nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Later, ironic histories were repeated, which means that Tshuyoshi INUKAI, who became Prime Minister tried to do disarmament, was killed by an officer who rose in revolt at the May 15th Incident, then the party government came to an end, and Ichiro HATOYAMA who was confined during the war by the military pressure was accused by the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers and purged as a militarist cooperated the rise of the military just before the assumption of the Prime Minister after the war.
Japanese: その後、総理となった犬養毅が軍縮をしようとしたところ、五・一五事件で決起将校に殺害され政党政治が終結を迎え、戦時中には軍の圧力により逼塞状態にあった鳩山一郎が、戦後に総理就任を目前で連合国軍最高司令官総司令部からこの時の事を追及されて、軍部の台頭に協力した軍国主義者として公職追放となるなど皮肉な歴史を辿る事となった。
English: The conference in the presence of the Emperor where the Russo-Japanese War was decided to go was consisted of 11 members who were the Emperor Meiji, 5 Cabinet members of the First KATSURA Cabinet (Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Minister of Finance, Army Minister, Navy Minister), 5 Genro (elder statesman) (Hirobumi ITO, Kaoru INOUE, Iwao OYAMA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Aritomo YAMAGATA), supreme command staff was not admitted to attend it, and the plan of strategy was going to be made according to the decision at the conference (congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics).
Japanese: 日露戦争の開催を決定した御前会議においては明治天皇と第1次桂内閣の5閣僚（総理・外務・大蔵・陸軍・海軍各大臣）と5元老（伊藤博文・井上馨・大山巌・松方正義・山縣有朋）の計11名で構成され、統帥部の出席は認められずにその決定に従って作戦計画を作成することになっていた（政略主導の両略一致）。
English: As for the conference, counter-evidence was given saying 'the Chief of the General Staff Iwao OYAMA and Aritomo YAMAGATA attended the conference in the presence of the Emperor', however the reason why they were there was that they received treatment of Genro and had to be inquired about the state policy, also in the record at that time their titles were described not as 'the Chief of the General Staf' but 'Genro.'
Japanese: これについて「参謀総長であった大山巌・山縣有朋が御前会議に出席している」という反証が出されるが、大山・山縣はこの時に元老の待遇を受けて、国政について諮問を受ける立場にあったために参加を求められたものであり、当時の記録類にも大山・山縣は「元老」として記載されて「参謀総長」という肩書きは書かれていない。
English: It proved the fact that Gentaro KODAMA, the Vice-chief of the General Staff and Yuko ITO, Director of the Naval General Staff who did not receive such treatment could not attend the conference in the presence of the Emperor.
Japanese: こうした待遇を受けていない参謀次長の児玉源太郎や海軍軍令部長の伊東祐亨が御前会議に出席できなかったこともそれを示している。
English: However, this fact was not known to the military related person except for the executives at that time, OYAMA and YAMAGATA might have been considered to be attended the conference as the Chief of the General Staff, and this became an evidence for the supreme command staff to attend the later conference in the presence of the Emperor, and despite it was completely the opposite to the fact, "a myth" was born saying 'there is no precedent that the decision of supreme command staff was overturned by the decision of the government'.
Japanese: だが、この事実が当時の幹部以外の軍部関係者には認識されず、大山・山縣は参謀総長として出席したと解されたらしく、以後の御前会議で統帥部が出席する根拠とされ、また事実と全く反するにも関わらず「政府の決定によって統帥部の決定がひっくり返された前例はない」とする"神話"が生み出されたと言われている。
English: Furthermore, the Military did not notice the fact that the Russo-Japanese war was based on 'Congruency of politics and strategy with the main leadership of politics' that conflicted with 'the independence of supreme command' which the Military preached, so that the Military tried to realize the congruency of politics and strategy of the war during Showa period with the Military leadership which would not object to the principle of 'the independence of supreme command'.
Japanese: しかも、日露戦争が軍部の説く「統帥権の独立」の定義に抵触する「政略主導の両略一致」に基づいた戦争遂行が行われた事実を認識しなかった軍部は昭和期の戦争における両略一致を、「統帥権の独立」原則に反しない軍略主導で実現させようと試みるようになるのである。
English: When Tomosaburo KATO, the Minister of Navy visited the United States to attend Washington Conference (in 1922), a matter on the substitution of the minister of Navy's duty occurred.
Japanese: ワシントン会議(1922年)に出席するために加藤友三郎海軍大臣が訪米した際に、誰が海軍大臣の代理を務めるのかと言う問題が生じた。
English: KATO requested Takashi HARA, the Prime Minister, for the substitution according to the government regulation Article 9.
Japanese: 加藤は内閣官制第9条を根拠として、原敬内閣総理大臣に代理を要請した。
English: For that, as a result of the consultation between the government, the Navy, and the Army, the substitution of official activity by the civil officers would be admitted by the government regulations, but the duty as for the Iaku-joso (making comments on military affairs to the Emperor with full responsibility of the results) would be substituted by the Chief of the Naval General Staff, and the Army accepted that the affair this time would not become a precedent.
Japanese: これに対して、政府と海軍が陸軍と協議をした結果、内閣官制によって事務行為の代理については文官でも認められること、ただし、帷幄上奏に関する職務は軍令部長が代行すること、陸軍に対しては今回の件を前例とはしないことで、陸軍もこれを受け入れた。
English: It was in this Cabinet that that Korekiyo TAKAHASHI, the Minister of Finance proposed the theory of the abolition of the staff headquarters.
Japanese: なお、大蔵大臣高橋是清によって参謀本部廃止論が唱えられたのもこの内閣のことであった。
English: However, after this matter, an assertion to abolish Iaku-joso, revise the government regulations of Army and Navy, and admit the civil officers to become the Minister of military was given inside Rikken seiyukai due to the opposition to the Military.
Japanese: だが、この問題以後、立憲政友会内部に陸軍への反発から、帷幄上奏を廃止して陸軍省官制および海軍省官制を再改正を行って、文官の軍部大臣就任を認めさせるべきとの主張が出された。
English: Right after the assumption of TANAKA on October 4, when Seiyukai announced the new policy he noticed a section describing 'the abolition of Iaku-joso and a system of a minister of military by civil officers', he inflamed with it, called the officers' meeting immediately and demanded to reserve that part, then declared not to appeal a party policy that would damage the independence of supreme command inside the party.
Japanese: 田中の就任直後の10月4日に政友会の新政策発表の際に「帷幄上奏の廃止と軍部大臣文官制」の一項が入っていることに気付いて、激怒し、直ちに幹部会を招集してこの部分を留保させて以後党内で統帥権の独立に冒す様な政策は掲げない事を宣言したのである。
English: Prime Minister and the Minister of Army Hideki TOJO who could not accept the strategy also served as an additional post of the Chief of the General staff planning the unification of national affairs and supreme command.
Japanese: 作戦に容喙出来なかった東條英機首相兼陸相が国務・統帥の一元化を図って参謀総長を兼任した。
English: As the authority was gathered to TOJO, he was backbitten as 'TOJO Bakufu.'
Japanese: このため、権力の集中した東條に対して「東條幕府」という陰口がきかれるようになる。
English: The right of supreme director of Japan Self-Defense Forces is equivalent for supreme command in current Japan.
Japanese: 現在の日本で統帥権に相当するものとしては自衛隊の最高指揮監督権がある。
English: According to the practical interpretation of the Constitution of Japan and the Law of Japan Self-Defense Forces Article 7, it is prescribed that the Prime Minister holds the rights of the supreme command and director.
Japanese: 日本国憲法の実際的な解釈と自衛隊法第7条により、内閣総理大臣が最高指揮監督権を持つと規定されている。
English: Daimyo shonin seido was the system that the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) held hostages from feudal loads and their senior vassals and put them up in Edo.
Japanese: 大名証人制度（だいみょうしょうにんせいど）は江戸幕府が大名およびその重臣から人質をとって江戸に住まわせた制度。
English: The Edo bakufu held hostages from feudal lords and their senior vassals to stabilize their administration.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は政権の安定のため、大名とその重臣の身内から人質をとっていた。
English: Wives and children of feudal lords were required to live in Edo and senior vassals such as Karo (chief retainer) put pawns (hostages) in Edo from their family members in turn.
Japanese: 大名の妻子は江戸への在住を義務づけられ、家老クラスの重臣については、彼らの身内から交替で証人（人質）を提出させて江戸においた。
English: As for senior vassals, this shonin seido was abolished on the recommendation of Masayuki HOSHINA in 1665.
Japanese: 保科正之の提言により、大名の家臣については、寛文5年(1665年)に証人制度が廃止された。
English: The Heizenmon Incident refers to the coup which took place in Kamakura in 1293 during the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 平禅門の乱（へいぜんもんのらん）は、鎌倉時代の1293年（永仁元年）に鎌倉で起こった政変である。
English: TAIRA no Yoritsuna, who was the steward of the Hojo Tokuso family (main branch of the Hojo family), avenged a senior vassal Yasumori ADACHI and other vassals of Yasumori's faction, with whom he had conflicts in political lines, in the Shimotsuki Incident in 1285, which was a year after Tokimune HOJO, who was one of the regents of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), died and Tokimune's son Sadatoki HOJO became the ninth regent.
Japanese: 北条得宗家執事の平頼綱は、鎌倉幕府鎌倉幕府の執権一覧北条時宗が死去し、その子北条貞時が9代執権となった翌1285年（弘安8年）、政治路線で対立していた有力御家人安達泰盛や泰盛派の御家人を霜月騒動で討伐した。
English: For a while afterwards, Yoritsuna carried out politics focusing on procedures, for example, frequent submission of additional laws, but in 1287, at the time when Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") MINAMOTO no Koreyasu was given the title of Imperial Prince and became Imperial Prince Koreyasu, Yoritsuna changed his attitude toward politics suddenly and worked toward a reign of terror.
Japanese: その後暫くは、頼綱は追加法を頻繁に出すなど手続きを重視した政治運営を行っていたが、1287年（弘安10年）に、征夷大将軍源惟康が立親王して惟康親王となった時期に政治姿勢を一変させ、恐怖政治へと邁進した。
English: With Yoritsuna's support, Sadatoki established the tyranny of the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan in which Sadatoki himself was the leader, but he came to be disturbed by Yoritsuna's reins of power and, finally in 1293, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Kamakura Earthquake, Sadatoki invaded Yoritsuna's house in Gyojigayatsu in Kamakura and made him commit suicide with his sword.
Japanese: 貞時は、頼綱に支えられて自らを頂点とする得宗専制体制を敷いたが、頼綱の権勢に不安を抱くようになり、ついに1293年（永仁元年）、鎌倉大地震の混乱に乗じて鎌倉・経師ヶ谷の頼綱邸を攻撃し、頼綱を自刃させた。
English: After that, the momentum of miuchibito (private vassals of the Tokuso) including the family of Yoritsuna was diminished at one point, and Sadatoki started his tyranny.
Japanese: 以後、頼綱一族ら御内人の勢力は一時後退して、貞時の専制政治が始まる。
English: Vigorous vassals such as Akitoki HOJO and the Adachi clan who were forced to give in the Shimotsuki Incident gradually came back to the center of the bakufu.
Japanese: 北条顕時や安達氏など霜月騒動で没落を余儀なくされた勢力も徐々に幕府中枢に復帰した。
English: Hokokamai refers to a kind of punishment for samurai warriors during the Edo period, which was the circular letter that was issued to vassal deserters or forfeiters of rank by feudal lords.
Japanese: 奉公構（ほうこうかまい、ほうこうかまえ）は、江戸時代武士に対する刑の一つで、出奔した家臣又は改易された者に対し大名が出す回状のことをいう。
English: Wado-kaichin (can be called Wado-kaiho) was the coin minted and issued in Japan in 708.
Japanese: 和同開珎（わどうかいちん、わどうかいほう）は、708年（和銅元年）に、日本で鋳造・発行された銭貨である。
English: The coin was a round shape with a diameter of about 24mm and had a square hole, 7mm on a side, in the center of the coin.
Japanese: 直径24ミリメートル前後の円形で、中央には一辺が約7mmの正方形の穴が開いている円形方孔の形式である。
English: The format and calligraphic style of the coin was the same as those of Kaigen-tsuho, a coin issued in the Tang period in 621.
Japanese: 形式は、621年に発行された唐の開元通宝を模したもので、書体も同じである。
English: It was said that one Mon could buy two kilograms of rice and was worth a day of work for an adult at the time.
Japanese: 当初は1文で米2キログラムが買えたと言われ、また新成人1日分の労働力に相当したとされる。
English: In order to commemorate the discovery of Wado (a high purity copper which does not require any refining) in the Wado, presently known as Kuroya, Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture, the name of the era was changed to "the Wado era" and also Wado-kaichin was created.
Japanese: 現在の埼玉県秩父市黒谷にある和銅遺跡から、和銅（にきあかがね、純度が高く精錬を必要としない自然銅）が産出した事を記念して、「和銅」に改元するとともに、和同開珎が作られたとされる。
English: Wado-kaichin was issued in order to establish the currency system like the one in the Tang Dynasty and also to cover the expenses used to move the capital to Heijo by the difference in the value between the bullion and currency value.
Japanese: 唐に倣い、貨幣制度を整えるため、また、ちょうど平城京遷都の直前だったため、遷都の経費を、銅地金と貨幣価値との差額で補う目的もあった。
English: The Shoku Nihongi (Chronciles of Japan, continued) mentioned that Wado-kaichin, made of silver, were issued in May 708, the minting of the copper Wado-kaichin coins began in July of the same year, and the copper coins were issued in August of that same year.
Japanese: 708年5月には銀貨が発行され、7月には銅貨の鋳造が始まり、8月に発行されたことが続日本紀に記されている。
English: There were two types of Wado-kaichin; "Kowado" coins, which were thick and poorly made, and "Shinwado" coins, which were thin and made precisely.
Japanese: 和同開珎には、厚手で稚拙な「古和同」と、薄手で精密な「新和同」がある。
English: Shinwado coins are thought to have been issued after the silver coins were discontinued since only the copper Shinwado coins could be found.
Japanese: 新和同は銅銭しか見つかっていないことから、銀銭廃止後に発行されたと考えられる。
English: One theory explains that Kowado coins were issued in the early Wado-kaichin currency period and the other theory says that Kowado coins were issued as Shichusen (counterfeit money) or as trial coins before Wado-kaichin was officially issued.
Japanese: 古和同は、和同開珎の初期のものとする説と、和同開珎を正式に発行する前の私鋳銭または試作品であるとする説がある。
English: Kowado coins did not circulate in large quantities and the number that were excavated was limited; on the other hand, Shinwado coins were circulated in a large quantity, and many Shinwado coins have been excavated.
Japanese: 古和同はあまり流通せず、出土数も限られているが、新和同は大量に流通し、出土数も多い。
English: A large number of Wado-sen Coins traded now for ancient coin collections are counterfeit; therefore, cautions have to be taken.
Japanese: ただし、現在、古銭収集目的で取引されている和銅銭には贋作が多いので注意を要する。
English: Bartering with rice and cloths as standards was still the main method of obtaining necessary materials at the time in Japan; therefore, Wado-kaichin did not circulate as the currency well in Japan except in the Kinai region and its surrounding area.
Japanese: 当時の日本はまだ米や布を基準とした物々交換の段階であり、和同開珎は、貨幣としては畿内とその周辺を除いてあまり流通しなかったとされる。
English: Moreover, there is a belief that it was difficult to secure a large amount of raw copper for minting coins at the time as the discovery of only one copper mine became a national event; furthermore, there is an opinion that the amount of coins circulated was not much.
Japanese: また、銅鉱一つ発見されただけで元号を改めるほどの国家的事件と捉えられていた当時において大量の銅原料を確保する事は困難であり、流通量もそれほど多くなかったとの見方もある。
English: Wado-kaichin coins were discovered all over Japan and even in ruins oversea such as a ruin in Bohai (a kingdom in Manchuria and North korea, established after the fall of Goguryeo).
Japanese: 発見地は全国各地に及んでおり、渤海(国)の遺跡など、海外からも和同開珎が発見されている。
English: Chikusen-joirei (an ordinance to ordain a court rank to someone who saved a certain amount of money) was issued in 711 in order to promote the circulation of the currency.
Japanese: 711年（和銅4年）には、流通を促進するために蓄銭叙位令が発布された。
English: This ordinance, targeted people who were lower than Jurokui (Junior Sixth Rank), announced that people who saved more than 10 kan (10,000 coins) would be promoted by one rank and two ranks for people who saved more than 20 kan.
Japanese: これは、従六位以下のものが十貫（1万枚）以上蓄銭した場合には位を1階、二十貫以上の場合には2階進めるというものである。
English: However, promoting the distrubution of coins and encouraging chikusen (saving a certain amount of money) were contradicting each other and Chikusen-joirei was abolished in 800 since it caused the storing away of coins.
Japanese: しかし、流通促進と蓄銭奨励は矛盾しており、蓄銭叙位令は銭の死蔵を招いたため、800年（延暦19年）に廃止された。
English: The value of the coin determined by the government was significantly higher than the value of the bullion; therefore, the rampacy of Shichusen issued by civilians without permission from the government and declining of the currency value occurred.
Japanese: 政府が定めた価値が地金の価値に比べて非常に高かったため、発行当初から、民間で勝手に発行された私鋳銭の横行や貨幣価値の下落が起きた。
English: On the other hand, Ritsuryo government severely punished the minting of Shichusen as soon as Chikusen-joirei was issued; furthermore, the government anounced that ringleaders would be executed, accessories would be confiscated, and their families would be deported.
Japanese: これに対し律令政府は、蓄銭叙位令発布と同時に私鋳銭鋳造を厳罰に定め、首謀者は死罪、従犯者は没官、家族は流罪とした。
English: Mannen-tsuho coins were issued in 760 and the value of a Mannen-tsuho coin was determined to be the same as 10 Wado-kaichin coins.
Japanese: 760年（天平宝字4年）には万年通宝が発行され、和同開珎10枚と万年通宝1枚の価値が同じものと定められた。
English: However, the confusion continued when people were repaying their debts since Wado-kaichin and Mannen-tsuho coins had a diffferent value even though they had almost the same shape and the same weight.
Japanese: しかし、形も重量もほぼ同じ銭貨を極端に異なる価値として位置づけたため、借金の返済時などの混乱が続いた。
English: After the issue of the Jingu-kaiho coin, all three types of coins, Wado-kaichin, Mannen-tsuho, and Jingu-kaiho, were determined to have an equal value in 779 and they were all together used as the currency thereafter.
Japanese: 神功開宝発行の後、779年（宝亀10年）に和同開珎、万年通宝、神功開宝の3銭は、同一価を持つものとされ、以後通貨として混用された。
English: Wado-kaichin contained a letter "chin" which was thought to be a variant and a simplified character of "ho"; therefore, the letter "ho" was consistently used for coins which were officially minted thereafter.
Japanese: 和同開珎は、「珎」の字が「寶」の異体字である「寳」の略字であると考えられ、以後公式に鋳造された銭には一貫して「寳」の文字が使用された。
English: Contradicting to this theory, there was a different theory that "chin" was a variant character of "chin" (rare) and Wado-kaichin was read as Wado-kaichin causing a dispute for over 150 years since the Edo period.
Japanese: それに対し、「珎」は「珍」の異体字であり、和同開珎は「わどうかいちん」と読むという説もあり、江戸時代から150年以上論争が続いてきた。
English: Moreover, the following article was written in 683 (12th year of the Emperor Tenmu) in the "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: また以前には、『日本書紀』の683年（天武天皇12年）の記事に次のことが書かれていた。
English: The theory, Wado-kaichin coins were issued all the way back in the era of Emperor Tenmu, was pretty much denied due to the discovery of a large amount of Fuhonsen coins, mentioned later.
Japanese: 和同開珎の発行を天武天皇の時代まで遡るとする学説もあったが、後述の富本銭の大量発見によってこの説はほぼ否定されている。
English: A large quantity of Fuhonsen coins were discovered in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in January 19, 1999; therefore, the reports, the established theory that Wado-kaichin was the oldest coin would be overturned and textbooks would be rewritten, came out.
Japanese: 1999年1月19日には、奈良県明日香村から大量の富本銭が発見され、最古の貨幣は和同開珎という定説が覆る、教科書が書き換えられるなどと大きく報道された。
English: However, it is thought that Fuhonsen coins were not circulated widely; furthermore, there is doubt if the coins were actually circulated as currency.
Japanese: しかし、これらは広い範囲には流通しなかったと考えられ、また、通貨として流通したかということ自体に疑問も投げかけられている。
English: Presently, Wado-kaichin was accepted as the oldest coin widely and certainly circulated as currency.
Japanese: 現在の所、和同開珎は、確実に広範囲に貨幣として流通した日本最古の貨幣であるとされている。
English: Fuhonsen coin or Futosen coin are coins made in Japan around 683.
Japanese: 富本銭（ふほんせん）/富夲銭（ふとうせん）は、683年頃に日本でつくられた銭貨である。
English: It is older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, therefore it is considered as the oldest coin in Japan.
Japanese: 708年に発行された和同開珎より年代は古く、日本で最初の貨幣とされる。
English: There are different theories as to whether the coin was actually distributed or just used for incantation.
Japanese: この貨幣が実際に流通したのか、たんなる厭勝銭（まじない用に使われる銭）として使われたに留まったかについては学説が分かれている。
English: It was a round coin with a rectangle hole; the round shape of the coin had a diameter of 24.44 mm on an average, and had a square hole 6 mm on a side (to be exact, rectangle 0.5 mm longer on a long side) in the center.
Japanese: 平均の直径が24.44ミリメートルの円形で、中央には一辺が約6mmの正方形（厳密には、0.5mmほど横長の長方形）の穴が開いた、円形方孔の形式である。
English: On the surface it was marked '富夲' vertically and shichiyosho pattern (seven star pattern) in Kikko (hexagonal pattern) horizontally.
Japanese: 表面には、縦に「富夲」と書かれ、横には7つの点が亀甲形に配置された七曜星という文様がある。
English: It was used intentionally to decrease the dissolution temperature for easier casting and to increase the strength of the product.
Japanese: これは、融解温度を下げ鋳造を易しくするとともに、完成品の強度を上げるために意図的に使用されたものと考えられる。
English: The word 'Fuhon' is derived from a historical event 'food and money are the source to enrich people' of "Tokankanki" from encyclopedia "Geimon-ruiju" (a Chinese encyclopedia, literally "Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories").
Japanese: 「富本」というのは、唐代の百科事典『芸文類聚』が引く『東漢観記』の「富民之本在於食貨」（民を富ませる本は食貨に在り）という故事に由来する。
English: Shichiyosho is considered to refer to yin yang (positive and negative, light and shade) of Five Phases theory and Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water as symbols of the world.
Japanese: 七曜星は五行思想の陰陽と、木・火・土・金・水を表し、天地の象徴を示していると考えられる。
English: Fuhonsen coin was in the list of old coins in 1798 as 'Fuhon Shichiseisen' with illustrations and was known among coin researchers since early times.
Japanese: 富本銭は、1798年（寛永10年）の古銭目録に、「富本七星銭」として図柄付きで載っており、昔から貨幣研究家の間では知られていた。
English: However, in recent years, it was excavated at the site of Heijo-kyo in 1969 and also at the site of Fujiwara-kyo, which is older than Heijo-kyo, in 1991.
Japanese: しかし近年になって1969年（昭和44年）に平城京跡から発掘され、1991年（平成3年）にはさらに古い藤原京跡から発掘された。
English: As the result, possibility arose that Fuhonsen coin was older than Wado-kaichin issued in 708, which had been considered as the oldest coin.
Japanese: これにより、今まで最も古い貨幣とされてきた708年発行の和同開珎よりも古い可能性がでてきた。
English: On 6 of 33, the letters '富本' were recognized and on 6 only '富' was recognized and on 5 only '本' was recognized and the others were small fragments.
Japanese: 33点のうち、「富本」の字を確認できるのが6点、「富」のみ確認できるのが6点、「本」のみ確認できるのが5点で、残りは小断片である。
English: In the surrounding area of the nearly-completed coins, mold, izao (ways where copper run into), runner of molten copper, and ibari which is stray copper at casting were remained, by which those incomplete ones are considered as bad ones to be discarded.
Japanese: 完成に近いものの周囲には、鋳型や鋳棹、溶銅が流れ込む道筋である湯道や、鋳造時に銭の周囲にはみ出した溶銅である鋳張りなどが残っており、仕上げ段階に至っていないことから、不良品として廃棄されたものと考えられる。
English: From the stratum from which Fuhonsen coin was excavated, roof tile of a temple constructed before 700 and mokkan (a long and narrow wood plate written with a brush) marked 'Yin Fire Pig year' indicating the year 687 were excavated; furthermore in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) in 683 it was written 'Use copper coins from now on and do not use silver coins any more.'
Japanese: 富本銭が発掘された地層から、700年以前に建立された寺の瓦や、687年を示す「丁亥年」と書かれた木簡が出土しており、また『日本書紀』の683年（天武天皇12年）の記事に「今より以後、必ず銅銭を用いよ。銀銭を用いることなかれ」との記述がある。
English: Therefore Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties which had excavated them, announced on January 19 of the same year that it was older than Wado-kaichin and highly probable to have been casted in 683, which was publicized widely.
Japanese: これらのことから、発掘に当たった奈良国立文化財研究所は、同年1月19日に、和同開珎よりも古く、683年に鋳造されたものである可能性が極めて高いと発表し、大々的に報道された。
English: As the result, it was reported sensationally that 'the oldest coins were found' and 'history textbook must be revised.'
Japanese: これにより、「最古の貨幣発見」「歴史教科書の書き換え必至か」などとセンセーショナルな報道がなされた。
English: Subsequently in the additional survey after April, also defects, refuse, mold and molten copper were found.
Japanese: その後、4月以降の追加調査では、さらに不良品やカス、鋳型、溶銅などが発見された。
English: From the amount of molten copper, it was assumed that more than 9,000 coins were casted and it became clear that full-scale casting was done.
Japanese: 溶銅の量から、実に9000枚以上が鋳造されたと推定され、本格的な鋳造がされていたことが明らかになった。
English: Because the rate of antimony was almost the same as Wado-kaichin, it is assumed that it became the model of Wado-kaichin.
Japanese: アンチモンの割合などが初期の和同開珎とほぼ同じことから、和同開珎のモデルになったと考えられる。
English: In March, 2008, it was announced that eight out of nine Fuhonsen coins which were packed in a flattened bottle which was discovered as ground-breaking equipment from Fujiwara Palace Site in November, 2007, had different calligraphic style from the traditional one.
Japanese: 2008年3月、2007年11月に藤原宮跡から地鎮具として出土した平瓶（ひらか）の中に詰められていた富本銭9枚のうち8枚が従来のものと異なる書体であったと発表した。
English: Four of those did not include antimony which was considered as characteristics of Fuhonsen coin.
Japanese: このうち4枚は富本銭の特徴とされてきたアンチモンが含まれていなかった。
English: Because of the discovery, the theory that Fuhonsen coin was 'the first distributed coin' became widely accepted in academic meetings for a period of time.
Japanese: この発見によって学会では一時、富本銭が「日本最初の流通貨幣（通貨）」だとする説が有力となった。
English: However, there is no evidence that it was widely distributed, so it cannot be said for sure that Fuhonsen coin is the oldest circulating money.
Japanese: しかし、広く貨幣として流通していた証拠は未だに無く、富本銭が最古の流通貨幣であると断言することはできない。
English: Conversely, the possibility that it was made as incantation coin for religious purpose cannot also be ruled out.
Japanese: 逆に宗教的な目的を持った厭勝銭として造られた可能性も否定できないのである。
English: Fuhonsen coin is in accordance with the description of "Nihonshoki" in 683.
Japanese: 富本銭が『日本書紀』の683年（天武天皇12年）の記事の記述に沿っていること
English: Urban and temple construction led by the state needed enormous expenses and currency was necessary to pay organized people.
Japanese: 国家主導の都市や寺院の建設には莫大な費用がかかり、動員された人々への支払いに充てる通貨が必要とされていたこと。
English: All the currency issuances in the history of Japan was circulating money and there is no record referring to those of incantation coin for religious purpose.
Japanese: 日本の歴史上に残る貨幣発行は全て流通貨幣であり、厭勝銭という宗教的な目的の貨幣発行を示す記録はない。