nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It was concluded by and between Japan's Foreign Minister, Nobuyoshi SAWA, and Austria's Anton von Petz who visited Japan while on a mission to establish diplomatic relations between various districts of Asia and they exchanged instruments of ratification on January 12, 1872.
Japanese: アジア諸国との外交関係樹立のため、日本を訪れたオーストリアのアントン・ペッツ（AntonvonPetz）と日本の外務卿澤宣嘉の間で締結され、1872年1月12日（明治4年12月3日(旧暦)）に批准書の交換が行われた。
English: English Minister, Harry Parks mediated for the conclusion of this treaty, and among all the unfair treaties concluded between the Edo government and the Meiji government with Europe and the North America since the Ansei era treaty, the treaty contained the most advantageous conditions, the contents of which applied to all countries who had made "Most Favored Nation Treatment" treaties with Japan.
Japanese: この条約の締結にはイギリス公使ハリー・パークスの仲介があったが、この条約には安政条約以来欧米各国が江戸幕府及び明治政府と締結した全ての不平等条約の規定の中でもっとも有利な条件が反映され、その内容は各国が日本と結んだ条約の最恵国待遇の規定によって全ての列強に対して適用されることとなった。
English: Especially in the field of consular jurisdiction, it turned out to contain the most unfavorable regulations for Japan and was consequently applied to other western great powers as well
Japanese: 特に領事裁判権の分野では日本側に最も不利な規定となり、結果的にはそれが他の欧米列強にも自動的に適用されることとなった。
English: With this the West's enforcement of unfair treaties on Japan was completed.
Japanese: これによって、欧米による日本に対する不平等条約の強制が完了したと言える。
English: The regulation that used to designate Kanagawa-juku as an open port was modified for the first time to Yokohama bay, which was the actual open port.
Japanese: なお、この条約では、従来は開港場を神奈川宿とするとしていた規定が、初めて実際の開港場である横浜港に変更された。
English: Choya gunsai was edited by MIYOSHI no Tameyasu, San hakase (Doctor of Numbers), who classified monjo (written materials) n the Heian period such as prose and poetry, imperial decrees, official documents from the Dajokan (Great Council of State).
Japanese: 朝野群載（ちょうやぐんさい）は平安時代の詩文・宣旨・官符・書札等各種文書を分類して算博士・三善為康が編纂したもの。
English: However, it was enlarged in later years, so that the final completion is estimated to be from 1135 to 1141.
Japanese: しかしその後の増補があり、最終的には保延年間（1135～41）の成立と推定される。
English: The original book consisted of thirty volumes; however, the volumes 10, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 29, and 30 do not exist today.
Japanese: 元は30巻であったが、10、14、18、19、23、24、25、29、30の9巻は現存しない。
English: The classification includes such items as literary art, chogi (ceremony at Imperial Court), Jingikan (Department of Divinities), Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the Setsuroku family (the family which produced the Regent and the Chief Adviser to the Emperor), the Kugyo family (kugyo means a Court noble), besso, achievements, teii (Chinese name of police), naiki (secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), kiden (biographical books), Onmyodo (yin-yang philosophy), rekido (the study of the calendar), tenmondo (astrology), ido (medical ethics), Buddhist service, Dazaifu (local government office in Kyushu region), foreign countries, miscellaneous writings, misfortunes, shokoku-zatsuji (miscellaneous matters of various districts), shokoku-kumon (official documents of various districts) and shokoku koka (merits and demerits of various districts), however, these items are about existing parts, therefore, it is unknown what kinds of classification were included in the missing nine volumes.
Japanese: 分類は、文筆・朝儀・神祇官・太政官・摂籙家・公卿家・別奏・功労・廷尉・内記・紀伝・陰陽道・暦道・天文道・医道・仏事・太宰府・異国・雑文・凶事・諸国雑事・諸国公文・諸国功過の各項目であるが、これは現存する部分についてであり、失われた9巻にどのような分類が含まれていたのかは不明である。
English: As easily understood from the above, this book, including many affairs of shoshi (officials), has more characteristics as collected monjo (written material) than as a poetry miscellany.
Japanese: 上記の内容からも判るとおり、本書は詩文集としてより、諸司の事務に関わるものを多く含み、文書集としての性格が強い。
English: As the editor, MIYOSHI no Tameyasu himself stated that he had collected 'hogo' (scraps of paper), the book, including many historical materials especially in the end of Heian period when he lived, makes itself a valuable collection of monjo that reports realities of government according to the Ritsuryo code from the middle to the end of the Heian period.
Japanese: また編者三善為康が身近な「反故」を集めたと自ら述べているように、編者が生きた平安時代末期の史料が特に多く収録されていることから、平安時代中紀以降末期にかけての律令政治の実態を伝える貴重な文書集となっている。
English: In 1938, it was included in the 29th volume of "Enlarged New Edition of the Summa Japanese History" compiled by Katsumi KUROSAKA (Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc.).
Japanese: 昭和13年に黒板勝美が編集した『新訂増補国史大系』（吉川弘文館）第29上巻に収録される。
English: The term "mizukae nisoku (drainage laborers)" refers to those mining laborers engaged in removing the water that collects in mines and pumping it outside the mine.
Japanese: 水替人足（みずかえにんそく）は、鉱山に溜まった排水を外部に排出する仕事（水替）に従事した人足（労働者）のことである。
English: The remainder of this article will focus mainly on the laborers engaged in tunnel-based drainage efforts at the Sado gold mine, which was run directly by the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: ここでは主に江戸幕府が管理した佐渡金山にて、坑道の排水を排出する仕事に従事した人足について述べる。
English: The first time drainage laborers were sent to Sado gold mine was in 1777.
Japanese: 佐渡金山へ水替人足が送られるようになったのは安永6年(1777年)のことである。
English: There was a huge influx of homeless people into Edo and its environs due to the Great Tenmei Famine and the resulting political instability, and many of the homeless committed a wide variety of serious crimes.
Japanese: 天明の大飢饉など、折からの政情不安により発生した無宿が大量に江戸周辺に流入し、様々な凶悪犯罪を犯すようになった。
English: In what was at once a preventative and punitive measure as well as an effort by the Shogun to clean up Edo, the seat of his power, the homeless who were deemed potential criminals were rounded up and sent to the Sado gold mine on Sadoga-shima Island and put to work as laborers there.
Japanese: その予防対策として、懲罰としての意味合いや将軍のお膝元である江戸浄化のため、犯罪者の予備軍になりえる無宿者を捕らえて佐渡島の佐渡金山に送り、彼らを人足として使役しようとするものである。
English: The then-current commissioner of Sado opposed the plan, citing fears that public order would deteriorate, but proponents succeeded (not without forceful coercion) in ramming through their plan, and homeless people began to be sent to Sadoga-shima Island; thereafter, every year several dozen would be sent.
Japanese: 佐渡奉行は治安が悪化するといって反対したが、半ば強引に押し切る形で無宿者が佐渡島に送られることになり、毎年数十人が送られた。
English: To distinguish from those who had suffered the penalty of "ento" or exile to a remote island who were called "shimanagashi" ("exiled to the island"), drainage laborers were referred to as "shimaokuri" ("sent to the island") (because the banishment to Sadoga-shima had already been abolished in 1700).
Japanese: 当地の佐渡では遠島の刑を受けた流人（「島流し」）と区別するため（佐渡への遠島は元禄13年(1700年)に廃止されている）、水替人足は「島送り」と呼ばれた。
English: Though at first only homeless people were sent, the scope of who could be sent gradually widened, beginning in 1788 with those who had been punished with flogging or tattooing and had no personal guarantor, continuing in 1805 with those who had acted poorly at their work-houses, and finally extending to those who had shown no contrition for their crimes even after enduring exile.
Japanese: 当初は無宿である者のみを送ったが、天明8年(1788年)には敲や入墨の刑に処されたが身元保証人がいない者、文化(元号)2年(1805年)には人足寄場での行いが悪い者、追放刑を受けても改悛する姿勢が見えない者まで送られるようになった。
English: One goal of the policy was to rehabilitate criminals (they earned small salaries from their labor, and those who repented of their crimes would be released. Convicts on Sadoga-shima Island, much like those at the work-houses of Tsukudajima Island, were given one type of labor to perform, and so if they showed contrition they would receive a tiny sum as savings and, after many years, would be allowed to return to their hometowns), but drainage work was extremely heavy labor, and drainage laborers were so cruelly exploited that it was said they could not survive for more than three years.
Japanese: 犯罪者の更生という目的もあった（作業に応じて小遣銭が支給され、改悛した者は釈放された。
English: Convicts on Sadoshima Island, much like those at the work-houses of Tsukudajima Island, were given one type of labor to perform, and so if they showed contrition they would receive a tiny sum as savings and, after many years, would be allowed to return to their hometowns), but drainage work was extremely heavy labor, and drainage laborers were so cruelly exploited that it was said they could not survive for more than three years.
Japanese: 佃島の人足寄場とおなじく、囚徒に一種の職をあたえたから、改悟すれば些少の貯蓄を得て年を経て郷里にかえることをゆるされた）が、水替は過酷な重労働であり、3年以上は生存できないといわれるほど酷使された。
English: Consequently, there was a never-ending string of convicts who tried to escape, so the system failed to play its full part to isolate nor to correct these criminals.
Japanese: そのため逃亡する者が後を絶たず、犯罪者の隔離施設としても、矯正施設としても十分な役割を果たすことが出来なかった。
English: Those who committed additional crimes while on the island were confined in mineshafts, a punishment known as "shikinai oikomi," while those who attempted to escape from the island were given a death sentence.
Japanese: 島においてさらに犯罪のあったときは鉱穴に禁錮されたが、これは敷内追込といい、また島から逃亡した者は死罪であった。
English: The Franco-Japanese treaty is a treaty concluded in Paris between Japan and France on June 10, 1907.
Japanese: 日仏協約（にちふつきょうやく）とは、1907年6月10日にパリにおいて日本・フランス両国間で締結された条約。
English: It was signed by the Japanese ambassador to France, Shinichiro KURINO and French Foreign Minister, Stephin PICHON and insured profit and safety in Asia for both countries.
Japanese: 駐フランス大使栗野慎一郎とフランス外相ステファン・ピションの間で調印され、アジアにおける両国の利益と安全保護を約束した。
English: According to the treaty, France agreed to give Japan exclusive favors, and in return Japan would recognize France's authority over Indochina and committed to cracking down on the independence movement (also called the Donzu movement) by Vietnamese students within Japan.
Japanese: これによってフランスは日本との関係を相互的最恵国待遇に引き上げることを同意する代わりに日本はフランスのインドシナ半島支配を容認して、ベトナム人留学生による日本を拠点とした独立運動（ドンズー運動）を取り締まることを約束した。
English: The countries also guaranteed the independence of Qing, while at the same time recognizing each other's authority over different provinces within it.
Japanese: また、両国は清国の独立を保全するとともに清国内におけるお互いの勢力圏を認め合った。
English: Through this treaty, both countries agreed to recognize France's authority over Guangdong, Guanxi and Yunnan Province, and Japan's authority over Manchuria and Menggu, and Fujian Province, the latter through a confidential agreement.
Japanese: これによってフランスは広東省・広西省・雲南省を、日本は満州と蒙古、それに秘密協定によって福建省を自国の勢力圏として相手国側に承認させたのである。
English: When France leaked the contents of the treaty to the media to deal with congress and to boost public opinion, there was an outcry from the Qing dynasty.
Japanese: なお、フランス側が議会・世論対策のために自国マスコミに交渉内容をリークしたために、清国側からの抗議を受ける事態も生じた。
English: Japan also concluded the Japanese-Russian Treaty in the same year and joined the Triple Entente.
Japanese: また、この協定によって同年に日露協約を締結した日本は三国協商陣営の事実上の一員に加わることになる。
English: The Manchuria Corrective Treaty, a treaty between Japan and the Qing dynasty, was concluded on December 22, 1905, in Beijing.
Japanese: 満州善後条約（まんしゅうぜんごじょうやく、満洲善後条約）とは、1905年(明治38年)12月22日に北京市において日本・清国両国間で締結された条約。
English: Jutaro KOMURA, Japanese Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Minister of Foreign Affairs), and Kosai UCHIDA, Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, signed the treaty with Prince Qing, Qing Foreign Minister Extraordinary, Zhai Hang Ji, and Yuan Shikai.
Japanese: 日本側特派全権大使小村寿太郎（外務大臣(日本)）及び特派全権公使内田康哉と清国側欽差大臣慶親王及び翟鴻禨・袁世凱の間で調印された。
English: It comprised three main articles, attached with 12 clauses and 16 agreements.
Japanese: 条約は、全3条の本文と12ヶ条の付属協定、16項目の付属取決から構成されていた。
English: Qing approved the Russian Empire's interests in Manchuria to be transferred to Japan, as stated in the Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905).
Japanese: ポーツマス条約（1905年(明治38年)9月5日）によってロシア帝国から日本に譲渡された満州利権の移動を清国が了承した。
English: Through the Russo-Japanese War, Japan gained rights in Manchuria, such as the South Manchuria Railway and the Kwantung Leased Territory, but she was not able to transfer her rights without Qing's consent because Manchuria, in effect, belonged to the state of Qing, despite the fact that the region, in part, had become Japanese colony.
Japanese: 日露戦争の結果、日本は南満州鉄道や関東州の租借権などの満洲利権を獲得したが、満洲は既に半植民地状態とはいえ、あくまでも清の国家主権に属する地域であったことから、清国の了承なしには権利譲渡は出来なかった。
English: Therefore, after the conclusion of the Treaty of Portsmouth, the first Katsura cabinet sent Foreign Minister KOMURA to Qing, calling for the country's approval of Japan's additional demands with the rights which Russia had once acquired.
Japanese: そのため、条約締結後、第1次桂内閣は外務大臣の小村らを派遣して清国にかつてロシアが獲得した権益に加えて新たな要求を付け加えてその承認を要求したのである。
English: Although these protocols had remained in force even after the Xinhai Revolution, with the Beiyang government and the Mukden military clique in power, Chang Hsueh-liang, who succeeded in the Mukden military clique after "the Manchuria incident" (assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Manchurian warlord, by the Japanese Army), ignored the treaty obligations and promoted the construction of railroads parallel to the South Manchuria Railway.
Japanese: これらの条項は辛亥革命以後も北洋政府・奉天軍閥などに継承されたが、満洲某重大事件後に奉天軍閥を継いだ張学良が同条約を否認して併行鉄道の建設を推進した。
English: "Yogaku Koyo" (Principles of Early Education) is the 'shushin' (moral education) book compiled by Nagazane Motoda, lecturer in the Imperial Household, under the command of Meiji Emperor and distributed by the Department of the Imperial Household on December 2, in 1882.
Japanese: 『幼学綱要』（ようがくこうよう）とは、明治天皇の勅令を受けた侍講元田永孚によって編纂され、1882年12月2日に宮内省より頒布された勅撰修身書。
English: In the field of history and education studies, the prevailing theory is to regard this as origin of the Imperial Rescript of Education.
Japanese: 歴史学・教育学の分野においては、教育勅語の原点をここに求める説が通説とされている。
English: Twenty different virtues given in this book are as follows: filial piety (koko), loyalty (chusetsu), docility (wajun), friendship (yuai), fidelity (shingi), industriousness (kingaku), concentration (risshi), sincerity (seijitsu), benevolence (jinji), politeness (reijo), austerity (kanso), perseverance (nintai), chastity (teiso), uprightness (renketsu), agility (binchi), bravery (goyu), fairness (kohei), generosity (doryo), discernment (shikidan) and diligence (benshoku).
Japanese: 「孝・忠節・和順・友愛・信義・勤学・立志・誠実・仁慈・礼譲・倹素・忍耐・貞操・廉潔・敏智・剛勇・公平・度量・識断・勉職」の20の徳目が掲げられている。
English: The general idea of each virtue is explained by quoting expressions from "Shishogokyo" (the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism) or "Kokyo" (the Book of Filial Piety) and offering an interpretation of each of the two hundred ninety-nine Japanese and Chinese history cases along with sixty-two drawing.
Japanese: その大意が説かれ四書五経や『孝経』などから語句を引用しつつ、日本・中国の歴史事例299話と図画62枚をもって解説が加えられている。
English: MOTODA stressed that true education was to imprint the virtues of humanity, justice, loyalty to their masters and filial piety on children's minds before they were given knowledge.
Japanese: 元田は児童が知識を与えられる前に仁義忠孝の徳目をその頭脳に確然と刻印させることが真の教育であるとする。
English: For this purpose, he said that they should thoroughly repeat the virtuous phrases of "Shishogokyo" until they could recite them by heart, which were strongly reflected in the book as his approach to education.
Japanese: そのためには徳目の大意や四書五経の語句を暗誦出来るまでに徹底した反復させる必要があるとして、その考え方を強く反映させた内容となっている。
English: In 1879, Meiji Emperor criticized the Enlightenment and promulgated "Kyogaku Taishi (The Imperial Will Education)", which was actually written by MOTODA, that public education should be based on Confucianism laying stress on the virtue of humanity, justice, loyalty and filial piety.
Japanese: 1879年に明治天皇が啓蒙主義を批判して仁義忠孝を中心とした儒教主義を公教育の中心とすべきとする教学聖旨を公布したが、その実際の執筆者が元田であった。
English: In response to this, Hirofumi ITO, however, argued back against the Imperial Will, submitting 'kyoikugi (Opinion on Education)' which led to a confrontation between the ITO group (the Grand Council of State and the Ministry of Education) and the MOTODA group (the Department of the Imperial Household and Emperor Meiji who was a devotee of the teaching).
Japanese: これに対して伊藤博文は「教育議」を提出して反論を行い、伊藤を中心とする太政官（及び文部省）と元田を中心とする宮内省（及びその教説の信奉者であった明治天皇）との対立を招いた。
English: As a result, the Emperor ordered MOTODA to compile a teaching manual for young children to promote a sense of morality in humanity, justice, loyalty to one's master and filial piety.
Japanese: これに対して天皇は改めて元田に対して幼少の児童に仁義忠孝の道徳を明らかにするための教訓書を編纂すべしとする命令が下された。
English: MOTODA began compiling with Masakaze TAKASAKI and Masakata SENGOKU and more or less finished in the summer of 1881, however, there was a debate whether to adopt cases from the West or not.
Japanese: 元田は高崎正風・仙石政固らとともに編纂作業を行い1881年夏に一応の完成を見たものの、西洋の事例を取り上げるかで議論が分かれた。
English: Finally the compilation was finished with amendments by MOTODA and printed and distributed with drawings by Fuko MATSUMOTO.
Japanese: 最終的に元田の修訂によって完成されて、松本楓湖の図画を添えて印刷頒布された。
English: (The above mentioned details indicate that the Grand Council of state was not engaged in the process of compilation or distribution.)
Japanese: （以上の経緯から、当時の太政官は編纂・頒布過程には関わっていない）。
English: First the book was granted, as an imperial gift with imperial instructions, to local officials who came to Tokyo to attend a local administrative assembly.
Japanese: まず、地方官会議に参加するために上京した地方官に勅諭を付して下賜された。
English: Second, it was scheduled that the books were granted to the imperial family and officials who were in the higher positions than ones appointed with the Emperor's approval and national and prefectural schools, while they were given to private schools by collecting expenses.
Japanese: 続いて皇族以下奏任官以上及び官公立学校には願出により下賜、私立学校には実費徴収の上で下付されることになっていた。
English: Thus, during six years from 1882, approximately 32,000 copies were given as Imperial gifts and approximately 8,600 copies were to private schools, bringing the total to 41,000 copies.
Japanese: その結果、翌1882年から6年間で下賜約32,000部・下付約8,600部の計約41,000部が頒布された。
English: At school, however, some of the books, being treated courteously, were kept and stored safe in a box made of paulownia wood, because "The book was granted by the Emperor and we fear soiling it in a classroom" thus allowing only a few important figures such as a principal to see: it is, without question, not the aim of the distribution, though.
Japanese: しかし、実際の教育現場では「天皇陛下から賜ったものを授業で汚すなど畏れ多い」という理由で少数部が桐箱に納められて厳重に保管されて校長などわずかな人物しか見ることが許されないという極めて厳重な取り扱い方を受けた（もちろん、そのような趣旨で頒布された訳ではない）。
English: With the number of requests of the grant decreasing after Arinori MORI, an Illuminati, took office as the Minister of Education, and the copyright's transfer from the Imperial Household Department to Yoshikawa Kobunkan Inc. in 1887, the grants were suspended in the following year.
Japanese: さらに啓蒙主義者であった森有礼が文部大臣に就任したことで下賜・下付希望が減少し、1887年に版権が宮内省から吉川弘文館に移されて翌年に下賜・下付が停止された。
English: In the Showa period when nationalism was promoted, a new edition of the book and an instruction manual were published and they were used to compliment the Imperial Rescript on Education.
Japanese: 昭和に入ると、国家主義の高まりとともに新版本・解説書が刊行されて教育勅語の補完を目的として採用された。
English: The village community mainly means the social structure in a village.
Japanese: 村社会（むらしゃかい）とは、おもに集落における社会構造のことをさす。
English: Living surrounded by the sea, Japanese people are said to have been introvert since ancient times, and tend to make exclusive communication.
Japanese: 周辺を海で囲まれている日本人は古くから内向的とされており、閉鎖的なコミュニケーションをとることが多い。
English: Particularly in local villages, the tendency becomes strong, and there are still plenty of areas where an exclusive attitude is developed toward outsiders.
Japanese: 特に地方の村落ではその傾向が強く、外部に対しては排他的な地域が未だに多く存在する。
English: The village is originally a space separated from the outside world by placing something that drives out evil spirits on the access road, and the village members live under the same condition by earning a living through supply of resources required for everyday life, as well as by holding meetings and jointly organizing rites, festivals and annual events for maintenance of order under the unified will.
Japanese: 村は本来道切りなどにより外部と区別される空間で、村の成員は生業を行い生活に必要な資源を供給する環境を共有し、寄合を行い祭礼や年中行事を共同で行うことにより統一された意思のもと秩序維持を行っていた。
English: The village community is characterized by a mutual aid system while having an internal economic hierarchy and a rating based on family lines, in addition to a youth organization to maintain the order of the village.
Japanese: 村社会は相互互助的な性質を持つ一方で内部には経済的階層や家柄による家格などが存在し、村の秩序維持のための青年組織などが存在した。
English: One of the major characteristics is that people tend to prioritize old rules, which results in discriminating those who object or breach such rules by regarding them as mavericks, including their relatives and even persons having close relationships with them.
Japanese: 特徴としては古くからの仕来りを遵守する傾向があり、それに異を唱えるものや遵守しない者に対しては本人や肉親、更にその者に関わったものまで異端者扱いし、差別を行なうことがある。
English: Newcomers and young villagers who are easily affected by trends rebel against this tendency, causing troubles often with old villagers.
Japanese: これにより新たにその地域に移住してきた者や流行にとらわれやすい若者が反発し、古くから住んできた者とのトラブルが後を絶えない。
English: The imprisonment of the Risshisha is an incident in which the Yuzo HAYASHI and Taku OE, who were members of the Risshisha (the political society) were thought to form a plot in Kochi Prefecture with Munemitsu MUTSU, a councilor of the senate, to raise an army against the central government during the Satsuma Rebellion (Satswuma War) in 1877.
Japanese: 立志社の獄（りっししゃのごく）とは、1877年の西南戦争に乗じて立志社(政治団体)の林有造や大江卓が元老院議官陸奥宗光らと共謀して高知県にて挙兵を企てたとされる事件。
English: The plot came to light and the ringleaders led by Yuzo HAYASHI and other prominent individuals, who lived in Kochi Prefecture, including Kenichi KATAOKA, were arrested in August of that year and found guilty by the Predecessor of the Supreme Court of Japan in August of the following year.
Japanese: 同年8月に事件が発覚して林をはじめとする首謀者や片岡健吉ら高知在住の幹部が逮捕され、翌年8月に大審院において有罪判決が下った。
English: Ever since the "History of the Liberal Party" was compiled, the consensus has been that Taisuke ITAGAKI and Shojiro GOTO, leaders of the Rishisha, had nothing to do with the plot and that KATAOKA and HAYASHI were just associated with the radical ringleaders.
Japanese: この事件については立志社の指導者である板垣退助・後藤象二郎らは無関係で片岡も林ら過激な首謀者の巻き添えとなったとする見解が『自由党史』以来の通説である。
English: Others, however, have criticized ITAGAKI's account on the basis that he himself edited the book and so is an unreliable source.
Japanese: これに対して同書は板垣監修の書であり、仮に板垣自身が関与したとしてもその事実を記載をするとは考えにくいとする史料批判がある。
English: During the civil wars, Shojiro GOTO and Munemitsu MUTSU approached Taisuke ITAGAKI and Takayoshi KIDO with a proposal to organize and command a voluntary army consisting of ex-Tosa domain retainers to suppress Takamori SAIGO and for a while it was the policy of the Meiji Government but was revoked on April 15.
Japanese: 後藤象二郎と陸奥宗光が戦争中に板垣あるいは木戸孝允を司令官とした旧土佐藩を中心とした西郷隆盛討伐の義勇軍を持ちかけて一旦は明治政府の方針とされた（4月15日に中止）。
English: This can be regarded as proof of involvement of Itagaki and Goto in the plan to raise an army with a good reason for it.
Japanese: これを挙兵の大義名分作りのための計画とみなして板垣や後藤も挙兵計画に関与していたとする反論である。
English: The Meiji Government, in any case, which had some misgivings about the possibility of 'another Satsuma Rebellion' started by the Freedom and the People's Rights Movement, avoided examining the responsibility of ITAGAKI and GOTO and settled the situation dismissing the case as the act of some extremists who went too far.
Japanese: いずれにしても、自由民権派による「第2の西南戦争」になる事を危惧した明治政府側は板垣・後藤に対する責任追及を避けて、「一部過激派」の暴走と規定することで事態の収拾を図ったとは言える。
English: "Our Enemy is in the Honno-ji Temple" is allegedly the phrase uttered by Mitsuhide AKECHI, busho (Japanese military commander) in the Warring States period, during the Honnoji Incident.
Japanese: 敵は本能寺にあり（てきはほんのうじにあり）は、戦国時代の武将明智光秀が本能寺の変の際に発したとされる言葉。
English: Although Mitsuhide's troops were ordered to attack the Mori clan in Bicchu Province by his lord Nobunaga ODA, he suddely changed his path saying that his enemy was Nobunaga himself in Honnno-ji Temple and headed towards Honnno-ji Temple in Kyoto.
Japanese: 主君の織田信長より備中国の毛利氏を攻めるように命じられていた光秀の軍勢は、討つべき敵は本能寺にいる信長であるとして急に進路を変え、京都の本能寺に向かう。
English: There is a theory that the phrase was made up by someone else after ages but it has become so widely known that it has been quoted in many novels and used as the title of a movie and a drama.
Japanese: 後世に創作された言葉とする説もあるが（本能寺の変参照）、広く人口に膾炙したためその後の多くの小説の文中に使われており、この言葉をタイトルにした映画やドラマも作られた。
English: Nichiyo Yoga Gekijo (Sunday Foreign Film Theater) Special Program 'Our Enemy is at Honnoji' was a special period drama broadcasted by All Nippon News Network from 21:00 - 23:09 (Japan Standard Time) on December 16, 2007 as the concluding episode of "Nobunaga's Coffin" which was aired in 2006.
Japanese: 日曜洋画劇場特別企画・敵は本能寺にあり（にちようようがげきじょうとくべつきかく・てきはほんのうじにあり）は、2006年に放送された『信長の棺』の完結編として、テレビ朝日系で、2007年12月16日の2100～2309（日本標準時）に放送された時代劇の特別番組である。
English: Naoto TAKENAKA played the part of Hideyoshi for the second time, with the first time being the Taiga-dorama (NHK Historical Drama) 'Hideyoshi'.
Japanese: 竹中直人が秀吉役を演じるのは大河ドラマ「秀吉(NHK大河ドラマ)」に続き2度目である。