nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: As mentioned earlier, the establishment of the notion of "Tenka" in Japan (Wakoku) dates back to the Kofun period.
Japanese: 前述したように、日本（倭国）における「天下」概念の成立は古墳時代にさかのぼる。
English: The phrase "amenoshita shiroshimesu □□□□□ okimi" is seen on the iron sword excavated at the Eta Funayama Tumulus, which is believed to have been constructed in the late fifth century, and it is presumed that the portion of □□□□□ can be read as "Wakatakeru," who is assumed to be the Emperor Yuryaku.
Japanese: 5世紀後期の作成とされる江田船山古墳出土の鉄剣銘に「治天下□□□□□大王」とあり、□□□□□の部分は「ワカタケル」と訓ずると推定されており、雄略天皇に比定されている。
English: Although Yuryaku called himself " Waobu" in the letter he sent to China, he used the title of amenoshita shiroshimesu okimi inside Japan in order to show that he was the okimi (great king) who ruled the Tenka of Wakoku independently from that of China.
Japanese: 雄略は中国へ送った文書では「倭王武」と自称していたが、国内向けには治天下大王、すなわち中国とは異なる倭国独自の天下を治める大王、と称していた。
English: The above gives evidence that the notion that "Wakoku is under its own Tenka independent from that of China" had already been established by the time.
Japanese: このことは、当時既に「倭国は中国世界と異なる独自の天下なのだ」という観念が発生したことを如実に物語っている。
English: The successive kings of Wa used the title of amenoshita shiroshimesu okimi, and this fact led to the incident which occurred at the beginning of the seventh century in which Wakokuo called himself "Hiizurutokoro no tenshi" in the letter he sent to the Emperor of Sui.
Japanese: 以後の倭国王たちも治天下大王の称号を代々継承しているが、このことが背景となって、7世紀初頭に倭国王が隋皇帝への親書に「日出処天子」と自称した事件につながったと考えられている。
English: At the time when the Ritsuryo system was introduced in the beginning of the eighth century, the Chinese-style notion of Tenka was also introduced.
Japanese: その後、8世紀初頭における律令制の移入と時を同じくして、中国風の天下概念が導入されることとなった。
English: In this case, Tenka basically referred to the territory which was ruled by Ritsuryo Kokka (the Japanese nation under the Ritsuryo codes), namely present Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.
Japanese: この場合の天下はどちらかといえば実際の律令国家の支配が及んだ範囲という意味で、今日の日本列島における本州・四国・九州などにあてはまると思われる。
English: However, the notion itself included not only the regions which was directly ruled by Ritsuryo kokka but also the regions of different ethnic groups, such as Ezo, which was not directly ruled by Ritsuryo kokka.
Japanese: しかし、決して律令国家の直接支配の及んだ地域という意味ではなく、蝦夷など直接支配に含まれない異民族も内包していた。
English: As with the Chinese dynasty's philosophy of Tenka, Ritusryo kokka was set in the center of "Tenka" and different ethnic groups, which correspond to "i" (barbarians) of China, were set around it within the reach of the emperor's authority.
Japanese: すなわち中国王朝の天下思想と同じように「天下」の中心に律令国家の中心を設定し、天皇を主宰者とした秩序の及ぶ範囲で、周囲には「夷」に対応する異民族が配されていた。
English: It is thought that this notion of "Tenka" gradually diminished due to the collapse of Ritsuryo kokka and the development of the dynastic state or medieval national polity.
Japanese: この「天下」概念は律令国家の崩壊、王朝国家・中世国家の進展によって徐々に希薄化したと考えられている。
English: According to "Gyokuyo," the diary of Kanezane KUJO, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo called the establishment of the bakufu "the creation of Tenka".
Japanese: 源頼朝は幕府の創立にあたり、「天下の草創」と称したと九条兼実の日記『玉葉』に見えている。
English: The above notion of Tenka is believed to have been created as the place for a new state, legislation and order, though it was based on the notion of Tenka under the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: この天下概念は上述の律令制における天下概念をふまえながらも、全く新しい国家・法制・秩序の場として創出されるものと観念されている。
English: Although Yoritomo had such consciousness, the notion of Tenka at the time did not overcome the recognition of the emperor as a real ruler of the dynasty yet, and in fact, the emperor (or chiten no kimi [supreme ruler] as the head of the Imperial family) was expected to be the president of Tenka in many cases.
Japanese: しかし頼朝がこのような意識をもっていようと、この時期の天下概念はいまだ現実の天皇の王朝支配を克服しきれておらず、天下の主宰者としては天皇（あるいは天皇家の家督者としての治天の君）が期待されている事例が多い。
English: According to "Kugenichiyokufushu," the diary of Gido Shushin, Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA often talked on "Tenka" and "the people of Tenka" as the objects of his politics in the discussion with Gido.
Japanese: また義堂周信の日記『空華日用工夫集』によれば、足利義満は義堂との議論において、しばしば自身の政の対象として「天下」「天下之人」を問題としている。
English: From the above fact, it is thought that the awareness that shogun was the president of Tenka was born in the Muromachi period.
Japanese: このことは室町時代のころには徐々に将軍こそが天下の主宰者であるという意識が生まれてきていたとも考えられている。
English: However, some researchers argue that Yoshimitsu defined himself as "Nihon kokuo (the king of Japan) = chiten" and that his notion was still in a transitional stage compared with the notion of "Tenkabito" (the ruler of Tenka) clarified later.
Japanese: ただし、義満については自身を「日本国王＝治天」として位置づけているという研究もあり、後代に明確化される「天下人」概念に比べると、いまだに過渡期であったと見ることもできる。
English: After the ruling power of the Muromachi bakufu declined, the official authority which supported the notion of Tenka also declined, and the society of gekokujo (an inverted social order when the lowly reigned over the elite) based on the principle of self-help appeared.
Japanese: 室町幕府の支配が衰えると、このような天下概念を支える公権力が衰え、自力救済を原則とする下克上の社会に移行した。
English: Under such society based on meritocracy, sengoku daimyo (warring lords) established their own territories at various places and formed "kogi"(authorities) equaling the official authority effective only inside their territories.
Japanese: やがてこのような実力主義社会から地方的な公権力として戦国大名が各地に領国を形成し、限られた範囲内での「公儀」＝公権力を形成した。
English: The characteristics of the Azuchi-Momoyama period was that many sengoku daimyo tried to integrate such kogi, which had been founded at many places throughout Japan as if they were local states, into the kogi of Tenka.
Japanese: 日本列島の各地に形成されたこのような地域国家的な公儀を天下の公儀として形成しようとしたのが安土桃山時代の特徴である。
English: In association with it, the notion of "Tenkabito" appeared to indicate a person who integrates those locally established authorities and presides over the new order.
Japanese: これに伴って、このような新しい秩序を主宰する主体としての統一者として「天下人」概念が登場した。
English: Thanks to this act of "Tenka Itto" (unifying Tenka) (this word itself was sometimes used since the Northern and Southern Courts period) by Tenkabito, the geographical notion of "Tenka" was clarified considerably and was understood as the territory mostly corresponding to the present Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: このような天下人による「天下一統」（この用語自体は南北朝時代から散見される）によって現実的な「天下」の地理概念はかなり明確化され、ほぼ今日の日本列島と変わらない領域として認識された。
English: The Edo bakufu formed the broadly-defined dual legal system which had "Tenkabito = shogun" and "the kogi of Tenka = the law of the bakufu" on top and "the local kogi = the law of domains" at the bottom.
Japanese: 近世江戸幕府は「天下人＝将軍」、「天下の公儀＝幕府法」と位置づけ、そのもとに「地方的な公儀＝藩法」として大きく二元的な法社会を形成した。
English: The nation of the shogunate system which had been built up this way created its foreign relations by imitating the order of kai and adopted the kaikin policy (national isolation) in practice.
Japanese: このようにして成立した幕藩体制国家は、対外関係を華夷秩序に擬制して編成し、具体的には海禁政策（鎖国）をとった。
English: This made the notion of "Tenka" in Japan more closer to the geographical notion, namely the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: このことは日本における「天下」概念をますます固有の地理概念である日本列島に近づけたと考えられる。
English: Goguryeo deemed itself as chuka (China) and held a view of Tenka akin to mini-Sinocentrism, in which it regarded surrounding other ethnic groups as barbarians.
Japanese: 高句麗は自国を中華とし、周辺諸民族を夷狄視する小中華的天下観を持っていた。
English: It is thought that Baekje and Silla also had their own notion of "Tenka."
Japanese: 百済・新羅もそれぞれ独自の「天下」概念を有していたと考えられている。
English: On the other hand, the mythology of Gija Joseon (allegedly, one of the ancient Korean dynasties) as a nation feudatory to the Zhou dynasty was created under the influence of Chinese philosophy, and the teachings of Confucius had taken root here since a long time ago.
Japanese: 一方で中国思想の影響の下に周の封建国としての箕子朝鮮神話が形成されており、儒教の教えが古くからこの地に根付いていた。
English: Due to the above, Korea tended to be put inside the Chinese notion of "Tenka".
Japanese: このことは中国の天下概念の中に朝鮮を位置づけようとする傾向を持っていた。
English: During the era of Goryeo, the mythology of Dankun (a legendary state of ancient Korea), which described the Korean notion of "Tenka" although it was based on Buddhism, Taoism and shamanism, was created.
Japanese: 高麗時代には仏教・道教・シャーマニズムをよりどころとしながらも、朝鮮独自の天下概念を展開する壇君神話が成立した。
English: Silla observed Tang's seisaku (calendar) since it was charged with the use of its own era name by Taizong (the second emperor) of the Tang dynasty, but during the first half of Goryeo era, the era name of the Chinese dynasty and that of Goryeo's own were alternately used.
Japanese: 新羅は唐の太宗に国内で独自の年号を用いていることを咎められて以降唐の正朔を守っていたが、高麗前期には中国王朝の年号と高麗独自の年号を交互に使用していた。
English: A king called himself "chin" inside the nation and was given a byogo (a name given to a dead emperor for the ceremony of putting the soul in a mausoleum), and his order was written as "sei" (制) or sho (詔).
Japanese: 国内では王は「朕」と自称し、死後は廟号を贈られ、王の命令を「制」「詔」などと記していた。
English: According to the Chinese philosophy of kai, however, these were only allowed for the emperors of the Chinese dynasty.
Japanese: これは中国の華夷思想によると中国王朝の皇帝にしか許されないことであった。
English: Further, the phrase "海東天子" and "南蛮北狄自ら来朝す" are seen in the songs of the Court at that time, and the inscription of "皇帝陛下詔して曰く" is seen on kinsekibun (words written on metal and stones).
Japanese: さらに当時の宮廷の頌歌では「海東天子」や「南蛮北狄自ら来朝す」といった表現があり、当時の金石文には「皇帝陛下詔して曰く」と刻しているものもある。
English: A religious service for the emperor, which was the privilege of tenshi (emperor), was conducted, and Kaijo, the capital, was called "Koto" (literally, emperor's capital).
Japanese: 天子の特権である皇帝祭祀も行われ、都であった開城は「皇都」と呼ばれた。
English: Under the Chinese notion of "Tenka" during the era of Goryeo, Sung was called the Southern Court and Liao or Jing was called the Northern Court since Sung and Liao or Sung and Jin co-existed in China.
Japanese: 一方高麗時代の中国的「天下」概念では、中国内部に宋・遼、宋・金が並び立つ情勢のなか、宋を南朝、遼・金を北朝として両属する形を維持していた。
English: Goryeo tended to regard the Southern Court as important and put the era name of Southern Court first when the both era names were written together.
Japanese: しかし、理念上は南朝を重視する傾向にあり、両朝の年号を併記する場合は南朝を先とすることが一般的であった。
English: After the Yuan dynasty was established, it requested Goryeo to obey further than before, and the use of the terms "chin," "byogo," and "sei and sho" was abolished.
Japanese: 中国に元王朝が成立すると、元は高麗に従来以上の服属を要求し、朕という自称や廟号、制・詔といった用語も廃された。
English: The king of Goryeo began to call himself "fukoku (it is a humble way of calling himself since koku means good and fukoku means not good).
Japanese: 高麗国王は自称を「不穀」（穀は善の意で、不穀とは不善という意味で謙った自称）と改めた。
English: During the era of the Joseon Dynasty, the state name was changed to "Chosen" since it entered into the sakuho relation with Ming, and there was a Chinese-style notion of "Tenka" under which the relation of "Ming between the Joseon Dynasty" was deemed as identical to the relation of "Zhou between Gija Joseon."
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮の時代には、明の冊封を受け国号を「朝鮮」としたこともあって、「明＝李氏朝鮮」関係を「周＝箕子朝鮮」関係と同一視する中華的な「天下」概念があった。
English: During the reign of Sejong (the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty), there was a notion of "Tenka" under which Jurchen, Japan, Tsushima, Iki, Matsuura and Ryukyu were deemed as tributary nations, and shiten was also conducted.
Japanese: 世宗(朝鮮王)時代には女真・日本・対馬・壱岐・松浦・琉球などを自国に朝貢する対象と主観する「天下」概念も存在し、祀天もおこなわれた。
English: Although Yomei-gaku (neo-Confucianism based on teaching of Wang Yangming) was popular in Ming, there was a tendency in Korea to regard it as the corruption of Confucianism.
Japanese: また明では陽明学が流行していたが、朝鮮ではこれを儒教の堕落とみる風潮があった。
English: Korea received sakuho (the title, etc. given in return to tribute to China) during the era of the Qing dynasty, but the era name of the Ming dynasty was favored by intellectuals.
Japanese: 清の時代には冊封を受け、服属しながらも知識人の間では明の崇禎年号が好んで使用された。
English: The above derived from the perception that Korea was the mainstream of chuka since China was ruled by Qing, a dynasty of iteki (barbarians).
Japanese: これは中国が清という夷狄の王朝に支配されているため、朝鮮こそが中華の本流であるという意識に基づいている。
English: As mentioned earlier, the notion of Tenka" was established in Vietnam when it repelled the army of Mongolia in the 13th century.
Japanese: 前述したように、ヴェトナムにおける「天下」概念の成立は13世紀にモンゴル軍撃退後の国威発揚に伴って顕著に確認される。
English: According to "Daietsu shiki" written in the era of Trần dynasty, Nanetsukoku, a nation located in the region ranging from present Canton to North Vietnam, was the first legitimate dynasty of Vietnam, and the notion of "Tenka" which referred to this region was created.
Japanese: 陳朝で成立した『大越史記』においては、秦漢時代に今日の広東からヴェトナム北部に存在した南越国をヴェトナム最初の正統王朝とし、この地域を対象とする「天下」概念が形成された。
English: An example of this notion of "Tenka" was the remark made by Guen Chai, a man of literature representing this era, in 1428 when Daietsu (Đại Việt) became independent from Ming, saying "Since the era of Nanetsukoku (the kingdom of Nanyue) founded by Zhao Tuo, the Đinh dynasty founded by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, the Lý Dynasty (Vietnam) and the Trần Dynasty, my country had reigned over part of "Tenka" as with the Hang, Tang, Sung or Yuan dynasty in China."
Japanese: この「天下」概念の実例としては、1428年に大越が明から独立した際、この時代を代表する文人であるグエン・チャイが「自趙丁李陳之肇造、我国与漢唐宋元而各帝一方」（趙佗の南越国・丁部領の丁朝・李朝(ベトナム)・陳朝以来、我が国は中国の漢・唐・宋・元などの王朝と同じく帝を称して天下の一方に君臨してきた）と述べていることがあげられる。
English: As shown by the above, "Tenka" of Vietnam was regarded on a par with "Tenka" of China.
Japanese: ここに明らかなように、ヴェトナムの「天下」は中国の「天下」と同列なものとして主観されている。
English: Under such notion of "Tenka," native Vietnamese deities came to be respected in place of traditional deities of Buddhism or Taoism, and kaho (to give a new title to deities) was made to them whenever the nation achieved a victory in foreign wars.
Japanese: このような「天下」概念の下では、従来の仏教・道教の神々にかわり、ヴェトナム土着の神々が尊重され、対外戦争に勝利するたびヴェトナムの土着神に対して加封（神々に対し新たに称号を加えること）がなされた。
English: The above shows that under the Vietnamese notion of "Tenka," the emperor was placed higher than native Vietnamese deities and the ethnic belief indirectly supported such notion of "Tenka."
Japanese: このことはヴェトナムの「天下」概念において、皇帝はヴェトナム土着の神々より上位に位置していることとともに、民族固有の信仰がこのような「天下」概念を側面から支えていたことを示している。
English: Nanetsukoku was gradually removed from the official history of Vietnam, and the status of 涇陽王, 貉龍君 (names of Vietnamese legendary kings) and 雄王 (the title of a line of kings of Văn Lang, an ancient Vietnamese nation) was raised instead based on the Vietnam's own mythology and oral tradition.
Japanese: ヴェトナムの正史において南越国が徐々に本紀から外され、ヴェトナム独自の神話や伝承に基づく涇陽王・貉龍君・雄王などが正史における地位を向上させた。
English: In association with it, the idea of regarding China's Lingnan region as a part of Vietnam declined, and Nanetsukoku finally lost its legitimacy in the official history book at the end of 18th century.
Japanese: それとともに中国領内にある嶺南地方をヴェトナムと一体として考える思想が衰退し、18世紀末には正史において南越国は正統から外された。
English: Around that time, Vietnam was practically divided into two administrations, the Trinh clan administration called "Tonkin" in the north and the Nguyễn clan administration called "Cochinchine" in the south, under a nominal emperor of the Lê dynasty.
Japanese: このころ現実のヴェトナムは黎朝の名目的皇帝のもとに北に「トンキン」と呼ばれた鄭氏政権、南に「コーチシナ」と呼ばれた阮氏政権が実質的に支配を二分している状況にあった。
English: "Tenka" at the time is thought to have been the world which consisted of Tonkin and Cochinchine under the emperor of the Lê dynasty.
Japanese: このころの「天下」は黎朝の皇帝の下に成立しているトンキン・コーチシナを中心とした世界であったと考えられている。
English: The Nguyễn dynasty, which was established in the 19th century, used the nation name of "Etsunan" to China while calling itself "Đại Nam," and the notion of Vietnam's own world, which was distinguished from that of China, was defined.
Japanese: 19世紀に成立した阮朝では、中国向けには「越南」を名乗りながらも自称国号においては「大南」を称し、中華世界とは区別された独自の領域としてのヴェトナム世界が規定されるに至った。
English: The history of the notion corresponding to Tenka among the nomads in North Asia dates back to the era of Xiongnu.
Japanese: アジアの遊牧民における天下に類似する概念の歴史は、匈奴の時代にまで遡ることができる。
English: The word "Tenguri" is known as the notion which corresponds to "Ten," and it was transcribed in Chinese historical materials as "撐犂."
Japanese: 「天」にあたる概念としては「テングリ」という言葉が知られ、中国側の史料に「撐犂」と音写されている。
English: Chanyu, the head of Xiongnu, is explained in Chinese historical materials as "the chanyu who descended from Tenguri" or "Great Chanyu who is supported by Tenguri".
Japanese: 匈奴の君主である単于は「天降単于（テングリから降りてきた単于）」「天所立匈奴大単于（テングリによって立つ大単于）」と中国側の史料で表現されている。
English: As shown by the above, while Tenguri refers to Tenkai (the heavens), it sometimes refers to a humanized god as Tenjin (heavenly gods).
Japanese: ここに明らかなように、テングリは天界であるとともに、天神として人格神を指すこともある。
English: This is quite similar to the notion of "Ten" in China and their relevancy is often pointed out, but it is still unknown which is older in terms of origin.
Japanese: これは中国における「天」概念と非常に類似しており、両者の関連性がしばしば指摘されているが、どちらのほうが起源として古いかは明らかにされていない。
English: This notion of "Tenguri" which bears two aspects is commonly seen among the nomads in Turkey and those in Mongolia.
Japanese: この「テングリ」概念はウイグルなどのトルコ系遊牧民やモンゴル系遊牧民にも共通しており、一貫して二面的に使用されている。
English: "Tenguri" as a humanized god appears in the Mongolian mythology of universe creation as "Tenguri Hairahan," a god who created the earth.
Japanese: また人格神としての「テングリ」はモンゴルの宇宙創造神話において「テングリ・ハイラハン」という地上を作った創造神として現れる。
English: In the diplomatic documents issued by successive great khans during the era of the Mongolian Empire, a great khan is defined as the person who was entrusted the rule of the earth by Tenguri.
Japanese: モンゴル帝国の時代には歴代大ハーンの外交文書のなかで、テングリの名の下に地上の支配を託された者として大ハーンを位置づける声明が確認される。
English: It is clearly expressed that "the land which can be heard by ears or the land which can be reached by a horse" or "the land ranging from the place where the sun rises to the place where the sun sets" should be under the rule of the great khan, and basically there is no geographical limit.
Japanese: 「耳の聞きうる限りの土地、馬でたどりつきうる限りの土地」「日出ずるところより日没するところまで」大ハーンの支配に服することが表明されており、そこには基本的に地理的限定はない。
English: According to the recent research, it is pointed out that "Mongol Ulus," the name of the Mongolian Empire, had the meaning of "the aggregation of Mongolian people" and did not include a geographical notion.
Japanese: 最近の研究ではそもそもモンゴル帝国の国号としての「モンゴル・ウルス」そのものが本来的に「モンゴルの人々の集合体」というような意味合いで、地理的概念を含むものではないと指摘されている。
English: A similarity to the notion of "Tenka" that it is formed based on the fixed principle of order and does not include geographical notion is seen in the world view of the Asian nomads.
Japanese: アジアの遊牧民の地上世界観にも、一定の秩序原理に基づき地理的限定を含まないという意味で「天下」概念と類似した構造を見ることができる。
English: It is clearly shown in "混一疆理歴代国都之図" (Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals) which is believed to have been made based on the original drawn during the era of the Yuan dynasty.
Japanese: それは元朝治下に製作された原図を基にしていると思われる『混一疆理歴代国都之図』によく表されている。
English: The term "混一," which is said to have come into use in the age of the Mongolian empire, means the view of the world that the African continent and the Eurasian continent form a harmonious whole with no border.
Japanese: 「混一」という言葉はモンゴル帝国時代に用いられ始めた用語であることが指摘されているが、その意味は当時知られていた世界としてのアフリカ大陸・ユーラシア大陸が境界なく渾然一体となっているという世界観を表しているという。
English: Compared with the Chinese view of the world which distinguish "ka" (the Chinese) from "i" (barbarians), this world view is very open.
Japanese: これは中国的な華夷を区別する世界観とは異なり、非常に開かれたものであった。
English: Similarly, in "Shushi" (an Iranian work of literature and history) which was compiled in Ilkhanate in Iran, the intention is seen to compile "the world history" by integrating the world-wide historical materials.
Japanese: 同様にイランのイル・ハン国で編集された『集史』においては、世界中の歴史資料を総合し編纂し直して、世界の歴史像としての「世界史」を編もうという意図が看取されている。
English: Although it was compiled with the Mongolian Empire in the center on the premise that all regions would be incorporated into the Mongolian Empire in future, it is quite different from the official history of Chinese dynasties or history books written in Europe in the sense that it treated the history of major regions independently as well as in parallel.
Japanese: モンゴル帝国にいずれは組み込まれる歴史であるという意味でモンゴル帝国中心ではあるけれども、主要地域の歴史をそれぞれ自立した形で並列的に扱っており、同時代までの中国歴代王朝の正史やヨーロッパ側の歴史書とは大きく異なっている。
English: Shudenryo, also referred to as Tonomori no Tsukasa, refers to an institution that belonged to Kunaisho (Imperial Household Ministry) in the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) of Japan adopting the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 主殿寮（しゅでんりょう・とのもりのつかさ）は律令制日本の律令制において宮内省に属した機関。
English: Since the facilities administration business especially required many workers, a large number of workers including kushicho (general workers), konryo (odd-job men) and so on belonged to it.
Japanese: 特に施設管理業務には人手がかかったため駆使丁や今良など大量の人員を擁した。
English: As similar government officials, Shudensho (Housekeeping office) of Togubo (Crown Prince's Quarters), Tonomorizukasa (housekeeping branch of the Imperial Household Ministry) of Kokyu (empress's residence), Tonomoribe no tsukasa of Saiguryo (the Bureau of the High Priestess of Ise) and so on existed.
Japanese: 同様の官司として春宮坊の主殿署、後宮の殿司、斎宮寮の殿部司などがある。
English: Tonomoribe refers to tomo no miyatsuko (Servant to the Court administering a group) which was in charge of management and maintenance of furnishing goods and supplies, and a person was assigned among specific clans in old times.
Japanese: 殿部　調度品・消耗品の管理・維持を行う伴部・古くは特定の氏から採用された
English: "Uetsufumi" is one of the writings called Koshi Koden (ancient history and legends) which contains ancient Japanese history including Ugayafukiaezu dynasty, which was before Yamato Dynasty, written in ancient Japanese characters, but it is said to be gisho (apocryphal book).
Japanese: 『上記』（うえつふみ）は、いわゆる古史古伝と呼ばれる文書の一つで、大和朝廷以前のウガヤフキアエズ王朝を含む古代日本の歴史などが神代文字で書かれている偽書とされる。
English: Also written "上紀", "上津文", "上つ文" or "ウエツフミ" and called "Otomo Bunken" or "Otomo Monjo".
Japanese: 『上紀』、『上津文』、『上つ文』、『ウエツフミ』とも書き、『大友文献』、『大友文書』などともいう。
English: According to the preface of "Uetsufumi," in 1223, Yoshinao OTOMO, Bungo no kuni no kami (Governor of Bungo Province), who was known to be an illegitimate child of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, edited it based on the ancient documents "Shinharinoki" or "Takachiho-guji Kabun".
Japanese: 『上記』自身の序文によると、貞応2年（1223年）に源頼朝の落胤とも伝えられている豊後国守護の大友能直が、『新はりの記』や『高千穂宮司家文』等の古文書をもとに編纂したとされている。
English: The contents include history starting from Ugayafukiaezu dynasty before Emperor Jinmu, astronomy, study of the calendar, medical science, industrial technology for agriculture, fishery and metallurgy, folktale, folklore, etc.
Japanese: 内容は、ウガヤフキアエズ王朝に始まる神武天皇以前の歴史や、天文学、暦学、医学、農業・漁業・冶金等の産業技術、民話、民俗学等についての記事を含む博物誌的なものである。
English: For example, according to "Uetsufumi", Emperor Jinmu was the 73th emperor of the Ugayafukiaezu dynasty, and it was Japan which transmitted agriculture or characters to China and Japan had an accurate original solar calendar.
Japanese: 例えば『上記』によると、神武天皇はウガヤフキアエズ王朝の第73代であり、中国に農業や文字を伝えたのは日本であり、日本では精密な独自の太陽暦があったことなどが記されている。
English: There are two lines in the manuscript of existing Uetsufumi: Munakata-bon and Otomo-bon
Japanese: 現存する『上記』の写本には、宗像本系と大友本系との2つの系列がある。
English: Munakata-bon is what Haesaka SACHIMATSU, a scholar of Japanese classical literature, copied from ancient documents handed down in the Munakata family in Haji village, Ono region, Bungo Province (present Ono, Bungo Ono-city, Oita Prefecture).
Japanese: 宗像本とは、豊後国大野郡(大分県)土師村（現在の大分県豊後大野市大野町(大分県)）の宗像家に伝えられていた古文書を、国学者幸松葉枝尺（さちまつはえさか）が筆写したものである。
English: Otomo-bon is the manuscript handed down in the old Otomo family, Usuki Fukura Village, Ama-gun in the Bungo Province.
Japanese: 大友本とは、豊後国海部郡(豊後国)臼杵福良村（現在の大分県臼杵市福良）の旧家大友家に伝わっていた写本である。
English: In the early 19th century, Ryozo Munakata, a shoya (village headman) in Haji village, Ono gun, who was purporting to be a family of Guji (chief of those who serves shrine, controls festivals and general affairs) asked Naganori TAMADA of Singakukan, Yoshida, Kyoto who visited the Oka clan, to evaluate the ancient documents written in special Kana handed down as "Kami no fumi (Letter of God)" and it was decided that the documents were a gisho (apocryphal book).
Japanese: 19世紀初頭、宗像大社の宮司の一族を称する大野郡土師村の庄屋宗像良蔵が、「神のふみ」として伝わる特殊仮名で書かれた古文書の鑑定を、岡藩を訪れていた京都吉田神学館の玉田永教に依頼したが、偽書と断じられた。
English: In 1831, after the death of Ryozo, the ancient document was passed on to Haesaka SACHIMATSU, a scholar of Japanese classical literature in Kyoto, and decipherment was done.
Japanese: 良蔵の死後の1831年（天保2年）に、この古文書は府内の国学者・幸松葉枝尺の手に渡り、解読が進められた。
English: Sachimatsu completed a manuscript in which characters were revised to ordinary Kana (Japanese syllabary) in 1848 and a manuscript in which the special kana in the original book remained unchanged in 1872 (Munakata-bon).
Japanese: 幸松は、1848年（嘉永元年）に文字を普通仮名に改めた写本を完成するとともに、1872年（明治5年）には原書の特殊仮名のままの写本を完成させた（宗像本）。
English: The original book stored in the house of Ryozo's wife's parents was washed away in a flood of 1873 and was lost.
Japanese: 良蔵の妻の実家に保管されていた原本は、1873年（明治6年）に洪水で流され消失した。