nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is also common that the CEO of a large enterprise will pass on their business to their children or family members or in-laws; however, this can be considered an extreme example of nepotism, and some commentators have criticized this practice (e.g. Makoto SATAKA).
Japanese: また、大企業の経営者が子や係累に経営を継がせることも一般的であるが、これについては縁故採用・出世の極端な形であるともとれ、批判をする者（佐高信ら）もいる。
English: In addition, it is pointed out that before the privatization of the postal service, the appointment of the master of a special locally-owned post office was an example of virtual heredity.
Japanese: なお、郵政民営化前の特定郵便局長の任用は事実上の世襲であったと指摘されている。
English: Heredity often also applies to such occupations as prison officers and executioners, as seen in social problems found among prison officers or the summary of executioners.
Japanese: 刑務官刑務官の抱える諸問題や死刑執行人概説といった犯罪者と関わる職業も世襲が多い。
English: In many countries an executioner was victimized by society and strongly discriminated against in terms of jobs or marriage; therefore the role of executioner was usually limited to a specific social group or clan, and it is said that this is a reason for normalizing heredity.
Japanese: 死刑執行人は被差別民として扱われていた国が多く、就業や婚姻において強い差別を受けていたため、特定の一族以外が死刑執行人の職に就くことを妨げられていたことが世襲が常態化した理由だと言われている。
English: Tensho o-jishin was an earthquake which occurred on January 18, 1586.
Japanese: 天正大地震（てんしょうおおじしん）は、天正13年11月29日_(旧暦)（1586年1月18日）に発生した地震である。
English: This earthquake is also called the Tensyo-jishin (Tensho earthquake) or Shirakawa Earthquake, and the epicenter of seismic activity was in what is now the Northwestern part of Gifu Prefecture, also the magnitude is estimated to have been 7.9 – 8.1 on the Richter scale.
Japanese: この地震は天正地震、白川地震とも呼ばれ、震源地は現在の岐阜県北西部、マグニチュードは7.9-8.1と推定されている。
English: It was said to have devastated a large area across the Kinki, Tokai and Hokuriku regions, which is equivalent to the current area of Aichi Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture and Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 近畿から東海、北陸にかけての広い範囲、現在の愛知県、岐阜県、富山県、滋賀県、京都府、奈良県に相当する地域に跨って甚大な被害を及ぼしたと伝えられる。
English: As such, it is estimated that this earthquake was caused by the movement of several faults at the same time.
Japanese: そのことなどからこの地震は複数の断層がほぼ同時に動いたものと推定されている。
English: The Kaerikumo-jo Castle in Hida Province was destroyed by the landslides from Kaerikumo-san Mountain, and the castellan Ujimasa UCHIGASHIMA and all his family died, which also meant the extinction of the Uchigashima clan.
Japanese: また、飛騨国帰雲城は帰雲山の山崩れによって埋没、城主内ヶ島氏理とその一族は全員死亡し、内ヶ島氏は滅亡した。
English: The landslides also damaged several hundred homes in the neighboring villages, and many people became its victims.
Japanese: また、周辺の集落数百戸も同時に埋没の被害に遭い、多くの犠牲者を出すこととなった。
English: The greatest damage was brought on the regions of Kinki, Tokai and Hokuriku by the earthquake, such as the case of the Ogaki-jo Castle of Mino Province which was completely destroyed and burned, as well as the case of the Nagahama-jo Castle of Omi Province which was also completely destroyed and Yonehime, who was the daughter of the castellan Katsutoyo YAMAUCHI, died.
Japanese: その他、美濃国では大垣城が全壊焼失、近江国では長浜城(近江国)が全壊し城主山内一豊の息女与祢姫が死亡するなど、近畿、東海、北陸にかけての各地で甚大な被害が出た。
English: The earthquake in the northern Tango Province occurred at 6:27:39 pm on March 7, 1927.
Japanese: 北丹後地震（きたたんごじしん）は、1927年（昭和2年）3月7日、午後6時27分39秒に発生した。
English: The epicenter of seismic activity for the quake was in the northern Tango Peninsula, Kyoto Prefecture, at the latitude of 35 degrees, 37.9 minutes north, and the longitude of 134 degrees, 55.8 degrees east.
Japanese: 震源は、北緯35度37.9分、東経134度55.8分の京都府丹後半島北部。
English: In the northern Tango Province, Toyooka-cho (now Toyooka City), Miyazu-cho (now Miyazu City) and Mineyama-cho (now Kyotango City) all registered a magnitude of 6 on the Richter scale.
Japanese: 北丹後地方の豊岡町（現・豊岡市）、宮津町（現・宮津市）、峰山町（現・京丹後市）で震度6。
English: Kyoto City, Sumoto City (Hyogo Prefecture), Fukui City (Fukui Prefecture), Tsuruga City, Nara City (Nara Prefecture) and Fukuyama City (Hiroshima Prefecture) all registered a magnitude of 5 on the Richter scale.
Japanese: 京都市、兵庫県洲本市、福井県福井市、敦賀市、奈良県奈良市、広島県福山市で震度5を記録した。
English: The area of about 15km at the base of the Tango Peninsula was hit especially hard.
Japanese: なかでも被害が集中したのは丹後半島のつけ根にあたる約15kmの範囲である。
English: In Amino-cho, Kaya-cho, Iwataki-cho and Mineyama-cho, where the damage was particularly severe, the ratio of collapsed buildings reached 70%～90%.
Japanese: 地震被害が著しかったのは網野町、加悦町、岩滝町、峰山町で、家屋倒壊率は70%～90%に達した。
English: The large-scale fires spread especially in Amino-cho, Mineyama-cho and Nodagawa-cho, and 8,287 households in total were burned down.
Japanese: 特に網野町、峰山町、野田川町では大火となり、合わせて8,287戸が焼失した。
English: The damage by the quake extended across a large area, including Kinosaki-cho, which had suffered severe damage in the Northern Tajima Earthquake 2 years previously and once again 2,300 households or more were lost to fire in the Northern Tango Earthquake.
Japanese: この地震による被害は、広範囲に及び、2年前の北但馬地震で大打撃を受けた城崎町でも、火災により2,300戸以上が焼失した。
English: Even in Yonago City in Tottori Prefecture, 150km away from the epicenter, 2 houses collapsed.
Japanese: また、震源から150km以上も離れている鳥取県米子市でも、2戸の倒壊家屋がでた。
English: The statistics for the damage, which show the extent of the catastrophe, are as follows: 2,925 deaths (2,898 deaths in Kyoto City); 7,806 injuries; 12,584 homes destroyed; 9,443 homes partially destroyed; 8,287 homes burned to the ground; 6,459 homes burned; 96 homes partially burned.
Japanese: 被害の総計は、死者2,925名（京都府内・2,898名）、負傷者7,806人、全壊1万2,584棟、半壊9,443戸、焼失8,287戸、全焼6,459戸、半焼96戸であり、大災害へと発展した。
English: They are the 'Goson Fault' (approximately 18km long), which extends from Asamogawa, Amino-cho to Mie District, Omiya-cho (Kyoto Prefecture), and the 'Yamada Fault' (approximately 7km long), which extends from Iwaya District, Nodagawa-cho to Fuchu District, Miyazu City.
Japanese: 網野町浅茂川から大宮町(京都府)三重（みえ）地区に至る「郷村断層」（長さ約18km）と野田川町岩屋地区から宮津市府中地区までの「山田断層」（長さ約7km）である。
English: The Yamada Fault was raised a maximum of 70cm on the north side and moved 80cm towards the east.
Japanese: もう1本の山田断層は、北側が最大70cm隆起し、東へ80cm移動した。
English: The Goson Fault was designated as a national natural treasure on December 17, 1929, and today it can be observed at three spots where it is preserved.
Japanese: なお、郷村断層は、国の天然記念物に指定（1929年・昭和4年12月17日）され、現在、3か所で保存されており、見ることができる。
English: The victims of the quake lost their homes during the extremely cold snow season, and media such as newspapers held campaigns to support the victims and to collect money for them.
Japanese: 被災者は厳寒の中雪の降る屋外に投げ出され、新聞社など多くのマスコミが被災者救援のキャンペーンや募金活動などを行った。
English: The distribution and the initial motion of the seismic wave as well as the movement in the Earth's crust was clearly observed during the Northern Tango Earthquake; and as a result, the field of seismology has greatly developed since.
Japanese: 地震波初動の分布や地殻変動がはっきりと観測され、この地震を契機に地震学が大きく進展した。
English: The obverse and reverse sides of the coin are often confused; the side on which the Hoo-do Hall of Byodoin Temple appears is the obverse side.
Japanese: しばしば表と裏が間違われやすいが、平等院鳳凰堂が書かれている側が表である。
English: On the obverse side appear the characters for 'Nihonkoku 日本国,' 'Juen 十円,' and Byodoin Temple, and on the reverse side appears the number '10,' the year of manufacture and stylized evergreen leaves.
Japanese: 表面には「日本国」と「十円」そして平等院が、裏面には「10」と製造年、常盤木がデザインされている。
English: Although it was issued in 1953 (28th year of the Showa period), it was manufactured from 1951 (26th year of the Showa period), therefore the earliest year incused on a 10-yen coin is '26th year of the Showa period.'
Japanese: 発行は1953年（昭和28年）からであるが、製造は1951年（昭和26年）からであり、製造年を表す刻印も「昭和26年」からである。
English: As 10-yen coins produced between 1951 and 1958 have an engrailed rim, they are nicknamed 'Giza-ju' (jaggy 10-yen).
Japanese: 1951年（昭和26年）から1958年（昭和33年）にかけて製造された十円硬貨には、その縁にギザがあり、俗にギザ十（ギザジュウ）と呼ばれる。
English: Ten-yen coins are made of bronze, and as such, when immersed in Worcestershire sauce, vinegar, soy sauce, lemon juice, or even detergent, the metal oxide and dirt on the surface is eluted or dissolved, and the coins look shiny as though they had never been used.
Japanese: 青銅で造られた十円硬貨は、ソース(調味料)、酢、醤油、レモン汁、洗剤等に浸すと、表面の金属酸化物や汚れが溶出したり脱落して一見未使用硬貨のような光沢を放つ。
English: However, this also erodes and deteriorates the coins themselves, as it encourages the process of oxidation, develops verdigris, and reduces the coin's mass.
Japanese: しかしこのような処理は、硬貨を故意に腐食劣化させる行為であり、酸化を早めたり、緑青を発生させたり、質量を減らすことになる。
English: In terms of the value of the 10-yen coins from a collectors point of view, such treatment of these coins should be avoided at all costs.
Japanese: 収集的価値を重んじる場合、硬貨にこれらの処理を施すことは禁忌とされる。
English: It is said that putting 10-yen coins in a puddle of water discourages the development of mosquito larva.
Japanese: 水たまりに十円硬貨を入れておくとボウフラが発生しなくなるといわれている。
English: An experiment carried out by the Japan Copper Center in 2006 proved the pesticidal effect of copper ion, and according to the experiment, new coins are more effective.
Japanese: 2006年に日本銅センターが行った実験によって銅イオンの殺虫効果が確認されたが、なるべく新しい硬貨を使う方がいいという。
English: In addition, one should note that the act of eroding coins including 10-yen coins is punishable by law due to the Act for the Regulation of Damaging, etc. of Subsidiary Coins.
Japanese: なお十円硬貨にかぎらず硬貨を故意に腐食させることは、貨幣損傷等取締法により罰せられる可能性があるので注意されたい。
English: For example, the pesticidal effect described above is caused by the elution of copper ion from the coin, which of course causes the erosion of 10-yen coins.
Japanese: 例えば、上記殺虫効果は、銅イオンが溶出することによると考えられるが、銅イオンが溶出すれば当然十円硬貨は腐食する。
English: 1950: Although there was a plan to issue nickel silver 10-yen coins, it was abandoned as the price of the material soared due to the Korean War, and the coins were disposed of, except those preserved for the purpose of documentation.
Japanese: 1950年：洋白発行計画があるも、朝鮮戦争による原価高騰によって計画中止となり、資料用を除いて全て廃棄される。
English: The Naoejo is a letter written in 1600, sent from Kanetsugu NAOE, a senior retainer of the Uesugi family, to Saisho Jotai who negotiated with the Uesugi family ordered by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 直江状（なおえじょう）は、上杉家の家老・直江兼続が、徳川家康の命を受けて上杉家との交渉に当たっていた西笑承兌に、慶長5年（1600年）に送った書簡。
English: At present, there are several pieces of the Naoejo that have been handed down and its contents vary slightly in each of them.
Japanese: 現在伝わっている直江状はいくつかあり、内容もそれぞれ微妙に異なっている。
English: Though, in later years, it is acknowledged that they were falsified and forged due to the questionable content such as grammar that was not used in those days and unnatural use of honorific expressions, it is possible that Kanetsugu's reply received by Jotai really existed and Ieyasu was outraged by that based on the letter sent from Nagamori MASHITA, Masaie NAGATSUKA, and others to Ieyasu and the record of "Rokuon-nichiroku Diary".
Japanese: 当時使われない文法や不自然な敬語の使い方など内容に疑問があるため後世の改ざん・偽作とする見方もあるが、増田長盛・長束正家等が家康に送った書状や『鹿苑日録』の記録から、承兌が受け取った兼続の返書が存在し、それにより家康が激怒したことは確かのようである。
English: Such a magnificent composition was almost unparalleled from the end of Toyotomi period to the beginning of the Tokugawa period', but Tadachika KUWATA refuted this saying that 'It was just a forgery by a dilettante in a later period' and Kenichi NIKI added in the 1980s, 'Even the old document called "Naoejo" was forged.'
Japanese: 否な豊臣の末期から、徳川の初期にかけて、かかる快文字は、ほとんどその比類がない」と絶賛したが、一九八〇年代には桑田忠親は「後世の好事家の偽作にすぎない」、二木謙一は「『直江状』と称する古文書までが偽作された」と唱えた。
English: There were no concrete grounds for this theory of forgery, however, Yoshimi MIYAMOTO found concrete grounds to this in the 1990s and onwards.
Japanese: 具体的な根拠がないままの偽文書説だったが、九〇年代以降、宮本義己がこれに具体的な根拠を与えた。
English: He said that 'your thought shall be at peace' should be 'your will shall be at peace' and 'it shall be said' should be 'it shall be proposed', and also questioned the arrogant form of expression using nouns at the end of sentences, and the use of abbreviated names without due respect.
Japanese: 「尊意安かるべく候」は「御心安かるべく候」、「申し宣ぶべく候」は「申し入るべく候」とあるべきとし、ほかにも体言止めの横柄な言い回しや敬念を欠いた略称の使用に疑問を投げかけた。
English: Moreover, he pointed out that the emphasis placed on the relationship between Yoshitsugu OTANI and Nagamori MASHITA, who was later involved in raising an army for Mitsunari ISHIDA, was not natural.
Japanese: また、のちに石田三成の挙兵に加担する大谷吉継・増田長盛との関係がこの時点から強調される点も不自然と指摘。
English: He continued insisting his view that, 'It must be a fabrication or forgery from a later period', while saying that 'It is a very rare document that narrated the political situation of that time with such accuracy.'
Japanese: 「これほど的確に当時の政情を物語る文書も珍しい」としながらも、「後世の改ざんかねつ造」との見方を主張し続けている。
English: (1) Naoe's use of 'your thought' is obviously distinguished because there was the phrase 'your will shall be at peace' in the letter.
Japanese: ①書状中に「可御心安候」という文言があることから直江は「尊意」とは明らかに区別して使用している。
English: (2) Jotai, who was placed in a status higher than Naoe by Mr. Miyamoto, created linked verses with Naoe, and Naoe to whom the Toyotomi surname was given was not a vavasor, therefore, it is difficult to measure whose status would be higher or lower between the two.
Japanese: ②宮本氏が直江より身分的に上位とした承兌は、直江とは連歌をともにしており、また豊臣姓を賜っている直江は陪臣ではないため、二人の身分の上下を測るのは難しい。
English: (3) Mr. Miyamoto misread the part of Otani and Mashita, and the matter of the two being involved with Uesugi's ascension to Kyoto was unrelated to the raising of an army by Mitsunari.
Japanese: ③大谷・増田の箇所は宮本氏の誤読であり、二人が上杉の上洛問題に関わることと三成の挙兵とは関係はない。
English: He expressed his view that 'only the postscript (that provoked Ieyasu) may be a forgery from a later period' considering that 'there are many manuscripts with only a few differences, but they are generally reliable historical materials' because in the letter remonstrated with Ieyasu's conquest of Uesugi by three magistrates and arbitration office in the Toyotomi regime, it is written that 'your anger is quite reasonable since Naoe's conduct did not reach you this time', the content of the letter from Kagekatsu UESUGI to senior vassals was remarkably similar to that of Naoejo, among other things.
Japanese: 豊臣政権の三奉行・三中老が家康の上杉征伐を諌めた連書状に「今度直江所行相届かざる儀、御立腹もっともに存じ候」とあることや、上杉景勝が重臣にあてた書状の内容が直江状に酷似している点などから、「多数の伝本があり、少なからず異同も見られるが、全体としては信用できる史料」とし、「（家康を挑発した）追而書だけは後世の偽作の可能性がある」との見方を示した。
English: He pointed out the possibility that it was missed or intentionally removed during the copying stage because Naoejo with the postscript came out from around the Tokugawa clan, saying that "I would like to accept the existence of 'Naoejo' with the condition that 'they were not the phrases of that time'" while paying attention to the postscript with 'a possibility that it was forged and inserted in later years', which also pointed out by Kazuhiko KASAYA.
Japanese: 『「当時のままの字句」ではないという条件付きで、「直江状」の存在を容認したい』とし、追而書については笠谷和比古も指摘した「後代の偽作挿入の可能性」に留意しつつも、追而書のある直江状が徳川氏周辺から出ていることから、筆写の段階で欠落または意図的に削除された可能性を指摘している。
English: Shinano Genji is a name given to the Minamoto clan who were native to and based in Shinano Province during the medieval period.
Japanese: 信濃源氏（しなのげんじ）は、中世に信濃国に土着し本拠とした源氏の氏族を指した呼称。
English: Descendants of MINAMOTO no Tametomo, a great-grandchild of Mitsuyoshi, branched into 中津乗氏, the Ina clan, the Murakami clan, the Yoda clan, the Katagiri clan, and the Tsutsumi clan.
Japanese: 満快の曾孫源為公の後裔が中津乗氏、伊奈氏、村上氏、依田氏、片切氏、堤氏などに分かれた。
English: Some people believe that the Suwa clan, who took over the position of Ohori (the highest rank of the saints in Shinto) at Suwa-taisha Shrine for generations, was a family of the Yoda clan.
Japanese: 諏訪大社の大祝を代々務めた諏訪氏をこの流れ（依田氏の一族）とする見方も存在する。
English: MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka (Yoshinaka KISO), a son of Yoshikata, was fostered by NAKAHARA no Kaneto, a local ruling family based in Kisodani, Shinano Province.
Japanese: 義賢の子の源義仲（木曽義仲）は信濃国木曾谷の豪族の中原兼遠の元で育った。
English: The Oda government is a samurai government which existed in Japan from 1573 (virtually 1568) to 1582.
Japanese: 織田政権（おだせいけん）とは、天正元年（1573年）（実質的には永禄11年（1568年））から天正10年（1582年）まで成立した日本の武家政権。
English: Nobunaga ODA beat Yoshimoto IMAGAWA in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, and with that momentum, he conquered Mino Province.
Japanese: 永禄3年（1560年）に織田信長は今川義元を桶狭間の戦いで破ると、その勢いをもって美濃国を制覇した。
English: In 1568, with Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, brother of the former shogun Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA as his lord, Nobunaga successfully banished and subdued Miyoshi and Matsunaga and their administration which had been in power in Kyoto.
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）には前将軍・足利義輝の弟・足利義昭を奉じて上洛し、それまで京都にて政権を確立していた三好・松永政権を追放・屈服させることに成功した。
English: This enabled Nobunaga to put forward Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA as the 15th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and he, as his guardian, established the government.
Japanese: これにより、信長は足利義昭を室町幕府の第15代将軍に擁立し、自らはその後見人として政権を確立したのである。
English: After that, Nobunaga subjugated all daimyos (Japanese feudal lord) in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) such as Tomonori KITABATAKE of Ise Province, Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI of Kawachi Province and Hisahide MATSUNAGA of Yamato Province, and gained control over the majority of the Kinai region.
Japanese: その後、信長は伊勢国の北畠具教、河内国の三好義継、大和国の松永久秀ら、畿内における諸大名をことごとく支配下に置き、畿内に一大勢力圏を築くに至ったのである。
English: However, Yoshiaki soon became dissatisfied with his position as Nobunaga's puppet.
Japanese: しかし、信長の傀儡でしかなかった義昭は、やがてその立場に不満を持つ。
English: When Nobunaga set up 'Denchu on okite' (regulations for the shogunal residence) to hold back Yoshiaki, the antagonism between the two solidified.
Japanese: そして、信長が義昭の行動を制限する「殿中御掟」を成立させると、両者の対立は決定的なものとなった。、
English: Yoshiaki commanded Shingen TAKEDA of Kai Province, Terumoto MORI of Aki Province, Nagamasa AZAI of Omi Province, Yoshikage ASAKURA of Echizen Province, Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple in Settsu Province and others to hunt down and kill Nobunaga and organized an anti-Nobunaga network.
Japanese: 義昭は甲斐国の武田信玄や安芸国の毛利輝元、近江国の浅井長政や越前国の朝倉義景、摂津国の石山本願寺などに信長追討令を下し、信長包囲網を結成した。
English: In response, Nobunaga defeated enemy forces in the Battle of Anegawa, set fire to the Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei (in 1571) and won other battles, but Tokugawa's allied forces were soundly defeated by Shingen TAKEDA, a powerful enemy, in the Battle of Mikatagahara, which brought Nobunaga to a crisis.
Japanese: これに対して信長は、姉川の戦いや延暦寺の比叡山焼き討ち(1571年)など、敵対勢力をことごとく破ったが、強敵・武田信玄の前に三方ヶ原の戦いで同盟軍たる徳川軍が大敗すると、さすがの信長も危機に陥った。
English: Fortunately, though, Shingen TAKEDA died from a disease on his way to Kyoto in May, 1573 and his army returned to the Kai Province.
Japanese: しかし幸運にも元亀4年（1573年）4月、上洛半ばにして武田信玄は病死し、武田軍は甲斐に引き揚げた。
English: Nobunaga took advantage of this opportunity and immediately went to Kyoto with his army and banished the Shogun Yoshiaki to Kawachi Province.
Japanese: 信長はこの好機を見逃さず、直ちに軍勢を率いて上洛し、将軍・義昭を河内に追放した。
English: This was virtually the end of the Muromachi bakufu and the Oda government was established in Kinai region.
Japanese: これにより、室町幕府は事実上崩壊し、畿内に織田政権が確立したのである。
English: Then, Nobunaga continued with this momentum and destroyed his enemy forces such as Nagamasa AZAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA and Yoshitsugu MIYOSHI to take full control of Kinai and its surrounding area.
Japanese: その後、信長は勢いに乗って浅井長政、朝倉義景、三好義継ら敵対勢力をことごとく滅ぼし、畿内周辺を完全に勢力圏に収めたのであった。
English: Nobunaga subdued Ise Nagashima Ikko Ikki (an uprising of Ikko Buddhist sect followers in Nagashima, Ise Province) in 1574, and the next year, he defeated the Takeda army led by Katsuyori TAKEDA, the successor of Shingen TAKEDA, at the Battle of Nagashino with an ingenious use of matchlock guns.
Japanese: 天正2年（1574年）に伊勢の長島一向一揆を鎮圧した信長は、翌年には長篠の戦いにおいて信玄の後継者である武田勝頼率いる武田軍を巧みな火縄銃戦術でもって討ち滅ぼした。
English: In the same year, Nobunaga also eradicated the Ikko sect followers who rebelled against him in the Echizen and Kaga Provinces to take control of the area.
Japanese: さらに同年、越前・加賀国で信長に反逆した一向宗徒を根絶やしにし、同地を支配下に置くに至った。
English: However, Kenshin UESUGI, the biggest enemy of Nobunaga after Shingen's death, conciliated with Ishiyamahongan-ji Temple in 1576 and broke their alliance with Nobunaga, and in the next year, he crushed the Oda army led by Katsuie SHIBATA in the Battle at Tetori River.
Japanese: しかし信玄没後、信長にとって最大の強敵となっていた上杉謙信が天正4年（1576年）に石山本願寺と講和して信長との同盟を破棄し、翌年には柴田勝家率いる織田軍を手取川の戦いで粉砕するなどした。
English: Hisahide MATSUNAGA of Yamato Province, Ishiyamahongan-ji Temple, Terumoto MORI of Aki Province, Katsuyori TAKEDA of Kai Province and others took this opportunity and simultaneously took action against Nobunaga, and as a result, Nobunaga, besieged by his enemies, faced a crisis once more.
Japanese: これに乗じて大和の松永久秀、石山本願寺、安芸の毛利輝元、甲斐の武田勝頼らが一斉に反信長として動き出したため、再び信長は包囲網に取り囲まれることとなり、危機に陥った。
English: However, when Kenshin died suddenly in May 1578, Nobunaga again seized the occasion and defeated all the anti-Nobunaga forces.
Japanese: しかし、その謙信が天正6年（1578年）3月に急死すると、信長はまたもそれに乗じて、反信長勢力をことごとく打ち破ってゆく。
English: After Kenshin's death, the Uesugi Clan was headed by his adopted son, Kagekatsu UESUGI, who was no threat to Nobunaga, and their power declined due to family trouble called the Otate War, therefore it can be said that the death of Kenshin facilitated Nobunaga's Tenka-fubu (a slogan meaning that the samurai rules the whole world).
Japanese: また、上杉氏も謙信没後は養子の上杉景勝が継いだが、景勝は信長の敵ではなく、また御館の乱という御家騒動から勢力が減退したため、謙信死去により、信長の天下布武はさらに前進したといえる。
English: By defeating the Takeda Clan in May 1582, the power of the Oda Clan became huge with its territory ranging from the Kinai region (except Kii Province) through the Chubu region (except Echigo Province) to the east and the eastern part of the Chugoku region and a part of Shikoku in the west.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）3月に武田氏を滅ぼしたことで、織田氏の勢力は畿内（紀伊国を除く）から、東は中部地方（越後国を除く）にかけて、西は中国東部、四国の一部にかけてという強大な勢力に伸張していた。
English: The Otomo clan in Kyushu, the Gohojo clan in Kanto, and the Date clan in Tohoku also signaled their allegiance, so the Oda Government was expected to unify the whole country if things went well.
Japanese: また、九州の大友氏、関東の後北条氏、東北の伊達氏などは信長に恭順する姿勢を見せており、このまま順調にいけば、織田政権による天下統一はほぼ達成されるとみられていた。
English: However, on July 1st of the same year, Nobunaga killed himself at Honno-ji Temple during the rebellion raised by his vassal, Mitsuhide AKECHI (Honnoji Incident).
Japanese: しかし、同年6月2日、信長が家臣の明智光秀の謀反により、本能寺にて自害（本能寺の変）。
English: Nobunaga's legitimate son, Nobutada ODA also killed himself at the Nijo-jo Castle, thus there was no one left in the Oda clan who could run the government.
Japanese: このとき、嫡男の織田信忠も二条城にて自害してしまったため、織田氏には政権を運営できる人物が消えることとなった。
English: After which, Hidenobu ODA, the legitimate grandson of Nobunaga, took over as head of the family, but he was just a puppet of Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and due to the results of the Kiyosu conference, Nobunaga's former territories were all divided and succeeded by his vassals, so the Oda clan itself fell from power and was reduced to the status of an ordinary daimyo.
Japanese: その後、織田氏の家督は信長の嫡孫・織田秀信が継いだが、秀信は豊臣秀吉の傀儡にすぎず、また清洲会議により、信長の旧領はことごとく織田家臣団によって分割相続されたため、織田政権、というより織田氏自体が、政権から単なる一大名に転落してしまったのである。
English: The Oda government extended its power in such a short period of just 10 years, beginning with his going to Kyoto and the establishment of the Oda government and ending with his death.
Japanese: 織田政権は、京都に上洛して政権を確立してから、信長が死去する10数年間という短期間に勢力を拡大できた。
English: This is partly because the foundation for the government was firmly established.
Japanese: その要因のひとつとして、その政権内部が強固に確立されていたからだと言える。
English: The economic policy, Rakuichi-rakuza (Free markets and open guilds) made it possible to hire many pursuers of military service, therefore, the long-term dispatch of a large army was doable even during the busy farming season.
Japanese: 楽市楽座等の経済政策により、金銭で多くの軍役従事者を雇用することができたため、農繁期・農閑期を問わず、京など政略的・戦略的要地に、長期的に大軍を派遣することができた。
English: Therefore, unlike existing powers (Takeda clan, Uesugi clan etc.), they were able to take political or military actions autocratically with no need to consider the wishes of the many local or provincial samurai who formed the army.
Japanese: そのため既存の勢力（武田氏・上杉氏等）のように、その軍団を構成する多数の国人・地侍の意向に配慮する必要もなく、独裁的に政治・軍事を展開することができた。
English: With such a standing army at its core, their actions were always swift and overwhelming.
Japanese: またそのような常備軍を中核にすることによって、その行動は常に迅速であり、他を圧倒した。
English: However, recent studies have revealed that other Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period) also adopted these policies independently.
Japanese: ただし、近年の研究では他の戦国大名も独自にこれらの政策に取り組んでいたことが明らかになっている。
English: The main factor for this is that he succeeded in bringing the productive Nobi Plain under a unified rule.
Japanese: 生産力の高い濃尾平野を早い時期に統一的に支配できたことが大きな要因である。