nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: While the Nosenkata was abolished along with the dissolution of the Muromachi bakufu in 1573, the system of Nosenkata is thought to be absorbed by the Oda administration, because Shojitsubo Joun, the family head of Shojitsubo at that time, was continuously appointed by Nobunaga ODA to the post for collecting taxes.
Japanese: 納銭方は天正元年（1573年）の室町幕府解体とともに廃止されるが、当時の正実坊の当主であった正実坊掟運は織田信長によってそのまま徴税担当に起用されており、その仕組みは織田政権によって吸収されていったと考えられている。
English: The Naidankata, that functioned from 1344 to 1349, was a Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) controlled deliberative organization managing the shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues).
Japanese: 内談方（ないだんかた）とは、康和3年（興国5年/1344年）－貞和3年（正平(日本)4年/1349年）に存在した室町幕府の所務沙汰審議機関。
English: At the beginning of the Muromachi bakufu, Seii taishogun (great general) Takauji ASHIKAGA entrusted his real younger brother Tadayoshi ASHIKAGA with a civil administration and a part of the military administration.
Japanese: 室町幕府成立当初は、征夷大将軍足利尊氏は実弟の足利直義に民政と一部軍政を一任していた。
English: Tadayoshi had managed the shomusata by establishing the Hikitsukekata (adjudication office) based on an old system adopted by the Kamakura bakufu, however the business became gradually complicated.
Japanese: 直義は鎌倉幕府の旧制に基づいて引付方を設置して所務沙汰にあたってきたが、事務が煩雑化した。
English: Dividing the national land into three regions, the bakufu set up an office in each region, and appointed KO no Moronao, Tomosada UESUGI (the Futahashi Uesugi family) and Shigeyoshi UESUGI as the tonin (the director).
Japanese: 内談方は地域単位で3番に分けて高師直・上杉朝定_(二橋上杉家)・上杉重能を頭人に任じた。
English: In the original Hikitsukekata, the discussion and the shogun's ultimate decision-making (Tadayoshi made decision on behalf of shogun Takauji) on the settled items were thoroughly separated.
Japanese: 従来の引付方では審議と決定事項に対する将軍の親裁（ただし、当時は直義が代行）は別に分けられていた。
English: Meanwhile, the newly established Naidankata was significant in some respects: Tadayoshi attended the discussion held at Naidankata and made an ultimate decision on the spot, Hikitsukekata had nearly a hundred members of naidanshu (judges) but the number was drastically reduced in the Naidankata to only thirty who were appointed by Yoryudo, moreover, attendance of Tadayoshi and his political rival KO no Moronao, a leader of opposition group, at the Naidankata gave no room to complain about the decision made by the Naidankata.
Japanese: 内談方には直義自らが臨席してその場で親裁を行ったこと、引付方には100名近い内談衆がいたが、これを寄人に任じられた30名のみに大幅に削減したこと、直義と反対派の領袖である政敵・高師直がともに列席したために、内談方の決定に異議を挟むことが出来なくなったことに意義があった。
English: Moreover, it is said that Tadayoshi tried to ensure his authority in decision making by gathering bushi (group of warriors) supporting him to the Naidankata, aiming to keep Moronao in check.
Japanese: また、直義はここに自派の武士を集めて自らの親裁権を確保することで師直を牽制する目的もあったと言われている。
English: Consequently, in spite of success in enhancing its political influence on the shomusata, the Muromachi bakufu could not achieve another goal of putting a period to the confrontation between Tadayoshi and Moronao, it rather deteriorated.
Japanese: これによって所務沙汰に対する室町幕府の政治的影響力は高まったものの、もう1つの目的である直義と師直の対立に終止符を打つことは出来ずむしろ悪化した。
English: Murder of captive Shigeyoshi UESUGI by Moronao forced the Naidankata to stop functioning only five years after its establishment.
Japanese: 内談方は設置からわずか5年後に師直が上杉重能を捕らえて殺害したことから機能停止に陥った。
English: It was not long before the Naidankata was effectively abolished because gokenin (vassal of the shogunate) belonged to the Tadayoshi group, the main members of the Naidankata, left the bakufu.
Japanese: 更に直義と内談方の主要構成員であった直義派の御家人が事実上幕府から去ることとなったために事実上廃止された。
English: Afterwards, Yoshiakira ASHIKAGA (later the second shogun), who took charge of the civil administration instead of Tadayoshi, restored the abolished Hikitsukekata without any reform, with the result that the discussion and the shogun's ultimate decision were separated again.
Japanese: その後、直義に替わって民政を担当することになった足利義詮（後の2代将軍）は廃止された引付方をそのまま復活させたために、審議と将軍の親裁は再び分離されるようになった。
English: The Zuryo (head of the provincial governors) of the fourth or fifth Court Ranks worked as a Betto (chief administrator), which was commonly called "Innonenyo" or "Nenyo Betto."
Japanese: 四位・五位の受領が別当を務めて院年預（いんのねんよ）あるいは年預別当（ねんよべっとう）と呼称されるのが恒例であった。
English: Prominent Nenyo includes FUJIWARA no Mototaka under Emperor Shirakawa, FUJIWARA no Tadataka under Emperor Toba, FUJIWARA no Toshimori under Emperor Goshirakawa, and TAIRA no Tadamori under Bifukumon-in.
Japanese: 著名な年預に白河天皇の藤原基隆、鳥羽天皇の藤原忠隆、後白河天皇の藤原俊盛、美福門院の平忠盛などがいる。
English: A historical book described that the position of Nenyo was also provided later for government officials such as the Okura-sho (Ministry of the Treasury) and Oiryo (Bureau of Palace Kitchens under the Ministry of the Imperial Household) as well as for the Keishi (household superintendent) of the Sekkan families (Sekkanke).
Japanese: 後に大蔵省・大炊寮と言った正式な官司や摂関家家司にも年預が設置された記録が見られる。
English: The Nenyo is an official position in temples such as the Todai-ji Temple, To-ji Temple, and the Kongobu-ji Temple.
Japanese: 年預（ねんよ/ねんにょ）は、東大寺・東寺・金剛峯寺などの寺院に置かれた役職の1つ。
English: The Nenyo organized meetings and consultations of the Daishu (Buddhist monks residing in the zendo) by arranging and chairing the meetings and recording, storing and putting into practice what was decided in the meetings.
Japanese: 大衆_(仏教)による集会評定の幹事となり、集会の開催・進行、決定事項の記録・保管・執行を行う。
English: The influence of the Nenyo system and its election system is said to have been found in the systems of the Kamakura bakufu such as the Hyojoshu (a member of Council of State) and Hikitsukeshu (Coadjustor of the High Court) as well as monthly shift or duty system.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府の評定衆や引付衆、月番制などに年預の制度・選出が影響が見られるとされている。
English: The Shokei, mainly in the Heian period, referred to a person of the highest rank in an organization or a function that nobles were involved in, but the Shokei commonly served in the following two posts:
Japanese: 上卿（しょうけい）は、主に平安時代において、公卿が関わる組織、役目の中の筆頭の者を指すが、通常現れるのは次ぎの２つである。
English: The Shokei was the head equivalent to the chairperson of 'Jin no sadame' (Jingi - the ancient cabinet council), which was a de facto supreme council under the Dajokan (Great Council of State) System--the administrative body of the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code).
Japanese: 律令制の行政機関である太政官機構の事実上の最高審議会議体である「陣定」（陣議）においては、議長に相当する一番上の者。
English: The Sadaijin (minister of the left) or, if absent, the Udaijin (minister of the right) assumed the head of the 'Jin' (the council), because the Sessho (regent) and the Kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor) served as assistant and deputy of the Emperor and did not participate in the Jin and Daijo-daijin (Grand minister of state) that was an honorary post.
Japanese: 摂政・関白は天皇の補佐・代理人の位置づけであるので陣には加わらず、太政大臣も名誉職であるので「陣」の筆頭は左大臣、出席していなければ右大臣となる。
English: When the Shokei is referred to in connection with important events for the Imperial Court such as Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly-enthroned Emperor) and Kamo Festival, he worked as the director and ran such events.
Japanese: 平安時代の大嘗祭（だいじょうえ）賀茂祭他、朝廷にとっての重要な行事と関連して言われる場合には、その行事を取り仕切る行事所の長官であった。
English: The Jimoku (ceremony for appointing officials) assigned.nobles of higher ranks as an assistant of the head depending on how important the event was.
Japanese: その行事の重要度によっては、貴族の中でも上級の公卿が除目により補任された。
English: In the former competitive system of Japanese horseracing and belonging to the Yukiharu SHIKATO stable of the Japan Racing Association, he won the Fuji Stakes of the Open Tokubetsu Jidai and ran well in big prize horse races, ranked 2nd in the Keio Hai Spring Cup and came in 2nd in the Keisei Hai Autumn Handicap.
Japanese: 日本中央競馬会の鹿戸幸治厩舎に所属していた元日本の競馬の競走体系競走条件区分で、オープン特別時代の富士ステークスに優勝しているほか、京王杯スプリングカップ2着、京成杯オータムハンデキャップ2着など、重賞でも好走を見せていた。
English: In medieval Japan, a kokushi was a government officer who was sent by the central government to administer a ryoseikoku (an area of regional administration).
Japanese: 国司（こくし）は、古代から中世の日本で、地方行政単位である令制国の行政官として中央から派遣された官吏である。
English: The four ranks of the kokushi system were known as the shitokan, with the individual ranks being kami (governor), tsuke (vice-governor), jo (secretary) and sakan (clerk) (for more information, refer to 'the local government system in ancient Japan').
Japanese: 四等官である守(国司)（かみ）、介(国司)（すけ）、掾（じょう）、目(国司)（さかん）等を指す（詳細は古代日本の地方官制も併せて参照のこと）。
English: The "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) records how the kokushi system was introduced by imperial decree at the time of the Taika Reforms.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』には、大化の改新時の改新の詔において、国司を置いたことが記録されている。
English: It is said that kokushi were originally known as 'kuni no mikoto mochi' (provincial governors), and above them were the 'oho mikoto mochi' (provincial governor-generals) who were in charge of several provinces (it is said the name 'Dasaifu' (an area in Kyushu) is derived from 'oho mikoto mochi', as it shares the same Chinese characters).
Japanese: また当初は国宰（くにのみこともち）という呼称されたと言われており、国宰の上には数ヶ国を統括する大宰（おほみこともち）が設置されたという（「大宰府」の語はその名残だと言われている）。
English: From this point on until the end of the 7th century, kokushi were placed throughout the country following the establishment of the ryoseikoku system.
Japanese: その後7世紀末までに令制国の制度が確立し、それに伴って国司が全国的に配置されるようになったとされている。
English: In the early 8th century, the Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code) - a fully-fledged system of law - was issued, and the Ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the Ritsuryo code) was established.
Japanese: 8世紀初頭には、本格的な法典体系である大宝律令が公布され、中央集権的な律令制が布かれることとなった。
English: The Handen Shuju system (a system for periodically reallocating rice land) was the basis of the Ritsuryo system and involved the creation of the ancient family registry system, the allotment of rice fields and the collection of tax/corvee, all tasks carried out by the kokushi.
Japanese: 律令制を根幹的に支えた班田収授制は、古代の戸籍制度の作成、田地の班給、租庸調の収取などから構成されていたが、これらはいずれも国司の職務であった。
English: In this way, the kokushi were entrusted with spreading the ideas of the Ritsuryo system throughout Japan.
Japanese: このように、律令制の理念を日本全国に貫徹することが国司に求められていたのである。
English: The main responsibility of the kokushi became the collection of a fixed amount of tax, and they were relieved of the duty of governing, a duty which had been part of the Ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 国司には一定の租税納入を果たすことが主要任務とされ、従前の律令制的な人民統治は求められなくなっていった。
English: This was because it became possible to collect these taxes without relying on the Ritsuryo system of governance.
Japanese: それは、律令制的な統治方法によらなくとも、一定の租税を徴収することが可能になったからである。
English: A group of rich farmers named the Tato (cultivators) made their appearance around the 9th and 10th centuries, and during the same period, koden (land directly controlled by the kokuga (provincial government office)) was reorganized into units of land known as myoden.
Japanese: 9世紀～10世紀ごろ、田堵と呼ばれる富豪農民が登場し、時を同じくして、国衙（国司の役所）が支配していた公田が、名田という単位に再編された。
English: The kokushi were able to secure the fixed amount of taxes by entrusting the Tato with the management of and collection of taxes from the myoden (the Tato so entrusted were known as Fumyo).
Japanese: 国司は、田堵に名田を経営させ、名田からの租税納付を請け負わせることで、一定の租税額を確保するようになった（これを負名という）。
English: Under the Ritsuryo system, tax was levied on each individual so it was necessary to administer each person individually.
Japanese: 律令制下では、人民一人ひとりに租税が課せられていたため、人民の個別支配が必要とされていた。
English: However, as described above, around the 10th century a system was established for levying tax on myoden or, in other words, on land (this system was known as the myo taisei).
Japanese: しかし、10世紀ごろになると、上記のように名田、すなわち土地を対象に租税賦課する体制が確立したのである（この体制を名体制（みょうたいせい）という）。
English: When a fixed amount of tax had been secured, several kokushi appeared from outside the area (these were known as yonin).
Japanese: 一定の租税収入が確保されると、任国へ赴任しない国司が多数現れるようになった（これを遥任という）。
English: With the switch to this new system, known as the Ocho Kokka system, as long as the zuryo delivered a set amount of tax to the treasury, they were free from control by the imperial court and were able to privately secure/accumulate any revenues that exceeded the set amount.
Japanese: 王朝国家体制への転換の中で、受領は一定額の租税の国庫納付を果たしさえすれば、朝廷の制限を受けることなく、それ以上の収入を私的に獲得・蓄積することができるようになった。
English: At that time, it was mainly middle-ranking royalty who were assigned to be kokushi.
Japanese: 当時、国司に任命されたのは主に中級貴族だったが、彼らは私的に蓄積した富を摂関家などの有力貴族へ貢納することで、生き残りを図った。
English: Furthermore, a kokushi assignment was directly connected to the accumulation of wealth, so middle-ranking royalty fought for the appointments and also sought to be reappointed.
Japanese: また、国司に任命されることは富の蓄積へ直結したため、中級貴族は競って国司への任命を望み、また重任を望んだ。
English: In this system, the right to recommend the kokushi of a province was given to a member of the imperial family or a dominant royal, and the dominant royal, who was given the right, appointed his family member or vassal to the kokushi, obtaining a vast amount of income from the province.
Japanese: これは皇族や大貴族に一国を指定して国司推薦権を与えるもので、大貴族は親族や家来を国司に任命させて当国から莫大な収益を得た。
English: However, the bakufu (military government) dispatched jito (estate stewards) to several areas, and these jito became actively involved in the shoen (manors) and the kokugaryo (public lands) administered by the kokushi.
Japanese: しかし、幕府によって各地に配置された地頭が積極的に荘園、そして国司が管理していた国衙領へ侵出していった。
English: However, jito made inroads into Kokugaryo, depriving kokushi of their right to control the provinces.
Japanese: しかしながら、地頭は国衙領へ侵出することで、徐々に国司の支配権を奪っていった。
English: Shugo (provincial constables) were granted substantial rights entering the Muromachi period, for example the hanzei kyufu (the right to collect half the tax from an area) and the shisetsu jungyo (the right to settle land disputes on behalf of the bakufu).
Japanese: 室町時代になると、守護に大幅な権限、例えば半済給付権、使節遵行権などが付与された。
English: These rights also exerted a strong effect in the kokugaryo lands administered by the kokushi, resulting in a substantial transferal of kokushi rights to the shugo.
Japanese: これらの権限は、国司が管理する国衙領においても強力な効力を発揮し、その結果、国司の権限が大幅に守護へ移ることとなった。
English: In this way, the kokushi became government officers in name only and real power shifted to the shugo (these people were known as shugo daimyo (shugo lords)).
Japanese: こうして国司は名目だけの官職となり、実体的な支配は守護（守護大名という）が執行するようになった。
English: During the Sengoku (warring states) period, many people such as busho (warlords) appointed themselves kokushi or pretended to be kokushi.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)の武将などでは国司を自称、あるいは僭称する者も多かった。
English: While real political power was in the samurai class, for example, in a bakufu, kokushi was only a honorary post.
Japanese: 政治の実権が幕府等の武家にあるうちは、単なる名誉職にしか過ぎなかった国司であった。
English: However, the Sengoku period saw many cases of people of lower standing overthrowing their social superiors, and during this time increasing numbers of hereditary daimyo without an official bakufu post such as shugo or shugodai (deputy shugo) began to demand official posts in order to assert the legitimacy of their control over a promise or their excursions into other provinces.
Japanese: しかし、下克上が頻発した戦国時代では守護や守護代等の幕府役職者以外の出自の大名が、自国領土支配もしくは他国侵攻の正当性を主張するために任官を求める事が増加した。
English: In the Azuchi-Momoyama period, as Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI took the position of kanpaku (chief adviser to the Emperor), the title of kokushi changed into an official post for a samurai family to show the level of its social position or authority and became completely nominal.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代には豊臣秀吉の関白に伴い、国司の称号は武家の地位・権威を示す武家官位へと変質し、完全に名目だけのものとなった。
English: After the Edo bakufu was established, the bakufu recommended to the imperial court that a daimyo should be appointed to kokushi, according to the social standing of his family.
Japanese: 江戸幕府成立以降は、家格に応じて、幕府から朝廷へ大名の国司補任が推挙された。
English: There were also many cases of normal samurai appropriating the kokushi title as their own personal name (this act was known as hyakan-na).
Japanese: また、一般武士が通名として国司を私称することも多く見られた（百官名）。
English: Based on its economical criteria, such as provincial power, each province was classified into taigoku (a major province), jogoku (an upper-class province), chugoku (a middle-class province) or gekoku (a minor province), and the amount of tax on a province was determined based on its rank in this classification.
Japanese: 各国は国力等の経済上の基準で大国（たいごく）・上国（じょうごく）・中国（ちゅうごく）・下国（げこく）の4等級に区分され、この各区分毎に適正な納税の軽重が決められた。
English: Also, the kokushi rankings and personnel were also base don this classification (for example, the position of taigoku no kami (governor of a major province) was reserved for Jugoinojo (Junior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade), the position of jogoku no kami (governor of a second ranking province) were reserved for Jurokunoge (Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade), while suke (vice-governors) were not appointed to chugoku (middle-ranking provinces) or gekoku (lower-ranking provinces).
Japanese: また、国司の格や人員も（大国の守は従五位上だが上国の守は従六位下、中国・下国には介は置かないなど）これに基づいた。
English: The Emperor Kammu had many children, and many of these princes were given official posts as kokushu (governor).
Japanese: 桓武天皇は皇子を多く授かったため、親王の役職として国守が当てられた。
English: Some provinces known as shinno ninkoku always had princes appointed as kokushi, and these princes were known as taishu (governor-generals).
Japanese: 親王が必ず国守を務めることとされた国が親王任国と云われており、各国の国守は太守と呼ばれた。
English: The term sengoku daimyo refers to a daimyo who exercised unitary control over several districts or provinces during Japan's sengoku (warring states) period.
Japanese: 戦国大名（せんごくだいみょう）は、日本の戦国時代(日本)に数郡から数カ国規模の領域を一元的に支配した大名を指す。
English: Compared with shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) in the Muromachi period, daimyo in the sengoku period centralized control of territories, which were not under the influence of the central government.
Japanese: 室町時代の守護大名と比べると、戦国大名は、中央権力と一線を画して領国の集権化を図った。
English: In particular, sengoku daimyo strengthened their control over hikan (low-level bureaucrats) and kashin (vassals), and established the kandakasei system, a system for imposing military duties in return for chigyo daka (a stipend based on a fief's rice production).
Japanese: 特に被官・家臣の統制を強化し、知行高に応じて軍役を課す貫高制を確立した。
English: Some daimyo in the period established bunkokuho (the laws to be enforced in their own territories) to mediate disputes between hikan and vassals or among residents in their territories.
Japanese: 独自に被官・家臣間、領民間の争いを調停する分国法を制定するものもあった。
English: The highly independent and solid territory control system employed by daimyo in the sengoku period is called the daimyo-ryogoku system.
Japanese: このような戦国大名による独自性の高い強固な領国支配体制を大名領国制という。
English: It is said that the control style of this system was reached by increasing the level of central control in the shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo controlled a province).
Japanese: これは守護大名の守護領国制がより集権性を高めて発展した支配形態とされる。
English: Many daimyo in the sengoku period were appointed to shugo by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) to establish their own legitimacy so as to surpass adjacent daimyo.
Japanese: 戦国大名は、支配の正統性を確立し、近隣大名を凌駕するために、幕府から守護への補任を受ける者が多かった。
English: In order to legitimize their control or gain an advantage over neighboring daimyo, many sengoku daimyo gave substantial donations to the Imperial Court in return for an official title (these titles reserved for samurai were known as buke kani).
Japanese: 一方、支配正統性の確立・近隣への優越という動機に基づいて、朝廷へ多額の貢納を行う見返りに官位（武家官位）を獲得する戦国大名も多数存在した。
English: Daimyo in the sengoku period advanced the level of independent control over their territories significantly, which decentralized control of the nation.
Japanese: 戦国大名による領国化が著しく進展し、国内は分権的な様相を呈していた。
English: However, the unification of the nation by Nobunaga ODA and Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI brought the nation under centralized control, making activities by sengoku period daimyo less independent.
Japanese: しかし、織田信長・豊臣秀吉の天下統一により一転して集権化へと向かい、戦国大名の独立性は薄まっていく。
English: Under these circumstances, sengoku daimyo made the transition to being early-modern daimyo in the shogunate system.
Japanese: こうした流れの中で、戦国大名は幕藩体制下の近世大名へと移行していった。
English: Many sengoku daimyo were originally shugo daimyo (such as the Satake, Inagawa, Takeda, Toki, Rokkaku, Ouchi, Otomo and Shimazu clans), while many others were originally shugodai (shugo deputies) or their vassals/retainers (such as the Asakura, Amago, Nagao, Miyoshi, Chosokabe, Jinbo, Hatano, Oda and Mastunaga clans). There were also many who were originally local lords or religious powers (such as the Mori, Tamura, Ryozoji and Tsutsui clans).
Japanese: 佐竹氏・今川氏・武田氏・土岐氏・六角氏・大内氏・大友氏・島津氏らのように守護大名に出自した例、朝倉氏・尼子氏・長尾氏・三好氏・長宗我部氏・神保氏・波多野氏・織田氏・松永氏らのように守護代やその臣・陪臣に出自した例が多数を占めたが、毛利氏・田村氏・龍造寺氏・筒井氏らのように国人層や宗教勢力に出自した例も多かった。
English: Additionally, there were also many sengoku daimyo who were originally bakufu officers or ronin (masterless samurai), such as the Gohojo and Saito clans).
Japanese: その他、後北条氏・斎藤氏のように幕府吏僚・浪人に出自する者も少なからずいた。
English: There were some who were originally kokushi (like the Uesugi or Kitabatake clans, who held both shugo and kanrei (shogunal deputy) positions) and others who were originally court royals (such as the Tosaichijo clan).
Japanese: また、守護と管領を兼ねていた上杉氏や北畠氏のように国司から、土佐一条氏のように公家から戦国大名化した例もあった。
English: Being highly independent, each of these territories could be called a regional nation.
Japanese: この領国は高い独立性を有しており、地域国家と呼びうる実態を持っていた。
English: A daimyo in the sengoku period organized persons in the kokujin (local samurai) or hikan (low-level bureaucrats) class as his vassals and made them live around his base place to form a castle town.
Japanese: 戦国大名は、国人・被官層を家臣として組織化し、自らの本拠地周辺に集住させて城下町を形成した。
English: In this way, the daimyo dissolved or weakened the relations of power between the kokujin/hikan class and the land/general populace.
Japanese: このようにして国人・被官層と土地・民衆との間の支配関係を解消もしくは弱体化しようと図った。
English: As well as imposing military duties on the local populace in exchange for maintaining order, the daimyo also established a new taxation system after carrying out a land survey.
Japanese: 在地社会に対しては、在地社会の安全を確保する見返りに軍役を課すとともに、検地を実施して新たな租税収取体系を構築した。
English: Some daimyo established bunkokuho as a base for mediating disputes among persons in the kokujin and hikan classes and other disputes in their territories.
Japanese: また、国人・被官層及び在地社会における紛争を調停する基準として分国法を制定する者もいた。
English: However, the authority of daimyo in the sengoku period was not always unlimited.
Japanese: ただし、戦国大名は、地域国家内において必ずしも超越的な存在ではなかった。
English: The uprisings that spread across Japanese society during the Muromachi period also spread to the kokujin and hikan classes.
Japanese: 室町時代中期頃から日本社会に広がった一揆は、国人・被官層にも浸透した。
English: Therefore, persons in the kokujin and hikan classes established an alliance to form a kokujin uprising in order to retain their rights.
Japanese: そのため国人・被官層は自らの利権を共同で確保していくため、国人一揆といった同盟関係を構築していた。
English: The existence of daimyo in the sengoku period was supported by the uprising-based relationships formed by persons in the kokujin and hikan classes.
Japanese: 戦国大名は国人・被官層が結成した一揆関係に支えられて存立していたのである。
English: Some daimyo who couldn't protect the interests of the kokujin/hikan classes were removed from power, a situation which was known as gekokujo (people of lower standing overthrowing their social superiors).
Japanese: 国人・被官層の権益を守る能力のない戦国大名は排除されることもあり、こうした事例は下克上と呼ばれた。
English: The Akamatsu, Isshiki, Kyogoku and Yamana clans, whose heads were feudal lords that ruled local territories as military governors, were known as the "Shishiki (or Shishoku)" clans (meaning "four top ranking clans") and the military police director (called "tonin" or "shoshi" in Japanese) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was chosen from among these clans in turn in order to take charge of military leadership, law enforcement and tax collection in the city of Kyoto.
Japanese: 室町幕府の軍事指揮と京都市中の警察・徴税等を司る侍所の長官（頭人、所司）に交代で任じられた守護大名の赤松氏、一色氏、京極氏、山名氏の4氏を指して「四職」と称する。
English: In fact, however, the military police director was often also chosen from the Toki clan, a ruling clan in Mino Province, along with these four clans, which therefore needs to be included as a "Shishiki" clan.
Japanese: ただし、実際はこの4家と並んで美濃国守護・土岐氏もしばしば侍所頭人に任じられており、これも含むのが相当であろう。
English: Members of the Shishiki clans participated in political affairs of the Muromachi government as principal retainers of the bakufu along with the three clans (Hosokawa, Shiba and Hatakeyama clans) from which shugun's deputies were chosen.
Japanese: 三管領家（細川氏、斯波氏、畠山氏）と並び幕府の宿老として中央政治に参与した。