nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: But it is obvious that it was not used as a spoon, therefore, some scholars insist the name 'ishisaji' should be changed.
Japanese: しかし、スプーンとして用いられたものではないことは明らかであり、一部に「石匙」の呼称を変更すべきとの意見もある。
English: Ishisaji is a type of stone tool made during the Jomon to Yayoi periods (from about 14,000BC to 300 AD), with the first appearance in the incipient Jomon period and it was widespread in the early Jomon period.
Japanese: 縄文時代から弥生時代にかけて見られ、縄文草創期に出現し、早期には普及する。
English: According to the traces of how they were used, ishisaji is thought to have been used as a kind of portable utility knife to process skin, meat, horns, bone and other animal parts as well as to treat plant materials such as trees and ivy.
Japanese: 用途は使用痕の観察から動物の皮や肉、角や骨など動物質の加工や、木や蔦など植物質の加工など、一種の携帯万能ナイフとして用いたと考えられている。
English: When excavated, some of the unearthed ishisaji retained a string or a clod of natural asphalt on its projected part, and some excavated bodies were wearing ishisaji.
Japanese: 突出部に紐や天然アスファルトが付着して出土した例があり、また石匙を身につけたまま埋葬された例もある。
English: These facts suggest that people probably were carrying ishisaji around their neck or waist by tying the string around it, and Yoshiya UENO positions it as a manifestation of individual ownership.
Japanese: これらのことから、紐を巻きつけて首にかけたり腰にまいたりして持ちはこんだと考えられており、上野佳也は個人所有を明確にしていたと位置づけている
English: Ishiyari is a kind of chipped stone tool used as the spearhead.
Japanese: 石槍(いしやり)とは、打製石器の一種で、石で作った槍の頭の部分である。
English: Sekkaku (the stone core) refers to the ore that remains after tearing off the flakes, which usually serve as the raw materials for chipped stone tools.
Japanese: 石核（せっかく、core）とは、一般に打製石器の素材とされる剥片（flake）をはがし取った際に残った原石のことをいう。
English: Strictly speaking, it is divided into the ore, from which the flakes are peeled off, and the residues, which are not used and are thrown away after a series of flake-exfoliation processes.
Japanese: 厳密には、剥片を剥離している状態の原石（石材）と、一連の剥片剥離の工程が終わって用済みとなり廃棄される残滓とに分けられる。
English: Yonaoshi Ikki refers to a rush of uprisings that the Japanese society experienced from the later Edo period to the early Meiji period.
Japanese: 世直し一揆（よなおしいっき）は、江戸時代後半から明治時代初期にかけて多発した一揆。
English: In the later Edo period, uprisings in local domains became frequent because of the unstableness of the society.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期、社会の不安定な状況によって各地で一揆が頻発するようになる。
English: Particularly in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, when Japan opened itself to the West and concluded the Ansei Treaties (a series of treaties signed in 1858 [during the Ansei era], with the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Netherlands and France on the others), the export of raw silk and tea became active, and this caused the surge of the prices of commodities.
Japanese: 特に幕末に日本が開国して安政条約が締結されると、生糸や茶の輸出が盛んになり、その分物価が急上昇した。
English: People at that time also suffered from the heavy tax burden that resulted from the worsening economy of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and local domains.
Japanese: 更に江戸幕府や諸藩の財政悪化による重税によって人々の生活は苦しんだ。
English: Especially since the Bunkyu era (1861- 1864), the political situation in Japan grew tense, and the domains began to accumulate a stockpile of rice for emergency, and as a consequence the market became short of rice in spite of its rich harvest.
Japanese: 特に文久年間以後には政情が緊迫するようになると、諸藩が万が一に備えて米を備蓄するようになって豊作でも米が流通しないという事態に陥った。
English: In 1864, when Kyoto saw the Kinmon Incident (the war waged by Choshu Domain for regaining its force in Kyoto, which resulted in its defeat), this tendency was accelerated, and when the Edo bakufu decided to set out the Choshu Expedition, the rice price rose nationwide.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）に京都で禁門の変が起きるとその傾向に拍車がかかり、続く長州征伐の決定によって全国的に米価が上昇した。
English: After this, destructive riots in urban areas and uprisings in provinces became frequent.
Japanese: これによって都市部では打ちこわしが、地方では一揆が頻発するようになった。
English: The riots and uprisings reached their peaks twice; the first one was when Edo bakufu implemented the second Choshu Expedition in 1866, and the second one was during the Boshin Civil War in 1868.
Japanese: 特に慶応2年（1866年）の第2次長州征伐中と同4年（明治元年・1868年）の戊辰戦争中にその最高潮に達した。
English: Having no ideological and political background, most of the destructive riots and uprisings simply aimed at requiring the relief from hardships of life, and demonstrating their displeasure against the taxation and conscription imposed anew, and all of them ceased in the end when suppressed by Edo bakufu, domains, or the Meiji government.
Japanese: 打ちこわしや一揆そのものは生活苦の改善や新規の徴税や徴兵に反対するものが中心であり、思想的・政治的な背景に欠くもので、最終的には幕府・諸藩・明治政府のいずれかの兵に鎮圧されて終わった。
English: However, these revolts resulted in hindering the military action of the Edo bakufu and the domains, because the main targets of the revolts were directed to those who had been the authority of taxation until then, such as the Edo bakufu and the domains, as well as the people related to the authorities, such as village officers and chartered merchants.
Japanese: だが、攻撃の主要な対象が今まで徴税を行ってきた幕府や諸藩及びこれと結びついた村役人・御用商人などに向かったことによって、結果的には幕府・諸藩の軍事行動の足を引っ張る結果となった。
English: It cannot be denied that this disorder indirectly helped the Satsuma and Choshu Domains (which constituted the new government) gain momentum to establish their dominance over Japan during the period from the Choshu Expedition to the Boshin Civil War (regardless of the intention of the uprising participants).
Japanese: それが（一揆当事者の意図とは関係なく）長州征伐から戊辰戦争にかけての薩長（新政府）優位の流れを間接的に生み出す役目を果たしたことは否めない。
English: And so, when the force of Edo bakufu completely collapsed, and the shogunate and domain system was consecutively put an end by "Hanseki-hokan" (the return of the domain registers to Meiji Emperor) and "Haihan-chiken" (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures), the new government became the target of aggression, which were manifested as the uprising against the liberation order of the discriminated classes, 'blood tax uprising' (the uprising against the compulsory military service), and the peasant uprising against the land-tax reform.
Japanese: 従って、旧幕府勢力が完全に崩壊して、続く版籍奉還・廃藩置県によって幕藩体制が消滅すると、今度は攻撃対象が新政府側に向かうことになり、解放令反対一揆や血税一揆、地租改正反対一揆の形で現れることになった。
English: In Osaka, where warehouses of rice and other products stood densely, the price of rice continued rising from around 1862, and since Iemochi TOKUGAWA entered Osaka-jo Castle as Seii Taishogun (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in 1864, major cabinet members of the Shogunate, territorial lords, hatamoto (direct retainers of Edo bakufu), and their vassals also came to live in Osaka, and its population increased rapidly.
Japanese: 蔵屋敷が集中する大坂では、文久2年（1862年）頃から米価の高騰が続き、元治元年（1864年）に征夷大将軍徳川家茂が大坂城に入って以後、主だった幕閣や諸侯、旗本及びその家臣たちが大坂に集中して急激に人口が増加した。
English: Once the Edo bakufu decided to dispatch its punitive force against Choshu Domain for the Kinmon Incident, Choshu Domain enforced a naval blockade as its countermeasure at Kanmon-kaikyo Strait which was under its control, and this blockade inevitably close off the sea route from the Tohoku and Hokuriku regions to Osaka via Kanmon-kaikyo Strait and Seto Inland Sea.
Japanese: 禁門の変によって長州藩追討が決定されると、関門海峡を支配する同藩の海上封鎖によって東北地方・北陸地方から同海峡・瀬戸内海を経由して大坂に向かう航路の封鎖が確実となった。
English: In the face of the blockade, the Edo bakufu started to secure rice stockpiling in Osaka, where the bakufu was placing its substantial stronghold for the second Choshu Expedition, and this caused the surge of the rice price even ten times as high as a decade before in Osaka.
Japanese: 第2次長州征伐実施のために事実上の幕府軍の拠点となっていた大坂において兵糧米確保が行われたこともあいまって、慶応2年には更に10年前の米価の10倍の水準にまで跳ね上がった。
English: As a result, residents in and around Osaka had difficulty even in securing everyday rice.
Japanese: そのため、大坂及びその周辺の住民はその日の米も確保できない状態に陥った。
English: On June 13, 1866 (表記の変更), housewives in Nishinomiya City made a protest against a rice dealer, which triggered an uprising, and it spread quickly to other neighboring cities including Itami City, Hyogo Prefecture, and on July 25 (表記の変更), a destructive riot broke out in Osaka City.
Japanese: 慶応2年5月1日（旧暦）に西宮市で主婦達が起こした米穀商への抗議行動をきっかけに起きた一揆は、たちまち伊丹市・兵庫区などに飛び火し、13日には大坂市内でも打ちこわしが発生した。
English: The destructive riot in Osaka lasted for three days, in which the stores of rice dealers and influential merchants, like Konoike family, were attacked.
Japanese: 打ちこわしは3日間にわたって続き米穀商や鴻池家のような有力商人の店が襲撃された。
English: After that, a rush of uprisings spread to Izumi and Nara Provinces, and the situation was described as 'within 39.2 k㎡ from Osaka, there was no place freed from an uprising.' ("Bakumatsu Chinjishu" [Curious Incidents in the Last Days of the Tokugawa Shogunate]).
Japanese: その後、一揆は和泉国・奈良方面にも広がり「大坂十里四方ハ一揆おからさる所なし」（『幕末珎事集』）と評された。
English: Edo was not directly affected by the Choshu Expedition and the naval blockade, but it saw the surge of the rice price just like in Osaka, although its appreciation rate was four times as high as a decade ago, and naturally the discontent of Edo citizens was mounting rapidly.
Japanese: 長州征伐や海上封鎖の影響を直接受けなかった江戸でも大坂と同じように10年前の米価の4倍の水準にまで跳ね上がっており、市民の不満は急激に高まっていた。
English: On July 10, 1866 (表記の変更), a destructive uprising began at a posting station, Shinagawa-juku, and from the next day, similar destructions successively occurred in the streets of Edo and Naito Shinjuku as well.
Japanese: 5月28日には品川宿で打ちこわしが始まり、翌日以後、江戸市中及び内藤新宿でも同様の事態となった。
English: Destructive riots in Edo were smaller in scale than those in Osaka, but Edo machi-bugyo (the town magistrate of Edo) could not put them under its control, and they sporadically continued until July 17 (表記の変更).
Japanese: 江戸の打ちこわしは大坂と比べて小規模ではあったが、6月6日まで散発的に続いたが、江戸町奉行はその取締りを十分に行うことが出来なかった。
English: For this blunder, someone stuck a bill outside the gate of the magistrate's office, which sarcastically said, 'Administrative service has sold out.'
Japanese: そのため、奉行所の門外に「御政事売切申候」という張り紙までされる始末であった。
English: And on October 26, 1866 (表記の変更), about three months later from the riots, the then envoy from the United States, Robert B. Van Valkenburg was stoned by Edo citizens in front of Kaminari-mon Gate when he lost his way, and he had a brush with the guardian samurai of the area.
Japanese: また打ちこわしから3ヵ月後の9月18日にはロバート・ヴァン・ヴォールクンバーグアメリカ合衆国公使が道に迷って雷門前に出たときに江戸市民の投石にあって警備の武士と小競り合いとなった。
English: On July 24, 1866 (表記の変更), a large-scale uprising called Bushu Yonaoshi Ikki broke out in 15 counties of Musashi Province including Chubu Country and in two counties of Kozuke Province, and the total number of the participants is said to have reached up to 100-odd thousands.
Japanese: 6月13日に武蔵国秩父郡を中心とした武蔵15郡・上野国2郡の地域で総勢十数万とも言われた武州世直し一揆が勃発した。
English: During the seven days before the uprising was suppressed by the Edo bakufu army on July 30 (表記の変更), it had grown into a massive riot, in which it is said that people from more than 200 villages took part and 520 houses of village officers and wealthy merchants were destroyed.
Japanese: 19日に幕府軍に鎮圧されるまでの7日間に参加した村200余り、打ち壊された村役人や豪商の屋敷520ヶ所と言われる大規模な一揆に発展した。
English: Later, it was also revealed that some of the group attempted a raid on the settlement for foreigners in Yokohama City, and the attempt, along with the above mentioned attack on the U.S. Envoy, made the foreign envoys nervous.
Japanese: 後に一揆のうちの一部集団には横浜市の外国人居留地を襲撃する計画があったことも発覚し、続く9月のアメリカ公使襲撃（前述）と並んで外国公使らを緊張させた。
English: Almost at the same time as the above incidents, in two lands of tenryo (bakufu-owned land), Date and Shinobu Counties of Mutsu Province, an uprising Shindatsu Sodo (or Shindatsu Ikki) occurred, demanding the abolition of a new contribution imposed to the producers of raw silk and seat paper called 'Kiito narabini Sanshushi Kaiin' (enforced in 1865).
Japanese: ほぼ時を同じくして幕府天領の陸奥国伊達郡信夫郡両郡において「生糸并蚕種紙改印」（慶応元年実施）の廃止などを求める信達騒動（信達一揆）が発生した。
English: During the six days from July 25, the people attacked the houses of village officers, and jinya (regional government office) and daikansho (local governor's office) located in Kori, and in continuation, they rushed into the castle town of Fukushima-jo Castle, which was the center of the neighboring Fukushima Domain.
Japanese: 6月14日から6日間にわたる一揆は村役人の邸宅や桑折陣屋代官所を襲撃し、隣の福島藩の中枢である福島城城下町に突入した。
English: Fukushima Domain dispersed the revolt with its saber-rattling, but fully accepted the their demands for fear that the insurgence would be radicalized.
Japanese: 福島藩は武力で威嚇して解散させたものの、一揆の過激化を恐れて一揆側の要求そのものは全面的に受け入れた。
English: As Choshu Domain was the target of the Expedition, some neighboring domains, among others, the domains near to Omori Ginzan Silver Mine (bakufu-owned land), and Hamada and Kokura Domains, both of which were ruled by "fudai daimyo" (a Japanese territorial lord in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), were obliged to shoulder heavy burdens by the bakufu, including the provision of places and services for stationing the bakufu troops.
Japanese: 討伐目標となった長州藩の周囲、特に天領である大森銀山一帯や譜代大名である浜田藩・小倉藩両藩などは軍隊の駐屯に加えて過大な負担を要求された。
English: On August 27 (表記の変更), the army of Choshu Domain captured Hamada-jo Castle, which caused the flight of the regional governor of Omori Ginzan (silver mine) dispatched from Edo bakufu on August 30 (表記の変更), and after Kokura-jo Castle was abandoned by Kokura Domain on September 1(表記の変更) (occupied by the army of Choshu on September 19 [表記の変更]), various uprisings broke out simultaneously within Kokura Domain.
Japanese: ところが7月18日に浜田城が長州藩軍に落とされ、21日には大森の幕府代官が逃走、8月1日には小倉藩が小倉城を放棄（11日に長州藩軍に占領）すると、その領内で一斉に一揆が発生した。
English: The insurgents drove out the army of Matsue Domain (stationed there as reinforcements to the bakufu army) and the army of the Ando family of Kishu Domain (later Kii Tanabe Domain) serving as the guardian of Omori Ginzan.
Japanese: 幕府側の援軍として現地にいた松江藩軍や大森銀山警備の職にあった紀州藩安藤家（後の紀伊田辺藩）軍が一揆に押されて潰走した。
English: On the other hand, the insurgents in Iwami Province were suppressed by the army of Choshu Domain occupying there, and those in Buzen Province were suppressed by the army of Kawara Domain (former Kokura Domain), which once withdrawn to the regional office, jinya, but succeeded in its counterattack after renewing its offensive.
Japanese: だが、石見国では同国を占領した長州藩軍に、豊前国では香春陣屋で再起を図った香春藩（旧小倉藩）軍によって鎮圧された。
English: But in November, Tsuyama Domain in Mimasaka Province, Kitsuki Domain in Bungo Province, and Tatsuno Domain in Harima Province saw the uprisings of peasant and others who could not bear heavy burdens such as military service, any more.
Japanese: だが、11月に入ると、美作国津山藩や豊後国杵築藩、播磨国龍野藩でも軍役などの負担に耐え切れなくなった農民らによる一揆が発生した。
English: These domains were located on the route of the Edo bakufu's Choshu Expedition, so the disorder in these domains became a hindrance to the movement of the bakufu army.
Japanese: これらの諸藩は長州討伐のための経路上にあり、幕府軍の動きを制約することになる。
English: Incidentally, in the uprising in Tatsuno Domain the insurgents beat the reinforcements dispatched from Ako Domain.
Japanese: なお、龍野藩の一揆では援軍にかけつけた赤穂藩軍が返り討ちにあっている。
English: Considering these uprisings and destructive riots, some of the influential Japanese territorial lords, such as Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, Nagamichi ASANO, and Mochihisa SHIMAZU, presented a proposal to the Edo bakufu to stop the Choshu Expedition.
Japanese: こうした一揆・打ちこわしの発生に対して松平慶永や浅野長訓、島津茂久ら有力諸侯が長州征伐の中止を建言した。
English: In spite of Iemochi's death, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who executed the state affairs for Iemochi, wanted to continue the Choshu Expedition, however, the notice that the strongholds of bakufu in Hamada and Kokura had fallen broke him down and he decided to stop the Choshu Expedition on August 30 (表記の変更) under the pretext of Iemochi's demise.
Japanese: 政務を代行する徳川慶喜はなおも長州征伐を継続しようとしたものの、浜田・小倉の陥落の報に衝撃を受け、8月21日に将軍家茂逝去を理由に長州征伐は中止された。
English: Meanwhile, the then envoy from Britain, Harry Smith Parkes, who heard the news that destructive riots occurred in Osaka while he was traveling in the Kyushu region, anticipated that the public movement, if and when converged with Joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners), would be the second Taiping Rebellion (the widespread civil war in China from 1850 to 1864), so he recommended Nagasaki bugyo (Nagasaki magistrate) Yoriyuki NOSE and others to import rice from Qing Dynasty of China.
Japanese: 一方、イギリス公使ハリー・パークスは九州旅行中に大坂の打ちこわしの知らせを聞き、民衆の動きが攘夷派と結びついて第二の太平天国の乱になると、長崎奉行能勢頼之らに説いて清国からの外米輸入を提言した。
English: In spite of the efforts of Parkes as well as Magistrate Nose and other officials, their recommendation was set aside amid the confusions after Iemochi's death, and it was not long before the assault against the U.S. envoy Van Valkenburg occurred.
Japanese: だが、パークスや能勢らの尽力にも関わらず、家茂死去の混乱によって話が進まないうちにヴァン・ヴォールクンバーグ公使の事件が起きた。
English: And so, Parkes, together with the French envoy Leon Roches and others, urged Edo bakufu to permit the import of rice.
Japanese: そこでパークスはレオン・ロッシュフランス公使らとともに幕府に外米輸入の許可を出すように強く迫った。
English: Finally, the bakufu permitted the import of rice on November 20 (表記の変更), responding to the external pressure.
Japanese: これに押された幕府は10月14日に幕府はついに外米輸入の許可を出した。
English: In the next year, 1867, a huge amount of rice equivalent to 870,000 bales (traditional unit for rice, 1 bale equals to 60 kilograms) was imported from Qing and other countries, and accordingly the rice price fell and uprisings and riots came to a temporary lull.
Japanese: 翌慶応3年（1867年）には清国などから87万俵相当の外米が輸入されて、米価が下がり一揆・打ちこわしも小康状態を迎えた。
English: When the Boshin Civil War broke out in 1868, insurgence associated with the social reform movement flared up again in local provinces.
Japanese: 慶応4年（明治元年）の戊辰戦争の勃発によって各地で世直し一揆が再燃した。
English: However, in western Japan, partly because there was no big battle after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, no large-scale uprising was provoked neither.
Japanese: ただし、鳥羽伏見の戦い以後西日本では大きな戦いが発生しなかったこともあり、大規模な一揆の発生はなかった。
English: On February 8, 1868 (表記の変更), soon after the details of the Battle of Toba-Fushimi were informed to Edo, Washiro SHIBUYA, of the Kanto Torishimari Shutsuyaku (public security authorities of Kanto region under Edo bakufu), decided to conscript peasants from villages all over the Kanto region, no matter whether the village was of a shogunal demesne or a private territory.
Japanese: 鳥羽伏見の戦いの報が江戸に伝わった直後の1月15日、関東取締出役渋谷鷲郎が関東一帯の村々から公私領を問わずに農民を徴兵する決定を下した。
English: On March 5, 1868 (表記の変更), the peasants from Musashi and Kozuke Provinces advanced toward Iwahana jinya (regional government office), at which Shibuya worked.
Japanese: 2月12日に武蔵・上野の農民が渋谷がいる岩鼻陣屋に向かって進撃した。
English: Nevertheless, from the mid-March, large-scale uprisings recurred in villages of the three provinces, demanding the expulsion of some village officers for the reason that they acted wrong in recruitment to decide whom to draft.
Japanese: ところが、その際に一部の村役人が徴兵の選定に際して不正があったとして下旬より三国の村々で村役人の追放などを訴える大規模な一揆へと発展した。
English: Particularly in Kozuke Province, the uprising that occurred in Tago County on March 15 (表記の変更) involved surrounding areas and increased its force, and Yoshii Domain, Nanukaichi Domain and Obata Domain 'surrendered' to the uprising force one after another.
Japanese: 特に上野では2月22日に多胡郡で起きた一揆は周辺を巻き込んで拡大し、吉井藩・七日市藩・小幡藩は次々と一揆軍に「降伏」した。
English: Iwahana Jinya was abandoned on April 2 (表記の変更), and the uprisings in Kozuke Province and in northern part of Musashi Province reached their peaks when Hanyu Jinya surrendered to the new army.
Japanese: 3月10日には岩鼻陣屋も放棄され、羽生陣屋が新政府軍に落とされると、上野・北武蔵の一揆は最高潮に達した。
English: It is said that the domains exempt from the control of the uprisings in the Kozuke Province were only three; namely, Takasaki Domain, Maebashi Domain, and Isesaki Domain.
Japanese: 上野では一揆の制圧下に置かれなかったのは高崎藩・前橋藩・伊勢崎藩の3藩のみであったとされている。
English: Around that time, the new government sent its Tosando army (the army in charge of the Tohoku region and a part of Chubu region) to the northern part of Kanto region, and while issuing the order on April 3 (表記の変更) to the domains in the region to control the uprisings in cooperation with the army, the government itself formulated a plan to support the operation.
Japanese: その頃、新政府の東山道軍が北関東に進出したが、3月11日諸藩に対して共同で一揆の取締を命じるとともに新政府軍もこれを支援する方針を立てた。
English: As a result of the efforts to suppress the uprisings in line with the plan, the new government gradually achieved to calm them down from the mid-April to May(表記の変更).
Japanese: この方針に従って鎮圧に当たった結果、3月末から4月にかけて一揆は沈静化に向かった。
English: Later, the domains in the northern Kanto region, which had received the support of the new government in suppressing the uprisings, united in allegiance to the new government.
Japanese: 一揆鎮圧に新政府軍の支援を受けた北関東の諸藩は藩論を恭順にまとめることになる。
English: In June(表記の変更), an uprising occurred in Uonuma County, Echigo Province, where there was an enclave of Kuwana Domain, a domain of Sabaku-ha (supporters of the Shogun).
Japanese: 5月に入ると、佐幕派の桑名藩の飛領がある越後国魚沼郡で一揆が発生した。
English: The new government army, which proceeded into the country, accepted the reduction of nengu (land tax) by half because land tax reduction was the cause of the disturbance, and in time the uprising calmed down.
Japanese: 同郡に入った新政府軍が戦乱を理由とした年貢の半減に応じた結果、間もなく鎮圧された。
English: In September (表記の変更), another uprising occurred in Muramatsu Domain, demanding the expulsion of village officers, and it was also suppressed by the joint operation of the domain and the new government army.
Japanese: また、8月には村松藩でも村役人の追放を訴える一揆が起きて藩と新政府軍に鎮圧されている。
English: In this region, the uprisings were mainly seen in Echigo-Nagaoka Domain and Aizu Domain, which had been the principal battleground of the Hokuetsu War and the Aizu War, respectively.
Japanese: この地域の一揆の主な舞台は北越戦争及び会津戦争の主戦場でもあった越後長岡藩と会津藩であった。
English: In Nagaoka Domain, when Nagaoka-jo Castle surrendered on July 8 (表記の変更), the uprising occurred protesting against the disposition of rice by the new government and the compulsory recruitment of laborers by the domain.
Japanese: 長岡藩では5月19日に長岡城が落城すると、米の払下や藩による人夫徴用に反対する一揆が発生した。
English: The uprising that broke out in a wide range of Yoshida and Maki areas from July 9 (表記の変更) spread to the whole area of the domain, and the participants reached as many as 7,000 at its peak.
Japanese: 5月20日から吉田・巻一帯で発生した一揆は領内全域に広がり一時は7,000人規模にまで達するものとなった。
English: In response, Nagaoka Domain called back some of its own military units that were fighting against the new government army, and the domain finally managed to suppress the uprisings on August 14 (表記の変更).
Japanese: これに対して長岡藩では、新政府軍と戦っていた部隊の一部を引き抜いて鎮圧にあたった結果、6月26日にようやく鎮圧した。
English: However, the reduced military power of the domain due to this operation made it difficult for the domain to mobilize even its labor force and the plan to recover Nagaoka-jo Castle lead by Tsugunosuke KAWAI was largely delayed, which consequently worked favorably to the new government.
Japanese: これによって長岡藩の兵力が減少したのみならず、人夫動員も困難となり河井継之助の長岡城奪還計画は大幅に遅れて、結果的に新政府軍に有利に働くことになる。
English: In fact, it can be said that the failure of Tsugunosuke KAWAI was not caused by the weapons of the new government army but by the uprising in the territory which made him miss an opportunity to carry out his plan.
Japanese: 河井継之助の命運を尽かせたのは実は新政府軍の兵器ではなく、領民の一揆による抵抗による作戦好機の逸失であったと言える。
English: When Aizu Wakamatsu-jo Castle surrendered to the new government on November 6 (表記の変更), an uprising known as Aizu Yonaoshi Ikki broke out (particularly the insurgence was intense in the areas that escaped from having been involved in the Aizu War), and it extended to almost all the territory of the domain.
Japanese: 会津藩でも9月22日に会津若松城が落ちると、領内（特に戦場にならなかった地域を中心）に会津世直し一揆が発生、領内のほぼ全域に拡大した。
English: The people of the domain, who had been suffering from the heavy tax since the feudal lord of the domain, Katamori MATSUDAIRA's assumption of Kyoto Shugoshoku (Military Governor of Kyoto), exploded their frustration all at once in this revolt, which completely destroyed the ruling organization of the domain.
Japanese: 領民は会津藩主松平容保の京都守護職就任以来の重税に対する不満を一気に爆発させ、藩の支配組織を完全に解体に追い込んだのである。
English: Point ('sentoki' in Japanese) is a sharp-pointed chipped stone tool.
Japanese: 尖頭器（せんとうき、point）とは、先端を鋭く尖らせた打製石器のこと。
English: The archaeological term "point" has a broad meaning and in foreign countries, it is generally used to refer to sharp-pointed stone tools; in Japan, however, the term for "point" (sentoki) is not used to refer to stone tools with one edge blunted by the removal of tiny flakes (these are instead called 'knife-like stone tools').
Japanese: 尖頭器は、諸外国では広い意味をもち、先端が鋭く尖った石器の総称として用いられるのに対し、日本では刃潰し剥離によって仕上げられた石器については「ナイフ形石器」と呼んで、尖頭器とは区別する。