nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He was promoted to Chunagon in 783, but Emperor Kanmu moved the capital and established Nagaoka Kyo the following year.
Japanese: それでも彼は783年に中納言に昇進したが、翌年長岡京への遷都を桓武天皇は実行する。
English: The Otomo clan, displeased by the relocation of the capital, assassinated FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu, who had led the project.
Japanese: 大伴氏はこの政策に不満を持っており、指揮していた藤原種継を暗殺する事件を起こしてしまう。
English: As a consequence, OTOMO no Tsuguhito (son of Komaro and alleged mastermind) was condemned to death, and Yakamochi, who had died just before the incident, was excommunicated.
Japanese: 結果、古麻呂の子で首謀者とされた大伴継人は死刑、直前に死去していた家持は除名。
English: However, even in spite of these incidents, the Otomo Clan did not entirely lose its power: OTOMO no Otomaro was appointed as the first Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and sent to defeat the Emishi (natives of the North, also called the Ezo), along with SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro in the early Heian period and in late 803, Kunimichi returned to the capital with an imperial amnesty and was promoted to Sangi.
Japanese: しかし、それでもまだ全く衰退したわけではなく、平安時代初期の桓武朝においても、大伴弟麻呂は初代征夷大将軍となって坂上田村麻呂と共に蝦夷を討ち、後期の803年には国道が赦されて帰京し、参議に昇進している。
English: In 823 of his later years, the Otomo clan changed its name to "Tomo" to avoid using the name of Emperor Junna (Imperial Prince Otomo).
Japanese: 彼の晩年の823年には淳和天皇（大伴親王）の名を避けて伴(とも)と氏を改める。
English: TOMO no Yoshio, son of Kunimichi, began to distinguish himself in politics in the days of Emperor Seiwa, and a Dainagon (Chief Councilor of State) was chosen from the Otomo clan in 864 for the first time in years.
Japanese: その後、清和天皇朝に国道の子、伴善男（とものよしお）が頭角を現し、864年に久々に大納言を出す。
English: However, it was revealed that he was involved in the Otenmon Incident that plotted to oust MINAMOTO no Makoto in 886, and he was exiled to Izu Province.
Japanese: しかし、886年に源信_(公卿)（みなもとのまこと）の失脚を図った応天門の変に絡んでいることが判明し、伊豆国に流罪になる。
English: (The theory that the Fujiwara clan plotted this conspiracy to expel other clans from the imperial court is widely accepted.)
Japanese: （宮廷から他氏族を排除する目的で行われた藤原氏による陰謀説が有力である。)
English: This incident dealt a strong blow to the Tomo clan, which had, until then, survived so many political conflicts and kept the reputation as a venerable noble family.
Japanese: これは結果的に政争に幾度か関わりながらも、由緒ある貴族として命脈を保ってきた伴氏に打撃を与える事となる。
English: In 939, 72-year-old TOMO no Yasuhira was promoted to Sangi, becoming the first Kugyo (high court noble) from the clan in some time, though no Kugyo was chosen from the Tomo clan upon his retirement in 950.
Japanese: 939年には伴保平が参議となり、久々に公卿が出たが、既に72歳の高齢で、950年に引退して以降は公卿は出なくなる。
English: In the early Heian period, the Tomo clan, like the Ki clan, was considered to be the clan that carried the ancient practices of warriors, but as the samurai gained power, the Tomo clan's political influence faded, and after TOMO no Tadakuni became the first Shinto priest of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Shrine, the bloodline was inherited, as the job was passed on through generations.
Japanese: 平安時代前期には、紀氏と並んで武人の故実を伝える家とされたが、武士の台頭とともに伴氏は歴史の表舞台から姿を消していく事となり、その後は伴忠国が鶴岡八幡宮初代神主となって以降、その社職を継承しながら血筋を伝えていく事となる。
English: Tateana-shiki dwelling is built by first digging a depression in a round or quadrilateral shape, then creating a framework in the depression by installing a number of columns, followed by connecting the framework with balks and beams, and lastly thatching its roof with dirt and reed or other plants.
Japanese: 竪穴式住居（たてあなしきじゅうきょ,英語：）とは、地面を円形や方形に掘り窪め、その中に複数の柱を建て、梁や垂木をつなぎあわせて家の骨組みを作り、その上から土、葦などの植物で屋根を葺いた建物のことをいう。
English: Strictly speaking, the English term 'pit-house' is used to describe the type of tateana-shiki dwelling which, except for the thatched roof, consists solely of the dug-up depression, that is, a dwelling that is a depression in the ground covered with a roof.
Japanese: 英語表記の一つ「pit-house」は、厳密には、竪穴式住居のうちで、屋根以外は、竪穴自体で構成されている、つまり竪穴に屋根を被せた形の家屋ないしは住居のことをいう。
English: However, the name is used by some researchers also for the type of dwelling that is built on a shallow depression, with much of the house above ground and is therefore used to describe such dwellings to some extent.
Japanese: だが、竪穴自体が浅く、地上部分のある竪穴式住居についてもこのように呼ぶ研究者がいるので日本語の『竪穴式住居』と、ある程度置き換えが可能である。
English: Well-known examples are similar dwellings found at the Banpo archaeological site in Xian, China, belonging to ancient Yangshao Culture.
Japanese: 中国では、仰韶文化（やんしゃおぶんか）の代表的遺跡である西安の半坡遺跡（はんばいせき）で発掘されたものがよく知られている。
English: This type of dwelling is quadrilateral-shaped measuring roughly 5 by 4 meters, with a stepped entrance on the south side leading inside that is 80 cm in depth and a fireplace located inside.
Japanese: これは、南側に階段のある出入り口を持つ約5メートル×4メートル、深さ80センチメートルの隅丸方形のもので内部に炉が見られるものである。
English: The people of Mogollon and Hohokam cultures of southwestern United States are known to have lived in such pit-type dwellings with the entrance protruding outward, until around ninth century.
Japanese: また、アメリカ南西部のモゴヨン文化（Mogollon）文化やホホカム文化（Hohokam）文化の人々は、9世紀頃まで、入り口部分を張り出し状にした竪穴住居に住んでいたことが知られている。
English: In Japan, it is believed that such dwellings started to be built in the latter Paleolithic era, with 18 such sites found across Japan from Hokkaido to Kyushu.
Japanese: 日本では、後期旧石器時代ごろから造られたと考えられており、北海道から九州にかけて18カ所の遺跡で確認されている。
English: In particular, a site where a group of pit dwelling structures believed to have had fuseya A type (thatched roof completely covering the structure) roofs has been found at Hasamiyama site (Nashida Point, Fujiidera City, Osaka).
Japanese: 特に伏屋A式竪穴住居と見られている建物跡がはさみ山遺跡（〈梨田地点〉大阪府藤井寺市）から出土した例がある。
English: Pit-type dwellings in Japan are divided into fuseya type and kabedachi (walled) type and are believed to be built starting in the latter half of the Paleolithic era, becoming widely built in the Jomon period and in the subsequent Yayoi period.
Japanese: 日本の竪穴住居は、伏屋式と壁立式とがあり、後期旧石器時代から造られ始めたと考えられており、縄文時代には盛んに造られ、のちの弥生時代に伝わる。
English: While the fuseya type was predominant, the kabedachi type was limited to large-scale structures in key settlements, believed to be built in both Yayoi and Kofun (tumulus) periods as an architectural style aimed at demonstrating authority as the residence of the chieftain.
Japanese: 伏屋式が主流で、壁立式は拠点集落の大形住居に限られ、首長居館として権威を示す形式として弥生・古墳の両時代に築造されたと考えられている。
English: Pit-type dwellings were built until around the Heian period and even later in the Muromachi period in the Tohoku region.
Japanese: 竪穴住居自体は平安時代ごろまで造られ、さらに時代が下がった例で東北地方では室町時代まで造られていた。
English: The dwellings found at Ichani Karikariusu Site in Shibetsu Town near Shiretoko Peninsula had pits dug as deep as 2 to 2.5 meters, with the entrance probably located on the roof.
Japanese: 知床半島に近い標津町の伊茶仁（いちゃに）カリカリウスの住居は、竪穴の周りに掘りあげた土から底まで、2メートルから2.5メートルもの深さがあり、天井から出入りしたものと推測される。
English: The fireplace is commonly located either in the center or slightly off to one side of the floor, but is replaced by the furnace built against a wall in the Kofun period and later.
Japanese: 床の中央か一方に片寄って炉がある場合が普通であり、古墳時代以降は壁際に竃を設ける事例が一般化する。
English: The eaves of the pit-type dwelling roof are believed to have commonly reached close to the ground, with the roof the only part of the dwelling visible from the outside.
Japanese: 竪穴（縦穴）建物の屋根の軒先は地面付近まで下がることが多かったと推測され、外からは屋根しか見えなかったものと考えられる。
English: Although roofs are thought to have been thatched most often with reed, kaya (Torreya nucifera) and other plant stalks, there were many roofs covered with soil or grass as well.
Japanese: 屋根はヨシや茅葺などの茎で葺いたことが多かったと思われるが、土葺、草葺の屋根も多かった。
English: The shape of the pit of the pit-type dwellings in Japan varied by region and by period.
Japanese: 日本においては、地面を掘り窪めた穴の平面形状は、時代と地域によって異なっている。
English: In the early half of the Jomon period, dwellings were generally quadrilateral, trapezoid or elliptical in shape and were found to have six large columns, as well as support columns located near the wall, based on small pits that were found in archaeological excavations.
Japanese: 縄文時代前期では、概ね方形、台形、楕円形で、6本の主柱をもち、壁面周辺に支柱穴とも推察されるピット(考古学)が並んでいる状況が見られる。
English: Fireplaces were most often built on the dirt floor, though some were built with stones, and were found in increasing frequency over time.
Japanese: 炉は、地床炉（ぢしょうろ）が多いが石組炉もあり、保有率は時代が下るに従って増加する傾向にある。
English: In the mid-Jomon period, round and elliptical layouts with four or five support columns became prevalent, with fireplaces built on the dirt floor, those surrounded by stones or those employing earthen vessels.
Japanese: 中期では円形および楕円形が多く、4本から5本の柱をもつものが主流であり、地床炉や石囲炉、また炉体土器を伴う炉が見られた。
English: By the end of the mid-Jomon period, dwellings with fukushiki-ro (fireplaces consisting of an arrangement of stones composed of two parts) began to appear in southern Tohoku region, along with houses with stone-laid floors in the Chubu region, especially Nagano Prefecture.
Japanese: 中期後葉の東北地方南部では複式炉をともなう住居が現れ、中部地方とくに長野県などでは石敷の住居も現れる。
English: By the latter half of the period, dwellings with entrances that protruded outward, known as the 'ekagami' type, began to appear in some regions.
Japanese: 後期になると、地域によっては「柄鏡型」とよばれる入り口部分を外側に張り出した住居が出現する。
English: In the Yayoi period, dwelling types differed widely between eastern and western Japan in the early part but gradually converge into an identical type in the latter part.
Japanese: 弥生時代については、初期段階で東日本と西日本で大きく異なるが、後期には全体的に同形式に収まる傾向を示す。
English: Although the circular shape was predominant, quadrilateral-shaped pit-type dwellings with rounded corners (sumimaru-hokei & chohokei jukyo) began to appear in the latter half of the Yayoi period (circa second to third century).
Japanese: 円形のものが主流であるが、弥生時代の後期（2世紀から3世紀頃）頃から隅が丸い四角い形をした竪穴式住居（隅丸方形・長方形住居）が現われ始めている。
English: The Ikemori-Ikegami site located across the boundary between Kumagaya and Gyoda cities, Saitama Prefecture, dates back to the early mid-Yayoi period, with houses built in quadrilateral or rectangular layouts with rounded corners.
Japanese: 埼玉県熊谷市と行田市にまたがる池守・池上遺跡は、弥生時代中期初頭の遺跡で、住居の平面形状は隅丸方形か隅丸長方形である。
English: The largest was 10.6 meters at its longest side and 7.2 meters at its shortest, with space of approximately 72 sq.m., or roughly double to quadruple the size of other dwellings.
Japanese: 最大の大きさのものは長軸10.6メートル×短軸7.2メートルで、面積は約72平方メートルで、他の住居の約2倍ないし4倍の大きさである。
English: Dwellings found at the Otsuka-Saikachido site in Odana-cho, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, were built in the latter half of the Yayoi period in the sumimaru-chohokei (rounded-corner, rectangular) layout.
Japanese: 神奈川県横浜市都筑区大棚町大塚・歳勝土遺跡の住居は、弥生時代後期の竪穴住居で隅丸長方形（すみまるちょうほうけい）である。
English: The size was at most 9.4 by 6.7 meters, with floor area of 62.98 sq.m.--roughly double the size of many others that ranged from 20 to 30 sq.m.
Japanese: 住居の大きさは最大9.4メートル×6.7メートルで、面積62.98平方メートルあり、多くの例が20平方メートルから30平方メートル前後の規模であるので、その2倍の大きさである。
English: These findings show that dwellings in eastern Japan during the latter Yayoi period grew small in general, with no significant difference in size.
Japanese: このように、弥生時代後期の東国では全般的に住居が小型化し、著しい規模の差が認められなくなる。
English: Fireplaces continued to be used until the first half of the Kofun period but saw change with the introduction of the "kamado" stove built on the northern or eastern wall of the dwelling by the middle of the period.
Japanese: 炉は、古墳時代前期まで続くが、古墳時代中期になると北側や東側の壁に竃を設ける住居が出現する。
English: The stove developed over time and began to protrude outward beyond the wall, but this is believed to have been a development resulting from the pit dug into the dwelling becoming narrower.
Japanese: カマドは時代が下るごとに発達し、「壁」の外へ向かって張り出していくようになるが、実際には竪穴住居の堀くぼめた部分が狭まってそのぶんカマドが発達していると考えられている。
English: This type of dwelling continued to be used until the Heian period in Japan north of Kanto and Chubu regions, but was gradually replaced by "hottate-bashira" type structures that were elevated above ground by posts in Kinki region starting in Asuka period, except in the Tokai region where the older type remained in parts.
Japanese: このような住居は関東・中部地方以北では平安時代まで続くが、東海地方では一部残しつつも、近畿においては飛鳥時代から掘立柱建物に移行していく。
English: In the Kamakura period and later, the tateana pit-type dwelling disappeared in the Kanto region, except in parts as relics.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代以降は、関東で竪穴状遺構として一部名残をのこすものの全面的に消失する。
English: Kihei' means a mixed troop formed by retainers of the domain, the common people, and samurais excluding retainers of the domain compared with a troop (spearhead troop) organized by only retainers of the domain and samurais.
Japanese: 「奇兵」とは藩士・武士のみからなる部隊（撰鋒隊）に対して、藩士と藩士以外の武士・庶民からなる混成部隊の意味。
English: Those several Choshu Domain's troops including Kiheitai Army were organized by the proposer Shinsaku TAKASUGI who was chosen to be one of the retainer of Choshu Domain after Shimonoseki War in 1863.
Japanese: 奇兵隊などの諸隊は1863年（文久3年）の下関戦争の後に藩に起用された高杉晋作らの発案によって組織された戦闘部隊である。
English: It was pointed out that the organization and the training of those Choshu Domain's troops was influenced by "The Theory of Western Foot Soldiers" written by Shoin YOSHIDA who was the school manager of the Shokason Juku TAKASUGI studied at.
Japanese: この諸隊の編制や訓練には高杉らが学んだ松下村塾の塾主・吉田松陰の『西洋歩兵論』などの影響があると指摘されている。
English: After Kiheitai Army was formed, many other troops composed of soldiers excluding retainers of domain were organized, and they were called troops of Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 奇兵隊が結成されると数多くの藩士以外の者からなる部隊が編制され、長州藩諸隊と総称される。
English: TAKASUGI was replaced as the governor-general due to the responsibility for the Incident at Kyoho-ji Temple occurred in the same year in which the member of Kiheitai Army had clashed with a spearhead troop.
Japanese: 同年に奇兵隊士が撰鋒隊と衝突した教法寺事件の責めを負い、高杉は総督を更迭された。
English: After the two Yaichi KAWAKAMI and Yataro TAKI served as the post of the governor-general, Taketo AKANE took the post of governor-general and Aritomo YAMAGATA served as an Assistant Deputy General.
Japanese: その後、河上弥市と滝弥太郎の両人が総督職を継いだのを経て、総督は赤根武人、軍監は山縣有朋が務めた。
English: In the same year, with the Coup of August 18 occurred, the Choshu power was expelled from the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 同年には、京都で八月十八日の政変が勃発し、朝廷から長州勢力が追放される。
English: The following year, 1864, Choshu Domain, after the Ikedaya-Incident which was a bloody raid by Shinsengumi against the patriots of Joi (principle of excluding foreigners) group of Choshu Domain, clashed with the supporters of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) including Aizu Domain and Kuwana Domain trying to recapture Kyoto by using the military force and attacking Kinri (the Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 翌1864年（元治元年）、新選組が長州藩の攘夷激派を襲撃した池田屋事件の後に長州藩は京都の軍事的奪回を図り、禁裏を侵して会津藩・桑名藩などの幕府側と衝突した。
English: Choshu Domain suffered a crushing defeat after the Satsuma Domain which had kept strict watch against Choshu Domain's suspicious movement joined the incident which caused the decisive change of the situation.
Japanese: 長州藩の不穏な動きを警戒していた薩摩藩が援軍として加わると形勢が変わり、長州勢は総崩れになり敗北した。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) made the Choshu Conquest (the first Baku-Cho War) to subjugate the Emperor's enemy Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 江戸幕府は朝敵・長州藩を伐つため、長州征伐（第一次幕長戦争）を行う。
English: Choshu Domain set their policy as overthrowing the Shogunate after TAKASUGI wiped out conservative power by taking the initiative in the administration of the domain.
Japanese: 高杉らが藩政の主導権を握り藩の保守勢力を一掃すると、長州藩の方針は倒幕に定まる。
English: The following year, 1865, Bakufu made the Choshu Conquest (the second Baku-cho war, Shikyo War) again with Kiheitai and other troops.
Japanese: 翌1865年（元治2年）には幕府によって再び長州征伐（第二次幕長戦争、四境戦争）が行われ、奇兵隊ほか諸隊も戦った。
English: In 1866 Choshu Domain forged a military alliance (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance) with Satsuma Domain arriving at a consensus on overthrowing the Shogunate, as a result, in January 1868 the Restoration of Imperial Rule came into effect under Saccho's (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance) leadership after Taisei Hokan (transfer of power back to the Emperor) was put into practice in November 1867.
Japanese: 1866年（慶応2年）に長州藩は薩摩藩と倒幕で一致して軍事同盟を結び（薩長同盟）、1867年11月（慶応3年10月）の大政奉還を経て、1868年1月（慶応3年12月）に薩長が主導した王政復古(日本)が行われた。
English: Kiheitai Army and other Choshu Domain's troops became a part of Imperial army fighting against old Shogunate army in the Boshin War.
Japanese: 奇兵隊ほか長州藩諸隊は官軍の一部となり、旧幕府軍との戊辰戦争で戦った。
English: Although Kiheitai Army had a mixed personnel organization which consisted of samurais who were free from the class system, peasants and citizens from any social rank, they were hierarchically distinguished by the emblem on sleeves.
Japanese: 奇兵隊は身分制度にとらわれない武士階級と農民や町民が混合された構成であるが、袖印による階級区別はされていた。
English: TAKASUGI was believed to have thought that those officers of Kiheitai Army having spirit could be more military power than those samurais fallen in the peaceful world.
Japanese: 高杉は泰平の世で堕落した武士よりも志をもった彼らの方が戦力になると考えていたとされる。
English: Those officers gained military achievements by handling the newest weapons absorbing the Western art of warfare.
Japanese: 隊士らは西洋式の兵法をよく吸収して当時最新の兵器を取り扱い、戦果を上げた。
English: The fact that Kiheitai Army involved people in Buraku problem was worthy of special mention.
Japanese: また、部落問題民をも奇兵隊に取り入れていたという事実も特筆するべきである。
English: At the beginning, separated from Kiheitai Army, humble or lowly people were treated as Toyutai.
Japanese: 当初これらの賤民層は屠勇隊として分離され、奇兵隊とは別に扱われていた。
English: They were incorporated into the member of Kiheitai Army later on which was the cause of abolition of discrimination that was the drastic policy Choshu Domain put into force.
Japanese: その後彼等は奇兵隊に組み入れられる事となったが、これを機に長州藩は差別撤廃政策を敷くという抜本的政策を断行したのである。
English: As a result, people in buraku (hamlet) in Choshu Domain were liberated from discrimination raising the standard of living.
Japanese: 結果、長州藩内の被差別身分が差別から解放される事となり部落の生活水準は上昇した。
English: Because the substantial policy of liberation meant to deny flatly Shinokosho (hereditary four-status order consisting of warrior-rulers, peasants, artisans, and merchants), bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) became to avoid Choshu Domain more and more.
Japanese: 実質的な解放政策は士農工商を根幹から否定したため長州藩は幕府からはますます遠ざけられることになった。
English: At the beginning of Meiji period, although opposition uprisings broke out throughout Japan after the Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was put into effect, on the contrary there were few opposition uprisings in the territory of old Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 明治に入り解放令が出されると日本全国で解放令反対一揆が発生したが、旧長州藩内では解放令反対一揆はほとんど起こらなかった。
English: It was an extremely special case that the buraku (hamlet)-elimination policy was put into effect from the end of Edo period through the early Meiji period and sonnoron (the thought respecting the Emperors) coexisted with the buraku-liberation policy that was supposed be incompatible with Emperor system.
Japanese: 被差別部落の解消が幕末期から明治初期にかけて行われた上、本来なら天皇制と相容れないはずの解放政策が尊皇論と共存していたという極めて特殊な事例ではあった。
English: So it is understandable that the Buraku Liberation League is the grounds that Yamaguchi Prefecture calls itself the most advanced prefecture in the respect of Buraku Liberation appealing to other prefectures.
Japanese: が、部落解放同盟が山口県が最も部落解放の進んだ都道府県であることをアピールしている根拠になっているのも理解できる。
English: From 1869 through 1807 a part of officers caused a trouble trying to withdraw from Kiheitai Army besieging government building of Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Japanese: 1869年（明治2年）から1807年にかけて、隊士の一部が脱退騒動を起こして山口県庁舎を包囲した。
English: Although DAIRAKU tried to make a come back gathering comrades, DAIRAKU and other approximately one hundred thirty members were executed after Takayoshi KIDO (Kogoro KATSURA)'s troop suppressed the dispute.
Japanese: 大楽は、同志を糾合して再起を図ったものの、騒動は木戸孝允（桂小五郎）により武力鎮圧され、大楽はじめ130人あまりが処刑された。
English: It is also said that a part of the members of Kiheitai Army had participated in peasants-uprisings which would have influence on Shizoku no hanran (revolt by family or person with samurai ancestors) that often occurred in the early Meiji era.
Japanese: また、奇兵隊士の一部は農民一揆にも参加しており、明治時代初期に多発した士族反乱にも影響を与えたと言われる。
English: This is a troop that Saigo's army organized when they reformed large-sized troop to medium-sized troop after their withdrawal to Yabehama Town lifting a siege around Kumamoto-jo Castle due to the defeat at the battle of Takase-Tahara in the Seinan War.
Japanese: 西南戦争のときに高瀬・田原の戦いに敗れ熊本城の包囲を解いて矢部浜町に退却した西郷軍が大隊を中隊に編制替えしたときにつくられた部隊である。
English: Ninkai NOMURA commanded the Kiheitai Army, advancing the troop to Bungo Province (Oita Prefecture), and played an active part in the middle, latter period of the Seinan War.
Japanese: 野村忍介が指揮し、豊後国（大分県）に進出し、西南戦争の中期・後期に活躍した。
English: Toraijin refers to people who came to Japan from abroad in a broad sense, but it also refers to people who became naturalized citizens of Japan from the Chinese continent via the Nansei Islands or the Korean Peninsula in ancient times in a limited sense.
Japanese: 渡来人（とらいじん）とは、広義には、海外から日本に渡って来た人々を意味するが、狭義には、中国大陸から南西諸島・朝鮮半島などを経由して、古代日本に渡来帰化した人々を指す。
English: Torai (that people came from abroad) did not happen at a time, but there were supposedly some waves of immigration to Japan.
Japanese: 渡来は一時期に集中して起こった訳ではなく、幾つかの移入の波があったと考えられている。
English: In addition, as to the roots, it is said that they originated from various places such as from the Yellow River basin to the Shandong Peninsula, the Yangzi jiang, or from Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula, and until now still the subjects of discussion are the roots and the scale of torai (one compelling theory is that Toraijin mostly came from the North East Asia according to the latest genetic research).
Japanese: また、そのルーツに関しても、黄河流域～山東半島、揚子江流域、満州～朝鮮半島など様々で、渡来の規模とともに今なお議論の対象となっている（最近の遺伝子研究ではおおむねにおいて渡来人は北東アジア起源が有力である)。
English: It is thought that they played an important role in the formation of culture and administration in ancient Japan by beginning with rice cultivation (wet rice culture) and by bringing Buddhism and temple architecture to Japan later.
Japanese: （水稲）稲作に始まり、後には仏教や寺院建築技術などを日本に持ち込み、古代日本における文化・政権形成に大きな役割を演じたと考えられている。
English: It seems that they came to Japan avoiding turmoil and war damage of the Chunqiu period to the later Warring States period (in China) from the Asian Continent about 2500 years ago, at the end of the Jomon period in days gone by.
Japanese: 古くは縄文時代の終わり、約2500年前頃よりアジア大陸から、春秋時代やその後の戦国時代(中国)にかけての混乱と戦災を避けて日本に渡ってきたと思われる。
English: Archeological research indicates that they first imported paddy rice, which led to, as it is called, the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 考古学的調査により、彼らが最初に水稲を持ち込み、いわゆる弥生時代に繋がっていく。
English: (It is said that upland rice has existed for about 3500 years, but there is another theory of about 6000 years.)
Japanese: （陸稲は約3500年前から存在。約6000年前からという説もある。）
English: Later in the Kofun period, people from the Korean Peninsula also entered Japan serving the Yamato Court as a group of art.
Japanese: その後古墳時代にはヤマト王権に仕える技術者集団として朝鮮半島からも人々が渡来した。
English: However, Japan in this period neither accepted Toraijin unilaterally nor grew into their culture easily.
Japanese: なおこの時代の日本は、一方的に渡来人を受け入れその文化に染まっていったわけではない。
English: It is written in the 'Wa; Wajin Kanren no Chugoku Bunken' (Chinese Documents about Japan and Japanese People) that Wajin (Japanese people) sent forth envoys seasonally to Lelang Commandery (an ancient county existed in the northern Korean Peninsula) and that Suisho, the king of Wa, dispatched 160 people (that is known as seiko meaning slave) as paying tribute (to the Han Dynasty) in 107, just after 50 years of Wa no Na no Kokuo no in (the golden seal unearthed in Japan that is curved the kanji that might signify the king of Wa).
Japanese: 「倭・倭人関連の中国文献」には倭人が季節ごとに楽浪郡に使者を遣わしてくることや、倭国王帥升が倭奴国王印のちょうど50年後の107年に入貢の際に160人もの人（生口、奴隷のこと）を送ったことが倭・倭人関連の中国文献の記録に残っている。
English: It is also recorded that they conveyed seiko in the time of Himiko or Toyo (the kanji of Toyo is台与 or 壹與), which proves that such people were sent from Japan side as well.
Japanese: また卑弥呼や台与（壹與）の時代にも生口を送っている記録があり、日本側からも人を送っていたことが見受けられる。
English: The leading Toraijin serving the Yamato Court were the Hata clan, the Yamatonoaya clan, the Kawachi no Fumi clan and the others were such as KURATSUKURI no Suguri Shibatatsuto (known as the Han race of Great Tang, Emperor Keitai, Emperor Bidatsu), KURATSUKURI no Suruna (Emperor Yomei), KURATSUKURI no Tori (Emperor Suiko) who served as busshi (sculptor of Buddhist Statues), TAKAMUKO no Kuromaro, Imakino Ayahitomin, and Ganjin.
Japanese: 大和朝廷に仕えた渡来人としては、秦氏、東漢氏、西文氏が代表的であり、他に鞍部村主司馬達等（止）（大唐漢人、継体天皇・敏達天皇）、鞍部多須奈（用明天皇）、鞍作止利仏師（推古天皇）、高向玄理、新漢人旻、鑑真などがいる。
English: Above all, Zenko KUDARANOKONIKISHI, who was the prince of Gijio (Uija of Baekje), the last King of Paekche, was given the surname of Kudaranokonikishi by Emperor Jito and became the clan of Baekje ancestry.
Japanese: 中でも最後の百済王義慈王の王子の百済王善光は、持統天皇より百済王氏の氏姓を賜り、百済系氏族の長的な存在となった。