nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: The Dutch East India Company of the Netherlands was the only company permitted to carry out trade in exchange for paying an annual rental fee to use Dejima for 55-kan (obsolete unit of currency/weight; 1 kan = approx. 3.75 kg, 8.3 lb) of silver.
Japanese: なお、オランダ東インド会社は出島使用料年額銀55貫に応じ唯一交易を許された。
English: Another reason for the permission was the fact that it was Catholic Christians that ardently conducted overseas missionary work during those days, so the Bakufu could not find a necessity to oust the Protestant Dutch.
Japanese: 当時海外布教を積極的におこなっていたのはキリスト教のなかでもカトリック教会であり、プロテスタント国であったオランダにはその必要がなかったという側面もあった。
English: Another viewpoint claims that the Bakufu embarked on strengthening its quarantine practices in addition to establishing the Bakufu Seyaku-in (Pharmacy Institution), citing the threat of infectious diseases brought in by foreign ships entering ports in various regions in conditions that were no better than drifting ships.
Japanese: 漂着同然で各地に入港する外国船からの伝染病の脅威は幕府施薬院の成立と共に検疫強化に踏み切ったという見方もある。
English: The Bakufu had to address the crucial problem of medical missionaries using opium.
Japanese: なお医療宣教師が阿片を使用したことも喫緊の課題として幕府を動かした。
English: Japan produced a large amount of gold and silver (especially silver) during this time, using these abundant resources for trade.
Japanese: 日本は当時、国内各地で大量に金銀（特に銀）を産出する国であったため、交易においてもその潤沢な金銀を用いた。
English: However, Japan's trade with China showed an overwhelming excess of imports and gold and silver gradually flowed out of Japan.
Japanese: しかし、対中国貿易において圧倒的に輸入超過であり、徐々に金銀が流出していった。
English: A theory suggests that the inflation resulted in a steep decline in gold and silver holdings, which obliged the Bakufu to close the country.
Japanese: そのため、金銀の保有高が急激に減少し、それを止めるために鎖国をしなければならなくなったという説もある。
English: Several historical materials suggest that the Bakufu had an abundance of information about Northeast Asia, Russia, Southeast Asia, etc. to analyze, despite its seclusionism.
Japanese: しかし鎖国中の幕府が、北東アジア・ロシア・東南アジア等などの情報を多くもち分析していたことが各史料から垣間見える。
English: This means that the Bakufu had far more knowledge about politics and the global situation than what people today imagine when they think of the Bakufu.
Japanese: 現在のわれわれが感じるイメージよりもはるかに広範な政治・情勢的知識を幕府が持ちえてきたことが垣間見える。
English: Research from a modern standpoint suggests that the Bakufu implemented controlled trade to monopolize profits, which was realized by incorporating the flourishing harbors, such as Dejima in Nagasaki and Sakai, into dominions under direct control of the Bakufu or Daimyo domains of Fudai and Shinpan (hereditary Daimyo and relatives of the Tokugawa family).
Japanese: また現代的視点では長崎の出島・堺を始めとした有力港湾を幕府直轄若しくは親藩・譜代大名領に組み入れることにより、幕府による管理貿易を行い収益を独占したという研究がある。
English: One evaluation of 'national isolation' argues that, outside of exceptional cases, severing relations with foreign countries let Japan form its original culture.
Japanese: 一つは、ごく限られた場面以外に外国との交流を断ったことで、日本独自の文化を形成できたとする肯定的なもの。
English: Another evaluation, typified by Tetsuro WATSUJI, argues that Japan fell behind the global current because of its inability to introduce technology and culture similar to what was being developed during the Industrial Revolution in Europe (later in the United States as well) due to its prohibition on exchanging with other countries; this not only resulted in the failure of Japan to make a scientific culture permeate throughout the nation (science courses were disregarded), but also became an underlying cause of defeat in the Pacific War.
Japanese: もう一つは、交流を禁止してしまったことで、ヨーロッパ（後にアメリカ合衆国も）で発達した産業革命による技術や文化を積極的に受け入れられなくなり、世界の潮流からとりのこされて科学文化が浸透せず（理系軽視）、ひいては太平洋戦争の敗戦の遠因ともなってしまった、とする和辻哲郎にみられるように否定的なものである。
English: However, many Asian countries during this time did not have the capability to compete on equal terms with West European countries that had already mastered strong oceanic technology through the Age of Geographical Discovery.
Japanese: しかし、大航海時代を経て強力な海洋技術を身につけた西欧諸国に対して対等に渡り合える力は当時のアジアにはなかった。
English: If Japan had not strived to eliminate overseas powers by closing the country, it might have become a colony of West European countries similar to Southeast Asia.
Japanese: 鎖国をして海外勢力を排除する努力をしなかった場合、東南アジア同様に西欧の植民地となった可能性もある。
English: Some hold to the view that national isolation was indispensable, given the fact that the dynasty later became a half-colonized country.
Japanese: その後に半植民地化されたことを考えれば鎖国は必要だったという意見もある。
English: This leads to the sympathetic viewpoint suggesting that national isolation might be the best resistance for undeveloped nations.
Japanese: 故に後進地域ができる精一杯の抵抗ではなかったかと言う同情的な意見もある。
English: However, it is difficult to say whether or not this viewpoint can connect national isolation with the reason why Japan did not become a colony of West European countries.
Japanese: しかし鎖国を西欧の植民地とならなかった要因とするには根拠が脆弱と言わざるを得なくなる。
English: In the first place, an armed clash might have broken out if European countries had a strong desire to colonize Japan, and just because Japan was under 'national isolation' would have had little meaning.
Japanese: そもそも欧州諸国に植民地化する気があったのならば「鎖国」していようが大した意味はなく武力衝突となったはずである。
English: From another critical viewpoint, it is suggested that the Bakufu failed to take adequate measures upon the arrival of the Black Ships due to a lack of knowledge involving diplomatic procedures resulting from excessively severing exchanges with foreign countries, and this resulted in the Bakufu being forced to sign an unequal treaty.
Japanese: 他にも度を過ぎて交流を絶ったために外交手段が分からず、黒船来航の際に対応を誤り、不平等条約を結ばされたとする批判的な意見もある。
English: On the other hand, among Asian countries that were not colonized, Japan was the only country in which the study of Europe spread, typified by the Western learning boom observed in and after the 18th century.
Japanese: その反面、18世紀以降の蘭学流行に見られるように、植民地にならなかったアジア諸国でこれだけヨーロッパの学問が広まった国はない。
English: Due to Sino-centrism embraced by the Chinese, however, the missionaries learned Chinese while only a small number of Chinese studied languages used in European countries.
Japanese: 中国人の華夷思想からか専ら宣教師が中国語を習得し中国人がヨーロッパの言語を学習することは少なかった。
English: Despite being under seclusionism, Japan had not closed the country completely, giving people the freedom to learn about the state of affairs of foreign countries as well as the latest studies, excluding Christianity through the Dutch language.
Japanese: この点、日本は鎖国とはいえ完全に国を閉ざしたわけではなく、キリスト教以外はオランダ語を通じて自由に諸外国の情勢や最新の学問を研究できた。
English: This became the basis of Japan's rapid and independent attainment of modernization after the Bakufu opened the country during the end of Edo period.
Japanese: これが幕末の開国以後日本が急速に自主的な近代化を達成しえた基盤のひとつになったといえる。
English: Moreover, the unification within the country realized by long-lasting peace, as well as the development of industry and finance, was also a basis of its modernization.
Japanese: また平和が長く続いたことで国内が一体化すると共に産業や金融も発達し、これも近代化の基盤となった。
English: In addition, a considerable amount of Japanese culture (the Haiku [a Japanese poem in 17 syllables], horticulture, modern Japanese music, Bunraku [Japanese puppet theater], Kabuki [traditional drama performed by male actors], Ukiyoe [Japanese woodblock prints], Netsuke (miniature carving attached to the end of a cord hanging from a pouch), Japanese cuisine, Japanese-style confectionary, ceramic ware, lacquer art, clothing, etc.), which are extolled world wide, started during this period, or developed for establishment.
Japanese: 更に今日、世界的にもてはやされる日本文化のかなり多くの部分（俳句、園芸、近世邦楽、文楽、歌舞伎、浮世絵、根付、日本料理、和菓子、陶磁器、漆芸、服飾など）がこの時期に生まれ、あるいは発展、確立したものである。
English: On the other hand, there is also an opinion that the Japanese government introduced a Europeanization policy (leave Asia, enter Europe) into its culture and its natural features on an such an unprecedented scale due to a backlash against its extended seclusionism, that it layed a foundation for the people of Japan to have an inferior complex to the Caucasian that remains even today.
Japanese: その一方で長期に渡る鎖国の反動からか文化・風土面においても世界的に類を見ない規模の欧化政策（脱亜入欧）を行い、現代に至るまでの日本人における白人コンプレックスの礎となったと考える者もいる。
English: As the Europeanization policy regarding the culture of Western countries as supreme was promoted, culture evaluated as 'detestable in light of the Caucasian's sense of values' was sometimes abandoned as old-fashioned culture.
Japanese: 欧米文化を至上とした欧化政策が進められために、「白人の価値観で見て汚らしい」とされたものは時代遅れとして捨てられることがあった。
English: This has resulted in the Japanese throwing away their original native culture of the sexes on their own and they have lost quite a lot (for instance, some Japanese enjoy Japanese tea ceremony, but no Japanese men make a habit of wearing their hair in a topknot).
Japanese: 性文化を始め日本の土着文化を自ら潰し、失われてしまったものが少なくない（例えば今日、茶道を嗜む者はいるが、日常的にちょんまげをしている者はいない）。
English: During the end of the Edo period, as described by the remarks made by Shonan YOKOI, some people criticized the seclusionism, saying that the policy indicated 'severing contact' not only from foreign countries, but also within each domain.
Japanese: なお幕末においては、たとえば横井小楠の発言にみられるように、外に対する「鎖国」だけではなく、日本国内においても藩と藩とのあいだも「鎖国」状態であるとの批判をおこなう論者もみられた。
English: The Tsushima Domain was allowed to carry authority even during the Edo period, having the honor of coordinating the diplomatic exchanges between the Bakufu and Korea.
Japanese: 江戸時代に入っても、対馬藩にはその権限が引き続き認められ、幕府の対朝鮮外交を中継ぎする役割を担った。
English: Having conquered and ruled the Ryukyu Dynasty, the Satsuma Domain was allowed to carry on trade via Ryukyu.
Japanese: 薩摩藩が琉球王朝を攻略、支配したことで、琉球を通じての貿易が認められた。
English: Although Bakufu-issued ordinances on isolation policies were implemented consistently, the Matsumae Domain, the Tsushima Domain and the Satsuma Domain, all of which were dealt with as special domains, carried out a variety of illegal trades (also called Nukeni in Japanese), making transactions in excess of the tolerable amount set by the Bakufu.
Japanese: 鎖国政策は、江戸幕府の法令のなかでは徹底された部類ではあったが、特例として認められていた松前藩、対馬藩や薩摩藩では、幕府の許容以上の額を一種の密貿易（抜荷）としておこなった。
English: As a countermeasure, successive leaders of the Bakufu, such as Hakuseki ARAI and Yoshimune TOKUGAWA, often issued prohibitions on these acts.
Japanese: これに対して、新井白石や徳川吉宗ら歴代の幕府首脳はこうした動きにたびたび禁令を発して取締りを強めてきた。
English: They even dispatched their own fleet to Southeast Asia (this was the so-called 'Takeshima incident.')
Japanese: さらに自藩の船団を仕立てて東南アジアにまで派遣していた例もあった（「竹島事件」）。
English: There were also unique people, such as Soha HATONO who stowed away on a ship during the Manji era to study medicine for five years in the Netherlands.
Japanese: また、万治年間に密航し、5年間オランダで医学を学んだ鳩野宗巴のような人物もいた。
English: Since the arrival of the Russian named Adam Kirillovich Laksman in 1792, ships from various foreign countries frequently came and urged Japan to open the country.
Japanese: だが、1792年のロシアのアダム・ラクスマンの来航以来、諸外国の船がたびたび来航して日本への開国要求を強めた。
English: Following the arrival of the Black Ships by Matthew PERRY of the United States in 1853 in Uraga, "The Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan" was concluded the following year.
Japanese: 1853年、浦賀にアメリカ合衆国のマシュー・ペリー率いる黒船来航、翌年には日米和親条約が締結された。
English: Afterwards, the national isolation completely ended after the conclusion of "The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan" in 1858.
Japanese: その後、1858年の日米修好通商条約の締結によって鎖国は完全に幕を閉じたのである。
English: Nine years after the Bakufu opened the country, the shogunate system completely collapsed due to the restoration of the imperial rule implemented by Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, which led Japan into choosing the path to the modern state.
Japanese: 開国から9年後、徳川慶喜による大政奉還によって幕藩体制は完全に崩壊し、日本は近代国家への道を歩む。
English: Ryosei-koku designates Japanese province that was established under the ritsuryo codes.
Japanese: 令制国（りょうせいこく）とは、律令制に基づいて設置された日本の地方行政区分である。
English: Ezo province was not a formal area division under the ryosei system but a common area name, and Ryukyu province was not originally under the influence of Yamato Imperial Court.
Japanese: 蝦夷国は正式な令制国ではなく俗称であり、また琉球国は当初大和朝廷の影響が及んでいなかった。
English: Ezo province was defined as wide area local administrative division in the name of Hokkaido (Ryosei), and Ryukyu province was included in Kagoshima Prefecture as a Ryosei province in 1871 (for reference; world unagridged encyclopedia).
Japanese: 蝦夷国は1869年に北海道(令制)の名称で広域地方行政区画とされ、琉球国は1871年に令制国として鹿児島県に編入し、後に沖縄県とした（世界大百科事典参考）。
English: The administrative organ in a Ryosei province was called Kokuga or Kokucho, and the city area centering around Kokuga and the location of Kokuga was called Kokufu.
Japanese: 令制国の行政機関を国衙（こくが）または国庁（こくちょう）といい、国衙の所在地や国衙を中心とする都市域を国府（こくふ）といった。
English: In the age when the term " Ryosei province " was used as the basic unit for administrative and geographical division, it used to be called only as 'province' officially and customarily.
Japanese: 令制国が行政体・地理区分の基本単位として用いられていた時代には、正式にも慣用的にも「国」とだけ呼ばれていた。
English: Among the ritsuryo, the system defined by ryo is ryo system (ryosei), so the province under the ryo system is called ryosei province.
Japanese: 律令のうち、令によって規定される制度を令制というので、令制の国を令制国と呼ぶ。
English: The term " Ryosei province" is the historical academic term that started to be used at the end of 20th century and early examples for use of the term " Ryosei province " appeared in the middle of 1980s.
Japanese: 「令制国」という語は、20世紀末に用いられ始めた歴史学の用語であり、早いものでは1980年代半ば頃から使用例が現れている。
English: However, according to the "Japanese history unabridged dictionary (Showa era), the 4th volume" published by Yoshikawa kobunkan in February 1984, ryosei province is explained in the article of 'province' in which the term 'Ryosei province' is not used.
Japanese: しかし1984年2月に吉川弘文館から発行された『国史大辞典(昭和時代)第4巻』では令制国のことは「国」の項目で説明されており、文中にも「令制国」と呼ぶといった説明はない。
English: In Japanese ancient times, before the era of Ryosei province establishment, there was the stage in which the province ruled by kuninomiyatsuko or powerful regional clans and the agata (territory) ruled by agatanushi or local influential persons were compatible.
Japanese: 日本の古代には、令制国が成立する前に、土着の豪族である国造（くにのみやつこ）が治める国と、県主（あがたぬし）が治める県（あがた）が並立した段階があった。
English: There is no established explanation when ryousei provinces were established, but in "Nihonshoki" (the Chronicles of Japan), there is an article in which at the times of the Taika Reform in 645, they sent provincial governors to eastern provinces, and it is known that on the narrow strips of wood unearthed at Asuka, the words 'Ise Province', 'Omi Province' and so on were written.
Japanese: 令制の国が何時成立したについての定説はまだないが、『日本書紀』には、645年の大化の改新の際に、東国に国司を派遣したという記事があり、飛鳥から出土した木簡削片に「伊勢国」「近淡□（海）」などと書かれていることが分かっている。
English: Therefore, it is considered that the Ryosei province was established in the 670s, the beginning of the Reign of Emperor Tenmu.
Japanese: したがって、天武朝の初め670年代には成立していたと考えられている。
English: It can be said that ritsuryo provinces were surely established after the completion of the Taiho Code in 701.
Japanese: 令制国が確実に成立したと言えるのは、701年（大宝(日本)元年）に制定された大宝律令からである。
English: In 713, the early Nara period, Emperor Genmyo ordered the compilation of regional gazetteers or topography called 'Fudoki' for each ryosei province.
Japanese: 奈良時代初期の713年（和銅6）に、元明天皇は、令制国毎に「風土記」という地誌の編纂を命じた。
English: Presently, parts of Izumo Province Fudoki, Hitachi Province Fudoki, Harima Province Fudoki, Hizen Province Fudoki and Bungo Province Fudoki are existent.
Japanese: 現在、出雲国風土記、常陸国風土記、播磨国風土記、肥前国風土記、豊後国風土記の物が、一部残存している。
English: In May of the same year, the Imperial Court ordered to put yoi-ji (good character) to each kori (county) and sato (village) in provinces near capital and in seven prefectures.
Japanese: 同年5月に畿内と七道諸国の郡（こおり）・郷（さと）の名に好字（よいじ）を付けるように命じた。
English: During the period from the end of 736 to the beginning of 740, the Imperial Court revised the go-ri sei (township-neighbourhood system) to go-sei.
Japanese: 739年（天平11）年末頃から740年（天平12）初めの頃に郷里制を郷制に改める。
English: In 740s, the period when Emperor Shoumu acceded to the throne, an epidemic was prevalent and social anxiety was spreading in Heijokyo Capital.
Japanese: 740年代に聖武天皇が政権に就いた時期には、平城京では疫病が蔓延し、社会不安が広がっていた。
English: To clear up the uneasiness, also with the opinion of the empress Komyo, in 741, the Emperor issued the imperial proclamation to establish provincial temples and provincial nunneries in ryosei provinces.
Japanese: これを払拭すべく、光明皇后の意見も有って、741年（天平13）令制国には国分寺（国分僧寺）・国分尼寺の建立の詔を出した。
English: In the Engi formality issued around 800, the number of counties in each Ryosei province was written.
Japanese: 800年頃に出された延喜式には、各令制国における郡の個数が記載された。
English: In Kamakura period, even after the Ritsuryo system virtually collapsed, Kokuga (administrative organ) was still placed in each province and controlled it.
Japanese: 律令制が事実上崩壊してからも、鎌倉時代においては、依然として各国に国衙が置かれ、国を支配していた。
English: In the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when disturbances of war spread throughout the country, shugo daimyo (military governors) increased their power and started to govern Kokuga.
Japanese: 南北朝時代(日本)に戦乱が全国に及ぶと、守護大名の力が増大し、国衙も支配するようになった。
English: In the Sengoku period, provinces as administrative organs since Ritsuryo period disappeared.
Japanese: 戦国時代(日本)になると、律令時代からの行政体としての国は消滅した。
English: The post of provincial governor became perfectly the nominal, and warlords came to want that post in order to insist the legitimacy of controlling their territories.
Japanese: 国司は、完全に名目だけの官職となり、戦国大名が領国支配の正当性を主張するために欲するようになる。
English: In Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period, the control of local areas was divided by daimyos of various sizes, feudal lords equivalent to daimyos and direct control of Edo shogunate.
Japanese: 安土桃山時代と江戸時代には、地方統治は大小多様の大名と、大名に準ずる領主、江戸幕府の直轄領に分割された。
English: Except for the cases in which particular organization was placed on the district where territories were segmentalized, there were no administrative organs based on the province (However, as dynasty appointed provincial governors, there were Ryosei provinces as nominal administrative division).
Japanese: 領有が細分化した地方に特別な機関を置く場合を除いて、国を単位とする行政体はなかった（ただし国司を任じていたことから、名目のみ行政区分としての令制国は存在していた）。
English: But Ryosei province was used for indication of address including family register, thus it was indispensable geographical division.
Japanese: しかし、戸籍等の住所の表示には令制国が用いられ、欠かせない地理区分であった。
English: The big difference in Meiji period from the time until Edo period, was the abolition of provincial governors with which Ryosei province system finished its function of administrative geographical division namely and actually.
Japanese: 江戸時代までとの大きな違いは国司を廃止したことであり、国司廃止によって名実共に行政的な地理区分ではなくなってしまった。
English: The Meiji government separated 4 provinces from Mutsu Province, divided Dewa Province into 2 provinces, newly established 11 provinces in Hokkaido and established Ryukyu Province to set up 85 provinces in total, but it did not found administrative organs in every province.
Japanese: 明治政府は、陸奥国から4国を分立させ、出羽国を2国に分割し、北海道(令制)に11国を新設し、さらに琉球国を置いて85国としたが、国単位での行政機関を置かなかった。
English: The abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures in 1871 aimed at the abolition of feudal domains, and provinces continued to be used together with prefectures after that.
Japanese: 1871年の廃藩置県は藩を廃止したもので、国はその後も府県と併用された。
English: The range of ryosei province in Hokkaido was revised until 1885; this shows ryosei province had been institutionally used at least until this year.
Japanese: 1885年までは北海道において令制国の範囲改定が行われたりしていたことから少なくともこの年までは制度上も用いられていた.
English: However, after that, in Taiwan and in Korea in the age under the rule of Japan, new ryosei province was not established.
Japanese: しかし、それ以降領有した日本統治時代(台湾)・日本統治時代の朝鮮などの外地に新たな令制国は設定されなかった。
English: Although not abolished by law, the Ryosei system rapidly became obsolete, especially with being excluded from place-name writing, and on the contrary, prefecture system was rapidly established.
Japanese: 法令による廃止はされていないが、とりわけ戸籍・郵便等の地名表記から外されたことにより急速に廃れ、反対に府県は急速に定着した。
English: At the present time, old province names are used in cases such as distinguishing similar place-names (ex. Settsu Motoyama and Nagato Motoyama), avoiding the use of prefecture name (ex. Shinshu against Nagano prefecture), and expressing local specialty or noted product (ex. Sanuki noodle, Tajima cattle, Satsuma ware).
Japanese: 現代では、同じ地名を呼び分けるときや（摂津本山駅←→長門本山駅など）、都道府県名を嫌う場合（長野県←→信州など）、地域名（泉州、筑豊など）、地域ブランド名など（讃岐うどん、但馬牛、薩摩焼など）に旧国名が利用されている。
English: Further, regarding the national law and Hokkaido ordinance, in the 'establishment rule for branch offices of the legal affairs bureau and the local legal affairs bureau', some rules provide the expression of ryosei province in the stipulation which showed presiding areas of subprefecture, the legal affairs bureau and its lower organizations.
Japanese: また、北海道条例･国法においては「法務局及び地方法務局の支局及び出張所設置規則」において、支庁や法務局およびその下部組織の所管区域を示す規定中に令制国が示されているものもある。
English: The rules for Ryosei province were greatly amended before the Nara period and in the Meiji period, but they were not changed in the long term between Heian period and Edo period.
Japanese: 令制国は、奈良時代までと明治時代に大きな改廃がなされたが、その間の平安時代から江戸時代までの長期にわたって変更がなかった。
English: (in this case, Tsushima and Iki provinces were excluded as islands) For example, the Yamana clan that had 11 provinces as shugo's territory was called " One Sixth Esquire ", because it possessed one sixth of the provinces of whole country.
Japanese: （この場合、対馬・壱岐国が「嶋」としてはずれる）例えば11か国を守護領国とした山名氏は、全国の六分の一の国を領したという意味で「六分一殿」と呼ばれた。
English: In some case of enumerating all province names such as 'the list of Ichinomiya shrine throughout the nation', two provinces forcedly reduced to 66 due to the incompliance with the acutual number of the province by integrating, for example, Bizen, Bicchu and Bingo into Kibi province(but Mimasaka province which was separated from Bizen province, was not integrated).
Japanese: 「全国一宮一覧」など全ての国を列挙するような場合には、実際の国の数と合わないので、備前・備中・備後をまとめて吉備とする（ただし、備前から分かれた美作はそのまま）など無理に2国減らして66にすることも行われた。
English: The Ezo republic that was built in January 1869 was a familiar name of the Ezo Island Government, a political power belonging to Sabaku-ha which existed for a short time in Ezochi (inhabited area of Ainu) (Hokkaido).
Japanese: 蝦夷共和国（えぞきょうわこく）は、明治元年12月（1869年1月）に成立し、蝦夷地（北海道）に短期間存在した佐幕派の政権である蝦夷島政府に対する俗称である。
English: In 1867 in the late Edo period, the Edo bakufu ruined due to the Taisei Hokan conducted by the 15th Seii Taishogun, Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA, then through the mediation of Tetsutaro YAMAOKA, the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle was decided at a meeting of Takamori SAIGO, a general officer of the grand government general, and Kaishu KATSU, president of the Tokugawa family's army.
Japanese: 江戸時代後期、慶応3年（1867年）に15代征夷大将軍徳川慶喜が大政奉還を行って江戸幕府が消滅し、山岡鉄太郎の斡旋により新政府軍の大総督府参謀である西郷隆盛と徳川家陸軍総裁の勝海舟の会談で江戸城の無血開城が決定する。
English: Takeaki ENOMOTO, the Vice-President of Navy, who made sure that Yoshinobu TOKUGAWA left the capital for Shizuoka, went away form Edo for Ezo leading eight military ships on Kaiyomaru as a flagship from off Shinagawa on August 19, 1868, for the purpose of rescue of former retainers of shogun and protection of Hokuhen.
Japanese: 徳川慶喜の静岡下向を見届けた海軍副総裁榎本武揚は旧幕臣の保護と北辺防備を目的として慶応4年（1868年）8月19日に品川沖から開陽丸を旗艦に8隻の軍艦を率いて江戸を脱出し、蝦夷地に向かった。
English: On the way, in Sendai, he merged the remnants of Denshutai (Edo shogunate's army) which was put to rout in the Aizu War, Old Shinsengumi and Shogitai, then reached Kitakami and Morimachi (Hokkaido) where he suppressed each region, captured Goryokaku, got the Prefectural Governor, Kinnaru SHIMIZUDANI, on the run and put the whole Ezo Island under his control.
Japanese: 途中仙台で会津戦争で敗走した伝習隊、旧新選組や彰義隊の残党を吸収し、北上、森町(北海道)に上陸し、各地を平定、五稜郭を攻略し、府知事清水谷公考を敗走させ、蝦夷全島を支配下に置いた。
English: The person who used the term Ezo 'Republic' for the first time was a foreigner.
Japanese: 最初に蝦夷「共和国（リパブリック）」という表現を使ったのは、外国人であった。
English: It was Adams, a diplomat of the British Legation, who accompanied the Captain of Anglo-French warship and met ENOMOTO in Nonvember 1868.
Japanese: 1868年11月、英仏軍艦艦長に随行し、榎本と会見したイギリス公使館外交官外交官の種類アダムズである。
English: In the book 'History of Japan' he wrote in 1874, he introduced Hakodate Seicho as a "Republic", and after that, the people who used his expression got the majority.
Japanese: 彼が1874年に書いた著書「HistoryofJapan」において、箱館政庁を"Republic"と紹介し、その後、アダムズの表現に倣う者が大多数となった。
English: This political power is also just called Hakodate Government, but this naming is not appropriate because it did never aim at a sovereign independence nor defending local authority.
Japanese: この政権は単に箱館政権とも称されるが、主権的な独立や地方割拠を目論んだわけではないので、この呼称は適切ではない。
English: ENOMOTO and others did not called it 'Ezo Republic', nor declared it was an independent sovereign state.
Japanese: 榎本らは「蝦夷共和国」と名乗ったことはなく、また独立主権国家たると宣言したわけでもない。