nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, after a group which formed the Seiko-kai due to internal conflict of the Mokuyo-kai (Thursday Association) in 1910 could not maintain the faction and dissolved the following year, some of former members became a member of the 'Independents' so it qualified as a faction.
Japanese: ところが、1910年の木曜会の内紛によって清交会を結成したグループが会派を維持できずに翌年に解散すると、その一部議員が「無所属」に入会したため、会派としての資格を得た。
English: The Mokuyo-kai and the Seiko-kai were factions which comprised of baronial members of an assembly; however, as those in each faction created a movement for forming a unity faction in 1919, baronial members in the 'Independents' also participated and formed the Kousei-kai.
Japanese: さて、この木曜会及び清交会は、元々男爵議員が集まって構成されていた会派であったが、1919年に入って、各会派に散らばっていた男爵議員による統一会派結成運動が起きると、「無所属」の男爵議員もこれに呼応して合流、公正会を結成した。
English: Therefore, the number of assembly member in the 'Independents' drastically reduced so it had difficulty surviving as a faction.
Japanese: そのため、「無所属」はその議員数を大幅に減らして会派として存続の危機を迎える。
English: Then, the Independents tried to unite with the Doyo-kai (Saturday Society) that fell into critical situations due to decreasing of the number of baronial members who left the Doyo-kai.
Japanese: そこで同じく男爵議員の離脱による議員数の減少によって危機的状況に陥った土曜会との合併を図った。
English: 10 days later, the remainders in the "Independents" joined into the Dosei-kai which was formed as a new faction for holdovers from the Doyo-kai on November 15.
Japanese: かくして、11月15日に土曜会残留者の受け皿として結成された新会派・同成会に10日遅れで「無所属」の残り議員が合流すると言う形で合併、同成会に参加することになった。
English: The Second Independents was established by 25 members including 10 nominated members of the House of Peers such as Ryohei OKADA who had belonged to the largest faction Kenkyu-kai (the House of Peers) opposed the cooperation of the Kenkyu-kai and the Hara Cabinet and left from the faction as well as some members of the Independents including Moritatsu HOSOKAWA.
Japanese: 最大会派研究会_(貴族院)に所属していた岡田良平ら10名の勅選議員が、研究会と原内閣との連携に反発して会派離脱を行い、これに細川護立ら一部の純無所属議員を加えて25名で発足した。
English: At that time, the 'Saiwai-Club' that was centered on the Sawa-kai was consisted of three factions (Sawa-kai, Dousei-kai, Kousei-kai) and termed 'Saiwai Sanpa' as well as termed Saiwai Yonpa or 幸無三派 with adding the 'Independents.'
Japanese: 当時、茶話会を中心としていた「幸倶楽部派」は3会派（茶話会・同成会・公正会）から構成されて「幸三派」とも呼ばれていたため、これに「無所属」を加えて幸四派あるいは幸無三派と呼ばれた。
English: However, Fumimaro KONOE who left the Kenkyu-kai in 1927 premeditated to factionalize Kayou-kai parliamentary group, an organization for promoting mutual friendship of a faction which was formed by him and councilors of duke or marquis.
Japanese: ところが、1927年に研究会を離脱した近衛文麿が公爵・侯爵議員らと結成していた超会派の親睦団体火曜会の会派化を計画する。
English: Marquis HOSOKAWA responded to this; however, KONOE completely refused councilors' joining except members who were duke or marquis, so the members or the nominated members of the House of Peers belonging to the 'Independents' who were ranked count and below had nowhere to go.
Japanese: これに侯爵である細川ら応じたものの、近衛は公爵・侯爵以外の議員の加入を一切拒否したために、「無所属」に属していた伯爵以下の議員や勅選議員は拠り所を失くしてしまう。
English: Consequently, the Sawa-kai which was reducing parliamentary seats due to a Kenkyu-kai offensive proposed the merger and then tied up with the Independents on February 1, 1928 and formed the new faction, Douwa-kai.
Japanese: そこで研究会の攻勢によって議席を減らしていた茶話会が合併を提案、これを受けて1928年2月1日に両会派は合併して新会派・同和会を結成した。
English: Konwa-kai refers to a faction within the Diet of the House of Peers under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.
Japanese: 懇話会（こんわかい）とは、大日本帝国憲法下における貴族院_(日本)における院内会派の名称。
English: Later, it was renamed Getsuyo-kai on March 18, 1891 as well as Koushi-kai on March 3, 1900 and continued until December 7, 1901.
Japanese: 後に月曜会（げつようかい、1891年3月18日－）、庚子会（こうしかい、1900年3月3日－）と改称しながら、1901年12月7日まで続いた。
English: It's not known exactly when the faction was formed; however, Tateki TANI, Sukenori SOGA, Koyata TORIO, Hiroshi YAMAKAWA and Tadanari SHIMAZU formed it shortly after setting up Imperial Diet in November 1890.
Japanese: 明確な時期は不明だが、帝国議会が設置された1890年11月から程なく谷干城・曾我祐準・鳥尾小弥太・山川浩・島津忠済らによって結成された。
English: The following year it was renamed 'Getsuyo-kai' and with 50 members it became one of the initial assembly's leading factions like Kenkyu-kai (House of Lords) or Sanyo-kai.
Japanese: 翌年には名称を「月曜会」と改めると、50人を有して研究会_(貴族院)・三曜会とともに初期議会を代表する会派となった。
English: In this faction, there were many members with right wing who had strong nationalism including the 'four Shogun group' such as TANI, SOGA and TORIO (but Goro MIURA belonged to the Sanyo-kai) who had been removed as army right wing and they felt hostile toward the Hanbatsu Government, especially Hirobumi ITO as a person who led to national disruption, and also there were some members who were dissatisfied with the Kenkyu-kai policy that was shifted into that of the faction with Aritomo YAMAGATA.
Japanese: この会派は陸軍右派として排除された「四将軍派」のうち谷・曾我・鳥尾が揃った（残りの三浦梧楼は三曜会に属した）事に代表されるように国粋主義色の強い右派が多く、藩閥政府――特に伊藤博文に対しては国家の混乱を招いた人物として敵対意識が強く、また山縣有朋系の会派に移行した研究会の方針に不満を抱いて懇話会の結成に参加した者もおり、この両者に対する反発が根強かった。
English: On the other hand, it was different from other factions that supported the nonparty principle, and with less hostility toward parties for the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, it favorably maintained neutrality toward the first Okuma Cabinet.
Japanese: その一方で、超然主義を支持する他会派とは違い、自由民権運動系の政党への敵意は弱く、第1次大隈内閣に対しては好意的な中立を維持した。
English: In 1899, it had a maximum of 68 members, but the following year some members left from the faction due to internal conflicts, so 40 members in the mainstream faction called themselves a 'Koushi-kai.'
Japanese: 1899年には最大68人を有したが、翌年には内紛から離脱者が相次ぎ、主流派40名は「庚子会」と名乗る。
English: However, the Koushi-kai fell into a decline due to the rise of the Kenkyu-kai, so in 1901 it tied up with the Asahi Club which was a subsequent faction of the Sanyo-kai and then formed a new faction, the Doyo-kai.
Japanese: だが、研究会の台頭に対して衰退を続けたために、1901年には三曜会の後継会派である朝日倶楽部と合併して新会派・土曜会を結成した。
English: Hino incident is an incident involving public safety, which took place in Hino-cho, Gamo-gun, Shiga Prefecture on October 18, 1951.
Japanese: 日野事件（ひのじけん）とは、昭和26年（1951年）10月18日に、滋賀県蒲生郡日野町(滋賀県)で発生した公安事件。
English: At half past eleven in the morning of October 18, 1951, some of the members of the Democratic Front for Unification of Koreans in Japan and the Homeland Defense Corps (which is a Korean resident organization in Japan) gathered in Sakuragawa-mura village (present Higashiomi City), Gamo-gun, Shiga Prefecture and tried to stage a demonstration by bicycles attached with a speaker.
Japanese: 1951年10月18日午前11時30分、滋賀県蒲生郡桜川村（現・東近江市）に、在日朝鮮統一民主戦線や祖国防衛隊(在日朝鮮人団体)のメンバーが集結し、自転車にスピーカーを取り付けて自転車デモを行おうとした。
English: The Gamo-Higashi District Police Station of the then National Rural Police Shiga Prefecture Headquarters tried to stop the demonstration in vain, and the demonstration members intruded into the town of Hino-cho.
Japanese: 国家地方警察滋賀県本部蒲生東地区警察署では、これを制止しようとしたが強行突破し、日野町内に侵入した。
English: The members then made speeches in front of Hino Post Office expressing their objections to the 'deportation of Koreans', 'Japan's becoming a military base', etc.
Japanese: それから日野郵便局前で「朝鮮人強制送還反対」「軍事基地化反対」などの演説を行った。
English: Meanwhile, the Korean residents living in the nearby area gathered to establish a picket line and put up a barricade.
Japanese: その間、周辺在住の在日コリアンが集まり、ピケを張ったりバリケードを作ったりした。
English: They threw stones at the police squad and attacked the police officers with a club and snatched their pistols, so the police arrested 20 people for obstructing official duties.
Japanese: そして、警官隊に向かって投石したり、棍棒で襲い掛かったり、拳銃を奪ったりしたので、公務執行妨害罪で20人を検挙した。
English: There were the Imperial Household Ministry Notice Mugo (unnumbered) enacted in 1884 and the Koshitsu-rei (the Imperial Families' Act) which took place of the abolished former Notice in 1907.
Japanese: 明治17年（1884年）に制定された明治17年宮内省達無号と、それを廃して明治40年に制定された皇室令がある。
English: The Kazoku-rei enacted in 1907 (the Imperial Families' Act Notice No.2, 1947) was abolished in 1947.
Japanese: 明治40年制定の華族令（明治40年皇室令第2号）は昭和22年（1947年）に廃止された。
English: The peerage was divided into five classes: duke, marquis, count, viscount and baron, in descending order of rank.
Japanese: 華族を身分の高い順から、公爵・侯爵・伯爵・子爵・男爵の5爵に区分した。
English: Kugyo (high court nobles) and daimyo (feudal lords) were given noble titles according to their family status and deeds of valor, and people who had rendered distinguished services to the state were also raised to the peerage.
Japanese: 公卿・諸侯などに家格・勲功によって授爵し、国家に勲功ある者も華族に列した。
English: According to Kizokuin-rei (the House of Peers Act) in 1889, the privilege of entering the House of Peers was accorded to all the dukes and marquises aged 30 and over, and others who were elected by mutual vote.
Japanese: 1889年貴族院令により30歳以上の公爵・侯爵は全部、ほかは互選で貴族院議員になる特権を有した。
English: The act was abolished by the Matter on the Abolishment of the Koshitsu-rei and the Attached Act (the Imperial Families' Act No.12, 1947) in May 1947.
Japanese: 本令は皇室令及附属法令廃止ノ件（昭和22年皇室令第12号）により、昭和22年5月をもって廃止された。
English: Normally, those figures who are referred to as excellent bugyo (shogunate administrator), wonderful prime minister, or wise marquis are nori.
Japanese: 一般的に、名奉行・名宰相・賢侯などと言われるような人物が能吏である。
English: Urushigami Monjo refers to the ancient documents that remained without corruption and were made by using the disposal documents as the paper lid of the container that had lacquer inside and permeating lacquer into the paper.
Japanese: 漆紙文書（うるしがみもんじょ）とは、廃棄文書を漆の入った容器の蓋紙にし、それに漆が浸潤したことによって、腐らずに残った古代の文書。
English: The example of the first nationwide was the one found in Taga-jo Castle (Tagajo City, Miyagi Prefecture) in 1973.
Japanese: 全国的には1973年（昭和48年）に多賀城（宮城県多賀城市）で見つかったのが最初の例。
English: The lacquer liquid used for lacquering has a property to be harden when it is exposed to air for a long time, so when you preserve it, it should be covered with the paper stick to the surface without exposing lacquer liquid to air.
Japanese: 漆塗りに使う漆液は、長時間空気にさらすと硬化する性質があるので、保存するときには漆液が空気に触れないよう、表面に密着させた紙で蓋をする。
English: In ancient times, paper was of particular value, so the disposal documents was re-used as the lid for the lacquer liquid.
Japanese: 古代、紙は貴重であったため、廃棄文書の紙が漆液の蓋として再利用された。
English: It is hard to decode to the naked eye, so an infrared camera is used for decoding.
Japanese: 肉眼では解読が不可能な場合が多く、赤外線カメラを用いて解読作業をおこなう。
English: Urushigami Monjo is the segment of the disposal documents, but it is valuable material among the primary archives of the ancient times remained, together with mokkan (a narrow strip of wood on which an official message is written), ink writing earthenware, and Shoso-in monjo (documents of Shoso-in).
Japanese: 漆紙文書は廃棄文書の断片ではあるが、残存している一次史料の少ない古代にあっては、木簡や墨書土器、正倉院文書などとともに貴重な文字資料となっている。
English: Other than letters, official documents of the time, such as ancient family registration system, calendar, keicho (the yearly tax registers), and Shibo-cho (record of the dead), were found.
Japanese: 手紙などのほか古代の戸籍制度・暦・計帳・死亡帳など当時の公文書も見つかっている。
English: The Nanshinron (southward advance) theory was one of Japan's foreign policies before World War II, advocating that the country should advance into Southeast Asia and the South Pacific islands.
Japanese: 南進論（なんしんろん）とは、日本が南方地域へ進出すべきであるという第二次世界大戦前の対外論である。
English: It was not necessarily linked to Japan's territorial expansion and military advance in the Meiji period.
Japanese: 初期の南進論は必ずしも日本による領土拡張や軍事的進出と結びついたものではなかった。
English: The Nanshinron theory was advocated by some civilian critics such as Ukitchi TAGUCHI, Shigetaka SHIGA and Sadakaze SUGANUMA.
Japanese: 南進論は田口卯吉・志賀重昂・菅沼貞風などの民間の論客が提唱したもの。
English: After the Wars with China and Russia, Japan's basic national policy became 'Hokushinron,' advance into Northeast Asia, including Korea, Manchuria and mainland China.
Japanese: 日清戦争・日露戦争以降、日本の国策の基本は朝鮮・満州・中国大陸など東北アジアへの進出を図る北進論となった。
English: (When the Philippine Revolution took place after the Sino-Japanese War (in 1898), efforts were made for the Imperial Japanese Navy to support the revolutionaries in order to secure Japan's influence there.
Japanese: （日清戦後のフィリピン独立革命（1898年）の際、日本軍が独立派を支援することでこの地に勢力を扶植することが模索された。
English: When Japan took part in World War I in 1914, the Imperial Japanese Navy conquered German Micronesia (South Pacific islands).
Japanese: 1914年第一次世界大戦参加にともない、大日本帝国海軍がドイツ領ミクロネシア（南洋群島）を占領した。
English: They were identified as 'Ura Nanyo,' i.e., the Japanese base to advance into 'Omote Nanyo' (the islands in Southeast Asia).
Japanese: 南洋群島は「裏南洋」、すなわち「表南洋」（東南アジア島嶼部）への進出拠点と位置づけられた。
English: However, mainstream Nanshinron during this period advocated peaceful economic advance, focusing on trade, investment and immigration.
Japanese: しかしこの時期の南進論の主流は貿易・投資・移民を軸に平和的な経済進出を唱道するものであった。
English: After the Manchurian Incident Japan was internationally isolated as her relationship with Britain and the United States worsened during the 1930s.
Japanese: 1930年代、満州事変以降、英米との関係が悪化して日本の国際的な孤立が進んだ。
English: 'Southward advance' was considered as one of the powerful options for Japan's prospective policy.
Japanese: 「南進」はその後の国策の有力な選択肢の一つと考えられるようになった。
English: Yet it was only in 1940 that military advance into the south was determined as a national policy.
Japanese: しかし武力南進が実際に国策として決定されたのは1940年のことである。
English: The German blitzkrieg operations during April to June 1940 made the Netherlands and France that had colonies in Southeast Asia surrender to Germany.
Japanese: 1940年4月から6月のドイツの電撃戦により東南アジアに植民地を持つオランダ・フランスがドイツに降伏。
English: Taking advantage of this situation, Japan believed that it could get out of the critical situation if she could make Southeast Asia a part of the country
Japanese: このことを利用して東南アジアを自己の勢力を組み込めば危機的状況から脱出できると考えた。
English: Rather than a carefully prepared national policy, this was the one to makeshift.
Japanese: この武力南進は周到に準備された国策というよりは泥縄式に決められた政策であった。
English: On July 27 the Imperial General Headquarters-Government Liaison Conference decided that Japan was to advance towards Southeast Asia, if necessary, with military force.
Japanese: 7月27日の大本営・政府連絡会議で、場合によれば武力を行使しても東南アジアに進出することが決められた。
English: Indochina was then a support route of Britain and the United States to China under the Nationalist (Chiang Kai-sek) Government.
Japanese: 当時のインドシナは中国国民政府（蒋介石政権）に対する英米の支援ルートになっていた。
English: As a result, the United States banned the export of oil to Japan.
Japanese: 南進論を実行した結果、アメリカ合衆国によって石油の全面禁輸に踏み切られた。
English: Rice, flour, sugar, wood, tobacco, linen, poplar, coal, iron, steel, copper, lead, sulphur, chrome, molybdenum, gold and manganese.
Japanese: 米、小麦、砂糖、木材、タバコ、麻、ポプラ、石炭、鉄鋼、銅、鉛、硫黄、クローム、モリブデン、金、マンガン
English: Rice, corn, sugar, gum, copra, quinine, oil, coal, bauxite, nickel, tin and gold.
Japanese: 米、とうもろこし、砂糖、ゴム、コプラ、キニーネ、石油、石炭、ボーキサイト、ニッケル、錫、金
English: Sugar, cotton, gum, tobacco, coal, iron ore, tin, bauxite, tungsten.
Japanese: 砂糖、綿花、ゴム、タバコ、石炭、鉄鉱石、錫、ボーキサイト、タングステン
English: Rice, sugar, wood, tobacco, iron ore, coal, tin, zinc, antimony, tungsten, manganese.
Japanese: 米、砂糖、木材、タバコ、鉄鉱石、石炭、錫、亜鉛、アンチモン、タングステン、マンガン
English: Rice, flour, beans, tobacco, oil, coal, copper, tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel, gold and silver.
Japanese: 米、小麦、豆類、綿花、タバコ、石油、石炭、銅、錫、鉛、亜鉛、タングステン、ニッケル、金、銀
English: Gyoki-zu (Gyoki Map) is an ancient-style map of Japan which is said to have been created by a Buddhist monk, Gyoki in the Nara period.
Japanese: 行基図（ぎょうきず）とは、奈良時代の僧侶・行基が作ったとされる古式の日本地図。
English: However, the maps created when Gyoki was alive do not exist any more, and it is unknown whether the existing maps are the ones which Gyoki actually planned.
Japanese: ただし、行基当時に作成されたものは現存しておらず、実際に行基が作ったものかどうかは不明である。
English: Nevertheless, this map has been used as a prototype of the map of Japan for many generations, and maps of Japan made before the appearance of Sekisui NAGAKUBO and Tadataka INO are said to have basically come from this Gyoki-zu.
Japanese: ただし、この図が後々まで日本地図の原型として用いられ、江戸時代中期に長久保赤水や伊能忠敬が現われる以前の日本地図は基本的にはこの行基図を元にしていたとされている。
English: For this reason, there are cases where maps of Japan are collectively called 'Gyoki-zu' or 'Gyoki-style map of Japan'.
Japanese: このため、こうした日本地図を一括して「行基図」あるいは「行基式日本図」と呼ぶケースがある。
English: Different versions were produced in different periods, but as the basic format, the general outline of the Japanese archipelago was formed by arranging (partly overlaying each other) tawara (straw bags for rice) or oval shapes (mainly ellipses or circles) expressing ryoseikoku (provinces) centering around Yamashiro Province where Heian-kyo (ancient capital in current Kyoto).
Japanese: 作成年代によって違いはあるものの、基本的な形態として平安京のある山城国を中心として、令制国を俵あるいは卵状（主として楕円もしくは円(数学)）に表して、これを連ねることで日本列島の大まかな輪郭を形成している。
English: From Heian-kyo, the roads of Goki shichido (five provinces and seven circuits) were extended and connected to all the provinces nationwide.
Japanese: また、平安京から五畿七道の街道が伸ばされて全ての国とつなげられている。
English: "Made by Gyoki Bosatsu" is written in many of the existing versions of 'Goki-zu', but the articles about Gyoki in Rikkokushi (Japan's six national histories chronicling the seventh and eighth centuries) and books on the history of Buddhism do not mention the fact of the creation of the map.
Japanese: 現存する「行基図」には“行基菩薩”作と記されているものが多いが、六国史や仏教史書には行基の記事には地図作成の事実には触れられていない。
English: It is said that the oldest 'Gyoki-zu' was the one which was donated to Shimogamo-jinja Shrine in 805, but the existing one is merely a copy which was handwritten in the Edo Period and its contents do not reflect the condition of the period (with the addition of Kaga Province which did not exist at that time).
Japanese: また、最古の「行基図」とされるものは、延暦24年（805年）に下鴨神社に納められたものであるとされているが、現存しているものは江戸時代の書写に過ぎず、内容も明らかに延暦年間当時の状況の反映でない（延暦期にはなかった加賀国が記載されている）。
English: If the 'Gyoki-zu' which was made when Gyoki was alive would exist in the first place, then the map should have been centered around Yamato Province because Japan's capital was located in Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) in Yamato Province (except for several years), but such a map has not been actually found.
Japanese: そもそも行基が生きていた時代の「行基図」が実際に存在するならば、日本の首都は大和国平城京（数年の例外はあっても）に存在したのであるから、大和国を中心とした地図であった筈であるがこうした地図は実際のところ見つかってはいない。
English: For this reason, doubting that Gyoki actually made the map, a theory says that 'People in a later period assumed that it had been authored by Gyoki, resulting in a legend to this effect'.
Japanese: このため、本当に行基が地図を作ったのかを疑問視して、「後世の人々が作者を行基に仮託したのが伝説化したものではないか？」という説もある。
English: Nevertheless, in 646 right after Taika no Kaishin (Great Reformation of the Taika Era), an instruction to submit documents concerning province boundaries or maps was issued to all the provinces, and Minbusho (Ministry of Popular Affairs) in the government according to the Ritsuryo codes was responsible for the borders, and Toshoryo (Government Library) was responsible for storing maps, and so it is natural to believe that maps were made in the government.
Japanese: ただし、大化の改新直後の大化2年（646年）に諸国に対して国の境界についての文書あるいは地図を献上するように命令が出され、律令政治下においては民部省に国境把握の義務があり、図書寮には地図保管の義務があったため、当然政府内で地図が作られていた筈である。
English: On the other hand, Gyoki and his religious community moved around various districts, performing both missionary and social works, and were involved in the construction of Todaiji-ji Temple rushanabutsuzo (the statue of Birushana Buddha), and therefore it is really conceivable that he possessed or was making in some way or other the maps to facilitate these activities.
Japanese: また、行基とその教団は諸国を移動して布教活動及び各種社会事業を行っており、後の東大寺盧舎那仏像建立にも関与していることから、当然こうした活動を円滑化するための地図を何らかの形で所持あるいは作成を行っていたことは十分考えられるのである。
English: Accordingly, it is unclear that 'Gyoki-zu' was actually made by Gyoki, but it is unconceivable that Gyoki and his religious community had nothing to do with the map.
Japanese: 従って、「行基図」が実際に行基によって作られたものであるかは定かではないものの、行基とその教団が地図と全く無関係ではあったとは考えられない。
English: As mentioned above, the version which is considered to be the oldest is said to have been made in 805, but the original version no longer exists and the version which has been handed down to today is the copy made by Teikan TO (FUJII or FUJIHARA, 1732-1797), a researcher of Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past) and some additions inconsistent with the realty of 805 are recognized (and it is unknown whether the additions were made by Teikan TO or somebody else before him).
Japanese: 前述のように最古の行基図とされているのは、延暦24年作成と伝えられているものであるが、原図は既に亡く、現在伝わるものは江戸時代の有職故実研究家藤貞幹（藤井・藤原とも、1732年－1797年）の写しのものであり、かつ延暦24年の実情と不一致の加筆が見られる（これが藤貞幹によるものか、それ以前からのものなのかは不詳）。
English: Gyoki-zu is attached to "Nichureki" which is said to have been compiled in the Kamakura period based on what MIYOSHI no Tameyasu had written and to "Shogaisho" (an encyclopedia produced in Japan in the medieval ages) which is said to have been written by Kinkata TOIN in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), but the original versions created at those times do not exist any more and the existing versions were made after the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 大治(日本)3年（1128年）に三善為康が書いたものを原典として鎌倉時代にまとめられたとされる『二中歴』や南北朝時代(日本)に洞院公賢により書かれたとされる『拾芥抄』にも行基図が添付されているが、書かれた当時のものは残っておらず、現存のものは室町時代以後のものである。
English: The oldest ones confirmed are the one with the inscription of the third year of Kaei (1305) in Kamakura period owned by Ninna-ji Temple in Kyoto, and the another owned by Kanazawa Library, Kanagawa Prefecture which is presumed to have been copied from the map owned by someone else in the same year.
Japanese: 確実に最古のものと言えるのは鎌倉時代の嘉元3年（1305年）の銘がある京都仁和寺所蔵のものと同年に他の所有者の地図から転写されたと推定されている神奈川県の金沢文庫所蔵のものである。
English: However, the two are quite different and seem to belong to different lineages, the former being in the typical Gyoki-zu format and the latter containing the Japanese archipelago surrounded by dragon-like creatures around which foreign countries like China and Mongolia and imaginative countries like Gando and Rasetsu-koku are painted, probably reflecting the circumstance of Kamakura which had been under military tension after the Mongol invasion attempts against Japan.
Japanese: ただし、両者は大きく違い別系統に属すると考えられ、前者は典型的な行基図の体裁であるが、後者は元寇以後の軍事的緊迫下にある鎌倉近郊で用いられた事情を反映したものか、日本列島は龍らしき生物に囲まれてその外側に唐土・蒙古などの海外の国々や雁道・羅刹国などの空想上の国々が描かれている。
English: Information such as names of counties are written in the outer space surrounding the map of Japan drawn in "Nansenbushu Dainihon Seito-zu" (Human Living World Japan Orthodox Map) (formerly owned by Denko-ji Temple and presently owned by Toshodai-ji Temple) which is said to have been written in 1557 in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の弘治(日本)3年（1557年）に描かれたとされる『南瞻部洲大日本国正統図』（伝香寺旧蔵、現唐招提寺所蔵）は、日本地図の周辺の外枠に郡名などの情報が記載されている。
English: This map or the map of the same style became the base of Gyoki-zu in the Edo period.
Japanese: この図あるいは同一スタイルの地図が江戸時代の行基図の基本となっていく。
English: Masterpieces include the painting on the folding screen in Hasshin-ji Temple in Obama City, Fukui Prefecture, which is said to have been drawn in the Momoyama period.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代の作とされる福井県小浜市発心寺の屏風絵などがその代表作である。
English: Furthermore, after the Muromachi period, Gyoki-zu was brought to Korean Peninsula, China, and far-away Europe, and used as source material for creating maps of Japan (cf. "Kaito Shokoku Ki," "Nihon Ikkan").
Japanese: なお、室町時代以後に行基図が朝鮮半島や中国、遠くヨーロッパまでも伝わって、日本地図を描く時の材料にされたといわれている（『海東諸国記』・『日本一鑑』など）。
English: When it came to the Edo period, mass-printed Gyoki-zu appeared as a result of the printing technology advancement.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入ると、印刷技術の発達により大量印刷された行基図が登場する。
English: Most of them were maps inherited from either "Shogaisho" or "Nansenbushu Dainihon Seito-zu," and as the transportation systems were developed with the stabilization of the society, topography closer to the actual map of Japan began to be drawn.
Japanese: そのほとんどが『拾芥抄』あるいは『南瞻部洲大日本国正統図』の系統をひく地図であるが、社会の安定に伴う交通の発達によって、より実際の日本地図に近い地形が描かれるようになっていった。
English: Nonetheless, after the publication of "Shoho Nihon-zu" (Japanese map in Shoho era), more accurate maps of Japan began to be created and published due to the advancement of transportation means and surveying techniques, and Gyoki-zu eventually disappeared from the fields of practical use and commercial publications.
Japanese: だが、『正保日本図』刊行以後、交通手段や測量技術の発達などもあって、より緻密な日本地図が作成・刊行されるようになり、行基図は実用利用・商業出版の場からは姿を消していくことになる。
English: The Kutani-yaki (Kutani ware) 'chizu-sara' (map plate) with Gyoki-zu drawn on it which was made in Bunsei era and Imari-yaki (Imari ware) 'chizu-sara' which was made in Tenpo era were not only sold in Japan, but also exported out of Japan.
Japanese: 文政年間の九谷焼や天保年間の伊万里焼などに描かれた行基図付の「地図皿」は日本国外にも輸出された。