nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: "Genealogy of secular surname of Enchin" written by Enchin (Chisho Daishi) in his own hand (during the Jowa era, the property of Enjo-ji Temple, a national treasure) is valuable Tatekeizu (a genealogy in which names of parents and those of children are connected with vertical lines) starting with "Emperor Keiko-Takekunikoriwake no oji."
Japanese: なお、円珍（智証大師）の自筆である『円珍俗姓系図』（承和(日本)年間、園城寺蔵、国宝）は、「景行天皇─武国凝別皇子」に始まる竪系図として貴重である。
English: According to this genealogy, the descendant clans included Mimurawake (Isono-jinja Shrine shake [family of Shinto priests serving a shrine on a hereditary basis]), INAKI no Obito and Wakenokimi, and Enchin himself is known to have been a member of the family of Wakenokimi (The secular name of Enchin was Hiroo WAKENOKIMI).
Japanese: それによれば、後裔氏族として御村別（みむらわけ、伊曽乃神社社家）・因支首（いなきのおびと）・和気公（わけのきみ）などが伝えられ、円珍自身も和気公の一族であった（俗名を和気公広雄）ことが知られる。
English: Kinkai Wakashu is MINAMOTO no Sanetomo's private anthology in the early Kamakura Period.
Japanese: 金槐和歌集（きんかいわかしゅう）とは、鎌倉時代前期の源実朝の家集である。
English: A persuasive theory states that this anthology was completed around 1213 when a hereditary book of "Manyoshu" (oldest anthology of tanka) was given by FUJIWARA no Teika.
Japanese: 成立は藤原定家より相伝の万葉集を贈られた1213年頃とする説が有力。
English: The kanji of "Kin" (金) is the same as the left half of kanji "鎌" of Kamakura (鎌倉) and "kai" (槐) refers to "槐門 (kaimon, another name of minister), so Kinkai Wakashu is also called the private anthology of Kamakura Minister of the Right (Sanetomo).
Japanese: 『金槐和歌集』の「金」とは鎌の偏を表し、「槐」は槐門（大臣の別称）を表しているため、別名鎌倉右大臣家集といわれている。
English: The Four Heavenly Kings of Waka is the title to praise excellent poets of waka (Japanese poetry).
Japanese: 和歌四天王（わかしてんのう）とは、和歌に優れた人物を顕彰して呼んだものである。
English: Four poets of the period of the Northern and Southern Courts were described in "Ryoshun IMAGAWA's Kagakusho (a book on the study of waka poems)" and "Shotetsu monogatari (Tale of Shotetsu)," and were called "The Four Heavenly Kings of Waka among followers of Tameyo" of the poet-monk Nijo school.
Japanese: 南北朝時代の4人は『今川了俊歌学書』『正徹物語』などに記されており、歌僧二条派「為世門の四天王」と呼ばれた。
English: Four poets of the Edo Period were called "The Four Heavenly Kings of Waka in Heian" because they lived in Kyoto.
Japanese: 江戸時代の4人は京都に住んでいた事から「平安の和歌四天王」と呼ばれた。
English: Ashihara no nakatsukuni is a world which exists between Takamanohara (plain of high heaven) and Yomi (world after death), that is, Japanese soil.
Japanese: 葦原中国（葦原中國あしはらのなかつくに）とは、日本神話において、高天原と黄泉の間にあるとされる世界、すなわち日本の国土のことである。
English: It is also called "Toyoashihara no nakatsukuni" or simply "Nakatsukuni".
Japanese: 豊葦原中国（豐葦原中國とよあしはらのなかつくに）とも呼ばれ、単に中津国（中つ国）とも言う。
English: It is thought to refer to Japanese soil in which human beings live, in contrast to the celestial world Takamanohara in which gods live.
Japanese: 神の住む天上世界である高天原と対比して、人間の住む日本の国土を指すと考えられる。
English: Because lay believers want to interpret mythology as the reflection of historical facts, they generate theories as follows, but academic societies do not take any of them seriously:
Japanese: ただし神話を歴史的事実の反映として解釈したいという要求から、在家の愛好家により以下のように解釈されることもあるが、いずれも学界で取り上げられたものではない。
English: The second theory is that Ashihara no nakatsukuni (described as 葦原中国 in Japanese) is the origin of the word "the Chugoku region" (described as 中国地方 in Japanese) including Shimane, Tottori, Hiroshima, Okayama and Yamaguchi Prefectures.
Japanese: またそれを拡張した島根、鳥取、広島、岡山、山口県を纏めて指す中国地方の語源と位置付ける説。
English: The third theory is that because Yamato was an area controlled by the Izumo forces and was called Ashihara no nakatsukuni before Jimmu tosei (Eastern expedition of the Emperor Jinmu), the anti-Izumo forces called all the areas controlled by the Izumo forces Ashihara no nakatsukuni.
Japanese: また、神武東征以前の大和も出雲勢力の行政地であったため葦原中国とよばれているため、非出雲勢力が出雲勢力の行政地を指した言葉との解釈がある。
English: The fourth theory is that as Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) was transferred eastward and established there, Takamanohara became the sovereignty's former sphere of influence or the Kyushu region, and Ashihara no nakatsukuni became Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara).
Japanese: ヤマト王権の東遷と成立を以て、高天原を旧勢力圏であった九州地方、葦原中国を畿内であるとする説。
English: The fifth theory is that Kokai, the plain of later the Yamato basin and the vicinity of Mt. Miwa were named Ashiharamizuho no kuni, and present-day around Kashihara was named Ashiwara no nakatsukuni or 葦原中国 in Japanese.
Japanese: 広海、後の大和盆地の平野部、三輪山近辺を葦原瑞穂国と定め、現在の橿原あたりを葦原中国（あしわらのなかつくに）としたという解釈。
English: Koyo OZAKI (January 10, 1868 - October 30, 1903) was a Japanese novelist.
Japanese: 尾崎紅葉（おざきこうよう、慶応3年12月16日(旧暦)（1868年1月10日）-明治36年（1903年）10月30日）は、日本の小説家。
English: In 1885, he founded Kenyusha with Bimyo YAMADA and others and published 'Garakuta Bunko' (Library of Mixtures).
Japanese: 明治18年（1885年）、山田美妙らと硯友社を設立し「我楽多文庫」を発刊。
English: His novel "Ninin bikuni irozange" (Amorous Confessions of Two Nuns) was well received, followed by "Kyara makura" (Pillow of Aloe) and "Tajo takon" (Full of Love, Full of Regret), and these works made Ozaki a prominent figure in literary circles during the Meiji Period equal in importance to Rohan KODA.
Japanese: 『二人比丘尼色懺悔』で認められ、『伽羅枕』『多情多恨』などを書き、幸田露伴と並称され明治期の文壇の重きをなした。
English: He started writing "Konjiki Yasha" (The golden demon) in 1897 but died leaving it unfinished.
Japanese: 明治30年（1897年）から『金色夜叉』を書いたが、未完のまま没した。
English: As a haiku poet, he founded Shuseikai with Chikurei KAKUTA and others, that was regarded as a new school of haiku poets along with Shiki MASAOKA.
Japanese: 俳人としても角田竹冷らとともに、秋声会を興し正岡子規と並んで新派と称された。
English: Koyo was born on January 10, 1868 in Shibachumonmaecho (present-day Hamamatsucho), Edo (Tokyo).
Japanese: 慶応3年12月16日（1868年1月10日）、江戸（現東京都）芝中門前町（現在の浜松町）に生れる。
English: It is assumed that the Ozaki family used to be a house of merchants named Iseya, but it seems that Iseya had already been out of business by the time of the Sozo generation.
Japanese: もともと尾崎家は伊勢屋という商家であると推定されるが、惣蔵の代には既に廃業していたようである。
English: In 1872, Koyo lost his mother at the age of four and was brought up by his maternal grandparents, Shunan and Sen ARAKI.
Japanese: 明治5年（1872年）、4歳で母と死別し、母方の祖父母荒木舜庵、せんのもとで育てられる。
English: After graduating from terakoya (a private elementary school during the Edo period) called Baisendo (Baisen Primary School, later Sakuragawa elementary school, and the present-day Onarimon elementary school in Minato Ward), Koyo went to Tokyofu Daini Junior High School (soon became Tokyofu Junior High School after merging with Tokyofu Dainichi Junior High School; present-day Hibiya High School, Tokyo).
Japanese: 寺子屋・梅泉堂（梅泉学校、のち港区立桜川小、現在の港区立御成門小学校）を経て、府第二中学（すぐに府第一中と統合し府中学となる。現在の東京都立日比谷高等学校）に進学。
English: Koyo was a member of the inaugural class together with Rohan KODA, Masataro SAWAYANAGI, and Kokichi KANO, but later Koyo dropped out of the school.
Japanese: 一期生で、同級に幸田露伴、他に沢柳政太郎、狩野亨吉らがいたが、中退。
English: He learned Sinology at Senjin OKA's Suiyudo and Chinese prose and poetry at Kosai ISHIKAWA's Subunkan in addition to English at Mita English School with the aim of entering Daiichi High School (the first old-education-system high school).
Japanese: 岡千仭の綏猷堂で漢学を、石川鴻斎の崇文館で漢詩文を学んだほか、三田英学校で英語などを学び、第一高等学校(旧制)入学を目指した。
English: When Koyo made a trip to Sado in 1899, he visited Niigata to see his uncle Yokoo (his mother Yo's elder sister's husband) who was a bureaucrat at the Ministry of the Treasury and the superintendent of a tax office in Niigata at that time.
Japanese: 紅葉が明治32年（1899年）に佐渡に旅した際に新潟で立ち寄ったのが、大蔵官僚で当時新潟の税務署長をしていた横尾の伯父（母庸の姉婿）である。
English: Koyo's third daughter Michiyo was adopted by the Araki family (his mother Yo's elder brother) and later married Iwao, an adopted son of uncle Yokoo.
Japanese: 紅葉の三女三千代は、荒木家（母庸の弟）に養女に出された後に、横尾の伯父の養子石夫（海軍）に嫁いでいる。
English: Iwao's natural father (elder brother of foster father) was a bureaucrat at the Ministry of Interior but died young when he was the chief of Ano county (Shimane Prefecture).
Japanese: 石夫の実父（養父の兄）は内務官僚であったが、安濃郡長（島根県）の時に若くして亡くなった。
English: In 1883 Koyo entered Daiichi High School; by that time, however, he was absorbed in writing poems under the penname of Enzan and after entering high school he participated in literary groups such as Bunyukai and Totsutostukai to deepen his interest in literature.
Japanese: 明治16年（1883年）に第一高等学校(旧制)に入るが、それ以前から緑山と号して詩作にふけり、入学後は文友会、凸々会に参加し文学への関心を深めた。
English: In 1885, he founded Kenyusha with Bimyo YAMADA, Shian ISHIBASHI, Kyuka MARUOKA and others, and published a magazine for circulating "Garakuta Bunko" (Library of Mixtures).
Japanese: そして明治18年（1885年）、山田美妙、石橋思案、丸岡九華らとともに硯友社を結成、回覧雑誌『我楽多文庫』を発刊した。
English: In 1888, "Garakuta Bunko" went on the market and Koyo ran a serialized novel 'Furyu Kyo ningyo' (The Elegant Kyoto Doll) that attracted much attention.
Japanese: 明治21年（1888年）、『我楽多文庫』を販売することになり、そこに「風流京人形」を連載、注目を浴びるようになる。
English: In the same year, however, Bimyo was appointed to the chief editor of a new magazine "Miyako no hana" and severed his relations with Koyo.
Japanese: しかしその年、美妙は新しく出る雑誌『都の花』の主筆に迎えられることとなり、紅葉と縁を絶つことになった。
English: In 1889, the publisher of 'Garakuta Bunko' Yoshioka Shoten started a new series of newly-written novels.
Japanese: 明治22年（1889年）、「我楽多文庫」を刊行していた吉岡書店が、新しく小説の書き下ろし叢書を出すことになった。
English: As the first book of the series called 'Shincho Hyakushu,' Koyo's "Ninin bikuni irozange" (Amorous Confessions of Two Nuns) was published.
Japanese: 「新著百種」と名づけられたそのシリーズの第1冊目として、紅葉の『二人比丘尼色懺悔』が刊行された。
English: The story situated during the Sengoku period (period of warring states) with two women who were mourning for young warriors that died in battle happened to meet each other, and its gazoku-setchu style, i.e. the mixture of dialogue in common language and narrative in elegant literary style received favorable reviews as the symbol of new style of contemporary literature, so Koyo suddenly became famous as a popular writer.
Japanese: 戦国時代に材をとり、戦で死んだ若武者を弔う二人の女性の邂逅というストーリーと、会話を口語体にしながら、地の文は流麗な文語文という雅俗折衷の文体とが、当時の新しい文学のあらわれとして好評を博し、紅葉は一躍流行作家として世間に迎えられた。
English: At that time, he was absorbed in reading Saikaku IHARA's works that encouraged his inclination to pseudoclassicism in addition to realism.
Japanese: このころ井原西鶴に熱中しその作品に傾倒、写実主義とともに擬古典主義を深めるようになる。
English: At the same time, due to educational system reform of the Preparatory School of the University of Tokyo (Tokyo Yobimon), he was transferred to Daiichi Koto Chugakko (First High School) School of English Politics in 1886.
Japanese: 一方、大学予備門の学制改革により、明治19年（1886年）に第一高等中学校英語政治科に編入。
English: In 1888 he entered the Imperial University School of Law the department of Politics; in 1889 he transferred to the department of Japanese literature; in the following year, he dropped out of the school.
Japanese: 明治21年（1888年）、帝国大学法科大学政治科に入学、同22年（1889年）に国文科に転科し、翌年退学した。
English: At the end of the previous year, he joined the Yomiuri Shimbun (a daily newspaper) while attending the university; since then, the newspaper was his primary medium for publishing his works.
Japanese: この前年の末に、大学在学中ながら読売新聞に入社し、以後紅葉の作品の重要な発表舞台は読売新聞となる。
English: He also published 'Futari Nyobo' (Two Wives) in which he tried the vernacular style with 'dearu' ending of sentences from the middle of the story, and these achievements made him one of the leaders of literary circles during the Meiji Period along with Rohan KODA, so, this period was called Ko-Ro Jidai (the era of Koyo and Rohan).
Japanese: このほか「である」の言文一致を途中から試みた「二人女房」などを発表、幸田露伴とともに明治期の文壇の重鎮となり、この時期は紅露時代と呼ばれた。
English: In 1895, he read "Genji Monogatari" (The Tale of Genji) and under the influence of this tale he wrote novels focusing on psychological descriptions such as "Tajo Takon."
Japanese: 明治28年（1895年）、『源氏物語』を読み、その影響を受け心理描写に主を置き『多情多恨』などを書いた。
English: Finally in 1897, a serialized novel 'Konjiki Yasha' started appearing in the Yomiuri Shimbun.
Japanese: そして明治30年（1897年）、「金色夜叉」の連載が『読売新聞』で始まる。
English: The story of money and love between Kanichi and Omiya matched the social background after the Japanese-Sino War and gained wide spread popularity.
Japanese: 貫一とお宮をめぐっての金と恋の物語は日清戦争後の社会を背景にしていて、これが時流と合い大人気作となった。
English: The story appeared in the newspaper intermittently, but Koyo's health deteriorated because of this long serialized novel, and in 1899 he became ill.
Japanese: 以後断続的に書かれることになるが、もともと病弱であったためこの長期連載が災いし、明治32年（1899年）から健康を害した。
English: He went to Shiobara or Shuzenji for medical treatment and began writing the sequel "Konjiki Yasha" in 1903 (published as "Zoku Zoku, or continued continuation, Konjiki Yasha") but this serialized novel was suspended in March when he was diagnosed with stomach cancer.
Japanese: 療養のために塩原町や修禅寺に赴き、明治36年（1903年）に『金色夜叉』の続編を連載（『続々金色夜叉』として刊行）したが、3月、胃癌と診断され中断。
English: Koyo's grave is in Aoyama-bochi Cemetery and his tomb is inscribed with brush style writing by Ichiroku IWAYA, one of the three greatest calligraphers during the Meiji Period who was the father of Sazanami IWAYA, Koyo's best friend and a member of Kenyusha.
Japanese: 紅葉の墓は青山墓地にあるが、その揮毫は、硯友社の同人でもある親友巌谷小波の父で明治の三大書家の一人といわれた巌谷一六によるものである。
English: The Iwaya family came from the clan of doctors served the Minakuchi Domain, Omi Province (Koga City, Shiga Prefecture) but it is still unknown whether the relationship between the Ozaki/Yokoo family and Iwaya family for generations started from the natural father of Iwao Yokoo who was the chief of Ano county.
Japanese: なお巌谷家は近江国水口藩（滋賀県甲賀市）藩医の家柄であるが、尾崎・横尾家と巌谷家の代々の関係が、安濃郡長の横尾石夫の実父に始まるものかは未だ不明である。
English: Koyo's novels were favorably received by the public for their elegant style and valued by those who were critical of Europeanism for the skillful descriptions of customs and manners that reminded them of Saikaku IHARA.
Japanese: 紅葉の作品は、その華麗な文章によって世に迎えられ、欧化主義に批判的な潮流から、井原西鶴を思わせる風俗描写の巧みさによって評価された。
English: On the other hand, some critics such as Tokoku KITAMURA criticized Koyo's old-fashioned view of women that was found in 'Kyara makura.'
Japanese: しかし一方では、北村透谷のように、「伽羅枕」に見られる古い女性観を批判する批評家もあった。
English: In rivalry with Bimyo YAMADA's 'desu-masu' vernacular style, Koyo attempted to use the 'dearu' style, but this style didn't become the mainstream part of his works.
Japanese: 山田美妙の言文一致体が「です・ます」調であることに対抗して、「である」の文体を試みたこともあったが、それは彼の作品の中では主流にはならなかった。
English: In his masterpiece in his later years "Tajo Takon," he had achieved success in psychological description in a vernacular style.
Japanese: ただし、後年の傑作『多情多恨』では、言文一致体による内面描写が成功している。
English: Koyo had a high level of proficiency in English; there was a story that when Roan UCHIDA's Maruzen Company started selling the Encyclopedia "Britannica", Koyo was one of the first three buyers.
Japanese: 紅葉は英語力に優れ、イギリスの百科事典『ブリタニカ』を内田魯庵の丸善が売り出したときに、最初に売れた3部のうちのひとつは紅葉が買ったものだったという。
English: With such proficiency in English, He read a huge amount of English popular fiction and the framework of many of his novels were adopted from these English novels.
Japanese: その英語力で、英米の大衆小説を大量に読み、それを翻案して自作の骨子としてとりいれたものも多い。
English: Keiko HORI pointed out that Koyo modeled his work in his later years "Konjiki Yasha" on "Weaker Than a Woman" by Bertha M. Clay.
Japanese: 晩年の作『金色夜叉』の粉本として、バーサ・クレイの『女より弱きもの』が堀啓子によって指摘された。
English: In April 1887, worked part time as a teacher of Chinese classics at Tokyo Girls Vocational School.
Japanese: 明治20年（1887年）4月、東京女子専門学校で漢学の教師のアルバイトをする。
English: Among them, Kyoka IZUMI, Shusei TOKUDA, Fuyo OGURI, and Shunyo YANAGAWA were referred to as the Shitenno (the four heavenly kings).
Japanese: 特に泉鏡花、徳田秋声、小栗風葉、柳川春葉の四人は藻門下（紅葉門下）四天王と呼ばれた。
English: It was Koyo's personal magnetism that enabled him to gather together those disciples with different character.
Japanese: このような肌合いがちがう弟子たちをうまくまとめることができたところに紅葉の人徳がある。
English: A long-established confectionery in Shibashinmei Eitaro's famous sweet 'Enoshima' monaka (bean-jam-filled wafers) was named by Koyo in February 1902 and he allowed the shop to use his handwriting on the package with an illustration by Keishu TAKEUCHI, an illustrator of Koyo's books, and this package is still used today for the long-seller 'Enoshima.'
Japanese: 芝神明榮太樓の銘菓「江の嶋」最中は、明治35年2月に紅葉が名づけ題字を認めたものであり、紅葉の本を装丁した武内桂舟の下絵とともに今でも用いられており、現在まで続くロングセラー商品となっている。
English: Shibashinmei-cho is a place where his grandfather and doctor Shunan ARAKI lived who raised Koyo after his mother died young.
Japanese: 芝神明町は、母庸が若くして亡くなった後、紅葉を育てた医者の祖父荒木舜庵の家があった場所である。
English: Koyo's last word was 'Each one of you has an ugly face' while looking at the crying visitors.
Japanese: 紅葉の最期の言葉は、見舞いに来た人々の泣いているのを見て言った、「どいつもまずい面だ」だったという。
English: "Rangaku Kotohajime" (The Beginning of Dutch Studies) is memoirs written by Genpaku SUGITA at the age of 83 in 1815, who was thinking back on to the pioneer days of Dutch studies and sent to Gentaku OTSUKI.
Japanese: 『蘭学事始』（らんがくことはじめ）は、文化12年（1815年）、83歳の杉田玄白が蘭学草創の当時を回想して記し、大槻玄沢に送った手記。
English: As a pioneer of Dutch studies, Genpaku Sugita was sorry that there would be no one who knew the beginning of this field of study if he died, so he decided to leave the record of those days.
Japanese: 蘭学の開拓者である杉田玄白は、自分の死によって草創期のことを知るものがいなくなることを惜しみ、当時のことを書き残そうとする。
English: He finished the draft in 1814 and made his best pupil Gentaku Otsuki edit the manuscript.
Japanese: 文化11年（1814年）にいちおう書き終わり、高弟の大槻玄沢に校訂させる。
English: Some records indicate that the book was also entitled "Waran Kotohajime" or "Rangaku Kotohajime."
Japanese: その他にも『和蘭事始』（わらんことはじめ）『蘭学事始』とする記録がある。
English: In the last days of Edo Period, Takahira KANDA happened to find a copied book at a street stall, and in 1869 Yukichi FUKUZAWA published the book "Rangaku Kotohajime" (two volumes) (later in the preface to the second edition of Rangaku Kotohajime written on April 1, 1890, Fukuzawa wrote that he was moved to tears), and it became to be read by the general public.
Japanese: 幕末のころ、神田孝平がたまたま露店で写本を見つけ、明治2年（1869年）、福澤諭吉が、『蘭学事始』（上下二巻）の題名で刊行（その後、明治23年4月1日に記した「蘭学事始再版の序」の中で、感動に涙したとしている）、一般に読まれるようになる。
English: "Rangaku Kotohajime" starts with Japan's encounter with the West in the late Sengoku Period, and went on describing the beginning of Dutch medicine in Japan and the study of Dutch language by Konyo AOKI and Genjo NORO.
Japanese: 『蘭学事始』は、戦国末期の西洋との接触から話を始め、蘭方医学の起こり、青木昆陽と野呂元丈によるオランダ語研究などを記述している。
English: The book vividly describes with much presence the process that Ryotaku MAENO, Genpaku SUGITA, and Junan NAKAGAWA observed an autopsy at the execution site in Kozukahara and then started translating the book, and managed to publish it.
Japanese: 前野良沢、杉田玄白、中川淳庵が小塚原の刑場で腑分けを見学して後、『解体新書』の翻訳作業、発行に至るまでの経緯が、臨場感豊かに書かれている。
English: The name of Ryotaku was not cited in "Kaitai Shinsho," so his achievements were revealed to the public by "Rangaku Kotohajime" for the first time.
Japanese: 特に良沢の名は『解体新書』には記されていなかったため、本書で初めて彼の業績が世に知られることとなった。
English: "Rangaku Kotohajime" also included anecdotes of his contemporaries, including Gennai HIRAGA, Hoshu KATSURAGAWA, Seian TATEBE, Gentaku OTSUKI, Genshin UDAGAWA, and Sanpaku INAMURA.
Japanese: その他にも、平賀源内、桂川甫周、建部清庵、大槻玄沢、宇田川玄真、稲村三伯など、同時代の蘭学者のエピソードが記されている。
English: Some are critical to this book, however, arguing that it neglects contributions of Dutch interpreters in Nagasaki to Dutch studies, and that it did not accurately describe scholars of Dutch studies such as Aoki and Noro who were predecessors of Genpaku.
Japanese: 一方で、蘭学への長崎通詞の寄与を軽視しており、青木・野呂ら、杉田玄白以前の蘭学について正確ではないとの批判がある。
English: It should be noted that Yukichi Fukuzawa who published "Rangaku Kotohajime" in the Meiji Period came from the same Nakatsu domain of the Province of Nakatsu as Ryotaku Maeno.
Japanese: なお、明治に『蘭学事始』を発行した福沢諭吉は、前野良沢と同じ豊前国中津藩の出身である。
English: It is not hard to imagine that Ryotaku was delighted by finding Fukuzawa's book praised Ryotaku's achievements.
Japanese: 良沢の功績を称える『蘭学事始』を喜んだであろうことは想像に難くない。
English: An anecdote of translating "Kaitai Shinsho" described in "Rangaku Kotohajime" is that Genpaku didn't understand a word "verheffen" in the section of nose and thought for a while until he got that the word meant "mound".
Japanese: 『蘭学事始』の中で語られている『解体新書』翻訳時のエピソードのひとつに、「鼻の所に『フルヘッヘンド』という語があったが意味がわからず、しばらく考えて『堆い（うずたかい）』のことだと判明した」というものがある。
English: However, in the section of "Nose" in "Ontleedkundige Tafelen," the original text of "Kaitai Shinsho," the word "verheffen" can't be found.
Japanese: しかし、『解体新書』の原書『ターヘル・アナトミア』の「鼻」の部分には、フルヘッヘンドの単語はない。
English: Several Dutch books other than "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" were used as reference for "Kaitai Shinsho," so the word came from one of these books.
Japanese: 『解体新書』には『ターヘル・アナトミア』以外にも数冊の蘭書が参考資料として使われていたので、どれかにフルヘッヘンドの単語があった。
English: It was embarrassing for him to confess that they seriously discussed about "breast," so he intentionally replaced "breast" with "nose."
Japanese: 「乳」の形状について真剣に議論したというのが、自分にとって恥ずかしいので、あえて「乳」を「鼻」と置き換えた。
English: He considered it was inappropriate for a book of enlightenment for the general public to include an anecdote relating to a sexual part of the body, so he intentionally replaced "breast" with "nose."
Japanese: 性的な部分についての話を記述するのは、一般向けの啓蒙書では不適切であるので、あえて「乳」を「鼻」と置き換えた。
English: Genpaku Sugita described that he found a translation note stating "when branches of a tree are cut, the branches form "verheffen"; when the garden is cleaned, the dirt is gathered to form "verheffen"."
Japanese: 杉田玄白の記述には、「木の枝を断ちたるあと、フルヘッヘンドをなし、庭を掃除すれば、その塵土聚（あつま）りて、フルヘッヘンドをなす」という訳注を見出したとある。
English: Therefore, the word "verheffen" that he understood should indicate something like a mound.
Japanese: とすれば、彼の理解した「フルヘッヘンド」とは、おおむね盛り上がった山形のことであろう。
English: In addition, it is natural to recognize a breast as "a mound" but it is too odd to recognize a nose as "a mound."
Japanese: また、乳房を「盛り上がった形」と認識することは自然だが、鼻を「盛り上がった形」と認識するのは不自然すぎる。
English: As a result, intentionally or unintentionally, the word "verheffen" must have described a breast.
Japanese: したがって、故意か過失かは別として、「フルヘッヘンド」の記述が「乳」の記述であることは間違いないだろう。
English: Shinchoko-ki (Nobunagako-ki) is a biography of Nobunaga ODA, a feudal lord in the Azuchi-Momoya period in Japan.
Japanese: 信長公記（しんちょうこうきまたはのぶながこうき）とは、日本の安土桃山時代の戦国大名である織田信長の一代記。
English: It has been regarded as an indispensable source material for tracing Nobunaga's footsteps since its contents are very accurate with a few exceptions.
Japanese: 一部を除き非常に正確な内容であるため、信長の足跡を辿るには無くてはならない史料とされている。
English: It covers the period from Nobunaga ODA's arrival in Kyoto under the command of Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA in 1568 up to his death in 1582.
Japanese: 織田信長が足利義昭を奉じて上洛した1568年（永禄11年）から信長が死去する1582年（天正10年）について綴られている。
English: There are more than 20 different versions, including the manuscripts, with various titles as "Eiroku Juichinen Ki" (A Diary of the Year 1586)," "Azuchi Nikki" (A Diary of Azuchi), "Nobunaga-ki" (A Biography of Nobunaga), "Shinchoko-ki," "Azuchi-ki" and the like.
Japanese: 写本を入れると20種類以上も残されており、表題も『永禄十一年記』・『安土日記』・『信長記』・『信長公記』・『安土記』など様々。
English: Masayuki FUJIMOTO discusses in his "Nobunaga no senso" (Nobunaga's Battles) that Nobunaga is variously called 'Ue-sama' (my lordship), 'Nobunaga-ko' (Lord Nobunaga), or 'Nobunaga' even in the same text.
Japanese: 藤本正行は著書『信長の戦争』の中で、同じ本の中でありながら、信長に対して「上様」「信長公」「信長」と表現が変わっている部分がある、と述べている。
English: He also refers to the fact that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA is sometimes called simply 'Ieyasu,' and sometimes called with titles of honor, such as 'Ieyasu-ko' (Lord Ieyasu), 'Ieyasu-kyo' (Sir Ieyasu), or 'Ieyasu-dono' (Mr Ieyasu).
Japanese: 徳川家康を「家康」と呼び捨てにしていたり「家康公」「家康卿」「家康殿」と敬称をつけている箇所などがある点に言及している。
English: He therefore surmises that the redactor brought together different notes written at various times to compile the text.
Japanese: さまざまな時期に書いたメモのようなものを切り貼りして一冊の本として作り上げたものであるとしている。
English: While Gyuichi's "Shinchoko-ki" was only read by a few feudal lords and court nobles in the Edo period, Hoan OZE's "Nobunaga-ki" was widespread among the public.
Japanese: 江戸時代に『信長公記』は大名や公家の一部にしか広まらなかった一方で、小瀬甫庵の書いた『信長記』は民衆に広まった。
English: Unlike Gyuichi who sought to provide accurate descriptions as a 'historian', Hoan was a 'writer of historical fiction' who included many fictional elements to make his story more interesting.
Japanese: 「歴史家」であり正確な記述に努めた太田牛一と違い、小瀬甫庵は話を面白くするためにふんだんに虚構を取り入れた「歴史作家」であった。
English: Thus, Gyuichi's work is called "Shinchoko-ki" to be distinguished from Hoan's work, which is called "Nobunaga-ki" or "Hoan's Nobunaga-ki."
Japanese: このため牛一のものを『信長公記』、甫庵のものを『信長記』あるいは『甫庵信長記』、と呼び分けている。
English: Kaminoyonanayo is a general term for seven generations of deities who were born when heaven and earth were created in Japanese Mythology.
Japanese: 神世七代(かみのよななよ)とは、日本神話で、天地開闢(日本神話)のとき生成した七代の神の総称。