nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Moreover, "Doeff Halma" was revised and reinforced in comparison with "Nedreduitsch Taalkundig Woordenboek 1799-1811" (written by P Weiland) and other dictionaries, and "Oranda Jii" (Dutch Dictionary) that collected about 50,000 words was published with revisions in 1855.
Japanese: さらに1855年には『NedreduitschTaalkundigWoordenboek1799-1811』（PWeiland著）など他の辞書を参照しつつ校訂・補強が加えられ、約50,000語を抽出した『和蘭字彙』（おらんだじい）が校訂刊行された。
English: In 1849 Shozan SAKUMA, a feudal retainer of the Matsushiro clan and Dutch scholar, planned to publish "Doeff Halma" at the expense of the clan or from his own expense for which he would give up his karoku (hereditary stipend) under certain circumstances; he presented the lord of the clan with the report regarding strategy for expulsion of foreigners addressed to the lord of the clan, and emphasized the importance of disseminating the learning of language and technology for the purpose of opposing foreign countries.
Japanese: 1849年、松代藩士にて蘭学者の佐久間象山は藩費、場合によっては家禄を返上し費用に充てる覚悟で『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』を出版する計画を立て、藩主に「攘夷の策略に関する藩主宛答申書」を上奏して外国に対抗するために語学と技術習得を広める重要性を説いた。
English: On this occasion Shozan contributed "Revised and Enlarged Dutch Dictionary," a prototype dictionary that contained new words in the 19th century in the index A of "Doeff Halma."
Japanese: この際、象山は『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』A項に19世紀の新語を加えたプロトタイプ『増訂荷蘭語彙』を寄稿している。
English: Kaishu KATSU at the age of 25, who aimed at ascetic practices of Western studies, rented "Doeff Halma" at the cost of 10 ryo (a currency unit) a year (equivalent of about 1.2 to 1.3 million yen) from a doctor of Dutch medical science, Genii AKAGI, despite his poverty, and he devoted one year to producing two copies of its manuscript while making the ink that did not blot, or the pen by shaving the feathers of birds.
Japanese: 蘭学修行を志した25歳の勝海舟は、貧窮にもめげず赤城玄意という蘭医から『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』を年10両（約120～130万円に相当）で借り受け、滲まないインクや鳥の羽根を削ったペンを自作しながら1年がかりで写本2部を製作した。
English: There was a theory that his teacher Seigai NAGAI bought this manuscript, and the cost was said to be 30 ryo or 60 ryo.
Japanese: なお、この写本を買ったのは師である永井青崖という説があり、その金額も30両とも60両とも言われている。
English: There was only one copy of the precious "Doeff Halma" even in Tekijuku (the school of the Western studies) led by Koan OGATA, which had a reputation as the best Institute for Dutch Studies in those days, and the dictionary was especially kept in a separate room of about three mats called 'Doeff room.'
Japanese: 貴重な『ヅーフ・ハルマ』は当時最高の蘭塾と評判の高かった緒方洪庵の適塾にも一部しか無く、わざわざ「ヅーフ部屋」と呼ばれる3畳程の別室に保管された。
English: The requests for transcription from the outside also became a good income source for the private-school students.
Japanese: また、外部から申し込まれる写本の依頼は、塾生たちの良い収入源ともなっていた。
English: Nobumichi TSUBOI, who learned under Bosai UTAGAWA, was said to transcribe "Doeff Halma."
Japanese: 宇田川榛斎に学んだ坪井信道も『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』を写本したと伝わる。
English: It was said that Tsunetami SANO carried away "Doeff Halma" complete in 21 volumes in 'Shosendo,' the Institute for Western Studies led by Genboku ITO, and pawned it for 30 ryo.
Japanese: 伊東玄朴の蘭学塾「象先堂」にあった『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』全21巻を佐野常民が勝手に持ち出し30両で質入してしまったと言われている。
English: However, Katsuhiko TAKAHASHI posed a question over this rumor in his own book "Kajo" (PHP Institute Office; ISBN 4-041704-103).
Japanese: しかし高橋克彦は、自著『火城』（PHP研究所、ISBN4-041704-103）でこの伝聞に疑問を呈している。
English: In 1862 Japan's first English-Japanese and Japanese-English dictionary "A Pocket Dictionary of the English and Japanese Language" was compiled based on Dutch-Japanese dictionaries such as "Doeff Halma" and "Halma Wage," and "A New Pocket Dictionary of the English-Dutch and Dutch-English Languages" (written by H. Picard; 1857 edition).
Japanese: 1862年には、『ドゥーフ・ハルマ』や『ハルマ和解』などの蘭日字典と、英語蘭蘭英辞典『ANewPocketDictionaryoftheEnglish-DutchandDutch-EnglishLanguages』（H.Picard著、1857年版）から日本初の英和-和英辞典『英和対訳袖珍辞書』が編纂された。
English: Peddling (Gyosho) is one of retailing industry(service business) where peddlers sell products by moving from customer to customer without having their specific stores.
Japanese: 行商（ぎょうしょう）は、（特定の店舗を持たず）商品を顧客がいるところへ運び販売をする小売業（サービス業）のこと。
English: Unlike deliveries of products after receiving customers' orders, peddling is a sales method to sell products while transferring them and looking for customers in the areas where there seems to be customers, which includes, in a broad sense, the sales form to travel around the markets held regularly to sell goods and the form to provide the services such as Rau-ya, sharpening knives or scissors, and shoe shining.
Japanese: 行商は、客の注文を受けて運搬して行く配達とは違い、顧客のいそうな地域を商品を輸送しながら販売する方法で、広義には定期的に開催される市場を巡って物品を販売する様式や羅宇屋、包丁・はさみ研、靴磨き等サービスを提供する様式も含まれる。
English: The area for peddling differs depending on the type of products (length of expiry period or best-before period), which means some types of fresh food required to be eaten on the day they are gathered are often sold in peripheral areas and urban areas, but products which can be stored for long periods are sometimes sold by peddlers moving from city to city.
Japanese: 商品の質（消費期限/賞味期限の長短）によっても行商範囲は異なり、取れたその日に消費される必要のある生鮮食品は都市周辺部や都市内部で採れたり作られた食品を運んで売り歩くが、より長期間の保存ができる物品などでは都市から都市へと渡り歩くような業態も存在する。
English: In these days, the people carrying their products on their back often use public transportation including trains, bicycles, motorbikes, two-wheeled carts, or cars including small trucks for transport of products.
Japanese: 運搬は、現代では背中に背負って電車などの公共交通機関を利用したり、自転車やオートバイやリヤカー、あるいは軽トラックなどの自動車を使うことが多い。
English: In the Edo period, peddlers sometimes carried a yoke hanging their products from both ends of it for transport.
Japanese: また、江戸時代には天秤棒を担いで、その両端に売りものをぶら下げて担いで運搬することがあった。
English: They use streets and empty lots, borrow a corner of parks as places for selling, or visit each house to sell their products.
Japanese: 販売の場所は路上や空き地、公園の一角を間借りするか、あるいは戸別訪問をする。
English: Business usually spreads from the place with many products for selling and many people to the place with few products and people, so it can be said that peddlers are the origin of business in order to connect both places.
Japanese: 商売は元来、販売される商品がたくさんある場所や人から多くない場所や人へ融通するものであり、行商はそれを仲立ちする商売の起源ともいえる販売方法である。
English: Besides, the number of business methods which use cars equipped with facilities for selling is increasing these days, though their products had been sold mostly in fixed facilities (stores).
Japanese: なお、元来固定施設（店舗）で営業することがほとんどであった業種でも自動車に営業設備を設けて営業する形態が近年増えてきている。
English: This facility is called a mobile shop and this sales method is called tailgate sell, so the word, peddling is not generally used.
Japanese: この設備を移動店舗と、またこの販売形態を移動販売と称し、一般的に行商の用語は用いない。
English: In addition, the sales method to provide meals by using movable facilities is called Yatai (food stall), it is rare to be called peddling since its moving range is narrow.
Japanese: 加えて移動式の施設を用いて食事を提供する形態を屋台と称するが、移動する範囲も狭くて行商と称することは稀である。
English: Peddlers were also called bote-uri derived from their sales method to carry a yoke, and they sold seafood (including shellfish such as corbicula clams and asari clams), food (including tofu and candies), everyday goods (such as medicine), goods enriching people's lives (such as asagao (morning glory), goldfish, and wind chimes), furniture (including big chests) and water.
Japanese: 江戸時代の行商は、天秤棒を担いだ業態では棒手売とも呼ばれ、扱われる商品は魚介類（シジミやアサリのような貝も）から豆腐・飴といった食品のほか薬など生活物資、アサガオやキンギョ・風鈴といった生活に潤いを与える物品もあれば、大きな箪笥などの家具を扱う業態も存在し、果ては水を行商する者もいた。
English: Repair services of umbrellas, pans, pots and shoes by peddlers started to be provided later.
Japanese: その後、傘や鍋の修理、靴の補修も行商でサービスが提供されるようになった。
English: Around that time, preservation methods for fresh food were limited, so it had to be sold as soon as it was purchased.
Japanese: この頃は生鮮食品の保存手段が限られ、仕入れたらすぐ売り切る必要があった。
English: Therefore, the sales methods to travel around residential areas, to peddle, or to sell at early-morning markets were often seen.
Japanese: このため家庭の近くに売り歩いたり、行商や朝市などで販売する形態が多かった。
English: In addition, the dishes like sushi or soba (buckwheat noodle) were sold at mobile shops (Refer to "Yatai").
Japanese: その他、寿司や蕎麦などの料理も移動式の店舗で販売された（屋台を参照）。
English: The sales method to sell drug for household delivery by peddlers, which was popular in Ecchu Province (Toyama Prefecture, later) started around that time.
Japanese: またこの頃には、越中国（後の富山県）で盛んであった薬業が行商により販売する配置薬の販売方法が始まっている。
English: Whereas these types of businesses later became stores at fixed locations gradually in accordance with development of transportation and storage technology and increasing consumption in urban areas, the new types of peddling due to new industries, such as peddling milk (selling milk by measures) starting in the beginning of the Meiji period, seemed to be sometimes seen with the times (refer to "Milk bottle").
Japanese: なおこういった業態は後に輸送技術や保存技術の発達、また都市部の消費拡大にも伴い次第に定位置に店を構える業態になっていったものもある一方、明治時代初期に生まれた牛乳の行商（量り売り）のような、新規産業に伴う新しい種類の行商も、しばしば時代と共に発生した模様である（→牛乳瓶）。
English: Even in our time of the 21st century, peddling of seafood still remains in the mountains far from the seas and peddling of all kinds of food and everyday goods also remains mainly in solitary islands or remote areas far from urban areas where the mainstream of circulation centers.
Japanese: 21世紀に入った現代でも、海産物に関しては海から遠い山間部や、また流通の主流が集中する都会から遠い離島や僻地などの地域を中心に食品や生活雑貨一切の行商の仕事が残っている。
English: Peddler as a job of the day in Japan is required notification of doing business and the items which permitted to be sold are limited by prefectural regulations.
Japanese: 日本における現代の職業としての行商は都道府県の条例によって、その営業の届出が必要とされ、行商の営業品目などの規制がなされている。
English: Although the names of related regulations are slightly different in nuance, like "Food peddling health code", "Food peddling code" or "Seafood peddling regulation", items for peddling are generally defined, which are seafood, its processed products, meat, its processed products, sweets, bread, ice cream, tofu and lunch boxes.
Japanese: 自治体によって関係条例の名前は、「食品行商衛生条例」や「食品行商条例」または「魚介類行商取締条例」など、そのニュアンスには若干のちがいがあるが、概ね行商として定められている営業品目には、魚介類とその加工品、肉類とその加工品、菓子・パン・アイスクリーム・豆腐類・弁当などがある。
English: The regulations are widely different by prefecture or by government-ordinance-designated city, for example, peddling meat is specifically prohibited, but peddling noodles can be seen specifically in Tokyo.
Japanese: ただし、東京都では特異的に肉類の行商を認めていないが、かわりにゆでめん類の行商があるなど都道府県や政令指定都市ごとにかなり変化がある。
English: In any prefectures, notification to public administrations is usually unnecessary regarding farm products including vegetables, fruits, roasted sweet potatoes, roasted gingkoes and simple processed goods of those food.
Japanese: また、どの都道府県でも野菜・果物類や焼き芋・焼き銀杏など農産物およびその単純加工品は、普通行政への届出は不要である。
English: Many of those business conditions can be globally seen, for example, a lot of merchants who traveled around villages to sell goods purchased from markets in urban areas can be seen in all ages and countries.
Japanese: 世界的に見てもこういった業態は多々存在し、都市部の市場で仕入れた物品を村落などを巡回する形で売り歩いた商人などの例は古今東西で枚挙に暇が無い。
English: Some of them brought goods to dotted villages by crossing over the mountains or deserts at their own peril like merchants who had come and gone along the Silk Road, others sold the foreign goods purchased through a lot of merchants with glossy explanation (sometimes including lies).
Japanese: この中にはシルクロードを行き交った商人たちのように、命懸けで山越え・砂漠越えをして点在する集落に物品を持ち込んだ者もいれば、そうやって多くの商人の手を経てもたらされた異国の物品をまことしやかな（しばしば嘘の）説明を付けて売る者もいた。
English: In mysticism of the Medieval Period of Europe, many goods with lies spread, which were created by merchants and thought to be accepted, for example, "Unicorne" (fangs of unicorns) circulated as antidotes, related to a legend of unicorns.
Japanese: 中世ヨーロッパにおける神秘主義の中には、そういった商人の作り上げた嘘が真に受けられたと考えられる物品も数多く伝わっており、例えば「ウニコール」（イッカクの牙）がユニコーンの伝説と関連付けられ、解毒薬として流通していた。
English: In the earliest years, merchants peddling from city to city had taken a role in so-called trade, so it is considered to be developed into massive trade routes including overseas trades after the routes were organized and connected each other according to the development of transport technologies.
Japanese: いわゆる貿易も、当初の頃はこういった行商で都市間を巡回していた商人らが担っており、これが交通・輸送技術の発達にも従い、より組織化され相互連結されて海外貿易などの極大な交易網に発展していったと考えられる。
English: The exchange rate with the currencies issued at the same time was set at 10 coins of Taihei-genpo for one coin of Kaiki-shoho (a gold coin).
Japanese: 同時期に発行された貨幣との交換比率は、10枚で開基勝宝（金銭）1枚分と定められた。
English: There was no case that Taihei-genpo was found in excavation and research, and only two coins that were handed down in a certain family and Toshodai-ji Temple was in existence in the Taisho period.
Japanese: 太平元宝が発掘調査で見つかった事例はなく、大正時代には某家と唐招提寺に伝わる2品が現存していた。
English: However, the Chinese characters on both coins were '大平元宝' not correct '太平元宝,' so these were suspected of imitation.
Japanese: しかしいずれも「太平元宝」ではなく「大平元宝」と表記されており、贋物説さえ囁かれていた。
English: Sharitsu is a law on pardon, which was enacted by the Edo Shogunate in 1862 during the last period of the Edo era in Japan.
Japanese: 赦律（しゃりつ）とは、日本の幕末期の文久2年（1862年）に江戸幕府によって制定された恩赦に関する法令をいう。
English: Ever since the Ritsuryo law, various laws regulated pardons, but Sharitsu was the first law in Japan that specified limits and procedures of pardons.
Japanese: 恩赦についての規定は律令法以来、様々な法令に規定されてきたが、具体的な範囲や手続などを定めたの法令としては日本最初のものであった。
English: In the Edo Shogunate the Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") had the supreme power to grant a pardon when either the Tokugawa Shogunate Family or the Imperial Family had an auspicious event, a calamity or held a Buddhist memorial service.
Japanese: 江戸幕府において恩赦は征夷大将軍の大権に属して徳川将軍家や皇室などの慶事・凶事・法事などに際して行われた。
English: Furthermore the temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji, which administered the memorial services of the Tokugawa Shogunate Family, were authorized to recommend a pardon.
Japanese: 更に徳川将軍家の法事を司った寛永寺・増上寺には恩赦の口添えの権限が与えられていた。
English: This system had various problems, however, including that of pardons granted too frequently; of temples Kanei-ji and Zojo-ji that were supposedly apolitical were allowed to recommend pardons; of recommendations that only the family of a convict were allowed to ask for (thus it was hardly possible for convicts who had no relatives); and of obscure criteria for granting a pardon because the conference chamber discussed the propriety of each case separately.
Japanese: しかし、恩赦そのものが濫発されたうえ、本来政治とは無関係である寛永寺や増上寺による口添えの存在、しかもその口添えは受刑者の家族しか出来ない事など（独身者には困難である）様々な問題を抱えており、更に個々の受刑者の恩赦の是非は評定所の個別の審議を経たためにその適用基準も曖昧であった。
English: In 1772 the conference chamber (hyojosho) burned down in The Great Fire of Meiwa and all the documents on pardon were lost.
Japanese: 明和_(日本)9年の大火で評定所が焼失した時に恩赦に関する資料が失われた。
English: In order to compensate the loss, the Shogun's retainers at the conference chamber complied the records on pardon collected in the Bunka period (1804-1818) into "Taisharitsu" and it was used as reference at the conference chamber, but it was not sufficient enough.
Japanese: このため、これを補うために文化_(日本)年間に評定所の幕臣がまとめた恩赦の記録が『大赦律』という名称で評定所において参考資料として用いられたが十分なものではなかった。
English: In 1851 the senior councilor Masahiro ABE called commissioner of shrines and temples Yasuori WAKISAKA (Tatsuno domain), finance commissioner Yoritaka IKEDA and South Edo magistrate Kagemoto TOYAMA (Kinshiro) and ordered them to lay down an official law on pardon.
Japanese: そこで嘉永4年（1851年）に老中阿部正弘は寺社奉行脇坂安宅（龍野藩）・勘定奉行池田頼方・南町奉行遠山景元（金四郎）に命じて恩赦に関する公式な法令を制定することを命じたのである。
English: Abe aimed at establishing an impartial and precise standard in order to admonish the arbitrary granting and pave the way for an equivalent opportunity for all convicts to be granted a pardon.
Japanese: 阿部の意向としては恩赦の公正かつ明確な基準を定めてその濫発を戒め、全ての受刑者にその道を開くことを目的としていた。
English: One more intention can be known by looking at the records of that time: by establishing a law on pardon, Abe intended to actually revise the law of the Edo Shogunate, the Kujigata-osadamegaki (literally, "book of rules for public officials").
Japanese: だが、当時の記録を見るともう一つの目的として公事方御定書にはない恩赦の法令を定める事によって同法の事実上の改正を意図していた事が知られている。
English: The law of the Edo Shogunate was originally the law of the Matsudaira clan of Mikawa Province from the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 元々江戸幕府の法令は戦国時代_(日本)の三河国松平氏の法令であった。
English: With the subjugation of the land by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA it developed into a law on a nationwide scale.
Japanese: それが徳川家康の天下平定とともに全国規模の法令に発展したものである。
English: Its content was based on militarism that emphasized to suppress crimes by punishment and intimidation.
Japanese: その内容も武断的で厳罰と威嚇をもって犯罪を抑圧する事に重点が置かれていた。
English: The law of Ieyasu was the ancestral law, changing it could be regarded as a treasonable act which insulted Ieyasu and the Shogunate in the Confucian and conservative point of view.
Japanese: しかも家康が用いた法令は祖法でありそれを改正する事自体が、家康と幕府を侮辱する反逆的行為であると考える儒教的・保守的な考え方もあった。
English: When the Kujigata-osadamegaki was enacted, it was partly moderated, but the law system of the Sengoku period was taken over unaltered till the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Japanese: 公事方御定書制定時に一部は緩和されたものの、戦国時代の法体系がそのまま幕末にまで持ち込まれていた。
English: Abe avoided a direct reform of the Kujigata-osadamegaki, as even a discussion about reforming it might stir up the conservatives, so he used pardon as a means of reducing the penalties provided in the Kujigata-osadamegaki, and by using such a roundabout method he intended to reform the Kujigata-osadamegaki as a result.
Japanese: 阿部は改正を論じる自体が保守派の刺激をしかねない公事方御定書の改正を避け、恩赦という形式を用いて公事方御定書が定めた刑罰を減刑するという遠まわしな手法で結果的に公事方御定書の改正を図ろうとしたのである。
English: On behalf of Abe the three men thoroughly examined customary controversial points while referring to the "Taisharitsu."
Japanese: 阿部の意向を受けた三人は「大赦律」などを参照にしつつも旧来の問題点を洗い出した。
English: A scheme to mitigate actual punishments was incorporated, although former regulations on pardon remained as they were, but they were put together with conventional procedures in the hands of the council chamber, and Juveniles younger than fifteen who were formerly given severe punishments like banishment including cases where they were guilty only because of a relative's crime (enza) became eligible for pardon right away.
Japanese: 旧来の恩赦規定をそのまま残すものの、より儀式的なものとして手続の主体を評定所に置くとともに、旧来は縁座のケースも含めて15歳以下の未成年にも課されていた追放などの重罰については直ちに恩赦の対象とするなどの事実上の刑罰の緩和策が盛り込まれた。
English: One year after the compilation started, however, the domestic and foreign situation became turbulent due to the arrival of the black ships and it postponed taking the law into effect, then Abe and Toyama died suddenly and the conservative Naosuke II seized the power, and as a result the law on pardon was practically consigned to oblivion.
Japanese: ところが編纂の翌年の黒船来航などで内外の情勢が混乱して施行が先延ばしされ、続いて阿部や遠山が急死して保守派の井伊直弼が実権を握った事もあって「赦律」は事実上葬り去られてしまう。
English: Eleven years after the compilation started, enforcement was suddenly ordered in March, 1862 (the third year of the Bunkyu era).
Japanese: ところが、編纂から11年後の文久3年3月に突然施行が命じられたのである。
English: It is pointed out that this sudden order might be relevant to the appointment of Yasuori WAKISAKA, who participated in the compilation of the law, as the senior councilor and to the so-called Bunkyu Reform of that time, but the particulars are still unknown.
Japanese: これについては編纂に参加した脇坂安宅の老中就任との関係や当時のいわゆる文久の改革との関連性が指摘されるが、その経緯については不明のままである。
English: It should be noted first that punishments at that time were broadly divided into the followings: death penalty, long term expulsion like exile to an island and banishment, and punishments which were executed immediately after the verdict was passed, like beating and harsh scolding.
Japanese: まず、当時の刑罰は大まかに死刑と遠島・追放などの長期にわたる放逐を行う刑、そして敲や叱りなど判決と同時にその場において執行される刑に分かれていた。
English: Therefore, those who could actually be pardoned were mostly convicted persons who were exiled to an island or banished.
Japanese: 実際の恩赦の対象になりえたのは遠島・追放となった受刑者がほとんどであった。
English: Other possible cases of pardons were prisoners on remand, and claims for lost honor of dead samurai who had been punished with confiscation (kaieki, confiscation of land, stipend, and house) and of monks who were exiled from their sect as punishment (provided that only their religious qualification, not their official position or their stipend (rokudaka), could be retrieved).
Japanese: この他に未決囚や死亡した改易などの処分を受けた武士や宗門を追放されるなどの処分を受けた僧侶の名誉回復を求めるもの（ただし、処分前の資格を回復するのみで役職・禄高などが回復する訳ではない）を恩赦などを対象とした。
English: Convicts were eligible for a pardon after serving the specified period of term; namely, 11 years for banishment from one's residence (tokorobarai); 14 years for banishment from Edo (Edobarai); 17 years for banishment from Edo and its outskirts (Edo Juri Shiho Tsuiho); 20 years for light banishment (Keitsuiho); 23 years for medium banishment (Chutsuiho); 26 years for heavy banishment (Jutsuiho); 29 years for exile to a remote island (ento); 10 years for outcast; and 11 years for rehabilitation for Samurai and Buddhist monks.
Japanese: 所払は11年、江戸払14年、江戸十里四方追放17年、軽追放20年、中追放23年、重追放26年、遠島29年、非人手下10年、武士や僧侶の処分取消は11年という基準が定められ、これを越える服役をして初めて資格を得たのである。
English: Pardons were granted for children who were punished because of their father's guilt (enza) and for juveniles under fifteen years old where the punishment was not enforced yet, regardless of their term.
Japanese: なお、父の縁座によって処分を受けた子や15歳未満で刑が執行されていない幼年者への恩赦は年限に限らずに恩赦が認められた。
English: A pardon was approved after a short time in cases which had little effect on society (for example, after six years where the requirement was eleven years); conversely, a pardon might not be approved in cases which had a big effect on society.
Japanese: なお、社会的に影響が小さい事件については短期でも恩赦が認められ（11年必要なケースでは6年など）、また逆に影響が大きいケースでは認められない場合があった。
English: A unique point of this law which reflected the historical background was that a pardon did not extend to "crimes on foreigners or crimes committed together with foreigners."
Japanese: なお、当時の時代背景を反映して「外国人への犯罪及び外国人と組んで行った犯罪」が恩赦の対象外とされているのは特異な点であると言える。
English: The friendship club was established on December 24, 1912 as an Innai (within the House) faction within the House of Peers (Japan) and existed until May 3, 1947 when the Constitution of Japan was promulgated.
Japanese: 交友倶楽部（こうゆうくらぶ）は、1912年12月24日より1947年5月3日の日本国憲法公布まで存在していた貴族院_(日本)の院内会派。
English: The date of establishment mentioned above, however, is when the group went through the official procedure to have a legislative bargaining position in the Diet; in fact, the gathering had already existed as a social group by the beginning of the year ("Takashi HARA Diary").
Japanese: ただし、上記の設立日は院内交渉団体として届出があった日であり、実際には遅くても同年初めには親睦団体として存在していた（『原敬日記』）。
English: The club had originally been a social group consisting of either councilors of imperial nomination or councilors in the top tax bracket who support the second Saionji Cabinet of Rikken seiyukai, and then the club was officially launched as a negotiating body within the House on December 24, 1912 when they went through the official procedure.
Japanese: 元は立憲政友会の第2次西園寺内閣を支持する勅選議員や多額納税議員の親睦団体であったが、1912年12月24日に院内交渉団体として届出を行って正式に発足した。
English: The initial secretaries of the club consisted of 25 members in total, including three from imperial nomination (Yoshito OKUDA, Keijiro OKANO, Kanemichi ANRAKU), three from the top tax bracket (Tomoemon SATO, Shobee MORITA, Kihee YAMASHITA), and such as the following: Binichi ISHIWATARI, Teiichi SUGITA, Rentaro MIZUNO, Soroku EBARA, Koki MATSUOKA, Yoshifumi MUROTA, Yasutake MATSUOKA, Yoshiaya MUROTA.
Japanese: 結成時の幹事は勅選議員（奥田義人・岡野敬次郎・安楽兼道）・多額納税議員（佐藤友右衛門・森田庄兵衛・山下喜兵衛）ともに3名ずつ選出され、他に石渡敏一・杉田定一・水野錬太郎・江原素六・松岡康毅・室田義文らを合わせて25名が参加していた。
English: As Rikken seiyukai promoted its power, the number of the club members increased to constantly exceed 30, reaching 47 at its peak.
Japanese: 立憲政友会の勢力拡大とともに会員を常時30名を超え、最盛期には47名を数えた。
English: Even if it was the Cabinet not consisted of any polical party, it happened often that the members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) who belonged to the friendship club entered the Cabinet in return when Rikken seiyukai was supporting the Cabinet from outside.
Japanese: また、非政党内閣であっても立憲政友会の閣外協力を得ている場合には代わりに交友倶楽部所属の貴族院議員が入閣する事がしばしば行われていた。
English: Ishisaji is a kind of chipped stone tool made of obsidian, shale, chert, etc.
Japanese: 石匙(いしさじ)とは、黒曜石や頁岩、チャートなどで作った打製石器の一種。
English: The name 'saji' (spoon) came from its shape, and began to be used by Sekitei KIUCHI who introduced a popular name, 'rice spoon of tengu (a mountain spirit, portrayed as winged and having a long nose),' to refer to this type of stone tool in his archaeological and epigraphical studies in the Edo period.
Japanese: 「匙（さじ）」の名称はその形状に由来し、江戸時代の考古・金石学研究において木内石亭が「天狗の飯匕（めしかい）」の俗称を紹介したことに始まっている。
English: In the Meiji period, Takahira KANDA used the term 'ishisaji' in his study, and Jiujiro NAKAYA conducted a systematic study of it.
Japanese: 明治期に神田孝平が「石匙」の呼称を用いて、中谷治宇二郎が体系的な研究を行う。