nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Besides the many documents that describe that 'Sumimoto HOSOKAWA fled to Awa Province in the Battle of Nyoigatake,' there was another opinion, that 'he fled in the Battle of Okayama-jo Castle on November 4, 1508.'
Japanese: また、多くの文献でこの如意ケ嶽の戦いで細川澄元は阿波国へ落ち延びていったという記述が見受けられるが、10月2日の岡山城の戦いで落ち延びたという説もある
English: Zenko Seihyo was a practice of awarding a person for a good conduct and announcing it in public.
Japanese: 善行旌表（ぜんこうせいひょう）は、人の善行をほめて、広く世間に示すこと。
English: In Japan, after 702 when the imperial rescript was issued announcing that examples of filial obedience would be awarded, Zenko Seihyo was frequently carried out during the Nara and the Heian periods.
Japanese: 日本においては、大宝(日本)2年、孝順者旌表の詔勅がくだされてから、奈良時代、平安時代によくおこなわれた。
English: Especially at times of a change of era name, enthronement of emperor, or calamity, good examples of koshi (dutiful child), junson (obedient grandchild), seppu (faithful woman), giboku (faithful servant), rikidensha (faithful and earnest farmer) and so forth were awarded.
Japanese: とくに、元号の改元、天皇の即位、変災の勃発などがあったときに、孝子、順孫、節婦、義僕、力田者（りきでんしゃ）などが賞された。
English: When the Edo period began, the practice was more frequently carried out -- In 1720, Yoshimune TOKUGAWA laid down a provision for awarding those who practiced tokugyo (virtuous conduct); and in 1798, Sadanobu MATSUDAIRA conducted a large-scale survey of koshi and kitokusha (commendable person) and published 'Kogiroku' (the collection of documents about awards given by the bakufu and the daimyo) and 'Kogiroku zokuhen' (Kogiroku, continued).
Japanese: 江戸時代になるとさらにさかんにおこなわれ、享保5年、徳川吉宗は篤行者旌表の規定をもうけ、寛政10年、松平定信は孝子、奇特者のおおがかりな調査をおこない、「孝義録」、「孝義録続編」を刊行した。
English: Various feudal clans carried out the practice one after another, following the bakufu's awards, and published many collections of documents of awards granted for good deeds including 'Geibikogiroku' and 'Kanoetsu sanshu ryominden.'
Japanese: 諸藩においてもこれにならって旌表があいついでおこなわれ、「芸備孝義録」、「加能越三州良民伝」などをはじめ、この種の善行表彰録の刊行はおおかった。
English: In the Meiji period, an ordinance for granting rewards was prescribed by imperial edict -- such that rewards were to be granted to the most conspicuous among: those who saved a life; koshi; junson; giboku; hard-working businessman; a person who involved in invention and innovation; and those who served the public interest by devoted themselves to education, hygiene, social service, projects to prevent epidemics, repair and construction of road, alveus, bank, and bridge, construction of school and hospital, and development of farms and fields.
Japanese: 明治になって、勅令によって褒章条例がさだめられ、人命救助者、孝子、順孫、義僕、精励実業家、発明改良家、教育、衛生、社会事業、防疫の諸事業、道路、河渠、堤防、橋梁の修築、学校、病院の建設、田野の墾闢などにつくして公衆の利益をはかり、成績のすこぶる顕著なものにたいして褒章をあたえることにした。
English: In 1926, the Department of the Imperial Household particularly awarded the men of virtue, and compiled and published 'the collection of documents about awards given in the Taisho period.'
Japanese: 大正15年、宮内省はとくに徳行者を表彰し、「大正徳行録」を編纂刊行した。
English: Kobunin was a facility considered to be built by WAKE no Hiroyo in Heiankyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Kyoto) at the beginning of the Heian period.
Japanese: 弘文院（こうぶんいん）は、平安時代初期の平安京に和気広世が建てたとされる施設。
English: It was commonly accepted that Kobunin played the role of daigaku besso (adjunct facility of daigaku-ryo - Bureau of Education under the ritsuryo system) of the Wake clan (mentioned later), but became defunct before long.
Japanese: 通説では和気氏の大学別曹として機能したとされている（後述）が、早い時期に断絶した。
English: The entry for the date when Hiroyo's father WAKE no Kiyomaro died (April 4, 799) in "Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan) contains the description that -- Hiroyo concurrently assumed the offices of Shikibu shoyu (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Ceremonies) and Daigaku Betto (Chancellor of the University) (Daigaku no kami; Director of the Bureau of Education), and, as his father Kiyomaro had wished, located his private residence south of the daigaku-ryo the Kobunin where he collected thousands of Chinese classics from inside and outside Japan, and donated 0.4 square kilometers of new rice fields for awarding scholarship funds.
Japanese: 『日本後紀』にある広世の父・和気清麻呂の薨条（延暦18年2月乙未（21日）条）に、広世が式部少輔と大学別当（大学頭）を兼務し、父・清麻呂の遺志を継いで大学寮の南側にあった私邸を弘文院として内外の経書数千巻を集め、また墾田40町を寄付して学問料を支給したと記されている。
English: It was impossible to know when the Kobunin was founded mainly because "Nihon Koki" was scattered and ultimately lost; but from the other records of Hiroyo, it was estimated that the Kobunin was founded from the end of the Enryaku era (782 - 806) to the beginning of the Daido era (the first year of Daido was 806).
Japanese: 弘文院設立の時期は『日本後紀』の散逸などにより不明であるが、広世に関する他の記事から延暦年間末期から大同(日本)年間初頭（大同元年は806年）の設立と推定されている。
English: Although the role of the Kobunin described in "Nihon Koki" was the same as that of the other daigaku besso; since the Kobunin was founded a little earlier than the other daigaku besso including Monjoin and since few record on the Kobunin was left, it was unknown whether it had the same purpose as that of the other later daigaku besso from the beginning or not.
Japanese: 『日本後紀』に記された弘文院の役割は他の大学別曹の例と同様ではあるが、設立そのものが文章院や他の大学別曹に対して幾分か早くかつ記録がほとんど残されていないために、設立当初から後世の大学別曹と同じ目的を担っていたかについては不明である。
English: In response to the question, Hiroyuki MOMO (Japanese historian) inferred that the Kobunin had established as daigaku besso of the Wake clan at the latest when Kangakuin (daigaku besso of the Fujiwara clan) and Gakkanin (one of the daigaku besso) were founded around the Konin era (810 - 824) and the Jowa era (834 - 848).
Japanese: これについて、桃裕行は遅くても弘仁・承和(日本)年間に勧学院や学館院が創立されるに及んで、和気氏の大学別曹として確立したものと推測している。
English: On the other hand, Yukio KUKI (Japanese educator) paid attention to the description 'Chinese classics from inside and outside,' interpreting 'inside and outside' as Buddhist books and the other books, and pointed out that if the Kobunin held Buddhist books, it was inconsistent with the fact that the daigaku besso was an institute for students of Japanese daigaku-ryo which had ostensibly excluded Buddhism -- Then, he inferred that the Kobunin was not the daigaku besso but a library.
Japanese: これに対して久木幸男は、「内外の経書」という記述に注目して「内外」を仏教書とそれ以外の書と解釈し、表向き仏教を排除している日本の大学寮の学生のための機関である大学別曹に仏教書を置くことの矛盾を指摘しており、弘文館を大学別曹ではなく図書館であったと推測している。
English: Partly because the Wake clan was not so prosperous after Hiroyo died, it was considered that the Kobunin was shortly ruined.
Japanese: ただし、和気氏そのものが広世の没後に振るわなかった事もあり、程なく衰微していったと考えられている。
English: Since the entry for August 31, 848 in "Shoku Nihon Koki" (Later Chronicle of Japan Continued) contains the description that lightning struck in Heiankyo and damaged some buildings, which included the Kobunin, and since a Chinese poem ('秋夜宿弘文院') supposedly composed by SUGAWARA no Michizane when he visited the Kobunin in 885 was contained in "Kanke bunso" (an anthology of Chinese-style poetry by SUGAWARA no Michizane) in 885, it was estimated that the Kobunin had existed at least for 80 years after it was founded.
Japanese: 『続日本後紀』嘉祥元年7月丙戌（29日）条（848年8月31日）に平安京内で落雷があり破損した建物の中に弘文院が含まれていること、仁和元年（885年）に菅原道真が弘文院を訪問した時に詠んだとされる漢詩（「秋夜宿弘文院」）が『菅家文章』に残されていることから、少なくても弘文院設置から80年間は存在していたものと考えられている。
English: From the description in "Saikyuki" (record of court practices and usage written in Chinese style) written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki supposedly written in the mid tenth century that the Kobunin had been already ruined, it was estimated that the Kobunin was defunct shortly after the days of Michizane.
Japanese: だが、10世紀中期に書かれたと考えられている源高明の『西宮記』には弘文院は既に荒廃に帰している事が記されていることから、道真の時代からそれ程時間を置かずに廃絶したと考えられている。
English: Later, it also began to assume a function as Daigaku-besso (academic facility for nobles) of the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, both of which inherited Monjo hakase (professor of literature) from generation to generation.
Japanese: 後世においては、代々文章博士を務めた菅原氏・大江氏の大学別曹としての要素も含有した。
English: It included the lecture hall called Hokudo, and Kiden zoshi (history rooms, toso - east side room, and seiso - west side room) located on the east side and the west side of the Hokudo.
Japanese: 北堂呼ばれる講堂とその東西に設置された紀伝曹司（東曹・西曹）から構成された。
English: As the origin of foundation, it was accepted that SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi, who went as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China, founded the Monjoin around 834 modeled after 昭文館 and 崇文館 in Tang -- On the other hand, there was another opinion that there had been a dormitory for monjosho (student of literary studies in the Imperial University) after 728 when the Monjo hakase was founded.
Japanese: 設立の由来については、遣唐使として唐に渡った菅原清公が、唐の昭文館・崇文館を参考にして承和(日本)元年（834年）頃に設立したとされているが、文章博士が設置された神亀5年（728年）以後に文章生を収容する宿舎があったとする見方もある。
English: In any event, in the days when SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi was Monjo hakase and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education), the rank of the Monjo hakase exceeded Myogyo hakase (Doctor of Confucian classics), which had conventionally been the highest rank -- It was considered that the ranks among the instructors were largely settled during this period.
Japanese: いずれにしても菅原清公が文章博士・大学頭であった時代は文章博士の地位が従来筆頭であった明経博士の上位に立った時期にあたり、その整備が大いに進んだとされている。
English: Since the head family of the Sugawara clan had produced Monjo hakase one after another, the family had a big influence on the operation of the Monjoin.
Japanese: 以後も菅原氏宗家から文章博士を相次いで輩出したため、同院の運営に対する影響が大きかった。
English: When the family fortune of the Sugawara clan declined after the Shotai Incident (901), the Oe clan conversely began to occupy the post of Monjo hakase so that the clan increased its influence on the Monjoin.
Japanese: 昌泰の変後に菅原氏が一時低迷すると、替わって大江氏が文章博士を占めるようになり、文章院への影響力を強めた。
English: After the mid Heian period, the seiso was placed under the control of the Sugawara clan and the toso was placed under the control of the Oe clan, both of which were to function also as dormitories of the clans as they were (corresponding to the Daigaku besso of the other clans.)
Japanese: 平安時代中期以後、西曹は菅原氏、東曹は大江氏の管理下におかれ、そのままそれぞれの氏族の寄宿舎（他氏の大学別曹に相当する）としても機能した。
English: It was needless to say that the Monjoin was the University Jikiso, an official institution, so that it also served as a dormitory for students from the clans which did not have a Daigaku besso of their own -- Thereby, a close relationship was developed between the students and their supervisor, hakase of the Sugawara clan or the Oe clan and the students formed a kind of academic clique.
Japanese: 勿論、文章院は公的機関である大学寮直曹であったから、大学別曹を持たない氏族出身者の寄宿舎としても当然用いられたが、管理者である菅原氏・大江氏の博士と強い関係で結ばれて一種の学閥を形成することとなった。
English: When the Kidendo became inherited as hereditary learning during the insei period (the period of the government by the retired Emperor), the clans other than those inherit Kidendo became excluded and the students were taught outside the Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: 院政期に紀伝道の家学化が進むと、それ以外の氏族は排除されるようになり大学寮外に教育の場が移った。
English: The Monjoin had the Hokudo which served as a lecture hall in the center, and toso and seiso which served as dormitories on both sides of the Hokudo.
Japanese: 文章院の構造は中央部に講堂にあたる北堂が置かれ、左右に寄宿舎部分にあたる東曹・西曹が設置されていた。
English: It was considered that classes were generally held in the Hokudo where monjosho gathered from the toso, seiso, and the daigaku besso outside the Monjoin and took the classes.
Japanese: 通常は北堂において授業が行われて、東西両曹及び大学院の外の大学別曹から文章生が集まって授業を受けていたとされている。
English: Although it was not defined which of the toso and seiso the students were to belong at the beginning, when monjosho became Monjo tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Letters) and took taisaku (civil service examination), it was decided that the Monjo hakase of the so other than that the monjosho belonged to set the examination, which meant that the monjosho had to belong to either the toso or the seiso by that time.
Japanese: 当初は学生が東西いずれの曹に属するかという規定は定まっていなかったが、文章生が文章得業生となり対策を受ける際には所属する曹とは反対の曹の文章博士から出題を受けることとなっていたため、当然その頃にはいずれかの曹に属していなければならなかった。
English: The reason was that if the hakase, who supervise the so to which the monjosho belonged, was to be the examiner, wrongdoing might be conducted during the examination.
Japanese: これは同じ曹を管理する博士が試験官になった場合に不正が行われる可能性があったためと考えられている。
English: As a famous example, SUGAWARA no Michizane who belonged to the seiso took the taisaku examination in 870 from the MIYAKO no Yoshika of the toso as the setter hakase of the examination.
Japanese: 有名な例では、貞観(日本)12年（870年）に行われた西曹に属する菅原道真の対策の出題博士は東曹の都良香であった。
English: Similarly, when Michizane assumed the post of the Monjo hakase, he set the question for the taisaku examination for Kiyoyuki (also referred to as Kiyotsura) MIYOSHI of the toso in 881, and KI no Haseo of the toso in 883.
Japanese: 逆に道真も文章博士就任後、元慶5年（881年）に東曹の三善清行、同7年（883年）には同じく東曹の紀長谷雄の対策に際して出題を行っている。
English: As the division of duties was established between the Sugawara clan and the Oe clan, the so to belong was fixed for each clan.
Japanese: やがて、菅原・大江氏の分掌支配が確立するにつれて、氏族ごとに所属する曹が固定されるようになっていった。
English: In "Nichureki," the clans below were listed as 'juyu shichike' (famous families but not listed in the "Nichureki" were parenthesized.)
Japanese: 『二中歴』には「儒有七家」として以下の氏が挙げられている（カッコ内は『二中歴」には挙げられていないものの、著名な家を掲げる）。
English: Toso: the Oe clan, the Miyoshi clan, the Ki clan, the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan (the Kurajimaro line), the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (the Uona line), the Takashina clan (the Miyako clan, the Mimune clan, the Ono clan, and so forth)
Japanese: 東曹…大江氏・三善氏・紀氏・藤原南家・藤原式家（蔵下麻呂流）・藤原北家（魚名流）・高階氏（都氏・三統氏・小野氏など）
English: Seiso: the Sugawara clan, the Tachibana clan, the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan (the Kiyonari line), the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan (the Hino line) (the Taira clan, the Shigeno clan, 善滋氏, the Sugano clan, and so forth)
Japanese: 西曹…菅原氏・橘氏・藤原式家（清成流）・藤原北家（日野流）（平氏・滋野氏・善滋氏・菅野氏など）
English: The clans that belonged to the toso and the clans that belonged to the seiso respectively cooperated within their own cliques and tried to make their cliques more powerful.
Japanese: 東曹に属する諸家と西曹に属する諸家はそれぞれ連携して自派の勢力拡大に務めた。
English: The tendency was to promote the formation of the academic cliques, and as a result, to promote the exclusion of the other clans and inheritance of hereditary learning.
Japanese: こうした傾向が学閥化を則し、結果的には他氏族の排除・家学化を促すことになる。
English: Sando (the study of mathematics) was a department for the study of arithmetic and mathematics in the Daigaku-ryo (Bureau of Education) under the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo Code) in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 算道（さんどう）とは、日本律令制の大学寮において、算術・数学を研究する学科。
English: Initially there were no clearly defined departments, but the course established to educate general government officials consisted mainly of Confucian lectures (later Myogyo-do (the study of Confucian classics)), complemented by Shodo (calligraphy), which involved writing down the original Confucian scriptures verbatim (Daigaku-ryo), and Ondo, learning to pronounce them correctly.
Japanese: 当初は明確な学科の種別はなかったが、一般の官人を育成するために設けられた本科に相当する儒教の講義（後の明経道にあたる）以外には、儒教経典の原典をそのまま筆記するための書道(大学寮)とそのまま発音するための音道は本科の補完するためのものであった。
English: In contrast, the fields covered by Sando had no direct relevance to Confucianism and aimed at educating technical government officials in calculation, survey, and other similar subjects; in this way, Sando was the only existence independent from the regular course.
Japanese: それに対して算道の扱う分野は儒教とは直接的な関連性はなく、計算や測量などの技術系官人の育成を行うことを目的としていたことから、唯一本科から独立した存在であったのが算道であった。
English: The Daigaku-ryo consisted of two San hakase (Doctor of Numbers, equivalent to Jushichiijo (Junior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade)) who taught Sando, and thirty Sansho (students studying arithmetic).
Japanese: 大学寮には算道を教授する算博士（さんはかせ、従七位上相当・2名）と学生である算生（さんしょう、30名）で構成されていた。
English: These numbers are the same as those of the Sangaku (study of mathematics) in the Kokushikan (educational ministry) of Tang Dynasty, China, which had one doctor as professor, two associate professors, and a few chokko (lecturers); while the Sando was smaller than the regular course, which had four hundred students, it is thought not to have been categorically in a low position during its early days, considering that the Tang's Kokushikan was larger than the Japanese Daigaku-ryo, and that the Tang's San hakase was put in the low position of Jukuhonge (Junior Ninth Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: これは唐の国子監に置かれた算学と同数であり、教授として博士1名以外に助教2名及び複数名の直講が置かれて、学生も400名もいた本科と比べると小さいものの、唐の国子監の規模は日本の大学寮と比べて大きいこと、唐の算学博士は従九品下と低い地位に置かれたことを考えれば、設置当初の地位は一概に低いとは言えなかったとされている。
English: Later, beginning in 730, two San tokugosho (Distinguished Scholars of Numbers) were selected from among the Sansho as special fellowship students to be candidates for San hakase.
Japanese: その後、天平2年（730年）からは算博士候補者となる特別給費生として算得業生2名が算生の中から選抜された。
English: Furthermore, starting in 757, rekisansho, a combination of calendar study and Sando, was set up as another division so that Reki no sho (students of calendar) who were learning rekido (calendar study) at the Onmyo-ryo (Bureau of Divination) could learn the mathematics required for rekido.
Japanese: また、天平宝字元年（757年）からは陰陽寮で暦道を学ぶ暦生の中から暦学に必要な数学を学ぶために算道を兼修する暦算生が別枠として設置された。
English: Sandoin, a facility used for Sando lectures and to board students, was established in the Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: 大学寮の中には算道の講義と算生の寄宿のための施設である算道院（さんどういん）が置かれていた。
English: After the national capital was transferred to the city of Heian-kyo, it is said to have been located in the south of myogyodoin, the Myogyo-do (study of Confucian classics) facilities, and the north of Myobodoin, the Myobodo (study of Code) facilities, in the premises of Daigaku-ryo.
Japanese: 平安京遷都後は、大学寮敷地内の明経道の施設である明経道院の南、明法道の施設である明法道院の北にあったとされている。
English: As far as can be told from existing Sansho-related records, there were many people who belonged to the clans of toraijin (people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Continental culture to the Japanese).
Japanese: なお、現存する算生に関する記録を見る限りでは、渡来人系の氏族に属する者が多かったとされている。
English: Sonshisangyo: A classic textbook on mathematics written under the name of Sonshi (a tactician) at the time of Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties in Three Kingdoms period China.
Japanese: 孫子算経…三国時代(中国)・両晋期に孫子を著者として仮託して書かれた古典的な数学書。
English: The document explained the basic mathematical knowledge deemed necessary for government officials in five chapters: 'Den, Hyo, Shu, So and Kin.'
Japanese: 行政官に必要とされた基礎的な数学知識を「田・兵・集・倉・金」の5つの章立てで解説した書。
English: Rokusho: Details are unknown, but it is said to have applied and expanded the "Kyushosanjutsu."
Japanese: 六章…詳細は不明であるが、『九章算術』を応用発展させたと言われている。
English: Tenjutsu: A document on advanced mathematics written by Chong-Zhi ZU in which it is said that calculation methods for the circumference ratio and the volume of a sphere were written; it no longer exists.
Japanese: 綴術…祖沖之が著した高等数学の書で、円周率や球体積の計算方法が書かれていたとされているが、現存しない。
English: Kyushi: Details are unknown, but it is said to have been a document on mathematics geared for government officials, similar to "Gososangyo."
Japanese: 九司…詳細は不明であるが、『五曹算経』と同様の行政官向けの数学書であったと言われている。
English: Furthermore, of the textbooks known as "Sankei ten documents" which were adopted in the Tang Dynasty at that time, four types; "Chokyukensankei," "Kakoyosankei," "Gokyosanjutsu," and "Shukosankei," were excluded and "Rokusho," "Sankaijusa" and "Kyushi" were adopted instead.
Japanese: なお、当時の唐で採用されていた算経十書と呼ばれる教科書のうち、『張邱建算経』・『夏侯陽算経』・『五経算術』・『緝古算経』の4種が除かれて代わりに『六章』・『三開重差』・『九司』が採用されている。
English: While the details are unknown, it is assumed that this was related to redundancy in the contents, the circumstances of their introduction to Japan, or other factors.
Japanese: これは、内容の重複や日本への伝来事情などとの関係があると考えられているが、詳細な理由は不明である。
English: The Hoshi Kanjintoyoshiken (appointment examination for the bureaucracy) for students was defined by the school administration, but the rules were subtly different between the Taiho and Yoro Codes.
Japanese: 算生の官人登用試験である奉試については、学令で定められていたが、大宝律令と養老律令では微妙に規則が違っていた。
English: In the Taiho Code, a total of nine questions were delivered, three from one of the three basic documents ("Kyushosanjutsu," "Rokusho" and "Tenjutsu"), and one from each of the other six documents; students passed if they answered six correctly, but failed if they gave wrong answers to any of the three questions drawn from the basic documents, even if they had answered the other eight correctly.
Japanese: 大宝律令では『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』の基本の3書のうち1つから3問、それ以外の6書から各1問ずつの計9問を出題して6つ正解すれば及第としたが、3問出題される基本書からの出題を間違えた場合には他の8問が正解でも不合格とされた。
English: There were two methods in the Yoro Code, each of which delivered a total of nine questions: in the first, three questions were drawn from the "Kyushosanjutsu" with each of the remaining documents other than "Rokusho" and "Tenjutsu" providing one of the other six; in the second, three questions were drawn from "Rokusho" and the remaining six from "Tenjutsu," so that the former method tested knowledge of basic arithmetic while the latter tested knowledge of advanced mathematics.
Japanese: 養老律令では方法が2通りあり、前者は『九章算術』3問と『六章』・『綴術』以外の残り6書から各1問の計9問から出題されるもの、後者は『六章』3問と『綴術』6問の計9問から出題されるもので、前者は基礎算術、後者は高等数学の知識を試した。
English: Students who answered all questions correctly were automatically appointed to Daishoijo (Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade), while those who answered six to eight questions correctly, including all questions from "Kyoshosanjutsu" or "Rokusho," were appointed to Daishoige (Greater Initial Rank, Lower Grade).
Japanese: 全問正解であれば甲第とされて大初位上に自動的に叙任され、『九章算術』あるいは『六章』の全問を含めた6-8問正解者は乙第とされて大初位下に叙任された。
English: After 731, students could not pass the examination if they gave wrong answers to any one of four questions: one from the "Shuhisankei," or any of the three from the basic documents ("Kyushosanjutsu," "Rokusho" and "Tenjutsu").
Japanese: なお、天平3年（731年）以後は基本書（『九章算術』・『六章』・『綴術』）3問に加えて、『周髀算経』1問の計4問のうちから不正解を出すと及第は認められないこととなった。
English: After the establishment of San tokugosho, those who learned for seven years and passed Hoshi were appointed as San hakase or Sanshi (a court official in charge of calculation) and placed in the Shukeiryo (account office), Shuzeiryo (bureau of taxation), Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), Zogusho (ministry of making and mending palaces) (later Shurishiki (The Palace Repairs Office) and Mokuryo (Bureau of Carpentry), and were also made lower provincial governors who handled land tax accountancy and other such matters.
Japanese: 算得業生成立後は、7年学習して奉試に及第すると合格者は算博士や主計寮・主税寮・大宰府・造宮省（後には修理職・木工寮）に設置されていた算師に任じられる他、地方の下級国司となって租税会計事務などを扱った。
English: At that time, arithmetic was not widespread and few people had such knowledge; therefore, although the official court rank of the Sansho was low, once they passed the examination and became government officials, various government officials held great expectations for their mathematical processing abilities.
Japanese: 当時、算術が普及せずにその知識を有する者が少なかったために官位こそは低いものの、及第して官人となった算生の持つ数的処理能力に諸官司から期待されるところは大きかった。
English: However, this was arithmetic and mathematics as skill: mathematical thinking, cultivation, and sensibility were not sought after, and it seems that the advanced mathematics seen in China was not required by the Japanese society of that time, so this was not an opportunity for unique progress in the Japanese history of mathematics.
Japanese: ただし、それは技能としての算術・数学であって、数学的思考や教養、感性が求められたものではなく、ましてや中国に見られたような高等数学が当時の日本社会で必要とされる場面は存在しなかったと考えられ、日本数学史が独自の進歩を見せるきっかけにはなりえなかったのである。
English: In the early days of the Daigaku-ryo, the regular course (Myogyodo) for the education of general government officials and Sando, for the education of technical government officials, were virtually the only ones in existence, but somewhere between 724 and 729, Ritsugaku hakase (later Myoho hakase) (professor of law, for the teaching of the Ritsuryo Code) and Monjo hakase (professor of literature. for the teaching of history) were established by separating from Myogyodo, subsequently becoming independent departments between 729 and 748; they would later evolve into Myobodo (study of Code) and Kidendo (study of the histories).
Japanese: 大学寮が設置された当初、一般官人を育てる本科（明経道）と技術官人を育てる算道しか事実上存在していなかったが、神亀年間に律令を教える律学博士（後の明法博士）と歴史を教える文章博士が明経道から分離する形で成立し、やがて天平年間に独立した学科となり、後の明法道・紀伝道へと発展することとなる。
English: During all this, Sando's position did not change greatly from what it had been before, and, as Myobodo and Kidendo were on the rise, it decreased by comparison.
Japanese: こうした中で算道の地位はそれまでと大きく変動することもなく、結果的に上昇傾向にあった明法道・紀伝道とは相対的に見て地位が低下することとなった。