nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Bansaku INUZUKA took Shuno's and Ano's heads away from the execution ground and buried them in Shinano.
Japanese: 春王と安王の首は大塚番作によって刑場から奪取され、信濃に埋められている。
English: This is a battle of the allied forces of Kanto Kanrei (Sadamasa OGIGAYATSU and Akisada YAMANOUCHI), Koga kubo (Nariuji ASHIKAGA), Yoshiatsu MIURA and Yoritane CHIBA versus the Satomi family which broke out in the winter of 1483 (in the novel).
Japanese: 作中の文明15年（1483年）冬、関東管領（扇谷定正・山内顕定）・滸我公方（足利成氏）・三浦義同・千葉自胤の連合軍と里見家による戦争。
English: No generic name of this battle, fought in Gyotokuguchi, Konodai and Sunozaki, is mentioned in the original novel but researchers call it 'the great battle of Kanto' or 'the war against (Kanto) Kanrei.'
Japanese: 行徳口・国府台・洲崎沖の三ヶ所を戦場とするこの戦争の総称は原典中にはないが、研究者によって「関東大戦」「対（関東）管領戦」などと名づけられている。
English: In some cases a character's name is connected with his/her fate which is predetermined in the world of the novel, and clarification of the meaning of the name shows that the fate has been met.
Japanese: 主要人物の名には、物語世界においてあらかじめ定められた宿命に関わるものがあり、その名の意味が解き明かされることで因果が成就したことを証明する。
English: For example, the kanji for 'fuse' of Princess Fuse means 'a human being that obeys a dog,' and Shinbe's parents' name Fusahachi and Nui are the inverse of 'Yatsufusa, Inu (a dog).'
Japanese: たとえば、伏姫の「伏」は「人にして犬に従う」意をあらわし、親兵衛の両親である房八・沼藺（ぬい）夫婦の名は「八房・いぬ」を転倒させたものである。
English: Later, in the (second) rising of Motofuji HIKITA, they appeared on the back of the dead body of Myochin (actually a monster raccoon dog), who had been shot by Shinbe with his bead.
Japanese: のち、蟇田素藤の乱（第二次）で、親兵衛の仁玉に撃たれた妙椿（実は妖狸）の屍骸の背にこの文字が現れた。
English: Eight Dog Warriors of the Satomi clan' is originally a list of warriors placed in "Gorui-daisetsuyoshu" (edited by Akitake MAKINOSHIMA, published in 1717) along with 'ten brave warriors of the Amago clan' and consists of Dosetsu INUYAMA, Shiino INUZUKA, Bungo INUTA, Keno INUSAKA, Genpachi INUKAI, Sosuke INUKAWA, Shinbe INUE and Daigaku INUMURA.
Japanese: 「里見八犬士」は、もともと『合類大節用集』（槇島昭武編、1717年刊行）に「尼子十勇士」などとともに掲載された武士の名前のリストである（犬山道節・犬塚信濃・犬田豊後・犬坂上野・犬飼源八・犬川荘助・犬江新兵衛・犬村大学）。
English: It is not clear whether they really existed or not, let alone when they worked or what they achieved.
Japanese: かれらの活動時期や事跡はもとより、実在したかどうかも明らかではない。
English: Bakin clearly stated that what he intended to create was not a story of warriors who might have existed but a fantasy novel (historical fiction) based on their names.
Japanese: 馬琴は、実在したかもしれない8人の武士の物語ではなく、彼らの名を借りた伝奇小説（稗史）をつくると言明している。
English: According to the annals, however, the last head of the Satomi family Tadayoshi SATOMI of Tateyama domain was in effect exiled to Hoki Province (Kurayoshi domain) by the Edo bakufu and died there.
Japanese: なお、史実の里見家最後の当主であった館山藩里見忠義は、江戸幕府によって伯耆国に事実上配流され（倉吉藩）、その地で没した。
English: Eight of his vassals followed him to his grave, and they are called eight wise men because the kanji for 'wisdom' is included in common in their Kaimyo (posthumous Buddhist names).
Japanese: このとき忠義に殉死した8人の家臣があり、戒名に共通して「賢」の字が入ることから八賢士と称される。
English: Their graves are in Daigakuin in Kurayoshi City, Tottori Prefecture and some of their ashes separated from Kurayoshi are buried under the graves located at the foot of the Tateyama-jo castle.
Japanese: 彼らの墓は鳥取県倉吉市の大岳院にあり、また倉吉から分骨した墓が館山城の麓に建てられている。
English: In "Hakkenden" Bakin, praised for his extensive reading and good memory, refers and incorporates into the organization so much of his training in Sinology and intimate knowledge of Hakuwa Shosetsu that the novel is sometimes criticized as pedagoguish.
Japanese: 『八犬伝』には博覧強記をうたわれた馬琴の漢学教養や中国白話小説への造詣が、ときに衒学的と評されるほど引用されたり、物語構成に組み込まれたりしている。
English: Chinese classic books quoted from time to time in the novel give depth to the world of this 'historical novel.'
Japanese: 作中では折に触れて引用される漢籍は、フィクションである「稗史」の世界に奥行きを持たせている。
English: In the first episode, an explanation about dragons given by Yoshizane SATOMI in seeing a white dragon going to heaven, quoting books of all ages is well known (and called 'ryugaku' [dragonology] by researchers).
Japanese: 第一回において、白竜の昇天を見た里見義実が古今の典籍を引用して竜を解説するくだり（研究者によって「龍学」と呼称される）はよく知られている。
English: Bakin was so intensive a reader of "Suikoden" that he wrote such works as "Takaosenjimon" and "Keisei Suikoden" (A Courtesans' Shui hu chuan) adapting "Suikoden," was involved in the publication of "Shinpen Suikogaden," translation of the original, and insisted that the 120 episode version was orthodox, criticizing the 70 episode version by Kim Thanh Than.
Japanese: 馬琴は『高尾船字文』『傾城水滸伝』など翻案作品を執筆しただけでなく、原典の翻訳『新編水滸画伝』の刊行に関わったほか、金聖嘆による七十回本を批判して百二十回本を正統とする批評を行うなど、『水滸伝』の精読者であった。
English: Its influence is especially remarkable in the description of the great battle of Kanto, and the naval battle of Sunosaki is a rehash of the historic Battle of Red Cliff.
Japanese: とくに関東大戦の描写では顕著であり、洲崎沖海戦は赤壁の戦いを焼き直したものである。
English: In 'Kaigaijohitsu' (epilogue), Bakin lists 'History book' (war chronicle) on the Satomi family in the Nanso region as well as "Satomigunki","Satomikyudaiki" and "Bososhiryo"as topography.
Japanese: 馬琴は「回外剰筆」で、南総里見家を記した「史書」（軍記物）や地誌として『里見軍記』『里見九代記』、『房総志料』などを挙げている。
English: In the recent study of historical science, it is pointed out that the actual history of the Satomi clan in the early period was greatly different from what is described in those war chronicles.
Japanese: なお近年の歴史学研究により、初期里見氏の実際の歴史はこれら軍記物に語られてきた姿と大きく異なることが指摘されている。
English: The text of "Hokuetsuseppu"by Bokushi SUZUKI is referenced in the description of Ojiya, Echigo Province and there is a scene of ushi no tsunotsuki (bullfighting) which actually takes place there.
Japanese: 越後小千谷の描写には鈴木牧之『北越雪譜』の原稿が参照されており、同地で行われる牛の角突きが作中に取り込まれている。
English: Bakin made up 'seven rules of historical novels' as his creative technique and added them to "Hakkenden" as an additional remark.
Japanese: 馬琴は、みずからの創作技法として「稗史七則」をまとめ、『八犬伝』に付言として記している。
English: A lot of readers and researchers have been mesmerized by Bakin's remark, 'Let those who truly understand me realize such nuances 100 years later.'
Japanese: 「百年の後知音を俟て是を悟らしめんとす」という馬琴の言葉には、多くの読者や研究者が魅了されてきた。
English: Some researchers interpret the organization of "Hakkenden" and its arrangement of characters as comprehensively reflecting motifs from preaching story of Buddhism, Japanese Mythology and folk beliefs, folk religion.
Japanese: 『八犬伝』の物語構造や人物配置には仏教説話・日本神話、あるいは民間信仰などのモチーフが複合的に投影されていると解釈する研究者もいる。
English: He insists that an image of Monju Bosatsu (Manjusri) (=Princess Fuse) riding on Shishi lion (=Yatsufusa) is reflected.
Japanese: 獅子（＝八房）に騎乗する文殊菩薩（＝伏姫）のイメージが投影されているとする。
English: According to his theory, 'two of the eight Dog Warriors made their appearance in female disguise' because two of the hachidai-doji (eight great youths) following Monju Bosatsu are biku (girls), and 'the Dog Warriors' bruises are peony-shaped' because the flavor of peony has the numen to suppress the power of Shishi lion (=Yatsufusa).
Japanese: この説によれば「八犬士のうち二人が女装して登場する理由」は、文殊菩薩に従う八大童子のうち二人が比丘（女児）であることに求められ、「犬士の痣が牡丹である理由」は牡丹の匂いが獅子（＝八房）の力を抑える霊力があることで説明される。
English: Furthermore Daizen MASAKI, who appeared in the latter half of the novel, is treated as a 'pseudo Dog Warrior' because he reflects Zenzai-doshi, Monju Bosatsu's valet.
Japanese: また、後半に現れる政木大全が「準犬士」として遇されるのは文殊菩薩の従者である善財童子が投影されているためとされている。
English: According to an advance notice issued before the commencement of the publication of "Hakkenden," Bakin was at one point planning to write 'a story of the Seven Dog Warriors' even if it is not in accordance with the description in "Gorui-daisetsuyoshu."
Japanese: 『八犬伝』刊行開始前に出された刊行予告から、一時馬琴には『合類大節用集』の記述を無視してまで物語を「七犬伝」とする構想があったという。
English: Mamoru TAKADA also points out that an image of North Dipper Seven Stars is reflected in the eight Dog Warriors.
Japanese: 高田衛は八犬士に北斗七星のイメージが投影されているとも指摘している。
English: He avoids variance by regarding 'Alcor' accompanying one of the seven stars Mizar as the eighth star, and insists that this explains the fact that 'one of the eight Dog Warriors made his appearance as a child.'
Japanese: 七星の一つミザールにある「アルコル」を8番目の星と見なすことにより齟齬をなくしているが、これによって「八犬士のうち一人が子供として登場する理由」も説明できるとする。
English: Some researchers including Takeshi TOKUDA are trying to see in "Hakkenden" Bakin's criticism against social situation of those days.
Japanese: 徳田武らによって『八犬伝』に執筆当時の社会情勢への馬琴の批評を見出す解釈も存在する。
English: Shinbe is formed on the basis of an image of Dai-Doji (great youth), who is said to have appeared at the time of destructive urban riots, and the criticism against Yoshimasa ASIKAGA in Shinbe's episode in Kyoto can be compared to criticism against Ogosho (leading or influential figure) Ienari TOKUGAWA, the episode of killing a tiger to the Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO in 1837.
Japanese: 親兵衛の造形には打ちこわしの際に現れたという大童子の姿が重ねられており、また親兵衛の京都物語に登場する足利義政批判に大御所徳川家斉批判が、虎退治の物語には大塩平八郎の乱（1837年）の隠喩があるともされる。
English: Furthermore Ton KOYANO, regarding the territory ruled by the Satomi family as a miniature Japan, considers that the description of military training led by the Satomi family mobilizing people within the domain is connected with the doctrine of coast defense in the later Edo period.
Japanese: また、小谷野敦は里見の領国を日本のミニチュアととらえ、領民を組織して行われた里見家の軍事訓練の描写などに江戸時代後期の海防論との関係を見出している。
English: "Hakkenden" is a leading gesaku during the Edo period and has such a great influence on popular culture, but it has not been treated as a major subject of literary study for a long time due to the low literary evaluation of Yomihon during the Edo period.
Japanese: 『八犬伝』は江戸時代の戯作文芸の代表作の一つであり、大衆文化への影響力も大きなものであったが、江戸読本への文学的評価の低さもあいまって、長らく文学研究の主要な対象とはされてこなかった。
English: In 1980 Mamoru TAKADA published "The World of Hakkenden" with a subtitle of 'Restoration of Fantasy Roman' and delivered an exciting interpretation of 'tenkyo' (accurate foundation).
Japanese: 1980年に『八犬伝の世界』を上梓した高田衛は、副題に「伝奇ロマンの復権」を掲げ、「典拠」に関する大胆な解釈を打ち出した。
English: Today there is a lot of academic research on "Hakkenden" in the field of literature and it has been utilized as material for research on the history of ideas during the Edo period.
Japanese: 近年は、文学分野での学術研究も進められ、江戸思想史研究の資料として利用されるようにもなっている。
English: As to the translation of the original "Hakkenden" into other languages, a partial translation into English by Donald Keene is well known, but a complete translation has not been conducted or published yet in spite of personal attempts at translation by researchers of Japanese literature.
Japanese: 『八犬伝』原典の他言語への翻訳は、ドナルド・キーンによる部分英訳が知られており、日本文学研究者による私的な翻訳の試みは行われているものの、完訳・刊行は行われていない。
English: "Hakkenden" is known overseas through spin-off works such as the movie "Satomi Hakkenden" in 1983 and an animation "THE Hakkenden."
Japanese: 海外では、1983年の映画『里見八犬伝(1983年の映画)』やアニメ『THE八犬伝』といった派生作品を通じて八犬伝の名が知られている。
English: A 400 year-old weeping cherry tree located at Guho-ji Temple in Mt. Mama-san near Konodai is called "'Fusehime-zakura' after "Hakkenden."
Japanese: 国府台に程近い真間山弘法寺にある樹齢400年の枝垂桜は、『八犬伝』に因み「伏姫桜」と称されている。
English: Mainly the actual Satomi clan is honored in this festival but Princess Fuse and the eight Dog Warriors appear in the fancy-dress parade.
Japanese: 史実里見氏の顕彰が主となっているが、仮想パレードには伏姫や八犬士も登場する。
English: This is held on the first Sunday of September at Utsubuki Tamagawa, Kurayoshi City where Daigakuin with the graveyard of Tadayoshi SATOMI and his eight wise men is located.
Japanese: 里見忠義と八賢士の墓所大岳院がある倉吉市打吹玉川で、9月第一日曜日開催。
English: Being very popular, "Hakkenden" was already made into a program of Kabuki even while it was being published, and has produced excerpts, adaptations and epigones.
Japanese: 人気作品であった『八犬伝』は、刊行中からすでに歌舞伎の演目になり、抄録や翻案作品、亜流作品を生み出した。
English: It is still being referenced in a great number of works as a Japanese classic fantasy, and the names of its characters and its motifs are often being used.
Japanese: 現在も、日本で生まれたファンタジーの古典として多くの作品に参照されており、登場人物の名やモチーフの借用はしばしば行われている。
English: As it is extremely long in addition to being a classic written in the days when values which are quite different from the present ones prevailed, many adaptations create a new world independently of the original, even when they bear the name "Hakkenden."
Japanese: また、現代と価値観の異なる時代に書かれた古典で、しかも長大であることもあり、『八犬伝』の名を冠していても原作から自由に新たな世界を創作している翻案作品が多い。
English: Even works which try to be true to the original are revived as a modern work through different levels of reinterpretation.
Japanese: また、原作を志向した作品であってもさまざまなレベルの再解釈が行われ、現代の作品として蘇生されている。
English: Refer to the following websites, where related works are listed and explained:
Japanese: 以下の外部サイトでも関連作品の列挙と解説が行われているので、参照されたい。
English: In the People's Republic of China, it means a kind of food made by mixing flour (of wheat, millet, mung beans, etc) with water, then spreading and baking the batter on a hot iron plate, which resembles Japanese 'issen-yoshoku' (an old type Japanese snack resembling a crepe, which is often seasoned by Worcester sauce and topped with finely chopped spring onion).
Japanese: 中華人民共和国では、小麦粉、アワ、リョクトウなどの粉を水で溶いて、鉄板上に広げて焼いた一銭洋食に似た食品をいう。
English: The original meaning in the People's Republic of China of the character '餅' (which, in Japan, is read as 'mochi' or 'hei' or 'bei' depending on use and means a rice cake) is the whole range of foods made by mixing with water the flour of wheat, millet, mung beans and the like, then being kneaded and formed into a flat shape.
Japanese: 「餅」という字は、もともと中華人民共和国では主に小麦粉、アワ、リョクトウなどの粉を水で練って、平たく成形した食品全般を指す。
English: That is why the kanji form of 'senbei' contains the character '餅' despite the fact that mochi, which is a cake of pounded glutinous rice, is not used for making senbei in Japan.
Japanese: そのため、煎餅は餅米を撞いて作る餅（もち）を基本的に使っていないが、「餅」という字が入っている。
English: Similarly, '煎' (sen) in China means to grill something on a hot iron plate, and does not mean to decoct medicinal herbs as it does in Japan.
Japanese: また、「煎」も、中国では薬を煎じるという意味ではなく、鉄板で焼くことを指す。
English: Therefore, '煎餅' (jianbing) in China is a food made by baking the batter of flour (such as of wheat) and water on a hot iron plate.
Japanese: つまり、中国の「煎餅（ジエンピンjiānbǐng）」は小麦粉などの粉を水で練って、鉄板で焼いたものである。
English: These days snacks such as Shandong jianbing and Tianjin jianbing which are prepared in a method similar to that of issen-yoshoku, are still made in China.
Japanese: 中国においては、現在も山東煎餅、天津煎餅など、一銭洋食に似た作り方の軽食が作られている。
English: Japanese okonomiyaki (savory pancake with various ingredients) is regarded as one of these 'jianbing' type foods, and is sometimes called '日式雜菜煎餅' (Japanese-style chap chai jianbing).
Japanese: 日本のお好み焼きもこれらの「煎餅」の一種として「日式雜菜煎餅」などと呼ばれることがある。
English: In contrast, there is such a case as the Japanese fried senbei and similar snacks which are phonetically transliterated as 'xianbei' (仙貝).
Japanese: 逆に、日本の揚げ煎餅の類を「仙貝シエンベイxiānbèi」と音訳で呼ぶ場合がある。
English: Chinese senbei, of whatever sort, is soft in texture and can be rolled or bent when eaten.
Japanese: 中国の煎餅は、いずれも軟らかくて、巻いたり、曲げたりして食べることが可能なものである。
English: Japanese senbei are a type of snack which are thin, crispy and are breakable when force is applied to them.
Japanese: 一方、日本では、薄くて、パリッとしたおり、力を加えると割れるような固い菓子の一部を指して煎餅と呼んでいる。
English: Senbei are one of the typical Japanese snacks eaten between meals, but are declining in popularity in recent years and are being replaced by other snacks such as potato chips
Japanese: 煎餅は日本を代表するスナック菓子（間食）のひとつであるが、近年はポテトチップスなどに人気を奪われる傾向にある。
English: There are three main types of senbei in Japan; namely one made from wheat flour and eggs, one made from rice and one made from starch such as that of potatoes.
Japanese: 日本における煎餅には、大きく分けて小麦粉、鶏卵などを原料にするもの、米を原料とするもの、ジャガイモなどのデンプンを用いるものの3種類がある。
English: In addition, some foods which have a similar appearance or texture, for instance, deep-fried instead of baked or made from different materials, are also called senbei.
Japanese: さらに、焼かずに揚げたり、別の材料を用いたり等の、類似の外観や食感を持つものも煎餅と呼ぶ場合がある。
English: The main ingredients include wheat flour, sugar and eggs, and this type of senbei is often sweet in taste and is close to biscuits and 'kasutera' (a Japanese-style sponge cake originally imitated from that of Castella in the 16th century).
Japanese: 材料は主に小麦粉、砂糖、鶏卵などで、カステラやビスケットに近く、味は甘めのものが多い。
English: One of the best known of this type is kawara-senbei (senbei shaped like a Japanese traditional roof tile), and there are other types made from rice powder such as Yatsuhashi (a specialty confectionery in Kyoto).
Japanese: 瓦せんべいなどが代表的なものであり、八ツ橋のように米を材料とするものもある。
English: Amami-senbei is part of the tradition of To-gashi (唐菓子: Chinese sweets), and this is said to be the origin of senbei.
Japanese: 甘味煎餅は唐菓子の伝統を受け継いでおり、こちらが煎餅の原型とされている。
English: In Kyoto, there is a senbei which is made from wheat flour, eggs (which may have been added in later years) and sugar and is called 'karaita' (唐板) or 'karaita-senbei.'
Japanese: 京都には「唐板」もしくは「唐板煎餅」といわれる、小麦粉・卵（後年に加わった？）・砂糖から作られる煎餅がある。
English: Senbei made from rice is also called beika-senbei (米菓煎餅), which has been made in the Kanto region since olden days under the name of senbei.
Japanese: 米を原料とするものは、米菓煎餅（べいかせんべい）ともいい、主に関東地方で古くから煎餅と呼ばれて作られてきたものである。
English: It is a rice snack made from uruchimai (ordinary cooking rice) - by crushing or pounding cooked uruchimai, forming it flat into individual pieces and then grilling them.
Japanese: 主に粳米（うるちまい）をつぶしたり搗（つ）いたりして延ばしたものを焼いてつくる米菓である。
English: In the Kansai region, this type of senbei is often called by such a collective name as 'okaki', grouping it with kakimochi (thin cracker type) and arare (small cube type) both of which are made using glutinous rice.
Japanese: 関西では、餅米を利用したかきもち（薄焼き）やあられ（粒状のもの）等の仲間として、おかきなど総称される。
English: As illustrated by the name age-senbei which refers to deep-fried senbei made from glutinous rice, it is evident that uruchimai is not the only material for making senbei at present.
Japanese: 餅米を使い、油で揚げて作る米菓を揚げ煎餅（あげせんべい）と呼ぶように、現在では必ずしもうるち米だけが原料ではない。
English: Ebi-senbei (shrimp senbei), which is a local specialty of the Chita peninsula in Aichi Prefecture, is one of the examples of senbei made from starch such as that of potato.
Japanese: 馬鈴薯などのでん粉を用いるものとしては、愛知県の知多半島の名物となっている海老煎餅などがある。
English: Basically it has been a savory food, but at present, there is a number of variations in flavors such as wasabi, curry and kimchee.
Japanese: 塩辛い味が基本だが、現在ではワサビ味、カレー味、キムチ味など、さまざまな味の物が作られている。
English: Not many such senbei shops, however, are found in the Kansai region, where senbei is mainly sold in the shops where okaki and arare are the main items sold, which illustrates a major difference in the selling style between eastern and western Japan.
Japanese: 関西では煎餅屋というもの自体が少なく、主におかきやあられ屋で販売しているなど販売形態なども東西で大きく異なる。
English: In areas such as Kyushu, 'senbei' is sometimes pronounced 'senpei' using a p-sound.
Japanese: 九州などでは煎餅を「せんべい」でなく「せんぺい」と半濁音で発音する人もいる。
English: Some such examples include Niwaka-senpei, Kujukushima-senpei and Yu-senpei.
Japanese: にわかせんぺい（二○加煎餅）、九十九島せんぺい、湯せんぺいといった例がある。
English: In some cases, 'senbei' means those seasoned with soy sauce or salt and 'senpei' refers to sweet ones.
Japanese: 場合によっては醤油味・塩味を「せんべい」、甘いものを「せんぺい」と呼び分ける例もある。
English: In Japan, the word '煎餅' first appeared in the literature of around 737 in the collection of Shoso-in Treasure House.
Japanese: 日本で「煎餅」の記述がでてきたのは正倉院所蔵の737年頃の文書である。
English: In this case, however, '煎餅', which can be pronounced senbei, is actually read as 'irimochi' meaning a snack made by caking wheat flour with oil, which is different from the present-day senbei.
Japanese: ただし、ここに登場する「煎餅」は現在のものと違い、小麦粉を油で固めたいりもち（煎餅）である。
English: There is a well known story of a time much closer to the present in which 'senbei' is derived from an incident in which an old woman named 'Osen', who was running a dumpling shop in Soka-juku (present Soka City), the second relay station from Nihonbashi, Edo on the Nikko-kaido Road, started to make and sell a different form of dumpling taking advice she received one day from a samurai who told her, 'How about making those dumplings flat and grilling them?'
Japanese: もっと現在に近いものでは、日光街道の2番目の宿場町だった草加宿（現在の草加市）で団子屋を営んでいた「おせん」という老婆が、ある日、侍に「団子を平らにして焼いたらどうか」と言われて始めたのが名前の由来、というよく知られた挿話がある。
English: This story, however, is also said to have been created by a reporter of a national newspaper in order to make Soka-senbei better known.
Japanese: しかし、これは草加市出身の全国紙記者が「草加煎餅」を広めようと創作したものとも言われている。
English: Farmers living in and around Soka-juku used to make a kind of snack eaten between meals - making balls of crushed cooked rice, which were then dried, sprinkled with salt and grilled, which they called 'katamochi'.
Japanese: 草加宿一帯の農家では、蒸した米をつぶして丸め、干したもの（「堅餅」という）に塩をまぶして焼き、おやつとして食べていた。
English: As Soka-juku developed as a relay station on the Nikko-kaido Road, this salty senbei was sold more to travelers and became widely known everywhere.
Japanese: 草加宿が日光街道の宿場町として発展したことに伴い、この塩味の煎餅が旅人向けの商品として売り出され、各地に広まった。
English: Later, people started to flavor senbei with soy sauce which was produced in an area alongside the Tone-gawa River (Noda City, Chiba Prefecture), and this indeed seems to be the origin of today's Soka-senbei.
Japanese: その後、利根川沿岸（千葉県野田市）で生産された醤油で味をつけるようになり、現在の草加煎餅の原型となった、というのが実際のところのようである。
English: At present, however, it is synonymous with ningyo joruri, one of Japan's traditional performing arts.
Japanese: しかし、現在、文楽といえば一般に日本の伝統芸能である人形劇、人形浄瑠璃（にんぎょうじょうるり）を指す代名詞的存在である。
English: It is said that Bunraku-za Theater started when Bunrakuken UEMURA of Awajikariya set up a hut called 'Seats in Kozujinchi, Nishinohama' at Minamizume, Kozu-bashi Bridge, Osaka and gave a performance there.
Japanese: 文楽座の始まりは、淡路仮屋の植村文楽軒が「西の浜の高津新地の席」という小屋を大坂高津橋南詰で建てて、興行したのが始まりとされる。
English: It also is listed in 'Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity' based on Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and it is practically certain to be registered as an intangible cultural asset at the first registration scheduled for September, 2009.
Japanese: 無形文化遺産保護条約に基づく「人類の無形文化遺産の代表的な一覧表」に掲載されており、2009年9月に予定される初の登録での世界無形遺産への登録が事実上確定している。
English: It is entertainment played by a trinity, which consists of 'sangyo'; tayu (narrator or chanter), shamisen player, and puppeteers.
Japanese: 文楽太夫、文楽三味線、文楽人形遣いの「三業（さんぎょう）」で成り立つ三位一体の演芸である。
English: The place for performance which is thrown out toward the right side of the audience is called 'yuka' (musicians' stage), where the tayu and shamisen player perform joruri after appearing on the rotating tray.
Japanese: 客席の上手側に張りだした演奏用の場所を「床」と呼び、回転式の盆に乗って現れた太夫と三味線弾きが、ここで浄瑠璃を演奏する。
English: Puppets are called 'Tesuri,' named after the boards which conceal the puppeteers below their waists.
Japanese: 対して人形のことを「手摺」と呼ぶが、これは人形遣いの腰から下が隠れる板のことを手摺ということから。
English: Basically one tayu chants the whole story, describing scenery and performing many characters, but in a long story he may be replaced by another tayu in the midst of the performance.
Japanese: 1人で物語を語るのが基本で、情景描写から始まり多くの登場人物を語り分けるが、長い作品では途中で別の太夫と交代して務める。
English: In tayu-mei (stage name), tayu was represented with kanji (Chinese characters) meaning a 'stout man' before 1953, but since then it has been represented with kanji meaning a 'big man.'
Japanese: なお、太夫名（芸名）の場合、1953年（昭和28年）以前は「太夫」と表記していたが、以後は「大夫」と表記するようになった。
English: Furthermore, dayu is pronounced as 'tayu' when two beats exist before it (for example, 'Wakatayu'), and pronounced as 'dayu' in other cases (such as 'Gidayu' or 'Koshiji Dayu').
Japanese: また、「若大夫」のように「太夫」「大夫」の前が2拍の場合は「たゆう」、「義太夫」「越路大夫」のように2拍以外の場合は「だゆう」と読む。
English: (Note: Apart from bunraku, in the case of so-called Dayu of Takemoto [name of gidayu] who chants Gidayu-bushi on the stage of kabuki, his stage name is still represented with kanji meaning a 'stout man,' not a 'big man.')
Japanese: （参考：文楽ではないが、歌舞伎の舞台で義太夫節を語る、いわゆる竹本の太夫の場合は、現在でも「大夫」ではなく「太夫」と表記している。)
English: The player sits straight, but has his buttocks completely rested on the floor with his knees wide apart.
Japanese: 座り方は正座であるが、膝を広めに座り両足の間に完全に尻を落としている。
English: In ancient times one puppet was manipulated by one puppeteer, but the way to manipulate a puppet with three people was invented at "Ashiyadoman Ouchikagami" in 1734, and now one puppet is usually manipulated by three puppeteers.
Japanese: 古くは1つの人形を1人の人形遣いが操っていたが、1734年に『芦屋道満大内鑑』で三人遣いが考案され、現在では3人で操るのが普通である。
English: The neck and right hand of a puppet are manipulated by the omozukai (main operator), the left hand by the hidarizukai (second operator) and the legs by the ashizukai (third operator).
Japanese: 主遣い（おもづかい）が首と右手、左遣いが左手、足遣いが脚を操作する。
English: Though dressed in black, the omozukai sometimes exposes his face at important scenes, so he is also called 'dezukai' (operator who shows himself).
Japanese: 黒衣姿だが、重要な場面では主遣いは顔をさらすこともあり「出遣い」と呼ばれる。