nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: "The Genroku era" is surely thought of as a time of affluence when the world was peaceful and tranquil and when townspeople's culture blossomed, such that the word "Showa Genroku" was created later, but in fact that was not necessarily true.
Japanese: たしかに「元禄時代」というと、のちに「昭和元禄」という語も生まれたほど、天下泰平で町民文化が百花繚乱した豊かな時代というイメージが持たれているが、必ずしも実態はそうではなかった。
English: For example, "Tsutomekata-cho," an old document which records the standard living of townspeople who served a merchant family in the Genroku era, says that they drank sake only about six days a month.
Japanese: たとえば商家につとめる平均的な元禄時代の町民の生活を記録した古文書『勤方帳』（つとめかたちょう）によると、酒を飲むのは一ヶ月に六日程度のことであったことがうかがえる。
English: The first step in the nationwide survey process was to enter sake brewing kokudaka in a book as reported by breweries and to affix a seal thereon.
Japanese: 全国調査の方法としては、まず酒屋の届けた酒造石高を帳面に記載して判を捺した。
English: Sake in the course of production or maturing or unsold sake were carried over to the account of the next year.
Japanese: 造りかけ、売れ残り、熟成の途中などにあたる酒は翌年の勘定に繰り入れた。
English: San-jaku oke (wooden barrel with both diameter and height of 0.90 meters), yon-shaku oke (wooden barrel with both diameter and height of 1.20 meters) and tsubodai (container for yeast mash) were branded with a hot iron, and other brewing containers were not allowed for use.
Japanese: 醸造器では、三尺桶、四尺桶、壺代（つぼだい）などに焼印を捺し、それ以外のものは使えないようにした。
English: Those who closed the brewery and who sold or rented a sake container were required to report accordingly.
Japanese: 酒屋を廃業したり、日本酒醸造器の売却や貸借をする者には届けださせた。
English: A department named shuzogake of bakufu kanjo bugyogata (commissioner of finance) was in charge of overall management at the central government, while at the margins, a leading brewery and a village officer carried out practical work in large cities and regional areas respectively.
Japanese: 中央で統括した部署は幕府勘定奉行方酒造掛、末端で実務を遂行したのは、大都市では有力酒屋、地方では村役人であった。
English: These thorough surveys showed actual figures concerning brewing across the country in 1698.
Japanese: こうした徹底調査にもとづいて、翌年元禄11年（1698年）に全国の醸造の実態が算出された。
English: Sake brewing kokudaka turned out to be greater than the amount of rice for brewing sake, and this is believed to have been firstly due to the existence of "kumimizu nobashi" and other techniques as discussed above and also due to the fact that other alcoholic drinks produced from other than rice, such as shochu (distilled spirit), had already become popular in saigoku (western part of Japan).
Japanese: ここで酒造石高のほうが酒造米高よりも多いのは、まず前述したように「汲水延ばし」などの技法が存在したため、また西国ではすでに焼酎など米以外の原料から造る酒が一般化していたためと思われる。
English: Whatever the reason, sake brewing was limited according to rice yields for each year, starting from this time, in such a manner that no more than 20 or 30 percent of these values was allowed in a poor harvest year.
Japanese: いずれにせよこれ以後、毎年の米の作柄によって、この数値を基準にして凶作年にはその二割とか三割といった具合に酒造が制限されていくようになった。
English: The bakufu decided to order sake breweries to pay as much as 50% as a business taxes called sake unjo (one of the taxes which was assessed on workers in all kinds of industries except for the agriculture industry) on the current price of sake, and this enabled further increases in tax revenues.
Japanese: この機会に幕府は税収のさらなる向上を企図して、造り酒屋に対して現行の酒価格の五割もの酒運上（さけうんじょう）と呼ばれる運上金を課すことにした。
English: The term "business taxes" here includes what is now referred to as "business taxes on sake breweries" and commission for issuing a "license" or "sakekabu."
Japanese: ここでいう運上金とは、今でいえば「造り酒屋の営業税」と「酒株」という「免許」の発行手数料などのことである。
English: On November 19, 1697, Shigehide OGIWARA, a kanjo bugyo of the bakufu, summoned and handed rusuiyaku (persons representing the master during his absence) of the Edo residences owned by territorial lords a memorandum saying "it is completely unforgivable that there are many sake merchants and that commoners drink sake unnecessarily. Therefore, business taxes shall be imposed on all sake breweries. Add the business taxes onto the price of sake and sell alcoholic drinks for 50 percent more than the previous price."
Japanese: 元禄10年10月6日、江戸では諸大名の江戸屋敷留守居役が、幕府の勘定奉行荻原重秀に呼び出され、「酒の商売人が多く、下々の者がみだりに酒を飲み不届き至極である。よって、すべての造り酒屋に対して運上金を課する。酒の価格にはこの運上金を上乗せし、今までの五割増しの値段で酒類を販売せよ」との覚書を手渡された。
English: This memorandum posed serious problems since "for 50 percent more" meant a 50 percent rise in price to consumers.
Japanese: 「五割増し」とは、要するに消費者にとっては50%の値上げということであるから一大事であった。
English: After the order was thus transmitted, rice prices plummeted in the provinces, especially in domains in northern regions, because breweries stopped buying rice; Breweries were afraid that the sake they brewed would no longer sell well because of its resulting higher price.
Japanese: 示達が伝わると、地方、とくに北国諸藩では酒を造っても値段が高くて売れなくなることを酒屋が警戒して米を買わなくなり、米価が急落した。
English: After all, breweries adjusted sake production and the bakufu failed to collect as much tax revenues as it had initially expected.
Japanese: 結局、酒屋たちが生産を控えるようになったため、はじめ幕府が期待したような税収は得られなかった。
English: Still, reduced production and escalating price of sake did not discourage commoners from drinking sake.
Japanese: 生産量が減って酒の値段は高騰したが、それで下々の者が飲酒をしなくなるかというと、そういう結果も出なかった。
English: In this way, the business taxes were abolished in 1709 with fruitless results.
Japanese: こうして成果のあらわれなかった運上金は宝永6年（1709年）に廃止された。
English: Some domains, however, continued to impose business taxes on their own.
Japanese: ただし、藩によってはこのまま独自の運上金として継続するところもあった。
English: Later in 1772, miscellaneous tax was imposed in the form of myogakin (money to dedicate) called "shuzo myoga" (sake brewing myoga [one of the taxes paid to the bakufu and the clan for the license of business]).
Japanese: 後に安永元年（1772年）に「酒造冥加」と呼ばれる冥加金の形で小物成としての課税が実施される。
English: Basis for taxation varied at different periods, such as sake brewing kokudaka and sakekabu itself.
Japanese: 課税基準は造石高あるいは酒株自体に課するものなど時期によって変動があった。
English: Afterward, the tax was abolished temporarily from 1802 to 1804 when the system of obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing was introduced (as will be discussed hereinafter), but remained thereafter.
Japanese: その後、享和2年（1802年）から文化_(元号)元年（1804年）にかけて十分の一役米（後述）の導入によって一時停止されたものの、その後も継続された。
English: In 1834, the bakufu banned unauthorized sake brewing and, in return, imposed subscription to sakekabu of 10 ryo (unit of gold currency) of gold and myogakin of 3 fun (unit of currency, 4 fun = 1 ryo) of gold or 43 monme (a unit of weight) of silver on 100 koku of rice for brewing sake (subscription to sakekabu was refunded to breweries when they went out of business).
Japanese: 天保5年（1834年）、酒の勝手造を禁止する見返りに酒造米高100石につき金10両の株金と金3分或は銀43匁の冥加金を納めさせた（なお、株金は廃業時に返金された）。
English: Merchants who dealt in jimawari zake (sake produced around Edo) and kudari zake (sake shipped from Kyoto and Osaka to Edo) for the Edo market were subject to additional myogakin of six monme a barrel, starting in 1864.
Japanese: 更に元治元年（1864年）江戸向けの地回り酒・下り酒を扱う業者に1樽あたり6匁の冥加金をかけた。
English: The merchants, however, shifted the myogakin virtually onto breweries, so the myogakin was changed to be collected directly from breweries in 1867.
Japanese: しかし、実質酒造業者に添加されたために慶応3年（1867年）には酒造業者の直接納付に切り替えられた。
English: Even after temporarily realizing the actual situation of the sake brewing industry through the Revision of the Sakekabu System in the Genroku Era, the bakufu repeatedly conducted the revision of the sakekabu system in a timely manner because the gap between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake would again continue to widen unless actions were taken.
Japanese: また、元禄の酒株改めによって幕府は一時的に全国の醸造業界の実態を把握したものの、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差は放置しておけば再びどんどん広がっていくので、これ以後も幕府は時に応じて酒株改めを繰り返すことになる。
English: In 1754, the bakufu decided to ease regulations for the first time since the Genroku era and permitted the brewing of shinshu (new brew of sake) as well as kanshu (sake brewed in the winter) partly for the purpose of preventing a decline in rice prices due to a sequence of rich harvests in early Horeki era.
Japanese: 宝暦年間初期は豊作が続いたため、米価の下落を防ぐためもあって、幕府は宝暦4年（1754年）に元禄時代以来の規制緩和に踏み切り、寒酒のみならず新酒を造ることも許可した。
English: Those who did not hold sakekabu was also allowed to open new brewery by just notifying a office of daikan (local governor) or bugyo (magistrate) having control over the area.
Japanese: また酒株を持っていなくても、その土地の奉行所や代官所に届出さえ出せば、新規に酒蔵が開けるようにした。
English: Due to this decree, sakekabu system remained superficial for the time being in both positive and negative ways.
Japanese: これによってしばらくは、酒株制度は良くも悪くも形骸化した制度となっていった。
English: Fumes from the major eruption of Mt. Asama in 1783 hung over various districts for a prolonged period, which, being combined with unsettled weather, caused a long-lasting famine mainly in eastern Japan.
Japanese: 天明3年（1783年）に浅間山が大噴火し、噴煙が長らく諸国の空を覆い、くわえて天候不順から東日本を中心として凶作が続くようになった。
English: In response to this, the bakufu issued Genjorei (order for reducing sake to be brewed) in 1786 to cut sake brewing kokudaka of provinces by half.
Japanese: これを受けて幕府は、天明6年（1786年）に諸国の酒造石高を五割にするよう減醸令（げんじょうれい）を発した。
English: As difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake began to increase again after the Revision of the Sakekabu System in the Genroku Era, the bakufu conducted the Revision of the Sakekabu System in the Tenmei Era in 1788.
Japanese: また、元禄の酒株改め以来、ふたたび酒造株高と酒造米高の格差が広がってきていたので、幕府は天明8年（1788年）天明の酒株改めを実施した。
English: Based on the investigation results, the bakufu issued an act to reduce sake production to one-third according not to shuzokabu amount which was only a nominal one, but to sake brewing kokudaka breweries had declared.
Japanese: そして、その調査結果をふまえて、建前としての酒造株高ではなく、酒屋に申告させた酒造石高を基準として酒の生産量を三分の一にするようにという法度を発した。
English: In a manner, merchants had outwitted the bakufu's policy by taking advantage of the difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake, but this time around, the bakufu got around the merchants.
Japanese: いうなれば、いつも酒造株高と酒造米高に生じる格差をうまく利用して幕府の政策の裏をかいていた商人たちに対し、今度は幕府が商人たちの裏をかいたわけである。
English: Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who served as roju (a member of shogun's council of elders) wrote much about the sake-brewing industry of the day in his book "Ugenohitogoto" (an autobiography of Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA), and he said: "sake is not drunk much when it costs much. It is drunk much when it does not cost much. After all, it differs in nature from daily necessities for which the prices are expected to be stable for our people. The more that is in stock the more will be drunk, and the less that is in stock the less will be drunk."
Japanese: 老中松平定信は、その著書『宇下人言』（うげのひとごと）の中でかなりのページ数を裂いて当時の醸造業界のあり方について触れ、「酒というものは値段が高ければ飲むことも少なく、安ければ飲むことが多い。民のために、物価の安定が望まれる日用品とはしょせん性格の違う商品である。多く入荷すれば多く消費し、少なく入荷すれば少なく消費するものである」と述べている。
English: To those who drink sake this seems mere a theory in his head or a political thesis out of touch with the real society.
Japanese: これは、酒を飲む人からみれば、頭で考えた理屈であって、現実社会から遊離した政治論文にすぎないと一見される。
English: Based on this political belief of him, however, the Kansei Reforms were implemented to control the sake production, and the Production Restriction Decree of Sake Brewing to One-third in the Tenmei Era and other restriction measures continued to be in effect.
Japanese: だが、寛政の改革は彼のこの政治理念にもとづいて酒造統制をおこない、そのまま天明の三分の一造り令など制限策が継続された。
English: Following the sharp increase in rice prices due to floods and other reasons, the bakufu set up a policy that required people to contribute one-tenth of rice for sake brewing to be stockpiled in case of a poor harvest and famine in 1802.
Japanese: 享和2年（1802年）ふたたび水害などに起因する米価の高騰により、幕府は酒造米の十分の一を供出させ、不作や飢饉のときのための備蓄米として取っておこうという政策を打ち出した。
English: Until then, breweries had basically taken advantage of the difference between shuzokabu amount and the amount of rice for brewing sake to deal with any policies made by the bakufu, such as by overstating the required value in advance, so that their business would not suffer a loss, but "the merchants' magic" they had used could not work on the obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing.
Japanese: これまで酒屋たちは基本的に、幕府からどのような政策が下っても自分の商売に実質的な損をきたさないように、酒造株高と酒造米高の格差をうまく利用し、あらかじめ求められた数値を水増し申告しておくなどして対処してきたが、この十分の一役米に対しては今までの「商人マジック」が使えなかった。
English: Breweries throughout the country discussed countermeasures through their own network, and as a result, they claimed to the bakufu that "we would never survive under such circumstances," appealing their plight directly and straightforwardly.
Japanese: 全国の酒屋たちは彼ら独自のネットワークにより対策を協議した結果、すなおに幕府に対して「これではやっていけません」と正面から窮状を述べて陳情するに至った。
English: Surprisingly, the bakufu eventually accepted their claim without objection and abolished the obligatory supply of the one-tenth amount of rice for sake brewing in 1803.
Japanese: 驚いたことに結果的に幕府もこの陳情をすなおに受け止め、十分の一役米は享和3年（1803年）に廃止された。
English: Therefore the bakufu greatly encouraged sake brewing, saying rice could be stored with good quality when processed into sake and sake could also be shipped more easily to other domains and Edo than rice.
Japanese: そこで幕府は、米を酒に加工しておけば良質な形での貯蔵となり、また他藩や江戸表へ輸送する際も米より便利であるとして、おおいに酒造りを奨励した。
English: This decree allowed people without sakekabu, let alone owners of old yasumikabu, to brew sake by just newly notifying that effect.
Japanese: これによって、従来の休株の所有者はいうまでもなく、まったく酒株を所有しない者でも、新規に届出さえすれば酒造りができるようになった。
English: Breweries did not necessarily blindly welcome the Katte-Zukuri Decree in the Bunka Era.
Japanese: 文化の勝手造り令は必ずしも酒屋たちにとって手放しでめでたい話とならなかった。
English: Collective conflict occurred between those who made a new entry to the sake brewing industry without sakekabu, or mukabumono, and those who had brewed sake with sakekabu for long, or kabumochi.
Japanese: 醸造業界へ新規参入した、酒株を持たない者、すなわち無株者（むかぶもの）たちと、昔から酒株を持ち酒造りをしてきた者、すなわち株持ちたちの間で集団的な軋轢（あつれき）が生じた。
English: Kabumochi breweries contrived to keep mukabumono out of the industry, by aligning and consulting with each other and secretly concluding a price agreement.
Japanese: 株持ち酒屋たちは連帯し、談合し、陰で価格協定をむすんで無株者の業界締め出しを企んだ。
English: In 1825, the bakufu suddenly changed its policy and announced the restoration of old sakekabu system, thereby banning mukabumono from producing sake.
Japanese: 文化8年（1825年）、幕府は一転して酒株制度を旧来どおり復活させる旨を通達し、無株者の酒造りを禁じた。
English: In 1827, the bakufu hurriedly issued an order to again allow mukabumono to brew sake as it had before 1825.
Japanese: 幕府はあわてて文化10年（1827年）にふたたび文化8年以前どおりに無株者の酒造りを許す旨を示達した。
English: But, this time facing fierce resistance from kabumochi breweries and cabinet officials of the Shobunate who received political donations from them, the bakufu issued the third order in 1828 to forbid mukabumono and yasumikabu breweries and those who were planning to start sake brewing business from brewing sake until the next order would be given.
Japanese: ところが、今度は株持ち酒屋たちと彼らに政治献金を受けている幕閣たちの激しい抵抗が起こり、幕府はみたび文化11年（1828年）、無株者と休株の酒蔵、ならびにこれから新規に酒造りに参入しようと志す者は次の示達あるまで酒造りを禁ずるとした。
English: Some mukabumono who could not accept the order began to make and sell bootleg.
Japanese: これに承服しかねた無株者の酒屋の中には密造酒を作り売るものもあらわれた。
English: Partly because the bakufu did not have means to expose such mukabumono and also probably in part because the bakufu understood its lack of principle had brought about the confusion, it tried to connive at illicit sake manufacturing of mukabumono to a considerable extent, pretending not to notice.
Japanese: 幕府は、なかば摘発になす術がなく、なかば自らの朝令暮改が混乱を招いていると知ったためか、かなり無株者の酒の密造を黙認し、見てみぬふりをしようとした。
English: Kabumochi breweries, however, rose up against this situation in a determined manner.
Japanese: ところが、断固としてこれを許すまいとしたのが株持ち酒屋たちであった。
English: Meanwhile, however, some kabumochi breweries stealthily began contracting out their sake production to mukabumono breweries at a low price.
Japanese: ところが一方では、株持ち酒屋の中にはこっそりと自分のところの酒造りを無株者酒屋に格安で下請けさせるところもあらわれたのであった。
English: That made kabumochi breweries suspicious of each other, so much so that they established a mutual surveillance network to find a possible traitor.
Japanese: こうなると今度は、株持ち酒屋のあいだに疑心暗鬼が生じ、自分たちの中にそうした裏切り者がいないか、相互監視するネットワークが築かれた。
English: On the contrary, behind the scenes some mukabumono breweries asked for kabumochi breweries who held yasumikabu to give them sakekabu at a high price in order not to let brewing barrels and other equipment they had bought go to waste.
Japanese: 逆に無株者酒屋の中には、それまで買い揃えた醸造器などをこのまま無駄にしてはなるものかと、休株にしている株持ち酒屋から、その株を高価でゆずってくれと水面下で募る者もあらわれた。
English: In this way, sakekabu system became increasingly confused toward the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: こうして酒株制度は、江戸時代末期にかけていよいよ混迷の度合いを深めていったのである。
English: In 1875, the Meiji Government abolished at a stroke complicated regulations concerning sakekabu which the Edo bakufu had implemented, simplified the taxation rule for alcoholic beverages by implementing a dual system of brewing and trading taxes, and issued an order to allow anyone with brewing techniques and capital to brew sake freely.
Japanese: 明治8年（1875年）、明治政府は、江戸幕府が定め複雑に入り組んだ酒株に関する規制を一挙に撤廃し、酒類の税則を醸造税と営業税の二本立てに簡略化して、醸造技術と資本のある者ならば誰でも自由に酒造りができるように法令を発した。
English: Consequently, more than 30,000 small and large breweries were established all at once in just one year.
Japanese: このためわずか一年のあいだに大小含め30,000を超える酒蔵がいっきに誕生した。
English: However, sakekabu system had long been improved through all kinds of efforts by the Edo bakufu, and thus could not be made very light of.
Japanese: しかし江戸幕府が永年の工夫をこらして改良してきた酒株制度は、それほど侮れるものではなかった。
English: Then, the Meiji Government became desperate to secure liquor taxes and resistance from breweries came to the fore, which led to various social incidents such as the Osaka Incident of the Sake Brewers' Conference Movement.
Japanese: 明治政府はやがて酒税の確保に血眼になり、酒屋たちの抵抗も表面化し、大阪酒屋会議事件などさまざまな社会事件に発展した。
English: Shichijo-shinchi was once a brothel in Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto City and today it continues its business under its new name, "Gojo Rakuen."
Japanese: 七条新地（しちじょうしんち）はかつて、京都市下京区に存在した遊廓であり、現在は『五条楽園』（ごじょうらくえん）と名称を変えて営業している。
English: It was said that Shichijo-shinchi brothel was originally a chaya (teahouse) of boiled foods founded on the land reclaimed from the riverside fields in the middle of the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代中期、河原の畑地を開墾して煮売り茶屋を開いたことから遊廓の始まりだといわれている。
English: It flourished as the biggest brothel in Kyoto during the later Edo period and the Meiji period, and in the Taisho period it owned rows of three-storey buildings.
Japanese: 江戸後期、明治期には京都で最大な遊廓として繁栄し、大正時代には三階建ての妓楼が立ち並ぶまでとなる。
English: After the World War II, Shichijo-shinchi was designated as the red-light district and closed down in 1958 when Anti-Prostitution Law took effect.
Japanese: しかし、第二次世界大戦後は赤線に移行し、1958年(1958年)の売春防止法施行により遊廓としての幕を閉じた。
English: The Second Katsura Cabinet assumed office on July 12, 1908 by the Prime Minister Katsura serving concurrently as Minister of Finance under the imperial command.
Japanese: 第2次桂内閣は、1908年（明治41年）7月12日に大命降下を受けた桂が、首相と大蔵大臣を兼務して発足する。
English: The cabinet not only enforced discipline by Boshin Shosho (imperial edict, decree issued in 1908) but also cracked down on socialism, conducted the prosecution of Kotoku Incident (The High Treason Incident), intervened the legitimacy of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and strictly regulated publishing.
Japanese: 戊申詔書による風紀引き締めと同時に社会主義運動を弾圧、幸徳事件の摘発や南北朝正閏問題への介入、出版物の取締強化を行った。
English: In addition, it tried to put the local communities back on their feet by carrying out drastic fiscal retrenchment as well as starting the Movement for Local Community Improvement.
Japanese: また、徹底した緊縮財政とともに地方改良運動を起こして地方の立て直しを図った。
English: On the diplomatic front, it realized the annexation of Korea and completed treaty realizing the recovery of the tariff autonomy, which greatly contributed to the improvement in Japan's status in the international community.
Japanese: 外交面では韓国併合を実現し、関税自主権の回復による条約改正の終了などが日本の国際的地位向上に尽くした。
English: When its responsibility for Daigyaku Incident (also called Kotoku Incident, The High Treason Incident) was pursued, it declared 'Joi Togo' (which means 'coincidence of mutual sentiment') with Rikken Seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO) and secretly promised to hand over the reins of government to Kinmochi SAIONJI again.
Japanese: 大逆事件に対する責任追及が上がると、立憲政友会との「情意投合」を宣言して、秘かに西園寺公望への再度の政権譲渡を約束した。
English: Aug 27, 1908 - Aug 30, 1911 Jutaro KOMURA (Marquis)
Japanese: 1908年（明治41年）8月27日-1911年（明治44年）8月30日　小村壽太郎（侯爵）
English: In this article, we describe the history of capitals and their changes in Japan.
Japanese: この項では日本の首都（にっぽんのしゅと、にほんのしゅと）について記述する。
English: A capital is the no.1 city in a country, the Imperial Palace, the place where the central government is located.
Japanese: 首都とは国中一番のみやこ、帝城、中央政府のある所、首府のことである。
English: It was after World War Ⅱ that the word 'capital' was generalized, and during the period before the war and for some period after the war, there were many cases where it was described as a 'chief city' (primate city) with no clear distinction made between it and normal cities.
Japanese: 日本で「首都」という語が一般化したのは第二次世界大戦後のことであり、戦前から戦後しばらくまでは「主都」（プライメイトシティ）を「首都」と記述する事例もおおく明確な区別はなかった。
English: The capital corresponding to the present concept of capital was established in 1868, since then it has been chiefly called 'the imperial capital,' and it was after the enactment of 'Law of Capital Construction' in 1950, that the term 'Capital' spread into general use.
Japanese: 現在の概念にあたる首都は1868年（明治元年）以来、主に「帝都」と称され、1950年（昭和25年）の「首都建設法」制定以降になって「首都」の語が普及した。
English: Since the dawn of history, the "Miyako" corresponding to the capital of Japan had been repeatedly relocated within Kinai (present Kinki region, or provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: 日本の首都にあたるみやこは有史以来、畿内（現在の近畿地方）で遷都してきた。
English: Since the transfer of the capital to Heian-Kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) ruled by Emperor Kanmu, the capital was transferred according to the emperor's declaration and there were no act, laws or ordinances that directly affected the transfer of the capital.
Japanese: 794年に桓武天皇により定められた平安京以来、遷都宣言により法令、憲法または現行法などで直接的な表現で定めたものはない。
English: But the present capital is generally said to be Tokyo Metropolis, as was ruled by 'the Law of Capital Construction' (law No. 219, 1950: abolished).
Japanese: しかし、現在の首都は一般的には「首都建設法」（昭和25年法律第219号：廃止）により定められた東京都であるとされている。
English: The 'Improvement Law of Capital Zone' (law No. 83, 1956), prescribes that the zone of Tokyo and its surrounding area (Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Kanagawa Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture) are the national capital region
Japanese: 「首都圏整備法」（昭和31年法律第83号）では、東京都が首都であることを前提に、東京都の区域及び政令で定めるその周辺地域（首都圏整備法施行令により、埼玉県、千葉県、神奈川県、茨城県、栃木県、群馬県及び山梨県）を首都圏と定めている。
English: Law of Capital Construction was abolished in 1956 and there is no existing law that directly stipulates that 'the Capital is Tokyo.'
Japanese: 首都建設法は1956年（昭和31年）に廃止されており、現在有効な法（現行法）で「首都は東京都」と直接的な表現を用いて定めるものはない。
English: As for reasons supporting that Tokyo is regarded the Capital of Japan, two are generally given: the Emperor who is prescribed by Japanese Constitution as "the symbol of Japan and the symbol of Japanese people's integration" is permanently stationed and the Imperial Palace is located in Tokyo, and also the highest organs of the three powers ruled by Japanese Constitution such as the Diet (legislature), the prime minister's official residence and central government ministries and agencies (administration) and the Supreme Court (administration of justice) are located in Tokyo (they are especially concentrated in Chiyoda Ward).
Japanese: しかし東京都が首都とみなされる理由としては、日本国憲法で「日本国の象徴であり日本国民統合の象徴」と規定される天皇が常在し、皇居が東京都に所在すること、同じく憲法で国会（立法府）、首相官邸や中央省庁（行政府）、最高裁判所（司法府）という三権の最高機関のいずれもが東京都（中でも千代田区）に所在することが挙げられる。
English: It is written in the imperial edict for convocation of the Diet, " Diet is levied in Tokyo " where the Diet Building is located.
Japanese: 国会召集の詔書には、国会議事堂が所在する「東京に召集する」と書かれる。
English: For statistics within Japan, in many cases the 23 boroughs in Tokyo are treated as if they were equal to one city.
Japanese: 国内の統計等では23の特別区（23区）が「東京」という1都市であるかのように扱われることが多い。
English: In general, 23 boroughs are treated as "inside Tokyo," and the other local authorities are distinguished as "suburban Tokyo."
Japanese: 一般にも東京都のうち23区を東京都内、その他の市町村を東京都下と区別することもある。
English: This derives its origin from the fact that the 23 boroughs are equal to the old City of Tokyo, but today there is no administrative unit having autonomy as a single unit over the 23 boroughs.
Japanese: これは23区が旧東京市に相当することに由来するもので、現在では23区を一体とし自治権を有する行政単位は存在しない。