nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: According to the "Gukansho," when Goshirakawa made a visit to Joken's Shishigatani mountain retreat, FUJIWARA no Narichika, Saiko and Shunkan met together to talk about plans to destroy the Taira clan and Yukitsuna was called and given 30 rolls of Uji fabric to make white flags for the launch.
Japanese: 『愚管抄』によれば、後白河が静賢の鹿ケ谷山荘に御幸した際、藤原成親・西光・俊寛が集まり平氏打倒の計画が話し合われ、行綱が呼ばれて旗揚げの白旗用として宇治布30反が与えられたという。
English: According to the "Heike Monogatari" (The Historic Romance of Taira Family), a sake bottle (called "heiji", the same pronunciation as "the Taira clan" in Japanese) fell over when Narichika stood up and when Goshirakawa asked, 'what was that?' Narichika answered, 'the sake bottle (heiji) fell over,' and when Shunkan asked what to do with it, Saiko said 'we must take its neck (kill)' and broke the neck of the bottle.
Japanese: また『平家物語』によれば、成親が立ち上がって瓶子（へいじ）が倒れ、後白河が「あれはいかに」と問うと成親が「平氏（瓶子）たはれ候ぬ」と答え、俊寛がそれをどうするか尋ねると西光が「頸をとるにしかず」と瓶子の首を折り割ったという。
English: Kiyomori immediately sent for Saiko and when he admitted to all of the charges under torture, he was beheaded.
Japanese: 清盛は直ちに西光を呼び出して拷問にかけ、全てを自供させると首を刎ねた。
English: It is said that Shigemori, whose wife was Narichika's younger sister, encouraged Narichika by promising to save his life ("Gukansho").
Japanese: 成親の妹を妻にしていた重盛は、命だけは助かるようにすると成親を励ましたという（『愚管抄』）。
English: When the monks of the Sanmon, who had descended to Nishi-Sakamoto, became aware of this, they sent a messenger to Kiyomori to thank him for killing their enemy and returned to their mountain.
Japanese: 西坂本まで下っていた山門の大衆はこの動きを知ると、清盛に使者を送り敵を討ったことへの感謝を述べて山へ戻っていった。
English: On July 8, participants such as Shunkan, Motonaka, NAKAHARA no Motokane, Nobufusa KOREMUNE, TAIRA no Sukeyuki and TAIRA no Yasuyori were all captured, and on July 9, Myoun was released from exile.
Japanese: 4日、俊寛・基仲・中原基兼・惟宗信房・平資行・平康頼など参加者が一網打尽にされ、5日、明雲が配流を解かれた。
English: On July 13, Morotaka, who has been exiled to Owari, was attacked by followers of Kiyomori and brutally killed, and although Narichika was saved and exiled to Bizen Province, he was starved to death.
Japanese: 9日、尾張に流されていた師高が、清盛の家人の襲撃を受けて惨殺、成親は一旦は助命されて備前国に配流されるが、食物を与えられず殺害されてしまった。
English: Whether there in fact were any secret plans was questioned even at that point and since Saiko and Narichika readily attended to Kiyomori's call, there is a possibility that it was a plot by the Taira clan (Kiyomori) to destroy close aides of the cloistered government or evade confrontation with the Sanmon.
Japanese: 謀議が事実であったかどうかは当時でも疑問視する向きが多く、西光と成親が清盛の呼び出しに簡単に応じていることから、平氏側（清盛）が院近臣勢力を潰すため、もしくは山門との衝突を回避するためにでっち上げた疑獄事件の可能性もある。
English: Kiyomori targeted the core aides of the cloistered government, Saiko and Narichika, and did not penalize Goshirakawa, instead sending him to Fukuhara.
Japanese: 清盛が狙いをつけたのは院近臣の中核である西光・成親で、後白河には手を下さず福原に引き上げた。
English: Goshirakawa was said to feign complete ignorance and said 'what it all this? I don't think I have anything to be accused of.'
Japanese: 後白河は「こはされば何事ぞや、御とかあるべしとも思し召さず」と白を切ったという。
English: Shigemori quit the position of Sadaisho (head of the left palace guards) on July 9 because he had lost face when his soldier hit the mikoshi with an arrow during the Hakusan Incident and his wife's elder brother was killed during exile even after Shigemori asked for his life to be spared.
Japanese: 重盛は、白山事件で家人が矢を神輿に当てる失態を犯したのに加え、妻の兄が配流されて助命を求めたにも関わらず殺害されたことで面目を失い、6月5日に左大将を辞任した。
English: Kiyomori was able to prevent a confrontation with the Sanmon and eliminate close aides of the cloistered government who were against the Taira clan, but the relationship between Kiyomori and Goshirakawa was irreversibly damaged and this led to the "Jisho sannen no seihen" (Coup of the Third Year of Jisho, 1179).
Japanese: 清盛は山門との衝突を回避し、反平氏の動きを見せていた院近臣の排除に成功したが、清盛と後白河の関係は取り返しのつかないものとなり治承三年の政変（1179年）へとつながっていく。
English: The Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron is a debate on which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was the legitimate dynasty during the Nanbokucho period in Japan ("jun" is the same as "uruu" and means "not legitimate but also not fake").
Japanese: 南北朝正閏論（なんぼくちょうせいじゅんろん）とは日本の南北朝時代(日本)において南北のどちらが正統とするかの論争（閏はうるうと同じで「正統ではないが偽物ではない」の意）。
English: Since the start of the modern era, the Nanbokucho-Seijun-ron debate over which of the Imperial Courts, Southern or Northern, was legitimate has continued.
Japanese: 近世以来、南北朝のいずれが正統かをめぐって南北朝正閏論が行われてきた。
English: The contention of the proponents are generally classified into the Nancho (Southern Court) legitimacy theory, the Hokucho (Northern Court) legitimacy theory, the both line opposition theory, and the both line concurrent theory.
Japanese: 論者の主張は大きく南朝正統論、北朝正統論、両統対立論、両統並立論に分けられる。
English: To indicate the legitimacy of the Nitta clan, which was considered as the ancestors of the Tokugawa clan, Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA claimed in "Dainihonshi" (Great Japanese History) that the Nancho was the legitimate line.
Japanese: 徳川光圀は徳川氏の祖とされた新田氏の正統性を示すため、「大日本史」で南朝(日本)を正統であると提示した。
English: In the same way, Sanyo RAI, who supported the Nancho legitimacy theory, claimed that since Emperor Gokomatsu (Northern Court (Japan)) became the legitimate Emperor because Emperor Gokameyama (Southern Court) abdicated in favor of a more virtuous successor, the Imperial succession of the Northern Dynasty should not be legitimatized because there is a problem with the legitimacy of emperors after Emperor Gokomatsu (however, the historical fact is that no ceremony for abdication by an emperor in favor of a more virtuous successor was carried out, only a ceremony to return the sacred treasures).
Japanese: また同様に南朝正統論を支持した頼山陽は後小松天皇（北朝(日本)）は後亀山天皇（南朝）から禅譲を受けたことによって正統な天皇になったので、後小松天皇以後の天皇の正統性の問題を理由として、北朝の皇位継承を正当化とすべきではないと主張した（但し史実では神器帰還の儀式が行われたのみで禅譲の儀式は行われていない）。
English: On the other hand, most of the court nobles at that time were descended from court nobles of the Northern Court (many families divided into Southern and Northern based on the family head), and strongly supported the Northern Court legitimacy theory, together with many aristocratic historians such as Norimitsu YANAGIHARA, and the Imperial Line also considered the Northern Court as legitimate because it was directly connected to the current imperial line, so rituals were also conducted following those policies.
Japanese: 一方、当時の公家社会では、公家達のほとんどが北朝方公家の末裔であったために（多くは家督を巡って南北に分裂した）北朝正統論が強く、柳原紀光ら公家出身の歴史家の多くが北朝正統論を支持した、また皇室も永く現皇統につながる北朝を正統と考えていたとされ祭祀もその方針で行われていた。
English: The academic field of history during the Meiji period conducted evidence-based research comparing the 'Taiheiki' with other documents such as historical books and diaries, and based on this, the 1903 and 1909 revisions of national textbooks for elementary schools depicted both the Southern and the Northern Court as being concurrent.
Japanese: 明治の歴史学界では、南北朝時代に関して「太平記」の記述を他の史書や日記などの資料と比較する実証的な研究がされ、これに基づいて1903年（明治36年）及び1909年（同42年）の小学校で使用されている国定教科書改訂においては南北両朝は並立していたものとして書かれていた。
English: However, this became problematic around 1910 when the textbooks for teachers was revised, and this movement was further fueled by the "Kotoku Incident," which is said to have been caused by socialists such as Shusui KOTOKU and others.
Japanese: ところが、1910年（同43年）の教師用教科書改訂にあたって問題化し始め、同年に幸徳秋水ら社会主義者が起こしたとされた幸徳事件がこれに拍車をかけた。
English: In the editorial of Yomiuri Shinbun issued January 19, 1911, the following idea was proposed: 'If both dynasties are allowed to oppose each other, it is clear that the nation is divided and this is the fault of the government.
Japanese: そして、1911年（明治44年）1月19日付の読売新聞社説に「もし両朝の対立をしも許さば、国家の既に分裂したること、灼然火を賭るよりも明かに、天下の失態之より大なる莫かるべし。
English: How can we allow this to be overlooked as suggested by the Education Ministry, because it was just a temporary anomaly?'; 'In Imperial Japan, the true way of determining character is not by knowledge or good deeds but by national emotions, in other words, the cause.
Japanese: 何ぞ文部省側の主張の如く一時の変態として之を看過するを得んや」「日本帝国に於て真に人格の判定を為すの標準は知識徳行の優劣より先づ国民的情操、即ち大義名分の明否如何に在り。
English: In these days of individualism, where even nihilists are appearing, this is a matter of great urgency and importance,' which led to a political debate in the Imperial Diet about whether the Southern or the Northern Court was legitimate.
Japanese: 今日の多く個人主義の日に発達し、ニヒリストさへ輩出する時代に於ては特に緊要重大にして欠くべからず」という論が出され、これを機に南北朝のどちらの皇統が正統であるかを巡り帝国議会での政治論争にまで発展した。
English: Regarding this problem, the opposition party, Rikken Kokumin-to Party (Constitutional National Party) and the Dainipponkokutai advocacy group both accused the Katsura Cabinet of the second term at that time.
Japanese: この問題を巡って野党立憲国民党や大日本国体擁護団体などが当時の第2次桂内閣を糾弾した。
English: Pressured by the opposition and public opinion, at the Imperial Diet meeting on February 4, 1911, the government officially declared the Southern Court legitimate.
Japanese: このため、政府は野党や世論に押され、1911年（明治44年）2月4日には帝国議会で南朝を正統とする決議をおこなった。
English: Furthermore, the textbooks were revised and the person responsible for writing the textbooks, Sadakichi KIDA, was suspended from his job.
Japanese: さらに教科書改訂を行い、教科書執筆責任者である喜田貞吉を休職処分とした。
English: In the end, based on the description in "Dainihonshi" (Great Japanese History) as evidence, the Emperor Meiji decided that the Southern Court was the legitimate line because it owned the Three Sacred Treasures (however, the current academic theory has basically established that the three Northern Court emperors, Emperors Kogon, Komyo and Suko, had owned the Three Sacred Treasures, so the assumption that all of the emperors in the Northern Court were 'not legitimate' because they did not own the sacred treasures is incorrect.
Japanese: 最終的には「大日本史」の記述を根拠に、明治天皇の裁断で三種の神器を所有していた南朝が正統であるとされ（ただし、現在の学説では北朝の光厳・光明・崇光の三帝は三種の神器を保有していたことがほぼ確実とみられ、神器の有無を根拠に北朝のすべてを「正統でない」とするのは無理である。
English: The Emperor Meiji is said to have ordered to have the ceremonies for the five emperors of the Northern Court to be continued as before) and the Nanbokucho was to be called 'Yoshino-cho period' because the Southern Court was located in Yoshino (Nara Prefecture).
Japanese: なお、明治天皇は北朝の五帝の祭祀については従前どおり行うよう指示したとされる）、南北朝時代は南朝が吉野にあったことにちなんで「吉野朝時代」と呼ばれる事となった。
English: Even then, some academics such as Yoshinari TANAKA have argued against using 'Yoshino-cho' (Nanbokucho-Seijun problem).
Japanese: それでも、田中義成などの一部の学者は「吉野朝」の表記に対して抗議している（南北朝正閏問題）。
English: Afterwards, the view on imperial history before the war mainly consisted of ideological interpretation, such as declaring Takauji ASHIKAGA a villain for rebelling against the Emperor and Masashige KUSUNOKI and Yoshisada NITTA loyalists.
Japanese: 以後、戦前の皇国史観のもとでは、足利尊氏を天皇に叛いた逆賊・大悪人、楠木正成や新田義貞を忠臣とするイデオロギー的な解釈が主流になる。
English: The Southern Court is still considered to be legitimate after World War II, but the term 'Nanbokucho period' entered the mainstream again based on the actual situation of history.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後も南朝が正統とされているが、歴史の実態に合わせて再び「南北朝時代」の用語が主流になった。
English: Also, with changes in values and progress in medieval history research, new views regarding the Nanbokucho period such as re-evaluating the achievements of Takauji ASHIKAGA, researching aspects of Masanori KUSUNOKI as an 'Akuto' (rebel), and establishing that Emperor Godaigo's Kenmu Restoration was influenced by Sung-period neo-Cunfucianism and was revolutionary because he aimed for a dictatorship, like a Chinese emperor, have come forth.
Japanese: また価値観の転換や中世史の研究の進歩で、足利尊氏の功績を評価したり、楠木正成は「悪党」としての性格が研究されるようになり、後醍醐天皇の建武の新政は宋学の影響で中華皇帝的な天皇独裁を目指す革新的なものであるなど、南北朝時代に関しても新たな認識がなされるようになった。
English: Yoshihiko AMINO focused on people with occupations other than farmers and suggested that the Nanbokucho period was a transitional time in Japanese history.
Japanese: 網野善彦は職能民など非農民層に着目し、南北朝時代が日本史の転換期にあたると主張している。
English: Additionally, after the Pacific War, there were appearances of self-claimed emperors such as Hiromichi KUMAZAWA, who claimed that he was a descendant of the Southern Court and therefore the legitimate heir to the throne.
Japanese: また、太平洋戦争後には、熊沢寛道に代表される自称天皇が現れ、自身が南朝の子孫であり正統な皇位継承者であると主張した。
English: However, in terms of bloodlines, the Jimyoin line, rather than the Daikakuji line, is the direct line of descent, and within the Jimyoin line, the Fushiminomiya family is considered the direct line, making the current Imperial family's blood the most noble.
Japanese: ただし血統的には、大覚寺統より持明院統が嫡流で、持明院統の中でも伏見宮家が、その嫡流にあたることから、現皇室の血筋が最も尊いとされている。
English: The Meio Incident involved the enthronement and dethronement of the Ashikaga seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") and occurred in the Muromachi period in 1493.
Japanese: 明応の政変（めいおうのせいへん）は、室町時代の1493年（明応2年）に起こった足利征夷大将軍廃立事件である。
English: In recent years, in the field of Japanese history there is an influential theory that regards this incident as the beginning of the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: なお、近年の日本史学界においては戦国時代_(日本)の始期をこの事件に求める有力説がある。
English: When the war was resolved as the Western forces were outnumbered, he and his father escaped to Mino Province, relying on Shigeyori TOKI.
Japanese: 乱が西軍劣勢で収束すると、父とともに土岐成頼を頼って美濃国へ逃れていた。
English: The ninth shogun, Yoshihisa ASHIKAGA, at the head of a force of provincial military governors turned daimyo and shogunal guards, led a campaign against the Rokkaku in Omi Province, but died there in 1489 of an illness.
Japanese: 9代将軍足利義尚は守護大名や奉公衆を率い、六角討伐のため近江国へ親征するが、1489年（延徳元年）に近江で病死する。
English: Yoshiki returned to Kyoto with Yoshimi and was put forward as the tenth shogun, but some people, including Yoshimasa ASHIKAGA and Masamoto HOSOKAWA, supported Seiko (Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA), the son of Masatomo ASHIKAGA who was the Horikoshi Governor-General, and was the head of the Kyogon-in of Tenryu-ji Temple at that time.
Japanese: 義材は義視とともに上洛して10代将軍に推挙されるが、足利義政や細川政元などは、堀越公方足利政知の子で天龍寺香厳院主となっていた清晃（足利義澄）を推す。
English: However, Tomiko HINO supported her nephew Yoshiki, and after the death of Yoshimasa the following year, in 1490, Yoshiki was chosen to be the tenth shogun on, among others, the condition of Yoshimi becoming a monk.
Japanese: しかし、日野富子が甥である義材を後援し、また、翌1490年（延徳2年）に義政が死去すると、義視の出家などを条件として義材の10代将軍就任が決定する。
English: Yoshiki followed the policies of the former shogun Yoshihisa and tried to increase his military strength, by taking over the campaign against the Rokkaku house in 1491 to deal with uprisings like in Tanba and Yamashiro provinces in the Kinai region.
Japanese: 義材は前将軍義尚の政策を踏襲し、丹波国、山城国など、畿内における国一揆に対応するため、1491年（延徳3年）、六角討伐を継承するなど軍事的強化を図った。
English: In 1493, Masanaga HATAKEYAMA requested that Yoshiki subjugate Kawachi Province to defeat his opponent, Yoshitoyo HATAKEYAMA (the son of Yoshinari HATAKEYAMA).
Japanese: 1493年（明応2年）、畠山政長は敵対する畠山義豊（畠山義就の子）の討伐のため、義材に河内国親征を要請する。
English: Although Masamoto was against this request, Yoshiki marched off with a punitive force to settle the issue of the succession to the head of Hatakeyama clan.
Japanese: 政元はこれに反対するが、畠山氏の家督問題を解決させるため、義材は討伐軍を進発させた。
English: Masamoto gained the cooperation of Tomiko and Masanori AKAMATSU, who had begun to feel dissatisfied with Yoshiki, and then pulled off a coup d'etat by making Seiko return to secular life and helping him become the eleventh shogun.
Japanese: 政元は、義材に不満を抱き始めた富子や赤松政則を抱き込み、清晃を還俗させて11代将軍に擁立してクーデターを決行。
English: After Masanaga died, Yoshiki surrendered and it was decided that he was to be confined in Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto.
Japanese: 政長が敗死すると、義材は投降して京都竜安寺にて幽閉されることとなった。
English: In June of the same year, Yoshiki, who had been confined, went from Kyoto to Hojo-du, Izumi county, Ecchu Province with the help of his close aides, relying on Naganobu JINBO, a chief vassal of Masanaga and deputy of the divided counties Nei and Izumi who had been appointed by a shugo.
Japanese: 同年6月、幽閉されていた義材は、側近らの手引きで越中国射水郡放生津へ下向し、政長の重臣であった婦負郡・射水郡分郡守護代・神保長誠を頼った。
English: Furthermore, over 70 people including vassals of the shogun, Jikkin Kugeshu (昵近公家衆), Zen monks, etc., who were close to Yoshiki, followed his move to Ecchu (the Ecchu Governor-General).
Japanese: さらに、義材派の幕臣・昵近公家衆・禅僧ら70人余りが越中下向につき従った（越中公方）。
English: Due to this incident, Masamoto took over shogunal administration, and the authority of the shogun whose military foundations, such as shogunal guards, had broken down, became weaker because of the bakufu's governmental authority being divided into two.
Japanese: この政変で政元は幕政を掌握し、奉公衆などの軍事的基盤が崩壊した将軍権力は、幕府公権の二分化により弱体化した。
English: This caused conflicts all over the country among supporters of the shogunal family that divided into two lines.
Japanese: これにより、二流に分かれた将軍家を擁した抗争が各地で続くこととなった。
English: Also, in connection to this, the military governor of Yamashiro, Sadamichi ISE (the son of Sadamune), who was close to Yoshiki, won over the local samurai class who had led an uprising in Yamashiro Province and tried to resist Masamoto, and Masamoto used the same technique as a countermeasure.
Japanese: また、これに関連して義材派の山城守護・伊勢貞陸（貞宗の子）が、山城国一揆を主導してきた国人層を懐柔して政元への抵抗を試み、また、政元も対抗策として同様の措置を採った。
English: Due to this, the local samurai class divided into an Ise faction and a Hosokawa faction, and the following year the uprising in Yamashiro Province was forced to disband.
Japanese: このため、国人層は伊勢派と細川派に分裂してしまい、翌年には山城国一揆は解散に追い込まれる事になった。
English: Moreover, recently there is an influential theory that the invasion of Izu Province by Soun HOJO, a vassal of the Imagawa clan, that occurred in the same year, in cooperation with Masamoto and Sadamasa UESUGI, was intended to defeat Chachamaru ASHIKAGA, who was the Horikoshi Governor-General and Yoshizumi's brother by a different mother, and opposed Yoshizumi.
Japanese: さらに近年では、同年に発生した今川氏家臣北条早雲（北条早雲）の伊豆国侵攻が、義澄と対立関係にあった異母兄である堀越公方・足利茶々丸を倒すために、政元や上杉定正と連携して行われたとする見方が有力になっている。
English: Similarly, in recent years there is an influential theory among Japanese historians, that the Meio Incident was not only a coup d'etat in the central government but also a critical turning point, which led to social upheaval and rebellions against the ruling classes, especially in the eastern provinces, and was the initial stage of the Warring States period.
Japanese: このように、明応の政変は中央だけのクーデター事件ではなく、全国、特に東国で戦乱と下克上の動きを恒常化させる契機となる、重大な分岐点であり、戦国時代の始期とする説が近年の日本史学界では有力となっている。
English: Maizuru Chinjufu was Chinjufu (navy base) of Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) located in Maizuru City, Kyoto.
Japanese: 舞鶴鎮守府（まいづるちんじゅふ）とは、京都府舞鶴市にあった旧大日本帝国海軍の鎮守府海軍鎮守府。
English: In its strategy against Russia, the Imperial Japanese Navy needed to set up a naval military base on the side of the Sea of Japan, and in 1889, decided to establish Chinjufu in Maizuru, singling out Maizuru Bay for its geographical features which were suitable as a naval port with its narrow entrance which could be easily defended while the calm inside of the bay could accommodate many ships.
Japanese: 対ロシアの戦略上、日本海軍は日本海側へ海軍の軍事拠点を設置する事が悲願となっており、1889年（明治22年）に、湾口が狭く、防御に適しており、また湾内は波静かで多くの艦船が停泊できるなど軍港としては格好の地形であった舞鶴湾に白羽の矢をたて、舞鶴に鎮守府を設置する事になった。
English: However, the improvement of Kure Chinjufu (Kure Naval District) and Sasebo Chinjufu (Sasebo Naval District) was prioritized before Maizuru, and so the monetary compensation for the Sino-Japanese War paid by Ching was to be appropriated for building the naval port in Maizuru.
Japanese: しかしながら、呉鎮守府、佐世保鎮守府の整備が優先され、舞鶴の軍港建設費用には日清戦争によって清から支払われた賠償金があてられる事になった。
English: Although the road work for the building site incurred a huge cost due to the mountainous geography of Maizuru, the land reclamation work had been almost completed at the end of 1899.
Japanese: 舞鶴は山地が多いため、敷地開削工事には莫大な費用を要したが、1899年（明治32年）末には、土地造成工事がほぼ出来上がった。
English: At the same time construction of the facilities for Chinjufu began, and on October 1, 1901, Maizuru Chinjufu started operations under first Admiral Heihachiro TOGO who had been a vice admiral till then.
Japanese: これに並行して鎮守府諸施設の工事が始まり、1901年（明治34年）10月1日に舞鶴鎮守府が開庁、初代司令長官は当時海軍中将であった東郷平八郎が任命された。
English: 1889: Cabinet decided to set up the fourth naval district Chinjufu in Maizuru.
Japanese: 1889年（明治22年）：第四海軍区鎮守府を舞鶴に設置する事を閣議決定。
English: 1923: According to the Washington Naval Treaty, Maizuru Chinjufu was downgraded to an echelon naval port.
Japanese: 1923年（大正12年）：ワシントン海軍軍縮条約により要港部に格下げ。
English: The regency is a form of government during the Heian period where actual power was long monopolized by a deputy or adviser to the emperor from Yoshifusa's line in the Fujiwara family (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), who was installed as a regent, a chancellor or a nairan (private inspection) from generation to generation.
Japanese: 摂関政治（せっかんせいじ）とは、平安時代に藤原氏（藤原北家）の良房流一族が、代々摂政や関白あるいは内覧となって、天皇の代理者、又は天皇の補佐者として政治の実権を独占し続けた政治形態である。
English: Fuyutsugu was installed as Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain, the chief of the newly-founded Kurodo dokoro (Chamberlain's Office)) in 810, which was the head secretary to the Emperor (or the Chief Cabinet Secretary), and compiled and presented a considerable group of laws and regulations, the Konin kyaku-shiki.
Japanese: 冬嗣は810年、天皇の筆頭秘書官（又は官房長官）と言うべき蔵人頭（新設官庁である蔵人所の長官）に就任し、一大法令群である弘仁格式を撰上した。
English: FUJIWARA no Yoshifusa, the son of Fuyutsugu, took office as prime minister in 857 and became regent in 866, both of these firsts for an imperial subject.
Japanese: 冬嗣の子藤原良房は、857年に太政大臣へ、866年には摂政へと、いずれも人臣として初めて就任した。
English: First, reducing other powerful court nobles' resistance to the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan by undermining them politically (expulsion of other clans from the Imperial Court).
Japanese: 一つは、他の有力貴族を失脚させることで、藤原北家への対抗心を削ぐこと（他氏排斥）。
English: Second, he married his daughters into the emperor's family, had them bear children, and then seized power as the maternal grandfather of emperors.
Japanese: 二つ目は、天皇家に娘を嫁がせ子を産ませ、天皇の外祖父として権力を握ることだった。
English: As an example of the first method of ejecting other clans, he brought about the downfall of the Otomo and the Tachibana clans, along with the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan, in the Jowa Incident of 842, and then the Tomo and Ki clans in the Otenmon Incident of 866.
Japanese: 前者の他氏排斥としては、842年の承和の変において大伴氏・橘氏両氏及び藤原式家を、次いで866年の応天門の変において伴・紀氏両氏を失脚させている。
English: As an example of the second method, he married his daughter to Emperor Montoku, and as a result Emperor Seiwa was born, and he built a solid political foundation as the emperor's maternal grandfather.
Japanese: 後者としては、文徳天皇に娘を嫁がせ、その結果清和天皇が誕生し、天皇の外祖父として確固たる政治基盤を築いている。
English: This method of marrying a daughter to Emperor became a tradition of the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan and also the source of their status as the emperor's deputies and advisors.
Japanese: この、娘を天皇家に嫁がせる手法は、藤原北家の伝統となり、天皇の代理者・補佐者としての地位の源泉ともなっていった。
English: Soon after Yoshifusa's death, his adopted son FUJIWARA no Mototsune was installed as regent, and when the aged Emperor Koko hastily ascended the throne in 884, he was installed as chancellor in all but name.
Japanese: 良房の死後、養子の藤原基経はすぐに摂政へ就任し、884年に急遽年配の光孝天皇が即位した際には、事実上の関白に就任した。
English: He had been exercising authority as a regent on behalf of a child emperor, but now at last attained the position of chancellor, an advisor to an adult emperor (a de facto authorized deputy).
Japanese: それまでは幼少の天皇の代理者たる摂政として権限を行使してきたが、ついに成人の天皇の補佐者（事実上の権限代行者）たる関白の地位も手中にしたことになる。
English: In addition, in the process of obtaining the official post of chancellor, an incident called the Ako Controversy occurred, and Mototsune succeeded in getting an apology from an emperor.
Japanese: なお、正式な関白の地位を手に入れる過程で阿衡の紛議という事件が起こり、基経は天皇に謝罪させることに成功している。
English: In the time of Mototsune's son FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane came to the forefront as his rival, but in 901, Tokihira caused Michizane to be demoted (the Shotai Incident).
Japanese: 基経の子藤原時平のとき、ライバルとして菅原道真が台頭したが、901年に道真を左遷へ陥れた（昌泰の変）。
English: Although Tokihira was a remarkably competent politician and displayed impressive skills, he died before he was appointed as a regent or a chancellor.
Japanese: 時平は非常に有能な政治家として手腕を発揮していったが、摂政・関白に就任する前に死んでしまった。
English: Tokihira's brothers FUJIWARA no Tadahira and FUJIWARA no Morosuke were installed as regent and chancellor, however, Emperor Murakami directly administrated the Imperial Court after Tadahira's death (the glorious reign of Tenryaku) and the posts of regent and chancellor became vacant.
Japanese: 時平の弟、藤原忠平は藤原師輔は摂政・関白に就任することができたが、彼の死後、村上天皇の親政（天暦の治）が行われ、摂政・関白の座は空位となった。
English: However, FUJIWARA no Saneyori became chancellor due to the death of Emperor Murakami, and after that the posts of regent and chancellor were maintained continuously until the Meiji Restoration (except some periods such as the Kenmu Restoration by Emperor Godaigo, etc.).
Japanese: しかし、村上天皇の逝去により、藤原実頼が関白に就任し、以後、明治維新まで摂政・関白が常置（後醍醐天皇による建武の新政の時期などの例外を除く）されることとなる。