nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: However, as the ninth century began, interest in ritsuryo kokka weakened as we can see from sources such as, 'If there is no nation, there is no enemy and there is only loss but no profit.'
Japanese: しかし9世紀になると「国なくして敵なく、損ありて益なし」といわれたように律令国家の関心は薄くなっていった。
English: Even today there are various theories as to what kind of people the Ezo were.
Japanese: 歴史上、蝦夷と呼ばれる人々がどのような人々であったのかはいまだにさまざまな論がある.。
English: Whatever they may have been, for the ritsuryo kokka based on Sinocentrism, Ezo was 'simply a concept of people who were out of their control.'
Japanese: 何であれ中華思想に基づいた律令国家にとっては、「自らの支配下の外側にある人々という概念でしかな」かった。
English: In the middle of the seventh century, ABE no Hirafu and others made expeditions and it is believed that they reached as far as present-day Akita and Tsugaru regions or even further North.
Japanese: 7世紀半ばに阿倍比羅夫らが遠征し、現在の秋田や津軽地方、さらにその北方に至ったとされる。
English: However, only Shonai region in present-day Yamagata Prefecture and areas south of central Miyagi Prefecture were stably incorporated into ritsuryo kokka at the beginning of the eighth century.
Japanese: 8世紀初頭に律令国家に安定的に組み込まれていたのは、今の山形県庄内地方や宮城県中部以南までであった。
English: At that time, castles and josakukanga (a castle-like facility used as governmental office) were constructed and people called Kinohe, forced to immigrate from Kanto and Hokuriku regions, lived around such castles and josakukanga, and were engaged in farming.
Japanese: 当時は城や柵（城柵官衙と呼ばれる施設）が作られ、その周囲に柵戸（きのへ）と呼ばれる民が関東や北陸地方から移民させられて耕作に当たっていた。
English: Koriyama ruins (Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture) is considered to have been the central governmental office at that time.
Japanese: 郡山遺跡（宮城県仙台市）は当時の中心的な官衙であったとみられている。
English: In response, Ezo started a revolt in 709 and 720 and, in 720, KAMITSUKENO no Hirohito, who was the Mutsu no azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), was killed.
Japanese: これに対して蝦夷は709年および720年に反乱を起こし、720年の時には陸奥按察使上毛野広人が殺害される事態となった。
English: The government established a county and a josakukanga, then constructed a Taga-jo Castle as a facility to supervise them.
Japanese: 政府は、新たに郡と柵、さらにこれらを統括する施設として多賀城を建設した。
English: On the Japan Sea side, Dewa no saku was relocated to the present Akita City (later Akita-jo Castle) in 733.
Japanese: 一方日本海側では733年に出羽柵が現在の秋田市に移設された（後の秋田城）。
English: Later, the government appointed the chief of Ezo as a gunji (region manager) in order to indirectly control tribal groups, and forced people individually picked out for subjugation to migrate to other countries as fushu (barbarians).
Japanese: その後政府は蝦夷の首長を郡司に任命して部族集団の間接的な支配を行い、また個別に服属してきた者は俘囚として諸国に移民させられたりした。
English: Nevertheless, cultural and economic contacts continued and, in the Satsumon period, a Makki (Ezo-style) tomb was constructed inspired by tombs in the Dewa region and Wado Kaichin coins have been unearthed in Eniwa City.
Japanese: しかし文化・経済の交流は続き、擦文時代には出羽地方の古墳の影響を受けた末期古墳が築造され、また恵庭市では和同開珎も出土している。
English: In 757, FUJIWARA no Asakari, a son of Nakamaro, was appointed Mutsu no kami (the governor of Mutsu Province) newly building Momonou-jo Castle and Okachinoki Castle in an area which was formerly out of their control.
Japanese: 757年（天平宝字元年）に仲麻呂の子藤原朝狩が陸奥守となり、新たに勢力外だった土地に桃生城および雄勝城を建設した。
English: In 762, he renovated Taga-jo Castle into a grand facility suitable for holding feasts for Ezo.
Japanese: また762年多賀城を改修し、蝦夷への饗給（きょうごう）を行うにふさわしい壮大な施設へと変えた。
English: In 780, KOREHARI no Azamaro killed KI no Hirozumi, the Mutsu no Azechi (Inspector of Mutsu), and burnt down Taga-jo Castle, spurring endless war thereafter known as Ezo Seito ("The Ezo Conquest").
Japanese: 780年（宝亀11年）には伊治呰麻呂が陸奥按察使紀広純を殺害し多賀城を焼き払うという事態に至り、これ以降蝦夷征討といわれる果てしない戦いへと突入する。
English: The war did not come to an end in the Nara period, but was eventually resolved by the appearance of SAKANOUE no Tamuramaro.
Japanese: 戦いは奈良時代の間には決着がつかず、坂上田村麻呂の登場によりようやく終息する。
English: FUJIWARA no Otsugu criticized this war against Ezo, saying, 'The causes of suffering in today's world are military affairs and construction,' and that it had 'played a great role in enhancing the Emperor's political power.'
Japanese: 後に藤原緒嗣により「今天下の苦しむところは軍事と造作なり」と指弾されることとなる対蝦夷戦争は、「天皇の政治的権威の強化に大きな役割を担っていた」のである。
English: In the first half of the Nara period, Taiho Ritsuryo - drafted by Osakabe no Miko (Prince Osakabe) and others and completed and enforced in 701 - was the fundamental law of Japan.
Japanese: 奈良時代の前半は、忍壁皇子らが撰述し、701年（大宝(日本)元年）に完成・施行された大宝律令が、基本法であった。
English: In 718, FUJIWARA no Fuhito and others were ordered to draft a new Yoro Ritsuryo (Yoro Code).
Japanese: 718年（養老2年）藤原不比等らに命じて、養老律令を新たに選定した。
English: It was mainly revision of words and clauses and its basis was Taiho Ritsuryo, however its enforcement was delayed until 757, under the leadership of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro.
Japanese: 字句の修正などが主であり、根本は大宝律令を基本としていたが、その施行は遅れ、757年（天平宝字9年）、藤原仲麻呂主導の下においてであった。
English: The authority to establish and abolish government posts and official court ranks for nobles and officials, the right to appoint Ryoge no kan (a new governmental post), the authority to bestow court rank and to appoint officials, all rights of leadership and command towards army corps, soldiers and goefu (Palace guards), the right to make imperial judgment and right to grant general amnesty with respect to punishments under ritsu codes - these were based on the principle of legality, diplomatic rights such as right to use shochoku (the Imperial edict) on envoys to and from foreign countries and right to decide on succession to the Imperial Throne.
Japanese: 貴族や官人の官職及び官位を改廃する権限、令外官（りょうげのかん）の設置権、官人の叙位および任用権限、五衛府（ごえふ）や軍団兵士に対するすべての指揮命令権、罪刑法定主義を原則とする律の刑罰に対して勅断権と大赦権、外国の使者や外国へ派遣する使者に対する詔勅の使用などの外交権、皇位継承の決定権などである。
English: Around 762, OMI no Mifune selected and presented Chinese-style posthumous names for emperors in the past.
Japanese: 762年（天平宝字6年）頃、淡海三船は歴代天皇の漢風諡号を撰進した。
English: With this, the title of "emperor" which was believed to have been established in the era of the Emperor Tenchi or the Emperor Tenmu (seventh century) were retroactively given to emperors before them.
Japanese: これによって、天智天皇もしくは天武天皇の時代（7世紀）に創始されたと考えられる「天皇」号は、それ以前にさかのぼって追号された。
English: In addition, as Goki shichido (lit. "five provinces and seven circuits," the name for ancient administrative units), the whole region was divided into kinai (provinces surrounding Kyoto and Nara), the 'seven circuits' of Tokaido, Tozando, Hokurikudo, Sanindo, Sanyodo, Nankaido and Saikaido, which were divided into 66 provinces and two islands, Iki Province and Tsushima Province.
Japanese: さらに五畿七道として、畿内と東海道・東山道・北陸道・山陰道・山陽道・南海道・西海道の七道に区分され、その内部は66国と壱岐国・対馬国の2嶋が配分された。
English: Kochi Komin system, under which rice fields and people belonged to the nation, was adopted and handen (allotted farmland) was provided in accordance with the family register.
Japanese: また田と民は国家のものとされる公地公民制を取り入れ、戸籍により班田が支給された。
English: In 742, Dazaifu was abolished, chinzeifu being established the next year, but in 745, Dazaifu was reestablished.
Japanese: 742年（天平14年）大宰府を廃止し、翌年、筑紫に鎮西府を置いたが、745年（天平17年）には太宰府が復された。
English: In the Tohoku region, Taga-jo Castle, Dewa no saku, etc. were established and the subjection of Ezo (indigenous inhabitants in eastern Japan), development, and implantation were carried out (as described above).
Japanese: 東北地方では多賀城、出羽柵等が設置され、蝦夷征討と開発、入植が進められた（既述）。
English: In order to maintain a highly systemized bureaucratic organization, ritsuryo kokka codes needed stable revenue from taxes.
Japanese: 律令国家は、高度に体系化された官僚組織を維持するため、安定した税収を必要とした。
English: On the other hand, handen shuju no ho (literally, law concerning receiving and giving handen) in Japan had no clear provisions on how to treat newly reclaimed rice fields.
Japanese: いっぽう、日本の律令に規定された班田収受の法には、開墾田のあつかいについての明確な規定がなかった。
English: As a result, the Imperial Court lead by Prince Nagaya established a plan in 722 to reclaim a million hectares and, in order to ensure successful execution of the plan, enforced a law called Sanze Isshin no Ho in 723.
Japanese: そのため、長屋王を中心とする朝廷は722年（養老6年）に百万町歩開墾計画を立て、計画遂行を期して723年（養老7年）には田地開墾を促進する三世一身法（さんぜいっしんのほう）を施行した。
English: According to this law, those who constructed new irrigation facilities could retain reclaimed rice fields for three generations and those who used existing ponds and ditches could retain them for their lifetime.
Japanese: この法では、新しく灌漑施設をつくって開墾した者は三代のあいだ、もとからある池溝を利用した者は本人一代にかぎり、墾田の保有を認めた。
English: However, it did not work as motivation for farmers to reclaim rice fields and thus it did not progress as expected.
Japanese: しかし、農民の墾田意欲は必ずしも向上せず、墾田も思いのほか進まなかった。
English: Therefore in 743, the government led by TACHIBANA no Moroe enforced Konden Einen Shizai Ho aiming to promote reclamation of rice fields.
Japanese: そのため、743年（天平15年）、橘諸兄政権はさらなる墾田促進を目的とした墾田永年私財法を施行した。
English: This system granted permanent ownership of rice fields (with certain restrictions) to any person who applied to their kokushi (provincial governor) for permission to carry out reclamation within a specified time period.
Japanese: これは、国司に申請して開墾の許可を得て、一定期間内に開墾すれば、一定限度内で田地の永久私有をみとめるものであった。
English: These two laws were no doubt intended to undermine the basis of the kochi komin system, but it was a fact that they aimed to rebuild the ritsuryo system by securing handen (also known as kubunden - the land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system).
Japanese: 両法令は公地公民制の基盤を覆す性格をもったことは確かだが、動機としては班田（口分田）を確保することによって律令体制の立て直しを図ったものであったことも事実である。
English: Ownership of land by nobles, powerful clans and temples and shrines - all of whom had capital to carry out reclamation - increased continuously.
Japanese: 開墾をおこなう資力にめぐまれた貴族や豪族、寺社の土地所有は以後増加の一途をたどった。
English: In particular, powerful nobles and temples fenced off vast lands and increased privately owned land by using ordinary farmers and furonin (people escaped from their registered domiciles).
Japanese: とくに大貴族や大寺院は、広大な土地を囲い込み、一般の農民や浮浪人を使役して私有地をひろげた。
English: Shoen were mainly Yusoden, which were rice fields subject to taxation, and known as shoki shoen (literally, shoen in initial stage).
Japanese: 租税義務のともなう輸租田を主とするものであり、初期荘園（墾田地系荘園）と呼ばれる。
English: In January 708 which was the year after the enthronement of the Empress Genmei, the name of the era was changed to 'Wado' (literally, "Japanese copper") after the presentation of copper from Musashi Province and, in February next year, production of coins and construction of the capital commenced.
Japanese: 元明天皇即位の翌年にあたる708年（慶雲5年）正月、武蔵国が銅を献上したのを機に「和銅」と改元され、翌2月には、貨幣の鋳造と都城の建設が開始された。
English: On February 11, a Saijusenshi (a Ryoge no kan in charge of administering coinage) was appointed and, on February 15, the imperial edict for transfer of the national capital to Heijokyo was issued.
Japanese: 2月11日、鋳銭をつかさどる催鋳銭司がおかれ、2月15日、平城遷都の詔が出された。
English: According to the 'Imperial Edict for Transferring the National Capital to Heijokyo,' the new capital was '方今、平城之地、四禽叶図…' and '四神相応の地' was chosen.
Japanese: 「平城遷都の詔」によれば、新都は「方今、平城之地、四禽叶図…」とあり、「四神相応の地」が選ばれた。
English: It is sometime assumed that it was moved away because Fujiwara no Miya (Fujiwara Palace) was at a lower level than the area where their subjects lived, and thus subjects could look down the capital.
Japanese: 藤原宮のある地点が群臣の居住する地より低く、臣下に見下ろされる場所にあったのが忌避されたとみなされることもある。
English: However in addition, because Fujiwarakyo was constructed in a period when interaction with Tang was disrupted, it seemed to have been designed in accordance with the old book ("Shurei (Rites of Zhou)") and it has no comparable example among capitals of China of the era.
Japanese: しかしそれだけではなく、藤原京は唐との交流が途絶えた時期に造られたため、古い書物（『周礼』）に基づいた設計を行ったと考えられ、当時の中国の都城と比しても類例のないものとなっていた。
English: In reality, however, it seems that when AWATA no Mahito, who was an envoy to Tang China, returned to Japan after over 30 years and joined the Imperial Court government, such problems became clear.
Japanese: 実際には、30数年ぶりに帰国した遣唐使の粟田真人が朝政にくわわってこれらの問題が明るみになった。
English: Also, his reporting on culture, power of the nation and the dignity and prosperity of the capital, Changan, of Tang made the government conscious of the large difference between Fujiwarakyo and Changan, which resulted in the decision to transfer the capital.
Japanese: また唐の文化や国力、首都長安の偉容や繁栄などを報告したことが、藤原京と長安との差がかけ離れていることを自覚することとなって、遷都を決めた要因となったと考えられる。
English: The basis for this decision was that construction of a grand capital would show emperor's virtue to foreign envoys, frontiersmen such as Ezo and Hayato, and local clans and people.
Japanese: その根底には、壮麗な都を建設することが、外国使節や蝦夷・隼人などの辺境民、そして地方豪族や民衆に対して天皇の徳を示すことに他ならずとする考えがあった。
English: Domestically, its aims were simply consolidation of centralized control and creation of a little 'Chinese-style empire' by eastern barbarians.
Japanese: 国内的には中央集権的な支配を確立するとともに、東夷の小「中華帝国」を目指したものに他ならなかった。
English: In September, the Empress Genmei made an inspection of the site of Heijo and appointed 17 officials including the chief of zoheijokyoshi (office for construction of Heijokyo).
Japanese: 9月、元明天皇はみずから平城の地を視察し、造平城京司の長官ら17名を任命した。
English: In this year (708), FUJIWARA no Fuhito, who led the transfer of the capital, was promoted to Shonii Udaijin (Senior Second Rank, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Council of State) and his second wife, Agata no INUKAI no Michiyo, was given the family name of 'Tachibana no Sukune' together with a tachibana (mandarin orange) floating in a cup on the occasion of Daijosai (first ceremonial offering of rice by newly enthroned Empress).
Japanese: この年（和銅元年）、遷都を主導した藤原不比等は正二位、右大臣に進み、不比等の後妻、県犬養三千代は女帝の大嘗祭において杯に浮かぶタチバナとともに「橘宿禰」の姓を賜った。
English: As names related to place names or official duty were popular, it was rare for plants to be used as family names, and Imperial princes she bore used the name of Tachibana and became the founders of the Tachibana clan.
Japanese: 地名や職掌にかかわる名が一般的ななかで植物の名を氏名とするのは稀有なことであり、彼女の生んだ皇子たちは橘を名のって、橘氏の実質上の祖となった。
English: Prince Katsuragi, who changed his name to TACHIBANA no Moroe as such and Komyoshi (Empress Komyo), who became empress later, were older maternal half-brother and younger maternal half-sister.
Japanese: なお、これにより橘諸兄と改名した葛城王と、のちに皇后となる光明子（光明皇后）とは、三千代を母とする異父同母の兄妹にあたる。
English: In April 710, 16 months after the commencement of construction work, transfer of the capital to Heijokyo was conducted.
Japanese: 工事着工後の1年4か月後の和銅3年（710年）3月には平城遷都が決行された。
English: The reason why transfer of the capital could be made so rapidly was that many buildings including temples were relocated from Fujiwarakyo.
Japanese: このように急ピッチでの遷都が可能であったのは、寺院も含めて建物の多くが藤原京からの移築だったことによる。
English: According to recent findings, the scale of the new capital, Heijokyo, was almost same as the old capital Fujiwarakyo, in fact Fujiwarakyo was even greater although compared to Chang'ancheng, it was not even one quarter of the size.
Japanese: 近年の知見では新都平城京の規模は旧都藤原京とほぼ変わらず、むしろ藤原京のほうが広いぐらいであり、長安城に比較すれば4分の1程度にすぎなかった。
English: A unique point of Heijokyo was that a section called 'gekyo' protruded to the East, therefore the outer shape of the capital was not completely square.
Japanese: 平城京の特色としては「外京」という左京からの張り出し部分を設けたことで、完全な矩形ではないことである。
English: Buildings in Heijokyo were not limited to Tang style; there were many buildings of traditional Japanese style, warehouses on stilts supported by pillars dug into the ground, with wooden plate floors and hiwadabuki (cypress bark) roofs known as takayukashiki-soko.
Japanese: 平城京に所在する建物は、唐風建築のみならず、掘立柱建物で板敷の高床式倉庫で屋根は檜皮葺という前代よりの伝統的な日本風建築も多かった。
English: Construction of the capital was carried out in a short time period, and production of coins was also carried out speedily.
Japanese: 都城の造営は短期間にすすめられたが、貨幣の鋳造のスピードもはやかった。
English: In February 708, a Saijusenshi (A Ryoge no kan in charge of administering coinage) was appointed and in May the same year, silver coins of Wado Kaichin were issued with copper coins coming in August.
Japanese: 708年2月に催鋳銭司がおかれ、同年5月にははやくも和同開珎の銀銭、同じく8月には銅銭が発行されている。
English: The reason silver coins were issued earlier is believed to be the tradition of circulation of silver coins as Hyoryo kahei (currency valued by weight).
Japanese: 銀銭の発行が早かったのは、秤量貨幣としての銀の通用の伝統があったためとみられる。
English: It the same way as Heijokyo was a developed form of Fujiwarakyo of the Emperor Jito's period, Wado Kaichin was also a developed form of Fuhonsen coins and also followed the example of Tang coinage.
Japanese: 平城京が持統天皇期の藤原京の発展形であったのと同様、和同開珎もまた富本銭の発展形であり、また唐の銭貨にならったものであった。
English: The coins were used to pay costs involved in building the capital, such as construction workers' wages.
Japanese: 銭貨は新都の造営にやとわれた人びとへの支給銭など宮都造営費用の支払いに利用された。
English: In November 711, in an attempt to promote its circulation, the government issued the Chikusen joirei which gave Ikai (Court rank) to persons who saved up a specified amount of coins.
Japanese: 政府はさらにその流通をめざして和銅4年（711年）10月に一定量の銭を蓄えた者に位階を与えるとする蓄銭叙位令を発した。
English: However, outside of the area around Fujiwarakyo and Kinai, trade based on material currencies such as rice plant and cloth was widely conducted.
Japanese: しかし、京・畿内を中心とした地域の外では、稲や布などを物品貨幣とする交易が広くおこなわれていた。
English: Chikusen joirei was a kind of Baikan sei (system of selling government posts) and, therefore storing away of coins was promoted all the more, sometimes hindering the smooth exchange of currency.
Japanese: 蓄銭叙位令は一種の売官制であり、かえって貨幣の死蔵がすすみ、円滑な貨幣交換がさまたげられることがあった。
English: The government continued to manufacture copper coins and, until the issue of the new currency Kengen Taiho in the tenth century, as many as 12 rounds of production were carried out.
Japanese: 政府は、こののちも銅銭の鋳造をつづけ、10世紀の乾元大宝まで12回にわたり国家的に銭貨の鋳造はおこなわれた。
English: On the other hand, Shichusen kinshi rei (the ban on counterfeiting money) was issued on 708, the same year as that of the manufacture of Wado Kaichin.
Japanese: 一方で、私鋳銭禁止令が和同開珎鋳造と同じ和銅元年（708年）に出されている。
English: In order to prevent government officials counterfeiting coins in order to obtain Ikai (Court rank), any person who manufactured counterfeit coins was punished with removal of official rank and 'zan' (execution by decapitation).
Japanese: 役人が位階獲得を目的に私鋳銭を製造しないよう、私鋳銭製造に対しては官位剥奪、「斬」（首を切る極刑）の罰が加えられた。
English: At the beginning of this era, FUJIWARA no Fuhito, son of FUJIWARA no Kamatari, grasped the reins of government and devoted himself to establishing the ritsuryo system and strengthening the foundation of Fujiwara clan expansion through links to the Imperial Family.
Japanese: この時代の初め、藤原鎌足の息子藤原不比等があらわれて政権をにぎり、律令制度の確立に力を尽くすとともに、皇室に接近して藤原氏発展の基礎をかためた。
English: After Fuhito died, Nagayao, son of Takechi no Miko (Prince Takechi) and grandson of the Emperor Tenmu, grasped the reins of government.
Japanese: 不比等死後に政権を担当したのは、高市皇子の子で天武天皇の孫にあたる長屋王であった。
English: Around that time, however, vagrancy and defection of heavily-burdened farmers increased and social unease came to the surface.
Japanese: その前後から負担に苦しむ農民の浮浪や逃亡がふえ、社会不安が表面化した。
English: Therefore, the government promoted land reclamation by enforcing Sanze Isshin no Ho in 723 to secure revenues.
Japanese: 政府は財源確保のため723年（養老7年）には、三世一身法を施行して開墾を奨励した。
English: From around 724, Emperor Shomu, whose mother was the daughter of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Miyako, as well as four Fujiwara brothers and sons of Fuhito, FUJIWARA no Muchimaro, FUJIWARA no Fusasaki, FUJIWARA no Umakai and FUJIWARA no Maro appeared in the political world.
Japanese: 不比等の娘藤原宮子を母とする聖武天皇が724年（神亀元年）ころから、不比等の子藤原武智麻呂、藤原房前、藤原宇合、藤原麻呂の藤原四兄弟が政界に進出した。
English: In 729, the four brothers of Fujiwara slandered Nagayao, who had been promoted to sadaijin (minister of the left) as 'endangering the nation with the ways of the left' and forced him to commit suicide (an event known as Nagayao no Hen), grasping the reins of government.
Japanese: 729年（神亀6年）、左大臣にのぼった長屋王に対し藤原四兄弟は「左道によって国政を傾ける」と讒訴して、自殺に追いこみ（長屋王の変）、政権を手にした。
English: Immediately after the disturbance, the Fujiwara clan succeeded in making a daughter of Fuhito, Komyoshi (Empress Komyo), the first retainer to become Empress.
Japanese: 変の直後、藤原氏は不比等の娘光明子を、臣下で最初の皇后（光明皇后）に立てることに成功した。
English: After the four Fujiwara brothers died one after another in 737 because of an epidemic of smallpox, TACHIBANA no Moroe, who was from the Imperial Family, assumed control of the government by making SHIMOTSUMICHI no Makibi (later KIBI no Makibi) and the monk Genbo participate in the government.
Japanese: その藤原四兄弟が737年（天平9年）に天然痘の流行で相次いで死亡すると、皇族出身の橘諸兄が下道真備（のちの吉備真備）や僧玄ボウを参画させて政権を担った。
English: FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu, the oldest son of Umakai, was unhappy with such a situation, and raised an army in Kyushu in 740 with the pretext of removing Makibi et al, but was defeated and died (Rebellion of FUJIWARA no Hirotsugu).
Japanese: これを不満とした宇合の長男藤原広嗣は、740年（天平12年）、真備らを除くことを名目に、九州で挙兵したが、敗死した（藤原広嗣の乱）。
English: The central government was terribly shocked with this rebellion and the Emperor Shomu transferred the capital repeatedly to Kuni in Yamase, Nanba in Settsu and Shigaraki in Omi.
Japanese: この反乱による中央の動揺ははなはだしく、聖武天皇は、山背の恭仁、摂津の難波、近江の紫香楽と転々と都をうつした。
English: Partly because of construction works for repeated transfers of the capital, people's emotions got further confused, and, as epidemics and natural disasters continued, social anxiety was further increased.
Japanese: 相次ぐ遷都による造営工事もあって人心はさらに動揺し、そのうえ疫病や天災もつづいたので社会不安はいっそう高まった。
English: The Emperor Shomu, who was a deep believer in Buddhism, wanted to settle social unease based on the ideology of Chingokokka (keeping the nation tranquil by the reciting of Buddhist prayers and other Buddhist ceremonies) and issued in 741 an Imperial edict establishing Kokubunji (state-supported provincial temples) and, in 743, an Imperial edict for construction of Rushana daibutsu (a large statue of Buddha).
Japanese: かねてより厚く仏教を信仰していた聖武天皇は鎮護国家の思想により、社会の動揺をしずめようと考え、741年（天平13年）に国分寺建立の詔、743年（天平15年）には盧舎那大仏造立の詔を発した。
English: Under the imperial edict, Rushana daibutsu of Todai-ji Temple was constructed and completed in 752, and a big kaigenkuyo (ceremony to consecrate a newly made Buddhist statue or image by inserting the eyes (thereby investing it with soul)) was held in the presence of the Empress Koken and the former Emperor Shomu.
Japanese: これにより東大寺盧舎那仏像がつくられ、752年（天平勝宝4年）に完成、女帝孝謙天皇・聖武太上天皇臨席のもと、盛大な開眼供養がおこなわれた。
English: In the meantime, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro (son of Muchimaro) from the Southern House of the Fujiwara clan, who successfully gained the confidence of the Empress Komyo, accumulated power and organized a Shibi chudai (office responsible for affairs of the Empress Komyo).
Japanese: この間に光明皇后の信任を得た藤原南家の藤原仲麻呂（武智麻呂の子）が台頭、紫微中台を組織した。
English: In 755, he took over control of the government from TACHIBANA no Moroe and in 757 he ousted TACHIBANA no Naramaro, who was a son of Moroe (TACHIBANA no Naramaro no hen).
Japanese: 755年（天平勝宝7年）には橘諸兄から実権を奪い、757年（天平宝字元年）には諸兄の子橘奈良麻呂も排除した（橘奈良麻呂の変）。
English: Nakamaro used the Emperor Junnin as a puppet to obtain autocratic power, changed his name to EMI no Oshikatsu in the Tang style and promoted Chinese-style administration based on Confucianism.
Japanese: 仲麻呂は独裁的な権力を手中にし、傀儡（かいらい）として淳仁天皇を擁立し、みずからを唐風に恵美押勝と改名し、儒教を基本とする中国風の政治を推進した。
English: Oshikatsu initiated a revolt to remove Dokyo in 764 but was defeated and died.
Japanese: 押勝はこれを除くために764年（天平宝字8年）に反乱を起こして敗死した（藤原仲麻呂の乱）。
English: In 765, Dokyo became daijodaijin zenji (grand minister of state and master of Zen Buddhism) and the next year, the Emperor of Buddhist Law.
Japanese: 道鏡は、やがて765年（天平神護元年）には太政大臣禅師、翌766年（天平神護2年）には法王となった。
English: He promoted family members and trusted monks to high positions and constructed Saidai-ji Temple (Nara City) and Hyakumanto stupa aiming at stabilization of the reins of government.
Japanese: 一族や腹心の僧を高官に登用して権勢をふるい、西大寺(奈良市)の造立や百万塔の造立など、仏教による政権安定をはかろうとした。
English: The Empress Koken/Shotoku (who had previously retired but was restored) along with Dokyo, insisting that a Shintaku (oracle) of Usa Hachimangu Shrine) had been handed down, tried to appoint Dokyo as heir to the Imperial Throne but they were stopped by FUJIWARA no Momokawa and WAKE no Kiyomaro, and after the Empress Shotoku's death in 770 Dokyo fell from power.
Japanese: 孝謙天皇称徳天皇（孝謙上皇が復位）と道鏡は宇佐八幡宮に神託がくだったとして、道鏡を皇位継承者に擁立しようとしたが、藤原百川や和気清麻呂に阻まれ、770年（宝亀元年）の称徳天皇の没後に失脚した（道鏡事件）。
English: In place of him, FUJIWARA no Nagate from the Northern House of the Fujiwara clan, FUJIWARA no Yoshitsugu and FUJIWARA no Momokawa from the Ceremonial House of the Fujiwara clan made rapid progress.
Japanese: これに代わり、光仁天皇を擁立した藤原北家の藤原永手や藤原式家の藤原良継・百川らが躍進した。
English: The Emperor Konin did not belong to the line of the Emperor Tenmu but he was a descendant of the Emperor Tenchi.
Japanese: 光仁天皇はこれまでの天武天皇の血統ではなく、天智天皇の子孫であった。