nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to the Yoro Ritsuryo Code (code promulgated in the Yoro era), there were four zoshishu, or paper making technicians, who belonged to Zushonoryo, and 50 kamiko (hereditary artisans for paper making under the government management) belonging to Shinabe (a rank of technicians in offices), who worked under zoshishu, were placed in Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: 養老律令によれば、図書寮に属した技術者にあたる造紙手（ぞうししゅ）4名とその下で働く品部の紙戸が山背国（後の山城国）に50戸置かれていた。
English: With the establishment of Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto), Kamiyain was moved to a riverside of Tenjin-gawa River in Sagano, and its facilities were improved.
Japanese: 平安京遷都に伴い、嵯峨野の天神川沿いに移されて設備の充実が図られた。
English: The Engishiki (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) stipulated that a total of twenty thousand sheets of paper such as fushi (cloth made of paper threads), kokushi (paper made from paper mulberry tree), mashi (paper made from hemp), hishi (high-quality paper made from gampi tree), and kujinshi (paper made from sophora plant) should be produced, and delivered to Kuraryo (Bureau of Palace Storehouses) every year.
Japanese: 延喜式によれば、布紙・穀紙・麻紙・斐紙・苦参紙など毎年合わせて2万枚を漉いて内蔵寮に納める規定となっていた。
English: Although Kamiyain was abolished during the period of Northern and Southern Courts, paper manufacturers in Kyoto took over Kamiyain's artisans and technology intact, and Shukushikamiza, which was kamiza (a trading association of paper manufacturers and distributors) with Kurododokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) as its honjo (proprietor or guarantor), is said to have been one of their descendants.
Japanese: 南北朝時代_(日本)に紙屋院そのものは廃絶したが、その職人と技術はそのまま京都における製紙業者に引き継がれ、蔵人所を本所として結成した紙座（和紙の製造・販売者による座）である宿紙上座は、その流れを汲んでいるとされている。
English: Based on the Ritsuryo law, the original purpose of the Ichoku was to apply the Charge of Ichoku to individuals who went against the procedures contained in an Imperial command, but in later years, the Ichoku changed to mean an act or behavior which signified resistance against an Imperial command or an Imperial envoy.
Japanese: 本来の律令法における趣旨は勅の手続に違う者に対して適用される罪であったが、後に勅の内容あるいは勅使に抵抗する行為を指すようになった。
English: The application of the Charge of Ichoku is thought to have been expanded according to ranks, and there was a difference in opinions of lawyers about the actual scope of application.
Japanese: ただし、その罪の適用は格式によって拡大されてきたと考えられ、明法家の間でもその具体的な適用範囲などについては意見の相違があった。
English: In and after the Middle Ages, the Ichoku was understood as 'punishing all the violations against judgements issued by court nobles' (according to the book called "Satamirensho"), and by people, it is ambiguously thought to have gone against an Emperor's command.
Japanese: 中世以後においては、「公家御下知違背事也」（『沙汰未練書』）と解され、漠然と天皇の命令に逆らうことと考えられる。
English: Of note, there were cases in which court nobles who were applicable to this and received a punishment equivalent to being expelled from the court noble community, such as the emperor's censure.
Japanese: 特にこれに該当する公家は勅勘などの公家社会では放逐に相当する処分を受けることもあった。
English: In Article 278 of "Kaiteiritsurei", a criminal code in the beginning Meiji Period, a charge named 'Ichokuzai' was established as an illegal act, but in line with the subsequent constitutional monarch of Emperors, accusing a person of Ichoku itself as a crime ceased.
Japanese: 明治初期の刑法典である『改定律例』278条には「違勅罪」という罪名が置かれて違法とされたが、以後天皇の立憲君主化に伴って違勅そのものが罪に問われることは無くなった。
English: In the Taisho Political Crisis, Emperor Taisho issued an imperial command that Kinmochi SAIONJI, president of Rikkenseiyukai (a political party originally organized by Hirobumi ITO) should withdraw a parliamentary motion of non-confidence against the cabinet related to the 3rd Katsura Cabinet and urge Seiyukai to collaborate with the Katsura Cabinet, but the parliamentarians of the Seiyukai made Saionji return the imperial command for the reason that the parliamentarians were the representatives of the Japanese nation (February 9, 1913.)
Japanese: ところが、大正政変の際に大正天皇より公家出身の立憲政友会総裁西園寺公望に対して第3次桂内閣への内閣不信任案を撤回させて政友会を内閣に協力させるように勅命が出されたものの、政友会の代議士達は自分達は日本国民の代表であるとして西園寺に突き返させた（1913年2月9日）。
English: As a result, the Katsura Cabinet fell, and Saionji provided a resignation to step down from the president post for the reason that it was Ichokuzai, and shut himself up at home in Kyoto (February 23.)
Japanese: このため、桂内閣は倒れたが、西園寺はこれは違勅罪であると言って総裁の辞表を提出するとそのまま京都に閉居してしまった（2月23日）。
English: After that, Saionji remained in Kyoto for a while in spite of the advice of Takashi HARA, etc.
Japanese: 以後、西園寺は原敬らの説得にも関わらず暫くの閉居生活を送ることになった。
English: The remaining entries in the Shunki are dated 1038, 1039, 1040, 1042, 1048, 1052 and 1054.
Japanese: 現存する記事は、長暦2年（1038年）・長暦3年（1039年）・長久元年（1040年）・長久2年（1042年）・永承3年（1048年）・永承7年（1052年）・天喜2年（1054年）である。
English: Most of them are collected in a handwritten copy created in the late Heian period, the Toji-bon (To-ji Temple book); eight volumes of the book are held in the Imperial Household Archives, three volumes in Kyoto National Museum, and one volume in Otani University.
Japanese: その大部分は平安時代末期書写の東寺本（宮内庁書陵部に8巻、京都国立博物館に3巻、大谷大学に1巻架蔵されている）に収録されている。
English: The handwritten copies such as the one owned once by the Kujo family and currently by the Imperial Household Archives, Vol. 5 of the Chokyu Gannen Ki (chronicle of the first year of the Chokyu era) in the Kamakura period, the one possessed by Kaku TANAKA, Vol. 1 of the Choreki Ninen Ki (chronicle of the second year of the Choreki era), and the one owned by Sonkeikaku-bunko library, Vol. 3 of the Eisho Sannen Ki (chronicle of the third year of the Eisho era) in the Sanjonishike-bon (Sanjonishi family book) include many entries that are not contained in the Toji-bon.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代書写の書陵部所蔵の九条家旧蔵本長久元年記5巻・田中穫所蔵本の長暦2年記1巻・尊経閣文庫所蔵の三条西家本永承3年記3巻には、東寺本には収録されていない月日も多く含んでいる。
English: Most of the currently existing entries in the Shunki were written when Sukefusa served as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain), and they are unique in describing concrete activities of Kurodo (Chamberlain) in the Heian period.
Japanese: 現存記事の大部分は蔵人頭在職時期のもので、平安時代における蔵人の活動を具体的に記述しているのが特色。
English: The Shunki is gaining attention as a historical document for the period for which relatively few historical documents have been found, and, being full of the author's personal emotions and critical assertions, the diary is of great interest in this regard.
Japanese: 比較的に史料の少ない時期の史料として注目されているが、随所に筆者の個人的な感慨や批評的言辞が多くその意味でも興味深い。
English: The diary became widely known when it was published in thirteen volumes in the series "Tankaku-sosho" compiled in the late Edo period.
Japanese: この日記が広く知られるようになったのは、江戸時代末期に編纂された『丹鶴叢書』の中の13冊として上梓されたためである。
English: The Heian period denotes a period of Japanese history spanning roughly 390 years, from 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian Kyo (ancient Kyoto) to the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1185.
Japanese: 平安時代（へいあんじだい、794年-1185年頃）とは、794年に桓武天皇が平安京（京都）に都（首都）を移してから、鎌倉幕府の成立までの約390年間を指す日本の歴史の時代区分の一つ。
English: The period is named so due to the fact that Heian-Kyo in Kyoto City was the only political center before the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.
Japanese: 京都市におかれた平安京が、鎌倉幕府が成立するまで政治上の唯一の中心だったことから平安時代と称する。
English: In the early Heian period, the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of centralized governance structure from the former period (the Nara period) was basically continued with partial amendments.
Japanese: 平安前期は、前代（奈良時代）からの中央集権的な律令制を、部分的な修正を加えながらも、基本的には継承していった。
English: However, as the the Ritsuryo system lost touch with reality, the government changed its policy from an individual-based ruling system, which was the base of the the Ritsuryo system to a land-based ruling system in order to secure tax revenue from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
Japanese: しかし、律令制と現実の乖離が大きくなっていき、9世紀末～10世紀初頭ごろ、政府は税収を確保するため、律令制の基本だった人別支配体制を改め、土地を対象に課税する支配体制へと大きく方針転換した。
English: This change was conducted to establish the new ruling system by delegating some power to local influential people under the control of the head of the provincial governors (the head of Kokushi, Zuryo), who were dispatched there: the system was called the dynasty state system.
Japanese: この方針転換は、民間の有力者に権限を委譲してこれを現地赴任の筆頭国司（受領）が統括することにより新たな支配体制を構築するものであり、これを王朝国家体制という。
English: Although the dynasty system is usually placed as having existed during the end of ancient times, it is also possible to place it during the early years of the middle age having a decentralized system and it is generally accepted as a transient period from the ancient period to the middle age (the expression 'Chuko' (literally, middle old) is used in the historical study of Japanese literature).
Japanese: 王朝国家体制期は、通常古代の末期に位置づけられるが、分権的な中世の萌芽期と位置づけることも可能であり、古代から中世への過渡期と理解されている（日本文学史研究においては「中古」という表現も用いられている）。
English: Under this system, influential farmers, (Tato: farm managers who lease public fields from provincial lords and produce agricultural products; and Myoshu: owners of rice fields) to whom the management of land and control of people was transmitted from the government, became powerful.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制の下では、国家から土地経営や人民支配の権限を委譲された有力百姓（田堵・名主）層の成長が見られた。
English: In order to govern the farmers, the government transmitted military and police power to military aristocracy and military art-specialized lower-ranking government officials, who developed into warriors (Bushi).
Japanese: 彼らの統制の必要からこの権限委譲と並行して、国家から軍事警察権を委譲された軍事貴族層や武芸専門の下級官人層もまた、武士として成長していった。
English: The transmission of governmental power and authority reduced the burden of the government, which enabled political stabilization of the central government, and facilitated the transfer of government posts according to heredity: among the aristocracy, the highest became Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents), the middle-class carried out administrative affairs based on the specialized skills related with their family businesses in the central government and carried out administration as Zuryo in the local regions (Nobles in the Heian period).
Japanese: 国家権限の委譲とこれによる中央集権の過大な負担の軽減により、中央政界では政治が安定し、官職が特定の家業を担う家系に世襲される家職化が進み、貴族の最上位では摂関家が確立し、中流貴族に固定した階層は中央においては家業の専門技能によって公務を担う技能官人として行政実務を、地方においては受領となって地方行政を担った（平安貴族）。
English: Shoen (manor in medieval Japan), where particular influential families exclusively obtained the power to levy taxes, increased gradually in accordance with each milestone of the time.
Japanese: 特定の権門が独占的に徴税権を得る荘園が、時代の節目ごとに段階的に増加した。
English: In the latter half of the 11th century, the Cloister Government started, whereby Daijo Tenno (retired Emperor) became the Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) and influenced political affairs.
Japanese: 11世紀後期からは太上天皇が治天の君（事実上の君主）となって政務に当たる院政が開始された。
English: During the period of the Cloister Government, many shoen (manors in medieval Japan) were collected together and Kokugaryo formed into a tax unit, which led to the new system dubbed shoen koryo sei (the System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
Japanese: 院政期には荘園の一円領域的な集積と国衙領（公領）の徴税単位化が進み、荘園公領制と呼ばれる体制へ移行することとなる。
English: Around the middle of the 12th century, conflicts among the aristocracy were solved by force, which increased the status of warriors who were recruited solely for this purpose.
Japanese: 12世紀中期頃には貴族社会内部の紛争が武力で解決されるようになり、そのために動員された武士の地位が急速に上昇した。
English: As the first Samurai government, the Taira clan administration came to the forefront, but soon collapsed due to simultaneous nation-wide civil wars, brought upon their attempt to single handledly shoulder the social contradictions of the times by themselves.
Japanese: こうした中で最初の武家政権である平氏政権が登場するが、この時期の社会矛盾を一手に引き受けたため、程なくして同時多発的に全国に拡大した内乱により崩壊してしまう。
English: With the collapse of the Taira clan administration, the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) came to power after sorting out the civil wars aside from the Imperial Court, and the central govenment gained the right to rule the Eastern provinces, leading to the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: 平氏政権の崩壊とともに、中央政府である朝廷とは別個に、内乱を収拾して東国の支配権を得た鎌倉幕府が登場し、平安時代は幕を下ろした。
English: In 770, at the end of the Nara period, Emperor Shotoku passed away and Emperor Konin, a descendent of Emperor Tenchi, ascended the throne although he was already around 60 years old.
Japanese: 奈良末期の宝亀元年（770年）の称徳天皇が崩御し、天智天皇系の光仁天皇が60前後という高齢ながらに即位した。
English: Although the imperial line had succeeded from Emperor Tenmu, there had been a string of power struggles and Shirakabe no okimi (Prince Shirakabe), a descendent of Emperor Tenchi became Emperor Konin following the order of succession.
Japanese: 天武天皇以来の皇統は、以前より盛んだった天武系皇族間での相次ぐ政争によって継承順で繰り上がった天智天皇系の白壁王（光仁天皇）が継承した。
English: After Emperor Konin passed away, Emperor Kanmu ascended the throne while the Tenmu-descendent imperial family was still influential.
Japanese: 未だ天武系の皇族の影響があるなか、光仁天皇崩御後に桓武天皇が即位した。
English: Emperor Kanmu possessed enough authority to allow him to relocate the capital twice, although he had not experienced such privileged circumstances until Emperor Konin's ascension.
Japanese: 桓武天皇は歴代天皇の中でも遷都を二回も行うほどの強権を誇ったが、光仁天皇即位まではあまり恵まれた境遇ではなかった。
English: At a time when only a Tenmu-descendent prince could ascend the throne, Emperor Kanmu was born as the first prince of Tenchi-descendent Emperor Konin (Prince Shirakabe at that time) but Rittaishi (investiture of the Crown Prince) was not conducted, although it was normally done at the time of birth if the person's order of succession was high.
Japanese: 天武系でなければ即位すら出来なかった時代に天智系の光仁天皇（当時は白壁王）の第一皇子として生まれ、立太子は行われなかった（通常、継承順位が高ければ生まれると同時に行われた）。
English: Since then, no Tenmu-descendent emperor has ascended the throne, due to the influence of Emperor Kanmu, who was in power during this period.
Japanese: 以後、時の権力者となった桓武天皇の影響により、現在まで天武系の皇族は皇位に即いていない。
English: It can be said that the Nara period was a time of Tenmu-descendent emperors and the Heian was a time of Tenchi-descendent emperors who succeeded the line of Emperor Kanmu.
Japanese: 奈良時代は天武系の、平安時代は桓武天皇に続く天智系の時代であったといえる。
English: Emperor Kanmu was strongly aware of the start of the new dynasty and promoted various reformations.
Japanese: 桓武天皇は新王朝の創始を強く意識し、自らの主導による諸改革を進めていった。
English: His reformations were intended to reorganize the Ritsuryo system and as a part of these reformations, he forcibly relocated the capital from Heijo kyo (ancient Nara) to Nagaoka kyo and then from Nagaoka kyo to Heian kyo (in 794).
Japanese: 桓武の改革は律令制の再編成を企図したものであり、その一環として桓武は平城京から長岡京、さらには平安京への遷都（794年）を断行した。
English: It is thought that the transfer of the national capital to Kyoto was conducted in order to erase outdated thinking and concepts, and enhance the authority of the emperor.
Japanese: 平安遷都は、前時代の旧弊を一掃し、天皇の権威を高める目的があったと考えられている。
English: Emperor Kanmu (from 781 to 806) and several later generations conducted Tenno shinsei (direct rule by emperors).
Japanese: 桓武（781年～806年）以下数代においては、天皇が直接に政治を行う天皇親政の時代だった。
English: Positive efforts were made to reestablish the Ritsuryo system, putting in place Ryoge no kan (class outside of the Ritsuryo system) instead of the Ritsutyo government posts, which lost importance.
Japanese: この時期は、律令制の再建へ積極的な取り組みがなされ、形骸化した律令官職に代わって令外官などが置かれた。
English: In addition, in order to display the empror's prestige, Emperor Kanmu concentrated on conquering Ezo in Tohoku region.
Japanese: また、桓武は王威の発揚のため、当時日本の支配外にあった東北地方の蝦夷征服に傾注した。
English: Emperor Kanmu, having learnt a lesson from the fact that the stream of Tenmu-descendent emperors was extinguished after the death of Emperor Shotoku, had many princes of his own.
Japanese: 称徳天皇で断絶した天武皇統の教訓を踏まえ、桓武は多数の皇子をもうけた。
English: After the death of Emperor Kanmu, the princes ascended the throne in order; the renovations by Emperor Heizei, the next emperor after Kanmu, were no less positive renovations than Kanmu.
Japanese: 桓武の死後、皇子らは順番に皇位につくこととし、桓武の次代の平城天皇は桓武に劣らぬ積極的な改革を遂行した。
English: Although Emperor Heizei tried to keep the ruling power after abdicating the throne to his brother, Emperor Saga did not welcome it, which led to a serious conflict between the two, and finally a military confrontation, in which Emperor Saga won (Kusuko Incident in 810).
Japanese: 平城は弟の嵯峨天皇に譲位した後も執政権を掌握し続けようとしたが、それを嫌った嵯峨との間に対立が深まり、最終的には軍事衝突により嵯峨側が勝利した（810年、薬子の変）。
English: After this incident, until the Heiji War in the middle of 12th century, the non-violent political age continued, during which central political conflicts did not lead to military confrontations or the execution of the death penalty.
Japanese: この事件以降、12世紀中葉の平治の乱まで中央の政治抗争は武力を伴わず、死刑も執行されない非武力的な政治の時代が永らく続くこととなった。
English: At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Saga, FUJIWARA no Sonohito, the head council of state, lead a policy to rescue farmers (relief of the poor) and control power (influential aristocracy, temples and shrines).
Japanese: 嵯峨治世初期は、太政官筆頭だった藤原園人の主導のもと、百姓撫民（貧民救済）そして権門（有力貴族・寺社）抑制の政策がとられた。
English: This policy was based on Confucianism, a key idea of the Ritsuryo system, but FUJIWARA no Fuyutsugu, who took over Sonohito, changed the policy drastically, making it policy to facilitate the development of reclaimed land.
Japanese: これは、律令の背景思想だった儒教に基づく政策であったが、園人の後に政権を握った藤原冬嗣は一変して墾田開発の促進を政策方針とした。
English: It is thought that Chokushiden (proprietorships and imperial land) started in the 820's on a large scale and Kueiden (lands directly managed by the government to secure revenues) was implemented inside Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) around the same time according to Fuyutsugu's policy.
Japanese: 820年代から多数設定され始めた勅旨田や同時期に大宰府管内で施行された公営田も、冬嗣路線に則ったものとされている。
English: During the reign of Emperor Saga, Konin kyakushiki code (amendments to penal and administrative law compiled in 820), which was the integration of various laws, was compiled and put into practice.
Japanese: また、嵯峨治世期には、各種法令の集大成である弘仁格式が編纂・施行された。
English: In those days, peasants on whom tax was imposed frequently ran away and wandered about, which lowered tax yields.
Japanese: 当時、課税の対象だった百姓らの逃亡・浮浪が著しく、租税収入に危機が迫っていた。
English: Both Fuyutsugu and Yoshifusa tried to deal with the situation by taxing the land.
Japanese: 冬嗣・良房は墾田開発を促進し、土地課税にシフトすることで状況に対応しようとしたのである。
English: Yoshifusa promoted the concentration of political power, when the Otemon Incident happened (866).
Japanese: 良房は、政治権力の集中化も進めていき、そうした中で応天門の変（866年）が発生した。
English: this era is called Jogan no chi (glorious Jogan rule) due to the political situation having become stable and the success of the development support policy and Jogan Kyakushiki Code (Regulations and Procedures of the Jogan Era).
Japanese: 良房執政期を中心とした時期は、政治も安定し、開発奨励政策や貞観格式編纂などの成果により、貞観の治と呼ばれている。
English: FUJIWARA no Mototsune, an adopted child of Yoshifusa, also followed Yoshifusa's policy line, and carried out counting based on the land-based tax system.
Japanese: 良房の養子、藤原基経もまた、良房路線を継承し土地課税重視の政策をとった。
English: The profit from Kanden in Kinai (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) was used for administrative costs but until that time, the expenditure had depended on the tax collected from the countryside, Cho (tributes) and Yo (labor).
Japanese: それまで中央行政の経費は地方からの調・庸によっていたが、畿内に設定した官田の収益を行政経費に充てることとしたものである。
English: Emperor Uda, who ascended the throne in 887, began to develop emperor-centric policies when Mototsune passed away a few years later.
Japanese: 887年に即位した宇多天皇は、その数年後に基経が死去すると天皇主導の政治を展開するようになる。
English: Although policy which was advantageous for influential families had been conducted from Fuyutsugo to Mototsune, Emperor Uda promoted the control of such families and protected the peasants.
Japanese: 冬嗣から基経まで、権門に有利な政策が実施されてきたが、宇多は権門抑制策そして小農民保護策を進めていった。
English: Under Emperor Uda, FUJIWARA no Tokihira and SUGAWARA no Michizane were the heads of Daijokan, who cooperated with the emperor.
Japanese: 宇多のもとでは藤原時平と菅原道真の両者が太政官筆頭に立ち、協力しながら宇多を補佐していた。
English: Soon after Emperor Uda abdicated the throne to Emperor Daigo, leading to the conflict between Tokihira and Michizane becoming serious, resulting in Michizane's downfall (the Shotai Incident in 901).
Japanese: 宇多が醍醐天皇に譲位するとにわかに時平・道真の対立が深まり、道真が失脚することとなった（901年昌泰の変）。
English: When Tokihira took charge, he followed Uda's policy and controlled influential families and protected peasants.
Japanese: 実権を握った時平は宇多路線を引継ぎ、権門抑制と小農民保護を遂行していった。
English: The law to encourage the allotment of farmland, which was issued in 902, was a prominent example of the return to the Ritsuryo system and the law was the last policy to carry out the allotment of farmland.
Japanese: 時平執政期の902年に発布された班田励行令は、まさに律令回帰を顕著にあらわしているが、これが史上最後の班田実施となった。
English: In addition, in this era, Engi no kyakushiki (regulations and laws of the Engi era), which were aimed at a return to the Ritsuryo system, were made.
Japanese: また、律令回帰を目指す法令群である延喜格式が編纂されたのもこの時期である。
English: Around the time of Tadahira's administration, Myoden (rice field lots under the control of nominal holders) or Fumyo (tillers of public rice fields) were started; under either system, powerful farmers (the rich class) undertook management of rice fields and tax payments.
Japanese: 忠平執政期ごろに、有力百姓層（富豪層）へ土地経営と納税を請け負わせる名田もしくは負名が開始していた。
English: This time is considered to have been the turning point from the Ritsuryo system to a new state system, the system of the dynasty state.
Japanese: この時期が律令国家体制から新たな国家体制、すなわち王朝国家体制へ移行する転換期だったと考えられている。
English: Although the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan had conducted policy as a regent or chief adviser to the Emperor since the time of FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, their regency is considered to have still been in the developmental stage and was distinguished from the early regency.
Japanese: それ以前の藤原良房の時から藤原北家が摂政・関白に就いて執政してきたが、発展段階の摂関政治だったとして初期摂関政治と区別されている。
English: After Tadahira, Sekkan (regents and advisers) was established as a central post in the government and also the framework in which only descendents of Tadahira were able to become Sekkan was established.
Japanese: 忠平以降は朝政の中心としての摂関が官職として確立し、忠平の子孫のみが摂関に就任するという摂関政治の枠組みが確定した。
English: However, even in this system, Sekkan didn't decide everything, yet almost all policies were discussed and determined by Giseikan (Legislatures) at Jin no sadame (ancient cabinet council).
Japanese: ただし、摂関政治においても摂関が全ての決定権を握っていたのではなく、議政官が衆議する陣定の場でほとんどの政治決定が行われていた。
English: From the 9th century onwards especially in the Kanto region, millionaires who brought taxes to Kyoto were assaulted and robbed.
Japanese: ところで、9世紀ごろから関東地方を中心として、富豪層による運京途中の税の強奪など、群盗行為が横行し始めていた。
English: After robbery became more common in 9th century, the Imperial Court sent military aristocrats to Togoku (eastern part of Japan) as kokushi (provincial governors) to discourage such acts.
Japanese: 群盗の活動は9世紀を通じて活発化していき、朝廷は群盗鎮圧のために東国などへ軍事を得意とする貴族層を国司として派遣した。
English: The Court also made the policy to leave the discretion of military force up to the kokuga (provincial government offices) instead of the previous army group (of ancient Japan).
Japanese: それとともに、従前の軍団(古代日本)に代えて国衙に軍事力の運用権限を担わせる政策をとっていった。
English: This idea was brought to fruition in Kanpyo and Engi eras, from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
Japanese: この政策が結実したのが9世紀末～10世紀初頭の寛平・延喜期であった。
English: The warriors became influential in rural areas as rich farmers who undertook the management of Myoden, or as mediators to solve conflicts between millionaires and zuryo or between millionaires.
Japanese: 彼らは自らもまた名田経営を請け負う富豪として、また富豪相互あるいは富豪と受領の確執の調停者として地方に勢力を扶植していった。
English: However, conflicts among warriors and disaffectedness toward zuryo turned into a rebellion, the Johei-Tengyo War, during Tadahira's administration around 940.
Japanese: 彼ら同士の対立や受領に対する不平が叛乱へ発展したのが、忠平執政期の940年前後に発生した承平天慶の乱である。
English: Warriors who took the side of the Court and fought against those in the same social class in order to suppress the war, were recognized as performing a deed of valor and thus were also considered as being a proper warrior line.
Japanese: 朝廷の側に立ち、反乱側に立った自らと同じ原初の武士達を倒して同乱の鎮圧に勲功のあった者の家系は、承平天慶勲功者、すなわち正当なる武芸の家系と認識された。
English: Kokuga admitted 'the warrior line' as being a part of the Kokuga force system, which was established at that time.
Japanese: 当時、成立した国衙軍制において、「武芸の家系」は国衙軍制を編成する軍事力として国衙に認識された。
English: From the middle to the end of the 10th century, the government official contract system developed in the national political arena as well as in regional politics: specific family lines were given contracts to have authority and duties associated with certain government posts.
Japanese: 10世紀中葉から後期にかけて、ある官職に伴う権限義務を特定の家系へ請け負わせる官司請負制が中央政界でも地方政治でも著しく進展していった。