nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In those days this facility was revolutionary in that educational and self-supportive approaches were taken towards minor offenders and those who were likely to commit crimes.
Japanese: 軽度犯罪者・虞犯者に対して教育的・自立支援的なアプローチを取り入れた処遇を行った点が当時としては画期的だった。
English: Before the set-up of the Ninsokuyoseba, there used to be a system called Mizukaeninsoku (Laborers for Water Drainage) of Sado Gold Mine, which was designed to isolate and rehabilitate the homeless.
Japanese: 人足寄場の設置以前には、無宿の隔離及び更生政策として佐渡金山への水替人足の制度があった。
English: However, Mizukaeninsoku demanded severe labor service, and it was more a punishment than a rehabilitation.
Japanese: しかし、水替人足は非常に厳しい労役を強いられるものであり、更生というより懲罰という側面が強かった。
English: Therefore, Nobutame HASEGAWA, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery), suggested to Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA that an accomodation facility should be built mainly for the purpose of rehabilitation of criminals, so Ninsokuyoseba was set up.
Japanese: そのため、犯罪者の更生を主な目的とした収容施設を作ることを火付盗賊改方長官である長谷川宣以が松平定信に提案し、人足寄場が設置された。
English: In 1789, Nobutame HASEGAWA, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery), proposed the establishment of Ninsokuyoseba to Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA, Roju (Seniour Councilor).
Japanese: 寛政元年（1789年）火付盗賊改方長官・長谷川宣以が老中・松平定信に人足寄場設置を建言。
English: In the beginning, Director for Hitsuke Tozoku Aratame-kata (Investigative Division for Arson and Organized Robbery) was in charge of Ninsokuyoseba, but after the retirement of Heizo in 1792 an official position of Ninsokuyoseba Bugyo (Magistrate) was installed which was affiliated with a town magistrate's office.
Japanese: 最初期は火付盗賊改方長官が所管していたが、平蔵が寛政4年（1792年）に退任してからは町奉行所に属する人足寄場奉行として新たに役職が設置された。
English: Also working for Ninsokuyoseba were Yoriki (police sergeant), who was sent by the town magistrate's office as Mokudai (Deputy), Doshin (police constable), and Yoseba Sahainin (the kind of sponsor who guarantees the characters of the criminals who were chosen out of the exemplary criminals and whose relatives were living away from Edo), doctors, teachers of Shin school (popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings in the Edo period), boatmen and others.
Japanese: 配下には町奉行所から目代として派遣された与力、同心、寄場差配人（模範的な人足の中から選抜された身寄が遠国にいる人足の身元を引き受ける保証人の類）、医師、心学の教師、船頭等が所属していた。
English: Since Ninsokuyoseba lacked a funding from the Shogunate, Heizo borrowed a funding from the Shogunate to invest in the exchange market.
Japanese: 幕府からの運営資金が不足したため、平蔵は幕府から資金を借りて銭相場に投資した。
English: Then they applied the profits to the management funding, and rented the sites of the mansions of feudal lords to influential merchants.
Japanese: その利益を運営資金に充当、また大名屋敷跡地を有力商人に資材置き場として賃貸した。
English: They even had to take drastic measures as applying the rent to the management funding.
Japanese: その借地代をも運営資金に充当する、という型破りの手段を用いざるを得なかった。
English: It was located around Ishikawa-jima Island, Edo (present day Tsukuda 2 Chuo-me, Chuo- ku, Tokyo).
Japanese: 所在地は江戸石川島（現在の東京都中央区(東京都)佃(東京都中央区)2丁目）付近にあった。
English: Ninsokuyoseba was also set up in Kamigo Village, Tsukuba County, Hitachi Province (present day Kamigo, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture), Osaka, and Hakodate (present day Hakodate City).
Japanese: 他に常陸国筑波郡上郷村（現在の茨城県つくば市上郷）、大阪、函館市（現在の函館市）に設置された。
English: It accomodated the homeless, who landed in Edo after abandoning fields because of famine, for instance, and minor offenders who received such punishments as tatoos and beating, for about three years.
Japanese: 飢饉などで田畑を捨て江戸に流れ込んできた無宿者や入墨、敲等の処分を受けた軽罪人を約3年間収容した。
English: Programs were conducted for supporting independence and preventing recidivism by providing lifestyle guidance and professional training.
Japanese: 生活指導や職業訓練を施して自立を支援し、再犯を防ぐためのプログラムが行われていた。
English: Those who had skills of carpentry and production of fittings were let to train them, and those who had no special skills were instructed to do simple labor (manual sideline work) and civil engeneering work.
Japanese: 大工、建具製作等の特技をもつ者にはそれらを訓練させ、特技のない者には単純軽作業（手内職）や土木作業を指導した。
English: Just as the present-day jail, the laborers were paid for their labor, but part of the wages were mandatorily saved in order to use it later as a funding for their rehabilitation when they were released after serving the three-year term.
Japanese: 現在の刑務所と同様に労働に対する手当を支給したが、手当額の一部を強制貯金し、3年の収容期間を終えて出所する際にはこの貯金を交付し、彼らの更生資金に当てさせるというシステムだった。
English: As part of the lifestyle guidance progrram, on three days a month, namely 3, 13, and 23, from 5 to 8 pm, a lecture was given by Doni NAKAZAWA, an expert on Sekimon Shingaku (giving clear teachings and episodes of humanity, loyalty, and justice by mixing Shintoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism).
Japanese: 生活指導プログラムとして、月3回三のつく日の暮六つ時から五つ時まで石門心学（神道・仏教・儒教を混ぜて仁義忠孝や因果応報などの教訓や逸話をわかりやすく説く）の大家・中沢道二の講義も実施された。
English: It is said that the criminals were often so moved by the lecture that they shed tears, and the lecture provided spiritual support for their rehabilitation (according to a website "Onihei to Ninshokuyakuba").
Japanese: 収容者はその講話に感動してよく涙を流したといわれ社会復帰にあたっての精神的な支えになった（より）。
English: After serving their terms, land and shops were provided to those who wished to do business in Edo, and fields were provided for peasants, and tools for carpenters.
Japanese: 収容期間満了後、江戸での商売を希望する者には土地や店舗を、農民には田畑、大工になる者にはその道具を支給するなどした。
English: However, the homeless who were accomodated there used be criminals, so they often caused troubles as follows:
Japanese: ただし収容された無宿は元々犯罪者崩れだったため、様々な問題を引き起こすことも多かった。
English: When they were made to do construction work outside the walls, they annoyed peasants by calling themselves "laborers for the Shogunate."
Japanese: 囲いの外に出して土木作業をさせると「公儀の御人足だ」と称して周辺の百姓達を困らせる。
English: When they were made to do the filiing of documents in the warehouse of documents of the Ministry of Finance in Takebashi, they tore the documents spoiled by officials and took them to the Yoseba (because sheets of paper were very expensive those days).
Japanese: 竹橋にある勘定所の文書倉庫で書類整理をさせると、役人が書き損じた書類を勝手に破いて寄場に持ち帰る（紙は当時非常に高価だった）。
English: Even when a Doshin, who was working as a supervisor, reprimanded them, they talked back ("whatever I do, my head will fall off in the end.
Japanese: 監視役の同心が説教しても開き直る（「どんなことをしても首が落ちるだけ。
English: Bu was body measurement and "one bu" was the length of two steps.
Japanese: 右足を踏み出し、次に左足を踏み出した時の、起点から踏み出した左足までの長さ（日本語でいう「2歩」）を「1歩」とする身体尺であった。
English: Six shaku (about 1.8 m) and eight shaku (about 2.4 m) are actually longer than the length of two steps, however, because bu was related to shaku at a time when a shaku was shorter than it is now.
Japanese: 8尺、6尺はそれぞれ約2.4m、約1.8mで歩幅にしては少し長いが、これは尺が現在よりも短かった時代に尺と関連づけられたためである。
English: The unit of length based on a step was used around the world, and pace (about 76cm) was used in English-speaking countries while Shuritt (71-75cm) was used in Germany.
Japanese: 歩幅を長さの単位にすることは世界各地で行われており、英語圏ではペース（pace,約76cm）、ドイツではシュリット（Schritt,71～75cm）という単位が使われていた。
English: The unit of passus was used in ancient Rome and mile originated from mille passuum (thousandfold passus).
Japanese: 古代ローマにはパッスス（passus）という単位があり、この1000倍のミレパッスム（millepassuum）がマイル（mile）の由来とされている。
English: Under the title "Government Organization of Early Modern Japan," this article outlines the changes of major agencies of the central government of Japan from rom January 3, 1868, when the Meiji restoration was started with Restoration of Imperial Rule, to December 24, 1889, when the official organization system under the Cabinet was established.
Japanese: 近代日本の官制（きんだいにほんのかんせい）は、王政復古(日本)によって明治維新が始まった慶応3年12月9日(旧暦)（西暦1868年1月3日）から、内閣官制が制定された1889年（明治22年）12月24日に至るまでの中央政府における主な機関の変遷を概観する。
English: For the government organization before modern times, refer to "Government Organization in Japan," and for the current cabinet system, refer to "Cabine of Japan," respectively.
Japanese: 近代以前の律令官制については日本の官制を、内閣制度については内閣(日本)を参照。
English: From January 3, 1868 to June 11, 1868
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日（1868年1月3日）-慶応4年閏4月21日（1868年6月11日）
English: On January 3, 1868, three offices of Sosai, Gijo and Sanyo (all of them, roughly concilors) were established, abolishing the positions of Sessho Kampaku (regent and chief adviser to the Emperor), Seii Taishogun (shogun, literally meaning, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), Nairan (private inspection), Chokumon (questions by Emperor), Kokujigakari (officials in charge of state affairs), Giso (a position conveying what the congress decides to Emperor), Buke Tenso (a position conveying messages between Emperor and the shogunate), Shugoshiki (military governor) and Shoshidai (the shogunate's military governor stationed in Kyoto).
Japanese: 慶応3年12月9日（1868年1月3日）、総裁・議定・参与の三職を置き、摂政・関白・征夷大将軍・内覧・勅問・国事掛・議奏・武家伝奏・守護職・所司代を廃止した。
English: On February 10, 1868, the structure of the three offices was regulated and organized.
Japanese: 明治元年1月17日（1868年2月10日）、三職の職制を定めて分課した。
English: On February 25, 1868, seven sections were reorganized into eight bureaux (General Bureau was created).
Japanese: 明治元年2月3日（1868年2月25日）、7課を改めて8局とした（総裁局を新設）。
English: On April 6, 1868, the basic policies of the government were presented according to the Charter Oath of Five Articles.
Japanese: 明治元年3月14日（1868年4月6日）、五箇条の御誓文により、政府の基本方針が示された。
English: From June 11, 1868 to August 15, 1869
Japanese: 慶応4年閏4月21日（1868年6月11日）-明治2年7月8日（1869年8月15日）
English: On April 11, 1868, the authority of Dajokan (Grand Council of State) was divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, and each of them was led by Giseikan (an official to take charge of legislation), Gyoseikan (an official to take charge of administration) and Keihokan (an official to take charge of criminal justice), respectively.
Japanese: 慶応4年閏4月21日（1868年6月11日）、太政官の権力を立法・行法・司法の三権に分け、それぞれ議政官・行政官・刑法官に担当させることなどを定めた政体書を出した。
English: On September 3, 1868, the Meiji Emperor visited Tokyo and issued an imperial edict for renaming Edo as Tokyo.
Japanese: 明治元年7月17日（1868年9月3日）、明治天皇が東京に行幸し、江戸ヲ称シテ東京ト為スノ詔書を出した。
English: From August 15, 1869 to September 13, 1871
Japanese: 明治2年7月8日（1869年8月15日）-明治4年7月29日（1871年9月13日）
English: On August 15, 1869, the whole system of job grades and court ranks was revised.
Japanese: 明治2年7月8日（1869年8月15日）、官位（官職と位階）を全面改正。
English: Jushii (Junior Fourth Rank) and lower ranks had been divided into two ("higher" and "lower") but such division was abolished, and court ranks were reorganized into eighteen stages from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Shosoi (Later Shokui (Senior Ninth Rank) was newly created and the number of court ranks increased to twenty on September 25, 1869).
Japanese: 従来、従四位以下にあった上下を廃止し、位階を正一位から少初位まで全18階とする（同年8月20日（1869年9月25日）、正九位を新設し、全20階とする。）。
English: From September 13, 1871 to April 14, 1875
Japanese: 明治4年7月29日（1871年9月13日）-1875年（明治8年）4月14日
English: From April 14, 1875 to December 22, 1885
Japanese: 1875年（明治8年）4月14日-1885年（明治18年）12月22日
English: On April 14, 1875, the imperial edict to establish a constitutional government (gradually establishing the constitutional government) was issued.
Japanese: 1875年（明治8年）4月14日、立憲政体の詔書（漸次立憲政体樹立の詔）が出される。
English: From December 22, 1885 to December 24, 1889
Japanese: 1885年（明治18年）12月22日-1889年（明治22年）12月24日
English: On December 22, 1885, with the No.69 Dajokan tasshi (proclamation by the Grand Council of State) of 1885 and by establishing the authorities of the Cabinet, the system of Daijokan was abolished and the Cabinet system was created.
Japanese: 1885年（明治18年）12月22日、明治18年太政官達第69号および内閣職権を定めて太政官制を廃止し、内閣制を創設する。
English: From December 24, 1889 to May 3, 1947
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）12月24日-1947年（昭和22年）5月3日
English: On December 24, 1889, the official organization system under the Cabinet (No.135 Imperial Edict of 1889) was established.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）12月24日、内閣官制（明治22年勅令第135号）を定める。
English: Sohatsu is a hairstyle adopted by male Shinto priests and Confucian scholars from the early part of the Edo period.
Japanese: 総髪（そうはつ）は、江戸時代前期から男性神官や儒学者の髪形として結われたもの。
English: It is a hairstyle in which the forehead is not shaved and the bangs are slicked backward, and the hair is tied together in the back or a topknot is made.
Japanese: さかやきを剃らずに前髪を後ろに撫で付けて、髪を後ろで引き結ぶか髷を作った形を言う。
English: The hairstyle in which the hair is tied in a high position is called 'Kuwai atama' for the reason that it looks like kuwai (arrowhead), and most doctors adopt this hairstyle in jidaigeki (historical plays), but this is fictional.
Japanese: 髪を結ぶ位置が高いものは形がクワイに似ることから「慈姑頭」と呼び、時代劇の医者は大体この髪形をしているが、これはフィクション。
English: Normally doctors, who went to the war fronts as noncombatants ("kinsoi" or surgeons), shaved their head in order to avoid being shot by mistake; hence, men without a hair were recognized either as a doctor or as a monk in the Edo period.
Japanese: 本来、医者は非戦闘員（金創医）として戦場に出るため、誤射を防ぐ目的で髪を剃り上げていたので、江戸の人々は無髪の頭を見れば医者か僧とわかった。
English: As Nyobon (sexual indulgence) is a sin for Buddhist monks, some infidel monks went to play at Yoshihara yukaku (red-light district) pretending to be a doctor or a master of haiku (a Japanese poem in seventeen syllables having a 5-7-5 syllabic form and traditionally containing a reference to the seasons).
Japanese: 僧侶の女犯は罪であったため、不真面目な僧侶などは医者や俳句の師匠の振りをして吉原遊廓に出向きなどもした。
English: Shinto priests and Confucians, in order to show that they had no intention to fight for ideological reasons, did not make Sakayaki (shaved forehead), which was a symbol of samurai (warriors), and retained their hair.
Japanese: 神官や儒者は思想上の問題から、戦闘にかかわる意思がないことを誇示するために、武士の印であった月代を剃らないでそのまま髪を残していた。
English: Furthermore, not only Confucians but also other thinkers selected this hairstyle; thus, Sohatsu became fashionable among young people with the thought of Sonno Joi (anti-foreign imperialism) at the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: また、儒者に限らず他の思想家なども結い、幕末頃には尊皇攘夷思想の若者の間に流行している。
English: A party cabinet is a cabinet organized on the basis of political parties with seats in the parliament.
Japanese: 政党内閣（せいとうないかく）とは、議会に議席を保持する政党を基礎に組織された内閣のこと。
English: Today, countries which practice a parliamentary democracy, or an indirect democracy, have a party cabinet.
Japanese: 現在では議会制民主主義（間接民主制）の制度を取り入れている諸国の内閣が政党内閣の形態である。
English: However, the cabinet of a country without a parliamentary cabinet system, for example that of the United States of America, is not usually referred to as a party cabinet, even though the country has a party system.
Japanese: ただし、アメリカ合衆国のように議院内閣制を採用していない国では、政党政治が実施されていても、その政権をさして政党内閣とは呼ばない場合が多い。
English: Also, a one-party dictatorship system, which is seen in socialist, communist, and fascist countries and others, isn't called a party cabinet either, even though a political party is in control of the government.
Japanese: また、社会主義・共産主義国家やファシズム国家などに見られる一党独裁体制も政党が政権を掌握していたとしても政党内閣とはいえない。
English: The Whigs and the Tories in the British Parliament contested with each other for political power, which later shifted into the two-party system comprising the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.
Japanese: ホイッグ党(イギリス)とトーリー党(イギリス)の両党派が相互に勢力を競い、後に自由党と保守党による二大政党制へと移行した。
English: Around 1900, when the parliamentary cabinet system became customary, the governmental management by party cabinets was firmly established.
Japanese: 1900年前後に議院内閣制の慣行が確立されると政党内閣による政権運営が定着した。
English: In Japan, after the Meiji Restration, Yukichi FUKUZAWA and other intellecturals from the Mita-ha (Mita faction, named after the place where current Keio University exists) started aruguing in the 1870s that Japan should adopt a party cabinet system, while the establishment of a constitutional government and a parliament system came up for dabate across the county.
Japanese: 日本では、明治維新の後、立憲政治・議会制度の創設が朝野で論議されるなかで、1870年代には福澤諭吉をはじめとする三田派の言論人たちを中心に政党内閣制を採用するように主張され始めた。
English: Inside the government, Sangi (Councilor) Shigenobu OKUMA submitted a written opinion on the issue in March 1881.
Japanese: 政府内部でも明治14年（1881年）3月、参議大隈重信が意見書を提出。
English: In the document, Okuma expressed his views that Japan should soon establish a parliamentary government on the British model, and he called for a party-cabinet-run government.
Japanese: その中で大隈はイギリスをモデルとする議会政治の早期実現を主張し、政党内閣による政権運営を求めていた。
English: There, Iwakura asked for the adoption of a constitutional monarchy system on the Prussian model.
Japanese: その中で岩倉は、プロシアをモデルとする立憲君主制の採用を求めていた。
English: Eventually, the Prussian-style constitutional monarchy, not the parliamentary cabinet system, was adopted in the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 結局大日本帝国憲法にはプロシアをモデルとした立憲君主制が採用され、議院内閣制は採用されなかった。
English: In enforcing the Constitution, the then Prime Minister Kiyotaka KURODA and others insisted that the government should execute its policies without being influenced by political parties, which was called Chozen shugi (Transcendentalism).
Japanese: 憲法施行に際し、時の黒田清隆首相らは、政府は政党の外に立って政策遂行にあたるべきだと主張した（超然主義）。
English: However, under the circumstances where the Constitution approved of parliament's power to decide a national budget and also to legislate, practically, it was difficult to ignore the opinions of the majority party while running the government.
Japanese: だが、憲法において議会に予算議定権および立法権が認められている以上、現実には政府が議会の多数党を無視して政権運営にあたることは困難であった。
English: Such being the case, in order to have a stable administration, the government needed to cooperate with the majority party and other parties with many seats in the parliament.
Japanese: そのため、政権を安定させるには、政府は議会第一党および多数の議席を保有する政党との連携が必要であった。
English: Thus, Hirobumi ITO, in his second administration, formed a coalition government with the Liberal Party (自由党 Jiyuto), the leading party in the House of Representatives.
Japanese: そこで、第2次伊藤内閣の伊藤博文は衆議院の第一党である自由党と提携して連立内閣を成立させた。
English: In 1898, receiving strong support from Ito, the first Okuma Cabinet (so-called the 'Waihan Cabinet') was established with the Kenseito (憲政党) as its base.
Japanese: そして、1898年には伊藤の強い支持の元に憲政党を主体とする第1次大隈内閣（いわゆる「隈板内閣」）が成立。
English: It was the first party cabinet in Japan, all of whose ministers belonged to the Kenseito except for the Ministers of the Army and the Navy.
Japanese: これは陸軍・海軍両大臣を除く全閣僚が憲政党員からなる日本初の政党内閣であった。
English: In 1900 the Rikken seiyukai (立憲政友会 Friends of Constitutional Government, a political party) was formed with members of the Kenseito former Liberal Party faction as its base and Ito as its leader; the fourth Ito Cabinet was inaugurated on the basis of the Rikken seiyukai.
Japanese: 1900年には憲政党の旧自由党派を中心に伊藤を総裁として立憲政友会が結成され、これを基に第4次伊藤内閣が発足した。
English: After that, in the Taisho period, political parties extended their power in a climate of Taisho Democracy (a series of liberal movements in the Taisho period).
Japanese: その後も大正時代に入ると、政党は大正デモクラシーを背景に勢力を伸張。
English: After the first Constitution protection movement in 1912, Takashi HARA of the Rikken seiyukai formed his Cabinet in September 1918.
Japanese: 1912年の第1次護憲運動の後、大正7年（1918年）9月に立憲政友会の原敬が内閣を組閣した。
English: It was an epoch-making party cabinet in the regard that Hara was the first prime minister who was an incumbent member of the House of Representative.
Japanese: また原が衆議院に議席を有する現役衆議院議員の初の首相であったことから政党内閣として画期的存在とされた。
English: The party cabinet system had taken root as "the regular procedures of constitutional government" (憲政の常道 Kensei no jodo), which was especially true around the period when six different party cabinets appeared successively starting from the Takaaki KATO's Goken-sanpa Cabinet (護憲三派内閣 three-party coalition government consisting of the Rikken Seiyukai, the Kenseikai, and the Kakushin Club) formed in 1925 following a popular election.
Japanese: 特に1925年の普通選挙により成立した護憲三派の加藤高明内閣から始まる政党内閣6代の頃には政党内閣は「憲政の常道」として定着した。
English: In the background of this lay Kinmochi SAIONJI's intention, who was the only survivor of the Genro (elder statesman).
Japanese: その背景には元老のなかでただ一人存命していた西園寺公望の意向があった。
English: Saionji considered the British constitutional government was ideal, and relatively liked the party cabinet system.
Japanese: 西園寺はイギリスの立憲政治を理想としており、政党内閣に比較的好意をもっていたからであった。
English: Under the party-cabinet administrations, powers such as the Navy, the Army, the Sumitsu-in (Privy Council), or the bureaucracy still had big influence in politics and intervened in the government.
Japanese: 海軍・陸軍や枢密院(日本)、官僚などの勢力は、政党内閣の政権下でも依然として大きな政治的発言力を有しており、政党内閣による政権運営に介入していた。
English: As the confrontation between political parties intensified, non-ruling parties often worked together with those influential powers and attacked the ruling party.
Japanese: 政党の対立の激化とともに、野党はしばしば海軍・陸軍、枢密院、官僚などの勢力と手を結んで、与党を攻撃することがあった。
English: Popular election took place and the number of voters soared, and thus the amount of political funds increased enormously.
Japanese: 普通選挙は実現し、有権者は大幅に増加したが、それは政治資金の巨額化に伴うことであった。
English: Normally, a change of government between political parties should happen through a general election, where the voice of the people is heard.
Japanese: 政党間の政権交替は総選挙という国民の審判を通じて行われるのが本来の形である。
English: First, non-ruling parties tried to topple the Cabinet by cooperating with powers such as the bureaucracy, the military, or the Sumitsu-in (Privy Counsil), and then the party which succeeded in overthrowing the government formed a new cabinet while it still remained a minority in the parliament.
Japanese: まず、官僚や軍、枢密院などの勢力と結んで倒閣をめざし、それを果たした野党が議会の少数派のままで組閣する。
English: Party cabinet continued into the 1930s, while still being unable to bring the difficult problem - confrontation between political parties - under control.
Japanese: 政党内閣は政党間の対立という困難な問題を処理できないままに1930年代を迎えた。
English: Besides, the party cabinet administrations at that time failed to effectively deal with a series of crises in and out of Japan such as increasing problems in China, the Showa Financial Crisis, the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression, and Japanese military's protest against the global tendency toward disarmament.
Japanese: そこに中国問題の深刻化、昭和金融恐慌、世界恐慌による経済危機、世界的な軍縮の流れに対する軍部の反発など、内外の危機に対して十分に対処しえなかった。
English: Consequently, there was increasing disaffection with party government among the Navy, the Army, the bureaucracy, nationalist organizations, etc.
Japanese: その結果、海軍・陸軍、官僚、国家主義団体などを中心に政党政治への不満が高まった。
English: In May 1932, young Naval officers assassinated Prime Minister Tsuyoshi INUKAI (the May 15th Incident), which put to an end to party cabinets.
Japanese: そして1932年5月、海軍青年将校らによる犬養毅首相の暗殺（五・一五事件）をもって政党内閣は終わりをつげた。
English: It was not until after the Second World War, which ended in 1945, when the next party government appeared in Japan.
Japanese: 再び政党内閣が登場するのは、1945年に第二次世界大戦後のことになった。
English: Sogishi was responsible for management of general funerals and funeral equipments.
Japanese: 喪儀司は葬儀全般を管掌し､喪葬儀礼・喪葬用具の管理を主な職掌としていた。
English: Imperial tombs and funeral music were under the jurisdiction of Shoryoshi (Mausolea Office) (Shoryoryo [Bureau of Mausolea]) and Kosuishi (Drums and Fifes Office) respectively, and there was significant crossover between work of Sogishi and that of them, so sogishi was absorbed into Kosuishi in 808.
Japanese: 陵墓は諸陵司(諸陵寮)・送葬音楽は鼓吹司の管轄であったため重なる部分が多く､808年に鼓吹司に併合された。
English: After absorption, Shoryoryo came to manage funerals and Sogishi was responsible only for management of the equipments.
Japanese: その後の葬儀は諸陵寮が取り仕切るようになり､併合されてからは用具の管理が専門となった。
English: The Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) described that its major duties were 'taking out of and putting in a storage, denso (rice field tax) of various provinces, shomai (white rice which was the base unit in the fiscal administration under the Ritsuryo system), and tengai (mill powered by the water).'
Japanese: 養老律令によれば、主な職務は「倉廩（倉庫）の出納、諸国の田租、舂米（律令財政運用の基本単位である白米）、碾磑（水車で動かす臼）の事」と記されている。
English: While Shukeiryo (Bureau of Statistics) controlled the Central Finance by auditing the tax yields of cho (tributes), Shuzeiryo controlled local finance through auditing by verifying account books of land taxes (especially rice tax) and suiko (government loans made to peasants).
Japanese: 主税寮は主計寮が調の税収監査を行って中央財政を管轄するのに対し､租税(特に租)や出挙の帳簿との照合などによる監査を通じて地方財政を管轄した。
English: Since knowledge of mathematics was required, persons from Sando (study of mathematics) of Daigakuryo (Bureau of Education under the Ritsuryo system) played active roles like Sanhakase (Doctor of Numbers) concurrently took a position as Kami (Director) or Suke (Deputy Director).
Japanese: 数学知識が必要となるため､頭か助は必ず算博士が兼ねるなど大学寮の算道出身者が活躍した。
English: The Geishogi Kaiho Rei is a law issued by the Meiji Government in 1872, whose main aim was to control human traffic of prostitutes.
Japanese: 芸娼妓解放令（げいしょうぎかいほうれい）とは、明治政府が1872年に発した遊女の人身売買の規制などを目的とした法令。
English: In 1872 the María Luz Incident occurred.
Japanese: 1872年(明治5年)、マリアルス号事件（マリア・ルーズ号事件）が発生。