nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Originally, the lecture was given in Sanin-tei, a study of the head of the Sugawara clan, but as the number of students increased, the lecture began to take place in the hallway (chumonro - covered entrance arcade) of Shinden-zukuri style - architecture representative of a nobleman's residence during the Heian period) -- That was why the lecture was called Kanke Roka (the hallway of Sugawara's house) and remembered in later ages.
Japanese: 元来は菅原氏当主の書斎であった山陰亭で講義が行われていたが、生徒の増大につれて廊下（寝殿造の中門廊）で講義が行われたことから、菅家廊下（かんけろうか）と呼ばれて後世に知られた。
English: Shosai-Ki' (essays of SUGAWARA no Michizane) in "Kanke bunso" (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) described: There was a study of about nine square meters in the southwest corner of the private residence of the Sugawara clan (the residence was called Kobai-Den (red plum blossom residence) in later ages. The residence was likened to Kita kandaijin-jinja Shrine in the present Shimogyo Ward of Kyoto City); The study had produced many monjosho (student of literary studies in the Japanese Imperial University) and Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters); and The name of the residence was Sanin-tei.
Japanese: 『菅家文章』の「書斎記」によれば、菅原氏の私邸（後世にて「紅梅殿」と称された。現在の京都市下京区の北菅大臣神社に比定される）の西南に一丈四方の書斎があり、そこから多くの文章生・文章得業生を輩出したこと、その名称が山陰亭であったことを伝えている。
English: As the preface in the Chinese poetry style composed by Michizane to "Fuso shu" (Chinese classics during the Heian period) described "my father Koreyoshi lectured on History of the Later Han Dynasty for his disciples in his Unkaku (study)," the lecture was considered to be originally given in the study Sanin-tei.
Japanese: また、『扶桑集』に収められた道真の漢詩の序文にも父・是善が芸閣（書斎）で門人に『後漢書』を講じたと詠んでおり、本来は書斎の山陰亭で講義が行われていたと考えられている。
English: Later, to cope with the increased number of disciples, the lecture room might have been changed from the Sanin-tei to the hallway -- the width of which was wide enough to be substituted for compartments by using partitions and tatami mats and so forth -- and the lecture might have been called the Kanke Roka and became widely known.
Japanese: だが、後に門人の増加に対応するために、幅が広く仕切りなどや畳などを用いて部屋の代わりとしても用いられていた廊下に移して授業を行うようになっていたらしく、後に菅家廊下と呼ばれるようになって流布されたという。
English: The name Kanke Roka was mostly used among those who studied from the Sugawara clan as well as other men of letters mainly after Michizane died.
Japanese: なお、菅家廊下という呼称は主に道真没後に菅原氏に学んだ人々やそれ以外の文人たちの間で用いられている例が多い。
English: It was considered that the head of the Sugawara clan established the private school for lecturing on the Kidendo for students who were asking the head to teach them, besides performing his official duties at the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 菅原氏の当主は大学寮における公的な職務以外に、自宅にこうした私塾を開いて教えを請う学生たちに紀伝道を講義したとされている。
English: It reflected the social conditions at the time when instruction on the Kidendo was widely offered; on the other hand, such an act was obliged to involve a private relationship between master and disciple -- It was considered that the latter fact introduced a conflict between the academic clique from the Sugawara clan and those from the hakase who opposed the Sugawara clan, and that the latter made the Daigaku-ryo system only in name and promoted the formation of hereditary learning.
Japanese: これは紀伝道教育が盛んであった当時の世相の反映であるが、その一方において、こうした行為は私的な師弟関係の形成と言う要素を含む事になり、菅原氏の学閥と反対する諸博士の学閥という対立抗争を生んだ他、大学寮制度の形骸化や家学の形成促進につながったと考えられている。
English: As a couplet in a poem titled 'Anraku-ji ni sanzu' (Visited Anraku-ji Temple) (contained in "Honcho zoku monzui" (Further Anthology of waka poems and prose written in classical Chinese) composed by OE no Masafusa in 1100 to Anraku-ji Temple (SUGAWARA no Michizane's mortuary temple located in Dazaifu) had it 'Ruiyo roka no matsuyo tari' (I was the last leaf in a heap of leaves in the hallway), it could be estimated that the school had been kept by generations of the Monjo hakase of the Sugawara clan and at least until the late Heian period.
Japanese: 大江匡房が康和2年（1100年）に、安楽寺（大宰府にあった菅原道真を弔う寺）に「安楽寺に参ず」（『本朝続文粋』所収）という詩を作り、その中で「累葉廊下の末葉たり」とあることから、少なくても平安時代後期までは菅原氏代々の文章博士によって継続されていたと考えられている。
English: Gishiki originally meant court rule and customs in official duties and ceremonial functions at the imperial court under the ritsuryo system, and later, compilations and books for prescribing court rule and customs came to be called 'Gishiki.'
Japanese: 儀式（ぎしき）とは、本来は律令制の朝廷における公務・宮中行事に際しての礼儀作法のことであるが、後にはこうした作法を規定した編纂物・書物のことを「儀式」と呼ぶようになった。
English: Some said that the Sandai Gishiki (three major Gishiki books) were compiled in parallel with Sandai Kyakushiki (Laws and Regulations of the three reigns) in the Heian period, but recently, others have questioned that opinion.
Japanese: なお、平安時代には三代格式と合わせて三代儀式（さんだいぎしき）が編纂されたとする説もあるが、近年ではこれを疑問視する意見も出されている。
English: After the Taika Reform, various systems, functions, and formalities influenced by Tang models began to be introduced, and various rules and customs began to be prescribed.
Japanese: 大化の改新以後、唐の影響を受けた様々な制度・行事・儀礼が行われるようになり、その際の様々な礼儀作法が定められるようになった。
English: According to "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), Chogi no rei (ceremonies in the imperial court) was decided in 698, and Shakuten no rei (also referred to as Sekiten no rei; a festival to Confucius and his disciples) was decided in 748.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』によれば、文武天皇2年（698年）に朝儀の礼、天平20年（748年）に釋奠の礼を定めたことが記されている。
English: However, to cope with increasing new rules and customs, a method of codifying and improving the prescription of the rules and customs was developed.
Japanese: その一方で新しい儀式の増加に対応するためにそれらの規定を集成・整備する動きも現れた。
English: It was considered that 'Gishiki' modeled after the Book of Etiquette and Decorum, a compilation of decorum in Tang -- Japanese 'Gishiki' was specialized exclusively in rules and customs inappropriate to be specified in law by omitting the parts that overlapped with ritsuryo kyakushiki (Laws and regulations).
Japanese: 「儀式」のモデルになったのは、唐における礼制の集大成である礼書であったと考えられているが、日本の「儀式」は律令格式と重複する部分を削り、法令で定めるのには不適切な純粋な礼儀作法の記述に特化している。
English: Conversely, Koninshiki (Palace regulations of the Konin era) and Engishiki (Palace regulations of the Engi era) stated in their prefaces that descriptions of formalities were omitted.
Japanese: 逆に弘仁式や延喜式には序文において、儀礼については省略したことを明記している。
English: In contrast, Joganshiki (Palace regulations of the Jogan era) stated in the preface (presently contained in "Ruiju kokushi" - Classified National History) that the prescription of rules and customs was provided separately from shiki (Regulations) -- 'Jogan Gishiki' (or, simply "Gishiki") was considered to be that prescription.
Japanese: 反対に貞観式では序文（現在は『類聚国史』所収）に式とは別に儀式次第を作成することが明記されており、「貞観儀式」（もしくは単に「“儀式”」）がそれにあたると考えられている。
English: On the other hand, it was believed that Kotaishiki (Administrative transition regulations) and 'Gishiki' were compiled at the same time as the compilation of the Kyakushiki, and it was formally believed that there had been the Sandai Gishiki, which was composed of 'Konin Gishiki,' 'Jogan Gishiki,' and 'Engi Gishiki.'
Japanese: その一方で、格式編纂時には同時に交替式と「儀式」が編纂されたと信じられ、古くは「弘仁儀式」・「貞観儀式」・「延喜儀式」からなる三代儀式が存在したと信じられていた。
English: Nevertheless, it was considered that 'Dairi shiki' (Palace regulations) and 'Dairi Gishiki' (Book on outline of ceremonies) were compiled during the Konin era and the Gishiki titled 'Konin Gishiki' did not exist.
Japanese: だが、弘仁年間に編纂されたのは、「内裏式」及び「内裏儀式」であり、「弘仁儀式」という題名の儀式は存在しなかったとされている。
English: As for 'Engi Gishiki,' although the part believed to be a surviving fragment of it remained, no records existed to prove that it was used for virtual functions in the imperial court; therefore, some say it was an incomplete work or a pretense made in later ages.
Japanese: 一方、「延喜儀式」についても逸文とされるものは残されているものの、それらが実際の宮中行事に活用されたという当時の記録は無く、未完成あるいは後世の仮託とする見解もある。
English: Accordingly, only 'Jogan Gishiki' was confirmed to have existed, but there was still another view that it was simply titled "Gishiki;" therefore, it is unknown whether the title 'Jogan Gishiki' was virtually used or not.
Japanese: 従って確実に存在したと言えるのは「貞観儀式」のみであるが、その題名について単に「“儀式”」であるとする異説もあり、実際に「貞観儀式」という名称が用いられていたかは不明である。
English: The above indications, however, merely denied that the Sandai Gishiki corresponding to the Sandai Kyakushiki were neither compiled nor did they exist, and it was still accepted that both the compilation of Kyakushiki and the compilation of 'Gishiki' were projects taken for complementing the ritsuryo law and that compilation of the Kyakushiki had some relationship to the compilation of Dairi shiki and Jogan Gishiki each of which were a single project.
Japanese: ただし、これらの指摘は三代格式と対となる三代儀式の編纂あるいは存在が否定されたに過ぎず、格式の編纂も「儀式」の編纂も律令法の補完を目的として行われた事業であり、格式の編纂と単独事業として行われた内裏式や貞観儀式の編纂との間には、何らかの関連性があったと考えられている。
English: As 'Gishiki' which might have been virtually effective, 'Dairi Gishiki' which was compiled almost simultaneously with 'Dairi shiki,' the completion of which was reported to Emperor Saga in 820 (it was unknown which of them was completed first), then 'Jogan Gishiki' ("Gishiki") which was compiled in the Jogan era, and 'Shingishiki' which was made during the tenure of Emperor Murakami, were known.
Japanese: 実際に効力を持っていたと考えられている「儀式」としては、弘仁11年（820年）に嵯峨天皇に完成が上奏された「内裏式」とほぼ相前後して編纂された「内裏儀式」（前後関係については不明）があり、続いて貞観(日本)年間に編纂された「貞観儀式」（「“儀式”」）、村上天皇の頃に作成された「新儀式」が知られている。
English: After the mid Heian period, privately compiled 'Gishiki' such as "Saikyuki" (also referred to as Seikyuki and Saiguki; a work outlining court rules and customs) and "Hokuzansho" (manual of court rules and customs) began to be created.
Japanese: また、平安時代中期以後には『西宮記』・『北山抄』のような私撰の儀式も作成されるようになった。
English: This article will explain about the history of the school textbooks in Japan until the school system was established in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 近代以前の日本における教科書（きんだいいぜんのにほんにおけるきょうかしょ）では、明治の学校制度確立以前の日本の教科書（学習教材）の歴史について解説する。
English: According to the history books, "Kojiki" (Record of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (The Chronicles of Japan), Wani is believed to be a teacher to the Prince of Emperor Ojin using the books "Rongo" (The Analects of Confucius) and "Senjimon" (The Thousand Character Classic); however, this remains unconfirmed.
Japanese: 『古事記』・『日本書紀』によれば、王仁が『論語』・『千字文』を伝えて応神天皇の皇子に教えたとされているが、真偽は不明である。
English: Also, it is said that FUJIWARA no Kamatari was taught on "Shueki" (Classic of Changes) by the monk Min just before the Taika Reforms, and also attended the private school of MINABUCHI no Shoan, bringing the Emperor Tenchi along with him.
Japanese: また、大化改新直前に藤原鎌足が僧旻より『周易』を習い、更に天智天皇を誘って南淵請安の塾に通ったとされている。
English: It is said that the oldest full-fledged educational institution was the Daigaku-ryo within the Centralized Administration established under the Ritsuryo Legal Codes, and according to the regulations, in the regular course (later known as Myogyodo), "Rongo" and "Kokyo" (Classic of Filial Piety) of Confucianism were compulsory and specializations were determined based on the combination scriptures from the three scripture groups: the large scriptures, which included "Raiki" and "Shunju Sashiden," the medium scriptures, which included "Moshi," "Shurai" and "Girai" and the small scriptures, which included "Shueki" and "Shosho."
Japanese: 日本最初の本格的な教育機関は律令制における大学寮であるとされているが、学令によればその本科（後の明経道）においては、儒教のうちの『論語』と『孝経』を必修とし、『周易』、『書経』、『周礼』、『儀礼』、『礼記』、『毛詩』、『春秋左氏伝』の7経のうち、『礼記』・『春秋左氏伝』を大経、『毛詩』・『周礼』・『儀礼』を中経、『周易』・『尚書』を小経としてその組み合わせで先行する経典を定めた。
English: Also, each of the scriptures had annotations written by specific authors, such as Gen TEI and Hitsu O for "Shueki," Ankoku KO and Gen TEI for "Shosho" and "Kokyo," Gen TEI for "Shurai," "Girai," "Raiki" and "Moshi," Ken FUKU and Yo TO for "Shunju Sashiden," Gen TEI and An KA for "Rongo."
Japanese: なお、用いる経典の注釈書についても『周易』は鄭玄・王弼、『尚書』・『孝経』は孔安国・鄭玄、『周礼』・『儀礼』・『礼記』・『毛詩』は鄭玄、『春秋左氏伝』は服虔・杜預、『論語』は鄭玄・何晏のものと定められていた。
English: When IYOBE no Iemori came back from Tang (China) in 776, he brought with him the annotations of two books, "Shunju Kuyoden" and "Shunju Kokuyoden," which were added to the small scriptures in 798.
Japanese: なお、『春秋公羊伝』と『春秋穀梁伝』は、宝亀7年（776年）に唐から帰国した伊与部家守（伊予部宅守）が両書の解釈を伝え、延暦17年（798年）に小経に追加された。
English: In 860, "Gyochu Kokyo" (Kaigan Shichu), an annotation text written by Ryuki LI was adopted for the annotation of "Kokyo" by the advice of OKASUGA no Otsugu (however, the study of those of Ankoku KO were not restricted in any way).
Japanese: また、貞観(日本)2年（860年）には『孝経』の注釈書が大春日雄継の進言にて唐の李隆基御製の注釈書である『御注孝経（開元始注）』を採用する（ただし、孔安国については学習を妨げない）とした。
English: In the "Engishiki" system of the Daigaku-ryo, among the nine small scripture textbooks of Sando (Mathematics), which included "Sonshi Sankyo," "Goso Sankyo," "Kyusho Sanjutsu," "Kaito Sankei," "Rokusho," "Teijutsu," "Sankai Jusa," "Shuhi Sankei," "Kyushi," three were compulsory, "Kyusho Sanjutsu," "Rokusho," and "Teijutsu" with "Shuhi Sankei" added later to the compulsory list of textbooks.
Japanese: また、算道は『孫子算経』・『五曹算経』・『九章算術』・『海島算経』・『六章』・『綴術』・『三開重差』・『周髀算経』・『九司』の9書を教科書としていた『延喜式』大学寮式では全て小経に区別されているが、『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』が必修とされており、後に『周髀算経』がこれに準じるものとされている。
English: As for Myobodo (Law) and Kidendo (History), which were most likely established during the Jinki and Tenpyo periods, the former adopted the Ritsuryo Legal Codes itself as a textbook, and in the "Engishiki," 'Ritsu' was included in the medium scriptures and 'Ryo' in the small scriptures.
Japanese: 神亀・天平期に成立したとされている明法道・紀伝道では、前者は律令そのものを教科書として『延喜式』では「律」を中経・「令」を小経としている。
English: And the latter adopted "Monzen" and "Jiga" at first, but in the "Engishiki," 'Sanshi' (three history books) ("Shiki," "Kanjo," and "Gokanjo") were adopted in place of "Jiga" and all were categorized as large scriptures.
Japanese: 後者は当初は『文選(書物)』と『爾雅』を採用していたが、『延喜式』では『爾雅』に代わって「三史」（『史記』・『漢書』・『後漢書』）が採用されていずれも大経とされている。
English: One's success in the aristocratic society largely depended on systems such as the Oni, the Otoneri, and the Udoneri, which took your bloodline into account, and the children of powerful aristocrats were educated mainly at home, except during a short period in the early Heian period when such children were obliged to study in the Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: だが、実際の貴族社会の立身に大いに影響を与えたのは、蔭位・大舎人・内舎人などの血統に基づく仕組によるところが大きく、有力貴族の子弟は大学寮への就学が義務付けられていた平安時代のごく初期を除いて家庭における教育が主体であった。
English: For children's education, "Mogyu," "Senjimon" and "Rikyo Hyakunijuei" were primarily used, with "Wakan Roeishu" written by FUJIWARA no Kinto, "Sakumon Daitai" written by FUJIWARA no Munetada, "Zoku Senjimon" and "Domoshoin" written by MIOSHI no Tameyasu later added to the list of textbooks.
Japanese: 児童教育については、『蒙求』・『千字文』・『李嶠百廿詠』が主に用いられ、後に藤原公任が『和漢朗詠集』、藤原宗忠が『作文大体』、三善為康が『続千字文』・『童蒙頌韻』を著すとこれらも用いられた。
English: However, all the textbooks were about Chinese classics and Chinese poetry of Kidendo (History), which was the main discipline at that time.
Japanese: ただし、いずれも当時の学術の主流であった紀伝道系の漢文学・漢詩に関する書籍であった。
English: When children reached the age of 7 or 8, or the age of 13 or 14 (depending on the era), the Ceremony of First Reading were held, and they began reading books such as "Gyochu Kokyo" and "Shiki."
Japanese: 7・8歳あるいは13・14歳（時期によって違う）になると、読書始（御書始）の儀が行われ、『御注孝経』や『史記』などから始められた。
English: Emperors upon reaching adulthood were appointed Professors of Monjodo (Department of Chinese poetry and history), and regent families to an emperor were appointed famous scholars as Keishi to work as court scholars.
Japanese: 成人後には天皇の場合には文章博士などが侍読を務め、摂関家でも著名な学者を家司などに任じて侍読役を務めた。
English: The textbooks used were same as those used at Myogyodo and Kidendo of the Daigaku-ryo, but additional lectures were also given on "Gunsyochiyo," "Roshi Dotokukyo," "Soshi," "Hakushimonju," "Joganseiyo," "Sesetsushingo," etc.
Japanese: 基本的には大学寮の明経道・紀伝道で採用されている書物が教科書として用いられたが、『群書治要』や『老子道徳経』・『荘子(書物)』・『白氏文集』・『貞観政要』・『世説新語』などそれ以外の講義も広く行われていた。
English: There were also books created for particular people such as "Togusetsuin" (Dissipation) offered to the Emperor Montoku during his crown prince days by SUGAWARA no Koreyoshi, "Wamyo Ruijusho" offered to Imperial Princess Isoko by MINAMOTO no Shitago, "Sambo Ekotoba" offered to Imperial Princess Sonshi by MINAMOTO no Tamenori, and "Kuchizusami" offered to FUJIWARA no Sanenobu also by MINAMOTO no Tamenori.
Japanese: また、特定個人のために作られた書籍として、菅原是善が皇太子時代の文徳天皇に授けた『東宮切韻』（散逸）、源順が勤子内親王に授けた『和名類聚抄』、源為憲が尊子内親王に授けた『三宝絵詞』、同人が藤原誠信に授けた『口遊』などがある。
English: During the late Heian period, FUJIWARA no Akihira authored "Unshushosoku," which is believed to be the oldest Oraimono (a textbook for primary education) in Japan, for court nobles to refer to when they prepared documents.
Japanese: 平安時代後期、藤原明衡が公家の文書作成のための参考とするために日本最古の往来物とされる『雲州消息』を執筆することとなる。
English: During the Medieval period, education was increasingly offered in temples, and samurais as well as common people were able to send their children tom temples to receive their education.
Japanese: 中世に入ると、寺院などに教育の主体が移り、武士や庶民の子弟が寺院などで教育を受けるようになっていく。
English: Books like "Dojikyo" and "Jitsugokyo" were originally used for textbooks, but eventually most textbooks were replaced with Oraimono.
Japanese: 『童子教』・『実語教』などが教科書として用いられたが、次第に往来物が教科書の中心となっていく。
English: Originally, Oraimono was a collection of model sentences for letter-writing, but later it developed to include social knowledge and common sense, and by the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, "Teikin Orai" was created.
Japanese: 往来物は当初は文書作成のための文例集でしかなかったが、次第にその文面の中に社会常識や知識を盛り込んだものへと変化を遂げていき、南北朝時代(日本)には『庭訓往来』が著された。
English: After the Shogunate system with clans was well established during the Edo period, the Zhu Xi school of Neo-Confucianism took a central role in education, and education focused mainly on Chinese classics such as Scriptures of Confucianism, History, and Literature, with Calligraphy and Mathematics taking on a supplemental role.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入って幕藩体制が確立されると、朱子学が教育の中心的地位に立ち、幕府や藩における教育は経学・史学・文学などの漢学を中心として、これに習字や算術が付随するものとなった。
English: Private elementary schools for the common people adopted for their textbooks like Oraimono, which included "Teikin Orai," as well as "Dojikyo," "Jitsugokyo," "Joeishikimoku," and other books related Confucianism such as "Sanjikyo," "Yamato Shogaku," "Kokyo," "Shogaku," etc.
Japanese: 庶民の寺子屋においては、『庭訓往来』をはじめとする往来物や『童子教』・『実語教』や『貞永式目』、儒学関連では『三字経』・『大和小学』・『孝経』・『小学』などが採用された。
English: With the rising of the standard of learning on ancient Japanese thought and culture during the latter period of the Tokugawa Shogunate, books such as "Nihon Gaishi," "Nihon Seiki," and "Kokushiryaku," which increased the reverence for the Emperor, were adopted in the schools of the clans and in some of the private elementary schools for the common people.
Japanese: 幕末の国学の高揚とともに、『大日本史』（一部が刊行されていた）や『日本外史』・『日本政記』・『国史略』など尊皇意識を高める書籍も藩校や一部寺子屋などで採用された。
English: Choroku no hen was an incident that occurred on December 27, 1457 during the Muromachi period when former retainers of the Akamatsu family attacked angu (emperor's temporary palace) of Gonancho (Second Southern Court), made a surprise assault on the brothers of Sonshuo and Chugio who were descendants of the Southern Court emperor (the latter was a seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians" of the Southern Court), and took away Shinji (the sacred jewel).
Japanese: 長禄の変（ちょうろくのへん）は、室町時代の長禄元年12月2日(旧暦)（1457年12月27日）に赤松家遺臣らが後南朝の行宮を襲い、南朝の皇胤である尊秀王と忠義王（後南朝の征夷大将軍である）の兄弟を騙し討って、神璽を持ち去った事件。
English: "Yasakani no magatama" (curved jewels), one of the sanshu no jingi (the three imperial regalia), had been carried away and kept by the Gonancho in the Kinketsu incident in 1443.
Japanese: 嘉吉3年（1443年）の禁闕の変で、三種の神器の1つ『八尺瓊勾玉』は後南朝に持ち去られたままだった。
English: The former retainers of the shugo daimyo (military governor) Akamatsu clan which had been broken in the Kakitsu disturbance (Taro IWAMI, Tatewaki NYUNOYA, Mitsuyoshi KOZUKI, and so forth) who were determined to reestablish the clan noticed the fact.
Japanese: 嘉吉の乱で取り潰された守護大名赤松氏の再興を願う赤松家遺臣達（石見太郎、丹生屋帯刀、上月満吉など）は、この点に着目。
English: Together with Hiromitsu OGAWA, gozoku (powerful kin group) in Yamato Province, the retainers attacked the angu of the Gonancho, based in Kitayama and Kawakami deep in Yoshino, on December 27, 1457, they defeated the brothers of Jitenno and Chugio who were descendants of the Southern Court emperor (the latter was a seii taishogun of the Gonancho), and took away the Shinji.
Japanese: 大和国の豪族・小川弘光とともに、吉野の奥で北山・川上に本拠を置いていた後南朝の行宮を長禄元年12月2日_(旧暦)（1457年12月27日）に襲撃、南朝の皇胤である自天王と忠義王（後南朝の征夷大将軍である）の兄弟を討ち倒して、神璽を持ち去った。
English: The retainers attacked the residence of Jinenno's mother the following year 1458, and took away the Shinji again.
Japanese: 翌年の長禄2年（1458年）にも自天王の母の屋敷を襲い、再度神璽を持ち去った。
English: Thereafter, the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) admired their success in taking back the Shinji, which had been carried away from Kyoto for 15 years prior, and permitted them to reestablish the Akamatsu clan.
Japanese: その後、約15年もの間、京都から持ち去られていた神璽の奪還成功を大いに認めた室町幕府は、赤松氏の再興を許した。
English: Sanyojo (算用状 or 散用状) was the annual settlement of accounts for nengu (annual land tax) and kuji (miscellaneous tax) in each shoen (estate) exchanged between shoen ryoshu (the estate proprietary lord) and shokan (the estate manager) in the medieval shoen system.
Japanese: 算用状（さんようじょう・散用状）とは、中世の荘園において、荘園領主と現地の荘官との間で交わされた個々の荘園の年貢・公事などに関する年間の収支決算報告のこと。
English: Since sanyojo (Kechigecho) were documents regarding the settlement of accounts exchanged between the ryoshu and the shokan sides, they respectively drew up sanyojo (kechigecho) for individual purposes.
Japanese: 算用状（結解状）は、領主側と荘官側の間において遣り取りされる収支決算資料を指すため、領主側と荘官側の間で別箇の趣意を持った算用状（結解状）が作成される事となる。
English: The sanyojo drawn up by the ryoshu (practically, ryoshu's general administrative body, mandokoro - administrative board, and kumonjo - administrative office) was called shihai jo, gegyo jo, noge jo, and used for estimating revenue and expenditure for the year based on collection of nengu from the shoen and supporting the management (gegyo) policy.
Japanese: 領主（実際には領主の家政機関である政所・公文所）が作成する算用状は、支配状・下行状・納下状などと呼ばれ、個々の荘園の荘園の年貢の収納状況からその年の収支見通しを立てて支配（下行（げぎょう））の方針を支持するために用いられた。
English: On the other hand, sanyojo drawn up by the local shokan side was called chushin jo, made for reporting the payment of nengu for the year.
Japanese: 一方、現地の荘官側が作成する注進状と呼ばれ、その年の年貢納入状況について報告するために作成された。
English: The adjusted amount of nengu to be sent to the shoen ryoshu was calculated by subtracting the deduction (exemption), loss (damages caused by disaster), and arrearages (unpaid amount) for the year from the settled amount of nengu first, further subtracting the local necessary expenses called geyo (unpolished rice), shosei (nengu paid those other than shoen ryoshu), ruiyo (diversion), and adding the unpaid amount of nengu collected the previous year.
Japanese: まず規定の年貢高から当該年度の除分（免除されたもの）・損亡分（災害による損害）・未進分（未納のもの）を除き、続いて下用・所済・立用などと呼ばれる現地での必要経費を差し引き、更に回収された前年の未納分を足したものが、荘園領主の元に送られる清算納入量となる。
English: Since the farm production was unstable in those days, such annual adjustments were needed.
Japanese: 当時の農業生産は不安定であり、こうした年ごとの清算業務は欠かせないものであった。
English: Konin Gishiki was one of Gishiki (Court rules and customs Books) considered to be compiled during the Konin era at the beginning of the Heian period.
Japanese: 弘仁儀式（こうにんぎしき）とは、平安時代初期弘仁年間に作られたとされた儀式(書物)。
English: Only its title and table of contents were recorded in "Honcho shoseki mokuroku" (Catalogue of books in our country) as Gishiki in ten volumes, but not even a surviving fragment of the book, remained.
Japanese: 『本朝書籍目録』に10巻の儀式として書名と篇目のみが伝わっており、逸文を含めて一切残されていない。
English: It was formerly believed that the Konin Gishiki was compiled before 819 in parallel with the compilation of Konin Kyakushiki (Laws and Regulations of the Konin Era).
Japanese: 古くは弘仁格式の編纂に合わせて弘仁10年（819年）以前に編纂されたと考えられていた。
English: Besides, two kinds of Gishiki called "Dairi shiki" (Palace regulations) and "Dairi Gishiki" (Book on outline of ceremonies) which were described together with "Konin Gishiki" in "Honcho shoseki mokuroku" were extant and they stated that they were compiled in the Konin era.
Japanese: 更に『本朝書籍目録』に『弘仁儀式』と並んで記載されている『内裏式』及び『内裏儀式』と呼ばれる2種の儀式は伝存しており、なおかつその編纂年代が弘仁年間であったことが明記されている。
English: Accordingly, it came to be considered that they could not afford to compile and establish any other Gishiki in parallel with compilation of "Dairi shiki" and "Dairi Gishiki" which might have been practically used.
Japanese: そのため、却って実際に用いられていたと見られる『内裏式』・『内裏儀式』の編纂と並行して更に別の儀式が編纂・成立する余地はなかったと考えられるようになった。