nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, it is not known who denied the accusation as the IMAGAWA family executed the entire TODA family, including Yasumitsu TODA who was believed to have been the betrayer.
Japanese: しかし、康光を始めとする今川家を裏切った戸田一族は今川家に滅ぼされており、否定したという戸田家の人物は不明である。
English: MURAOKA believes that the imposter who replaced Ieyasu was Jokei SAKAI, a gannin Buddhist priest who was later known as Jiro Saburo Motonobu SAKAI.
Japanese: 村岡は元康と入れ替わった人物を「酒井浄慶」、後に「世良田二郎三郎元信」と名乗った願人坊主であると推定している。
English: It is believed that Jokei SAKAI's mother was also Ieyasu's mother, ODAI no kata, but, MURAOKA presumes that his father was not Hirotada, but a Buddhist Priest of Ji sect named Matsumotobo EDA.
Japanese: また、彼の母は家康の母とされている於大の方であるが、父は広忠ではなく、江田松本坊という時宗の祈祷僧ではないかとしている。
English: ODAI no kata divorced Hirotada in September 1544 because her brother, Nobumoto MIZUNO sided with Nobuhide.
Japanese: 於大の方は兄の水野信元が信秀についたために、1544年（天文13年）9月頃、広忠と離縁している。
English: It is said then that EDA's child (whose childhood name was Kunimatsu) was given to the care of Ieyasu's grandmother and Dentsuin's mother, Kayouin, the second wife of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: このとき江田との間に生まれた子供（幼名は国松という）は、家康の祖母である華陽院（伝通院の生母、松平清康継室）に養育を頼んだという。
English: Kunimatsu later became the pupil of Saint Chitan, High Priest of Enko-ji Temple and called himself Jokei SAKAI.
Japanese: その後、国松は東照山円光院の住職・智短上人の門に入って「酒井浄慶」と名乗ったとしている。
English: After that, he wandered in Sunpu until one day, he was kidnapped by a man named Mataemon TODA and sold to the gannin priest Joko SAKAI for 5 kan.
Japanese: その後浄慶は駿府を放浪していたが、あるときに戸田又右衛門という男にかどわかされて、銭五貫で子供を欲しがっていた願人坊主の「酒井常光」なる者に売られたという。
English: The term "gannin priest" refers to a priest who begs, or a priest with long hair.
Japanese: ちなみに願人坊主とは、物乞いをする坊主、または髪の毛の伸びた僧を指す。
English: Jokei, who spent his childhood in this way, announced himself as "Jiro Saburo Motonobu SERATA" in 1560.
Japanese: そしてこうして少年時代を過ごした浄慶は、永禄3年に「世良田二郎三郎元信」と名乗る。
English: It is said that he chose the name "SERATA" because his father EDA claimed to have been a descendant of the Nitta Can.
Japanese: 実父の江田が新田氏の末裔であると称していたため、世良田姓を名乗ったという。
English: It is said then that, in May 1560, just before the Battle of Okehazama, Motonobu kidnapped Takechiyo (later known as Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA), the legitimate son of Ieyasu (Motoyasu), who was held hostage in Sunpu and ran away to Toutomi Province.
Japanese: そして同年4月の桶狭間の戦い直前、元信は家康（元康）の嫡男で駿府に人質としてあった竹千代（のちの松平信康）を誘拐して遠江国に逃走したという。
English: According to The Book of the Matsudaira Clan, Kayouin was executed in June 9, 1560 as a result of this incident.
Japanese: これが原因で、華陽院は同年5月6日に処刑されたとされる（「松平記」の記述とされる。
English: However, another historical record states that Kayouin died of an illness in Sunpu in June 9, 1560.
Japanese: 他の史書では華陽院は永禄3年5月6日（1560年5月30日）に駿府で病死したと記述されている）。
English: When Yoshimoto was killed in the Battle of Okehazama and the IMAGAWA Clan became disorganized, "Jiro Saburo Motonobu SERATA" and his comrades captured Hamamatsu-jo Castle and tried to occupy Mikawa Province, but were defeated by Ieyasu (Motoyasu at that time), and forced to submit to him and return his son, Nobuyasu, and became the vassal of Ieyasu.
Japanese: そして桶狭間で義元が信長に討たれて今川氏が混乱すると、「世良田二郎三郎元信」は同志を集めて浜松城を落とし、さらに勢いに乗じて三河を攻略しようとしたが、松平元康と名乗っていた家康に敗れて降伏し、信康の身柄を元康に返還することを条件に罪を許され、その家臣になったという。
English: The lives of "Jiro Saburo Motonobu SERATA" and the character of his father, Matsumoto EDA, reflect the legend that was passed down from the founder of the TOKUGAWA Clan, Chikauji MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: これら、「世良田二郎三郎元信」の経歴やその父江田松本坊なる人物は徳川氏に伝わる始祖松平親氏の伝説と類似している。
English: Born the son of Arichika SERATA, a descendant of Nitta Minamoto Clan, it was said that Chikauji was a travelling monk before coming to Mikawa and entering his wife's family, the SAKAI Clan, after which he was adopted by the MATSUDAIRA Clan.
Japanese: 親氏は新田源氏の一族、世良田有親の子として生まれ、時宗の遊行僧として三河に漂着、酒井氏の入り婿になった後、松平氏の婿となったと伝えられている。
English: However, the truth of this legend is questionable and is perhaps used to enrich the history of the MATSUDAIRA Clan.
Japanese: しかし、この伝説には疑問も多く、松平氏の先祖を粉飾するための伝説とされている。
English: According to MURAOKA, Motoyasu began a campaign against Owari District and fought with Nobunaga ODA in December 30, 1560, but was assassinated by Masatoyo ABE (Yashichiro) in Owari Moriyama.
Japanese: 村岡の主張では、元康は永禄3年（1560年）12月4日、織田信長と戦うべく尾張に向けて侵攻を開始したが、その途上である尾張守山において12月5日、元康が阿部正豊（弥七郎）に暗殺されたという。
English: This story resembles the assassination of Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA by Masatoyo ABE Yashichiro), who was Kiyoyasu's follower.
Japanese: これは家康の祖父松平清康が家臣の阿部正豊（弥七郎）に暗殺された、守山崩れと酷似している。
English: MURAOKA asserts that the legend of Kiyoyasu's assassination was told to disguise the death of Motoyasu.
Japanese: 村岡はこの守山崩れの伝承は、元康の死をカモフラージュするために清康の死として語られたのだと主張している。
English: In order to conceal the death of Motoyasu, Jiro Saburo Motonobu SERATA was selected to replace him.
Japanese: そして元康の死を秘匿し、その身代わりとして立てられたのが、世良田二郎三郎元信であるとする。
English: He was selected because he looked like Motoyasu, as they shared the same mother.
Japanese: 元康と同じ女性を生母であるため、顔立ちが似ており、家臣団は替え玉に選んだのだという。
English: In those days, Mikawa Province was hemmed in by two feudal lords, ODA and IMAGAWA.
Japanese: 当時の松平（徳川）氏の三河は、信長と今川氏という両大名によって挟まれていた。
English: MURAOKA argues that Motoyasu's followers did not consider the infant to be an equal match for the ODA and IMAGAWA Clans, so they allowed Motonobu SERATA to lead the MATSUDAIRA Clan until Nobuyasu grew up.
Japanese: そのような幼児が信長や今川氏と渡り合えるはずがないと考えた家臣団は、信康が成長するまでは、替え玉である世良田二郎三郎元信に松平氏の家督を代行させたというのである。
English: In 1562, Motonobu, posing as Motoyasu, went to Kiyosu Castle to arrange an alliance with Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: 永禄5年（1562年）、元康に成りすました元信は、清洲城に出向いて信長と同盟を結んだ（清洲同盟）。
English: According to MURAOKA, Motonobu changed his name the following year to Ieyasu MATSUDAIRA and so "Two Ieyasus" became "One Ieyasu".
Japanese: 翌年、元信は松平家康と改名し、「二人の家康」から「一人の家康」となったという。
English: This is an account of how the event occurred: Nobunaga became outraged when he discovered from his daughter, Tokuhime, that Nobuyasu and his mother, Tsukiyama-dono were secretly communicating with his old enemy Katsuyori TAKEDA, so he ordered them to be punished.
Japanese: この事件は信康とその生母・築山殿が信長の宿敵である武田勝頼と内通していたことが信康の正室で信長の娘である徳姫によって露見し、激怒した信長が家康に信康と築山殿の処分を求めたという事件である。
English: It is said that Ieyasu, following Nobunaga's order, killed Tsukiyama-dono in September 29, 1579, and forced Nobuyasu to commit seppuku in October 15 1579.
Japanese: 家康はこの条件を呑み、同年8月29日に築山殿、9月15日に信康を殺害したとされる。
English: According to MURAOKA, Ieyasu already had 2 biological children, Hideyasu YUKI (Otsugimaru) and Hidetada TOKUGAWA (Chomatsu, later Takechiyo).
Japanese: 村岡は「すでに元信（家康）には結城秀康（於義丸）と徳川秀忠（長松・竹千代）という実子が生まれていた。
English: It would be understandable that Ieyasu would have wanted his biological children to become the family leaders.
Japanese: 父親の愛情としては、血のつながらない信康より、実の子に家督を継がせたいはずである。
English: So Ieyasu took advantage of the opportunity to execute Nobuyasu and Tsukiyama-dono.
Japanese: だから元信は、信長の処断要求が来るや、これを好機として二人を抹殺してしまった。
English: MURAOKA argues that the tomb of Nobuyasu in Hamamatsu City is modest and that no reburial has been done because Nobuyasu was not Ieyasu's biological child.
Japanese: また、清滝寺(浜松市)にある信康の墓所が質素で、後に改葬もされていないとして、実子でない根拠としている。
English: In January 2, 1586, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA, Deputy Governor of Okazaki Castle, who had been an attendant to Ieyasu since the time when he was sold, fled to Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI.
Japanese: 天正13年（1585年）11月13日、家康に人質時代から近侍しており、岡崎城代であった石川数正が豊臣秀吉のもとに出奔した。
English: In historical fact, Kazumasa led in Okazaki and made efforts to assist Nobuyasu.'
Japanese: 「史実では、数正は信康の後見人として岡崎衆を率いてその補佐を努めていたからである。」
English: Therefore, Kazumasa ISHIKAWA should have been affected by the suicide of Nobuyasu more than anyone else.'
Japanese: 「そのため、1579年の信康自害に誰よりも悲しんだのは、この数正のはずである。」
English: According to MURAOKA, Kazumasa also should have been aware that Motoyasu, having been assassinated, had been replaced by Motonobu SERATA, and so he would have known that Nobuyasu took over the MATSUDAIRA (TOKUGAWA) clan.'
Japanese: 「私の説に従うなら、数正も元康が暗殺されたとき、世良田元信が挿げ変わることは承認していたはずであるが、数正は信康が成長すれば、松平（徳川）氏の家督は信康が継ぐものと信じていたはずである。」
English: Kazumasa was therefore outraged that Nobuyasu had been killed by Ieyasu on Nobunaga's order.'
Japanese: 「であるから、信康が信長の処断要求に乗じた家康の命令で処断されたことに、数正は強い憤激を覚えていたはずである。」
English: MURAOKA suggests that Motonobu may have exacted this punishment in revenge for the late Kazumasa.
Japanese: これを村岡は「家康こと元信の亡き数正に対する意趣返しではないのであろうか」と推定している。
English: The tomb of Chikauji, ancestor of Mikawa MATSUDAIRA Clan, is not in Mikawa Province, but in Shomyo-Ji Temple in Fuchu Honmachi, Musashi Province.
Japanese: 三河松平氏の祖先である親氏の墓所は三河に無く、武蔵国府中本町の称名寺(府中市)に存在する。
English: MURAOKA's book was sold for 25 sen, but only 500 copies were issued before it went out of print and it was never reprinted.
Japanese: 村岡の本の定価は25銭で、最初は500部が出版されたが、重版されず絶版となった。
English: It is said that the book went out of print because the TOKUGAWA family and followers of Shogun were so outraged at the contents of the book that they threatened the publisher, Minyu Company, and its manager, Soho TOKUTOMI, who ultimately succumbed to the pressure because he wanted to become a member of Kizokuin (the House of Peers).
Japanese: 絶版となった理由は、その著書の内容に憤激した徳川氏一族や旧徳川氏の幕臣が、民友社に圧力をかけたためという説や、徳富蘇峰が貴族院議員就任を目指しており、貴族院に多数存在する徳川家関係者に遠慮したためとも言われる。
English: Zenji ISOKAWA also asserts that the book also received backlash because although it took the style of a historical document, it was also a criticism of Aritomo YAMAGATA and Hirobumi ITO, outstanding statesmen who made great contributions during the Meiji era.
Japanese: また、礫川全次はこの本は歴史書の体裁をとった明治の元勲山県有朋や伊藤博文への批判書だとしており、両者の圧力があった可能性を指摘している。
English: In any case, MURAOKA's theory was not given much credit from academics or the public, and was therefore forgotten by people before the war.
Japanese: いずれにせよ、村岡説は学会や世間に反響を起こすこともなく、戦前は完全に忘れられた存在であった。
English: MURAOKA distinguished Ieyasu from Motonobu SERATA and assumed that Ieyasu was a wanderer like Soun HOJO.'
Japanese: 「家康と世良田元信を別人とし、そして家康を北条早雲なみの流れ者と仮定している。」
English: On that basis, he ignored the achievements of MATSUDAIRA (TOKUGAWA), Ieyasu's ancestors in Mikawa Province.'
Japanese: 「そのうえで、元康の存在から三河における松平（徳川）氏の過去の事蹟や系図を抹殺しすぎている。」
English: There are no historical materials to support the suggestion that Motonobu replaced Ieyasu, not in the TOKUGAWA family, other lords' families or in any other general documents.
Japanese: 入れ替わりがあったということを裏付ける同時代史料は徳川家関係はもとより、他家や一般の文書にも存在しない。
English: In those days, the price of a slave was 20 to 30 sen, so the price of 5 kan (1,000 kan=10,000 yen) seems too expensive for a child with unknown status and background.
Japanese: 当時、人売りによって売買される奴隷の価格は二十銭から三十銭とされており、身分もわからない子供の値段として五貫文は高額すぎる。
English: Furthermore, the price is inconsistent with the "Records of Sunpu Government"; only MURAOKA's book cites "5 kanmon", while other records cite "500 kanmon".
Japanese: また、駿府政事録の記事にある金額を五貫文としているのは村岡の引用のみであり、現在発見されている駿府政事録の諸本では五百貫文とされている。
English: The gravestone of Chikauji which was discovered in Shomyo-ji Temple (Fuchu City) in 1801, the late Edo Period, is believed to have been manufactured during the Edo Period.
Japanese: 称名寺(府中市)で発見された親氏の墓碑は、江戸時代後期の1801年（享和元年）に発見されたもので、江戸時代に制作されたものと見られている。
English: Since Kayouin had been in Sunpu before Takechiyo was taken hostage, she could not have been able to secretly receive the child (Takechiyo) of Odai no kata from the ODA clan.
Japanese: 華陽院は竹千代が人質に出される前から駿府にいたため、織田方の於大の方の子を密かに受け取れる環境にない。
English: It is commonly known that at the time when Motonobu occupied Hamamatsu-jo Castle, the Castle was called Hikiuma Castle and was controlled by the INOO Clan.
Japanese: 元信が浜松城を乗っ取ったとされる当時、浜松城は曳馬城と呼ばれており、飯尾氏が支配していた。
English: Hamamatsu-jo Castle was held by the INOO Clan, until it was captured by Ieyasu in 1568 and there was no material to prove that it was taken over.
Japanese: 1568年（永禄11年）に家康に攻略されるまでは飯尾氏が守っており、乗っ取られたという事実は無く、それを証明する資料も存在しない。
English: After the death of Nobuyasu, Ieyasu erected a mausoleum, a memorial tablet hall and other monuments for Nobuyasu in Jodo Sect Mausoleum near Futamata-jo Castle.
Japanese: 信康の死にあたって、家康は二俣城の近くにあった浄土宗の庵所に信康の廟所、位牌堂、その他の諸堂を建立した。
English: In 1581, Ieyasu visited the mausoleum where Nobuyasu was buried and changed the name of temple to Kiyotaki-dera Temple and gave Nobuyasu the posthumous Buddhist name of "Master of Kiyotaki-dera Temple".
Japanese: 1581年（天正9年）、家康は信康を葬った庵所を訪れ、清滝寺(浜松市)と改名させ、信康に清瀧寺殿の法名を贈った。
English: Moreover, the tomb of Nobuyasu's head is in Wakamiya Hachimangu Shrine in Okazaki City, (formerly known as Sugao Hachimangu until Nobunaga's death) and it is enshrined together as a deity.
Japanese: また、信康の首塚は若宮八幡宮（岡崎市）（信長死去までは菅生八幡宮）に存在し、祭神として合祀されている。
English: Also Masanari HATTORI, who assisted in Nobuyasu's seppuku, was ordered by Ieyasu to erect Sainen-ji Temple in Shinjuku Ward.
Japanese: その他、信康の介錯を行った服部正成は家康の内命を受け、西念寺(新宿区)を建立した。
English: The ISHIKAWA clan's dismissal and loss of rank and territories can be understood even without the imposter theory; they can be seen as acts of revenge for the betrayal of Ieyasu.
Japanese: 石川兄弟の改易は、影武者説を取らなくても裏切った事への報復としても話が成立する。
English: Between 1955 and 1964, Norio NANJO wrote a book called "Begging Priest, Ieyasu", which was based on MURAOKA's book (NANJO later updated the book and changed the title to "300 Years Veil: A different view of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA").
Japanese: 昭和30年代、南條範夫が村岡の著書を基にし、『願人坊主家康』（後に加筆改題して『三百年のベール―異伝徳川家康』）という小説を著した。
English: In 1963, Eiji SHINBA, a sotomago (grandchild from a daughter married into another family) of Muraoka, published a document titled "Question in History: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA".
Japanese: 昭和38年には村岡の外孫に当たる榛葉英治が、『史疑徳川家康』を出版した。
English: In 2000, Zenji ISOKAWA wrote a document titled "Question in History: Phantom Story of Ieyasu", which examined the background of MURAOKA's book.
Japanese: 2000年には礫川全次が『史疑　幻の家康論』を著し、同書の背景を検証した。
English: Keiichiro RYU wrote a book called "Imposter: Ieyasu TOKUGAWA" in which he proposed that Ieyasu died in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and that an imposter took over at that point.
Japanese: 隆慶一郎は家康が1600年の関ヶ原の戦いの際に死去し、その後は影武者が代役として立てられたという設定で小説「影武者徳川家康」を著している。
English: There is also a theory that Ieyasu died in the Summer Siege of Osaka Castle and that an imposter took his place for one year.
Japanese: 家康は大坂夏の陣で戦死してその後の1年間は影武者であったとする説もある。
English: According to this theory, in a desperate fight with Nobushige SANADA, Ieyasu panicked and cried out "I would commit suicide", but was then remonstrated by his followers.
Japanese: この説によると、真田信繁の奮戦により恐慌状態に陥った家康は自害すると叫んで部下に誡められた。
English: Ieyasu escaped in a palanquin, but Matabee GOTO pushed a spear into the palanquin, and he was seriously injured and carried to the temple in Sakai where he later died.
Japanese: しかし駕籠に乗せられ逃亡中に、後藤又兵衛が家康の駕籠を槍で突き刺し、重傷を負った家康は堺の寺に運ばれそこで死亡したとするものである。
English: It is said that after the death of Ieyasu, Hidemasa OGASAWARA was selected as his substitute and posed as Ieyasu until the time of Ieyasu's death as recorded in the official history.
Japanese: 家康の代役として小笠原秀政が選ばれ、その後正史で家康が死んだ時期まで影武者として家康を名乗っていたと言われる。
English: There is a grave labeled "Ieyasu's Tomb" in Nanso-ji Temple in Sakai City and the story of this grave, which has been handed down from generation to generation, supports this theory.
Japanese: 堺市の南宗寺に「家康の墓」と称されるものがあり、その説を裏付けるものとして語り継がれている。
English: Also, when Hidetada and Iemitsu went to Kyoto Capital, they paid respect to the tomb in Nanso-ji Temple and earnestly requested the establishment of Tosho-gu Shrine, an act which also supports the theory that the tomb in Nanso-ji Temple is the tomb of the real Ieyasu.
Japanese: 南宗寺に徳川秀忠・家光が上洛した際に自ら参拝していることや、東照宮が勧請されていたこともその傍証とされることがある。
English: The Omi Komuro Domain was a domain which existed in Komuro, Azai County, Omi Province (Present: Komuro-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture [Previous: Azai-cho, Higashiazai County]).
Japanese: 近江小室藩（おうみこむろはん）は、近江国浅井郡小室（現在の滋賀県長浜市小室町（旧：東浅井郡浅井町域））に存在した藩。
English: Masakazu's father Masatsugu KOBORI, who served Nagamasa AZAI and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was given a territory of 14,460 koku based on the Bitchu Matsuyama Domain after the Battle of Sekigahara for taking sides with the East squad successfully in it.
Japanese: 政一の父・小堀正次は浅井長政、豊臣秀吉に仕え、関ヶ原の戦いでは東軍に与して功を挙げたことから、戦後に備中松山藩を中心として1万4460石の所領を与えられた。
English: In 1619, Masakazu was transferred from Bitchu Matsuyama to Omi Komuro, and there the Omi Komuro Domain was founded.
Japanese: 元和(日本)5年（1619年）、政一は備中松山より近江小室に移され、ここに近江小室藩が立藩した。
English: As the fourth lord of the domain, Masahusa KOBORI, also allocated 500 koku and 300 koku respectively to his two younger brothers, the Kobori clan became the feudal lord of 10,630 koku.
Japanese: 第4代藩主・小堀政房も弟二人に500石、300石を分与したため、小堀氏は1万630石の大名となる。
English: For the fifth lord of the domain Masamine KOBORI's seven-and-a-half-year service as a position of Wakadoshiyori (junior councilor), the Kobori clan, which was supposed to be a nonhereditary feudal lord, was admitted to amend the status into Fudai Daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) and was able to wait on a higher-ranked sheat to meet the Shogun.
Japanese: 第5代藩主・小堀政峯は7年半にわたって若年寄を努めたことから、本来なら小堀氏は外様大名であったが、この功績により譜代大名の格式を許され、伺候席となった。
English: However, Masamichi KOBORI, who succeeded to deceased Masamine as the sixth lord of the domain, had served in the posts including Fushimi bugyo, but was overthrown in 1785, the end of the Tanuma period, because he was cooperative with Okitsugu TANUMA who was influential as Roju (senior councilor).
Japanese: しかし政峯の死後、後を継いだ第6代藩主の小堀政方は伏見奉行などを歴任し、さらに老中として権勢を振るった田沼意次に対して協力的な態度をとったため、田沼時代も末期の天明5年（1785年）に失脚した。
English: When Okitsugu was overthrown the following year, as he was a feudal lord of pro-Tanuma group, he was imposed sanctions for committing fraud and violating service regulations while in Fushimi bugyo on June 9, 1788, and left to the Okubo family, the lord of the Odawara Domain, Sagami Province, by Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA who tied to purge the Tanuma group thoroughly.
Japanese: 翌年に意次が失脚すると、親田沼派の大名であったということから、田沼派の徹底的な粛清を図る松平定信によって天明8年（1788年)5月6日伏見奉行在職中、不正、服務規程違反などがあったために改易され、相模国小田原藩主大久保家にお預けの身となった。
English: When sai is used as a unit for weighing a load of a ship or a building stone, 1 sai is deemed to have the cubic volume of 1 shaku on a side (1 shaku is about 30.3 centimeters).
Japanese: 船の積み荷や石材を量る場合には一辺1尺の立方体の体積（1立方尺）を指す。
English: 1 cubic shaku is roughly equal to 0.027826 cubic meters (27.876 liters) in the metric system.
Japanese: メートル法では約0.027826立方メートル（27.876リットル）となる。
English: When sai is used as a unit for weighing lumber (especially valuable lumber), 1 sai is deemed to have the volume of 1 sun square multiplied by 1 ken length or by 2 ken length in some regions of Japan (1 sun is about 3.03 centimeters, and 1 ken is about 1.8182 meters).
Japanese: 木材、特に貴重材の体積（材積）については、一寸角で長さ1間（地方によっては2間）の体積を指す。
English: Besides, a 10th volume of 1 shaku, or a 1000th of 1 sho, is also called 1 sai.
Japanese: それとは別に、勺の10分の1の容積（1,000分の1升）も才という。
English: Rebel army is a term opposed to a term "Imperial Army" which was made to deny legitimacy of some armies which appeared in the history of Japan.
Japanese: 賊軍（ぞくぐん）とは、「官軍」の対語で、日本史上その軍の正当性を否定する言葉。
English: At the end of the Edo period, the Choshu Domain and their followers, who resorted to drastic measures such as the rebellion at the Kinmon Gate, were first called a rebel army.
Japanese: 幕末においては当初禁門の変などで強攻策を主張した長州藩及びその支持者が賊軍とされた。
English: But after the death of Emperor Komei, authority power relationship was changed in the Imperial Palace, and the army of the Edo Bakufu which had been treated as the Imperial army, but they were ousted from the position by conspiracy of the Satsuma and Choshu Domains.
Japanese: ところが孝明天皇の死後、宮中の権力変化がおこり、それまで官軍として君臨した江戸幕府軍は薩摩藩長州藩の謀略によってその地位を奪われた。
English: Since the army of the Satsuma and Choshu Domains became Imperial armies, the army of Bakufu who fought against Satsuma and Choshu became a "rebel army".
Japanese: さらに薩長軍が官軍となってしまった為、薩長軍と戦った幕府軍は「賊軍」ということになってしまった。
English: The army of The Edo Bakufu had been stated as a rebel army in history books for long time, and especially, the leading party of the Bakufu army, the Aizu Domain and the Ouetsu-reppan alliance were treated as the evil personified.
Japanese: 歴史書では長年にわたって薩長に逆らった江戸幕府軍は賊軍扱いされ、幕府軍の主力を占めた会津藩、奥羽越列藩同盟は賊軍として悪の権化のように扱われた。
English: During the Meiji period, only feudal retainers of the former Satsuma Domain and their followers were virtually treated as a "rebel army".
Japanese: 実質的に明治時代「賊軍」となったのは西南戦争での旧薩摩藩士族とその同調者のみである。
English: Enemies such as the Qing Dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russian Empire during the Japanese-Russo War were not called a "rebel army".
Japanese: 日清戦争における清、日露戦争におけるロシア帝国などは敵ではあるが「賊軍」とは言われない。
English: The army of the former Edo Bakufu had been disgraceduntil the postwar period, but people concerned in the Seinan War promptly took an effort to redeem their honor.
Japanese: ただ、戦後になるまで汚名をかぶっていた旧幕府軍に対し、西南戦争関係者の名誉回復は比較的早かった。
English: Firstly, Takamori SAIGO was granted an amnesty in 1889, and then, until the end of the Taisho period, most people concerned in the Seinan War redeemed their honor.
Japanese: 明治22年に西郷隆盛が大赦で許されたのを皮切りに、大正時代が終わるまでに関係者の多くは名誉回復している。
English: Jinruikan Incident, also known as 'Gakujutsu-Jinruikan Incident' or Osaka Exhibition Incident,' occurred at 'Gakujutsu-Jinruikan' in the fifth National Industrial Exhibition held in 1903 at Tennoji, Osaka, at the exhibition, living people dressed in their ethnic costumes and their ethnic houses were exhibited, those people were from Okinawa, Korea, India, Malaysia, Java and Africa as well as the Ainu tribe and the Takasago tribe of Taiwan.
Japanese: 人類館事件（じんるいかんじけん、「学術人類館事件」、「大阪博覧会事件」とも）は、1903年に大阪天王寺で開かれた第5回内国勧業博覧会の「学術人類館」において、沖縄県や、朝鮮・アイヌ・台湾高砂族・インド・マレー・ジャワ・アフリカの人々を、民族衣装姿でそれぞれの民族住居に住まわせ展示され、見世物として観覧させた事件である。
English: The exhibitions of the middle 19th century to the early 20th century are said to have served as a 'giant system to display Imperialism.'
Japanese: 19世紀半ばから20世紀初頭における博覧会は「帝国主義の巨大なディスプレイ装置」であったといわれる。
English: Originally exhibitions were held to show off the power of host countries, but as the imperialist powers extended their colonies, they began to collect and display various items to show the vastness of their territories to their nation and the outside the world.
Japanese: 博覧会は元々その開催国の国力を誇示するという性格を有していたが、帝国主義列強の植民地支配が拡大すると、その支配領域の広大さを内外に示すために様々な物品が集められ展示されるようになる。
English: The Paris World Exposition in 1889 was the first exhibition where humans were put on display.
Japanese: 人間そのものの展示が博覧会に登場したのは、1889年のパリ万国博覧会(1889年)である。
English: Behind those 'human exhibition', there were ideologies such as evolutionism and racism which spread globally at that time.
Japanese: こうした「人間の展示」の背後には、当時席巻していた社会進化論と人種差別主義というイデオロギーが介在していた。
English: Evolutionism takes a simple view of humankind development that all mankind develop through the same process.
Japanese: 社会進化論は、あらゆる人類が同じ発展をすると考える単一的発展史観を取る。
English: Therefore, regional differences in different area across the world are understood as difference of their stage of historical development.
Japanese: したがって世界各地の地域的な差異を歴史的な発展程度に置き換えて理解する。
English: In other words, civilizations of Africa and Asia were considered as the stage in development which Europe had experienced in distant past, and those civilizations and people outside Europe were regarded as'primitive' and 'inferior'.
Japanese: つまりアフリカやアジアの文明は、かつてヨーロッパが遠い過去において経験した発展段階だと考え、ヨーロッパ文明圏以外の人々・地域を「遅れた」「劣った」文明とみなした。
English: This means that 'human exhibition' is a way where viewers see the 'real' lifestyles that are different from theirs to 'discover' the differences between them, and to interpret it as 'inferiority'.
Japanese: 生きた「人間の展示」とは、観覧者たちが自らとは異なる生活様式を「実際」に見ることによって、差異を「発見」し、それを「劣等性」と読み替え確認する仕組みなのである。
English: In the Meiji period, products of culture and systems were introduced to Japan from Western in various ways and exhibition was one of them.
Japanese: 明治期、様々な文物・制度が西欧より移入されたが、博覧会という催しもその一つであった。
English: As Japan had participated in international exhibitions since the end of the Edo period, it began to actively hold 'the National Industrial Exhibitions' as a means of fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 国際博覧会への参加自体は幕末から始まっていたが、明治の世になると富国強兵の手段として盛んに「内国勧業博覧会」というものが開催された。
English: The initial purpose of the exhibitions was to serve as a place to introduce the products of culture and learn the techniques from the Western, and to work on them.
Japanese: 具体的には西欧文明の文物・技術の紹介と習得、そしてその切磋琢磨の場の提供というのが本来の目的であった。