nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Whomever you will remarry, I will not object to that and will not retract my word.
Japanese: 後日、他へ嫁ぐことになろうとも、一切異議無く、前言を撤回することはありません。
English: About the origin of the name 'three lines and a half,' there are opinions that 'three and a half' is a half of 'seven' of the document title 'seven grounds for husbandly repudiation of the wife,' which was one-sidedly issued by the husband in repudiating his wife in uxorilocal marriage as defined in Ritsuryo code during the Nara period, or that 'three and a half' is a half of 'seven,' which is the number of lines customarily written in the permission of marriage issued by the wife's parents.
Japanese: なお、「三行り半」の名前の由来には、奈良時代の律令に定められた棄妻（婿入婚における、夫からの一方的な離婚。放妻とも言う。）の際に用いられた書状七出之状（しちしゅつのじょう）の「七」を半分に割って三行り半というとする説や、婚姻の際に妻の親元が出す婚姻許可状が7行の文書であることが多かったため、その半分の3行半にするという説などもある。
English: Omi-Ryo is a legal system, believed to have been enacted in the Asuka Period (during the reign of the Emperor Tenchi) in Japan.
Japanese: 近江令（おうみりょう）は、日本の飛鳥時代（天智天皇の治世）に制定されたとされる法令体系。
English: This is the first Ritsuryo code by the ancient Japanese government but because there is neither the original book remaining nor historical sources which confirm the existence of the code, there have been fierce debates about its existence.
Japanese: 古代日本政府による最初の律令法に位置づけられるが、原本は現存せず、存在を裏付ける史料にとぼしいことから、存在説と非存在説の間で激しい論争が続いている。
English: Most people on both sides agree, however, that the Ritsu part (the penal cord) was not enacted in this cord.
Japanese: 両説とも、律が制定されなかったという点では、ほぼ見解が一致している。
English: Firstly, the description in Taishokukanden (the story of Kamatari) in "Toshi Kaden" (Biographies of the Fujiwara clan): 'By the order of the Emperor Tenchi, FUJIWARA no Kamatari compiled a Ritsuryo code in 668'; and secondly, the description in the introduction of "Konin Kyakushiki" (compilation of rules, regulations, and precedents): 'A 22-volume series code was enacted in 668. It is "Omi-chotei-no-ryo" (The Administrative Code of the Omi Court)'.
Japanese: 「天智天皇の命令により藤原鎌足が天智元年（668年）に律令を編纂した」（『藤氏家伝』大織冠伝）及び「天智元年に令22巻を制定した。これが『近江朝廷之令』である」（『弘仁格式』序）。
English: People who believe that the code did exist consider that modernization of the government, which had been promoted at that time under the Emperor Tenchi through active introduction of rules and systems from China, would have required a Ritsuryo code (Omi-Ryo) to be enacted as the basis of it.
Japanese: 当時は天智天皇のもとで政治体制の近代化が進められ、中国の諸制度の積極的な導入が行われており、その根幹となる律令（近江令）が当然に定められたはずと見るのが存在説である。
English: For the believers, Omi-Ryo was a pioneering and important legal code toward the introduction of the Ritsuryo system, which had a great impact on Asukakiyomihararyo (the legal code of the Japanese ancient state of Asuka) and Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) later on.
Japanese: 存在説の立場では、近江令は律令制導入へ至る先駆的かつ重要な法令であり、後の飛鳥浄御原令や大宝律令へ影響を与えたとしている。
English: However, both "Toshi Kaden" and "Konin Kyakushiki" were the documents compiled later (between the eighth and the ninth century) and there is no mention of the "Omi-Ryo" in the official history book "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan).
Japanese: しかし、『藤氏家伝』も『弘仁格式』も後世（8～9世紀）に編纂されたものであり、正史の『日本書紀』には近江令制定の記事はない。
English: Yet, in the Article of the year 670 of the "Nihonshoki", it states "The rules and rites of the court and how to properly meet or depart from people met on the road are pronounced."
Japanese: しかし、天智9年(670年)条「朝庭の礼儀と行路の相避ることを宣う」とある。
English: "Konin Kyakushiki" wrote mainly about the imperial line derived from the Emperor Tenchi, so it is understood that the contents were to greatly exaggerate the Emperor's achievements.
Japanese: また、『弘仁格式』は、天智天皇系の皇統を重視した記述となっているため、天智天皇の業績をより大きく評価したものであると理解できる。
English: While some believe that the Omi-Ryo did not exist at all, others believe that all the laws and legislation enacted during the reign of the Emperor Tenchi were later called Omi-Ryo collectively; that the code was partially written but not completed, or that it was almost completed but only a part of it was executed.
Japanese: まったく令は存在しなかったとする説、天智期に制定された諸法令を総称して、後代に近江令と呼んだとする説、完全ではないがある程度の令が編纂されたとする説、ほぼ完全な形に近い令が編纂されたが施行は一部にとどまったとする説、などである。
English: People who do not believe in its existence tend to insist that the Emperor Tenmu had more impact on the process of constructing the Ritsuryo system than the Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 非存在説の主張は、律令制構築への動きについて、天智天皇よりも天武天皇の影響力の大きさを重視する傾向が強い。
English: In the year 667, the Emperor Tenchi (then "Naka no Oe no Oji", Prince Naka no Oe) moved the imperial capital from Asuka to Otsu in the Omi Province (Omi no miya), and took over the throne in 668 to start a new government.
Japanese: 667年に天智天皇（当時中大兄皇子）は宮都を飛鳥から近江大津（近江宮）へ遷し、668年には即位し、新たな政治体制を発足させた。
English: The law was enacted by the Omi Chotei in 668, and is therefore called "Omi-chotei-no-ryo" (The Administrative Code of the Omi Court) or "Omi-Ryo."
Japanese: 近江朝廷が668年に制定した法令なので『近江朝廷之令』または『近江令』と呼ばれるようになった。
English: In 671, the Emperor appointed Otomo no Oji (Prince Otomo) Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister), SOGA no Akane and NAKATOMI no Kane as Sayu-daijin (Ministers of the Left and the Right) and three more including SOGA no Hatayasu as Gyoshi Taifu (Chiefs controlling the officials).
Japanese: 天智10年(671年)、大友皇子を太政大臣、蘇我赤兄・中臣金を左右大臣、蘇我果安以下三人を御史大夫とした。
English: The Gyoshi Taifu was also a new official position, which was later changed to Nagon (councilor), and was to transform the system of Kokusei sangi kan (government councilor) and Daibu (master), which had been under Daijin (minister) and Omuraji (military chief) since before the Taika Reform, into the new government-regulated system.
Japanese: 御史大夫は、新しい官名で、後の納言の前身で、大化前代以来、大臣・大連の下にあった国政参議官、大夫の制を官制化したもの。
English: There is an opinion that Omi-Ryo was abolished when Omi Court was destroyed in 672 (in the Jinshin War).
Japanese: なお、近江朝廷が滅亡した672年（壬申の乱）に近江令が廃止されたとする意見がある。
English: The Omi-Miyagawa Domain existed in Miyagawa, Sakata County, Omi Province (present-day Miyashi-cho, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 近江宮川藩（おうみみやかわはん）は、近江国坂田郡宮川（現在の滋賀県長浜市宮司町）に存在した藩。
English: Promoted to roju (member of shogun's council of elders) by the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, Masamori HOTTA was a highly trusted man who was eventually promoted to a daimyo with as much as 120,000 koku of the Sakura Domain in Shimosa Province.
Japanese: 第3代将軍・徳川家光の時代に老中となった堀田正盛は、家光から重用されて下総国佐倉藩12万石の大名にまで栄進した。
English: In 1660, however, as a result of taking an opposing position towards roju Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, also known as "Chie-Izu" (wisdom of Izu), Masanobu was sanctioned with a kaieki (dismissal and deprivation of position, privileges and properties) and his territory was forfeit.
Japanese: しかし正信は万治3年（1660年）に老中・松平信綱こと『知恵伊豆』と対立したため、所領を没収され、改易となった。
English: Masanobu's heir, Masayasu HOTTA was excused in April 1682, regaining a status of daimyo appointed to lord of the Yoshii Domain in Kozuke Province with 10,000 koku.
Japanese: 正信の嫡男・堀田正休は父の罪を許されて天和(日本)2年（1682年）3月に1万石の大名として復帰を許され、上野国吉井藩の藩主に封じられた。
English: The Miyagawa Domain was established following Masayasu's relocation from Yoshii to Miyagawa, Sakata County, Omi Province in April 17, 1698.
Japanese: 正休は元禄11年（1698年）3月7日に吉井から近江国坂田郡宮川に移封となったため、ここに宮川藩が立藩したのである。
English: On November 5, 1748, the third lord Masanobu HOTTA was promoted to wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) together with an increase of 3,000 koku, with which the Miyagawa Domain's territory was expanded to a total of 13,000 koku.
Japanese: 第3代藩主・堀田正陳は若年寄となって寛延元年（1748年）10月15日に3,000石の加増を受け、宮川藩は1万3,000石を領することになった。
English: During the rule of the fifth lord Masazane HOTTA, ownership of some lands totaling a nominal value of 3,600 koku, including parts of Gamo County and others, was transferred from the Omi-Miyagawa Domain to Harima Province.
Japanese: 第5代藩主・堀田正毅の時代には蒲生郡など近江国内の所領、3,600石が播磨国に移された。
English: These lands yielded higher output compared to their nominal value, and at a higher rate than other parts of the domain, leaving the Omi-Miyagawa Domain the burden to fulfill its tax duty with the lower yield lands left with them.
Japanese: この土地は生産性が近江よりも高かったため、加増されたようなものであった。
English: The ownership of those lands were returned on March 15, 1807 to rectify this issue.
Japanese: この実質加増は文化(元号)4年（1807年）2月7日に元に戻された。
English: Initially joining forces with the Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun) during the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, as more domains of Omi Province took sides with the new government, the Miyagawa Domain was left with no other choice than to follow them.
Japanese: 幕末期に入ると、宮川藩は佐幕派として活動したが、やがて近江国内における諸藩が新政府側に与すると、やむなく新政府側に与した。
English: The Meiji Restoration took place during the rule of the ninth lord Masayasu HOTTA, who by returning its lands and people to the emperor became the governor of the domain which was eventually replaced with Miyagawa Prefecture on August 29, 1871, with the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) enforced.
Japanese: そして第9代藩主・堀田正養の時代に明治維新、次いで版籍奉還により藩知事となり、明治4年（1871年）7月14日の廃藩置県で、宮川藩は廃藩となり、宮川県となった。
English: Miyagawa Prefecture was merged into Nagahama Prefecture and further into Inugami Prefecture, and finally became a part of Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: その後、長浜県、犬上県を経た明治5年（1872年）に、滋賀県に編入されたのである。
English: Many of the domain lords from the lineage were appointed important posts such as Oban gashira (captain of the great guards), sojaban (official in charge of the ceremonies) or wakadoshiyori, although the domain itself was too minor for the lords to be remembered for any notable record of lordship under their rule.
Japanese: 歴代藩主の多くが大番頭や奏者番、そして若年寄などの要職を務めているが、藩政における治績はほとんど見られない小藩だった。
English: The Yamakami Domain existed in Omi Province (present-day Yamakami-cho, Higashi-Omi City, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 山上藩（やまかみはん）は、近江国（現在の滋賀県東近江市山上町）に存在した藩。
English: During the rule of Toyotomi, the territory of Yamakami was owned by Ietsugu SUGIHARA, Nagamasa ASANO and Nobutaka ODA (seventh son of Nobunaga ODA).
Japanese: 豊臣氏時代には杉原家次や浅野長政、織田信高（織田信長の七男）らが領していた。
English: The Yamakami Domain was founded under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, when Shigenobu ANDO, a hereditary vassal of Tokugawa settled in.
Japanese: 徳川氏の時代に入ると元和(日本)5年（1619年）10月21日に譜代の家臣である安藤重信が入ったことにより、山上藩が立藩した。
English: The Yamakami Domain was successively headed by the Ando family, lord Shigenaga ANDO and lord Shigehiro ANDO, although the domain was abolished and became a tenryo (shogunal demesne) when Shigehiro was promoted to roju (member of shogun's council of elders) and transferred to the Bitchu Matsuyama Domain on June 12, 1695.
Japanese: 安藤氏はその後、安藤重長、安藤重博らが相次いで藩主となったが、重博が老中に栄進したため、元禄8年（1695年）5月1日に備中松山藩に移封され、ここに山上藩は廃藩、天領となった。
English: On April 17, 1698, the Yamakami Domain was revived when wakadoshiyori (a managerial position in the Edo bakufu [Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun]) Shigesada INAGAKI was transferred in from Hitachi Province.
Japanese: 元禄11年（1698年）3月7日、若年寄であった稲垣重定が常陸国から移封されたため、再び山上藩が立藩した。
English: While the governance over the domain was established by Shigesada through measures including the implementation of a bugyo (magistrate) system, the domain's finance was loaded with heavy recovery expenses due to the Great Fire of Edo which broke out during the rule of the third lord Sadamichi INAGAKI, destroying both the domain's kamiyashiki (daimyo's main residence) and shimoyashiki (suburban residence) in Edo.
Japanese: 重定の時代に奉行制度などの藩政が確立したが、第3代藩主・稲垣定享の時代には江戸の大火で上下両屋敷が焼失して出費が相次いだ。
English: Reformations based mainly on scrimping and saving along with development of new fields were carried out by Sadamichi, although these turned out unsuccessful and failed after all when Sadamichi died young.
Japanese: 定享は質素倹約や新田開発を主とした藩政改革を断行したが、効果が見込めず、また定享自身が若死にしたため、失敗に終わった。
English: With the Tenmei Famine when cold weather led to poor harvest over years, the financial situation of the domain was worsened.
Japanese: その後は天明の大飢饉による寒冷で凶作・飢饉が相次いで藩財政は窮乏していった。
English: Even though many of the lords of the domain served important posts such as wakadoshiyori, Osaka-kaban (a secondary guard post of Osaka-jo Castle), Oban gashira (captains of the great guards) and sojaban (an official in charge of the ceremonies) one after another, such service only added further expense on top of the domain's suffering financial situation.
Japanese: また、歴代藩主の多くが若年寄や大坂加番、大番頭や奏者番などの要職を歴任したことも、かえって藩財政の出費を著しいものとする遠因となった。
English: At the end of the Edo period, while the eighth lord of the domain Motokiyo INAGAKI remained a Sabaku-ha (supporter of the Shogun) by serving such posts as Oban gashira, Osaka-joban (a primary guard post of Osaka-jo Castle), and bugyo of navy, Motoaki INAGAKI, who acted as proxy when Motokiyo was confined to bed with illness around the Meiji Restoration, started to shift towards pro-new government.
Japanese: 幕末期、第8代藩主となった稲垣太清は大番頭や大坂定番、海軍奉行などの要職を歴任して佐幕派の立場を貫いたが、明治維新頃から太清が病に倒れて稲垣太祥が代理として藩政を執り始めた頃から新政府側に与するようになった。
English: Motokiyo retired from his post after lands and people were returned to the emperor in 1869, and accordingly Motoyoshi became the governor of domain.
Japanese: そして明治2年（1869年）の版籍奉還で、太清は隠居して太祥が藩知事となった。
English: Various reformations were further implemented including the establishment of a civil administration office, a court of justice, and a domain school named Bunbukan, until the domain was converted to Yamakami Prefecture through the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) in August 1871.
Japanese: その後、山上藩では民政局、裁判所、藩校である文武館などが創設されるなどの改革が行なわれたが、明治4年（1871年）7月の廃藩置県で山上藩は廃藩となって山上県となる。
English: The Sawayama Domain was in Omi Province (now Furusawa-cho, Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 佐和山藩（さわやまはん）は、近江国（現在の滋賀県彦根市古沢町）に存在した藩。
English: The Sawayama Domain was established in 1595 when Mitsunari ISHIDA, who displayed his uncommon shrewdness as Gobugyo under Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, was transferred from the Omi Minakuchi Domain to his new territory with 194,000 koku crop yields.
Japanese: 佐和山藩は文禄4年（1595年）に豊臣秀吉のもとで五奉行として辣腕を振るっていた石田三成が、近江水口藩から移封されて19万4000石で入ることで立藩した。
English: However, the Ishida clan was not the family of lord of the domain in the shogunate system because he was a vassal of the Toyotomi clan.
Japanese: ただし、石田氏は豊臣氏の家臣であるため、幕藩体制下における藩主家ではない。
English: Sawayama had been regarded as important point since the days of Nobunaga ODA, and Nobunaga appointed Nagahide NIWA, his especially confidential senior vassal, as lord of the castle.
Japanese: 佐和山は織田信長の時代から要衝と見なされ、信長は特に信任の厚かった重臣・丹羽長秀を城主としているほどである。
English: During the rule of Mitsunari his good government enabled people of the Sawayama Domain to live in affluence, so that people in those days said that Mitsunari was too good on two points: Sakon SHIMA and Sawayama-jo Castle.
Japanese: 三成時代には佐和山はその善政によって民は豊かになり、「三成に過ぎたるものがふたつあり。島の左近（島左近）と佐和山城」と言われるほどであった。
English: Good government by Mitsunari was exemplified by the exemption of nengu (land tax) to help the people living in Furuhashi who suffered a poor harvest, and enacting a variety of laws and ordinances to improve the inside of the territory.
Japanese: ちなみに三成の善政を示すものとして、古橋の領民が凶作で苦しんでいるとき、三成は年貢を免訴して領民を助けたり、様々な法令を制定して領内を整備するなどの手腕を発揮している。
English: After the collapse of the Ishida clan in the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa II, one of four generals serving Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who distinguished himself in the battle, became the lord of the Sawayama Domain with 180,000 koku crop yields.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦いで石田氏が滅亡した後、佐和山には関ヶ原の戦いで武功を挙げた徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政が18万石で入った。
English: However, Naomasa died suddenly only two years later in 1602.
Japanese: しかし直政はわずか2年後の慶長7年（1602年）に急死してしまった。
English: Although he was believed to die from wound in the Battle of Sekigahara, it was rumored that he was cursed to death by the apparition of Mitsunari.
Japanese: これは関ヶ原の戦いによる戦傷による死去と言われているが、世間では三成の亡霊に呪い殺されたとも噂された。
English: Because of this, Ieyasu destroyed all sorts of things related to Mitsunari including temples to say nothing of Sawayama-jo Castle, and ordered Naotsugu II, a son of Naomasa, who succeeded his father, to construct Hikone-jo Castle.
Japanese: このため、家康は三成に関わるものとして佐和山城は勿論のこと、寺であろうと何であろうと破却させ、直政の後を継いだ子の井伊直継には新たに彦根城を築城するように命じた。
English: The Law for Transporting Five Articles through Edo was a law for trading control over raw silk thread, cereals, hair oil, wax and draperies issued by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1860.
Japanese: 五品江戸廻送令（ごひんえどかいそうれい）は、江戸幕府が1860年（万延元年）に発令した生糸・雑穀・水油・蝋・呉服を対象とした貿易統制法令。
English: Following the conclusion of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan as well as the Ansei Commercial Treaties, trade started in three ports such as Hakodate Port, Yokohama Port and Nagasaki Port from 1859, and merchants in Japan began to have dealings with foreign merchants living in these ports.
Japanese: 日米修好通商条約や安政五カ国条約の締結により、1859年（安政6年）から函館港・横浜港・長崎港の3港で貿易が開始し、港に居留する外国商人と日本の商人との間で取引が行われるようになった。
English: Japanese main export was raw silk thread, and because exported goods such as raw silk thread were exchanged at higher prices on the trading market than on the domestic market, local merchants, who mediated between a place of production and market, began to sell products wholesale directly at open ports, not to warehouse merchants in big cities such as Edo (now Tokyo).
Japanese: 日本からは主に生糸が輸出されたが、生糸などの輸出品は、国内市場よりも貿易市場の方が高値で取引されていたため、生産地と市場を仲立ちしていた在郷商人は、江戸などの大都市の問屋ではなく、直接、開港場へ生産品を卸すようになった。
English: Therefore, traditional distribution system led by wholesalers in Edo began to collapse.
Japanese: そのため、江戸の問屋商人を中心とする従来の流通機構が徐々にほころびを見せ始めた。
English: Moreover, when the intervention in the Taiping War by England and France intensified, there was an increased demand for exports of war supplies such as cereals and wax, which were originally not in demand.
Japanese: さらに太平天国の乱へのイギリス・フランスの介入が本格化すると、本来ならば需要がない筈の雑穀や蝋などの軍需品の輸出の増加も始まった。
English: Rapidly increased demand for exports far exceeded the supply of production, while prices of commodity soared in general, throwing Japan's economy into great confusion.
Japanese: こうした、急増する輸出需要に対し、生産供給が追いつかず、全般的に物価が高騰するなど、日本経済に大きな混乱が生じていた。
English: To deal with such situation, and in response to the wishes of wholesalers in Edo the Edo bakufu issued the Law for Transporting Five Articles through Edo, which was a law providing that merchants never failed to get through the warehouse merchants in Edo regarding five articles such as raw silk thread, cereals, hair oil, wax and draperies in 1860.
Japanese: こうした事態に対応するため、江戸の問屋商人らの要望も受けた江戸幕府は、1860年に、生糸、雑穀、水油、蝋、呉服の五品目について、必ず江戸の問屋を経由する法令-五品江戸廻送令-を発出した。
English: Although this law was intended to protect warehouse merchants in Edo and to control steep price rise, it immediately met with strong opposition from powerful countries insisting that the law would hamper free trade policy as specified in the treaties.
Japanese: この法令は、江戸問屋の保護と物価高騰の抑制を目的としていたが、すぐに列強各国から、条約に規定する自由貿易を妨げる、と強い反発を受けた。
English: In addition because local merchants still continued to directly transport goods to open ports, the law did not produce satisfactory results.
Japanese: また、在郷商人らも依然として港へ直接廻送を続けたため、法令の効果はあがらなかった。
English: In 1862 instead of raw silk thread, its material a silkworm-egg card, which increased in exports, was prohibited from exporting as a secret passage, but this was also abolished under the pressure from powerful countries in a year.
Japanese: 1862年（文久2年）には抜け道として生糸の代わりに輸出が増加した原料である蚕紙の輸出禁止を命じたものの、こちらも列強の圧力によって1年で廃止されている。
English: However, supported by the trend toward expulsion of foreigners and national isolation arising in reaction to the opening of Japan to the world, the bakufu promoted full-fledged enforcement of the law from 1863, and as a result it began to produce material results slowly such as the decreased exports of raw silk thread.
Japanese: だが、開国の反動から攘夷鎖国への傾向が出てきたことを背景に、1863年（文久3年）から、幕府は同法令の本格施行を強め、その結果、生糸輸出が減少するなど次第に実効が現れていった。
English: However, prompted by the Shimonoseki War in 1864, powerful countries heavily pressed the Edo bakufu for the abolition of the law while there were opinions within the Edo bakufu that it would lead to improved financial affairs of the bakufu and be wiser to keep trading under control by imposing tax on exports of raw silk thread.
Japanese: しかし、1864年（元治元年）の下関戦争を契機として、列強各国は幕府へ同法令の撤回を強く迫り、一方幕府内部からも生糸の輸出に税金をかける形で抑制した方が幕府財政の改善にも繋がるとする意見も出された。
English: Therefore, the Edo bakufu judged that it would not be good policy to stop the trend toward the opening of the country to the world, and eventually the law was abolished.
Japanese: このため、幕府も開国の流れを止めるのは得策でないと判断し、実質的に同法令は放棄されることとなった。
English: Subsequently in 1865 the Edo bakufu established the system for changing a seal on raw silk thread and silkworm-egg card, and it placed producers of silkworm-egg card and raw silk thread under an obligation to pay myogakin (money to dedicate).
Japanese: その後、幕府は1865年（慶応元年）に「生糸并蚕種紙改印」制度が出されて、蚕紙・生糸の生産者に冥加金を納めさせる義務を定めた。
English: Although the aim of this system was that imposing tax on producers would lead them to shift the increased burden for taxation onto salespeople and exporters for prices, this provoked agricultural producers into raising a reform riot.
Japanese: これは生産者に課税を行い、これを販売・輸出業者に対して価格転嫁させようという意図の下に導入されたものだが、これに反発した生産農家による「世直し一揆」が勃発した。
English: Nevertheless, this policy was continued even after the establishment of the Meiji government, and in 1873 the government proclaimed the regulation for controlling the production of raw silk thread, putting producers under an obligation to affix a revenue stamp in the shipment of raw silk thread.
Japanese: それでもこの路線は明治政府に政権が移っても継続され、1873年（明治6年）に「生糸製造取締規則」が公布されて生糸の出荷には必ず印紙を貼る事が義務付けられた。
English: After that, the Meiji government became more and more involved in increased production, and export policy of raw silk thread in terms of encouragement of new industry and Shizoku jusan (providing former samurai with employment).
Japanese: 以後、明治政府は殖産興業・士族授産の観点も含めた立場から生糸の増産・輸出政策への関与を強めていく事になる。
English: In Japan, 1 sho is almost equal to 1.8039 liters, so 1 shaku is almost equal to 18.039 milliliters, and in China, 1 sho is equal to 1 liter, so 1 shaku is equal to 10 milliliters.
Japanese: 日本では1升＝約1.8039リットルであるので、1勺は約18.039ミリリットル、中国では1升＝1リットルであるので、1勺は10ミリリットルとなる。
English: Originally, 'shaku' (in pinyin, 'shao') was a small cup with a long handle attached to its rim, and this cup seen in ancient China was for scooping up alcohol, and its capacity became the volume unit called shaku.
Japanese: 「勺」は元々、古代中国における、小さなコップの口縁に長い柄のついた酒をくむ用器のことであり、その容積が勺という単位となった。
English: Incidentally, the cup with its handle attached on its side or around its bottom was called to (斗; in pinyin, 'dou'), and this cup was for scooping up water.
Japanese: なお、柄が器の横または底部近くについたものを斗と言い、これは水をくむ用器であった。
English: Therefore, when go began to have the second meaning of a 10th square measure of 1 tsubo (or 'bu'; 1 tsubo is almost equal to 3.305785 square meters), shaku also began to have the second meaning of a 10th square measure of 1 go (that is, a 100th square measure of 1 tsubo).
Japanese: 合が面積の単位である坪（歩）の10分の1の意味にも使われるようになったので、勺も面積単位の合の10分の1（坪の100分の1）としても使われるようになった。
English: But shaku here (written as 勺) is often confused with another length unit of the same reading (written as 尺), so it is not rare that 勺 is mistakenly written as 尺 such as 8 go and 5 shaku should be written as '八合五勺' in Chinese characters, but often, it is written as '八合五尺.'
Japanese: ただし、これについては、同じ読みの長さの単位である尺（しゃく）と混同され、「八合五勺」と書くべきところを「八合五尺」と書かれているものも少なくない。
English: The Nishoji Domain refers to a domain which existed in Nishoji, Gamo County, Omi Province (present-day Hino-cho, Gamo County, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 仁正寺藩（にしょうじはん）は、近江国蒲生郡仁正寺（現在の滋賀県蒲生郡日野町(滋賀県)）に存在した藩。
English: In 1620, Nagamasa ICHIHASHI was granted properties in both counties of Gamo and Yasu in Omi Province, and in Kawachi Province which bore 20,000 koku (1 koku was about 180 liter; an old unit showing volume) in total, and as a result, the Nishoji Domain was established.
Japanese: 元和(日本)6年（1620年）、市橋長政が近江国蒲生、野洲両郡と河内国内に合わせて2万石を与えられたことから、仁正寺藩が立藩した。
English: Since Nagamasa distributed properties bearing 2,000 koku to Nagayoshi (Sanshiro) ICHIHASHI by order of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in February 1622, Nagamasa's shoryo (territory) reduced to that bearing 18,000 koku.
Japanese: 長政は元和8年（1622年）1月、幕命により市橋長吉（三四郎）に2,000石を分与したため、所領は1万8,000石となった。
English: When Nagamasa died in 1648, his first son, Masanobu ICHIHASHI, succeeded to his post.
Japanese: 慶安元年（1648年）に長政が死去すると、後を長男の市橋政信が継ぐ。