nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The custom had been observed from the mid Heian period: at first, it was limited to the government posts at the rank of hangan (inspector [third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period]) and below in order to support Imperial Princes and consorts financially; later it was extended to Daijo Tenno (retired emperors), Sangu (the Empress, the Dowager Empress, the Grand Dowager Empress), and ministers (however, it was limited to jo [secretary of provincial offices] and Otoneri [royal attendant] among ministers), and the government posts granted were also extended to gon no kami (provisional governor) and suke (provincial governor) other than hangan.
Japanese: 平安時代中期頃から見られるが、当初は親王・女御などの生計に資するために判官以下の官職に限って給したが、後には太上天皇や三宮(后妃)、大臣などに支給対象が広げられ、支給される役職も権守や介などにも広げられた（ただし大臣は掾・大舎人に制限された）。
English: This was because, since the applicants for sakan (kokushi) and shisho (a person doing miscellaneous duties concerning documents) of the regular nenkan decreased, rinjikyu was devised to cope with the shortage of ninryo (fee for getting an official rank) income.
Japanese: これは正規の年官であった目(国司)や史生などへの応募者が減少したことにより、そこから上がる任料収入の不足に対応したものであった。
English: Kokujin-ryoshu sei was a thesis concerning the structure of Japan during the late medieval period (the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), the Muromachi period, and the Sengoku period - period of warring states) -- accordingly, the structure should be comprehended through research of movement of kokujin-ryoshu (local samurai lords) who directly ruled the farmers.
Japanese: 国人領主制（こくじんりょうしゅせい）とは、中世後期の日本（南北朝時代(日本)・室町時代・戦国時代(日本)）の体制を、直接農民層を支配していた国人領主の動向から把握すべきであるとする考え。
English: It asserted that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who had been raised from the classes of jito (manager and lord of manor) or shokan (an officer governing manor) to the local lord, that directly ruled the farmers class in those days, and that it was the kokujin-ryoshu, who, by becoming low-level bureaucrat of the shugo daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), supported their military power and came to define the movement of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) and the shugo daimyo.
Japanese: 当時、農民層を直接支配していたのは、地頭・荘官などの階層から在地の領主として成長していった国人領主層であり、彼らが守護大名の被官となることでその軍事力を支え、室町幕府や守護大名の動向を規定していったとするものである。
English: Kenka Ryoseibai was one of the principles of law (jurisprudence) in Medieval Japan.
Japanese: 喧嘩両成敗（けんかりょうせいばい）とは、中世日本の法(法学)原則の1つ。
English: In the late medieval period, as the nation became unsettled, kosen bosen (offensive and defensive war) broke out frequently to resolve disputes over the boundaries of territories or the like by force (self-help) instead of by bringing them into court.
Japanese: 中世後半になると、社会が不安定となり、境相論などを訴訟によらず実力によって解決（自力救済）しようとする故戦防戦が頻発するようになる。
English: Its intention was to resolve the disputes militarily and briefly to cope with the circumstances.
Japanese: こうした事態に対応するために、武断的・簡潔的に処理する事を目的としたものである。
English: Its idea was also introduced into bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo [Japanese territorial lord in the Sengoku period] enforced in their own domain) in the Sengoku period (period of warring states) (Japan): Imagawa Kana Mokuroku (Kana List of Articles of the Imagawa) of the Imagawa clan laid down that 'those who engaged in an armed conflict were both to be executed, irrespective of the question of right or wrong,' and 'who having borne and controlled himself under the provocation... and peacefully settled the matter for the moment was judged as reasonable..., and was to be exempt from punishment' (Article 8).
Japanese: こうした考え方は戦国時代(日本)の分国法にも取り入れられ、今川氏の今川仮名目録では「喧嘩におよぶ輩は理非を論ぜず双方とも死罪」「喧嘩を仕掛けられても堪忍してこらえ･･とりあえず穏便に振る舞ったことは道理にしたがったと･･して罪を免ぜられるべき」（第8条）とある。
English: Koshu Hatto no Shidai (the Laws of the Province of Kai) of the Takeda clan laid down that 'both parties to a quarrel leading to violence were to be executed regardless of their reasons; however, those who were involved in quarrels, but who kept their patience were not to be punished.'
Japanese: 武田氏の甲州法度之次第には、「喧嘩はどの様な理由があろうと処罰するが、喧嘩を仕掛けられても、我慢した者は処罰しない」とある。
English: This tide remained as the common law up to the early part of the Edo period; and when the government changed its policy to bunjiseiji (civil government), it was criticized by Confucians.
Japanese: こうした風潮は江戸時代前期まで慣習法として継続されるが、文治政治への転換の中で儒学者達からの批判を受けることとなった。
English: Nevertheless, since the idea of Kenka Ryoseibai was simple to understand and convincing for both parties of a quarrel, it was considered that the idea was passed down up to now through the minds of Japanese people.
Japanese: もっとも喧嘩両成敗は分かりやすく、また双方納得しやすいことからその後も日本人の精神観としては現在まで脈々と受け継がれているともいえる。
English: Today, the idea is often quoted by teachers and parents when intervening in children's conflicts.
Japanese: 現代では特に子供の喧嘩の処断などで教師や親がこの理論が持ち出すケースが多い。
English: Shomu meant management of territory (trial and collection of nengu [main land tax levied on the peasants based on the estimated productivity of land] and sozei [single land tax or combined land tax].)
Japanese: 所務（しょむ）とは、所領の管理（検断及び年貢・租税徴収）を行うこと。
English: It originally meant job and duty as the Chinese character 所務 literally means (where a person works), an example of which was shown in "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued); and in the Heian period, as shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates) developed, it came to mean the management of private estates and public lands and rights and obligations involved.
Japanese: 元来は務めるところという字義どおり仕事・職務を意味しており、『続日本紀』に事例を見出せるが、平安時代の荘園公領制の展開に伴い、荘園や公領の管理とこれに付随する権利・義務を表すようになった。
English: The income from management and rights and obligations involved therein was established as shomu shiki in the structure of offices, and as azukaridokoro (a deputy of "Shoen" manor lord) often did shomu, it was also called azukaridokoro shiki (the right that azukaridokoro - a deputy of Shoen manor lord - had.)
Japanese: これに伴う得分は職の体系の中で所務職として確立され、また所務を預所が務める事が多かった事から、預所職（あずかりどころしき）とも称した。
English: Tashibu no Sho (Tashibu Manor) was a manor belonging to Usa-jingu Shrine in Kunisaki District, Buzen Province (modern day Bungotakada City, Oita Prefecture).
Japanese: 田染荘（たしぶのしょう）は、豊前国国東郡（現在の大分県豊後高田市）にあった宇佐神宮の荘園。
English: The locations of Heian period and Kamakura period settlements and paddy fields remain largely unchanged within the Osaki area of Tashibu Manor.
Japanese: 田染荘の小崎地区には現在も、平安時代、鎌倉時代の集落や水田の位置がほとんど変わらずに残されているとされる。
English: Channels radiate out from all directions of Mt. Futago on the upturned bowl-shaped Kunisaki Peninsula, and in ancient times settlements known as "Rokugo" (lit. Six Townships) were formed along each of these channels, of which Tashibu Township was the settlement on the west of the peninsula.
Japanese: 椀を伏せたような形をした国東半島には、両子山を中心として四方へと谷筋が走り、古代にはこの谷筋に沿って六郷と呼ばれる6つの集落が形成され、そのうち半島の西側にあたるこの地には田染郷があった。
English: Events such as the enacting of the Konden einen shizai Law (a law allowing farmers who cleared new lands to own them permanently) in the year 743 made the private ownership of reclaimed farm land possible, and paddy fields were reclaimed in Tashibu Township by Amabiki-jinka Shrine and Usa-jingu Shrine before the formation of Tashibu Manor in the first half of the 11th century.
Japanese: 743年の墾田永年私財法などによって、開墾した田畑の私有が認められるようになると、田染郷でも雨引神社や宇佐神宮によって水田が開墾され、11世紀前半には田染荘が形成された。
English: Tashibu Manor eventually came under the control of Usa-jingu Shrine which possessed manors of more than 20,000 hectares in Kyushu, and was a valued as one of the manors known as 'Hongosho Juhakkasho' (lit. the 18 real manors).
Japanese: やがて田染荘は九州に2万町歩を超す荘園を有する屈指の荘園主であった宇佐神宮に支配されるようになり、宇佐神宮の「本御荘十八箇所」と呼ばれる荘園のひとつとして重視された。
English: In the latter half of the Kamakura period, control by Usa-jingu Shrine was relaxed and the area temporarily came into the possession of Kanto region gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate) such as the Odawara clan.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代後期になると、宇佐神宮による支配が緩み、一時は小田原氏などの関東の御家人が領有するところとなった。
English: However, Tashibu Manor was returned to Usa-jinja Shrine due to a shinryo kogyo ho (shrine estate recovery act) ordering the return of territories to Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines which was made in 1281 because it was thought that the prayers of temples and shrines such as Usa-jinja Shrine contributed to repeling the Mongol invasions of Japan.
Japanese: しかし、元寇が起こると、その撃退に宇佐神宮などの寺社の祈祷が功を奏したと考えられたため、1281年（弘安4年）には、寺社に領地を返還することを命じる神領興行法が発せられ、田染荘は宇佐神宮に返還された。
English: The descendents of the priest of Usa-jingu Shrine subsequently became the "Tashibu clan" and controlled Tashibu Manor.
Japanese: 以降、田染荘は、宇佐神宮の神官の子孫が田染氏を名乗り、支配することとなった。
English: Terraced rice-fields are narrowly arranged within the confined valley due to the presence of channels of the Kunisaki Peninsula in the Osaki area of Tashibu Manor.
Japanese: 田染荘の小崎地区には、国東半島の谷筋にあるため、狭隘な谷間に細かく区画された棚田が形成されている。
English: The locations of settlements and paddy fields have remained largely unchanged since the Heian period and Kamakura period.
Japanese: この景色は、平安時代あるいは鎌倉時代から集落や水田の位置がほとんど変わらずに残されているものであるという。
English: Even in the modern era, large scale farmland consolidation and concrete irrigation canals were not implemented, and efforts to maintain and preserve the landscape of Tashibu Manor continue.
Japanese: 現代に入っても、大規模な圃場整備やコンクリートの用水路などを選ばず、親水性の小川や遊歩道的な農道を設けることにより、田染荘の景観を維持・保存する努力が続けられている。
English: In recent years, attempts to rejuvenate the area by agritourism initiatives such offering visitors farm work experiences and farmhouse accommodation have started to be implemented.
Japanese: また、近年では、農作業体験や農家民泊などのアグリツーリズムにより地域を活性化する試みが始められている。
English: Denchu on okite was a set of regulations Nobunaga ODA made Shogun Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA accept.
Japanese: 殿中御掟（でんちゅうおんおきて）とは、織田信長が将軍・足利義昭に承認させた掟である。
English: Sixteen Articles were issued in January, 1569 and five Articles were added on January, 1570; as a result, it became regulations containing twenty-one Articles.
Japanese: 永禄12年（1569年）1月に16か条、永禄13年（1570年）1月に5か条が追加され、21か条の掟となった。
English: In October 1568, Nobunaga ODA came to Kyoto following Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA, and installed Yoshiaki as the 15th shogun of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun.)
Japanese: 永禄11年（1568年）9月、織田信長は足利義昭を奉じて上洛し、義昭を室町幕府の第15代将軍に擁立した。
English: Under the slogan 'tenka fubu' (the realm subjected to military power), Nobunaga intended to unite all of Japan by himself; on the other hand, Yoshiaki also invited Kenshin UESUGI and Motonari MORI to Kyoto with the intention of restoring the shogunate government -- there were discrepancies between their opinions.
Japanese: しかし信長は「天下布武」をかかげて自らの天下統一を目指し、一方の義昭は上杉謙信や毛利元就らにも上洛を促して幕府政治の再興を目指すという、両者には考えの食い違いがあった。
English: On February 9, 1569, in an order to limit shogun Yoshiaki's authority, Nobunaga issued nine Articles of denchu on okite to Yoshiaki and made him accept them.
Japanese: 永禄12年（1569年）1月14日、信長は義昭の将軍権力を制限するため、殿中御掟9か条を義昭に突きつけ、承認させた。
English: Low ranking servants such as dohoshu (attendants) including goyo gakari (clerks), keibi gakari (security officers), and zatsuyo gakari (housemen) shall follow precedents.
Japanese: 御用係や警備係、雑用係などの同朋衆など下級の使用人は前例通りをよしとすること。
English: Petitions shall not be submitted informally to the bakufu or the imperial court without consulting bugyonin (magistrate - retainer of the Oda family.)
Japanese: 訴訟は奉行人（織田家の家臣）の手を経ずに幕府・朝廷に内々に挙げてはならないこと。
English: Bokan (residential retainer) serving at Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple, warrior-monks of Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei, doctors, and Onmyoji (Master of Yin yang) shall not be admitted to the shogunal residence without permission.
Japanese: 石山本願寺の坊官や比叡山延暦寺の僧兵・医師・陰陽師をみだりに殿中に入れないこと。
English: Two days after, on February 11, Nobunaga established denchu on okite containing sixteen Articles, which consisted of the above nine Articles and seven additional bylaws, and also made Yoshiaki accept them.
Japanese: 信長は2日後の1月16日には、この9か条にさらに7か条の細則を追加した16か条の殿中御掟を制定し、これも義昭に承認させた。
English: Accordingly, Yoshiaki virtually became Nobunaga's puppet, and he could even hardly keep his political influence without Nobunaga's permission.
Japanese: これにより、義昭は実質的に信長の傀儡となり、信長の許可無しでは政治に影響力を保つことすらほとんどできなくなったのである。
English: On March 9, 1570, Nobunaga issued additional five Articles to denchu on okite to Yoshiaki and made him accept them, because Nobunaga saw that Yoshiaki tried to keep his political influence even after having the nine Articles of denchu on okite established.
Japanese: 永禄13年（1570年）1月23日、信長は殿中御掟9か条を制定した後も政治への影響力を保とうとする義昭に対して、殿中御掟追加5か条を突きつけ、これも承認させた。
English: 諸国へ御内書を以て仰せ出さる子細あらば,信長に仰せ聞せられ,書状を添え申すべき事 (Should there be occasion for the shogun to send orders to the provinces in the form of gonaisho [a letter issued over the signature of the shogun], he shall inform Nobunaga, who will append his letter of endorsement).
Japanese: 諸国へ御内書を以て仰せ出さる子細あらば、信長に仰せ聞せられ、書状を添え申すべき事（諸国の大名に御内書（将軍の書状）を出す必要があるときは、必ず信長に報告して、信長の書状も添えること）。
English: 御下知の儀,皆以て御棄破あり,其上御思案なされ,相定められるべき事 (All prior gogeji [shogunal directives] are void; new dispositions shall be made on this basis after careful consideration.)
Japanese: 御下知の儀、皆以て御棄破あり、其上御思案なされ、相定められるべき事（これまでに義昭が諸大名に出した命令は全て無効とし、改めて御思案の上でその内容を定めること）。
English: 公儀に対し奉り,忠節の輩に,御恩賞・御褒美を加えられたく候と雖も,領中等之なきに於ては,信長分領の内を以ても,上意次第に申し付くべきの事 (Should it happen that the shogun wishes to recognize or reward those who have given loyal service to kogi [the public authority, i.e., the shogun] without there being estates available for that purpose, Nobunaga will allot such, if must be, from his own domains, as the shogun may require.)
Japanese: 公儀に対し奉り、忠節の輩に、御恩賞・御褒美を加えられたく候と雖も、領中等之なきに於ては、信長分領の内を以ても、上意次第に申し付くべきの事（将軍家に対して忠節を尽くした者に恩賞・褒美をやりたくても、将軍には領地が無いのだから、信長が分国の中で都合をつけることにすること）。
English: 天下の儀,何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は,誰々によらず,上意を得るに及ばず,分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事 (Since the affairs of tenka (the realm) have in fact been put in Nobunaga's hands, he may take measures against anyone whomsoever according to his own discretion and without the need to obtain the shogun's agreement.)
Japanese: 天下の儀、何様にも信長に任置かるるの上は、誰々によらず、上意を得るに及ばず、分別次第に成敗をなすべきの事（天下の政治は何事につけてもこの信長に任せ、誰にも限らず、将軍の上意も得ずに信長の分別により成敗を加えることができること）。
English: 天下御静謐の条,禁中の儀,毎時御油断あるべからざるの事 (As the realm is at peace, the shogun shall unfailingly attend to the affairs of the imperial court.)
Japanese: 天下御静謐の条、禁中の儀、毎時御油断あるべからざるの事（天下が泰平に赴いたからには、宮中に関わる儀式などを将軍には行なって欲しいこと）。
English: The additional five Articles were much severer limitations of shogun's authority and political power than the sixteen Articles of the previous year.
Japanese: この追加5か条は、前年の16か条よりはるかに厳しい将軍権力・政治権限規定だった。
English: The fourth Article was significant among others, since it meant that Nobunaga could do anything at his own discretion without permission from the shogun.
Japanese: 特に重要なのは4条目であり、将軍の許しなく信長が何でもできるということである。
English: That is to say, the Article openly showed Nobunaga's intention of establishing despotism by using the shogun as his puppet.
Japanese: つまり露骨な将軍を傀儡とした信長による独裁を行なおうという姿勢が示されていた。
English: Incapable of retaliating against Nobunaga, Yoshiaki was forced to accept the Articles.
Japanese: しかし義昭に信長に逆らう実力があるはずも無く、これも承認せざるを得なかった。
English: The twenty-one Articles of denchu on okite made the antagonism between Nobunaga and Yoshiaki conclusive.
Japanese: この殿中御掟21か条は、結果的に信長と義昭の不和を決定的なものとした。
English: In order to defeat Nobunaga, Yoshiaki issued directions to defeat Nobunaga to Nagamasa ASAI, Yoshikage ASAKURA, Shingen TAKEDA, Kennyo HONGANJI, and Miyoshi sanninshu (three chief retainers of the Miyoshi clan) to form a league and lay a siege to Nobunaga, and opposed Nobunaga.
Japanese: そして義昭は信長を討伐するため、浅井長政や朝倉義景、武田信玄、本願寺顕如、三好三人衆らに信長討伐令を発して信長包囲網を結成し、信長と敵対することとなる。
English: Fuyusoden was a rice field exempted from tax according to the Japanese ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 不輸租田（ふゆそでん）とは日本の律令制において、租税を免除された田。
English: Fuyusoden mainly included shinden (also referred to as kamita, kanda) which was a paddy field affiliated with a shrine, jiden (also referred to as terada) which was a paddy field affiliated with a temple, kanden (imperial estates) which was a paddy field allotted according to government rank, chokushiden (imperial proprietorships and land), and kugaiden (estates belonging to government officers.)
Japanese: 主に、神社用の田である神田、寺院用の田である寺田、官職に応じられて与えられた田である官田をはじめ勅旨田・公廨田などが不輸租田である。
English: It originated when the government made the tax payers directly transport their land taxes (rice) to the government officials and temples and shrines through the government.
Japanese: 本来や政府を経由して官司や寺社に給付された租税を直接搬入させたことに由来する。
English: In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen).
Japanese: 平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる（寄進地系荘園）が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。
English: Since the Kanshofu sho was the only fuyusoden and shoen with government approval, shoen without kugen submitted (especially, kokumen shoen) was eliminated for consolidation purposes when Manor Regulation Acts were issued.
Japanese: 政府が承認した不輸租田及び荘園は官省符荘のみであったから、荘園整理令の際には公験が揃っていない荘園（特に国免荘田）が整理の対象となった。
English: Tenmon misso was a practice in ancient East Asia whereby observation of unusual astronomical phenomenon was confidentially reported to the monarch along with observations and astrological divination (prediction.)
Japanese: 天文密奏（てんもんみっそう）とは、古代の東アジアにおいて、異常な天文現象が観測された場合に、その観測記録と占星術による解釈（占言）を内密に君主に対して上奏することを指す。
English: In ancient China, it was believed that the stars in the heavens symbolize the nations on the earth and that unusual movements of stars were portent of political upheaval (上天思想.)
Japanese: 古代中国においては、天上の星は地上にある国家を象徴しており、その動きに異常があれば、政治的な異変が発生する前兆現象であるととらえられていた（上天思想）。
English: Based on that idea, it was considered that the monarch should be informed of such movements as soon as possible because it was vital to the management of the national administration.
Japanese: そのため、それを一刻も早く君主が把握する事は、国政の運営上重要な事であると考えられていた。
English: The Astronomical Chapter of "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty) -- which was also used as a textbook of tenmondo (ancient horoscopy) and rekido (calendrical study) in Japan -- described that 'some of the unusual movement of starts were good omens, but most of them were bad omens of natural disasters.'
Japanese: 律令制下の日本でも天文道・暦道の教科書として用いられていた『晋書』天文志には「天文異変には吉兆もあるが、多くが災異の前兆である」と記されている。
English: For that reason, it was imperative that an unusual astronomical phenomenon should be reported to the monarch by those well versed in astronomy and astrology together with observations and astrological divination.
Japanese: このため、異常な天文現象に対しては、天文学と占星術に通じた者が君主に対してその事実と占いの結果を報告することが求められた。
English: In Japan, it was decided that upon observing an unusual astronomical phenomenon, tenmon hakase (a master of astronomy) or a person who was well versed in astrology and astronomy and had received an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso should draw up a document stating what it symbolized by taking into account the divination and similar cases in the past, and observations; seal it; and directly submit it to the emperor through Onmyo no kami (Director of Onmyoryo, or Bureau of Divination) at once.
Japanese: 日本では、天文博士あるいは天文密奏宣旨を受けた天文学・占星術に通じた人物が、異常な天文現象を見つけた際には、占いの結果と過去に発生した同様の事例から勘案してその意味を解釈したものを観測記録とともに奏書に認めて密封して、速やかに陰陽頭を通じて天皇に対して上奏されることとなっていた。
English: The article 'hisho gensho no jo' in Zoryo (the Law on Miscellaneous Matters) of Yoro ritsuryo code (code promulgated in the Yoro period) states that 'Onmyoryo should report a good omen or bad omen observed, to the emperor. The reported documents should be gathered for each season, sealed, sent to the Ministry of Central Affairs, and recorded for national history.'
Japanese: 養老律令の雑令には「秘書玄象条」があり、「若し微祥災異有らば、陰陽寮奏せよ。訖らば季別に封して中務省に送り、国史に入れよ」とある。
English: In later ages, a procedure was established such that ichinokami (the ranking Council Member) of Daijokan (Grand Council of State or Sekkan - regents and advisers) confirmed the contents in advance, sealed the documents again, and returned them to tenmon hakase, and then the documents were submitted to Onmyo no kami (according to "Saikyuki" - record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki in Chinese style), "Shingishiki" (New Procedures in Administration.)
Japanese: ただし、後世には太政官の一上（あるいは摂関）が事前に内容を確認して改めて密封を行って天文博士に返却してから改めて陰陽頭に提出する形式となる（『西宮記』・『新儀式』など）。
English: It was decided that since the prediction was a top secret, it should be excluded from the record of national history (under the command of naiki - secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs).)
Japanese: また、国史（担当は内記）は占文部分は重大な機密として記録しないものとされていた。
English: As the books used for divination at this time, "Tenmon yoroku" (astrological digest), "Shinsen Onmyo sho" (New edition of the book of Onmyo), "Teiran", "Tenmon roku" (astronomical records), "Tenchi zuisho shi," "Shishosukuyokyo," "Senji ryakketsu," and "Rekirin" were known.
Japanese: なお、この時占いに用いられた書として『天文要録』・『新撰陰陽書』・『帝覧』・『天文録』・『天地瑞祥志』・『指掌宿曜経』・『占事略決』・『暦林』などが知られている。
English: After kurodo dokoro (the Chamberlain's Office) was established, tenmon hakase and others began to submit misso to kurodo (chamberlain), bypassing Onmyo no kami, and the kurodo mediated the misso to the emperor (due to the nature of the matter, the misso often took place in the middle of the night or in the early morning, in which case the tenmon hakase was exceptionally allowed to report the misso directly to the emperor.)
Japanese: ただし、蔵人所成立後は、天文博士らは陰陽頭を通さずに蔵人に対して密奏を提出して、蔵人から天皇に報告するようになった（ただし事の性格上、深夜あるいは早朝に密奏が行われる場合もあり、その場合は天文博士が直接天皇に上奏する事も例外的に認められていた）。
English: In the Muromachi period, an imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso was issued to the Kamo clan, which was reki hakase (master of reki [calendar]).
Japanese: なお、室町時代には暦博士の賀茂氏に対しても天文密奏宣旨を下された例がある。
English: According to "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East; a chronicle of the early history of the Kamakura Bakufu), the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) also invited Onmyoji who was well versed in tenmondo from Kyoto to Kamakura to constitute him the mission as the medium of tenmon misso to seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians") (Since the misso could not have been available for the emperor in that situation, it was considered that the imperial decree of the misso meant no more than qualifying a person as tenmon hakase or the like.)
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』によると、鎌倉幕府でも天文道に通じた陰陽師を京都から鎌倉へ招いて征夷大将軍に対して天文密奏を行わせたとされている（こうした場合、朝廷に対する密奏が不可能となるため、密奏宣旨は天文博士などへ昇進するための資格を得る以上の意味はなかったと考えられている）。
English: Tenmon misso was not performed for all the unusual astronomical phenomena but only for phenomena which had been divined by tenmon hakase or those who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso as an omen of a great calamity -- the phenomena which tenmon hakase and those who had received the imperial decree constituting the mission as the medium of tenmon misso had failed to observe were not reported as tenmon misso either.
Japanese: なお、全ての異常な天文現象が天文密奏の対象になったわけではなく、天文博士・天文密奏宣旨授与者が占った結果、重大な変事の前兆と判断された出来事に限定され、天文博士・天文密奏宣旨授与者が異常の発生に気付かなかった場合も密奏は行われなかった。
English: According to the entry of "Gonijo Moromichi ki" (Diary of FUJIWARA no Moromichi) for September 8, 1096, people were terribly frightened at the sight of a meteor streaking across the night sky in August, yet no tenmon misso was done.
Japanese: 『後二条師通記』永長元年8月13日_(旧暦)条（嘉保3年/1096年9月2日）によれば、8月に入って夜空に流星が見えて人々が大騒ぎをしているのに、天文密奏が無かった。