nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Before the World Wars, legislation - which included the recognition of women's suffrage, allowing labor unions to set-ups and expanding the Imperial University - was taken to the Diet and passed by the House of Representatives but never passed by Kizokuin.
Japanese: 戦前にも婦人参政権の導入、労働組合の容認、帝国大学の増設などの法案が議会に提出され、衆議院では可決されているが、こうした「進歩的内容」の法案が貴族院を通ることは決してなかった。
English: However, Kizokuin had a degree of independence from the Hanbatsu-dominated government and after fighting its status against the House of Representatives, Kizokuin sometimes made it difficult for the Hanbatsu government to maintain its power..
Japanese: ただし、藩閥政権に対してもある程度の自立性を持ち、衆議院とその地位を競った結果、藩閥政権を幾度となく窮地に陥れてもいる。
English: Yet, when the government compromised with political parties, Kizokuin stood against the government because of this.
Japanese: 逆に、政権が政党に妥協した時には、反政党の立場から政権と対立したこともある。
English: In 1900, Kizokuin voted against Ito's tax increase proposal using the partisan interests of Seiyukai Party as the reason.
Japanese: 1900年、伊藤の増税案に対して、貴族院は政友会の党利党略を理由にこれを否決した。
English: A troubled Ito asked the Meiji Emperor for an Ordinance to require Kizokuin to co-operate on pending the legislation and forced them to accept it (they had no option but to follow the Emperor's Ordinances.)
Japanese: 手を焼いた伊藤は、明治天皇に貴族院が法案成立に協力するよう求める勅語を出させ、従わせたことがある（貴族院はその性質上、勅語には従わざるを得ないのである）。
English: In the Taisho Democracy period, there was a debate about reforming or abolishing the Kizokuin, so Takaaki KATO's Cabinet made some amendments.
Japanese: 大正デモクラシーの時代には、貴族院に対する改革・廃止論議が起こり、加藤高明内閣は若干の改正を行った。
English: Toward the end, after many Kizokuin councilors were removed from Kizokuin - as well as by general purges - the numbers of peerage councilors recovered but Kizokuin lost its influence and this eventually led to its abolition.
Japanese: 最末期には公職追放により貴族院でも多数の議員が追放されており、華族議員は補充されたものの院の廃止を控えて影響力は低下した。
English: At the discussion on the Constitution of Japan, which eventually meant the loss of their existence, Kizokuin were worried that the Allies might promote abolishing the Emperor system and to counter this, most of the councilors reluctantly agreed with the Constitution.
Japanese: 自らの存在を否定することになる日本国憲法の審議では、下手に否決して天皇制廃止論を連合国に持ち出される事態を恐れたため、次善の策として消極的な賛成論が大勢を占めた。
English: An amendment to strengthen the power of the Emperor was presented and it was rumored that behind-the-scenes work for the General Headquarters (GHQ) had been completed but the proposal was denied.
Japanese: 天皇の権限を強める修正案も出され、GHQの根回しを済ませていたともいわれたが、修正案は否決された。
English: In 1947, by the abolition of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and enforcement of the Constitution of Japan, Kizokuin and the peerage system was abolished.
Japanese: 1947年（昭和22年）、大日本帝国憲法の廃止と日本国憲法の施行により、貴族院と華族制度は廃止された。
English: Most ex-Kizokuin councilors insisted that agreeing to the Constitution had been just for convienience and became advocates for the revision of the Constitution of Japan.
Japanese: 貴族院出身者の多くは、憲法への賛成は占領下の便宜的な態度であるとして、のちに日本国憲法憲法改正論議論者となっていった。
English: Because they were the defenders of the party government by the House of Representatives and their role in supporting national sovereignty, they never set up a political party within Kizokuin and members who joined a party had to quit the Kizokuin councilor's position based on unwritten rules.
Japanese: 貴族院は、衆議院における政党政治の防波堤となり、国権主義の保持に寄与するという建前上、院内に政党を置くことはなく、政党に参加した議員は不文律として貴族院議員を辞職することになっていた。
English: Ex-Kizokuin councilors were, therefore, mostly independent (although there were some examples where they were working as an indenepdent councilor within Kizokuin while holding a registration within a political party).
Japanese: 従って、公式には貴族院議員はほとんどが無所属である（政党の党籍を持ったまま、貴族院では無所属として活動した例はある）。
English: However, as a place to meet others, exchange information and to continue congressional activities, some Innai groups were set up.
Japanese: ただし、議会活動の上での親睦や情報交換を目的とする院内会派は設置された。
English: From the final years of the Taisho era to the early years of the Showa era when party government was mature, some of these groups had connections with political parties within the House of Representatives and strengthened the influence of the political party.
Japanese: 大正末年から昭和初期にかけての政党政治の成熟期には、これらの会派の一部が衆議院における政党と結び、政党色を強めることもあった。
English: As most Kizokuin councilors did not need to worry about re-election, the bond between the members within the Innai groups was weak.
Japanese: もっとも、貴族院議員の性質上、再選を目指す必要がない議員も多く、大半の場合、院内会派の拘束力は弱かった。
English: In most groups, they advocate neutrality and the principle of "one party for one person" and did not place restrictions on party debate.
Japanese: 具体的には、大半の会派において、不偏不党と「一人一党」主義を謳い、党議拘束を行わなかった。
English: It was only a small group but with lifetime members and extensive authority.
Japanese: 少数派ではあったが、終身議員のみで構成されており、強い影響力を持っていた。
English: Members were Iesato TOKUGAWA (fourth chairman), Fumimaro KONOE (fifth chairman), Kuniyuki TOKUGAWA (seventh chairman), Iemasa TOKUGAWA (eighth chairman), etc.
Japanese: 徳川家達（第4代議長）、近衛文麿（第5代議長）、徳川圀順（第7代議長）、徳川家正（第8代議長）などが所属。
English: The group was formed around the Shoyukai, the group for internal selection of viscount councilors and with large numbers of count and viscount councilors as members, it was for a long time the most powerful group of the Innai groups of Kizokuin.
Japanese: 1890年（明治23年）に子爵議員の互選団体である尚友会を中心に結成され、伯爵・子爵議員を多く擁し、長らく貴族院院内会派としては最大勢力を誇った。
English: They gathered councilors with connection to the line of Aritomo YAMAGATA and the group became stronghold of bureaucracy and anti-political party system.
Japanese: 山縣有朋の系統につながる議員を結集し、貴族院における官僚派・反政党主義の牙城となった。
English: They gathered councilors who had great understanding of party government and with connection to the lines of Hirobumi ITO and Kinmochi SAIONJI.
Japanese: 伊藤博文・西園寺公望の系統につながる、政党政治に理解のある議員を結集した。
English: The group was strongly anti-Kenkyukai group and anti-Seiyukai party, and acted as a supporting group for the Minsei Party together with Doseikai group.
Japanese: 反研究会・反政友会色が近く、同成会とともに貴族院における民政党の別働隊として活動した。
English: The group was formed on April 30, 1941 and later on, Sigenori TOGO and Kazumi KOBAYASHI also joined the group.
Japanese: 1941年4月30日に発足。後に東郷茂徳、小林一三なども加入している。
English: By July 1920, the numbers of councilors in each group were: 143 Kenkyukai, 65 Koseikai, 48 Sawakai, 44 Koyukurabu, 30 Doseikai, 67 independent - a total of 397.
Japanese: 1920年（大正9年）7月における各会派の所属者数は次のとおり：研究会143、公正会65、茶話会48、交友倶楽部44、同成会30、無所属67、計397。
English: In March 1947 when the last session of Imperial Diet was finished, the numbers of councilors of each group were: 142 Kenkyukai, 64 Koseikai, 41 Koyukurabu, 33 Doseikai, 32 Kayokai, 30 Dowakai, 22 Mushozokukurabu, 8 independent - a total of 373 (but one of the Koyukaikurabu member died in April).
Japanese: 1947年（昭和22年）3月、最後の帝国議会終了時における各会派の所属者数は次のとおり：研究会142、公正会64、交友倶楽部41、同成会33、火曜会32、同和会30、無所属倶楽部22、無所属8計373名（ただし4月に交友倶楽部所属議員1名が死去）
English: For the House of Councilors which took over the Kizokuin to make up the Diet after the wars, many old members of Kizokuin ran and initially won the elections.
Japanese: なお、貴族院に替わって戦後の国会を構成した参議院には、当初旧貴族院議員の多くが転身立候補して当選している。
English: Later they formed Ryokufukai, an Innai group, with an emphasis on neutrality and the group once had great power in the national political scene as the largest group within the House.
Japanese: だが、彼らはやはり不偏不党を謳った院内会派・緑風会を構成、一時は参議院最大会派として国政に大きな影響力を持った。
English: However, councilors in these groups were absorbed into political parties (mostly conservative parties such as the Liberal Democratic Party).
Japanese: しかし、やがて所属議員は政党（大多数は自由民主党(日本)などの保守政党）に吸収されていった。
English: Takashi HARA was the first serving councilor of the House of Representatives who became the Prime Ministor and out of 33 Prime Ministers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, there were only two more such cases: Osachi HAMAGUCHI and Tsuyoshi INUKAI.
Japanese: 現役の衆議院議員で首相となったのは原敬が初めてであり、大日本帝国憲法下の33人の首相の中では、濱口雄幸、犬養毅を併せた3人に留まっている。
English: On the other hand, serving Kizokuin councilors who became the Prime Ministers were Hirobumi ITO, Masayoshi MATSUKATA, Shigenobu OKUMA, Taro KATSURA, Kinmochi SAIONJI, Kirekiyo TAKAHASHI, Keigo KIYOURA, Takaaki KATO, Reijiro WAKATSUKI, Fumimaro KONOE, Prince Higashikuninomiya Naruhiko, Kijuro SHIDEHARA, Shigeru YOSHIDA and more.
Japanese: 一方で、現役の貴族院議員の首相は伊藤博文を始め、松方正義、大隈重信、桂太郎、西園寺公望、高橋是清、清浦奎吾、加藤高明、若槻禮次郎、近衛文麿、東久邇宮稔彦王、幣原喜重郎、吉田茂などかなりの数に上った。
English: Kenkyukai (a study group) was a faction within the House of Peers under the Constitution of the Great Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 研究会（けんきゅかい）とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の一つ。
English: It was founded on November 4, 1891, originating from Seimukenkyu-kai which was born when the Imperial Diet was established.
Japanese: 帝国議会創設時に誕生した政務研究会（せいむけんきゅうかい）を源流として1891年11月4日に発足した。
English: It remained to be the biggest faction and competed with party powers in the House of Representative until the abolition of the House of Peers following the promulgation of the Constitution of Japan on May 2, 1947.
Japanese: 1947年5月2日の日本国憲法公布に伴う貴族院廃止まで最大会派の地位を保って衆議院の政党勢力と対抗した。
English: Prior to the establishment of the Imperial Diet in 1890, members of the House of Peers were elected, among which, members selected from viscounts including Toyoshige YAMAUCHI, Hisayoshi KANO, Masayasu HOTTA formed a group named Seimukenkyukai, which was mainly composed of viscount councilors, to study political affairs and to promote mutual friendship on September 22, 1890, and that was the origin of Kenkyukai.
Japanese: 1890年の帝国議会開設に備えて貴族院議員の選出が行われたが、このうち子爵出身者であった山内豊誠・加納久宜・堀田正養らが政策研究と懇親を兼ねた団体として同年の9月22日に子爵議員を中心として立ち上げた政務研究会を源流とする。
English: Lter, as the Imperial Diet began, Seimukenkyukai won over small groups and independent members and changed its name to Mokuyokai (on January 9, 1891, the name came from the fact that the meeting was held every Thursday (Mokuyo) at Kasumi Building) and from Mokuyokai to Doshikai (on March 12, 1891), and Kenkyukai was founded with 40 members on November 4, 1891.
Japanese: その後、帝国議会の開始とともに小会派や無所属議員を取り込みながら、木曜会（1891年1月9日、なお毎週木曜日に霞会館において会合が開かれていた事に由来する）、同志会（同3月12日）と改称を続け、1891年11月4日に約40名で発足した。
English: After the foundation, imperial nominees such as Keigo KIYOURA and Nagamoto OKABE joined the faction and the number of the members reached 70 a year later.
Japanese: その後も清浦奎吾や岡部長職ら勅撰議員や他の華族議員の加入もあり、1年後には70名にまで増加した。
English: (Some members of Doshikai who opposed when Kenkyukai was formed moved to Konwakai.)
Japanese: （なお、同志会の中でも研究会の結成に際して意見が対立した一部議員は懇話会に移っている。）
English: The faction had no specific single representative but adopted council system (nine standing committees were to be appointed according to Kenkyukai regulations in 1916) organized with multiple members called 'Tokumuin' (special committees) or later called 'Jomuin' (standing committees), but later, Keigo KIYOURA, a aide to Aritomo YAMAGATA, gradually became influential as a leader of Kenkyukai.
Japanese: 特に単独の代表者は置かれず、「特務委員」後に「常務委員」と呼ばれる複数の議員による合議制（1916年の研究会規則では9名の常務委員を設置）であったが、次第に山縣有朋の側近である清浦奎吾が同会の指導者として浮上してくる事になる。
English: Kiyoura belonged to Kenkyukai as a member of the House of Peers and made efforts to develop the faction as a stronghold to compete with political parties until 1906 when he became a Privy Councillor.
Japanese: 清浦は枢密顧問官に転身する1906年まで貴族院議員として研究会に所属し、研究会を政党に対抗するための牙城として育成する事に努めた。
English: At that time, the main force of Kenkyukai, count, viscount and baron members were all elected from among themselves and their tenure of office was seven years.(The election law for Count, Viscount and Baron members of the House of Peers (Article 78 in 1889))
Japanese: 当時、研究会の主力であった伯爵議員・子爵議員・男爵議員は、いずれも任期7年の互選による選出が行われていた（貴族院伯子男爵議員選挙規則(明治22年勅令第78号)）。
English: Led by KIYOURA who used to be a bureaucrat of the Internal Ministry and Justice Ministry and therefore was versed to the assembly law, Kenkyukai formed a non-Diet group called 'Shoyukai' in 1892 to organize the election campaign embroiling peers from outside the Diet.
Japanese: 内務省(日本)や司法省の官僚を務め、議会法に通じていた清浦らの主導により1892年に尚友会（しょうゆうかい）という院外団体を結成して非議員の華族を巻き込んで選挙運動を進めたのである。
English: The alloted number of seats for viscount councillors was 70 then, but Kenkyukai won 45 seats in the first election in 1897, and in 1911, they won another 66 seats and the total number of their seats topped 100, which overwhelmed the other factions and made them secure the position as the biggest faction.
Japanese: 当時の子爵議員の定数は70であったが、1897年の最初の改選では45議席を獲得し、1911年には66議席を獲得して総計で100議席の大台に乗せるなど他会派を圧倒したため、最大会派の地位を保つ事になった。
English: Kenkyukai adopted a policy of denying party politics, supporting the nonparty doctrine advocated by YAMAGATA and KIYOURA.
Japanese: 研究会は山県―清浦が主導する超然主義を支持して政党政治を否定する路線を取った。
English: At the time of the first OKUMA Cabinet based on Kensei-to Party and the fourth ITO Cabinet based on Rikkenseiyu-kai Party, they played a leading role in the movement to overthrowthe cabinets by denying bills submitted by the governments.
Japanese: 憲政党の第1次大隈内閣、立憲政友会の第4次伊藤内閣に際しては政府提出法案の否決などで倒閣運動の主導的な役目を果たした。
English: After the resignation of the first YAMAMOTO Cabinet en mass, KIYOURA was given an imperial command to form a cabinet, but he was forced to decline it (Menko Cabinet).
Japanese: ところが、第1次山本内閣総辞職後に清浦に組閣の大命降下が為されながら辞退に追い込まれた（鰻香内閣）。
English: Kenkyukai held grudge against it and broke away from Sawakai, saying that Sawakai's noncooperation prevented KIYOURA from becoming a prime minister (but it is considered to be a false accusation because there were no facts that supported the case.)
Japanese: それを深く恨んだ研究会は、茶話会の非協力が清浦の内閣総理大臣就任を妨害したとして決別した（ただし、これを裏付ける事実はなく、研究会側の言いがかりとされている）。
English: Later, young members such as Mitsunobu AOKI (viscount) and Naoshi MIZUNO reviewed existing policies and brought up a plan called 'Dai Kenkyukai' (Great Kenkyukai) aiming at further expansion of the faction through cooperation with Seiyu-kai Party, coalition with other factions and inviting hereditary, nominated and large-tax-paying members to join the faction.
Japanese: その後、青木信光(子爵)・水野直ら若手議員を中心にこれまでの路線を見直して政友会との連携や他会派との合併・世襲・勅撰・多額納税者議員の勧誘による更なる拡大を目指す「大研究会」構想などが浮上した。
English: Taking the situation into consideration, Takashi HARA, the president of Seiyu-kai Party, established his own cabinet and appointed members of Kenkyukai to cabinet positions and important posts.
Japanese: この状況をみた政友会総裁原敬は、自らの内閣を打ち立てると研究会議員の入閣及び要職への任命を推し進めた。
English: Kenkyukai, on the other hand, merged Koin Club, to which many count members belonged, to control most count members in 1919, and in 1922, received count Fumimaro KONOE, who was regarded as a future leader in the House of Peers (and became a prime minister later), as a member and appointed as the leader of the standing committee, and kept expanding powers.
Japanese: 一方、研究会側も1919年に伯爵議員が多い甲寅倶楽部を合併して伯爵議員のほとんどを押さえ、続いて1922年には将来の貴族院指導者と目されていた近衛文麿公爵（後の内閣総理大臣）の入会させて筆頭常務委員につけるなど勢力拡大を続けた。
English: As a result, Kenkyukai always occupied more than 140 seats (maximum 174 at the end of 1923) in the House of Peers whose full number was about 400 (that changed over time).
Japanese: 以後400議席前後（時期によって不定）であった貴族院の総議席のうち140以上を常時確保する（最大数は1923年末の174）ようになる。
English: This was a surprising number in the House of Peers because large increasing in the number of seats through election was unlikely due to the presence of duke and marquis members whose positions were secured for life by heredity and members directly nominated by the Emperor.
Japanese: これは世襲によって終身の議員身分が保証された公爵議員・侯爵議員や天皇の直接任命による勅撰議員の存在によって選挙による議席の大幅拡大が望めない貴族院においては驚異的な数字であった。
English: After HARA Cabinet, Kenkyukai sent its members into the Cabinet without concerning whether it was a party cabinet or a non-party one.
Japanese: 原内閣以後、研究会は政党内閣・非政党内閣を問わずに閣僚を入閣させるようになった。
English: However, such an attitude was seen as 'power oriented' by other groups, and Sawakai, Doseikai and Koseikai, which were dissatisfied with the expansion of Kenkyukai, cooperated to counter it.
Japanese: だが、こうした姿勢に貴族院の他会派からは「権力志向」と看做され、研究会の膨張に不満を抱く茶話会・同成会・公正会が連携してこれに対抗する姿勢を見せた（幸三派）。
English: In 1924, with the record number of 174 seats occupied by members of Kenkyukai, KIYOURA Cabinet led by Keigo KIYOURA was born.
Japanese: 過去最高の174議席を抱えて迎えた1924年、清浦奎吾による清浦内閣が発足した。
English: Members of the House of Peers occupied all the cabinet posts except Ministry of Foreign affairs, Ministry of Army, and Ministry of Navy.
Japanese: 同内閣は閣僚のうち外務大臣・陸軍大臣・海軍大臣の3大臣以外の全閣僚を貴族院議員が占めた。
English: From the fact that Kenkyukai sent three members into the cabinet while the other groups sent one each, it was virtually 'the Kenkyukai Cabinet.'
Japanese: しかも、他会派からは1名ずつであったにも関わらず清浦の古巣である研究会からは3名の大臣が入閣した事から事実上の「研究会内閣」であった。
English: In response, political parties such as Seiyu-kai, ordinary people and Doseikai (one of saiwai-sanpa) which refused to send its member to the cabinet, and even Sawakai and Koseikai which sent their members to the cabinet started to condemn KIYOURA Cabinet and Kenkyukai.
Japanese: これに対して政友会をはじめとする政党や一般国民、幸三派のうち入閣を拒否した同成会は勿論のこと、閣僚を出していた茶話会・公正会までが清浦内閣と研究会の糾弾を始めたのである。
English: In spite of the movement, when the KIYOURA Cabinet collapsed after five months of administration, Kenkyukai approached three advocates of protection of the Constitution, and received the offer to the post of parliamentary vice-minister in exchange for the passing of the bill establishing universal suffrage.
Japanese: ところが、一連の第2次護憲運動によって清浦内閣が5ヶ月で崩壊すると、今度は護憲三派に接近して普通選挙法通過と引き換えに政務次官の提供を受けた。
English: But on the other hand, people began to call for reform in the House of Peers and some Kenkyukai members made a move to go along with it.
Japanese: だが、その一方で貴族院の改革を求める声が上がり研究会内部からもこれに同調する動きが発生した。
English: The mainstream group in the Kenkyukai relaxed regulations of the group in 1927 to admit special cases to which Ketsugi kosoku shugi was not applied, but refused radical reform.
Japanese: だが、研究会主流派は1927年に研究会規則を緩めて決議拘束主義の適用除外特例を定めたものの、根本的な改革については拒絶した。
English: Therefore, the intra-group supporting the clean-up campaign seceded from the group twice in 1924 and 1927.
Japanese: このため、廓清運動支持派は、1924年と1927年の2度にわたって離脱した。
English: Especially since the latter one was led by Fumimaro KONOE, Kenkyukai suffered a great loss of prestige (in the connection, later, members of Kenkyukai were excluded from the three KONOE Cabinets.
Japanese: 特に後者の離脱が近衛文麿が中心であったことから研究会の権威は大いに失墜した（ちなみに後に3次にわたった近衛内閣では閣僚から研究会所属議員は排除されている）。
English: Kenkyukai remained to be the biggest parliamentary faction, but without capable political leaders, it lost political influence.
Japanese: 以後も研究会は最大会派の地位は保ったものの、有能な政治指導者を欠き政治的発言力を失っていった。
English: Still, they sent their members into many successive cabinets as a representative force in the House of Peers.
Japanese: それでも貴族院を代表する勢力として歴代内閣の多くに閣僚を送り込んだ。
English: Kenkyukai played an important role in the formation of Yokusanseijikai in 1942 (unlike political parties in the House of Representative, factions in the House of Peers were not asked to dissolve), and due to the contribution, Kenkyukai sent its members into all the cabinets after TOJO Cabinet till the abolition of the House of Peers.
Japanese: 特に1942年の翼賛政治会結成には重要な役割を果たし（衆議院の政党とは違い、貴族院の会派は解散を求められなかった）、この功績で東條内閣以後貴族院廃止までの全ての内閣に研究会からの入閣者を出すことになった。
English: However, that worked against the group, and after the defeat in the Pacific War, 76 members were purged from public service.
Japanese: だが、それが却って仇となり、太平洋戦争敗戦後には76名の所属議員が公職追放の対象となった。
English: Later, it recovered the number of seats due to the new participation by supplementary councilors, but was dissolved on May 2, 1947 as the abolition of the House of Peers due to promulgation of the Constitution of Japan (Shoyukai was dissolved on May 27)
Japanese: その後、補充議員の新規参加によって議席数を回復したものの、日本国憲法公布による貴族院廃止に伴って1947年5月2日に解散された（尚友会の解散は同月27日）。
English: At the time of dissolution, Kenkyukai occupied 142 seats out of 373 quota (roughly a little less than 40%).
Japanese: なお、解散時には定数373のうち142議席（全体の4割弱）を占めていた。
English: The system to appoint someone a government position that matches his Ikai was called the Kani official rank system or Kanisoto-sei.
Japanese: 位階によって相当する官職に任命する制度を官位制（官位制度、官位相当制）という。
English: In Japan, the Kani official rank system was systematically improved by Ritsuryo law (the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 日本において、官位制は、律令法（律令制）によって体系的に整備された。
English: It is incorrect to put a government post and the Ikai court rank together and call it Kani: i.e. "Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) Echizen no kuni no kami (Governor of Echizen Province)."
Japanese: なお、「官職」と「位階」を一緒にした、例えば「従五位下越前守」と云う名称をさして官位と云う場合があるが、誤用である。
English: For the Ikai system, see the section of "Ikai" and for government posts, see "Government Posts of Japan."
Japanese: 位階制度については「位階」の項目を、官職については「日本の官制」を参照のこと。
English: The Kani official rank system first came from China along with other political administrative systems, but was developed in its own way in Japan.
Japanese: 官位制は、中国から他の政治行政制度と共に継受され、日本で独自の発展を遂げた。
English: The system of grading government officials started in 603 with Kani Junikai (The Twelve Level Cap and Rank System) and went through several changes after that (see the section on The Change of Kani Systems).
Japanese: 官吏を序列化する制度は、603年（推古天皇11年）の冠位十二階に始まり、その後数度の変遷を経る（冠位・官位制度の変遷）。
English: Both Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) set in 701 and Yoro Ritsuryo (Yoro Code) in 718 included a law called "Kani Law" (Court Ranking Law), and the Kani official rank system was established by this law.
Japanese: そして、701年（大宝(日本)元年）に成立した大宝律令と、718年（養老2年）に成立した養老律令には、それぞれ『官位令』という令があり、これにより官位制は確立した。
English: According to the Kani court ranking law, for the Imperial Family, there were four levels of Ikai from Ippon (the highest rank given to an Imperial prince) to Shihon (the fourth rank given to an Imperial prince) and other officials had 30 levels from Shoichii (Senior First Rank) to Shosoige (the lowest court rank).
Japanese: 官位令によれば、位階は、皇族には一品（いっぽん）～四品（しほん）の品位（ほんい）4階があり、諸臣は正一位少初位下の30階があった。
English: The purpose of the Kani official rank system was to avoid the heredity of government positions and to employ the most suitable person for each position by appointing him a position in connection with his Ikai.
Japanese: 官位制は、位階と官職を関連付けて任命することにより、官職の世襲を排して適材適所の人材登用を進めることを目的とした。
English: However, it was not easy to attain this goal from the beginning because some systems, such as Oni no sei (the automatic promotion of people at the age of 21, whose parents were from Imperial Prince down to the fifth rank, or whose grandparents were higher than the third rank), were set up to give priority to the descendants of men of high rank to get promotion easily.
Japanese: しかし、高位者の子孫には一定以上の位階に叙位する制度（蔭位の制）を設けるなど、当初からその目的は達成困難なものであった。
English: Although losing its significance, the Ikai court rank system itself lasted until Ritsuryo law was abolished in the Meiji Period.
Japanese: 官位制自体は、形骸化されつつも明治時代に律令法が廃止されるまで続いた。
English: In fact, the Ikai court rank system still exists after changing its function to one of the systems of awarding honors.
Japanese: また、位階制度は、その後変遷を重ねながらも栄典制度のひとつとして、現在に至るまで存続する。
English: The case where a man with a low Ikai got a job of a higher level than his Ikai was called Shu, and that where a man got a job of a lower level than his Ikai was called Ko.
Japanese: 下位の位階の者が官位相当よりも高位の官職に就く場合を守といい、高位の位階の者が官位相当よりも下位の官職に就く場合を行という。
English: High officials of Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) and above and Kurodo (imperial archives keepers) of Rokui (Sixth Rank) were called Tenjobito (a high-ranking courtier allowed into the Imperial Palace) because they had access to the imperial court; and the Daijokan (Grand Councils of State) members of Jusani (Junior Third Rank) and higher and Sangi (councilors) were called Kugyo (high court nobles).
Japanese: 従五位下以上と六位の蔵人は、昇殿を許されたために殿上人、太政官のうち従三位以上もしくは参議のことを公卿と呼んだ。
English: So, those who had different positions but ranked with the same Ikai would be paid equal remuneration.
Japanese: そのため、異なる官職に就いていても、位階が同じならば同じ俸給であった。
English: During the Heian Period and later, men in higher positions such as the Imperial Family and Kugyo, as well as upper ranked government officials and Hakase (Professors), were also receiving remuneration.
Japanese: 平安時代以降には、皇族・公卿など高い身分にある者、または、上級の官職や博士など官職に対しても、俸給が支給されるようになった。
English: At the time when government posts were put into statutory form in the Nara Period, they kept their original meanings, but in the Heian Period, they started to represent high or low lineage as well and became symbols of Kakaku (family status), and lost the original meaning as government posts of Japan.
Japanese: 官職は奈良時代に法文化された当時はその本来の意味を有していたが、平安時代に入ると新しく血脈的な尊卑をも表現するようになり、ひいては家格の象徴となり、国家的な意味はほとんどなくなってしまう。