nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Thereafter, Shokei (court nobles who worked at Imperial Court as high rank post) in charge of kiyogaki (making a fair copy) who was appointed separately wrote out on white or yellow paper.
Japanese: その後、別に任じられた清書（きよがき）の上卿が白か黄色の紙に清書を行った。
English: Since it was a necessary document for the Emperor to conduct Bunin (appointment of government post), there were many and very complicated manners for Omagaki such as how to write, how to fold, how to seal and so on, and Omagaki was created with extra care.
Japanese: 天皇が補任を行うために必要な文書であるため、大間書の書き方、折り方、封印方法など多くの作法が存在し、大変複雑であり、作成には慎重が期された。
English: Therefore, Omagaki became a target of study as Yusoku kojitsu (knowledge of court rules, ceremony, decorum and records of the past), and books to create Omagaki were made such as "Jimokutaiseisho" (book for perfection of Jimoku) (Omaseibunsho (book for how to write Omagaki)) by Yoshitsune KUJO, "Gyorogusho" by Kinkata TOIN and so on.
Japanese: そのため、有職故実として研究の対象となり、九条良経の『除目大成抄（大間成文抄）』や洞院公賢の『魚魯愚鈔』など大間書作成のための書物が作成された。
English: As to the oldest existing Omagaki, Omagaki transcribed in 996 during the Kamakura period ('Tsukamoto Monjo' in the Iwasaki Collection possessed by Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library)) exists, and Omagaki created in 996, 1159, 1453 and 1551 were selected and recorded in "Gunsho ruiju" (Collection of historical documents compiled by Hokiichi HANAWA) and "Zoku Gunshoruiju" (Collection of historical documents, second series).
Japanese: 現存最古の大間書は鎌倉時代に書写された長徳2年（996年）の大間書（東洋文庫所蔵岩崎文庫本「塚本文書」）があり、同年と保元4年（1159年）・享徳2年（1453年）・天文(日本)20年（1551年）の大間書が『群書類従』・『続群書類従』に採録されている。
English: Genisyu was a military epic written in the late period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) (in the latter half of the 14th century).
Japanese: 源威集（げんいしゅう）は、南北朝時代(日本)後期（14世紀後半）に書かれた軍記物。
English: 'Genji no i' (The Power of Genji), that is, the book's main contents were the rightness of Kawachi-Genji's (the Minamoto clan's) military rule (during the Kamakura period and of the Muromachi government) and the stories of Togoku Samurai warriors who supported the military rule.
Japanese: 「源氏の威」すなわち河内源氏の武家政権（鎌倉時代及び室町幕府）の正当性とこれを支えた東国武士の活動を中心に描く。
English: The original copy existing today was written by Mitsumoto MAKABE (Jindayu) who was a descendant of Ujimoto MAKABE during the Genroku era in order to compile the history of the Akita domain and submitted to the head of Satake clan, the lord of the domain (Senshu Library owns the copy at present); therefore, the manuscripts stored at the Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo and books published today all originate with the original copy.
Japanese: 現存する本は元禄年間に秋田藩の藩史編纂のために真壁氏幹の末裔真壁充幹（甚太夫）が藩主佐竹氏に提出したもの（現在は千秋文庫所蔵）が唯一で、東京大学史料編纂所所蔵影写本及び現在の刊行本なども全てこれを元にしている。
English: The book is written in a format that a retired old army general told stories of Genji and the history of Togoku Samurai by answering his grandchild's and great-grandchild's questions.
Japanese: 引退した老将が孫と曾孫からの問いかけに答える形で源氏と東国武士の歴史を語る形式を採っている。
English: The book starts with the story of Genji and Hachiman Daibosatsu's relationship, and moves on to the stories of the historical episode of MINAMOTO no Yoshimitsu's flute during Zen Kunen no Eki (the Early Nine Years' War) and Gosannen no Eki (the Later Three Years' War), the exposure of MINAMOTO no Yoshichika's severed head, the domination over FUJIWARA no Yasuhira, MINAMOTO no Yoritomo's two attempts to conquer the capital (Kyoto) and Takauji ASHIKAGA's attempt to conquer the capital and the battle of Toji Temple.
Japanese: 源氏と八幡大菩薩の関係から始まり、前九年の役・後三年の役とその際にあった源義光の笛を巡る故事、源義親の梟首、藤原泰衡討伐、源頼朝の2度の上洛、足利尊氏の上洛及び東寺合戦について記している。
English: Describing Genji's ties to the leaders of samurai families and Togoku Samurai were emphasized; therefore, events not related directly to Togoku (the eastern part of Japan, particularly Kanto region) such as the Hogen War, the Heiji War, and the Genpei War were omitted.
Japanese: 源氏の武家の棟梁と東国武士との結びつきの強さを描くことを重視しており、保元の乱・平治の乱や源平の戦いといった東国との関連性の低い合戦は省略されている。
English: Also, Genisyu describes in detail the emerging customs of samurai families at the time and is valued as the accumulation of records before the books on the ancient practices of customs of samurai families were compiled.
Japanese: また、当時武家の間で勃興しつつあった武家故実に関する記述にも富んでおり、武家故実書編纂以前における記録の集積としても注目されている。
English: "The Tale of Genji" is a Japanese novel written in the mid-Heian period.
Japanese: 源氏物語（げんじものがたり）は、平安時代中期に成立した、日本の長編物語、小説。
English: The tale first appeared in a written work in the year 1001, and until then most of the work seems to have been completed.
Japanese: 文献初出は長保3年（1001年）で、このころには相当な部分までが成立していたと思われる。
English: It is a masterpiece not only among the court literature but also of the entire history of Japanese literature in terms of quantity, quality and literary achievement, and its influence on posterity is immeasurable.
Japanese: 分量、内容、文学的成果のいずれから言っても王朝物語のみならず日本文学史上の雄であり、後世に与えた影響ははかりしれない。
English: It is not clear what the title of the tale was when the work was first written, although it is now generally called "The Tale of Genji."
Japanese: 現在では通常『源氏物語』と呼ばれている、この物語が作られた当時の本来の題名がなんであったのかは明らかではない。
English: Many old manuscripts don't have titles, and even if they do, they are different.
Japanese: 古写本には題名の記されていないものも多く、記されている場合でもさまざまなものが記されている。
English: Each volume of the old manuscript of "The Tale of Genji" usually has a chapter name on its cover rather than a title of the overall work such as 'The Tale of Genji' or something similar.
Japanese: 『源氏物語』の古写本の場合、冊子の標題には「源氏物語」ないしはそれに相当する物語全体の標題が記されている場合よりも、それぞれの帖名が記されていることが少なくない。
English: The titles written on the old manuscripts or commentaries are roughly divided into the following groups:
Japanese: 古い時代の写本や注釈書などの文献に記されている名称は大きく以下の系統に分かれる。
English: A group of 'Genji's Tale,' 'The Tale of Hikaru Genji,' 'Brightly Genji's Tale,' 'Genji HIKARU,' 'Genji,' 'Genji no Kimi,' and so on.
Japanese: 「源氏の物語」、「光源氏の物語」、「光る源氏の物語」、「光源氏」、「源氏」、「源氏の君」などとする系統。
English: In terms of titles, both groups took the name of a main character such as Genji (Hikaru Genji) or Murasaki no Ue, and it is hard to say they're the inherent titles of the work.
Japanese: これらはいずれも源氏（光源氏）または紫の上という主人公の名前をそのまま物語の題名としたものであって、物語の固有の名称であるとは言い難い。
English: If the author applied a certain title, such differences would not arise, so it is thought that these titles would not have been applied by the author.
Japanese: もし作者が命名した題名があるのならこのようにさまざまな題名が生まれるとは考えがたいため、これらの題名は作者が命名した題名ではない可能性が高いと考えられている。
English: Major contemporary works such as "Murasaki Shikibu Diary," "Sarashina Nikki (As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams)," and "Mizukagami (The Water Mirror)" mention the title of 'The Tale of Genji'; therefore, it is thought that the tale had that title from the beginning.
Japanese: 『紫式部日記』、『更級日記』、『水鏡』などのこの物語の成立時期に近い主要な文献に「源氏の物語」とあることなどから、物語の成立当初からこの名前で呼ばれていたと考えられている。
English: However, if the author's name 'Murasaki Shikibu' was taken from "The Tale of Genji" (="The Tale of Murasaki"), the title of 'The Tale of Murasaki' or 'Tales Related to Murasaki' would have existed from an early time; therefore, some people consider that the titles named after Murasaki are older than those named after Genji.
Japanese: しかし、作者を「紫式部」と呼ぶことが『源氏物語』（＝『紫の物語』）の作者であることに由来するならば、その通称のもとになった「紫の物語」や「紫のゆかりの物語」という名称はかなり早い時期から存在したと見られることなどから、源氏を主人公とした名称よりも古いとする見解もある。
English: Additionally, it is assumed that the work called 'The Tale of Murasaki' doesn't refer to the present whole 54 volumes of The Tale of Genji but only to the volumes in which Murasaki no Ue appears, such as 'Wakamurasaki" (the so-called 'Tale of Murasaki no Ue').
Japanese: なお、「紫の物語」といった呼び方をする場合には現在の源氏物語54帖全体を指しているのではなく「若紫」を始めとする紫の上が登場する巻々（いわゆる「紫の上物語」）のみを指しているとする説もある。
English: Moreover, old works of folklore such as "Kakai-sho Commentary" say there were several tales called 'The Tale of Genji' but the most excellent of them was 'The Tale of Hikaru Genji,' although it is impossible now to confirm the existence of any other work called 'The Tale of Genji.'
Japanese: なお、『河海抄』などの古伝承には、「源氏の物語」と呼ばれる物語が複数存在し、その中で最も優れているのが「光源氏の物語」であるとするものがあるが、現在「源氏物語」と呼ばれている物語以外の「源氏の物語」の存在を確認することは出来ない。
English: Therefore, Kikan IKEDA considers the folklore to be an untruth, as 'a bizarre rumor that doesn't deserve to be taken seriously'; however, Tetsuro WATSUJI states, 'The Tale of Genji has mysterious parts that readers can't understand until they have noticed the existence of some other tales on Hikaru Genji, which the present readers don't know about but once existed,' adding, 'This is not a supposition that should be immediately rejected.'
Japanese: そのため池田亀鑑などはこの伝承を「とりあげるに足りない奇怪な説」に過ぎないとして事実ではないとしているが、和辻哲郎は、「現在の源氏物語には読者が現在知られていない光源氏についての何らかの周知の物語が存在することを前提として初めて理解できる部分が存在する。」として「これはいきなり斥くべき説ではなかろうと思う」と述べている。
English: It was also referred to with Chinese titles such as 'Gengo (abbreviation of The Tale of Genji),' 'Shibun (Text of Murasaki),' 'Shishi (History of Murasaki),' etc., but these titles seem to have been under the influence of Chinese classics and therefore not so old, while Kikan IKEDA claimed that such usage didn't start until the Edo period.
Japanese: なおこのほかに「源語（げんご）」、「紫文（しぶん）」、「紫史（しし）」などという漢語風の名称で呼ばれていることもあるが、漢籍の影響を受けたものでありそれほど古いものはないと考えられており、池田亀鑑によればその使用は江戸時代を遡らないとされる。
English: It is widely thought that Murasaki Shikibu, who served Akiko (Shoshi) FUJIWARA (a daughter of FUJIWARA no Michinaga), an empress of Emperor Ichijo, authored the work while in residence as a court lady.
Japanese: 一条天皇中宮藤原彰子（藤原道長息女）に女房として仕えた紫式部がその作者であるというのが通説である。
English: The tale provides no clue as to who the author was, but we ascertain that the author was Murasaki Shikibu based on the following books.
Japanese: 物語中に作者を知る手がかりはないが、以下の書より作者が紫式部であることはまず動かないとされている。
English: In "Murasaki Shikibu Diary" (the titles on the manuscripts are all "Murasaki Diary"), one can see three descriptions that suggest Murasaki Shikibu wrote "The Tale of Genji."
Japanese: 『紫式部日記』（写本の題名は全て『紫日記』）中に自作の根拠とされる次の3つの記述
English: Sauemontoku asked Murasaki Shikibu whether Waka Murasaki was around here. Shikibu thought that no one else looked like Hikaru Genji. Beyond that, why is it that Murasaki no Ue came here. Then she let it pass.'
Japanese: 「左衛門督あなかしここのわたりに若紫やさぶらふとうかがひたまふ源氏にかかるへき人も見えたまはぬにかの上はまいていかでものしたまはむと聞きゐたり」
English: Because of a remark made by Emperor Ichijo, it was revealed that the author of "The Tale of Genji" eagerly read Nihongi (Six National Histories) and was called Nihongi no Otsubone (court lady of Nihongi).
Japanese: 一条天皇の源氏の物語の作者は日本紀をよく読んでいるという述懐により日本紀の御局と呼ばれたこと。
English: Emperor Ichijo, who had listened to recitations of The Tale of Genji, praised the author to the court, saying that the author must be greatly talented to be conversant with Nihongi. The Minister of the Left, who heard this, started a rumor that the author wanted to be named Otsubone, Court Lady of Nihongi. "Unbelievable," said Shikibu on hearing about this. "I never displayed my knowledge in the Palace, nor did I in front of the maid."'
Japanese: 「内裏の上の源氏の物語人に読ませたまひつつ聞こしめしけるにこの人は日本紀をこそよみたまへけれまことに才あるべしとのたまはせけるをふと推しはかりにいみじうなむさえかあると殿上人などに言ひ散らして日本紀の御局ぞつけたりけるいとをかしくぞはべる」
English: FUJIWARA no Michinaga read The Tale of Genji in front of me. When he joked as always, he wrote the Tanka poetry down the paper mat under a plum. What he wrote was: As a plum is known as an acidic thing (Sukimono), people who see the tree cannot help snapping its twig. Shikibu is known as a lecher (Sukimono) as well, and people who see her cannot help seeing and getting her. Certainly not. As the tree has not snapped yet, who could blow a whistle that its plum is acid? I have not yet proposed it, so who spreads such a rumor?'
Japanese: 「源氏の物語御前にあるを殿の御覧じて、例のすずろ言ども出で来たるついでに梅の下に敷かれたる紙に書かせたまへるすきものと名にしたてれば見る人の折らで過ぐるはあらじとぞ思ふたまはせたれば人にまだ折られぬものをたれかこのすきものぞとは口ならしけむめざましうと聞こゆ」
English: A court lady of Jotomonin, a poet called Murasaki Shikibu, and the author of The Tale of Genji, or Masatada's granddaughter, Tametoki's daughter, mistress of Michinaga, the chief adviser to the Emperor.'
Japanese: 「上東門院女房歌人紫式部是也源氏物語作者或本雅正女云々為時妹也云々御堂関白道長妾」
English: According to this view, the changes in Murasaki Shikibu's environment (marriage, childbirth, loss of husband, service, etc.) were reflected in her work.
Japanese: この場合は、その間の紫式部の環境の変化（結婚、出産、夫との死別、出仕など）が作品に反映しているとするものが多い。
English: Although most of "The Tale of Genji" was written by Murasaki Shikibu, it has long been asserted that a portion of the tale was written by another person.
Japanese: 『源氏物語』の大部分が紫式部の作品であるとしても、一部に別人の手が加わっているのではないかとする説は古くから存在する。
English: "Ujidainagon monogatari (The Tale of Uji Dainagon (chief councilor of state))," which was quoted in "Kachoyojo," the old notes written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, states that Murasaki Shikibu's father FUJIWARA no Tametoki wrote an outline of "The Tale of Genji" and had his daughter Murasaki Shikibu write down the details.
Japanese: 古注の一条兼良の『花鳥余情』に引用された『宇治大納言物語』には、『源氏物語』は紫式部の父である藤原為時が大筋を書き、娘の紫式部に細かいところを書かせたとする伝承が記録されている。
English: Additionally, "Kakai-sho Commentary" says that FUJIWARA no Michinaga made an addition to the manuscript of "The Tale of Genji," by FUJIWARA no Yukinari/Koze.
Japanese: また『河海抄』には藤原行成が書いた『源氏物語』の写本に藤原道長が書き加えたとする伝承が記録されている。
English: According to "Kachoyojo," written by Kaneyoshi ICHIJO, and "Seigen mondo (adage dialogue)" by Fuyuyoshi ICHIJO, "Uji-jujo (Ten Quires of Uji)" was not written by Murasaki Shikibu but instead by her daughter, Daini no Sami.
Japanese: また一条兼良の『花鳥余情』、一条冬良の『世諺問答』などには宇治十帖が紫式部の作ではなくその娘である大弐三位の作であるとする伝承が記録されている。
English: The proposition that 'part of The Tale of Genji was not written by Murasaki Shikibu' has been repeated in modern times.
Japanese: 近代に入ってからも、様々な形で「源氏物語の一部分は紫式部の作ではない」とする理論が唱えられてきた。
English: Akiko YOSANO pointed out that whole volumes after 'Wakana' were written by Daini no Sami, given the differences in writing styles.
Japanese: 与謝野晶子は筆致の違いなどから「若菜」以降の全巻が大弐三位の作であるとした。
English: Tetsuro WATSUJI claims that it isn't a matter that 'the tale was mostly written by Murasaki Shikibu and added by somebody else,' but 'we should assume it was written by one group.'
Japanese: 和辻哲郎は、「大部分の作者である紫式部と誰かの加筆」といった形ではなく、「一つの流派を想定するべきではないか」としている。
English: After the war, Soshun TAKEDA and others proposed that a volume of 'Takekawa' was written by the other author based on incoherent statements about the characters' official ranks.
Japanese: 戦後になって登場人物の官位の矛盾などから武田宗俊らによる「竹河」の巻別作者説といったものも現れた。
English: An opinion from the viewpoint of gender studies was raised against such conjectures about different authors:'The idea that "The Tale of Genji " was not written by Murasaki Shikibu alone but was augmented by someone else is based on sexism; it suggests that 'it can't be true that Murasaki Shikibu wrote such a masterpiece by herself.'
Japanese: これらのさまざまな別作者論に対して、ジェンダー論の立場から、『源氏物語』は紫式部ひとりで全て書き上げたのではなく別人の手が加わっているとする考え方は、すべて「紫式部ひとりであれほどのものを書き上げられたはずはない」とする女性蔑視の考え方に基づくものであるとするとした。
English: Also, an opinion was expressed that 'such conjectures must be sternly denounced from the gender studies' viewpoint.'
Japanese: そして「ジェンダーの立場から激しく糾弾されなければならない」とする見解も出現した。
English: He concluded, 'There is no basis on which to assert that The Tale of Genji is the only exception.'
Japanese: ゆえに、「源氏物語だけがそうでないとする根拠は存在しない」との見解を示した。
English: Additionally, the style and manner of using words such as postpositional particles, auxiliary verbs, etc., are being studied and analyzed using statistical methods.
Japanese: また文体、助詞・助動詞などの単語の使い方について統計学的手法による分析・研究が進められている。
English: There is no historical material that immediately reveals 'when' and 'for how long' Murasaki Shikibu wrote "The Tale of Genji," nor is there any indication of when she started or finished writing.
Japanese: 源氏物語が、紫式部によって「いつ頃」・「どのくらいの期間かけて」執筆されたのかについて、いつ起筆されたのか、あるいはいつ完成したのかといった、その全体を直接明らかにするような史料は存在しない。
English: "Murasaki Shikibu (Diary)" has a description that in 1008 she made a book that seems to have been "The Tale of Genji," so it is thought that most of "The Tale of Genji" was completed around this time.
Japanese: 紫式部日記には、寛弘5年（1008年）に源氏物語と思われる物語の冊子作りが行われたとの記述があり、そのころには源氏物語のそれなりの部分が完成していたと考えられる。
English: Tameakira ANDO proposed in "Shika Seven Reviews" the view that 'most of The Tale of Genji was written for three or four years when she became a widow and began to serve at the Imperial Court,' which was consistent with various facts and became a dominant opinion.
Japanese: 安藤為章は、『紫家七論』（元禄16年（1703年）成立）において、「源氏物語は紫式部が寡婦となってから出仕するまでの三・四年の間に大部分が書き上げられた」とする見解を示したが、、これはさまざまな状況と符合することもあって有力な説になった。
English: However, in later years, the different view that she had been writing for a long period of time was presented eagerly, which was based on the idea that to finish writing such a long story is supposed to take a long time and the fact that there is a clear difference of the writing style between the former and latter part of the story.
Japanese: しかしその後、これほどに長い物語を書き上げるためには当然長い期間が必要であると考えられるだけでなく、前半部分の諸巻と後半部分の諸巻との間に明らかな筆致の違いが存在することを考えると執筆期間はある程度の長期にわたると考えるべきであるとする説が強く唱えられるようになってきた。
English: On the contrary, there is a view that it doesn't necessarily take a long time to write an extended story, and it should be considered that she wrote it over a short period of time without stopping, which made it possible to maintain the cohesiveness of such a long tale having more than 100 characters.
Japanese: しかしそのような説がある一方で、必ずしも長編の物語であるから長い執筆期間が必要であるとは言えず、数百人にも及ぶ登場人物が織りなす長編物語が矛盾無く描かれているのは短期間に一気に書き上げられたからであると考えるべきであるとする説もある。
English: There is no historical material that immediately reveals why Murasaki Shikibu wrote such a long novel, and it has been argued by various people over a considerable period of time.
Japanese: なぜ紫式部はこれほどの長編を書き上げるに至ったのかという点についても直接明らかにした資料は存在せず、古くから様々に論じられている。
English: The old notes have it that "Mumyozoshi (Story Without a Name)" states that Emperor Murakam's daughter, Imperial Princess Senshi, asked her to write a new tale, and "Kakai-sho Commentary" states that the grief over MINAMOTO no Takaakira's demotion led her to write the tale.
Japanese: 古注には、村上天皇の皇女選子内親王から新しい物語を所望されて書き始めたとする『無名草子』に記されている説、源高明の左遷を悲しんで書き始めたとする『河海抄』に記されている説などがある。
English: During modern times, various opinions have emerged as follows: to satisfy her literary talent and creative urge as an author; to distract herself from her loneliness as a widow and forget the tedium; to become a court lady and follow in the footsteps of her father, who had obtained his title through means of literary talent.
Japanese: 近代以降にも、作家としての文才や創作意欲を満たすため、寡婦としての寂しさや無聊を慰めるため、式部の父がその文才で官位を得たように式部が女房になるため、といった様々な説が唱えられている。
English: It is a typical dynastic story that includes approximately 800 waka poems, and consists of 54 chapters with roughly a million words, although such figures are slightly different between the versions of the manuscript and the text.
Japanese: 54帖より成り、写本・版本により多少の違いはあるもののおおむね100万文字に及ぶ長篇で、800首弱の和歌を含む典型的な王朝物語。
English: It is considered to be the supreme masterpiece in the history of Japanese literature due to its excellence of fictional structure, psychological description and plot, as well as its beautiful writing and delicate sense of beauty.
Japanese: 物語としての虚構の秀逸、心理描写の巧みさ、筋立ての巧緻、あるいはその文章の美と美意識の鋭さから日本文学史上最高の傑作とされる。
English: However, the evaluation of 'the oldest novel in the world,' for which it has generally been considered, is questioned by Shinichiro NAKAMURA, whose opinion is that 'it is the last (and best) novel in the ancient world, following 'The Golden Ass' by Apuleius and 'Satyricon' by Petronius,' but scholars continue to dispute the topic.
Japanese: ただし、しばしば喧伝されている「世界最古の長篇小説」という評価は、中村真一郎の説のアプレイウスの『黄金の驢馬』やペトロニウスの『サチュリコン』につづく「古代世界最後の（そして最高の）長篇小説」とする主張もあり、学者の間でも論争がある。
English: In the twentieth century, English and French translations were introduced to Western countries, and it came to be evaluated highly in terms of its resemblance to twentieth-century literature such as "Remembrance of Things Past," by Proust.
Japanese: 20世紀に入って英訳、仏訳などにより欧米社会にも紹介され、『失われた時を求めて』など、20世紀文学との類似から高く評価されるようになった。
English: The story takes place in the mid-Heian period, when matriarchy was dominant, and describes Hikaru Genji, who, demoted in rank and given the family name of Genji despite his birth as a son of the Emperor, has many love affairs and achieves great glory (Part 1), and ultimately experiences the impermanence of worldly things caused by the collapse of his love life (Part 2).
Japanese: 物語は、母系制が色濃い平安朝中期を舞台にして、天皇の皇子として生まれながら臣籍降下して源氏姓となった光源氏が数多の恋愛遍歴をくりひろげながら人臣最高の栄誉を極め（第1部）、晩年にさしかかって愛情生活の破綻による無常を覚えるさままでを描く（第2部）。
English: Furthermore, the romance of ladies surrounding old Hikaru Genji is described (Part 2), and the love of his grandchildren after his death is depicted (Part 3), being flawless and coherent as an epic love story.
Japanese: さらに老年の光源氏をとりまく子女の恋愛模様や（同じく第2部）、或いは源氏死後の孫たちの恋（第3部）がつづられ、長篇恋愛小説として間然とするところのない首尾を整えている。
English: In the history of literature, the tales written during the Heian period are divided into two groups--'the former tale' and 'the latter tale'--depending on whether a work was written before or after "The Tale of Genji."
Japanese: 文学史では、平安時代に書かれた物語は『源氏物語』の前か後かで「前期物語」と「後期物語」とに分けられる。
English: "The Tale of Genji" exerted a great influence on most of the subsequent dynastic stories, and "The Tale of Sagoromo," which later came to be called one of the two major tales of 'Genji, Sagoromo,' has many similarities in terms of characters and plot.
Japanese: 後続して作られた王朝物語の大半は『源氏物語』の影響を受けており、後に「源氏、狭衣」として二大物語と称されるようになった『狭衣物語』などはその人物設定や筋立てに多くの類似点が見受けられる。
English: It should be noted that the work had an influence not only on literature but also on other genres of culture, like emaki (picture scroll) ("The Tale of Genji Emaki"), the incense ceremony and so on.
Japanese: また文学に限らず、絵巻（『源氏物語絵巻』）、香道など、他分野の文化にも影響を与えた点も特筆される。
English: It is because "The Tale of Genji" is such an extended story that it is generally dealt with in several parts.
Japanese: 『源氏物語』は長大な物語であるため、通常はいくつかの部分に分けて取り扱われている。
English: Some old literature like "Hakuzoshi," "Shimei-sho Commentary" and "Kachoyojo" number the "Ten Quires of Uji" like 'Uji 1,' 'Uji 2,' considering that these chapters are somewhat different from the others, which suggests that some people in those days already considered that this part should be separate from the others.
Japanese: 『白造紙』、『紫明抄』あるいは『花鳥余情』といった古い時代の文献には宇治十帖の巻数を「宇治一」、「宇治二」というようにそれ以外の巻とは別立てで数えているものがあり、この頃すでにこの部分をその他の部分とは分けて取り扱う考え方が存在したと見られる。
English: The common practice, since the old days, was to divide "The Tale of Genji" into two parts; 'The former part' or 'the main part' was "Hikarugenji's Tale," from the beginning to the chapter of 'Maboroshi' ('Kumogakure (Demise)'), in which Hikaru Genji is a main character, and 'the latter part' or 'sequel' was "Ujitaisho monogatari (The Tale of Uji General)" (or "Kaorutaisho monogatari (The Tale of General Kaoru)."
Japanese: その後『源氏物語』全体を光源氏を主人公にしている「幻」（「雲隠」）までの『光源氏物語』とそれ以降の『宇治大将物語』（または『薫大将物語』）の2つに分けて「前編」、「後編」（または「正編」（「本編」とも）、「続編」）と呼ぶことは古くから行われてきた。
English: Akiko YOSANO divided "The Tale of Genji" into two parts as before, but she proposed that the former part should be from 'Kiritsubo' to 'Fuji no Uraba,' which has a positive atmosphere mainly describing the success and advancement of Hikaru Genji, while the latter part should be from 'Wakana' to 'Yume no Ukihashi,' which has a negative atmosphere focusing on the agony of Genji and his offspring.
Japanese: 与謝野晶子は、それまでと同様に『源氏物語』全体を2つに分けたが、光源氏の成功・栄達を描くことが中心の陽の性格を持った「桐壺」から「藤裏葉」までを前半とし、源氏やその子孫たちの苦悩を描くことが中心の陰の性格を持った「若菜」から「夢浮橋」までを後半とする二分法を提唱した。
English: Later some scholars accepted the dichotomy positively, and Takuya TAMAGAMI divided the first part into two groups: the former group is from 'Kiritsubo' to 'Fuji no Uraba,' and the latter group is from 'Wakana' to 'Maboroshi'; Kikan IKEDA took these two ideas into consideration and claimed a new theory of a three-part structure in which the first part is from 'Kiritsubo' to 'Fuji no Uraba,' the second part is from 'Wakana' to 'Maboroshi' and the third part is from 'Niou Hyobukyo' to 'Yume no Ukihashi.'
Japanese: その後の何人かの学者はこのはこの2つの二分法をともに評価し、玉上琢弥は第一部を「桐壺」から「藤裏葉」までの前半部と、「若菜」から「幻」までの後半部に分け、池田亀鑑は、この2つを組み合わせて『源氏物語』を「桐壺」から「藤裏葉」までの第一部、「若菜」から「幻」までの第二部、「匂兵部卿」から「夢浮橋」までの第三部の3つに分ける三部構成説を唱えた。
English: Moreover, Nobuhiro SHIGEMATSU advocated a theory of a four-part structure, in which he asserted that the first part is from 'Kiritsubo' to 'Akashi,' the second part is from 'Miotsukushi' to 'Fuji no Uraba,' the third part is from 'Wakana' to 'Takekawa' and the fourth part is 'Ten Quires of Uji.'
Japanese: この他に、重松信弘による「桐壺」から「明石」を第一部、「澪標」から「藤裏葉」までを第二部、「若菜」から「竹河」までを第三部、宇治十帖を第四部とする四部構成説がある。