nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: About this particular investigation, refer to "Bones speak, Tokugawa Shogun and Daimyo families" and "Tombs of the Tokugawa Shogun families in Zojo-ji Temple and their articles left and bodies" written by Hisashi Suzuki.
Japanese: この調査については、鈴木尚の『骨は語る徳川将軍・大名家の人びと』、『増上寺徳川将軍家墓とその遺品・遺体』を参照のこと。
English: The Hidetada's troops at that time consisted of Tozama daimyo in Shinano Province and Fudai daimyo (hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family) who had their territory along the Uesugi Nakasendo Road, according to a custom of troops which went through the road.
Japanese: この時の秀忠隊は信濃の外様大名と、上杉・中山道に対処する部隊としての慣例により隣接地に封地を持つ譜代大名で構成していた。
English: However, regarding tactics to cope with the Ueda-jo Castle, there was a confrontation among vassals, which threw his troops into disarray.
Japanese: しかし、上田城の対処で家臣団の意見の対立を招き、足並みを乱れさせた。
English: Although Hidetada finally accepted the opinions of Yasumasa and Tadachika on attacks, Fudai daimyo were not able to support Hidetada.
Japanese: 最終的に秀忠は康政・忠隣の攻撃の意見を入れたが、秀忠を譜代が支えるという事はできなかった。
English: As soon as Ieyasu realized that Hidetada would not arrive in time, he discussed with Naomasa II and Tadakatsu HONDA if they should wait till Hidetada arrived or start battles.
Japanese: 家康は秀忠が間に合わないと察するや、本多忠勝と井伊直政になお秀忠を待つか、開戦すべきかを協議した。
English: As Ieyasu accepted Naomasa's opinion, Hidetada's late arrival to Sekigahara became unavoidable at that moment.
Japanese: 家康は直政の意見を容れたため、この時点で秀忠は関ヶ原への遅参が確定した。
English: In the Battle of Sekigahara, Hidetada led a large force of 38,000, however, when he attacked Shinshu Ueda-jo Castle in which only 2,000 soldiers holed up, he was soundly defeated by Masayuki SANADA.
Japanese: 秀忠は関ヶ原の戦いのとき、3万8,000人の大軍を率いていながら、わずか2,000人が籠城する信州上田城を攻め、真田昌幸の前に大敗を喫した。
English: The heavy defeat at that time was described as 'Our troops were severely defeated and our casualties could not be counted' ("Ressoseiseki").
Japanese: このときの惨敗ぶりを、「我が軍大いに敗れ、死傷算なし」（『烈祖成蹟』）と記されている。
English: Due to the defeat, Ieyasu declined even to see Hidetada for a while after the Battle of Sekigahara and if he saw Hidetada, he is said to have given Hidetada a sharp rebuke.
Japanese: このため家康は関ヶ原の後、秀忠としばらくの間は面会すら許さず、面会したときには手ひどく叱責を加えたとまで言われている。
English: At the time of departure for the front of Osaka Fuyu no Jin (Winter Siege of Osaka) in 1614, Hidetada left Edo-jo Castle on October 23 leading his troops.
Japanese: 慶長19年（1614年）の大坂冬の陣出陣のとき、秀忠は10月23日に軍勢を率いて江戸城を出発した。
English: Hidetada made forced marches from Edo to Fushimi and arrived at the Fushimi-jo Castle on November 10 taking only 17 days, that is, arriving at Fujisawa-shuku Station on October 24, Mishima-shuku on October 26, Ejiri-juku on October 27, Kakegawa-juku on October 28 and Yoshida-juku on October 29.
Japanese: 24日に藤沢宿、26日に三島宿、27日に江尻宿、28日に掛川宿、29日には吉田宿にまで到着するという強行軍を続けて秀忠が伏見城に到着したのは11月10日で、江戸から伏見まで17日間で到着するという強行軍を重ねた。
English: It made the officers and soldiers of the Hidetada's troops so exhausted that they were in no condition to engage in battle.
Japanese: このため、秀忠軍の将兵は疲労困憊し、とても戦えるような状況ではなかった。
English: Leaving their followers behind, only 240 foot soldiers and 34 mounted warriors arrived at Shimizu racing after racing, abandoning their arms and personal effects.'
Japanese: 「路次依急給、供衆一円不相続、況哉武具・荷物己下曾て無持参」（供廻衆を置き去りにして、武具や荷物も持たずに駆けに駆け、清水に着いたときには徒士240人、騎馬34人ほどだった）。
English: When Ieyasu was informed of it, he got infuriated and ordered Hidetada to have troops take a rest and march slowly.
Japanese: これを知った家康は激怒し、秀忠に軍勢を休ませて徐行して進軍するように命じている。
English: According to Todaiki, when Hidetada arrived at Okazaki-shuku Station on November 1, Ieyasu is said to have sent a messenger to Hidetada to give a reprimand, 'It was too unthoughtful of you to lose many of your troops, who were supposed to reach Kyoto, by needlessly hurrying the way.'
Japanese: 当代記では11月1日に秀忠が岡崎宿に着いたとき、「揃人数、急度上洛可有儀を、路次中急給故、供奉輩不相揃、軽々敷上給事、不可然」と叱責する使者を出したとまで言われている。
English: However, Hidetada, in disregard of the Ieyasu's order, continued to go on a forced march arriving at Nagoya on November 2 and Hikone on November 5.
Japanese: ところが秀忠は家康の命令を無視して11月2日には名古屋、5日には彦根にまで到着するという強行軍を続けた。
English: "Sunpuki" wrote that Ieyasu was 'very much offended by a long distance march by a large force.'
Japanese: このため家康は「大軍数里の行程然るべからざる由、甚だ御腹立」であったと『駿府記』には記されている。
English: At the military ceremony held immediately before the Osaka Natsu no Jin (Summer Siege of Osaka), both Ieyasu and Hidetada insisted on leading the van.
Japanese: 大坂夏の陣の直前に行われた軍儀式では、家康、秀忠の双方が先陣を主張した。
English: However, on May 7 when an all-out attack was launched, it was Ieyasu that led the van at Tennoguchi which was the site of the hardest-fought battle, and Hidetada was not able to restore his impaired reputation.
Japanese: しかし、総攻撃が開始された5月7日、最激戦となった天王口で先陣を勤めていたのは家康であり、名誉回復を果たすことはできなかった。
English: Okazaki Saburo gimi (Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA), as well as Echizen Komon (Hideyasu YUKI) and Satsuma Chujo (Tadayoshi MATSUDAIRA) inherited their father's high military spirit.'
Japanese: 「岡崎三郎君（松平信康）はじめ、越前黄門（結城秀康）、薩摩中将（松平忠吉）等は、おづれも父君の神武の御性を稟させられ。」
English: Consequently, his elder brothers Nobuyasu and Hideyasu and his younger brother Tadayoshi were highly rated as great commanders with their military prowess and clever strategy.
Japanese: このように、兄の信康や秀康、弟の忠吉などは、武勇や知略に恵まれた名将と評価されている。
English: In fact, Nobuyasu was remarkably brave in battles, Hideyasu was recognized for his personality by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Tadayoshi distinguished himself in the final battle in Sekigahara by defeating Toyohisa SHIMAZU.
Japanese: 事実、信康は武勇に優れ、秀康も豊臣秀吉にその人物を評価され、忠吉も関ヶ原の本戦で島津豊久を討つという武功を挙げている。
English: However, since Hidetada was the second Shogun, the last half of the chronicle spoke in favor of him as a gentle person.
Japanese: ただし、秀忠は2代将軍だったため、後半部分で秀忠は温厚な人物だったと弁護している。
English: However, even a history book by the Tokugawa clan itself lowly rated Hidetada as Busho.
Japanese: しかし、当の徳川氏による史書でさえ、秀忠の武将としての評価は低かった。
English: However, at one time after the Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka), when Hidetada was watching a Noh play with his brother Yoshinao TOKUGAWA, an earthquake occurred and people were about to panic.
Japanese: ただし、大坂の陣の後のことであるが、弟徳川義直と共に能を観劇している最中に地震が起こり、周囲がパニックを起こしかけた。
English: At that moment, he quickly instructed how to cope with the situation saying, 'It is quite a strong jolt, but the wall and roof show no signs of collapse -> It is safer not to move hastily' and held down the confusion and the damage.
Japanese: その時に｢揺れは激しいが壁や屋根が崩れる兆候はない→下手に動かないほうが安全｣と素早く対応を指示して混乱と被害を抑えている。
English: Even if his reputation as Busho was not favorable, his ability to command and observe the situation is thought to have received a passing mark.
Japanese: 武将としての評価が低いとはいっても、統率力と状況観察力の点では及第点レベルであったと思われる。
English: There are some opinions which highly rate his competence as statesman who solidified the foundation of the Tokugawa Shogunate by preparing and establishing such relevant laws as Kuge Shohatto and Buke Shohatto.
Japanese: 公家諸法度、武家諸法度などの法を整備、定着させ、徳川幕府の基礎を固めた為政者としての手腕を、高く評価する意見もある。
English: Hidetada fully attended to government affairs as Ogosho even after he handed over Shogunate to Iemitsu, as Ieyasu did so after he handed over Shogunate to Hidetada.
Japanese: 秀忠に将軍職を譲った後の家康がそうであったように、家光に将軍職を譲った後の秀忠も、大御所として全面的に政務を見ている。
English: Hidetada is understood to have been a submissive husband who could not oppose to his Seishitsu (legal wife) Oe no kata.
Japanese: 秀忠は恐妻家であり、正室のお江の方には頭が上がらなかったとされている。
English: While it is widely accepted that he was not allowed to have Sokushitsu (Concubine) due to influence of his quick-tempered wife, it seems that Hidetada loved and respected Oe no kata and she was an attractive woman that much.
Japanese: 気性の荒い妻の影響で側室を持つことが許されなかったという俗説が一般的だが、秀忠はお江の方を愛し敬い、彼女もそれだけの魅力のある女性ではあったようだ。
English: When Hidetada only once had an affair with Jokoin, a maidservant in the Edo-jo Castle, he did not make Shizu (Jokoin) a formal Sokushitsu, fearful of being pursued by his legal wife.
Japanese: 一度だけ江戸城の女中だった浄光院に手を出した際も、正室からの追求を恐れて、静を正式の側室にはしなかった。
English: He did not see the child born (Masayuki HOSHINA) at all, gave the child to the Hoshina family as its heir and did not acknowledge Masayuki as his own biological child in Oe's lifetime.
Japanese: 生まれた子供（保科正之）にも一切面会せず、そのまま保科家に養子に出し、江の存命中は正之を実子として認知することもなかった。
English: Hiroshige UTAGAWA (1797 - October 12, 1858) was an Ukiyoe artist.
Japanese: 歌川広重（うたがわひろしげ、寛政9年（1797年）-安政5年9月6日(旧暦)（1858年10月12日）は、浮世絵師。
English: He was born in the Ando family, who were firefighters in Edo, and after succeeding to the family headship, became an Ukiyoe artist.
Japanese: 江戸の町火消しの安藤家に生まれ家督を継ぎ、その後に浮世絵師となった。
English: However, he did not use the name Hiroshige ANDO as he is commonly called nowadays, and thus Hiroshige UTAGAWA is considered to be his correct name as an Ukiyoe artist.
Japanese: しかし、現代広く呼ばれる安藤広重（あんどうひろしげ）なる名前は使用しておらず、浮世絵師としては歌川広重が正しいと言える。
English: Hiroshige was born as a son of Genemon ANDO, a lower-ranking samurai in Edo and an officer of the Yayosu Riverbank Fire Station.
Japanese: 広重は、江戸の下級武士・八代洲河岸火消屋敷の同心、安藤源右衛門の子として誕生。
English: He had been interested in painting since childhood, and around 1811, at the age of 15, tried to enter the school of Toyokuni UTAGAWA at first, but was refused because there was no vacancy.
Japanese: 幼い頃から絵心が勝り、文化(元号)8年（1811年）（15歳）頃、はじめ初代歌川豊国の門に入ろうとしたが、門生満員でことわられた。
English: He then became a disciple of Toyohiro UTAGAWA (c. 1773 - 1828) who gave him the name of Hiroshige UTAGAWA in the following year, 1812.
Japanese: そして歌川豊廣（1773年?-1828年）に入門、翌文化9年（1812年）に歌川廣重の名を与えられた。
English: Eleven years later, in 1823, he resigned from the family business as a fire fighter and became a full-time painter.
Japanese: 11年後の文政6年（1823年）には、家業の火消同心を辞め、絵師を専門の職業にした。
English: In 1830, he changed his name to Hiroshige ICHIYUSAI, and began painting flowers and birds, but after the death of Toyohiro in 1828 he painted mainly landscapes.
Japanese: 天保元年（1830年）一幽斎廣重と改め、花鳥を描いていたが、文政11年（1828年）師の豊廣の死の後は風景画を主に制作した。
English: His friend Kunisada UTAGAWA painted his "Shinie" (something like a portrait for remembrance; refer to the image in this section) with his death poem written on it.
Japanese: 友人歌川国貞の筆になる「死に絵」（＝追悼ポートレートのようなもの。本項の画像参照）に辞世の歌が遺る。
English: The works of Hiroshige UTAGAWA are highly appreciated in Europe and the United States of America for their dynamic composition and the beauty of blue color, particularly indigo blue.
Japanese: 歌川広重の作品は、ヨーロッパやアメリカ合衆国では、大胆な構図などとともに、青色、特に藍色の美しさで評価が高い。
English: This vivid blue is derived from the indigo plant and called in Europe and America "Japan Blue" or "Hiroshige Blue" comparing it to Vermeer Blue (lapis lazuli).
Japanese: この鮮やかな青は藍（インディゴ）の色であり、欧米では「ジャパンブルー」、あるいはフェルメール・ブルー（ラピスラズリ）になぞらえて「ヒロシゲブルー」とも呼ばれる。
English: Hiroshige Blue is considered to have had a great influence on impressionists and Art Nouveau artists originated in late 19th century France and was one of the factors that had led to the prevalence of Japonism then.
Japanese: ヒロシゲブルーは、19世紀後半のフランスに発した印象派の画家たちや、アール・ヌーヴォーの芸術家たちに大きな影響をあたえたとされ、当時ジャポニスムの流行を生んだ要因のひとつともされている。
English: In 1832, Hiroshige is said to have obtained a chance to travel back and forth to Kyoto by joining the shogunate procession which was the envoy to present horses to the emperor.
Japanese: 天保3年（1832年）秋、広重は幕府の行列（御馬進献の使）に加わって上洛（京都まで東海道往復の旅）する機会を得たとされる。
English: In 1833, he painted "Tokaido Gojusan-tsugi" (Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido), which is regarded as his masterpiece.
Japanese: 天保4年（1833年）には傑作といわれる『東海道五十三次絵』が生まれた。
English: In addition to the excellence of the work itself, with perspective and a sense of depth effectively representing rain or wind, it became very popular as a measure to get a glimpse of the outside world that the people of that time yearned to see.
Japanese: この作品は遠近法が用いられ、風や雨を感じさせる立体的な描写など、絵そのものの良さに加えて、当時の人々があこがれた外の世界を垣間見る手段としても、大変好評を博した。
English: Meanwhile, there is a theory that in fact he might have not traveled, although a story says that he managed to have joined the shogunate procession using influential connections.
Japanese: なお、つてを頼って幕府の行列に加えてもらったとの伝承が伝わるが、実際には旅行をしていないのではないかという説もある。
English: In the middle of the Edo period, improved productivity in cities revitalized townsmen culture such as learning, arts for amusement, rites, festivals and seasonal events.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期には生産力の向上から都市部では学問や遊芸、祭礼・年中行事など町人文化が活性化した。
English: Kofu Castle Town in Kai Province (Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture), then under the direct control of the shogunate, also held a grand festival of Doso-jin (traveler's guardian deity) in the late Edo period where it was decorated with splendid banner paintings.
Japanese: 幕府直轄領時代の甲斐国甲府城下町（山梨県甲府市）でも江戸後期には華麗な幕絵を飾った盛大な甲府道祖神祭りが行われていた。
English: The economic power of merchants in Kofu enabled them to invite famous painters like Hiroshige from Edo to produce the banner paintings.
Japanese: 甲府商人の経済力を背景に江戸から広重ら著名な絵師が招かれて幕絵製作を行っている。
English: Upon the request in 1841 of townspeople in 1-chome, Midori-cho, Kofu (now Wakamatsu-cho) to paint the banner, Hiroshige left Edo for Kofu via Koshu-kaido Road in May of that year and stayed there working on it.
Japanese: 広重は天保12年（1841年）に甲府緑町一丁目（現若松町）の町人から幕絵製作を依頼され、同年4月には江戸を立ち甲州街道を経て甲府へ向かい、幕絵製作のため滞在している。
English: "Koshu Nikki" (Record of the Days in May 1841, Year of the Ox) is a record of that time, with sketches and diaries written during his trip from Edo and stay in Kofu.
Japanese: この時の記録が『甲州日記』（「天保十二年丑年卯月日々の記」）で、江戸から旅した際に道中や滞在中の写生や日記を書き付けられている。
English: It includes sketches of scenic places in Koshu, such as Mt. Takao viewed from current Hachioji City, Mt. Fuji viewed from Kofu City, Kai Zenko-ji Temple there and the Fuji-gawa River in Minobu-cho, drawn in black ink with brushes of different thickness.
Japanese: 現在の八王子市から見た高尾山、甲府市内から見た富士山や市内の甲斐善光寺、身延町の富士川など甲州の名所が太さの異なる筆と墨で描かれている。
English: It is used for the study of Hiroshige's works and also regarded as an important record of the actual situation of Kofu Castle Town in the Edo period, for its descriptions about a play viewing in Kofu, a restaurant where he was entertained, and so on.
Japanese: 広重の作品研究に利用されているほか、甲府での芝居見物や接待された料理屋の記録など、近世甲府城下町の実態を知る記録資料としても重視されている。
English: According to the diary, Hiroshige arrived at Kofu on May 25 of that year and enjoyed a haiku gathering, play and so on during his stay, and was welcomed by the townspeople of Kofu.
Japanese: 日記によれば広重は同年4月5日に甲府へ到着し、滞在中は甲府町民から歓迎され句会や芝居見物などを行っている。
English: The diary was then interrupted and resumed in December, during which interruption the banner paintings were completed.
Japanese: 日記は一時中断して11月からはじまっており、この間には暮絵は完成した。
English: These banner paintings of 39 scenic places along the Tokai-do Road were displayed in Yanagi-machi, Kofu.
Japanese: 幕絵は東海道の名所を描いた39枚の作品で、甲府柳町に飾られたという。
English: During the interruption of the diary, he is considered to have dedicated himself to painting the banner, or temporarily have returned to Edo to work on it.
Japanese: 日記の中断期間中は幕絵制作に専念していた可能性や、制作のためにいったん江戸で戻っていた可能性などが考えられている。
English: Among the banner paintings completed by Hiroshige, only a few have been preserved till the present day; two of them are owned by Yamanashi Prefectural Museum and a preliminary sketch has been retained by an old family in Kofu City.
Japanese: 広重の製作した幕絵は現存しているものが少ないが、山梨県立博物館には2枚の幕絵が所蔵されており、甲府市の旧家には下絵が現存している。
English: In addition to the banner paintings, he also completed paintings on folding screens and sliding doors upon the request of the townspeople of Kofu and a part of them has been preserved by a mercantile house of Kofu, Oki Collection (owned by Yamanashi Prefectural Museum).
Japanese: また、幕絵以外にも甲府町人から依頼された屏風絵や襖絵などを手がけており、甲府商家の大木コレクション（山梨県立博物館所蔵）には作品の一部が残されている。
English: The diary also contains sketches of scenic places in Kai Province in addition to the records of his stay in Kofu, and a part of the sketches was utilized in the paint "Fuji Sanjurokkei" (Thirty-six Views of Mt. Fuji).
Japanese: 日記は甲府滞在記録のほか甲斐名所のスケッチも記されており、一部は『不二三十六景』において活かされている。
English: It was known to be contained in "Kai Shiryo Shusei" (Collected Materials of Kai Provincial History), but the original book was lost in the Great Kanto Earthquake.
Japanese: 『甲斐志料集成』などに収録され知られていたが、原本は関東大震災で焼失している。
English: The discovered sketchbook consists of 19 Japanese papers, 19.6 cm long and 13.1 cm wide.
Japanese: 発見された写生帳は和紙19枚を綴じたもので、縦19.6cm横13.1cm。
English: It is said to have been taken abroad immediately after the death of Hiroshige the third in 1894.
Japanese: 3代広重が1894年に（明治27年）死去した直後の海外に流出したとされる。
English: In 1925, English researcher Edward F. STRANGE introduced it in his book, but then it went missing.
Japanese: 1925年にイギリス人研究家エドワード・ストレンジが著書で紹介して以来、行方不明であった。
English: In 2005, a citizen of the United States of America won it in an auction held in London, and a curator of Nakagawa-machi Bato Hiroshige Museum of Art in Tochigi Prefecture judged it as genuine.
Japanese: 2005年にロンドンのオークションでアメリカ合衆国国民が落札、栃木県那珂川町(栃木県)馬頭広重美術館の学芸員が本物と鑑定した。
English: As woodblock printing became popular, Ukiyoe artists became printmakers and few could finely paint on paper or silk with brushes, but Hiroshige left superb paintings that had a different charm from prints.
Japanese: 版画が盛んになって、浮世絵師が版画家になってからは、彩筆をとって紙や絹に立派に書き上げることの出来るものが少なくなったが、広重は版画とはまた趣の違った素晴らしい絵を残している。
English: The perspective is known to have influenced impressionists, particularly Vincent Van GOGH (1853 - 1890), but it was originally a technique that Ukiyoe artists had adopted from Western paintings, and can be observed in uki-e (perspective pictures) by earlier artists such as Hokusai KATSUSHIKA and Toyoharu UTAGAWA (1735 - 1814), the founder of Utagawa school.
Japanese: なお、遠近法は印象派画家、特にフィンセント・ファン・ゴッホ（1853年-1890年）に影響を与えたことで良く知られているが、もともと西洋絵画から浮世絵師が取り入れた様式であり、先人としては葛飾北斎や、歌川の始祖歌川豊春（1735年-1814年）の浮絵にみられる。
English: According to 'Picture of Southern Nihonbashi in Edo' of Bunkyu era (from 1861 to 1863), Hiroshige's residence was located in Oga-cho, Nihonbashi (now Kyobashi) next to the former residence of Eitoku KANO in the west.
Japanese: 文久年間（1861年から1863年）の「江戸日本橋南之絵図」によると、日本橋大鋸（おおが）町（現在の京橋）に広重の住居があり、西隣には狩野永徳の旧居が印刷されている。
English: His death poem is said to have been "I depart on a journey, leaving my brush in the East, to scenic places in the Western country", but some people think that someone else might have made it.
Japanese: 辞世の句は、東路（あづまぢ）に筆をのこして旅の空　西のみくにの名所を見む　であるというが、のちの人の作ではないかという見解もある。
English: In April 1882 (24 years after the death of Hiroshige), his disciples established a monument at Akiba Shrine in Susaki Village, Suminoe, but it was destroyed in Great Tokyo Air Raids in the Second World War and nothing remains now.
Japanese: 明治15年（1882年）4月（広重の死後24年目）、門人たちが、墨江須崎村の秋葉神社に碑を建立したが、第二次世界大戦の東京大空襲により破壊され、現在は残っていない。
English: He died from an epidemic (cholera) on October 12, 1858 at the age of 65.
Japanese: 流行の疫病（コレラ）により安政5年（1858年）9月6日65歳で没。
English: "Meisho Edo Hyakkei" (One Hundred Famous Views of Edo) - large vertical prints, a series of 118 prints (later a cover of four seasons was added).
Japanese: 『名所江戸百景』、　竪大判　118枚の揃物（後に四季の表紙1枚あり）
English: They are housed in various places but usually not permanently exhibited due to the risk of deterioration by light.
Japanese: 各所で所蔵されるが、光線による劣化があるため常時展示はしていないことが多い。
English: According to Shizuya FUJIKAKE, Hiroshige the second was a disciple of Hiroshige and commonly called Chinpei MORITA whose pseudonym was Nobushige.
Japanese: 藤懸静也によると、二代目廣重は広重の門人で俗称を森田鎮平と云い、号を宣重という。
English: He married Otatsu, a 16-year-old adopted daughter of Hiroshige the first, but later divorced her in 1865 when she was 22.
Japanese: 初代の養女お辰（16歳）と結婚したが、のち慶応元年（1865年）妻22歳の時、離縁となっている。
English: After this, he often went to Yokohama City to sell his works, and as foreign trade gradually increased, he became known to foreigners as "Hiroshige of tea box" (because he painted labels attached to tea boxes used for shipping).
Japanese: その後、しばしば横浜市に出向いて絵を売り込み、外国貿易が次第に盛んになっている時期「茶箱廣重」の名で外国人に知られた。
English: Among his works created in the name of 'Kisai Rissho,' "Sanju-rokkasen" (Selected 36 Flowers), a kind of landscape painting with the theme of flowers, was superb and made on a large vertical type of colored woodblock print upon the request of publishers.
Japanese: また、「喜齋立祥」の画号を用いて制作したがその中で、花を主題にした一種の景色画、『三十六花撰』の出来栄えがよく、版元の求めに応じ、大錦判の竪繪に作った。
English: Among "Meisho Edo Hyakkei" series, he left an excellent painting 'Akasaka Kiribata Uchu Yukei' (View of the Kiribata [Paulownia Imperiales] Trees at Akasaka on a Rainy Evening) that is highly appreciated for its composition and colors, more than 'Akasaka Kiribata' painted by Hiroshige the first.
Japanese: なお、『名所江戸百景』のなかの「赤坂桐畑雨中夕けい」で秀逸な絵を残しており、初代の「赤坂桐畑」よりも構図、色彩ともに評価が高い。
English: Hiroshige the third was Shigemasa (1845 - 1894) who was one of disciples and commonly called Torakichi GOTO.
Japanese: 三代目は門人の重政（1845年-1894年）で俗称は後藤寅吉である。
English: Hiroshige the fourth was Kiichiro KIKUCHI, whose succession of the name was decided by a consultation between Otatsu, wife of Hiroshige the third and Seifu SHIMIZU.
Japanese: 四代目（菊地喜一郎）は、三代目夫人お辰と清水清風らが相談して、四代目広重を襲名させた。
English: Ietsuna TOKUGAWA was the fourth Seitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians) of the Edo Bakufu (Japanese feudal government) and held office from 1651 – 1680.
Japanese: 徳川家綱（とくがわいえつな）は江戸幕府の第四代征夷大将軍（在職：慶安4年（1651年）-延宝8年（1680年））。
English: His mother was the concubine, Oraku no kata (Hojuin), and he was given a childhood name of Takechiyo and regarded as the heir.
Japanese: 母は側室のお楽の方（宝樹院）だが、竹千代（たけちよ）の幼名を与えられ、世子とされた。
English: Both Yoshunin and Enmeiin became pregnant with Ietsuna's children, but had a stillbirth and miscarriage.
Japanese: 養春院、円明院の2人は家綱の子を懐妊したが、死産または流産であった。
English: He was born on September 7, 1641 in the keep of Edo-jo Castle as the eldest son of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun.
Japanese: 寛永18年（1641年）8月3日、第3代将軍・徳川家光の長男として江戸城本丸に生まれる。
English: This decision is said to be prompted by a dispute over succession between Iemitsu and his younger brother Tadanaga TOKUGAWA, and the fact that the child was a long-awaited male heir.
Japanese: その理由は、家光と弟の徳川忠長との間で世継争いがあったためとも、ようやく生まれた待望の男児だったためともいわれている。
English: His name was changed to 'Ietsuna' in January 1645 and he celebrated his coming of age in April the same year.
Japanese: 正保元年（1644年）12月、名を「家綱」と改め、正保2年（1645年）4月に元服する。
English: After Iemitsu's death age 48 on June 8, 1651, Ietsuna assumed office as Seii taishogun at Edo-jo Castle on October 2, 1651 and was assigned as Naidaijin (the Minister of the Interior).
Japanese: 慶安4年（1651年）4月20日、家光が48歳で薨去すると、家綱は8月18日（10月2日）、江戸城において征夷大将軍を受けて第4代将軍に就任し、内大臣に序せられた。
English: The fact that he assumed office as Shogun in his childhood demonstrated to the whole nation the rock-solid foundation of the Shogunal hereditary system.
Japanese: 幼年で将軍職に就いたことにより、将軍世襲制が磐石なものであることを全国に示した。
English: With Ietsuna's as a precedent, all subsequent appointments (except for Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA) were conducted in Edo rather than Kyoto.
Japanese: この前例を受け、家綱以後（徳川慶喜を除く）の将軍宣下は京都ではなく、江戸で行われることとなる。
English: As a result, the political situation after Iemitsu's death became unstable, with an attempt by Ronin (lordless samurai), Shosetsu YUI and Chuya MARUBASHI to topple the bakufu (the Keian Incident).
Japanese: そのため、家光死去の直後に浪人の由比正雪や丸橋忠弥らによる討幕未遂事件（慶安事件）が起こるなどして政情不安に見舞われた。
English: However, he escaped harm with the assistance of his uncle Masayuki HOSHINA, the former Tairo (chief minister) and Lord of Obama Domain in Wakasa Province (from the time of Iemitsu) Tadakatsu SAKAI and Roju (member of shogun's council of elders) Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Tadaaki ABE and Tadakiyo SAKAI who were able retainers called Iro (old retainer) of the Kanei era.
Japanese: しかし叔父の保科正之や家光時代からの大老・酒井忠勝(若狭国小浜藩主)、老中の松平信綱、阿部忠秋、酒井忠清ら寛永の遺老といわれる名臣の補佐により、この危難を乗り越えた。
English: In particular, under the leadership of Masayuki HOSHINA, the bakufu changed its existing policy of military backing to a civilian government by relaxing the Matsugo yoshi no kin (ban on adoption of an heir on one's deathbed) and issuing orders to forbid following one's master to the grave, partly to combat the influence of the many daimyo who were not hereditary retainers of the Tokugawa family.
Japanese: 特に保科正之を主導者にして外様大名などに一定の配慮を行ない、末期養子の禁を緩和し、さらに殉死禁止令が出されるなど、これまでの武力に頼った武断政治から、文治政治への政策切り替えが行われた。
English: In 1664, the bakufu issued trading licenses to Daimyo with 10,000 or more koku of crop yields and the next year issued the same to court nobles, temples and shrines.
Japanese: 寛文4年（1664年）には1万石以上の大名に対する領地朱印状を、さらに寛文5年（1665年）には公家や寺社を対象とした領地朱印状を交付している。