nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In many ways the settlements were quite convenient for the Japanese government, for example because they kept foreigners settled in certain specific places and thus helped prevent conflict with local Japanese, but as they were the fruit of the unequal treaties and demanded extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction for their inhabitants, they were unacceptable with respect to national prestige.
Japanese: 居留地は外国人を一ヶ所に集めて置けるので、日本人との紛争防止に役立つなど、日本政府にとって便利な面もあったが、やはり治外法権、領事裁判権を認める不平等条約の落とし子であり、国家的な体面から容認できないものであった。
English: Among the various settlements, two were restored to Japanese sovereignty due to escalating maintenance costs for the great powers maintaining them, namely Nagasaki in 1876 and Yokohama in 1877, but the other settlements continued unchanged.
Japanese: このうち、列強側の維持費の都合から長崎では1876年、横浜では1877年に居留地の返還が行われたが、他の居留地は依然として継続された。
English: The Meiji government exerted great effort to revise the treaties in order to regain sovereignty over the remaining settlements, but one nationalist faction began a movement to insist that on the contrary, Japanese tradition and culture would be best protected by continuing to confine foreigners to the settlements, rendering the situation still more complex.
Japanese: このため明治政府は条約改正に努力したものの、逆に国粋主義者の一部には外国人を居留地に閉じ込めて、日本の伝統・文化を守るべきだと言う対外硬運動も起きて複雑な展開を見せることもあった。
English: However, with the revision of the treaties, all of the settlements in Japan were restored to Japanese sovereignty together in 1899.
Japanese: だが、条約改正の実施に伴って、1899年各地の居留地は一斉に回収（返還）された。
English: The ports of those cities with settlements developed rapidly during the settlement period; Kobe, in particular, leapt ahead of Shanghai and Hong Kong to become the largest port in the Orient.
Japanese: 居留地が置かれていた都市の港は居留地時代に大きな発展を遂げ、特に神戸は上海・香港を凌ぐ東洋最大の港へと飛躍していた。
English: The foreign settlements in Japan were basically identical to the concessions ("sokai" in Japanese) founded in the treaty ports of China around the same period; as a result, the concessions in China were also generally referred to in Japan as "foreign settlements" until the 1920s.
Japanese: 同時期に中国各地の開港場に設置された租界と基本的には同じであり、日本では1920年代頃まで中国における租界も一般的に「居留地」と呼んでいた。
English: Gozenkaigi was a conference convened since the Meiji period to establish important national policies in the presence of the emperor.
Japanese: 御前会議（ごぜんかいぎ）とは、明治以降、重要な国策を決めた天皇臨席の会議。
English: In a broad sense, the term Gozenkaigi collectively indicated conferences of the Privy Council which must be convened in the presence of the emperor, Kogosho Conference (the meeting held in the presence of the Emperor in the Kogosho conference room of Kyoto Imperial Palace when the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule was issued) after the restoration of Imperial rule and conferences at the Imperial headquarters in which the emperor presented.
Japanese: 広義には官制上天皇親臨が定められていた枢密院会議、また王政復古直後の小御所会議や天皇臨席の大本営会議なども御前会議といえる。
English: But in a narrow sense, Gozenkaigi indicated joint meetings of elder statesmen, cabinet members and high-rank officers of the military held to discuss the pros and cons of wars against foreign countries and so on.
Japanese: しかし狭義には対外戦争遂行等に関して開かれた元老・閣僚・軍部首脳の合同会議をさす。
English: Gozenkaigi was abolished during the Taisho period, but it was restored in 1938, and then, matters such as the agreements after the Sino-Japanese war, the Tripartite Pact, and the start of the war against the USA, England and the Netherland were decided at Gozenkaigi.
Japanese: 大正期には中断したが、昭和13年（1938年）以後復活、日中戦争の処理方針、日独伊三国同盟、対米英蘭開戦などを決定した。
English: Decisions made in Gozenkaigi could not be effective immediately as intentions of the state, and to put decisions in force, they were required to go through due formalities (such as being adopted during a cabinet meeting) after Gozenkaigi.
Japanese: ちなみに御前会議での決定は、直ちにそのまま国家意思の決定となるのでなく、改めてその内容について、正式の手続（例えば閣議）にはかる必要があった。
English: Except during the Gozenkaigi in 1945 for the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, the emperor basically remained silent, but still, decisions of the emperor at Gozenkaigi were treated as a 'Imperial decision.'
Japanese: 昭和20年（1945年）のポツダム宣言受諾を決めた御前会議を除き、天皇は通常積極的な発言を行わなかったが、会議での決定には「聖断」としての権威が付与された。
English: During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), China closed its seaports giving rise to an increase in illegal trade including one by wako (Japanese pirates).
Japanese: 明王朝（1368年-1644年）は海禁を行い、倭寇などによる密貿易が行われた。
English: A similar policy, though less strictly enforced, was carried out during Qing dynasty (1616-1912) in order to antagonize the Taiwanese ruler Zheng Chenggong.
Japanese: 清朝（1616年-1912年）も台湾の鄭成功勢力などに対抗するために海禁政策を行ったが、清朝は明朝と違い、厳格な海禁政策は取らなかった。
English: Following the suppression of Taiwan, ports accepting foreign merchant ships were opened in Macau as well as Guangzhou City.
Japanese: 特に台湾平定後は伝統的なポルトガル租借地マカオ以外に広州市も開港し、外国商船の来航も認めた。
English: Thus, in the 18th century, Western trading houses were established in Guangzhou for the purpose of Cantonese trade.
Japanese: このため18世紀には広州に欧米諸国の商館が設置され、広東貿易が行われた。
English: After concluding the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 following the Opium War (1840 – 1842), China endured the Arrow War (1857 – 1860), the Sino-French War (1884 – 1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894 – 1895) and the Giwadan War (late 19th century – early 20th century) before being invaded by powerful countries of imperialism.
Japanese: アヘン戦争（1840年-1842年）の敗北により結ばれた南京条約の締結（1842年）に続き、アロー号戦争（1857年-1860年）、清仏戦争（1884年-1885年）、日清戦争（1894年-1895年）、義和団の乱（19世紀末-20世紀初頭）といった事件が起こっていき、帝国主義列強に侵略されていくことになる。
English: Hong Kong Island was ceded to Great Britain, and Kowloon, the New Territories, and Weihaiwei were leased to this nation; the Lushun and Dalian Leased Territory (later ceded to Japan and renamed the Kwantung Leased Territory) was leased to Russia, and interests in the Eastern Chinese Railway were given to this nation; the Gouzhouwan Leased Territory was leased to Germany; the Kwangchowan Leased Territory was leased to France; and Taiwan was ceded to Japan.
Japanese: イギリスに香港島を割譲、九竜・新界租借地、威海衛租借地を与え、ロシアに旅順大連租借地（後に日本が譲渡され関東州租借地）や東清鉄道利権を与え、ドイツに膠州湾租借地を、フランスに広州湾租借地を与えた他、日本に台湾を割譲した。
English: A famous anecdote of world history tells of a sign posted in a park in the French Concession (along the present Huangpu River) which read 'Dogs and Chinese cannot enter.'
Japanese: フランス租界の公園（現黄浦江沿いにある公園）に「犬と中国人入るべからず」という札が掲げられたのは、世界史における有名な逸話である。
English: Japan was a closed country for over 200 years in the Edo period with the exception of Dejima in Nagasaki which remained open to other countries; regulations such as a ban on foreign voyage to Japan and production of large ships were in effect.
Japanese: 日本は江戸時代に200年以上に渡って鎖国を続けており、対外的な窓は長崎の出島に限られ、日本人の海外渡航や大船建造の禁止など統制が行われていた。
English: In the 18th century, the allied western powers of imperialism such as Russia, England and France approached Japan thus some issues and disputes started to occur such as the arrival of Adam Kirillovich Laksman who came to Ezo to return Japanese castaways in 1792 and the Golovnin Incident of 1811.
Japanese: 18世紀には、主にロシア、イギリス、フランスなど帝国主義時代の欧米列強が日本へも接近し、日本人漂流民の返還のために蝦夷地へ来日したアダム・ラクスマンの来航（寛政4年（1792年））といった諸外国が通商を求める出来事や、1811年（文化8）のゴローニン事件といった摩擦・紛争が起こり始めた。
English: The bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) issued various edicts in 1791 (Kanseirei) and 1806 (Bunkarei) which instituted a policy of providing necessities to foreign ships.
Japanese: 幕府は1791年には寛政令、1806年には文化令がそれぞれ出され、来航した外国船に対して必要な物資を提供する政策が行われていた。
English: In a turn of events, a strict edict known as the Order for the Repelling of Foreign Ships was issued in 1825 following the 1808 Phaeton Incident in which a British ship pillaged food in Nagasaki; by 1837 the Morrison Incident occurred in which an American ship sailing into Uraga was attacked by cannon.
Japanese: 25年には一転して強硬な異国船打払令（文政令）が出され、文化5年（1808年）にはイギリス船が長崎へ上陸して食料を奪うフェートン号事件が起こり、1837年には浦賀に侵入したアメリカ商船に大砲が打たれるモリソン号事件が起こる。
English: The bakufu received information about foreign countries from countries that were allowed to trade in Dejima, such as China (Qing) and the Netherlands which provided 'Fusetsugaki' (documents about foreign information).
Japanese: 幕府の対外情報源は、出島において貿易を許可されていた中国（清）とオランダの「風説書」が主であった。
English: When roju (member of shogun's council of elders) Tadakuni MIZUNO heard in 1842 of the China's defeat in the Opium War, he loosened restrictions on fuel and water.
Japanese: アヘン戦争で中国の清が敗北したことが伝わる（1842年）と、老中の水野忠邦は1842年に令を緩和する（天保の薪水令）。
English: In 1844, Willem II (king of the Netherlands) sent a letter encouraging the feudal government to open the country.
Japanese: 44年にはオランダのヴィレム2世(オランダ王)が開国を勧める親書を送る。
English: The United States of America reached out Japan for the purpose of establishing free trade, securing a coal supply-base, and protecting American castaways and their property, and freely trading with Japan.
Japanese: アメリカ合衆国は石炭補給基地の確保や、日本沿岸で漂流した自国民やその財産の保護、日本との自由貿易などの理由で日本との通商を試みていた。
English: In 1846, East India fleet admiral James BIDDLE was sent to Japan seeking diplomatic relations, but the Edo bakufu and he went back to his country because of the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.
Japanese: 1846年（弘化3）、東インド艦隊司令長官ジェームズ・ビッドルを派遣して国交を求めたが、江戸幕府はこれを拒絶し、46年の米墨戦争の勃発のため帰国する。
English: In March 1849, The ship Preble arrived to demand the return of a castaway Ranald MACDONALD which was resolved by the mediation of Nagasaki magistrate.
Japanese: 49年3月には漂流民ラナルド・マクドナルドの返還を求めるプレブル号が来航し、長崎奉行の仲介で解決する。
English: At that time, feudal government was already aware from a 'Fusetsugaki' that an American envoy would arrive seeking commerce.
Japanese: この頃には「風説書」により、アメリカより通商を求める使節が来航する情報が幕府に伝わっている。
English: In June 1853, the United States of America dispatched Matthew (Calbraith) PERRY who was assigned as an East India fleet admiral.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）6月、アメリカは再び東インド艦隊司令長官に任命されたマシュー・ペリーを派遣する。
English: Perry had been ordered by Republican president Millard FILLMORE on a naval mission to conclude a treaty with Japan, but was prohibited from any act of belligerency without senate approval.
Japanese: ペリーは共和党(アメリカ)のミラード・フィルモア大統領から海軍の作戦行動として日本との条約締結を命じられるが、アメリカでは交戦権が上院に属するため、発砲は禁止されていた。
English: Perry arrived at Uraga at the head of a fleet of East India steamboats in July 1853 and submitted a message from the president of the US demanding the opening the country on July 14, returning to the US 9 days later.
Japanese: ペリーは蒸気船を配備した東インド艦隊を引きいて、53年7月に浦賀沖に来航し、7月14日に久里浜に設置された開国を求めるアメリカ大統領国書を提出し、9日後に帰国。
English: The Edo bakufu, lead by it's roju Masahiro ABE, upon opening the president's message on July 31 sought advice far and wide from territorial lords to the common people.
Japanese: 江戸幕府では老中阿部正弘らを中心に、7月31日に国書を開封、諸大名から庶民まで幅広く意見を求めた。
English: In an unprecedented move, the bakufu reported the state of affairs to the Imperial Court, where the matter was discussed until a treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan was concluded which opened ports at Shimoda and Hakodate, loosened a ban on production of large ships as of September and lifted the ban on foreign voyage by October.
Japanese: 先例を破って朝廷に事態を報告、対策を協議して日米和親条約を結び、下田港と函館港を開港し、9月には大船建造の禁を緩和、10月には海外渡航が解禁される。
English: In addition, steamboats were placed an order with Dutch trading houses while the Kanrin-maru helmed by Kaishu KATSU was dispatched in 1860.
Japanese: さらにオランダ商館に蒸気船を発注し、60年には勝海舟ら咸臨丸を派遣する。
English: Upon cruising the Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands (Bonin Islands), Perry returned to Uraga in January 1854 seeking a reply to the president's message.
Japanese: 1854年1月、琉球や小笠原諸島などを回航していたペリーが国書の返答を求めるため、再び浦賀へ来航。
English: In March 1854, a treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan was signed, followed by the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty in August as well as a treaty with the Russian Empire as of December the same year.
Japanese: 3月に日米和親条約が、8月には日英和親条約が、12月には日露和親条約がそれぞれ締結される。
English: In July 1856, American consul Townsend HARRIS came to Japan to conclude a treaty of amity visiting Edo-jo Castle in October 1857.
Japanese: 安政3年（1856年）7月、アメリカ領事タウンゼント・ハリスが修好通商条約締結のため来日し、57年10月には江戸城へ登城。
English: Although the treaty was brought to the court in Kyoto by roju Masayoshi HOTTA, it was not signed due to a struggle of succession concerning the heir of the 13th shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA between the Nanki group (Yoshitomi loyalists from the Kishu-Tokugawa family) and the Hitotsubashi group (Yoshinobu loyalists from the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family).
Japanese: 老中堀田正睦はこれを京都の朝廷に上奏したが勅許を得られず、13代将軍徳川家定の将軍継嗣問題とも関係して南紀派、一橋派の抗争となる。
English: In 1858 Naosuke II became tairo (chief minister) and concluded the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan and set the lord of Kii Province Iemochi TOKUGAWA up as the 14th shogun.
Japanese: 58年に大老に就任した井伊直弼は、日米修好通商条約を締結、紀伊国藩主徳川家茂を14代将軍にした。
English: In 1859, five ports including Hakodate Port, Yokohama Port, Nagasaki Port, Niigata Port, Kobe Port (Shimoda Port was closed) were opened thus markets in cities such as Edo and Osaka were opened and started to trade primarily with England.
Japanese: 59年には箱館、横浜港、長崎港、新潟港、神戸港の5港を開港し（下田を閉鎖）、江戸や大阪などの市場が開放されて貿易が開始され、貿易相手国は主にイギリスであった。
English: Japan exported primarily raw silk thread and tea while mainly importing wool, cotton fabric, warships, and weapons.
Japanese: 日本からは生糸や茶などが輸出され、毛織物、綿織物や艦船や武器などが輸入された。
English: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan was an unequal treaty including unfavourable conditions against Japan such as extraterritoriality, resignation of tariff autonomy (tariff agreement system) and unilateral MFN (most favoured nation) status, therefore when the Japanese market was opened to the world, domestic industries were defenceless against the impact of price increases and the draining of gold reserves which gave rise to the Sonno Joi Movement (a movement advocating reverence to the Emperor and expulsion of foreigners), uprising, and destructive urban riots.
Japanese: 日米修好通商条約は「治外法権」、関税自主権の放棄（協定関税率制）、片務的最恵国待遇など、日本にとって不利な内容を含む不平等条約であり、無防備なままの日本市場が世界市場に対して開かれると、入過により国内産業への影響、金の流出が物価高騰、尊王攘夷運動の激化や一揆、打ちこわし等を招いた。
English: To prevent price increases and confusion in distribution, in 1860 the bakufu issued a regulation to control foreign trade called the Gohin Edo Kaisorei, which proved unsuccessful.
Japanese: 幕府は物価高騰と流通の混乱を防ぐため、60年に五品江戸廻送令を発して貿易の統制を図ろうとするが失敗する。
English: Foreign settlements were established in treaty ports in Yokohama, Kobe and Nagasaki.
Japanese: 条約港となった横浜、神戸、長崎などでは外国人居留地（実質的な租界）も設置された。
English: While this change was an important policy issue for the Meiji government, complicated disputes arose among some nationalists as to whether the settlements acted as a bulwark protecting Japanese tradition and culture from foreign ideas and religion.
Japanese: 明治政府の外交政策にとって、この是正は重要な課題のひとつとなるが、逆に一部の国粋主義者からは居留地の存在が外国の思想や宗教から日本の伝統・文化を守る防壁になっているという見地からの存続論も登場して複雑な論争を招くことになった（内地雑居）。
English: Similar treaties were concluded with England, France, the Netherlands and Russia.
Japanese: 同様の条約がイギリス、フランス、オランダ、ロシアとも結ばれた（安政五ヶ国条約）。
English: The Meiji government, lead by the Satsuma and Choshu clans, which had defeated the Edo bakufu, decided to open the country in 1869 and abolish the unequal treaties..
Japanese: 江戸幕府を倒した薩摩藩・長州藩などの攘夷派を中心とした明治政府も、明治2年（1869年）に政府として改めて開国を決定して、以後は不平等条約の撤廃（条約改正）が外交課題となっていくことになる。
English: In 1832 towards the end of Yi Dynasty (1392 – 1910), England arrived seeking commerce and from 1840 onwards European ships appeared frequently along the Korean coast.
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮（1392年-1910年）末期の1832年イギリスが通商を求めに現れ、1840年頃からヨーロッパ船が近海に頻繁に出没するようになった。
English: In 1863, Heungseon Daewongun, regent of the regime of the father of the 26th king of Yi Dynasty of Gao Zong (reign 1863 – 1907), implemented a policy to exclude the coming powerful countries of imperialism.
Japanese: 1863年から李朝第26代高宗(朝鮮王)（在位1863年-1907年）の父で摂政の興宣大院君による政権時代、迫り来る帝国主義列強を排除する政策をとっていた。
English: An isolationist policy was implemented resulting in the General Sherman incident (against the US) as well as the Heiinyojo war (against France) in 1866, the refusal of the declaration of the foundation of the Meiji government from Japan in 1868 and Shinmiyojo incident (against the US) in 1871.
Japanese: 1866年ジェネラル・シャーマン号事件（対アメリカ合衆国）、丙寅洋擾（対フランス）、1868年日本（明治政府）からの国書（明治政府の樹立宣言、王政復古の通告）の受け取りを拒否する、1871年辛未洋擾（対アメリカ）、など、海禁政策をとった（鎖国攘夷策）。
English: In 1873 reign of the Korean government transferred to the family of Empress Myeongseong (1851 – 1895), the empress of Gao Zong.
Japanese: 1873年朝鮮政府の実権は閔妃（1851年-1895年、高宗の妃）一族に移った。
English: The incident occurred when a Japanese battleship, the Unyo, sent a small boat to Ganghwa Island as a demonstration of strength by the Japanese government and was attacked by cannon from Ganghwa Island whereupon the battleship 'returned' fire.
Japanese: 日本政府が示威で江華島沖に送った軍艦雲揚(軍艦)から出た小船に江華島の砲台から発砲、雲揚が「応戦」した事件である。
English: Because the Unyo entered Korean waters without permission, it was repelled by Korean forces.
Japanese: 雲揚が許可なく朝鮮の領海を侵犯したので、これを排除しようとしたものである。
English: The Japanese government, using the incident as a pretext for gunboat diplomacy, concluded the Treaty of Ganghwa (Japanese-Korea Treaty of Amity) in 1876.
Japanese: しかし日本政府はこれを口実として砲艦外交を押し出し、1876年江華島条約（日朝修好条規）が結ばれる。
English: Ports were opened in Busan, Wonsan, and Incheon while a Japanese legation was established in Seoul.
Japanese: 釜山広域市・元山市・仁川広域市の3港を開港、ソウル特別市に日本公使館を開設した。
English: Similar to the Treaty of Nanjing between China and England of 1842 and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce concluded between the United States and Japan in 1858, it was an unequal treaty for Korea as it granted extraterritoriality amongst other provisions.
Japanese: これは中国がイギリスと結んだ南京条約（1842年）、日本がアメリカと結んだ日米修好通商条約（1858年）と同様、治外法権の認定など、結ばされた側にとっての不平等条約であった。
English: Subsequently in 1882, the US-Korea Amity and Trade Treaty was concluded as were similar treaties with England, Germany, Russia and France.
Japanese: 続いて1882年に米朝修好通商条約を締結し、さらにイギリス・ドイツ・ロシア・フランスとも同様の条約を結んだ。
English: As a result, Korea was opened to the world of imperialism.
Japanese: これによって朝鮮は、帝国主義が渦巻く世界へ開国していくことになった。
English: On the other hand, the first article of the Treaty of Ganghwa stated 'Korea is an independent country having rights equal to Japan,' which caused a conflict with the Chinese hegemony over Korea.
Japanese: 一方、江華島条約の第1条には「朝鮮は自主独立の国であり、日本と平等な権利を有する」とあり、朝鮮は従来もっていた華夷秩序との葛藤が起こっていく。
English: East Asia (including Korea, Japan, and many regions around China), experienced conflicts with notions regarding international law around the time of the modern opening of countries to the outside world.
Japanese: 東アジア（朝鮮・日本を含む中国の周囲の諸国）では近代の開国前後、万国公法という概念との葛藤を経験することになる。
English: Chinzei Bugyo was an appointed position within the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) which commanded the gokenin (shogunal retainers) of Chinzei (Kyushu region).
Japanese: 鎮西奉行（ちんぜいぶぎょう）とは、鎌倉幕府において、鎮西（九州）の御家人の指揮統制を行った職である。
English: In 1185, the appointment of Tokage AMANO by MINAMOTO no Yoritomo as the Bugyo (magistrate) to command the gokenin of Kyushu is said to be the beginning of this position.
Japanese: 1185年（文治元年）、源頼朝が天野遠景をこの職に任じて、九州の御家人の指揮統制にあたらせたのが始まりである。
English: The search and capture of the remnants of Heike (the Taira family) and the party of MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune had been the original mission, but it effectively inherited the function of Dazai-fu (the local government office in Kyushu region) as well, as it subsequently adopted the supervisory role of the gokenin for the entire region of Kyushu.
Japanese: 平家の残党及び源義経一党らの追捕がもともとの任務であったが、その後全九州の御家人の統轄にあたるようになり、大宰府の機能も継承した。
English: In 1180, Yoritomo controlled the gokenin by creating the Board of Retainers in Kamakura, and in 1185, for the reason of search and capture of Yoshitsune, he brought the entire country under his jurisdiction by positioning Shugo (provincial constable) and Jito (estate stewards) in every province.
Japanese: 頼朝は、1180年（治承4年）に鎌倉に侍所を置き御家人を統制し、さらに1185年には、義経の追捕を理由に、各国へ守護・地頭を設置し、全国の支配権を確立した。
English: For the local regions, he established the Kyoto Shugo (Military Governor of Kyoto), Chinzei Bugyo for the Kyushu region as well as the Oshu Sobugyo (the General Magistrate of Oshu region) and delegated control to each of them.
Japanese: そして地方には、京都守護を、九州には鎮西奉行を、奥州には奥州総奉行をそれぞれ設置して統制させた。
English: There are theories stating that NAKAHARA no Chikayoshi and Sukeyori MUTO succeeded the post of Chinzei Bugyo after Tokage, but alluding to the existence of numerous theories regarding the successor of Tokage, Seiichiro SENO (Japanese historian) points out that, 'The Chinzei Bugyo was nothing but a common title and we can say that this is due to its vague nature as a job as there are theories denying it an official title (theory purported by Shinichi SATO).'
Japanese: 遠景の後について、中原親能・武藤資頼が継いだとする説もあるが、瀬野精一郎は、遠景後の後継者について諸説あることをまとめた上で、「鎮西奉行は一般的呼称にすぎず、鎌倉幕府の正式な官職名ではなかったとする説（佐藤進一説）もあるごとく、その性格がなお不明瞭な点が多いことに起因しているといえる」と指摘している。
English: Datsua Nyuo (Leave Asia, enter Europe) is a Japanese slogan or thought that 'Japan should get out of Asia which belongs to the Third World, and catch up with European powers.'
Japanese: 脱亜入欧（だつあにゅうおう）とは、「第三世界であるアジアを脱し、ヨーロッパ列強の一員となる」ことを目的とした、日本におけるスローガンや思想である。
English: At the end of the 19th century, when the allied western powers were fighting colonial wars one another, the Japanese government carried out a new policy based on this thought with a slogan 'Fukoku kyohei' (fortifying the country, strengthening the military).
Japanese: 欧米列強が植民地戦争を繰り広げていた明治時代初期に、「富国強兵」と共に政府が実行した政策の根幹となった思想である。
English: There is a theory that this policy led Japan to invasions of courtiers in the Asian Continent such as Korea and China.
Japanese: 後の朝鮮半島や中国など、アジア大陸への侵略に至る流れの始まりと見ることもできる。
English: The famous concrete examples of 'Leave Asia, enter Europe' were the history of Japanese fashion, the decree banning the wearing of swords and Rokumeikan (a hall used for the accommodation of guests of the government) built in the 1880s.
Japanese: 具体化された例としては、ファッション日本における歴史や廃刀令が、列びに1880年代の鹿鳴館が有名である。
English: Datsuaron' (a editorial for urging to leave Asia) is thought to be written by Yukichi FUKUZAWA, and it is said that FUKUZAWA wrote this editorial based on the thought of 'Leave Asia, enter Europe.'
Japanese: 福澤諭吉が書いたとされる論説「脱亜論」は、基本的にこの考え方にそっていると指摘されることがある。
English: Many people still misunderstand, but Yukichi FUKUZAWA never used the expression 'Enter Europe' in all his literally works and editorials of Jijishinpo (Japanese newspaper).
Japanese: またよく間違えられることであるが、福澤諭吉は署名著作・時事新報論説のすべてにおいて「入欧」という言葉を一度も使用していない。
English: On the other hand, paradoxically, there is a widely-accepted theory that Pan-Asianism (a movement that Asian nations unite and solidify and create a continental identity to defeat the designs of the Western nations to perpetuate hegemony) led Japan to the invasions of China and Korea.
Japanese: 一方、逆説的であるが興亜論（後の時代では「大アジア主義」）の考えこそが、中国・朝鮮への進出を押し進めたという説も有力に主張されている。
English: Taisho Seihen' refers to the collapse of the third Katsura Cabinet in February 1913, which resulted from the Campaign for the Defense of the Constitution (the first) that started at the end of the year before.
Japanese: 大正政変（たいしょうせいへん）は、1913年（大正2年）2月、前年末から起こった憲政擁護運動（第1次）によって第3次桂内閣が倒れたことを指す。
English: In a broader sense, it refers to the political trend starting with the collapse of the second Saionji Cabinet to the first Yamamoto Cabinet through the third Katsura Cabinet.
Japanese: 広義には、第2次西園寺内閣の倒壊から、第3次桂内閣を経て第1次山本内閣の時代までとされる。
English: From the end of the Meiji period, in the Japanese government a conventional power rotation system was implemented under the agreement called 'Joi Togo' (the agreement to take power alternately) between Taro KATSURA (from the former Choshu Domain), who was closely related to the Japanese Army and a representative figure of the domain-based forces, and Kinmochi SAIONJI (from the former court noble), who belonged to the Rikken Seiyukai (a political party organized by Hirobumi ITO, hereinafter referred to Seiyukai) (called Kei-En era after the initial characters of their names).
Japanese: 明治末以来、藩閥勢力の代表で陸軍に近い桂太郎（長州藩出身）と立憲政友会の西園寺公望（公家出身）が「情意投合」のもと、交互に政権を担う慣例が続いていた（桂園時代と呼ばれる）。
English: Right after the demise of Emperor Meiji in December 1912, the second Saionji Cabinet adopted a policy of austerity because of financial difficulties after the Russo-Japanese War, and rejected the demand from the Japanese Army to increase two army divisions.
Japanese: 明治天皇崩御（死去）直後の1912年12月、第2次西園寺内閣は日露戦争後の財政難から緊縮財政の方針をとり、陸軍の二個師団増設要求を拒んだ。