nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It consists of various types of writing: 'chapters of Ruiju' of 'Monowazukushi (enumerating the things in the same category),' as represented by the lists of things like 'Insects,' 'Flowering trees,' 'Dispiriting things,' 'Endearingly lovely things,' and 'Chapters of Zuiso (essay),' which is an observation of daily life and nature in the seasons, and 'chapters of reminiscence (chapters of a diary)' in which the author wrote about the life around Empress Teishi, whom she served in the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 「虫は」「木の花は」「すさまじきもの」「うつくしきもの」に代表される「ものはづくし」の「類聚章段」をはじめ、日常生活や四季の自然を観察した「随想章段」、作者が出仕した定子皇后周辺の宮廷社会を振り返った「回想章段」（日記章段）など多彩な文章から成る。
English: However, some chapters are too obscure to be classified (for example the first chapter, entitled, 'The best time in spring is dawn,' is generally classified into the chapters of Zuiso, but some people disagree).
Japanese: もっとも、分類の仕方が曖昧な章段（例えば第一段「春は曙」は、通説では随想章段に入るが異議もあり）もある。
English: It was written in the plain vernacular using Hiragana (the Japanese cursive syllabary), and most of the chapters were written in a witty style, but sometimes sentimental lamentation appears reflecting the fall of the Michitaka FUJIWARA's family and unhappiness gone through by her majesty Empress Teishi.
Japanese: 平仮名を駆使した和文の簡潔な口語体で書かれ、総じて軽妙な筆致の短編が多いが、中関白家の没落と主君・定子皇后の身にふりかかった不幸を反映して、時にかすかな感傷が交じった心情の吐露もある。
English: The author's sophisticated taste was in harmony with a keen observation on things, generating the intellectual aesthetic world of 'wokashi (amusing or delightful)' in contrast with the emotional 'mono no aware (pathos)' of "The Tale of Genji."
Japanese: 作者の洗練されたセンスと、事物への鋭い観察眼が融合して、『源氏物語』の心情的な「もののあはれ」に対し、知性的な「をかし」の美世界を現出させた。
English: In The Pillow Book, the author cherished humanity as well as nature; therefore, she accepted and formed them in each phase as various beauties (Sakuwo MEKATA).
Japanese: 枕草子は人間存在、自然を共に深く愛した故に、それを、それぞれの位相において、多種多彩の美として享受・形成した（目加田さくを）。
English: Even in each chapter, various types of rich writing such as lists, essays or reminiscences are freely interwoven, like a flying horse soaring into the sky with a strand of associations called up one after another. (Boku HAGITANI)
Japanese: 次から次へと繰り出される連想の糸筋によって、各個の章段内部においても、類想・随想・回想の区別なく、豊富な素材が、天馬空をゆくが如き自在な表現によって、縦横に綾なされている（荻谷朴）。
English: Although it followed the conventional 'spring - flower -morning' type of link that was often seen in Kokinshu in those days, its use of the 'season-time' type of expression (such as 'the best time in spring is dawn'), which omitted the middle poetic element, was innovative, challenging as it did the rigid esthetic values held by readers who were familiar with poetic traditions. (Munetoshi FUJIMOTO)
Japanese: 「季節-時刻」の表現（春は曙など）は、当時古今集に見られる「春-花-朝」のような通念的連環に従いつつ、和歌的伝統に慣れ親しんだ読者の美意識の硬直性への挑戦として中間項である風物を省いた斬新なものである（藤本宗利）。
English: The author wrote it to console Empress Teishi, who felt depressed over the fall of the Michitaka family.
Japanese: 道隆一族が衰退していく不幸の最中、崩じた定子の魂を静めるために書かれたものである。
English: There are some chapters that seem like mere self-praise, but in them the author claimed that the Empress and the people around her received the Emperor's favor and led a life filled with aesthetic sentiment and exquisite taste, living in a world that was cut off from the politics of the time and disappointment. (Osamu UENO).
Japanese: 自賛談のようにみえる章段も、（中略）中宮と中宮を取り巻く人々が失意の時代にあっても、天皇の恩寵を受けて政治とは無縁に美と好尚の世界に生きたことを主張している（上野理）。
English: It is a representation of her shallowness trying to forget her original social rank and assimilate herself to the upper class. (Ken AKIYAMA)
Japanese: 清少納言の出身階級を忘れひたすら上流に同化しようとした浅薄な様の現れである（秋山虔）。
English: It is only 'a record of civilization in the inner palace,' and wasn't written by 'a private individual' (Joji ISHIDA).
Japanese: 「定子後宮の文明の記録」に過ぎず、「個」の資格によって書かれたものではない（石田穣二）。
English: Yoshinobu (Yoshihisa) TOKUGAWA was the 15th Seii Taishogun of the Edo Shogunate (held the position from December 5, 1866 to December 9, 1867, both in the old lunar calendar).
Japanese: 徳川慶喜（とくがわよしのぶ、とくがわよしひさ）は、江戸幕府第15代征夷大将軍（将軍在位：慶応2年（1866年）12月5日(旧暦)-慶応3年（1867年）12月9日(旧暦)）。
English: He served as the guardian (Shogun Kokenshoku) of the 14th Shogun Iemochi TOKUGAWA; after Iemochi's death he assumed his position as the 15th Shogun of the Edo Shogunate.
Japanese: 将軍後見職として後見を務めていた14代将軍徳川家茂の死去後、江戸幕府第15代将軍に就任。
English: After he returned his right to administer government to Emperor Meiji (Taisei Hokan), he worked aiming to unite the nobles and samurai (Kobu Gattai); however, during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi that took place after the Restoration of Imperial Rule (Osei Fukko), he left the Shogunate army behind at Osaka-jo Castle and returned to Edo-jo Castle; thereafter, he received a subjugation order from the Imperial Court and entered into disciplinary confinement which led to the Bloodless Surrender of Edo-jo Castle.
Japanese: 明治天皇に政権を返上した（＝大政奉還）後、公武合体を目指すが、王政復古(日本)後の鳥羽・伏見の戦いでは、旧幕府軍を残したまま大坂城から江戸城へ戻り、朝廷から追討令を受けて謹慎し、江戸城を無血開城した。
English: After being freed from the disciplinary confinement, he immersed himself in his hobbies; he was awarded the title of Koshaku and lived into the Taisho Period.
Japanese: 明治に入り謹慎を解かれると趣味に没頭し、公爵として大正時代まで生きた。
English: The name "Yoshinobu" is also popularly read as "Keiki" (Yusoku-yomi, the way of pronouncing in the Chinese-derived reading, so as not to directly pronounce the real name of the respectable person in the Japanese reading).
Japanese: 「慶喜」は、「よしのぶ」或いは通称として「けいき」（有職読み）とも読む。
English: There is a record among official documents of the Edo Shogunate that during his tenure as the Shogun his name was also read as "Yoshihisa".
Japanese: 将軍在職中、江戸幕府の公式な文書等には「『よしひさ』と読んだ」という記録が残っている。
English: There are also records of his name written as "Yoshihisa" with his own signature using Roman letters, and [his name printed as "Yoshihisa"] in newspapers in English.
Japanese: 本人によるアルファベット署名や英字新聞に「Yoshihisa」の表記も残る。
English: He is most often called "Yoshinobu" in his homeland of Mito, but he is often called "Keiki" in Shizuoka, where he spent the rest of his life.
Japanese: 出身地である水戸市では「よしのぶ」と呼ばれる事が多いが、余生を送った静岡市では「けいき」と呼ばれる事が多い。
English: According to those who knew him in his lifetime, Yoshinobu himself liked to be called "Keiki-sama", and he called himself "Keiki" in a telegraph sent to his younger brother, Akitake TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 生前の慶喜を知る人によると、慶喜本人は「けいき様」と呼ばれるのを好んだらしく、弟・徳川昭武に当てた電報にも自分のことを「けいき」と名乗っている。
English: Yoshihisa TOKUGAWA, who was Yoshinobu's heir, was also called "Keikyu-sama" from those around him.
Japanese: 慶喜の後を継いだ徳川慶久も慶喜と同様に周囲の人々から「けいきゅう様」と呼ばれていたといわれる。
English: The use of the two names "Keiki-sama" and "Keiki-san" has been confirmed, and even though it seems to have become uncommon in the modern days, the use of "Keiki-san" is not limited to Shizuoka but is confirmed in various regions; in both cases the name is often used with much affection.
Japanese: 「けいき様」と「けいきさん」の2つの呼び方が確認でき、現代においても少なくなりつつあると思われるが「けいきさん」の呼び方が静岡に限らず各地で確認でき、どちらの場合でも“かなりの親しみ”を込めて使われる場合が多い。
English: Though Ryotaro SHIBA commented that "the name 'Keiki' was used quite often among those associated with the former Shogunate", the use of the name "Keiki" was also confirmed among those related to Higo-han Clan who worked toward the fall of the Shogunate; there is a possibility that he was widely yet secretly respected and admired.
Japanese: 司馬遼太郎は「『けいき』と呼ぶ人は旧幕臣関係者の家系に多い」とするが、倒幕に動いた肥後藩関係者でも使用が確認できる事から、広範囲において潜在的に慕われていた、あるいは好意を寄せられていた可能性もある。
English: He was born at the Mito-han Clan residence of Koishikawa in Edo, as the seventh son of the ninth chief [of Mito-han Clan], Nariaki TOKUGAWA on September 29, 1837.
Japanese: 天保9年（1837年）9月29日、江戸・小石川の水戸藩邸にて9代藩主徳川斉昭の七男として生まれる。
English: His mother was [his father's] legitimate wife, Princess Yoshiko (he was the first Shogun since the third Shogun Iemitsu TOKUGAWA whose biological mother was the father's legitimate wife.
Japanese: 母は正室・吉子女王（第3代・徳川家光以来となる正室を生母とした将軍。
English: However, although Iemitsu's biological mother is officially known as the father Hidetada's legitimate wife, Ogo no Kata, but one theory suggests that his biological mother was Kasuga no Tsubone).
Japanese: ただし家光の生母は表向き父秀忠の正室於江の方とされているが、春日の局が実の母との説もある）。
English: Based on Nariaki's educational policy, "a boy should be educated in his home domain" Yoshinobu moved to Mito at the age of seven months and spent most of his time there until he succeeded to the Hitotsubashi Tokugawa Family, during which time he was educated and taught martial arts by Seishisai AIZAWA.
Japanese: 「男子は国許で養育する」という斉昭の教育方針に則り、生後7ヶ月にして水戸藩に移り、一橋徳川家を相続するまでの多くを同地で過ごす間、会沢正志斎らから学問・武術を教授されている。
English: Yoshinobu's intelligence was noted early; at first, instead of sending him to another family for adoption, Nariaki planned to keep him by his eldest son and heir, Yoshiatsu TOKUGAWA's side.
Japanese: 慶喜の英邁さは当時から注目されていたようで、当初は斉昭も他家へ養子には出さず、長男（嫡男）・徳川慶篤の控えとして手許に残そうと考えていた。
English: On August 1, 1847, the Shogunate gave a secret order to designate Shichiromaro of Mito-han Clan as the heir to the Hitotsubashi Family, one of the three branches of the Tokugawa-han Clan (Gosankyo).
Japanese: 弘化4年（1847年）8月1日、幕府より水戸藩に七郎麿を御三卿一橋家の世嗣とする旨の内命が下る。
English: Accepting this order, Shichiromaro succeeded to the Hitotsubashi Family on September 1; in December, he received Henki (one character of Shogun's name: 慶) from the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi (家慶) TOKUGAWA and changed his name to Yoshinobu (慶喜).
Japanese: これを受けて七郎麿は9月1日に一橋家を相続し、12月には12代将軍・徳川家慶から偏諱を賜わり慶喜を名乗る。
English: Considering Yoshinobu as a strong candidate as the heir to the Shogun, Ieyoshi visited the Hitotsubashi Residence often, but he abandoned this idea after accepting Roju Masahiro ABE's admonishing advice.
Japanese: 家慶は度々一橋邸を訪問するなど、慶喜を将軍継嗣の有力な候補として考えていたが、老中・阿部正弘の諫言を受けて断念している。
English: During the disorder caused by the Arrival of the Black Ships, Shogun Ieyoshi died in 1853; his heir, the 13th Shogun Iesada TOKUGAWA, had poor health with no prospect of having his own son, and therefore the issue of "who would become the Shogun's heir" arose (Issue of Shogun's Heir).
Japanese: 嘉永6年（1853年）、黒船来航の混乱の最中に将軍・家慶が病死し、その跡を継いだ第13代将軍・徳川家定が病弱で男子を儲ける見込みがなかったので「将軍継嗣を誰にするか」という問題が浮上する（将軍継嗣問題）。
English: There was an opposition between the Hitotsubashi-party that included Nariaki, Masahiro ABE and the Chief of Satsuma-han Clan, Nariakira SHIMAZU, who recommended Yoshinobu, and the Nanki-party primarily consisting of the Chief of Hikone-han Clan, Naosuke II, and the Ooku members headed by Iesada's birth-mother, Honjuin, who recommended the Chief of Kii-han Clan, Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 慶喜を推す斉昭や阿部正弘、薩摩藩主・島津斉彬ら一橋派と、紀州藩主徳川慶福を推す彦根藩主・井伊直弼や家定の生母・本寿院を初めとする大奥の南紀派が対立した。
English: The Hitotsubashi-party executed political maneuvers such as sending into Ooku Nariakira SHIMAZU's adopted daughter, Tenshoin, as Shogun's wife (Midaidokoro), but after the death of Masahiro ABE and Nariakira SHIMAZU, its power weakened; Naosuke II who became Tairo in 1858 settled on "Shogun's heir as Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA" through arbitration.
Japanese: 一橋派は島津斉彬の養女・天璋院を将軍・御台所として大奥に送り込むなどの擁立工作を行なうが、阿部正弘、島津斉彬が相次いで亡くなると勢いを失い、安政5年（1858年）に大老となった井伊直弼が裁定し、「将軍継嗣は徳川慶福」と決した。
English: Yoshinobu, along with Nariaki and the Chief of Fukui-han Clan, Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA, made an unexpected visit to the [Edo-jo] castle and closely interrogated Naosuke, but in tern, he was questioned on his offense of making an unexpected visit to the castle; he was ordered to retire and was given a disciplinary confinement in the following year (1859) (Ansei Purge).
Japanese: 慶喜は斉昭、福井藩主・松平慶永らと共に不時登城し直弼を詰問するが、逆に不時登城の罪を問われ、翌・安政6年（1859年）に隠居謹慎処分となる（安政の大獄）。
English: Yoshinobu himself seemed to be uninterested in becoming the heir to the Shogun and he sent a letter to Nariaki whose content indicated "I appreciate your efforts but I'd rather not become the Shogun than to make mistakes after becoming the Shogun."
Japanese: なお、慶喜本人は将軍継嗣となることに乗り気ではなかったのか「骨折りは申し訳ないが、天下を取ってから失敗するよりは、取らないほうがいい」という内容の手紙を斉昭に送っている。
English: In 1862, guarded by the Satsuma-han Clan army under the command of Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, the Emperor's messenger, Shigetomi OHARA, entered Edo and delivered Emperor Komei's order to "promote Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA to the Shogun's guardian (Shogun Kokenshoku) and Shungaku (Yoshinaga) MATSUDAIRA to Tairo."
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）、島津久光率いる薩摩藩兵に護衛されて勅使・大原重徳が江戸に入り、「徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽（慶永）を大老に登用すべし」という孝明天皇の勅命が下される。
English: Yoshinobu and Shungaku directed a reform of the Shogunate known as the Bunkyu Reform that included installation of The Office of Kyoto Protector (Kyoto Shugoshoku) and relaxation of Sankin Kotai requirement.
Japanese: 慶喜と春嶽は文久の改革と呼ばれる幕政改革を行ない、京都守護職の設置、参勤交代の緩和などを行なった。
English: In 1863, he went to Kyoto as Iemochi TOKUGAWA's harbinger, and he endeavored to negotiate with the members of the Imperial Court who urged the execution of Joi (expulsion of foreigners from Japan).
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）には将軍・徳川家茂の先駆けとして上洛、攘夷を迫る朝廷との交渉に手を尽くした。
English: Upon Emperor Komei's visit to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine to pray for the execution of Joi, if Iemochi received Setto (Emperor's sword that symbolically authorizes the Shogun to take charge of the upcoming battle on behalf of the Emperor) from the Emperor, he would have no choice but to execute Joi; Yoshinobu quickly made Iemochi cancel the audience [with the Emperor] by saying that Iemochi had a cold and a fever (pretended illness).
Japanese: 孝明天皇が石清水八幡宮へ行幸しての攘夷祈願において、天皇から家茂が節刀を受けてしまえば攘夷を決行せざるを得なくなるので、「風邪発熱」（仮病）と称して家茂に拝謁を急遽取りやめさせた。
English: When the Sonno Joi party (the anti-foreigner Royalists) centered around the Choshu-han Clan lost their case upon the political change on August 18, Yoshinobu went to Kyoto again in order to participate in a meeting jointly held by the party trying to unite the nobles and samurai (Kobu Gattai) and the party assisting the Shogunate (Sabaku).
Japanese: 八月十八日の政変で長州藩を中心とする尊皇攘夷派が排斥されると、公武合体・佐幕両派による参与会議に参加すべく再び上洛。
English: However, when no agreement was reached, he used a bold method of negotiation; he intentionally got drunk at a banquet with Prince Kuni Asahiko and reviled at Munenari DATE, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, and furthermore, violently said to Nakagawa no Miya, "how much is SHIMAZU paying you!" so as to breakdown their organization.
Japanese: しかし会議がまとまらないと見るや、故意に久邇宮朝彦親王らとの酒席で泥酔し、居合わせた伊達宗城、松平春嶽、島津久光を罵倒、さらに中川宮に対し「島津からいくらもらってるんだ！」などと暴言を吐いて体制を崩壊させるなど、手段を選ばないとも言える交渉を行なった。
English: Thereafter, he remained in Kyoto and he was appointed to Kinri Goshuei Sotoku (Head of the Imperial Palace/Emperor's Protector); together with the Protector (Shugoshoku) Katamori MATSUDAIRA (Aizu-han Clan) and Kyoto Shoshidai Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (Chief of Kuwana-han Clan) regulated the nobles and those loyal to the Emperor (Ichi-Kai-So (Hitotsubashi-Aizu-Kuwana) structure).
Japanese: 以後は京都に留まり朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督に任じられ、守護職・松平容保（会津藩主）、所司代・松平定敬（桑名藩主）と共に勤皇の志士や公家の取り締まりにあたる（一会桑（一橋・会津・桑名）体制）。
English: During the Tenguto War he showed his cruelty by slashing his supporters such as Kounsai TAKEDA and the vassals of his home domain of Mito.
Japanese: 天狗党の乱では慶喜を支持していた武田耕雲斎ら実家・水戸藩の家臣たちを切り捨てる冷徹さも見せた。
English: At the Kinmon Rebellion in 1864 he led the Shogunate army and he himself attacked the Choshu army that had occupied the Takatsukasa Residence.
Japanese: 元治元年（1864年）、禁門の変では幕府軍を指揮し、鷹司邸を占領した長州軍をみずから攻撃。
English: After the First Subjugation of Choshu that followed, he made every effort to secure the Emperor's permission on the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Unites States and Japan that had been left unauthorized by the Emperor; he succeeded in securing the Emperor's authorization albeit with provisos.
Japanese: それに続く第一次長州征伐が終わると、無勅許状態にあった日米修好通商条約の勅許に奔走し、条件付ながら勅許を得ることに成功した。
English: At the Second Subjugation of Choshu in 1866, Yoshinobu suppressed interferences from Satsuma-han Clan and received a direct order from the Emperor to subjugate Choshu.
Japanese: 慶応2年（1866年）の第二次長州征伐では、薩摩藩の妨害を抑えて慶喜が長州征伐の勅命を得る。
English: Yoshinobu appealed to the Imperial Court to make an official announcement of truce by the Emperor and he succeeded in concluding an armistice treaty.
Japanese: 慶喜は朝廷に運動して休戦の詔勅を引き出し、休戦協定の締結に成功する。
English: Since then the roju (Shogun's political advisor) and others sincerely requested him to become the Shogun, but he still did not accept the request; he finally assumed his position as the Shogun on December 5, after accepting (Emperor Komei's) direct order to become the Shogun.
Japanese: その後、老中らが将軍就任を懇請したが受諾せず、12月5日、（孝明帝から）将軍宣下を受けて将軍に就任した。
English: By becoming the Shogun as a favor to others he aimed to manipulate politics to his advantage.
Japanese: これはいわば恩を売った形で将軍になることで、政治を有利に進めていく狙いがあった。
English: Through the French Minister Leon Roches, he received 2.4 million dollars from France and founded Yokosuka Ironworks, a shipyard, and a ship repair dock, and he also led a revolution in the military system by inviting a group of military advisors headed by Jules Brunet.
Japanese: 慶喜はフランス公使・レオン・ロッシュを通じてフランスから240万ドルの援助をうけ、横須賀製鉄所や造・修船所を設立し、ジュール・ブリュネを始めとする軍事顧問団を招いて軍制改革を行った。
English: He also sent his biological younger brother, Akitake TOKUGAWA, to the Paris Exposition and encouraged the younger members of the Shogunate vassals to study in Europe.
Japanese: また、実弟の徳川昭武をパリ万国博覧会に派遣するなど幕臣子弟の欧州留学も奨励した。
English: Yoshinobu anticipated a secret order to Saccho (Satsuma and Choshu -han Clans) from the Emperor to destroy the Shogunate, and on Oct. 14, 1867, he (as a preemptive measure) suggested to the Imperial Court that he would return his political power to the Emperor; his request was accepted by the Emperor on the 15th, the following day (Taisei Hokan).
Japanese: 薩長へ「討幕の密勅」が下ることを予期した慶喜は（先手を打って）慶応3年（1867年）10月14日、朝廷に対して政権返上を上奏し翌15日勅許された（大政奉還）。
English: It is said that he judged the Imperial Court at the time to have no capability to administer government, and he therefore sought continuation of Tokugawa Family's political power by leading the Session of Clan Chiefs.
Japanese: 当時の朝廷には行政能力は無いと判断し、列侯会議を主導する形での徳川政権存続を模索していたと言われている。
English: However, because of the anti-Shogunate activists Toshimichi OKUBO and Tomomi IWAKURA's scheme, there was a command to revive the political power of the Imperial Court in December, and Yoshinobu was ordered "Jikan Nochi" (to resign from his position as Naidaijin and surrender the Tokugawa territory).
Japanese: しかし、倒幕を目指す大久保利通、岩倉具視の画策で、12月には王政復古の大号令が出され、慶喜には「辞官納地」（内大臣辞職と徳川領の奉納）が命ぜられた。
English: In order to avoid confrontations Yoshinobu retreated to Osaka-jo Castle, assembled the ambassadors from various foreign countries and asserted the legitimacy of Tokugawa; furthermore, he appealed to the Imperial Court and had the Jikan Nochi modified to more moderate terms.
Japanese: 慶喜は衝突を避けるべく大坂城に退去し、諸外国の公使らを集めて徳川の正当性を主張、さらに朝廷に運動して辞官納地を修正させて穏やかな形に直してもらう。
English: However, in response to the provocation caused by Satsuma-han Clan in the city of Edo in 1868 he mobilized his army and blockaded Kyoto using the armies of Aizu and Kuwana-han Clans.
Japanese: しかし翌・慶応4年（1868年）に薩摩藩が江戸市中で行なった挑発を受けて挙兵し、会津・桑名藩兵を使って京都を封鎖する。
English: Nevertheless, at the Battle of Toba Fushimi that broke out on January 3, even though the military force was holding up adequately, he judged that the former Shogunate army was at a disadvantage; he abandoned his army and retreated to Edo-jo Castle aboard warship Kaiyo Maru.
Japanese: しかし、1月3日に勃発した鳥羽・伏見の戦いで旧幕府軍が形勢不利と、まだ兵力を十分に保持しているにも関わらず、兵を置き去りにして軍鑑『開陽丸』で江戸へ退却した。
English: Soon an order was issued to subjugate Yoshinobu as the enemy of the Imperial Court, and the Imperial Army led by General Prince Arisugawa Taruhito set off to the east.
Japanese: 間もなく、慶喜を朝敵とする追討令が下り、大総督・有栖川宮熾仁親王に率いられた官軍が東征を開始する。
English: In February, he entrusted Kaishu KATSU to take control of the situation and entered into a disciplinary confinement at Daiji-in located in Kan'ei-ji Temple in Ueno.
Japanese: 2月には勝海舟に事態収拾を一任して自らは上野寛永寺大慈院において謹慎する。
English: The negotiation between Katsu and the Staff Officer of the Imperial Army, Takamori SAIGO, reached an agreement and Bloodless Surrender of Edo-jo Castle took place; Yoshinobu was moved to Mito and he continued his disciplinary confinement in a room within Kodokan of [Mito] Han (Domain) School.
Japanese: 勝と官軍参謀・西郷隆盛との交渉がまとまり江戸城が無血開城されると、慶喜の身柄は水戸へ移され、藩校弘道館の一室にて引き続き謹慎した。
English: In September of 1869 Yoshinobu's disciplinary confinement was lifted as a result of the end of Boshin War.
Japanese: 明治2年（1869年）9月、戊辰戦争の終結を受けて謹慎を解除される。
English: Thereafter he did not participate in politics and spent his days immersed in his interests such as photography, hunting, net fishing, playing go and noh songs.
Japanese: 以後は政治には携わらず、写真・狩猟・投網・囲碁・謡曲など趣味に没頭する生活をおくる。
English: In 1902 he was bestowed a title of Koshaku and he established the Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA Family aside from the main branch of Tokugawa Family.
Japanese: 明治35年（1902年）には公爵に叙せられ、宗家とは別に徳川慶喜家を興す。
English: Because of Ansei Incident he was ordered to retire and enter into disciplinary confinement in August, 1859.
Japanese: 安政6年（1859年）8月、安政の大獄において隠居謹慎蟄居の処分を受ける。
English: On March 2, 1898, he had an audience with Emperor Meiji (first audience since Taisei Hokan).
Japanese: 明治31年（1898年）3月2日、明治天皇に（大政奉還以来の）謁見。
English: On April 30, his contributions to Taisei Hokan were recognized and he was awarded Kun-itto Kyokujitsu Daijusho from the Meiji Government.
Japanese: 4月30日、大政奉還の功により、明治政府から勲一等旭日大綬章を受ける。
English: As far as education and studying of martial arts are concerned, he was born and raised under the very best circumstance; among many forms of martial arts he was especially interested in and was an expert in shuriken (dirk-throwing).
Japanese: 武芸や学問を学ぶことに関しては、最高の環境で生まれ育ち、様々な武術の中から、手裏剣術に熱心で、手裏剣の達人だった。
English: Even after Taisei Hokan, he practiced throwing the shuriken every day until he was sweating, and he is counted as one of the most famous persons among the shuriken experts.
Japanese: 大政奉還後も、毎日額に汗をかくまで手裏剣術の修練を行ない、手裏剣術の達人たちのなかで最も有名な人物に数えられる。
English: He tossed about a lot in bed in his sleep, and his father, Nariaki TOKUGAWA, thought that this would be a problem when he became the heir to the Tokugawa Family; in order to correct this, razor blades were planted into his pillow (this was done just to scare him, and in reality the razor blades were removed after he had fallen asleep so as to prevent any injuries).
Japanese: 寝相が悪く、父・徳川斉昭が徳川家後継の際に問題になるとして寝相を矯正するために寝るときには枕に剃刀を立てていた（単なる脅しであって、本当に怪我する事の無いように、と眠った時を見計らって剃刀は取り外していたらしいが）。
English: On the other hand, there is an anecdote that in his adulthood he slept with his wife and a concubine so that the three of them formed the letter "Y" as a measure against assassination attempts.
Japanese: 一方成人後の睡眠時には、暗殺対策として、妻妾二人と「Y」の字になるよう三人で同衾していたという逸話も伝えられる。
English: There is supposed to be a photograph of Yoshinobu from his early childhood, but because cameras were probably not yet introduced to Japan at that time, it is doubtful that the photograph is that of Yoshinobu.
Japanese: 慶喜には幼少の頃の写真と言われるものがあるが、慶喜の幼少の時期、日本に写真機はまだなかったと考えられるため、慶喜本人のものであるかどうかは疑わしい。
English: Yoshinobu visited Iemochi when he fell ill, and at this occasion it is said that they had a normal conversation.
Japanese: 病に倒れた家茂の見舞いに訪れたことがあり、その時は普通に会話したという。
English: His extraordinary talent was well known, and his father Nariaki TOKUGAWA's confidant, Tatewaki AJIMA, commented on him as "someone who will purify the Tokugawa Family line"; he singly shouldered the expectation of restoring the Shogunate's authority, and when his highly touted tenure as the Shogun began, his brilliance was praised as "the return of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA".
Japanese: 英邁さで知られ、実父・徳川斉昭の腹心・安島帯刀は、慶喜を「徳川の流れを清ましめん御仁」と評し、幕威回復の期待を一身に背負い鳴物入りで将軍位に就くと、「徳川家康の再来」とまでその英明を称えられた。
English: Yoshinobu's intelligence was well known even among the Anti-Shogunate Party, and Takayoshi KIDO of Choshu-han Clan in particular was on guard saying, "Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI's daring and intelligent strategy cannot be underestimated.
Japanese: 慶喜の英明は倒幕派にも知れ渡っており、特に長州藩の木戸孝允は「一橋慶喜の胆略はあなどれない。
English: Regarding the decision on Taisei Hokan, Ryoma SAKAMOTO said, "My respected Shogun, I wonder what you are feeling in your heart today.
Japanese: 大政奉還の決断に対し坂本龍馬は「大樹（将軍）公、今日の心中さこそと察し奉る。
English: I make a vow to dedicate my life to the Lord. " Ryoma highly praised Yoshinobu and he even considered giving Yoshinobu a position as Assistant Kanpaku in the New Government.
Japanese: 予、誓ってこの公のために一命を捨てん」との評価を与え、慶喜に新政府の副関白の地位を与えようとしたほどである。
English: However, Yoshinobu did not learn about the existence of Ryoma until the Meiji era (after Ryoma's death).
Japanese: しかし、慶喜本人が龍馬という人物の存在を知ったのは（龍馬の死後）明治になってからだった。