nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He succeeded in maintaining this system by adopting a monetary economy and commodity markets which gradually developed after the mid-Kamakura period; this success also gave rise to many imitators and followers such as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Ujisato GAMO.
Japanese: 鎌倉中期から徐々に発展してきた貨幣経済や商業・流通経済を政策に取り込んだ体制の維持の成功は、豊臣秀吉や蒲生氏郷など多くの模倣者や追随者を生んだ。
English: Hokuriku region: Katsuie SHIBATA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Toshiie MAEDA and Narimasa SASSA were assigned as yoriki (mounted warrior belonging to a general in the Sengoku period).
Japanese: 北陸方面：柴田勝家を方面軍総司令官として、与力に前田利家や佐々成政らを配属。
English: Chugoku region: Hideyoshi HASHIBA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Yoshikata KURODA and Masakatsu HACHISUKA were assigned as yoriki.
Japanese: 中国方面：羽柴秀吉を方面軍総司令官として、与力に黒田孝高や蜂須賀正勝らを配属。
English: Kinai region: Mitsuhide AKECHI was appointed as commander in chief on the region, and Fujitaka HOSOKAWA and his son, Tadaoki HOSOKAWA, and Junkei TSUTSUI were assigned as yoriki.
Japanese: 畿内方面：明智光秀を方面軍総司令官として、与力に細川藤孝・細川忠興父子や筒井順慶を配属。
English: Kanto region: Kazumasu TAKIGAWA was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagayoshi MORI and Hidetaka KAWAJIRI were assigned as yoriki.
Japanese: 関東方面：滝川一益を方面軍総司令官として、与力に森長可や川尻秀隆を配属。
English: Shikoku region: Nobutaka ODA, the third son of Nobunaga, was appointed as commander in chief of the region, and Nagahide NIWA and Yoritaka HACHIYA were assigned as yoriki.
Japanese: 四国方面：信長の三男・織田信孝を方面軍総司令官として、与力に丹羽長秀や蜂屋頼隆らを配属。
English: While Nobunaga was alive, these regional armies worked well and won battle after battle in various places and contributed to the Oda government successfully extending their territory over a short period of time.
Japanese: 信長存命中は、この方面軍による機能がうまく作用して、各地で連戦連勝を重ねて、織田政権は短期間で領土を拡大することに成功した。
English: However, the military capability of such commanders as Katsuie SHIBATA, Hideyoshi HASHIBA and Mitsuhide AKECHI was much larger than that of an ordinary daimyo, and therefore, if a commander in chief plotted a rebellion, it was easy to carry out.
Japanese: ただし、柴田勝家や羽柴秀吉、明智光秀など、その方面軍司令官たちが擁する兵力は、上杉や毛利など、一大名の兵力をはるかに凌ぐ大兵力であり、つまり総司令官が謀反を起こして織田政権から独立しようと企てれば、簡単にできたのである。
English: As clearly shown by the fact that Nobunaga was raided by Mitsuhide AKECHI at Honno-ji Temple, Nobunaga gave too much military force to his vassals.
Japanese: 信長が明智光秀に本能寺で襲われたのが、それを如実に示しているように、信長は配下の家臣に兵力を与えすぎていたのである。
English: Therefore, it is safe to say that Nobunaga's regional army system was a failure, because it enabled him to extend his power but dug his own grave as well.
Japanese: 以上から、信長の方面軍制度は、急激な勢力拡大を可能にしたが、同時に自分の首を絞めることとなったため、失敗したとも言えるのである。
English: On the other hand, according to a different view, the collapse of the Oda government was mainly caused by the death of Nobutada ODA, not by a structural problem within the government.
Japanese: その一方、織田政権崩壊の原因は、政権の構造的な問題より、むしろ織田信忠の死が大きいとする意見もある。
English: That is to say, Nobukatsu had already handed over the headship of the family to Nobutada before the Honno-ji Incident, and he reined over such 'daimyo (selected by Nobunaga)' as Oda, Shibata, Akechi, Hashiba, (Nobutaka) KANBE, and (Nobuo) KITABATAKE.
Japanese: すなわち、信長は本能寺の変以前に、大名としての織田家の家督は信忠に譲っており、自らは、織田・柴田・明智・羽柴・神戸（信孝）・北畠（信雄）などの「大名（信長の取立による大名）」の上に君臨する存在となっていた。
English: Therefore, there was no problem with the organization and it was actually rational that his vassals, such as Shibata and Akechi, had larger military forces than that of such daimyo as Mori and Uesugi who did not serve under Nobunaga.
Japanese: そのため、配下の柴田や明智などの大名が、毛利や上杉などの信長に臣従していない大名より大きな兵力をもっていても組織としては問題がなく、むしろ合理的であったと言える。
English: In other words, the Oda clan was already not under Nobunaga's direct control, therefore, if Nobunaga himself had a huge military force, it would have had a harmful influence on the organization (It was acceptable that Nobutada had a large military force).
Japanese: つまり織田家はすでに信長の直接指揮から外れているため、信長自らが巨大な兵力をもつことは組織としての弊害が大きいといえる（信忠が大兵力をもつのであれば問題ない）。
English: Under the system, the Oda clan was supposed to be able to stay in power as long as the head of Oda clan having the largest military force survived, even if Nobunaga was killed in a rebellion raised by his vassals.
Japanese: そのため、仮に信長配下の大名の謀反により信長が倒されても、信長傘下でもっとも大勢力をもつ織田家の当主が生き残っていれば、政権が維持できる構造になっていた。
English: Another theory suggests that the Oda government collapsed because Nobunaga adopted a system of radical meritocracy, which allowed Hideyoshi HASHIBA to usurp the position of the Oda clan after Nobunaga's death.
Japanese: 他にも、織田政権が崩壊した理由には、極端な能力主義を採ったために、信長死後の羽柴秀吉による織田家の簒奪を許したことが主要因との意見もある。
English: Some believe that, in order to avoid making the same mistake, the Tokugawa shogunate restored the old feudal system under which loyalty, family lineage and fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals) were more important than the ability to maintain the regime.
Japanese: そのために、徳川幕府は、能力よりも忠誠心や家柄、譜代家臣を重視する旧来の封建体制を復活させ、体制維持に努めたとの意見もある。
English: Nobunaga placed importance on the rule of Kyoto, and appointed Sadakatsu MURAI as the Kyoto shoshidai (The Kyoto deputy) for negotiation and surveillance.
Japanese: 信長は京都支配を重要視し、村井貞勝を京都所司代として、朝廷に対する交渉や監視を任せている。
English: Sadakatsu, living up to Nobunaga's expectation, governed Kyoto without any serious mistakes while Nobunaga was alive.
Japanese: 貞勝は信長の期待にこたえて、信長存命中は大過なく京都を統治している。
English: The Toyotomi government was a Japanese government that ruled the country from 1590 (in fact, 1585) to 1603.
Japanese: 豊臣政権（とよとみせいけん）は、天正18年（1590年）、（ただし、実質的には天正13年（1585年））から、慶長8年（1603年）まで成立していた豊臣氏による日本国の政権。
English: On June 2, 1582, Nobunaga ODA was killed by Mitsuhide AKECHI (the Honnoji Incident).
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）6月2日(旧暦)、織田信長が明智光秀によって討たれた（本能寺の変）。
English: At that time, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, a vassal of Nobunaga's, who was in Bicchu (the western part of Okayama Prefecture) as a commander in chief of the forces coming from around the Chugoku region, immediately made a peace treaty with Terumoto MORI, lead his army back east and killed Mitsuhide AKECHI (the Battle of Yamazaki).
Japanese: このとき、中国方面総司令官として備中にあった信長の家臣豊臣秀吉は、直ちに毛利輝元と講和して軍を東に返して、明智光秀を討った（山崎の戦い）。
English: At the Kiyosu conference, Hideyoshi decided to elect Hidenobu ODA (the eldest legitimate son of Nobutada ODA) as the successor to Nobunaga, over Nobutaka ODA (Nobunaga's third son) who was recommended by Katsuie SHIBATA.
Japanese: 清洲会議において柴田勝家が推薦する織田信孝（信長の三男）を抑えて、信長の嫡孫である織田秀信（織田信忠の嫡男）を信長の後継者として擁立した。
English: In the following year, Hideyoshi killed Katsuie SHIBATA and Nobutaka ODA, the vanguards of the anti-Hideyoshi group at the Battle of Shizugatake and made Kazumasu TAKIGAWA surrender.
Japanese: 翌年には、反秀吉の急先鋒であった柴田勝家と織田信孝を賤ヶ岳の戦いにおいて滅ぼし、滝川一益を降した。
English: After having old vassals of the Oda clan, including Toshiie MAEDA and Nagachika KANAMORI work under him, Hideyoshi made himself the actual successor to Nobunaga.
Japanese: そして前田利家や金森長近ら旧織田家臣を自分の配下として組み込んだ秀吉は、信長の事実上の後継者としての地位を確立するに至った。
English: Nobukatsu ODA, Nobunaga's second son, who was discontent with this, raised an anti-Hideyoshi army in 1584 with Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, who had been an ally of Nobunaga's.
Japanese: これに不満を持った織田信雄（信長の次男）が、天正12年（1584年）に信長の盟友であった徳川家康と結んで、反秀吉の兵を挙げる。
English: Although Hideoyoshi's military force overpowered Ieyasu's, Hideyoshi was defeated locally, at the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, because Ieyasu was a superb tactician.
Japanese: 兵力的には秀吉軍が圧倒的に優勢であったが、家康の巧みな戦術の前に秀吉軍は小牧・長久手の戦いで局地的に敗れた。
English: Afterward, however, Hideyoshi's tremendous force bore upon Nobukatsu, who made a peace treaty all by himself without counsel from Ieyasu.
Japanese: しかしその後、織田信雄は秀吉の強大な兵力に圧迫され、家康に相談なく秀吉と単独講和する。
English: Due to this treaty, Ieyasu no longer had any legitimate reason to fight against Hideyoshi and accepted a peace treaty.
Japanese: 信雄と秀吉の講和により、家康も秀吉と戦うための大義名分を失いひとまず和議に応じた。
English: In 1585, Hideyoshi attacked and captured several forces in Kii Province (attack on Kishu) and Motochika CHOSOKABE in the Shikoku region (subjugation of Shikoku); they had threatened Hideyoshi behind his back over the last two years.
Japanese: 天正13年（1585年）、秀吉は前年・前々年の戦いで常に自らの背後を脅かした紀伊国の諸勢力（紀州攻め）、四国の長宗我部元親（四国平定）を相次いで攻略した。
English: On July that year, Hideyoshi was nominated to be the Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) after 'kanpaku soron' (disagreement over Kanpaku position) and in the following year, the family name, 'the Toyotomi clan' was given to him.
Japanese: またこの年7月、関白相論を経て正親町天皇より関白に任じられ、翌年には豊臣姓も下賜された。
English: This meant that the imperial court admitted that Hideyoshi was the most powerful person in Japan and that the court delegated him the authority to rule Japan.
Japanese: これは、秀吉が朝廷から天下の実力者として認められ、朝廷から政治を委任されたことを意味している。
English: In 1586, Hideyoshi sent his real mother, Omandokoro (the mother of a Kanpaku), to Ieyasu as a hostage.
Japanese: 天正14年（1586年）、秀吉は生母の大政所を人質として家康のもとへ送った。
English: In addition, Kagekatsu UESUGI in Echigo Province, Terumoto MORI in Aki Province and others pledged allegiance to Hideyoshi.
Japanese: なお、この頃には越後国の上杉景勝、安芸国の毛利輝元らも、秀吉に臣従することを誓っていた。
English: In 1587, Hideyoshi attacked and captured Yoshihisa SHIMAZU, who was going to control Kyushu, by condemning him for having broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (peace edict for Ou region) (the subjugation of Kyushu), which meant the western part of Japan was completely under Hideyoshi's control.
Japanese: そして天正15年（1587年）には九州を席捲しつつあった薩摩国の島津義久を惣無事令に違反したとして討ち秀吉の前に遂に屈服させ（九州平定）、西国は完全に豊臣氏の支配下に入った。
English: In 1590, Hideyoshi, with his tremendous military force of 230,000 soldiers, attacked and captured Ujimasa HOJO and his son, Ujinao, who had broken 'Ou Sobujirei' (Attack of Odawara), and Masamune DATE, Yoshiaki MOGAMI and others in Tohoku (the northeast) region pledged allegiance to Hideyoshi (Oshu Shioki (approach to punish the powerful warriors in the area of Oshu, to prevent them from strengthening their power)); and by this the whole country was unified under the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: 惣無事令に違反した北条氏政・北条氏直親子を、天正18年（1590年）、23万人の大兵力を動員して攻略（小田原攻め）、さらに東北の伊達政宗や最上義光らも秀吉に臣従することを誓い（奥州仕置）、ここに豊臣政権のもとに天下統一は成された。
English: At that time, the Toyotomi government was established as the only government that could give orders to any place in Japan.
Japanese: この時点で、豊臣政権は日本全国に威令が及ぶ日本の統一政権として成立したのである。
English: Kunohe-masazane-no-ran (the Rebellion of Masazane KUNOHE), which occurred in 1591, proved Hideyoshi's unification.
Japanese: 天下統一が如実に表れているのが、天正19年（1591年）に起こった九戸政実の乱であろう。
English: Since the Nanbu clan could not subdue Masazane, Hideyoshi sent a military force of 60,000 soldiers, with Ujisato GAMO and Mitsunari ISHIDA and others as their leaders, to the remote rural areas in Oshu (Northern Honshu, the region encompassing the Mutsu and Dewa provinces).
Japanese: 南部氏は自力での討伐をできず、秀吉は蒲生氏郷・石田三成らを大将に6万人の軍勢を奥州の僻地に派遣している。
English: The Muromachi Bakufu of the post-eighth shogun, Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA, could not have attained such a thing, which indicated that Hideyoshi's unification of Japan was fully established at that point.
Japanese: 室町幕府第8代将軍・足利義政以来の室町幕府にはできなかったことであり、ここに豊臣秀吉の天下一統が成ったと見てよい。
English: In 1592 (the first year in the Bunroku era), Hideyoshi, who had unified the nation, ordered 'daimyo' (feudal lords) all over the country to dispatch troops to the Joseon Dynasty (Korea) in order to conquer Ming (the Bunroku War).
Japanese: 全国統一を達成した秀吉は、文禄元年（1592年）、明の征服を目指して、全国諸大名に李氏朝鮮への出兵を命じた（文禄の役）。
English: The Korean regular force, which had never experienced a full-scale war except troubles with 'wako' (Japanese pirates) or the Joshin tribe, was overwhelmed and completely defeated by the Japanese military force, which was equipped with a large amount of guns after the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 倭寇や女真族との紛争以外本格的な戦争経験がない朝鮮正規軍を、戦国時代(日本)を経て大量の鉄砲を装備した日本軍が圧倒し連戦連勝を重ねた。
English: With the cooperation of the Korean people, the Japanese forces conquered most parts of Korea by conquering the capital, Seoul Special City, and Pyongyang.
Japanese: また朝鮮民衆の協力もあり、王都ソウル特別市や平壌を次々と占領するなど朝鮮領土の大部分を占領した。
English: Yangban', traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, organized Korean people at various places, formed a volunteer army and started fighting against the Japanese forces.
Japanese: これに対し、李氏朝鮮の特権階級であった両班は各地で民衆を組織化し義兵軍を編成して反抗を開始。
English: In 1593, Ming gave its full support to Korea and went on the offensive.
Japanese: 文禄2年（1593年）になると、朝鮮に明軍が本格的に来援し攻勢に出る。
English: The Ming-Korean army occupied Pyongyang and came close to Hanseong, but the Japanese forces defeated them at the Battle of Hekitenkai (ByeogJe Gwan).
Japanese: 明・朝鮮軍は平壌を抜き漢城に迫ったが、日本軍は碧蹄館の戦いでこれを撃破する。
English: Afterward, the battle drew to a stalemate as both sides suffered from logistical problems; the Japanese forces ran out of provisions while the Ming lost hundreds of thousands of horses due to starvation, which led to the discussion of a peace treaty and then to a truce agreement.
Japanese: 以後戦線は膠着し、日本軍は兵糧不足に陥り、明軍は数万匹の馬が餓死するなど、双方が兵站に苦しむこととなると、講和交渉が開始され休戦に入った。
English: Hideyoshi, who had given up having his own biological child become his successor, designated his adopted son, Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI (Hideyoshi's nephew) to be his successor, and executed Hidetsugu and his family on suspicion of a rebellion in 1595.
Japanese: 秀吉はすでに実子の誕生をあきらめて、養子の豊臣秀次（秀吉の甥）を後継者に指名していたが、文禄4年（1595年）に謀反の容疑で秀次およびその一族を全て処刑した。
English: The peace treaty with Ming, which Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI and others promoted, broke down, and in 1597 (the second year of the Keicho era), the second dispatch of troops to Korea was conducted (the Bunroku-Keicho War/ Keicho War).
Japanese: 石田三成、小西行長らによって進められていた明との講和は決裂し、慶長2年（1597年）には再び、朝鮮出兵が行なわれた（文禄・慶長の役慶長の役）。
English: According to Asanoke monjo (the records of the Asano family), the purpose of the second dispatch was to punish the red country (Jeolla Province) completely, and then conquer the blue country (Chungcheong Province) and other areas.
Japanese: 『浅野家文書』によると、この再出兵の目的は赤国（全羅道）を残らず成敗し、余力をもって青国（忠清道）その他を討つこととされている。
English: Having wiped out the Korean navy at The naval Battle of Chilcheollyang, the Japanese forces attacked and conquered the cities of Chonju of Jeolla Province, fought against the Ming force at Shokusan (the Battle of Shokusan: both forces recorded they had won.), and also attacked Chikusan, Anjo-city of Gyeonggi Province (Eight Provinces of Korea).
Japanese: 日本軍は、漆川梁海戦で朝鮮水軍を壊滅させると進撃を開始し、たちまち全羅道の道都全州を占領、忠清道の稷山で明軍と交戦（稷山の戦い：双方とも自軍の勝利と記録）した後、京畿道(朝鮮八道)の安城市・竹山まで進撃した。
English: Having conquered Jeolla Province, Chungcheong Province and advanced into Gyeonggi Province within about two months, the Japanese forces returned to the southern shore of the Korean Peninsula before winter and started the establishment of new castles (Japanese castles) in various places.
Japanese: 日本軍は約２ヶ月で全羅道、忠清道を席巻し、京畿道への進出を果たすと、冬を前に朝鮮半島南岸に撤収し、各地に新たな城（倭城）の築城を開始する。
English: When Urusan-jo Castle, at the east most edge of Korea, was under construction, the Japanese forces were attacked by the Ming-Korean forces from the end of 1597 to the beginning of 1598; the Japanese fought the enemy off (the first Battle of Ulsan).
Japanese: その中で最も東端に位置する蔚山城が未完成のまま、年末から翌慶長3年（1598年）初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍の攻撃を受けるが撃退に成功する（第一次蔚山城の戦い）。
English: Despite the Ming-Korean forces waging all-out war and attacking Junten-jo, Shisen-jo and Urusan-jo Castles, which had been established by the Japanese forces, from the beginning of October to the end of October in 1598, the Japanese forces fought them off.
Japanese: 9月末から10月初めにかけて明・朝鮮軍は総力を挙げた攻勢をかけ、日本軍の順天城、泗川城、蔚山城を攻撃したがすべて撃退した。
English: Although the Japanese forces fought off the all-out attack from the Ming-Korean forces, Hideyoshi had already died on September 18th (died at the age of 62).
Japanese: 明・朝鮮軍の総力を挙げた攻勢を撃退した日本軍であったが、既に8月18日に秀吉は死去していた（享年62）。
English: On their way back to Japan, despite the Japanese forces being hindered by the Ming-Korean navy at the Battle of Noryang, all returned to Japan by the end of December.
Japanese: 帰国段階で明・朝鮮水軍の妨害を受け、露梁海戦を戦うことになるが、11月末までに全軍帰国を果たした。
English: However, since Hideyori was only six years old, the conflict between the Budan-ha (a political faction willing to resort to military means to achieve its aims) consisting of Kiyomasa KATO, Masanori FUKUSHIMA and others, and the Bunchi-ha (a civilian party) consisting of Mitsunari ISHIDA, Yukinaga KONISHI, and others, which had started during Hideyoshi's last years, came to a head and the TOYOTOMI vassals were split off.
Japanese: しかし、秀頼はわずか6歳の幼主であったため、豊臣氏内部で秀吉の晩年からすでに発芽していた加藤清正、福島正則ら武断派と石田三成、小西行長らによる文治派の対立が表面化し、豊臣家臣団は分裂する。
English: In addition, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA aimed to be 'tenkabito' (a person becoming the ruler of the country) and entered an unauthorized marriage with Masamune DATE; thus, showing signs of the TOYOTOMI government's decline.
Japanese: さらに徳川家康も天下人を目指して、伊達政宗らと無断婚姻を行なうなど、豊臣政権は次第に衰退の兆しを見せてゆく。
English: In 1599, Toshiie MAEDA, who managed to support the government as Hideyori's guardian, passed away.
Japanese: 慶長4年（1599年）には、秀頼の後見人として豊臣政権を何とか支えていた前田利家が死去する。
English: This allowed Ieyasu to gain prominence among other feudal lords, and Ieyasu gradually came to hold the power to control the nation.
Japanese: このため、家康の勢力が諸大名の中でも特に抜きん出ることとなり、家康は次第に天下の権を掌握するようになる。
English: On the other hand, Mitsunari ISHIDA, together with Kagekatsu UESUGI, Terumoto MORI, Hideie UKITA and others, tried to fight against Ieyasu in order to protect the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: 一方、豊臣政権擁護の立場から、石田三成は上杉景勝や毛利輝元、宇喜多秀家らと共に家康との対立を試みる。
English: However, at the Battle of Sekigahara in September, in 1600, the Toyotomi-side (the western army) including Mitsunari was defeated, and the main leaders including Mitsunari were executed or punished by being deprived of their domain.
Japanese: が、慶長5年（1600年）9月の関ヶ原の戦いにおいて、三成ら豊臣方（西軍）は敗れ、三成ら主だった者はことごとく処刑、改易された。
English: The post-war reorganization degraded the Toyotomi clan down to one feudal lord who owned three Provinces, the Settsu, Kawachi and Izumi provinces, with 650,000 koku (approximately 117 million liters of crop yield).
Japanese: そして関ヶ原の戦後処理により、豊臣氏は摂津国・河内国・和泉国の3カ国、65万石を支配する一大名へと転落した。
English: (Which meant Hideyoshi's policy of 'kurairechi' (land directly controlled by the Toyotomi clan) was unsuccessful in various ways.)
Japanese: （これは秀吉による全国各地に豊臣家の蔵入地を設定した政策が、裏目に出たのである。)
English: When Ieyasu changed various feudal lords' domains in the post-war reorganization, those 'kurairechi' automatically disappeared.
Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦後処理で諸大名の領地替えを行った際に、自動的にこれら蔵入地が消滅してしまったのである）。
English: Ieyasu Tokugawa's establishing the Edo Bakufu (Edo shogunate) as Seiitaishogun (commander-in-chief of the expeditionary force against the barbarians, great, unifying leader) in 1603 put an end to the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: そして慶長8年（1603年）に徳川家康が征夷大将軍として江戸幕府を開いたことにより、豊臣政権は終焉したのである。
English: Afterward, as the Toyotomi clan would not obey the Tokugawa clan and attempted to be independent, they were defeated by Ieyasu in Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka), which started in 1614.
Japanese: その後、豊臣氏はあくまで徳川氏に従わず、独立を維持しようとしたため、慶長19年（1614年）からの大坂の陣において、家康により滅ぼされたのである。
English: Like the former government, the Oda government, the Toyotomi government was organized so that Hideyoshi, the monarch, held all of the power by himself.
Japanese: 豊臣政権は、前政権の織田政権と同じく、君主である秀吉に権力が集中する形態を取っている。
English: During the reign of Hideyoshi, he established a centralized administrative framework that controlled lands and people all over the country by conducting Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi Toyotomi's nationwide land survey), giving commands to collect swords, and so forth.
Japanese: 秀吉の治世としては太閤検地や刀狩令など日本全国の土地や民衆のすべてを管理する中央集権となっている。
English: Although there were several 'Daidaimyo' (a feudal lord given a greater stipend) including the Mori, the Shimazu, the Date, the Tokugawa, and the Uesugi clans, who owned provinces almost one million-koku in size, Hideyoshi, while he was alive, didn't give them any authority to control the administration but instead had the feudal lords who were reared from an early age, such as the Ishida and the Otani clans, govern the country by making them live around the Kinki region and giving them a small stipend.
Japanese: 毛利氏、島津氏、伊達氏、徳川氏、上杉氏ら100万石にならんとする大大名がいるが、秀吉生存中は彼らに執政権を与えず、石田氏や大谷氏ら自身の子飼い大名に近畿周辺の小禄に封じて政治をさせている。
English: Hideyoshi also established 'kurairechi' (the land directly controlled by the government) in various places and formed a system of remote control.
Japanese: また各地に蔵入地（政府直轄地）を設定して遠隔支配するような仕組みを整えている。
English: While he forbid Christianity, which was symbolized by 'Bateren Tsuihorei' (an edict expelling the European missionaries), he earnestly promoted commerce with Europe.
Japanese: バテレン追放令をだすなどキリスト教を禁ずる一方でヨーロッパとの交易は盛んに推進した。
English: It is said that after Hideyoshi's failure to accomplish his desire to become 'Seii Taishogun', he introduced a new system, 'the Kanpaku system by the samurai family' instead of the 'Bakufu' system; the status of 'Kanpaku' was given to him through accidental events, and he tried to change the status to the Toyotomi-clan hereditary system (by excluding five Fujiwara Gosekke (five top Fujiwara families whose members were eligible for the positions of Sessho and Kanpaku)).
Japanese: また、秀吉は当初は征夷大将軍への就任に意欲を示したとも言われているが実現せず、代わって偶発的事情から得た関白の地位を武家である豊臣氏による世襲制度（公家である藤原氏の五摂家を排除）に変更して、幕府制度に代わる武家関白制（ぶけかんぱくせい）とも言うべき体制を導入しようとしたと考えられている。
English: The transfer of 'Kanpaku' to Hidetsugu Toyotomi did not mean Hideyoshi's retirement but the declaration of the Toyotomi-clan's heritage of that position, and Hideyoshi maintained the real power.
Japanese: 豊臣秀次への関白位譲渡も引退を目的としたものではなく、関白位の豊臣氏世襲を宣言するものであり実権は依然として秀吉が保持した。
English: (Ironically, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA transferred the position of 'Seii taishogun' to his son, Hidetada TOKUGAWA and was in charge of politics as 'Ogosho' (a leading figure) in order to show that the Tokugawa clan would inherit the position of 'Seii taishogun' and he would not return the political administration to Hideyori, Hideyoshi's bereaved son.)
Japanese: （皮肉にも徳川家康も征夷大将軍位の徳川氏世襲と秀吉の遺児・秀頼への政権返上の意思が無い事を示すために息子徳川秀忠に将軍を継がせて自らは大御所として政権を運営している。）
English: In regards to diplomatic policy, Hideyoshi insisted 'Sinocentrism' in which Japan would be the center instead of Ming and based on military force, applied a hard-line policy that required Luzon, Ryukyukoku, Takasagun (the country believed to exist in Taiwan in those days), Joseon Dynasty and others to yield allegiance and bring tributes to Japan.
Japanese: 対外政策としては明に替わり日本がその中心になる華夷思想を打ち出し、ルソン・琉球国・高山国（当時、台湾に存在すると考えられていた国）・李氏朝鮮などに服属と朝貢を求める武威を背景にした強硬政策を推進している。
English: It was the Joseon Dynasty that Hideyoshi strongly required 'submission' from and 'the guide for conquest of the Ming' (Seimin kyodo).
Japanese: 特に朝鮮に対しては「服属」を強く求めると共に「征明の先導」（征明嚮導）を求めた。
English: However, the Joseon Dynasty had been a tributary nation to Ming since its establishment, and it would not change its diplomatic policies.
Japanese: しかし朝鮮の立場は建国以来、明の属国であり、その外交方針をここで変える意思はなかった。
English: The So clan in Tsushima, who negotiated between Hideyoshi and the Joseon Dynasty, pursuing a peaceful settlement, required the Joseon Dynasty to send 'celebratory delegates' for the unification of Japan, instead of 'tributary delegates,' which Hideyoshi had required.
Japanese: 交渉に当たった対馬の宗氏は、これを何とか穏便に済まそうとして、秀吉が求める「朝貢使」の派遣を秀吉の全国統一の「祝賀使」の派遣に置き換えて要請した。
English: The Joseon Dynasty sent their delegates partly because they wanted to find out what was going on in Japan (searching delegates).
Japanese: すると、朝鮮としても日本側の状況を探りたい事情もあり使者を派遣した（賊探使）。
English: Although the Joseon Dynasty officially sent 'celebratory delegates,' their real intention was to learn about Japan's current situation, and they did not intend to pay 'tributes' or yield allegiance to Hideyoshi.
Japanese: もっとも朝鮮側にしてみれば使者は表向きが「祝賀使」であり実態は「賊探使」に過ぎず、秀吉に対して「朝貢」したつもりも「服属」したつもりも無かった訳であった。
English: However, as the So clan introduced these Korean delegates as 'tributary delegates' to Hideyoshi, he believed that the Joseon Dynasty had sent 'tributary delegates' to yield allegiance to him as he had demanded, and ordered them again to be the guide for conquest of the Ming (Seimin kyodo).
Japanese: が、この朝鮮使を宗氏は「朝貢使」と称して秀吉に謁見させると、秀吉からしてみると、要求に応じ「朝貢使」を派遣し「服属」してきた朝鮮に、以前からの要求通り征明の先導（征明嚮導）を命じた。
English: Hideyoshi originally had few relatives, and as Hidenaga TOYOTOMI, Tsurumatsu TOYOTOMI, Omandokoro, Asahihime (Hideyoshi's younger sister and Ieyasu's lawful wife) and others passed away one after another, it caused heavy damage to the Toyotomi government.
Japanese: ただでさえ少なかった秀吉の縁者である豊臣秀長・豊臣鶴松・大政所・朝日姫らが、天正末期に次々と死去したことは、豊臣政権に大打撃を与えた。