nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, the flat plan suddenly changed to a square or a rectangle around western Japan at the end of the Yayoi period, and gradually standardized to a rectangle.
Japanese: しかし、弥生時代後期にはいると西日本一帯で突如として平面プランが方形あるいは長方形へと変化し、次第に長方形へと統一されていく。
English: There was a unique type of flat plan dwelling site called 'Petal shaped dwelling' distributed in southern Kyushu.
Japanese: このほか、南部九州には「花弁型住居」と呼ばれる特異な平面プランの住居跡が分布した。
English: Also there is the various regionality in tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house), such as a round shaped dwelling with special ancient structural remnants called 10 (read; 'Ichimaru') pit at center of its floor, in western Hyogo Prefecture (Harima).
Japanese: また兵庫県西部（播磨）地域には円形住居の床面中央部に1O（イチマル）土坑と呼ばれる特殊な遺構を持つ例が分布するなど、竪穴住居の形態には多様な地域性があり、注目される。
English: Although the majority of dwellings excavated from the Yayoi period was tateanajukyo (a pit dwelling house), flat-land dwellings and dug-standing pillar buildings are also assumed.
Japanese: 弥生時代の住居としては竪穴住居が出土例の大半を占めるが、このほかに平地式住居や掘立柱建物が想定される。
English: However flat-land dwellings loses most of the evidence of living when living surface is scraped and it is very difficult to recognize it as a dwelling therefore very few clear examples of flat-land dwellings have been discovered.
Japanese: しかし、平地式住居の場合、生活面が削平されて（けずられて）しまうと生活の痕跡の大半が失われてしまうことから、住居として把握することがきわめて困難になってしまうため、これまでに把握された平地式住居の具体的な例はきわめて少ない。
English: Also it is difficult to distinguish dug-standing pillar building and other warehouses mentioned later only from flat plans so, there are no clear examples of dwellings.
Japanese: また、掘立柱建物の場合後述する倉庫などとの区別が平面プランだけでは区別できないため、これも確実な住居の例は指摘されていない。
English: Dug-standing pillar buildings were introduced from the Korean Peninsula to a few settlements in northern Kyushu during the earlier period.
Japanese: 早期には北部九州など一部の集落に掘立柱建物の倉庫が半島から伝播する。
English: However the underground warehouse became mainstream by the early period and dug-standing pillar building almost disappeared.
Japanese: しかし、前期までに地下式の倉庫が主流となり、掘立柱建物はほとんど見られなくなる。
English: Underground warehouses commonly had a round shape and sometimes had square or rectangular shapes.
Japanese: 地下式倉庫は円形のものが主流で、しばしば方形・長方形のものが見られる。
English: The structure commonly had size of hashirama (bay, space or distance between two pillars) of 1 ken (unit of distance between two pillars) x 2 ken, and some had different variations such as 1 ken x 1 ken or 1 ken x 3 ken.
Japanese: 主な形態のものは柱間が1間×2間の規模のもので、これに1間×1間、1間×3間などのバリエーションが加わる。
English: Around the end of the Yayoi period to the beginning of the Kofun period (tumulus period), Sobashira-shiki building (dug-standing pillar building with a pillar per ken (unit of distance between two pillars), grid type structure) with size of 2 ken x 2 ken emerged, and this became the main structure of a warehouse.
Japanese: 弥生時代末から古墳時代初頭になると、2間×2間の総柱式の建物が出現し、これが主要な倉庫の形態となる。
English: There are two classifications in terminology used in the burial system of the Yayoi period, which are; terms describing outside facility of burial facility (upper structure) such as shisekibo (a dolmen), funkyubo (grave mound or tumulus) and shukobo (burial mound surrounded by a moat), and terms describing individual shapes of actual burial facility (lower structure) such as kamekanbo (earthenware jar-coffin grave), dokobo (hole-shaped grave), mokkanbo (wooden coffin grave) and sekkanbo (stone coffin grave).
Japanese: 弥生時代の墓制を示す用語として、支石墓、墳丘墓、周溝墓などといった埋葬施設の外部施設（上部構造）を示す区分と、甕棺墓、土壙墓、木棺墓、石棺墓などといった個々の埋葬施設本体の形状（下部構造）を示す区分がある。
English: All were formed with elements passed down from the Jomon culture and elements brought from the Korean Peninsula, and there were various characteristics of grave components in each region.
Japanese: いずれも、半島より渡来した要素と縄文文化より受け継いだ要素からなり、地域によって墓地の構成に様々な特色が見られる。
English: Kamekanbo was based on the manners and customs of maiyo (custom of burial during the Jomon period, dead body, etc. was placed inside a pot and buried) in the end to last Jomon period, and was completed by adapting a jar-shaped vessel from the Korean Peninsula as a container for burial.
Japanese: 甕棺墓は、縄文時代後・晩期の埋甕習俗を下敷きとし、半島から伝来した壷形土器を埋葬容器として採用することにより成立したと考えられる。
English: However earthenware with its original shape, especially as a burial container, came into being by the end of early period and the shape shifted to maiyou earthenware from a jar-shaped vessel.
Japanese: しかし、前期末までには埋葬専用容器として独自の形状を持ったものが成立し、その形状は壷形土器から甕形土器へと移行する。
English: In the middle period, the earthenware slightly changed its shape, but a large kamekan (earthenware jar-coffin) for adult, which had the same basic characters as previous earthware, was established in northern Kyushu.
Japanese: 中期には北部九州各地で少しずつその形態を変えながらも基本的には同じ形質的特徴を共有する成人用大型甕棺が北部九州に定着する。
English: Then standard sized kamegata earthenware, used as a daily container, started to be used as a burial container for children and infants; the kamekan (earthenware jar-coffin) burial system came to be established.
Japanese: それとともに、小児・乳幼児用に日常容器として使われる通常のサイズの甕形土器が埋葬容器として一般的に使われるようになり、甕棺墓制が確立する。
English: At the same time, a pot type earthenware emerged as a lid of a large kamekan for an adult.
Japanese: 同時に、成人用大型甕棺に付属する蓋として、大型の鉢形土器が成立する。
English: Kamekanbo (earthenware jar-coffin grave) were generally structured with two large kamekan for adults with both rims put together to seal.
Japanese: 甕棺墓は成人用甕棺が二つ合わせ口として組み合わされるものが一般的である。
English: In addition, a pot type earthenware dedicated to a kamekan lid was often used, as well as wooden or stone lid.
Japanese: このほかにこの鉢形の甕棺専用蓋が用いられるものも多く、また木製や石製の蓋が使われることも多い。
English: The kamekan burial system quickly declined in the end period and was replaced by hole-shaped grave with stone lid and hakoshiki-sekkanbo (box-shaped stone coffin grave).
Japanese: 甕棺墓制は後期には急速に衰退して石蓋土壙墓・箱式石棺墓などに取って代わられた。
English: Apart from the Itoshima region where the custom barely remained, it was sporadically seen in a former kamekan burial system distribution range and finally the custom disappeared by the Kofun period.
Japanese: 糸島地域のみで細々と継続するほかは旧甕棺墓制分布域で散発的に認められるのみとなり、古墳時代までには消滅する。
English: The Main distribution range was northern Kyushu, especially Chikuzen, Chikugo Provinces and the eastern Hizen region, and the custom was distributed as a secondary burial system in the surrounding area.
Japanese: 主たる分布域は北部九州地域でも筑前・筑後国・肥前東部域であり、この周辺地域では副次的な墓制として分布する。
English: Although it is clear the place of origin for mokkanbo (wooden coffin grave) is not yet known, it is a burial system not found in the Jomon culture therefore it is considered as a burial system introduced from the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 木棺墓は、明確な出自は明らかになってはいないものの縄文文化には認められない墓制であることから半島から渡来した墓制と考えられている埋葬様式の一つである。
English: Majority of mokkanbo was called kumiaishiki (unit style), which were generally made by combining six boards, a bottom board, two side boards, two end boards, and a lid board, and the coffin was placed inside a dug out hole.
Japanese: 弥生時代の木棺墓の大半は組合式と呼ばれるもので、一般的には、底板・両側板・両小口板・蓋板の計6枚の板材を組み合わせ、あらかじめ掘削された土坑の中に棺を作るものである。
English: There were two different ways of combining the boards, which are two sideboards holding two end boards in between, or two end boards holding two sideboards in between.
Japanese: 板材の組み合わせ方には、両側板が小口板を挟み込む形式のものと小口板が両側板を挟み込む形式のものとがある。
English: Mokkanbo was widespread in the western Japan region (except in northern Kyushu) as the main burial system until the end of the early Yayoi period.
Japanese: 弥生時代前期末までには広く（北部九州をのぞく）西日本地域で主たる墓制として採用された。
English: Especially in Kinai, mokkanbo and hole-shaped graves were adapted as a core of hokei shukobo (burial mound surrounded by square moat) in middle period.
Japanese: 特に畿内などでは土壙墓とともに中期の方形周溝墓の主体部として採用される。
English: Mokkanbo also declined and was replaced by a hole-shaped grave with a stone lid and hakoshiki-sekkanbo (box-shaped stone coffin grave) at the end of the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 弥生時代後期にはやはり石蓋土壙墓や箱式石棺墓などに取って代わられ、衰退する。
English: Unique mokkanbo with the shape of two hollowed out logs put together at the rims were confirmed specially in the earlier period to the first half of the early Yayoi period.
Japanese: また、特殊な木棺墓として、丸木をくりぬいたものを上下に合わせたような特殊な形状をした木棺墓が特に弥生時代早期～前期前半期に特徴的に認められる。
English: Hole-shaped grave, especially an excavation without shoring, was a common burial system in the Jomon period and also often seen in the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 土壙墓、特に素掘りの土壙墓は、縄文時代に一般的な墓制であり、弥生時代にもしばしば認められる墓制である。
English: However there is a difference in the shape of hole-shaped graves in the Jomon and Yayoi periods (especially in western Japan), and hole-shaped graves in the Yayoi period was longer in length.
Japanese: しかし、縄文時代の土壙墓と弥生時代の（特に西日本の）土壙墓とはその形状に差があり、後者の方が全長が長い。
English: This was due to the difference in burial posture (Crouched burial are often found in a hole-shaped grave during the Jomon period, on the other hand full-length burial was common in a hole-shaped grave during the Yayoi period.)
Japanese: これは、埋葬姿勢の差異に由来するものと考えられる（縄文時代の土壙墓には屈葬が多く認められる一方、弥生時代の土壙墓は伸展葬が一般的である）。
English: A hole-shaped grave with a stone lid was a type of a hole-shaped grave that emerged during the Yayoi period and it became widespread throughout western Japan at the end of the Yayoi period.
Japanese: 弥生時代に新たに現れる土壙墓の形式の一つに、蓋を板石で覆う石蓋土壙墓があり、弥生時代後期に広く西日本全域で一般化する。
English: Connection between a hakoshiki-sekkanbo (box-shaped stone coffin grave) is also considered (Hakoshiki-sekkanbo becomes a hole-shaped grave with stone lid if all other parts except the lid is omitted.)
Japanese: 箱式石棺墓との関連性も考えられる（箱式石棺墓の蓋石以外を省略すると石蓋土壙墓となるため）。
English: Recent progress in DNA research unraveled that many Yayoi men who were immigrants to ancient Japan came from the basin of the Yangtze River and an area around Shandong Province on the Chinese continent.
Japanese: 近年、DNAの研究が進み、渡来系弥生人の多くは中国大陸の長江流域、山東省付近から来たと言われている。
English: Some research results show that it is possible to go back further to areas around the present Qinghai Province in China.
Japanese: 更に遡ると現在の中国の青海省付近にまで遡ることができるという調査結果がある。
English: As for rice cultivation, DNA (SSR polymorphism) analysis of Yayoi rice confirmed a paddy-rice variety that does not exist on the Korean Peninsula, and theory of a direct introduction route from central and south China is proposed, not a route through the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 稲作については、弥生米のDNA（SSR多型）分析によって、朝鮮半島には存在しない水稲の品種が確認されており、朝鮮半島経由のルートとは異なる、中国中南部から直接渡来したルートが提唱されている。
English: Also a relationship between genes from a person who cannot drink much alcohol and DNA of a Yayoi man who was an immigrant to ancient Japan has been researched in recent years.
Japanese: また近年、渡来系弥生人のDNAとお酒に弱い人の遺伝子の関連性が調査されている。
English: There used to be a theory that related the beginning of the Yayoi period with disturbance of the Spring and Autumn periods and the Warring States period in China.
Japanese: 弥生時代の開始についてはかつて中国の春秋戦国時代の混乱と関連付ける考えがあった。
English: However, in connection with a theory to moving up the beginning date of the Yayoi period, whether or not to reject the previous theory, or to relate a new date with political changes of the Yin Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty has been considered.
Japanese: しかし弥生時代の開始年代を繰り上げる説に関連してこれを否定するか、あるいは殷から周への政変に関連付ける考えが検討されるようになった。
English: According to Chinese history books, "Ronko" (Lunheng) written in The Later Han Dynasty provides knowledge about Wa in the Zhou period, and historical records of the Han Dynasty explains about Wa in the age of the former Han dynasty, such as; people of Wa were living in many separated provinces and they sent an envoy.
Japanese: 中国の史書では、後漢の『論衡』が周代の倭に関する知識を伝え、ついで漢書が前漢代のこととして倭人が多数の国に分かれて住んでおり、使節を送ってくると記している。
English: "History of the Later Han Dynasty" (the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, established in 432) describes that Wano Nano Kokuo (the King of Japan) received Kanno Wano Nano Kokuo Kinin (the Golden Seal of the King of Japan, Chinese Colony) from Kobu-tei (Emperor Guangwu) of The Later Han Dynasty in 57.
Japanese: 『後漢書』（南北朝時代、432年成立）には、57年に倭奴国王が後漢光武帝から漢委奴国王印を授かった。
English: Also Suisho the King of Wa (倭国王帥升) (also written as 倭面土國王帥升) sent seiko (slave) to The Later Han Dynasty in 107.
Japanese: また107年には倭国王帥升（または倭面土國王帥升）が生口を後漢へ献じたことが見える。
English: "Gishiwajinden" (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty") from Sangokushi (Annals of the Three Kingdoms) describes state of Wakoku in the third century in detail that Queen Himiko ruled over the Yamatai-Koku kingdom.
Japanese: 三国志の『魏志倭人伝』は、3世紀の倭国の状況を詳しく記し、邪馬台国の卑弥呼女王が統治していたことなどを伝えている。
English: Although there is no evidence of an official negotiation between Wakoku and Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, two Gabuntai Shinjukyo Mirror (Mirror with figures of duties and sacred animals) with the name of the era in Wu exists as a relic.
Japanese: 中国の三国時代の呉と倭国が公的に交渉を行った文献は全くないが、遺物としては呉の年号を記す画文帯神獣鏡が二面存在する。
English: One was excavated from Toriibarakitsunezuka Tumulus in Ichikawa Misatocho (former Mitamacho), Nishiyatsushiro district, Yamanashi Prefecture and it has an inscription about counting years of Sekiu Gannen (year 1) Year (in 238).
Japanese: 山梨県西八代郡市川三郷町（旧三珠町）の鳥居原塚古墳出土の赤烏（せきう）元年(238)の紀年銘をもつ。
English: Another was excavated from Akura Tumulus in Takarazuka City, Hyogo Prefecture and it has an inscription about counting years of year seven in Sekiu (in 244).
Japanese: 兵庫県宝塚市安倉古墳（あくらこふん）出土の赤烏七年(244)の紀年銘をもつ。
English: Compared to Jomon man, characteristics of Yayoi man were; a slightly elongated face with a flat orbital cavity at nose, and have flat and undefined features.
Japanese: 弥生人の特徴は、縄文人と比較すると、顔立ちは、面長で、眼窩は鼻の付け根が扁平で上下に長く丸みを帯びていて、のっぺりとしている。
English: Their average height was 162 cm to 163 cm, which was several centimeters taller.
Japanese: また、平均身長も162～163センチぐらいで、縄文人よりも数センチ高い。
English: However, most of these human bone materials were excavated from sites in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan, including northern Kyushu, Yamaguchi, and Shimane Prefectures.
Japanese: しかし、これらの人骨資料のほとんどは、北部九州・山口・島根県の日本海沿岸にかけての遺跡から発掘されたものである。
English: Recently a human bone was excavated from shisekibo (a dolmen), which is a continental burial system, in Shinmachi site in Itoshima Peninsula, Fukuoka Prefecture, and tooth extraction had been performed to the human bone, that was the manner and custom of Jomon.
Japanese: 近年、福岡県糸島半島の新町遺跡で大陸墓制である支石墓から発見された人骨は縄文的習俗である抜歯が施されていた。
English: Moreover, human bones excavated from the Shinpo site located in Kobe City in the Setouchi region also showed some Jomon characteristics.
Japanese: さらに瀬戸内地方の神戸市新方遺跡からの人骨も縄文的形質を備えているという。
English: However, earlier period Yayoi men excavated from the Sasai site in Fukuoka City and the Karako-Kagi site in the Nara Basin were confirmed as bones of immigrants to ancient Japan.
Japanese: ただ、福岡市の雀居（ささい）遺跡や奈良盆地の唐古・鍵遺跡の前期弥生人は、渡来系の人骨だと判定されている。
English: In other words, the number of excavated human bones confirmed as immigrants to ancient Japan are very rare in sites from the early Yayoi period, even in northern Kyushu where it is said immigrants to ancient Japan first entered, and in the Setouchi and Kinki region where it is believed continental immigrants to ancient Japan migrated.
Japanese: つまり、最初に渡来人が来たと考えられている北部九州や大陸系渡来人が移住した可能性のある瀬戸内・近畿地方でさえ、弥生時代初期の遺跡からは渡来系の人と判定される人骨の出土数は少ない。
English: Jomon man may have started rice-paddy cultivation in area of advanced rice-paddy cultivation, not the immigrants to ancient Japan.
Japanese: 水田稲作の先進地帯でも、渡来系の人々ではなく、縄文人が水稲耕作を行ったのではないか。
English: It is believed that history moved to an agrarian society in cooperation between Jomon man of an absolute majority and few continental immigrants to ancient Japan.
Japanese: 絶対多数の縄文人と少数の大陸系渡来人との協同のうちに農耕社会へと移行したと考えられる。
English: Part of paddy field remains from the end of Yayoi period was discovered in Ryohazamahiwata site in Tamana City, Kumamoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 熊本県玉名市の両迫間日渡（りょうはざまひわたし）遺跡で、弥生時代後期のものとみられる水田跡の一部が発見された。
English: Many stakes were put up at the side of a path (approximately 1 m width) between paddy field to stop soil from being carried out, and about 50 foot prints were also found.
Japanese: あぜ道（約幅1メートル）には土の流失を防ぐため多数の杭が打ち込まれており、足跡も約50カ所見つかっている。
English: Santei Ritsuryo Code was a ritsuryo code compiled by Minister of the Right, KIBI no Makibi, YAMATO no Nagaoka and so on in 769.
Japanese: 刪定律令（さんていりつりょう）は、神護景雲3年（769年）に、右大臣吉備真備や大和長岡らによって編纂された律令法。
English: It was enforced on April 13, 791 during the reign of Emperor Kanmu.
Japanese: 桓武天皇の時代の延暦10年3月6日(旧暦)（791年4月13日）に施行された。
English: Subsequently around 797, Santei Ryokaku Code with 45 articles was compiled by Major Counselor, Miwao, Middle Controller of the Right, TACHIBANA no Irii and so on and was enforced on July 7, 797.
Japanese: 続いて延暦16年（797年）頃には、更に大納言神王・右中弁橘入居らによって刪定令格（さんていりょうかく）全45条が編纂され、同年6月9日(旧暦)（797年7月7日）に施行された。
English: Both were edited to fix the flaws in Yoro ritsuryo code, however, on July 8, 812, the enforcement of Santei Ritsuryo Code was suspended because it was thought to provoke the public to feel insecure causing many lawsuits to be filed.
Japanese: いずれも養老律令の欠陥を補うことを目的としたが、弘仁3年5月26日(旧暦)（812年7月8日）には訴訟の頻発など民心の不安定を招くとして刪定律令の施行が停止された。
English: Although the order for its amendment was issued, it was not enacted after that and Santei Ritsuryo Code was practically abolished.
Japanese: （刪定律令は）改正を命じられたものの、以後改正は行われず事実上廃止された。
English: Although what was done with Santei Ryokaku Code is not clear, the original text in "Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicle of Japan) referred to this suspension as 'Santei Ryo' and the description of Santei Ryokaku Code no longer appeared after that.
Japanese: 刪定令格については不明なものの、この停止を伝える『日本後紀』原文には「刪定令」とされており、刪定令格に関する記述も見られなくなる。
English: For that reason, it is possible that the enforcement of Santei Ryokaku Code was also suspended at the same time, even though when it was suspended or abolished is not clear.
Japanese: そのことから、刪定令格も同時に施行が停止された可能性はあるものの、その停廃時期については明らかにはなっていない。
English: After that, Ritsuryo law was not compiled in Japan, and the flaws in the codes were fixed with Kyakushiki (supplementary provision) instead.
Japanese: 以後、日本においては律令法の編纂は行われず、格式によってその不備を補うようになっていくこととなる。
English: Joshu daimyo (daimyo who is allowed to live in a castle) is a social status in the early-modern times of the Edo period, and refers to a daimyo, who was allowed to have a castle as his residence in his kunimoto (hometown), among Daimyo families (feudal lord families) classified according to their resident provinces and resident castles into five ranks: kokushu (landed daimyos), jun (associate) kokushu, joshu (lord of a castle), joshukaku (joshu class), mujo (without a castle) (jinya [regional government office]).
Japanese: 城主大名（じょうしゅだいみょう）とは、近世江戸時代における大名の格式の一つであり、大名家をその居地・居城で区別する国主（国持大名）-準国主-城主-城主格-無城（陣屋）の5階級のうち、国許の屋敷に城が認められている大名をいう。
English: In addition, for controlling daimyos there were a list of daimyos containing nami-daimyo (low-class daimyos) appointed to Shodaifu (Jugoinoge [Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade]) and another list of those who could be promoted to Shihon (the fourth-rank) or higher; and they were distinguished by the rooms where they were assigned to wait before being received in audience.
Japanese: その他、大名統制には、並大名が諸大夫（従五位下）である官位が四品以上に昇進する大名家一覧であったり、伺候席によって区別されていた。
English: According to "Buke Shohatto" (code for the warrior households) issued in 1717, a joshu could repair building parts equal to or less than a tower, fence or gate after submitting an application and obtaining an approval; and, when a stone wall was broken, the joshu was supposed to report to bugyo (commissioner [in charge of repair and management]) and to receive his instruction.
Japanese: 享保2年（1717年）の『武家諸法度』によると、城主は櫓・塀・門以下は届出をし許可を得たうえで補修することが可能で、石塁・石壁が壊れたときは奉行に報告し、その差図を受けることとなっていた。
English: For this reason it was said that the shiro (castle) under the Tokugawa shogunate system was defined as a structure including fences and a tower on a stone wall.
Japanese: このことから徳川幕藩体制下における城の定義は石垣の上に塀と櫓を有しているものとされていた。
English: Listed below are major castle sites where daimyos who were joshus, kokushus or jun-kokushus were assigned after the Ikkoku Ichijo Rei (Law of One Castle per Province) had been issued:
Japanese: 以下に一国一城令以後、城主及び、国主・準国主である大名が配置されたおもな城地を挙げる。
English: It was not allowed to build a castle in places other than those castle sites listed below, and even those places where castles had existed since the medieval period (the Kamakura and Muromachi periods) were designated as jinya:
Japanese: 以下の城を除く城地での築城は許されず、これらの城地以外は中世以来の城郭であっても陣屋とされた。
English: A joshukaku daimyo was a daimyo whose residence in his hometown was a jinya, but who was treated like a joshu daimyo; which is an example of preferential treatment of a daimyo without a castle as joshu daimyo.
Japanese: 城主格大名とは国許の屋敷が陣屋である大名のうち、城主に準ずる待遇城主格大名の優遇例
English: The minimum karoku (hereditary stipend) of roju (member of shogun's council of elders) was 25,000 koku (1 koku = approximately 180.39 liters) rice crop yields, and, if a daimyo whose position was close to roju, but was receiving less, he was treated as rojukaku; likewise a mujo daimyo (a daimyo without a castle) was treated as joshukaku daimyo.
Japanese: 老中の最低家禄が2万5,000石であり、これに満たない場合は老中格となり、無城大名は城主格大名とされた
English: A legitimate child of a mujo daimyo was not nominated to a Shodaibu (low rank official) at Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and was not allowed to ride a vehicle (kago [palaquin]).
Japanese: 無城大名の嫡子は従五位下諸大夫の叙任がなく、乗物（駕籠）の使用が許されなかった
English: A joshukaku daimyo was not allowed to convert his jinya to a castle, actually allowed to build only a castle gate.
Japanese: 城主格大名は国許の陣屋を城に転換することが許されず、実際には城門の構築を許されるのみであった
English: However, those who were Shihon (the fourth rank) Jushiinoge [Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade]) were ranked by government posts and appointment years regardless of possession of a castle.
Japanese: 但し、四品（従四位下）になると、城・無城に関係なく、官職と任官年次で区分されていた。
English: In the seating hierarchy within Edo-jo Castle, any Shodaibu of Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade whose kokudaka (the assessed value of their landholdings in rice), rounded down to the nearest 10,000 koku, was equal to that of a joshu (castle lord) daimyo, was seated one notch down from such joshu daimyo (for example, the Todo family, a Joshukaku with 53,000 koku, was seated one notch below the Mizoguchi family, a joshu with 50,000 koku).
Japanese: 従五位下諸大夫では、江戸城中の序列において、万石以下端数を切捨てた石高で同高の城主大名の次席に位置した（「順席」における例.5万3,000石城主格藤堂家は5万石城主溝口家の次席であった）をうける大名をいった。
English: After castles other than main castles were abandoned by Ikkoku Ichijo Rei (Law of One Castle per Province) in1615, many daimyos who were newly promoted or who had their domains subdivided appeared, causing the lack of the sites to be given for building castles.
Japanese: 元和(日本)元年（1615年）一国一城令によって主城以外が破却された後、取立てられた家や分知大名が多数出現して与うるべき城地が不足する。
English: For this reason, families who had served as wakadoshiyori for many years, and old and noble families were treated as joshukaku, and at the end of Edo Period there were 19 such families at the end of Edo Period (1867).
Japanese: そこで、長年若年寄を務めた家や、旧家・名族を城主格に処遇し、幕末の慶応3年（1867年）で19家あった。
English: Annaka Domain (joshu)=> Nishio Domain (joshu)=> Kakegawa Domain (joshu)=> Yoita Domain (joshukaku); 20,000 kokus, fudai (hereditary daimyos); Teikan no ma (room for fudai daimyo of Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade and Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade)
Japanese: 安中藩（城主）→西尾藩（城主）→掛川藩（城主）→与板藩（城主格）2万石譜代帝鑑間
English: Daimyo in Shimotsuke Province (mujo)=>Izumi Domain (joshukaku)=> Sagara Domain (joshukaku)=> Annaka Domain (joshu); 15,000 koku=> 20,000 koku=>30,000 koku; fudai; Kari no ma (room for castle-owning fudai daimyo newly assigned after the establishment of the Edo bakufu)
Japanese: 下野国内（無城）→泉藩（城主格）→相良藩（城主格）→安中藩（城主）1万5,000石→2万石→3万石譜代雁間
English: Gujo Hachiman Domain (mujo=>joshukaku=>joshu)=>daimyo in Hitachi-no-kuni Shimotsuke (mujo) =>Mikami Domain (joshukaku); 27,000 koku=>24,000 koku=>10,000 koku=>12,000 koku; fudai; Kiku no ma
Japanese: 郡上八幡藩（無城→城主格→城主）→常陸国下野内（無城）→三上藩（城主格）2万7,000石→2万4,000石→1万石→1万2,000石譜代菊間
English: Obata Domain (mujo/list of daimyos promoted to or higher than Shihon)=>Takahata Domain (joshukaku)=>Tendo Domain (joshukakau); 20,000 koku; tozama; Yanagi no ma
Japanese: 小幡藩（無城/四品以上に昇進する大名家一覧）→高畠藩（城主格）→天童藩（城主格）2万石外様柳間
English: Asakawa Domain (mujo)=>Iho Domain (mujo)=>Sagara Domain (mujo)=>Izumi Domain (joshukaku); 15,000 koku=>20,000 koku, fudai; Teikan no ma
Japanese: 浅川藩（無城）→伊保藩（無城）→相良藩（無城）→泉藩（城主格）1万5,000石→2万石譜代帝鑑間
English: Shirakawa Domain branch domain (Shirakawa Nitta Domain) (mujo)=>Kuwaori Domain (mujo) =>Shinozuka Domain (mujo) =>Uesatomi Domain (mujo) =>Kobata Domain (joshukaku); 20,000 koku; fudai; Teikan no ma
Japanese: 白河藩支藩（白河新田藩）（無城）→桑折藩（無城）→篠塚藩（無城）→上里見藩（無城）→小幡藩（城主格）2万石譜代帝鑑間