nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The end of the scroll shows the dilapidated granary of the Flying Granary, which implies the death of the main character, Myoren.
Japanese: 巻末では、飛倉の巻で登場した倉の朽ち果てたさまが描かれ、それによって主人公である命蓮の臨終を暗示して終わる。
English: Oraimono is a collective term for primary education text books that were compiled from the late Heian period to the early Meiji period, mainly in the form of letters.
Japanese: 往来物（おうらいもの）とは、平安時代後期より、明治時代初頭にかけて主に書簡などの手紙類の形式をとって作成された初等教育用の教科書の総称である。
English: They derived from boilerplates (shosoku-shu) which were a collection of correspondence from the late Heian period written by those who were engaged in literary work, such as nobles (A similar item called "Tokarissei," reportedly from China, is preserved in Todai-ji Temple Shoso-in Treasure Repository, but even this had been arranged from the Chinese original, showing that oraimono developed independently with an influence from China).
Japanese: 平安時代後期より公家などの文筆に携わる人々が往復書簡（往来）の形式を採った文例集（消息集）に由来している（同じ様な形式のものは、中国伝来とされる『杜家立成』が東大寺正倉院に収められているが、当時の中国の書式を元により整理された形式となっており、往来物が中国のものの影響を受けながらも日本独自に発展していったことが分かる）。
English: In later years, some oraimono were composed of knowledge and customs necessary for each social status, such as samurai, merchants and farmers, while 'Jizukushi,' which were not in the form of correspondence, were compiled for calligraphy practice.
Japanese: だが、後世に入ると武士や商人・農民など身分それぞれの必要に合わせた知識や慣習を盛り込んだものや習字用の｢字尽し｣など書簡形式をとらないものが著された。
English: Also, there were those that included elements of geography, history, and morals, meaning that various forms of oraimono were written.
Japanese: また、地理や歴史、道徳的な要素を盛り込んだものなど、多彩な形式の往来物が著された。
English: It is almost impossible to have a grasp of the total number of oraimono as, in particular, many terakoya teachers tried to write their own oraimono, but existing ones are said to number about 7,000 kinds.
Japanese: 特に寺子屋の教師の中に自前の往来物を著す者が多かった事からその総数を把握する事が不可能に近いが、現存するものは約7,000種と言われている。
English: The oldest existing oraimono, "Meigo Orai" (Meigo's Correspondence), is believed to have been written by FUJIWARA no Akihira, a scholar in the late Heian period who served as Monjo hakase (professor of literature) and Daigaku no kami (Director of the Bureau of Education) (This book is also called "Unshu Orai" or "Unshu Shosoku" and is comprised of 12 months' worth of example sentences which are related to events of the respective months).
Japanese: 現存する最古のものは、文章博士や大学頭を務めた平安時代末期の学者・藤原明衡のものとされる『明衡往来』（『雲州往来』・『雲州消息』とも）と言われており、月ごとにその月にまつわる行事などの文例をまとめた12ヶ月分によって構成されている。
English: The books that are said to be from around this time are "Kozanjibon Koorai" (Kozan-ji Temple Correspondence), "Kiko Orai" (Kiko's Correspondence), "Tozan Orai" (also called "Higashiyama Orai"), "Kasen Orai" (also called "Izumi Orai"), etc.
Japanese: これとほぼ同時代の作品と言われているものに『高山寺本古往来』・『季綱往来』・『東山往来』・『和泉往来』などがある。
English: "Junigetsu Orai" (Twelve Months Correspondence), which took the form of two letters per month describing the turning of the seasons as well as seasonal events, was composed in the Kamakura period and became a good example for oraimono that followed.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代には毎月2通分の往復書簡で季節感や行事を織り込んだ『十二月往来』が著され、後世の往来物の手本となった。
English: Then, by the early Muromachi period, "Kirei Mondo," "Zohitsu Orai" (also called "Zappitsu Orai") and "Teikin Orai" (a collection of letters used for family education), which is considered to be the most important work of oraimono from the medieval time, were all written.
Japanese: その後室町時代前期にかけて『貴嶺問答』・『雑筆往来』、そして中世往来物の代表作とされる『庭訓往来』が現れた。
English: As "Teikin Orai" covers and plainly explains the practical knowledge necessary for life in samurai society of the time, this text book served as a standard oraimono until the Edo period.
Japanese: 当時の武家社会の実情に即してかつ簡明ながらも生活に必要な実用的知識を網羅的に収録したこの本は江戸時代まで往来物の定番とされた。
English: Then came "Fujino Orai" with more narrative tone, and "Sekiso Orai," which took a style of assembling similar kinds of items.
Japanese: 続いて物語的色彩の強い『富士野往来』や類聚形式の『尺素往来』などが出された。
English: Oraimono by this period of history were mainly written by the educated classes, such as nobles and Buddhist priests, and therefore the oraimono before the Edo period are collectively called 'Koorai' (literally, old oraimono).
Japanese: この時代までの往来物は公家や僧侶などの知識人によって書かれる事が多く、こうした江戸時代以前の作品をまとめて「古往来（こおうらい）」と呼ぶ。
English: There are around 40 existing koorai, and they can be categorized in the following five groups.
Japanese: 古往来は現存するもので約40余りを数えるが、以下の5種類に分類する事が出来る。
English: The first group of koorai includes books with letters, which are in forms of practical use, collected without any particular purpose, such as "Meigo Orai."
Japanese: 『明衡往来』に代表される実際に用いられる形式の書簡を無造作に集めたもの。
English: The second group consists of those like "Junigetsu Orai," which have an assortment of example sentences for letters arranged according to the 12 months of the year.
Japanese: 『十二月往来』に代表される1年12ヶ月の月単位に配列して書簡の文例を示したもの。
English: The fourth group represented by "Teikin Orai" comprises books of words and knowledge in the style of letters, which aimed to spread necessary knowledge as well as the form of letters.
Japanese: 『庭訓往来』に代表される書簡形式を採った単語集・知識集で、書簡の形式とともに必要な知識を身に付けさせる事を目指したもの。
English: The fifth group, which has "Fujino Orai" as an example, includes titles with sentences not only from letters but also from other documents such as official papers.
Japanese: 『富士野往来』に代表される書簡のみならず公文書などの他の文書の文例を織り交ぜたもの。
English: In the Edo period, on top of the then existing oraimono such as "Teikin Orai," new oraimono were introduced with different purposes.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、『庭訓往来』のような既成の往来物に加えて新たな往来物が目的に応じて著されるようになった。
English: For farming villages, elements of the farming calendar were included in "Inaka Orai" (A Letter on Farming Village) (also called "Densha Orai"), "Nogyo Orai" and "Hyakusho Orai" (A Guide to Farming), etc. while "A Guide to Commerce," "Toiya Orai" (also called "Tonya Orai"), "Gofuku Orai" and "Banshokaisen Orai" and so on were the typical oraimono for merchants living in cities.
Japanese: 農村向けのものとしては農事暦の要素を織り込んだ『田舎往来』・『農業往来』・『百姓往来』などが、都市の商人向けのものとしては『商売往来』・『問屋往来』・『呉服往来』・『万祥廻船往来』などが代表的な往来物としてあげられる。
English: Oraimono with historical episodes which started with "Fujino Orai" are called 'buke orai' (literally, samurai orai) and later developed into the historical poetry style oraimono, after Ikku JUPPENSHA established the biography style oraimono.
Japanese: 『富士野往来』に始まる歴史物語を織り込んだものは「武家往来」とも呼ばれ、十返舎一九が伝記型の往来物を確立し、更に史詩型の往来物へと発展した。
English: Furthermore, oraimono featuring geography, scenery, and produce of other regions were written to interest children, which include "Nihonkunizukushi," "Miyakomeisho Orai" (Correspondence on Sights in Miyako (present-day Kyoto)), "Naniwa Orai" (Letters On Sights of Naniwa (present-day Osaka)) and "Nakasendo Orai," and in the period of the Meiji Restoration, "Sekaifuzoku Orai" was composed.
Japanese: また、子供達の関心を呼ぶために他地域の地理や風物・物産などを織り込んだ往来物も作られ、『日本国尽』・『都名所往来』・『浪花往来』・『中仙道往来』、そして明治維新期には『世界風俗往来』まで作成されるに至った。
English: Kirisute gomen, as well as the rights to bear a surname and to wear a sword, is one of a warrior's privileges in the Edo period.
Japanese: 切捨御免（きりすてごめん・斬捨御免）とは苗字帯刀と並ぶ江戸時代の武士の特権である。
English: In modern ages, when a warrior put townspeople or farmers to a sword because he was unbearably insulted by them, he was not punished.
Japanese: 近世において武士が町人・百姓らから耐え難い無礼を受けた時は、斬殺しても処罰されない。
English: It was clearly written in the additional condition of Article 71 of "Kujigata-osadamegaki" (the law of Edo bakufu), the law decided by the Edo Bakufu in those days.
Japanese: これは当時の江戸幕府の法律である『公事方御定書』71条追加条によって明記されている。
English: It was considered a type of justifiable defense to protect the honor of warriors and it did not mean a punishment to the insult itself.
Japanese: ただし、無礼な行為によって武士の名誉が傷つけられる事を制止するための正当防衛的な行為と認識されており、無礼を働いた事自体への処罰ではない。
English: According to the commonly accepted theory, under laws that predate the modern age in Europe and modern legislation, justifiable defense or violation of the sanctity of life in order to protect one's honor was not accepted from the viewpoint of legal equilibrium. (Before the modern age, however, it was possible to redeem one's honor by dueling.)
Japanese: 近代以前のヨーロッパの法律や近代法体系において、名誉の侵害に対する正当防衛は認められない、あるいは法益均衡の観点から生命の侵害をもって報いることは認められないと解されるのが通説（ただし、近代以前には決闘による名誉回復はあり得た）である。
English: On the other hand, it was considered that helping to protect warriors' honor and dignity by Japanese Kirisutegomen kept the social order, of which warriors were at the top.
Japanese: これに対して日本の切捨御免には支配階層である武士の名誉と威厳を守る事によって武士を頂点とした当時の社会秩序が防衛されると考えられた。
English: Since it was a type of justifiable defense, usually warriors did not give the finishing blow to his offender(s), although the latter would die eventually.
Japanese: あくまでも正当防衛の一環であると認識されているため、結果的に相手が死ぬことはあってもとどめを刺さないのが通例である。
English: Kirisutegomen should be done immediately to an offensive act and Kirisutegomen to an offensive act that had been done before was punished.
Japanese: また無礼な行為とそれに対する切捨御免は連続している必要があり、以前行われた無礼を蒸し返しての切捨御免は処罰の対象となった。
English: The warrior had to take responsibility for killing someone regardless of what circumstances he faced, and he was ordered to stay at home for more than twenty days.
Japanese: どのような事情があったにせよ、人一人切った責任の重みゆえ、二十日以上に及ぶ自宅謹慎を申し付けられること
English: If the killing was not admitted as Kirisutegomen, for example, because of the absence of a witness, the warrior was punished.
Japanese: 証人がいないなど、切捨御免として認定されない場合、その武士は処分を受けた。
English: In the worst case, the warrior was not given Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment), the honorable death for warriors, but was beheaded and there was a possibility of Oie-danzetsu (disassociation from the family line).
Japanese: 最悪、武士としたまま名誉の死を遂げる切腹も申し付けられず斬首刑を受け、お家断絶の可能性もあった。
English: So, while the warrior himself stayed at home, his family, servants and fellows looked for a witness desperately.
Japanese: そのため本人謹慎中は家人及び郎党など家来・仲間が証人を血眼になって探した。
English: When it was unlikely to find a witness, a lot of warriors killed themselves by disembowelment to keep their honor without waiting for the result of consultation (trial).
Japanese: 見つかりそうにない場合、体面を保つために評定の沙汰（裁判）を待たずして自ら切腹する者が絶えなかった。
English: When a warrior pulled his sword out for Bureiuchi but the offender ran away, the warrior was punished because his deed was considered a warrior's dishonor.
Japanese: 無礼討のために刀を抜いたが、相手に逃亡された場合なども武士の不名誉とされ処罰の対象であった。
English: Any person who felt Joiuchi (kill of offender) or Bureiuchi (kill of dishonor) outrageousness was allowed to fight against or even kill his enemy using a short sword however overcoming their status distinctions were (even the enemy was his superior).
Japanese: また、上意討ち・無礼打ちに理不尽を感じた者は、両者にどのような身分差があれど（たとえ上司であっても）、脇差でならたとえ殺すことになっても刃向かうことも許された。
English: When the attacked was a warrior and was attacked in Bureiuchi without resisting the attacker, he was punished severely as an 'imprudent person' since he was expected to be a soldier who worked for the protection of the nation and to conquer outside enemies (military and police power).
Japanese: むしろ討たれる者が士分の場合、何も抵抗せずにただ無礼打ちされた場合は、国家鎮護守・外敵制征圧（軍事警察力）を担う兵（つわもの）である武家としての「不心得者である」とされた。
English: Even when the attacked survived, he was severely punished, including deprivation of samurai class and confiscation of his house and household articles.
Japanese: 生き延びた場合でもお家の士分の剥奪、家財屋敷の没収など厳しい処分が待っていた。
English: Both the attacker and the attacked one had to fight desperately.
Japanese: そのため、無礼打ちする方・受ける方双方命懸けで臨まねばならなかった。
English: When the superior conducted Joiuchi, he sometimes had his man have a short sword, instigated him, and immediately killed him using a blade.
Japanese: そのため上司が上意討ちをする場合、まず討つ相手に脇差を持たせてけしかけ、刃向かわせてから即座に斬る、という場合もあった。
English: Saheiji reproached the townsman, who tried to leave, ignoring Saheiji.
Japanese: 佐平治が咎めたのにもかかわらず、町人は無視してそのまま立ち去ろうとした。
English: Saheiji was unwilling to kill the townsman without any arms, tried to fight like by dueling and giving him his short sword.
Japanese: 佐平治は無腰の町人を手打ちにするのを不本意と考え、自らの脇差を相手に渡して果たし合いの形式をとろうとした。
English: However, the townsman ran away with the short sword, and went around saying, 'I've conquered Saheiji.'
Japanese: しかし、町人はその脇差を持ったまま遁走し、「余れ佐平治をふみたり（打ち負かす）｣と触れ回った。
English: In order to save face, Saheiji found out where the townsman lived and killed not only him but also all the members of his family.
Japanese: 武士の一分を立てるために町人の家を突き止め女子供に至るまで殺害するに至った。
English: Any harmful deed toward a person of another domain could be regarded as hostile behavior to the suzerain to whom the killed person belonged, even if it was the result of Kirisute gomen, justifiable defense.
Japanese: また、他領の領民に対する危害行為は、たとえ正当防衛である切捨御免の結果であったとしても、その領民が属する封建領主への敵対的行為とされる恐れがあった。
English: When a warrior did harm to a townsman in Edo, directly-controlled land by the Bakufu, it could be regarded as an attempt of rebellion against the Tokugawa Bakufu.
Japanese: つまり幕府直轄地である江戸で町民に危害を加えた場合は、徳川幕府への反逆行為とみなされる恐れがあった。
English: Because of this, it was recorded in many domains that official directives saying "You should respect yourself not to have trouble with townsmen," were issued many times, without directly mentioning Kirisutegomen.
Japanese: このため諸藩は江戸在勤者に対し、直接切捨御免には言及していないものの『町民とトラブルを起こさずにくれぐれも自重すべき』旨の訓令をたびたび発した記録が残っている。
English: So, some townsmen who knew this situation, deliberately challenged warriors in order to try to act strong or play chicken.
Japanese: このため簡単には斬れない事情を知っていた町民の中には、粋を衒ったり、度胸試しのために故意に武士を挑発する言動をする者もいたという。
English: When a warrior was seen insulted by a townsman without doing anything about it by his colleague(s), the warrior was denounced as 'a coward' and was punished as 'not having the samurai spirit.'
Japanese: もっとも町人から侮辱を受けたまま何もせずにいたところを朋輩に見られた場合、今度は「臆病者」との謗りを受け、これまた「士道不覚悟」で罰せられることになる。
English: Therefore, a warrior had to avoid walking alone without his servant in order to avoid facing such shame on the streets.
Japanese: 従って武士は街中でこのような恥辱を受ける事を避けるために、供を付けず一人歩きするようなことは避ける必要があった。
English: It was especially required that warriors should not enter a playhouse, where they were likely to have close contact with townspeople.
Japanese: 特に芝居小屋のような、町人と密接な接触が想定される場に足を踏み入れることは、極力慎むことが求められた。
English: As shown above, although Kirisutegomen was admitted as a privilege granted to samurai warriors, it was impossible to use the privilege easily.
Japanese: 以上のように切捨御免は武士の特権としては認められてはいたものの、気ままに実行出来るようなものではなかった。
English: Since there was a high probability that it would not be admitted as legitimate, few warriors actually conducted Kirisutegomen and few were admitted as legitimate.
Japanese: 正当なものと認定されなかった場合のリスクも高かった為、実際に切捨御免を行い、認められた事案はそれほど多くはない。
English: In this case, servants included not only warriors but also non-warrior servants such as Chugen, manservants, and maid servants (theoretically, servants included day workers).
Japanese: この場合の家来には武士のみならず中間や下男下女などの武士以外の奉公人も含まれた（理論的には日雇いの奉公人も対象となった）。
English: Bureiuchi, which was based on the relationship between a lord and his vassals, was regarded as conducting a lord's punishment right to his vassals.
Japanese: 主従関係に基づく無礼討ちでは主人が有する家臣への処罰権の行使と考えられた。
English: The strict rules mentioned above were not applied to Bureiuchi, and the lord was not held criminally responsible for killing his vassal(s).
Japanese: そのため上述のような厳格な規定は適用されず、殺害自体の刑事責任も問われなかった。
English: However, when a lord was considered to have some problems in his ability to manage his vassals, he was sometimes regarded as 'unable to control his house' and given such punishment as retirement or house confinement.
Japanese: 但し家来に対する管理能力に問題があるとみなされ「家中不取締」として御役御免や閉門といった処分をうけることもあった。
English: Shitaji chubun is a term which was used in medieval Japan and it means the division of the land implemented, under the situation where the ruling system of or rights to the land were entangled in a multi-layered way under shoen koryo sei (the system of public lands and private estates), with the aim of achieving the unified land ruling system (Ichien chigyo).
Japanese: 下地中分（したじちゅうぶん）とは、日本の中世日本に使用された用語で、荘園公領制下の重層的に入り組んだ支配・権利関係の中で、それぞれの主体が一元的に土地を支配すること（一円知行）を目的にして行われた、土地の分割を指し示す用語である。
English: Shitaji chubun was implemented mainly in the western part of Japan from the mid-Kamakura period to the period of Northern and Southern Courts (Japan).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代中期から南北朝時代(日本)までを中心に、主に西日本で見られた。
English: Under the stratified land ruling structure of shoen koryo sei, the right to rule lands/peasants and the right to the proceeds of lands were very complicated because these were entangled in a multi-layered way, as seen in the structure of honke (official/nominal owner of shoen (manor)) - ryoke (lord of shoen) - shokan/jito (officer of governing shoen/manager of shoen).
Japanese: 荘園公領制では、本家－領家－荘官・地頭らの関係に見られるように、土地や百姓に対する支配関係、また土地からの収益に関する権利関係が重層的に絡み合っており、著しく複雑な様相を呈していた。
English: Under this system, lands from which proceeds (nengu (tribute) and kuji (public service) etc) were gained were called shitaji while the proceeds which were gained from lands/peasants were called jobun.
Japanese: この制度上、その支配する収益権のある土地自体を、土地や百姓らから産み出される収益（年貢・公事など）を指す上分（じょうぶん）に対して、下地（したじ）と呼んだ。
English: After the Jokyu War, the Kamakura Bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) appointed jito in the confiscated territory of court nobles/samurai who had sided with the Emperor Gotoba (shinpo-jito (newly appointed jito)), in addition to the provincial territories that belonged to the Kamakura Bakufu and the confiscated territories of the Taira clan and/or rebels where it had appointed jito earlier.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府による地頭の任命は、承久の乱後、当初の関東御分国や平氏没官領、謀反人領のみから、後鳥羽天皇方につき没収された貴族・武士の所領に拡大した（新補地頭）。
English: Jito enhanced their ruling power at shoen/koryo through their activities of encouraging agriculture and as a result, disputes with the lords of shoen frequently occurred.
Japanese: 地頭たちは荘園・公領において、勧農の実施などを通じて自らの支配を拡大し、領主との紛争が多く発生した。
English: In the event that the lords of shoen brought up litigations to the bakufu in connection with such disputes (shomusata), they often won the case.
Japanese: 領主がこうした事案（所務沙汰）について幕府へ訴訟を起こした場合、領主側が勝訴する事案が多く見受けられた。
English: At local shoen, however, jito often embezzled nengu on the pretext of natural disasters etc. and many of these disputes couldn't be resolved through litigations alone or the results of litigations were virtually ineffective.
Japanese: しかし、現地での実際においては、地頭は風水害など様々な理由をつけ、年貢を押領することも多く、領主との紛争は訴訟だけでは解決できず、訴訟の結果も実効性を持たないことも多かった。
English: The background behind the above is considered to be the fact that jito began to pursue the unified ruling of land by annulling the multi-layered land ruling system and obtaining Shitaji shinshi ken (the right to shitaji) since the legal status of shoen became stable thanks to the Kamakura Bakufu's authorization of jito's right to rule the land (ando).
Japanese: これは、鎌倉殿による地頭に対する土地支配権の承認（安堵）が荘園の持つ不安定な法的地位を改善したために、地頭側が、これまでの重層的な土地支配関係を解消し、下地進止権の獲得を通じた一元的な土地支配を指向するようになっていったためと考えられている。
English: There also is a weighty view asserting that the cause was the fact that the cases where peasants, who strengthened their economic power thanks to the spread of a two-crop system etc. and began to settle at one place, jointly refused to pay nengu to jito or azukedokoro (a deputy of the lord of shoen) increased.
Japanese: また、二毛作の普及などを通じた経済力の伸張を受け、これまでより百姓の一箇所定住の傾向が強まり、百姓たちが連携して地頭や預所への年貢を未進しだしたことが原因とする説も有力である。
English: As a measure to counter such situations, the Jito-uke system, under which the lord of shoen decided a fixed amount of nengu for shoen under jito's management and appointed jito to shokan (manager of shoen) in return for their obligation to pay nengu to the lords of shoen or kokushi (provincial governor), came into use in the eastern part of Japan where jito themselves were often kaihatsu-ryoshu (the local lord who actually developed the land).
Japanese: このため、領主側は、地頭に管理させる一円内の年貢を毎年一定額と定め、地頭がその納入を荘園領主や国司に対して請け負う代わりに地頭を荘官に任命する地頭請が、主に地頭自身が開発領主であることが多かった東国を中心として行われ始めた。
English: Another measure, which was seen mainly in the western part of Japan where jito came from the eastern part of Japan were placed higher than local kaihatsu-ryoshu or myoshu (owner of rice field), was Shitaji chubun by which jito and the lord of shoen divided the land equally.
Japanese: 東国から赴任した地頭が現地の開発領主や名主の上に位置した西日本を中心に、もう一つの解決手法として見られたのが、地頭と領主との間で下地を折半する下地中分である。
English: As the case of non-payment of nengu by jito, who were obliged to pay to the lord of shoen, often occurred even under Jito-uke system, Shitaji chubun was widely used as a way by which the lord of shoen could secure a certain amount of nengu.
Japanese: 地頭請によっても請け負った領主分の年貢等が未進となることが多かったため、領主側としても確実に一定の年貢を確保できる方式として広く行われた。
English: There were two kinds of chubun, namely wayo-chubun by which the land was divided amicably through both parties' negotiation and compulsory chubun by which the land was divided according to the order of the Bakufu, such as a court ruling.
Japanese: 中分には、両者の示談による和解で決着する和与中分（わよちゅうぶん）と、裁判判決など幕府からの命令により実施される強制的な中分があった。
English: It is contemplated that wayo-chubun in which the lord of shoen made concessions to jito was widely done.
Japanese: 多くの場合、領主側が地頭に譲歩し、和与中分が行われることが多かったと見られている。
English: As the ratio of division varied depending on the parties' relative power, like one third versus two thirds, Shitaji chubun was also called Shitaji bunkatsu (division of the land).
Japanese: 両者の勢力関係によって三分の一と三分の二であったりと分割割合は様々であったため、下地分割とも呼ばれた。
English: Shitaji chubun was done not only between the lord of shoen and jito but also between azukedokoro and jito as well as the lord of shoen and azukedokoro.
Japanese: また当事者も、領主と地頭に限らず、預所と地頭、領主と預所など様々であった。
English: As both parties involved in Shitaji chubun agreed to mutually respect the other party's open-end right to rule the divided land, jito became the legal and perfect owner of their land.
Japanese: 分割された土地については、両者互いに完全支配を認め合ったので、地頭は自分側の土地については、法的にも完全な領主となることとなった。
English: Historical materials which suggest the fact that a map was made by both parties when division was done is "Togo-cho, Hoki Province (Tottori Prefecture) Shitaji chubun ezu," which is often printed in Japanese history textbooks.
Japanese: このような分割が行われた場合に両者が図面を作成したことを窺わせる史料が、日本史の教科書にも掲載されることの多い「伯耆国東郷町(鳥取県)下地中分絵図」である。
English: This map is estimated to have been drawn in 1258 and the details of wayo-chubun made in November of the same year were underwritten on it.
Japanese: この絵図は正嘉2年（1258年）に作成されたと推定されており、同年11月付けの和与中分の内容についての裏書がある。
English: On the map, a red line which divides fields and pastures equally for the lord of the land and jito was also drawn.
Japanese: また絵図には、田畑、放牧地などを領家と地頭で等分する朱線が引かれている。
English: Through Shitaji chubun and Jito-uke, jito obtained not only Shitaji shinshi ken but also the right to control jobun (also called jobun chigyo) gradually.
Japanese: 地頭は、下地中分や地頭請などを通じて、下地進止権を手中に収めるのみならず、上分の支配権（上分知行という）も徐々に簒奪していった。
English: Accordingly, some of the jito achieved ichien shihai (complete ruling) of their territory by obtaining the right to both shitaji and jobun and started to take on the character of zaich-ryoshu (local lord).
Japanese: このように、地頭の中には下地と上分の両方を獲得し、所領の一円支配を実現し、在地領主としての性格を強めていく者が現れた。
English: After Genko (Mongol invasion attempt against Japan), a movement to exchange ichienchi (land under ichien shihai) in Kyushu owned by the lords of shoen and those in the western part of Japan owned by jito became active because of the need to defend the coast.
Japanese: 更に元寇以降、海岸防備の必要性から九州を中心とする領主側の一円地と、西国の地頭側一円地を交換する動きが活発化した。
English: With the development of the above movement, jito who held ryoshu shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and the lord of shoen who held jitoshiki (rights and responsibilities of jito) appeared and the traditional role-sharing system based on status began to collapse.
Japanese: これらの動きにより、領主職を持つ地頭や地頭職を持つ領主など、従来の身分格差に応じた職の体系が崩れだした。
English: As a result, the nature of ryoke shiki (rights and responsibilities of the lord of shoen) and jito shiki at shoen/koryo changed substantially and the collapse of shoen koryo sei was prompted.
Japanese: その結果、荘園・公領における領家職・地頭職のあり方が大きく変わることとなり、次第に荘園公領制の解体が推し進められることとなった。
English: Sumptuary laws are a series of laws, ordinances, and orders that ban luxury (Shashi) and promote or force thrift.
Japanese: 奢侈禁止令（しゃしきんしれい）とは、贅沢（奢侈）を禁止して倹約を推奨・強制するための法令及び命令の一群である。
English: Confucianism has stated that luxury is against Mei (ethics) and Bun (ethics) of Kunshin Sonpi (knowing the difference between the ruler and the ruled or between the aristocrat and the plebeian) and is a great defiance against social order.
Japanese: 儒教では、贅沢は君臣・尊卑の名(倫理)と分(倫理)からの逸脱を意味するとされ、社会秩序に対する重大な挑戦と考えられてきた。