nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It has been passed down that the Hidemori IKEDA brothers, who sided with the Taira family, escaped to this place, and the local clan calling itself the descendants of Hidemori existed as the vassals of the Mogami clan etc. in the Sengoku Period (Japan).
Japanese: 平家方として落ち延びた池田秀盛兄弟が隠れ住んだと伝わっており、秀盛の後裔と称する氏が戦国時代(日本)の土豪として存在し、最上氏等の家臣となっている。
English: It has been passed down that members of the Taira and Fujiwara clans who sided with the Taira family settled here using the surnames "Hoshi" and "Hirano," respectively.
Japanese: 平家方として落ち延びた平氏・藤原氏の者が土着し、星姓、平野姓を称したという。
English: It is also said that the remnants were not samurai but the daughters of a military commander who attended the Taira family side, and their descendants constructed ten houses at Kobuyashiki.
Japanese: 尤も、武者ではなく平家方に随身した武将の姫であったといい、古分屋敷に子孫は10軒の家を構えたとされる。
English: It is said that the Kirihara clan descended from the Oba clan, which descended from the Kamakura clan, one of Bando Hachi Heishi (the Eight Taira clans of the East), and the Kaminaga clan descended from the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: 桐原氏は坂東八平氏のひとつ鎌倉氏の流れを汲む大庭氏の血筋であり、神長氏は藤原氏であるという。
English: After being defeated at various places, the Taira family escaped to Katashina-mura, which is located near Oze and surrounded by steep mountains, and Heike no Ochudo settled there and prospered.
Japanese: あちこちで敗れた平家一門は尾瀬も近く、片品村に至るまでも険しい山々が連なる場所まで逃げた結果、片品村に平家の落人が住み着いて繁栄することになった。
English: It is believed that TAIRA no Fujifusa (also called FUJIWARA no Fujifusa) escaped to this place, and historical spots like Taisho-zuka (burial mounds of the general) and Heike-sugi (cedar trees related to the Taira clan) are still found here and there.
Japanese: 平藤房（藤原藤房とも）らが落ち延びたとされ、大将塚・平家杉などの史跡が散在する。
English: A Heike no Ochudo legend in Yunishikawa is on display at Heike Ochudo Folk Museum and events such as the Heike Taisai Festival are also held here.
Japanese: 湯西川の平家の落人伝説は現地の平家落人民俗館などでも紹介されているほか、平家大祭などの行事も行われている。
English: It is believed that legitimate relatives of the Taira family escaped to this place and used the surname "Ban" to conceal the fact that they were the relatives of the Taira clan.
Japanese: 平家の正当血縁者が落ち延びたとされ苗字から平家の者であることを悟られぬよう苗字を『伴』とした。
English: The left-hand side of the Chinese character "伴" represents a person, and this Chinese character becomes "伻" (Hei) if the right-hand side is slightly modified.
Japanese: 伴という苗字の人偏は人を表し、右の半は上部の点を半の横線の間に移し、半の一番上の横線から飛び出た部分を消すと『伻』という字になる。
English: Unique customs that are existent in the village are not hoisting koinobori, not making bonfires (so as not to produce smoke), not keeping dogs and not to raising chickens.
Japanese: 独自の風習として、鯉幟を揚げない・たき火をしない（煙を立てない）・犬を飼わない・鶏を飼わないなどがある。
English: These customs originated out of the need to conceal from outsiders that people were living in the mountain.
Japanese: これらは人が山中に暮らしていることを外部にかぎ取られないためである。
English: Taira-mura, Higashitonami County, Toyama Prefecture (Toyama Prefecture), Toga-mura, Kamitaira-mura (Toyama Prefecture) (present Nanto City), Gokayama
Japanese: 富山県東砺波郡平村(富山県)・利賀村・上平村(富山県)（現・南砺市）五箇山
English: It has been passed down that either the descendants of people who were defeated in the battle of Kurikara Pass or those of TAIRA no Koremori, who was defeated by MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, settled here.
Japanese: 倶利伽羅峠の戦いで敗れた者の子孫という説、あるいは源義仲に敗れた平維盛の子孫が住みついたという説がある。
English: Places whose names include the Chinese character "竃" (kamado - kitchen stove, oven) in Minamiise-cho (former Minamijima-cho) are believed to have been the community of the remnants of the Taira family where they settled and made a living producing salt.
Japanese: 南伊勢町（旧南島町）に多く見られる「竃」が付く地名は、平家の残党がそこに住み着いて塩を作って生計を立てていた集落であるという。
English: According to that song, Taira no Atsumori, who is generally considered to have been killed by Naozane KUMAGAI, survived in reality and escaped to Shobara.
Japanese: その内容によると、熊谷直実に討たれたとされる平敦盛が実は生きて庄原に落ち延びたという話になっている。
English: It has been passed down that after being defeated in the battle of Yashima, 30 remnants led by Taira no Noritsune escaped to Awa Province via the Sanuki Mountains and lived in the area of present Higashimiyoshi-cho, Tokushima Prefecture, and Ikawa-cho (Tokushima Prefecture, present Miyoshi City), but later they settled at Iya for fear of pursuers.
Japanese: 屋島の合戦に敗れた平教経率いる30名の残党が、讃岐山脈を経て、阿波へと入り、現在の徳島県東みよし町から井川町(徳島県)（現・三好市）にかけての一帯に住んだが、追手に脅かされ、祖谷に住んだと伝わる。
English: In Asa Village lives the Asa clan, which is said to be descended from the Taira family, and there are a Heike mansion and an akahata (battle flag) that are said to have been used by the Taira family and are several hundred years old.
Japanese: 阿佐集落に、平家の末裔と言われる阿佐氏が居住し、平家屋敷や、平家のものと伝えられる赤旗（軍旗）が数百年前から現存する。
English: It has been passed down that the remnants who were defeated in the Battle of Dan no ura arrived at Ikatagoshi on the Sadamisaki Peninsula and lived in secret in the valley of the upper reaches of Miyauchi-gawa River.
Japanese: 壇ノ浦の合戦後、落ち延びた残党が佐田岬半島の伊方越にたどり着き、宮内川上流の谷に隠れ住んだとの言い伝えがある。
English: It is said that although eight people lived by farming there, they were detected by pursuers of the Minamoto clan and six of them committed suicide while the remaining two founded Ryoke village (Honai-cho).
Japanese: 8名で畑を開き暮らしていたが、源氏の追っ手の知るところとなり、6名は自害、残った2名が両家集落（保内町）の祖となったという。
English: It has been passed down that a woman of the Taira family side with a baby in arms committed suicide together with her baby when she was almost found by the samurai of the Minamoto clan because of the baby's cry.
Japanese: 乳飲み子を連れた平家方の女性が源氏方の武者に赤子の声を聞かれ、見つかりそうになり親子ともども命を絶ったという伝説がある。
English: It is said that Taira no Iemori landed here, became the landlord of this area and called himself the Uku clan (the predecessor of the lord of Fukue domain Goto clan).
Japanese: 平家盛が上陸して当地の領主となり、宇久氏（後の福江藩主五島氏の前身）を名乗ったという。
English: "Kureko Kodai Odori, " which is believed to be the oral tradition of Heike no Ochudo, has been passed down here and it is now designated as a nationally selected intangible folk-cultural property.
Japanese: 平家の落人の伝承という「久連子古代踊り」があり、国選択無形民俗文化財となっている。
English: NASU no Munehisa (known as "Daihachi" or "Daihachiro" and believed to be a younger brother of Nasu no Yoichi), a resident of Shimotsuke Province and a member of the Nasu clan, joined the Kamakura bakufu army organized for hunting down the remnants of the Taira family and suppressed the remnants who took position at Mukoyama situated on the border of Higo Province.
Japanese: 下野国の住人那須氏の一門・那須宗久（「大八」又は「大八郎」の名で知られ、那須与一の弟とされる）は鎌倉幕府の平家の残党追討軍に加わり、肥後との境にある向山に拠った残党を追討した。
English: Thereafter, he went to Mt. Shiiba in Hyuga Province in order to hunt down the remnants who took position there, but he eventually stopped hunting when he saw that they had no intention to fight and were striving at farm work.
Japanese: 次いで日向国椎葉山に拠った残党の追討に赴いたが、残党に戦意はなく農耕に励んだことから、追討をとりやめたという。
English: At Shiiba-mura, Munehisa became acquainted with Tsurutomi-hime, who was believed to be the youngest grandchild of Taira no Kiyomori, fell in love with her and was blessed with two children while he was staying there for three years.
Japanese: 宗久は現地で平清盛の末孫という鶴冨姫という娘と知り合い、恋仲となり3年間の滞在の間に二人に子が授かった。
English: When Nasu no Munehisa returned to his homeland, the remnants of the Taira family changed their surname from Taira to Nasu out of gratitude for Munehisa, who saved their lives by stopping his hunt.
Japanese: やがて、那須宗久は本領へと引き上げたが、このとき、平家の残党は自分たちへの追討をとりやめ命を救ってくれた宗久への感謝の気持ちから那須姓に改めたという。
English: The song which was created based on the above anecdote is "Hietsukibushi," the most famous folk song in Miyazaki Prefecture.
Japanese: この一連の逸話を謡ったものが宮崎県の代表的民謡「ひえつき節」である。
English: It is said that after being defeated in the Battle of Dan no ura, Taira no Sukemori, a member of the Taira family, concealed himself on Kikai-jima Island for three years and thereafter came to Amami-Oshima Island along with his younger brother Taira no Arimori and his cousin Taira no Yukimori.
Japanese: 平家一門の平資盛が、壇ノ浦の戦いから落ち延びて約3年間喜界島に潜伏し、弟の平有盛、いとこの平行盛と合流し、ともに奄美大島に来訪したという。
English: Shitooke, Kikai-cho (Kikai-jima island); here are the ruins of Shichi-jo castle, which is believed to be the first castle constructed by the Taira family after their arrival in Amami-Oshima Island.
Japanese: 喜界町志戸桶（喜界島）、奄美諸島に到着した平家が最初に築いたと言われる七城跡がある。
English: Nazeuragami, Amami City (Amami-Oshima Island); TAIRA no Arimori-jinja Shrine, which enshrines Arimori, is located here and is believed to be the ruins of Uragami castle constructed by Arimori.
Japanese: 奄美市名瀬浦上（奄美大島）、有盛を祀った平有盛神社がある、有盛が築いた浦上城跡と言われている。
English: Shodon, Setouchi Town (Kakeroma-to Island); Ochon-jinja Shrine, which enshrines Sukemori, is located here.
Japanese: 瀬戸内町諸鈍（加計呂麻島）、資盛を祀った大屯（おおちょん）神社がある。
English: Imaizaki, Ryugo-cho (Amami-Oshima Island); Imai Gongen, at which Gondadaibu IMAI was posted by Yukimori in preparation for possible attack by the Minamoto clan, is located here.
Japanese: 龍郷町今井崎（奄美大島）、行盛により今井権田大夫が源氏警戒のため配された、今井権現が建っている。
English: Gamo-zaki, Kasari-cho, Amami City (Amami-Oshima Island); Gamozaemon was posted here by Arimori in preparation for the possible attack by the Minamoto clan.
Japanese: 奄美市笠利町蒲生崎（奄美大島）、有盛により蒲生佐衛門が源氏警戒のため配された。
English: The description found in "Omoshirososhi" saying "the troops of Yamato landed at Unten-ko in the rain" is sometimes considered to refer to Taira no Koremori and his party, based on the record saying "Taira no Koremori went toward the southern sea commanding 30 ships."
Japanese: 『おもろさうし』の「雨降るなかに大和の兵団が運天港に上陸した」とある記述は「平維盛が30艘ばかり率いて南海に向かった」という記録を基に平維盛一行のことだとされることがある。
English: Koden (run-down field) is the term indicating fields that had been cultivated but have been abandoned for some reason during the ancient times and middle ages.
Japanese: 荒田（こうでん）とは、古代・中世において、何らかの理由をもって耕作が放棄されて荒廃した田地を指す。
English: Opposed to this, non-cultivated, undeveloped lands were called Kochi, and property made temporarily unavailable due to disasters was called Sonden to distinguish the difference.
Japanese: これに対して未開地（未墾地）は荒地、災害によって一時的に利用が困難となった土地は損田と呼ばれて区別されている。
English: The reasons for Koden were various and can be largely divided into cases due to physical aspects of the property itself, such as poor soil, and cases due to natural disasters such as flooding (Kawanari).
Japanese: 荒田の発生原因には様々な原因があるが、大きく分けると地味の乏しさなど土地本来の条件による場合と洪水による荒廃（「河成（かわなり）」）などの自然災害に由来するものに分けることが出来る。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), they were also called Kohaiden or Fukandenden.
Japanese: 律令制においては荒廃田・不堪佃田（ふかんでんでん）などとも呼ばれている。
English: According to the Denryo (law on rice fields), Koden that have been left for less than 3 years were called Nenko, those left for a longer period were called Jyoko.
Japanese: 田令によれば、荒廃して3年未満の荒田は年荒（ねんこう）・それ以上のものは常荒（じょうこう）と呼んだ。、
English: There was a push for redevelopment and maintaining fields, so Jyokoden were chinso (leased to farmers, 6 years for Koden and 3 years for Shiden under the Ritsuryo system) and benefits were given to those who requested.
Japanese: 常荒田については希望者に賃租（律令では、公田6年・私田3年）して特典を付けて再開発を奨励して土地の維持を図っている。
English: However, with the enlargement of Shoen (private estates) in the Heian period, it became harder for the Kokushi (officers of local government) to collect taxes and there were cases where kokushi would report such property as koden.
Japanese: だが、平安時代に入ると、荘園の拡大によって租税の徴収が困難になった国司がそうした土地を荒田として届け出る例があった。
English: Later, prominent farmers or local bureaucrats used this rule to redevelop Koden and make it private property (resident landholder system).
Japanese: 後に有力な農民や土着した在庁官人などがこの規定を利用して荒田の再開発に乗り出し、私領するようになる（在地領主制）。
English: Furthermore, in the middle ages, the establishment of Myoden (rice field lots with a nominal holder) and the introduction of "ronin" accompanying environmental improvement by kokuga (provincial government offices) and shoen landholders led to active development of Koden.
Japanese: 更に中世に入ると、名田の成立や国衙や荘園領主による環境整備を伴った「浪人」導入よって荒田に対する積極的な開墾が見られるようになる。
English: On the other hand, property with low agricultural productivity could not sustain continuous cropping and property that was deliberately cultivated on alternate years was called Kataarashi.
Japanese: その一方で農業生産性の低い土地では、連作が不可能なために人為的に耕作と休耕を繰り返す土地利用も現れたこうした土地を片荒（かたあらし）と呼んだ。
English: The property in fallow years for Kataarashi were used as grazing land but it was hard to plow and restart (called Aratauchi) such property for agricultural use.
Japanese: 片荒による休耕地は放牧地などとして用いられたが、こうした土地に再度鍬を入れて農地として回復させる荒田打（あらたうち）を行うことは困難であった。
English: Therefore, properties that were Aratauchi were in some cases allowed rights usually given to new fields.
Japanese: このため、荒田打を行った土地は新田に準じた権利を認められる場合もあった。
English: Koden kanmotsu ritsuho was the law (ritsuho) fixing the tax rate of kanmotsu (tribute) of Koden (fields administered directly by a ruler) in the middle of the Heian period.
Japanese: 公田官物率法（こうでんかんもつりつほう）とは、平安時代中期に公田に対する官物賦課率を定めた規定（率法）。
English: This was determined by dan (unit) for each ryoseikoku (province) by Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) or Senji (imperial decree).
Japanese: 令制国ごとに太政官符又は宣旨によって段_(単位)単位で定められていた。
English: Yo, Cho (from Ritsuryo system), and Suiko (government loans), which were formerly a per-capita tax, became a property tax (including parts of Zoyo, or irregular corvee) like So.
Japanese: 本来は人頭税であった庸・調(律令制)・出挙が、租と同じように地税化（雑徭の一部を含む）していった。
English: The initial Kanmotsu collection did not have any standards and Kanmotsu ritsuho was customarily decided and taxed in each province, but arbitrary taxation (Kanbutsu kacho) by Kokushi (officiers of the local government) occurred and resistance by farmers against this was strong.
Japanese: 初期の官物徴収は特に基準がなかったためにそれぞれの国例に従って官物率法が決定されて賦課されたが、国司による恣意的な賦課（官物加徴）やこれに対する農民側の抵抗も強かった。
English: Therefore, in the middle of the eleventh century at the latest, a basic foundation was established based on Jishi (land rent) of Koden that was leased and determined "Genmai" of 3 to per dan (Dan betsu san to) as the basic tax instead of So, and on top of that, a property tax instead of Yo, Cho, Suiko, or Zoyo called "Junmai" that was collected in kind (some included manufactured items such as silk, cloth, oil).
Japanese: そのために遅くても11世紀中期には公田を賃租・請作した場合の地子に基づいて、1段＝3斗（段別三斗）を「見米」と称して租に替わる基本的な賦課とし、それに庸・調・出挙・雑搖などに替わる地税賦課を「准米」と呼ばれる代物納（一部は絹・布・油などの手工業品を含む）の形で上乗せすることという基本が確立されることになった。
English: This made it possible for the court to obtain a stable income instead of Soyocho and also prevent arbitrary taxation by Kokushi.
Japanese: これによって朝廷は租庸調に代わる安定した財源を確保する一方で、国司による恣意的な徴税に制約を加えることになった。
English: This system became the basis of the taxation system from the court government to the early military government, and was also used as the taxation standard for Ikkoku heikinyaku (taxes and labor uniformly imposed on shoen and kokugaryoi (provincial land) in a province.
Japanese: この制度は王朝国家から初期武家政権に至るまでの税制の基本となり、一国平均役などの賦課基準としても用いられていた。
English: Tairo was the food supplied to Jicho (unpaid workers), Eji (guards) and Uneme (court ladies) working at the central government offices in the ancient Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 大粮（たいろう）とは、古代律令制において、中央官司のもとで働く仕丁・衛士・采女らに支給した食料。
English: The income was rice, salt, cloth and cotton collected from Ritsuryo provinces as Soyocho (a tax system, corvee) and was supplied from the Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs).
Japanese: 財源は租庸調として令制国から徴収された米・塩・布・綿などであり、民部省より支給されることとなっていた。
English: However, with the deterioration of Soyocho, Nenryososhomai (tax payment in milled rice) became used.
Japanese: ただし、租庸調の崩壊に伴って、代わりに年料租舂米が用いられるようになった。
English: Each government office reported to their governing ministry in the form of an official document every month regarding the amount of Tairo for the next month and number of staff who would receive supplies.
Japanese: 各官司は毎月1回、所管の省に対して翌月支給すべき大粮の量とその支給対象者数を解_(公文書)の形で報告を行った。
English: Receiving this, each ministry calculated the total Tairo as a ministry and submitted that bill to the Minbusho.
Japanese: これを受けた各省は省単位で必要とする大粮総額を算定して民部省に対して請求の移を提出した。
English: The Minbusho received a Daijokanpu (official documents issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) permitting the payment of Tairo and supplied the Tairo for the next month to each ministry.
Japanese: 民部省は太政官より大粮支給許可の太政官符を受けて、各省を通じて翌月分の大粮を支給した。
English: Menden were rice fields that were exempt from the tax determined by the government during the late ancient times to the middle ages of Japan.
Japanese: 免田（めんでん）とは、日本の古代末期から中世にかけて、国が規定の課税を徴収するのを免除する田地。
English: Rice fields exempt from Zoeki (odd-job tasks) but not Kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) collected by the kokuga (provincial government offices) were called Zoeki Menden
Japanese: 国衙に納める官物・雑役のうち、雑役を免除されて官物だけを納める田地を雑役免田（ぞうえきめんでん）と言う。
English: Around the tenth to mid-eleventh century, the Ritsuryo Taxation System of So (rice tax), Cho (tributes [Ritsuryo system]), Yo (labor) and zoyo (irregular corvee), suiko (government loans), kyoyaku (trading tributes) changed into Kanmotsu, which was basically paid in rice, and Zoeki, consisting of Buyaku (labor service) and Zatsumotsu (tributes).
Japanese: 租・調(律令制)・庸および雑徭、出挙、交易などからなる律令租税体系は10世紀から11世紀中期にかけて、米納を中心とする官物（かんもつ）と、夫役・雑物からなる雑役（ぞうえき）といった２つの体系に移行していった。
English: After the break up of the Ritsuryo system, benefits from the government such as Fukomotsu (depending upon the class, position, awards, there were Ifu, Shokufu and Kofu and this made up a large part of the income for the aristocracy and temples/shrines), which were given to the aristocrats and temples/shrines, and Shozeimotsu (shozei, a combination of rice tax and government rice collected by kokuga that were exchanged with other necessities by trade and given) to temples/shrines started to fall into arrears.
Japanese: 律令制が解体すると、貴族や寺社に給付する封戸物（ふこもつ、位・官・勲功などによって位封・職封・功封があり、貴族・寺社の収入の大部分を占める）や、寺社への正税物（しょうぜいもつ、国衙が徴収した田租・官稲を合わせた正税を交易により他の必要物資に変えて給付するもの）といった国家的給付が滞るようになった。
English: This was the time when the actual provincial administrative power were drastically passed from the central government to the kokuga.
Japanese: この頃は、諸国行政の実権が中央から国衙に大幅に委ねられるようになっていた。
English: The Kokushi (officers of local government) struggled to collect Fukomotsu and Shozeimotsu and had to set Benbojo (places that were designated for convenience) within their province and used the crops collected in these fields to pay the taxes.
Japanese: 国司は封戸物・正税物の調達に苦しみ、やむを得ず国内の土地に便補所（べんぽしょ、便宜上それに当てる場所）を設定して、そこから上がる官物で肩代わりさせるようになった。
English: In the eleventh century, Todai-ji Temple had Hakumai Menden, Toyu Menden and Kona Menden within Yamato Province.
Japanese: 11世紀の東大寺は大和国内に、白米（はくまい）免田・燈油（とうゆ）免田・香菜（こうな）免田をもっていた。
English: Furthermore, Kokushi issued Kokushi concessions which allowed shoen (manor in medieval Japan) owned by aristocrats and temples/shrines to be exempted from tax.
Japanese: さらに国司は、国司免判を発給して貴族や寺社の荘園に不輸の権(日本)を認めるようになった。
English: However, the exemption of Kanmotsu required the consent of Daijokan (Grand Council of State), Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs), the exemption that Kokushi could give were in principle only for Zoeki.
Japanese: ただし、官物の免除は太政官・民部省の許可が必要だったため、国司の認めることができた不輸は原則として雑役の免除だった。
English: In 1070, based on the shoen list that Kofuku-ji Temple submitted following the Manor Regulation Acts by Emperor Gosanjyo, about 80% of the Shoen owned by Kofuku-ji Temple in Yamato Province were Zoeki Menden.
Japanese: 延久2年（1070年）後三条天皇の荘園整理令に従って興福寺が提出した荘園目録によると、大和国内の興福寺の荘園のおよそ8割が雑役免田だった。
English: It is thought that Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Fujiwara clan temple, used its authority and obtained these rights by pressuring the Yamato Kokushi.
Japanese: これは、藤原氏の氏寺である興福寺がその権威により、大和の国司に圧力を加えて獲得したものと思われる。
English: Zoekimen was a system where the Kokuga and Kyunushi (temple/shrine, aristocrat) divided Kanmotsu and Zoeki and is also called Hanfuyu.
Japanese: 雑役免は、国衙と給主（寺社・貴族）が官物・雑役を分け合う体制で、半不輸（はんふゆ）とも言った。
English: Kendenken (right to survey land) belonged to Kokuga and Kokukendenshi (inspector) would often enter the fields to collect Kanmotsu and the rights of the Kyunushi to the Kokuga were often unstable.
Japanese: 検田権は国衙の側にあり、官物徴収のため国検田使の入部も多く、給主の権利は国衙に対して不安定だった。
English: In addition, Menden originally did not specify a certain field but was a designation of a certain surface area within a certain region (gun, go, sho) and was an Ukimen (floating concession) without a base.
Japanese: また、免田も当初は特定の耕地を指定せず一定の地域（郡・郷・荘）の中に一定の面積が指定されるだけで、下地が固定していない浮免（うきめん）だった。
English: As a result, Menden did not exist together in one region but were scattered throughout the region.
Japanese: 当然、一つの地域にまとまって免田が存在しているわけではなく、各地に散在している状態だった。
English: The Kyunushi side collected the scattered Menden in one place and fixed the Ukimen to become Jyomenden (stationary concession) and aimed for a unified control of the land and person who had the cultivation rights.
Japanese: 給主側では、散在している免田を一箇所に集め、浮免を固定して定免田（じょうめんでん）化することで、土地と耕作権者の一体的な把握を目指すようになる。
English: The Jyomenden of Zoeki Menden strengthened the rights of the Kyunushi and led to the Funyuken (right to refusal of entry of Kokushi), or exemption of tax, changing into the overall control of the Kyunushu of Shoen.
Japanese: 雑役免田は定免田化されると給主の権利が強まり、官物の不輸や国使入部を拒否する不入権を獲得することで、給主の一円支配を認めた荘園に転化していった。
English: After the twelfth century, with the clarification of official manor boundaries due to Shoen improvement, Han-fuyu (a system where Kokuga and Kyunushi shared Kanmotsu and Zoeki) gradually decreased.
Japanese: 12世紀以降、荘園整理に基づく荘公区分の明確化に伴い、半不輸は縮小していった。
English: The collection of Zoeki Menden led to Zoekimengata Shoen and was a transient state of Shoen before complete exemption from tax.
Japanese: 雑役免田の集積による雑役免型荘園（ぞうえきめんがたしょうえん）は、荘園としては未完成であり完全な不輸となる前の過渡的性格のものと言える。
English: However, it was not that Zoeki Menden and Hanyuchi disappeared completely, but the part of Yosegori of the Shimazu Sho, which was the largest Sekkan-ke (the families which produced regents) Shoen covering Satsuma, Okuma and Hyuga Provinces was still under the governance of the Kokuga and Shoen landlord even in the Kamakura Period.
Japanese: しかし、全ての雑役免田・半輸地が消えたわけではなく、薩摩国・大隅国・日向国にまたがる摂関家最大の荘園である島津荘の寄郡（よせごおり）と呼ばれる部分は、鎌倉時代になっても国衙と荘園領主に両属していた。
English: Yosegori was a special case of Zoekimen where Kanmotsu was shared by Kokuga and the landholding families and Zoeki was collected by landholding families.
Japanese: 寄郡は、官物を国衙と領家で分け、雑役は領家が取る特殊な雑役免であった。
English: Kendenken was held by landholding families and a Benzaishi appointed by the family collected the Kanmotsu and Zoeki.
Japanese: 検田権は領家にあり領家に任じられた弁済使が官物・雑役の収納を行った。
English: In this case, Kokuga and Shoen were not necessarily against each other but coexisted.
Japanese: このケースでは、国衙と荘園は必ずしも対立的ではなく、両者の共存関係が継続していたことになる。
English: Kanmotsu are the tithes that were collected by the imperial court and Ryoseikoku (province) as tax such as Soyocho under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 官物（かんもつ）とは、律令制において租庸調以下、租税として朝廷及び令制国に納入された貢納物のこと。
English: After the Ritsuryo system deteriorated in the middle of the Heian Period, it was the term to describe the tithes from public fields such as Koden (field administered directly by a ruler).
Japanese: 律令制が崩壊した平安時代中期以後においては、公田などの公領からの貢納物を指した。
English: Originally Kanmotsu is thought to have been the term for Denso (rice field tax), a property tax, but after the Ritsuryo system was established, 'Kanmotsu' became the term to describe tithes such as Soyocho and suiko (government loans), shozei (the rice tax stored in a provincial office's warehouse) and its use and accumulated products.
Japanese: 本来は地税である田租を指して官物と呼んだと考えられているが、律令制以後には租庸調をはじめとする貢納物や出挙・正税などのその運用・集積物を含めて「官物」と呼ばれるようになった。
English: Instead, a property tax-like Kanmotsu consisting of Denso and Jishimai (rice paid as rent), and per capita tax, Zatsueki (and a variation, temporary Zatsueki) were collected.
Japanese: 代わって田租と地子米からなる地税的な官物と人頭税的な名残を残した雑役（及びその一種である臨時雑役）に収斂していくことになる。
English: However, in the tenth century, the collection standards for Kanmotsu were still decided by the Kokurei (provincial law) in each Ritsuryo province and it was collected in the form of rice grain (kanto [rice grain owned by the government]) and rice (kanmai [rice owned by the government]), silk, and cloth, but in actuality was decided by each Kokushi (officer in local government).
Japanese: ただし、10世紀においてはまだ官物の徴収基準がそれぞれの令制国の国例に定められて稲穀（官稲（かんとう））や米（官米（かんまい））、絹、布などの形で徴収されていたが、実際にはそれぞれの国司によって定められていた。
English: However, as a result, Kanmotsu more than that decided in the Kokurei was collected.
Japanese: だが、そのために国例に定められた賦課を上回る官物が徴収されることになる。