nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There is also another theory that states that it should be called 'the territory of a group of surviving retainers of the Ezo Tokugawa Shogun Family', considering their purpose and the circumstances.
Japanese: その目的・内実からいえば「蝦夷徳川将軍家遺臣武士団領」と呼ぶべきであるとの説もある。
English: It is often said that 'the Enomoto Government' was admitted as 'Authorities De Facto' by foreign countries, and here is the actual background.
Japanese: よく、「榎本政権」は諸外国から「事実上の政権（オーソリティー・デ・ファクト）」として認められていた、と言われているが、実際には、以下のような経緯だった。
English: On November 4, 1868 after the Enomoto's army occupied Hakodate, the British warship Satellite and the French warship Venius entered the Hakodate port together with Adams, Secretary of British Legation, on board, following the directive of Harry Parkes, British Minister.
Japanese: 榎本軍が箱館を占領した後、1868年11月4日、英軍艦サトライト、仏軍艦ヴェニウスは、英公使ハリー・パークスより訓令を与えられ、英国公使館書記官アダムズを同行させて箱館に入港した。
English: At this time, a salute was fired at Benten Daiba to welcome the both worships, but they ignored it.
Japanese: この時、弁天台場は、両艦を歓迎する礼砲を撃ったが、両艦とも無視した。
English: On November 5, the British and French consuls stationed on the spot and the captains of the two warships held a meeting, and at this this, the two captains were highly evaluating the Enomoto's Army.
Japanese: 翌11月5日、現地の英仏領事と両艦の艦長が会同して打ち合わせを行ったが、英仏領事とも、この時点では榎本軍に対して高い評価を与えていた。
English: After a while, Naoyuki NAGAI, a Hakodate bugyo administering the Hakodate port, came over and asked them to wait for a while until Enomoto came back from his business trip to Matsumae.
Japanese: やがて箱館港を管理する箱館奉行永井尚志に来てもらったが、榎本は松前に出張中であり、帰るまでしばらく待って欲しいと答えた。
English: NAGAI had a lot of experience of diplomacy, and his attitude gave a good impression to not only the British and French consuls but also the captains of the British and French warships.
Japanese: 永井は外交経験も豊富であり、彼の態度は、英仏領事のみならず、英仏艦艦長にも好印象を与えた。
English: During the meeting, Enomoto Fleet's flagship Kaiyomaru fired a twenty-one-gun salute to welcome the visit of guests.
Japanese: その会同の最中、榎本艦隊旗艦開陽丸が、賓客の来訪を歓迎する21発の礼砲を撃った。
English: The American, Russian and Prussian consuls looked at this and made a courtesy call on Kaiyomaru without going to the British and French warships.
Japanese: これを見たアメリカ合衆国、ロシア、プロシアの領事は、英仏艦に行かずに開陽丸を表敬訪問した。
English: After the meeting, Enomoto demanded a memorandom, and the captains of British and French warships accepted it.
Japanese: 会談終了後、榎本は、念のためメモランダムを要求し、英仏艦艦長は諒承した。
English: We approve it as Authorities De Facto.
Japanese: 「事実上の政権AuthoritiesDeFacto」としては認定する。
English: That means, it was actually nothing but a mamorandam made freely by the captains of the British and French warshipsl, who had a good impression on Enomoto and ignored the intention of their countries (although the use of the terms as above was carefully avoided in the directive made by the British Minister Harry Parkes.)
Japanese: つまり、実際には、榎本に好印象を持った出先の英仏軍艦艦長が、本国の意向を無視して勝手に書いた覚書でしかなかったのである（事前に英公使ハリー・パークスが与えた訓令では、上記のような用語の使用を慎重に避けていたのにも関わらず）。
English: An elementary mistake was made despite the presence of Secretary Adams.
Japanese: アダムズ書記官が随行していながら、このような初歩のミスを犯してしまったのである。
English: But, once Enomoto read it, he was delighted saying 'This is a useful description. We can take it in any way'.
Japanese: だが榎本は、この覚書を読むなり「これは便利な文章だ。いかようにも解釈できる」と喜んだ。
English: In the diplomatic terms, 'strict neutrarity' can be used only in case of 'outside neutrarity', and in case of 'domestic issue', it means 'nonintervention of domestic affairs' (that means, it is strange to say 'strict neutrarity' for 'domestic affairs').
Japanese: 外交用語では、「局外中立」の場合だけ「厳正中立」と言い、「国内問題」の場合は「内政不干渉」と言う（つまり、「国内問題」に対して「厳正中立」などと言う事自体がおかしい）。
English: A 'warring group' can be used in case of attempting separation and independence from Japan or overthrow of the government, therefore, any use of the force for a demand such as taking away someone's land is not serious and is not applable (Enomoto had no intention to attempt 'separation and independence' from Japan nor 'overthrow of the government', so his group did not need to be certified as a 'warring group'.)
Japanese: 「交戦団体」とは、分離独立・政府転覆を企図した場合で、「土地をよこせ」といった要求のための実力行使などは次元の低いもので該当しない（榎本自身は、別に日本からの「分離独立」や「新政府転覆」を企てているわけでは無いので、「交戦団体」認定を受ける必要性は無い）。
English: Authorities De Facto' means the one which has completed occupation, settled down sufficiently and nearly formed a country.
Japanese: 「事実上の政権AuthoritiesDeFacto」とは、占領を完了し、相当に安定し、ほとんど国家の体裁を具えたものを指す。
English: In this case, it had not got there yet, so probably they used these terms because of not getting used to the terms and their good impression on Hakodate that made them careless about it.
Japanese: 今の場合、まだそこまで行っていないが、おそらくは用語不慣れと箱館の好印象のため、不用意に発した言葉であろう。
English: 表現を変更しました。
Japanese: この背景として、脱走軍は榎本武揚が指導者になっているとは言え、元藩主や元幕府老中といった大名クラスも参加しており、君臣の関係が複雑であった。
English: Furthermore, it was separated into two groups, 'Army group' and 'Navy group', and the 'Army group' was further divided into small groups such as 'Shogitai' and 'Sho-shogitai (small Shogitai)', therefore, the entire army was not a monolithic organization.
Japanese: また「陸軍派」と「海軍派」のグループもあり、「陸軍派」の中も、「彰義隊」と「小彰義隊」等の小グループがあり、全体として一枚岩に纏まってはいなかった。
English: Because of this, the first 'public bid' in Japan was decided to take place modeling after the oversea political system such as America.
Japanese: そこで、アメリカなどの政治制度を模範に、日本で初めて「公選入札」が行われる事になった。
English: The persons who took part in the vote were the leaders (commissioned officers) and the higher ranking officials of the Old Bakufu Deserters' Army, and noncomissioned officers and soldiers were excluded, and of course, Hakodate residents did not take part in it, neither.
Japanese: 投票に参加したのは、旧幕府脱走軍の指揮役（士官）クラス以上であり、下士官・兵卒クラスは除外、むろん箱館住民も参加していない。
English: On December 15, 1868, the first 'bid (election)' of Japan took place when the New Government was established.
Japanese: 明治元年（1868年）12月15日の政府誕生と同時に日本初の「入札（選挙）」がおこなわれた。
English: However, it was less than 20% of the entire votes, not a majority, and the votes were dispersed to each group.
Japanese: ただし、投票数の2割以下で、圧倒的多数ではなく、各グループごとに投票は分かれている。
English: Not all of the candidates who gained the votes could become the cabinet members, and the poll was not entirely reflected on the selection.
Japanese: 「入札」で票を得た者全員が閣僚にはなってはおらず、得票結果がそのまま反映されたわけではない。
English: Thus, they could make a form of government, but the financial situtation deteriorated, and the war funds they had raised were running short.
Japanese: こうして、政権としての体裁は一応整ったが、財政事情は悪化し、前もって用意していた軍資金も乏しくなっていた。
English: So, Michiaki ENOMOTO, Accounting Bugyo who had ever been in charge of fund raising at the Old Bakufu, and Taro MATSUDAIRA, Vice-President, counterfeited money for circulation, and they became notorious for 'Deserter's money' for this reason,
Japanese: そこで旧幕府軍において資金調達を担当していた会計奉行の榎本道章と、副総裁の松平太郎は、貨幣を偽造してばら撒き、「脱走金」の悪名を流すことになった。
English: Furthermore, they even did bad things, such as demanding unreasonable commissions to stall keepers at fairs, pestering hush money in exchange of tolerating gambles, imposing tax on prostitutes and collecting passage fee from women and children at the gates set up in the city, all of which provoked residents' antipathy.
Japanese: 更には、縁日の出店を回って場所代を取り立てたり、賭博場を黙認する代わりに寺銭を巻き上げたり、はては売春婦から税を取ったり、市内に関門を設けて女子供にまで通行税を出させるなどといった事を行い、住民の反感を買うことになった。
English: When the financial situation finally got to the deadend, the leaders of the Old Bakufu planned to collect money and valuables from wealthy merchants in Hakodate, but Toshizo HIJIKATA was strongly againt it, and the plan was turned down.
Japanese: それでも、いよいよ財政的に行き詰まった旧幕府軍首脳は、箱館の豪商から金品を徴収しようとしたが、これは土方歳三が強硬に反対して取り止めになった。
English: However, residents' antipathy to the Old Bakufu was increasing, and some of them joined the 'Yuguntai', a guerrilla standing on the new government side, or worked as spies for the new government army.
Japanese: だが、住民からは旧幕府軍に対する反感が増し、新政府側のゲリラ組織「遊軍隊」に参加したり、新政府軍に内通する者も出てくる始末であった。
English: For your information, rejiman ("列士満" (レジマン)) means 'Regiment' in French, and Japanese phonetic-equivalent characters were used.
Japanese: なお「列士満」（レジマン）と言うのは、フランス語で連隊を意味する"régiment"をそのまま当て字にしたものである。
English: The First Regiment: the First Battalion (Mitsutaro TAKIGAWA, four platoons, Troop of Denshu commissioned officers, Shoshogi-tai, Shinboku-tai), the Second Battalion (Hachiro IBA, seven platoons, Commando unit, Shinsengumi, Shogitai).
Japanese: 第一列士満：第一大隊（瀧川充太郎、4個小隊、伝習士官隊、小彰義隊、神木隊）、第二大隊（伊庭八郎、7個小隊、遊撃隊、新選組、彰義隊）
English: The Second Regiment (Koshichiro HONDA): the First Battalion (Shojiro OKAWA, four platoons, Denshu Infantry), the Second Battalion (Shirojiro MATSUOKA, five platoons, Ichiren-tai).
Japanese: 第二列士満（本田幸七郎）：第一大隊（大川正次郎、4個小隊、伝習歩兵隊）、第二大隊（松岡四郎次郎、5個小隊、一聯隊）
English: The Third Regiment: the First Battalion (Saemon KASUGA, four platoons, Kasuga-tai), the Second Battalion (Juntaro HOSHI, four platoons, Gakuhei-tai).
Japanese: 第三列士満：第一大隊（春日左衛門、4個小隊、春日隊）、第二大隊（星恂太郎、4個小隊、額兵隊）
English: The Fourth Regiment (Sakuzaemon FURUYA): the First Battalion (Kakushinsai NAGAI, five platoons, Shoho-tai), the Second Battalion (Shintaro AMANO, five platoons, Shoto-tai).
Japanese: 第四列士満（古屋佐久左衛門）：第一大隊（永井蠖伸斎、5個小隊、衝鋒隊）、第二大隊（天野新太郎、5個小隊、衝鋒隊）
English: About ten soldiers including Assistant Chief Jules Brunet, Captain of Artillery Unit, deserted French Military Advisory Team which was giving a military drill to Bakufu Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) at Ota Jinya (regional government office) in Yokohama City from 1867, and abandoned the French national army to join the Ezo Government.
Japanese: 1867年から横浜市の大田陣屋で幕府伝習隊の教練をしていたフランス軍事顧問団から副隊長ジュール・ブリュネ砲兵大尉ら約10人がフランス軍籍を脱走して蝦夷政権に参加した。
English: Jules Brunet was appointed as assistant of Keisuke OTORI Army Bugyo, and four 'brigades' were led by french commanders, Arthur Fortant, Jean Marlin, Andre Cazeneuve and François Bouffier.
Japanese: ジュール・ブリュネは陸軍奉行・大鳥圭介の補佐役となり、4個「旅団」はフランス軍人（アルテュール・フォルタン、ジャン・マルラン、アンドレ・カズヌーヴ、フランソワ・ブッフィエ）を指揮官としていた。
English: The French soldiers who got involved escaped to a French ship being at anchor off Hakodate calling for protection before the fall of the Goryokaku.
Japanese: 参加したフランス軍人らは五稜郭陥落前に箱館沖に停泊していたフランス船に脱出している。
English: For communication to the French soldiers, Masachika TAJIMA who had learned French at Yokohama Futsugo Denshu Sho (French school under direct control of Bakufu) and others were in charge of interpreters.
Japanese: これらフランス軍人の通訳は横浜仏語伝習所でフランス語を学んだ田島応親らが担当した。
English: Keisuke OTORI left favorable comments in his Nanki Kiko, saying, Brunet is 'still young but quite smart', Cazeneuve is 'very brave and often showed a great performance in the military advance to Matsumae'.
Japanese: 大鳥圭介の南柯紀行では、ブリュネを「未だ年齢壮（わ）かけれども性質怜悧（れいり）」カズヌーブを「頗る勇敢であり松前進軍のときにも屡（しばしば）巧ありたり」と好意的に書いている。
English: Jinshin-koseki is the family register compiled in 1872 based on the Family Registration Law of 1871.
Japanese: 壬申戸籍（じんしんこせき）は、明治4年（1871年）の戸籍法に基づいて、翌明治5年（1872年）に編製された戸籍である。
English: Instead of Shumon-Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho (The Village People Register of Religious Faith and Relationship) at the Edo period, it was calculated in units of doors from the imperial family to commoners.
Japanese: 江戸時代の宗門人別改帳に代わり、皇族から平民までを戸を単位に集計した。
English: Moreover, unlike population surveys by country conducted by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) it was innovative, adding up on the uniform standard throughout the country.
Japanese: また、江戸幕府の国別人口調査と異なり、全国一律の基準で集計した点でも画期的であった。
English: The population from 1873 to 1919 have been calculated based on the increase and decrease in relation to the Jinshin-koseki.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）から大正8年（1919年）までの人口統計は、壬申戸籍に対する増減をもとに算出したものである。
English: Since the number of migrations reached a considerable number without notifications of moving-out or moving-in, the error in the population by region expanded year by year.
Japanese: しかし転出、転入の届けなしの移動が相当数に及ぶため、地域別人口のずれが年々拡大した。
English: Moreover, because the Jinshin-koseki itself was a totalization of family registers in public offices, not based on a direct survey of population, omissions that cannot be ignored were left behind.
Japanese: また、壬申戸籍自体が、役所の戸籍簿の集計であり、直接の人口調査によるものではなかったため、無視できない脱漏を残していた。
English: Since estimation values came to be posted besides total values in the following statistics, the problem of errors became large gradually until the national census in 1920.
Japanese: 後の統計は集計値の他に推計値を載せるようになり、大正9年（1920年）の国勢調査まで、この誤差問題は次第に大きくなっていった。
English: The total population in 1872 was estimated to 3480 million, but there is still a discussion about this estimate.
Japanese: 1872年の総人口も3480万人に修正した推計がなされているが、この推計値についてもなお議論がある。
English: There were many defects in the Family Registration Law of 1871 to begin with, and since many functions (certificates of seal impressions, certificates of land titles, etc.) were added to it, it became complicated.
Japanese: そもそも、明治4年（1871年）の戸籍法は不備が多く、多くの機能（印鑑証明、地券等）を持たせたことにより、複雑となった。
English: Moreover, because the description form was not in particular installed as long as the sufficient requirements were met, there was a difference between provinces in details of the format.
Japanese: また必要限度の要件さえ整っていれば記載様式も特に設けられなかったことから、地方によって書式の詳細に格差が生まれた。
English: In addition, even the regulation to modify it every 6 years after 1871 was observed only once in accordance with the implementation of the large and small divisions system, and it was regarded as the family register with many problems.
Japanese: また以後6年に一度改編するという規定も大区小区制施行と併せて行われた1回程度で、多くの問題点があった戸籍であったとも言われている。
English: The officer in charge of the family register basically managed this family register before 1878, and the public office managed it after the rural districts and villages system was enforced.
Japanese: 基本的に明治11年以前はこの戸籍を戸長が管理し、郡村制施行後は役場が管理した。
English: Imperial family, the peerage, warrior class, sotsuzoku (low-ranking samurai), goshi (country samurai), former Shinto priests, Buddhist priests, nuns, commoners were separately added up in the Jinshin-koseki.
Japanese: 壬申戸籍では、皇族、華族、士族、卒族、郷士、旧神官、僧、尼、平民等を別個に集計した。
English: Although Burakumin (modern-day descendants of Japan's feudal outcast group) was then registered as commoners based on the Lowly People Liberation Law, they were registered as new commoners, Eta (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses)), Hinin (one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system (often ex-convicts or vagrants)), etc., in the family register of certain areas, leaving a strong sense of discrimination (a part of which was also registered in the family register or the social status registration of 1886).
Japanese: このとき被差別部落民は賎民解放令に基づき、平民として編入されたが、一部地域の戸籍には新平民や、穢多、非人等と記載されたり等、差別は色濃く残った（一部は明治19年式戸籍や身分登記簿にも登載された）。
English: Besides, trades were also included in the registration form, Rokudaka (stipends) were mainly described for the peerage and the warrior class and commoners were described as farmers, craftsmen, merchants or others, including their job types.
Japanese: その他、職業も記載様式に含まれており、華族、士族では主に禄高を、平民では農工商雑と記され、業種も記載された。
English: Moreover, there were descriptions of Buddhist temples and ujigami (a guardian god or spirit of a particular place in the Shinto religion) in this family register in order to maintain the religious doctrine by the follower (it was abolished in 1885).
Japanese: また、この戸籍では宗門人別の性質を残すため、寺、氏神の記載があった（明治18年廃止）。
English: Those who were employees and retainers, even if they were not related, were also registered in the family register of those who raised them as additional registrants (it was forbidden in 1882).
Japanese: ほか、使用人、家来等は他人であっても養育している者は附籍として、その養育する者の戸籍に登載されていた（明治15年登載禁止。)
English: The family register in the Jinshin style was changed to that in a uniform format in 1886, and as transferring gradually progressed from November in the same year, this style came to be treated as that of the revised original family register based on the Family Registration Law in 1896.
Japanese: 明治19年（1886年）壬申式から統一書式を用いた戸籍へと変更が行われ、同年11月より徐々に移行され、明治31年戸籍法によりこの様式は改正原戸籍として取り扱われた。
English: An incident happened in 1968 where this family register was to be used to find out whether or not a person was from Burakumin, which caused reading it prohibited and in the same year even the public viewing itself came to be prohibited, resulting in the sealed storage.
Japanese: 昭和43年（1968年）被差別部落民かどうかを探り出すためにこの戸籍が用いられようとした事件が発覚し、閲覧が禁止され、同年、公開さえも禁じられ封印保管された。
English: It is severely kept by the Legislative Bureau in various places at present, and it is impossible to read the family record itself.
Japanese: 現在は各地方の法務局に厳重に保管されており、戸籍簿自体の閲覧は不可能である。
English: Until today there were cases in 2001 and 2004 where information disclosure of the Jinshin-koseki was claimed, but they were rejected in reports.
Japanese: 現在において、壬申戸籍の情報公開請求をした事例が平成13年（2001年）、および平成16年（2004年）に見受けられるが、いずれも答申として却下されている。
English: The Triple Intervention refers to the recommendation made by France, the German Empire and the Russian Empire to Japan on April 23, 1895 that Liaodong Peninsula which was given to the Japan Empire as wartime reparation based on the Treaty of Shimonoseki be returned to Qing, China.
Japanese: 三国干渉（さんごくかんしょう）は、下関条約で大日本帝国への割譲が決定された遼東半島を清へ返還するよう、フランス・ドイツ帝国・ロシア帝国の3国が1895年4月23日に行った日本に対する勧告のことである。
English: When Japan was a step away from winning the Japanese-Sino War, European powerful countries acknowledged the significant risk involved and started considering intervention in Japan.
Japanese: 日清戦争中、日本の勝利が間近に迫ると、列強も事の重大性を認識するに至り、干渉を考え始めた。
English: The effort was lead by Russia, but it is said that without Germany, the intervention could not be realized.
Japanese: 主導国はロシアであったが、ドイツの参加がなければ干渉が実現しなかったとも言われる。
English: With Germany's decision to participate in the intervention in Japan, Russia, which was afraid of the power of Germany, a neighbor in the west, could focus more on its eastern rival, Japan.
Japanese: 西にドイツの脅威を控えていたロシアは、ドイツの干渉参加により東に深入りしやすくなったからである。
English: In addition, the world powers were stunned to know that Japan demanded the cession of the Liaodong Peninsula from Qing in the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
Japanese: 更に下関条約で遼東半島の割譲を日本が要求していることを知った列強は衝撃を受けた。
English: The world powers promoted the 'division of China' as the Qing Dynasty weakened, but their efforts were slow for fear of resistance in China and they refrained from making conspicuous demands for territorial rights in China except Hong Kong which was colonized by the United Kingdom as reparations in the Opium War.
Japanese: 列強は清朝の衰退に乗じて「中国の分割」を進めてきたが、中国国内の抵抗を危惧してその動きは未だ緩慢なものであり、戦争による賠償で得たイギリス領香港を例外として、露骨な領有権要求は差し控えてきた。
English: Therefore, the Japan's demand for the Liaodong Peninsula broke the 'tacit agreement' among the world powers and also influenced the policy of each country toward China, because if the Qing Dynasty lost the Liaodong Peninsula which was located on the opposite side of the Choku-rei region across Bokkai (marine area), Qing's political power would fall, which might result in a precarious political situation of China.
Japanese: だが、日本のこの要求はこの列強間の「暗黙の了解」を破棄するものであり、更に清朝が直隷と渤海_(海域)を挟んで向かい合った遼東半島を失う事でその政治的権威が失墜して国内の政情が不安定になるような事態の発生は、各国の対中国政策を根底から揺るがせるものであった。
English: Therefore, Germany and Russia objected to the Japan's demand in order to maintain their policies on China.
Japanese: そこでドイツやロシアは自国の対中国政策を維持するために、この日本の要求を容認できないと考えた。
English: Also, at the series of peace conferences, Japan requested Qing to give it a right to do manufacturing business at markets and ports of Qing.
Japanese: 更に講和会議の過程で日本が清に対して開市・開港場での製造業従事権を清に要求していた。
English: However, as Japan did not have enough funds to realize the business, it confided in only the United Kingdom about the demand and asked it to join the business in partnership.
Japanese: しかし、それを実現させるだけの資金的裏づけがなかった日本は、秘かにイギリスに対してのみ、この要求の事実を打ち明けて共同経営の誘いを行った。
English: However, the other world powers, including Germany, Russia and France, noticed the demand and hardened their stance toward Japan even more.
Japanese: しかし、それが他の列強に知られたために、この話に与れなかったドイツやロシア、フランスの姿勢を更に硬化させた。
English: Aquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula by Japan not only threatens Beijing City, a capital of Qing, but also undermines the independence of the Joseon Dynasty and hinders the efforts of establishing peace in the Far East.'
Japanese: 「日本による遼東半島所有は、清国の首都北京市を脅かすだけでなく、李氏朝鮮の独立を有名無実にし、極東の平和の妨げとなる。」
English: Russia wanted to acquire an ice-free port to advance to the Far East, while trying to expand its interests in Manchuria by the policy of the southward expansion.
Japanese: ロシアは極東進出のために不凍港が必要であり、南下政策を取り満州における権益拡大をはかっていた。
English: Russia wanted to prevent Japan from advancing to the Far East, as it might lose its ports in southern Manchuria if Japan ruled over the Liaodong Peninsula.
Japanese: ロシアは遼東半島を日本に奪われることで南満州の海への出口を失うことを恐れ、日本の極東進出阻止を目論んだ。
English: Originally, Russia took the view that if Japan respected the independence of Korea, Russia would not contend the occupation of China by Japan, but Sergei Yul'jevich Witte changed the policy and Russia began interfering with Japan's affairs by deploying fleets in the Far East.
Japanese: 当初、日本が朝鮮の独立を尊重するならば日本が中国を占領してもよいと考えたが、セルゲイ・ヴィッテの登場により極東に艦隊を派遣するなど干渉に乗り出した。
English: Russia consulted with other three nations, England, France and Germany, which were also interested in the division of China, France and Germany agreed with the Rassian proposal and the three nations made a recommendation to Japan.
Japanese: 同じく中国の分割に関心をもつイギリス、フランス、ドイツの3国に提唱し、仏・独の賛成を得て3国による勧告を行った。
English: Although Germany was not very passionate about expanding to the Far East at the beginning of Japanese-Sino War, it began to acknowledge that it was the right time for Germany to obtain a foothold in the Far East amid a changing course of the war and also changing stances of the other world powers.
Japanese: 開戦初期は極東に対し消極的であったが、戦局の推移や列強の動向の変化により、極東に自国の拠点を得る機会が到来したと認識するようになった。
English: Germany once conveyed its consent to the peace conditions to Japan on April 6, but Germany's then-prime minister, Chlodwig Karl Victor Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, and then-foreign minister, Marshall, proposed a concerted intervention in Japan's affairs with other world powers.
Japanese: 4月6日の時点では講和条件に異議なしと日本に伝えたが、首相クロートヴィヒ・ツー・ホーエンローエ＝シリングスフュルストや外相マーシャルは列強との共同行為を提案した。
English: In the end, Germany began the coordinated intervention with Russia after obtaining the approval from German Emperor, Wilhelm II.
Japanese: 最終的に、元駐清公使フォン・ブラントの意見書（4月8日）を皇帝ヴィルヘルム2世(ドイツ皇帝)が受け入れて、ロシアと共に干渉することになった。
English: According to a written statement, the concerted intervention with Russia was acknowledged among the high officials as the only way to get a cession or a lease of fleets and coal yards from Qing, as Qing would feel obligated to do so if the intervention was successful.
Japanese: 意見書によると、ロシアとの共同行為は、恩を感じた清国から艦隊や貯炭所の割譲または租借ができる唯一の可能性を与えるものである、と認識されている。
English: The reasons why Germany joined the intervention was 1. to impede closer ties between Russia and France, 2. to divert Russia's attention from Europe to the Far East to lessen its threat to Europe, 3. to fulfill its own ambition in the Far East, and 4. to combat the 'yellow peril' claimed by the Emperor himself.
Japanese: ドイツの参加理由は、露仏の接近を妨害すること、ロシアの注意を東に向けて欧州における脅威を減らすこと、ドイツ自身の極東への野心、また皇帝が主張した黄禍論などに基づいている。
English: France cooperated with Russia to enforce the secret alliance with Russia (Franco-Russian Alliance) signed in 1892, and also it considered an easing of tensions between Russia and Germany would bring peace to France.
Japanese: フランスは、ロシアとドイツの緊張緩和は自国にとっても安全だと考え、さらに1892年にロシアと秘密同盟（露仏同盟）を結んでおり、その実行のためロシアと協力した。
English: Although Russia and Germany asked for a coordinated intervention from the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom refused it based on opposing public opinions, whereas the United States of America did not break neutrality toward Japan although the U.S. was favorable to Japan.
Japanese: ロシアとドイツはイギリスにも共同行動を提案したが、世論を理由に干渉を拒否し、アメリカもまた、日本に好意的だったが局外中立を崩さなかった。
English: In response to the coordinated interventions, then-Japanese prime minister, Hirofumi ITO, made a proposal to the congress to hold a conference with the world powers, but then-foreign minister, Munemitsu MUTSU, claimed it might cause further intervention and proposed instead to invite other world powers, such as the UK, the U.S.A. and Italy, to counter and revoke the recommendation.
Japanese: こうした干渉に対し、首相伊藤博文は列国会議開催による処理を提案したが、外相陸奥宗光は会議によってさらなる干渉を招く恐れを主張し、イギリス、アメリカ合衆国、イタリアなど他の列強の協力で勧告を牽制し、撤回させようと目論んだ。