nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The weapons were used widely throughout the Japanese archipelago, and it is certain that hammering technique was fully used to make them in Japan as well.
Japanese: この武器は日本列島で大流行し、日本でも鍛造技術が駆使されたことは間違いない。
English: 236 copper arrowheads, 50 stone arrowheads, an iron bow, and five iron arrows were also found there.
Japanese: 236本の銅鏃、50本の石鏃、鉄弓1本、鉄製矢5本が見つかっている。
English: In addition, farming tools, such as axes (14 iron axes), 19 handy sickles, a borer, 51 yari-ganna planes (with blades like those for spears), a Tosu (small knife), and a saw, were also found there.
Japanese: さらに、斧（鉄斧14）、手鎌（19）、鑿、やりがんな（51）、刀子、鋸などの農耕具。
English: The Oyamata tumulus group is located in the southern part of Tenri City of Nara Prefecture
Japanese: 大和古墳群（おおやまとこふんぐん）は、奈良県天理市南部に所在する古墳群である。
English: From the south, the three tumulus groups of the Makimuku tumulus group, the Yanagimoto tumulus group, and the Oyamato tumulus group are located along the southeastern foot of the Nara basin.
Japanese: 奈良盆地の東南の山麓に沿って、南から纏向古墳群、柳本古墳群、大和古墳群の三つの古墳群が、初瀬川右岸をおよそ南北に縦に並んで存在している。
English: Though classified into the three groups, they can also considered constituting a tumulus group.
Japanese: 細分すると3つに分かれるが、一つの古墳集団として捉えることができる。
English: Furthermore, excluding the Makimuku tumulus group (or also called Hashinaka tumulus group) that includes the Hashihaka tumulus, one of the oldest keyhole-shaped tumuli, the two groups of Oyamato and Yanagimoto, which are considered having been constructed later, can be integrated into the Oyamto/Yanagimoto tumulus group.
Japanese: 更に、前方後円墳の最古級に属する箸墓古墳を含む纏向古墳群（箸中古墳群）を別にすれば、少し後からの築造と考えられている大和・柳本を合わせて大和・柳本古墳群とすることができる。
English: The construction sites of huge tumuli, being presumed those of emperors, moved to the northwestern part of the Nara basin in the later era of the first half of the kofun period.
Japanese: 王墓と推定される巨大古墳は、前期後半には奈良盆地の西北部へ移動している。
English: The name of the Oyamato tumulus group originates in the fact that Oyamato-jinja Shrine is located on the western side of the tumulus group.
Japanese: この古墳群を大和古墳群と呼ぶのは、古墳群の西辺に大和神社が鎮座することによる。
English: This group includes 12 keyhole-shaped tumuli, five zenpo-koho (square front, square back) tumuli, and seven round tumuli.
Japanese: 郡中には、前方後円墳12基、前方後方墳5基、円憤7基が知られている。
English: These tumuli can be further classified into the Nakayama sub-group that consists of the tumuli on the hill and the Kayo sub-group that consists of the tumuli on the alluvial fan.
Japanese: これらの古墳は、丘陵上の一群を中山支群、扇状地上の一群を萱生（かよう）支群とに分けることができる。
English: In the Yanagimoto group in the south, the tumuli have a tendency of consisting of main tumuli and their subsidiary tumuli, and the Makimuku group consists of main tumuli and their subsidiary tumuli.
Japanese: 南にある柳本古墳群は主墳と陪墳の傾向が強く、纏向古墳群は主墳と陪墳の関係で構成されている。
English: The Nishi-Tonozuka tumulus (234m), the largest keyhole-shaped tumulus of the Oyamato group, may have been constructed earlier than the Andonyama tumulus (the present mausoleum of Emperor Sujin, 241m) and Shibutani Mukoyama tumulus (the present mausoleum of Emperor Keiko, 310m).
Japanese: 大和古墳郡中最大の前方後円である西殿塚古墳（にしとのづか、234メートル）は、柳本古墳群の行燈山古墳（現崇神天皇陵、241メートル）や渋谷向山古墳（現景行天皇陵、310メートル）に先行して築造された可能性がある。
English: Because the Nishi-Tonozuka tumulus is managed by The Imperial Household Agency, no scholar as well as ordinary persons can enter the tumulus site.
Japanese: 西殿塚古墳は、宮内庁が管理しているために、国民はもちろん学者も自由に立ち入ることができない。
English: The Nishi-Tonozuka tumulus, the largest one of the Oyamato group described above, is considered being the tumulus of an Emperor-class person.
Japanese: 大和古墳群中最大で大王墓クラスとみられているのが先述の西殿塚古墳である。
English: In addition, seven 100m to 140m keyhole-shaped tumuli and three zenpo-koho tumuli exist there as well.
Japanese: 他には100メートルから140メートル級の7基の前方後円墳や3基の前方後方墳がある。
English: This group also includes the 120m Nakayama Otsuka tumulus (designated as a historical site by the prefecture), where broken pieces of a tokushu-kidai (ceremonial vessel stand) specific to the Kibi area were found in 1986, and based on the discovery, it was pointed out that the tumulus may have been constructed in the era when kofun tumuli started being constructed.
Japanese: 1986年に吉備的な特殊器台の破片の発見によって、古墳発生期まで遡る可能性の指摘された中山大塚古墳（120メートル、県史跡）がある。
English: Stone plates supposed to be pyroxene andesite (sanukite) are mainly used for this stone chamber.
Japanese: この石室には輝石安山岩（サヌカイト）と推定される板石が主として使われている。
English: The Yashima-no-ki castle or Yashima castle is an ancient mountain castle once existed in Yashima, the Sanuki Province (present Yashima, Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture).
Japanese: 屋嶋城（やしまのき、やしまじょう）は、讃岐国屋島（香川県高松市屋島）にあった古代山城である。
English: It was built in an ancient time, and it is recorded in Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan) that Emperor Tenchi built a castle in 667 to prepare an invasion by Tang's forces.
Japanese: その歴史は古く、日本書紀には、667年（天智6）天智天皇が唐軍の襲来に備え屋島に城を築いた旨が記されている。
English: Even today, remains of a gate of the castle (in the southern peak area), stone mounds (on the west slope of the northern peak), and remains of a water reservoir still exist there.
Japanese: いまでも城門遺構(南嶺)や、石塁（北嶺の西面）、貯水池跡などが残されている。
English: The board of education in Takamatsu City excavated remains of the castle gate in 2001, making it clear that the castle once existed actually.
Japanese: 2001年（平成13）に高松市教委が城門遺構を発掘したことにより、その存在が確かになった。
English: The Muro no Obaka tumulus is a keyhole-shaped tumulus, located in Gose City, Nara Prefecture, which was constructed in the first half of the middle era of the kofun period (tumulus period).
Japanese: 室大墓古墳（むろのおおばかこふん）は、奈良県御所市に所在する古墳時代中期前半の前方後円墳である。
English: The haniwa (unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs [kofun]) for a quiver placed on the round part of the tumulus is 147cm in height and max. 99.5cm in width.
Japanese: 後円部上に立てられた靫（ゆぎ）埴輪は高さ147cm、最大幅99.5cmある。
English: For the stones for the ceiling, ocher rhyolitic welded tuff is used, and crystalline schist, such as chlorite schist and graphite schist, is used for the stones for the walls.
Japanese: 天井石に石棺と同質の黄土色の流紋岩質溶結凝灰岩が使用され、壁石には緑泥石片岩、石墨片岩などの結晶片岩が使われている。
English: The crystalline schist is rocks and stones in the Kino-kawa River, and the rhyolitic welded tuff is welded tuff called Himeji acidic rocks widely available in Kakogawa City and its vicinity of Hyogo Prefecture.
Japanese: 結晶片岩は紀の川の岩石であり、流紋岩質溶結凝灰岩は、兵庫県加古川市付近に広く分布する姫路酸性岩と呼ばれている溶結凝灰岩である。
English: The Shinyama tumulus is a zenpo-koho (square front, square back) tumulus constructed in the early era of the first half of the Kofun period (tumulus period) and is located in Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 新山古墳（しんやまこふん）は、奈良県北葛城郡広陵町に所在する古墳時代前期初頭の前方後方墳である。
English: With the front part of the total 126-meter-long tumulus placed in the southern portion, the size of its back part is 67m in width and approx. 10m in height and that of the front part approx. 66m in width.
Japanese: 墳丘は前方部を南にむけ、全長約126メートル、後方部幅67メートル高さ約10メートル、前方部幅約66メートルほどの前方後方墳である。
English: When having been dug a hole to the earth to plant a tree in 1885, the owner of the site hit a vertical style stone chamber and lots of grave goods in addition to copper millers were unearthed from there.
Japanese: 1885年（明治18年）に所有者が植樹の際に穴を掘ったところ後方部にあった竪穴式石室につきあたり、銅鏡ほか多数の副葬品が出土している。
English: On henkei hokaku kiku shin kyo mirrors of the millers, the area around the handle of the miller is divided into square portions, and a Chinese character corresponding to each of the 12 signs of the Chinese zodiac was designed there in a pattern that is almost impossible to recognize the character.
Japanese: 銅鏡のうちの変形方格規矩神鏡は、紐の周りを方形に区画した中に十二支の漢字が、文字とは解読できないほど文様化したものになっている。
English: The oldest gold and copper, or silver belt fittings provided with sanyo-mon design relief appeared in the second or the third century in Ding County, Hebei Province.
Japanese: 三葉文を透彫りした金銅・銀製の帯金具は、河北省定県のものが最も古く、2世紀に出現している。
English: Of them, the silver belt fittings significantly resemble copper belt fittings unearthed from tumuli in the six-dynasty period, including the Western Jin tomb in Yixing County, Jiangsu Province, and they are quite likely to have been brought from Konan (Jiāngnán) or to have been affected by those from Konan.
Japanese: その内、銀製帯具は、江蘇省宜興（ぎこう）県西晋墓その他の六朝期の古墳から出土した銅製帯具と極めて類似点が高い江南からもたらされたものか、その影響を受けたものあった可能性が高い。
English: Ishibe Shukuba no Sato is an Ishibe-juku theme park located in the grounds of the Ameyama Culture Sports Park in Konan City, Shiga Prefecture.
Japanese: 石部宿場の里（いしべしゅくばのさと）は滋賀県湖南市の雨山運動公園内にある石部宿のテーマパーク。
English: During the Edo Period, Ishibe-juku flourished as the 51st of 53 stations along the Tokaido Road, and it has been restored to its former state, complete with checkpoint, farms, ryokan inn, merchant residences, a tea house, a storehouse, a Hachikoku Kyokai and the like.
Japanese: 江戸時代に東海道五十三次の51番目の宿場として栄えた石部宿の、関所の門、農家、旅籠、商家、茶店、蔵、八石教会所など往時街並み再現している。
English: The interior of each of the buildings is open to the public, and materials related to the folk culture of the people of the Edo Period are on display inside.
Japanese: それぞれの建物は内部を公開しており、江戸時代の民俗関係の資料が展示されている。
English: The Tokaido Ishibejuku Historical Museum, which is also located at the site, exhibits materials related to the Ishibe-juku.
Japanese: 併設されている東海道石部宿歴史民俗資料館では石部宿関連の資料を展示している。
English: Adults, 320 yen (260 yen); children/students 160 yen (110 yen); prices within parentheses are group rates (20 people or more)
Japanese: -大人320円（260円）　児童生徒160円（110円）　（）内は団体料金（20名以上）））
English: The Nishiyamazuka tumulus is a keyhole-shaped one located in Tenri City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 西山塚古墳（にしやまづかこふん）とは、奈良県天理市にある前方後円墳である。
English: With a total length of 114m, its front part is 70m in width and 8m in height, and the round part is 13m in height and 65m in diameter.
Japanese: 全長114メートル、前方部幅70メートル高さ8メートル、後円部径65メートル高さ13メートル。
English: With cylindrical haniwa (unglazed terra-cotta cylinders and hollow sculptures arranged on and around the mounded tombs [kofun]) having been unearthed, it is presumed, based on their shapes, that this tumulus might have been constructed in the latter half of the fifth century, being exceptional for tumuli in this area.
Japanese: 円筒埴輪が発掘されており、その形式から、この地域の古墳としては異例の5世紀後半の築造が推測される。
English: There is a theory that the Fusumada no haka, where according to Engishiki (codes and procedures on national rites and prayers), Princess Tashiraka, the wife of Emperor Keitai, was buried, is not the Nishitonotsuka Tumulus but this tumulus.
Japanese: 延喜式に記されている継体天皇妃手白香皇女の衾田墓は西殿塚古墳ではなく、この古墳だという説がある。
English: As an evidence for the theory, it is said that the haniwa there were baked in the Shinike remains as those in the Imashirozuka tumulus, said to be the true tumulus of Emperor Keitai
Japanese: その証拠としては、埴輪が継体天皇の真陵と言われる今城塚古墳と同じく、高槻市の新池遺跡で焼かれていることが挙げられる。
English: The Shibutani Mukoyama tumulus is a keyhole-shaped tumulus located in Shibutani-cho, Tenri City, Nara Prefecture.
Japanese: 渋谷向山古墳（しぶたにむこうやまこふん）は、奈良県天理市渋谷町にある前方後円墳である。
English: This tumulus is considered having been constructed in the later half of the fourth century, slightly later than the Andonyama tumulus, now designated as the mausoleum of Emperor Suijin.
Japanese: 築造年代は現在の崇神天皇陵である行燈山古墳より少し遅れた4世紀後半と推定される。
English: With a total length of 310m, the size of its front part is 170m in width and 23m in height and that of the back part 168m in diameter and 23m in height.
Japanese: 全長310メートル、前方部幅170メートル高さ23メートル、後円部径168メートル高さ23メートル。
English: With the main line in the east-west direction, its round part is structured in three steps, with each step level made in a precisely round shape, and the front part is also structured in three steps.
Japanese: 墳丘は東西方向に主軸をおき、後円部は正円形で3段築成、前方部も3段で築かれている。
English: The width of the front part is almost the same as the diameter of the round part, with the ratio at 1: 1.1.
Japanese: 前方部幅は後円部の直径にほぼ等しく、後円部の前方部に対する比率はおよそ11.1である。
English: It is said that the surrounding moat is shield-shaped symmetrically, but it is not clear whether the moat retains the original shape.
Japanese: 周濠は左右対称の盾形であるとされているが、当初からのものであるかどうか疑問視されている。
English: The Sakitatenami tumulus group, located in Sofu, Nara City, is a group of tumuli that include many mausoleums of emperors in the Yamato regime operated in the era from the middle to the latter half of the kofun (tumulus) period.
Japanese: 佐紀盾列古墳群（さきたてなみこふんぐん）は、奈良市曾布に所在する古墳時代前期中葉過ぎから後半にかけて営まれたヤマト政権の王墓を多く含む古墳群である。
English: The tumuli in this group include huge keyhole-shaped ones constructed on the south slope of the Saki hill in the period from the latter half of the first half to the middle era of the kofun (tumulus) period, or in the era from towards the end of the fourth century to the first half of the fifth century.
Japanese: 本古墳群は、佐紀丘陵の南斜面に前期後半から中期、つまり4世紀末から5世紀前半にかけて巨大前方後円墳が営まれた。
English: Three huge tumuli exceeding 200m in length were built in the latter half of the first half of the kofun period, and four such tumuli were also built in the middle era of the kofun period.
Japanese: 200メートル超す巨大古墳が前期後半には3基、中期には4基みられる。
English: The Oyamato tumulus group and Yanagimoto tumulus group, which include the Makimuku remains related to the birth of the Yamato regime, in the southeast part of the Nara basin, as well as mausoleums of emperors in the Yamato regime, in the area from the southern part of Tenri City to Sakurai City, declines, and huge keyhole-shaped tumuli in this group became to be constructed in the era from the latter half of the fourth century to the first half of the fifth century.
Japanese: 奈良盆地の東南部のヤマト政権誕生に関わりのある纏向遺跡や天理市南部から桜井市にかけて初期ヤマト政権の大王墓を含む大和古墳群・柳本古墳群が5世紀初頭には衰退し、本古墳群が4世紀後半から5世紀前半に巨大前方後円墳を営むようになった。
English: It is likely that the name of tatenami was used because the shape of the surrounding moat was like a shield (tate) and each of the northern part (around the round part of the tumulus) and the southern part (around the front part of the tumulus) was aligned in parallel (nami) in a east-west straight line.
Japanese: 古墳群の名の盾（楯）列は、周濠の形が盾型をしており、それらが北側に後円部、南側に前方部という位置でそれぞれが平行に、また東西一直線に並んでいる様子を言い表したもののようである。
English: In "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters), it is recorded that the Seimu ryo (mausoleum) is located in "Saki no Tatanami.'
Japanese: 『古事記』では、成務陵は「沙紀の多他那美」（さきのたたなみ）にありとしている。
English: In March of 843, mountains rumbled like thunderclaps in two occasions.
Japanese: 843年（承和10）3月に盾列陵で二度にわたって山鳴りがし、雷鳴のようだった。
English: Because such a strange phenomenon occurred, the Imperial Court referred to an illustrated book and found that there were two tatenami ryo mausoleums, and that the one located in the northern part was the Jingu ryo mausoleum and the one in the southern part the Seimu ryo mausoleum.
Japanese: そのような奇異があったので、朝廷が図録を調べたところ、二つの盾列陵があって、北が神功陵、南が成務陵だと分かったという。
English: After this incident, the Jingu ryo mausoleum and the Seimu ryo mausoleum became to be called 'Sasatatanamiike no e no misasagi' and 'Sakinotatanaminoikeshirino misasagi,' respectively, to differentiate them.
Japanese: この事件によって、神功陵は「狭城盾列池上陵」、成務陵は「狭城盾列池後陵」として区別されるようになった（『延喜式』）。
English: The Sakimisasagiyam tumulus: 210m, the present Hibasuhime's mausoleum built in the latter half of the first half of the kofun period, at the top of the round part of which a platform is provided by piling flatly cut stones in the koguchi-zumi way (so that the smaller side of each stone was placed outside) to make an approx. 70-cm-high rectangular stone fence and by filling the inside with soil.
Japanese: 佐紀陵山古墳（さきみささぎやまこふん、現日葉酢媛（ひはすひめ）陵、210メートル、前期後半、後円部の頂には平たく割った石を小口積みにし、高さ約70センチの石垣を矩形に巡らして内側に土を詰めた壇を造っている。
English: According to the investigation conducted in February, 2009, it was confirmed that there were stones covering the slopes of the front part and the banks connecting the tumulus mound with the outer banks..
Japanese: 2009年2月に行われた調査によれば、前方部や渡り堤の斜面に葺石が確認されている。
English: It is supposed that these stones covered an area of 15.7m in the east-west direction and 16.51m in the north-south direction.
Japanese: その広さは、東西15.7メートル、南北16.51メートルと想定されている）
English: The Ichiniwa tumulus: 250m, the present Emperor Heizei ryo mausoleum, constructed in the middle era of the kofun perioThe top of the front part was scraped to be made flat.
Japanese: 市庭古墳（現平城天皇陵、中期、250メートル、前方部削平されている）
English: The Shirakawa Funada/Motonuma remains group, located in the northern part of Shiraka City, Fukushima Prefecture, are composed of the Shimousazuka tumulus, the Yajikubo tumulus, and the Funada Nakamichi remains.
Japanese: 白河舟田・本沼遺跡群（しらかわふなだ・もとぬまいせきぐん）は、下総塚古墳、谷地久保古墳、舟田中道遺跡で構成されている遺跡群で、福島県白河市北部に位置する。
English: The remains are located on an fluvial terrace at 315 meters above sea level, in the northwest of the Shimousazuka tumulus.
Japanese: 下総塚古墳の北西、標高315メートルほどの河岸段丘上に位置している。
English: This is remains of an approx. 70 square meters residence of a gozoku (local ruling family), and remains of wooden fences and of tateanajukyo (pit dwelling houses) were also found there.
Japanese: 一辺約70メートルの規模をもつ豪族居館の跡で柵列や竪穴住居の跡が見つかっている。
English: It is presumed that the residence was used in the era from the latter half of the sixth century to the first half of the seventh century, and it is considered having been resided by the 'Shirakawa no Kuni no Miyatsuko' governor who followed the person buried in the Shimousazuka tumulus.
Japanese: 6世紀後半－7世紀前半の遺跡と推定され、下総塚古墳被葬者の次代を担った「白河国造」の居館と考えられる。
English: The Yajikubo tumulus is located on the south slope of a hill in an approx. 1.8 km northwest of the two remains described above, featuring that it is built in the land shape called 'yamayose' in which its southern part is lower than the north, east and west parts.
Japanese: 谷地久保古墳は、上記2遺跡から約1.8キロメートル北西の丘陵南斜面に立地し、北・西・東の三方が高く南が低い、「山寄せ」と呼称される立地上の特質をもつ古墳である。
English: In 1983, the size of the sekkaku was measured by the archaeological research laboratory of Kansai University again.
Japanese: 1983年（昭和58年）には関西大学考古学研究室が石槨の再実測をおこなった。
English: Furthermore, in 2003, the board of education at Shirakawa City Board of Education excavated the site for checks.
Japanese: さらに2003年（平成15年）には、白河市教育委員会が内容確認のための発掘調査をおこなった。
English: It is a round tumulus with a diameter of approx. 17 meters, and it is pointed out that the sekkaku resembles the one in the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto) whose portion to be opened is provided on a side.
Japanese: 直径約17メートルの墳丘をもつ円墳で、畿内の横口式石槨との類似が指摘されている。
English: Although no relic is found there, it is presumed that from the shape of the sekkan, the tumulus was constructed in the era from towards the end of the seventh century to the early eighth century.
Japanese: 遺物の出土は確認されていないものの、年代は石槨の形態から7世紀末葉から8世紀初頭と推定される。
English: In the Kariyado community on the east side of the Shimousazuka tumulus, the former site of a temple (called Kariyadohai-ji Temple) was found, and at the location in an approx. 5 km north of the Shimousazuka tumulus, the former site of Sekiwagu Kanga, a governmental office in the ritsuryo (codes-based) period, exists.
Japanese: 下総塚古墳の東側に位置する借宿集落は寺院跡（借宿廃寺）がみつかっており、北東約2キロメートルには律令時代の役所跡である関和久官衙遺跡がある。
English: With Izumizaki Yokoana cave graves also existing in an approx. 5 km north of the Shimousazuka tumulus, it is considered that the area of the Shirakawa Funada/Motonuma remains group was the center of the Shirakawa region in ancient times.
Japanese: 下総塚古墳の北方約5kmには泉崎横穴古墳もあり、これらのことから、白河舟田・本沼遺跡群一帯は古代白河地方の中心地域であったと考えられる。
English: As far as this area is concerned, in addition to the remains described here, it was also confirmed that the Harayama Ichigo-fun tumulus in the Zumizaki-mura Village is a 20m keyhole-shaped one constructed towards the end of the fifth century.
Japanese: この地域の古墳に限って見れば、本稿の遺跡以外にも泉崎村の原山１号墳は５世紀末の全長20ｍの前方後円墳である事が確認されている。
English: Furthermore, Ezoana Yokoanabo cave graves were found in the Nakajima-mura Village bordering the northeastern side of the river.
Japanese: また、下流の北東側に隣接して中島村に蝦夷穴横穴墓群が発見されている。
English: In addition, Odan burial tumuli and Akudo tumuli are located in the Ishikawa-cho Town on the other (eastern) side of the river, and Miyamae tumuli in the Tamagawa-mura Village.
Japanese: その東側対岸の石川町には大壇古墳群・悪戸古墳群そして玉川村の宮前古墳群と拡がっている。
English: Oniana tumuli, Koboyama tumuli, and Yanaka tumuli are located in a wide area in the Yabuki-machi Town on the west side of the Miyamae tumuli across the Abukuma-gawa River.
Japanese: 宮前古墳群から阿武隈川を挟んで西側に拡がるのが矢吹町の鬼穴古墳群・弘法山古墳群と、谷中古墳群などである。
English: For why so many tumuli and remains are concentrated in this area, the following reason is considered: This area was an important one in the Shirakawa area in ancient times and these tumuli and remains constitute the evidence that many powerful gozoku families (local influential families) existed there.
Japanese: この地域に古墳・遺跡が密集する理由として考察されているのは、これらの地域が古代白河地方の重要な地域であり、有力豪族が多数存在した証であると思われる。
English: Yamatomune, or Takaheizukuri, is one of the architectural styles of Japanese private houses.
Japanese: 大和棟（やまとむねむね）又は高塀造（たかへいづくり）は日本の民家建築の1つである。
English: Naniwatsu indicates a port facility located in the Osaka bay in ancient times.
Japanese: 難波津（なにわつ、旧仮名遣い：なにはつ）とは、古代大阪湾に存在した港湾施設の名称である。
English: It was in the Jomon period that Seto Inland Sea became like the present shape, but initially the shore line was extended as far as to present Higashi-Osaka City at the foot of Ikoma-yama Mountain.
Japanese: 瀬戸内海が現在のような形になったのは縄文時代のことであるが、当初の海岸線は生駒山の麓、現在の東大阪市まで入り込んでいた。
English: After that, the entrance area of the Kawachi bay was buried by the earth and sand that had been piled up (making the Tenma-sasu sandbank), and in the era from the second century to the third century, the Kawachi bay was completely separated form Seto Inland Sea, becoming a lake called Kusaka no e (the Kawachi-ko lake).
Japanese: その後、河内湾の入り口は堆積した土砂で埋まり（天満砂州）、2世紀から3世紀にかけて、河内湾は完全に瀬戸内海から切り離されて草香江と呼ばれる湖となった（河内湖）。
English: Entering the kofun (tumulus) period, a canal was dug out between Seto Inland Sea and the Kawachi-ko lake considering convenience of water transport, and was named Naniwa no Horie.
Japanese: 古墳時代に入ると、人々は水運の利便性を考えて瀬戸内海と河内湖の間に運河を掘削し、これを難波堀江(なにわのほりえ）と名付けた。
English: In the innermost portion of the Kawchi-ko lake, there was a port facility called Kusakatsu, and the ships that entered the Kawchi-ko lake through Naniwa no Horie went directly to the east for Kusakatsu.
Japanese: 河内湖の最奥部には草香津と呼ばれる港湾施設があり、瀬戸内海から難波堀江を通過して河内湖に入った船は、そのまま東進して草香津に向かった。
English: Ancient structural remnants of 16 warehouses were excavated in the head area of the Uemachi plateau in the east of Naniwatsu, revealing that Naniwatsu was a big distribution center at that time.
Japanese: また難波津の東、上町台地の先端からは16棟もの倉庫群の遺構が発掘されており、難波津が当時の物流の一大拠点であったことが明らかになっている。
English: By the way, although it was recorded in historical documents that there was a merchant house called 'Naniwa no Murotsumi,' but no remains of such a house has been found yet.
Japanese: なお、文献史料には「難波館（なにわのむろつみ）」と呼ばれる商館の存在も示されているが、こちらの遺構はいまだ発見されていない。
English: After the Taika Reforms, Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki no Miya Palace (earlier Naniwa no Miya Palace) was constructed, and the capital was moved there.
Japanese: 大化の改新の後には、難波津の南東に難波長柄豊碕宮(前期難波宮）が造営され、都が移された。
English: However, after Emperor Kotoku died in 654, the capital was moved back to Asuka again, and Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki no Miya Palace was destroyed by fire in 686.
Japanese: しかし654年に孝徳天皇が死ぬと都は明日香に戻り、686年には難波長柄豊碕宮は焼失してしまう。
English: However, the palace facilities were disassembled when the capital was moved to Nagaoka, and with earth and soil having been piled up, Naniwatsu lost the functions as a port facility.
Japanese: しかしながら、長岡遷都時に施設は解体され、難波津は土砂の堆積によって港湾施設としての機能を失っていった。
English: Being so lonely, I would rather like to die, unless I cannot see you (by Imperial Prince Motoyoshi).
Japanese: 侘びぬれば今はたおなじ難波なるみをつくしてあわむとぞ思ふ（元良親王）
English: Should I love you without considering my own life, because I slept with you for only a brief space of time like a root of a cut reed in Naniwa-e inlet? (by Kokamonin no Betto)
Japanese: 難波江の葦のかりねの一夜ゆゑ身を尽くしてや恋渡るべき（皇嘉門院別当）
English: The present location of Naniwatsu in Osaka City was not known for a long period of time.
Japanese: 難波津が現在の大阪市のどのあたりに位置していたのかは長年不明であった。
English: However, the location of Naniwatsu has become to be disputed seriously since around 1984, and its short list has been obtained.
Japanese: しかしながら、1984年頃から難波津の位置についての論争が本格化し、いくつかの地点に絞り込まれている。
English: However, each of them lacked a decisive ground, and the exact location has not been fixed yet.
Japanese: ただいずれの説も決定的な根拠を欠いており、位置の確定には至っていない。