nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: And his abandonment of mercantilistic policy turned bakufu finance, which had been healthy in the Tanuma period, for the worse once again, and the finance was degraded to the level that was not reversible merely by a sumptuary decree or the like.
Japanese: また重商主義政策の放棄により、田沼時代に健全化した財政は再び悪化に転じ、もはや倹約令ごときでは回復不能であった。
English: In the end, his reforms failed to win the hearts of the people, and also earned Ienari's displeasure in "Songo ikken" (Songo Incident) and others, so he resigned "roju" after only six years from the start of his reforms.
Japanese: 結局、改革も人心収攬に失敗し、また尊号一件などにより家斉の不興を買ったことで、定信は改革わずか6年目にして失脚して老中を辞任する。
English: However, Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA (the feudal lord of the Mikawa Yoshida Domain), who took the side of Sadanobu in the Edo bakufu, succeeded Sadanobu as chief "roju."
Japanese: ただしその後継としては、松平定信派の松平信明(三河吉田藩主)が老中首座となる。
English: The bakufu politics became led by Nobuaki and other "roju" promoted by Sadanobu (such as Ujinori TODA and Tadakazu HONDA), who are called "Kansei senior vassals."
Japanese: 信明をはじめ戸田氏教、本多忠籌ら定信が登用した老中たちが幕政を主導することになり、これを「寛政の遺老」と呼ぶ。
English: But Nobuaki died in 1817, and other vassals retired around then, which put an end to the reforms.
Japanese: しかし1817年に信明が死去すると、これに前後して他の遺老たちも引退してこの政権も終焉を迎える。
English: After Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA died, Ienari himself came to the center stage of the administration as a shogun (and later, as an "ogosho").
Japanese: 松平信明が死去すると将軍家斉（のち隠居して大御所）が自ら政権の表に立つ。
English: But in reality, his aide Tadaakira MIZUNO, who assumed "roju," monopolized bakufu politics, so graft became rampant more than any other time, let alone in the Tanuma period (cf. the section of "Ogosho period").
Japanese: ただし実際には、側近である老中水野忠成が幕政を壟断し、田沼時代を上回る空前の賄賂政治が横行した（→大御所時代）。
English: After Tadaakira MIZUNO and Ogosho Ienari died, the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi TOKUGAWA became keen on the reforms of bakufu politics.
Japanese: その水野忠成が死し、大御所家斉も没した後、12代徳川家慶が幕政改革に意欲を見せる。
English: Tadakuni promoted practical bureaucrats, such as Hidetatsu EGAWA, Kagemoto TOYAMA, and Yozo TORII, but the very contents of the reforms could be said just the revival of Kansei Reforms after the Tanuma period, so they lacked novelty.
Japanese: 江川英龍（英龍）・遠山景元・鳥居耀蔵（燿蔵）ら実務派の官僚が採用されたが、内容自体は田沼時代を受けた寛政の改革の再来ともいえ、新味は無かった。
English: Tadakuni's major reforms were, for example, control of people's consumption through tightening public morals and implementing a sumptuary decree strictly, issuance of "Hitogaeshi-rei" (the decree to force peasants dwelling in urban areas to return to their hometowns), an order on "kabu nakama" to disband itself, and issuance of "Kien-rei."
Japanese: 主な改革としては、綱紀粛正・倹約令徹底による消費の抑制、人返し令による都市住民の農村への帰還、株仲間の解散令、棄捐令などである。
English: In foreign policy, he revised the decree issued in Ogosho period which ordered expelling foreign vessels, newly issued the decree that permitted providing foreign vessels with fuel and water in order to avoid an unnecessary war, and tried to build national defense by having Egawa and Shuhan TAKASHIMA introduce Western artillery.
Japanese: また対外政策では、大御所時代に出された異国船打払令を改め、無用の戦を避けるため薪水給与令が出され、江川や高島秋帆による西洋砲術導入による国防策も図られた。
English: In the background of his foreign policy, there seems to have been a sense of crisis aroused by Opium Wars (waged and won by Britain, and after this China became like a colony of Western countries) that broke out in Qing dynasty China around then.
Japanese: 背景には同時期に清国で勃発した阿片戦争による危機感があったと思われる。
English: But Yozo TORII, the vassal trusted most by Mizuno, hated Western learning and carried out "Bansha no Goku" (Imprisonment of scholars of Western learning), which caused discord within the administration.
Japanese: ただし、水野の腹心・鳥居燿蔵は蘭学を嫌い、蛮社の獄を起こした人物でもあり、政権内で不協和音となった。
English: A number of reforms did not lead to healthy finance, and strict implementation of a sumptuary decree earned the public resentment, so the moving force of the reforms declined rapidly.
Japanese: 数々の改革も財政の健全化には結びつかず、また倹約令の徹底によって庶民の恨みも買ったことから、水野の求心力は急速に低下した。
English: In addition, "Agechi-rei" (the decree he was going to implement for national defense, whose contents were to take away the territory of 'daimyo' and 'hatamoto' in Edo and Osaka) caused fierce resistance of "daimyo" and merchants, so Shogun Ieyoshi himself was made withdraw the decree and Mizuno lost his position, when Tenpo Reforms ended with a span of just two years.
Japanese: また、国防上の必要性から江戸・大坂の大名・旗本領を幕府に召し上げようとする上知令を推進しようとしたところ、大名・商人らの猛反撥を招くこととなり、将軍家慶自ら撤回を命ずる事態となり、水野は失脚し、天保の改革はわずか2年にして崩壊した。
English: In the next year, the complication of foreign policy pushed him up to "roju" once again, but the distrust toward him from the cabinet officials of the shogunate and from "daimyo" was so strong that he was forced to resign in a year.
Japanese: 翌年、対外政策の紛糾により、再度老中に任命されたものの、相変わらず幕閣・大名の不信は強く、1年にして辞任に追い込まれた。
English: Failure of Tenpo Reforms drove the Edo bakufu on the verge of collapse in both finance and regime itself.
Japanese: 天保の改革が失敗に終わったことにより、幕府は財政・体制ともに壊滅的危機を迎える。
English: And the West frequently requested Japan to open itself, so reforms in foreign policy were called for.
Japanese: また、諸外国からの開国要求も盛んとなっていったため、対外政策に関しても改革を行う必要が叫ばれた。
English: Shogun Ieyoshi died soon after the fleet of Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan in 1853, and Ieyoshi's successor Iesada TOKUGAWA (the 13th Shogun) was sickly, so Abe led Ansei Reforms in the midst of political confusion that resulted from conclusion of Treaty of Peace and Amity between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan in the next year.
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）にマシュー・ペリー艦隊が来航した直後、将軍家慶が死去し、病弱な13代徳川家定が後を嗣ぎ、翌年の日米和親条約締結に伴う政治的混乱の中で、阿部主導による安政の改革が行われた。
English: Abe opened politics of the Edo bakufu to "tozama daimyo" (a 'daimyo' who was not a hereditary vassal of the Tokugawa family), such as Nariakira SHIMAZU (the feudal lord of the Satsuma Domain), to "daimyo" of "shinpan" (relatives of the Tokugawa family), such as Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA (the feudal lord of the Echizen Domain), and to "daimyo" of "gosanke" (three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family), such as Nariaki TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 阿部は外様大名（薩摩藩の島津斉彬）や親藩・御三家（越前藩の松平慶永や水戸藩の徳川斉昭など）の幕政への参入を認めた。
English: Abe also established Japanese Naval School in Nagasaki, but he died as young as the age of 39 in 1857.
Japanese: また長崎の海軍伝習所の設置なども行ったが、阿部は安政4年（1857年）、39の若さで死去してしまう。
English: But his reforms suffered setbacks, such as a conflict between bakufu and Imperial Court over Imperial permission to the treaty concluded with US, a conflict within bakufu over the successor to the sickly shogun between "Hitotsubashi group" (the group that recommended Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA [later, the 15th Shogun]) and "Nanki group" (the group that recommended Iemochi TOKUGAWA [later, the 14th Shogun]), and Naosuke Ii's assumption of "Tairo" (Chief Minister of bakufu) - Naosuke Ii was at the top of "fudai daimyo" and was against the participation of "tozama daimyo" and "gosanke" in bakufu politics.
Japanese: だが条約勅許をめぐる朝廷との対立や、病弱な将軍の後継を巡る一橋派（徳川慶喜・後の15代を推す勢力）と南紀派（徳川家茂・後の14代を推す勢力）との対立、また外様や御三家の幕政介入に反撥した譜代大名の筆頭井伊直弼が大老に就任したことにより改革は挫折した。
English: However, Ii was assassinated in the Sakurada Mongai Incident, and then it was Hirochika KUZE, Nobumasa ANDO and other "roju" who took the lead in bakufu politics.
Japanese: しかし井伊は桜田門外の変で暗殺され、老中久世広周・安藤信正らに主導権は移る。
English: To prevent bakufu authority from declining, Ando and others tried "kobu-gattai" (integration of the Imperial Court and the shogunate) through the marriage of Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya.
Japanese: 幕府権威の低下を防ぐため、安藤らは将軍徳川家茂と皇女和宮の婚姻で公武合体による幕権強化策を図る。
English: However, royalists in the movement of "Sonno Joi" (19th century slogan advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners), which was then rising like a flood tide, went against "kobu-gattai," and some of them attacked Ando in the Sakashita Mongai Incident, so Ando lost his position and "kobu-gattai" came to a sudden stop.
Japanese: だが折から澎湃として沸き起こった尊王攘夷運動の志士たちから反撥を受け、坂下門外の変により安藤が失脚、公武合体は頓挫する。
English: Under the circumstances, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU (the father of the feudal lord of the Satsuma Domain) moved Imperial Court to send a messenger (Shigetomi OHARA), who urged the Edo bakufu to implement reforms (cf. Bunkyu Reform).
Japanese: そんな中、文久2年（1862年）薩摩藩主の父島津久光が朝廷を動かして勅使（大原重徳）を出させ、幕府に改革を迫るという事態が発生する（→文久の改革）。
English: In response, Edo bakufu newly established some positions, such as "Seiji-sosaishoku" (Chief Administrative Officer, assumed by Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA), "Shogun-kokenshoku" (Guardian of Shogun, assumed by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA), and "Kyoto-shugoshoku" (Military Governor of Kyoto, assumed by Katamori MATSUDAIRA [the feudal lord of the Aizu Domain]).
Japanese: 政事総裁職（松平慶永）・将軍後見職（徳川慶喜）・京都守護職（会津藩主松平容保）などが新設される。
English: However, intervention of "tozama daimyo" and Imperial Court in politics of the Edo bakufu and their enforcement of reforms on it further decreased its authority, so its collapse became almost inevitable.
Japanese: しかし、外様大名や朝廷の介入による幕政改革の強制は幕府権威をいっそう低下させ、これにより幕府崩壊の方向性は決定的となった。
English: In the next year, when Shogun Iemochi went to Kyoto, power of the Edo bakufu split into two - one was in Kyoto and another was in Edo - and a discord began to be seen between political leaders in Kyoto (Yoshinobu, Katamori, and others) and those who were keeping Edo safe, such as "fudai daimyo," "hatamoto," and others.
Japanese: また翌年、将軍家茂が上洛すると、幕府権力が京都と江戸で分裂することになり、京都政界を主導する徳川慶喜・松平容保らと、江戸の留守を守る譜代大名・旗本らとの亀裂も生じた。
English: After the two Choshu Conquests ended in failure and Shogun Iemochi died from an illness, Yoshinobu became the next shogun and implemented in 1867 Keio Reforms, the last ones in the Edo period.
Japanese: 二度に及ぶ長州征伐が失敗に終わり、将軍家茂の病死によって慶喜が将軍となると、慶応3年（1867年）に、最後の改革となる慶応の改革が行われた。
English: Yoshinobu changed regulations for regime organization, in which he newly established the posts of the chief of the army, navy, internal affairs, foreign affairs, and accounting, and he also introduced French military system with help of Napoleon Ⅲ, but these were just a drop in a bucket.
Japanese: これにより、陸軍・海軍・国内事務・外国事務・会計の各総裁が置かれるなど官制の変更やナポレオン3世の援助によるフランス軍制の導入が行われたが、もはや焼け石に水であった。
English: In November of the year, Yoshinobu carried out "Taisei Hokan" (the return of political power to the Emperor), which brought the curtain down on the history of the Edo bakufu that lasted as long as about 270 years.
Japanese: 同年10月、慶喜は大政奉還を行い、江戸幕府は270年に及ぶ歴史に幕を降ろした。
English: Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' was the first petition requesting the government to establish a parliament with democratically-elected representatives supported by people including former Sangi councilors Taisuke ITAGAKI and Shojiro GOTO on January 17, 1874.
Japanese: 民撰議院設立建白書（みんせんぎいんせつりつけんぱくしょ）は、1874年（明治7年）1月17日、前参議・板垣退助、後藤象二郎らが、政府に対して最初に民選の議会開設を要望した建白書。
English: At the end of 1873, during the political upheaval of the 6th year of Meiji, former councilors, such as Itagaki, who resigned from all his government posts after being defeated in debate over whether Japan should send a punitive expedition to Korea (Seikanron), thought about establishing a political party after discussing with people such as Shigeru (Uro) FURUSAWA who came back to Japan from studying in the UK and Shinobu KOMURO.
Japanese: 1873年（明治6年）末、いわゆる明治六年の政変で、征韓論に敗れて下野した板垣ら前参議は、イギリスに留学して帰朝した古沢滋（迂郎）、小室信夫らの意見を聞き、政党の結成を思い立った。
English: On January 12, 1874, Itagaki and others established the Aikokukoto Party and began an anti-government movement.
Japanese: 1874年1月12日、板垣らは愛国公党を結成し、反政府運動を始めた。
English: The Aikokukoto Party supported the Tenpu-jinken-ron (theory of natural human rights), criticized autocratic government and insisted on creating a constitution which unifies the Emperor and his subjects (Kunmin ittai).
Japanese: 愛国公党は、天賦人権論に立ち、専制政府を批判して、天皇と臣民一体（君民一体）の政体を作るべきと主張した。
English: For this, they insisted on giving voting rights to the warrior class and commoners such as wealthy farmers and merchants to establish a Diet.
Japanese: そのため、士族や豪農・豪商ら平民に参政権を与え、議会を開設せよとも主張した。
English: On January 17, 1874, five days after establishing the Aikokukoto Party, eight people, Taisuke ITAGAKI (former Sangi councilor), Shojiro GOTO (Former Sangi councilor), Shinpeo ETO (Former Sangi councilor), Taneomi SOEJIMA (Former Sangi councilor), Kimimasa YURI (Former Governor of Tokyo Prefecture), Kenzaburo OKAMOTO (Former Okura-sho Taijo [Senior Secretary of the Ministry of the Treasury]), drafter Shigeru FURUSAWA and Shinobu KOMURO presented the 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' to the Council of the Left in their joint names.
Japanese: 愛国公党を結成して5日後の1874年1月17日、板垣退助（前参議）、後藤象二郎（前参議）、江藤新平（前参議）、副島種臣（前参議）、由利公正（前東京府知事）、岡本健三郎（前大蔵省大丞）、および起草者の古沢滋、小室信夫の8名は、連名で民撰議院設立建白書を左院に提出した。
English: The 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' criticized that the political power was not in neither the Emperor nor the people but in Yushi Sensei (despotism by domain-dominated government, Yushi = the bureaucracy).
Japanese: 民撰議院設立建白書は、まず、政治権力が天皇にも人民にもなく、ただ有司専制（ゆうしせんせい。有司＝官僚）にあることを批判する。
English: According to them, the only way to save this predicament was to 'set a stage for the debate of State affairs' and that meant to establish a 'Minsen Giin' (a popularly-elected chamber).
Japanese: そして、この窮地を救う道はただ「天下ノ公議」を張ることにあり、「天下ノ公議」を張るとは「民撰議院」を設立することであるとする。
English: They insisted that, with 'Minsen Giin' to suppress the autocracy of the bureaucrats, citizens would be happier.
Japanese: 「民撰議院」によって有司の専権を抑え、以て国民は幸福を享受することになると主張する。
English: The contents of the attached petition is what we were always thinking and what have been expressing while we were serving as government officials; after a group of ambassadors were sent to Europe and America to observe the situations overseas, we would like to discuss setting up a place for discussion using what was observed overseas as examples.
Japanese: 某等別紙奉建言候次第、平生ノ持論ニシテ、某等在官中屡及建言候者モ有之候処、欧米同盟各国へ大使御派出ノ上、実地ノ景況ヲモ御目撃ニ相成、其上事宜斟酌施設可相成トノ御評議モ有之。
English: However, although it has been a few months since the group returned home, we have not yet seen anything done about setting up such a place, and people and government are having doubts about each other these days; if anything happens, society shall collapse like mud, it means that the people's opinions are neglected and we feel much sorrow over this.
Japanese: 然ルニ最早大使御帰朝以来既ニ数月ヲ閲シ候得共、何等ノ御施設モ拝承不仕、昨今民心洶々上下相疑、動スレバ土崩瓦解ノ兆無之トモ難申勢ニ立至候義、畢竟天下輿論公議ノ壅塞スル故卜実以残念ノ至ニ奉存候。
English: We were humbled to consider who has the political right and realized that it is not the Emperor nor the people but the bureaucrats.
Japanese: 臣等伏シテ方今政権ノ帰スル所ヲ察スルニ、上帝室ニ在ラズ、下人民ニ在ラズ、而独有司ニ帰ス。
English: We are not saying that the bureaucrats are not respecting the Emperor but the Emperor has lost his glory, and we are not saying that they are controlling the people but there are so many laws, some of which are enacted in the morning but soon amended; politics are depending on someone's feeling and punishment and reward is decided with love and hate toward the person; and our freedom of speech is closed and there is no way to report our sufferings.
Japanese: 夫有司、上帝室ヲ尊ブト曰ザルニハ非ズ、而帝室漸ク其尊栄ヲ失フ、下人民ヲ保ツト曰ザルニハ非ラズ、而政令百端、朝出暮改、政情実ニ成リ、賞罰愛憎ニ出ヅ、言路壅蔽、困苦告ルナシ。
English: As such, we all want everything is secured under the sun, but even a little boy can expect that won't be easy.
Japanese: 夫如是ニシテ天下ノ治安ナラン事ヲ欲ス、三尺ノ童子モ猶其不可ナルヲ知ル。
English: Because we cannot suppress our love of our country, we have considered the way to survive this imminent danger and decided that we need to set a stage to debate State affairs.
Japanese: 臣等愛国ノ情自ラ已ム能ハズ、乃チ之ヲ振救スルノ道ヲ講求スルニ、唯天下ノ公議ヲ張ルニ在ル而已。
English: All the people who are obliged to pay tax to the government shall have the right to be involved in the politics of the government and to debate whether our politics are right or wrong.
Japanese: 夫人民、政府ニ対シテ租税ヲ払フノ義務アル者ハ、乃チ其政府ノ事ヲ与知可否スルノ権理ヲ有ス。
English: What we have already discussed are the reasons why we need a Minsen Giin (elected assembly) today and what we have been suggesting is that it is a natural process to establish a Minsen Giin as our people are evolved enough and we have not brought this petition to exclude the bureaucrats, who are refusing our movement, but they are welcome to give their views on this matter.
Japanese: 臣等既ニ已ニ今日我国民撰議院ヲ立テズンバアル可カラザルノ所以、及今日我国人民進歩ノ度能ク斯議院ヲ立ルニ堪ルコトヲ弁論スル者ハ、則有司ノ之ヲ拒ム者ヲシテ口ニ藉スル所ナカラシメントスルニハ非ラズ。
English: By establishing the Giin and expanding the opportunity to discuss people's opinions, we would like to respect people's rights, and raise people's sprits, so the top and the bottom will work together, lords and vassals will respect each other; we also would like to keep our state developing and protect our happy, secure society.
Japanese: 斯議院ヲ立、天下ノ公論ヲ伸張シ、人民ノ通義権理ヲ立テ、天下ノ元気ヲ鼓舞シ、以テ上下親近シ、君臣相愛シ、我帝国ヲ維持振起シ、幸福安全ヲ保護センコトヲ欲シテ也。
English: The contents of the 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' were widely spread to people after being published in the "Nisshin Shinji Shi" newspaper by a Scotsman John Reddie Black.
Japanese: 民撰議院設立建白書の内容は、イギリス人ジョン・レディー・ブラックによる新聞『日新真事誌』に掲載されて広く国民に知られた。
English: At first, the government and the Meiroku-sha (Japan's first academic society) opposed to the petition saying that it was too early, but similar petitions began to be presented one after another after this.
Japanese: 政府や明六社は時期尚早として反対したが、以後、同様の建白書が続々と提出されることとなる。
English: Although the 'Minsen Giin Setsuritsu Kenpaku Sho' had the standpoint of the Tenpu-jinken-ron (theory of natural human rights), it's possible to say that this was a form of expression of the Fuhei Shizoku, the samurai class, who were not satisfied with the social change during this period of time, and most of whom were actually in dire poverty at the time.
Japanese: 民撰議院設立建白書は、天賦人権論に立脚しているものの、当時、困窮を極めた不平士族の不満が形を変えて噴出したものであったと言える。
English: However, the idea slowly seeped into every class of people and triggered the rise in the momentum toward Jiyu Minken Undo (Movement for Liberty and People's Right).
Japanese: しかし、国民各層にはその考え方が次第に浸透して行き、自由民権運動の気運が高まるきっかけとなった。
English: Ishi-gassen is a stone-throwing fight, in which people are divided into two groups and throw stones at each other, imitating a battle in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 石合戦（いしがっせん）とは、戦国時代(日本)の合戦を模して、二手に分かれて石をぶつけ合うこと。
English: In addition, in some places, the right of water or a land dispute was resolved by ishi-gassen.
Japanese: また、場所によっては、水の権利・土地争いなどを、石合戦によって解決していたこともあったという。
English: As an anecdote, one theory holds that Nobunaga ODA also liked ishi-gassen in his childhood and often gathered children in the neighborhood to do ishi-gassen.
Japanese: 逸話としては、一説に寄れば、織田信長も、幼少時代にこの石合戦を好み、近隣の子供らを集めて良く行ったと言われている。
English: Moreover, Ieyasu TOKUGAWA went to see ishi-gassen fought by boys and correctly predicted that the smaller team would defeat the larger team.
Japanese: また、徳川家康は少年たちによる石合戦を見に行き、少人数の側が勝つと言い当てた。
English: This is because Ieyasu is said to have seen through the fact that boys in the smaller team cooperated with each other well since they were outnumbered.
Japanese: これは少人数ゆえに仲間が協力し合っている点を瞬時に見抜いたからだと言われている。
English: In the Tang Dynasty, each institution related with the Crown Prince was half independent and formed one Imperial Court and thus togubo was also independent from each authority in the form.
Japanese: 唐制では皇太子関係の諸機関は半ば独立して一つの朝廷を形作っていたことから､春宮坊も形式的には諸官庁から独立している。
English: Shugokushi (Prisons Office) was one of the agencies that belonged to Gyobusho (Ministry of Justice) in ancient Japanese system of centralized governance.
Japanese: 囚獄司（しゅうごくし）は日本古代の律令制において刑部省に属する機関の一つである。
English: Shugokushi administered two prison houses in Kyoto, carried out a sentence and watched the prisoners.
Japanese: 囚獄司は京内二つの獄舎を管理し､刑の執行､囚人の監督なども担当していた。
English: Among officials of the Capital only Shugokushi staffed mononobe-cho instead of jikicho (factotum) who did odd jobs.
Japanese: 囚獄司は京官で唯一､雑役を行う直丁が属さずかわりに物部丁（もののべちょう）が属した。
English: The reason why there was such discrimination though these jobs weren't so different was that prison houses seemed to be the unclean place.
Japanese: 内容はあまり変わらないにもかかわらず区別されたのは、獄舎を穢れた場所と考えられたためらしい。
English: Miya sodo (palace disturbance) is the incident in which Mitsutoki HOJO attempted a rebellion, and the former Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, was banished from Kamakura, and returned to Kyoto in 1246 in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 宮騒動（みやそうどう）は、鎌倉時代の寛元4年（1246年）に起きた、北条光時の反乱未遂、および前征夷大将軍・藤原頼経が鎌倉から追放され、京都へ戻された事件。
English: It is also called Kangen War or Kangen Coup after the name of the era.
Japanese: 年号を取って寛元の乱（かんげんのらん）・寛元の政変（かんげんのせいへん）とも言う。
English: There were a conflict for the leadership inside the Hojo clan who exclusively possessed shikken no shiki (title of the regent) as the backdrop, and the dissatisfaction of gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) who felt antipathy to the Hojo clan's tyranny, and tried to increase the power of the shogun as one of the factors.
Japanese: 背景には、執権職を独占する北条氏内部の主導権争いと、北条氏の専横に反感を抱き将軍権力の浮揚を図る御家人たちの不満が要因にあった。
English: This incident helped to establish the regent Tokiyori HOJO's power, and paved the way for the dictatorship of Tokuso (the main branch of the HOJO clan).
Japanese: この事件により、執権北条時頼の権力が確立され、得宗（北条家嫡流）の専制権力への道を開いた。
English: As his legitimate son, Tokiuji HOJO, and his next son, Tokizane HOJO, had died, it was decided Tokiuji's son, Tsunetoki HOJO, would succeed the shikken no shiki.
Japanese: 嫡子北条時氏、次子北条時実はすでに死去していたため、時氏の子・北条経時が執権職を嗣ぐこととなった。
English: However, there were a number of branch families established in the Hojo clan, and many were dissatisfied at Tsunetoki's succession.
Japanese: しかし、すでにこの頃、北条家は庶流が多く分立しており、経時の継承に対して不満を持つ者も少なくなかった。
English: Particularly, the NAGOE family which was the descendent of Tomotoki HOJO, was in strong rivalry with the main branch of the Hojo clan (later called Tokuso), and Mitsutoki NAGOE and others aggravated discontent.
Japanese: 特に泰時の次弟・北条朝時を祖とする名越家は北条氏嫡流（のち得宗と呼ばれる）に対抗心が強く、名越光時らは不満を募らせていた。
English: Meanwhile, the 4th shogun, FUJIWARA no Yoritsune, who had left the capital for Kamakura in his early years, and worked as a puppet of the regent HOJO family, came of age, and wanted to hold the reigns of government, trying to organize the anti-regent power.
Japanese: いっぽう、幼少時に鎌倉へ下向し、執権北条家の傀儡となっていた4代将軍・藤原頼経も成年に達し、自ら政権を握る意志を持ち、反執権勢力の糾合を図っていた。
English: Realizing the danger, Tsunetoki dismissed Yoritsune from the post of shogun, and helped his son, FUJIWARA no Yoritsugu, to the throne of shogun in 1244.
Japanese: 危険を感じた経時は、寛元2年（1244年）頼経を将軍の座から降ろし、子の藤原頼嗣を擁立した。
English: However, Tsunetoki later had a serious illness, and immediately after he gave the shikken no shiki to his brother, Tokiyori, in March, 1246, he died at the young age of 23 in May.
Japanese: しかし、経時はその後、重病となり寛元4年（1246年）3月、弟・時頼に執権職を譲った直後、閏4月に23歳の若さで死亡する。
English: Taking Tsunetoki's death as a good opportunity, Mitsutoki NAGOE allied with Yoritsune, and anti-regent gokenin, such as Yoritsune's close advisers and hyojoshu (members of Council of State), Mototsuna GOTO, Hidetane CHIBA, and Yasumochi MIYOSHI, and planned the overthrow of Tokiyori, but Tokiyori's side forestalled it.
Japanese: 経時の死を好機と見た名越光時は、頼経や頼経側近の評定衆の後藤基綱・千葉秀胤・三善康持ら反執権派御家人と連携し、時頼打倒を画策するが、時頼方が機先を制した。
English: An incident occurred in which for three nights in a row from the midnight of June 10, armored samurai assembled in groups in the city of Kamakura, and rumors were circulated.
Japanese: 閏4月18日深夜より3夜連続して、鎌倉市中に甲冑をつけた武士が群集し、流言が乱れ飛ぶ事件が起きる。
English: On the morning of July 16, one day after an earthquake occurred in the small hours in July 15, Tokiyori blocked communications between Kamakura and outside.
Japanese: 5月24日深夜に起きた地震の翌朝25日、時頼は鎌倉と外部の連絡を遮断した。
English: When through these movements, Mitsutoki and others noticed the disclosure of their plot, he entered the priesthood together with his brother, Tokiyuki HOJO, and surrendered.
Japanese: これらの動きにより光時らは陰謀の発覚を悟り、弟北条時幸とともに出家し、降伏した。
English: On the following day, Masamura HOJO, Sanetoki HOJO, and Yoshikage ADACHI came to Tokiyori's private residence, and discussed how to deal with the gokenin of Yoritsune's group, but they could not take prompt actions, because the movement of Yasumura MIURA, Daigozoku (a big local ruling family) who had not clarified his attitude was unknown.
Japanese: 翌日、時頼の私邸に北条政村・北条実時・安達義景が集まり、頼経派御家人たちへの対応を協議したが、去就を曖昧にしていた大豪族三浦泰村の動きがまだ不明であったため、速やかな処断を行うことはできなかった。
English: On July 22, Tokiyuki NAGOE killed himself, and on July 27, Yasumura's younger brother, Iemura MIURA visited Tokiyori's residence, and showed the will of deference.
Japanese: 6月1日、名越時幸は自害し、6日泰村の弟・三浦家村が時頼私邸を訪れ、恭順の意志を示した。