nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: While shugo in the Kamakura period were involved in the kendan (trials) of karita-rozeki under the supervision of Samurai-dokoro, shugo in the Muromachi period actually exercised their own authority when hearing karita-rozeki cases.
Japanese: 鎌倉期守護は、侍所などの監督下で刈田狼藉の検断を実施してきたが、室町期守護は自らの権能として刈田狼藉の検断を実施することができるようになった。
English: Karita-rozeki disputes were just territory-related disputes occurring among warriors or shokan in a state; after shugo acquired the karita-rozeki related kendan power, they were able to have significant influence on warriors and shokan of the state, and afterward, shugo in the Muromachi period worked hard to vassalize warriors and shokan of the state.
Japanese: 刈田狼藉紛争とは、国内の武士・荘官などの間に起こった所領紛争に他ならず、刈田狼藉検断権を獲得したことによって、守護は国内の武士・荘官へ大きな影響を及ぼすことが可能となり、以後、室町期守護は国内武士・荘官の被官化を進めていった。
English: The acquisition of the karita-rozeki kendan power and shisetsu jungyo power provided an important opportunity for shugo in the Muromachi period to become shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) and implement shugo-ryogoku system (the system in which a shugo dominates a manor) in the state.
Japanese: この刈田狼藉検断権と使節遵行権の獲得は、室町期守護が守護大名へと成長し、国内に守護領国制を布くに至る重要な契機となったのである。
English: While shugo in the Muromachi period were in a position to hold kendan for karita-rozeki, daimyo (Japanese territorial lords) in the Sengoku period, in order to secure provisions for their armies, carried out many karita and karihata on enemy rice fields and other territories.
Japanese: 室町期守護は刈田狼藉を検断する立場だったが、戦国大名は自軍勢の兵粮とする目的で敵領田畠を刈田・刈畠することが少なくなかった。
English: Karita (illegal harvesting) also deprived enemies of crops.
Japanese: またこの刈田行為には、敵側の収穫物を減少させる（奪う）という目的も含まれていた。
English: Once the multilayered relation of the rights to land were dissolved as a result of Taiko-kenchi (the land survey by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI), both the act and concept of karita-rozeki gradually disappeared.
Japanese: 太閤検地によって土地に対する重層的な権利関係が解消されると、刈田狼藉という行為も概念も次第に消失していった。
English: Shisetsu jungyo was a on-site procedure to carry out a judgment which was handed down by the bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) on shoryo soron (litigation over real estate) in the medieval Japan.
Japanese: 使節遵行（しせつじゅんぎょう）とは、中世日本において、不動産をめぐる訴訟（所領相論）に対し幕府が発した裁定を執行するための現地手続きをいう。
English: This resulted in the expanded power of the Shugo and creating an opportunity for Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable) to emerge and construct Shugo-ryogoku system (a system in which a Shugo dominates a manor).
Japanese: これは、守護の権限強化へとつながり、守護大名の登場および守護領国制成立への契機となった。
English: As the Kamakura period began, in addition to the currently existing laws and ordinances of the dynasty (the Imperial court and Court nobles), such as court noble law and honjo law (a law to govern manor in the medieval Japan), the newly established Kamakura bakufu instituted Samurai laws which was unique to samurai families by collecting legal precedents after the inauguration of MINAMOTO no Yoritomo, the udaisho (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards) family, and formulating Goseibai-shikimoku (code of conduct for samurai).
Japanese: 鎌倉時代に入ると、従来から存在した王朝（朝廷・公家）の法令（公家法・本所法など）以外にも新たに登場した鎌倉幕府によって、右大将家（源頼朝）以来の判例の蓄積や御成敗式目の成立など、武家固有の法令（武家法）が構築されていった。
English: On the other hand, there was a tendency that samurai, even after the bakufu judged in the lawsuit over the right of fief, which was called shomusata (trial dealing with land-related issues), not necessarily followed the bakufu's judgment but tried to keep their right to manage the territory using their force with the aid of the customary practice of self-help which had been approved in the society at that time.
Japanese: そうした中で、武士は所領の知行権などをめぐる訴訟（所務沙汰）において幕府による裁定が下された後も、当時の社会で容認されていた自力救済慣行を背景として、必ずしも幕府裁定に従わず、自らの実力を行使して所領知行権を確保しようとする傾向があった。
English: Then, the Kamakura bakufu decided to compulsorily execute their judgment over the shoryo soron on site by sending a pair of gokenin (an immediate vassal of the shogunate)whose position had been neutral in the dispute.
Japanese: そこで鎌倉幕府は、争論とは中立な御家人2人1組を使節に任じ現地へ派遣することによって、所領相論に係る裁定を現地で強制執行(遵行)することとした。
English: In the late Kamakura period, some cases emerged in which the Bakufu, instead of sending ryoshi directly, sent shigyojo (a letter conveying orders from the head to the subjects) to a Shugo, who in turn selected an envoy and carried out this procedure based on the shigyojo.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代後期になると、幕府が直接両使を派遣することに代えて、守護に施行状で下達し、守護が使節を選定し遵行状に基づき遵行を実施するようなケースも見られるようになる。
English: In 1346 of the early Muromachi period, while the battle between the Southern and Northern Dynasties had been going on, the Muromachi bakufu contemplated securing public order by strengthening the Shugo's authorities and enacted laws which directly granted the Shugo the right to judge criminal cases for shisetsu jungyo and Karita-rozeki (to reap rice illegally).
Japanese: 室町時代初頭の貞和2年（1346年）、南北朝の争乱が続く中で、室町幕府は守護の権能を強化することで治安を確保することを企図し、守護に使節遵行権および刈田狼藉の検断権を直接付与する法令を発した。
English: This allowed the Shugo to send an envoy to the site, and carry out a transfer of the right to manage the territory and an eviction, in order to put the Bakufu's judgment into effect.
Japanese: これにより守護は、幕府の裁定を執行するため、使節を現地へ派遣し所領知行権の譲渡やそれに対する妨害排除を実施することができるようになった。
English: Since then, the Shugo acquired the right to intervene in disputes over territory within their province and gradually increased their domination over shoen (manor) and Kokugaryo (territories governed by provincial government office).
Japanese: 以後、守護は国内の所領紛争へ介入する権限を獲得することとなり、次第に国内の荘園・国衙領への支配を強めていった。
English: Additionally, the Shugo put jito (manager and lord of manor), the local lord, and myoshu (owner of rice fields) under their influence by adopting them into hikan (low-level bureaucrat).
Japanese: また国内の地頭・国人・名主らを被官に組み込むなど自らの影響下へ置いていった。
English: Thus, in the Muromachi period, the Shugo grew into the status of Shugo daimyo (Japanese territorial lord as provincial constable), and a ruling system called Shugo-ryogoku system (the system that a Shugo dominates a manor) was instituted.
Japanese: そして、室町期守護は守護大名という立場へと成長していき、国内に守護領国制と呼ばれる支配体制を布いていった。
English: Since the late Kamakura period when the system of shisetsu jungyo began, the expenses associated with the shisetsu jungyo was at the lord of the manor's.
Japanese: なお、使節遵行が始まった鎌倉後期以降、使節遵行に係る費用は相論当事者である荘園領主の負担とされた。
English: It is the first existing diary of the Emperor and it was called 'the three major gyoki' together with "Daigo tenno gyoki" (the Emperor Daigo's diary) and "Murakami tenno gyoki" (the Emperor Murakami's diary).
Japanese: 現存する天皇の日記として最初のもので、『醍醐天皇御記』『村上天皇御記』と共に「三代御記」と呼ばれた。
English: It is described as a must-read for Sekkan (regents and advisers) and Kurodo (Chamberlain) to learn the Emperor's manners and the way of working as a political advisor and educating young emperors in "Kanjuhisho" (accounts on the hints on Kurodo, written by FUJIWARA no Toshinori).
Japanese: 『貫首秘抄』に、摂関・蔵人らが天皇の御作法や政治への顧問、幼帝の教育の方法を知るための必見の書と書かれている。
English: This gyoki includes the interests of subjects, the secrets of politics and the pleasure of poetry (Entry dated on leap month April 9, 1246).
Japanese: 「臣下の得失、政道の奥旨、詩歌の興、大旨此御記に在り」（寛元4年（1246年）閏4月9日条）
English: Although the fact that the diary of October 14, 1313 of "Hanazono Tenno Shinki" (The Records of Emperor Hanazono) described 'Today, I finished reading the 10th volume of Kanpyo gyoki' shows that Kanpyo gyoki existed in 10 volumes, no books exist now.
Japanese: 『花園天皇宸記』正和2年（1313)10月14日条に「今日寛平御記十巻、一見了」と記されていることから、当時10巻が伝存していたことがわかるが、現在は1巻も残存していない。
English: Also, the existence of more than 50 diaries in 10 years from September 21, 887 when the Emperor Uda to August 8, 897 were confirmed in itsubun (a composition previously existing but no longer remains) such as "Saikyuki" (record of court practices and usage, written by MINAMOTO no Takaaki) and "Fuso Ryakki (A Brief History of Japan)."
Japanese: また、『西宮記』『扶桑略記』等の逸文から、宇多天皇践祚当日の仁和3年（887年)8月26日から譲位した寛平9年（897年）7月3日までの10年間に50余条が確認される。
English: It described a part of the Emperor's daily life and feelings such as political things like how the Ako Controversy, a demonstration of FUJIWARA no Mototsune happened, a black cat which was given by his father, the Emperor Koko and so on.
Japanese: 内容は、藤原基経の示威事件である阿衡の紛議の顛末といった政治的なことや、父光孝天皇より譲られた黒猫のことなど、天皇の日常や感情の一端が窺える。
English: Kabunakama was a type of guild formed as a cartel by warehouse merchants.
Japanese: 株仲間（かぶなかま）とは、問屋などが一種の座を作り、カルテルを形成することである。
English: Originally, it was a private group consisting of peer warehouse merchants and the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) feared that this kind of organization would control the distribution system and pose a threat to them because the Edo bakufu adopted the commercial policy inherited the course of rakuichi-rakuza (free markets and open guilds) at first.
Japanese: 当初は同業の問屋による私的な集団であり、江戸幕府は当初は楽市楽座路線を継承した商業政策を方針としており、こうした組織が流通機構を支配して幕府に対する脅威になる事を恐れた。
English: Thus, the bakufu regulated kabunakama by six interdicts between 1648 and 1670, however, it was officially approved under the policy that such organization was preferable to control the commerce and it was granted special privileges such as exclusive distributorship in exchange for render.
Japanese: そのため、慶安元年（1648年）から寛文10年（1670年）にかけて6回もの禁令が出されるなど規制の対象としていたが、享保の改革において商業の統制を図るために組織化された方が望ましいとする方針の下に公認が与えられ、冥加金（上納金）を納める代わりに、販売権の独占などの特権を認められた。
English: During the time of Okitsugu TANUMA, it was more aggressively approved and the bakufu aimed at increasing its revenue and controlling merchants.
Japanese: 田沼意次時代には、さらに積極的に公認され、幕府の現金収入増と商人統制が企図された。
English: Kabunakama was distinguished between 'negaikabu' which was formed voluntarily and 'gomenkabu' which was formed on orders from the bakufu.
Japanese: 自主的に結成された株仲間を「願株」、幕府によって結成を命じられた株仲間を「御免株」と呼んで区別した。
English: In the Tenpo Reforms, Tadakuni MIZUNO ordered to stop the payment of render from 1841 through 1842 and dissolve most kabunakama, saying that the monopoly of the distribution system by kabunakama was the cause of inflation.
Japanese: 天保の改革で水野忠邦は株仲間による流通の独占がインフレーションの原因であるとして、1841年-1842年に掛け、冥加金の上納を停止させ、株仲間の大半の解散を命じた。
English: But, in reality, the monopoly by kabunakama was losing substance due to the development of rural industry and the rise of emerging merchants both in urban and rural areas.
Japanese: しかし、当時の経済の実態は農村工業の発達と新興商人が都市でも地方でも台頭したことによって、株仲間の独占はむしろ形骸化しつつあった。
English: Also, kabunakama had a role to guarantee the recovery of debts and performance of contracts by sharing the information of brokers who committed an injustice like default in payment and imposing disciplinary actions such as suspension of trading among the group.
Japanese: また、株仲間には代金不払いなどの不正を行った仲買の情報を共有し、仲間内の商取引を一切停止するといった懲罰を加えることにより、幕府などの公権力の代わりに債権と契約履行を保証する役割があった。
English: However, Mizuno and other heads of the bakufu could not understand the fact that kabunakama got weak due to the protection by the power of bakufu and kabunakama was the institutional basic of trading and thought that they could control the national distribution network if kabunakama were dissolved.
Japanese: ところが、水野をはじめとした幕府首脳は幕府権力の保護を受けた株仲間の弱体化や、商取引の制度的基礎になっていたという現実を理解出来なかったために、株仲間を解散させれば、全国的な流通網を動かせると考えたのである。
English: As a result, it caused a distributional disruption and in 1851, after the fall of Mizuno, kabunakama were reestablished as toiyanakama (group of warehouse merchants) in which no render was needed.
Japanese: その結果、かえって流通の混乱を招き、水野失脚後の1851年、冥加金不要の問屋仲間として再興。
English: In 1872 after the Meiji Restoration, kabunakama were ordered to dissolve again and it has never had a resurgence since then.
Japanese: 明治維新後の1872年（明治5年）、再び株仲間は解散を命じられ、以降復活することはなかった。
English: Until then, kemi ho (annual crop inspections), in which the amount of tax is determined based on the amount of crop that was produced each year, was adopted as the method of land tax collection, but the income was unstable with this method and jomen ho was adopted as part of the Kyoho reforms.
Japanese: それまでの年貢徴収法は、年毎に収穫量を見てその量を決める検見法がとられていたが、これでは収入が安定しないので、享保の改革の一環で導入された。
English: In jomen ho, the ratio of land tax was determined based on the average crop in the past 5 years, 10 years or 20 years and a fixed land tax was imposed regardless of the crop situation.
Japanese: 定免法では、過去5年間、10年間または20年間の収穫高の平均から年貢率を決めるもので、豊凶に関わらず一定の年貢を納めることになった。
English: However, if it was a seriously poor crop, 'hamen' (drastic reduction of land tax) was approved.
Japanese: しかし、余りにも凶作のときは「破免」（年貢の大幅減）が認められることがあった。
English: The origin of jomen ho originated in the Heian period and it was also used in the Kamakura period, Muromachi period and the Toyotomi period, but it was widely used in the Edo period.
Japanese: 起源は平安時代にあって、鎌倉時代、室町時代、豊臣時代にも用いられたが、広く用いられたのは江戸時代である。
English: The furegaki (bakufu orders) issued in April 1728 said that the duration of the fixed tax rate was 5 years, 7 years, 10 years and 15 years, but the period of duration could be extended by application and the fixed tax rate continued in addition to the prior tax amount (it was called tsuginenki).
Japanese: 定免の継続期間は享保13年3月の触書には5箇年、7箇年、10箇年、15箇年があるが、年期が終わると更に申請して年期を切り替え、従前の税額に増して定免を継続することができた（継年期（つぎねんき））。
English: The rate of hamen was unstable, but the loss of more than 50 percent was approved as hamen in 1727, then the criteria was changed to more than 40 percent in 1728 and more than 30 percent in 1734.
Japanese: 破免率は定まらなかったが、享保12年に5分以上の損毛は破免とし、13年4月に4分以上、19年に3分以上と改めた。
English: In some areas, kemi ho was adopted and the areas where once kemi ho was adopted asked for a change to jomen ho and vice versa, it varied in different areas.
Japanese: 地方によっては検見法が行われる所もあり、従前は検見法が行われていた所が願出によって定免法に変更し、また逆に定免法を廃して検見法に改めるなどさまざまであった。
English: Since jomen ho didn't consider the crop situation, it had a tendency to make peasants have surplus and laze, or feel distressed and escape.
Japanese: 定免法は、豊凶を考慮しないため農民を、剰余を持たせて逸楽に耽らせ、また困窮させ、逃散（ちょうさん）させる傾向があった。
English: In theory, kemi ho evens the tax burden, but it costs the bakufu a lot of money and peasants had a lot of trouble, also there were frauds such as uncertainty of the inspection.
Japanese: 理論通りに行われれば、検見法のほうが負担がより公平になり採用されるはずであったが、これにもまた、幕府側にとっては経費がかかり、農民側では苦労が多かったし、不正が行われ、調査が確実でないなどの問題があった。
English: Rather, many scholars of that time thought that jomen ho should be adopted.
Japanese: 当時の学者らはむしろ定免法を採用するべきであると考える者が多かった。
English: Tsukuda was a rice field directly managed by lord of the manors, shokan (an officer governing manor) or jito (manager and lord of manor) in shoen koryo sei (System of Public Lands and Private Estates) in medieval Japan.
Japanese: 佃（つくだ）は、中世日本の荘園公領制において、荘園領主や荘官・地頭らによる直営田をいう。
English: Rice fields directly managed by upper class feudal lords, such as head family and ryoke, may be called tsukuda while rice fields directly managed by lower class feudal lords, such as shokan and jito, may be called shosaku and yujaku to differentiate.
Japanese: 本家・領家など上級領主による直営田を佃とし、荘官・地頭など下級領主によるものを正作・用作として区分することもある。
English: Such farmland was originally cultivated by the feudal lord using peasants as a labor force, and those who cultivated wasteland were usually permitted the right to collect all the crops of the applicable ground in the end of ancient times and medieval times.
Japanese: これらの農地はもともと領主が百姓を使役して荒地を開墾したものであり、古代末期・中世当時、荒地を開墾した者には該当地の収穫をすべて収取する権利が認められる場合が多かった。
English: In this way, the feudal lord made rice fields from which they could collect all the crops, i.e., the tsukuda, within their territory.
Japanese: こうして領主は所領の一部に全収穫を収取しうる田地佃を形成したのである。
English: The other type of tsukuda was that of shokan, jito, et al. which used subordinate people, such as low ranked people and shoju (retainers), to cultivate the land.
Japanese: もう一つの類型は、荘官・地頭などが下人・所従といった隷属民に耕作させるものである。
English: From the beginning, shokan and jito did not have directly managed rice fields, and they were allowed only the residential area at their disposition.
Japanese: 荘官・地頭はもともと直営田を持っておらず、屋敷地のみが自由に処分しうる土地として認められていた。
English: Therefore, shokan, jito, et al. started to have their own directly managed rice fields claiming the surrounding farmland as a part of their residential area.
Japanese: そこで荘官・地頭らは屋敷地の周辺の農地を屋敷地の一部と称して、自己の直営田に組み込んでいった。
English: The expansion of the directly managed rice fields by shokan, jito, et al., especially jito, might violate the upper-class feudal lord's supervisory authority on the manor.
Japanese: 荘官・地頭らによる直営田の拡大は、特に地頭の動きが著しかったが、上級領主の荘園管理権を侵害するものであった。
English: Naturally the upper-class feudal lord confronted such a movement, and the dispute between them occurred frequently from the late Kamakura period to the Muromachi period.
Japanese: 上級領主も当然こうした動きに対抗し、鎌倉時代後期から室町時代にかけて、両者間の紛争が頻発した。
English: The reclaimed land in Edo where the fishermen of Tsukuda Village migrated has been called Tsukuda-jima Island even presently.
Japanese: 佃村の漁民が移住した江戸の埋立地は佃島と名付けられ、現代に至っている。
English: The second battle of Kizugawaguchi was a naval battle between the Mori clan and the Oda clan that occurred on December 14, 1578.
Japanese: 第二次木津川口の戦い（だいにじきづがわぐちのたたかい）は、天正6年11月6日(旧暦)（1578年12月4日）に毛利氏と織田氏との間に起こった海戦である。
English: Since Nobunaga ODA suffered a major defeat in the first battle of Kizugawaguchi due to the horokuhiya (cooking-pot fire arrows) used by the Mori navy and the Murakami navy, he ordered Yoshitaka KUKI to build six bombproof armored warships equipped with ozutsu (a kind of cannon) and odeppo (Japanese hand culverin) in Ise Province.
Japanese: 1576年の第一次木津川口の戦いで毛利水軍・村上水軍の使用する焙烙火矢の前に大敗したため、織田信長が九鬼嘉隆に命じ、大筒・大鉄砲を装備し、焙烙が効かない鉄甲船6隻を伊勢国で建造させた。
English: It is said that the size of the warships were 22 meters long and 12meters wide and it had incredible hugeness and defense power for that time.
Japanese: そのサイズは縦22メートル・横12メートルあったとされ、当時としては空前絶後の巨大さと防御力を持っていた。
English: The Oda navy led by Yoshitaka KUKI encountered the Mori navy which entered into Osaka Bay to support Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple and had a naval battle with them, then 600 ships of the Mori navy and the Murakami navy suffered a crushing defeat before the power of ozutsu and odeppo loaded onto the Oda navy's six armored warships.
Japanese: 九鬼嘉隆指揮の織田水軍は、石山本願寺支援のため大坂湾に入った毛利水軍と木津川口で海戦となり、織田軍の6隻の鉄甲船に搭載された大筒・大鉄砲の火力の前に毛利水軍・村上水軍600隻は惨敗した。
English: Actually, it is considered that the Murakami navy of Noshima and Innoshima were too late for the battle and the Nomi navy and the Kodama navy made a decision in haste out of the wish be rewarded with merits, and suffered a major defeat.
Japanese: 実際には能島・因島村上水軍は本合戦に間に合わず、乃美・児玉水軍が功に焦って大敗したと思われる。
English: These are commonly accepted theories, but in recent studies the theory of the Mori navy's major defeat is questioned because the Mori navy conducted an operation to deliver provisions to the besieged Miki-jo Castle on a massive scale in the next year.
Japanese: 以上のことが通説とされるが、翌年には毛利水軍は籠城中の三木城への兵糧搬入作戦も大々的に行っており、最近の研究では通説で言われるほどの大敗であったかは疑問とされる。
English: As a result of this battle, the Oda navy gained naval supremacy of Osaka Bay, but the naval supremacy of the west area of Awaji-shima Island was still held by the Mori navy and it was just for a period of time when Michifusa KURUSHIMA seceded in March 1582 that the Oda clan took control of Awaji-shima Island and westward.
Japanese: この戦いの結果、大坂湾の制海権は織田方のものとなったが、依然淡路島西部の制海権は毛利水軍が握っており、淡路島以西に織田氏の勢力が及んだのは1582年に3月に来島通総が離反した一時期だけであった。
English: However, the delivery of provisions and weapons to Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple decreased after this naval battle and they felt demoralized.
Japanese: しかしこの海戦の結果、石山本願寺への兵糧や武器の搬入は滞るようになり、石山本願寺の士気も低下した。
English: Two years after this battle, Kennyo surrendered to Nobunaga ODA and Ishiyama Hongan-ji Temple was abandoned to Nobunaga ODA.
Japanese: この戦いから2年の後に顕如は織田信長に降伏し、石山本願寺は織田信長に明け渡されることとなる。
English: Mokudai was a deputy, such as a retainer, sent to the post in behalf of an appointed provincial governor who remained at his place from mid Heian period to Kamakura period.
Japanese: 目代（もくだい）とは、日本の平安時代中期から鎌倉時代に、遙任国司が現地に私的な代官派遣した家人などの代理人のことである。
English: It turned into a government official position, such as a local governor, sent in behalf of an officer who was supposed to leave the capital and work at the place.
Japanese: 転じて本来なら役職上、現地に下向して執務しなければならない人物の代理として派遣された代官などの役人の事を指す。
English: Here, the above mentioned deputy of the yonin (remote appointments) provincial governor from the middle of the Heian period to the Kamakura period is described.
Japanese: ここでは前記の平安中期から鎌倉期にかけての遙任国司の代理人について記す。
English: However, in the middle of the 10th century, zaichokanjin (the local officials in Heian and Kamakura periods) started to manage kokuga (provincial government offices).
Japanese: しかし10世紀中期頃、国衙行政は在庁官人の手で運営されるようになる。
English: More and more appointed officials did not move to ningoku (place of appointment) and delegated to zaichokanjin.
Japanese: 受領の中には任国へ赴任せず、在庁官人へ行政を任せる者も多くなっていった。
English: A yonin provincial governor sent his retainer to the place as a deputy and let him supervise the zaichokanjin.
Japanese: 遙任国司は、自分の家人などを代理人として現地へ派遣し、在庁官人の監督に当たらせた。
English: Moreover, geki of daijokan (secretary of the grand council) might be sent by a chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor), an influential kugyo (top court official).
Japanese: 太政官の外記などが有力公卿などである知行国国主に雇われて派遣される場合もあった。
English: However, when armed groups rose in various places in the end of the Heian period, chigyo-kokushu (provincial proprietor) and zuryo (the head of the provincial governors) began to send those who were excellent in military affairs to confront them.
Japanese: ただし、平安時代末期に各地で武士団が勃興すると、知行国国主や受領もこれに対抗する形で武力に優れた人物を派遣する場合も出てきた。
English: The zaichokanjin dealt with tax collection, military affairs, etc. under the supervision of a mokudai in the kokuga.
Japanese: 在庁官人らは、目代の監督の下、国衙で租税収取・軍事などの実務に当たった。
English: The practice disappeared with the decline of the Kokugaryo after the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), especially during the Sengoku Period (Period of Warring States).
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)期以降、特に戦国(日本)期に国衙領の衰退とともに消滅した。
English: Moreover, among the samurai class, the local governor might be called gandai or mokudai.
Japanese: 武家においても代官などを指して眼代あるいは目代と呼ばれるケースがある。
English: The article of November 22 (lunar calendar), 1256 of "Azuma Kagami" (The Mirror of the East) states that 'However, they may remain gandai only in the head-of-the-family (Tokimune HOJO)'s childhood' when Tokiyori HOJO became a priest and handed the regency to Nagatoki HOJO.
Japanese: 『吾妻鏡』康元元年11月22日_(旧暦)条において、北条時頼が出家して執権を北条長時に譲る際に「但し家督（北条時宗）幼稚の程の眼代なり」と念を押している。
English: According to "Buke Myomoku-sho" (compilation of historical data of the Edo period), the samurai class used gandai in order to distinguish it from court noble's mokudai.
Japanese: 『武家名目抄』には、「公家の目代と区別するために、武家は眼代を用いた」という説を載せている。
English: However, both mokudai and gandai were used by court nobles and the samurai in actual documents.
Japanese: しかし、実際の文書類においては公家・武家ともに目代と眼代の両方が用いられている。
English: Kenin refers to a vassal, a servant, etc. of high-ranked people in Japanese history.
Japanese: 家人（けにん）とは、日本の歴史上、身分のある者の家臣・従者等を指す用語。
English: Moreover, himin was divided into five classes (five lowly castes of the ritsuryo system) i.e. ryoko (imperial tomb guard), kanko (slaves to public ministries), kenin, kunuhi (government-owned slave), and shinuhi (privately-owned slave).
Japanese: 賤民の身分は更に、陵戸、官戸、家人（けにん）、公奴婢（ぬひ）、私奴婢の5階層（五色の賤）に区別されていた。
English: Unlike the nuhi, they were not traded and were able to have a family; however, they were not allowed to have a family name.
Japanese: 奴婢と異なり売買対象にはならなかったほか、戸を構える（家族を持つ）ことも出来たが、姓は無かった。
English: Although they were given only one third of kubunden (the farm land given to each farmer in the Ritsuryo system), which was given to ryomin, they were allowed to have private businesses and were not taxed.
Japanese: 口分田は良民の3分の1を班給されたが、私業を営むことも許され課税されなかった。
English: Although their reality is not fully known because of a lack of historical records, they probably became like ryomin with the collapse of the system of the Ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: その実態は、史料がほとんど残っていないためよく分かっていないが、律令制の崩壊と共に実態が良民と変わらなくなる。
English: Though a few examples remain in the historical documents after 'the abolition of slavery,' which is thought to have occurred from the Kanpyo era to the Engi era, the class most likely disappeared shortly.
Japanese: 寛平から延喜の頃と考えられている「奴婢の廃止」より後の史料にわずかに用例が残っているものの、間もなく消滅したと考えられている。