since then, the title of Kubo had been handed down for generations by the Shogun who headed the shogunate and by the families of the Ashikaga clan in Kamakura who called themselves Kamakura Kubo.
Japanese: 以降、幕府の主宰者たる将軍や、鎌倉公方を称した鎌倉の足利一族により公方号が世襲されることとなる。
English: In addition, the Uesugi clan and the Hatakeyama clan who had been Shitsuji (the Shogun's assistant) were moved up to Kanto Kanrei.
Japanese: なお、関東管領職は、それまで執事であった上杉氏や畠山氏が繰り上がって管領を称するようになる。
English: Some say that Kenshin UESUGI succeeded to the position of Kanto Kanrei, and that Ujitsuna HOJO and Ichimasu TAKIGAWA adopted the title Kanto Kanrei some time later.
Japanese: 後に上杉謙信がこの名籍を継ぎ、北条氏綱・滝川一益も名乗ったという説がある。
English: In the Edo period, the title became firmly established as another name for the Shogun who possessed absolute power; when people referred to Kubo, they almost always meant the Tokugawa Shogun.
Japanese: 江戸時代には王権をほぼ全て掌握する将軍の別称として完全に定着し、「公方」と言えば徳川将軍だけを意味するようになる。
English: When the leader of the samurai family who headed the shogunate was appointed "Seii Taishogun," his honorific title of "Uesama" changed into "Kubosama"; the term "Kubo" strongly indicated that "Kubo" was a representative of the Court.
Japanese: 幕府の主宰者たる武家の棟梁は、征夷大将軍を宣下されて後、敬称が上様から公方様に転化することとなり、公方は朝廷の代行者という意味が強かった。
English: Kamakura Kubo was discontinued for a while due to the Eikyo War, but was soon restored; after the fifth Kamakura Kubo, Shigeuji ASHIKAGA, fled to Koga, he came to be referred to as "Koga Kubo."
Japanese: 永享の乱で一旦滅びるが復活し、5代目の足利成氏が古河に移って古河公方を名乗る。
English: Sasagawa Kubo was established when Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, the third Kamakura Kubo, sent his younger brother, Mitsunao ASHIKAGA, to Sasagawa in Asaka County in Mutsu Province for governing the Oshu region.
Japanese: 3代鎌倉公方足利満兼が奥州統治のため弟の足利満直を陸奥国安積郡の篠川（ささがわ）に派遣して成立。
English: Sasagawa Kubo took the anti-Kamakura government position after the War of Uesugi Zenshu, but died out in the Battle of Yuki in 1440.
Japanese: 上杉禅秀の乱以降反鎌倉府の立場をとるが、1440年（永享12年）の結城合戦で滅亡した。
English: Inamura Kubo was established when Mitsukane ASHIKAGA, the third Kamakura Kubo, sent his younger brother, Mitsusada ASHIKAGA, to Inamura in Iwase County in Mutsu Province for governing the Oshu region.
Japanese: 3代鎌倉公方足利満兼が奥州統治のため弟の足利満貞を陸奥国岩瀬郡の稲村に派遣して成立。
English: Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, the eighth Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, sent his younger brother, Masatomo ASHIKAGA, to the Kanto region to cope with Shigeuji ASHIKAGA of Koga Kubo, but he could not go over Hakone, so he settled in Horigoe, Tagata County, Izu Province.
Japanese: 室町幕府8代将軍足利義政が古河公方足利成氏に対抗させるため、弟の足利政知を関東に派遣したが、箱根を越えられず伊豆国田方郡の堀越（ほりごえ）を居所としたもの。
English: Koga Kubo established its headquarters in Koga at first, but after becoming a puppet in the hands of the Hojo clan, it was forced to move from place to place.
Japanese: 当初は古河を本拠としたが、途中から後北条氏の傀儡となって居所を転々とさせられた。
English: Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, a younger brother of the third Koga Kubo, Takamoto ASHIKAGA, proclaimed himself Oyumi Kubo at the Oyumi-jo Castle in Shimousa Province supported by the Kazusa Takeda clan (the Takeda clan) who was the lord of the Mariyatsu-jo Castle in Kazusa Province.
Japanese: 3代古河公方足利高基の弟足利義明が上総国真里谷（まりやつ）城主の武田氏上総武田氏に擁立されて、下総国の小弓城で自称したもの。
English: In 1538, it died out because Yoshiaki was killed in the First Battle of Konodai.
Japanese: 1538年（天文_(元号)7年）の第一次国府台合戦で義明が戦死したため滅亡した。
English: The descendant of Yoshitsugu ASHIKAGA who was a son of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the third Shogun of the Muromachi bakufu, settled in Kuratani.
Japanese: 室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の子足利義嗣の子孫で越前国の鞍谷を居所としたもの。
English: The Asakura clan temporarily acknowledged that Kuratani Kubo was a ruler of Echizen Province in place of the Shiba clan who served as Echizen Shugo (provincial constable).
Japanese: 朝倉氏により、一時は、越前守護の斯波氏に代わる越前国の統治者とされた。
English: As the term "Kubo" was commonly used as another name for the Shogun, people sometimes gave Kubo a nickname such as "So-and-So Kubo" with a twist of irony to make it widely known.
Japanese: 公方は将軍の別称として広く使われるようになったため、時には何某公方というように、公方に揶揄や批判の意味をこめた語をつけたあだ名が庶民によってつけられて知られることもあった。
English: The name came from the fact that he issued "Shorui awaremi no rei" (an edict against cruelty to all living things), and he treated dogs so generously that he invited the people's indignation.
Japanese: 生類憐みの令を出してイヌを手厚く保護し、そのために庶民の迷惑を招いたことから。
English: The name came from the fact that during Yoshimune's rule, the price of rice went up and down because of an alternating succession of bumper harvests and famine, so he was always under pressure to control the price of rice.
Japanese: その治世に豊作と飢饉が繰り返されて米価が大きく上下したので、その統制に追われたことから。
English: As Ieshige was of a delicate constitution and had an impediment in his speech, there was a rumor that he peed in his underwear at the palace.
Japanese: 体質が生来虚弱で言語不明瞭であったことから、殿中で小便を漏らしたという噂があった。
English: Combined with Kunto (order of merit) it was also called "Ikai Kunto" in Japan, and generally referred to what was stipulated by the Ritsuryo codes (the Ritsuryo System, a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code). (Particularlly from the Meiji to the early Showa periods, the Order of the Golden Kite was included.)
Japanese: 日本では勲等と並び位階勲等と称され、主に律令法（律令制）によって定められたものを指す(主に明治時代から昭和前期までは金鵄勲章功級も含まれた)。
English: In the court rank system under the Ritsuryo system, four ranks called Honi (court rank) (the history of Japan) were separately set up for the court rank to the Imperial princes.
Japanese: 律令制下の位階制においては、親王に対する位階は品位(日本史)として別途4階が定められた。
English: The court rank was designed mainly for princes without the title of Shinno (Imperial Prince), members of the Imperial family, and their subjects, but after the Meiji period in which the Ritsuryo codes were abolished, the court rank became a rank of honor which was bestowed upon those who had been government officials or those who had performed significant services.
Japanese: 位階は主に王(皇族)および人臣が対象であり、人臣の位階については律令法が廃止された明治時代以降は、官吏であった者や特に功績のあった者などに与えられる栄典の一つとなった。
English: At present, it is also a rank of honor under the Constitution of Japan, which is bestowed every year upon the deceased who have done distinguished services.
Japanese: 今日においても日本国憲法に基づく栄典のひとつされ、毎年功労ある物故者に授けられている。
English: In addition, the conferment of a court rank is called "Joi," and the ceremony held in the Imperial Court in which the Fifth Rank and above are granted is also called "Joi" after the Heian period. (It is held on around January 5.).
Japanese: なお、位階に叙すことを叙位（じょい）と言い、平安時代以後は、宮中で五位以上の位階を授ける儀式（正月五日頃に行われる。）のことも叙位と言った。
English: "Kani" (the official rank), which is often confused with the court rank, is referred to as "the official post and rank" and differs from Ikai.
Japanese: また、位階と混同して用いられることの多い「官位」とは「官職と位階」を指し、位階とは異なる。
English: The court rank system introduced from China with other political and administrative systems has developed independently in Japan.
Japanese: 位階制度は、他の政治行政制度と共に中国から継受し、日本で独自の発展を遂げた。
English: The Twelve-cap court rank system established in 603 was the first that imposed a ranking among government officials.
Japanese: 初めて官吏を序列付けたのは、603年（推古天皇11年）の冠位十二階である。
English: After several changes (see The changes in the court and the official ranks), the foundation of the court rank system was established under the Taiho (701) and the Yoro (718) codes.
Japanese: その後数度の変遷を経て（→冠位・官位制度の変遷）、701年（大宝(日本)元年）の大宝律令および718年（養老2年）の養老律令によって位階制度の基本が固まった。
English: By connecting the court rank with the official post (the official rank system), the court rank system placed the right person in the right post regardless of heredity or power, and also avoided the hereditary transfer of the official post.
Japanese: 位階制度は、位階と官職を関連づけることにより（官位制）、血縁や勢力にとらわれず適材適所を配置し、官職の世襲を防いだ。
English: The system that the Emperor used to impose a court rank also concentrated the authority and power in the hands of the Emperor, which led to the establishment of the political system that placed the Emperor at the top.
Japanese: また、天皇が位階を授与することで、全ての権威と権力を天皇に集中し、天皇を頂点とした国家体制の確立を目的とした。
English: According to "Kani rei" 官位令 (the law concerning the official rank) of the Taiho and the Yoro Ritsuryo codes, the Imperial princes of the Imperial family were graded in four ranks from "Ippon" to "Shihon" (First to Fourth Rank); other Shoo (princes who didn't receive any proclamation to be an Imperial Prince) were in fourteen ranks from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade); subjects were in thirty ranks from Shoichii to Shosoige (Lesser Initial Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 大宝令・養老令のうち官位について定めた『官位令』によれば、皇族の親王は一品（いっぽん）から四品（しほん）までの4階、諸王は正一位から従五位下まで14階、臣下は正一位から少初位下（しょうそいげ）まで30階の位階がある。
English: The official post was determined by the court rank, and restrictions on costumes were imposed according to the court rank.
Japanese: 位階によって就くことのできる官職が定まり、位階に応じて衣類などにも制限が加えられる。
English: Under the Ritsuryo System, 'the nobility' were referred to as persons of Fifth Rank or higher, and granted the privilege of stepping into the Imperial Court.
Japanese: なお、律令制における「貴族」とは五位以上の者を指し、これには昇殿などの特権が与えられた。
English: In contrast to 'the nobility,' those who were of Sixth Rank or lower to no rank were called 'Jige' or 'Jigenin.'
Japanese: 「貴族」に対し、六位以下無位までの者を「地下」（ぢげ）もしくは「地下人」と呼ぶ。
English: Under the Imperial Court and the new Meiji government, the court rank and the official post were conferred on the deceased in the recognition of services done in their lifetime.
Japanese: 朝廷及び明治新政府では、故人に対して生前の功績を称え位階または官職を追贈がなされることがあった。
English: The reading of "正" in "正O位" is not "Sei" but "Sho," and the reading of "従" in "従O位" is not "Juh" but "Ju."
Japanese: 正○位の「正」は「せい」でなく「しょう」、従○位の「従」は「じゅう」でなく「じゅ」と読む。
English: In addition, the reading of "三位" is not "Sani" but "Sanmi,"; "四位" is not "Yoni" but "Shii"; "七位" is not "Nanai" but "Shichii."
Japanese: また、三位は「さんい」でなく「さんみ」、四位は「よんい」でなく「しい」、七位は「なない」でなく「しちい」と読む。
English: "Oni no sei" was a system that guaranteed a certain level of court rank for descendants of high-ranking nobles.
Japanese: 蔭位の制（おんいのせい）とは、高位者の子孫を一定以上の位階に叙位する制度。
English: According to this law, court rank was given when the descendants reached the age of 21 and over; eligible persons for the system of "Oni" were as follows: the children of the Emperor's relatives or princes in the fifth generation, children and grandchildren of subjects of Third Rank or higher, and children of those who were of Fifth Rank or higher.
Japanese: 令によれば、子孫が21歳以上になったとき叙位され、蔭位資格者は皇親・五世王の子、諸臣三位以上の子と孫、五位以上の子である。
English: "Oni no sei," which was based on the Chinese Ritsuryo System, had a narrow range of qualification, and the rank given was high compared with the Chinese one.
Japanese: 蔭位の制は中国の律令制に倣った制度だが、中国の制度よりも資格者の範囲は狭く、与えられる位階は高い。
English: As "Raiki" (the Book of Rites), which is a Confucian scripture, described that "Rei" (ritual and etiquette) governed the conduct of the nobles while "Kei" (rules of punishment) governed the common people, government officials of the Fifth Rank or higher, as a rule, escaped a prison sentences except for the death penalty, for eight unpardonable crimes (the Ritsuryo codes). (In fact, the death penalty was substituted with exile or expulsion.)
Japanese: 儒教の経典である『礼記』には「礼は庶人に下らず、刑は大夫に上らず」とされ、律令法では八虐などによる死罪(律令法)（実際は流罪及び除名で代替される場合もあった）を例外として、五位以上の官人には実刑を加えないことが原則とされていた。
English: In Japan, based on the Chinese "Hachigi"system (the Eight Deliberations) or "Hachiheki"system described in "Shurai" (the Rites of Zhou), "Rikugi no sei " (the Six Deliberations) was established in the Meirei-ritsu (Japanese criminal law); those who were of Third Rank and above received the favor of a lesser punishment as the sixth condition of "Ki" (high officials), and those who were of Fifth Rank and above were also applicable to such a case by taking the procedure of "Sho" (criminal previleges for the nobles).
Japanese: 日本では中国の八議（『周礼』では八辟）の制度を元にして名例律において六議の制が定められ、三位以上は6番目の「貴」とされて減刑の対象となり、更に五位以上でも「請」の手続を経ることで準用が認められた。
English: When a high-ranking official was sentenced to punishments less than exile, his sentence was always reduced by one degree; he could expiate his crime by giving up his title, which is, "Kanto."
Japanese: 流罪以下の刑に処せられた場合、罪一等を減じた上で官当により自らの位記を返上して罪を贖った。
English: The commutation of a punishment by a dismissal of an official post or demotion was common because the official posts became important in the middle Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代中期においては、官職の重要性が高まったために左遷や解官（官職罷免）による換刑が行われた。
English: It was also generally accepted that only those who were Sani (courtier without post) or Hikan (a person of the lower rank) could escape imprisonment and expiate crimes by giving up official posts or by offering copper coins.
Japanese: 散位や卑官の者に限って官当や贖銅で罪を贖うことで実刑を免れるのが一般的であった。
English: The court rank system was originally designed for the purpose of avoiding the hereditary transfer of an official post, setting the court rank based on ability and giving the appropriate official post for the court rank and level of ability.
Japanese: 本来は能力によって位階を位置付け、その位階と能力に見合った官職に就けることで、官職の世襲を妨げることを大きな目的とした。
English: However, it contained such a condition to allow the hereditary transfer of the official post from the start: the establishment of "Oni no sei".
Japanese: しかしながら、蔭位の制を設けるなど、世襲制を許す条件を当初から含んでいた。
English: For all these reasons, the court rank system became an empty formality in the early Heian period, resulting in that some high-ranking nobles monopolized the hereditary transfer of the official post.
Japanese: そのため、平安時代の初期には形骸化して一部の上流貴族に世襲的な官職の独占を許すに到った。
English: When the Ritsuryo codes were abolished in the Meiji Restoration, the court rank system continued in Daijokan (Grand Council of State) for a while. (Shokyui [Senior Ninth Rank] and Jukyui [Junior Ninth Rank] were established instead of Daishosoi [Greater and Lesser Initial Rank] on August 20 1869 according to the old calendar.)
Japanese: 明治維新により律令法が廃された後も、太政官においては、暫く続けられた（明治2年8月20日(旧暦)に大少初位の代わりに正九位・従九位が設けられている）。
English: In 1887, the "Joijorei" (Regulations concerning the Conferment of Court Rank: Imperial Ordinance No.10 1887) was enacted, and the court rank system was restored.
Japanese: 1887年（明治20年）には、「叙位条例」（明治20年勅令第10号）が制定されて位階制度が復活した。
English: After the "Joijorei" was enacted, the rank was divided into sixteen grades from Shoichii to Juhachii. (including "Joijorei")
Japanese: 叙位条例以降は、正一位から従八位までの16階（叙位条例も同じ）とされた。
English: The "Joijorei" stipulated that "Court rank is conferred on Peers, officials of the "Choku nin" and "So nin"ranks, persons who have rendered distinguished services to the State or persons of such merit as to warrant public notice." (Article 1 of "Joijorei")
Japanese: 叙位条例によると「凡ソ位ハ華族勅奏任官及国家ニ勲功アル者又ハ表彰スヘキ功績アル者ニ叙ス」（叙位条例第1条）とされた。
English: According to the "Joijorei," the court rank from Jushii upwards was conferred by "Chokuju" (Imperial grace through the Minister of the Imperial Household), and that from Shogoi (Senior Fifth Rank) downwards was conferred with "Soju" (Imperial approval and made public by the Minister of the Imperial Household).
Japanese: 叙位条例によると、従四位以上は勅授（宮内大臣から伝達）、正五位以下は奏授（宮内大臣が天皇に奏して叙位）とされた。
English: Persons of Juichii (Junior First Rank) were treated corresponding to the title of Prince; persons of Shonii (Senior Second Rank), Marquis; persons of Shosanmi/Jusanmi (Senior/Junior Third Rank), Count; and persons of Shoshii/Jushii, Baron.
Japanese: 従一位は公爵、正二位は侯爵、正従三位は伯爵、正従四位は男爵に準じた。
English: In 1926, "Ikai rei" 位階令 (the decree concerning the court rank: Imperial Ordinance No. 325 1926) was enacted.
Japanese: 1926年（大正15年）には「位階令」（大正15年勅令第325号）が制定された。
English: So, the court rank system has benn maintained as a system of awarding honors along with the conferment of orders and medals (Japan).
Japanese: これにより、勲章(日本)・褒章と並ぶ栄典制度の一つとして位階制度は維持されてきた。
English: Unlike the conferment of decorations, persons who has lost or abandoned their nationality are deprived of the rank, and foreigners are not entitled to the conferment of court ranks.
Japanese: 叙勲と異なり、日本国籍を失ったときには位も失い、外国人を叙位することはない。
English: The court rank was conferred on only civil subjects; the Imperial family were not entitled to the conferment of court ranks. (Those who lost their status as a member of the Imperial family enjoyed the conferment of court ranks.)
Japanese: また、位階は臣民にのみ与えられ、皇族を叙位することはない（ただし、皇籍を離脱した者は叙位の対象となる）。
English: As for the "Ikai rei," the sequential order of eligible persons for the conferment of court ranks in the former "Joijorei" was changed as follows: "Persons who have rendered distinguished services to the State or persons of such merit as to warrant public notice," "Persons who possess the titles of nobility or the legal heir who is entitled to succeed to the titles of nobility," "The holder of a government post and the holder of a position."
Japanese: 位階令では、従来の叙位条例から叙爵対象の順序が変更され、「国家ニ勲功アリ又ハ表彰スヘキ功績アル者」・「有爵者及爵ヲ襲クコトヲ得ヘキ相続人」・「在官者及在職者」とされた。
English: The form of conferment from Shonii downwards was not changed, but Shoichii/Juichii (Senior/Junior First Rank) was especially conferred by "Shinju" (personal investiture by the Emperor). (A diploma of court rank was bestowed personally by the Emperor upon the recipiant in the ceremony of Imperial conferment of decoraiton.)
Japanese: 位階令によると、正二位以下の授与形態に変更はなかったが、正従一位は特に親授（親授式で、天皇から位記を授与）とされた。
English: The eligibility criteria for the recipients are almost the same as that of the conferment of decoration, but the details differ, such that the eligibility criteria depend on what kind of achievements done.
Japanese: 授与に当たっての選考基準は叙勲とほぼ同じだが、細部で異なっており、功績種別によっても選考基準が異なる。
English: The Cabinet Office Decoration Bureau (the Prime Minister's Office Decoration Bureau before the reorganization of the central government) is a section in charge of the conferment of decoration; the Cabinet Office Minister's Secretariat Personnel Division (Prime Minister's Secretariat Personnel Division before the reorganization of the central government) is a section in charge of the conferment of court rank.
Japanese: 叙勲の所管は内閣府賞勲局（中央省庁再編前は総理府賞勲局）、叙位の所管は内閣府大臣官房人事課（中央省庁再編前は内閣総理大臣官房人事課）である。
English: Those who served long in public office (members of the Diet, government officials, fire officers, members of a fire brigade, teachers, etc.) are often conferred court ranks.
Japanese: 長く公的な職にあった者（議員・官吏・消防吏員・消防団員・教員等々）に叙位される例が多い。
English: As its another name, "Ichi no kami" (the chief administer) indicated, it was like the head of Taikaku (cabinet) that oversaw all functions of Daijokan.
Japanese: 「一上（いちのかみ）」の別称が示すとおり、太政官の職務を統べ、台閣の首座に等しかった。
English: As Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state), which was above Sadaijin in rank, was not a permanent position, it was not appointed in the absence of a qualified person; therefore, in such a case, Sadaijin was the top rank in Daijokan.
Japanese: 左大臣の上には太政大臣が存在するが、常置の職ではなく、その資格がある人を欠く場合は置かれず、その場合には左大臣が太政官の最高位であった。
English: Daijo-daijin was later regarded as an honorary post, and Sadaijin bacame virtually the supreme leader of Daijokan.
Japanese: 後には太政大臣は名誉職とされて、左大臣が太政官における事実上の最高指導者と看做された。
English: According to "Nihon shoki" (the Chronicles of Japan) and "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), there were some cases in which the post of Sadaijin also became vacant if there was no one qualified for Daijokan in the early Ritsuryo System.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』『続日本紀』などの記録を見ると、律令制の初期には条件を満たす太政官が存在しない場合、左大臣も空位になっていたケースが存在した。
English: Positioned above the Sadaijin (minister of the left) and the Udaijin (minister of the right), the Daijo-daijin (grand minister of state, also known as Dajo-daijin) was the highest official post in the Daijokan (Grand Council of State) under the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 太政大臣（だいじょうだいじん/だじょうだいじん）は律令制において、左大臣・右大臣の上に位置する、太政官における最高位の官職である。
English: With no particular duties, people such as an emperor's teacher (top instructor) were appointed, so it was not always filled, only when an appropriate person was available.
Japanese: 特に職掌はなく、天子の師（「師範一人」）たりうる者が任ぜられたので、常設はされず、適任者がいる時のみ叙任された。
English: For that reason, it was called a "sokketsu post" ("ketsu" means "absent").
Japanese: そのため、「則闕（そっけつ）の官」と呼ばれた（「闕」は「欠」の意）。
English: Also, it was the only one exempted from danso (indictment for illegal activities) by the danjodai (Board of Censors).
Japanese: また、弾正台による弾奏（非違行為に対する告発）の対象から唯一除外されていた。
English: Beginning in 671, during the reign of Emperor Tenchi, it was abolished with the Meiji period's Sanetomi SANJO (1871-1885) as the last.
Japanese: 天智天皇朝の弘文天皇（671年）を最初とし、明治時代の三条実美（1871年-1885年在任）を最後に廃止される。
English: In the early years of the Ritsuryo system it was treated as a post that could not be filled lightly, and instead an equivalent Chidajokanji was established, to be filled only by members of the imperial family, but later their retainers came to be appointed to Daijo-daijin.
Japanese: 律令制初期においては軽々しく任命する事の出来ない役職であるとして、代わりに皇族のみが任じられる同格の「知太政官事（ちだじょうかんじ）」が設置されていたが、後には臣下の者が太政大臣に任命されるようになった。
English: Although these conditions lead to a custom of Sadaijin managing Daijokan in place of Daijo-daijin, later on when FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa and FUJIWARA no Mototsune served as both Daijo-daijin and Sessho (regent), there arose some confusion as to the difference in the duties of Daijo-daijin and Sessho, and who would control Daijokan when there were both Daijo-daijin and Sadaijin at the same time.
Japanese: こうした事情より、太政大臣に代わって左大臣が太政官を統括する慣例が生じたが、後に藤原良房及び藤原基経が太政大臣と摂政を兼ねると、太政大臣と摂政の職掌の違いは何か、あるいは太政大臣と左大臣が並存する場合にはどちらが太政官を統括するかで混乱が生じた。
English: That is when, on June 5, 884, Emperor Koko invited scholars SUGAWARA no Michizane and OKURA no Yoshiyuki to give their opinions of the authority of Daijo-daijin.
Japanese: そこで、元慶8年5月9日(旧暦)（884年6月5日）、光孝天皇は菅原道真・大蔵善行ら学者らを召して太政大臣の権限について意見を出させた。