nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Initially, the rice riots started to ask to cancel the transportation of rice and to sell it cheap, but gradually led to the enforcement of donation and grew into Uchikowashi (it refers to an act where people destroyed residences of privileged merchants or officials who were involved in misgovernment).
Japanese: 米騒動は移出の取りやめ、安売りの哀願から始まり、要求は次第に寄付の強要、打ちこわしに発展した。
English: As it was rumored that a citizens' rally about a rice price issue was held in Tsuruma Park of Nagoya City on the night of the 10th, approximately 20,000 people gathered there.
Japanese: 10日夜に名古屋鶴舞公園において米価問題に関する市民大会が開かれるとの噂が広まり、約20,000人の群集が集結した。
English: At the same time, a riot started in Yanagihara, Kyoto City, which destroyed rice warehouse merchants and forced a sale of rice for 30 sen per 1 sho.
Japanese: 同じく京都では柳原において騒動が始まり、米問屋を打ちこわすなどして1升30銭での販売を強要した。
English: Thus this achievement which was 'if we enforce price reduction, we can get rice at a low price' spread from city to city immediately, and from around August 17, riots spread from urban areas to town or agricultural community and then reached almost everywhere in the country by August 20.
Japanese: こうした「値下げを強要すれば安く米が手に入る」という実績は瞬く間に市から市へと広がり、8月17日頃からは都市部から町や農村へ、そして8月20日までにほぼ全国へ波及した。
English: The riots gradually moved from rice warehouse merchants to coal mines and it took 50 days until the riot in Mitsui Miike coal mine ended on September 12.
Japanese: 騒動は次第に米問屋から炭坑へと場所を移し、9月12日の三井三池炭鉱の騒動終了まで、50日間を数えた。
English: Demands for higher wages by coal miners in Okinoyama coal mine of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Minechi coal mine of Fukuoka Prefecture and so on changed into riots.
Japanese: 山口県沖の山炭坑、福岡県峰地炭坑などにおいて炭坑夫の賃上げ要求が暴動に転化した。
English: While the riot in Okinoyama coal mine developed into a riot of several thousand people including local residents, Uchikowashi of rice warehouse merchants and residences and arsons to brothels took place.
Japanese: 沖の山炭坑の騒動は付近住民を加えた数千人規模の騒動に発展し、米問屋、屋敷の打ちこわしや遊廓への放火などが起こった。
English: It became a disaster which killed over 13 people since they countered the armies who were called out with dynamite.
Japanese: 出動した軍隊に対してもダイナマイトで対抗するなど、死者13名を数える惨事となった。
English: A series of riots for about 50 days called 'Rice riot' or 'Rice civil disorder' eventually occurred in 369 places of 41 prefectures in total, for which millions of participants were counted, the armies were called out to 26 prefectures in total and more than 100,000 soldiers were put.
Japanese: 「米騒動」や「米騒擾」などと呼ばれた約50日間に渡る一連の騒動は最終的に、1道3府37県の計369ヶ所にのぼり、参加者の規模は数百万人を数え、出動した軍隊は3府23県にわたり10万人以上が投入された。
English: It was reported that at least 2 people were killed by a bayonet in Kure City while Naval Landing Forces were called out and facing the people,
Japanese: 呉市では、海軍陸戦隊が出動し、民衆と対峙するなか、銃剣で刺されたことによる死者が少なくとも２名でたことが報告されている。
English: The number of people who had been arrested were over 25,000 and 8,253 people of them faced punishment by the prosecutor.
Japanese: 検挙された人員は25,000人を超え、8253名が検事処分を受けた。
English: Moreover, among 7,786 people who were charged, 12 people were sentenced to life in prison in the first instance and 59 people were sentenced to imprisonment for more than 10 years.
Japanese: また7786名が起訴され、第一審での無期懲役が12名、10年以上の有期刑が59名を数えた。
English: Although there was no unified leader in rice riots, 2 people got a death penalty in Wakayama Prefecture for encouraging some people.
Japanese: 米騒動には統一的な指導者は存在しなかったが、一部民衆を扇動したとして和歌山県で2名が死刑の判決を受けている。
English: The number of people who faced punishment by a prosecutor were 8,185 in rice riots and more than 10 percent of them were from the discriminated communities called buraku.
Japanese: 米騒動での検事処分者は8185人におよび、被差別部落からはそのうちの1割を超える処分者が出た。
English: This is because people from discriminated communities called buraku were the heaviest sufferers by speculative buying of rice merchants.
Japanese: これは被差別部落民が米商の投機買いによる最大の被害者層であったからである。
English: In 1920, the Takashi HARA Cabinet budgeted 50,000 yen for buraku (hamlet) improvement cost and did first treasury payment to improve the buraku.
Japanese: 1920年、事態を重く見た原敬内閣は部落改善費5万円を計上し、部落改善のための最初の国庫支出を行った。
English: In the same year, Ministry of Interior established Department of Social Affairs in the ministry and also Division of Social Affairs in intendance.
Japanese: 同年、内務省は省内に社会局を設置し、府県などの地方庁にも社会課を設けた。
English: On August 13, the government announced that they would spend the national treasury of 10 million yen as money for rice price and ordered each local government to sell rice at a cheap price, but took the order back and stopped the discount on August 28 since they judged that the rice price seemed to drop as a result of riots.
Japanese: 政府は8月13日に1000万円の国費を米価対策資金として支出する事を発表し、各都道府県に向けて米の安売りを実施させたが、騒動の結果、米価が下落したとの印象があるとの理由から8月28日にはこの指令を撤回し、安売りを打ち切った。
English: As only about 40 percent of the announced budget were eventually spent, the rice price did not drop but rose to the price during the rice riots in the end of 1918, but riots never occurred any more since people's actual income had increased.
Japanese: 結果として発表時の4割程度の支出に留まり、米価格の下落には至らず、1918年末には米騒動当時の価格まで上昇したが、国民の実質収入増加によって騒動が再発することはなかった。
English: Triggered by the riot which had started in Kobe City on August 11, a torching incident occurred at Suzuki & Co. which was very close to Naruo stadium which was the venue of the tournament at that time.
Japanese: 8月11日に神戸市で始まった騒動により、当時の会場だった鳴尾球場に程近い鈴木商店で焼き打ち事件が発生。
English: As public security in the area significantly deteriorated, the national junior-high school baseball tournament scheduled for August 14 was put off once.
Japanese: 周辺の治安も大幅に悪化し、8月14日からの開催予定だった第4回全国中等学校優勝野球大会は一旦延期された。
English: Cancellation of the tournament was determined on August 16 since it was uncertain when the public security could be improved.
Japanese: その後も治安改善の見通しが立たなかったため、8月16日に大会の中止が決定された。
English: Cities where riots occurred are listed by date as below based on "A study of rice riots" edited by Kiyoshi INOUE and Toru WATANABE.
Japanese: 『米騒動の研究』-井上清、渡部徹編より、発生した都市を日付順に並べた。
English: On August 13, Tokyo City, Fukushima City, Toyohashi City, Gifu City, Otsu City, Toyama City, Takaoka City, Kanazawa City, Fukui City, Wakayama City, Sakai City, Amagasaki City, Himeji City, Okayama City, Onomichi City, Kure City, Hiroshima City, Tottori City, Takamatsu City, Marugame City and Kochi City
Japanese: 8月13日東京市、福島市、豊橋市、岐阜市、大津市、富山市、高岡市、金沢市、福井市、和歌山市、堺市、尼崎市、姫路市、岡山市、尾道市、呉市、広島市、鳥取市、高松市、丸亀市、高知市
English: On August 15, Sendai City, Wakamatsu City, Yokohama City, Yokosuka City, Kofu City, Tsu City, Matsuyama City and Moji City
Japanese: 8月15日仙台市、若松市、横浜市、横須賀市、甲府市、津市、松山市、門司市
English: Regarding press report of rice riots, each newspaper reported the people's behavior positively and also that the underlying cause was the government since they had continued to ignore people's demands.
Japanese: 米騒動の報道に際し、各種新聞は民衆の行動を好意的に報じると共に、根本的な原因は民衆の要求を無視し続けた政府にあるとした。
English: In contrast, the government insisted that the movements were spread since newspaper had reported them exaggeratedly, so they shut down "Takaoka Shinpo" (newspaper) on August 7 and issued an injunction against articles about the rice riots to media organizations on August 14.
Japanese: 一方政府は事件が広がったのは新聞が誇大に報道したためであるとし、8月7日に『高岡新報』を発禁処分にしたのをはじめ、8月14日には米騒動に関する一切の報道を禁じる記事差止命令を報道各社へ通達した。
English: Tokyo Shunju Kai (a combination made up of various newspaper companies) demanded a retraction of this punishment by the government, as a result, Rentaro MIZUNO, prewar Minister of Home Affairs, relaxed the ban that 'only official information announced by prewar Ministry of Home Affairs could be published'.
Japanese: 東京春秋会（新聞社複数社で結成された連合）はこのような政府の処分に対し取り消しを要求し、水野錬太郎内務大臣(日本)は「内務省(日本)発表の公報情報のみ掲載を認める」と柔化させた。
English: However, the information announced by the government was quite far from the truth, therefore, Tokyo Shunju Kai continued to lodge a protest and finally succeeded in abolishment of the injunction.
Japanese: しかし、政府発表情報があまりに事実と反していた事から春秋会はさらに抗議を続け、報道禁止令を撤廃させる事に成功している。
English: Newspaper companies made a vigorous protest against a series of suppression of free speech by the Terauchi Cabinet and it gradually developed into the movement about freedom of press.
Japanese: 一連の寺内内閣の言論弾圧に対し新聞社は激しく抗議し、言論報道の自由に関する運動に発展していった。
English: TERAUCHI offered his resignation to Aritomo YAMAGATA on August 31 and submitted his letter of resignation officially on September 21.
Japanese: 寺内は8月31日に山縣有朋に辞意を告げ、9月21日に正式に辞表を提出した。
English: YAMAGATA ordered Kinmochi SAIONJI to form a government but SAIONJI refused it firmly and recommended Takashi HARA.
Japanese: 山県は西園寺公望に組閣を命じたが西園寺はこれを固辞し、原敬を推薦した。
English: HARA was ordered to form a government on September 27 and the Hara Cabinet which was the first full-scale party cabinet in Japan was launched.
Japanese: そして9月27日に原に組閣が命じられ、日本で初の本格的な政党内閣である原内閣が誕生した。
English: He was called 'Commoner Prime Minister' and welcomed by the people since it was the first cabinet whose prime minister was a member of the House of Representatives who did not have the peerage.
Japanese: 爵位を持たない衆議院議員を首相とする初の内閣となったということで、民衆からは「平民宰相」と呼ばれ、歓迎された。
English: "Kaitai Shinsho" is a Japanese translation of "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" which was a Dutch book of medical science translated from Anatomische Tabellen written by a German doctor Kulmus.
Japanese: 『解體新書』（かいたいしんしょ、解体新書）は、ドイツ人医師クルムスの医学書AnatomischeTabellenのオランダ語訳『ターヘル・アナトミア』を江戸時代の日本で翻訳した書。
English: On April 18, 1771, Genpaku SUGITA, Ryotaku MAENO, Junan NAKAGAWA and other ranpoi (persons who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) observed fuwake (dissection) of executed criminals at Kozukappara execution grounds.
Japanese: 明和8年（1771年）3月4日、蘭方医の杉田玄白・前野良沢・中川淳庵らは、小塚原刑場において罪人の腑分け（解剖）を見学した。
English: (There is a theory that they were joined by Hoshu KATSURAGAWA, but it should be more natural to understand he did not attend there, judging from descriptions of "Rangaku Kotohajime" [The Beginning of Dutch Studies] written by Genpaku SUGITA at a later stage).
Japanese: (なお、この場に桂川甫周がいたとする説もあるが、『蘭学事始』の記述からは、いなかったと考えるのが自然である）。
English: Genpaku SUGITA and Ryotaku MAENO had in each possession the "Ontleedkundige Tafelen," an immigrant book of anatomy from Holland.
Japanese: 玄白と良沢の2人はオランダ渡りの解剖学書『ターヘル・アナトミア』をそれぞれ所持していた。
English: Genpaku SUGITA was so much struck by the preciseness of the "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" comparing it with the actual dissected parts of body, that he proposed Ryotaku MAENO to make a translation of it together with him.
Japanese: 実際の解剖と見比べて『ターヘル・アナトミア』の正確さに驚嘆した玄白は、これを翻訳しようと良沢に提案する。
English: From the next day, April 19, they gathered at the house of Ryotaku MAENO to start its translation, to whom Junan NAKAGAWA also jointed.
Japanese: 淳庵も加えて、翌日の3月5日から前野良沢邸に集まり、翻訳を開始した。
English: At the beginning, both Genpaku SUGITA and Junan NAKAGAWA were unable to read the Dutch language, and even Ryotaku MAENO's Dutch vocabulary was not enough for translation.
Japanese: 当初、玄白と淳庵はオランダ語を読めず、オランダ語の知識のある良沢も、翻訳を行うには不十分な語彙しかなかった。
English: In 1773, when the achievement of their translation work became in sight, they published "Kaitai Yakuzu" (Illustrations of a dissectioned body) in order to check public responses.
Japanese: 安永(元号)2年（1773年）、翻訳の目処がついたので、世間の反応を確かめるために『解体約図』を刊行する。
English: Ryotaku MAENO played a central role in their translation work, but his name was not written in any part of "Kaitai Shinsho" as an author.
Japanese: 前野良沢は翻訳作業の中心であったが、著者としての名は『解体新書』に無い。
English: According to one estimate, Ryotaku MAENO refused to put his name in "Kaitai Shinsho" because he had once promised not to study for his own name when he prayed for accomplishment of his school work at Tenman-gu Shrine on his way to Nagasaki for study.
Japanese: 一説には、良沢が長崎留学の途中で天満宮に学業成就を祈ったとき、自分の名前を上げるために勉学するのではないと約束したので名前を出すのを断ったという。
English: Another estimate says that Ryotaku MAENO, an academic person, knew faultiness of his translation in Kaitai Shinsho and he disliked to ruin his reputation by putting his name on it.
Japanese: 一説には、訳文が完全なものでないことを知っていたので、学究肌の良沢は名前を出すことを潔しとしなかったのだという。
English: Genpaku SUGITA said, 'I am both sickly and aged. I could die any day.'
Japanese: 杉田玄白は「私は多病であり年もとっている。いつ死ぬかわからない」と言っている。
English: Publication of "Kaitai Yakuzu" was also made by the same motive of Genpaku SUGITA, against which, however, Ryotaku MAENO was reported to have shown his disamenity.
Japanese: 『解体約図』の出版も玄白の意図であった。これに対して良沢は不快を示していたと言われている）。
English: He and Hoshu KATSURAGAWA became pupils of Carl Thumberg, a Swedish naturalist.
Japanese: 桂川甫周と共にスウェーデンの博物学者カール・ツンベルクに教えを受けている。
English: At the time of its publication, a book of "Kaitai Shinsho" was presented to O-oku (inner palace of Edo-jo Castle) through Hosan KATSURAGAWA who had feared of any possibility to violate taboo of bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 『解体新書』刊行の際、幕府の禁に触れる可能性があったため、甫三を通じて大奥に献上されている。
English: The other participants in the translation work were Genjo ISHIKAWA, whose name appeared in the preface of Kaitai Shinsho, as well as Shoen KARASUYAMA, whose name appeared in "Rangaku Kotohajime," Shotetsu KIRIYAMA, Shuntai MINE and so on.
Japanese: その他に翻訳作業に関わった者は、巻頭に名前が出てくる石川玄常、『蘭学事始』に名前が出てくる烏山松圓、桐山正哲、嶺春泰などがいる。
English: He was a writer of the preface in "Kaitai Shinsho" where he praised this book as a painstaking work of Ryotaku MAENO and Genpaku SUGITA.
Japanese: 『解体新書』序文を書き、この書が良沢と玄白の力作であると賞揚している。
English: Gennai HIRAGA, who was told that the translation of the text of "Kaitai Shinsho" was almost completed and a painter was being scouted for anatomical drawings, introduced Naotake ODANO to Genpaku SUGITA.
Japanese: 『解体新書』の本文の翻訳がほぼ完成し、解剖図の画家を捜していることを知らされた際、小田野直武を紹介した。
English: Within such a short period as only a half year before publishing "Kaitai Shinsho," Naotake ODANO accomplished his first work in Edo which became a monumental work in the history of Japanese arts and sciences.
Japanese: 『解体新書』の開版まで半年という短期間に、江戸での最初の仕事で、しかも日本学術史上記録的な仕事を成し遂げた。
English: "Kaitai Shinsho" is generally understood as a translation of "Ontleedkundige Tafelen," but it had referred also to "Thomas Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by Thomas BARTHOLIN), "Blankaart Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by Steven BLANKAART), "Caspar Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by Caspar SCHAMBERGER), "Coiter Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by Volcher COITER), "Ambroise Gekasho Kaitai-hen" (Book of Surgery and Anatomy by Ambroise PARÉ), "Veslingius Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by Johann VESLING), "Palfijn Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by Jan PALFIJN), "Barushitosu Kaitaisho," "Miskell Kaitaisho" (Book of Anatomy by MISKELL) and so on.
Japanese: 『解体新書』は一般に『ターヘル・アナトミア』の翻訳書と言われているが、それ以外にも『トンミュス解体書』『ブランカール解体書』『カスパル解体書』『コイテル解体書』『アンブル外科書解体篇』『ヘスリンキース解体書』『パルヘイン解体書』『バルシトス解体書』『ミスケル解体書』などが参考にされている。
English: Considering of such annotations seen everywhere in it as 'Tasuku considers this as…' ('Tasuku' was the real name of Genpaku SUGITA), this "Kaitai Shinsho" may not be regarded as a simple translation but as a book reconfigured by Genpaku SUGITA and others.
Japanese: 各所に「翼按ずるに」と注釈がつけられている（「翼」は杉田玄白の本名）ことからも、単純な逐語訳ではなく、杉田玄白らの手によって再構成された書であると言える。
English: Chest and Diaphragm, Lungs, Heart, Artery, Vein, Portal Vein, Abdomen, Gut and Stomach, Mesentery and Chyle Vessel, and Pancreas:
Japanese: 胸・隔膜、肺、心臓、動脈、静脈、門脈、腹、腸・胃、腸間膜・乳糜管、膵臓
English: It is important to acknowledge that, after the publication of "Kaitai Shinsho," the medical science not only achieved, but also advancement in the comprehension of Dutch language was made significantly, which formed a foundation for the people to understand materials of Western culture in Japan under seclusion policy.
Japanese: 『解体新書』刊行後、医学が発展したことはもちろんであるが、オランダ語の理解が進み、鎖国下の日本において西洋の文物を理解する下地ができたことは重要である。
English: During its translation work, several new words were created, like 'shinkei' (nerve), 'nankotsu' (cartilage), 'domyaku' (artery), 'shojomaku' (hymen) and so on, all of which are still used today.
Japanese: 翻訳の際に「神経」「軟骨」「動脈」「処女膜」などの語が作られ、それは今日でも使われている。
English: Not a few mistranslation was found in "Kaitai Shinsho" although it was naturally unavoidable in any attempt of new translation, so that Gentaku OTSUKI subsequently retranslated it and published "Jutei Kaitai Shinsho" (re-revised Kaitai Shinsho) in 1826.
Japanese: 最初の翻訳という性質上仕方ないことであるが、『解体新書』には誤訳も多かったため、のちに大槻玄沢が訳し直し、『重訂解体新書』を文政9年（1826年）に刊行した。
English: Genpaku SUGITA in his later years wrote in "Rangaku Kotohajime" on the circumstances and the way in which "Kaitai Shinsho" had been translated.
Japanese: 杉田玄白は晩年に、『解体新書』翻訳のときの様子を『蘭学事始』に記している。
English: The term 'Kaitai Shinsho' has sometimes been converted to mean 'a book to explain about something.'
Japanese: 転じて、「○○について解説した本」として「解体新書」という言葉使われることがある。
English: Also, this term has often been used in the sense of an instruction manual for the public, an explanatory book to unriddle mysterious background of cartoons and animations, an intellectual variety show on Television, and so on.
Japanese: 一般向け解説書や、漫画やアニメを研究したいわゆる謎本、テレビの知的バラエティ番組などによく使われる。
English: Some examples are "Tokoro-san no 20-seiki Kaitai Shinsho" (a TV show titled "20th Century Stories" presided over by George TOKORO, reviewing Japanese popular cartoon characters of 20th century like "Invader," "Ultra-man" and so on), "Monozukuri Kaitai Shinsho" (an explanatory book on how various ordinary items are fabricated), "Sex Shinwa Kaitai Shinsho" (a commentary on sex mythologies), "Devilman Kaitai Shinsho" (an instruction manual to unriddle mysteries of a cartoon series Devilman), and so on.
Japanese: 例：『所さんの20世紀解体新書』『モノづくり解体新書』『セックス神話解体新書』『デビルマン解体新書』など。
English: The "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" was written by a German doctor by the name of Johann Adam KULMUS (1689 - 1745).
Japanese: 『ターヘル・アナトミア』はドイツ人医師クルムス（JohannAdamKulmus1689年-1745年)の著書。
English: The original text "Anatomische Tabellen" was published in Gdansk in 1722.
Japanese: 原書『AnatomischeTabellen』は1722年グダニスク発行。
English: The Dutch language version "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" was published in 1734.
Japanese: オランダ語版である『OntleedkundigeTafelen』は1734年発行。
English: A Dutch doctor named Gerardus DICTEN (ca. 1696 - 1770) translated the text into Dutch.
Japanese: オランダ人医師ディクテン（GerardusDicten1696年?-1770年)の翻訳による。
English: The book title "Taheru Anatomia" is the term which Genpaku SUGITA used to refer to "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" in his book "Rangaku Kotohajime" (The Beginning of Dutch Studies).
Japanese: 『ターヘル・アナトミア』という書名は、杉田玄白の『蘭学事始』の中で使われている表記である。
English: In "Kaitai Shinsho" which was written in kanbun (Chinese classics), the term '打係縷亜那都米' ('Taheru Anatomia' in Chinese characters) has a phonetic subscript printed beside it in order to overcome transliteration/expression challenges.
Japanese: 漢文で書かれている『解体新書』においては「打係縷亜那都米」と表記され、「ターヘル・アナトミイ」とフリガナが付いている。
English: In the explanatory note of "Kaitai Shinsho," there is an explanation of the meanings of 'Taheru' (charts) and 'Anatomia' (anatomy).
Japanese: 『解体新書』の凡例の中で「ターヘル」が表、「アナトミイ」が解剖を意味しているとの説明がある。
English: The book title of "Taheru Anatomia" became widely known by the influence of "Kaitai Shinsho" and "Rangaku Kotohajime," but this is actually only a common name.
Japanese: 『蘭学事始』と『解体新書』により、『ターヘル・アナトミア』の書名が流布されているが、これは俗称。
English: In German the original title was Anatomische Tabellen while the original Dutch title was Ontleedkundige Tafelen; neither is equivalent to the Japanese transliterated title 'Taheru Anatomia.'
Japanese: ドイツ語の原著名はAnatomischeTabellen、オランダ語ではOntleedkundigeTafelenであり、いずれも「ターヘル・アナトミア」とはならない。
English: The Latin which appears on the title page of the book shows Tabulæ Anatomicæ, which, while being a close approximation of 'Taheru Anatomia,' still remains subtly different.
Japanese: 扉絵に書かれているラテン語ではTabulæAnatomicæ（タブライ・アナトミカイ）となっていて「ターヘル・アナトミア」に近いが、微妙に違う。
English: Tafel Anatomie, which is the Dutch word retranslated from Tabulæ Anatomicæ, is the closest to Taheru Anatomia.
Japanese: これを再度オランダ語に置き換えてTafelAnatomieとしたものがかなり近い。
English: The common name of the book in Dutch language was supposedly spread and became called 'Taheru Anatomia' amongst scholars who studied Western sciences by means of the Dutch language in Japan.
Japanese: おそらく、オランダ語の俗称が伝わり、蘭学者のあいだで「ターヘル・アナトミア」と呼ばれるようになったのではなかろうか。
English: Incidentally, the name "Tabulæ Anatomicæ" can often be found for books of anatomy.
Japanese: なお『TabulæAnatomicæ』というのは解剖学書としてはよくある名前である。
English: For the above reasons, it is difficult to say that "Taheru Anatomia" is the formal title of the book, and for all intents and purposes it is appropriate to call it such as "Kulmus' Anatomy"; however, in "Rangaku Kotohajime," the author Genpaku SUGITA refers to the book on numerous occasions as "Taheru Anatomia," leading to a spread of this term of reference.
Japanese: 上記の理由から『ターヘル・アナトミア』が正式な書名とは言い難く、本来なら『クルムス解剖書』のように呼ぶのが妥当であるが、杉田玄白が『蘭学事始』の中で何度も『ターヘル・アナトミア』と表記しているので、一般に広まっている。
English: In Japan "Taheru Anatomia" refers to Kulmus' Anatomy.
Japanese: 日本で『ターヘル・アナトミア』と言えばクルムスの解剖書のことである。
English: Ryotaku MAENO obtained the book when studying in Nagasaki in 1770.
Japanese: 前野良沢は、明和7年（1770年）長崎遊学の際に同書を入手している。
English: The person who acted as a broker when Genpaku SUGITA obtained the book was Junan NAKAGAWA, a member of the team translating "Kaitai Shinsho."
Japanese: 杉田玄白の同書入手の仲立ちになったのは、『解体新書』の翻訳メンバーでもある中川淳庵だった。
English: In the spring of 1771, Junan NAKAGAWA called on the Capitão (head) of the Dejima Factory during the Edo shogunate years.
Japanese: 明和8年（1771年）の春、中川淳庵は、江戸参府中の出島商館長（カピタン）を訪問する。
English: It was there that he was shown copies of "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" and "Casper's Anatomy" and told if he wanted the book the Capitão would sell it to him.
Japanese: そこで『ターヘル・アナトミア』および『カスパリュス・アナトミア』（カスパル解剖書）を見せられ、「望む人がいれば譲る」と言われた。
English: There is no doubt that Junan wanted the books himself; however, he lacked the funds to purchase them.
Japanese: 順庵自身もこの本に興味があったに違いないが、彼が買える金額ではなかったのであろう。
English: Junan borrowed the two books and took them to his fellow doctor of Obama Domain and also his mentor, Genpaku SUGITA.
Japanese: 2冊を預かって、同じ小浜藩医で先輩であった杉田玄白のところへ持ってきた。
English: Although Genpaku was also greatly interested in the books, he was also unable to purchase them himself; he asked the chief retainer of the clan who put up the funds and a last, the books were secured.
Japanese: 玄白も大いに興味を持ったが、彼もまた個人では買えず、藩の家老に頼み込み、代金を出してもらってやっと入手できたという。
English: Furthermore, it appears that Genpaku also obtained a copy of "Casper's Anatomy" at around this time, and in "Kaitai Shinsho" the book is mentioned as a reference possessed by Genpaku.
Japanese: なお玄白は『カスパリュス・アナトミア』もこのとき入手したらしく、『解体新書』に玄白所蔵の参考図書として出てくる。
English: On April 18, 1771, Genpaku SUGITA, Junan NAKAGAWA, Ryotaku MAENO and others gathered at the Kozukappara execution grounds to dissect corpses of the executed.
Japanese: 同年3月4日、小塚原刑場での刑死者の腑分（ふわけ＝解剖）を見るために杉田玄白、中川淳庵、前野良沢などが集まった。
English: It is understood this was the same book of the same edition that Genpaku had in his possession which enabled them to collaborate.
Japanese: それは玄白が入手した物と同書同版であるとわかり、互いに手を打ち合ったという。
English: The following day, Ryotaku MAENO, Genpaku SUGITA and Junan NAKAGAWA commenced working on their translation of 'Kaitai Shinsho.'
Japanese: その翌日より、前野良沢、杉田玄白、中川淳庵によって、『解体新書』の翻訳作業が始まる。
English: "Kaitai Shinsho" is basically a translation of "Ontleedkundige Tafelen," but referred to several other Western books and incorporated Genpaku SUGITA's own notes.
Japanese: 『解体新書』は基本的に『ターヘル・アナトミア』の翻訳であるが、他にも数冊の洋書が参考にされており、杉田玄白による独自の注釈も付けられている。
English: It can be said that it is not a mere translation, but is a book which was reorganized into a practical anatomy text.
Japanese: 単純な翻訳ではなく、実用的な解剖学書として再構成された本だと言える。
English: It goes without saying that, when "Kaitai Shinsho" was being translated, the study of the Dutch language was far from sufficient, and there were numerous errors in the translation.
Japanese: 『解体新書』翻訳のときは、あたりまえであるがオランダ語の研究が十分ではなく、誤訳も多かった。
English: At that time, Genpaku SUGITA was unaware that "Ontleedkundige Tafelen" was a Dutch translation from the original German language text and had thought that the book was originally written in Dutch.
Japanese: 当時、杉田玄白らは『ターヘル・アナトミア』がドイツ語からの翻訳書であることを理解しておらず、もともとオランダ語で書かれた本だと思っていた。
English: Genpaku is also thought to have deeply regretted that "Kaitai Shinsho" was riddled with translation errors and had one of his pupils, Gentaku OTSUKI do a retranslation.
Japanese: 玄白も『解体新書』が誤訳だらけであることを心苦しく思ったらしく、弟子の大槻玄沢に訳し直させた。
English: The manuscript of this revised book was completed in 1798, however, publication was delayed for various reasons and publication eventually took place in 1826.
Japanese: 同書は寛政10年（1798年）に稿ができていたが、刊行は諸般の事情で遅れ、文政9年（1826年）にやっと刊行された。