nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Also, he overruled the former government's view which had considered it a private case between an enterprise and the local people, and expressed his opinion that it was a public pollution case that needed the nation's involvement, and after he returned from his tour, he explained its importance to Shigenobu OKUMA and set up an investigative committee to start the movement to propose drastic measures for the future, while he took the responsibility on himself and resigned.
Japanese: また、企業と地元民の間の私的な事件であるとしてきたそれまでの政府の見解を覆し、国が対応すべき公害であるとの立場を明確にし帰郷後、大隈重信らにその重要性を説諭、鉱毒調査委員会を設置し、後の抜本的な対策に向けて先鞭をつけ、自身は引責辞任した。
English: On the other hand, he took various supportive actions aiming to provide special education for talented students from the families of former shogun's retainers.
Japanese: その一方で､旧幕臣子弟への英才教育を目的に、様々な援助活動を展開した。
English: Keenly realizing the importance of agriculture through his experience in the cultivation of Hokkaido, in 1891he founded the Tokugawa Ikueikai Foundation (now Tokyo University of Agriculture) and assumed the role of its president.
Japanese: 北海道開拓に関与した経験から、農業の重要性を痛感、明治24年（1891年）に徳川育英会育英黌農業科（現在の東京農業大学）を創設し自ら黌長となった。
English: From 1888 to 1908, he served as the first chairman of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.
Japanese: また、明治21年（1888年）から同41年（1908年）まで電気学会初代会長を務めている。
English: When Kiyotaka KURODA died, he took on the role of chairman of the funeral ceremony, going over the heads of other high-ranked officers from the Satsuma clan.
Japanese: また、黒田清隆が死去したときには並み居る薩摩出身の高官をさしおいて葬儀委員長を務めている。
English: However, there is a theory for this which postulates that in his later years, KURODA was estranged from the Satsuma clan faction and no one would take on the duty of chairman.
Japanese: これは一説には黒田が晩年、薩閥の中にあって疎外されていて引き受ける者がいなかったためともいわれる。
English: In the establishment of the Ezo government, ENOMOTO gave a full display of his diplomatic knowledge and capacity to obtain oboegaki (informal diplomatic documents) from the persons concerned of powerful countries, which was an epoch-making technique for the Japan of that time (they were not recognized as a belligerent group [their right of belligerency] and this oboegaki was obtained without the recognition of the parent state or the ambassador).
Japanese: 蝦夷島政府樹立の際には、国際法の知識を駆使して自分たちのことを「事実上の政権」であるという覚書を現地にいた列強の関係者から入手する（交戦団体という認定は受けていない。また、この覚書は本国や大使の了解なく作られたものである）という、当時の日本としては画期的な手法を採るなど、外交知識と手腕を発揮した。
English: After becoming a bureaucrat in the Meiji government, he fully demonstrated his knowledge and spirit of inquiry and was known as "the best bureaucrat in the Meiji period" by the people, but in the Meiji government with its clannish behavior, he was often timid.
Japanese: 明治政府官僚となってからも、その知識と探求心を遺憾なく発揮し、民衆から「明治最良の官僚」と謳われたほどであったが、藩閥の明治政府内においては肩身の狭い思いもしばしばであった。
English: He was a typical Edokko (a typical person from Edo), who had a strong sense of duty and humanity and was easily moved to tears, and was a favorite of Emperor Meiji.
Japanese: 義理・人情に厚く、涙もろいという典型的な江戸っ子で明治天皇のお気に入りだった。
English: As he was critical of an extreme Westernization policy though he was knowledgeable of foreign countries, he dared to dress in kimono when attending a garden party.
Japanese: また海外通でありながら極端な洋化政策には批判的で、園遊会ではあえて和装で参内するなどしている。
English: By contrast, Yukichi FUKUZAWA disliked ENOMOTO and disparaged him, calling him a minister of no action and no policy, a typical opportunist who serves two lords, which is a disgraceful act for a bushi (samurai), and moreover, a man who is glad to be given a peerage by his former enemy and does not know yasegaman (endurance for pride's sake) ("Yasegaman no Setsu [the theory of yasegaman]").
Japanese: 一方で福澤諭吉は榎本を嫌い、彼を「無為無策の伴食大臣。二君に仕えるという武士にあるまじき行動をとった典型的なオポチュニスト。挙句は、かつての敵から爵位を授けられて嬉々としている「痩我慢」を知らぬ男」と罵倒している（『痩我慢の説』）。
English: FUKUZAWA also blamed Count Kaishu KATSU, who took the post as kaiguntaifu (a vice-minister of the navy), kaigunkyo (the chief of the navy) and sumitsu komonkan (the adviser of the Privy Council); because of things like this, he held a critical viewpoint on the former shogun's retainers who became government officials.
Japanese: 福澤は海軍大輔、海軍卿、枢密顧問官などを務めた伯爵勝海舟も同書で攻撃しており、官職に就いた旧幕臣を批判的視点で見ていた。
English: Had he died in Goryokaku, he would have been one of the most popular heros in Japan's history, just like MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune and Masashige KUSUNOKI, and his story would have been handed down from generation to generation.'
Japanese: 「もし彼が五稜郭で死んでいたら、源義経や楠木正成と並んで日本史上の一大ヒーローとして末長く語り伝えられたであろう。」
English: But he may have died contentedly for himself, thinking that he had done a good job for a former shogun's retainer.'
Japanese: 「しかし本人は『幕臣上がりにしてはよくやった』と案外満足して死んだのかもしれない」
English: While he was in prison after he lost the battle in Goryokaku, he wrote to his brother to teach him in detail how to make an incubator, soap and so on, the new way to raise silkworms and how to extract indigo, for the purpose of helping his brother's living.
Japanese: 五稜郭で敗れて、獄中にいる時、兄の家計を助けようとして手紙で、孵卵器や石鹸などの作り方や、新式の養蚕法・藍の採り方等詳細に知らせている。
English: It seems as though he was confident that he had the best knowledge in Japan in the field of chemistry.
Japanese: また舎密学（化学）については日本国中で自分に及ぶものはいないと自信を持っていたフシがある。
English: Incidentally, when he was the first Minister of Communication, they needed to decide on 'a badge' for the Ministry of Communication.
Japanese: 余談だが、彼が初代逓信大臣を勤めたとき、逓信省の「徽章」を決めることになった。
English: On February 8, 1887, they announced, "The letter shape "T" shall be used as a badge of the Ministry as of now", but it became apparent that the shape can be confused with an universal symbol "T", meaning unpaid or insufficient charges.
Japanese: 明治20年（1887年）2月8日、「今より（Ｔ）字形を以って本省全般の徽章とす」と告示したものの、これが万国共通の料金未納・料金不足の記号「T」と紛らわしいことが判明した。
English: Then, ENOMOTO proposed an idea to add one stroke above T to make ' '; thus it was officially changed to ' ' by commenting on the official gazette published on February 19 that actually 'T' was wrong but meant to be ' '.
Japanese: そこで榎本は「Tに棒を一本加えて「〒」にしたらどうだ」と提案し、2月19日の官報で「実は〒の誤りだった」ということにして変更したといわれている。
English: This is just one of many stories which explains how Japan's post office symbol ' 'came into existence, but this is an anecdote which shows his intelligence since the shape of 'テ (reads "te")' of 'テイシンショウ (reads "teishishow" [the Ministry of Communication])' matches that of the symbol ' '.
Japanese: これは、あくまでも郵便マーク誕生に関する諸説のうちのひとつであるが、「テイシンショウ」の「テ」にぴたりと合致しており、彼の聡明さを象徴するようなエピソードでもある。
English: He wrote "Toran (going to the Netherlands) Diary", "Hokkaido Junkai (exploration) Diary," "Siberia Diary," "Ryuseto (Japanese swords made from meteorites) Article," etc.
Japanese: 著作に『渡蘭日記』『北海道巡回日記』『西比利亜日記』『流星刀記事』など。
English: He was set to marry Princess Matsu (Niitachi goryonin, Shinshoni), the daughter of Shingen TAKEDA, but the engagement was broken off once his father went to war with Shingen.
Japanese: 婚約者は武田信玄の娘・松姫（新館御料人、信松尼）であったが、後に父と信玄が敵対したため、破談となる。
English: According to legend, the grave of the 'daughter of Nobunaga ODA,' known as the Princess of ODA and fiancé to Ujinao HOJO, is located at Korin-ji Temple in Odawara.
Japanese: 小田原の香林寺に「織田信長女」と伝わる墓があり、北条氏直の許婚の信長の姫といわれている。
English: Legend has it that the fiancée of Ujinao went to Odawara along with Kuranojo TAGA (多賀内蔵丞), a vassal of Nobutada, during the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 氏直許婚は本能寺の変の際に信忠の家臣の多賀内蔵丞が伴って小田原に下向したとされる。
English: If that is true, then Nobutada may have married a princess related to the Hojo clan as that grave is said to be that of the wife of Nobutada.
Japanese: が、その墓は信忠室の墓とも伝えられており、それが事実なら北条氏縁の姫が信忠の正室だった可能性も考えられる。
English: Originally named Kimyo-maru at birth, his name was changed to Kankuro Nobushige at his coming of age, and later changed to Nobutada.
Japanese: 幼名は奇妙丸、元服してはじめ勘九郎信重を名乗り、のちに信忠と改める。
English: His son, Hidenobu ODA (Sanboshi), was born to either of his two concubines (it is not known which one); the daughter of Nagamitsu SHIOKAWA or the daughter of Yoshinari MORI.
Japanese: 子供は側室の塩河長満の娘、または森可成の娘との間（どちらの女性の子か確定していない）に織田秀信（三法師）。
English: Since he had remained unmarried, he did not have an heir he recognized at the time of his death.
Japanese: 正室はいなかったため、信忠死亡時には信忠自身が認めた嫡男はいなかった。
English: He was born the first son of Nobunaga (the second, if Nobumasa, in fact, existed) in Owari Province in 1557.
Japanese: 弘治3年（1557年）、信長の長男（信正が実在すれば次男）として尾張国で生まれる。
English: After his coming of age in 1572 and fighting his first battle in Kohoku, he engaged in consecutive battles in various places alongside his father Nobunaga in the Ishiyama War, the attack of Nagashima in Ise Province and the Battle of Nagashino.
Japanese: 元亀3年（1572年）に元服し、江北攻めで初陣して以来、信長に従って石山合戦、伊勢国長島攻め、長篠の戦いと各地を転戦する。
English: In 1575, as supreme commander, he led the battle to capture Iwamura-jo Castle, which had been taken by Nobutomo AKIYAMA, a busho (commanding officer) of the Takeda family, and gained military renown in successive conquests against the Takeda family.
Japanese: 天正3年（1575年）に武田家部将・秋山信友に奪われていた岩村城の攻略戦の総大将として指揮してこれを降し、以降に行われた一連の武田征伐でも大いに武名を上げた。
English: In 1576, he became lord of Gifu-jo Castle, was given the family estate of the ODA clan and put in charge of Mino and Owari Provinces by Nobunaga.
Japanese: 天正4年（1576年）、信長から織田氏の家督と美濃国、尾張国の2ヶ国を譲られてその支配を任され、岐阜城の城主となった。
English: In February 1577, he brought down Nakano-jo Castle in the Battle of Saika, defeating Shigehide SUZUKI (Magoichi SAIKA) in March.
Japanese: 天正5年（1577年）2月に雑賀攻めで中野城を落とし、3月には、鈴木重秀（雑賀孫一）らを降す。
English: That September, as supreme commander he led warlords (including Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI and Mitsuhide AKECHI, whose forces formed the vanguard) in the Battle of Shigisan-jo Castle in Yamato Province, defeating their enemies, Hisahide MATSUNAGA and Hisamichi MATSUNAGA, father and son.
Japanese: 8月には再び反逆した松永久秀討伐の総大将となり、明智光秀を先陣に豊臣秀吉ら諸将を率い、松永久秀・松永久通父子が篭城する大和信貴山城を落とした（信貴山城の戦い）。
English: In 1578, Terumoto MORI, a sosui (commander-in-chief) of the Mori family, mobilized a large force of more than hundred thousand soldiers to regain control of Kozuki-jo Castle in Harima Province, basing the headquarters of his army in Bichu at Takamatsu-jo Castle, where he deployed Motoharu KIKKAWA, Takakage KOBAYAKAWA, Tadaie UKITA and 61,000 sailors from the Murakami navy in Harima in the Siege of Kozuki-jo Castle.
Japanese: 天正6年（1578年）、播磨国上月城を奪還すべく毛利家の総帥・毛利輝元が10万以上の大軍を動員し、自らは備中高松城に本陣を置き、吉川元春、小早川隆景、宇喜多忠家、村上水軍の6万1,000人を播磨に展開させ上月城を包囲した。
English: Nobunaga sent warlords such as Mitsuhide AKECHI, Nagahide NIWA, Kazumasu TAKIGAWA led by Nobutada as a supreme commander, to support Kozuki-jo Castle and Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who had been besieging Miki-jo Castle, also came under the command of Nobutada, deploying a total of 72 thousand of Oda army in Harima as a result.
Japanese: 信長も上月城救援のため、信忠を総大将に明智光秀、丹羽長秀、滝川一益ら諸将を援軍に出し、三木城を包囲中の羽柴秀吉も信忠の指揮下に入り、総勢7万2,000人の織田軍が播磨に展開する。
English: However, Nobunaga ordered a strategic retreat from Kozuki-jo Castle, in order to concentrate his forces on the siege of Miki-jo Castle, as the battle there had reached a deadlock.
Japanese: しかし、膠着状態におちいったため、戦略上の理由から信長は上月城からの撤退を指示し、三木城の攻略に専念させる。
English: By 1580, his area under control expanded to Miwa and Owari Provinces since Nobumori SAKUMA who had controlled the southern territory of Owari Province was sent into exile.
Japanese: 天正8年（1580年）には、尾張国南部を統括していた佐久間信盛が追放されたため、美濃・尾張にまで支配領域が広がる。
English: In 1582, with Kazumasu TAKIGAWA as vice-shogun, he assumed supreme command of a force of 50,000 from Mino and Owari Provinces in an attempt to subdue the Takeda forces.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）の武田征伐では美濃・尾張の軍勢5万を率い、滝川一益を副将として織田軍の総大将を命ぜられる。
English: Nobutada marched from Ina-gun, bringing down Iida-jo Castle and Takato-jo Castle in the south of Shinano Province which had been the footholds of their Takeda counterparts, and then invaded Kai Province.
Japanese: 信忠は伊那郡方面から進軍して、信濃国南部の武田方の拠点である飯田城、高遠城を落とし、甲斐国に侵攻する。
English: He achieved great success, forcing Katsuyori TAKEDA and Nobutaka TAKEDA, father and son, to commit suicide at the Battle of Tenmokuzan before the arrival of the main force of the Nobunaga army.
Japanese: 信長の本隊が追いつく前に武田勝頼・武田信勝父子を天目山の戦いにて自害に追い込む功績をあげた。
English: On April 28, Nobunaga entered the Kofu-jo Castle and awarded Nobutada with the sword of Nashijimaki for his distinguished war service, as much as saying, 'I intend to pass my power on to you'.
Japanese: 3月26日、甲府に入城した信長は、信忠の戦功を賞し梨地蒔の腰物を与え、「天下の儀も御与奪」との意志も表明する。
English: As the grant of honors, Hidetaka KAWAJIRI, busho (commanding officer) of the yoriki (lower-ranked samurai), was given command of Kai Province (with the exception of the territory controlled by Nobukimi ANAYAMA) and Suwa-gun in Shinano Province; Nagayoshi MORI was given command of Takai, Minochi, Sarashina, and Hanishina-gun of Shinano Province; Hideyori MORI was given command of Ina-gun of Shinano Province --this allowed them to greatly influence Mino, Owari, Kai and Shinano Provinces.
Japanese: 論功行賞により、寄騎部将の河尻秀隆が甲斐国（穴山信君領を除く）と信濃国諏訪郡、森長可が信濃国高井・水内・更科・埴科郡、毛利秀頼が信濃国伊那郡を与えられた事から、美濃・尾張・甲斐・信濃の四ヶ国に影響力を及ぼすこととなる。
English: An Imperial envoy came to see Nobunaga, who had returned in triumph to Azuchi upon vanquishing the Takeda clan, bearing an offer from Imperial Court to assume a title of either Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) or Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") (the question of the three alternative positions), but Nobunaga avoided a clear answer, instead requesting that Nobutada, his legitimate son and heir, be appointed as Seii taishogun.
Japanese: 武田氏滅亡を見届け安土へ凱旋した信長のもとへ、朝廷から関白、太政大臣、征夷大将軍の内の何れかに就任するよう勅使が訪れるが（三職推任問題）、信長は自身については明確な回答をせず、代わりに嫡男の信忠を征夷大将軍に宣下してもらえればよいと伝える。
English: In Honnoji Incident of July 1, 1582, Nobutada was staying at Myokaku-ji Temple in Kyoto (Kyoto City) (where Nobunaga also frequently stayed) on his way to support Hideyoshi HASHIBA, who was besieging Bichu Takamatsu-jo Castle, along with Nobunaga.
Japanese: 天正10年（1582年）6月2日の本能寺の変の際には、信長と共に備中高松城を包囲する羽柴秀吉への援軍に向かうべく京都の妙覚寺(京都市)（この寺には信長もたびたび滞在していた）に滞在していた。
English: Upon knowing that Hidemitsu AKECHI attacked Honno-ji Temple, where Nobunaga was staying, he headed to Honno-ji Temple to save his father.
Japanese: 信長の宿所である本能寺を明智光秀が強襲した事を知ると本能寺へ救援に向かう。
English: However, after being informed of Nobunaga's suicide, Nobutada travelled to the Nijo New Imperial Palace (the former Nijo-jo Castle), where the Crown Prince resided along with his paternal younger half-brother Katsunaga ODA (Genzaburo Nobufusa ODA), Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy) Sadakatsu MURAI, and others, to counter Mitsuhide.
Japanese: が、信長自害の知らせを受け、光秀を迎え撃つべく異母弟の織田勝長（織田源三郎信房）、京都所司代・村井貞勝らと共に皇太子の居宅である二条新御所（二条城の前身）に移動。
English: Nobutada fought well with his few remaining soldiers, making sure that the Imperial Prince Sanehito, who was a crown prince and lord of the Nijo New Imperial Palace, was able to escape.
Japanese: 信忠は二条新御所の主である儲君（皇太子）・誠仁親王を城の外に出し、手回りのわずかな軍兵とともに篭城し、善戦を見せた。
English: According to the Koreto Muhonki (a commentary on the Honnoji Incident) and the Renjoin Kiroku (journal written by priests of Kofuku-ji Temple Renjo-in), he wielded a sword himself to cut down enemy soldiers (this is rumored to be a myth, like that of Yoshiteru ASHIKAGA, yet it is open to debate as he was familiar with the art of swordsmanship as it was an essential discipline of that time).
Japanese: また、その奮戦の具体的な内容だが、惟任謀反記や蓮成院記録によると自ら剣をふるい敵の兵を斬ったらしい（足利義輝の最期に似ているため創作ではないかとも思われるが信忠は実際に剣術を習っており、当時はたしなみの1つであったため、あながち嘘とも言えない）。
English: The opinion that he was a foolish and mediocre commander was widely accepted at one time, however, the prevailing opinion at this time is that he was a qualified busho, perhaps as much so as Nobunaga, and a worthy successor.
Japanese: かつては暗愚な凡将との評価が有力だったが、現在では、信長には及ばないものの後継者としては十分な能力・資質を備えた武将との評価が主流になっている。
English: The reason Nobutada was thought to be foolish was due to an account of the incident of Nobuyasu MATSUDAIRA's seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) related in the "Seishi Tanko" which was written by Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGI.
Japanese: 信忠が暗愚とする根拠は、高柳光寿の著書『青史端紅』において松平信康切腹事件の真相について語られた説に由来する。
English: According to this account, Nobunaga excluded Nobuyasu, a legitimate child of Ieyasu, as he was concerned that Nobuyasu might outshine his son Nobutada.
Japanese: この説によれば、信長が、自分の嫡子である信忠に比べて、家康の嫡子信康の方が遙かに優れていたため、嫡子の将来を危惧し信康を除いておいたことが事件の真相であるという。
English: Mitsutoshi TAKAYANAGI had authority in academic society at that time, which made the foolish image he had established of Nobutada prevail for a long time.
Japanese: この説は、高柳光寿が当時の学会で権威を持っていたこともあって広く浸透し、その結果、信忠を暗愚とするイメージが長く定着することとなった。
English: However, the theory did not adequately compare the achievements of both, focusing inordinately on Nobuyasu's seppuku and indicating only one of the possibilities of the motive.
Japanese: この説は、あくまで信康の切腹を中心に据え、その動機の一つの可能性を示したに過ぎず、両者の事績を冷静に比較したものではない。
English: A more recent analysis indicates that he was fairly competent in his military and governmental capacities even when factoring in Nobunaga's influence as his guardian.
Japanese: そのため近年、信忠の事績が見直され、信長の後見を考慮に入れても信忠は無難に軍務や政務をこなしていたことが指摘された。
English: Therefore, the currently prevailing opinion is that there is little evidence that Nobutada was as foolish as he was formerly presented.
Japanese: そのため信忠が暗愚であるとする従来の説は根拠に乏しいとの見方が有力になり、現在主流の評価に移ってきている。
English: In the Honnoji Incident, Nobutada had a chance to escape from Kyoto, although Nobunaga didn't (the escape of Nagamasu ODA and Geni MAEDA tells us that Mitsuhide hadn't completely sealed off Kyoto).
Japanese: 本能寺の変において、信長には脱出できる可能性は皆無だったが、信忠には京都から脱出できる可能性があった（織田長益や前田玄以らが脱出しているのを見てもわかるように、光秀は京都を封鎖していなかった）。
English: It is said that he followed the same fate as his father dying despite the fact that he was the second generation to push the limits.
Japanese: にも関わらず父と共に散る運命をたどったあたりが、偉大なる父を持つ2代目の限界として現れていると言われる。
English: On the other hand, some praise Nobutada for dying fighting as a busho rather than escaping, saying it was not clear whether he could escape at the moment he was in the battle and that he might have thought a busho of Mitsuhide AKECHI's calibre couldn't have overseen the escape.
Japanese: 一方で戦場に臨んだ時点では逃走可能かは不明であり、明智光秀ほどの武将が逃走を許すはずがないと判断したともいわれ、逃走するより武将らしく戦って散った信忠を評価する声もある。
English: At a great military parade held in Kyoto in 1581, he held the greatest rank of any member of the Oda family.
Japanese: 天正9年（1581年）の京都御馬揃えの際、織田家一門の中における序列は第一位であった。
English: If one looks to the fact he was in control of the Oda family estate while Nobunaga was still alive, even if it was a mere formality, as well as put in charge of domains in Owari and Mino Provinces, one can see that he was trusted by Nobunaga.
Japanese: また、信長存命中は形式的ながらも家督を譲られていることと、父がかつて礎としていた尾張と美濃の統治を任されている所を見ると、信長から信頼されていたことがうかがえる。
English: It wasn't until the family line of Nobukatsu ODA, who was related to the Ikoma clan, became the mainstream in literature that this theory of Nobutada ODA's mother being from the Ikoma clan began appearing.
Japanese: 後年生駒氏腹の織田信雄の家系が主流になってからの文献から、生駒氏生母説が登場するようになる。
English: In the literature, the accounts written by those unrelated to Nobukatsu ODA made no reference at all to his actual mother, while the accounts written by those closely related to Nobukatsu ODA carried references indicating that Nobutada ODA's mother came from the Ikoma clan.
Japanese: またそれらの文献の生母の記載は、織田信雄からみて第三者が記したものには生母そのものが記されておらず、織田信雄に近しいと思われる文献には生駒氏生母説が記されている。
English: Therefore, it appears that the identity of his birth mother was not widely known, and that it may have been a fabrication that she came from the Ikoma clan as it would have brought Nobukatsu ODA's branch of the family closer to the center of the family.
Japanese: この事から、生母は公に広く知られていなかったことが推測され、本当に生駒氏生母説が正しいのか、主流となった織田信雄が嫡流により近づけるために捏造したものかは、現在のところ不明。
English: It is difficult at the present time to show a direct link between Nobutada ODA and the Ikoma clan as the host of the funeral of the Ikoma clan, who is said to be his birth mother, was Chasen-maru (Nobukatsu ODA) based on historical evidence of the time when Nobutada ODA was alive.
Japanese: 生母とされる生駒氏の喪主も茶筅丸（織田信雄）が務めており、織田信忠存命中の史料により、織田信忠と生駒氏を直接的に結びつける事は、現状では困難である。
English: Members of the Ikoma famly acted as close advisors to Nobukatsu ODA while members of the Saito family and Mino-shu (hatamoto [direct retainers of the Shogun] who resided in Mino Province) acted as close advisors to Nobutada ODA, which makes it difficult to discuss from that perspective.
Japanese: 生駒家も織田信雄の側近であり、織田信忠の側近は斎藤家や美濃衆が務めているため、そちらからの考察も困難である。
English: According to popular belief, it was not until October of 1556 that the Ikoma clan began providing concubines to the Oda family, which causes questions to arise as to the mother of Nobutada if one takes into consideration the normal duration of pregnancy and the birth of Nobukatsu ODA who was born in late March, 1558.
Japanese: また、生駒氏が側室となったのが、俗説にある通り弘治2年（1556年）9月以降であり、織田信雄の誕生が永禄元年（1558年）3月末であるならば、通常の妊娠期間等を考えると、信忠生母説に疑問が出てくる事となる。
English: Historical evidence to indicate that Nobutada's mother was not from the Ikoma clan includes the signature exempting Sofuku-ji Temple in Gifu (Gifu City) of all miscellaneous taxes which was issued by Nobutada under the name of Kimyo-maru (his name previous to his coming of age) on July 13, 1571 and the one issued in June 1577..
Japanese: 信忠の生母が生駒氏ではないと推測される史料としては、元亀2年（1571年）6月11日に信忠が元服前の奇妙の名前で出した、岐阜の崇福寺(岐阜市)に一切の諸役を免除する判物と、その後天正5年（1577年）6月に出した、同じく崇福寺に諸役を免除する判物がある。
English: It is likely that the tax exemption was favorable treatment for doing Buddhist memorial service of the seventh anniversary of Keiju KYUAN's death in Sofuku-ji Temple as it was written in the autographic signature of 1577, that Sofuku-ji Temple was the ihaijo (site of a Buddhist mortuary tablet) of Keiju KYUAN; being after six years from the autographic signature of 1571 issued in the time of Kimyo, it was the seventh anniversary of her death.
Japanese: この天正5年の判物に崇福寺が久庵慶珠の位牌所であると記載されており、元亀2年（1571年）の奇妙時代の判物から考えると6年後となり、久庵慶珠の7回忌にあたって、崇福寺にて7回忌法要を行ったことによる優遇と考えることができる。
English: Nobukatsu is said to have hosted the funeral of a member of the Ikoma clan under the name of Chasen-maru, his name before genpuku (the celebration of one's coming of age), which would normally be not appropriate, where Nobutada also issued his signature under his pre-genpuku name, Kimyo-maru, from which it can be surmised that Kimyo-maru hosted the funeral of Keiju KYUAN in June of 1571 as she was the real mother of Nobutada.
Japanese: 生駒氏の喪主を信雄が元服前の茶筅丸のまま務めたとされているが、同じように、通常は判物を出せない元服前の奇妙の名で出していることからも、奇妙丸が元亀2年（1571年）6月に久庵慶珠の葬儀の喪主を務めたと考えられ、この久庵慶珠こそ信忠の生母だと推測できるのではないだろうか。
English: It is not clear where Keiju KYUAN came from, but it is possible that Nobutada's real mother came from among the family of his close advisers considering the fact that families of birth mothers served as close advisors to busho such as the Ikoma family serving Nobukatsu and the Saka family and the Okamoto family serving Nobutaka.
Japanese: 久庵慶珠の出自は不明であるが、信雄には生駒家、信孝には坂家、岡本家というように、生母の一族を側近につけられているので、信忠の側近の中に信忠の生母の実家の一族のものがいる可能性もある。
English: All of the close advisers of Nobutada were Mino-shu, which was not only due to their relationship with his adopted mother Nohime, but also because Keiju KYUAN was the daughter of someone who was Mino-shu.
Japanese: 信忠の側近は美濃衆で固められていたが、これは養母濃姫との関係のみではなく、久庵慶珠が美濃衆の誰かの息女であったからではないかと思われる。
English: However, even if she was the daughter of someone who was Mino-shu, it is unlikely it was an important person, as Mino was in conflict with Nobunaga when Nobutada was born, they could have offered a lady-in-waiting or relative of Nohime as a concubine.
Japanese: ただし、信忠誕生時には美濃は信長と敵対していたため、美濃衆の息女であったとしても、濃姫の侍女や縁者などを側室として差し出したと考えられ、美濃衆の有力者の息女などは考えにくい。
English: It is said he was given the childhood name of Kimyo-maru by Nobunaga because of his strange expression (kimyo) at his time of birth.
Japanese: 出生した時、顔が奇妙であるということから、信長より奇妙丸という幼名を与えられたという。
English: His father Nobunaga was offered the reign over the family of the Shiba, who acted as guards of Owari, by Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, and it is said, however, that he declined and made his son Nobutada successor to the Shiba family.
Japanese: 父信長が足利義昭より尾張守護の斯波家の家督を与えられたおり、自らは辞し息子信忠に斯波家を継承させたともいわれる。
English: Despite his image as an obedient son, he disagreed with his father Nobunaga (who had come to observe the battle) on strategy when they attacked Miki-jo Castle in Harima.
Japanese: 父に忠実だったイメージが強いが、播磨三木城攻めの時には督戦に来た信長に作戦をめぐって抗弁した。