nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: His posthumous Buddhist name is 'Daikanin dokuritsujison koji' and his grave is in Azabusan Zenpuku-ji Temple in Minato Ward, Tokyo.
Japanese: 戒名は「大観院独立自尊居士」で、麻布山善福寺(東京都港区)にその墓がある。
English: On February 3, the anniversary of his death called Yukichiki, a great number of people concerned with Keio Gijuku, including the principal and students, visit his grave.
Japanese: 命日の2月3日は雪池忌と呼ばれ、塾長以下学生など多くの慶應義塾関係者が墓参する。
English: When he was reburied from the first burial place to Zenpuku-ji Temple in Azabu in 1977, his body was found partially mummified.
Japanese: 昭和52年（1977年）、最初の埋葬地から麻布善福寺へ改葬の際、遺体がミイラ（死蝋）化して残っているのが発見された。
English: It is considered that his body had been submerged in relatively cold groundwater isolated from the outside air so that his body had been kept from decay.
Japanese: 外気と遮断され比較的低温の地下水に浸され続けたために腐敗が進まず保存されたものと推定された。
English: Someone suggested dissecting the body for academic purposes, and someone suggested preserving the body, but the body was buried as it was according to his descendants' strong request.
Japanese: 学術解剖や遺体保存の声もあったが、遺族の強い希望でそのまま荼毘にふされた。
English: Yukichi defined the word in Article 2 of "Shushin yoryo" as 'a person who keeps both mentally and physically independent and respects himself without losing dignity as a person is a man of dokuritsujison.'
Japanese: その意味は「心身の独立を全うし、自らその身を尊重して、人たるの品位を辱めざるもの、之を独立自尊の人と云ふ」（『修身要領』第二条）。
English: He wrote a lot of books, including those marked as bestsellers, "Seiyo jijo" and "Bunmeiron no gairyaku," having set a trend in Japan after the Meiji Restoration to lead the Japanese to grow out of Sinocentrism and Confucianism and positively accept Western culture.
Japanese: ベストセラーになった『西洋事情』や『文明論之概略』などの著作を発表し、明治維新後の日本が中華思想、儒教精神から脱却して西洋文明をより積極的に受け入れる流れを作った。
English: As mentioned above, he hated feudalism in which only the social standing of a family talks, as 'the enemy of my father.'
Japanese: 上記の通り家柄がものをいう封建制度を「親の敵（かたき）」と激しく嫌悪した。
English: The bakufu was not the only target of his anger; he also directed his anger at the ruling classes of the Qing dynasty and the Yi dynasty of Korea, both of which clung to the sakuho system based on Sinocentrism.
Japanese: その怒りの矛先は幕府だけでなく依然として中華思想からなる冊封体制を維持していた清や李氏朝鮮の支配層にも向けられた。
English: On the other hand, he thoroughly criticized those who had served bakufu and who also came to assume important positions in the new government, such as Takeaki ENOMOTO and Kaishu KATSU, as 'opportunists.'
Japanese: 一方で、榎本武揚や勝海舟のように、旧幕臣でありながら新政府でも要職に就く姿勢を「オポチュニスト」と徹底的に批判する一面もある。
English: In "Fukuojiden", the autobiography written in his later years, he describes that the townsmen abhorred the students of Tekijuku in dirty clothes as 'The townsmen seem to abhor eta or something, which is not surprising by thinking that the students appear as such to them.'
Japanese: 晩年の自伝である『福翁自伝』において、市中の人々が身なりの汚い適塾の塾生を避ける様子について「何か穢多でも出て来て夫れを穢（きた）ながるやうだ、如何も仕方がない往来の人から見て穢多のやうに思ふ筈だ」と記している。
English: He was not so much religious, as he described himself in the autobiography written in his later years "Fukuojiden": 'I have never feared deities and been thankful to Buddha from childhood.
Japanese: 宗教については淡白で、晩年の自伝『福翁自伝』において、「幼少の時から神様が怖いだの仏様が難有（ありがた）いだのということは一寸（ちよい）ともない。
English: I have never believed in fortune-telling and curses, and I have been completely indifferent to such a story about a fox that bewitches a person.
Japanese: 卜筮呪詛（うらないまじない）一切不信仰で、狐狸（きつねたぬき）が付くというようなことは初めから馬鹿にして少しも信じない。
English: He introduced a banking system, especially a central banking system, to Japan, and he contributed to establishing the Bank of Japan.
Japanese: 銀行、特に中央銀行の考え方を日本に伝えた人物で、日本銀行の設立に注力している。
English: Yukichi describes three kinds of accident insurance of shogai ukeoi (life insurance), kasai ukeoi (fire insurance), and kaijo ukeoi (marine insurance) by an expression 'About accident insurance - INSUARANSU' in "Seiyo tabi annai."
Japanese: 福澤は『西洋旅案内』の中で「災難請合の事-インスアランス-」という表現を使い、生涯請合（生命保険）、火災請合（火災保険）、海上請合（海上保険）の三種の災難請合について説いている。
English: His portrait was printed on a series D 10000 yen note issued from 1984 to 2004 and a series E 10000 yen note issued from 2004.
Japanese: 1984年～2004年の日本銀行券D号1万円札、2004年～のE号1万円札の肖像にも使用されている。
English: Accordingly, the number of 10000 yen notes is sometimes counted as counting the number of persons in the manner of one person, two persons, and the like.
Japanese: このことから派生して、一万円札の枚数を言う時に1人、2人などのように人数を数えるように言うことがあり、一万円札の代名詞でもある。
English: Although Yukichi is known as 'the person on the largest denomination bill' today, the Ministry of Finance, Financing Bureau first planned to issue a 100000 yen note featuring Shotoku-taishi, a 50000 yen note featuring Hideyo NOGUCHI, and a 10000 yen note featuring Yukichi FUKUZAWA as new banknotes on November 1, 1984.
Japanese: 現在「最高額紙幣の人」としても知られているが、昭和59年（1984年）11月1日の新紙幣発行に際して、最初の大蔵省理財局の案では、十万円札が聖徳太子、五万円札が野口英世、一万円札が福澤諭吉となる予定だった。
English: Since issuing the 100000 yen note and 50000 yen note was canceled afterwards, Yukichi FUKUZAWA, on the 10000 yen note, turned out to be the person on the largest denomination bill.
Japanese: その後、十万円札と五万円札の発行が中止されたため、一万円札の福澤諭吉が最高額紙幣の人となった。
English: In the schools operated by Gakko hojin Keio Gijuku including Keio University, only Yukichi FUKUZAWA, the founder, has been traditionally called 'Fukuzawa sensei' with a title for teachers, and the others, including teachers and students, have been officially called with a casual title 'kun.'
Japanese: 慶應義塾大学をはじめとする学校法人慶應義塾の運営する学校では、創立者の福澤諭吉のみを「福澤先生」と呼ぶ伝統があり、他は教員も学生も公式には「○○君」と表記される。
English: Later, some people argued that Yukichi was contemptuous of Asian countries and approved of invasion of these countries.
Japanese: 後年、福澤はアジア諸国を蔑視し、侵略を肯定したアジア蔑視者であるとの批判を受けた。
English: Yo HIRAYAMA opposes these arguments in his "Fukuzawa yukichi no shinjitsu" (Bungeishinsho, Bungeishunju,) that these impressions of Yukichi were made by Mikiaki ISHIKAWA, the editor of "Jiji Shinpo," who wrote "Fukuzawa yukichi den" and compiled "Fukuzawa zenshu."
Japanese: これに対して、平山洋の『福沢諭吉の真実』（文春新書、文藝春秋）によれば、それは『福澤諭吉伝』の著者で、『時事新報』の主筆を務め、『福澤全集』を編纂した石河幹明が原因という。
English: According to HIRAYAMA, it is the fact that Yukichi attacked the government of China and the government of Korea, but never looked down upon the races.
Japanese: 平山によれば、福澤は支那（中国）や朝鮮政府を批判しても、民族そのものをおとしめたことはなかった。
English: Discriminatory remarks such as the article, in which the Qing soldiers are called swans, were written by ISHIKAWA, who compiled the articles under the name of FUKUZAWA in "Fukuzawa zenshu."
Japanese: だが、たとえば清の兵士をブタになぞらえた論説など、差別主義的内容のものは、石河の論説であり、全集編纂時に、福澤のものと偽って収録したのだという。
English: It has been proved, however, that some of the articles were drafted by FUKUZAWA and written by the other person in fact; ISHIKAWA should not be solely blamed for all the articles.
Japanese: もっとも、福澤が（原案を）立案し、筆記は別人がおこなったことがはっきりしている作品も存在するため、すべて石河の仕業と見ることには無理がある。
English: On the other hand, Yukichi contributed support for Asian 'influential reformists' to 'modernize' the neighboring countries.
Japanese: 一方福澤は、アジアの「改革勢力」の支援を通じて近隣諸国の「近代化」に力を注いでいる。
English: He supported Gyokukin KIN and others of the Yi dynasty Korea; invented a mixed writing system of Chinese and Hangul; and expended his funds on the establishment of "Kanjo Junpo" (written in Chinese,) which was to develop into the first newspaper partly written in Hangul in Korea "Kanjo Shuho."
Japanese: 李氏朝鮮の金玉均などを支援しているし、漢文とハングルの混合文を発案するとともに、朝鮮で初めてのハングル交じりの新聞『漢城周報』へと発展する『漢城旬報』（漢字表記）の創刊にも私財を投じて関わっている。
English: From June, 1881, he made Keio Gijuku accept students from Korea.
Japanese: また朝鮮からの留学生も1881年（明治14年）6月から慶應義塾に受け入れている。
English: The Sino-Japanese War was fought from July, 1894 to April, 1895.
Japanese: 日清戦争は、明治27年（1894年）7月から同28年（1895年）4月にかけておこなわれた。
English: FUKUZAWA published a bylined article 'Shikin Gien ni tsuite' in the August 14, 1894 issue of "Jiji Shinpo," asking the readers to make a contribution toward winning the war if Japan had to fight the war anyway.
Japanese: 福澤は『時事新報』1894年8月14日号に署名入りの「私金義捐に就いて」を掲載し、開戦となった以上、戦勝のために義捐金を寄せて欲しいと訴えた。
English: As I look back the history, a lot of unbearable things have occurred, but on the other hand, Japan, as a whole, has been making great progress; Japan had gradually advanced for these years, and now it won the victory in the Sino-Japanese War, which was brought by the joint cooperation of the government and people. What a delightful and grateful victory it is.'
Japanese: 「顧みて世の中を見れば堪え難いことも多いようだが、一国全体の大勢は改進進歩の一方で、次第々々に上進して、数年の後その形に顕れたるは、日清戦争など官民一致の勝利、愉快とも難有（ありがた）いとも言いようがない。」
English: 'I can hear that good news because I am alive. Every time I received the news, I wept for my dead friends. How badly I want to show them that news.'
Japanese: 「命あればこそコンナことを見聞するのだ、前に死んだ同志の朋友が不幸だ、アア見せてやりたいと、毎度私は泣きました」
English: During the Meiji Restoration, Yukichi immediately introduced feminism of Western countries to Japan; he stated that polygyny and the keeping a mistress are bad practices because 'the married couple is the base of morality', that women should be emancipated, and that women should be granted the right to receive an equal education because women and men are equally human beings.
Japanese: 福澤は、明治維新になって欧米諸国の女性解放思想をいちはやく日本に紹介し、「人倫の大本は夫婦なり」として一夫多妻制や妾をもつことを非難し、女性にも自由を与えなければならぬとし、女も男も同じ人間だから、同様の教育を受ける権利があると主張した。
English: Keio Gijuku Yochisha elementary school, which was founded in 1874, adopted a coeducation system from 1877 for some years; the school's adoption of a coeducation system in such an early period was a rare example in the modernized Japan's education.
Japanese: 1874年に発足した慶應義塾幼稚舎が1877年以降しばらく男女を共に教育した例があり、これは近代化以降の日本の教育における男女教育のいち早い希有なことであった。
English: The draft of Family Law in Civil Law during the Meiji period was close to Yukichi's theory of the equality of the sexes, and Yukichi supported the draft, but it was replaced by Family Law adopting patriarchy because the draft was opposed by the descendants of samurai families.
Japanese: なお、明治民法の家族法の草案段階は、福澤の男女同等論に近いものであったり彼もそれを支持したが、士族系の反対があったため父家長制のものに書き換えられた。
English: He advocated in his "Hinkoron" (published in December, 1885) that state-regulated prostitution should be maintained to keep 'the public peace' and 'the public order.'
Japanese: 『品行論』（明治18年12月出版）のなかでは「社会の安寧」「社会の秩序」のために公娼制度はぜひ必要であると主張している。
English: His theory of state-regulated prostitution was to prevent intermediary exploitation and the underworld from existing, and he stated that the government should also supervise hygiene.
Japanese: この公娼論は、中間搾取者や闇社会の存在を許さないためのものであり、衛生上も公が厳密に管理すべきというものであった。
English: On the other hand, for prostitutes, he bitterly stated that 'the occupation is the most despicable and the most heinous, and nothing but a business of brutes, which is against the cause of morality' and advised the readers to go to these places secretly.
Japanese: しかし、その娼婦に対しては「其業たる最も賤しむ可く最も悪（にく）む可くして、然かも人倫の大義に背きたる人非人の振舞なりと云ふの外なし」と罵り、隠れて遊べといっている。
English: Yukichi was a master of Iai; he had practiced Iai in the Tachimi shinryu school from his youth to be granted the menkyo kaiden when he grew up to be a man.
Japanese: 福澤は、若年の頃より立見新流居合の修練を積み、成人の頃に免許皆伝を許された居合の達人であった。
English: Although Yukichi was nearly assassinated several times by those who hated the rapid influx of Western ideas, he fled them instead of fighting back with a sword.
Japanese: ただし、福澤は急速な欧米思想流入を嫌う者から幾度となく暗殺されそうになっているが、剣を持って戦った事はなく逃げている。
English: Escaping danger is undoubtedly the safest art of self-defense, and Yukichi supposedly regarded Iai as entirely a way of seeking after truth and not a way of killing a person, which is close to the ideas of Kaishu KATSU and Tesshu YAMAOKA, who had also never killed a person, although they had a reputation for their mastery of swordsmanship.
Japanese: 無論、逃げる事は最も安全な護身術であるが、福澤自身、居合はあくまでも求道の手段であり殺人術でないと考えていたと思われ、同じく剣の達人と言われながら生涯人を斬ったことが無かった勝海舟・山岡鉄舟の思想と似ている。
English: Around the time of the Sino-Japanese War, a newspaper publishing company held a forum with 'swordsmen' at the end of Edo period who were alive in those days.
Japanese: 日清戦争の頃、新聞社が当時存命していた幕末の「剣客」たちの座談会を企画した。
English: When they talked about who is the strongest swordsman of those dead and those alive, all the participants agreed on Fukuzawa.
Japanese: 席上、物故存命を問わず誰が最強であったかという話題になった時、出席者の全員が一致して「それは福澤だ」と言ったというエピソードがある。
English: When martial arts were all the rage from the middle of the Meiji period, Yukichi ceased speaking about Iai with someone and showing his Iai to someone as he described 'I put away my Iai sword' ("Fukuo jiden".)
Japanese: 明治中期より武術ブームが起こると、人前で居合を語ったり剣技を見せたりすることは一切なくなり、「居合刀はすっかり奥にしまいこんで」いた（『福翁自伝』）。
English: When 'swordsmanship shows' were prosperous, Yukichi took a disciple who made a great fuss about a showman as 'a master with the sword' to the show and said 'It's nothing to crow about'; when they returned home, he showed his swordsmanship to the disciple who was quite surprised about that.
Japanese: 撃剣興行が盛んな頃、弟子の一人が「すごい剣の名人がいる」と騒ぎ立てたため、その演武を弟子と見に行ったら「あんなものたいしたことはない」といい、帰ってからそれ以上の演武を弟子に見せ、驚嘆させたというエピソードがある。
English: In an open letter titled "Yasegaman no setsu," Yukichi relentlessly criticizes Kaishu KATSU and Takeaki ENOMOTO (both of whom had been vassals of the shogun but served the Meiji government) with a well-reasoned argument by quoting sentences of all ages and stressing his fairness by stating that Yukichi was understanding the difficult positions of KATSU and ENOMOTO.
Japanese: 『瘠我慢の説』という公開書簡によって、海舟と榎本武揚（共に旧幕臣でありながら明治政府に仕えた）を理路整然と、古今の引用を引きながら、相手の立場を理解していると公平な立場を強調しながら、容赦なく批判している。
English: Some people still say that it was conversion or betrayal of Kaishu KATSU that he was accepted as an honorable man after the Meiji Restoration, but on the other hand, other people have come to highly evaluate Kaishu KATSU and Takeaki ENOMOTO for their contribution to Japan without sticking to the small framework of the Tokugawa family, as a whole.
Japanese: 勝が維新後に栄誉を受けたことを転身、裏切りとするこの手の意見は今も絶えないが、勝、榎本両者は徳川家の名誉回復と存続に大変な労力を裂いていおり、現在では大局として徳川家という狭い枠にとどまらず、日本の為に尽くしたと評価されている。
English: As a matter of fact, while discontented former samurai warriors of various domains revolted against the rapid reform of the Meiji Restoration, the former vassals of the shogun, who would have formed the largest hostile group to the new government, never betrayed the new government.
Japanese: 現に明治維新という急激な改革に諸藩の不平士族たちが反乱を起こすが、最大の敵性グループであった旧幕臣たちはついに背くことがなかった。
English: In those days, Keio Gijuku was in financial difficulties for several reason, including the students from Satsuma domain leaving before graduation; therefore, Yukichi asked Kaishu KATSU for financial help because Kaishu equally financed the former vassals of the shogun in a relatively straightforward manner.
Japanese: 当時慶應義塾の経営は薩摩藩学生の退学等もあり思わしくなく、旧幕臣に比較的簡単に分け隔てなく融通していた勝に援助を求めた。
English: Since Kaishu knew that Yukichi held land as broad as 46,200 sq.m. in Mita, which was disposed of by the government, Kaishu answered that if Yukichi sold the land and the money would still be insufficient to operate Keio Gijuku, he would finance Yukichi; as Yukichi loved the land of Mita, he did not sell the land.
Japanese: だが勝は福沢が政府から払い下げられた1万４千坪に及ぶ広大な三田の良地を保有していることを知っていた為、土地を売却しても尚（慶應義塾の経営に）足りなかったら相談に乗ると答えたが、福沢は三田の土地を非常に気に入っていた為、遂に売却していない。
English: According to "Isha no mita Fukuzawa Yukichi" by Masaharu TSUCHIYA (Chuokoronsha, Chukoshinsho) and "Fukuzawa Yukichi no 'Kagaku no susume'" by Kunitomo SAKURAI (Shodensha), Yukichi was deeply involved in Western medicine and left the achievements below.
Japanese: 土屋雅春の『医者のみた福澤諭吉』（中央公論社、中公新書）や桜井邦朋の『福沢諭吉の「科學のススメ」』（祥伝社）によれば、福澤と西洋医学との関係は深く、以下のような業績が残されている。
English: Takahira KANDA, a friend of Yukichi, ran into a handwritten copy of "Rangaku kotohajime keii" written by Genpaku SUGITA.
Japanese: 杉田玄白が記した『蘭学事始経緯』の写本を、福澤の友人神田孝平が偶然に発見した。
English: Yukichi published the book as "Rangaku kotohajime" with a foreword by himself in 1869 by permission of Renkei SUGITA, Genpaku's descendant of the fourth generation.
Japanese: そこで、杉田玄白の4世の孫である杉田廉卿の許可を得て、福澤の序文を附して、明治2年（1869年）に『蘭学事始』として出版した。
English: On April 1, 1890, he reprinted the book with 'Rangaku kotohajime saihanjo' on the occasion of the general meeting of Nihon igakukai.
Japanese: さらに、明治23年（1890年）4月1日には、再版を「蘭学事始再版序」を附して日本医学会総会の機会に出版している。
English: For Shibasaburo KITAZATO, who returned to Japan in 1892 from Germany where he had studied, Yukichi established Dainippon shiritsu eiseikai densenbyo kenkyujo (generally called Denken) in Shibayama, Tokyo, and invited KITAZATO to become head.
Japanese: 明治25年（1892年）にドイツ留学から帰国した北里柴三郎のために、東京柴山内に大日本私立衛生会伝染病研究所（伝研）を設立して、北里を所長に迎えた。
English: While the project of moving Denken to Atago-cho was proceeding, the residents launched a campaign against Denken; to prove that Denken was safe, Yukichi built a new house for his second son Sutejiro next to the site for Denken.
Japanese: 移転の際に住民から反対運動が起こったので、福澤は次男福澤捨次郎の新居を伝研の隣りに作って、伝研が危険でないことを示した。
English: When the control of Denken was transferred to the state in 1899, KITAZATO resigned as head and started working at Tsukushigaoka yojoen, which was established by Yukichi, Sensai NAGAYO, and Ichizaemon MORIMURA.
Japanese: 明治32年（1899年）に伝研が国に移管されると、北里は伝研の所長を辞任し、福澤と長与専斎と森村市左衛門とが創設した土筆ヶ岡養生園に移った。
English: In 1870, Yukichi decided to establish an English-style medical school for Seishiro MAEDA, a student of Keio Gijuku.
Japanese: 明治3年（1870年）、慶應義塾の塾生前田政四郎のために、福澤が英国式の医学所の開設を決定した。
English: Unfortunately, in June, 1880, Igakusho was closed.
Japanese: 残念ながら明治13年（1880年）6月、医学所は閉鎖されることになった。
English: On December 27, 1916, 15 years after the death of Yukichi, Keio Gijuku was permitted to establish its Medical Department, and in March 1917, Keio Gijuku opened for application for freshmen enrollment at the premedical course of the Medical Department, and had Shibasaburo KITAZATO as Dean of the Medical Department.
Japanese: しかし、福澤の死後15年たった大正5年（1916年）12月27日、慶應義塾に医学部の創設が許可され、大正6年（1917年）3月、医学部予科1年生の募集を開始し、医学部長として北里柴三郎が就任することになった。
English: Yukichi FUKUZAWA "An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (Bunmeiron no gairyaku)", Keio Gijuku Daigaku Shuppankai, November 2008
Japanese: 福澤諭吉『AnOutlineofaTheoryofCivilization（文明論之概略）』、慶應義塾大学出版会、2008年11月。
English: In 2009, 'Keio Gijuku 150th Anniversary "Mirai wo hiraku - Fukuzawa Yukichi ten" was held at Tokyo National Museum, Fukuoka Art Museum, and Osaka Municipal Museum of Art.
Japanese: 2009年、「慶應義塾　創立１５０年記念　『未来をひらく　福沢諭吉展』」が、東京国立博物館、福岡市美術館、大阪市立美術館において開催されている。
English: After his father and two older brothers died, he succeeded the position as lord of Kishu Domain and successfully worked towards the domain's financial reconstruction.
Japanese: 父と2人の兄の死後、紀州藩主を継ぎ藩財政の再建に努め、成果を挙げた。
English: The death of the seventh shogun Ietsugu TOKUGAWA left no male heir descended from Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogun family.
Japanese: 第7代将軍・徳川家継の死により秀忠の流れの徳川将軍家の男系男子が途絶えた。
English: Tenei-in, the legal wife of the sixth shogun Ienobu, later designated Yoshimune as heir, and he was adopted by the shogun family for the first time from the Tokugawa gosanke, assuming the position of the eighth shogun of the Edo bakufu.
Japanese: その後、6代将軍家宣の正室・天英院の指名により御三家出身では初の養子として宗家を相続し、江戸幕府の第8代将軍に就任した。
English: Making good use of his experience as lord of the Kishu Domain, Yoshimune reformed the bakufu's political system called Shotoku no Chi, which had been adopted in the reign of Ienobu.
Japanese: 紀州藩主時代の藩政を幕政に反映させ、将軍家宣時代の正徳の治を改める幕政改革を実施。
English: He put great effort into the restoration of the bakufu's authority, and enacted the Kyoho Reforms through measures such as tax increases and cost-cutting to reform the bakufu, public policies such as the development of new rice fields, the enactment of Kujikata Osadamegaki (the law of the Edo bakufu), and the installation of opinion boxes to gain the views of the public.
Japanese: 幕府権力の再興に務め、増税と質素倹約による幕政改革、新田開発など公共政策、公事方御定書の制定、市民の意見を取り入れるための目安箱の設置などの享保の改革を実行した。
English: He maintained his political power as ogosho (retired shogun) even after handing control of the shogunate over to Ieshige TOKUGAWA, and he was also called the Rice Shogun (Hachiboku Shogun) because he conducted reforms concentrating on rice prices which were directly connected to public finances.
Japanese: 徳川家重に将軍の座を譲った後も大御所として権力を維持し、財政に直結する米相場を中心に改革を続行していたことから米将軍（八木将軍）と呼ばれていた。
English: He is called Chuko no So (the instigator of a restoration) because he rebuilt the failing economy of the bakufu through his financial reforms, and he is said to be one of the representative wise rulers of the Edo period.
Japanese: この幕府改革で破綻しかけていた財政の復興などをしたことから中興の祖と呼ばれ、江戸時代を代表する名君の一人となっている。
English: Yoshimune TOKUGAWA was born on November 27, 1684 as the fourth son of Mitsusada TOKUGAWA who was the second lord of the Kishu Domain among the Tokugawa gosanke (as his parents' second son died at a young age, he sometimes counted as the third son).
Japanese: 貞享元年（1684年）10月21日、徳川御三家の紀州藩2代藩主・徳川光貞の四男として生まれる（次兄は早世しているため三男と数えられることもある）。
English: It is a famous legend that Oyuri no Kata, a maidservant who attended the bathroom of the ladies chambers at Wakayama-jo Castle attracted Mitsusada TOKUGAWA's attention and had an affair with him in this bathroom.
Japanese: 和歌山城の大奥の湯殿番であった於由利の方は、徳川光貞の目に止まり、湯殿において手がついたという伝説は有名である。
English: Maybe due to the issue of his mother's position in society, he was raised at the Karo's (chief retainer) house during his early years and was ultimately taken to the castle.
Japanese: 母の身分に問題があったためか、幼年は家老の元で育てられ、やがて城中へ引き取られた。
English: When he was granted an audience to Tsunayoshi TOKUGAWA, the Fifth Seii Taishogun, at the age of 14 in 1697, he was given Nyu-gun County in Echizen Province with 30,000 koku of rice produced annually, and became lord of Kazurano Domain.
Japanese: 元禄10年（1697年）、14歳で第5代征夷大将軍・徳川綱吉に拝謁し、越前国丹生郡に3万石を賜り、葛野藩主となる。
English: Although Yorikata (Yoshimune's former name) remained in a room next to the room where his older brothers and father Mitsusada were having an audience with Tsunayoshi, he was granted an audience with Tsunayoshi due to the consideration of roju (senior councilor) Tadatomo OKUBO.
Japanese: 父・光貞と共に綱吉に拝謁した兄達に対し頼方は次の間に控えていたのだが、老中・大久保忠朝の気配りにより綱吉への拝謁が適ったものである。
English: It is said that he ruled over the Kazurano Domain by dispatching vassals while residing in the town of Wakayama-jo Castle.
Japanese: なお、葛野藩には実際には家臣を送って統治するだけで、吉宗は和歌山城下にとどまっていたと言われている。
English: After Tsunanori TOKUGAWA (the third lord of the Kishu Domain), his eldest brother, died in 1705, Yorimoto TOKUGAWA, his second elder brother, took over as head of family.
Japanese: 宝永2年（1705年）に長兄・徳川綱教（紀州藩第3代藩主）が死去し、次兄・徳川頼職が後を継ぐ。
English: However, because his father Mitsusada died in the same year followed by the death of Yorimoto half a year later, he succeeded the position of the fifth lord of the Kishu Domain at the age of 22.
Japanese: しかし同年のうちに父・光貞、やがて頼職までが半年のうちに病死したため、22歳で紀州藩第5代藩主に就任する。
English: He got married to Princess Satoko, daughter of Nihon (second ranked) Imperial Prince Fushimi no Miya Sadayuki, in 1706 but was widowed when she died in 1710.
Japanese: 宝永3年（1706年）に二品親王伏見宮貞致親王の娘・理子女王を簾中（正室）に迎えているが、宝永7年（1710年）に死別した。
English: After he returned to the Kishu Domain in April 1710, Yoshimune began the reformation of the domain's administration.
Japanese: 宝永7年（1710年）4月に紀州入りした吉宗は、藩政改革に着手する。
English: He demonstrated great ability in reconstructing the domain's financial situation that had deteriorated as a result of factors such as 100,000 ryo borrowed from the Edo Bakufu to pay the funeral expenses of his father and elder brother, taxes imposed on borrowing money from vassals, the suspension of domain bills, and relief costs for natural disasters that caused great damage throughout the domain.
Japanese: 2人の兄と父の葬儀費用や江戸幕府から借用していた10万両の返済、家中への差上金の賦課、藩札の停止、藩内各地で甚大な被害を発生させていた災害の復旧費などで悪化していた藩財政の再建に手腕を発揮する。
English: In addition, he installed an opinion box in front of the main gate of Wakayama-jo Castle to gain the views of the public, and tried to improve public morals by promoting studies and martial arts, granting rewards for virtuous acts, and so on.
Japanese: また、和歌山城大手門前に目安箱を設置して直接訴願を募り、文武の奨励や孝行への褒章など、風紀改革にも務めている。
English: He had his eldest son, Chofuku-maru (Ieshige) and second son, Kojiro (Munetake TAYASU) with a maidservant while he was the lord of the Kishu Domain.
Japanese: 紀州藩主時代には、女中との間に長男・長福丸（家重）、次男・小次郎（田安宗武）が生まれている。
English: The Tokugawa shogun family lineage (a male lineage through Ieyasu TOKUGAWA's third son Hidetada) died out in 1716 with the death of Ietsugu TOKUGAWA at only the age of eight.
Japanese: 享保元年（1716年）に第7代将軍・徳川家継がわずか8歳で早世し、徳川将軍家の血筋（徳川家康の三男・徳川秀忠の男系男子）が絶えた。