nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Prince Shotoku is now deified as the person who laid the foundation of the development of Buddhism in Japan, so he is worshiped in every Buddhist temple in Japan regardless of its sect and school.
Japanese: 聖徳太子は日本における仏教興隆の祖として神格化され、日本の仏教寺院では宗派を問わず崇拝の対象となっている。
English: However, according to Nihonshoki, Horyu-ji Temple burned down in A.D. 670 and the existing Saiin Garan was reconstructed later (around the end of the seventh century), and this depiction is now widely accepted, partly because the excavation and research proved the truth of the depiction.
Japanese: だが、『日本書紀』によれば、法隆寺は670年に一度焼亡しており、現存する同寺の伽藍はその後（7世紀末頃）の再建であることは発掘調査の結果等からも定説となっている。
English: From the perspective of art history, the Nara period is commonly thought to have ranged from A.D. 670 (the year Horyu-ji Temple burned down) - or from A.D. 673 (the year Emperor Tenmu ascended to the throne) - to A.D. 794 (the year of the national capital transfer to Heian-kyo).
Japanese: 美術史上の区分では、法隆寺が焼亡した670年、ないし天武天皇即位の年である673年から、794年の平安遷都までを奈良時代とすることが多い。
English: Provided we follow this theory, the time before A.D. 710 (the year of the national capital transfer to Heijo-kyo) is called the Nara period's earlier half (or the Hakuho period), and the time after then is called the Nara period's latter half (or the Tenpyo period).
Japanese: この場合、平城遷都の710年を境として、それ以前を奈良時代前期（または白鳳時代）、以後を奈良時代後期（または天平時代）と称する。
English: On the occasion of the national capital transfer to Heijo-kyo in 710, the temples located in Asuka, such as Hoko-ji Temple (also called Gango-ji Temple), Daikandai-ji Temple (also called Daian-ji Temple), Yakushi-ji Temple, and Umaya-zaka-dera Temple (also called Kofuku-ji Temple), all together transferred to Heijo-kyo.
Japanese: 710年の平城遷都に際し、当時飛鳥にあった法興寺（元興寺）、大官大寺（大安寺）、薬師寺、厩坂寺（興福寺）などの寺院はこぞって新京へ移転した。
English: And in Heijo-kyo, some temples, such as Todai-ji Temple, Saidai-ji Temple, and Toshodai-ji Temple, were newly constructed.
Japanese: また、新京には東大寺、西大寺(奈良市)、唐招提寺などが新たに建立された。
English: The regime at that time protected Buddhism substantially, and implemented the Buddhism-related work, such as construction of temples, making Buddhist statues, and transcription of sutras, as a national project.
Japanese: 時の政権は仏教を厚く保護し、寺院の造営、仏像の造立、経典の書写などは国家の事業として実施された。
English: Among others, Emperor Shomu became a devout believer in Buddhism, so he ordered to construct the Great Buddha in Todai-ji Temple, and construction of provincial monasteries and nunneries.
Japanese: 中でも聖武天皇は仏教に深く帰依し、東大寺に大仏を造立し、また各国に国分寺・国分尼寺を建立することを命じた。
English: The culture of this period, whose national capital was Heijo-kyo, was called Tenpyo culture after the imperial era, and it saw the prosperity of Buddhist culture with a highly cosmopolitan character.
Japanese: 平城京に都があった時代の文化は、年号から「天平文化」と呼ばれ、国際色豊かな仏教文化が栄えた。
English: Shoso-in Treasure Repository (formerly, the storehouse affiliated to Todai-ji Temple) is literally the treasury of the eighth century's art - this art is mainly occupied with the articles treasured by the late Emperor Shomu - so Shoso-in owns many goods from Tang-dynasty China as well as Japanese goods.
Japanese: 東大寺の倉庫であった正倉院の宝物は聖武天皇の遺愛品を中心とする8世紀美術の宝庫で、日本製品とともに唐からの舶載品を数多く所蔵する。
English: Therefore, the Tenpyo period has the image of a flourishing period, but it was also the period of uncertainty, when many troubles, such as natural calamities, crop failures, and conflicts between influential court nobles, happened one after another.
Japanese: 天平時代は華やかな時代というイメージがあるが、一方で天災、凶作、権力者同士の抗争などが相次ぐ不安定な時代でもあった。
English: The Todai-ji Temple's statues enshrined in its Hokke-do Hall (also called Sangatsu-do Hall) and Kaidan-in Hall: the dry lacquer standing statue of Fukukenjaku Kannon (literally, Never-Empty Lasso Kannon), the standing statue of Nikko Bosatsu (Sunlight Bodhisattva), the standing statue of Gakko Bosatsu (Moonlight Bodhisattva), and so on
Japanese: 乾漆不空羂索観音立像、塑造日光・月光菩薩立像ほか東大寺法華堂（三月堂）・戒壇院諸仏
English: The treasure stored in Shoso-in Treasure Repository: There exist various kinds of treasure, including the articles from abroad, such as metal works, lacquer works, musical instruments, dyeing and weaving works, three-color-glazed earthen vessels, and swords.
Japanese: 正倉院宝物（金工、漆工、楽器、染織、三彩陶器、刀剣など各種。渡来品を多く含む）
English: The Heian period ranged over about four centuries from A.D. 794 (the year of the national capital transfer to Heian-kyo) to around A.D. 1185.
Japanese: 平安遷都の794年から1185年頃まで、9世紀から12世紀に至る約4世紀にわたる時代である。
English: Commonly, from the perspective of art history, the term until around A.D. 894 (the year that the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang-dynasty China was ended) is called the Heian period's former half, and the term after the year is called the Heian period's latter half (or the Fujiwara period).
Japanese: 美術史では、遣唐使が廃止された894年あたりを境にして、以前を平安時代前期、以後を平安時代後期（藤原時代）と呼ぶことが多い。
English: Especially from the perspective of sculpture art history, the Heian period's former half was occasionally called the Jogan period (or the Konin period), but it does not make sense to use these specific imperial eras' names (Jogan and Konin) as the symbol of the Heian period's former half, so today these names are not used so often.
Japanese: 特に彫刻史の方面では平安時代前期を貞観（じょうがん）時代または弘仁時代と呼ぶこともあったが、特定の元号で平安時代前期を代表させることにはあまり意味がないことから、今日ではこれらの呼称はあまり用いられていない。
English: In the Heian period's former half, Priest Kukai and Saicho went to Tang-dynasty China one after another, and they brought back Esoteric Buddhism into Japan.
Japanese: 平安時代前期には空海、最澄が相次いで唐に渡航し、密教が日本に伝えられた。
English: The Buddhist thought and culture, introduced by Kukai, Saicho, and others, had a great influence on Japanese art, so the Mandala of Esoteric Buddhism, and the full-blown Esoteric Buddhism statues, which could not be seen in the Nara period, were made in this period.
Japanese: 空海、最澄らが伝えた仏教思想や文物は美術の面でも大きな影響をもたらし、密教曼荼羅や、奈良時代には見られなかった本格的密教彫像がつくられた。
English: Japanese culture had been always influenced by foreign culture - mainly by that of China and Korea - and Buddhism introduced from them greatly influenced the whole of Japanese culture.
Japanese: 日本の文化は常に中国大陸および朝鮮半島を主とする外来文化の影響を受け、仏教が文化全般に多大な影響を与えていた。
English: And the Heian period is no exception, but this period is deemed to have been the time that the accepted foreign culture became Japanized and the Japanese style was established in various fields of its culture.
Japanese: それは平安時代も例外ではないが、この時代は、受容した外来文化が和風化し、文化のさまざまな面で「和様」が成立した時代としてとらえられる。
English: After the dispatch of the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China was ended in the end of the ninth century, the Japanization of the culture advanced, so "kana" (syllables peculiar to Japan) based on Chinese characters was created, and kana helped the spread of "waka" (a traditional Japanese poem of thirty-one syllables) and narrative literature exemplified by "Genji Monogatari" (The Tale of Genji).
Japanese: 遣唐使が中止された9世紀末以降、文化の和風化が進展し、漢字を元にして日本固有の文字である仮名が考案され、和歌や『源氏物語』に代表される物語文学が盛んになった。
English: Such works of literature not only became the theme of paintings and works of calligraphy but also influenced greatly the design of handicrafts.
Japanese: これらの文学は、絵画や書道作品のテーマとなり、工芸品のデザインにも大いに影響している。
English: And the Japanese style was established in every field of art and design, such as Buddhist statues, painting, calligraphy, and temple architecture.
Japanese: また、仏像、絵画、書道、寺院建築など、造形芸術の各方面で和様が確立した。
English: In the later Heian period, Priest Genshin (also called Eshin Sozu) wrote "Ojoyoshu" (The Essentials of Salvation), and this helped the spread of the faith in Jodo Sect (the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism).
Japanese: 平安時代後期には源信_(僧侶)（恵心僧都）の『往生要集』などの影響で浄土教信仰が盛んとなった。
English: And 'Mappo-shiso' (the end-of-the-world belief) became rampant, which made people in those days believe that A.D. 1052 was the first year of 'Mappo' (Age of the Final Dharma) and that thereafter the Buddhist law taught by Shaka would be neglected.
Japanese: また、1052年を「末法」の年と信じる末法思想（「末法」の年以後、釈迦の唱えた正しい仏法が行われなくなると信じられた）が流布した。
English: Therefore, wishing for their rebirth in Saiho Gokuraku Jodo (the West Pure Land, which refers to the Buddhist paradise), court nobles constructed Amida-do halls (temple halls that have an enshrined image of Amida Nyorai (Buddha of Limitless Light and Life)) and Jodo-Sect-style gardens in some places.
Japanese: このため、貴族らは西方極楽浄土への往生を願い、各地に阿弥陀如来像を安置する阿弥陀堂や浄土式庭園が造られた。
English: The Kamakura period is commonly thought to have begun in A.D. 1185, when the Taira family fell and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo dispatched Shugo and Jito (military governors and estate stewards) all over Japan.
Japanese: 平氏滅亡の年であり、源頼朝によって全国に守護地頭が設置された1185年を鎌倉時代の始期とすることが多い。
English: In A.D. 1180, Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple (the two Buddhist powerhouses in Nanto (the southern capital, which refers to Nara)), were burned down in Nanto Yakiuchi (Burning of Nanto) by TAIRA no Shigehira, and this was a symbolic incident in Japanese art history.
Japanese: 1180年には平重衡による南都焼き討ちで奈良（南都）の2大仏教勢力であった東大寺と興福寺が炎上したが、このことは美術史上、象徴的な事件であった。
English: Immediately after the incident, the reconstruction project was launched for the Great Buddha and its hall of Todai-ji Temple, and for the temple buildings and Buddhist statues of Kofuku-ji Temple.
Japanese: 焼失した東大寺の大仏と大仏殿、興福寺の堂宇や仏像はただちに再建計画が進められた。
English: It was the priest Chogen who was appointed chief of the reconstruction of the Great Buddha and its hall, and Chogen (also called Shunjo-bo) once had been to Sung-dynasty China, so he newly applied Daibutsu-yo (the Buddhist architecture), which originated from Sung-dynasty China, to the hall.
Japanese: 大仏と大仏殿の再建担当者に任じられたのは渡宋経験のある俊乗坊重源（しゅんじょうぼうちょうげん）であり、彼によって宋から伝来の新建築様式の大仏様が導入された。
English: And in the reconstruction of statues in Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple, busshi (sculptors of Buddhist statues) from the Kei school (a school of sculptors at that time), such as Kokei, Unkei, and Kaikei, played a major role.
Japanese: また、東大寺や興福寺の仏像再興には、康慶、運慶、快慶ら慶派を中心とする仏師が登用された。
English: In the former half of the Kamakura period, the nominal rule of the cloistered emperor still continued in Kyoto, but Kamakura gradually replaced Kyoto as the center stage of Japanese politics and culture.
Japanese: この時代の前期には引き続き院政が行われていたものの、政治・文化の中心は次第に鎌倉へ移っていった。
English: The Taira clan adored the aristocratic culture, which is symbolized by the gorgeous Heike-nokyo, while the Minamoto clan, which replaced the Taira clan as the political power, was a genuine samurai family, so samurai gradually replaced court nobles as the major beneficiaries of art.
Japanese: 平氏は華麗な「平家納経」を残したことでもわかるように、一面で貴族文化に憧れをもっていたが、代わって政権をとった源氏は純然たる武家であり、美術の主要な享受者も前時代の貴族から武士へと移っていった。
English: In this period, the full-blown Zen sect of Buddhism was introduced into Japan by Eisai, Dogen, and other priests who went to Sung-dynasty China, and the sect gradually increased its influence in spite of the pressure from the old Buddhist powerhouses, such as Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei.
Japanese: この時代には栄西、道元らの入宋僧によって日本にも本格的な禅宗が伝わり、比叡山などの旧仏教の圧迫を受けつつも、徐々に勢力を伸ばしていった。
English: In the 13th century, with Kennin-ji Temple in Kyoto as the start, full-blown Zen temples (temples that belong to the Zen sect), such as Kencho-ji Temple and Enkaku-ji Temple, were constructed in Kamakura as well.
Japanese: 13世紀に京都の建仁寺建立を皮切りに、鎌倉にも建長寺、円覚寺などの本格的な禅寺が建立された。
English: From the perspective of art history, the period of the Northern and Southern Courts is deemed the transitional period, so its art is commonly mentioned in the art of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 南北朝時代は美術史的には過渡期ととらえられ、鎌倉時代に含めて論じられることが多い。
English: However, in the field of swords and arms, there obviously existed a style specific to this period, which is exemplified by the long Japanese sword - popular in this period - so that this period is commonly distinguished from the Kamakura period.
Japanese: ただし、刀剣武具の分野に関しては、長大な大太刀の流行など、明らかな「南北朝時代様式」があり、鎌倉時代とは別の時代とされることが多い。
English: Unkei: The statue of Miroku Butsu, the statues of Muchaku and Seshin - these three are enshrined in Hokuen-do Hall of Kofuku-ji Temple - and the statue of Dainichi Nyorai (Cosmic Buddha) enshrined in Tahoto pagoda (the multi-treasure pagoda) of Enjo-ji Temple
Japanese: 運慶:弥勒仏像、無著・世親像（興福寺北円堂）大日如来像（円成寺多宝塔）
English: After the period of separation, the Northern and Southern Courts were at last unified in A.D. 1392, when Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA reigned over the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) as the third shogun, and the center stage of Japanese culture returned to Kyoto.
Japanese: 南北朝分裂の時代を経て、室町幕府3代将軍足利義満の時代、1392年にようやく南北両朝は合一し、文化の中心は再び京都へ戻った。
English: On Kitayama (the Northern Hills) of Kyoto, Yoshimitsu constructed a villa, which was later called Rokuon-ji Temple (more commonly, Kinkaku-ji Temple), so the culture around then is occasionally called Kitayama culture after the location.
Japanese: 義満は京都の北山に山荘を営み（後の鹿苑寺＝金閣寺）、この時代の文化を北山文化と呼ぶことがある。
English: The eighth shogun Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA made light of his duty as a politician, and indulged in his hobbies, such as Japanese tea ceremony, calligraphy, and kara-mono (things imported from China), and ironically, he contributed to the advancement of the culture to a great extent.
Japanese: 8代将軍の足利義政は為政者としての務めを怠り、茶道、書道、唐物（中国渡来の文物）愛玩などの趣味にふけっていたが、そのため文化の振興には大いに貢献した。
English: On Higashiyama (Mt. Higashi), he constructed a villa, which later came to be called Jisho-ji Temple (more commonly, Ginkaku-ji Temple), so the culture around then is occasionally called Higashiyama culture after the location.
Japanese: 彼の山荘（後の慈照寺＝銀閣寺）が東山にあったことから、その時代の文化を東山文化と称することがある。
English: His villa on Higashiyama is the prototype of the Shoin-zukuri style (a traditional Japanese style of residential architecture that includes a 'tokonoma' (alcove in a traditional Japanese room where art or flowers are displayed)) which came later - in short, it is the origin of the traditional style of Japanese architecture.
Japanese: 義政の東山山荘は、後の書院造の原型であり、日本の伝統的住宅建築のルーツとなるものである。
English: Successive shoguns of the Muromachi bakufu devoutly believed in and patronized the Zen sect of Buddhism, so Zen-sect-style temples were constructed one after another mainly in Kyoto, and these temples became the stage of various kinds of culture, such as landscape gardening, literature, and Japanese tea ceremony.
Japanese: 歴代の足利将軍は禅宗に帰依し、これを保護したため、京都を中心に禅宗寺院が隆盛し、そこから造園、文学、茶道など、さまざまな文化が生まれた。
English: The Momoyama period refers to the period that ranged from when the Muromachi bakufu fell in A.D. 1573, to when the Tokugawa bakufu was established.
Japanese: 室町幕府が滅亡した1573年から、徳川政権が確立するまでの時代を指す。
English: From the perspective of art history, the Momoyama period is commonly deemed to have lasted until A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi family fell.
Japanese: 美術史上の区分では、豊臣家が滅亡した1615年までを桃山時代とすることが多い。
English: Lasting for less than half a century, the Momoyama period is noteworthy in art history, especially in the fields of painting and architecture.
Japanese: 半世紀に満たない短い期間であるが、美術史上は特に絵画と建築において特記される時代である。
English: This period saw the development of castle architecture, so feudal lords constructed tenshukaku (the keep or tower) as the symbol of their power, and goten (the palace) was decorated with gorgeous shoheki-ga (paintings on walls, byobu (folding screen), and fusuma (sliding door)).
Japanese: 城郭建築が発達し、権力のシンボル的な天守閣が築かれ、御殿は華麗な障壁画で装飾された。
English: Chanoyu (tea ceremony), which started in the Muromachi period, was perfected in this period by SEN no Rikyu, who transformed the tea ceremony fitting for Shoin-zukuri architecture into that fitting for a thatched hut, in other words, wabicha (the tea ceremony accompanied by wabi (an unique aesthetic sense that finds surpassing beauty and deep significance in what is humble or commonplace and appears natural or artless)).
Japanese: 室町時代に始まった茶の湯は千利休によって大成され、前時代の書院の茶から、草庵の茶、わび茶という独特の美意識が形成された。
English: Though it was in A.D. 1603 when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was appointed seii taishogun (literally, great general who subdues the barbarians), the boundary between the Momoyama period and the Edo period is commonly thought to have been in A.D. 1615, when the Toyotomi clan fell in Osaka no Eki (The Siege of Osaka) and the ruling system of the Edo bakufu was established.
Japanese: 徳川家康が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたのは1603年だが、美術史上の区分では、大坂の役で豊臣氏が滅亡し、江戸幕府の支配体制が確立した1615年を桃山時代と江戸時代の区切りとすることが多い。
English: This period's art was so diversified as to be difficult to define its character in a word, but it could be said to become extremely popularized, compared with the art of the ancient and middle ages, which was mainly occupied with religious (Buddhist) art.
Japanese: この時代の美術は多様化し、その性格を一言で言い表わすことは困難であるが、古代・中世の美術が宗教（仏教）中心であったのに比べ、著しく世俗化の傾向が強まった。
English: In this period, the Japanese society was more or less stable because there was no big disturbance of war for more than two centuries, and the ordinary people's living standard was improved from that of the former periods.
Japanese: この時代は世情が一応安定し、2世紀以上にわたって大きな戦乱もなく、庶民の生活レベルも、それ以前の時代に比較すれば向上していた。
English: Therefore, the stratum of the art beneficiaries became wider, in other words, the rich merchant class entered the art community - almost occupied by temples, shrines, court nobles, and samurai until then - as a powerful patron.
Japanese: そのため、美術の享受者層も増大し、寺社、公家、武家などに加え、裕福な町人層が有力なパトロンとなった。
English: In addition, the spread of the mass production method of hanga (wood printing) gave birth to a new art, including ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints), which was within reach of the merchant.
Japanese: さらには、同じ作品を複数生産できる版画という方式の流布により、浮世絵のような町人の手に届く芸術が生まれた。
English: When the Edo bakufu was founded, Edo was just a rural area, while Kamigata was the cultural front line, but before long, Edo began to attract artists, because Edo became the mecca of local talents in other fields as well.
Japanese: 幕府開設当初、江戸の地はひなびた場所であり、上方が文化の先進地域であったが、やがて諸国の人材が集まる江戸に美術の担い手が集まるようになった。
English: Local domains began to produce their own handicrafts, such as ceramic ware and lacquer works.
Japanese: 各地方においても陶磁、漆工芸など独自の工芸品が生産されるようになった。
English: In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, the shogunate and some domains put handicrafts and art works in international European exhibitions, and they were highly praised as excellent decorations, so that Japanese crafts attracted the attention of European people, and their export enabled Japanese to gain foreign currency.
Japanese: 幕末、ヨーロッパの万国博覧会に出展した幕府や各藩の工芸品や美術品はすぐれた装飾品として絶賛され、日本の工芸へのヨーロッパからの関心が高まり、外貨を稼ぐ輸出品となる可能性が開かれた。
English: However, the clear distinction between arts and crafts seen in the West did not exist in Japan, so Japanese art, as a whole, was deemed too decorative and technical, and it was ranked a bit lower than European art.
Japanese: しかし、日本には西洋のような「美術」と「工芸」の厳然たる区別は無く、日本の美術品は総じて装飾的・工芸的とみなされヨーロッパ美術よりも一段低いところに置かれた。
English: At that time, however, the prestige of academic paintings began to shake and the boundary between arts and crafts became obscure in the European art community, so Japanese art works greatly influenced European avant-gardists and gave birth to Japonisme.
Japanese: （しかし、ヨーロッパ美術界でアカデミック絵画の権威や美術と工芸の境界が揺らぎ始めたこの時期、日本の美術品は前衛的な芸術家らにジャポニズムという強力な影響を与えることとなった。）
English: And Japanese art was also shaken by the modernization and the drastic change of the Japanese society after the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 明治維新後の近代化と社会の激変によりそれまでの日本美術は大きく揺れ動いた。
English: The Japanese government hurried to build a façade of geijutsu (art and other artistic skills) that could match the European countries' geijutsu through the introduction of the Western-style fine arts, while the traditional Japanese paintings of various schools faced a crisis of existence because they were deemed old-fashioned.
Japanese: 政府は早急に西洋式の「ファイン・アート」（純粋美術）を導入してヨーロッパ諸国に恥じない芸術の体裁を整えようとし、一方日本の諸派の絵画などは旧弊なものとみなされ存続の危機に陥った。
English: In addition, with haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism) and the downfall of daimyo family (feudal lord family) seen notably, the market of secondhand articles began to be filled with many excellent Japanese art works, and through the aggressive intermediary contracts by Tadamasa HAYASHI and other Japanese art dealers, they flew out to the West, never to return.
Japanese: また廃仏毀釈や大名家の没落に伴い、多くの優れた美術品が古道具市場にあふれ、美術商だった林忠正らの積極的な売買により欧米に流出しそのまま帰らなかった。
English: The Japanese government introduced the Western-style paintings and other culture mainly because it wanted to learn architecture and city planning from the West, and the Technical Fine Arts School and others played a central role in learning, but the government itself was not familiar with the concept of geijutsu.
Japanese: ただし西洋式の絵画などを導入した動機の最大のものは建築や都市計画などの設計のためというもので、工部美術学校などがその舞台となり、芸術という概念は政府にもなじみの薄いものであった。
English: After a while, the modernization of Japanese society reached a certain point, and instead, there occurred a movement in the opposite direction, such as nationalism and the pursuit of art unique to Japanese that has a nation-state of its own, so Japanese art attracted people's attention once again.
Japanese: やがて近代化が一段落すると、今度は国粋主義や、民族国家としての民族独自の美術を求める動きが起こり、再び日本美術に目が向けられるようになる。
English: The Japanese government asked Ernest Fenollosa, Tenshin OKAKURA and others to write a guide of Japanese art history, which should be attached to the art works shown at the international exhibition, so they finished writing the complete history of Japanese art in a short period of time.
Japanese: フェノロサや岡倉天心らは、政府から万国博出展のために「日本美術史」の解説を書いてほしいとの依頼を受け、短期間で日本の美術の通史を書き上げた。
English: And this is the prototype of Japanese art history which we know today, but those artists who were deemed inappropriate to introduce to foreign countries were omitted from the list, and they came to be forgotten for a long time.
Japanese: これが現在われわれの知る日本美術史の原型であるが、その際海外への紹介に適さないとされた作家はリストから零れ落ち、長らく忘れ去られた。
English: Later, Fenollosa, Tenshin and others began to emphasize the superiority of Japanese art, and after Tokyo University of Arts opened, Tenshin (the university's president) and his followers excluded Western-style paintings from the university, the graduates from the Technological Fine Arts School and their sympathizers stood against it through founding the Meiji Art Society.
Japanese: その後フェノロサ・岡倉天心らは日本の美術の優秀性を説き、東京美術学校開校後は岡倉天心らの手により西洋画は排斥され、工部美術学校出身者らは明治美術会を作って対抗する。
English: The Meiji Art Society, Western-style painters, and their sympathizers were thrown into confusion by the counterforce, but they were active in introducing the newest movement in European painting, which is exemplified by Tadamasa HAYASHI's introduction of impressionists, and by the exhibition of paintings of Seiki KURODA and others who returned from study abroad.
Japanese: 林忠正による印象派の紹介や、海外留学から帰った黒田清輝らの出展で、明治美術会や洋画家らは混乱しながらもヨーロッパの最新の絵画運動を取り入れ活発な活動を行った。
English: After that, Tenshin and his followers were in turn purged from the university, so Tenshin established the Japan Art Institute with Taikan YOKOYAMA, Kanzan SHIMOMURA and others.
Japanese: その後天心らが東京美術学校から追放され、横山大観や下村観山らとともに日本美術院を結成する。
English: And many Japanese-style painters, including Seiho TAKEUCHI (a member of the Kyoto painters' community), went to Europe to study, and after learning from various schools of Japanese-style paintings and from Western-style paintings, they renewed Japanese-style painting as a national art.
Japanese: また京都画壇の竹内栖鳳らをはじめ多くの日本絵画の作家らがヨーロッパに留学し、やがてこうした動きから、諸派の絵画や西洋画の影響も取り入れた新しい民族美術として日本画が誕生した。
English: In 1907, the annual art exhibition sponsored by the Ministry of Education - for short, "Bunten" in Japanese - was held for the first time by the government as the first exhibition inviting applicants from the public, and major artists both young and old from every field of Japanese-style painting, Western-style painting, and sculpture, exhibited their works at the same time in the same place.
Japanese: 1907年、政府によるはじめての公募展、文部省第一回美術展覧会（文展）がおこなわれ、日本画・洋画・彫刻の各部門、新旧の作家らが一堂に展覧された。
English: Sakamoto-jo Castle is the castle that existed in Sakamoto, Shiga County, Omi Province (in Sakamoto-joshi Park [Sakamoto-jo ruins of a castle park] 3-chome, Shimosakamoto, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture).
Japanese: 坂本城（さかもとじょう）は近江国滋賀郡坂本(大津市)（滋賀県大津市下阪本3丁目の坂本城址公園内）にあった城。
English: As the place faces the mountain range in the west that Mt. Hiei belongs to and Lake Biwa in the east, it was a natural fort.
Japanese: 西側には比叡山の山脈があり、東側は琵琶湖に面していることから、天然の要害を具えた地であった。
English: Mt. Hiei stretches to Omi Province and Yamashiro Province, and two roads of Shiratori-do and Yamanaka-do connected the two provinces.
Japanese: 比叡山は近江国と山城国にまたがっており、白鳥道と山中道の2つの道は両国を結ぶ道路が通じていた。