nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is said that he later served as a doctor, and that the doctors from the Nakarai family who served as court physicians for generations from the Sengoku period (Japan) to the Edo period were descendants of the Wake clan.
Japanese: 以後は医家として仕え、戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代にかけて代々宮廷医官をつとめた医家半井家（なからいけ）は和気氏の子孫とされる。
English: Yoriudo (Yoryudo) was a term used during the middle ages after the Heian period for certain people, but had multiple meanings.
Japanese: 寄人（よりうど/よりゅうど）とは、平安時代以後中世にかけて用いられた一定の人々に対する呼称であるが、複数の意味がある。
English: It indicates the staff that worked in Kanga (government office) of the Imperial Court such as Wakadokoro (office of waka), Goshodokoro (office to maintain books in the Imperial Court), Kirokujo (land record office), Infumidono (the retired emperor's documents bureau), Goin and so on.
Japanese: 朝廷の官衙である和歌所・御書所・記録所・院文殿・後院などにおける職員を指す。
English: Officials with administrative ability in general affairs and management were selected (in the case of Wakadokoro, ability to write and select waka poems was important).
Japanese: 庶務・執務に精通した事務能力のある官人が選任された（和歌所の場合は、和歌の作成・選定能力がこれに替わる）。
English: The number of personnel was about 10 to 20 and in many cases were sent or jointly appointed from other governmental offices.
Japanese: 定員はおよそ10-20名で多くが他の官司からの出向・兼務で務めていたと考えられている。
English: "Ruiju meibutsu ko" (an encyclopedia compiled by Matsuake YAMAOKA during the middle of the Edo period) suggests that the origin of the word came from calling people who 'came to gather' at governmental offices yoriudo, but the actual origin is unknown.
Japanese: 『類聚名物考』には、官司に「寄り合う人」を寄人と呼んだのが語源であると言われているが真偽は不明である。
English: Because it was necessary to record and prepare documents, experienced staff such as yuhitsu (amanuensis) were appointed, and officers such as Shitsuji (steward), Shitsujidai (deputy steward), Shoshiidai (representative of shoshi, a governor of the board of retainers) and Kaigo (assistant administrator) were often selected from yoriudo/kunin.
Japanese: 書類の記録・作成の必要上、右筆などの経験者が任じられることもあり、執事・執事代・所司代・開闔などの幹部も寄人・公人から選ばれることが多かった。
English: It indicates the people who worked for the shoen landlord (honke [the head family]) under a special agreement within the shoen during the Heian period.
Japanese: 平安時代の荘園における特定の形態のもとで荘園領主（本家）の使役を受けた人々を指す。
English: Originally, it was thought to indicate the landless or exiles who escaped into shoen and became enslaved.
Japanese: 元は荘園に逃れてその隷属下に入って荘民化した浮浪・逃亡であったと考えられている。
English: Yoriudo was used to indicated the shomin (shoen people) who were exempt from temporary zoyaku (odd-jobs task) taxed by the Kokuga (provincial government offices) from the middle of the 10th century.
Japanese: 10世紀中頃より国衙から課される臨時雑役の賦課の免除を受けた荘民を指して寄人と称した。
English: Shomin who were not exempt as well as koryo (public land) farmers were called komin (public people).
Japanese: これに対して、対象にならなかった荘民は公領耕作者とともに公民と呼ばれた。
English: However, in later years, some komin had a multiple vassal relationship by farming a part of a shoen that had temporary zoyaku exemption rights and belonged there as a yoriudo as well and tried to be exempt from temporary zoyaku for their main farm lands as well.
Japanese: ところが、後に公民でありながら、臨時雑役免除の特権を持つ荘園の一部を耕作してそこに寄人として帰属して二重の隷属関係を持つことで、本来の耕作地を含めた臨時雑役の免除を図ろうとするものも現れた。
English: Some shoen landowners accepted such people and used this to try and make the farm land (koryo and other shoen farm lands) that they farmed their own property.
Japanese: これに対して荘園領主もこれを受け入れて反対にこれを利用して彼らが本来耕していた耕作地（公領や他の荘園耕地）を自己に収めようとする者も現れた。
English: This situation led to not only the reduction of koryo but also became a factor for boundary disputes between shoen, therefore yoriudo were regulated again and again by Manor Regulation Acts.
Japanese: こうした事態の放置は公領の減少のみならず、荘園間の境相論を引き起こす一因となったため、荘園整理令などで度々寄人を規制した。
English: After the middle of the 11th century, together with the expansion of Funyu rights (Japan), Ichien shihai (reigning of whole regions) became established and all those who lived within a shoen were under the rule of the shoen landowner as shomin.
Japanese: 11世紀中頃以後、不入の権(日本)の拡大とともに一円支配が確立され、荘園内に居住するものは全て荘民として荘園領主に帰属されることになった。
English: Therefore, the difference within the shoen between komin and yoriudo such as whether they were exempt from temporary zoyaku disappeared in actuality and the term shomin was used subsequently.
Japanese: このため、荘園内に残されていた臨時雑役免除などを持たなかった公民と寄人の差は実質上消滅することになり、以後は荘民という語が用いられるようになった。
English: As with shoen, among merchants and craftsmen, people who belonged to a specific power structure and received protection were called yoriudo, similar to the yoriudo of shoen.
Japanese: また、荘園と同様に商工業者・職能人の間でも荘園の寄人のように特定の権門の隷属下に入ってその庇護を受けた者も寄人と呼んだ。
English: Due to the characteristics of their occupation, some would belong to a power structure other than that related with their living area or became yoriudo of various power structures.
Japanese: その職業の性格上、その居住地とつながる権門以外の権門に属したり、複数の権門の寄人になる例もあった。
English: The jugonshi came into existence through the influence of Daoism on Japan, and carried out medical treatments by purifying any ailments caused by supernatural or magical forces.
Japanese: 呪禁師は道教の影響を受けて成立し、呪術によって病気の原因となる邪気を祓う治療などを行った。
English: There are examples from ancient times of a sort of proto-jugonshi, who used spells containing elements of Buddhist prayers mixed in (see for instance the section on the year 577 in the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan)), but full-blown jugonshi do not appear in the written record until the section of the "Nihonshoki" describing the year 691).
Japanese: 古くは仏教の祈祷と混同されて用いられた例もある（『日本書紀』敏達天皇6年条）が、本格的な導入の初出は『日本書紀』にある持統天皇5年（691年）条である。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, the jugonshi were considered indispensable for their spells, their medical treatments of the sick and their efforts to make childbirth safer, and the most outstanding from among the jugonshi was appointed jugon hakase (Master Sorcerer, with only one such fixed position); the jugon hakase worked to train and cultivate the jugonsei (apprentice sorcerers, for whom six fixed positions existed).
Japanese: 律令制においては呪禁も病気治療や安産のために欠かせないものとされ、呪禁師の中で優秀なものは呪禁博士（定員1名）に任ぜられ、呪禁生（定員6名）の育成に努めた。
English: But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of jugonshi had disappeared.
Japanese: だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁師の制度自体が消滅した。
English: The jugon hakase first appears in the written record in the section of the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) detailing the year 691 that Chobu MOKUSO (木素丁武) and Banshu SATAKU (沙宅万首) were the jugon hakase.
Japanese: 初出は『日本書紀』にある持統天皇5年（691年）条で、木素丁武・沙宅万首が呪禁博士であったことが知られる。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, the jugon hakase was considered indispensable for his spells, medical treatments of the sick and efforts to make childbirth safer, and at the same time, given the fact that the jugonshi were also casting Daoist incantations in order to ensure the stability and peace of the realm, jugon (the art of sorcery) was ranked among the 'kokka yodo' (arts vital to the state), along with astronomy and calendrical science.
Japanese: 律令制においては呪禁は病気治療や安産のために欠かせないものとされ、同時に国家安泰のための道教呪術を行う存在として、天文学・暦学ともに「国家要道」の学と位置づけられた。
English: The most outstanding of the jugonshi was appointed jugon hakase, who would then work to train and cultivate the jugonsei (apprentice sorcerers, for whom there were six fixed positions in the government), who were chosen from among the families of doctors or pharmacists.
Japanese: 呪禁師の中で優秀なものが呪禁博士に任ぜられ、医師の家や薬部の家から選ばれた呪禁生（定員6名）の育成に努めた。
English: But with the later occurrence of the Enmi kotoku jiken (an incident in which a witch doctor committed murder), jugon itself began to be seen as dangerous, and furthermore the practice of jugon was abandoned by the end of the eighth century due to the rise of onmyodo (the yin-yang arts of magic and divination), which also derived from Daoist incantations; by the dawn of the ninth century, even the institution of the jugon hakase had disappeared.
Japanese: だが、後に厭魅蠱毒事件の続発によって呪禁そのものが危険視されたこと、同様に道教の呪術を取り入れた陰陽道の台頭によって8世紀末頃には事実上廃止され、9世紀には呪禁博士の制度自体が消滅した。
English: Jibugyo was bugyo (magistrate) appointed by the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 地奉行（じぶぎょう）とは、鎌倉幕府・室町幕府によって設置された奉行。
English: He played a role similar to that of machi-bugyo (town magistrate) who was responsible for administration and trials related to housing and land in Edo where the Edo bakufu was located.
Japanese: 江戸幕府によってその本拠地であった江戸の屋地に関する行政・裁判を行った町奉行と同様の役割を果たしていた。
English: It is considered that during the Kamakura period, Yasutoki HOJO appointed Jibugyo together with Hobugyonin (person who monitors and polices villains and street traders), a low-level position.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の地奉行は、下部の役職である保奉行人とともに北条泰時によって整備されたと考えられている。
English: Placed under the Samurai-dokoro (the Board of Retainers), they took on the administration and maintenance of public order of Kamakura with the Samurai-dokoro.
Japanese: 侍所の管轄下に属し、侍所とともに鎌倉の行政と治安維持にあたっていた。
English: However, in reality, at least one bugyo was selected from Miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso, the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan), and it is considered that control by the Tokuso and the regent spread even to the city of Kamakura.
Japanese: しかし、実際には奉行のうち最低1名は御内人から選ばれており、得宗及び執権による支配が鎌倉市中にまで浸透していたと考えられている。
English: Jibugyo of the Muromachi bakufu was called Jikatatonin (a head of Jikata, a person in charge of trials related to housing and land), and local officials such as Kaigo (assistant administrator) and Yoriudo (staff that worked at bakufu organizations) were placed under them.
Japanese: 室町幕府の地奉行は、地方頭人（じかたとうにん）と呼ばれて下に開闔・寄人などの地方役人が置かれていた。
English: Placed under the jurisdiction of Samurai-dokoro, they took on the administration and maintenance of public order in Kyoto with the Samurai-dokoro.
Japanese: 侍所の管轄下に属し、侍所とともに京都の行政と治安維持にあたっていた。
English: But once the Muromachi bakufu took total control of the city of Kyoto in Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA's day, the post of kebiishi was virtually abolished and the authority was granted to jibugyo exclusively.
Japanese: だが、足利義満の時代に室町幕府が京都市中の支配権を完全に掌握すると、検非違使は事実上廃止されて地奉行に権限が一本化された。
English: Iken junikajo (twelve opinions) was the written statement on politics that Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI, a scholar of Chinese classics in the mid Heian period, submitted to Emperor Daigo in 914.
Japanese: 意見十二箇条（いけんじゅうにかじょう）とは平安時代中期の漢学者三善清行が、914年醍醐天皇に提出した政治意見書である。
English: In the early tenth century when Kiyoyuki MIYOSHI submitted this statement, the land in Japan was in a dire condition.
Japanese: 三善清行がこの意見書を提出した10世紀前半、日本の土地状況は悲惨なものであった。
English: False registering was rampant, and with the increase of owners of kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) who falsely registered themselves as women, revenue from rice tax dropped.
Japanese: 偽籍が横行したため、女性と偽った口分田所有者が増え租の収入は減少していた。
English: In addition, lands of absentee owners due to vagrancy and getaway transformed into shoen (manor in medieval Japan) and koryo (an Imperial demesne) that belonged to temples, shrines and the influential nobility, and thus accelerated the decrease of the central government's financial resources.
Japanese: 更に浮浪・逃亡により持ち主不在になった土地は寺社や有力貴族の荘園、公領と化し、中央財源減少に拍車をかけていた。
English: Consequently, Handen Shuju (a regulation of land ownership) was not conducted after the one in 902, and although Emperor Daigo regulated shoen himself, he could not bring results.
Japanese: そのため、班田収受は902年を最後にして行なわれなくなり、同年に醍醐天皇自身は荘園整理を行なうものの、成果を挙げられなかった。
English: In the statement, he pointed out the land issues described above and indicated that they disrupted the local politics.
Japanese: その中で彼は上記のような土地問題を、更にはそれらが地方政治を乱していると指摘している。
English: As a countermeasure, he recommended surveying the population of provinces again to properly allocate kubunden.
Japanese: そして、対策として諸国の人口状況もう一度調査して、正確に口分田を与える。
English: He insisted that the government should make up for the deficit by leasing such lands and applying the jishi (profit from the land rent) to the land tax of absentee owner land.
Japanese: その土地を賃租し、地子（賃租の利益）を今まで持ち主不在であった土地の租税分に充てることで、中央財源の不足を補うべきと主張した。
English: Kanpyo no goyuikai was the note that Emperor Uda left for the 13-year-old new emperor when he abdicated the throne in favor of Emperor Daigo on August 8, 897.
Japanese: 寛平御遺誡（かんぴょうのごゆいかい）とは、寛平9年7月3日(旧暦)（897年8月4日）に宇多天皇が醍醐天皇への譲位に際して当時13歳の新帝に与えた書置。
English: "Honchoshojaku mokuroku" (the oldest list of Japanese books in existence written during the Kamakura period) states that the note was in one volume, but the original doesn't exist.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に書かれた『本朝書籍目録』には全1巻であることが記されているが、原本は存在しない。
English: However, after the mid Heian period, it was quoted in many books and a manuscript collection of the major itsubun (a composition that previously existed, but doesn't exist now) was put together before the Kamakura period at the latest (the manuscript is owned by the National Museum of Japanese History).
Japanese: ただし、平安時代中期以後、多くの書物に引用され、遅くても鎌倉時代までに主要な逸文を集めた写本が作成された（国立歴史民俗博物館所蔵）。
English: It is considered that piecing together the manuscript and the itsubun recorded in other books virtually discloses the full details.
Japanese: それに他の書物に採録された逸文を組み合わせることでほぼ全容が判明するとされている。
English: The current books including "Gunsho ruiju" (Zatsubu) (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA) (Miscellaneous Section) are largely dependent of the manuscript and the itsubun of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 江戸時代の『群書類従』（雑部）をはじめとする現行の刊本は鎌倉期の写本や逸文に依拠するところが大きい。
English: Kanpyo no goyuikai contains the instruction on the protocols of government affairs at the Imperial Court such as the conferment of court rank and appointment to an office, the emperor's daily activities, learning and other issues, which are essential to the study of the annual events at the Court.
Japanese: 叙位・任官をはじめとする朝廷の政務儀式、天皇の日常の行動から学問などについての注意が示されており、宮廷における年中行事の研究には欠かせない内容が含まれている。
English: It is also indispensable for the study of political history of those times because the details of the abdication of Emperor Uda and the assessment of the people in the Imperial Court (FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, TAIRA no Suenaga, KI no Haseo and others) are included.
Japanese: また、宇多天皇の譲位の事情や当時の宮中の人物評（藤原時平・菅原道真・平季長・紀長谷雄ら）も行っており、当時の政治史の研究にも欠かせない。
English: Particularly, FUJIWARA no Tokihira was described as 'young, but familiar with political theory, therefore suitable for an advisor whose guidance should be followed,' and SUGAWARA no Michizane as 'a great Confusion scholar with a deep knowledge of politics that should be confided in as the "meritorious retainer for the new emperor,"' and it is recorded that Emperor Uda consulted only Michizane to decide on the investiture of the Crown Prince and the abdication of throne.
Japanese: 特に藤原時平を「若いが政理に通じているので顧問にして輔導に従うべき」とし、菅原道真「鴻儒で深く政事を知るもので“新君之功臣”として信任すべき」と説き、醍醐天皇の立太子も譲位も道真だけに相談して決めたと記している。
English: TAIRA no Suenaga and KI no Haseo were predicted to be great talents and Kanpyo no goyuikai requested that they should be given important posts (TAIRA no Suenaga, however, died suddenly of an illness just 19 days after it was issued).
Japanese: また、平季長と紀長谷雄は将来国家を支える大器になるだろうと予測し、両名を重用するように求めている（ただし、平季長は御遺誡が出されてからわずか19日後に突然の病で死去している）。
English: The fact that Emperor Uda did not involve anybody but SUGAWARA no Michizane in deciding the next emperor, in one sense, intensified wariness and backlash against Michizane within the society of emperor and the nobles, and it was allegedly one of the causes of the incident in the later years (the Shotai Incident) in which SUGAWARA no Michizane was demoted and transferred to Dazai gon no sochi (provincial governor-general of the Dazai-fu [local government office in Kyushu region]).
Japanese: 宇多天皇が次期天皇の決定について菅原道真以外には関与させなかったという事実は、一面において天皇や貴族社会における道真への警戒心と反発を高め、後年菅原道真が大宰権帥に左遷された事件（昌泰の変）の原因になったとも言われている。
English: Yorioya-Yoriko refers to the master-servant relationship similar to the parent-child relationship created in medieval Japan or the relationship of the guardian and the protected person based on the master-servant relationship.
Japanese: 寄親・寄子（よりおや・よりこ）とは、中世日本において親子に擬制して結ばれた主従関係あるいはこれに准ずる保護者・被保護者の関係。
English: The person who provided protection was called Yorioya (shinan, soja), and the protected person was called Yoriko (Yoriki, doshin).
Japanese: 保護する側を寄親（よりおや、指南・奏者）、保護される側を寄子（よりこ、寄騎（与力）・同心）とも呼ぶ。
English: "Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Japan" (Japanese-Portuguese dictionary published 1603-1604) explains that Yorioya was 'a person that a certain person depended upon and clung to in a certain lord's Kachu (family-related communities which existed in the late Muromachi period and the Azuchi-Momoyama period) or in other places' and that Yoriko was ' a person dependent on and under the patronage of others, or a person under control of others.'
Japanese: 『日葡辞書』では寄親は「ある主君の家中とか、その他の所とかにおいて、ある者が頼り、よりすがる相手の人」、寄子は「他人を頼り、その庇護のもとにある者。あるいは他の配下にある者」と解説されている。
English: Essentially, the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship was a private contractual relationship, but during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan), it gradually became semi-compulsory.
Japanese: 原則的には寄親・寄子関係は私的な契約関係によったが、戦国時代(日本)においては半ば強制的なものになっていった。
English: Kiko of the Nara period and Yoriudo of the Heian period had similar characteristics as Yoriko.
Japanese: 寄子と同様の性格を持つものとしては、奈良時代の寄口、平安時代の寄人などが挙げられる。
English: In the Kamakura period, the Soryo system (the eldest son system for the succession of the head of the family) was established in the samurai world, and at first Yoriko meant the child born out of wedlock who followed the eldest child ("Kamakura Bakufu Tsuika Ho" - additional laws applied by Kamakura Bakufu).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の武家社会における惣領制の確立によって初期には総領に従う庶子の事を指した（『鎌倉幕府追加法』）。
English: But soon unrelated samurai were treated as Yoriko, and eventually when people referred to Yoriko, they meant the latter.
Japanese: しかし、程なく非血縁的武士も寄子として扱われ、やがて後者が占めることになる。
English: Yoriko took over the burden of kuji (public duties) from the eldest child and was guaranteed the status and the shoryo (territory) in return.
Japanese: 寄子は総領が負っていた公事に対する負担を行う代わりにその地位と所領を保障されていた。
English: During the Muromachi period, jizamurai (local samurai) became involved with the local dominant samurai, forming the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship, while shugo daimyo (military governors) and Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) acknowledged their authority as Yorioya in the process of drawing dominant samurai under their jurisdiction and they also established the Yorioya-Yoriko relationship with them to include them amongst their vassals.
Japanese: 室町時代に入ると地侍たちが地元の有力武士と関係を結んで寄親・寄子の関係を結ぶようになり、守護大名や戦国大名も有力武士を傘下に入れる過程で彼らの寄親としての権限を認めて、自らも彼らと寄親・寄子の関係を結んで家臣団に取り込んでいった。
English: There were a wide range of Yorioya/Yoriko relationships in those days, from a temporary relationship of asking/being asked to participate in the battle to 'kyunin (upper class retainers)-like Yoriko' to whom Yorioya gave shoryo and salary, and in addition, sometimes there were cases where daimyo gave the dominant samurai, their own Yoriko, the shoryo (yorikokyu) to be given to the dominant samurai's Yoriko in turn.
Japanese: この時代の寄親・寄子関係は、単に戦いへの一時的な参加を頼む・頼まれるという当座の関係から、寄親が寄子に所領や扶持を与える「給人的寄子」まで幅広く、更に大名が自己の寄子である有力武士に彼ら自身の寄子に与えるための所領（寄子給）が与えられる場合もあった。
English: In the Sengoku period, in order to stabilize the master-servant relationship, daimyo guaranteed the rights of the dominant samurai who had become Yorioya, prohibited Yoriko from changing Yorioya, and gave Yorioya a legal force by ordering that lawsuits against daimyo should be filed through Yorioya; on the other hand, they adopted a policy to secure Yoriko as their military force by allowing Yoriko change Yorioya if Yorioya didn't give Onkyu (rewards from master to a vassal) or if Yorioya mistreated Yoriko.
Japanese: 戦国時代になると、大名は主従関係の安定化のため、寄親となった有力武士の権利を保障し、寄子が濫りに寄親を変えることを禁じたり、大名への訴訟は寄親を通じて行うことを命じて、強制力を持たせる一方、寄親が寄子に恩給を与えなかったり、その他寄子に対する不当な扱いを行った場合には寄親を変えさせるなど、寄子を自己の軍事力として確保する政策が取られた。
English: Among the daimyo during the Sengoku period who adopted the Yorioya-Yoriko system, the Gohojo clan, the Imagawa clan, the Takeda clan, the Rokkaku clan, and the Mori clan are well-known.
Japanese: 寄親・寄子制を採ったことが知られる戦国大名としては、後北条氏・今川氏・武田氏・六角氏・毛利氏などが知られる。
English: The weaker relationship of 'instructor-pupil' (Onkyu was not provided for and the leader-follower relationship was formed in times of emergency), for example, was adopted by the Date clan and the Yuki clan.
Japanese: これよりも結びつきが低い（恩給は与えず、有事の時に指揮・被指揮の関係に入る）「指南・被指南」制度を採った伊達氏や結城氏の例もある。
English: During the Edo period, as the master-servant relationship was restructured, Yorioya-Yoriko ceased to exist as a system, but the vestiges of the system remained widely, and yoriki and doshin remained as the titles for low-level functionary at magistrate's office, as well as 'Yorioya' the name for an employment agency that placed various servants and 'Yoriko' which meant servants.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると主従関係の再編成によって制度としての寄親・寄子は消滅するが、奉行所における与力・同心のように下級役人の役職名などに残されたほか、各種奉公人の斡旋を行う口入屋を「頼親（寄親）」、奉公人を「寄子」と呼ぶなど制度の名残が広く残されていた。
English: Nenki-uri (whose "ki" can be written with three different characters 年期売, 年季売 or 年紀売, all of which relate to time or duration) was a kind of contract of sale (usually of land) used during Japan's medieval period.
Japanese: 年期売（ねんきうり・年季売・年紀売）とは、中世日本で行われた売買契約の1つ。
English: Under a nenki-uri contract, the thing being sold, be it land or something else, was sold to the buyer for a certain fixed interval in exchange for an agreed-upon price the seller would receive, and upon expiration of the length of time stipulated in the contract, the object would automatically revert to the control of the seller.
Japanese: 土地などの対象物件を一定期間に限って売却して代価を受け取り、契約期間満了後には自動的に売主に権利が戻る契約である。
English: Since the actual documents of such contrasts became useless after their expiration, most of them were destroyed and consequently the surviving examples are very few, but it seems 10- or 20-year contracts were the most common, with a few examples of 30- or even 50-year contracts.
Japanese: 契約が満了すれば、契約書なども不要となって廃棄されるため遺存している物が少ないが、契約期間は10年もしくは20年が多く、30年・50年の例もある。
English: It is believed that people would enter such contracts only after setting a sale price that included the anticipated earnings during the term of the contract from the thing being sold, as well as the corresponding interest from those earnings.
Japanese: 契約期間中に対象物件から見込まれる収益が売却代金及び利息の合計と見合う形での代価によって取引が行われていたと考えられている。
English: Furthermore, most contracts had many provisos written into them that stipulated the wording of what constituted a crime or breach to ensure that if the buyer broke the agreement made with the buyer during the contract period, it would be recognized that the seller would immediately buy back whatever was sold, just as with a honsengaeshi (a land sale that had the seller buy the land back in such a situation; nenki-uri were also worded in such a way as to have sellers buy back whatever had been sold), and moreover, that the seller's obligations for labor (and the distribution of other assignments) as well as the collateral offered for the sale would be disposed of, and that those possessions which could be sold would be pawned.
Japanese: また、契約期間中に買主に違約があった場合には売主は本銭返と同じように直ちに買戻しが認められた（本銭弁償文言）をはじめ、売主の課役負担や抵当物件の処理、入質の設定、罪科文言などの多くの条件が契約を記した証文中に記されていた。
English: Some seek to explain the roots of the nenki-uri contract as coming from the chinso (land tax) of ancient times, but the prevailing view is that the nenki-uri first came into existence during the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 古代の賃租にルーツを求める説もあるが、通説では鎌倉時代に発生したと考えられている。
English: Medieval methods for selling land included the permanent sale, which corresponds to land sales today, the honsengaeshi, under which those with capital could buy back the sold land, and finally the nenki-uri, but it is thought that the nenki-uri, under which the seller had the most pronounced authority and power, became the most widely used contract, especially among farmers.
Japanese: 中世の土地売買には今日の売却に相当する永代売、元金をもって買い戻す本銭返、そして年期売があったが、売主である本主の権限が最も色濃く残された年期売が農民層を中心として広く行われていたと考えられている。