nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: This means that there is a governing system, which has a foundations of the state in the certain area and on the people living the area, and its sovereignty is exclusively established in the area and it must be independent from the interference by other countries (noninterference in internal affairs).
Japanese: つまり一定程度の領域及びそこに住む人民に国家の基礎をおいた統治組織が存在し、しかも領域内では、その統治権が排他的に確立され、他国から干渉を排し独立していること（内政不干渉）。
English: The country must be admitted to the group of "civilized country" by existing "civilized countries" (namely Western countries) (specifically, revision of treaties).
Japanese: 既存の「文明国」（すなわち西欧諸国）により「文明国」加入を支持されていること（具体的には条約改正）。
English: If the first and second conditions were not fulfilled, a country would be recognized as "undeveloped nation"and become a colony of powerful countries.
Japanese: 1及び2の二つとも満たさない場合、「未開国」と見なされ、その行き着く先は列強の植民地であった。
English: If only the first condition was approved, the country would be recognized as a state but considered a "Semi-civilized nation," which would not be treated equal to Western countries and would have to bear disadvantage originated from unequal treaties (by losing tariff autonomy, setting up of consular jurisdiction and chigaihoken [extraterritoriality]).
Japanese: 前者だけを満たす場合、「半文明国」とされて国家として承認されるものの、西欧諸国と同等の扱いを受けることはできず、不平等条約（関税自主権喪失・領事裁判権及び広範な治外法権の設定等）によって著しく劣等な立場に置かれた。
English: Under modern international law, the equality of nations was referred to as "principle" but the thought supported international order that discriminated non-western Europe countries, therefore it was natural that some people were disappointed about the difference between the "principle" and reality, became cynical and put more value on national power than principle.
Japanese: 近代国際法は「理念」として万国平等を謳いながら、現実では非西欧諸国を差別する国際秩序を支えており、こうした「理念」と現実との落差に対し、やがて失望とシニカルな感想、そして理念よりも国力を重視する姿勢が出てくることは自然であった。
English: Even people who had positive attitude towards "Bankoku Koho" such as Fucheng XUE, Amane NISHI and Kil-chun YU strongly believed that the policy of fukoku kyohei (fortifying the country, strengthening the military) was essential to be protected by international law (金鳳珍2004).
Japanese: これまで挙げた薛福成や西周、兪吉濬といった『万国公法』に肯定的な意見を持つ人々ですら、国際法の適用を受けるためには富国強兵という裏打ちが必要不可欠であることは強く意識していたのである（金鳳珍2004）。
English: This believe became a strong ground for promoting internal reforms for non-western countries to become a sovereign nation.
Japanese: それは非西欧諸国が主権国家となるための国内改革を推進していく強い動機となった。
English: The third condition would be achieved by abolishment of unequal treaties and conclusion of equal treaties, but whether those measures would be taken or not depended on subjective judgment to decide how the country was close to existing "civilized countries," Western countries.
Japanese: さらに3の条件は、具体的には不平等条約の撤廃・平等な条約の再締結によって達成されるが、それは既存の「文明国」、つまり西欧国家にどれほど近似しているかという主観的な点から判断された。
English: As the result, direction of the internal reforms should be Westernization.
Japanese: したがって国内改革の方向は必然的に西欧化の方向を取らざるを得なくなる。
English: Followings are examples of such reforms, yomu undo and Hundred days' reform in China, series of reforms during the Meiji period in Japan and reforms in Korea such as Gabo reform and Kwang-mu reform.
Japanese: 中国の洋務運動や戊戌変法、日本の明治維新における一連の改革、朝鮮の甲午改革・光武改革といった諸改革が、その変革に当たる。
English: To meet requirements of modern international law or international situation, countries in East Asia conducted internal reforms to become a sovereign nation; however, the influences of the reforms did not remain in that country but resulted in conflicts between other neighboring countries in East Asia (the speed of self-adjustment to modern international law depends on each country).
Japanese: 近代国際法や国際情勢の要請によって、主権国家として生まれ変わるべく国内改革が進められたが、その影響は国内に留まるものではなく、同じ東アジアに位置する周辺諸国（近代国際法への順応速度は異なる）との関係に摩擦を呼び起こした。
English: To become a sovereign nation which is defined by international law, the territories which are under the control of the nation must be confirmed.
Japanese: 国際法の認める主権国家となるということは、その主権がどこまで及ぶのかを確定する作業を経なくてはならない。
English: For instance, there were treaties such as the Treaty of Aigun (1858) between the Qing dynasty and Russia and the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) between Japan and Russia were to confirm northern borders of the Qing dynasty and Japan.
Japanese: たとえば清朝とロシアの間で結ばれた璦琿条約（1858年）や、日本と同じくロシア間で締結された樺太・千島交換条約（1875年）などは、清朝・日本両国の北方の国境線を画定するものであった。
English: Those were treaties regarding borders between East Asian countries and Russia, and it was unavoidable that there was a movement to confirm the borders among East Asian countries later.
Japanese: これは東アジア諸国とロシアとの間に結ばれた国境条約であるが、やがて東アジア諸国内においても国境確定の動きが現れてくることは不可避であった。
English: Former territories decided by Kaichitsujo was not fixed and became wider or smaller depending on movement of subjected people or goods, therefore sometimes more than one country considered the same parts their own territory.
Japanese: 従来からの華夷秩序に基づく統治範囲は、対象とする人や物資の移動によって伸縮するものであって固定的ではなく、国家の辺境に対する領有意識は周辺諸国と重複することが常態であった。
English: As the result, if a country tried to fix its borders based on modern international law, it would certainly be a seed of conflict between neighboring countries.
Japanese: そのため近代国際法に基づく固定した国境線の画定を行うとするならば、それは周辺諸国との紛争の種として浮上せざるをえなかった。
English: Under modern international law, a sovereign nation is an existence which makes areas under the control, such as territories and territorial sea clear and rule the area monistically, so an ambiguous existence such as Ryukyu, which belonged to both China and Japan was not approved.
Japanese: 主権国家とは、その主権が及ぶ範囲、つまり領土や領海を明確化し、そこに一元的な統治を施す存在であるから、華夷秩序下ではありえた中国・日本双方に両属する琉球のような曖昧な存在は認められなかった。
English: Japan during the Meiji period ignored strong protests of China and conducted the Ryukyu annexation, then the relationship between Japan and the Qing dynasty which considered Ryukyu an important chokokoku became worse (Motegi 1997).
Japanese: 明治日本は清朝の猛抗議にも聞く耳を持たず、沖縄県の歴史琉球処分を断行し、当然琉球を重要な朝貢国と見なしていた清朝との関係は悪化した（茂木1997）。
English: There was a movement to fix borders between the Qing dynasty and Korea, which were under strict relation of a suzerain power and a zottkoku.
Japanese: 国境線画定の動きは、強固な宗属関係にあった清朝と朝鮮の間にも持ち上がった。
English: There was a meeting to fix borders in 1880's ("Kamgye Conference") and as the result, the Tumen river (図們江 in Chinese) and the Yalu river became borders between Korea and China.
Japanese: 1880年代に国境線画定の会談（「勘界会談」）がもたれたが、その結果豆満江（図們江）・鴨緑江をもってとりあえず国境線とすることとなった。
English: Actually, there were a number of Korean people who crossed the border, then negotiations between Korea and the Qing dynasty were held regarding protection of the Koreans even after Korea became the Korean empire, and the borders of the Tumen river and the Yalu river gradually became an accomplished fact.
Japanese: 実際にはこの「国境」を越えた清朝領域に越境した朝鮮人が多数に上ったため、彼らをどう保護するかという問題とも絡んで、この後大韓帝国となっても清朝との国境線画定の話し合いは断続的に行われたが、豆満江・鴨緑江を国境線とすることが次第に既成事実化していった。
English: It should be noted that the movement of fixing borders was proposed by Korean side.
Japanese: 留意すべきなのは、こうした国境画定の働きかけは朝鮮側からなされたという点である。
English: At first, Korean side negotiated with the Qing dynasty based on the thought of Kaichitsujo; however, Korea started to negotiate referring to protecting one's own citizens of modern international law.
Japanese: 当初は朝鮮も華夷秩序の論理に拠って清朝と交渉していたが、次第に近代国際法における自国民保護を援用して交渉するようになっていった。
English: As the problem regarding the borders became more serious, the acceptance of modern international law was promoted (Akizuki 2002).
Japanese: 国境線画定という問題の深化とともに、近代国際法が受容されていったといえる（秋月2002）。
English: Under the treaty system, two countries which concluded a treaty have to exchange ministries each other.
Japanese: 条約体制のもとでは、条約を締結した両国が公使を交換赴任させることが定められている。
English: Korean side considered that the treaty was just restoration of diplomatic ties between the Edo bakufu and Korea and did not understand that Korea was under the treaty system.
Japanese: 条約は朝鮮側からすれば、江戸幕府と朝鮮の間の交隣関係が復活したとの捉え方で、近代国際法下に入ったという意識は無かったためであった。
English: Despite of strong protest by Korean side, Yoshitomo HANABUSA, a ministry of Japan frequently visited Korea, finally placed a legation in Hanseong in December 1880 and stayed there for long period, so that he became a virtual ministry in Korea.
Japanese: 朝鮮側の強い反対があったものの、日本の公使花房義質が日朝間を頻繁に往来して、ついには1880年12月漢城に公使館を設置し長期滞在して既成事実化することで決着した。
English: In the Qing dynasty, dispatch of ministries was not accepted at first, however by the time of the conclusion of Japan - Qing Treaty of Friendship, the dispatch of ministries was not seen as a problem.
Japanese: 清朝でも公使派遣については当初受け入れられなかったが、日本と日清修好条規を締結する頃には、すでに公使の派遣自体は問題視されていなかった。
English: However, to have an audience with a head of China, namely an emperor, there was a very high bar for long time.
Japanese: しかし国家元首に謁見すること、すなわち清朝皇帝と会見することは、長い間非常に高いハードルがあったと言わねばならない。
English: In the Qing dynasty, a foreign minister had to do three kneelings and nine kowtows to meet a holy emperor directly, therefore it took very much time to reach an agreement between the Qing dynasty side and foreign ministries side and it was not easy to meet an emperor of the Qing dynasty until 1870's.
Japanese: 清朝にあっては、外国人公使が神聖なる中国皇帝と直接と会見する際には三跪九叩頭の礼をしなければならず、礼を求める清朝側とこれを拒否する外国公使側とで折り合いがつかず、1870年代まで清朝皇帝と簡単には会うことができなかったのである。
English: However, at the time of the conclusion of Japan-Qing Treaty of Friendship in 1873, Taneomi SOEJIMA requested to have an audience with the Emperor on ground of "Bankoku Koho" and succeeded to have meeting without nine kowtows.
Japanese: しかし1873年に日清修好条規を締結した際、副島種臣は『万国公法』に根拠に同治帝に謁見を求め、三跪九叩頭の礼をしないでの会見を成功させた。
English: This was because the Emperor had already grown up and did not have much psychological resistance to Japanese compared to European.
Japanese: これは幼くして即位した同治帝がある程度成長したこと、欧米人よりは日本人の方がまだ心理的抵抗がなかったことが影響した。
English: "Suzerainty and issues on sovereignty" means a problem raised between two countries during transition of the order of international society, from Kaichitsujo to treaty system.
Japanese: 「宗主権―主権問題」とは、華夷秩序から条約体制へと国際秩序が移行する際に生じたある二国家間関係をめぐって持ち上がった問題である。
English: As described above, in the structure of Kaichitsujo, neighboring countries of China received sakuho or conducted choko and built a relationship with China as suzerain state and hanzokukoku.
Japanese: 前述したように華夷秩序では、中国王朝から冊封から受け、あるいは朝貢を行うことで、周辺諸国は宗主国―藩属国の関係となった。
English: It means that an emperor of Chinese dynasty and monarchs of neighboring countries established the relations between lord and vassal but it does not mean that the neighboring countries would be completely controlled by the Chinese dynasty.
Japanese: それは中国王朝の皇帝と周辺諸国の君主とが君臣関係を結ぶことを意味するが、それにより中国王朝の支配が周辺諸国全域に貫徹するということではない。
English: Because the Qing dynasty explained the condition as "it is an independent country but a subject state at the same time" to Western countries, in historical science, the term "zokkoku (subject state) jishu (independence or autonomy)" will be used to express the condition.
Japanese: この状態を清朝は「属国であるが自主でもある」と西欧諸国に説明したため、歴史学では「属国自主」という表現を用いる。
English: Based on the notion of sovereignty written in "Bankoku Koho," the relationship was ambivalent and was not able to be explained by reasons.
Japanese: こうした関係は『万国公法』の説く主権の概念から判断すると、曖昧で割り切れないものであった。
English: The problem was mostly concerned at the time of conflict of ideas among the Qing dynasty, Western countries and Japan in the Meiji period about how to consider Korea, which was the last Choko country to Qing (Okamoto 2004).
Japanese: もっともこの問題がクローズアップされたのが、最後の朝貢国朝鮮をどう捉えるかという清朝と西欧・明治日本の意見衝突の時であった（岡本2004）。
English: After the reception of modern international laws such as "Bankoku Koho," East Asian countries were forced to push internally or externally to change the system of the countries and examples of those cases are described above.
Japanese: これまで『万国公法』をはじめとする近代国際法を受容した東アジア諸国が、外圧もしくは自発的努力によって変革を迫られた過程を述べてきた。
English: The encounter with East Asian countries has made a chance to transform modern international laws itself to that in present-day.
Japanese: 東アジア諸国との遭遇は近代国際法自体にも変容をもたらし、現代の国際法へと脱皮する契機となった。
English: As described at the beginning, the modern international laws originated in Western countries had a character as a deal with Christian nations, and applicability was limited to specific countries at first.
Japanese: はじめに書いたように、西欧起源の近代国際法は、キリスト教国家どうしの取り決めというローカルな性格をもつものであった。
English: In accordance with overseas advance of western powerful countries, western powerful countries created a new term "civilized nation" as a concept of a state based on international law for building relations with countries which did not share Christian values, to be recognized as a state, it was necessary to be recognized as a "civilized nation" rather than being a Christian country, therefore the conditions to be protected by international law became abstract and generalized.
Japanese: しかし西欧列強の海外進出と共に、キリスト教的価値観を共有しない諸国家との関係を探るうち、「文明国」という国際法的な意味での国家概念を捻出し、キリスト教的か否かよりも「文明国」か否かが国家承認の要件と見なされるようになり、次第にキリスト教色を薄め、国際法被適用資格は抽象化・一般化していった。
English: As a result, above mentioned two conditions to be diplomatically recognized as a state, such as "the country must be a sovereign state" and "the country must have capability to abide by treaties" were created.
Japanese: その結果として、前述の国家承認条件「主権国家であること」「条約遵守能力があること」が打ち立てられたのである。
English: This is because prior conditions to be protected by international law were greatly changed.
Japanese: これは国際法適用を受けるかどうかの前提条件が大きく変化したためである。
English: More specifically, former characteristic conditions to be diplomatically recognized as a state, such as being Christian country changed to more concrete and technical conditions.
Japanese: キリスト教国家かどうかという国家の特質的なものから、国家制度という具体的・技術的な条件へと国家容認の条件が変化を意味するからである。
English: Namely, it became possible to apply international law to the countries which introduced or modeled on state systems of Western countries, even if there were geographical, religious or cultural differences (Hirose 1978).
Japanese: すなわち地理的・宗教的・文化的な違いがあっても、西欧の国家制度を導入・模倣することで国際法が適用される道が開けることとなった（広瀬1978）。
English: Reforms, construction of Rokumeikan (Pavilion of the Deer's Cry) and adoption of western cultures (clothes, food, solar calendar and so on) in Japan during the Meiji period were conducted under the change of international law as mentioned above, those were efforts to stand on an equal footing with Western countries and to be protected by international law.
Japanese: 明治日本の諸改革や鹿鳴館建設、西欧風俗（衣服・食事・暦他）受容は、こうした国際法の変容を敏感に察知した上で為されたもので、国際法適用を受け、西欧諸国に肩を並べるための努力だったのである。
English: Saisekki (microlith) is a kind of chipped stone tools, which is small and is characterized by a cutting edge.
Japanese: 細石器(さいせっき、マイクロリス、microlith)とは、打製石器の一種で、小型かつ刃の特徴を持つ石器である。
English: However, in Europe and other parts of the world, a transition from the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic period is set as the Mesolithic period.
Japanese: しかし、ヨーロッパ等では旧石器時代および新石器時代の過渡期として中石器時代が設定されている。
English: It is said that the flint blades whose width was less than a centimeter (called saisekijin, or flint microblades) already came into existence in the Altai Region, which is in the central part of the Eurasian Continent, about 40000 years ago.
Japanese: ユーラシア大陸の中央部にあるアルタイ地方には約4万年前頃に幅1センチメートル以下の石刃（細石刃）がすでに発生していたという。
English: What appeared at the end of the Paleolithic period in the Japanese archipelago is the Saisekijin Culture in which saisekki (or saisekijin) was used.
Japanese: 日本列島の旧石器時代の最終に現れたのが、この細石器（細石刃）を使った細石刃文化である。
English: The number of the remains dating back to the period of Saisekijin Culture (from 14300 to 12000 years ago) easily exceeds 500.
Japanese: この細石刃文化期（14,300～12,000年前）の遺跡は、全国で500個所を優に超える。
English: The density of the remains is especially high in Hokkaido and Kyushu regions, while their number is extremely low in the Kinki region.
Japanese: 特に遺跡密度が高いのは北海道と九州で、近畿地方では遺跡数が極端に少ない。
English: The cores of saisekijin in Hokkaido Prefecture are classified into the following types known as Yubetsu technique (technique in Yubetsu area): Types of Shirataki Remains, of the Satsukotsu Remains, of Togeshita Remains, of Rankoshi Remains, of Oshoroko Remains, of Horoka-gawa (or Horokazawa) Remains, of Shatekiyama Remains, of Momijiyama Remains, and so on.
Japanese: 北海道の細石刃核は、湧別技法として知られる白滝型・札骨（さつこつ）型・峠下（とうげした）型・蘭越（らんこし）型、忍路子（おしょろこ）型、幌加（ほろか）型、射的山型、紅葉山型などに類別される。
English: This Yubetsu technique and the other saisekijin exfoliation techniques that were influenced by it fan out across the northern half of the Tohoku region, such as Yamagata, Niigata, and Ibaraki Prefectures, beyond the Tsugaru Straits.
Japanese: この湧別技法やその影響を受けた細石刃剥離技術は、津軽海峡を越えて山形県、新潟県、茨城県など東北地方の北半分まで拡がっている。
English: This sekkaku (the stone core) is accompanied by the Toryumon (bean applique design) earthenware, the Ryusenmon (linear relief) earthenware, the Tsumegatamon (finger-nail like impressions) earthenware, and so on, which are from the Incipient Jomon period.
Japanese: この石核には、縄文時代の草創期の土器である豆粒文（とうりゅうもん）土器、隆線文（りゅうせんもん）土器、爪形文（つめがたもん）土器などを伴う。
English: The Nodake and Yasumiba type (type of Nodate Remains and Yasumiba Remains) saisekijin cores spread to a wide area, namely from regions of the Kanto and Chubu to Kyushu.
Japanese: 野岳・休場型細石刃核は、関東・中部地方から九州までの広い地域に広がっている。
English: The Funano type (type of Funano Remains) saisekijin core is also widely distributed from the Miyazaki-heiya Plains and the Ono-gawa River basin to the southern half of the Chubu region and the south Kanto, via the southern part of the Kinki region and Tokai region.
Japanese: また、船野型細石刃核も宮崎平野、大野川流域から近畿南部、東海を経て中部南半分、南関東まで広く分布している。
English: The Saisekijin Culture of the Japanese archipelago is largely divided into two areas of distribution, that of cuneate saisekijin in northeast Japan and those of Nodake, Yasumiba, and Funano types in the southwest Japan.
Japanese: 大きく分けると、日本列島の細石刃文化は、北東日本の楔形（くさびがた）細石刃と南西日本の野岳（のだけ）・休場（やすみば）型や船野型細石刃の二つの分布圏に分かれる。
English: It appears that the former reached Honshu (the main island of Japan) through Siberia and then Hokkaido and the latter through the middle and lower Yellow River of China and then Kyushu.
Japanese: 前者はシベリアから北海道を経由して本州へ、後者は中国黄河中・下流から九州を経由して本州へ及んだらしい。
English: The possibility that a considerable number came from the north to Honshu at this cultural stage cannot be denied.
Japanese: この文化段階で、北方から相当数本州へやってきた可能性が否定できない。
English: Thus, it is conjectured that the late Paleolithic people did not directly become the Jomon people.
Japanese: そのため、後期旧石器人がそのまま縄文人になったわけではないと想像できる。
English: It is presumed that reducing the weight of the whole spear was also expected to produce improvement in the accuracy rate of javelins.
Japanese: 槍全体を軽量化することによって投げ槍としての命中率を高める効果も期待されたと推測される。
English: It is considered to have developed first around the northeastern part of China and the Lake Baikal before the rest of the world.
Japanese: 世界にさきがけて中国東北部からシベリアのバイカル湖付近で発達したと考えられている。
English: Agemai no sei was a rule issued by the Edo Bakufu at the time of Kyoho-no-kaikaku (Kyoho reform).
Japanese: 上米の制（あげまいのせい）とは、江戸幕府が享保の改革の際に出した制度。
English: While the rule contributed to an increase in the Bakufu's revenue, it faced many problems and was abolished in 1730.
Japanese: 幕府の増収に貢献したが、いろいろ問題点も多く1730年に廃止となった。
English: Bokkaishi was the envoy to Japan from Bo Hai, and a record stated there were 34 visits (one visit from the Liao Dynasty) of the envoy during 728 to 922.
Japanese: 渤海使（ぼっかいし）は渤海(国)より日本を訪問した使節であり、728年から922年までの間に34回（このほか遼による派遣が1度）の使節が記録に残っている。
English: Bo Hai was founded by Jo-yeong DAE in 698, but it became opposed to the Tang Dynasty and Silla in the period of Muye DAE, and it was planned to dispatch an envoy to Japan in order to warn against the power.
Japanese: 698年に大祚栄により建国された渤海(国)であるが、大武芸の時代になると唐や新羅と外交的に対立するようになり、これらの勢力を牽制する目的で日本への遣使が計画された。
English: The envoy had strong suggestion of military alliance at the initial stage, and Japan side treated the envoy from Bo Hai very well as Japan viewed it as he/she visited Japan by the emperor's influence by virtue.
Japanese: 初期の段階では軍事同盟としての色彩が強い使節であり、また日本側も渤海が天皇の徳化により来朝したと捉え、使節を非常に厚遇している。
English: However, when it became the period of Heummu DAE and of reconciliation with Tang, its military implication wore off and changed its characteristics to the envoy for cultural exchange and economic activities.
Japanese: しかし大欽茂の時代になり、唐との融和が図られる時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、もっぱら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
English: The problem was that it took the style of tribute trade, so Japan was obligated to return severalfold kaishi (return gift) to correspond to a tribute from Bo Hai and produced great profit to Bo Hai.
Japanese: 特に問題となったのは朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じ、多大な利益を渤海にもたらした。
English: After tax collection capability by the Imperial Court diminished and the expenses for entertaining the envoy and kaishi became burden, Japan side added the limitations to have the envoy's visit once in 12 years, but the exchange had continued until the fall of Bo Hai.
Japanese: 日本側は、朝廷の徴税能力が衰え、使節供応と回賜のための経費が重荷となった後は、使節来朝を12年に1度にするなどの制限を加えたが、その交流は渤海滅亡まで継続した。
English: After the late eighth century, the main items were fell from the northern islands and textile, gold, and mercury from Japan.
Japanese: 8世紀後半以降はもっぱら北方産の獣皮と日本から繊維製品や金・水銀の交易が主目的。
English: Poorly-fed children are children to whom meal is not given enough due to the economic poverty of the family.
Japanese: 欠食児童（けっしょくじどう）とは、家庭の経済的困窮により、十分に食事を与えられていない子どものことである。
English: In Japan, it is often used especially for children who cannot bring a lunch box to school.
Japanese: 日本では、特に学校へ弁当を持参できない子どもを指して使われることが多い。
English: When the price of rice was sluggish by deflation due to the Financial Policy by Masayoshi Matsukata, the land-tax of fixed amount payment became a heavy burden on farmers, and many of them suffered from poverty.
Japanese: 松方財政によるデフレーションで米価が低迷すると、定額金納の地租が農家に大きな負担となり、多くの農家が窮乏化した。
English: After the Matsukata Financial Policy, the life of farmers fell into chronic poverty and many farmers could not afford to provide meals for children.
Japanese: 松方財政以降、農村は慢性的な貧困状態に陥り、子どもの食事を十分に用意できない農家が多く存在することとなった。
English: The poverty of farmers made land owners accumulate lands and their capital was turned to the investment such as stocks.
Japanese: 農村の貧困は地主に土地を集積させ、彼らの資本は株式などの投資に向けられた。
English: Moreover, agricultural villages provided cheap labor, as typified by the female labor that worked in cotton textile industry, and promoted the development of the Japanese capitalism.
Japanese: 更に、農村は綿織物業等に従事した女性労働力に代表されるように低賃金労働力を創出し、日本の資本主義の発達を大いに促した。
English: Since the Japanese capitalism had developed in this way, the poverty of the farmers was never improved.
Japanese: 日本の資本主義がこのようにして発展していったため、農村の貧困状態は改善されることがなかった。
English: The farmers were greatly affected by the Showa Depression in 1930, and the poorly-fed children became a serious social problem in various regions mainly in Tohoku.
Japanese: そして、1930年に発生した昭和恐慌により農村は大打撃を受け、東北地方を中心に各地で欠食児童が深刻な社会問題となった。
English: After the war, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) pushed through the farmland reform to reform the parasitic landlord system which had become a hotbed of Japanese militarism, and it turned many farmers into land-owning farmers.
Japanese: 戦後、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、日本の軍国主義の温床となった寄生地主制を改革するために農地改革を断行し、自作農が多く誕生した。
English: However, as the area under cultivation per farmer was small and the farmers were forced to manage small farms, the poverty of the farmers was never fundamentally improved.
Japanese: しかし、一人あたりの耕地面積は狭く、農家は零細的経営を余儀なくされたため、農村の貧困状態を根本的に改善することはできなかった。
English: When a school lunch program was generalized and Japan became one of the advanced countries both in name and reality through the high economic growth, the economic conditions for the farmers were improved and the word of 'Poorly-fed Children' became obsolete today.
Japanese: しかし、給食制度が一般化し、高度経済成長を経て日本が名実共に先進国の仲間入りをすると農家の経済状態も向上し、今日では欠食児童という言葉は死語になりつつある。
English: Although the number of poorly-fed children is fewer than before, it is true that they still remain today.
Japanese: しかし、以前と比べると少数ではあるが、現在も存在するのは事実である。
English: In other countries, a deficiency of food became a serious problem in many developing countries mainly in Africa and children, a substantial number of so called 'Poorly-fed Children' in Japan, exist.
Japanese: 海外では、アフリカを中心に多くの開発途上国で食糧不足の問題が深刻化しており、日本でいう欠食児童も多く存在している。
English: The deficiency of food is serious especially in the least developed countries such as Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia.
Japanese: 特に、ソマリア・スーダン・エチオピアなどの後発開発途上国の食糧不足は深刻である。
English: These countries are facing a rapid increase in population and their future prospects are not bright.
Japanese: これらの国々ではほぼ例外なく人口が急増しており、将来の見通しも明るくない。
English: The day when the issue of 'poorly fed children' is eliminated will be a long time coming.
Japanese: 世界から「欠食児童」がいなくなる日はまだ当分訪れそうにないのが現状である。