nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Because there is an example where horses were buried around the ancient tomb built in the fifth century, it is thought to be influenced by the customs brought by the people who came from across the seas.
Japanese: また、5世紀には古墳周辺に馬が葬られている例があり、渡来人習俗の影響も考えられている。
English: According to Gishiwajinden (An Account of the People of Wa [Japan]) in the Chinese history book, San-Goku-Shi (History of the Three Kingdoms [a history book]), when Queen Himiko, the ruler of Yamataikoku, died and her burial mound was constructed, over one hundred nuhi (male and female bond servants) were buried, as described in the following: "卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百餘歩徇葬者奴婢百餘人."
Japanese: 中国の歴史書『三国志(歴史書)』の魏志倭人伝に、「卑彌呼以死大作冢徑百餘歩徇葬者奴婢百餘人」とあり、邪馬台国の女王卑弥呼が死去し塚を築いた際に100余人の奴婢が殉葬されたという。
English: According to Suininki in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), NOMI no Sukune suggested to bury the people and horses made of earth instead of burying people who sacrifice their own lives to follow the Empress in the imperial mausoleum of Hibasuhime no mikoto (it is a narrative about the origin of haniwa [a clay figure]; however, it is not admitted archaeologically).
Japanese: また、『日本書紀』垂仁紀には、野見宿禰が日葉酢媛命の陵墓へ殉死者を埋める代わりに土で作った人馬を立てることを提案したという（埴輪の起源説話であるが考古学的には否定されている）記載がある。
English: According to the entry in the Nihonshoki in the section of 22nd March, the 2nd year of Taika (646) (in the old calendar), after the Taika Reforms the Taika Hakusorei (the Taika funerary law) was stipulated, as a result of which the construction of Zenpo-koen-fun (the front-square and rear-round tomb mounds) was stopped and the downsized kofun were increased.
Japanese: 『書記』大化2年（646年）3月22日条によれば、大化の改新の後に大化薄葬令が規定され前方後円墳の造営が停止され古墳の小型化が進む。
English: When a master was died on a battlefield or cut his abdomen after the defeat of a war, his retainers also died on the battlefield or committed seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) to follow the master.
Japanese: 主君が討ち死にしたり、敗戦により腹を切った場合、家来達が後を追って、討ち死にしたり切腹した。
English: In samurai society after the middle ages, it was thought that the suicide of a wife, a retainer, or a follower to follow his or her master in death was a noble thing.
Japanese: 中世以降の武家社会においては妻子や家臣、従者などが主君の死を追うことが美徳とされた。
English: In the Sengoku period (the Warring States period [in Japan]), there was not a custom to commit the oibara (hara-kiri to follow the deceased master) when a master died of natural causes such as die of disease.
Japanese: 主君が病死等自然死の場合に、追い腹を切る習慣は、戦国時代_(日本)になかった。
English: However, some think that because of this, many daimyo families experienced difficulty in the transition of power to the next generation and in the end encountered hardships of losing the territory.
Japanese: しかし、このため世代交代がうまく行かず、結局亡国の憂き目にあった大名家も多くいるとする説がある。
English: When Japan entered the Edo period, occasions to die in a battle field decreased, as the result of which close retainers, such as attendant, came to commit suicide to follow his dead master even when the master died of natural cause.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると戦死する機会が少なくなったことにより、自然死の場合でも近習等ごく身近な家臣が追い腹をするようになった。
English: However, when Kabukimono (dandy, or people who behave in unique manner believing it is fashionable) became popular, the custom of believing oibara as the proof of loyalty was established, and the public praised the custom, people who committed suicide were increased all the more.
Japanese: ところが、かぶき者が流行り、追い腹を忠臣の証と考える風習ができ、世間から讃えられると一層まねをするものが増えた。
English: People even went so far as to call an attendant, especially the master's chodo (a boy who stands high in the favor of his master among those who entertain pederasts) and the chief retainer who didn't wish to commit junshi an unfaithful follower and a coward.
Japanese: 遂には近習、特に主君の寵童（少年愛近世相手を務める者のうち、特に主君の寵愛の深い者）出身者、重臣で殉死を願わないものは不忠者、臆病者とまで言われるようになった。
English: The daimyo (a feudal lord) who was known as a wise ruler noticed the harmful influence of junshi earlier and tried to stop it, but it wasn't effective enough.
Japanese: この弊害に、名君といわれる大名は早くから気づいており、殉死を抑えようとしたが、あまり効果は無かった。
English: The young lord who just succeeded as the head of a family couldn't compete with the chief retainers who served to the predecessor in practical affairs, which created a difficulty in getting united action, centering on a lord.
Japanese: なお、家を後継したばかりの若い主君では、先代の重臣たちに実務面で太刀打ちができず、主君を中心とした統一的な行動が難しくなる。
English: Some think that for the master's house the people who were given important positions by a predecessor had a role to die gracefully to realize smooth transition of power to the next generation.
Japanese: そこで主家のために、先代に重く用いられたものは潔く死に、円滑な世代交代を実現する役割があったとする説もある。
English: In Meiryo-kohan (historical records), junshi was classified into three types: "gibara" was performed from true loyalty to one's master, "ronbara" was the junshi based on the logic in which one thought that he has to commit junshi because other person performed junshi, and "shobara" was committed for the purpose of wishing one's offspring's advancement in social status.
Japanese: 明良洪範では殉死を真に主君への真の忠義から出た「義腹」、誰かが殉死するために自分も殉死しなければならないとする理屈に基づく「論腹」、殉死することで子孫の栄達を図る「商腹」に分類している。
English: However, it is thought that "shobara" is not a historic fact because there is no case in which the family of the person who performed junshi got an increase in stipend.
Japanese: しかし、殉死者の家族が加増を受けたり栄達したケースは皆無であり、「商腹」は歴史的事実ではないとされる。
English: In 1663, during the reign of the fourth shogun Ietsuna TOKUGAWA and the fifth shogun Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the system of the Tokugawa shogunate administration was changed from the military administration to the civilian administration; in other words, shifted from the way of kabukimono samurai to the Confucianism-based bushido (shido) (the samurai code).
Japanese: 1663年、4代将軍徳川家綱、5代徳川綱吉の治世期に幕政が武断政治から文治政治すなわちカブキ者的武士から儒教要素の入った武士道（士道）へと移行した。
English: In 1665, the prohibition of performing junshi was notified orally with the proclamation of Buke Shohatto (Laws Governing Military Households).
Japanese: 寛文3年5月（1665年）の武家諸法度の公布とともに殉死の禁が口頭伝達された。
English: In 1683, as the prohibition of matsugo-yoshi (adopting a child as one's son on one's deathbed) was relaxed, the prohibition of junshi was included in the Laws Governing Military Households and junshi was prohibited officially.
Japanese: 天和(日本)3年（1683年）には末期養子禁止の緩和とともに殉死の禁は武家諸法度に組み込まれ本格的な禁令がなされた。
English: In the Meiji period, the officer of land forces, Maresuke Nogi, committed junshi upon the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, which exercised a social influence.
Japanese: 明治には、1912年の明治天皇崩御の際に殉死した陸軍軍人の乃木希典の殉死が社会的影響を与えた。
English: Meyasubako was a box which was set up to collect letters of proposal by the common people for the purpose of collecting opinions about administrative policies and information about the society, or the system thereof.
Japanese: 目安箱（めやすばこ）は施政の参考意見や社会事情の収集などを目的に、庶民の進言の投書を集めるために設置した箱、及びその制度の事である。
English: The system itself existed for a long period of time, and in the Muromachi period, Ujiyasu HOJO, a daimyo in the Sengoku period, implemented this system.
Japanese: 制度自体は古くから存在し、室町時代には戦国大名北条氏康がこの制度を実施していた。
English: However, generally speaking, meyasubako means the system established by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in the Edo period.
Japanese: ただし、一般的に目安箱といえば江戸時代に徳川吉宗が設置したものを指すことが多い。
English: In 1721, Yoshimune set the box in front of the Hyojosho (conference chamber) in Tatsunokuchi, Edo-jo Castle (around the north exit of the Tokyo station at present) on 2nd, 11th, and 21st days of every month to collect proposals.
Japanese: 吉宗は1721年に江戸城辰ノ口の評定所前（現在の東京駅北口付近）に毎月2日､11日､21日の月3回設置し、回収した。
English: Meyasu means petition, and he let townspeople and farmers to petition requests and complaints regarding politics, economy and other issues in their daily lives.
Japanese: 目安とは訴状のことであり、政治・経済から日常の問題まで、町人や農民などの要望や不満を人々に直訴させた。
English: Thanks to this system, a town doctor Shosen OGAWA complained about the distress of the poor citizens in Edo and proposed to built a hospital.
Japanese: これにより、町医者の小川笙船が江戸の貧民の窮状を訴えて施療院を建てさせる進言をした。
English: Also, fire brigade was organized, and in the rice field development conducted by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), opinions about possible rice fields were taken into consideration.
Japanese: 他、町火消が整備され、幕府が行っていた新田開発では、開発可能地の意見も参考にされた。
English: It is said that the soshobako (complaints box written with different kanji) which was established in front of 一の橋御門 of Wakayama-jo Castle when Yoshimune was the lord of the Kishu domain was the origin of meyasubako.
Japanese: 吉宗が紀州藩主時代に和歌山城一の橋御門前に設置した訴訟箱が目安箱に繋がったと言われる。
English: In 2008, sojodome (the contents of petitions collected by close associate) was found from the documents of the head of the Tokugawa family in the survey conducted by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation and is attracting attentions as an important material.
Japanese: 2008年、徳川記念財団の調査により徳川宗家文書から訴状留（側近が訴状内容をまとめたもの）が発見され貴重な資料として注目される。
English: Therefore, the attitude to consider customers as people in lower social status and to allow customers to tell their opinions is regarded arrogant and uncomfortable for some people.
Japanese: 顧客を身分が下の者とみなして「意見を聞いてやる」という姿勢が、傲慢で不愉快だと指摘する声もある。
English: In this portion, an overview of the governance in pre-modern times will be given, especially under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) which was abolished.
Japanese: 日本の官制（にほんのかんせい）では、日本の前近代､とくに律令制期の廃止された統治機構について概観する。
English: Refer to the modern Japanese bureaucratic system for modern administrative system, and the Japanese state institution for the current administrative system, respectively.
Japanese: なお近代の官制は近代日本の官制を､現在の官制については日本の国家機関を参照。
English: In the formative period of the Yamato Dynasty, clans called 'uji' appeared from consanguineous groups called 'kabane,' and such professional groups called 'uji' or 'be' took charge of duties according to their power and ability.
Japanese: ヤマト王権の形成期、「カバネ（カバネ）」と呼ばれる血縁集団から「氏（ウジ）」と呼ばれる同族集団が現れ、この「氏」や「部（ベ）」と呼ばれる職能集団が、それぞれの勢力や能力によって王権内の仕事を分掌した。
English: The dynasty gradually made 'kabane,' 'uji,' and 'be' incorporated into a hierarchy, and these private groups were organized in a public system.
Japanese: 次第に、「姓」・「氏」や「部」は、王権によって序列化・統制され、私的な集団から公的な制度へと編成されて行く。
English: The official rank (cap rank) system (the system where a government post was associated with a court rank) was also adopted in order to consolidate the government headed by the imperial families (a clan of okimi [Yamato Dynasty]) and to appoint talented people into government service free from blood relations and influence.
Japanese: 一方、皇族（大王(ヤマト王権)の一族）を中心とする支配体制を強化し、血縁や勢力にとらわれない人材登用を進めるため、官位（冠位）の制度（官職と位階を関連づける制度）も取り入れられる。
English: The twelve court rank (cap rank) system which was enacted by Prince Shotoku in 603 was the first instance of this.
Japanese: 603年（推古天皇11年）、聖徳太子が制定した冠位十二階は、その嚆矢である。
English: This court rank system changed several times from the twelve court rank system of 603 to the system of and official court ranks based on the ritsuryo code.
Japanese: この官位の制度は、冠位十二階から律令による官位制まで、数度の変遷がある（冠位・官位制度の変遷）。
English: The first administrative code ('ryo' in Japanese), the Omi Code, was enacted in 668, and the Asuka Kiyomihara Code enacted in 689 is said to have been the first systematized code.
Japanese: 668年（天智天皇8年）に最初の「令（りょう）」である近江令が制定され、689年（持統天皇3年）の飛鳥浄御原令において初めて体系化されたといわれている。
English: The Taiho Code enacted in 701 was the integration of those codes.
Japanese: 701年（大宝(日本)元年）に成立した大宝律令は、その集大成となった。
English: Refer to the "ritsuryo system" for the ritsuryo system, "official court rank" for official rank system, and "Ikai (Court rank)" for Ikai, respectively.
Japanese: 律令制についての詳細は律令制を、官位制についての詳細は官位を、位階についての詳細は位階を、それぞれ参照。
English: Under the emperor as a sovereign ruler, Jingikan (the office in charge of religious ceremony) and Daijokan (Grand Council of State) were established and under the Daijokan, eight ministries were set up to take charge of the actual administration.
Japanese: 君主である天皇の下に、朝廷の祭祀を担当する神祇官と国政を統括する太政官が置かれ（二官）、太政官の下に実際の行政を分担する八省が置かれた。
English: Other than the two departments and eight ministries, Danjodai which inspected administrative organization and Efu (a palace guard) were established under the emperor's direct control (Two departments, eight ministries, one board of censorship and five palace guards in total).
Japanese: 二官八省の他にも、行政組織を監察する弾正台や宮中を守る衛府が天皇の直轄として置かれた（まとめて、二官八省一台五衛府）。
English: Under the eight ministries, practical organizations called Shiki (ritsuryo system), Ryo (ritsuryo system) and Tsukasa were set up.
Japanese: さらに八省のもとには職(律令制)・寮(律令制)・司と呼ばれる実務機関が設置されていた。
English: When those organizations became outdated later on, posts outside the original ritsuryo code (Ryoge no kan) were set up to fit with the times.
Japanese: 後に組織が時代に合わなくなると、令に規定の無い官（令外官）を設けることで対処した。
English: While the ritsuryo system in China concentrated all power in the emperor, who was supported by three ministries of Secretariat, Chancellery and State Affairs, Japanese ritsuryo system was characterized by the establishment of a loose consultative body, namely Daijokan (Grand Council of State), which worked as the emperor's proxy between the emperor and ministries.
Japanese: 中国の律令制が皇帝にすべての権限を集めて三省（中書省・門下省・尚書省）がこれを補佐する体制であるのに対し、日本の律令制では、天皇と各省の間に天皇の代理機能を果たす緩やかな合議体、太政官を置いたことに特徴がある。
English: Kan' indicated a government office itself, and is different from present usage as a 'government officer.'
Japanese: なお、「官」とは役所そのものを指し、「役所の職員」を指す現在の用法とは異なる。
English: It was composed of a consultative legislative organization including Daijo-daijin (grand minister of state), Sadaijin (minister of the left), Udaijin (minister of the right) and Dainagon (chief councilor of state), and its subordinates, namely, Shonagonkyoku (Lesser Counselors' Office) and Sayu Benkankyoku (the left Controllers' Office and the right Controllers' Office).
Japanese: 太政大臣・左大臣・右大臣と大納言などの合議体による議政官組織と、その下の少納言局・左右弁官局からなる。
English: It consisted of Dachusho ben (Benkan [Oversight Department]), Daisho shi (clerk [ritsuryo system]), Shisho, Kajo (office under Controllers of Grand Council of State) and Shibu.
Japanese: 大中少弁（弁官）・大少史（史(律令制)）・史生・官掌・使部からなる。
English: Left Benkan Office was responsible for the four ministries of Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs), Shikibusho (Ministry of Ceremonial), Jibusho (Ministry of Civil Administration), Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), and Right Benkan Office was responsible for the four ministries of Hyobusho (ministry of military), Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice), Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury), and Kunaisho (Imperial Household Ministry).
Japanese: 左弁官局が中務省・式部省・治部省・民部省の4省を、右弁官局が兵部省・刑部省・大蔵省・宮内省の4省を管轄する。
English: Nakatsukasasho (Ministry of Central Affairs) served the emperor and took charge of clerical jobs at the court such as preparing imperial edicts, taking the dictation of the emperor and conveying messages to the emperor as well as paperwork related to letters of appointment and the family register.
Japanese: 中務省-天皇に侍従し、詔勅の作成・宣旨、伝奏などの宮中事務や位記・戸籍などの事務を掌る。
English: Other than the four ranks of bureaucrats, kami, suke, jo and sakan, Jiju (staff of the Imperial Household Agency staff), Udoneri (imperial guard), Naiki (secretary), Kenmotsu (accounting official), Shurei (official in charge of the barrier station), and Tenyaku (warehouse keeper), which were called honkan, belonged to respective ministries.
Japanese: 四等官の他、侍従・内舎人・内記・監物・主鈴・典鑰などの品官（ほんかん）が所属する。
English: When the Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager and Empress existed, other corresponding offices were set up respectively.
Japanese: 太皇太后・皇太后・皇后がいるときには、それぞれ、太皇太后宮職・皇太后宮職・皇后宮職を置く。
English: Office of Housekeeping: consolidated with Uchi no Kanimori no Tsukasa (Office of Inner House Keeping) of Kunaisho into Kamonryo (Bureau of Housekeeping) of Kunaisho during the age of the Emperor Saga.
Japanese: 掃部司-嵯峨天皇のとき、宮内省の内掃部司と統合して宮内省の掃部寮を設置。
English: Twelve Offices of Empress's Residence: Naishi no tsukasa (Office of Female Palace Attendants), Tsuwamono no tsukasa (Military Equipment Office), Kurazukasa (Office of Wardrobe of the Emperor and Empress), Fumi no tsukasa (Office of Book and Writing Materials), Nuinotsukasa (Office of Sewing), Kashiwade no tsukasa (Table Office), Mikinotsukasa (Office of Sake Brewing), Mikado no tsukasa, Tonomorizukasa (Office of Lighting), Office of Housekeeping, Court servant, Kamori no tsukasa (Housekeeping Office), Moi no tsukasa (Water Office), and Medical Office.
Japanese: 後宮十二司（内侍司、兵司、蔵司、書司、縫司、膳司、酒司、闡司、殿司（主殿司）、掃司、水司、薬司）
English: Twelve Officesof Saigu (imperial princess appointed to serve the Ise Shrine):Toneri no Tsukasa (Attendants' Office), Kurabe no tsukasa (Office of Pprocuring Goods), Kashiwadebe no tsukasa (Table Office), Kashikibe no tsukasa (Office of Cooking), Sakabe no tsukasa (Office of Sake), Moitoribe no tsukasa (Office of Water), Tonomoribe no tsukasa (Office of Lighting), Kanimori no Tsukasa (Housekeeping Office), Unebe no tsukasa (Office of Court Ladies), Kusuribe no tsukasa (Office of Medicine), Kadobe no tsukasa (Gatekeeper Office), and Umanobe no tsukasa (Office of Horses.
Japanese: 斎宮十二司（舎人司、蔵部司、膳部司、炊部司、酒部司、水部司、殿部司、掃部司、采部司、薬部司、門部司、馬部司）
English: The whole country was divided into tens of ryoseikoku (province) and each province was governed by kokushi (provincial governors) dispatched from the central government.
Japanese: 全国は数十カ国の令制国に分けられ、個々の国は中央から派遣された国司が治めた。
English: Apart from that, special Shiki (agency) such as Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Kyoshiki (the Capital Bureau), and Settsu Shiki (an agency of Settsu province) were set up at important places.
Japanese: またこれとは別に、要地には特別の職（大宰府、京職､摂津職など）が配置された。
English: There were generally four ranks of government officials: Kami (director, the first rank offical), Suke (assistant director, the second rank official), Jo (inspector, the third rank official), and Sakan (secretary, the lowest rank official).
Japanese: 諸官司には一般に長官（かみ）・次官（すけ）・判官（じょう）・主典（さかん）の四等官が置かれた。
English: Other thant these officials of four ranks, there were also various officall called Honkan as well as Zonin (lower-ranked staffs) such as Shisho (staff in charge of miscellaneous clerical duties), Tomobe (foreman of respective duties) and Shibe (odd-job man).
Japanese: そのほかに各種の品官（ほんかん）（以上は官位相当官）や史生（ししょう）・伴部（ともべ）・使部（しぶ）などの雑任（ぞうにん、下級職員）が所属していた。
English: This is just a simplified table, and especially in some cases of Shiki (agency of the government) (ritsuryo system), Ryo (bureau of the government) (ritsuryo system) and Tsukasa (office of the government), assistant secretaries or judicial officers were not set up, while in others the number of staff was increased.
Japanese: これはあくまでも簡略化した表であり､とくに職(律令制)・寮(律令制)・司の場合は次官・判官が欠けたり､増員したりした。
English: The term 'Zipangu' refers to an old name of an island which was said to be Japan in Europe.
Japanese: ジパング（Zipangu）は、ヨーロッパにおいて、日本だといわれる島の旧名。
English: It is said that the word of Zipangu was derived from the pronunciation of 'Nippon koku or Nihon koku' (日本国, literally meaning country of Japan) in Middle-Age Chinese, and was first introduced to Europe by Marco Polo as Cipangu or Chipangu.
Japanese: 語源については、「日本国」を中世の中国語で発音した音が語源とされ、ヨーロッパにはマルコ・ポーロがCipangu（あるいはChipangu）として最初に紹介したと言われる。
English: A rhyming dictionary, "Zhongyuan Yinyun (中原音韻,literally, Sounds and Rhymes of the Central Plains)," complied in the late Yuan Dynasty (in 1324) enabled the pronunciation of the characters, 日本国, in Proto-Mandarin Chinese before and after the Yuan Dynasty to be collated with the pronunciation of '日 (ni)' as riət (entering tone), '本 (pon or hone)' as puən (rising tone), and '国 (koku)' as kuo (entering tone).
Japanese: 元(王朝)時代後期に編纂された韻書『中原音韻』（1324年）などから再現される元(王朝)時代前後の近古音を対応させると「日」はriət（入声）、「本」はpuən（上声）、「国」はkuo（入声）に比定される。
English: Meanwhile, "the Menggu-Ziyun (蒙古字韻, Mongolian Letters arranged by Rhyme)" edited by Zhu Zongwen (朱宗文) in late Great Yuan Dynasty (in 1308), which was a rhyming dictionary of Chinese ideographs arranged according to phonetic syllables written in the Phags-pa script, categorized '日' as the entering tone of ži, and '本' as the rising tone of bun, and '国' as entering tone of guų respectively.
Japanese: 一方、同じ大元朝時代にパスパ文字と漢字音を対応させた朱宗文撰の韻書『蒙古字韻』（1308年）によると、「日」はžiの入声、「本」はbunの上声、「国」はguųの入声にそれぞれ分類されている。
English: In the modern pinyin system, the word becomes rì-běn-guó, pronouncing 'ri-ben-guo.'
Japanese: 現代ピンインの場合/rì-běn-guó/となり「リーベングォ」と発音。
English: Incidentally, around from the tenth century, Waqwaq (الواقواق al-Wāqwāq, 倭国 [Wakoku [Japan]]?) was often referenced in some geography books written in Arabic and Persian languages, including the one written by geographer, Ibn Khurdādh-Bih, as an island (a country) with gold mines, which later evolved into the legend of Zipangu, the land of gold.
Japanese: なお10世紀頃から地理学者イブン・フルダーズ＝ビフIbnKhurdādh-Bihなどをはじめアラビア語・ペルシア語の地理書において、後のジパングにあたると思われる金山を有する島（国）、ワークワーク（الواقواقal-Wāqwāq,倭国?）について都度都度言及されている。
English: Many words for Japan in modern languages, such as Japan, Japon, Giappone, and Yaponiya, are generally derived from the word 'Zipangu,' but there are also different theories, including one theory holding that the origin of these words was that people in Southeast Asia called Japan Japang in a borrowed word from Chinese language around the 16th century, when Portuguese reached Southeast Asia.
Japanese: 現代の多くの言語で日本を意味するJapan/Japon/Giappone/Yaponiyaなどの言葉は、一般にジパングが語源とされるが、ポルトガルが到達した16世紀頃の東南アジアで日本のことを中国語からの借用語でJapangと呼んでいたことに由来するという説など、異説もある。
English: In Japan, the fact that Marco Polo introduced Japan as Zipangu to Europe is well known, so that Zipangu is thought to be another name of Japan.
Japanese: 日本ではマルコ・ポーロが紹介した事実が非常によく知られており、日本の一種の別名としてとらえられている。
English: Zipangu was an independent island country, which was located 1,500 miles across the sea to the east of Catai (an alternative name for the Chinese continent).
Japanese: ジパングは、カタイ（中国大陸）の東の海上1500マイルに浮かぶ独立した島国である。
English: It produced a large quantity of gold, so that palaces and private houses were made in gold, being abundant in treasure.
Japanese: 莫大な金を産出し、宮殿や民家は黄金でできているなど、財宝に溢れている。
English: People on the island worshiped idols and were good-looking and polite, but they had a man-eating custom.
Japanese: 人々は偶像崇拝者で外見がよく、礼儀正しいが、人肉を食べる習慣がある。
English: Kublai of Mongolia sent a military expedition to Japan to conquer it, but that expedition failed after a huge storm scattered the Mongol fleet completely.
Japanese: モンゴルのクビライがジパングを征服するため軍を送ったが、暴風で船団が壊滅した。
English: Mongolian soldiers left behind alive on the island occupied the capital of Zipangu during the unguarded moment when Zipangu's soldiers were absent from it and resisted against them, but they made peace under a condition that they were granted to live in this country.
Japanese: 生き残り、島に取り残された兵士たちは、ジパングの兵士たちが留守にした隙にジパングの都を占領して抵抗したが、この国で暮らすことを認める条件で和睦して、ジパングに住み着いたという話である。
English: What can be said about information on Japan documented during the Mongolian Empire period, or the Yuan Dynasty, is that the subsection on Japan, 'Japan Accounts' (日本伝), of the 'History of Song Dynasty,' which was complied in the late Great Yuan Dynasty by Prime Minister Toktoghan recounted twenty-three generations from Amenominakanushi-no-mikoto to Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess) as 'what the Japanese chronicle had listed' and about sixty-four sovereigns, such as from the Emperor Jinmu (a grandson of Amaterasu Omikami) to the Emperor Reizei and the subsequent Emperor Enyu (the Emperor Morihira), who was the emperor of that age (the early Song Dynasty), and recorded as follows:
Japanese: モンゴル帝国時代、元(王朝)時代の「日本観」についてであるが、大元朝後期に中書右丞相トクトらによって編纂された『宋史』「日本伝」では、「年代紀に記するところ」として天御中主尊から天照大神尊などの二十三世、神武天皇から冷泉天皇、（宋代初期の）当代の守平天皇（円融天皇）までの約六十四代を列記、されており、以下が記載されている。
English: The land extended several thousand 'ri,' (ri [里] is about 3.927km)' from northeast to southwest respectively, and was bounded by the sea on the southwest, and the border of northeast was a huge mountain. '
Japanese: 「その地は、東西南北がおのおの数千里あり、西南は海に至り、東北隅は大山をもって隔てられている。」
English: The Five Classics texts of Confucianism, Buddhist scriptures, and seventy volumes of Juyi BAI's poems, all of which had been obtained from China, were possessed all over the country.'
Japanese: 「国中に五経の書及び仏経、白居易集七十巻があり、皆中国から得たものである。」
English: Silkworms were farmed for raw silk, by which a large quantity of silk, fine and fabulous, was weaved.'
Japanese: 「絲蠶（蚕）を産し、多く絹を織るが（その布地は）緻密で愛すべきものである。」