nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Toneri included Udoneri, Otoneri, Chugutoneri, Togutoneri, Saigutoneri, and the like; among them, the sons of high-ranking Kannin were appointed Udoneri and used the post as their stepping-stone toward higher posts.
Japanese: 内舎人・大舎人・中宮舎人・東宮舎人・斎宮舎人などがあり､なかでも内舎人は上級官人の子息が任用されて出世の足がかりとなった。
English: Tomobe originated from Tomonomiyatsuko before the ritsuryo legal code system, and like Kudaratebito, most of them supervised especially the industrial branches at the work-site operations leading Shinabe and Zakko.
Japanese: 令制以前の伴造の系統にあり､百済手部のようにほとんどは品部・雑戸を率いて現業特に工業部門を指揮した。
English: Most of them were streamlined by merger and abolition or declined under the pressure of Naishoryo.
Japanese: これらの多くは統廃合によって廃止されたり､内匠寮の圧迫によって衰退していった。
English: Or a license and a title given from a school of the accomplishment or dojo (training hall) of the martial arts to a person who leads and trains the disciples.
Japanese: または、その流派や道場から門下生を指導教授する者に対して与えられる職位または免許、称号の事。
English: Shihan (grand master) is a job title, a license, or a title of an instructor of martial arts including swordplay, iaido (art of drawing the Japanese sword), kendo (Japanese art of fencing), aikido (art of weaponless self-defense), and karate (traditional Japanese martial art), and other accomplishments, and it is also called shihan go (title of grand master.)
Japanese: 師範は剣術、居合道、剣道、合気道、空手などの武道、その他、芸道における指導者の職位或いは免許、称号を意味し、師範号とも称される。
English: In many cases, when you get the grand master license, you are qualified as an instructor and permitted to establish your own training hall as a member affiliated with the school.
Japanese: 師範の免許を有する事で指導者としての資格及び流派の傘下としての道場を開く事を許される場合が多い。
English: Judo is different from the other martial arts in that the grand master of Judo is Jigoro KANO only.
Japanese: 柔道の場合、師範とは「嘉納治五郎」一人のみを指し、他の武道における師範とは異なる。
English: Those who belonged to Jugoinoge (Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade) or a higher rank were regarded as nobles in the Japanese court rank system before the Meiji period.
Japanese: 近代以前の日本における位階制度では、従五位下以上の位階を持つ者が貴族とされている。
English: Goi (Fifth Rank) was a rank corresponding to Kokushi (provincial governor), Chinjufu shogun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North) and Shodaibu (aristocracy lower than Kugyo) in the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: 律令制下において五位は国司や鎮守府将軍、諸大夫に相当する位であった。
English: Those who belonged to Jugoinoge or a higher rank were called 'Tsuki' (通貴), and those who belonged to Jusanmi (Junior Third Rank) or a higher rank were called 'Ki' (貴).
Japanese: さらに、従五位下以上の位階にある者を「通貴」、従三位以上の者を「貴」とされた。
English: Thus it may be said that it was necessary for nobles in the Heian period to belong to Jugoinoge or a higher rank.
Japanese: (その)ことから、従五位下以上の位階にあることが平安貴族としての資格であったといえる。
English: While another name of Jugoinoge was Eishaku (the title of honorable position or honorable noble class), those who belonged to this rank were referred to as Daibu (Master).
Japanese: この従五位下の別称を栄爵と別称し、またその位階にある者を大夫といった。
English: The first Qin Emperor in China conferred the rank of Daibu, which corresponded to Jugoi in Japan, on a pine tree.
Japanese: また、中国では秦の始皇帝がマツの木に日本の従五位に相当する大夫の位を授けた。
English: For this reason, Jugoi corresponding to Daibu was also referred to as Shoshaku (松爵) (literally, "peerage of a pine tree").
Japanese: (その)ことから、大夫に相当する従五位を松爵（しょうしゃく）とも別称するようになった。
English: Those who belonged to Jugoinoge were mainly members of branches of the Fujiwara clan who served as Kokushi for generations, members of the Tachibana, Takashina and other clans, members of Seiwa Genji (Minamoto clan) and Kanmu Heishi (Taira clan) that belonged to the military aristocracy.
Japanese: この従五位下にあった主な者としては、代々、国司を務めた藤原氏の傍流や橘氏、高階氏などの一門、清和源氏、桓武平氏などの軍事貴族。
English: This rank was conferred on nobles of the middle and lower ranks in Kyoto, riryo (government official) who went to Kyoto under the regime of the Kamakura bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun), members of the Minamoto clan, and influential gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) from a family of pedigree, until the early Kamakura period.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代初期までは、京都の中級下級貴族と、鎌倉幕府において京都下りの吏僚、或いは源氏一門、有力な名門御家人などがこの位にあった。
English: Jugoinoge was conferred on all branches that came from the lineage of a prestigious family and had few enfeoffments, all fudai daimyo (a daimyo in hereditary vassal to the Tokugawa family), all tozama daimyo (nonhereditary feudal lord) having Kokudaka (assessed yield) under 100,000 Koku (approximately 18 million liters of crop yield) in their territory, and all hatamoto (direct retainers of the bakufu) of high rank in the Edo period.
Japanese: 江戸時代以降は、御家門のうち傍流にして知行の少ない家、譜代大名、10万石に満たない外様大名は、或いは大身の旗本はみな従五位下に叙せられた。
English: It was conferred mainly on daimyo (Japanese feudal lord), powerful hatamoto, gosanke (three privileged branches of Tokugawa Family), gosankyo (three branches of Tokugawa family, which was established by the eighth shogun Yoshimune TOKUGAWA), the Honda clan serving as Karo (chief retainer) of the Fukui Domain ruled by Tokugawa's relatives of the highest rank or the Kaga Domain, and the Kikkawa clan, a branch family of the Choshu clan, at the time when the Kikkawa clan was allowed to found the Iwakuni Domain.
Japanese: 主に大名・有力旗本、ないし御三家・御三卿及び家門筆頭の福井藩の家老及び加賀藩の家老本多氏、長州藩の支族吉川氏が岩国藩として立藩を認められた際に叙せられた。
English: It is conferred on the deceased who rendered distinguished service as chairperson of a prefectural assembly, head of a school, chief of police, fire chief, chief of a fire company or president of a company.
Japanese: 都道府県議会議長経験者、学校長や警察署長、消防署長、消防団長、企業の社長として功を為した人に対して叙位が行われている。
English: In the Heian period, the chieftains of the Imperial family, the O clan, as well of the Minamoto, Fujiwara and Tachibana clans, were authorized to recommend grant of noble ranks to members of their claims in the uji no shaku ceremony.
Japanese: 平安時代、皇親である王氏をはじめ、源氏、藤原氏、橘氏などの氏長者は、同族内から毎年、氏爵により叙爵する者を推挙する権能を許されていた。
English: However, the decline of the Tachibana clan led Sangi (Councilor) TACHIBANA no Tsunehira to become the last kugyo (court noble) in his clan and the authorization was delegated to Dainagon (Major Counselor) FUJIWARA no Michitaka, the son of FUJIWARA no Tokihime (the lawful wife of FUJIWARA no Kaneie) who was the daughter of Dainagon TACHIBANA no Sumikiyo.
Japanese: しかし、橘氏が次第に衰退し、参議橘恒平を最後に公卿を輩出しなくなったこともあり、ついに氏爵の推挙は大納言橘澄清の女より生まれた藤原時姫（藤原兼家正室）所生の大納言藤原道隆に委ねられることとなった。
English: Since then, the Fujiwara and Minamoto clans who were maternal relatives of the Tachibana clan were granted this title under imperial decree given to uji no in, based on recommendation by the Tachibana clan.
Japanese: 以来、橘氏の外戚にある藤原氏や源氏の公卿が橘氏の推挙に基づき、天皇の宣旨を氏院に賜り、是定となった。
English: This title was used also within the imperial O clan and granted to the first Imperial Prince and later to choja (chieftain of the family) selected from the Shoo (princes without proclamation as imperial princes); however it moved to the Jingihaku (administrators of religious affairs) with the drop in the number of Shoo after the Heian Period, inheriting the post over generations except for temporary restoration of the title to the Imperial Princes.
Japanese: この称号は王氏即ち皇族の間でも存在し、第一親王、後に諸王の中から選出された長者が諸王を代表して是定となったが、平安時代以降、諸王の数が減少すると、神祇伯の家系に移り、一旦、第一親王の手に委ねられるも、再び神祇伯の家系に継承されることとなった。
English: The Nara Peerage refers to a family line and its people, who returned to the court noble society and entitled to be the peerage after the Meiji Restoration due to the special circumstances described below.
Japanese: 奈良華族（ならかぞく）は、明治維新後に下記に述べるような特殊な事情によって公家社会に復帰し、そのために後に華族となることを得た家系及びその家系に属する人々を指す。
English: After the restoration of the Imperial rule, the Meiji government emphasized on Shinto as a Japanese indigenous religious belief and employed opinions from scholars of Japanese classical literature to create a principal of the separation of Buddhism and Shintoism.
Japanese: 王政復古後、明治は神道を日本固有の信仰として重視し、国学者勢力の意見を入れて神仏分離の方針を打ち出すことになる。
English: It is well-known that priests at the Kofuku-ji Temple quickly perceived such a movement and thoroughly conducted Haibutsu-kishaku (anti-Buddhist movement), and as a part of coping procedures, priests, who were from court nobles serving as monzeki (successor of a temple) or Inge (supporter for monzeki, rank lower than monzeki) for Kofuku-ji Temple, returned to secular life simultaneously.
Japanese: こうした潮流を敏感に察知した興福寺においていちはやく廃仏毀釈の動きが徹底されたことはつとに有名であるが、その一環として門跡・院家として興福寺の僧職にあった公家出身の僧侶たちが一斉に還俗するという事態が起こった。
English: They were treated as kuge (court nobles) under the new government and were incorporated into the peerage as the Tosho Family class (the hereditary lineage of Court nobles occupying relatively high ranks) or a lifetime peerage in 1868, and with the implementation of the peerage system in 1884, they were granted a barony as 'those who established their family after the Meiji Restoration.'
Japanese: 新政府では彼らを公家として処遇し、明治2年（1868年）、堂上家格もしくは一代華族として彼らを華族に組入れ、明治17年（1884年）の爵位制度発足にあたっては「一新後新たに家を興したる者」として男爵の爵位を与えた。
English: After exclaustration, Fujiwara clan members became Shinto priests for the Kasuga-Taisha Shrine, becoming ujigami (guardian gods) and were syncretized with the Kofuku-ji Temple; they then attained the status of the Tosho Family as an independent family branch.
Japanese: 還俗後、氏神であり興福寺と神仏習合されていた春日大社の神官に転じた藤原氏出身の者は、別家・独立との扱いを受けて堂上格として認められた。
English: At this time individuals outside of the Fujiwara clan, who had originally gained lifetime peerage because they returned to their parental home in Kyoto after exclaustration, were endowed with a perpetual peerage afterwards.
Japanese: それに対して、藤原氏以外の者は還俗後京都の実家に復帰したために最初一代華族として処遇され、後に永世華族に昇格したものである。
English: Myobu is a woman who has Ikai (court rank) above Jugoinoge (junior fifth rank), or a title representing a rank of a government official's wife under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 命婦（みょうぶ）とは、律令制日本の律令制下の日本において従五位下以上の位階を有する女性、ないし官人の妻の地位を示す称号。
English: It is thought that the term myobu was originally derived from male and female officials of myobu as naigenokan (government officials who resided in the capital and government officials who resided in local areas) in China according to "Shurei" (Rites of Zhou) of China.
Japanese: 命婦という言葉は、元は中国の『周礼』において内外の官として命夫・命婦の官が存在したことが記されており、ここに由来があると考えられている。
English: However in Japan, although the name "myobu" was adopted, the content of the job of myobu was completely different from that in china.
Japanese: ただし、日本における命婦はその名称のみを採用して、その内容も全く異なるものとなった。
English: A woman who is higher than goi (fifth rank) in the rank is called uchi no myobu (a senior court lady), and a wife of an official who is higher than goi (fifth rank) in the rank is called ge no myobu.
Japanese: 五位以上の女性を内命婦（うちのみょうぶ）、五位以上の官人の妻のことを外命婦（げのみょうぶ）という。
English: However, myobu was not a government post but was a rank in serving official duties of the government official that she worked for, so that there was no corresponding official court rank, nor a fixed number.
Japanese: 但し、命婦は官職ではなく、所属官司の職掌に奉仕する地位であり、官位相当や定員はなかった。
English: In the case of a queen (of imperial family), she was ranked in Ikai even if she was not higher than goi (Fifth Rank) in the rank.
Japanese: また、女王(皇族)の場合、五位以上の位階なくとも内命婦に列せられた。
English: Until the Nara period, women working in the palace were called Kyujin (court lady) including myobu, however, myobu was discriminated from kyujin after the Heian period.
Japanese: 奈良時代までは宮中に仕える女性は命婦を含めて宮人と称したが、平安時代以降は宮人と命婦は区別されるようになる。
English: Myobu became to serve only in emperor's ceremonies or shinji (a divine service) which were duties of Naishi no tsukasa (female palace attendants); whereas there were prepared kencho no myobu serving for ceremonies such as Choga (retainers' New Year's greeting to the emperor) and Sokui no rei (enthronement ceremony), igi no myobu, mizutori no myobu serving for a ceremony in risshun (the first day of spring), hakase no myobu serving for Kasuga-matsuri Festival, and the like.
Japanese: 命婦の奉仕する対象は、内侍司の務めである、天皇の儀式或いは神事に限られるようになり、朝賀や即位の礼などにおいて奉仕する女性は褰帳命婦、威儀命婦、立春の際の水取命婦、春日祭の際に奉仕する博士命婦などが置かれた。
English: At the time when the regency was started, myobu became the title for court ladies of churo (the middle grade ladies-in-waiting); they were named after the official position of their father or husband, such as shosho (minor captain) no Myobu, sho (junior assistant minister) no Myobu,nakatsukasa (Ministry of Central Affairs) no Myobu, and kouma no Myobu, which eventually became proper nouns.
Japanese: 摂関政治がはじまる頃には、命婦は中臈の女房の称号となり、父や夫の官職に因んで、少将命婦、少輔命婦、中務命婦、小馬命婦などと称するようになり固有名詞となっていった。
English: Generally, Sanpitsu means Kukai, TACHIBANA no Hayanari, and the Emperor Saga; they were active in the Heian period.
Japanese: 一般的には平安時代に活躍した空海・橘逸勢・嵯峨天皇の三人のことを指す。
English: In addition, there are other Sanpitsu in which three masters of calligraphy are uniquely selected, such as 'Sanpitsu of all time' including Xizhi WANG, Yao ZHONG, and Zhi ZHANG, and 'New Sanpitsu" of Sojun IKKYU, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, and Ryokan selected by Rosanjin KITAOJI.
Japanese: この他にも、王羲之・鍾ヨウ・張芝の「古今の三筆」や、北大路魯山人が一休宗純・豊臣秀吉・良寛を「新三筆」に選ぶなど、3人の書の名人を挙げて独自に三筆を選んだものもある。
English: The term "Kojunin" refers to a post of the security and military division (Bankata [security officials]) of the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 小十人（こじゅうにん）は、江戸幕府における警備・軍事部門（番方）の役職のひとつである。
English: Their duties were divided into three categories, i. e. the vanguard on a march or in a procession, Senkenkeibitai (advance army) to be sent to a destination, and the security guard inside a castle.
Japanese: 行軍・行列の前衛部隊、目的地の先遣警備隊、城中警備係の3つの役目がある。
English: The title "Kojunin" can be found in documents on the Edo bakufu or domains, especially large domains.
Japanese: 小十人の役職名は、江戸幕府と諸藩（特に大きな藩）に見ることができる。
English: It was a part of Gobankata (literally, "five Bankata") consisting of Shinban (new guards), Kojunin, Koshoban (inner guards), Shoinban (castle guards) and Oban (a group of guards in the Edo bakufu) in the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: 江戸幕府においては五番方（新番・小十人・小姓番・書院番・大番）のひとつとされる。
English: When a shogun went out of Edo-jo Castle to visit Nikko Tosho-gu Shrine, Zojo-ji Temple, Kanei-ji Temple, etc. in time of peace, it was the time to show their stuff.
Japanese: 泰平の世にあっては将軍が日光東照宮、増上寺、寛永寺などに参拝のため、江戸城を外出するときが腕の見せ所であった。
English: When a shogun went out, they served as advance foot soldiers in a shogun's procession or went ahead of him toward his destination as the advance to guard the area.
Japanese: 将軍外出時には将軍行列の前衛の歩兵を勤めたり、将軍の目的地に先遣隊として乗り込んでその一帯を警備した。
English: Kojunin gashira and Kojunin banto were basically selected from those belonging to hatamoto yoriaiseki (a family rank of high-ranking hatamoto, direct vassal of the shogun) whose annual stipend assessed on the basis of a crop was 1,000 koku (of rice) (a unit of volume: rice 1-koku is 180.39 liter, lumber 1-koku is 0.278 cubic meter) or over (Their yakudaka [salary paid in accordance with the rank of one's post] based on tashidaka system [a wage system established by the Edo bakufu] was 1,000 koku.).
Japanese: 主に1,000石以上の旗本寄合席から選ばれた（足高の制による役高は1,000石）。
English: There were generally 20 Kojunin gashira, 40 Kojunin kumigashira and 400 Kojunin banshu (guards holding the post of Kojunin) in the Edo bakufu, although each number differed from age to age.
Japanese: 時代によって異なるが、江戸幕府には概ね小十人頭は20名、小十人組頭は40名、小十人番衆は400名がいた。
English: Banshi (a samurai serving as a guard in the Edo period) holding the post of Kojunin was characterized by having a status equivalent to that of hatamoto, but no entitlement to ride on horseback.
Japanese: 小十人の番士は、旗本の身分を持つが、馬上資格がないという特徴がある。
English: When Kojunin went to Edo-jo Castle to work, he went on foot, put on Setta (Japanese traditional sandals) and hakama (pleated and divided skirt made in fine stripes), and had two servants, i. e. yarimochi (a lance bearer) and komono (a lower servant) with him.
Japanese: 江戸城に登城する際は、徒歩で雪駄履き・袴着用で、槍持ちと小者の計2名を従えた。
English: Distinguished or fortunate gokenin (immediate vassals of the shogunate in the Kamakura and Muromachi through Edo periods) among the high-ranking gokenin receiving Karoku (hereditary stipend) or their soryo (heir) were promoted to Kojunin.
Japanese: 江戸時代初期には、譜代席の御家人（御家人の上層部）の中で優秀な者・運の良い者（あるいはその惣領）は小十人となった。
English: Accordingly, very few gokenin were directly selected from those who guarded the route that a shogun took for Kojunin.
Japanese: (そのため)、将軍通行の沿道警備役の御家人から小十人に直接抜擢された例はほとんどなかった。
English: Some gokenin who had assumed yakukata (an administrative post or a clerical post) such as a governmental accountant or a post at O-oku (the inner halls of Edo-jo Castle where the wife of the Shogun and her servants resided) or their soryo were promoted to Kojunin thanks to a distribution of rewards according to their merits.
Japanese: 官庁会計・大奥をはじめとする役方（行政職・事務職）の役職に就任していた御家人（あるいはその惣領）が論功として小十人になることがあった。
English: In Satsuma Domain, Kakaku Kojunin gumi (a group of guards whose Kakaku [family status] was Kojunin in Satsuma Domain) was formed in the Tenmei era to maintain the dignity of Kakaku Koshogumi (a group of guards whose Kakaku was Koshogumi [a family rank of lower-ranking samurais in Satsuma Domain]).
Japanese: なお、薩摩藩では天明に家格小姓与の品位を保つ目的で家格小十人組が置かれた。
English: Shinban is a post in a samurai family in the area of security and military affairs (bankata)
Japanese: 新番（しんばん）は、武家における警備・軍事部門（番方）の役職のひとつである。
English: In the peace of the Edo Period, it is a bankata post that merged the newly created function of guards to protect the shogun in his travels and the function of standing army.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入って泰平の世となり、平時外出用の警備隊として新設された性格と常備兵力としての性格を持つ番方の役職である。
English: It is one of the five bankata posts in the Edo shogunate (namely, shoinban (castle guards), koshogumi (page corps), oban (hatamoto castle guards), kojunin (escort guards) and shinban (new guards)) and joined the troop formation when the shogun ventured out of the Edo Castle, to serve as security guards as well as to inspect weapons.
Japanese: 江戸幕府にあっては五番方（書院番・小姓組・大番・小十人・新番）のひとつで、特に将軍の江戸城外出時に隊列に加わり、警護に当たったほか、武器の検分役などの役目もあった。
English: The shinbangashira who heads the shinban earned salary of 2,000-koku rice yield and was in some instances selected from hatamoto retainers who ranked in the 5,000-koku class.
Japanese: 新番の責任者である新番頭は、役高2000石であるが、5000石級の旗本から選任されることもあった。
English: The earnings of the average shinban retainer was 250-koku yield, lower by 50 koku compared to those in shoinban and koshoban but is distinguished for not being obliged to keep horses at all times.
Japanese: 新番衆の役高は250石（俵）であり、書院番衆・小姓番衆より50石（俵）少ないが、軍役上、馬を常時用意する義務がないのが特徴である。
English: In addition to serving as standing army for the domain, the shinban very often escorted the lord in his travels for protection.
Japanese: 藩の常備兵力であるほか、領内に藩主などが外出するときには一行に付き添い、これを供奉して警備にあたることが多かった。
English: Uneme was a maid-in-waiting who attended to the emperor or empress in the Imperial Court to exclusively take care of the emperor or empress including meals.
Japanese: 采女（うねめ）とは、日本の朝廷において天皇や皇后に近侍し、食事など身の回りの雑事を専門に行う女官のこと。
English: Although the origin of Uneme is unknown, "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan) describes that it was a custom of powerful regional clans to present their daughters to the Imperial family as early as the Asuka period.
Japanese: 発祥ははっきりしないが、『日本書紀』によると既に飛鳥時代には地方の豪族がその娘を天皇家に献上する習慣があった。
English: While the most likely opinion has it that powerful regional clans offered their daughters as a kind of hostage to show their subjugation to the emperor, there is another opinion based on the official document from Daijokan in 917, which forbade Izumo no Kuninomiyatsuko to have a mistress under the pretext of 'Jingu Uneme' except for one Uneme for shinto religious services as required, that Uneme was supposedly a system established in the process of integration of regional religious services by the Imperial family, and that Uneme was identified with the mistress in the religious service, implying the conduct of making Uneme pregnant as mentioned later.
Japanese: 一種の人質であり、豪族が服属したことを示したものと考える説が有力だが、延喜17年（917年）の太政官符に、出雲国造が「神宮采女」と称して妾を蓄えることを禁止しつつも神道祭祀に必要な場合には1名に限り認める内容のものがあることを根拠に、地方の祭祀を天皇家が吸収統合していく過程で成立した制度で、祭祀においては妾と同一視され後述のとおり子供が出来る行為を伴ったと推測した説もある。
English: As the status of mother was also considered important in those days, the children born from Uneme were mostly placed lower than the children of the powerful clans in the capital or the Imperial family.
Japanese: が、当時は母親の身分も重視する時代であったため、采女出生の子供は中央豪族や皇族出生の子供に比べて低い立場に置かれることがほとんどであった。
English: Although Uneme were recruited from each province by a prescribed number indicated in the official document issued by Nakatsukasasho, Uneme were 'offered' formally.
Japanese: 中務省が発する牒により、諸国に定員を割り振って募集されるが、名目は「献上」という形を取った。
English: Uneme belonged to 'Uneme no Tsukasa' under Kunaisho and 6 Uneme were allocated to 'Suishi', which was another branch of Kunaisho, and 60 Uneme were allocated to 'Kashiwade no Tsukasa', which was also another branch of Kunaisho.
Japanese: 宮内省の配下にある「采女司」に所属し、更に宮内庁配下の別の課に当たる「水司」に6名、「膳司（かしわでのつかさ）」に60名配属される。
English: The prescribed number was 66, but it is considered that the number included Nyoju (prescribed number was 152), which was similar to Uneme, and Uneme to the princess.
Japanese: 定員は計66名であるが、同様の職種の女孺（定員152名）と皇子女付きの采女等も含むと見られている。
English: According to Gunborei of Taiho ritsuryo legal code, Uneme was to be raised from one third of counties across the country.
Japanese: 大宝律令の軍防令によると全国の郡の三分の一から采女を募集することとなっている。
English: According to the reform by Emperor Heizei, the system of offering Uneme was abolished and accordingly 'Uneme no Tsukasa' was abolished, and the remaining Uneme became to belong to 'Nuidonoryo.'
Japanese: 平城天皇の改革により、采女献上の制度は廃止され、「采女司」も廃止になり、残っていた采女は「縫殿寮」に所属した。
English: Emperor Saga restored 'Uneme no Tsukasa', but thereafter, Uneme were selected from the daughters of the nobles in the capital and became a mere formality.
Japanese: 嵯峨天皇は「采女司」を復活させたが、以後は采女は中央貴族の子女から選ばれるようになり、形骸化。
English: From the Edo period, Uneme were selected from court ladies only on the occasion of an emperor's enthronement ceremony.
Japanese: 江戸時代以降は天皇の即位の礼の時のみ女官から選抜されるようになった。
English: On this occasion, Uneme were dressed not in full uniform of court lady, Junihitoe, but in a special costume for Uneme which was shorter than Junihitoe.
Japanese: この時には、女官の正装たる十二単ではなく丈の短い特殊な采女装束を着用した。
English: She was from the Inabano kuninomiyatsuko clan, the powerful clan in Yakami no Kori, Inaba Province, and known for her tragic love with Aki no Okimi, which was contained in "Manyoshu."
Japanese: 因幡国八上郡の豪族・因幡国造氏出身で、『万葉集』に載せられた安貴王との悲恋で知られる。
English: It is a likely opinion that she was identical with 稲葉国造気豆女 (Inabano Kuninomiyatsuko kimame no musume), who gave birth to FUJIWARA no Hamanari, the first son of FUJIWARA no Maro.
Japanese: 藤原麻呂の長男・藤原浜成を産んだ稲葉国造気豆女と同一人物と言う説が有力。
English: She lived so long that she served for six tenures of five emperors, Emperor Gensho, Emperor Shomu, Emperor Koken, Emperor Junnin, and Emperor Konin.
Japanese: 長命で、元正天皇、聖武天皇、孝謙天皇、淳仁天皇、光仁天皇の計5人6代に仕える。
English: It is believed that Uneme who had lost emperor's favor committed suicide by jumping into the pond in the Nara period; Unemematsuri has been held to let the soul of the Uneme rest in peace.
Japanese: 奈良時代のさる天皇の寵愛を失った采女が猿沢池に投身自殺したとされ、その霊を慰める祭り。
English: Tang names (tomei, tomyo, or karana) are Chinese names of government posts or departments each of which corresponds to a Japanese name of a government post or department whose official duties were similar to those of Tang under the ritsuryo system (a system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code) in Japan.
Japanese: 唐名（とうめい、とうみょう、からな）は、律令制日本の律令制下の官職名・部署名を同様の職掌を持つ中国の官称にあてはめたもの。
English: In the early eighth century, in accordance with Taiho Ritsuryo Code and Yoro Ritsuryo Code, the office organizations, as described below, after the establishment of the government-regulated ritsuryo system (Taiho Ritsuryo Code), were developed and official titles of all the officials were established.
Japanese: 8世紀前半、大宝律令・養老律令により日本の官制律令制（大宝律令）以後以下の職制が整備され、百官の職名が制定されていった。
English: Around that time, Tang-style official titles and department names representing the same official duties were already used as a kind of elegant name, and when FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, who idolized the Tang culture, took control of the government, the titles of all the officials were translated into Tang names in 758.
Japanese: その前後からすでに、同様の職掌を有する唐風の職名および部署名を一種の雅称として用いることが行われていたが、唐風文化に心酔する藤原仲麻呂が政権を握ると、天平宝字2年（758年）百官名をすべて唐名で言い換えることが行われた。