nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: There are five such families: Hirobumi ITO, Iwao OYAMA, Aritomo YAMAGATA, Masayoshi MATSUKATA and Taro KATSURA, and if the Saionji family is included, six of nine Genro (elder statesmen) have received the title of Duke.
Japanese: 伊藤博文、大山巌、山縣有朋、松方正義、桂太郎の5家がこれにあたり、西園寺家を含めると元老9人のうち6人が公爵を与えられていることになる。
English: There is a title that corresponds to baron in the peerage systems of France, Germany, and Russia.
Japanese: フランス、ドイツ、ロシアなど各国の爵位制度でも該当する爵位が存在する。
English: Danshaku in Japanese corresponds to Baron in English.
Japanese: 日本語の男爵に相当する爵位を英語ではバロン(称号)（Baron）という。
English: The feminine equivalent of Baron is Baroness, and is used for the wife of a Baron or a woman having the title of Baron (female Baron).
Japanese: バロンの女性形はバロネス（Baroness）で、イギリスの制度では男爵の妻（男爵夫人）や男爵の爵位をもつ女性（女男爵）に用いる。
English: In England, a Baron is the lowest-ranked title that is eligible for a peerage.
Japanese: イギリスでは男爵は上院議員になることができる貴族の最下位の称号である。
English: In England, it is rare to call a man of this peerage Baron; rather, they use the general title Lord, such as 'Lord Smith.'
Japanese: 英国ではこの爵位をもつ男性をBaron何々と呼ぶことはめったになく、貴族への一般的敬称であるLordを用いてLordSmithなどと言う。
English: In Scotland, a Baron is not a title of peerage, and the corresponding peerage is called 'Lord of Parliament.'
Japanese: スコットランドではバロンは爵位の称号ではなく、イングランドの男爵に相当する爵位はロード・オブ・パーラメントという。
English: Although almost all other European countries including Russia use the title Baron, Germany uses Freiherr instead.
Japanese: ヨーロッパのその他の国はロシアを含めてほとんどがバロン系統の称号を男爵の爵位に用いているが、ドイツのみ男爵に相当する爵位はフライヘル（Freiherr）という。
English: Families separated from their head families (26 families) and a number of Buddhist monks (those who were originally court nobles of the Kofuku-ji Temple) who returned to secular life during the time when anti-Buddhist movement was getting stronger (called the Nara peerage, 27 families).
Japanese: すなわち明治以降に分家した家（26家）と、廃仏毀釈の風潮のなかで還俗した公家出身の興福寺の僧侶（いわゆる奈良華族。27家）がこれにあたる。
English: Furthermore, the following families received the title of Baron: the Oshikoji family and the Mibu family, whose social standings were particularly high among the Jige-ke (family status of non-noble retainers who are not allowed into the Emperor's living quarters in the imperial palace); the Tamamasu family (Kanin-ryu, one of the Fujiwara faction); the descendants of Misao TAMAMATSU, who was from court nobility and made a great contribution to the Meiji Restoration; and the Nishitakatsuji family, who served as Guji (chief of those who serve shrines, control festivals and general affairs) of Dazaifu Tenman-gu Shrine and who were a branch family of the Takatsuji family.
Japanese: さらにいわゆる地下家の中でも殊に家格が高かった押小路家、壬生家の2家、及び公家出身で明治維新に功績のあった玉松操の子孫である玉松家（閑院流出身）、太宰府天満宮宮司で高辻家傍流とされる西高辻家にも特に男爵が与えられている。
English: The Hayashi family, who were deprived of their samurai status during the Boshin War, received the title of Baron, having been raised to the peerage from the warrior class.
Japanese: また戊辰戦争で改易された上総請西藩林家は士族から再度華族に列せられたという扱いで男爵を授爵されている。
English: The Inada family, Hitto karo (the head of chief retainers) of the Tokushima Domain, were bestowed the title of Baron as an award for their great achievement in the development of Hokkaido.
Japanese: 徳島藩筆頭家老稲田家は戊辰戦争、北海道開拓に功績があったとして男爵を与えられている。
English: The Honda family, who were the chief retainers of the Matsudaira family of the Fukui domain, were first judged as baishin (indirect vassal) and were given the class of warriors, however, they were finally given the title of Baron after the petition and riots known as the Takefu incident.
Japanese: 越前福井藩松平家の家老であった本多家（二万石）は、陪臣であると解釈されて一旦士族とされたが、旧家臣・領民らによる陳情・騒動（武生騒動）の結果、男爵となった。
English: Except politicians, bureaucrats, and members of the armed forces, the title of Baron was also given to businesspeople such as the Mitsui family, Sumitomo family, Konoike family, and Iwasaki family.
Japanese: 政治家・官僚・軍人以外に、三井家、住友家、鴻池家、岩崎家のような実業家にも男爵が与えられた。
English: Also, many families of karo (chief retainer of daimyo, Japanese territorial lord) of taihan (large scale domains) received the title of Baron as a reward for their outstanding contribution to the country during the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: また維新時の功績などといった名目により、大藩の家老家のうちかなりの数が「国家に勲功ある者」として男爵を授けられている。
English: Takeomi KIKUCHI, Yorisada GOJO, Nagayasu NAWA, Yukiyoshi NANBU, Toshizumi NITTA were also raised to the peerage and given the title of Baron as the descendants of meritorious retainers of the Southern Court (Japan).
Japanese: 菊池武臣、五条頼定、名和長恭、南部行義、新田俊純などが南朝_(日本)の功臣の子孫であることを理由に新たに華族に列せられ、男爵を与えられた。
English: In Japan, Baron is the most well known title as well as Duke and Hakushaku (Count, Earl in England); Barons often appear in Japanese literary works and comic books.
Japanese: 日本においては公爵、伯爵と並んで知名度の高い爵位であり、文学作品、漫画作品などにも多くの男爵が登場する。
English: In many cases, they are described as gentleman types wearing traditional suits or riding suits; Baron is recognized more as the title for a gentleman rather than for aristocrats.
Japanese: その多くは大礼服よりも伝統的なスーツや乗馬服をまとった紳士風の人物として描かれており、貴族と言うよりは上位の紳士の称号として認識されている感が強い。
English: The name Danshaku imo comes from the fact that the Baron Ryukichi KAWATA cultivated a breed of potato called Irish Cobbler at Kamiiso town (present day: Hokuto city) in Hokkaido and popularized the potato.
Japanese: 男爵いもは高知県出身の男爵・川田龍吉が北海道上磯町（現・北斗市）でアイリッシュ・コブラーという品種の芋を試験栽培し、普及させたことに由来する。
English: Kijuro SHIDEHARA, the 44th prime minister, the 40th chairman of the House of Representatives, recipient of Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flower of the Junior First Rank
Japanese: 幣原喜重郎　第44代内閣総理大臣、第40代衆議院議長、従一位勲一等旭日桐花大綬章
English: Takeichi NISHI, Colonel of the Army, Colonel of the 21st tank regiment and gold medal winner in Equestrianism in the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games.
Japanese: 西竹一　陸軍大佐、戦車二十一連隊長、ロサンゼルスオリンピック(1932年)馬術障害飛越競技金メダリスト。
English: Tsuneyoshi MURATA, feudal retainer of Satsuma, Army Major General, inventor of the first domestic rifle of the Japanese army, Murataju (Murata rifle)
Japanese: 村田経芳薩摩藩士、陸軍少将、日本陸軍の最初の国産小銃「村田銃」発明者。
English: Kantaro SUZUKI, the 42nd prime minister, Chairman of the Privy Council, Grand Chamberlain, department director of the Navy Department, navarch of the combined fleet, and full admiral
Japanese: 鈴木貫太郎　第42代内閣総理大臣、枢密院議長、侍従長、海軍軍令部長、連合艦隊司令長官、海軍大将
English: Gotairo indicates the five most powerful daimyo clans, appointed as Karo (or Tairo) of the Toyotomi family, and acted as executive organs of the Toyotomi Administration at the last days of the administration, during the Bunroku era (1593-1598).
Japanese: 五大老（ごたいろう）とは、豊臣政権末期（文禄年間）に豊臣家の家老（大老）として政務にあたった有力五大名を指した言葉である。
English: In those days, they were called 'Gonin bugyo,' but it became quite confusing with 'Gonin gobugyo' during the Edo period (though they were mainly called 'Gonin otoshiyori' at the time); as a result, the term 'Gotairo' was coined later to indicate the former to distinguish between them.
Japanese: なお、当時は「五大老」の呼び名は無く、「五人御奉行」などと呼ばれていたが、江戸時代にいわゆる五奉行（こちらは主に「五人御年寄」などと呼ばれていた）と混乱し、後に「五大老」と呼ばれるようになったものである。
English: Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI established a council system of Gotairo to support his son Hideyori in case of his death, expecting the five members to balance each other to prevent the possible emergence of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 豊臣秀吉は己の死後、その息子・豊臣秀頼を五大老が補佐し、合議制をとることにより徳川家康の台頭を防ごうと考えていた。
English: Gotairo prevented Ieyasu TOKUGAWA from surpassing the Toyotomi family until the death of Toshiie MAEDA in 1599, though they could not stop Ieyasu to be dominating.
Japanese: ただし、前田利家の存命だった慶長4年（1599年）までは、家康の専横までは防げなかったものの、家康が豊臣家より上回る権威を持つことを防ぐことはできた。
English: In the Edo bakufu, the post of Rokuninshu (literally, six persons; corresponding to the later Wakadoshiyori (literally, younger old persons) post) was established in 1634, and was abolished in 1649, with the job absorbed in that of Roju.
Japanese: 幕府では、1634年（寛永11年）六人衆が置かれ、1649年（慶安2年）に六人衆（後の若年寄に相当）が廃止され、その職掌があわせられた。
English: However, in 1662, the Wakadoshiyori post was again established for housekeeping of the Shogun family, sharing the job with Roju.
Japanese: しかしながら、1662年（寛文2年）に再び若年寄が設置され、将軍家の家政については分掌された。
English: Initially, Roju was called Toshiyorishu (literally, old persons), and the name of Toshiyorishu was generally used among Hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu, which was a form of Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 当初、老中は年寄衆と呼ばれていたということで、旗本の間では年寄衆という呼称で定着した。
English: Roju of the Bakufu controlled Ometsuke (the post for watching the states of the domains and Imperial court), Machi-bugyo (town magistrate), Ongoku-bugyo (the collective name of the magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government in the Edo period), and Sunpujodai (the person sent for administering the Shunpu castle), and was responsible for the affairs concerned with the imperial court, kuge (court nobles), daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), shrines and temples as well as for allotment of chigyo (a right of controlling a domain).
Japanese: 幕府の老中は、大目付・町奉行・遠国奉行・駿府城代などを指揮監督し、朝廷・公家・大名・寺社に関する事柄、知行割りについてなどを統轄した。
English: The room called Goyoubeya, placed in the Honmaru-goten palace of the Edo castle, was used as their office, and for important matters, they met there and conferred together.
Japanese: 江戸城本丸御殿にあった御用部屋と呼ばれる部屋を詰め所・執務室とし、重大な事柄については合議した。
English: When they conferred on an important matter, they exchanged their opinions through writing on ash placed in the Goyobeya as the best measure to prevent their talks from being eavesdropped and not to leave any documentary evidences.
Japanese: また、外部に漏れてはいけない重要なことを話し合う時には盗聴をされないよう、更に文書として証拠も残らない最善策として御用部屋に置かれていた灰の上に筆談をした。
English: Actually, the Roju other than the one in charge for the month also conferred on and dealt with important matters.
Japanese: 実際には担当ではない者も月番の者と同じように、重要な事柄を合議・処理をしたりしていた。
English: Nishinomaru Roju was not engaged in the affairs of the bakufu but was solely responsible for housekeeping of Ogosho (leading or influential figure) or the heir of Shogun who resided in Nishinomaru.
Japanese: 西の丸老中は幕政には関与せず専ら西の丸に居住する大御所や将軍嗣子の家政を総括していた。
English: In the reformation of the shogunate government in 1867, at the end of the Edo period, the tsukibansei system (in which one of the Roju was in charge of daily affairs in monthly rotation) was abolished and a new system was established in which each of five presidents was exclusively responsible for domestic affairs, accounting, foreign affairs, the army, or the navy.
Japanese: 1867年（慶応3年）に幕末の幕政改革で月番制を廃止し、国内事務・会計・外国事務・陸軍・海軍の5人の総裁がそれぞれ専任する体制となった。
English: However, there were exceptions, and some daimyo with less then 30,000 koku rice yields became Roju from the Roju-kaku post (a post at the Roju level).
Japanese: しかし、例外もあり3万石以下の大名でも、老中格から老中になるものもいた。
English: Although no Tozama daimyo (a daimyo who did not belong to the Tokugawa group before the Battle of Sekigahara) could become Roju, it seems that some Tozama daimyo became 'Negai daimyo' (who was allowed to become a Fudai daimyo from a Tozama daimyo) and then became Roju.
Japanese: また、実際役職に就くのは不可能である外様大名でも、「願い譜代」（外様から譜代にしてもらうこと）をしてなるものもいたようである。
English: Most Roju came from posts under the immediate control of Shogun, such as Sobayonin (lord chamberlain), Kyoto-shoshidai (the Kyoto deputy), and Osaka-jodai (the person sent for administering the Osaka castle).
Japanese: だいたいは側用人、京都所司代、大坂城代など将軍直属の役職からなるものが多かった。
English: It was custom that the rank of the daimyo who was appointed to Osaka-jodai was promoted to Jushiinoge (Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade) from Jugoi (Junior Fifth Rank).
Japanese: 大坂城代に任じられた大名は、それまで従五位であった者は従四位下に昇任するのが通例である。
English: Furthermore, it was also custom that, when a person was appointed to Kyoto-shoshidai or Roju, the rank of the person was raised to Jushiinoge and jiju (a chamberlain).
Japanese: さらに、京都所司代または老中に任じられると、従四位下・侍従に昇任するのが通例であった。
English: When a person was appointed to Roju, the daimyo and the hatamoto who possessed the same official title as that of the new Roju, except those whose shikoseki (waiting room) was Oroka (a big corridor), Ohiroma (a big hall), or Tamarinoma (literally, a gathering-together hall), changed their official titles voluntarily.
Japanese: 新たな老中が就任すると、同じ官名の伺候席大廊下（おおろうか）、伺候席大広間（おおびろま）、伺候席溜間以外の大名や旗本は自主的に官名を変更したのである。
English: Ordinarily, Roju came to the Edo castle at around 10 AM and left there at around 2 PM.
Japanese: 一般的には老中は午前10時ごろ江戸城に登城、午後2時ごろに退出した。
English: Roju resided mostly around the Nishinomaru (the western compound of the Edo castle) (the present outer garden of the Imperial Palace).
Japanese: 老中に就任した者は屋敷を西之丸下（現在の皇居外苑）に構えることが多かった。
English: For example, when it is found that 'Roju' was written in an application form, it is necessary to conduct historical investigations to determine whether it indicated Karo under a lord or Roju at the bakufu.
Japanese: 例えば、願書類の宛先が「老中」とある場合、個別領主の家老なのか、幕府の老中を指すのか、史料批判が必要になる。
English: While Roju were in charge of national affairs, Wakadoshiyori were responsible for housekeeping of the Shogun family and mainly controlling Hatamoto (direct retainers of Shogun) and Gokenin (also direct retainers of Shogun, but generally speaking, lower-ranked than Hatamoto).
Japanese: 全国支配の担当である老中に対し、旗本や御家人の支配を軸とする将軍家の家政を担当した。
English: This post originated in that Iemitsu TOKUGAWA appointed his six close advisers, Nobutsuna MATSUDAIRA, Masamori HOTTA, Tadaaki ABE, Sukemune OTA, and Shigetsugu ABE, to the 'Rokunin-shu' (six persons) post for handling daily affairs in 1633.
Japanese: 1633年（寛永10年）に、徳川家光が側近6人（松平信綱、堀田正盛、三浦正次、阿部忠秋、太田資宗、阿部重次）を日常の雑務を扱う「六人衆」としたことに由来する。
English: However, because four of them were promoted to Roju and consequently the meaning of the existence of the post was lost, the Rokuninshu post was abolished once, with its jobs were absorbed in Roju.
Japanese: しかし、そのうち4人は老中に昇進したため存在意義を失いにいったん廃止され、老中にその職務は吸収された。
English: The number of the Wakatoshiyori members was roughly four, and the post became a step for Roju or Sobayonin (lord chamberlain).
Japanese: およそ4人を定員とし、老中・側用人などに出世するために経験する職となっていった。
English: Tairo was the highest post in the Edo bakufu government system, provisionally placed above Roju as an assistant to Shogun.
Japanese: 大老（たいろう）は、江戸幕府の職制で、将軍の補佐役、臨時に老中の上に置かれた最高職。
English: In a broad sense, this term was used for indicating the highest responsible persons in a daimyo family or in an administrative body (Gotairo [Council of Five Elders] in the Toyotomi government were well known).
Japanese: より広義には、大名家・執政機関の最高責任者群を指す（豊臣政権の五大老などがよく知られる）。
English: Tairo was involved only in important policy decisions (called Taisei-sanyo), and was exempted from doing daily jobs, such as commuting to Hyojosho (the conference chamber) and handling daily affairs in monthly rotation.
Japanese: 重要な政策の決定にのみ関与し（大政参与）、評定所への出勤や月番などの日常業務は免除されていた。
English: In the cabinet officials of the Shogunate in the early Edo period, Tokugawa family members, who were deeply trusted by Ieyasu TOKUGAWA, such as Sadakatsu MATSUDAIRA and Tadaakira MATSUDAIRA, (Masayuki HOSHINA in the Ietsuna TOKUGAWA era occupied a similar position), or senior vassals, such as Naotaka II and Tadayo SAKAI (there are different opinions about whether both of Ii and Sakai were appointed to the Tairo post) played a role of Genro (an elder statesman), and it is considered that this Tairo post was established for having this role assumed by the senior member of Roju.
Japanese: 初期の幕閣では松平定勝や松平忠明といった徳川家康の信頼が厚い親族（徳川家綱時代の保科正之もこれに近い）や井伊直孝・酒井忠世などの重臣（井伊・酒井両名が大老に就任したかどうかについては意見が分かれている）が元老としての役割を果たしていたが、その役割をベテランの老中に担わせた職掌とみることができる。
English: In that sense, Tairo was rather a honorary post for Fudai daimyo (a daimyo who had belonged to the Tokugawa group before the battle of Sekigahara), but some at the post, such as Tadakiyo SAKAI and Naosuke II, concentrated power into their hands.
Japanese: その意味では譜代大名の名誉職的な意味合いが強い職であったが、酒井忠清・井伊直弼のように自らに権力を集中させる者もいた。
English: The first persons recorded as Tairo in the history were Toshikatsu DOI and Tadakatsu SAKAI (the lord of Obama Domain in Wakasa Province) who were promoted to the post in 1638 by Iemitsu TOKUGAWA.
Japanese: 記録で明らかところでは、1638年に徳川家光が土井利勝・酒井忠勝(若狭国小浜藩主)を大老に格上げしたのが始まりとされる。
English: After that, Tadakiyo SAKAI and Naozumi II assumed the post in the era of Ietsuna TOKUGAWA, and the style of Tairo as the highest governmental post was established in the era of Masatoshi HOTTA who was appointed the post by Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the fifth shogun
Japanese: その後、徳川家綱の時代に酒井忠清・井伊直澄が就任し、5代将軍徳川綱吉が任命した堀田正俊の時に最高職としての体裁が整った。
English: Only the members of four families: Ii, Sakai (in the linage of Uta no kami [Director of the Bureau of Music]), Doi and Hotta were allowed to assume the Tairo post.
Japanese: 大老職に就けるのは井伊・酒井（雅楽頭流）・土井・堀田の四家に限定された。
English: A Fudai daimyo with 100,000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku) rice yields was sometimes appointed the post, but he was called Tairo-kaku (Tairo level) instead of Tairo.
Japanese: この四家以外にも譜代10万石以上の大名が任命されることもあったが、大老ではなく大老格と呼ばれた。
English: However, why the Tairo post had to be solely occupied by the members of the four families is not thoroughly clear, for example, descendents of Tadatsugu SAKAI, of Yasumasa SAKAKIBARA, and of Tadakatsu HONDA, who were important Fudai daimyo and called Tokugawa-shitenno (four generals of the Tokugawa clan) surpassing the Hotta family even in the amount of rice crop, were not appointed the post.
Japanese: しかし、徳川四天王と称せられ、石高でも堀田家を上回っていた譜代重鎮の酒井忠次・榊原康政・本多忠勝の末裔はこれに任じられないなど、大老四家を固定した基準はいまひとつ不明である。
English: However, Toshihisa, the fourth head of the Doi family, could produce no heir, so the linage of the Doi family was once terminated, and use of the family name was permitted again with 70,000 koku rice yields (later 10,000 koku were added).
Japanese: しかしながら、4代目の利久のときに無嗣廃絶となり、7万石（後に1万石加増）で家名再興が許可された
English: However, the Doi family continued occupying an important post in the cabinet officials of the Shogunate, for example, Toshitsura DOI assumed the head of Roju (the post immediately under Tairo) after Tempo Reforms failed.
Japanese: しかし天保の改革が頓挫したあとで土井利位が老中筆頭になるなど、幕閣に連綿と重きをなした。
English: Towards the end of the Edo bakufu, Naosuke II was killed in the Sakuradamongai incident by roshi (master-less samurai) of the Mito domain and Satsuma domain.
Japanese: また、幕末の大老井伊直弼は江戸城桜田門外の変で水戸藩・薩摩藩の浪士に殺害されている。
English: Tairo in a domain was a temporary post set up to assist the lord of the domain, for example, when the lord was young..
Japanese: 藩主が幼少のときなどに、藩主を補佐するために設置された非常置の役職。
English: Machi-bugyo was a name of a governmental post in the Edo period that was in charge of administration and judicature in an urban area (called machi-kata) in a territory.
Japanese: 町奉行（まちぶぎょう）とは江戸時代の職名で、領内の都市部（町方）の行政・司法を担当する役職。
English: However, when just mach-bugyo was used, it generally indicated the Edo machi-bugyo that was the governmental post in the bakufu.
Japanese: しかしながら、一般に町奉行とのみ呼ぶ場合は幕府の役職である江戸町奉行のみを指す。
English: The bakufu machi-bugyo in the Tenryo cities (the cities directly controlled by the bakufu) other than Edo were called with the city name added to their heads, for example, Osaka machi-bugyo, and was generically called ongoku-bugyo (literally, bugyo in remote provinces).
Japanese: また、江戸以外の天領都市の幕府町奉行は大坂町奉行など地名を冠しており、遠国奉行と総称された。
English: On this page, descriptions are made about the Edo machi-bugyo and the Edo machi-bugyo-sho office (the office for machi-bugyo) (hereafter, bugyo and bugyo-sho office indicates machi-bugyo and machi-bugyo-sho office, respectively, if not specifically mentioned).
Japanese: このページでは江戸町奉行および江戸町奉行所について記述する（以後、特別断りが無い場合、奉行とは町奉行、奉行所とは町奉行所を指す）。
English: The members in this post, together with those in the other two bugyo posts were also members of Hyojosho (the conference chamber), and were also concerned with affairs in the bakufu government.
Japanese: 他の二奉行と同様評定所の構成メンバーであり、幕政にも参与する立場であった。
English: In the era when hatamoto became to be appointed this post, the amount of rice yields for this post was around 3000 koku (approx. 180 liters/koku)
Japanese: 旗本が任命されるようになってから以降の町奉行の石高は3000石程度であった。
English: A machi-bugyo officer went to the Edo castle in the morning, reporting to Roju members or holding meetings, and in the afternoon, made decisions and held trials, working until late night.
Japanese: その職務は午前中は江戸城に登城して老中などへの報告や打ち合わせを行い、午後は奉行所で決裁や裁判を行なうというもので、夜遅くまで執務していた。
English: Yoriki (police sergeants) and doshin (police constables) were subordinates of the bugyo officer, but were retainers of the shogun family and worked at a bugyo-sho office hereditarily.
Japanese: 役職上与力や同心は部下にあたるが、これらはあくまで将軍家の家臣であり、世襲制で奉行所に勤めていた。
English: The bugyo officer was merely a hatamoto controlled by Roju, therefore there were no direct master-servant relationship between the officer and yoriki and doshin.
Japanese: 奉行はあくまで老中所轄の旗本に過ぎず、そのため、与力や同心たちとは直接の主従関係は無かった。
English: If a bugyo officer and a yoriki member were in a master-servant relationship, the yoriki was called uchi-yoriki to differentiate from other ordinary yoriki members.
Japanese: 逆に奉行と主従関係にあった与力を内与力と呼び、通常の与力とは区別された。
English: It is generally depicted, for example, in storytelling, that the kita (north) bugyo-sho office and the minami (south) bugyo-sho office were in a rival relationship and didn't get along with each other.
Japanese: 一般に講談などでは南北奉行所は互いにライバル関係にあり仲が悪かったかのように描写される。
English: However, as shown in the later-described relationships between the two bugyo-sho offices, it is said that bugyo officers were outsiders in the area and their relationship of mutual trust was not firm.
Japanese: しかしながら、後述する南北奉行所の関係からもわかるように、むしろ、奉行の方が余所者であって信頼関係が薄かったとされる。
English: Until 1631when the bakufu built machi-bugyo-sho offices, the person appointed a machi-bugyo officer used his residence as the office, executing his job by providing a court (called shirasu: literally, a white sand area) in the premise.
Japanese: 1631年に幕府が町奉行所を建てるまで、町奉行所は、町奉行に任ぜられた者がその邸宅にお白洲を作ってその職務を執り行っていた。
English: Its territory of control was limited to machikata (the town area) of Edo, and its authority did not cover samurai residences, shrines and temples that occupied more than a half of Edo.
Japanese: 管轄区域は江戸の町方のみで、面積の半分以上を占める武家地・寺社地には権限が及ばなかった。
English: In 1818, the Edo area was officially specified on a map with a red line (called shu-biki), and at the same time, the area to be controlled by the machi-bugyo was shown with a black line (called sumi-biki).
Japanese: 1818年には江戸の範囲が地図上に赤い線（朱引）で正式に定められたが、同時に町奉行の管轄する範囲も黒い線（墨引）で示された。
English: The term of machi-bugyo-sho came from the name of the governmental post, therefore, the office was actually called go-bansho (a police station) or o-yakusho (a government office) by townspeople.
Japanese: 町奉行所と言う名称は、その役職から来た名であるため、町人たちからは御番所や御役所と呼ばれていた。
English: As the term of kita-machi-bugyo (-sho) and minami-machi-bugyo (-sho) were often used, two Edo-machi-bugyo-sho offices were placed (except for a certain period).
Japanese: よく北町奉行（所）・南町奉行（所）と言われるように、（一部の時期を除き）江戸町奉行所は2ヶ所あった。
English: The job was actually conducted in a monthly rotation system (however, for each of the doshin officers who walked around watching town situations, jishinban [the town-watching places operated by townspeople themselves] to patrol were specified, and in that sense, a control territory existed naturally.
Japanese: 月番制によって交互に業務を行っていたという制度であった（ただし、市中を巡回する廻り方同心は巡回すべき自身番を指定されておりそういった意味での管轄は存在した。
English: However, the jishinban places allotted to a doshin officer were scattered all over the Edo city area, and were not concentrated in an area, like the XX direction in the present police).
Japanese: しかし、この各同心が担当する自身番も、江戸市中に散在する形で割り当てられており、現今の警察の○○方面というような地域的にまとまったものではなかった）。
English: This monthly rotation system indicated that civil suits were accepted by the kita (north) office or by the minami (south) office alternatively, and ordinary jobs of the office except for the acceptance of civil suits (including criminal suits whose examinations were underway) were conducted naturally.
Japanese: この月番制は、民事訴訟の受付を北と南で交替で受理していたことを指すものであり、民事訴訟の受理以外の通常業務（職権開始の刑事訴訟を含む）は当然行われていた。
English: In addition, the bugyo-sho office being its off duty turn handled unfinished law suits that were accepted by the office in its on duty turn.
Japanese: また月番でない奉行所は、月番で受理し、未処理となっている訴訟の処理等も行っていた。
English: The term of kita and minami were used for identifying a location where the bugyo-sho office was placed, and were not used officially
Japanese: その南北と言う名称にしても、奉行所所在地の位置関係によりそう呼ばれていたということであり、南北は正式な呼称ではなかった。
English: Therefore, when a bugyo-sho office moved and the relationship between the bugyo-sho office locations changed consequently, the name of the bugyo-sho office that had not moved was also changed.
Japanese: 従って1つの奉行所が移転されたことによって、各奉行所間の位置関係が変更されると、移転されなかった奉行所の呼称も変更されることになる。