nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It was the rebellion led by Issei MAEBARA, a shizoku (family or person with samurai ancestors) from Yamaguchi Prefecture and the former Sangi (councilor), and Kensuke OKUDAIRA involving about 200 shizoku, which was raised in response to Shimpuren-no-ran War (turmoil of Shimpuren, dissatisfied warrior group) which broke out on October 24, 1876 in Kumamoto Prefecture and Akizuki-no-ran War (turmoil of Akizuki) on October 27th of the same year.
Japanese: 1876年10月24日に熊本県で起こった神風連の乱と、同年10月27日に起こった秋月の乱に呼応し、山口県士族の前原一誠（元参議）、奥平謙輔ら約200名によって起こされた反乱である。
English: On October 28th, 'Junkoku Gun' (military of patriots willing to die for Japan) was raised, which was led by MAEBARA and was based in Meirinkan school (school of former feudal domain) in Hagi.
Japanese: 10月28日、萩の明倫館（旧藩校）を拠点にして、前原を指導者とする「殉国軍」が挙兵。
English: However, Junkoku Gun was defeated by the government army lead by Goro MIURA by November 6th, being detected by the government and attacked by the Hiroshima Chindai (garrison in Meiji era) in Hagi.
Japanese: しかし政府側に察知され、萩で広島鎮台の攻撃を受け、11月6日までに三浦梧楼が率いる政府軍により鎮圧された。
English: MEBARA, OKUDAIRA and other seven executive members went separate ways from the main force in an attempt to head for Tokyo by ship and left Hagi port, but were arrested on November 5th while they were casting an anchor at Uryu Port (located present-day Izumo City) because of the bad weather.
Japanese: 前原・奥平ら幹部7名は本隊と別行動をとり東京へ向かうべく船舶に乗船し、萩港を出港したが、悪天候のため宇竜港（現在の出雲市内にあった）に停泊中、11月5日に逮捕された。
English: The court delivered sentence on people in conspiracy on December 3rd in Hagi, and MAEBARA and OKUDAIRA, who were thought to be ringleaders, were beheaded at once.
Japanese: 12月3日に萩で関係者の判決が言い渡され、首謀者とされた前原と奥平は即日斬首された。
English: Bunnoshin TAMAKI (the uncle of Shoin YOSHIDA), the school master of Shokason Juku, committed suicide by disembowelment feeling guilty about his private school student, MEBARA's involvement in the conspiracy.
Japanese: なお、松下村塾の塾頭玉木文之進（吉田松陰の叔父）は塾生であった前原らが事件に関与した責任を感じ、切腹した。
English: The Gapsin Coup is an event which happened in Korea in December, 1884.
Japanese: 甲申政変（こうしんせいへん）とは、1884年12月に朝鮮で起こったクーデター。
English: At that time in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as Heungseon Daewongun was abducted to Qing under the Imo Incident (1882), the Min clan of Yeoheung, including the Empress Myeongseong, had turned to serving the great Qing from the pro-Japanese policy.
Japanese: 当時の李氏朝鮮は、壬午軍乱（1882年）で興宣大院君が清へ連れ去られており、閔妃をはじめとする驪興閔氏一族は、親日派政策から清への事大主義へと方向転換していた。
English: Ok-gyun KIM, Yong-hyo PAK, and Jae-pil SEO of the Progressive Party (Independent Party), who had doubts about the modernization of Korea under this situation, reached the political and financial leaders of the early-modernized Japan, including Yukichi FUKUZAWA and Shigenobu OKUMA, and deepened exchanges with them.
Japanese: このままでは朝鮮の近代化はおぼつかないと感じた金玉均・朴泳孝・徐載弼らの開化派（独立党）人士らは、福澤諭吉や大隈重信をはじめ一足先に近代化を果たした日本の政財界の代表者達に接触し、交流を深めてゆく。
English: Some people in the Japanese political and financial worlds found the modernization of Korea more valuable as a neighbor and came to provide positive support, and this formed the foundation of reform.
Japanese: 日本の政財界の中にも、朝鮮の近代化は隣国として利益となる面も大きいと考え、積極的な支援を惜しまない人々が現れ、改革の土台が出来上がっていった。
English: The aim of the Progressive Party was to establish a modern constitutional monarchy with the king at the top as Japan was.
Japanese: 開化派の狙いは、日本と同じように国王を頂点とする近代立憲君主制国家の樹立であった。
English: While the government leaders (the Min family) were serving the Great, Ok-gyun KIM planned to take aim at Gojong-King of Korea only.
Japanese: 政府首脳（閔氏一族）が事大政策を採る中、金玉均らは国王高宗(朝鮮王)のいわば「一本釣り」を計画。
English: As things did not go his way with the Min family who were his maternal relatives and Qing at the helm, Gojong readily accepted this measures for modernization.
Japanese: 外戚の閔氏一族や清に実権を握られ、何一つ思い通りにいかない高宗もこの近代化政策の実行を快諾した。
English: First, at the celebration party for opening the 'Post Bureau (not a 'Central Post Office' as some say but a central government office involved in postal services)' scheduled in December of that year, fire was to be set at some distance from the venue so that they could overthrow the high officials in the confusion to eliminate the Conservative Party.
Japanese: まず、同年12月に開催が予定されていた「郵政局（郵政関連の中央官庁で、一部で言われるような「中央郵便局」等ではない）」の開庁祝賀パーティーの際、会場から少し離れたところに放火を行い、その後、混乱の中で高官を倒し守旧派を一掃。
English: After Japan protected the king of Korea by sending the troops for guarding the legation, the Progressive Party was to form a new government, establish a constitutional monarchy with the king of Korea at the top, and rush toward a modern state with Japanese assistance.
Japanese: 日本は公使館警備用の軍を派遣して朝鮮国王を保護し、その後開化派が新政権を発足させ、朝鮮国王をトップとする立憲君主制国家をうちたてて、日本の助力のもとに近代国家への道を突き進む、というものだった。
English: Although Qing was considered as the obstruction of this plan, it was expected that Qing could not afford to send the military to the different fields at the same time during the Sino-French War for hegemony over Vietnam.
Japanese: この計画のネックとなるのが清の存在だったが、清は当時フランスと、ベトナムの覇権を争う清仏戦争の最中であり、一度に双方には派兵できないだろうという予測がなされていた。
English: Moreover, because only half the normal troops left in Qing due to the war, the plan was set into action in December, 1884.
Japanese: また、当時、同戦争のため朝鮮駐留の清軍も通常時の約半数ということもあり、1884年12月、計画は実行に移された。
English: Unfortunately at this stage, however, Qing lost the Sino-French War and Indochina of the French possessions was born.
Japanese: しかし、この段階まで来て不幸にも清仏戦争で清が敗退し、フランス領インドシナが誕生することになる。
English: Qing, which would like to keep the hegemony in Korea, could not give in the battle over Korea at any cost.
Japanese: せめて朝鮮における覇権だけは保ちたいと考える清は、威信に懸けても朝鮮をめぐる争いで譲るわけにはいかなくなってしまった。
English: Since the plan generally went smoothly in cooperation with Japan, headed by the Japanese ambassador to Korea Shinichiro TAKEZOE, in spite of the failure of the fire-setting, the Progressive Party killed the Min family including Yeong-ik MIN and stated the establishment of a new government.
Japanese: 竹添進一郎在朝鮮公使など日本側の協力のもと、放火は失敗するものの概ね計画は順調に進み、閔泳翊ら閔氏一族を殺害、開化派が新政府樹立を宣言した。
English: The ringleader Ok-gyun KIM announced that Jae-won Lee, one of the Heungseon Daewongun's relatives, would be appointed to be the 'supreme leader' as the prime minister, Yong-hyo PAK to be the deputy prime minister, and himself to be the minister of finance.
Japanese: そして首謀者の金玉均は、首相にあたる「領議政」に大院君の親戚の一人の李載元、副首相に朴泳孝、自らを大蔵大臣のポストに置く事を表明した。
English: On the same day right after the king's approval by ringi decision-making system, the new cabinet announced the innovation policy of 14 articles including the followings for realizing the reform to refurbish the conservative.
Japanese: そして、新内閣は国王の稟議を経て、その日の内に、次の事等、14項目の革新政策を発表し、旧弊一新の改革を実現させようとした。
English: The king shall conduct himself as his Imperial Majesty, a monarch of the independent country, rather than Imperial Highness.
Japanese: 国王は今後殿下ではなく、皇帝陛下として独立国の君主として振る舞う事。
English: However, the Qing army led by Shikai YUAN attacked the Japanese army which was guarding the imperial palace as it was expected, and the coup group was defeated.
Japanese: しかしながら、やはり予想通り袁世凱率いる清軍が王宮を守る日本軍に攻め寄りクーデター派は敗退。
English: New government by the Progressive Party collapsed within only three days, and the key figures of the plan such as Ok-gyun KIM went into exile to Japan.
Japanese: 開化派による新政権はわずか3日で崩壊し、計画の中心人物だった金玉均らは日本へ亡命することとなった。
English: The rest of the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and the third-degree relatives of them and the exiles in general were executed in a cruel way.
Japanese: 残った開化派人士、及び亡命者も含めた彼らの家族らも概ね三親等までの近親者が残忍な方法で処刑された。
English: After traveling across Japan, Ok-gyun KIM went over to Shanghai, then he was killed by the assassin sent by Queen.
Japanese: また金玉均は日本各地を転々とした後に上海に渡り、閔妃の放った刺客に暗殺される。
English: His body was transferred to the Korean peninsula, executed by slow slicing, ripped apart, and then laid open in various locations.
Japanese: その遺体は朝鮮半島に移送された後に凌遅刑に処せられ、五体を引き裂かれたのち各地で晒された。
English: Saying that it was useless for both to stick to Korea, Japan and Qing Dynasty agreed to the Tientsin Convention in April 1885, which stopped sending military advisers from both nations, banned stationing forces, and obliged prior notification to the other side in case of sending troops to Korea necessarily.
Japanese: この後、朝鮮に拘泥するのは双方の為にならないとした日本と清国の間に1885年4月天津条約が結ばれ、双方とも軍事顧問の派遣中止、軍隊駐留の禁止、止むを得ず朝鮮に派兵する場合の事前通告義務などが取り決められた。
English: Ten years later, Qing and then Japan sent the troops to Korea according to this prior notification and it triggered the Sino-Japanese War.
Japanese: これから10年後、この事前通告に基づき清に続いて日本が朝鮮に派兵し、日清戦争の火蓋が切られることとなる。
English: Yukichi FUKUZAWA and his colleagues, who had kept supporting Ok-gyun KIM and the Progressive Party, came to give up Korea and China completely as hopeless due to this affair.
Japanese: 金玉均ら開化派を支え続けてきた福澤諭吉らであったが、この事件で朝鮮・中国に対していわば完全に匙を投げてしまうこととなる。
English: As FUKUZAWA and his colleagues were deeply disappointed by the cruel execution to the sophisticated people of the Progressive Party and their relatives including children in particular, FUKUZAWA came to publish Datsua ron (a theory of turning away from Asia) in the Japanese newspaper Jiji Shinpo led by himself, on the previous month of the Tientsin Convention.
Japanese: とりわけ開化派人士や、幼児等も含むその近親者への残酷な処刑は福澤らをして激しい失望感を呼び起こし、福澤は、天津条約締結の前月には自身が主宰する時事新報の紙面において、いわゆる脱亜論を発表するに至る。
English: In a way, it is valued as one of the events which caused Japan to set a direction to some extent.
Japanese: ある意味では、日本の方向性がある程度定まるに至るきっかけとなった事件のひとつだったとも評価されている。
English: This event clarified that the Japanese military was on the backfoot, and the experience at that time was helpful in the future Sino-Japanese War.
Japanese: またこの事件で日本軍の軍事的劣勢もはっきりしたが、この時の経験が後の日清戦争に役立った。
English: The Republican Speech Affair was an event that the speech, which Education Minister Yukio OZAKI of the first Okuma Cabinet (the Wai-han Cabinet) made on August 21, 1898, caused a trouble and triggered a collapse of the Cabinet.
Japanese: 共和演説事件（きょうわえんぜつじけん）は、第1次大隈内閣（隈板内閣）の文部大臣であった尾崎行雄が1898年8月21日に行った演説が問題となり、内閣瓦解の発端となった事件。
English: OZAKI spoke at the tea party of the Imperial Education Society on August 21, 1898 as follows.
Japanese: 尾崎は1898年8月21日に帝国教育会茶話会で行った演説の中で、次のように発言した。
English: The public think of the U.S. like the origin of the mammonism, but there is nobody in the U.S. who became a President because he has money.
Japanese: 世人は米国を拝金の本元のように思っているが、米国では金があるために大統領になったものは一人もいない。
English: Although there is no consideration to implement a republican government in Japan, even if it is possible, probably Mitsui and Mitsubishi will become a presidential candidate.
Japanese: 日本では共和政治を行う気遣いはないが、仮に共和政治がありという夢を見たとしても、おそらく三井、三菱は大統領の候補者となるであろう。
English: His speech, in effect, criticized the trend of the Zaibatsu (company syndicate)-oriented, venal money politics which had been prevailing at that time.
Japanese: この発言の趣旨は当時蔓延していた財閥中心の腐敗した金権政治の風潮を批判したものだった。
English: However, this was criticized by the Imperial Household Ministry first as 'insulting words' under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, and then by the House of Peers and the Privy Council which were critical of the Wai-han Cabinet, the first party cabinet.
Japanese: ところが、これが大日本帝国憲法下の当時の日本では「不敬の言」であると曲解され、まず宮内省から批判の声が挙がり、初の政党内閣である隈板内閣に批判的な枢密院(日本)・貴族院(日本)に非難の声は広がった。
English: Not only Toru HOSHI, an influential politician of the former Liberal faction of the ruling Constitutional Party, had a secret connection with Taro KATSURA, an Army Minister, to exclude OZAKI, but Tokyo Nichinichi Newspaper, owned by Miyoji ITO who was a sworn ally of Hirobumi ITO who hated the Wai-han Cabinet, launched attacks on OZAKI.
Japanese: さらに与党憲政党内旧自由党派の実力者星亨が、陸軍大臣桂太郎らと密かに連携して尾崎排除を計画、隈板内閣を嫌っていた伊藤博文の盟友伊東巳代治が社主を務める東京日日新聞も尾崎攻撃を開始した。
English: OZAKI visited the Imperial Palace on September 6 to apologize to the Emperor Meiji, and asked Prime Minister Shigenobu OKUMA persistently to resign together.
Japanese: 尾崎は9月6日に参内して明治天皇に謝罪し、更に辞職をするなら一蓮托生と大隈重信首相に食いさがった。
English: As the Emperor expressed no-confidence on him on October 22 of that year, he was forced to resign on October 24.
Japanese: しかし同年10月22日明治天皇より不信任の意向が伝えられたことにより、10月24日に辞任を余儀なくされた。
English: While the confliction over the successor between the both former Progressive and the former Liberal factions (Japan) became worse, it could not reach a compromise, Prime Minister OKUMA recommended Tsuyoshi INUKAI for the successor from the Progressives on his own authority.
Japanese: その後任をめぐって旧進歩党_(日本)・旧自由党_(日本)両派の対立は深刻化し、妥協点を見出せないまま、大隈首相は独断で進歩派から犬養毅を後任に推した。
English: On the other hand, three days later, October 27 the day of the inauguration ceremony, the Minister of Home Affairs Taisuke ITAGAKI reported his objection to the throne, and three ministers of the former Liberal Party including ITAGAKI resigned on the following day.
Japanese: これに対し3日後10月27日の就任式当日、内務大臣板垣退助が反対意見を上奏、翌日板垣ら旧自由党派三大臣が辞任した。
English: The Constitutional Party was soon divided in the Constitutional Party centering on the former Liberal faction and the True Constitutional Party centering on the former Progressive faction.
Japanese: まもなく憲政党は旧自由党派を中心とする憲政党と旧進歩党派を中心とする憲政本党に分裂した。
English: Tashidaka no sei (Tashidaka system) refers to an act enforced by Yoshimune TOKUGAWA in July 1723.
Japanese: 足高の制（たしだかのせい、足高制）とは、徳川吉宗が享保8年（1723年）6月に施行した法令。
English: For each post of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), standards of rokudaka (stipend) were established (e.g. 5,000-koku [of rice], a unit of volume: rice 1-koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1-koku is 0.278 cubic meter, for Obangashira [captains of the great guards]).
Japanese: 江戸幕府の各役職には各々禄高の基準を設けられていた（例：大番頭5000石）。
English: This system was therefore established to make up for deficient yakuryo (executive allowance) (yield) only during the term of office when a person whose rokudaka was not more than the standard.
Japanese: そこで、それ以下の禄高の者が就任する際に在職中のみ不足している役料（石高）を補う制度である。
English: The system aimed to eliminate conventional inconvenience that a talented and able person could not assume an important post because of his family lineage, and to use personnel of good quality.
Japanese: 能力や素質があるが家柄が低いために要職に就けないといった旧来の不都合を解消し、良質の人材を登用することをその目的としている。
English: However, in fact, it had been implemented before that time to have an especially capable person take a high position by adding a yield, which was one of causes depressing financial affairs of the bakufu.
Japanese: ただし実際にはそれ以前にも、特に有能な者は加増をしてでも高位に取り立てる事は行われており、それが幕府財政窮乏の一因ともなっていた。
English: The greatest benefit of Tashidaka system was that a financial load of the bakufu would be reduced because an amount of yield was returned to the past amount after retiring from a post under this system (however, taking it into consideration that ongoku-bugyo [the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period] had more opportunities of spending expenses than people at other posts, yakuryo [executive allowance] was supplied separately whether or not tashidaka [wage] was paid).
Japanese: 足高の制によって、役職を退任すれば石高は旧来の額に戻るため、幕府の財政的な負担が軽減できるというのが最大の利点であった（ただし、遠国奉行は出費の機会が他の役職よりも多いことを考慮されて足高の有無を問わずに役料が別個に支給された）。
English: However, the perfect enforcement seemed to be difficult from a practical standpoint, and in many cases, hereditary Karoku (hereditary stipend) was added when a person who assumed a post not less than kakaku (family status) left his office.
Japanese: しかし現実には完全施行は難しかったようで、家格以上の役職に就任した者が退任するにあたって世襲家禄を加増される例が多かった。
English: The proposal for this system was based on a proposal for 'grant of yakuryo (executive allowance) to a person assuming an important post' given to Yoshimune by Tadataka SAKAI receiving treatments as a political adviser in the Yoshimune government when he saw that Nobutsune MATSUDAIRA (lord of the Sasayama clan) assuming Kyoto Shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) had difficulties in performing duties only with an income from own territory.
Japanese: この制度の提言は、吉宗政権で政治顧問的待遇を受けた酒井忠挙が、京都所司代の松平信庸(篠山藩主)が自らの領地からの収入だけでは任務に支障が生じていることを見て、吉宗に「重職役料下賜」を提言したことによる。
English: As people who were appointed to important posts thanks to this policy, Tadasuke Ooka, Kyugu TANAKA and so on are named.
Japanese: この政策により要職に登用された人物として、大岡忠相や田中丘隅などがいる。
English: In August 1724 and April 1739, the system was improved through revisions of tashidaka.
Japanese: 翌享保9年7月及び、元文4年（1739年）3月に足高などの修正を行って制度の充実が図られた。
English: Hata-bugyo (in charge of taking care of flags of Suwahossho), Yari-bugyo (magistrate of spear), Nishijo-rusui (caretaker or keeper of west castle), Shinbangashira (person in charge of guarding the shogun and inspecting arms), Sakuji-bugyo (commissioners of building), Fushin-bugyo (shogunate administrator of activities by a community, such as cleaning or fixing stone wall) and Kobushin-bugyo (shogunate administrator of minor repairs of houses): 2,000 koku (of rice)
Japanese: 旗奉行・槍奉行・西城留守居・新番頭・作事奉行・普請奉行・小普請奉行...2千石
English: Rusuiban (a person responsible for caretaking and keeping), Metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), Tsukaiban (a person responsible for order and patrol in the battlefield), Shoinban-kumigashira (leader of the shogun's bodyguards), Koshogumi-kumigashira (head of page corps), Kojunin-kashira (head of escort guards) and Kachigashira (leader of the group walking first place in line and guarding streets for the shogun): 1,000 koku (of rice)
Japanese: 留守居番・目付・使番・書院番組頭・小姓組組頭・小十人頭・徒頭...1千石
English: The Factory Acts were a series of acts designed to protect factory workers, children and women in particular, who were forced into hard work during the Industrial Revolution.
Japanese: 工場法（こうじょうほう）は産業革命期において苛酷な労働を強いられた工場労働者、特に幼年労働者及び女子労働者を保護することを目的として制定された法律。
English: By the Second Taro KATSURA Cabinet, this act was established for the first time in reference to "Shokko-jijo" (a report of the actual conditions of the factory workers) edited by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (Japan), promulgated in 1911, and enforced in 1916.
Japanese: 第二次桂太郎内閣にて農商務省(日本)による『職工事情』を参考に初めて同法が制定され、1911年（明治44年）公布、1916年（大正5年）に施行された。
English: However the prohibition was imperfect workers were admitted to work for 14 hours in filature industry and women were admitted to work at midnight in the cotton spinning.
Japanese: しかしながら、製糸業では14時間労働、紡績業では女子深夜営業が認められていたため不徹底であった。
English: In 1923, the maximum working hours were shortened by 1 hour and the minimum age eligible for it was raised from under 15 to under 16.
Japanese: 1923年には最長労働時間が1時間短縮、適用年齢が15歳未満から16歳未満へ引き上げられた。
English: Further revision in 1929 working midnight by children and women was totally banned.
Japanese: 更に1929年の改正では、年少者や女子の深夜業が全面的に禁止された。
English: As foreign countries had revised similar acts repeatedly since 19th century, the first International Labour Conventions adopted in 1919 provided 8-hour workday or 48-hour workweek to promote the standard of work conditions and work hours.
Japanese: 諸外国では19世紀以来、同様の法律が制定され改正を重ねており、また1919年に採択された国際労働機関第1号条約では1日8時間・週48時間労働を定めるなど、労働条件・労働時間規制が進んでいた。
English: On the other hand, working hours for male adults was not regulated in the prewar Japan until the enforcement of the Labor Standards Act in 1947.
Japanese: しかし日本においては成人男性に対する労働時間規制は戦前を通じて実現されず、1947年の労働基準法施行を待たなければならなかった。
English: Toshi, also known as Kanto-onshi, is a messenger dispatched from the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to Imperial Court in Kyoto, to Rokuhara Tandai (the bakufu deputy in Kyoto) or to Kanto-moshitsugi (liaison officer mediating between the bakufu and the Imperial Court), etc. and was employed for communication of the bakufu's opinions of issues of special political importance to Kyoto.
Japanese: 東使（とうし）は、関東御使ともいい、鎌倉時代に鎌倉幕府から京都にある朝廷や六波羅探題、関東申次などに派遣された使者の事で、政治的に特に重要な事項に関する幕府側の意向を伝えるために派遣された者を特に称した。
English: For this reason, the toshi made frequent trips between Kamakura and Kyoto in important political developments, such as accession of a new Emperor (appearing frequently in documents such as "Masukagami" (The Clear Mirror) that records activities in the Imperial Court at that time).
Japanese: 従って、皇位継承などの政治的に重要な局面では東使が鎌倉と京都を往復する事が度々あった（『増鏡』など当時の朝廷の動きを記した書物には度々登場する）。
English: Depending on the issue, the toshi was able to pass over the Rokuhara Tandai and negotiate directly with the Court, or sometimes it was granted the authority to issue orders directly to Rokuhara Tandai.
Japanese: また、用件によっては六波羅探題を無視して朝廷と直接交渉したり、あるいは六波羅探題に対して直接指揮命令を下すことが出来る権限を与えられる事もあった。
English: The toshi was very often selected from specific families of shogunal retainers well versed in the literary art and in imperial protocol, such as the Nagai, Nikaido and Adachi clans.
Japanese: 幕府の中でも文筆や礼儀に通じた家柄の御家人である長井氏・二階堂氏・安達氏などといった特定の家の人物が選ばれる事が多かった。
English: Chipped stone tool is a stone tool made with smashed stone without giving a polish.
Japanese: 打製石器（だせいせっき）とは、石を打ち砕いてつくられた石器で磨きをともなわないもの。
English: It was mainly used from the Paleolithic era to the Jomon period, but as metal tools came into use in the Yayoi period, the number of the stone tools decreased.
Japanese: 主に旧石器時代から縄文時代にかけて使われており、弥生時代に入って金属器が使われるようになると次第に減少した。
English: Direct striking: striking a stone at an end with a stone hammer (a striking tool) and flaking unnecessary parts.
Japanese: 直接打法･･･石のハンマー（打撃具）を石材の一端に直接打ちつけて不要な部分を剥離する。
English: This technique is used to make the stone in a shape or to make a rough blade,
Japanese: 原石の形状を整えたり、おおまかに刃をつけたりする場合にも、この技術が用いられる。
English: Indirect striking: Not by directly striking stones with hammers but by indirectly striking stones covered with deer's horns or chisel made of animal bones to peel off a piece of stone (called a flake) and making a stone blade from it.
Japanese: 間接打法･･･打撃具を直接打ちつけるのではなく、石材の一端にシカの角（つの）や獣骨のタガネを当て、槌で間接的に打撃を加えて石片をはぎ取り、その石片（剥片とよぶ）から石刃技法をつくる。
English: Pressure-flaking: applying softer striking tools such as deer's horns and bones or wood to the edge of a stone and putting pressure on it to peel off a small piece of stone.
Japanese: 押圧剥離･･･石材の縁に尖ったシカの角や骨、あるいは木などの柔らかい打撃具を当て、力を加えて微細な石片を剥離する。
English: Chipped stone tools changed from small stone tools made just by crushing stones to flake tools using thin flakes and core tools using the center part of a stone, and finally, microlithes came in use.
Japanese: 打製石器は時代に従って、石を砕いただけの礫器から、薄い剥片を用いた剥片石器・石の中央部を利用した石核石器へ移行し、最終的には細石器が用いられるようになった。
English: In Jomon period, various kinds of chipped stone tools, including a stone spoon, a flint of arrowhead, a chipped-stone drill, a stone ax, and a stone pike, were made according to the use.
Japanese: 縄文時代になると石匙・石鏃・石錐・石斧・石槍など用途に応じた多様な打製石器がつくられるようになる。
English: In contrast with them, a core tool is a stone left when chipped stone tools are made, and stone tools made with the center part of a stone is called a core tool.
Japanese: これに対し、石核とは打製石器を制作した時に残った石材のことであり、原石の芯にあたる部分からつくり出された石器のことを石核石器という。
English: Senior statesmen's conferences, which took over the official duties of genro (retired elder Japanese statesmen), were held during the Showa period in the form of responding to the Emperor's request for advice regarding the selection of a succeeding Prime Minister and the nation's important issues.
Japanese: 重臣会議（じゅうしんかいぎ）は、昭和時代に元老の職掌を引き継ぐ形で、後継の内閣総理大臣の選定や国家の重要事項に関して、天皇の諮問に答える形で開かれた会議。
English: Since the Meiji period, a Prime Minister had been selected by genro, but Kinmochi SAIONJI became the only remaining genro at the end of the Taisho period.
Japanese: 明治時代以後、内閣総理大臣の選定は元老によって行われてきたが、大正時代末期には元老が西園寺公望ただ一人となった。
English: SAIONJI chose not to give his consent to add a new genro, (even though some, such as Gonbe YAMAMOTO, had been nominated) because he was trying to abolish the old genro system; however, it became an impossible task for him to select a successor on his own, because of the party cabinet's collapse and the military emergence resulting from the May 15th Incident as well as his own aging.
Japanese: 西園寺は古い元老制度を廃止するためあえて元老の追加には同意しなかったが（山本権兵衛などが候補としてあげられた）、五・一五事件による政党内閣の崩壊と軍部の台頭、自身の高齢化によって西園寺単独による後継選定は不可能な状態となった。
English: It was for this reason that in 1933 the "senior statesmen" system was established to help SAIONJI, and that former prime ministers and the Chairman of the Privy Council, together with genro SAIONJI, started to hold a meeting to plan the selection of a successor (Genro had heard the opinions of former Prime Ministers after the May 15th Incident upon recommending a succeeding prime minister to the Emperor, but that had not been established as an official procedure then.).
Japanese: そこで、昭和8年（1933年）に西園寺を助ける目的で「重臣」制度が設けられて、総理大臣経験者と枢密院議長が元老西園寺とともに会議を開いて後継選定を図ることにしたのが始まりである（五・一五事件後の後継首相奏薦にあたっても元老は首相経験者から意見を聴取しているが、正式な手続きとして定められたものではなかった）。