nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: High-quality beni is extremely expensive and it was said to be valued as the same amount of gold, as the familiar expression "one monme (3.75 grams) of gold, one monme of beni" described.
Japanese: 上質のものは非常に高価で、『金一匁（もんめ）紅一匁』という言葉通り、同じ重量の金に匹敵する価値があるとも言われた。
English: It is also said that people sometimes brought empty containers to beni shops so beni was refilled when they wanted to buy it again.
Japanese: なお、容器は再び紅を買う時に紅屋に持っていって紅を塗ってもらう事があったようだ。
English: The appearance of dried beni changes depending on the angle of light, because the purity of beni's red coloring matter is so high that it absorbs red light and it shines with green, which is the opposite color of red.
Japanese: 純度が高い赤い色素故に赤い光を吸収してしまい、反対色である緑色の輝きを放つため、乾燥した状態では玉虫色に見える。
English: It becomes red when it absorbs some water, but it eventually returns to the iridescent-like color when it is applied on the lips.
Japanese: 水を含ませると赤色になるが、唇などに塗り重ねると、やはり、玉虫色かかった色になる。
English: When using beni, people used a wet thin cosmetic lipbrush to mix it with water little by little and applied the dissolved beni to the lips, or they sometimes directly used their third fingers to apply beni to their lips.
Japanese: 使用する際は、水を含ませた化粧用の細い紅筆で少しずつ紅を溶きながら唇に塗り重ねてゆくか、直接指で紅を取ることもあった。
English: In the Kofun (tumulus) period, beni had not been introduced into Japan yet and people used mineral pigments such as minium and cinnabar to decorate their bodies with red, and noble men mainly applied such pigments to their faces and bodies in order to enhance their vitality.
Japanese: 日本に紅が伝来する前の古墳時代において身を飾る赤といえば丹や朱と呼ばれる鉱物性の顔料であり、多くは身分の高い男性が顔や体に塗りつけ己の生命力を増強する目的で用いられた。
English: Once beni was brought to Japan from China, the court ladies' lips were made up in vivid beni, and people began to think of using beni as an important factor to a woman's grooming and appearance.
Japanese: 中国から紅が伝来した後は、鮮やかな紅が王朝の宮廷婦人たちの唇を彩るようになり、紅を引くことは女性の重要な身だしなみとみなされるようになった。
English: In the Heian court, painting over a face with white makeup powder became a popular makeup technique so that the face could attract attention even in a dim room.
Japanese: 平安朝においては、薄暗い室内で目立たせるために、顔全体を白粉で塗りつぶす化粧法が主流となった。
English: A woman put lip rouge just on the center of her lips so her mouth looked small and cute, and rouged her cheeks lightly.
Japanese: 唇にはおちょぼ口に見えるようにぽちりと口紅を引き、うっすらと頬紅を刷く。
English: The custom of makeup also became popular among noblemen although their makeup was lighter than women's makeup, and some young samurai men in the Taira clan, whose behavior and culture became the court noble style, even changed their eyebrows to hikimayu (painted eyebrows) and powdered their faces lightly before going into a battle.
Japanese: 女性ほど濃厚ではないが男性貴族にも化粧の習慣が広まり、公家化した平氏の武将の中には、眉を引眉にし薄く白粉を刷いて出陣した若者もいる。
English: This custom did not become outdated during the Samurai government in the Kamakura period; indeed, men's makeup was taken over by children in a traditional festival procession and high-class samurai in later times.
Japanese: 武士政権の鎌倉期に入っても廃れるどころか後々も稚児や高級武士の中に男性の化粧が残った。
English: Beni was used widely for clothing during this period, but it was hardly used for cosmetic purposes.
Japanese: この時代は紅は衣装などにふんだんに使用されはしたが、化粧にはほとんど姿を現さない。
English: In the latter part of the Muromachi period, the makeup powder called 'beni oshiroi' (beni makeup powder), which is the face powder mixed with light-pinkish beni powder, became popular and the makeup style was changed to what gave women more lively impressions, reflecting the trend of those times.
Japanese: 室町時代も後半には「紅白粉」という薄紅色の紅粉を混ぜた白粉が流行し、時代の風潮を反映してか女性の化粧はより生き生きとした印象を与えるものに代わった。
English: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, some influential merchants took advantage of the confusion in the collapse of the class system and they began to increase their power, and ordinary women enjoyed makeup in their favorite styles around the Shokuho period (also known as the Azuchi-Momoyama period).
Japanese: 安土桃山時代に入ると身分制が崩壊した混乱期に乗じて有力な町人が活躍し始め、織豊期の前後には市井の女性たちが自由に化粧を楽しんだ。
English: In the Edo period, women living in Edo longed for high-quality beni which was brought all the way from Kyoto.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、はるばる京都から出荷された上質の京紅が江戸の女性の憧れとなっていた。
English: The makeup which needed plenty of beni attracted women, and yujo (prostitutes in the Edo period) who earned a great deal of money slightly applied beni to their fingernails and toenails (this method was called 'tsuma beni', which literally means "red nail") and their earlobes as well as their lips, in order to make themselves look more sexy.
Japanese: 美しい紅をふんだんに使う化粧が女性の憧れであり、大金を稼ぐ遊女は唇に止まらず「爪紅」といって手足の爪にほんのりと紅を差したり、耳たぶにも薄く紅を差して色っぽさを演出した。
English: In the latter part of the Edo period, the makeup method in which women applied beni to their lower lips repeatedly to make the lips shine like gold-green was in fashion and this method was called 'sasa beni' (which literally means "bamboo leaf red"), but women except for popular yujo applied black ink under beni to save beni because this method required plenty of beni, which was very expensive.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期には「笹紅」といって下唇に何度も紅を塗りつけて金緑に光らせる化粧が流行したが、高価な紅をふんだんに使うため売れっ妓の遊女などを除いては下地に墨を塗って紅を節約したと言う。
English: Unlike chemical coloring matter used for prevailing lipsticks, beni does not hurt the skin when it is washed off.
Japanese: 市販の口紅に使われる科学染料などと違って肌に負担をかけず洗い流せる。
English: "Yagura" (turret), which is written as "櫓" in Japanese, is a term for Japanese traditional constructions, buildings, and structure.
Japanese: 櫓（やぐら）とは日本の古代よりの構造物・建造物、または構造などの呼称。
English: A building used both as a storehouse for arrows and a launching site which is constructed at an ancient castle, and temporary defense buildings supported by posts sunk directly into the ground.
Japanese: 古代からある城等に建てられた矢を納めた倉庫兼発射台、防衛用の仮設の掘立建物。
English: A multi story or single story building for firing arrows or guns which was constructed at an early modern castle.
Japanese: 近世の城郭に建てられた矢や鉄砲を発射するための重層または単層の建造物。
English: Names of construction parts (such as funa-yagura [a yagura installed on a Japanese-style ship] and kotatsu-yagura [a wooden frame of a kotatsu, a Japanese foot warmer]), and names of techniques or arts (a winning technique of sumo and a battle formation of shogi, a Japanese board game resembling chess).
Japanese: 構造部位の名称（船櫓・炬燵櫓など）・技の名称（相撲の技・将棋の陣たて）
English: Orthodox theaters have mostly had a yagura at the front of the building, above the entrance.
Japanese: 本格的な芝居小屋では建物正面、入り口の上に櫓を設置するのが通例であった。
English: Theaters required permission to be permanently built especially until the Edo period, and permitted theaters displayed spears and gohei (a wand tipped with strips of white paper) to show their status.
Japanese: 特に江戸時代までは常設の芝居小屋には認可が必要であり、それを得ている芝居小屋は槍や御幣を飾ってその地位を示した。
English: This style was taken over as an architectural style beginning with the Meiji period, and theaters which adopt a traditional style still have a yagura.
Japanese: 明治以降になっても建築様式として引継がれ、伝統的な様式を採用する芝居小屋には櫓が設置される。
English: A temporary tower-style structure is sometimes set up in a field to be used as a special place for a festival or a Bon Festival Dance.
Japanese: 祭りや盆踊りなどの会場にするため、広場に塔状の構造物を仮設することがある。
English: People play music on the yagura and make the yagura look more attractive with decorations on ropes attached to the yagura.
Japanese: 櫓の上で音楽を演奏したり、櫓と繋いだ縄に飾りつけをして見栄えを整える。
English: This type of yagura also includes drum turrets built for yosedaiko (drum beating made on the performance day which announces that the performance is about to begin) and hanedaiko (drum beating made on the performance day which announces that the performance has ended) at a sumo performance.
Japanese: 相撲興行の際に、寄せ太鼓（当日の興行実施を知らせる）やはね太鼓（当日興行の終わりを知らせる）をうつために作られる太鼓櫓もこれに含まれる。
English: However, the current drum turret set up at the Ryogoku Kokugikan Arena is a permanent one, not a temporary one, for security reasons; besides, it has an elevator.
Japanese: ただし、現在の両国国技館では、安全上の観点から、仮設ではなく常設の太鼓櫓が作られ、エレベーターも備えられている。
English: When a fire occurs, nowadays, people go up a fire watchtower to check the location of the fire scene, and the watchtower is also used to let other people know the occurrence of the fire by ringing a fire bell which is installed on the top of the watchtower.
Japanese: 現在では、火災が発生したときに人が登って火事現場の位置を確認するとともに、上部に設置された半鐘をたたいて音で火事の発生を知らせるための建物として使われている。
English: A tournament bracket is also called 'yagura' because the lines indicating pairings form a tower shape.
Japanese: トーナメント戦で組み合わせが塔状に伸びていくことから、トーナメント表のことを「やぐら」ともいう。
English: A 'yagura' refers to a frame including the legs of a hori-gotatsu (a foot warmer built into a floor) or a kotatsu, on which a kotatsu blanket is spread.
Japanese: 掘り炬燵や炬燵などの脚を含む布団をかけるための骨組みを「櫓・やぐら」という。
English: The term 'yagura' sometimes refers to players who form a base part on which other players ride in a cavalry battle game (in which people riding piggyback on other people try to knock off their opponents' headgear) or coordinated group gymnastics.
Japanese: 人を乗せる騎馬戦や組体操の組み手のことを「やぐら」ということがある。
English: Some people believe that 'dashi' (festival cars), which are used at the Gion Festival (Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture) and other festivals, utilize this type of yagura.
Japanese: 祇園祭（京都府京都市）などの祭典に用いられた「山車（だし）」はこれを利用したものであるという説がある。
English: The term 'kuiuchi-yagura' (a pile-driving tower) refers to a temporary structure which is built by constructing logs and steel pipes, and this is used as a machine to drive in piles at a foundation work.
Japanese: 杭打ち地業の際に杭を打つ装置として、丸太や鋼管などを組んで建てた仮設の構造物を「杭打ちやぐら」という。
English: They are designated to the 'doburo yakimono shi' (brazier maker and potter), which is one of the Senke jusshoku (which means "Senke's ten designated craftsmen families," representing the ten highly skilled craftspeople who are the recipients of traditionally transmitted skills within specific families designated to serve the major tea schools [Senke] in Kyoto), and they have produced doburo (a ceramic portable stove for boiling water to make tea) and tea bowls for generations.
Japanese: 千家十職の一つ「土風炉・焼物師」であり、代々土風炉（どぶろ）、茶碗などを製作してきた。
English: They have been under the family name of Eiraku from the 10th generation onwards, and have made tea bowls as well as doburo.
Japanese: 10代以降は永樂（えいらく）姓を名乗り、土風炉に加えて茶陶を制作している。
English: Zengoro's doburo include biscuit ware with a lacquer finish and earthenware with its surface polished.
Japanese: 善五郎の土風炉には素焼きの器に漆を重ね塗りしたもの、土器の表面を磨いたものなどがある。
English: In the Muromachi period, Sozen, who was the founder of the family and was under the family name of Nishimura, lived in 'Nishinokyo Nishimura,' Nara, and made ritual utensils for Kasuga-taisha Shrine.
Japanese: 室町時代、初代宗禅は奈良の「西京西村」に住んで春日大社の供御器を作っており、西村姓を名乗っていた。
English: In his later years, he began to make doburo according to the request from Joo TAKENO, who lived in Sakai City, and he declared himself a doburo-shi (brazier maker) Zengoro.
Japanese: 晩年に堺市の武野紹鴎の依頼で土風炉を作るようになり、土風炉師・善五郎を名乗るようになる。
English: Sozen the third was given a bronze seal of '宗全' (Sozen) when he received the order from Enshu KOBORI, and the family put that Sozen seal on their works until the ninth generation.
Japanese: 小堀遠州の用命を受けた際に「宗全」の銅印をもらったことから、以後九代まで作品に宗全印を捺用した。
English: Although they lost their estate and the seal due to the Great Fire of Tenmei in 1788, Ryozen EIRAKU the 10th restored the family fortunes with the help of the Sansenke (three Senke houses of the tea ceremony consisting of Omotesenke, Urasenke and Mushakojisenke).
Japanese: 1788年に天明の大火で家屋敷や印章を失うが、三千家の援助もあり十代・永樂了全が再興した。
English: Although the Senke jusshoku includes another tea bowl maker family called Kichizaemon RAKU, they and Zengoro have their own territories because Zengoro's major products are replicas of works which have been prized for a long time, while the Raku family focuses only on rakuyaki (hand-molded pottery).
Japanese: 千家十職の中には同じく茶碗を作る樂吉左衛門がいるが、善五郎は主に伝世品の写しなどを作っており楽焼のみの樂家とは住み分けがなされている。
English: In 1827, Hozen EIRAKU the 11th was invited to the opening ceremony of oniwa-yaki (which literally means "ware of honorable park", representing a lord's private kiln or ware made at a lord's private factory) held at the Nishihama Goten Palace, which was the second house of Harutomi TOKUGAWA, who was the 10th lord of the Kishu Domain, and he was presented with a gold seal of '河濱支流' (pronounced as kahinshiryu, which literally means "a riverside of the Yellow River and a tributary of the river", and this term was derived from the old Chinese tale that the ancient Chinese leader named Shun made durable ware at a riverside of the Yellow River) and a silver seal of '永樂' (Eiraku) in praise of his great works.
Japanese: 十一代永樂保全は1827年に、紀州藩十代藩主徳川治寶の別邸西浜御殿の御庭焼開窯に招かれ、作品を賞して「河濱支流（かひんしりゅう）」の金印「永樂」の銀印を拝領した。
English: The family has used the Eiraku seal from that time onwards and Wazen the 12th began to use the family name of Eiraku.
Japanese: 以降、「永樂」の印章を用いると共に12代・和全の代から永樂姓を名乗った。
English: Fujin (also known as "Kaze no kami," or "Fuhaku") is the Japanese god believed to control the wind.
Japanese: 風神（ふうじん）、風の神（かぜのかみ）、風伯（ふうはく）は、風を司る神。
English: Fujin as a ghost originated from the medieval superstition that the flow of the air not only damaged agricultural products and fishing, but also got into the human body and caused disease.
Japanese: 妖怪としては、空気の流動が農作物や漁業への被害をあたえる、人間の体内に入って病気の原因となるという、中世の信仰から生まれたもの。
English: That is why the phrase of 'catch a cold' is written in Chinese characters as '風邪' (literary, "風" means the wind and "邪" means the cause of harm).
Japanese: 「カゼをひく」の「カゼ」を「風邪」と書くのはこのことが由来と言われている。
English: When a cold spread in the Edo period, people in turn passed a straw doll (in the shape of the wind god) through the town, saying, 'Pass it, pass it,' and in the end, the doll was abandoned outdoors or floated away on the river, they say.
Japanese: 江戸時代には風邪の流行時に風の神を象った藁人形を「送れ送れ」と囃しながら町送りにし、野外に捨てたり川へ流したりしたという。
English: In a painting, fujin is portrayed as an ogre-like figure, carrying a large bag that is used like a pair of bellows (a tool for sending the wind).
Japanese: 絵画では鬼の姿を模し、大きな袋（これをふいごのようにして風を起こす）を持った姿で描かれる｡
English: It floats here and there riding the wind, and gets into the opening of something, or into the gap between the warm and cold air.
Japanese: 風に乗ってあちこちをさまよい、物の隙間、暖かさと寒さの隙間を狙って入り込む。
English: The wind god blows yellow-colored breath on human when he met, and if exposed to the breath, the human becomes ill.
Japanese: 人を見れば口から黄色い息を吹きかけ、その息を浴びたものは病気になってしまうとされる。
English: This soil is the yellow sand flown from the loess zone in China, and the yellow sand is said to have been the sign of rainy weather and an outbreak of plague from the wind.
Japanese: これは中国黄土地帯から飛来する黄砂のことで、雨天の前兆、風による疫病発生を暗示しているものといわれる。
English: All over western Japan, meeting a sudden illness or fever outdoors is described as 'suffering from the wind,' and there exists the folklore that the wind is not a natural phenomenon but a spiritual one.
Japanese: 西日本各地では、屋外で急な病気や発熱に遭うことを「風にあう」といい、風を自然現象ではなく霊的なものとする民間信仰がみられる。
English: "Book of Folded Pages" (a book on the study of waka poems written in the Heian period) and "A Miscellany of Ten Maxims" (a collection of anecdotes written in the Kamakura period) both say people held rituals for soothing fujin that was believed to be the troublesome god for bringing disasters and illnesses.
Japanese: 平安時代の歌学書『袋草子』、鎌倉時代の説話集『十訓抄』には、災害や病気をもたらす悪神としての風神を鎮めるための祭事があったことが述べられている。
English: The name, Shuto, already appeared in the encyclopedia, "Wakan-sansai-zue" (an encyclopedia compiled in the Edo period) that is said to be published in around 1712.
Japanese: 正徳(日本)2年（1712年）頃の出版とされる百科事典、和漢三才図会にすでに酒盗という名称がみられる。
English: It is said that, if you drink sake while eating Shuto as sakana (appetizers taken with alcoholic drinks), you run short of sake soon 'as if it is stolen by someone' or 'you want to drink it even if you steal it from someone.'
Japanese: これを肴に飲むと酒がすすんでしまい、「盗まれるように酒がなくなっていく」あるいは「酒が無くなったら盗んででも飲みたくなる」からとも云われている。
English: One theory is that its history started when the 12th lord of the Tosa Domain, Toyosuke YAMAUCHI, was served this appetizer in Tosashimizu and he named it Shuto, but this story lacks credibility as Toyosuke was born in 1794.
Japanese: 一説には土佐の第12代藩主、山内豊資（とよすけ）が土佐清水でこれを振舞われた際に名づけたという伝承があるが、豊資は1794年生まれである為信憑性に乏しい。
English: When you make Shuto, clean thoroughly bonito's stomach and intestines with water, and salt down in 20 % salt-water solution for salty one and 10 % salt-water solution for mild one.
Japanese: 鰹の胃と腸をよく洗い、辛口では20%、甘口のものでは10%程度の塩で漬け込む。
English: Shuto makers ship it, after seasoning it with sake, sakemirin (sweet cooking rice wine), and honey and maturing it for at least half a year to one year.
Japanese: メーカーにより酒、みりん、蜂蜜などで調味し、最低でも半年から一年熟成させた後に出荷される。
English: It matures by digestive enzyme contained in guts, and well-matured Shuto almost melts when it is eaten with rice with tea poured on.
Japanese: 内臓に含まれる消化酵素によって熟成し、よく熟れたものは茶漬けにするととろける程になる。
English: Since a 4 to 5kg bonito has only about 50g of guts, Shuto is rarely made at home.
Japanese: 鰹の内臓は4～5kgのものでも50ｇ程しか取れないため、一般家庭で作られることは殆ど無い。
English: It is believed that Shuto originally came from salted fish guts, made and eaten by fishermen and processors who made it from the large amount of guts removed when they made namaribushi (boiled and half-dried bonito).
Japanese: もともとは生利節を製造する際に大量に出る内臓を、漁師や加工業者が塩辛にして食べていたものが始まりであると言われている。
English: Other than eaten as an accompaniment to a drink, recently various new recipes are invented by using it as a seasoning.
Japanese: そのまま酒肴とするほか、近年では酒盗を料理の調味料として使った様々な調理法が考案されている。
English: It is used for aemono (chopped fish, shellfish or vegetables, dressed with [miso or other] sauce) as it is or, like anchovies, used for stir-fried dishes such as fried rice, or for food boiled and seasoned as it increases savory (rich) when used as a hidden flavor.
Japanese: 生で和え物などにしたり、アンチョビのように加熱してチャーハンのような炒め物、また煮物などに隠し味として使うと料理のコクが増す。
English: Other than Shuto product that uses bonitos, there are new products that use tuna, sake (Chum salmon), sea bream, or pike (fish) are now appearing on the market.
Japanese: 鰹を使ったもののほか、マグロ、サケ、鯛、サンマといった別の魚で作った製品も登場している。
English: There are many products that use not only guts but also fish meat, or seasoned with Yuzu citron or red peppers, and many makers are competing to sell various products.
Japanese: 内臓だけではなく、身も漬け込んだもの、柚子や唐辛子で風味をつけたものなども有り、数多くのメーカーが様々な商品で競い合っている。
English: Danjiri appear mainly in festivals of western Japan, and are roughly categorized into two types, 'hiki-danjiri' (a decorative float towed by festival participants) and 'katsugi-danjiri' (a decorative float shouldered by festival participants).
Japanese: 主に西日本の祭礼で登場し、「曳きだんじり」と「担ぎだんじり」の2種類に大別される。
English: Danjiri refers to the type of float --- one of the above mentioned --- that appears mainly in festivals of the former Izumi Province, Kawachi Province, and Settsu Province (the present Hyogo and Osaka Prefectures) in the Kinki region.
Japanese: 上記のだんじりの内の一つで、近畿地方の主に和泉国・河内国・摂津国地域の祭礼で登場する地車（だんじり）。
English: Recently, television broadcasts and others have made the Kishiwada Danjiri Festival (the festival held in Kishiwada City, Osaka Prefecture) so famous that danjiri sometimes refers to the float that appears in this festival.
Japanese: 近年ではテレビなどの影響により、特に大阪府岸和田市の祭礼（岸和田だんじり祭）が有名であるため、この祭に登場する地車の事を指すこともある。
English: Utsuroi-giku refers to the variety of white chrysanthemum whose petals begin to be tinged with purple from their edges around late autumn.
Japanese: 移菊（うつろいぎく）とは晩秋のころ白菊が花弁の端から紫がかって来たものを言う。
English: As it is, the petals change their color simply because the tissues are damaged by, for example, frost; this is called 'frostbite' in gardening terms.
Japanese: 有体に言ってしまえば、花弁に霜が触れるなどして植物組織が損傷を受け色が変わったもので、園芸用語で言う「霜焼け」に過ぎない。
English: However, nobles in the Heian period loved the purple color so much that they sometimes dared to rate utsuroi-giku higher than the white chrysanthemum.
Japanese: しかし、平安貴族の紫への愛着から、ともすれば通常の白菊よりも美しいとさえされた。
English: In China (the home of the chrysanthemum), it was praised as one of four valued plants for its noble atmosphere distinctive in the late autumn field and for its fresh fragrance, so Chinese people loved the chrysanthemum as the symbol of something valuable, such as 'the noble spirit keeping oneself away from injustice,' 'friendship unchanged even in one's dark days,' and 'the mountain hermit's miraculous medicine promising longevity.'
Japanese: 原産地の中国で菊は晩秋の野に凛と立つ姿と清清しい芳香から四君子の一つとされ、「不正を寄せ付けぬ高潔さ」「不遇の際も変わらぬ友情」「長寿をもたらす仙人の霊薬」などとのイメージで愛された。
English: However, when the chrysanthemum came to Japan, it was deemed the symbol of ephemera, just like the cherry blossoms, which also came from China.
Japanese: ところが、日本に渡ってからは同じく中国から渡来した桜のように儚げなイメージをもたれるようになった。
English: The court nobles in the Heian period praised the white chrysanthemum that was at a little time past its prime and tinged with a slight purple as having a quite delicate charm, so they described it as 'the flower that has two peaks in a year,' or 'the flower in beautiful bloom until just before winter.'
Japanese: 平安朝の貴族は、盛りを過ぎかけた白菊がほのかに紫がかった風情をことさら優美なものとして愛好し、「一年に二度の盛りを迎える花」「冬枯れの直前まで美しく咲く花」と愛でた。
English: Purple was used in the color combinations for court attire, and in Yamashina school (a school of the dressing method of the formal attire in those days), for example, the attire's outside was medium purple and the liner was blue - or, the outside was purple and the liner was white.
Japanese: 重ねの色目にも採用されており、表が中紫で裏は青、あるいは表が紫で裏は白（山科流）。
English: "The Tale of Genji" also described utsuroi-giku as 'the color-changing chrysanthemum,' and the tale shows us that people at that time not only enjoyed looking at the chrysanthemum but also used it as kazashi (flowers worn in one's hair in a shrine ritual) and as a twig attached to a letter.
Japanese: 源氏物語にも「うつろひたる菊」などという呼び方で登場し、鑑賞するほかに挿頭や手紙の付け枝として利用されていたことがわかる。
English: In addition to autumn, the chrysanthemum seems to have another peak season, because it becomes more beautiful on changing its color to purple (a poem by KI no Tsurayuki and selected in "Kokin Wakashu" [A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry])
Japanese: 秋をおきて時こそ有けれ菊の花うつろふからに色のまされば（紀貫之「古今和歌集」）
English: The beauty of the chrysanthemum purple tempted the court nobles to dye their attire the same color, thereby keeping its life, so I wonder whoever said it was ephemeral (a poem by FUJIWARA no Noritada and selected in "Goshui Wakashu" [Later Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poetry])
Japanese: 紫にやしほ染めたる菊の花うつろふ花と誰かいひけん（藤原義忠「後拾遺和歌集」）
English: Karakuri means a Japanese traditional mechanical doll or miniature, or other mechanical device.
Japanese: からくりとは日本の伝統的な機械仕掛けの人形や模型、あるいは機械装置である。
English: Originally, karakuri was the general term for mechanical objects, and today, it mostly refers to the Japanese traditional mechanical devices intended for amusement, such as karakuri ningyo (a mechanical doll).
Japanese: からくりは元々は機械全般をあらわす言葉だが、現代ではからくり人形など娯楽性のある日本の伝統的機械装置を指す場合に使うことが多い。
English: The etymology of karakuri is said to have been the nominalized adverbial form of the Japanese verb 'karakuru,' which means 'move something by pulling the strings attached to it,' and the word karakuri was found to have been used as early as in the late 16th century.
Japanese: 語源は「糸を引っ張って動かす」という意味の「からくる」という動詞の連用形の名詞化といい、16世紀後半頃から用例が確認されている。
English: The oldest karakuri in Japan is said to have been shinansha (an ancient Chinese vehicle with a compass whose needle always pointed south), which came from China in the Heian period.
Japanese: 日本で最古のからくりは平安時代に中国から入ってきた指南車であると言われている。
English: It was a practical karakuri that always pointed south, utilizing the differential motion of the left and right wheels.
Japanese: 車輪の差動を利用して常に一定の方向を指し示す実用的なからくりである。
English: Volume 24 of "Konjaku Monogatari" (Tales of Now and Then), written in the last days of the Heian period, says that Imperial Prince Kaya produced a karakuri.
Japanese: 平安末期の『今昔物語』弐拾四巻に高陽親王がからくりを作ったとされる記録がある。
English: Although karakuri is unique to Japan, its origin owed much to Western techniques that were introduced into Japan in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 日本独自のからくりのルーツは室町時代に入ってきた西洋技術に寄るところが多い。
English: From around the 17th century, craftsmen began to produce karakuri ningyo by applying some techniques, including gears used in a watch and other things, to the devices for the movements of the doll.
Japanese: 17世紀頃から、時計などに使われていた歯車などの技術を、人形の動作装置として応用し、からくり人形が作られ始めた。
English: At first, it was owned only by daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and others as a toy of refined taste, but as it was shown to the public and gained popularity, it spread nationwide.
Japanese: 当初は大名などの玩具である数寄物であったが、次第に見世物として人気を呼ぶようになり、日本各地に普及した。