nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Imperial Princes, Imperial Princesses, Princes and Princesses are addressed in the following manner: their names, their Imperial nobility and title of honor, for example 'His Imperial Highness Imperial Prince Fumihito' or 'Her Imperial Highness Imperial Princess Aiko.'
Japanese: 親王・内親王・王・女王については、「文仁親王殿下」や「愛子内親王殿下」と、名+身位+敬称の順。
English: Consorts of Imperial Princes or Princes are addressed in the following manner: husband's name, husband's Imperial nobility, 'Consort,' her name and title of honor, for example "Her Imperial Highness Kiko Consort to Prince Fumihito.'
Japanese: 親王妃・王妃については、「文仁親王妃紀子殿下」と、夫の名+夫の身位+「妃」+名+敬称の順。
English: After a member of an Imperial family has passed away, the prefix of 'Late' is added and the title of honor is omitted, for example 'the Late Empress Dowager' or 'the Late Princess Kikuko.'
Japanese: 皇族が「崩御」ないし「死死の表現」した後は、「故皇太后」や「故宣仁親王妃喜久子」と、上記に「故」が冠され敬称が省かれる。
English: Even after their husbands have passed away, Consorts of Imperial Princes and Princes are addressed in the same manner without adding the prefix 'Late' to the husband's name, for example 'Her Imperial Highness Hisako Consort to Imperial Prince Norihito.'
Japanese: 夫が「薨去」して未亡人となった場合でも、親王妃や王妃の称呼については「憲仁親王妃久子殿下」と、夫の名に「故」を冠さない。
English: Titles of honor are omitted in the name of a law or upon conferring a decoration, for example 'The Act Decreeing the Day of Crown Prince Naruhito's Wedding Ceremony a Holiday.'
Japanese: 法律や叙勲においては、「皇太子徳仁親王の結婚の儀の行われる日を休日とする法律」など、敬称は省かれる。
English: Although the Imperial ranking order for members of the Imperial family is in most part pursuant to the Ordinance of Imperial Nobility implemented pre-war, among siblings, there are cases where the male members take precedence over the female members, and those where the order of birth is weighed more heavily regardless of gender.
Japanese: 皇族の班位は、ほぼ戦前の皇族身位令に準じるものとなっているが、兄弟姉妹間では、女よりも男を優先する場合と、男女関係なく出生順による場合とが見られる。
English: As an example of the former, at the first poetry reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace in 1966, the seating order of the daughter of Mikasanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito, Yasuko KONOE (born 1944), came after Imperial Prince Tomohito's (born 1946).
Japanese: 前者の例として、昭和41年（1966年）の歌会始において三笠宮崇仁親王の子である近衛やす子（1944年生）が、彼女よりも出生順では後の寬仁親王（1946年生）の後の席次となっている例がある。
English: As an example of the latter, at the first poetry reading party of the New Year at the Imperial Palace in 1977 and 1978, another daughter of Mikasanomiya Imperial Prince Takahito, Masako SEN (born 1951), was seated before Takamadonomiya Imperial Prince Norihito (born 1954) in accordance to the order of their birth.
Japanese: 後者の例としては、昭和52、53年（1977年、1978年）の歌会始において、同じく三笠宮崇仁親王の子である千容子（1951年生）が、出生順どおり高円宮憲仁親王（1954年生）の前となっている例がある。
English: Daijo Tenno (the Retired Emperor) is an honorary title awarded to an Emperor who handed over the Imperial Throne to his successor.
Japanese: 太上天皇（だいじょうてんのう、だじょうてんのう）とは、皇位を後継者に譲った天皇に送られる尊号。
English: It is said to have originated from the fact that when a Chinese Emperor stepped down from the throne, he was respectfully called 'Daijoko.'
Japanese: 由来は、中国の皇帝が位を退くと「太上皇」と尊称されたことにあるとされる。
English: However, there is no legal class difference between the two and, in the Ritsuryo law system, Daijo Hoo is included in Daijo Tenno.
Japanese: ただし、両者に法的な身分差は無く、律令法においては太上法皇も太上天皇に含まれることになる。
English: 'In' and 'Sangu' (the Empress, the Dowager Empress, the Grand Dowager Empress) are collectively referred to as 'Ingu' and, further including dominant nobilities, temples and shrines, they were collectively termed Ingu oshinke.
Japanese: 「三宮」（后位）と総称して「院宮」といい、更に、有力貴族・寺社を含めた総称を院宮王臣家といった。
English: Because the palace of 'In' was called Sento Imperial Palace, 'Sento' is also used to as a term for Joko.
Japanese: 院の御所が仙洞御所（せんとうごしょ）と呼ばれたことから、「仙洞」も上皇の謂として用いられる。
English: The first Emperor to become Daijo Tenno was Emperor Jito, who handed over the throne to Emperor Monmu, (though there is an example of Empress Kogyoku, who transferred the throne to her younger brother Emperor Kotoku, but at this time, there was no title of 'Daijo Tenno' and, thereafter, she acceded to the throne again as Empress Saimei) and up until Emperor Kokaku handed over the throne to Emperor Ninko in the late Edo period, there were 62 Joko's in total.
Japanese: 持統天皇が文武天皇に譲位をして太上天皇になったのが最初であり（皇極天皇が弟・孝徳天皇に譲位した例はあるが、このときには「太上天皇」号は存在しておらず、また、その後斉明天皇として重祚している）、江戸時代後期光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位するまで、計62人の上皇が存在した。
English: However, they include instances where Emperors thought it was ominous to die while in the reign and arrangements were immediately made to hand over the throne before the demise, with the honorary title of Daijo Tenno being awarded and the Daijo Tenno passing away soon thereafter.
Japanese: ただし、その中には、天皇在位のままで死去するのは不吉であるとして、崩御直前に譲位の手続きが行われて太上天皇の尊号が贈られ、そのまま崩御した例も見られる。
English: Typical are 8 days from transfer of the throne to the demise for Emperor Daigo, 10 days for Emperor Ichijo, and 3 days for Emperor Gosuzaku.
Japanese: 醍醐天皇の8日間、一条天皇の10日間、後朱雀天皇の3日間などはその典型と言える。
English: To most Emperors, the titles of Daijo Tenno were awarded soon after transfer of the throne but, because it was not awarded automatically with the transfer, there were cases where the honorary titles were not awarded as was the case with Awaji haitei (the deposed Emperor of Awaji) (Emperor Junnin), who was abdicated in something like a coup, and with Emperor Antoku and Dethroned Emperor Kujo (Emperor Chukyo) whose abdication and enthronement were made obscure.
Japanese: 殆どの天皇には、譲位後すみやかに太上天皇号が奉られるが、退位によって自動的に奉られるものではないので、淡路廃帝（淳仁天皇）のようにクーデター的に廃位されたり、安徳天皇や九条廃帝（仲恭天皇）のように退位・即位の事実が曖昧にされたりして、尊号が奉られなかった例もある。
English: There was a case where, on the occasion of the death of Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the Imperial Court offered to award him the honorary title of Daijo Tenno, but eventually his son Yoshimochi ASHIKAGA refused to accept.
Japanese: 足利義満の死に際し、朝廷が太上天皇の尊号を贈ろうとしたという事例もあったが、最終的には子の足利義持が辞退した。
English: In 1817, after Emperor Kokaku handed over the throne to Emperor Ninko to become the Daijo Tenno for the last time, there existed no Daijo Emperor.
Japanese: 1817年に光格天皇が仁孝天皇に譲位して太上天皇になったのを最後に、太上天皇は存在していない。
English: Because the Imｐerial House Acts after the Meiji period do not admit transfer of the throne, the rule of Daijo Emperor does not exist until the present time.
Japanese: 明治以降の皇室典範では譲位を認めていないため、現在に至るまで太上天皇の制度は存在しない。
English: In Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), there was a provision for Joko alongside that for Emperor which made it possible for Joko to incorporate his intent politically by means of inzen (a decree from In) just like Emperor.
Japanese: 大宝律令において、天皇と並んで規定があり、天皇と同じように院宣を以て、その意向を政治的に汲み入れることが可能であった。
English: At the end of the Heian period, Insei (rule by In (= Joko)) based on a father-child relationship with the Emperor began to be conducted instead of Sekkan seiji (regency) based on a mother-child relationship.
Japanese: 平安時代の末になると、天皇との母子関係を基礎とした外戚による摂関政治から、父子関係に基礎を置いた上皇による院政が行われるようになった。
English: These Joko's who assumed the reigns of government also belong to those who were referred to as Chiten no kimi (the retired emperor in power) (however, Joko who assumed power is not necessarily a Chiten no kimi.)
Japanese: これら政権を握った上皇は、また治天の君（ちてんのきみ）と称された内に含まれる（「政権を握った上皇＝治天の君」ではない）。
English: The Emperor Organ Theory (Tenno kikan setsu) is a theory from the Study of Constitution about Emperor, and it was established under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 天皇機関説（てんのうきかんせつ、天皇機關說）とは、大日本帝国憲法下で確立された、天皇に関する憲法学説である。
English: It suggested that the state, as a public authority, is sovereign, and Emperor exercises sovereignty as the highest organ while being given hohitsu (an advice on affairs of state, assistance, or counsel) by other organs such as Cabinet
Japanese: 主権は法人たる国家にあり、天皇はその最高機関として、内閣をはじめとする他の機関からの輔弼を得ながら統治権を行使すると説いた。
English: The Emperor Organ Theory had been regarded as a popular theory in the Study of Constitution over 30 years from the end of Meiji Period, and it was a basic theory related to management of politics.
Japanese: 天皇機関説は、明治時代の終わりから頃までの30年余りにわたって、憲法学の通説とされ、政治運営の基礎的理論とされた学説である。
English: Assuming a state is a public authority, monarchs, diets, and courts are regarded as organs of a public authority, the state.
Japanese: 国家が法人だとすると、君主や、議会や、裁判所は、国家という法人の機関だということになる。
English: If you apply the theory to Japan, the Japanese Nation is a legal public authority, and this makes Emperor an organ of Japan, the public authority
Japanese: この説明を日本にあてはめると、日本国家は法律上はひとつの法人であり、その結果として、天皇は、法人たる日本国家の機関だということになる。
English: In the Constitution of the Empire of Japan proclaimed in 1889, Emperor's position was defined as follows.
Japanese: 1889年に公布された大日本帝国憲法では、天皇の位置付けに関して、次のように定められた。
English: Article 1 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan: The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal (imperial sovereignty).
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第1条：大日本帝國ハ萬世一系ノ天皇之ヲ統治ス（天皇主権）
English: Article 4 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan: The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution (governing right).
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法第4条：天皇ハ國ノ元首ニシテ統治權ヲ總攬シ此ノ憲法ノ條規ニ依リテ之ヲ行フ（統治大権）
English: There were mainly two school sects regarding interpretation and operation of these provisions and the whole constitution.
Japanese: これらの条文や憲法全体の解釈運用にあたっては、大きく分けて2つ学派があった。
English: People in the Constitutional school such as Tatsukichi MINOBE and Soichi SASAKI focused on the constitutionalism centered around the diet to establish the theory.
Japanese: 美濃部達吉や佐々木惣一らの立憲学派は、議会を中心とした立憲主義に重きを置いて学説を構成した。
English: Concretely, it is interpreted that they attach more importance to governing right than to imperial sovereignty and even a monarch's actions are limited by "the articles of the constitution (diet)."
Japanese: 具体的には、天皇主権より統治大権を重視し君主であっても『憲法ノ條規（議会）』に行動が制限される解釈と云える。
English: the monarchism school (also called Divine right school) consisting of Yatsuka HOZUMI and Shinkichi UESUGI, etc. who established the theory by focusing on 'monarchism'
Japanese: 「君権」に重きを置いて学説を構成した穂積八束や上杉慎吉ら君権学派（神権学派とも）。
English: Concretely, they put importance on imperial sovereignty, and they interpret the emperor's actions are not limited in principle irrespective of "provisions in the constitution."
Japanese: 具体的には、天皇主権に重きをおき原則的に天皇には『憲法ノ條規』があってもあらゆる制限は無いという解釈と云える。
English: These schools conflicted with each other between Uesugi and Minobe over the Emperor Organ Theory, and then, in and after the period of Taisho Democracy, the constitutional school had an advantage and it became a prevailing orthodoxy.
Japanese: これら両派は、には、上杉と美濃部の間で天皇機関説論争として対立し、その後大正デモクラシーの時期を通じて立憲学派の立場が優勢となり、通説的立場を占めた。
English: However, due to the incident of the Emperor Organ Theory, some of Minobe's books were banned under the publishing law, and the government effectively made an official evaluation of the theory in the government announcement.
Japanese: しかし、に生じた天皇機関説事件で、美濃部の一部著書が出版法の発売禁止処分を受け、政府が国体明徴声明で学説の事実上の公定を行った。
English: As it is mentioned in the next clause, even in the Emperor Organ Theory, it is considered that the emperor has sovereign power with reference to a right to make a final decision on state's intentions, and the emperor's authority hasn't been denied.
Japanese: 次節でみるように、天皇機関説においても、国家意思終局的決定権の意味での主権は天皇にあると考えられており、天皇の権限は否定されていない。
English: Attention should be given to the fact that the Emperor Organ Theory just treated of the thesis that how 'a constitutional monarch' should be.
Japanese: 天皇機関説はあくまで「立憲君主」のあるべき姿を論じた点に注意されたい。
English: In modern age, constitutional government is meant to control monarch's actions by a diet (legislature) based on predetermined provisions in the constitution.
Japanese: 現代では通常憲法に条規を定めておき議会（立法府）により君主の行動を制限するのが立憲政治である。
English: On the contrary, pre-modern autocracy is meant to rule a nation without establishing a constitution, following laws, and considering subjects.
Japanese: また反対に憲法を定めず法令によらずして被支配者層を介せず統治するのが前近代的な専制政治である。
English: One year after the proclamation of the constitution, the Imperial Diet session was opened, and Japan became a constitutional monarchy both in name and reality through the establishment of the party government in and after the Taisho Democracy.
Japanese: 憲法発布当初その1年後に帝国議会が開会し、大正デモクラシー以後の政党政治の確立によって、日本は名実共に立憲君主国となった。
English: However, it seems that the idea of the constitutional monarchy didn't prevail to the public (this was obvious from the difference in reactions between of the public who had read Minobe's explanation on newspapers and of the House of Peers [Japan]), and since the theory of the imperial sovereignty got an advantage after a series of turmoil, these people tended to advocate that the idea of the constitutional monarch was 'uncritical acceptance of western theory (summarized from "Kokutai no Hongi" [the primordial doctrine of the national]).'
Japanese: しかしながら、こういった立憲君主との考えをば大衆をして浸透しなかったようで（それは美濃部の弁明を新聞で読んだ大衆の反応と、貴族院(日本)での反応の温度差に明らかであり）、一連の騷動以後は天皇主権説が台頭したため、それらの論者は往々にしてこの立憲君主の考えを「西洋由来の学説の無批判の受け入れである（『國體の本義』より要約）」と断じた。
English: Lack of political sense of Japanese people was increased because Seron (grass-roots opinion) grew into Koron (public opinion).
Japanese: 日本国民の政治感覚のなさが、世論（大衆の意見）が輿論（公的な意見）となり増大された。
English: Soon after, the government had no other way but to take actions (government announcement), and the thread of life of the constitutional school and the Emperor Organ Theory, which had been a main stream, was broken.
Japanese: やがて政府が動かざるをえなくなり（国体明徴声明）、従来主流であった立憲学派および天皇機関説の命脈は絶たれた。
English: Since the word 'sovereign power' can be interpreted in various means, it is necessary to be careful.
Japanese: 「主権」という語は多義的にさまざまな意味に解釈することができるため注意が必要である。
English: In 'the national sovereignty theory,' the answer to a question as 'who has sovereign power as governing right?' is the state.
Japanese: 「統治権としての主権を有するのは何か」という問いに対して、国家と答えるのが「国家主権説」である。
English: For example, though people recalled the Constitution of Japan, they have to conform to the provisions and their actions are limited.
Japanese: たとえば、日本国憲法を国民は想起したがその条規は守らねばならず、その行動は制限される。
English: Irrespective of monarch or general people, violating it means a violation of sovereign power, and this makes the constitutional system collapse (in this case, sovereign power means state right which shouldn't be [legally] violated in and outside of Japan, and an expression like 'infringement of Japanese sovereignty' is often used in the case of intrusion into territorial waters or abduction of Japanese civilians to other country).
Japanese: それを犯せば君主であれ国民であれ主権を侵すことになり、ここに立憲制は瓦解する（この場合の主権は、例えば領海侵犯や国民が他国へ拉致された場合などにおいて「我が国の主権侵害」などと言われるが、まさにこの内外に（法律面で）侵されざるべき国家の權利を主権という）。
English: On the other hand, in 'monarch sovereignty,' the answer to a question like 'who has sovereign power as the highest right to decide in the state?' is 'monarch,' and in 'popular sovereignty,' the answer is 'nation's people.'
Japanese: 一方で、「国家の最高決定権としての主権を有するのは何か」という問いに対して、「君主である」と答えるのが「君主主権」、「国民である」と答えるのが「国民主権」である。
English: It is necessary to be careful because the word sovereign power used in this mean is totally different from that for the state sovereignty theory.
Japanese: この意味での主権は、国家主権説でいうところの主権とは意味が全く異なっている点に注意されたい。
English: For example, in the current Constitution of Japan, it is mentioned that 'sovereign power resides with the people' in its Preamble and 'the emperor' is 'the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people' in Article 1, however, it is actually regarded as 'constitutional monarch' (refer to Japanese Nation).
Japanese: たとえば、現在の日本は日本国憲法に「主権者」は日本国憲法前文に「主権は国民に在する」と、「天皇」は日本国憲法第1条に「国民統合の象徴」とあるが、実情は「立憲君主」とみなされている（日本国参照）。
English: Interpreting these issues are difficult, however, since the Constitution of the Empire of Japan clearly describes as 'combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them (Article 4),' sovereign power resides with monarch (in Article 4, sovereignty means the highest right to decide in the nation since "combining" means seizure of politics).
Japanese: これらは解釈が難しい所であるが、大日本帝國憲法においては明確に「統治權ヲ總攬（第4条）」とあるので主権は君主が有する（第4条での統治権は「總攬」が政治の掌握の意であり、すなはち国家の最高決定権を指す）。
English: In the state sovereignty theory, any state has its sovereign power from a viewpoint of sovereignty.
Japanese: 国家主権説では、いかなる国家であっても、統治権の意味での主権は国家にある。
English: The Emperor Organ Theory of Tatsukichi MINOBE calls upon state sovereignty from a viewpoint of sovereignty, and monarch sovereignty (imperial sovereignty) from a view point of the highest right to decide in the nation.
Japanese: 美濃部達吉の天皇機関説は、統治権の意味では国家主権、国家最高決定権の意味では君主主権（天皇主権）を唱えるものである。
English: At that time, parliamentary Cabinet system had been already put into effect in Japan, but in modern age, constitutions have been effective in most states (excluding those colored in purple in the illustration on the right).
Japanese: 当時日本ではすでに議院内閣制が施行されていたが、現代ではほとんどの国家で憲法が施行されている（右図の紫などを除く）。
English: For the interpretation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the imperial sovereignty theory suggested by Yatsuka HOZUMI, a professor of the University of Tokyo, was dominating and theoretically supported the autocratic ruling structure (what is called the doctrine of superiority) by domain clique bureaucrat.
Japanese: 大日本帝国憲法の解釈は、当初、東京大学教授・穂積八束らによる天皇主権説が支配的で、藩閥官僚による専制的な支配構造（いわゆる超然主義）を理論の面から支えた。
English: In addition, the imperial sovereignty theory was also regarded as 'oracle sovereignty' theory which means that sovereign power resides with 'the Founders of the Imperial Family,' ancestor of the emperor ultimately.
Japanese: また、この天皇主権は究極のところ天皇の祖先である「皇祖皇宗」に主権があることを意味する「神勅主権」説とも捉えられた。
English: On the other hand, based on the state authority theory in which sovereignty resides with the state as a public authority, Kitokuro ICHIKI, a professor of Tokyo Imperial University, proclaimed the Emperor Organ Theory in which the emperor was defined as the highest position in state authorities and the emperor's divine superiority was denied.
Japanese: これに対し、東京帝大教授の一木喜徳郎は、統治権は法人たる国家に帰属するとした国家法人説に基づき、天皇は国家の諸機関のうち最高の地位を占めるものと規定する天皇機関説を唱え、天皇の神格的超越性を否定した。
English: Of course, since it was to respect authority of the emperor, the highest organ in the state, he was given important posts from the bureaucracy power which was trying to compromise with the political party after Japanese-Sino War.
Japanese: もっとも、国家の最高機関である天皇の権限を尊重するものであり、日清戦争後、政党との妥協を図りつつあった官僚勢力から重用された。
English: After the Russo-Japanese War, the Emperor Organ Theory was developed in a direction enhancing a role of the diet by Tatsukichi MINOBE, a follower of Ichiki and a professor of Tokyo Imperial University.
Japanese: 日露戦争後、天皇機関説は一木の弟子である東京帝大教授の美濃部達吉によって、議会の役割を高める方向で発展された。
English: In short, he proclaimed that the diet, a representative of nation's people, can restrain the emperor's will via the Cabinet by introducing a theory of Jellinek who reproduced the state authority theory as a theory against strengthening of monarchy in Germany in and after the period of Otto von Bismarck.
Japanese: すなわち、オットー・フォン・ビスマルク時代以後のドイツ君権強化に対する抵抗の理論として国家法人説を再生させたイェリネックの学説を導入し、国民の代表機関である議会は、内閣を通して天皇の意思を拘束しうると唱えた。
English: ('Fundamental Materials on Meiji Constitution and the Constitution of Japan' created by House of Representatives Constitution Research Council secretariat)
Japanese: （衆議院憲法調査会・事務局作成資料「明治憲法と日本国憲法に関する基礎的資料」）
English: In the early Taisho Period, there was an argument between Shinkichi UESUGI of Tokyo Imperial University, a follower of Hozumi, and Minobe.
Japanese: 大正時代の初めには、穂積の弟子である東京帝大の上杉慎吉と美濃部との間で論争が起こる。
English: Though they both proclaimed imperial governing by the emperor, Uesugi mixed the emperor with the state and said 'the emperor rules for himself' and 'he can exercise governing right at his will without hohitsu by Minister of State', whereas Minobe said 'the emperor rules for nation's people, not for himself.'
Japanese: 共に天皇の王道的統治を説くものの、上杉は天皇と国家を混同し、「天皇は、天皇自身のために統治する」「国務大臣の輔弼なしで、統治権を勝手に行使できる」とし、美濃部は「天皇は国家人民のために統治するのであって、天皇自身のためするのではない」と説いた。
English: After the argument, Soichi SASAKI, a professor of Kyoto University, proclaimed almost the same theory, and Minobe's Emperor Organ Theory became a popular theory in academic circles.
Japanese: この論争の後、京都大学教授の佐々木惣一もほぼ同様の説を唱え、美濃部の天皇機関説は学界の通説となった。
English: Along with the democracy, the Emperor Organ Theory supported practices in the parliamentary Cabinet system, and party government and Taisho Democracy, and also because Minobe's book became a bible of examinees for high civil officers, the theory became a constitutional doctrine approved by the state from the middle of Taisho period through early Showa period.
Japanese: 民本主義と共に、議院内閣制の慣行・政党政治と大正デモクラシーを支え、また、美濃部の著書が高等文官試験受験者の必読書ともなり、大正時代半ばから昭和の初期にかけては、天皇機関説が国家公認の憲法学説となった。
English: The Emperor Showa, who was Sessho (emperor's chief advisor) and also the emperor at that time, accepted the Emperor Organ Theory as a matter of course.
Japanese: この時期に摂政であり天皇であった昭和天皇は、天皇機関説を当然のものとして受け入れていた。
English: The Emperor Organ Theory, which became a popular theory of the Study of Constitution, focused on roles of the diet and supported the way of party government and constitutional politics.
Japanese: 憲法学の通説となった天皇機関説は、議会の役割を重視し、政党政治と憲政の常道を支えた。
English: However, when malfunction of the party government became pronounced and the military which wasn't controlled by the diet gained power, the militarism was insisted and the concept accepting the emperor as holy writ prevailed.
Japanese: しかし、政党政治の不全が顕著になり、議会の統制を受けない軍部が台頭すると、軍国主義が主張され、天皇を絶対視する思想が広まった。
English: When Prime Minister Tsuyoshi INUKAI was assassinated in the May 15th Incident in 1932 and the way of constitutional politics was collapsed, the trend was strengthened.
Japanese: 1932年（昭和7年）に起きた五・一五事件で犬養毅首相が暗殺され、憲政の常道が崩壊すると、この傾向も強まっていった。
English: In 1935, the Emperor Organ Theory was officially driven out in the House of Peers with political strife between parties involved, and Minobe, who was an advocator of the theory and a councilor by Imperial command, addressed the Diet in his own defense.
Japanese: 1935年（昭和10年）には、政党間の政争を絡めて、貴族院において天皇機関説が公然と排撃され、主唱者であり貴族院の勅選議員となっていた美濃部が弁明に立った。
English: He ended up being inspected on suspicion of lese majesty (suspension of prosecution) and resigned as a member of the House of Peers.
Japanese: 結局、美濃部は不敬罪の疑いにより取り調べを受け（起訴猶予）、貴族院議員を辞職した。
English: His three books, "Kenpo Satsuyo" (Compendium of the Constitution), "Chikujo Kenpo Seigi" (Additional Commentaries on the Constitution), and "Nihonkoku Kenpo no Kihon Shugi" (Fundamental principle of the Constitution of Japan) were banned for violation of Publishing Act.
Japanese: 美濃部の著書である『憲法撮要』『逐条憲法精義』『日本国憲法ノ基本主義』の3冊は、出版法違反として発禁処分となった。
English: Okada Cabinet at the time declared in August 3 that 'saying the sovereignty didn't reside with the emperor and the emperor was an organ to exercise it was an incomparable action to damage the primordial doctrine of the fundamental character of the nation.'
Japanese: 当時の岡田内閣は、同年8月3日には「統治権が天皇に存せずして天皇は之を行使する為の機関なりと為すがごときは、これ全く万邦無比なる我が国体の本義を愆るものなり。」とした。
English: Furthermore, on October 15 of the same year, he published a government announcement saying that 'the Emperor Organ Theory, as it is called, damaged the primordial doctrine of our divine fundamental character of the nation and this should be eliminated' to officially eliminate the Emperor Organ Theory, and the instruction of it was also prohibited.
Japanese: 同年10月15日にはより進んで「所謂天皇機関説は、神聖なる我が国体に悖り、その本義を愆るの甚しきものにして厳に之を芟除（さんじょ）せざるべからず。」とする国体明徴声明を発表して、天皇機関説を公式に排除、その教授も禁じられた。
English: The Emperor Showa himself was pro-Organ Theory, and he worried about freedom of learning being violated by the elimination of Minobe.
Japanese: 昭和天皇自身は機関説には賛成で、美濃部の排撃で学問の自由が侵害されることを憂いていた。
English: For the government announcement, he distrusted the military and said 'peace of mind through faith or ascetic practice wouldn't be obtained' ("HONJO Shigeru Nikki" (Shigeru HONJO's Diary).
Japanese: 国体明徴声明に対しては軍部に不信感を持ち「安心が出來ぬと云ふ事になる」と言っていた（『本庄繁日記』）。
English: I can still understand if they argue about which of monarch or state has sovereign power, but it's really nonsense to discuss whether the Organ Theory is good or bad.'
Japanese: 「主權が君主にあるか國家にあるかといふことを論ずるならばまだ事が判ってゐるけれども、ただ機關説がよいとか惡いとかいふ論議をすることは頗る無茶な話である。
English: For me, I think state sovereignty is better than monarch sovereignty, but for a country like Japan where there is no difference between the monarch and state, it doesn't matter.'
Japanese: 君主主權説は、自分からいへば寧ろそれよりも國家主權の方がよいと思ふが、一體日本のやうな君國同一の國ならばどうでもよいぢやないか。
English: … Though people talk various things about Minobe, I don't think he is disloyal at all.'
Japanese: ……美濃部のことをかれこれ言ふけれども、美濃部は決して不忠なのでないと自分は思ふ。