nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In this regard, there are misunderstanding due to the fact that above-described correct meaning of the words such as the details of sazareishi (pebbles) (Refer to the section for "sazareishi (pebbles)," are hardly known.
Japanese: これに対して細石（さざれ石の項目を参照）についての詳細など、先に述べた歌詞の正確な内容がほとんど知られていない事による誤解が広まっている。
English: Examples of small grains of sand becoming a large stone, consisting of pebbles and stromatolite are well-known and it is often seen that homstone (SiO2) and calcareous rock consolidates broken pieces of other rocks.
Japanese: 小さな砂粒が大きな石になる例には、細石やストロマトライトなどが知られており、またチャート（SiO2）や石灰質岩により他の岩石破砕物を固結する例もよく見られることである。
English: We can say sandstone, conglomerates, etc. which are sedimentary rocks and aqueous rock are examples of the mechanism in which grains of sand are consolidated into a large rock.
Japanese: 堆積岩、水成岩である砂岩や礫岩などは、砂の粒子が大きな岩体に固結する仕組みとも言える。
English: These examples are not necessarily reflective of modern knowledge and we can see from the name "sazareishi (pebble)" that, at least partially, it has been known since olden times.
Japanese: これらは必ずしも近代的な知識ではなく、少なくとも部分的には古くから知られていたことが「さざれ石」の名からわかる。
English: Some question whether scientific grounds are necessary for classic music even if such scientific facts exist, and they believe that requiring a strict "scientific nature" for a verse—which is, after all, just a literary and figurative expression—can be described as nonsense, even if it is for a national anthem.
Japanese: もっとも、それら「科学的反証」とは別に、そもそもこのような古典楽曲に科学的根拠を求める必要性があるのかという意見や、国歌とはいえ「詩」という文学的、比喩的表現の中に厳密な「科学性」を求めること自体がナンセンスであるともいえる。
English: "Until something which cannot happen happens" is a common oratory which means "forever," and even if "becoming a rock" cannot happen, it is acceptable as a literary expression.
Japanese: そもそも、「起こらないことが起こるまで」とは「永遠に」を意味するありふれた修辞であり、「巌となりて」がありえないとしても文学表現としては成立している。
English: There is another opposing opinion that takes up a purely music-related point of view, such as the melody is primitive, and has no exciting elements and therefore it is difficult to sing, etc.
Japanese: 他の反対意見には、メロディが稚拙で、盛り上がりがなく歌いづらいなどといった純粋に音楽的点を取り上げたものがある。
English: How to treat Kimigayo in the filed of education is a theme which has been discussed very often.
Japanese: 君が代の教育現場での扱いについては議論になることが多いテーマである。
English: Since around 1996, in the field of education, under guidance by the Ministry of Education at that time, the instruction for the chorus reading of "Kimigayo" together with raising of the Japanese (rising sun) flag (hinomaru) were strengthened.
Japanese: 平成8年（1996年）頃から、教育現場において、当時の文部省の指導で、日章旗（日の丸）の掲揚と同時に『君が代』の斉唱の通達が強化される。
English: Opposition factions such as Japan Teachers Union (Nikkyoso) asserted that they did not raise the flag and did not carry out chorus reading of "Kimigayo" on the grounds that it was against freedom of thought and freedom of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution.
Japanese: 日本教職員組合などの反対派は憲法が保障する思想・良心の自由に反するとして、旗の掲揚並びに「君が代」斉唱は行わないと主張した。
English: In 1999, the principal of Hiroshima Prefectural SERA Senior High School committed suicide on the day of the commencement ceremony and it was rumored that the cause of this suicide was the fact that he had been caught in the middle of the instruction by the Ministry of Education chorus reading Kimigayo and raising the Japanese (rising sun) flag and opposing teachers who belonged to Nikkyoso.
Japanese: 平成11年（1999年）には広島県立世羅高等学校で卒業式当日に校長が自殺し、君が代斉唱や日章旗掲揚の文部省通達とそれに反対する日教組教職員との板挟みになっていたことが原因ではないかと言われた。
English: Although the government said that it did not become a constraint of national flag and anthem, Nikkyoso asserted that constraint on the basis of law was carried out in the field of education and conflict with conservative groups which promoted the raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem.
Japanese: 政府は国旗国歌の強制にはならないとしたが、日教組側は法を根拠とした強制が教育現場でされていると主張、斉唱・掲揚を推進する保守派との対立は続いてきた。
English: In the recent years, however, judging from the fact that the majority of people accepted them, Nikkyoso softened its attitude and the rate of raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem on the occasion of entrance ceremony and commencement ceremony has increased.
Japanese: しかし近年、国民の大多数に受け入れられている現実から、日教組の態度も軟化し入学式や卒業式での国旗掲揚国歌斉唱の実施率は高まっている。
English: (For more information on conflicting opinions concerning Kimigayo, refer to the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem.)
Japanese: （君が代に対する意見対立について詳しくは、国旗及び国歌に関する法律を参照）。
English: There is an opinion that scenes in which "Kimigayo" is sung voluntarily as encouragement for sports persons in international competition is not problematic because it is not done unurged.
Japanese: 国際競技大会でスポーツ選手の応援として自発的に『君が代』が歌われる光景については、強制していない面で問題視しない意見がある。
English: There is also an assertion based on the fact that raising of the national flag and chorus reading of the national anthem are carried out solemnly with hats off and uprising that education in the way of Nikkyoso which seems to recommend negative response or denial of Hinomaru (national flag of Japan) and Kimigayo is internationally preposterous,
Japanese: また各国の国旗掲揚、国歌斉唱が脱帽起立のうえ厳粛におこなわれることを根拠として教育現場での日の丸・君が代への否定的対応および拒否を推奨するかのような日教組教育を国際的に非常識なものと批判する主張がある。
English: Since the Peace Treaty with Japan (Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco) was concluded in September 1951 and Japan came back officially as an independent country, "Kimigayo" was performed by an orchestra every day at the end of radio broadcasting by Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).
Japanese: 1951年9月に日本国との平和条約（サンフランシスコ講和条約）が成立し、正式に日本が独立国に復帰した際以来、日本放送協会のラジオ放送で連日放送終了後にオーケストラによる『君が代』の演奏が始まった。
English: On television, it was not in February 1953 when NHK began broadcasting, but, since September 1953, it started to perform at the end of the broadcasting day.
Japanese: テレビでは、NHKが開局した1953年2月の時点ではなかったが、1953年9月からやはり放送終了時に演奏されるようになった。
English: In recent years, however, as NHK aggressively carries out 24-hour broadcasting, "Kimigayo" is performed everyday only at the end of broadcasting of the second radio broadcasting (24:00 on Sunday, Monday and any day in which intensive maintenance is carried out; 25:35 on Tuesday (1:35 before dawn of Wednesday); and 25:40 on other days (1:40 before dawn).
Japanese: しかし近年になりNHKが24時間放送を積極的に行うようになったため、現在は毎日演奏しているのはラジオ第2放送の終了時（日・月曜、並びに集中メンテナンスの実施日は24時、火曜日は25時35分（水曜未明135）、他は25時40分（未明140））のみである。
English: Other than that, it is broadcast only when resuming normal broadcasting after broadcasting with reduced output power and the suspension of broadcasting of Sogo Terebi (literally, comprehensive TV broadcasting) (mainly, in the early morning of Monday, the words are shown by telop) and before and after the suspension of broadcasting of Kyoiku Terebi (literally, Educational TV Broadcasting)(when the broadcasting ends in the midnight on Sunday of the second, fourth and fifth week, every month and before 5:00 in the morning of Monday after that).
Japanese: あとは総合テレビの減力放送・放送休止明け（主として月曜早朝歌詞がテロップ表示される）と、教育テレビで放送休止前後（毎月第2・4・5週の日曜深夜の放送終了時とそれが明けた月曜5時前）で流れる程度となった。
English: Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc., which is a commercial broadcaster, broadcasts previously performance every day (junction - broadcasting), but, since April 1998, it broadcasts only before staring broadcasting on Monday, every week, and before 5:00 in the morning of Saturday.
Japanese: また民間放送のニッポン放送でも以前は毎日演奏（ジャンクション(放送)）を放送していたが、1998年4月より毎週月曜日の放送開始時と土曜日の午前5時前に限って放送している。
English: The original song of "Kimigayo" is the song for the spring festival of Shikaumi-jinja Shrine of Shikanoshima Island in Fukuoka Prefecture which read "Wagakimiha chiyoni yachiyoni sazareishino iwaotonarite kokenomusmade…(My lord lives for thousands and thousands years until pebbles become a rock and bears moss... ".
Japanese: 「君が代」の元歌は、「わが君は千代に八千代にさざれ石の、いわおとなりてこけのむすまで…」と詠われる福岡県の志賀島の志賀海神社の春の祭礼の歌である。
English: The real place of birth of "Kimigayo" is Itoshima on the shore of Hakata Bay and "wagakimi (my lord)" is not the emperor, but tsukushinokimi (lord of tsukushi) (lord of the theory of Kyushu Dynasty).
Japanese: 「君が代」の真の誕生地は、糸島・博多湾岸であり、ここで『わがきみ』と呼ばれているのは、天皇家ではなく、筑紫の君（九州王朝説の君主）である。
English: As KI no Tsurayuki knew this fact, he suppressed it and inserted the waka as "title not known" and "author not known".
Japanese: この事実を知っていたからこそ、紀貫之は敢えてこれを隠し、「題知らず」「読人知らず」の形での掲載した。
English: It was a culture developed during the Sekkan seiji (regency government) period from the early 10th century to the 11th century and has much influenced the culture during the Insei (cloister government) period in the 12th century.
Japanese: 10世紀の初め頃から11世紀の摂関政治期を中心とする文化であり、12世紀の院政期文化にも広く影響を与えた。
English: This culture is called Kokufu (or wafu)-bunka or Japanese-style culture, in contrast with the tofu-bunka, a culture in Nara period which was largely influenced by the Chinese culture.
Japanese: 中国の影響が強かった奈良時代の文化（唐風）に対して、これを国風（和風・倭風）文化と呼んでいる。
English: In general, people used to think that the stop of Japanese missions to Tang China in 894 allowed Japan to get out of direct influence of the China and to develop its own cultures.
Japanese: 以前は寛平6年（894年）の遣唐使停止により中国の直接的影響を抜け出し、日本独自の文化が発展したと一般的に解釈されてきた。
English: But, in reality, even after the demise of its missions to Tang China, Japan had active relations with other countries and many aspects of Chinese learning and culture were introduced.
Japanese: しかし、遣唐使廃止後も対外交流は盛んで中国の文物は多く日本に流入していた。
English: Already in Nara period, there were many considerations on Kuniburi, the Japan's own morals and feelings although respecting Chinese cultures.
Japanese: そもそも、唐風の文化を踏まえながらも日本の風土や生活感情である「国風（くにぶり）」を重視する傾向は奈良時代から進行していた。
English: Therefore, it is convenient to conclude that the demise of Japanese missions to Tang China was a factor that accelerated making Japanese cultures more kokufu-styled.
Japanese: すなわち、遣唐使停止は日本文化の国風化を加速させる要因であったとみることが適当である。
English: In the first part of the ninth century, Ennin introduced the Nenbutsu Zanmai Ho (method of mental absorption in the Buddhist invocation) of Wutai Shan (in China) to Mt. Hiei and Genshin (priest) perfected Tendai Jodo sect by writing "Ojoyoshu" (The Essentials of Salvation).
Japanese: 9世紀前半に円仁が中国五台山(中国)の念仏三昧法を比叡山に伝えており、源信_(僧侶)が『往生要集』を著して天台浄土教を大成した。
English: Jodo sect became widespread in the nobles living in Kyoto and influenced Buddhist architecture, statues and painting inspired by Kokufu-bunka.
Japanese: 浄土信仰は京の貴族に深く浸透し、国風文化の仏教建築、仏像、絵画などにその影響を残した。
English: The regime of regent by the Fujiwara clan (Northern House of the Fujiwara clan) was based on the consort clan policy (a policy consisting in making a daughter enter the Imperial Family and making her child an emperor in order to take power as a maternal grandfather).
Japanese: 藤原氏（藤原北家）による摂関政治は、外戚政策（天皇家に子女を入内させ、その子を天皇として外祖父となり権力を握ること）に立脚するものだった。
English: Once their daughters entered the Imperial Family, the Fujiwara clan selected capable women and put them beside the emperor as female personal assistants to gain the emperor's favor.
Japanese: 藤原氏は子女を入内させると天皇の歓心を得るために有能な女性を選抜し、女房として近侍させた。
English: Female personal assistants were often the girls of middle-classed nobles such as local officers and these middle-classed nobles spared no effort in educating their girls to win the FUJIWARA clan's favor.
Japanese: 女房は受領階級などの中級貴族の子女が多く、中級貴族たちは藤原氏に取り入るべく子女の教育に努力を惜しまなかった。
English: This is the reason why a number of women writers such as Seisho Nagon and Murasaki Shikibu appeared.
Japanese: そのため、清少納言や紫式部など多くの女流作家が生まれることとなった。
English: From the Nara period, manyo gana, making use of Chinese manners of reading to read Japanese, had been used; from this period, however, kana (hiragana and katakana --- both Japanese syllabary characters) began to be used.
Japanese: 奈良時代から日本語を表記するため漢字の音訓を借りた万葉仮名が使われていたが、この時代になって仮名(文字)（ひらがな、カタカナ）が広く使われるようになった。
English: Katakana has been designed from a parts of Kanji characters (example: イ from 伊) and was used as a sub character for reading a text written in China in a Japanese manner.
Japanese: 片仮名は漢字の一部に由来し（例：伊→イ）、漢文を訓読する際の補助文字として使われた。
English: Hiragana was designed from the sosho (cursive) style writing of kanji characters (for example あ from 安) and it was mainly women who started to use Hiragana.
Japanese: また、平仮名は漢字の草書体を元にしたもので（安→あ）主に女性が用い始めた。
English: Kokin Wakashu Kanajo (Preface of Kokin Wakashu written in kana) of the "Kokin Wakashu" (A Collection of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) written by KI no Tsurayuki was an early work written in Hiragana while keeping the usage of a text in Chinese.
Japanese: 紀貫之が書いた『古今和歌集』の「古今和歌集仮名序」は、漢文の用法を遺しながらも平仮名で書かれた和文として初期のものである。
English: Kokin Wakashu: Japan's first chokusen wakashu (anthology of Japanese poetry compiled by Imperial command) in 905 which was ordered by the Emperor Daigo and compiled by KI no Tsurayuki, KI no Tomonori, OSHIKOCHI no Mitsune, MIBU no Tadamine, etc.
Japanese: 古今和歌集：延喜5年（905年）に醍醐天皇が紀貫之、紀友則、凡河内躬恒、壬生忠岑等に編纂を命じて出来た最初の勅撰和歌集。
English: All the medieval characters of this period (the 10th century) such as grandfather, grandmother, princess, lords, nobles, craftsmen, merchants, emperors and samurai were already present in this tale.
Japanese: おじいさん、おばあさん、姫、公卿・皇族、職人、商人、天皇、武士と「中世的キャラクター」がこの時代（10世紀）に既に出揃っている。
English: Ochikubo Monogatari (The Tale of Ochikubo): The tales in which the Princess, after suffering from harassment from her stepmother, got married with a Prince and lived happily with him.
Japanese: 落窪物語：継子いじめに苦しむ姫が貴公子と結婚して幸せになるまでを描いた物語。
English: Tosa Nikki (The Tosa Diary): A diary written in Hiragana detailing his trip after completing his mission as Tosa no kami (the Governor of Tosa Province), in which he impersonated a woman.
Japanese: 土佐日記：紀貫之が土佐守の任務を終えて帰る旅の途中のことを女性を装って平仮名で書いている。
English: "Hojoki" (An Account of My Hut) by KAMO no Chomei, "Tsurezure gusa" (Essays in Idleness) by Kenko YOSHIDA and this book are called Japan's three most famous books on history and caricature.
Japanese: 鴨長明の『方丈記』、吉田兼好の『徒然草』と並んで日本三大一覧歴史・風刺と称される。
English: Clothes became such that breathed well with opened-cuffs and loose-fitting to fit to a highly-humid climate.
Japanese: 湿度の高い気候に適応するため、袖口が広くなるなど風通しの良いゆったりとしたシルエットになった。
English: Amida Hall of Hokai-ji Temple: Originally a second house owned by Sukenari HINO, transformed into a temple by him around 1050.
Japanese: 法界寺阿弥陀堂：永承5年（1050年）頃、日野資業が自分の別荘を寺にしたもの。
English: Famous buildings other than Amida Hall include the five-story pagoda in Daigo-ji Temple constructed in 951.
Japanese: 阿弥陀堂以外の建築としては天暦5年（951年）建立の醍醐寺五重塔が知られる。
English: Parquet technique, which consists of making geometric mosaic patters of wood pieces, is utilized in order to produce statues of Amida Nyorai in large numbers.
Japanese: 阿弥陀如来像を大量生産するため、分けて造った部品を組み立てる寄木造の技法が用いられた。
English: The characteristics of his technique include: shallow and parallel pleats and folding, and a mild and meditative expression with a round face and half-opened eyes, and this style of statue is called Jocho style.
Japanese: 彫りが浅く平行して流れる衣文、丸い顔に細い目の穏やかで瞑想的な表情が特徴で、こうした仏像を定朝様式と呼ぶ。
English: The Japanese style of painting called Yamato-e was developed and this produced Buddhist painting, painting of natural features on walls and folding screens called "Tsukinami-no-e" and "Shiki-e" (such as Senzui Byobu [folding screen with landscape picture]) and painting on walls (such as tobira-e [the frontispiece] of the Hoo-do Hall of Byodo-in Temple) but except Buddhist paintings, few paintings remain.
Japanese: 大和絵と呼ばれる日本的な絵画が発達し、仏教絵画、月次絵や四季絵と呼ばれた景物を描いた障屏画(山水屏風など)や壁画(平等院鳳凰堂扉絵など)が描かれたが仏教絵画を除いて少数しか現存していない。
English: It is estimated that many narrative paintings were created (either in books or scrolls), but no such paintings from before the end of the 11th century remain.
Japanese: また、多くの物語絵（冊子または絵巻物）が制作されたことが推測されているが、11世紀末以前に制作された作品は現存していない。
English: In the 11th century, Koya-gire, a classic of kana calligraphy, was produced and this allowed a variety of kana calligraphy styles to be developed by the 12th century.
Japanese: 11世紀にはかな書道の古典とされる高野切が制作され、12世紀まで多様なかなの書風が展開した。
English: Bakufu refers to the government office of military rule or samurai government itself; however, there are some exceptions, such as, the Taira clan government and the Shokuho government (the government of Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI. "Shoku" and "ho" are the initial letters of Oda and Toyotomi).
Japanese: 幕府（ばくふ）は、武家政治の政庁や武家政権そのものを指す（平氏政権・織豊政権などの例外はある）。
English: "Baku" means curtain or tent and "fu" means a place where treasure and documents of the royal family, etc. are kept.
Japanese: 「幕」は帳幕・天幕を意味し、「府」は王室等の財宝や文書を収める場所。
English: It originated in China during the period of Warring States; where the general who took command in place of a king was called bakufu.
Japanese: 戦国時代(中国)、王に代わって指揮を取る出先の将軍が張った陣地を幕府と呼んだことに由来する。
English: When the word came to Japan, it became the Chinese style name of Konoe no daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards), and it was also called Makushita or Ryuei.
Japanese: それが日本に来ては、近衛大将の唐名となり、幕下あるいは柳営ともいった。
English: Later, it became known as another name of the seii taishogun, as Ukone no daisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was appointed to the seii taishogun.
Japanese: その後右近衛大将源頼朝が征夷大将軍に任ぜられたことから、転じて征夷大将軍の別称ともなった。
English: The place where wartime headquarters was located turned to the place where government policies were dispatched and became a substantive administrative office of the military government.
Japanese: 戦時の司令部であった場所を平定後も政策発信地とし、実質的に武家政権の政庁となっていった。
English: Like the name "han" (feudal clan), the name "bakufu" began to be used for the centralized government after the late Edo period.
Japanese: 幕府の名称がすなわち中央政庁を表すようになったのは、藩と同じく江戸時代中期以降である。
English: It was advanced by Confucian scholars who studied the period of Warring States in China with the spread of Neo-Confucianism.
Japanese: これは朱子学の普及に伴い、中国の戦国時代を研究する儒学者によって唱えられた。
English: Therefore, the terms 'Kamakura bakufu' and 'Muromachi bakufu' were created after that time.
Japanese: よって、「鎌倉幕府」や「室町幕府」という言葉はこの時代以降に考案されたものである。
English: Japanese missions to Tang China were diplomatic missions sent to Tang China by Japan, as described in the "Old Book of Tang" and the "New Book of Tang."
Japanese: 遣唐使（けんとうし）とは、『旧唐書』や『新唐書』にも記されているとおり、倭国が唐に派遣した朝貢使のことをいう。
English: Japanese missions to Sui China were replaced by those to Tang China because, in China, the Sui Dynasty fell and the Tang Dynasty appeared in 619.
Japanese: 中国では619年に隋が滅び唐が建ったので、それまで派遣していた遣隋使に替えてこの名称となった。
English: The first Japanese mission to Tang China was made by INUKAMI no Mitasuki in 630.
Japanese: 第一次遣唐使は、630年（舒明2）の犬上御田鍬（いぬかみのみたすき）の派遣によって始まった。
English: Measures were taken to allow Japan called Wa at that time, a country far away, not to send a mission every year, as described in the Books of Tang below.
Japanese: 以下の『唐書』の記述が示すように、遠国である倭国の朝貢は毎年でなくてよいとする措置がとられた。
English: Taking pity on the Japanese envoy because of the long journey he had had to make, Taiso (Tang tai zong) ordered the office in charge not to request tributes from Japan every year.
Japanese: 太宗、その道の遠きを矜（あわれ）み、所司に勅して、歳貢せしむることなからしむ。
English: Taking pity on the Japanese envoy because of the long journey he had had to make, the emperor ordered the office in charge not to request tributes from Japan every year.
Japanese: 帝、その遠きを矜（あわれ）み、有司に詔して、歳貢にかかわることなからしむ。
English: After that, a rule was made before the eighth century for an emperor to send a mission once every 20 years as described in the book written by the Tang priest Yuiken and a mission was sent approximately every dozen to two dozen years.
Japanese: その後、唐僧維躅（ゆいけん）の書に見える「二十年一来」（20年に1度）の朝貢が8世紀ごろまでに規定化され、およそ十数年から二十数年の間隔で遣唐使の派遣が行われた。
English: The missions to Tang China were repeated for more than 200 years and this allowed Japan to adopt the cultures and institutions of the Tang Dynasty which was an advanced state, and considerably contributed to the introduction of Buddhism into Japan.
Japanese: 遣唐使は200年以上にわたり、当時の先進国であった唐の文化や制度、そして仏教の日本への伝播に大いに貢献した。
English: People used to pray in Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka, for safety of the ships for mission to Tang China, and put 'Sumiyoshi-Daijin,' the alter of the god of the sea, on the bow of the ships; they left Suminoe no tsu (Suminoe Port) (Sumiyoshi Ward, Osaka City) and entered the Osaka gulf from Hosoe in Sumiyoshi (current Hosoe-gawa River, commonly called as Hosoi-gawa River; Hosoigawa Station), stopped over in Naniwa no tsu (Naniwa Port) (Chuo Ward, Osaka City) and arrived at Nanotsu (Fukuoka City in Fukuoka Prefecture) via Seto Island Sea.
Japanese: 遣唐使船は、大阪住吉区の住吉大社で海上安全の祈願を行い、海の神の「住吉大神」を船の舳先に祀り、住吉津（大阪市住吉区）から出発し、住吉の細江（現・細江川。通称・細井川。細井川駅）から大阪湾に出、難波津（大阪市中央区(大阪市)）に立ち寄り、瀬戸内海を経て那の津（福岡県福岡市）に至る。
English: Route starting at northern Kyushu (sometimes via Tsushima) and reaching Tonshung in the Shandong Peninsula via the west cost of the Korean Peninsula and the southern coast of Liaodong Peninsula.
Japanese: 北九州（対馬を経由する場合もある）より朝鮮半島西海岸沿いを経て、遼東半島南海岸から山東半島の登州へ至るルート。
English: Route starting at Bo no tsu (now Minami-Satsuma City in Kagoshima Prefecture) and crossing the East China Sea via the Nansei Islands.
Japanese: 薩摩の坊津（鹿児島県南さつま市）より出帆し、南西諸島経由して東シナ海を横断するルート。
English: Japan was unable to send missions to Tang China through the northern route and had to find a new route, because Japan lost its base foot in the Korean Peninsula in the Battle of Baekgang in 663 and Silla drove the Tang army out of the peninsula to unify its country in 676.
Japanese: 663年の白村江の戦いで倭国は朝鮮半島での足場が無くなり、676年に新羅が半島から唐軍を追い出して統一を成し得たため、倭国は北路での遣唐使派遣が出来なくなり、新たな航路の開拓が必要になった。
English: Note that the mission to Tang China in 665 was a mission to send back to Tang the mission sent to Japan after the Battle of Baekgang.
Japanese: なお、665年の遣唐使は、白村江の戦いの後に唐から倭国に来た使節が、唐に帰る際の送唐客使である。
English: It seems that, in the return journey in 839, people took the route starting at south coast of the Shandong Peninsula and reached Japan at northern Kyushu, crossing the Yellow Sea via the south coast of the Korean Peninsula.
Japanese: 839年の帰路は、山東半島南海岸から黄海を横断して朝鮮半島南海岸を経て北九州に至るルートがとられたようである。
English: The ships for missions to Tang China had a box-shaped structure similar to a flat-bottomed junk boat without keel and was equipped with sails.
Japanese: 遣唐使船は竜骨(船)を用いない平底のジャンク船に似た箱型構造で、簡単な帆を用いていた。
English: They risked their life in sailing because many of the late missions to Tang China encountered storms and went missing.
Japanese: 後期の遣唐使船の多くが風雨に見舞われ、遭難する船も少なくはない命懸けの航海であった。
English: While a mainstream view for these disappearances is that they were due to poor sailing, Arikiyo SAEKI says that it was due to the fact the boats got larger and Haruyuki TONO argues that it was due to the diplomatic conditions of the missions to Tang China.
Japanese: この原因を航海技術が未熟であったためとする見方が主流であるが、佐伯有清は遣唐使船の大型化、東野治之は遣唐使の外交的条件を挙げている。
English: According to TONO, the sailing of the ship for missions to Tang China was relatively high.
Japanese: 東野によれば、遣唐使船はそれなりに高度な航海技術をもっていたという。
English: But because of the fact that the missions to Tang China were commanded by the emperor, they had to leave Japan in June or July, the months during which weather conditions were bad (and had to arrive at the capital of Tang within December in order to be present in the ceremony in which the Emperor received New Years congratulations) and had to return to Japan in a season in which weather conditions were severe.
Japanese: しかし、遣唐使は朝貢の使いであるという性格上、気象条件の悪い6月から7月ごろに日本を出航（元日朝賀に出席するには12月までに唐の都へ入京する必要がある）し、気象条件のよくない季節に帰国せざるを得なかった。
English: Ambassador, vice-ambassador, officers, clerical officers, on-board supervisors, translators, short-stay students, Shinto priest, doctors, master of Yin yang, painters, low-ranked clerks, archers, shipmen, and chief musicians
Japanese: 大使・副使・判官・録事・知乗船事・訳語生・請益生・主神・医師・陰陽師・絵師・史生・射手・船師・音声長
English: Silla and Amami interpreters, diviners, students studying abroad, Buddhist monks studying abroad, attendants, servitors, musicians, glass workers, hammer men, casters, wood craft workers, ship carpenters, chief quartmaster, and attendants of the mission
Japanese: 新羅、奄美訳語生・卜部・留学生・学問僧・傔従・雑使・音声生・玉生・鍛生・鋳生・細工生・船匠・柂師・傔人
English: Huang Chao sacked Luoang and Chang'an and founded the Qi Dynasty (880 to 884).
Japanese: 黄巣は、洛陽・長安を陥落させ、斉（880年-884年）を成立させた。
English: Although the Qi Dynasty fell in a short time, the Tang Dynasty was weakened and reduced to a local government which ran only Chang'an, the capital.
Japanese: 斉は短期間で倒れたが、唐は弱体化して首都・長安周辺のみを治める地方政権へと凋落した。
English: Therefore, the mission planned in 894 was dismissed by the proposal of SUGAWARA no Michizane.
Japanese: このため遣唐使は、894年（寛平6）の派遣が菅原道真の建議により中止された。