nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: He divorced his first lawful wife, Isshiki when he succeeded to the position of family head, the reason of which is unknown.
Japanese: 最初の正室・一色夫人とは家督相続時に離婚しているが、その理由は不明。
English: His second wife, Nata was from the family line of Daiguji (the supreme priest) of Hachiman-nadagu and divorced Sorin because he started to have faith in Christianity.
Japanese: 継室の奈多夫人は八幡奈多宮大宮司の家系であり、宗麟がキリスト教を信仰するようになったため離婚している。
English: It was said to be Sorin that used a cannon (called Kunikuzushi at that time) for the first time in Japan.
Japanese: 日本で初めて大砲（当時は国崩しと呼んだ）を使ったのは、宗麟であったとされる。
English: He actively worked as a man of culture familiar to calligraphic works and paintings, Japanese tea ceremony, Noh (traditional masked dance-drama), kemari (a game played by aristocrats in the Heian period) and others, and invited cultural figures in the central government from long ago.
Japanese: 文化人としてもその活動は活発で書画、茶道、能、蹴鞠などの諸芸に通じ、古くから中央の文化人を招くなどしている。
English: He seemed to be very good at kemari especially as he had been taught by his grand master, Masatsuna ASUKAI since his childhood as well as making his son Yoshimune take lessons in it.
Japanese: 特に蹴鞠には長じていたようで幼時より飛鳥井雅綱を師範とし伝授を受けており、息子の義統にも習わせている。
English: Shogun of the period, Yoshiteru knew that Yoshishige liked kemari and gave him the special clothes worn in kemari.
Japanese: 時の将軍・義輝も義鎮の蹴鞠好きを知り、蹴鞠の際に着用する専用の衣服などを送っている。
English: He seemed to be a collectomania with many hobbies and bought and collected many calligraphic works and paintings and chaki (tea utensils) through merchants in Hakata after retiring.
Japanese: また、このような多趣味の傾向からか収集癖も持ち合わせていたようで、隠居後も博多の商人を通じて書画や茶器を大量に購入、収集している。
English: There were letters from Yoshimune to warn Yoshishige to refrain from this habit and not to oppress his finances.
Japanese: この収集癖が財政を圧迫するので自重するようにとの義統の書状も残る程であった。
English: There are more than 1000 existing documents which proved that Yoshishige was excellent in diplomacy, such as in the leadership of vassals, connection with the central government and communication with foreign countries.
Japanese: 現存する書状だけでも1000通を越えており、家臣団の統率や中央政権との繋がり、果ては諸外国との通信など義鎮が非常に外交に長けた人物であったことを裏づけている。
English: He was also a man of culture holding Nitta-katatsuki which referred to the three major katatsuki together with Narashibakatatsuki and Hatsuhana-katatsuki.
Japanese: 楢柴肩衝、初花肩衝と一緒に天下三肩衝といわれる新田肩衝を所有する文化人でもあった。
English: It was said that Sorin was impressed with Western medical technology when seeing the advanced emergency treatment of Western medicine when his younger brother was injured by accidental firing from a teppo (gun) introduced by a southern barbarian in its trial shooting in his early years.
Japanese: 若い頃、南蛮人が持ってきた鉄砲が試し撃ちの際に暴発して弟が手に怪我をしたが、その時に進んだ西洋医学による応急処置を見た宗麟は西洋の技術に感銘を受けたといわれる。
English: In besieging Usuki-jo Castle, Sorin evacuated Christians and others in the castle and provided them rice balls.
Japanese: 臼杵城に篭城する際に、宗麟はキリスト教徒もそうでない者も城に避難させ、自ら握り飯等を配った。
English: The missionary referred to Sorin as 'King' in the records in which the missionary described Sorin's such behaviors.
Japanese: 宣教師はそうした行いを記録にまとめ、その中で宗麟のことは「王」と記している。
English: As he further believed in Christianity, he was said to suffer a mental conflict between Christianity's teaching 'Do not kill' and the reality of inevitable destruction of life in wars of the troubled Sengoku period.
Japanese: また信仰を深めるほどに、キリスト教の「汝、殺すなかれ」という教えと、戦の上で殺生は避けられない戦国乱世の現実との間で煩悶していたと伝えている。
English: Tomoatsu GODAI (February 12, 1836-September 25, 1885) was a Japanese samurai who served as a feudal retainer of the Satsuma clan at the end of the Edo period, and a businessman in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 五代友厚（ごだいともあつ、天保6年12月26日(旧暦)（1836年2月12日）-明治18年（1885年）9月25日）は、江戸末期の武士･薩摩藩士、明治期の実業家。
English: He sought to organize commerce and industry and to rebuild trust and order in order to revive the economy in Osaka, which was, GODAI said, "just about to collapse."
Japanese: 「まさに瓦解に及ばんとする萌し」（五代）のあった大阪経済を立て直すために、商工業の組織化、信用秩序の再構築を図る。
English: He was born the son of Naozaemonhidetaka GODAI who was one of the authors of "Sangoku Meishozue" (Geography of Southern Kyushu, compiled during the late-Edo period) and Bugyo (magistrate) in charge of recording, and later he moved out and set up a new branch family.
Japanese: 『三国名勝図会』の執筆者で記録奉行の五代直左衛門秀尭の子として生まれ、後に分家する。
English: He was charged with escaping from the domain because of smuggling, but he was forgiven for his sin through the mediation of Morihide NOMURA, also a feudal retainer of Satsuma clan, who had met GODAI in Nagasaki City.
Japanese: このために、藩からは脱藩の罪に問われるが、長崎市で出会った同じ薩摩藩士の野村盛秀の取り成しによって罪を許された。
English: GODAI was captured by the British navy in the Anglo-Satsuma War that occurred on August 15, 1863, but later he engaged in trade with England by the order of the Domain.
Japanese: 文久3年7月（1863年8月15日）に発生した薩英戦争ではイギリス海軍の捕虜となったが、その後藩命によりイギリスとの貿易に従事する。
English: After visiting Europe, he became a Sanyo (junior councilor) of foreign affairs office under the new Meiji government in 1868, and he worked at Osaka to serve as Assistant Judicial Officer of foreign affairs office and Osaka prefectural judge and handled diplomatic issues including Sakai incident.
Japanese: 欧州視察後､明治元年（1868年）に明治新政府の参与職外国事務掛となり、外国官権判事、大阪府権判事兼任として大阪に赴任し、堺事件などの外交処理にあたった。
English: After resigning from government office in 1869, he established an assay office for gold and silver, and started a new life as a businessman, engaging in mine management, spinning, manufacturing of indigo and other businesses.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）の退官後、金銀分析所などを設立し、鉱山経営、紡績、製藍業などをはじめ実業家として道を歩む。
English: He was called a businessman with political ties because he had a strong connection with Saccho han-dominated government, and participated in 'Osaka conference' of 1875 at which Toshimichi OKUBO, Takayoshi KIDO, and Taisuke ITAGAKI gathered in a Japanese restaurant to exchange their views and got involved in the scandal over Kiyotaka KURODA's controversial project for selling off assets owned by Hokkaido Development Commission Office (refer to Meiji juyonen no seihen (the failed Meiji-14 coup of 1881)).
Japanese: 薩長藩閥政府との結びつきが強く、明治8年（1875年）に大久保利通、木戸孝允、板垣退助らが料亭に集って意見の交換を行った「大阪会議」や、黒田清隆が批判を浴びた開拓使官有物払下げ事件（参照明治十四年の政変）にも関わり、政商といわれた。
English: He made efforts to establish instititions such as Osaka Stock Exchange (present Osaka Securities Exchange) the Osaka Chamber of Commercial Law (present the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the first chairman was Tomoatsu GODAI), and Osaka Commercial Training Institute (present Osaka City University and Osaka Municipal Tennoji Business High School), and companies such as Osaka Seido (copper metallurgy company), Kansai Boeki (trading company), Kyodo Unyu (transporting company), Kobe Sanbashi (shipping company), Osaka Shosen (shipping company), and Hankai Railway (present Nankai Electric Railway Co., Ltd.).
Japanese: 大阪株式取引所（現・大阪証券取引所）、大阪商法会議所（現・大阪商工会議所、初代会頭は五代友厚）、大阪商業講習所（現・大阪市立大学、大阪市立天王寺商業高等学校）、大阪製銅、関西貿易社、共同運輸会社、神戸桟橋、大阪商船、阪堺鉄道（現・南海電気鉄道）などの設立に関わった。
English: His bronze statues were built (in Izumi Park) in Izumi-cho Town, Kagoshima City; in front of Osaka Securities Exchange in Chuo Ward, Osaka City; and in front of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Japanese: 鹿児島市泉町（泉公園内）、大阪市中央区(大阪市)の大阪証券取引所前、大阪商工会議所前に銅像が建立されている。
English: Ienari TOKUGAWA was a Japanese warrior and the 11th Seii Taishogun (literally, "Great General Who Subdues the Barbarians"), who was in office from 1787 – 1837.
Japanese: 徳川家斉（とくがわいえなり）は、日本の武士・徳川幕府第11代征夷大将軍（将軍在職1787年-1837年）。
English: In 1779, Iemoto TOKUGAWA, heir of the 10th Shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA, died suddenly, which prompted Ieharu and Okitsugu TANUMA to conspire for the issue of succession.
Japanese: 安永8年（1779年）に第10代将軍・徳川家治の世嗣・徳川家基が急死したため、父と田沼意次の裏工作。
English: As Ieharu had no other sons, in June 1781, he adopted Ienari and moved him to Nishinomaru of Edo Castle.
Japanese: 並びに家治に他に男子がいなかったためもあって、天明元年（1781年）閏5月に家治の養子になり、江戸城西の丸に入って家斉と称した。
English: In 1787, after the sudden death of 50-year-old Ieharu in 1786, 15-year-old Ienari became the 11th shogun.
Japanese: 天明6年（1786年）に家治が50歳で急死したため、天明7年（1787年）に15歳で第11代将軍職に就任した。
English: Having assumed the post of Shogun, Ienari dismissed Okitsugu TANUMA, a dominant figure in the days of Ieharu, and made Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA chief the Roju (the senior councilors of the Tokugawa shogunate); Sadanobu was the renowned lord of the Shirakawa Domain in Mutsu Province, and was appointed at the recommendation of the Tokugawa Gosanke (the three privileged branches of the Tokugawa family).
Japanese: 将軍に就任すると、家治時代に権勢を振るった田沼意次を罷免し、代わって徳川御三家から推挙された陸奥白河藩主で名君の誉れ高かった松平定信を老中首座に任命した。
English: Considering Ienari's young age, the Gosanke intended for Sadanobu, who had been an alternate candidate for the post of shogun, to fill the void until Ienari was ready to take on the responsibilities of his new job.
Japanese: これは家斉が若年のため、家斉と共に第11代将軍に目されていた松平定信を御三家が立てて、家斉が成長するまでの代つなぎにしようとしたのである。
English: With the Kansei Reforms, Sadanobu made aggressive efforts to turn the bakufu finances around, but his measures were so rigid that the upper echelon of the bakufu, including Ienari, became increasingly critical of him.
Japanese: 松平定信の寛政の改革は、積極的に幕府財政の建て直しを図ったのだが、厳格過ぎたため次第に家斉をはじめとする幕府上層部から批判が起こる。
English: Furthermore, after the Title Incident and Ogosho Incident, Ienari and Sadanobu became progressively more antagonistic towards each other until, in August 1793, working together with his father Harusada, Ienari dismissed Sadanobu.
Japanese: さらに尊号事件や大御所事件なども重なって次第に家斉と定信は対立するようになり、寛政5年（1793年）7月、家斉は父・治済と協力して定信を罷免した。
English: After Sadanobu was brought down, Ienari appointed Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA, lord of the Mikawa-Yoshida Domain and an old retainer of the Kansei era, as chief of the Roju.
Japanese: 松平定信の失脚後、家斉は寛政の遺老と言われた松平信明(三河吉田藩主)を老中首座に任命し、幕政を任せた。
English: Ienari consequently appointed his sobayonin (lord chamberlain) Tadaakira MIZUNO as Kattegakari and chief of the Roju, which kept the Kansei era retainers, including Tadakiyo MAKINO, away from the shogunate.
Japanese: このため文政元年（1818年）から家斉は側用人の水野忠成を勝手掛・老中首座に任命し、牧野忠精ら寛政の遺老らを幕政の中枢部から遠ざけた。
English: Taking advantage of the absence of shukuro (senior vassals), Ienari began to indulge in extravagance which, compounded by the increased expenditures for coastal defenses against the threat of foreign ships, set off the collapse of bakufu finances, corruption within the administration, and the deterioration of public morals.
Japanese: さらに家斉自身も宿老がいなくなったのをいいことに奢侈な生活を送るようになり、これに度重なる外国船対策として海防費支出が増大したため、幕府財政の破綻・幕政の腐敗・綱紀の乱れなどが横行した。
English: Attempting to rebuild the bakufu's finances, Tadanari recoined and mass-issued currency on eight occasions between the Bunsei and Tenpo eras, though these attempts ultimately brought negative effects, such as price increases.
Japanese: 忠成は財政再建のために文政期から天保期にかけて8回に及ぶ貨幣改鋳・大量発行を行なっているが、これがかえって物価騰貴などを招くことになった。
English: When Tadanari died in 1834, Tadakuni MIZUNO, who had joined the Roju after serving as jisha-bugyo (the magistrate of temples and shrines) and Kyoto shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy), succeeded him.
Japanese: 天保5年（1834年）に忠成が死去すると、寺社奉行・京都所司代から老中となった水野忠邦がその後任となる。
English: The shogunate government, however, continued to be led by Ienari's inner circle, which included Tadafusa HAYASHI.
Japanese: しかし実際の幕政は家斉の側近である林忠英らが主導し、家斉による側近政治はなおも続いた。
English: Due to the government corruption mentioned above, people in regions outside of Edo became increasingly dissatisfied with the bakufu until, in March 1837, Oshio Heihachiro no Ran (the Rebellion of Heihachiro OSHIO) broke out in Osaka.
Japanese: この腐敗政治のため、地方では次第に幕府に対する不満が上がるようになり、天保8年（1837年）2月には大坂で大塩平八郎の乱が起こる。
English: Additional revolts, including Ikuta Yorozu no Ran (the Rebellion of Yorozu IKUTA), occurred one after the other, and the demise of the shogunate system appeared on the horizon.
Japanese: さらにそれに呼応するように生田万の乱をはじめとする反乱が相次いで、次第に幕藩体制に崩壊の兆しが見えるようになる。
English: It was around that same time that the Morrison Incident occurred, spurring anxiety over naval defenses.
Japanese: また同時期にモリソン号事件が起こるなど、海防への不安も一気に高まった時期でもあった。
English: In May of 1837, Ienari handed the shogunate over to his second son Ieyoshi, though he continued to hold power over the bakufu (This was known as "Ogosho Seiji," or a time when the bakufu was ruled by the retired shogun).
Japanese: 天保8年（1837年）4月、次男・徳川家慶に将軍職を譲っても幕政の実権は握り続けた（大御所政治）。
English: In his last days, Ienari promoted Akikatsu MANABE, Masayoshi HOTTA, and Okimasa TANUMA (the fourth son of Okitsugu TANUMA).
Japanese: 最晩年は老中の間部詮勝や堀田正睦、田沼意正（意次の四男）を重用している。
English: It is said that, while Ienari lived in glory, he breathed his last without anyone realizing it, for which his chief physician, Seihoin YOSHIDA, was held responsible and punished (according to the "Diary of Takako IZEKI").
Japanese: このように栄華を極めた家斉であったが、その最期は誰ひとり気づかぬうちに息を引き取ったと伝えられ、侍医長・吉田成方院は責任を問われ処罰された（『井関隆子日記』）。
English: The exact date of Ienari's death was recorded as February 27, 1841, in the Diary of Takako IZEKI, whereas, according to "Shoku Tokugawa Jikki"(the Sequel to the Collection of Official Records of the Edo Bakufu), it was March 22, 1841, suggesting that the bakufu had concealed his death for some time.
Japanese: なお、死亡日は『井関隆子日記』には閏1月7日と記されているが、『続徳川実紀』は「閏1月30日」としており、幕府による死の秘匿が行なわれたものと思われる。
English: Subsequent to Ienari's passing, the existing practice of his inner circle running the administration was renounced by Tadakuni MIZUNO, who seized control of the shogunate and several hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu); the wakadoshiyori and officials of the O-oku (the inner halls of Edo Castle where the shogun's wife and her servants resided) were either dismissed or demoted.
Japanese: 家斉の死後、その側近政治は幕政の実権を握った水野忠邦に否定されて、旗本・若年寄、大奥等数人が罷免・左遷される。
English: As a result, Ienari's inner circle, including Akikatsu MANABE and Masayoshi HOTTA, fell victim to Tadakuni's plans for forced resignation from the Roju and other Bakufu positions.
Japanese: そうして間部詮勝や堀田正睦などの側近は忠邦と対立し、老中や幕府の役職を辞任する事態となった。
English: On May 31, 1787, Ienari was promoted to Shonii Naidaijin (Senior Second Rank, Inner Minister) and also served for the position of Konoe no Daisho (Major Captain of the Palace Guards).
Japanese: 天明7年（1787年）4月15日、正二位内大臣に昇叙転任し、近衛大将を兼任。
English: On April 26, 1822, Ienari was promoted to Juichii-sadaijin (Minister of the Left, Junior First Rank) and also served as Konoe no Daisho.
Japanese: 文政5年（1822年）3月5日、従一位左大臣に昇叙転任し、近衛大将を兼任。
English: On February 27, 1841 (which, according to "Shoku Tokugawa Jikki," was March 22, 1841), Ienari died.
Japanese: 天保12年（1841年）閏1月7日（『続徳川実紀』では閏1月30日）、薨去。
English: *Ienari was the only samurai who successively held the posts of Naidaijin (Minister of the Center), Udaijin (Minister of the Right), Sadaijin (Minister of the Left) and Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister) since TAIRA no Kiyomori.
Japanese: ※平清盛以来、内大臣、右大臣、左大臣、太政大臣を順番に歴任した武家は家斉だけである。
English: Additionally, with respect to the Tokugawa Shogunate Family, Ienari was the first to serve concurrently as Konoe no Daisho since Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: また、徳川将軍家で近衛大将を兼任したのは徳川家光以来の出来事である。
English: Ienari had 16 wives and concubines, 26 sons, and 27 daughters.
Japanese: 特定されるだけで16人の妻妾を持ち、男子26人・女子27人の子を儲けた。
English: Some of the daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) who were selected to adopt Ienari's sons were forced to turn the headship of their respective families over to the sons of the Shogun.
Japanese: その息子たちの養子先に選ばれた諸国の大名の中には家督を横領されたものもあった。
English: It is said that Ienari had additional concubines who, according to one account, amounted 40 in all.
Japanese: また、家斉にはそのほかにも妾がいたとも伝えられており、一説には40人とも言われる。
English: Additionally, Ienari fathered innumerable unidentified children, the care of which required enormous expenses that put further pressure on the already fragile bakufu finances that were ultimately pushed to the brink of bankruptcy.
Japanese: 御落胤は数知れず、それら膨大な子供たちの養育費が、逼迫していた幕府の財政を更に圧迫することとなり、やがて幕府財政は破綻へ向かうこととなった。
English: It is also said that, as mentioned below, Ienari attempted to control various large domains by marrying his daughters off to various daimyo.
Japanese: 一方で、下記のように、子女の多くは大藩の大名に関係することから、血縁関係による大名統制を行なっていたとも考えられる。
English: A considerable economic burden was also imposed on those daimyo who took the Shogun's children into their household by marriage or adoption, as there were ceremonies and the other formalities that accompanied the respective circumstances.
Japanese: また、将軍の子を迎える大名に、それに伴う儀礼などによる経済的負担を課していたとも考えられる。
English: Considering that Naomasa NABESHIMA, who married Ienari's daughter, and Takachika MORI, the adoptive son of Narito MORI, both played a role in bringing down the shogunate, it can be said that Ienari's attempt to control the daimyo through blood relationships ultimately ended in failure.
Japanese: ただし、家斉の娘を娶った鍋島直正や毛利斉広の養子である毛利敬親が倒幕に関係したことからすると、血縁関係による大名統制は失敗に終わったとも言えるだろう。
English: It is said that, although Ienari had numerous children, only half of them lived long enough to reach adulthood.
Japanese: たくさんの子女に恵まれたものの、実際に成年まで生きたのは半分だったといわれる。
English: Fifth Son: Atsunosuke TOKUGAWA (1796 – 1799), the adopted son of Shigeyoshi TOKUGAWA, head of Shimizu-Tokugawa family
Japanese: 五男：徳川敦之助（1796-1799）清水徳川家当主・徳川重好の養子
English: Seventh Son: Nariyuki TOKUGAWA (1801 – 1846), became the head of the Shimizu-Tokugawa family and, later, the adopted son of Harutomi TOKUGAWA, head of the Kishu-Tokugawa family
Japanese: 七男：徳川斉順（1801-1846）清水徳川家、後に紀州徳川家当主・徳川治寶の養子
English: Twelfth Son: Naritaka TOKUGAWA (1810 – 1845), the adopted son of Narimasa TOKUGAWA of the Tayasu-Tokugawa family; later, the adopted son of Nariharu TOKUGAWA, head of the Owari-Tokugawa family
Japanese: 十二男：徳川斉荘（1810-1845）田安徳川家・徳川斉匡の養子、後に尾張徳川家当主・徳川斉温の養子
English: Twenty-first Son: Narikatsu TOKUGAWA (1820 – 1849), adopted into the Shimizu-Tokugawa family as the adopted son of Nariyuki TOKUGAWA, head of the Kishu-Tokugawa family
Japanese: 二十一男：徳川斉彊（1820-1849）清水徳川家、後に紀州徳川家当主・徳川斉順の養子
English: Twenty-third Son: Narihiro HACHISUKA (1821 – 1868), the adopted son of Narimasa HACHISUKA, lord of the Tokushima Domain
Japanese: 二十三男：蜂須賀斉裕（1821-1868）徳島藩主・蜂須賀斉昌の養子
English: He was the fifth tallest among the 15 Tokugawa shoguns, and quite large for a shogun of the late Edo period.
Japanese: 徳川将軍15人の中で5番目の長身であり、後期の将軍の中では大柄である。
English: There is some evidence of Ienari and Ieyoshi's negative relationship in Ienari's faith in the Nichiren Sect, which clashed with Ieyoshi's loyalty to the Jodo Sect; furthermore, Ienari clung to power after becoming Ogosho (a retired shogun), and it was also rumored that Ienari's close vassals were conspiring to poison his fourth son, Iesada.
Japanese: 家斉が日蓮宗を信仰していたのに対し家慶は浄土宗を信仰していたこと、家斉が大御所となってからも権力を握り続けたこと、家斉の寵臣たちが家慶の四男・家定を毒殺しようとしているとの噂が流れていたことなどからも、2人の関係性が窺える。
English: The reason for Ienari's numerous offspring can be traced back to his ascent to Shogun at age 15, at which time he was instructed by the Hitotsubashi family to father enough children to dominate the nation with the family's bloodline.
Japanese: 非常に多くの子を作ったのは15歳で将軍職を継ぐ際に、子女を多く儲けるように実家・一橋家より訓戒をうけたためであり、徳川家の天下を一橋家の系統で押さえるためでもあった。
English: As a result, Ienari's brothers and biological children were adopted out to the Gosanke (the Owari-Tokugawa, Kishu-Tokugawa, and Mito-Tokugawa families) and Gosangyo (the Tayasu-Tokugawa, Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa, and Shimizu-Tokugawa families), though not to the Mito-Tokugawa family (The radical expansion of the Hitotsubashi family line ended with Masamaru TOKUGAWA upon an ironic adoption of Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA--who later became Shogun--out of the Mito-Tokugawa family).
Japanese: このため、水戸徳川家を除く御三家・御三卿には家斉の弟、もしくは実子が養子入りしている（ただし肝心の一橋家の系統は徳川昌丸で断絶し、水戸徳川家から徳川慶喜が養子入りして後に将軍になるという皮肉な結果となった）。
English: It is said that, in the prime of his life, Ienari drank large quantities of sake virtually every night but never seemed intoxicated.
Japanese: 壮年時代は毎晩のように晩酌をし、浴びるように飲んでも乱れなかったという。
English: Ienari was blessed with good health and, during his 50 years as Shogun, only took sick with a cold on a few occasions.
Japanese: 非常に身体壮健であり、在職した50年間の中で病臥したのは数回の感冒のみであった。
English: Ienari particularly enjoyed a protein-rich, cheese-like dairy product known as 'hakugyuraku.'
Japanese: 「白牛酪」（はくぎゅうらく）という今で言うチーズのような高タンパク乳製品を大変好んだ。
English: Ienari suffered from headaches throughout his life that were said to be caused by his fear of the curse of Iemoto TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 生涯頭痛に悩まされた家斉だが、徳川家基のたたりを恐れていたからだと言われている。
English: Ienari spent most of his time in O-oku and played virtually no part in the administration of the bakufu, instead leaving such duties to his cabinet members, including Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA and Nobuaki MATSUDAIRA.
Japanese: 幕政をほとんど主導せず、松平定信や松平信明らの幕閣に任せて自らは大奥に入り浸っていた。
English: The birth of Ienari's numerous daughters, paired with the need to marry them off to the daimyo families, eventually destabilized the bakufu's finances.
Japanese: また多くの子女を生み、それらを多くの大名家に縁組させたことは、幕府財政を大きく揺るがせることとなった。
English: Ienari was a notoriously corrupt shogun obsessed with the pursuit of worldly pleasures which, throughout his 50-year reign, ultimately accumulated such negative ties to the Edo bakufu that it came to play a major part in the end of Tokugawa shogunate.
Japanese: 遊び狂っていた腐敗将軍として有名で、家斉の治世50年間の間に江戸幕府の負の遺産が築かれ、それが幕末にも大きく影響することになる。
English: Even in his later days, Ienari either made personal pilgrimages or had a wakadoshiyori (a high government official) visit the tomb of Iemoto TOKUGAWA, the son of the previous shogun Ieharu TOKUGAWA, on the anniversary of his death.
Japanese: 晩年になっても先代徳川家治の息子徳川家基の命日に自ら参詣するか、若年寄を代参させていた。
English: Not only was it unusual to pay such respects to the child of one's predecessor, but suspicious circumstances surrounding Iemoto's death support a theory by Masamoto KITAJIMA and Motohiko IZAWA that Ienari suspected Iemoto's assassination by Harusada HITOTSUBASHI to make way for Ienari to become Shogun.
Japanese: 先代の子供にここまで敬意を払うのは異例であり、家基が変死していることもあり、北島正元や井沢元彦は家斉が家基は自分を将軍の座につけようとしていた一橋治済一味に暗殺されたと疑っていた可能性が高いとしている。
English: In "Nihon Gaishi" (a historical book on Japan), by Sanyo RAI, the 50-year reign of Ienari is summed up with the words, "The warrior controlled and governed the country. The Tokugawa shogunate reached the height of its glory (during Ienari's reign)."
Japanese: 頼山陽の『日本外史』では、家斉の治世50年間は「武門天下を平治する。ここに至って、その盛りを極む」とある。
English: Although Ienari, as shogun, was indifferent to the affairs of state, the country was at peace and the power of the bakufu at its peak.
Japanese: 家斉の治世は将軍が政務に無関心であっても世は平穏で幕府の権勢が絶頂期にあったとしている。
English: Ienari, after the third shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, was the second shogun to be conferred the rank of Juichii, and was also the second shogun to be promoted to the post of Daijo-daijin, after the second shogun, Hidetada TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 従一位昇任は第3代将軍徳川家光以来、太政大臣昇任は第2代将軍徳川秀忠以来である。
English: As Ienari took to ingesting seal penis powder to boost his sexual drive, he was referred to as the 'seal shogun.'
Japanese: 精力増強のため、オットセイのペニスを粉末にしたものを飲んでいたため「オットセイ将軍」と呼ばれた。
English: Yoshimichi INABA/Ittetsu INABA was a busho (Japanese military commander) from the Sengoku to the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Japanese: 稲葉良通/稲葉一鉄（いなばよしみち/いなばいってつ）は、戦国時代(日本)から安土桃山時代にかけての武将。
English: He was the lord of Sone-jo Castle in Mino Province and known as one of the Three of West Mino with Morinari (Michitari) ANDO and Naomoto (Bokuzen) UJIIE.
Japanese: 美濃国曽根城主で、安藤守就（道足）、氏家直元（卜全）と併せて西美濃三人衆と併称される。
English: He was an adoptive grand father of Kasuga no Tsubone (Fuku) who was a menoto (wet nurse) of Iemitsu TOKUGAWA, the third Shogun of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 江戸幕府第3代将軍・徳川家光の乳母となる春日局（ふく）の養祖父にあたる。
English: The grand father of Ittetsu, Michisada INABA, was from a family of the Kono clan, who was a noble family in Iyo Province, and it is said that the clan became a local clan as the family moved to Mino Province in his time.
Japanese: 一鉄の祖父・稲葉通貞は伊予国の名族・河野氏の一族で、彼の時代に美濃に流れて土豪になったとされている。
English: In 1515, Ittetsu was born as the sixth son of Michinori INABA, who was a local lord in Mino Province.
Japanese: 永正12年（1515年）、美濃の国人である稲葉通則の六男として生まれる。
English: He had become a Buddhist monk at Sofuku-ji Temple (Gifu City) when he was young, however, he quit the priesthood and took over the reigns of the family, as his father and elder brother died in a battle against Sukemasa AZAI in 1525.
Japanese: 幼少時に崇福寺(岐阜市)で僧侶となっていたが、大永5年（1525年）に父と兄が牧田の戦いで浅井亮政と戦って戦死したため、還俗して家督を継いだ。
English: Therefore his decision to desert Tatsuoki SAITO to Nobunaga when Nobunaga invaded Mino Province made conclusive the fall of the Saito clan.
Japanese: そのため、信長の美濃攻略で斎藤龍興を見限って信長に寝返ったことは、斎藤氏の滅亡を決定的にした。