nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: On the day of the Tiger, a day before the festival, the dancers made another demonstration called 'Onmae no kokoromi' in front of the Emperor at Seiryoden palace.
Japanese: 前日の寅の日には「御前試（おんまえのこころみ）」と称して清涼殿にて天皇に練習を披露した。
English: On the day of the Rabbit, the day of the festival, the warawame (little girls) would accompany the dancers to Seiryoden palace where the Emperor would get to see them in a demonstration called 'Warawame goran.'
Japanese: さらに、当日の卯の日に「童女御覧（わらわごらん）」と称して舞姫に付き従う童女を清涼殿にて天皇が御覧になった。
English: The dance was derived out of a legend from the era of Emperor Tenmu telling how a tennyo (heavenly maiden) appeared and danced at Yoshino.
Japanese: この舞は、天武天皇の時代、吉野に天女が現れて舞ったとの伝説に依拠している。
English: Waving sleeves was akin to an occult art and shared the same meaning as the Chinkon-sai (a ceremony for the repose of a spirit), held on the preceding day of the Niiname-sai festival.
Japanese: 袖を振るのは呪術的であり、新嘗祭の前日に行われる鎮魂祭とも同じ意味があると考えられる。
English: In a column on the first year of the Shoko era (Lu) compiled in "Chunqiu Zuoshi Zuan," it is described that, 'The former emperor composed music using Gosetsu (五節), using it to educate people.'
Japanese: また、『春秋左氏伝』昭公(魯)元年条に「先王之楽、所以節百時也、故有五節。遅速、本末以相及。」とある。
English: Du Yu of West Jin interpreted Gosetsu (五節) as Gosei (五声 - five tunes), wherein it was understood that the former emperor composed music using five tunes to educate the people.
Japanese: これを西晋の杜預が「五節＝五声」として先王が5つの音調を用いて楽を作って民衆を教化したと解している。
English: Based on this interpretation, a number of people assert that Emperor Tenmu invented the Gosechi no mai with the aim of introducing Reiraku philosophy (ancient Chinese philosophy emphasizing propriety and music) (Incidentally, when Emperor Shomu got Empress Koken to dance in a Gosechi no mai for the Retired Empress Gensho, the Emperor said to the Retired Empress, 'Emperor Tenmu invented Gosechi no mai with the intention to govern the nation and in order to make rei (propriety) and raku (music) take root among the people' ("Shoku Nihongi" - June 3, 743)).
Japanese: このため、天武天皇は大陸の礼楽思想を取り入れる意図をもって五節舞を考案したとする見方もある（なお、聖武天皇が元正上皇のために孝謙天皇（孝謙天皇）に五節舞を舞わせた際に、天皇が上皇に対して「天武天皇が天下統治のために礼と楽を整備するために五節舞を考え出された」と述べている（『続日本紀』天平15年5月辛丑条））。
English: The southwest corner of the east chodai was curtained off for a kouta (a person who sung contemporary songs) and the north nurigome was allocated as the daishi no tsubone (a room for daishi (a teacher of the dancers)).
Japanese: 東の帳台の西南角に幔を引いて小哥（当世の歌を歌う人）の座、北庇塗籠のうちを大師（舞姫に舞を教える人）の局とする。
English: A temporary seat was prepared for the outa (singer of ancient songs) at the east corner of the palace and set at the gosechidokoro, a waiting place for dancers, at the four corners of the palace.
Japanese: 大哥（古風の歌を歌う人）は同殿東の仮座に候し、殿内の四隅に舞姫の休息所である五節所を設ける。
English: At a fixed time, dancers arrived at Genki-mon gate, stepped out of a car and entered a predetermined gosechidokoro accompanied by nobilities wearing sokutai (traditional ceremonial court dress).
Japanese: 時になれば舞姫は玄輝門に参入し、車を下りてから公卿が束帯してこれに従い、各自定められた五節所に入る。
English: Upon hearing of the arrival of the dancers, the Emperor, wearing noshi sashinuki (a court nobles informal costume) and kutsu (footwear) started from the northern lower level of the Seiryoden palace's east eaves and went to the daishi no tsubone (a room for daishi) via nagahashi, which was temporarily set at the southwest corner of Shokoden palace, minami-sunoko of Shokoden palace, medo kisakimachi no ro of Shokoden palace and medo of Joneiden palace.
Japanese: 舞姫の参入の由を聞いて天皇は直衣指貫に沓をはき、清涼殿東庇北の階下から、承香殿西南隅に仮に架けた長橋、承香殿南簀子、同馬道后町廊、常寧殿馬道その他の順路を経て大師の局に入る。
English: The dancers, who were individually led by one warawame holding a hitori (a tool to charcoal fire), another warawame holding a shitone (cushions made of cotton), a maid holding three kicho (a kind of sliding door) and a hairdressing woman, sat down in order on the shitone facing north, starting from west.
Japanese: 舞姫1人ごとに火取を持つ童女、茵を持つ童女1人、几帳3本を持つ下仕および理髪の女房を先立てて舞殿にはいり来て、舞姫らは茵に座し北向し、西を上にして並び座す。
English: During the preparation and performance, nobody other than the hairdressing women, the warawame, the beiju (attendant of the Emperor) and the attendant court ladies were allowed to enter the palace, and anyone other than the Kurodo no to (Head Chamberlain) or Gyoji no kurodo was not allowed to even approach the palace.
Japanese: その間、理髪の女房、童女、陪従、下仕などの介錯の女房以外は、同殿にはいることを許されず、蔵人頭もしくは行事蔵人のほかは戸外に伺うこともできない定めであった。
English: These arrangements changed during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, and the following description is seen in 'Daihajime-washo.'
Japanese: 鎌倉時代を経て室町時代になり、その式目は変化し、「代始和抄」には、以下の記述がある。
English: When it is held at the ministry bulding, a portion of seven ken (about 12.74m) west of the building is to be used, and a portion of two ken (about 3.64m) to the north side will be named daishi no tsubone (room for daishi).
Japanese: 官庁にて行はるる時は、西庁七茵間をもて、北二間をば大師の局と名づく。
English: Chodai no kokoromi means that the Emperor goes to daishi no tsubone to view the gosechi dancers by himself.
Japanese: 帳台試といふは、主上自ら大師の局に出御なりて、舞姫を御覧する事なり。
English: Ate okonai jo (also Ote okonai jo or ategai jo) was a style of document used during the medieval period.
Japanese: 充行状（おておこないじょう/あてがいじょう）とは、中世に見られる文章形式。
English: It became the heartland of the Hirata clique (including the Taima, Fuse, Oka, and Manzai clans; while they were in conflict, both the Toma and Fuse clans also called themselves the Takada clan) of Yamato bushi (samurai of Yamato Province).
Japanese: 大和武士である平田党（当麻氏、布施氏、岡氏、万歳氏　等：当麻氏・布施氏は争いながら共に高田氏とも称した）の母体となった。
English: The Hirata clan took charge of important ceremonies, such as the yabusame (horseback archery) for the Kasuga Wakamiya On-matsuri (Kasuga-Wakamiya Shrine festival in Nara -- an annual festival where prayers are made for a good harvest and protection against evil).
Japanese: 平田党は、春日若宮おん祭（おん祭）で流鏑馬等重要な儀式を受け持った。
English: It is recorded that between 728 and 811 the Kenbokkaishi was dispatched 14 times (one time dispatched as a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China via Bokkai, and one that was a dispatch of navigators).
Japanese: 728年から811年までの間に14回（うち1回は渤海経由の遣唐使。このほか操舵手等の派遣が1回。）の使節が記録に残っている。
English: According to "Shoku Nihongi" (an imperially commissioned Japanese history text), MORO no Kurao, a Watarishima Tsugaru no tsu no tsukasa (official), was dispatched in 720 to take surveys on the local customs in Makkatsu (Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher), a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria) Province.
Japanese: 『続日本紀』によると、720年（養老4年）渡嶋津軽津司諸鞍男を風俗視察のため靺鞨国に派遣したとある。
English: There is some deliberation in Japan about Makkatasu Province. While Sokichi TSUDA, Hironori MIZUMOTO, Ryosuke KUMATA and Masatoshi ISHII argue that it is a province in Northern Hokkaido, Japan called Ashihase, Kiichi TORIYAMA, Masashi SAKAYORI, Tei MORITA and Akira SEKIGUCHI argue that it is Bokkai, but there is no established theory.
Japanese: この靺鞨国については、津田左右吉をはじめ水本浩典、熊田亮介、石井正敏などが、北海道北部の粛慎日本（あしはせ）を指すとしているが、鳥山喜一、酒寄雅志、森田悌、関口明などが渤海のことであるとしており定説はない。
English: According to the latter theory, Bokkaishi (an envoy from Bokkai to Japan) was triggered by the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China in 720, but this has been refuted as well.
Japanese: 後説によると、720年の遣使が契機となり渤海の渤海使が実現したことになるが、反論もある。
English: Bokkai was founded as a nation by Dae Joyeong in 698, as it became the Dai Bugei (King Mu) period, the kingdom began having conflicts with the Tang Dynasty and Shiragi (Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom).
Japanese: 698年に大祚栄により建国された渤海(国)であるが、大武芸の時代になると唐や新羅と外交的に対立するようになった。
English: Japan understood that the envoy was dispatched in order to revitalize Goguryeo, the predecessor of Bokkai, treating the envoy extremely well and dispatching Kenbokkaishi early the following year.
Japanese: 渤海の前身であるとされた高句麗の復興と理解し、使節を非常に厚遇し、翌年早々に遣渤海使を派遣した。
English: When there were strong tensions between Shiragi and Bokkai (from 758 to 763), envoys came and went almost every year.
Japanese: 新羅との関係が特に緊張していた期間（758年-763年）には、ほぼ毎年使者が往来した。
English: In 759, supposedly due to the request of Bokkai, FUJIWARA no Nakamaro planned a full-scale expedition to Shiragi, involving 394 military vessels and 40,700 soldiers.
Japanese: 759年（天平宝字3年）には藤原仲麻呂が渤海の要請によるとも言われるが軍船394隻、兵士4万700人を動員する本格的な新羅遠征計画を立てた。
English: This expedition was cancelled, however, due to discord between Emperor Koken and Oshikatsu as well as changes in the status of Bokkai.
Japanese: この遠征は後の孝謙天皇と押勝との不和や渤海側の事情の変化等により中止された。
English: When Kinmo DAI reconciled with the Tang Dynasty, envoys no longer implied military activities and were carried out for the sole purpose of cultural exchange and economic activities.
Japanese: 大欽茂が唐との融和を図る時代になると軍事的な意味合いは薄れ、専ら文化交流と経済活動を中心とした使節へとその性格を変化させていった。
English: Due to the exchanges being in the form of a tribute trade, Japan was obligated to send return gifts of several times more value after receiving tributes from Bokkai.
Japanese: この交流は朝貢貿易の形態を取ったため、渤海からの貢物に対して、日本側では数倍の回賜でもって応える義務が生じた。
English: This led to the Japanese government adding a limit to envoy visits to Japan and discontinuing the dispatch of envoys when the expenses for treating them and preparing return gifts could no longer be ignored.
Japanese: そのため、使節供応と回賜のための経費が無視できない規模になった後は、使節来朝に制限を加え、日本側からの遣使は中断した。
English: Members of the Kenbokkai (according to the "Engishiki" (an ancient book for codes and procedures on national rites and prayers) by Okura-sho shiki); ambassador, hangan (inspector (third highest of the four administrative ranks of the ritsuryo period), rokuji (clerk), osa (translator), shushin (ritual official of dazaifu under the ritsuryo system, governmental office with jurisdiction over Kyushu, Iki and Tsushima), doctor, ommyoji (master of yin yang), shisho (a person handling miscellaneous duties regarding documents), funashi, ite (archer), urabe (fortune teller serving Jingikan, the Department of Worship under the ritsuryo system), tsukahibito, boat-builder, navigator, kenjin (follower), kajitori, and kako (sailor).
Japanese: 遣渤海使一行（『延喜式』大蔵省式による）大使、判官、録事、訳語、主神、医師、陰陽師、史生、船師、射手、卜部、雑使、船工、柂師、傔人、挟杪、水手。
English: The theory that there were 13 dispatches excludes the 4th envoy, and the theory that there were 15 dispatches includes the envoy carried out in 786 (or 720).
Japanese: 13回説では第4回を除き、15回説では786年（又は720年）を含む。
English: Suzakumon Gate was the main gate built on the southern end of Imperial Palaces (called daidairi) in ancient Japanese cities, such as Heijo-kyo (capital of Japan in Nara from 710 to 740 and from 745 to 784) and Heian-kyo (capital of Japan in Kyoto from 794 to 1868) that had grid-patterned city layouts.
Japanese: 朱雀門（すざくもん）は、古代、平城京や平安京といった条坊制の宮城（大内裏）において南面する正門。
English: In ancient capitals that were established in accordance with the Chinese grid-patterned city layout, Imperial Palaces, consisting of a palace and a kanga (government office), were placed in the northern central part of the city.
Japanese: 中国の条坊制を模範に造営された古代都城では、中央北辺に宮殿、官衙からなる宮城が置かれた。
English: The daidairi had twelve gates on four sides, each gate having the family name of a powerful clan.
Japanese: 大内裏には四方に12の門が備えられ、各々有力氏族の姓が付与されていた。
English: As the saying, 'People of high ranks see the south' suggests, the south gate was the most important, through which the keishi (capital) could be observed from the Imperial Palace.
Japanese: 南門は「天子南面す」というように、皇宮より京師を睥睨（へいげい）する最も重要な門であった。
English: In 714, the gate system was revised into the Chinese style with the south gate being named Suzaku (a Vermilion Bird and a god said to rule over the southern heavens), which was one of the shijin (four gods said to rule over the four directions) that was believed to protect the south.
Japanese: 714年（和銅7年）これを漢風に改め、四神において南方を守護するとされる朱雀の名を冠したものとした。
English: It was considered to be one of the most important gates, along with Otenmon Gate positioned in front of the Chodo-in, the state chamber of the Imperial Court.
Japanese: 朝廷の正庁たる朝堂院の正門であった応天門などと並んで最重要視された。
English: The area around the gate, however, gradually fell into ruin as the power of the daidairi declined, in the end becoming so run down that oni (demons) and thieves were believed to live in the area.
Japanese: しかし、大内裏の衰微に従い次第に荒廃し、ついには鬼や盗賊が住むといわれるほどに荒れ果てたという。
English: It is believed that the Suzakumon Gate of the Heian-kyu Palace was located at the current Nijo Senbon-dori, Kyoto City, and there are small stone monuments to mark the gate location.
Japanese: 平安宮朱雀門は現在の京都市二条千本通にあったといい、旧跡には小さな石碑が立つのみである。
English: Suzakumon Gate of the Heijo-Kyu Palace was restored in 1997 with a two-story structure, double roofs and a life-sized goken sanko (a gate where three of the five spaces between its columns are used as entrances); the restorations were based on gates that remain in temples in Nara prefecture (Heijo-Kyu palace ruin) and findings in archeological studies.
Japanese: 平城宮の朱雀門は1997年、考古学的研究と奈良県下の寺社に残る門を参考にして、五間三戸の二重門がかつての位置に等寸復元されている（平城宮跡）。
English: Daidoruijuho was a unique Koiho (school of ancient medicine) document compiled in Japan in 808 during the early Heian period, while it was also the oldest government-designated pharmacopoeia.
Japanese: 大同類聚方（だいどうるいじゅほう）は、平安時代初期の大同_(日本)3年（808年）に編纂された日本における唯一の古医方の医学書であるとともに、最古の国定薬局方でもある。
English: Concerned about the possibility of Koiho being taken over by Chinese medicine, Emperor Heizei made a request to shrines, powerful local ruling families and old families in each province to submit their own Koiho that had been passed down through generations.
Japanese: 漢方医学の流入で崩壊の危機に瀕している事態を憂慮した平城天皇は、諸国の国造以下の有力な豪族・旧家や神社に対して伝承する古医方を提出させた。
English: According to "Nihonkoki" (Later Chronicle of Japan), completion of the classification and compilation was reported to the Emperor on June 4, 808.
Japanese: 『日本後紀』によれば、大同3年5月3日_(旧暦)に完成が天皇に上奏されたとされている。
English: The 'Daidoishiki' (detailed regulations on the use of the Daidoruijuho) was established in the same year and the prescription of medicines was required to follow its regulations.
Japanese: 同年制定された「大同医式」によって、薬品の処方はこれに基づくように定められた。
English: During the Edo period, when Waho Igaku (ancient Japanese medicine) became an active area of study along with the promotion of the study of Japanese classical literature, the Daidoruijuho was treated as a sacred textbook for Wahoka (doctors in ancient Japanese medicine).
Japanese: 江戸時代、国学の振興とともに和方医学が興隆すると、同書は和方家の聖典として考えられるようになった。
English: In later years, however, a hypothesis appeared arguing that the books circulated at that time may have been forgeries.
Japanese: ところが後になって当時流布していた諸本に対して後世の偽書ではないかとする意見が現れるようになった。
English: Since then there has been a controversy about the books even among the Wahoka, such as Naosuke GONDA who claimed that they were authentic, and Hojo SATO who argued that they were forged.
Japanese: 和方家の中でも権田直助らは真書説、佐藤方定らは偽書説を唱えて論争となった。
English: As a result, the prevailing opinion today is that the existing books are all forgeries and the real books were scattered and lost.
Japanese: 今日では現存する諸本は全て偽書で真本は散逸したものとするのが通説とされている。
English: The term Kashindan refers to the group of vassals serving samurai families, such as the family of the Seii Taishogun (literally, a general who subsides barbarians) or a daimyo (Japanese territorial lord).
Japanese: 家臣団（かしんだん）とは、征夷大将軍や大名など武家に仕える家臣層・家臣の集団である。
English: Until the medieval period, samurai within a master and vassal relationship who were subordinate to a Bumon no toryo (leader of samurai families) were called Kenin.
Japanese: 中世以前の武士の主従関係において武門の棟梁に従属する武士を家人と称した。
English: Most Kenin during the Heian period were descendants of a Gunji (local magistrate) or Dogo (local powerful clan) and were engaged in the administration of the Kokufu (provincial government office) as local officials.
Japanese: こうした家人の多くは平安時代の郡司・土豪の系譜をひき、国府の在庁官人として国府行政の一端を担っていた。
English: Meanwhile, they evaded heavy taxes imposed by the Kokufu and prevented intervention by the Imperial Court by donating shoen (manor) to Ingu oshinke (a general term for Imperial families and nobilities) and influential temples and shrines.
Japanese: 一方で院宮王臣家や有力な寺社に荘園を寄進して国府の重税から逃れることで財政負担と朝廷からの干渉・介入を防いだ。
English: At the same time, they rendered homage and service to a Bumon no toryo, who held great provincial power due to their noble bloodline and close relationship with the Imperial Court and powerful nobilities; they did so in return for honryo-ando (acknowledgement of inherited territories) so that they could get out of trouble under the protection of the Bumon no toryo in the event of military attack.
Japanese: 同時に対外的な武力侵攻に対しては貴い血筋と武名、朝廷や権門との親密さを背景に地方に強固な勢力を持つ武門の棟梁に臣従して本領安堵を請い、その保護下に入ることで難を逃れたのである。
English: In other words, many local samurai managed to secure independence, survival and opportunities to expand their territory by establishing multiple relationships with powerful and influential individuals who shared mutual interests.
Japanese: 即ち、地方武士の多くは自己保存のために利害を共有できる権威・権力者と複数の主従関係を持つことで、独立と自己保存、そして勢力拡大の機会を獲得していったのである。
English: As the relationship between master and vassal among samurai was highly dependent on interests, at times vassals would abandon a Bumon no toryo, if and when they came under an unfavorable situation due to a war and changed loyalty to the opponent.
Japanese: 特に武士間の主従関係においては利害が如実であり、不利な戦況にある武門の棟梁の下から去り、敵対勢力への鞍替えをしたり、背く場合もあった。
English: As it became the Muromachi period, the relationship between master and vassal among samurai became comparably stronger to earlier times.
Japanese: 室町時代に至ると、武家の主従関係はそれ以前よりは強固とな関係となる。
English: Many samurai descendants of a Shugo (military governor) during the Kamakura period were appointed to the position again by the Muromachi bakufu.
Japanese: 鎌倉時代の守護の系譜をひく武家は室町幕府においても多くが守護として任ぜられた。
English: They obtained the authority to impose taxes on shoen based on new systems like hanzei (a system under which Shugo were allowed to collect half of the taxes from shoen) and shugouke (the contract system under which the owner of a shoen entrusted a Shugo to manage their shoen and pay customs).
Japanese: それまでにない半済や守護請の権限を獲得し荘園への収税権をかけることができた。
English: At the same time, they made the descendents of a Jito (military land steward) called Kokujin ryoshu (local samurai) their subordinates, acquired the authority to collect taxes from shoen owned by Ingu oshinke, temples and shrines, and strengthened their power base.
Japanese: 同時に、任国の旧地頭層の系譜をひく国人領主を被官として従属させ、院宮王臣家や寺社の荘園にも守護請など一定の収税権を獲得するなど、強い勢力基盤を形成するようになった。
English: A number of Kokujin ryoshu protected themselves from intervention by a Shugo or checked the movements of Shugo by obtaining the status of bakufu hokoshu (a military post of the bakufu).
Japanese: 国人領主も幕府の奉公衆の地位を得て守護の干渉を防いだり逆に牽制することもあった。
English: Conversely, some obtained the position of Shugodai (deputy of Shugo), or other official positions by serving the Shugo, through the Shugo or the bakufu.
Japanese: 逆に守護の被官として貢献度を高め守護代の地位を勝ち得たり、幕府や守護を通じて官位を得た。
English: In this case, they protected themselves from outside enemies or justified their ruling authority based on their positions.
Japanese: その威光を背景に対外勢力の侵略を防いだり、自らの支配権の正当化が図られたのである。
English: On the other hand, strengthening the ruling power of a Shugo or Kokujin was not necessarily accomplished smoothly, due to vassals often changing loyalty to other Shugo or rebelled against a Shugo in an alliance with another Kokujin.
Japanese: 一方でそれら守護や国人の支配権は無条件に強固になったわけではなく、被官が他の守護に寝返ったり、他の国人と一揆を結んで守護の干渉を防ぐこともあった。
English: In terms of tax collection as well, taxes could not be collected from Shoen after they obtained the right of Shugoshi funyu (a right to reject the entrance of a Shugo) and they had no way to collect money without embezzling illegally.
Japanese: 荘園に対する収税についても守護使不入を勝ち得た荘園には介入の余地がなく、非合法で横領する他はこれらを支配下に組み入れることは困難であった。
English: In the case of Kokujin ryoshu, their relationship with clan members, branch families and Dogo under their rule was similar to an alliance, rather than a relationship of master and vassal; in this sense, Kokujin ryoshu were more akin to leaders rather than masters.
Japanese: 国人領主も同様であり一門や庶家、配下の土豪層とは主君と家来というよりは緩やかな同盟関係に近く、国人領主の存在は主君というより盟主に近かった。
English: Kokujin were therefore unable to neglect the intentions of their branch families and Dogo.
Japanese: 故に国人が配下の庶家や土豪の意向を無視することはできなかったのである。
English: In some cases, subordinates of Kokujin became independent Kokujin by appealing to the bakufu or the Shugo.
Japanese: ややもすれば、国人の配下が幕府や守護に願い出て国人として自立を図ることもあった。
English: When conflict of interests occurred, some branch families went so far as to publicly rebel against the Kokujin and engage in battle.
Japanese: また、利害をたがえた場合、庶家が国人に公然と反逆し合戦に及ぶことすらあった。
English: As shown above, the relationship of master and vassal among samurai until the medieval period was based only on the common interests of both parties and was not absolute.
Japanese: 即ち、中世以前の武家の主従関係は利害を共有することにより成立し、けして絶対的なものではなかったのである。
English: The importance of common interests in a relationship of master and vassal did not change in the Sengoku period.
Japanese: 戦国時代以降も、主従関係において利害の共有が重要であることに違いはなかった。
English: Rather, it was even more apparent when vassals began changing masters in the event of a serious conflict of interest and Gekokujo (a revolt of vassals against their lords) became a matter of course.
Japanese: むしろ、下克上やより利害を違えた場合、鞍替えすることが当然視されるに及んでより顕著となったといってよい。
English: The big difference between the Sengoku daimyo and the Shugo daimyo (military governors), Shugodai and Kokujin ryoshu from the Muromachi period, however, was in whether or not they could organize strong Kashindan.
Japanese: 但し、室町時代以前の守護大名や守護代、国人領主と戦国大名の大きな違いは強固な家臣団を形成し得たかどうかにある。
English: Unlike their counterparts in the medieval period, Sengoku daimyo actively appointed capable vassals to important positions.
Japanese: 大名の家臣団にとって、中世以前と大きく異なるのが、有能な家臣の登用である。
English: Generally presiding over the politics of a daimyo family were clan members, branch families, relatives, powerful Kokujin and vassals who were descendants of the Dogo.
Japanese: 一門や庶家、縁戚、或いは有力国人や土豪を系譜に持つ有力家臣が大名家の内政を左右することは珍しくない。
English: Within the Kashindan under a Sengoku daimyo, however, there was a trend to give promotions based on abilities; this was seen in the case of Hideyoshi HASHIBA (Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI) who had been born from a peasant family, became an ashigaru (common foot soldier) and was promoted to a vassal by Nobunaga ODA, a Sengoku daimyo in Owari Province.
Japanese: 尾張国の戦国大名織田信長が、農民の子から足軽になった羽柴秀吉（豊臣秀吉）を家臣に登用したように、実力次第では出世が可能になるのも、戦国大名の家臣団において見られたひとつの傾向であった。
English: On the other hand, there were also conflicts between hereditary vassals, who held their status based on bloodline or traditional master-vassal relationships, and individuals who were newly appointed due to their abilities.
Japanese: 一方で血縁と伝統的な主従関係の下に成立した譜代の家臣と実力を買われ登用された新参の軋轢も生まれることもあった。
English: In the late Sengoku period, powerful Sengoku daimyo brought their vassals into complete subordination, whereas before they had been independent to a certain degree and were able to refuse orders depending on the circumstances.
Japanese: また、戦国時代も後期に至ると、有力な大名はそれまでの半独立的な地位と状況によっては命令を拒むことができた被官層を完全に従属させ家臣とした。
English: Sengoku daimyo constructed castle towns, giving residences to their vassals and families inside the towns in order to prevent revolts and indigenization.
Japanese: そして、城下町を形成して屋敷を与え、家臣または家臣とその妻子を住まわせることで背信を防いだり、次第に武士の土着化を防ぐようになっていった。
English: As a result of the policy, vassals who had been engaged in agriculture in their territories in times of peace became full-time bureaucrats or warriors.
Japanese: その結果、平時は知行地で農業にも携わった家臣を完全なる文吏または武人として専業化させるに至った。
English: This caused a change in the relationship between vassals and daimyo; whereas vassals formerly went to the castle to work when necessary, under the new policy they were required to work in the castle every day.
Japanese: 大名と家臣の関係も必要に応じ登城し務めを果たす関係から常に登城し務めを果たす専従の関係へと発展していった。
English: During the Edo period when the Shogun held absolute authority, relations between Kinsei daimyo (early modern lords), who were Jikishin (great vassals), and their Kashindan, who were Baishin (indirect vassals), became a categorical master-subordinate relationship.
Japanese: 江戸時代以降となると、将軍の絶対的な権力の下で直臣たる近世大名と陪臣である家臣団の関係はより絶対的な主従関係となった。
English: Daimyo adopted a horoku (salary) system in place of the chigyo system (a system under which vassals were entitled and given the right to rule the land) and monopolized the right to rule the land.
Japanese: 家臣に領地を与え、または本領安堵をし土地支配権を認める知行制に替えて、武士の給与を俸禄制とし、大名の土地支配権を大名が一括して担う傾向が強くなった。
English: Under these circumstances, the nature of Kashindan changed from a group of ryoshu (feudal lords) to a group of employees serving a daimyo family.
Japanese: その中で次第に家臣団が支配下の領主群から、大名家の奉公集団への性格を強めることになっていった。