nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although "Teppoki" is the only historical material recording the introduction of firearms into Japan, we should be careful of reading it as a historical record because it was compiled by the Tanegashima clan in Keicho era (1606) to commemorate the introduction of firearms into Tanegashima Island.
Japanese: 『鉄炮記』は鉄砲伝来を記す唯一資料であるが、江戸時代の慶長年間（1606年）に種子島氏が鉄砲伝来を記念して記させたもので、歴史学においては、その記述を無条件に信用するわけにはいかない。
English: While "Teppoki" records firearms that were introduced into Japan in 1543, several theories about the date exist including some materials from the Portuguese side do not even cover the event and "Nihon Kyokai Shi" (História Da Igreja Do Japão) compiled by the Society of Jesus mentions that it was in 1542 and the "Toyo Henreki Ki" (Peregrinacao) by Fernão Mendes Pinto states that it was in 1545.
Japanese: 『鉄炮記』には「天文(元号)癸卯」（1543年）と記されているが、一方でポルトガル側の史料には鉄砲の伝来を記さないものや、イエズス会の『日本教会史』には1542年（天文11年）の出来事、フェルナン・メンデス・ピントの『東洋遍歴記』には1545年（天文14年）の出来事であると記されているなど年代には諸説が存在する。
English: The man called 'Goho' in "Teppoki" is considered to be the same person as Ochoku who was the leader of wako based on today's Hirado City and the Goto Islands, because Goho coincides with the byname of Ochoku and the record in Portugal shows the ship was a junk one.
Japanese: また、『鉄炮記』に「五峰」と記されている人物は、日本の平戸市や五島列島を拠点に活動していた倭寇の頭領である王直の号と同じであり、またポルトガル史料にはジャンク(船)であったと記されていることなどから同一人物であるとも考えられている。
English: According to a record of the Tanegashima clan, the guns brought by the Portuguese were lost during the Seinan War in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 種子島氏に伝わる記録には、ポルトガル人により持ち込まれた鉄砲は明治の西南戦争の際に消失したとされる。
English: "During my visit to Sakai, Izumi Province around the beginning of the Kyoroku era, surprised by a huge sound, I asked a person what happened and he said this was "teppo" (gun) which was first introduced from China in 1510. He then showed me how to shoot it."
Japanese: 享禄はじまる年、和泉の堺へ下りしに、あらけなく鳴物の声する、是は何事ぞやととへば、鉄炮と云物、唐国より永正七年に初て渡りたると云て、目当てと　うつ。
English: "I was so surprised and impressed by the "teppo" that I purchased one, and then took it back to the Kanto region and presented it to our lord, Ujitsuna HOJO."
Japanese: 我是を見、扨も不思議奇特　成物かなとおもひ、此鉄炮を一挺買て、関東へ持て下り、屋形氏綱公へ進上す。
English: "Priests of Negoro-ji Temple such as Sugibo, Niobo, and Kishiwada traveled around the Kanto region to teach gun manufacturing but today everyone has a gun."
Japanese: 扨又根来法師に、杉房・二王坊・岸和田などといふ者下りて、関東をかけまはつて鉄炮ををしへしが、今見れば人毎に持し、と申されし
English: Tadataka OKUBO says in "Mikawa Monogatari" that Kiyoyasu MATSUDAIRA shot guns from all directions when Sanenaga KUMAGAI's force surged the castle.
Japanese: 大久保忠教の『三河物語』では、松平清康が、熊谷が城へ押し寄せた際に、四方鉄砲を打ち込むと記載されている。
English: It also mentions that Soun HOJO shot guns from all directions when he invaded Matsudaira's Iwazu-jo Castle in West Mikawa Province as a representative of Imagawa clan.
Japanese: また、今川殿の名代として、北条早雲が松平方の西三河の岩津城を攻撃した際に、四方鉄砲を放つとある。
English: The publisher comments that this battle was in 1506 and guns could not have been used at this time, supporting "Teppoki".
Japanese: 出版社の欄外の解説には、この役は、1506年（永正3年）のことで、鉄砲はこのときないとして、『鉄炮記』の記述を支持している。
English: According to "Hojo Godaiki", "Koyo Gunkan" and "Juhen Oninki", guns were first brought to Japan in 1510.
Japanese: 『北條五代記』、『甲陽軍鑑』、『重編応仁記』では、1510年（永正7年）に伝来。
English: "Kunitomo Teppoki" states that guns were introduced three times, in 1501, 1510 and 1539 from Western Europe.
Japanese: 『國友鐵砲記』には、1501年（文亀元年）、1510年（永正7年）、1539年（天文8年）、の3回に渡り、南蛮から伝来。
English: "Kunitomo Teppo Kaji Yuishosho" and "Kunitomo Kiko" mention that the introduction of guns into Japan was in 1544.
Japanese: 『國友鐵砲鍛冶由緒書』、『國友紀行』には1544年（天文13年）に伝来。
English: Japanese-Sino War (Kogo war in Chinese, First Sino-Japanese war in English) is a war fought between the Empire of Japan and the Quing Dynasty over Korean Dynasties from July 1894 through April 1895.
Japanese: 日清戦争（にっしんせんそう、中国語甲午戦争、第一次中日戦争、英語）は、1894年（明治27年）7月から1895年（明治28年）4月にかけて行われた主に朝鮮王朝をめぐる大日本帝国と清の戦争。
English: The war was formally named Meiji niju-shichi-hachinen sen-eki (military campaign in the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth years of the Meiji Period) in Japan.
Japanese: 日本での正式名称は明治二十七八年戦役（めいじにじゅうしちはちねんせんえき）。
English: The imperial prescript of Empire of Japan advocates the cause to promote independence and reform of Korea and peace of the entire East.
Japanese: 大日本帝国『清国ニ対スル宣戦ノ詔勅』では朝鮮の独立と改革の推進、東洋全局の平和などが唱われている。
English: Some suggest, however, that Japan used this cause as a pretext for the war trying to achieve the purpose of putting Korea under control and expanding its own interests by making China give up its territory.
Japanese: 一方、それは名目であり、実際は朝鮮を自国の影響下におくことや中国の領土割譲など自国権益の拡大を目的とした戦争とする説もある。
English: As western powers colonized Asian countries and Japan forced Korea to open the country to the world and intervene in it, Qing, as a result, was spurred into using this war to try to transform the conventional relationship between Qing and Korea based upon a concept of a family with the same origin into a modern suzerain-dependency relationship (suzerain-colony relationship) and keep Korea under control.
Japanese: アジア諸国の西欧列強による植民地化と日本による朝鮮王朝の開国と干渉に刺激された結果、清国と朝鮮の関係を伝統的な宗属関係から近代的な宗主国と属国の関係（宗主国と植民地の関係）に改めて朝鮮を自勢力下に留めようとした戦争。
English: The Japanese-Sino War was a total war over Korea between Japan, aiming at the creation of a modern state after the Meiji Restoration, and China (the quing dynasty), in the process of modernization since the Western Affairs Movement in the 1860's.
Japanese: 日清戦争は明治維新後近代国家形成をめざす日本と1860年代から洋務運動による近代化を進める中国(清朝)との間で行われた、朝鮮等をめぐる両者の全面戦争である。
English: It is historically the first battle of a large-scale and long lasting war between Japan and china.
Japanese: また歴史的にも日中間の大規模かつ長期に渡る戦争としては最初のものである。
English: Historically, there were just a few wars among three countries that Japan was involved in, except for a defeat in Hakusonko (Battle of Baekgang) in the battle with Silla-Tang allied forces over the revival of Baekje during the three Kingdoms period (of Korean history) of ancient Korea, Genko (Mongol Invasions of Japan) by Yuan (Dynasty) and Goryeo under its control, and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's invasion of Korea.
Japanese: 古代朝鮮三国時代(朝鮮半島)の百済復興のための新羅・唐連合軍との白村江における敗戦、元(王朝)朝およびそれに服属する高麗による元冦と豊臣秀吉の朝鮮出兵を除けば、これらの三国間で日本が関係した戦争は歴史上きわめて少ない。
English: This is partly because the three countries have shared cultures, including kanji (Chinese characters), Confucianism, Buddhism, the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), which had been introduced into Japan through countries on the Korean Peninsula since the Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: それはこれらの三国が古墳時代以来朝鮮半島の国々を経て日本に伝播してきた漢字、儒教、仏教、律令制などの文化を共有したことによる。
English: Another reason is the sovereign-vassal relationship with tributes between Chinese dynasties, great empires, and surrounding countries based on Sinocentrism and Suzerainty, that brought economic exchanges and a certain stability of diplomatic orders to East Asia.
Japanese: さらに巨大な帝国だった中国諸王朝が中華思想、華夷秩序に基づいて周辺諸国を冊封して朝貢関係を築き、それが経済交流と外交秩序の一定の安定を東アジアにもたらしたことにもよる。
English: The dynasty soon established an international order in Asia with Qing as the center by joining northern and western remote regions as its provinces and had its vassal system with Nepal, Burma, Siam, and Vietnam in the south and Korea and Ryukyu Islands (although ryukyu had also a peerage relationship with Japan) in the east, and temporarily defined its northern border by concluding a treaty with the Russian Empire that had advanced into Siberia.
Japanese: やがて広大な領土支配のため北部と西部方面の辺境地域を藩部とし南のネパール、ビルマ、シャム、越南(ベトナム)、東の朝鮮及び琉球（なお琉球は日本側とも冊封関係にあった）を冊封して清を中心とする国際秩序をアジアに構築、北辺ではシベリアに進出したロシア帝国との間に条約を締結して国境を漸次確定した。
English: In later years, the Dynasty, after having its vassal system with the Ming dynasty, adopted the doctrines of Zhu Xi; Neo-Confucianism as its state religion following Ming and conducted Kakyo/Keju (examinations for Chinese state bureaucrats) to form its bureaucratic centralized government.
Japanese: のちに明の冊封を受け明にならい朱子学を国教とし科挙を実施、官僚制中央集権国家を形成する。
English: When the Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it forced the Korean dynasty to perform the courtesy of "nine kowtows" to strengthen the relationship under the vassal system.
Japanese: 明が清にかわると朝鮮国王に「三跪九叩頭の礼」を強いるなど冊封国としての関係を強めた。
English: Hideyoshi's invasion into Korea was a war of cruel aggression and a story of cruel acts as shown in his order to 'cut off the nose instead of the head' as a reminder passed down from generation to generation.
Japanese: 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は「鼻を削いで首にかえよ」という残虐な侵略戦であったため長く朝鮮民衆の間にその非道が語り継がれた。
English: The Tokugawa shogunate started trading again with the Korean dynasty by concluding the Giyu treaty with the So clan of Tsushima Island in 1609 and established a relationship of almost equality through mutual visits of Korean messengers and Japanese envoys.
Japanese: 徳川幕府は朝鮮王朝と対馬の宗氏の間に1609年己酉約条を結ばせ交易を再開、また朝鮮通信使と日本国王使の往来によりおおむね対等な関係を構築した。
English: It also broke relations with western countries except for Holland by issuing a national seclusion order with an aim to put a complete ban on Christianity.
Japanese: 禁教令の徹底などを目的に1630年代の鎖国令によってオランダとの交易を除き西欧諸国との関係も途絶させた。
English: Although the Qing dynasty had allowed foreign trade only at Canton port, Britain (the British Empire) concluded the treaties of Nanjing (in 1482), Tianjin (in 1858), and Beijing (in 1860) after First Opium War and the Second Opium War in 1840 and 1857 to make Qing dynasty pay a large amount of reparations, cede Hong Kong and Kawloon island, open 11 ports including Shanghai, recognize consular jurisdiction, abandon tariff autonomy, grant one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, permit an envoy to stay in Beijing, and officially recognize and protect Christianity.
Japanese: 清はそれまで広州一港に貿易を限っていたがイギリス(大英帝国)は1840年と1857年のアヘン戦争および第二次アヘン戦争により南京条約(1842年)、天津条約(1858年)および北京条約(1860年)を結び多額の賠償金と香港、九竜半島の割譲、上海など11港の開港と領事裁判権の承認、関税自主権の喪失、片務的最恵国待遇、公使の北京駐在、キリスト教の公認と保護などを清に認めさせた。
English: The United States of America dispatched Commodore Perry of the East Indian squadron and other squadrons to Japan in 1853 and the following year, and concluded a Treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and Japan; The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan followed by Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan under military threat.
Japanese: また日本に対しては1853年と翌年アメリカ合衆国は東インド艦隊司令長官ペリーとその艦隊を派遣し、軍事的威圧のもとに日米和親条約つづいて日米修好通商条約を江戸幕府と締結した。
English: With these treaties, Japan was made to open five ports, grant consular jurisdiction, recognize one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, and abandon tariff autonomy (later with Britain, Russia, Holland, and France), and forced out of its 200 and several decades old national isolation of the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: これにより5港の開港と領事裁判権、片務的最恵国待遇、関税自主権喪失などを認めさせ(後に英、露、蘭、仏とも)幕府の二百数十年続いた鎖国を終わらせた。
English: Japan conquered principle of excluding foreigners that emerged at the end of Edo period, and the Meiji Government had tackled the following issues since the Bushing War: the construction of a modern state through the introduction of western civilization; the revision of the unequal treaties that the bakufu signed, with western countries; the definition of the border with Russia that had been promoting southward expansion; and the restructing of diplomatic relations and definition of the territory with East Asian countries.
Japanese: 幕末には攘夷論が台頭するがそれを克服し、戊辰戦争の後明治政府は西洋文明の積極的な受容による近代国家の建設、幕府が結んだ西欧諸国との不平等条約の改正と南下政策を進めるロシア帝国との国境確定および東アジア諸国との外交関係の再構築と版図の確定という課題に取り組んだ。
English: Qing had also been introducing western technologies centering on military ones based on Chinese traditional culture; bureaucrats of the Han race including Zeng Guofan and Li Hung Chang promoted the Western Affairs Movement in an attempt to modernize China.
Japanese: また清でも1860年代から漢人官僚曽国藩、李鴻章らによる近代化の試みとして洋務運動が展開され中国の伝統的な文化、制度を土台としながら軍事を中心として西洋技術の導入を進めた。
English: However, the Korean government refused to accept it saying that the note was written in a style that differed from the conventional one and containing words "皇" and "勅"--traditionally used only by Chinese emperors-- suggested that Japan was superior to Korea, and warning that Japan's modernization was based on "a presumed doctrine of excluding western threats."
Japanese: しかし、その形式が従来と違い文中に中国皇帝のみが使用する「皇」や「勅」の語があったことで、朝鮮側はそれらは朝鮮にたいし日本を上位におくととらえ、また近代化を進める日本を「仮洋夷」として警戒してその受け取りを拒否した。
English: In Korea at this time, not King Gojong, still young, but his father Heungseon Daewongun held onto power trying to do away with tyranny and the old system established by his material relatives, the Kim clan of the Andong district.
Japanese: この時朝鮮では幼い国王高宗にかわりその実父興宣大院君が実権を握り、外戚安東金氏の専横と古い体制を打破していた。
English: OK
Japanese: また1866年8月のアメリカ武装商船ジェネラル・シャーマン号事件と10月のフランス人宣教師9名の処刑(丙寅教獄)、その報復として江華島へ侵攻したフランス艦隊との戦闘(丙寅洋擾)など華夷思想による強固な鎖国・攘夷政策を実行し西欧諸国との間に重大な軋轢を引き起こしていた。
English: OK
Japanese: 明治政府は朝鮮との国交問題解決のためにも、まず朝鮮の宗主国である清と対等の国交条約を結び、その冊封関係を利用して朝鮮と交渉するという方針をたてた。
English: In September 1871, the Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship with trade regulations was signed by Li Hung Chang, Governor General of Zhili.
Japanese: 清の直隷総督李鴻章との間で1871年9月日清修好条規及び通商章程を締結した。
English: This was an equal treaty that mutually authorized the exchange of envoys, the presence of the consular with restricted jurisdiction, opening of a port and commerce, and tariff rates based on an agreement.
Japanese: これは使節の交換と領事駐在および限定的な領事裁判権、開港と通商および協定関税率を相互に認めるという平等条約であった。
English: Article 2 of the treaty says, "If other countries impose an unequal demand upon or despise either country, both countries will mutually assist each other when informed of such an event on the basis of their friendly relations."
Japanese: その第二条は「両国好みを通ぜし上は---若し他国より不公及び軽藐する事有る時、其の知らせを為さば、何れも互いに相助け」とある。
English: Both countries, parties to the treaty, promised mutual assistance on the basis that both countries faced threats from the western powers.
Japanese: 両国が当時おかれていた西欧列強による脅威を前提に相互扶助を誓約するものであった。
English: The Ryukyu Kingdom was in a sakukfu relationship with the Ming Dynasty (that fell in 1644), and trade with East Asian countries flourished amongst the islands.
Japanese: 琉球王国は明（1644年滅亡）の冊封を受け東アジア諸国との交易により繁栄していた。
English: After an invasion by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain in 1609, the islands came under the rule of the Satsuma Domain with a secession of some territories.
Japanese: 1609年薩摩藩の島津氏による侵攻を受け奄美諸島を薩摩藩の領土として割譲されたうえ琉球は事実上薩摩藩の属国となった。
English: Since then, the islands had belonged to China and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), who sought benefits from tribute trade with the Ming and Quing dynasties.
Japanese: それ以降、明や清との朝貢貿易の利益のため江戸幕府と中国への両属とする体制が幕末までつづいた。
English: Ryukyu belonged to Kagoshima prefecture according to Haihan-chiken (new administration system to abolish feudal domains and establish prefectures) in July 1871, while the Ryukyu Domain was established and granted Sakuho Shosho (imperial edict, decree) recognizing peerage with the king of Ryukyu as the king of the domain in September 1872.
Japanese: 1871年7月の廃藩置県により琉球は鹿児島県に一応編入され、翌1872年9月琉球藩を設置し国王を藩王として華族に列する冊封詔書が授けられた。
English: Before that, the Meiji government did not resolve the incident of suicide of Ryukyu sailors whose ship had been wrecked and cast up on the coast of southern Taiwan in 1871, and several years had passed.
Japanese: さきに1871年琉球船が難破し台湾南部へ漂着した際、先住民による琉球島民殺害事件が発生していたが明治政府はそれを解決できないまま数年が経過した。
English: In the closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Nobuhiro SATO, an economist argued absolutism of nationalizing lands and finding ways into foreign countries, while Shoin YOSHIDA argued in his book titled yuin-roku (descriptions in prison) reclamation of Ezo and invasion for the control of such as the Kamchatkan Peninsula, Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria.
Japanese: 幕末には経済学者佐藤信淵は土地国有化と海外進出を行う絶対主義国家を論じ、吉田松陰は幽囚録で蝦夷地開拓とともにカムチャッカ半島、朝鮮、台湾、満州等への侵略統治論を展開していた。
English: These claims did not by any means have a small influences on the Sonno Joi Movement (the movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) and the policies of the government led by Saccho (the Satsuma and Choshu Domains) during the early Meiji period.
Japanese: それらの主張は尊王攘夷運動と明治初期の薩長藩閥政府にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。
English: The so-called Seikanron (debate on the subjugation of Korea) supporting military pressure to force Korea to open the country emerged in the Meiji government whose diplomatic talks with Korea did not show any progress.
Japanese: 朝鮮との国交交渉が進展しない明治政府内で武力による開国を迫るいわゆる征韓論が台頭した。
English: In a cabinet meeting (of the so-called rusu seifu - government while heads were away) in June 1873, Taisuke ITAGAKI, Sangi (the Councilor), claimed to dispatch a battalion of Army to Korea to resolve the deadlock in negotiations, and Takamori SAIGO demanded that an envoy be dispathced and he be appointed as the envoy.
Japanese: 1873年6月の閣議(いわゆる留守政府)において参議板垣退助が交渉の行きづまりを打開するため陸軍一大隊の朝鮮への派遣を主張、西郷隆盛は使節の派遣と自らその職への任命を主張した。
English: Later Tomomi IWAKURA, when he returned home, reported the opposition to the dispatch of the envoy, to the throne, and their placing priority on domestic issues.
Japanese: その後岩倉具視が帰国し内治優先の立場から使節派遣に反対の上奏をした。
English: The Emperor Meiji determined to hold over the dispatch, and Saigo and Itagaki, both Sangi, were forced to resign.
Japanese: 明治天皇の裁可により派遣延期となり参議西郷、板垣らが辞職する事態となった。
English: Okubo and other leaders, who held power after this event, also were not against Seikanron and the policy of executing military power in the Korean Peninsula after a breakdown in negotiations.
Japanese: また大久保達はこれ以降、政治の実権を握る事になったが、いわゆる「征韓論」に対しては大久保らも、交渉決裂に際して朝鮮半島での武力行使の方針自体には反対ではなかった。
English: Behind this Seikanron there was dissatisfaction amongst the Shizoku (family or persons with samurai ancestors) who had lost their jobs as a result of Haihan-chiken in 1871.
Japanese: この征韓論には1871年廃藩置県によって武士としての職を失った士族の不満が背景にあった。
English: Revolts by Shizoku occurred one after another during a process that ended in the promulgation of a Conscription Ordinance in 1873 and a decree banning the wearing of swords in 1867, and Chitsuroku-shobun (Abolition Measure of Hereditary Stipend), and the Meiji government needed to turned their attention to the outside of Japan.
Japanese: 以後1873年徴兵令公布、1876年廃刀令、秩禄処分に至る過程で士族反乱が相次ぎ明治政府はこうした不満を海外に向ける必要もあった。
English: In response to the murders of some Ryukyu sailors in 1871, politicians mainly from the Satsuma Domain strongly suggested the dispatch of troops to Taiwan.
Japanese: 1871年の琉球島民殺害事件にたいして薩摩藩出身者を中心に台湾出兵が建言された。
English: After resignation of supporters of Seikanron, the government led by Toshimichi OKUBO, Secretary of Interior, appointed Shigenobu OKUMA as chief secretary of Taiwan Banchi and Tsugumichi SAIGO, lieutenant general (army), as Totoku governor general of Taiwan in 1874 to prepare for the dispatch of troops.
Japanese: 征韓論派の下野の後政府は内務卿大久保利通の主導のもと1874年台湾蕃地事務長官に大隈重信、同都督に陸軍中将西郷従道を任命して出兵準備をさせた。
English: The military force consisted of two battalions: one was made up of soldiers of chindai (garrison in the Meiji era) and the other was formed by the former shizoku in Kyushu regions who had been recruited on the condition that they be granted permanent residence of occupied lands.
Japanese: 兵力は二個大隊であり、うち鎮台兵は一個大隊で残りは「植民兵」として薩摩など九州各地の士族で占領地永住を前提に募集・編成されたものであった。
English: However, the government decided not to dispatch the troops, because Britain and the US expressed oppositions against it and the government remained rather neutral, and because Sangi Takayoshi KIDO expressed his opinion against Seikanron and resigned in opposition to the dispatch.
Japanese: しかしイギリスやアメリカの反対意見と局外中立の表明および征韓論にも反対していた参議木戸孝允の反対と辞任により政府は派遣中止を決める。
English: Meanwhile, on May 2, Saigo allowed the expeditionary force to set sail from Nagasaki with additional authorization of Okubo, and, on July 1, the Japanese army occupied the southern region of Taiwan where the murder incident had occurred.
Japanese: しかし、西郷が5月2日征討軍を長崎から出航させると大久保もこれを追認し、7月1日には日本軍が台湾南部の事件発生地域を占領することとなった。
English: The Japanese army burned down villages of indigenous people with 12 deaths of Japanese soldiers during the war.
Japanese: 日本軍は先住民の村を焼き払うなどし、日本側の戦死者は12名であった。
English: However, a total of more than 500 solders died of malaria and other diseases while they stayed there until the end of the year.
Japanese: しかし年末までの駐屯でマラリア等による病死者が500名を超える事態となった。
English: This is the first time for Japan to dispatch troops abroad in modern times, but the Quing dynasty immediately protested demanding the withdrawal of the troops.
Japanese: これは近代日本初の海外出兵であったが、清側は直ちに抗議し撤兵を強く求めた。
English: The Meiji Government, with the determination of starting a war with Quing after a breakdown in negotiations, gave Okubo full authority to 'decide on war or peace,' and in September, Okubo had talks in Beijing as a plenipotentiary.
Japanese: 明治政府は交渉決裂の場合の清との開戦も決し、9月「和戦を決する権」を与えられた大久保が全権大使として北京で交渉した。
English: The negotiations floundered but, through the mediatiion of Britain, came to the conclusion that Qing would recognize the dispatch of the Japanese force as 'Gikyo (actions out of justice)' and pay 500,000 ryo (taes).
Japanese: 難航の末イギリスの仲介もあり清は日本の出兵を「義挙」と認め50万両(テール)の賠償をすることで決着した。
English: This put Japan in an advantageous position on the issue of the possession of Ryukyu and in the following year, 1875, the Meiji government ordered Ryukyu to abolish its sakuho and tribute relationship with Qing and use the era name of Meiji.
Japanese: これは琉球の帰属問題で日本に有利に働き、明治政府は翌1875年琉球にたいし清との冊封・朝貢関係の廃止と明治年号の使用などを命令した。
English: This issue was not diplomatically resolved, because Ryukyu wanted to maintain ties with Quing and Quing protested a ban on tributes of Ryukyu to Qing.
Japanese: 琉球は清との関係存続を嘆願、清が琉球の朝貢禁止に抗議するなど外交上の決着はつかなかった。
English: In addition, Qing started to sense danger with regard to Japan's desire to seize Qing's territory, which led Qing to construct its Northern fleet.
Japanese: また清は以後日本の清国領土簒奪への警戒感を持ち北洋艦隊建設の契機ともなった。
English: As a result the government dispatched the warships Unyo and Daini Teibo in 1875 and had them sound the sea to the coast of Korea aiming to gain an advantage by demonstrating its strength.
Japanese: そのため、軍艦数隻を朝鮮沿岸に派遣し海路を測量させて示威を行い交渉を有利に進めることとし、1875年軍艦雲揚、第二丁卯を派遣した。
English: On September 20 of the same year, an incident occurred: this Unyo approached Ganghwa Island, which was the stronghold base near the capital Hanseong, and fought for three days insisting that she had been fiired, then on 22nd, she attacked the gun batteries and seized Yeongjong Island.
Japanese: この雲揚が同年9月20日首都漢城に近い要塞地帯であった江華島に接近し、発砲されたとの理由で3日間にわたり戦闘し22日には永宗島の砲台を攻撃、占領する事件が起きた。
English: The Meiji Government appointed Kiyotaka KURODA as a plenipotentiary in December and dispatched him to Korea with a fleet including three warships (gunboat diplomacy).
Japanese: 明治政府は12月に黒田清隆を特命全権大使に任命し軍艦3隻などの艦隊をともなって朝鮮に派遣した(砲艦外交)。
English: With this treaty, Japan forced Korea to allow the Japanese envoy to reside in the capital, open Busan and other two ports, and authorize Japanese residents to trade.
Japanese: これは首都への公使駐在と釜山の他二港の開港と日本人の居留通商などを認めさせた。
English: Although the treaty stated that "Korea is independent and has rights equal to Japan" in Article 1, but in effect was unequal according to Article 10 providing a one-sided consular jurisdiction in Article 10.
Japanese: 第一条で「朝鮮は自主の邦にして、日本国と平等の権利を保有せり」とうたいながらも第十条で片務的領事裁判権を規定する不平等条約であった。
English: Furthermore, Article 7 allowed Japan to obtain a right to make a survey of coasts along Korea, facilitating Japan's military advances including the circulation of warships.
Japanese: さらに第七条では日本が朝鮮沿岸の測量権を得て軍艦の周航など軍事的進出を容易にすることとなった。
English: In addition, the treaty provided for an "independent state," but did not completely deny suzerainty of China, because Qing had the conventional stance of "independence as a subject state"and was not involved in domestic and diplomatic affairs.
Japanese: なお「自主の邦」と規定したとはいえ、清は冊封関係において従来から「属国自主」として内政・外交については関与しない立場をとっており、清の宗主権を否定しつくすものでもなかった。
English: As a side note, Korea-Qing Land and Commercial Sea Activity Treaty singed in 1882 explicitly expressed Qing's suzerainty.
Japanese: ちなみに1882年の朝清商民水陸貿易章程では清の宗主権が明文化されている。
English: In 1879, the Meiji Government carried out the so-called Ryukyu annexation to abolish the Ryukyu domain and set up Okinawa prefecture and ordered the Ryukyu King Sho Tai to live in Tokyo.
Japanese: 1879年明治政府はいわゆる琉球処分を行い琉球藩を沖縄県とし、琉球王尚泰の東京移住を命じた。
English: However, some Ryukyuans opposed to this order and submitted petitions to the Meiji government, or others sought Qing for assistance.
Japanese: 琉球内ではそれを不服とし明治政府に様々な嘆願を行い、また清に救援を求める人々もあった。