nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: When MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, who had the title of Musashi no suke (vice governor of Musashi Province), reported the actions of Masakado as treason to Kyoto, Morooki ONO with the title of Ononomaki betto (Chief officer of the Onono Farm), FUJIWARA no Korenaga, who had the title of Chichibunomaki betto (Chief of Chichibuno Farm) and owned the Ishida Farm and Akuhara Farm were those that mobilized to chase and capture a gang of robbers in Musashi Province.
Japanese: 武蔵介源経基が将門の行動を謀反と京へ報告したとき、武蔵国の群盗追捕に動員されたのは、小野牧別当小野諸興、石田・阿久原牧も併せた秩父牧別当藤原惟条であった。
English: The Chiba clan, which is mentioned later, was also famous for owning meiba and Sueshige HIRAYAMA boasted in the "Tale of Heike" that his horse was bought from the Chiba clan and donated a horse to associates of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period, and gave the impression of managing good quality 'maki.'
Japanese: また後で登場する千葉氏も名馬の保有で有名であり、『平家物語』の中で平山季重が自分の馬は千葉氏から手に入れたものだと自慢したり、鎌倉時代初期に源頼朝周辺に何度も献馬したりするなど、良質な「牧」を管理しているというイメージがあったようである。
English: As could be seen, the origin of bushi in Kanto region had the background of horse breeding grounds.
Japanese: このように、関東における武士の発生は、馬の生産地を背景にしていた考えることができる。
English: As a result, MINAMOTO no Suenori, MINAMOTO no Suezane, MINAMOTO no Chikayasu of Montoku-Genji (Minamoto clan) that represented northern bushi of the period of Emperor Shirakawa surrounded Kyoto, and made their main headquarters in Sakamonnomaki, Koshi County, Kawachi Province of the regent family estate, and called as Sakado-Genji (Minamoto clan).
Japanese: それでは、京の周辺ではどうだったかといえば、白河天皇の時代の北面武士のを代表する源季範、源季実、源近康ら文徳源氏は、摂関家領河内国古志郡坂門牧を本拠とし、坂戸源氏とも呼ばれた。
English: FUJIWARA no Noritsune of roto (retainer) of MINAMOTO no Yorinobu was adopted by FUJIWARA no Kinnori, who had the title of junin Sakamonnomaki, Kawachi Province by the orders of his master.
Japanese: また、源頼信の郎党・藤原則経は、主人の命令によって河内国坂門御牧の住人・藤原公則の養子になったとある。
English: Since it was 'Mimaki,' Sakamonnomaki was probably a neighbor of the mimaki of the imperial court and the regent family or both who were close by.
Japanese: また、「御牧」とあるので、坂門牧には朝廷の御牧と摂関家の牧が隣接していたか、両方を兼ねていたのかも知れない。
English: Nevertheless, the relationship between 'maki' and 'busha and bushi' could be observed here as well.
Japanese: いずれにしても、「牧」と「武者・武士」の関係をここにも見ることが出来る。
English: After MINAMOTO no Yoshie declined, TAIRA no Masamori, who became the first 'choka no soga' (retainers of the imperial family or household called as fangs and claws of imperial family), served as governor of Kingoku (provinces close to Kyoto) (taigoku (major provinces) and 熟国 back then) as well as being the Uma no gon no kami (Provisional Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses).
Japanese: 源義家の凋落後、「朝家の爪牙」の第一人者となった平正盛は、近国（かつ大国・熟国）の国守を務めると同時に右馬権頭であった。
English: Furthermore, his son, TAIRA no Tadamori became the Mimaya-Betto (chief of Umaya-no-tsukasa, ministry of the stables) of Emperor Shirakawa and unified the Mimaki of Shirakawa-in (Retired Emperor Shirakawa) and bushidan that used it as their base.
Japanese: また、その子平忠盛は白河天皇の御厩別当となり、白河院の御牧と、そこを拠点とする武士団を統括した。
English: Mimaya-betto was not only general manager of the pasture, but also held the rank as a guard called 'Kurumajiri' and rode '後騎' on horseback along with kebiishi (a police and judicial chief) that followed behind the ox carriage of a retired emperor during his gyoko (imperial visit).
Japanese: 御厩別当は放牧地の総括管理者であるだけでなく、行幸に際しては、「車後（くるまじり）」「後騎」といって、院の牛車の後ろを検非違使とともに騎馬で警護に当たる地位でもあった。
English: The mimaya-betto was later considered to be the top officer in military aristocracy of in no cho (the office of the abdicated monarch) and was passed down to TAIRA no Kiyomori.
Japanese: その後、御厩別当は院庁における軍事貴族筆頭のポストとみなされるようになり、平清盛にも引き継がれた。
English: The 'maki' was the base of 'Musha (warrior)=a mounted warrior' (busha=cavalry busha) and the high quality 'maki' was mainly for the pasture of court officers or imperial court Kanboku (state-owned stock farm) and Mimaki that Mimaya-Betto of in no cho had the important post of publicly putting many bushidan under its control as well as sending them for private matters.
Japanese: 「牧」が「武者＝騎馬武者」の拠点であり、優良な「牧」のほとんどが官牧・御牧であった時、院庁の御厩別当は、多くの武士団を公的に支配下に置き、更には私的にも従属させてゆく重要なポストであった。
English: The first qualification of samurai not as a retainer but as 'bushi' was to be a military officer.
Japanese: 郎党ではなく、侍としての「武士」の認定は、なによりもまず、武官であることだろう。
English: After the war of TAIRA no Masakado, people who distinguishingly served in battle, FUJIWARA no Hidesato, TAIRA no Sadamori, TAIRA no Kinmasa, and the descendants of MINAMOTO no Tsunemoto, became the 'choka no soga' after defeating TAIRA no Masakado, but a uniformed process was required for them to be considered tsuwamono.
Japanese: 平将門の乱以降は、その平将門を滅ぼした天慶勲功者、藤原秀郷、平貞盛、平公雅、そして源経基の子孫達が、「朝家の爪牙」となっていったが、その彼らが兵（つわもの）として認識されるには、一定のプロセスが必要であった。
English: Konoefu (the Headquarters of the Inner Palace Guards) and Hyoe-fu (Headquarters of the Middle Palace Guards) fell to ruins and they were Emonfu (Headquarters of the Outer Palace Guards), Saemon no jo (third-ranking officer of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards) that had additional duties of kebiishi, meryo, Takiguchi, Mushadokoro (place where Samurai of guard of the Imperial Palace is staffed), and hokumen gero (北面下臈)(or so called Northern bushi) during insei period (during the period of the government by the Retired Emperor).
Japanese: 近衛府、兵衛府は形骸化し、実際には衛門府と、左衛門尉が兼任する検非違使、馬寮、そして滝口、武者所、院政期においては北面下臈（いわゆる北面武士）である。
English: What should not be forgotten in a formation process of 'tsuwamono-no-ie' (house of soldiers) as the family line was that 'choka no soga' mobilized in the late tenth century without the presence of a military officer.
Japanese: 家系としての「兵の家」の形成過程で忘れてはならないのが、10世紀後半に現役武官ではないのに「朝家の爪牙」として動員されたことである。
English: The descendants of those who did distinguished services and called Oanakuri,' 'Nusubitoanakuri' and '五位巳下 that show courage in battle' were summoned.
Japanese: 「大索（おおあなくり）」「盗索（ぬすびとあなくり）」と呼ばれ「武勇に堪えたる五位巳下」として天慶勲功者の子孫達が招集された。
English: The following measurements were taken due to rumors of a child of TAIRA no Masakado entering Kyoto as written in the October 2, 960 (October 29, 960 in new calendar) entry of "Fuso ryakki" (A Short History of Japan).
Japanese: 『扶桑略記』960年（天徳(日本)4）10月2日条に、平将門の子が入京したとの噂に対して次ぎのような措置が取られたとある。
English: In other words, being apart from original Kebiishi duty, they were summoned wearing Kyusen (Bow and arrow) that was forbidden for others except for military officers and military horses were supplied by Meryo during their duty.
Japanese: つまり、本来その任にあたる検非違使とは別に、天皇から、武官以外には禁止されていた弓箭を帯びての招集を受け、その任務の間、馬寮より官馬が支給される。
English: On the other hand, the family line that was summoned self-promoted as the 'choka no soga' and began to be recognized as the 'house of tsuwamono.' in a later period.
Japanese: 一方、召集された側の家系は「朝家の爪牙」として自己をアピールし、その後の時代に「兵の家」としての認識を定着してゆく。
English: Oanakuri' could be said to be the first qualification ceremony of the 'house of tsuwamono' carrying 'mu' (military) without the concern for a court position.
Japanese: 「大索（おおあなくり）」は結果的には官職によらず「武」を担う、「兵の家」の最初の認定式であったとも言える。
English: The time when that 'house of tsuwamono' concept began to settle in society was from the period of FUJIWARA no Michinaga, and 'family blood' and 'family business' started to be fixed in among all aristocratic without being limited by 'mu.'
Japanese: その「兵の家」が定着していくのは、ちょうど藤原道長の時代からであり、「武」に限らず、貴族社会全般に「家格」と「家業」が固定化の方向へ向かう流れの中での出来事である。
English: It was because the military force required to sustain peace in Kyoto was not enough with just a military officer and zuijin (a guard) from old, and the 'house of tsuwamono' that served as the 'choka no soga' during TAIRA no Masakado's War started to provide 'mu' as a 'family business.'
Japanese: それは、京の治安維持に必要な武力が、旧来の武官や、随身だけでは間に合わなくなり、平将門の乱での「朝家の爪牙」の役を果たした「兵の家」が、「家業」として、「武」を請け負いはじめるということでもあった。
English: The 'Story of Mitsunaka, who was the Settsu no kami (lord of Settsu Province) that underwent shukke (become a Buddhist monk)' of the Volume 19 Story 4 of "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" began like this.
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』巻19第4話「摂津守満仲出家せる語」の出だしは次のようにはじまる。
English: There was an impression that MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka served under the main branch of the Fujiwara clan since the Anna Incident, but it could be interpreted from this that mercenary army that served all ranked ruling people was mobilized as needed by the emperor, minister, and kugyo (court noble).
Japanese: 源満仲は、安和の変などの印象から、藤原氏本流に臣従していたイメージが強いが、天皇を始めとして臣、公卿などに必要に応じて起用されていた、つまり支配階級全体に奉仕する傭兵部隊としての色彩がここから感じられる。
English: They who provided 'mu' as a family business raised the child of the family and retainers in order to supply their private military power.
Japanese: 「家業」として「武」を請け負う彼らは、それを全うするために、自分自身の武力として家の子・郎党を養う。
English: The Tada-no-sho estate of the Settsu no kami (the governor of Settsu Province) MINAMOTO no Mitsunaka was such a commissariat base and was once the place of military training (hunting) of Ienoko (followers) and retainers.
Japanese: 摂津守源満仲の多田荘は、まさにそのような兵站基地であり、かつ家の子・郎党の軍事訓練（狩り）の舞台でもあった。
English: At this step, they were low to middle ranking officers living in Kyoto or zuryo as well as being the chief of one 'bushidan.'
Japanese: この段階での彼らは在京の官人、あるいは受領であるとともに、ひとつの「武士団」の長でもあった。
English: However, each 'bushidan' did not have many members.
Japanese: ただし、この段階での「武士団」は、それぞれの単位ではさほど多いものではない。
English: The story of Mitsunaka, the lord of Settsu Province' in "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" stated 500, but it is assumed to be just an exaggeration and flowery words following the impression of bushidan of the biggest capital back in early twelfth century when "Konjaku Monogatari Shu" was written.
Japanese: 『今昔物語集』の「摂津守満仲出家せる語」には500との数もあるが、それは『今昔物語集』が書かれた12世紀初めの段階での当時最大の都の武士団の印象を元にした誇張・文飾だとされる。
English: The reason why it might not be as big was because military power required at that time was for sustaining the peace of Kyoto, guard a person upon request, followed as a retainer when one left a post due to zuryo, and arrest the Zaichokanjin (the local officials in the Heian and Kamakura periods), but there was hardly any turmoil.
Japanese: それほど多いものではないという理由は、当時必要とされた武力は、京の治安維持、要人の護衛、受領として赴任する際に引き連れ、在庁官人を押さえる程度のものであり、大規模な争乱などほとんど無かったこと。
English: In addition, they allied with other military aristocrats (kyobusha - Busha in Kyoto) or made them leader or a retainer in Kyoto.
Japanese: 及び、京においては他の軍事貴族（京武者）と同盟し、あるいは盟主として、彼らを郎党ともしていた為である。
English: On the other hand, theory of the kokuga forces system of Yoshimi TODA and Susumu ISHII (historian) discussed in detail about the qualification of the 'bushi' in districts.
Japanese: 一方、地方での「武士」の認定としては、戸田芳実や、石井進(歴史学者)の国衙軍制論がこの問題に鋭く切り込んでいる。
English: However, military aristocrats with a main base in districts submitted the Myobu (identification) to central powerful aristocrats, held the private master and servant relationship, and many went directly to Kyoto to serve (that was 'samurai'), and obtained the court position of military officer by their recommendations.
Japanese: しかし、地方に本拠を置く軍事貴族も、中央の有力貴族に名簿(名札)（みょうぶ）を差し出し、私的な主従関係を結んで、多くの場合は直接京に出向いて奉仕し（それが「侍」であるが）、その推挙により武官の官職を得ている。
English: TAIRA no Koremoto with the title of Saemon no taifu (Master of the Left Division of Outer Palace Guards), and TAIRA no Tadatsune with the title of former Kazusa no suke (Assistant Governor of Kazusa Province) held on to such an existence in the diagram of the kokuga forces system of Susumu ISHII.
Japanese: 石井進の国衙軍制論の図にある地方豪族軍の左衛門大夫平惟基、前上総介平忠常らはそうした存在であった。
English: It differed from '館の者共' (private servant of the governor and Zaichokanjin) in the way that '兵共 (soldiers) of the province' were registered in things such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (list of warriors), participated in hunting hosted by the governor, yabusame (horseback archery) at Ichinomiya (shrine with the highest ranking in the area), summoned with need, and did not fight to death if their interests were not directly involved.
Japanese: -「館の者共」（国司の私的従者＋在庁官人）と異なり、「国の兵共」は、「譜第図」「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載され、国司主催の狩りや、一宮での流鏑馬など、必要に応じて招集される程度のものであり、自分自身の直接的利害に関わらなければ命を懸けて戦ったりはしない。
English: Even during the later the Genpei War, they negotiated through either Kokuga or shoen (manor in medieval Japan), called as 'Karimusha' when mobilized due to civil rights, and were not a central fighting force of a battle.
Japanese: その後の源平の争乱時にも、彼らは国衙を、或いは荘園を通じ、公権に基づき動員される場合には「駆武者」（かりむしゃ）と呼ばれ、戦闘の中核部隊ではなかった。
English: The concept of 'Shieiden Managers' and 'Lord of Shieiden' settled academically from "The Formation of Medieval Period like World" by the Tadashi ISHIMODA, who was among the first generation born post-World War II.
Japanese: 「私営田経営者」「私営田領主」という概念は、戦後第一世代の石母田正の『中世的世界の形成』により、学問的に定着された概念である。
English: It is said that TAIRA no Takamochi, who was the grandfather of TAIRA no Masakado, and others went to Kanto region to capture gangs of robbers in Bando during the period of 'Shieiden Managers,' but military aristocrats like them that came from capital had the main duty to settle the conflict between the governor and the lord of Shieiden.
Japanese: その「私営田経営者」の時代に平将門の祖父・平高望らが関東に下向したのは板東群盗を押さえる為といわれるが、彼ら中央から下った軍事貴族は、国司と私営田領主の紛争解決の担い手としても位置づけられた。
English: However, military power during this period was just for the purpose of gathering farmers under their control and make them hold onto weapons.
Japanese: しかし、この時代の兵力は、基本的に配下の農民をかき集めて武器を持たせる程度
English: As a result, they were similar to rabble except for a few johei (upper class soldiers) (cavalry busha).
Japanese: であり、少数の上兵（騎馬武者）を除けば、ほとんど烏合の衆と変わらない。
English: In addition, fighters and normal peasants were not segregated, the battle at Kanto was to not only to attack the 'camp' of the enemy, but was to 'burn down the residence and servants' and used the battle technique to burn everything to ashes.
Japanese: そして戦闘員と一般農民の区別がまだ生じていなかった為に、当時の関東の合戦は、敵の本拠地、「営所」を攻撃するだけでなく、「与力伴類の舎宅、員（かず）の如く焼き払う」という焦土戦術がとられた。
English: It was because there were such a great amount of land in Kanto, and the labor organization that cultivated the land was a problem, and damaging and scattering yoriki (police sergeant) consisting of both the military and labor force of the enemy was required in order to annihilate the enemy.
Japanese: これは、当時の関東では土地はいくらでもあり、要は土地を耕す労働力の編成が問題なのであって、敵を滅ぼすとは、その敵の兵力であり、同時に労働力であるそれら与力伴類にダメージを与えて四散させることが重要であったのである。
English: This situation did not differ during TAIRA no Masakado's War (930-931) or in the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune (1028-1031) a hundred years later because several neighboring provinces became 'ruined provinces' after the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune and the imperial court had to exempt kanmotsu (tribute goods paid as taxes or tithes) for four years in order to recover.
Japanese: この状態は、平将門の乱（930-931年）から100年後の平忠常の乱（1028-1031年）においても変わらず、それが故に平忠常の乱は近隣数ヶ国が「亡国」となり、朝廷はその復興の為に4年間も官物を免除しなければならなかったほどである。
English: The former academic theory of Motohisa YASUDA referred to the period of TAIRA no Masakado when local land managing was shieiden management of TAIRA no Tadatsune during the period of 'tsuwamono' and 'bushi' was the next step.
Japanese: 安田元久などの旧来の学説では、在地経営が私営田経営であった平将門から平忠常の時代は、「兵」の時代であって、「武士」はその次ぎの段階であるとする。
English: Definitely, the military style of this period differed greatly from that of the medieval bushidan.
Japanese: 確かにこの時代の戦闘の様式は中世武士団による戦闘の様式とは大きく異なる。
English: Toyohiko FUKUDA stated that a 'lord of shieiden' is 'the huge estate owner that directly managed a large parcel land, summarized in just a few words.'
Japanese: 福田豊彦は「私営田領主」を「一口でいえば、広い土地を自分で直接経営する大土地所有者」とする。
English: Of course, this did not fully explain the 'lord of shieiden' and 'manager of shieiden' but pointed out their special characteristics in contrast to later 'kaihatsu-ryoshu.'
Japanese: もちろん、「私営田領主」「私営田経営者」の説明がそれで済む訳ではないが、それに続く「開発領主」との対比においては、そのひとことが大きな特徴となる。
English: The academic theories by Motohisa YASUDA sought the difference between 'bushi' and 'tsuwamono' as the ruling formation of the 'estate'
Japanese: 安田元久らの学説では「武士」と「兵」の違いは「領地」の支配形態にもとめられた。
English: As a result, one could be referred to as 'bushi' once the local economics shifted from the 'management of Shieiden' to 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' step.
Japanese: つまり「武士」と呼べるのは、地方経済が「私営田経営」から「開発領主」の段階に移行してからだというのである。
English: According to Toyohiko FUKUDA, the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' that later became the basis for the Kamakura bakufu differed in a fundamental management methods from 'shieiden management.'
Japanese: 福田豊彦によれば、後に鎌倉幕府の基盤となる「開発領主」は、「私営田経営（領主）」とは根本的に異なった所領経営の方法をとった。
English: While they definitely directly held cultivation land such as tsukuda (directly-managed rice fields by a lord or an officer of shoen), tezukuri (handmade), or kadota, their biggest characteristic was leaving the farm management to a genuine 'manor lord' that collected 'kajishi' (land rent) from peasants.
Japanese: 彼らは確かに、佃、手作（てづくり）、門田（かどた）などという直接耕作農地も持ってはいたが、大きな特徴は基本的には農業経営から離れ、農民から「加地子（かぢし）」を取る本格的な「領主」へと転化し始めることである。
English: That period ranged from late eleventh to the early twelfth century when the Revolt of TAIRA no Tadatsune ended in the Kanto region, and when reconstruction and reestablishment started from the ruins of what was called almost a 'dead province.'
Japanese: その時期は関東においては平忠常の乱が終わり、そこでの「亡国」といわれるほどの焦土戦による荒廃から、復興・再開発が始められた段階、つまり11世紀後半から12世紀初頭に相当する。
English: The creation of the 'kaihatsu-ryoshu' started with the cultivation of the wild land not only by children and brothers of the powerful clan, but neighboring peasants and people who escaped and travelled from their registered domiciles of various provinces to organize into a new village as followers.
Japanese: 「開発領主」が生まれる過程は、その地の有力者が一族子弟のみならず、近隣の農民や諸国から流入した浮浪人などを組織して荒地の開拓を行い、その従事者を新しい村落に編成することに始まる。
English: Even though it is called a private estate, it did not mean that one was exempt from tax, but Kokuga were treated differently from former districts as a separate tax unit, lowered tax under a special order, permitted cultivating land owners to have their own private estates, and the kaihatsu-ryoshu gained the responsibility to collect other taxes simultaneously.
Japanese: 私領といってもその地の課税が免除される訳ではないが、国衙は旧来の郡とは別の、新しい徴税単位として、特別な命令書により税を軽減し、開発領主の私領領有を認め、同時に開発領主がその地の納税義務を負うことになる。
English: That property was called as 'beppu' by taking after the name of a special order (fu - tally) in addition to being called as 'go' (village) for the tax collection unit.
Japanese: その特別な命令書（符）ということから、その地は「別符」と呼ばれ、また徴税単位として「郷」と呼ばれた。
English: The 'go' by beppu was not the 'go' of the 'district' and was at the same level with a 'district' as an independent tax collection unit.
Japanese: 別符による「郷」は、「郡」の下の「郷」ではなく、独立した徴税単位として「郡」と並列するものである。
English: Since legal ownership or a permit by Kokuga was required to cultivate a domain, they became the Zaichokanjin of Kokuga, or were military aristocrats that shifted from ryuju (the place they stayed) to dwellers, children of former governors, descendants of imperial families and nobles, and a few local clans connected to governors, in order to become the kaihatsu-ryoshu.
Japanese: 誰が開発領主となったのかと言えば、その領域そのものの法的所有、または国衙による開発の承認が重要なテコとなったため、自ら国衙の在庁官人となったか、あるいは国司と結びついた、留住から土着へと至った軍事貴族や前司の子弟など王臣子孫、そして一部の土豪だろう。
English: The kanboku from the Shinshu to Kanto regions, managers of mimaki, and those that went to the country side as the shokan (an officer governing shoen (manor) of shoen of Kyoto aristocrats made it as their base and cultivated the surrounding area.
Japanese: 信州から関東にかけての官牧、御牧の管理者、京の貴族の荘園の荘官として下向した者達がそこを基盤に周辺の開発を行うケースもあった。
English: However, bushi in districts existed as kaihatsu-ryoshu, the financial basis, but kaihatsu-ryoshu was bushi and did not necessarily lead bushidan.
Japanese: ただし、地方の武士は開発領主であることを経済的地盤としていたが、開発領主イコール武士であり武士団を率いていた訳ではない。
English: It is necessary to take into consideration that there should be no records of previous generations, except for records of those that survived the Genpei War and became bushi during that period, gokenin during Kamakura period, those who participated in the Genpei War, and followers of a lower ranked officer in some shoen.
Japanese: 源平の争乱を生き抜き、少なくともその時期に武士となり、鎌倉時代に御家人、源平の争乱となった者、一部の荘園の下司について以外に、後世に記録が残っていないことを考慮する必要がある。
English: The fact that 'soldiers of the province' was recorded in registers such as 'Fudaizu' and 'Yanagui chumon' (a list of warriors) said that they had a special existence among the kaihatsu-ryoshu under the Kokuga rule.
Japanese: 「国の兵共」が、「譜第図」や「胡簗注文」などの台帳に記載されるということ自体が、彼らが国衙支配下の開発領主達の中で特種な存在であったことを物語っている。
English: When the bushi became kaihatsu-ryoshu and formed the 'bushidan' military group in the Kanto region, they were not peasant soldiers, 'mercenaries,' but a privately contracted fighting group of manor lords.
Japanese: 関東を意識しての話しとなるが、記録に残る開発領主となった武士らが、戦闘集団である「武士団」を組織したとき、それはかき集めた農民兵ではなく、また「傭兵」でもなく、領主間で私的に結ばれた戦闘集団である。
English: When the powerful bushi group became the kaihatsu-ryoshu, its brothers, children, and relatives cultivated the surrounding area into small cultivating land owners, and that clan gathered to form one 'bushidan.'
Japanese: 力を持った武士らが開発領主となるとき、その兄弟子弟、親類縁者も周辺を開拓し、小規模開発領主となって、その一族が結束してひとつの「武士団」となる。
English: For example, the brothers and children during that period were scattered across the go and myo in the surrounding area and they named their surnames after that myo when observing the family tree of the Hitachi no Daijo (Daijo clan of Hitachi Province), Chiba, and Kazusa clans.
Japanese: 例えば常陸大掾氏、千葉氏、上総氏の系図を見ると、その時期に兄弟子弟が、周辺の郷や名（みょう）に分散し、その名の字を名乗る。
English: The younger brother of Yoshiaki MIURA, who was the family head of Miura clan that appeared at that time, named himself Yoshizane OKAZAKI and his legal son took the name of Yoshitada SANADA (written as 佐奈田 as well as 真田).
Japanese: ちょうどその頃に登場した三浦氏の場合は、家長・三浦義明の弟は岡崎義実を名乗り、その嫡男は佐奈田義忠（真田とも）を名乗る。
English: The branch family spread to cultivate their own estate, raised retainers, and the clan gathered when an incident happened.
Japanese: 分家が広がり、それぞれの地の開拓を行い、それぞれが郎党を養い、事が起きれば一族が結集する。
English: The forces of Yoritomo right after mobilization consisted of such Miura, Chiba, Kazusa, Edo, Kawagoe, Toshima, Hatakeyama, and Chichibu clans.
Japanese: 頼朝の挙兵直後の勢力はそうした三浦氏、千葉氏、上総氏の一族、そして江戸氏、河越氏、豊島氏、畠山氏ら、秩父氏がベースであった。
English: The 'bushi' as a 'samurai' fought on the front lines during the Battle of Ichinotani in "The Tale of Heike."
Japanese: 「侍」としての「武士」には、「平家物語」の一ノ谷の戦いで先陣争いを演じた
English: However, there were Sueshige HIRAYAMA, who was a resident of Musashi Province, Naozane KUMAGAI and his son, Naoie KUMAGAI, that did not have retainers with cavalry skills except for themselves and their children.
Japanese: 武蔵国の住人平山季重や、熊谷直実とその子・熊谷直家のように、自分自身とその子弟の他は乗馬の郎党を持たない者もいる。
English: However, HIRAYAMA no Mushadokoro Sueshige (Sueshige HIRAYAMA of Mushadokoro - place where Samurai guards of the Imperial Palace are staffed) and Kumatanijiro Naozane KUMAGAI, were masterless independent busha, but Sueshige HIRAYAMA was a 'samurai' and military officer that served the imperial court and kugyo as he called himself as mushadokoro.
Japanese: しかし平山武者所季重も熊谷次郎直実も主人を持たない独立した武者であり、平山季重は武者所を名乗るように朝廷や公卿に仕える「侍」であり武官であった。
English: Perhaps they were lords of the small village owned by Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office) concerning their residence.
Japanese: おそらく彼らは在地においては国衙領の小さな郷の領主であったのだろう。
English: While being called gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate during the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) under MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, Shimokobe no SHOJI Yukihira, Kiyoshige KASAI of Kasai no Mikuriya, and Shigetada HATAKEYAMA, were manor heads of donated shoen on a grand scale.
Japanese: 源頼朝の元で同じ御家人と呼ばれはしても、下川辺庄司行平、葛西御厨の葛西清重、畠山重忠などは、大規模寄進荘園の在地領主である。
English: Furthermore, Tsunetane of Chibanosuke (vice minister of Chiba Province), Hirotsune of Kazusa no suke (vice minister of Kazusa Province), Yoshizumi MIURA, and Tomomasa OYAMA were Zaichokanjin of kokuga in addition to being the kaihatsu-ryoshu of multiple districts, beppu villages, and manors.
Japanese: そして千葉介常胤、上総介広常、三浦義澄、小山朝政などは、国衙の在庁官人でもあり、それを足がかりとして複数の郡、別符の郷、荘園にまたがる勢力を広げた開発領主である。
English: Tomihiko FUKUDA called the latter 'Gozoku' (local ruling family) to separate them from a lord that based himself in villages, manors, and districts.
Japanese: 福田富彦は、後者をひとつの郷、荘園、郡を基礎とした領主と区別して「豪族的領主」と呼んでいる。