nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Other species of trees growing in the woods were also registered one by one as precious future timber and controlled by the domain or Daikan (local governor).
Japanese: その他の大木も貴重な木材として生えている状態から1本単位で藩や代官に登録され、管理された。
English: Fallen leaves were also used as fuel, and the ashes were plowed as a potassium fertilizer in the field.
Japanese: 落ち葉も燃料として用いられ、灰はカリウム肥料として田畑に入れられた。
English: There were various types of Satoyama in the Edo Period: those that were owned by the government (Shogun family or domains) and excluded from use by general citizens (called Otateyama, etc); those which were privately-owned (form of iriaichi (common land)) but trees were state-owned assets and required the government's permission for logging (called Otomeyama or Goyoboku); those whose land as well as trees were privately-owned and did not required any official permission for logging (form of iriai); those which were individually-owned; and those which were owned by religious organizations and used to construct their religious facilities.
Japanese: 江戸期の里山は国家（将軍家や藩）が所有し民間の利用を認めないもの（御建山などと呼ばれる）、土地は民間所有（入会地形態）であっても木材は国家所有で伐採には国家の許可が必要なもの（御留山や御用木と呼ばれる）、土地も木材も民間所有（入会地形態）で木材伐採にも官許の不要なもの、個人所有のもの、宗教施設所有で当該宗教施設の為に用いられるものなど多様であった。
English: In case of the trees of Otomeyama, the timber merchant or village that wanted to cut the trees had to pay the price in silver currency to the owner domain.
Japanese: このうち御留山を民間の材木商や村が伐採する場合には藩に現銀による対価を支払わねばならなかった。
English: And in many cases, even though they were privately-owned, they were subject to duties (called yamanengu (mountain tax), etc.).
Japanese: また民間所有の里山であっても国家に税金（山年貢などと呼ばれる）を支払うことが多かった。
English: As mentioned before, the stress on Satoyamas throughout the Japanese archipelago had been heavy until coal began to be used as a fuel, and to cope with this burden, each community set up its own regulations to protect the destruction of Satoyama's vegetation.
Japanese: 前述のように近世、特に石炭が燃料として普及する以前の日本列島における里山の負荷は一貫して高く、村落共同体は里山の植生崩壊を防止する為に様々な規則を作って対応した。
English: These rules were called 'Muraokite (village rules)', 'Murasadame (village statute)', 'Murakisoku (village regulations)', and almost all villages had a written set rules, as far as they had Satoyama as their common land.
Japanese: これらの規則は「村掟」「村定」「村規則」などと呼ばれ、里山を入会地として持つ村であればほぼ確実にこの種の規則を文書として備えていた。
English: Usage rules stated in Muraokite were precisely and strictly articulated.
Japanese: 村掟によって定められる里山の利用規則は極めて詳細かつ厳密なものであった。
English: For example, it was common that the volume of grass allowed to be cut for manure was fixed to each household, and the mowing period (called Kuchiake (start)) was strictly set up in many villages.
Japanese: 例えば肥料用の草は刈り取って良い量が家ごとに決められていることも珍しくなかったし、刈り取って良い時期が厳密に設定されている（「口開け」と呼ばれる）ことも多かった。
English: The penalty for people that violated the Muraokite were also determined, and in many of the cases, the violator was obliged to pay fines in silver plus the value corresponding to the volume he stole.
Japanese: 村掟を破った者への制裁も予め決められており、多くは米や銀による科料の支払い＋盗伐分の返還が科されていた。
English: There were also other cases, in which the violator was obliged to render a service, or if the violator was not able to pay the fines, the Gonin-gumi system (a collective responsibility system based on a neighborhood group composed of 5 persons), to which he belonged, had to assume the collective responsibility to pay the fines.
Japanese: またこれらの他に労働奉仕も科される例や、盗伐者が科料を払えない場合の五人組による連帯責任による科料支払いが決められている例もある。
English: Especially in areas that had few Satoyama in proportion to the number of habitants, the management of Satoyama was extremely strict and not so much as a bunch of grass or tree branch was allowed to be carried off without permission, and those who broke the rule were sometimes subject to fair punishment.
Japanese: 特に住民の数に対して利用可能な里山が少ない地域では、里山の管理は厳重なものであり、許可されていない場合は草を一掴み刈り取ったり、木の枝を一本折るだけでも罰せられる場合すらあった。
English: There were villages which kept a night watch rotation to prevent the robbing of Satoyama during the evening,
Japanese: 夜間の盗伐を防ぐ為に持ち回りで里山の夜番をしていた村もあったほどである。
English: Even under such strict controls, illegal logging in Satoyama frequently occurred, and when the form of Satoyama was Muramura iriai (common land of plural villages), it was jointly used by the residents of more than one village as a piece of common land, however, these villages often had confrontations over Satoyama (the dispute was called sanron (mountain dispute)).
Japanese: それだけ厳重な管理をしても里山の盗伐は頻発し、また村々入会の里山では、里山を巡っての村と村の間での対立も続出した（山論と呼ばれる）。
English: In reality, Satoyama in recent times was far from the utopian space where communities enjoyed a harmonious coexistence with nature, but a space that would have been met with catastrophe by overuse, unless the state or community had not have prevented it by establishing a rigid control system.
Japanese: このように近世の里山とは決して村落共同体と自然が調和したユートピア的空間などではなく、国家や村落共同体が厳重な管理体制を敷かなければオーバーユースによるカタストロフに直結するような場だったのである。
English: Since entering the Meiji Period, the form of Satoyama's ownership started to change, and they were shifted to state-owned forests, individually-owned estates after they were fragmented, or municipal-owned forests.
Japanese: 明治期以降、里山は国有林となるか、あるいは細切れに分割されて個人所有となる、自治体に所有されるといった所有形態に移行した。
English: Among them, those Satoyama located near urban areas were sold to real-estate developers and were changed to housing lands and recreational facilities such as golf courses.
Japanese: このうち都市に隣接する地域の里山の多くはデベロッパーに転売されて宅地やゴルフ場などのレクリエーション施設へと変貌していった。
English: Although its fixed property tax is set low in comparison with that of housing or agricultural land, the inheritance tax imposed at the time of the generation change is calculated as the assessed value of the average neighboring housing land minus the land development expenses.
Japanese: 山林の固定資産税そのものは宅地や農地に較べて安価に設定されているが、代替わりの際に発生する相続税では、山林の評価額は近隣の宅地の評価額マイナス造成費となる。
English: However, in reality, even if the owner of Satoyama tried to sell the land with this value, developers tend to take advantage of the owner's weak position to bring down the price, and there are occasions where there is no purchaser and the owner has no remedy other than selling his farm lands and others by the piece, while maintaining the mountain forest that has practically no asset value (if the owner has no reserve, as he can not pay the inheritance tax, he is forced to become bankrupt).
Japanese: しかし実際に所有者がその価格で売却しようとしても、デベロッパーには足元を見られて買い叩かれるか、場合によっては買い手が付くことさえ無い為、所有者は平地に持っている農地などを切り売りして資産価値の無い山林を持ち続ける（その余力も無い場合は相続税を支払えず破産する羽目に陥る）しか無いのである。
English: There is a word 'local commons,' which is a concept referring to the natural resources shared in a certain community or communities.
Japanese: 特定の地域社会で共有される自然資源を指す概念として「ローカル・コモンズ」という言葉がある。
English: Although Satoyama can be utilized free of charge, sometimes its physical access is allowed only to the members of the community, or is under the control of the local people.
Japanese: 里山は無償で利用はできるが、物理的なアクセスが地域コミュニティのメンバーに限定されていたり、現地住民の管理下に置かれていたりする場合もある。
English: Thus, Satoyama, which has a strong sense of local commons, tends to prevent free-rider or moral hazard problems (→see 'Tragedy of commons')
Japanese: そのようなローカル・コモンズとしての意味合いが強い里山では、フリーライダーやモラルハザードは抑制される傾向にある（→コモンズの悲劇）。
English: In modern history, there existed various forms of iriaichi (common land) such as 'Muraju iriai,' 'Muramura iriai,' and 'Hokamuramochiji iriai.'
Japanese: 近世では「村中入会」「村々入会」「他村持地入会」など様々な形態の入会が存在した。
English: Muraju iriai' is a form in which the common land was situated within a village and only the residents of the village had access to the land.
Japanese: 「村中入会」はある特定の村の中に入会地があり、その村の住人のみがその入会地を利用出来るという形態である。
English: Muramura iriai' is a form in which the common land was situated in contact with several villages, and only the residents of such adjacent villages had access to the common land.
Japanese: 「村々入会」は複数の村が入会地に接しており、入会地に接する村の住人のみがその入会地を利用出来るという形態である。
English: Hokamuramochiji iriai' is a form in which the residents of a village had access to a common land even though it was not adjacent to the village.
Japanese: また「他村持地入会」は、ある村の住人が自村に接していない入会地を利用出来る形態である。
English: In this case, an entrance fee was paid in silver currency to the owner village of that common land.
Japanese: この場合、その入会地を持つ村に入会料として現銀が払われることになる。
English: Those who had right to access to the common land were able to make use of kejo (natural products) derived from the land.
Japanese: 入会権を持つ人間はその入会地の毛上（けじょう）を利用することが出来る。
English: Satoyama that had assumed a function of iriaichi (common land), changed drastically with the Meiji Restoration.
Japanese: こうした入会地としての里山は、明治維新とともに大きく変化することになる。
English: It is probable that in the process of the land-tax reform carried out by the Meiji government, some iriaichi (the common lands) lost their function and were divided into privately-owned lands that had access rights, and many of them were expropriated under the policy of the Meiji government, which promoted the registration of these as public lands if they had no proof of being common land.
Japanese: 明治政府の地租改正作業の中で、入会地が入会権を持つ諸個人の私有地に分割され、入会地ではなくなっていくこともあったし、また入会地であることの証明が無ければ官有地とするという明治政府の政策により、数多くの入会地としての里山が官有地として召し上げられたと考えられている。
English: At that time, the Meiji government took the policy that as far as the iriaichi had clear written proof or Kohi (a oral record handed down for generations), it was exempt from expropriation, but when they had no written proof, the government would recognize the land as iriaichi only if another village adjacent to the land in question was generous with rendering an official testimony of the land.
Japanese: この時、明治政府は明確な書証あるいは口碑がある場合にのみ、入会地を官有地にしないという方針を採ったが、書証が無い入会地については、その入会地に隣接する村から公式な証言が得られた場合に入会地として認めるという方法を採用した。
English: However, among these villages, there were cases in which the village requested to testify was excluded from this iriaichi after having lost a Sanron (land dispute) in the past, and therefore, from rancor it rejected or even tried to interrupt to testify that the land in question was a common land.
Japanese: ところが、こうした村の中には、かつて山論で敗れてその入会地から排除された村もあり、かつての遺恨から執拗に入会地としての証明を拒み、あるいは妨害するという事例も見られた。
English: Anthropologist Tsuneichi MIYAMOTO reported a case of a person in Takihata, Kawachinagano City, Osaka Prefecture, who learned to read and write after reaching adolescence in order to file a suite and recover the common land which was expropriated as a public land during the Meiji Period.
Japanese: また民俗学者の宮本常一は、明治期に官有地として没収された入会地を取り戻す訴訟を行う為、成人後に読み書きを学んだ大阪府河内長野市滝畑の人物の事例を報告している。
English: For the situation of commons after the Meiji Period, please see the section 'Common Right'
Japanese: なお、明治以降の日本国における入会については入会権の項を参照されたい。
English: The main work to conserve Satoyama is encouraging the regeneration of budding, but there are also various tasks such as promoting the propagation of plants and removing bamboo that threaten the habitat of deciduous broad-leaved trees, or repairing the stone walls of terraced rice fields.
Japanese: 里山を保全する場合は萌芽更新を促す作業が中心となるが、そのままにしておいては繁茂して落葉広葉樹林を圧迫する竹を切り出したり、棚田の石積みを補修したりなどと、その方法は多岐にわたる。
English: Tracking back the history, the major part of Japanese Satoyama had been converted into red pine forests, or Kusayama (pasture grounds) and treeless hills by the modern ages.
Japanese: 歴史を遡ると、近世までに日本の里山の大半はアカマツ林、あるいは草山、禿げ山となっていた。
English: The autochthonous habitat was lost due to the exploitation of timber and firewood, and the removal of fallen leaves and underbrush used for the farmland manure impoverished the soil depriving it of nutrition, and allowed the dominant propagation of red pine trees that are resistant in poor soils.
Japanese: 本来の植生は木材や薪の切り出しによって失われ、落ち葉や草の類も田畑の肥料として搬出されてしまった為に土壌の栄養分が乏しくなり、痩せた土地でも生きられるアカマツが優勢となってしまったのである。
English: Moreover, as the red pine was a handy species and had a lot of usage in Japanese modern agriculture, the people selectively planted them.
Japanese: またアカマツは近世日本の農業にとっては非常に使い勝手が良い樹種でもあり、選好して植えられたということもあった。
English: To prove this fact, Arioka used the drawings depicting various scenic spots of the Edo Period, in which most of the lands were painted as treeless hills and mountains locally dotted with pine trees.
Japanese: 有岡は江戸期に描かれた各地の名所図会に登場する山の大半が、局所的に松が茂る禿げ山として描写されていることを、この傍証として挙げている。
English: However, a decline of Satoyama's economic value due to the increased use of fossil fuels and chemical fertilizers caused gradual changes in the habitat of Satoyama from its original red pine woods (as the red pine is a sun tree, the invasion of other species impedes its further reproduction).
Japanese: しかし化石燃料や化学肥料の普及によって里山の経済価値が失われると里山の植生はアカマツ林から徐々に変化していった（アカマツは陽樹であるため、他の樹種が侵入してくると次の世代が繁殖出来なくなる）。
English: For example, in the Kanto region and surrounding areas during the latter 20th century to 21st century, there appeared forests predominated by deciduous fagaceous vegetation, such as Quercus acutissima (sawtooth oak) and Quercus serrata.
Japanese: 例えば20世紀後半から21世紀にかけての関東近辺では、クヌギやコナラなど、落葉性のブナ科植物を中心とする森林が出現している。
English: The autochthonous climax vegetation in this region is evergreen broad-leaved forest, however when it is amply affected by human activity, sometimes the vegetation stabilizes as a deciduous forest, without ever reaching its full potential.
Japanese: ちなみにこの地域の本来の極相は常緑広葉樹林であるが、近世ほどではなくともある程度の人の影響があると、このように極相ではなく落葉樹林の状態で安定する場合もある。
English: In addition to these trees, even under similar conditions, an evergreen tree, Castanopsis, often makes an appearance in southern regions.
Japanese: 同じような条件でも、より南の地域では、これらのほかに常緑のシイがよく出現する。
English: Such a habitat, whose climax vegetation is destroyed due to human disturbance, is called a reciprocal habitat.
Japanese: このような、人為的攪乱などにより、極相が壊れて成立した植生を代償植生という。
English: Moreover, in recent years the disordered proliferation of Moso-chiku (Phyllostachys edulis) due to the lack of control converts the deciduous forests and broad-leaf forests into bamboo forests, and the damages caused by bamboo invasion can not be ignored in the habitat of Satoyama.
Japanese: また近年では放置された孟宗竹の竹林が無秩序に拡大して落葉樹林や広葉樹林を竹林に変えてしまう竹害も、里山の植生として無視出来ないものとなっている。
English: In summary, Satoyama in the Japanese archipelago can be defined historically as a place where we can observe diversified habitats, such as bald mountains, grass mountains and red pine forests which are the result of extreme destruction, secondary forests which are stabilized in a form different from the inherent full range of vegetation, or bamboo forests resulting from harmful bamboo invasion, and lastly, the local autochthonous climax forests.
Japanese: まとめると、歴史的に見て日本列島の里山は植生が極度に破壊された禿げ山、草山、アカマツ林から、本来の極相とは違う形で安定した二次林、あるいは竹害的な竹林、そしてその土地本来の極相林など、多様な植生が存在する場所であるということが言える。
English: From a natural conservation stand point, there is a view that defines Satoyama affected by human disturbance as being a 'false forest.'
Japanese: 自然保護の立場から、人為的撹乱がある里山を「ニセモノの森」とみるみかたがある。
English: In opposition to this, there is also an idea that insists the recovery of Satoyama's value as a human-centered sustainable development model.
Japanese: それにたいして、主体を人間に置き持続可能な開発のモデルとして里山の復権を主張する考え方もある。
English: However, since the latter 20th century, a large number of Satoyama have been left completely free from human control, and in many regions they are recovering their autochthonous climax vegetations.
Japanese: ただ、20世紀後半以降は里山は完全に放置される場合が多く、本来の極相に戻りつつある地域も多い。
English: Arioka qualifies such a situation and points out that since the beginning of the Yayoi style agriculture, there has been no period like the Heisei Period in which Satoyama is so densely covered with trees.
Japanese: 有岡はこのような状況を評して、弥生式農耕の開始以降、平成期ほど里山が樹木に覆い尽くされている時代は無かったと指摘している。
English: A nageshi is a pillar-connecting material used in Japanese-style buildings.
Japanese: 長押（なげし）とは、日本建築に見られる部材で、柱を水平方向につなぐもの。
English: The nageshi used in Japanese-style rooms is specifically called uchinori-nageshi.
Japanese: 普通、長押と呼んでいる住宅などの和室にあるものは特に内法長押（うちのりなげし）という。
English: It horizontally connects the upper parts or other parts of pillars and is hammered into place from outside of the pillars to reinforce the structure.
Japanese: 柱同士の上部などを水平方向につなぎ、構造を補強するために、柱の外側から打ち付けられたもの。
English: However, it lost its structural function as material used in houses became thinner and is now exclusively a decorative material.
Japanese: 住宅では次第に部材も薄くなり、構造的な意義は乏しくなり、もっぱら装飾的な部材になった。
English: However, it constitutes a feature of Japanese style, because it is not used in Daubutsu-yo (Buddhist architecture style) and Zenshu-yo (Zen-sect-style architecture), both of which came from China in the Kamakura period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に中国から伝わった様式である大仏様、禅宗様では見られないため、和様の特徴になっている。
English: In housing, it is also seen in shinden-zukuri style (typical architecture of a nobleman's residence during the Heian period) as depicted in the Genji monogatari emaki (the Illustrated Hand Scroll of the Tale of Genji) and shoin-zukuri always have nageshi.
Japanese: 住宅建築は、『源氏物語絵巻』などに見られる寝殿造にも見られ、書院造では必ず長押を打つ。
English: Since nageshi were not used in tea-ceremony rooms, Sukiya-zukuri style, influenced by the style of tea-ceremony houses do not have nageshi.
Japanese: 茶室には用いられないため、その影響を受けた数寄屋造りでは省略される。
English: The height of a nageshi is sometimes determined by the horizontal size of the pillars and a nageshi whose height is 80% to 90% of the pillar size is called a hon-nageshi, and a nageshi whose height is 60% to 70% of the pillar size is called a han-nageshi.
Japanese: 長押のせいの大きさは柱寸法を基準として決められることがあり、その8～9割のせいを持つものを本長押、6～7割のものを半長押等という。
English: Currently, it has become a horizontal board that is installed in a room to allow hangers and/or hooks to be hung easily but it was not originally intended for hanging items.
Japanese: 現在では衣紋掛けやフックを手軽に吊るせるように室内に取り付けられた横木になってしまっているが、本来は物を掛けるための部材ではない。
English: Mikuriya is the honorific expression of Kuriya (a kitchen).
Japanese: 御厨（みくりや）とは、「厨（くりや）」（「台所」の意）の敬語的表現である。
English: In medieval Japan, Mikuriya indicated a manor of the Imperial family or dominant shrines, such as Ise-jingu Shrine, (a shrine estate), and this term still remains in geographic names.
Japanese: 中世日本においては天皇家や伊勢神宮など、有力な神社の荘園（神領）を意味しており、後に地名として残った。
English: In the Medieval period, it often happened that Mikuriya were pillaged by samurai troops (and converted to samurai-owned estates).
Japanese: 中世では、たびたび武士団によって略奪される（武士の領地化）といったことが起こっている。
English: The term "Mikuriya" remains as a geographic name in various parts of Japan, not only in the name of cities, towns, or villages, but also as the name of oaza (a larger section of a village) or koaza (a subsection of a village).
Japanese: 市町村名に限らず、大字や小字として日本各地に「御厨」の地名が残っている。
English: In fiction, Jin MIKURIYA appears in "Kannagi," manga created by Eri TAKENASHI, and (although not being intentional) also in "893 ways of becoming a detective," a comic book by Takemaru ABIKO.
Japanese: 創作作品では武梨えりの原作コミック「かんなぎ(漫画)」や我孫子武丸の原作コミック「探偵になるための893の方法」に御厨仁（偶然にも同姓同名）が登場する。
English: Before and during the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States in Japan), most castles were built on mountains (these were known as Yama-shiro castles); very few were built on flat land.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)以前は山城が中心であり、平城はほとんど築かれなかった。
English: However, if no suitable mountain could be found to build a castle on, one was built on flat land.
Japanese: しかし地形的にどうしても適当な山がなく、平地に城を築く場合もあった。
English: In such cases, one or more rivers were used as a line of defense for the castle, with mounds and walls built for its protection.
Japanese: その場合は河川を防衛線として利用したり、土塁・堀を築いて防御とした。
English: Nagoya-jo Castle, Sunpu-jo Castel, Ni-jo Castle and Hiroshima-jo Castles are typical examples of Hira-jiro castle in early-modern times.
Japanese: 代表的な近世の平城の例では、名古屋城、駿府城、二条城、広島城などがある。
English: Although Edo-jo Castle and Osaka-jo Castle are sometimes considered Hira-jiro castles, they are sometimes classified as Hirayama-jiro castles (those built on a hill in a plain).
Japanese: 平城として見られることがある江戸城や大坂城の分類は平山城とすることがある。
English: Examples of Mizu-shiro (castles built on lakes or marshes for defensive reasons) include Takamatsu-jo Castle (in Sanuki province), Imabari-jo Castle, Nakatsu-jo Castle, Takashima-jo Castle, and Zeze-jo Castle (the first three examples given here all appear in the list of the top three castles in Japan).
Japanese: また水城としては、高松城(讃岐国)、今治城、中津城（以上、日本三大一覧城）、高島城、膳所城などがある。
English: Hira-jiro castles were based on the following two types of buildings: Hokei-yakata buildings, which were samurai residences built in the early Kamakura period and the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) on flat land surrounded by mounds and walls; and Ta-te buildings, such as the Shugosho (provincial administration offices) where shugo (military governors) lived in the later days of the Muromachi period and the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 平城は、平地に土塁と堀で囲った鎌倉時代初期から南北朝時代(日本)にかけての武士の住まいである「方形館（ほうけいやかた）」、後の室町・戦国時代にかけての守護の居館である守護所などの「館・舘（たて）」がもととなった。
English: Shugosho were built to imitate the gosho (residence) of the Muromachi bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), and Yama-shiro castles were mostly used as a tsume—no-shiro castle (a kind of castle of last refuge).
Japanese: 守護所は、室町幕府の御所を模して建てられ、また山城を詰城（つめのしろ）としていることが多い。
English: The Muromachi-dai, which Nobunaga ODA built as a residence for Yoshiaki ASHIKAGA in the late Muromachi period, and Ni-jo Castle are believed to have influenced the architecture of Hira-jiro castles in the later part of early modern times.
Japanese: 室町後期では織田信長が築城した室町第（足利義昭の御所）や二条城などが後の近世平城に影響したと考えられている。
English: However, the building of tenshu gradually became less common for the following reasons: the building of tenshu without permission was prohibited following the enactment of Buke shohatto (Laws for the Military Houses); the building of tenshu became unnecessary; some tenshu were destroyed in natural disasters; and the construction of tenshu put too much of a burden on a domain's finances.
Japanese: しかし江戸時代には武家諸法度発布による天守などの無許可造営の禁止、必要ないとのことでの中止、災害による亡失、藩の財政難という経済的な理由等により次第に建築されなくなった。
English: kirizuma-zukuri, one of the roof styles, indicates the style of roof with two surfaces inclining from the ridge at the top, or having the shape of a book placed with its face on the lower side.
Japanese: 切妻造（きりづまづくり）とは屋根形状のひとつで屋根の最頂部の棟から地上に向かって二つの傾斜面が本を伏せたような山形の形状をした屋根。
English: Concerning the name of each side of a building, the longer side or the side parallel to the ridge is called Hira, and the shorter side or the side perpendicular to the ridge is called Tsuma.
Japanese: 建物の各面の呼び名として、長辺側、あるいは屋根の棟（むね）（大棟）と平行な面を平（ひら）といい、短辺側、あるいは屋根の棟（大棟）と直角な面を妻（つま）という。
English: Concerning Japanese shrines, temples, or merchant houses remaining along old roads, it is said that a building is made in the "Hirairi" style or the "Tsumairi" style.
Japanese: 日本の寺社建築・旧街道沿いに残る商家等の町屋建築における「平入り」（平入、ひらいり）や「妻入り」（妻入、つまいり）。
English: This is a classification of buildings based on which side its main entrance is provided.
Japanese: これは、建物のいずれの面に正面出入口があるかによって分類した様式である。
English: 妻 (tsuma), which originates in 端 (tsuma), which indicates an end relative to the center or core of a building, and 妻, meaning wife, has come to be used, because the wife used to live in a room on the Tsuma side.
Japanese: 妻（つま）とは建物の中央や中心に対して他端を意味する端（つま）を語源とし、配偶者の呼び名の妻は家屋の「つまや」に居たことから名付けられた。
English: The "Tsuma of sashimi (sliced raw fish)," a typical appendage to a dish, is provided with the same meaning.
Japanese: 料理の添え物として用いられる代表的な「刺身のつま」も同じ意味をもつ。
English: Keta means the straight pieces of wood that are placed parallel to the ridge at the top of a building (parallel to the Hira side) and support the weight of the roof.
Japanese: 桁（けた）とは建物最上部の大棟に対して平行方向(平側)に位置し、屋根荷重を支える水平材の総称。
English: Keta play the role of transferring the weight of the roof to the tops of the pillars and are placed parallel to the ridge wood.
Japanese: 屋根においては柱の上部で屋根の重量を柱に伝達する役目を担い、棟木と平行な向きに位置する。
English: On the other hand, the straight pieces of wood placed perpendicular to a ridge wood and Keta (or parallel to the Tsuma side) are called Hari (in building terms).
Japanese: 一方、大棟や桁に対して直行方向(妻側)に掛かる水平材を梁(建築)（はり）という。
English: In shrine and temple buildings, the roofs of the main halls are mostly built in the Kiritsuma style or the Nagare-zukuri style, a variant of the Kiritsuma style.
Japanese: 神社建築においては、本殿の屋根を切妻造、あるいはその派生形である流造とするものが多い。
English: In shrine and temple buildings, straight pieces of wood called Katsuogi are placed on the ridge wood provided at the top of a roof, to press and fix the roof.
Japanese: 神社建築においては、屋根の最頂部にある構造材の棟木（むなぎ）の上に鰹木（かつおぎ）と呼ぶ屋根を押さえる重石の役目を担う水平材が取り付く。