nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Shortly thereafter, he received a report that Sadamori had gathered 4,000 soldiers in cooperation with FUJIWARA no Hidesato, who was Oryoshi (Suppression and Control Agent) of Shimotsuke Province.
Japanese: 間もなく、貞盛が下野国押領使の藤原秀郷と力をあわせて兵4000を集めているとの報告が入った。
English: Masakado, realizing that his position would become weaker over time, departed for battle on February 1 with less than 1,000 soldiers.
Japanese: 将門の手許には1000人足らずしか残っていなかったが、時を移しては不利になると考えて、2月1日に出陣する。
English: Sadamori and Hidesato defeated the spearhead of Masakado's army, FUJIWARA no Harumochi, and chased the army through Kawaguchi, Shimousa Province.
Japanese: 貞盛と秀郷は藤原玄茂率いる将門軍の先鋒を撃破して下総国川口へ追撃して来た。
English: Sadamori and Hidesato gathered more soldiers and, on Feburary 13, they invaded and set fire to Masakado's Ishii base.
Japanese: 貞盛と秀郷はさらに兵を集めて、2月13日、将門の本拠石井に攻め寄せ火を放った。
English: Masakado tried to gather his army, but he was at a disadvantage and could only gather 400 soldiers.
Japanese: 将門は兵を召集するが形勢が悪く集まらず、僅か兵400を率いて陣をしいた。
English: Tamenori joined Sadamori and Hidesato and, on Februrary 14, the battle between the allied forces and Masakado's army began.
Japanese: 貞盛と秀郷の軍に為憲も加わり、翌2月14日、連合軍と将門の合戦がはじまった。
English: Supported by the north wind, Masakado's army shifted the situation to their own advantage in a battle of bows and arrows; with the wind behind them, they defeated the allied forces of Sadamori, Hidesato, and Tamenori.
Japanese: 北風が吹き荒れ、将門軍は風を負って矢戦を優位に展開し、貞盛、秀郷、為憲の軍を撃破した。
English: However, as Masakado was making his triumphant return to camp, the wind suddenly changed direction; the south wind began to blow, giving the advantage to the allied forces as they launched a counter-attack.
Japanese: しかし将門が勝ち誇って自陣に引き上げる最中、急に風向きが変わり南風になると、風を負って勢いを得た連合軍は反撃に転じた。
English: While Masakado was leading his army to continue the fight against the allied forces, an arrow came from nowhere and hit him on the forehead, killing him instantly.
Japanese: 将門は自ら先頭に立ち奮戦するが、いずくからか飛んできた矢が将門の額に命中し、あっけなく討死した。
English: Prince Okiyo, FUJIWARA no Haruaki, FUJIWARA no Harumochi and Masakado's younger brothers were all killed and the remainder of Masakado's army was wiped out.
Japanese: 残党が掃討され、将門の弟たちや興世王、藤原玄明、藤原玄茂などは皆誅殺される。
English: For killing Masakado, Hidesato and Sadamori were given the titles of Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) and Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade), respectively.
Japanese: 将門を討った秀郷には従四位下、貞盛には従五位下がそれぞれ授けられた。
English: FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who was ranked Jushichiinoge (Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade) and served as Governor of Iyo Province, was responsible for combatting pirates, but it is said that in approximately 936, he became the leader of a band of pirates based on Hiburi Island in Iyo Province, commanding a fleet of 1,000 boats.
Japanese: 従七位下伊予国掾の藤原純友は海賊の討伐に当たっていたが、承平6年（936年）頃には伊予国日振島を根拠に1000艘を組織する海賊の頭目となっていたとされる。
English: However, a recent study shows that the characteristics of the pirates that were restrained by Sumitomo and that of the armed group that he later led in the rebellion were not the same.
Japanese: しかし最近の研究では、純友が鎮圧の任に当たった海賊と、乱を起こした純友らの武装勢力の性格が異なっていることが指摘されている。
English: The pirates that Sumitomo restrained through persuasion and martial arts were toneri (servants) of the Fugo-so (the upper class) from around the Seto Inland Sea, who had been laid off due to institutional reform by the Imperial Court with the aim of claiming vested interest in tax revenue that was sent to the capital.
Japanese: 純友が武芸と説得によって鎮圧した海賊は朝廷の機構改革で人員削減された瀬戸内海一帯の富豪層出身の舎人たちが、税収の既得権を主張して運京租税の奪取を図っていたものであった。
English: On the other hand, the armed group that Sumitomo led during the rebellion were mid-ranking government officials who were trained in martial arts and were settled in that area to maintain security.
Japanese: それに対して純友らの武装勢力は、海賊鎮圧後も治安維持のために土着させられていた、武芸に巧みな中級官人層であった。
English: They had fallen out of aristocratic society in Kyoto because the early deaths of their parents had caused them to miss opportunitues for promotion, and they were trying to restore their status by making the Imperial Court recognize their military exploits as honourable deeds.
Japanese: 彼らは親の世代の早世などによって保持する位階の上昇の機会を逸して京の貴族社会から脱落し、武功の勲功認定によって失地回復を図っていた者達であった。
English: Their status was almost equal to that of the early generation Samurai in Togoku.
Japanese: つまり、東国などの初期世代の武士とほぼ同じ立場の者達だったのである。
English: However, they were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the fact that control of the provinces was being given to lower-ranking aristocrats who belonged to the higher Zuryo class, so that not only were their deeds not recognized, but they were also exploited by lower-ranking aristocrats who were appointed as Zuryo in local provinces.
Japanese: しかし彼らは、自らの勲功がより高位の受領クラスの下級貴族に横取りされたり、それどころか受領として地方に赴任する彼らの搾取の対象となったりしたことで、任国の受領支配に不満を募らせていったのである。
English: It should be noted that FUJIWARA no Motona, the cousin of Sumitomo's father, served as Iyo no kami (Governor of Iyo Province) for 5 years from 932.
Japanese: また、純友の父の従兄弟にあたる藤原元名が承平2年から5年にかけて伊予守であったという事実に注目されている。
English: Sumitomo is said to have established a relationship with the pirates, the toneri (servants) of the Fugo-so (the upper class), after being dispatched to the province to replace Motona and while he was delivering tax money to Kyoto.
Japanese: 純友はこの元名の代行として現地に派遣されて運京租税の任にあたるうちに富豪層出身の舎人ら海賊勢力と関係を結んだとされている。
English: In December 939, FUJIWARA no Fumimoto, Sumitomo's subordinate, was ordered to attack the lords of Echizen Province, FUJIWARA no Sanetaka and Koremoto SHIMADA, at Suki station in Settsu Province, where he captured Sanetaka and cut off his nose, kidnapped his wife and killed their children.
Japanese: 天慶2年（939年）12月、純友は部下の藤原文元に備前国介藤原子高と播磨国介島田惟幹を摂津国須岐駅にて襲撃させ、子高の鼻を削いで捕らえ、妻を奪い、子供らを殺した。
English: When news of TAIRA no Masakado's rebellion in Togoku and the fact that he had named himself New Emperor was brought to Kyoto, the Imperial Court was stunned; they were also concerned that Masakado and Sumitomo had conspired together to attack the east and west countries concurrently.
Japanese: ちょうど、東国で平将門が謀反を起こし新皇を称したとの報告が京にもたらされており、朝廷は驚愕し、将門と純友が東西で共謀して謀反を起こしたのではないかと恐れた。
English: On January 16, 940, the Imperial Court appointed ONO no Yoshifuru and MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto as Tsuibushi (Pursuit and Apprehension Agent) and Suke (Assistant Director), respectively, and on January 30, the Court made a conciliatory gesture to Sumitomo by conferring on him Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and, for the time being, concentrated military power on Togoku.
Japanese: 朝廷は天慶3年（940年）1月16日小野好古を山陽道追捕使、源経基を次官に任じるとともに、30日には純友の懐柔をはかり、従五位下を授け、とりあえずは兵力を東国に集中させた。
English: At that time, arson attacks occurred frequently in various places around Kyoto and ONO no Yoshifuru reported that Sumitomo was on a boat heading towards Kyoto.
Japanese: この頃、京の各所で放火が頻発し、小野好古は「純友は舟に乗り、漕ぎ上りつつある（京に向かっている）」と報告している。
English: The Imperial Court, afraid that Masakado would make an attack on Kyoto, posted soldiers at the 14 gates of the Imperial Palace and, to tighten security, they sent FUJIWARA no Yoshiyuki to the gate of Yamashiro Province in Yamazaki on February 22, but Yamazaki was burned down in an anonymous arson attack on February 26.
Japanese: 朝廷は純友が京を襲撃するのではないかと恐れて宮廷の14門に兵を配備して2月22日には藤原慶幸が山城国の入り口である山崎に派遣して警備を強化するが、26日には山崎が謎の放火によって焼き払われた。
English: Sumitomo was connected with a series of these incidents because 藤原三辰, the former Yamashiro no jo (an official of Yamashiro Province), was the senior commander of Sumitomo's army, and also because, ever since his attack on FUJIWARA no Sanetaka as mentioned above, his influence had become prevalent amongst not only pirates of the Seto Inland Sea, but also armed discontented elements, or 'robbers', based in the area between Heian-Kyo (the ancient capital in present-day Kyoto) and Settsu Province.
Japanese: なお、この一連の事件と純友との関係について純友軍の幹部に前山城掾藤原三辰がいる事や先の藤原子高襲撃事件などから、実は純友の勢力は瀬戸内海のみならず平安京周辺から摂津国にかけてのいわゆる「盗賊」と呼ばれている武装した不満分子にも浸透していた。
English: Therefore, Sumitomo must have seemed a serious threat to Kyoto.
Japanese: 京への直接的脅威と言う点では、極めて深刻な状況であったのではとする見方もある。
English: After this, in June, a civil letter from Dazaifu (a local government office in Kyushu) and official documents from Goryeo were delivered without incident, and in July, the Sadaijin (Minister of the left), FUJIWARA no Nakahira, dispatched an envoy to Wu-yueh.
Japanese: その影響か6月には大宰府から解状と高麗からの牒が無事に届けられ、7月には左大臣藤原仲平が呉越に対して使者を派遣している。
English: However, the fall of Masakado in Togoku made it possible for the Imperial Court to concentrate its military power in Saigoku where it became active in containing Sumitomo.
Japanese: だが、東国の将門が滅亡したことにより、兵力の西国への集中が可能となったため、朝廷は純友討伐に積極的になった。
English: In May, the expedition to contain Masakado in the east returned to Kyoto, and in June, an order was issued to track down and kill FUJIWARA no Fumimoto, who had been identified as the person who attacked FUJIWARA no Sanetaka.
Japanese: 5月に将門討伐に向かった東征軍が帰京すると、6月に藤原文元を藤原子高襲撃犯と断定して追討令が出された。
English: Sumitomo had two alternatives, one was to hand over Fumimoto and obey the Imperial Court, which had gained in strength against him after the defeat of Masakado, and the other was to continue to be treated as an enemy of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: これは将門討伐の成功によって純友鎮圧の自信を深めた朝廷が純友を挑発して彼に対して文元を引き渡して朝廷に従うか、それとも朝敵として討伐されるかの二者択一を迫るものであった。
English: In February 941, the senior commander of Sumitomo's army, FUJIWARA no Tsunetoshi, defected and joined the Imperial army, which then attacked Sumitomo's base on Hiburi Island.
Japanese: 天慶4年（941年）2月、純友軍の幹部藤原恒利が朝廷軍に降り、朝廷軍は純友の本拠日振島を攻め、これを破った。
English: FUJIWARA no Suminori, the younger brother of Sumitomo, invaded Yanagawa, but was defeated in Kamachi by the army of TACHIBANA no Kimiyori, the Dazai gon no sochi (Provisional Governor-General of Dazaifu).
Japanese: 純友の弟の藤原純乗は、柳川市に侵攻するが、大宰権帥の橘公頼の軍に蒲池で敗れる。
English: In June of that year, while hiding in Iyo Province, Sumitomo was captured by TACHIBANA no Toyasu, a Keigoshi (protection envoy), and later died in prison.
Japanese: 同年6月、純友は伊予に潜伏しているところを警固使橘遠保に捕らえられ、獄中で没した。
English: One day, TAIRA no Masakado and FUJIWARA no Sumitomo, who had both been mid-ranking government officials in their youth, cimbed Mt. Hiei together and looked down on Heian-kyo (present-day Kyoto).
Japanese: 京で朝廷に中級官人として出仕していた青年時代の平将門と藤原純友は、或る日、比叡山に登り平安京を見下ろした。
English: According to a well-known legend, Masakado and Sumitomo conspired to rebel at around the same time in order to take over the capital of Kyoto, then Masakado, a descendant of Emperor Kanmu, would become the Emperor, and Sumitomo, a member of FUJIWARA family, would become the Kanpaku (Chief Adviser to the Emperor).
Japanese: 二人は共に乱を起こして都を奪い、将門は桓武天皇の子孫だから天皇になり、純友は藤原氏だから関白になろうと約束したとする伝説が世に知られている。
English: There is a rock at the top of Mt. Hiei called 'Masakado Iwa' that was named after this legend and there is even a traditional belief that has been handed down that Masakado's chagrined face has appeared on the rock.
Japanese: また、比叡山上には、この伝説にちなんだ「将門岩」も存在し、そこには将門の無念の形相が浮かび出るという伝承までがなされている。
English: The diaries of the Kugyo (High Court nobles) at the time refer to the two rebellions of Masakado and Sumitomo as a consipiracy, so it seems that the conspiracy theory was widely believed in those days.
Japanese: 当時の公卿の日記にも同時期に起きた二つの乱について「謀を合わせ心を通じて」と記されており、当時、両者の共同謀議説はかなり疑われていたようである。
English: In fact, there is no real evidence of such a conspiracy, but there is a strong probability that Masakado and Sumitomo were pushed to military action while trying to improve their social status.
Japanese: 実際には、両者の共同謀議の痕跡はなく、むしろ自らの地位向上を目指しているうちに武装蜂起に追い込まれてしまった色合いが強い。
English: The rebellions just happened to occur at around the same time; while Masakado led one uprising in Togoku, Sumitomo led the other in Saigoku.
Japanese: 二つの乱はたまたま同時期に起こり、東国で将門が叛乱を起こし、純友は西国で蜂起に至ったと考えられる。
English: However, FUJIWARA no Hisanori, the Kouzuke no suke (Assistant Governor of Kozuke Province), who fled after Masakado attacked and deprived him of the seal of Kokushi (Provincial Governor), was the uncle of Sumitomo (the younger brother of Sumitomo's father).
Japanese: その一方で、将門に襲撃されて国司の印を奪われて逃げ出した上野介藤原尚範は純友の叔父（父親の実弟）にあたる人物である。
English: Some people believe that the incident caused by Masakado, as previously described, may have had some psychological effect on Sumitomo, as the relative of Hisanori.
Japanese: このため、先行した将門の動きが尚範の親族であった純友に何らかの心理的影響を与えた可能性までは否定できないという考えもある。
English: From these wars, the first generations of Samurai emerged, establishing the true lineage of Samurai thereafter.
Japanese: この乱の鎮圧を通じて、萌芽的な武士の初期世代の中から初期の正統な武士の家系が確立した。
English: People suspected that the wars of Masakado and Sumitomo which occurred around the same time were a conspiracy, and it scared them.
Japanese: 二つの乱は、ほぼ同時期に起きたことから将門と純友が共謀して乱を起こしたと当時では噂され、恐れられた。
English: Although the Samurai concept was in its infancy, first to third generation Samurai were significantly involved in both sides of the wars.
Japanese: これらの乱は発生期の1世代目から3世代目にかけての武士が、乱を起こした側、及び鎮圧側の双方の当事者として深く関わっている。
English: The Samurai that fought with the rebels aimed to gain formal recognition for their profession and improve the living conditions for the samurai families that were responsible for maintaining security, while the Samurai who fought against the rebels were also fighting for recognition and better conditions.
Japanese: 乱を起こした側としては、治安維持の任につく武芸の家の者としての勲功認定、待遇改善を目指す動きを条件闘争的にエスカレートさせていった結果として叛乱に至ってしまった面を持ち、また鎮圧側も、乱を鎮圧することでやはり自らの勲功認定、待遇改善を図った。
English: There was a great increase in the number of Samurai working with the Imperial army; the Samurai that sided with the rebels were outnumbered, thus putting an end to the conflict.
Japanese: 結果として鎮圧側につくことでこれらの目的を達成しようとする者が雪崩的に増加し、叛乱的な条件闘争を図った側を圧倒して乱は終結した。
English: After that, only the descendants of Johei Tengyo Kunkosha (people who were distinguished in service during the Johei and Tengyo Wars) were regarded as Samurai, as members of a legitimate family of martial arts professionals.
Japanese: 以後、承平天慶勲功者の子孫のみが武芸を職能とする正統な家の者すなわち武士とされるようになった。
English: In addition, during the Kamakura period, military governments strongly promoted Masakado as a pioneer of military government in Togoku, an attitude which can be seen in the commissioning of a painting by MINAMOTO no Sanetomo called 'Masakado Kassen-e' (Masakado's Picture of War), and also at Kanda-Myojin Shrine, which was designated as 'Edo Sochinju' by the Edo bakufu (the feudal government of the Edo period).
Japanese: また、鎌倉時代には源実朝が「将門合戦絵」を描かせたり、神田明神が江戸幕府によって「江戸総鎮守」とされたりするなど、武家政権が将門を東国武家政権の先駆けとして強い親近感を抱いていることも特徴的である。
English: Ikuno Bugyo was administered under Nobunaga ODA, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI as well as the Tokugawa Shogunate, and it controlled the area of Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mine.
Japanese: 生野奉行（いくのぶぎょう）は、織田信長、豊臣秀吉および徳川幕府により置かれ、生野銀山を管理した。
English: In 1716, due to the decrease in the volume of silver production at Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mine, the Ikuno bugyo was reorganized to the Ikuno daikan (the regional officer of Ikuno).
Japanese: 1716年（亨保元年）、生野銀山の産出量減少のため、生野代官（いくのだいかん）に組織変更された。
English: The bugyosho (magistrate's office)/daikansho (regional officer's office) was located near Ikuno Elementary School located in Kuchiganaya, Ikuno-cho, Asago City, Hyogo Prefecture.
Japanese: 奉行所・代官所は、現在の兵庫県朝来市生野町口銀谷の生野小学校付近にあった。
English: A hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was appointed as the daikan, and he administered Tajima Province, Harima Province, as well as Mimasaka Province which were the hinterlands of Ikuno Ginzan Silver Mine.
Japanese: 代官には旗本が任命され、生野銀山の後背地となっていた但馬国、播磨国、美作国の天領も統治した。
English: Furthermore, the scale under administration was larger than the area ruled by the Izushi Domain, which was the largest domain in Tajima Province, and during the initial years of the Edo period, the area totaled to 52,000 koku (an unit of assessed crop yields of the land [1 koku: about 180 liter], which was also used to express the size of the land) and at the end of the Edo period to 82,000 koku.
Japanese: なお、統治規模は但馬国最大の藩である出石藩よりも大きく、江戸時代初期は5万2千石、江戸時代末期には8万2千石に達していた。
English: The daikansho was taken over during the uprising of the Ikuno Incident which took place in October, 1863, towards the end of the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期の1863年（文久3年）10月には生野の変での挙兵によって代官所が占領されてしまっている。
English: Ikuno Incident, along with the Tenchu-gumi Incident, is evaluated as the precursor for the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 生野の変は、天誅組の変とともに明治維新の導火線となったと評価されている。
English: The area that the Ikuno daikansho ruled after the Meiji Restoration was, in the order of, Fuchu Court, then Kumihama Prefecture and finally as Ikuno Prefecture, and they were either partitioned or incorporated into Toyooka Prefecture, Himeji Prefecture, and Hokujo Prefecture.
Japanese: 明治維新後の生野代官所支配地は、府中裁判所、久美浜県、生野県となった後、豊岡県、姫路県、北条県に分割・編入された。
English: Tenpo (aka Tenpu) refers to what the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by the seii taishogun [literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"]) changed daimyo's (Japanese feudal lord) territories to different locations.
Japanese: 転封（てんぽう、てんぷう）は江戸幕府（征夷大将軍）が、大名の領土を別の場所に移すこと。
English: Tenpo was one of the powers of disposition and control that the unified authority had over all the daimyo in modern times.
Japanese: 近世において、統一権力が諸大名に対して有していた処分権、統制権の一つ。
English: After the Taiko kenchi (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI's nationwide land survey), Tenpo were enforced based on the concept that the Shogun, who was also called Tenkabito (person becoming the ruler of the country), had ultimate ownership of even daimyo's territories.
Japanese: 太閤検地以降、大名の領土であっても、究極的土地所有権は天下人・将軍にあるとの観念の下に行われた。
English: However, territories were often changed with additional properties, so Tenpo is not categorically described as disposition and control.
Japanese: もっとも、加増を伴う転封も多く行われた為、一概に処分・統制とは言い切れない。
English: It is said that the first case of Tenpo was that Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI transferred the Tokugawa clan from Sunpu in Suruga Province to Edo in Musashi Province in 1590.
Japanese: その初見は、天正18年(1590年)豊臣秀吉が徳川氏を駿河国駿府から武蔵国江戸に移した事例とされる。
English: In the Edo period, the bakufu started to enforce Tenpo, and in the early of the period, the basic policy of Tenpo was to transfer the Tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) to regional areas and to transfer the daimyo on the Tokugawa clan's side (called the Shinpan [Tokugawa's relatives] and the Fudai [hereditary vassals]) to the former territories of the Tozama daimyo.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入り、幕府による転封が行われるが、その初期は外様大名の地方転出、その跡への徳川系大名(親藩・譜代)の進出を基軸として行われた。
English: After the middle of the period, Tenpo of the Tozama daimyo extremely decreased, and administrative Tenpo of the daimyo on the Tokugawa clan's side on their appointments in the bakufu's posts became mainstream.
Japanese: 中期以降は外様大名の転封は極端に減少し、幕府役職就任に伴う徳川系大名の行政的転封が主流となる。
English: On the other hand, it is a fact that Tenpo took away the aspect of zaichi ryoshu (resident landlords) from samurai, playing a role in promoting the transition from the Jigatachigyo system (provision of lands from a feudal government or domains to retainers as salary) to the horoku system (salary).
Japanese: 一方で、転封によって武士の在地領主的側面が切り離され、地方知行制から俸禄制への移行を促進する役割も担った事実がある。
English: This was a very important event for the kinsei ("early modern") daimyo in heading their vassals, and this is also one of the elements that distinguish the Kinsei daimyo from the Sengoku daimyo (Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period).
Japanese: これは、近世大名がその家中を統率する上で非常に重要な出来事であり、戦国大名とは区別される一要素でもある。
English: For the people including peasants, Tenpo meant what the rights they had acquired before would be denied due to the changes of their feudal lords, so the people sometimes staged opposition uprisings.
Japanese: 百姓等領民にとって転封は、領主の交替により、それまでに獲得してきた諸権利を否定される可能性もある為、反対一揆を起こすこともあった。
English: The Tenpo Hatto (The laws for changing the territory) had the words about nonpayment of tribute and the loss or damage of a borrowed thing, so land sales contracts came to contain the words to reject debt cancellation orders at an early stage.
Japanese: また、転封法度に未進や借り物の棄破等の文言があった為、土地の売買証文の中には徳政拒否文言が早い段階で記されるようになる。
English: Tenpo was the bakufu's absolute authority over all the daimyo during the Edo period, so the failure in 1840 of changing three daimyo's territories one another at the same time symbolized the diminishing authority of the bakufu.
Japanese: 江戸時代を通じて幕府の諸大名に対する絶対的な権力であった為、天保11年(1840年)の三方領地替えの失敗は、幕府権力の低下を象徴する出来事であった。
English: Ryonoshuge is a commentary on the Yoro Ritsuryo Code written in the early ninth century (around 868).
Japanese: 令集解（りょうのしゅうげ）は、9世紀前半（868年頃）に編纂された養老律令の注釈書。
English: This is a private commentary by a scholar named KOREMUNE no Naomoto and unlike Ryo-no-gige (Commentary on the Ryo), it did not have any legal effect.
Japanese: 惟宗直本という学者による私撰の注釈書であり、令義解と違って法的な効力は持たない。
English: Regarding Japanese swords, there are two types of tsuka-gashira: round head and cylindrical-shaped head, and some of them have a pattern.
Japanese: 日本刀では、刀によって先端の丸いものと円柱状の物があり、模様があることもある。
English: By covering the knot of tsuka-ito (the cord wrapping on a sword hilt), tsuka-gashira prevents the knot from coming untied and helps to hide the visually not appealing knot.
Japanese: 柄糸の結び目を覆うことで接触で解けることを防ぎ、美術的に不恰好な結び目を隠している。
English: Fudekozuka is a mound or a memorial tower built by the students of terakoya (private elementary school) or kajuku (private school) which were educational institution for common people in the Edo period, to the memory of their late teacher who taught them reading, writing, arithmetic and other practical arts.
Japanese: 筆子塚（ふでこづか）とは、江戸時代に庶民の教育機関であった寺子屋や家塾で、読書算や実務教育を教わった教え子が、師匠が死んだ際にその遺徳を偲んで、建てた墓である塚、または供養塔。
English: Children were enrolled in terakoya at around their age of 7 or 8, as what elementary school is today, and learned reading and arithmetic for 3 to 5 years.
Japanese: 寺子屋は、今日の小学校のように7～8歳前後で入学し、入学後3年から5年程度の間で読書算を習得させた。
English: Due to this origin, the term was often used as a name for girls.
Japanese: これから、子どもがよく勉強するようにと、女子の名前としてこれが用いられた例も少なくない。
English: Since many common people in the Edo Period studied at terakoya for the preparation of being a member of society, teacher of terakoya was regarded as their masters of life.
Japanese: 江戸時代には、社会に出る前の準備教育を寺子屋で終える者が多かった為、寺子屋の師匠は筆子たちにとって生涯の師でもあった。
English: A unique feature of monuments is that tombstones are commonly shaped like the tip of a brush.
Japanese: 特徴的な点は、墓石が全体として筆の穂先のような形をしている点である。
English: The tombstones of successive principals of Ashikaga school, known as the "university of the Bando (old Kanto region)," are also shaped like brush tips.
Japanese: 又、「坂東の大学」と謳われた足利学校の歴代校長の墓石も、筆の穂先の形になっている。
English: The area it covered amounts to the area of Eastern Osaka and Southern Osaka of today, but later on the entire Nara Prefecture was incorporated into Sakai.
Japanese: 範囲は現在の大阪府東部と南部地域であるが、後に奈良県全域が編入された。
English: What was formerly a shogunal demesne during the Edo period, Sakai and its peripheral regions were taken over by the Imperial Court from the Tokugawa clan after the demise of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), but due to the occurrence of the Sakai Incident and so on in 1868, the pace of the creation of a new administrative body needed to be stepped up.
Japanese: 江戸時代には天領であった堺とその周辺は、江戸幕府の崩壊後に徳川氏から朝廷に接収されていたが、慶応4年（明治元年・1868年）に入ると堺事件の発生などもあり、新しい行政組織の設立が急がれる事となった。
English: Thus, Sakai Prefecture was established and launched as a prefecture on August 10 of the same year that covered Sakai and its peripheral regions (one theory states that 境県 as opposed to 堺県 was the official writing given in the beginning).
Japanese: そこで同年6月22日(旧暦)（新暦8月10日）に堺とその周辺を範囲として発立されたのが堺県である（一説には当初は「境県」が正式名称だったとも言われている）。
English: His strong belief in Confucianism was behind his philosophy of 'Jinsei' (benevolent rule) from above, that is to say, the rule of law for the people based on compassion, and held unique policies for prefectural administration.
Japanese: 上からの「仁政」すなわち民に情け深い治政をすべきだとの強い儒教思想の持ち主で独自の県治方針を抱いていた。
English: As the embankment works to prevent flooding of the Yamato-gawa River from heavy rain could not be met by the official budget, he vigorously pushed through the plan by paying for it out of his and his senior officer's yearly salary.
Japanese: 大雨で氾濫する大和川の治水工事を官費では間に合わないので自分や幹部の年俸を拠出して積極的にすすめた。