nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Based on the Gresham's law, however, the amount of mintage of koban, which was good money, was decreased and nominal coins such as Nishu kin gold and ichibu-gin silver coins, which were bad money, prevailed in the market, so a great amount of premium was demanded for an exchange of ichibu-gin coins into koban.
Japanese: しかし、グレシャムの法則が働き良貨である小判の鋳造量は衰退し、市場では悪貨である二朱金および一分銀のような名目貨幣が凌駕するような状態であったため、一分銀から小判への両替には大幅な増歩が要求された。
English: Furthermore, ichibu-gin silver coins got scarce at the treaty ports in no time because foreigners demanded exchanges of so many one-dollar silver coins into ichibu-gin silver coins.
Japanese: また外国人の1ドル銀貨から一分銀への両替要求が多額に上ったため、開港場では一分銀は瞬く間に払底した。
English: Nevertheless, so large a quantity of koban was taken out of Japan in so short a time that there was a serious shortage of gold coins in Japan.
Japanese: それでも小判の流出は短期間の間に多額に上り国内の深刻な金貨の不足を起こすような危機には違いなかった。
English: It is said that foreign ambassadors could make profits by repeating such cycles of exchange five to six times a year.
Japanese: 外国人大使らは一年間にこのような両替を5～6サイクル程繰り返し、利益を上げることが可能であったという。
English: As a solution to the scarcity of ichibu-gin silver coins, HARRIS proposed to remint Mexico silver and one-dollar silver coins into ichibu-gin silver coins on July 29.
Japanese: 一分銀払底の打開策として7月29日に、ハリスはメキシコ銀および1ドル銀貨を一分銀に改鋳することを提案した。
English: The bakufu accepted this proposal and started to emit Ansei ichibu-gin silver coins, which contained the same quality of silver as foreign ones, on August 13.
Japanese: これを受け入れ8月13日より発行されたのが銀品位が洋銀と同一の一分銀安政一分銀であった。
English: But these coins did not prevent but rather accelerated the outflow of koban to foreign countries.
Japanese: しかし全く小判流出防止に効果を果たすものではなく、むしろ流出を促進させたものといえる。
English: The scarcity of ichibu-gin silver coins in cities around the trading port was not improved by issuance of Ansei ichibu-gin silver coins, so HARRIS requested the bakufu to increase mintage of ichibu-gin silver coins in a prompt manner, but they were not emitted so promptly; thus HARRIS requested the bakufu to engrave a mark on foreign silver coins and to make them circulate as 3 bu.
Japanese: 安政一分銀の発行によっても貿易港周辺の市中における一分銀の払底は解消されず、ハリスは幕府に対し一分銀の早急な増鋳を要求したが、発行は思うように進捗せず、洋銀に刻印を打って、三分として通用させるよう要求した。
English: This is how "Aratame-sanbu-sada" gin (silver coins revised to 3 bu) were created, by engraving a mark "Aratame-sanbu-sada" on Mexican 8-real silver coins.
Japanese: ここで登場したのが、メキシコ8レアル銀貨などに「改三分定」と刻印を打印した改三分定銀であった。
English: But these Aratame-sanbu-sada gin silver coins were worth only 2 bu 2 shu in Japan, and the engraving operation, which was started on January 21, 1860, was terminated on as early as June 30, 1860.
Japanese: しかし日本国内ではこの改三分定銀は2分2朱にしか通用せず、刻印打は安政6年（1859年）12月29日より開始されたが翌年の万延元年（1860年）5月12日までの短期間で中断された。
English: Later, an English consul general ALCOCK, in his book "Okimi no Miyako" (the capital of the tycoon), admitted that gold coins were poured out of Japan because a value higher than that of raw materials was attached to ichibu-gin silver coins while Tenpo koban, Japanese standard coins, contained the same amount of gold as gold coins worth four dollars, but it was after the massive outpouring of koban.
Japanese: その後イギリス総領事のオールコックは著書『大君の都』の中で日本の本位貨幣である天保小判が金貨4ドル分の金を含有し、一分銀には素材価値以上の価値が設定されていたことにより金貨流出につながったことを認めているが、それは小判の大量流出が起こった後のことであった。
English: Hakuho culture is a magnanimous culture which flourished between the Taika Reforms in 645 and the relocation of Heijo-kyo capital in 710, falling between the Asuka culture represented by the architecture and Buddha statues of Horyu-ji Temple and the Tenpyo culture represented by Buddha statues of Todai-ji Temple and buildings of Toshodai-ji Temple.
Japanese: 白鳳文化（はくほうぶんか）とは、645年（大化元年）の大化の改新から710年（和銅3年）の平城京遷都までの飛鳥時代に華咲いたおおらかな文化であり、法隆寺の建築・仏像などによって代表される飛鳥文化と、東大寺の仏像、唐招提寺の建築などによって代表される天平文化との中間に位置する。
English: In addition, Hakuho is one of the era names which do not appear in Chronicles of Japan (called 'Itsugango' or 'Shinengo') (However, Hakuo appears in Shoku Nihongi.)
Japanese: なお、白鳳とは日本書紀に現れない元号（逸元号や私年号という）の一つである（しかし続日本紀には白鳳が記されている）。
English: The era name of Hakuo is thought to have been used around the time of the Emperor Tenmu (another theory is around the time of the Emperor Tenchi), when the Hakuho culture was also at its best.
Japanese: 天武天皇の頃に使用されたと考えられており（天智天皇のときに使用されたとする説もある）、白鳳文化もこの時期に最盛期を迎えた。
English: Completed around the end of seventh century and being the largest-scaled among the ancient cities, it was a gorgeous, imperial and aristocratic culture around the Fujiwara Capital, which featured genuine Chinese style capital with street plan.
Japanese: 7世紀の終わり頃完成した、古代の都で最大の規模を誇り、条坊制を布いた本格的な中国風都城の藤原京を中心とした天皇や貴族中心の華やかな文化であった。
English: It was also the time when the Asuka Kiyomihara Code and the Taiho Code were established, and the genuine nation began.
Japanese: 飛鳥浄御原令や大宝律令が制定され、本格的な国家が始動しだした頃でもあった。
English: It was affected by the culture of early Tang, the Korean Peninsula, India and West and Central Asia.
Japanese: 初唐文化の影響や朝鮮半島、インド、西アジア、中央アジアの文化も影響した。
English: The culture flourished most at the time of the Emperor Tenmu and the Emperor Jito, but included some of the time of their predecessors, the Emperor Tenchi and the Emperor Kobun.
Japanese: 天武天皇・持統天皇の時代が中心だが、一部その前の天智天皇・弘文天皇時代を含む部分もある。
English: Taiho Code was completed in 701 and enforced immediately..
Japanese: 大宝律令は、701年（大宝(日本)元年）に完成し、直ちに施行された。
English: Ishikawakamaro, a grandchild of SOGA no Umako and a child of SOGA no Kuramaro, was falsely charged by his younger paternal half-brother SOGA no Himuka, and killed himself at Yamada-dera Temple.
Japanese: 石川麻呂は、蘇我馬子の孫、蘇我倉麻呂の子で、大化5年（649年）に異母弟の蘇我日向（ひむか）に讒訴され、造営半ばの山田寺で自殺した。
English: The Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is the general term for temples and other historical monuments in Nara City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 古都奈良の文化財（ことならのぶんかざい）は、奈良県奈良市地域に存在する寺院等の総称。
English: It was registered as the ninth world heritage (cultural heritage) of Japan during the meeting of the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) held in Kyoto City on December 2, 1998.
Japanese: 1998年12月2日京都市で開催された国際連合教育科学文化機関世界遺産委員会で日本で9件目の世界遺産（文化遺産）として登録された。
English: 2. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is exceptionally useful evidence of the development of Japanese Architecture and Art and the result of cultural ties among Japan, China, and Korea; it had the important influence on the development which took place in later years.
Japanese: （2）古都奈良の文化財は日本建築と日本美術の進化のひときわ優れた証拠性を有しており、それらは中国と朝鮮との文化的つながりの結果であり後世の発展に重要な影響を与えることになった。
English: 3. The architectural heritage in Nara Prefecture is the only evidence of the Japanese culture flourished in the period when Nara was a capital.
Japanese: （3）奈良の建築遺産は、奈良が首都であった時代に開花した日本文化の唯一の証左である。
English: 4. The layout of the imperial household palace in Nara Prefecture and the designs of the existing cultural properties are remarkable examples of early Asian architecture in a capital city and city planning.
Japanese: （4）奈良における皇室宮殿の配置と現存文化財の設計は、初期アジアの首都群の建築と都市設計に関するきわだった例である。
English: 6. The particularly elegant forms of Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines in Nara Prefecture prove the continuous force and influence of religion over people's lives.
Japanese: （6）奈良の仏教寺院と神社は、ひときわ優れた形で宗教の連続的な力と影響を証明する。
English: Dazai-fu was a local administrative agency established in Chikuzen Province in the late seventh century
Japanese: 大宰府（だざいふ）は、7世紀後半に、九州の筑前国に設置された地方行政機関。
English: Oho mikotomochi was a post that governed a wide area of several provinces placed in areas that were important for local administration, a kind of provincial governor-general.
Japanese: 大宰（おほみこともち）とは、地方行政上重要な地域に置かれ、数ヶ国程度の広い地域を統治する役職で、いわば地方行政長官である。
English: Before Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) was enforced, there were Kibi no Oho mikotomochi (in 679), Suo Sorei (in 685), and Iyo Soryo (in 689), and so on, but they were abolished as Taiho ryo was enforced, and only Dazai no sochi (Governor-General of the Dazai-fu office) was kept.
Japanese: 大宝律令以前には吉備大宰（天武8年）、周防総令（天武14年）、伊予総領（持統3年）などあったが、大宝令の施行とともに廃止され、大宰の帥のみが残された。
English: As described in the section of November, 700 in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued), 'jikidaiichi (the ninth grade of jikidai rank for vassals of the forty-eight grades of cap rank, which corresponds to Shoshiinojo, Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) Isonokami Ason (second highest of the eight hereditary titles) Maro was appointed to Tsukushi no soryo, jikikosan (the fourteenth grade of jikiko rank for vassals of the forty-eight grades of cap rank, which corresponds to Shogoinoge, Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade of Taiho Ritsuryo, Taiho Code) Ono Ason Kenu was appointed to daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General), and jikikosan Hata no Ason Mugobe was appointed to Suo soryo,' it was also called soryo.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』文武天皇4年10月の条に「直大壱石上朝臣麻呂を筑紫総領に、直広参小野朝臣毛野を大弐（次官）と為し、直広参波多朝臣牟後閇を周防総領と為し」とあるように「総領」とも呼ばれた。
English: By Taiho Ritsuryo (701), Dazai-fu in Kyushu was established as a government agency, but other Dazai were abolished, so it is correct to think that 'Dazai-fu' in general refers to the one in Kyushu.
Japanese: 大宝律令（701年）によって、九州の大宰府は政府機関として確立したが、他の大宰は廃止され、一般的に「大宰府」と言えば九州のそれを指すと考えてよい。
English: The mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written) in Heijo-kyu Palace reads 'Tsukushi no Omikotomochi' (a diplomatic facility to entertain foreign envoys) (筑紫大宰) and Nagaoka kyo (the ancient capital of Nagaoka) mokkan in Heijo-kyu Palace reads 'Dazai-fu' (大宰府) and the description '大宰府, which is the name of the authority, is used as a historical term.
Japanese: 平城宮木簡には「筑紫大宰」、平城宮・長岡京木簡には「大宰府」と表記されており、歴史的用語としては機関名である「大宰府」という表記を用いる。
English: For the names of the city and the shrine that deify SUGAWARA no Michizane, the description '太宰府,' which appeared after the medieval period, is used.
Japanese: 都市名や菅原道真を祀る神社（太宰府天満宮）では中世以降に現れた「太宰府」という表記を用いる。
English: Currently, the historic site is often called 'tofuroato' (the remains of capital towers) by local residents.
Japanese: なお現在、地元では史跡は「都府楼跡」（とふろうあと）と呼称されることが多い。
English: Its major roles were foreign diplomacy and defense, and for the nine provinces in Saikaido (Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen, Bungo, Hizen, Higo, Hyuga, Satsuma, and Osumi Provinces) and three islands (Iki, Tsushima, and Tane (present Osumi Islands, absorbed into Osumi in 824) Provinces), it held jurisdiction over an administrative branch and a judiciary branch including personnel affairs of jo (secretary of provincial offices) and lower ranks as well as auditing shidoshi (envoys who bring four major official documents sent by kokushi (provincial governors)).
Japanese: 外交と防衛を主任務とすると共に、西海道9国（筑前国、筑後国、豊前国、豊後国、肥前国、肥後国、日向国、薩摩国、大隅国）と三島（壱岐国、対馬国、多禰国（現在の大隅諸島。824年に大隅に編入））については、掾（じょう）以下の人事や四度使の監査などの行政・司法を所管した。
English: Because of the great authority it was granted, it was also called 'To no mikado' (government office located far from the capital).
Japanese: 与えられた権限の大きさから、「遠の朝廷（とおのみかど）」とも呼ばれる。
English: For military affairs, sakimori no tsukasa that supervised border soldiers was placed under its jurisdiction to protect the western border.
Japanese: 軍事面としては、その管轄下に防人を統括する防人司を置き、西辺国境の防備を担っていた。
English: Due to the fact that Kitakyushu had played a role as a front gate to interact with dynasties in China and Korean Peninsula since ancient times, Korokan, a State Guest House to entertain foreign emissaries, was placed in Natsu (present central Fukuoka City).
Japanese: 外交面では、北九州が古来中国の王朝や朝鮮半島などとの交流の玄関的機能を果たしていたという背景もあり、海外使節を接待するための迎賓館である鴻臚館（こうろかん）が那津（現在の福岡市中心部）に置かれた。
English: The governor-general was called Dazai no sochi, and high government officials such as Dainagon (Major Counselor) or Chunagon (middle counselor), who were equivalent to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) would concurrently serve as well.
Japanese: 長官は大宰帥（だざいのそち）といい従三位相当官、大納言・中納言クラスの政府高官が兼ねていた。
English: During the Heian period, however, imperial princes were appointed but did not actually go to the post in most cases, while the next position, Dazai gon no sochi, attended actual government affairs (when an ex-minister was demoted, he did not have power over practical affairs).
Japanese: しかし平安時代には親王が任命されて実際には赴任しないケースが大半となり、次席である大宰権帥が実際の政務を取り仕切った（ただし、大臣経験者が左遷された場合、実務権限はない）。
English: The coasts of Genkai-nada Sea were an important point of traffic that served as a contact point to the Asian Continent, especially through the Yayoi Period and Kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: 特に弥生時代や古墳時代を通じて、玄界灘沿岸は、アジア大陸との窓口という交通の要衝であった。
English: Therefore, Yamato sovereignty (the ancient Japan sovereignty) which had its regional base in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) established a regional office as a strategic point for foreign affairs and military operation against the Korean peninsula.
Japanese: そのため、畿内を地盤とするヤマト王権が外交や朝鮮半島への軍事行動の要衝として、出先機関を設置することになった。
English: Apart from 'Ichitaishotsu' (local official dispatched by the central government to manage foreign affairs) described in "Gishiwajinden" (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of the Wei Dynasty"), the following descriptions are considered to be evidence of this.
Japanese: 『魏志倭人伝』に見られる「一大率」は別としても、以下のような記述がその証拠と考えられている。
English: This Tsukushi Province is a place that serves as a gate to come and go to far and near places. (snip) Establish a miyake (government-ruled area) by Nanotsu (old name for Hakata Otsu)' in the section for the year 536 in "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan)
Japanese: 『日本書紀』宣化天皇元年（536年）条の「夫れ筑紫国は、とおくちかく朝（もう）で届（いた）る所、未来（ゆきき）の関門（せきと）にする所なり。（中略）官家（みやけ）を那津（なのつ、博多大津の古名）の口（ほとり）に脩（つく）り造（た）てよ」
English: Tsukushi no Omikotomochi reported to the Empress' in the section for April, 609.
Japanese: 推古天皇17年（609年）4月の条に「筑紫大宰（つくしのおほみこともち）、奏上して言さく」
English: First appearance of the letters 'Omikotomochi' is in the section of year 609, but as described above, the origin of Dazai-fu is considered to be older based on articles on building miyake in Hakata, Fukuoka prefecture.
Japanese: 「大宰」の文字の初見が609年（推古天皇17年）であるが、既に見たように福岡県博多に官家を造るなどの記事から大宰府の起源はもっと遡るのではないかと考えられている。
English: It is said that the dynasty of Emperor Tenchi, for fear that Tang might push into Japan, built mizuki and komizuki, which store water in big dikes, in Tsukushi in August, 664.
Japanese: 天智朝では、唐が倭へ攻め込んでくるのではないかという危惧から664年（天智天皇3年）8月、筑紫に大きな堤に水を貯えた水城（みずき）・小水城を造ったという。
English: Mizuki are facilities that block up skirts of mountains on the east and west, and their remains still exist to this day.
Japanese: 水城は、福岡平野の奥、御笠川に沿って、東西から山地が迫っている山裾の間を塞いだ施設であり、今日もその遺跡が残っている。
English: Their structures were dorui (earthwork) that are 14-meter high, about 37-meter wide at the basement, and about 1-kilometer long.
Japanese: 構造は、高さ14メートル、基底部の幅が約37メートルの土塁を造り、延長約1キロにわたる。
English: In addition, it is said that castles were built in the following year 665, including Ono-jo Castle (Chikuzen Province) on the back of Dazai-fu and Kii-jo Castle in the front.
Japanese: また、翌年の665年（天智天皇4年）大宰府の背後に大野城(筑前国)、前面に基肄城などの城堡が建設されたとされた。
English: Besides there are descriptions of 'Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no sochi' in 649, 'Tsukushi no kami,' and 'Tsukushi no soryo,' which have been confirmed during the period from Emperor Tenchi to Emperor Tenmu, and are thought to indicate that the royal families and nobles were dispatched from the central government.
Japanese: 649年（大化5年）には「筑紫大宰帥」の記述があるほか、天智天皇から天武天皇にかけての時期にはほかに「筑紫率」「筑紫総領」などが確認でき、中央から王族や貴族が派遣されていた事を示すと考えられている。
English: Tsukushi totokufu' (Tsukushi Governor-General Office) in 667, and 'Tsukushi no Omikotomochi no Tsukasa' (or Dazai-fu in Tsukushi) first appear in 671as names of the authority.
Japanese: 機関としては、667年（天智天皇6年）に「筑紫都督府」があり、671年（同10年）に初めて「筑紫大宰府」が見える。
English: During this period, there were many cases where nobles that fell from power in the capital Nara (Kyoto since 794) were demoted.
Japanese: この時代は、首都たる奈良（794年以降は京都）で失脚した貴族の左遷先となる事例が多かった。
English: In addition, FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, who was transferred to Dazai-fu, held a grudge from being displaced from the capital and rose in revolt in 740.
Japanese: また、大宰府に転任した藤原広嗣が、首都から遠ざけられたことを恨んで740年に反乱を起こした。
English: Dazai-fu was abolished for several years due to this, and during that period, the administrative function of Dazai-fu was administered by Chikuzen Kokushi (the provincial governor of Chikuzen Province) and the military function was administered by the newly established Chinzei-fu.
Japanese: その影響で数年間大宰府は廃止され、その間は大宰府の行政機能は筑前国司が、軍事機能は新たに設置された鎮西府が管轄していた。
English: In other words, Dazai-fu was temporarily abolished in February 742 and Chinzei-fu was established in Tsukushi in December 743.
Japanese: つまり、742年（天平12）1月にいったん廃止し、743年（天平15）12月に筑紫に鎮西府を置く。
English: In 941, it fell in the Johei and Tengyo War (FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War) in which Dazai gon no sochi TACHIBANA no Kimiyori fought against the attack of Fujiwara's troop.
Japanese: 941年（天慶4）承平天慶の乱（藤原純友の乱）で陥落し、大宰権帥の橘公頼が対抗する。
English: In 1158, when TAIRA no Kiyomori became Dazai no daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General), the political center in Kitakyushu was transferred to Hakata (Fukuoka City), 20 kilometers north of Dazai-fu to promote the trade between Japan and Sung Dynasty in China, which was the basis of the Taira clan government.
Japanese: 1158年に平清盛が大宰大弐になると、平氏政権の基盤である日宋貿易の意図もあり、やがて北九州での政治的中心地は、大宰府から20キロメートル北の博多（福岡市）へ移る。
English: During the medieval period, their reign became unstable due to the decline of the Imperial Court and the trend of Saikaido such as Mongolian attempts to invade Japan.
Japanese: 中世にはいり、朝廷の衰微や元寇など西海道の動向につれて実権は揺らいでいく。
English: During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Emperor Godaigo of the Southern Court dispatched his Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi as seisei shogun (literally, "great general who subdues the western barbarians"), and the Southern Court who supported Imperial Prince Kaneyoshi who was backed up by the Kikuchi clan defeated the Northern Court, whose supreme commander was the Shoni clan, in the Battle of Chikugo-gawa River in 1351.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)には、南朝(日本)の後醍醐天皇が皇子の懐良親王を征西将軍として派遣し、菊池氏に擁立された懐良親王を頂く南朝方は1351年の筑後川の戦いで少弐氏を総大将とした北朝方を破り、本拠とした。
English: Seiseifu fortress of the Southern Court was defeated by Sadayo IMAGAWA (Ryoshun) who was dispatched by Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the Shoni clan restored Dazai-fu, but outcast by the Ouchi clan in the Sengoku period (period of warring states).
Japanese: 南朝方の征西府は室町幕府が派遣した今川貞世（了俊）に敗れ、少弐氏は大宰府を回復するが、戦国時代(日本)には大内氏に追われた。
English: As a result of the research, it was confirmed that there are ancient foundations of three different periods in the government district.
Japanese: 調査の結果、政庁地区においては3時期の遺構面が存在することが確かめられた。
English: The size of the governmental district was 111.6 meters from west to east and 188.4 meters from north to south, and the size of the cloister was 111.1 meters from west to east and 113.8 meters from north to south.
Japanese: 政庁規模は、東西111.6メートル、南北188.4メートル、回廊規模は、東西111.1メートル、南北113.8メートル。
English: Theories that 'the foundation stones that are currently visible are those when it was built', and 'it was never rebuilt after it was burned down in FUJIWARA no Sumitomo's War in 941' concerning the government district were mainstream before excavation and research.
Japanese: 政庁地区については、発掘調査以前には「現在見える礎石が創建時のもの」、「941年（天慶4）の藤原純友の乱で焼亡した後は再建されなかった」、という考えが主流であった。
English: The first theory was rejected because there are foundations of later periods, and the second one is also currently denied because the fact of destruction by fire was proven by the layer of burned soil on the second-period foundation, however, it became clear that the third-period foundation was rebuilt in a bigger size.
Japanese: 前者の考えについては各遺構面が存在することによって否定された。後者については、第2期遺構面上に堆積する焼土層によって焼失の事実は証明されたものの、第3期の遺構がさらに規模を拡大して再建されていることが明らかとなり、現在では否定されている。
English: The renovation from the first period to the second period corresponds to the establishment of the office as a government agency due to the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 第1期から第2期への改築は、律令制度によって政府機関として確立したことに対応するものである。
English: Because the third period is when the ritsuryo system was lax, many researchers were surprised at that larger construction than the second-period buildings had been made, but currently, it is considered to correspond to expansion by local governmental officials who had a central role in operating the government.
Japanese: 第3期は律令制度が弛緩している時期にあたるため、第2期より大規模な造作が行われていることに多くの研究者が驚かされたが、現在では、当時の政庁運営で中心的役割を担っていた在庁官人層の拡大に対応するものと理解されている。
English: Takeshi KAGAMIYAMA, who later became professor of Kyushu University, was the first person who supposed in 1937 that there had been jobosei in Dazai-fu.
Japanese: 大宰府に条坊が存在することを最初に想定したのは、のちに九州大学教授となる鏡山猛で、1937年のことである。
English: Assuming the government district was 方四町 and the Kanzeon-ji Temple district was 方三町, Kagamiyama pointed out that the southern border of them could be aligned on an east-west axis, and also he found that the distance between the eastern border of the government district and the western border of the Kanzeon-ji Temple district was equal to two Cho (approx. 218 meters), then he made a hypothesis that a city development plan based on the Cho unit existed and that many peripheral streets and causeways would match with the idea when he expanded the coverage of the plan.
Japanese: 鏡山は、政庁域を方四町、観世音寺域を方三町と推定した場合、両者の南辺を東西線上に一致させることができること、かつその場合の政庁東辺と観世音寺西辺の間が二町となることをもって、一町を単位とする造成企画の存在を想定し、その適用範囲を広げると周囲の道路や畦畔に合致するものが多いことを指摘。
English: In addition, based on the analysis of street names described in ancient documents in Kanzeon-ji Temple, he supposed a jobo area (area with a series of avenues running at right angles to each other) that extends about 2.6 kilometers from west to east and about 2.4 kilometers from north to south, with 12 horizontal streets and 22 vertical streets.
Japanese: 加えて観世音寺に伝わる古文書類に記された条坊呼称の分析から、東西各十二条、南北二十二条の、東西約2.6キロメートル、南北約2.4キロメートルに亘る条坊域を想定した。
English: The actual state was 'a desk reconstruction plan' based on streets and causeways that existed in the 1930s, but its achievements to point out existence of city blocks in jobosei and to promote awareness of the academic society are significant.
Japanese: その実態は1930年代に存在していた道路や畦道に基づく「机上の復元案」といえるものであるが、大宰府に条坊制による街区の存在を指摘し、学界に注意を喚起した功績は大きい。
English: The Kagamiyama proposal is the most known reconstruction proposal in the present day, and most reconstruction diagrams introduced in books and Web sites for the general public are the Kagamiyama proposal.
Japanese: 鏡山案は現在においてももっとも知られている復元案であり、一般向け図書やHPなどで紹介されている復元図はほとんどが鏡山案である。
English: Excavation and research within the area of the assumed jobosei area since then have been intermittently performed by the Fukuoka Prefectural Board of Education, Kyushu Historical Museum, Dazai-fu City Board of Education, and Tsukushino City Board of Education, with the following results:
Japanese: その後、福岡県教育委員会、九州歴史資料館、太宰府市教育委員会、筑紫野市教育委員会によって条坊施工想定範囲内での発掘調査が断続的に行われており、現時点では下記のような成果を得ている。
English: For the time of the seventh century that corresponds to the first period of the government, no remains that can be linked to the existence of jobo have been confirmed.
Japanese: 政庁第1期に対応する7世紀段階では、条坊の存在に結びつくような遺構は確認できない。
English: For the time of eighth century that corresponds to the second period of the government, there are remains that are considered to be related to jobo mainly around the vertical central street (equivalent to Suzaku-oji Street) that runs from the central government to the south.
Japanese: 政庁第2期に対応する8世紀段階において条坊に関連すると考えられる遺構は、政庁中央から南へ伸びる南北中央大路（朱雀大路に相当する）周辺を中心として存在する。
English: In these remains, vertical streets are noticeable with few horizontal ones, so there is a possibility that the jobo area was not improved in a methodical way.
Japanese: これらの遺構は南北方向のものが顕著で、東西方向のものは少ないことから、整然とした条坊域が整備されていたのではない可能性もある。
English: The jobo remains of the 10th century that correspond to the third period of the government exist in an area close to the area supposed by the Kagamiyama proposal.
Japanese: 政庁第3期に対応する10世紀段階の条坊遺構は鏡山案の想定域に近い範囲に存在する。
English: It is thought that the remains including border ditches were buried during the period from the late 11th century to the early 12th century, and that blocks based on jobosei died out around this time.
Japanese: 区画溝などの遺構は11世紀後半から12世紀前半にかけて埋没し、条坊制による街区はこのころに廃れたと考えられる。
English: Such situation can be understood as a process in which a city was gradually formed around the political center.
Japanese: こうした状況は、政治的中心の周囲に次第に都市が形成されていく過程と理解できる。