nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Sengoku period ashigaru were extremely heavily-armored and, with the exception of a large shield, their kit was comparable to that of heavy infantry (however, some ashigaru later went on to wear a haori [a Japanese half-coat] instead to body armor).
Japanese: 戦国期の足軽は非常に重装備であり、大型の手盾をもたないことを除けば重装歩兵とも比較できる装備を整えていた（ただし、後期になると一部足軽は足軽胴を着用せず、代わりに羽織を用いるようになる）。
English: As the era of warfare came to a close, the majority of temporarily employed ashigaru were released and became buke hokonin (servant for a samurai family) or ronin (masterless samurai), while the remaining ashigaru served as low ranking members of samurai society.
Japanese: 戦乱の収束により臨時雇いの足軽は大半が召し放たれ武家奉公人や浪人となり、残った足軽は武家社会の末端を担うことになった。
English: The Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) employed the ashigaru under its direct control in administrative and policing roles as kachi (foot guards) and doshin (police constables).
Japanese: 江戸幕府は、直属の足軽を幕府の末端行政・警備警察要員等として「徒士（かち）」や「同心」に採用した。
English: The ashigaru under the direct control of daimyo within the various domains were organized into units and during peacetime were used as low-level clerks known as 'monokaki-ashigaru' who served as watchmen and carried out miscellaneous duties.
Japanese: 諸藩においては、大名家直属の足軽は足軽組に編入され、平時は各所の番人や各種の雑用それに「物書き足軽」と呼ばれる下級事務員に用いられた。
English: The status of ashigaru was restricted to a single generation but in actuality could be inherited by a child or relative upon retirement and, this right later went on to be bought and sold as 'kabu' and also became a position of employment for the second and third sons of wealthy farmers and merchants, because they could make their living by being an ashigaru although their salaries were low.
Japanese: 一代限りの身分ではあるが、実際には引退に際し子弟や縁者を後継者とすることで世襲は可能であり、また薄給ながら生活を維持できるため、後にその権利が「株」として売買され、富裕な農民・商人の次・三男の就職口ともなった。
English: In addition, the status also had the aspect of serving as a career stepping stone such as when capable individuals who were appointed from among ordinary citizens were temporarily be enrolled with the domain as ashigaru before their subsequent promotion, and what were once gangs of villains during the middle ages took on the identity of low-level public servants.
Japanese: 加えて、有能な人材を民間から登用する際、一時的に足軽として藩に在籍させ、その後昇進させる等の、ステップとしての一面もあり、中世の無頼の輩は、近世では下級公務員的性格へと変化していった。
English: Ashigaru were also allowed to return to farming and granted the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword as goshi (country samurai) of keikaku (noncommissioned officers) who served as provincial border and frontier guardsmen.
Japanese: また、足軽を帰農させ軽格の「郷士」として苗字帯刀を許し、国境・辺境警備に当たらせることもあった。
English: An example of this was the 'Jizutsu Korizutsu' firearm unit of Kumamoto Domain, which was essentially an unpaid honorary position.
Japanese: こうした例に熊本藩の「地筒・郡筒（じづつ・こうりづつ）」の鉄砲隊があり、これは無給に等しい「名誉職」であった。
English: In reality, "firearm unit" was merely a name, and the group was mobilized as locally-hired officers and low-ranking samurai from a domains working in Edo.
Japanese: 実際、鉄砲隊とは名ばかりで、地役人や臨時の江戸詰め藩卒として動員されたりした。
English: Conversely, curious children of goshi would also use these systems in order to broaden their horizons by volunteering to serve as domain ashigaru who were dispatched to work in Edo.
Japanese: 逆に、好奇心旺盛な郷士の子弟は、それらの制度を利用して、見聞を広めるために江戸詰め足軽に志願することもあった。
English: During the Edo period there were also ashigaru who served to command chugen (a rank below common soldier) and komono (a lower servant).
Japanese: 江戸時代においては、「押足軽」と称する、中間・小者を指揮する役目の足軽もいた。
English: As Engyo MITAMURA, regarded as 'the father of Edo Studies,' demonstrated in stating 'Ashigaru were soldiers who were approximately equal in status to the noncommissioned officer or private first-class ranks of today; they also conducted the duties of a sergeant,' there were also examples of ashigaru who came to be considered quasi samurai but there are also many cases in which they served as buke hokonin and were regarded in the same light as chugen and komono.
Japanese: 「江戸学の祖」と云われた三田村鳶魚が、「足軽は兵卒だが、まず今日の下士か上等兵ぐらいな位置にいる。役目としても、軍曹あたりの勤務をも担当していた」と述べているように、準武士としての位置づけがなされた例もあるが、基本的に足軽は、武家奉公人として中間・小者と同列に見られる例も多かった。
English: Many of the bugencho (registers of vassals) of the domains of Japan do not record the names and stipends of ashigaru and chugen but simply record the number.
Japanese: 諸藩の分限帳には、足軽や中間の人名や禄高の記入はなくて、ただ人数だけが記入されているものが多い。
English: There were also domains in which ashigaru were not differentiated from chugen, were not permitted to bear a surname and were treated as equal to peasants and townspeople.
Japanese: 足軽は中間と区別されないで、苗字を名乗ることも許されず、百姓や町人と同じ扱いをされた藩もあった。
English: In the Choshu Domain, ashigaru who committed capital crimes were not permitted to commit seppuku (ritual suicide by disembowelment) but were ordained to be crucified, so they were even differentiated from samurai with regard to criminal punishment.
Japanese: 長州藩においては死罪相当の罪を犯した際に切腹が許されず、磔にされると定められており、犯罪行為の処罰についても武士とは区別されていた。
English: At the end of the Edo period, the Edo bakufu and the domains abolished the 'firearm units' which bore matchlock guns and there was a growing need to form western-style infantry units and musket units, but due to the fact that the preexisting ashigaru units had already been disbanded and had virtually disappeared, with those remaining serving as low-level officials and security police, new personnel was recruited and infantry units resembling the ashigaru units of the Sengoku period were created.
Japanese: 幕末になって江戸幕府及び諸藩は、火縄銃装備の「鉄砲組」を廃止し、洋式銃装備の「歩兵隊」や「銃隊」を作る必要に迫られたが、従来の足軽隊は既に整理され事実上消滅し、残りも最低定員で末端役人や治安警備担当に振り分けられていたため、新たに人員を募集し戦国時代の足軽隊に似た歩兵部隊を創設した。
English: However, these soldiers were treated as even lower as the chugen and komono which ranked below ashigaru.
Japanese: しかしこれらの身分は足軽より下の中間（ちゅうげん）小者待遇とされた。
English: The arrival of the Meiji period and system reforms such as Haihan-chiken (the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) meant that some doshin and ashigaru continued to serve as police officers, soldiers, noncommissioned officers and low-level officials.
Japanese: 明治に至り廃藩置県等の体制の変革により、同心・足軽等一部は羅卒・兵卒・下士官・末端役人として引き続き出仕した。
English: Members of the former samurai class were later classified as 'shizoku' (samurai class) and former ashigaru as 'sotsuzoku' (low-ranking samurai).
Japanese: その後、旧武士は士分であったものは「士族」足軽身分であったのものは「卒族」に分類された。
English: After the subsequent abolition of sotsuzoku, high-ranking members of sotsuzoku were recorded in their family register as 'shizoku' while others were recorded as 'heimin' (commoner) in the same manner as farmers, artisans, and merchants - a system which continued until 1948.
Japanese: その後卒族が廃止されたのち卒族のうち上格の者は「士族」その他の者は農工商と同じく「平民」と戸籍に記載されその表記制度は1948年（昭和23年）まで残された。
English: From the middle ages to the end of the early modern era, the recruitment of ordinary people was limited to the support roles of kohei (military engineering) and heitan (military logistics) and such individuals were only mobilized for battle in emergency situations.
Japanese: 中世以降、近世の終わりまで一般大衆の動員は工兵･兵站といった後方任務に限られており、彼らの戦闘要員としての動員は非常時にしか見られない。
English: Ashigaru were conscripted from diverse levels of society as combat troops from the Sengoku period to the Edo period, and there were various employment terms which ranged from temporary employment during wartime to continued employment during peacetime.
Japanese: 戦闘部隊としての戦国時代から江戸時代における足軽の動員は多様な階層からの徴募制が採られており、その召抱える条件も戦時における一時的なものや平時においても雇用され続ける者など様々な待遇が存在した。
English: However, as stated above, there were ashigaru who were employed full-time and would serve the same master for several generations, and there were also ashigaru who were treated as samurai, so it can be said that ashigaru occupied a status intermediate between those of mercenaries and feudal soldiers.
Japanese: しかし上述の様に足軽の中には常時雇用される者もおり、そうした者達は実質的には何代も同じ主君に仕え、同時に武士の一員として遇されていた事から、傭兵と封建兵の中間に位置する存在と言える。
English: The term "tsuchi uprising" (called tsuchi-ikki or do-ikki in Japanese) refers to political appeals by the masses which had occurred from the middle to the late Muromachi period.
Japanese: 土一揆（つちいっき・どいっき）は、室町時代中期から後期にかけて発生した民衆の政治的要求活動をいう。
English: In the middle of the Muromachi period, the social situation changed according to the development of a commodity economy, the improvement of agricultural production, the consolidation of so (peasants' self-governing association), and the like.
Japanese: 室町中期ごろ、商品経済の発達や農業生産の向上、惣結合の強化などに伴い社会情勢が変化した。
English: In the wake of the change, the masses in the Kinai region (the provinces in the vicinity of the capital which were under direct Imperial rule), which was an advanced area of those days, began to form solidarity organizations (called ikki in Japanese) to make a political appeal to their rulers such as the bakufu (feudal government headed by a shogun) and their shugo (provincial constables).
Japanese: これにより、まず当時の先進地域だった畿内において、民衆が連帯組織＝一揆を形成して、支配者（幕府や守護など）へ政治的な要求を行うようになった。
English: During this period, the level of awareness of self-governing and solidarity was rapidly raised among peasants and other commoners, as shown in the formation of soson (a community consisting of peasants' self-governing association).
Japanese: この頃には、惣村の形成に見られるように、百姓らの自治・連帯意識が非常に高まっていた。
English: It is now considered that the state of consciousness caused peasants, jizamurai (local samurai), and bashaku (shipping agents who used horses) in a wide area to come together to start Tsuchi-ikki.
Japanese: そうした流れの中で、百姓や地侍、馬借らが広域的に連合する土一揆が発生したと考えられている。
English: In that period, there was an idea that the right of ownership of movable or immovable property should belong to the original owner of that property even if the property had been sold.
Japanese: 当時、動産・不動産の所有権は、売買などが行われたとしても、本来は元の所有者が保持しているのがあるべき姿だとする観念が存在していた。
English: Accordingly, there was also a widespread idea that returning the right of ownership to the original owner of that property should be realized in the right governance (or tokusei).
Japanese: そして、あるべき姿＝元の所有者へ所有権を戻すことこそ、正しい政治＝徳政であるという思想が広く浸透していた。
English: The peasants thought they could appeal to the government to enforce their right of tokusei.
Japanese: 百姓らにとって、そうした徳政を要求することは、当然の権利と認識されていた。
English: Besides, some of the samurai who were under the command of shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lords as provincial constables) and actually suppressed uprisings fell into financial difficulty due to their longtime stay in Kyoto.
Japanese: 更に実際に鎮圧にあたった守護大名配下の武士の中にも長年の京都滞在に伴い生活が逼迫するものがいた。
English: Many of such samurai were sympathetic to peasants who lived in the similar conditions, and eventually, some of them even went over to the side of ikki.
Japanese: 彼らの多くは、似たような状況下に置かれた農民達に同情的な者も多く、一揆側に寝返る者が現れる始末だった。
English: Immediately before the Onin War, samurai warriors who were assembled in the capital broke into and robbed financial institutions called doso, calling their robberies 'shi-tokusei,' which literally means 'privately declared tokusei.'
Japanese: また、応仁の乱直前には都に集結した兵士によって土倉などが荒らされて「私徳政」と称した事件も発生している。
English: It was stipulated, however, that the bakufu had to exempt doso from doso-yaku because they would lose their profit when the bakufu enforced a tokuseirei (debt cancellation order).
Japanese: しかし、徳政令を発布すると、土倉が収益を失うために土倉役を免除しなければならない規定があった。
English: Eventually, the bakufu even issued the 'Buichi Tokusei-rei' (Ten Per Cent Debt-relief Edict), in which a party involved in a conflict was allowed to dispose their credit at will if they paid ten percent of the credit amount in dispute to the bakufu, and they acquiesced ikki in order to solve their own financial difficulty.
Japanese: 果ては幕府自体が財政難を救うためにあえて一揆を黙認して「分一徳政令」（紛争となった債権額の一割を幕府に納付した紛争当事者が自由に処理できるとした徳政令）を出すに至ったのである。
English: Therefore, probable targets of ikki such as doso and temples had to hire samurai for their own protection.
Japanese: このため、土倉や寺院と言った一揆の標的となりそうな者達は自ら自衛のための兵士を雇ってこれを防ぐ他なかった。
English: Some uprisings are widely known; for example, the peasant uprising of the Shocho era in 1428, the Tokusei uprising of the Kakitsu era in 1441, the peasant uprising of the Kyotoku era in 1454, the peasant uprising of the Choroku era in 1457, the uprising of Yamashiro Province in 1478 and 1480, and so on.
Japanese: 1428年の正長の土一揆、1441年の嘉吉の徳政一揆、1454年の享徳の土一揆、1457年の長禄の土一揆、1478年及び1480年の山城土一揆がなどが知られる。
English: Shinbutsu-bunri is to prohibit conventional syncretization of Shinto with Buddhism and to distinguish between Shintoism and Buddhism, Kami (Shinto) and Buddha, and shrines and temples.
Japanese: 神仏分離（しんぶつぶんり）は、神仏習合の慣習を禁止し、神道と仏教、神(神道)と仏、神社と寺院とをはっきり区別させること。
English: The earliest movement had already appeared in the Medieval Period, but the Shinbutsu-bunri usually refers to the separation carried out in accordance with the advancement of Confucianism, Kokugaku (the study of Japanese classical literature), and the Fukko-shinto (Reactionary Shintoism) which occurred in and after the mid or late Edo period.In a more limited sense, it refers to the separation carried out throughout the country according to the ordinance issued by the new Meiji government, called Shinbutsu Bunri-rei (officially named Shinbutsu Hanzen-rei, which means the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism), which was a general term representing a series of official notices issued between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, such as the edict of the Daijokan (Grand Council of State), the notification of the Jingikan (Department of Worship), and the notification of the Daijokan.
Japanese: その動きは早くは中世から見られるが、一般には江戸時代中期後期以後の儒教や国学(学問)や復古神道に伴うものを指し、狭義には明治新政府により出された神仏分離令（正式には神仏判然令。
English: This Ordinance meant collectively a series of notifications issued by the Meiji government between April 5, 1868 and December 1, 1868, which included edicts of Daijokan (the Grand Council of State), and notifications of Jingikan (the Department of Worship) and Daijokan.
Japanese: 慶応4年3月13日(旧暦)（1868年4月5日）から明治元年10月18日(旧暦)（1868年12月1日）までに出された太政官布告、神祇官事務局達、太政官達など一連の通達の総称）に基づき全国的に公的に行われたものを指す。
English: The policy to separate Buddhism and Shintoism was adopted in Domains where Confucianism flourished, such as the Okayama Domain, the Mito Domain, and the Yodo Domain.
Japanese: 岡山藩や水戸藩、淀藩などの儒教が興隆した藩を中心に神仏分離政策が行なわれた。
English: Although the Edict for Separation of Shinto and Buddhism was not issued for the purpose to exclude Buddhism from the country, it triggered a nationwide anti-Buddhism campaign, and people destroyed temples and Buddhist altar fittings across the country.
Japanese: 神仏分離令は仏教排斥を意図したものではなかったが、これをきっかけに全国各地で廃仏毀釈運動がおこり、各地の寺院や仏具の破壊が行なわれた。
English: Shinto priests and scholars of Japanese classical literature in rural areas incited people who believed that they had been exploited under the parishioner system to join the campaign.
Japanese: 地方の神官や国学者が扇動し、檀家制度のもとで寺院に搾取されていたと感じる民衆がこれに加わった。
English: The government advanced the policy of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism to prepare to establish Shinto as the state religion, but their intention met with a setback due to the abolition of the Jingisho (Ministry of Divinities) and the establishment of the Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) of April 21, 1872, and they paved the way to the cooperative system for the propagation of Shintoism and Buddhism.
Japanese: 政府は神道国教化の下準備として神仏分離政策を行なったが、明治5年3月14日(旧暦)（1872年4月21日）のJ省廃止・教部省設置で頓挫し、神仏共同布教体制となった。
English: Since the Meiji period, the anti-Buddhism campaign had been promoted by some radical Shintoists and some people who followed such ideology until the end of World War II, but it eventually failed to prevail among ordinary people except for some areas.
Japanese: 廃仏毀釈運動は明治以降、第二次世界大戦の敗戦まで一部の過激な神道家とこれに追随した一部民衆が行ったものの、一部地域を除き、民衆には普及しなかった。
English: Although some shrines and temples inherit or try to revive the custom of the syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism, Shintoists and Buddhists basically dislike and avoid each other in fact.
Japanese: 中には神仏習合の風習を受け継いだり復興させたりするところもあるが、神道、仏教のそれぞれの内部では、お互いに忌避するむきもある。
English: Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (The True History of Three Reigns of Japan) is a Japanese history text compiled during the Heian period and completed in the year 901.
Japanese: 日本三代実録（にほんさんだいじつろく）は、平安時代の日本で編纂された歴史書で、901年に成立。
English: The content covers a span of 30 years from September 858 to August 887 in which the three emperors Emperor Seiwa, Emperor Yozei and Emperor Koko reigned.
Japanese: 清和天皇、陽成天皇、光孝天皇の三代、天安(日本)2年（858年）8月から仁和3年（887年）8月までの30年間を扱う。
English: According to the preface of "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku," Emperor Uda ordered MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, FUJIWARA no Tokihira, SUGAWARA no Michizane, OKURA no Yoshiyuki, and MIMUNE no Masahira to compile the text.
Japanese: 『日本三代実録』の序文によれば、本書の編纂は宇多天皇が、源能有、藤原時平、菅原道真、大蔵善行、三統理平に詔して編纂を命じたことにより始まった。
English: Conjecture according to the official ranks of each contributor place this date between April 893 and September 894.
Japanese: 記された各人の官位からの推測では、寛平5年（893年）4月から寛平6年（894年）8月となる。
English: "Nihongi Ryaku" (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) places the date as June 3, 892 but this text contains many errors in its descriptions of this period, and is said not to be a reliable source.
Japanese: 『日本紀略』には寛平4年（892年）5月1日とあるが、この時期に関する同書の記述には誤記が多く、信頼度は高くないという。
English: Following the death of MINAMOTO no Yoshiari in the year 897 and the abdication of Emperor Uda, compilation of the text was suspend.
Japanese: 寛平9年（897年）に源能有が没し、翌年宇多天皇が譲位すると、編纂作業は中断した。
English: Compilation was resumed by the decree of Emperor Daigo, and the text was completed in September 901.
Japanese: 次の醍醐天皇の勅を受けて編纂を再開し、延喜元年（901年）8月に完成した。
English: During this time, SUGAWARA no Michizane fell from grace and was demoted to Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), while MIMUNE no Masahira withdrew from its compilation due to reassignment.
Japanese: 途中、菅原道真が失脚して大宰府に左遷され、三統理平は転任して編纂から外れた。
English: Its substantial collections of imperial edicts and addresses made to the emperor as well as descriptions of the customary practices established by precedents accommodated the government officials at whom the text was aimed.
Japanese: 詔勅や表奏文を豊富に収録し、先例のできあがった慣行を記載するなど、読者たる官人の便宜を図った。
English: There are entries, such as the circumstances surrounding the abdication of Emperor Yozei, for which it is thought that the writers refrained from writing a full account out of a fear of powerful individuals.
Japanese: 陽成天皇の退位の事情など、権力者にはばかって筆を抑えたと思われる箇所がある。
English: There are several parts regarding the Gangyo War in which it is stated that records are missing and details are omitted.
Japanese: 元慶の乱では、ところどころ記録が欠けていると記して略した箇所がある。
English: There are those who regard this as a manifestation of the sincere attitude but there are also those who have doubts that there are facts that were deliberately withheld by the compilers.
Japanese: これを誠実な態度の表れとみる者もいるが、その部分に編者が故意に隠した事実があるのではないかと疑う者もいる。
English: In volume 15 and volumes 19 to 48, i.e. in 868 and from January 871 to January 886, there are several omissions in the manuscript and the entire text has not been recorded.
Japanese: 巻15と、巻19から巻48、すなわち貞観(日本)10年（868年）と貞観13年（871年）1月から仁和元年（885年）12月には、ところどころ写本の省略箇所があり、全文が伝わらない。
English: There were other attempts to compile national histories following Rikkokushi and it is rumored that there was a 'Shinkokushi' (New National History), but the few remaining rare texts have led to the prevailing opinion that they were never completed and reported to the emperor, with the decline of government according to the Ritsuryo codes given as a reason for this.
Japanese: その後も修史事業は試みられ「新国史」なるものが存在したと伝聞されるが、若干残った逸文から見ると完成奏上に至らなかったとする見解が主流であり、原因としては律令政治の衰退があげられる。
English: Nihongi Ryaku (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) is a Japanese history text compiled during the Heian period which contains excerpts from Rikkokushi (the Six National Histories) and details of the history from the completion of Rikkokushi until the reign of Emperor Goichijo.
Japanese: 日本紀略（にほんぎりゃく）は、平安時代に編纂された歴史書で、六国史の抜粋と、六国史以後後一条天皇までの歴史を記す。
English: The first half of volume 20 covering the period until the reign of Emperor Koko is an abridged version of the main section of Rikkokushi.
Japanese: 第20巻の前半、光孝天皇の代までは、六国史から重要部分を短く抜き出して採録している。
English: However, it is not an exact copy as the wording was revised in order to shorten its length.
Japanese: ただし、省略版にするための字句修正を施したところもあり、完全に同文・同字ではない。
English: The section pertaining to the assassination of FUJIWARA no Tanetsugu and the exile of Imperial Prince Sawara contains valuable text which was deleted from "Shoku Nihongi" (Chronicle of Japan Continued) for political reasons.
Japanese: 藤原種継暗殺と早良親王排除の事情に触れた部分では、政治的理由で消された『続日本紀』の削除文を記して貴重である。
English: Descriptions of period from the reign of Emperor Uda to Emperor Goichijo between 887 and 1036 are not excerpts but were created by the compiler of "Nihongi Ryaku."
Japanese: 宇多天皇から後一条天皇まで、887年から1036年の記述は、抜粋ではなく日本紀略編者の作った部分である。
English: It appears as though "Nihongi Ryaku" referred to "Shinkokushi" (New National History) for the source of material, but the daily records contained within are not accurate.
Japanese: 『新国史』などに資料を求めたようだが、内容的には月日の記録に疎漏があるという。
English: It was legally recognized in 1999 with the passage of the 'Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem' on August 13, 1999.
Japanese: 法律上は、1999年（平成11年）8月13日に公布・施行された「国旗及び国歌に関する法律」により定められる。
English: Kimigayo contains lyrics based on a waka poem written in the Heian period which are sung to a melody composed by Hiromori HAYASHI during the Meiji period, since which time it has been considered to be the national anthem.
Japanese: 君が代は、平安時代に詠まれた和歌を基にした歌詞に明治時代に林廣守が作曲、同時代から国歌として扱われてきた。
English: There was debate regarding the relevance of Kimigayo after the World War II but it was officially designated Japan's national anthem by law.
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後君が代の位置づけには議論があったが、法定により日本国国歌として公式に確定した。
English: After World War II, at the beginning of the 1950s, the Japan Teachers Union and Kotobukiya (now Suntory) respectively accepted entries, selected and announced 'Shinkokuminka' (new national anthems), in an attempt to create a new 'kokuminka' (national anthem).
Japanese: 第二次世界大戦後の1950年代初頭、新たな「国民歌」を作ろうと日本教職員組合と壽屋（現：サントリー）がそれぞれ募集し、別々に「新国民歌」を選定し公表した。
English: Kotobukiya selected 'Warera Aisu' (We Love our Country) and the Japan Teachers Union selected 'Midori no Sanga' (Green Mountains and Rivers).
Japanese: 壽屋が「われら愛す」、日本教職員組合は「緑の山河」という楽曲をそれぞれ選出した。
English: An ochimusha is a samurai of a defeated army who survives and flees from the war.
Japanese: 落武者（おちむしゃ）とは、戦乱において敗者として生き延び、逃亡する武士のこと。
English: During the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), ochimusha were hunted by farmers who sought their belongings or reward in exchange for their head.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)における落武者は、首に対する恩賞や所持品を狙う農民による落武者狩りの対象とされた。
English: An idiomatic phrase "ochimusha are afraid of even a head of silver grass" means that you are afraid of anything when you are scared.
Japanese: 落ち武者は薄の穂にも怖ずという慣用句は怖いと思うと何にでも恐怖を感じるという意味である。
English: The most widely accepted theory is that they were called 'dayu' (high steward) at first and then it changed in these regions.
Japanese: これは「だいゅう（大夫）」が訛ったものだという説が最も有力視されている。
English: The word Zaibatsu means a tremendous exclusive capitalist or enterprise of the pre-disposition of the era of financial cliques, but generally it is defined as a business group in which a parent company (holding company) capitalized by a family or its kinship forms the core of the group and has its subsidiaries run a variety of businesses, some of which hold monopoly positions in their respective fields or industries.
Japanese: 財閥（ざいばつ）とは、財閥解体以前の非常に大きい独占的な資本家または企業の事であるが、一般的には、家族または同族によって出資された親会社（持株会社）が中核となり、それが支配している諸会社（子会社）に多種の産業を経営させている企業集団であって、大規模な子会社はそれぞれの産業部門において寡占的地位を占めると定義される。
English: Incidentally, before the modern times the word zaibatsu was also used for areas in which many wealthy merchants had been born.
Japanese: なお、近代以前には財閥という言葉は、多数の豪商を生み出した地域に付けられる事もあった。
English: In Japan, there were several zaibatsu prior to World War II, including Mitsui Zaibatsu, Mitsubishi Zaibatsu, Sumitomo Zaibatsu and Yasuda Zaibatsu, but after the war they were dismantled by the order of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) (i.e., the dissolution of Zaibatsu).
Japanese: 日本では第二次世界大戦前に三井財閥・三菱財閥・住友財閥・安田財閥などの財閥があったが、敗戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部の指令により分散させられた（財閥解体）。
English: Accordingly, the major sector of the zaibatsu is heavy industry; they have strong production relationships among companies, which is called the 'Imozuru' system (one-after-another system).
Japanese: このため、重工業中心で「芋づる」方式と呼ばれる、企業間において関連性の強い生産関係を持つ。