nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: In modern samurai society, kannen was the official age of a person reported to the authorities such as the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) or the family of lord of the domain.
Japanese: 官年（かんねん）とは、近世武家社会において幕府や主家などの公儀に対し届けられた公式な年齢をいう。
English: This custom of manipulating a person's age to report was created to bypass age restrictions set on family successions, entering government service, and gaining an audience with the shogun.
Japanese: 家督相続や出仕、お目見得などに関わる年齢制約を回避するために年齢を操作して届出るこのような慣行が成立した。
English: By Bakufu law, a samurai family with the head under the age of 17 could not adopt a child, so if the young head of the family had critical illness or died unexpectedly, the family faced the possibility of ending its line without an heir.
Japanese: 幕府法制では17歳未満の武家は養子を迎えることができず、17歳未満の当主が、危篤状態もしくは急死したとしても急養子を迎えられず家が断絶してしまう可能性があった。
English: Therefore, the age of a boy in line to inherit his family estate was reported as a few years older than his actual age.
Japanese: このため、家督を継承する可能性がある男子に対しては予め年齢を嵩上げする形で年齢操作が行われた。
English: In this time period, the death rate of infants was considerably high; therefore, when a child was born, it was not required to report the birth immediately to the authorities.
Japanese: この時代は乳幼児の死亡率が極めて高かったため、子供が生まれたとしても即座に公儀へ届け出る必要は必ずしもなかった。
English: If a child was not registered immediately after birth, his family could report his birth after he had grown up by submitting a Jobu todoke (notice of good health) in place of the birth registration under the pretext of being hesitant to register him because of his poor health in his childhood.
Japanese: 出生直後に届出を行わなかった場合は、子供が十分に成育した段階になってからはじめて「病弱であったので今まで遠慮していましたが随分丈夫になりましたので」という形で、出生届けである丈夫届を公儀に提出した。
English: In this way, as there was always a gap between the time of actual birth and the time of birth registration, it was possible to manipulate the child's age by a few years.
Japanese: このように実際の出生時期と出生届の提出時期が離れているため数年単位での年齢操作が可能であった。
English: The authorities which handled the registrations were also aware of this situation, as the following examples indicate:
Japanese: 届出を受け付ける公儀側もこのような実態を把握していたようであり以下のようなエピソードが伝わっている。
English: After an audience with a young samurai, the shogun remarked to his close aids, "What is his seinen? He seems still a child."
Japanese: お目見得のあと将軍自らが「今の者の生年はいくつなのだ？随分幼くみえるな」と側近に感想を漏らした
English: When a roju (shogun's council of elders) was arranging a marriage for a daughter of the shogun family, he inquired the prospective bridegroom's seinen of the daimyo family from which the young man came from.
Japanese: 老中が将軍家子女の縁組に関連して相手先の大名家に縁組候補の若君の生年を照会した
English: Jigatachigyo was the administrative form during Edo period that Seii Taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") or a lord of domain gave chigyo (enfeoffment, or the right to direct control of a certain asset) in the form of shoryo (territory) including the peasants living there to their vassals as a stipend and made them control it.
Japanese: 地方知行（じがたちぎょう）とは、江戸時代に征夷大将軍あるいは藩主が家臣に対して禄として与える知行を所領（地方と呼ばれる土地）及びそこの付随する百姓の形で与え、支配させること。
English: The form of territory provision to a daimyo (Japanese feudal lord) by a shogun was especially called daimyochigyo.
Japanese: 特に将軍が大名に土地を与える場合には特に大名知行（だいみょうちぎょう）と呼ばれている。
English: Although this section directed to the discussion about jigatachigyo does not include further comments on daimyo-chigo, some cases of daimyochigyo are touched on below as necessary.
Japanese: ここにおける地方知行の解説に大名知行は含めないが、必要に応じて大名知行の例についても言及するものとする。
English: Generally, jigatachigyo was given to high/middle-ranked hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which is a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and gokenin (shogunal retainers) in the Edo bakufu or to high-ranked vassals of each daimyo (a feudal lord).
Japanese: 一般的に地方知行を受けるのは上中級の江戸幕府旗本及び御家人、諸大名の上級家臣である。
English: They were called jito (manager and lord of manor), and the given territory (chigyo) was called chigyosho or kyusho (in the bakufu, the given territory belonging to gokenin was specifically called kyuchi in order to distinguish it from chigyochi, the given territory belonging to hatamoto who are higher- ranked retainers)
Japanese: 彼らは地頭と呼ばれ、知行として与えられた土地（知行地）を知行所（ちぎょうしょ）もしくは給所（きゅうしょ）と呼んだ（なお、幕府御家人の場合は格上である旗本の知行地である給所と区別する意味で給地（きゅうち）と呼称させた）。
English: Each one's stipend was called kokudaka (a system for determining land value for tribute purposes in the Edo period), and it often happened that kokudaka did not correspond to actual administrative unit, and accordingly, aikyu was a commonly practiced to divide one village among several jitos.
Japanese: また、知行は石高単位に応じて与えられたために実際の行政単位と合致しないことも少なくなく、1村を複数の地頭で分割する相給が行われることも珍しくなかった。
English: A vassal who was given chigyo was called 'jito', but unlike the jito of the medieval period, he had an obligation to live in a rural castle town (hatamoto and gokenin were obliged to live in Edo) except when he had some official duties (as an exceptional case, sankin-kotai [a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo] was exercised in Sendai Domain, and vassals had to live alternately in chigyo-chi and Sendai castle town alternately).
Japanese: 知行を受けた家臣を「地頭」とは呼ばれているが、中世の地頭とは違って職務上の必要による例外を除けば、城下町（旗本・御家人の場合は江戸）に在住する義務を負っていた（例外として、仙台藩では各家臣が仙台城下町と知行地との間を参勤交代していた）。
English: Additionally, although some hatamoto or high-ranked vassal of large scale domains had their unique legislation (law for jito), exercise of chigyo-ken (right to enfeoffment) over shoryo (territory) including tax collection right, judicial power and other administrative power was usually controlled by a shogun or daimyo as a lord, and that tendency became stronger with the time (however, binding strength was different depending on the policy of a master or a vassal (jito).
Japanese: また、また旗本や大藩の上級家臣の中には独自の法制（地頭法）を持つ者もいたが、徴税権・司法権、その他の行政権などの所領に対する支配権（知行権）の行使は主君である将軍・大名によって規制されるのが一般的であり、時代が進むにつれてその傾向が強くなった（もっとも、所属する主家の方針や地頭である家臣の方針によってその強弱に格差があった）。
English: In the case of daimyo chigyo, daimyo, a vassal of shogun, was called 'ryoshu (feudal lord) ' and his chigyo-chi was called 'ryobun.'
Japanese: なお、大名知行の場合は、将軍の家臣である大名は「領主」、その知行地は「領分」と呼ばれていた。
English: On the other hand, chigyo (enfeoffment) which was not given in a form of shoryo but in a form of kuramai (rice preserved in a depository by Edo Shogunate and domains) was called kuramaichigyo (in case of daimyochigyo, some daimyo received their part of chigyo in a form of kuramaichigyo, but there was no daimyo whose entire chigyo was provided in the form of kuramai).
Japanese: これに対して所領ではなく蔵米の形で与える知行を蔵米知行と呼ぶ（なお、大名知行の場合、一部が蔵米知行である場合は存在したが、知行全てが蔵米支給であった大名は存在しなかった）。
English: Change of the chigyo's form from jigatachigyo to kuramaichigyo by a shogun or a daimyo was called 'jikata-meshiage' (territory expropriation), while the change from kuramaichigyo to jigatachigyo was called 'jikata-naoshi' (territory readjustment).
Japanese: 将軍や大名が家臣の知行を地方知行から蔵米知行に改めることを「地方召上（じかためしあげ）」と呼び、逆に蔵米知行から地方知行に改めることを「地方直（じかたなおし）」と呼んだ。
English: The samurai class traditionally preferred to receive shoryo as the form of territory (jikata); accordingly, jikata-meshiage sometimes contained a certain punitive sense, and on the contrary, jikata-naoshi sometimes implicates a kind of reward.
Japanese: 伝統的に武士階層は土地（地方）をもって所領を与えられることを望んだことから、地方召上に懲罰的要素を含む場合や反対に地方直に恩賞的要素を含む場合もあった。
English: In the early Edo period, jigatachigyo (provision of land) was generally conducted in the domains, while kuramaichigyo (stipend provision in rice) was limited to lower-ranked vassals; later on, however, the domains gradually changed the provision form of chigyo to kuramaichigyo even for their higher-ranking vassals by carrying out jikata-meshiage in order to strengthen the daimyo's authority and consolidate the territory and financial base of the domain.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期には諸藩においては地方知行を行う例が多く蔵米知行は下級家臣に限られていたが、次第に大名の支配権力と財政基盤の強化のために上級家臣に対しても地方召上を行って蔵米知行に変更されることが多くなった。
English: According to "Dokai Koshuki, " a compilation of reports which is said to have been written in the Genroku era (1688-1707), jigatachigyo was conducted in only 39 domains out of the 243 domains in those days, and a majority of them were the domains of tozama daimyo (outside daimyo who were not hereditary vassals of the shogun).
Japanese: 元禄期の作とされる『土芥寇讎記』によれば、当時243の藩のうち地方知行が行われていたのは外様大名系の大藩を中心とした39藩に過ぎなかったとされている。
English: However, as mentioned before, jikata-meshiage was a measure that sometimes had a punitive meaning, and therefore, the transferring to the other form of provision might provoke a family dispute.
Japanese: ただし、前述のように地方召上には懲罰的な意味合いを持つケースもあったために、移行の際のトラブルが御家騒動に発展する可能性もあった。
English: On the other hand, the Edo bakufu, which had relatively affluent resources, tried to win the favor of hatamoto, and at the same time, to raise their allegiance by changing the provision form of chigyo to hatamoto from kuramaichigyo to jigatachigyo, and applied jikata-naoshi to them in the name of the reward for their past achievements and services.
Japanese: これに対して、比較的余裕を有していた江戸幕府では地方直を行って旗本の知行を蔵米知行から地方知行に改めることでこれまでの働きに対する恩賞として、旗本たちの歓心買うとともに将軍への忠誠を高めようとした。
English: The following measures that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA carried out were somewhat similar to jikata-naoshi: the redistribution of shoryo (his vassals' territories) after his move to the Kanto region; and the extensive increase and transfer of territories in favor of Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), fudai daimyo (hereditary vassals to the Tokugawa family) and hatamoto who served on his side that took place after the Battle of Sekigahara and Osaka no Jin (The Siege of Osaka).
Japanese: 徳川家康の関東地方移封後に伴う天正19年（1591年）の所領の再配分と関ヶ原の戦いと大坂の陣の両戦後に行った親藩・譜代大名及び旗本に対する広範囲のな加増・転封についても地方直としての側面もある。
English: However, among the measures implemented by the Edo bakufu with the aim of jikata-naoshi, those carried out in 1633 and in 1697 were noteworthy for their scale.
Japanese: しかし、江戸幕府が地方直を目的として大規模に行ったものとしては、寛永10年（1633年）と元禄10年（1697年）に行ったものである。
English: Opinions about the characteristic of jigatachigyo differ among historians, but it can be broadly divided into two.
Japanese: 地方知行の性格については歴史学者の間でも意見が分かれるが、大きく2つに分けられる。
English: The first one is the theory that providing chigyo in a form of territory was a medieval practice and chigyo, which was a legacy of the medieval system, was gradually transferred to a form of kuramaichigyo in the early-modern times.
Japanese: ひとつは、土地で知行を与える行為を中世のものとみなし、地方知行を中世の制度の名残として次第にそこから脱却して近世的な蔵米知行に移行していった考える説である。
English: The second theory argues that jigatachigyo was the basis of the shogunate system in the early-modern times and kuramaichigyo was no more than a supplementary system, based on the fact that in case of daimyochigyo the territory was indispensable and the entire or at least some part of chigyo was always given in this form.
Japanese: 次に、大名知行がその知行の全部あるいは一部分を必ず土地をもって与えていることから地方知行を近世幕藩体制の根幹とみなして蔵米知行はそれを補うものに過ぎないとする説である。
English: Among the domains, Matsumae Domain was the only domain in which there was no yield from rice crop, akinaiba, in other word, koekiba (trading right) with the Ainu was given as a substitute of chigyo.
Japanese: なお、諸藩のうち松前藩のみは米の収穫のない土地を領有していたため、家臣に対してアイヌ民族との交易場であった商場を地方にかわる知行として与えていた。
English: Ohama Riot was the riot in Washizuka, Aomi County, Mikawa Province (currently Hekinan City, Aichi Prefecture) in 1871, although it was one of the protest movements against Haibutsu-kishaku (a movement to abolish Buddhism), it was an undesigned and incidental riot.
Japanese: 大浜騒動（おおはまそうどう）は、明治4年（1871年）に三河国碧海郡南部の鷲塚（現在の愛知県碧南市）で起こった暴動で廃仏毀釈に反対する運動の一つであるが計画的なものでは無く偶発的に起こったものである。
English: The Meiji Government issued the edict of Separation of Shinto and Buddhism by Dajokan (Grand Council of state) in March 1868, and the Imperial Edict for Establishment of Shinto in 1870, although they did not intend to exclude Buddhism, Shinto priests who were oppressed by the priests attached to Jingu-ji Temple abusively destroyed Buddha statues and Buddhist objects, and the people who felt being exploited by the temple under the danka (parishioner) system joined the movement then it led to the Haibutsu-kishaku Movement in various places.
Japanese: 明治政府が明治元年（1868年）3月に発した太政官布告神仏分離令や明治3年（1870年）の大教宣布などの法令は、仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが仏像・仏具の廃棄を神宮寺の社僧に抑圧されていた神職が暴力的に行い、檀家制度のもとで、寺院に搾取されていると感じる民衆がこれに加わり、各地に廃仏毀釈運動が起きた。
English: At precisely the same time, Jun HATTORI who was transferred to an Ohama branch office (16 villages in Aomi County, 5 villages in Hazu County, 21 villages in total were called Ohama territory and were controlled by Ohama branch office in Kikuma Domain) from Kikuma, Kazusa Province, implemented the revision of village law, the imperialism education, and the religious transformation such as separation of Buddhism and Shintoism by following the policy of the Meiji Government.
Japanese: ちょうどその頃、上総国菊間から大浜出張所（碧海郡に16ヶ村幡豆郡に5ヶ村、計21ヶ村は、大浜領と呼ばれ、菊間藩の大浜出張所に支配されていた。）に赴任してきた服部純は、明治政府の方針に従い村法の改正や勤王主義教育、神仏分離などの宗教改革を実施した。
English: And in November 1870, Hattori appointed two Buddhist monks who were Setsugei FUJII from Shomyo-ji Temple in Ohama Village, Aomi County, and Kenryu TAKAGI from Korin-ji Temple, Tanao Village, as a teacher envoy and ordered them to teach the aims of new government simply to the village people.
Japanese: そして、明治3年（1870年）11月に碧海郡大浜村称名寺の藤井説冏（せつげい）、棚尾村光輪寺の高木賢立（けんりゅう）ら2人の僧侶を教諭使に任じ、領民に新政の趣旨を平易に教えさせようとした。
English: Both monks immediately taught the aim of new government around the villages in the domain and just after the end of the teaching tour, on February 15, 1871, Hattori issued a summons to appear in the temple in the branch office, and asked them about the merger of the temples which was a part of the Reformation.
Japanese: 両人は直ちに領内の村々に新政の趣旨を教えて回り、この巡回が終了した直後の明治4年（1871年）2月15日に出張所管内の寺院に出頭を命じ、宗教改革の一環である寺院の合併について質問をした。
English: Should the temples without Buddhist parishioner whether new or old be merged with the other temple?
Japanese: 檀家の無い寺院は、古い新しいを問わず他の寺院に合併することにしたらどうか。
English: Should the temples with few Buddhist parishioners, under conditions that are less than 10 Buddhist parishioners, less than 50, or less than 100, be merged with the other temples?
Japanese: 檀家少ない寺院については、10軒以下、50軒以下、100軒以下のいずれかをもって、他の寺院と合併したらどうか。
English: Although the temple has no Buddhist parishioner, set one temple in one village, and if it has different religious sects in one village and the number of different religious sects is less than 100, should all of them be merged with the other temple?
Japanese: 檀家の無い寺院でも、1村に1寺を置く様にし、1村に宗派異なった寺院が混在し、その数が100軒以下の場合は全て他の寺院へ合併　することにしたらどうか。
English: If the temple has no Buddhist parishioner in the village and many Buddhist parishioners in other village, should the temple be merged with the nearest temple?
Japanese: 居村に檀家が無く他村に檀家の多い寺院は、最寄りの寺院に合併したらどうか。
English: The temples of the Zen sect and the Ji sect submitted the answers immediately, however, such a merger deprived the economic base and it was a vital questionfor the temples of Jodo Shinshu (the True Pure Land Sect of Buddhism) (described 'Shinshu sect' as follows) which lived on Buddhist parishioners, therefore the monks of Shinshu sect were not able to answer the critical questions immediately and requested to postpone the answer to the Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple which had a connection with the domain.
Japanese: 禅宗、時宗の寺院は、直ちに可否を記して提出したが、生活を檀家に頼っていた浄土真宗（以下、真宗）の寺院にとって、この様な合併は経済基盤を奪うものであり、死活問題であっため、浄土真宗の僧侶は、このような重大な案件は即答できないとして、藩に関わりのある西方寺と光輪寺に日延の申し入れを依頼した。
English: Korin-ji Temple and other 13 or 14 temples were compelled to submit the letter of acknowledgement which said less than 10 Buddhist parishioners are able to be merged and less than 100 for Saiho-ji Temple.
Japanese: やむなく光輪寺のほか13または14ヶ寺は10軒以下、西方寺100軒以下合併可と請書を提出した。
English: However, the temples out of the village were afraid of spreading the policy of Kikuma Domain and its critical feeling and the sense of aversion of submitting the letter of acknowledgement concentrated in Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple.
Japanese: しかし、それを聞いた管外の寺院は、この菊間藩の方針が藩外に波及することを恐れ、その危機感と請書を提出した反感が西方寺・光輪寺に集中する形となった。
English: In addition, on February 21, 1871, in the opening ceremony of Tanao Shinmin School in Myofuku-ji Temple, Tanao Village, the educational discourse of Kenryu TAKAGI, a principal of the school, from Korin-ji Temple worsened the situation.
Japanese: それに加え同年2月21日に棚尾村妙福寺で行われた棚尾親民塾開校式において、塾長である光輪寺の高木賢立が行った教育談話がこの事態に拍車をかける結果となった。
English: Kenryu told that people should chant Norito (Shinto prayer) in front of the gods, as an example of separation of Buddhism and Shintoism which the domain mentioned, and it led to new misinterpretation.
Japanese: 賢立は、この席で藩の言う神仏分離の例として、神前では祝詞を唱えるものだと話したところ、新たな誤解を生んでしまった。
English: The misinterpretation which was to worship the heaven and the rising sun every morning which Kikuma Domain encouraged to do so was the same tradition with Christianity spread to the village people and caused a sense of distrust.
Japanese: それは菊間藩が奨励していた毎朝天を拝み朝日を拝むことは、ヤソ（当時のキリスト教の呼び方）の教えと同じではないかと領民に広がり、藩への不信感が生まれた。
English: Therefore Kenryu's talk which was a refusal feeling of Norito in front of the gods and it developed into libel against Kenryu himself.
Japanese: そのため賢立の話した神前祝詞の拒否感情と共に賢立個人に対する誹謗に発展した。
English: A false rumor which said 'Next, the domain may issue that not to chant Buddhist invocation even in front of the gods' was spread due to the prohibited of Buddhist invocation in front of the gods and the suspiciousness of the domain, and the situation became as 'If one dog starts to howl by mistake, all the others in the neighborhood take up the cry'.
Japanese: 神前念仏の禁止が藩への不信感から「次は仏前でも念仏を唱えるなと言われるであろう」とのデマまで流布され、一犬虚に吠ゆれば万犬実を伝う状態となった。
English: Meanwhile, the Mikawa Goho (the defense of Buddhism) Association of Otani sect of Shinshu was afraid of spreading those movements into the other domains, therefore, the association held a meeting of Buddhist monks of Shinshu sect in Yahagi Village, Aomi County by Hotaku HOSHIKAWA, a Senju-bo (specialized monk) and a general office director, from Takatori Village, Aomi County and Tairei ISHIKAWA, a manager, from Rensen-ji Temple in Ogawa Village, Aomi County on March 8, 1871 in order to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple closely which submitted the letter of acknowledgement with the violation of the religious regulations after a series of conferences.
Japanese: その様な中真宗大谷派の三河護法会はこの様な動きが他藩に波及することを恐れ、何度か協議を重ねた後まず宗規を破って請書を提出した西方寺と光輪寺を詰問するため、総監の碧海郡高取村専修坊星川法沢と幹事である同郡小川村（安城市）の蓮泉寺石川台嶺を中心に同年3月8日同郡矢作村暮戸に真宗僧侶の会合を開いた。
English: Although there were nearly 100 monks in the meeting, the controversial two temples did not attend, therefore 38 voluntary monks centering on Tairei among the members from the Mikawa Goho Association went to examine Saiho-ji Temple and Korin-ji Temple.
Japanese: 会合では、100名近くの僧侶が集まったが、問題の2寺が出席しなかったので、護法会員の中から台嶺を中心に僧侶が38人有志で西方寺と光輪寺を詰問に向かった。
English: On their way, the followers who believed in the false rumor which said 'The Christian appeared in Ohama' offered to accompany Tairei.
Japanese: 道中、僧侶の薦められたり、「大浜にヤソが出た」というデマを信じた門徒が多数、同行を申し出る。
English: However, some followers who started to make a bamboo lancing appeared among the followers who were making a large paper lantern with the bamboos of Ryusan-ji Temple, the others also followed them, and most of the followers ended up being armed with a bamboo lancing.
Japanese: しかし、龍讃寺の竹を使って高張提灯を作る門徒の中に竹槍を作る者が現れ、他の門徒もこれを真似し、ほぼ全員が竹槍を携えるに至った。
English: Then, it rained when they arrived in Washizuka Village and Tairei collected the followers in Rensen-ji Temple and other two temples in Washizuka Village.
Japanese: その後、同郡鷲塚村に到着したところで降雨があり、同村の蓮成寺、他2つの寺に門徒達を集結させた。
English: The branch office which sensed the disturbing movement of the monks sent five officers to Washizuka Village, they summoned the Goho Association to the house of Katayama, a Washizuka village headman, and negotiated with them.
Japanese: 真宗僧侶の不穏を察知した出張所は、同村に役人5人を派遣し、役人は同村の庄屋片山宅に護法会側を呼び出し交渉を行う。
English: Although the Goho Association side demanded a review of the policy of integration and abolition for temples, they did not reach the agreement, and the restless followers became violent for wasting the time then started to throw rocks at Katayama house.
Japanese: 護法会側は寺院統廃合政策の見直しを要求したがまとまらず、時間を浪費したため、苛立った門徒が暴徒化し庄屋宅に投石を始め。
English: Even though the officers from the branch office who feared for their physical safety escaped from the house to the branch office for help, they made the best of their way with a drawn sword because the violent followers chased and attacked them with rocks and bamboo lancings.
Japanese: 身の危険を感じた出張所役人は庄屋宅を脱し、出張所に応援を求めるべく逃亡したが、暴徒はそれを追跡し投石および竹槍で攻撃したため、役人は抜刀して道を急いだ。
English: However, one of the officers among six fell over, due to the sludgy road after raining, and many violent followers attacked and killed the officer.
Japanese: しかし、降雨により道がぬかるんでいたため、6人のうち一番後ろにいた者が転倒、それを多数の暴徒が暴行し殺害。
English: The branch office which heard the urgent news sent the domain force and farmer force and ended the riot due to the arrival of Nishio Domain and Shigehara Domain.
Japanese: 急報を聞いた出張所は藩兵と農兵を派遣し、隣接する西尾藩や重原藩からも応援が到着した事で、暴動は収束した。
English: After the riot, Tairei ISHIKAWA and other monks who took a leading role in the riot and hundreds of followers who were involved in killing the officer were captured, and Tairei and one of the followers were executed by decapitation, and the other many monks and the followers were punished after the trials.
Japanese: その後、石川台嶺ら暴動の主導的役割を果たした僧侶や役人殺害に関与したとされる暴徒数百名は捕らえられ、裁判の結果、台嶺と暴徒1人は斬罪に処され、その他、多数の僧侶・暴徒が罪人となった。
English: A letter from the head temple to Kikuma Domain said that the misinterpretation of branch temples ended with the misconduct and they hoped for clemency.
Japanese: 後に本山より菊間藩に送られた書簡には、末寺の心得違いにより不始末の挙動に至ったとして寛大な処置を願っている。
English: And a punishment letter from the branch office of Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) said that monks did not acquire the changes of current affairs and went wrong due to personal desires.
Japanese: また、出張民部省の刑罰申付書も、僧侶どもが時局の変動を知らず一己の情欲におぼれて事を誤ったと記されている。
English: After the riot, although Hattori revised the policy of the abolished and merger of temples, it was implemented forcibly in Nukata Prefecture where it was created after the Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) due to the policy of the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 騒動後、服部は廃寺や合併の方針を改めたが廃藩置県後、誕生した額田県は、明治政府の方針によって寺院の廃・合併は強行に実施された。
English: The term ishi-bocho (stone implement) refers to a ground stone tool excavated from remains in the Jomon period or Yayoi period in Japan (in Yangshao culture and Longshan culture in China).
Japanese: 石包丁（いしぼうちょう、石庖丁）は、日本の縄文時代や弥生時代の遺跡から、（中国では仰韶文化、竜山文化）発掘される磨製石器。
English: This ground stone (smooth surface stone tool to be achieved by rubbing stones each other) is in a thin board-like form with the length of 12 to 20 centimeters, and the width of 3 to 5 centimeters; it is just the size of the palm of the hand and its shape is rectangular or semicircular.
Japanese: この磨製石器（表面を滑らかに他の石にこすり合わせて磨いて形を整えた石器の様式）は、長さ12-20cm・幅3-5cm程度の薄い板状で、ちょうど手のひらの中に収まるようなサイズとなっており、形は長方形または半月型の扁平な形状である。
English: Frequently excavated stone tools are as follows: One side of the stone is like a knife, and one or two holes are made on the side of stone to put the thread through so that people hang it on the finger or put it around the hand to prevent it from dropping.
Japanese: 片面を鈍い刃（→ナイフ）のようにし、側面に1つないし2つくらいの穴を開け、紐を通し脱落防止のために指に引っ掛けたり手の甲に巻きつけ固定して使えるようにしたものが、しばしば出土する。
English: Some of excavated ishi-bocho was chipped stone tools, showing that the culture in those days was not uniformity spread.
Japanese: なお一部には打製石器による石包丁も出土しており、必ずしも当時の文化伝播が一様ではなかったこともしのばれる。
English: Although ishi-bocho means a knife made of stone in Japanese, it was not used for the cooking of fish, meat and vegetable, and it is believed that the tool was used to cut off the rice ear from rice in the time of rice harvesting.
Japanese: 包丁と名はついてはいるが、一般に魚や肉・野菜の調理に用いられた訳ではなく、米の収穫時にイネから稲穂の部分だけを切り取るために使ったものと考えられている。
English: This belief is based on the fact that the remains peculiar to rice were found in the blade area of the excavated ishi-bocho in the past, while the remains of plants and animals that were thought to be ate at that time were not found.
Japanese: これは過去に発見された石包丁の刃部分より、稲固有の残留物は見つかったものの、それ以外の当時食用にされていたと見られる動物や植物の残留物がみられなかったためである。