nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Therefore, arts and sciences from Western countries other than the Netherlands were generally called Yogaku (Western learning).
Japanese: そのために、オランダ以外の欧米諸国から到来した学術をまとめて洋学（ようがく）と呼ぶようになるのが一般的となる。
English: Bakufu Yogaku such as Western gunnery of Shuhan TAKASHIMA, Nirayama Reverberatory furnace of Hidetatsu (Tarozaemon) EGAWA, and Kaigun Denshu-sho (The Nagasaki Naval Training Center) of Kaishu KATSU were highly practical for military purposes.
Japanese: 高島秋帆の西洋砲術、江川英龍（太郎左衛門）の韮山反射炉、勝海舟の長崎海軍伝習所など、幕府洋学は軍事的実学性の強いものであった。
English: Bansho-wage Goyo started to translate diplomatic documents and was renamed Yogakusho (Institute of Foreign Study), and in 1858, it was reorganized as Bansho shirabesho.
Japanese: 蛮書和解御用は、外交文書の翻訳にも当たるようになり、洋学所、1858年設置の蕃書調所と改編される。
English: Bansho shirabesho as an institute for studying and educating Western learning increased its object language to include English and other languages in addition to Dutch in 1862.
Japanese: 洋学研究・教育機関としての蕃書調所は、1862年（文久2）には対象言語をオランダ語から、英語などに拡大した。
English: It was renamed Kaiseijo in 1863 and changed hands to the new Meiji government after the fall of the bakufu and led to the University of Tokyo and other institutes later.
Japanese: 1863年に開成所と改称、幕府瓦解により明治新政府に受け継がれ、のちの東京大学等につながる。
English: Several domains practiced unique Yogaku, such as Kaiseijo and Shuseikan in Satsuma Domain, and establishment of Rangakuryo (house of Rangaku) and construction of a reverberatory furnace in Saga Domain.
Japanese: また諸藩でも、薩摩藩の開成所、集成館や、佐賀藩の蘭学寮設置や反射炉の建設など、独自の洋学が行われた。
English: Tenpyo Culture was an aristocratic and Buddhist culture that flourished in and around Heijo-kyo, the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara, from the end of the seventh century through the middle of the eighth century.
Japanese: 天平文化（てんぴょうぶんか）は、時期では7世紀終わり頃から8世紀の中頃までをいい、奈良の都平城京を中心にして華開いた貴族・仏教文化である。
English: Following the realization of the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) and establishment of a centralized state government, the country's treasures and wealth were brought to the capital, against which background the Imperial family and the nobility led a sumptuous life.
Japanese: 律令制が確立して中央集権的な国家体制が整うにつれて、国の富は中央に集められ、皇族や貴族はこれらの富を背景に華やかな生活を送った。
English: The nobility of the time had a great appetite for the advanced culture of Tang Dynasty China, brought back by Japanese envoys.
Japanese: 当時の貴族は遣唐使などによってもたらされた唐の進んだ文化を持つことに大きな熱意を持っていた。
English: Accordingly, Tenpyo Culture was much influenced by the cultures of Empress Wu Zetian of the Zhou Dynasty and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang.
Japanese: そのため、天平文化も周（武周）の武則天や唐の玄宗の文化の影響を強く受けた文化であった。
English: Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region) is considered to have played a major role in this transfer of culture from Tang.
Japanese: このような唐からの文化移入には特に太宰府の果たした役割が大きいと考えられる。
English: At the same time, various products of the new culture were also distributed to local regions by provincial governors (nobles), government officials and monks, who were delegated to kokuga (provincial government offices) and kokubun-ji (provincial temples).
Japanese: 一方、国衙（こくが）・国分寺などに任命された国司（貴族）・官人や僧侶などによって地方にも新しい文物がもたらされた。
English: In this way, the influence of the Chinese and Buddhist style cultures began to permeate down to regional communities throughout the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: このようにして、中国風（漢風）・仏教風の文化の影響が日本列島の地域社会へ浸透していった。
English: Some cultures were brought from West Asia along the Silk Road to Tang, and then to Japan by Japanese envoys.
Japanese: シルクロードによって西アジアから唐へもたらされたものが、遣唐使を通じて日本にやってきたりした。
English: A lot of government offices were built, and nobles and common people were encouraged to build houses with tiled roofs and vermilion-colored pillars.
Japanese: そこには多くの官衙（役所）が立てられ、貴族や庶民の家が瓦で葺き、柱には丹（に）を塗ることが奨励された。
English: As a result, the completed Heijo-kyo was compared in poems to 'flourishing like fragrant flowers in bloom.'
Japanese: このようにして「咲く花のにおうが如く今盛りなり」と歌われた平城京が出来上がった。
English: Emperor Shomu decided to construct provincial monasteries (kokubun-ji) and provincial nunneries (kokubun-niji) in all provinces, each of which had a seven-story pagoda and one copy each of the Golden Light Sutra and the Lotus Sutra.
Japanese: 聖武天皇により諸国に僧寺（国分寺）・尼寺（国分尼寺）を建て、それぞれに七重の塔を作り、金光明最勝王経と妙法蓮華経を一部ずつ置くことにした。
English: The head temple of all the kokubun-ji was Todai-ji Temple and that of the kokubun-niji was Hokke-ji Temple.
Japanese: その総本山と位置づけられる総国分寺・総国分尼寺が東大寺、法華寺である。
English: In order to garner the broad public support needed to promote this huge project, the government recruited the priest Gyoki, who was given the rank of Daisojo (the highest priestly rank).
Japanese: この大事業を推進するには幅広い民衆の支持が必要であったため、行基を大僧正として迎え、協力を得た。
English: Many craftsmen were engaged, almost like an assembly line, in the production of Buddha statues at government workshops under the administration of the Office of Todai-ji Temple Construction, which controlled the Todai-ji Temple project.
Japanese: 東大寺の造営を管轄する役所である造東大寺司のもとで官営の造仏所が整備され、多数の工人によって仏像製作が分業的に行われていた。
English: However, there also existed private workshops of Buddhist sculptors in the capital, as well as monks who produced Buddhist images.
Japanese: 一方、都には民間の仏像制作工房：私仏所があり、また僧侶で仏像制作を行う者もでてきた。
English: Names of leading sculptors of Buddhist statues recorded in history include KUNINAKA no Murajimaro, who was responsible for the construction of the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, and Manpuku SHOGUN, who produced Judaideshi and Hachibushu (Ten Great Disciples and Eight Guardian Devas) at Manpuku-ji Temple.
Japanese: 指導的仏師としては、東大寺大仏の責任者：国中連麻呂、興福寺の十大弟子八部衆制作の将軍万福などが記録に残っている。
English: Parts of Todai-ji Temple's statue of Birushana Buddha, also called "Nara no Daibutsu" ("Great Buddha of Nara"), cast during the Tenpyo Period include its pedestal and legs.
Japanese: 東大寺盧舎那仏像は、奈良の大仏とも呼ばれ、天平時代の部分は台座、脚部などごく一部であった。
English: Beside such gilt bronze statues as the Great Buddha at Todai-ji Temple, various methods of producing Buddhist images were used, including the most popular kanshitsuzo (dry lacquer wooden statues) and sozo (earthen images), as well as gold or silver images, stone statues and also molded or extruded clay forms.
Japanese: これに代表される金銅仏のほか、乾漆造や塑像が主流であり、金像銀像、石仏も制作され、専仏、押出仏の制作も盛んで、制作技法が多様であった。
English: The standing statues of Fukukensaku Kannon, Bonten (Brahma) and Taishakuten (Sakra), Shitenno (the Four Heavenly Kings), and Kongorikishi and Misshakurikishi (Guardians), all in Todai-ji Temple's Hokke-do Hall (also called "Sangatsu-do Hall")
Japanese: 東大寺法華堂（三月堂）不空羂索観音立像、梵天・帝釈天立像、四天王立像、金剛力士・密迹力士立像
English: The standing statues of Shitsukongoshin (Vajrapani), Nikko and Gakko Bosatsu (Suryaprabha and Candraprabha Bodhisattvas), Benzaiten (Saraswati) and Kisshoten, all at Hokke-do Hall of Todai-ji Temple
Japanese: 東大寺法華堂執金剛神立像、日光菩薩・月光菩薩立像、弁才天・吉祥天立像
English: Rikken seiyukai was one of the two major political parties along with Rikken Minsei-to political party between the end of Meiji period and the early part of Showa period in Japan (September 15, 1900 - July 16, 1940 [the orthodoxy faction, the unificationists] / July 30, 1940 [the reformists]).
Japanese: 立憲政友会（りっけんせいゆうかい）は、日本の明治後期から昭和前期までの、立憲民政党とならぶ二大政党の1つである（1900年9月15日-1940年7月16日（正統派・統一派）/同7月30日（革新派））。
English: On September 15, 1900, Hirobumi ITO organized it as his ruling party since he became aware of the collapse of the doctrine of superiority and the necessity of party government.
Japanese: 1900年（明治33年）9月15日、超然主義の破綻と政党政治の必要性を感じた伊藤博文が自らの与党として組織した。
English: Ito himself became the first president of the party which was established on the initiative of the bureaucracy leaning toward Ito, Kensei Party (former Liberal Party), and Empire Party.
Japanese: 伊藤自身が初代総裁となり、伊藤系官僚と憲政党（旧自由党）・帝国党が中心となって創立された。
English: Although the Emperor Meiji, who had distrust toward political parties, strongly opposed Ito's establishment of a political party, Ito insisted on the necessity of the political party within the diet which respect the emperor and the national interest, and then Ito gained the Emperor's acknowledgement.
Japanese: 政党に不信感を持っていた明治天皇は伊藤の政党結党に対して強く反対したが、伊藤は議会の中に天皇と国益を重んじる政党が必要であることを力説して了承を得る。
English: However, the study group (the House of Peers), which is the largest parliamentary faction in the House of Peers (Japan) and which still believed in the doctrine of superiority, not only passed a resolution to refuse Ito's request to join his party, but also rallied five factions (sawa kai, asahi kurabu, koshi kai, mokuyo kai, mushozoku dan) and rejected a tax-increase bill to raise military expenditure for the Boxer Rebellion in 1901, which forced the Ito Cabinet to resign en masse.
Japanese: だが、依然として超然主義を奉じる貴族院_(日本)最大会派の研究会_(貴族院)は伊藤の入党要請を拒絶する会派決議を行ったばかりでなく、1901年北清事変の軍費捻出のための増税案を他の5会派（茶話会・朝日倶楽部・庚子会・木曜会・無所属団）を糾合して否決、伊藤内閣を総辞職に追い込んだ。
English: During the First Katsura Cabinet, which was formed after Ito's, Ito took both compromising and opposing policies toward the Cabinet and in 1902, the Seiyu Party occupied 190 seats and got a majority in the seventh general election of members of the House of Representatives.
Japanese: 次の第1次桂内閣で妥協と反対の両政策を取り、1902年の第7回衆議院議員総選挙では190議席を獲得して過半数を制する。
English: From within the Seiyu Party, criticism arose against Ito's autocratic political style as a president and in the following year, Aritomo YAMAGATA, who disliked party government, nominated Ito for Chairman of the Privy Council (Japan) to unseat him from the presidency of the party.
Japanese: 党内からは総裁専制との批判が起こり、翌年政党政治を嫌う山縣有朋は、伊藤を総裁から退かせるために枢密院(日本)議長に就任するよう推挽する。
English: (In this process, both Kenjiro DEN who promoted compromise with the Katsura Cabinet and Yukio OZAKI who opposed to Den's idea were expelled from the party by their opponents.)
Japanese: （なお、この過程で桂内閣との妥協を推進した田健治郎とこれに反対した尾崎行雄はそれぞれの反対派に追われる形で離党している。）
English: When Ito resigned his position as president and took office as Chairman of the Privy Council, the previous Chairman of the council, Kinmochi SAIONJI, took over the presidency.
Japanese: 伊藤が総裁を辞任して枢密院議長となると、同院前議長の西園寺公望が後継総裁となる。
English: During the Second Katsura Cabinet, which was formed next, the Seiyu Party remained as the ruling party and during the Second Saionji Cabinet, the party expanded its influence lead by Takashi HARA and Masahisa MATSUDA.
Japanese: つづく第2次桂内閣にも与党、第2次西園寺内閣のもとでは原敬・松田正久を中心に党勢を拡大する。
English: Then, the party organized Constitution protection movement and overthrew the Third Katsura Cabinet (Taisho Coup).
Japanese: 第3次桂内閣に対しては護憲運動を組織して倒閣に追い込んだ（大正政変）。
English: After Taisho Coup, Saionji, who was originally from court noble, took political responsibility and resigned office because he had refused Emperor Taisho's request to support the Third Katsura Cabinet.
Japanese: 大正政変後、公家出身の西園寺は大正天皇から望まれていた第3次桂内閣への協力を拒否した政治的責任を取って辞表を提出した。
English: Matsuda became a hopeful candidate for the next presidency, but he died suddenly and Takashi HARA became the president in 1914.
Japanese: 後任には松田が望まれたが、松田が急死したために原敬が1914年に総裁となる。
English: Riding the wave of Taisho Democracy, the Seiyu Party returned to the leading party in 1917 and after rice riot in 1918, Takashi HARA was nominated as shuhan (the head seat) and organized the first full-fledged party government in Japan in 1918.
Japanese: 大正デモクラシーの波にのって成長し、1917年第一党に復帰、1918年米騒動後、1918年（大正7年）に原敬が首班となって、日本最初の本格的な政党内閣を組織した。
English: After Takashi HARA was assassinated, Korekiyo TAKAHASHI was hastily invited to be the new president, for which the party split into two factions; one supporting Takahashi led by Sennosuke YOKOTA, and the other which opposed led by Takejiro TOKONAMI that separated from the party and organized the Seiyu-hon Party.
Japanese: 原敬の暗殺後、急遽新総裁に迎えられた高橋是清を支持する横田千之助と、それに反対する床次竹二郎の2派に分裂、床次らは分離して政友本党を結成する。
English: The Tanaka Cabinet, which was established in 1927, adopted the aggressive policy in China so-called Tanaka diplomacy and oppressed leftist movement, but the cabinet was forced to resign en masse concerning the management of Assassination of Sakurin CHO.
Japanese: 1927年成立の田中内閣は田中外交と呼ばれる中国での積極政策を推進し左翼運動を弾圧するが、張作霖爆殺事件の処理を巡り退陣する。
English: Although the Seiyu Party took charge of the government alternately with Rikken Minsei-to political party for the first several years of the Showa period, after Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in May 15th Incident in 1932, it was oppressed by the military and declined; the Seiyu Party suffered a devastating defeat in the 19th general election of members of the House of Representatives in 1936 including the president Kisaburo SUZUKI's failure.
Japanese: 昭和に入って数年は立憲民政党と交替で政権をになったが、1932年（昭和7年）、五・一五事件で犬養毅が暗殺されてからは軍部に圧迫されて衰退し、1936年の第19回衆議院議員総選挙では総裁の鈴木喜三郎が落選するなどの大惨敗を喫した。
English: Furthermore, in 1939, the party split into two factions concerning the next president, either for Fusanosuke KUHARA or Chikuhei NAKAJIMA (mentioned later).
Japanese: さらに1939年に次期総裁をめぐり久原房之助と中島知久平の2派に分裂する（後述）。
English: In 1940, both factions dissolved and they took part in the new system movement, and then they joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
Japanese: 1940年（昭和15年）に両派とも解党して新体制運動に参加、大政翼賛会に合流した。
English: After Suzuki resigned his position as president in 1937, four members sat on the acting president committee: Ichiro HATOYAMA, Yonezo MAEDA, Toshio SHIMADA, and Chikuhei NAKAJIMA, but on April 30, 1939, Nakajima organized the Seiyu Party reform alliance and became the president.
Japanese: 1937年、鈴木の総裁辞任後、鳩山一郎・前田米蔵・島田俊雄・中島知久平の4人が総裁代行委員となったが、1939年4月30日中島は政友会革新同盟を結成して総裁となる。
English: Meanwhile, Hatoyama and others who opposed president Nakajima worked on the former president Suzuki, who was sick in bed at that time, and appointed three new members for the acting president committee: Fusanosuke KUHARA, Chuzo MITSUCHI, and Kenkichi YOSHIZAWA.
Japanese: 一方、中島総裁に反対する鳩山らは病床の鈴木前総裁を動かし、新たに久原房之助・三土忠造・芳澤謙吉の3人を総裁代行委員に任命した。
English: Hereby, the Seiyu party split into two factions: 'the orthodoxy faction' (also referred to as Kuhara faction: Hatoyama, Kuhara, Mitsuchi, Yoshizawa, and others) and 'the reformists' (also referred to as reform alliance or Nakajima faction: Nakajima, Maeda, Shimada, Shichiroku TANABE, and others).
Japanese: ここに政友会は、「正統派」（久原派ともいう。鳩山・久原・三土・芳沢ら）「革新派」（革新同盟、中島派ともいう。中島・前田・島田・田邊七六ら）の2派に分裂した。
English: The orthodoxy faction appointed Kuhara to the president and the reformists invited Keisuke MOCHIZUKI and Tatsunosuke YAMAZAKI from the former Showa Party who had originally belonged to the Seiyu Party.
Japanese: 正統派は久原を総裁に任命し、革新派は旧昭和会のうち望月圭介・山崎達之輔ら政友会出身者を合流させた。
English: Also, Tsuneo KANEMITSU, Takeru INUKAI, and Masataka OTA did not belong to either the orthodoxy faction or the reformists when the party split and they became 'the neutral faction' (also referred to as Kanemitsu faction) and in the following year, that is in 1940, councilors of orthodoxy faction who supported expulsion of Saito concerning the issue of the expulsion of Takao SAITO of Minsei Party (civil administration party) from the House of Representatives became isolated in the faction and joined the neutral faction, and then the neutral faction renamed their faction 'the unificationists.'
Japanese: また、この分裂の際に正統派・革新派のどちらにも与しなかった金光庸夫・犬養健・太田正孝らは「中立派」（金光派ともいう）となり、翌1940年に発生した民政党の斎藤隆夫除名問題で除名を支持して正統派内で孤立した議員が中立派に加わって「統一派」と名乗った。
English: However, on July 16 of the same year, the orthodoxy faction (66 members) and the unificationists (10 members) dissolved and on July 30, so did the reformists (97 members) and they all joined the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
Japanese: だが、同年7月16日に正統派（66名）と統一派（10名）が、7月30日には革新派（97名）が解党して大政翼賛会に合流した。
English: The splitting problem of this occasion may be regarded as the second splitting problem to distinguish it from the one caused by a conflict between Sennosuke YOKOTA and Takejiro TOKONAMI (establishment of the Seiyu-hon Party) at the end of Taisho period which is regarded as the first splitting problem.
Japanese: なお、この時の分裂問題を大正末期の横田千之助と床次竹二郎の争いによる分裂（政友本党結党）を第1次として、これと区別するために第2次分裂問題と規定する場合がある。
English: "History of Rikken seiyukai," which was completed in1943 after the party was dissolved, described Nakajima as the eighth official president because the reformists took control of the official publication of the party and the editorial department of the party history after the second split.
Japanese: また、解党後の1943年に完成した『立憲政友会史』では中島を正式な第8代総裁として記述しているが、これは第2次分裂以後、党機関紙及び党史の編集部門を革新派が掌握していたためである。
English: Naturally, it is thought to be inappropriate in today's political history to regard only one of Nakajima and Kuhara as the official president.
Japanese: もちろん、今日の政治史においては中島・久原どちらか一方のみを正統な総裁と規定することは不適切とされている。
English: Rikken Kaishin-to or Constitutional Progressive Party (effective from April 16, 1882 to March 1, 1896) was one of the major political parties of Japan in the time of Freedom and People's Rights Movement in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 立憲改進党（りっけんかいしんとう）は明治時代の自由民権運動の代表的政党の一つ（1882年4月16日－1896年3月1日）。
English: Okuma, who was expelled from the government due to a political upheaval that happened in 1881, got an idea to form a new political party, and he held a ceremony of inauguration at the Meiji Kokaido meeting hall in Tokyo on April 16, after announcing the intent to launch a new party on March 14.
Japanese: 明治14年の政変によって政府を追放された大隈が新党結成を構想し、1882年3月14日に新党の趣意書を発表して4月16日に東京の明治会堂で結党式を開催した。
English: Supported by commercial capitalists and intellectuals of big cities, and Mitsubishi, the party maintained the political gradualism with the two pillars of ideas of "flourishing of the imperial family" and "people's happiness," setting a goal to establish the moderate constitutionalism based on British constitutional monarchy, bicameral system, suffrage restricted by property, and the expansion of sovereign right.
Japanese: 都市の商業資本家・知識人層・三菱を支持基盤として、「王室の尊栄」・「人民の幸福」を2大方針として政治漸進主義を唱え、イギリス流立憲君主制・二院制議会・財産制限選挙制・国権拡張などの穏健な立憲政治を目標に掲げた。
English: Okuma took the charge of the party leader, and its deputy was Kono, and Azusa ONO, Gengaku MUTAGUCHI and Yoshiaki HARUKI were appointed as adviser to them.
Japanese: 総理には大隈、副総理には河野、これを補佐する掌事には小野梓・牟田口元学・春木義彰が就任した。
English: Other major members include Fumio YANO, Morikazu NUMA, Tsuyoshi INUKAI, Yukio OZAKI, Hisoka MAEJIMA, Kazuo HATOYAMA, Saburo SHIMADA, Katsundo MINOURA.
Japanese: 主なメンバーとしては他に矢野文雄、沼間守一、犬養毅、尾崎行雄、前島密、鳩山和夫、島田三郎、箕浦勝人らがいる。
English: Among them, whose backgrounds were different in many ways, complicated webs of personal connections had eventually been formed to provide some groups, such as Keiogijuku group, Omeisha group (later divided when the Liberal party was established), and Azusa ONO (one of the founding members of Tokyo Senmon Gakko, current Waseda University) group.
Japanese: だが、メンバーも多彩で慶應義塾系や自由党_(明治)結成時に分裂した嚶鳴社系、東京専門学校（現早稲田大学）の設立メンバーとなった小野梓のグループなど複雑な人脈が形成された。
English: Around 1883, as the pressure from the government increased, the party looked into the alleged problems of the Liberal party concerning Taisuke ITAGAKI's going abroad, but instead encountered a backlash from the Liberal party to fling mud at each other, with a scandal that insisted Yubin Hochi Shinbun newspaper, the party's official publication, having a strong relationship with Maejima, Ozaki and Inukai, was financed by the government, through a campaign of to denounce "monstrous" Yataro IWASAKI.
Japanese: だが、1883年頃から政府の圧力が強まり、加えて自由党の板垣退助の洋行問題を巡る疑惑追及を行うと、逆に自由党側からも前島や尾崎・犬養と関係が強く同党の機関紙となっていた郵便報知新聞などが政府の資金を受けているとの疑惑が出されて岩崎弥太郎を海坊主になぞらえた「海坊主退治」キャンペーンが繰り広げられたことから、泥仕合となった。
English: Losing Okuma and Kono, the party narrowly survived by a collective leadership of seven secretariats consisting of Keiogijuku and Omeisha groups, but was nearly impossible to function as a political party.
Japanese: 大隈・河野敏鎌らが脱党したが、慶應義塾系と嚶鳴社系を中心とする事務委員7名による集団指導体制によって辛うじて解党は防がれたが、活動はほとんど不可能となった。
English: Although the Constitutional Progressive party still played an important role in some cases, along with the Liberal party (both parties acknowledged each other and were referred as people's parties at the time), such as taking actions to present petitions for the three major cases, and advocating a movement to unite for a common purpose, but both parties eventually couldn't get along with each other when they failed the movement to unite, and the Constitutional Progressive party supported a proposal to revise a treaty that Okuma presented as foreign minister of the first Ito government in 1888 (he became foreign minister under the Kuroda government as well).
Japanese: 三大事件建白運動・大同団結運動では旧自由党系と連携して民党の一翼を担うが、大同団結運動の失敗と1888年の大隈の第1次伊藤内閣の外務大臣(日本)入閣（黒田内閣でも留任）によって大隈の条約改正案を支持したことにより自由党との関係は再び微妙になる。
English: Even so, the party gained 41 seats in the first election for the House of Representatives, and continuously worked together with the Liberal party in favor of reducing land taxes to encourage the private sector.
Japanese: それでも第1回衆議院議員総選挙においては41議席を獲得し（院内会派名としては議員集会所）、民力休養問題では地租軽減を支持して共闘の姿勢は崩さなかった。
English: However, around 1893 onwards, the party started to take the hard-line policy to tackle with foreign affairs, along with Kokumin Kyokai (National Association), and this conflicted with the Liberal party, who had shifted its position to a realistic stance, to lead a full scale confrontation by both parties, over a non-confident vote to Toru HOSHI, the chairman of the House of Representative.
Japanese: だが、1893年頃から国民協会_(日本)と結んで対外硬路線を唱えて、現実路線に転じた自由党と対決姿勢を示し、星亨衆議院議長不信任問題で全面衝突に至った。
English: By this, it suddenly gained a wide range of supports and bolstered the party's strength, which had been behind the Liberal party.
Japanese: これによって急激に支持を広げて自由党に対しては劣勢であった党勢を回復するに至る。
English: On March 1, 1896, the party finally merged with some groups that advocated the expansion of the sovereignty, including Rikken Kakushin-to and Ote Kurabu, to form a unified party Shimpo-to.
Japanese: 1896年3月1日、立憲革新党・大手倶楽部等国権派と合同して進歩党(日本)を結成し、正式に解党した。
English: Bansha no goku was the suppression of free speech that occurred in May 1839.
Japanese: 蛮社の獄（ばんしゃのごく）とは、1839年（天保10）5月に起きた言論弾圧事件。
English: Feudal retainers of Tahara domain, Kazan WATANABE, Choei TAKANO and Dutch scholar Sanei KOSEKI organized Shoshikai (association) with interested people like town doctors, feudal retainers of domain and vassals of shogun in order to study Western learning and internal and external situation for the purpose of coastal defense, and scholars of Japanese literature named the organization as Bansha, which has the disdainful meaning "Kessha (association) studying Yaban (barbarous) Western science."
Japanese: 蛮社とは、田原藩士渡辺崋山、高野長英、小関三英ら洋学者を中心に町医者・藩士・幕臣等有志の者が海防目的で蘭学や内外の情勢を研究していた尚歯会（しょうしかい）を、「蘭学という野蛮な結社」と国学者の側が蔑んだことによる。
English: However, this was not the suppression of Shoshikai, but was the oppression of some relevant people in Shoshikai (the leader of Shoshikai, Katsusuke ENDO, was not punished).
Japanese: ただし、尚歯会自体への弾圧ではなく、尚歯会の関係者の一部が処罰された事件である（尚歯会主宰の遠藤勝助は処罰されていない）。
English: Choei TAKANO, learning about the Morrison incident, opposed the edict to repel foreign vessels issued by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in his book 'Bojutsu yumemonogatari.'
Japanese: モリソン号事件を知った高野長英は「戊戌夢物語」で幕府の異国船打払令に反対した。
English: Yozo TORII, the bakufu's metsuke (inspector of foot soldiers), hostilely viewed his opposition and targeted Shoshikai as he had heightened the sensitivity due to Oshio Heihachiro no ran (Rebellion of Oshio Heihachiro).
Japanese: これを、大塩平八郎の乱で神経を尖らせていた幕府目付鳥居耀蔵が敵視し尚歯会に目をつけていた。
English: In addition, when Torii argued with Hidetatsu EGAWA, the Shogun's retainer and a member of the Shoshikai, over the survey method of Edo Bay, Torii was defeated by Egawa, who utilized Kazan WATANABE's connections and knowledge of Western science.
Japanese: また、鳥居が、尚歯会員である幕臣江川英龍と江戸湾岸の測量手法を巡って争った際に、渡辺崋山の人脈と洋学による知識を借りた江川に敗れた。
English: As a result, Torii was given a reprimand by the roju (senior councilor) Tadakuni MIZUNO, and Torii regarded Egawa as a political rival.
Japanese: そのために老中水野忠邦に叱責されたこともあって、鳥居は政敵としても警戒していた。
English: At first, there was an internal leak from Shoshikai saying 'someone is planning to travel abroad.'
Japanese: 発端は「海外渡航をたくらんでいる者がいる」という尚歯会員による内部告発があったことによる。
English: In spite of the low credibility of the leak, it became an incident; hence, it is said that this accusation itself was a plot developed by Torii.
Japanese: 内容に信憑性が薄かったにもかかわらず事件化したことから、この告発そのものが鳥居による謀略と言われている。
English: Kazan WATANABE was put in prison in Denmacho town for criticizing the bakufu in 'Shinkiron' (personal document criticizing the bakufu) and then was confined to his house (later committed suicide), and Choei TAKANO was sent to prison.
Japanese: 「慎機論」などによる幕政批判の罪で渡辺崋山は伝馬町入牢ののち、国元蟄居（その後自殺）、高野長英は入牢となった。