nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The successor issue divided the domains into two factions in fierce conflict with each other: One was the Hitotsubashi family supporting Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI who had a great reputation for intelligence and was the seventh son of Nariaki TOGUKAWA, the previous lord of Mito Domain; and the other was the conservative Nanki group supporting Yoshitomi TOKUGAWA (later Iemochi TOKUGAWA) who had a close genealogy with the current Shogun and was the lord of the Kishu Domain because of regarding blood line as important.
Japanese: 前水戸藩主徳川斉昭の七男・一橋慶喜は英明との評判が高く、これを支持し諸藩との協調体制を望む一橋派と、血統を重視し、現将軍に血筋の近い紀州藩主徳川慶福（後の徳川家茂）を推す保守路線の南紀派とに分裂し、激しく対立した。
English: At this time, Townsend HARRIS, the USA council general, urged the Japanese government to enter into the Treaty of Amity and Commerce.
Japanese: この頃、米国総領事タウンゼント・ハリスが通商条約・調印を幕府に迫っていた。
English: Although the Roju Masayoshi HOTTA tried to break the deadlock by using his authority in the Imperial Court, he could not obtain Imperial sanctions from Emperor Komei since members of the sonjo (royalist) party in Kyoto including Unpin UMEDA prevented it.
Japanese: 老中・堀田正睦は朝廷の権威を借りて事態の打開を図ろうとしたが、梅田雲浜ら在京の尊攘派の工作もあり、孝明天皇から勅許を得ることは出来なかった。
English: An elderly nobleman of Mito Domain, Nariaki TOKUGAWA had previously retired, but retuned to domain administration and pushed the Mito lord Yoshiatsu TOKUGAWA (the first son of Nariaki), to unite Lords Yoshikatsu TOKUGAWA of Owari Domain and Yoshinaga MATSUDAIRA of Fukui Domain.
Japanese: 水戸老公徳川斉昭は、一旦は謹慎していたものの復帰、藩政を指揮して水戸藩主徳川慶篤（斉昭の長男）を動かし、尾張藩主徳川慶勝、福井藩主松平慶永らと連合した。
English: They realized there was no choice but to sign the Treaty, however as signing it without Imperial sanction would be a great impropriety towards the Imperial family, they made an unscheduled visit to the castle (dates for visiting normally had to be designated) in order to consult with Ii.
Japanese: 彼らは条約調印は止むを得ないが、「違勅調印」を不敬だとして、井伊を詰問するために不時登城（定式登城日以外の登城）した。
English: Although Nariakira SHIMAZU, the lord of Satsuma Domain opposed Ii and planned to march on the capital with 5,000 domain soldiers, he died suddenly in July on that year.
Japanese: 薩摩藩主の島津斉彬は井伊に反発し、藩兵5千を率いて上洛することを計画したが、同年7月に鹿児島で急死したため出兵計画は頓挫する。
English: After the death of Nariakira, Narioki SHIMAZU who had been forced to retire due to conflict with Nariakira over family issues, seized power.
Japanese: 斉彬死後の薩摩藩の実権は、御家騒動で斉彬と対立して隠居させられた島津斉興が掌握した。
English: In August, 1859, the government gave a secret Imperial decree to Mito Domain (who had been carrying out covert action against the Imperial Court), and at roughly the same time the chief adviser to the Emperor, Hisataka KUJO who was a government sympathizer was forced to resign his position.
Japanese: 1859年8月には朝廷工作を行なっていた水戸藩らに対して戊午の密勅が下され、ほぼ同じ時期、幕府側の同調者であった関白・九条尚忠が辞職に追い込まれた。
English: As a result, Roju Akikatsu MANABE and Kyoto deputy Tadaaki SAKAI (who was also the lord of Obama Domain of Wakasa Province) went to Kyoto and arrested Mozaemon KONDO and Unpin UMEDA, heralding the start of intense oppression.
Japanese: このため9月に老中間部詮勝、京都所司代酒井忠義(若狭国小浜藩主)らが上洛し、近藤茂左衛門、梅田雲浜らを逮捕したことを皮切りに激しい弾圧が始まった。
English: Royalists arrested in Kyoto were sent to Edo, questioned in prisons in Denma-cho, Edo and sentenced to severe punishments like Seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) and capital punishment.
Japanese: 京都で捕縛された志士たちは江戸に送致され、江戸伝馬町の獄などで詮議を受けた後、切腹・死罪など酷刑に処せられた。
English: Even Shogunate cabinet officials Toshiakira KAWAJI and Tadanari IWASE, Kaimei group shogunal retainers of poor lineage, were subject to punishment such as house arrest.
Japanese: 幕閣でも川路聖謨や岩瀬忠震らの非門閥の開明派幕臣が処罰され、謹慎などの処分となった。
English: It is said that Naosuke II dismissed the very concept of lenient treatment and decided to severely punish any opponents at this time.
Japanese: この際、寛典論を退けて厳刑に処すことを決したのは井伊直弼と言われる。
English: After Ii's murder during the Sakuradamongai Incident on March 3, 1860, the oppression ceased.
Japanese: 安政7年（1860年）3月3日、桜田門外の変において井伊が殺害された後、弾圧は収束する。
English: In accordance with an Imperial order in May, 1862, Yoshinobu HITOTSUBASHI assumed the role of Shogun-kokenshoku (one of three major posts of Edo bakufu), and Shungaku MATSUDAIRA became president of political affairs.
Japanese: 文久2年（1862年）5月　勅命により、一橋慶喜が将軍後見職に、松平春嶽が政事総裁職に就任。
English: Yoshinobu and Shungaku criticised Naosuke Ii's suppression as an extreme, arbitrary display of power, and ordered the following:
Japanese: 慶喜と春嶽は井伊直弼が行なった大獄は甚だ専断であったとして下記を行った。
English: An amnesty to be carried out for the victims who supported Sonno Joi during the Sakuradamongai and Sakashita mongai Incidents as part of the celebrations for Kazunomiya koka (the marriage of the Kazunomiya Imperial princess to an commoner.)
Japanese: 桜田門外の変・坂下門外の変における尊攘運動の遭難者を和宮降嫁の祝賀として大赦
English: As for the shogun's cabinet officials, the Hitotsubashi family came back into power, the Bunkyu Reform was carried out, Shogun Iemochi married the Imperial princess Kazunomiya, and a reconciliation between the imperial court took place.
Japanese: 幕閣では一橋派が復活し、文久の改革が行なわれ、将軍家茂と皇女・和宮の婚儀が成立して公武合体路線が進められた。
English: Ansei no Taigoku lead to a decrease in general awareness and a shortfall in human resources in the shogunate, plus intensified Sonno activities by the anti-shogunate group, and it is said these were underlying causes in the fall of the government.
Japanese: 安政の大獄は幕府の規範意識の低下や人材の欠如を招き、反幕派による尊攘活動を激化させ、幕府滅亡の遠因ともなったとも言われる。
English: Tenka-toitsu (or Tenga-toitsu) refers to the act of putting the whole country of Japan (except for most parts of Ryukyu and Ezo [inhabited area of Ainu]) under own control and unifying it, mainly during the period from the Seongoku Period (Period of Warring State) to the early Edo period.
Japanese: 天下統一（てんかとういつ/てんがとういつ）は、主に日本の戦国時代(日本)から江戸時代初期にかけて、日本全土（琉球と蝦夷の大半を除く）を、自らの支配下に置き日本全土を統一する事を指す。
English: The term 'Tenka' (the realm) refers to a concept in ancient China, which showed an area governed by an emperor, and was often used also in Japan.
Japanese: 「天下」とは、天子の統治する地域を指す古代中国の概念で、日本でも古代から用いられた。
English: Shinkoku kan (view of divine land) which spread in and after the medieval period, then became a logic justifying the samurai government, and a person in paramount authority was called 'Tenkabito' (person becoming the ruler of the country).
Japanese: 中世以降には神国観が広まり、武家政権の正当化する論理となり、最高権力者は「天下人」と呼ばれた。
English: In the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States), Nobunaga ODA implemented a unification project by military power, under the slogan of 'Tenka-fubu' (a slogan that means that the samurai governs the whole world).
Japanese: 戦国時代には、織田信長が「天下布武」を掲げて武力による統一事業を推進した。
English: When Nobunaga died in the Honnoji Incident, Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI, Oda family's vassal, succeeded to and accomplished the unification of the whole country which had been unaccomplished.
Japanese: 信長が本能寺の変で倒れると織田家家臣の豊臣秀吉が未完成であった天下統一を継承、成し遂げた。
English: After unifying the whole of Japan in 1590, Hideyoshi started dispatching troops to Ming (the Bunroku-Keicho War) in 1592.
Japanese: 秀吉は1590年に日本を統一すると、92年からは対明出兵(文禄・慶長の役)を実行する。
English: The Hideyoshi's dispatch of troops to Korea ended in failure, and in the Edo period when the Tokugawa Shogun family ruled Japan, the term 'Tenka' was used in only referring to the Japanese archipelago.
Japanese: 秀吉の朝鮮出兵は失敗に終わり、徳川将軍家が支配する江戸時代になると、「天下」は日本列島に限る意味で用いられた。
English: Nuhi refers to one of the positions of Senmin (unfree people) against Ryomin (free people) under the ritsuryo system (the system of centralized government based on the ritsuryo code), and was equivalent to a servile class.
Japanese: 奴婢（ぬひ）は、律令制における、良民（自由民）に対する賤民（自由のない民）の中の位置づけの一つであり、奴隷階級に相当する。
English: Nuhi generally received restrictions on freedoms to choose an occupation, to have a family and to choose where to live, and was sometimes emancipated at a certain age or under some conditions.
Japanese: 奴婢は、一般的に職業の選択の自由、家族を持つ自由、居住の自由などが制限されており、一定の年齢に達したり、その他の条件で解放される場合もあった。
English: However, Nuhi was basically treated in the same manner as livestock, and was traded at a market and so on.
Japanese: しかしながら基本的には家畜と同じ扱いであり、市場などで取引されていた。
English: The slavery system itself was officially incorporated in the national system under the ritsuryo system, but there had been a discrimination between Ryomin and Senmin before that time, and various kinds of limitations were put on Senmin.
Japanese: 奴婢制度そのものは、律令制によって正式に国家の制度に取り込まれるが、それ以前からも良民と賤民は区別されており、賤民はさまざまな制限を受けていた。
English: Senmin was largely divided into Nuhi and others, and Nuhi was divided into Kannuhi owned by the government and Shinuhi owned by individuals.
Japanese: 賤民は大きく奴婢とその他に分けられ、その中でも国が保有する官奴婢と個人が所有する私奴婢に分けられる。
English: In the periods of Qin and former Han dynasty, Kannuhi whose core consisted of prisoners of war and clans committing a serious crime was mainly engaged in the work at a government-owned factory or in breeding horses, birds, dogs and so on at a stock farm.
Japanese: 秦・前漢代においては、官奴婢は戦争捕虜や重罪を犯した氏族が中核を占めており主に官営工場の労働や牧場などでの馬・鳥・犬などの飼育を行っていた。
English: Meanwhile, Shinuhi mostly consisted of bankrupt peasants, and was often engaged in farming work or other routine tasks for local large landowners.
Japanese: 一方、私奴婢は、破産農民などでしめられており、地方の大地主の元で農作業やその他の雑務に従事していることが多かった。
English: In the periods of Northern Wei, Sui and Tang, Shinuhi who was incorporated in the ritsuryo system and was put under the control of the master, received restrictions including being disallowed to sue the master.
Japanese: 北魏・隋・唐代では、律令制に組み込まれ、私奴婢は主人の管理下にあり、その主人を訴える事ができないなどと定められていた。
English: In the periods of Ming and Qing, Nuhi still existed, but mainly consisted of Shinuhi basically, and disappeared gradually.
Japanese: 明・清代にも奴婢は残っていたが、基本的に私奴婢が中心であり徐々に廃れていった。
English: The slavery system in Japan was introduced upon amending the ritsuryo systems of Sui and Tang to a Japanese style when introducing them.
Japanese: 日本における奴婢制度は、隋・唐の律令制を取り入れる時に日本式に改良して導入したものである。
English: As shown by a description in Gishiwajinden (literally, an 'Account of the Wa' in "The History of Wei Dynasty") of Sangokushi (Three Kingdom Saga), that more than 100 Nuhi were buried together as martyr to duty when Himiko (first known ruler of Japan) died, and another description that slaves (or captives; there is another theory) called Seiko were brought to the Wei dynasty (Three States Period) as a tribute, Nuhi itself already existed at least in the period of Yamatai Koku (Yamatai Kingdom).
Japanese: 奴婢自体は、三国志(歴史書)魏志倭人伝に卑弥呼が亡くなったとき100人以上の奴婢を一緒に殉葬したと言う記述や、生口と呼ばれる奴隷（または捕虜。異説もある）を魏(三国)に朝貢したと言う記述が見られるように、少なくとも邪馬台国の時代には既に奴婢は存在していた。
English: It is considered that the slavery system in Japan was formed as a result of reordering such Nuhi who had existed since ancient times at the time of introducing the ritsuryo system.
Japanese: これらの古代から存在していた奴婢を、律令制を取り入れるときに整理しなおしたものが、日本の奴婢制度だと思われる。
English: Senmin under the ritsuryo system was called Goshiki no sen (the base people of five colors), and was divided into five ranks.
Japanese: 律令制における賤民は、五色の賎（ごしきのせん）と呼ばれ五段階のランクに分けられていた。
English: It is said that the Nuhi made up about 5% of the population under the ritsuryo system in Japan.
Japanese: 日本の律令制下における奴婢の割合は、人口の5%前後だと言われている。
English: Kunuhi seemed to be incorporated in Kanko (slaves to public ministries) once passing the age of 66, and to be emancipated as Ryomin at the age of 77.
Japanese: 66を過ぎると官戸に組み込まれ、76を越えると良民として解放されたようである。
English: Shinuhi refers to Nuhi owned by powerful local clans, and such clans could inherit Shinuhi from generations to generations.
Japanese: 私奴婢は地方の豪族が所有した奴婢であり、代々相続することが可能であった。
English: The slavery system in Japan disappeared along with the collapse of the ritsuryo system, and in the 900s, an edict to abolish the slavery system seemed to be already promulgated.
Japanese: 日本の奴婢制度は、律令制の崩壊と共に消滅し、900年代には既に奴婢制度の廃止令が出ている様である。
English: Senmin as a slave disappeared in an early period, but Senmin as a discriminated class (so-called "Eta" [one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, people whose work usually involved handling human bodies or animal carcasses] and "Hinin" [one group comprising the lowest rank of Japan's Edo-period caste system, often ex-convicts or vagrants]) started appearing obviously in the medieval period, survived throughout the early-modern times, and existed until Kaiho Rei (Emancipation Edict) was promulgated in 1871.
Japanese: 奴隷としての賤民は早い時代に消滅したが、被差別階級としての賤民（いわゆる“穢多”“非人”）が中世の頃から顕著に見られ始め、近世を通じて存続し、明治4年(1871年)の解放令まで残っていた。
English: The slavery system also existed in Korean Peninsula, and in the Joseon Dynasty, Senmin was largely divided into Nobi (slave) and Baekjeong (inferior servants).
Japanese: 朝鮮半島においても奴婢制度は存在し、李氏朝鮮では賤民は大きく奴婢（ノビ）と白丁（ペクチョン）に分けることができた。
English: Nobi who was divided into Kannuhi and Shinuhi, received restrictions on freedoms to choose where to live, to marry and to choose an occupation, and was tradable at a market legally.
Japanese: 奴婢には、官奴婢と私奴婢が存在し、住まい及び結婚、職業の選択の自由に制限を受けており、法的に市場での売買が可能であった。
English: Some of the Kannuhi were richer than local peasants because they collected taxes as a proxy.
Japanese: 官奴婢の一部は徴税を代行していたために、地方の農民より裕福な者も存在していた。
English: Furthermore, by reason that Nobi who caused a rebellion at the time of the Bunroku War put an administrative institution on fire, and burned the family register, and for the purpose of earning expenses of the war, Nubi who paid a certain amount of money was allowed to become Ryomin.
Japanese: さらに文禄の役の際に奴婢が反乱を起こし、役所に火を放ち戸籍を燃やしてしまい、また、戦費を獲得するために一定の額を支払った奴婢は良民になれるようにした。
English: This is why the class system fell into disorder, and Nobi decreased from 37% to 2% in one region, but such event caused a situation that Yangban (traditional ruling class or nobles of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty) who made up only 9% of the population increased to 70%.
Japanese: そのため身分制度は混乱し、ある地方では37%居た奴婢が2%まで減少し、代わりに人口の9%に過ぎなかった両班が70%を占めるという状況も起きた。
English: Fujiwara-kyo was the first and largest capital in the history of Japan located in Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture, the northwest of Asuka-kyo.
Japanese: 藤原京（ふじわらきょう）は、飛鳥京の西北部、奈良県橿原市に所在する日本史上最初で最大の都城である。
English: It was also the first capital where a Jobosei (street plan of ancient capital) was proclaimed in the history of Japan, and was an authentic Chinese style capital.
Japanese: また、日本史上最初の条坊制（じょうぼうせい）を布いた本格的な中国風都城でもある。
English: The construction of Fujiwara-kyo started in 690, and the capital was relocated from Asuka Kiyohara no miya Imperial residence in 694.
Japanese: 690年（持統4）に着工され、飛鳥浄御原宮から694年（持統8）に遷都した。
English: It is said that the completion of Fujiwara-kyo was in 704 which was ten years after the capital relocation; the construction had already started in 676.
Japanese: 完成は遷都後10年経過の704年（景雲元）と言われ、着工時期は676年（天武5）に始められていた。
English: On December 5, Takechi no miko (Prince Takechi) inspected the site for the Fujiwara Palace; he was accompanied by the ministers and public functionaries.
Japanese: 「壬申に、高市皇子（たけちのみこ）、藤原（ふぢはら）の宮地（みやどころ）を観（みそなほ）す。公卿百寮（まへつきみつかさつかさおほみ）従（とも）なり」
English: One legend suggests the date of the capital relocation was before noon on December 30, when the Empress Jito left Asuka Kiyohara no miya Imperial residence for the relocated capital.
Japanese: 遷都日時については、一説に持統天皇は12月6日(旧暦)（ユリウス暦12月27日）の昼前に飛鳥浄御原宮を発ち遷行された、とされる。
English: Fujiwara-kyo was the Imperial capital of Japan for 16 years for the reigns of Empress Jito, Emperor Monmu, and Empress Genmei until its capital was relocated to Heijo-kyo in 710.
Japanese: 710年（和銅3）に平城京に遷都されるまで持統・文武・元明の三天皇が居住した16年間、日本の首都であった。
English: The name of Fujiwara-kyo was a created word in modern times and its name had never been written in "Nihonshoki."
Japanese: 藤原京の名称は近代に作られた学術用語であり、『日本書紀』には登場しない。
English: In the article in February 7, 692 in "Nihonshoki," this capital was recorded as 'Aramashi no miyako, Aramashi-kyo, Shinyaku no miyako, or Shinyaku-kyo,' and the Imperial Palace was recorded as 'Fujiwara Palace.'
Japanese: 『日本書紀』ではこの都城のことは、首都が「新益京（あらましのみやこ、あらましきょう、しんやくのみやこ、しんやくきょう）」（持統天皇六年正月十二日条）、皇居が「藤原宮」と呼びわけられている。
English: It was believed that Fujiwara-kyo was 1.1 km from east to west and 3.2 km from north to south, however, the Dai Fujiwara-kyo (Greater Fujiwara-kyo) was revealed by the discovery of Kyogoku-oji Street from east to west in the 1990's.
Japanese: 東西1.1km、南北3.2キロとみられていたが、1990年代の東西の京極大路の発見で「大藤原京」が想定された。
English: With its scale being 5.3 km square, at least 25 sq km, it was larger than Heian-kyo (23 sq km) or Heijo-kyo (24 sq km), and was the largest capital in ancient Japan.
Japanese: 規模は、5.3キロ（10里）四方で少なくとも25平方キロあり、平安京（23平方キロ）や平城京（24平方キロ）をしのぎ、古代最大の都であった。
English: The scale of Dai Fujiwara-kyo included Yamato Sanzan (Mt. Miminashi in the north, Mt. Unebi in the west, Mt. Amanokaguyama in the east).
Japanese: 大和三山（北に耳成山、西に畝傍山、東に天香具山）を内に含む規模である。
English: The Fujiwara Palace which included the Imperial Palace and the government office was located slightly to the north from the center of the capital, and there was the Suzaku-oji Street, the main street running in the north-south direction from the Fujiwara Palace.
Japanese: 都の中心やや北寄りに内裏・官衙のある藤原宮を配置し、藤原宮から北・南方向にメインストリートである朱雀大路があった。
English: This Suzaku-oji Street was very narrow with a width a little bit longer than 24 meters (between the center of side ditches), compared to the one with a width of 70 meters in Heijo-kyo and Heian-kyo.
Japanese: ただし、この朱雀大路は後の平城京や平安京のような幅70メートル以上の大きなものではなく幅24メートル強（側溝中心間）の後の朱雀大路と比べて非常に狭い幅のものであった。
English: In the capital area, the east part of Suzaku-oji Street is called Sakyo and the west part called Ukyo, and it was divided by ten Bo(s) (district), in a grid pattern called 'Jobosei,' in the north-south direction and east-west direction.
Japanese: 京域内には、朱雀大路を境にして東側が左京、西側が右京で、それぞれ南北・東西に十坊の条坊制地割りが設定されている。
English: There was a record in Taiho Koryo (Taiho code for households) and Taiho Kaniryo (Taiho code for government officials) that a Borei (chief of the four districts of the capital) was deployed in every four Bo(s) in both of Sakyo and Ukyo.
Japanese: 左右京とも四坊ごとに一人の坊令（ぼうれい）を置き合わせて12人の坊令を置いたことが、大宝戸令（こりょう）と大宝官員令（かんいんりょう）にみえる。
English: One of the problems was that, since the terrain was high in the southeast and low in the northwest, the drain from the southeast part including filth flows into the area around the Imperial Palace; also there were neither walls that surrounded the capital nor front gate.
Japanese: 問題点の一つは、南東が高く北西が低い地形は、汚物を含む東南部からの排水が宮の周辺を流れることであり、また、都を囲む城壁や正門が存在しなかった。
English: The palace was surrounded by walls roughly 5 meters high and each of the four walls had three gates, 12 gates in total.
Japanese: 周囲をおよそ5mほどの高さの塀で囲み、東西南北の塀にはそれぞれ3か所、全部で12か所に門が設置されていた。
English: The Fujiwara Palace was Chodo-in (the main administration building) remnants which boasts the largest scale in Japan, about 600 meters from north to south and 240 meters from east to west.
Japanese: 藤原宮は、南北約600m、東西約240mにおよぶ日本で最大の規模を持つ朝堂院遺構である。
English: The Daigokuden (imperial audience hall) and other palace buildings were the first palaces built in Japan to have a tiled roof in the Chinese style.
Japanese: 大極殿などの建物は中国風に瓦葺屋根で造られた（日本の宮殿建築では初めて）。
English: They are said to be of high value which included the name of era such as 'the first year of Taiho era' (year of 701), the names of ministries such as 'Nakatsukasasho' (Ministry of Central Affairs) and 'Kunaisho' (Ministry of the Sovereign's Household), or the names of high officials at that time.
Japanese: 「大宝元年」という年号や「中務省」・「宮内省」などの官庁名も混じった文書、当時の高官の名前なども書かれており、重要史料であるという。
English: Dodan (dirt mound) of Daigokuden in Fujiwara Palace still remains in Takadono-cho, Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture, and the area is currently a historical park (location:).
Japanese: 奈良県橿原市高殿町に藤原宮の大極殿（だいごくでん）の土壇が残っており、周辺は史跡公園になっている（位置：）。
English: 60 percent of Fujiwara Palace sites are designated as a special historical site and Fujiwara Palace and Fujiwara-kyo are still undergoing the excavation survey.
Japanese: 藤原宮跡の6割ほどが国の特別史跡に指定されており、藤原宮及び藤原京の発掘調査が続けられている。
English: In January, 2007, Japanese government put Fujiwara-kyo areas on the tentative lists of nominees for UNESCO World Heritage registration, as 'Asuka-Fujiwara: Archaeological sites of Japan's Ancient Capitals and Related Properties.'
Japanese: 2007年1月に、日本政府は、世界遺産登録の前提となる暫定リストに「飛鳥・藤原の宮都とその関連資産群」を登録した。
English: It was the broad-minded Hakuho culture which flowered in this capital.
Japanese: この都で華咲いたのが、おおらかな白鳳文化（はくほうぶんか）であった。
English: Although there is a minor opinion that the Japan's first capital is Dazai-fu (local government office in Kyushu region), there has been virtually no academic thesis which takes up this theory affirmatively in the scientific journals with peer review, and in general Kyushu dynasty theory and its related opinions are not considered as scientific theories.
Japanese: 大宰府を日本最初の都城であるとする主張もわずかながら存在しているが、査読のある学術雑誌において肯定的に取り上げた学術論文は皆無であり、一般に九州王朝説及び関連する主張は科学的な学説とはみなされていない。
English: Fujiwara shi kyodai/Fujiwara yon kyodai (Four Fujiwara Brothers) was the historical term that refers to the four sons of FUJIWARA no Fuhito who held the reins during the Tenpyo era (729-748) in the early Nara period.
Japanese: 藤原四兄弟（ふじわらしきょうだい、ふじわらよんきょうだい）は、奈良時代前半の天平年間に政権を握った藤原不比等の4人の息子を指す歴史用語である。
English: FUJIWARA no Miyako, the mother of Emperor Shomu, and Empress Komyo, the wife of Emperor Shomu, were paternal half-sisters.
Japanese: なお、聖武天皇の母の藤原宮子と聖武皇后の光明皇后はともに異母姉妹にあたる。
English: After the death of Fuhito who was involved with the compilation of Ritsuryo codes, the relocation of Heijo-kyo capital and so on, four brothers fought for the political power with Prince Nagaya through the reigns of Empress Gensho to Emperor Shomu.
Japanese: 律令編纂や平城京遷都などに関わった不比等亡き後、四兄弟は元正天皇・聖武天皇の時代に渡り長屋王と政権の座を争った。
English: After defeating the Prince Nagaya in the Conspiracy of Nagayao, along with Muchimaro (Dainagon [chief councilor of state]) and Fusasaki (Sangi [councilor]) who had already become a court noble, Umakai and Maro also became sangi, and four brothers occupied the power among the nine court nobles and they played a political role in the Imperial Court from 729 to 737.
Japanese: 長屋王の変で長屋王を追い落とした後、すでに公卿となっていた武智麻呂（大納言）・房前（参議）に加え、官人の推挙により宇合・麻呂も参議となり、9人の公卿の内四兄弟で4人を占め729年から738年の間朝廷の政治を担った。
English: In the 'Four Fujiwara brothers government' era, the finance under the Ritsuryo codes was established, in 734, shozei (the rice tax stored in provincial offices warehouse) with the mixed Kanto (rice gathered as rice field tax and stored in various provinces) was enacted, and in 736, land taxes on Koden (field administered directly by a ruler) paying to Kyoto were begun.
Japanese: 四子政権時代には律令財政が確立され、天平6年（734年）に官稲混合による正税が成立し、天平8年（736年）には公田地子の京進が開始された。
English: They deployed a Sokan (a military authority) in Kyoto and Kinai region (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), a Chinbushi (a temporary government post), later a Setsudoshi (a military governor), in every route in areas west of Heijo-kyo (the ancient capital of Japan in current Nara) to improve the maintenance of security.
Japanese: また、京や畿内に惣管・平城京以西の道ごとには鎮撫使、のちに節度使を設置し治安維持を強化した。
English: Four brothers died one after another due to the epidemic of smallpox that occurred in 737, which brought to an end of the four Fujiwara brothers government.
Japanese: 四兄弟は737年の天然痘の流行により相次いで病死し、藤原四子政権は終焉を迎えた。
English: Because the children of four brothers were young, TACHIBANA no Moroe (Prince Kazuraki), who was a maternal half-brother of Empress Komyo (a daughter of Fuhito) and descended to subject status, was responsible for the government as Udaijin (minister of the right).
Japanese: その後四兄弟の子が若かったため、政権は光明皇后（不比等の娘）の異父兄弟で臣籍降下した橘諸兄（葛城王）が右大臣として担うことになった。
English: FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the son of Umakai was subdued in the Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu in 740; thereafter a period of absence of high rank officials from Fujiwara clan continued for a certain time until FUJIWARA no Toyonari and FUJIWARA no Nakamaro, the sons of Muchimaro, gained power in the Emperor Koken's era.
Japanese: その後は、四兄弟のうち宇合の息子藤原広嗣が740年に乱を起こし討伐された（藤原広嗣の乱）こともあり、孝謙天皇朝に武智麻呂の子藤原豊成次いで藤原仲麻呂が台頭するまで、藤原氏の高位官僚の不在時代がしばらく続くことになる。
English: Each lineage of descendants of four Fujiwara brothers was called 'Fujiwara Nanke' (the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'FUJIWARA Hokke' (the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan), 'Fujiwara Shikike' (the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan), and 'Fujiwara Kyoke' (the Western House of the Fujiwara clan); although they went through the rise and fall, they left a major mark on later politics, learning, and culture.
Japanese: 藤原四兄弟の子の系統はそれぞれ藤原南家、藤原北家、藤原式家、藤原京家と呼ばれ、それぞれの家に栄枯盛衰はあったものの、その後の政治や学問、文化に大きな足跡を残している。