nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since the 11th Century, the non-agricultural people became jinin (associates of Shinto shrines) because they presented their products to the major temples and shrines, however, the residents of Kurodo dokoro and mikuriya (manors of Imperial Family and powerful shrines) which was controlled by mikuriya (the place to cook for Emperor) which was under Kurodo dokoro were called Kugonin when a policy of directly controlling mikuriya which had been set in mountains, fields, rivers, and sea to enrich the economy of the court was taken under the administration of Emperor Gosanjo.
Japanese: 11世紀以降、非農業民は有力寺社などに生産物を貢納することを理由に、これらに隷属する神人となっていたが、後三条天皇親政下において、内廷経済を充実させるべく山野河海に設定されていた御厨を直轄化するという政策がとられると、蔵人所とその下部組織である御厨所の所管となった御厨の住民が供御人と呼ばれるようになった。
English: In addition, it seems that the jinin and Kugonin system was established with the 'Hogen new system' in 1156.
Japanese: 更に、保元元年（1156年）の「保元新制」において神人・供御人制が確立したと見られている。
English: Because Kugonin were wanderers seeking places to collect raw materials for their products, to work on their products, and trade them, they were exempted from traffic taxes such as sekisen (tolls) and tsuryo and, therefore, they had the right to freely travel around the various provinces.
Japanese: 彼らは、貢納物の原料採取・作業・交易をする場を求めて移動・遍歴することを必要としていたため、関銭・津料などの交通税を免除され、自由に諸国を往来できる権利を得ることとなった。
English: The mikuriya of the Imperial Family were limited to Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto) and provinces nearby, and there is the opinion that Kugonin and their leaders were the origin of warriors in western Japan including the Watanabe-to seen as a typical model for them.
Japanese: 天皇家の御厨は畿内近国に限られており、特権を獲得した供御人やその統括者は渡辺党がその典型であるように西日本における武士の淵源となったとする見解もある。
English: On the other hand, Kugonin handled various handicraft products such as sumi (charcoal) Kugonin and himuro (warehouse for ice) Kugonin and, therefore, it seems that they also acted as merchants because of the fact that their products, in excess of those presented to the Imperial court, were sold in their distribution networks by themselves utilizing their right to travel to various provinces.
Japanese: その一方で炭供御人、氷室供御人など様々な手工芸品を扱ったため、貢納物を超える生産物は諸国往来権を持つ彼ら自身により流通経路に載せられ、商人としての活動も行っていたと見られている。
English: Since the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), Kugonin had obtained the exclusive sales rights of the presents and conducted activities similar to those of Za, however, they lost their holiness with the loss of the dignity of the Imperial Family, which was the source of their privileges, some of them succeeded as large-scale merchants, and it is disputed that they were the origin of buraku one of the origins of the discriminated people.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)以降は、貢納品の独占販売権を取得し座と同様の活動を行ったが、その特権の源泉であった天皇家の権威喪失とともに聖性を失い、一部には大商人として成功する者が出た反面、被差別民の起源のひとつともなったとする部落の起源論争もある。
English: When the Sengoku Period (period of warring states) started later on (in Japan), economic measures like Rakuichi-Rakuza (free markets and open guilds) were taken under the daimyo-ryogoku system (the system where daimyos controlled feudal domains) by those including daimyos (Japanese territorial lords) and, as a result, the number of Kugonin rapidly decreased.
Japanese: やがて戦国時代(日本)に入ると、戦国大名らによる大名領国制のもと楽市・楽座などの経済政策が執られ始めると、供御人は急速に減少した。
English: The concept of Shoke refers to a blood-relative group or a blood-relative layer present amongst warriors in mainly the feudal period in Japan, especially from Kamakura period to the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States) (Japan) and Edo period.
Japanese: 庶家という概念は主に日本の封建時代、特に鎌倉時代から戦国時代(日本)、江戸時代にかけて武家に見られた血族集団ないし階層のことをいった。
English: The relationship between the head of a family and Shoke is the same as that of the head of a household and a branch family, Shoke differed from an ordinary branch family because a branch family ordinarily had the same family name as that of the head family while many Shoke avoided or were prohibited from using the same family name and instead used another family name.
Japanese: 宗家と庶家の関係はいわば本家と分家と同義であるが、一般的な分家と異なるのは、分家であれば本家と同姓を称するのが通例であるが、庶家という場合、その多くは宗家と同姓を用いることを避け、或いは禁じられその多くが別姓を称した家柄が多いという点にある。
English: As a result of establishing a relationship between a lord and vassal, many warriors relinquished being treated as the head of the family and positioned themselves as vassals from the same ancestors as those of their employer's house.
Japanese: 多くの武家では宗家と主従関係を結ばれた結果、宗家の一門としての待遇を離れ主家と祖先を同じくする家臣として位置づけられていった。
English: A typical example of a Shugo (a constable) linage is the prominent Takeda clan which produced Shingen TAKEDA.
Japanese: 守護の家柄で代表的な例を上げると、武田信玄を出した武田氏が著名である。
English: The vassal groups of the Takeda clan included shinsekishu (a group of relatives) which mainly included siblings and children, and the husbands of daughters of shugo, and those who were in the shoke lineages whose origin was Kai-Genji (the Minamoto clan) similarly to the Takeda clan, such as the Itagaki and the Amari clans, were positioned as Gofudaishu (hereditary daimyo) and kunishu who mainly acted as chief retainers of the Takeda clan.
Japanese: 武田氏の家臣団には、守護の兄弟子女、或いは女婿を中心とするご親類衆があるが、板垣氏や甘利氏など、同じ甲斐源氏を祖に持つ庶流の家柄にあるものは、主に武田氏の家老を務める御譜代衆、国衆として位置づけられていた。
English: In the Mori clan which produced Motonari MORI who played an important role as a daimyo, similarly to the Takeda clan, a shoshi family such as the Akisaka and the Fukuhara clans produced from the Mori clan since the Kamakura period were positioned next to ichimonshu which included the siblings and children of the family head of the Mori clan, as shokeshu.
Japanese: 同じく戦国大名として活躍した毛利元就を出した毛利氏では、鎌倉時代以降毛利氏より輩出された安芸坂氏や福原氏などの庶子の一族が庶家衆として、毛利氏当主の兄弟子弟より構成された一門衆に準ずる地位に位置づけられていた。
English: Because it was an age when traditional authority was used as a centripetal force, blood relations and the social standing which were the important elements of traditional authority significantly acted on the psychology of the warriors.
Japanese: 伝統的権威を求心力とした時代、その重要な要素である血縁や格式が武士の心理において大きく作用した。
English: Therefore, many shokeshu who occupied the core in such Kasei by shugo and kokunin were proud of being in the same family as their employer's household, the head of the family, and were also very loyal to their employer's household.
Japanese: 故に、こうした守護や国人などの家政において中枢を占めた庶家衆の多くは宗家たる主家と同族であることを誇りにし、主家に対する忠誠も厚かった。
English: This was because many shoke, similarly to the employer's household, maintained their territories, their castles as residences, and their vassals and kept their independence from their employer's household to some extent, and this relationship was not a strong one between master and vassals, but, in fact, tended to be more of an alliance with the head of the family as the alliance leader.
Japanese: それは、庶家も主家同様、領土と居城、家臣を養い、主家から一定の独立を保った者も少なくなく、主君と家臣という強固な主従関係というよりは、事実上、宗家を盟主とする同盟関係という性格が強いものであったことによる。
English: Therefore, when confrontation concerning the interest occurred against the employer's household, some shoke publicly resisted against the employer's household and they sometimes attacked the employer's household or planned to become independent from the employer's household by asking the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) for their independence.
Japanese: それだけに主家と利害対立が起こると、公然と反抗する者もあり、時として主家に攻め込んだり、或いは幕府に願い出て宗家からの自立を図ることもあった。
English: When the Sengoku Period started, this movement became more conspicuous, and some shoke were loyal and obedient to the employer's household while some shoke started to overwhelm the employer's household, control the domestic economy of the employer's household, and expel the employer's household and commit Gekokujo (supplanting of a lord by his retainer).
Japanese: 特に戦国時代に入ると、その動きはより顕著となり、庶家の中にも主家に忠実かつ従順な者もいる一方で、主家を圧倒する者や主家の家政を牛耳る者、主家を追放し下剋上を起こす者も登場するようになった。
English: The typical example of shoke who grabbed the real authority of the employer's household was the Hosokawa clan, one of the three kanrei (shogunal deputies) of Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 主家の実権を掌握した庶家の代表例が室町幕府三管領のひとつ、細川氏である。
English: Like the Ashikaga family positioned to accede to the shogunate, the Hosokawa clan was related to the linage of the Ashikaga clan and bore the role of kanrei alternately with the Shiba and the Hatakeyama clans in the same family linage of the Ashikaga family like the Hosokawa clan.
Japanese: 細川氏は足利将軍家同様、足利氏の流れを汲み、同じく将軍家と同族である斯波氏、畠山氏とともに、管領職を持ち回りで司ってきた。
English: However, when the shogun's power was lost in the Onin War, the Hosokawa clan overwhelmed the Shiba clan and the Hatakeyama clan, that were the heads of the three kanrei, and started to control the politics of the bakufu.
Japanese: しかし、応仁の乱により将軍の権力が失墜すると、細川氏は三管領筆頭の斯波氏、畠山氏を圧倒し、幕政を牛耳るようになった。
English: Especially, Masamoto HOSOKAWA expelled Yoshitane ASHIKAGA, seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians"), backed up Yoshizumi ASHIKAGA who was still too young to become the next shogun, made Yoshizumi a puppet, and controlled the politics of the bakufu, and the Muromachi bakufu, in fact, became the administration of the Hosokawa clan.
Japanese: 特に管領細川政元は征夷大将軍足利義稙を追放し、次期将軍に幼い足利義澄を擁立しこれを傀儡化させ、幕政を牛耳っており、室町幕府は事実上、細川氏の政権となった。
English: An example of shoke that substituted the employer's household, who was the head of the family, was the Amago clan, a sengoku daimyo in Izumo.
Japanese: また、宗家たる主家に取って代わった例として出雲の戦国大名　尼子氏がある。
English: During the Sengoku Period, in Izumo, the Kyogoku clan helped with the duties of Izumo shugoshoku and the Kyogoku clan was the linage of the fourth post next to the three kanrei in the Muromachi bakufu and also acted as Kitaomi shugoshoku and, therefore, the Kyogoku clan left the Izumo Province to the Amago clan which was shoryu of the Kyogoku clan, as shugodai (deputy of Shugo).
Japanese: 戦国時代、出雲国においては京極氏が出雲守護職に補任されてきたが、同氏が室町幕府において三管領に次ぐ四職の家柄にあり、北近江守護職を兼務していたことから、京極氏の庶流である尼子氏が、京極氏の守護代として出雲国を任されていた。
English: However, when the generation of shugo, Masatsune KYOGOKU started, Masatsune gradually deepened confrontation against shugodai (the deputy of shugo), Tsunehisa AMAGO and, when Masatsune expelled Tsunehisa, Tsunehisa AMAGO made a surprise attack on the employer's household the following year, usurped the territory and the authority from his master, and became shugo of Izumo.
Japanese: しかし、守護京極政経の代に入ると、政経は守護代尼子経久と次第に対立を深め、政経が経久を追放すると、その翌年には尼子経久が奇襲を持って主家を攻め、主君より領土と実権を奪い、出雲守護となった。
English: In this way, when the Sengoku Period started, there emerged even those who usurped the position of the employer's household, by destroying or expelling the employer's household, who resisted and left the employer's household and changed from one employer to another, and who made the employer's household a puppet and controlled the politics of the family.
Japanese: このように、戦国時代に入ると主家を打倒或いは追放して主君の座を奪う者、主家から離反し他家に転ずる者、主家を傀儡化し家政を牛耳る者も現れるようになった。
English: Although shoke had a very strong influence in the employer's household, when efficient human resources were employed, contributing to the management of the territory and vassal groups who were loyal to the master were organized as the employer became a sengoku daimyo, those who had no blood relations with the employer or who had a short history as master and vassal, were also employed there were many examples seen where the influence of shoke was weakened.
Japanese: このように、庶家は主家の中で非常に強い影響力を有したが、主家が戦国大名化するにつれ、領土経営に寄与する有能な人材が登用され、主君に忠実な家臣団、直臣団が編成されると、主家とは血縁関係もない、主従関係を結んでから日の浅い者も登用されるようになり、庶家の影響力が低下する例も少なくなかった。
English: In order for shugo daimyo, shugodai, and kokujinryoshu to become a sengoku daimyo, it was necessary to abolish the ties of their loose alliances with shoke and local clans under them that began before the Muromachi period and then to obtain vassal groups with which they were tied based upon a strong relationship of master and vassal.
Japanese: 守護大名や守護代、国人領主が戦国大名になるためには、それは室町時代以前からの庶家や傘下の土豪とのゆるやかな同盟関係のしがらみを絶ち、強固な主従関係により結ばれた家臣団の獲得こそが大きな条件であったといえる。
English: It mainly denotes the line of descent succeeded by the eldest son, or the chakunan (the eldest son and heir), of the soryo (head of a clan) and his legal wife.
Japanese: 主に惣領と正妻の間に生まれた長男、即ち嫡男により継承される血筋を意味する。
English: In ancient times and during the medieval period when the blood line of a clan was highly regarded, the order within the clan was maintained mainly by the ujinochoja (head of a clan).
Japanese: 氏族の血統が重んじられた古代・中世において、氏族の秩序は氏長者を中心に維持されてきた。
English: Although the authority of the ujinochoja sometimes temporarily declined during the medieval period, the Imperial Court granted the ujinochoja the privilege of ujinoshaku that allowed them to recommend candidates within their clans for the ikai (Court rank).
Japanese: 中世一時的には氏長者の権威が低下する時期もあったものの、氏長者には氏爵といい、朝廷より一門に対する位階任官者推薦の特権が付与されていた。
English: Under such circumstances, the position of the ujinochoja was handed down from the ujinochoja to their descendants; there were two types of succession, the 'clan succession' and the 'chakuryu succession.'
Japanese: こうした中で、氏長者の地位は、主に氏長者とその子孫により継承されたが、その継承方法には「氏的継承」と「嫡流継承」の二つの考え方があった。
English: The former was an old succession system, where the basic idea was to let the person with the highest rank within a clan assume the position of ujinochoja.
Japanese: 前者は古い形態の継承方法であり、一族中において最高位の地位にある者が氏長者の地位に就くという考え方であった。
English: According to the ritsuryo code (criminal and administrative codes), being the chakunan was a criterion for the oni (granting of the ikai to a son of a man with Court rank), but never a requirement for the succession of ujinochoja.
Japanese: 律令法においては嫡男はあくまでも蔭位のための規則に過ぎず氏長者継承の条件としての意味は全くなかった。
English: However, even a clan member from a branch family had a chance to become ujinochoja as long as he held the highest rank.
Japanese: 逆に最高位の地位を占めるという要件を満たせば庶流でも氏長者に就く可能性もあったのである。
English: But the latter system, which came into existence in the late Heian period, let chakunan of legal wives take over as ujinochoja from generation to generation.
Japanese: これに対して平安時代後期から登場したのが、正室を母とする嫡男によって代々継承されるという後者の存在である。
English: This minimized the risk of dispersing their fortunes and ranks; chakuryu, who held nobility and legitimacy of blood, were those who could advance the status of their clans and were greatly favored over the shoryu in terms of official ranks, for example.
Japanese: これによって一族の財産や地位の分散を最小限に止め、血筋の尊貴さと正当性を有する嫡流は氏族の栄達を成し遂げ得る存在であり、庶流とも官位などの面で大きな差がつけられた。
English: This is not to say, however, that the succession system momentarily changed from 'clan succession' to 'chakuryu succession.'
Japanese: ただし、「氏的継承」が直ちに「嫡流継承」へと移行したわけではなかった。
English: The 'chakuryu succession' started among the samurai society first in terms of preventing the shoryo (territory) from being scattered, and it was not until the late Kamakura period that the basis of the system was realized by the whole society.
Japanese: 所領の分散防止の観点から武士社会において先行して社会全般において「嫡流継承」の原理が完成するのは鎌倉時代後期に入ってからである。
English: The Fujiwara clan, Court nobles who monopolized the management of the dairi (Imperial Palace), assumed the position of the sekkan-ke (family line of regents and chief advisors to the Emperor) by letting the family lines of FUJIWARA no Michinaga monopolize the positions of Sessho (regent) and Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), thus establishing the gosekke (the five sekkan-ke) of the Konoe family, the Kujo family, the Nijo family, the Ichijo family, and the Takatsukasa family led by the Konoe family, the chakuryu of the clan.
Japanese: 特に公卿にあって内裏の差配を独占した藤原氏は、藤原道長の家系が摂政・関白の座を独占し続けることで摂関家としての地位を獲得し、嫡流の近衛家を筆頭とする、九条家、二条家、一条家、鷹司家の五摂家を形成するに至った。
English: However, 'clan succession' and 'chakuryu succession' coexisted among the sekkan-ke originating from the old clan, preventing one family of the gosekke from monopolizing the position of chakuryu.
Japanese: ただし、古い氏族に由来する摂関家においても長く「氏的継承」と「嫡流継承」が混在し続ける事になり、ついに五摂家のうちの1つだけが嫡流の地位を占めるという事態は生じなかったのである。
English: Among the samurai class, however, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, a descendant of the Kawachi-Genji (Minamoto clan) who rose as the leader of samurai, called himself chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, established the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and established the basis of samurai government mainly led by the monyo (clans basically connected by blood) of his clan members and prominent gokenin (shogun's vassals).
Japanese: 一方の武家においては、武士の棟梁として台頭した河内源氏の流れを汲む源頼朝が源氏嫡流を称して、鎌倉幕府を開き、門葉という一族や有力御家人を中心とする武家政治の基礎を形成した。
English: Mainly because of his uniting power as chakuryu of the Minamoto clan, Yoritomo was able to preside over the descendants of the same Minamoto clan such as Yoshikane ASHIKAGA and the Kai-Genji and dominate his cousin MINAMOTO no Yoshinaka, his uncles of MINAMOTO no Yoshihiro (Master Saburo SHIDA), and MINAMOTO no Yukiie, and MINAMOTO no Yoshishige, and Masayoshi SATAKE of the same clan.
Japanese: 同じ、源氏であって頼朝が、足利義兼や甲斐源氏などの一門を従え、従弟である源義仲や叔父　源義広(志田三郎先生)、源行家、同族の源義重や佐竹昌義を圧倒し得たのも、源氏嫡流としての求心力によるところが大きかった。
English: The Hojo clan, who also held the reins of the Kamakura bakufu, dominated the important positions of the bakufu, and yet, the position of Shikken (Chief of Staff to the shogun) was succeeded mostly by the Tokuso (the patrimonial head of the main branch of the Hojo clan) except for a few examples; the position of the chakuryu used to succeed the position of the soryo was highly valued.
Japanese: 同じく鎌倉幕府で政権を掌握した北条氏も一門で幕府の要職を独占したが、執権の職は数例を除いてそのほとんどが得宗により継承され、惣領たる地位を継ぐ嫡流の地位は非常に重んじられた。
English: Since the Muromachi period, the soryo system (a system in which the shoryo of a clan were inherited by clan members, but they and their shoryo were ruled by the soryo) was gradually enhanced; the family line of chakuryu formed the soke and honke, and the shoshi-ke (families other than the chakuryu in a clan) as shoke (branch families) were integrated as its vassals, in some cases.
Japanese: 室町時代以降、武家においては次第に惣領制が強化されつつあり、嫡流の家系が宗家・本家を形成し、庶子家が次第に庶家として、宗家の家臣として編入される例もみられた。
English: The shoryu, however, were given a certain level of individuality and some shoryu attempted to be independent from or publicly opposed to the chakuryu; furthermore, there were even those who tried to usurp or overthrow the soke.
Japanese: しかし、庶流にも一定の独自性が担保され、嫡流からの自立を図ったり、公然と逆らう者もあった他、宗家の簒奪や打倒を図る者さえあった。
English: The Sengoku period (period of warring states), in particular, was a time based on merit when bloodline did not guarantee rank or power; the Hosokawa clan, the shoryu, took power as the kanrei (shogunal deputy) from the Ashikaga Shogun family, the chakuryu of the Ashikaga clan who established the Muromachi bakufu; and the Amago clan, the shoryu, usurped the position of Shugo (Provincial Constable) from the Kyogoku clan, Izumo Shugo, and the chakuryu.
Japanese: 特に戦国時代(日本)は室町幕府を開いた足利氏の嫡流　足利将軍家に対し、庶流の細川氏が管領として実権を奪ったり、出雲守護で嫡流であった京極氏は庶流の尼子氏に守護の地位を簒奪されるなど、血筋では地位や権力を担保し得ない実力本位の時代でもあった。
English: Since the Edo period when Ieyasu TOKUGAWA established the Edo bakufu, however, the position of chakuryu was emphasized again because the Tokugawa Shogun family highly valued choyo no jo (Confucian teaching regarding the relationship between senior and junior).
Japanese: しかし、徳川家康が江戸幕府を開いた江戸時代以降、長幼の序を重んじる徳川将軍家により、嫡流の地位は徳川氏の政権下にあって再び重視されるようになった。
English: The values and concepts of chakuryu no longer exist in the daily life of today's Japan, and yet there is a strong tendency to consider the family's religious services and the continuation of the family name mostly in terms of honke and the eldest son.
Japanese: 今日の日本では嫡流という価値観や概念は日常的なものとしては存在していないが、それでも本家や長男を中心に家の祭祀や家名存続を考える志向が強いといえる。
English: The Nikyo Jiken was an abortive coup d'etat in which Michiteru OTAGI and Mitsusuke TOYAMA, nobles in joi-ha (supporters of expulsion of the foreigners), attempted to overthrow the Meiji Government in 1871.
Japanese: 二卿事件（にきょうじけん）は、明治4年(1871年)、攘夷派の公卿、愛宕通旭と外山光輔が明治政府の転覆を謀ったクーデター未遂事件。
English: The joi-ha all over the nation believed that foreigners would be expelled by the establishment of the Meiji Government whose main members were from Satsuma and Choshu clans that played important roles in the expulsion of the foreigners, but they were deeply disappointed and outraged by the Meiji Government's issuance of the 'Kaikoku Washin (opening the country to the world with peace and amity)' policy immediately after the end of the Boshin War.
Japanese: 尊皇攘夷の中心的な役割を果たしてきた薩摩藩・長州藩両藩を中心とした明治政府が成立したことにより、攘夷が断行されると信じていた全国の攘夷派は明治政府が戊辰戦争が終わると直ちに「開国和親」を国是とする方針を打ち出したことに強い失意と憤慨を抱いた。
English: They insisted on overthrowing the Meiji Government, establishing a new government, expelling the foreigners, and fighting against foreign countries.
Japanese: 彼らは明治政府を倒して新しい政府を作り直して攘夷を行って外国と戦うべきであると唱えていた。
English: The spearhead of the movement was 'Dattai Sodo (a riot of dropouts from armies)' which originated in the Kiheitai Army led by Gentaro DAIRAKU and others in the domain of Choshu on January 2, 1870.
Japanese: その先駆けとなったのが、明治2年12月1日（1870年1月2日）に長州藩で発生した大楽源太郎に率いられた奇兵隊などによる「脱隊騒動」であった。
English: Although the riot was soon suppressed by Takayoshi KIDO and others, Dairaku escaped to Kyushu and waited for an opportunity to make a comeback supported by Gensai KAWAKAMI and others from the clans of Kurume and Kumamoto, where the joi-ha took control of domain duties.
Japanese: この反乱は木戸孝允らによって間もなく鎮圧されたものの、大楽は九州に逃亡して攘夷派が藩政を掌握していた久留米藩や熊本藩の河上彦斎らの支援を受けて再起を伺った。
English: On the other hand, Seinoshin HORIUCHI from Tosa clan, who had come up to help Dairaku, escaped to Kyoto and planned to rally the patriots of the joi-ha there.
Japanese: 一方、大楽の救援に駆けつけていた土佐藩の堀内誠之進は京都に逃れて同地の攘夷派志士の糾合を画策した。
English: At the same time, Michiteru OTAGI, who had been dismissed from the position of councilor to the Meiji Government and retired to Kyoto, felt irritated that, despite having participated in the demonstration held by 88 retainers of the Imperial Court and been part of 'the protective wall for the emperor', he had now been cut off from the center of politics by lower-ranking samurai from Satsuma and Choshu.
Japanese: その頃、明治政府の参与を免ぜられて京都に引籠もっていた愛宕通旭はかつて廷臣八十八卿列参事件にも加わった事があり、「天皇の藩屏」たる公卿が薩長の下級武士によって政治の中枢から切り離されていくことに苛立ちを感じていた。
English: His vassals including Genji HIKITA and Ryutaro YASUKI, sympathized with him, and offered to overthrow the Meiji government, bring the Emperor Meiji back to Kyoto and force the expulsion of the foreigners.
Japanese: これに対して家臣の比喜多源二・安木劉太郎らは同情して、明治政府を倒して明治天皇を京都へ連れ帰って攘夷を断行するべきであると進言した。
English: Hikita further invited Juro KOGA, known accusing Shonan YOKOI during an investigation into assassination of Yokoi in danjodai (Board of Censors), and his friend, Josuke NAKAMURA from the Akita clan.
Japanese: 更に比喜多は弾正台で横井小楠暗殺事件の捜査を担当しながら逆に横井を糾弾しようとしたことで知られる古賀十郎とその友人である秋田藩の中村恕助を招き入れた。
English: Koga and Nakamura asserted that nothing would change unless trouble was caused in Tokyo as long as the emperor and important court nobles stayed in Tokyo, and Otagi, who agreed with this assertion, left Kyoto with Hikita, Yasuki, and others on March 18, 1871, and entered Tokyo on March 24.
Japanese: 古賀と中村は天皇と主だった公卿が東京にいる以上、まず東京で事を起こさなければ意味がないと説き、これに同意した愛宕は明治4年1月28日（1871年3月18日）に比喜多・安木らを連れて京都を出て2月4日（3月24日）に東京に入った。
English: Otagi and his men arrived in Tokyo, and repeatedly plotted together with Seinoshin HORIUCHI and retainers of the Akita and Kurume clans, who were called by Koga and Nakamura, to occupy Nikko with help from the members from the Akita clan, setting fire to Tokiyo and taking the emperor to Kyoto.
Japanese: 東京に入った愛宕主従は古賀・中村に誘われた秋田・久留米藩士や前述の堀内誠之進らと謀議を重ね、秋田藩内の同志に呼びかけて日光を占領し、更に東京に火を放って天皇を京都に連れ出す作戦を練った。
English: On the other hand, Mitsusuke TOYAMA, who was staying in Kyoto at the same time, was also making a similar plan with his vassal, Osamu TAKADA.
Japanese: 一方、同じ頃同じく京都に滞在していた外山光輔も家臣の高田修とともに同じような計画を結んでいた。
English: Takada had a secret meeting with Gazen MIYAKE who was the vassal of Shoren-in Monzeki Temple, Toshiyasu and Seisai YATA who were father and son and the vassals of the Kikutei family, Kimihisa TATEISHI who was the village headman of Mimasaka Province, and others.
Japanese: 高田は青蓮院門跡家臣三宅瓦全や菊亭家家臣矢田期穏清斎父子、美作国庄屋立石公久らと密談を進めた。
English: Toyama, who learned that Otagi was making a similar plan in Tokyo, sent a messenger and joined hands with Otagi.
Japanese: 更に東京で愛宕が同じような計画を立てていることを知った外山は使者を送って協力を結んだ。
English: Since the Kurume retainers taking part in Otagi's plan were naturally in contact with the members in their domain and Dairaku under their shelter, a triangle alliance among Otagi, Toyama, Kurume clan, and Dairaku was formed.
Japanese: 愛宕の計画に加わっていた久留米藩士達も当然、本国の同志や彼らの庇護下にあった大楽と連絡を取り合っていたことから、愛宕・外山・久留米藩及び大楽による三角同盟が形成されることとなった。