nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Although the entire Hojo-ji Temple complex was destroyed by a great fire in 1058, Michinaga's son FUJIWARA no Yorimichi soon rebuilt it.
Japanese: 法成寺は1058年の大火で伽藍ことごとく焼失したものの、道長の子藤原頼通は直ちにこれを再建した。
English: The extent of this deterioration can be estimated from the temple's use by Kenko YOSHIDA to illustrate the impermanence of the world.
Japanese: 吉田兼好が世の無常を述べるために法成寺を引いていることから、その荒廃ぶりが推される。
English: All that remains now are stone monuments marking the site of Hojo-ji Temple on the roadside at Kojinguchi-dori Teramachi-dori Streets higashi-iru and at the side of a fence within the grounds of Kyoto Prefectural Oki High School.
Japanese: 現在では、法成寺跡を示す石標が荒神口通寺町通東入の路傍、京都府立鴨沂高等学校校庭の塀際に残るのみである。
English: Kasagi-dera Temple is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Chisan School of the Shingon Sect located in Kasagi-cho, Soraku-gun County, Kyoto Prefecture.
Japanese: 笠置寺（かさぎでら）は、京都府相楽郡笠置町にある真言宗智山派の仏教寺院。
English: The temple is extremely important to the history of Buddhism in Japan with deep historical connections to Todai-ji Temple and Kofuku-ji Temple in Nanto (the southern capital (Nara)) and known to have been resided at by the eminent monk Gedatsubo Jokei.
Japanese: 歴史的に南都（奈良）の東大寺や興福寺などと関係が深く、解脱房貞慶（げだつぼうじょうけい）などの著名な僧が当寺に住したことで知られ、日本仏教史上重要な寺院である。
English: Kasagi-dera Temple is located in Kasagi-cho in the southeast of Kyoto Prefecture on the boundary with Nara Prefecture, and its precinct is the 289 m high Mt. Kasagi on the southern bank of the Kizu-gawa River that flows from east to west.
Japanese: 笠置寺は京都府の南東部、奈良県境に位置する笠置町にあり、東西に流れる木津川(京都府)の南岸、標高289メートルの笠置山(京都府)を境内とする。
English: Kasagi lies at the intersection of the Tsukigase Kaido Road from Nara and the Iga Kaido Road from Kyoto, and is both geographically and historically deeply connected to Nanto (Nara).
Japanese: 笠置は奈良方面からの月ヶ瀬街道と、京都方面から伊賀へ向かう伊賀街道の交わる地であり、地理的にも歴史的にも南都（奈良）との関わりが深い。
English: In addition, materials used in the construction of the palaces and temples of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) were brought by boat from the upper reaches of the Kizu-gawa River, making Kasagi an important place of land and water transportation.
Japanese: また、平城京の宮殿や寺院などの建築用材は木津川の上流から舟で運ばれたとされており、笠置は水陸交通の要地であった。
English: The principal image of Kasagi-dera Temple is a large image of Miroku carved into the surface of a rock and the temple had flourished as a sacred place of Miroku worship since the Heian period.
Japanese: 笠置寺は磨崖仏（まがいぶつ、自然の岩壁に直接彫り刻んだ仏像）の巨大な弥勒仏を本尊とする寺で、平安時代以降、弥勒信仰の聖地として栄えた。
English: Mt. Kasagi stands at less than 300 m but enormous granite rocks are exposed throughout the mountain and it is assumed to have been a sacred site of mountain worship and megalithic religion since ancient times.
Japanese: 笠置山は、標高は300メートルに満たないが、山中の至るところに花崗岩の巨岩が露出し、古くから山岳信仰、巨石信仰の霊地であったと推定されている。
English: Natural features such as mountains, waterfalls, large rocks and large trees have been objects of worship in Japan since ancient times and believed to be places in which invisible Kami (Japanese folk deities) dwell, such as large rocks referred to as iwakura (sacred rocks) in which kami were thought to reside.
Japanese: 日本では太古から山岳、滝、巨岩、巨樹などの自然物が崇拝の対象とされ、巨岩は磐座（いわくら）などと呼ばれて、神の依代（よりしろ）、すなわち目に見えないカミの宿る場所とされていた。
English: It is hypothesized that mountain worship and megalithic religion became syncretized with Buddhist concepts at Mt. Kasagi, followed by the carving of the Buddhist image in the large rock and the gradual formation of a Buddhist temple.
Japanese: 笠置山はこうした巨石信仰、山岳信仰が仏教思想と結び付き、山中の巨岩に仏像が刻まれ、次第に仏教寺院としての形を整えていったものと推定されている。
English: "Kasagi-ji Engi" (Kasagi-dera Temple History) states that the temple was founded by Prince Oama (Emperor Tenmu) in 682.
Japanese: 『笠置寺縁起』には白鳳11年（682年）、大海人皇子（天武天皇）の創建とある。
English: However, volume 11 of "Konjaku Monogatari shu" (Anthology of Tales from the Past) says the following regarding the origins of the place name Kasagi and the carved Miroku image at Kasagi-dera Temple.
Japanese: 一方、『今昔物語集』巻11には笠置の地名の起源と笠置寺の弥勒磨崖仏の由来について、次のように伝えている。
English: One day, when Prince Otomo, son of Emperor Tenchi, was out hunting deer on his horse he was brought to a stop by a sheer cliff on Mt. Kasagi.
Japanese: 天智天皇の子である大友皇子はある日、馬に乗って鹿狩りをしていた時、笠置山中の断崖絶壁で立ち往生してしまった。
English: But he was saved when he prayed to the mountain god; 'If you help me, I will carve an image of Miroku in this rock.'
Japanese: そこで山の神に祈り、「もし自分を助けてくれれば、この岩に弥勒仏の像を刻みましょう」と誓願したところ、無事に助かった。
English: When the prince returned to Mt. Kasagi, he attempted to carve the Miroku image in the cliff face just as he had vowed but was unable to do so due to the steepness of the cliff.
Japanese: その後、皇子が再び笠置山を訪れ、誓願どおり崖に弥勒の像を刻もうとしたところ、あまりの絶壁で思うにまかせない。
English: The account above is merely legend but it suggests that the carving of the Miroku image was the origin of Kasagi-dera Temple.
Japanese: 以上の話はむろん伝承にすぎないが、笠置寺の始まりが弥勒磨崖仏造立であったことを示唆している。
English: The entry 'Kasagi-dera Temple Hakko (eight lectures) was began' in the "Todai-ji Yoroku" (Todai-ji Temple Records) entry for the year 879 is the first written reference to Kasagi-dera Temple but the actual founding is thought to have taken place during the Nara period.
Japanese: 『東大寺要録』元慶元年（879年）条に「笠置寺八講始行」とあるのが笠置寺の文献上の初見であるが、実際の創建は奈良時代にさかのぼるものと思われる。
English: Legends relating to Roben (689-773), founding priest of Todai-ji Temple and first Betto (a monk who manages the affairs of a temple), and his disciple Jitchu, believed to be the founder of 'Shuni-e' (Omizutori or Sacred Water-drawing Festival) ceremony, also remain at Kasagi-dera Temple.
Japanese: また笠置寺には東大寺の開山で初代別当（寺務を統括する僧）であった良弁（ろうべん、689-773）や、その弟子で「修二会」の創始者とされる実忠にかかわる伝承も残っている。
English: According to legend, Roben confined himself to Senju-kutsu Cave (literally, cave of thousand hands) where he prayed, an act which is said to have removed the rocks on the bed of the Kizu-gawa River that were preventing the passage of cargo ships.
Japanese: 伝承によれば、良弁は笠置山の千手窟に籠って修法を行い、その功徳によって木津川の舟運のさまたげとなっていた河床の岩を掘削することができたという。
English: At Mt. Kasagi is a deep cave named Ryuketsu (Dragon Cave), in which was said that Tosotsuten (The fourth of six Buddhist heavens in the world of desire) inhabited by Miroku was hidden.
Japanese: 笠置山には龍穴という奥深い洞窟があり、その奥は弥勒菩薩の住む兜率天へつながっていると言われていた。
English: One day, while training within Ryukutsu Cave, Jitchu resolved to walk to the inner depths and he eventually arrived at Tosotsuten.
Japanese: 実忠はある日龍穴で修行中、思い立って龍穴の奥へと歩いていくとやがて兜率天に至った。
English: He visited Tosotsuten's 49 inner temples, and a ritual that he witnessed and reproduced in the mortal world is said to be the Omizutori festival of Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 兜率天の内院四十九院をめぐった実忠が、そこで行われていた行法を人間界に伝えたのが東大寺のお水取りであるという。
English: During the latter part of the Heian period, belief in the future Buddha Miroku increased with the spread of Mappo-shiso (the "end of the world" belief that the idea of an age 2,000 years since Shakyamuni Buddha's passing in which Buddhism declines and the world is plunged into chaos), causing many including members of the imperial family and nobility to visit the Miroku image at Kasagi-dera Temple.
Japanese: 平安時代後期には末法思想（釈迦の没後2,000年目を境に仏法が滅び、世が乱れるとする思想）の広がりとともに、未来仏である弥勒への信仰も高まり、皇族、貴族をはじめ当寺の弥勒仏へ参詣する者が多かった。
English: Records remain of visits including Emperor Enyu in 987 (Hyakuren sho (History book from the Kamakura period)) and FUJIWARA no Michinaga in 1007 (Mido Kanpakuki (FUJIWARA no Michinaga's diary)).
Japanese: 永延元年（987年）、円融天皇の行幸（百錬抄）、寛弘4年（1007年）、藤原道長の参詣（御堂関白記）などが記録に残っている。
English: In 1193 of the early Kamakura period, a Buddhist monk from Kofuku-ji Temple named Gedatsubo Jokei, known as the restorer of discipline to Japanese Buddhism, resided at Kasagi-dera Temple.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期の建久4年（1193年）には、日本仏教における戒律の復興者として知られる興福寺出身の僧・解脱房貞慶（げだつぼうじょうけい、1155-1213）が笠置寺に住している。
English: Jokei was the grandson of FUJIWARA no Michinori (also known as Shinzei) and was a leading monk of the old style of Buddhism that opposed the new forms of Buddhism (such as Jodo (the Pure Land) Sect) that gained acceptance during the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 貞慶は藤原通憲（信西）の孫にあたり、鎌倉時代に台頭した新仏教（浄土教など）に対する旧仏教側の代表的な僧である。
English: He resided at Kasagi for over 10 years until he moved to Kannon-ji Temple (also known as Kaijusen-ji Temple) in 1208.
Japanese: 以後、承元2年（1208年）、観音寺（海住山寺）に移るまでの十数年間を笠置で過ごしている。
English: In 1196, a temple bell (existing) and Song Dynasty Chinese version of Daihannya-kyo were brought to the temple by Shunjobo Chogen (known for his efforts to rebuild the Great Buddha Hall at Todai-ji Temple) and a thirteen-storey wooden pagoda built in 1198.
Japanese: 建久7年（1196年）には俊乗房重源（しゅんじょうぼうちょうげん、東大寺大仏殿の再建に尽力したことで知られる）によって梵鐘（現存）や宋版大般若経が施入され、建久9年（1198年）には木造の十三重塔が建立された。
English: MINAMOTO no Yoritomo donated gold nuggets to contribute to the restoration costs of the worship hall (a building for the worship of the giant Miroku carving) in 1204.
Japanese: 元久元年（1204年）には源頼朝が礼堂（弥勒磨崖仏を礼拝するための建物）の再興費として砂金を寄進している。
English: In September,1331, Emperor Godaigo who was plotting to overthrow the Kamakura Shogunate escaped his palace to Mt. Kasagi where he raised an army (the Genko War).
Japanese: 元弘元年（1331年）8月、鎌倉幕府打倒を企てていた後醍醐天皇は御所を脱出して笠置山に篭り、挙兵した（元弘の乱）。
English: His forces surrendered at Mt. Kasagi in October of the same year and Emperor Godaigo escaped but was captured and exiled to Oki Province.
Japanese: 笠置山は同年9月に落城、後醍醐は逃亡するが捕えられ、隠岐国へ流罪になった。
English: Kasagi-dera Temple was destroyed in the fire that arose from this conflict and the engraved Miroku image was exposed to flames which damaged the surface of the rock.
Japanese: この戦乱時の兵火で笠置寺は炎上し、弥勒磨崖仏も火を浴びて石の表面が剥離してしまった。
English: In addition to the engraved Miroku image, Kasagi-dera Temple possessed numerous line-engraved Buddhist images which included the Yakushi (Yakushi Nyorai (the Healing Buddha) rock, Monju (Monju Bosatsu) rock, Kokuzo (Kokuzo Bosatsu) rock and a Mandala of the Two Realms rock but the majority of these were lost to the fire so that now only the rock with Kokuzo Bosatsu image survives in its original condition.
Japanese: 笠置山には弥勒磨崖仏の他に薬師石、文殊石、虚空蔵石、両界曼荼羅石などがあり、かつてはそれぞれに線刻の仏像や曼荼羅図が刻まれていたが、兵火でほとんどが失われ、わずかに虚空蔵菩薩像の刻まれた石のみが当初の姿をとどめている。
English: The Miroku image was engraved on a rock measuring approximately 16 m in height and 15 m across but has been completely lost with the exception of the halo cavity so that the original grandeur of the image can now only be inferred from images within 'Kakuzensho' (a collection of iconographical drawings by the Shingon)' and the painting 'Kasagi Mandala-zu' Painting (Important Cultural Property) at the Museum Yamatobunkakan.
Japanese: 弥勒磨崖仏は高さ約16メートル、幅約15メートルの岩に刻まれたが、現状では光背の窪みが確認できる程度で像の姿は全く失われており、往時の像容は「覚禅鈔」（図像集）所収の図像や、大和文華館所蔵の「笠置曼荼羅図」（重要文化財）からしのぶほかない。
English: Kasagi Mandala-zu' depicts the engraved Miroku image and the thirteen-storey wooden pagoda, making it possible to imagine the temple at the height of its prosperity.
Japanese: 「笠置曼荼羅図」には、弥勒磨崖仏と木造十三重塔が描かれており、最盛期の境内の様子がこの絵から想像される。
English: The extant engraved Miroku image at Ono-dera Temple in Uda City, Nara Prefecture is believed to be a copy of that of Kasagi-dera Temple.
Japanese: なお、奈良県宇陀市の大野寺に現存する弥勒磨崖仏は笠置寺の磨崖仏を模したものとされている。
English: Kasagi-dera Temple was revived in 1339 but destroyed by fire again in 1355.
Japanese: 寺は暦応2年（1339年）に再興されるが、文和4年（1355年）再び焼失。
English: The main hall was rebuilt in 1381 (kanjincho (a statement to explain reasons to gather donation for Buddhist activities) of 1482) but underwent repeated episodes of reconstruction and destruction by fires such as that of 1398, and the temple was never restored to the scale of its heyday.
Japanese: 永徳元年（1381年）には本堂が再興されるが（文明14年・1482年の勧進帳）、応永5年（1398年）に焼失するなど、再興と焼失を繰り返すが、以後、最盛期の規模が復活することはなかった。
English: The domain lord Takatsugu TODO rebuilt the Kasagi-dera Temple main hall between 1648 and 1652.
Japanese: 藩主藤堂高次は慶安年間（1648-1652年）に笠置寺本堂を再興した。
English: On passing through the sanmon gate, the honbo (head priest's residence), Bishamon-do hall (constructed in 2004), repository and belfry (concrete structure) can be seen, behind which lies the ascetic practice area which measures approximately 800 m from start to finish.
Japanese: 山門をくぐると本坊、毘沙門堂（2004年建立）、収蔵庫、鐘楼（コンクリート造）などが建ち、その奥に一周約800メートルの修行場がある。
English: The ascetic practice area is scattered with named rocks such as 'Tainai Kuguri' (a narrow sanctified cavern), 'Ari no Towatari' (proceeding like ants over a steep cliff), and 'Yurugi Ishi' (unstable stone which can be shaken with just one finger) and includes the Miroku image carving (only the halo remains), Shogatsu-do hall (Miroku image worship hall), a thirteen-storey stone pagoda, the engraved Kokuzo Bosatsu image on the cliff and the ruins of a temporary lodging for Emperor Godaigo.
Japanese: 修行場には「胎内くぐり」「蟻の戸渡り」「ゆるぎ石」などと名付けられた岩が点在しており、途中に弥勒磨崖仏（現在は光背を残すのみ）、正月堂（弥勒磨崖仏の礼堂）、石造十三重塔、虚空蔵菩薩磨崖仏、後醍醐天皇行在所跡などがある。
English: This is a memorial to a stray cat called 'Kasa-yan' that lived at Kasagi-dera Temple during the 1990s and became famous for showing people around.
Japanese: これは、1990年代に笠置寺に住み着き、案内をする名物猫として有名になった野良猫「笠やん」の追悼碑である。
English: It is known from the inscription that it was donated by the venerable Namuamidabutsu (Shunjobo Chogen) as the bell of Hannyadai (a hexagonal hall that housed the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra).
Japanese: 銘文から、大和尚南無阿弥陀仏（俊乗房重源）が笠置寺の般若台（大般若経を安置する六角堂）の鐘として寄進したことがわかる。
English: The six-lobed shape with six notches at the base is often seen in Chinese bells but is unique for a Japanese temple bell.
Japanese: 最下部に6つの切り込みを入れて六葉形にするのは中国鐘に見られる形式で、日本の梵鐘には珍しいものである。
English: The bell is extremely valuable as a historical source that verifies contact between Chogen and Jokei, two eminent monks of the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 重源と貞慶という鎌倉時代仏教界の高僧2人の交流を証するものとして史料的にも貴重である。
English: This line-carved bodhisattva image is seated on a lotus pedestal on a granite cliff with its right hand raised and its left hand placed on its knee.
Japanese: 花崗岩の絶壁に蓮華座上に坐し、右手を挙げ、左手を膝上に置く形の菩薩像を線刻する。
English: The time of its creation is unclear due to the lack of comparable works but it has been said to date from the Nara period and the Heian period.
Japanese: 制作年代についても比較する作例に乏しいことから定かでなく、奈良時代とも平安時代とも言われている。
English: In 1382, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA retired to the temple for prayer where he became fond of the Zen lifestyle and vowed to found Shokoku-ji Temple.
Japanese: 1382年（永徳2年）、足利義満が参籠して禅の生活に親しみ、相国寺創建を発願したという。
English: The Ansei-ji Temple buildings were relocated to the Shoichi school Manju-ji Temple and Tofuku-ji Temple's Rikkyoku-an sub-temple, following which the Rokuon-in sub-temple of Shokoku-ji Temple was built on the site.
Japanese: 安聖寺の建物は聖一派ゆかりの万寿寺や東福寺栗棘庵に移され、跡地に相国寺鹿苑院が設けられた。
English: It later fell into ruin, and at the end of the Edo period was restored as the Pure Land Sect temple that stands today.
Japanese: その後荒廃し、幕末に浄土宗の寺として再興されたのが現在の直指庵である。
English: Okada Kamo-jinja Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in Kizugawa City, Kyoto Prefecture (formerly Kamo-cho, Soraku-gun County).
Japanese: 岡田鴨神社（おかだかもじんじゃ）は、京都府木津川市（旧相楽郡加茂町(京都府)）にある神社である。
English: According to the regional gazetteer of Yamashiro Province (lost writing), Taketsunumi no Mikoto was transferred from Katsuragi in Yamato Province to Kamo Mioya-jinja Shrine (commonly known as Shimogamo-jinja Shrine) in the north of Kyoto via Okada Kamo in Yamashiro Province.
Japanese: 山城国風土記（逸文）によれば、建角身命は大和国葛城から山城国岡田賀茂を経て洛北の賀茂御祖神社（下鴨神社）に鎮まったとある。
English: Legend has it that the shrine was founded by the Kamo clan during the reign of the Emperor Sujin, after they received from Shimogamo-jinja Shrine the divided deity of Taketsunumi no Mikoto, a god with a connection to the area of Okada Kamo,
Japanese: 崇神天皇の御代に賀茂氏によって、建角身命に縁のある岡田賀茂の地に下鴨神社より勧請を受けて創建されたものと伝わる。
English: The first historical reference to the shrine appears in the "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) entry for the 27th day of the 1st month of the year 859 (March 9, 859) when it was granted the rank of Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 文献の初見は『日本三代実録』貞観(日本)元年（859年）年正月27日条の当社に従五位上の神階を授けるという記述である。
English: Okada Kamo-jinja Shrine was originally located north of its current site (the 'remains of Kamo Daimyojin Shrine' on the bank of the Kizu-gawa River (Kyoto Prefecture)) but water damage caused by the frequently changing route of the Kizu-gawa river led to it being relocated to its current site.
Japanese: 当社は元々現在地より北方（木津川(京都府)河岸に「鴨大明神趾」がある）に鎮座していたが、木津川の流路が変わりたびたび水害に遭うようになったため、現在地に遷座した。
English: After the villa fell out of use, the villagers founded a shrine in order to protect the site and named it 'Tenjinsha.'
Japanese: 離宮が廃された後、その旧跡を保存するために村人が神社を創建し、「天神社」と称した。
English: Okadakuni-jinja Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in Kizugawa City, Kyoto Prefecture (formerly Kizu-cho, Soraku-gun County).
Japanese: 岡田国神社（おかだくにじんじゃ）は、京都府木津川市（旧相楽郡木津町）にある神社である。
English: The main deities are Ikukunitama no mikoto and SUGAWARA no Michizane which are enshrined with the associated deities Hachimanshin (God of War) (Emperor Chusui, Empress Jingu and Emperor Ojin).
Japanese: 生国魂命と菅原道真を主祭神とし、八幡神（仲哀天皇・神功皇后・応神天皇）を配祀する。
English: SUGAWARA no Michizane had been enshrined since the Heian period and this shrine was named Tenman-gu Shrine/Kizu-eki Soja Tenjinsha Shrine until the Edo period.
Japanese: 菅原道真は平安時代より祀られるようになったもので、当社は江戸時代までは天神宮・木津駅惣社天神社と称していた。
English: According to shrine legend, Okadakuni-jinja Shrine began with the enshrining of Ikukunitama no mikoto in September, 659.
Japanese: 社伝では、斉明天皇5年（659年）9月、生国魂尊を祀ったのに始まると伝えられる。
English: The first written reference to the shrine appears in the "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) entry for the 27th day of the 1st month of the year 859 (March 9, 859) when it was granted the rank of Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade).
Japanese: 国史の初見は、『日本三代実録』貞観(日本)元年（859年）年正月27日条の当社に従五位上の神階を授けるという記述である。
English: Belief in Tenjin (heavenly deities) increased during the Heian period and SUGAWARA no Michizane (Tenjin) was enshrined alongside the existing deities, leading the shrine to become named Tenjin-gu Shrine.
Japanese: 平安時代、天神信仰が高まり、当社に菅原道真（天神）が合祀され、以降、天神宮と呼ばれるようになった。
English: In March 1878, the shrine was nationally determined to be the Okadakuni-jinja Shrine listed in the Engishiki Jinmyocho and renamed Okadakuni-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: 明治11年（1878年）3月、当社が式内・岡田国神社であると国により確定され、岡田国神社に改称した。
English: Kasuga-jinja Shrine, a subsidiary shrine within the precinct of Katte-jinja Shrine (Ono, Kamo-cho, Kizugawa City), is also listed as ronja (shrines considered to be descendants of a shikinai-sha) of Okadakuni-jinja Shrine.
Japanese: なお、岡田国神社については勝手神社（木津川市加茂町大野）境内末社の春日神社も論社となっている。
English: In 1983, part of the approximately 132,400m² precinct was purchased by the Japan Housing Corporation and the money was used to construct a new shrine building.
Japanese: 昭和58年、4万坪の境内地の一部が日本住宅公団に買却され、その代金によって新社殿が建立された。
English: The former shrine building remains in its entirety and was designated a cultural property registered by Kyoto Prefecture in 1988.
Japanese: 旧社殿一式もそのまま残されており、昭和63年に京都府登録文化財となった。
English: Kan-ji temples (state-sponsored temples) were temples that received financial guarantees instead of state supervision.
Japanese: 官寺（かんじ）とは、国家の監督を受ける代わりにその経済的保障を受けていた寺院のこと。
English: In a broad sense, the term refers to temples for which the imperial court or provincial government offices provided the construction and maintenance costs as well as other funds, and in a narrow sense refers to temples that were self-managed but for which jikifu (a vassal household allotted to courtier, shrines and temples) and cultivated land ownership rights (the right to hold a manor) were provided by the state.
Japanese: 広義では、朝廷または国衙が伽藍の造営・維持のための費用その他を拠出している寺院を指し、狭義では食封や墾田保有権（荘園私有の権利）を国家から与えられて、運営が行われている寺院のことを指す。
English: The term is generally considered to be synonymous with dai-ji (great temple, also known as kandai-ji) but kokubun-ji and kokubun-niji (state-supported provincial temples and convents of the Nara period) are also thought of as kan-ji as these are also covered by the definition.
Japanese: 一般的には大寺（だいじ・官大寺（かんだいじ））と同義と考えられているが、国分寺・国分尼寺も官寺の定義に該当するため、官寺に含んで考えられる事も多い。
English: In addition, there were also smaller yufu-ji (a status of the temples given jikifu by Imperial Court, also known as yujikifu-ji) and other various types of temple.
Japanese: また、これよりも小規模な有封寺（有食封寺）・諸寺と言った寺院も存在した。
English: Among the chokugan-ji temples (temples built by imperial order), which highly resembled family temples of the imperial household, and private family temples of influential nobles and clans that were classified as government protected jogaku-ji temples (government-subsidized temples), some were treated in a manner similar to kan-ji temples.
Japanese: 更に皇室の私寺的色彩の強い勅願寺や有力な貴族・豪族の氏寺であった私寺のうち官の保護を受けた定額寺も官寺に准じて扱われることがある。
English: Kan-ji temples were mainly used to hold Buddhist services to pray for nation and the emperor or for the security of the imperial family based on the idea of spiritual protection of the state.
Japanese: 主に鎮護国家に理念に基づいて国家及び天皇・及び皇室の安泰を祈願するための法会などが行われた。
English: However, there are examples of yufu-ji temples and jogaku-ji temples that were the private family temples of influential nobles and clans that received state protection and became kan-ji temples.
Japanese: ただし、有封寺や定額寺のうちには有力な貴族・豪族の氏寺であった私寺が官の保護を受けて官寺化した例もある。
English: In principle, dai-ji temples and kokubun-ji temples received vassal households, farmland and rice loans from the imperial court or provincial government offices, just as the sustenance households of yufu-ji temples and the farmland and rice loans of jogaku-ji temples or chokugan-ji temples were provided by the imperial court or provincial government offices.
Japanese: 原則として大寺・国分寺などは封戸・寺田及び出挙稲が朝廷・国衙より支給され、同様に有封寺には封戸が、定額寺・勅願寺などは寺田及び出挙稲が朝廷・国衙より支給された。
English: On the other hand, the system was administrated and supervised both centrally by the sogo (an ancient Buddhist ecclesiastical authority) and locally by the kokushi (provincial governor) and kodokushi (購読師), while being regulated by the Soniryo (regulations concerning monks and nuns) in which an individual would receive a formal ordination license from the state upon entering the priesthood to become an official monk or nun (however, sogo could not or limited to supervise jogaku-ji and chokugan-ji which were much independent from government).
Japanese: その一方で、中央からは僧綱、地方では国司及び購読師によって管理・監督されて、僧侶には得度を経て国家による正式な度牒を受けた官僧が配されて僧尼令によって統制された（ただし私寺性の強い定額寺・勅願寺には僧綱らによる監督が及ばなかったあるいは限定的であったと言われている）。
English: Also, within the central dai-ji temples were stationed ryoge-no-kan (officials appointed apart from the provisions of the imperial code) known as Zoji-shi who were responsible solely for the construction and management of specific temples.
Japanese: また、中央の大寺には造寺司という特定寺院の造営・管理のためだけの令外官も設置されていた。
English: The period for which sustenance households could be held was semi-permanent for dai-ji temples and kokubun-ji temples but this was limited to the reign of one emperor (renewed upon the coronation of a new emperor) in 780, whereas the period was limited to 30 years by imperial decree in 680 for yufu-ji temples but reduced to 5 years by the Taiho Code (also renewed).
Japanese: 食封の期限は大寺・国分寺は半永久的、有封寺は天武天皇9年の勅によって30年とされていたが、前者は宝亀11年（780年）には天皇1代に限定（天皇の代替りとともに更新）され、後者は大宝律令によって5年（これも更新された）と期限が付けられた。
English: However, the Emperor Komu's ban on monks becoming involved in politics and his reconstruction of state finances after the Dokyo Incident led to the strengthening of temple regulations and a reduction of the number of vassal households that could be held, in addition to the appointment of monks that could be trusted by the imperial court to high-ranking positions such as zasu (temple's head priest), betto (the superior of a temple) and choja (chief abbot of the temple) in order to take control of temples from the sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple).
Japanese: だが、道鏡事件以後、桓武天皇が僧侶の政治関与の排除や財政再建のために寺院統制の強化や封戸の削減を行い、更に朝廷が信頼のおける僧侶を座主・別当・長者などに任命して三綱に代わって寺院の支配を行わせた。
English: Relaxation of the Ritsuryo-sei (law system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Japan) from the mid-Heian period led to the demise of the kan-ji temple, with some going on to become branch-temples of other temples and others closing down completely.
Japanese: 平安時代中期以後には律令制の弛緩によって官寺は衰微し、中には他の寺院の末寺となったり廃絶となる寺院も現れた。