nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Since when he was in Shinshu he had fought against Tokugawa several times, and he never blundered; people say he is a venomous insect for Tokugawa; who would be a hero in this age but Sanada.'
Japanese: 「そもそも信州以来、徳川に敵する事数回、一度も不覚の名を得ず、徳川の毒虫なりと世に沙汰せり、当世の英雄真田を非ずして誰ぞや。」
English: Unrivaled and the greatest of the age; until now, even women and children know his name and beauty.'
Japanese: 「絶等離倫、一世の人物、今にいたりて女も童もその名を聞きてその美を知る。」
English: During the battle which was like hard rain wiping out wheel axis, Sanada took command and no one run away but stayed there to protect robustly.'
Japanese: 「車軸を流す雨の如く候へども、真田が備、一人も散らず真丸に堅り、とてものがれぬ処にて候間。」
English: There are many strange things about the battles of Saemon SANADA; on this day he first emerged in Mt. Chausu, then led an ambush in Hirano-guchi gateway, then fought in Okayama.'
Japanese: 「真田左衛門合戦の様子奇怪の節多し、此の日初めは茶臼山に出、夫より平野口に伏兵を引廻し、又岡山に出て戦ふ。」
English: He stubbed the hatamoto of Ieyasu and slashed; he brought down Ieyasu's uma-jirushi.'
Japanese: 「家康卿の御旗本さして、一文字にうちこむ、家康卿御馬印臥せさすること。」
English: Foreign countries aside, unprecedented bravery in Japan; mysterious bows killed all of Sanada's soldiers.'
Japanese: 「異国は知らず、日本にはためし少なき勇士なり、ふしぎなる弓取なり真田備居侍を一人も残さず討死させる也。」
English: The name of Sanada's army became everlasting, and it is said that warlords who wanted to follow the example of his Bukun (deeds of arms) rushed to take his hair from Nobushige's head in order to make charms.
Japanese: 真田軍の名は不朽のものとなり、武勲にあやかろうとした諸将が信繁の首から遺髪をこぞって取り合いお守りにしたと言われる。
English: Six one-mon coins are placed in the coffin when the deceased is entombed, as the fee for a boat to cross Sanzu-no-kawa (Sanzu River, or the River of Three Crossings).
Japanese: 六文銭とは、亡くなった人を葬る時、棺に入れる六文の銭の事で、三途の川の渡し賃のことである。
English: It is said that using them as the emblem on a flag means 'fushakushinmyo' (to generously devote one's body and life to the Buddhist law).
Japanese: これを旗印にすることは「不惜身命」（ふしゃくしんみょう：仏法のために身命をささげて惜しまないこと）を意味するといわれている。
English: According to his older brother Nobuyuki, Nobushige was dovelike, patient, quiet and rarely angered, which is far from the image of a brave commander.
Japanese: 信繁の人柄は、兄・信之の言葉によると柔和で辛抱強く、物静かで怒る様なことは無いという、およそ勇猛な武将のイメージとはかけ離れたものであったようである。
English: Additionally, Nobuyuki said in "幸村君伝記," 'There is a huge difference between us: Yukimura is a real samurai (warrior) who governed Kokugun (provinces and counties), while we are tool holders who maintain a facade and try to look big.'
Japanese: また、信之は『幸村君伝記』において「幸村は国郡を支配する本当の侍であり、それに対して我らは見かけを必死に繕い、肩をいからしている道具持ちという程の差がある。」とも語っている。
English: The public in the Edo period knew him as a great commander; the Bakufu didn't prohibit that, although he was against Tokugawa.
Japanese: 一般には江戸時代になってから、講談等でその名将ぶりが知られる事になるが、徳川に敵対したにも関わらず幕府側はそれを敢えて禁ずることはなかった。
English: As for this, there are theories such as the story that 'cleaving to the master until the last moment' was accepted by the Bakufu, as well as a penetrating view that it was convenient to say 'the father and son of Sanada were great commanders' in order to cover up the delay of Hidetada, who became the second shogun, for Sekigahara.
Japanese: これに関しては、「主君に最後まで忠義を尽くす」という筋立てが幕府に容認されたとする説の他に、二代将軍となった秀忠の関ヶ原での遅参を誤摩化すため、「真田親子が名将の方が都合が良かった」とする少々穿った見方なども存在する。
English: Ieyasu felt that Nobushige, who was most active among warlords on the Osaka side, was dangerous and ordered Nobushige's older brother Nobuyuki SANADA to persuade Nobushige to switch sides for 400,000 koku of Shinano Province, but he wasn't interested in this preferential condition at all and persisted in his loyalty to the Toyotomi family (according to one theory, Ieyasu ordered Nobushige's uncle Nobutada SANADA and offered 100,000 koku of Ueda).
Japanese: 家康は大坂方の諸将の中で最も活躍した信繁に脅威を覚え、大坂冬の陣の後には信繁の兄真田信之に命じて信濃一国40万石で彼を調略しようとしているが、この破格の条件に興味を微塵も見せず豊臣家への忠誠を最期まで貫き通している（一説には叔父真田信尹に命じて上田10万石とも）。
English: It is said that Nobushige and the Tokugawa clan were 'inveterate enemies,' but this is an effect of earthen books and novels.
Japanese: 信繁と徳川氏は「不倶戴天の敵」であったといわれるが、これは後世の俗書や小説等による影響である。
English: Even for the few daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) who joined the Western Camp in Sekigahara, they were punished by being deprived of their fiefs, but some were then restored, such as Muneshige TACHIBANA and Nagashige NIWA; those given shoryo (territories) were Tanagura, Mutsu 10,000 koku for Muneshige and Futsuto, and Hitachi 10,000 for Nagashige.
Japanese: 関ヶ原に西軍として参戦し、改易され、復活を遂げた数少ない大名である立花宗茂や丹羽長重も、本領に復帰する前に与えられた所領は宗茂が陸奥棚倉1万石、長重が常陸古渡1万石であった。
English: It is unlikely that Nobushige, who was less famous and had fewer achievements than Muneshige or Nagashige, was given Shinshu 400,000 koku.
Japanese: 宗茂や長重より知名度も実績も劣る信繁が信州40万石を与えられる可能性は低い。
English: It can't be proved that he refused the preferential condition proposed by Ieyasu because of loyalty to the Toyotomi family, but adversely, based on the fact that Nobushige's older brother and uncle were vassals of the Tokugawa family, it is said that there was defamation from vassals of Toyotomi that 'Shigenobu is a spy of the Tokugawa side.'
Japanese: 家康からの破格の条件を断ったのが、豊臣家への忠誠のためであったかについては実証することはできず、逆に信繁の兄や叔父らが徳川家の臣下であることを根拠に「信繁は徳川方の間者である」という豊臣家臣からの誹謗中傷もあったと言われている。
English: As mentioned above, it is impossible that Nobushige said 'Yukimura' instead of 'Nobushige' because the Yukimura name was created later, so it seems to be a dramatization of later generations.
Japanese: 既に触れたように幸村は後の時代に創られた名前のため信之が“信繁”ではなく“幸村”と言う訳もなく、後世の脚色であると思われる。
English: There is a trend to deify Shigenobu as 'Yukimura' in documents about Sanada in later generations, and the credibility of documents about Nobushige SANADA is open to question.
Japanese: 後世の真田関係の資料は信繁を「幸村」として神格化させる動きがあり、真田信繁関係の資料の信憑性には疑問がある。
English: Although Nobushige might have been grateful to the Toyotomi family for taking him as a commander when he was supposed to die in obscurity in Kudoyama, it is doubtful that he was so grateful to the Toyotomi family even though he wasn't a hereditary vassal of Toyotomi.
Japanese: 九度山に無名のまま朽ちる筈だった信繁を、将帥として召しだしてくれたことに感謝はあるだろうが、豊臣譜代の臣でもないのに、そこまで豊家に恩を感じていたか疑問である。
English: There is another theory that Nobushige SANADA was actually the oldest son and Nobuyuki was the second son, but they were switched because Nobushige's mother was of lower birth.
Japanese: 真田信繁の方が実は長男で信之が実は次男なのだが、信繁の母の方が身分が低いので長男と次男を入れ換えられたという異説がある。
English: There is an anecdote that Ieyasu TOKUGAWA said he wanted to drink with Nobushige in the afterlife.
Japanese: 徳川家康があの世に行ったら酒を飲み交わしたい人物であると言ったと逸話がある。
English: Nobushige's favorite spear was a 'Jumonji Yari' (a cross-shaped spear), a relatively thin weapon made by enhancing ryokamayari (a spear with two hooks).
Japanese: 信繁の愛槍は、「十文字槍」というもので、両鎌槍を強化してつくられた細めの槍であった。
English: There is a penetrating remark that the appreciation of Nobushige in Osaka no Jin indirectly implies a somewhat poor view regarding the achievements of Tokugawa's army.
Japanese: 大阪の陣での信繁への高評価はやや不甲斐なかった徳川勢を遠まわしに擁護するためという、うがった見方もある。
English: Nobushige had many children, but as Nobushige SANADA's family in the Sanada clan he was already confined to Kudoyama when his legitimate son Daisuke (Yukimasa SANADA) was born; moreover, Yukimasa killed himself in Osaka-jo Castle without having a child, so this line failed.
Japanese: 信繁には多くの子がいたが、真田氏における真田信繁家としては、嫡男の大助（真田幸昌）が生まれた時には既に九度山へ幽閉されており、幸昌は大坂城にて子を作らぬまま自害、この系統は絶えた。
English: His second son Daihachi (Morinobu SANADA) was protected with his older sisters under Shigenaga KATAKURA, a senior vassal of the Date family; he later married his third daughter 阿梅 and subsequently celebrated his attainment of manhood to become Morinobu KATAKURA.
Japanese: 次男の大八（真田守信）は、伊達家重臣で後に三女阿梅の夫となる片倉重長の元で姉達とともに保護され、後に元服し片倉守信となった。
English: Since then, the line remains until now as the only official line of Nobushige, the Sendai Sanada family.
Japanese: 以降、公式に残る信繁唯一の家系・仙台真田家として現在も続く事となる。
English: Yukimura SANADA is an ordinary name for Shigenobu SANADA in the novels and kodan storytelling that were popular in and after the Edo period.
Japanese: 真田幸村（さなだゆきむら）とは江戸時代以降に流布した、小説や講談における真田信繁の通称。
English: He served outstandingly in 'the first battle of Ueda' (there is no evidence that Nobushige SANADA joined this battle, but it is likely that he was at the Uesugi family as a hostage) and in 'the second battle of Ueda,' which was a preliminary skirmish of 'the Battle of Sekigahara' leading ninja (professional spies in feudal Japan, highly trained in stealth and secrecy) armies, including Sanada Juyushi; he then fought hard in 'Osaka no Eki,' but was at the end of his physical life and died on the battlefield of Osaka Natsu no Jin.
Japanese: 「第一次上田合戦」（真田信繁はこの戦いに参加した証拠が無く、上杉家に人質として入っていた可能性が高い）、「関ヶ原の戦い」の前哨戦である「第二次上田合戦」で、真田十勇士等の忍者軍団を使い大活躍し、その後「大坂の役」でも奮戦するが、大坂夏の陣で力尽き討死する。
English: It is said he died at the age of 49 on June 3, 1615, but there is a common theory that Yukimura had many Kagemusha (body doubles), so he protected Hideyori TOYOTOMI and escaped from Osaka-jo Castle, watched the castle fall and ultimately died full of years.
Japanese: 元和元年5月7日、享年49で死去したものとされるが、幸村には影武者が何人も居たとの伝承があり、そのため大坂城が落ちるのを眺めつつ、豊臣秀頼を守って城を脱出し、天寿を全うしたという俗説がある。
English: It is said that a children's song with the words, 'Devilish Sanada takes flower-like Hideyori to retreat and retreat to Kagoshima,' became popular.
Japanese: 「花のようなる秀頼様を、鬼のようなる真田が連れて、退きも退いたり鹿児島へ」というわらべ歌が流行したという。
English: "Sanada Sandaiki," a historical novel from the Genroku era of the Edo period, is a story in which the three generations of Masayuki, Yukimura and Daisuke SANADA fight hard against Tokugawa.
Japanese: 『真田三代記』は江戸元禄期の歴史小説であり、真田昌幸・幸村・大助の三代、親・子・孫が徳川を相手に奮闘する物語である。
English: Among the ten Sanada braves, eight (excluding Sasuke SARUTOBI and Rokuro MOCHIZUKI) are in the story.
Japanese: 後に生まれる真田十勇士中、猿飛佐助と望月六郎をのぞいた八勇士が登場。
English: This is considered to be the prototype of the ten braves and led to the popularity of Sanada as well as the circulation of kodan storytelling about Sanada.
Japanese: これが十勇士の原型とみられ、真田もの講談の流布とともに真田人気に繋がった。
English: It is said that 'Sanada Juyushi,' famous as ninja of Yukimura SANADA, have their origin in the title of an omnibus of 'Sasuke SARUTOBI,' a book in the "Tachikawa Bunko" series, which was based on 'Sanada Sandaiki' and 'Nanba senki' and lauded throughout the world in the Taisho era.
Japanese: 真田幸村の忍者として著名な「真田十勇士」は、「真田三代記」や「難波戦記」を底本として、大正時代に一世を風靡した立川文庫の中の一冊·「猿飛佐助」が大好評を博し、その総集編のタイトルとして使われたのが始まりとされる。
English: There is a similar case of 'ten brave warriors of the Amago clan' (there are some differences among documents).
Japanese: 類似ケースに「尼子十勇士」がある（但し、資料によって弱干のバラツキが見られる。）
English: Major names include Sasuke SARUTOBI, Saizo KUMOGAKURE, Jinpachi NEZU, Kamanosuke YURI, Juzo KAKEI, Masayasu MIYOSHI, Masakatsu MIYOSHI, Rokuro MOCHIZUKI, Rokuro UNNO and Kosuke ANAYAMA (in some cases his son Daisuke SANADA is also included).
Japanese: 主に上がる名前は猿飛佐助・霧隠才蔵・根津甚八・由利鎌之助・筧十蔵・三好政康・三好政勝・望月六郎・海野六郎・穴山小助（息子の真田大助を入れるケースもある）。
English: The current so-called legend of Yukimura and the members of the ten braves around him have been established since the "Tachikawa Bunko" series, which was popular among children from the end of the Meiji to the early Taisho.
Japanese: いわゆる現在の幸村伝説と彼をとりまく十勇士の顔ぶれが確立したのは、明治末から大正初期にかけて子どもの人気を集めた『立川文庫』からである。
English: While Sasuke SARUTOBI and Saizo KIRIGAKURE are fictional, the roots of family names of Rokuro UNNO, Jinpachi NEZU and Rokuro MOCHIZUKI are the same as the family names of the Shigeno family under control of the Sanada family (for Nezu, there is a theory that Iyori ASAI, who is said to be a bereaved child of Nagamasa AZAI, was the model), and Masayasu MIYOSHI and Masakatsu MIYOSHI are said to be models of the Mishoshi brothers respectively (however, Masakatsu joined the war on the Ieyasu side).
Japanese: 猿飛佐助や霧隠才蔵は架空とも言われるが、海野六郎·根津甚八·望月六郎の姓のルーツは真田一族配下の滋野一党の姓と同一であり（根津に関しては、浅井長政の忘れ形見とされる浅井井頼がモデルという説もある）、また三好兄弟はそれぞれ三好政康・三好政勝がモデルと言われている（政勝は家康側として参陣していたが）。
English: Imperial Prince Hozumi (year of birth unknown - August 30, 715) was a member of the Imperial family, who lived during the Nara Period.
Japanese: 穂積親王（ほづみしんのう、生年不詳-和銅8年7月27日(旧暦)（715年8月30日））は、奈良時代の皇族。
English: There are many unclear points in the first half of his life were not well, and except for the event in which he was given a stipend of 500 households' annual tribute in 691, his detailed life was unknown before the Emperor Jito's reign.
Japanese: 彼も前半生は不明な点が多く、持統朝以前は691年に封500戸を与えられた事以外は詳細な事跡は不明である。
English: According to Manyoshu (the oldest anthology of tanka), it can be inferred that he was once cast down because it was revealed that he had an extramarital affair with Imperial Princess Tajima no himemiko (FUJIWARA no Fuhito's niece) from the bloodline of Fujiwara clan, the emerging clan which were to supersede the Soga clan.
Japanese: また、万葉集によれば、蘇我氏に代わって台頭する事となる、藤原氏の血を引く但馬皇女（藤原不比等の姪にあたる）との密通がばれ、一時左遷されていたと推測される。
English: He achieved successful career and at the death of Retired Emperor Jito in 702, he served as Samogari no guji (作殯宮司) (a chief of those who controlled the ancient farewell ritual with the deceased that was celebrated prior to the burial), and from 705, he held the position of Dajo daijin (Grand Minister of State) taking over his older half brother by different mothers, Imperial Prince Osakabe no miko, however, he died in 715 before his mother Onunoiratsume.
Japanese: 大宝(日本)2年（702年）の持統上皇崩御に際しては作殯宮司をつとめ、慶雲2年（705年）からは異母兄忍壁親王の後任として太政大臣を務める等出世したが、和銅8年（715年）に母大蕤娘に先立って薨去した。
English: On the stone monument, Tagohi, in Gunma Prefecture, his name is engraved as 'Dajokan (Grand Council of State) Nihon (the second court rank for Imperial Princes) Imperial Prince Hozumi' with the date April 5, 711.
Japanese: なお群馬県にある多胡碑には和銅4年3月9日(711年)の日付と共に、「太政官二品穂積親王」と彼の名が刻まれている。
English: The poem presented below is one of the four, which was the poem sung morning the death of Imperial Princess Tajima no himemiko in 708.
Japanese: 以下に挙げる、その内の一首は和銅元年（708年）の但馬皇女薨去を悼んで読んだ歌。
English: The below was the poem sung recalling her in a feast several years after her death.
Japanese: 以下の一首は後年になって酒宴の席で過去の出来事を思い出して詠んだ歌。
English: While all other brothers became Kyogen (farce played during a Noh cycle) actors, he, who was seeking the path to be a Noh actor, was apprenticed to Motomasa KANZE, the 25th, in 1952, and underwent training under Hisao KANZE.
Japanese: 兄弟が狂言師となる中でひとり能役者に進むべく、1952年、二十五世観世元正に内弟子入門、観世寿夫に師事。
English: He presented the performance of Nohgaku in Europe, the United States, India and other countries and contributed to the promotion of Noh plays in abroad.
Japanese: ヨーロッパ、アメリカ、インド等で能楽を公演して世界各地への普及に貢献。
English: As a part of his duties to be assumed as a member of the Kanze-ryu school, he has been engaged in fostering young Noh actors, undertaking research and education of Noh as a professor at the Faculty of Music of Tokyo University of the Arts, giving lectures on Noh dramas at University of Washington, University of Hawaii, and so on.
Japanese: 観世流職分として能楽界の後進を育成、東京藝術大学音楽学部教授として能楽研究と教育、ワシントン大学やハワイ大学等で能楽指導にあたる。
English: He is also active in innovative activities such as composing music, choreographing dances, and performing new pieces of Noh dramas, as well as performing jointly with Japanese and western music players in different fields and with Noh actors of other schools.
Japanese: とともに、新作能の作曲・作舞・上演、異分野の邦楽や洋楽との共演、他流との共演など、新しい試みにも積極的に取り組む。
English: 2006: Received the Award of the Japan Art Academy, Fiscal Year 2005 (the 62nd) for his theater activities of recent years.
Japanese: 2006年　2005年度（第62回）日本芸術院賞ー近年の舞台活動に対して
English: "Shojo Midare" (The Disorderly Tipster Sprite), "Ishibashi" (stone bridge), "Dojoji" (Dojo-ji Temple), "Koi no omoni" (The Burden of Love), "Kinuta" (instrumental pieces of koto music), "Yashima daiji" Yashima Daiji (one version of "Yashima" [Ya-shima Island], called "daiji" [Important]), "Sagi" (heron), "Sotoba Komachi" (ONO no Komachi on the Stupa), and "Omu Komachi" (ONO no Komachi's parrot answer poem).
Japanese: 『猩々乱』『石橋』『道成寺』『恋重荷』『砧』『屋島大事』『鷺』『卒塔婆小町』『鸚鵡小町』
English: "Noh wo irodoru monyo no sekai" (Noh design as adornment) written by Shiro NOMURA and Tetsuro KITAMURA (Hinoki Shoten: December 1997) ISBN 4827909458
Japanese: 『能を彩る文様の世界』野村四郎・北村哲郎（檜書店・1997/12）ISBN4827909458
English: He is a brother of Man NOMURA, Mansaku NOMURA and Mannosuke NOMURA, all of whom are kyogen-kata (Kyogen actors) of Izumi-ryu school, and Mansai NOMURA, the second, Manzo NOMURA, the ninth, and Manroku NOMURA, the second, are his nephews.
Japanese: 和泉流狂言方の野村萬、野村万作、野村万之介は兄弟、二世野村萬斎、九世野村万蔵、二世野村万禄は甥にあたる。
English: Kiyonori KONAKAMURA (January 22, 1822 - October 11, 1895) was a scholar of Japanese classical literature and historian.
Japanese: 小中村清矩（こなかむらきよのり、文政4年12月30日(旧暦)（1822年1月22日）-明治28年（1895年）10月11日）は、国学者・歴史家。
English: At the end of the year 1821, he was born in Koji-machi, Edo (present Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo Prefecture).
Japanese: 文政4年（1821年）年末、江戸麹町（現在の東京都千代田区）に生まれる。
English: The Konakamura family, whose origin was the family which produced Shinto priests at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine, had left Kyoto to Edo to do commercial business.
Japanese: 小中村家の出自は石清水八幡宮の神職で、江戸に下って商業を営んでいた。
English: After his adoptive father's death, while he succeeded to the family business, he learned under Kaizan HORIKOSHI, Sekisai OKITAMA (置賜晰斎), Rankei NISHIJIMA, Rokuuemon NAKAMURA, Okoku KAMEDA, Hidenori INO, and others.
Japanese: 養父の歿後家業を継ぐ一方、学問を堀越開山・置賜晰斎・西島蘭渓・中村六右衛門・亀田鶯谷・伊能穎則らより受ける。
English: In 1857, he became a professor at Kogakukan academy of ancient learning) of Wakayama Domain, and in 1862 he became a lecturer at Wagaku-kodansho (institute of national learning) of Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun).
Japanese: 安政4年（1857年）、和歌山藩古学館教授となり、文久2年（1862年）、江戸幕府和学講談所講師となった。
English: After holding the position of Jingikan Jingigon no taishi, Jingidaishi, Jingidairoku, and Kyobusho (Ministry of Religion) Kyobudairoku, in 1878 he became a lecturer at the University of Tokyo and Goyogakari (a general affaires official of the Imperial Household) at Shushikan (a national institute established to compile the official Japanese history).
Japanese: 神祇官神祇権大史・神祇大史・神祇大録・教部省教部大録を経て、明治11年（1878年）、東京大学講師と、修史館御用掛になる。
English: In 1879 he was engaged in the compilation of "Kojiruien" (an encyclopedia of ancient literatures), in 1882 he became a professor at the Tokyo University as well as a member of the Tokyo gakushiin (Tokyo Academy), and in addition, he was appointed to be the chairperson of the editorial committee of "Kojiruien."
Japanese: 翌明治12年、『古事類苑』編纂に従事し、明治15年（1882年）、東京大学教授・東京学士院会員となり、明治19年、東京大学法科兼文科大学教授に就任、併せて『古事類苑』編纂委員長となった。
English: In 1888 he received doctorate in literature, and he was appointed as Torishirabegakari (a researcher) of the department of the Imperial Household system, in 1890 he was selected as a member of the House of Peers by the Imperial command, and in 1893 he became a member of the evaluation subcommittee of the National Code research committee.
Japanese: 明治21年（1888年）、博士(文学)の学位を取得し、帝室制度取調掛に任命され、明治23年（1890年）、貴族院(日本)議員に勅選され、明治26年（1893年）、法典調査会査定委員となった。
English: Tadashige SUZUKI (1574 - 1658) was a chief retainer of Matsushiro Domain.
Japanese: 鈴木忠重（すずきただしげ、天正2年（1574年）-明暦4年（1658年））は、松代藩家老。
English: When the Nagurumi Incident occurred and he was deprived of Nagurumi-jo Castle in Kozuke Province by the lord of Numata-jo Castle, Kuninori INOMATA, who was the vassal of the Hojo clan, he was detained with his mother by the Gohojo clan.
Japanese: 上野国名胡桃城が北条家臣で沼田城主猪俣邦憲に奪われた名胡桃事件の際には、母とともに後北条氏に捕われる。
English: After the death of Masayuki, he served the lord of Numata-jo Castle, Nobuyuki SANADA, as a retainer, and after the Sanada clan was transferred to Matsushiro (Shinano Province) to change its territory, he became one of the senior vassals.
Japanese: 昌幸死後は沼田城主・真田信之の家臣として、真田氏の松代転封後は重臣に名を連ねた。
English: It is said that when his lord, Nobuyuki, went to Edo to perform the duty of Sankinkotai (a system under which feudal lords in the Edo period were required to spend every other year in residence in Edo), Tadashige stayed at Matsushiro-jo Castle to take charge of the domain administration.
Japanese: 主君・信之が参勤交代で江戸に向かった後には藩政を司るため松代城に残っていたとされる。
English: As before and after his abscondences and returns there were big battles (Battle of Sekigahara and The Siege of Osaka), there is a theory that he was an intelligence agent of the Sanada clan, however, this there is no documented evidence that could support this theory.
Japanese: 出奔・帰参の前後に大きな戦い（関ヶ原・大坂の陣）があることから、真田氏の諜報官であったとする説があるが、証拠になるような史料は見当たらない。
English: Sayaka (?) (沙也可, also written as 沙也加) (1571? - 1643?) (Korean name is Kim Chung-seon) was a person who allegedly went to Korea under the command of Kiyomasa KATO during the Bunroku-Keicho War (Jinshin waran in Korean), but surrendered to join the Korean army and fought off the Japanese army.
Japanese: 沙也可（さやか？・沙也加、1571年?-1643年?）朝鮮名金忠善(김충선)は、文禄・慶長の役（朝鮮においては壬辰倭乱）の際、加藤清正の配下として朝鮮に渡ったが、投降して朝鮮軍に加わり日本軍を撃退したとされる人物。
English: Although he is seen as a hero in the Korean Peninsula, there are many question marks regarding the reality of his achievements.
Japanese: 朝鮮半島においては英雄扱いされているが、その活躍の実体は疑問点も多い（以下にて詳述）。
English: It is said that Kim Chung-seon left a record called '慕夏堂文集',but because the description of 慕夏堂文集 has pronounced the Korean sense of value (such as the attitude toward Ming) and Confucian quality, it is hard to believe that it was written by a busho (Japanese military commander) who was born and raised in Japan, so there is a theory that it was written by a descendant of Kim Chung-seon to honor his/her ancestors.
Japanese: 金忠善は「慕夏堂文集」と呼ばれる記録を残したと言われているが、慕夏堂文集の記載には朝鮮的価値観（明に対する態度など）と儒教的素養が顕著であり、日本で生まれ育った武将が書いたとは思えない為、金忠善の子孫が先祖顕彰の為に書いたものであるとする説もある。
English: A research performed by Chosen Sotoku-fu (Governor-General of Korea) produced revealed that it was not written by a Japanese and Sayaka was not a Japanese.
Japanese: 朝鮮総督府の調査においては日本人が書いた物ではないとの調査結果が出され、沙也可は日本人ではないとされた。
English: According to '慕夏堂文集', he landed on Busan Metropolitan City as a commander of the spearhead convoy of Kiyomasa Kato in April 1592, but immediately surrendered to the Korean side together with 3,000 soldiers (there is a description of 3,000 people in Dangun mythology, so it is assumed to be an expression to mean 'many').
Japanese: 「慕夏堂文集」によると1592年4月、加藤清正の先鋒部将として釜山広域市に上陸したが、すぐに朝鮮に憧れて三千人の兵士（檀君神話においても3000人の表記があるので「多数」と思わせる為の表現と思われる。）と共に朝鮮側に降伏した。
English: After the war, he was given the name Kim Chung-seon to honor his achievement and he became a naturalized citizen.
Japanese: 戦後、その功績を称えられ朝鮮の王から金忠善の名を賜り帰化人となった。
English: After that, he was promoted to 正二品 (senior second rank) for his achievement in suppressing the rebellion of Jurchen and he is seen as a hero in Korea.
Japanese: その後も女真による反乱を鎮圧するなどの功績により正二品の位階まで昇進した、朝鮮では英雄とされている。
English: However, there is a theory that the credibility of the Sayaka traditions is low because no name of a corresponding major commander who was exiled exists in Japanese historical materials, he allegedly surrendered in the beginning of the war when Japan dominated, and Korea did not accept Japanese soldiers who surrendered (called 降倭 in Korea) but executed many during the beginning of the war.
Japanese: しかし、日本側史料には該当するような大物の亡命武将の名前は見あたらない事、日本が優勢であった緒戦期での投降とされている事、緒戦期では朝鮮が日本からの投降者（朝鮮では降倭という）を受け入れずに多数死刑にしている事、等から沙也可に関する一連の伝承は信憑性が薄いという説がある（ちなみに死刑を免れた者は「賤民」とされた）。
English: Indeed, if he had an army of 3,000 under his direct control, among 10,000 soldiers of Kiyomasa Kato, he must have been a major vassal who had stipend off 60,000 koku (military service of five people per 100 koku was the standard) among 200,000 - 250,000 of Kiyomasa Kato's shoryo (territory), but it is too ambitious that such a major vassal switched sides in just one week after landing.
Japanese: 事実、加藤清正勢一万人にあって、三千もの直属の兵を率いるとなると加藤清正の所領20～25万石のうち6万石（100石あたり5人の軍役が標準的であった）相当の禄高を有する大家臣がいたことになるが、そのような有力家臣が上陸からわずか一週間後に寝返ったというのはあまりにも現実離れしている。
English: Moreover, although he transmitted guns to the Korean army and fought against the Japanese army, the Korean army stood in front of the troop bearing firearms without taking much caution and was therefore destroyed with fusillade.
Japanese: そして朝鮮軍に鉄砲を伝え日本軍と戦ったにもかかわらず、その後も朝鮮軍は安易に鉄砲隊の前に出て一斉射撃を浴びて壊滅させられたりしている。
English: They were too unprepared for the troops bearing firearms as they did not know much about fire weapons art.
Japanese: 鉄砲術が伝わっていたにしてはあまりにも鉄砲隊への対処が出来ていない。