nntsuzu/KFTT huggingface dataset:
English: Her name was written as '臺與' both in the Account of Wa (ancient Japan) section in the volume of Various Barbarians of "Liang shu" (History of the Liang) (compiled by Yao Silian, ad 636, Tang period), and in the Account of Eastern Barbarians chapter of "Bei shi"(History of the Northern Dynasties) (compiled by Li Yanshou, Tang period).
Japanese: 『梁書』諸夷伝倭（姚思廉編纂、636年・唐代）、『北史』東夷伝（李延寿編纂・唐代）などに記述。
English: According to common belief '臺與' should be pronounced as 'Toyo,' but there are other theories.
Japanese: 「臺與」を「とよ」と読むのが通説となっているが、これには議論がある。
English: A ground to read '臺' as 'To' is, for example, based on the description in "Chinese Phonology" written by Akiyasu TODO, in which he said 'It is a famous fact that "Yamato" was written as "邪馬臺" in the Gishiwajinden.', but it is pointed out that his description seemed to be merely depending on the then prevailing idea of reading '邪馬臺' as 'Yamato'.
Japanese: 「臺」を「と」と読む根拠は、例えば藤堂明保『国語音韻論』に、「魏志倭人伝で、『ヤマト』を『邪馬臺』と書いてあるのは有名な事実である」と記載されていることに求められているが、これはすなわち「邪馬臺ヤマト」という当時の通説に基づいた記述に過ぎないことが読み取れると言う指摘がある。
English: If this objection against him is reasonable, it is also reasonable to point out the fact that just to say '"邪馬臺" can be read as Yamato, "臺與" can be read as Toyo' based on the contents of Chinese-Japanese character dictionaries is nothing but a mere synonymous repetition depending on the popular idea as the ground; but to discuss the pronunciation of '臺' based on Chinese phonetics has nothing to do with this argument.
Japanese: もしこの意見が妥当なら、漢和辞典の記載を根拠に「『邪馬臺』はヤマトと読める、『臺與』はトヨと読める」と言ったところで、大元にある通説の同義反復に過ぎないことになるが、「臺」の発音に関する中国語音韻論による議論はこの意見とは無関係である。
English: The "Weilue" was lost but some of its contents were quoted on other books; however since no corresponding part about her name remains, so how her name was exactly written is unknown.
Japanese: 『魏略』には他の書に引用された逸文が残っているが、そこには該当部分は存在しないため正確にはどう書いてあったのか不明である。
English: Since there was no use of characters '壹與' except in "Records of Wei," there is a presumption － although it is only a presumption － that the original expression in "Weilue" might be '臺與' (Toyo).
Japanese: しかし、魏志以外に「壹與」の表記が見られないことから、『魏略』の元の表記は「臺與」（とよ）であろう、という推測がある（あくまで推測である）。
English: Based on this idea, there comes a theory that the words '豊 ---; Toyo ---' found in "Kojiki" (The Records of Ancient Matters) and "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), as well as '豊の国; Toyo Country' － the ancient name of northern Kyushu － might derive from '臺與; Toyo'.
Japanese: これに基づき、『古事記』『日本書紀』に登場する「豊～」という表記や北九州の「豊の国」と言う古名は、「臺與」に由来するのではないかという説がある。
English: People in Yamataikoku would not obey him and due to the following civil war, one thousand people were slain.'
Japanese: 「邪馬壹國の人々はこれに服さず、内乱状態になり1000人が死んだ。」
English: To settle the situation, it was decided that a queen would be required again, and a thirteen-year-old girl called Iyo, a relative of Himiko, took the throne and order was restored.'
Japanese: 「このため再び女王が立てられることになり、卑弥呼の親族の13歳の少女の壹與が王となり、国は治まった。」
English: Upon a receipt of report informing a dispute between Yamataikoku and Kunukoku in 248 (Zhengshi 8), Chang Cheng, an acting Secretary of the Border Guard, was dispatched from Daifang Commandery, and he persuaded Iyo with a letter of proclamation advising reconciliation.'
Japanese: 「正始8年（248年）に邪馬壹國と狗奴国間の紛争の報告を受けて倭に派遣された帯方郡の塞曹掾史張政は、檄文をもって壹與を諭した。」
English: These descriptions connoted that not so many years had elapsed after Himiko's death and subsequent Iyo's success of the throne until Chang Cheng's arrival in Wa in 248.
Japanese: このことから、卑弥呼の死と壹與の王位継承とは、張政が倭に渡った248年からそれ程年月が経っていないと思われる。
English: Afterwards, Gishiwajinden goes on saying, 'Iyo sent Yasuku with twenty other men to accompany Chang CHENG home; they went up to the capital of Wei and paid tribute of thirty male and female slaves, five thousand pieces of white gem, two pieces of carved jade, as well as twenty bolts of assorted brocade with novel designs.'
Japanese: その後、「壹與は掖邪狗ら20人に張政の帰還を送らせ、掖邪狗らは魏の都に上り、男女の生口30人と白珠5000孔、青大句珠2枚、異文の雑錦20匹を貢いだ。」
English: According to Qijuzhu (Court Diaries) of "Jin shu"(History of the Jin Dynasty) which was quoted in the Jingu section of "Nihonshoki" (Chronicles of Japan), an emissary of the Queen of Wa brought tribute to Jin in 266 (Taishi 2 = Jin 2); it is a popular idea that this queen might be Toyo.
Japanese: 『日本書紀』の神功紀に引用される『晋書』起居註に泰始(晋)2年（266年）に倭の女王の使者が朝貢したとの記述があり、この女王は台与と考えられている。
English: This was a year when China had three successive infant Emperors from the relatives due to the absence of heirs from direct line of the Cao family of the Wei Dynasty originating with Cao Cao.
Japanese: この年は、中国では曹操に始まる魏王朝の曹一族に世継ぎができなかったため、親族の幼少の皇帝が3代続いた時代だった。
English: After the account of this tribute, there had been no description about either Yamataikoku or Wa in the Chinese history books until in 413 (Yixi 9), 150 years later, when there appeared an account of tribute by San, a King of Wa (one of the Five Kings of Wa).
Japanese: この朝貢の記録を最後に中国の史書から邪馬台国や倭に関する記録が途絶え、次に現れるのは150年の後の義熙9年（413年）の倭王讃の朝貢（倭の五王）である。
English: The discussions aiming to identify Toyo are not ongoing among scholars now due to the following reasons.
Japanese: 台与を神話上の誰に比定するかという議論は、現在後述の理由により、学界では行われていない。
English: According to one theory, 'The persons called Amaterasu who existed before and after the incident of Iwato-gakure (the hiding of Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess, in the heavenly rock cave) were different individuals, Himiko and Toyo respectively.'; therefore, this theory argues that it is proper to discuss the matter －Who was Toyo？－ together with the discussion of 'Who should be identified as Amaterasu?'.
Japanese: 一説には、「日本神話の岩戸隠れの前後のアマテラスは別の人物であり、それぞれ卑弥呼と台与である」として「アマテラスを誰に比定するか」という議論とともに考えようとするものがある。
English: This thinking is largely accepted among who identify Himiko as Amaterasu, and this identification leads to a hypothesis to explain the historical incident of Iwato-gakure by the total eclipse of the sun, which happened around the death of Himiko.
Japanese: 卑弥呼をアマテラスに比定する場合に多くみられ、卑弥呼没年前後の皆既日食によって岩戸隠れの故事を説明しようとする説である。
English: Yorozuhatatoyoakitu-hime was a daughter of Takamimusubi no kami (Deity Takamimusubi no kami).
Japanese: 栲幡千千姫命（ヨロヅハタトヨアキツシヒメ）は高御産巣日神（タカミムスビ）の娘。
English: Yorozuhatatoyoakitu-hime married Amenooshihomimi, a son of Amaterasu, and became the mother of Amenohoakari and Ninigi.
Japanese: アマテラスの息子アメノオシホミミと結婚し、アメノホアカリとニニギの母となった。
English: This theory is to identify Toyo as Yorozuhatatoyoakitu-hime, because she was the person who was a very close relative of Amaterasu and had the character of 'Toyo' in her name; this was the argument Biten YASUMOTO wrote in his "The mystery of Himiko; New Edition"(Kodansha new book).
Japanese: アマテラスの極めて近い親族で名前の中に「トヨ」の文字がある彼女を臺與に比定する説で、安本美典が『新版・卑弥呼の謎』（講談社現代新書）で述べている。
English: She is one of Aidonoshin (deities enshrined together) at Naiku (Inner shrine) of Ise-jingu Shrine where Amaterasu is the main enshrined deity, which is one of the grounds of his hypothesis.
Japanese: 彼女はアマテラスが主祭神である伊勢神宮の内宮の相殿神の一人であり、安本はそれをこの説の根拠のひとつとしている。
English: This hypothesis identifies Toyo as Amatoyo-hime, a child of Takemorozumi no mikoto who was the seventh grandchild of Hikohoakari, the ancestor of Owari clan and Amabe clan.
Japanese: 尾張氏、海部氏の祖彦火明、七世孫建諸隅命の子、天豊姫を臺與とする説。
English: Today's academy, however, is skeptical about the methodology itself which seeks to understand the Yamataikoku study by identifying Toyo as someone in myths or someone in genealogical chart of "Kiki" (Kojiki and Nihonshoki; "A Record of Ancient Matter" and "Chronicles of Japan").
Japanese: しかしながら、現在の学界では、台与を記紀の神話や系譜上の誰かに当てて邪馬台国論を理解しようとする方法論そのものに懐疑的である。
English: As they were not good in quality as compiled historical materials of those days, nor exactness can hardly be expected in the descriptions of Kiki, if the described matters were basically before Emperor Keitai.
Japanese: なぜなら、それらは同時代史料でも良質の編纂史料でもないし、そもそも継体天皇以前の記紀の記述に、あまり正確さが期待できないためである。
English: Kaoru INOUE (January 16, 1836 - September 1, 1915) was a Japanese feudal samurai retainer of the Choshu clan, statesman, and businessman.
Japanese: 井上馨（いのうえかおる、天保6年11月28日(旧暦)（1836年1月16日）-大正4年（1915年）9月1日）は、日本の武士・長州藩士、政治家､実業家。
English: He served as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the Kuroda Cabinet, as Home Minister (Japan) in the second Ito Cbinet and held important posts involved in many corruptions.
Japanese: 黒田内閣で農商務大臣を務め、第2次伊藤内閣では内務大臣(日本)など、汚職にまみれながらも数々の要職を歴任した。
English: He was born in Yuda village, Suo Province as the second son of Mitsuyuki Saburo Goro INOUE (upper-class samurai, 100 koku), a feudal retainer of Choshu Domain.
Japanese: 長州藩士・井上五郎三郎光享（大組・100石）の次男として、周防国湯田村に生まれる。
English: Later, he became an adopted heir of the Shiji family (upper-class samurai, 250 koku), a feudal retainer of Choshu Domain, but reenrolled in the Inoue family again.
Japanese: のち、長州藩士・志道家（大組・250石）の養嗣子となるも、のち井上家に復籍。
English: He learned Western studies under Genzo IWAYA and Hidetatsu EGAWA in Edo, after entering the Meirinkan Domain school.
Japanese: 藩校明倫館に入学した後、江戸で岩屋玄蔵や江川英龍に師事して蘭学を学んだ。
English: He sympathized with the gradually rising sonno joi movement, engaging in extreme acts such as setting fire to the British legation along with Shinsaku TAKASUGI and Genzui KUSAKA in 1862 while he was travelling to study in Edo.
Japanese: 次第に勃興した尊皇攘夷運動に共鳴、江戸遊学中の文久2年（1862年）には高杉晋作や久坂玄瑞らとともにイギリス公使館の焼討ちに参加するなどの過激な行動を実践する。
English: In 1863, he petitioned the Domain through administration Masanosuke SUFU to send him abroad and smuggled himself into England with Hirobumi ITO, Yozo YAMAO and Masaru INOUE as one of five outstanding persons of Choshu, which made him convert to the opinion of the opening the country to the world, realizing the difference in the national power, and then returned to Japan immediately together with Ito to try to make an effort for peace negotiations when the Shimonoseki War began.
Japanese: 文久3年（1863年）、執政周布政之助を通じて洋行を藩に嘆願、伊藤博文・山尾庸三・井上勝らとともに長州五傑の一人としてイギリスへ密航するが、留学中に国力の違いを目の当たりにして開国論に転じ、下関戦争では伊藤とともに急遽帰国して和平交渉に尽力した。
English: In the first conquest of Choshu, he was attacked by Zokuron-to (Sodetogi-bashi Bridge incident) due to his claiming of superficial obedience to the Bakufu and secret reinforcement of armaments, being seriously injured, but narrowly escaped death thanks to an operation conducted by Ikutaro TOKORO, a doctor and a ronin of Mino.
Japanese: 第1次長州征伐では武備恭順を主張したために俗論党に襲われ（袖解橋の変）、瀕死の重傷を負うが、美濃の浪人で医師の所郁太郎の手術を受け、一命を取り留める。
English: In 1865, he formed an alliance with the Satsuma Domain through Ryoma SAKAMOTO (Satsuma-Choshu Alliance), beating the Bakufu army in the Second conquest of Choshu.
Japanese: 慶応元年（1865年）、坂本龍馬の仲介で薩摩藩と同盟し（薩長同盟）、第2次長州征伐で幕府軍に勝利した。
English: In 1873, he was forced to resign, being accused of his involvement with the corruption in the scandal of Osarizawa copper mine by Shinpei ETOU.
Japanese: 明治6年（1873年）、司法卿江藤新平に尾去沢鉱山尾去沢銅山事件の汚職事件を追及され辞職。
English: He returned, in response to Hirobumi ITO's request, and served as Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry), Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Finance, after having been a businessman for a while, founding Senshu company backed by Mitsui Group.
Japanese: 一時は三井組を背景に先収会社を設立するなどして実業界にあったが、伊藤博文の強い要請のもと復帰し、外務卿、外務大臣、農商務大臣、内務大臣、大蔵大臣を歴任。
English: In 1883, he built Rokumeikan to negotiate the revision of an unequal treaty as Gaimukyo (chief of Foreign Ministry).
Japanese: 明治16年（1883年）、外務卿として不平等条約改正交渉のため、鹿鳴館を建設。
English: And he proceeded with the project of centralizing the government offices in order to create a capital as good as Paris or Berlin (it was aborted due to Inoue's resignation).
Japanese: さらにパリやベルリンに劣らぬ首都を建設しようと官庁集中計画を進めた（井上辞任に伴い頓挫した）。
English: He also contributed to the development of the business world, starting cotton spinning and railway industries, promoting industrialization.
Japanese: また実業界の発展にも力を尽くし、紡績業・鉄道事業などを興して殖産興業につとめた。
English: He was elevated to the rank of count under the Peerage Law in 1884, followed by the elevation to marquis in 1907.
Japanese: 明治17年（1884年）華族令で伯爵、明治40年（1907年）には侯爵に陞った。
English: He was closely linked to Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK Line), DOWA Holdings and especially Mitsui Zaibatsu (company syndicate) as a senior adviser.
Japanese: 日本郵船・DOWAホールディングス、特に三井財閥においては最高顧問になるなどと密接に関係した。
English: He was seen as the epitome of greedy and corrupted officer being accused by the public of his act of feathering his nest with bribes and interests and dissipate it, actually being involved closely with a businessmen with political ties of Mitsui and Choshu, represented by Osarizawa Copper Mine incident.
Japanese: 尾去沢銅山事件に代表されるように実際に三井や長州系列の政商と密接に関わり、賄賂と利権で私服を肥やし、散財するという行為が当時から世間において批判され、貪官汚吏の権化とされていた。
English: After the fourth Ito Cabinet collapsed, he was to assume the position of prime minister, given an imperial command, but he declined and handed it over to Taro KATSURA, seeing that the political situation couldn't offer much prospect (but when he was interior minister of the second Ito Cabinet, he served as provisional prime minister by proxy for about a month, when Ito met a car accident).
Japanese: 第4次伊藤内閣の崩壊後、大命降下を受けて内閣総理大臣に就任する予定になったが、政局の運営に見通しが立たないと判断すると、総理大臣就任を辞退して桂太郎に地位を譲った（なお、第2次伊藤内閣の内相時代に伊藤が交通事故に遭ったために1ヶ月余り首相臨時代理を務めている）。
English: After Ito's death, he enjoyed great power as Genro (elder statesman) in the world of politics, bureaucracy and business along with Kinmochi SAIONJI and Masayoshi MATSUKATA.
Japanese: 伊藤亡きあと、西園寺公望や松方正義などと共に元老として、政官財界に絶大な勢力を誇った。
English: He died in his villa, Choja-so in Okitsu, Shizuoka Prefecture (present day Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka City) in 1915.
Japanese: 大正4年（1915年）、静岡県興津町（現：静岡市清水区）の別荘・長者荘にて死去した。
English: The Choshu and Satsuma Domains were gaining so much power that they were called Yuhan (the powerful domains), improving financial affairs by carrying out reforms according to the conditions of the countries in Tenpo era.
Japanese: 長州藩と薩摩藩は天保時代に国情に応じた改革を実行することで藩の財政を改善し、幕末には雄藩と言われる程の力を得ていった。
English: Even though it was the period when policies were quite swingy in not only the Bakufu but also in each domain, and the difficulty of the problem, which prevented from determining even the guideline, put people in various situations in which some were troubled and just hesitating while others took radical positions, the measure to enrich and strengthen a country itself was a common goal for each class in each domain.
Japanese: 幕府だけでなく、各藩にとっても大きく方針の揺れ動いた時代であるが、方針すら決めかねる程の難題に、頭を痛めるだけで逡巡している立場、先鋭化した立場、個人に至るまで様々な情況に立たされていたが、藩自体の富国強兵策は各藩各層に共通した目標であった。
English: Public administration after the Meiji restoration needed the steer such as making systems and carrying out each measure at the same time, and Kaoru INOUE was the first who had a talent for finance among those who served in important positions during the early Meiji period, making a great effort to restore financial affairs.
Japanese: 維新後については、制度を作りながら諸施策を進めていくといった、行政の舵取りが必要であったが、明治初期に重職に就いた者の中で理財の才能を持った者は、井上馨がその筆頭に挙げられ、財政の建て直しに大変な努力をしている。
English: Since the Choshu Domain, which had played the biggest part in subverting the Bakufu, was the center of authority, it appears those who had a talent for finance gathered around Inoue all the more.
Japanese: 長州藩は幕府転覆の最大の功労藩で権限も集中していたから、更に理財の才能のある者達が井上の周囲に集まって来ていたと考えられる。
English: And he eagerly became involved in corruption using his political power backed by people of Mitsui group, who forced him to resign once, but with his connections with someone related to Choshu and his prestige as a revolutionary genkun (the statesmen who contributed during the Meiji Restoration), he remained as an important figure along with Aritomo YAMAGATA who was from the same domain, for all his past corruption.
Japanese: また三井組の人間などを背景に、自らの政治権力を利用した汚職行為に非常に熱心で、それが原因で一度は官を辞職したが、長州系列の人脈と革命の元勲としての威光でその同藩出身の山県有朋とともに過去の汚職にも関わらず絶大な存在感を示した。
English: He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a long time during which he devoted himself to revising treaties.
Japanese: 外務大臣としての従事期間は長く、その間、条約改正に献身的な努力を注いでいた。
English: It seems the results of his effort appeared later at the time of Shigenobu OKUMA, Shuzo AOKI and Munemitsu MUTSU.
Japanese: その成果は次の大隈重信・青木周蔵・陸奥宗光らに至って現れて来ていると考えられる。
English: Since diplomacy is a result of constructing a long trusted relationships between representatives of citizens of the states, it is not appropriate to make an evaluation based upon his clout in Japan.
Japanese: 外交はその国民の代表との長い信頼関係の構築の結果として醸成されてくるものであるから、国内での影響力と同じ尺度で評価する事は適切ではない。
English: It seems Inoue hoped to prevent war against foreign countries as best he could, having seen the way of state management from the side of financial affairs of the restoration government.
Japanese: 井上は維新政府の財政面から国家運営を見ていた為に、諸外国との戦争は極力避けたいと願っていた事が窺い知れる。
English: Once he placed his confidence in someone, he took care of him sincerely regardless of his social status or where he came from.'
Japanese: 「一旦見込んだ人には身分や出身地の如何に関せず常に満身の誠意を傾注して世話をやいた。」
English: This bark kept some people away from him since then or made other people turn into his enemy, but many who were not daunted, or who were honest and confident, succeeded in their later career, because actually he barked out due to his kindness.
Japanese: この一喝にあってそれっきり寄り付かぬ者、敵になった者もあるが元来親切から出ているので、一喝にあっても怯まず、自ら偽らず自信のある者は後に出世した者が多い。
English: But Inoue put great confidence on Eichi SHIBUSAWA and never raised his voice while Shibusawa was in his company, which meant lightning never struck around Shibusawa, so he was dubbed 'lightning rod.'
Japanese: 一方その井上は、右腕とする渋沢栄一には絶大な信頼をおいており、渋沢が近くにいる限り井上は語気を荒げることすらなかったので、渋沢のまわりには雷は落ちないということから、彼は「避雷針」とあだ名されていた。
English: But Shibusawa later said 'The real lightning rod was Inoue' and that Inoue took any attack by himself so that he was able to work freely.
Japanese: ただしその渋沢本人は「本当の避雷針は井上氏」だったといい、どんな攻撃も井上が体をはって受け止めてくれたからこそ自分はやりたいように仕事ができたと述懐している。
English: In addition, Tokutomi introduced rationalistic side of Inoue as 'government official's business that private firms could do from beginning to an end is inefficient and hinders private business.'
Japanese: また井上が「徹頭徹尾民間が出来る業をお役人がやる事は非能率で民間の業を圧迫妨害する...」ものと考えていたことを紹介し、井上の合理主義者としての一面を評価している。
English: Mr. Ito's good point was his ability to organize something systematically according to the ideals, especially in creating systems and regulations.'
Japanese: 「伊藤氏の長所は理想を立てて組織的に仕組む、特に制度法規を立てる才覚は優れていた。」
English: He took the trouble of preparing and it was tiresome to arrange necessities, but Inoue was not a stickler about the latter.'
Japanese: 「準備には非常な手数を要するし、道具立ては面倒であった......井上は道具立ては喧しくない。」
English: Once he put his hand to a complicated matter, he worked as quick as lightning, showing various skills according to circumstances.'
Japanese: 「一旦紛糾に処するとたちまち電光石火の働きを示し、機に臨み変に応じて縦横の手腕を振るう。」
English: Sometimes his attitude was not clear to his opponents and even to proponents of him, because he was prone to saying yes driven by the momentum.'
Japanese: 「まず勢いに促されてすると云うほうだったから敵に対しても味方に対しても態度の鮮明ならぬ事もあった。」
English: Ito was calculating how to win the hearts of the people because his tricks were positive and dynamic, being ambitious in politics.'
Japanese: 「伊藤のやり口は陽気で派手で、それに政治上の功名心がどこまでも強い人であるから、人心の収攬なども中々考えていた。」
English: Inoue was not ambitious and not concerned with making his name, so he didn't often appear on the front.'
Japanese: 「井上は功名心には淡白で名などにはあまり頓着せず、あまり表面に現れない。」
English: Mr. Inoue was older than Mr. Ito and his Kakaku (family status) was also the higher, he seemed to help Ito every time as if he had been an older brother before the Restoration.'
Japanese: 「井上氏は伊藤氏よりも年長であり、また藩内での家格も上で、維新前は万事兄貴株で助け合ってきたらしい。」
English: He worked hard when asked by Mr. Ito even if his role was disadvantageous, being faithful to his friend and chivalrous by nature.'
Japanese: 「元来が友情に厚く侠気に富んだ人であるから伊藤氏にでも頼まれると、割の悪い役回りにでも甘んじて一生懸命に働いた。」
English: Which made Mr. Inoue a victim, often receiving a bad reputations.'
Japanese: 「井上氏がしばしば世間の悪評を招いた事に中にはそういう点で犠牲になっているような事も多い。」
English: Having a long life, teaching his young relative Yoshisuke AYUKAWA (a grandson of his real sister Tsuneko) and AYUKAWA's brother-in-law Fusanosuke KUHARA.
Japanese: 長寿だったため、縁者である若者鮎川義介（実姉常子の孫）や鮎川の義弟久原房之助への指導もしている。
English: His best friend was Kanichi YOSHITOMI (born to a village headman of Yabara in Yamaguchi, the first chairman of Yamaguchi Prefecture, a founder of Bocho-shinbun newspaper, and supporter of the Seiyu Party).
Japanese: 親友は吉富簡一（山口矢原の庄屋の生れ・初代山口県会議長・防長新聞創立、政友会を支援した）。
English: He had many friends also in the world of public entertainment, for example, Danjuro ICHIKAWA (the 9th)(Inoue helped him with clearing financial problem of slumping Kawarazaki Kabuki Theater which Ichikawa had undertaken asked by his adoptive family), a Rakugo story teller Encho Sanyutei, Kiyomoto (a performance of Joruri [the Japanese-type puppet play]) player Oyo and a gidayu (a style of reciting dramatic narratives) player Echigodayu TAKEMOTO.
Japanese: 芸能界との親交も多く、歌舞伎役者の市川團十郎(9代目)（かつての養家から泣きつかれて背負いこんだ経営不振の河原崎座の借財整理に協力した）、落語家の三遊亭圓朝、清元のお葉、義太夫の竹本越後太夫などが名を連ねる。
English: Genpaku SUGITA (October 20, 1733 - June 1, 1817) was a rangakui (a person who studied Western medicine by means of the Dutch language) during the Edo Period.
Japanese: 杉田玄白（すぎたげんぱく、享保18年9月13日(旧暦)（1733年10月20日）-文化(元号)14年4月17日(旧暦)（1817年6月1日））は、江戸時代の蘭学医。
English: Rinzo MAMIYA, who was an explorer and after whom the mamiya strait was named, was from the same family as Genpaku.
Japanese: 同時代に活躍し、間宮海峡にその名を残す探検家である間宮林蔵は同族である。
English: Genpaku was born in the suburban residence of the SAKAI family of the Obama Domain, Ushigome, Edo, but his biological mother died while giving birth to him.
Japanese: 江戸、牛込の小浜藩酒井家の下屋敷に生まれるが、玄白の生母は出産の際に死去している。
English: After growing up in the residence, his family moved to Obama in 1740 where he spent his childhood until 1745 when his father, Genpo, was ordered to work in Edo.
Japanese: 下屋敷で育ち、元文5年（1740年）には一家で小浜へ移り、父の玄甫が江戸詰めを命じられる延享2年（1745年）まで過ごす。
English: Genpaku started learning his family business, medical science, in his adolescence; he studied western medicine under Gentetsu NISHI, a feudal doctor, and Chinese medicine under Ryumon MIYASE, a Confucian belonging to School of Ancient Learning and a founder of the medical school in Hongo (Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: 青年期には家業の医学修行を始め、医学は奥医の西玄哲に、漢学は本郷(文京区)に開塾していた古学派の儒者宮瀬竜門に学ぶ。
English: In 1757, he became a town doctor by opening his business in the Nihonbashi area (Chuo Ward, Tokyo).
Japanese: 宝暦7年（1757年）には江戸、日本橋(東京都中央区)地域としての日本橋に開業し、町医者となる。
English: In July the same year, Motoo TAMURA, a scholar of natural history and herbalism, and Gennai HIRAGA sponsored a Domain commodity fair in Edo.
Japanese: 同年7月には、江戸で博物学本草学者の田村元雄や平賀源内らが物産会を主催。
English: Attending was Junan NAKAGAWA, a doctor, an herbalism scholar and rangakui, indicating that Dutch scholars had already formed a good fellowship at this time.
Japanese: 出展者には中川淳庵の名も見られ、蘭学者グループの交友はこの頃にははじまっていたと思われる。
English: In 1754, Toyo YAMAWAKI dissected the cadaver of a criminal who was executed in Kyoto.
Japanese: 宝暦4年（1754年）には京都で山脇東洋が、処刑された罪人の腑分け（人体解剖）を実施している。
English: The first domestic dissection proved how accurate books of western medicine were, causing repercussions in Japanese medical circles and giving the chance for Genpaku to doubt the traditionally-supported Chinese theory that a human body consisted of five viscera (liver, lungs, heart, kidney and spleen) and six bowels (small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, urinary bladder, stomach and san jiao).
Japanese: 国内初の人体解剖は蘭書の正確性を証明し、日本の医学界に波紋を投げかけるとともに、玄白が五臓六腑説への疑問を抱くきっかけとなる。
English: When a group of a curator of Dutch trading house (the Kapitan) and Dutch translators paid a visit to the feudal government in Edo in the same year, Genpaku and Gennai HIRAGA visited the inn of Genemon NAGASAKIYA where the group was staying.
Japanese: 同年、オランダ商館長やオランダ通詞らの一行が江戸へ参府した際、玄白は源内らと一行の滞在する長崎屋源右衛門を訪問。
English: At that time, Zensaburo NISHI, a Dutch translator, admonished Genpaku against learning Dutch due to its difficulty, and Genpaku took the advice and gave up mastering the language.
Japanese: 通詞の西善三郎からオランダ語学習の困難さを諭され、玄白はオランダ語習得を断念している。
English: According to the "Rangaku Kotohajime" (The Beginning of Dutch Studies), Genpaku's self memoirs, Junan NAKAGAWA visited Genpaku in 1771 with a Dutch medical science book, "Ontleedkundige Tafelen," which was borrowed from the Dutch trading house.
Japanese: 明和8年（1771年）、自身の回想録である『蘭学事始』によれば、中川淳庵がオランダ商館院から借りたオランダ語医学書『ターヘル・アナトミア』をもって玄白のもとを訪れる。
English: Although Genpaku could not read the book written in Dutch, he was startled with the accuracy of the anatomical chart and advised the Domain to purchase the book.
Japanese: 玄白はオランダ語の本文は読めなかったものの、図版の精密な解剖図に驚き、藩に相談してこれを購入する。