nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Dynasty tried to exercise their administrative powers such as the police authority, the legal jurisdiction, and the authority of tax collection that they had not been able to exercise against kokyowa until then, and the Dynasty told hensho (commanders who guard the border of the territory) to remind the residents of their obligation of tax payment, and furthermore, they arrested and executed those who had piracy activities with the support from the local governor in Sanpo.
Japanese: 辺将による納税の論告を行い、三浦代官の協力を得た上ながら海賊行為を働いた者を捕らえ処刑するなど、それまで恒居倭に対し行えなかった検断権・徴税権行使を試みるようになる。
English: Under this situation, several incidents occurred as a result of strict control of the hensho over kokyowa, and the dissatisfaction of kokyowa finally exploded.
Japanese: こうした中、恒居倭に対し厳重な取り締まりを行っていた辺将により（次のような）といった事件が起こり日本人の不満は爆発する。
English: The incidents which triggered this outburst of anger were, for example, the incident that the hensho insisted that some pirates who might or might not be kokyowa were definitely kokyowa and displayed their heads in front of the wakan as a warning, and the incident that ordinary Japanese people were killed on a false charge of pirates.
Japanese: （事件とは、）朝鮮人か恒居倭か正体不明な海賊を恒居倭だと決め付け、見せしめに倭館の前に首を晒す、あるいは無実の日本人が海賊と間違われて斬られる、（などである。）
English: On April 4, 1510, kokyowa and reinforcements from Tsushima whose leader was Morichika SO started the Sanpo War with a force 4,500 strong.
Japanese: 1510年4月4日、対馬から宗盛親率いる援軍を加えた恒居倭は、約4500の兵力をもって三浦の乱を起こす。
English: Their objectives were to defeat Hensho who abused their powers, and to persuade the Korean Dynasties to change their repressive policy over the kokyowa, such as trade restrictions, or the execution of the right to judge criminal cases and the power to levy taxes over the kokyowa.
Japanese: 彼らの目的は、強硬な取締りを行った辺将を討取り、朝鮮王朝の行なった交易の制限、恒居倭に対する検断権・徴税権の行使といった倭人抑圧政策の変更を迫る事にあった。
English: The Japanese Army gained the control of senshiei (branch offices of the military) at Pusanpo and Seiho, and they defeated the hensho of Pusanpo and captured the hensho of Seiho alive.
Japanese: 倭軍は釜山浦・薺浦の僉使営を陥落させ、釜山浦では辺将を討取り、薺浦では生け捕りにする。
English: Subsequently, the troops at Pusanpo and the troops at Seiho went on to Torai-son (Torai Castle) and to Komogai-son (Komogai Castle) respectively, but their attacks failed due to the Korean Army's counter attacks.
Japanese: さらに釜山浦から東萊城、薺浦から熊川城へ攻め進むが反撃に会い攻撃は頓挫する。
English: Around April 9, the Japanese Army withdrew a part of their troops to Tsushima while the remaining forces got together at Seiho, and Morichika himself attempted to have peace negotiations.
Japanese: 4月9日頃、倭軍は兵の一部を対馬へ撤退させ、残りを薺浦へ終結させて盛親自ら講和交渉に臨もうとする。
English: However, the Korean Dynasty refused his proposal for the negotiations, and on April 19, the Korean Dynasty Army attacked Seiho and succeeded in obtaining it, so the Japanese Army had to retreat to Tsushima.
Japanese: しかし朝鮮王朝は講和に応じず、4月19日朝鮮王朝軍は薺浦へ攻撃をかけ、薺浦は陥落、倭軍は対馬へ撤退する。
English: This sanction was applied not only to the So clan but also to all Jushokunin (those given an official rank by the Korean Dynasties) and Tsuko Jutoshonin (those granted the permission to practice amicable relations).
Japanese: これは宗氏以外の全ての受職人（朝鮮王朝から官位を貰っている者）・受図書人（通交許可を受けている者）に対しても同様であった。
English: However, people in Tsushima who made their living from trade and the Korean Dynasty, who was totally dependent on imports from Tsushima for pepper, tanboku and copper, were obliged to get along with each other, and in 1512 they agreed on a settlement under the Jinshin Yakujo (visitor regulations which were established by the Korean Dynasty).
Japanese: しかしながら、交易で生計を立てている対馬と、胡椒・丹木・銅などの輸入を対馬に全面的に依存している朝鮮王朝の双方は折り合いを付ける必要に迫られ、1512年、壬申約条により和解が成立した。
English: However, the Dynasty imposed more restricted conditions such as the restriction on the entrance ports which designated Seiho as the only port where ships were allowed to enter, a 50% reduction in the number of saikensen, the abolishment of the tokusosen system, the prohibition of the settlement of Japanese nationals, and the recertification request for Jushokunin and Jutoshonin.
Japanese: しかし、入港地は薺浦のみに制限され、歳遣船は半減、特送船の廃止、日本人の駐留の禁止、受職人・受図書人も再審査を受けるなど、通交は以前より制限されたものになる。
English: After that, Pusanpo was also opened again because the capacity of the port of Seiho was not large enough to deal with all transactions; however, an incident called Saryang Incident (the raid carried out by Japanese pirates on Saryang Islands) occurred in 1544, and this brought a diplomatic break between these parties again.
Japanese: その後、薺浦一港での入港受入れは難しいとの理由から釜山浦も再び開かれるが、1544年に蛇梁倭変が起こり再び国交は断絶する。
English: In 1547, the trade was restarted under the Treaty of Tenbun, but the Pusanpo port was the only permitted entrance port for Japanese ships, and this led to the latter-day wakan.
Japanese: 1547年の丁未条約を以って交易が再開されるが入港地は釜山浦一港に制限され、これが近代倭館へと続いていくことになる。
English: The loss of Sanpo and the restricted trading greatly affected the So clan.The clan had to cover their loss by sending gishi whose nominal status was an Imperial envoy and by concentrating the trading rights in Tsushima.
Japanese: 宗氏にとって三浦の喪失と通交の制限は大きな痛手であり、日本国王使の偽使の派遣、通交権の対馬集中といった方策を持って三浦の乱による損失の穴埋めを図ることになる。
English: The Jinshin Yakujo imposed trading restrictions on parties who were considered equivalent to vassals of the Korean Dynasty such as the So clan, and this treaty did not intend to restrict relations with the king of Japan (the Muromachi bakufu), who had the same rank as the Korean Dynasty.
Japanese: 壬申約条において通交に制限を加えられたのは、宗氏のように朝鮮王朝にとって陪臣に当たる者達であり、朝鮮王朝と同格である日本国王（室町幕府）の使節の通交を制限するものではなかった。
English: The So clan focused on this and they tried to prepare gishi who pretended to be royal envoys in order to maintain relations to Korea.
Japanese: 宗氏はこの点に着目し、日本国王使の偽使を仕立て上げ通交を行うことになる。
English: They had sent gishi even before the Sanpo War, but the Sanpo War made them send gishi more frequently.
Japanese: 偽使の派遣は三浦の乱以前にも行われていたが、三浦の乱をきっかけに本格化することになる。
English: The So clan dispatched false royal envoys for purpose of trading, and additionally, they sent such envoys in order to gain more advantages in important negotiations such as the peace negotiations of the Sanpo War and the Saryang Incident.
Japanese: また交易目的だけではなく、三浦の乱や蛇梁倭変の講和のような重要な交渉時にも、有利な交渉を目論み偽の日本国王使を派遣している。
English: As a result of this, royal envoys visited Korea 22 times between 1511 and 1581 after the Sanpo War, but only 2 visits were by real royal envoys and the other 20 visits were by gishi which were prepared by the So clan.
Japanese: こうした結果、三浦の乱後の1511～1581年までの間、日本国王使は二十二回通交することになるがその中で本物の日本国王使は二回に過ぎず、残りの二十回は宗氏の仕立て上げた偽使であった。
English: In fact, the trading restrictions imposed by the Jinshin Yakujo became a mere scrap of paper due to the dispatch of gishi.
Japanese: この偽使の派遣により、壬申約条による交易の制限は事実上有名無実化されることになる。
English: They needed ivory checks issued by the Korean Dynasty to the Muromachi bakufu to dispatch royal envoys.
Japanese: 日本国王使の派遣には朝鮮王朝が室町幕府に発行する象牙符が必要であった。
English: Since only the Otomo and the Ouchi clans had such ivory checks, the So clan required their cooperation to dispatch false royal envoys.
Japanese: 象牙符は大友氏と大内氏が所持するものであり、偽の日本国王使の派遣には大友氏、大内氏の協力が欠かせず（なかった。）
English: Before the Sanpo War, other local powers in the Kyushu and the Chugoku regions received tosho (a bronze seal which was required for trading with Korea) and also practiced amicable relations with the Korean Dynasty, but after the Sanpo War, the trading rights placed only in the hands of the So clan, which allowed the clan to monopolize the Japan-Korea trade.
Japanese: 三浦の乱以前には、九州・中国地方の諸勢力も朝鮮王朝から図書を受け通交していたが、三浦の乱を境に通交権は宗氏に集中し、日朝貿易の独占が行われるようになる。
English: However, it is also pointed out that the concentration of the trading rights in the So clan had possibly existed even before the Sanpo War.
Japanese: ただし、宗氏による通交権の集中は三浦の乱以前から行われていた可能性も指摘されている。
English: Thus some influential people who were excluded from the Japan-Korea trade began to have relations with maritime merchants of Ming, and they eventually took part in the koki wako (late wako).
Japanese: こうして日朝交易から締め出された勢力の一部は明人海商と結びつき、倭寇後期倭寇の一役を担うようになる。
English: The koki wako pirates were active mainly in the coastal areas of Ming, but they also frequently attacked the coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula and brought many troubles to the Korean Dynasty.
Japanese: 後期倭寇は主に明国沿岸部で活動したが、朝鮮半島沿岸部も活発に襲撃し朝鮮王朝を苦しめている。
English: Unlike the cases of early wako pirates, the Korean Dynasty could not take advantage of the benefit of trading rights in order to control the late wako, and they had suffered troubles caused by the late wako without any effective countermeasures until Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI issued the Kaizoku Teishirei (act to ban the piracy) in 1588.
Japanese: 後期倭寇はそれまでの倭寇と違い通交権を盾にした統制の効かない相手であり、朝鮮王朝は有効な対策を打ち出せないまま、1588年の豊臣秀吉の海賊停止令により倭寇が終息するまで苦しめられることになる。
English: For the Korean Dynasty, the transportation of products was especially a heavy burden, and the "Korean Dynasty's Fact Record" described that situation and said as follows:
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝にとって交易品の輸送は特に負担となっていた様であり、朝鮮王朝実録にその様子は「沿路各官、人吏竝出、夜以繼晝、輸運之物、絡繹於道、至於妻子、徧受其苦、重載之牛、多斃路中。
English: Products to be exported are piled up on the streets, and all residents who live along the streets which Japanese people use for the travel to the capital city, both government officials and ordinary people, have to help the transportation of the products day and night; and furthermore, even women and children also have to do that duty, and cows which sink under a heavy burden just fall down on the street.'
Japanese: 」（輸送品は道に連なり、倭人上京道路沿線住民は官吏・人民の区別なく、夜昼を問わず交易品の運搬に駆り出され、妻子に至るもその苦役を受け、荷物の重さに耐えかね牛は道に斃れる）と描写されている。
English: The "Korean Dynasty's Fact Record" mentioned the incident that the Korean Dynasty gave up the investigation of a murder which occurred between kokyowa and the fact that a daikan which was sent by the So clan had the police authority and the legal jurisdiction. It is thought that the Korean Dynasty abandoned the police authority and the legal jurisdiction over kokyowa.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝実録には、恒居倭同士の殺人事件に関し朝鮮王朝が関与を放棄した事例や、宗氏の派遣した代官が検断権を握っていたことなどが記録されており、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対する検断権を放棄していたと考えられている。
English: Although the Korean Dynasty also wanted to impose a business tax on kokyowa, they found it difficult to carry out that idea because the Soda clan already imposed the equivalent tax, and they eventually gave up that plan.
Japanese: また、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭に対し営業税の課税を検討したが、既に早田氏が課税しているため実行は困難と判断し中止している。
English: These facts prove that the Korean Dynasty was not able to use their authority of tax collection and kokyowa were under the control of the Soda clan instead of the So clan in around 1429.
Japanese: これらは、朝鮮王朝が徴税権を行使出来なかったこと、1429年の時点で恒居倭は宗氏ではなく早田氏が掌握していたことを示している。
English: In 1477, the Korean Dynasty planned to impose denso (rice field tax) on kokyowa, but they canceled this plan because they worried about the reoccurrence of wako activities.
Japanese: 1477年、朝鮮王朝は恒居倭へ田租の課税を検討するが、倭寇の再発を憂慮し中止している。
English: At that time, it was pointed out there was a risk that some Koreans might cheat on their tax payment by taking advantage of the tax exemption privilege given to kokyowa, and that expectation came true afterward.
Japanese: またその際、恒居倭の免税特権を悪用した朝鮮人の納税回避の危険性が指摘されるが、後にその危惧は現実の物となる。
English: The fishing area for Japanese in the Korean coastal zone was restricted by the Fishing Ban Treaty of Kokusa-to Island, which was agreed by the So clan and the Korean Dynasty.
Japanese: 宗氏と朝鮮王朝の間では孤草島釣魚禁約をもって朝鮮沿岸における日本人の漁場が制限されていた。
English: However, some kokyowa poached fish outside the designated area, and moreover, some of such kokyowa occupied some fishing areas provided for Korean people.
Japanese: しかし恒居倭の中には定められた領域を超えて密漁を行い、あまつさえ漁場を占拠する者が出現する。
English: The major Korean participants in the illegal trading were residents around Sanpo, local merchants, and major merchants in Hansung, and the relationship between the residents around Sanpo and kokyowa was specially described as follows:
Japanese: 朝鮮側における密貿易の担い手は三浦周辺住民・地元商人・漢城大商であったが、中でも三浦周辺住民と恒居倭の癒着ぶりは「相親相愛,不啻如兄弟,言語飮食,利害緩急,無不共之。」
English: The relationship between them is more than the relationship between brothers, and moreover, they even use the same language and share food, drink, and interests.'
Japanese: 」（相親相愛、ただ兄弟の如くあるのみならず、言語飮食、利害緩急、之を共にせざるは無し）と記されている。
English: The Korean Dynasty worried about a leakage of their defensive preparations to wako, and they regarded the collusive relationships as a serious problem.
Japanese: 朝鮮王朝は倭寇に防備情報が漏れることを恐れており、密貿易のみならず癒着そのものも問題視していた。
English: In addition to local officials and hensho (local governors) around Sanpo, some higher-ranked officials of the central government of the Korean Dynasty began to provide merchants some assistance and participate with them in the illegal trading.
Japanese: さらに三浦周辺の地方官吏や辺将（朝鮮王朝の地方武官）に止まらず朝鮮王朝中央高官の中にさえ、商人に便宜を図り密貿易に関与する者が出現している。
English: Some Korean residents around Sanpo pretended to have sold their farming land to kokyowa, and they transferred their land's ownership to some Japanese nominally in order to cheat the payment of tax imposed on their farming land.
Japanese: 三浦周辺住民の中には田畑を恒居倭に売却したことにし、名義人を日本人に書き換えることで田租の納税回避を行う者が出現した。
English: Korean pirates had been active since the 1470s, but it was difficult to distinguish the activities of Korean pirates and the activities of wako.
Japanese: 朝鮮人水賊の活動は1470年代から活性化するものであったが、その活動はいずれが倭寇かいずれが朝鮮人水賊か識別を付けるのは困難であった。
English: The crew of the ship for an envoy of the Ijuin clan postponed their departure, and they waited for the rebellion to begin in order to participate in the war.
Japanese: この反乱には、伊集院氏名義の使船の乗組員が出港を遅延させ、乱の勃発を待ち受け参加している。
English: This envoy ship was operated by the So clan in fact, and considering these facts, it is thought that the Sanpo War was intentionally provoked by the So clan.
Japanese: この使船は実際は宗氏が運用していたものであり、こうした事などから三浦の乱は宗氏主導で計画的に起こされたと考えられている。
English: Shinsen Shojiroku is an ancient clan-name register or directory that was compiled by an order from Emperor Saga in the early Heian period.
Japanese: 新撰姓氏録（しんせんしょうじろく）は、平安時代初期のに、嵯峨天皇の命により編纂された古代氏族名鑑。
English: For the 1182 clans that lived in Heian-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in the current Kyoto) and the Kinai region (the five capital provinces surrounding the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto), "Shinsen Shojiroku" describes the origin of their family names, how the pedigrees branched and other information by classifying the clans, based on the place of origin, into 'Kobetsu' (clans that branched out from the Imperial Family), 'Shinbetsu' (clans the branched out of the family of god) and 'Shoban' (clans coming from foreign lands) to clarify their ancestors; however, it was compiled mainly to determine whether the changed family names of the clans were accurate.
Japanese: 『新撰姓氏録』は、平安京および畿内に住む1182氏を、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に分類してその祖先を明らかにし、氏名（うじな）の由来、分岐の様子などを記述するものであるが、主として氏族の改賜姓が正確かどうかを判別するために編まれたものである。
English: As will be described later, although the number of clan names included in Shinsen Shojiroku is limited, it is clearly an indispensable historical material for the study of Japanese ancient clans and the ancient history of Japan in general.
Japanese: 後述するように、記載氏族が限られているとはいえ、日本古代氏族あるいは日本古代史全般の研究に欠かせない史料である。
English: The existing "Shinsen Shojiroku" has only a list of excerpts but no body text; however, some remnants can be seen in several places and a few itsubun (compositions that previously existed but no longer do) are known.
Japanese: 現存する『新撰姓氏録』は、目録だけの抄記（抜き書き）であって本文は残っていないが、所々にその残滓が認められるとともに、若干の逸文が知られている。
English: The scope of this document includes clans that lived in Kyo (Sakyo and Ukyo) and the Gokinai capital region; however, its introductory section states that still more than half the target clan names hadn't been registered.
Japanese: なお、本書の対象とする範囲は京（左京・右京）と五畿内に住む姓氏に限られており、また「序」にはそれすらも過半が登載されていないと記している。
English: Incidentally, the reason the title includes "Shinsen" (newly compiled) is that it meant to indicate the re-compilation of "Shizoku-shi" (a book containing information on the clans), which ended up just as a plan; consequently, it doesn't infer the existence of any previous edition of the clan-name register.
Japanese: なお、書名に『新撰』とつくのは、企画倒れで終わった『氏族志』のやりなおしという意味であって、『新撰姓氏録』以前に『姓氏録』が存在していたわけではない。
English: This register records a total of 1182 clan names, being classified the into three types　-　'Kobetsu,' 'Shinbetsu' and 'Shoban' - based on the place of origin.
Japanese: 本書には、全部で1182氏姓が記録され、その出自により「皇別」・「神別」・「諸蕃」に3分類されている。
English: The 335 clan names of 'Kobetsu', which were listed at the top of the register, comprised clans that had branched out from the Imperial Family after the time of Emperor Jimmu.
Japanese: 筆頭にあげられた「皇別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以降、天皇家から分かれた氏族のことで、335氏が挙げられている。
English: The clans branched out from the Imperial Family are further divided into Koshin (Emperor's families that had the official status title (called kabane) of 'Mahito'), as well as other clans.
Japanese: 皇別氏族は、さらに、皇親（「真人」のカバネをもつ氏族）とそれ以外の姓をもつ氏族に分かれる。
English: The 404 clans of 'Shinbetsu' were clans that had branched out from the age of the gods or appeared before the time of Emperor Jimmu.
Japanese: 「神別」の姓氏とは、神武天皇以前の神代に別れ、あるいは生じた氏族のことで、404氏が挙げられている。
English: The clans of Shinbetsu are further divided into three types: 'Tenjin,' descendants of gods that had come with Ninigi for tensonkorin (the descent to earth of the grandson of the sun goddess); 'Tenson' (the grandson of the sun goddess); descendants who branched out in three generations from Ninigi-no Mikoto; and 'Chigi,' descendants of gods that had been on earth since before tensonkorin.
Japanese: 神別姓氏は、さらに、ニニギが天孫降臨した際に付き随った神々の子孫を「天神」とし、瓊瓊杵尊から3代の間に分かれた子孫を「天孫」とし、天孫降臨以前から土着していた神々の子孫を「地祇」として3分類している。
English: The clans classified as 'Tenjin' include 246 clans including the Fujiwara and Onakatomi clans; those classified as 'Tenson' include 128 clans, among which are the Owari and Izumo clans (clans of the Hayato family are classified as Tenson); and those classified as 'Chigi' include 30 clans including the Azumi and Yuge clans.
Japanese: 「天神」に分類された姓氏は藤原氏、大中臣氏など246氏、「天孫」は尾張氏、出雲氏など128氏（隼人系の氏族は天孫に分類される。）、「地祇」は安曇氏、弓削氏など30氏がある。
English: The clans of 'Shoban' were clans of toraijin (people from overseas, particularly from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced Asian continental culture to the Japanese) and include 326 clans, among which are the Hata and Ookura clans.
Japanese: 「諸蕃」の姓氏とは、渡来人系の氏族で、秦氏、大蔵氏など326氏が挙げられている。
English: The clans of Shoban are further divided into five types: 'Han,' which includes 163 clans; 'Kudara,' which includes 104 clans; 'Goryeo' (meaning Goguryeo), which includes 41 clans; 'Silla,' which includes nine clans; and 'Mimana,' which also includes nine clans.
Japanese: 諸蕃氏族は、さらに5分類され、「漢」として163氏、「百済」として104氏、「高麗」（高句麗を指す）として41氏、「新羅」として9氏、「任那」として9氏がそれぞれ挙げられる。
English: Additionally, there are 117 clans that do not belong to any category.
Japanese: また、これらのどこにも属さない氏族として、117氏が挙げられている。
English: Japanese education history deals with the state and history of Japanese education from ancient times to the modern age; additionally, it deals with the transition of educational philosophy, teaching materials and systems.
Japanese: 日本教育史（にほんきょういくし）は、日本の古代から現代までの教育のあり方とその歴史、教育観、教材、制度などの変遷を扱うものである。
English: However, as seen in 'Hinkyu mondo ka (Dialogue on poverty)', made by YAMANOUE no Okura, it seems that at any period the parents cherished their children and wanted to do something for them; it is easy to imagine that even long ago, before any document was made, parents or grown-ups have given help or guidance when their children or younger people were growing up.
Japanese: しかし、山上憶良の「貧窮問答歌」などにも見られるように、親が子を思い、そのために何かをしてやりたいという気持ちは時代が違っていても変わることはなかったようで、資料の残っている以前から、親や大人たちが子どもや若者が1人前になっていく上で、何かの手助けや指導をしていたことは想像に難くない。
English: Among those who had administrative rights, the first person who was considered to be interested in education was Prince Shotoku (574- 622).
Japanese: 施政にあたる人物で、最初に教育に関心を示したといわれるのは、聖徳太子（574年-622年）である。
English: His real formal name was Prince Umayado, but he was also called Prince Uenomiya, or Toyotomimi.
Japanese: 本名は厩戸（うまやど）皇子で、上宮（うえのみや）王・豊聡耳（とよとみみ）などともいう。
English: He intended to conduct idealistic policy based on philosophy, but he left no written theory regarding education.
Japanese: 理想主義的な哲人政治を志向したが、書物としての教育論は残していない。
English: His main accomplishments included the formation of Kan I junikai (12 grades of cap rank) and the Seventeen-Article Constitution, the dispatch of a Japanese envoy (ONO no Imoko) to the Sui dynasty of China, and the establishment of Shitenno-ji and Horyu-ji Temples.
Japanese: 冠位十二階、十七条憲法の制定、遣隋使（小野妹子）の派遣、四天王寺、法隆寺などの建立などが主だった業績である。
English: He studied Buddhist scriptures and wrote a commentary called 'Sankyogisho (ｔhree sutra annotations written by Prince Shotoku)'; his educational idea, 'ekayana (doctrine that only one teaching, usu. the Lotus Sutra, can lead to enlightenment),' is strongly reflected in it.
Japanese: 経典を研究し「三経義疏」（さんぎょうぎしょ）という注釈書を書いたが、これに彼の教育思想、「一乗思想」が色濃く反映されている。
English: Namely, it's a concept that explains the meaning of education to everyone, and it implies human equality and the realization of an ideal.
Japanese: つまり、すべての人に等しく教育を説き、理想の実現と人間平等の考え方である。
English: The first educational system, Taiho Ritsuryo (Taiho Code), was the one established in 701.
Japanese: 最初の教育の制度というのは、大宝律令（701年）による教育制度の確立である。
English: It was under the control of Shikibu-sho (the Ministry of Ceremonial), and there were two main subjects such as Myogyo-do (Keisho), Sando (arithmetic) plus two auxiliary subjects such as Ondo (pronunciation of Chinese) and calligraphy (Daigakuryo) (the way of writing); later, Kidendo (in vernacular terms, 'Monjodo (Literature)' and Myobodo (law) were added.
Japanese: 式部省の所管で、明経道（経書）、算道（算術）および副教科の音道（中国語の発音）、書道_(大学寮)（書き方）の四学科があり後に紀伝道（通称「文章道」、中国史・文章）と明法道（法律）が加わった。
English: Therefore, 'Myo' means being 'bright' about those subjects (that those who studied them were familiar with them).
Japanese: これらの「明」は、それについて「明るい」（ことの次第によく通じた）という意味である。
English: Additionally, Tenyakuryo, Onmyoryo (Bureau of Divination), Utaryo and so forth were established as training institutions for specialist technical experts.
Japanese: その他にも、専門的な技術者養成機関としては典薬寮、陰陽寮、雅楽寮などがあった。
English: In such institutions, the following subjects were taught: medicine, pharmacy, acupuncture, massage, Onmyodo (way of Yin and Yang; the occult divination system based on the Taoist theory of the five elements), tenmondo (astrology), and rekido and gagaku (ancient Japanese court dance and music).
Japanese: これらでは医、薬、針、按摩、陰陽道、天文道、暦道、雅楽などを教授した。
English: Most of the students in those days were resident students in Daigakuryo; a representative example is Monjoin, which was established by SUGAWARA no Kiyokimi (the grandfather of SUGAWARA no Michizane) and under the supervision of the Sugawara and Oe clans.
Japanese: 当時の学生は、大半は大学寮内に寄宿していており、代表的なものとして菅原清公（菅原道真祖父）が設立して菅原氏・大江氏の管理下にあったとされる文章院がある。
English: At the same time, influential clans established special dormitories such as Daigaku-besso to house the masters and pupils.
Japanese: これに対して有力な氏族は大学別曹（だいがくべっそう）のような特別な寮舎（りょうしゃ）を設けて、一族の師弟をそこに収容した。
English: It seems they emerged from conflicts among clans about Daigakuryo, a public institution in the background of the rise of aristocracy.
Japanese: 大学寮という公的機関を巡る氏族対立の副産物のような存在で、貴族政治の台頭を背景としていた。
English: Moreover, that period marked the beginning of private school, in which the scholars of SUGAWARA clan educated their disciples on their private estate, providing un-official services.
Japanese: また、菅原氏などの学者が公務以外に私邸などを使って門人を教育するなど、私立学校の萌芽のようなものもこの時代から現れるようになる。
English: However, from the latter half of the Heian period government posts were transferred by heredity, as were the instructors of Daigakuryo; in order to keep the heredity system, family education developed, in which the instructors taught only their sons or selected disciples outside Daigakuryo, for example, in their own houses.
Japanese: だが、平安時代後期から官司請負制のもとで官職の世襲化が進み、大学寮の教官も特定の氏族の世襲となって、教官たちは世襲の存続のために自己の子弟・一族や限られた門人に対してのみ限定して、大学寮外の自宅などで教授するという家学化が進んだ。
English: After Daigakuryo and Monjoin were burned out due to the conflagration in 1177, they were abandoned without being re-established; thus Daigakuryo as public educational institution disappeared.
Japanese: 更に1177年の大火で大学寮や文章院が焼失すると、再建されることなく放置され、公的教育機関としての大学寮は消滅することになる。
English: From the Kamakura to the Muromachi period, nobles in Kyoto took responsibility for studying the classics or Yusoku-kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代から室町時代には、京都の公家が古典研究や有職故実の学問の担い手となっていた。