nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Originally, government posts were directly connected with national jobs and it was Ikai that showed their social status; but because the posts started to symbolize their social and family status, the fundamental rules of Kanisoto (Kani matching), which had existed since the beginning of the Ritsuryo system (the system of centralized administration established under the Ritsuryo codes), started to change.
Japanese: 本来、官職はその国家的仕事に直結し、自己の身分を示すのは位階であったが、官職が身分や家柄を示すようになったため、官位相当という令制以来の原則にも変化が現れ始めた。
English: The posts and Ikai were the standard to show social and family status and had strong authority in court life until the end of Edo Period.
Japanese: 江戸時代末期に至るまで官職と位階は身分や家格を示す標準となり、宮廷生活における権威を持っていた。
English: Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) is the edict of Dajokan (The Grand Council of State) that mainly announced the abolition of the social status system like Eta (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and usually involved in handling human bodies or animal carcasses) and Hinin (a status of group who were the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system and often ex-convicts or vagrants) made by the Meiji Government on October 12, 1871.
Japanese: 解放令（かいほうれい）とは、明治4年8月28日(旧暦)（1871年10月12日）に明治政府が行った穢多非人等の身分の廃止などの旨を記した太政官布告である。
English: In the catalogue of a complete works book of laws published by the Government whose formal title is not known, it is stated that "names of Eta and Hinin are to be abolished and their status and trades are to be the same as Heimin (commoner)".
Japanese: 正式名称は不明だが当時の法令を収集した政府刊行の法令全書の目録には、「穢多非人ノ称ヲ廃シ身分職業共平民同様トス」と書かれいる。
English: Therefore the edict is called in various names among researchers, some calling it "edict of emancipation of the class system" or "edict of emancipation of lower class people" and other calling it without the word "emancipation" "edict of abolition of names of lower class people ", "edict of abolition of status names", or "edict of abolition".
Japanese: そのため、研究者の間では様々な呼び方があり、「身分解放令」「賎民解放令」と呼ぶ例、中には「解放」の名称を使用せず「賤称廃止令」「廃称令」「廃止令」などと呼称する人々もいる。
English: The first proposal was the draft on the family register made by Eiichi SHIBUSAWA who was in charge of revision at Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) in December, 1869 for Shigenobu OKUMA who was Okura no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Treasury), when the both Ministries were unified in effect (according to "OKUMA monjo (written material)," present Institute of social science of Waseda University).
Japanese: 解放令が検討された最初の案は、明治2年（1869年）12月に民部省改正掛の渋沢栄一より、大蔵大輔大隈重信（当時、民部省と大蔵省は事実上統合されていた）にあてて提出された戸籍に関する草案である（現在早稲田大学社会科学研究所「大隈文書」）。
English: It so happened because most of those in charge of revision took service with Meiji Government through being goshi (country samurais) or farmers like SHIBUSAWA and Hisoka MAEJIMA and they were of the stratum who were aware of the necessity of the establishment of human rights and the equality of all people early.
Japanese: これは、改革掛には渋沢や前島密など郷士や農民などから幕臣を経て明治政府に仕官した者が多く、早くから人権の確立や四民平等の必要性を自覚していた層であった。
English: And their less variety of social status was functional with regard to office work matter of fact.
Japanese: また、実務面でもその身分の種別数が少ない方が事務処理に便利であるという側面もあった。
English: But this proposal was unsatisfactory mainly because it left old Eta and Hinin at the final end of the status of Heimin.
Japanese: だが、この法案では平民の最末尾に元の穢多非人が置かれるなど不十分なものであった。
English: Following this proposal as it almost was, "Koseki hensei rei moku (family register formation illustration list)" was presented officially by Okurasho (Ministry of Treasury) for Dajokan in March of the next year (1870), but it did not materialized because chihokan (local officials) led by Takato OKI, the Governor of Tokyo Prefecture, who opposed for Okura-Minbusho (commonly called due to the fact that Okurasho and Minbusho were virtually unified) to deal with the family register
Japanese: この案をほぼそのまま継承した「戸籍編成例目」が翌明治3年（1870年）3月に正式に大蔵省から太政官に提出されたが、戸籍を大蔵民部省（当時、大蔵省と民部省が実質統合されていたことから付けられた俗称）が行うことに東京府知事大木喬任を始めとして地方官が反対したことから実現しなかった。
English: Ironically in July, Takato OKI who was the Governor of Tokyo prefecture was inaugurated as Minbu no taifu (a senior assistant minister of the Ministry of Popular Affairs) of Minbusho that was in effect unified with Okurasho because the heads of Okurasho doubled as the corresponding posts of Minbusho, succeeding OKUMA, together with Tomozane YOSHII and Masayoshi MATSUKATA (who was Taijo, Senior Secretary) also assuming office, as a result of the political strife caused by the confrontation between Toshimitsu OKUBO against Takayoshi KIDO and Shigenobu OKUMA.
Japanese: 皮肉にも7月になって大久保利通と木戸孝允・大隈重信の対立を原因とする政争の結果、大蔵省首脳が民部省の同じ役職を兼務していたことで統合されていた民部省に新たに東京府知事であった大木喬任が大隈の後任の民部大輔に就任し、吉井友実（少輔）・松方正義（大丞）ら大久保派が就任した。
English: Responding to this, Jo SUGIURA who was a former retainer of shogun and in charge of revision at Minbusho modified "Koseki hensei rei moku" and made a proposal in which he placed the equality of all people to the front, but OKI, accepting Taku OE's suggestion, reached the conclusion that, although he agreed to the keynote of emancipation of Eta and Hinin, the emancipation had to be progressed gradually along with service of life bettering and was not to be connected with the family register formation this time, hence the Family Registration Law was enacted on April 4, 1871 putting off the issue of Eta and Hinin.
Japanese: これを受けて改革掛にいた旧幕臣の杉浦譲が「戸籍編成例目」を手直しして四民平等を前面に出した戸籍法案を建議するものの、大木は大江卓の献言を受けて穢多非人の解放の基本方針には賛成するが、生活改善事業と並行して漸進的に行うべきであり、今回の戸籍制定には関連づけないとして、明治4年（1871年）4月4日に穢多非人を先送りにしたままの戸籍法が制定された。
English: However, the personnel of taifu and shofu was taken back everything because of the internal trouble again afterwards, Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) was reintegrated to Okurasho (Ministry of the Treasury) in exchange for the inauguration of OKUBO to Okura-kyo (Minister of the Treasury).
Japanese: ところが、その後再度の内紛によって各省の大輔・少輔人事が一旦白紙に戻り、大久保が大蔵卿と就任することと引換に民部省は大蔵省に再統合された。
English: However, now that the land-tax reform rose up in order to levy land tax on all the non taxed land, there occurred the necessity legitimate reason to levy land tax on land owned by Eta and Hinin that had been treated non taxed as untouchable land as a matter of course, and Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was singled out as a suitable excuse for that reason.
Japanese: ところが、今度は全ての無税地を廃止して地租を徴収しようとする地租改正が構想として浮上すると、従来穢地として無税扱いとなっていた穢多非人の所有地からも当然地租を徴収するための大義名分が必要となり、そのために解放令がその格好の口実として白羽の矢が立てられた。
English: Therefore Western countries all together demanded Meiji Government to approve Christianity and abolish the class system of lowly people.
Japanese: このため、欧米列強諸国はこぞって明治政府に対し、キリスト教の容認とともに賤民制廃止を要求したのである。
English: This did not emancipate Buraku problem (issue of discrimination against certain hamlets) from discrimination, in reverse the living standard of those Buraku (hamlets) declined because Buraku people lost the exclusive rights of non tax treatment of their demesne and acquisition of carcasses that they had enjoyed since Edo period and the service of life bettering was not carried out which was planned by OKI.
Japanese: これによって部落問題が差別から解放されたわけではなく、むしろ江戸時代に有していた所有地の無税扱や死牛馬取得権などの独占権を喪失した事、大木の構想した生活改善事業も行われなかった事により、部落の生活水準は下降した。
English: Although the Family Registration Law was modified along with Kaiho Rei too, that led up to the issue of notation of "sinheimin (new commoner)" in Jinshinkoseki (the family register drew up in 1872, the year of Jinshin, Mizunoesaru, according to the twelve zodiac signs in Chinese astrology) made up the next year, together with confusion of office work and delayed reform of consciousness.
Japanese: また、解放令とともに戸籍法の手直しが行われたものの、現場担当者の事務処理の混乱や意識改革の遅れもあって翌年編製された壬申戸籍における「新平民」表記問題につながることになった。
English: That is to say that both of the opinion of early emancipation based on human rights contention pursuing "shimin byodo (equality of all people)" by SHIBUSAWA and SUGIURA and the opinion of gradual emancipation after a correction of a gap through "bettering of life " by OKI and OE were completely disregarded.
Japanese: つまり、渋沢・杉浦の「四民平等」を追求した人権論に根ざした早期開放論も、大木・大江の「生活改善」による格差是正後の漸進開放論も最初から無かった事にされてしまった。
English: Kaiho Rei for Meiji Government at that time was not abolition of the class system based on the philosophy of "shimin byodo" but only a formal abolition of the class system enacted just to proceed "chiso choshu (collection of land tax)".
Japanese: 当時の明治政府にとって解放令とは、「四民平等」理念による身分解放ではなく、「地租徴収」実施のためだけに出された形だけの身分解放に他ならなかった。
English: From the beginning, there were many opinions expressed from the inside of the Meiji Government that the proclamation of Kaiho Rei could be action to directly connect with negation of Emperor system and would conflict with Emperor system, and thus, Buraku emancipation policy, of course, and presence of Kaiho Rei also were intolerable matters for Meiji Government.
Japanese: 当初から解放令の公布は天皇制の否定に直結しかねない行為であり天皇制と矛盾する、といった意見が明治政府内から数多く出ており、明治政府としては部落解放政策は勿論の事、解放令の存在も到底認めがたい物でしかなかった。
English: Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) opposition uprisings were incidents of riots and raids which broke out against Kaiho Rei in various places of Japan during early Meiji period.
Japanese: 解放令反対一揆（かいほうれいはんたいいっき）は、日本の明治時代はじめに各地でおきた暴動、襲撃事件で、解放令に反対して起こされた。
English: Such social status and naming as Eta and Hinin and the like (as well as acquisition rights of carcasses of beasts accompanying them) were to be abolished at once by Dajokan fukoku (proclamation of Kaiho Rei by Grand Council of State) on August 28, 1871.
Japanese: 江戸時代に様々に差別されてきた穢多・非人などの身分及び呼称（とそれに伴う死牛馬取得権など）が1871年（明治4年）8月28日の太政官布告（解放令）で一挙に廃止されることになった。
English: However some of those people who had discriminated them rebelled against this movement, and they caused incidents of raids on Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) through uprisings.
Japanese: しかし従来彼らを差別してきた他の民衆の中にはこれに反発するものがあり、一揆をなして被差別部落民を襲撃する事件を起こした。
English: Satoshi UESUGI, Kozo NAKAMURA and others consider this period transition from discrimination of humble or lowly people to the outbreak of Buraku (hamlet) issue.
Japanese: これを上杉聡や中村拡三らは賤民差別から部落問題の発生の移行期とみる。
English: There remains records of incidents such as 2 deaths at Hiroshima Prefecture and destruction of 67 houses out of 70 at a Buraku in Kochi Prefecture in 1871, 4 deaths in Okayama Prefecture in 1872, 18 deaths in Okayama Prefecture and 64,000 people punished for arson in many cases in Fukuoka Prefecture and destruction of 3 bridges leading to a Buraku in Kagawa Prefecture in 1873, and others.
Japanese: 1871年（明治4年）に広島県で2名死亡、高知県で部落70戸中67戸破壊、1872年（明治5年）に岡山県で4名死亡、1873年（明治6年）に岡山県で18名死亡、福岡県で大量放火により64000人処罰、香川県で部落へ通じる橋3つの破壊、などの記録が残されている。
English: In the meantime, lot of influential shoya (village headman) satisfied farmers who were not given any legal education at that time through issuing a command that Kaiho Rei was made "5 man nichi no hinobe (to take effect after 50,000 days)" in order to repress, and, as a result, the enforcement of Kaiho Rei was not acknowledged in some provinces.
Japanese: なお、鎮圧にあたって有力庄屋層が、解放令が「五万日の日延べ」となったと号令を出し、当時、法教育を受けていない農民を納得させ、結果的に、解放令の発効を認めなかった地方もあった。
English: Hyakumanto Darani is the collection of Dharanis that was dedicated to Buddhist temples by way of being placed in one million mini pagodas during the Nara period for the protection of the nation as well as for repentance.
Japanese: 百万塔陀羅尼（ひゃくまんとうだらに）とは、日本の奈良時代に、鎮護国家と滅罪を祈願するために、100万の小塔に陀羅尼を納めて、仏教寺院に奉納された陀羅尼である。
English: Empress Shotoku, who had brought an end to the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro in 764, printed one million scrolls of Dharanis based on the "Pure Light Great Dharani Sutras" in 770, which took six years, for the purpose of mourning for the souls of departed warriors who were killed in action as well to pray for the protection of the nation.
Japanese: 天平宝字8年（764年）に藤原仲麻呂の乱を平定した称徳天皇は、戦死した将兵の菩提を弔うと共に、鎮護国家を祈念するために、6年の歳月を掛けて宝亀元年（770年）に『無垢浄光大陀羅尼経』に基づいて、陀羅尼を100万巻印刷した。
English: The scrolls were placed in mini pagodas, and pagodas containing 100,000 scrolls each were dedicated to Daian-ji Temple; Gango-ji Temple; Horyu-ji Temple; Todai-ji Temple; Saidai-ji Temple; Kofuku-ji Temple; Yakushi-ji Temple; Shitenno-ji Temple; Kawahara-dera Temple; and Sufuku-ji Temple (Otsu City).
Japanese: そして小型の塔に納めて10万基ずつ大安寺・元興寺・法隆寺・東大寺・西大寺(奈良市)・興福寺・薬師寺・四天王寺・川原寺・崇福寺(大津市)の10大寺に奉納した。
English: Most of these pagodas have either been burnt in fires or have been scattered and lost; as of 2005, except for the 40,000-odd scrolls remaining in Horyu-ji Temple, only several of them are either kept in museums or are privately owned.
Japanese: これらの塔はそのほとんどが火災で焼失、或いは散逸し、2005年現在、法隆寺に4万数千基が残っているほかは、博物館や個人に数基所蔵されているのみである。
English: By convexly carving the Dharanis on a plate (whether the plate was of wood or metal is unclear), they were printed by casting a paper dyed from a Phellodendron amurense tree on top with a width of 4.5 cm and a length extending from 15 - 50 cm to prevent vermiculation.
Japanese: 陀羅尼を版（木製か金属製かは不明）に凸状に彫り、その上に幅4.5cm、長さ15cm～50cmの虫食い防止のために黄檗で染められた紙を載せて印刷した。
English: The mini pagodas where the Dharanis are placed are made up of small triple pagodas that are of a wooden make by using the traditional Chinese potter's wheel painted white.
Japanese: 陀羅尼を納める塔は、小さな三重の塔で、中国より伝来したロクロを使用した木製で、白い染料が塗布されている。
English: Koden is rice fields granted to those who did meritorious deeds for the state under the Japanese Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 功田（こうでん）は、日本の律令制において、特別の勲功者へ給与された田地をいう。
English: The existing Yoro Ritsuryo Code stipulated in its provisions of Denryo (rice field law) Article 5, Article of Koden, that those who did meritorious deeds would be divided into four classes of Daiko, Joko, Chuko, and Geko according to the degree of their achievements from top to bottom, and that Daiko would be granted inheritance of their Koden generation to generation forever, Joko for three generations (down to great-grandchildren), Chuko for two generations (down to grandchildren), and Geko only to their children.
Japanese: 現存する養老律令の田令第5条（功田条）では、功績の大きさによって勲功者を大功・上功・中功・下功の四等に区分した上で、大功は功田を永久に世襲、上功は3世（曾孫）まで相続、中功は2世（孫）まで相続、下功は子まで相続、と各区分ごとに相続できる子孫の範囲が定められていた。
English: In the same article, it was also stipulated that Koden would never be confiscated unless, for Daiko, they rebelled against the government, and for those other than Daiko, they committed any of eight unpardonable crimes.
Japanese: さらに同条では、大功は謀叛を犯さない限り、それ以外は八虐を犯して除名されない限り、功田を収公しないことも規定していた。
English: Under the kochi komin system, basically rice fields were to be withdrawn by the government (i.e., rice fields were returned to the state) when the person who had been granted the fields died; therefore, it was exceptional that the rice fields were allowed to be inherited for generations.
Japanese: なお、公地公民制においては、本来田地は本人が死んだら収公（国に返還される）されるものであり、子孫に伝来が許されるのは例外であった。
English: In particular, getting Daiko class (granting of permanent inheritence of rice fields) was an exceptional case and only four persons have been recognized as Daiko in history: FUJIWARA no Kamatari (645), EMI no Oshikatsu (758), TAIRA no Kiyomori (1167), and MINAMOTO no Yoritomo (1190), each person being granted 991,740 square meters of land (Koden was confiscated from Oshikatsu and Kiyomori for the reason that they or their descendants had rebelled against the government).
Japanese: 特にその中でも大功は永久的な私有を認めた文字通りの例外中の例外といって良く、歴史上確認できるのは、藤原鎌足（645年）・恵美押勝（758年）・平清盛（1167年）・源頼朝（1190年）の4人だけ（いずれも100町）であると見られている（しかも、押勝と清盛は本人又は子孫が謀叛を起こしたとして収公されている）。
English: As stipulated in the law, originally Koden was treated as Yusoden (rice fields subject to taxation) like Kubunden (rice fields given to each farmer under the Ritsuryo system), but later, after the Heian period, Koden tended to be treated as Fuyusoden (tax free rice fields).
Japanese: 功田は令の規定上、口分田などと同じく田租が賦課される輸租田（ゆそでん）とされたが、時代が下り平安時代以降になると、田租が免除される不輸租田（ふゆそでん）とされることが多くなっていった。
English: It is considered that actual farming of Koden was done by tenant farmers in the neighbor.
Japanese: なお、実際の経営は付近の農民による賃租によって耕作されていたと考えられている。
English: The article in the entry of the ninth day of the twelfth month of the first year of the Tenpyohoji era (757) in Shoku Nihongi shows how Koden were provided.
Japanese: 功田の支給の実態は、続日本紀の天平宝字元年十二月九日条（757年）の記事によって知ることができる。
English: MURAKUNI no Oyori (99,170 square meters), FUMI no Nemaro and WANIBE no Kimite (79,336 square meters for each), FUMI no Chitoko (39,668 square meters), and OKISOME no Usagi (49,585 square meters)
Japanese: -村国男依（10町）、書根麻呂・和珥部君手（各8町）、書智徳（4町）、置始菟（5町）
English: HOSHIKAWA no Maro (39,668 square meters), SAKANOUE no Kumake (59,502 square meters), KIFUMI no Otomo (79,336 square meters), and FUMI no Jokaku (39,668)
Japanese: -星川麻呂（4町）、坂上熊毛（6町）、黄書大伴（8町）、文成覚（4町）
English: YAMATO no Nagaoka and YAKO no Mami (39,668 square meters for each), YATSUME no Mushimaro and SHIOYA no Kichimaro (49,585 square meters for each), and KUDARA no Hitonari (39,668 square meters)
Japanese: -大倭長岡・陽胡真身（各4町）、矢集虫麻呂・塩屋吉麻呂（各5町）、百済人成（4町）
English: In addition to them, it is recorded that Koden was granted for the great achievements to EMI no Oshikatsu (FUJIWARA no Nakamaro) who assumed the real political power during the middle of the Nara period, WAKE no Kiyomaro who prevented Dokyo from acceding to the throne, FUJIWARA no Hidesato who defeated TAIRA no Masakado, TAIRA no Kiyomori who established the Taira clan government, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo who defeated the Taira clan government and established the Kamakura bakufu, and others.
Japanese: この他、奈良中期の政治実権を握った恵美押勝（藤原仲麻呂）、道鏡の天皇即位を阻止した和気清麻呂、平将門を討伐した藤原秀郷、平氏政権を確立した平清盛、その平氏政権を倒して鎌倉幕府を開いた源頼朝などが、その功績により功田を給与されたと記録に残されている。
English: Shiden is the farmland given by emperors through issuing Shochoku (an imperial edict) to individuals under the rules set in the Ritsuryo Code of Japan.
Japanese: 賜田（しでん）は、日本の律令制において、勅（天皇の命令）によって個人へ支給された田地をいう。
English: The existing Denryo code (the law about providing farmland) article No. 12 in Yoro Ritsuryo defines that 'the farmland given to individuals by a special Chokumei (an imperial edict) is called shiden.'
Japanese: 現存する養老律令の田令第12条（賜田条）では、「特別の勅命によって個人へ賜与する田地を賜田という」と定めている。
English: By defining the rule of shiden in the code, emperors could intentionally provide farmland to a particular individual.
Japanese: この賜田条の規定により、天皇が自分の意思に基づいて、ある者へ田地を支給する道が開かれた。
English: This rule indicates that an emperor could have the influence on a particular person through his act of providing farmland.
Japanese: 賜田の支給という行為を通じて、天皇は特定の人物へ影響を及ぼすことも可能だったのである。
English: Also, the rule defined that not only 位田 (iden, or fields given based on the court rank) and 職分田 (shokubunden, or fields allotted for administrating and managing) but also shiden was also officially seized when an official who had been provided shiden was dismissed from his court rank in any reason.
Japanese: また、賜田を支給された者が官位を解免されたときは、位田や職分田だけでなく賜田も収公される規定となっていた。
English: In Nara period, the provided shiden was already cultivated before provision, but in Heian period, the cases increased that the provided shiden was ruined, empty land.
Japanese: 奈良時代には、おそらく既に耕地化された田地が支給されていたが、平安時代に入ると荒廃地・空閑地が賜与される事例が増えていく。
English: 一身田 (Isshinden, or a farmland given for his lifetime without the permission of inheritance) was also included as part of shiden.
Japanese: また、本人一代限り（相続は認めない）として賜与された一身田も、賜田の範疇に含まれる。
English: The existing name of Isshinden in Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, is considered to be the trace of shiden given as an Isshinden in those days.
Japanese: 三重県津市に現存する一身田の地名は、賜田としての一身田の痕跡と考えられている。
English: The Russo-Japanese Agreement is the agreement in which Japan and the Russian Empire agreed upon mutual interests ranging over 4 times after the Russo-Japanese War.
Japanese: 日露協約（にちろきょうやく）は日露戦争後に締結した日本とロシア帝国がお互いに権益を認め合った4次にわたる協約。
English: In its confidential clauses, Japan recognized Russian interests in outer Mongolia and Russia recognized Japanese interests in Korea.
Japanese: 秘密条項では日本はロシアの外モンゴルにおける権益、ロシアは日本の朝鮮における権益を認めた。
English: But Japan came to face a crisis over her interests in China when the Russian Empire fell due to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Agreement was cancelled by the soviet Union government.
Japanese: しかし、1917年のロシア革命でロシア帝国が滅亡すると、協約はソビエト連邦政府によって破棄され、日本は中国権益の危機を迎えることとなる。
English: While they stated in its public agreement that they would respect treaties between Japan and the Russian Empire as well as those between the both countries and Qing, together with the realization of the independence of Qing, open-door policy, equal opportunity, and the like, they agreed upon respective range of Japanese interests in the south Manchuria and Russian interests in the north Manchuria in its confidential agreement.
Japanese: 公開協定では日露間及び両国と清国の間に結ばれた条約を尊重することと、清国の独立、門戸開放、機会均等の実現を掲げる一方で、秘密協定では日本の南満州、ロシアの北満州での利益範囲を協定した。
English: They also recognized mutually Russian special interests in the outer Mongolia and Japanese special interests in Korea (the Korean Empire).
Japanese: また、ロシアの外蒙古、日本の朝鮮（大韓帝国）での特殊権益も互いに認めた。
English: They made sure that they would secure their interests in Manchuria through making an agreement to deny the proposal of having the South Manchuria Railways stand neutral by the United States of America (Knox's proposal).
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国の南満州鉄道中立案（ノックス提案）の拒否を協定し、両国の満州権益の確保を確認した。
English: In order to cope with Shingaikakumei (the Chinese Revolution), they agreed each other to split the inner Mongolia, the west part of which for Russia and the east for Japan.
Japanese: 辛亥革命に対応するため、内蒙古の西部をロシアが、東部を日本がそれぞれ利益を分割することを協約した。
English: They reassured each other that they should enforce the relationship between Japan and Russia at the First World War, stop the third party from controlling China, and protect the both countries' special interests in the Far East.
Japanese: 第一次世界大戦における日露の関係強化と第三国の中国支配阻止、極東における両国の特殊権益の擁護を相互に再確認した。
English: It was composed of komu-nin (public-servants) (that was renamed to kogi-nin on August 20) selected from each domain and various schools, and it was invested with the right of introducing bills.
Japanese: 各藩と諸学校から選ばれた公務人（8月20日に公議人と改称）で構成され、議案提出権を有した。
English: Komu-nin (kogi-nin) were selected one each representing government, each school in affiliation with governments, each domain, no one representing prefectures, and counseled in 19 departments.
Japanese: 公務人（公議人）は、政府各官から各1名、付属の諸学校より覚1名、府県代表は無く、各藩より1名が代表として送られ、19部門に分かれて審議を行った。
English: Although the Kogisho existed such a short period as one year an several months, it is now under reassessment since it introduced many progressive bills like prohibition on seppuku (Hara-kiri), abolition of swards, abolition of Eta and Hinin (the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system) in recent years.
Japanese: 存続したのは1年数ヶ月という短い期間であったが、切腹禁止や廃刀、穢多非人の廃止など開明的な議案が多く出されており近年再評価されている。
English: However, the Kogisho was renamed to the Shugiin in order to clip its power on July 8, 1869 by the Meiji Government who feared the Kogisho because it began to hold independent influence like such innovative proposals that the Meiji Government didn't anticipate at all.
Japanese: だが、明治政府も予期しなかったような革新的な提言も出されるなど、独自の発言力を持ち始めたことに危機感を抱いた政府によって権限の縮小が図られて、1869年7月8日集議院と改称した。
English: Incidentally, it is said that Kogi derived from Kogi-seitai-ron (parliamentary regime theory) that was then widely advocated without regard to anti-Shogunate group or Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun), and Ouetsu-reppan alliance (alliance of strong domains in the northern part of Japan) also used the name of Kogisho (established at Shiraishi castle) for the assembly body of representatives of the domains who opposed to the Meiji Government at Boshin War.
Japanese: なお、公議とは当時討幕派・佐幕派問わずに広く唱えられた公議政体論に由来すると考えられており、明治政府と戊辰戦争で敵対した奥羽越列藩同盟の諸藩代表による議事機関にも公議所（白石城に設置）の名称が用いられている。
English: Ishin no Sanketsu are Takayoshi KIDO, Takamori SAIGO, and Toshimichi OKUBO who made efforts to overthrow the Shogunate and contributed to the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: 維新の三傑（いしんのさんけつ）とは、倒幕・維新に尽力した木戸孝允と西郷隆盛と大久保利通のこと。