nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Two groups, the Nanki group that backed Iemochi TOKUGAWA, the lord of Kishu domain, and the Hitotsubashi group that backed Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, head of the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family, opposed each other and intensified their activities in Edo and Kyoto to get an upper hand in politics, including the issue of whether Japan should ratify the treaties with foreign nations (the succession struggle over the heir of Shogun).
Japanese: 紀州藩主徳川家茂を推す南紀派と、一橋徳川家当主徳川慶喜を推す一橋派が激しく対立し、条約問題とともに江戸・京都での政治工作が熾烈化した（将軍継嗣問題）。
English: Many lower-ranking samurai, for example, Sanai HASHIMOTO (a feudal retainer of Echizen) and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma) for the Hitotsubashi group, and Shuzen NAGANO (a feudal retainer of Hikone) for the Nanki group, played important roles in those activities.
Japanese: 一橋派では橋本左内（越前藩士）・西郷隆盛（薩摩藩士）、南紀派では長野主膳（彦根藩士）ら下級武士がこれら工作に活躍した。
English: Nariakira SHIMAZU tried going to Edo with his soldiers to settle the disputes, but he passed away just before he could put his plan into effect.
Japanese: また島津斉彬はこれらの問題の解決を図るため、率兵上京を試みるが、決行の直前に病を得て急死した。
English: In April 1858, Naosuke II, the lord of the Hikone clan, assumed the position of Tairo (Chief Minister) and tried to decisively settle the disputes over the treaties and the struggle for succession.
Japanese: 安政5年（1858年）4月大老に就任した井伊直弼（彦根藩主）は、条約問題と将軍継嗣問題を強権的に一気に解決をはかる。
English: That is to say, In June of that year, just after the assuming the position of Tairo, Naosuke II, without permission of the emperor, allowed Kiyonao INOUE and Tadanari IWASE to conclude the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan with Harris.
Japanese: すなわち大老就任直後の6月、勅許の降りないまま井上清直・岩瀬忠震らにハリスとの間で日米修好通商条約を締結させた。
English: The treaty was unequal, granting consular jurisdiction and tariff autonomy to the US, and imposing on Japan a necessity to provide most favored nation status to the US; moreover, similar treaties were concluded with Britain, France, the Netherland, and Russia; eventually those treaties were called the Ansei treaties with five nations.
Japanese: 領事裁判権を認め、関税自主権を喪失し、かつ片務的最恵国待遇を課した拙速な不平等条約であり、同様な条約がイギリス・フランス・オランダ・ロシアとも結ばれた（安政五ヶ国条約）。
English: The decisive actions of Ii, provoked a stream of criticism, including action taken by Nariaki TOKUGAWA (the lord of the Mito clan) and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of the Owari clan), who went to Edo-jo Castle to protest, but they were in fact punished by II for not gaining permission to enter the castle beforehand.
Japanese: こうした井伊の強権的手法には反撥が相次ぎ、徳川斉昭・徳川慶勝（尾張藩主）・松平慶永らは抗議のため登城するが、無断で登城したことを理由に逆に井伊によって謹慎処分を受けることとなった。
English: Also, under the direction of Ii, roju Akikatsu MANABE (the lord of the Sabae clan) cracked down on the activities of the Hitotsubashi group in Kyoto.
Japanese: また、京都を中心に活躍した一橋派各藩の工作員らも井伊の指示を受けて、老中間部詮勝（鯖江藩主）らが取り締まりを行った。
English: As a result of this, Sanai HASHIMOTO, Unbin UMEDA and Mikisaburo RAI were executed, while Shoin YOSHIDA, who operated "Shokason-juku", a private school of the Choshu clan (in Hagi), was also executed for planning to assassinate Akikatsu MANABE.
Japanese: これにより、橋本左内・梅田雲浜・頼三樹三郎らが処刑され、また長州藩（萩）で私塾・松下村塾を開いていた吉田松陰なども、間部詮勝の暗殺を企てたかどで処刑された。
English: Among others, an incident in which the imperial court sent an imperial order directly to the Mito clan (Boshin no Micchoku) made Ii and the cabinet officials of the shogunate stay alert, and they clamped down on the Mito clan severely.
Japanese: 特に幕府・関白を介さず、朝廷から直接水戸藩へ勅書が出された件（戊午の密勅参照）は井伊ら幕閣の警戒感を強め、水戸藩への弾圧は苛烈を極めた。
English: Some roshi (masterless samurai) of the Mito and Satsuma clans resented the repeated crackdowns of the bakufu government and started to plan an assassination, and on March 24, 1860, successfully attacked and killed Ii, who was about to enter Edo-jo Castle, in the outer field of the Sakurada-mon Gate (the Sakuradamon Incident).
Japanese: 度重なる弾圧に憤慨した水戸藩や薩摩藩の浪士は、密かに暗殺計画を練り、万延元年3月3日(旧暦)（1860年3月24日）、江戸城登城の途中の井伊を桜田門の外で襲撃して暗殺を決行した（桜田門外の変）。
English: Due to the assassination of its top official, the authority of the bakufu government crumbled.
Japanese: 政権の最高実力者に対する暗殺という結果は、幕府の権威を大きく失墜させることとなった。
English: After opening the country to start trading with foreign countries, a lot of gold coins flowed out of the country because of the difference in the value of gold and silver between Japan and its trading partners.
Japanese: 開国・貿易開始以降、内外の金銀比価が違ったために発生した金貨が大量に流出。
English: In responce to the situation the government issued Manen oval gold coins, but the low quality of the coins led to steep inflation, triggering severe criticism of the unequal treaty and opening of the country and a growing anti-foreigner movement, provoking the rampant killing of Westerners in many places in the country.
Japanese: その対策として発行された万延小判の品位の低さなどにより諸物価が高騰、開国策・不平等条約への批判が噴出し、外国人排斥の攘夷思想が次第に隆盛し、各地で異人斬りが横行する。
English: In addition, the idea of restoring power to the emperor, found in the study of Japanese classical literature, combined with the idea of expelling foreigners, eventually forming 'Sonno Joi' Movement (the Movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners) as a tool to revoke the bakufu government.
Japanese: また、国学思想から来る尊王思想と結びついて「尊王攘夷」運動として幕府批判へつながっていった。
English: After the death of Ii, Hirokane KUZE (the lord of the Sekiyado clan) and Nobumasa ANDO (the lord of the Iwakitaira clan), both senior councilors, led the government, trying to unite the Imperial Court and the Shogunate (kobu-gattai [integration of the imperial court and the shogunate]), in order to restore the power of the bakufu government.
Japanese: 井伊死後、老中の久世広周（関宿藩主）・安藤信正（磐城平藩主）らが幕政を主導し、失墜した幕府の権力を復活させるため、朝廷との提携（公武合体）を模索する。
English: They arranged the marriage of Iemochi, the newly appointed shogun, and Imperial Princess Kazunomiya Chikako, sister of the Emperor Komei.
Japanese: すなわち新将軍家茂と、孝明天皇の皇妹・和宮親子内親王との婚姻である。
English: It was not easy for the marriage to proceed because Kazunomiya was engaged to Prince Arisugawanomiya Taruhito, and her brother Emperor Komei did not want to send her to the Kanto region, a place where foreigners lived, but eventually the emperor, who was not opposed to the idea of kobu-gattai, approved the marriage to Iemochi, as recommended by Tomomi IWAKURA.
Japanese: 和宮は有栖川宮熾仁親王との婚約がすでにあり、外国人のいる関東へ行かせたくないと難色を示した孝明天皇も、公武合体には基本的に賛成であり、岩倉具視らの進言もあって最終的に家茂への降嫁を認めた。
English: However, this provoked rage from those who advocated restoring power to the emperor, because the bakufu government still tried to use the emperor to fortify the power of the government, and roju Ando was attacked outside Sakashita-mon Gate, got severely injured, and eventually lost his power (the Sakashitamongai incident).
Japanese: しかし、幕権強化のために朝廷を利用することは尊王派の怒りを買い、文久2年（1862年）正月、老中安藤は江戸城坂下門外で襲撃され、一命は取り留めたが後に失脚した（坂下門外の変）。
English: Meanwhile, a policy that recommended improving Japan's navigational skills to communicate with foreign nations, advocated by Uta NAGAI of Choshu clan, was approved by both the imperial court and the bakufu, and emerged as a tool to unite the court and the shogunate.
Japanese: いっぽう、長州藩の長井雅楽が主導する「航海遠略策」が朝廷・幕府の賛同を得て、公武一和の具体策として急浮上する。
English: Nagai was asked to negotiate with the imperial court by roju Kuze and Ando, even though he was from baishin (indirect vassal).
Japanese: 長井は陪臣の地位ながら老中久世・安藤らから朝廷への周旋を依頼される。
English: However, Kogoro KATSURA (later Koin KIDO) and Genzui KUSAKA from the Choshu clan, and people of Sonno Joi ha, such as Izumi MAKI of Kurume, firmly opposed this policy because they thought it would lead to a restrengthening of the bakufu's power, and thus they brought down Nagai, and the Choshu clan returned to the radical Sonno Joi philosophy of restoring power to the emperor and expelling foreigners.
Japanese: しかし、同藩の桂小五郎（のちの木戸孝允）や久坂玄瑞、久留米の神官・真木和泉ら尊王攘夷派は、幕府の権力強化につながるこの策に猛反対し、長井は失脚させられて、以後長州の藩論は尊王攘夷の最過激派へと転換される。
English: In the same period, Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, brother of the former lord and father of the current lord of the Satsuma clan, went to Kyoto with his troops, aiming to help the reformation of the government and fulfill the dying wish of his brother.
Japanese: またこの時期、薩摩藩主の父で前藩主斉彬の弟・島津久光が、亡き兄の遺志を継ぎ、幕政改革を志して兵を率いて上京した。
English: Some members of Hisamitsu's clan who advocated sonjo party (royalists) misunderstood Hisamitsu's action as preparation to overthrow the bakufu, but they were suppressed by Hisamitsu (See the Teradaya incident), and his efforts with the Court worked, and Shigenori OHARA was sent as an imperial messenger to the bakufu.
Japanese: この動きを倒幕への準備と見誤った同藩の尊攘派が久光によって鎮圧される事件が発生したものの（寺田屋騒動参照）、久光の朝廷工作により、幕府改革への勅使として大原重徳が遣わされるという事態となる。
English: The bakufu side was not yet strong enough to resist that messenger, and had to accept the reformation, including personnel affairs such as appointing Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who lost his standing during the Ansei purge, as a guardian of the shogun, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA as Seiji sosai shoku (roughly, director-general of political affairs), and Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan) as Kyoto shugoshiki (post of provincial constable) (See Bunkyu Reform).
Japanese: 幕府側にはそれを拒否する力は無く、安政の大獄で失脚した徳川慶喜を将軍後見職、松平春嶽を政事総裁職、松平容保（会津藩主）を京都守護職とするなどの人事を含む改革を余儀なくされた（文久の改革参照）。
English: Meantime, on their way back to Satsuma, Hisamitsu's troops attacked British people who tried to cross the procession of the lord of the Satsuma clan in the village of Namamugi (the Namamugi incident).
Japanese: いっぽう久光率いる薩摩藩兵は帰国途中、生麦村で行列を横断しようとした英国人に斬りつける事件を起こす（生麦事件参照）。
English: During this period, radical court nobles who advocated Sonno Joi ha such as Sanemi SANJO and Kintomo ANENOKOJI acted as if they were leaders of the country, using the influence of the Choshu clan to further press a government which had already yielded to the imperial messenger, and ordered the shogun to go to Kyoto, while they petitioned the emperor to grant an imperial order to expel foreigners.
Japanese: 勅使に屈した幕府をさらに追い込むべく三条実美・姉小路公知ら尊王攘夷派の過激公卿が、長州藩などの勢力を背景に将軍に上洛を命ずる一方、攘夷の勅命を請願するなど、朝政を壟断しつつあった。
English: Shogun Iemochi, who could not resist their requirement, finally visited Kyoto in 1863 and was the first shogun to be forced to do so in 200 years (the previous time being the visit made by the 3rd shogun Iemistsu), and was forced to promise to expel foreigners, this coming May 10.
Japanese: 将軍上洛を求める圧力に抗しきれず、文久3年（1863年）家茂は将軍としては200年ぶり（3代徳川家光以来）の上洛を余儀なくされ、来る5月10日の攘夷決行を約束させられた。
English: On the agreed date of May 10, under the direction of Genzui KUSAKA and others, the Choshu clan attacked foreign vessels crossing the Kanmon Channel with gunfire.
Japanese: 約束の日である5月10日、長州藩は久坂玄瑞らの指揮の下、関門海峡を通過する外国商船に砲撃を加え、攘夷を決行する。
English: However, the foreign vessels fought back at the end of the same month and occupied the gun battery in Choshu (the Battles of Shimonoseki); actually, this incident provided a good opportunity for the Choshu clan to reconsider how difficult it would be to expel foreigners.
Japanese: しかし同月末に外国船に反撃され、砲台を占拠されるなど、実際には攘夷の困難さを身をもって知ることとなる（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
English: In the meantime, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, a member of the Choshu clan, lamented their weak troops and started to form new groups to include ordinary, non-samurai class people, such as Kihei-tai (a cavalry squad), which could help the Choshu clan.
Japanese: また藩兵の軟弱さを嘆いた長州藩士高杉晋作は、新たに武士以外の身分を含む奇兵隊などの諸隊を結成し、後の長州藩の武力となっていく。
English: Also, war broke out between the Satsuma clan and Britain on July 2, after negotiations over compensation for damage caused by the Namamugi incident turned sour (Anglo-Satsuma War).
Japanese: また、生麦事件の賠償問題がこじれたことから7月2日薩摩藩と英国の間にも戦争が勃発（薩英戦争参照）。
English: The Satsuma clan fought well but they lost a part of the city, and found expelling foreigners nearly impossible.
Japanese: 善戦するも鹿児島市市街の一部が焼失し、薩摩藩もまた攘夷の不可能性を悟ることとなった。
English: During this period, public order in Kyoto deteriorated because groups of people who advocated Sonno Joi ha gathered there from across the country and assassinated members of the opposition, insisting that it was a punishment from heaven.
Japanese: この頃、京都へ尊王攘夷派の志士が集い、「天誅」と称して反対派を暗殺するなど、治安が極端に悪化。
English: In the meantime, Kintomo ANEGAKOJI, who was regarded as a leader of sonjo party, was assassinated (the Sakuheimon incident); some groups that had worked for kobu-gattai, including the Satsuma clan, were suspected to be responsible for the incident and for a while their authority fell.
Japanese: 逆に尊攘派の代表と見られた姉小路公知が暗殺される事件（朔平門外の変）も起き、犯行に関与したとみられた薩摩藩など公武合体派の勢力が一時低下した。
English: Understanding that the Emperor Komei was worried about the emergence of sonjo party and the resulting confused political circumstances of the imperial court and of the shogunate, Imperial Prince Kuninomiya Asahiko secretly ordered the Aizu and Satsuma clans to expel the Choshu clan.
Japanese: 尊攘派の擡頭により朝廷・幕府政治の混乱が起きていることを憂えた孝明天皇の意をくみ、久邇宮朝彦親王は極秘に会津藩・薩摩藩に長州藩の追放を命ずる。
English: On August 18, 1863 the Aizu and Satsuma clans took control of the gate of the Imperial court, and carried out a coup forcing the Choshu clan and seven nobles, including Sanjo, to retreat to Choshu, successfully crushing the power of those sonjo party related to the Choshu clan (Coup of August 18, the exile of the seven nobles from Kyoto).
Japanese: 文久3年8月18日、宮廷の御門を制圧した会津・薩摩は、長州藩兵および三条ら7人の公卿を長州への撤退させるクーデタを決行し（八月十八日の政変、七卿落ち）、長州藩系の尊攘勢力の一掃に成功した。
English: Leaving various ideas, such as reinforcing the power of the bakufu, and the alliance of major clans, as they were, a council meeting was held on December 1863 by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Katamori MATSUDAIRA, Munenari DATE (the lord of Uwajima clan), and Hisamitsu SHIMAZU to discuss the condition of the port of Kanagawa, the treatment of the Choshu clan, and strengthening the defences of the port of Osaka, but it failed as early as in March 1864, when Shungaku and Hisamitsu became upset with Yoshino TOKUGAWA, a guardian of the shogun, who was not cooperative at all.
Japanese: いっぽう幕権強化・雄藩連合などの様々な思惑を孕みつつ、文久3年12月に徳川慶喜・松平春嶽・松平容保・伊達宗城（宇和島藩主）・島津久光による参預会議が開催され、神奈川鎖港談判、長州藩の処置、大坂港の防備強化などの議題が話し合われたが、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜の非協力的態度に春嶽・久光らが反撥して帰国したため、早くも翌年3月には崩壊。
English: After the collapse, Yoshinobu, who was appointed as Kinri goshuei sotoku (director-general to guard Imperial Palace) and director of protection of the sea around Osaka, along with the brothers Katamori MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Aizu clan), Kyoto shugoshiki, and Sadaaki MATSUDAIRA (the lord of the Kuwana clan), Kyoto shoshidai (representative of shoshi), became semi-independent from the cabinet officials of the shogunate (Ichikaiso Government).
Japanese: この後、朝廷から禁裏御守衛総督・摂海防禦指揮に任ぜられた慶喜は、京都守護職松平容保（会津藩主）・京都所司代松平定敬（桑名藩主）兄弟らとともに、江戸の幕閣から半ば独立した動きをみせることとなる（一会桑政権）。
English: Various radical sonjo party across the country tried to use force at the time, but all attempts fell through.
Japanese: この頃、各地で尊攘過激派による実力行使の動きが見られたが、いずれも失敗に終わっている。
English: In August 1868, the Tenchu-gumi incident was caused in Yamato Province by Tadamitsu NAKAYAMA, Kugyo (the top court officials), Torataro YOSHIMURA, Kurata IKEUCHI (the Tosa clan), Keido MATSUMOTO (the Mikawa Kariya clan), Tesseki FUJIMOTO (the Okayama clan), and Zennosuke NIGORI, a powerful landlord in Kawachi Province, and this rapidly led to Nobuyoshi SAWA (one of the seven court nobles who were exiled from Kyoto in the previous year) and Kuniomi HIRANO (the Fukuoka clan) causing the Ikuno incident in Tajima Province.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）8月大和国では公卿中山忠光、吉村寅太郎・池内蔵太（土佐藩士）、松本奎堂（三河刈谷藩士）、藤本鉄石（岡山藩士）、さらには河内国の大地主水郡善之祐らも加わった天誅組の変が勃発し、続いて但馬国では沢宣嘉（前年京都から追放された七卿の一人）・平野国臣（福岡藩士）らによる生野の変が連鎖的に発生した。
English: From the current point of view, those incidents are significant because they were the first military actions attempting to overthrow the bakufu, but all of them failed miserably.
Japanese: これらの事件は倒幕を目的とした最初の軍事的行動として、後世から見た歴史的な意味は大きいものの、この時点では無残な結末となった。
English: Sonno-Joi forces gradually waned in the Tosa clan as the Tosakino Party, a loyalist clique of Tosa led by Zuisan TAKECHI, was suppressed (Toyo YOSHIDA, an administrator of the clan, was assassinated the year before).
Japanese: また土佐藩では武市瑞山が率いる土佐勤王党（前年に藩執政吉田東洋を暗殺）が弾圧され尊攘勢力は次第に後退していった。
English: In Mito domain, Tengu-to party, whose members included Koshiro FUJITA and Kounsai TAKEDA, raised an army in Mt. Tsukuba in March 1864.
Japanese: さらに水戸藩では元治元年（1864年）3月、藤田小四郎・武田耕雲斎ら天狗党が筑波山で挙兵。
English: Another incident involved the pursuit and destruction of the bakufu's army, as demanded by Mito domain (See the Tengu Party War).
Japanese: 水戸藩の要請を受けた幕府軍の追撃により壊滅させられる事件も発生した（天狗党の乱参照）。
English: Under these circumstances, in Choshu domain, which had been the center of the Sonno Joi Movement but started to wane after the Coup of August 18 in the previous year, debate began over a proposed move to Kyoto.
Japanese: このような状況下、前年の八月十八日の政変以降影響力を減退していた尊王攘夷派の中心・長州藩では、京都への進発論が沸騰。
English: In the meantime, Shinsengumi (a group who guarded Kyoto during the end of Tokugawa Shogunate), under the control of the Aizu clan and in charge of protecting Kyoto at the time, killed several supporters of sonjo party, including members of the Choshu clan in the Ikedaya incident; this added fuel to the debate in Choshu domain and the Choshu troops finally moved to Kyoto.
Japanese: 折から京都治安維持に当たっていた会津藩預かりの新撰組が、池田屋事件で長州藩など尊攘派の志士数人を殺害したため、火に油を注ぐこととなり、ついに長州藩兵は上京。
English: They clashed with armies of the bakufu, Aizu, and Satsuma, who were defending Kyoto, and a battle extending to the Imperial Palace developed (the Kinmon incident).
Japanese: 京都守備に当たっていた幕府や会津・薩摩軍と激突し、御所周辺を巻き込んだ合戦が行われた（禁門の変参照）。
English: Because of this battle, the Choshu clan were expelled from Kyoto as rebels, and the bakufu dispatched the army to try and conquer them.
Japanese: この戦で、一敗地にまみれた長州藩は逆賊となり京から追放され、幕府から征伐軍が派遣されることとなる。
English: In addition, Britain, France, the US, and the Netherlands sent a combined Far East squadron to attack Shimonoseki, in retaliation against the Choshu clan's attacks on foreign vessels in the previous year.
Japanese: さらに同じ頃、前年の下関における外国船砲撃の報復として、イギリス・フランス・アメリカ・オランダ4国の極東艦隊が連合して下関を攻撃。
English: The Choshu clan lost due to their inferior equipment, and got into trouble (the Battles of Shimonoseki).
Japanese: 装備に劣る長州はここでも敗れ、長州藩は窮地に陥った（四国艦隊下関砲撃事件）。
English: An order to conquer the rebellious Choshu forces was issued, and Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA (the lord of Owari) was appointed as commander-in-chief, and Takamori SAIGO (a feudal retainer of Satsuma), as military staff, but Saigo tried to avoid the military conflict, understanding the disadvantages of the conflict after discussions with Kaishu KATSU, who served for the bakufu.
Japanese: 逆賊となった長州藩に長州征討が発令され、総大将に徳川慶勝（尾張藩主）、参謀に西郷隆盛（薩摩藩士）が任命されるが、幕臣・勝海舟との会談で長州藩への実力行使の不利を悟った西郷は、開戦回避を模索。
English: Even in Choshu domain, the Joi movement, in which lower ranked samurai gathered at Shokason-juku played a central role, gradually lost its support after the defeat of the battles of Shimonoseki, and saw the emergence of Zokuron-ha (a kind of conservatism that allows acknowledgement of fealty to the bakufu), supported by the hereditary vassals including Tota MUKUNASHI.
Japanese: 長州藩内でも四国艦隊下関砲撃事件での敗戦以降、松下村塾系の下級藩士を中心とした攘夷派勢力が後退し、椋梨藤太ら譜代家臣を中心とする俗論派が擡頭。
English: In the end, the first conquest of Choshu was avoided because Choshu accepted the conditions to surrender, proposed by Saigo, including an execution of responsible persons, and absolute allegiance to the bakufu.
Japanese: 幕府への恭順路線を貫き、責任者の処刑など西郷が提示した降伏条件の受け入れを承認したため、第1次長州征伐は回避されることとなった。
English: However, in the end of same year, during the purge of former Joi supporters, Shinsaku TAKASUGI and others rallied various troops, and raised an army at Chofu Kozan-ji Temple.
Japanese: しかし長州藩内で旧攘夷派の粛清が続くなか同年末、高杉晋作らが諸隊を糾合し長府功山寺にて挙兵（功山寺挙兵）。
English: At the beginning of the next year, they attacked Hagi-jo Castle where the central figures of the clan stayed and restored the principle of the clan to 'anti-bakufu', rejecting the conservatism that acknowledged fealty to the bakufu.
Japanese: 翌年初頭、藩中枢部の籠もる萩城を攻撃し、俗論派を壊滅させて再び藩論を反幕派へ奪回した。
English: Due to this reconversion, the bakufu got increasingly frustrated with Choshu, which didn't perform the duties agreed as conditions to surrender, and Shogun Iemochi again visited Kyoto on the back of insistence from hardliners such as roju Nagayuki OGASAWARA (heir to Karatsu clan) and Tadamasa OGURI, kanjo bugyo (commissioner of financeof the bakufu), to discuss the conquering of Choshu.
Japanese: 藩論の再転換により、既定の降伏条件を履行しない長州藩へのいらだちは高まり、老中小笠原長行（唐津藩世子）・勘定奉行小栗忠順ら強硬派による長州再征論が浮上し、将軍家茂は再度上洛する。
English: Meanwhile, a combined fleet led by Harry PARKES, a British diplomat, arrived offshore of Hyogo (current Kobe Port), which was designated as a port by the Ansei treaty, but was not opened because the imperial court refused to give permission.
Japanese: 一方、安政条約に明記されながらいまだに朝廷の許可が無いため開港されていなかった兵庫（神戸港）問題を巡って、英国公使ハリー・パークスが主導する英仏蘭米連合艦隊が兵庫沖に迫った。
English: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who was in charge of protecting the sea around the Osaka region, had senior councilors negotiate with the foreign squadron, while promoting activities to get permission from the emperor, but things became complicated with the order to dismiss the two senior councilors, Masato ABE and Takahiro MATSUMAE, who had decided to open Hyogo port on their own authority, making the bakufu side suspicious of Yoshinobu.
Japanese: 摂海防禦指揮徳川慶喜は、いまだに条約への勅許が得られていないのが原因と考え、老中らに勅許工作と外国艦隊との交渉をおこなわせるが、独断で兵庫開港を決めた阿部正外・松前崇広らに対し朝廷から老中罷免の令が出される異常事態となり、幕府は慶喜への疑念を強める。
English: Yoshinobu successfully led the court to give consent by holding a meeting consisting of members of clans based in Kyoto regarding the issue of opening Hyogo port and the permission for that, creating public opinion strong enough to persuade even the emperor (the opening of Hyogo port was delayed).
Japanese: 慶喜は条約勅許・兵庫開港問題を巡って在京の諸藩士を集めて世論をまとめ、朝廷に条約勅許を認めさせた（兵庫開港は延期）。
English: The Satsuma clan gradually became uncooperative towards the bakufu in those movements, and tried to cooperate with Choshu instead.
Japanese: こうしたなか、薩摩藩は徐々に幕府に非協力的な態度を見せ始め、逆に長州との提携を模索する。
English: These two clans grew closer through the work of Ryoma SAKAMOTO, a roshi of Tosa, who was under the protection of the Satsuma clan, and Shintaro NAKAOKA who had followed Sanetomi SANJO, also a roshi of Tosa, who stayed in Shimonoseki.
Japanese: 薩摩藩の庇護下にあった土佐浪士坂本龍馬や、同じく土佐浪士で下関に逼塞していた三条実美らに従っていた中岡慎太郎らが周旋する形で、両藩の接近が図られる。
English: After some cooperative work, such as when Satsuma purchased weapons for the Choshu clan, who were officially regarded as a rebels and could not purchase them, both signed the secretive agreement to form an alliance at the Satsuma clan's residence in the presence of Takayoshi KIDO and Saigo in Kyoto in January 1866.
Japanese: 逆賊となり表向き武器の購入が不可能となっていた長州藩に変わって薩摩が武器を購入するなどの経済的な連携を経た後、慶応2年（1866年）正月、京都薩摩藩邸内で木戸孝允・西郷らが立ち会い、薩長同盟の密約が締結された。
English: The war started in June, and the troops of Choshu, better-equipped after the cooperation with Satsuma and trained in Western military theories by Masujiro OMURA, overwhelmed the bakufu.
Japanese: 6月に開戦するが、薩摩との連携後軍備を整え、大村益次郎により西洋兵学の訓練を施された長州の諸隊が幕府軍を圧倒。
English: Yoshinobu, who succeeded as head of the Tokugawa family, at first showed the will to participate in the battle himself, but he changed his position and tried to make peace, ending the second attempt to conquer Choshu when Kaishu KATSU from the bakufu side, and Masaomi HIROSAWA and Kaoru INOUE from the Choshu side concluded the armistice in Hiroshima.
Japanese: 徳川宗家を相続した慶喜は自ら親征の意志を見せるものの、一転して和睦を模索し、広島で幕府の使者勝海舟と長州の使者広沢真臣・井上馨らの間で停戦協定が結ばれ、第二次長州征伐は終焉を迎えた。
English: Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, who succeeded Iemochi as head of the TOKUGAWA family, was suspicious whether the bakufu would be loyal to him and refused to assume the position of seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians").
Japanese: 家茂の死後、将軍後見職の徳川慶喜は徳川宗家を相続したが、幕府の自分に対する忠誠を疑ったため、征夷大将軍職への就任を拒んでいた。
English: In 1867, Takamori SAIGO and Toshimichi OKUBO of Satsuma, who groped for the union of major domains to take the initiative in the political situation, urged Hisamitsu SHIMAZU, Shungaku MATSUDAIRA, Munee DATE and Yodo YAMANOUCH (the former lord of the Tosa domain) to come to Kyoto to discuss the port of Hyogo and the treatment of Choshu with Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, but the four great members, lacking solidarity, were overwhelmed by Yoshinobu's political smartness, and could not make a respectable showing.
Japanese: 翌慶応3年（1867年）薩摩藩の西郷・大久保利通らは政局の主導権を握るため雄藩連合を模索し、島津久光・松平春嶽・伊達宗徳・山内容堂（前土佐藩主）の上京を促して、兵庫開港および長州処分問題について徳川慶喜と協議させたが、慶喜の政治力が上回り、団結を欠いた四侯会議は無力化した。
English: In May, the long-awaited imperial approval to open Hyogo port was given after an all-night meeting of many noble figures, including Nariyuki NIJO, Sessho (regent), allowing Yoshinobu to seize the initiative.
Japanese: 5月には摂政二条斉敬以下多くの公卿を集めた徹夜の朝議により長年の懸案であった兵庫開港の勅許も得るなど、慶喜による主導権が確立されつつあった。