nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: It is made up of a twig of "sakaki" (Cleyera japonica, an evergreen shrub in Japan) or "nagi" (Podocarpus nagi, an evergreen tall tree in Japan), "sime" (sacred rice-straw ropes), and the sacred mirror as "goshintai" (also called "yorishiro," the object of worship housed in a Shinto shrine and believed to contain the spirit of a deity, and here, the deity is "Kasuga Myojin" [the deity of Kasuga-taisha Shrine]).
Japanese: 榊（もしくは梛）の枝に春日明神の御神体（依代）である神鏡を付け、注連をかけて神木としている。
English: Kasuga-taisha Shrine is known as the Fujiwara clan's "Uji-sha Shrine"(shrine built for praying clan's glory), and before the Meiji Restoration, it was closely linked with the neighboring Kofuku-ji Temple, which was the Fujiwara clan's "Uji-dera Temple" (temple built for praying clan's glory).
Japanese: 春日大社は藤原氏の氏社として知られ、明治維新以前は隣接する同氏の氏寺である興福寺と一体の存在であった。
English: When monk-soldiers of Kofuku-ji Temple did their "goso" (direct appeal to the court, brandishing the divine retribution), they asked the chief Shinto priest of Kasuga-taisha Shrine to take out the divine mirrors enshrined at "Honden" (the main shrine, called "Omiya-shisho") and also asked him to set Shinboku on the mirrors.
Japanese: 興福寺の衆徒が強訴を行う際には、春日大社の社司に要請して大社の本殿及び大宮四所にそれぞれ安置されている神鏡を取り出して神木をあつらえさせる。
English: Then they held "Senza no Gi" (the ritual in which the shinboku was transferred to 'Utsushidono-hall' located at the side of Honden), thereby giving an advance notice of goso to the court and to the "bakufu" (Japanese feudal regime headed by a shogun), and the whole process mentioned above was called "Shinboku Doza no Goso" (the goso by means of moving the sacred tree).
Japanese: そしてこれを大社本殿脇の移殿（うつしどの）へ移す遷座の儀を行って、公武に強訴の予告を行う（神木動座の強訴）。
English: If their petition was permitted at this time, the sacred mirrors attached to Shinboku were returned to Honden, and their goso ended.
Japanese: この時点で要求が認められれば神木に付けられた神鏡は本殿に還御して終了となる。
English: If not, they transferred shinboku to "Kondo-hall" (the main hall) of Kofuku-ji Temple, asked both Isonokami-jingu Shrine and Yoshino-katte-myojin Shrine to send "mikoshi" (portable shrines carried in festivals), and occasionally called for help to seven large temples of "Nanto" (southern capital, referring to Nara), including Todai-ji Temple.
Japanese: しかしそれが無い場合には神木を興福寺金堂に移し、石上神宮・吉野勝手明神両社に神輿の派遣を要請、更に場合によっては東大寺などの南都七大寺にも支援を要請する。
English: In addition to monk-soldiers, peasants and farmers are thought to have been gathered for goso by "shokan" (an officer governing the 'shoen' [manor in medieval Japan]) of Kofuku-ji Temple.
Japanese: また、衆徒以外にも興福寺領の荘官が農民田堵を動員して人数を揃えたと考えられている。
English: When everything was ready, "Sogo" (Office of Monastic Affairs) of Kofuku-ji Temple assumed the negotiations between the court and the temple, and the chief Shinto priest of Kasuga-taisha Shrine and the "jinin" (associates of Shinto shrine) held Shinboku.
Japanese: 準備が整うと、興福寺僧綱を前面に出し、春日大社社司・神人に神木を奉じさせる。
English: And monk-soldiers and jinin lined up and - with a trumpet shell roaring - marched off to Kyoto.
Japanese: そして衆徒・神人が法螺貝の音とともに隊伍を組んで京都に向かって進発する。
English: Going via Nara-zaka slope, Kizu, and other places, they stopped by Byodo-in Temple (in the present Uji City), made negotiations, and saw how it went.
Japanese: 奈良坂・木津などを経由して、途中一旦宇治市の平等院に入り、交渉を行って様子を見る。
English: If their petition was not permitted here, either, they entered Kyoto with Shinboku.
Japanese: ここにおいても要求が受け入れられない場合には、京都に神木ごと入洛することになる。
English: In Kyoto, they usually enshrined Shinboku at "Kangakuin" (an educational institution), but occasionally, they held it aloft in front of the Imperial Palace, thereby threatening the court.
Japanese: 通常は勧学院に神木を安置するのが慣例であるが、場合によっては御所の前に神木をかざして朝廷を威圧した。
English: If their petition was yet to be permitted here, the chief Shinto priest and others left Shinboku behind and returned to Nara - this was called "Furisute" - thereby putting psychological pressure on the court.
Japanese: なおも、要求が認められない場合には神木を京都に安置したまま社司らが奈良に引き上げること（振棄て）で心理的圧迫を加えた。
English: When Shinboku was moved, - especially when it was carried into Kyoto, - court nobles and officials of the Fujiwara clan were suspended from court and they stayed home.
Japanese: 春日神木の動座が行われた場合、特に入洛中は藤原氏の公卿・官人は謹慎・籠居となった。
English: At that time, more than half of the court nobles and officials belonged to the Fujiwara clan, and so, when Shinboku was carried into Kyoto, the court fell into suspended animation and the national administration was paralyzed.
Japanese: 当時は藤原氏の公卿・官人が朝廷の過半を占めていたから、神木の入洛中は朝廷は廃朝状態となり国政は麻痺した。
English: If a samurai family prepared an attack against monk-soldiers and goso-supporting people, they made goso on the samurai family and demanded that the family members should be punished with the death sentence, banishment, or other severe penalty.
Japanese: また、武家も衆徒・大衆に武器を向ければ、今度はその武家を死罪(律令法)・流罪などの重罪に処する様に求める強訴を引き起こすことになった。
English: Therefore, Kofuku-ji Temple had its own way in the end, whatever unreasonable demands they might make.
Japanese: そのため最終的には興福寺側からのどのような無理な要求でも罷り通ったのである。
English: These unreasonable demands were sarcastically called "Yamashina dori" (Yamashina arguments), and this Yamashina came from Yamashina-dera Temple (the predecessor of Kofuku-ji Temple), which was located in today's Yamashina Ward of Kyoto long before the national capital was transferred to Heian-kyo (today's Kyoto).
Japanese: これを皮肉を込めて「山階道理」（山階寺は平安遷都よりも遥か以前に山科区にあった興福寺の前身）と呼ばれた。
English: Incidentally, when "Shinboku Kiza" (the return of the sacred tree to Nara) was completed, court nobles and "tenjobito" (high-ranking courtiers allowed into the Imperial Palace) of the Fujiwara clan customarily accompanied monk-soldiers and others to "Rakugai" (the outside of the capital Kyoto) or even to Nara, and they offered thanks to Kasuga-taisha Shrine.
Japanese: なお、神木が奈良に戻る「神木帰座」の際には藤原氏の公卿・殿上人が洛外あるいは奈良まで供奉して春日大社に祈謝する事とされていた。
English: And "Hoheishi" (an imperial messenger to a Shinto shrine) was dispatched to Kasuga-taisha Shrine and to its Kyoto branches (Oharano-jinja Shrine and Yoshida-jinja Shrine).
Japanese: また、奉幣使が春日大社及び京都における分社である大原野神社・吉田神社の両社に派遣された。
English: "Nihongi Ryaku" (Summary of Japanese Chronologies) says that the goso with Shinboku carried into Kyoto was made for the first time on July 15 (in the lunar calendar), 968, when Kofuku-ji Temple was in conflict with Todai-ji Temple, but "Yasutomi-Ki" (Diaries of Yasutomi NAKAHARA) says the first one was in 1093.
Japanese: 神木入洛強訴の最初は安和元年（968年）に発生した東大寺との抗争の際に、同年7月15日に神木をもって入洛した（『日本紀略』）のが最初とされているが、寛治7年（1093年）の強訴を最初とする異説もある（『康富記』）。
English: And "Shinboku doza no ki" (the book on moving the sacred tree, owned by the Cabinet Library) says the first one was in 1006.
Japanese: 更に『神木動座之記』（内閣文庫所蔵）という書物によれば、寛弘3年（1006年）が最初だという。
English: It says that in that year monk-soldiers and others advanced to Kohatayama Otani (in the present Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City), demanding that MINAMOTO no Yorichika, who occupied "Yamoto no kami" (the governor of Yamato Province, which is today's Nara Prefecture), should be deprived of the position.
Japanese: この時、大和守源頼親の国守解任などを求めて木幡山大谷（現在の京都市伏見区）まで進んだ神木動座があったという。
English: The article on July 12 (in the lunar calendar), 1006, in "Mido Kanpakuki" (FUJIWARA no Michinaga's diary), which goes, "They said monk-soldiers have just come and made an appeal, and that about 2000 people arrived at the place called Kohatayama Otani, and so forth," is thought to have mentioned this goso.
Japanese: この時の強訴については、藤原道長の『御堂関白記』同年7月12日条に「寺侍法師等、只今来申云、大衆参上木幡山大谷云所、二千許参着云々」という記述が対応すると考えられている。
English: Also, that on August 14 (in the lunar calendar), 1379, during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts, showed an extraordinary development.
Japanese: ところが、南北朝時代(日本)の康暦元年8月14日(旧暦)（1379年）に行われた神木入洛は異常な展開を見せた。
English: In this case, the negotiations' director on the side of the court was Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, who occupied the position of "seii taishogun" (literally, 'great general who subdues the barbarians') in Muromachi bakufu and also the position of "Gon Dainagon" (Provisional Major Counselor) in court.
Japanese: このとき朝廷側の交渉前面に登場したのは、権大納言でもあった室町幕府征夷大将軍足利義満である。
English: In the next year, however, Kofuku-ji Temple argued over the sixth anniversary of the Retired Emperor Gokogen and broke its promise of shinboku kiza, so Yoshimitsu actively participated in the court administration and began to suggest that he would take the lead in the negotiations.
Japanese: ところが、年が明けて後光厳上皇の7回忌を巡って興福寺側が帰座の約束を破棄すると、義満は積極的に朝廷に参与して自らが主導する態度を見せ始めた。
English: In spite of this, Kofuku-ji Temple could not purge Yoshimitsu, because he came from the Minamoto clan, not from the Fujiwara clan.
Japanese: だが興福寺側は源氏であって藤原氏ではない義満を放氏することが出来なかった。
English: Therefore, Kofuku-ji Temple was forced to sit back and watch the court managed under Yoshimitsu, and on December 15 (by the lunar calendar), 1380, it was forced to return to Nara with their demands almost completely rejected.
Japanese: それゆえ義満の許で朝廷が運営される状況を見せられた挙句、康暦2年12月15日(旧暦)（1380年）に実質上の全面敗北のまま帰座に追い込まれてしまった。
English: This was a setback for Kofuku-ji Temple and Kasuga-taisha Shrine, and thereafter, Shinboku was moved at most to Byodo-in Temple.
Japanese: この件が興福寺・春日大社側の打撃となり、以後の神木動座は平等院までに留められた。
English: In "the Sengoku period" (Period of Warring States), Shinboku Doza no Goso itself became difficult, and it came to an end in 1501.
Japanese: それも戦国時代(日本)に入ると、神木動座を行うこと自体が困難となり、文亀元年（1501年）を最後に姿を消すに至った。
English: Incidentally, Kofuku-ji Temple and Kasuga-taisha Shrine had another custom, which was implemented when their manor was disseized by others, or their "nengu" (land tax) was unpaid or embezzled.
Japanese: なお、以上とは別に、興福寺や春日大社の領内で他者による侵奪や年貢の未進・横領が発生した際の慣習もあった。
English: In such a case, the shrine's jinin in "koe" (yellow vestments) was dispatched to the manor, and simplified Shinboku, which was made up of the shrine's sakaki and "shide" (a hanging), was stood at the center of the paddy or the field in question.
Japanese: かかる事態においては黄衣を着た春日大社の神人が現地に派遣され、春日大社の榊に四手をかけた簡易な仕立の神木を問題の田畠の中央部に立てた。
English: And this process made the paddy, the field, and the products the holy and sacred thing, so nobody - except for the jinin - could enter there or touch the products.
Japanese: これによってその田畠及び作物は神人以外は手に触れてはならない神聖不可侵な場所・物となった。
English: When the nengu was paid - or the disseized real estate (or the embezzled nengu) was returned (or promised to be returned) - to the temple or the shrine, Shinboku was removed, and the temple and the shrine imposed punitive money, such as "shime no moto" (a kind of a commission), on the person who caused the trouble.
Japanese: また納税や返還の実行あるいは誓約が行われ神木が撤去される際にも「注連の本（もと）」と呼ばれる一種の手数料を徴収するなど、相手側に金銭的な制裁を課した。
English: Nenjugyoji Utaawase means Gojuban Utaawase hosted by Yoshimoto NIJO, Kanpaku (a chief adviser to the Emperor) of the Northern court (Japan), on February 7, 1350.
Japanese: 年中行事歌合（ねんじょうぎょうじうたあわせ）とは、貞和5年12月22日(旧暦)（1350年1月30日）に北朝(日本)関白二条良基主催で開かれた五十番歌合のこと。
English: According to the records of utaawase (waka poetry contest) hosted by sekkanke (the families which produced the regent and the chief adviser to the emperor), it was the first utaawase since Sekkanke Tsukijusshu Utaawase was held by Sanetsune ICHIJO in 1275.
Japanese: 摂関家における歌合で記録に残るものでは、建治元年（1275年）の一条実経による摂政家月十首歌合以来のものであった。
English: It is also known as the first-ever utaawase in which ceremonies, customs and historical events at the Imperial Court were used as subject matter.
Japanese: また従来ほとんど例が無かった宮中の儀式・習慣・故実を題材とした点でも知られている。
English: As Japan was in the state of civil war during the Northern and Southern period (Japan), kuji (political operations of the Imperial Court) and chogi (ceremonies at the Imperial Court) were inert at that time and the art of waka poetry was also affected.
Japanese: 当時は南北朝時代(日本)の内乱期であり、公事や朝儀は振るわず、歌道もその影響を受けた。
English: Under such circumstances, Yoshimoto, an expert of yusoku-kojitsu (ancient courtly traditions and etiquette) who strived for the promotion of renga (linked verse), organized this event with the aim of promoting both of the above.
Japanese: そのような中で有職故実の大家であり、連歌の発展に尽力した良基がその両方の振興を図るべく企画したものであった。
English: Other than these two persons, twenty-three participated in the event including Yoshimoto's son Moroyoshi NIJO and Morotsugu NIJO, his adopted son Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI, his uncle Yoshifuyu IMAKOJI, Tamekuni GOJO, Tadatsugu MATSUDONO, Sadayo IMAGAWA, Kanehiro YOSHIDA, Tamekuni REIZEI (Tamehide's son), Nagatsuna HIGASHIBOJO and his son Hidenaga HIGASHIBOJO, Sokyu, Tona and his son Keiken, Munetoki ABE, Munenobu HABUCHI, Tsuunaga TANBA, Morinaga TANBA, Tadayori TAKATSUKASA, Ietada TSUKINOWA, Tonjo (Toshiaki NAKAMIKADO) and Onken (Tamenori MUTO).
Japanese: 参加者はこの他に良基の2子である二条師良・二条師嗣、猶子四辻善成、叔父今小路良冬、五条為邦、松殿忠嗣、今川貞世、吉田兼煕、冷泉為邦（為秀の子）、東坊城長綱・東坊城秀長親子、宗久、頓阿・経賢親子、安倍宗時・羽淵宗信・丹波嗣長・丹波守長・鷹司忠頼・月輪家尹・頓乗（中御門俊顕）・薀堅（武藤為用）の計23名であった。
English: All of them were either family, household superintendents or close aides of Yoshimoto, or samurai and monks who were acquainted with Yoshimoto through waka poetry/renga, and many of them belonged to the Nijo or Kyogoku schools.
Japanese: いずれも良基の一族・家司・側近や和歌・連歌を通じて交際のある武士・僧侶で、多くが二条派・京極派に属している。
English: As this waka event used unprecedented subject matter, it was organized in the form of utaawase and Yoshinari YOTSUTSUJI and Tadatsugu MATSUDONO served as liaison between Yoshimoto and participants.
Japanese: 前例の無い題材での和歌の会合であったために歌合の形式で開催され、また良基と参加者との連絡役には四辻善成・松殿忠嗣らがあたった。
English: It is said that a subject was allotted to each participant in advance and their waka poems were delivered to Yoshimoto two days before the day of utaawase and announced on the day.
Japanese: 参加者には事前に歌う題材について割り当てられ、歌合の2日前には歌が良基の元に歌が届けられ、当日に発表される形式が採られたという。
English: Seventy waka poems from Number one to Number thirty-five were those of seasonal events, seventeen waka poems from Number thirty-six to the left of Number forty-three were those of 'love' that related to the palace building, and thirteen waka poems from the right of Number fourty-three to Number fifty were those of 'zatsu,' which used various things related to the Imperial Court such as senmyo (Imperial edict), gyoko (Imperial visit) and gissha (ox-drawn carriage) as subject matter.
Japanese: 1-35番までの70句は四季の年中行事を、36-43番左までの17句は内裏殿舎にちなんだ「恋」の句、43番右-50番までの13句は宣命・行幸・牛車など宮中に関する事物を扱った「雑」の句という構成になっている。
English: These waka poems, and the subject matter selected by Yoshimoto as well as his hanshi were regarded as the important yusoku-kojitsusho (a book of courtly traditions and etiquette) during the medieval and pre-modern times and many manuscripts, at least 80 of them are known at present, were created and circulated.
Japanese: 歌合の句と良基の題材の解説及び判詞は、中世・近世を通じて有職故実書としても重んじられて書写・流布されたため、現在知られている物だけで80の伝本が存在している。
English: In the meantime, Tameaki ANDO and Makoto SAITO asserted that "Kuji kongen" written by Yoshimoto's grandson Kaneyoshi ICHIJO was the commentary of Nenjugyoji Utaawase.
Japanese: また、良基の孫にあたる一条兼良の『公事根源』を年中行事歌合の解説書であるという説も安藤為章や斎藤万古刀によって唱えられた。
English: While some descriptions seem to have been cited from "Nenjugyoji Utaawase" are seen in "Kuji kongen," there also exist descriptions whose authority are considered to be "Koke Shidai" and "Kenmu Nenjugyoji."
Japanese: 『公事根源』には『年中行事歌合』から引用されたと見られる記述も見られるものの、『江家次第』や『建武年中行事』が出典と考えられる記述も存在している。
English: In view of the above, it is considered that "Nenjugyoji Utaawase" was one of principal reference materials of "Kuji Kongen."
Japanese: 従って、あくまでも『年中行事歌合』は主要な参考文献の1つであったと考えられている。
English: Bukeho refers to a set of codes enforced on samurai society and on the military government during the medieval and the early modern times in Japan.
Japanese: 武家法（ぶけほう）とは、中世・近世の日本において、武士社会及び武家政権における法体系のこと。
English: Originally, the bukeho was administered by samurai themselves in order to discipline samurai groups, which then developed as a set of codes that function separately from the kugeho (laws issued by the imperial court) and the honjoho (laws issued by proprietors or guarantors of manor).
Japanese: 元は武士団の統制などを目的として武士の間で成立した慣習法として成立、公家法・本所法に対するものとして発展した。
English: The Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) was the first government to enforce the bukeho in the form of statutory law, the Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai), which was inherited by the Kenmu Code enforced by Muromachi bakufu, the bunkokuho (the law individual sengoku-daimyo enforced in their own domain) enforced by daimyo (Japanese territorial lord) during the Sengoku Period, and the Buke Shohatto (code for the warrior households) as well as the hanpo (code for regional domains) enforced during the time of the Edo bakufu; the bukeho thus became the prototype of codes for the military government to control the nation and for the regional administrations to maintain the feudal system and the regional order within their domains.
Japanese: 鎌倉幕府において初めての成文法形式の武家法である御成敗式目が定められ、以後室町幕府の建武式目、戦国大名の分国法、江戸幕府の武家諸法度及び諸藩の藩法に継承され、武家政権における日本全国の支配及び地方政権における領国内の封建体制と地域秩序の維持の基本となった。
English: Honjo low was enacted and enforced by honjo (proprietor or guarantor of manor) for the purpose of ruling over their privately owned Shoen (manor in medieval Japan) as part of their Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen).
Japanese: 本所法（ほんじょほう）とは、本所が自己が持つ荘園を支配するために荘務権の一環として制定・行使した法のこと。
English: A class called 'lord of the manor' was established on the basis of stratified ruling structures composed of Shiki systems (Shiki is a unit or an agency of sharing revenues and rights commended by landowners or name holders in Shoen system).
Japanese: 一般に「荘園領主」と呼ばれる階層は複数の職の体系による重層的支配の下に成立している。
English: Among a variety of shiki, 'Honjo' exercised legal control over Shoen with the authority to carry out Shomu (management and control of encouragement of agriculture, taxes and so on in Shoen) or judicial, administrative and police activities (The word, 'Honjo' is also used when referring to Ryoke and Honke, but it is not the original meaning of the word.).
Japanese: 「本所」とは複数ある職のうち、荘園内において荘務すなわち、司法・行政・警察活動を行う権限を有して法的支配を行使した者を指す（領家・本家の別称としての「本所」という語も存在するが、本来の意味での使用ではない）。
English: There were two main origins of the Honjo law: one was in a legal structure that had governed the influential families called honjo, which owned Shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of Shoen), and the other was the common law in Shoen that became approved by the honjo.
Japanese: 本所法には、荘務権を有する本所と称される権門が属する法体系に根源を持つものと荘園内部における慣習法が本所に容認されたものがある。
English: In the time when the system of the ownership of all lands and serfs by the emperor was functioning, government officials including kokuga (provincial government offices) exclusively owned judicial and administrative authorities.
Japanese: 公地公民制が機能していた時代には、国衙を含めた官司が司法・行政の権限を独占的に有していた。
English: However, as Fuyu no ken (the right of tax exemption) and Funyu no ken (the right to keep the tax agents from entering the property) were established upon the formation of Shoen, the government officials and their legal authorities were excluded from the Shoen and the honjo acquired the judicial and administrative rights instead.
Japanese: しかし、荘園が成立して不輸の権(日本)・不入の権(日本)が確立されると、官司の役人及び法的権限が荘園から排除されて代わりに本所が司法・行政権を獲得した。
English: Nevertheless, as a matter of practice, among donators of Shoen or officers called shokan who practically administered Shoen, many served concurrently as zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods).
Japanese: ただし、現実的には荘園を寄進した者あるいは荘園支配の実務を行った荘官の中には在庁官人を兼ねる者も多かった。
English: Furthermore, many of the influential families that became the honjo had belonged to kuge (court noble), which presided over the management of government officials including the kokuga, or to temples and shrines which were avidly protected by the kuge.
Japanese: 更に本所になった権門の多くが国衙を含めた官司の運営の主体であった公家とその手厚い保護を受けていた寺社であった。
English: For this reason, the early honjo law was often constrained by court noble law and Jisha-ho (laws regarding shrines and temples) that governed the classes to which the honjo had originally belonged as the influential families, as well as by regionally specific regulations, such as local common law or Kokurei (a common law based on actual state of affairs in each area), which was enacted by the kokuga.
Japanese: このため、初期の本所法も本所である権門の出自に属する公家法や寺社法、それに現地の慣習法や国衙が定めた国例などの地域独自の規定に拘束される場合が多かった。
English: The honjo's statuses as shiki in the Shoen and their influences over their own regions and the central government varied with each Shoen.
Japanese: 更に本所が持つ荘園内での職の地位や本所自身の現地及び中央に対する影響力も荘園ごとに差が存在した。
English: Additionally, in some cases, honjo law was divided into two different kinds of laws, Kamu-ho, which was enacted to regulate domestic economies for the honjo themselves, and Shoen-ho, which was directly applied to the Shoen ('Shoen-ho' also refers to another law which was enforced on Shoen by the imperial court and shogunate), both of which were collectively called Hojo-law.
Japanese: 更に本所法の中には本所そのものの家政のために定めた家務法と荘園に対して直接適用する荘園法に分けられ（ただし、「荘園法」という呼称は公武権力が荘園に対して実施する法に対する呼称でもある）、両者が混合されている場合もある。
English: Nevertheless, honjo laws were continuously enacted for the purpose of retaining the Shoen structure itself, maintaining the production system or the public order, and securing the stable supply of nengu (land tax) and kuji (public duties).
Japanese: それでも、荘園機構自体の存続、生産秩序や治安の維持、年貢・公事の安定的な確保を行うために本所法が制定された。
English: It was enforced by shokan (an officer governing Shoen), who exchanged kishomon (sworn oath) and ukebumi (the reply) with the Honjo's side including Kuge, such as Keishi (household superintendent) and Mandokoro (Administrative Board), and temples, such as Sango (three monastic positions with management roles at a temple).
Japanese: そして、本所側（公家の家司・政所や寺院の三綱など）と起請文・請文などを交わした荘官によって実施された。
English: As a result, the discretionary power of the hojo law was reduced by the execution of Taibon Sankajo (three major tasks of peacekeeping) and jitouke (the contract system that the manor's owner entrusts a jito to manage his manor and pay the customs) by the jito.
Japanese: これにより、地頭による大犯三箇条や地頭請の遂行によって本所法の裁量の幅が縮小された。
English: In addition, the Kamakura bakufu acquired the right to approve the domination over the whole region of Shoen, which rather allowed provincial constables to intervene into Shoen as the representatives of the Kamakura bakufu.
Japanese: 更に室町幕府が荘園の一円支配を認める権限を獲得したことで却ってその代行者である守護の荘園への介入の口実を作った。
English: As a consequence, the role of the honjo low became nothing more than a compliment to Buke-ho (the law system for the samurai society and the military government), and the honjo law was abolished upon the dissolution of shoen koryo sei (The System of Public Lands and Private Estates).
Japanese: その結果、武家法の補完的意味合いを果たすに過ぎなくなり、荘園公領制の解体とともに行われなくなった。
English: Shomu refers to the actual practice of control and administration over kanno (encouragement of agriculture), trials, and the collection of taxes within shoen (the manor); it also refers to the individuals who were authorized to practice shomu.
Japanese: 荘務（しょうむ）とは、荘園内部の勧農・検断・徴税など、在地における実際の支配・管理を行うこと、またはその権限を持つ者。
English: The authority in regard to shomu is referred to as shomuken (the authority of the jurisdiction and the administration of shoen).
Japanese: 荘務に関する権限（すなわち荘園内部における行政・司法権）を荘務権（しょうむけん）と呼ぶ。
English: Shomu was originally derived from the authority held by kokuji (provincial governors) who exercised it to administer the matters regarding the ryoseikoku (province).
Japanese: 元は国司が有していた令制国内部の国務に関する権限を継承したものである。
English: Shoen was often placed under the complicated control system due to repeated donations; the honjo (proprietor or guarantor of a private estate) originally referred to the individuals who held the shomuken, and those who were in the position to hold the shomuken could administer various authorities against the local power within shoen, such as shokan (an officer governing shoen) and shomin (people of the manor), by personally going to the shoen himself or by sending a zassho (a person in charge of miscellaneous tasks) there.
Japanese: 荘園は度重なる寄進によって重層的な支配構造となっていたが、実際に直接あるいは雑掌などを派遣して、荘園内の在地勢力（荘官及び荘民）に対して諸権限を行使しえたのは荘務権を持っている職の体系であり、本来本所とは荘務権を持つ職を指した。