nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The reason for this was because they relied upon the positions within the aristocracy, and governmental policies were in collaboration with the cloistered government.
Japanese: 貴族社会の官職に依存していること、院政と連携して政策推進を行っていたこと、などがその理由である。
English: Therefore, the Taira clan administration was criticized as becoming as one with the conventional control forces even though they were born as bushi, as regards to the Kamakura bakufu, which consisted of the local landowner class (bushi class), and was considered as a novel and significant existence due to their toppling of the conventional control class and was highly rated in the history of class conflict.
Japanese: そのため、平氏政権は、武士に出自しながら旧来の支配勢力と同質化してしまったと批判されたのに対し、在地領主層＝武士階級から構成される鎌倉幕府は、旧来の支配階級を打倒した画期的・革新的な存在だとして、階級闘争史観などにより高く評価されていた。
English: Such a historical image remained in some dictionaries until the beginning of the 21st century.
Japanese: こうした歴史像に基づく記述が、21世紀初頭まで一部の辞書などに残存していた。
English: However, when empirical research based on historical documents became popular during the 1970s and 1980s, it was discovered that the Taira clan administration had bushi government-like characteristics before the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: しかし、1970年代・1980年代頃から、史料に基づく実証的な研究が進んでいくと、平氏政権も鎌倉幕府に先立って武家政権的な性格を呈していたことが判明するようになった。
English: According to historical documents, the Taira clan administration organized the forces in areas under its control as bushi, and established positions such as Province bakufu officers and Jito in their fiefdom and shoen, and developed a semi-militaristic control.
Japanese: 史料によれば、平氏政権は支配地域の勢力を武士として系列化し、知行国・荘園に国守護人・地頭などといった従来あまり見られなかった職を置いて、半軍事的な支配を進めた。
English: It is not clear how large an influence the establishment by the Taira clan administration of Jito and Province officers had, or the amount of control they exerted because there are few related historical documents, but the academic field proposes that the Jito and Province officers were like a prototype for Shugo and Jito in the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 関係史料が少ないため、平氏政権における国守護人・地頭の設置とそれに伴う支配の深化がどれほど進んでいたかは、必ずしも明らかとなっていないが、学界では、これら国守護人・地頭は、後の鎌倉幕府における守護・地頭の先駆的な存在だと考えるようになっている。
English: Although some points about the actual details of their work are unclear, Kinai Sokanshiki (a military position with power over the provinces of the Kinai) and Shodo (various roads) chinbushi (one of the posts that were not originally specified in the Ritsuryo system) which were established in 1181, are considered to have directly ruled a wide area with several provinces regarding military aspects and in particular Kinai Shokanshiki is proposed to have had similar properties to the Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians").
Japanese: また治承5年（1181年）に設置した畿内惣官職や諸道鎮撫使は、これもその職能の詳細は不明な点もあるが、数か国にわたる広い領域を軍事的に直轄支配するものと見られており、特に畿内惣官職は征夷大将軍と同様の性格を見出しうるとする見解もある。
English: This is why the Taira clan administration differs from previous aristocratic governments and it is clear that its main foundation was military power, and the academic field normally considers it as the first bushi government in Japan.
Japanese: このように、平氏政権は従来の貴族政権と異なり、武力に大きな基盤を有していたことが明らかとなり、学界では日本最初の武家政権とするのが通説となっている。
English: It has been suggested that if it had not all ended in 1185, TAIRA no Kiyomori's government would have been different from the Kamakura bakufu, possibly developing into an original bushi government with the west provinces as its center.
Japanese: なお、元暦2年（1185年）滅亡することがなければ、平清盛の政権は鎌倉幕府とはまた違った、西国を中心とした独自の武家政権へ成長したのではないかとの可能性も指摘されている。
English: The Taira clan government relied heavily upon Kiyomori himself, and disintegrated within several years of his death.
Japanese: 平氏政権は清盛という一個人に大きく依存しており、清盛の死から数年のうちに瓦解に至った。
English: As mentioned previously, it also relied heavily upon a good relationship with Goshirakawa.
Japanese: また、前述したように、後白河との良好な関係に依存するところも大きかった。
English: The cloistered government took the place of the Ritsuryo system, developing lord-vassal relationships with the cloistered Emperor at the apex, and making subordinates work in exchange for positions and land as rewards, and was a period when the system of custodial provinces and shoen were established.
Japanese: 院政期は律令制に代わり、院を頂点とした主従制的関係が形成され、官職や土地を恩給として臣下に与えて奉仕させるようになり、知行国・荘園制度が確立していった時期だった。
English: The line of regents was in actuality ended during the Hogen Rebellion, and major bushi such as MINAMOTO no Yoshiaki were selected during the Heiji Rebellion, giving the Taira clan have more power than others.
Japanese: 保元の乱で摂関家が事実上壊滅し、平治の乱で源義朝などの有力武士が淘汰されると、平氏の勢力は他より突出することになった。
English: The Taira clan administration seemed to have become complete by the Jisho sannen no seihen (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho), but it only led to a head-to-head confrontation between the Taira clan and anti-Taira groups.
Japanese: 治承三年の政変により平氏政権は完成されたかに見えたが、それは平氏と反対勢力の全面衝突をもたらした。
English: The defect of the military organization of the Taira clan was that their direct troops consisted only of vassals from Ise and Iga and specific bushi from various provinces that were loyal for successive generations, and the majority of the troops were taken from official government calls to enlist.
Japanese: 平氏の軍制の欠陥は、直属部隊が伊勢・伊賀の重代相伝の家人・「私郎従」と呼ばれる諸国の特定武士だけで、兵の大部分を公権力の発動によって動員する形態を採っていたことにある。
English: At the point when the Taira clan escaped Kyoto and the Imperial call for attacking the Taira clan was issued, the number of troops that followed the Taira clan had dwindled greatly.
Japanese: 都落ちして平氏追討宣旨が下された時点で、平氏に従う兵は僅かになっていた。
English: Even if they supported Emperor Antoku, his ascension was by a coup d'etat and it was difficult for the Taira clan to maintain credibility.
Japanese: 安徳天皇を擁していてもその即位はクーデターによるものであり、平氏が自己の立場を正当化することは困難だった。
English: Kiyomori's plan to create the court government and develop major trade and diplomacy was finally realized about 200 years after the Taira clan died out, during the period of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA.
Japanese: 王朝政権の接収・大々的な外交の展開といった清盛の構想が実現したのは、平氏が滅亡してからおよそ200年後、足利義満の時代だった。
English: Kawaramono is also referred to as Kawarabito, and they were a type of people which were discriminated against in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 河原者（かわらもの）は、河原人とも呼ばれ、中世日本の代表的な被差別民の一つである。
English: They handled animal carcasses and leather processing, and were called Kawaramono because they lived on or near the riverbed (kawara).
Japanese: 彼らの生業は屠畜や皮革加工で、河原やその周辺に居住していたため河原者と呼ばれた。
English: There are two reasons that are considered for their living in such areas: one is because they were not taxed as long as they lived on the riverbed, and another is because the leather processing required a lot of water.
Japanese: それらの地域に居住した理由は、河原が無税だったからという説と、皮革加工には大量の水が必要だからだという説とがある。
English: In addition, the Kawaramono were engaged in well digging, kabuki, haulage, peddling, gardening, and the like.
Japanese: それ以外にも、河原者は井戸掘り、歌舞伎、運搬業、行商、造園業などにも従事していた。
English: The most famous Kawaramono was Zenami, a gardener who served the eighth Shogun of Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, and the garden of Ginkaku-ji Temple was a work created by his son and grandson.
Japanese: 河原者の中で最も著名なのが、室町幕府の八代将軍足利義政に仕えた庭師の善阿弥で、銀閣寺の庭園は彼の子と孫による作品である。
English: Although those discriminated in the Medieval Period were generally called Hinin, there is controversy as to whether Kawaramono were included in Hinin.
Japanese: 中世の被差別民は一般的に非人と称されたが、河原者がその中に含まれるかどうかについて、論争が行われている。
English: It is said that the Kawaramono were included in a fixed discriminated position when the position was organized by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and the Tokugawa government in the early modern period.
Japanese: 近世初頭、豊臣秀吉、徳川政権によって固定的な被差別身分が編成された際に、河原者はその中に組み込まれたと言われる。
English: Cases have been reported mainly in Kyoto and Nara, in which the domicile of the Kawaramono in the Medieval Period coincided with those who were discriminated in modern times, while reported cases focused on the controversy of the origin of Buraku (discriminated hamlet).
Japanese: 近年、中世の河原者の居住地と、近世の被差別民の居住地が重なる例が京都や奈良を中心に報告され、部落の起源論争の大きな焦点となっている。
English: The Shoen-Koryo system was a multilayered land governance structure which was grounded in shoen (manors) and lands under the control of the koryo (feudal government) in medieval times in Japan.
Japanese: 荘園公領制（しょうえんこうりょうせい）とは、日本の中世日本における、荘園と公領を土台とした、重層的土地支配構造のことである。
English: The Shoen-Koryo system was established in the mid to late 11th century and continued through until the early 12th century, so it was developed through the period of the Cloister government, and peaked around the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 11世紀中後期から12世紀初期にかけて成立し、院政期を通じて発展し、鎌倉時代前後に最盛期を迎えた。
English: The system, however, was encroached on by Jito (lords of the manors) in the Kamakura period and by Shugo Daimyos (provincial constables) in the Muromachi period, and thus gradually dismantled in accordance with the rise of samurais and almost became a mere formality by the time of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan).
Japanese: その一方で、鎌倉時代には地頭による侵食を受け、室町時代には守護（守護大名）によって蚕食されるなど、武士の進出に伴って次第に解体への道を進み、戦国時代(日本)頃までにほぼ形骸化した。
English: Note that the shoen and lands under the control of the koryo described here mean kishinchi-kei-shoen and Kokugaryo (provincial lands), which became the base of the Shoen-Koryo system.
Japanese: なお、この項目においての荘園・公領とは、それぞれ荘園公領制の土台となった寄進地系荘園・国衙領を指すものとする。
English: Although Kokuga (provincial offices) allowed them to have their own private lands, the right was very fragile.
Japanese: 彼らは国衙から田地の私有が認められたが、その権利は危ういものであった。
English: The Juryoso (career provincial official class) assigned the Tato (cultivators) (=Kaihatsu-ryoshu) to Shokan (a general term for a variety of shoen (manor) officials responsible for the management and assignment of duties, tax collection, and protection of shoen) and collected certain tax revenues from the Shokan in exchange for recognizing their effective authorities for the lands.
Japanese: 受領層は彼ら田堵（＝開発領主）を荘官に任命し、その土地の実効支配権を認める代わりに、荘官から一定の税収を受け取る。
English: The Ryoke gradually became rivals of the Kokushi (provincial governors) in the same class, who were governing the kokuga lands.
Japanese: 領家は次第に、国衙領を支配するようになった同階層の国司との対立を増すようになる。
English: Hence, they donated their own lands to the Kenmonso (gateway-of-power class) and paid certain tax revenues to have them protect the lands.
Japanese: そこで彼らは自らの荘園をさらに権門層に寄進し、保護を求める代わりに一定の税収を納めた。
English: Coincidentally, with the demise of the Ritsuryo system (the political system based on the ritsuryo codes), the high-level aristocrats lost their eagerness for politics completely, and accordingly, local politics were entrusted to the Kokushi.
Japanese: 時を同じくして、律令制の崩壊と共に、上級貴族は政治への意欲を全くなくし、地方政治は国司に一任されていた。
English: In competition with the ever-increasing shoen, the Kokushi assigned Daimyo tato (daimyo cultivators) to Zaicho kanjin (resident public officials) and deployed them on hand; moreover, they had Soji, Goji, and Hoji (all of which were local government officials under the ritsuryo system) appointed as local government officials.
Japanese: 増え続ける荘園に対抗して、国司は大名田堵を在庁官人に任命し、自らの手元に置き、さらには惣司・郷司・保司として、地方行政官とした。
English: Soji, Goji, and Hoji were supposed to pay a certain amount of tax revenues to each of the Kokushi and the imperial court.
Japanese: 惣司・郷司・保司はそれぞれ一定額をそれぞれ国司、朝廷に納めればよい。
English: After that, the imperial court, who were no longer able to pay the salaries of the high-level aristocrats due to decreased tax revenues because of the growing number of shoen, gave territories as Chigyo koku (proprietary provinces), as well as the patronage of the Kokushi and tax revenues regarding the province, to the high-level aristocrats.
Japanese: その後、荘園の更なる増大で税収が減り、上級貴族に俸給を払えなくなった朝廷は、彼らに知行国として国を与え、その国に関する国司の任命権と税収を上級貴族に与えた。
English: In the same manner, the Ingu bunkoku sei (provincial allotment system) was applied to the high-level aristocrats, it formed a structure in which the high-level aristocrats were connected as Kenmonso, the Kokushi as Juryoso, and the Soji, Goji, and Hoji as Daimyo tato, resulting in as system which was little different from the Shoen system.
Japanese: 同様に皇族にも院宮分国制が敷かれ、こうして権門層たる上級貴族、受領層たる国司、大名田堵たる惣司・郷司・保司が結びつき、荘園制とほとんど変わらぬ構造となった。
English: This multilayered governance structure was also called the "Shiki system" and each job title and authority was referred as "XXX shiki."
Japanese: なお、この重層的支配構造は「職の体系」とも呼ばれ、それぞれの立場の職務と権限を「～職」と呼んだ。
English: As disputes over land increased among the Ryoshu (feudal lords) of the provinces, they armed themselves and eventually became samurais.
Japanese: 次第に在地領主同士の土地争いが増えるに従って、彼らは武装し、武士となった。
English: With the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), samurais, especially in the Kanto region, became Gokenin (lower-ranking vassals in the Kamakura and Edo periods) who entered into the service of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の成立に従い、主に東国の武士は鎌倉幕府に奉公する、御家人となった。
English: As benefits of the position, they were designated as Jito and the authority of their lands was guaranteed.
Japanese: 彼らはその代償たる御恩として、地頭に補任され、所領の支配権が鎌倉幕府に保証された。
English: Note that it does not mean that they took up a completely new Shiki called Jito; Jito was simply a position, among Shokan, Goji and Hoji, which had a master-subordinate relationship with the feudal government.
Japanese: 彼らは地頭という全く新しい職に付いたわけではなく、あくまで荘官や郷司・保司のうち幕府と主従関係を結んだものが地頭と呼ばれる点に付いては注意されたい。
English: In other words, the Kanto shinshiryo (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to appoint/dismiss Jito) and Kanto gokunyuchi (manors and provincial lands where the shogun of the Kamakura bakufu has the right to recommend Jito) had Shoen-ryoshu and Kokushi who were different from those of the Kamakura bakufu and had no patronage of Shokan, Goji, or Hoji.
Japanese: つまり、その内関東進止領・関東御口入地には鎌倉幕府とは異なる荘園領主・国司が存在し、しかも彼らは荘官や郷司・保司の任命権は持たないのである。
English: It is notable that the provincial constables had Zaicho kanjin (local district officials) prepare Ota bumi (land ledgers) from the time of Yoritomo.
Japanese: ただ頼朝の頃から、守護が在庁官人を指揮して大田文（土地台帳）を作成していた。
English: Jito's acts beyond their authorities, including arrears in taxes and illegal use of the people in the province, gave rise to disputes with the Shoen-ryoshu and the Kokushi.
Japanese: そこで、地頭の年貢の滞納や領民の不法使用など、地頭職を越えた越権行為が行われるようになり、荘園領主や国司との間に紛争が生じた。
English: From the start of the Muromachi period, provincial constables increased their power based on the background of the establishment of the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 室町時代になると、室町幕府の設立の経緯から、守護の権力が強大であった。
English: With the aim of establishing the Shugo-ryogokusei, they relegated Jito and Kokujin, including Zaicho-kanjin of the Kamakura period, to their subordinates and took over the Kokuga and their lands.
Japanese: 彼らは守護領国制の成立を目指して、在庁官人を含む鎌倉期の地頭、国人を被官化し、国衙や彼らの所持していた領地を掌握した。
English: Around the same time, provincial constables also encroached on other rights, including the power of Shoen-ryoshu using the systems of Hanzei and Shugo-uke, and from the start of the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan), Daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku Period who turned into Shugo Daimyo further promoted Ichien chigyo (complete proprietorship) of the lands.
Japanese: それと前後して、守護は半済、守護請等で、荘園領主等の権利をも侵食して行き、戦国時代(日本)になると、守護大名に代わった戦国大名はさらに土地の一円知行を進めていく。
English: After that, based on the Taiko kenchi, only new cultivator's rights became effective, resulting in the disappearance of the old multilayered land governance structure in both reality and in name.
Japanese: その後、太閤検地により、土地には直接の耕作者の権利しか認められなくなり、以前までの重層的支配構造は名実共に解消された。
English: Jimoku (aka Jomoku) refers to a ceremony to appoint officials of kyokan (an official of the Capital) and gekan (a provincial official) after the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 除目（じもく、じょもく）とは、平安時代中期以降、京官、外官の諸官を任命すること。
English: It also refers to an annual event in the Imperial Court, a ceremony for appointing officials itself, as well as a book listing the names of appointed officials (also referred as Josho).
Japanese: またその儀式自体である宮中の年中行事を指し、任官した者を列記した帳簿そのものを指す（除書ともいう）。
English: Ji or jo means removing the former official and appointing a new one, and moku means recording in a list.
Japanese: 「除」は前官を除いて新官を任ずる意味で、「目」は目録に記すことを意味する。
English: The ceremony for appointing was an annual event that was usually performed in the spring and the autumn, which were called haru no jimoku and aki no jimoku.
Japanese: 任命の儀式は、年中恒例の行事で通常、春と秋の年二回行われ、春の除目、秋の除目という。
English: For the ceremony of jimoku, very minute rules were established through the event, including the way of a sheet of paper was to be folded and the way in which caked ink was scrubbed.
Japanese: 除目の儀は、行事を通じて、たとえば紙の折り方や墨の磨り方にいたるまで非常に細かい作法が決められた儀式であった。
English: Kugyo (the top court officials) gathered in front of Seiryoden (Literally "Limpid Cool Hall," an imperial summer palace) to deliberate and assess the appointment for three nights from February 28 (January 11 in old lunar calender) every year.
Japanese: 毎年、正月11日からの三夜、公卿が清涼殿の御前に集まり、任命の審議、評定を行った。
English: Since officials of agata are also appointed, which is an imperial estate, it is also referred to as agatameshi no jimoku (ceremony for appointing local officials), as well as gekan no jimoku because officials other than central officials are appointed.
Japanese: 天皇の御料地である県の官人を任す意味から、県召の除目（あがためしのじもく）ともいい、中央官以外の官を任じるから、外官の除目ともいう。
English: It used to be performed in the spring, but this jimoku was performed in the autumn since the mid Heian period.
Japanese: 古くは春に行われていたが、平安中期から、秋（8月(旧暦)）に行われるようになった。
English: Furthermore, because Kyoto officials were appointed, it is also referred to as kyokan no jimoku, and naikan no jimoku as opposed to gekan no jimoku.
Japanese: また、在京の官を任じるので、京官の除目、下官の除目の対として内官の除目ともいう。
English: An irregular jimoku for determining officials who filled two positions after Sechi-e (seasonal court banquets) for appointed ministries.
Japanese: 任大臣の節会後、兼帯すべき官（一人で二つの官を持つこと）を定める臨時の除目。
English: The military government was an administration under the control of samurai, which continued for about 700 years from the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the late 12th century to Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) lead by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA in 1867; however, a theory, in which the start was the Taira clan government ruled by TAIRA no Kiyomori, is now widely accepted.
Japanese: 一般には、12世紀後半の源頼朝による鎌倉幕府の設立から、慶応3年（1867年）の徳川慶喜による大政奉還まで、約700年間に渡る武家による政権を指すが、現在は平清盛の平氏政権からとする説が有力である。
English: Of all administrations in the military government, each samurai authority of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Tokugawa were set up by force and could be traced back to the establishment by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo; he started the bakufu by arriving in power of seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") in the form of being entrusted by the Imperial Court, achieved decentralized governance, called a "feudal system," and adopted a form of coalition government of samurai who held sway over their region as a local feudal lord.
Japanese: そのうち鎌倉、室町、徳川の各武家権力は、武力により政権を樹立し、源頼朝が確立したが、形式上朝廷から任ぜられる形で征夷大将軍の位に付く事で幕府を開き、封建制とも呼ばれる分権的な統治を行い、地方領主として地域の実効支配権を持つ武士の連合政権の形をとった。
English: The position of seii taishogun was passed on to male heirs of the families positioned to accede to the shogunate of the monarchy in the Muromachi bakufu and the Tokugawa shogunate.
Japanese: 室町、徳川幕府では征夷大将軍の位は君主家たる将軍家の男児に代々世襲された。
English: It was not always the case that the military government was the identical authority of the bakufu; in fact, there were some cases where a military government would be established through means other than that of establishing a bakufu.
Japanese: 武家政権とはかならずしも幕府と同一ではなく、幕府開設以外の方法で武家政権の確立を目指した例もある。
English: The Shokuho government was a strong centralized administrative framework whose parent structure was the governing system of daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) in the Sengoku Period, and to support the structure, the government took advantage of authorities of the Emperor and the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 織豊政権は戦国大名の統治機構を母体とする強力な中央集権体制であり、その裏づけに天皇・朝廷の権威を利用するという形式を執った。
English: In the pre-military government era in Japan, the Imperial Court mechanism, which included the Emperor's direct rule, the government of regents and advisers, and the cloister government and were formed mainly with Imperial families and Court nobles, supported the nucleus of the administration, and thus provincial governors who had authorities of government official were sent all over Japan to rule the nation.
Japanese: 武家政権の誕生以前の日本は、天皇親政、摂関政治、院政など、主に皇族や公家から構成される朝廷機構の中枢から、官人身分の国司を全国に派遣して統治が行われていた。
English: Especially in the Nara period when the nation was governed based on the Ritsuryo system, the system of kokuga (the region the provincial governor of the Ritsuryo system ruled), which was managed by kokushi shitokan (four officials of the provincial governor), extended individual dominance by person throughout areas ruled by the Imperial court by preparing census while taking advantage of authorities originated from chieftaincy of the Gunji (local magistrates) who were scion of the regional chiefs.
Japanese: 特に律令制に基づいて統治が行われた奈良時代は、古代からの地方首長の末裔である郡司層の首長権に由来する権威を利用しつつ、国司四等官の主催する国衙機構が、戸籍を編纂して朝廷の統治領域全体に個別の人別支配の網を張り巡らしていた。
English: However, starting from about the Heian period, the rank differentiation was developed dramatically in regional society, and actions by a small number of rich peasants, who had accumulated movable assets and achieved stable business to enslave poor peasants who had lost their kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system) due to failed management became more popular.
Japanese: しかし平安時代になるころから地域社会での階層分化が激しく進み、資本となる動産を蓄積し、安定経営を成し遂げた少数の富豪百姓が、経営が破綻して口分田を失った零細百姓層を隷属下に収めていく動きが激しくなっていった。
English: Therefore, the system of kokuga executed dominance by person based on the census and it became difficult to collect tax to maintain the central government.
Japanese: そのため、国衙機構が戸籍に基づく人別支配をし、なおかつ中央政権の維持に必要な税の徴収を行うことは困難となった。
English: As a result a system of the dynasty state was established in the 10th century, in which the heads of the provincial governors (Zuryo) who had been sent to each region received much stronger empowerment than their previous generation and ruled the region and collected tax through the rich peasants.
Japanese: 現地派遣の筆頭国司（受領）が前代より大幅に権限委譲された上で、富豪百姓層を通じて地域支配、税の徴収を行う王朝国家体制が10世紀に確立した。
English: Through the process of the establishment of the kokuga forces system and the samurai status, the conditional strike, which was originally started by the first samurai to establish their position, turned into an armed uprising, resulting in the Johei-Tengyo Revolt fought by FUJIWARA no Sumitomo and TAIRA no Masakado.
Japanese: 国衙軍制と武士身分が確立する過程で、初期の武士が自分たちの地位確立を目指して行った条件闘争が武装蜂起にまで拡大し、平将門と藤原純友らによる承平天慶の乱に至った。
English: During this revolt, which was suppressed in a short period of time, TAIRA no Masakado took control of the system of kokuga in the countries in Bando and called himself 'new emperor,' which is considered to be the beginning of the military government by some people.
Japanese: この乱は短期間で鎮圧されたが、この渦中に平将門は坂東諸国の国衙機構を掌握して「新皇」を称しており、これを武家政権の先駆とする見方もある。
English: Furthermore, after the shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates) was established in the 11th century, many armed conflicts arose between the owners of shoen (private estates) and the administrators of koryo (public land, also known as kokugaryo, meaning territory governed by a provincial government office), both of whom now had equal rights; accordingly, Soji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), Gunji (local magistrates), Goji (local government officials under the ritsuryo system), and Hoji (officers who managed koryo), all of whom were regional administrators of koryo, and Shokan (officers who managed shoen) were all appointed from samurai families.
Japanese: さらに11世紀に荘園公領制が成立すると、対等な権利主体となった荘園と公領（国衙領）の間に武力紛争が多発し、荘園の現地管理者である荘官、公領の現地管理者である惣司、郡司、郷司、保司には武芸の家の者たる武士が任命されるようになった。
English: In this way, as samurai turned into local feudal lords, they gradually became established as effective controllers of each area.
Japanese: こうして武士は地方領主化して地域の実効支配者としての地位を築いていった。