nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: European Ise ebi, Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) Palinurus vulgaris (Pierre Andre Latreille, 1803)
Japanese: ヨーロッパイセエビP.elephas(Fabricius,1787年)P.vulgaris(ピエール・アンドレ・ラトレイユ,1803年)
English: Kenjutsu is one of Japan's Kobudo (classical martial arts) with the focus of killing and wounding opponents with a katana (Japanese sword).
Japanese: 剣術（けんじゅつ）とは古武道の一つであり、日本の刀剣であるかたな（日本刀）で以て相手を殺傷する武術である。
English: Concerning the name of this martial art, single edged swords "katana" (刀) and double edged swords "tsurugi" (剣) were clearly distinguished in China while their distinction was ambiguous in Japan.
Japanese: なお術の名称については中国では、片刃の刀と両刃（諸刃）の剣が明確に別の武器であると認識されているが、日本では刀と剣の認識が混ざってしまい曖昧となってしまった。
English: As double edged "tsurugi" changed to single edged "katana" after they were imported from China to Japan, this martial art came to be called Kenjutsu (剣術).
Japanese: 日本では中国から伝来した刀剣が両刃（諸刃）の剣（つるぎ）から片刃の日本刀（かたな）へ完全に移行してしまったためである。
English: Although this art was also called Tojutsu (刀術), this name was used only in a few documents, such as "Honcho Bugei Shoden" written in the Edo period, and didn't take root.
Japanese: 刀術という名称もあるが、『本朝武藝小傳』など極少数の江戸時代の文献に使用されているが定着はしなかった。
English: This type of swordplay, in which both parties fight, without shields, holding swords of over 60cm in length with both hands, is seldom seen in countries other than Japan, with the exception of the swordplay called Two-handed swords in the medieval age of Germany.
Japanese: 日本の剣術と世界各国の剣術・刀術を比較すると、刃長60cm以上の刀を両手で持ち、互いに盾を用いずに戦うという形式は珍しく、中世にドイツでツーハンデッドソードによる剣術があげられるくらいである。
English: As Kenjutsu developed considerably during the Edo period, most of kata (forms of Kenjutsu) were created under the assumption that the fight would be in a peaceful time between people wearing ordinary clothes, not a fight on a battlefield in which people would wear kacchu (armor).
Japanese: 江戸時代に大きく発展したため、戦闘で着用する甲冑は前提とされず、平時の服装での斬り合いを想定している型が多い。
English: It is said that the fights on actual battlefields were not done according to kata but were done by attempting to cut kesa (the collarbone, the carotid).
Japanese: 実際の戦場での切りあいは型通りではなく、袈裟（鎖骨・頚動脈）に切り込む事が主流であったともいわれている。
English: It is also said that most people killed by feudal retainers of the Satsuma Domain, who acquired the skill of Jigen School (Yakushimarujigen School and Jigen School), which is known for the phrase "another blow is not necessary", were slashed to instant death by kesagiri (slashing diagonally from the shoulder).
Japanese: また「二の太刀いらず」で有名なジゲン流（薬丸自顕流や示現流）を習得した薩摩藩士の戦いぶりにおいて、その斬殺死体の殆どが袈裟切りを受けて即死に至っていたとされている。
English: Judging from excavated articles, the production of bronze swords in Japan is believed to have started in the 1st century at the earliest.
Japanese: 日本において青銅製の武器の作成が開始されたのは、出土品から見て早くても紀元1世紀以降とされている。
English: However, the details concerning Kenjutsu at the time, including its existence, are unknown since there was no written language in Japan at the time.
Japanese: しかし、この時代の日本にはまだ文字がなかったため、この時代の剣術については伝わっておらず、その有無・詳細は不明である。
English: As the Emperor Suiko said "masasabi (swords) produced in Kure (Wu-southern part of ancient China) are the best", swords imported from China were mainly used during ancient times.
Japanese: 推古天皇が「太刀ならば句礼（中国の呉）の真鋤（刀剣の意味）」と詠っているように、古代は大陸からの輸入品が主流であった。
English: "Kajitsube", factories for to-ko (sword craftsman), were established at many places by the Imperial court in the 8th century.
Japanese: 刀工である「鍛冶戸」が朝廷によって各地におかれたのは8世紀以降である。
English: Since then, varieties of iron swords, including choku-to (straight sword) and warabite-to (curved sword), were produced in Japan.
Japanese: これ以降、日本国内でも直刀や蕨手刀などの多種多様な鉄の剣が作られるようになっていった。
English: Technologies for producing iron swords in Japan reached levels comparable to that of China in the Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代になると、日本国内での鉄製法は大陸と遜色ないレベルにまで達した。
English: Instead of the then existing straight swords, curved swords which were more suitable for cutting persons or those suitable for fighting on horseback were developed, and the original model of the current Japanese sword was created.
Japanese: さらに、従来の真っ直ぐな剣から、湾曲して人を斬りやすく、また馬上での戦いに適した形に進化し、やがて現在まで伝わる日本刀の原型ともいえる剣が登場する。
English: Japan became a unified nation in the Heian period after the disputes with China/Korea were settled and the war against Hayato (ancient tribe in Kyushu) and Ezo (ancient tribe in Tohoku) ended.
Japanese: 平安時代の日本においては、中国・朝鮮半島との紛争が沈静化し、隼人や蝦夷との戦いも終わりが見え始めて国内統一が実現された。
English: In such a situation, Japan adopted a unique system in the world, based on Japanese traditional magical philosophy rather than Confucian philosophy, under which impure works such as the use of military and police force were not regarded as official system of the nation.
Japanese: そのなかで、儒教の影響以前に、日本古来の呪術的発想から、軍事力ないし警察力の行使というケガレ仕事は国家の制度の内に公式のものとして存在を認めないという世界でも類の少ない特異な制度が採用された。
English: Due to the above, however, self-help in settling disputes became necessary in order to make up for the lack of police force as well as to secure lives.
Japanese: このことによって、逆に地方における警察力の欠如の環境での生存確保のためには、紛争における自力救済が必要とされるようになった。
English: Thus, many bushidan (samurai group) were organized in the Heian period as self-defense groups for farmers and shipping agents.
Japanese: こうして、平安時代以降、各地の自衛農民団、もしくは自衛海運業者団としての武士団の発展を促した。
English: Around that time, the shape of the Japanese sword changed into that of the current one, whose hilt is longer than the previous one, and it became suitable to hold it with both hands rather than with one hand.
Japanese: このころに日本刀が「片手持ち」から、柄が長くなり「諸手持ち」へと変わり現在にいたる。
English: Eventually, a style combining the Japanese sword, which was an indispensible item for the samurai and had the potential ability to kill or wound persons instantly, and Kenjutsu was established around that time.
Japanese: これにより平時において、瞬時に人を殺傷し得る能力を持った、武士に不可欠な日本刀と剣術とを組み合わせた様式は、この時代までには確立された。
English: As the samurai class established its status as the core power of the nation, Japan began seceding from the Confucian cultural sphere and forming its own unique culture under which the ruler highly valued Kobudo and its training.
Japanese: 武士が国家の中心勢力としての地位を確立するにいたって、日本は大陸の儒教文化圏からは異なった、古武道と為政者がその習得を行うことに上位の価値を認める文化の形成を開始した。
English: Kenjutsu (art of warfare) in the Sengoku period (Japan) integrated various combat skills on the battlefields.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の剣術（兵法）は、戦場での総合的な戦闘技術を包括したものであった。
English: On actual battlefields, people with good builds tried to slash foot soldiers by swinging long swords called nodachi or odachi, or cavalrymen tried to slash enemies' hands/feet/face while rushing toward them.
Japanese: 戦場では、体格に優れた者が野太刀・大太刀などの長大な刀をひたすら振り回して軽装歩兵に対して斬りつけるという方法か、騎兵突撃の際に加速のついた状態で馬上から敵の手足顔面を強くこすり斬るというのが一般的だった。
English: Many daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku period employed "rikishi" (persons with good build), gave them long swords that could be handled only by them, organized them into rikishitai and used them as bodyguards or special forces.
Japanese: 多くの戦国大名が巨身の「力士」を雇い入れることに熱心であったのは、彼らでなければ振り回せない長刀を装備した上で、力士隊として編成して身辺警護や特殊兵力に用いるためであった。
English: When fighting against heavily-armored soldiers, spears/naginata (Japanese halberd)/sticks were more suitable than swords.
Japanese: 戦場で重装備の相手に対しては、太刀よりも槍・薙刀術や棒のほうが適している。
English: Unlike those with good builds, fighting styles between heavily-armored samurai was not simply swinging about swords.
Japanese: 甲冑を装着した武者同士の太刀による戦闘方法は、当然、巨人がただ刀を振り回せばよいものとは異なった。
English: It was called Kaisha Kenjutsu and samurai involved tried to stab and cut, while in a bent-over posture, locations of gaps in armor such as the eyes, the neck, the armpit, kin-teki, the inner thigh and the wrists.
Japanese: 介者剣術と呼ばれ、深く腰を落とした姿勢から目・首・脇の下・金的・内腿・手首といった、装甲の隙間となっている部位を突斬りで狙うようなスタイルであった。
English: Fighting between heavily-armored samurai often finally came to an end by grappling, and grappling skills employed in such fighting became one of the origins of Jujutsu (one of the classical Japanese martial arts).
Japanese: 甲冑武者同士の戦闘は最終的には組討による決着に至ることが多く、ここにおける技法が組討術であり後の柔術の源流の一つとなった。
English: It is said that Kyo-Hachiryu was founded by eight disciples of Hogen KIICHI, onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) who was said to have instructed MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune during the late Heian period (the truth of this remains to be confirmed).
Japanese: 京八流は、平安時代末期に源義経を指導したといわれる陰陽師・鬼一法眼の8人の弟子に発すると伝わる（真偽は不明）。
English: Schools which originated from Kyo-Hachiryu include the Kurama-ryu School, the Nen-ryu School, the Chujo-ryu School and the Yoshioka-ryu School.
Japanese: 京八流を祖とすると伝える流派は、鞍馬流・念流・中条流・吉岡流などである。
English: It is said that Kanto-Shichiryu was established by seven Shinto priest families from Katori-jingu Shrine and Kashima-jingu Shrine to whom the art of kenjutsu had been passed on by Futsunushi no kami and Takemikazuki when these kami settled in Katori county and Kashima county (Ibaragi Prefecture) after the conquest of Ashihara no nakatsukuni due to the tenson korin (descent of the grandson of the sun goddess).
Japanese: 関東七流は、日本神話で葦原中国平定を成功させた経津主神とタケミカヅチが香取郡鹿島郡(茨城県)地方に居ついて以降、天孫降臨より香取神宮・鹿島神宮の神職に伝承され、その7家から発すると云われる。
English: It is said that the Shinto-ryu School, Nen-ryu School and Kage-ryu School, the three schools of Kenjutsu in existence at present, originated from Kanto-Shichiryu.
Japanese: そこから新当流・念流・陰流という今日現存する日本の剣術の源流とされる3流派が生じたと云われる。
English: The Shinto-ryu School is related to the Shinto-ryu group such as the Katori Shinto-ryu School, the Nen-ryu School is related to the Maniwanen-ryu School and the Chujo-ryu School, and Kage-ryu School is related to the Shinkage-ryu School (Shinkage-ryu Yagyushinkage-ryu School).
Japanese: 新当流は香取神道流など神道流（新当流）系、念流は馬庭念流、中条流系の諸流派、陰流は、新陰流（新陰流柳生新陰流）系につながる。
English: (The founder of the Nen-ryu School, as well as the Toda-ryu School and the Itto-ryu School, was Jion NENAMI. While "Chujo hangan" and "Saru gozen" were described as Jion NENAMI's disciples in the ancient document handed down in the Higuchi family of the Maniwanen-ryu School, the Nen-ryu School believes the former was Chujo Hyogo no kami and the latter was Ikosai AISU)
Japanese: （富田流や一刀流など、念流の開祖は念阿弥慈恩、また馬庭念流の樋口家に伝わる古文書に、念阿弥慈恩の弟子として「中条判官」や「猿御前」という名が記されているが、念流では中条判官は中条兵庫頭、猿御前は愛洲移香斎と伝えている）
English: However, current researchers of Kenjutsu history generally regard the above-mentioned as a legend since the existence of Kyo-Hachiryu and Kanto-Shichiryu has not been confirmed.
Japanese: ただし現在の武道史の研究では、京八流・関東七流の実在を確認できないため、単なる伝説と扱うのが一般的である。
English: Expert swordsmen were recognized as professional personnel in the late Sengoku period, and they began to wander from place to place.
Japanese: 戦国時代も後期になるにつれ、一種の専門職としての剣術者が認識され、各地を渡り歩くようにもなった。
English: They aimed to become the lord of countries/castles by achieving distinguished service on battlefields while leading their retainers.
Japanese: 彼らは、己の郎党を率いて戦場で働くことで戦功を重ねて、最終的に国取り、城持ちを目指した。
English: Their aim was obtaining roku (stipend) and fame through their superior Kenjutsu skill, as opposed to success as a military man or a politician (like the case of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI).
Japanese: これは軍人かつ政治家として大成する常道的なコース（例えば豊臣秀吉）ではなく、ひとえに剣術の卓越によって禄と名声を得ることを目的としていた。
English: The founders of many schools were these people, and a lot of great founders, including Ittosai ITO, Bokuden TSUKAHARA, Nobutsuna (Hidetsuna) KAMIIZUMI, Muneyoshi YAGYU, Seigen TODA and Chui TOGO, appeared during the time from the late Sengoku period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Japanese: 多くの流派の開祖はこのような人々であり、伊東一刀斎・塚原卜伝・上泉信綱（秀綱）・柳生宗厳・富田勢源・東郷重位といった大物の開祖が戦国時代後期から安土桃山時代にかけて輩出されている。
English: It is thought that fukuro shinai (bamboo sword covered with a bag) and hikihada shinai (toad-skin bamboo sword), the origin of shinai (bamboo sword), came to be used for training around that time.
Japanese: またこの時期に竹刀の元になった袋竹刀やひきはだ撓と呼ばれる道具が各流派の稽古に使われるようになったと考えられている。
English: The fact that Japanese adult males, including those who were not samurai, customarily wore a sword is an important factor in understanding the close relation between Japanese people and Kenjutsu.
Japanese: これ以前にはいわゆる武士でなくとも成人男性が平素から帯刀していた習慣があったことは、日本人と剣術とのかかわりの深さを認識する上で重要である。
English: Since that time, Kenjutsu which was supposed to be used in daily lives, instead of on battlefields, became the mainstream.
Japanese: 剣術において、戦場ではなく日常での使用が前提とされたものが主流になるのはこの時期からである。
English: It is said that kaisha-Kenjutsu changed into suhada-Kenjutsu, which was supposed to be used in an accidental fight during peace time between people wearing ordinary clothes.
Japanese: 介者剣術から平服、平時の偶発的個人の戦いを想定する素肌剣術に変わったとされる。
English: Some schools which put more emphasis on shinpo (mind training), such as Zen, appeared in the peaceful Edo period.
Japanese: また、平和な江戸時代において、禅など心法に重きをおく流派がでるなど変化していった。
English: The terms of "Setsuninto" and "Katsuninken" were originally used in the koan (a method to learn the secrets of Zen) of Zen sects such as "Mumonkan" and "Hekiganroku".
Japanese: 「殺人刀」（せつにんとう）と「活人剣」（かつにんけん）とは、元来は禅の『無門関』・『碧巖録』などの公案での用語である。
English: The terms of "Setsuninto and Katsuninken" are seen in the certificate which Nobutsuna Kamiizumi gave in February to Nagayoshi MARUME of Higo Province, and the terms of "Manji, Setsuninto and Katsuninken" are seen in the certificate 14 of Itto-ryu School.
Japanese: 上泉信綱が2月に肥後国の丸目長恵に与えた印可が「殺人刀・活人剣」とあり、また一刀流の本目録十四「まんじ・殺人刀・活人剣」という名前がみられる。
English: As seen above, they had a big impact on martial arts along with other Zen terms.
Japanese: このように、武術に対して、他の禅の用語と同じく大きな影響をあたえた。
English: In the early Edo period, Munenori YAGYU used these terms in a different sense from those of Zen in the Heiho kadensho.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期の柳生宗矩が兵法家伝書において次のように禅とは異なる意味で使用した。
English: "Many people can suffer by one person's wicked deed. As killing one wicked person could help many people, the blade that kills people could become the sword that brings people to life."
Japanese: 「一人の悪に依りて、萬人苦しむ事あり。しかるに、一人の悪をころして萬人をいかす、是等誠に、人をころす刀は人をいかすつるぎなるべきにや。」
English: "The reason why the blade that kills people should become the sword that brings people to life is because many people are killed without reason in a disordered society. If we use Setsuninto in order to calm the disordered society and the society becomes calm as the result, Setsuninto is exactly Katsuninken. That is the reason why I created these names."
Japanese: 「人をころす刀、却而人をいかすつるぎ也とは、夫れ亂れたる世には、故なき者多く死する也。亂れたる世を治めむ爲に、殺人刀を用ゐて、已に治まる時は、殺人刀即ち活人劔ならずや。こゝを以て名付くる所也。」
English: In brief, he says that Setsuninto means definitively killing a wicked person and Katsuninken means saving many people and "bringing them to life".
Japanese: 仇なす悪に打ち勝って確実に殺すのが殺人刀であって、その悪を殺したゆえに万人が救われ「活きる」のが活人剣だと言う。
English: He admonished that the deed of killing a person with a sword should have these two aspects, and it demonstrates the difference between Japanese Kenjutsu and the mere skill of killing a person.
Japanese: 兵法、すなわち人を刀で切る行為にはこの両面がないとならないと諭し、日本の剣術が殺人技法にとどまらず昇華したことを示す。
English: As Soho TAKUAN of the Rinzai Sect gave "Fudo chishin myoroku" to Munenori Yagyu and the term of Ken Zen Icchi (The Sword and Zen are One) was used by Edo-Yagyu, Edo-Yagyu was dubbed "Edo-Yagyu of shinpo" while Owari-Yagyu was dubbed "Owari-Yagyu of toho" (sword training).
Japanese: ここで、臨済宗の沢庵宗彭が柳生宗矩に「不動知神妙録」を与えたことにより江戸柳生で剣禅一致が説かれた結果として「刀法の尾張柳生」に対して「心法の江戸柳生」と言われた。
English: "A sword that is being held in position is called Mina Setsuninto. A sword that is not being held in position is called Mina Katsuninken."
Japanese: 「当流に構える太刀を皆殺人刀という。構えのなき所をいずれも皆活人劔という。」
English: 「また構える太刀を殘らず裁断して除け、なき所を用いるので、其の生ずるにより活人劔という。」
Japanese: 「また構える太刀を殘らず裁断して除け、なき所を用いるので、其の生ずるにより活人劔という。」
English: From a martial art viewpoint on the toho (art of swords) and heiho (art of warfare) of the Shinkage-ryu School which was mentioned above, the terms of Katsuninken and Setsuninken have another meaning.
Japanese: 上記に挙げられている新陰流の刀法および兵法の武術的解釈では、活人剣と殺人剣という言葉に別の意味が存在する。
English: A basic philosophy called "Marobashi", which means "winning by taking advantage of an opponent's attack", exists in the Shinkage-ryu School.
Japanese: 新陰流には「転（まろばし）」と呼ばれる「相手の仕懸に対して転じて勝つ」根義がある。
English: It means waiting for the opponent's move while not holding sword in position (it is called "Mukei no kurai" (neutral position) and taking "go no sen" (responsive initiative)).
Japanese: まず構えずに（新陰流ではこれを「無形の位」と呼ぶ）相手に仕掛けさせ、それに応じて「後の先」を取るわけである。
English: In the above, the term of katsunin was used to mean "opponent's move".
Japanese: ここでの活人という言葉は「相手（すなわち人）が動く」という意味で用いられている。
English: On the contrary, taking initiative while holding a sword in position is called Setsuninken in this context.
Japanese: この場合の活人剣とは逆の意味で、自分から構えを取って斬り込むことを殺人剣と呼ぶ。
English: Also, based on the basic philosophy of "Marobashi", skills for "asaku katsu" (literally win shallowly), which means sharply striking on the forearm were often used in the Shinkage-ryu School (including Ma no tachi, Kuneri uchi, Itto ryodan, Seiko sui and "Marobashi uchi", the typical one).
Japanese: また「転」の根義により「浅く勝つ」こと、主に籠手へ小さく鋭く打ち込む斬撃が多用された（技法、魔の太刀、くねり打ち、一刀両段、西江水などにも見られるが、最も典型的な技法は「転打ち」である）。
English: As a result, winning without delivering fatal wounds to an opponent became possible, and such skills came to be called "Katsuninken".
Japanese: 結果として相手に致命傷を与えず勝つことも多く、その結果として「活人剣」と呼ばれることもある。
English: Training using fukuro shinai (hikihada shinai) and kote (protector for the forearm) were adopted by schools from long ago.
Japanese: 古くから多くの流派で独自の袋竹刀（ひきはだ撓）や籠手を使用した稽古は行われていた。
English: However, these implements were used mainly in the performance of kata (a fixed sequence of moves) training, and were seldom employed in training matches on the grounds that skills could be eroded and that learning riai (the skill of being able to seize a chance to strike) was impossible.
Japanese: ただし多くの場合形稽古が中心であり、試合稽古は技が乱れる、理合の習得が出来ない等の理由によりあまり行われていなかった。
English: During the middle to late Edo period, the original model of shinai and protectors used in contemporary Kendo was invented by the Jikishinkage-ryu School, and the Nakanishi-ha Itto-ryu School also invented and adopted its own protectors and shinai.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期～後期にかけて現在の剣道の防具と竹刀の原型が直心影流で発明され、続いて中西派一刀流（小野派一刀流）でも発明された防具と竹刀を採用した。
English: Thereafter, training matches using shinai and protectors became rapidly popular, and various schools conducted such training matches.
Japanese: その後急激に竹刀と防具着用の試合稽古が流行し、各流派で試合稽古が行われるようになった。
English: In contrast, a substantial increase in the number of disciples was not seen in the schools that didn't introduce training matches using protectors while instead placing emphasis on kata training with wooden swords and fukuro shinai, such as the Shinkage-ryu School in the Owari domain, the Katayama-Hoki-ryu School in the Iwakuni and Choshu domain and the Toda-ryu School in the Hirosaki domain.
Japanese: 逆に尾張藩の新陰流や岩国藩・長州藩の片山伯耆流、弘前藩の當田流などといった、木刀や袋竹刀での形中心で防具着用の試合稽古を取り入れなかった流派には門弟の数に著しい増加はなかった。
English: There are records stating that the schools which had prohibited doing matches since the time of their founding were forced to conduct training matches (except for the Jigen-ryu School in the Satsuma domain etc).
Japanese: また流祖以来試合を禁じていた流派が、やむなく試合稽古を行うようになった記録等も残っている（島津家中における示現流等の例外はある）。
English: Schools which placed emphasis on training matches, such as Hokushin Itto-ryu Kenjutsu, Shinto Munen-ryu Kenjutsu, Shinkageto-ryu School, Kyoshin Meichi-ryu School and Tennen Rishin-ryu Kenjutsu, were established in various places.
Japanese: 北辰一刀流剣術・神道無念流剣術・心形刀流・鏡心明智流・天然理心流剣術等、新興の試合稽古重視の流派が各地に誕生した。
English: Kanto region (Kan hasshu) where a lot of Kenjutsu dojo (hall used for swordplay training) were located and Satsuma/Tosa province which actively participated in the movement to overthrow the shogunate are known as the places from which many expert swordsmen hailed.
Japanese: 剣客を生んだ地域を見ると、剣術道場の多かった関東地方（関八州）や、倒幕運動に積極的な薩摩国・土佐国が知られる。
English: They were involved in the Kinmon Incident, the Choshu Conquest and the Boshin War, and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 禁門の変・長州征伐・戊辰戦争などに関与し、明治維新に到るのであった。
English: Wearing swords was banned by Haitorei (decree banning the wearing of swords) proclaimed on March 28, 1876, and the general atmosphere regarding Kenjutsu as out-dated became common.
Japanese: 3月28日、廃刀令が公布され帯刀が禁止されるとともに、剣術は前時代のものという風潮が強まった。
English: However, as Battotai (drawn sword squad) consisting of keishikan (policemen at the time) achieved distinguished military service in the Seinan War, a policy of encouraging Kenjutsu was adopted, including the creation of Keishi-ryu katachi kata (attack and defend with wooden swords) by Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, and this became the momentum for the restoration of Kenjutsu.
Japanese: しかし、、西南戦争での警視官（当時の警察官の呼称）によって編成された抜刀隊の活躍ゆえに、警視庁では警視流木太刀形が制定されるなど、剣術推奨の方針転換がなされ、剣術の復興の動きの端緒となった。
English: Thereafter, Kenjutsu became a compulsory subject for policemen and all police stations recruited swordsmen as instructors.
Japanese: 後には巡査に対して必修となり、各警察署で指導のために剣術家が採用された。
English: The context of the above was that the effectiveness of Kenjutsu in close combat was reconfirmed due to situations where armor lost its significance due to the improved killing power of guns and soldiers coming to fights lightly equipped.
Japanese: これは銃器の貫通・殺傷力向上や、後込め式小銃による火力の向上の結果として甲冑の意義が薄れ、歩兵は軽装となったがゆえに、かえって近接白兵戦の有効性が再認識されたためである。
English: Unlike the policy of police, however, the Japanese Imperial Army abolished Japanese traditional Kenjutsu and instead introduced fencing by inviting instructors from the French Army.
Japanese: ただし大日本帝国陸軍では警察での剣術推奨の方針とは異なり、にフランス陸軍より教官を招聘し、日本の伝統的な剣術を廃してフェンシングを訓練させている。
English: Gekiken kogyo (swordsmen show) by Kenkichi SAKAKIBARA was popular at that time, but its popularity waned later.
Japanese: またこのころ榊原鍵吉により撃剣興行が盛んにおこなわれ好評を博したが、後に廃れた。
English: Kendo spread among ordinary people during the period from the end of Meiji era to the Taisho era because Dainihon butoku kai changed the names of Kobudo and Kenjutsu to Budo (martial arts) and Kendo respectively and began to instruct Kendo at junior high schools under the old education system.
Japanese: 明治末から大正にかけて、大日本武徳会が古武道を武道に、剣術を剣道に名称を変え、旧制中学校で剣道を教えたため剣道が一般にひろまった。
English: Around that time, the difference between Kendo and traditional Kenjutsu was not well acknowledged and many schools actively participated in Kendo matches (Japanese Kenjutsu in general, including contemporary Kendo, was collectively called "Kendo" in the documents written from the end of Meiji era to the end of World War Ⅱ).
Japanese: この頃は剣道と伝統的な剣術との違いが余り認識されておらず、積極的に剣道の試合に出る流派も少なくなかった（明治末～戦前期の文献では、現在一般にいうところの剣道を含めた日本剣術全般を「剣道」と称することが多い）。
English: It seems that Kendo, which was popular among ordinary people, was regarded as "one of the schools of Kenjutsu (Kendo)" at that time.
Japanese: 当時としてはむしろ、一般に普及した剣道を、「剣術（剣道）の一流派」と認識していたのかもしれない。
English: Unlike contemporary Kendo, the skills of ashibarai (foot sweep), nagewaza (throwing technique) and taking off the face protector by holding down an opponent were allowed to be used.
Japanese: また、現在の剣道とは異なり、足払いや投げ技や抑え込んでの防具の面の剥ぎ取りも有効であった。
English: After Japan was defeated in the Pacific War, Budo (Bujutsu) was banned by General Headquarters (GHQ).
Japanese: 太平洋戦争での敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部により武道（武術）が禁止された。
English: Kendo was renamed "shinai game", its nature changed to a kind of sport and the difference from traditional Kenjutsu grew larger.
Japanese: 剣道も「しない競技」と名前を変え競技性をより重視するようになり、伝統的な剣術との違いが大きくなった。
English: As the number of people who learn Kenjutsu decreased under such circumstances, Kenjutsu training was conducted only at training halls of schools even after the ban of Budo was lifted.
Japanese: このような状況下で剣術を稽古する者は少なくなり、武道禁止解禁後も剣術は各流派道場でのみ行なわれるようになった。
English: There are some schools, such as the Onoha Itto-ryu School and theJikishinkage-ryu Kenjutsu, at which a comparatively large number of people learn both Kenjutsu and Kendo.
Japanese: なお、小野派一刀流や直心影流剣術など、剣道と併習する者が比較的多い流派もある。
English: Ikkenkai Haga dojo and Nihon Kendo Kyokai, both descended from Hiromichi NAKAYAMA and Junichi HAGA, are still using ashibarai and nagewaza in training as they did in the prewar period.
Japanese: また、中山博道・羽賀準一の流れを汲む一剣会羽賀道場や日本剣道協会では、戦前のままの足払いや投げ技も有効な稽古を行っている。
English: Kobudo is a generic name which refers to the systematized Japanese traditional martial arts to fight without arms or with arms like dull weapons, cutting tools, firearms, and so on (kobudo is sometimes called koryubujutsu, kobujutsu, etc. which have almost the same meaning as kobudo).
Japanese: 古武道（こぶどう）（古流武術、古武術等もほぼ同義）とは、日本の伝統的な、徒手もしくは鈍器や刃物、火器などの武器による闘いのための技術を体系化したものの総称。